cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Solvents in Polymers by a Simple Direct GC/MS Method

Abstract Small amounts of residual solvents may cause disproportionately large effects on the properties of polymers and adhesives. A number of methods for determining occluded solvents have been proposed. Suzuki et al have used a vaporizing attachment that was directly connected to the inlet of a gas chromatograph. Vapor desorbed from the polymer was introduced periodically into the gas chromatograph through a multiport valve by a stream of nitrogen. Residual solvents in samples were determined in the 10–50 ppm. range.
Effects of Desipramine on Autonomic Control of the Heart

Abstract Objective To assess the effects of desipramine (DMI) on autonomic control of the heart. Method Blood pressure, RR interval (the time between successive heart beats), and RR interval variability, a noninvasive measure of autonomic control of the heart, were assessed in 13 subjects younger than 30 years old. Results DMI treatment was associated with an increase in blood pressure, a decrease in RR interval, and a decline in low and high frequency RR interval variability. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that, in young people, DMI treatment produces a substantial decrease in parasympathetic input to the heart and an increase in the ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic input, changes that in certain circumstances have been associated with an increased risk of arrhythmia. In exploring the cardiac effects of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in young people, the impact of TCAs on autonomic input to the heart should be examined.
The Spacing Effects of Multiple Exposures on Memory: Implications for Advertising Scheduling

ABSTRACT The “spacing effect” refers to the fact that longer intervals between exposures (such as successive presentations of online pop-ups) result in better learning than shorter intervals. This article offers nine empirical generalizations (EGs) about the overall size of the spacing effect and the conditions that make a difference. Our EGs are based on results of a meta-analysis of laboratory experiments in cognitive psychology and marketing. We make several propositions about the implications of our results for planning advertising schedules for the new media as well as more traditional media.
Electron microscopy of frozen hydrated eukaryotic flagella.

Abstract Resting and active sea urchin sperm flagella have been examined by low-dose electron microscopy of frozen hydrated specimens. The flagella are unfixed, unstained, completely intact, and able to swim vigorously after going through the entire preparative procedure. The most prominent features of the image arise from the edges of the axonemal doublets and central-pair microtubules seen in projection. By comparison with these longitudinal markings, transverse features are less easy to discern, being camouflaged by superposition. However, Fourier transforms ofdigitized micrographs reveal a remarkable degree of crystalline order in quiescent flagella. Filtered images derived from these Fourier transforms show clearly features arising from the central-pair complex and radial spokes that were obscured in the orginal data. Potentially complicating effects of specimen thickness are shown to be quantitatively insignificant in the formation of images of unstained frozen hydrated flagella. Determination of native flagellar structure by 3-D reconstruction from multiple-tilted views appears to be feasible.
Observation of ionospheric cavitons.

The observation of the change in the ionospheric density profile and the creation of a density cavity at the critical height by high-power radio waves is made by the time-of-flight radar scattering technique. Small-scale cavitons imbedded inside a large caviton are inferred from the suppression of the photoelectron-enhanced plasma lines near the critical height.
A central crack normal to the interface between two different materials in a rectangular sheet under an anti-plane shear stress

Abstract In this paper, a Fourier transform and Fourier series technique is used to express the stress intensity factor of a central crack in a finite rectangular sheet with two different materials whose interface normal to the crack in terms of the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The constant loading case is considered in detail and the results given in numerical form.
A LIQUID SCINTILLATION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROBIAL VITAMIN ANALYSES

A radiometric procedure for the assay of the B-vitamins was investigated. The method, based on the release of 14CO2 from C-14 labeled glucose, gave proportional responses to vitamin concentration for thiamin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid. This procedure was not significantly faster than measuring increases in absorbance due to growth when bacteria and yeast were used as test organisms. However, for the protozoan assay of thiamin with Ochromonas danica, the analysis time was decreased from 4-5 days to 20 hours.
Extrahepatic conditions and hepatic encephalopathy in elderly patients.

ABSTRACT Purpose Extrahepatic conditions can cause, exacerbate, or mimic hepatic encephalopathy in any patient with advanced liver disease, particularly in older persons. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical features and frequency of extrahepatic conditions and the effect of therapeutic interventions upon the encephalopathy. Design Survey. Setting Inner city community hospital. Methods Retrospective chart review of 294 elderly patients (age 65-97) with liver disease and suspected hepatic encephalopathy, during a 15-year period, that included 188 men and 106 women. Results Extrahepatic conditions were found in 64 patients (22%); 29 (10%) patients had > 1 extrahepatic condition. Category and frequency of the extrahepatic conditions found in these 64 patients were as follows: urinary tract infection, 21 (33%); cellulitis/infected pressure ulcers, 16 (25%); pneumonia, 16 (25%); septicemia (with positive blood cultures), 10 (16%); silent myocardial infarction, 10 (16%); drug toxicity (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sedatives, hypnotics, antidiabetics), 6 (9%); meningitis, 6 (9%); head injury, 5 (8%); stroke, 5 (8%); and subdural hematoma, 5 (8%). Conclusion A significant proportion of elderly patients with liver disease and presumptive diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy may have extrahepatic condition(s), and the treatment of the latter may improve clinical outcome of such patients. A high index of suspicion, low threshold of diagnostic measures, and prompt treatment of any associated extrahepatic condition are essential to prevent significant morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Two mixed variational principles for exterior fluid-structure interaction problems

