cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformations Associated with Rigid Algebras

The deformations of an infinite dimensional algebra may be controlled not just by its own cohomology but by that of an associated diagram of algebras, since an infinite dimensional algebra may be absolutely rigid in the classical deformation theory for single algebras while depending essentially on some parameters. Two examples studied here, the function field of a sphere with four marked points and the first Weyl algebra, show, however, that the existence of these parameters may be made evident by the cohomology of a diagram (presheaf) of algebras constructed from the original. The Cohomology Comparison Theorem asserts, on the other hand, that the cohomology and deformation theory of a diagram of algebras is always the same as that of a single, but generally rather large, algebra constructed from the diagram.
Expression of the plasmacytoid dendritic cell marker BDCA-2 supports a spectrum of maturation among CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms

CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms are rare, aggressive hematopoietic malignancies usually presenting with cutaneous masses followed by a leukemic phase. The blastic morphology, CD56 expression and lack of definitive myeloid or T-cell markers initially resulted in assignment of this tumor to the NK-cell lineage. Accumulating evidence now suggests that these neoplasms represent malignant counterparts to the plasmacytoid dendritic cell. BDCA-2 is a cell surface protein whose expression is restricted to human plasmacytoid dendritic cells, in a differentiation stage-specific manner. In the current study, we assessed expression of BDCA-2 in CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms using a new antibody reagent we developed for use in fixed tissue sections. In 10 of 19 cases of CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, BDCA-2 immunoreactivity was detected, whereas no expression was observed in NK-lineage tumors (0 of six). Interestingly, expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, a marker of immaturity/blast stage, was significantly and negatively correlated with BDCA-2 in CD4+CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms whereas a positive correlation was observed between BDCA-2 and CD7. These findings demonstrate that BDCA-2 is expressed predominantly in the CD7+ subset of hematodermic neoplasms, and similar to non-neoplastic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, expression indicates a relatively more mature differentiation state. Clinical follow-up data confirm the aggressiveness of these tumors and suggests that BDCA-2 immunoreactivity, as identified here, may herald a significant reduction in survival.
Probing the Cytotoxicity Of Semiconductor Quantum Dots.

With their bright, photostable fluorescence, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) show promise as alternatives to organic dyes for biological labeling. Questions about their potential cytotoxicity, however, remain unanswered. While cytotoxicity of bulk cadmium selenide (CdSe) is well documented, a number of groups have suggested that CdSe QDs are cytocompatible, at least with some immortalized cell lines. Using primary hepatocytes as a liver model, we found that CdSe-core QDs were indeed acutely toxic under certain conditions. Specifically, we found that the cytotoxicity of QDs was modulated by processing parameters during synthesis, exposure to ultraviolet light, and surface coatings. Our data further suggest that cytotoxicity correlates with the liberation of free Cd2+ ions due to deterioration of the CdSe lattice. When appropriately coated, CdSe-core QDs can be rendered nontoxic and used to track cell migration and reorganization in vitro. Our results provide information for design criteria for the use of ...
Traumatic rupture of an accessory spleen after prior splenectomy

This case report describes and illustrates acute traumatic rupture of an accessory spleen (spleniculus) in a patient who had a previous splenectomy after a motor vehicle collision. The imaging features of splenosis and spleniculus are illustrated and the relevant literature reviewed.
Frequency-multiplexed acoustooptic architectures and applications

The use of frequency multiplexing to increase the utility of acoustooptic correlators is described. Space-integrating and time-integrating architectures are described and specific demodulation and synchronization applications including a novel coarse/fine synchronization technique using these processors are detailed.
Tests and test feedback as learning sources

Abstract Two experiments examined the influence of test taking and feedback in promoting learning. Participants were shown a list of trivia facts during an incidental learning task. Some facts were later tested (plus feedback provided), whereas other facts were not presented for further processing. Tested facts were better recalled on a final criterion test than untested facts, showing the beneficial effects of testing. Tested facts were also better recalled than facts that were presented for additional study (Experiment 1). Although testing plus feedback enhanced learning, there were no effects of whether the participants were required simply to repeat the feedback or elaborate it.
Assimilation efficiency for sediment-sorbed benzo(a)pyrene by Diporeia spp.

