cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a groES-like chaperonin in mitochondria that facilitates protein folding.

Abstract Mitochondria contain a polypeptide that is functionally equivalent to Escherichia coli chaperonin 10 (cpn10; also known as groES). This mitochondrial cpn10 has been identified in beef and rat liver and is able to replace bacterial cpn10 in the chaperonin-dependent reconstitution of chemically denatured ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Thus, like the bacterial homologue, mitochondrial cpn10 facilitates a K(+)- and Mg.ATP-dependent discharge of unfolded (or partially folded) ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from bacterial chaperonin 60 (cpn60; also known as groEL). Instrumental to its identification, mitochondrial cpn10 and bacterial cpn60 form a stable complex in the presence of Mg.ATP. Bacterial and mitochondrial cpn10 compete for a common saturable site on bacterial cpn60. As a result of complex formation, with either mitochondrial or bacterial cpn10, the "uncoupled ATPase" activity of bacterial cpn60 is virtually abolished. The most likely candidate for mitochondrial cpn10 is an approximately 45-kDa oligomer composed of approximately 9-kDa subunits. We propose that, like the protein-folding machinery of prokaryotes, mitochondrial cpn60 requires a cochaperonin for full biological function.
The landscape of assumptions

The problem of how the explicit and implicit assumptions made during agent and simulation development are formulated and handled (or not handled) has received comparatively little research. Effective cooperation between multiple artificial agents requires not only an explicit representation of terms, concepts and processes, but also alignment of meaning between developers, integrators, and users. Assumptions, especially implicit ones, have potentially tremendous impact on establishing unambiguous representation due to potentially unintended interpretations.This problem is important to agent directed simulation in several ways: agent mediated selection of simulation components requires methods for ensuring valid component interoperation; agents are a logical choice for automatically comparing sets of assumptions; and when potential conflicts are detected, agents have the potential to adjudicate and resolve them. This discussion will focus on the role of assumptions in modeling because it is fundamental to composing valid models and systems.This paper summarizes how assumptions are defined, characterized, used and misused by modelers. It examines how assumptions can be used to identify potential conflicts between domain views.
Tensor compositions and lists of combinatorial structures

By a list B we mean a finite linearly ordered set. Let be a sublist and let V denote a vector space isomorphic to the free vector space generated by B over a field F of characteristic zero. Assume the isomorphism is explicitly given by a function Let S be a distinguished subset of V and let Q be a finite set. A function will be called an S-composition of L if . Various compositions of a list provide alternative ways of generating, storing, and manipulating the list in machine computation. In this paper we study some of the properties of such compositions in the case where B = RD is a finite function spaceV is an algebra of tensors, and S certain distinguished subsets of V such as the homogeneous tensors. The problem of generating compositions of lists of orbit classes of L under group actions is also considered.
The price of prevention: Cost of recommended activities to improve immunizations

Abstract Purpose To calculate the cost structure of a suite of immunization improvement interventions recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Methods A determination was made of the cost to clinics and agencies that implement a suite of CDC-recommended practice improvement interventions to fully immunize a child for diphtheria–tetanus–attenuated pertussis (DTaP), inactivated poliovirus (IPV), and measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccines. Patient data were collected through chart analysis of 16-month-old children in clinics participating in this study's interventions between May 1997 and August 2000. The study began on October 1, 1996, and was funded for 5 years (until September 30, 2002). Results Study calculations suggest that an additional $0.013/per patient per month would be needed to cover these activities. Conclusions Identifiable cost structures are associated with the practice improvement strategies recommended by the CDC. The method of implementation may be as important as the interventions themselves. Present compensation for immunization may not actually cover the cost of service provision, and it is unlikely to cover the costs of practice improvement, as described in this paper.
Communicating drug quality observations

This paper describes the Food and Drug Administration’s surveillance of the quality of prescription and nonprescription drug products distributed in the United States. It addresses a system to obtain voluntary reports, then evaluate and investigate reported observations. It also stresses the need to quickly communicate this information throughout the agency reviewing divisions, field investigation offices, and to the respective pharmaceutical firms to mitigate any potential public health hazarcls.
Massively parallel technique for feature extraction

This paper proposes a massively parallel line feature extraction technique for 2D images. This new scheme uses a modified Hough transform implemented in a massively parallel fashion to extract the line features in an input image. The algorithm is based on the recursive decomposition technique. A parallel Hough transform detects line segments in the subimages of the input image. A bottom up approach then merges these line segments into longer lines. A pointerless tree structure is utilized to store feature information at various levels of the merging process. The line segment merging process is equivalent to climbing the tree representing the line features in the entire image. Techniques for line feature merging and balancing of features, tradeoffs between determination of line properties and computation, and algorithmic complexity are addressed in detail.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spraying asymmetry into functional membranes layer-by-layer.

