cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disentangling correlated scatter in cluster mass measurements

The challenge of obtaining galaxy cluster masses is increasingly being addressed by multiwavelength measurements. As scatters in measured cluster masses are often sourced by properties of or around the clusters themselves, correlations between mass scatters are frequent and can be significant, with consequences for errors on mass estimates obtained both directly and via stacking. Using a high-resolution 250 h−1 Mpc side N-body simulation, combined with proxies for observational cluster mass measurements, we obtain mass scatter correlations and covariances for 243 individual clusters along ∼96 lines of sight each, both separately and together. Many of these scatters are quite large and highly correlated. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize scatter trends and variations between clusters. PCA identifies combinations of scatters, or variations more generally, which are uncorrelated or non-covariant. The PCA combination of mass measurement techniques which dominate the mass scatter is similar for many clusters, and this combination is often present in a large amount when viewing the cluster along its long axis. We also correlate cluster mass scatter, environmental and intrinsic properties, and use PCA to find shared trends between these. For example, if the average measured richness, velocity dispersion and Compton decrement mass for a cluster along many lines of sight are high relative to its true mass, then in our simulation the cluster's mass measurement scatters around this average are also high, its sphericity is high and its triaxiality is low. Our analysis is based upon estimated mass distributions for fixed true mass. Extensions to observational data would require further calibration from numerical simulations, tuned to specific observational survey selection functions and systematics.
A tent pitching scheme motivated by Friedrichs theory

Certain Friedrichs systems can be posed on Hilbert spaces normed with a graph norm. Functions in such spaces arising from advective problems are found to have traces with a weak continuity property at points where the inflow and outflow boundaries meet. Motivated by this continuity property, an explicit space-time finite element scheme of the tent pitching type, with spaces that conform to the continuity property, is designed. Numerical results for a model one-dimensional wave propagation problem are presented.
Nonlinear Robust Tracking Control of a Quadrotor UAV on SE(3)

This paper provides nonlinear tracking control systems for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that are robust to bounded uncertainties. A mathematical model of a quadrotor UAV is defined on the special Euclidean group, and nonlinear output-tracking controllers are developed to follow (i) an attitude command, and (ii) a position command for the vehicle center of mass. The controlled system has the desirable properties that the tracking errors are uniformly ultimately bounded, and the size of the ultimate bound can be reduced arbitrarily by control system parameters. Numerical examples illustrating complex maneuvers are provided.
Properties of Lithium-11 and Carbon-22 at leading order in halo effective field theory

We study the 11 Li and 22 C nuclei at leading order (LO) in halo effective field theory (Halo EFT). Using the value of the 22 C rms matter radius deduced in Ref. [1] as an input in a LO calculation, we simultaneously constrain the values of the two-neutron (2n ) separation energy of 22 C and the virtual-state energy of the 20 C−neutron system (hereafter denoted 21 C). The 1−σ uncertainty of the input rms matter radius datum, along with the theory error estimated from the anticipated size of the higher-order terms in the Halo EFT expansion, gives an upper bound of about 100 keV for the 2n separation energy. We also study the electric dipole excitation of 2n halo nuclei to a continuum state of two neutrons and the core at LO in Halo EFT. We first compare our results with the 11 Li data from a Coulomb dissociation experiment and obtain good agreement within the theoretical uncertainty of a LO calculation. We then obtain the low-energy spectrum of B (E 1) of this transition at several different values of the 2n separation energy of 22 C and the virtual-state energy of 21 C. Our predictions can be compared to the outcome of an ongoing experiment on the Coulomb dissociation of 22 C to obtain tighter constraints on the two- and three-body energies in the 22 C system.
Nano-Engineering of Concrete

This paper summarizes recent developments in the field of nanoindentation analysis of highly heterogeneous composites. The fundamental idea of the proposed approach is that it is possible to assess nanostructure from the implementation of micromechanics-based scaling relations for a large array of nanoindentation tests on heterogeneous materials. We illustrate this approach through the application to calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), the binding phase of all cement-based materials. For this important class of materials, we show that C-S-H exists in at least three structurally distinct but compositionally similar forms: low density, high density and ultra-high density. These three forms differ merely in the packing density of 5-nm sized particles. The proposed approach also gives access to the solid particle properties of C-S-H, which can now be compared with results from atomistic simulations. By way of conclusion, we show how this approach provides a new way of analyzing complex hydrated nanocomposites, in addition to classical microscopy techniques and chemical analysis. This approach will turn out invaluable in our quest of adding the necessary “green” value to a commodity, concrete, by nano-engineering higher strength and toughness from first principles.
Sectoral Productivity and the Distribution of Wages

Policy reports suggesting that productivity growth will raise the earnings of low-wage workers are based on the concept that gains from productivity will trickle down to raise the wages of workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. The compensation and employment systems of American industry do strongly link gains in industry productivity to wage increases for most workers. However, this analysis finds that the linkage of productivity change to wage change for the workers at the lower end of the distribution is virtually nonexistent. The empirical results of this study suggest that productivity increases have no effect on the wage change of workers at the lowest 10th percentile of the distribution and widen the dispersion in industry wages.
PULSE SHAPE DISTRIBUTIONS FROM GAMMA-RAYS IN LITHIUM DRIFTED GERMANIUM DETECTORS.

