cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender schema and fashion consciousness

Psychologists, consumer researchers, and marketers have long measured psychological traits related to gender, especially gender schema. This study assesses various psychological gender measures, including a new one, gender consciousness, in relation to a marketing variable of interest, fashion consciousness. Results indicate that biological sex is predominant when assessing the two sexes together. However, other variables emerge as important when within-sex differences are assessed: public self-consciousness for females and private gender consciousness (a new measure) for males. Marketing implications are discussed, primarily on the basis of these within-sex differences, since fashion marketers usually target separately one or the other sex in their campaigns.
A role for radiotherapy in the management of advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience

Outcomes of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are largely unknown. Retrospective review of data from patients with MTC, diagnosed from June 1, 1970, through December 31, 2007. Overall survival and locoregional tumor control rates were calculated. Seventeen patients had adjuvant or palliative EBRT delivered to 41 sites. Six patients initially had adjuvant EBRT (median, 60.80 Gy); none had relapse in the treated area. Five patients with locoregional recurrence after surgery were treated (median, 59.40 Gy), and durable disease control was achieved in 3. Twelve patients received palliative EBRT to 29 sites of metastatic disease (median, 30.00 Gy), which provided sustained symptom relief at 45% of sites. Five- and ten-year overall survival rates were 44% and 19%, respectively. Adjuvant EBRT may be most effective for prevention of locoregional recurrence. EBRT may provide sustained control of advanced, metastatic disease in select patients.
Comparisons of Shewanella strains based on genome annotations, modeling, and experiments

Shewanella is a genus of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria that have highly adaptable metabolism which allows them to thrive in diverse environments. This quality makes them an attractive bacterial target for research in bioremediation and microbial fuel cell applications. Constraint-based modeling is a useful tool for helping researchers gain insights into the metabolic capabilities of these bacteria. However, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is the only strain with a genome-scale metabolic model constructed out of 21 sequenced Shewanella strains. In this work, we updated the model for Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and constructed metabolic models for three other strains, namely Shewanella sp. MR-4, Shewanella sp. W3-18-1, and Shewanella denitrificans OS217 which span the genus based on the number of genes lost in comparison to MR-1. We also constructed a Shewanella core model that contains the genes shared by all 21 sequenced strains and a few non-conserved genes associated with essential reactions. Model comparisons between the five constructed models were done at two levels – for wildtype strains under different growth conditions and for knockout mutants under the same growth condition. In the first level, growth/no-growth phenotypes were predicted by the models on various carbon sources and electron acceptors. Cluster analysis of these results revealed that the MR-1 model is most similar to the W3-18-1 model, followed by the MR-4 and OS217 models when considering predicted growth phenotypes. However, a cluster analysis done based on metabolic gene content revealed that the MR-4 and W3-18-1 models are the most similar, with the MR-1 and OS217 models being more distinct from these latter two strains. As a second level of comparison, we identified differences in reaction and gene content which give rise to different functional predictions of single and double gene knockout mutants using Comparison of Networks by Gene Alignment (CONGA). Here, we showed how CONGA can be used to find biomass, metabolic, and genetic differences between models. We developed four strain-specific models and a general core model that can be used to do various in silico studies of Shewanella metabolism. The developed models provide a platform for a systematic investigation of Shewanella metabolism to aid researchers using Shewanella in various biotechnology applications.
The role of dissonance, social comparison, and marital status in thinking about divorce:

Using a cognitive dissonance framework, this research tried to identify predictors of openness toward divorce and trivialization of wedding vows. Using single undergraduates, Study 1 showed that those reminded of traditional (divorce-inconsistent) wedding vows reported less openness toward divorce than those not reminded (possibly indicative of dissonance-induced attitude change). Study 1 also showed that those who received social-comparison (divorce-rate) information were more likely to trivialize the vows than those who did not receive such information. Study 2 showed that marital status moderated these two primary effects: married individuals showed a stronger vow-reminder effect than divorced individuals, and divorced individuals showed a stronger social-comparison effect. Study 2 also demonstrated pluralistic ignorance in that participants took divorce more seriously than they thought “other people” did. Other results, implications, and counseling applications are discussed.
The role of inflammation in periodontal disease

Abstract In view of the character and the nonspecificity of the inflammation seen in periodontal disease, it is not likely that the changes which occur can be considered other than nonspecific. To the pathologist the changes represent an exudative inflammation occurring in a specialized area. In reality, therefore, periodontal disease can be diagnosed histologically only by the degree of destruction and not by the character of the process. The influence of general body function on this process is of unquestioned importance, for which reason the dentist must consider the role of systemic disease, not in relation to the clinical manifestation of periodontitis, but to the underlying inflammatory process. In addition he must recognize the influence of local factors, such as malocclusion and improper contacts on the inflammatory process and thus secondarily in the production of clinical periodontal disease. The clinician must be familiar with the basic changes in periodontitis, and to accomplish this a thorough knowledge of inflammation is essential. Such an understanding of this fundamental process will result in greater ability to interpret the clinical picture.
Factors Associated With Elevated Impedance With a Nonthoracotomy Defibrillation Lead System

