cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time- and strain-dependent nanoscale structural degradation in phase change epitaxial strontium ferrite films

Topotactic phase transition between metallic, perovskite SrFeO3 and insulating, Brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 has been extensively studied due to the potential applications in resistive switching devices for neuromorphic computing. However, its practical utilization as memristors has been hindered by the structural instability of SrFeO3, which is often ascribed to the generation of oxygen vacancies to form SrFeO3-δ. Here we reveal that the dominating defects generated in SrFeO3 epitaxial thin films are atomic scale gaps generated as a result of interfacial strain. Our correlated time- and strain-dependent measurements show that tensile strained SrFeO3 films form vertical, nanoscale gaps that are SrO-rich, which are accountable for the observed metal-to-insulator transition over time. On the other hand, compressively strained or small lattice mismatched SrFeO3 films mainly yield horizontal gaps with a smaller impact on the in-plane transport. The atomic scale origin of such defects and their impact on device performance need to be further understood in order to integrate phase change materials in oxide electronics.
Demonstration of a High-Throughput Tensile Testing Technique Using Femtosecond Laser-Fabricated Tensile Bars in AISI 316 and Additively Manufactured Grade 91 Steel

Femtosecond laser machining offers a fast, low damage route to fabricating features on the order of a few micrometers to millimeters. Within this broad application space, mechanical testing samples on this scale provides a combination of region selectivity and a bulk-like response. Use of such mechanical test specimens, however, is relatively unexplored compared to microscale and macroscale testing. The present study showcases the benefit of combining efficient specimen fabrication and testing on the mesoscale for extracting a more comprehensive picture of material mechanical properties. Moreover, a material with a complex and heterogeneous microstructure, additively manufactured grade 91, has also been studied to highlight the considerations needed and limitations of testing on this scale.
Predictors of Medicare costs in elderly beneficiaries with breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer.

Background: Determining the apportionment of costs of cancer care and identifying factors that predict costs are important for planning ethical resource allocation for cancer care, especially in markets where managed care has grown. Design: This study linked tumor registry data with Medicare administrative claims to determine the costs of care for breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancers during the initial year subsequent to diagnosis, and to develop models to identify factors predicting costs. Subjects: Patients with a diagnosis of breast (n=1,952), colorectal (n=2,563), lung (n=3,331) or prostate cancer (n=3,179) diagnosed from 1985 through 1988. Results: The average costs during the initial treatment period were $12,141 (s.d.=$10,434) for breast cancer, $24,910 (s.d.=$14,870) for colorectal cancer, $21,351 (s.d.=$14,813) for lung cancer, and $14,361 (s.d.=$11,216) for prostate cancer. Using least squares regression analysis, factors significantly associated with cost included comorbidity, hospital length of stay, type of therapy, and ZIP level income for all four cancer sites. Access to health care resources was variably associated with costs of care. Total R 2 ranged from 38% (prostate) to 49% (breast). The prediction error for the regression models ranged from <1% to 4%, by cancer site. Conclusions: Linking administrative claims with state tumor registry data can accurately predict costs of cancer care during the first year subsequent to diagnosis for cancer patients. Regression models using both data sources may be useful to health plans and providers and in determining appropriate prospective reimbursement for cancer, particularly with increasing HMO penetration and decreased ability to capture complete and accurate utilization and cost data on this population.
Cost of Capital for Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and Medical Device Firms

This study provides new estimates of systematic risk and the cost of equity capital for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device sectors using data for firms with publicly-traded stock on U.S. exchanges during 2001-2005 and 2006-2008. Two frameworks are employed for estimating firms’ risk and the cost of equity capital: (1) the capital asset pricing model, and (2) the Fama-French three-factor model. Evidence is provided of the relationship between risk, cost of equity, and the intensity of firms’ R&D expenditures. Controlling for firms’ principal sector (pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or device), R&D intensity, as measured by the ratio of R&D expense to total revenues, is positively related to market betas and thus the estimated cost of equity capital. Estimates of the Fama-French model imply a size-related risk premium in the cost of equity for small firms in each sector. Controlling for R&D intensity, average market betas differ significantly across sectors during the periods analyzed. Large bio-tech firms on average had large, negative, and significant book-to-market betas during 2001-2005, significantly lowering their estimated cost of equity capital, but the negative book-to-market betas and lower estimated cost of equity for large bio-techs disappeared during 2006-2008.
Weathering the storm: best practices for nonprofits in crisis

