cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability is beneficial in marked stopping problems

We consider a large class of stopping problems and show that the optimal return increases with increases in the variability of one or more of the distributions from which observations are drawn. This class of stopping problems includes many of the common variants of the standard economic search problem as well as many other stopping problems. The key assumption is that the optimal return is convex in each observation.
Visual, motor and perceptual abilities at school age in children with isolated mild antenatal ventricular dilatation.

Abstract Background The detection of prenatal ventriculomegaly raises anxiety about possible neurological sequelae. A few studies have investigated possible neurodevelopmental sequelae in the first years after birth but no systematic assessment has been performed at school age. Aims The aim of this study was to assess minor neurological signs, perceptual and visual function in a cohort of children with isolated mild antenatal ventricular dilatation examined at school age. Study design Seventeen children with evidence of mild antenatal ventriculomegaly in the second and third trimester of pregnancy were included in the study. Outcome measures Children were assessed at school age (range 5 years 3 months–11 years, 11 months) using a structured neurological examination for minor neurological signs and age specific tests assessing perceptual motor abilities (Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration; Movement Assessment Battery for Children). Results Only one of the 17 children had abnormal results. The remaining 16 had normal results on all the tests, irrespective of the magnitude and the symmetry of the dilatation or of its evolution on neonatal scan. Conclusions Our results suggest that children who had mild isolated prenatal ventricular dilatation are unlikely to develop even minor motor or perceptual difficulties at school age.
Using iPhones™ to Enhance and Reduce Face-to-face Home Safety Sessions within SafeCare®: An Evidence-based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program

Innovative handheld technologies are changing the possibilities for public health interventions. The present research describes a preliminary examination of the iPhone™ when used as an assessment tool and an enhancement to an evidence-based, in-home child safety intervention. Three families with young children received an augmented version of the Safety module of SafeCare, a home-visiting child maltreatment prevention program. Specifically, parents were trained to use an iPhone to video rooms in their homes, as well as communicate feedback, logistics, and safety content between the home visitor and parent. The effectiveness of iPhone and video was examined using a multiple baseline design across in-home settings replicated across families. Home hazards were reduced dramatically across rooms and across participants. Face-to-face time of the home visitor was progressively reduced and replaced by video data collection. These data suggest smartphones are promising for data collection and for augmenting face-to-face interactions. Implications for reducing costs as smartphones become increasingly ubiquitous and for engaging and retaining participants are discussed.
High-dose continuous renal replacement therapy for neonatal hyperammonemia.

Infants with hyperammonemia can present with nonspecific findings so ordering an ammonia level requires a high index of suspicion. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) should be considered for ammonia concentrations of >400 μmol/L since medical therapy will not rapidly clear ammonia. However, the optimal RRT prescription for neonatal hyperammonemia remains unknown. Hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are both effective, with differing risks and benefits. We present the cases of two neonates with hyperammonemia who were later diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and received high-dose CRRT. Using dialysis/replacement flow rates of 8,000 mL/h/1.73 m2 (1,000 mL/h or fourfold higher than the typical rate used for acute kidney injury) the ammonia decreased to <400 μmol/L within 3 h of initiating CRRT and to <100 μmol/L within 10 h. We propose a CRRT treatment algorithm to rapidly decrease the ammonia level using collaboration between the emergency department and departments of genetics, critical care, surgery/interventional radiology, and nephrology.
Prediction by the method of moments of transport in a heterogeneous formation

Abstract Natural geologic formations are highly heterogeneous. It is impossible and often unnecessary to describe in deterministic terms the spatial variability of their properties. However, the hydrogeologic parameters may be represented in probabilistic terms. Prediction of solute transport may then be defined as the derivation of the probabilistic properties of concentration. This work deals with the first two integral (or spatial) moments of solute concentration in a heterogeneous formation of infinite extent. The first moment is the vector of the mean position of the centroid of the plume and, in a generalized sense, represents advection. The second moment is the matrix of dyadics of the mean squared displacement about the average position of the centroid of the plume and, again in a generalized sense, represents dispersion. Assuming that the mixing at the laboratory scale is Fickian, with random but time-invariant velocities and lab-scale dispersion matrices, the differential equations satisfied by the first two moments are derived. An analytical first-order (or small perturbation) solution is obtained for stationary velocity, and compared with a numerical solution.
Performance of integrated air defense systems

A model reflecting the evolution of an engagement between an integrated air defense system (IADS) and a penetrating strike group is presented. The engagement is modeled as an optimization problem on a network with stochastic arc lengths. The distribution of the MOE is obtained, and the importance of each IADS agent to the performance of the overall system is calculated. The effectiveness of several jamming plans against the network is demonstrated. >
Mortality studies of metalworking fluid exposure in the automobile industry: VI. A case-control study of esophageal cancer.

