cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Market for Institutions: Assessing the Impact of Restrictive Covenants on Housing

Residential Community Associations (RCAs) are quick becoming a common but controversial feature of the housing market. Supporters of RCAs point to the rapid growth as a clear sign of their success in improving upon market failures. RCAs provide additional restrictions that can limit neighborhood externalities and reduce future consumption risk. However, critics contend that RCAs create additional conflicts and push problems into other neighborhoods. Previous published empirical work on the impact of RCA zoning has been limited in institutional detail and has not corrected for spatial autocorrelation. This paper uses 1,487 single-family sales in 2000 from Greeley, Colorado and a unique dataset that includes information on RCAs’ various use restrictions, building restrictions, and voting rules to investigate the impact of private zoning on the housing market. A spatially corrected semi-log hedonic model is employed to estimate the marginal price impacts. The main model of interest finds that building restrictions no impact on prices, while use restrictions increase prices. Furthermore, the optimal voting decision rule is at an 80 percent supermajority but voting rights to first mortgage holders significantly reduces prices.
CSPα promotes SNARE-complex assembly by chaperoning SNAP-25 during synaptic activity

A chaperone complex containing CSPα, Hsc70 and SGT binds to monomeric SNAP-25 and prevents its aggregation and degradation. Loss of CSPα inhibits SNARE complex formation.
Lloyd Richards Reflections from the Playwrights' Champion

In this far-reaching conversation, Lloyd Richards, one of the premiere directors and educators of the epoch, discusses his long career, which includes being the first black director on Broadway, the Dean of the Yale School of Drama and artistic director of the Yale Repertory Theatre, artistic director of the National Playwrights Conference, and director of the world premieres of six August Wilson plays.
A Fourier Transformation based Method to Mine Peptide Space for Antimicrobial Activity

Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides are currently being explored as potential candidate peptide drugs. Since antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune system of every living organism, it is possible to discover new candidate peptides using the available genomic and proteomic data. High throughput computational techniques could also be used to virtually scan the entire peptide space for discovering out new candidate antimicrobial peptides. We have identified a unique indexing method based on biologically distinct characteristic features of known antimicrobial peptides. Analysis of the entries in the antimicrobial peptide databases, based on our indexing method, using Fourier transformation technique revealed a distinct peak in their power spectrum. We have developed a method to mine the genomic and proteomic data, for the presence of peptides with potential antimicrobial activity, by looking for this distinct peak. We also used the Euclidean metric to rank the potential antimicrobial peptides activity. We have parallelized our method so that virtually any given protein space could be data mined, in search of antimicrobial peptides. The results show that the Fourier transform based method with the property based coding strategy could be used to scan the peptide space for discovering new potential antimicrobial peptides.
The Seven Up! films: Connecting the personal and the sociological

A B S T R A C T ■ Michael Apted’s documentary film series, which tracks 14 British children as they move from ages seven to 49, connects the personal with the sociological. Organized around the phe...
Oxidant stress and inflammation in the snoring child: confluent pathways to upper airway pathogenesis and end-organ morbidity

Snoring in children is increasingly being recognized as a highly prevalent condition, and indicates the presence of heightened upper airway resistance during sleep. In this paper, we present evidence to support the hypothesis that local inflammatory processes within the upper airway contribute to the pathophysiology of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and altered reflexes potentially leading to increased propensity for upper airway obstruction during sleep. Furthermore, the cumulative evidence supporting multiorgan morbidity for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is reviewed, and a unified hypothesis of a triple risk model proposing oxidative-inflammatory mechanisms as mediating the morbid consequences of SDB is presented. This hypothetical working model incorporates both dose-dependent disease severity components, as well as environmental and genetic elements of susceptibility.
Renin and erythropoietin release in renal allotransplantation states

Erythropoietin (ESF) and renin assays were serially performed in untreated and azathioprine-treated dog renal allografts. ESF levels accurately reflected the progressive decline in renal function, and degree of allograft rejection. ESF elevations did not correlate with the level of hematocrit, or degree of azotemia or hypertension. Renin levels, in contrast, were elevated to a variable and less marked degree and did not correlate with the level of hypertension, decline in renal function, degree of allograft rejection, or level of increased erythropoietin. ESF assays proved to be more accurate and reliable.
Understanding Research Misconduct: A Comparative Analysis of 120 Cases of Professional Wrongdoing

