cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the ultimate shear strength of a metal-ceramic interface

Abstract The ultimate shear strength of a metal-ceramic interface has been measured by depositing a thin film of the ceramic on a ductile, metal substrate. As the metal is plastically stretched the ceramic film develops cracks that are oriented transverse to the pulling direction. The density of the cracks (the number per unit length) increases as more and more plastic strain is applied to the metal substrate. Eventually the crack density reaches a constant value and is not influenced by further plastic deformation of the metal. Theoretical analysis of the problem prescribes that the minimum and the maximum spacing between the cracks should differ by a factor of two. Also, the ultimate shear strength of the metal-ceramic interface is related to the tensile fracture strength of the ceramic film and the largest spacing between the cracks; both of these quantities are measured in this simple technique. Experiments performed with 60 nm thick films of silica bonded to pure copper substrates show the tensile fracture strength of the film to be in the range 3.4–6.7 GPa, and the ultimate shear strength of the interface to lie in the range 0.56–1.67 GPa.
Gravity-Powered Chemical Dose Controller for Sustainable, Municipal-Scale Drinking Water Treatment

AbstractAccurate chemical dosing in water treatment plants is imperative to ensure optimal efficiency of flocculation and disinfection. Design algorithms, calibration techniques, and standardized components are presented for a linear flow orifice meter (LFOM) and a linear chemical dose controller (LCDC). These coupled systems allow water treatment plant operators to easily and reliably set and maintain the desired doses of coagulant and disinfectant. The combined system adjusts the chemical flow rate automatically in response to changes in plant flow rate to maintain the target chemical dose. The LFOM maintains a linear relationship between height of water in the entrance tank and plant flow rate. A lever and float are used to create a direct relationship between the plant flow and chemical flow produced by the LCDC. A linear relationship between head loss and chemical flow in the LCDC is created by using the major head loss through a small diameter tube to control the chemical flow rate. Experimental tes...
Five Faces of Cognition: Theoretical Influences on Approaches to Learning Disabilities

The label cognitive has been used to designate five substantially different approaches to the study of learning disabilities: information processing, metacognition, genetic epistemology, cognitive ...
Statistical Considerations and Techniques for Understanding Physiological Data, Modeling, and Treatments

Comparing models with data always forces us to deal with uncertainty. This uncertainty may take many different forms and involve multiple scales of resolution in the model and in the experiment. In this paper, we discuss issues surrounding the development of deterministic dynamic models of mean behavior and the associated statistical models of the difference between model and experiment. We touch on a variety of topics, including basic exploratory data analysis, confidence bounds and model reduction hypothesis tests. Tools ranging from nonlinear regression to time series to Bayesian decision theory are presented.
OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INFRARED EMITTING RARE-EARTH-DOPED FLUORIDE NANOCRYSTALS AND THEIR TRANSPARENT NANOCOMPOSITES

Nanocrystalline LaF3:Nd and CaF2:Er with rare-earth concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 16.7 mol % and dispersible particle sizes less than 100 nm were synthesized by solvothermal synthesis. Optical absorption, emission, and quantum efficiency were measured for the nanocrystals. Dopant levels of 0.5 mol % rare earth exhibited the best emission characteristics, with maximum quantum efficiencies of 95 and 51% for LaF3:Nd and CaF2:Er, respectively. The nanopowders were suspended in PFCB (6F variant) polymer-in-toluene solutions to make transparent suspensions that could be cast to make transparent nanocomposites. Scattering analysis indicates that the excellent transmission can be attributed to nanocrystals dispersed in the composite at length scales less than 100 nm.
BrainLink: A Review of a Model Curriculum Integrating Science, Reading, and Cooperative Learning Groups for Middle School Students

In fall 1999, I had just begun working to implement a neuroscience program for fifth- to eighth-grade teachers and students and was looking for neuroscience-related materials and ideas targeting middle school students. This search led me to discover the BrainLink materials from Baylor College of Medicine. After using BrainLink activities in a variety of situations over the ensuing five years, I have repeatedly confirmed that the materials are informative, engaging, and accessible to a wide range of learning styles.
Social Actions, Gestalt Coherence, and Designations of Disability: Lessons from and about Autism

This article has three main points: (1) “gestalt objects” are not just perceptual chimera, but are a feature of everyday talk and social action; (2) a disability such as autism can be treated in terms of the intelligence it may gloss as comprising analyzable practices-in-interaction; and (3) the sociology of deviance and social problems can benefit from studies of the intrinsic orderliness of everyday talk and social interaction in both regular, or ordinary, and more specialized settings such as clinics. The data are two segments from a testing and diagnostic center for developmental disabilities in the United States. Each segment involves a child who is diagnosed with autism and is being administered a test that poses questions such as, “What do you do when you're hungry?” The puzzle this test presents is to account for the patterns of both standard (commonsensical) and non-standard (autistic) answering. In accounting for patterns of answering, I use ordinary conversational instances of “what do you do when x happens?” to reveal the logic required in the test, and to describe both commonsense and autistic intelligence. Interactionally, autistic answering may reverse a structural preference for gestalt or global interpretation of utterances in favor of stimulus-bound, local understandings.
Progesterone metabolism in T47Dco human breast cancer cells—II. Intracellular metabolic path of progesterone and synthetic progestins

