cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Singlet Molecular Oxygen from Superoxide Anion and Sensitized Fluorescence of Organic Molecules

The superoxide anion, O2-, evolves singlet molecular oxygen in dimethylsulfoxide solution. Pronounced water quenching of superoxide-sensitized luminescence is indicative of the preferential generation of the 1σg+ state. Recent identification of O2- in the xanthine oxidase system suggests that the generation of singlet oxygen may also occur in enzymatic systems.
Dawn Over Suez: The Rise of American Power in the Middle East, 1953-1957

No event in post World War II diplomacy has been more written about than the Suez crisis of 1956-and for good reason: it signaled the fall of British power and influence in the Middle East. But most accounts, based on limited information, have focused on the invasion of Suez and the collusion between Britain, France, and Israel as the turning point in Washington's break with London and its assumption of power in the region. Now, using the most up-to-date U. S. sources and recently opened British records, Steven Freiberger has written the most definitive account to date of the Suez affair. His book is rich with fresh interpretations based on new evidence. Mr. Freiberger argues that the Suez crisis was only the culmination of years of American irritation with British imperialism in the Middle East; that the Eisenhower administration developed a coherent anti-colonial plan; that Washington used the Suez crunch to pressure Anthony Eden's removal as prime minister; and that in the end American strategy was a failure-it alienated the Arabs and permitted Soviet expansion in the region. Dawn Over Suez is an important reappraisal of a critical period in American diplomacy and offers keys to understanding our present-day problems in the Middle East.
ON THE SYMMETRY OF PROTONIC WAVE FUNCTIONS.

The following treatment of the symmetry properties of an H2 molecule seem to indicate that protonic wave functions are symmetric and that, therefore, protons will satisfy the Einstein-Bose statistics.
Sintering of Metal Powders

In this first session we consider the material transport in sintering. This is an application of physical chemistry and solid state physics to a very practical problem. Before I start a discussion of the physicochemical and physical phenomena involved, I should like to make clear why this is a practical problem for the metallurgist, the ceramist, and the polymer scientist.
Strip cropping corn and grain legumes: A review

Multiple cropping systems are prevalent in many parts of the world, and alternating strips of corn and soybeans or dry beans have been used by farmers in the temperate region. Strip cropping has the potential to reduce erosion on hilly lands, to allow a crop rotation in the field if strips are changed from one season to the next, and to increase total system yields. Results from several experiments in Eastern and Midwest U.S. show considerable variation in production among years and locations. Corn grown in narrow strips has yielded from 10 to 40 percent over sole cropping, while soybeans or dry beans in narrow strips suffer yield reductions of 10 to 30 percent due to light, water and nutrient competition. There has been no definitive research to quantify the relative importance of these factors in the competitive interface between corn and legume rows. With wider strips there is less increase in corn yields and less reduction in legume yields compared to sole cropping. Changes in component crop yields also depend on rainfall, and may be influenced by the variety of each component crop and by the width of strips. Rarely does total yield in a strip crop system fall below the average monoculture performance. In years of adequate rainfall, production of strip crops may outyield sole crops by 10 to 20 percent. Potential production of strip cropping systems is reviewed, and projected soil conservation is estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
Lipopolysaccharide induces 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein gene expression in THP-1 cells via a NF-κB and C/EBP-mediated mechanism

We examined induced expression of the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), which is critical for leukotriene synthesis in mononuclear phagocytes. Prolonged exposure to the bacterial component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), increased FLAP gene transcription, mRNA expression, and protein expression in the human monocyte-like THP-1 cell line. Activation and inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway modulated LPS induction of FLAP gene expression. An NF-kappaB-mediated mechanism of action was supported by overexpression of dominant-negative IkappaBalpha and p50/p65 proteins. EMSA/supershift and DNase I footprint analyses revealed that p50 binds to an NF-kappaB site located in the proximal FLAP promoter, while chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that LPS induced binding of p50 but not of p65. Moreover, EMSA/supershift analyses demonstrated that LPS induced time-dependent binding of THP-1 nuclear extracts (containing p50) to this promoter region. Mutation of the NF-kappaB site decreased basal promoter activity and abolished the p50- and p65-associated induction. EMSA/supershift analyses also demonstrated that LPS induced binding of THP-1 nuclear extracts [containing CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-alpha, -delta, and -epsilon] to a C/EBP site located adjacent to the NF-kappaB site in the FLAP promoter. We conclude that LPS enhances FLAP gene expression via both NF-kappaB- and C/EBP-mediated transcriptional mechanisms in mononuclear phagocytes.
Frequency of Hospitalizations for Pain and Association With Altered Brain Network Connectivity in Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy that affects more than 100,000 individuals in the United States. The disease is characterized by the presence of sickle hemoglobin and recurrent episodes of pain. Some individuals with SCD experience frequent hospitalizations and a high burden of pain. The role of central mechanisms in SCD pain has not been explored. Twenty-five adolescents and young adults with SCD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were stratified into groups with high pain or low pain based on the number of hospitalizations for pain in the preceding 12 months. Resting state functional connectivity was analyzed using seed-based and dual regression independent component analysis. Intrinsic brain connectivity was compared between the high pain and low pain groups, and association with fetal hemoglobin, a known modifier of SCD, was explored. Patients in the high pain group displayed an excess of pronociceptive connectivity such as between anterior cingulate and default mode network structures, such as the precuneus, whereas patients in the low pain group showed more connectivity to antinociceptive structures such as the perigenual and subgenual cingulate. Although a similar proportion of patients in both groups reported that they were on hydroxyurea, the fetal hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the low pain group and were associated with greater connectivity to antinociceptive structures. These findings support the role of central mechanisms in SCD pain. Intrinsic brain connectivity should be explored as a complementary and objective outcome measure in SCD pain research. Perspective Altered connectivity patterns associated with high pain experience in patients with sickle cell disease suggest a possible role of central mechanisms in sickle cell pain. Resting state brain connectivity studies should be explored as an effective methodology to investigate pain in SCD.
A universal vector controller for three-phase PFC, APF, STATCOM, and grid-connected inverter