We analyzed 40 cases of falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism (FFP), comparing them to other types of wrongdoing in research (n = 40) and medicine (n = 40). Fifty-one variables were coded from an average of 29 news or investigative reports per case. Financial incentives, oversight failures, and seniority correlate significantly with more serious instances of FFP. However, most environmental variables were nearly absent from cases of FFP and none were more strongly present in cases of FFP than in other types of wrongdoing. Qualitative data suggest FFP involves thinking errors, poor coping with research pressures, and inadequate oversight. We offer recommendations for education, institutional investigations, policy, and further research.
New business formation through the Enterprise Development Center: a model for new venture creation

Creating companies is a critical issue for the United States as a whole, and particularly for specific areas within the United States if they are to compete effectively in a global situation of hypercompetition. This creation process requires an understanding of technology development and a method for linking the alternative resources necessary. The author discusses the aspects of this process and presents one method for linking the resources required-an Enterprise Development Center (EDC). To date, all six aspects of the EDC have been successful in creating new ventures. Following the presentation of the aspects of the EDC, the author concludes with a method for developing an EDC in a specific area. >
Microstatistical Fracture Mechanics in Dynamic Fracture

This section discusses attempts to construct a microstatistical fracture mechanics; that is, a methodology that relates the kinetics of material failure on the microstructural level to continuum mechanics. The approach is to introduce microstructural descriptions of damage into the continuum constitutive relations as internal state variables. The microstructural damage descriptions are based on dynamic and quasi-static experiments with carefully controlled load amplitudes and durations. The resulting constitutive relations describe the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of the microscopic voids and cracks, and therefore in principle describe both quasi-static and dynamic fracture on the continuum scale. We discuss several such kinetics models, show examples of several engineering applications, and discuss the link between microstatistical fracture mechanics and continuum fracture mechanics.
Classic Maya Ballcourts at La Milpa, Belize

Two ballcourts at the major Classic site of La Milpa are of similar age but different design, a circumstance found only rarely elsewhere. Differences in playing surface and alley plan suggest that different kinds of ballgame were played during the Terminal Classic period on these courts.
A Review of Measures of Vocal Effort With a Preliminary Study on the Establishment of a Vocal Effort Measure.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Vocal effort is the perceived exertion of voicing. Patients with voice disorders (VDs) frequently complain of increased effort, but currently there exists no empirically validated scale for the measurement of vocal effort. This article reviews the extant literature on vocal effort and its various definitions. It also presents a preliminary investigation on the use of a psychophysical scale, the Borg Category Ratio (CR-10), for vocal effort ratings. Study Design A total of 28 participants with VDs and 28 healthy controls (HCs) underwent acoustic and aerodynamic voice measures in this prospective quasi-experimental group design. Methods Vocal effort ratings using the Borg CR-10 gathered on vowels, standard sentences, and conversation were correlated with auditory-perceptual ratings, Voice Handicap Index scores, and phonation threshold pressure (PTP). Results Results indicate that the Borg CR-10 is not sensitive to the presence of a VD but does correlate moderately well with other measures of VD severity, and may be clinically indicated for such use. Conclusions Future research directions include task choice for vocal effort ratings, considerations during PTP protocols, intensive examiner and examinee training, and use of the Borg CR-10 for within-group separation of VD diagnosis.
Fixed-biased pseudorandom built-in self-test for random pattern resistant circuits

In this paper we present a new test per clock BIST technique that provides 100% fault coverage of detectable single stuck-at faults for random pattern resistant circuits with low test application time and limited hardware overhead. The technique uses selective bit-fixing plus biased pseudorandom patterns and is referred to as fixed-biased pseudorandom BIST. An automatic design tool (FBIST) specifies the necessary information for implementation of the BIST hardware. The amount of hardware overhead introduced is controlled by user specified parameters and can therefore meet varying design specifications. Since the proposed technique relies on bit-fixing, we present a new scan cell which supports bit-fixing. Results are presented for combinational benchmark circuits and comparisons made with prior techniques with respect to test application time and hardware overhead.
Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) model identification using black-box modeling techniques

With recent developments in power conversion technologies and market trends that are driving those technologies toward further miniaturization and greater integration, the need for an empirically based modeling methodology for proprietary power converters such as Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) products has risen significantly. This need motivates the investigation of black-box models, which require little or no knowledge of the internal workings of a system, for those areas of industry adopting PwrSoC technology as a point-of-load solution. This paper reports a black-box modeling method and the construction and validation of a large-signal averaged model for a specific commercially available PwrSoC product. The benefits of the approach reported in this paper include the computational advantages of averaged models in simulation and the availability of a simple procedure to create models for concept analysis and design evaluation of PwrSoC products without vendor supplied models or “white-box” information needed to create a circuit description of the part.
Integrin and Cadherin Synergy Regulates Contact Inhibition of Migration and Motile Activity

