cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scrivener's Error or Greater Protection of the Public: Does the EPA Have the Authority to Delist Low-Risk Sources of Carcinogens from Section 112's Maximum Achievable Control Technology Requirements?

Section 112 of the Clean Air Act requires the EPA to establish national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants. It regulates sources, such as factories and power plants, that emit listed air toxics. The EPA is required to issue emissions standards based on the maximum available control technology (MACT) for each category of major sources of air toxics. The article focuses on the scope of the EPA's authority to delist categories or subcategories of sources, especially those emitting carcinogens, from the MACT standard. In its plywood and composite wood industries (PCWP) rule, the EPA contended that it has the authority to exempt a subcategory of low-risk sources releasing carcinogenic chemicals because it assumed that Congress had made a drafting error in subsection 112(c)(9)(B)(i) by using only the term category but not the term subcategory. This argument for the PCWP sources could be expanded to many other industrial MACT categories, potentially exempting thousands of other sources. In rare cases, courts have recognized the doctrine of scrivener's error to correct obvious errors in a statute, but there is a heavy burden on an agency to demonstrate that a statute contains a scrivener's error. The article concludes that the EPA's creation of a low-risk subcategory of PCWP sources is improper because the plain language of the statute's subsection limits the Agency's delisting authority to whole categories of carcinogenic sources.
The Material World of Ancient Egypt: Basketry, Rope, Matting

As for the grain basket which you made, it is of coarse coiling.... Have another made which is of fine material. From a letter Basketry Examples of basketry have been discovered from the Neolithic Period, including fragments of rush matting and the basket linings of grain storage bins. These prove that the processes of employing plant fibers to produce useful objects date back to the very beginnings of settlement on the banks of the Nile. There is also ample proof to show that baskets continued to be used throughout Egyptian history. The bulk of the evidence comes from the material that has been preserved in the dry atmosphere of tombs as a part of the religious beliefs that the spirit of the deceased should be provided for with material comforts in the next life. There are also numerous depictions of baskets in tomb paintings as they were used in agricultural activity and as containers for the offerings for the spirit of the deceased. One of the most important uses of basketry and baskets in ancient Egypt was the safe storage of household and personal objects. Since the typical furnishings did not include wooden units that were particularly designed for storage (other than boxes), baskets served an important purpose for almost all classes. Unfortunately the physical conditions of preservation since antiquity were not always ideal. Basketry made from plant parts and fibers cannot withstand the ravages of insects or any exposure to humidity. As a consequence we know less about the use of baskets and other objects made with basketry techniques than objects made of other materials.
Function of normal and mutated gamma-globin gene promoters in electroporated K562 erythroleukemia cells.

We examined the importance of cis-acting regulatory elements of the human gamma-globin gene promoter in a cell line (K562) where this gene normally functions. A gamma-Globin promoter fragments were fused to the neomycin phosphotransferase (neoR) gene in a plasmid-based vector and transiently transfected by electroporation into K562 cells. Correctly initiated “A gamma-neo” transcripts were detected with an S1 nuclease protection assay that was internally controlled for transfection efficiency and RNA content. We first optimized the conditions for electroporation, and then determined input DNA concentrations that permitted study of gamma-promoter function in the linear range of the assay. We discovered that a gamma-globin promoter fragment extending from -299 to +36 (with respect to the transcription initiation site) was active in this transient transfection assay, and that the expression of this promoter was increased by the SV40 enhancer. Deletion of the gamma-globin promoter to position -199 did not significantly affect gamma-globin promoter function. However, deletion to -160 reduced gamma promoter strength to 70% that of control, deletion to position -130 to 19% that of control, and deletion to position -61 to 8.7% that of control. Three gamma-globin promoters containing mutations associated with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (-202 C\---|-G, -196 C\---|-T, and -117 G\---|-A) were not overexpressed in the K562 cell environment, consistent with the hypothesis that these promoters are not overexpressed in fetal erythroblasts, only adult erythroid cells. This system will allow us to further dissect the roles of regulatory globin cis-acting DNA elements in fetal erythroid cells.
Quench Performance of Six Similar 17 m-Long, 40 mm-Aperture SSC Model Dipoles

The quench performance of the final six 17 m-long, 40 mm-aperture SSC model dipoles made at Brookhaven National Laboratory is presented in summary form. The six magnets are of similar construction, except for two features: (1) the copper-to-superconductor ratio of the inner cable (either 1.3:1 or 1.5:1) and (2) the axial preload at 4.35K. The inner coil quench performance does not appear to be correlated with the copper-to-superconductor ratio. There does appear to be a correlation between the outer coil quench performance and the cold axial preload.
A jointly optimum scheduling and memory management for matching based service