A process based on spray-assisted layer-by-layer deposition produces conformal coatings on individual fibres within the bulk porous substrate. Additional processing creates a sublayer with properties that differ from the substrate. The method is used to fabricate a material that acts as both a toxin barrier and a photocatalyst.
The Spatial Spread of the AIDS Epidemic in Ohio: Empirical Analyses Using the Expansion Method:

The expansion methodology is applied to investigating the spatial spread of the AIDS epidemic in Ohio. To this effect, the spread of the epidemic is conceptualized as the parametric drift of mathematical relationships capable of representing the temporal dynamics of the cumulative count of AIDS cases. The results suggest a deceleration in the growth of AIDS in geographical environments characterized by population densities past a critical threshold.
A Low-Cost PC-Based Image Workstation for Dynamic Interactive Display of Three-Dimensional Anatomy

A system for interactive definition, automated extraction, and dynamic interactive display of three-dimensional anatomy has been developed and implemented on a low-cost PC-based image workstation. An iconic display is used for staging predefined image sequences through specified increments of tilt and rotation over a solid viewing angle. Use of a fast processor facilitates rapid extraction and rendering of the anatomy into predefined image views. These views are formatted into a display matrix in a large image memory for rapid interactive selection and display of arbitrary spatially adjacent images within the viewing angle, thereby providing motion parallax depth cueing for efficient and accurate perception of true three-dimensional shape, size, structure, and spatial interrelationships of the imaged anatomy. The visual effect is that of holding and rotating the anatomy in the hand.
Asymptotic Representations of the Multivariate Empirical Distribution Function and Applications

Summary Often, many complicated statistics used as estimators or test statistics take the form of the (multivariate) empirical distribution function evaluated at a random vector (Vn). Denote such statistics by Sn. This paper describes methods for the study of various asymptotic properties of Sn. First, under minimal assumptions, a weak asymptotic representation for Sn is derived. This result may be used to show the asymptotic normality of Sn. Second, under slightly more stringent regularity conditions, an almost sure representation of Sn, with suitable order (as.) of the remainder term is studied and then a law of the iterated logarithm for Sn, is derived. In this context, strong convergence results from a sequential point of view are also studied. Finally, weak convergence to a Brownian motion process is established. As an application, we show the limiting normality of Sn, for a random number of summands.
A Mössbauer study of tin-based intermetallics formed during the manufacture of dispersion-strengthened composite solders

Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to characterize dispersion-strengthened composite solder powders that were formed through hot gas spray atomization. To perform quantitative measurements, we first measured the relative recoilless fractions of eutectic solder and three intermetallic compounds: Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and Ni3Sn4. These results were then used to determine the concentrations of intermetallic species present in various composite solder samples. Mossbauer spectroscopy was shown to be an effective tool in the analysis of dispersion-strengthened composite solders and was preferentially sensitive to the presence of tin-based intermetallics and oxides.
Technology of Magnetically Driven Accelerators

The marriage of Induction Linac technology with Nonlinear Magnetic Modulators has produced some unique capabilities. It appears possible to produce electron beams with average currents measured in amperes, at gradients exceeding 1 MeV/meter, and with power efficiencies approaching 50%. A 2 MeV, 5 kA electron accelerator has been constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to demonstrate these concepts and to provide a test facility for high brightness sources. The pulse drive for the accelerator is based on state-of-the-art magnetic pulse compressors with very high peak power capability, repetition rates exceeding a kilohertz and excellent reliability.
The effect of the canalith repositioning maneuver on resolving postural instability in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Objective: Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) often experience postural instability as well as brief episodes of vertigo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether successful resolution of the episodic vertigo, through use of the canalith repositioning treatment, would be accompanied by improvement in postural stability. Study Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Outpatient tertiary care facility in a university. Patients: Thirty-three patients with a diagnosis of the canalithiasis form of BPPV affecting the posterior canal unilaterally, All patients had complete remission of the positional vertigo after treatment. Patients with abnormal caloric or rotary chair test results were excluded from the study. Intervention: The posterior canal BPPV was treated by the canalith repositioning treatment. Main Outcome Measures: Postural stability was assessed by computerized dynamic posturography before and I to 2 weeks after treatment. Six different subtests were used. Results: A significant number of patients had abnormal stability, as measured with computerized dynamic posturography, before treatment. After treatment there was a significant increase in the number of subjects with normal results on the different subtests; however, not all patients had normal postural stability. Younger subjects were more likely to show improved stability. Conclusions: Treatment of BPPV using the canalith repositioning treatment results in improved postural stability in patients with BPPV. Not all patients have normal stability after treatment, however, and assessment and treatment of the balance problems may be necessary.
Stimulus configuration and line orientation in the horizontal-vertical illusion