Integrin receptors play a central role in cell migration through their roles as adhesive receptors for both other cells and extracellular matrix components. In this study, we demonstrate that integrin and cadherin receptors coordinately regulate contact-mediated inhibition of cell migration. In addition to promoting proliferation (Sastry, S., M. Lakonishok, D. Thomas, J. Muschler, and A. Horwitz. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 133:169–184), ectopic expression of the α5 integrin in cultures of primary quail myoblasts promotes a striking contact-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Myoblasts ectopically expressing α5 integrin (α5 myoblasts) move normally when not in contact, but upon contact, they show inhibition of migration and motile activity (i.e., extension and retraction of membrane protrusions). As a consequence, these cells tend to grow in aggregates and do not migrate to close a wound. This phenotype is also seen with ectopic expression of β1 integrin, paxillin, or activated FAK (CD2 FAK) and therefore appears to result from enhanced integrin-mediated signaling. The contact inhibition observed in the α5 myoblasts is mediated by N-cadherin, whose expression is upregulated more than fivefold. Perturbation studies using low calcium conditions, antibody inhibition, and ectopic expression of wild-type and mutant N-cadherins all implicate N-cadherin in the contact inhibition of migration. Ectopic expression of N-cadherin also produces cells that show inhibited migration upon contact; however, they do not show suppressed motile activity, suggesting that integrins and cadherins coordinately regulate motile activity. These observations have potential importance to normal and pathologic processes during embryonic development and tumor metastasis.
Inconsistent communication in family interaction

Abstract The study of disturbed families has repeatedly focused attention on inconsistent verbal-nonverbal communication, assuming that such communications: (a) are characterized by their ambiguous and confusing impact on receivers; and (b) are associated (as cause or consequence) with disturbance in family and individual functioning. In evaluating these assumptions, communication research involving decoding and encoding methodologies is critically reviewed. Although this literature was found to provide but modest support for the two major assumptions of the family communication model, this research domain has also been characterized by various methodological weaknesses, design restrictions and conceptual limitations. Many of these issues are presented in detail and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
Caudal cruciate ligament damage in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

Objective: To investigate the incidence of caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) damage in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). Study Design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Dogs (n=24) admitted for surgical stabilization of the stifle after CCLR and 8 healthy dogs with intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and CaCL studied as controls. Methods: Preoperative radiographs and stifle joint images (arthrotomy, 6; arthroscopy, 18) were collected from dogs with CCLR. Severity of arthritis, synovitis, CCL damage, and CaCL damage were assessed using numerical rating scales. The CaCL was probed to determine whether minor fraying or a full thickness defect in the ligament was present. Data collected from the study population were compared with the control population of dogs. Results: The CaCL was damaged in 21/24 (88%) of dogs with CCLR; 6/24 (25%) had a full thickness defect in the CaCL. Severity of stifle synovitis and severity of damage to the CaCL were positively correlated (P<.05). Conclusions: The CaCL is damaged in a high percentage of dogs with CCLR. A significant and positive correlation exists between the degree of synovitis present and the extent of CaCL damage. Clinical Relevance: In dogs with CCLR, cruciate ligament pathology typically involves both the CCL and CaCL. As the severity of synovitis and the extent of CaCL damage are related, this observation supports the hypothesis that stifle synovitis may contribute to CCL and CaCL degeneration and subsequent damage.
Safety of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Prior Cerebrovascular Events

Abstract Objectives This study sought to report on the safety of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with prior cerebrovascular events (CVEs), at a large-volume tertiary care center over the course of the past 15 years. Background Many patients with drug-refractory AF have a history of a prior CVE. These patients are considered to be at high procedural risk for catheter ablation but data are scant. Methods All consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation at the Cleveland Clinic were enrolled in a prospectively maintained data registry, which was used to identify patients with a prior CVE. Strict periprocedural anticoagulation protocols were in place. Extreme care was taken with sheath and catheter manipulation to prevent thrombus formation or air embolism. All thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events occurring periprocedurally and up to 3 months of follow-up were identified. Results Of 9,413 consecutive patients who underwent AF ablation, 247 patients with a prior CVE were identified (median age, 64 years; 40.1% female; median CHA2DS2-VASC score, 4). Anticoagulants used were warfarin (n = 192), dabigatran (n = 32), rivaroxaban (n = 15), and apixaban (n = 8). All patients received intravenous heparin before transseptal access (activated clotting time target during procedure, 350 to 400 seconds). The energy source was radiofrequency in 242 patients and cryoenergy in 5 patients. Acute procedural complications included 5 groin hematomas (1 requiring transfusion), 5 pericardial effusions with associated tamponade physiology in 2 (1 required pericardiocenthesis, 1 required surgery), and 1 arteriovenous fistula (managed conservatively). Importantly, none of the patients had a periprocedural thromboembolic event. Conclusions Patients with a prior history of cerebrovascular events do not seem to be predisposed to a significant risk of clinical CVE recurrence when undergoing catheter ablation for AF without interruption of therapeutic anticoagulation.
Preoperative Mental Health Evaluations