Abstract Pulse shape distributions resulting from the interaction of γ-rays in planar germanium detectors were studied as a function of field intensity, γ-ray energy, and detector width. It was observed that at 2300 V/cm the initial rate of charge collection approached 10 nsec/mm. Due to a slow component the total charge collection was about 30% longer. At 1000 V/cm the collection time was somewhat longer, and at 250 V/cm it was considerably longer. These observations appeared to be independent of γ-ray energy in the range of 0.6–3 MeV and detector widths of 3–11 mm. Events interacting near the center of the detector result in fast rising pulses and those interacting near one of the electrodes have a risetime which is approximately twice as long, thus giving rise to a distribution of pulse shapes. With low energy γ-rays all shapes occur with equal probability, but at higher energy the pulses tend to have a more uniform shape. Due to the spread in risetimes, signals from monoenergetic γ-rays do not cross a given pulse height level at the same time and therefore produce timing uncertainties. With a 1 cm detector timing uncertainties of more than 30 nsec have been observed at the 50% level, and less than 5 nsec at the 5% level. It therefore appears that for accurate timing of all signals, the timing discriminator should be set at the lowest level consistent with the system noise. The variations in risetime can also affect the energy resolution. If a 1 cm detector is used in conjunction with a pulse shaping network consisting of a 1 μsec RC differentiator and integrator, the variations in risetimes may cause an amplitude spread on the order of 0.03%. At γ-ray energies of 10 MeV this is comparable to the spread due to statistics.
Reasoning about common knowledge with infinitely many agents

Complete axiomatizations and exponential-time decision procedures are provided for reasoning about knowledge and common knowledge when there are infinitely many agents. The results show that reasoning about knowledge and common knowledge with infinitely many agents is no harder than when there are finitely many agents, provided that we can check the cardinality of certain set differences G - G', where G and G' are sets of agents. Since our complexity results are independent of the cardinality of the sets G involved, they represent improvements over the previous results even when the sets of agents involved are finite. Moreover, our results make clear the extent to which issues of complexity and completeness depend on how the sets of agents involved are represented.
Phosphine-Initiated General Base Catalysis: Facile Access to Benzannulated 1,3-Diheteroatom Five-Membered Rings via Double-Michael Reactions of Allenes

General base-catalyzed double-Michael reactions of allenes with various dinucleophiles are described. The reactions are facilitated most efficiently by a catalytic amount of trimethylphosphine, affording six types of C2-functionalized benzannulated five-membered heterocycles: benzimidazolines, benzoxazolines, benzothiazolines, 1,3-benzodioxoles, 1,3-benzoxathioles, and 1,3-benzodithioles. This atom-economical reaction is operationally simple and provides the product heterocycles in good to excellent yields. Careful mechanistic studies unveiled the phosphine-triggered general base catalysis pathway. Furthermore, the double-Michael reaction can serve as an alternative method for the selective monoketalization of β-diketones.
Identification of Magnetite in B-type Asteroids

Spectrally blue (B-type) asteroids are rare, with the second discovered asteroid, Pallas, being the largest and most famous example. We conducted a focused, infrared spectroscopic survey of B-type asteroids to search for water-related features in these objects. Our results show that the negative optical spectral slope of some B-type asteroids is due to the presence of a broad absorption band centered near 1.0 μm. The 1 μm band can be matched in position and shape using magnetite (Fe3O4), which is an important indicator of past aqueous alteration in the parent body. Furthermore, our observations of B-type asteroid (335) Roberta in the 3 μm region reveal an absorption feature centered at 2.9 μm, which is consistent with the absorption due to phyllosilicates (another hydration product) observed in CI chondrites. The new observations suggest that at least some B-type asteroids are likely to have incorporated significant amounts of water ice and to have experienced intensive aqueous alteration.
Millimeter Wave Detection via Autler-Townes Splitting in Rubidium Rydberg Atoms

In this paper, we demonstrate the detection of millimeter waves via Autler-Townes splitting in 85Rb Rydberg atoms. This method may provide an independent, atom-based, SI-traceable method for measuring mm-wave electric fields, which addresses a gap in current calibration techniques in the mm-wave regime. The electric-field amplitude within a rubidium vapor cell in the WR-10 wave guide band is measured for frequencies of 93.71 GHz and 104.77 GHz. Relevant aspects of Autler-Townes splitting originating from a four-level electromagnetically induced transparency scheme are discussed. We measured the E-field generated by an open-ended waveguide using this technique. Experimental results are compared to a full-wave finite element simulation.
Model reduction via parametrized locally invariant manifolds: Some examples