Abstract Peak current flow across the heart determines the success of defibrillation and is inversely dependent on impedance between defibrillation electrodes. Factors associated with elevated impedance in patients with implantable defibrillators using nonthoracotomy lead systems have not been well described. Clinical and echocardiographically derived variables were analyzed in 41 patients in whom implantation of a nonthoracotomy lead system was attempted. Lead impedance was measured at end-expiration with 5-J monophasic shocks. Successful defibrillation with or without addition of a subcutaneous patch with ≤20 J with a monophasic waveform was required for nonthoracotomy lead placement. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on impedance: low (≤47 ohms, n = 30) and high (>47 ohms, n = 11). Twenty-four patients had successful defibrillator implantation using a transvenous lead alone, 13 required placement of a subcutaneous patch, and 4 required epicardial patch placement. The mean left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were significantly smaller (p = 0.01 for both) in patients in the low- versus high-impedance groups and were significantly correlated with impedance (r = 0.44, p This study examined the influence of clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic variables on impedance measured with 5-J monophasic shocks at end-expiration with a nonthoracotomy lead system in 41 patients. Significant correlations (r = 0.44, p
Terri Schiavo and the use of artificial nutrition and fluids: insights from the Catholic tradition on end-of-life care.

The recent events surrounding the case of Terri Schiavo have highlighted the moral implications of end-of-life care. Among the issues raised by Terri's parents against the withdrawal of her feeding tube was that doing so would be “euthanasia” and, as such, would violate their daughter's Roman Catholic religious beliefs. The emotionally charged rhetoric and the political posturing in this case drowned out both rational discourse and historical memory. Politicians and even a few bishops and cardinals were quick to join the parents in denouncing the removal of Terri Schiavo's feeding tube as “euthanasia” or “murder.” However, the interpretation of the Catholic position on the sanctity of life that led to that moral judgment is not in line with the centuries-long Catholic position on end-of-life care.
Combinations of closely situated cis-acting elements determine tissue-specific patterns and anterior extent of early Hoxc8 expression

We have used a transgene mutation approach to study how expression domains of Hoxc8 are established during mouse embryogenesis. A cis-regulatory region located 3 kb upstream from the Hoxc8 translational start site directs the early phase of expression. Four elements, termed A, B, C, and D, were previously shown to direct expression to the neural tube. Here we report that a fifth element, E, located immediately downstream of D directs expression to mesoderm in combination with the other four elements. These elements are interdependent and partially redundant. Different combinations of elements determine expression in different posterior regions of the embryo. Neural tube expression is determined minimally by ABC, ABD, or ACD; somite expression by ACDE; and lateral plate mesoderm expression by DE. Neural tube and lateral plate mesoderm enhancers can be separated, but independent somite expression has not been achieved. Furthermore, mutations within these elements result in posteriorization of the reporter gene expression. Thus, the anterior extent of expression is determined by the combined action of these elements. We propose that the early phase of Hoxc8 expression is directed by two separate mechanisms: one that determines tissue specificity and another that determines anterior extent of expression.
Persistence of the Eel-Grass Disease and Parasite on the American Atlantic Coast

EARLY in the summer, through facilities extended by Mr. John Lynch, of the U.S. Biological Survey, I was able to make a number of investigations of the existing eel-grass beds along the middle Atlantic coast, in the range of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Mr. Lynch also supplied me with systematically taken specimens from beds farther north and south, Casco Bay, Maine, to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, and with repeated observations from a number of points between. These studies were undertaken to discover to what extent the increasing number of optimistic reports concerning new and larger beds might indicate an effective return of the plant. For the greater part such reports describe late spring growths, during the season of rapid vegetative development, and give no clue of the plant's ability to withstand conditions arising in the less favourable warmer months, when the parasitic Labyrinthula is most active, or of its value as winter food for migratory birds, a matter of practical concern.
Testing and Performance Evaluation of Fixed Terrestrial Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning Systems for Highway Applications

