cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental reflective functioning among mothers with eating disorder symptomatology.

Abstract Objective Reflective Functioning is a vital aspect of parental aptitude and its absence, especially in the presence of psychopathology, can impair attachment. This study sought to clarify the relationship of parental RF among mothers with eating disorder symptomatology. Method We assessed 59 mothers for ED symptomatology using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and RF through the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ). Bivariate and multivariate analyses compared PRFQ subscales between symptomatic and asymptomatic mothers, using a clinical cutoff score of 4 on the EDE-Q subscales. RESULTS: Greater weight and shape concerns were found to significantly predict higher RF (p = 0.023; p = 0.026). Discussion This finding could indicate a similar pattern seen among individuals with bulimia nervosa; individuals have higher RF scores, although affect regulation may still be limited. More research is needed with a larger sample to define the relationship between ED symptomatology and RF and identify potential mediators and moderators.
Spatial channel covariance estimation for mmWave hybrid MIMO architecture

Spatial channel covariance information can replace full channel state information for designing analog precoders in millimeter wave (mmWave) hybrid MIMO systems. Hybrid MIMO architectures, however, make it challenging to estimate the spatial channel covariance matrix because the estimator in baseband can only see the low-dimensional projections of the original channel. In this paper, we propose two key ideas for developing the covariance estimation techniques based on compressive sensing techniques. One is to use the Hermitian property of the covariance matrix, and the other is to use a time-varying analog combining matrix to effectively extend the measurement size.
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE): Mission and Science Overview

Ever since the discovery in 1964 of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), scientists have tried to make accurate measurements of its spectrum and anisotropie3. With the successful COBE mission, major advances in our understanding of the very early universe have been achieved. COBE’s complement of instruments are the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), the Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR), and the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). FIRAS and DIRBE are located inside a 4 He dewar to operate at 1.5 K. DMR receivers are located around the outside of the dewar. The instruments and mission plan have been described by Gulkis et al. (1990). Essential for the cosmological objectives are the all-sky observing strategy, periodic absolute calibrations of the instruments, high sensitivity, and extensive care to minimize potential systematic errors.
Hard times for human rights

The Endtimes of Human Rights by Stephen Hopgood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013. 255 pp. $19.95 paperback.The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History by Samuel Moyn. Cambridge, MA: Belkna...
On the Other Side of the Wall: The Miscategorization of Educational Developers in the United States?

Educational developers around the world are employed in a range of settings and under different working conditions, including academic (faculty) positions and administrative (professional staff) roles. Curiously, in a survey of 1,000 developers from 38 countries, the authors find that a full 51% of developers in the United States are on administrative contracts, while only 16% are on employed as faculty—figures that are markedly out of kilter with the overall international data. In this paper, the authors argue that the positioning of educational developers matters because of the “wall in the head”—the perceived division between faculty and staff in U.S. institutions; narratives of distrust along that dividing line pervade not only the higher education press but also the research, indicating the extent to which this metaphorical barrier could thwart educational developers' attempts to enhance teaching and learning at their institutions. Ironically, this is happening at a point when universities are increasingly choosing to appoint educational developers: the miscategorization of developers' work may be inadvertently undermining institutions' own investment. The authors seek to explain the U.S. anomaly in positioning developers as staff by mining their international dataset, focusing on developers' qualifications, academic experience, institutional contexts, and personal identities.
3D Printed Silicones with Shape Memory

Direct ink writing enables the layer-by-layer manufacture of ordered, porous structures whose mechanical behavior is driven by architecture and material properties. Here, we incorporate two different gas filled microsphere pore formers to evaluate the effect of shell stiffness and Tg on compressive behavior and compression set in siloxane matrix printed structures. The lower Tg microsphere structures exhibit substantial compression set when heated near and above Tg, with full structural recovery upon reheating without constraint. By contrast, the higher Tg microsphere structures exhibit reduced compression set with no recovery upon reheating. Aside from their role in tuning the mechanical behavior of direct ink write structures, polymer microspheres are good candidates for shape memory elastomers requiring structural complexity, with potential applications toward tandem shape memory polymers.
Colonial Downs (a)

