cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Switching properties of a tunneling junction connected to a spin valve

The switching properties of a prototype system containing a spin valve as well as a tunneling junction are investigated by means of a spin-polarized fully relativistic approach. Shown are the changes in the free energy and in the magnetoresistance when the orientation of the magnetization in the magnetic slabs of such a system is changed individually. It is demonstrated that the existence of a stable and a metastable state, a necessary condition for a switching device, is essentially determined by the free energy contributions of the interfaces of that magnetic slab that is part of the spin valve as well as of the tunneling junction. Furthermore, in estimating individual switching times, it is found that most of the gain in magnetoresistance occurs within a time range of about 20 ps, the time to achieve complete switching, however, being about 1.5 ns, which is close to what is found in recent experimental results.
Evidence for the 1/rij mechanism. Inhomogeneous line broadening in the Rydberg spectrum of naphthalene

Theoretical discussion of the line shape of vibronic resonances in the Rydberg spectrum of naphthalene is presented. The spectrum provides strong evidence for the 1/rij mechanism recently proposed by the author. The results of this work are in disagreement with the work of Jortner and Morris.
Laterality Alone Should Not Drive Selection of Candidates for Hemi-Ablative Focal Therapy

Purpose: Because many investigators have suggested that ideal candidates for focal therapy are those with unilateral prostate cancer, we evaluated whether these men are at decreased risk for adverse pathological and oncological outcomes.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 1,458 consecutive patients who underwent open radical prostatectomy, as performed by a single surgeon. Patients were divided into 311 with unilateral (group 1) and 1,147 with bilateral (group 2) disease on final surgical pathology. They were also substratified by clinical risk into low risk (prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml, clinical stage less than T2b or Gleason score less than 7) and high risk groups. The groups were compared with respect to extracapsular extension, seminal vesical invasion, percent of tumor involvement, pathological Gleason score and biochemical recurrence.Results: Compared to patients with bilateral disease those with unilateral disease had a lower rate of extracapsular extension (p = 0.004)...
Pitfalls in the interpretation of L. E. preparations.

Less than seven years have elapsed since the historic discoveries of the L.E. cell by Hargraves and Morton (1) and of L.E. factor by Haserick and Bortz (2). Not only have these basic contributions provided specific tests whereby systemic lupus erythematosus can be separated from the other collagen diseases but there has resulted as well an appreciation of the protean nature of this disease (3). The heretofore unsuspected relationship, for example, of certain instances of epilepsy (4) acute hemolytic anemia (5) and Raynaud's phenomenon (6) to systemic lupus erythematosus has been conclusively demonstrated by virtue of the L.E. phenomenon.
Dynamic response of human cranial bone

Abstract This paper is concerned with the determination of the mechanical properties of human cranial bone in tension. Conventional materials testing machines were used to obtain the stress-strain relations for over 120 specimens from thirty subjects. The specimens were taken from the compact layers of parietal, temporal and frontal bone at autopsy. Data were collected at strain rates ranging from 0·005 to 150 sec −1 . The results show that there is no detectable variation in the properties for all specimen orientations tangent to the surface of the skull. The modulus of elasticity, the breaking stress, and the breaking strain are rate sensitive. The energy absorbed to failure is not rate sensitive. Statistical analysis of the data reveals no important differences in the modulus of elasticity, the breaking stress, the breaking strain, or the energy absorbed to failure when compared according to type of bone, side of body or age of the individual. These data provide a basis for selecting candidate materials for a physical head model. They also help the mathematician to formulate a constitutive equation and enable him to obtain numerical results from his equations.
The influence of thermochemical convection on the fixity of mantle plumes

Abstract A general feature of both isochemical and thermochemical studies of mantle convection is that horizontal plume velocities tend to be smaller than typical convective velocities, however, it is not clear which system leads to a greater fixity of mantle plumes. We perform two- and three-dimensional numerical calculations and compare both thermochemical and isochemical cases with similar convective vigor to determine whether presence of a dense component in the mantle can lead to smaller ratios of horizontal plume velocity to surface velocity. We investigate different viscosity and density contrasts between chemical components in the thermochemical calculations, and we perform isochemical calculations with both free-slip and no-slip bottom boundary conditions. We then compare both visually and quantitatively the results of the thermochemical and isochemical calculations to determine which leads to greater plume fixity. We find that horizontal plume velocities for thermochemical calculations are similar to those from isochemical calculations with no-slip bottom boundary conditions. In addition, we find that plumes tend to be more fixed for isochemical cases with free-slip bottom boundary conditions for two-dimensional calculations, however, in three dimensions, we find that plume fixity is similar to that observed in thermochemical calculations.
Nonlinear reduction of combustion composition space with kernel principal component analysis

