cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baryon Wilson loop area law in QCD.

There is still confusion about the correct form of the area law for the baryonic Wilson loop (BWL) of QCD. Strong-coupling (i.e., finite lattice spacing in lattice gauge theory) approximations suggest the form exp[{minus}{ital KA}{sub {ital Y}}], where {ital K} is the {ital q{bar q}} string tension and {ital A}{sub {ital Y}} is the global minimum area, generically a three-bladed area with the blades joined along a Steiner line ({ital Y} configuration). However, the correct answer is exp[{minus}({ital K}/2)({ital A}{sub 12}+{ital A}{sub 13}+{ital A}{sub 23})], where, e.g., {ital A}{sub 12} is the minimal area between quark lines 1 and 2 ({Delta} configuration). This second answer was given long ago, based on certain approximations, and is also strongly favored in lattice computations. In the present work, we derive the {Delta} law from the usual vortex-monopole picture of confinement, and show that, in any case, because of the 1/2 in the {Delta} law, this law leads to a larger value for the BWL (smaller exponent) than does the {ital Y} law. We show that the three-bladed, strong-coupling surfaces, which are infinitesimally thick in the limit of zero lattice spacing, survive as surfaces to be used in the non-Abelian Stokes{close_quote} theorem for themore » BWL, which we derive, and lead via this Stokes{close_quote} theorem to the correct {Delta} law. Finally, we extend these considerations, including perturbative contributions, to gauge groups SU({ital N}), with {ital N}{gt}3. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
The necessity of a meeting recording and playback system, and the benefit of topic–level annotations to meeting browsing

Much work in the area of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has targeted the problem of supporting meetings between collaborators who are non-collocated, enabling meetings to transcend boundaries of space. In this paper, we explore the beginnings of a proposed solution for allowing meetings to transcend time as well. The need for such a solution is motivated by a user survey in which busy professionals are questioned about meetings they have either missed or forgotten the important details about after the fact. Our proposed solution allows these professionals to transcend time in a sense by revisiting a recorded meeting that has been structured for quick retrieval of sought information. Such a solution supports complete recovery of prior discussions, allowing needed information to be retrieved quickly, and thus potentially facilitating the effective continuation of discussions from the past. We evaluate the proposed solution with a formal user study in which we measure the impact of the proposed structural annotations on retrieval of information. The results of the study show that participants took significantly less time to retrieve the answers when they had access to discourse structure based annotation than in a control condition in which they had access only to unannotated video recordings (p < 0.01, effect size 0.94 standard deviations).
A lower bound for the variance of frequency and damping ratio identified from noisy vibration measurements

Summary This paper derives exact expressions to compute the lowest achievable variance by any unbiased estimator of modal frequency and damping ratio from free vibration and forced vibration signals contaminated by additive zero-mean Gaussian white noise. These limits are found through the Cramer–Rao lower bound theory. The paper presents simulated system identification results that confirm the applicability of the derived expressions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Next-generation quantum dots.

Quantum dots that are small and non-blinking offer new opportunities for dynamic single-molecule imaging in live cells.
Sex chromosome complement affects social interactions in mice.

Sex differences in behavior can be attributed to differences in steroid hormones. Sex chromosome complement can also influence behavior, independent of gonadal differentiation. The mice used for this work combined a spontaneous mutation of the Sry gene with a transgene for Sry that is incorporated into an autosome thus disassociating gonad differentiation from sex chromosome complement. The resulting genotypes are XX and XY− females (ovary-bearing) along with XXSry and XY−Sry males (testes-bearing). Here we report results of basic behavioral phenotyping conducted with these mice. Motor coordination, use of olfactory cues to find a food item, general activity, foot shock threshold, and behavior in an elevated plus maze were not affected by gonadal sex or sex chromosome complement. In a one-way active avoidance learning task females were faster to escape an electric shock than males. In addition, sex chromosome complement differences were noted during social interactions with submissive intruders. Female XY− mice were faster to follow an intruder than XX female mice. All XY− mice spent more time sniffing and grooming the intruder than the XX mice, with XY− females spending the most amount of time in this activity. Finally, XX females were faster to display an asocial behavior, digging, and engaged in more digging than XXSry male mice. All of these behaviors were tested in gonadectomized adults, thus, differences in circulating levels of gonadal steroids cannot account for these effects. Taken together, these data show that sex chromosome complement affects social interaction style in mice.
Thermal conductivity of fluid-saturated rocks

Abstract A theoretical model is presented for the prediction of the thermal conductivity of fluid-saturated rocks. Rock is idealized as being composed of a connected mineral phase permeated with non-intersecting oblate spheroidal pores. The pores are assumed to be completely saturated with a single-phase fluid. An effective medium theory is used to predict the overall conductivity in terms of the conductivities of the solid and fluid phases, the porosity, and an average aspect ratio of the spheroidal pores. In the limiting case where the pores are thin cracks, the predicted conductivity coincides with the known (Hashin-Shtrikman) lower bound, while the limiting case of spherical pores reproduces the upper bound. The theory is tested against the experimental data from various sedimentary and crystalline rocks, and it is shown to allow the prediction of liquid-saturated conductivities based on gas-saturated measurements, without the need for any arbitrary parameters. The model also provides a link to other petrophysical properties that depend on pore structure, such as compressibility.
Visual texture discrimination using random-dot patterns.