Two methods are currently available for determining contaminant assimilation efficiencies (AE) from ingested material in benthic invertebrates. These methods were compared using the Great Lakes amphipod Diporeia spp. and [14C]benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) sorbed to Florissant sediment (< 63 μm). The first approach, the direct measurement method, uses total organic carbon as a tracer and yielded AE values ranging from 45.9–60.4%. The second approach, the dual-labeled method, uses 51Cr as a non-assimilated tracer and did not yield AE values for our data. The inability of the dual-labeled approach to estimate AEs was due, in part, to the selective feeding by Diporeia resulting in a failure of the non-assimilated tracer (51Cr) to track with the assimilated tracer ([14C]BaP). The failure of the dual-labeled approach was not a result of an uneven distribution of the labels among particle size classes, but more likely resulted from differential sorption of the two isotopically labeled materials to particles of differing composition. The [14C]BaP apparently sorbs to organic particles that are selectively ingested, while the 51Cr apparently sorbs to particles which are selectively excluded by Diporeia. The dual-labeled approach would be a viable and easier experimental approach for determining AE values if the characteristics that govern selective feeding can be determined.
Chronic pouch inflammation and risk for new-onset extraintestinal cancers in patients with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVES To date, there have been no studies on extraintestinal cancer in patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and natural history of extraintestinal cancer and their risk factors in patients after IPAA for IBD. METHODS All patients after IPAA with underlying IBD and extraintestinal neoplasia were identified from a prospectively maintained 932-case Pouchitis Registry from 2002 to 2010. The study group consisted of patients with de novo extraintestinal cancer, which developed after IPAA. Controls were those without extraintestinal cancer, who were randomly selected from the registry with a case to control ratio of 1 to 4. Thirty-one demographic and clinical data were compared between the study and control groups. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients with de novo extraintestinal cancer after IPAA were identified, with a mean duration of pouch construction of 8.2 ± 9.7 years. The cumulative frequency of de novo extraintestinal cancer in patients after IPAA for IBD was 3%, consisting of cancer of the breast (18%), kidney (14%), prostate (11%), thyroid (11%), and bladder (7%); melanoma (11%); and other cancers (28%). The mean age of the study group was 57.6 ± 10.1 years, with 16 (57%) being men; 8 (29%) were consuming tobacco, and 3 (11%) having preoperative and/or postoperative biologic use. Patient age, left-sided colitis, and duration of IBD before IPAA were significantly greater in patients in the study group than in controls (P < 0.05) in univariate analysis. Preoperative or postoperative use of biologics and a preoperative diagnosis of colonic neoplasia were not shown to be associated with extraintestinal cancer. The prevalence seemed to be increased in patients with renal cancer with the standardized prevalence ratio of 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-12.2). In the logistic regression model, older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8), left-sided colitis (OR = 12.3; 95% CI, 2.2-67.8), and chronic pouch inflammation (OR = 4.4; 95% CI, 1.5-12.9) were associated with the risk for extraintestinal cancer. The 1-year and 2-year mortality rates after cancer diagnosis were 7.1% and 10.7%, respectively. There was no difference in pouch failure rate between the 2 groups (4% versus 5%; P = 1.00). CONCLUSION The observed number of cases of renal cancer in patients after IPAA appeared to be greater than the expected number of cases in the general population. Older age and chronic pouch inflammation may be associated with an increased risk for extraintestinal cancer in this cohort. Biologic use is not associated with extraintestinal cancer in our population.
Genetic and environmental influences of daily and intra-individual variation in testosterone levels in middle-aged men

Summary Background Testosterone regulates numerous physiological processes, and evidence suggests that it plays a critical role in male aging. It has yet to be determined whether the heritability of testosterone varies in accordance with its diurnal rhythm. Similarly, it is unclear whether changes in testosterone level throughout the day are genetically influenced. The aim of the present study was to determine the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in testosterone throughout the day in middle-aged men. Methods Saliva-based measures of free testosterone, sampled at multiple time-points both at-home and in-lab, were collected from 783 male twins (193 monozygotic pairs, 196 dizygotic pairs, 5 unpaired twins) as part of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). The average age of participants was 55.9 years (SD = 2.6). Results Testosterone levels declined substantially over the course of the day, with 32–39% of the change occurring in the first 30 min after waking. Heritability estimates for specific time-points ranged from .02 to .39. The heritability of the average at-home and in-lab testosterone values were notably higher (.42 and .47 respectively). Daily rates of change showed some evidence of genetic influence, with heritability estimates ranging from .15 to .29, whereas there were no observable genetic influences on coefficients of variation. Conclusions Genetic influences account for a significant proportion of the variance in average testosterone levels, while environmental factors account for the majority of intra-individual variability. These results highlight the need to explore both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors as determinants of free testosterone levels in aging men.
Level spacings at the metal-insulator transition in the Anderson Hamiltonians and multifractal random matrix ensembles

