cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second tumors after radiosurgery: tip of the iceberg or a bump in the road?

OBJECTIVE Radiosurgery-associated second tumors have been reported in four isolated patients during the past 2 years. In our own experience, we are aware of two additional patients. The purpose of this report is to call attention to this potentially emerging problem. METHODS A review of the English-language literature concerning patients with radiosurgery-associated second tumors was performed. In addition, we report on two patients in our own practice who were treated in the past year. RESULTS Four patients were found in the literature, and two additional patients were seen by the authors. Malignant tumors occurred as early as 6 years after radiosurgery. The pathological findings in three of these four malignant tumors were glioblastoma multiforme. Benign tumors developed between 16 and 19 years later. Tumors developed both within the full-dose prescription volume and in the lower-dose periphery. Of interest, three of the six patients experienced complications of the radiosurgery treatment before developing second tumors. CONCLUSION Although patients will increasingly be reported with second tumors after radiosurgery in the future, the overall incidence seems quite low and should not alter current radiosurgical practice. However, continual surveillance of treated patients should be considered.
Oxygenation kinetics and superconductivity of partly substituted YBa2Cu3Ox

Abstract Reaction kinetics for oxygen uptake into partially substituted YBa2Cu3Ox are investigated. Materials studied include the Y1−yLayBa2Cu3Ox system, YBa2Cu2.5Fe0.5Ox and Y0.5Na0.5Ba2Cu3Ox. The reaction kinetics are found to decrease strongly on substitution at the copper site, but only vary mildly on substitution at the rare earth site. For Y1−yLayBa2Cu3Ox a change in the rate law governing the oxygenation reaction is observed with y. We observe generally that Y1−yLayBa2Cu3Ox with increasing y in a confined temperature range (around 400C) behaves similarly to YBa2Cu3Ox with increasing temperature. This pertains to the change in rate law from linear to parabolic, as well as to initial decrease in activation energy, decrease in superconducting transition temperature and decrease in orthorhombic splitting. Correlations are accordingly drawn between structural detail, superconductivity, and kinetic parameters.
The Acid Hydrolysis of Lactose and the Preparation of Hydrolyzed Lactose Sirup

Summary 1.A study has been made of the factors affecting the hydrolysis of pure solutions of lactose by heat. The velocity constant (K · 10 4 ) for the reaction varied with the time and temperature of hydrolysis and the acid and lactose concentration of the solutions. Values for K · 10 4 ranged from 11 at 100° C. to 1904 at 165° C. Hydrochloric acid was used in concentrations of 0.001 to 1.0 mole per 1000 grams of solution and it was found to be a more effective catalyst than citric acid. 2.There was a progressive destruction of lactose and of the newly formed hexoses during hydrolysis. This destruction was accelerated by conditions of excessive or prolonged heating and when high sugar and acid concentrations were used. 3.Hexose sugars to the extent of 93 per cent of the theoretical yield were obtained by hydrolyzing a 30 per cent lactose solution using 0.007 mole of HC1 per 1000 grams of mixture and heating to 147° C. The process, conducted in a glass-lined pressure kettle required a total time of 65 minutes, of which 60 minutes were used to heat the batch to 147° C. A circulating heater which would quickly raise the sirup to the hydrolyzing temperature would shorten the process. 4.A solubility curve for galactose in aqueous glucose solutions at 25° C. has been presented. The solubility of glucose at 25° C. is 50.8 pev cent, galactose 32.09 per cent and a mixture of equal parts of both hexoses 42 per cent. The maximum concentration of the two hexoses which is soluble at 25° C. is 58.3 per cent, consisting of 49.8 per cent glucose and 8.5 percent galactose. 5.The lactose in skim milk, whey or crude lactose, cannot be hydrolyzed without the use of excessive quantities of acid and the production of undesirable protein decomposition products.
Stapedial Reflex in Neonates

This paper considers the effect of behavioral responses on stapedial reflex data of neonates. Twenty clinically normal neonates were tested to determine whether repeated acoustic stimulation would habituate the behavioral response, leaving only the stapedial reflex for observation. The results failed to show systematic decline of behavioral response over trials. Stapedial reflex testing indicates a positive response for less than 5% of stimulus presentation. The results are discussed in terms of possible explanation for the apparently low incidence of stapedial reflex in a normal neonatal population.
The documentation and special libraries movements in the United States, 1910–1960

Cet article examine le developpement et les relations entre deux mouvements qui ont fait eclater l'histoire des professions de l'information aux Etats Unis, le mouvement des bibliotheques specialisees pendant la periode 1930-1938 et celui de la documentation a partir de 1938.
Food safety priorities in the Middle East