Two mixed variational principles for transient and harmonic analysis of non-conservative coupled exterior fluid-structure systems are proposed. The variational principles accommodate the dissipation associated with viscoelastic constitutive properties of the structure as well as the radiation boundary condition on the fluid. The principles are written for the physical system and its adjoint using the formalism introduced by Morse and Feshbach for dissipative systems. The mixed formulations use pressure and displacement potential scalar variables for the fluid and can incorporate a general class of local radiation boundary conditions. The finite element approximations based on these variational principles display a symmetric form for transient and harmonic problems.
Field observations of fronts and high-frequency temperature fluctuations in a thermal plume

Abstract High-frequency temperature variations were measured at seven depths, at a point 130 m from the cooling-water outfall of a power plant. The data are studied using spectra, correlation functions and probability distributions. The sharp thermal fronts observed in the data are related to the surface thermal fronts seen using airborne infra-red scanning, and to laboratory studies of instabilities in mixing layers between uniformly flowing and quiescent fluids.
A Question of Values in Social Work Practice: Working with The Strengths of Black Adolescent Females

The author examines the foundational values of social work in current social work practices with inner-city black adolescent females. Case illustrations are presented to demonstrate how social work...
What happens to genes in duplicated genomes.

Introductory textbooks tell us that humans (and other metazoa and all our agricultural plants) are diploid. They have two copies of each gene, one from each parent. Comparative genomic studies, however, suggest that we, along with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1), maize (2, 3), and Arabidopsis (4), may actually be ancient polyploids (5, 6) in which the chromosome complement doubled at some time in the past and then, through gene silencing, mutation, and loss, reverted to a diploid-like state.
IIB, or not IIB: That is the question

The construction is given for gauged N = 8 supergravity in five dimensions with gauge group SU(3,1). It is shown that this theory has an additional SU(2) global symmetry as well as a local composite USp(8) gauge symmetry. The scalar potential has a critical point which breaks the gauge symmetry down to SU(3)×U(1) and the supersymmetry down to N = 2, with the massless gravitinos transforming in a doublet of the global SU(2). The cosmological constant is zero, allowing compactification on a circle down to four dimensions. The relationship of this theory to IIB superstrings and to N = 2 Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity theories is discussed.
Trans people's experience of sexuality in the Netherlands: a pilot study.

This pilot study explores the specificity of 12 Dutch trans people’s experience of sexuality in order to provide new hypotheses and perspectives for future research. Emerging themes include the interconnection of sexual development with coming out and transition processes, the way incongruence between gender identity, gendered embodiment, and social perception of gender affected participants’ experience of sexuality, and changes in physical sexual functioning after hormone therapy and/or various types of surgery. Our research design allowed for subjective accounts of trans people’s experience of sexuality and detailed descriptions of changes in sexuality that occurred over time and throughout the coming out and transitioning processes.
An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. II. Intracellular fates of the 125I-ligands.

Electron microscope autoradiographic and biochemical methods were used to study the intracellular fates of several 125I-glycoproteins, known to be specifically bound and internalized by the different cell types in the liver. At the earliest times examined (1--2 min), 125I-glycoproteins (ASGP) were localized predominantly along the sinusoidal front of hepatocytes. Analysis of the distribution of autoradiographic grains indicated that: (a) approximately 40--60% of the 125I-ligand could be ascribed to the plasmalemma; (b) a significant fraction had already been internalized; yet (c) very little 125I-ligand was present in the lysosome-Golgi region. Between 4 and 15 min after administration of 125I-ASGPs, there was a dramatic redistribution of autoradiographic grains from regions of the plasmalemma and peripheral cytoplasm (30% decrease) to the lysosome-Golgi region (30% increase). At longer times (30 min), there was continued drainage of 125I-ASGP into this region. The grain density over secondary lysosomes was 60--90 times higher than that over recognizable Golgi elements, clearly indicating that lysosomes were the ultimate destination of the 125I-ASGP. However, no more than 60% of the total 125I-ligand could be localized to lysosome-rich regions of the hepatocyte, with the remaining 40% primarily in the intermediate cytoplasm. Biochemical evidence for proteolysis of the internalized 125I-ASGP (presumably within lysosomes) was obtained when [125I]-mono-iodotyrosine was found in the liver (i.e., hepatocytes) at times later than 15 min. The temporal redistribution observed for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins (ahexosamino-orosomucoid and agalacto-orosomucoid, respectively) in endothelial cells indicated that the 125I-ligands resided in macropinocytic vesicles (1--15 min) before their ultimate residence in dense bodies (15 min). The same 125I-ligands were also localized to structures resembling secondary lysosomes in Kupffer cells. The lysosomal nature of "these organelles" was implied from the appearance of [125I]mono-iodotyrosine in the liver at later times. 125I-beta-glucuronidase followed the same intracellular pathway in both cell types but was not degraded.
Roles of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 in the inductive phase of oral tolerance.

