cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pluralist Partially Comprehensive Doctrines, Moral Motivation, and the Problem of Stability

Recent scholarship has drawn attention to John Rawls’s concern with stability—a concern that, as Rawls himself notes, motivated Part III of A Theory of Justice and some of the more important changes of his political turn. For Rawls, the possibility of achieving ‘stability for the right reasons’ depends on citizens possessing sufficient moral motivation. I argue, however, that the moral psychology Rawls develops to show how such motivation would be cultivated and sustained does not cohere with his specific descriptions of ‘pluralist (partially comprehensive)’ doctrines. Considering Rawls’s claims that ‘most’ citizens—both in contemporary liberal democracies and in the well-ordered society—possess such doctrines, this incompatibility threatens to undermine his stability arguments. Despite the enormous importance of pluralist doctrines and the potential difficulties they pose for Rawls’s project, remarkably little attention has been paid to them. By critically examining these difficulties, the article begins to address this oversight.
Analytical approach to estimate distribution circuit's energy storage accommodation capacity

In the past few years, the integration of energy storage (ES) systems into power distribution networks has rapidly increased. Before deploying ES systems, it is imperative to estimate the largest ES capacity a given circuit can accommodate without resulting in any undesirable impacts on system operations. The obtained ES size is called circuit's ES accommodation capacity. Since calculating ES accommodation capacity requires evaluating a large number of scenarios for multiple grid integration issues, simple analytical methods are called for. This paper develops circuit analysis based analytical methods to determine distribution system's ES accommodation capacities. The results obtained using the proposed approach are validated against those obtained using detailed three-phase distribution system simulations. We conclude that the proposed method accurately estimates ES accommodation limits. Moreover, since the approach is based on analytical calculations, it is easily scalable to larger distribution systems.
CHAPTER II – LINEAR MODELS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some remarks on structured-unstructured categorization for factors and responses. A factor or a response could be classified into two main types, namely, unstructured or structured, depending upon whether there is not or there is a ranking or ordering among its “levels” or “constituents.” Two other aspects of the characterization are, namely: (1) that although in the simpler situations the characterization could be made by looking at a particular factor or response itself, but in the more complicated situations this has to be done by looking at the whole complex of factors and responses and also in terms of the specific physical questions of interest, and (2) that each level may itself be composed of sublevels constituting a subfactor and these subfactors may be unstructured or structured regardless of what the original factor was like. Physical factors such as temperature and pressure, which though discrete in the real world of measurement, provide examples of factors that are conceptually continuous.
Toward Developing a Theory of End User Information Security Competence

In this paper we attempt to synthesize the behavioral information security research literature to construct a theory of end-user information security competence. The theory has three components: ethics and perceptions, knowledge and skills, and behavior. Additionally, we also propose that organizations can play an important role in the development of the information security competence. Contributions to both theory and practice are discussed.
Improving Legislation with the Help of Objective Scientific Advice

The United States Congress enacts legislation that can significantly advance or stall scientific and medical research and progress. Yet, many of these laws are enacted without a full understanding of the underlying science or the impact of the law once enacted. In the current legislative process, it is rare that a bill is fully debated, either in committee or on the house floor. For legislation that involves complex scientific issues, Congressmen with no training in science are unable to predict the effect of their actions in the real world, which can have a devastating effect on scientific progress. This chapter starts with a discussion of the legislative process and the ways in which it can stymie research efforts, followed by a description of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment as a perfect example of how Congress, acting without full knowledge of the science, can impact progress in the sciences. The chapter concludes by proposing a solution: the development of a nonpartisan Congressional Science Office, much like the Congressional Budget Office, that would solicit input from its trained staff as well as the broader scientific community and the general public to evaluate the impact of specific legislation on scientific progress.
Immunotherapy of Type-1 Diabetes: Immunoprevention and Immunoreversal

Type-1A diabetes (T1D) is characterized by a progressive insidious loss of self-tolerance to pancreatic islet beta cells resulting in their destruction and the development of overt hyperglycemia. Immunotherapy aims either to reverse the autoimmune process thereby preventing the development of the disease (immunoprevention) or to intervene at clinical diagnosis of type-1 diabetes and preserve residual b cell function (immunoreversal). Murine models and clinical studies of patients with type-1 diabetes have provided insights into the immunopathogenesis of type-1 diabetes and have led to the development of immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies. Recent clinical trials of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAbs) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) peptide have proven successful in attenuating loss of insulin production. Current individual clinical trials are investigating the use of anti-CD3 mAb, GAD, Rituximab, and Abatacept to maintain insulin responses. These trials will lay the groundwork for future studies in which more complete metabolic correction and immunologic tolerance will be restored, possibly with the use of combinations of therapies.
Drugs and Other Remedies