In this case, the protagonist is trying to decide which of the three horses running in the final race of the day at Colonial Downs horseracing track to bet on. He has $10 to bet, not enough to affect the odds in the track's pari-mutuel wagering system given the total amount of money being wagered. Data on each of the horse's previous 10 races is provided, including date, type of track, condition of track, jockey weight, and days of rest since previous race. Can this data help him make a decision? Excerpt UVA-QA-0590 Rev. Apr. 10, 2013 COLONIAL DOWNS (A) If you bet on a horse, that's gambling. If you bet you can make three spades, that's entertainment. If you bet cotton will go up three points, that's business. See the difference? —Anonymous Danny Noonan sat in his seat at Colonial Downs horseracing track on a beautiful mid-September afternoon. Noonan checked his wallet and found that an afternoon of corn dogs, soft drinks, and ice cream had left him with a measly $ 10. He decided to wager it on a horse in the final race of the day, which was set to begin shortly. Noonan knew that with only three horses running, his chances of picking the winner were good. He also knew that the racing information sheet he held in his hand provided valuable data that he might be able to use to improve his chances of picking the winning horse. He wondered about which horse he should bet on. . . .
Resource Guide Sets the Table for Change

First paragraphs:Farm to Table: The Essential Guide to Sustainable Food Systems for Students, Professionals, and Consumers by Darryl Benjamin, sustainable food system educator and activist, and chef Lyndon Virkler, dean of the New England Culinary Insti­tute, is a beautifully produced book that has much to offer the farm-to-table novice. The authors draw on their substantial educational experience (Virkler has an MS in adult and higher education and Benjamin has taught at over a dozen northeastern institutions) and background in writing and litera­ture to present readers with an overview of the evolving terminology, tactics, and organizations contributing to the farm-to-table movement.The text is divided into two sections, Farm and Table, and relies on short, subject-focused sections supported by colorful visual and verbal illustrations to make the book read much like a blog. This makes it easy to enjoy in an intermittent “pick-up-and-put-down” manner, but less satisfying as a straight-through read. Even though it does not develop themes or use terms other than “farm-to-table” to unify the book, the authors do summarize the origins of the farm-to-table movement. The long-time alternative agriculture community will be perfectly comfortable with the goals of the farm-to-table farm philosophy, which strives to achieve the goals of providing a good living to farmers while both mimicking nature to provide a balance of resources and preserving soil and adjacent land­scapes for future generations. Consumer advocates and food-system activists will appreciate the telling of how the movement evolved from one focused on the producer and means of production, to one that addresses societal goals through food systems and food regimes.
Neurorehabilitation With Hispanic/Latino Populations: Psychological Perspectives on Interprofessional Communication

Recent research at the intersection between multicultural psychology and rehabilitation psychology has acknowledged the linguistic and cultural factors affecting therapeutic outcomes. For Hispanic ...
Perception and duration of pain after office-based vocal fold injection augmentation.

Objectives/hypothesis In-office laryngology procedures are important in the treatment of voice and swallowing disorders. Patient tolerance determines which procedures can be performed without sedation or formal anesthesia. This study examines pain perception during and after in-office vocal fold injection augmentation. Study design Prospective cohort study. Methods Patients scheduled for office-based vocal fold injection augmentation were prospectively enrolled at an academic voice center. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire was administered before, during, and after the procedure and on postprocedure days 1, 3, and 7. Pre- and postprocedure vital signs were recorded and heart rate was continuously monitored. Telephone questionnaires were completed on postprocedure days 1 and 3. Results Forty-five patients consented to participate in our study (24 males, mean age 61 years). Most patients experienced mild to moderate pain with increasing heart rate during the procedure. Pain remained or increased 20 minutes after the procedure and improved but persisted for 1 day. Sensory and affective discomfort was endorsed by the majority. A minority of patients experienced bruising and changes in swallowing with diet modification for 3 days after the procedure. Sixteen percent had discomfort after 1 week. Conclusions This is the first prospective study examining patient perception of pain during and after in-office injection augmentation using a validated scale and pain descriptors with extended follow-up. The results may offer guidance for patient counseling, consent, and treatment to improve tolerance and success. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 128:929-934, 2018.
A framework for estimating immediate interdependent functionality reduction of a steel hospital following a seismic event

Abstract Functionality of an infrastructure is its ability to provide its intended services. Maintaining an acceptable level of infrastructure functionality, particularly for critical infrastructure, following an extreme event is vital for effective community recovery. Estimating functionality depends on proper quantification of losses, which requires accurate assessment of infrastructure damage. The damage is presented in the form of fragility functions that are generally developed using nonlinear finite element analysis. To date, no study has been conducted to assess the effect of modeling approach on seismic fragilities of an infrastructure, the associated losses, and functionality reduction. In addition, existing frameworks for estimating functionality of critical infrastructure, such as a hospital, following an extreme event have not considered the interdependent relationship between a hospital and other lifelines. In this study, a new framework for evaluating immediate functionality of a hospital following an earthquake is presented. The functionality is estimated based on hospital losses that result from its sustained damage as well as damage to other lifelines on which the hospital relies. In addition, the effects of modeling resolution on the calculated fragilities, the estimated direct losses, and the associated functionality are evaluated. The hospital models vary from simplified 2-D with idealized boundary conditions to more comprehensive 3-D models that account for soil-structure interaction. The analysis show that using simplified 2-D models that ignore soil-structure interaction could lead to non-conservative results. On the contrary, using more refined 3-D models could provide accurate estimation of the behavior, and subsequently better assessment of losses and functionality.
Symbolism in Anthropology

