cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics in the Krogh tissue cylinder.

In 1978, Schubert, Whalen, and Nair published the results of a series of experiments involving a Krebs-Henseleit perfused, paced, isovolumic working cat heart. The stated primary purpose of their work was to estimate the distribution of tissue PO2 in the autoregu-lating heart at two levels of perfusion pressure. They also measured flow, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction, and left ventricular function (peak left ventricular pressure and its derivative). Their results indicated that the distribution of tissue PO2 is under a fine degree of control. The only interval in the tissue PO2 histogram to show a highly significant difference for a change in perfusion pressure was the 0–5 mmHg range. It was also discovered that the autoregulating group exhibited good regulation of flow, oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, and left ventricular function. Futhermore, their results suggested that oxygen is being shunted around the capillary bed, possibly by both a diffusive shunt and a convective shunt.
Quantitative Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation Using Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis

Posttranslational modifications of proteins, especially phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, play an important role in signal transduction and cellular regulation in plants. Both 2-DE gel-based and non-gel-based proteomic technologies can monitor the changes in phosphorylation state of proteins. In this chapter, we describe two protocols for discovery and validation of differential protein phosphorylation using affinity enrichment of phosphoproteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) or protein immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). We name these methods IMAC-DIGE and IP-DIGE. For IMAC-DIGE, phosphoproteins are enriched from tissue extract using GaCl(3)-based IMAC and then analyzed by 2-D DIGE, which reveals changes of protein phosphorylation as protein spot shifts. IMAC enrichment improves detection of low-abundance regulatory phosphoproteins. For IP-DIGE, proteins of interest can be immunopurified and then analyzed by 2-D DIGE to confirm changes of posttranslational modifications that alter the charge or size of the proteins.
Starch Extracted From Corms, Roots, Rhizomes, and Tubers for Food Application

Abstract Starch is an important food ingredient because of its applicability, abundance, and low cost. It is added to food mainly to provide texture, viscosity, consistency, and greasiness, little interfering with the proper characteristics of the food. In its commercial form, from any botanical source, it is a water-insoluble, odorless, and tasteless white powder. When cooked in water, it presents characteristics that can vary with the botanical source. In turn, the preparation of food products is quite varied, and can be sweet or salty, bitter or not, more or less cooked; that is why starch, as a food ingredient, must meet the needs of the preparation, its conservation and use, taking into account the requirements of the local legislation. Despite nature presenting several sources of starch, only four starches are commercially available to meet the demands of the market. This chapter discusses the potential of alternative sources of starch and some strategies to find them.
Structural and electrical characterization of thick GaN layers on Si, GaN, and engineered substrates

A major challenge in gallium nitride (GaN) vertical power devices and other large bandgap materials is the high defect density that compromises the performance, reliability, and yield. Defects are typically nucleated at the heterointerface where there are both lattice and thermal mismatches. Here, we report the selective area growth (SAG) of thick GaN on Si and on the newly available Qromis Substrate Technology™ (QST) substrates that lead to a significant reduction of the defect densities to a level that is nearly comparable to that on native substrates by defect annihilation. We performed a parametric study of the electrical properties of the SAG GaN layers by fabricating and characterizing Schottky barrier diodes for SAG GaN layer thicknesses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 μm for GaN-on-Si, GaN-on-QST, and GaN-on-GaN diodes. While thicker layers led to a significant reduction in defect densities and improvement in the diode forward current characteristics, the GaN-on-QST diodes exhibited nearly similar characteristics to the GaN-on-GaN diodes. Further improvement in the device structure and/or SAG growth for GaN-on-Si is needed to achieve a comparable performance as the defect densities in the GaN-on-Si are comparable to that of GaN-on-QST substrates.
Electrochemistry with Simple Materials to Create Designs and Write Messages

An activity is described in which items found around the home are used in electrochemical experiments to create messages and artistic designs. To do so, a battery is connected to wires fashioned ou...
Supporting Latinx Students in Hispanic-Serving Institutions: An Exploration of Faculty Perceptions and Actions

While acknowledged as vital to expanding educational opportunity for Latinx students, Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs) are also criticized for not adequately serving this population. Drawing on...
Advances in genetic medicine and shared-decision making

Once the province of rare disorders, genetic diagnosis and counseling has been integrated into the medical care of a rapidly increasing number of patients and their families. Advances in genetic kn...
The AUA Curriculum for Medical Students: Current Resources and Developments.