Background Results are reported from a nested case-control study of 60 esophageal cancer deaths among 46,384 automobile manufacturing workers potentially exposed to metalworking fluids (MWF) in machining and grinding operations. Methods By using incidence-density sampling, controls were selected with a sampling ratio of 20:1 from among co-workers who remained at risk by the age of death of the case, matched on race, gender, plant, and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk associated with cumulative exposure (mg/m3-years) to each of three types of metalworking fluid (straight, soluble, and synthetic MWF), as well as with years of exposure to selected components of MWF, including nitrosamines, sulfur, biocides, and several metals. Results Esophageal cancer was found to be significantly associated with exposure to both soluble and synthetic MWF in grinding operations. The odds ratios (ORs) for grinding with soluble MWF were elevated at 2.5 or greater in all categories of cumulative exposure, although the exposure-response trend was statistically significant only when exposure was measured as duration. Those with 12 or more years exposure to soluble MWF in grinding operations experienced a 9.3-fold relative risk of esophageal cancer mortality (95% CI = 2.1–42.1). The OR for ever grinding with synthetic MWF was 4.1 (95% CI = 1.1–15.0). Elevated risk was also associated with two agents found in both synthetic and soluble fluids, nitrosamines, and biocides. For exposure to nitrosamines, the OR was 5.4 (95% CI = 1.5–19.9); for biocides the OR was 3.8 (95% CI = 0.8–18.9). However, because the same workers were exposed to grinding with synthetics, nitrosamines and biocides, it was not possible to separate the specific risks associated with these components. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:36–48, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamic and Elastic Properties of Polyethylene at Elevated Temperatures

Over the years molecular modeling techniques, such as Molecular Mechanics, Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics have been applied to study the equilibrium thermodynamic and mechanical properties of materials. The accuracy of the predictions made by these techniques strongly depend on the force fields employed to represent the interactions in the studied system. Recently developed force field parameters for crystalline polyethylene are shown to reproduce the mechanical properties of polyethylene accurately through molecular mechanics. Here, we will present the statistical fluctuation formulae for the elevated temperature equilibrium thermodynamic and elastic properties in terms of microscopic variables such as energy, enthalpy, pressure, volume, microscopic strain or stress tensors and present preliminary results of our calculations.
Chlorophyll Regulates Accumulation of the Plastid-Encoded Chlorophyll Proteins P700 and D1 by Increasing Apoprotein Stability

Chlorophyll protein accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chloroplasts is controlled posttranscriptionally by light-induced formation of chlorophyll a. The abundance of translation initiation complexes associated with psbA, psaA, and rbcL mRNAs was measured using extension and inhibition analysis in plants grown in the dark for 4.5 d and then illuminated for up to 16 h. Light-induced accumulation of the chlorophyll proteins was not accompanied by changes in the abundance of translation initiation complexes, indicating that regulation of chlorophyll protein accumulation at this stage of development does not occur at the level of translation initiation. Translational runoff assays were performed in the presence of lincomycin, an inhibitor of translation initiation, to determine whether chlorophyll protein accumulation was regulated at the level of translation elongation. The extent of ribosome runoff of psaA and psbA mRNAs was similar in the presence or absence of chlorophyll, indicating that chlorophyll did not alter chlorophyll protein translation elongation. Polysome-associated D1 translation intermediates were radiolabeled in the presence or absence of chlorophyll, even though full-length D1 accumulated only in the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll influenced the stability of D1 translation intermediates to a small extent and greatly increased D1 stability after release from ribosomes. Overall, these results demonstrate that light-induced chlorophyll biosynthesis triggers the accumulation of the chlorophyll proteins D1 and P700 in barley chloroplasts by enhancement of chlorophyll apoprotein stability.
Pulsed doppler assessment of normal human femoral artery velocity patterns

Duplex scanning permits simultaneous B-mode imaging of arteries and pulsed Doppler assessment of center stream velocity patterns. By using spectrum analysis to quantitate the frequency distribution of the reflected Doppler signal and the B-mode image to measure the Doppler angle, instantaneous flow velocity can be calculated from the Doppler equation. Resting common femoral (CFA), superficial femoral (SFA), and profunda femoris artery (PFA) maximum center stream velocity, both forward and reverse, as well as the maximum velocity response of the CFA to reactive hyperemia induced by 3 min of cuff occlusion, was calculated bilaterally in ten healthy young subjects without evidence of arterial disease. Mean forward and reverse velocities in the CFA (69.73 cm/sec ± 3.96 (SEM) and 27.51 cm/sec ± 1.56 (SEM), respectively) and SFA (70.26 cm/sec ± 3.38 (SEM) and 26.76 cm/sec ± 1.69 (SEM), respectively) were similar; however, both of these parameters were lower in the PFA (51.74 ± 2.95 (SEM) and 14.92 ± 1.09 (SEM), respectively, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the relative magnitude of the reverse velocity component in the PFA was less than in the CFA or SFA, as indicated by a lower ratio of reverse to forward velocity (P < 0.02). Reactive hyperemia induced an increase in forward velocity in all CFAs which averaged 49.4%. Spectral evidence of transient flow disturbances was noted and the reverse component disappeared in all of these vessels for an average of 22 sec. A discussion of previous work in this field and of the possible relationship of these findings to arterial disease is presented.
The recombination hotspot Chi is recognized by the translocating RecBCD enzyme as the single strand of DNA containing the sequence 5′-GCTGGTGG-3′

