cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deguelin suppresses the formation of carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in the colon of CF-1 mice.

Deguelin [(7aS,BaS)-13,13a-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-3H-Bis[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b:6',5'-e]pyran-7(7aH)-one], a naturally occurring rotenone, has shown chemopreventive efficacy in several in vivo and in vitro models. In this report, the effectiveness of deguelin at inhibiting the development of AOM-induced colonic ACF was investigated in CF-1 mice. Loss of hex activity was assessed as a second biomarker. In an initial experiment, animals were given s.c. injections of AOM (10 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks to induce ACF. Deguelin and vehicle (corn oil) were administered i.g. 7 days a week. Treatment was initiated 2 weeks prior to the first dose of carcinogen and continued for the duration of the study. The mean number of ACF for the control group was 29.0 +/- 4.3, whereas the mean numbers of ACF in the deguelin groups were 24.8 +/- 2.7, 7.2 +/- 1.5 and 4.6 +/- 1.4 at doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In a similar manner, treatment with deguelin significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the appearance of hex(-) crypts in a dose-dependent manner. In a second study, the ability of deguelin to block the initiation and promotion stages of colon carcinogenesis was investigated. Greatest inhibition was observed when deguelin was administered during the promotional stage (73.3%, p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that deguelin is an efficacious chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis.
Quality in pathology: of Deming, the Edsel, and Henry Ford.

Quality is something that every pathologist is committed to—at least that is what every pathologist I have ever met has told me. Nevertheless, while there are many publications documenting ways in which the process of pathology can be improved, very few of these processes are adopted. Why? And when something new appears, how can you tell if it is going to catch on or not? In this issue of the Journal , Zarbo and colleagues1 do a wonderful job of demonstrating what a group of pathologists who are fully committed to the process and who appear to have real financial and administrative support can do to improve quality. They have shown that bar coding, along with significant changes in the way people actually handle specimens and the culture in which they work can lead to significant improvement in specimen misidentification errors in the laboratory. The results are impressive and persuasive, but will they catch on? Yes and no. Bar coding will definitely catch on. My boss has been telling me for years that as soon as a commercial system becomes available, he is …
High-index faceted noble metal nanocrystals

The formation of novel and complex structures with specific morphologies from nanocrystals via a direct assembly of atoms or ions remains challenging. In recent years, researchers have focused their attention on nanocrystals of noble metals and their controlled synthesis, characterization, and potential applications. Although the synthesis of various noble metal nanocrystals with different morphologies has been reported, most studies are limited to low-index facet-terminated nanocrystals. High-index facets, denoted by a set of Miller indices {hkl} with at least one index greater than unity, possess a high density of low-coordinated atoms, steps, edges, and kinks within these structures and serve as more active catalytic sites. With the potential for enhanced catalytic performance, researchers have used the insights from shape-controlled nanocrystal synthesis to construct noble metal nanocrystals bounded with high-index facets. Since the report of Pt tetrahexahedral nanocrystals, researchers have achieved ...
Interferon α/β Enhances the Cytotoxic Response of MEK Inhibition in Melanoma

Drugs that inhibit the MAPK pathway have therapeutic benefit in melanoma, but responses vary between patients, for reasons that are still largely unknown. Here we aim at explaining this variability using pre- and post-MEK inhibition transcriptional profiles in a panel of melanoma cell lines. We found that most targets are context specific, under the influence of the pathway in only a subset of cell lines. We developed a computational method to identify context-specific targets, and found differences in the activity levels of the interferon pathway, driven by a deletion of the interferon locus. We also discovered that IFNα/β treatment strongly enhances the cytotoxic effect of MEK inhibition, but only in cell lines with low activity of interferon pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that the interferon pathway plays an important role in, and predicts, the response to MAPK inhibition in melanoma. Our analysis demonstrates the value of system-wide perturbation data in predicting drug response.
The role of syllabic and orthographic properties of letter cues in solving word fragments.

The present research examined the role of phonological and orthographic properties of cues in mediating the retrieval of words from the mental lexicon. The task required subjects to resolve fragmented words when provided with semantically related cues (e.g., spiteful:—DIC—). Phonological properties of the letter cues were manipulated such that the letters either corresponded to the syllables (e.g., DIC invindictive) or nonsyllables (NDI) in the word Orthographic properties of the letter cues were manipulated by selecting letter groups that either co-occurred frequently in the language or did not. In two experiments, results revealed little or no effect of the phonological variable (syllables) but a reliable effect of the orthographic variable (letter-cue frequency). Letter cues with a low frequency of co-occurrence in the language led to better completion of the fragmented words. We interpret these findings as support for models of lexical representation that are based on orthographic properties (e.g., Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989) rather than those based on phonological constraints.
Structural Corrosion Health Assessment using Computational Intelligence Methods