In the first two chapters, I discussed some of medicine’s heroes and their exploits and several of the diseases that have affected humans and our world. There is another important collection of tales; these are about the drugs and other remedies that physicians and scientists have developed to combat the illnesses we all suffer. Some drugs, such as quinine, originally came from botanicals; ergot and penicillin were discovered in fungi; conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin) was extracted from horse urine; and one of the compounds we use today—ammonia—was first derived from camel dung. Drawing laboratory notes from a hat decided the patent rights of isoniazid. In this third chapter, I discuss six historically noteworthy compounds—ranging from the opium derivatives to penicillin. As a bonus, I will share some short stories about other familiar medications such as nitrogen mustard, warfarin, and nystatin.
An approach to the design of non-mutagenic azo dyes: 2. Potential replacements for the benzidine moiety of some mutagenic azo dyestuffs

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis of 5,5'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine and its subsequent evaluation as a possible replacement for the benzidine residue in some well-known carcinogenic henzidine-based azo dyes. The results of this investigation suggest that this diaminobipyridine is much less genotoxic than benzidine itself, and that certain dyes derived from it are also less genotoxic than their benzidine counterparts. The compounds prepared in this study were evaluated in the standard Ames mutagenicity test, and in an interesting modification developed by Prival and coworkers. Each compound was found to be more active in the latter protocol. The synthesis of the diamine and of four azo dyes derived from it is described.
The Anisotropy of the Static Magnetic Field Penetration Depth in Superconducting Tin

The magnetic field penetration depth λ of superconductors has been measured in the past by various radiofrequency and microwave techniques or by using small colloidal samples. In this paper we describe a new method, which we have successfully applied to tin, for directly measuring the temperature dependence of λ at dc and on macroscopic, oriented single crystals. The method utilizes the extremely high flux sensitivity of a SQUID magnetometer to measure the flux penetrating into a superconductor in a low (~ 1 Oe) static magnetic field. With this technique changes in λ as small as 2 A can be resolved. Moreover, flat, planar samples have been used so that both the direction of the shielding current J and the normal \(\hat{n}\) to the sample surface can be directed along well-defined crystallographic directions. The temperature dependence of λ is found to depend on both Ĵ and \(\hat{n}\). While a dependence on Ĵ has been observed previously, the dependence on \(\hat{n}\) has not. As described below, both types of anisotropy can be understood on the basis of Pippard’s nonlocal theory1 of electrodynamics.
A reproducible scaffold-free 3D organoid model to study neoplastic progression in breast cancer

While 3D cellular models are useful to study biological processes, gel-embedded organoids have large variability. This paper describes high-yield production of large (~1 mm diameter), scaffold-free, highly-spherical organoids in a one drop-one organoid format using MCF10A cells, a non-tumorigenic breast cell line. These organoids display a hollow lumen and secondary acini, and express mammary gland-specific and progenitor markers, resembling normal human breast acini. When subjected to treatment with TGF-β, the hypoxia-mimetic reagent CoCl2, or co-culture with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), the organoids increase collagen I production and undergo large phenotypic and morphological changes of neoplastic progression, which were reproducible and quantifiable. Advantages of this scaffold-free, 3D breast organoid model include high consistency and reproducibility, ability to measure cellular collagen I production without noise from exogenous collagen, and capacity to subject the organoid to various stimuli from the microenvironment and exogenous treatments with precise timing without concern of matrix binding. Using this system, we generated organoids from primary metaplastic mammary carcinomas of MMTV-Cre;Ccn6fl/fl mice, which retained the high grade spindle cell morphology of the primary tumors. The platform is envisioned to be useful as a standardized 3D cellular model to study how microenvironmental factors influence breast tumorigenesis, and to potential therapeutics.
Neoliberalism, capitalist growth models, and the state: An agenda for industrial relations theory:

The liberalization of industrial relations has become a generalized phenomenon in advanced capitalist societies. This raises at least three issues that are the subject of this review. First, what i...
The Danger of Using Ratio Performance Metrics in System Evaluations

As we delve further into the data science/big data era, we create more and more forecasts or predictions for systems evaluation applications. Many practitioners use ratio variables as performance metrics, one of the most common being the benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of alternatives; however, ratio metrics are used extensively throughout disparate industries. There is significant risk associated with using ratio metrics, and in this paper, we focus on one simple trap that can result from forecasting a ratio metric. We illustrate and motivate the issues with a stylized television-viewing index forecasting problem and with two examples using real-world data. Our goal in this paper is to make systems practitioners aware of these pitfalls.
Foreword: The Income Tax at 100

