cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF A LOCALIZED HEMOLYSIN REACTION FOR SPECIFIC DETECTION OF INDIVIDUAL ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS

A technique is described which makes it possible to detect individual antibody-forming cells using a localized hemolysis reaction in a thickened culture medium containing sheep erythrocytes and guinea pig complement. This technique has the advantage over single cell isolation in that it is technically feasible to survey large populations in order to detect a very small active fraction. The cells can be observed continuously during the time of antibody release, and it appears that an estimate of the relative antibody-forming activity can be made from the size of the areas of lysis. Experiments with metabolic inhibitors indicate that active synthesis is occurring rather than release of preformed antibody. Some experiments on the detection of antibody other than anti-red cell antibodies are reported. This technique has been applied to a study of the induction period of the primary response of rabbits to sheep red blood cells. The results of this experiment are consistent with an induction period of 2 to 3 days during which there is no increase in the number of active cells in spleen and lymph node reflecting the lag in appearance of detectable serum antibody followed by an abrupt rise of 50- to 100-fold between the 3rd and 5th day. However, the present data are not sufficient to exclude various other mechanisms.
Territorial Invasion and Aggression in Young Children

Forty black first- and second-grade children were given instructions intended to induce possessiveness for both a designated toy and a play area, along with an opportunity to play with the toy in the area. Each subject then surreptitiously observed an experimental confederate dressed in a clown costume play with either the designated toy or another toy, while either within or outside the child's play area. While observing the invasion, the child had 10 opportunities (trials) to deliver shock to the confederate. Girls who observed the confederate playing with the designated toy delivered more shocks and waited fewer trials to deliver the first shock than did the other girls. Similar effects were produced by the confederate's use of the subject's play area. The manipulations produced no significant effects upon the boys' aggression.
Modular Thermal Sensors in Temperature-Gated TRP Channels

A group of ion channels in the TRP family, the so-called thermal TRP channels, exhibit unprecedentedly strong temperature dependence, some of which reach Q10 > 100 as compared to 2-3 for typical enzymatic reactions. The strong thermal sensitivity of these channels arises because their gating involves large enthalpy changes between closed and open. To quantify the energetics of gating, we applied optically generated submillisecond temperature jumps to directly measure the temperature-dependent activation kinetics. The data show that the opening of TRPV1, for example, is accompanied with an enthalpy change of ∼100 kcal/mol, five times the energetic changes in voltage- or ligand-dependent gating. To gain insights on the energetic source, we analyzed single-channel and macroscopic kinetics of temperature-dependent gating, both showing that temperature has localized effects on specific gating components. Furthermore, the perturbation of membrane compositions, which altered the physical properties of lipids such as temperature-dependent phase transitions, did not abolish temperature activation of the channel. Thus the thermal sensitivity of the channel appears to be intrinsic to the channel itself, most likely arising from a specific protein domain rather than integration of global thermal effects. Using systematic chimeric analysis, we uncovered a proximal N-terminal region to be crucial for temperature sensing in heat-activated TRPVs. Changing this region both successfully transferred thermal sensitivity to temperature-insensitive isoforms and profoundly altered thermal sensing in temperature-sensitive wild-type channels. Swapping other domains including the whole transmembrane core, the C terminus, and the rest of the N terminus had little effect on the large enthalpy of gating. These results support that thermal TRP channels contain modular thermal sensors for their activation by temperature.
Model choice for phylogeographic inference using a large set of models

Model-based analyses are common in phylogeographic inference because they parameterize processes such as population division, gene flow and expansion that are of interest to biologists. Approximate Bayesian computation is a model-based approach that can be customized to any empirical system and used to calculate the relative posterior probability of several models, provided that suitable models can be identified for comparison. The question of how to identify suitable models is explored using data from Plethodon idahoensis, a salamander that inhabits the North American inland northwest temperate rainforest. First, we conduct an ABC analysis using five models suggested by previous research, calculate the relative posterior probabilities and find that a simple model of population isolation has the best fit to the data (PP = 0.70). In contrast to this subjective choice of models to include in the analysis, we also specify models in a more objective manner by simulating prior distributions for 143 models that included panmixia, population isolation, change in effective population size, migration and range expansion. We then identify a smaller subset of models for comparison by generating an expectation of the highest posterior probability that a false model is likely to achieve due to chance and calculate the relative posterior probabilities of only those models that exceed this expected level. A model that parameterized divergence with population expansion and gene flow in one direction offered the best fit to the P. idahoensis data (in contrast to an isolation-only model from the first analysis). Our investigation demonstrates that the determination of which models to include in ABC model choice experiments is a vital component of model-based phylogeographic analysis.
The Control of Actin Nucleotide Exchange by Thymosin Beta 4 and Profilin. A Potential Regulatory Mechanism for Actin Polymerization in Cells