Over the last several decades, there has been a growing appreciation that the successful outcome of a surgical procedure is the product of an interaction between medical technology and the patient’s ability to utilize that technology in the most appropriate manner. In this regard, a patient’s psychosocial status may influence medical decision making regarding the appropriateness of a patient for a given treatment. These same factors may play an important role in the ultimate outcome of a surgical intervention and a patient’s ability to follow postoperative treatment plans.
Optimizing psychosocial support during office-based buprenorphine treatment in primary care: Patients' experiences and preferences

ABSTRACTBackground: Buprenorphine maintenance treatment is effective and has been successfully integrated into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and primary care settings. However, one key barrier to providers prescribing buprenorphine is their perception that they are unable to provide adequate counseling or psychosocial support to patients with opioid addiction. This qualitative study investigated supportive elements of office-based buprenorphine treatment that patients perceived to be most valuable. Methods: The authors conducted five focus groups with 33 buprenorphine treatment-experienced participants. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. Iterative readings of transcripts and grounded theory analysis revealed common themes. Results: Overall, participants perceived that buprenorphine treatment helped them to achieve their treatment goals and valued the flexibility, accessibility, and privacy of treatment. Participants identified interpersonal and structural elements of buprenorphine trea...
L’espace/temps de l’origine: Reflets identitaires dans les récits d’enfance de Confiant, Chamoiseau (Martinique), Laferrière et Ollivier (Haïti)

Le rapport problematique a l’espace/temps n’a pas ete resolu avec la fin de la colonisation, comme en temoigne la multiplicite des recits d’enfance publies par les auteurs caribeens francophones. Ainsi, une etude d’Antan d’enfance de Patrick Chamoiseau (nous ferons aussi reference a Chemin d’ecole et A bout d’enfance), de Ravines du devant-jour de Raphael Confiant, de L’odeur du cafe de Dany Laferriere (nous evo- querons aussi Le charme des apres-midi sans fin) et de Mille eaux d’Emile Ollivier montre que le retour retrospectif sur soi peut s’exprimer de maniere paradoxale pour des ecrivains originaires de Haiti et de Martinique.
Gender Differences in HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Clients of Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs in the U.S.

This study examined differences in sexual risk behaviors by gender and over time among 1281 patients (777 males and 504 females) from 12 community-based substance use disorder treatment programs throughout the United States participating in CTN-0032, a randomized control trial conducted within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Zero-inflated negative binomial and negative binomial models were used in the statistical analysis. Results indicated significant reductions in most types of sexual risk behaviors among substance users regardless of the intervention arms. There were also significant gender differences in sexual risk behaviors. Men (compared with women) reported more condomless sex acts with their non-primary partners (IRR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.21–2.69) and condomless anal sex acts (IRR = 1.74, 95 % CI 1.11–2.72), but fewer condomless sex partners (IRR = 0.87, 95 % CI 0.77–0.99), condomless vaginal sex acts (IRR = 0.83, 95 % CI 0.69–1.00), and condomless sex acts within 2 h of using drugs or alcohol (IRR = 0.70, 95 % CI 0.53–0.90). Gender-specific intervention approaches are called for in substance use disorder treatment.
Collaborative partnerships: A strategy to promote cancer screening in diverse communities

B25 Background: Team Up is a national pilot partnership among the American Cancer Society (ACS), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Cancer Institute (NCI), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Program agents from each national agency collaborated with local affiliates in six states to: 1) establish and strengthen partnership synergy at state and county levels; 2) identify, adopt and implement evidence-based interventions; and 3) improve breast and cervical screening among the most underserved women. We hypothesized that specific dimensions of partnership functioning are directly related to a partnership’s synergy, a proximal indicator of success. With this focus, emphasis was placed on collaboration to create a system change and identify variations in state practice, identify how variations may affect achievement of programmatic goals either positively or negatively. Methods: Partnership members completed the Lasker and Weiss Partnership Self-Assessment tool four times over three years (2004-2007). The tool measures partnership collaboration processes (synergy), partnership functioning (leadership, management) and community-related challenges (communication). Semi-structured qualitative interviews supplemented the on-line Lasker and Weiss surveys. Results: Preliminary results suggest that state teams understand the purpose of their partnership, but the strength of partnerships and degree of synergy varied between state and national teams and over time. Teams with higher synergy scores (mean 3.8 out of mean 5.0) were more likely to accomplish program goals than those with lower scores. Conclusions: Partnerships and collaborations can be advantageous, especially more inclusive partnerships with broad participation and open communication. Group cohesion and recognition of goals throughout the life of a project are essential to partnership success, and to improve cancer screening in diverse communities.
Reimagining Life: Imagining Life in New Ways After Acquiring a New Disability