The method of average error was used with a mixed design to measure the horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI) for 40 Ss. Six stimulus configurations (⌊, ⌋,⊢, ⊣, ⊥, +) were combined with seven angular orientations of the upright standard, and on each trial the variable horizontal was adjusted to appear equal to the standard in length. Results showed that for no stimulus configuration did the vertical orientation of the standard yield the greatest illusion. The magnitude of the HVI was dependent upon the stimulus configuration, upon the orientation of the standard, and upon an interaction between these variables. For the ⊥ and +, equal inclinations of the standard to either side of the vertical yielded equal effects; for the other figures, asymmetrical effects were produced. The results are discussed in relation to the perspective theory of visual illusions.
An analysis of the phenomenon of deterioration in the critically ill.

An exploratory clinical investigation using qualitative methodology was conducted to identify and characterize the phenomenon of “deterioration” as it occurs among critically ill patients. Six purposively selected, critical care nurses were interviewed regarding their personal, practice-based experience with deterioration. Subjective and objective manifestations of the phenomenon emerged, suggesting a recognizable pattern of empirical descriptors. Deterioration may be identified as a significant process of transition and health-illness patterning, indicating a change in an individual's trajectory toward death. This change can be perceived and is often acted on by experienced critical care nurses.
Smart grid communications in challenging environments

Smart grid is an emerging solution to the aging power grid with increasing electricity power demand. Smart grid takes advantages of two-way communications and the technologies in sensing, computing, and control. While smart grid has drawn the attention of research communities, power companies, as well as power consumers, it is confronted with great challenging for the deployment at the same time, e.g., in mobile environment, geographical environment and harsh climatic environment. In this paper, we discuss the issues related to the challenging smart grid deployment environments and existing solutions for such environments. We also propose to deploy cognitive radios for smart grid communication infrastructures in challenging environments. Specifically we propose a hybrid smart grid communication framework based on cognitive radio networks. We analyze the performance of proposed communication scheme and prove the efficiency of adapting cognitive radio networks to smart grid communication infrastructures.
Global Electrification Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1880s-1914

Ce travail constitue une partie d'un projet de recherche a long terme consacre a l'electrification globale. Ici l'attention se porte sur la phase initiale de l'electrification, celle des annees 1880a 1914, quand l'entreprise multinationale et la finance internationale jouaient un role crucial. Les industriels de la construction electrique furent les premiers a se lancer dans l'etablissement d'equipements electriques operationnels ; cependant a partir du moment ou les installations des centrales devinrent hautement intensives en capital, il fallut faire appel a des investisseurs exterieurs pour les payer. Les compagnies holding de services publics dotees de structures capitalistiques tres completes devinrent les acteurs majeurs dans l'etablissement des equipements electriques a travers le monde, a l'exemple des free-standing companies britanniques. L'article etudie un certain nombre de compagnies europeennes et britanniques qui apporterent l'eclairage et la force aux villes du monde.
THE HUMAN CORPUS LUTEUM AND PROGESTIN

The opening of the eighteenth annual session of the Association for the Study of Internal Secretions is another landmark in the progress of correlation of the brilliant laboratory achievements with their clinical applications in the field of endocrinology. This is an occasion when individuals and groups widely scattered geographically and having a diversity of special interests assemble for the integration of ideas related to the problems which they share in common. It is a clearing house for presentation of facts, interpretation of experimental data, discussion of theories, and comparison of opinions. This Association marks the intersection of the numerous avenues of approach to the problem of endocrinology. Here controversies may be aired with reasonable hope of arriving at satisfactory agreement. A profitable supplement to the annual program would be a clinical symposium for demonstration of the practical achievements of endocrinology in the recent past. The scope of the relationship of the glands of i...
An analysis of intrusive error types in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders

Evidence suggests that test intrusions, a type of delayed perseveration, occur more frequently during neuropsychological testing of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than with other dementing disorders. The absolute number of test intrusions occurring among AD patients is relatively low, however, making this an insensitive index of AD. Using the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, we attempted to determine whether other types of intrusive errors might be useful as behavioral markers of early AD. Intrusions were classified into five qualitatively different categories and documented for mild and moderately impaired AD patients, patients with multiple cerebral infarctions who exhibited mild cognitive impairment, and normal age‐equivalent controls. Within our sample we found that specific types of word intrusions possessed a relatively high degree of sensitivity as well as specificity in distinguishing among patient groups.
Dorsal migration and formation of the secondary, permanent chain of sympathetic ganglia as revealed by confocal time-lapse analysis in chick