The RecBCD enzyme of Escherichia coli func- tions in the seemingly disparate roles of homologous recom- bination and the degradation of DNA. Which of these two roles it assumes is regulated by the 8-base recombination hotspot, Chi. Using double-stranded DNA substrates that are hetero- duplex at the Chi locus we have established the determinants for Chi recognition. Our results show that an actively trans- locating RecBCD enzyme requires only the sequence infor- mation in the 5*-GCTGGTGG-3*-containing strand to recog- nize and to be regulated by Chi. Furthermore, the RecBCD enzyme can translocate through DNA heteroduplex bubbles as large as 22 bases, and still recognize a Chi sequence embedded in this region. This implies that recognition of Chi occurs following the unwinding of the DNA.
A Comparison Of Simple Mathematical Approaches To The Placement Of Spot Symbols

Cartography is both an art and a science. This paper examines an artistic aspect of spot mapping, the placement of spot symbols into choroplethic zones. No simple algorithm for the calculation of aesthetically pleasing centroids exists, yet the findings do suggest that both relative area around the point, as well as its distance from the perimeter are significant. It is hypothesized that centering may be performed in a two-stage procedure. First, the entire polygon is scanned for a general center location. Second, that location is further scanned for an area-weighted center. La cartographie est a la fois un art et une science. L'article examine un aspect artistique de la cartographie ponctuelle, c'est-a-dire le positionnement des symboles statistiques dans leurs aires. Il n'existe pas d'algorithme simple pour le positionnement esthetique des centroides; cependant la recherche indique que l'espace autour du point autant que sa distance par rapport au perimetre sont significatifs. On formule l'hypothese que...
A comparison of three downregulation approaches for poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization.

Objective To assess the efficacy of three different GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) stimulation regimens to improve ovarian response in poor responders undergoing IVF. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Center for Reproductive Health at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. Patient(s) Women diagnosed as poor responders who presented consecutively from January 1999 to January 2004. Intervention(s) Patients underwent three different stimulation regimens during IVF cycles: [1] stop protocol: GnRH-a 500 μg/d administered from the midluteal phase to the start of menses, then gonadotropins from day 2 of cycle, [2] microdose flare: GnRH-a 20 μg administered twice daily with gonadotropins from day 2 to the day of hCG administration, or [3] regular dose flare: gonadotropins beginning with GnRH-a on day 2 at 1 mg/d for 3 days, followed by 250 μg/d until the day of hCG administration. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ovarian response, implantation rates, clinical pregnancy and delivery rates. Result(s) Sixty-one IVF cycles were included in the study. None of the comparisons reached statistical significance; however, the microdose group demonstrated a trend toward a higher completed pregnancy rate. Conclusion(s) The microdose flare protocol for poor responders demonstrated a trend toward higher delivery rates. A larger prospective study would need to be performed to determine whether this trend leads to a significant finding in this patient population.
Busy Dogs: a class of iteration problems

In this paper, we describe and analyse a class of pursuit problems. When the pursuit strategies are given by constants, we show that limiting behaviour of any such system is asymptotically periodic in the sense that all solutions approach a common k-cycle, independent of initial data. By contrast, non-constant pursuit stategies lead to non-linear systems and can produce chaos.
Liver disease in pregnancy

Abnormal liver tests occur in 3%-5% of pregnancies, with many potential causes, including coincidental liver disease (most commonly viral hepatitis or gallstones) and underlying chronic liver disease. However, most liver dysfunction in pregnancy is pregnancy-related and caused by 1 of the 5 liver diseases unique to the pregnant state: these fall into 2 main categories depending on their association with or without preeclampsia. The preeclampsia-associated liver diseases are preeclampsia itself, the hemolysis (H), elevated liver tests (EL), and low platelet count (LP) (HELLP) syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy have no relationship to preeclampsia. Although still enigmatic, there have been recent interesting advances in understanding of these unique pregnancy-related liver diseases. Hyperemesis gravidarum is intractable, dehydrating vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy; 50% of patients with this condition have liver dysfunction. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is pruritus and elevated bile acids in the second half of pregnancy, accompanied by high levels of aminotransferases and mild jaundice. Maternal management is symptomatic with ursodeoxycholic acid; for the fetus, however, this is a high-risk pregnancy requiring close fetal monitoring and early delivery. Severe preeclampsia itself is the commonest cause of hepatic tenderness and liver dysfunction in pregnancy, and 2%-12% of cases are further complicated by hemolysis (H), elevated liver tests (EL), and low platelet count (LP)-the HELLP syndrome. Immediate delivery is the only definitive therapy, but many maternal complications can occur, including abruptio placentae, renal failure, subcapsular hematomas, and hepatic rupture. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a sudden catastrophic illness occurring almost exclusively in the third trimester; microvesicular fatty infiltration of hepatocytes causes acute liver failure with coagulopathy and encephalopathy. Early diagnosis and immediate delivery are essential for maternal and fetal survival.
Heat transfer at the base of a cylindrical cavity oriented perpendicular to a freestream flow