We show here that progesterone added to the medium of proliferating T47Dco human breast cancer cells is metabolized with a half life of 2-4h. The final metabolic product, 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,6 alpha-diol-20-one, (P-metabolite) is released into the medium. This structure suggested that the intracellular metabolism of progesterone involves the enzymes 5 alpha-reductase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 6 alpha-hydroxylase. To investigate this pathway, the cells were incubated with a variety of potential substrates. In addition to progesterone, only precursors with the 5 alpha-configuration served as substrates for the enzymes leading to P-metabolite formation. Some precursors with a 5 beta-configuration were also metabolized by T47Dco cells. This metabolism reflected activity by either 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and/or 6 alpha-hydroxylase but, in contrast to progesterone metabolism, the rates were different and the products were often mixtures. In T47Dco and MCF-7 human breast tumor cells, the reduction at C-3 followed by 6 alpha-hydroxylation, appear to be the major, and possibly only, route of progesterone metabolism. In contrast, preliminary data suggest that in normal human breast epithelial cells, this is not an exclusive route. Androgens are partially subject to the same metabolic enzymes, but synthetic progestins are not metabolized by T47Dco during an 18 h incubation.
Lancaster red-green test in evaluation of edrophonium effect in myasthenia gravis.

In the absence of ptosis it is often difficult to evaluate the effect of edrophonium chlo­ ride (Tensilon) on the extraocular muscles of a patient suspected to have myasthenia gravis. This is because the effect of edropho­ nium on these muscles is brief in such pa­ tients and may be incomplete. Definite im­ provement may occur in only one position of gaze. For these reasons, standard methods of edrophonium testing, including subjective diplopia testing, inspection of ocular rota­ tions, and prism cover testing, are often un­ satisfactory. Although electromyography and, re­ cently, tonography provide more objective measurements in conjunction with the ad­ ministration of edrophonium, these proce­ dures require elaborate equipment and ex­ pert technical assistance not readily available to many physicians. Moreover, electromyog­ raphy of ocular muscles is often uncom­ fortable and may be unpleasant for the pa­ tient. We have found the Lancaster red-green test· to be a convenient, accurate, and rapid method for objectively determining the effect of edrophonium on extraocular muscles. There is no discomfort to the patient except for the venipuncture, and the equipment is not elaborate. We are not aware of previous reports of use of this technique in the testing of patients for myasthenia gravis. This is a report of our experience with this test in 26 patients with myasthenia gravis and 25 con­ trol patients.
Malignant facial tumors in children: Radiologic evaluation Stressing value of conventional and computerzed tomography

Twenty-five cases of malignant tumors of the face in children under 16 years of age were reviewed. In each case the presenting complaint was related to a mass of the face, without a known primary malignancy. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common malignancy, followed by equal numbers of histiocystic malignancies and malignant lymphomas. Chloroma and neuroblastoma were less common. Plain films were obtained on every patient and were always felt to be an appropriate part of the work-up. The plain films suggested or made the diagnosis of malignancy in 16 of the patients. The most helpful additional study was tomography. CT was the modality of choice for tumors originating in or extending into the orbit, and for intracranial extension. Xeroradiography best demonstrated a superficial soft tissue tumor. In evaluating facial malignancies, the number and sequence of examinations must be individualized according to the presentation.
Cellular interactions of Plasmodium liver stage with its host mammalian cell.

The Plasmodium liver forms are bridgehead stages between the mosquito sporozoite stages and mammalian blood stages that instigate the malaria disease. In hepatocytes, Plasmodium achieves one of the fastest growth rates among eukaryotic cells. However, nothing is known about host hepatic cell interactions, e.g. nutrient scavenging and/or subversion of cellular functions necessary for Plasmodium development and replication. Plasmodium usually invades hepatocytes by establishing a parasitophorous vacuole wherein it undergoes multiple nuclear division cycles. We show that Plasmodium preferentially develops in the host juxtanuclear region. By comparison with the parasitophorous vacuole of other apicomplexan parasites which associate with diverse host organelles, the Plasmodium parasitophorous vacuole only forms an association with the host endoplasmic reticulum. Intrahepatic Plasmodium actively modifies the permeability of its vacuole to allow the transfer of a large variety of molecules from the host cytosol to the vacuolar space through open channels. In contrast with malaria blood stages, the pores within the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of the liver stage display a smaller size as they restrict the passage of solutes to less than 855 Da. These pores are stably maintained during parasite karyokinesis until complete cellularisation. Host-derived cholesterol accumulated at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane may modulate the channel activity. These observations define the parasitophorous vacuole of the Plasmodium liver stage as a dynamic and highly permeable compartment that can ensure the sustained supply of host molecules to support parasite growth in the nutrient-rich environment of liver cells.
Stent assisted embolization of 64 anterior communicating artery aneurysms