Power factor corrected (PFC) rectifiers, active power filters (APF), STATCOMs, and grid-connected inverters are indispensable elements in distributed generation (DG) power systems. PFC rectifiers are essential for load side harmonic and reactive power correction, Active power filters can be used to suppress the harmonics generated by nonlinear loads or sources, STATCOMs can be used to control the power flow in the grid, while grid-connected inverters are the key elements bridging the renewable energy sources and power grid. The theory and experiments have demonstrated that one-cycle control is capable of controlling three-phase PFCs, APFs, STATCOMs, and grid connected inverters, featuring excellent performance, simple circuitry, and low cost. While the control principles for these DG applications are the same, the previously reported implementation circuits differ from each other in some degree, a fact which may results in several different control chips for the three-phase DG applications. In this paper, the control key equations and circuits for one-cycle controller controlled PFC, APF, STATCOM, and grid connected inverter are reviewed, then based on the observation a universal control circuit has been developed, further study indicates that the new control circuit can be easily integrated into one chip to control all above converters. Finally the concept was verified by experimental and simulation results.
Use of an Immunoperoxidase Technique to Detect Equine Herpesvirus-1 Antigen in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Equine Fetal Tissues

An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) procedure using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex de- tection technique was developed to detect viral equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded tissues from aborted equine fetuses. The procedure was applied to liver, lung, and other tissues from 20 cases of confirmed or suspected EHV-1 -induced abortions. Specific staining was observed in tissue sections from EHV-1-infected fetuses. Positive IP staining was present in tissues of 7 cases that were also positive by fluorescent antibody (FA) and virus isolation (VI) and that had typical histologic lesions. There was no IP staining in 7 cases that had no histologic lesions and negative FA and VI results. Five cases had typical histologic lesions and positive results in only 1 laboratory test; 3 were positive by VI and 2 by FA. Liver of 1 case was positive by IP, but tissues were too autolytic for other tests to be evaluated. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important cause of fetal death and abortion and respiratory and neu- rologic diseases. As this infectious agent spreads through a herd, it can infect pregnant mares and cross the pla- centa to infect the fetus, resulting in some abortions. Vaccination programs to prevent disease are in wide- spread use. Accurate diagnosis of EHV-1 infection in a herd is important so that control and preventive measures can be initiated. The typical clinical course is abortion in late gesta- tion with little or no signs of illness in the mare. Patho- logic changes in the aborted fetus may include visible white foci in the liver, icterus, heavy rubbery lungs, or no gross lesions. Histologic lesions can include mul- tifocal hepatic necrosis, bronchial and alveolar epithe- lial cell necrosis, and necrosis of germinal centers of lymphoid nodules. 2 Routine diagnostic methods to confirm EHV-1 in- fection are virus isolation (VI) or direct fluorescent antibody (FA) test to detect viral antigens in fresh fetal tissues. 4 Sometimes these techniques fail to confirm the presence of EHV-1, even in cases where the clinical history, pathologic lesions, and maternal serum anti- body titer to EHV-1 are highly suggestive of infection. Immunohistochemical methods to detect antigens in formalin-fixed tissues have been useful in diagnostic laboratory settings. These methods allow visualization of the sites of antigen distribution and correlation with histologic changes. Use of formalin-fixed tissue sim-
Because “We Are . . .”:

This manuscript offers an insider’s critique of Penn State’s broader university culture as it relates to understanding more fully the Sandusky scandal and its fallout.
DO FLORAL PIGMENTATION GENES ALSO INFLUENCE RESISTANCE TO ENEMIES? THE W LOCUS IN IPOMOEA PURPUREA

Biochemical pathways that produce floral pigments often also produce secondary compounds that are believed to protect plants from natural enemies. Mutations that affect floral pigment patterns are thus also expected to influence the production of compounds conferring resistance to natural enemies, suggesting that the evolution of floral pigment patterns may be guided not just by interactions with pollinators, but also by indirect selection exerted by enemies on resistance. In particular, mutations that block production of floral pigments may be expected either to block production of defensive compounds or, alternatively, to lead to increased production of defenses, depending on the position of the blockage in the pathway. This expectation was examined in the morning glory Ipomoea purpurea by assessing whether white-flowered genotypes are more or less susceptible to attack by natural enemies than pigmented genotypes. No such difference in susceptibility was detected, although resistance to capsule-feeding insects exhibited a pigment genotype × background genotype interaction. While this negative result indicates that natural enemies probably do not influence the evolution of floral pigment pattern in I. purpurea, this remains a possibility in other systems.
Visual loss associated with choroidal nevi.