Abstract The average and local heat transfer at the base surface of a cylindrical cavity whose opening is perpendicular to an oncoming freestream have been determined experimentally. During the course of the experiments, the cavity depth was varied from zero to 65% of the diameter, while the freestream Reynolds number ranged between about 5000 and 50,000. The average heat transfer coefficient decreased sharply with increasing cavity depth, the reduction being slightly greater than 50% at a depth-diameter ratio of 0.10 and greater than 90% when the depth-diameter ratio was 0.65. For the finite-depth cavities, the local heat transfer coefficient attained its maximum value at the center of the base surface and decreased with increasing radial distance from the center until a minimum was reached, after which there was a moderate increase adjacent to the outer edge of the base. The minimum occurred at the location where the radial outflow along the base separated from the surface, and a toroidal-shaped recirculation zone occupied the corner region at the intersection of the cavity base and side wall. In contrast, for the zero-depth cavity (i.e. a free disk oriented perpendicular to the oncoming flow), the local coefficient attained its minimum at the center of the surface and increased with increasing radial distance from the center.
The Isotopic Constitution of Europium, Gadolinium, and Terbium

The isotopic abundances of europium, gadolinium, and terbium have been determined electrometrically by means of a mass spectrometer. The abundances of europium isotopes of masses 151 and 153 were found to be 47.77 and 52.23 percent, respectively. For gadolinium, masses 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, and 160 were found to have abundances of 0.20, 2.15, 14.78, 20.59, 15.71, 24.78, and 21.79 percent, respectively. Upper limits for the existence of other isotopes of these elements were determined.
On the reciprocity factor for shielded microstrip

Numerical results relating off-diagonal elements of the impedance matrix [Z] for a two-port waveguide junction are derived based on a general waveguide circuit theory [1] and a rigorous space-domain approach. The junction between a coaxial line and a lossy shielded microstrip line is considered. Data indicate that even when the waveguides are composed of reciprocal media, the forward and reverse transmission coefficients are not necessarily equal. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunocytochemistry of gamma‐aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in Necturus taste buds

Little information is currently available about which neurotransmitters are involved in signal processing in the peripheral sensory organs of taste, taste buds. Synaptic contacts between taste cells and sensory axons have long been known to exist, but what substances are active at these synapses is not known. Our objective in this study was to test for the presence of the neurotransmitter candidates, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and histamine in taste buds of Necturus maculosus. Light microscopic irnmunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the location of these substances in taste buds and surrounding epithelium. GABA and glutamate were detected in nerve fibers that innervate the taste buds, and, to a substantially lesser extent, in fine, varicose axons that penetrated the surrounding nontaste epithelium. Serotonin immunostaining was strong in basal cells in frog taste discs but was only faintly detected in Necturus taste buds. Histamine was not detected at all in taste buds. We conclude that amino acid neurotransmission may be involved in taste mechanisms and that monoamines may also play a role in chemosensory transduction in the taste bud. On the basis of our inability to detect histamine with immunocytochemical techniques, we conclude that this substance is unlikely to be a major neurotransmitter in Necturus taste buds.
Structural and electrochemical behavior of LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2

Abstract Layered LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 with the α-NaFeO2 structure was synthesized by the “mixed hydroxide” method, followed by a high temperature calcination at 800 °C giving a single phase material of surface area 5 m2 g−1. A combined X-ray/neutron diffraction Rietveld refinement showed that the transition metals in the 3b layer are randomly distributed at room temperature, and that only nickel migrates to the lithium layer and in this case 4.4%. Addition of excess lithium reduces the amount of nickel on the lithium sites. The magnetic susceptibilities of the compounds LiMnyNiyCo1−2yO2 (y = 0.5, 0.4, 0.333) follow the Curie–Weiss law above 100 K and are consistent with the presence of Ni2+, Mn4+ and Co3+ cations; their magnetization curves, measured at 5 K and showing a pronounced hysteresis, are also consistent with the nickel content on the lithium sites increasing with decreasing cobalt content. This material shows a stable capacity of 140–170 mA h g−1 for more than 90 cycles within the voltage window of 2.5–4.4 V. The layered rhombohedral structure is maintained as lithium is removed down to at least a lithium content of 0.05; the total volume change on cycling is under 2%. The nickel ions pin the lattice so that MO2 slab sliding to form the 1T structure cannot readily occur. The capability of aqueous acids to leach lithium from the lattice decreases with increasing nickel content in the lithium layer; however, the thermal stability of the delithiated compounds increases with cobalt content.
Computer modeling of antibiotic fermentation with on‐line product removal