This paper was written as part of a Symposium that celebrated the 100th anniversary of the U.S. income tax. It served as the Foreword for an issue that collected the papers from that Symposium. It includes a brief history of the income tax as well as comments on the role of the corporate tax, international taxation, taxation and inequality, and politics and taxation.
Classification of primary progressive aphasia: Challenges and complexities

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is classified into three variants, logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA), nonfluent agrammatic PPA (nfaPPA), and semantic variant PPA (svPPA), based on clinical (syndromic) characteristics with support from neuroimaging and/or underlying neuropathology. Classification of PPA variants provides information valuable to disease management. International consensus criteria are widely employed to identify PPA subtypes; however, classification is complex, and some individuals do not fit neatly into the subtyping scheme. In this review, diagnostic challenges and their implications are discussed, possible explanations for these challenges are explored, and approaches to address PPA classification are considered.
Guide to the use of artificial pacemakers. 2.

In comparison with the fixed-rate pacemaker, the demand type of artificial pacemaker has the advantage of avoiding competition between natural and pacemaker rhythms. Demand pacemaker function can be tested with a special external device that temporarily speeds the rate. Atrial-synchronized pacemakers have recently gained favor because they can meet varying physiologic requirements and thus are well suited to young, active persons.
77822 PSD95-nNOS interaction alters the basolateral amygdala transcriptome following fear conditioning: implications for molecular mechanisms underlying PTSD

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This research takes a transcriptomic approach to parse genes and molecular pathways that underlie the fear memory circuitry and, in doing so, identifies therapeutic targets that can further be developed into treatments for fear disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Normal fear learning produces avoidance behavior that promotes survival, but excessive and persistent fear after trauma can lead to development of phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our goal is to understand the mechanism and identify novel genetic targets underlying fear responses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Involvement of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in fear acquisition is well established and requires activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs). At a cellular level, NMDAR activation leads to production of nitric oxide (NO) by a process mediated by interaction between postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). To elucidate mechanisms underlying the role of the PSD95-nNOS-NO pathway in conditioned fear, here we use rodent behavioral paradigms, pharmacological treatment with a small molecule PSD95-nNOS inhibitor, RNA-sequencing, and an AAV-mediated knockdown of the nNOS gene in the BLA. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We show that treatment with ZL006 attenuates rodent cued-fear consolidation. Additionally, with RNA-sequencing, expression of 516 genes was altered in the BLA following fear expression; of these genes, 83 were restored with systemic ZL006 treatment. Network data and gene ontology enrichment analyses further revealed that cGMP effects, insulin-like growth factor binding, and cognition-related pathways were significantly altered. Finally, we show that a BLA-specific knockdown of nNOS attenuates cued fear consolidation, without adverse effects on other memory and motor behaviors. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Via a model of NMDAR-mediated fear consolidation, our results reveal novel pathways and genetic targets that underlie plasticity of fear memory circuitry. Importantly, these results will inform future therapeutic strategies for targeting fear related disorders like PTSD.
Designing a First Person Shooter Game for Quadriplegics

Video games are often about being able to do things that are not possible in real life, about experiencing great adventures and visiting new places. Yet, as prolific as gaming is, it is inaccessible to a significant number of people with neuromuscular diseases who are unable to play games with traditional input methods like game controllers or keyboard and mouse combinations. While primarily used for entertainment in the early days, gaming now provides the possibility of countering social isolation and connecting with others through multiplayer games, online gaming communities and game streaming. In our work, we explore how facial expression recognition can be harnessed to provide quadriplegic individuals a way to play games independently and without complex mouth controller devices. We demonstrate our input interface with the design of a first person shooter game.
Synthesis, metalation and antiaromatic properties of 22-hydroxybenziporphyrins

Condensation of 5-alkyl-2-hydroxybenzene-1,3-dicarbaldehydes with a tripyrrane in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), followed by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (D...
NADPH oxidases in GtoPdb v.2021.3

The two DUOX enzymes were originally identified as participating in the production of hydrogen peroxide as a pre-requisite for thyroid hormone biosynthesis in the thyroid gland [9].NOX enzymes function to catalyse the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide and various other reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex.
Forced baroclinic ocean motions. III - The linear equatorial basin case

The linear response to simple wind stress of an equatorial ocean described by baroclinic shallow water equations is studied. Three types of basin are considered in treating the linear spin-up of the equatorial ocean: a symmetric basin with zonal walls distant from the equator (compared to the equatorial radius of deformation); a symmetric basin with zonal walls near the equator; and an asymmetric basin with one wall near the equator and one distant. The approach to the steady (Sverdrup) solutions is analyzed, with special attention given to the fast planetary response. Numerical treatments of spin-up for various winds in each type of basin are also presented.
Effect of Gene Induction on the Rate of Mutagenesis by ICR-191 in Escherichia coli