In 2003 while I was a freshman in college, I suffered a traumatic brain injury and was diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While my injuries were in no way potentially fatal, I was...
Analysis of fluoride contents in urine from the same group of persons by different statistic methods

Objective: To study the affects of three types of statistic methods,i.e. mean,median and geometric mean on fluoride contents and the relationship among them.Methods: Fluoride contents in urine from the same grouup of persons were analyzed by three types of statistic methods mentioned above.Results: ①For the same group of persons,fluoride contents showed the following relationship:meanmediangeometric mean,and this relationship applies to all the districts studied.②For those districts having the same or close fluoride content in drinking water,the mean,median and geometric mean were close,however,the difference increased as the increase of fluoride contents in drinking water.Conclusion: As far as the consistent relationship,meanmediangeometric mean,applying to various districts is concerned,it is suggested that any of the averages,i.e.mean,median and geometric mean,can be a statistic index for the evaluation of fluorosis protection.
Stable controlling analysis for discrete singular bilinear systems

The stability problem for a discrete singular bilinear system is investigated.The existing conditions of stable controlling for discrete singular bilinear systems are studied and the corresponding controlling scheme is given.By decomposing the singular system and applying Lyapunov method,it is proved that linear state control can make a closed loop system asymptotically stable around the origin.By constructing singular Lyapunov function,the conditions of making a closed loop system stable under the condition not decomposing the system are also researched.The proof of the relevant theory for the discrete singular bilinear system may be regarded as the extension of the normal discrete bilinear system.
Study the serum levels of thyroid hormone on patients with primary nephritic syndrome and the efficacy of thyroid hormone treatment

Objective To study the relationship between the serum levels of thyroid hormone and as well as the effects of thyroxine on patients with primary nephritic syndrome(PNS).Methods The level of FT3,FT4 and the sTSH in 66 patients with primary nephritic syndrome and 60 heathy controls were tested and compared,66 patients with primary nephritic syndrowere divided into 2 groups randomly.36 cases of observation group and 30 eases of control group.The observation group were received routine treatment plus thyroxine(25-50 μg/d,oral).The serum the level of FT3,FT4,sTSH and Efficiency before and after treatment.Result The level of FT3,FT4 were decreased in patients with PNS,as compared with those of the control group(P0.01),The FT3,FT4 and clinical curative effect were notably improved as compared with those of the control group after the treatment(P0.01).Conclusion Low dose thyroxine Can be used for patients with primary nephritic syndrome with better effect.
Current Status of AIDS Epidemic and Prevention and Control Strategy in Xinjin County

Objective To analyze the epidemiology characteristic of AIDS in Xinjin county and discuss the strategy of AIDS prevention and control.Methods The data of routine and comprehensive surveillance of HIV/AIDS from 2003 to 2008 were analyzed.Results The major infection route of HIV in Xinjin was sex contact(85.2%),and HIV infection had started to transmit from high risk population to general population.Conclusion In the context of current AIDS epidemic trend,it is necessary to strengthen the capacity of AIDS prevention and control,conduct health education,improve comprehensive surveillance/behavior intervention and the concern/help to AIDS patients under the leadership of government and the cooperation of multi-sectors.
Efavirenz reclassified as FDA pregnancy category D.

Because preclinical studies showed malformations in 3 of 20 monkey fetuses exposed to efavirenz, this agent was originally classified as FDA pregnancy
The disturbing child: a problem of ecological management

The suggestion is made that some of our critical child problems relate to reciprocal or complementary conditions residing not only in the child, but in the transactions between the child and the re...
Evidence-Based Interventions Are Necessary but Not Sufficient for Achieving Outcomes in Each Setting in a Complex World: Empowerment Evaluation, Getting To Outcomes, and Demonstrating Accountability