We present evidence for a new mechanism by which two major actin monomer binding proteins, thymosin beta 4 and profilin, may control the rate and the extent of actin polymerization in cells. Both proteins bind actin monomers transiently with a stoichiometry of 1:1. When bound to actin, thymosin beta 4 strongly inhibits the exchange of the nucleotide bound to actin by blocking its dissociation, while profilin catalytically promotes nucleotide exchange. Because both proteins exchange rapidly between actin molecules, low concentrations of profilin can overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of thymosin beta 4 on the nucleotide exchange. These reactions may allow variations in profilin concentration (which may be regulated by membrane polyphosphoinositide metabolism) to control the ratio of ATP-actin to ADP-actin. Because ATP-actin subunits polymerize more readily than ADP-actin subunits, this ratio may play a key regulatory role in the assembly of cellular actin structures, particularly under circumstances of rapid filament turnover.
Renal function following conversion from Sandimmune to Neoral in stable renal transplant recipients

Conversion of stable renal transplant patients from Sandimmune to Neoral may pose a risk of short-term nephrotoxicity. Serial serum creatinine concentrations were measured in 141 kidney and simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant recipients converted from Sandimmune to Neoral on a 1:1 dosing basis and followed for up to 11 months. Following conversion, cyclosporine dose was reduced in 74% of patients with a mean dose reduction of 22.6% for the entire cohort. Serum creatinine concentrations transiently increased to more than 30% above baseline in 48% of patients and remained more than 30% above baseline in 16% of patients. Multivariate analyses suggested that acute rejection, maintenance steroid therapy, young age, Sandimmune dose prior to conversion, and an increment in trough cyclosporine levels after conversion were positive predictors of renal insufficiency following conversion. Lower doses of Neoral should be considered at the time of conversion to minimize nephrotoxicity.
Cytosolic Pyridoxine-β-d-Glucoside Hydrolase from Porcine Jejunal Mucosa PURIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND COMPARISON WITH BROAD SPECIFICITY β-GLUCOSIDASE

Abstract During studies of the nutritional utilization of pyridoxine 5′-β-d-glucoside, a major form of vitamin B6 in plants, we detected two cytosolic β-glucosidases in jejunal mucosa. As expected, one was broad specificity β-glucosidase that hydrolyzed aryl β-d-glycosides but not pyridoxine β-d-glucoside. We also found a previously unknown enzyme, designated pyridoxine-β-d-glucoside hydrolase, that efficiently hydrolyzed pyridoxine β-d-glucoside. These were separated and purified as follows: broad specificity β-glucosidase 1460-fold and pyridoxine-β-d-glucoside hydrolase 36,500-fold. Purified pyridoxine-β-d-glucoside hydrolase did not hydrolyze any of the aryl glycosides tested but did hydrolyze cellobiose and lactose. Pyridoxine-β-d-glucoside hydrolase exhibited a pH optimum of 5.5 and apparent molecular mass of 130 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 160 kDa by nondenaturing gel filtration, in contrast to 60 kDa for native and denatured broad specificity β-glucosidase. Glucono-δ-lactone was a strong inhibitor of both enzymes. Ionic and nonionic detergents were inhibitory for each enzyme. Conduritol B epoxide, a potent inhibitor of lysosomal acid β-glucosidase, inhibited pyridoxine-β-d-glucoside hydrolase but not broad specificity β-glucosidase, but both were inhibited by the mechanism-based inhibitor 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-glucosyl fluoride. Our findings indicate major differences between these two cytosolic β-glucosidases. Studies addressing the role of vitamin B6 nutrition in regulating the activity and its consequences regarding pyridoxine glucoside bioavailability are in progress.
Separation of low-molecular-weight purine electro-oxidation products from phosphate buffers.

Abstract Two Chromatographic methods have been developed to separate quantitatively a number of organic compounds such as alloxan, urea, allantoin, parabanic acid, oxaluric acid and D-ribose from relatively large amounts of inorganic phosphate. These organic compounds are representative of typical products expected upon electrochemical oxidation of various purine derivatives which may be themselves separated from each other by liquid chromatography with phosphate buffers. The phosphate may subsequently be separated from the organic components either by use of a Sephadex G-10 gel permeation column with water or very dilute hydrochloric acid as the eluant or by use of a methanol-washed column of a strong cation-exchange resin with methanol as the eluant.
Use of MRI to Investigate Lumbar Muscle Inflammation as a Potential Cause of Low Back Pain