We consider resource allocation in a system which must process and subsequently deliver jobs from N input terminals to N output terminals as per matching constraints. Jobs are stored in a common memory before processing and transfer. The resource allocation objective is to minimize the job loss due to memory overflow. We present optimal scheduling and memory management policies for attaining this objectives for N = 2 and symmetric traffic. We identify certain characteristics of the optimal strategy for N = 2 and asymmetric traffic, and present a near optimal heuristic for this case. We obtain a heavy traffic lower bound for the optimal discounted cost function for the general case of arbitrary N and arbitrary traffic. We use this lower bound to propose a heuristic strategy whose performance is close to the optimal strategy in this case. The policies proposed in this paper substantially outperform the existing strategy for the system, which was designed and proved to be optimal under the assumption of infinite storage.
The gene H spike protein of bacteriophages ∅X174 and S13: II. Relation to synthesis of the parental replicative form

Abstract Several molecules of the ∅X174 gene H protein, a component of the phage spike, become firmly associated with the host cell upon infection and resist protease treatment of the cell. The gene H protein was recovered in association with the phage DNA converted to the duplex replicative form and was bound to several different regions of the DNA. Similar results were obtained with the gene H protein of the related phage S13. Cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of S13 in gene H failed to make parental replicative form at the restrictive temperature, although phage binding and eclipse occurred at normal levels. Since phage penetration is coupled to replication and the gene H protein is recovered tightly bound to the parental replicative form, this protein is presumed to participate in the first stage of DNA synthesis. These and related findings form the basis for a general proposal of a “pilot protein” as a minor component of the virus with multiple functions in adsorption, penetration, and early intracellular stages of viral chromosome expression.
Local Dependence Functions

Recent developments about local dependence functions and their properties are discussed. Keywords: local dependence function; correlation coefficient
The Aircraft Reactor Experiment—Design and Construction

The Aircraft Reactor Experiment was designed for operation at temperatures in the region of 1500°F at a power of 1 to 3 Mw with a fluoride-salt fuel circulating in a heterogeneous core. The moderat...
Production of theta antibody by mice that fail to reject theta-incompatible skin grafts.

EVIDENCE that female mice failing to reject male skin grafts are nevertheless producing H-Y antibody indicates that graft survival in this case is not due to failure of the recipient to respond to graft antigens1. Survival of skin grafts in recipients that are producing specific anti-graft antibody is known in another system: radiation chimaeras of constitution (C57BL × A)→A often fail to reject C57BL skin grafts2 although they are producing Sk alloantibody3. Sk alloantigens are limited to epidermal cells and brain and so give rise to skin-selective homograft reactions by radiation chimaeras2,3.
Optimal feedback control synthesis using simulated annealing techniques

This paper deals with the synthesis of robust controllers using the parameter optimization method. The controller synthesis process consists of two steps: 1) determination of a suitable controller structure and 2) optimization of controller parameters subjected to various engineering constraints. It is shown that heuristic optimization methods such as simulated annealing can be applied to significantly improve the parameter optimization process. A fifth order aircraft control problem is considered in this paper where it is demonstrated that a suitably optimized third order controller can produce closed loop performance comparable to those obtained by an 8th order LQG/LTR controller and an 18th order H/sub /spl infin// controller. >
Correlation of quantitative diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI parameters with prognostic factors in prostate cancer.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine if correlations exist between quantitative parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk group, Gleason score (GS), maximum tumour diameter (MTD), pre-treatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA), clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume in prostate cancer. Method We retrospectively reviewed 3T multiparametric MRI reports on biopsy-proven prostate cancer patients performed during radiation treatment evaluation or an active surveillance protocol. DCE-MRI parameters included Ktrans (influx volume transfer coefficient), Kep (efflux reflux rate constant) and iAUC (initial area under the curve). Average DCE and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were recorded for regions of interest on DW-MRI. Relationships between MRI metrics and risk group, GS, MTD, PSA, clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume were examined using analysis of variance. Central and peripheral tumours were also analysed separately in a sub-analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.0125. Results Of 58 patients, 29%, 52% and 19% had low (L), intermediate (I), or high (H) NCCN risk disease, respectively. Ktrans significantly correlated with PSA. For central tumours, Ktrans significantly correlated with MTD and PSA, and Kep significantly correlated with PSA. For peripheral tumours, iAUC was significantly different when stratified by L/I/H risk and GS, and ADC score with L/I/H risk, GS, and clinical T stage. Conclusions DCE- and DW-MRI metrics correlate with some risk stratification factors in prostate cancer. Further work is required to determine if MRI metrics are complementary or independent prognostic factors.
Subspace projection and time-varying AR modeling for anti-jamming DS-CDMA communications