In many three-dimensional (3-D) laser scanner applications, high relative precision (relative dimensions within the registered point cloud) is sufficient; in contrast, highway infrastructure (HI) applications require good relative precision and high absolute accuracy. Thus, precise and robust georeferencing is critical, and robust work flows are needed to reduce the likelihood and impact of human errors. HI applications have a fairly unique combination of challenges, including longer-range requirements, long linear geometry for complete jobs, tall structures, and dark pavement scanned at a high incidence angle. These factors motivate standardized protocols and metrics to characterize and evaluate scanner performance and to develop confidence limits for the scanner data in such applications. The primary contribution in this study is a set of standard test protocols for the characterization and evaluation of 3-D laser scanner performance that users can conduct in easily accessible facilities. These evaluations focus on issues significant in HI survey applications, work flows, and data flows. An example performance evaluation is provided for several commercially available 3-D laser scanners. This study provides the needed scientific basis for data-driven deployment of this valuable measurement tool in HI applications. It also provides recommendations and guidelines that will promote consistent and correct use of 3-D laser scanners. The guidelines clarify the common limitations of 3-D laser scanners and recommend mitigation methods; this information will help engineers and surveyors to select the right scanner and determine optimum scanning settings for highway applications.
Image thresholding for optical character recognition and other applications requiring character image extraction

Two new, cost-effective thresholding algorithms for use in extracting binary images of characters from machine- or hand-printed documents are described. The creation of a binary representation from an analog image requires such algorithms to determine whether a point is converted into a binary one because it falls within a character stroke or a binary zero because it does not. This thresholding is a critical step in Optical Character Recognition (OCR). It is also essential for other Character Image Extraction (CIE) applications, such as the processing of machine-printed or handwritten characters from carbon copy forms or bank checks, where smudges and scenic backgrounds, for example, may have to be suppressed. The first algorithm, a nonlinear, adaptive procedure, is implemented with a minimum of hardware and is intended for many CIE applications. The second is a more aggressive approach directed toward specialized, high-volume applications which justify extra complexity.
Unique cleavage specificity of ‘prohormone thiol protease’ related to proenkephalin processing

‘Prohormone thiol protease’ (PTP) represents the major enkephalin precursor processing activity in chromaffin granules. In this study, cleavage specificity of PTP for paired basic and monobasic residues was examined with a series of model peptide-MCA (-methylcoumarinamide) substrates. Monobasic peptides were cleaved at the COOH- and NH2-terminal sides of the single basic residue. Dibasic peptides, however, were preferentially cleaved at the NH2-terminal side of the pair, or between the two basic residues, with low cleavage at the COOH-terminal side of the pair. Inhibition by the peptide inhibitor (d-Tyr)-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-CH2Cl provided further evidence for ptp's specificity for the dibasic Lys-Arg site. Inhibition by Z-Leu-Val-Gly-CHN2; and Z-Arg-Leu-Val-Gly-CHN2; suggests involvement of Val-Gly in substrate binding to PTP; these two cystatin C-related inhibitors also indicate PTP as a cysteine protease. These results demonstrate PTP's unique cleavage specificity that differs from other processing endopeptidases, including the subtilisin-related proprotein convertases, PC1/PC3, and PC2, as well as the pituitary proopiomelanocortin-converting enzyme, PCE. This study provides further evidence for PTP as a novel prohormone processing enzyme that belongs to the class of cysteine proteases.
An improved method for the rapid isolation of RNA from tissue with high ribonuclease content.

Abstract This communication describes the preparation and electrophoretic analysis of as little as 0.1 A 260 units nm of undegraded ribosomal RNA from pancreatic tissue containing very high levels of ribonuclease. The extraction procedure entails homogenization in phenol-sodium dodecyl sulfate at low temperatures.
Tectonic significance of mildly alkaline Pliocene lavas in Klamath River Gorge, Cascade Range, Oregon

Geologic mapping in Klamath River Gorge in southern Oregon has documented a sequence of Pliocene mildly alkaline and calc-alkaline lavas unconformably underlying Pleistocene lavas of the High Cascade Series. The mildly alkaline lavas, which are separated from rocks of the older Western Cascade Series by a prominent unconformity, are olivine-phyric basalts and are distinct, both petrographically and compositionally, from the calc-alkaline basalts and andesites that typify the rocks of the Cascade Range. In thin section, the Pliocene basalts can be distinguished by the presence of abundant groundmass olivine and by the absence of hypersthene as either a groundmass or a phenocryst phase. Compositionally, these basalts are high in alkalis, TiO 2 , P 2 O 5 , and total iron, and low in CaO and MgO when compared to Cascade calc-alkaline lavas. Similar mildly alkaline basalts have been reported from scattered localities in the central and southern Cascades and may record an extensive eruptive episode which occurred just prior to the main interval of High Cascade volcanism. Rocks of alkaline affinities, which are characteristically found in areas of extensional tectonism, are out of place in the predominantly calc-alkaline sequences that form at compressional plate boundaries. Cascade mildly alkaline lavas may be related to a Pliocene extensional tectonic event that caused the formation of a “High Cascade Graben” contemporaneous with early High Cascade volcanism.
A clinical follow-up of delinquent males: ignored vulnerabilities, unmet needs, and the perpetuation of violence.