To elucidate the roles of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in oral tolerance, we studied the consequences of CTLA-4 blockade during the inductive phase of oral tolerance using a transgenic T-cell transfer model. We found that CTLA-4 blockade significantly accelerated cell cycle progression of antigen-specific T cells and dramatically increased their numbers in lymphoid organs following oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA). In mice fed with OVA, only ≈35% of specific T cells underwent more than four cycles of cell division. This was increased to 65% in mice fed with OVA and treated with a blocking anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The OVA-specific T cells in the latter group were localized primarily in the T-cell zones of the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches with a few penetrated into B-cell follicles. Nevertheless, both faecal anti-OVA immunoglobulin A (IgA) and seral anti-OVA immunoglobulin G (IgG) were produced in anti-CTLA-4 mAb-treated mice. These results suggest that CTLA-4 limits the degree of T-cell activation by blocking cell cycle progression during the inductive phase of oral tolerance. In the absence of the CTLA-4 signal, mucosal exposure of antigen induces heightened T-cell activation and expansion, which in turn promotes the production of antigen-specific antibodies.
Protein C inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-3) expression in the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft

The serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein C inhibitor (PCI) has been found in the prostate and possibly is a marker to distinguish normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. In this study, we assessed PCI expression in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant prostatic tissues, prostate cancer cell lines, and the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft model that allowed us to study PCI expression and its regulation in response to androgens. By Northern blot, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization, we found that PCI was expressed in both benign and malignant prostate tissues. Protein C inhibitor was expressed in both androgen-independent (PC-3) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, PCI was detected in all CWR22 tumor samples (androgen dependent, 6 days post-castration, 12 days post-castration followed by 72 h of testosterone treatment, and recurrent CWR22 tumor), although expression of the mature forms of both prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and its homolog, kallikrein 2 (hK2), was clearly androgen-dependent. These results suggest that PCI expression is not regulated by androgens and that PCI is unlikely to be a tumor suppressor gene, but also that PCI may be involved in regulating key serine proteases involved in metastatic prostate disease.
CapMan: independent investigation of capacity and manipulation with a new working memory paradigm

In a new working memory paradigm, CapMan, we independently investigated brain activity associated with capacity and manipulation of information. The investigation of Capacity, resulted in activation of the fronto-parietal network of regions that overlapped with areas usually found to be active in working memory tasks. The investigation of Manipulation revealed a more dorsal network of areas that also overlapped with areas usually found to be active in working memory tasks, but that did not overlap with the areas associated with Capacity. The CapMan paradigm thus appears to be able to separate the processes associated with capacity and manipulation increases and promises to be a valuable addition to the tools available for the study of working memory.
The effect of extending the duration of various light-dark ratios of intermittent pre-exposure upon dark adaptation in the human eye.

The influence of intermittent versus continuous preadaptation upon subsequent dark adaptation was investigated for two durations of the continuous: 112 and 3 minutes. The rate of intermittence for the discontinuous condition was 1 cycle/second and four light-to-dark ratios were employed. The pre-exposure intensities were 8860, 886, 88.6, and 8.86 mL. Differences were found for most of the cases in which a comparison was made between the curves of dark adaptation following the two conditions of preadaptation. For the intermittent condition at the highest pre-exposure intensity it was found that the shorter the light-time in the ratio, the lower the initial threshold tended to be and the more rapidly the final dark adapted threshold was reached. At the two lower intensities the initial thresholds for both the intermittent and continuous curves were approximately the same, but the curves for the intermittent were markedly retarded in reaching the final level of dark adaptation.
Subliminal processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder

Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) performed a computerized Stroop color-naming task involving supraliminal and subliminal (masked 57 ms presentations) of trauma words (e.g., medevac), positive words (e.g., celebrate), neutral household-item words (e.g., microwave), and color words (e.g., red in blue letters). Immediately thereafter, subjects performed a card Stroop involving similar word types. Although healthy combat veterans exhibited a standard Stroop interference effect for subliminal as well as for supraliminal color words, there was no persuasive evidence of enhanced interference for subliminal trauma words in the PTSD group. PTSD subjects exhibited enhanced interference for supraliminal trauma words early in the experiment, but this effect waned, thus suggesting habituation to the semantic content of threat cues. Interference for trauma material in the PTSD group appeared much more robust in the card version than in the single-item computerized version. Although trauma-specific interference effects in PTSD may be automatic in the sense of being involuntary, they do not appear automatic in the sense of occurring outside of awareness.
Cation-π Interactions in the Solid State: Crystal Structures of M + (benzene) 2 CB 11 Me 12 - (M = Tl, Cs, Rb, K, Na) and Li + (toluene)CB 11 Me 12 -

In these crystal structures, the relatively weak electrostatic interactions between the bulky CB 11 Me 12 - anion and the title cations permit cation-π interactions in the solid state. In all cases, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals η 6 -arene-cation interactions within 10% of the expected van der Waals distance. The Tl + , Cs + , Rb + , and K + structures are isomorphous, with the benzene molecules sandwiching the cation and four anions equatorially disposed in a nearly square arrangement. Both the cation and the near-square of closest anions are positioned to interact favorably with the local dipoles of benzene. The smaller Na + crystallizes in polymeric chains with a nearly tetrahedrally coordinated cation in van der Waals contact with two anions and two benzene molecules in a tilted-sandwich arrangement. The Li + structure possesses two motifs, a simple van der Waals sandwich of a toluene molecule and an anion, and chains of half-occupied toluene-Li complexes on inversion centers between anions. The simple van der Waals model is reasonably accurate for the cation-arene distances, only slightly underestimating the separation (2-10% deviation), with worse agreement for the smaller cations.
Simulation of the lamb wave interaction between piezoelectric wafer active sensors and host structure

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are small, inexpensive, unobtrusive devices capable of generating and detecting Lamb waves in thin-wall structures. PWAS are directly attached to the surface of a metallic structure or inserted between the layers of a composite structure. PWAS interact with the structure through surface shear stresses that couple the in-plane motion of the PWAS with the in-plane motion of the structure undergoing Lamb wave motion. The paper will present a simulation of the Lamb wave interaction between PWAS and host structure using analytical solutions in axisymmetric formulation. The Bessel function solutions are used to model the Lamb waves emanating from the PWAS. The time domain Fourier transform is used to process the excitation signal into its frequency components. The frequency domain excitation is used to modulate the Fourier transform of the Bessel function solution in the frequency domain. Inverse Fourier transform is used to return from the frequency domain in to the time domain. Simulations will be presented for symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb-wave modes at various frequencies and mode numbers. The influence of the mode number and frequencies upon the efficiency of the Lamb wave interaction between PWAS and host structure is studied and exemplified with numerical solutions and visualizations. Experiments on different kind PWAS and plate material, thickness, and dimension, will be illustrated and compared with the simulations. The aim of the paper will be then to evidence that the illustrated method is able to predict the Lamb-wave tuning with PWAS transducers in different structures.
The road to collaborative and integrated education: Success and struggle in a university classroom

Abstract Although much of the contemporary discourse on collaborative teaching is positive, there is a dearth of information about and research on the practical issues of undertaking such an endeavor at the university level. The authors of this article team taught a course that combined three educational methods classes (Instruction in Elementary Language Arts, Instruction in Elementary Reading, and Instruction in Elementary Social Studies). This undertaking evoked positive experiences for the instructors and students but also evinced areas that caused conflict and concern, including conflicts regarding student assessment, amount of time required, and lack of administrative support. As we continue to incorporate and refine collaborative teaching at the university level, economics, recognition, and status issues also need to be examined.
Rubisco is a small fraction of total protein in marine phytoplankton