The foodborne and waterborne disease continues to pose significant health problems in the Middle East. This region specifically Arabic speaking countries, imports large amounts of food products from all over the world. At the same time, this region exports a variety of food commodities to many countries worldwide. The increased international food trade, changes in agriculture production, food processing, and consumer demand for wholesome safe food have led to new food safety challenges which have impacted the food safety systems. There are country- and intra-country/subregional specific based food safety systems. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is an example of a subregional coalition aimed at harmonizing their country-members' food safety standards based on Codex Alimentarius. There are a number of challenges and potential opportunities available for the Middle Eastern countries to enhance their food safety systems. These challenges include: 1) domestic and imported food inspection, 2) laboratory capacity and staff training, 3) foodborne surveillance systems, and 4) scientific research to support policies and regulations. Given these challenges, there are a number of opportunities to enhance food safety in the Middle East. These include: 1) Training of inspectors for domestic and imported food and making available a detailed and comprehensive manual to follow as a guideline in their daily work. This guideline would be a valuable aid especially to those with limited training. In addition, standard uniform methods for sampling and data collection would be needed, 2) building research institutions for food safety and quality research that supports laboratory capacity, surveillance, and data analysis, and 3) better risk assessment and communication is needed to focus on highest foodborne disease risks and to link the strategies to reduce those risks across the full food production chain. Special consideration should be given to certain situations in specific countries to overcome barriers of non-collaboration among disciplines and responsible agencies.
Bulgaria: minorities democratization and national sentiments.

English-speakers and Bulgarian-speakers seem to read the term "minority" differently. While in English it is more a demographic term meaning part of the population which is numerically smaller and distinctive from the largest group (the majority of the country) to Bulgarians the term has inalienable political connotations: "minority" is an ethnic or religious group the rights of which are protected by international agreements and law with far reaching consequences. The present political map of the Balkans was formed after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Political borders between newly established Balkan states were not always drawn along historically established ethnic and confessional lines but often according to the interests of those who played the great geo-strategic game. Therefore state boundaries in the Balkans result by and large from the Congress of Berlin in 1878 the Treaties of London and Bucharest after the Balkan Wars in 1913 as well as the system of peace treaties devised in Versailles after the First World War. Hence parts of ethnic and religious entities came to live outside of their sovereign kin-states and became subject to the policies of other states and regional circumstances. (authors)
Thermal shape change of some CFRP-aluminum honeycomb sandwiched structures

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is a suitable material for space and ground-based telescope structures. CFRP has a high stiffness-over-weight ratio and a low thermal expansion coefficient. Together with aluminum honeycomb, CFRP can form very strong light-weight sandwiched structures. These sandwiched structures, which can support high bending moments and shear forces without much deformation, are used widely in the existing and future large-space or ground-based telescopes. However, some special CFRP-aluminum honeycomb sandwiched structures have shape change problems when the absolute temperature changes. In this paper, some of these thermal shape changes are discussed. The designers of the future large telescopes should be fully aware of the shape change problem of these structures.
Lidar signature from bubbles in the sea

The lidar signature from a collection of bubbles is proportional to the volume backscatter coefficient at a scattering angle of 180 degrees . This quantity, calculated using a combination of geometric optics and diffraction, is proportional to the void fraction of the bubbles in the water for any bubble size distribution. The constant of proportionality is 233 m(-1) sr(-1)for clean bubbles, slightly less for bubbles coated with a thin layer of organic material, and as large as 1445 m(-1) sr(-1) for a thick coating of protein.
Decreased survival of Hyperomyzus lactucae inoculated with serially passed sowthistle yellow vein virus

Abstract Sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV), acquired from sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus, by the aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae was serially passed 20 successive times at 7-day (with one exception) intervals by hemolymph injection. Thirteen lines, out of 23 established from individual donors, survived for all 20 passages. By the 5th passage, the survival of aphids inoculated with virus that had been serially passed was less than that of insects inoculated with virus that had none, or but one, inoculation passage. These latter aphids, in turn, died more rapidly than aphids injected with hemolymph from virus-free stock aphids. After the 5th passage, no further increase in the mortality rate was found except in 1 line (isolate 15), in which the mortality rate showed a further increase after 17 passages. Plants fed on by aphids infected with this isolate rarely developed symptoms (one plant infected during the 10th to the 20th passages), so infection in the aphids was verified by electron microscopy. Isolate 15, after additional passages, was compared to one (isolate 25) that did not show any further increase in the rate of mortality after the 5th passage and that still produced symptoms in plants. The results indicated that isolate 15, while not transmitted to sowthistle by infected aphids, reduced the survival of injected aphids more than did isolate 25.
EVALUATION OF MEGAKARYOCYTES IN CHILDHOOD IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)

