cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-performance interpretive approach to schema-directed parsing

XML delivers key advantages in interoperability due to its flexibility, expressiveness, and platform-neutrality. As XML has become a performance-critical aspect of the next generation of business computing infrastructure, however, it has become increasingly clear that XML parsing often carries a heavy performance penalty, and that current, widely-used parsing technologies are unable to meet the performance demands of an XML-based computing infrastructure. Several efforts have been made to address this performance gap through the use of grammar-based parser generation. While the performance of generated parsers has been significantly improved, adoption of the technology has been hindered by the complexity of compiling and deploying the generated parsers. Through careful analysis of the operations required for parsing and validation, we have devised a set of specialized byte codes, designed for the task of XML parsing and validation. These byte codes are designed to engender the benefits of fine-grained composition of parsing and validation that make existing compiled parsers fast, while being coarse-grained enough to minimize interpreter overhead. This technique of using an interpretive,validating parser balances the need for performance against the requirements of simple tooling and robust scalable infrastructure. Our approach is demonstrated with a specialized schema compiler, used to generate byte codes which in turn drive an interpretive parser. With almost as little tooling and deployment complexity as a traditional interpretive parser, the byte code-driven parser usually demonstrates performance within 20% of the fastest fully compiled solutions.
A Methodology for Evaluation of Host-Based Intrusion Prevention Systems and Its Application

Host-based intrusion-prevention systems are currently popular technologies which try to prevent exploits from succeeding on a host. They are like host-based intrusion-detection systems (P. E. Proctor, 2001) but include means to automatically take actions once malicious activities or code are discovered. This can include terminating connections, services, or ports; refusing commands; blocking packets from specific Internet addresses; initiating tracing of packets; and sending modified packets back to a user. Automated responses to exploits can be quick without human intervention. Around ten commercial vendors are currently offering intrusion-prevention products (N. Desai, May 2006), and Snort-Inline is a popular open-source tool. Total intrusion prevention is a difficult goal to achieve, since it takes time to recognize an exploit and by then the damage may be done. So it is important to have a way to test the often-broad claims of intrusion-prevention products. The testing we propose is not as comprehensive as that offered by attack-traffic simulators like Skaion's TGS (www.skaion.com) or by the DETER testbed (www.deterlab.net). But attack-traffic simulators, even when up-to-date, only model broad characteristics of attacks and not their context-dependent behavior, so they can produce significant numbers of false negatives. DETER emulates rather than executes malicious software to provide added safety, which is not quite the same. DETER also imposes several bureaucratic obstacles for getting approval for experiments and obtaining time on their hardware to run them; this bureaucracy requires motivation and time to navigate. For quick testing in depth of a new product that has not been evaluated in DETER, or for finding reasons to rule out a product, a simpler approach that is easier to set up is required
Energetics and Dynamics of Biological Systems

While in the previous part of this book basic physical principles are explained governing the formation of molecular and supramolecular biological structures, we will come now to various functions of cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. For this, of course, molecular considerations form an important fundament, but at the same time, phenomenological parameters, like concentration, volume, viscosity, dielectric constants, conductivity, etc., are used which in fact are defined for large and homogeneous systems. In this way, we begin to enter the field of the so-called continuum physics.
Abstract 2650: Reliability and Validity of Retrospective Extraction of the ABCD2 Score From Medical Records

Background and Purpose: The ABCD2 score is increasingly used for risk stratification of TIA patients. Many of the studies assessing the utility of the ABCD2 score have retrospectively extracted the...
The Meaning of Intimacy: Post Obergefell Implications

This commentary on Frost and Gola's (2015) article expands on the discussion of the policy and practical implications of their findings. Specifically, we highlight the potential impact of the Supreme Court's decision from the positive response hypothesis and the more probable structural response hypothesis (i.e., that the decision will serve to polarize attitudes).
Redemption theories and the value of American colonial paper money

Before the Revolution American colonies issued paper money known as ‘bills of credit’. The bills issued in the Middle colonies held their value surprisingly well despite large wartime fluctuations in the quantity issued, but those issued in New England depreciated as the quantity in circulation increased. The bills' stable purchasing power in the Middle colonies has often been attributed to the redemption provisions enacted when the bills were issued. Similar provisions in New England supposedly failed because New England failed to enforce them. This article explores the comparative enforcement of redemption provisions in the two regions, and in New York in particular, and concludes that differential enforcement does not explain the disparity between the New England experience and that in the Middle colonies.
Impregnating images: Visions of race, sex, and citizenship in California's teen pregnancy prevention campaigns

Many cultural and critical race theorists have established that the epidemic of teen pregnancy in the US is a socially constructed phenomenon, one that arose with the national economic and cultural...
Rhythmic patterns of endogenous LH release in castrate sheep receiving exogenous LH (38477).

