cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipation of monetary reward in amygdala, insula, caudate are predictors of pleasure sensitivity to d-Amphetamine administration.

Abstract Background Drug addiction and dependence continue as an unresolved source of morbidity and mortality. Two approaches to identifying risk for abuse and addiction are psychopharmacological challenge studies and neuroimaging experiments. The present study combined these two approaches by examining associations between self-reported euphoria or liking after a dose of d-amphetamine and neural-based responses to anticipation of a monetary reward. Methods Healthy young adults (N = 73) aged 19 and 26, without any history of alcohol/substance dependence completed four laboratory sessions in which they received oral d-amphetamine (20 mg) or placebo, and completed drug effect questionnaires. On a separate session they underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while they completed a monetary incentive delay task. During the task, we recorded neural signal related to anticipation of winning $5 or $1.50 compared to winning no money (WinMoney-WinZero), in reward related regions. Results Liking of amphetamine during the drug sessions was related to differences in activation during the WinMoney-WinZero conditions - in the amygdala (positive), insula (negative) and caudate (negative). In posthoc analyses, liking of amphetamine was also positively correlated with activation of the amygdala during anticipation of large rewards and negatively related to activation of the left insula to both small and large anticipated rewards. Conclusions These findings suggest that individual differences in key regions of the reward network are related to rewarding subjective effects of a stimulant drug. To further clarify these relationships, future pharmacofMRI studies could probe the influence of amphetamine at the neural level during reward anticipation.
Defibrotide Modulates Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Activation and Protects Against Lung Inflammation in Pre-Clinical Models of LPS-Induced Lung Injury and Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome.

Background Pulmonary dysfunction remains one of the greatest challenges to the optimization of care following allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (alloBMT). Almost half of the pneumonias that occur early after alloBMT are noninfectious, termed idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS). Injury/activation to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are believed to be directly related to several post-BMT complications, including IPS. Hence, identifying inflammatory mechanisms contributing to EC damage and strategies to protect EC integrity and function have significant merit. We have demonstrated that TNFα contributes directly to EC injury and regulates the chemokine milieu and influx of donor cells into the lung. Laboratory insights led to clinical trials of TNFα inhibition for IPS. Many, but not all, patients with IPS respond to TNFα inhibition, underscoring the need for continued research. Results Analysis of the plasma proteome from samples derived from 3 clinical studies revealed that compared to unaffected BMT controls, patients with IPS showed marked elevations in the expression of signature cytokines, including TNFα and MCP-1. Elevated expression of molecules associated with EC injury, angiopoietin (Ang)-2, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, was also noted. Ang-2 has been shown to destabilize and further sensitize ECs to the effects of TNFα, causing enhanced expression of E- and P-selectin. Serum Ang-2 levels were elevated during IPS and correlated with response to anti-TNFα therapy. In an acute lung injury (ALI) model, IV injection of LPS to naive B6 mice results in enhanced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-6, Ang-2, E-, and P-selectin in whole lung homogenates, and the expression of Ang-2 is regulated in part by TNFα and IL-6. EC activation was associated with increased BALF total protein and cellularity. Similar findings were noted in alloBMT mice with IPS. We hypothesized that strategies to maintain EC integrity would reduce the severity of ALI and IPS. Defibrotide (DF) is FDA approved for the treatment of BMT patients with VOD and evidence of renal or pulmonary injury. DF is believed to stabilize activated ECs and protect them from further injury. The administration of DF (50 mg/kg) IV before and after LPS injection significantly reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL6, Ang-2, E-, and P-selectin compared to controls. BALF showed decreased cellularity, reflecting less EC damage and leak. AlloBMT mice were treated from day -1 through day 14 with DF ip (at a dose comparable to IV) either QD or BID, and lungs were harvested from D18 to 21. Compared to controls, DF treatment reduced mRNA expression of TNFα, IL6, Ang-2, E-, and P- selectin, BALF cellularity and protein content, and lung pathology score. Conclusion The administration of DF modulates EC injury in models of ALI and IPS. Combining cytokine inhibition with agents that stabilize EC integrity may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with IPS.
An Exploration of Electronic Media Use Profiles for Preschoolers of Low-Income Families.

