cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transformative Power of Travel? Four Social Studies Teachers Reflect on Their International Professional Development.

Common sense thinking on international professional development suggests that the rewards for teachers are automatic. One of the most frequently advertised gains teachers are expected to see from participation includes the likelihood that they will have a transformative experience, whereby aspects of their personal or professional attributes are fundamentally modified in some productive way. This qualitative inquiry is an examination of the stories four teachers told after participating in one international professional development program. Employing interviews and observations while drawing on postcolonial theory, it investigates if and to what degree travel to and study in China constituted a transformative experience. Specifically, this study is concerned with the influence of 1 study tour on the perceptual understandings of 4 in-service social studies teachers, and if their travel alters the way they interpret often underrepresented and misrepresented content of their curricula.
Influences of foreign accent on preschoolers' word recognition and story comprehension

To better understand how talker-specific information influences spoken language processing in different experimental listening tasks, we examined the effect of a foreign accent on preschoolers’ word recognition and story comprehension. In Experiment 1, preschoolers listening to words presented by a native-accented talker recognized significantly more words than did preschoolers listening to words presented by a foreign-accented talker. In Experiment 2, preschoolers listening to a story narrated by a native-accented talker demonstrated significantly lower comprehension accuracy compared to preschoolers listening to a foreign-accented narrator. These findings underscore the importance of the experimental task when examining and making claims about the influence of accent information on young children's spoken language processing.
The secret languages of coevolved symbioses: Insights from the Euprymna scolopes–Vibrio fischeri symbiosis

Recent research on a wide variety of systems has demonstrated that animals generally coevolve with their microbial symbionts. Although such relationships are most often established anew each generation, the partners associate with fidelity, i.e., they form exclusive alliances within the context of rich communities of non-symbiotic environmental microbes. The mechanisms by which this exclusivity is achieved and maintained remain largely unknown. Studies of the model symbiosis between the Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri provide evidence that the interplay between evolutionarily conserved features of the innate immune system, most notably MAMP/PRR interactions, and a specific feature of this association, i.e., luminescence, are critical for development and maintenance of this association. As such, in this partnership and perhaps others, symbiotic exclusivity is mediated by the synergism between a general animal-microbe 'language' and a 'secret language' that is decipherable only by the specific partners involved.
A New Theory Concerning the Primary Stimulus in Renal Hypertension

Abstract The kidney is comparable with erectile tissue in the sense that it is distended with large volumes of fluids. The functional organ is estimated to be comprised of the following: cells, 34 ml. per 100 gm.; blood, 17 ml.; intratubular urine, 15 ml.; and interstitial fluid, 34 ml. The latter is thought to be composed of plasma, which freely penetrates the peritubular capillary endothelium, and of tubular resorbate, which is in transit from tubular lumina to the blood stream. Data are reported which support the hypothesis that reduction of this functional distension is the fundamental stimulus for renal hypertension and also for the inflexible behavior of the kidney in the uremic syndrome. The lesion may be functional only, as in experimental perinephritis, not to be visualized by conventional histologic technics. Reduction in distension may be due to the scarring and contraction so often observed in the various nephritides. The opposing actions on salt excretion of angiotensin and aldosterone are stressed, the former causing salt excretion and the latter salt retention. Excess secretion of both in a single animal, it may be postulated following Masson and others, apparently leads to the syndrome of malignant hypertension, uremia and death.
Control of nonlinear dynamic systems using a stability based neural network approach

A stability based approach is introduced to design neural controllers for nonlinear systems. The requisite control input is generated as the output of a neural network which is trained off-line such that the time derivative of a positive definite function of the state variables becomes negative at all points. By using the successfully trained network as a controller, it is shown that the closed-loop system can be made asymptotically stable. The stability framework introduced is shown to permit the generation of more efficient algorithms that can lead to a larger region of stability for a wide class of nonlinear systems.
Subparabolic Oxidation Behavior of Silicon Carbide at 1300°C

The phenomenon of subparabolic oxide growth rate, more the rule than the exception in the oxidation of silica formers, is examined in light of data sets acquired in SiC oxidation experiments at 1300 C. Negative deviation from parabolic kinetics is shown to correlate with oxide crystallinity. The data sets were analyzed to ascertain the predominant and contributing growth laws, and tested with models that describe the overall kinetics as combinations of the familiar growth laws.
Fast statistical analysis of rare circuit failure events via Bayesian scaled-sigma sampling for high-dimensional variation space