Purpose of review To summarize the advancements and offerings of the American Urological Association's (AUA) Medical Student Education Committee (MSEC). Recent findings The AUA MSEC is focused on advocating for urologic education in medical schools by promoting core principles and practices in urology. The origins of the MSEC go back to 2008. With comprehensive support from the AUA Office of Education, the MSEC continues to refine and expand the resources available for medical students through the AUA Medical Student Curriculum website. The AUA Medical Student Curriculum website offers a repository of resources for medical students. This information is meant to serve as a foundational curriculum for undergraduate medical student education in urology.
Real Time Empirical Synchronization of IoT Signals for Improved AI Prognostics

A significant challenge for Machine Learning (ML) prognostic analyses of large-scale time series databases is variable clock skew between/among multiple data acquisition (DAQ) systems across assets in a fleet of monitored assets, and even inside individual assets, where the sheer numbers of sensors being deployed are so large that multiple individual DAQs, each with their own internal clocks, can create significant clock-mismatch issues. For Big Data prognostic anomaly detection, we have discovered and amply demonstrated that variable clock skew issues in the timestamps for time series telemetry signatures cause poor performance for ML prognostics, resulting in high false-alarm and missed-alarm probabilities (FAPs and MAPs). This paper describes a new Analytical Resampling Process (ARP) that embodies novel techniques in the time domain and frequency domain for interpolative online normalization and optimal phase coherence so that all system telemetry time series outputs are available in a uniform format and aligned with a common sampling frequency. More importantly, the "optimality" of the proposed technique gives end users the ability to select between "ultimate accuracy" or "lowest overhead compute cost", for automated coherence synchronization of collections of time series signatures, whether from a few sensors, or hundreds of thousands of sensors, and regardless of the sampling rates and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for those sensors.
Fundamentals and Emerging Trends of Neuroergonomic Applications to Driving and Navigation

The state-of-the-art vehicle automation and navigation technologies promise to augment or even replace diverse human functions in driving. For safety assurance on roadways, vehicles need to be informed about the humans (not only their presence but also mental states) in and around the vehicle. Yet, the uncertainties of drivers’ mental states under varying traffic situations make it difficult to provide such information. In this regard, neuroergonomics have potential to help bridge human and automation toward the next level of integration. In this chapter, we aim to provide an appreciation of neuroergonomic application to driving and navigation, with an emphasis on drivers’ cognitive tasks and performance. Particularly, the four main cognitive constructs associated with driving—attention, situation awareness (SA), intent, and mental workload—are reviewed in terms of their theoretical foundations and recent applications in neuroergonomic studies. The effects of special demographic population and environmental selection for such study are also discussed. To the readers who are interested in understanding the effects of next-generation vehicle technologies on humans or who aspire for the breakthrough in neuroergonomics for new driving and navigation technology, this chapter may provide a useful source.
Ocular Clinical Signs and Diagnostic Tests Most Compatible With Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: A Latent Class Approach.

Author(s): Gonzales, John A; Shiboski, Stephen C; Bunya, Vatinee Y; Akpek, Esen K; Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer; Seitzman, Gerami D; Criswell, Lindsey A; Shiboski, Caroline H; Lietman, Thomas M | Abstract: PurposeTo evaluate the ocular signs and tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in the absence of a gold standard.MethodsCross-sectional study of participants from the Sjogren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry. Participants had oral/ocular/rheumatologic examinations, blood/saliva samples collected, and salivary gland biopsy. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified clusters of patients based on 3 to 4 predictor variables relating to signs or tests of KCS. The resulting model-based "gold standard" classification formed the basis for estimated sensitivity and specificity associated with these predictors.ResultsA total of 3514 participants were enrolled into SICCA, with 52.9% classified as SS. LCA revealed a best-fit model with 2 groups. For the gold standard-positive group, an abnormal tear breakup time, ocular staining score (OSS), and Schirmer I had a sensitivity of 99.5%, 91.0%, and 47.4%, respectively. For the gold standard-negative group, an abnormal tear breakup time, OSS, and Schirmer I had a specificity of 32.0%, 84.0%, and 88.5%, respectively. OSS components (fluorescein and lissamine staining), exhibited a sensitivity of 82.6% and 90.5%, respectively, in the gold standard-positive group, whereas these signs in the gold standard-negative group had a specificity of 88.8% and 73.0%, respectively.ConclusionsOSS and its components (fluorescein and lissamine staining) differentiated 2 groups from each other better than other KCS parameters and had relatively high sensitivity and specificity.
Number of the Day.

can teachers help students build efficient computational skills necessary for progress in mathematics and at the same time foster their development of independent thinking about mathematics? A simple activity, which I call "number of the day," can help students construct mathematical concepts as well as practice computation. I started using this exercise to fill in time at the end of a class period and while students were waiting for the recess bell or for another teacher to take them to physical education. After a while I realized how powerful a device the number-of-the-day activity is.
Charity- and project-based service learning models increase public service motivation outcomes among dietetic students in a community nutrition course.