ICR-191, an acridine half-mustard known to cause frameshift mutations in bacteria, was used to induce Lac(-) mutations revertible by ICR-191. The reversion rates of several of these mutations were stimulated approximately twofold by the presence of lac inducer. The stimulatory effect of inducer was attributable to gene induction rather than some other effect of inducer, since inducer did not stimulate reversion in a regulator constitutive strain. The stimulatory effect was not observed unless the gene to be reverted was induced during the period of exposure to ICR-191. The presence of a strong polar (nonsense) mutation on the operator side of a frameshift mutation abolished the stimulatory effect of inducer on reversion of the frameshift mutation by ICR-191. (As expected, a nonpolar mutation on the operator side of the frameshift mutation did not affect inducer-stimulated reversion.) It was concluded that some aspect of transcription or translation, or both, in the neighborhood of the ICR-191-induced mutation stimulated reversion by ICR-191. A recA mutation had no effect on reversion by ICR-191 in the presence or absence of inducer. In one mutant, gene induction depressed reversion by ICR-191 about sevenfold. The difference between this exceptional strain and other mutants was not attributable to different genetic backgrounds but seemed to be an inherent difference in the original Lac(-) mutations.
Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry

Part I. Talk about Suffering: 1. Rhetoric and reality 2. From paradise to hospital 3. 'A scene of diseases' 4. Wooden horse 5. Revolutionary fever 6. Stranger's disease 7. 'A merciful provision of the creator' Part II. Combating Pestilence: 8. 'I wish that I had studied physick' 9. 'I know nothing of this disease' 10. Providence, prudence, and patience 11. Buying the smallpox 12. Commerce, contagion, and cleanliness 13. A migratory species 14. Melancholy.
Histology of human myocardial laminar microstructure and consideration of its cyclic deformations with respect to interpretation of in vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) diffusion tensor imaging (CDTI) shows potential to interrogate myocardial microstructure and its dynamics in health and disease. It has been suggested that anisotropies of diffusion measured in vivo might be accounted for and need correction by myocardial strains measured macroscopically. However, relations between nano-, microand macro-scale deformations are complex in myocardium. Appreciation of the nature and functional role of myocardial laminar microstructures (sheetlets and shear layers) seems sparse and we have been unable to find appropriate visualisation of them in human hearts. We aimed to visualise the microstructures which could logically account for anisotropies of the ~50μm mean distances of diffusion per cycle recorded by CDTI in humans, and to conceptualise the likely effects on equeous diffusion of their cyclic re-orientations and deformations.
Avian genetic background modulates the neural crest apoptosis induced by ethanol exposure.

Background: Ethanol-induced neural crest apoptosis likely contributes to the distinctive craniofacial phenotype that results from prenatal alcohol exposure. The mechanism responsible for this apoptosis is incompletely understood. A serendipitous change in poultry production flocks led to the discovery that, in chick, the embryo's genetic background modulates its susceptibility to ethanol-induced apoptosis. Methods: We examined the level of ethanol-induced neural crest apoptosis in 11 chick layer strains or crosses, using acridine orange uptake. Results: Holding the ethanol dose and exposure stage constant, strains were classified into very sensitive (Babcock ISA, HyLine W98, Babcock B300/Hampshire Rcd cross [BxHR]), moderately sensitive (Spafas, HyLine W36, Babcock B300), and nonresponsive (DeKalb White and Black, Shaver White and 2000, DeKalb White/Hampshire Red cross). Detailed examination of two susceptible strains (W98, BxHR) and a resistant strain (DeKalb White) revealed that the DeKalh's non response was not caused by a shift in timing of apoptosis, or to a lower alcohol exposure at cither time of injection or time of death. Strains had identical stage distributions at the time of injection and at apoptosis; housing and diet were held constant. Conclusions: Factors within the embryo and/or egg environment can affect the susceptibility to ethanol-induced apoptosis. These sensitive and resistant strains will be important tools to dissect the molecular mechanism of ethanol-induced apoptosis, and for understanding how these losses affect subsequent development.
Carcinoids: the association of histologic growth pattern and survival

There are five generally accepted carcinoid histologic growth patterns, i.e., insular, trabecular, glandular, undifferentiated, and mixed. To determine their possible prognostic significance, a panel of pathologists studied the growth patterns of 138 carcinoids collected from an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group carcinoid advanced stage disease chemotherapy investigation. Survival times were measured from date of initial pathologic diagnosis of carcinoid disease to date of either death or last follow-up. Significant differences were observed in survival times between the five major growth patterns (P less than 0.001). Within the mixed growth pattern group, significant differences in survival time were also observed (P approximately 0.05). In decreasing order of median survival time in years, the growth patterns ranked as follows: mixed insular plus glandular, 4.4; insular, 2.9; trabecular, 2.5; mixed insular plus trabecular, 2.3; three pooled low incidence rate mixed growth patterns, 1.4; glandular, 0.9; and undifferentiated, 0.5. Histologic growth patterns are recommended as a stratification factor in future studies of this disease.
Choriocarcinoma and epithelial trophoblastic tumor: successful treatment of relapse with hysterectomy and high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell support: a case report.