The clinical course of ITP in children usually differs from that in adults, yet distincttons by marrow characteristics have not been established. Megakaryocytes (megas) were examined for size, ploidy, maturation and morphology in 8 children and 8 adults with ITP, and 8 normal marrows. Either buffy coat wedge or cover slip squash smears were prepared. (Control values differed for each.) Feulgen-stalned megas (100-300) were examined as previously described. Wright-stained material was also examined. There were no differences in the megas of normal children and adults. In all children with acute ITP, megas were increased in size (mean volume 4X normal), ploidy (medians 2 doublings higher, to 64N) and maturation stage (86% mature vs control 43%). In contrast, In adults with acute or chronic ITP the megas showed no differences In size, ploidy, or maturation compared to controls. Some dissociation of mega ploidy and maturation was seen in adults, but not enough to alter the profile of any one parameter. In conclusion, the megas of acute childhood ITP were different than adults'. Similar enlargement and maturation is seen in animals whose megas are stimulated by injection of anti-platelet serum. The absence of these large, mature megas in adult ITP may reflect the chronicity of this disease In adults. Studying children with chronic ITP with regard to marrow mega characteristics may provide information to help identify those children with acute ITP with a propensity to develop chronic ITP.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current Concepts of Diagnosis and Management

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one of the most common infections in non-pregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. It is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, treatment of acute PID and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. Prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon clinicians having a high index of suspicion in order to make an early diagnosis and development of treatment strategies based on knowledge of the microbiologic etiology of acute PID. It is well accepted that acute PID is a polymicrobic infection. The sexually transmitted organisms, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, are present in many cases and microorganisms comprising the endogenous vaginal and cervical flora are frequently associated with PID. This includes anaerobic and facultative bacteria, similar to those associated with bacterial vaginosis. Genital tract mycoplasmas, most importantly Mycoplasma genitalium, have recently also been implicated as a cause of acute PID. As a consequence, treatment regimens for acute PID should provide broad spectrum coverage that is effective against these microorganisms.
Abnormal Neurites Containing C-Terminally Truncated α-Synuclein Are Present in Alzheimer's Disease without Conventional Lewy Body Pathology

The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) is the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Patients with both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cortical Lewy pathology represent the Lewy body variant of AD (LBV) and constitute 25% of AD cases. C-terminally truncated forms of α-syn enhance the aggregation of α-syn in vitro. To investigate the presence of C-terminally truncated α-syn in DLBD, AD, and LBV, we generated and validated polyclonal antibodies to truncated α-syn ending at residues 110 (α-syn110) and 119 (α-syn119), two products of 20S proteosome-mediated endoproteolytic cleavage. Double immunofluorescence staining of the cingulate cortex showed that α-syn110 and α-syn140 (full-length) aggregates were not colocalized in LBV. All aggregates containing α-syn140 also contained α-syn119; however, some aggregates contained α-syn119 without α-syn140, suggesting that α-syn119 may stimulate aggregate formation. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis of tissue microarrays of the cingulate cortex from patients with DLBD (n = 27), LBV (n = 27), and AD (n = 19) and age-matched controls (n = 15) revealed that AD is also characterized by frequent abnormal neurites containing α-syn119. Notably, these neurites did not contain α-syn ending at residues 110 or 122-140. The presence of abnormal neurites containing α-syn119 in AD without conventional Lewy pathology suggests that AD and Lewy body disease may be more closely related than previously thought.
Educational tool for modeling and simulation of a closed regenerative life support system

Abstract For long term missions on the moon and Mars, regenerative life support systems emerge as a promising key technology for sustaining successful explorations with reduced re-supply logistics and cost. The purpose of this study was to create a simple model of a regenerative life support system which allows preliminary investigation of system responses. A simplified regenerative life support system was made with MATLAB Simulink ™ . Mass flows in the system were simplified to carbon, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The subsystems included crew members, animals, a plant module, and a waste processor, which exchanged mass into and out of mass reservoirs. Preliminary numerical simulations were carried out to observe system responses. The simplified life support system model allowed preliminary investigation of the system response to perturbations such as increased or decreased number of crew members. The model is simple and flexible enough to add new components, and also possible to numerically predict non-linear subsystem functions and responses. Future work includes practical issues such as energy efficiency, air leakage, nutrition, and plant growth modeling. The model functions as an effective teaching tool about how a regenerative advanced life support system works.
LAKER: learning from past actions to guide future behaviors in ad hoc routing