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. In conjunction with the parasympathetic nervous system, all involuntary, autonomic functions of the vertebrate organism are regulated, including breathing, blood flow and heart rate. All sympathetic neurons differentiate from the trunk neural crest, a pluripotent, heterogeneous cell population that gives rise to the vast majority of the peripheral nervous system, including dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and enteric nervous system. After arriving at the dorsal aorta, neural crest cells respond to cues secreted by the dorsal aorta, primarily BMP-4, that induce their differentiation to sympathetic neurons. Strikingly, primary sympathetic ganglia (SG) form as discrete transient structures in a chain along the vertebrate axis. Within hours of their formation, sympathetic precursors migrate dorsally towards the ventral surface of the DRG, and form the permanent, secondary chain of SG. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the dorsal migration and formation of the secondary SG are largely unknown, most likely due to the ventral location deep within the embryo. Using transverse slice culture and confocal time-lapse microscopy, we detail the events involved in secondary SG formation. Interestingly, the primary SG move as a cohesive cluster during their dorsal migration, and use extensive cellcell contacts among SG cells. Filopodial extensions span over 100 μ mi n length and contact the forming spinal nerve. Tissue ablation of the spinal nerve results in delayed dorsal migration. Repositioning of the spinal nerve results in filopodial extensions from SG cells entering known inhibitory regions to interact with the newly positioned spinal nerve. These data indicate cell-cell and cell-environmental interactions are important for proper SG positioning and development.
HIV-1 Nef responsiveness is determined by Env variable regions involved in trimer association and correlates with neutralization sensitivity.

HIV-1 Nef and the unrelated murine leukemia virus glycoGag similarly enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 virions. We now show that the effects of Nef and glycoGag are similarly determined by variable regions of HIV-1 gp120 that control Env trimer association and neutralization sensitivity. Whereas neutralization-sensitive X4-tropic Env proteins conferred high responsiveness to Nef and glycoGag, particles bearing neutralization-resistant R5-tropic Envs were considerably less affected. The profoundly different Nef/glycoGag responsiveness of a neutralization-resistant and a neutralization-sensitive R5-tropic Env could be switched by exchanging their gp120 V1/V2 regions, which also switches their neutralization sensitivity. Within V1/V2, the same determinants governed Nef/glycoGag responsiveness and neutralization sensitivity, indicating that these phenotypes are mechanistically linked. The V1/V2 and V3 regions, which form an apical trimer-association domain, together determined the Nef and glycoGag responsiveness of an X4-tropic Env. Our results suggest that Nef and glycoGag counteract the inactivation of Env spikes with relatively unstable apical trimer-association domains.
Adaptive Thresholding Systems

The conditions under which adaptive thesholding should be employed are discussed. The three most important systems for accomplishing adaptive thresholding are the level adjuster, the constant-fraction discriminator, and the double differentiator. Practical implementations of these systems, including false alarm protection, are described in terms of subsystems. Approximate position variances associated with the three systems are derived. Relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
The effect of technological progress in competitive markets

The Atlantic Economic Journal has been established on the premise that there is a substantial need to increase communication and share constructive viewpoints between economists. In addition to formal publication of full length articles, other avenues of less formal communication should be available. A small point may not be worthy of a formal paper but is important enough to warrant dissemination to colleagues. Research in progress may be of interest to other economists. A research approach ending in negative results needs to be shared to save others from similar pitfalls. The Anthology has been established to facilitate this form of communication. It will provide a means by which short manuscripts can quickly appear in the Journal with no formal referee process. Requirements for submission are nominal:
Magnetic recording systems

This review of magnetic recording systems concentrates on developments in two particular areas: the video-tape recorder and the rigid disk drive. The consumer VCR represents the state of the art for analog in-contact recording, while the rigid disk drive exemplifies digital recording with rapid access. Various aspects of the mechanical configurations, track-following techniques, heads and media, and signal processing are discussed. More briefly the paper describes other digital systems on flexible media.
Microbial Silicification in Sinters from Two Terrestrial Hot Springs in the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia

Silicification of microbial communities is the most pervasive form of mineralization in two terrestrial hot springs in the Uzon Caldera. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy reveal a diverse sinter mineral assemblage dominated by opal-A with accessory sulfur, sulfides, alunite group minerals, oxides, and oxyhydroxides. Aluminum laminations (reported for the first time) noted in one deposit may slow opal-A transformational rates enabling mineralized microbial remnants to exist longer in the rock record. Although preservation of microbial forms decreases over time, the collective mineral assemblage and patterning suggests that they are the most persistent lines of evidence of life in the geologic record.
Nonradiative intramolecular deactivation of Tb3+ fluorescence in a vapor phase terbium(III) complex