This article explores the importance of symbolism in anthropology, noting its role in the development of a ‘school’ of symbolic anthropology in the 1960s and 1970s, and the various positive and critical responses to this embrace of the ethnographic study of symbols. It concentrates on the works of Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, David Schneider, Mary Douglas, and Sherry Ortner, since each of these thinkers has been seminal in developing this approach, although many others could also be included. I also explore the ‘genealogical’ criticism of the notions of religion and ritual as symbolic systems, particularly as articulated by Talal Asad.
State Measurement Spoofing Prevention through Model Predictive Control Design

Abstract Security of chemical process control systems against cyberattacks is critical due to the potential for injuries and loss of life when chemical process systems fail. A potential means by which process control systems may be attacked is through the manipulation of the measurements received by the controller. One approach for addressing this is to design controllers that make manipulating the measurements received by the controller in any meaningful fashion very difficult, making the controllers a less attractive target for a cyberattack of this type. In this work, we develop a model predictive control (MPC) implementation strategy that incorporates Lyapunov-based stability constraints and can allow several potential control laws to be available to apply to the process, one of which can be randomly selected at each sampling time, potentially making the response of the controller to a false state measurement more difficult to predict a priori. We investigate closed-loop stability and recursive feasibility of the resulting control design, and utilize a benchmark chemical process example to demonstrate the difference in the control actions computed by such a randomized MPC implementation strategy compared with those for the same process by the same MPC design utilized at every sampling time.
Association of author's financial conflict of interest with characteristics and outcome of rheumatoid arthritis randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, types and temporal trends of reported financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) among authors of drug therapy randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for RA and their association with study outcomes. METHODS We identified original, non-phase 1, parallel-group, drug therapy RA RCTs published in the years 2002-03, 2006-07, and 2010-11. Two investigators independently obtained trial characteristics data. Authors' FCOIs were classified as honoraria/consultation fees receipt, employee status, research grant, and stock ownership. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify whether FCOIs were independently associated with study outcome. RESULTS A total of 146 eligible RCTs were identified. Of these, 83 (58.4%) RCTs had at least one author with an FCOI [employee status: 63 (43.2%), honoraria/consultation fees receipt: 49 (33.6%), research grant: 30 (20.5%), and stock ownership: 28 (19.2%)]. A remarkable temporal increase in reporting of honoraria/consultation fees receipt, research grant, and stock ownership was seen. The reporting of any FCOI itself was not associated with positive outcome [50/73 (68.5%) with author FCOI vs 36/52 (69.2%) without author FCOI, P = 0.93]. However, honoraria/consulting fees receipt was independently associated with increased likelihood of a positive outcome [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 3.24 (1.06-9.88)]. In general, trials with FCOIs were significantly more likely to be multicentre, have larger enrolment, use biologic or a small molecule as the experimental intervention, and have better reporting of some methodological quality measures. CONCLUSION FCOI reporting in RA drug RCT authors is common and temporally increasing. Receipt of honoraria/consulting fees was independently associated with a positive study outcome.
The phylogenomic revolution and its conceptual innovations: a text mining approach

Natural language processing provides a quantitative framework with which to explore human cultural dynamics. Although this approach is less commonly used in the natural sciences, the text employed in scientific publications preserves a historical record of the development of disciplines as they evolve and mature. A high-throughput text mining study was performed here to investigate patterns of word use in publications dealing with phylogenomics. Over 2000 research articles in the field were surveyed, revealing the words whose frequency of use has shown the strongest positive correlation with time. Notably, concepts such as gene tree discordance and the susceptibility and discriminatory power of phylogenomic datasets were found to be among the strongest trending topics in the field. As systematics transitioned into a big data science, such obstacles to phylogenetic reconstruction were not left behind. On the contrary, phylogenomics opened a new door to explore these phenomena and their biological significance, becoming the focus of new theoretical and practical developments.
Target Costing as a Facilitating Method for Aerospace Product Development

This essays focuses on a design method named Target Costing and how this method is applied in aerospace industry. Before Boeing Company started to adopt this method, this method is still less popularly utilized the aerospace industry, than the automobile industry. Few case studies are used to demonstrate the how Boeing Company adopts Target Costing to provide insights from feasible practices. Besides, methodologies that enabled companies to successfully implement Target Costing into their current business circle have been discussed and elaborated as a further proof of its value for organizations, process, tools, and market.
Classification of affect using deep learning on brain blood flow data