We consider orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic ensembles of random matrices with $(1/a)(\mathrm{ln}{x)}^{2}$ potentials, which obey spectral statistics different from the Wigner-Dyson and are argued to have multifractal eigenstates. If the coefficient a is small, spectral correlations in the bulk are universally governed by a translationally invariant, one-parameter generalization of the sine kernel. We provide analytic expressions for the level spacing distribution functions of this kernel, which are hybrids of the Wigner-Dyson and Poisson distributions. By tuning the single parameter, our results can be excellently fitted to the numerical data for three symmetry classes of the three-dimensional Anderson Hamiltonians at the metal-insulator transition, previously measured by several groups using exact diagonalization.
Parathyroid hormone early percent change: an individualized approach to predict postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate a percent change model of postoperative parathyroid hormone level in thyroidectomy patients as a predictor of hypocalcemia. Materials and methods Chart review was completed on patients who had undergone total or completion thyroidectomy over a 22-month period in our department. Only those patients with a preoperative ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and at least 1 postoperative result were included. Ionized calcium levels served as an internal control. The Student t test was used to compare PTH level between the normocalcemic and hypocalcemic groups at each time point. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict hypocalcemia based on the diagnostic criteria. Receiver operator curves were used to maximize sensitivity. Results Fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period. A total of 22 patients (42%) experienced hypocalcemia. We were unable to maximize both sensitivity and specificity at the same time point. When comparing preoperative to 6-hour postoperative PTH percent change, patients with a greater than 44% decrease are likely to have hypocalcemia, with a sensitivity of 100%. Likewise, in those patients without a greater than 44% decrease at 6 hours, early discharge can be considered safe, given the negative predictive value of 100%. Conclusion In our series, patients with a greater than 44% PTH decrease from preoperative to 6-hour postoperative are very likely to develop hypocalcemia. We would propose that these patients need further inpatient monitoring to progress to safe discharge. Likewise, patients with a less than 44% decrease at the 6-hour time point are unlikely to develop hypocalcemia and may be considered safe for discharge.
Design of Adjustable of RSSR-SC Mechanisms for Multi-Phase Motion Generation

This paper presents a technique for synthesizing adjustable RSSR-SC mechanisms to achieve phases of prescribed rigid body positions. The benefit of this method is that RSSR-SC mechanisms can be synthesized to achieve multiple phases of prescribed rigid-body positions using the same hardware. By specifying the joint axes of the C-S and R-S links and establishing perpendicularity between these links and their corresponding joint axes, the constant length condition becomes the only design constraint for these links. The prescribed rigid-body positions are then incorporated in the link constraint Equations with respect to the prescribed coordinate frame for each link and the RSSR-SC mechanism joint variables calculated. The example problem in this work considers a two-phase moving pivot adjustment problem with fixed and adjustable crank and follower lengths.
Shadows and intersections in vector spaces

We prove a vector space analog of a version of the Kruskal-Katona theorem due to Lovasz. We apply this result to extend Frankl's theorem on r-wise intersecting families to vector spaces. In particular, we obtain a short new proof of the Erdos-Ko-Rado theorem for vector spaces.
THE ARTHRITIS OF WHIPPLE'S DISEASE.

Despite the well appreciated fact that arthropathy frequently occurs with Whipple's disease, this is often not considered in dealing with obscure joint problems. A review of 95 cases with typical histologic changes of Whipple's disease revealed arthropathy in 64. This usually consisted of an acute, intermittent and often migratory polyarthritis which was followed by periods of complete remission. Spondylitis, both with and without sacro-iliac fusion, was less commonly observed. In despecto del ben-appreciate facto que arthropathia occurre frequentemente in association con morbo de Whipple, isto es frequentemente non prendite in consideration in le studio de obscur problemas articular. Un revista de 95 casos del typic alterationes histologic de morbo de Whipple ha revelate le presentia de arthropathia in 64. Usualmente isto consisteva de acute polyarthritis intermittente e frequentemente migratori, sequite de periodos de remission complete. Spondylitis—con o sin fusion sacro-iliac—esseva observate minus frequentemente.
Marijuana: Implications of Use by Young People

People refer vaguely to a “marijuana problem” suggesting the drug impairs the development, learning, and schooling of youngsters. This study uses survey and interview data and recent findings reported in journals to consider that problem in the following areas: marijuana is being used too frequently and at too early an age, marijuana is being used for negative reasons, psychoactive effects of the drug lead to irrational or unsafe behavior, young people lack accurate information about the drug's effects, use of marijuana leads to dependence or to the use of other drugs, use of marijuana impairs ability to learn, and the use of marijuana contributes to schooling problems: absenteeism, tardiness, drug trafficking, and other negative behavior.
Does Gaming Lead to Cheating? A Model of Gaming to Cheating

Video and online gaming have become major pastimes for many undergraduates, with cheating as an acceptable practice. However, when students perceive their educational experience as a game and similarly accept cheating as an element of the schema, using business simulation games and gaming terminology in the classroom may have profound implications that extend beyond the classroom into professional careers. This work explores the connection between gaming and cheating, and finds that a significant correlation exists.
TH-E-17A-07: Improved Cine Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography (4D CT) Acquisition and Processing Method