Abstract Objective To characterize the electronic media (e-media) use of preschoolers from low-income families comprehensively, in terms of platform interaction potential and content. Methods Parents of 380 preschoolers (mean age, 52.5 ± 3.7 months) from diverse, low-income backgrounds reported on their child's age of exposure to various e-media types, frequency of use, amount of background television, and listed all child shows/cartoons and adult shows/general audience shows the child watches, as well as all electronic games/apps the child plays. We calculated descriptive statistics and conducted latent profile analyses to characterize e-media use. Results Most children in the sample began watching TV before age 1 year and nearly half watch child shows/cartoons several times a day or more. Most children began playing games/apps before age 3 years and more than one quarter play games several times a day or more. More than 20% of children are exposed to >3 hours of background TV on a typical weekday and 30% are exposed to this amount on a typical weekend day. A Modest E-Media Use profile characterized most children in the sample (70%). Fewer children were characterized by a High Educational Games profile (14%) or a High Adult TV/Elevated Entertainment Games Use and Background TV profile (16%). Conclusions Collectively, the 3 profiles reflect heterogeneous use patterns with regard to platform interaction potential and educational quality during the course of a typical week. Additional research is warranted to assess linkages between e-media use profiles and indicators of school readiness in cognitive, academic, and social and behavioral domains in diverse, low-income samples.
Investigation of the Predictors of Self-rated Health of Economically Disadvantaged African American Men and Women: Evidence for Sponge Hypothesis.

Background and aims According to the sponge hypothesis, compared to men's self-rated health (SRH), women's SRH is more likely to reflect conditions other than chronic medical conditions (CMCs) such as psychiatric disorders (PDs). As a result, poor SRH is a weaker predictive factor for mortality risk for women than men. Most of this literature, however, is done in samples that are predominantly middleclass White. To test the sponge hypothesis among economically disadvantaged African Americans (AAs), this study compared low-income AA men and women for the effects of the number of PDs and CMCs on SRH. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study recruited a non-random sample (n = 150) of economically disadvantaged AA adults with PD(s). Structured face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. SRH was measured using a single-item measure. PDs and CMCs were also self-reported. We applied linear regression models to test the interactions between SRH and the number of PDs and CMC as well as gender. Results The number of PDs and CMCs were associated with SRH in the pooled sample of low-income AA adults with PD(s). However, we found a significant interaction between the number of PDs and gender. This interaction suggested a stronger association between PDs and SRH for AA women than AA men. Gender did not alter the association between the number of CMCs and SRH. Conclusion The number of PDs is a determinant of SRH for low-income AA women but not AA men, supporting the sponge hypothesis.
Systemic Therapy for Cancer

Advanced stage carcinomas that have spread to distant body sites through the systemic circulation require systemic therapy. Hematological malignancies originating from the bone marrow have access to the systemic circulation from the outset and always require systemic treatment. Systemic therapies are classified by mechanisms of action. The largest category is cytotoxic chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells. Agents from this class are generic and used in standard regimens to treat all cancers of a given type. They are the most commonly used systemic cancer therapies. The class of agents known as targeted therapies are individualized therapeutic agents, tailored to specific molecular abnormalities in specific tumors. Most commonly, they consist of antibodies or small molecules used to block the activity of specific oncogene products and are ineffective if the tumor lacks the specific oncogene product. The newest class of systemic therapy, immunotherapy, is the most varied. Immunotherapies include immune-stimulating cytokines, vaccination with immune-stimulating organisms, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expanded and stimulated in vitro and used as cellular therapy, antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitor molecules used to blockade their immunosuppressive engagement, and the newest-in-class, patient T cells genetically engineered to express antitumor T-cell receptors. Hormonal therapies (more precisely, anti-hormonal therapies) are a class of agents that are effective only in cancers bearing surface receptors for hormones that stimulate the cancer’s growth. All systemic therapies have significant side effects, which limit patients’ ability to tolerate effective doses. Furthermore, most cancers are refractory to these agents from the outset or develop resistance due as a result of selection of resistant subclones within the heterogeneous cell population of the tumor, new mutations that confer resistance, or both. This chapter describes the mechanisms of action of the various classes of systemic therapies in detail, the adaptive nature of cancers that limits their therapeutic effectiveness, and the toxicities that limit their clinical use.
Does a Good Advisor a Day Keep the Doctor Away? How Advisor-Advisee Relationships are Associated with Psychological and Physical Well-Being among Graduate Students

It is well established that graduate students face large amounts of stress during their education. Despite this, little research has focused on factors that can help this high stress population maintain well-being in the face of numerous challenges. One potentially important but neglected probable wellness determinant is the advisor-student relationship. This study explored to what extent advisor and department characteristics related to advisor selection are associated with student well-being and examined whether a positive advisor-advisee relationship can reduce the negative effects of stress on student well-being. Four hundred and forty-six graduate students from Ph.D. programs across the United States completed an online survey asking advising-related questions as well as assessments of stress, physical health, psychological well-being, and demographics. Results indicated that higher faculty advisor satisfaction was associated with reports of higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and better sleep efficiency, but slightly worse health compared to a year prior to survey. Additionally, high quality advisor-student relationships and greater control over switching advisors were associated with less affective disruption under high stress indicating possible stress buffering effects. Together, these results indicate that advisor-advisee relationships in graduate training may be an important future area of intervention and focus for campus well-being.
Functional imaging of the brainstem during visually-guided motor control reveals visuomotor regions in the pons and midbrain