The fermentation of Streptomyces griseus for the production of cycloheximide is similar to other antibiotic fermentations in that product synthesis is subject to feedback regulation and the desired product is degraded in the fermentation broth. The productivity of this fermentation can thus be dramatically increased by removing the antibiotic from the whole broth as it is produced. One means for effecting this on-line product removal is to contact the whole fermentation broth with neutral polymeric resin immobilized in hydrogel beads. The antibiotic adsorbs to the immobilized resin via hydrophobic interactions. In this work, the adsorption of the antibiotic onto the immobilized resin was characterized. A biochemical model of the fermentation was then used to describe the time profiles of biomass, substrate, and antibiotic in a fermentation system in which whole broth is circulated from the fermentor through a continuously stirred extractor containing the adsorbent beads. Various operating conditions were examined to optimize the productivity of the fermentation.
Color Coding In Incoherent Spatial Filtering

The application of polychromatic illumination and color-coded pupil apertures in optical transfer function (OTF) synthesis is discussed. Specific attention is focused on the use of photographic film in incoherent processors employing color-coding for OTF synthesis. Film is used primarily to provide a permanent record of an optical system output distribution but, under certain conditions, can also be used to perform image subtraction required in some synthesis operations.
Cathodoluminescence Imaging And Spectroscopy Of CVD Diamond In A Scanning Electron Microscope

Optically active defects in diamond films grown by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition method were investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy in a scanning electron microscope. A set of films grown on silicon substrates at deposition temperatures (Td) from 600°C to 850° C was studied. The spatial resolution of the CL images was approximately 0.2 to 0.5 μm; CL spectra were measured with wavelength resolution 0.4 nm in the wavelength range 350 to 900 nm.
A Survey of Important Auxiliary Equations for Selected Compact Heat Exchanger

Important auxiliary equations are presented that are typically used in compact heat exchanger research. These relationships are presented only for selected compact heat exchangers — bare pipe, helically finned pipe, plate finned pipe, spined pipe, and plate exchangers. The equations primarily address issues relating to heat exchanger geometry, surface area to volume ratio, and fin efficiency. Furthermore, they are organized in a systematic manner and consolidated in one central location for easy reference.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
In vivo production of neuraminidase by Pasteurella haemolytica in market stressed cattle after natural infection

Pasteurella haemolytica (Ph) is the most important cause of the bovine acute fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia that occurs in market stressed calves after shipment to feedyards. Recent characterization of neuraminidase production by these organisms has shown that all 16 serotypes produce an immunologically similar form of the enzyme. Anti-neuraminidase antibody against PhA1 and PhA6 was determined in 101 2- to 5-month-old calves, on their farms of origin, at the order buyer barn (OBB), and through 28 days in the feedyard. Half of the calves were vaccinated with a killed Ph serotype-A1 (PhA1) product. Nasal secretion and tonsil wash specimens were cultured for Ph and Pasteurella multocida (Pm). Serum antibody against PhA1 and PhA6 was measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and anti-neuraminidase antibody was determined by the neutralization assay. At the feedyard, 73 calves had respiratory tract disease. IHA values ranged between 1:2 and 1:1024 for PhA1 and between 1:2 and 1:512 for Ph serotype A6 (PhA6). Forty-two, 24, and 28% of the calves were infected with PhA1, PhA6, and Pm, respectively. Ninety-six percent of the calves experienced an increase in anti-PhA1 neuraminidase antibody when sera drawn on feedyard day 28 were compared with sera drawn on the farm. These data demonstrate that the enzyme neuraminidase is produced in vivo in market stressed cattle after a natural Ph infection.
The making of a surgeon revisited.

The topic that I am going to address is specific with regard to specialty, and I do recognize that we have a significant number of nonsurgical members. Of the nonsurgical members, I beg your indulgence; on the other hand, you may wish to use some of what I'm about to say as ammunition in your future interaction with surgeons. Nolan's book, The Making of a Surgeon , was published in 1968. In that book, he detailed the development of a surgeon primarily from the standpoint of the rigors of surgical residency training. In doing so, Bill Nolan gave us and the public at large a rather narrow view of a surgeon, having passed over the early development and having not gone far enough to examine that evolution beyond a short period of training. His book is not unlike the plethora of movies, Gross Anatomy , etc, that capitalize on detailing the rigors
Manufacturing with DUV lithography

Deep-UV (DUV) lithography has been developed to scale minimum feature sizes of devices on semiconductor chips to sub-half-micron dimensions. This paper reviews early manufacturing experiences at the IBM Microelectronics Division with deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography at a 248-nm wavelength. Critical steps in the processing of 1Mb DRAM, 16Mb DRAM, and logic gate conductors in devices are discussed. The evolution of DUV lithography tools is also briefly reviewed.
THE PATTERN OF EXPRESSION OF GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEIN β3 IN THE RETINA IS CONSERVED ACROSS VERTEBRATE SPECIES