Accurately estimating the rare failure events of nanoscale ICs in a high-dimensional variation space is extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian scaled-sigma sampling (BSSS) technique to address this technical challenge. BSSS can be considered as an extension of the traditional scaled-sigma sampling (SSS) approach. The key idea is to explore the “similarity” between different SSS models fitted at different design stages and encode it as our prior knowledge. Bayesian model fusion is then adopted to fit the SSS model with consideration of the prior knowledge. A sense amplifier example designed in a 45 nm CMOS process is used to demonstrate the efficacy of BSSS. Experimental results demonstrate that BSSS achieves superior accuracy over the conventional SSS and minimum-norm importance sampling approaches when a few hundred random variables are used to model process variations.
Wind-Induced Error of Raindrop Size Distribution Measurement Using a Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer

Abstract The authors investigate a disdrometer that provides information on raindrop size distribution, terminal velocity, and shape using video imaging technology. Two video cameras are enclosed in a large box and provide images of the passing drops. The box modifies the air flow, and this in turn affects the drop trajectories, causing some of the drops to miss the sensing area in the instrument’s opening. The authors investigate the distortion of the trajectories using numerical simulation methods of computational fluid dynamics. This approach enables the authors to quantify the effects of wind velocity and direction on the instrument’s measurement of drop size distribution. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that the shape of the enclosure of the instrument causes errors in the detection of the small drops. Small drops can get caught in a vortex that develops over the inlet. Some of them end up being counted more than once as they cross the sensing area while others are carried away and no...
Dairy Consumption Lowers Systemic Inflammation and Liver Enzymes in Typically Low-Dairy Consumers with Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome

Objectives: A 6-week cross-over study design was used to determine the effect of increased dairy consumption in typically low-dairy consumers (n = 37) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) on systemic inflammation and hepatic enzymes.Methods: This was a randomized study in which participants consumed low-fat dairy (LFD) (10 oz 1% milk, 6 oz nonfat yogurt, 4 oz 2% cheese) or a carbohydrate-based control (CNT) (1.5 oz granola bar and 12 oz 100% juice) for 6 weeks. After a 4-week washout, they were allocated to the alternate dietary treatment. Inflammatory status was assessed by fasting plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant −1 (MCP-1). In addition, gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and TNF-α was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from a subset of 17 subjects (13 women, 3 men) at the end of each dietary period. Liver enzymes were also assessed to evaluate whether dairy components would affect hepatic funct...
Exploring Glycan Markers for Immunotyping and Precision-targeting of Breast Circulating Tumor Cells.

Background and Aims Recognition of abnormal glycosylation in virtually every cancer type has raised great interest in exploration of the tumor glycome for biomarker discovery. Identifying glycan markers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represents a new development in tumor biomarker discovery. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental approach to enable rapid screening of CTCs for glycan marker identification and characterization. Methods We applied carbohydrate microarrays and a high-speed fiber-optic array scanning technology (FAST scan) to explore potential glycan markers of breast CTCs (bCTCs) and targeting antibodies. An anti-tumor monoclonal antibody, HAE3-C1 (C1), was identified as a key immunological probe in this study. Results In our carbohydrate microarray analysis, C1 was found to be highly specific for an O-glycan cryptic epitope, gp C1 . Using FAST-scan technology, we established a procedure to quantify expression levels of gp C1 in tumor cells. In blood samples from five stage IV metastatic breast cancer patients, the gp C1 positive CTCs were detected in all subjects; ∼40% of bCTCs were strongly gp C1 positive. Interestingly, CTCs from a triple-negative breast cancer patient with multiple sites of metastasis were predominantly gp C1 positive (92.5%, 37/40 CTCs). Conclusions Together we present here a practical approach to examine rare cell expression of glycan markers. Using this approach, we identified an O-core glyco-determinant gp C1 as a potential immunological target of bCTCs. Given its bCTC-expression profile, this target warrants an extended investigation in a larger cohort of breast cancer patients.
Public Intimacies: Frances Burney’s and Jane Cave Winscom’s Accounts of Illness

This article argues that, in a culture that focused on either essentializing or universalizing women’s bodies, Frances Burney’s 1811 Mastectomy Letter and Jane Cave Winscom’s 1793 Headache Odes utilize physiologically specific language to challenge these dominant ideals. By giving their readers graphic accounts of their procedures and pain, these authors bring their specific bodily experiences to light. Circulating their accounts, respectively as letters and in a local newspaper, Burney and Winscom also negotiate between the intimate sphere of their bodies and the more public space of letters and print.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : II. THE EFFECT OF ANESTHETICS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES ON THE RESPIRATION OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER.