Corrosion greatly affects the integrity of many engineering structures, such as bridges, pipelines, nuclear reactors, and aircraft. This study provides an overview of the computational intelligence methods developed for the corrosion damage assessment of aerospace materials and structures. Specifically, cellular automata modeling of corrosion pit initiation and growth, wavelet based image processing methods for corrosion damage assessment, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for material loss and residual strength predictions. In addition, ANN based prediction of life due to corrosion-fatigue conditions are considered and presented. Results obtained from selected computational intelligence methods are compared to the existing alternate solutions and experimental data. The results presented illustrate the feasibility of computational intelligence methods for modeling and assessing the corrosion health of aging aircraft structures and materials.
Intraband and interband processes in the infrared spectrum of metallic aluminum.

The dielectric function of polycrystalline metallic aluminum derived by Shiles et al. [Phys. Rev. B 22, 1612 (1980)] from room-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum reflectance measurements has been analyzed into intraband and interband components and compared with theoretical predictions of Szmulowicz and Segall [Phys. Rev. B 24, 892 (1981)]. For this analysis, a new approach was developed, which utilizes experimental data over a larger energy range than in previous studies. To within experimental uncertainty, the resulting intraband component is consistent with a Drude model having a plasma frequency ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{p}$=12.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV and relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau}=(1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$ sec. These values are in accord with the bulk static conductivity which in turn is in agreement with the inertial sum rule on the real part of the dielectric function. The interband contribution was found to consist of a broad background with two superimposed peaks: the well-known ``0.8 \ensuremath{\mu}m'' absorption at \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 eV and a weaker absorption in the vicinity of 0.4 eV. This interband spectrum is in good agreement in regard to both peak position and oscillator strength with the one-electron augmented-plane-wave model calculations for the optical conductivity by Szmulowicz and Segall. The total experimental intraband and interband oscillator strengths for the conduction electrons are 1.9 and 1.2 electrons/per atom, respectively.
Immunological studies of homosexual men with immunodeficiency and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Abstract Acquired immunodeficiency and Kaposi's sarcoma are epidemic among homosexual men in the United States. We have identified three clinically distinct disease syndromes in homosexually active men: a syndrome of severe cellular immunodeficiency including infection with Pneumocystis carinii and other opportunistic pathogens, a syndrome of chronic benign lymphadenopathy without severe opportunistic infections, and Kaposi's sarcoma. All 46 patients which we have studied with these three disease syndromes shared a common immune abnormality, that being a reduction in the circulating T-lymphocyte subpopulation bearing the Leu-3 OKT-4 antigen. The second major T-lymphocyte subpopulation, which bears the Leu-2 OKT-8 antigen, was numerically normal in all the disease syndromes, but increased as a percentage of all circulating lymphocytes. These abnormalities resulted in an inversion of the normal ratio of these two lymphocyte subpopulations. A similar, but less pronounced imbalance in circulating T-lymphocyte subpopulations was observed in a group of healthy homosexual men. The immune deficiency in these patients was most evident in the T-cell component of the immune system. Percentages of B cells, circulating immunoglobulin levels, and natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) functions were normal. Proliferative responses to antigen and mitogen were typically decreased in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and some Kaposi's sarcoma patients, but not those with the prolonged lymphadenopathy syndrome or a control group of healthy homosexual men. Possible causes or factors contributing to the immunodeficiency and interrelationships among the three disease manifestations are discussed.
The convergence of Moore's/Mooers' laws

Abstract A four-stage hypothesis of information systems development is presented. The stages derive from the application of Moore's Law—that the number of elements that can be integrated onto a chip is doubling roughly every year—the expression of the very rapid exponential rate of growth of information systems technology, and the application of Mooers' Law—that an information system will only be used when it is more trouble not to use it than it is to use it—the quintessential expression of the importance of human factors. It is argued that we are now roughly halfway along this developmental process, about to make the transition from Stage II to Stage 111, and that from that conclusion we can make some useful projections for and about the future.
Predictors of Post-High School Employment Among Young Adults with Disabilities

This study examined the employment status of 1,393 former special education students who had exited from 37 of Alabama's 128 school systems between 1996-2000. These 37 school systems served as demo...
Pleural Complications of Nasoenteric Feeding Tubes