Abstract Integrating visual information for motor output is an essential process of visually-guided motor control. The brainstem is known to be a major center involved in the integration of sensory information for motor output, however, limitations of functional imaging in humans have impaired our knowledge about the individual roles of sub-nuclei within the brainstem. Thus, the bulk of our knowledge surrounding the function of the brainstem is based on anatomical and behavioral studies in non-human primates, cats, and rodents, despite studies demonstrating differences in the organization of visuomotor processing between mammals. fMRI studies in humans have examined activity related to visually-guided motor tasks, however, few have done so while controlling for both force without visual feedback activity and visual stimuli without force activity. Of the studies that have controlled for both conditions, none have reported brainstem activity. Here, we employed a novel fMRI paradigm focused on the brainstem and cerebellum to systematically investigate the hypothesis that the pons and midbrain are critical for the integration of visual information for motor control. Visuomotor activity during visually-guided pinch-grip force was measured while controlling for force without visual feedback activity and visual stimuli without force activity in healthy adults. Using physiological noise correction and multiple task repetitions, we demonstrated that visuomotor activity occurs in the inferior portion of the basilar pons and the midbrain. These findings provide direct evidence in humans that the pons and midbrain support the integration of visual information for motor control. We also determined the effect of physiological noise and task repetitions on the visuomotor signal that will be useful in future studies of neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brainstem.
Is there a role for REBOA? A system assessment.

Abstract Introduction To analyze our experience to quantify potential need for resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). Methods Retrospective review of patients over a three-year period who presented as a trauma with hemorrhagic shock. Patients were divided into two groups: REBOA Candidate vs. Non-candidates. Injuries, outcomes, and interventions were compared. Results Of 7643 trauma activations, only 37 (0.44%) fit inclusion criteria, of which 16 met criteria for candidacy for potential REBOA placement. The groups did not differ in terms of injury severity, physiology, age, timing of intervention, nor massive transfusion. Survival was linked to TRISS (p = 0.01) and Emergency Room Thoracotomy (p = 0.002). Of Candidates, 8 (50%) had injuries that could have benefited from REBOA, while 7 (44%) had injuries that could be associated with potential harm. Discussion The volume of patients who would potentially benefit from REBOA appears to be small and does not appear to support system wide adoption in the studied region. Level of evidence IV.
A Novel Method to Determine Colostrum IgG Concentration

Our objectives were to evaluate the use of refractometry as a means of estimating immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration of bovine maternal colostrum (MC). Samples of MC (n = 827) were collected from 67 farms in 12 states. Colostrum was analyzed for IgG by radial immunodiffusion (RID) and refractive index (nD) by a digital refractometer. The relationship between nD and IgG was strong (r = 0.73; P < 0.05; n = 823). Samples analyzed by refractometry fresh and went through 1 freeze/thaw cycle prior to RID analysis resulted in the strongest relationship between IgG and nD (r = 0.93 and 0.90, respectively). The MC samples collected fresh (not refrigerated or frozen) on the farm but frozen two or more times prior to analysis by refractometry and RID had a weak relationship between IgG and nD (r = 0.01). Breed and lactation number did not impact the relationship between RID and nD. These results indicate refractometry is an accurate and rapid method to determine IgG concentration when colostrum is analyzed fresh.
Quantum Error Correction

In this chapter we have looked at several approaches to dealing with errors in quantum computations. We found that it is not as easy to detect an error in a quantum computation as it is in a classical computation because errors may exist along a continuum of possibilities and our ability and we are not even allowed to read a corrupted state directly, because such direct observations would make matters worse rather than better.
Dry etching of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 with Cl2, SF6, and CF4

Abstract The dry etch behavior of MOCVD (Ba, Sr)TiO3 (BST) films has been investigated with Cl2/SF6 and Cl2/CF4 gas mixtures. The etch response of blanket films was evaluated as a function of gas mix, self-bias voltage, and chamber pressure. Plasma deposition effects interfered with pristine etching by the Cl2/CF4 gas mixes. Etch rates for the Cl2/SF6 gas mixes exhibited a weak maxima at 10% SF6, which then dropped to a local minima at 20% SF6. The strongest etch response occurred with respect to self-bias voltage, where the etch rate exhibited a dependence that was approximately linear. Finally, at low rf powers the etch rate decreased monotonically with increasing pressure. However, at high power a weak maxima appeared at 20 mT. Overall, these power and pressure responses are consistent with physical sputtering. Therefore, it should be expected that the etch effluent of BST films will form sidewall redeposits on steeply sloped patterned structures in high dielectric constant capacitor DRAM memory applic...
Output Volatility in Emerging Market and Developing Countries: What Explains the “Great Moderation” of 1970-2003?