Many evaluations of programs tend to show few outcomes. One solution to this has been an increasing prominence of the movement that requires programs to implement evidence-based interventions (EBIs). But in a complex world with complex organizations and complex interventions, many challenges have arisen to the implementation of EBIs with fidelity to achieve outcomes at scale. This includes challenges to achieving outcomes in each setting. In this article, we propose the use of empowerment evaluation and one of its major approaches (Getting To Outcomes [GTO]) as a promising method to address the challenges, and GTO can help organizations achieve outcomes by leading them through a set of “accountability questions” for implementing EBIs in their particular setting. These questions can be asked at multiple levels (e.g., national, state, and local organizations) responsible for achieving outcomes. Although we illustrate the possibilities with examples from health care and public health, the potential strategie...
Neurophysiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

This chapter will outline the biological machinery currently known to underpin the stages of consciousness and the rhythms that modulate them. We will briefly outline the basic functions of our central nervous system and how most researchers divide and categorize the major workings of our brain with an emphasis on the basic behaviors of sleep and alertness and how these two entities are not categorical. During wakefulness, we are kept in an alert state by the workings of some of the most primitive divisions of our brain. However, there are times when a person might be awake but their descriptions of their state varies as a function of what time of day it is and how long they have been awake. Therefore, wake and sleep states are more nuanced; the neural explanations of this will be discussed in detail.
Intellectual, Emotional, Cultural, and Diversity Intelligences

Three types of intelligence are currently accepted as mainstream among organization leaders. They are intellectual (IQ), emotional (EQ) (Salovey and Mayer 1990), and cultural (CQ) (Konyu-Fogel 2011). IQ, EQ, and CQ are typically assessed when examining organization leaders’ effectiveness. These assessments have included aspects of diversity but address peripheral problems and not the core problems that protected class group members experience within many workplaces.
Meeting information needs

Geographic information (GI) use spans the mundane activities of everyday life to the grandest scientific endeavors. Developing an increased understanding of GI access and use is possible using approaches that are grounded in human information seeking behavior. Furthermore, making GI more accessible, discoverable, and usable to various stakeholders requires an assessment of users’ information needs and crafting services to facilitate GI access and use. This chapter will provide some background, terminology, and theory of human information seeking behavior. Instrumental to GI use are geographic information systems (GIS). The chapter concludes with a discussion of GIS software options and site license management approaches.
Reduction in Dietary Acrylamide Exposure—Impact of Potatoes with Low Acrylamide Potential

Acrylamide forms primarily from a reaction between reducing sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose) and an amino acid (asparagine, Asn) formed naturally in foods, including potatoes. This reaction occurs when carbohydrate-rich foods are heated at temperatures above 120 °C. Multiple potato varieties were transformed with potato genomic DNA that results in down-regulation of the expression of the asparagine synthetase-1 gene (Asn1), significantly reducing synthesis of free Asn, and consequently lowering the potential to form acrylamide during cooking. These potatoes with low acrylamide potential (LAP) were tested in agronomic trials, and processed into French fries and potato chips. Decreased levels of acrylamide were measured in these cooked food products when derived from LAP potatoes compared with those derived from conventional potatoes. These reductions can be directly attributed to reduction in Asn levels in the LAP potatoes. The corresponding average reduction in exposure to acrylamide from French fry and potato chip consumption is estimated to be 65%, which would amount to approximately a 25% reduction in overall dietary exposure. Considering that children consume nearly three times more acrylamide than adults on a per kg body weight basis, they would experience the most impact from the reduced acrylamide associated with LAP potatoes. The potential public health impacts, in context of dietary acrylamide exposure reduction, are discussed in this study.
What Happened after the Movement of NPS in Japanese in La Jolla

In this paper I would first like to summarize the main points of my paper ‘Movement of Noun Phrases in Japanese’ (Kuroda 1986a), which was distributed to the participants of the Workshop in Japanese Syntax at La Jolla, without repeating observations and arguments behind them. Then I am going to add some observations made on the third topic of the paper, i.e. on the topic of topic, which I made at the time of the workshop and other observations which came to my attention later. Here I am going to make astronger case for the movement theory of topics, overriding the reservations I expressed at the time of the workshop.
Functional Organization of Cutaneous and Muscle Afferent Synapses onto Immature Spinal Lamina I Projection Neurons