We present a convolutional neural network- and long short-term memory-based method to classify the valence level of a computer user based on functional near infrared spectroscopy data. Convolutiona...
Workloads for Programmable Network Interfaces

Network equipment vendors are increasingly incorporating a programmable microprocessor on network interfaces to meet the performance and functionality requirements of present and emerging applications in parallel with market demand. This study identifies some properties of programmable network interface (PNI) workloads and their execution characteristics on modern high-performance microprocessor architectures including aggressive superscalar, fine-grain multithreaded, and simultaneous multithreaded architectures.
Trends in mental health service utilization among LGB+ college students

Objectives: 1) Compare service utilization among LGB+ and straight-identified students. 2) Assess rates of mental health concerns among LGB+ students only. Participants: Undergraduates (N = 675) re...
Employment Reference Response Strategies in K–12 Schools: Harmonizing Policies and Practices with Ethical Standards and Professional Responsibilities

Many employers are reluctant to provide substantive information about former or departing employees because they fear the possibility of being sued for defamation. At the same time, prospective employers have a responsibility to discover all they can from former employers about candidates being considered to fill job vacancies. This article examines the legal and ethical issues that arise when K–12 administrators give employee references to prospective employers. Administrators may be surprised to learn that a common law privilege is available in many jurisdictions that shields employers from defamation claims when they respond in good faith to a request for an employee reference. In other states, statutes protect administrators from lawsuits based on the employee references they give. Moreover, the number of school administrators who have been successfully sued for giving an employee reference is quite small. In light of the ethical implications when a school district fails to inform prospective employers about a departing or former employee’s deficiencies, it makes sense to take employment references seriously. The article concludes with specific suggestions that school administrators can take to minimize legal and ethical complications when giving employee references.
Survival of Salmonella during Apple Dehydration as Affected by Apple Cultivar and Antimicrobial Pretreatment.

ABSTRACT Dehydrated fruits, including dried coconut (Cocos nucifera) and dried apple (Malus sp.) slices, have been the subject of manufacturer recalls due to contamination with Salmonella. A study was conducted to determine the survival of Salmonella on apple slices of six apple cultivars after dehydration and also following treatment with antimicrobial solutions (0.5%, w/w) and dehydration. Samples of six apple cultivars (Envy, Gala, Red Delicious, Fuji, Pink Lady, Granny Smith) were cored and sliced into 0.4-cm rings, halved, inoculated with a five-strain composite of desiccation-resistant Salmonella, and dehydrated at 60°C for 5 h. Subsequently, Gala apple slices were treated in 0.5% solutions of one of eight antimicrobial rinses for 2 min and then dehydrated at 60°C for 5 h. Antimicrobial solutions used were potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and sodium bisulfate. Reduction of Salmonella populations varied according to apple cultivar. Salmonella survival on Envy, Gala, Red Delicious, Fuji, Pink Lady, and Granny Smith was 5.92, 5.58, 4.83, 4.68, 4.45, and 3.84 log CFU, respectively. There was significantly greater (P < 0.05) Salmonella inactivation on Granny Smith, Pink Lady, and Fuji apples than on Gala and Envy. Survival of Salmonella on Gala apple slices following dehydration was 5.58 log CFU for the untreated control and 4.76, 3.90, 3.29, 3.13, 2.89, 2.83, 2.64, and 0.0 log CFU for those treated with potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and sodium bisulfate, respectively. Pretreatment of apple slices with either fumaric acid or sodium bisulfate before dehydration led to lower Salmonella survival than pretreatment with all other antimicrobial treatments. Lower apple pH was statistically correlated (P < 0.05) with decreasing survival of Salmonella following dehydration. These results may provide methodology applicable to the food industry for increasing the inactivation of Salmonella during the dehydration of apple slices. HIGHLIGHTS
Maize Politics and Maya Farmers’ Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Yucatán, 1450–1600

Historical and political context is essential for evaluating the long-term sustainability of any agroecosystem. Over the past several centuries in Yucatan, Mexico, Maya farmers have practiced milpa (i.e., slash-and-burn) agriculture in ways that are arguably both sustainable and unsustainable depending on whether political leaders created institutional support for farmers to implement a full range of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). To investigate this relationship between political authority and TEK, I trace changes in maize tribute collection before and after contact between Spaniards and Maya. I argue that late pre-contact milpa agriculture was sustainable in part because political leaders supported institutions that allowed farmers to integrate a wider range of TEK. Colonial authorities, however, dismantled these institutions and thereby undermined the sustainability of milpa agriculture. Confronting these lasting Colonial legacies is a critical part of a larger interdisciplinary effort to expand sustainability discourse and promote environmentally just food systems.
[Clinical and genetic analysis of an infant with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type VII].