Abstract Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) as a nonlinear alternative to classical principal component analysis (PCA) of combustion composition space is investigated. With the proposed approach, thermo-chemical scalar’s statistics are reconstructed from the KPCA derived moments. The tabulation of the scalars is then implemented using artificial neural networks (ANN). Excellent agreement with the original data is obtained with only 2 principal components (PCs) from numerical simulations of the Sandia Flame F flame for major species and temperature. A formulation for the source and diffusion coefficient matrix for the PCs is proposed. This formulation enables the tabulation of these key transport terms in terms of the PCs and their potential implementation for the numerical solution of the PCs’ transport equations.
TREATING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE WITHIN INTACT COUPLE RELATIONSHIPS: OUTCOMES OF MULTI‐COUPLE VERSUS INDIVIDUAL COUPLE THERAPY

An experimental design was used to determine outcomes of a domestic violence-focused treatment program for couples that choose to stay together after mild-to-moderate violence has occurred. Forty-two couples were randomly assigned to either individual couple or multi-couple group treatment. Nine couples served as the comparison group. Male violence recidivism rates 6 months after treatment were significantly lower for the multi-couple group (25%) than for the comparison group (66%). In contrast, men in the individual couple condition were not significantly less likely to recidivate (43%) than those in the comparison group. In addition, marital satisfaction increased significantly, and both marital aggression and acceptance of wife battering decreased significantly among individuals who participated in multi-couple group therapy, but not among those who participated in individual couple therapy or the comparison group.
Safari: A self-organizing, hierarchical architecture for scalable ad hoc networking

As wireless devices become more pervasive, mobile ad hoc networks are gaining importance, motivating the development of highly scalable ad hoc networking techniques. In this paper, we give an overview of the Safari architecture for highly scalable ad hoc network routing, and we present the design and evaluation of a specific realization of the Safari architecture, which we call Masai. We focus in this work on the scalability of learning and maintaining the routing state necessary for a large ad hoc network. The Safari architecture provides scalable ad hoc network routing, the seamless integration of infrastructure networks when and where they are available, and the support of self-organizing, decentralized network applications. Safari's architecture is based on (1) a self-organizing network hierarchy that recursively groups participating nodes into an adaptive, locality-based hierarchy of cells; (2) a routing protocol that uses a hybrid of proactive and reactive routing information in the cells and scales to much larger numbers of nodes than previous ad hoc network routing protocols; and (3) a distributed hash table grounded in the network hierarchy, which supports decentralized network services on top of Safari. We evaluate the Masai realization of the Safari architecture through analysis and simulations, under varying network sizes, fraction of mobile nodes, and offered traffic loads. Compared to both the DSR and the L+ routing protocols, our results show that the Masai realization of the Safari architecture is significantly more scalable, with much higher packet delivery ratio and lower overhead.
Biologic properties and vaccine potential of the staphylococcal poly-N-acetyl glucosamine surface polysaccharide.

Staphylococci have become the most common causes of nosocomial bacterial infections, and this fact, along with increasing problems associated with antimicrobial resistance, spurs the need for finding immunotherapeutic alternatives to prevent and possibly treat these infections. Most virulent, clinical isolates of both coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus carry the ica locus which encodes proteins that synthesize a polymer of β-1-6 linked N-acetyl glucosamine residues (PNAG). Animal studies have shown purified PNAG can elicit protective immunity against both CoNS and S. aureus, suggesting its potential as a broadly protective vaccine for many clinically important strains of staphylococci.
Estimating Mean Dimensionality of Analysis of Variance Decompositions

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is now often applied to functions defined on the unit cube, where it serves as a tool for the exploratory analysis of functions. The mean dimension of a function, defined as a natural weighted combination of its ANOVA mean squares, provides one measure of how hard or easy it is to integrate the function by quasi-Monte Carlo sampling. This article presents some new identities relating the mean dimension, and some analogously defined higher moments, to the variance importance measures of I.M. Sobol. As a result, we are able to measure the mean dimension of certain functions arising in computational finance. We produce an unbiased and nonnegative estimate of the variance contribution of the highest-order interaction that avoids the cancellation problems of previous estimates. In an application to extreme value theory, we find that, among other things, the minimum of d independent U[0, 1] random variables has a mean dimension of 2(d + 1)/(d + 3).
Better slides needed at AGU Meetings