ABSTRACT Objective This paper describes the adult adaptation of a group of 97 formerly incarcerated male delinquents. Method Follow-up clinical interviews were administered to subjects, approximately 9 years after discharge from uvenile corrections. The records of the correctional school, state police, FBI, state psychiatric hospitals, and state health department also were reviewed. Results All but six had adult criminal records, most for violent crimes. Only 10% were graduated from high school; 30% received minimal job training; most worked sporadically at unskilled jobs. Few married. Although 35 had fathered children, only 5 were living with them. Psychiatric treatment for identified vulnerabilities was negligible. Upon discharge, the most neuropsychiatrically impaired and violent subjects tended to be placed in adult corrections; the most intact were placed in special schools and psychiatric hospitals. Numbers of vulnerabilities continued to contribute most significantly to violent outcome regardless of placement. Placement in families was associated with fewer adult aggressive offenses than was institutional placement, even while controlling for vulnerabilities and early juvenile violence. Conclusions Based on their well-documented early vulnerabilities and needs, this sample of delinquents did not obtain the kinds of supports subsequent to juvenile incarceration that might have enabled them to function independently in society.
Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking signals at LEP2

Abstract We consider the experimental signals that can arise in a general class of models with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking in which the gravitino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. Depending on which superpartners decay dominantly to the gravitino, several qualitatively different possibilities arise for the phenomenology of such models. At LEP2, neutralino pair production and/or slepton pair production can lead to a variety of promising discovery signals. We investigate the impact of backgrounds for these signals and show how they can be reduced. (Work done in collaboration with S. Ambrosanio and G.D. Kribs. [1])
Perturbative heavy quark fragmentation function through O(α s 2 )

We derive the initial condition for the perturbative fragmentation function of a heavy quark through order $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2})$ in the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme. This initial condition is useful for computing heavy quark (or lepton, in case of QED) energy distributions from calculations with massless partons. In addition, the initial condition at $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2})$ can be used to resum collinear logarithms $\mathrm{ln}{(Q}^{2}{/m}^{2})$ in heavy quark energy spectrum with next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy by solving the DGLAP equation.
Subfertility: An etiologic factor in development of testicular cancer?

Gonadal dysfunction with resultant subfertility has been implicated as a possible etiologic factor in testicular cancer. A survey of 57 men who had been married before testicular cancer developed revealed that only four marriages (9%) had problems with fertility. Our findings fail to support a premise that testicular carcinoma is associated with prior male infertility.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of α-Decay Damage in Aeschynite and Britholite

The aeschynite structure-type (Ce,Nd,La,Th,U,Ca)(Nb,Ti)2O6, and the rare-earth silicate apatite structure-type with the formula (Ce,La,Nd,Ca,Th)10(SiO4,PO4)6(O,F,OH)2 are important rare-earth and actinide host phases for high-level nuclear waste. Natural phases of these structure-types have calculated alpha-decay doses up to ~1017 ⋉-events/mg which have accumulated over hundreds of millions of years. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the microstructure of ⋉-decay damage in aeschynite and britholite. Electron diffraction analysis of natural aeschynite revealed that minerals originally crystalline gradually lost their crystallinity with increasing alpha-decay doses. Helium bubbles were found in the aeschynite which have accumulated up to ~2×1016 α-events/mg. These bubbles may nucleate within collision cascades during α-decay damage. Electron irradiation has an enhanced rare-gas migration and the formation of larger bubbles. High-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that amorphization during accumulation of a-decay damage was from alpha-recoil nuclei collision cascades, in both the aeschynite and britholite.
Formation and signaling actions of electrophilic fatty acid derivatives

The modification of cell proteins by chemical reactions stemming from metabolic and environmental stimuli significantly expands the functional proteome. These post-translational protein modifications (PTPM) allow cells to dynamically regulate metabolism, growth, differentiation and immune responses. Notably, PTPMs continue to emerge as a critical component of NO signaling. In addition to its initially-appreciated role in activating guanylate cyclase via heme–iron coordination, NO reacts with superoxide, lipid radicals and can be further oxidized by metalloproteins to yield reactive secondary species. These products include peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide that expand the breadth of reactions that transduce redox-dependent signaling. One class of reactive species byproducts, electrophilic unsaturated fatty acids, induce PTPM by reacting with protein thiols and other nucleophilic amino acids. Notably, multiple transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have protein constituents with functionally-significant electrophile-reactive amino acids. This highly conserved property provides cells with a capability to undergo stress-related adaptive signaling reactions. We present new data regarding the mechanisms of formation of electrophilic nitro- and keto-fatty acid derivatives and how to detect these reactive species and the PTPM they induce. The molecular targets, acute signaling responses, transcriptional regulation, cell signaling responses and physiological actions that are induced by low concentrations of electrophilic fatty acids are anti-inflammatory in nature. In aggregate, this presentation will advance the concept that NO and lipid electrophile-mediated PTPM reactions link cell function with inflammatory and metabolic status.
An Empirical Investigation of Role Schemata: Occupations and Personality Characteristics