Pliable, small-bore, feeding tubes are inserted frequently in critically ill patients. The use of wire stylets to facilitate passage of these tubes has increased the chances of unrecognized tracheal intubations, particularly in obtunded patients. Five patients with depressed sensoria had inadvertent transbronchial insertions of feeding tubes into their pleural spaces over a 28-month period. The incidence of this complication among intensive care unit patients was 0.3%. Sequellae included pneumothoraces in four patients, pleural effusions in three patients, and pneumonia with a pulmonary abscess in one patient. The presence of cuffed endotracheal tubes did not prevent this complication in patients with depressed cough reflexes. Inexperience of feeding tube insertors may have contributed to pleural intubations in four of the patients. In patients with depressed sensoria, adequate confirmation of feeding tube location in the stomach or duodenum requires both chest and abdominal roentgenograms. (Journal of Pa...
SU‐E‐T‐27: Evaluation of Long‐Term Stability of KV Image Panel Position for Proton Gantry‐Based Treatment Systems

Purpose: To quantify the long‐term digital image panel position variation and gantry angle dependence for gantry‐based proton treatment machines. Methods: In proton gantry machines, fixed mechanical crosshairs are currently used to define beam isocenter in kV X‐ray images. We developed an algorithm to automatically detect the crosshair center positions in the dual orthogonal kV images and analyzed 2651 images acquired with four image panels in the two treatment rooms within 12 months. The long‐term stability of the crosshair positions in the images at four gantry angles (0, 90, 180, and 270) and the positional dependence on gantry angle were investigated. Crosshair isocentricity is analyzed bi‐weekly during routine mechanical QA. Results: The standard deviations of the crosshair positions were 0.28 mm in X‐Z plane and 0.38 mm in Y axis. The 95 percentiles of the crosshair positions were −0.54 mm to 0.61 mm in X‐Z plane and −0.95 mm to 0.59 mm in Y axis. The relative large variation in Y axis is caused by a systematic crosshair projection position shifts after X‐ray tube and panel replacements. The crosshair position variation along gantry angles was within ±4mms, and different for each panel. The long‐term crosshair position is stable and its variation is consistent to the beam isocenter QA tests, and the crosshair position variation with gantry angle is in the same pattern as measured in routine QA procedures. Conclusion: This work revealed that the kV image panel positions in our proton treatment system is stable at the cardinal angles over 12 months and the panel positions can be correlated to gantry angles. This Result indicates that the image panel position is most likely predictable and, with adequate QA flexmap procedures, the crosshair may not be necessary for all kV images. The project was supported by the Federal Share of program income earned by Massachusetts General Hospital on C06 CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center.
Physically modeling operative temperatures and evaporation rates in amphibians

Abstract (1) We designed a physical model that simulates the thermal and evaporative properties of live Western toads ( Bufo boreas ). (2) In controlled tests, the model tracked the body temperature of live toads with an average error of 0.3±0.03 °C (test range=4–30 °C). (3) It estimated the evaporative water loss of live toads with an average error of 0.35–0.65 g/h, or about 14% (test range=0.7–9 g/h). (4) Data collected with this physical model should provide an effective way for biologists to better understand habitat selection in toads and other amphibians
RF tomography under the quadratic approximation

In this work, we discuss imaging results obtained by applying a quadratic approximation to RF Tomography.
The role of process abstraction in simulation

The concept of process abstraction, which allows simulationists to construct models composed of a set of interconnected levels, is discussed. Each level in the network represents the process at some given level of abstraction and is encoded using a model type (e.g. Petri net, automaton, data flow graph) appropriate to that level. An example process composed of articulated figures around a circular table is presented. After the process is formally defined at each level, the abstraction relationships between levels are discussed. A taxonomy of process abstraction methods is presented in an effort to characterize the fundamental concepts of level traversal. The application involving the animation of the process is described within the context of the HIRES simulation language that was constructed specifically to simulate and analyze multilevel simulations. Textual and graphical examples of HIRES output are included. Finally, some observations on the future of process abstraction in modeling are given. >
A singular perturbation based approach for systems with nonlinear input uncertainties

A general class of uncertain nonlinear systems with input nonlinearities is considered. The system structure includes a core nominal system of triangular structure along with uncertain appended dynamics driven by the entire state of the system. The control input is allowed to enter non-affinely into the system dynamics as well as to have uncertainties coupled with it both in terms of an uncertain nonlinear function of the input and in terms of a dynamic perturbation due to uncertain appended dynamics. The control design is based on dual controller/observer dynamic high-gain scaling with an additional dynamic scaling based on a singular-perturbationlike redesign to address the non-affine and uncertain nature of the input appearance into the system dynamics. The proposed approach yields a global robust adaptive output-feedback control design. The application of the proposed control design approach to time-varying systems and systems containing uncertain state and input delays is also addressed, providing a delay-independent output-feedback control design.
Comparison of hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, CH⋯π interactions, and CX⋯π interactions using high-level ab initio methods