Summary form only given. Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) communication systems have certain degree of inherent immunity to intentional and/or unintentional jammers. However, in some applications, the jammer might be much stronger than the desired DS/SS signal, and the processing gain due to spreading might be insufficient to provide enough jamming resistance for decoding the useful signal reliably. In such cases, jammer suppression needs to be done prior to symbol detection. For stationary interference, many jammer mitigation techniques have been developed to remove its effect adequately. However, the nonstationary interferences cannot be adequately suppressed using a single domain mitigation algorithm due to the fact that signal's parameters are time-varying. Frequency modulated (FM) interferers are such kind of examples. Many interference suppression techniques are reported and most of the techniques use IF estimation and time-frequency analysis (TFA). The disadvantage of TFA is its large computation burden and slow convergence. To increase convergence and lower the computational complexity, this paper proposed to estimate the IF, based on time-varying autoregressive (TV-AR) modeling. One of the important IF-based interferer rejection techniques is to uses the jammer IF to construct a time-varying excision notch filter that effectively removes the interference. However, this notch filtering technique may cause significant distortion to the desired signal, resulting in poor receiver performance. Recently, subspace projection techniques based on IF estimation have been devised for FM interference excision in DS/SS communications. It is demonstrated recently that the subspace projection method can improve the output SNR significantly. In this work, we model the received data as a linear combination of FM interferences with time-varying IFs, thermal noise and the desired DS/SS CDMA signal using a time varying autoregressive (TV-AR) model. We then use the orthogonal and the oblique projection techniques to suppress the jammer based on the estimated IF from the TV-AR model. Finally, from simulation results, comparing the proposed subspace jammer suppression method with the time-varying notch filter method, the proposed method induces less distortion to the desired signal and can improve the performance of the whole system.
Integrating Metrics Across the Marketing Curriculum The Digital and Social Media Opportunity

Modern digital and social media formats have revolutionized marketing measurement, producing an abundance of data, meaningful metrics, new tools, and methodologies. This increased emphasis on metri...
Applying knowledge-based expert system to meat grading

The author presents an ongoing project, which has the immediate objective of developing a knowledge-based expert system to assist meat graders and an ultimate objective of automating the meat grading process through applications of image processing, pattern recognition, and expert systems. A voice-input, knowledge-based system for grading carcass beef has been developed and tested. The meat grader provides input for the system in the form of carcass characteristics by speaking into a microphone headset. on reception of the characteristics of the carcass, the knowledge-based system reasons through the production rules to reach quality and yield grades for the carcass. >
Relationships across multiple settings: An overview

It is not the method of interaction but the quality of the interaction between patient and therapist, student and teacher, mentee and mentor, or youth and youth worker that is the most critical determinant of success in a myriad of fields.
Arboreal dialogics: an ecocritical exploration of Octavia Butler's Dawn

Critical essays postulating Octavia Butler's myriad literary works abound. However, ecocritical perspectives through which these assessments occur are few. Moreover, ecocritical analyses as they relate to Afro-diasporic histories have been sparsely developed. In this piece the author argues for a hybrid African Diasporic/ecocritical assessment of Butler's Dawn in three dynamic sections: ‘New beginnings’, ‘Metamorphoses/polymorphisms’ and ‘Science fiction/speculative fiction and Afrofuturism’. The first section syntactically critiques the book's – and trilogy's – title(s), and how they relate to notions of hegemony. The second section mediates self-identity in relation to social and ecological environments, particularly corporeal invasion and colonial subjectivities. Finally, the third section highlights the Afro-Diasporic voice represented in Dawn and its relation to cultural memories. Through these topics, the author not only explores ecological dialogics presented by Butler, but also intersections betwe...
Particle/fluid simulations of an eruptive flare: Identifying the field-aligned currents responsible for the hard X-rays

While MHD can provide a reasonable description of the overall magnetic reconnection that is believed to drive flares, additional, and often separate processes have to be envoked to in order to explain the electron acceleration that is responsible for many of the observed flare emissions. A new model that incorporates the dynamic coronal current sheets, the reconnection site, and possible electron acceleration processes is developed through the use of two-dimensional particle and modified two-fluid simulations. The specific example of an eruptive flare driven by the coalescence of flux tubes supported by prescribed photospheric current elements is evaluated. It is shown that the electrons and ions have differential trajectories through the coronal current sheet which leads to the development of additional plasma currents that flow around the surface of the current sheet. These surface currents are explicitly neglected in MHD but they are vital to the flare dynamics because they divert current from the coronal current sheet into the chromosphere, producing an effective resistivity that aids the development of fast reconnection. Because the surface currents are in the plane of the magnetic field, electrons in them experience strong acceleration and can account for the observed hard X-ray emissions. Model predictions are compared with observed time profiles of hard X-ray emissions and Doppler shifts seen in soft X-ray line emissions and are able to account for such features as (i) the asymmetry in the rise and decay time of the hard X-rays, (ii) the apparent delay between the largest Doppler shifts and the hard X-ray peak, and (iii) the relatively low intensity of the blue-shifted component. The use of particle and fluid simulations is important because it provides different, but complementary treatments of the electron acceleration, the global magnetic morphology, and the flare current system.
Variable temperature system using vortex tube cooling and fiber optic temperature measurement for low temperature magic angle spinning NMR