Nonprofit organizations are as susceptible to crisis as any organization as exemplified by Livestrong's attempts to outlive Lance Armstrong's downfall and Planned Parenthood (PP) overcoming Susan G. Komen for the Cure's (SGK) policy to defund organizations under investigation. The public battles held on social media during crises such as these have forced organizations onto new battlegrounds. Supporters for each of these nonprofits proudly shared their thoughts via tweets (e.g. #IstandwithPP) and status updates, as the organizations raced to control the situation. PP had tweeted SGK's policy change creating a bevy of support while sending SGK into a reversal that is still costing racers. Surveys were distributed following Armstrong's performance-enhancing drug use confession and SGK's funding policy announcement to determine attitudes toward giving after organizational crisis. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to assess the strength of attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intent to donate to these organizations. The use of TPB expands nonprofit marketing horizons by helping better understand stakeholder intentions and their causes. On the basis of the findings, best practices for nonprofits handling crisis were identified. In particular, organizations need to know their target audiences, know what will make supporters remain, look at crises as opportunities for renewal, be honest, and apologize when appropriate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Geological Evidence for Recurrence Times of Large Earthquakes

The geological record of the past several thousand years contains valuable information for evaluating the earthquake potential of the earth's major fault systems. Geologists have begun to characterize past and, presumably, future behavior of active faults and recurrence intervals for large earthquakes by studying 1) uplifted marine terraces, 2) fault‐scarp morphology, 3) physiographic features offset along faults, and 4) faulted or otherwise deformed young sediments. Along the convergent plate margins of Alaska and Japan, for example, studies of uplifted marine terraces have aided in evaluating the likelihood of imminent rupture of faults in two seismic gaps. In Nevada, Utah, and eastern California, detailed studies of scarp morphology along normal faults of the Basin and Range Province are beginning to reveal the recurrence intervals, sizes, and patterns of prehistoric earthquakes. Studies of offset stream channels along the San Andreas fault have shown that right‐lateral events of as much as 10 m have occurred repeatedly in the past with an average frequency of about two hundred years. Elsewhere along the San Andreas and on other faults in California and Japan, studies of faulted and deformed young sediments have enabled dating of specific prehistoric earthquakes or, at least, a determination of the minimum number of events that occurred during the deposition of the strata. In the western U.S. and Japan and perhaps in other seismically active regions as well, there is good reason to believe that within the decade we will know the average recurrence intervals, regularity, and sizes of past large seismic events at several localities. Hopefully, this will enable forecasts of some future large earthquakes with uncertainties measured in decades rather than centuries and will provide a sound basis for hazard mitigation and for directing short‐term predictive efforts to those fault segments in imminent danger of rupture.
Medical considerations relating to the oral health of older adults

This review paper was written in conjunction with the 2010 National Coalition Consensus Conference: Oral Health of Vulnerable Older Adults and Persons with Disabilities. It provides an overview of specific medical considerations involved with dental diagnosis and treatment of this "at risk population." The role of oral inflammation is referenced within the context of the oral/systemic paradigm (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease/stroke, respiratory diseases, and cognition). Oral manifestations associated with multi-organ diseases, tobacco/alcohol use, and medications are additionally discussed. Finally, the paper encourages development of interdisciplinary approaches to positively influence health outcomes.
Short-Circuiting Contract Law: The Federal Circuit's Contract Law Jurisprudence and IP Federalism

The Federal Circuit was established in 1982 as an appellate court with limited jurisdiction over patent claims. However, the Federal Circuit has used this limited jurisdiction to expand its reach into contract law, developing a federal common law of contract in cases involving patents. Given the growing importance of patent litigation in the past three decades, this creation of an independent body of contract law creates uncertainty in transactions involving patents. This troublesome development received attention in Stanford v Roche, a 2011 Supreme Court decision uphold the Federal Circuit's invalidation of a patent assignment to Stanford University. This Article documents the development of the Federal Circuit's contract jurisprudence and develops a theoretical framework for assessing this development based on scholarship on contractual innovation by Gilson, Sabel, & Scott (2013). The Article concludes with a recommendation that the Federal Circuit defer to the contractual orderings of the parties in a manner consistent with intellectual property federalism.
Drive, Ego, Object, And Self: A Synthesis For Clinical Work

Part I. Theoretical * Multiple Perspectives and Singular Persons * The Four Psychologies of Psychoanalysis * The Four Psychologies in Clinical Work * The Four Psychologies in the Developmental Process * The Development of Motivation Part II. Clinical * Some Psychoanalytic Sessions * Summaries of Psychoanalysis Part III. Applied * The Concept of Preoedipal Pathology * The Concept of Ego Defect * Infant Research, the Symbiotic Phase, and Clinical Work: A Case Study of a Concept * On the Mutative Factors in Psychoanalytic Treatment
Biosynthetic studies of lactucin derivatives in hairy root cultures of Lactuca floridana