A method for generating random-dot textures is described that provides statistical control of any n adjacent points (n -grams), while leaving constant the statistics of shorter spans. The method thus allows the experimenter to isolate statistics of n -grams of any span length to determine the nature of their influence on texture discrimination. Variables that control phase are relatively unimportant. The most significant variables are constraints imposed upon span lengths less than 3 that regulate gray level and spatial frequency content. However, span lengths of 3 or greater may still influence discrimination by altering the distribution of the spatial-frequency content.
Quantum physics: new spin on the Hall effect.

The spin Hall effect occurs when electrons with opposite spins go their separate ways in an electric field. The phenomenon is crucial to spin-based electronics, and its electrical signal has just been spotted.
Two Pathways Mediate Interdomain Allosteric Regulation in Pin1

Allostery is an essential means for regulating biomolecular functions and provides unique opportunities for drug design, yet our ability to elucidate allosteric mechanisms remains limited. Here, based on extensive molecular dynamics simulations, we present an atomistic picture of the pathways mediating the allosteric regulation of the PPIase domain of Pin1 by its WW domain. Two pathways jointly propagate the action of substrate-WW binding to produce closure and rigidification of three PPIase catalytic-site loops. One pathway preexists in the apo protein, but remains dormant until substrate-WW binding completes the second. The reduction in conformational entropy and preorganization of the catalytic-site loops observed here may explain why substrate-WW binding enhances ligand affinity and catalytic activity of the PPIase domain and suggest a combination drug therapy for Pin1-related diseases. Whereas the traditional view of allostery has emphasized conformational transition, our study identifies a distinct role of conformational dynamics in eliciting allostery.
Measuring 15N-NH4/+ in marine, estuarine and fresh waters: An adaptation of the ammonia diffusion method for samples with low ammonium concentrations

Abstract We present a method for measuring 15 N –NH4+ in marine, estuarine and fresh waters. The advantage of this method is that it is broadly applicable to all types of water and it allows measurements in samples with lower ammonium concentrations than has previously been possible. The procedure is a modification of the ammonia diffusion method and uses large sample volumes (often 4 l) to obtain sufficient N for isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis. Large volume samples have not previously been used with the diffusion procedure because isotopic fractionation occurs due to incomplete recovery of ammonium. However, the method we present accounts for this fractionation and allows precise correction of measured δ 15 N values.
The Upside to Hooking Up: College Students’ Positive Hookup Experiences

ABSTRACTObjectives: Popular media and research have predominately focused on the risks of hooking up, which may stigmatize young people. In the current study, we identify factors that facilitate positive hookups. Methods: College students (N = 250) in the United States reported hookup motives, sexual self-concept, sexual satisfaction, and emotional reactions to a hookup. Results: Emotional reactions were more positive than negative. Intimacy and pleasure motives predicted sexual satisfaction; self-affirmation motives predicted positive emotional reactions. Hookups with a previous partner were rated as more satisfying. Conclusions: Understanding qualities associated with positive hookups may better equip young adults to make informed decisions about their sexual lives.
Evolving perspective of the pathogenesis of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease)

Clinical, pathological and biochemical phenotype of globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease) has several unique characteristics that are sometimes contrary to the conventional concept of genetic lysosomal disease. It was demonstrated early that galactosylceramide has unusual capacity to elicit a globoid cell-like reaction when implanted into the brain. Then, thirty years ago a hypothesis was introduced to explain the pathogenetic mechanism underlying the rapid and complete loss of myelin and myelinating cells. It postulated that galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), which is highly cytotoxic and also cannot be degraded due to the underlying genetic defect, is responsible for the very rapid loss of the oligoden-drocytes and the consequent paradoxical analytical finding - lack of accumulation of the primary substrate, galactosylceramide, in patients'brain. It took nearly ten years before the actual accumulation of psychosine was demonstrated in human Krabbe patients and also in the brain of mouse and dog models of the disease. During the intervening years, the psychosine hypothesis has been generally accepted as a critical pathogenetic mechanism in classical infantile globoid cell leukodystrophy. However, a more recent experimental mouse model due to genetic defect in saposin A, an in vivo galactosylceramidase activator protein, introduced new elements in our understanding of the disease process. Not only has it established the second gene, genetic defect of which can cause globoid cell leukodystrophy but it has indicated potential decoupling of the two previously postulated pathogenetic mechanisms, galactosylceramide for the globoid cell reaction and psychosine for loss of myelinating cells. Pathogenetic significance of participation of the major histocompatibility complexes and other immune mechanisms, inflammatory processes as suggested by activation of many cytokines, and possible interactions with sex hormones remain to be further explored.
Actinic DNA Damage and the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