1. In concentrations which are high enough to produce any effect, formaldehyde, ether, and acetone cause an increase, followed by a decrease, in the rate of respiration. 2. 3.65 per cent ether, which causes an increase with certain cultures, produces only a decrease with others. 3. The reaction producing an increase in the respiration with 7.3 per cent ether is a reversible process, while the reaction producing the decrease is not reversible. 4. 0.5 per cent caffeine produces only a decrease in respiration while a saturated solution causes an increase, which is followed by a decrease.
Recent Advances in the Measurement of High-Temperature Bimolecular Rate Constants

Recent advances in the measurement of high temperature reaction rate constants are discussed. The studies carried out by shock tube methods are particularly considered because these results are important not only in theoretical chemical kinetics but also in practical applications. The work on 5 chemical reactions are reviewed in detail. These are: D + H{sub 2}, Cl + H{sub 2}, H + O{sub 2}, CH{sub 3} + CH{sub 3}, and H + NO{sub 2}.
Learning from Teaching

The word “doctor” is from the Latin docere, meaning to teach. The title of “doctor” became associated with the medical profession after the fifteenth century, probably because only the medical doctors, of all the members of faculties, went out among the people. “Doctor,” by common usage, thus became associated with medicine. Physicians often find themselves teaching patients, colleagues, other associates, and the general public. Academic physicians have primary responsibilities for teaching, but all practicing physicians have such opportunities. In our interviews, we have explored teaching as a method of learning for the physician, have elicited ways of ensuring self-education as a by-product of teaching, have reviewed the attributes of master teachers, and have discovered how practicing physicians create opportunities to teach clinical medicine.
Dynamic variables

Most programming languages use static scope rules for associating uses of identifiers with their declarations. Static scope helps catch errors at compile time, and it can be implemented efficiently. Some popular languages—Perl, Tel, TeX, and Postscript—offer dynamic scope, because dynamic scope works well for variables that “customize” the execution environment, for example. Programmers must simulate dynamic scope to implement this kind of usage in statically scoped languages. This paper describes the design and implementation of imperative language constructs for introducing and referencing dynamically scoped variables—dynamic variables for short. The design is a minimalist one, because dynamic variables are best used sparingly, much like exceptions. The facility does, however, cater to the typical uses for dynamic scope, and it provides a cleaner mechanism for so-called thread-local variables. A particularly simple implementation suffices for languages without exception handling. For languages with exception handling, a more efficient implementation builds on existing compiler infrastructure. Exception handling can be viewed as a control construct with dynamic scope. Likewise, dynamic variables are a data construct with dynamic scope.
Witnessing the protection racket: Rethinking justice in/of wars through gender lenses

Using as a starting point both feminist critiques of just war theorizing and feminist reconstructions of traditional theoretical approaches to the concept, causes and consequences of war(s), this article looks to outline a feminist approach to re-theorizing war ethics that explicitly accounts for and rejects the current gender biases it creates and reifies. It begins by suggesting that the just war tradition is conceptually and empirically inseparable from gendered notions of warfare, which are gender security and to securitize gender. Therefore, it suggests, war ethics through gender lenses need to be rebuilt from the ground up, paying attention to the heretofore gendered nature not only of war ethics, but also of war justificatory narratives, war practices and war experiences.The article suggests a dialectical hermeneutic framework for feminist war ethics as a basis for theorizing forward from the longstanding feminist recognition that the very concept of warfare is gendered, relying on Robin Schott’s (2008) work on witness as a theoretical basis. After outlining this approach generally, the article concludes by sketching out an example of the potential for a feminist approach to war ethics in action, examining the use whole-body image scanners in airport security assemblages.
Use of graphene and gold nanorods as substrates for the detection of pesticides by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

This study aimed to use gold nanorods and graphene as key materials to fabricate high-performance substrates for the detection of pesticides by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three types of pesticides (azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and phosmet) were selected. Gold nanorods have great potential to be used as a SERS substrate because it is easy to tune the surface plasmon resonance of the nanorods to the laser excitation wavelength of Raman spectroscopy. Graphene is a promising nanoscale material that can be used for supporting metal nanostructures. Three types of novel SERS substrates were fabricated, including graphene–gold film–gold nanorod (G-Au-AuNR) substrate, gold film–gold nanorod (Au-AuNR) substrate, and graphene coupled with gold nanorods (G-AuNR). The results demonstrate that G-Au-AuNR substrates exhibited the strongest Raman signals of the selected pesticides, followed by the Au-AuNR substrates. G-AuNR exhibited the weakest Raman signals, and no characteristic spectral features of the ...
Building a glaucoma interaction network using a text mining approach