Objective: To determine whether dietetic students would report a change in their public service motivation (PSM) following a community nutrition service learning (SL) course, and whether the SL model (charity v. project) influences this change differently. Design: Using a pretest–posttest, nonequivalent groups quasi-experimental design, this study compared students’ PSM at the beginning and end of a 15-week college-level course. PSM and four component dimensions (attraction to public policy, commitment to public interest, compassion and self-sacrifice) were measured via electronic survey using the PSM scale. Average PSM scores were compared between and within the charity and project groups using independent samples and paired sample t tests, respectively. ANCOVA assessed the effect of SL model on post-survey scores, controlling for pre-survey scores. Setting: Public university in northeastern United States. Participants: Dietetic students enrolled in six sections of the same undergraduate community nutrition SL course. Students were placed by section in either charity (n 59) or project (n 52) SL experiences and required to complete 14 h in this role. Results: Mean PSM total scores increased between pre-survey and post-survey (3·50 v. 3·58; P = 0·001). Students reported small increases in three PSM dimensions: commitment to public interest, compassion and self-sacrifice (all P ≤ 0·01). Holding pre-scores constant, the charity group reported a higher attraction to public policy post-score, while the project group reported a higher self-sacrifice post-score (both P < 0·05). Conclusions: Educators should consider adopting SL methods into curricular offerings to enhance students’ motivation for public service.
Demographic and Functional Characteristics of National Veterans Wheelchair Games Participants: A Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction Although many studies report the impact of adaptive sports and recreation on quality of life for people with disabilities across several age groups, few have focused on the Veteran population. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline of common characteristics of the Veteran population that participated in the National Veterans Wheelchair Games (NVWG) in 2017 and 2018, including their perception on how their participation is associated with function and social factors. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was implemented as part of a quality assurance collaboration between the University of Pittsburgh and the Veterans Administration National Veterans Sports Programs and Special Events. Demographic and quality-of-life data were collected through the Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA) and associated Uniform Dataset as well as the Sports Participation Outcome Research Tool and Comprehensive Uniform Survey (SPORTACUS). This report provides and discusses the descriptive analyses that were performed on the data and establishes a framework to assess the impact of sports and exercise for Veterans with disabilities. Results A sample of 426 Veterans, 87% who were male and an average population age of 56 years old, reported high FMA scores on each of 10 items (daily routine, comfort, health, operate, reach, transfer, personal care, indoor mobility, outdoor mobility, and transportation) along with SPORTACUS scores scoring above 5, based on a 1-6 scoring scale (1 being "completely disagree" and 6 being "completely agree"), on each domain indicating sports participation is associated with their ability to function and participate in the community. Conclusion Based on these results, it can be concluded for this military Veteran population that participation in a large, organized adaptive sports programs such as the NVWG has a positive association with daily function, quality of life, community participation, and use of higher quality assistive technology.
Cynodontium luthii sp. nov.: a permineralized moss gametophyte from the Late Cretaceous of the North Slope of Alaska

PREMISE Mosses are a major component of Arctic vegetation today, with >500 species known to date. However, the origins of the Arctic moss flora are poorly documented in the fossil record, especially prior to the Pliocene. Here, we present the first anatomically preserved pre-Cenozoic Arctic moss and discuss how the unique biology of bryophytes has facilitated their success in polar environments over geologic time. METHODS A permineralized fossil moss gametophyte within a block of Late Cretaceous terrestrial limestone, collected along the Colville River on the North Slope of Alaska, was studied in serial sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique. RESULTS The moss gametophyte is branched and has leaves with a broad base, narrow blade, and excurrent costa. We describe this fossil as Cynodontium luthii sp. nov., an extinct species of a genus that is known from the High Arctic today. Cynodontium luthii is the oldest evidence of the family Rhabdoweisiaceae (by ≥18 Ma) and reveals that genera of haplolepideous mosses known in the extant Arctic flora also lived in high-latitude temperate deciduous forests during the Late Cretaceous. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of C. luthii in Cretaceous sediments, together with a rich Pliocene-to-Holocene fossil record of extant moss genera in the High Arctic, suggests that some moss lineages have exploited their poikilohydric, cold- and desiccation-tolerant physiology to live in the region when it experienced both temperate and freezing climates.
Towards Bayesian Ocean Physical- Biogeochemical- Acidification Prediction and Learning Systems for Massachusetts Bay