Abstract We describe the construction and operation of a variable temperature (VT) system for a high field fast magic angle spinning (MAS) probe. The probe is used in NMR investigations of biological macromolecules, where stable setting and continuous measurement of the temperature over periods of several days are required in order to prevent sample overheating and degradation. The VT system described is used at and below room temperature. A vortex tube is used to provide cooling in the temperature range of −20 to 20 °C, while a liquid nitrogen-cooled heat exchanger is used below −20 °C. Using this arrangement, the lowest temperature that is practically achievable is −140 °C. Measurement of the air temperature near the spinning rotor is accomplished using a fiber optic thermometer that utilizes the temperature dependence of the absorption edge of GaAs. The absorption edge of GaAs also has a magnetic field dependence that we have measured and corrected for. This dependence was calibrated at several field strengths using the well-known temperature dependence of the 1H chemical shift difference of the protons in methanol.
Global workspace theory inspired architecture for autonomous structural health monitoring

Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems provide automated assessments of structural health by processing data from sensors fastened to a structure. Most SHM research is focused on developing quick state assessments (i.e., reflexive techniques) using a form of pattern recognition. However, little attention has been given to developing a more `thoughtful', logic-based method for state assessments to enable operational-level decisions. Reflexive-based assessments are unreliable because they often cannot discriminate between changes due to structural damage and other variants (e.g., temperature). A new architecture is being proposed that combines reflexive and deliberative elements for enhanced state assessments and operational decisions. The architecture is demonstrated in the laboratory using a representative airframe component.
Field studies with boron on muscadine grapes

Abstract A 2‐year study failed to show a significant yield response from soil applications of boron to eight‐year‐old muscadine grape vines; however, a definite trend toward yield response was evident from linear regression models. No difference in B levels of tissue occurred the initial year but in the second year, the tissue from the highest B rate was significantly higher than other treatments. Boron content of the soil correlated well with B treatment levels (r = .88). Fruit soluble solids were not related to B treatments.
On energy conservation and the question of its localization in static Riemannian space-times

I t is well known that the total energy of static Riemannian space-times, reprcscnting physically ch)sed systems in general relativity (e.g., the Schwarzschild solution), is a well-defined conserved quanti ty that has the constant value me c 2. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to make total-energy calculations of this type in any physically well-defined co-ordinate frame (1). Previously, the total energy of such gravitational systems h~ts been generally regarded as well defined only asymptotically at large spatial distances from the gravitational mass. This requirement, is, of course, in accord with the generaUy accepted notion of gravitational energy being a nonlocalizable quanti ty where only the global or total energy of a static physically closed system is well defined (~). General]y, no successful at tempt has been made to at tr ibute a welldefined meaning to similar calculations made in some subdomain of the given physically closed system. The purpose of this note is to show that the above considerations for the energy of certain static, Riemannian space-times are unnecessarily severe. We will show that the energy of a static, spherically symmetric mass distribution is localized within a given and well-defined (, rad ius , where R,j r 0. The usual asymptotic limits are therefore not necessary in these calculations as there are no contributions to the total energy outside the physically defined mass boundary for these special static space-times. Indeed, it will be shown that these particular Riemannian spaces admit a type of ~, Gauss law ,> in direct analogy to Newtonian gravitationM theory. We will further be able to draw some additional conclusions and analogies for the case of static, spherically symmetric, closed gravitational systems including charge. Also, results relating to the axially symmetric spinning solution of Einstein's field equations (Kerr metric) are briefly mentioned.
Insulin Receptor Splicing Alteration in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is caused by either an untranslated CTG expansion in the 3′ untranslated region of the DMPK gene on chromosome 19 (dystrophia myotonica type 1 [DM1]), or an untranslated CCTG tetranucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the ZNF9 gene on chromosome 3 (dystrophia myotonica type 2 [DM2]). RNA-binding proteins adhere to transcripts of the repeat expansions that accumulate in the nucleus, and a trans-dominant dysregulation of pre-mRNA alternative splicing has been demonstrated for several genes. In muscle from patients with DM1, altered insulin-receptor splicing to the nonmuscle isoform corresponds to the insulin insensitivity and diabetes that are part of the DM phenotype; because of insulin-receptor species differences, this effect is not seen in mouse models of the disease. We now demonstrate that comparable splicing abnormalities occur in DM2 muscle prior to the development of muscle histopathology, thus demonstrating an early pathogenic effect of RNA expansions.
Isolation of a particulate iodide metabolizing system from thyroid mitochondria