Abstract Twenty-two of 206 patients (11%) with choroidal lesions diagnosed clinically as nevi of the posterior fundus had decreased visual acuity attributable to the lesion. The decreased visual acuity was secondary to serous foveal detachment (50%), presumed photoreceptor degeneration without serous detachment (42%), and subretinal choroidal neovascularization overlying the nevus (8%). Visual loss associated with a small melanotic choroidal tumor does not necessarily imply that the tumor is a choroidal malignant melanoma as 88% of the small melanotic choroidal tumors causing visual impairment did not grow during an average follow-up period of 25 months, and the great majority of these tumors were probably true spindle cell nevi. However, three tumors (12%), initially categorized as "suspicious nevi," enlarged during follow-up and were recategorized as malignant melanomas.
Engine cycle and exhaust configuration for quiet supersonic propulsion

The thermodynamics and acoustics of a fixed-cycle, bypass ratio 3 supersonic engine with an innovative noise suppression scheme is explored. The silencing method entails installation of variable turning vanes in the bypass exhaust of a separate-flow turbofan engine. During noise-sensitive segments of flight, the vanes impart a slight downward tilt to the bypass plume relative to the core plume, thus thickening the bypass stream on the underside of the jet. This results in a reduction of the convective Mach number of instability waves that produce intense downward sound radiation. Subscale experiments show that, relative to the mixed-flow exhaust, the coaxial separate-flow exhaust with vanes reduces the peak overall sound pressure level by 8 dB and the effective perceived noise level by 7 dB. The noise-equivalent specific thrust on takeoff is reduced from 490 to 390 m/s. Compared to a current-generation low-bypass turbofan engine, the bypass ratio 3 engine is estimated to be 13 dB quieter with the mixed-flow exhaust and 20 dB quieter with the aforementioned suppression scheme. The vane configuration of this study is estimated to cause a thrust loss of 1% at takeoff and 0.25% at supersonic cruise.
Preface to the surface wave papers

In view of the current theoretical and experimental interest in electromagnetic surface waves, several sessions were devoted to this subject. In the present context, surface waves are regarded as any wave which glides along an interface between dissimilar media. With this in mind, active workers in the field were invited to submit papers representative of current research in this general area. Following the sessions, a round-table discussion was held. The participants were chosen from the surface wave authors. The topics considered were: 1) influence of curvature; 2) implications of impedance boundary conditions; and 3) spatial modulation of the surface properties. No attempt was made at this time to set up a classification of surface wave types. The discussion, however, provided an excellent opportunity to air various viewpoints in the field. For the next General Assembly of URSI, to be held in London in 1960, a summary report on the properties and classification of surface waves is to be prepared. Much of the material presented at the symposium is to be distilled and issued as a working document for distribution at the meeting.
Vulnerable people, groups, and populations: societal view.

Vulnerability, the susceptibility to harm, results from an interaction between the resources available to individuals and communities and the life challenges they face. Vulnerability results from developmental problems, personal incapacities, disadvantaged social status, inadequacy of interpersonal networks and supports, degraded neighborhoods and environments, and the complex interactions of these factors over the life course. The priority given to varying vulnerabilities, or their neglect, reflects social values. Vulnerability may arise from individual, community, or larger population challenges and requires different types of policy interventions—from social and economic development of neighborhoods and communities, and educational and income policies, to individual medical interventions.
Abrogated Leptin-Induced Cardiac Contractile Response in Ventricular Myocytes Under Spontaneous Hypertension Role of JAK/STAT Pathway