Abstract High quality CCSD(T) and DFT-SAPT potential energy curves were generated for complexes of HCN, BrCN, and HBr donors with formaldehyde and benzene acceptors in order to compare the strengths and properties of hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, C H⋯π interactions, and C Br⋯π interactions. It is found that interactions involving BrCN, which has a large region of positive charge, are similar in strength to interactions involving HCN. Dispersion plays a pronounced role in Y Br⋯π complexes, accounting for about two thirds of attraction in the HBr⋯C 6 H 6 complex. As might be expected, interactions involving halogens have stronger contributions from dispersion.
iPotential: Mobile electronic resource management on an iPad

When out of the office for conferences or other obligations, those who manage e-resources must often take their work with them. With the advent of Apple's iPad, the authors made the decision to investigate the possibilities and potential offered by this new device for mobile management of electronic resources. To accomplish this, the authors used iPads to test the various systems and tools utilized every day to manage and maintain the library's electronic resources to find out what worked, and what didn't. While the results vary by system, overall, the iPad is a useful but limited means for electronic resource management.
Strain rate sensitivity and activation volume of Cu/Ni metallic multilayer thin films measured via micropillar compression

Micropillar compression testing with repeated jumps in strain rate is used to circumvent inherent difficulties associated with nanoindentation and tensile testing of free-standing films. Application to sputtered 21 nm/21 nm Cu/Ni multilayer thin films with a cube-on-cube texture reveals an average strain rate sensitivity (m = 0.014) and activation volume (V = 17 b3), comparable to nanocrystalline face-centered cubic metals. Yet, m increases by ∼50% and V decreases by 70% with increasing strain, opposite to trends reported for nanotwinned Cu. The large, strain-dependent shifts in m and V are dependent on the underlying misfit dislocation structure of Cu/Ni interfaces.
Observation of unexpected nonlinear effect in the magnetically generated superflow of 3He-A1.

An unexpected nonlinear response was observed in the superflows generated in part of the /sup 3/He-A/sub 1/ phase by applying a magnetic field gradient: No observable superflow could be produced below a temperature-dependent threshold magnetic field gradient. The observation is interpreted as evidence for the presence of up-spin pairs in the A/sub 1/ phase contrary to the conventional description.
Discordance between ultrasound of the calcaneus and bone mineral density in black and white women.

Black women have 40% of the incidence rate for hip fracture and have a higher bone mineral density (BMD) than white women. The possibility was raised that bone quality may be disproportionately greater than the advantage in bone density in protection against osteoporotic fractures in black versus white women. Ultrasound (US) of the calcaneus is believed to measure properties of bone in addition to its density. We performed bone density measurements and US of the calcaneus in 108 black and 177 healthy white women, aged 20–70 years. The highest correlation was seen between total body bone density and speed of sound (r = 0.75). The interracial differences in BMD were all statistically significant and varied from 3.4 to 7.6%. The US measurements had lesser interracial differences than the bone density measurements, with velocity barely different between races. These findings suggest that US of the calcaneus measures properties of bone different from density. Fracture prediction data using US from prospective data in white women should not be extrapolated to black women because of the discordance between bone density and US measurements. Prospective studies are needed comparing US measurements in black women to the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures.
Validation of New York Operative Mortality Risk Score for Valve and Valve/Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Operations

Background New York (NY) valve and valve/coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) mortality risk models, developed from operations performed in 2007 to 2009, have just been published. These models were validated using NY data from 2004 to 2006. The authors stated that their models "should also be validated by testing them against non-New York populations." Thus, we validated the NY models with the Providence Health & Services–Swedish Health Services (PH&S-SHS) cardiac surgical data and also compared them with The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) mortality risk models. Methods The PH&S-SHS validation data set contained 4,021 isolated valve and 2,406 valve/CABG operations, performed from 2008 to 2012. The risk models (NY logistic and score models and the STS models) were recalibrated to equalize the expected and observed number of deaths. Discrimination was tested by C statistics and calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics. Results PH&S-SHS operative mortality rates were 2.6% and 5.5% in the valve and valve/CABG operations, respectively, and were lower than the NY rates. The C statistics for the NY logistic valve and valve/CABG models were 0.777 and 0.727, respectively, and were very similar for the NY score models. Calibration was good for the NY valve model ( p = 0.85), but not for the NY valve/CABG model ( p = 0.01). The STS models had better discrimination than NY models and good calibration. Conclusions The NY logistic and score models for valve operations fit the PH&S-SHS data well with acceptable discrimination and good calibration. The NY models for valve/CABG operations fit the PH&S-SHS data with acceptable discrimination and poor calibration. STS logistic regression models fit the PH&S-SHS data somewhat better.
Comparison of somatic embryogenesis and embryo conversion in commercial soybean cultivars