Abstract Guanine nucleotide-binding protein β3 (GNB3) is an isoform of the β subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein second messenger complex that is commonly associated with transmembrane receptors. The presence of GNB3 in photoreceptors, and possibly bipolar cells, has been confirmed in murine, bovine and primate retinas [Lee RH, Lieberman BS, Yamane HK, Bok D, Fung BK (1992) J Biol Chem 267:24776–24781; Peng YW, Robishaw JD, Levine MA, Yau KW (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:10882–10886; Huang L, Max M, Margolskee RF, Su H, Masland RH, Euler T (2003) J Comp Neurol 455:1–10]. Studies have indicated that a mutation in the GNB3 gene causes progressive retinopathy and globe enlargement (RGE) in chickens. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the expression pattern of GNB3 in wild-type and RGE mutant chickens, (2) characterize the types of bipolar cells that express GNB3 and (3) examine whether the expression of GNB3 in the retina is conserved across vertebrate species. We find that chickens homozygous for the RGE allele completely lack GNB3 protein. We find that the pattern of expression of GNB3 in the retina is highly conserved across vertebrate species, including teleost fish ( Carassius auratus ), frogs ( Xenopus laevis ), chickens ( Gallus domesticus ), mice ( Mus musculata ), guinea-pigs ( Cavia porcellus ), dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and non-human primates ( Macaca fasicularis ). Regardless of the species, we find that GNB3 is expressed by Islet1-positive cone ON-bipolar cells and by cone photoreceptors. In some vertebrates, GNB3-immunoreactivity was observed in both rod and cone photoreceptors. A protein-protein alignment of GNB3 across different vertebrates, from fish to humans, indicates a high degree (>92%) of sequence conservation. Given that analogous types of retinal neurons express GNB3 in different species, we propose that the functions and the mechanisms that regulate the expression of GNB3 are highly conserved.
Safety and efficacy of the oblique-viewing panendoscope (GIF-K) as demonstrated in 1000 cases

Refuting a previous claim of hazard in the use of the oblique-viewing panendoscope, the authors report their use of this instrument in 1000 cases without misadventure. An editorial comment on this dialectic appears elsewhere in this issue.
Mutant Escherichia coli Ada proteins simultaneously defective in the repair of O6-metbylguanine and in gene activation

The activated Ada protein triggers expression of DNA repair genes in Escherichia coli in response to alkylation damage. Ada also possesses two distinct suicide alkyltransferase activities, for O6-alkylguanines and for alkyl phosphotriesters in DNA. The mutant Ada3 and Ada5 transferases repair O6-methylguanine in DNA 20 and 3000 times more slowly, respectively, than the wild-type Ada protein, but both exhibit normal DNA phosphotriester repair. These same proteins also exhibit delayed and sluggish induction of the ada and alkA genes. Since the C-terminal O6-methylguanine methyltransferase domain of Ada is not implicated in the direct binding of specific DNA sequences, this part of the Ada protein is likely to play an alternative mechanistic role in gene activation, either by promoting Ada dimerization, or via direct contacts with RNA polymerase.
Lullabies and postmemory: hearing the ghosts of Spanish history in Guillermo del Toro's Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno, 2006)

This essay frames a close reading of how the lullaby (“Mercedes' Lullaby”) self-consciously shapes Pan's Labyrinth from a transnational, transhistorical perspective that searches for precedents in the political use of the lullaby genre. It will review several literary examples of how the lullaby format was used by political prisoners during the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath of repression (Jose Hierro, Miguel Hernandez), and it will also connect the uses of the lullaby, a “motherly” genre, with the “silent” political strategies employed successfully by the “Madres de la Plaza de Mayo” during Argentina's period of guerra sucia from the 1977s onward to “voice” dissent on a public space. It will analyze the role of the children's song “El pais de Nomeacuerdo” in a film that also portrays this period in Argentine history, Luis Puenzo's La historia oficial (1985). I will argue that all these cultural manifestations are intertwined with the beatiful and brutal form of the lullaby, whose inherent characteri...
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Anilides of Salicylic Acid and o-Coumaric Acid

Abstract A series of o -hydroxycinnamanilides and the corresponding series of salicylanilide derivatives were prepared and tested for antifungal activity. These compounds were investigated for the purpose of determining the effect of vinylogy and also the effect of substitution on the anilide rings. The results showed that all of the 0-hydroxycinnamanilide derivatives had less antifungal activity than did their corresponding salicylanilide derivatives. Most of the compounds bad some antifungal activity at the tested concentration of 0.5%; however, only two compounds had activity greater than salicylanilide. These compounds were the 3′-chloro- and the 4′-chloro-salicylanilides.
Noise location and the slope of the psychometric function for simple motion stimuli

We measured subject performance as a function of luminance for both detection and discrimination of increment stimuli; some were static, and some were arranged to give two-step apparent motion. Our aim was to examine a prediction for the shape of the psychometric function for motion: an accelerating function due to the presence of a multiplicative nonlinearity contained in many low-level motion models. For the tasks with static stimuli we found psychometric function slopes (of log d' versus log luminance plots) between 1.9 and 2.4 in two subjects, as previously reported. For the tasks with apparent motion stimuli in the same range of detectability, however, the slopes are between 1.2 and 1.7. The lower slopes indicate that many low-level motion models are either incorrect or incomplete as currently specified, and changes in nonlinearities and noise placement are discussed.
Alteration of life span of mice chronically exposed to 2.45 GHz CW microwaves.