Abstract For the first time, fluorescence lifetime studies are reported for a trivalent rare-earth gas: specifically, for the 5 D 4 state of Tb 3+ in the vapor phase chelate 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione. Measurements of the fluorescence decay as a function of temperature and pressure demonstrate that intermolecular collisional deactivation is unimportant and that nonradiative deactivation by intramolecular processes dominates the fluorescence lifetime at temperatures of 230–300°C. The rate for the latter processes is well described by an Arrhenius equation and suggests that the Tb 3+ relaxation occurs via transfer to low-lying excited states of the chelate.
Cholinesterase inhibition in vitro by potato foliage extracts

Foliage extracts from 24 potato varieties were tested for inhibitionin vitro of human blood plasma cholinesterase. The varieties were placed into four categories of relative cholinesterase inhibition. Greatest inhibition was shown by the varieties Antigo. Chippewa, Green Mountain, and Sequoia. An intermediate category of inhibition included Boone, Early Gem, Irish Cobbler, Katahdin, Keswick, Red Warba, Russet Burbank, Russet Sebago, and Sebago. Less inhibitory activity was found in Cherokee, Red LaSoda, Red Pontiac, Tawa, Triumph, and Waseca. Least inhibition was shown by Dazoc, Huron, Osseo, Plymouth, and White Rose.
Measurement and calibration of the He(I) photoelectron spectra of gaseous and liquid ethanediol, propanediol and formamide

Abstract The He(I) photoelectron spectra of gaseous and liquid ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol and formamide have been measured in a new instrument with a Bessel box analyser. Both phases were studied at ambient temperature or a little above with a resolution of 0.1 eV. A simple method of calibration is described. The addition of NaI to formamide (0.3 M) does not result in the appearance of the characteristic peaks of I − in the spectrum but it causes the appearance of bands characteristic of water in the gas-phase spectrum.
Graph‐theoretical analysis of molecular properties. Isomeric variations in nonanes

Paths of length two and three appear to dominate variations in isomers of alkanes when various physical and chemical molecular properties are compared. The regularities previously observed for octanes have been fully examined for the set of 35 nonane isomers C9H20. Such examinations are facilitated by construction of appropriate grid graphs with paths of length two and three, respectively, representing molecules and connecting such points along the grid axes. By ordering structures in the two-dimensional coordinate plane, various trends and regular changes in the relative magnitudes for the selected thermodynamic properties have been traced to molecular connectivity and topology.
Error Estimates of the Ares I Computed Turbulent Ascent Longitudinal Aerodynamic Analysis

Numerical predictions of the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for the Ares I class of vehicles, along with the associated error estimate derived from an iterative convergence grid refinement, are presented. Computational results are based on an unstructured grid, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis. The validity of the approach to compute the associated error estimates, derived from a base grid to an extrapolated infinite-size grid, was first demonstrated on a sub-scaled wind tunnel model at representative ascent flow conditions for which the experimental data existed. Such analysis at the transonic flow conditions revealed a maximum deviation of about 23% between the computed longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients with the base grid and the measured data across the entire roll angles. This maximum deviation from the wind tunnel data was associated with the computed normal force coefficient at the transonic flow condition and was reduced to approximately 16% based on the infinite-size grid. However, all the computed aerodynamic coefficients with the base grid at the supersonic flow conditions showed a maximum deviation of only about 8% with that level being improved to approximately 5% for the infinite-size grid. The results and the error estimates based on the established procedure are also presented for the flight flow conditions.
A review of a preventable poison: pediatric lead poisoning.

PURPOSE. A review of lead poisoning in pediatric populations enables nurses to increase their knowledge base about lead poisoning and to further the work on the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating childhood lead poisoning as a public health issue in the United States. CONCLUSION. Nurses should be aware of and use the variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies that are available to address pediatric lead poisoning. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Prevention, education, and evidence-based treatment plans can decrease the occurrence of pediatric lead poisoning.
Fretting fatigue case studies of engineering components

Fretting fatigue has been studied for nearly a century and a great deal of progress has been made in formulating design practices based on the understanding that has emerged during this period. Nonetheless, many fretting induced fatigue failures still occur and often could have been prevented if knowledge that exists were applied. This paper provides seven brief case studies in various fields of interest. Each case is presented briefly and then the manner used to deal with the issue to prevent its continued occurrence is given. The paper demonstrates that if fretting fatigue failure mode is anticipated and predicted based on knowledge of the factors that lead to fretting fatigue then adequate prevention and control practice can be used to avoid it in the design and use of components. One of the great challenges ahead is to assure all engineering students around the world get educated as to the factors and parameters that cause fretting fatigue to occur and thus design teams could take positive action to prevent it in almost all cases.
Invasive species impacts on ecosystem structure and function: A comparison of Oneida Lake, New York, USA, before and after zebra mussel invasion