Purpose: Artifacts arising from the 4D CT acquisition and post-processing methods add systematic uncertainty to the treatment planning process. We propose an alternate cine 4D CT acquisition and post-processing method to consistently reduce artifacts, and explore patient parameters indicative of image quality. Methods: In an IRB-approved protocol, 18 patients with primary thoracic malignancies received a standard cine 4D CT acquisition followed by an oversampling 4D CT that doubled the number of images acquired. A second cohort of 10 patients received the clinical 4D CT plus 3 oversampling scans for intra-fraction reproducibility. The clinical acquisitions were processed by the standard phase sorting method. The oversampling acquisitions were processed using Dijkstras algorithm to optimize an artifact metric over available image data. Image quality was evaluated with a one-way mixed ANOVA model using a correlation-based artifact metric calculated from the final 4D CT image sets. Spearman correlations and a linear mixed model tested the association between breathing parameters, patient characteristics, and image quality. Results: The oversampling 4D CT scans reduced artifact presence significantly by 27% and 28%, for the first cohort and second cohort respectively. From cohort 2, the inter-replicate deviation for the oversampling method was within approximately 13% of the cross scan average at the 0.05 significance level. Artifact presence for both clinical and oversampling methods was significantly correlated with breathing period (ρ=0.407, p-value<0.032 clinical, ρ=0.296, p-value<0.041 oversampling). Artifact presence in the oversampling method was significantly correlated with amount of data acquired, (ρ=-0.335, p-value<0.02) indicating decreased artifact presence with increased breathing cycles per scan location. Conclusion: The 4D CT oversampling acquisition with optimized sorting reduced artifact presence significantly and reproducibly compared to the phase-sorted clinical acquisition.
Rydberg assisted light shift imbalance induced blockade in an atomic ensemble

Abstract Previously, we had proposed the technique of light shift imbalance induced blockade which leads to a condition where a collection of non-interacting atoms under laser excitation remains combined to a superposition of the ground and the first excited states, thus realizing a collective state quantum bit which in turn can be used to realize a quantum computer. In this paper, we show first that the light shift imbalance by itself is actually not enough to produce such a blockade, and explain the reason why the limitation of our previous analysis had reached this constraint. We then show that by introducing Rydberg interaction, it is possible to achieve such a blockade for a wide range of parameters. Analytic arguments used to establish these results are confirmed by numerical simulations. The fidelity of coupled quantum gates based on such collective state qubits is highly insensitive to the exact number of atoms in the ensemble. As such, this approach may prove to be viable for scalable quantum computing based on neutral atoms.
Lordosis reflex, sexual receptivity, and feeding: Estrogen responsivity in male and female rats

Possible sex differences in estrogen responsiveness were tested by administering 10 daily injections of 5 μg estradiol benzoate to gonadectomized male and female rats. Although estrogen readily potentiated the manually elicited lordosis reflex in both males and females, neither sex showed high levels of sexual receptivity in the presence of a stud male and sex differences were not significant. Reductions in food intake and body weight during estrogen treatment were at least as great in males as in females. Results were discussed in light of accumulating evidence that the male rat is very responsive to estrogen.
Making Paper Maps Relevant in a Digital Age

Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine, business, and so forth. In each column, the author will discuss public service dilemmas and solutions that arise specifically in given subject libraries, while drawing links to how such issues affect librarianship in general. Special or subject-matter librarians interested in authoring a piece for this column are invited to contact Melissa K. Aho at aho@umn.edu Ryan Mattke is head of the John R. Borchert Map Library at the University of Minnesota where he has worked since 2007. When he is not poring over maps he can be found reading, writing, paddling, hiking, gardening or building canoes. He holds a B.A. in English (Creative Writing) from the University of Minnesota and can be reached at matt0089@umn.edu.
Hybrids of Ring-Necked Pheasants, Turkeys, and Domestic Fowl

ABSTRACT THE consequences of one or more of a large number of isolating mechanisms are that birds of different species or genera either do not mate or mate only rarely (Dobzhansky, 1951; Riley, 1952; and others). Ecological isolation kept apart the three genera with which we are here concerned for a long time before they were brought together by man. Even then, sexual or psychological isolation has reduced or prevented mating between them. Only between the chicken (Gallus) and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) have many natural hybrids been recorded (Suchetet, 1896; Wheeler, 1910; Poll, 1912; Cutler, 1918; Serebrovsky, 1929; Yamashina, 1942). Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are placed in a different family from pheasants and chickens (Friedmann, 1946) and are much larger birds. Despite the additional barrier of size, one natural hybrid of the turkey and pheasant has been reported (Edwards, 1761) but none between the turkey and chicken. The isolating mechanisms may . . .
The BigCAT: A Normative and Comparative Investigation of the Communication Attitude of Nonstuttering and Stuttering Adults.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to provide normative and comparative data for the BigCAT, the adult form of the Communication Attitude Test, a sub-test of the Behavior Assessment Battery. The BigCAT, a 35-item self-report test of speech-associated attitude was administered to 96 adults who stutter (PWS) and 216 adults who do not (PWNS). The difference in the extent to which the two groups of participants reported a negative attitude toward their speech and speech ability, as measured by the BigCAT, was statistically significant. Moreover, the overlap in the scores of the PWS and PWNS was minimal, and the effect size attributable to group membership was very large. The BigCAT's high Cronbach Alpha coefficients, together with the fact that each of its items significantly differentiated PWS from PWNS, indicate that the BigCAT is an internally consistent measure of the attitude that they have about their speech. Gender did not have a significant influence on the attitude toward speech or speech ability of either the PWS or PWNS. Overall, the present data suggest that the BigCAT holds promise as an aid to clinical decision making that relates to the assessment and treatment of those who stutter. Learning outcomes: (1) The reader will learn about the BigCAT, a self-report measure of speech-associated attitude. (2) The reader will be given normative and comparative data that relate to the speech-associated attitude of PWS and PWNS as measured by the BigCAT. This will enable the clinician to use the BigCAT data as a useful source of information in clinical decision making that relates to assessment and treatment. (3) The reader will be informed about the internal reliability and content validity of the BigCAT, a gender-free measure of the speech-associated attitude of PWS and PWNS.
Antiprotozoal Activity of Rubratoxin B