A method for model reduction in non-linear ODE systems is demonstrated through computational examples. The method does not require an implicit separation of time-scales in the fine dynamics to be effective. From the computational standpoint, the method has the potential of serving as a subgrid modeling tool. From the physical standpoint, it provides a model for interpreting and describing history dependence in coarse-grained response of an autonomous system.
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics with X-rays

Abstract With the advent of third-generation synchrotron-radiation sources now being built, research in the area of atomic, molecular, and optical physics using X-rays from these insertion-device-based facilities is expected to experience a renaissance. Many of the most sought after experimental goals in this area of reseach will become possible or even routine. To highlight some of the exciting possibilities, some specific examples are discussed, such as the X-ray and Auger resonant-Raman effect and polarized molecular X-ray emission. Plans for implementation of an X-ray synchrotron-radiation beamline dedicated to atomic, molecular, and optical physics at the Advanced Light Source are presented, with emphasis on the enhanced capabilities that will be available at this state-of-the-art facility.
Targeted radiotherapy to the skeleton using 166Ho-DOTMP with autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with bone-only metastatic breast cancer

The skeleton is the most frequent site of metastatic disease in breast cancer, involving cortical and trabecular bone with or without extension into adjacent bone marrow. A subset of breast cancer patients develop bone dominant disease without metastases to other organs over a prolonged period of time. An attractive strategy is to utilize bone targeted radiotherapy to address this site of disease with minimal systemic toxicity. This study was designed to determine the safety and preliminary efficacy of 166Ho-DOTMP, which localizes to bone providing radiation to adjacent marrow and malignant cells. The limiting toxicity is myelosuppression, which can be overcome by autologous stem cell transplantation. We studied this strategy in subjects with breast cancer metastatic to confined to the bone. Treatment occurred between 1997 and 1999. Subjects were eligible if they were If uptake was adequate, a therapeutic dose was to be administered in one of 2 dose levels, receiving 22 Gy (n=3) or 28 Gy (n=3). Treatment was followed by autologous stem cell transplantation when the ongoing radiation dose to marrow was 3 acute toxicity aside from the expected profound myelosuppression. All subjects treated in the trial had prompt trilineage hematologic recovery post transplant. Two patients developed hemorrhagic cystitis at approximately two years following therapy which resolved in both patients. One of these patients also had GI bleeding and pseudomembranous colitis unrelated to the 166Ho DOTMP treatment. One subject developed MDS, but was found to have a pre-existing trisomy 8 by FISH analysis from the peripheral blood stem cell product collected prior to treatment on this study. Two patients achieved complete remission and remain progression-free over 5 years following study entry. Four relapsed and died of progressive disease; all recurred in extraosseous sites with two also having disease in the bone marrow. Median time to progression was 10 months. Conclusions: Treatment with 166Ho DOTMP delivers targeted radiotherapy to the skeleton with an acceptable toxicity profile. Two of 6 patients with bone-only metastases achieved sustained complete responses. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this strategy for treatment of bone metastases.
Reduction of Scattered Light in the Coronagraph

The development of balloon and rocket vehicles provides opportunity for nearly continuous observation of those parts of the solar corona remote from the sun. This opportunity places new requirements on the freedom of the coronagraph from scattered light. Several possible means of improving the coronagraph are described. It is found that the available optical media do not permit a significant reduction in the scattered light in the ordinary coronagraph. The reflecting coronagraph and the simple, externally occulted coronagraph can be made freer of scattered light by from one to more than two orders of magnitude, respectively, than the Lyot coronagraph. The use of the apodized, external, occulting disk developed by several investigators can reduce the scattered light by at least three orders of magnitude so that the instrumental background is similar to the skylight encountered during total eclipse.
Novel polaron state for single impurity in a bosonic Mott insulator

We show that a single impurity embedded in a cold-atom bosonic Mott insulator leads to a novel polaron that exhibits correlated motion with an effective mass and a linear size that nearly diverge at a critical value of the on-site impurity-boson interaction strength. Cold-atom technology can tune the polaron's properties and break up the composite particle into a deconfined impurity-hole and boson particle state at finite, controllable polaron momentum.
The Impact of Remittances on Economic Insecurity

Abstract There is scattered evidence suggesting a positive impact of international remittances on economic insecurity, at both a macroeconomic and household levels. However, there has not to date been a comprehensive and systematic analysis of this issue that takes into account the various complexities and nuances. This paper illustrates that cross‐country generalizations about the impact of remittances on economic security are useful only up to a certain point; beyond that their effect can be influenced by the interplay of various factors relating to the motivations and characteristics of migrants, economic/social/political conditions in the country of origin, immigration policies and conditions in the host country, and the size and concentrations of the remittances. The policy implications outlined in the paper include the need for caution and retrospection in certain instances as well as action and international collaboration in other areas.
Trained nurses can provide safe and effective sedation for MRI in pediatric patients.