This study concerned the nature of stereotyping of occupational role information. The sample (N = 110; 56 women, 54 men) ranged in age from 15 to 71 yr. (M = 31 yr.). Subjects were asked to rate the extent to which 12 personality characteristics (introverted/extraverted, leader/follower, cold/warm, idealistic/realistic, competitive/cooperative, concerned with self/concerned with others, generous/greedy, high-strung/relaxed, honest/dishonest, feminine/masculine, logical/emotional, intelligent/non-intelligent) typify people in 14 occupations (teacher, business executive, actor, lawyer, librarian, clergy, homemaker, police, doctor, secretary, therapist, nurse, repair person, athlete). Multidimensional scaling procedures indicated that the predominant dimension differentiating the perceived personalities of persons in these occupations was achievement orientation versus helping orientation. Results show that people have well-developed schemata regarding the personalities of others in a number of different occ...
The Role of Spirituality in Living with Disabilities

Abstract This paper reviews the existing literature on the role of spirituality in the experiences of people with disabilities as well as parents of children with disabilities. Spirituality appears to provide meanings, inner strength, peace, and hope to both groups of individuals. In addition, many experience self-transformation through living with disability, becoming more mature and compassionate. Future research is needed to explore the deeper role of spirituality to expand and deepen our understanding of the core nature of spirituality in living with disabilities. There is also a need for research on how to integrate spirituality into the practice of working with individuals with disabilities as well as families of children with disabilities.
Do Daphnia use metalimnetic organic matter in a north temperate lake? An analysis of vertical migration

Diel vertical migration of zooplankton is influenced by a variety of factors including predation, food, and temperature. Research has recently shifted from a focus on factors influencing migration to how migration affects nutrient cycling and habitat coupling. Here we evaluate the potential for Daphnia migrations to incorporate metalimnetic productivity in a well-studied northern Wisconsin lake. We use prior studies conducted between 1985 and 1990 and current diel migration data (2008) to compare day and night Daphnia vertical distributions with the depth of the metalimnion (between the thermocline and 1% light depth). Daphnia migrate from a daytime mean residence depth of between about 1.7 and 2.5 m to a nighttime mean residence depth of between 0 and 2.0 m. These migrations are consistent between the prior period and current measurements. Daytime residence depths of Daphnia are rarely deep enough to reach the metalimnion; hence, metalimnetic primary production is unlikely to be an important resource for Daphnia in this system.
BASAL BODY REPLICATION AND CILIOGENESIS IN A SUCTORIAN, TOKOPHRYA INFUSIONUM

Basal body replication and ciliogenesis in Tokophrya infusionum were studied in synchronized cultures. Basal body replication occurs during the 1st hr of reproduction, which in Tokophrya is by internal budding. The number of basal bodies increases from about 20 to over 300 within this period. New basal bodies develop in association with mature basal bodies; they are formed at right angles to the mature basal body as short "probasal" bodies, which elongate, slant upward, become parallel to the mature basal body, and elongate to the mature size. Ciliogenesis occurs only during reproduction; the nonreproducing adult is not ciliated, and has only 18–25 barren basal bodies. Cilia first appear as short bulges above the basal body. The axonemal structure is incomplete at first, with one or both central microtubules absent, and occasionally the B fibers of the outer doublets are missing. Several accessory fibers are associated with the basal bodies, both in the adult and during reproduction. One of the fibers appears only after the cilia have sprouted. The scheme of basal body replication and ciliogenesis in Tokophrya is compared to that reported in other organisms, and the role of the accessory fibers is discussed.
The midlife transition of professional women with children

This exploratory study focuses primarily on the nature and components of the midlife transition and secondarily considers its antecedents and consequences for a group of 36 professional women who were married, had children, and had enduring careers. In‐depth interviews with these women provided the data for our analysis. The results suggest that age, family characteristics, and employment characteristics influence the transition. In addition, the women rebalance and develop new perspectives at midlife. Components of the resulting internal and external recalibration are identified. This recalibration resulted in increased satisfaction and overall well‐being.
Visualization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor and its ligand during endocytosis and recycling.