GrowthofTetrahymena pyriformis HSM was inhibited bya concentration of 25jigofrubratoxin B permlofgrowth medium. Theinhibitory effect ofaflatoxin B,-rubratoxin B mixtures on growth ofT.pyriformis was induced byrubratoxin Bonly. Totalcellular deoxyribonucleic acidincreased inthepresenceof5,ug of rubratoxin B permlofgrowth medium, whereas higher concentrations (25,g/ml ofgrowth medium) wererequired before adecrease intotal protein was observed. Penicillium rubrumandAspergillus flavus werethetwotoxigenic fungi isolated byBurnside etal.(1)fromcornsamples associated with anearly epizootic amongcattle inthesoutheastern United States. Sterile corninoculated withP.rubrum wastoxic topigs, horses, mice, goats, andchicken embryos. Forgacs andassociates(5)concluded that"poultry hemorrhagic disease" wasoffungal origin whenthey showed thatfungi, including P.rubrumandP. purpurogenum, produced toxic metabolites in moist-broiler mash. An acidic, heat-stable material extracted fromcorncultures ofBurnside's original isolate produced toxic hepatitis inlaboratory animals similar tothatreported infield outbreaks (19). Thismaterial hasbeenidentified asrubratoxins AandB,andthestructures ofbothcompounds havebeenproposed (11, 12). Recently Natori et al.(13)isolated rubratoxin B fromP. purpurogenum. During asurvey ofmicrobial susceptibility to rubratoxin B (7),itwasnotedthatTetrahymena pyriformis HSM wasthemostsusceptible microorganism tested. Because this protozoan isalsoideal fordrugaction studies (3), aninvestigation oftheeffect ofrubratoxin Bongrowth response, nucleic acids, andprotein content ofT.pyriformis wasundertaken. In addition, synergism between aflatoxin B,and rubratoxin B wasinvestigated.
Encoding negative events under stress: high subjective arousal is related to accurate emotional memory despite misinformation exposure.

Stress at encoding affects memory processes, typically enhancing, or preserving, memory for emotional information. These effects have interesting implications for eyewitness accounts, which in real-world contexts typically involve encoding an aversive event under stressful conditions followed by potential exposure to misinformation. The present study investigated memory for a negative event encoded under stress and subsequent misinformation endorsement. Healthy young adults participated in a between- groups design with three experimental sessions conducted 48 h apart. Session one consisted of a psycho- social stress induction (or control task) followed by incidental encoding of a negative slideshow. During session two, participants were asked questions about the slideshow, during which a random subgroup was exposed to misinformation. Memory for the slideshow was tested during the third session. Assess- ment of memory accuracy across stress and no-stress groups revealed that stress induced just prior to encoding led to significantly better memory for the slideshow overall. The classic misinformation effect was also observed - participants exposed to misinformation were significantly more likely to endorse false information during memory testing. In the stress group, however, memory accuracy and misinfor- mation effects were moderated by arousal experienced during encoding of the negative event. Misin- formed-stress group participants who reported that the negative slideshow elicited high arousal during encoding were less likely to endorse misinformation for the most aversive phase of the story. Fur- thermore, these individuals showed better memory for components of the aversive slideshow phase that had been directly misinformed. Results from the current study provide evidence that stress and high sub- jective arousal elicited by a negative event act concomitantly during encoding to enhance emotional memory such that the most aversive aspects of the event are well remembered and subsequently more resistant to misinformation effects.
A Constraint Generation Approach to Learning Stable Linear Dynamical Systems

Stability is a desirable characteristic for linear dynamical systems, but it is often ignored by algorithms that learn these systems from data. We propose a novel method for learning stable linear dynamical systems: we formulate an approximation of the problem as a convex program, start with a solution to a relaxed version of the program, and incrementally add constraints to improve stability. Rather than continuing to generate constraints until we reach a feasible solution, we test stability at each step; because the convex program is only an approximation of the desired problem, this early stopping rule can yield a higher-quality solution. We apply our algorithm to the task of learning dynamic textures from image sequences as well as to modeling biosurveillance drug-sales data. The constraint generation approach leads to noticeable improvement in the quality of simulated sequences. We compare our method to those of Lacy and Bernstein [1, 2], with positive results in terms of accuracy, quality of simulated sequences, and efficiency.
Topography of dolichyl phosphate synthesis in rat liver microsomes transbilayer arrangement of dolichol kinase and long-chain prenyltransferase