SummaryExogenous ovine LH was constantly infused during 6-hr experimental sequences in order to determine the effect of elevated levels of plasma LH on the pulsatile discharges of pituitary LH characteristic of ovariectomized sheep. Plasma LH concentrations (exogenous plus endogenous) in sequential 10-min samples continued to fluctuate significantly as did plasma LH (endogenous only) during control periods.The temporal patterns of plasma LH during LH infusion were at least as rhythmic as they were in the controls. Furthermore, the mean periods for extremely rhythmic frequencies were equivalent in control and LH-infusion sequences. These data refute the original hypothesis that inhibitory short-loop feedback of circulating LH governs the timing of subsequent LH discharges in ovariectomized sheep.Purified ovine LH was provided by the Hormone Distribution Officer, NIAMD, NIH and by Dr. L. E. Reichert, Emory University. The anti-ovine LH sera was provided by Dr. G. D. Niswender, Colorado State University.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Unwanted Reactions to Drugs

Untoward reactions to drugs are not entirely beyond our control. The prescription of drugs should be based on specific indications. Drugs should be given orally when possible rather than by injection. Patients should be questioned carefully about previous adverse reactions. Topical application should be avoided when a drug can be given safely and effectively by the oral or parenteral route. Patients who already may be allergic to a given drug should receive a short-acting rather than a long-acting agent.
Viruslike particles in the tissues of normal and gamma-irradiated Drosophila melanogaster.

A new finding of viruslike particles in the salivary and accessory glands, muscles, and nerves of normal and gamma-irradiated Drosophila melanogaster is discussed. In morphology and size, the particles seemed identical to those described in earlier reports. On the basis of the available results, it cannot be affirmed that these particles infect only dividing cells, since they are found in all the Drosophila tissues so far examined. Their relation to the aging process is felt to be an interesting subject for further study.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Non-Peptide Opioid Ligands for Human Pain

To find therapeutics for human pain with efficacy but without the side effects which accompany morphine-related drugs is a critical need. Based on extensive structure-activity studies of cyclic enkaphalins, we have designed and synthesized a series of conformationally constrained peptide analogues such as [(2S,3R)-TMT1]-DPDPE, which are essentially specific for the δ-opioid receptor [1]. Aiming to transfer the pharmacophores in these peptide ligands to a non-peptide scaffold and to maintain the high binding affinity and biological activities at the δ-receptor, first and second generation non-peptide ligands were successfully designed with the aid of computer modeling [2,3]. In an effort to optimize these ligands, we present some newly designed ligands such as 6–11 that are based on computer modeling and our understanding of current successful examples like SL-3111.
Coordinating clinic and surgery appointments to meet access service levels for elective surgery

Display Omitted Coordinating surgeons clinic and surgery availability can improve patient access.Pooling multiple surgeon calendars can improve operating room utilization.Patients prioritized based on medical indications with varying access time targets.Reduced operating room overtime by 52 percent at the same access service level. Providing timely access to surgery is crucial for patients with high acuity diseases like cancer. We present a methodological framework to make efficient use of scarce resources including surgeons, operating rooms, and clinic appointment slots with a goal of coordinating clinic and surgery appointments so that patients with different acuity levels can see a surgeon in the clinic and schedule their surgery within a maximum wait time target that is clinically safe for them. We propose six heuristic scheduling policies with two underlying ideas behind them: (1) proactively book a tentative surgery day along with the clinic appointment at the time an appointment request is received, and (2) intelligently space out clinic and surgery appointments such that if the patient does not need his/her surgery appointment there is sufficient time to offer it to another patient. A 2-stage stochastic discrete-event simulation approach is employed to evaluate the six scheduling policies. In the first stage of the simulation, the heuristic policies are compared in terms of the average operating room (OR) overtime per day. The second stage involves fine-tuning the most-effective policy. A case study of the division of colorectal surgery (CRS) at the Mayo Clinic confirms that all six policies outperform the current scheduling protocol by a large margin. Numerical results demonstrate that the final policy, which we refer to as Coordinated Appointment Scheduling Policy considering Indication and Resources (CASPIR), performs 52% better than the current scheduling policy in terms of the average OR overtime per day under the same access service level. In conclusion, surgical divisions desiring stratified patient urgency classes should consider using scheduling policies that take the surgical availability of surgeons, patients demographics and indication of disease into consideration when scheduling a clinic consultation appointment.
A Point Mutation in the Juxtamembrane Wedge of CD45 Impacts Myeloid Development and Generates a Novel Model for Hemophagocytic Disorders in the Context of a MHC I-Restricted Transgene.