The volume of biomedical literature and its underlying knowledge base is rapidly expanding, making it beyond the ability of a single human being to read through all the literature. Several automated methods have been developed to help make sense of this dilemma. The present study reports on the results of a text mining approach to extract gene interactions from the data warehouse of published experimental results which are then used to benchmark an interaction network associated with glaucoma. To the best of our knowledge, there is, as yet, no glaucoma interaction network derived solely from text mining approaches. The presence of such a network could provide a useful summative knowledge base to complement other forms of clinical information related to this disease. A glaucoma corpus was constructed from PubMed Central and a text mining approach was applied to extract genes and their relations from this corpus. The extracted relations between genes were checked using reference interaction databases and classified generally as known or new relations. The extracted genes and relations were then used to construct a glaucoma interaction network. Analysis of the resulting network indicated that it bears the characteristics of a small world interaction network. Our analysis showed the presence of seven glaucoma linked genes that defined the network modularity. A web-based system for browsing and visualizing the extracted glaucoma related interaction networks is made available at http://neurogene.spd.louisville.edu/GlaucomaINViewer/Form1.aspx . This study has reported the first version of a glaucoma interaction network using a text mining approach. The power of such an approach is in its ability to cover a wide range of glaucoma related studies published over many years. Hence, a bigger picture of the disease can be established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first glaucoma interaction network to summarize the known literature. The major findings were a set of relations that could not be found in existing interaction databases and that were found to be new, in addition to a smaller subnetwork consisting of interconnected clusters of seven glaucoma genes. Future improvements can be applied towards obtaining a better version of this network.
Economic Criteria for the Multilateral Distribution of Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation Funds

Enough concern has developed internationally over the need to conserve agricultural genetic resources that a multilateral system of access and benefit sharing with regards to key crops has been proposed by the United Nations, including suggestions for funding conservation of agricultural genetic resources in developing countries. This chapter addresses the question of what is the most economically efficient method of distributing the funds among countries and world regions, given the available data. An overview of the economics of investment in agricultural genetic resources conservation along with a theoretical dynamic model is presented. Next, a proxy indicator for regional allocation of conservation funds is developed. Finally, mechanisms for in situ conservation are proposed.
A Triple Knockout (TKO) Proteomics Standard for Diagnosing Ion Interference in Isobaric Labeling Experiments.

Isobaric labeling is a powerful strategy for quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic investigations. A complication of such analyses has been the co-isolation of multiple analytes of similar...
Investigation of the influence of transport from oil and natural gas regions on elevated ozone levels in the northern Colorado front range.

ABSTRACTThe Northern Colorado Front Range (NCFR) has been in exceedance of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) since 2004, which has led to much debate over the sources of ozone precursors to the region, as this area is home to both the Denver, CO, metropolitan area and the Denver–Julesburg Basin, which has experienced rapid growth of oil and natural gas (O&NG) operations and associated emissions. Several recent studies have reported elevated levels of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a result of O&NG emissions and the potential for significant ozone production from these emissions, despite implementation of stricter O&NG VOC emissions regulations in 2008. Approximately 88% of 1-hr elevated ozone events (>75 ppbv) occur during June–August, indicating that elevated ozone levels are driven by regional photochemistry. Analyses of surface ozone and wind observations from two sites, namely, South Boulder and the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, both near Boulder, CO, show a ...
Islam, Politics, and Revolt: Some Unorthodox Considerations

It is widely stated and believed by both Muslims and non-Muslims that Islam and politics are inevitably closely intertwined if not inseparable in virtually all spheres; and that this has been true from the rise of Islam until the present, with recent more secular rulers like Ataturk, the Shah of Iran, Bourguiba, and Nasser a brief contemporary exception. A 1988 statement of this widespread view, and its supposed radical contrast with Christendom, is found in Bernard Lewis’s book, The Political Language of Islam, where he says: In classical Islam there was no distinction between Church and state. In Christendom the existence of two authorities goes back to the founder, who enjoined his followers to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s and to God the things which are God’s. … each with its own laws and jurisdictions, its own structure and hierarchy. In pre-westernized Islam, there were not two powers but one … in classical Arabic, as well as in other languages which derive their intellectual and political vocabulary from classical Arabic, there was no pairs of words corresponding to spiritual and temporal, lay and ecclesiastical, religious and secular.1
Guidelines for Finite-Element Modeling of Acoustic Radiation Force-Induced Shear Wave Propagation in Tissue-Mimicking Media