Introduction Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms comprised over half of the ruptured aneurysms in the International Subarachnoid Trial. Endovascular treatment of ACoA aneurysms has provided good results, but until the introduction of intracranial stents, many ACoA aneurysms could not be treated without craniotomy. The current study analyzes the results of ACoA aneurysm treatment using stent assisted embolization. Methods 64 patients with ACoA aneurysms underwent stent assisted aneurysm repair. Four were treated in the acute rupture phase and a fifth ruptured aneurysm was stented in a second procedure after initial coiling. Five aneurysms were 10 mm or more in greatest diameter. Follow-up angiography was performed 6 months after treatment; then, patients were followed with annual MR angiography. Technical, clinical, and long term radiographic results were analyzed. Results Stents were successfully deployed in each case. One patient was eventually treated with a three stent construct and died of perioperative hemorrhage. One major stroke occurred during a separate procedure when a patient was taken off antiplatelet medications. These cases were the only aneurysm related morbidity (1.6%) and mortality (1.6%) events during the entire follow-up period. After stent assisted embolization, 32 (50.0%) ACoA aneurysms were completely occluded, 15 (23.4%) had residual neck, and 17 (26.6%) had residual filling. At first radiographic follow-up, 39 of 55 (70.9%) showed complete occlusion. Three (5.5%) total aneurysms required retreatment. Conclusions Stent assisted aneurysm treatment was a safe and effective option in this series of ACoA aneurysms with maximum diameter less than 15 mm. ACoA aneurysms may be more likely to recur regardless of treatment option, but stent assisted embolization may be durable after stable initial radiographic follow-up.
Insecticidal and nematicidal properties of microbial metabolites

Metabolites from 942 microbial isolates were screened for insecticidal and nematicidal properties. The isolates included 302 streptomycetes, 502 ‘novel’ actinomycetes including representatives of 18 genera, 28 unidentified aerobic actinomycetes, 70 fungi and 40 bacteria other than actinomycetes. When diluted 10-fold, the metabolites from 55 isolates caused nearly 100% mortality in mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti) within 24 h. These isolates included 27 isolates ofStreptomyces, four ofActinoplanes, three isolates each ofActinomadura andStreptoverticillium, two isolates each ofMicromonospora, Bacillus andPaecilomyces, and one isolate each ofMicropolyspora, Nocardiopsis, Streptosporangium, Oerskovia, Thermomonospora, Chainia, Pseudomonas, Fusarium, Monilia andSyncephalestrum. Two fungal isolates could not be identified to the generie level. Extracts from the culture broth of 18 isolates caused 100% mortality in mosquito larvae within 15 min to 24 h at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The LC50 of partially purified products from two isolates was 1–2.5 ppm and that of the semipurified preparations from four other isolates was ≤50 ppm. Valinomycin was identified as an active component in the culture broth from one isolate. The culture broth from 15 isolates of aerobic actinomycetes and 4 of fungi were toxic toPanagrellus redivivus (Nematoda); these included 12 isolates with selective nematicidal properties.
Petrology of fluvial sands from the Amazonian foreland basin, Peru and Bolivia

Modal sand compositions in nine rivers draining the proximal part of the Amazonian retroarc foreland basin in Peru and Bolivia provide support for the Recycled Orogen provenance model of Dickinson and Suczek. Average compositions of 52 sand samples from the Rio Madre de Dios and its tributaries are: %QFL = 74, 5, 21; %QmFLt = 60, 5, 35; %QpLvmLsm = 44, 10, 46; %LmLvLs = 69, 18, 13; and %QmPK = 91, 4, 5. These compositions accurately reflect the predominance of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andean orogen, the ultimate source terrane for the sands of the modern foreland basin. Rivers of the Madre de Dios basin can be classified in one of three ways: (1) rivers that head in the Subandean fold-thrust belt; (2) rivers that are actively incising a subtle intraforeland uplift overlain by Quaternary and upper Tertiary foreland-basin fill; and (3) trunk rivers that collect both type 1 and type 2 rivers. The rivers that drain the fold-thrust belt carry sands that are slightly more lithic than those carried by rivers that drain the intraforeland uplift. The intraforeland-derived sands are relatively enriched in volcanic rock fragments (%LmLvLs = 70, 22, 8), whereas sands derived from the fold-thrust belt are relatively enriched in sedimentary rock fragments (%LmLvLs = 66, 9, 24). The overriding control on sand composition is the relative area of bedrock type exposed in the fold-thrust belt. Sands reworked from Tertiary and Quaternary foreland-basin fill are relatively enriched in quartz, possibly owing to intense weathering of sediments in the soil profile. The preservation of predictable and systematic mixing patterns in sand compositions from different rivers suggests that sandstone petrologic data may be augmented by paleocurrent, isopach, and textural data to facilitate detailed reconstruction of drainage patterns in ancient, nonmarine foreland basins.
Women have less severe and extensive coronary atherosclerosis in fatal cases of ischemic heart disease: an autopsy study.