Abstract The receptor like-protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is highly expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells and functions by modulating the activity of Src family kinases. We previously generated mice containing a point mutation in the juxtamembrane wedge of CD45 that leads to constitutive phosphatase activity. Demonstrating the critical negative regulatory function of the wedge, the CD45E613R mutation led to a lymphoproliferative disorder, lupus-like autoimmune syndrome, and premature death at 9–12 months of age. To address the intrinsic effects of the wedge mutation on the CD8 T cell lineage, we introduced a CD8 restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) transgene, OT1, specific for the antigen ovalbumin, into CD45E613R mice. Surprisingly, 100% of the CD45E613R/OT1+ mice succumb by 6 weeks of age to a rapidly progressive disease characterized by severe cachexia, hemophagocytosis, and markedly elevated interferon gamma levels. This phenotype shares similarity to the human hemophagocytic syndromes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). The aims of this study are to identify the mechanistic basis and the cell type(s) responsible for this phenotype. Using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that the phenotype is maintained in CD45E613R/OT1+mice on a Rag1−/− background, thus implicating myeloid and/or CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Analysis of myeloid cell development, phagocytic function, and signaling indicate that the wedge mutation operates in this lineage. Despite the intrinsic hyperresponsiveness of CD45E613R macrophages, adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate they are not essential for disease. However, adoptive transfer of purified CD45E613R/OT1+ CD8 T cells into either CD45 mutant or CD45 wildtype (wt) is sufficient to initiate disease. Interestingly, CD45E613R CD8 OT+ T cells are not dominant over CD45wt CD8+ cells. In addition we show that transfer of CD45wt CD8+ T cells into ill mice can delay disease progression. We hypothesize that, in the setting of the wedge mutation, the restricted repertoire of the CD8 T cells in CD45E613R/OT1+ mice might not be able to limit macrophage activation. We believe these mice may represent a useful model for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of hemophagocytic disorders, devastating and often fatal diseases in humans.
Identifying Security Critical Properties for the Dynamic Verification of a Processor

We present a methodology for identifying security critical properties for use in the dynamic verification of a processor. Such verification has been shown to be an effective way to prevent exploits of vulnerabilities in the processor, given a meaningful set of security properties. We use known processor errata to establish an initial set of security-critical invariants of the processor. We then use machine learning to infer an additional set of invariants that are not tied to any particular, known vulnerability, yet are critical to security.We build a tool chain implementing the approach and evaluate it for the open-source OR1200 RISC processor. We find that our tool can identify 19 (86.4%) of the 22 manually crafted security-critical properties from prior work and generates 3 new security properties not covered in prior work.
Disrupting the Genre: Unforeseen Personifications in Chopin

Abstract What George Sand characterized as the prevalence of “the unforeseen” in Chopin9s music can be understood as his programmatic predilection. Within works whose generic titles promise nothing programmatic, he regularly introduces disruptions that announce a previously unsuspected persona in whose mind the music continues to unfold even as that persona brings the premises of the genre under scrutiny. In the Waltz in A♭, op. 42, for instance, a momentary interruption of the waltz beat, like the terminal interruption of the nocturne texture in the Nocturne in B, op. 32, no. 1, produces an ending that tests the capacity of the genre to absorb what most undermines it. In that Nocturne there is a second personifying tension between the genre-establishing texture of singing lines and the genre-challenging daubs of inconsistent damper-pedal coloring, drawing attention to the hand of the composer at work and therefore—if we adopt the insight of Chopin9s artistic interlocutor Eugene Delacroix—to his thinking presence. The Mazurka in C Minor, op. 56, no. 3, represents a reverse strategy. There an imagining mind is personified from the beginning, restlessly searching through a catalog of mazurka features, and it is only in the coda, when the music settles into its genre as dance music, that the persona—the element of the unforeseen—retreats.
Patterns of facial trauma before and after legalization of marijuana in Denver, Colorado: A joint study between two Denver hospitals.

Abstract Introduction The effect of marijuana on human health has been studied extensively. Marijuana intoxication has been shown to affect performance, attention span, and reaction time. The public health relationship between trauma and cannabis use has also been studied, with mixed conclusions. In this report, the effect of marijuana legalization on many aspects of facial trauma at two hospitals in Denver, Colorado is examined. Methods A retrospective review of the electronic medical records was undertaken. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare age of patients before and after legalization, and chi squared analyses were used to compare mechanism of injury, and fracture types before and after recreational marijuana legalization in Denver, Colorado. Geographical location of patients was also considered. Results No significant increase was found in race before and after marijuana legalization (p = 0.19). A significant increase in age was found before (M = 39.54, SD = 16.37), and after (M = 41.38, SD = 16.66) legalization (p 0.05). Conclusion Public health efforts should be directed towards educating residents and visitors of Colorado on the effects and toxicology of marijuana. More epidemiologic studies are needed for further assessment of the long-term effects of the legalization of marijuana on the population.
Seed characteristics and physicochemical properties of powders of 25 edible dry bean varieties.