Abstract Endocytosis and recycling of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its G-protein-coupled receptor were visualized by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy in pituitary cells using a rhodamine-labeled TRH analog (Rhod-TRH) and indirect immunofluorescent staining of cells stably transfected with an epitope-tagged TRH receptor (TRHR). The epitope-tagged TRHR was confined to the cell surface prior to agonist treatment. Both Rhod-TRH and TRHR were also localized on the plasma membrane after agonist binding at 0 degrees C. Ligand binding at 37 degrees C resulted in rapid endocytosis, and both Rhod-TRH and the epitope-tagged TRHR appeared in cytoplasmic vesicles within 5 min. Fluorescently labeled TRH and transferrin colocalized in the same endocytotic vesicles, and internalization of Rhod-TRH and TRHR was inhibited by hypertonic medium, suggesting that endocytosis occurred by a clathrin-dependent mechanism. Internalized TRHRs returned to the membrane within 20 min after removal of TRH, and cycloheximide did not block receptor recycling. A mutant TRHR truncated at Cys335 signaled but did not internalize Rhod-TRH, confirming the importance of the carboxyl terminus of the TRHR in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thus, the TRH-TRHR complex is endocytosed via clathrin-coated vesicles and the receptor is recycled to the plasma membrane.
A Comparison of African American and Non-Hispanic White Males' Perception of Familism through the Middle School Years.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine if there were changes in familism scores among a sample of African American and non-Hispanic White youths as they progressed through middle school, and if changes differed by race. Results indicated that African American subjects reported higher levels of familism than their non-Hispanic White peers throughout middle school, reaching statistical significance in both seventh and eighth grades. However, scores for both groups decreased slightly between the sixth and ninth grades. The proportion of youth reporting low familism did not differ significantly by race in either the sixth or seventh grade. However, it approached significance in the eighth grade.
Acalculia: Acquired Anarithmetia

Summary Traditionally, three varieties of acalculia are discussed: (1) aphasic acalculia, in which number language is disturbed; (2) visuo-spatial acalculia, in which alignment and place-holding values are abnormal; (3) anarithmetia, a disturbance of the basic ability to perform computations. a single case is presented which demonstrates a mild but significant calculating disorder. The incomplete nature of the calculating disturbance allows considerable analysis into the underlying disability and there is clear evidence that neither language nor visuo-spatial disability has produced this acalculia. a breakdown of the ability to perform higher computational processes is demonstrated, warrants use of the term anarithmetia and allows some conjecture concerning the source of this unusual problem.
Changes in vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) anticipate changes in vergence angle in monkey

Abstract The axis of head rotation is usually different from the axis of eye rotation. Geometrical considerations show that the eyes translate with respect to visual targets located near the head. In order to accurately stabilize retinal images against this translation, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) must be modulated inversely with the target's distance. The neural correlate of viewing distance used to modulate the VOR is not known. Since vergence angle is related inversely to viewing distance, an efference copy of instantaneous vergence angle or proprioceptive afferent information from extraocular muscles could be used to adjust the VOR. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the time-course of changes in the VOR with the time-course of changes in vergence angle. The VOR was induced by briefly rotating monkeys about a vertical axis at different times during the execution of vergence eye movements. We found that the amplitude of the VOR changed systematically during the course of a vergence eye movement. On average, the changes in the amplitude ofvestibular induced eye movements anticipated changes in vergence angle by 50msec, but in some instances, up to 200msec of anticipation was observed. These data suggest that a central command signal rather than an afferent or efferent copy of vergence eye position was used to modulate the VOR.
Environmental justice and citizen perceptions of a proposed electric transmission line

This research sought to understand public perceptions of the decision-making process over a controversial high-voltage electric transmission line proposed in New Hampshire in the northeastern United States. These perceptions were gauged through an analysis of comments made by citizens during public meetings held for the project. The findings show that while public managers, utilities, and developers often cite the physical aspects of energy projects (e.g. esthetics, health impacts, property values) to explain public opposition, a core public concern is the quality of the decision-making process. Drawing from a procedural justice framework, this case study illustrates the importance of the decision-making process to understand citizen opposition to energy infrastructure proposals. These findings will be useful to energy planning practitioners and those seeking to improve citizen participation processes.
The primate mediodorsal (MD) nucleus and its projection to the frontal lobe