Objective The study aims to evaluate sex differences in extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial findings at autopsy among young people with fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD). Background Women with acute coronary syndrome are less likely than men to display obstructive CAD at angiography. This suggests unique mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome exist in women or may reflect prehospital death of women with the most severe CAD. Methods Reports of autopsies by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City on people aged 21 to 54 years who died between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2008, were reviewed. A total of 639 cases of death due to atherosclerotic or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to the medical examiner were analyzed. Significant CAD was defined as ≥75% cross-sectional area stenosis in an epicardial vessel or ≥50% left main. Results Women were less likely to have obstructive CAD (63% vs 77% of men, P = .002). There was pathologic evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in 43% of cases, 17% of which had nonobstructive CAD. Frequency of MI did not vary by sex overall (38% of women vs 45% of men, P = .18) or among those without significant CAD (23% vs 29%, P = .45). Conclusions Among young people determined at autopsy to have died of IHD, fewer women had obstructive CAD, consistent with angiographic data in other IHD syndromes. Pathologic evidence of MI may exist in the absence of obstructive CAD.
Dust and Ice Deposition in the Martian Geologic Record

Abstract The polar layered deposits of Mars demonstrate that thick accumulations of dust and ice deposits can develop on the planet if environmental conditions are favorable. These deposits appear to be hundreds of millions of years old, and other deposits of similar size but of greater age in nonpolar regions may have formed by similar processes. Possible relict dust deposits include, from oldest to youngest: Noachian intercrater materials, including Arabia mantle deposits, Noachian to Early Hesperian south polar pitted deposits, Early Hesperian Hellas and Argyre basin deposits, Late Hesperian Electris deposits, and the Amazonian Medusae Fossae Formation. These deposits typically are hundreds of meters to a couple kilometers thick and cover upward of a million or more square kilometers. The apparent persistence of dust sedimentation at the south pole back to the Early Hesperian or earlier and the early growth of Tharsis during the Late Noachian and perhaps earlier indicates that extensive polar wandering is unlikely following the Middle Noachian. A scenario for the overall history of dust and perhaps ice deposition on Mars includes widespread, voluminous accumulations perhaps planetwide during the Noachian as impacts, volcanism, and surface processes generated large amounts of dust; the Arabia deposits may have formed as ice availability and dust accumulation waned. During the Early Hesperian, thick dust sedimentation became restricted to the south pole and the deep Hellas and Argyre basins; the north polar sedimentary record prior to the Amazonian is largely obscured. Deposits at Electris and Medusae Fossae may have resulted from local sources of fine-grained material—perhaps volcanic eruptions.
Anionic Constitution of 1-Atmosphere Silicate Melts: Implications for the Structure of Igneous Melts

A structural model is proposed for the polymeric units in silicate melts quenched at 1 atmosphere. The anionic units that have been identified by the use of Raman spectroscopy are SiO(4)(4-) monomers, Si(2)O(7)(6-) dimers, SiO(3)(2-) chains or rings, Si(2)O(5)(2-) sheets, and SiO(2) three-dimensional units. The coexisting anionic species are related to specific ranges of the ratio of nonbridging oxygens to tetrahedrally coordinated cations (NBO/Si). In melts with 2.0 < NBO/Si < approximately 4.0, the equilibrium is of the type [See equation in the PDF file]. In melts with NBO/Si approximately 1.0 to 2.0, the equilibrium anionic species are given by [See equation in the PDF file]. In alkali-silicate melts with NBO/Si <~ 1.3 and in aluminosilicate melts with NBO/T < 1.0, where T is (Si + Al), the anionic species in equilibrium are given by [See equation in the PDF file]. In multicomponent melts with compositions corresponding to those of the major igneous rocks, the anionic species are TO(2), T(2)O(5), T(2)O(6), and TO(4), and the coexisting polymeric units are determined by the second and third of these disproportionation reactions.
A Comparative Study of Distributive System Structure: Australia, The Netherlands, and West Germany:

The methodology developed in a preceding article, "The Output of Distributive Systems: A Conceptual Framework," is applied to a comparison of the Australian, Dutch, and West German distributive systems. System output is affected by the level and composition of final demand and by the structure of that system. Final demand and structure, in turn, are affected by the environment in which the system exists. No theory linking the distributive system and particular environmental fields currently exists, however. Such a theory needs to be developed before causal statements regarding this relationship can be made.
Recent progress in developing highly efficient nonlinear optical chromophores and side-chain dendronized polymers for electro-optics