Abstract Biosynthetic studies of the guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones 11βH,13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-acetate and 8-desoxylactucin were performed in Agrobacterium rhizogenes—transformed hairy root cultures of blue-flowered lettuce, Lactuca floridana. The 13C NMR spectra of the two guaianolides labelled by incorporation of [1-13C], [2-13C], [1,2-13C2]acetate and [2-13C]mevalolactone showed patterns of enrichment consistent with a previously proposed biogenetic pathway for guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones via the acetate-mevalonate-germacradiene route.
Integral terminal sliding mode control to provide fault ride-through capability to a grid connected wind turbine driven DFIG

With the increased number of wind turbines being directly connected to the power grid comes new challenges regarding grid integration. Fault ride through capability during voltage sags are among the most challenging issues. Conventional ride through techniques result in a compromised control of the turbine shaft and grid current during deep voltage sags. In this paper, an integral terminal sliding mode controller is designed to control the Rotor Side Converter during deep voltage sags. In addition, to further improve the performance of the DFIG during voltage sags, an inverter and three single phase transformers are placed in series with the generator which is controlled using a Fuzzy logic controller. Computer experiments were carried out to validate the proposed control approach. Results clearly show that the proposed controller is very effective in maintaining the currents and voltages of the DFIG bus within acceptable ranges during deep voltage sags, hence preventing damages to the rotor side converter and ensuring the WT remains connected to the grid during such faults.
Effects of Cyclic Nucleotides and Nucleoside Triphosphates on Stalk Formation in Caulobacter crescentus

Extensive stalk elongation in Skl mutants of Caulobacter crescentus occurs when they are grown in complete medium. This stalk elongation is less pronounced in synthetic medium with glucose as the sole carbon source than in complex peptone yeast extract medium. Addition of exogenous nucleoside triphosphates (adenosine triphosphate [ATP], guanosine triphosphate [GTP], cytidine triphosphate, and uridine triphosphate) inhibits stalk elongation of the Skl mutants, whereas cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (GMP) stimulates stalk elongation in the Skl strains grown in synthetic glucose medium. Cyclic GMP also produces stalk elongation in wild-type C. crescentus and concurrently produces a cell division defect resulting in cellular filament formation. Under conditions tested, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate did not enhance stalk elongation. Endogenous ATP and GTP levels in the mutants are significantly lower than corresponding nucleotide concentrations of the parent wild-type strains. Control of syntheses resulting in stalk formation in C. crescentus appears to be related to intracellular concentrations of nucleotides, with cyclic GMP as a prominent candidate for an important regulatory role in this aspect of morphogenesis.
LOCKSS: ensuring access through time

Some experts portray digital preservation as very expensive and too complicated for communities to do for themselves. They have a lot to gain by perpetrating this message and communities have a lot to lose by taking them at their word. Communities want to ensure post-cancellation access to content they have purchased; they want to ensure that a copy of the intellectual assets (fee and open access) in which they have invested through time resides in their own jurisdiction. The Stanford University LOCKSS Program (Lots Of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) helps communities build and preserve their own digital collections, an essential step to ensuring access over time.
Remembering Jeanette Snyder Brown (1925–2014)

Jeanette Snyder Brown (universally called Jan) was associated with the Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science (until recently Carnegie Institution of Washington) over a period of 37 years. Jan has left a scientific legacy of extensive publications concerned with photosynthetic pigments and their organization, and a historic collection of portraits of scientists who were prominent during her long tenure in the Department of Plant Biology. This legacy will stand for many years to come.
Color-Coded US Politics: Media Frames Found in US Newspaper Articles from 2004 to 2012

During the 2000 US Presidential election, the terms “blue states” and “red states” emerged as a way to describe the political landscape of the United States. While these terms have become common heuristics used to organize how people think about politics, there is no singular agreed upon interpretation of what these terms tell us about America politics. This paper reviews the literature on framing and then discusses the identification of six media frames constructed around these terms between 2004 and 2012. Then, using a sample of 607 US newspaper articles, quantitative analysis indicates that the prevalence of particular frames changes during Presidential election years and by types of author. Overall, we find that frames vary in frequency depending on when the publication date and type of author, while also exploring how writers have used increasingly applied these terms towards seemingly apolitical realms of everyday life.
An eventful politics of difference and its afterlife: Chittagong frontier, Bengal, c. 1657–1757

This essay seeks to illuminate the ‘biography’ of an early modern frontier in Chittagong, Bengal. It unravels the political rise and cultural reification of the frontier by revisiting, through multiple perspectives and successive stages, the final years in the life of a Mughal prince, Muhammad Sultan Shah Shuja‘ (1616–60?). I suggest that the language of a state frontier emerged from an ‘eventful’ conjuncture: a war of succession that caused Prince Shuja‘ to take flight through Chittagong to the Mrauk-U Kingdom in Arakan, northern Burma. Born of these events, it is argued that the genealogy of the Chittagong frontier shored up a deep history of difference between Bengal and Arakan. Beginning with some reflections from the colonial epoch, the essay then moves back for a consideration of seventeenth-century Chittagong. From 1660, as the state discourse of the frontier first took form, I follow the category to 1666, when the Mughal military annexed the city. The next section moves forward again to illustrate...
MM-wave ferrimagnetic resonance in thin Gd-Fe films using optically pumped waveguide laser source