Abstract Information on the physicochemical variability in dry bean seeds from different varieties grown over distinct crop years is lacking. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the environment and the seed characteristics of 25 edible dry bean varieties and to expand the knowledge on their proximate composition, starch digestibility, solvent retention capacity, and pasting and thermal properties. The impact of bean genotype (25 varieties), growing environment (two crop years), and powder particle size (≤0.5 mm, ≤1.0 mm) was investigated. Statistical differences (P > 0.05) in seed characteristics and in starch, amylose and protein contents were found among the 25 varieties. Unique pasting and thermal properties were observed, and genotype and particle size greatly affected these properties. The accumulated information can be used in breeding programs to select bean lines possessing unique properties for food ingredients while increasing the market value of the crop and enhancing human health.
Magnetic Properties of Compositionally-Modulated Thin Foils and Their Hydrides

Preliminary measurements have been made on the magnetic properties of compositionally-modulated ferromagnetic thin foils of Pd-Ni and Pd-Co, using ferromagnetic resonance and a torsion balance magnetometer. Qualitative studies have also been made of the effect of the introduction of hydrogen on the structure and magnetization of the foils. The addition of hydrogen changed the amplitude of modulation as well as the state of stress of the foils. The magnetization density and the magnetic anisotropy coefficient were also affected. In foils with and without the hydrogen we observed a peak below 50° K in the FMR linewidth versus temperature curves. When the modulation amplitude was reduced by annealing, a double resonance spectrum was observed. Measurements were also made of the ac susceptibility of a hydrogenated Pd-Ni foil in very low applied magnetic fields.
Acid-Promoted Cascade Reaction of N-(4-Chloroquinolin-3-yl)carbamates with Amines: One-Pot Assembly of Imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones

An acid-promoted cascade reaction of 4-chloroquinolin-3-yl carbamates with amines is described. This method achieves the formation of two new C-N bonds through an intermolecular amination/intramolecular cyclization reaction sequence. In combination with subsequent Suzuki coupling, this three-component telescopic procedure provides rapid access to various bioactive imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-one derivatives.
A Taxonomy for Substantialism

A number of different forms of substantialism may lie between the extremes of Cartesianism and the identity-theory. Cartesianism may be thought of as representing one extreme of the possible versions of substantialism, when it casts body and soul as distinct substances or things that are completely independent of one another. The identity-theory may be thought of as the extreme in opposition to Cartesianism, when it characterizes body and soul as identical substances or things, not simply identical in token, but identical in kind or in type. The versions of substantialism discernible most often today can be appreciated as falling somewhere between the extremes of Cartesianism and the identity-theory. They neither identify fully body and soul, nor do they countenance the complete independence of soul from body. Rather, in one way or another, they argue for a distinction between body and soul, but insist that, in one way or another, soul is not a substance apart from the body. W. Sellars appears to develop a version of substantialism that falls between Cartesianism and the identity-theory, which may be described as ‘kind dualism’. In this form of ‘dualism’ a single substance is a member of non-identical, dual kinds, and it may be regarded in some respect as two kinds of things: a body and a soul. The ‘constitutionalism’ of D. Wiggins provides perhaps the best-known version of the substantialist alternatives to attributivism, which holds that the body ‘constitutes’ the soul. Wiggins did not, however, credit Aristotle with constitutionalism; he only thought that it was the view that Aristotle should have accepted if good sense were to be made of his hylomorphism and his efforts to explain the relation between body and soul. W. Charlton, who also espouses constitutionalism, thinks that it is Aristotle’s actual view. T. Irwin pursues a substantialist interpretation, which is close to the ‘kind dualism’ of Sellars, but which also exploits the constitutionalism of Wiggins. C. Shields has offered an interesting alternative version of substantialism in the form of what he calls ‘supervenient dualism’, according to which the soul ‘supervenes’ upon the body. Supervenient dualism shares features with constitutionalism, and it may be conceived as Shields’ effort to provide an antidote to what he takes to be the defects of constitutionalism. Since the resurgence of interest in Aristotle’s psychology in this century, Shields offers with his idea of supervenient dualism the first significantly original dualist interpretation of Aristotle’s psychology, which purports to be both dualist and substantialist, without being Cartesian. Each of these versions of substantialism will be reviewed as their advocates express them, and questions will be raised about their cogency without bringing into consideration the evidence for attributivism, which might be explicitly incompatible with the claims for any form of substantialism.
Azathioprine hypersensitivity: Case report and review of the literature

Fever in a transplant recipient is an important sign of graft rejection or infection. Rarely, fever may result from an immunosuppressive agent used to prevent graft rejection. A case of fever, rigors, arthralgias, and myalgias is reported in a cardiac transplant recipient in whom azathioprine therapy was recently begun. These findings resolved on discontinuation of the azathioprine, recurred on rechallenge, and were most consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction. The clinical spectrum of reported azathioprine hypersensitivity reactions is reviewed.
Extraterrestrial Life as the Great Analogy, Two Centuries Ago and in Modern Astrobiology