Ultrasound shear wave elastography is emerging as an important imaging modality for evaluating tissue material properties. In its practice, some systematic biases have been associated with ultrasound frequencies, focal depths and configuration, and transducer types (linear versus curvilinear), along with displacement estimation and shear wave speed estimation algorithms. Added to that, soft tissues are not purely elastic, so shear waves will travel at different speeds depending on their spectral content, which can be modulated by the acoustic radiation force (ARF) excitation focusing, duration, and the frequency-dependent stiffness of the tissue. To understand how these different acquisition and material property parameters may affect the measurements of shear wave velocity, the simulations of the propagation of shear waves generated by ARF excitations in viscoelastic media are a very important tool. This paper serves to provide an in-depth description of how these simulations are performed. The general scheme is broken into three components: 1) simulation of the 3-D ARF push beam; 2) applying that force distribution to a finite-element model; and 3) extraction of the motion data for post-processing. All three components will be described in detail and combined to create a simulation platform that is powerful for developing and testing algorithms for academic and industrial researchers involved in making quantitative shear-wave-based measurements of tissue material properties.
Nucleolar Stress and p53 Mediated Erythroid Failure in Diamond Blackfan Anemia

Abstract The discovery that several ribosomal protein genes can be mutated in DBA suggests that ribosomal protein gene mutations may account for many or all cases of DBA, and focuses attention on the ribosome. While experiments in yeast and mammalian cells show that RPS19 depletion or mutation leads to a block in ribosomal RNA biosynthesis, this result does not explain why erythropoiesis is so severely affected in DBA. We hypothesize that during fetal development immature erythroid cells proliferate more rapidly than other lineages and therefore require very high ribosome synthetic rates to generate sufficient capacity for translation of erythroid specific transcripts that must take place before these unique cells enucleate. To test this kinetic hypothesis we measured RNA biogenesis in primary mouse fetal liver cells and reported previously that during the first 24 hours cell number increases 3–4 fold while, remarkably, there is a 6-fold increase in RNA content during the same period, suggesting that the cells accumulate an excess of ribosomal RNA (80% of measured RNA) during early erythropoiesis. Retrovirus infected siRNA RPS19 knockdown cells show reduced proliferation of FACS sorted GFP positive cells at 48 hours. Although the cell yield is reduced, the differentiation pattern of the surviving GFP positive cells is similar to that of the controls. While quantitative RT-PCR analysis shows that RPS19 mRNA is rapidly depleted, Western analysis during this time course does not show a deficiency of RPS19 protein. This suggests strongly that the proliferative defect is not due to insufficiency of RPS19 protein, and is more likely due nucleolar stress induced by the block in ribosome biogenesis. Molecular consequences could lead to redistribution of cell cycle proteins normally resident in the nucleolus with consequent p53 mediated cell cycle arrest and or apoptosis. To test this hypothesis we used a culture system that allows expansion without differentiation of immature cells in SCF, EPO, IGF-1 and dexamethasone. Under these conditions proliferation of siRNA expressing precursors is reduced with an increased proportion arrested in G0/G1 in the knockdown cells. Furthermore, p53 is increased in the knockdown cells. Taken together, these data suggest that RPS19 insufficient cells undergo a nucleolar stress response and erythroid cells proliferate poorly because of p53 mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Effectiveness of an Evidence-Based Practice Nurse Mentor Training Program

Background Multiple reasons are cited for why nurses do not incorporate evidence into clinical practice, including lack of knowledge and skills, training, time, and organizational support. Aims To investigate the effectiveness of a mentor training program on mentors’ perceptions of knowledge, attitude, skill, and confidence levels, and organizational readiness related to evidence-based practice (EBP) and research utilization; and to investigate the effectiveness of creating a formalized structure to enculturate EBP in order to prepare nurses to incorporate EBP into clinical practice on nurses’ perceptions of knowledge, attitude, skill levels, barriers, nursing leadership, and organizational support related to EBP and research utilization. Methods A two-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental, interventional design was used. A convenience sample of 66 mentors and 367 nurses working at a five hospital integrated healthcare system located in the Southeastern United States participated. Findings Nurse mentors’ knowledge, attitude, skill level, and organizational readiness related to EBP, t = −8.64, p < .001, and confidence, t = −6.36, p < .001, improved after training. Nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and skill level related to EBP, t = −19.12, p < .001, and barriers to research utilization, t = 20.86, p < .001, EBP work environment t = −20.18, p < .001, and EBP nurse leadership, t = −16.50, p < .001, improved after a formalized structure was implemented. Linking Evidence to Action EBP mentors are effective in educating and supporting nurses in evidence-based care. Leaders should use a multifaceted approach to build and sustain EBP, including developing a critical mass of EBP mentors to work with point of care staff.
Chapter 6 Ostracism: A Temporal Need‐Threat Model