Exotic species invasion is widely considered to affect ecosystem structure and function. Yet, few contemporary approaches can assess the effects of exotic species invasion at such an inclusive level. Our research presents one of the first attempts to examine the effects of an exotic species at the ecosystem level in a quantifiable manner. We used ecological network analysis (ENA) and a social network analysis (SNA) method called cohesion analysis to examine the effect of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion on the Oneida Lake, New York, USA, food web. We used ENA to quantify ecosystem function through an analysis of food web carbon transfer that explicitly incorporated flow over all food web paths (direct and indirect). The cohesion analysis assessed ecosystem structure through an organization of food web members into subgroups of strongly interacting predators and prey. Our analysis detected effects of zebra mussel invasion throughout the entire Oneida Lake food web, including changes in trophic flow efficiency (i.e., carbon flow among trophic levels) and alterations of food web organization (i.e., paths of carbon flow) and ecosystem activity (i.e., total carbon flow). ENA indicated that zebra mussels altered food web function by shunting carbon from pelagic to benthic pathways, increasing dissipative flow loss, and decreasing ecosystem activity. SNA revealed the strength of zebra mussel perturbation as evidenced by a reorganization of food web subgroup structure, with a decrease in importance of pelagic pathways, a concomitant rise of benthic pathways, and a reorganization of interactions between top predator fish. Together, these analyses allowed for a holistic understanding of the effects of zebra mussel invasion on the Oneida Lake food web.
Immunotoxicity of alcohol in young and old mice. II. Impaired T cell proliferation and T cell-dependent antibody responses of young and old mice fed ethanol-containing liquid diet.

Abstract The effect of extended ethanol consumption of young and old BALB/c mice on the proliferative response to Concanavalin A (Con A) and T cell-dependent antibody response of their spleen cells to sheep red blood cell (RBC) stimulation was determined. Splenic cells of young (3 months) and old (25 months) BALB/c mice, fed with one of three different diets (ethanol, maltose-substitute and standard mouse chow), were first cultured with Con A to assess T cell proliferation and production of interleukin 2 (IL2). Then, Con A-activated T blast cells from young and old mice were assessed for their proliferative responding capacity to exogenous human recombinant IL2 and crude rat IL2 supernatant. Finally, splenic cells of young and old mice were assessed for their ability to generate plaque-forming cells in response to sheep RBC. The results revealed that both T cell mitogenesis and IL2-dependent proliferation of T blast cells from young and old ethanol diet-fed mice were remarkably diminished as compared to that of young and old maltose-substituted diet (isocaloric control) fed mice, respectively. The ability of T cells from both young and old ethanol diet-fed mice to produce IL2, however, was not affected. Finally, the ability of young and old ethanol diet-fed mice to mount a primary antibody response to SRBC was also significantly reduced. These results taken together demonstrate for the first time that both T cell proliferative activity and T cell-dependent antibody respone of young and old ethanol diet-fed mice are impaired; however, with respect to age, a differential effect of immunosuppression of ethanol was not noted.
Rapid verification of meiotic gynogenesis and polyploidy in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson)

Abstract We describe a novel random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) based technique to rapidly assess the overall success of treatments designed to induce gynogenesis. To test this technique we produced white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus ) meiotic gynogens. A total of 108 putative gynogens of known parentage from four different experimental treatments were screened using RAPD primers which were known to generate sire-specific markers. Only two individuals showed amplification of sire-specific markers indicating that they had received some paternal inheritance and were not true gynogens. This simple RAPD-based technique could be generally applicable for the verification of gynogenesis or androgenesis in other species, especially those which lack suitable phenotypic markers to trace the transmission of parental inheritance. We also determined the ploidy of 2469 diploid, triploid, tetraploid and mosaic sturgeon by using a Coulter Counter to analyze erythrocyte nuclei size and verified the results with flow cytometry. The Coulter Counter proved to be a rapid and accurate technique for ploidy analysis in sturgeon.
The student, the text, and the classroom context: A case study of teacher response