Leptin regulates cardiovascular function. Leptin levels are elevated in obesity and hypertension and may play a role in cardiovascular dysfunctions in these comorbidities. This study was designed to determine the influence of hypertension on the cardiac contractile response of leptin. Mechanical and intracellular Ca2+ properties were evaluated using an IonOptix system in ventricular myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The contractile properties included peak shortening (PS), duration and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (TPS/TR90, ±dL/dt), and fura-fluorescence intensity change (ΔFFI). NO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were assessed by the Griess and the 3H-arginine/citrulline conversion assays, respectively. The leptin receptor (Ob-R) and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway were evaluated by Western blot analysis. SHR animals displayed significantly elevated blood pressure and plasma leptin levels. Leptin elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of PS and ΔFFI in WKY, but not in SHR myocytes. Leptin did not affect TPS, TR90, or ± dL/dt. The difference in leptin-induced contractile response between the WKY and the SHR groups was abolished by the NOS inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), but not by elevated extracellular Ca2+. Either the JAK2 inhibitor AG-490 or the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor SB203580 abrogated the leptin-induced response in the WKY myocytes, whereas AG-490 unmasked a negative response in PS in the SHR myocytes. SHR myocytes displayed similar Ob-R protein abundance and basal NO levels, a blunted leptin-induced increase in NOS activity as well as enhanced basal STAT3 levels compared with the WKY group. These data indicate that the leptin-induced cardiac contractile response is abolished by spontaneous hypertension, possibly because of mechanisms involving altered JAK/STAT, MAP kinase signaling, and NO response.
The Fear of Death and the Longing for Immortality: Hobbes and Thucydides on Human Nature and the Problem of Anarchy

Recent challenges to the modern secular state invite us to reexamine the arguments made by its theoretical founders, especially Hobbes. Hobbes argues that the desire for security is the most reliable and rational desire of our nature, and the state based on satisfying that desire is fully in harmony with human nature and therefore fully capable of solving the problem of anarchy. I will examine his argument that anarchy, although in some sense the natural human condition, can be overcome once and for all through political institutions that ensure the rational fear of death will control humans' destabilizing hopes and longings for immortality. I then turn to Thucydides, the classical thinker whom Hobbes admired most and who seems closest to Hobbes in outlook, and consider his more somber thesis: Because human hopes for immortality are more powerful than the fear of violent death, anarchy will return over and over again.
Accuracy Progressive Calculation of Lagrangian Trajectories from Gridded Velocity Field

AbstractReduction of computational error is a key issue in computing Lagrangian trajectories using gridded velocities. Computational accuracy enhances from using the first term (constant velocity scheme), the first two terms (linear uncoupled scheme), the first three terms (linear coupled scheme), to using all four terms (nonlinear coupled scheme) of the two-dimensional interpolation. A unified “analytical form” is presented in this study for different truncations. Ordinary differential equations for predicting Lagrangian trajectory are linear using the constant velocity/linear uncoupled schemes (both commonly used in atmospheric and ocean modeling), the linear coupled scheme, and the nonlinear using the nonlinear coupled scheme (both proposed in this paper). The location of the Lagrangian drifter inside the grid cell is determined by two algebraic equations that are solved explicitly with the constant velocity/linear uncoupled schemes, and implicitly using the Newton–Raphson iteration method with the lin...
E-detailing: information technology applied to pharmaceutical detailing

Background: E-detailing can be best described as the use of information technology in the field of pharmaceutical detailing. It is becoming highly popular among pharmaceutical companies because it maximizes the time of the sales force, cuts down the cost of detailing and increases physician prescribing. Thus, the application of information technology is proving to be beneficial to both physicians and pharmaceutical companies. When e-detailing was introduced in 1996, it was limited to the US; however, numerous other countries soon adopted this novel approach to detailing and now it is popular in many developed nations. Objective: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the rapid growth of e-detailing in the field of pharmaceutical marketing. Methods: A review of e-detailing literature was conducted in addition to personal conversations with physicians. Results/conclusion: E-detailing has the potential to reduce marketing costs, increase accessibility to physicians and offer many of the advantages of ...
Inverse relationship between pilus-mediated gonococcal adherence and surface expression of the pilus receptor, CD46.

Pilus-mediated adherence to mucosal epithelial cells is a critical step for Neisseria gonorrhoeae to establish an infection in the human host. CD46, the defined receptor for the gonococcal pilus, is a complement-regulatory protein that is expressed on all human nucleated cells. It was observed that a piliated, Opa− variant of gonococcal strain FA1090 adhered with different efficiencies to the human epithelial cell lines tested (Chang, ME180, HEC-1B and PC-3). Surprisingly, these differences in adherence levels did not correlate with levels of CD46 expressed by these cell lines. In fact, there was an inverse relationship between total surface-exposed CD46 and gonococcal adherence. Four major isoforms of CD46 are produced due to alternative RNA splicing of a surface-exposed region and the cytoplasmic tail. The relative isoform surface expression of each cell line was determined, and each was found to express different ratios of the four CD46 isoforms. No correlation could be derived between CD46 isoform surface expression and pilus-mediated gonococcal adherence, indicating that CD46 does not act as a classic receptor for gonococcal pili.
Multifunctional reconfigurable MEMS integrated antennas for adaptive MIMO systems

Multi-input multi-output systems with associated technologies such as smart antennas and adaptive coding and modulation techniques enhance channel capacity, diversity, and robustness of wireless communications as has been proven by many recent research results both in theory and experiments. This article focuses on the antenna aspect of MIMO systems. In particular, we emphasize the important role of the reconfigurable antenna and its links with space-time coding techniques that can be employed for further exploitation of the theoretical performance of MIMO wireless systems. The advantages of the reconfigurable antenna compared to the traditional smart antenna are discussed. Establishment of reconfigurable antennas requires novel radio frequency microelectromechanical systems technology, which has recently been developed in the authors' group. We briefly introduce this technology with emphasis on its distinct advantages over existing silicon-based MEMS technologies for reconfigurable antennas. A reconfigurable antenna design that can change its operating frequency and radiation/polarization characteristics is described. Finally, we present the experimental and theoretical results from impedance and radiation performance characterization for different antenna configurations.
Observations on the vitamin A tolerance curve as an index of the degree of fat absorption.