The near epidemic of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States and certain other industrialized nations is attributable to cutaneous exposure to sunlight more than to any other factor. Chronic exposure to UV irradiation and a high total cumulative dose may be less deleterious than are periodic bursts of large amounts of sun exposure leading to severe sunburn. Such an exposure pattern is characteristic of individuals such as office workers whose outdoor activities are irregular rather than daily, as with farmers or fishermen. Although UV irradiation is injurious to many cellular elements, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated skin cancer are thought to be most likely related to DNA damage to cutaneous cells. Various types of UV-induced DNA damage have been identified, and they differ in biologic significance. Damage which is apt to be most cytotoxic is probably less effective as an inducer of skin cancer than is more subtle damage, which is tolerated but can initiate malignant transformation. Repair of DNA damage involves specific cellular activities which vary in their effectiveness in restoring cutaneous cell function to normal. Other biologic effects of UV irradiation may contribute to the development of skin cancer through effects on such defenses as pigmentation and the immune response. Sun-induced damage to DNA, however, is apparently necessary. Biologic consequences of dangerous environmental exposure to UV irradiation can be modulated by changes in life-style, the depth of the ozone layer, use of sunscreens, and possibly by hormones or their synthetic analogs.
A ten year study of ovarian tumors.

A study of 213 ovarian tumors was undertaken with respect to the published assumption that there may be a relationship between presence of crystals of silicate in the ovarian tissue and neoplastic transformation. The histological review gave the opportunity to classify these tumors according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
Differential Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier to Two Pancreatic Peptides: Insulin and Amylin

Insulin and amylin are cosecreted by pancreatic B cells and have receptors within the central nervous system (CNS), where they exert multiple effects. Although these peptides are not produced in the CNS, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) explains their presence there. We used multiple-time regression analysis to measure, in mice, the unidirectional influx constant (Ki) of each of these peptides to compare their rates of transport with each other and in different regions of the brain. The uptake of amylin by whole brain and by the cerebellum, midbrain, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and occipital cortex was greater than that for insulin. For amylin, the areas of highest uptake were the pons-medulla and the cerebellum, and the areas of lowest uptake were the thalamus and midbrain. For insulin, the areas of highest uptake were the pons-medulla and the hypothalamus, whereas three regions (midbrain, thalamus, and occipital cortex) did not have a measurable Ki. The peak percent of injected dose taken up by whole brain was 0.12% for amylin and 0.046% for insulin. These results show that the permeabilities of these two peptides across the BBB differed from each other and among brain regions, suggesting that differential permeability of the BBB for blood-borne peptides could provide a mechanism by which their effects on the CNS are regulated.
Uncertainty quantification using interval modeling with performance sensitivity

In this paper an interval modeling approach for uncertainty quantification of a structure with significant parameter variation is presented. Model uncertainty can be categorized as dominant uncertainty due to structural variation, such as joint uncertainty and temperature change, and minor uncertainty associated with other factors. In this paper, a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is used to decompose parameter variations into principal components that are weighted based on the sensitivity of the performance metric to parameter variations. From this process, parameter bounds in the form of an interval model are generated and each interval corresponds to one identified bounded uncertainty parameter with its associated principal direction. The proposed approach can be used to differentiate between dominant and minor uncertainties. A beam structure with an attached subsystem proposed by Sandia National Laboratories is used to demonstrate this approach.
Catecholamine‐rich cells and varicosities in bovine splenic nerve, vesicle contents and evidence for exocytosis

The bovine splenic nerve trunk contains mast cells, ganglion cells, small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and varicosities which exhibit a brilliant fluorescence characteristic for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) after formaldehyde exposure. All these catecholamine-rich structures could contribute particles to isolated nerve vesicle fractions. Mast cells are recognized ultrastructurally by their large (300-800 nm) dense granules. SIF cells may be represented by cells and processes containing dense cored vesicles (120-140 nm) which are larger than the typical vesicles in axons and terminals. Terminal-like areas with typical large dense cored vesicles (LDV, 75 nm) and small dense cored vesicles (SDV, 45-55 nm) probably correspond to the fluorescent varicosities. The LDV constitute about 40% of all vesicles in terminal-like areas and terminals. Their staining properties indicate the presence of protein, phospholipids, and ATP. Tyramine depletes NA without loss of matrix density. The LDV can fuse with the terminal membrane, and released material outside omega profiles is interpreted to depict exocytosis. Large and small vesicles are easily distinguished from the very large mast cell granules and the moderately dense Schwann cell vesicles. Neither appear to contaminate the LDV fractions but the latter may contain a small population of SIF cell vesicles. Golgi vesicles from the Schwann cells mainly occur in the lighter zones of the gradient.
Application of artificial neural networks for reducing false positives in lung nodule detection on digital chest radiographs