Abstract mm-Wave magnetic resonance experiments have been carried out at 4.2 K on thin films of ferrimagnetic GdxFe1−x (x = 0.14) at three different frequencies: 174 GHz (1.72 mm); 229 GHz (1.31 mm); and 337 GHz (0.89 mm). The radiation source was a waveguide laser containing organic molecules optically pumped by a pulsed CO2 laser. The data obtained are compered with earlier results obtained at 9.2 GHz, and it appears that the Gd-Fe exchange has been overcome in these higher frequency resonance fields (i.e. > 75 KOe).
Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in the Elderly

A relationship between physical fitness and cognition, although intuitively believable, has been difficult to document. Bamers to clarifying the relationship are the difficulties in measuring physical fitness and cognitive function, the use of differential research designs, and failures to identify and differentiate cognitive functions as well as to account for cognitive learning. Nevertheless, the fitness—cognition relationship, which continues to be reported and studied, seems compelling. It's precise nature, however, remains to be clarified.
Scheduling of multiple chemical plant start-ups to minimize regional air quality impacts

Abstract Chemical plant concentrated regions may suffer localized and transient air pollution events that violate national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). Flaring emissions, especially intensive start-up flaring emissions from chemical plants, have potentially significant impacts on local air quality. Thus, when multiple plants in an industrial zone plan to start-up within a same time period, their start-up plans should be evaluated and optimally controlled so as to avoid unexpected air-quality violations in any air-quality concern regions (AQCRs). In this paper, a general systematic methodology for multi-plant start-up emission evaluation and control has been developed. The methodology starts with collecting regional meteorological information such as wind speed and temperature; geographical information of all of the involved chemical plants and AQCRs; as well as plant operation data such as the start-up time window, start-up duration, and estimated emission profile. Next, a regional air-quality evaluation based on Gaussian dispersion model will be conducted. If any air quality violation is predicted to an AQCR, a multi-objective scheduling problem will be generated and solved to optimize the start-up sequence and start-up beginning time for all chemical plants. The scheduling model minimizes the overall air quality impacts to all of the AQCRs as well as minimize the total start-up time mismatch of all plants, subject to the principles of atmospheric pollutant dispersion. This study may provide valuable quantitative decision supports for multiple stake holders, including government environmental agency, regional chemical plants, and local communities.
The formation of the compound nucleus

Synopsis The problem of the compound nucleus can be divided into two parts. One is the formation of a compound system, and the second is the decay of the compound system into its,products. In the last years progress has been made in respect to our knowledge concerning the formation of the compound nucleus. Especially the optical model with a complex potential has given us a tool to distinguish compound system formation from potential scattering. Hence, we have collected some knowledge as to the probability of compound formation as a function of the energy of the incident particle. In particular, the transition was observed from the small interaction known from the shell model to large, interaction at higher energies. The detailed theoretical explanation of these effects is still unknown. However, the qualitative trend is easily understandable. The second problem of the decay of the compound system is a much more difficult one. Here the question is raised as to whether the decay is independent of the way of formation. A critical discussion of this problem shows that the conditions for this independence will only rarely be fulfilled. Hence, conclusions based upon this independence are idealizations which cannot be expected to describe the details of the observed nuclear reactions. Deviations from the Bohr hypothesis of independence are caused not only by direct interactions between the incoming particle and the outgoing nucleon. They are also caused by the lack of “thermal” equilibrium in the compound state. Some general reasons for this conclusion will be given.
Letter by Naqvi and Motallebi Regarding Article, “Left Ventricular Resynchronization Is Mandatory for Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy”

To the Editor: Bleeker et al1 propose that in patients selected on the basis of both electrical and a single mechanical dyssynchrony measure derived from maximum delay during left ventricular (LV) ejection between peak systolic velocities among 4 basal LV segments, immediate resynchronization (of at least 20%) after cardiac resynchronization treatment (CRT) predicts reduction in LV end-systolic volume by at least 10% at 6-month follow-up. The editorial accompanying the article by Bleeker and colleagues2 appropriately “cautions” against relying on a single “dyssynchrony” measure and on “early resynchronization” …
PDGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation stimulates production of novel polyphosphoinositides in intact cells.