Abstract Background. Post-termchoriocarcinoma is a rare complication of pregnancy. The presence of epithelioid trophoblastic elements may lead to the persistence of locally invasive disease which is unresponsive to multiagent chemotherapy. Relapse is associated with an estimated mortality rate of 30%. Case. We present a case of Stage IC post-term choriocarcinoma and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. While the metastatic sites in the lungs responded to multiagent chemotherapy, a hysterectomy was required to treat persistent disease in the uterus. The patient relapsed within 4 months of completion of chemotherapy. Relapse was treated with high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell support. The patient is alive with no evidence of disease 23 months posttransplant. Conclusions. The application of multimodality treatment and high-dose chemotherapy resulted in a successful outcome for this patient, indicating a potential role for high-dose therapy in patients who suffer a relapse of choriocarcinoma.
Alternative solution for spinning drop interfacial tensiometer

Abstract An alternative solution for the spinning drop surface tensiometer is presented which is more convenient for an experimentalist to use.
VON RIMSCHA'S TRANSITIVITY CONDITIONS

In Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice every set has the same cardinal number as some ordinal. Von Rimscha has weakened this condition to \Every set has the same cardinal number as some transitive set." In set theory without the axiom of choice, we study the deductive strength of this and similar statements introduced by von Rimscha. We shall use the standard notation and terminology of set theory. In particular we recall that a set x is transitive if for every y 2 x and every t2 y, t2 x .T he transitive closure, TC(x), of a set x is the smallest transitive set z such that x z. In addition, for any set x, we will use TC 0 (x) to stand for TC(x)(fxg. Transitive sets play an important role in set theory. The ordinal numbers, for example, are transitive sets and under the assumption of the axiom of choice (which we shall denote by AC) given any set x, there is a bijection from x to some ordinal. In (R) von Rimscha introduces a similar statement, Tr, weakened by replacing the word \ordinal" with the words \transitive set".
Corrigendum to ‘Mild stress facilitates learning and exercise improves retention in aged mice’ [Experimental Gerontology 46/1 (2011) page 53–59]

Corrigendum to ‘Mild stress facilitates learning and exercise improves retention in aged mice’ [Experimental Gerontology 46/1 (2011) page 53–59] Paul A. Adlard ⁎, Christie Engesser-Cesar , Carl W. Cotman a,b a Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California Irvine, 1226 Gillespie N.R.F., Irvine, CA 92697-4540, United States b Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, United States
The Influence of Chelating Agents on the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution.

Abstract The kinetics of calcite dissolution in the presence of calcium chelating agents was investigated over the pH range of 3.3–12 using a rotating disk apparatus. The results show that the rate of dissolution is increased significantly by the presence of chelating agents such as CDTA, DTPA, and EDTA. The rate of dissolution is influenced by the kinetics of the chelation reactions and varies considerably with pH and type of chelating agent. A surface chelation mechanism was introduced to describe the dissolution. The mechanism involves the adsorption of the chelating agent onto the calcite surface and follows Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics. The dissolution is different from conventional hydrogen ion attack in that the chelating agent attacks the calcium component of the lattice rather than the carbonate component. Therefore, the rate of dissolution is enhanced by the influence of hydrogen ion attack at low pH. In addition, the various ionic forms of the chelating agents react with the calcite surface at different rates depending on the number of hydrogen ions associated with the species. In general, the rate of dissolution increases with increasing protonation. The surface complexation mechanism was shown to describe the rate of calcite dissolution in the presence of chelating agents over the pH range of 4–12.
Cultural Differences Between Favela and Asfalto in Complex Systems Thinking

Abstract Favela residents in Brazil have been marginalized throughout their history. Nonetheless, the favela environment seems to create conditions conducive to a cognitive orientation that could be advantageous for engaging in complex systems thinking. This study is a preliminary examination of people from different social backgrounds in Rio de Janeiro, both favela (working-class) and asfalto (middle-class) dwellers, and evaluates whether their cognitive orientations might present any markers for the potential of complex systems thinking, including: (1) the ability to see multiple perspectives, and (2) a tendency to focus on relationships. I conducted a mixed methods research study based on in-depth interviews with 89 residents in Rio de Janeiro. The data indicate that favela residents in Rio de Janeiro show markers for systems thinking, appealing to relational information and taking multiple perspectives spontaneously.
Anthropogene Klimaveränderung, Sukzessionsprozesse und forstwirtschaftliche Optionen | Anthropogenic Climate Change, Successional Processes and Forest Management Options