The topography of the dolichyl phosphate biosynthetic enzymes within the plane of rat liver microsomes was investigated by the use of two impermeant inhibitors of enzyme activity: trypsin and mercury-dextran. Mercury-dextran was found to inactivate over 50% of the activities of the CTP-dependent dolichol kinase and the long-chain prenyltransferase. Trypsin caused over 90% inactivation of the long-chain prenyltransferase and 60% inactivation of the dolichol kinase. In addition, the CTP-dependent dolichol kinase was inhibited over 90% by CDP applied externally to sealed microsomes. Inactivation of the dolichyl phosphate biosynthetic enzymes by the impermeant probes occurred under conditions where the mannose-6-phosphatase activity was highly latent. It was concluded that the active sites of these two enzymes are located on the external surface of the microsomal membranes and that dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis occurs asymmetrically on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Incorporating survivability considerations directly into the network design process

A procedure for designing survivable, distributed communications networks is described. The approach uses a version of the cut-saturation algorithm modified to include considerations for survivability while adding and deleting link resources to meet specified throughput goals. This approach improves on the original design process, which made decisions on which link should be added or deleted based strictly on link utilization and link cost. Link distance was used for link cost when all links had the same capacity. Survivability considerations were directly integrated into the design process by using the information provided by the node decomposition (ND) and link tree (LT) indexes to indicate which links to add or to delete. If a link must be dropped, low LT index links make good candidates from a survivability standpoint. If a link must be added, low ND index nodes would be good termination points for adding the link. This replaces the original selection process with one oriented towards maintaining network survivability. >
Deagglomeration of nanoparticle aggregates via rapid expansion of supercritical or high-pressure suspensions

Deagglomeration of suspensions of alumina and titania nanopowders (i.e., nanoparticle aggregates) via rapid expansion of supercritical suspensions (RESS) or high-pressure suspensions (REHPS) was studied. The size distribution of fragmented nanopowders was characterized by online Scanning Mobility Particle Spectrometer (SMPS) and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), and by offline Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SMPS and SEM measurements indicate that the average agglomerate sizes were well below 1 μm, consistent with the length scales observed in our complementary RESS/REHPS mixing experiments using alumina and silica nanopowders. The APS measurements, on the other hand, were affected by reagglomeration during sampling and yielded an agglomerate size range of 1 to 3 μm. Analysis of the RESS/REHPS process through compressible flow models revealed that both the shear stress in the nozzle and the subsequent impact of the agglomerates with the Mach disc in the free expansion region can lead to micron or sub-micron level deagglomeration. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Underwater wireless video transmission for supervisory control and inspection using acoustic OFDM

We study the feasibility of video transmission using an acoustic system for deep-sea oilfield supervisory control and inspection. Such a system is of interest over short distance links, with short delays and high available bandwidth, as near real-time imagery can be transmitted to monitor targeted underwater spots. This work includes three parts: (1) noise characterization for deep-sea oilfield environments, (2) video compression to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted through the channel, and (3) OFDM modulation to achieve high bit rates over the underwater link. Experimental testing was conducted at the MIT Sailing Pavilion premises, in the Charles River, Boston. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the coupled MPEG-4 compression and OFDM modulation, reaching bit rates on the order of 90 kbps in a 115 kHz acoustic band over a 200-meter link under a variety of channel conditions.
Phytoplankton blooms are strongly impacted by microzooplankton grazing in coastal North Pacific waters

Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing were measured in two productive coastal regions of the North Pacific: northern Puget Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska. Rates of phytoplankton growth (range: 0.09–2.69 day−1) and microzooplankton grazing (range: 0.00–2.10 day−1) varied seasonally, with lowest values in late fall and winter, and highest values in spring and summer. Chlorophyll concentrations also varied widely (0.19–13.65 μg l−1). Large (>8 μm) phytoplankton cells consistently dominated phytoplankton communities under bloom conditions, contributing on average 65% of total chlorophyll biomass when chlorophyll exceeded 2 μg l−1. Microzooplankton grazing was an important loss process affecting phytoplankton, with grazing rates equivalent to nearly two-thirds (64%) of growth rates on average. Both small and large phytoplankton cells were consumed, with the ratio of grazing to growth (g:μ) for the two size classes averaging 0.80 and 0.42, respectively. Perhaps surprisingly, the coupling between microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth was tighter during phytoplankton blooms than during low biomass periods, with g:μ averaging 0.78 during blooms and 0.49 at other times. This tight coupling may be a result of the high potential growth and ingestion rates of protist grazers, some of which feed on bloom-forming diatoms and other large phytoplankton. Large ciliates and Gyrodinium-like dinoflagellates contributed substantially to microzooplankton biomass at diatom bloom stations in the Gulf of Alaska, and microzooplankton biomass overall was strongly correlated with >8 μm chlorophyll concentrations. Because grazing tended to be proportionally greater when phytoplankton biomass was high, the absolute amount of chlorophyll consumed by microzooplankton was often substantial. In nearly two-thirds of the experiments (14/23), more chlorophyll was ingested by microzooplankton than was available for all other biological and physical loss processes combined. Microzooplankton were important intermediaries in the transfer of primary production to higher trophic levels in these coastal marine food webs.
Flow‐induced crystallization of polymer melts in convergent flow regimes and imposed temperature gradient to form ultra‐oriented fiber structures