Abstract A particulate enzyme system which catalyzes the organification of iodine was isolated from beef thyroid mitochondria by treating them with deoxycholate and trypsin. This system utilizes iodine in the presence of a peroxide and tyrosine, and is inhibited by thiocyanate, cyanide, and propylthiouracil. Products of the reaction appear to be mono- and diiodotyrosine and triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
METHODOLOGY FOR FORMULATION OF CIRCUIT EQUATIONS FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

While analog simulation of integrated circuits is a very powerful design tool, the maximum size of the investigated circuits is limited by the necessary CPU times. Using spectral technique with respect to Chebyshev polynomials and in conjunction with waveform relaxation was shown to considerably reduce the computational effort for transient simulation. After a brief introduction of this novel simulation technique, equation formulation will be described in detail. Also discussed is how the choice of circuit variables used for formulation affects theoretical and numerical properties of the method. Element “stamps” are given which can be used for the construction and solution of the linear equation system.
Semantic Theory and Indirect Speech

Cappelen and Lepore argue against the principle P: A semantic theory ought to assign p to S if uttering S is saying p. An upshot of P’s falsity, they allege, is that some objections to Davidson’s programme (such as Foster’s) turn out to be without force. This essay formulates and defends a qualified version of P against Cappelen and Lepore’s objections. It distinguishes P from the more fundamental Q: A semantic theory ought to assign p to S iff literal utterance of S literally says p. Without some objection to Q—which Cappelen and Lepore do not supply—Foster’s objection to Davidson’s programme stands.
Air-Substrate Mercury Exchange Associated with Landfill Disposal of Coal Combustion Products

Abstract Previous laboratory studies have shown that lignite-derived fly ash emitted mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere, whereas bituminous- and subbituminous-derived fly ash samples adsorbed Hg from the air. In addition, wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) materials were found to have higher Hg emission rates than fly ash. This study investigated in situ Hg emissions at a blended bituminous-subbituminous ash land-fill in the Great Lakes area and a lignite-derived ash and FGD solids landfill in the Midwestern United States using a dynamic field chamber. Fly ash and saturated FGD materials emitted Hg to atmosphere at low rates (−0.1 to 1.2 ng/m2hr), whereas FGD material mixed with fly ash and pyrite exhibited higher emission rates (~10 ng/m2hr) but were still comparable with natural background soils (−0.3 to 13 ng/m2hr). Air temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity were important factors correlated with measured Hg fluxes. Field study results were not consistent with corresponding laboratory observat...
Verbreitung und Keratinophilie von Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen) Hansen

1. In 500 Bodenproben aus Berlin und seiner Umgebung wurde 40 mal Anixiopsis stercoraria gefunden. Die Art kommt somit in dem untersuchten Gebiet haufiger vor als Microsporum gypseum, eine allgemein als verbreitet angesehene, geophile Dermatophyten-Art. Sie tritt jedoch seltener auf als die ebenfalls and Keratinkodern aus Erde isolierten Arten Arthroderma uncinatum (Keratinomyces ajelloi), Trichophyton evolceanui, Arthroderma quadrifidum (Trichophyton terrestre), Ctenomyces serratus, Chrysosporium kertinophilum, und Nannizzia cajetana (Microsporum cookei). 2. A. stercoraria besitzt die Fahigkeit Keratin anzugreifen und abzubauen. In kunstlicher Kultur dringt der Pilz mit Perforationsorganen und unter Ausbildung oberflachlicher Cortexlasionen in die Haarsubstanz ein. Quantitative Untersuchungen uber den Keratinabbau und die Ausscheidung von Enzymen zeigten, das A. stercoraria innerhalb von 11 Wochen ca. 37% des vorgelegten Haarkeratins verbraucht und dabei Proteinasen und Phosphatase in das umgebende Substrat ausscheidet.
Initial Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility in a Primary-Care Setting

Infertility is a condition that primary-care physicians frequently encounter. The infertility work-up necessitates an understanding of the physiology and anatomy of the female and male partners. A systematic work-up can be initiated by a primary-care physician. Infertility problems are stressful for the couple, and initial assessment by their own physician may help them work through the process as well as prepare them if they need to seek the care of a reproductive endocrinologist for further assessment or for assisted reproductive techniques. Infertility services are expensive and are rarely completely covered by many health insurance plans; therefore, a cost-effective evaluation is important. In the managed-care environment, a primary-care physician can begin the investigation and decide which patients require more advanced assessment and treatment. Helping a couple through the stages of an infertility investigation is a professionally rewarding experience.
System for vertical boom corrections on hilly fields