Abstract This article presents a case study of classroom-based research into teacher response. It examines the teacher-researcher's responding practices in the full context of a first-year college writing class, through an investigation of his written comments to one student, over time. The article outlines the principles and goals of the course, defines the role of teacher response within this setting, and critically examines the relation between response theory and this teacher's responding practice. The case study shows how the teacher's responses were shaped according to the sequence of assignments and classroom instruction, the teacher's style, and the work and needs of individual students. Effective teacher response, the article looks to demonstrate, is a matter of putting into practice certain accepted principles of response as well as a matter of adapting comments to the larger classroom context. The way a teacher presents comments on the pages of the student's text is just as important as locating response amid the particular circumstances of the class. The two activities are mutually dependent and reinforcing. By examining one teacher's response and reflection, the study suggests how other teachers might go about reflecting on their ways of responding in light of their own assignments, instruction, and goals and usefully integrate contemporary response theory in their classroom practice.
Bioregeneration of Perchlorate-Laden Gel-Type Anion-Exchange Resin in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

Selective ion-exchange resins are very effective to remove perchlorate from contaminated waters. However, these resins are currently incinerated after one time use, making the ion-exchange process incomplete and unsustainable for perchlorate removal. Resin bioregeneration is a new concept that combines ion-exchange with biological reduction by directly contacting perchlorate-laden resins with a perchlorate-reducing bacterial culture. In this research, feasibility of the bioregeneration of perchlorate-laden gel-type anion-exchange resin was investigated. Bench-scale bioregeneration experiments, using a fluidized bed reactor and a bioreactor, were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the process and to gain insight into potential mechanisms that control the process. The results of the bioregeneration tests suggested that the initial phase of the bioregeneration process might be controlled by kinetics, while the later phase seems to be controlled by diffusion. Feasibility study showed that direct bioregeneration of gel-type resin was effective in a fluidized-bed reactor, and that the resin could be defouled, reused, and repeatedly regenerated using the method applied in this research.
Increasing incidence of serious hypoglycemia in insulin users

Trials provide most of the data on the incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes. However, trial protocols may not reflect changes in diabetes management that occur over time. Using a retrospective cohort design, we calculated the incidence of hypoglycemia in 1,113 patients 20 to 64 years of age who used insulin monotherapy from 1993 through 1997 at Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, a health maintenance organization (HMO) in New England. Episodes included emergency department visits or hospital admissions for hypoglycemia identified through insurance claims and documented in patients' medical records. The incidence of hypoglycemia was 5.07 episodes per 100 person-years (95% CI, 4.14 to 6.00); 203 confirmed episodes occurred in 129 unique patients during 4,005 person-years of follow-up. The incidence increased by approximately 24% per year (rate ratio = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.38) from 1993 through 1997, perhaps reflecting physicians' and patients' efforts to intensify glucose management.
Cardiovascular malformations in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

We reviewed 215 patients (59 new, 156 from the literature) with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), and found that 95 (44%) had a cardiovascular malformation (CVM). Classifying CVMs by disordered embryonic mechanisms, there were 5 (5.3%) class 1 (ectomesenchymal tissue migration abnormalities), 56 (58.9%) class II (abnormal intracardiac blood flow), 25 (26.3%) class IV (abnormal extracellular matrix), and 5 (5.3%) class V (abnormal targeted growth). Comparing the frequencies of individual CVMs in this series with a control group (the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study), there were 6 individual CVMs which showed a significant difference from expected values. When frequencies of CVMs in SLOS were analyzed by mechanistic class, classes IV and V were significantly more frequent, and class I significantly less frequent, than the control group. Although CVMs in SLOS display mechanistic heterogeneity, with an overall predominance of class II CVMs, the developmental error appears to favor alteration of the cardiovascular developmental mechanisms underlying atrioventricular canal and anomalous pulmonary venous return. This information should assist the clinical geneticist evaluating a patient with possible SLOS, and should suggest research direction for the mechanisms responsible for the SLOS phenotype.
Emedding MPEG-7 metadata within a media file format

Embedding metadata within a media file format becomes evermore popular for digital media. Traditional digital media files such as MP3 songs and JPEG photos do not carry any metadata structures to describe the media content until these file formats were extended with ID3 and EXIF. Recently both ID3 and EXIF advanced to version 2.4 and version 2.2 respectively with much added new description tags. Currently, most MP3 players and digital cameras support the latest revisions of these metadata structures as the de-facto standard formats. Given the benefits of having metadata to describe the media content is very critical to consumers for viewing and searching media content. However, both ID3 and EXIF were designed with very different approaches in terms of syntax, semantics, and data structures. Therefore, these two metadata file formats are not compatible and cannot be utilized for other common applications such as slideshow for playing MP3 music in the background and shuffle through images in the foreground. This paper presents the idea of embedding the international standard of ISO/IEC MPEG-7 metadata descriptions inside the rich ISO/IEC MPEG-4 file format container so that a general metadata framework can be used for images, audio, and video applications.
Luisma, a New Genus of Grammitidaceae (Pteridophyta) from Colombia