Purpose: To determine the success rate, safety and complications using a standard protocol and trained nurses to provide sedation for MRI under the supervision of a radiologist.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ti3AlC2

Polycrystalline bulk samples of Ti 3 Al 1.1 C 1.8 have been fabricated by reactively hot isostatically pressing a mixture of titanium, graphite, and Al 4 C 3 powders at a pressure of 70 MPa and temperature of 1400°C for 16 h. The hot isostatically pressed samples are predominantly single phase (containing ∼4 vol% Al 2 O 3 ), fully dense, and have a grain size of ∼25 μm. This carbide is similar to Ti 3 SiC 2 , with which it is isostructural, and has an unusual combination of properties. It is relatively soft (Vickers hardness of ∼3.5 GPa) and elastically stiff (Young's modulus of 297 GPa and shear modulus of 124 GPa); yet, it is lightweight (density of 4.2 g/cm 3 ) and easily machinable. The room-temperature electrical resistivity is 0.35 ± 0.03 μΩ.m and decreases linearly as the temperature decreases. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is 0.0031 K -1 . The coefficient of thermal expansion, in the temperature range of 25°-1200°C, is 9.0 (± 0.2) x 10 -6 K -1 . The room-temperature compressive and flexural strengths are 560 ± 20 and 375 ± 15 MPa, respectively. In contrast to flexure, where the failure is brittle, the failure in compression is noncatastrophic and is accompanied by some plasticity. The origin of that plasticity is believed to be the formation of a shear band that is oriented at an angle of ∼45° to the applied load. Ti 3 Al 1.1 C 1.8 also is a highly damage-tolerant material; a 10-kg-load Vickers indentation made in a bar 1.5 mm thick reduces the postindentation flexural strength by ∼7%. This material also is quite resistant to thermal shock. At temperatures of >1000°C, the deformation in compression is accompanied by significant plasticity and very respectable ultimate compressive stresses (200 MPa at 1200°C).
A SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF HYDROGEN-BONDING

A simple model for the computation of intermolecular interactions is described. It consists of atom–atom potentials for the representation of repulsion and dispersion energies, and an evaluation of the electrostatic energy in terms of partitioned multipole moments of the monomer electron distributions. Applications are given in detail for hydrogen‐bonded dimers of the molecules HF, HCl, CO, N2, Cl2, HCN, CO2, N2O, OCS, HCCH, NCCN, and HCCCN, and the results compared with ab initio and experimental results. Hydrogen bond energies are obtained to better than 4 kJ mol−1, intermolecular separations to typically better than 0.15 A, and intermolecular angles within 5°, all compared with experiment. Force constants and vibrational frequencies are also well reproduced.
Fermion cluster algorithms

Abstract Cluster algorithms have been recently used to eliminate sign problems that plague Monte-Carlo methods in a variety of systems. In particular such algorithms can also be used to solve sign problems associated with the permutation of fermion world lines. This solution leads to the possibility of designing fermion cluster algorithms in certain cases. Using the example of free non-relativistic fermions we discuss the ideas underlying the algorithm.
Surgical Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction

In 1989 the following indications for surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarction are: (1) acute evolving myocardial infarction less than 6 h from onset, in patients in whom percutaneous translu
Phase retrieval using a window function

The problem considered is that of reconstructing a signal from the Fourier intensity of the signal and the Fourier intensities of two windowed signals: one by a window w(n) and the other by its complementary window (1-w(n)). Several conditions are developed under which a signal can be uniquely specified to within several trivial ambiguities such as sign, translation, and time reversal from the given conditions. A possible reconstruction algorithm derived from the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm is presented. >
A palladium-mediated tandem carbon-carbon bond forming method featuring nucleophilic substitution of intermediate π-allylpalladium complexes produced via the heck reaction

Abstract Carbon nucleophiles are alkylated with π-allylpalladium complexes formed by the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of a vinyl bromide and an olefin. This methodology achieves the consecutive formation of two carbon-carbon bonds in one simple operation and can be applied both inter- and intramolecularly. The rapid construction of functionalized carbobicyclic compounds is effected by the intramolecular version of this condensation.
Consistency conditions for holographic duality

We show that if the beta functions of a field theory are given by the gradient of a certain potential on the space of couplings, a gravitational background in one more dimension can express the renormalization group (RG) flow of the theory. The field theory beta functions and the gradient flow constraint together reconstruct the second-order spacetime equations of motion. The RG equation reduces to the conventional gravitational computation of the spacetime quasilocal stress tensor, and a c-theorem holds true as a consequence of the Raychaudhuri equation. Conversely, under certain conditions, if the RG evolution of a field theory possesses a monotonic c-function, the flow of couplings can be expressed in terms of a higher-dimensional gravitational background.
A magnetically controlled gating element