In this paper, we present a location aided knowledge extraction routing (LAKER) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The novelty of LAKER is that it learns from past actions to guide future behaviors. In particular, LAKER can gradually discover current topological characteristics of the network, such as population density distribution, residual battery map, and traffic load status. This knowledge can be organized in the form of a set of guiding routes, each of which consists of a chain of guiding positions between a pair of source and destination locations. The guiding route information is learned by individual nodes during route discovery phase, and it can be used to guide future route discovery processes in a more efficient manner. LAKER is especially suitable for mobility models where nodes are not uniformly distributed. LAKER can exploit topological characteristics in these models and limit the search space in route discovery processes in a more refined granularity than location aided routing (LAR) protocol. Simulation results show that LAKER outperforms LAR and DSR in term of routing overhead, saving up to 30–45% broadcast routing messages compared to LAR approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular and Tuberculosis Mortality: The Contrasting Effects of Changes in Two Causes of Death

Tuberculosis was the largest source of deaths among younger adults, and cardiovascular disease among older adults, in the America of 1900. Decreases in deaths from tuberculosis since 1900 and cardiovascular disease since 1940 explain most of the mortality drops in those age groups over the century. This article, building on previous work by White and Preston, shows the results of increased survival from these two causes on the US population structure. Standard demographic cause-specific mortality calculations are used to generate life tables without deaths from cardiovascular disease or tuberculosis. Then fixed rates for these diseases from early in the century are assumed while all other causes of death are allowed to change as they did historically. Improvements in cardiovascular mortality and tuberculosis produce some seemingly illogical contrasts. More people are alive today because of the decrease in tuberculosis. Yet more deaths from cardiovascular disease have been prevented, and cardiovascular improvements have raised life expectancy more. Lower tuberculosis mortality had virtually no effect on the average age of the population. Lower cardiovascular mortality alone has raised that average more than all twentieth-century causes of improved mortality combined.
Towards Simultaneous Velocimetry and Thermometry Measurements Using the VEOM Diagnostic Technique

We have recently demonstrated the utility of the Vibrationally EnhancedO Monitoring (VEOM) technique in our laboratory. The technique exploits the significant yield ofO (v=1) originating from the 355 nm photodissociation ofO 2 and the corresponding stability of theO (v=1) 'tag' is whose lifetime is governed by slow reactions, diffusion/mixing out of the probe sheet volume and relatively slow vibrational relaxation. The technique can be applied to environments with large ambientO backgrounds ( e.g . combustion or high enthalpy systems) or environments characterized by high temperatures where the vibrationally excitedO can be easily detected. Here we discuss efforts towards simultaneous planar velocimetry and thermometry (internal and/or external) by employing a dual line planar laser induced fluorescence 'read' system. In addition, we will present recent progress in increasing the velocity resolution of the technique.
PAVAN: a policy framework for content availabilty in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Advances in wireless communication, storage and processing are realizing next-generation in-vehicle entertainment systems. Even if hundreds of different video or audio titles are stored among several vehicles in an area, only a subset of these titles might be available to a given vehicle depending on its current location, intended path, and the dynamics of its ad-hoc network connectivity. The vehicle's entertainment system must somehow predictively determine which titles are available either immediately or within the future d time units, so that the user can select a title to view. The available title list must seek to satisfy the user by striking a delicate balance between showing far fewer titles than can actually be accessed and showing too many titles that cannot be accessed. In addition to defining this availability problem, we make two key contributions. First, a two-tier system architecture which leverages the low-rate cellular infrastructure as a control network for the high-rate data network consisting of the vehicular ad-hoc network. Second, PAVAN as a policy framework for predicting the availability of a title. We describe several variants of PAVAN which incorporate information based on a Markov mobility model, spatio-temporal look-ahead, and title replications. Our results demonstrate that the quality of PAVAN's predictions is critically dependent on title degree of replication, as well as its relative size with respect to the trip duration. When degree of replication is below a certain threshold, PAVAN with content density information and the predictive mobility model is shown to provide the best overall performance.
Antisense inhibition of nuclear-encoded cytochrome C oxidase subunits IV and VIIc activity in the pre-implantation embryo

It had not previously been known whether synthesis of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial subunits occurs in pre-implantation embryos. We have used cytoplasmic injections of antisense RNA transcribed in vitro to study this question. Capped, in vitro transcribed RNA antisense to either cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV or VIIc injected into each cell at the two-cell stage markedly inhibited synthesis of adenine nucleotide by the 8- to 16-cell stage, whereas injection of the cognate sense RNAs gave levels similar to those previously published for normal embryos. These results strongly suggest that translation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs for mitochondrial subunits is required during pre-implantation development. It was of additional interest that, not only was ATP decreased, but ADP and AMP as well, with the effect that the charge ratio remained constant. The results also suggest, therefore, that the mechanism by which cells normally regulate their charge ratio, though to be with adenylate deaminase, is already in place.
Developmental trajectories of cortical–subcortical interactions underlying the evaluation of trust in adolescence