It has been shown that the absorption of fat-soluble vitamin A is governed by the principles that determine the absorption of lipids and that diseases or disorders which interfere with the absorption of fat also prevent the absorp­ tion of vitamin A from an oily medium1- a. This study was undertaken to deter­ mine the correlation, if any, between the results of the vitamin A tolerance test and the percentage of fat absorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fat absorption was determined by means of the wet extraction method as outlined by Frazer7• 8 . The patient was given a low residue diet containing 60 grams of fat daily for 48 hours prior to the 3 day collection of fecal specimens. Saline enemas were given both before and after the collection period; the for­ mer discarded and the latter added to the specimen. Less than 90% absorption of the ingested fat was considered abnormal. The plasma vitamin A levels were determined by means of a modification of the Carr-Price reaction as described by Kimble 9 • 10. After obtaining a fast­ ing blood sampie, 0.1 ce. of Oleum Percomorphum* per pound of body weight was given by mouth and subsequent determinations of plasma vitamin A were
Evaporative cooling feature selection for genotypic data involving interactions

Motivation: The development of genome-wide capabilities for genotyping has led to the practical problem of identifying the minimum subset of genetic variants relevant to the classification of a phenotype. This challenge is especially difficult in the presence of attribute interactions, noise and small sample size. Methods: Analogous to the physical mechanism of evaporation, we introduce an evaporative cooling (EC) feature selection algorithm that seeks to obtain a subset of attributes with the optimum information temperature (i.e. the least noise). EC uses an attribute quality measure analogous to thermodynamic free energy that combines Relief-F and mutual information to evaporate (i.e. remove) noise features, leaving behind a subset of attributes that contain DNA sequence variations associated with a given phenotype. Results: EC is able to identify functional sequence variations that involve interactions (epistasis) between other sequence variations that influence their association with the phenotype. This ability is demonstrated on simulated genotypic data with attribute interactions and on real genotypic data from individuals who experienced adverse events following smallpox vaccination. The EC formalism allows us to combine information entropy, energy and temperature into a single information free energy attribute quality measure that balances interaction and main effects. Availability: Open source software, written in Java, is freely available upon request. Contact: brett.mckinney@gmail.com
New Method for Studying Phonon Thermalization

We perform thermal conduction experiments in the boundary scattering regime from 5 K down to 50 mK. The standard method, which uses do heater power, varies the dominant phonon frequency in the sample by varying the sample temperature. We decouple the dominant phonon frequency from the sample temperature by periodically pulsing the heater power. We vary the dominant phonon frequency injected into the sample by varying the height of the heat pulses. If the height of the pulses is increased, the width is decreased so that the average heat power flowing through the sample and, therefore, the average temperature of the sample as measured by the thermometers, both remain nearly constant.
Health care justice and its implications for current policy of a mandatory waiting period for elective tubal ligation.

TO THE EDITORS: We welcome the report appearing in the June edition of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology that adds voices to ours and that of other commentators calling for revision of the 30-day mandatory sterilization
Recent Advances in Regularity of Second-order Hyperbolic Mixed Problems, and Applications

The present paper centers on second-order hyperbolic equations in the unknownw(t,x): $${w_{tt}} + A(x,\partial )w = f{\text{ in }}\Omega =(0,T]x\Omega $$ (1.1) augmented by initial conditions $$w(0, \cdot ) = {w_0};{\text{ }}{w_t}(0, \cdot ) = {w_1}{\text{ in }}\Omega $$ (1.2) and suitable boundary conditions either of Dirichlet type $$w{|_\Sigma } = u{\text{ in }}\Sigma = (0,T]x\Gamma ,$$ (1.3D) or else of Neumann type $$\frac{{\partial w}}{{\partial {\nu _A}}} = u{\text{ in }}\Sigma $$ (1.3N) where ∂/∂v A denotes the corresponding co-normal derivative. Here and throughout, Ω is a general open bounded domain inR n , n typically ≥ 2, with boundary ∂Ω = Γ assumed ‘smooth’ (the ‘degree’ of smoothness depending on the ‘degree’ of regularity of the solutions we wish to consider). Moreover,A(x, ∂) denotes a second-order elliptic operator on Ω: $$\left\{ {_{\sum\limits_{i,j}^n {aij} (x)\xi {}_i\xi {}_j \geqslant c\sum\limits_i^n {\xi {}_i^2\;cons\tan t\;c\; > \;0,} }^{A(x,\partial )=\; - \mathop \sum \limits_{i,j\;}^n \frac{n}{{\partial x{}_1}}(aij(x)\frac{\partial }{{\partial x{}_1}}),}} \right.$$ (1.4a)(1.4b) with suitably smooth coefficientsa ij (x) =a ij (x).
Evaluating the case-positive, control test-negative study design for influenza vaccine effectiveness for the frailty bias.