Objective To analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of an infant girl featuring comprehensive developmental backwardness. Methods The patient was subjected to clinical examination, gas chromatography mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results The child was insensitive to sound, could not turn over, raise head, laugh, or recognize his mother. Laboratory tests were all normal, but metabolic analysis suggested 3-methylglutaconic aciduria due to elevated 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid. NGS has detected two compound heterozygous CLPB variants in the child, namely c. 1085G>A and c. 1700A>C, which were respectively inherited from her father and mother. Bioinformatic analysis predicted both variants to be pathogenic. The patient was diagnosed with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type Ⅶ (MGCA7). Conclusion The MGCA7 in the child was probably caused by CLPB gene variants. NGS has provided a powerful diagnostic tool for this rare disorder. Key words: 3-methylglutaconic aciduria; CLPB gene; Next generation sequencing
Associations of types of green space across the life-course with blood pressure and body mass index.

Abstract Green space has been associated with better health and well-being. However, most studies have been cross-sectional with limited long-term exposure data. Further, research is limited in what type of green space is beneficial for health. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess sensitive periods (birth, childhood or adulthood) of exposure to different types of green space in association with adult blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Using longitudinal data from the New England Family Study (1960–2000) and multilevel regression analysis, we examined associations between time-varying markers of residential exposure to green space, and adult BMI, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (N = 517). We created three exposure metrics: distance, average area, and green space count in the neighborhood throughout the life-course. In adjusted models, living one mile farther away from a green space at birth was associated with a 5.6 mmHg higher adult SBP (95%CI: 0.7, 10.5), and 3.5 mmHg higher DBP (95%CI: 0.3, 6.8). One more green space in the neighborhood at birth was also associated with lower DBP (−0.2 mmHg, 95%CI: −0.4, −0.02) in adulthood. Finally, average area of green space was not associated with SBP, DBP nor BMI. Analysis by type of green space suggested that parks may be more relevant than playgrounds, cemeteries or golf courses. Our study suggests that the perinatal period may be a critical time-period where living closer to green spaces may lower hypertension risk in adulthood, but not obesity.
A small molecule inhibitor of MyD88 exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity by up regulation of type I interferon.

Abstract Recent studies highlight that infection with Coxsackievirus B3, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Marburg virus, or stimulation using poly I:C (dsRNA), upregulates the signaling adaptor protein MyD88 and impairs the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses. In contrast, MyD88 deficiency (MyD88−/−) increases the type I IFN and survivability of mice implying that MyD88 up regulation limits the type I IFN response. Reasoning that MyD88 inhibition in a virus-like manner may increase type I IFN responses, our studies revealed lipopolysaccharide stimulation of U937 cells or poly I:C stimulation of HEK293-TLR3, THP1 or U87 cells in the presence of a previously reported MyD88 inhibitor (compound 4210) augmented IFN-β and RANTES production. Consistent with these results, overexpression of MyD88 decreased IFN-β, whereas MyD88 inhibition rescued IFN-β production concomitant with increased IRF3 phosphorylation, suggesting IRF-mediated downstream signaling to the IFN-β response. Further, compound 4210 treatment inhibited MyD88 interaction with IRF3/IRF7 indicating that MyD88 restricts type I IFN signaling through sequestration of IRF3/IRF7. In cell based infection assays, compound 4210 treatment suppressed replication of VEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola virus (EBOV), Rift Valley Fever virus, Lassa virus, and Dengue virus with IC50 values ranging from 11 to 42 μM. Notably, administration of compound 4210 improved survival, weight change, and clinical disease scores in mice following challenge with VEEV TC-83 and EBOV. Collectively, these results provide evidence that viral infections responsive to MyD88 inhibition lead to activation of IRF3/IRF7 and promoted a type I IFN response, thus, raising the prospect of an approach of host-directed antiviral therapy.
Online Laboratory Experiment Learning Module for Biomedical Engineering Physiological Laboratory Courses