The objective of many existing computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) schemes for lung nodule detection is to reduce the number of false-positives (i.e., increase specificity) while maintaining a high level of sensitivity. Our examination of the false-positives obtained with the previously developed CADx program show that many round objects, such as rib crossings, end-on vessels, and aggregates of vessels, were mistakenly classified as nodules. Among the problems of decreasing the number of false-positives, the differentiation between nodules and end-on vessels is one of the most challenging tasks performed by computers. To eliminate the false-positives, two methods are proposed. One method is to extract the known features (i.e., contrast and size) based on a conventional digital image processing technique. The other method uses an artificial neural network (ANN) which is specifically trained to classify nodules and end-on vessels. Performances of the two approaches are evaluated using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method and the area under the ROC curve (Az). Based on our test database, the FFNN and the algorithmic approaches showed preliminary ROC performances with Az values equal to 0.90 and 0.94, respectively.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adiabatic dissociation of photoexcited chlorine molecules

Abstract State-selected hot chlorine atoms are cleanly produced in the 2P 3 2 by photodissociation of Cl2 in the wavelength region between 323.6 and 331.0 nm. Ionization (by 3+1 MPI) with mass spectral analysis has been used to probe the atomic Cl state. The identification of the repulsive state is determined from a state correlation diagram based on Mulliken's work and from Franck-Condon considerations based upon potential energy curves calculated by Peyerimhoff and Buenker. The results are consistent with adiabatic dissociation of the photoexcited chlorine molecules.
Glycosylation of nascent polypeptide chains in Aspergillus niger

Abstract Polysomes were isolated from Aspergillus niger and were characterized on sucrose gradients in several ways. First, they were found to be susceptible to degradation by treatment with RNase or EDTA. Second, they were labeled after treating mycelia with short pulses of [ 3 H]uridine or [ 3 H]leucine prior to polysome isolation. Third, they were capable of stimulating incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material in a chick reticulocyte cell-free protein-synthesizing system. When isolated [ 3 H]leucine pulse-labeled polysomes were treated with either EDTA-RNase or puromycin, 80–90% of the radioactivity was released, indicating that only the nascent polypeptide chains were labeled. After exposing mycelia for 1 min to [ 14 C]mannose, the polysomes were exclusively labeled, indicating that initial glycosylation takes place on nascent polypeptide chains. Preincubation of mycelia with 2-deoxyglucose followed by pulse-labeling with [ 3 H]leucine and [ 14 C]mannose showed that 2-deoxy- d -glucose inhibits both protein synthesis and glycosylation. However, similar preincubation with tunicamycin caused an 80% drop in [ 14 C]mannose label in the polysomes, but only a 10–20% drop of [ 3 H]leucine label, suggesting that glycosylation of nascent chains in A. niger involves an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, since it has been shown that tunicamycin inhibits the synthesis of such an intermediate. When isolated polysomes were placed into an in vitro glycosylating mixture containing Mn 2+ , GDP-[ 14 C]mannose, and smooth membranes from A. niger nascent chains were labeled. This reaction was shown to be dependent on addition of polysomes to the mixture and was not inhibited by 2-deoxy- d -glucose or tunicamycin. Both in vivo and in vitro glycosylated nascent chains were found to have about the same size range, and so it is suggested that in vitro no new oligosaccharide chains were synthesized, but preexisting chains were extended.
A modified equation for dispersive difference schemes

We consider a general class of second-order, dispersive difference schemes for the approximation of the solution of the transport equation with step data and construct a differential equation that describes all of the oscillations in the approximant in a neighborhood of the discontinuity.
Ratios of Normal Variables and Ratios of Sums of Uniform Variables

Abstract The principal part of this paper is devoted to the study of the distribution and density functions of the ratio of two normal random variables. It gives several representations of the distribution function in terms of the vivariate normal distribution and Nicholson's V function, both of which have been extensively studied, and for which tables and computational procedures are readily available. One of these representations leads to an easy derivation of the density function in terms of the Cauchy density and the normal density and integral. A number of graphs of the possible shapes of the density are given, together with an indication of when the density is unimodal or bimodal. The last part of the paper discusses the distribution of the ratio (u 1+ ¨˙ +un )/(v 1+ ¨˙ +vm ) where the u's and v's are independent, uniform variables. The exact distribution for all n and m is given, and some approximations discussed.
Influence of Cooking Rate, Endpoint Temperature, Post-cook Hold Time, and Myoglobin Redox State on Internal Color Development of Cooked Ground Beef Patties