Better quantitative understanding and accurate data-assimilative predictions of the three-dimensional and time-dependent ocean acidification (OA) processes in coastal regions is urgently needed for the protection and sustainable utilization of ocean resources. In this paper, we extend and showcase the use of our MIT-MSEAS systems for high-resolution coupled physical-biogeochemical-acidification simulations and Bayesian learning of OA models in Massachusetts Bay, starting with simple empirical and equilibrium OA models. Simulations are shown to have reasonable skill when compared to available in situ and remote data. The impacts of wind forcing, internal tides, and solitary waves on water transports and mixing, and OA fields, are explored. Strong wind events are shown to reset circulations and the OA state in the Bay. Internal tides increase vertical mixing of waters in the shallow regions. Solitary waves propagating off Stellwagen Bank coupled with lateral turbulent mixing provide a pathway for exchange of surface and deep waters. Both of these effects are shown to impact biological activity and OA. A mechanism for the creation of multiple subsurface chlorophyll maxima is presented, involving wind-induced upwelling, internal tides, and advection of near surface fields. Due to the measurement sparsity and limited understanding of complex OA processes, the state variables and parameterizations of OA models are very uncertain. We thus present a proof-of-concept study to simultaneously learn and estimate the OA state variables and model parameterizations from sparse observations using our novel dynamics-based Bayesian learning framework for high-dimensional and multi-disciplinary estimation. Results are found to be encouraging for more realistic OA model learning.
Mouse Models of Experimental Glioblastoma

ABSTRACT Glioblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. It has poor prognosis: the survival rate is 14–15 months, even with treatment by surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. To develop more efficacious therapies, it is essential to generate preclinical mouse models that enable mechanistic studies. Multiple murine glioblastoma models have been generated, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. The traditional Cre-LoxP system specifically targets glioblastoma-related genes but requires extended experimental timelines. CRISPR-Cas9 methods require less time to generate mouse models, yet the off-target effects lead to variable glioblastoma phenotypes. Transposon-based insertional mutagenesis models can intercept and promote transcription but has strict limitation of insertional transgene size. Allograft cell line injection into immunocompetent mice prevents immune rejection but fails to recapitulate various features of human glioblastoma. Intracranial injection of patient-derived xenograft cell lines into immunocompromised mice preserves features of human glioblastoma but does not allow the study of immune cell function in preclinical immunotherapeutic approaches. Finally, humanized mouse models offer the potential to analyze the human adaptive immune response but not the innate immune response. This chapter outlines the major experimental glioblastoma models currently employed and the therapeutic approaches that can be tested.
Development of an Advance Care Planning Protocol in a Cystic Fibrosis Outpatient Clinic.

Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is recommended for all patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet clear implementation guidelines do not exist. Methods: The University of North Carolina Adult ...
The Taxicab Sampler: MCMC for Discrete Spaces with Application to Tree Models

Motivated by the problem of exploring discrete but very complex state spaces in Bayesian models, we propose a novel Markov Chain Monte Carlo search algorithm: the taxicab sampler. We describe the construction of this sampler and discuss how its interpretation and usage differs from that of standard Metropolis-Hastings as well as the closely-related Hamming ball sampler. The proposed taxicab sampling algorithm is then shown to demonstrate substantial improvement in computation time relative to a naive Metropolis-Hastings search in a motivating Bayesian regression tree count model, in which we leverage the discrete state space assumption to construct a novel likelihood function that allows for flexibly describing different mean-variance relationships while preserving parameter interpretability compared to existing likelihood functions for count data.
ER stress-induced modulation of neural activity and seizure susceptibility is impaired in a fragile X syndrome mouse model

Imbalanced neuronal excitability homeostasis is commonly observed in patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and the animal model of FXS, the Fmr1 KO. While alterations of neuronal intrinsic excitability and synaptic activity at the steady state in FXS have been suggested to contribute to such a deficit and ultimately the increased susceptibility to seizures in FXS, it remains largely unclear whether and how the homeostatic response of neuronal excitability following extrinsic challenges is disrupted in FXS. Our previous work has shown that the acute response following induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can reduce neural activity and seizure susceptibility. Because many signaling pathways associated with ER stress response are mediated by Fmr1, we asked whether acute ER stress-induced reduction of neural activity and seizure susceptibility are altered in FXS. Our results first revealed that acute ER stress can trigger a protein synthesis-dependent prevention of neural network synchronization in vitro and a reduction of susceptibility to kainic acid-induced seizures in vivo in wild-type but not in Fmr1 KO mice. Mechanistically, we found that acute ER stress-induced activation of murine double minute-2 (Mdm2), ubiquitination of p53, and the subsequent transient protein synthesis are all impaired in Fmr1 KO neurons. Employing a p53 inhibitor, Pifithrin-α, to mimic p53 inactivation, we were able to blunt the increase in neural network synchronization and reduce the seizure susceptibility in Fmr1 KO mice following ER stress induction. In summary, our data revealed a novel cellular defect in Fmr1 KO mice and suggest that an impaired response to common extrinsic challenges may contribute to imbalanced neuronal excitability homeostasis in FXS.
A spatial analysis of feed conversion ratio: a case study of broiler chickens in Musanze District, Northern Rwanda

The poultry production model is an efficiently intensified small-scale production model. One of the best ways to measure the efficiency of poultry production is the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Thi...
Reproductive caste inhibition by Argentine ant queens: New mechanisms of queen control