Abstract Classical vertical spray boom suspensions reduce the effect of roll on the spray distribution pattern by using gravity. On hilly fields, the boom is not positioned parallel to the ground, resulting in an uneven spray distribution pattern and causing harm to the boom when hitting the soil. This paper models mathematically systems that are able to follow the slope of the field. The structure of the models is studied, which turns out to be the same for the four investigated suspensions. The analytically determined models are validated. A controller is designed to create a slow active suspension, following the slope of the field and filtering soil undulations, causing unwanted boom roll. The controller is implemented on a laboratory set-up and on a real machine. It takes into account the dynamics of the suspension and adds damping. Despite the low power of the actuator, a good performance is achieved. Possible performance enhancement can be obtained by increasing the resonance frequency of the suspension and by making use of a more powerful actuator.
Assessment of left and right ventricular volumes and function with treadmill exercise stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Pharmacologic stress testing with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is employed to assess cardiac function and perfusion in various conditions. However, the response elicited may not compare to that obtained during physical exercise. Advances in CMR technology now include a MR-compatible treadmill proven feasible in evaluation of ischemic heart disease.
Inquiry, vision and objects: Foraging for coherence within neuroscience

We come prepared to track events and objects, building our knowledge base while foraging for coherence. Classical pragmatism recognizes that the acquisition of knowledge is in part a contact sport (e.g. Peirce, Dewey). One of the aims of neuroscience is to capture human experience. One route to perhaps achieve this may be through the study of the visual system and its expansion in our evolutionary history. Embodied cephalic systems, as Dewey knew well, are tied to self-corrective inquiry. A philosophy of neuroscience needs to capture how such events are tracked, tested through experience, and subsequently modified in the brain to comprise a knowledge base.
Highly Efficient and Tailorable On-Chip Metal–Insulator–Metal Plasmonic Nanofocusing Cavity

Simulation techniques were used to investigate the properties of a deep subwavelength-scale on-chip optical cavity composed of a highly efficient metal–insulator–metal 3D-tapered plasmonic nanofocusing waveguide and easily tailorable metal–insulator–metal plasmonic crystals. The configuration described here significantly enhanced the highly efficient field localization in the plasmonic nanofocusing waveguide at the center of the cavity due to the impedance tuning capabilities of the plasmonic crystals. The plasmonic crystals served as nanoscale input and output couplers with designable reflectivities and a clear band-stop regime around the telecommunication wavelength, λ_0 = 1.55 μm. Simulation studies indicated that this configuration could efficiently confine electromagnetic waves on the nanometer length scale through a field intensity enhancement of 7 × 10^3 and a Purcell enhancement of 8 × 10^3 within a volume of 1.4 × 10^(–5) λ_(0)^(3). To evaluate the performance of the highly efficient metal–insulator–metal 3D-tapered plasmonic nanofocusing waveguide structure itself, the overall focusing efficiency, that is, the transmission rate from the wavelength-scale input side to the deep subwavelength-scale focusing core in the tapered waveguide, was calculated to be around 85%.
Control of within-binge cocaine-seeking by dopamine and glutamate in the core of nucleus accumbens

Rationale Dopamine and glutamate are thought to interact in the ventral striatum and to play important roles there in the cocaine-seeking of cocaine-experienced animals.
Pursuit of Knowledge in Sociology of Sport: Issues and Prospects

Early linkages between physical education, sociology, and sport sociology are set in the American 1960s context of increased focus on the discipline of physical education, expansion of higher education, and fragmentation of knowledge. In the last 20 years sport sociology has become a subfield of both physical education and sociology. Positivist and descriptive/sensitizing perspectives of the nature of knowledge—two paradigms used by sport sociologists—are compared and contrasted. In sociology there continues to be considerable debate between proponents of these two orientations, while in physical education the positivist tradition has been espoused almost exclusively. Much American social research is positivist in nature, and this, coupled with the strong physical education positivist tradition, has tended to guide sport sociologists in this direction. But interdisciplinary sport studies perspectives that have evolved out of the descriptive/sensitizing paradigm and draw on a wide range of the social scien...
The effectiveness and relative importance of choice in the classroom.

This investigation examined the effects of providing choices among homework assignments on motivation and subsequent academic performance. Students were randomly assigned within classrooms either to receive a choice of homework options or to be assigned an option for all homework in one instructional unit. Conditions were reversed for a second instructional unit. Results revealed that when students received a choice of homework they reported higher intrinsic motivation to do homework, felt more competent regarding the homework, and performed better on the unit test compared with when they did not have a choice. In addition, a trend suggested that having choices enhanced homework completion rates compared with when no choices were given. In a second analysis involving the same students, the importance of perceived provision of choice was examined in the context of student perceptions of their teachers’ support for autonomy more broadly defined. Survey data showed that the relationship between perceptions of receiving autonomy support from teachers and intrinsic motivation for schoolwork could be fully accounted for by students’ perceptions of receiving choices from their teachers. The limitations and implications of the study for research and practice are discussed.
On Health and Disorder in Vietnam Veterans: An Invited Commentary