Summary � Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) concentrations were quantified as a proportion of total protein in eight species of microalgae. This enzyme has been assumed to be a major fraction of total protein in phytoplankton, as has been demonstrated in plants, potentially constituting a large sink for cellular nitrogen. � Representative microalgae were grown in batch and continuous cultures under nutrient-replete, nitrogen (N)-limited, or phosphorus (P)-limited conditions with varying CO2. Quantitative Western blots were performed using commercially available global antibodies and protein standards. Field incubations with natural populations of organisms from the coast of California were conducted under both nutrient-replete and N-limited conditions with varying CO2. � In all experiments, Rubisco represented < 6% of total protein. In nutrient-replete exponentially growing batch cultures, concentrations ranged from 2% to 6%, while in nutrient-limited laboratory and field cultures, concentrations were < 2.5%. Rubisco generally decreased with increasing CO2 and with decreasing growth rates. � Based on a calculation of maximum Rubisco activity, these results suggest that phytoplankton contain the minimum concentration of enzyme necessary to support observed growth rates. Unlike in plants, Rubisco does not account for a major fraction of cellular N in phytoplankton.
Sun Compass Orientation by Juvenile Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Abstract Juvenile green turtles occupy home ranges on shallow reefs that parallel the southeastern coast of Florida. When disturbed, the turtles often flee eastward toward deeper water. We captured turtles at night and recorded their orientation during the next 2 days while they swam tethered inside a large circular outdoor pool and were exposed to the sun. The turtles from 2 reef sites were significantly oriented eastward. After 7–10 days of exposure to a laboratory photocycle advanced by 7 hours, turtles tested in the same pool were significantly oriented westward, the predicted direction if they used the sun for orientation. Westward orientation was unaffected by placing either disc magnets or brass discs of identical mass above the turtles' heads. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that orientation under clear skies is preferentially based upon solar cues. However, control turtles exposed for 7–10 days to a photocycle advanced by 1 hour were also expected to swim generally eastward, but,...
Genotype-phenotype correlations in mitochondrial optic neuropathies

Metabolic optic neuropathies present in a very similar fashion but yet show some distinct variations. Investigations have revealed that the common pathologic basis of these optic neuropathies is a dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria leading to retinal ganglion cell degeneration. This impairment can be genetic or acquired. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy are the two primary inherited optic neuropathies, whereas acquired metabolic optic neuropathies can be due to toxins or nutritional deficiencies. Mitochondria are remarkable cytoplasmic organelles carrying their own DNA and are also influenced by nuclear DNA. The genetic background is pivotal in understanding the molecular mechanisms and the wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes of these disorders. Understanding the genetic, environmental and epigenetic interplays will be important for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed to protect against retinal ganglion cell death.
When a Production Worker is Technically a Writer: Using Craft and Rhetorical Knowledge in a Manufacturing Environment

Although rhetoricians have studied the discourse practices of engineers, little is known about the production workers who must assemble engineering knowledge into functional products. This case study examines what happens when a production worker tried to improve manufacturing documentation, and how her success depended upon both her craft knowledge and the rhetorical skills she attributes to a Writing Across the Curriculum program she experienced in college.
Enhanced detection of genetic association of hypertensive heart disease by analysis of latent phenotypes.

Hypertension and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) are inter-related phenotypes frequently observed with other comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, which probably reflect the complex gene-gene and/or gene-environment interactions resulting in HHD. The complexity of HHD led us to examine intermediate phenotypes (e.g., echocardiographically-derived measures) for simpler clues to the genetic underpinnings of the disease. We applied the method of independent component analysis to a prospective study of the metabolic predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy and extracted latent traits of HHD from panels of multi-dimensional anthropomorphic, hemodynamic echocardiographic and metabolic data. Based on the latent trait values, classification of subjects into different risk groups for HHD captured meaningful subtypes of the disease as reflected in the distributions of primary clinical indicators. Furthermore, we detected genetic associations of the latent HHD traits with single nucleotide polymorphisms in three candidate genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors complex, for which no significant association was found with the original clinical indicators of HHD. Consensus analysis of the results from repeated independent component analysis runs showed satisfactory robustness and estimated about 3–4 separate unseen sources for the observed HHD-related outcomes. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiwavelength optical intrinsic signal imaging of cortical spreading depression.

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an important disease model for migraine and cerebral ischemia. In this study, we exploit the high temporal and spatial resolution of optical imaging to charac...
JAPANESE PERCEPTIONS OF MOTHERHOOD

Differences in Japanese attitudes toward motherhood were investigated using Hare-Mustin and Broderick's (1979) Motherhood Inventory (MI), administered to 157 male and 85 female university students and 72 mothers. Factor analyses revealed distinctive profiles for each group. Male students believed that motherhood was appropriate and natural for women and were content to let women operate independently within this role. Mothers emphasized that women's greatest fulfillment was associated with mothering. Female university students recognized the importance of and the hard work involved in mothering, but were less likely to perceive it as the primary source of women's fulfillment. Comparisons of group means on MI items revealed that university women held the least conventional views. Further research is needed to determine whether their attitudes about female gender roles reflect a general trend within this cohort of women or transitory responses related to stage in the life cycle.
The characterization of trace metals and organics in spent foundry sands over a one-year period