Abstract The phenomenon of ostracism has received considerable empirical attention in the last 15 years, in part because of a revitalized interest in the importance of belonging for human social behavior. I present a temporal model that describes and predicts processes and responses at three stages of reactions to ostracism: (a) reflexive, (b) reflective, and (c) resignation. The reflexive pain response triggers threats to four fundamental needs and directs the individual's attention to reflect on the meaning and importance of the ostracism episode, leading to coping responses that serve to fortify the threatened need(s). Persistent exposure to ostracism over time depletes the resources necessary to motivate the individual to fortify threatened needs, thus leading eventually to resignation, alienation, helplessness, and depression. I conclude with a call for more research, especially on the effects of ostracism on groups, and on possible buffering mechanisms that reduce the long‐term negative consequences of ostracism.
Empathy, morality, and criminality: the legitimation narratives of U.S. Border Patrol agents

Border enforcement is a morally ambiguous and politically contentious state practice. Frontline enforcers experience this contentiousness as a threat to their moral authority. This article draws on...
Three-dimensional printing of multilayered tissue engineering scaffolds

The field of tissue engineering has produced new therapies for the repair of damaged tissues and organs, utilizing biomimetic scaffolds that mirror the mechanical and biological properties of host tissue. The emergence of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies has enabled the fabrication of highly complex scaffolds which offer a more accurate replication of native tissue properties and architecture than previously possible. Of strong interest to tissue engineers is the construction of multilayered scaffolds that target distinct regions of complex tissues. Musculoskeletal and dental tissues in particular, such as the osteochondral unit and periodontal complex, are composed of multiple interfacing tissue types, and thus benefit from the usage of multilayered scaffold fabrication. Traditional 3DP technologies such as extrusion printing and selective laser sintering have been used for the construction of scaffolds with gradient architectures and mixed material compositions. Additionally, emerging bioprinting strategies have been used for the direct printing and spatial patterning of cells and chemical factors, capturing the complex organization found in the body. To better replicate the varied and gradated properties of larger tissues, researchers have created scaffolds composed of multiple materials spanning natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and ceramics. By utilizing high precision 3DP techniques and judicious material selection, scaffolds can thus be designed to address the regeneration of previously challenging musculoskeletal, dental, and other heterogeneous target tissues. These multilayered 3DP strategies show great promise in the future of tissue engineering.
Stretchable Tattoo-Like Heater with On-Site Temperature Feedback Control

Wearable tissue heaters can play many important roles in the medical field. They may be used for heat therapy, perioperative warming and controlled transdermal drug delivery, among other applications. State-of-the-art heaters are too bulky, rigid, or difficult to control to be able to maintain long-term wearability and safety. Recently, there has been progress in the development of stretchable heaters that may be attached directly to the skin surface, but they often use expensive materials or processes and take significant time to fabricate. Moreover, they lack continuously active, on-site, unobstructive temperature feedback control, which is critical for accommodating the dynamic temperatures required for most medical applications. We have developed, fabricated and tested a cost-effective, large area, ultra-thin and ultra-soft tattoo-like heater that has autonomous proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature control. The device comprises a stretchable aluminum heater and a stretchable gold resistance temperature detector (RTD) on a soft medical tape as fabricated using the cost and time effective “cut-and-paste” method. It can be noninvasively laminated onto human skin and can follow skin deformation during flexure without imposing any constraint. We demonstrate the device’s ability to maintain a target temperature typical of medical uses over extended durations of time and to accurately adjust to a new set point in process. The cost of the device is low enough to justify disposable use.
Murine Models of Intraperitoneal Perfusion for Disseminated Colorectal Cancer.

Abstract Background Reproduction of the perfusion used in therapy (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy) procedures preclinically represents a valuable asset for investigating new therapeutic agents that may improve patient outcomes. This article provides technical descriptions of our execution of closed and open “coliseum” abdominal perfusion techniques in a mouse model of peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods BALB/c mice presenting with disseminated colorectal cancer (CT26-luciferin cells) underwent 30-min perfusions mimicking either the closed perfusion or the coliseum perfusion technique. Disease burden was monitored by bioluminescence signaling using an in vivo imaging system. Perfusion circuits consisted of single inflow lines with either a single or dual outflow line. Results Twelve mice presenting with disseminated disease underwent the closed perfusion technique. Surgical complications included perfusate leakage and organ constriction/suction into the outflow line(s). Nine mice underwent the coliseum perfusion technique with surgical debulking, using bipolar cauterization to remove tumors attached to the peritoneum. All mice survived the coliseum perfusion with limited intraoperative complications. Conclusions Fewer intraoperative complications were experienced with our coliseum perfusion technique than the closed perfusion. The methods described here can be used as a guideline for developing future perfusion murine models for investigating perfusion models useful for delivery of chemotherapy or other tumor-sensitization agents, including selective targeted agents, nanoparticles, and heat.
Relationship between depression, weight, and patient satisfaction 2 years after bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Findings regarding longer term symptoms of depression and the impact of depression on outcomes such as weight loss and patient satisfaction, are mixed or lacking. Objectives This study sought to understand the relationship between depression, weight loss, and patient satisfaction in the two years after bariatric surgery. Setting This study used data from a multi-institutional, statewide quality improvement collaborative of 45 different bariatric surgery sites. Methods Participants included patients (N = 1991) who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between 2015–2018. Participants self-reported symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-8 [PHQ-8]), satisfaction with surgery, and weight presurgery and 1 year and 2 years postsurgery. Results Compared to presurgery, fewer patients’ PHQ-8 scores indicated clinically significant depression (PHQ-8≥10) at 1 year (P Conclusions This study suggests improvements in depression up to 2 years postbariatric surgery, although it appears that the prevalence of depression increases after the first year. Depression, both pre- and postbariatric surgery, may impact weight loss and patient satisfaction.
The Thai Context: Historical, Cultural, Demographic, Geographic, Economic, and Political