Six commercially important soybean cultivars and one control cultivar were compared for differences in induction-efficiency of somatic embryogenesis, primary embryo yield, and embryo conversion. Cotyledons from immature seeds of similar developmental stage for all soybean cultivars were used for embryo induction. The experiments utilized a Latin square design to exclude the effect of differential lighting and position due to plate location in the growth chamber on the embryogenesis process. Results indicated that the efficiency of embryo induction and yield of primary somatic embryos were genotype-dependent. In contrast, no dependence on genotype was observed for the conversion of embryos to form roots and shoots. The percentage of cotyledons that gave a positive embryogenic response ranged from 26 to 89% for the soybean cultivars tested. The average number of primary globular-stage embryos per responding cotyledon after one month on induction medium ranged from 6 to 13 among the seven cultivars. Conversion frequencies for all genotypes ranged from 27 to 45%.
SU‐GG‐T‐84: Dose Verification of 2D Synchronized DMLC IMRT Delivery to a Moving Target

Purpose: Anatomic change caused by respiratory motion is a major challenge of accurate dosedelivery in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy(IMRT). Dynamic MLC (DMLC) tracking delivery has been studied by a few groups to mitigate the motion effect. In this work, some clinically practical issues related to the 2D synchronized DMLC IMRTdelivery were investigated. Method and Materials: An IMRTtreatment plan was generated for one specific phase of 4D CT data. Two‐dimensional superimposing method was applied to modify the original leaf sequence by adding the average tumor trajectory (ATT) onto the leaf sequences in beam's eye view plane. The modified leaf sequences were delivered using a Varian 2100CD linac with Millennium 120‐leaf DMLC. Dynamic log files were analyzed to check the machine beam hold‐off and simulate the fluence map in the coordinate system of the moving targets. Comparison between the delivered fluence map and the expected fluence map was done. Results: Without the motion correction, the delivered fluence map is largely different from the planed fluence map. With the motion corrected leaf sequences, such difference was significantly reduced: the maximum point‐to‐point dose difference decreased by 40%; and the number of dose mismatching points decreased by 5 times. When the leaf speed exceeds DMLC specifications and machine tolerance is tight, there will be beam hold‐offs, which will cause errors in the delivereddose distributions. Conclusion: The dose error in delivery of 2D synchronized DMLC IMRT was studied. The dose map comparison shows that the dose error delivered with a motion corrected leaf sequence can be significantly reduced. Since the actual delivereddose is affected by DMLC mechanic limits, leaf velocities of the modified leaf sequences should be less than MLC maximum speed to guarantee the synchronization during delivery.
Decoupling in the similarity renormalization group for nucleon-nucleon forces

Decoupling via the similarity renormalization group (SRG) of low-energy nuclear physics from high-energy details of the nucleon-nucleon interaction is examined for two-body observables and few-body binding energies. The universal nature of this decoupling is illustrated and errors from suppressing high-momentum modes above the decoupling scale are shown to be perturbatively small.
Drug-drug interaction prediction assessment

Model-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) is an important in-silico tool to assess the in vivo consequences of in vitro DDI. Before its general application to new drug compounds, the DDI model is always established from known interaction data. For the first time, tests for difference and equivalent tests are implemented to compare reported and model-base simulated DDI (log AUCR) in the sample mean and variance. The biases and predictive confidence interval coverage probabilities are introduced to assess the DDI prediction performance. Sample size and power guidelines are developed for DDI model simulations. These issues have never been discussed in trial simulation studies to investigate DDI prediction. A ketoconazole (KETO)/midazolam (MDZ) example is employed to demonstrate these statistical methods. Based on published KETO and MDZ pharmacokinetics data and their in vitro inhibition rate constant data, current model-based DDI prediction underpredicts the area under concentration curve ratio (AUCR) and its between-subject variance compared to the reported study.
A Simulation for Economic Education, Milfort

establish an economic environment in which students develop the skills of economic decision making. Milfort is a simulation that is designed to provide an opportunity to practice economic decision making and to examine the elements of opportunity costs and trade-offs involved in labor negotiations. It also allows students, through interaction, to become aware of some dynamics of negotiations between labor and management. This activity has been used successfully in grades eight through twelve and with pre-service teachers. In preparation for the simulation, the class is divided into four groups: the labor union leaders, the president of the company and his board of directors, the Chamber of Commerce, and the mayor and his council. The purpose of the simulation is to end the strike at the Milfort plant. Copies of a data sheet and negotiations issues at Milfort should be distributed to each member of
Pharmacologic Effects of Angiotensin-II-amide on Aldosterone and Corticosterone Secretion by the Intact Anesthetized Rat