dium (Bishop, 1978), Enterosora (Bishop & Smith, 1992), Grammitis sensu stricto (Bishop, 1977), Lellingeria (Smith et al., 1991), Melpomene (Smith & Moran! 1992) Micropolypodium (Smith, 1992), Terpsichore (Smith, 1993), and Zygophlebia (Bishop, 1989). Prior to these studiest Copeland (1952a, 1952b, 1955) dealt with various elements of Neotropical Grammitidaceae in a synoptical way, and Morton (1967) and Smith and Moran (in Moran & Riba 1995) treated grammitids from adjacent Ecuador and from Mesoamerica, respectively. Discovery of a new genus of ferns, based solely on previously undescribed species, is an uncommon event, notwithstanding several exciting discoveries in the last two years. Sun et al. (2001) recently described a new genus and species (Mankyua chejuense B.-Y. Sun et al.) of the eusporangiate fern family Ophioglossaceae from Cheju Island, Korea. Even more recently, Caobangia squamata (Polypodiaceae) has been described as a new genus and species from Vietnam (Smith & Zhang, 2002). In the Neotropics, the last such monotype named was Nephopteris maxonii Lellinger (1966), a poorly known plant (still known only from the type) from Colombia, a country generally acknowledged to be among the richest for ferns (as well as vascular plants) in the Neotropics, and also among the richest in the world (Cuatrecasas, 1958; Gentry, 1982; Moran, 1996; Rangel-Ch., 2000; Hammen, 1995). Below we describe another monotypic genus, Luisma, with its sole species L. bivascularis. The genus is known only from the type.
Simultaneous measurement of viscoelastic changes and cell opening during processing of flexible polyurethane foam

A parallel-plate rheomete was constructed and used to study the development of dynamic shear modulus and cell opening under forced adiabatic conditions for a series of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams. Typical industrial formulations were used. The plates were heated to follow the adiabatic temperature profile of a real foam bun during foaming. The rheometer overcomes difficulties encountered in other methods such as heat loss and bubble damage caused by the probe.
The Cambridge encyclopedia of human growth and development

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development. Edited by Stanley J. Ulijaszek, Francis E. Johnson, and Michael A. Preece. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1998. 497 pp. ISBN 0-521-56046-2. $95.00 (cloth).
Probability of living through a period of economic instability

Abstract Welfare Based on Assets, a Way to Smooth Out Economic Instability and Develop Children's Human Capital is a four-part series of reports that focuses on the relationship between economic instability (i.e., income shocks, asset shocks, home loss, and asset poverty) and children's human capital development. Collectively, these reports build on the compelling observation that the pattern low-income families walk into is a present time oriented or consumption based pattern of behavior; in contrast, the pattern higher income families walk into is future oriented or asset based. In this first paper we find that between 2005 and 2009 the probability of a low-income child living through an income shock is between 43% (major shock) and 55% (minor shock). In contrast, the chance of a high-income child experiencing an income shock is between 6% (major shock) and 15% (minor shock) during the same period. We also find that the probability that a child will experience a net worth asset shock close to doubles for a child living in a black or low-income family between 2005 and 2009 when compared to 2000 and 2004. Policy implications are discussed.
On-line photo-derivatization with flow injection and liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure electrospray mass spectrometry for the identification of indoles

The application of on-line photochemistry with flow injection (FI) and liquid chromatography (LC) in conjunction with atmospheric pressure electrospray mass spectrometry (LC–APESI–MS) for the identification of similar indole derivatives is reported here. The photo-transformation of the indole compounds is strongly affected by the substituent groups on the aromatic and heterocyclic rings. Upon photolysis for 2.5 min, the mass spectrum of tryptamine (Try) which has no OH substituent on the aromatic ring does not differ greatly from that obtained without photolysis. However, after photolysis of serotonin (Ser) which has one OH group on C5 of the aromatic ring, the mass spectrum indicates the formation of dimers and higher molecular weight ions. The fragmentation pattern of 5-hydroxytryptophol (Phol) without photolysis resembles that of Ser with a base peak of m/z 160. Upon photolysis using MeOH–H2O (10/90), Phol is found to form a base peak at m/z 375 (100%) and a major peak at m/z 214 (66%) in addition to other ions with lower abundance. Melatonin (Mel) and tryptophan (Phan) upon photolysis are found to form high molecular weight ions with a relative low abundance. The mass spectrum of indole-3-acetic acid (Inaa) with on-line photolysis also shows different ions that are not formed without photolysis.
El cielo a cuestas

Antologia desnuda. Henry Luque Munoz. Golpe de Dados, vol. XXv. num. CXLVIII, Bogota, julio-agosto de 1997