Understanding of how back pain manifests has been the focus of a considerable amount of research. Although there are several pathologies known to cause low back pain, a significant number of individuals still fail to receive a definitive diagnosis as to the cause of their pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the level of muscle inflammation measured using MRI and perceived pain ratings. A lifting task was performed to achieve lumbar musculature fatigue, and induce muscle pain. Prior to, immediately following, and 24-hours post lifting, pain levels were recorded and MRI scans were conducted to document inflammation levels in the lumbar muscles. All of the participants elicited significant fatigue during the lifting task that resulted in considerable pain immediately following and 24-hrs after the fatiguing exertions. Inflammation levels varied by time-period, decreasing unexpectedly immediately following the lifting task, but increasing 24-hrs fo...
A broadband folded‐slot antenna with a semi‐circular extension

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed broadband folded-slot antenna is proposed. Broadband operation is achieved by designing an adjacent semicircular slot to a folded-slot antenna. A prototype antenna was fabricated on RO4003 (er = 3.38, substrate thickness = 1.5 mm) and measured for VSWR characteristics. The antenna can operate in the 4–6-GHz frequency range and has a bandwidth of 42.8% within 2:1 VSWR. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 32–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20037
Non‐templated addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of nascent RNA during RNA editing in Physarum

RNAs in Physarum mitochondria contain extra nucleotides that are not encoded by the mitochondrial genome, at least in the traditional sense. While it is known that insertion of non-encoded nucleotides is linked to RNA synthesis, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that the efficiency of editing is sensitive not only to the concentration of the nucleotide that is inserted, but also to the concentration of the nucleotide templated just downstream of an editing site. These data strongly support a co-transcriptional mechanism of Physarum RNA editing in which non-encoded nucleotides are added to the 3′ end of nascent RNAs. These results also suggest that transcription elongation and nucleotide insertion are competing processes and that recognition of editing sites most likely involves transient pausing by the Physarum mitochondrial RNA polymerase. In addition, the pattern of nucleotide concentration effects, the context of editing sites and the accuracy of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase argue that the mechanism of Physarum editing is distinct from that of other co-transcriptional editing systems.
Clinical and Community-Service Activities of Psychiatric Teaching Hospitals

Because funding for teaching hospitals is threatened in the cost-conscious era of managed care, teaching hospitals must demonstrate their value. To examine the clinical and community-service activities of teaching hospitals, this study compared academic medical centers (AMCs) and other hospitals operating psychiatric residency programs with nonteaching hospitals. Data for the study are from the National Mental Health Facilities Survey, a national survey of providers of inpatient psychiatric care in the United States conducted at the beginning of the current managed care era. When compared with nonteaching hospitals, both types of teaching hospitals offered a larger number of specialized services and had a higher psychiatrist-to-patient ratio. The AMCs received a higher proportion of their revenues from Medicaid than did the nonteaching hospitals. Other teaching hospitals collected a lower percentage of their inpatient charges than the nonteaching hospitals. This study supports the notion that psychiatric teaching hospitals provided more care to low-income and underinsured persons than the nonteaching hospitals and that they offer more services and more psychiatric oversight. The authors find justification for supporting psychiatric teaching hospitals for their clinical and community-service activities.
Comparison of Perfusion Quality in Hollow‐Fiber Membrane Oxygenators for Neonatal Extracorporeal Life Support

Perfusion quality is an important issue in extracorporeal life support (ECLS); without adequate perfusion of the brain and other vital organs, multiorgan dysfunction and other deficits can result. The authors tested three different pediatric oxygenators (Medos Hilite 800 LT, Medtronic Minimax Plus, and Capiox Baby RX) to determine which gives the highest quality of perfusion at flow rates of 400, 600, and 800 mL/min using human blood (36 degrees C, 40% hematocrit) under both nonpulsatile and pulsatile flow conditions. Clinically identical equipment and a pseudo-patient were used to mimic operating conditions during neonatal ECLS. Traditionally, the postoxygenator surplus hemodynamic energy value (SHE(post), extra energy obtained through pulsatile flow) is the one relied upon to give a qualitative determination of the amount of perfusion in the patient; the authors also examined SHE retention through the membrane, as well as the contribution of SHE(post) to the postoxygenator total hemodynamic energy (THE(post)). At each experimental condition, pulsatile flow outperformed nonpulsatile flow for all factors contributing to perfusion quality: the SHE(post) values for pulsatile flow were 4.6-7.6 times greater than for nonpulsatile flow, while the THE(post) remained nearly constant for pulsatile versus nonpulsatile flow. For both pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow, the Capiox Baby RX oxygenator was found to deliver the highest quality of perfusion, while the Minimax Plus oxygenator delivered the least perfusion. It is the authors' recommendation that the Baby RX oxygenator running under pulsatile flow conditions be used for pediatric ECLS, but further studies need to be done in order to establish its effectiveness beyond the FDA-approved time span.
Leeuwenhoek and the campaign against spontaneous generation.