Female CD 1 mice were exposed from the thirty-fifth day of age for the remainder of their lives to 2.45 GHz, CW-microwave radiation at a power density of 3 or 10 m W/cm2 (SAR = 2.0 or 6.8 W/kg). Exposures took place 1 h/day, 5 day/week in an anechoic chamber at an ambient temperature of 22 °C and a relative humidity of 50%. There were 25 animals in each exposure group, and an equal number of controls were concurrently sham exposed. The average life span of animals exposed at 10 mW/cm2 was significantly shorter than that of sham-exposed controls (572 days vs. 706 days; P = .049; truncation >20%). In contrast, the average lifespan of the animals exposed at 3 mW/cm2 was slightly, but not significantly, longer (738 days) than that of controls (706 days). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Acid-labile sulfide of clostridial ferredoxin and its enzymatic exchange with sodium sulfide-35S

Abstract Ferredoxin (Fd) from Clostridium pasteurianum contains 8 non-heme iron atoms and from 6–8 acid-labile sulfide groups ( Lovenberg et al , 1963 ; Mortenson, 1964 ; Malkin and Rabinowitz, 1967 ). Malkin and Rabinowitz (1966a) have concluded that the sulfide released by acid treatment is an independent component of Fd rather than a byproduct of acid degradation of its cysteinyl residues, a suggestion of Bayer et al , (1964) , Bayer & Parr (1966) and Gersonde & Druskeit (1968) . Evidence presented in this paper supports the conclusion that the acid-labile sulfide released from Fd is a different entity from the -SH group of the cysteinyl residues. This paper also reports on a new enzymatic reaction for the exchange of sodium sulfide-35S with acid-labile sulfide of clostridial Fd.
Searching for a Priest ... or a Man? Using Gender as a Cultural Resource in an Episcopal Campus Chapel

This paper examines an Episcopal campus chapel's search process for a new priest. I argue that gender, at the group level, is a fluid cultural resource that search committee members use in contradictory ways to select a male priest. I illustrate my argument using data drawn from twenty-eight in-depth interviews and participant observation (1994-1995) of a search committee in an Episcopal campus ministry located on the grounds of a southeastern state university. My findings show that a patriarchal agenda can be upheld by a search committee without it ever being specified or codified. Well-intentioned search committee members routinely do gender even as they claim and believe they act in gender-free ways. The contribution this analysis makes to our understanding of congregational search processes and discrimination against female clergy is considered.
Defining benefits and risks for SERMs in clinical trials and clinical practice.

: Differences between clinical trials and clinical practice with respect to defining benefits and benefit/risk ratios for SERMs are discussed. These differences stem from the perception that there is discordance between the statistical significance and the “clinical meaningfulness” of research data in the minds of the practitioner and patient. One way that we can obtain data that are more clinically meaningful is to solicit input in the planning stages of clinical trials from practicing community clinicians and their patients. However, there are drawbacks to community input, such as potentially unrealistic expectations. A further issue is the need to characterize clinically meaningful drug benefits and acceptable benefit/risk ratios for a drug. Individual patients have differences regarding their views of optimal benefits and acceptable risks, so a method or tool for determining what is clinically meaningful would be helpful in presenting comprehensive information to the patient. To present useful information to clinicians, head-to-head comparisons of a new drug with a standard agent should be undertaken. NIH's support in this area of comparator trials is critical to their implementation. Estrogen has been considered the standard for comparison of agents for conditions associated with menopause in clinical trials. Estrogen has been the “gold standard” in clinical practice as well. In fact, challenging the position of estrogen, even where scientifically supported, has proven to be an uphill battle. In the practice setting, we elaborate the challenges of keeping up with the scientific literature and of then communicating this information in a fashion that is relevant to the individual patient.
Early clinical experience with a new generation Q-switched neodymium:YAG laser+++

We present early clinical results of Nd:YAG capsulotomy with a new generation Nd:YAG laser unit. We conclude that the new systems are as efficient as their early counterparts in noninvasive capsulotomy.
Tracer Test Evaluation of a Drainage Ditch Capture Zone

Recent analytical and numerical modeling studies (Zheng et al., 1988a, 1988b) suggest that drainage ditches within the central sand plain of Wisconsin may serve to limit the spread of agricultural chemicals. In this study a natural-gradient tracer test was conducted to determine flow paths around a sand plain drainage ditch. The flow paths define a capture zone for the ditch. These results were used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of an analytical model (Zheng et al., 1988a). The natural-gradient tracer test began with injections of iodide at two depths and bromide at an intermediate depth. Movement of these tracers reveals that average ground-water velocity ranged from 0.4 ft/day at a depth of 20 ft to greater than 1 ft/day near the water table. The delineated capture zone was deeper than 12 ft below the water table. These results are encouraging because they indicate that the capture depth of the ditch should allow for the effective removal of shallow agricultural contaminants. The observed capture depth falls within the range predicted by the analytical model of Zheng et al. (1988a). However, a sensitivity analysis of the analytical method reveals that the predicted range of capture depths is large. This range results from the variability and uncertainty of the model parameters. The analytical solution appears best suited for estimating the minimum capture depth, which is a conservative estimate of contaminant capture.
Nucleic Acid Conformation Ensembles Revealed by Au-SAXS Interferometry