ABSTRACT Recent progress in developing high-performance nonlinear optical chromophores and polymers for electro-optics isreviewed. Using the single-mode focused microwave irradiation, a diversified family of 2,5-dihydrofuran derivativeshas been synthesized as a new class of tunable electron acceptors. Very large r 33 values (128 and 116 pm/V at 1.3 m)have been demonstrated by doping one of the 2-dicyanomethylen-3-cyano-4,5,-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (CF 3 -TCF)-based chromophores in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a high T g polyquinoline (PQ-100), respectively. An excellent long-term temporal stability at 85 °C has also been maintained in the PQ system. Twoside-chain dendronized NLO polymers have been synthesized. Using a mild, simple, and generally applicable post-functionalization method, highly polarizable chromophores with dendritic modification has been covalently attached toside chains of poly(4-hydroxystyrene). This approach provides the combined advantages of achieving better polingefficiency through the dendritic effect and shortening the development time required for E-O dendrimer synthesis.Systematic property comparison between these polymers and other conventional NLO polymers, such as guest-host andsimple side-chain polymers, has been performed. Exceptionally high poling efficiency (a very large E-O coefficient of97 pm/V at 1.3 m) and good temporal stability at room temperature were demonstrated in this dendronized side-chainpolymer system.
Improved closed-form prediction intervals for binomial and Poisson distributions

Abstract The problems of constructing prediction intervals for the binomial and Poisson distributions are considered. Available approximate, exact and conditional methods for both distributions are reviewed and compared. Simple approximate prediction intervals based on the joint distribution of the past samples and the future sample are proposed. Exact coverage studies and expected widths of prediction intervals show that the new prediction intervals are comparable to or better than the available ones in most cases. The methods are illustrated using two practical examples.
Command neurons in Pleurobranchaea receive synaptic feedback from the motor network they excite

Command neurons that cause rhythmic feeding behavior in the marine mollusc Pleurobranchaea californica have been identified in the cerebropleural ganglion (brain). Intracellular stimulation of single command neurons in isolated nervous systems, semi-intact prepartions, and restrained whole animals causes the same rhythmic motor output pattern as occurs during feeding. During this motor output pattern, action potentials recorded intracellularly from the command neurons occur in cyclic bursts that are phase-locked with the feeding rhythm. This modulation results from repetitive, alternating bursts of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, which are caused at least in part by synaptic feedback to the command neurons from identified classes of neurons in the feeding network. Central feedback to command neurons from the motor network they excite provides a possible general physiological mechanism for the sustained oscillation of neural networks controlling cyclic behavior.
Neuropsychological functioning in youth with bipolar disorder.

Background Little is known about the neuropsychological status of youth with bipolar disorder (BPD) or whether cognitive deficits in this population are accounted for by comorbidity with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We compared neuropsychological and academic functioning of youth with and without DSM-IV BPD, controlling for effects of comorbid ADHD. Methods Fifty-seven youth with BPD and 46 healthy control subjects were assessed on a battery of clinical neuropsychological measures including subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children and Adults (Third Editions), the Stroop, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Rey–Osterreith Complex Figure, an auditory working memory Continuous Performance Test, a measure of verbal learning, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Third Edition. Results Bipolar disorder was associated with impairments on subtests reflecting sustained attention, working memory, and processing speed after controlling for ADHD. Additionally, decrements of moderate effect sizes were found for measures of interference control, abstract problem solving, and verbal learning but did not meet criteria for statistical significance. Conclusions After controlling for ADHD, youth with BPD show neuropsychological deficits similar to impairments found in adults with the disorder. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical implications of these impairments as well as their role in the underlying risk for pediatric BPD.
The Death of Curriculum Studies and Its Ghosts

This article analyzes the rhetoric of “death” and “haunting” in curriculum studies by closely reading Pinar, Reynolds, Slattery, and Taubman's Understanding Curriculum (2002). Drawing on the work of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, I argue in the first section of the article that the rhetoric of death appears at moments when the pressures of globalization upset the disciplinary assumptions of the field. In the second section, I argue that Understanding Curriculum is formally a “work of mourning” by reading the book along with Derrida's writing on inheritance. The final section of the article takes up the problem of inheritance again, but turns to Friedrich Nietzsche's writings on history and a scene from Luke's Gospel to formulate a conception of the field, usually obscured by the rhetoric of death and haunting, as driven by love.
Health Effects Associated with Foreclosure: A Secondary Analysis of Hospital Discharge Data