The conception of the generation of living things as a natural process became acutely problematic for the pious mechanists of the late seventeenth century. Accentuating the complexity of even the smallest living things as intricate machines, a rigid mechanism ultimately stripped nature of the capacity to produce them.' An inert matter and a motion guided only by laws of persistence became the principal assumptions of a philosophical outlook for which the dynamic, emerging forms of the traditional philosophy were incomprehensible.2 In time even those naturalists and philosophers deeply influenced by the new, mechanical perception of nature stressed its inability to deal with organic generation. By the end of the century the virtuosi looked back on Descartes's tortured effort to derive the generation of animals from a mechanized nature as a wretched and ridiculous failure.3 "Blind, brute matter" or mechanical laws alone, they insisted, could not engender those "excellent Contrivances" found in the structure of living things.4
Tissue-mimicking gelatin-agar gels for use in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms

A new variety of tissue-mimicking materials for use in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phantoms has been developed and extensively tested, principally at 10 MHz and at room temperature. The materials can be formed with a broad range of T1's and T2's representative of soft tissues. They are mixtures of various percentages of agar, animal hide gelatin, water, and glycerol. Small concentrations of formaldehyde and n-propanol prevent melting through 100 degrees C and prevent bacterial invasion. The materials are easily produced. A thorough description of compositions and production procedures is given. T1's exhibit about a 5%/degrees C rise in temperature. T2's exhibit less than a 1% rise/degrees C. Long-term (12 months) stability is exhibited both for NMR properties and for absence of fluid extrusion. Preliminary results indicate that T1's depend on the Larmor frequency in a similar way to that observed in soft tissues.
Universal pleiotropy is not a valid null hypothesis: reply to Hill and Zhang

Relating to our recent Review (The pleiotropic structure of the genotype–phenotype map: the evolvability of complex organisms. Nature Reviews Genetics 12, 204–213 (2011))1, Hill and Zhang argue in their Correspondence (Assessing pleiotropy and its evolutionary consequences: pleiotropy is not necessarily limited, nor need it hinder the evolution of complexity. Nature Reviews Genetics 21 Feb 2012 (doi:10.1038/nrg2949-c1))2 that the experimental data summarized and discussed in our article are unable to reject the hypothesis of universal pleiotropy (HUP), which asserts that every mutation (or gene) affects every trait. This influential idea originated from Fisher's geometric model of evolution3. Hill and Zhang2 argue that any empirical detection of a gene effect relies on some statistical significance threshold and is thus likely to underestimate the true degree of pleiotropy. We agree with the substance of this argument and have discussed its implications in our paper1. However, we disagree with the conclusion that the HUP is a viable model of genetic architecture. We think this disagreement has deeper methodological roots, which we discuss below.
Triple points as pernts

Abstract The concept of a triple point in phase theory is elucidated, and it is revealed that the temperature and pressure are not fixed by the presence of three phases at equilibrium for any real substance. The multidimensional range of temperatures, pressures, and compositions over which three phases are at equilibrium is likened to a pernt, the latter a concept previously denned to describe indistinct, usually high-order, phase transitions. Phase diagrams are presented to demonstrate that no system can be one-component within the triple pernt. Some chemical systems with demonstrably large triple pernts are discussed.
Carbenic philicity and the ‘intrinsic reactivity index’

Abstract The reactivity of electrophilic, ambiphilic, and nucleophilic singlet carbenes is considered in terms of a recently proposed ‘intrinsic reactivity index’ (IRI). Comparisons of IRI are made with previously described analyses, and it is concluded that IRI is not as useful for the determination or analysis of carbene philicity as FMO-based or empirical treatments.
Interplay between gas adsorption and dislocation structure on a metal surface

The influence of oxygen and sulfur on the dislocation patterns of the strained two monolayer Cu film on Ru was observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Both oxygen and sulfur adsorption lead to the formation of vacancies that aggregate over existing dislocations in the film, thereby modifying the dislocation structure. With increasing adsorbate coverage the overall dislocation structure and pattern are transformed. The atomic mechanisms and general nature of this transformation can be explained in terms of generic dislocation reactions. This interpretation is also supported by atomistic simulations.
A continuum mathematical model of endothelial layer maintenance and senescence.

The monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inner wall of blood vessels deteriorates as a person ages due to a complex interplay of a variety of causes including cell death arising from shear stress of blood flow and cellular oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and decreased rate of replacement of dead ECs by progenitor stem cells. A continuum mathematical model is developed to describe the dynamics of large EC populations of the endothelium using a system of differential equations for the number densities of cells of different generations starting from endothelial progenitors to senescent cells, as well as the densities of dead cells and the holes created upon clearing dead cells. Aging of cells is manifested in three ways, namely, losing the ability to divide when the Hayflick limit of 50 generations is reached, decreasing replication rate parameters and increasing death rate parameters as cells divide; due to the dependence of these rate parameters on cell generation, the model predicts a narrow distribution of cell densities peaking at a particular cell generation. As the chronological age of a person advances, the peak of the distribution – corresponding to the age of the endothelium – moves towards senescence correspondingly. However, computer simulations also demonstrate that sustained and enhanced stem cell homing can halt the aging process of the endothelium by maintaining a stationary cell density distribution that peaks well before the Hayflick limit. The healing rates of damaged endothelia for young, middle-aged, and old persons are compared and are found to be particularly sensitive to the stem cell homing parameter. The proposed model describes the aging of the endothelium as being driven by cellular senescence, with a rate that does not necessarily correspond to the chronological aging of a person. It is shown that the age of the endothelium depends sensitively on the homing rates of EC progenitor cells.
Corporate responses to segment disclosure requirements