Millions of tons of spent sand, used to create metal casting molds, are generated by the foundry industry each year in the United States. Not surprisingly, spent foundry sands (SFSs) are an excellent substitute for virgin sands that are currently used in manufactured soils and geotechnical applications. The purpose of this study was to characterize trace metals and EPA-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolics in ferrous and non-ferrous SFSs over a one-year period. Overall, the total metal concentrations in the SFSs were similar to those found in native soils, while the PAHs and phenolic concentrations were relatively low. Metal leaching tests were also performed, which revealed that the SFSs have a low metal leaching potential under the specific test conditions. The data from this study suggests that the majority of SFSs are not hazardous in nature, except those that use olivine sands or are from brass foundries, due to the presence of elevated concentrations of Ni or Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. This information will be useful to environmental regulators who are considering including SFSs in their beneficial use regulations.
Yearning for Lightness Transnational Circuits in the Marketing and Consumption of Skin Lighteners

With the breakdown of traditional racial boundaries in many areas of the world, the widespread and growing consumption of skin-lightening products testifies to the increasing significance of colorism—social hierarchy based on gradations of skin tone within and between racial/ethnic groups. Light skin operates as a form of symbolic capital, one that is especially critical for women because of the connection between skin tone and attractiveness and desirability. Far from being an outmoded practice or legacy of past colonialism, the use of skin lighteners is growing fastest among young, urban, educated women in the global South. Although global in scope, the skin-lightening market is highly segmented by nation, culture, race, and class. This article examines the “yearning for lightness” and skin-lightening practices in various societies and communities and the role of transnational pharmaceutical and cosmetic corporations in fueling the desire for lighter skin through print, Internet, and television ads that...
RELATION IN CHILDREN OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND REASONING BY CLASS INCLUSION

Summary.-Third, fourth, and fifth graders were given two forms of a class inclus~on test and three tests that presumably tap psychological differentiation, the hiarching Familiar Figures Test, the Embedded Figures Test, and a leveling-sharpening test. Performance on embedded figures and levelingsharpening tests correlated with performance on traditional items of class inclusion, suggesting that psychological differentiation is linked to class inclusion. However, age changes in differentiation do not account for age changes in class inclusion. Rather, it appears that level of differentiation inhibits or facilitates the presence of class inclusion by interacting with a more basic competency which changes with age.
Psychophysiological activity and the buildup and release of proactive inhibition in short-term memory.

One interpretation of the buildup and release of proactive inhibition (PI) in short-term memory is that the repetition of similar items leads to a decrement in attention which is reinstated via the orienting response (OR) when the novel shift items are presented. In a test of this hypothesis, 72 subjects performed the PI task while skin conductance and heart rate were recorded. Half the subjects received a change in semantic category on a test trial, while the other half did not. In addition, subjects differed with respect to whether the test trial also included a single presentation of a tone to which they had previously habituated, a novel tone not previously encountered, or no tone. In general, the results provided no support for the OR interpretation of PI. While the semantic change led to improved recall, it was not associated with a differential pattern of physiological responding. Furthermore, the interpolated tones resulted in dishabituation of the SCRs for the following memory items, but had no effect on memory performance.
Gender Gaps in Achievement and Participation in Multiple Introductory Biology Classrooms

Although gender gaps have been a major concern in male-dominated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines such as physics and engineering, the numerical dominance of female students in biology has supported the assumption that gender disparities do not exist at the undergraduate level in life sciences. Using data from 23 large introductory biology classes for majors, we examine two measures of gender disparity in biology: academic achievement and participation in whole-class discussions. We found that females consistently underperform on exams compared with males with similar overall college grade point averages. In addition, although females on average represent 60% of the students in these courses, their voices make up less than 40% of those heard responding to instructor-posed questions to the class, one of the most common ways of engaging students in large lectures. Based on these data, we propose that, despite numerical dominance of females, gender disparities remain an issue in introductory biology classrooms. For student retention and achievement in biology to be truly merit based, we need to develop strategies to equalize the opportunities for students of different genders to practice the skills they need to excel.
Weed Control and Species Shift in Bromoxynil- and Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Rotation Systems'