The presence of queens in laboratory colonies of Argentine ants completely inhibited new queen production, and decreased male production. Increased male production in queenless colonies did not result from worker oviposition. These findings support previous work ofGiraud (1983a, 1983b) and others.
Does disconformity in state corporate income tax systems affect compliance cost burdens

Prior multistate tax research on differences in state tax rules, while investigating the effects on revenue, investment, and tax burden, is silent regarding the effect on compliance costs. We investigate factors that explain state income tax compliance costs for large firms. We find that state compliance costs increase in the number of filing states and entities (or in the number of state tax returns), firm size, and variables proxying for state tax complexity. Our evidence that multistate disconformity increases compliance cost burdens informs the debate about the costs of tax competition.
Financial development in Latin America and the Caribbean : stylized facts and the road ahead

The paper documents the major trends in financial development in Latin America and the Caribbean since the early 1990s. The paper compares trends in Latin America and the Caribbean with those in Asia, Eastern Europe, and advanced countries and compares countries within Latin America and the Caribbean. The findings show that financial systems in the Latin America and the Caribbean region have become more diversified and more complex. In particular, domestic financial systems have become less bank-based, with bond and stock markets playing a larger role; institutional investors have gained some space in channeling domestic savings, thus increasing the availability of funds for investment in capital markets; and several economies in the region have started to reduce currency and maturity mismatches. Nonetheless, a few large companies continue to capture most of the domestic savings. And because these trends have unfolded more slowly than pro-market reformers had envisioned, broad, market-based financial systems with dispersed ownership have yet to materialize fully in the region. As a result, convergence is still largely failing to happen and the region's financial systems remain less developed than those of the advanced economies and several other emerging economies, most notably those in Asia.
Experimental Analysis of Privacy-Preserving Statistics Computation

The recent investigation of privacy-preserving data mining and other kinds of privacy-preserving distributed computation has been motivated by the growing concern about the privacy of individuals when their data is stored, aggregated, and mined for information. Building on the study of selective private function evaluation and the efforts towards practical algorithms for privacy-preserving data mining solutions, we analyze and implement solutions to an important primitive, that of computing statistics of selected data in a remote database in a privacy-preserving manner. We examine solutions in different scenarios ranging from a high speed communications medium, such as a LAN or high-speed Internet connection, to a decelerated communications medium to account for worst-case communication delays such as might be provided in a wireless multihop setting.
A parallel repetition theorem for leakage resilience

A leakage resilient encryption scheme is one which stays secure even against an attacker that obtains a bounded amount of side information on the secret key (say λ bits of "leakage"). A fundamental question is whether parallel repetition amplifies leakage resilience. Namely, if we secret share our message, and encrypt the shares under two independent keys, will the resulting scheme be resilient to 2λ bits of leakage? Surprisingly, Lewko and Waters (FOCS 2010) showed that this is false. They gave an example of a public-key encryption scheme that is (CPA) resilient to λ bits of leakage, and yet its 2-repetition is not resilient to even (1+e)λ bits of leakage. In their counter-example, the repeated schemes share secretly generated public parameters. In this work, we show that under a reasonable strengthening of the definition of leakage resilience (one that captures known proof techniques for achieving non-trivial leakage resilience), parallel repetition does in fact amplify leakage (for CPA security). In particular, if fresh public parameters are used for each copy of the Lewko-Waters scheme, then their negative result does not hold, and leakage is amplified by parallel repetition. More generally, given t schemes that are resilient to λ1, …, λt bits of leakage, respectfully, we show that their direct product is resilient to ∑(λi−1) bits. We present our amplification theorem in a general framework that applies other cryptographic primitives as well.
“Planned Parenthood”: Adoption, Assisted Reproduction, and the New Ideal Family

This essay, based on a panel discussion, responds to Dorothy Roberts’s critique of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she claims favors — both rhetorically and substantively — adoptive families over biological families. Building on Roberts’s insights, which depart from the conventional understanding of adoptive families as “second best,” this essay considers other recent developments that disclose a new ideal family, the planned family. Beyond the favorable legal treatment of planned families formed by adoption, suggestions of this ideal appear in the language of welfare reform measures and the emerging law of parentage for children born of assisted reproduction. The essay concludes with some questions about anti-abortion measures and the possibility of recentering adoption law to prioritize children’s interests.
Monitoring Power Dissipation for Fault Detection

In this paper, we suggest that the dynamic power dissipation of a circuit can be used for fault detection. Even those faults which do not affect static power dissipation can be detected by monitoring dynamic power dissipation. We discuss how stuck-at, stuck-open, and redundant faults may be detected by monitoring dynamic power dissipation. In many cases, the Fourier spectra of the supply currents in the good and faulty circuits will also be very different. Further, specific tests can be applied so as to improve fault coverage. Power monitoring is verified using simulation, and also experimentally, for example circuits.
Oxidation of phenolates and phenylenediamines by 2-alkononyl radicals produced from 1,2-dihydroxy- and 1-hydroxy-2-alkoxyalkyl radicals