Abstract This paper shows through increasing disclosure requirements may induce firms to reduce their value-relevant disclosures. In the absence of segment reporting requirements, an incumbent firm may voluntarily disclose value-relevant information because it can use other, value-irrelevant, information to jam proprietary disclosures. However, when required to disclose segment data, the incumbent may aggregate proprietary information with other value-relevant information to deter entry by a rival. Hence, the firm does not disclose value-relevant information it would have revealed voluntarily in the absence of segment disclosure requirements. In such situations, requiring more disaggregate disclosures can actually decrease price efficiency.
Structure and radiation damage behavior of epitaxial CrxMo1−x alloy thin films on MgO

Abstract Phenomena related to the interaction of point defects and dopants with grain boundaries and interfaces have been very well documented. However, a quantitative understanding of such an interaction is still missing. In this paper we explore the correlation between radiation damage and interface structure. In doing so, Cr x Mo 1− x (0 0 1) films of thickness ∼100 nm were epitaxially grown on MgO (0 0 1) using molecular beam epitaxy. The interface dislocation density can be systematically varied by controlling the composition of the film. This system allows us to probe the response of the defects generated during the irradiation to the interface dislocation density. The microstructural features of these films before and after irradiation are carefully studied using high resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. It has been found that the film/substrate system is very resistant to ion-induced irradiation damage. No visible point defect clusters, dislocation network or amorphization has been identified, which is contrasted with other materials of either metallic or ionic bonding. In combination with RBS analysis, we conclude that the defects in the present system appear to be very mobile and were annihilated during the irradiation process.
Lipid fluidity-dependent biosynthesis and assembly of the outer membrane proteins of E. coli

Abstract The reduction of the membrane lipids of E. coli to a nonfluid state resulted in the accumulation in the cell envelope of a high molecular weight precursor of the protoIG protein, a major outer membrane protein. The protoIG protein was as sensitive to trypsin as the mature toIG protein assembled in the outer membrane. In contrast to the toIG protein, however, the accumulated protoIG protein was easily released from the envelope fraction by both sodium lauryl sarcosinate extraction and sonication. This indicated that the precursor protein was loosely associated with the cell membrane. When a fluid lipid state was restored, the protoIG protein was processed to the mature form which was then correctly assembled in the outer membrane. These results suggest that the protoIG protein produced under nonfluid lipid conditions was properly translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane, but could not be assembled in the outer membrane due either to the reversible inhibition of the processing of the ProtoIG to the toIG protein or to the lack of interaction with a specific outer membrane component(s). Reduced lipid fluidity also caused various alterations in the biosynthesis and assembly of other membrane proteins. In addition to the toIG protein, a large number of new proteins were accumulated in the membrane. Alternatively, the matrix protein as well as the promatrix protein were not detected in the cell envelope. On the other hand, the lipoprotein was normally produced, processed, modified and assembled in the outer membrane. These results indicate that the outer membrane proteins are synthesized and assembled according to several different mechanisms, on which the physical state of the membrane has various effects.
Twenty-year analysis of surgical resident operative trauma experiences

Abstract Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) implemented new work-hour rules for all U.S. residency programs beginning on July 1, 2003. The ACGME-mandated work-hour reform may have affected operative trauma case volumes of general surgery residents. Methods Using ACGME aggregate data collected from general surgery residency programs from 1990 to 2010, we examined the effect of the 2003 work-hour reform on resident operative trauma case volumes. Results Overall trauma cases per year declined from 78.28 in 1990 to 38.73 in 2010. From 1990 to 2003, laparotomy, burn, and upper-gastrointestinal trauma cases fell at least 50%, from 9.97 to 4.85 cases/resident by 0.46 cases/y (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.456–0.459), 10.05 to 3.30 cases/resident by 0.61 cases/y (95% CI, 0.609–0.617), and 3.34 to 1.01 cases/resident by 0.189 cases/y (95% CI, 0.188–0.189), respectively. After 2003, laparotomy and burn cases began to rise by 0.23 cases/y (95% CI, 0.228–0.231) and 0.36 cases/y (95% CI, 0.358–0.368). Vascular trauma cases continued to decline from 8.63 cases/resident by 0.197 (95% CI, 0.196–0.198) pre-reform, but by 0.102 (95% CI, 0.099–0.105) post-reform. Junior surgical residents were increasingly involved in trauma operative cases from 67% in 1990 to 79% in 2010. Cardiac, pancreatic, genitourinary, and neurosurgical cases did not peak more than 1.95 cases/resident pre-reform. Conclusions Secular trends before the 2003 work-hour reform caused a 50% decrease in operative trauma experience among general surgery residents. Since 1990, junior residents have increasingly performed operative trauma. Rare trauma subspecialty cases remain rare. Post work-hour reform, operative trauma volumes have stabilized.
Measurement of anionic sites on the surfaces of baby hamster kidney cells using radiolabeled polycationic ferritin.