A field study was conducted from 1999 through 2001 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the effects of bromoxynil-resistant (BR) and glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton rotation systems under ultranarrow- (25-cm spacing) and wide- (102-cm spacing) row planting on weed control, weed den- sity and shift, and cotton yield. The four rotations during 3 yr included BR-BR-BR, GR-GR-GR, BR-GR-BR, and GR-BR-GR, all with bromoxynil or glyphosate postemergence (POST) only or following fluometuron plus pendimethalin preemergence (PRE). Control of hemp sesbania, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, and hyssop spurge was $97% regardless of row width, rotation, and herbicide program. Control of common purslane, sicklepod, and smooth pigweed was higher with glyphosate POST in GR cotton than with bromoxynil POST in BR cotton. Broadleaf and yellow nutsedge weed biomass were higher with bromoxynil POST in BR cotton than with glyphosate POST in GR cotton. Continuous BR cotton system resulted in higher densities of common purslane, sick- lepod, and yellow nutsedge (15.3, 1.5, and 373 plants/m 2 , respectively) compared with continuous GR cotton (0.7, 0.1, and 1.0 plant/m 2 , respectively). Seed cotton yield was consistently higher in wide- than in ultranarrow-row cotton. Seed cotton yield was lower in continuous BR cotton than in the other three rotation systems, and yields greatly improved when BR cotton was rotated with GR cotton. During a 3-yr period, seed cotton yields with glyphosate POST only (4,000 to 4,890 kg/ha) or after PRE herbicides (4,480 to 4,860 kg/ha) were similar in GR cotton, whereas in BR cotton, bromoxynil POST only (1,390 to 4,280 kg/ha) resulted in lower yield than did bromoxynil POST after PRE herbicides (2,550 to 4,480 kg/ha). The results indicated that the shift in spectrum of weeds toward more tolerant species and yield decline in continuous BR cotton can be prevented by rotating BR with GR cotton. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; fluometuron; glyphosate; pendimethalin; common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. # 3 POROL; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill # SEBEX; hyssop spurge, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. # EPHHS; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus escu- lentus L. # CYPES; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. 'BXN 47', 'DP 436 RR'. Additional index words: Bromoxynil, fluometuron, glyphosate, pendimethalin, rotation, transgenic cotton, weed density, weed shift. Abbreviations: BR, bromoxynil resistant; GR, glyphosate resistant; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence; WAA, weeks after second POST application.
Volcanic Aerosol Radiative Properties

Large sporadic volcanic eruptions inject large amounts of sulfur bearing gases into the stratosphere which then get photochemically converted to sulfuric acid aerosol droplets that exert a radiative cooling effect on the global climate system lasting for several years.
Spatial and Temporal Extension of a Novel Hybrid Source Apportionment Model

Exposure assessment and development of control strategies are limited by the air pollutants measured and the spatial and temporal resolution of the observations. Air quality modeling can provide more comprehensive estimates of the temporal and spatial variation of pollutant concentrations, however with significant uncertainties. Source apportionment, which can be conducted as part of the air quality modeling, provides estimates of the impacts of sources on the mixtures of pollutants and contains surrogate estimates for pollutants that are not measured. This study details results using a novel spatiotemporal hybrid source apportionment method employed with interpolation techniques to quantify the impact of 33 PM2.5 source categories. The hybrid model, which aims to reduce estimating uncertainties, adjusts original source impact estimates from a chemical transport model at monitoring sites to closely reflect observed ambient concentrations of measured PM2.5 species. Daily source impacts are calculated for the contiguous U.S. Two interpolation methods are used to generate the data needed for spatiotemporal hybrid source apportionment. Hybrid adjustment factors are spatially interpolated using kriging, and daily observations are calculated by temporally interpolating available monitoring data. Methods are evaluated by comparing daily simulated concentrations—generated by reconstruction of source impact results—to observed species concentrations from monitors independent of model development. Results also elucidate U.S. regions with relatively higher impacts from specific sources. Monitoring data in this study originated from the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN), EPA-funded supersites, and the Southeastern Aerosol Research Characterization (SEARCH) Network. Results are to be used in health impact assessments.
Trends in Health Coverage for Part-Time Workers

This paper reviews recent trends in coverage for workers by part-time status and firm size. It examines data from the Census Bureau’s most recent Current Population Survey, and is designed to provide a base line for measuring future trends once the 2014 health coverage mandate in PPACA takes effect. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) enacted March 23, 2010, requires that employers with 50 or more full-time workers failing to provide health coverage to full-time workers in 2014 will be required to pay a penalty. Most of these employers already offer coverage: In 2011, 93 percent of employers with 50-199 workers offered coverage and 99 percent of employers with 200 or more workers offered it. However, not all employers offer coverage to part-time workers: In 2011, 15 percent of employers with 3-199 workers offered coverage to part-time workers, and 42 percent of employers with 200 or more workers offered it to part-time workers. Since 1999, there has been no clear trend away from offering coverage to part-time workers either among small or large employers, but between 2009 and 2011 small employers offering health coverage to part-time workers declined from 30 percent to 15 percent. While many employers already offer health coverage, there are other provisions of the PPACA that are expected to increase the cost of coverage. As a result, there is concern that employers may respond by cutting back on health coverage for part-time workers or by increasing the proportion of part-time workers employed, the latter of which has already been seen recently. The recent recession has already resulted in an increased use of part-time workers, fewer employers are offering health coverage to part-time workers, and there has been a slight drop in the percentage of part-time workers with coverage from their own employer. While employers with under 50 workers are not subject to the penalty if they do not provide health coverage, they may also drop coverage for part-time workers as a way to compensate for any cost increases.The PDF for the above title, published in the March 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another March 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Modifying the Federal Tax Treatment of 401(k) Plan Contributions: Projected Impact on Participant Account Balances.”
The Objectives, Effects and Costs of Feed Grain Storage