Abstract A phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase activity associated with certain protein tyrosine kinases important in cell proliferation phosphorylates the 3′ hydroxyl position of PI to produce phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI-3-P). Here we report that, in addition to PI-3′ kinase activity, anti-phosphotyrosine (α-P-tyr) immunoprecipitates from platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated smooth muscle cells (SMC) contain lipid kinase activities that utilize the substrates phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI-4-P) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P 2 ). These activities are absent in α-P-tyr immunoprecipitates from quiescent SMC. The product of PI-4-P phosphorylation appears to be phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PI-3,4-P 2 ), a lipid not previously reported. The product of PI-4,5-P 2 phosphorylation is phosphatidylinositol-trisphosphate (PIP 3 ). PI-3-P was detected in quiescent SMC and increased only slightly in response to PDGF. PIP 3 and the putative PI-3,4-P 2 appeared only after the addition of mitogen. Both the temporal production of these novel phospholipids after PDGF stimulation and the observation of the enzymatic activities that produce them in α-P-tyr immunoprecipitates suggest that these phospholipids are excellent candidates for mediators of the PDGF mitogenic response.
Determination of size of aortic emboli and embolic load during coronary artery bypass grafting

Background. Embolic signals have been detected within both the aortic lumen and the intracranial vasculature during coronary artery bypass grafting. Total numbers of these emboli have been reported. The present study examined the size of individual emboli and the total volume of embolization. Methods. Using transesophageal echocardiography, we continuously monitored the aortic lumen of 10 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. We manually analyzed 720,000 individual echo frames over a 4-minute period after the release of aortic clamps to track and to calculate the volume of 657 individual particles. The embolic load for the entire procedure was calculated from mean volume based on analysis of 1,508 particles. We simultaneously monitored the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and compared numbers of emboli detected by the two techniques. Results. Particle diameter ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 mm (mean, 0.8 mm), and particle volume from 0.01 to 12.5 mm 3 (mean, 0.8 mm 3 ). Twenty-eight percent of particles measured 1 mm or more, 44% measured 0.6 to 1.0 mm, and only 27% measured 0.6 mm or less in diameter. Aortic embolic load for the procedure ranged from 0.6 cm 3 to 11.2 cm 3 (mean, 3.7 cm 3 ). Estimated cerebral embolic load for the procedure ranged from 60 to 510 mm 3 (mean, 276 mm 3 ). The fraction of aortic emboli entering the cerebral circulation was very variable (3.9% to 18.1%). Seventy-six percent of the embolic volume after the release of clamps occurred over a 20-second period. Only 1 patient was encephalopathic perioperatively. This patient had the largest estimated cerebral embolic load (510 mm 3 ) and the second largest aortic embolic load (8.4 cm 3 ). Conclusions. We determined the size of individual intraaortic embolic particles and the total volume of embolization during coronary artery bypass grafting, and found the proportion entering the cerebral circulation to be very variable. The constitution of these particles and the neurologic impairment resulting from such embolization remains to be determined.
STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS OF NETWORKS WITH SEMICLASSICAL EXCITATIONS

As artificial intelligence seems destined to go for devices at the nano-scale level involving quantized interactions, we investigate the changes brought forth by a transition of a dynamical classical neural system to a quantum one. First, we consider cases of interaction between neurons and with an external source, which are analytically tractable, and find relations for their average times of transition between different quantum states. We get simple relations between the average transition time and the effective potential in limits of resonance and small damping. Such potentials, with harmonic and/or damped behavior, may be quite important in nanoelectronic devices. We then present a network set up with interactions between nodes similar to classical biological-like action potentials with finite durations, and compare it with the classical integrate-and-fire neural network. As in the classical systems, we obtain from such networks dynamical behavior differing according to the type of static input. We have examined the role of the novel stochasticity introduced by the quantum potential which fuzzifies the logical links, in contrast to the system with the deterministic classical neural network. The dynamic quantum system also shows oscillations similar to biological systems. The average periodic behavior of the system, as found from simulations, agrees remarkably well with a simple formula with a single parameter to account for the intrinsic randomness of the system. Short-term retentivity of input memory is observed to be subtle but perceptible, and may be useful in designing devices with quantum networks that need a gradual auto-erasing facility, which too, being quasi-biological, may be a desirable feature in systems trying to mimic living neural systems.
Activation and block of recombinant GABAA receptors by pentobarbitone: a single‐channel study

Recombinant GABAA receptors (α1β2γ2L) were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells. We have investigated activation and block of these receptors by pentobarbitone (PB) using cell-attached single-channel patch clamp. Clusters of single-channel activity elicited by 500 μM PB were analysed to estimate rate constants for agonist binding and channel gating. The minimal model able to describe the kinetic data involved two sequential binding steps, followed by channel opening. The estimated channel opening rate constant is ∼1500 s−1, and the estimated equilibrium dissociation constants for the binding steps involved in activation are ∼2 mM. Our results show a dose-dependent block of receptors at millimolar concentrations of PB that results in reduced open interval durations. The reduction in mean open time is linearly proportional to PB concentration, indicating that block can be produced by binding of a single PB molecule. Addition of millimolar concentrations of PB in the presence of GABA also produces a reduction of open channel lifetime in addition to a progressive increase in the closed interval durations within a cluster. The data suggest that the receptor contains two or more blocking sites while occupancy of only one of the sites is sufficient for channel block. Neither the blocking rate constant nor return rate from the blocked state(s) is affected by pH (ionization status of the PB molecule) demonstrating that both neutral and anionic forms of PB cause channel block. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 130, 249–258; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703335
Free molecular collision cross section calculation methods for nanoparticles and complex ions with energy accommodation