Abstract A method is described to determine relative numbers of anionic sites on the surfaces of cells under physiological conditions by binding studies with radiolabeled polycationic ferritin. Labeling of cells by polycationic ferritin occurred very rapidly even at 2°C and was essentially complete within 1 min. At 22°C, a rapid initial phase of labeling was followed by a second, slower binding phase. The interaction of rapidly labeled cell surface anionic sites with polycationic ferritin had a binding constant of 3.6 × 10 6 m −1 (measured at 2°C) and there were about 4 × 10 6 of these sites per cell.
Towards Automated Exploration and Assembly of Vehicle Design Models

We describe the use of the Cyber-Physical Modeling Language (CyPhyML) to support trade studies and integration activities in system-level vehicle designs. CyPhyML captures integration interfaces across multiple design domains for system components, and generic design assembly rules given in terms of architecture alternatives. The CyPhyML tools support automated exploration of system-level architectural and parametric tradeoffs using a suite of design exploration tools that can be applied to models at different levels of fidelity and scale. Our overall approach includes exploration over the space of potential designs by evaluating structural combinations and then comparison of designs by simulating the dynamics of systems and subsystems with varying degrees of detail. In that flow, we use the DESERT toolkit for design tradeoffs that can be evaluated from the structure of the design model (i.e. interconnections of components and their parameters). DESERT extends a graphical modeling language with concepts and relations to define structural alternatives and constraints on system properties. Alternatives are given in an abstract way, decoupled from the details of the encoding of the combinatorial design space problem for the underlying binary decision diagram (BDD) solver. For desirable design instance models, the tools automatically assemble complete vehicle or subsystem computer-aided design (CAD) models from the associated component CAD models, and likewise create detailed finite-element structural analysis (FEA) models for selected component assemblies. Evaluation results are presented in a dashboard display which provides comparisons between different valid designs over all specified design metrics.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic chemical cues in the behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) in relation to its beetle vectors

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its host trees and beetle vectors represent an unusual ecological system. The fourth stage, dispersal juvenile (JIV) of B. xylophilus is a specialised life stage that must alter its response to a variety of chemical cues over time to properly enter and exit its beetle vector. Neutral storage (NS) lipid content is proposed as a modifier of nematode response to beetleand tree-produced volatiles. The chemotactic response of JIV to a variety of chemicals was tested and the lipid contents of JIV attracted to particular chemicals were quantified. Nematodes with the lowest NS lipid content were attracted to β-myrcene, a pine volatile, while nematodes with the highest NS lipid content were attracted to toluene, a beetle cuticular hydrocarbon. A rolling fulcrum model of the integration of intrinsic (NS lipid) and extrinsic (volatiles) cues is proposed to explain the behavioural ontogeny of JIV in relation to the beetle vector.
Dynamic Properties of an Extended Polymer in Solution

Extended polymers are relevant in a variety of situations ranging from the classic coil-stretch problem to recent single molecule polymer experiments with DNA. We present theoretical calculations and computer simulations of the dynamic properties of extended single polymers. We discuss the effects of tension and hydrodynamics on τ, the fundamental relaxation time of the polymer, and find that tension dominates the behavior of τ. Furthermore, the symmetry breaking caused by extending the polymer “splits” τ, leading to distinct longitudinal and transverse relaxation times. Our results are in agreement with recent experiments, and we discuss implications for the coil-stretch transition.
The effect of the trifluoromethyl group on the methylenecyclopropane rearrangement

Abstract The CF3 group, in conjunction with an electron donor group, can enhance the rate of the methylenecyclopropane rearrangement. This is attributed to captodative radical stabilization of the intermediate biradical.
The child who was left behind: ‘Dynamic temporality’ and interpretations of history in transnational adoption:

This article draws on psychological theory relating to the emergence of self and subjectivity to examine transnational adoptee experiences of their own circulation as children. The article juxtapos...
Bleeding in a patient with lupus anticoagulant without associated hemostatic abnormalities