Social decision making is guided by the ability to intuitively judge personal attributes, including analysis of facial features to infer the trustworthiness of others. Although the neural basis for trustworthiness evaluation is well characterized in adults, less is known about its development during adolescence. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine age-related changes in neural activation and functional connectivity during the evaluation of trust in faces in a sample of adolescent females. During scanning, participants viewed masked presentations of faces and rated their trustworthiness. Parametric modeling of trust ratings revealed enhanced activation in amygdala and insula to untrustworthy faces, effects which peaked during mid-adolescence. Analysis of amygdala functional connectivity demonstrated enhanced amygdala–insula coupling during the evaluation of untrustworthy faces. This boost in connectivity was attenuated during mid-adolescence, suggesting a functional transition within face-processing circuits. Together, these findings underscore adolescence as a period of reorganization in neural circuits underlying socioemotional behavior.
Detecting Radiation-Induced Injury Using Rapid 3D Variogram Analysis of CT Images of Rat Lungs

Rationale and Objectives To investigate the ability of variogram analysis of octree-decomposed computed tomography (CT) images and volume change maps to detect radiation-induced damage in rat lungs. Materials and Methods The lungs of female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to one of five absorbed doses (0, 6, 9, 12, or 15 Gy) of gamma radiation from a Co-60 source. At 6 months postexposure, pulmonary function tests were performed and four-dimensional (4D) CT images were acquired using a respiratory-gated microCT scanner. Volume change maps were then calculated from the 4DCT images. Octree decomposition was performed on CT images and volume change maps, and variogram analysis was applied to the decomposed images. Correlations of measured parameters with dose were evaluated. Results The effects of irradiation were not detectable from measured parameters, indicating only mild lung damage. Additionally, there were no significant correlations of pulmonary function results or CT densitometry with radiation dose. However, the variogram analysis did detect a significant correlation with dose in both the CT images (r = −0.57, P = .003) and the volume change maps (r = −0.53, P = .008). Conclusion This is the first study to use variogram analysis of lung images to assess pulmonary damage in a model of radiation injury. Results show that this approach is more sensitive to detecting radiation damage than conventional measures such as pulmonary function tests or CT densitometry.
An investigation of the effects of the metaphor and simile in persuasive discourse

(1971). An investigation of the effects of the metaphor and simile in persuasive discourse. Speech Monographs: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 142-145.
A Visual Method of Determining Maturity of Shelled Peanuts1

To assess maturity distributions of shelled-stock peanut lots, a method was developed to characterize peanut kernels into one of three possible maturity classes based on testa texture and color and kernel shape. Kernels having testa with longitudinal wrinkles, a raisin-like texture, light color and slightly elongated shape were classed Immature and predominately were shelled from pods in the Hull-Scrape categories White, Yellow I, and early-Yellow II. Kernels with a smooth testa, pink to dark pink and with a more rounded appearance were classed Mid-mature and predominately were shelled from pods in the late-Yellow II, Orange, and early-Brown Hull-Scrape classes. Kernels with a waffle-like surface texture, dark pink to brown testa, and a more rounded appearance were classed as Mature, and predominately were shelled from pods in the mid-and lateBrown and the Black Hull-Scrape categories. Attempts to automate the system using color alone were unsuccessful; to be a reliable maturity sorting technique, both testa texture and color pattern had to be considered.
Social Factors in the Development of Autobiographical Memory: The State of the Art

This review addresses theory and research on the role of self understanding, language, theory of mind, attachment security, and parental style in children’s autobiographical memory development. Social-cognitive factors appear to interact with parental style in producing children’s first verbal memories. Emotional factors, such as attachment security, may also prove to be critical for the socialization of life histories. Further longitudinal studies will be necessary to examine individual differences in the growth of this complex and multiply determined skill.
Augmented reality vs. street views: a driving simulator study comparing two emerging navigation aids

Prior research has shown that when drivers look away from the road to view a personal navigation device (PND), driving performance is affected. To keep visual attention on the road, an augmented reality (AR) PND using a heads-up display could overlay a navigation route. In this paper, we compare the AR PND, a technology that does not currently exist but can be simulated, with two PND technologies that are popular today: an egocentric street view PND and the standard map-based PND. Using a high-fidelity driving simulator, we examine the effect of all three PNDs on driving performance in a city traffic environment where constant, alert attention is required. Based on both objective and subjective measures, experimental results show that the AR PND exhibits the least negative impact on driving. We discuss the implications of these findings on PND design as well as methods for potential improvement.
5-AED enhances survival of irradiated mice in a G-CSF-dependent manner, stimulates innate immune cell function, reduces radiation-induced DNA damage and induces genes that modulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis

The steroid androst-5-ene-3s,17s-diol (5-androstenediol, 5-AED) elevates circulating granulocytes and platelets in animals and humans, and enhances survival during the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in mice and non-human primates. 5-AED promotes survival of irradiated human hematopoietic progenitors in vitro through induction of Nuclear Factor-κB (NFκB)-dependent Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) expression, and causes elevations of circulating G-CSF and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the in vivo cellular and molecular effects of 5-AED are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action of 5-AED administered subcutaneously (s.c.) to mice 24 h before total body γ- or X-irradiation (TBI). We used neutralizing antibodies, flow cytometric functional assays of circulating innate immune cells, analysis of expression of genes related to cell cycle progression, DNA repair and apoptosis, and assessment of DNA strand breaks with halo-comet assays. Neutralization experiments indicated endogenous G-CSF but not IL-6 was involved in survival enhancement by 5-AED. In keeping with known effects of G-CSF on the innate immune system, s.c. 5-AED stimulated phagocytosis in circulating granulocytes and oxidative burst in monocytes. 5-AED induced expression of both bax and bcl-2 in irradiated animals. Cdkn1a and ddb1, but not gadd45a expression, were upregulated by 5-AED in irradiated mice. S.c. 5-AED administration caused decreased DNA strand breaks in splenocytes from irradiated mice. Our results suggest 5-AED survival enhancement is G-CSF-dependent, and that it stimulates innate immune cell function and reduces radiation-induced DNA damage via induction of genes that modulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis.
Ablation of astrocytic laminin impairs vascular smooth muscle cell function and leads to hemorrhagic stroke

Astrocytes express laminin and assemble basement membranes (BMs) at their endfeet, which ensheath the cerebrovasculature. The function of astrocytic laminin in cerebrovascular integrity is unknown. We show that ablation of astrocytic laminin by tissue-specific Cre-mediated recombination disrupted endfeet BMs and led to hemorrhage in deep brain regions of adult mice, resembling human hypertensive hemorrhage. The lack of astrocytic laminin led to impaired function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where astrocytes have a closer association with VSMCs in small arterioles, and was associated with hemorrhagic vessels, which exhibited VSMC fragmentation and vascular wall disassembly. Acute disruption of astrocytic laminin in the striatum of adult mice also impaired VSMC function, indicating that laminin is necessary for VSMC maintenance. In vitro, both astrocytes and astrocytic laminin promoted brain VSMC differentiation. These results show that astrocytes regulate VSMCs and vascular integrity in small vessels of deep brain regions. Therefore, astrocytes may be a possible target for hemorrhagic stroke prevention and therapy.
The enduring myth of the american dream: mobility, marginalization, and hope

The American Dream functions as a myth within our political discourse by providing hope to citizens and reinforcing beliefs in the protestant work ethic and meritocracy. This article examines the myth through categories of mobility, marginalization, and hope. Elite theory and institutional isomorphism are used to explore business privilege within Public Administration. The ability to reframe the American Dream is considered through an examination of select speeches at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Despite evidence of declining mobility and structural inequality, citizens cling to the myth. One explanation is that marginalization perpetuates the American Dream by crowding out issues of social class through various methods of institutional isomorphism. Another explanation is that the dream endures because it can be re-conceptualized.
Leo P. Kadanoff (1937–2015): An appreciation

Leo P. Kadanoff, who died on October 26, 2015, devoted his scientific life to trying to elucidate how much of the world can be understood using mathematical models. Historically, physics has addressed this problem by searching for fundamental laws that completely specify the right ingredients to put into a theoretical model. For example, the standard model of particle physics provides a specification of the properties of elementary particles and their interactions. In principle, the standard model could be used to describe macroscopic physical systems. However, because of the enormous number of elementary particles in any macroscopic amount of matter, implementing such a calculation is not feasible. Leo was the first to understand clearly that the behavior of systems on different length scales can be understood using different effective theories, and that the effective theories that describe macroscopic phenomena should be derivable by a suitable mathematical procedure from the microscopics (1, …
THE NON-EFFECTS OF CLASS ON THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE HOME:

This article explores the relationship between class and the gendered domestic division of labor by examining how the contribution by husbands to housework in dual-career families varies across the class system. The article uses data from the United States and Sweden. The findings indicate that location in the class structure is not a powerful or systematic determinant of variations in the division of labor across households.
Crack Propagation in Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures

Fatigue and creep crack propagation in 20 and 25% cold-worked Type 304 and 20% cold-worked Type 316 stainless steels were examined at 427 to 593°C (800 to 1100°F). The resistance to fatigue crack g...
Property and Radically Changed Circumstances: Hurricane Katrina and Beyond