Synopsis: A computer component based on the magnetic destruction of superconductivity has been proposed, and an information-handling system involving a large number of such elements is described in a companion paper. In this paper attention is directed toward the electrical characteristics of superconductive components. Also recently measured switching-time characteristics, switching from an energy standpoint, and a comparison of switching in superconductors with switching in magnetic and ferroelectric materials are discussed. A brief description of the component is first given.
Image tracking using a scale function-based nonlinear estimation algorithm

A refined version of a nonlinear estimation algorithm for tracking extended targets using imaging array data is presented. The algorithm is applied to a situation in which there is no closed-form functional representation for the image of the target. Based on the reduced sufficient statistic method of R Kulhavy, the algorithm recursively propagates, in a Bayes-closed sense, a set of sufficient statistics which approximate the true posterior density of the target parameter vector. The approximation is based on minimizing the Kullback-Leibler distance between the true posterior density and the approximating density. In previous work this density was a Gaussian mixture, while here scale functions are used to approximate the posterior density from which an approximate minimum variance estimate can be calculated. As the tracking progresses the posterior density is estimated on an increasingly finer scale. In order to reduce the number of scale functions, however, a pruning process is necessary. In this way, the number of scale functions approximating the density increases in areas for which the true density is significant while scale functions which approximate the density over regions where it is insignificant are ignored. Results are presented for simulations carried out in which the algorithm is applied to tracking an aircraft based on a sequence of synthetic images.
Dynamic Analysis of Flexible Gear Trains/Transmissions: An Automated Approach

In this paper an automated algorithmic method is presented for the dynamic analysis of geared trains/transmissions. These are treated as a system of interconnected flexible bodies. The procedure developed explains the switching of constraints with time as a result of the change in the contacting areas at the gear teeth. The elastic behavior of the system is studied through the employment of three-dimensional isoparametric elements having six degrees-of-freedom at each node. The contact between the bodies is assumed at the various nodes, which could be either a line or a plane. The kinematical expressions, together with the equations of motion using Kane's method, strain energy concepts, are presented in a matrix form suitable for computer implementation. The constraint Jacobian matrices are generated automatically based on the contact information between the bodies. The concepts of the relative velocity at the contacting points at the tooth pairs and the subsequent use of the transmission ratios in the analysis is presented.
Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in adults and children with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex: Possible indicator of B cell lymphoproliferation and disease activity. Effect of intravenous gammaglobulin on enzyme levels

Twenty-seven of 33 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (16 adults and 17 children) demonstrated significant elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity, occurring in the isomorphic distribution. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity was the highest in all nine patients with acute Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, in seven of whom extensive interstitial pulmonary infiltrates with lymphocytes and plasma cells were documented. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was also significantly elevated on a long-term basis in all 17 pediatric patients with non-Pneumocystis lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. Clinical resolution of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was associated with a decline in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Periodic intravenous gammaglobulin was more effective than conventional therapy (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine) in achieving clinical and immunologic improvement and reduction of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Intravenous gammaglobulin was also more effective in patients with AIDS and non-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. Lactate dehydrogenase activity declined to normal, at least temporarily, in nine of 12 intravenous gammaglobulin-treated patients as compared with only two of 12 untreated patients. Six adult patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex and no interstitial pneumonitis exhibited normal lactate dehydrogenase levels. These findings suggest that serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex may be a useful indicator of pulmonary interstitial inflammation. As such, it may be utilized to predict disease course and monitor response to intravenous gammaglobulin treatment.
A nonlinear stress-strain model for wall-bounded turbulent flows

Abstract A nonlinear stress–strain model, derived from the modeled Reynolds stress transport equation, is modified to account for the near wall effects in wall-bounded turbulent flows. Since it is known that wall reflection of the turbulent pressure field modifies the pressure–strain correlation, the approach taken is to introduce a correction to the coefficients in the closure for the pressure–strain correlation purely based on ideas for full Reynolds stress closures. The stress–strain relation is implemented in the context of the k – ϵ model with a variable C μ . Results are presented for plane channel flow and both zero and adverse pressure gradient boundary layers. Favorable results for the anisotropies in the Reynolds stresses are obtained by the new model as validated by comparisons against direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental data.
Syntheses of 2-substituted benzocyclopropenes: Functional group transformations on the benzocyclopropene nucleus

Abstract 2-Bromobenzocyclopropene (1) has been metallated selectively at the 2-position with t-butyllithium. Addition of N,N- dimethylformamide to this organolithium reagent gives 2-formylbenzocyclopropene (2) which is then converted to 2-ethynyl-benzocyclopropene (3) via reaction with the potassium salt of diazomethyl dimethyl phosphonate (Gilbert's reagent) and 2-vinyl-benzocyclopropene (4) via Wittig methylenation.
On minimizing contention at semaphores