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the health effects of high home foreclosure rates in an area of the United States of America and the utility of hospital discharge data for this purpose. Methods. We analyzed hospital discharge data from three postal zip codes using the principal diagnosis for 25 Diagnostic Related Groups associated with stress. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize hospital discharge rates for each condition by year and zip code. To test for differences across time, the Cochran-Armitage trend test was performed. Results. Most conditions did not demonstrate a statistical change between 2005 and 2008. There was a marked spike in bipolar and depressive disorders in 2007 in all zip codes. Conclusions. The sharp rise for bipolar and depressive disorders in 2007 coincides with the doubling of foreclosure filings nationally. There are many confounding factors affecting hospital discharge data, which limit its specificity for assessing the health effects of foreclosure.
Experimental and Calculated Photoelectron Energy-Distribution Curves of Ni above and below the Curie Temperature

Theoretical photoelectron energy-distribution curves (EDC) of Ni were calculated using an interpolated band structure with an exchange splitting of the ferromagnetic bands of 0.37 eV at ${E}_{F}$. From paramagnetic to ferromagnetic Ni, the leading peak of the EDC originating from $d$ bands near ${E}_{F}$ is predicted to shift 0.25 eV over the range $7.7l~\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}l~10.7$ eV (assuming direct transitions) and 0.18 eV (assuming nondirect transitions). High-resolution photoelectron spectra obtained from ferromagnetic Ni (295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $0.47{T}_{C}$) and paramagnetic Ni (678\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $1.07{T}_{C}$) gave no evidence of a significant change in the amplitude nor of a change in the position of the $d$-electron peak near the high-energy cutoff of the EDC within the experimental uncertainty of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05 eV. High-temperature EDC were obtained from continuously heated Ni single crystals and electron-gun-evaporated films, using a screened-emitter energy analyzer. These results are compared to related experiments, and it is concluded that the band model of magnetism does not adequately explain Ni photoemission and optical experiments.
Exponential splittings of products of matrices and accurately computing singular values of long products

Accurately computing the singular values of long products of matrices is important for estimating Lyapunov exponents: λi=limn→∞(1/n)logσi(An⋯A1). Algorithms for computing singular values of products, in fact, compute the singular values of a perturbed product (An+En)⋯(A1+E1). The question is how small are the relative errors of the singular values of the product with respect to these factorwise perturbations. In general, the relative errors in the singular values can be quite large. However, if the product has an exponential splitting, then the error in the singular values is O(n2maxiκ2(Ai)∥Ei∥F), uniformly in n. The exponential splitting property is not directly comparable with the notion of hyperbolicity in dynamical systems, but is similar in philosophy.
Kar5p Is Required for Multiple Functions in Both Inner and Outer Nuclear Envelope Fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During mating in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two haploid nuclei fuse via two sequential membrane fusion steps. SNAREs (i.e., soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and Prm3p mediate outer nuclear membrane fusion, but the inner membrane fusogen remains unknown. Kar5p is a highly conserved transmembrane protein that localizes adjacent to the spindle pole body (SPB), mediates nuclear envelope fusion, and recruits Prm3p adjacent to the SPB. To separate Kar5p’s functions, we tested localization, Prm3p recruitment, and nuclear fusion efficiency in various kar5 mutants. All domains and the conserved cysteine residues were essential for nuclear fusion. Several kar5 mutant proteins localized properly but did not mediate Prm3p recruitment; other kar5 mutant proteins localized and recruited Prm3p but were nevertheless defective for nuclear fusion, demonstrating additional functions beyond Prm3p recruitment. We identified one Kar5p domain required for SPB localization, which is dependent on the half-bridge protein Mps3p. Electron microscopy revealed a kar5 mutant that arrests with expanded nuclear envelope bridges, suggesting that Kar5p is required after outer nuclear envelope fusion. Finally, a split-GFP assay demonstrated that Kar5p localizes to both the inner and outer nuclear envelope. These insights suggest a mechanism by which Kar5p mediates inner nuclear membrane fusion.
Shear Modulus Imaging with Spatially-Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force

The application of Spatially-Modulated Ultrasound Radiation Force (SMURF) to shear modulus imaging is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms and porcine liver. Scanning and data acquisition was performed with a Siemens Antares ultrasound scanner and VF7-3 linear array operating at 4.21 MHz. Modulus estimates in uniform phantoms of Zerdine with shear moduli of 5.1 and 12.4 kPa exhibited standard deviations within 6% of the mean value. Zerdine spheres 1 cm in diameter (nominally 2.7, 4.7 and 15 kPa) in a 8 kPa (nominal) background are clearly resolved. Cross sectional images of a soft conical inclusion in a gelatin-based phantom indicate a spatial resolution of approximately 2.5 mm. Images of the shear modulus of an ex-vivo sample of porcine liver tissue show an average value of 3 kPa. A stiff lesion induced with 0.5 mL of 10% glutaraldehyde is clearly visible as a region of shear modulus in excess of 10 kPa. A modulus gradient associated with the diffusion of the glutaraldehyde is visible. Two pulse seq...
Understanding Girls with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Applying Research to Clinical Practice