Anthropogenic changes of the climate have the potential to significantly affect forests in the coming century. In this paper, methods for assessing the impacts of such changes are reviewed, and mathematical models are used to evaluate possible changes of the tree species composition and biomass storage of Swiss forests. The simulation results are discussed from an ecological as well as from a forestry perspective.
Peroxynitrite generated in the rat spinal cord induces neuron death and neurological deficits

We previously demonstrated that the concentration of peroxynitrite significantly increases following impact spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to test whether the SCI-induced elevation of peroxynitrite induces neuronal death and consequent neurological deficits. Peroxynitrite was generated by administering 5 mM S-morpholinosydnonimine, a donor of peroxynitrite, through a microdialysis fiber into the gray matter of the rat spinal cord for 5 h. This mimics the concentration and duration of peroxynitrite elevation after SCI. Neuron death was assessed by counting the neurons along the fiber track in Cresyl Violet-stained sections removed at different times post-peroxynitrite exposure. Peroxynitrite induced significantly more neuron death than did the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) control, with the percentage of neuronal loss being 17+/-2%, 28+/-2%, 39+/-3%, and 43+/-4% at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-peroxynitrite exposure (P=0.01-<0.001). The losses of total neurons or motoneurons immuno-stained with anti-neuron-specific enolase or anti-choline acetyltransferase antibodies was significantly higher in the peroxynitrate-exposed group than in ACSF controls at 24 h post-exposure, further confirming peroxynitrate damage to neurons. The susceptibility to oxidative damage in motoneurons was similar to that of other neurons characterized at 24 h post-peroxynitrite exposure. Peroxynitrite-induced neurological deficits were examined by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan test (BBB test), the inclined-plane test and footprint analysis. Peroxynitrite significantly (P<0.001) reduced the locomotor rating score (BBB test) and the maximum angle of inclined plane compared to sham and ACSF-exposed animals (repeated measures analysis of variance). The footprint analysis revealed that peroxynitrite significantly increased the distance between the feet and the angle of hindlimb rotation compared to sham (P=0.01 and P<0.001) or ACSF controls (P=0.01 and P=0.005) and significantly shortened the stride length compared to sham (P<0.001) and ACSF control (P=0.005) treatments. Therefore the SCI-produced level of peroxynitrite induced neuron loss and neurological dysfunction, strong evidence that peroxynitrite is a secondary damage agent in SCI.
Characterization of a novel α-class anionic glutathione S-transferase isozyme from human liver

Abstract A novel, α-class glutathione S -transferase (GST) isozyme has been isolated from human liver using glutathione (GSH) affinity chromatography, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, and immunoaffinity chromatography. The isozyme is a dimer of approximately 25,000 M r with blocked N termini. Structural, kinetic, and immunological properties of this enzyme indicate that it belongs to the α class of GSTs. Noticeable differences between the properties of this enzyme and the other α-class GSTs of human liver are its anionic nature (p I 5.0), GSH peroxidase activity toward hydrogen peroxide, and relatively higher GSH conjugating activities toward CDNB and epoxide substrates as compared to other α-class GSTs. Results of these studies indicate that anionic GST ω characterized previously (Y. C. Awasthi, D. D. Dao, and R. P. Saneto, 1980, Biochem. J. 191, 1–10) from human liver is a mixture of GST π and a novel α-class GST. We have, therefore, reassigned the name GST ω to this new α-class anionic GST of human liver.
Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences among Managers and Business Students