The study by LaGuardia et al attributes earlier findings of prevalence of stress disorder among Vietnam veterans to investigator bias. It is suggested that the focus of the present study furthers a powerful but misleading debate about mental health vs. illness of veterans, and may undermine efforts to provide needed services. Factors maintaining the health vs. disorder controversy are reviewed, assumptions about combat as a tolerable stress are examined, and evidence of a normal stress recovery process for survivors of catastrophe is discussed.
FDTD full wave analysis of narrow-pulse signal generators

Narrow pulse signal generation is an important part in high- speed systems design. Utilizing the voltage and current phase difference of inductor and diode, a very short pulse can be generated from a sinusoidal voltage source. Such systems usually include highly nonlinear components and complicated 3D structures. Dispersion, field effects and the interaction between electromagnetic field and components cannot be ignored in the simulation of these electrically small and complicated systems. Therefore, time-domain and full-wave analysis is necessary. This paper presents a full wave FDTD analysis using an improved field-circuit model for hybrid system simulation, which includes both lumped elements and field effect. 2 and 3D hybrid (distributed and lumped) circuits are constructed and analyzed in this paper to demonstrate the versatility of the time-domain simulator.
Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis in tumor-bearing mice

The presence of a growing tumor can lead to a significant curtailment of a graft-versus-host reaction as measured by the ability of allogeneic spleen cells to induce a host vascular response. This interference with the normal pattern of immunological reactions may be a reason for the survival of tumors in an immunologically alien environment.
Complete recovery after near-fatal venous air embolism during cesarean section.

Abstract During replacement to the abdomen of the exteriorized uterus at cesarean section under epidural block, a previously healthy woman developed cardiorespiratory arrest. Tracheal intubation revealed low endtidal carbon dioxide concentration suggesting embolization. Resuscitative efforts were successful. Uterine exteriorization — as well as the Trendelenburg position - significantly increase the risk of air embolization so that routine use of appropriate monitors is indicated to facilitate early diagnosis.
Photoscreeners in the Pediatric Eye Office: Compared Testability and Refractions on High-Risk Children

Purpose To compare refractive data and testability of Spot (PediaVision) and Plusoptix A09 (Plusoptix, Inc) photoscreeners and to compare each device with traditional cycloplegic retinoscopy. Design Prospective, interventional case series. Methods After informed consent, patients underwent testing with the Spot and Plusoptix photoscreeners before their examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist masked to the results. Data including testability and estimated refractions were entered into a Research Electronic Data Capture database for statistical analysis. Results A total of 265 children were enrolled (mean age, 6.0 ± 3.4 years). Both devices produced a computer printout result in 250 (94.3%) of the patients. The Spot photoscreener provided a refractive estimate in all computer printouts, whereas the Plusoptix, used binocularly, provided a refractive estimate in 75.2% (188/250) of the printouts. Compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy, both devices underestimated hyperopia or overestimated myopia (−1.35 diopters [D] and −0.64 D, Spot and Plusoptix, respectively) and overestimated astigmatism (0.36 D and 0.32 D, Spot and Plusoptix, respectively). The intraclass correlation coefficient for spherical equivalents indicated good agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and Spot (0.806) and excellent agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and Plusoptix (0.898). Conclusions The Spot photoscreener provided refractive data on a greater percentage of children. The photorefractors correlated with cycloplegic retinoscopy refractive findings for sphere and spherical equivalents, but underestimated hyperopia or overestimated myopia and overestimated astigmatism. The binocular refractions of Plusoptix agreed more closely with the refractions of our pediatric ophthalmologists.
Simulation studies of data classification by artificial neural networks: Potential applications in medical imaging and decision making

Artificial neural networks are being investigated in the field of medical imaging as a means to facilitate pattern recognition and patient classification. In the work reported here, the effects of internal structure and the nature of input data on the performance of neural networks were investigated systematically using computer-simulated data. Network performance was evaluated quantitatively by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis and compared with the performance of an ideal statistical decision maker. We found that the relatively simple neural networks investigated in this study can perform at the level of an ideal decision maker. These simple networks were also found to learn accurately even when the training data are extremely unbalanced with respect to the prevalence of actually positive cases and to differentiate input data patterns by recognizing their unique characteristics.
Systematic control of the packing density of self-assembled monolayers using bidentate and tridentate chelating alkanethiols