Output volatility and the size of output drops have declined across groups of nontransition countries studied in this paper over the past three decades, but have remained considerably higher in developing countries than in industrial countries. The paper employs a Bayesian latent dynamic factor model to decompose output growth into global, regional, and country-specific components. The favorable trends in output volatility and large output drops in developing countries are found to have resulted from lower country-specific volatility and more benign country-specific events. Evidence from cross-section regressions over the 1970–2003 period suggests that the volatility of discretionary fiscal spending and terms of trade volatility together with exchange rate flexibility were key determinants of volatility and large output drops.
Relationship between navigation vertical error, VDOP, and pseudorange error in GPS

It is well known that at a given position and time, vertical navigation sensor error is related to the satellite ranging errors by the relationship Z=VDOP*URE, where URE is the user range equivalent error, VDOP is the vertical dilution of precision, and Z is the vertical position error. It is less well known that this relationship is statistically correct even when position and time are variables. This paper develops this and shows that the distribution of Z can be expressed in terms of the distributions of VDOP and URE. Expressions are given for the density, cumulative distribution function, and second order moments of Z. Using the developed formulation, the distribution of Z is investigated for several different scenarios and the results correlated with published work in the field. The paper provides a simple means for estimating vertical accuracy as a function of satellite ranging errors and geometry as an alternative to performing more complex simulations. >
Two-Dimensional Localization and Superconductor-Insulator Transition in Strongly Underdoped Single Crystals of Y 1-x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

In-plane $({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ab}})$ and out-of-plane $({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c})$ normal state resistivities of insulating ${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and superconducting ${\mathrm{Y}}_{0.47}{\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.53}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ $({T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}18\mathrm{K})$ crystals have been measured using a ``flux transformer'' method. In the insulating sample we have found that ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ab}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}a+bT}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}$ over two decades of temperature, which indicates two-dimensional localization. By suppressing the onset of superconductivity with a magnetic field, we have observed that low ${T}_{c}$ ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Pr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ is transformed into a 2D insulator with transport properties similar to those of ${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$.
Thin film synthesis of the organic-based magnet vanadium ethyl tricyanoethylenecarboxylate

We report the preparation and characterization of a new thin film organic-based magnet V[ETCEC]x, with TC of 161 ± 10 K, via low temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD; T = 55 °C). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates the ratio of V to ETCEC is 1:1.4. In addition, analysis of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggests a similar physical structure to V[ETCEC]x powder, with all nitrile and carbonyl oxygen coordinating to V(II) sites. Temperature-, field-, and frequency-dependent measurements of the magnetization as well as ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements reveal complex magnetic behavior with a magnetic transition to a more disordered state at a freezing temperature just below the Curie temperature. The development of this magnetic thin film enables the direct incorporation of V[ETCEC]x into existing organic spintronics devices and opens up the potential exploration of all-organic magnetic heterostructures.
SBE 2020: A Complete Theory of Human Behavior

I propose the following grand challenge question for SBE 2020: can we develop a complete theory of human behavior that is predictive in all contexts? The motivation for this question is the fact that the different disciplines within SBE do have a common subject: Homo sapiens. Therefore, psychological, sociological, neuroscientific, and economic implications of human behavior should be mutually consistent. When they contradict each other - as they have in the context of financial decisions - this signals important learning opportunities. By confronting and attempting to reconcile inconsistencies across disciplines, we develop a more complete understanding of human behavior than any single discipline can provide. The National Science Foundation can foster this process of “consilience” in at least four ways: (1) issuing RFPs around aspects of human behavior, not around disciplines; (2) holding annual conferences where PI’s across NSF directorates present their latest research and their most challenging open questions; (3) organizing “summer camps” for NSF graduate fellowship recipients at the start of their graduate careers, where they are exposed to a broad array of research through introductory lectures by NSF PI’s; and (4) broadening the NSF grant review process to include referees from multiple disciplines.
Apoptosis Turbocharges Epithelial Morphogenesis

Mechanical forces that contribute to tissue movement during animal morphogenesis may include those generated by cell death during development.
Generating equidistant representations in biobjective programming

In recent years, emphasis has been placed on generating quality representations of the nondominated set of multiobjective optimization problems. This paper presents two methods for generating discrete representations with equidistant points for biobjective problems with solution sets determined by convex, polyhedral cones. The Constraint Controlled-Spacing method is based on the epsilon-constraint method with an additional constraint to control the spacing of generated points. The Bilevel Controlled-Spacing method has a bilevel structure with the lower-level generating the nondominated points and the upper-level controlling the spacing, and is extended to multiobjective problems. Both methods are proven to produce (weakly) nondominated points and are demonstrated on a variety of test problems.
Quantitation of cardiac output with velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging

Velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) previously has been used to measure flow in the aorta, as well as in the pulmonary, carotid, and renal arteries, but these measurements have not been validated against currently accepted invasive techniques. To determine the accuracy of velocity-encoded, phase-difference MRI measurements of cardiac output, 23 subjects (11 men and 12 women, aged 15 to 72 years) underwent velocity-encoded, phase-difference MRI measurements of cardiac output in the proximal aorta, followed immediately by cardiac catheterization, with measurement of cardiac output by the Fick principle and by thermodilution. For MRI, Fick, and thermodilution measurements, stroke volume was calculated by dividing cardiac output by heart rate. The magnetic resonance images were acquired in 1 to 3 minutes. For all patients, the agreement between measurements of stroke volume was 3 +/- 9 ml for MRI and Fick, -3 +/- 11 ml for MRI and thermodilution, and 0 +/- 8 ml for MRI and the average of Fick and thermodilution. Compared with standard invasive measurements, velocity-encoded, phase-difference MRI can accurately and rapidly determine cardiac output.
Periodic Vestibulocerebellar Ataxia, an Autosomal Dominant Ataxia With Defective Smooth Pursuit, Is Genetically Distinct From Other Autosomal Dominant Ataxias

Background: Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by defective smooth pursuit, gaze-evoked nystagmus, ataxia, and vertigo. The age of onset ranges from the third to the sixth decade. To date, all patients have originated from North Carolina, suggesting a single common founder. Objective: To clarify the classification of periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia by determining whether it is allelic to other autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias for which genes have been either localized or identified. Methods: Blood was collected and DNA isolated from 66 subjects (19 affected individuals) in two multigenerational families. The microsatellite markers used in the analysis either flanked or were tightly linked to the disease gene regions. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed to define the limits of exclusion. Results: Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia was excluded from loci linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (chromosome 6p), type 2 (chromosome 12q), type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (chromosome 14q), type 4 (chromosome 16q), and type 5 (11cent) as well as to episodic ataxia with myokymia (chromosome 12p), episodic ataxia with nystagmus (chromosome 19p), acetazolamide-responsive hereditary paroxysmal cerebellar ataxia (chromosome 19p), and dentatorubralpallidoluysian atrophy/Haw River syndrome (chromosome 12p). Conclusion: Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia is genetically distinct from those autosomal dominant ataxias for which chromosomal localization has been established.
Continuous Process for the Production of Hexafluoroisopropanol

There has been a renewed interest in the design of catalytic reactors to reduce transport limitations. Towards this goal, a novel single fluid-phase recirculating packed bed reactor concept has been developed and demonstrated for the hydrogenation of hexafluoroacetone to hexafluoroisopropanol, a precursor to Sevoflurane, used as an inhalation anesthetic, in the presence of a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst.
Asian-American deaths near the Harvest Moon Festival.

umerous studies have investigated the theory that stress-ful life events can be unhealthy, even fatal (1–4). A verydifferent theory is that the anticipation of a meaningful event,such as a birthday or religious holiday, can prolong life. If thistheory is valid, health care providers should be sensitive to theeffects of symbolically meaningful occasions on at-risk pa-tients, and medical researchers should interpret their data withcare when deaths occur near symbolically meaningful events.To date, the data have not supported the death-postpone-ment theory conclusively. For example, Phillips and Kingreport a dip in Jewish death rates preceding Passover; how-ever, the decedents in this study were not necessarily Jewish,but rather Californians whose names seemed Jewish (5). Astudy using data from a large Jewish mortuary in Californiafound no evidence that Jews were able to postpone death untilafter the celebration of religious holidays (6). For deaths thatoccurred near Passover, there were somewhat more deaths(particularly male deaths) during the weeks before Passoverthan during the weeks afterward.Another example is a study by Idler and Kasl of elderly NewHaven residents, which indicated that some Christians and Jewspostponed their deaths until after the celebration of religiousholidays (7). However, the
TCP Over Optical Burst Switching (OBS): To Split or Not To Split?

TCP-based applications account for a majority of data traffic in the Internet; thus understanding and improving the performance of TCP over OBS network is critical. In this paper, we identify the ill-effects of implementing TCP over a hybrid network (IP-access and OBS-core). We purpose a Split- TCP approach for a hybrid IP-OBS network to improve TCP performance. We propose two Split-TCP approaches, namely, 1:1:1 and N:1:N. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approaches over an IP-OBS hybrid network. Based on the simulation results, N:1:N Split-TCP approach outperforms all other approaches.
Screening: CT colonography: time for clinical implementation.