It is well established that sensory afferents innervating muscle are more effective at inducing hyperexcitability within spinal cord circuits compared with skin afferents, which likely contributes to the higher prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain compared with pain of cutaneous origin. However, the mechanisms underlying these differences in central nociceptive signaling remain incompletely understood, as nothing is known about how superficial dorsal horn neurons process sensory input from muscle versus skin at the synaptic level. Using a novel ex vivo spinal cord preparation, here we identify the functional organization of muscle and cutaneous afferent synapses onto immature rat lamina I spino-parabrachial neurons, which serve as a major source of nociceptive transmission to the brain. Stimulation of the gastrocnemius nerve and sural nerve revealed significant convergence of muscle and cutaneous afferent synaptic input onto individual projection neurons. Muscle afferents displayed a higher probability of glutamate release, although short-term synaptic plasticity was similar between the groups. Importantly, muscle afferent synapses exhibited greater relative expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs compared with cutaneous inputs. In addition, the prevalence and magnitude of spike timing-dependent long-term potentiation were significantly higher at muscle afferent synapses, where it required Ca2+-permeable AMPAR activation. Collectively, these results provide the first evidence for afferent-specific properties of glutamatergic transmission within the superficial dorsal horn. A larger propensity for activity-dependent strengthening at muscle afferent synapses onto developing spinal projection neurons could contribute to the enhanced ability of these sensory inputs to sensitize central nociceptive networks and thereby evoke persistent pain in children following injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain remain poorly understood, in part because little is known about why sensory neurons innervating muscle appear more capable of sensitizing nociceptive pathways in the CNS compared with skin afferents. The present study identifies, for the first time, the functional properties of muscle and cutaneous afferent synapses onto immature lamina I projection neurons, which convey nociceptive information to the brain. Despite many similarities, an enhanced relative expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors at muscle afferent synapses drives greater LTP following repetitive stimulation. A preferential ability of the dorsal horn synaptic network to amplify nociceptive input arising from muscle is predicted to favor the generation of musculoskeletal pain following injury.
Heart sound classification based on temporal alignment techniques

The ability to accurately stratify patients at risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes using heart sound recordings could result in earlier treatment and improved patient outcomes. However, there remain several challenges associated with risk stratifying patients based on the phono-cardiogram (PCG) alone. First, inter-patient differences can make it challenging to learn a model that generalizes well across patients. Second, heterogeneity introduced by the collection environment of the recordings can render a classifier trained on one population useless when applied to another To address these challenges we explore the use of temporal alignment techniques, in particular dynamic time warping (DTW). Using DTW we compare heart sounds within and across subjects/recordings. These DTW based features, coupled with widely used spectral MFCC coefficients, serve as input to a linear SVM. Applied to the held-out test set our classifier obtained a test score of 82.4%, suggesting that temporal alignment techniques can effectively reduce the effects of inter-patient variability and mitigate the differences introduced by heterogeneous data collection environments.
INSOMNIA AND OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL PATHOLOGIES

The publication of Richard Tuck's 2012 Seeley Lectures constituted an important event in intellectual history and political theory. The Sleeping Sovereign reflects the depth of Tuck's nearly forty years of historical inquiry into the concepts of rights, reason of state, and freedom, beginning with Natural Rights Theories. The leading member of the “Cambridge school” of the study of the history of political thought in the United States, and the Frank G. Thomson Professor of Government at Harvard University, Tuck combines a contextualist, and often intertextualist, approach to the interpretation of canonical works with a theorist's attention to the value these works retain for contemporary political life.
Association Between Gestational Diabetes and Incident Maternal CKD: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk for diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether GDM is associated with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), controlling for prepregnancy risk factors for both conditions. Study Design Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants Of 2,747 women (aged 18-30 years) enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study in 1985 to 86, we studied 820 who were nulliparous at enrollment, delivered at least 1 pregnancy longer than 20 weeks' gestation, and had kidney function measurements during 25 years of follow-up. Predictor GDM was self-reported by women for each pregnancy. Outcomes CKD was defined as the development of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Measurements HRs for developing CKD were estimated for women who developed GDM versus women without GDM using complementary log-log models, adjusting for prepregnancy age, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, body mass index, smoking, education, eGFR, fasting glucose concentration, physical activity level (all measured at the CARDIA examination before the first pregnancy), race, and family history of diabetes. We explored for an interaction between race and GDM. Results During a mean follow-up of 20.8 years, 105 of 820 (12.8%) women developed CKD, predominantly increased urine albumin excretion (98 albuminuria only, 4 decreased eGFR only, and 3 both). There was evidence of a GDM-race interaction on CKD risk (P=0.06). Among black women, the adjusted HR for CKD was 1.96 (95% CI, 1.04-3.67) in GDM compared with those without GDM. Among white women, the HR was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.23-1.83). Limitations Albuminuria was assessed by single untimed measurements of urine albumin and creatinine. Conclusions GDM is associated with the subsequent development of albuminuria among black women in CARDIA.
Impact of organic waste composition on life cycle energy production, global warming and Water use for treatment by anaerobic digestion followed by composting