The structures of nanoparticles, macromolecules, and molecular clusters in gas phase environments are often studied via measurement of collision cross sections. To directly compare structure models to measurements, it is hence necessary to have computational techniques available to calculate the collision cross sections of structural models under conditions matching measurements. However, presently available collision cross section methods contain the underlying assumption that collision between gas molecules and structures are completely elastic (gas molecule translational energy conserving) and specular, while experimental evidence suggests that in the most commonly used background gases for measurements, air and molecular nitrogen, gas molecule reemission is largely inelastic (with exchange of energy between vibrational, rotational, and translational modes) and should be treated as diffuse in computations with fixed structural models. In this work, we describe computational techniques to predict the free molecular collision cross sections for fixed structural models of gas phase entities where inelastic and non-specular gas molecule reemission rules can be invoked, and the long range ion-induced dipole (polarization) potential between gas molecules and a charged entity can be considered. Specifically, two calculation procedures are described detail: a diffuse hard sphere scattering (DHSS) method, in which structures are modeled as hard spheres and collision cross sections are calculated for rectilinear trajectories of gas molecules, and a diffuse trajectory method (DTM), in which the assumption of rectilinear trajectories is relaxed and the ion-induced dipole potential is considered. Collision cross section calculations using the DHSS and DTM methods are performed on spheres, models of quasifractal aggregates of varying fractal dimension, and fullerene like structures. Techniques to accelerate DTM calculations by assessing the contribution of grazing gas molecule collisions (gas molecules with altered trajectories by the potential interaction) without tracking grazing trajectories are further discussed. The presented calculation techniques should enable more accurate collision cross section predictions under experimentally relevant conditions than pre-existing approaches, and should enhance the ability of collision cross section measurement schemes to discern the structures of gas phase entities.
A comparison of techniques to increase children's resistance to temptation

This study compared impulsive and reflective children in their ability to benefit from various self-control strategies. While verbal controlling responses were more effective than various non-verbal strategies for both groups, only children identified as impulsive with the MFF responded differentially to various self-controlling strategies. It was also found that age is correlated with both conceptual tempo and the effectiveness of efforts at modifying impulsivity.
Asian Transnational Enterprises and Technology Transfer in Thailand

Like many of its neighbours, Thailand is increasingly interested in upgrading the technological capability of its indigenous firms through the inward investment (foreign direct investment, FDI) of transnational enterprises (TNEs). Its science and technology policies, however, remain fragmented, and they compete with regional distribution priorities. This paper examines the nature of technology transfer between Asian TNEs (Japan and the newly industrializing economies (NIEs), that is, the NIEs of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan) and Thai firms based on the responses of some 145 firms from a 2005 survey. It finds only modest levels of technological transfer in production and process technologies. Asian TNEs evaluate factor cost advantages and government incentives favourably. Logistic regressions, however, indicate that government incentives are negatively related to technology process modification between NIE subsidiaries and Thai customers. But, the technical training of Thai workers signific...
Tolerance for Ambiguity in Adult College Students

Budner's Tolerance for Ambiguity scale was administered to 118 entering adult college students. Students in the Arts were significantly more tolerant of ambiguity than Business students. Six months after students enrolled in the college, faculty could discriminate among them with respect to characteristics related to tolerance for ambiguity. Students in their late 20's were less tolerant of ambiguity than younger or older students; and students in their late 30's saw their lives as relatively more stable than those in their 20's did.
The in situ pH of hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges

Abstract Here we report the first in situ pH of hydrothermal vent fluids at mid-ocean ridges. Measurements were made during dives with DSV Alvin to the Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) and the East Pacific Rise at 21°N, and 9°–10°N using solid-state electrochemical sensors. Vent fluid temperature and pressure ranged from 180 to 384 °C and 220 to 250 bar, respectively. pH (in situ) of the highest temperature vent fluid is only slightly acidic (5.1–5.4), although sharply lower values occur at the seawater/vent-fluid interface. Knowledge of pH (in situ) is essential for unravelling the complex geochemical and biogeochemical processes controlling the evolution of seafloor hydrothermal systems.
Reward Contingency, Perceived Competence, and Attribution of Intrinsic Motivation: An Observer Simulation