The findings from a multicenter, screening trial of CT colonography for the detection of large adenomas demonstrated the benefit of this noninvasive technique for assessing patients with an average risk of colorectal cancer.
Toward long-lead operational forecasts of drought: An experimental study in the Murray-Darling River Basin

Summary Resiliency and effectiveness in water resources management of drought is strongly depend on advanced knowledge of drought onset, duration and severity. The motivation of this work is to extend the lead time of operational drought forecasts. The research strategy is to explore the predictability of drought severity from space–time varying indices of large-scale climate phenomena relevant to regional hydrometeorology (e.g. ENSO) by integrating linear and non-linear statistical data models, specifically self-organizing maps (SOM) and multivariate linear regression analysis. The methodology is demonstrated through the step-by-step development of a model to forecast monthly spatial patterns of the standard precipitation index (SPI) within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia up to 12 months in advance. First, the rationale for the physical hypothesis and the exploratory data analysis including principal components, wavelet and partial mutual information analysis to identify and select predictor variables are presented. The focus is on spatial datasets of precipitation, sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) patterns over the Indian and Pacific Oceans, temporal and spatial gradients of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) in the Pacific Ocean, and the far western Pacific wind-stress anomaly. Second, the process of model construction, calibration and evaluation is described. The experimental forecasts show that there is ample opportunity to increase the lead time of drought forecasts for decision support using parsimonious data models that capture the governing climate processes at regional scale. OLR gradients proved to be dispensable predictors, whereas SPI-based predictors appear to control predictability when the SSTA in the region [87.5°N–87.5°S; 27.5°E–67.5°W] and eastward wind-stress anomalies in the region [4°N–4°S; 130°E–160°E) are small, respectively, ±1° and ±0.01 dyne/cm 2 , that is when ENSO activity is weak. The areal averaged 12-month lead-time forecasts of SPI in the MDB explain up to 60% of the variance in the observations ( r > 0.7). Based on a threshold SPI of −0.5 for severe drought at the regional scale and for a nominal 12-month lead time, the forecast of the timing of onset is within 0–2 months of the actual threshold being met by the observations, thus effectively a 10-month lead time forecast at a minimum. Spatial analysis suggests that forecast errors can be attributed in part to a mismatch between the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall and raingauge density in the observational network. Forecast uncertainty on the other hand appears associated with the number of redundant predictors used in the forecast model.
Preparation and Use of Powdered Silver Chloride as Infrared Matrix

Kecently, Metzler1 described a technique for preparation of inexpensive silver chloride disks for use in running in frared spectra of aqueous samples. There are problems involved in preparing finely divided silver chloride, and little or no use has been made of this material as an infrared matrix. Because of the several disadvantages to the standard potassium bromide pelleting technique—hygroscopieity, fragility of pellets, possible reactivity of potassium bromide with the sample, and poor storage characteristics—we have found it useful to prepare pellets from powdered silver chloride. The presence of moisture and reactivity of the sample with matrix make potassium bromide undesirable, and an alternate matrix for pelleting samples would be highly advantageous.
Autonomic responsivity during passive avoidance in incarcerated psychopaths

Abstract Autonomic response to rewards and punishments was assessed in incarcerated psychopaths and nonpsychopaths during passive avoidance learning. Based on behavioral evidence that psychopaths are less likely to suspend approach behavior following punishment and that approach behavior is associated with increased heart rate (HR), we hypothesized that, in comparison to HR following reward, psychopaths would display greater HR following punishment than nonpsychopaths. A significant Psychopathy × Feedback interaction (P
Dynamic proton-induced emission switching in donor-functionalized dehydrobenzopyrid[15]annulenes.

An isomeric pair of 15-membered dehydrobenzopyridannulenes functionalized with −NBu2 groups as π-electron donors was prepared and their steady-state spectroscopic parameters investigated. The property differences arising from placement of the pyridine nitrogen relative to the macrocycle, as well as the differential effects of stepwise protonation of the acceptor and donor nitrogens, were examined. The macrocycles exhibited dynamic shifting in the emission spectra, which is believed to correlate to induced changes in the frontier molecular orbitals of the molecules.
From journals to classrooms: theory and teaching in cultural geography

Cultural geography has always involved multiple, sometimes conflicting, dialogues about what the subfield includes and should address, about how research within it should proceed, and about what theoretical approaches best capture the complicated relationship between something called “culture” and the production of space and place. This article examines the ways that these questions shape the work of cultural geographers in the classroom, especially the undergraduate classroom. As cultural geographers draw from an increasingly complex set of theories and frameworks, how do, or how can, these theoretical ideas inform pedagogy? What might recent debates about representational and nonrepresentational theories in cultural geography look like in the introductory classroom? Drawing on my own experience of teaching cultural geography, this article reflects on the relationship between theoretical debates over the doing of cultural geography and pedagogical practices in the undergraduate classroom. As it shows, th...
The future of nanomedicine: Promises and limitations