To understand contemporary Thai education, it is critically important to become familiar with Thailand’s historical, cultural, demographic, geographic, economic, and political context. The three pillars of Thailand are nation, religion, and king. Thailand has a long history dating back to the establishment of the first Tai Sukhothai kingdom back in 1238, eight centuries ago. During that kingdom a unique writing script was developed in 1283, drawing upon Indic traditions. In 1932, Siam in a peaceful revolution was transformed from an absolute into a constitutional monarchy (Charnvit 2004). Since 1932, political impermanence (Pridi 1970) has characterized Thailand with frequent changes back and forth from civilian to military governments, but political stability has been provided by a highly respected monarchy and a well-educated stable bureaucracy. Thailand is exceptional in numerous ways such as never have been colonized and pursuing bamboo diplomacy to survive in times of conflict and external threats. Culturally and linguistically Thailand has great diversity with over 70 languages spoken (Chap. 15). There are five major regions of Thailand, each with distinctive characteristics. Throughout its history, Thailand has shown great resiliency. Current major challenges relate to the kind of government which will be established after the next election. To escape the middle-income trap, it is imperative that the new government and monarch give priority to improving the quality of education, investing in human resource development, and significantly increasing strategic R & D (see Chap. 16).
The Effect of Screen Size on Reading Speed: A Comparison of Three Screens to Print

Many students are starting to rely on screens to consume their textbooks rather than paper. Does the screen influence reading speed according to its size or when compared to traditional paper? In this study, participants started the experiment with a different device and read four short stories for 10 min each. Participants read on a 17ʺ computer screen, a paperback book, a 10ʺ tablet and a 3ʺ cell phone screen. The number of words they read were counted and the actual words read per minute were calculated. No significant effect of reading speed was found across the screen sizes or the book. Individual participant’s reading speed was remarkably consistent across all the devices suggesting that reading speed does not vary with presentation mode for a brief period.
Family Type 1: Helpmates

The core objective of the helpmates family structure is to strengthen the family’s collective physical or mental power. The four major subtypes are: pragmatists, those who get married because they can rely on each other during times of need, or have complementary skillsets and strengths; pensioners, those who bear and raise children as their retirement plan so they have people to take care of them when they become old; procreators, those who raise (a large number) of children (especially males) to increase the power of the family; and soulmates, who need their so-called “second half” to make them complete psychologically.
A functionally neutral single chain antibody to measure beta-1 integrin uptake and recycling

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling are critical for many physiological processes. The dynamic turnover of integrins and their associated adhesion complexes through endocytic and recycling pathways has emerged as an important mechanism for controlling cell migration and invasion in cancer. Thus, the regulation of integrin trafficking and how this may be altered by disease-specific molecular mechanisms has generated considerable interest. However, current tools available to study integrin trafficking may cause artifacts and/or do not provide adequate kinetic information. Here, we report the generation of a functionally neutral and monovalent single chain antibody to quantitatively and qualitatively measure β1 integrin trafficking in cells. Our novel probe can be used in a variety of assays and allows for the biochemical characterization of rapid recycling of endogenous integrins. We also demonstrate its potential utility in live cell imaging, providing proof of principle to guide future integrin probe design.
Virtual Surgical Planning for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Valuable Application in Advanced Cases.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a rare but potentially devastating complication of extended use of bisphosphonates. fibula free flaps (FFFs) are the gold standard of mandibular reconstruction. Virtual surgical planning (VSP) is a technique that utilizes high-definition three-dimensional reconstructions that enable the production of highly accurate intra-operative surgical guides and templates that help guide osteotomies and fibula contouring. The aim of this report is to highlight the value of VSP in the surgical management of advanced BRONJ. We report a case study of a woman with advanced BRONJ that required an angle-to-angle mandibular resection with subsequent reconstruction with an FFF. VSP was used to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction and minimize ischemia time. We present the first reported case of the successful implementation of VSP for the planning of FFF reconstruction for a woman with advanced symptomatic BRONJ that had failed conservative measures.
Reevaluating the Association of Sex With ABCA4 Alleles in Patients With Stargardt Disease