Aldosterone and corticosterone were assayed by double isotope derivative dilution in serial samples of adrenal vein blood and in the entire adrenal gland after collection, in groups of 4–6 intact, anesthetized male rats. Each animal served as its own control, and secretion rate was compared to the adrenal pool of each steroid to obtain the adrenal turnover rate. Chronic treatment with angiotensin-II-amide, 0.25 mg sc daily in oil for 14 days, caused highly significant increases in adrenal content and secretion of bothaldosterone and corticosterone. The fractional adrenal turnover of aldosterone decreased, whereas that of corticosterone increased during stimulation. Acute infusions of angiotensin produced similar results and the aldosterone response preceded that of corticosterone. These pharmacologic effects may indicate a role of angiotensin or a related substance in the secretion of aldosterone by the intact rat. (Endocrinology 82: 29, 1968)
Who's in Charge Here?: Group Leaders Do Lend Help in Emergencies

Past work has shown that bystanders often fail to help a victim in an emergency, because responsibility for helping diffuses over all the bystanders there. In the present experiment, subjects were exposed to a simulated emergency (a choking fit) that occurred in the course of a structured group interaction. Subjects who had been designated as subordinate group members for the experimental task generally failed to come to the victim's aid, consistent with past findings. Subjects who had been designated as group leaders were quite likely to intervene in the emergency, however, even though responding to the emergency meant violating the experimental instructions and thus nullifying their leadership role. The implication is that a leadership role functions as a generalized responsibility cue; so group leaders do not undergo diffusion of responsibility as much as subordinate group members.
Peripheral nerve ischemia: Part 2. Accumulation of organelles

Following simultaneous ligation of the aorta and femoral artery in the cat, organelles accumulated in distal portions of the sciatic nerve and in lower portions of the tibial and peroneal nerves. The accumulations were located in the proximal and distal ends of the nerve infarction and delineated the borders of the necrotic area. Topographical analysis of the necrosis and organelle accumulations following ligation of these main arteries showed the larger nerve fascicles to be more sensitive to ischemia than the smaller ones. The center of a nerve fascicle was more sensitive than the periphery. The organelles accumulated in ischemic nerves during the first hours after arterial ligation, presumably as a result of lack of energy for fast axoplasmic transport. Later accumulations reflected mechanical block of axoplasmic transport due to focal necrosis of the nerve. The content of organelle accumulations was similar to that found in lesions resulting from transection except for the presence of 60 to 70 A filaments at the distal end of the infarction.
Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior.

Two field studies tested and extended the group engagement model (Tyler & Blader, 2000, Tyler & Blader, 2003) by examining the model with regard to employee extrarole behavior. Consistent with the group engagement model's predictions, results of these studies indicate that the social identities employees form around their work groups and their organizations are strongly related to whether employees engage in extrarole behaviors. Moreover, the studies demonstrated that social identity explains the impact of other factors that have previously been linked to extrarole behavior. In particular, the findings indicate that social identity mediates the effect of procedural justice judgments and economic outcomes on supervisor ratings of extrarole behavior. Overall, these studies provide compelling indication that social identity is an important determinant of behavior within work organizations and provide strong support for the application of the group engagement model in organizational settings.
cis‐3‐[N‐(3,5‐Dimethylphenyl)benzenesulfonamido]borneol

(1R) (endo,endo) [87360-02-9] C24H31NO3S (MW 413.63) InChI = 1S/C24H31NO3S/c1-16-13-17(2)15-18(14-16)25(29(27,28)19-9-7-6-8-10-19)21-20-11-12-24(5,22(21)26)23(20,3)4/h6-10,13-15,20-22,26H,11-12H2,1-5H3/t20-,21+,22+,24+/m1/s1 InChIKey = XOYOZKHVKVMVIE-VCHRRKICSA-N (chiral auxiliary; ester enolate derivatives undergo stereoselective alkylations2 and enantioselective anti-aldol reactions;3 enoate derivatives undergo stereoselective 1,4-conjugate additions of organocopper reagents4) Alternate Names: N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-(3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide. Physical Data: (1R) (endo,endo): mp 147–150 °C; [α]20:D −26.0° (c = 4.0, CHCl3). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the auxiliary is stable indefinitely at ambient temperatures in a sealed container.
Rapid Degeneration and Regeneration of the Zebrafish Olfactory Epithelium after Triton X-100 Application