HE United States Government has been conducting a feed grain storage program for nearly sixteen years-ever since the Commodity Credit Corporation was organized in October, 1933. We should be able now to appraise this program, and make recommendations for the future, in the light of specific experience as well as general economics. In order to appraise the program properly, we need to know first what objectives the program was set up to attain, and whether they were appropriate objectives. Then we can match performance against objectives, and benefits against costs.
Constrained optimization of three-dimensional hypersonic vehicle configurations

A new method has been developed for preliminary design optimization of arbitrary (nonaxisymmetric) hypersonic configurations in terms of aerodynamic wave drag. This optimization was accomplished while fixing certain parts of the geometry and maintaining the initial volume and length of the vehicle. Because of the large number of flow analysis evaluations required by this optimization algorithm, a fast and accurate analysis code based on modified Newtonian flow theory was used. This shape optimization method utilized an independent point-motion algorithm for each surface point. The spatial locations of the points defining each cross section were varied and a numerical optimization algorithm based on a quasi-Newton gradient search concept was used to determine the new optimal configuration. Two different configurations were optimized: a cone and a hypersonic plane configuration. Each of these configurations had certain individual cross sections or surface points fixed during the optimization process. Numerical results indicate a significant decrease in aerodynamic wave drag for simple and complex configurations at a low computing cost. The procedure is capable of accepting more complex flow field analysis codes.
EFFICACY OF PYRETHROIDS AND NEW INSECTICIDES AGAINST BOLLWORMS ON COTTON, 2000

Cotton was planted on 4 May into a Wicham loam soil in 38-inch rows in southeastern North Carolina near Richlands. The fertility and herbicide programs followed extension recommendations for cotton in this region. Temik at 5.0 lb (AI)/acre was used at planting. Plot size was 45 ft x 4 rows with four replications arranged in an RCBD. Insecticides were applied on 18, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug with a backpack-type, CO2pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row. All treatments were evaluated for boll damage from bollworms and for live bollworms on 1 and 21 Aug. Plots were harvested from the middle two rows with a 2-row John Deere picker on 18 Oct. Seed cotton yields were converted to lint cotton/acre using 40% gin turnout. All data were entered into Gylling’s Pesticide Research Manager 5.0 software and analyzed via ANOVA and LSD (P = 0.05).
Minimally Invasive Technique Leads to Decreased Morbidity and Mortality in Small Bowel Resections Compared to an Open Technique: An ACS-NSQIP Identified Target for Improvement

Background We hypothesize that currently minimally invasive techniques are underutilized, leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to compare morbidity and mortality rates in patients receiving a minimally invasive (MIS) small bowel resection to patients receiving an open (OP) small bowel resection.
Bayesian Adaptive Sampling for Categorical Design Alternatives

Real aerospace design problems normally engage not only metric variables but also categorical ones such as materials, beam cross-sections, and airfoils among others. However, the majority of the design tools are tailored for continuous and/or integer variables. This paper develops a new Gaussian process metamodel that leverages trends in typical engineering design objectives that are similar across categories. This work also extends the use of expected improvement (ExI) searches to the previously proposed Gaussian process model to enable more efficient searches in domain spaces that include categorical variables. The proposed Gaussian process model is successfully compared with traditional independent surrogates for each category when modeling a mixed-integer-categorical canonical function with a choice of six categories. Then, the ExI search algorithm is applied to the proposed Gaussian process model to adaptively sample the mixed-integer-categorical canonical function and a rotor hover power consumption.
Use of computers by blind computer science students

The use of computers plays an important role in just about any student's education. Using screen reader software, blind students can perform most of the same operations sighted students do using computers. A screen reader analyzes the state of the computer to determine things like which window currently has focus, which item on a list is highlighted, etc. The software then presents this information using either speech or Braille output. The screen reader will typically also provide extra keyboard shortcuts to allow common operations to be easily performed, and will sometimes present alternative interfaces for certain applications. This allows blind Computer Science students to do online research, develop and test software, read textbooks, and more. This method of access does have some limitations, but the number of limitations is decreasing as time passes.