To date, the majority of research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been completed with boys as the predominate participants in study samples. Over the past decade there has been increased attention focused on the characteristics and needs of girls with ADHD. Although much of the research comparing boys and girls with ADHD indicates that both experience significant symptoms and impairment, a growing body of study suggests some important gender differences. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the findings of research examining girls with ADHD and highlight key characteristics that can inform clinical practice. A case study is presented to illustrate the unique pattern of symptoms, associated problems, and functional impairment for girls with ADHD.
Importing equality or exporting jobs? Competition and gender wage and employment differentials in US manufacturing

Despite intense interest in the impact of trade expansion on men and women workers in US manufacturing sector, there are surprisingly few empirical studies, and available studies indicate contradictory findings. Focusing on the pre-NAFTA period, a few studies have found benign or positive effects of trade expansion on female share of manufacturing employment or decline in the gender wage gap (Wood 1991; Black and Brainerd 2004). These results are inconsistent with predictions of standard trade theory and other empirical studies. The widely accepted version of comparative advantage trade theory predicts relative losses for less-skilled workers in industrialized economies compared to skilled workers when trade expands. This prediction is supported by studies that show widening wage inequality between skilled and less-skilled workers in the US (Katz and Murphy 1992; Borjas and Ramey 1994, 1995). To the extent that women are the less-skilled workers in the US, they are expected to experience disproportionate job losses and wage declines as a result of the changing trade patterns. A number of empirical studies find evidence for the adverse effect of trade on relative employment opportunities of women in the traded (manufacturing) sector (Schumacher 1984; Katz and Murphy 1992; Kucera and Milberg 2000; Kucera 2001).
The binding of corticosterone to brain proteins: diurnal variation.

The quantity of 3H-corticosterone bound to protein(s) in rat brain cytosol derived from animals subjected to controlled lighting was studied at 4-hr intervals throughout the day. The binding of ;3H-corticosterone to brain proteins was measured by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and by precipitation of the proteins with protamine. In control (nonadrenalectomized, nonstressed) animals, the greatest amount of :3H-corticosterone binding occurred at 1200 and the lowest at 2000. The binding of 3Hcorticosterone was inversely related to the circulating amounts of endogenous corticosterone which indicated that the amount of endogenous steroid bound in brain appears to be related to the circulating blood levels. The results obtained with protamine and with the perfusion experiments demonstrate that the alterations in binding are not due to contamination of cytosol with CBG. When the hippocampus, septum and cerebral cortex from control animals were studied separately, the results were qualitatively the same as t...
Finite deformation of liquid capsules enclosed by elastic membranes in simple shear flow

The transient deformation of liquid capsules enclosed by elastic membranes subject to simple shear flow is studied numerically using a new implementation of the boundary element method. The numerical results for capsules with spherical unstressed shapes and varying degrees of surface elasticity are compared with the predictions of an asymptotic theory for small deformations due to Barthes-Biesel and coworkers, and the significance of nonlinear effects due to finite deformation is assessed. It is found that the capsules exhibit continuous elongation when the dimensionless shear rate becomes larger than a critical threshold, in agreement with recent experimental observations of capsules with polymerized interfaces. Membrane failure at large deformations is discussed with respect to membrane thinning and development of excessive elastic tensions, and it is argued that the location where the membrane is likely to rupture due to continued deformation is insensitive to the precise mechanism of rupture. The numerical results suggest that a dilute suspension of capsules behaves like shear-thinning medium with some elastic properties. Results of oblate spheroidal capsules suggest that the points of maximum membrane thinning and tension coincide but their location depends upon the unstressed capsule shape.
Item Feature Effects in Evolution Assessment.

Despite concerted efforts by science educators to understand patterns of evolutionary reasoning in science students and teachers, the vast majority of evolution education studies have failed to carefully consider or control for item feature effects in knowledge measurement. Our study explores whether robust contextualization patterns emerge within particular evolutionary reasoning contexts, and the implications of these patterns for instruction, assessment, and models of cognition. We test four hypotheses regarding item feature effects on undergraduate biology majors' evolutionary reasoning using a sample of 1,200 open response explanations of evolutionary change across items differing in context and scale but standardized by taxon and trait. Evolutionary explanations were atomized into a series of scientific and naive biological elements and tallied among prompts and their features. We documented clear, significant, and predictable item feature effects on evolutionary explanations. Tasks involving evolutionary trait loss elicited a significantly greater number of naive biological elements than evolutionary trait gain tasks in all contexts, including: within species comparisons, between species comparisons, animal prompts, and plant prompts. Tasks involving between species evolutionary comparisons, regardless of gain or loss, animal or plant, always produced significantly more naive biological explanatory elements than within species comparisons. For items prompting explanation of trait gain, the use of the core concepts of natural selection were not influenced by the hierarchical level of the task (within or between species). Explanations of trait gain were also the least sensitive to scale and context. Core concepts of natural selection were always deployed less frequently in cases of evolutionary trait loss (within and between species, in animals and plants). We discuss a series of implications of these findings for curriculum, instruction, and assessment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 237–256, 2011
Tacit Knowledge, Tacit Ignorance, and the Future of Academic Librarianship