Mainstream ideas on the existence of extraterrestrial life in the late 18th and early 19th centuries are examined, with a focus on William Herschel, one of the greatest astronomers of all time. Herschel viewed all of the planets and moons of our solar system as inhabited, and gave logical arguments that even the Sun, and by extension all of the stars, was a giant planet fit for habitation by intelligent beings. The importance for astrobiology both two centuries ago and now of the type of inductive reasoning called “analogy” is emphasized. Analogy is an imperfect tool, but given that we have only one known case of life and of a life-bearing planet, it is very difficult to make progress in astrobiology without resorting to analogy, in particular between known life and possible other life. We cannot overcome the “N = 1 Problem” without resorting to this “Great Analogy” to guide our research.
Model-Based Optimization of Display Systems

Publisher Summary Visual displays are key components of information, communication, and computing systems. Because of the large information bandwidth required for image-based communication, displays are frequently performance bottlenecks for such systems. Display design may, therefore, determine the degree of success of such systems. The key aspect of a successful display design is the specification of meaningfully quantifiable and measurable objectives. To be most relevant for a given application, these objectives should be based on the ability of an operator to perform his task. Such task-based objectives can be used to evaluate systems, and to optimize the display parameters. Given a quantitative, task-based performance measure, it is, in principle, possible to optimize the display by the brute-force approach of designing prototypes with different set of parameters and measuring the performance empirically. This chapter presents and advocates an alternative approach that is to construct models of human operators and of display system, and to use these models to evaluate image quality (IQ) metrics with respect to task-based objectives. The IQ computation is typically performed in two phases: (1) using task independent models of perceptual representation and (2) using task-dependent algorithms that relate the perceptual representation from phase (1) to human performance.
Opioid Overdose Mortality Among Former North Carolina Inmates: 2000–2015

Objectives. To examine differences in rates of opioid overdose death (OOD) between former North Carolina (NC) inmates and NC residents and evaluate factors associated with postrelease OOD.Methods. We linked NC inmate release data to NC death records, calculated OOD standardized mortality ratios to compare former inmates with NC residents, and calculated hazard ratios to identify predictors of time to OOD.Results. Of the 229 274 former inmates released during 2000 to 2015, 1329 died from OOD after release. At 2-weeks, 1-year, and complete follow-up after release, the respective OOD risk among former inmates was 40 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30, 51), 11 (95% CI = 9.5, 12), and 8.3 (95% CI = 7.8, 8.7) times as high as general NC residents; the corresponding heroin overdose death risk among former inmates was 74 (95% CI = 43, 106), 18 (95% CI = 15, 21), and 14 (95% CI = 13, 16) times as high as general NC residents, respectively. Former inmates at greatest OOD risk were those within the first 2 weeks aft...
Combining sediment fingerprinting with age-dating sediment using fallout radionuclides for an agricultural stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA

The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of the sediment fingerprinting approach to apportion surface-derived sediment, and then age date that portion using short-lived fallout radionuclides. In systems where a large mass of mobile sediment is in channel storage, age dating provides an understanding of the transfer of sediment through the watershed and the time scales over which management actions to reduce sediment loadings may be effective. In the agricultural Walnut Creek watershed, Iowa, the sediment-fingerprinting approach with elemental analysis was used to apportion the sources of fine-grained sediment (croplands, prairie, unpaved roads, and channel banks). Fallout radionuclides (7Be, 210Pbex) were used to age the portion of suspended sediment that was derived from agricultural topsoil. Age dating was performed at two different scales: 210Pbex which can date sediment to ~ 85 years and 7Be to ~ 1 year. Sediment fingerprinting results indicated that the majority of suspended sediment is derived from cropland (62%) with streambanks contributing 36%, and prairie, pasture, and unpaved roads each contributing ≤ 1%. The topsoil–derived portion of sediment (primarily agriculture) dated using 210Pbex has ages ranging from 1 to 58 years, and using 7Be, a component of much younger sediment that yields ages ranging from 44 to 205 days. The occurrence of 7Be indicates that some portion of the sediment is young, on the order of months, whereas the dating based on 210Pbex indicates that some of the surface-derived sediment has been in channel storage for decades. Published studies in Walnut Creek indicate that a large component of sediment is stored in the channel bed. We conclude that the 210Pbex-based ages are a reasonable estimate for the mean age of the surface-derived fraction and that 7Be activities are evidence that there is a smaller fraction of very young sediment in the stream. We propose a geomorphic model where agricultural soil is delivered to the channel and conveyed to the watershed outlet at three time scales: a geologic-millennial time scale, decades, and a young time scale (< 1 year).
The Road Taken: Contributions to Advancing Community-Engaged Scholarship