Three experiments investigated cooking rate, endpoint temperature, post-cook holding time, and raw myoglobin redox-state effects on ground beef internal cooked color. In Experiment 1, patties were cooked to endpoint temperatures of 65.6 °C, 71.1 °C, 76.7 °C, 82.2 °C, or 87.8 °C rapidly (1 °C/s), slowly (0.2 °C/s), or rapidly with 6-min post-cook holding time at 104 °C. Patties cooked slowly to less than 76.7 °C were more well done (P 0.05). In Experiment 3, patties cooked rapidly to 71.1 °C, 76.7 °C, or 82.2 °C from a predominantly raw oxymyoglobin state were less pink and had more denatured myoglobin than did those cooked from a predominantly deoxymyoglobin state (P < 0.05). Prediction equations determined that 80% of myoglobin must be denatured to create a well-done appearance. Using a slow cooking rate, post-cook holding time, or cooking from a highly oxygenated state will increase myoglobin denaturation and foster a well-done appearance.
Withdrawing attention at little or no cost: Detection and discrimination tasks

We used a concurrent-task paradigm to investigate the attentional cost of simple visual tasks. As in earlier studies, we found that detecting a unique orientation in an array of oriented elements (“pop-out”) carries little or no attentional cost. Surprisingly, this is true at all levels of performance and holds even when pop-out is barely discriminable. We discuss this finding in the context of our previous report that the attentional cost of stimulus detection is strongly influenced by the presence and nature of other stimuli in the display (Braun, 1994b). For discrimination tasks, we obtained a similarly mixed outcome: Discrimination of letter shape carried a high attentional cost whereas discrimination of color and orientation did not. Taken together, these findings lead us to modify our earlier position on the attentional costs of detection and discrimination tasks (Sagi & Julesz, 1985). We now believe that observers enjoy a significant degree of “ambient” visual awareness outside the focus of attention, permitting them to both detect and discriminate certain visual information. We hypothesize that the information in question is selected by a competition for saliency at the level of early vision.
Design of irregular screen sets that generate maximally smooth halftone patterns

With the emergence of high-end digital printing technologies, it is of interest to analyze the nature and causes of image graininess in order to understand the factors that prevent high-end digital presses from achieving the same print quality as commercial offset presses. In this paper, we report on a study to understand the relationship between image graininess and halftone technology. With high-end digital printing technology, irregular screens can be considered since they can achieve a better approximation to the screen sets used for commercial offset presses. This is due to the fact that the elements of the periodicity matrix of an irregular screen are rational numbers, rather than integers, which would be the case for a regular screen. To understand how image graininess relates to the halftoning technology, we recently performed a Fourier-based analysis of regular and irregular periodic, clustered-dot halftone textures. From the analytical results, we showed that irregular halftone textures generate new frequency components near the spectrum origin; and that these frequency components are low enough to be visible to the human viewer, and to be perceived as a lack of smoothness. In this paper, given a set of target irrational screen periodicity matrices, we describe a process, based on this Fourier analysis, for finding the best realizable screen set. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method with a number of experimental results.
Evaluation and management of hypo-osmolality in hospitalized patients

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in the clinical setting. Abnormalities of the mechanisms that maintain normal water and sodium metabolism are often present in hospitalized patients, including defects in renal water excretion. All of the current therapeutic approaches in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and other forms of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia have significant limitations. Studies in animal models and humans have demonstrated that antagonists of the AVP V2 receptor in the kidney are effective in correcting hyponatremia. These new agents have been termed "aquaretics" because of their ability to induce a free water diuresis without the natriuresis or kaliuresis characteristic of diuretic drugs. When approved for clinical use, selective V2, and possibly also combined V1 + V2 receptor antagonists will be helpful in therapy.
The Effect of Arthroscopic Partial Medial Meniscectomy on Tibiofemoral Stability

Irreparable tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus are the most common meniscal injury and arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is the current standard of care (1–3). However, despite the excellent results of partial meniscectomy, there is still little known regarding the effects of the size of a resection on tibiofemoral stability, as measured by laxity and anterior-posterior (AP) position. Therefore in this study, we sought to determine this by conducting three successive partial meniscectomies of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PMM) and measuring the laxity and AP position of the medial femoral condyle over a series of loading conditions following each resection. It was hypothesized that more than a 50% resection would result in significant changes in laxity and AP position equivalent to a 100% removal of the PMM.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A mutation in Arabidopsis cytochrome b5 reductase identified by high-throughput screening differentially affects hydroxylation and desaturation.