Using pulse radiolysis with optical detection it is shown that the formylmethyl radical CH/sub 2/CHO reacts with phenolated XC/sub 6/H/sub 4//sup -/(X = H, alkyl, OCH/sub 3/, OH) by one electron oxidation to yield XC/sub 6/H/sub 4/O. With parasubstituted phenolates the rate constants for formation of XC/sub 6/H/sub 4/O increase with increasing electron-donating power of X (Hammett p=7.9). For X = OH (hydroquinone anion) the rate constant for the electron transfer reaction is 2.2 x 110/sup 9/M/sup -1/s/sup -1/. Replacement of H in CH/sub 2/CHO by alkyl or hydroxyalkyl groups leads to a decrease in the rate constants for oxidation of the hydroquinone anion. CH/sub 2/CHO is also able to oxidize o- and p- phenylenediamine and N,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (k = 7.3 x 10/sup 7/, 4.0 x 10/sup 8/, and 2.0 x 10/sup 9/M/sup -1/s/sup -1/, respectively). The 2-alkanonyl radicals were produced by elimination of OH/sup -/ or alkoxide from ionized 1,2-dihydroxyalkyl or 1-hydroxy-2-alkoxyalkyl radicals, respectively. For cyclic 1-hydroxy-2-alkoxyalkyl radicals elimination of alkoxide results in ring opening. The rate constants for elimination of OH/sup -/ from ionized 1,2-dihydroxyalkyl radicals R/sub 1/C(O/sup -/)CH(OH)R/sub 2/ are between 3 x 10/sup 6/s/sup -1/ (for R/sub 1/ = R/sub 2/ = H and R/sub 1/, R/sub more » 2/ = H, hydroxyalkyl) and greater than or equal to 8 x 10/sup 6/s/sup -1/ (for R/sub 1/ = R/sub 2/ = CH/sub 3/). 1 figure, 3 tables. « less
Hugoniot measurements near 50 MBAR

We have used a planar shock generated in the vicinity of an underground nuclear explosion to obtain Hugoniot data at 6.7 TPa for uranium relative to a molybdenum standard in an impedance matching experiment. Twenty-seven electrical contact pins were used to measure shock velocities of 27.0 and 22.8 km/s (± 1%) in the molybdenum and uranium, respectively. The measurement differs from theory by more than 2.5 times the experimental uncertainty and represents the highest pressure at which Hugoniot data have been obtained.
The Case of Natural Obligations

The unique character of natural obligations is the foundation of their centuries-long appeal for scholars and is part of the reason that examining them sheds light on the Romanist tradition in Louisiana. Their exceptionally close tie to natural law and the obvious parallels in the substantive law, including the particular natural obligations recognized and the effects accorded to them, demonstrates the Romanist heritage in state law. In addition, parallels in the legal method of Rome and Louisiana can be detected to an unusual degree, even in the mixed regime found in Louisiana. The recognition of natural obligations has been an invitation to the courts to create law, much as the men charged with administering the law in Rome were largely responsible for the development of private law quite apart from any action by a legislator or legislature.
Interfacial Coupling and Electronic Structure of Two-Dimensional Silicon Grown on the Ag(111) Surface at High Temperature.

Interfacial Coupling and Electronic Structure of Two-Dimensional Silicon Grown on the Ag(111) Surface at High Temperature
Distributed robust adaptive equilibrium computation for generalized convex games

This paper considers a class of generalized convex games where each player is associated with a convex objective function, a convex inequality constraint and a convex constraint set. The players aim to compute a Nash equilibrium through communicating with neighboring players. The particular challenge we consider is that the component functions are unknown a priori to associated players. We study two distributed computation algorithms and analyze their convergence properties in the presence of data transmission delays and dynamic changes of network topologies. The algorithm performance is verified through demand response on the IEEE 30-bus Test System. Our technical tools integrate convex analysis, variational inequalities and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation.
Being a Woman: Membership Categorization in Interaction

MCA has aspired to underscore the significant influence categorization can have on the way members of a culture experience their social reality and assume their roles in it. By following such aspirations, analysts inevitably run the risk of projecting “common-sense” assumptions onto their data and having their work characterized as “wild and promiscuous” (Stoke, 2012). So as to avoid these pitfalls, analysts have searched for ways of making assertions based on the data alone, by treating membership categorization as analytically pertinent only when it is demonstrably relevant and procedurally consequential to the interaction. The trouble with this approach, however, is that the relevance of a certain category might not always be obvious in a single turn or even a single segment of talk. Categories and category-bound predicates may be unpacked throughout an entire interaction and explicitly named only in passing, if at all.
Acid-base balance in pregnancy