Recent AGU meetings show a dangerous trend in the quality of presentations. A fair percentage of slides used during oral presentations consisted of a black background and colored lines and/or words for data. Such slides are illegible and serve to undercut the speaker's points by not demonstrating the data clearly. A typical example consisted of dark red, dark blue, and green data on a black background. Even the author had difficulty in pointing out the data using his light arrow. Line drawings, in particular, should not use colors, but instead use high-contrast white-on-black for the following reasons: dark colors on black backgrounds provide little contrast, making it difficult to discern patterns; people who are colorblind are at a disadvantage; and the same information can be obtained using a variety of line weights (dotdash, solid, dotted, etc.) with single color slides.
Guamanian Suncus murinus responsiveness to emetic stimuli and the antiemetic effects of 8-OH-DPAT

The Japanese Suncus murinus, the house musk shrew, is a small insectivore commonly used in emetic research. The Guamanian S. murinus has not had extensive testing as an emetic model, but it is readily available for use in emetic experiments in the United States, unlike the Japanese Suncus. This study determined that Guamanian S. murinus is an acceptable model for emesis research and its differences from the Japanese strain were examined. Motion and nicotine were used as emetic stimuli and comparable doses of 8-OH-DPAT were used to compare emetic susceptibility to the Japanese strain. The Guamanian strain had decreased susceptibility to motion and increased susceptibility to nicotine as compared to the Japanese, as well as increased sensitivity to 8-OH-DPAT, with lower doses of the recovery drug eliminating retching episodes. The study also determined that Guamanian S. murinus are smaller and more aggressive than the Japanese strain, but just as effective as a model for emetic research.
A left-right classification of topologically chiral knots

A method for partitioning topologically chiral knots into mutually heterochiral classes has been developed, based on the principle that for such knots there exist no diagrams whose vertex-bicolored graphs are composed of equivalent black and white subgraphs. The method, which introduces the concept ofwrithe profiles, is successfully applied to alternating as well as non-alternating prime and composite knots, and works in cases where the Jones and Kauffman polynomials fail to recognize the knot's chirality. It is shown that writhe profiles are sensitive indicators of diagram similarity.
Discontinuous Galerkin spectral element approximations on moving meshes

We derive and evaluate high order space Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods to compute conservation laws on moving meshes to the same time order as on a static mesh. We use a Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method (DGSEM) in space, and one of a family of explicit time integrators such as Adams-Bashforth or low storage explicit Runge-Kutta. The approximations preserve the discrete metric identities and the Discrete Geometric Conservation Law (DGCL) by construction. We present time-step refinement studies with moving meshes to validate the approximations. The test problems include propagation of an electromagnetic gaussian plane wave, a cylindrical pressure wave propagating in a subsonic flow, and a vortex convecting in a uniform inviscid subsonic flow. Each problem is computed on a time-deforming mesh with three methods used to calculate the mesh velocities: from exact differentiation, from the integration of an acceleration equation, and from numerical differentiation of the mesh position.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium

Only one case of endometrial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) has been previously reported in the literature. We report a second case. In both the previously reported case and in this case there was a separate focus of TCC in the adnexa. Both patients were treated with adjuvant whole pelvic radiation and are alive and without evidence of disease at 5 years and 15 months, respectively. Study of more cases of endometrial TCC is needed to determine whether this type of endometrial carcinoma has a more favorable response to radiation therapy than other types of endometrial carcinoma with extrauterine spread.
Radio wave propagation over a rough variable impedance boundary: Part II--Application of full-wave analysis

The full-wave analysis developed in Part I is applied to three classes of problems of propagation over nonuniform boundaries and the results are then compared with earlier solutions to these problems. The problems considered are: 1) the effects of rapid surface impedance variations on ground wave propagation; 2) the propagation over periodic structures; 3) the scattering by boundaries with random surface impedance and height functions. The full-wave solutions are shown to be consistent with the reciprocity relationships.
2012 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications 2012 IEEE AP-S Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications URSI Electromagnetic Environment and Interference Symposium

The fourteenth International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), the second IEEE AP-S Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (IEEE APWC), and the first Electromagnetic Environment and Interference Symposium (EEIS, organized by Commission E of URSI, the International Union of Radio Science) were held at Cape Town, South Africa, on September 2?7, 2012. ICEAA had the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, the Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, and the Torino Wireless Foundation as principal cosponsors, and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) as a technical cosponsor. IEEE APWC was the first conference of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society held on the African continent. The three conferences shared common registration, organizing, and scientific committees; common venues, receptions, and banquet; and social events.
Chromatography of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I on inhibitor-sepharose columns

A number of affinity materials for the purification of dipeptidyl amino-peptidase (dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.1) have been prepared and tested. These material include peptide and amino acid inhibitors bound to agarose and reversible sulfhydryl adsorbents. Several of these materials are effective affinity adsorbents. The most useful material to be employed in combination with earlier purification methods is acetoxy-anilinomercuri-Sepharose. This removes proteins which are contaminants of some preparations and yields consistently high specific activities. Results with affinity and hydrophobic columns indicate that the primary interactions of the enzyme with amino acid and peptide derivative inhibitors are ionic in nature. This results is in agreement with the conclusions reached in studies of the interactions of these inhibitors with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in solution.
Endoscopic Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Ulcer Bleeding