By early spring 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused mandatory campus closures of academic institutions nationwide, prompting the rapid transition to online instruction. While lectures and exams were more straightforwardly administered online using video-chatting software, many hands-on laboratory-based courses were forced to develop creative solutions. In response to online instructional requirements, instructors at the University of California Irvine developed an online electroencephalography (EEG) laboratory to simulate the laboratory experiment for students unable to perform the experiment on campus. The laboratory experiment was performed and video recorded by the instructional team under three different scenarios to provide students with multiple data sets acquired under various experimental conditions often enacted by students. Students were required to complete a pre-lab quiz, analyze the acquired EEG data offline, complete a post-lab quiz, and submit their laboratory report to communicate their findings prior to final exams. Student performances compared to prior student performances, and qualitative survey responses, were examined to assess the effectiveness of and response to the online laboratory format. Based on student feedback and lab report grades, the majority of students responded positively and demonstrated an understanding of the EEG experiment’s learning outcomes. In summary, the online EEG laboratory enabled students to achieve the main learning objectives and become familiar with the laboratory experiment, indicating its success as an alternative laboratory experiment.
Critical Media Access Studies: Deconstructing Power, Visibility, and Marginality in Mediated Space

The benefits of “accessible” media and technology for people with disabilities are rarely questioned, nor considered within broader critical/cultural frameworks. This article makes a contribution to the field of communication by proposing critical media access studies to further define a growing area of inquiry into contested notions of mediated access, drawing on work from disability media studies and critical access studies in architectural design. The proposal for critical media access studies is furthered through a case study of physical spaces designed for media engagement for young people, from museum exhibits to movie theaters, that provide “autism-friendly” programming. Qualitative analysis of interviews and observations with 27 autistic children and their families, as well as participant observation in 7 such sites, reveals ideological assumptions, frictions, and contradictions underpinning cultural accessibility. Critical media access studies can offer communication scholars valuable theoretical and conceptual tools for deconstructing power, visibility, and marginality in mediated space.
Medication and Psychotherapy in Outpatients Vulnerable to Psychosis

The literature dealing with the individual treatment of schizophrenia and related conditions has been derived almost exclusively from work with inpatients. Indeed, before the 1950s, psychotic patients were treated primarily in hospitals. Our field owes a lasting debt to the patience and intuitive genius of the individuals who developed this literature, including Theodore and Ruth Lidz, and others who are contributors at this conference. Working in the days before neuroleptic drugs, and sometimes intentionally without them, these workers described the powerful role of persistent, concerned human contact in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
Principled constructive induction

A framework for the construction of new features for hard classification tasks is discussed. The approach brings together ideas from the fields of machine learning, computational geometry, and pattern recognition. Two heuristics for evaluation of newly-constructed features are proposed, and their statistical significance verified. Finally, it is shown how the proposed framework can be used to combine techniques for selection of representative examples with techniques for construction of new features, in order to solve difficult problems in learning from examples.
Inertial navigation systems analysis

This volume offers the avionic systems engineer a fundamental exposition of the mechanization and error analysis of inertial navigation systems. While the material is applicable to spacecraft and undersea navigation, emphasis is placed upon terrestrial applications on or slightly above the earth's surface. As a result, practical considerations are geared toward those aircraft navigation systems of particular current interest. Extensive use is made of perturbation techniques to develop linearized system equations, whose solutions closely approximate those obtained by nonlinear differential equations. A unified error analysis technique is developed that is applicable to virtually all system configurations. The technique provides a greatly simplified method for comparing the performance of competing system configurations.
O Say Can You See: American Photographs 1839-1939: One Hundred Years of American Photographs from the George Rinhart Collection

. Say Can You See: American Photographs 1839-1939: One Hundred Years of American Photographs from the George Rinhart Collection. Thomas Weston Fels. Preface by George R. Rinhart Forward by Debra Bricker Balken. Cambridge: The Berkshire Museum and The MIT Press, 1989. 143 pages. 100 color and black and white photographs. $50.00 Hardcover edition only.
Jerne, Niels Kaj

Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994) was a Danish immunologist who proposed a selection theory of antibody formation, the functional network of antibodies and lymphocytes and distinction of self from nonself by T lymphocytes. Jerne achieved scientific acclaim for his theories to explain immune system interactions. He postulated that the immune system contains specific antibody populations for interaction with antigens. He advanced the concept that the development of self-tolerance takes place in the thymus and developed a ‘network theory’ postulating T- and B-cell interactions. His network theory proposed that antibody active sites are attracted to specific antigens (idiotypes) as well as to antibodies reactive with the same site. He postulated that under physiological conditions, antibodies are in equilibrium or balance which is interrupted on exposure to antigen, leading to activation of an immune response. After working at the Danish National Serum Institute in Copenhagen, he joined the Biological Standards and Immunology Division of the World Health Organization in Geneva. He next served as Chair of Microbiology at the University of Pittsburg, PA but returned to Europe to serve as Professor at the University of Frankfurt and Director of the Paul Ehrlich Institute. Later, he was appointed Director of the Basel Institute for Immunology (1969–1980). He shared the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Kohler and Milstein in recognition of his natural selection theory and related immunological hypotheses. Keywords: antibody avidity; natural selection theory of antibody formation; selection theory; self-tolerance; network theory; idiotypes; antibodies; T lymphocytes
Prevalence of physical activity in the United States: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2001.