In recent years considerable discussion has centered around the reaction of the blood during normal pregnancy, since findings in abnormal conditions, notably in the toxemias of pregnancy, must of necessity be compared with the normal. The various observers cited in this abstract all agree that plasma bicarbonate is lowered during pregnancy. Hasselbalch and Gammeltoft1 confirmed earlier observations of the lowering of carbon dioxide tension of the blood during pregnancy, and Rowe2 has recently determined the decrease in alveolar tension of carbon dioxide in a large series of cases.During the past four months we have carried out plasma pH determinations on a series of thirty-three normal pregnant women. The series includes one to three determinations before delivery and one after delivery. Up to the present, 58 of the determinations before delivery, and 23 following delivery have been completed.Plasma carbon dioxide content was lower during pregnancy than during the puerperium in all of the twenty-three cas...
When “altering brain function” becomes “mind control”

Functional neurosurgery has seen a resurgence of interest in surgical treatments for psychiatric illness. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) technology is the preferred tool in the current wave of clinical experiments because it allows clinicians to directly alter the functions of targeted brain regions, in a reversible manner, with the intent of correcting diseases of the mind, such as depression, addiction, anorexia nervosa, dementia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. These promising treatments raise a critical philosophical and humanitarian question. “Under what conditions does ‘altering brain function’ qualify as ‘mind control’?” In order to answer this question one needs a definition of mind control. To this end, we reviewed the relevant philosophical, ethical, and neurosurgical literature in order to create a set of criteria for what constitutes mind control in the context of DBS. We also outline clinical implications of these criteria. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of the proposed criteria by focusing especially on serendipitous treatments involving DBS, i.e., cases in which an unintended therapeutic benefit occurred. These cases highlight the importance of gaining the consent of the subject for the new therapy in order to avoid committing an act of mind control.
Poverty, social divisions, and conflict in Nepal

The authors conduct an econometric analysis of the economic and social factors which contributed to the spread of violent conflict in Nepal. They find that conflict intensity is significantly higher in places with greater poverty and lower levels of economic development. Violence is higher in locations that favor insurgents, such as mountains and forests. The authors find weaker evidence that caste divisions in society are correlated with the intensity of civil conflict, while linguistic diversity has little impact.
Long time stability of a classical efficient scheme for an incompressible two-phase flow model

In this article we consider the implicit Euler scheme for a homogeneous two-phase flow model in a two-dimensional domain and with the aid of the discrete Gronwall lemma and of the discrete uniform Gronwall lemma we prove that the global attractors generated by the numerical scheme converge to the global attractor of the continuous system as the time-step approaches zero.
Value function approximation in zero-sum markov games

This paper investigates value function approximation in the context of zero-sum Markov games, which can be viewed as a generalization of the Markov decision process (MDP) framework to the two-agent case. We generalize error bounds from MDPs to Markov games and describe generalizations of reinforcement learning algorithms to Markov games. We present a generalization of the optimal stopping problem to a two-player simultaneous move Markov game. For this special problem, we provide stronger bounds and can guarantee convergence for LSTD and temporal difference learning with linear value function approximation. We demonstrate the viability of value function approximation for Markov games by using the Least squares policy iteration (LSPI) algorithm to learn good policies for a soccer domain and a flow control problem.
Thermally induced losses in ultra-cold atoms magnetically trapped near room-temperature surfaces

We have measured magnetic trap lifetimes of ultra-cold 87Rb atoms at distances of 5–1000 µm from surfaces of conducting metals with varying resistivity. Good agreement is found with a theoretical model for losses arising from near-field magnetic thermal noise, confirming the complications associated with holding trapped atoms close to conducting surfaces. A dielectric surface (silicon) was found in contrast to be so benign that we are able to evaporatively cool atoms to a Bose–Einstein condensate by using the surface to selectively adsorb higher energy atoms.
In Plain Sight: A Solution to a Fundamental Challenge in Human Research

The physician-researcher conflict of interest has thus far eluded satisfactory solution. Most attempts to deal with it focus on improving informed consent. But those attempts are not successful and may even make things worse. Research subjects are already voluntarily undertaking the risks of research — we should not ask them to go it alone — to undergo medical “treatment” without medical “care.” The only effective solution is that in much clinical research, each research subject should have a doctor independent from the research study.
Policy models for data sharing

Data sharing has become an enabler of a diverse and important set of activities in areas such as science, law enforcement, and commerce. Data sharing scenarios frequently involve issues such as personal confidentiality, data misinterpretation, the potential for malicious exploitation of shared data, data with proprietary or first-use value, secret data, and governmental regulation. For these reasons, the need to state and enforce data sharing policy has grown increasingly significant. In this talk, we discuss models for data sharing policy and their key concepts.
A Contribution to the Empirics of Reservation Wages