The effects of Triton X-100 on the olfactory epithelium (OE) of adult zebrafish were examined to study neuronal turnover in this model system. Fish were killed at various time points after detergent application and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to examine olfactory structures, immunocytochemistry to examine cell types, or DiI to examine connections to the olfactory bulb. A significant decrease in epithelial thickness of treated sides was observed 1-day posttreatment. Epithelium thickness recovered by 5 days. The most significant reduction in the OE following Triton X-100 treatment corresponded to the region of supporting cells and mature olfactory sensory neurons. Labeling for all neurons with anti-Hu and for the 3 sensory neuron subtypes of the zebrafish OE (ciliated, microvillous, and crypt neurons) diminished 1 day after lesion and returned by 5 days posttreatment. Retrograde labeling from the olfactory bulb showed that the majority of mature olfactory sensory neurons disappeared in 1 day and reappeared by 5 days after treatment. Anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen was used to show mitotic activity, and after chemical lesion, there was an increase in proliferation in specific regions of the OE. Thus, chemical ablation causes temporary reduction with swift regeneration of the OE occurring within a week.
The three bellies of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid muscle : implications for understanding laryngeal function

The posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is known to be active during phonation and respiration. The presence of muscle compartments (bellies) that might subserve these functions was investigated in the canine PCA by anatomical dissection and muscle fiber histochemistry. Five PCA muscles were microdissected and the origins and insertions of all muscle bundles were recorded. An additional six PCA muscles were frozen, sectioned, and stained for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. The total number of fast- and slow-twitch fibers were counted and their proportion was determined for each region of the muscle. The PCA muscle was found to contain three distinct neuromuscular compartments. The vertical compartment is oriented at 24 degrees from true vertical, inserts on the lateral aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 65% type 2 (fast) muscle fibers. The oblique is oriented at 44 degrees from vertical, inserts on the top of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 77% type 2 muscle fibers. The horizontal is oriented at 63 degrees from vertical, inserts on the medial aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 59% type 2 muscle fibers. The cricoarytenoid joint is capable of three arcs of motion and the physical arrangement of each compartment appears to correspond to each of these motions. Moreover, the histochemical profiles show that the activity of the three bellies is quite different. These results suggest that the different compartments of the PCA perform distinctive motions during phonation and inspiration.
Recipe for a Successful Academic Career in Culinary Arts and Sciences

Earning a doctorate degree is truly a great accomplishment but fast becoming the basic qualification for those who wish to launch an academic career at most institutions of higher education. In this article, junior faculty will learn tried and true methods for earning promotion and tenure. The challenge will be to apply the sage advice offered up in the article to afford one's success.
Validity of DAS perfectionism and need for approval in relation to the five-factor model of personality

This study examined the validity of the perfectionism and need for approval scales of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS; Weissman & Beck, 1978) by locating these measures within a comprehensive framework of personality, provided by the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992), in a clinical sample (N ¼ 132). The results indicated that: (1) DAS perfectionism reflects the self-critical aspects of the broader perfectionism construct rather than the active achievement striving aspects; (2) DAS need for approval generally lacks an association with positive interpersonal traits and shares much in common with DAS perfectionism; and (3) with shared variance between the perfectionism and need for approval scales removed, each scale more clearly relates to negative (perfectionism) and positive (need for approval) interpersonal content, respectively. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KAPLAN, ROBERT B. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics . New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 641. Hb $74.00.

Since graduate school, I have seen applied linguistics (AL) treated by too many of my professors and colleagues as the bastard child of “real” linguistics – accused of being too interdisciplinary, too pedagogically oriented, and lacking in an all-encompassing theoretical framework. Sadly, even those practicing AL are sometimes apologetic or defensive about their supposed faults. In some ways, this book represents a coming-out party, a celebration of accomplishments and directions for future research and involvement.
Comparative Study of Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles by High-Frequency Heat Dissipation and Conventional Magnetometry

The rate of heating of 15 nm uniformly-sized magnetic aqueous nanoparticles suspension by high-amplitude and high-frequency ac magnetic field induced by the resonating LC circuit was measured. The results are analyzed in terms of specific energy absorption rate (SAR). Fitting field amplitude and frequency dependences of SAR to the linear response theory, magnetic moment per particles was extracted. The value of magnetic moment was independently evaluated from dc magnetization measurements of a frozen colloid by fitting field-dependent magnetization to a Langevin function. The two methods produced similar results, which are compared to the theoretical expectation for this particle size. Additionally, analysis of SAR curves yielded effective relaxation time.
Hyponatremia and Hyperglycemia During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Related to Cardioplegia Solution