Summary As a model for analyzing the production of novel fatty acids in oilseeds, we used the genetic and molecular techniques available for Arabidopsis to characterize modifying mutations affecting the accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids in the seeds of Arabidopsis plants that express a transgene for the castor bean fatty acid hydroxylase, FAH12. We developed a high-throughput analytical system and used it to identify three complementation classes of mutations with reduced hydroxy fatty acid accumulation from among Arabidopsis M3 seed samples derived from chemical mutagenesis. We identified one of the mutations by positional cloning as a single base pair change in a gene encoding NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase (CBR1, At5g17770). When expressed in yeast, the mutant form of the enzyme was less active and less stable than the wild-type enzyme. Characterization of homozygous mutant lines with and without the FAH12 transgene (FAH12 cbr1-1 and cbr1-1, respectively) indicated that the only detectable consequence of the cbr1-1 mutation was on desaturase and hydroxylase reactions in the developing seed. The leaf and root fatty compositions, as well as the growth, development and seed production of mutant plants were indistinguishable from wild type. Interestingly, while the cbr1-1 mutation reduced the accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids in seeds by 85%, the effects on 18:1 and 18:2 desaturation reactions were much less (<25% and <60%, respectively). These results suggest that there is competition in developing seeds among the several reactions that utilize reduced cytochrome b5.
A study of high-speed analog-computer performance (the astrac I system performance)

Increased interest in high-speed hybrid analog/digital computation has led to the development of the Arizona Statistical Repetitive Analog Computer (ASTRAC I), which employs inexpensive digital logic to control a high-speed repetitive analog computer. The design of the machine has been described elsewhere; this paper reports the results of the error analysis performed on the linear analog computing elements and digital timing circuits. The results are of particular interest for the design of new computing systems of this type. The results of several statistical experiments are also included to further illustrate the operation and application of the various ASTRAC I computing elements.
DVD remains a moving target

In this extension of my original treatise, I address the clinical phenomenology of DVD. This analysis has stood the test of time. Occasionally, DVD can manifest as an enigmatic head tilt following strabismus surgery for infantile esotropia. The known mechanisms by which DVD can be accompanied by a head tilt are summarized in the following figure. Although the diagram depicts clear dichotomies, it often remains difficult if not impossible to categorically assign a distinct cause to the torticollis in any given patient (Fig. 2.1). The tug-of-war between the need for binocular fusion and the need for vertical orientation may explain the absence of torticollis in most patients with DVD.
Interethnic Contact, Curriculum, and Attitudes in the First Year of College

Since Brown v. Board of Education (1954), social scientists have argued that education is important to change in racial attitudes given opportunities for interethnic contact. Students today are presented, also, with opportunities for interethnic learning through curriculum and extracurricular programming. The importance of contact, curriculum, and residence hall programs for the attitudes of first-year college students from three ethnic groups was examined. Students (n = 791) completed surveys at the beginning and end of the year. Regressions tested the relationships of these first- year experiences to intergroup attitudes (awareness of ethnic inequality, support for policies addressing ethnic inequality) at the end of the first year, controlling for initial attitudes and background. Contact and curriculum were related to attitudes for European American students.
Distribution of myocilin and extracellular matrix components in the corneoscleral meshwork of human eyes.

Purpose To examine ultrastructurally the composition of major extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the distribution of myocilin in the trabecular lamellae of corneoscleral (CS) meshwork in normal human eyes. The codistribution of myocilin with ECM components was also investigated. Methods Postembedding immunoelectron microscopic studies were performed with antibodies against myocilin and other ECM components, including fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, tenascin, elastin, fibrillin-1, microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP)-1, decorin, versican, hyaluronic acid, and five types of collagen (I, III, IV, V, and VI). Double labeling of myocilin with other ECM components was performed with different sized gold particles. Results In the trabecular beams of CS meshwork, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV were associated with basement membranes, whereas elastin was specifically localized to the core of elastic-like fibers. Several types of collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid were detected both in the collagen fibers and ground substances. Myocilin predominantly localized in the long-spacing collagens and sheath materials surrounding elastic-like fibers, codistributed with fibronectin, fibrillin-1, MAGP-1, decorin, and type VI collagen. Conclusions This study illustrated the composition of ECM materials in the trabecular lamellae of CS meshwork. Myocilin was specifically localized to long-spacing collagens and the surrounding sheath of elastic-like fibers interacting with microfibril-associated elements where changes have been documented to occur in glaucomatous and aging eyes.
Pressure-volume analysis as a method for quantifying simultaneous drug (amrinone) effects on arterial load and contractile state in vivo.