Introduction The health benefits of regular cardiovascular exercise are well-known. Such exercise, however, has traditionally been defined as vigorous physical activity, such as jogging, swimming, or aerobic dance. Exercise of moderate intensity also promotes health, and many U.S. adults may be experiencing the health benefits of exercise through lifestyle activities of moderate intensity, such as yard work, housework, or walking for transportation. Until recently, public health surveillance systems have not included assessments of this type of physical activity, focusing on exercise of vigorous intensity. We used an enhanced surveillance tool to describe the prevalence and amount of both moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activity among U.S. adults. Methods We analyzed data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based, random-digit–dialed telephone survey administered to U.S. adults aged 18 years and older (n = 82,834 men and 120,286 women). Physical activity behavior was assessed using questions designed to quantify the frequency of participation in moderate- or vigorous-intensity physical activities performed during leisure time or for household chores and transportation. Results Overall, 45% of adults (48% of men and 43% of women) were active at recommended levels during nonworking hours (at least 30 minutes five or more days per week in moderate-intensity activities, equivalent to brisk walking, or at least 20 minutes three or more days per week in vigorous activities, equivalent to running, heavy yard work, or aerobic dance). Less than 16% of adults (15% of men and 17% of women) reported no moderate or vigorous activity in a usual week. Conclusion Integrating surveillance of lifestyle activities into national systems is possible, and doing so may provide a more accurate representation of the prevalence of recommended levels of physical activity. These results, however, suggest that the majority of U.S. adults are not active at levels associated with the promotion and maintenance of health.
Hydrologic connectivity between landscapes and streams: Transferring reach- and plot-scale understanding to the catchment scale

[1] The relationship between catchment structure and runoff characteristics is poorly understood. In steep headwater catchments with shallow soils the accumulation of hillslope area (upslope accumulated area (UAA)) is a hypothesized first-order control on the distribution of soil water and groundwater. Hillslope-riparian water table connectivity represents the linkage between the dominant catchment landscape elements (hillslopes and riparian zones) and the channel network. Hydrologic connectivity between hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) landscape elements is heterogeneous in space and often temporally transient. We sought to test the relationship between UAA and the existence and longevity of HRS shallow groundwater connectivity. We quantified water table connectivity based on 84 recording wells distributed across 24 HRS transects within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (U.S. Forest Service), northern Rocky Mountains, Montana. Correlations were observed between the longevity of HRS water table connectivity and the size of each transect's UAA (r2 = 0.91). We applied this relationship to the entire stream network to quantify landscape-scale connectivity through time and ascertain its relationship to catchment-scale runoff dynamics. We found that the shape of the estimated annual landscape connectivity duration curve was highly related to the catchment flow duration curve (r2 = 0.95). This research suggests internal catchment landscape structure (topography and topology) as a first-order control on runoff source area and whole catchment response characteristics.
Preliminary Report of Changes in Tropopause Height Compared to Variations in Solar Behavior

A study has been made relating changes in the tropopause height to magnetic sector boundary crossings. Superposed epoch analyses did not clearly indicate a relationship. Modeling the fluctuations with a damped oscillation triggered by boundary crossings did give features varying in time which closely approximate the data.
NEPA’s Footprint: Information Disclosure as a Quasi-Carbon Tax on Agencies

The National Environmental Policy Act’s information disclosure requirements have the potential to create a quasi-carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions arising out of major federal actions. By requiring government polluters to expend more resources, both financial and political, on disclosure as project-related emissions increase, NEPA can operate like a carbon tax that forces agencies to internalize negative externalities associated with emissions. Federal agencies routinely undertake actions with enormous potential to affect the Earth’s climate. When the predicted impacts of such actions on the environment are significant, NEPA demands that the agency prepare an Environmental Impact Statement to disclose and assess those impacts. Outside of the climate change context, NEPA’s onerous disclosure requirements for significant impacts create incentives for agencies to reduce the impacts of their actions on the environment to avoid these burdens. Due to pervasive uncertainty as to what NEPA requires agencies to disclose in the climate change context, however, NEPA’s potential to spur agencies to reduce or mitigate emissions remains unrealized. Without amending the existing statute or regulations, the White House Council on Environmental Quality can and should structure NEPA’s burdens and reporting boundaries on a sliding scale to mimic key structural features of a Pigouvian carbon emissions tax. The marginal costs of greater emissions should be payable in increased reporting specificity and breadth, with concomitant economic and political costs. This approach will harness NEPA’s substance to combat global climate change.
A study of potassium dicyanoguanidine as a possible analytical reagent