Importance Probing differences in disease prevalence between sexes is challenging, especially in mendelian diseases. Independent replication of any association study is warranted. Objective To evaluate whether the recently reported association between sex and mild ABCA4 alleles among patients with autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is reproducible. Design, setting, and participants Sequencing and clinical data from 644 unrelated patients with genetically confirmed STGD1 were analyzed in a cross-sectional study at the Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York. Data were collected from June 1999 to October 2020. Main outcomes and measures Sex, best-corrected visual acuity, and age at onset among patients with STGD1 with and without mild ABCA4 alleles. Results A total of 644 patients with STGD1 with at least 2 pathogenic variants were included in the study. The mean (SD) age was 38.6 (17.2) years, and 352 participants (54.7%) were female. The proportion of women was slightly higher in the entire cohort and in most allele categories, although none of the differences were statistically significant. The proportion of women carrying the c.5603A>T p.(Asn1868Ile) allele was 7% (95% CI, -9 to 23) higher than in the subgroup not carrying any mild alleles (P = .32). The proportion of women carrying the c.5882G>A p.(Gly1961Glu) allele was 2% (95% CI, -12 to 15) higher than in the subgroup not carrying any mild alleles (P = .77). The difference between the total mild allele subcohort and the no mild allele subcohort was 3% (95% CI, -8 to 14; P = .48). Compared with patients in the no mild allele category, patients with mild alleles exhibited significantly delayed disease onset (mean [SD] age, 23.1 [11.6] for those with the c.5882G>A allele and 31.7 [13.5] years for those with the c.5603A>T allele vs 18.6 [11.8] years for those with no mild alleles; P A subgroup: mean [SD] logMAR, 0.65 [0.66]; 95% CI, 0.63-0.68; c.5603A>T subgroup: 0.64 [0.39]; 95% CI, 0.58-0.70; those with no mild alleles: 1.00 [0.57]; 95% CI, 0.96-1.03; P Conclusions and relevance This independent analysis of a larger cohort of individuals with Stargardt disease did not support the association between sex and certain mild ABCA4 alleles. While sex is undoubtedly an important variable in medicine, its putative association with clinical outcomes should be rigorously scrutinized.
What hurt and what helped: How one school's trauma-informed approach provided support during the pandemic

Though the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the education of all students worldwide, opportunity gaps that already existed only widened. Conducted at a school serving economically-challenged students,...
An exploration of thriving over time in recovery.

Abstract Introduction Emerging models of recovery have redirected the traditional focus on relapse prevention to an emphasis on wellness. According to this new framework of recovery, aspects of thriving can strengthen recovery and prevent relapse in substance use. However, the empirical support for these models is sparse. To fill the gap in the literature, the authors sought to predict the risk of relapse based on factors of thriving. Method Participants consisted of a stratified sample of 412 adults in early, middle, and late stages of recovery (based on length of time in recovery) who the study recruited via Qualtrics Online Panels. We utilized a sequential regression to examine the ability of factors of thriving, the influence of time in recovery and demographic variables to predict relapse risk. Results Thriving, length of recovery, and demographics significantly predicted risk of relapse (p Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the natural developmental process that comes from the passage of time dedicated to recovery is significant but thriving or the quality of that time serves as a stronger protective factor preventing relapse. Addiction treatment and prevention specialists could benefit from including thriving in conceptual models and interventions for recovery. Further, these findings provide support for holistic models of addiction recovery.
iBoT: IoT Botnet Testbed

Security in Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices has become increasingly relevant in the recent years. One of the driving reasons for the increased attention in this field is the fast-paced propagation of IoT botnet attacks. Botnet cyber-attacks refer to large scale distributed systems that maliciously exploit devices to perform tasks, such as DDoS attacks. IoT devices make easy attack vectors for such a system, given their tendency to be lightweight and insecure. Provided the increasing gravity of the subject, we have proposed a solution to produce a realistic testbed for the study of IoT botnets with low-cost and off-the-shelf devices. This testbed integrates layer 3 connectivity as well as home and business network topology. Special emphasis has been placed upon network and endpoint logging in this design, and testing has been documented with multiple styles of attacks.