Although Hurricane Katrina altered our national dialogue about many issues, few scholars have addressed whether the storm changed thinking about fundamental property relationships. This article fills that void in two ways. First, it creates a theoretical framework for understanding property law in the context of events producing radically changed circumstances. It does this by defining these events, exploring the mismatch between property law's traditional focus on stability and environments of radical change, creating a taxonomy of property relationships tailored for this exploration, describing typical problems confronted after an event of radical change, and finally developing a set of normative criteria to evaluate the resiliency of property regimes. The second part of the article focuses on two common property relationships - between landlord and tenant and mortgagor and mortgagee - and examines how their default rules, voluntary private ordering, and market practices have fared under the pressure of Hurricane Katrina. This part also analyzes how another kind of property relationship - between a city (New Orleans) and its citizens - has weathered the radical change created by Katrina and how a series of federally funded and state administered programs have fared in restoring housing - a crucial common resource and public good - in the post-Katrina environment. The article concludes by suggesting that longer term, more indefinite property relationships characterized by private ordering, risk spreading, setting aside exogenous resources and mutual accommodation - commercial lease and mortgage relationships to be specific - show more resiliency than shorter term and more finite relationships where default rules make exit easy for some parties (residential landlords) but re-entry difficult for others (residential tenants). The article also demonstrates how government housing recovery programs can be assessed using the normative criteria developed in Part I and what policy makers can learn from traditional private property regimes facing events of radical change.
Arab Spring constitution-making: polarization, exclusion, and constraints

ABSTRACTWhat determines the balance that democratizing constitutions strike between majority empowerment and individual rights? Some constitutions deliberately handicap state power to forestall threats to liberty, while others try to empower the government to hold the country together. We answer this question in the context of post-Arab Spring constitution-making, hypothesizing a U-shaped relationship between polarization among politically significant factions and net majority-empowering provisions in constitutions of new democracies, a relationship mediated by breadth of inclusion in the constitutional drafting process. We test the hypothesis through a controlled case comparison of Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, the three Arab-majority countries in which protestors successfully toppled authoritarian regimes.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Yongchuan District,2004-2009

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Yongchuan district from 2004 to 2009,carry out targeted control measures.Method Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the incidence of measles in Yongchuan from 2004 to 2009.Results The average annual incidence rate of measles in Yongchuan district was 5.96/105.The incidence peaked in February to July,and concentrated in the small age groups.Among the cases,children aged 8 months accounted for 5.91%,children aged ≤7 accounted for 58.35%,and children aged ≤15 accounted for 84.83% of the total;people with immune history accounted for 19.03%,in which vaccinated 1 dose accounted for 7.46%,vaccinated 2 doses accounted for 7.20%,and vaccinated 3 doses accounted for 4.37%.Conclusion The periodic epidemicity mode of measles in Yongchuan district hasn't been changed;control and elimination of measles in month-age children can't be ignored.
Factors Affecting Disappearance of Feedstuffs from Bags Suspended in the Rumen

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of various factors on in situ digestion of feedstuffs in the rumen of Holstein cows. In Exp. 1, the effect of various days, animals and animal diets on in situ digestion was evaluated. Measured disappearance of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) from soybean meal (SBM) suspended in dacron bags was lowest when the host animal was fed a high grain diet. No effect due to animals, day of incubation or period of experimentation was observed. The effect of bag porosity and substrate particle size on DM and N disappearance from bags was studied in Exp. 2. Rip-stop nylon, a material with small pores, appeared to decrease the influx of digesting agents into bags and limited efflux of digested residues from bags when compared with bags made from dacron polyester material. Disappearance of DM and N from SBM and distillers grains (DG) in rip-stop nylon bags was greater when these feedstuffs were in the pulverized form rather than in the commercially processed form. In Exp. 3, dacron and Acropore bags, with pore sizes of 52 and 5 microns, respectively, were used to examine DM and N disappearance, in the rumen of cows, from total mixed diets containing various dietary N sources. Lower DM and N disappearance from Acropore bags was observed for each of the diets regardless of time spent in the rumen; much of the difference was established within the first hour. The effect of formaldehyde treatment on degradation of amino acids from SBM suspended in dacron bags in the rumen for 16 h was studied in Exp. 4. Increased resistance of SBM amino acids to degradation in the rumen was observed as a result of formaldehyde treatment levels as low as .3% by weight. A possible increase in protection of lysine from degradation relative to other amino acids was also observed.
Planning considerations for a roving robot with arm

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is engaged in a robot research program. The program is aimed at the development and demonstration of technology required to integrate a variety of robntic functions (locomotion, manipulation, sensing and perception, decision making, and man-robot interaction) into a working robot unit operating in a real world environment and dealing with both man-made and natural objects. This paper briefly describes the hardware and software system architecture of the robot breadboard and summarizes the developments to date. The content of the paper is focused on the unique planning considerations involved in incorporating a manipulator as part of an autonomous robot system. In particular, the effects of system architecture, arm trajectory calculations, and arm dynamics and control are discussed in the context of planning arm motion in complex and changing sensory and workspace environments.
EMBA vs MBA: Are the Differences Significant?