Abstract Peptic ulcer disease is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. In most of the cases, bleeding from a peptic ulcer stops spontaneously. Arterial diameters in bleeding ulcers can measure up to 3.45 mm, but in most cases the diameter of the bleeding artery is small (
Local density of states and level width for Wannier-Stark ladders

The local density of states \ensuremath{\rho}(x,E) is calculated for a Bloch electron in an electric field. Depending on the system size, we can see one or more sequences of Wannier-Stark ladders in \ensuremath{\rho}(x,E), with Lorentz-type level widths and apparent spatial localization of the states. Our model is a chain of \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential barriers plus a steplike electric potential, with open boundary conditions at both ends of the system. Using a wave-tunneling picture, we find that the level widths shrink to zero as an inverse power of the system size as the system size approaches infinity, confirming an earlier result. The level width will not approach zero if the \ensuremath{\delta}-function barriers are replaced by the Kronig-Penney potential or smoother ones, as is commonly believed.
Relational Aggression at School: Associations with School Safety and Social Climate

The present study examines how exposure to relational aggression at school is associated with adoles- cents' perceptions of, and participation in, a hostile school environment. Participants were 1,335 African American and European American adolescents in grades 7 through 12 (52% female, 49% African American). Results indicate that exposure to relational aggression is associated with several components of adolescents' perceptions of the school climate. Adolescents exposed to high levels of relational aggression perceived their school to be less safe, and were less pleased with the general social atmosphere at school. Moreover, for males, but not females, exposure to relational aggression was associated with carrying a weapon to school. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed in terms of working toward safer school environments for adolescents.
Scalable and Energy-efficient Routing for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Large-scale wireless sensor networks consist of thousands of tiny and low cost devices with very limited energy, computing power and communication capabilities. Therefore, communication protocols must be designed with scalability and resource scarcity in mind. In this paper, we propose the scalable energy-efficient location-aided routing (SELAR) protocol for wireless sensor networks as a scalable and energy-efficient routing solution for large-scale wireless sensor networks. In SELAR, nodes use location and energy information of the neighboring nodes to perform the routing function. Further, the sink node is moved during the network operation to avoid the energy depletion problem and increase the network lifetime. By means of simulations, the SELAR protocol is evaluated and compared with two very well-known protocols - LEACH (low-energy adaptive-clustering hierarchy) and MTE (minimum transmission energy). Our results indicate that in realistic scenarios, SELAR delivers up to 12 times more data packets than LEACH and up to 1.4 times more packets than MTE. In addition, we show that the strategy of moving the sink node to avoid the rapid energy depletion of the nodes closer to the sink increases the network lifetime of SELAR up to 27 times more than LEACH and 5 times more than MTE
Origin of emission from porous silicon: Temperature-dependence correlation with proton conductivity

The excitation, emission, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of freshly prepared and aged porous silicon (PS) are examined. The effects of aging and temperature changing on the emission and excitation spectra of fresh and aged PS samples is also studied. Aging in air is found to result in a redshift in the emission spectrum, but a blueshift in the excitation spectrum. Increasing the temperatures leads to a general decrease in the emission intensities of both samples: however, the green emission of fresh sample shows an unusually large and sudden increase in its intensity at the same temperature at which the proton conductivity in the silicon wafer increases. The temperature dependence of the O-H vibration intensity of silicon wafers shows a sudden decrease at that temperature. These results are consistent with a model in which the excitation leads to the formation of exciton in the confined nanostructure, and the formation of electron and hole that are trapped by surface traps, whose nature is dependent on the chemical composition of the surface (and thus its age). These conclusions are confirmed by the results of the FTIR spectra of the two samples, the temperature dependence of the emission, and its correlation with the proton conductivity in the fresh PS.
Tracheobronchial calcifications in children.

Background Tracheobronchial calcifications are considered a rare radiologic finding in children. Our clinical experience indicates that this finding is not infrequently seen among children with prosthetic heart valves who have been treated with warfarin sodium.
Maize Mitochondria: Purification and Characterization of Ribosomes and Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid

Mitochondria were prepared from etiolated maize shoots (Zea mays L. var. McNair 508) by homogenization followed by differential centrifugation and equilibrium banding in discontinuous sucrose or Renografin-sucrose gradients. Mitochondria prepared by sucrose banding showed better physiological integrity than those prepared by renografin-sucrose banding, although both procedures yielded mitochondria that showed respiratory control and coupling of oxidation to phosphorylation of ADP. Mitochondria prepared by Renografin-sucrose banding were free of dectectable cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA, while sucrose banding resulted in a low level of contamination. Ribosomes isolated from mitochondria sedimented at about 78S, with subunits sedimenting at 60 and 44S. Using Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA as internal standards, the molecular weights of mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs were found to be 0.74 to 0.75 and 1.26 × 106 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, before or after denaturation in formaldehyde. Cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA molecular weights were 0.70 and 1.26 × 166 before denaturation, and 0.68 and 1.5 × 106 after denaturation, suggesting an unusual reaction of the heavy ribosomal RNA to formaldehyde.
Interleukin 11 treatment alters the protein content of Gαi2 and adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract Exposure of fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes to 5 nM interleukin 11 (IL-11) resulted in an increase (1.9±0.5 fold) in the protein content for the heterotrimeric G protein Gαi2. This G protein has been suggested to be involved in the control of the insulin responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane. Conversely, IL-11 had no effect on the content of three other G proteins, involved in insulin action. The alteration in Gαi2 protein corresponds to and provides a molecular rationale for our previously described IL-11 induced increase in plasma membrane glucose transporter content and increased rate of glucose transport. In addition, treatment with the cytokine altered the protein content of several transcription factors, C/EBPα and CHOP-10 decreased while PPARγ and C/EBPβ increased. These changes in transcription factor content are consistent with an alteration of phenotype with the cells reverting to an earlier stage of the differentiation process in response to IL-11.
Interaction of amino bases with tartrate-modified Ni catalysts

Abstract After poisoning with pyridine, tartaric acid-modified Ni catalysts showed an unexpected behavior as regards the dependence of enantioselectivity on the reaction temperature. While in the absence of a poison the enantioselectivity decreased with increasing reaction temperature, it remained constant for pyridine-poisoned Ni catalysts. This phenomenon is tentatively explained by assuming that ligand water is replaced by pyridine ligands in the Ni-tartrate complexes on the nickel surface. As pyridine is strongly held by Ni2+ ions, a higher ligand rigidity is attained which keeps the selectivity of the catalyst constant.
Overview of various techniques/platforms with critical evaluation of each

Patients with cancer of unknown primary are common and can present in a variety of ways with different histological features. Despite best clinical effort in pretreatment diagnostic workup, many patients classified as having cancer of unknown primary (CUP) often are still left with no definitive diagnosis of the primary organ or tissue of origin to account for the metastatic disease. Whereas advances in immunohistochemical techniques have improved the diagnostic yield to some extent, the challenges remain substantial for most patients with CUP in whom initial therapy is typically chosen empirically. In recent years, development of molecular gene profiling of tumor offers new possibilities to better characterize, diagnose, and classify the tissue of origin of various metastatic CUP to better inform optimal therapy. The premise behind the development of improved diagnostic tools to better diagnose the organ or tissue of origin for metastatic disease of unknown primary is that an organ/tissue-specific tailored therapy of choice would favorably impact the treatment outcome. There are now three commercially available molecular profiling platforms for the purpose of diagnosing the tissue of origin in the otherwise CUP patients: 1) bioTheranostics: Cancer TYPE ID® (qRT–PCR for mRNA); 2) Pathworks®: Tissue of origin test (microarray for mRNA expression); and 3) Rosetta Genomics-Prometheus: miRview™ mets (ProOnc Tumor SourceDxT) (qRT-PCR for microRNA). Whereas these are new technologic platforms that offer new promise for better diagnostics and perhaps better therapeutic strategies in cancer therapy, each of the platforms has its own strengths and limitations due to their test of choice and assay source materials and technical platform itself. However, a fundamental question that needs be further addressed regarding the utility of these novel molecular profiling assays is whether they represent more superior approaches than genomic profiling assays using rapidly emerging cancer genomics next-generation sequencing (NSG) platforms. Because cancer is nowadays understood as genomic disease, the genomic alterations (e.g., mutations, copy number variations, chromosomal translocations, splicing variants) may offer more important insights into the cancer pathogenesis. More importantly, these genomic information may be more relevant in guiding personalized/precision cancer therapy than merely empiric chemotherapy based on tissue/organ-of-origin information. Ideally, further comparative studies and demonstration of utilities would be needed and eagerly anticipated to determine which diagnostic approach ultimately could impact the clinical outcome of patients with CUP.
Posterior cervical-thoracic thermograms: pattern persistence and correlation with chronic headache syndromes