Abstract In response to significant organic waste generation, environmental policies are increasingly mandating diversion of organic waste from landfills and promoting alternative management practices to produce energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Anaerobic digestion and composting are organic waste treatment alternatives, however, both practices require careful management to prevent similar environmental impacts as landfills. A model was developed to assess the impact of anaerobic digestion followed by composting of food waste and green waste mixtures on net energy production, global warming potential and scarce water use. The model included the ability to vary the initial organic waste composition, decomposition kinetics and treatment time. Energy needs for composting aeration and water pumping, and water use decreased as anaerobic digestion time increased. Composting water use savings for an organic waste anaerobically digested for 90 days prior to composting compared to zero days prior to composting ranged between 25%–53% for different organic waste compositions (from 1:0 to 0:1 green waste to food waste ratios), and energy use savings for composting aeration and water pumping ranged between 15%–17% and 24%–54%, respectively, for the same conditions. For an anaerobic digestion pretreatment time of 30 days prior to composting, the analysis predicted scarce water use to be 0.31–1.09 m3 swe/Mg waste, primary energy use to be −168.5–298.3 MJ/Mg waste, and global warming potential to be 8.1–26.4 kg CO2e/Mg waste. The results will help inform the design and maintenance of waste treatment in resource-limited environments.
Models of Photosynthetic Chromophores: Molecular Structures of Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses molecular structures of isolated chlorins and bacteriochlorins that can provide some insights into the stereochemistry of photosynthetic chromophores in vivo. Chlorins and bacteriochlorins fall in the generic class of hydroporphyrins, that is, porphyrin derivatives in which one or more double bonds are saturated by the addition of hydrogen or other substituents. The resulting decrease in the π system of the molecules affects their frontier orbitals and causes significant changes in their optical and redox properties. In addition to the obvious major changes in the π system caused by redox changes or by the loss of one or more double bonds in chlorins and bacteriochlorins, conformational variations appear to be among the major structural modes available to modulate a wide range of physicochemical properties of porphyrins—particularly hydroporphyrins. The unfolding role of stereochemistry in the biological function of the latter is not limited to chlorophylls; it influences the chemistry of other biological hydroporphyrins that mediate nitrite and sulfite reductions, catalase decomposition, and methanogenesis.
Measure of compactness for filters in product spaces: Kuratowski–Mròwka in CAP revisited

Abstract The first author introduced a measure of compactness for families of sets, relative to a class of filters, in the context of convergence approach spaces. We characterize a variety of maps (types of quotient maps, closed maps, and variants of perfect maps) as those respecting this measure of compactness under one form or another. We establish a product theorem for measure of compactness that yields as instances new product theorems for spaces and maps, and new product characterizations of spaces and maps, thus extending existing results from the category of convergence spaces to that of convergence approach spaces. In particular, results of the Mrowka–Kuratowski type are obtained, shedding new light on existing results for approach spaces.
Toll-like receptor agonist R848 blocks Zika virus replication by inducing the antiviral protein viperin

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen linked to neurological disorders for which there is currently no targeted therapy. To identify host innate immune response proteins that restrict ZIKV replication, we treated monocytes and macrophages with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Of those tested, the TLR7/8 agonist R848 (resiquimod) was the most potent inhibitor of ZIKV replication. RNA-seq analysis identified several genes strongly induced by R848 in monocytes. Testing of several of these for their ability to restrict ZIKV replication identified viperin, an interferon-induced gene active against several viruses. Transduction of microglial CHME3 cells with a viperin lentiviral expression vector rendered them resistant to ZIKV infection, preventing the synthesis of viral RNA and protein. CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out of viperin in macrophages relieved the block to infection, demonstrating that viperin is a major innate immune response protein able to block ZIKV replication. TLR agonists may be useful for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment for ZIKV.
Variation Caused by Spatial Distribution of Dielectric and Ferroelectric Grains in a Negative Capacitance Field-Effect Transistor

We propose a new scheme to consider the dielectric (DE) phases inside polycrystalline ferroelectric (FE) materials. The scheme is used to extract material parameters from experimental polarization-electric field (P-E) measurements from the literature. A Sentaurus TCAD structure is constructed with the extracted parameters, and the simulated P-E curve is in a good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, variation of the device performance in a negative capacitance field-effect transistor (NCFET) due to the spatial distribution of DE and FE phases is studied using Sentaurus TCAD. It is found that the resultant variations of on and off currents can be up to 14.44% and 30.23%, respectively, thus showing the impact of inhomogeneous crystalline phases of the FE material on device performance.
EcoWellness: Contextualizing Nature Connection in Traditional Clinical and Educational Settings to Foster Positive Childhood Outcomes

Abstract K-12 educators and health-related professionals in the United States face significant challenges promoting the human-nature connection when working with youth. Policy-mandated priorities r...