The frontal lobe projections of the mediodorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus were examined in rhesus monkey by transport of retrograde markers injected into one of nine cytoarchitectonic regions (Walker's areas 6, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 46, and Brodmann's area 4) located in the rostral third of the cerebrum. Each area of prefrontal, premotor, or motor cortex injected was found to receive a topographically unique thalamic input from clusters of cells in specific subdivisions within MD. All of the prefrontal areas examined also receive topographically organized inputs from other thalamic nuclei including, most prominently, the ventral anterior (VA) and medial pulvinar nuclei. Conversely, and in agreement with previous findings, MD projects to areas of the frontal lobe beyond the traditional borders of prefrontal cortex, such as the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor cortex. The topography of thalamocortical neurons revealed in coronal sections through VA, MD, and pulvinar is circumferential. In the medial part of MD, for example, thalamocortical neurons shift from a dorsal to a ventral position for cortical targets lying medial to lateral along the ventral surface of the lobe; neurons in the lateral MD move from a ventral to a dorsal position, for cortical areas situated lateral to medial on the convexity of the hemisphere. The aggregate evidence for topographic specificity is supported further by experiments in which different fluorescent dyes were placed in multiple areas of the frontal lobe in each of three cases. The results show that very few, if any, thalamic neurons project to more than one area of cortex. The widespread cortical targets of MD neurons together with evidence for multiple thalamic inputs to prefrontal areas support a revision of the classical hodological definition of prefrontal cortex as the exclusive cortical recipient of MD projections. Rather, the prefrontal cortex is defined by multiple specific relationships with the thalamus.
The inclusion of women in clinical trials of antihypertensive medications: A review of twenty-four trials in one pharmacology journal

Historically the inclusion of women in clinical trials of medications has been limited. To ascertain the inclusion of women in clinical trials of antihypertensive medications, an integrative review of 24 articles was undertaken. The articles were chosen from a representative journal of pharmacology from the years 1992 to 1993. Pharmacology journals frequently are the journal in which clinical trials of medications are published. All trials of antihypertensive medications in this journal from the years 1992 and 1993 were included. Analysis is made of inclusion and exclusion criteria, inclusion rates of women (22.4%), and the inclusion of the elderly and minority groups. Based on this review and others it is difficult to recommend generalization of antihypertensive medication guidelines to women on the basis of clinical trials that include few women.
The role of paramedics in resuscitation of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest from coronary artery disease.

Abstract Columbus, Ohio added prehospital coronary care to its Emergency Medical Services System (EMS) in 1969. The EMS System, which is citizen activated and tax supported ($5 per citizen per year), currently sees 32,000 patients a year in a city with a population of 650,000. Ninety-six per cent of the population is aware of the system. Over two thirds of patients with ischemic sudden death or myocardial infarction are seen by advanced life support paramedic (EMT-P) units. The EMT-Ps operate by protocol without telemetry and carry all standard resuscitative drugs and devices. Serial evaluations have shown that within the limits of the protocol, the EMT-Ps perform as effectively as physicians in diagnosis and care of acute cardiovascular emergencies, including endotracheal intubation. One third of ischemic cardiac arrest patients in whom resuscitation is possible (60% of such patients seen) are discharged from the hospital alive (14.2100,000 lives saved per year). Lives are also saved by treatment of other life-threatening prehospital complications. In Columbus, the estimated annual mortality from ischemic heart disease is only 19%. The EMS System contributes significantly to this low figure.
The Effects of Contextual and Personal Factors on Young Adolescents' Social Goals

This study investigated the proposal that (a) contextual and personal factors affect the endorsement of social goals during early adolescence and (b) contextual factors and social goals may change over time. Self-reports of classroom contextual factors (i.e., promotion of performance goals, social interaction, and mutual respect) and personal factors (i.e., gender) were used to predict social goals (dominance, intimacy, and popularity goals) when students were in fifth grade and again after the transition to middle school when students were in sixth grade (N = 134; 51% boys, 49% girls). In line with hypotheses, classroom contextual factors were uniquely associated with social goals. There were gender differences in the mean levels and the nature of the relations between perceptions of the classroom context and social goals. Perceptions of social interaction decreased and perceptions of peer support increased after the transition to middle school. Students’ endorsement of dominance and popularity goals increased over time.
Segmentation of natural scenes

Abstract A new simple and computationally efficient approach to image segmentation via recursive region splitting and merging is presented. Unlike other techniques the criterion for splitting is based on a generalization of a two-class gradient relaxation method and merging uses a test for mean gray level equivalency for adjacent regions. The technique is illustrated by providing results for both synthetic and natural scenes.
Bedform morphology of salmon spawning areas in a large gravel-bed river