SYNOPSIS These experiments investigate thermographic patterns in the posterior cervical/thoracic (PCT) region of 530headache patients and 30 headache/injury-free volunteers. The study examines: The longitudinal persistence ofProximal and Distal patterns; three distinct midline patterns (PCT I, II, and III); and their correlation with diagnosis,injury, and pain. Twenty-four (80%) of 30 randomly selected subjects displayed unchanged Proximal patterns at the meanobservation period of 5.5 months. PCT pattern fluctuations occurred in 13/30 (43.3%) subjects. The distinctivenessof each subject's Proximal and Distal patterns was verified by blind calling of thermogram pairs. Patternpersistence was validated with alcohol spray-Patterns were identical regardless of using a 0.5°C or 1.0°Ctemperature setting. Temperature settings of 1.0°C yielded more distinct Proximal and Distal patterns. Chi square analysis determined that there was no significant difference in the number of PCT III patterns in theexperimental or control groups. In conclusion, it appears that Proximal and Distal Patterns may be consistent over time and individually unique,but that PCT patterns fluctuate and, therefore, do not correlate with chronic headaches.
A study of crossover operators and reference set sizes for scatter search in unconstrained function optimization

This paper explores different crossover operators and how they affect the Scatter Search (SS) algorithm in unconstrained function optimization. It also explores how the size of the reference set affects convergence and robustness. An introduction to Scatter Search is given along with the typical template. It follows with a thorough explanation of the specific implementation that is used. Two types of tests are designed: (1) what is the best fitness value that it can reach within a maximum number of fitness evaluations and (2) how fast it can converge to goal fitness. These tests are performed using different crossover operators and reference set sizes. Results are also compared apples to apples with a basic implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results show that although PSO is quicker at converging, SS shows more robustness with higher overall success rates.
Effects of Sublethal Copper Concentrations on the Structure and Activity of Atlantic Silverside Schools

Abstract The effects of sublethal concentrations of copper on the structure and activity of schools of the Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia were studied. A computerized video technique was employed to provide three-dimensional analysis. Ten experiments were conducted in which the behavior of a school exposed to from 0 to approximately 100 μg/L of copper was compared to the behavior of the same school on the previous day (control). Fish schools exposed to copper differed significantly (P < 0.05) from control schools in distance to nearest neighbor, swimming speed, mean direction of travel, rate of change of direction, and depth of the school in the tank. At low concentrations of copper, schools increased their swimming speed, decreased their rate of change of direction and their nearest-neighbor distances, and swam more in parallel orientation than schools under control conditions. Received August 8, 1983 Accepted February 24, 1985
The productivity of U.S. higher education: 1967–1977

The study examines changes in the productivity of U.S. colleges and universities in the provision of instruction from 1967–68 to 1976–77. Combining our data with that from June O'Neill's earlier study of the 1929–30 to 1966–67 period it is possible to observe productivity trends over a period of nearly fifty years. Our figures show declining output per unit of input from the late sixties to the late seventies, and we attribute the decline to an inability to adjust rapidly to changes in demand, the momemtum of the 1960s expansion programs, and a dramatic decline in external funding of research.
Theme and Variations: Juxtamembrane Regulation of Receptor Protein Kinases

Huse et al. in this issue of Molecular Cell and Wybenga-Groot et al. in the September 21, 2001 issue of Cell present biochemical and structural studies that elucidate the roles of juxtamembrane phosphorylation in a receptor serine/threonine kinase, the type I receptor for transforming growth factor beta, and in a receptor tyrosine kinase, the ephrin receptor EphB2.
Examining the schoolwide “spread” of research-based practices.

We investigated what had transpired in two elementary schools four years after we first began supporting one of the schools' efforts to restructure its special education program and three years after we provided a year-long professional development program to eight elementary and special education teachers. We had continued providing ongoing informal support during the years since, and wished to determine the extent to which the practices had “spread” to other teachers in our original school and a second school. Furthermore, we wished to learn why teachers who had not been a part of the original professional development program chose to learn and sustain use of the practices. A secondary interest was to discern how and why teachers adapted the practices. We found that 93% of the 98 teachers in the two schools had tried at least one of the practices and more than half continued to use one or more of the practices on a regular basis.
Modeling social and land-use/land-cover change data to assess drivers of smallholder deforestation in Belize

This study integrated remote sensing, household survey data, and spatial modeling to assess drivers of deforestation within the Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS), Belize, an IUCN category IV protected area for the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) established in 1985. We contrasted land-cover trends within the CBS, as well as a 120 m river buffer running within and outside the CBS (the focus of conservation). Additionally, we assessed the relative influence of selected household economic activity and demographic data, participation in two conservation initiatives, locational context, and land tenure on the probability of deforestation using binomial logit models. Social survey and land-cover change data was incorporated from 33 smallholder parcels from the years 2000–2004. Deforestation rates within the CBS totaled 30% between 1989 and 2004, following similar trends in Belize. Riparian areas were more likely to be deforested, as were areas closer to roads. Although cattle correlated with the leading driver of deforestation in the model, land tenure was not influential, despite its importance within the literature. Although involvement with conservation initiatives is correlated with decreased deforestation, other drivers are more influential, stressing the influence of other competing factors on forest preservation that must be considered with conservation development.
Repeated balloon dilation of a severe colonic stricture