Bleeding is very rare in patients with lupus anticoagulants in the absence of associated hemostatic abnormalities. Few cases have been reported with attention given to work-up for other coagulation defects. We report a case of spontaneous hematoma in a patient with lupus anticoagulant, immunoglobulin (Ig)M anticardiolipin antibodies, and no other associated abnormalities.
Alternative biased choice models

Abstract Luce's Biased Choice Model has never had a serious competitor as a model of identification data. Even when it has provided a poor model of such data, other models have done even less well. Two alternative models are presented and the three are fit to a published data set. One alternative model is very much like the Biased Choice Model, differing only in the way it treats response bias. It uses an ordinal assumption about the biases and might be called the Triangular Bias (TB) model. The Guessing Mixture Model (GMM) is quite different, although it too uses the concepts of bias and similarity. It posits that the observed confusion matrix is a probability mixture of two latent matrices, the one involving only similarity, not bias, while the other involves bias, not similarity. Illustrative data, a confusion matrix based on four stimuli constructed by crossing two binary features, can be naturally described in three hierarchical ways. The most general description ignores the feature structure of the stimuli. The next description, the feature pattern model, assumes that similarity depends only on the pattern of feature differences, and the simplest special case assumes that similarity depends only on the product of similarities from each of the features. For the general description the three models are not strikingly different, with the Biased Choice Model fitting least well, followed by GMM , with TB the winner. For the independent feature form, however, the GMM model fits much better than either of the others. Indeed, the independent feature model cannot be rejected at the 10% level using GMM , even though the sample of data is large.
Relative equilibria of vortex sheets

Numerical evidence is presented for the existence of relative equilibrium configurations of vortex sheets (one-dimensional singular distributions of vorticity) in a two-dimensional ideal fluid. Point vortices are used to approximate the vortex sheets.
Ferroelectric liquid crystals as flow-field sensors in boundary layer investigation

Abstract Utilization of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals in a simple new configuration, one rigid surface and the other exposed directly to the flow field, for non-intrusive global as well as local 2D surface stress field determination is reported. Shear flow-field induced optical switching on the boundary layer has been used both in the transmission as well as in the reflection mode operation of the sensor. Characteristics of domain formation in an A - C* and a N* - C* material and the optical response of domains to an applied shear stress in the plane of the C* layers are described. Optical polarization microscopy has been used to measure the transmitted and the reflected light intensities as function of flow parameters. Using micro wind tunnel in conjunction with polarizing microscopy, change in director orientation as a function of the shear stress field has been determined. Director dynamics has been discussed from free energy considerations in the present context.
Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy

An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.
A New Individualist Basis for the Free Market

In [ancient moral] philosophy the duties of human life were treated of as subservient to the happiness and perfection of human life. … In the ancient philosophy the perfection of virtue was represented as necessarily productive to the person who possessed it, of the most perfect happiness in this life. In the modern philosophy it was frequently represented as almost always inconsistent with any degree of happiness in this life, and heaven was to be earned by penance and mortification…not by the liberal, generous, and spirited conduct of a man. …By far the most important of all the different branches of philosophy became in this manner by far the most corrupted. (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations)
A Stable Urban Ecosystem

The stable human habitat of the future will be urban in the sense of the maintenance of a dense viable association of plants animals humans machines and vehicles and not necessarily in the current Western concept mainly because no alternative means of supporting large numbers of people has been produced. However if cities especially those in the 3rd world are to successfully accommodate greater numbers vital resources must be conserved and overall population growth reduced. Technologies for needed conservation already exist and though all necessary innovations are not at hand have achieved enough sophistication to point the way. The significance of 3rd world innovations is demonstrated by a case study on Java chosen because it is tropical typical of the largest class of urbanizing regions open to investigation and has data of a reasonable quality. Javanese contributions include: 1) vigorous fertility control programs including family planning and socioeconomic measures e.g. raising age at marriage and encouraging females to enter the work force; 2) resource-conserving settlements that restrict automobile imports and rely on low horsepower vehicles model dwellings on traditional space conscious designs instead of oversized expensive Western types (a fully integrated water center which Java lacks would be especially beneficial in that context) and make round-the-clock use of services; 3) techniques for intensive food production in towns combined with waste recycling including traditional gardening use of the urban periphery to increase the efficiency of the recycling process and the making of raw foodstuffs into nutritious snacks and specialty dishes readily available thanks to use of plastic bags in food processing thereby saving as much as 20% of the caloric intake in a culture where rice is the staple. In initiating new growth in urban settlements distribution of and access to services creation of water economy and progressive self-organization of the social function of urbanization are of paramount importance. In the latter context intermediate level organizations are seriously lacking in Indonesia and provision of a broad range of services is thus inhibited. To arrive at a stable urban ecosystem in any country critical deficiencies must be identified and acceptable relevant steps must be taken to meet them.
Relation between BK-α/β4-mediated potassium secretion and ENaC-mediated sodium reabsorption