The nascent field of nanomedicine has evoked enormous interest among physical and biological scientists and has already attracted hundreds of millions of dollars of research funding. The great appeal of nanomedicine lies in its promise of using the unique properties of nanoscale materials to address some of the most challenging problems of medical diagnosis and therapy. While some questions have been raised about the possible toxicities of nanomaterials, and about the ethical implications of applying these advanced, but undoubtedly expensive, technologies to medical practice, for the most part nanomedicine has enjoyed unalloyed enthusiasm from both its proponents in the research community and from policy makers. However, will the promise of nanomedicine actually be fulfilled? This paper discusses the internal intellectual culture of nanomedicine and how that gives rise to problems and contradictions that may slow its evolution and introduction into clinical practice. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Reversal of regioselection in the asymmetric aminohydroxylation of cinnamates

Abstract Use of cinchona ligands with an anthraquinone (AQN) core, in place of the usual phthalazine (PHAL) core, in the asymmetric aminohydroxylation of cinnamates causes dramatic reversal of the regioselection, so that phenyl serines are obtained in high enantiomeric excess. Hence, the regioselectivity outcome (i.e. isoserine vs. serine) is controlled by the ligand and not the substrate.
On the Interpretation of the Line Spectra of Quasi-Stellar Objects

Electron scattering interpretation of ionization, emission and absorption line spectra of quasi- stellar object
Monoclonal antibodies to VRV-PL-VIIIa, a basic multitoxic phospholipase A2 from Vipera russelli venom

Abstract VRV-PL-VIIIa, the most basic phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) from the venom of Vipera russelli , induces multiple toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, edema and hemorrhage. Rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against VRV-PL-VIIIa. The antiserum cross-reacted in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) with two other PLA 2 from the same venom, VRV-PL-V and VRV-PL-VI, and with ammodytoxin A, caudoxin and crotoxin. Twenty-two hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against VRV-PL-VIIIa were isolated. The monoclonal antibodies exhibited apparent binding affinities in ELISA with VRV-PL-VIIIa ranging over two orders of magnitude. Most of the monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted moderately with VRV-PL-V and weakly with VRV-PL-VI. None of the antibodies cross-reacted with ammodytoxin, caudoxin or crotoxin. Reducing the disulfide bonds of VRV-PL-VIIIa lowered the ELISA signals of each monoclonal antibody to nonspecific levels, suggesting that all the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. Four of the 22 antibodies neutralized the enzymatic activity of VRV-PL-VIIIa. Interestingly, two of the four exhibited the lowest affinities of the monoclonal antibody library for VRV-PL-VIIIa in ELISA, while the other two exhibited the highest. Each of the monoclonal antibodies was biotinylated and spatial binding relationships were evaluated by competition ELISA.
Data Acquisition Software for the LAMPF Control System

As part of the upgrade of the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) control computer, the software providing the interface between application programs and the accelerator hardware was redesigned. This new Data System design - which handles more than 12,000 widely different devices - allows greater uniformity, flexibility, maintainability, and hardware independence than before. The Data System portion of the LAMPF Control System is described in this paper.
Total quality approach to PACS software development and management

A significant problem in building large-scale picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) is the production of reliable and accurate software, within a specified amount of time and cost, without impacting existing operations. PACS software management is particularly difficult because most PACS involve highly distributed processing over very heterogeneous components. We applied total quality management techniques to the problem of PACS software management. All potential users of PACS software were identified as `customers,' and we optimized the quality of service provided to them. Our methodology involves each of these customers at each stage of the software development cycle to help ensure that PACS functions meet the requirements and priorities of the majority of PACS users. We used this approach in rewriting major sections of key software modules in the UCLA PACS, resulting in code development within predictable periods of time at a predictable cost, thus enhancing our software development cycle.
Standing spin waves excited optically across an indirect gap in short graphene nanoribbons

We report theoretical investigations that unveil unique electronic excitations in graphene nanoribbons of \textit{nanoscale length}. The main point is that electronic states in short nanowires are standing particle-in-a-box-like waves, amenable to excitation by electromagnetic radiation; the unusual electronic and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons add another feature: terahertz (THz) radiation induces \textit{edge standing spin waves} with different wavelengths at the two edges and a resonant frequency that can be controlled by an external gate voltage, opening the possibility of THz-spintronic applications.
Size Effects in Thin Superconducting Indium Films