A method for reducing semaphore and ready list contention in multiprocessor operating systems is described. The method is based on tagged memory, semaphore words, and the principle of locking the individual semaphores rather than the programs that manipulate them.
Was it Real? The Exchange Rate-Interest Differential Relation, 1973-1984

The main result of Meese and Rogoff [1983 a,b] is that small structural exchange rate models forecast major dollar exchange rates no better than a naive random walk model. This result obtains even when the model forecasts are based on actual realized values of the explanatory variables. Here we improve our methodology by implementing a new test of out-of-sample fit; the test is valid even for overlapping long-horizon forecasts. We find that the dollar exchange rate models perform somewhat less badly over the recent Reagan regime period than over the episodes studied previously. The methodology is also applied to the mark/yen and mark/pound exchange rates, and to real exchange rates. Finally, we test to see if real exchange rates and real interest differentials can be represented as a cointegrated process. The evidence suggests that there is no single common influence inducing nonstationarity in both real exchange rates and real interest differentials.
Yield- and cost-driven fracturing for variable shaped-beam mask writing

Mask manufacturing for the approaching 90nm and 65nm nodes increasingly deploys variable shaped beam (VSB) mask writing machines. This has led to high interest in the fracturing methods which are at the heart of layout data preparation for VSB mask writing. In this paper, we set out the main requirements for fracturing and suggest a new solution approach based on integer linear programming (ILP). The main advantage of the new method is that the ILP finds optimal solutions while being flexible enough to take into account all specified requirements. We also suggest several decomposition (polygon partitioning) heuristics which speed up the ILP approach. Experimental comparisons with leading industry tools show significant improvement in quality, as well as acceptable scalability, of the proposed methods. In particular, our fracturing solutions reduce shot count (which reflects write time and mask cost) and dramatically reduce sliver count (which reflects the risk of mask critical-dimension errors). Our results reveal significant headroom that can be exploited by future design-to-mask tools to reduce the manufacturing variability and cost of IC designs.
The psychoanalysis of pharmacothymia (drug addiction)

(1933). The Psychoanalysis of Pharmacothymia (Drug Addiction) The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-23.
APFIM and TEM investigations of precipitation in rapidly solidified 316 stainless steel

Abstract 316 stainless steel has been rapid solidification-processed (RSP) by gas atomization and hot extrusion of the powder with the intent of improving the mechanical properties through fine-scale precipitation. Vanadium, nitrogen and oxygen have been introduced intentionally as alloying elements for this purpose. The yield strength after solution heat treatment of the RSP alloy is 450 MPa. By ageing at 600°C for 1000 h, the yield strength increases to 615 MPa with little loss of ductility (53% reduction of area). The ultimate tensile strength after cold work and ageing is 922 MPa. The morphology and composition of the precipitates in this steel have been investigated using APFIM and TEM techniques in order understand the origin of the high strength. A high numbered density (≈2×10 21 m −3 ) of 25 nm plate-like precipitates was observed with TEM in an aged specimen. The composition of these precipitates was analyzed using APFIM techniques, and was found to be a complex nitride of Cr, V, Fe, Ni and Mo. This nitride precipitate was not found in an unaged specimen of this alloy. These precipitates are responsible for improving mechanical properties by dispersion strengthening.
A convenient synthesis of functionalized vinylepoxides

Functionalized vinylepoxides were synthesized, in high yields, from α-bromoaldehydes and -ketones via vinylalumination, followed by cyclization with K2CO3 or KF under non-aqueous conditions.
Bridge hopping on conducting polymers in solution

Configurational fluctuations of conducting polymers in solution can bring into proximity monomers which are distant from each other along the backbone. Electrons can hop between these monomers across the bridges so formed. We show how this can lead to i) a collapse transition for metallic polymers, and ii) to the observed dramatic efficiency of acceptor molecules for quenching fluorescence in semiconducting polymers.
Further Refinement and Validation of Material Models for Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts

The gouging impact phenomenon which occurs at the Holloman Air Force Base High-Speed Test Track during hypervelocity impact testing is examined further. The material constitutive models for VascoMax 300 and 1080 steel are refined, and extended into the high-strain-rate regime, using results from flyer plate impact experiments. These experiments are simulated using the hydrocode CTH to improve the material strength models at high strain rates. The improved viscoplastic models are then validated by comparing laboratory hypervelocity impact tests to CTH simulations. The final material models are then used in sled/rail impact simulations for the Holloman Air Force Base High-Speed Test Track gouging problem. These full-sled simulations match previous experimental findings extremely well.
Flux Richardson number measurements in stable atmospheric shear flows