Introduction Previous influenza vaccine effectiveness studies were criticized for their failure to control for frailty. This study was designed to see if the test-negative study design overcomes this bias.
Splenic protein synthesis in magnesium deficiency: mechanism of the inhibition

To investigate the basis for the depressed protein synthesis in vivo in magnesium deficient spleens, the activities of splenic subcellular fractions in polypeptide synthesis were studied in vitro. Splenic ribosomes from Mg deficient animals were normal structurally and functionally. In contrast, supernatant fractions from the deficient spleens had a reduced ability to incorporate labeled amino acids into protein, both in the presence of endogenous mRNA and in the presence of added polyuridylic acid. The specific defects observed in the Mg deficient supernatants were twofold: There was a modest reduction in the rate of acylation of tRNA and a more marked reduction in the activity of the elongation factors, EF-I and EF-II. The reduction in elongation factor activity was quantitatively sufficient to account for the inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo.
Risk Factors Associated with Disease Recurrence in Patients with Stage III/IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity Treated with Surgery and Postoperative Radiotherapy

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to identify variables associated with high risk of failure in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCC-OC). Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 191 patients with stage III-IVb SCC-OC treated with post-operative radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) between 1995 and 2013. Disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed; variables associated with inferior DFS were identified. Results: Seventy-five patients (39%) recurred. DFS and five-year OS were 52% and 54%, respectively. Poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.03), recurrent tumors (p=0.02) and high nodal ratio (p=0.02) were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. CRT was associated with improved DFS in patients with positive margins and/or extracapsular extension (p=0.021). Conclusion: Tumors that are recurrent, high grade, or have high nodal ratio are at risk of recurrence. Presence of these disease features should be taken into consideration for better risk stratification.
Using standardized patients to evaluate medical students' evidence-based medicine skills.

OBJECTIVES To analyze the effectiveness of an Evidence Based Medicine Objective Structured Clinical Examination (EBM OSCE) with standardized patients for end of third year medical students at our institution. METHODS This was a single-center prospective cross-sectional investigation. As part of the eight-station OSCE exam, the authors developed and implemented a new 25-minute EBM OSCE station with the goal of evaluating evidence based medicine skills necessary for daily clinical encounters. The OSCE case involved a highly educated patient with a history of recurrent debilitating migraines who has brought eight specific questions regarding the use of steroids for migraine headaches. Students were provided computer stations equipped to record a log of the searches performed. RESULTS One hundred and four third-year medical students participated in this study. The average number of search tools used by the students was 4 (SD = 2). The 104 students performed a total of 896 searches. The two most commonly used websites were uptodate.com and google.com. Sixty-nine percent (95% CI, 60% to 78%) of students were able to find a meta-analysis regarding the use of dexamethasone for the prevention of rebound migraines. Fifty-two percent of students were able to explain that patients who took dexamethasone had a moderate RR (0.68 to 0.78) of having a recurrent migraine, and 71% of students were able to explain to the standardized patient that the NNT for dexamethasone was nine. CONCLUSION The EBM OSCE was successfully integrated into the existing eight-station OSCE and was able to assess student EBM skills.
A Metastability Error Detection and Reduction Technique for Partially Active Flash ADCs

A metastability error detection and reduction technique for partially active analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is presented. It detects the metastability condition by comparing the coarse ADC output with a predefined voltage level. The metastability of the proposed comparator-based and prior logic gate-based metastability detectors (MDs) is analyzed. The metastable probability of the MD is shown to be critical for reducing the ADC metastability rate. A 5-b partially active flash ADC with the proposed MD is fabricated in 0.13- $\mu\mbox{m}$ CMOS. Measurement results show that the proposed technique reduces the ADC metastability error rate significantly, from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-12}$ , which is consistent with the theoretical analysis.
Ion Beam Mixing of High-Tc Superconductor Components

The design of the necessary multilayer structures for producing superconducting thin films by ion beam mixing methods requires, among others, the knowledge of the individual (binary) mixing rates. In order to measure these, various combinations of Y, Ba, Cu, and Bi were irradiated with 600 keV Xe-ions at 80K and 300K. The systems exhibited a wide range of mixing behaviors which are also of fundamental interest. Ba and Cu readily formed the BaCu phase, and further mixing with Cu progressed only via binary collision mechanisms. At 80K Cu and Y were rapidly mixed in any ratio by thermal spikes, whereas a Cu rich sample rapidly formed the Cu 6 Y phase at 300K. Ba could not be mixed into Y or a Y-Cu mixture. Finally, irradiation of polycrystalline layers of Cu and Bi apparently lead to rapid motion of Bi along grainboundaries at both temperatures.
Nanochannel Biomolecular Transport