Colonic stricture is not an uncommon problem but one that presents with considerable diagnostic difficulty to both the radiologist and clinician. Stenosis of a colonic anastomosis has been shown to occur in 1.2% to 4.2% of all postsurgical patients. l Dilation of rectal strictures has been routinely performed by colorectal surgeons through the use of conventional bougies or mercury-weighted rubber dilators. Dilation of a sigmoid stricture accessible per anus also has been successfully performed,3 but there is only one report of a balloon dilation of a rectal stricture through a similar technique. We report a case of successful di1ation of a sigmoid anastomosis stricture with a combination of hydraulic and pneumatic balloon technique. A 58-year-old married white woman was first hospitalized on June 9, 1983, at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, for evaluation of abdominal pain. She had a 15-year history of diverticular disease of the colon, which in April 1979 was complicated by an episode of acute diverticulitis with perforation. Surgery was performed with resection of 30 em of the sigmoid colon and a diverting cecostomy. The postoperative course was complicated by severe infections at the operative site requiring additional operative procedures for drainage of abscesses. In November 1979, after an anastomotic stricture was identified on sigmoidoscopy, surgery was again performed with resection of the stricture and end-to-end anastomosis using a stapler gun; in February 1980, she was again operated on for a takedown of the cecostomy. Since that time, the patient had intermittent left lower quadrant crampy abdominal pain, which became progressively worse. Prolonged periods of constipation, abdominal swelling, and pains were relieved by a series of rather large volume, semisolid bowel movements. Physical examination was unremarkable except for the abdomen which was obese with marked scarring; deep palpation elicited tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Rectal examination was normal and stools were guaiac negative. Laboratory values were remarkable only for neutropenia of 3,800 WBC per mm3. A barium enema revealed a postoperative colon with a 75% narrowing of the lumen at the level of the sigmoid anastomosis (Fig. 1).
Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud

Localization of dynein–green fluorescent protein (GFP) to cytoplasmic microtubules allowed us to obtain one of the first views of the dynamic properties of astral microtubules in live budding yeast. Several novel aspects of microtubule function were revealed by time-lapse, three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. Astral microtubules, about four to six in number for each pole, exhibited asynchronous dynamic instability throughout the cell cycle, growing at ≅0.3–1.5 μm/min toward the cell surface then switching to shortening at similar velocities back to the spindle pole body (SPB). During interphase, a conical array of microtubules trailed the SPB as the nucleus traversed the cytoplasm. Microtubule disassembly by nocodozole inhibited these movements, indicating that the nucleus was pushed around the interior of the cell via dynamic astral microtubules. These forays were evident in unbudded G1 cells, as well as in late telophase cells after spindle disassembly. Nuclear movement and orientation to the bud neck in S/G2 or G2/M was dependent on dynamic astral microtubules growing into the bud. The SPB and nucleus were then pulled toward the bud neck, and further microtubule growth from that SPB was mainly oriented toward the bud. After SPB separation and central spindle formation, a temporal delay in the acquisition of cytoplasmic dynein at one of the spindle poles was evident. Stable microtubule interactions with the cell cortex were rarely observed during anaphase, and did not appear to contribute significantly to spindle alignment or elongation into the bud. Alterations of microtubule dynamics, as observed in cells overexpressing dynein-GFP, resulted in eventual spindle misalignment. These studies provide the first mechanistic basis for understanding how spindle orientation and nuclear positioning are established and are indicative of a microtubule-based searching mechanism that requires dynamic microtubules for nuclear migration into the bud.
Mapping gluonic excitations and confinement

One of the outstanding and fundamental questions in physics is the quantitative understanding of the confinement of quarks and gluons in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Confinement is a unique feature of QCD. Exotic hybrid mesons manifest gluonic degrees of freedom and their spectroscopy will provide the crucial data needed to test assumptions in lattice QCD and phenomenology leading to confinement. Photoproduction is expected to be particularly effective in producing exotic hybrids but data using photon probes are sparse. At Jefferson Lab, plans are underway to use the coherent bremsstrahlung technique to produce a linearly polarized photon beam. A solenoid-based hermetic detector will be used to collect data on meson production and decays with statistics that will exceed the current photoproduction data in hand by several orders of magnitude after the first year of running. In order to reach the ideal photon energy of 9 GeV/c for this mapping of the exotic spectra, the energy of the Jefferson Lab electron accelerator, CEBAF, will be doubled from its current maximum of 6 GeV to 12 GeV. The physics and project are described.
Priming donor lungs with thioredoxin-1 attenuates acute allograft injury in a rat model of lung transplantation.