Biological macromolecules in solution exist as conformational ensembles that are described quantitatively by an energy landscape. A central challenge in modern biology is to develop physical models that faithfully reproduce this landscape, and that are capable of predicting the dynamical behavior of proteins and nucleic acids intrinsic to a conformational ensemble. However, obtaining direct and accurate experimental measurements of conformational ensembles, critical for testing and developing physical models, has been a major problem. Current experimental techniques yield data that is either ensemble-averaged (e.g. solution molecular rulers) or time-averaged (e.g. single-molecule approaches), and distance measurements that are not sufficiently accurate to resolve the distinct structures contributing to an actual conformational ensemble. Recently we developed a solution-phase scattering technique that solves this problem. The so-called Au-SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering) interferometry technique provides the precise and instantaneous distance distribution in aqueous solution between a pair of Au-nanocrystal probes conjugated to a biological macromolecule, and the data provide distances in solution that are quantitatively comparable to those determined by x-ray diffraction of crystals. A set of accurate distance distributions between many different probe pairs can be used to determine the structure of a solution ensemble. In this work, we apply Au-SAXS to interrogate the fundamental nature of the DNA double helix, to measure the effect of A-tract sequences on helix conformation and flexibility, and to determine the conformational ensemble produced upon introduction of bulge sequences into nucleic acid helices.
Galactic cosmic-ray modulation near the heliopause

We investigate the modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the inner and outer heliosheaths using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The model is based on the Parker transport equation integrated using a stochastic phase-space trajectory method. Integration is performed on a plasma background obtained from a global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Our results predict a negligible amount of modulation in the outer heliosheath because of weak scattering of cosmic ray ions owing to very low levels of magnetic fluctuation power at wavenumbers relevant to the transport of cosmic rays with MeV to GeV energies. This means that the heliopause may be treated as a Dirichlet-type boundary for the purpose of energetic particle modeling. We present models with and without drift velocity to facilitate comparison with papers published earlier. We also attempt to reproduce the sudden step-like increases of cosmic-ray intensity observed by Voyager 1 before its encounter with the heliopause. Our results indicate that very slow cross-field diffusion in the outer heliosheath could produce a large gradient of cosmic rays inside the heliospheric boundary. The resulting large gradient in cosmic-ray intensity near the heliopause qualitatively agrees with recent Voyager 1 observations.
The definition of the velocity field in many body systems

Abstract Contrary to the usual assumption of quantum hydrodynamics a velocity field cannot be uniquely defined at each point of space because the inverse density operator does not exist. A physically meaningful velocity field is constructed without using the inverse density field.
Empirical tests of real estate market efficiency

Recent empirical research using real estate data has supported the weak and semi-strong forms of the efficient markets hypothesis. Previous studies have not included an estimate of expected appreciation into the tests of market efficiency, thus raising a question about the reliability of the results. We first use a market model to test for market efficiency with results similar to those reported by others. We next use a dynamic multiple indicator, multiple cause (DYMIMIC) model, which extracts a vector of expected appreciation from the price data, to test market efficiency. This approach produces superior results and a stronger conclusion about the efficiency of housing markets. The results indicate limited adjustment delays which can be explained by the existence of high transactions and search costs.
Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) infections on resident Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in southern Norway

This study surveys the distribution of Gyrodactylus salaris on resident Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, in lakes connected to three south-Norwegian watercourses: Numedalsvassdraget, Skiensvassdraget and Hallingdalsvassdraget. Gyrodactylus salaris infected charr was only recorded in Numedalsvassdraget. The parasites had the same mitochondrial haplotype as those previously reported on charr in Lake Palsbufjorden, which is part of Numedalsvassdraget. Since the G. salaris-charr association is persistent in Palsbufjorden and has a wide distribution above the stretches of the watercourse inhabited by anadromous salmonids, this is considered a stable, although perhaps relatively young, host-parasite system. More detailed analyses of these interactions revealed seasonal variations in the parasite population dynamics between late summer and late autumn, with heavier infections occurring in males and older fish in October. This is explained by the combined action of seasonal differences in temperature and physiology and ecology of host cohorts. It is assumed that the occurrence of G. salaris on charr in Palsbufjorden resulted from a host switch to charr from rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss. Host switches may cause significant expansions of the geographical range of pathogenic variants of G. salaris. Therefore, observations of frequently occurring G. salaris on charr have implications for the diagnosis, management and control of salmonid gyrodactylosis.