Intermolecular forces in liquids — van der Waals, electrostatic, steric — range over a distance of about 1–100 nm. Therefore, when liquids are confined in regions less than 100 nm, their behavior can be different and manipulated in unique ways. Such situations occur in nanoscale channels as well as in dense collection of biomolecules such as DNA and proteins, which range in size of 1–10 nm. Understanding fundamental transport properties of liquids under nanoscale confinement can have significant impact in biotechnology.© 2003 ASME
Note on the Determinations of Blood Fat

The technique of Stewart and White1 for the determination of “blood fat” and its modifications by Himwich, Friedman and Spiers2 has yielded higher figures than have the methods developed by Stoddard and Drury,3 and Stewart, Gaddie and Dunlop.4 The essential technical difference of these methods is that in the Stewart and White1 procedure the liberated fatty acids are titrated directly, whereas, by the other methods the fatty acid precipitate is washed prior to titration. For this reason it is possible that the values obtained by the Stewart and White1 technique may include substances washed away in the other procedures. Certain fatty acids of the blood may be among those so washed away, for example, arachidonic and other unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, extraneous acids may also be lost in the process of washing, such as phosphoric or organic acids.The quantitative aspects of arachidonic and other unsaturated fatty acids of the blood are to be investigated in this laboratory. Stewart, Gaddie an...
Analysis on epidemic characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Huizhou in 2010

Objective To analyze type and distribution of the pathogen and epidemic situation of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Huizhou city,and provides scientific basis for formulating the prevention method of this disease.Methods Using epidemic investigation and laboratory detection.Results The positive rate of general nucleic acid(pan-EV),enterovirus 71(EV71) and Coxsack ie A 16(CoxA16) were 68.88%,60.20%and 2.04%,respectively.Young children were mainly attacked by HFMD,82.65%tested positive for enterovirus are children below age 4.Male tested positive for enterovirus is higher than that in female.Conclusion The key of controlling the epidemic situation was to strengthen the monitoring report,and do more for disinfecting of family and kindergarten,and health education.To study the epidemiological characteristics and etiology of hand-foot-mouth disease helps to suggest better control and prevention it in future.
Scheduling Parallelizable Jobs Online to Minimize the Maximum Flow Time

In this paper we study the problem of scheduling a set of dynamic multithreaded jobs with the objective of minimizing the maximum latency experienced by any job. We assume that jobs arrive online and the scheduler has no information about the arrival rate, arrival time or work distribution of the jobs. The scheduling goal is to minimize the maximum amount of time between the arrival of a job and its completion --- this goal is referred to in scheduling literature as maximum flow time. While theoretical online scheduling of parallel jobs has been studied extensively, most prior work has focussed on a highly stylized model of parallel jobs called the "speedup curves model." We model parallel jobs as directed acyclic graphs, which is a more realistic way to model dynamic multithreaded jobs.In this context, we prove that a simple First-In-First-Out scheduler is (1+e)-speed O(1/e)-competitive for any e >0. We then develop a more practical work-stealing scheduler and show that it has a maximum flow time of O(1/e2 max{opt,ln(n)}) for n jobs, with (1+e)-speed. This result is essentially tight as we also provide a lower bound of Ω(log(n)) for work stealing. In addition, for the case where jobs have weights (typically representing priorities) and the objective is minimizing the maximum weighted flow time, we show a non-clairvoyant algorithm is (1+e)-speed O(1/e2)-competitive for any e >0, which is essentially the best positive result that can be shown in the online setting for the weighted case due to strong lower bounds without resource augmentation.After establishing theoretical results, we perform an empirical study of work-stealing. Our results indicate that, on both real world and synthetic workloads, work-stealing performs almost as well as an optimal scheduler.
Comparative Clinical and Gene Expression Analysis of Sickle Cell Anemia and Hemoglobin SC Disease