The flux Richardson number Rf (also known as the mixing efficiency) for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer is investigated as a function of the gradient Richardson number Rig using data taken during two field studies: the Vertical Transport and Mixing Experiment (VTMX) in Salt Lake City, Utah (October 2000), and a long-term rural field data set from Technical Area 6 (TA-6) at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico. The results show the existence of a maximum Rf (0.4–0.5) at a gradient Richardson number of approximately unity. These large-Reynolds-number results agree well with recent laboratory stratified shear layer measurements, but are at odds with some commonly used Rf parameterizations, particularly under high-Rig conditions. The observed variations in buoyancy flux and turbulent kinetic energy production are consistent with the concept of global intermittency of the atmospheric stable boundary layer.
Iridium-Catalyzed C–H Borylation of Heteroarenes: Scope, Regioselectivity, Application to Late-Stage Functionalization, and Mechanism

A study on the iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of heteroarenes is reported. Several heteroarenes containing multiple heteroatoms were found to be amenable to C–H borylation catalyzed by the combination of an iridium(I) precursor and tetramethylphenanthroline. The investigations of the scope of the reaction led to the development of powerful rules for predicting the regioselectivity of borylation, foremost of which is that borylation occurs distal to nitrogen atoms. One-pot functionalizations are reported of the heteroaryl boronate esters formed in situ, demonstrating the usefulness of the reported methodology for the synthesis of complex heteroaryl structures. Application of this methodology to the synthesis and late-stage functionalization of biologically active compounds is also demonstrated. Mechanistic studies show that basic heteroarenes can bind to the catalyst and alter the resting state from the olefin-bound complex observed during arene borylation to a species containing a bound heteroarene, lea...
Is Aggregate Consumer Borrowing Consistent with the Permanent Income Hypothesis

Using US data covering from 1959 to 1994, we examine the consistency of aggregate consumer borrowing with the permanent income/life-cycle hypothesis (PI/LCH) and the predictive power of consumer borrowing. The PI/LCH implies that consumer borrowing should be an increasing function of the gap between permanent and current income. In addition, if consumers accurately estimate permanent income, large borrowing should be associated with rapid income growth in the future. Our empirical results support the PI/LCH; consumer borrowing increases with the estimate of permanent income and decreases with current income. The predictive power of consumer borrowing, however, is marginal; lagged consumer borrowing explains only a small portion of income growth and does not Granger-cause income growth.
Quasar Parallax: A Method for Determining Direct Geometrical Distances to Quasars

We describe a novel method to determine direct geometrical distances to quasars that can measure the cosmological constant, Λ, with minimal assumptions. This method is equivalent to geometric parallax, with the "standard length" being the size of the quasar broad emission line region (BELR) as determined from the light-travel time measurements of reverberation mapping. The effect of nonzero Λ on angular diameter is large, 40% at z = 2, so mapping angular diameter distances versus redshift will give Λ with (relative) ease. In principle, these measurements could be made in the UV, optical, near-infrared, or even X-ray bands. Interferometers with a resolution of 0.01 mas are needed to measure the size of the BELR in z = 2 quasars, which appear plausible given reasonable short-term extrapolations of current technology.
Zirconium-catalyzed carboalumination of alkynes and enynes as a route to aluminacycles and their conversion to cyclic organic compounds

Aluminacyclopentenes, obtainable via Zr-catalyzed cyclic carboalumination with Et3Al and alkynes or enynes, can be converted to the corresponding cyclopentenones and alkenylcyclopropanes by treatment with CO2 and BrCH2OCH3, respectively.
Laser-induced-fluorescence characteristics of a helium arcjet flow

Laser-induced fluorescence is used to characterize the axial velocity and temperature field at the exit plane of a low-power helium arcjet. Two cases were examined, one in which the mass-flow rate was changed at a constant current, and the other where the current was changed at a constant mass-flow rate. At constant mass-flow rate, the velocity scales with the increase in power. At constant current, a higher specific energy results in an unexpected lower mean exit velocity. The temperature profiles show that the nozzle-wall temperature is greater than the mean exit temperature. Along the axis of the arcjet, these measurements indicate the presence of a shock less than one nozzle diameter downstream of the exit.
Back to Basics in Malaysia and Thailand: The Role of Resource-Based Exports in Their Export-Led Growth

Abstract Malaysia and Thailand’s remarkable economic growth in recent decades has been widely attributed to rapid growth of their labor-intensive manufactured exports. This paper demonstrates the important role that resource-based products, especially simply processed goods, have played in their export growth. While exports have thus followed their dual static comparative advantage in abundant resources and unskilled labor, there has been limited movement into higher-end exports. A dual strategy of supporting forward linkages into higher value-added resource-based industries while continuing to encourage the development of backward linkages from the non-resource based manufactures is suggested.
Testing gluon self-interactions in three-jet events at hadron colliders

Abstract The effective operator tr(G3) is the only CP-even dimension-6 gluonic operator that cannot be related to four-quark operators. A peculiar property of this operator is that it does not contribute to two-jet production at hadron colliders, at the level of one operator insertion and leading order in αs; therefore we study its effects on three-jet events. To calculate the helicity amplitudes induced by this operator we make extensive use of collinear factorization. We propose several ways of detecting the tr(G3) signal, one of which exploits its non-trivial behavior under azimuthal rotations of two almost collinear jets.
Asymptotic/numerical analysis of supersonic propeller noise