As an early career professional, I often felt as if I was on the road less traveled as a community-engaged scholar and tenured-track faculty member in academia. Although the work of community-engaged scholarship (CES) may be valued, the mechanisms for advancing CES, such as through faculty reward systems, often are not well-established. In my experience it has been extremely important to occasion both internal and external opportunities for community-engaged scholars to promote and recognize the collaborative work that integrates scholarly activities with communities in ways that are reciprocal and mutually beneficial. As a recipient of the 2014 Ernest A. Lynton Award for the Scholarship of Engagement of Early Career Faculty, I will share how the award and recognition was influential in my development and trajectory as a community-engaged scholar. In my professional journey, the Lynton Award was highly impactful in several ways, including preparing for promotion and tenure, establishing and expanding my network of community-engaged scholars, and advancing opportunities for both internal and external leadership roles in CES. Through this paper, I will share my journey as a community-engaged scholar, as well as discuss some factors that I found to be critical conditions for success. Lastly, I challenge us to consider the intersection and continuum of community-engaged and participatory approaches to ensure that we are maximizing our opportunities to collaboratively and collectively advance CES across fields, disciplines and approaches.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus infection in pregnant women

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis of pregnant women with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Methods Pregnant women in their second and third trimester were enrolled during the course of routine prenatal care visits when they were asymptomatic within the preceding two weeks (healthy controls) or when they reported symptoms of acute respiratory illness (ARI) of ≤7 days of duration (cases). Clinical outcomes were assessed at enrollment and two weeks after. Re-enrollment was allowed. Nasal-pharyngeal secretions were evaluated for respiratory pathogens by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sera were tested for RSV-specific antibody responses by Western Blot, microneutralization assay, and palivizumab competitive antibody assay. Results During the 2015–2016 respiratory virus season, 7 of 65 (11%) pregnant women with ARI at their initial enrollment and 8 of 77 (10%) pregnant women with ARI during the study period (initial or re-enrollment) had PCR-confirmed RSV infection. Four (50%) PCR-confirmed RSV ARI cases reported symptoms of a lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI), one was hospitalized. Combining PCR and serology data, the RSV attack rate at initial enrollment was 12% (8 of 65), and 13% (10 of 77) based on ARI episodes. Among healthy controls, 28 of 88 (32%) had a Western Blot profile suggestive of a recent RSV infection either in the prior and/or current season. Conclusion RSV had an attack rate of 10–13% among ambulatory pregnant women receiving routine prenatal care during the respiratory virus season. The serology results of healthy controls suggest a potentially higher attack rate. Future studies should be aware of the combined diagnostic strength of PCR and serology to identify RSV infection. As maternal RSV vaccine candidates are evaluated to protect young infants, additional priority should be placed on outcomes of pregnant women.
Ruxolitinib therapy is associated with improved renal function in patients with primary myelofibrosis.

Recent evidence suggests that renal dysfunction may be a direct consequence of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). We performed a retrospective analysis of 100 patients with previously untreated PMF, receiving frontline treatment with single agent ruxolitinib, and compared them to 105 patients, receiving frontline treatment with a non-ruxolitinib-based therapy, matched by age, sex, DIPSS plus, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Use of ruxolitinib associated with a significantly higher rate of renal improvement (RI) > 10% (73% vs 50%, p = 0.01) confirmed on multivariate analysis (MVA) [odds ratio 3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–5.5, p 10% maintained its independent association with prolonged FFS on MVA (hazard ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–2, p = 0.02). Ruxolitinib can significantly improve renal function in patients with PMF, significantly impacting failure-free survival.
Abstract 4867: Radiosurgery consultation to treatment interval, additional brain metastases during the interim and outcomes after therapy