Schools that offer MBA and EMBA programs confer a Master of Business Administration degree and, on most school transcripts, there is no delineation of the delivery methodology of the program. Despite this, there is considerable misunderstanding concerning the differences between the two programs, particularly with regard to the quality of the education received. This study will look to evaluate the current differences between EMBA and MBA programs and attempt to see if there is any substance to the argument that there are quality differences between the two.
Two Corpus-Based Approaches to Rap Flow

This commentary compares and contrasts the two articles within this issue that describe a corpus-based approach to rap music (Condit-Schultz, 2016; Ohriner 2016). Beyond their technical differences, these studies mutually converge on the concept of "flow" as a window into the technical problems of analyzing rap music, and the results of the two studies complement one another. The comparison of these essays allows a unique insight into the methodological alternatives available within corpus-based research. I also attempt to briefly contextualize these essays within the history of the field, and to outline what I believe their significance to be as contributions to the musicology of rap music.
Efficient Computation of Exchange Energy Density with Gaussian Basis Functions.

Density functional theory (DFT) is widely applied in chemistry and physics. Still it fails to correctly predict quantitatively or even qualitatively for systems with significant nondynamic correlation. Several DFT functionals were proposed in recent years to treat the nondynamic correlation, most of which added the exact exchange energy density as a new variable. This quantity, calculated as Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange energy density, is the computational bottleneck for calculations with these new functionals. We present an implementation of an efficient seminumerical algorithm in this paper as a solution for this computational bottleneck. The method scales quadratically with respect to the molecular size and the basis set size. The scheme, exact for the purpose of computing the HF exchange energy density, is favored for medium-sized basis sets and can be competitive even for large basis sets with efficient grids when compared with our previous approximate resolution-of-identity scheme. It can also be used...
Regeneration of Sulfided Sorbents and Direct Production of Elemental Sulfur

Although equally important, the regeneration phase of the hot gas desulfurization process has received much less attention than the sulfidation phase. The standard method of sorbent regeneration, which involves the oxidation of metal sulfide to metal oxide and SO2, creates several problems. The reaction is highly exothermic and temperature excursions can cause the porous, high surface area sorbent to sinter. Addition of a diluent to the regeneration feed gas is effective for temperature control, but complicates the ultimate SO2 control problem. In addition, the O2 and SO2 partial pressures in the regeneration reactor often favor the formation of metal sulfate, currently thought to be the major cause of sorbent deterioration.
Ventilatory Responses to Short Carotid Sinus Pressure Stimuli: Interpretation Using a Model of Rhythm Generation

Understanding how the respiratory system responds to complex stimuli, such as exercise, requires an understanding of the integrative control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This paper deals with one aspect of the control of such systems, namely, the reflex inhibition of ventilation upon stimulating the carotid sinus baroreceptors. Although the existence of a reflex from baroreceptors to ventilation was described by Heymans and Neil (5), this reflex has received relatively little attention until quite recently (3,4). The goal of this paper is to describe the dependence of the ventilatory responses on the timing of brief intracarotid pressure stimuli within a respiratory cycle, and to interpret the results in terms of the model of respiratory rhythm generation proposed by Richter et al.(9) using the mathematical description of Botros (2).
Differences in opioid prescribing in low back pain patients with and without depression: a cross-sectional study of a national sample from the United States.

Introduction Low back pain (LBP) is among the leading indications for the prescription of opioid analgesics in clinical practice. There is increasing evidence suggesting that these agents may have diminished efficacy in the treatment of LBP. Objectives We evaluated the relationship between depression, the probability of receiving an opioid prescription, and the amount of morphine equivalent amounts prescribed per year among patients with LBP using nationwide data. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed on existing data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data set from the period 2004 to 2009. Demographic, medical condition, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 responses, and prescription drug information were obtained on 56,811,864 weighted person-years of data from individuals aged 18 to 65 with an ICD-9 code specific to LBP. Results Increases in PHQ-2 score, as well a positive screen for depression, were associated with an increased probability of being prescribed opioid therapy and more morphine equivalents per year. Conclusion Analysis of a nationwide sample of patients with LBP shows an association between depression and higher rates of opioid prescribing after controlling for several known cofounders. Clinicians prescribing opioids in LBP populations that rely on clinical trial results that exclude depressed patients may misjudge the risks and benefits of this class of therapy.