An asymptotic analysis based on the Mach surface structure of the field of a supersonic helical source distribution is applied to predict thickness and loading noise radiated by high speed propeller blades. The theory utilizes an integral representation of the Ffowcs-Williams Hawkings equation in a fully linearized form. The asymptotic results are used for chordwise strips of the blade, while required spanwise integrations are performed numerically. The form of the analysis enables predicted waveforms to be interpreted in terms of Mach surface propagation. A computer code developed to implement the theory is described and found to yield results in close agreement with more exact computations.
Fuzzy-probabilistic calculations of water-balance uncertainty

Hydrogeological systems are often characterized by imprecise, vague, inconsistent, incomplete, or subjective information, which may limit the application of conventional stochastic methods in predicting hydrogeologic conditions and associated uncertainty. Instead, predictions and uncertainty analysis can be made using uncertain input parameters expressed as probability boxes, intervals, and fuzzy numbers. The objective of this paper is to present the theory for, and a case study as an application of, the fuzzy-probabilistic approach, combining probability and possibility theory for simulating soil water balance and assessing associated uncertainty in the components of a simple water-balance equation. The application of this approach is demonstrated using calculations with the RAMAS Risk Calc code, to assess the propagation of uncertainty in calculating potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, and infiltration—in a case study at the Hanford site, Washington, USA. Propagation of uncertainty into the results of water-balance calculations was evaluated by changing the types of models of uncertainty incorporated into various input parameters. The results of these fuzzy-probabilistic calculations are compared to the conventional Monte Carlo simulation approach and estimates from field observations at the Hanford site.
DBU-promoted alkylation of alkyl phosphinates and H-phosphonates

The alkylation of alkyl phosphinates and some H-phosphonate diesters is promoted by the base DBU. Only more reactive alkyl halides react in preparatively useful yields. However, the method provides easy access to important H-phosphinate building blocks, without the need for a protecting group strategy or metal catalysts. The reaction is conveniently conducted at, or below, room temperature. The preparation of methyl-H-phosphinate esters is particularly interesting as it avoids the heretofore more common use of methyldichlorophosphine MePCl2.
Propulsive-lift landing of manned entry vehicles.

Manned reentry vehicles soft landing aid by lift engines incorporated in design, discussing performance advantages
A Born–Oppenheimer Expansion in a Neighborhood of a Renner–Teller Intersection

We perform a rigorous mathematical analysis of the bending modes of a linear triatomic molecule that exhibits the Renner–Teller effect. Assuming the potentials are smooth, we prove that the wave functions and energy levels have asymptotic expansions in powers of $${\epsilon}$$ , where $${\epsilon^4}$$ is the ratio of an electron mass to the mass of a nucleus. To prove the validity of the expansion, we must prove various properties of the leading order equations and their solutions. The leading order eigenvalue problem is analyzed in terms of a parameter $${\tilde{b}}$$ , which is equivalent to the parameter originally used by Renner. For $${0< \tilde{b}< 1}$$ , we prove self-adjointness of the leading order Hamiltonian, that it has purely discrete spectrum, and that its eigenfunctions and their derivatives decay exponentially. Perturbation theory and finite difference calculations suggest that the ground bending vibrational state is involved in a level crossing near $${\tilde{b}=0.925}$$ . We also discuss the degeneracy of the eigenvalues. Because of the crossing, the ground state is degenerate for $${0< \tilde{b}< 0.925}$$ and non-degenerate for $${0.925< \tilde{b}< }$$ .
Constructing consensus controllers for networks with identical general linear agents

We use a high-gain methodology to construct linear decentralized controllers for consensus, in networks with identical but general multi-input linear time-invariant (LTI) agents and quitegeneral time-invariant and time-varying observation topologies.
Interference channel with a half-duplex Out-of-Band Relay

A Gaussian interference channel (IC) aided by a half-duplex relay is considered, in which the relay receives and transmits in an orthogonal band with respect to the IC. The system thus consists of two parallel channels, the IC and the channel over which the relay is active, which is referred to as Out-of-Band Relay Channel (OBRC). The OBRC is operated by separating a multiple access phase from the sources to the relay and a broadcast phase from the relay to the destinations. Conditions under which the optimal operation, in terms of the sum-capacity, entails either signal relaying and/or interference forwarding by the relay are identified. These conditions also assess the optimality of either separable or non-separable transmission over the IC and OBRC. Specifically, the optimality of signal relaying and separable coding is established for scenarios where the relay-to-destination channels set the performance bottleneck with respect to the source-to-relay channels on the OBRC. Optimality of interference forwarding and non-separable operation is also established in special cases.