Background: Expediting the process of diagnosis and treatment should theoretically improve outcome. Delays in beginning therapy can cause anxiety to the patients and physicians who may be concerned about tumor progression before treatment is initiated. Treatment delays can be characterized as patient-generated or logistical medical infrastructure prolongations. Objective: The goal of the present study was to determine the impact of stereotactic radiosurgery (RS) consultation to treatment interval (CTI) and the development of additional brain metastases (BRM) during the interim on outcomes after RS. Methods: Between October 2014 and April 2018, 15 individuals developed more contrast-enhancing BRMs during the CTI. These patients were treated with gamma knife RS (including the six patients who underwent gross resection of metastatic intracranial neoplasm). The median duration of CTI was 19 days (range 5-61 days). A comparison of the ≤19 days CTI (eight patients) to the >19 days CTI (seven patients) was performed to assess the effects of the extent of delay to RS. The total number of BRM for RS was 68. The median target volume was 0.48 cm3, and the median margin dose was 24 Gy. Results: Most (67%) of the subjects exhibited good performance status. The overall crude survival rate at two years was 27%; acute or late toxicity after RS was not observed. Comparison of the CTI groups revealed: i) A longer CTI was not associated with a poorer prognosis; ii) BRM recurrence after RS was less common in this patient subgroup; iii) Quality of life (QOL) was satisfactory even though the CTI was prolonged. Conclusion: Acceptable longevity with minimal morbidity satisfying the QOL consideration was found in this audit of cases about CTI and the occurrence of more BRMs during the interim. Decreasing CTI in patients with BRM remains an important goal of quality improvement. Citation Format: Federico Ampil, Gloria Caldito, Troy Richards. Radiosurgery consultation to treatment interval, additional brain metastases during the interim and outcomes after therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4867.
A Comparison of Intra-Operative Isohemagglutinin Removal Techniques in Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Purpose ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) heart transplantation (HT) is used in children Methods Two MP (Prismaflex) and two CP (Spectra Optia, Terumo BCT) circuits were incorporated into four separate CBP circuits primed with high titer type O donor whole blood. Assays were performed to determine baseline isohemagglutinin titers and then at 30 minute increments until completion of the run (two plasma volume exchanges) at two hours. Results There was a decrease in anti-A and anti-B IgM and IgG titers with both MP and CP. Mean anti-A and anti-B titer reduction was 4.625 titers (93.7% change) and 4.375 titers (93.8% change) using MP and CP, respectively. At 2 hours of apheresis, CP reduced 62.5% of all ITs to ≤ 1:4, while MP reduced 50% of ITs to ≤1:4. Both demonstrated similar hemolytic and thrombotic profiles. Conclusion In this in vitro plasmapheresis model of IT reduction, both MP and CP incorporated into the CPB circuit can be used quickly and effectively to reduce circulating IT. While CP may have some greater efficiency, further study is necessary to verify this in vivo.
Behavioral instruments in environmental regulation

This chapter briefly describes the use and usefulness of behavioral and psychological instruments in environmental regulation. Behavioral instruments — tools for regulating behavior that build on empirical research about how people actually behave — can contribute to environmental law in at least two ways. First, behavioral research can be used descriptively to understand and to interrogate the behaviors that generate environmental impacts. This is useful because it can help flag where environmental law is most likely to run aground on behavioral phenomena, and because it can highlight areas where legal interventions may be most and least effective. Second, behavioral research is useful prescriptively for helping to identify effective mechanisms for shaping behavior towards preferred ends. The chapter gives an overview of three key findings in law and behavior (dual-process cognition, loss aversion, and time inconsistency), and describes two key instruments (default rules and framing) that build on the insights of behavioral research, and which can be used to shape people’s behavior towards environmental ends.
Reduction of Oxidized Pd/Ag(111) Surfaces by H2: Sensitivity to PdO Island Size and Dispersion

Understanding the migration of species across interfaces in bimetallic systems is key to exploiting their bifunctionality for chemical reactivity and heterogeneous catalysis. The present study demo...
Reichenbach, Russell and scientific realism

This paper considers how to best relate the competing accounts of scientific knowledge that Russell and Reichenbach proposed in the 1930s and 1940s. At the heart of their disagreements are two different accounts of how to best combine a theory of knowledge with scientific realism. Reichenbach argued that a broadly empiricist epistemology should be based on decisions. These decisions or “posits” informed Reichenbach’s defense of induction and a corresponding conception of what knowledge required. Russell maintained that a scientific realist must abandon empiricism in favor of knowledge of some non-demonstrative principles with a non-empirical basis. After identifying the best versions of realism offered by Reichenbach and Russell, the paper concludes with a brief discussion of the limitations of these two approaches.
Ethics, Advertising, and the White House Fashion Show

Writing, of course, is central to journalism. Ethical coverage is equally as important. This was true for fashion journalists as much as it was for any other reporter. These women made a difference in their communities while keeping advertisers at arm’s length to avoid influence. Longtime Washington Post fashion editor Robin Givhan, the first winner of a Pulitzer Prize for fashion commentary, stressed that she wanted her reporting and her column to be driven by news. “If you want to do fashion writing for a newspaper, stay at arm’s length from the center of the fashion industry to maintain objectivity,” she said. “Your goal is not to celebrate fashion but to eye it with respect.”
Overview of Plant Pigments

Chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, and betalains are four major classes of biological pigments produced in plants. Chlorophylls are the primary pigments responsible for plant photosynthesis. The other three are accessory pigments and secondary metabolites that possess much more diverse structures and functions in plants and more potential nutritional and medicinal benefits in the diet. This overview briefly covers the basics of the three accessory pigments and hopefully leads to an active interest in these beneficial compounds and an increasing intake of pigment-rich fruits and vegetables.
Schema Disruption in Chromosomes That Are Structured as Binary Trees