Meta-analysis of 31 studies examined whether women and men in management and business schools differ in their job attribute preferences. Findings indicated no significant sex differences for 9 of the 21 job attribute preferences studied. The 12 significant sex differences indicated that men considered earnings and responsibility to be more important than women did, whereas women considered prestige, challenge, task significance, variety, growth, job security, good coworkers, a good supervisor, and the physical work environment to be more important than men did. The significant sex differences were small, nine of them having a magnitude of .10 standard deviation units or less. Students showed larger sex differences than managers did, and changes over time showed that women increased their ratings of the importance of four job attributes relative to men. The findings imply that sex differences in job attribute preferences are not an important determinant of women’s lower status in management.
Concordance of diurnal intraocular pressure between fellow eyes in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose To study the concordance of diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) between fellow eyes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Design Retrospective chart review. Participants Ninety-three POAG patients. Methods Patients who met the definition of POAG and underwent diurnal curve measurement were included. Subjects were excluded if there was a history of surgery, trauma, ocular vascular disease, incomplete diurnal curve, or asymmetric ocular medication use. Patients on symmetric ocular medication were included and analyzed separately. Goldmann applanation tonometry was performed at 10 am, 1 pm, 4 pm, 7 pm, 10 pm, and 7 am (the next day). The following statistical analyses were performed: (1) average Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) from individual correlations of right and left eye IOP over the 6 time points for each subject; (2) linear mixed model analysis for repeated measures, with eye (right and left) and time as the within-subject fixed effects, and (3) absolute difference in change in IOP between fellow eyes over each time interval and probability that the difference was within 2 or 3 mmHg. Main Outcome Measure The concordance of the IOP between fellow eyes as measured by absolute difference in change in IOP between fellow eyes and probability of the difference being within 2 or 3 mmHg. Results Thirty-seven patients were untreated and 56 were treated on symmetric IOP-lowering medications. The diurnal curves of fellow eyes exhibited parallel profiles according to the linear mixed model. The average difference in the change of IOP between fellow eyes over given time intervals ranged from 1.6 to 2.0 mmHg. The estimated probability that the absolute change in IOP between fellow eyes was within 2 mmHg was 68% to 90%, and within 3 mmHg was 78% to 95% for all time intervals. Conclusion The diurnal variation of IOP in POAG is largely concordant between fellow eyes. For any given time interval, the fellow eye IOPs may fluctuate asymmetrically a minority of the time. Clinicians who utilize the uniocular trial should be aware of the limit of the IOP concordance.
Mechanism of buffy coat migration inhibition test

La presence de lymphocytes et la synthese de la proteine sont necessaires a la production du MIF (migration inhibition factor). Pour le test de migration des leucocytes du sang peripherique, nous avons pu montrer en utilisant un antigene soluble (PPD) et du serum de cheval, qu'il n'y a point d'inhibition de migration en l'absence des lymphocytes ou en presence de puromycine. Quand le milieu contient du serum de sujet teste, l'inhibition n'est que partiellement sensible a la puromycine.
Observations on the course of urinary K42 specific activity in fasting human subjects

Abstract The course of urinary potassium specific activity was followed for 6 days after the oral administration of carrier-free K 42 to subjects on a prolonged fast. Under these conditions evidence indicated that equilibration of the isotope was not complete until after the third day.
Diagnosis of alcoholism based on neural network analysis of phenotypic risk factors

Background Alcoholism is a serious public health problem. It has both genetic and environmental causes. In an effort to gain understanding of the underlying genetic susceptibility to alcoholism, a long-term study has been undertaken. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) provides a rich source of genetic and phenotypic data. One ongoing problem is the difficulty of reliably diagnosing alcoholism, despite many known risk factors and measurements. We have applied a well known pattern-matching method, neural network analysis, to phenotypic data provided to participants in Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 by COGA. The aim is to train the network to recognize complex phenotypic patterns that are characteristic of those with alcoholism as well as those who are free of symptoms. Our results indicate that this approach may be helpful in the diagnosis of alcoholism.
A Case of Cranial Surgery in the Talmud

The history of Jewish discourse on law and philosophy was transformed from an oral teaching to a written teaching around the beginning of the Common Era. The result of these written laws and commentaries is known today as the Talmud. Many pages of the Talmud discuss illnesses and diseases and their potential treatments, however very few of these potential treatments involve invasive surgery. In one instance, involving a painful skin ailment called ra’aton, the authors of the Talmud suggest cranial surgery as the cure and describe the preparation of a potential anesthetic, the surgery environment, and the removal of a growth. Although this account raises several questions about the ailment itself, it provides us with a rare look at invasive cranial surgery dating back nearly 2,000 years. I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Finger for encouraging me to pursue this project, as well as for his continued assistance in preparing my work for publication.
The Experimental Method and Leisure/Recreation Research: Promoting A More Active Role

Abstract Many past critiques have noted that experimental research has been underutilized in the study of leisure and recreation. This paper undertook a content analysis of experimental studies published from 1985 to 1989 which revealed that experiments are still not widely reported in most leisure and recreation journals. It also outlined the potential, purpose and application of experimental methodology and argued that experiments are useful not for description but for the analysis of relations and the development of law-like statements. Methodological issues including internal and external validity, randomization and control, and experimenter effects were examined. Examples drawn from the content analysis were used to illustrate the utility of experiments and to point out strategies for improving future experimental research efforts.
Sum-peak counting with two crystals

Abstract Very great improvements in accuracy of measurements of radioactivity by the sum-peak technique of coincidence counting have been achieved by the utilization of two NaI(Tl) crystals. Taking advantage of the coincidence and anticoincidence possibilities in this arrangement, equations and techniques have been developed, so that accuracies obtainable by the sum-peak technique are improved by an order of magnitude, and become comparable to those obtainable by means of conventional β-γ and γ-γ coincidence counting. Good statistical accuracy can be obtained quickly, and many small but often laboriously determined corrections, which appear in β-γ and γ-γ coincidence counting, are unimportant in this new method, which has been applied to the standardization of 60Co, 94Nb, 88Y, 22Na, 26Al and 207Bi.
Investigation Into the Effect of Mode Shape Errors on Validation Experiments for Experimental-Analytical Substructuring