Alterations of sodium and glucose concentration may result from disorders of the normal regulatory mechanisms or from excessive intake of glucose, sodium, or free water. In children, hyponatremia most commonly results from excessive free water intake, frequently combined with inadequate sodium intake. The author reports a child who developed hyponatremia and hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass that was eventually attributed to the large volume of cardioplegia solution that was used. When excess free water administration is suspected as the etiology of hyponatremia, all possible sources should be considered.
“Does sunscreen promote hypertension?” and other questions. Novel interactions between vitamin D and the renin-angiotensin axis. Focus on “The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin-angiotensin system”

associations between renin -angiotensin system (RAS) hyperactivity and chronic disease are widely recognized ([13][1]). Similar associations between vitamin D (VitD) hypoactivity and chronic disease are also well described ([3][2]). Emerging evidence suggests functional interaction between RAS and
Innovation and Technology Adoption in Central America

In spite of deep structural reforms, Central American countries have failed to experience rapid and stable growth in recent years. This paper explores whether and to what extent we can consider lack of innovation and technology adoption as a main reason for this disappointing experience. The paper starts by documenting that technology adoption and innovation are indeed very low, and then turns to a more qualitative and eclectic analysis drawing on interviews and case studies to try to understand the reasons for this. Four hypotheses are explored: weak intellectual property rights, low competition, lack of finance and low levels of education. The conclusion that emerges is that the last two of these four hypotheses may be especially relevant for the region. The paper concludes with several policy recommendations.
Online strategies for dynamic power management in systems with multiple power-saving states

Online dynamic power management (DPM) strategies refer to strategies that attempt to make power-mode-related decisions based on information available at runtime. In making such decisions, these strategies do not depend upon information of future behavior of the system, or any a priori knowledge of the input characteristics. In this paper, we present online strategies, and evaluate them based on a measure called the competitive ratio that enables a quantitative analysis of the performance of online strategies. All earlier approaches (online or predictive) have been limited to systems with two power-saving states (e.g., idle and shutdown). The only earlier approaches that handled multiple power-saving states were based on stochastic optimization. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of DPM strategies for systems with multiple power-down states, without resorting to such complex approaches. We show how a relatively simple "online learning" scheme can be used to improve the competitive ratio over deterministic strategies using the notion of "probability-based" online DPM strategies. Experimental results show that the algorithm presented here attains the best competitive ratio in comparison with other known predictive DPM algorithms. The other algorithms that come close to matching its performance in power suffer at least an additional 40p wake-up latency on average. Meanwhile, the algorithms that have comparable latency to our methods use at least 25p more power on average.
ThermoCast: a cyber-physical forecasting model for datacenters

Efficient thermal management is important in modern data centers as cooling consumes up to 50% of the total energy. Unlike previous work, we consider proactive thermal management, whereby servers can predict potential overheating events due to dynamics in data center configuration and workload, giving operators enough time to react. However, such forecasting is very challenging due to data center scales and complexity. Moreover, such a physical system is influenced by cyber effects, including workload scheduling in servers. We propose ThermoCast, a novel thermal forecasting model to predict the temperatures surrounding the servers in a data center, based on continuous streams of temperature and airflow measurements. Our approach is (a) capable of capturing cyberphysical interactions and automatically learning them from data; (b) computationally and physically scalable to data center scales; (c) able to provide online prediction with real-time sensor measurements. The paper's main contributions are: (i) We provide a systematic approach to integrate physical laws and sensor observations in a data center; (ii) We provide an algorithm that uses sensor data to learn the parameters of a data center's cyber-physical system. In turn, this ability enables us to reduce model complexity compared to full-fledged fluid dynamics models, while maintaining forecast accuracy; (iii) Unlike previous simulation-based studies, we perform experiments in a production data center. Using real data traces, we show that ThermoCast forecasts temperature better than a machine learning approach solely driven by data, and can successfully predict thermal alarms 4.2 minutes ahead of time.
Increasing prevalence of thalassemia in America: Implications for primary care

Thalassemia, once a rarity in the United States, is increasingly encountered in clinical practice due to shifts in immigration. Early carrier screening in at-risk populations can help clinicians implement genetic counseling and prevent new cases. Chronic transfusions are the mainstay of therapy for patients with severe thalassemia (beta thalassemia major), and are used intermittently in individuals with milder forms of thalassemia (Hb H/H Constant Spring disease and beta thalassemia intermedia). Iron overload is a major source of morbidity and mortality in individuals with transfusion and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia, necessitating iron chelation therapy. Iron overload contributes to increased risk of cirrhosis, heart failure, and endocrinopathies, while ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis contribute to multiple complications, including splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombosis. An understanding of the importance of carrier screening, complications, monitoring, and management strategies, coupled with collaboration with a hematologist with thalassemia expertise, is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality in patients with thalassemia.