Measurements of residual resistivity, superconductive critical temperature, and critical magnetic field have been carried out on indium films ranging in thickness from 650 to 126 000 A. The thickest films had the bulk critical field and critical temperature. The variation of residual resistivity with thickness is consistent with Fuchs' model if one assumes an intrinsic resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ of 1.31\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ohm cm and an intrinsic mean free path ${l}_{0}$ of 152 000 A. The value of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}{l}_{0}$ so obtained was 2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ ohm ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The critical temperature was found to be a systematic function of film thickness, increasing with decreasing thickness. The magnitude of this change in critical temperature is in good agreement with a simple model relating critical temperature to elastic stresses in the films. The penetration depth, as calculated from the critical field by means of the London theory or the Ginzburg-Landau theory, was found to increase with decreasing film thickness. This result is consistent with a nonlocal model and implies a coherence length of approximately 2600 A.
Least-squares smoothing of direct-exchange areas in zonal analysis

The method of Lagrange-multipliers has been used to determine adjustments to be made to a set of direct-exchange areas used in zonal analysis of a radiating enclosure containing a participating medium. The resulting adjusted direct-exchange areas satisfy conservation laws and the condition that an objective function be minimized. The objective function allows weights to be assigned to each adjustment. The solution of a set of linear algebraic equations yields the required adjustments. The method is well-suited for adjusting a set of direct-exchange areas which are assumed to include random inaccuracies. Other adjustment techniques in the literature are discussed and compared, and application of the present method is demonstrated.
Aids-risk behavior among homosexual males: The role of attitudes and substance abuse

Abstract This paper reports the results of a broad survey of homosexual males regarding AIDS-risk behavior. A very high proportion reported both anxiety over possible HIV infection, and a high probability of exposure to HIV. Although over 80% of respondents reported changes in sexual behavior, the frequency of monogamous, stable relationships is unchanged from that found 16 years ago, and 19% reported continued frequent sexual partners. Consistent with “health belief” models, fear of future exposure and perceived control over behavior were strongly related to behavioral change. However, those who felt they had already been exposed were not substantially more likely to decrease current AIDS-risk behavior, which may have important public health ramifications. Alcohol and drug abuse were related to “high risk” behavior, particularly among respondents who are generally motivated to use substances to decrease “tension” or self-monitoring. Thus, using substances to decrease stress may not only relate to substan...
Laminar convection cells at high Rayleigh number

The asymptotic behaviour for large Rayleigh number and Prandtl number of O (1) of two-dimensional convection cells in a fluid between horizontal plates heated from below has been discussed by Pillow (1952) and more recently by Robinson (1967). The flow models derived by Pillow and Robinson differ from each other. The purpose of the present paper is to point out the likelihood of an inconsistency in Robinson's flow model, and to discuss qualitatively a few hitherto unnoticed features of the flow.
Motivating People to Exercise

Physical inactivity is a worldwide public health problem. Primary care physicians are in an excellent position to prescribe exercise and physical activity to their patients. This article discusses theories and methods of behavior change to help physicians motivate their patients to become more physically active. Calls to action for physicians are discussed.
X-Ray Timing and Spectral Evolution of Circinus X-1 versus Orbital Phase with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer

We have carried out a study of Cir X-1 through (1) detailed sampling over a single 16.5 day intensity cycle with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) proportional counter array and (2) complementary monitoring over six such cycles with the RXTE all-sky monitor (ASM). We report here the temporal and spectral evolution at nonflaring phases, during which Cir X-1 remained unusually bright (~1.0 crab) and relatively steady. The Fourier power density spectrum of the source was observed to vary with strong correlations among low-frequency flat-topped power (1-10 Hz), a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) peak centered at 1.3-12 Hz, and a broad QPO peak centered at ~20 Hz up to ~100 Hz. As orbital phase increased within the cycle, the rms amplitude of the flat-topped power generally (but not monotonically) decreased while the QPO features generally evolved toward higher frequency. The 1.5-12 keV spectrum was observed to generally harden during the nonflaring phases of each of the six 16.5 day periods monitored by the ASM.
Generalized Inverse Problem for Partially Coherent Projection Lithography

In this paper, we will outline general mathematical techniques applied to the solution of the inverse problem for partially coherent lithographic imaging. The forward imaging problem is reviewed and its solution is discussed within the framework of 2D sampling and matrix coherence theory. The intensity distribution on the wafer is shown to be a bilinear functional in the sampled mask transmission values, and represents a continuous sparse set of variables for optimization. We review various iterative techniques to optimize the sampled mask transmission, called a tau-map. From the optimal tau-map, a procedure is required to construct a pixelated mask representation with restricted transmission values. This mask representation is not unique since the problem is ill-posed, and leads to multiple mask solutions for a single optimal tau-map. Various procedures based on spectral techniques and principle component analysis to quantize the mask are reviewed.