This paper provides evidence on the behavior of reservation wages over the spell of unemployment using high-frequency longitudinal data. Using data from our survey of unemployed workers in New Jersey, where workers were interviewed each week for up to 24 weeks, we find that self- reported reservation wages decline at a modest rate over the spell of unemployment, with point estimates ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 percent per week of unemployment. The decline in reservation wages is driven primarily by older workers and those with personal savings at the start of the survey. The longitudinal nature of the data also allows us to test the relationship between job acceptance and the reservation wage and offered wage, where the reservation wage is measured from a previous interview to avoid bias due to cognitive dissonance. Job offers are more likely to be accepted if the offered wage exceeds the reservation wage, and the reservation wage has more predictive power in this regard than the pre-displacement wage, suggesting the reservation wage contains useful information about workers' future decisions. In addition, there is a discrete rise in job acceptance when the offered wage exceeds the reservation wage. In comparison to a calibrated job search model, the reservation wage starts out too high and declines too slowly, on average, suggesting that many workers persistently misjudge their prospects or anchor their reservation wage on their previous wage.
Aid, Growth, and Jobs

Various development objectives are worthy, but one objective merits special attention: reducing the scourge of absolute economic misery in the world. This study focuses on an important but relatively underemphasized approach to poverty reduction: helping the poor earn more in the labour market for the work they do, so that they can buy the goods and services they need to move up out of poverty. The core of the study is divided into three sections: defining the global poverty challenge and the world's employment problem, presenting policy options for improving employment outcomes for the poor, and suggesting ways of choosing which policy interventions are most promising for poverty reduction.
SYNTHESIS OF THE DOPAMINE AGONIST (-)-QUINPIROLE

Abstract A convenient synthesis and resolution of (-)-trans-4aR,8aR-1-propyl-6-oxo-decahydroquinoline (4) is described. This compound is then converted into the D-2 selective dopamine agonist, (-)-quinpirole hydrochloride (3).
Tax incentives as a solution to the uninsured: evidence from the self-employed.

Between 1996 and 2003, a series of amendments were made to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 that gradually increased the tax deduction for health insurance purchases by the self-employed (SE) from 25 to ...
The Effects of Malpractice on Medical Specialties

I am concentrating my project on the effects of the growth of medical malpractice suits. One of the main goals of the medical malpractice system is to provide incentives for physicians to take appropriate precautions in medical treatment. However, I would like to explore whether increased malpractice activity has adversely affected the medical labor market, particularly in regards to the specialties that doctors are choosing to enter. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol10/iss1/14
Television Violence: Implications for Violence Prevention

This article reviews the scientific and public opinion debate on the impact of television violence in America on aggression and violence. This body of research supports the view that television vio...
Theoretical studies of accretion of matter onto white dwarfs and the single degenerate scenario for supernovae of Type Ia

We review our current knowledge about the thermonuclear processing that occurs during the evolution of accretion onto white dwarfs (WDs) both with and with- out the mixing of core with accreted material. We present a brief summary of the single degenerate scenario for the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae in which it is assumed that a low mass carbon-oxygen white dwarf is growing in mass as a result of accretion from a secondary star in a close binary system. The growth in mass requires that more material remain on a white dwarf after a thermonuclear runaway than is ejected by the explosion. Recent hydrodynamic simulations of accretion of solar material onto white dwarfs without mixing always produce a thermonuclear runaway and "steady burning" does not occur. For a broad range in WD mass (0.4 M to 1.35 M ), the maximum ejected material occurs for the 1.25M sequences and then decreases as the white dwarf mass decreases. Therefore, the white dwarfs are growing in mass as a consequence of the accretion of solar material, and as long as there is no mixing of accreted material with core material. In contrast, a thermonuclear runaway in the ac- creted hydrogen-rich layers on the low luminosity WDs in close binary systems where mixing of core matter with accreted material has occurred is the outburst mechanism for classical (CN), recurrent, and symbiotic novae. The di erences in characteris- tics of these systems is likely the WD mass and mass accretion rate. The high levels of enrichment of CN ejecta in elements ranging from carbon to sulphur confirm that there is dredge-up of matter from the core of the WD and enable them to contribute
Ability and Strategy Differences in Map Learning

This paper describes the influence of individual differences in abilities and subject-selected techniques for learning maps. Verbal protocols were obtained from 25 subjects who differed in psychometrically measured spatial restructuring and visual memory abilities. These protocols suggested a number of learning procedures and strategies that subjects used to focus attention, encode information and evaluate their learning progress while studying a map. High ability subjects differed from low ability subjects in the overall strategies they adopted to approach the learning problem, in their use of imagery for encoding spatial information, and in ther subsequent recall of spatial attributes of the map.