Experimental-to-Analytical Substructuring has been investigated as a way to avoid potentially costly tests and analysis on large systems by performing smaller, subcomponent-level tests. However, this has proven more difficult to implement than expected because the substructuring calculations can be sensitive to modal truncation and experimental noise and require the measurement of rotational motions at the interface. These issues seem to have led to decreased confidence in substructuring calculations, causing it to remain underutilized in industry. In recent work, the authors have proposed performing a small, inexpensive validation test to give confidence or reveal flaws in an experimentally-derived model. This work explores whether such an approach might be used to characterize the uncertainty in a substructure model due to measurement errors. Substructuring is simulated on a finite element model of a beam structure whose modal parameters have been contaminated with noise to simulate measurement errors and cross axis sensitivity. The beam is then coupled to a validation fixture, and the modal parameters of the validation experiment are investigated in a Monte-Carlo experiment to determine the correlation of a validation test to the actual application for different levels and types of errors in the measured mode shapes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Serum lipids and glucose tolerance in angiographically proved coronary artery disease.

Abnormalities of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism or both were found in 91 percent of 70 patients referred for coronary arteriography who were subsequently shown to have coronary artery disease. Forty-four (63 percent) of the 70 patients had an abnormality of glucose tolerance and 52 (74 percent) had an elevation of serum lipids. Eleven patients with normal electrocardiograms and coronary angiograms had a 45 percent incidence of one or the other abnormality which was higher than expected and is unexplained. The high incidence of carbohydrate and lipid abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease is consistent with other studies which did not utilize coronary angiograms for classification. The significance of this high incidence is not clear, but one can speculate that reversal of these abnormalities may favorably affect the vascular disease.
Incomplete ecdysis is an indicator of ecdysteroid exposure in Daphnia magna

Daphnia magna were exposed for 21 d to the ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), the accepted molting hormone, and ponasterone A (PoA), an ecdysteroid found in some crustaceans and many plants. Daphnids were monitored for alterations in molting, fecundity, and survival time. The 20-E elicited no significant effects on molting frequency, and its significant effects on reproduction were only at concentrations (260 nM) associated with premature death caused by incomplete ecdysis. We also examined PoA, which has been reported to have 10× higher affinity for the ecdysone receptor than 20-E. Ponasterone A elicited effects similar to those of 20-E at approximately 10× lower concentrations. This suggests that affinity for the receptor is the major parameter determining activity in vitro and in vivo and that differences in metabolism and elimination in vivo were not significant. The effects of PoA on daphnids mimicked those of 20-E except PoA reduced fecundity in the second generation and 20-E had no effect. Last, both exogenous 20-E and PoA show similar effects, including premature death associated with incomplete ecdysis, and the overall difference in toxicity is mostly likely due to receptor affinity.
Investigating the allosterism of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) by using various sterols: in vitro and intact cell studies

ACAT1 (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1) is thought to have two distinct sterol-binding sites: a substrate-binding site and an allosteric-activator site. In the present work, we investigated the structural features of various sterols as substrates and/or activators in vitro. The results show that without cholesterol, the plant sterol sitosterol is a poor substrate for ACAT. In the presence of cholesterol, ACAT1-mediated esterification of sitosterol is highly activated while ACAT2-mediated esterification of sitosterol is only moderately activated. For ACAT1, we show that the stereochemistry of the 3-hydroxy group at steroid ring A is a critical structural feature for a sterol to serve as a substrate, but less critical for activation. Additionally, enantiomeric cholesterol, which has the same biophysical properties as cholesterol in membranes, fails to activate ACAT1. Thus ACAT1 activation by cholesterol is the result of stereo-specific interactions between cholesterol and ACAT1, and is not related to the biophysical properties of phospholipid membranes. To demonstrate the relevance of the ACAT1 allosteric model in intact cells, we showed that sitosterol esterification in human macrophages is activated upon cholesterol loading. We further show that the activation is not due to an increase in ACAT1 protein content, but is partly due to an increase in the cholesterol content in the endoplasmic reticulum where ACAT1 resides. Together, our results support the existence of a distinct sterol-activator site in addition to the sterol-substrate site of ACAT1 and demonstrate the applicability of the ACAT1 allosteric model in intact cells.
Primary carcinoma of the ampulla of vater

Abstract A case of primary carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is reported, together with a review of the literature, an outline of the outstanding symptoms, points in differential diagnosis and the methods of treatment.