The following ions: Cu++, Ag+, Hg2++, Hg++, PtCl6−-, Pd++, Au+++ in acid solution, produced insoluble compounds with an aqueous solution of potassium dicyanoguanidine. Ferric ion produced a red coloration with the same reagent. The results obtained with PtCl6−-, Pd++ and Fe+++ are sufficiently characteristic to be used for the detection of these ions.
Think Unto Others: The Self-Destructive Impact of Negative Racial Stereotypes ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Although much research on stereotyping has documented significant negative consequences for the targets of unfavorable racial stereotypes, relatively little work has examined negative implications for the holders of such stereotypes. The present research highlights a notable cost for stereotype holders. In two studies, we demonstrated that racial stereotype activation can elicit maladaptive, stereotype-consistent behavior for nonstereotyped individuals who hold a stereotype. Non-African-American participants who were subtly primed with the African American stereotype performed significantly worse on a standardized math test than participants who were not so primed. The effect of the prime was significantly stronger for those individuals who spontaneously considered the stereotype from the first-person perspective. Implications and possible mechanisms of the effect are discussed.
Dual‐echo MRI segmentation using vector decomposition and probability techniques: A two‐tissue model

We combined a vector decomposition technique with Gaussian probability thresholding in feature space to segment normal brain tissues, tumors, or other abnormalities on dual-echo MR images. The vector decomposition technique assigns to each voxel a fractional volume for each of two tissues. A probability threshold, based on an assumed Gaussian probability density function describing random noise, isolates a region in feature space for fractional volume calculation that minimizes contamination from other tissues. The calculated fractional volumes are unbiased estimates of the true fractional volumes. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between tissues on the segmented images is the same as the Euclidean norm of CNRs in the original images. The method is capable of segmenting more than two tissues from a set of dual-echo images by sequentially analyzing different pairs of tissues. The model is analyzed mathematically and in experiments with a phantom. Two clinical examples are presented.
Lumenal side histidine mutations in the D1 protein of Photosystem II affect donor side electron transfer in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Site-directed mutants of the D1 protein generated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been characterized to determine whether specific lumenal side histidine residues participate in or directly influence electron transfer. Histidine 195 (H195), a conserved residue located near the amino-terminal end of the D1 transmembrane α-helix containing the putative P680 chlorophyll ligand H198, was changed to asparagine (H195N), aspartic acid (H195D), and tyrosine (H195Y). These H195 mutants displayed essentially wild-type rates of electron transfer from the water-oxidizing complex to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol. Flash-induced chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence yield rise and decay measurements for Mn-depleted membranes of the H195Y and H195D mutants, however, revealed modified YZ to P680+ electron transfer kinetics. The rate of the variable Chl a fluorescence rise was reduced approximately 10-fold in H195Y and H195D relative to the wild type. In addition, the rate of Chl a fluorescence decay in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea was approximately 50-fold more rapid in H195D than in the wild type. These results can be accommodated by a change in the midpoint potential of YZ+/YZ which is apparent only upon the removal of the Mn cluster. In addition, we have generated a histidine to phenylalanine substitution at histidine 190 (H190), a conserved residue located near the lumenal thylakoid surface of D1 in close proximity to the secondary donor YZ. The H190F mutant is characterized by an inability to oxidize water associated with the loss of the Mn cluster and severely altered donor side kinetics. These and other results suggest that H190 may participate in redox reactions leading to the assembly of the Mn cluster.
Molecular Design, Device Function and Surface Potential of Zwitterionic Electron Injection Layers

A series of zwitterionic molecules were synthesized by addition of iodoalkanes to sodium tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate (NaBIm4). Single substitution at the N3 site leads to compounds designated as C...
Pleasure and Aversion: Challenging the Conventional Dichotomy

Abstract Philosophy and its descendents in the behavioral sciences have traditionally divided incentives into those that are sought and those that are avoided. Positive incentives are held to be both attractive and memorable because of the direct effects of pleasure. Negative incentives are held to be unattractive but still memorable (the problem of pain) because they force unpleasant emotions on an individual by an unmotivated process, either a hardwired response (unconditioned response) or one substituted by association (conditioned response). Negative incentives are divided into those that are always avoided and those that are avoided only by higher mental processes—archetypically the passions, which are also thought of as hardwired or conditioned. Newer dichotomies within the negative have been proposed, hinging on whether a negative incentive is nevertheless sought (“wanted but not liked”) or on an incentive's being negative only because it is confining (the product of “rule worship”). The newer dich...