While the importance of river channel morphology to salmon spawning habitat is increasingly recognized, quantitative measures of the relationships between channel morphology and habitat use are lacking. Such quantitative measures are necessary as management and regulatory agencies within the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, and elsewhere, seek to quantify potential spawning habitat and develop recovery goals for declining salmon populations. The objective of this study was to determine if fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning areas in the Snake River, Idaho, USA, were correlated with specific bedform types at the pool–riffle scale. A bedform differencing technique was used to objectively quantify the longitudinal riverbed profile into four distinct pool–riffle units that were independent of discharge. The vertical location of thalweg points within these units was quantified with a riffle proximity index. Chinook salmon spawning areas were mapped and correlated with the pool–riffle units through the use of cross-tabulation tables. The results indicate that 84% of fall Chinook salmon spawning areas were correlated with riffles (χ2 = 57.5, df = 3, p < 0.001), with 53% of those areas located on the upstream side of riffle crests. The majority of Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning occurred at elevations greater than 80% of the difference in elevation between the nearest riffle crest and pool bottom. The analyses of bedform morphology will assist regional fish managers in quantifying existing and potential fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat, and will provide a quantitative framework for evaluating general ecological implications of channel morphology in large gravel-bed rivers.
Adding a nicotine blocking agent to cigarette tapering

Abstract A non-pharmacologic nicotine-blocking agent (Accu Drop; AD) was preliminarily tested in combination with cigarette tapering and brief counseling (C) in a random assignment, double-blind, placebo controlled, 6-week smoking cessation study ( n = 60). It was hypothesized that the AD&C group would have higher rates of treatment completion and smoking abstinence than the placebo drop group plus counseling (PD&C). The participants were 37 women and 23 men averaging 24 cigarettes per day along with high Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scores (FTQ ∼ 7) and high plasma cotinine levels (> 250ng/ml). There were no significant differences between groups for withdrawal scores, treatment completion (55%), or average number of sessions attended. Point prevalence followup evaluations were obtained 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post projected treatment completion. Biochemically confirmed abstinence rates at followups did not differ between treatment groups (AD&C = 10%, 13%, 10% vs. PD&C = 3%, 10%, 13%). There is not enough evidence to suggest a Stage II trial.
Retroflexion in the colon: a useful and safe technique in the evaluation and resection of sessile polyps during colonoscopy.

Retroflexion in the Colon: A Useful and Safe Technique in the Evaluation and Resection of Sessile Polyps During Colonoscopy
A Proof Procedure for the Logic of Hereditary Harrop Formulas

A proof procedure is presented for a class of formulas in intuitionistic logic. These formulas are the so-called {\em goal formulas} in the theory of hereditary Harrop formulas. Proof search in intuitionistic logic is complicated by the non-existence of a Herbrand-like theorem for this logic: formulas cannot in general be preprocessed into a form such as the clausal form and the construction of a proof is often sensitive to the order in which the connectives and quantifiers are analyzed. An interesting aspect of the formulas we consider here is that this analysis can be carried out in a relatively controlled manner in their context. In particular, the task of finding a proof can be reduced to one of demonstrating that a formula follows from a set of assumptions with the next step in this process being determined by the structure of the conclusion formula. An acceptable implementation of this observation must utilize unification. However, since our formulas may contain universal and existential quantifiers in mixed order, care must be exercised to ensure the correctness of unification. One way of realizing this requirement involves labelling constants and variables and then using these labels to constrain unification. This form of unification is presented and used in a proof procedure for goal formulas in a first-order version of hereditary Harrop formulas. Modifications to this procedure for the relevant formulas in a higher-order logic are also described. The proof procedure that we present has a practical value in that it provides the basis for an implementation of the logic programming language $\lambda$ Prolog.
Use of Intraoperative Duplex Ultrasonography and Routine Patch Angioplasty in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy

Objectives To determine the value of routine patch angioplasty and intraoperative duplex ultrasonography (US) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Patients and Methods The charts of 102 consecutive patients who underwent CEA with routine patching and intraoperative duplex US for treatment of high-grade carotid stenosis between June 1991 and January 1997 were reviewed retrospectively. Recurrent stenosis was defined as a narrowing in the common or internal carotid artery of more than 40%. Results Of 102 patients, 65 (63.7%) were men, and 37 (36.3%) were women (mean age, 72.4 years). Thirteen patients (12.7%) had bilateral CEAs. Intraoperative duplex US revealed abnormalities during 29 (25.2%) of 115 CEAs; 14 abnormalities (12.2%) were major and underwent immediate revision. No perioperative neurologic events or deaths occurred. Mean length of follow-up was 21.3 months (range, 1.3-72.6 months). Late neurologic events occurred in 2 patients, and 5 patients died during follow-up. All neurologic events and deaths were unrelated to the patients' carotid surgery. Twelve patients (11.8%) developed moderate restenosis (40%-69%). In 4 of these patients restenosis resolved during further follow-up. No patient developed severe recurrent carotid stenosis. Conclusion Morbidity and mortality following CEA with routine patch angioplasty and intraoperative duplex US appear to be low. Routine intraoperative duplex US detects correctable technical problems that subsequently lead to a low incidence of symptomatic stenosis. The low incidence of recurrent stenosis suggests that routine postoperative follow-up may not be necessary or cost-effective unless the patient has symptoms or a contralateral stenosis.