Flow crystallization experiments which utilized the Instron rheometer in conjunction with convergent dies were conducted for the purpose of producing high-modulus poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments directly from the melt. A temperature gradient was imposed on the lower extremity of the dies in an attempt to control the site of the fluid-solid phase transformation, and “freeze in” any orientation derived from the elongational flow regime. Comparative studies were made using dies with included angles of 20, 30, and 40°, and extrusion temperatures ranging from 255 to 270°C. Die angle influenced the pressure at which maximum die swell and the onset of extrudate distortion occurred; however, barrel temperature showed little effect on this pressure. The minimum temperature produced by the temperature gradient was the over-riding factor involved with cessation of flow. In each experiment, the fluid-solid phase transformation produced by the temperature was always accompanied by extrudate distortion. Thus, only minimal comparative studies of the extrudates could be performed. In view of the above, it appears that utilizing a temperature gradient, by itself, to “freeze in” preferred orientation within the confines of the die presents difficulties. A modification which combines a temperature gradient with external tension and a rapid after-quench outside the die, now holds appeal for continuing studies.
Expression of the T-box family genes, Tbx1-Tbx5, during early mouse development.

A novel family of genes, charac- terized by the presence of a region of homology to the DNA-binding domain of the Brachyury (2') lo- cus product, has recently been identified. The re- gion of homology has been named the T-box, and the new mouse genes that contain the T-box do- main have been named T-box 1-6 (Tbxl through TbxG). As the basis for further study of the func- tion and evolution of these genes, we have exam- ined the expression of 5 of these genes, Tbxl- Tbx5, across a wide range of embryonic stages from blastocyst through gastrulation and early or- ganogenesis by in situ hybridization of whole- mounts and tissue sections. Tbx3 is expressed ear- liest, in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Four of the genes are expressed in different compo- nents of the mesoderm or mesodedendoderm during gastrulation (Tbxl and Tbx3-5). All of these genes have highly specific patterns of ex- pression during later embryogenesis, notably in areas undergoing inductive tissue interactions. In several cases there is complementary expression of different genes in 2 interacting tissues, as in the lung epithelium (Tbxl) and lung mesenchyme (Tbx2-5), and in mammary buds (Tbx3) and mam- mary stroma (Tbx2). Tbxl shows very little over- lap in the sites of expression with the other 4 genes, in contrast to a striking similarity in ex- pression between members of the 2 cognate gene sets, Tbx21Tbx3 and Tbx4lTbx5. This is a clear re- flection of the evolutionary relationship between the 5 genes since the divergence of Tbxl occurred long before the relatively recent divergence of Tbx2 and 3 and Tbx4 and 5 from common ances- tral genes. These studies are a good indication that the T-box family of genes has important roles in inductive interactions in many stages of mam- malian embryogenesis.
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO CHANGING CLIMATE

Until now, Quaternary paleoecologists have regarded evolution as a slow process relative to climate change, predicting that the primary biotic response to changing climate is not adaptation, but instead (1) persistence in situ if changing climate remains within the species' tolerance limits, (2) range shifts (migration) to regions where climate is currently within the species' tolerance limits, or (3) extinction. We argue here that all three of these outcomes involve evolutionary processes. Genetic differentiation within species is ubiquitous, commonly via adaptation of populations to differing environmental conditions. Detectable adaptive divergence evolves on a time scale comparable to change in climate, within decades for herbaceous plant species, and within centuries or millennia for longer-lived trees, implying that biologically significant evolutionary response can ac- company temporal change in climate. Models and empirical studies suggest that the speed with which a population adapts to a changing environment affects invasion rate of new habitat and thus migration rate, population growth rate and thus probability of extinction, and growth and mortality of individual plants and thus productivity of regional vegetation. Recent models and experiments investigate the stability of species tolerance limits, the influence of environmental gradients on marginal populations, and the interplay of de- mography, gene flow, mutation rate, and other genetic processes on the rate of adaptation to changed environments. New techniques enable ecologists to document adaptation to changing conditions directly by resurrecting ancient populations from propagules buried in decades-old sediment. Improved taxonomic resolution from morphological studies of macrofossils and DNA recovered from pollen grains and macroremains provides additional information on range shifts, changes in population sizes, and extinctions. Collaboration between paleoecologists and evolutionary biologists can refine interpretations of paleo- records, and improve predictions of biotic response to anticipated climate change.
Rapid, Reversible Release from Thermosensitive Liposomes Triggered by Near‐Infra‐Red Light