The large-conductance, calcium-activated BK-α/β4 potassium channel, localized to the intercalated cells of the distal nephron, mediates potassium secretion during high-potassium, alkaline diets. Here we determine whether BK-α/β4-mediated potassium transport is dependent on epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-mediated sodium reabsorption. We maximized sodium–potassium exchange in the distal nephron by feeding mice a low-sodium, high-potassium diet. Wild-type and BK-β4 knockout mice were maintained on a low-sodium, high-potassium, alkaline diet or a low-sodium, high-potassium, acidic diet for 7–10 days. Wild-type mice maintained potassium homeostasis on the alkaline, but not acid, diet. BK-β4 knockout mice could not maintain potassium homeostasis on either diet. During the last 12h of diet, wild-type mice on either a regular, alkaline, or an acid diet, or knockout mice on an alkaline diet, were administered amiloride (an ENaC inhibitor). Amiloride enhanced sodium excretion in all wild-type and knockout groups to similar values; however, amiloride diminished potassium excretion by 59% in wild-type but only by 33% in knockout mice on an alkaline diet. Similarly, amiloride decreased the trans-tubular potassium gradient by 68% in wild-type but only by 42% in knockout mice on an alkaline diet. Amiloride treatment equally enhanced sodium excretion and diminished potassium secretion in knockout mice on an alkaline diet and wild-type mice on an acid diet. Thus, the enhanced effect of amiloride on potassium secretion in wild-type compared to knockout mice on the alkaline diet clarify a BK- α/β4-mediated potassium secretory pathway in intercalated cells driven by ENaC-mediated sodium reabsorption linked to bicarbonate secretion.
The positional and fatty acid selectivity of oat seed lipase in aqueous emulsions

The positional and fatty acid selectivities of oat (Avena sativa L.) seed lipase (triacylglycerol hydrolase EC 3.1.1.3) were examined. Pure triacylglycerols were used as substrates. The products of lipolysis were examined by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Only symmetrical triacylglycerols were used as substrates; thus potential complications arising from stereobias were avoided. Controls were carried out with a lipase specific for primary positions. The lipase from oat seeds catalyzed the hydrolysis of both primary and secondary esters. When the lipase was tested upon mixtures of homoacid triacylglycerols (triacylglycerols composed of the same three fatty acids), the lipase acted most rapidly upon those containing oleate, elaidate, linoleate and linolenate. Strong intermolecular selectivity against homoacid triacylglycerols containing palmitate, petroselinate and stearate was observed. Comparison of assays performed at 26°C with those performed at 45°C showed that selectivity was temperature-independent. When mixed-acid triacylglycerols containing both oleate and stearate were treated with lipase, intramolecular selectivity was observed, with oleate hydrolysis predominating. From this work and earlier work, it can be concluded that the selectivity exhibited by the oat seed lipase is similar to that of the lipase fromGeotrichum candidum, except that the oat seed lipase attacks elaidate, a fatty acyl group with atrans double bond, whereas theG. candidum lipase strongly discriminates against elaidate.
The abundance of antimony in meteorites, tektites and rocks by neutron activation analysis

Abstract Antimony has been determined by neutron activation in twenty-four chondrites, eight achondrites, three siderites, five separated meteoritic phases, twelve tektites, six natural glasses, eleven standard rocks fifteen selected terrestrial rocks and eight deep-sea sediments. The data confirm the expectation that antimony has appreciable siderophilic and chalcophilic properties in the meteorites. A cosmic atomic abundance for antimony of 0.40 (Si = 106) was obtained based on two Type I carbonaceous chondrites analyzed. This value is considerably higher than is predicted by current theories of nucleosynthesis. The ordinary chondrites are relatively uniform with respect to their antimony abundances and average 0.11 (Si = 106). The relatively few analyses of terrestrial rocks and sediments reported here suggest a rather complex geochemistry for antimony. Using the available data a crustal antimony abundance of approximately 0.2 ppm is indicated.
Calcium Intakes in Children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and Risk Factors for Poor Bone Health

Abstract In cystic fibrosis (CF), increased requirements and malabsorption may lead to malnutrition, in particular during rapid growth and/or with deteriorating lung function. Nutritional intervention includes increased caloric intake and lipid soluble vitamins, however calcium is rarely addressed. Since CF patients, particularly females, are at increased risk for osteoporosis, assessment of risk factors for poor bone health was studied in 31 CF patients (18 male; mean age 13.5 years; range:8-22 years). All patients completed a validated calcium food frequency questionnaire, weight, height, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), age-puberty stage, and spirometry. Risk factors included low calcium intake ( 2 risk factors had lower calcium intakes (902.5 + 614.8mg/day) than those with