Pressure-volume relation analysis was used to independently quantify changes in ventricular contractile performance and vascular loading in intact anesthetized dogs before and after a single bolus of intravenous amrinone. Ventricular systolic property changes were characterized by the end-systolic elastance (Ees = slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation) and arterial properties by the effective arterial elastance (Ea = end-systolic pressure/stroke volume ratio). Pressure-volume data were obtained by the conductance catheter technique with loading varied by transient inferior vena cava occlusion. Amrinone induced a 27% increase in ejection fraction at 10 min (from 44% to 56%) as a result of both a significant rise in contractility (mean Ees 4 ± 2 to 6± 3 mm Hg/ml, p < 0.001) and simultaneous reduction in arterial loading (Ea reduction from 6 ± 2 mm Hg/ml to 5 mm Hg/ml, p < 0.001). Over the subsequent 30 min, Ea revealed a significant recovery toward baseline, whereas Ees was less altered. Mean percent changes (%Δ) in both variables were linearly correlated: %ΔEa = −1.6 × %ΔEes + 3.1, r = 0.96, p < 0.001. In addition to separating ventricular from vascular property changes, the pressure-volume coupling framework was used to predict net pump performance (ejection fraction). Model predictions showed good agreement with experimental data. Thus, pressure-volume relations can be used to separately quantitate simultaneous changes in ventricular and vascular loading properties in vivo produced by pharmacologic agents with complex actions. Use of this approach in drug testing in humans should simplify data interpretation regarding mechanisms of action in specific clinical settings.
Near-infrared photorefractive polymer composites with high diffraction efficiency and fast response time

ABSTRACT We describe the material characteristics and photorefractive properties of novel tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl (TPD) based polymer composites that were developed for operation wavelengths up to 1 micron. With an optimized composite, we demonstrated more than 50% external diffraction efficiency coupled with a fast response time of about 35 ms at 980 nm. In addition to this high performing composite, we have developed a composite with high two beam coupling gain (300 cm -1 ). To accomplish these attractive photorefractive properties in the near-infrared, we explored the chemical flexibility of the guest-host approach. We employed a new dye with enhanced near-infrared absorption to extend the sensitivity into this long wavelength range. Styrene-based chromophores were utilized to enable high refractive index modulation. We explored ellipsometry as well as photo-conductivity measurements to optimize the composition of the composites. In addition to the composites that contain a single chromophore species, we also analyzed samples prepared with a mixture of chromophores. Our studies reveal the potential of this new polymer-composite family to extend the operation wavelength of the photorefractive materials to even longer wavelengths. Attractive photorefractive properties coupled with long wavelength sensitivity make these materials potential candidates for imaging and communication applications. Keywords: photorefractive polymers, holographic materials, nonlinear optical materials, charge transport matrix, TPD
Study of stripping to levels of 21Ne

Abstract Angular distributions of the cross section and vector analyzing power have been measured for 8 levels in 21 Ne using the 20 Ne( d , p) 21 Ne reaction. New spin assignments are made to the 4.52 MeV level ( J π = 5 2 + ) and the 5.69 MeV level ( J π = 1 2 − ). Our results support a J π = 5 2 + assignment to the 5.33 MeV level and disagree with the J π = 5 2 + assignment to the 3.73 MeV level.
College Graduates, Local Retailers, and Community Belonging in the United States

How do communities retain their highly educated residents? Do local retailers play a role? This study addresses these questions using confidential U.S. census data on locally-oriented retail employment and county-level public-use files. Hierarchical linear modeling is employed to test hypotheses derived from prior research on civic community and migration. The results confirm that state-level local retail employment buffers the extent to which county-level college graduation is associated with county nonmigration. This finding is consistent with civic community theory, suggesting that locally-oriented retailers are a valuable resource for promoting residential stability.
Metric perturbations at reheating: The use of spherical symmetry

We consider the decay of the inflaton with a quartic potential coupled to other fields, including gravity, but restricted to spherical symmetry. We describe analytically an early, quasilinear regime, during which inflaton fluctuations and the metric functions are driven by the nonlinear effects of the decay products. We present a detailed study of the leading nonlinear effects in this regime. The results of the quasilinear approximation, in its domain of applicability, are found to be consistent with those of fully nonlinear lattice studies. We discuss how these results may be promoted to the full three dimensions.
Redo Aortic Valve Replacement in Children

Background Some children who have had an aortic valve replacement (AVR) will need valve re-replacement (redo-AVR). We analyzed our results with 38 redo-AVRs in 30 children. Methods Thirty children, aged 2 months to 20 years (mean, 11.5 ± 5.4 years), underwent 38 redo-AVRs 1 month to 14 years (mean, 4.6 ± 4.5 years) after previous AVR. Seven children had a second redo-AVR and one had a third redo-AVR (his fourth AVR). Reoperation indication was primarily stenosis in 19, regurgitation in 12, endocarditis in 3, valve thrombosis-emboli in 3, and ruptured aortic aneurysm in 1. The initial valve was mechanical in 26, homograft in 7, xenograft in 4, or a Ross procedure in 1. Sixteen patients (42%) had a previous Konno procedure. Results The new valve was mechanical (28), homograft (5), xenograft (4), or a Ross procedure (1). Twenty-five valves were upsized on re-replacement. The median valve size was 23 mm (median size increase 4 mm). Twenty-seven operations (71%) included annulus enlargement (16 redo-Konno, 8 new Konno, and 3 Manougian). Twelve children (32%) had concomitant operations including mitral valve repair-replacement (4) and right ventricular outflow tract procedure (5). Three of the 4 hospital deaths were with second or third time redo-AVR. The only death in patients with first time redo-AVR was a patient in cardiogenic shock at the time of operation. Conclusions Redo-AVR in children can be performed with reasonable morbidity and mortality. A larger prosthesis can often be placed in these children. Second or third time redo-AVR appears to be riskier. Earlier referral before onset of ventricular dysfunction is warranted.
Coaxial jet melt-spinning of glassy alloy ribbons