Background Lung graft dysfunction and rejection are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Thioredoxin-1, a redox-regulatory protein, functions as an antioxidant in multiple organs, including lungs. We examined whether priming of the donor lungs with thioredoxin-1 before transplantation attenuates acute lung injury. Methods Orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed from Lewis (donor) to Sprague-Dawley (recipient) rats. Donor lungs were perfused and stored in Perfadex solution (Vitrolife, Uppsala, Sweden), with or without purified thioredoxin-1. Changes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis, allograft oxygen exchange function, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/DNA binding, myeloperoxidase activities, and immunohistologic evaluation of neutrophils, macrophages, and cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 + ) infiltration were examined in post-transplant allograft (left) and native (right) lungs at Days 1 and 5. Results BAL cell differential analysis showed significant increases in macrophages and neutrophils in allografts at Day 1 post-transplant. At Days 1 and 5, lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased and myeloperoxidase and NF-κB/DNA binding activities were increased vs basal activities. Immunohistology staining revealed increased infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8 + T cell sub-sets. Pre-transplant priming of donor lungs with thioredoxin-1 improved oxygen exchange and attenuated NF-κB/DNA binding activity, and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8 + T cell sub-sets in allografts at Days 1 and 5 post-transplant. Conclusions Priming of donor lungs with thioredoxin-1 before transplant attenuates acute allograft injury in a rat model of lung transplantation, and appears to be associated with the antioxidant function of thioredoxin-1 that limits early ischemia–reperfusion injury, NF-κB activation, and progressive infiltration of inflammatory and immune cells in allografts.
Attributional Effects of Conflicting Chronic and Temporary Outcome Expectancies: A Case of Automatic Comparison and Contrast

Two studies examined the notion that perceivers’ chronically accessible, negative future-event expectancies might serve as an important cognitive context for the interpretation of temporarily primed expectancies. Such a cognitive context should activate more extreme event-outcome categories that subsequently should be used as comparison standards in the dispositional inference process. A final study examined the direct effect of chronically accessible, negative expectancies on judgments of the priming stimuli. The results of all three studies support the notion that the contextually produced extremity of momentary event expectancies resulted in an unaware and highly efficient comparison and contrast process. When participants were aware of the activation of extreme event-outcome categories and had the requisite resources, correction of target judgments occurred.
Melatonin Rhythm Observed throughout a Three-Cycle Bright-Light Stimulus Designed to Reset the Human Circadian Pacemaker:

Exposure to light and darkness can rapidly induce phase shifts of the human circadian pacemaker. A type 0 phase response curve (PRC) to light that has been reported for humans was based on circadian phase data collected from constant routines performed before and after a three-cycle light stimulus, but resetting data observed throughout the entire resetting protocol have not been previously reported. Pineal melatonin secretion is governed by the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker via a well-defined neural pathway and is reportedly less subject to the masking effects of sleep and activity than body temperature. The authors reasoned that observation of the melatonin rhythm throughout the three-cycle light resetting trials could provide daily phase-resetting information, allowing a dynamic view of the resetting response of the circadian pacemaker to light. Subjects (n = 12) living in otherwise dim light (approximately 10-15 lux) were exposed to a noncritical stimulus of three cycles of bright light (approximately 9500 lux for 5 h per day) timed to phase advance or phase delay the human circadian pacemaker; control subjects (n = 11) were scheduled to the same protocols but exposed to three 5-h darkness cycles instead of light. Subjects underwent initial and final constant routine phase assessments; hourly melatonin samples and body temperature data were collected throughout the protocol. Average daily phase shifts of 1 to 3 h were observed in 11 of 12 subjects receiving the bright light, supporting predictions obtained using Kronauer's phase-amplitude model of the resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker. The melatonin rhythm in the 12th subject progressively attenuated in amplitude throughout the resetting trial, becoming undetectable for >32 hours preceding an abrupt reappearance of the rhythm at a shifted phase with a recovered amplitude. The data from control subjects who remained in dim lighting and darkness delayed on average -0.2 h per day, consistent with the daily delay expected due to the longer than 24-h intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker. Both temperature and melatonin rhythms shifted by equivalent amounts in both bright light-treated and control subjects (R = 0.968; p<0.0001; n = 23). Observation of the melatonin rhythm throughout a three-cycle resetting trial has provided a dynamic view of the daily phase-resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker. Taken together with the observation of strong type 0 resetting in humans in response to the same three-cycle stimulus applied at a critical phase, these data confirm the importance of considering both phase and amplitude when describing the resetting of the human circadian pacemaker by light.