An observer simulation and a within-subjects variable (i.e., size of reward) were used to examine the effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Subjects assessed the intrinsic motivation and task competence of two actors who performed a task for monetary rewards. Relatively large, task-noncontingent rewards and rewards determined by the quantity of performance (i.e., task contingent) undermined the attribution of intrinsic motivation. In contrast, rewards contingent on the quality of the actor's performance (i.e., performance contingent) produced an incentive relation between the size of the reward and intrinsic motivation. Estimated task competence was influenced only when the amount of the reward was determined by the quality of task performance.
Formic Acid Treatment of Wheat and Corn Silages

Abstract Thirty-two lactating cows were in each of two feeding trials to compare: 1) formic acid treated corn silage, 2) untreated corn silage, 3) formic acid treated wheat silage, and 4) untreated wheat silage. Formic acid (82%) was added at the silo at .5% of the green forage weight. In the milk production trials, dry matter intake, actual milk, fat-corrected milk, and body weight gain were higher for corn silage than for wheat silage, but there were no significant responses in milk production to the formic acid treatments. Treatment of corn and wheat silages with formic acid resulted in higher pH and residual sugar content but less production of lactic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia. Digestibility of silages was determined with 48 bred heifers. Dry matter intakes and digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber were greater for corn silage than for wheat silage and for formic acid treated than for untreated silages.
DIFFERENCES IN THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROXYPROLINE-PROTEINS AMONG THE ALGAE

A B S T R A C T Fifty algae from seven phyla have been examined in order to determine whether they contain protein-bound hydroxyproline and whether this hydroxyproline is concentrated in the cell wall. Green algae, with the exception of Nitella, all contain hydroxyproline, and in most cases it is concentrated in the cell wall. Hydroxyproline is also present in low levels in the brown algae, but here it is concentrated in the soluble proteins. Red algae contain no hydroxyproline. The presence of hydroxyproline in blue-green algae is variable, but when present the levels are low. It appears, then, that the major algal phyla differ with respect to the distribution and occurrence of hydroxyproline-proteins. THE PRESENCE of hydroxyproline-containing proteins in plant cell walls is now well documented (Vanetten, Miller, and Wolff, 1963; Lamport, 1965), but the role of these proteins remains uncertain. Lamport (1965) has suggested that these proteins regulate the extensibility of the cell wall by cross-linking the wall polysaccharides. If this is so, one might expect to find hydroxyproline-proteins2 in the cell walls of all plants. The hydroxyproline-proteirns have been found in every higher plant which has been examined (Steward, Thompson, and Pollard, 1958; Lamport, 1965), but reports from the algae are scattered and conflicting (Fowden, 1962). The present study was undertaken in order to provide a more complete picture of the distribution of hydroxyproline-proteins in algae. In addition those algae which were found to contain hydroxyproline-proteins wTere further examined in order to see whether or not these proteins are concentrated in the cell wall. It will be shown that the major algal phyla differ with respect to the occurrence anid distribution of hydroxyprolineproteins. MATERIALS AND METHODs The algae that were used in this study and their sources are listed in Table 1. The classification used follows that of Silva (1962). Most of the marine red and brown algae were collected in the San Juan Islands during the summer of 1966. These were washed thoroughly in filtered sea water and a
Magnetic properties of K2CoF4, a highly anisotropic two-dimensional magnetic structure

Abstract We present NMR measurements of the F - transferred hyperfine interaction in K 2 CoF 4 (an ideal two-dimensional magnetic system) and EPR measurements of Co 2+ in the isomorphous compound K 2 ZnF 4 . These measurements, as well as Srivastava's susceptibility measurements on K 2 CoF 4 , are found to be in good agreement with results obtained from crystal field theory (using the molecular field approximation) of the paramagnetic susceptibility in K 2 CoF 4 .
When Rational Sellers Face Non-Rational Buyers: Evidence from Herding on eBay

We document that eBay bidders exhibit a biased preference for auctions with more bids, even if these are non-diagnostic of quality, creating an incentive for sellers to lower starting prices to attract early bids. We find that lowering starting prices succeeds in increasing the likelihood that an auction will receive additional bids, conditioning on its current price. We also find that, conditioning on dollar amount bid by bidders, those who engage in non-rational herding are less likely to win, and when they do win they pay higher prices. Supporting the premise that this is a mistake, experience reduces dramatically the tendency to engage in non-rational herding. Remarkably, the seller side of the market is in equilibrium: a high enough share of sellers chooses low starting prices for expected revenues to be identical for high and low starting prices. In sum, market forces in eBay eliminate the rents associated with exploiting the behavioral bias we identify, but not the bias itself.
AESOP: a simulation-based knowledge system for CMOS process diagnosis

The AESOP system is a prototype computer tool designed to provide the automatic analysis and diagnosis of process deviations through electrical measurements on specific test structures. Causal relations necessary for diagnosis were determined through extensive use of numerical simulation for the CMOS process investigated with this prototype. The use of physics-based numerical simulators complements the previous approach of experimental knowledge engineering to determine these relations. Interaction with the user is facilitated in the AESOP system through the use of customized window-based editors and bit-mapped graphics. The abilities and limitations of the AESOP prototype are demonstrated on several sets of end-of-line test data. >
LGBT Aging and Rhetorical Silence.

The exclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elders from queer and gerontological theories has resulted in the silencing of LGBT older adults and their experiences. Historically, this silencing has left LGBT elders without adequate social or material supports and has isolated them from both the LGBT and the older-adult communities, as well as the agencies serving those communities. The author defines this silencing as a rhetorical move rendering elders invisible in queer theory and queerness invisible in gerontological theory and argues that the producers of queer and gerontological theory, from a position of power within these discourses, silence and ignore LGBT elders’ rhetorical activities. The author further argues that although many LGBT elders have worked to arrange material and social supports for themselves and their peers, their activities have become audible only relatively recently, due to the activism of middle-aged and older LGBT members of human service and academic networks.
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: still a dismal prognosis with current treatment approaches.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), initially supposed to be the result of an abnormal immune reaction, has long been recognized as a specific clinico-pathologic entity. It accounts for 15 –...
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY. XCIV. THE BOYS OF SUMMER AT THE END OF SUMMER: THE WATSON-LASHLEY CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 1950s

I summarize a previously unknown body of correspondence between John B. Watson and Karl S. Lashley near the ends of their lives in the 1950s. Among the issues discussed were psychology, sex, marriage, their health, and pride. These letters help to provide depth and perspective on these important psychologists and their times.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support improves survival of patients with severe Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.

Objective The purposes of this study are to evaluate the outcome of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in a subgroup of patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome who had a predicted mortality of 100% and to assess the complications associated with this treatment modality and with different cannulation techniques. Methods Thirty-eight patients with severe Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome were supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between April 1994 and June 2006. Cannulation of the femoral vessels was performed on an emergency basis by a percutaneous approach in 15 (39.5%) and by an open technique in 23 (60.5%) patients. Duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation averaged 132 hours (range: 5–276 hours). Results Complications from percutaneous cannulation occurred in 4 (26.6%) of 15 patients: retroperitoneal hematoma in 2 (13.3%) and lower extremity ischemia in 2 (13.3%) patients, which resolved after insertion of a distal perfusion cannula. Complications from open femoral cannulation occurred in 8 (34.8%) of 23 patients: severe bleeding in 7 (30.4%) patients and lower extremity ischemia in 1 (4.3%) patient who required a leg amputation. The overall survival was 60.5% (23/38 patients). Six (40%) of the 15 patients cannulated percutaneously and 9 (39.1%) of 23 patients who had open cannulation died. All survivors recovered completely and were discharged from the hospital after a mean hospital stay of 20.8 days (range: 10–39 days). Conclusions Almost two thirds of the patients with severe Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome who were supported with extracorporeal circulation survived and recovered completely. The complications associated with both types of femoral cannulation may be attributed to the fact that all patients were in shock or in full cardiac arrest, and the procedure had to be done expeditiously. Earlier institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may decrease the complication rates and improve the overall survival.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Broken Power Law Spectral Parameters with Detector Design Applications

The method of Maximum Likelihood (ML) is used to estimate the spectral parameters of an assumed broken power law energy spectrum from simulated detector responses. This methodology, which requires the complete specificity of all cosmic-ray detector design parameters, is shown to provide approximately unbiased, minimum variance, and normally distributed spectra information for events detected by an instrument having a wide range of commonly used detector response functions. The ML procedure, coupled with the simulated performance of a proposed space-based detector and its planned life cycle, has proved to be of significant value in the design phase of a new science instrument. The procedure helped make important trade studies in design parameters as a function of the science objectives, which is particularly important for space-based detectors where physical parameters, such as dimension and weight, impose rigorous practical limits to the design envelope. This ML methodology is then generalized to estimate broken power law spectral parameters from real cosmic-ray data sets.
Assessment of Taylor’s hypothesis and local isotropy due to strain applied to a nearly homogeneous and isotropic flow

The effect of variation of the integral length scale on the accuracy of Taylor’s hypothesis and the assumption of local isotropy when a mean strain is applied to a nearly homogeneous and isotropic, heated turbulent flow is investigated. The mean strain is produced by placing one of two cylinders downstream of the heated wire mesh. Results show, the mean strain rate where the directly measured variance of the streamwise spatial gradient differs by less than ten percent from the corresponding value computed using Taylor’s hypothesis and temporal derivative decreases with increasing the ratio of the integral length scale to the cylinder diameter.