A chill block melt-spinning process is described for the manufacture of continuous metallic ribbons of uniform geometry. Ribbons wider than those obtained by conventional melt-spinning in air are formed by stabilization of the molten alloy puddle through the use of a gas stream coaxial with the molten alloy jet impinging on the moving substrate surface. The dependence of ribbon geometry on process parameters for coaxial jet casting is similar to that found in conventional chill block melt-spinning except that somewhat greater molten alloy spreading may occur in the former process. Stress relaxation and the surface geometry of ribbons cast using the coaxial jet technique is found to be similar to that of vacuum and helium-cast samples having the same dimensions.
6.1.3 System Resilience: Capabilities, Culture and Infrastructure

System resilience is the ability of organizational, hardware and software sys- tems to mitigate the severity and likelihood of failures or losses, to adapt to changing conditions, and to respond appropriately after the fact. Challenger, Columbia, Chernobyl and Bhopal are examples of such failures. System resilience goes beyond traditional dis- ciplines, such as reliability and system safety to achieve its goal. System resilience em- ploys systems engineering principles at product and infrastructure levels. The infrastruc- ture system includes such nodes as the developer, the customer, the user, the maintainer, and the operator. System resilience requires that systems engineering principles be prac- ticed across organizational boundaries and to a greater level of detail than is common in today's world. System resilience depends on developing beneficial paradigms within all nodes of the infrastructure. Finally, system resilience requires that all nodes of the infra- structure system have a set of capabilities that are directly derivable from root causes of catastrophes. The combination of capabilities, culture and infrastructure forms the basic framework of system resilience. A key aspect of catastrophes is emergence, that is, the negative interaction among two or more elements of the system, who, when acting alone perform benignly. Prediction of emergence and design against emergence is a major challenge of resilience. Adaptability is the characteristic of a system that allows it to survive a catastrophe. Although rules for the creation of adaptability in human-intensive systems have been formulated, similar rules for hardware and software systems are in their infancy.
Tumor necrosis factor‐a and the progression of diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice

In the past decade, a wealth of information has accumulated through studies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice regarding the molecular and cellular events that participate in the progression to diabetes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). One molecule that has received considerable attention is the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha has been demonstrated to have a positive or negative effect on the progression to diabetes in NOD mice, although the mechanism by which TNF-alpha exerts these differential outcomes is unknown. Here we describe a new NOD model for analyzing the role of TNF-alpha in IDDM, TNF-alpha-NOD mice. TNF-alpha-NOD mice express TNF-alpha solely in their islets from neonatal life onwards, and develop accelerated progression to diabetes. This rapid progression to diabetes is related to earlier and more aggressive infiltration of the islets with immune cells and an enhancement in the presentation of islet antigen in situ in the islets by islet-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells to T cells. Although adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that TNF-alpha can enhance presentation of islet antigen to both effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, further investigations in TNF-alpha-NOD mice deficient in either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells demonstrated that diabetes progression is dependent on CD8+ T cells, with CD4+ T cells playing a lesser role. The data accumulating from TNF-alpha-NOD mice, described in this review, indicates novel pathways by which inflammatory stimuli can precipitate autoimmunity, and suggests newer approaches in the design of therapeutic treatments that prevent beta-cell destruction in IDDM.
Corotating and irrotational binary black holes in quasicircular orbits

A complete formalism for constructing initial data representing black-hole binaries in quasi-equilibrium is developed. Radiation reaction prohibits, in general, true equilibrium binary configurations. However, when the time scale for orbital decay is much longer than the orbital period, a binary can be considered to be in quasiequilibrium. If each black hole is assumed to be in quasiequilibrium, then a complete set of boundary conditions for all initial data variables can be developed. These boundary conditions are applied on the apparent horizon of each black hole, and in fact force a specified surface to be an apparent horizon. A global assumption of quasiequilibrium is also used to fix some of the freely specifiable pieces of the initial data and to uniquely fix the asymptotic boundary conditions. This formalism should allow for the construction of completely general quasiequilibrium black hole binary initial data.