The structural and interfacial properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold derived from the adsorption of a series of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)alkanes (i.e., CH3(CH2)mC[CH2SH]3, where m = 9, 11, 13, 15) were investigated. The new SAMs, which possess uniformly low densities of alkyl chains, were characterized by ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Additional analysis of the SAMs by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy permitted a direct calculation of the packing densities of the SAMs on gold. The results as a whole, when compared to those obtained on SAMs generated from normal alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)m+2SH), 2-alkylpropane-1,3-dithiols (CH3(CH2)mCH[CH2SH]2), and 2-alkyl-2-methylpropane-1,3-dithiols (CH3(CH2)mC(CH3)[CH2SH]2) having analogous chain lengths, demonstrate that the 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)alkanes afford SAMs with alkyl chains having the lowest packing density and least conformational order.
Surface reconstructions and morphological modifications: restructuring of W(111) induced by sulfur overlayers

Abstract The restructuring of S/W(111) surfaces has been studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Dosing W(111) with a saturation coverage of H 2 S followed by annealing to >800 K causes a substrate reconstruction with (4×4) periodicity. After the formation of the (4×4) structure over the entire surface, and upon further annealing, the terrace–step configurations also restructure and form triangular terraces. Upon heating to T >1000 K, the triangular terraces coalesce and enlarge, in addition to forming multiple steps. A size-mismatch mechanism, based on charge transfer between S and W atoms, is proposed to explain the formation of (4×4) structures: strain introduced at the surface by adsorption of large sulfur anions is relieved by the (4×4) reconstruction. We have explored the consequences of a terrace growth mechanism for S(4×4)/W(111) that is based on local step structures, coupled with domain mismatch.
pH-Dependent Spectroscopy of Tetracycline and Its Analogs

Tetracyclines (TCs), broad spectrum antibiotics widely used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, are amphoteric molecules containing several ionizable functional groups that exist predominantly as zwitterions at a given pH value. TCs are reported to undergo a wide variety of reactions at different pH values i.e. TCs form to anhydrotetracyclines at low pH, 4-epitetracyclines at pH 3–5 and isotetracyclines at high pH values. The pH-dependent absorbance and emission properties of tetracycline and its 10 analogs (4-epitetracycline, doxycyline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, 4-epichlortetracycline, isochlortetracycline, methacycline, rolitetracycline, minocycline, and demeclocycline) were investigated and reported in this paper. The main focus of the study was on the pH dependent transformation of epichlortetracycline, chlortetracycline and isotetracycline at basic pH. Absorption, emission and time resolved spectroscopy were used to determine the behavior of the three TC derivatives at this condition. Increasing the buffer’s ionic concentration leads to faster transformation to iCTC. A pH dependent transformation of CTC to iCTC was observed and the lifetimes of CTC and iCTC were determined to be 3.0 and 5.89 ns respectively. The distribution factor of CTC to iCTC at basic pH was also reported for the first time.
The Current Outlook for the Nuclear Power Industry in the United States

Serious concerns about national energy security and the need to begin preparing for a post-petroleum world are opening a window of opportunity for a potential "nuclear renaissance" in the United States. Whether such a renaissance takes root will depend on a number of countervailing tensions. This paper briefly reviews the history of the U.S. nuclear power industry and then discusses the cross-cutting forces that will determine the future course of the industry. At the moment, the single largest impediment is the failure to resolve the long term high level waste disposal issue. Other significant impediments include local NIMBYism, fear of nuclear terrorism, and financial community skepticism. Weighing on the opposite side of the scale are several favourable factors including improved operating and safety records, consolidation of plant ownership in more expert hands, extensive authorisation of license extensions for existing plants, and streamlining of licensing procedures for new plants. Most importantly,...
Monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus: Detection of virus neutralization and other antigen-antibody systems using infected human and murine cells☆

Monoclonal antibodies to human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus-specific antigens can be obtained without preliminary recourse to large-scale culture and purification of the virion. Lytically infected human and persistently infected murine cultured cells expressing RS virus-specific cell surface and cytoplasmic antigens were substituted as priming immunogens and as substrates in solid-phase antibody radioimmunoassays. Seven hybridoma clones secreting murine IgG of either the gamma 1 or the gamma 2a subclass bearing kappa light chains were isolated. Two of the antibodies were specific for cell surface viral antigens, but only one was able to neutralize RS virus infectivity. The five remaining antibodies did not neutralize virus infectivity and were specific for viral antigens associated with large cytoplasmic inclusions as judged by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) analysis on fixed infected cells. Similar IF analysis using live cells revealed that those antigens, associated with the cytoplasmic inclusions in both the human and murine infected cells, were not expressed on the cell surface of the live infected human cells, but were expressed on the cell surface of the live infected murine cells. Monoclonal antibodies generated via the present system will prove useful in the immunological analysis of viral components which are specific pathogenic functions, such as infectivity, and those which may be abnormally exposed at the surface of persistently infected cells.
Design Considerations In Ultra-Fast Electron-Optical Imaging Tubes

Electron-optical design parameters are investigated with respect to optimizing dynamic range and temporal and spatial resolution in streak-and framing-camera tubes.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.