This theoretical essay uses tacit knowledge, the often-undocumented wisdom of expert practitioners and practitioner communities, to explore future prospects for the academic librarian. Traditional and emerging valuations of the academic librarian held by higher education stakeholders are identified. The practical implications of these views for university funding and other support are explored using the philosophical stance of cultural pragmatism and by applying the sociological perspective of the “stranger,” tacit knowledge gained by the author as a researcher and a faculty member in an LIS program and as chair of a university Committee on the Library, and insights from a spectrum of publications. In the process, the March of Dimes, an organization that successfully repositioned itself after accomplishing its primary purpose, is examined as a possible model for enhancing the academic librarian’s perceived value.
Vascular Training Profiles across Europe

Background The European Vascular Surgeons in Training (EVST) were appointed by the European Society for Vascular Surgery to review the current status and developments regarding training and certification in vascular surgery (VS) across Europe. Methods An e-mail-based survey was distributed to EVST representatives in 33 countries. The questionnaire examined the current structure of vascular surgery training and certification (monospecialty, subspecialty, no specialty), as well as the evolving revisions of national curricula. Questionnaires were returned from 31 countries, two of which implement two training models. Results Vascular surgery (VS) as a monospecialty is the leading training model in 18 out of 31 countries, nine countries follow the subspecialty model, and six countries have no accredited vascular programs. The mean duration of dedicated VS training in monospecialty is significantly longer compared with subspecialty (3.8 vs. 2.9 years, p = .036) or no specialty models (3.8 vs. 1 years, p Conclusions The results of this survey represent the most updated detailed record of the European training profiles in VS and document the diversity of vascular training across Europe.
Some remarks on finite element modeling of electromigration in solder joints

This paper investigates several issues in finite element modeling of electromigration in solder joints: current density and thermal stress singularities; negative divergences of atomic fluxes due to electron current and thermal stresses; and submodeling accuracy. A copper post wafer level package is used as a test vehicle for simulation. Coupled electrical-, thermal-, and mechanical finite element modeling is performed. Results show that the values of maximum current density in solder balls significantly depend on finite element mesh sizes, indicating a singularity exists. Negative values of the divergences of atomic fluxes due to electron current and thermal stresses are obtained under certain loading conditions. Submodeling presents accurate results if cut boundary is appropriately chosen.
Altered Substrate Selection of the Melibiose Transporter (MelY) of Enterobacter cloacae Involving Point Mutations in Leu-88, Leu-91, and Ala-182 That Confer Enhanced Maltose Transport

We isolated mutants of Escherichia coli HS4006 containing the melibiose-H+ symporter (MelY) from Enterobacter cloacae that had enhanced fermentation on 1% maltose MacConkey plates. DNA sequencing revealed three site classes of mutations: L-88-P, L-91-P, and A-182-P. The mutants L-88-P and L-91-P had 3.6- and 5.1-fold greater maltose uptake than the wild type and enhanced apparent affinities for maltose. Energy-coupled transport was defective for melibiose accumulation, but detectable maltose accumulation for the mutants indicated that active transport is dependent upon the substrate transported through the carrier. We conclude that the residues Leu-88, Leu-91 (transmembrane segment 3 [TMS-3]), and Ala-182 (TMS-6) of MelY mediate sugar selection. These data represent the first MelY mutations that confer changes in sugar selection.
Testing of a Microwave Blade Tip Clearance Sensor at the NASA Glenn Research Center

The development of new active tip clearance control and structural health monitoring schemes in turbine engines and other types of rotating machinery requires sensors that are highly accurate and can operate in a high-temperature environment. The use of a microwave sensor to acquire blade tip clearance and tip timing measurements is being explored at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The microwave blade tip clearance sensor works on principles that are very similar to a short-range radar system. The sensor sends a continuous microwave signal towards a target and measures the reflected signal. The phase difference of the reflected signal is directly proportional to the distance between the sensor and the target being measured. This type of sensor is beneficial in that it has the ability to operate at extremely high temperatures and is unaffected by contaminants that may be present in turbine engines. The use of microwave sensors for this application is a new concept. Techniques on calibrating the sensors along with installation effects are not well quantified as they are for other sensor technologies. Developing calibration techniques and evaluating installation effects are essential in using these sensors to make tip clearance and tip timing measurements. As a means of better understanding these issues, the microwave sensors were used on a benchtop calibration rig, a large axial vane fan, and a turbofan. Background on the microwave tip clearance sensor, an overview of their calibration, and the results from their use on the axial vane fan and the turbofan will be presented in this paper.