We are interested in schema disruption behavior when chromosomes are structured as binary trees. We give the definition of the disruption probability dp(H) of a schema H, and also the relative diameter relΔ(H) of H. We show that in the general case that dp(H) can far exceed relΔ(H), but when the chromosome is a complete binary tree then the inequality dp(H) ≤ relΔ(H) holds almost always. Thus the more compactly the tree chromosome is structured, the better is the behavior to be expected from geneticism.
Knowledge Acquisition for the Onboard Planner of an Autonomous Spacecraft

Deep Space One (DS1) will be the first spacecraft to be controlled by an autonomous closed loop system potentially capable of carrying out a complete mission with minimal commanding from Earth. A major component of the autonomous flight software is an onboard planner/scheduler. Based on generative planning and temporal reasoning technologies, the planner/scheduler transforms abstract goals into detailed tasks to be executed within resource and time limits. This paper discusses the knowledge acquisition issues involved in transitioning this novel technology into spacecraft flight software, developing the planner in the context of a large software project and completing the work under a compressed development schedule. Our experience shows that the planning framework used is adequate to address the challenges of DS1 and future autonomous spacecraft systems, and it points to a series of open technological challenges in developing methodologies and tools for knowledge acquisition and validation.
The developmental and physiological consequences of disrupting genes encoding beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors.

Publisher Summary The role that individual β AR subtypes play in specific physiological processes has been traditionally defined using subtype-specific ligands. Unfortunately, many of these ligands either possess poor selectivity or are used at concentrations in vivo that can lead to occupation of nonspecific subtypes. The advent of gene disruption techniques in the mouse now enables to selectively delete or alter cloned genes as a means of identifying the specific function(s) of their gene products. To better understand β AR subtype-specific functions in the context of either the whole animal or isolated organs and cells, the genes encoding both β 1 - and β 2 ARs have been disrupted. Gene targeting vectors containing β 1 AR or β 2 AR gene sequences interrupted or partially replaced by a bacterial neomycin resistance gene cassette were flanked by a viral thymidine kinase gene cassette. A standard positive-negative selection strategy (G418 + gancyclovir) has been used to isolate R1 embryonic stem (ES) cells, having undergone homologous recombination at β 1 AR or β 2 AR loci. The pharmacological profile of β 1 AR and β 2 AR knockouts is consistent with the loss of these specific receptor subtypes. When the nonspecific β AR antagonist [ 125 I]cyanopindolol is used in competition binding studies, excess unlabeled CGP 20712A ( β 1 AR-specific antagonist) reveals a selective loss of specific high-affinity sites in β 1 AR knockout heart or lung membranes while excess unlabeled ICI 118,551 ( β 2 AR-specific antagonist) reveals a selective loss of specific high-affinity sites in β 2 AR knockout lung membranes. These results provide further evidence that the β 1 AR and β 2 AR gene disruptions have abolished β AR protein expression. The physiological impact of knocking out either β 1 - or β 2 ARs has been studied in instrumented animals and in isolated tissues.
Equipment Setup and Troubleshooting

General considerations include the size of the operating room, location of doors, outlets for electrical and anesthetic equipment, and the procedure to be performed. Time spent in positioning the equipment and operating table is well spent. Come to the operating room sufficiently early to assure proper setup, and to ascertain that all instruments are available and in good working order. This is particularly important when a procedure is being done in an operating room not normally used for laparoscopic operations, or when the operating room personnel are unfamiliar with the equipment (for example, an operation performed after hours).
Evaluation of Electrical Impedance as a Biomarker of Myostatin Inhibition in Wild Type and Muscular Dystrophy Mice

Objectives Non-invasive and effort independent biomarkers are needed to better assess the effects of drug therapy on healthy muscle and that affected by muscular dystrophy (mdx). Here we evaluated the use of multi-frequency electrical impedance for this purpose with comparison to force and histological parameters. Methods Eight wild-type (wt) and 10 mdx mice were treated weekly with RAP-031 activin type IIB receptor at a dose of 10 mg kg−1 twice weekly for 16 weeks; the investigators were blinded to treatment and disease status. At the completion of treatment, impedance measurements, in situ force measurements, and histology analyses were performed. Results As compared to untreated animals, RAP-031 wt and mdx treated mice had greater body mass (18% and 17%, p 70 Hz), but not in the mdx animals. In contrast, maximum force normalized by muscle mass was unchanged in the wt animals and lower in the mdx animals by 21% (p < 0.01). Similarly, myofiber size was only non-significantly higher in treated versus untreated animals (8% p = 0.44 and 12% p = 0.31 for wt and mdx animals, respectively). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate electrical impedance of muscle reproduce the functional and histological changes associated with myostatin pathway inhibition and do not reflect differences in muscle size or volume. This technique deserves further study in both animal and human therapeutic trials.