Abstract Homozygous hemoglobin (Hb) SS is the most common form of sickle cell disease (SCD), while HbSC represents a third of patients and has been less studied. Despite similarities in pathogenesis, there are significant clinical differences between genotypes. To elucidate any molecular differences, we compared gene expression profiles for HbSS and HbSC using microarrays. The Paxgene (PAX) blood RNA system was used to extract RNA from whole blood, which was then globin reduced. We also isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) RNA to assess transcript patterns in cell populations lacking erythrocytes and granulocytes. To demonstrate clinical differences, we compared HbSS and HbSC subjects from the Bethesda Sickle Cell Cohort Study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00011648). Hematologic parameters were significantly different, with HbSS having higher leukocytes, lower hematocrit, and higher platelets, reticulocytes and fetal hemoglobin. Significant differences were also observed for transaminases, LDH, bilirubin, creatinine kinase, ESR and ferritin. On the other hand, HbSC patients had higher diastolic blood pressure (P=0.0009), higher SpO2 (P RNA was isolated from ten subjects each with HbSS, HbSC or normal volunteers (NVs) using whole blood, PBMCs and Ficoll purified PBMCs (devoid of platelets). Microarray profiling showed that SCD subjects, regardless of genotype, have significant enrichment in glucose metabolism, cellular respiration, and mitochondrial energy generation pathways compared to NVs. Next, we used hierarchical clustering to distinguish SCD expression profiles from NVs, but we were unable to further distinguish HbSS from HbSC samples using this method. We attribute the above differences between SCD and NV samples to the erythroid cell RNA expression in whole blood. There is significant overlap between the 100 most abundantly expressed transcripts and a published signature in purified reticulocytes. However, no significant differences were observed when comparing SCD and NV samples using PBMCs and Ficoll purified PBMCs. We only observed expression differences comparing HbSS and HbSC at the gene level for ATP1B1 (1.3 fold change, P=1.04E-4), WSB1 (1.3 FC, P=3.64E-3) and IL6ST (1.3 FC, P=1.13E-4), despite the evident hematological and clinical differences. ATP1B1 encodes a small ATPase for Na+/K+ transport and has hardly been explored in hemoglobinopathies. Furthermore, ATP1B1 was highly up-regulated in HbSS patients (against controls) but showed less change in HbSC patients. Our results provide an important first step towards elucidating the molecular pathophysiology that might explain the differences in clinical symptoms and survival between these 2 common forms of SCD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Modulating membrane binding of α-synuclein as a therapeutic strategy

α-Synuclein aggregation is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, and a variety of other synucleinopathies (1). The occurrence of familial PD due to α-synuclein mutations, gene duplication and triplication, as well as polymorphisms in regulatory elements of the α-synuclein gene, supports a causative role of α-synuclein in these neurodegenerative diseases (reviewed in ref. 2). In addition, a prion-like spread of α-synuclein pathology has been proposed, by propagation of neurotoxic α-synuclein aggregates from one neuron to the other (3). Attenuating or stopping aggregation of α-synuclein is thus a highly pursued strategy to combat pathology in these diseases (Fig. 1). A number of factors have been reported to influence the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein, including oxidative stress, posttranslational modifications in α-synuclein, and increased local concentration. Proposed strategies to stop or reduce α-synuclein aggregation include enhancing the levels of heat shock proteins to stabilize protein folding, using compounds with antioxidant or antiaggregant activity, promoting intracellular degradation of α-synuclein, or immunotherapies to clear α-synuclein (reviewed in ref. 4). Fig. 1. Physiological and pathological conformations of α-synuclein and strategies to combat α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Physiologically, α-synuclein exists in an equilibrium between α-helical multimers bound to synaptic vesicles, and a natively unfolded monomeric state. Membranous α-synuclein clusters synaptic vesicles and chaperones SNARE complex assembly to maintain neurotransmitter release. Under pathological conditions, partial membrane binding of α-synuclein increases the local concentration of the aggregation-prone NAC region, allowing seeding of α-synuclein aggregation. Similarly, cytosolic monomeric α-synuclein spontaneously forms oligomers, which eventually build up as amyloid fibrils and spread to neurons and glia in a prion-like manner. Various therapeutic strategies are being pursued to prevent α-synuclein–mediated pathology, by modulating α-synuclein aggregation, … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jab2058{at}med.cornell.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Dynamic Thermal Analysis

Methods for the study of changes of state in systems under dynamic thermal conditions are examined. The effects of heat transfer rate on thermal analysis are discussed, and both exothermic and endothermic reactions are considered. The theoretical basis for the measurement of heating and reaction rates using dynamic differential calorimetry is discussed.
Automated Radiology-Operative Note Communication Tool; Closing the Loop in Musculoskeletal Imaging.

Rationale and Objectives Correlation of imaging studies and reference standard outcomes is a significant challenge in radiology. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a new communication tool by assessing the ability of this system to correctly match the imaging studies to arthroscopy reports and qualitatively assessing radiologist behavior before and after the implementation of this system. Materials and Methods Using a commercially available communication or educational tool and applying a novel matching rule algorithm, radiology and arthroscopy reports were matched from January 17, 2017 to March 1, 2017 based on anatomy. The interpreting radiologist was presented with email notifications containing the impression of the imaging report and the entire arthroscopy report. Total correlation rate of appropriate report pairings, modality-specific correlation rate, and the anatomy-specific correlation rate were calculated. Radiologists using the system were given a survey. Results Overall correlation rate for all musculoskeletal imaging was 83.1% (433 or 508). Low correlation was found in fluoroscopic procedures at 74.4%, and the highest correlation was found with ultrasound at 88.4%. Anatomic location varied from 51.6% for spine to 98.8% for hips and pelvis studies. Survey results revealed 87.5% of the respondents reporting being either satisfied or very satisfied with the new communication tool. The survey also revealed that some radiologists reviewed more cases than before. Conclusions Matching of radiology and arthroscopy reports by anatomy allows for excellent report correlation (83.1%). Automated correlation improves the quality and efficiency of feedback to radiologists, providing important opportunities for learning and improved accuracy.