We present a novel drug carrier consisting of plasmonic hollow gold nanoshells (HGN) chemically tethered to liposomes made temperature sensitive with lysolipids (LTSL). Continuous-wave irradiation by physiologically friendly near infra-red light at 800 nm for 2.5 minutes at laser intensities an order of magnitude below that known to damage skin generates heating localized to the liposome membrane. The heating increases the liposome permeability in an irradiation dose-dependent, but reversible manner, resulting in rapid release of small molecules such as the self-quenching dye carboxyfluorescein or the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin, without raising the bulk temperature. The local rise in nanoshell temperature under laser irradiation was inferred by comparing dye release rates from the LTSL via bulk heating to that induced by irradiation. Laser-irradiation of LTSL enables precise control of contents release with low temperature gradients confined to areas irradiated by the laser focus. The combined effects of rapid local release and localized hyperthermia provide a synergistic effect as shown by a near doubling of androgen resistant PPC-1 prostate cancer cell toxicity compared to the same concentration of free doxorubicin.
Nucleation and Growth of Tungsten Films Evaporated on NaCl

Evaporated tungsten films depostied on vacuum- and air-cleaved NaCl substrates at 350 °C follow classical thin film nucleation and growth processes. At 250 °C or lower, a very high density of initial nuclei leads to an apparent monolayer-like film growth process; however such films reach a certain thickness and “break up”, after which the growth of well-defined, isolated particles occurs. In most cases, the evaporated tungsten films exhibited a strong {100} texture. The degree of texturing and the particle morphology both depend on the substrate temperature and nature (vacuum- vs. air-cleaved). In all of the films observed, two phases were found: α(b.c.c.) and β(A15); both of these appear to be substrate-nucleated. The β-structure was observed at all substrate temperatures and conditions employed. However, on vacuum-cleaved subsrates at 350 °C, both the α and β phases transformed to a new phase, γ(f.c.c.), at a film thickness near 72 A. Auf in Vakuum oder in Luft gespaltenen NaCl-Substraten bei 350 °C aufgedampfte Wolframschichten folgen klassischen Dunnschichtkeimbildungs- und Wachstumsprozessen. Bei 250 °C oder niedriger fuhrt eine sehr hohe Dichte der Anfangskeime zum Auftreten eines monolagenahnlichen Schichtwachstumsprozesses; jedoch erreicht eine solche Schicht eine gewisse Dicke und „bricht auf”, worauf das Wachstum von gut-definirten, isolierten Teilchen auftritt. In den meisten Fallen zeigen die aufgedampften Wolframschichten eine starke {100}-Textur. Der Grad der Textur und die Teilchenmorphologie hangen sowohl von der Substrattemperatur und -Natur (Vakuum- und Luftspaltung) ab. In allen untersuchten Schichten wurden zwei Phasen gefunden, α(k.r.z.) und β(A 15); beide scheinen substraterzeugt zu sein. Die β-Struktur wurde bei allen benutzten Substrattemperaturen und Bedingungen beobachtet. Jedoch transformieren bei vakuumgespaltenen Substraten bei 350 °C sowohl die α- als auch die β-Phase in eine neue Phase, γ(k.f.z.) bei einer Schichtdicke von etwa 72 A.
The Pathology and Treatment of Radial Subluxation of the Thumb with Ulnar Displacement of the Head of the First Metacarpal

The mechanism of subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint is explained on the basis of experimental production of the deformity. A method of treatment is suggested, consisting in restoration of the position of the extensor pollicis longus and adductor pollicis over the metacarpophalangeal joint with transplantation of the extensor indicis proprius to the dorsal apparatus and extensor pollicis longus tendon over the joint.
Brow and face presentations

Abstract Experience with 50 face and 34 brow presentations of the fetus at delivery in the Mayo Clinic agrees with that reported by others. The presence of a small pelvis, a small fetus, a large fetus, cranial abnormalities, placenta previa or a low-lying placenta, and twins seemed to contribute alone or in combination to the occurrence of these deflection attitudes. Premature rupture of membranes, looping of the cord, hydramnios, and pelvic tumors were not as common in this series as in others. The possibility of face or brow presentation should be kept in mind when the fetal head remains high during labor as well as when the fetal cephalic prominence is palpated on the same side as the fetal back. With early recognition and proper management, such a presentation should mean little, if any, additional risk to the mother or fetus. The patient should be given a trial of labor with frequent evaluation of uterine contractions and physical status of mother and fetus, with careful observation of progress during labor. Unless there is arrest of labor or signs of maternal or fetal distress, most of these patients can be expected to be delivered vaginally. Prolonged labor from combined dystocia and uterine inertia was common both in patients with face presentation and in those with brow presentation, but most of these also were delivered vaginally. Manual and forceps rotation or flexion or further extension of the extended fetal head is occasionally successful in converting the presentation to a more favorable one so that subsequent vaginal delivery becomes possible. The most frequent need for cesarean section in this series arose in the primiparas, particularly in those with the fetus in the mentoposterior position.