cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possible steps of complete disassembly of post-termination complex by yeast eEF3 deduced from inhibition by translocation inhibitors

Ribosomes, after one round of translation, must be recycled so that the next round of translation can occur. Complete disassembly of post-termination ribosomal complex (PoTC) in yeast for the recycling consists of three reactions: release of tRNA, release of mRNA and splitting of ribosomes, catalyzed by eukaryotic elongation factor 3 (eEF3) and ATP. Here, we show that translocation inhibitors cycloheximide and lactimidomycin inhibited all three reactions. Cycloheximide is a non-competitive inhibitor of both eEF3 and ATP. The inhibition was observed regardless of the way PoTC was prepared with either release factors or puromycin. Paromomycin not only inhibited all three reactions but also re-associated yeast ribosomal subunits. On the other hand, sordarin or fusidic acid, when applied together with eEF2/GTP, specifically inhibited ribosome splitting without blocking of tRNA/mRNA release. From these inhibitor studies, we propose that, in accordance with eEF3’s known function in elongation, the release of tRNA via exit site occurs first, then mRNA is released, followed by the splitting of ribosomes during the disassembly of post-termination complexes catalyzed by eEF3 and ATP.
Microhydration of Guanine base pairs.

We report spectroscopy of clusters of guanine base pairs with one and two water molecules. We recorded the vibronic spectra of the mass-selected GG(H2O) and GG(H2O)2 clusters using resonant two photon ionization (R2PI) and we used IR−UV double resonance spectroscopy to obtain ground state IR spectra of these clusters. We found that a single water molecule stabilizes one of two structures we had previously found for guanine dimers. Addition of a second water molecule causes no further structural change.
Screening for planar chlorobiphenyl congeners in tissues of marine biota by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection

A rapid method has been developed to screen for planar chlorobiphenyl (CB) congeners, as well as certain other CBs and DDTs, in tissue samples from marine biota. The analytes were extracted from tissue matrices with 1:1 hexane/pentane (v/v) and interfering compounds were separated from the CBs on a gravity-flow column packed with acidic, basic and neutral silica gel eluted with 1:1 hexane/methylene chloride (v/v). Subsequently, the planar CB congeners were resolved from the DDTs and other CBs by HPLC on Cosmosil PYE analytical columns cooled to 9 degrees C and were measured by an ultraviolet (UV) photodiode array (PDA) detector. Two important advantages of PDA over conventional UV detection were the ability to identify individual analytes by comparing their UV spectra to those of reference standards and the ability to establish the spectral homogeneity (purity) of the analytes by comparing spectra within a peak to the apex spectrum. The HPLC/PDA method was tested with tissue samples from fish, shellfish and marine mammals; concentrations of certain CBs and DDTs in samples determined by screening compared favorably with those in the same samples analyzed by a comprehensive method (e.g., gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry). However, the HPLC/PDA method was about an order of magnitude less sensitive than determinations by comprehensive methods.
AMERICAN HISTORY, URBAN HISTORY, HISTORY OF URBAN EDUCATION

(1976). AMERICAN HISTORY, URBAN HISTORY, HISTORY OF URBAN EDUCATION. The Review of Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 194-206.
Bovine IgG can aggregate at conditions simulating pasteurization and binds to some human Fcγ receptors

The ability of bovine IgG preparations to bind to the various distinct human leukocyte Fc gamma receptors was studied. In experiments using intact cells and isolated Fc gamma receptors, it was demonstrated that bovine IgG can bind to Fc gamma receptors of four human cell types but not to Fc gamma receptors of human neutrophils. 125I-labeled Fc gamma receptors purified on human IgG-Sepharose columns from human B and T lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were able to rebind specifically to insolubilized bovine IgG. In contrast, radioiodinated human neutrophil Fc gamma receptors did not rebind to bovine IgG-Sepharose. A similar pattern of specificity was demonstrated in studies of the binding of 125I-labeled heat-aggregated bovine IgG to various human leukocyte populations. The labeled aggregated bovine IgG bound to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, to B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and to macrophage-like U-937 cells, but bound poorly to normal human granulocytes. Labeled non-aggregated bovine IgG was not appreciably bound to any of the cell populations. Since bovine IgG in dietary sources is frequently exposed to heat, the effect of heating on the physical state and Fc-binding properties of bovine IgG was examined. The data show that heating bovine IgG at concns of 0.9-3.6 mg/ml at 63 degrees C for 30 min in neutral buffer causes aggregation of bovine immunoglobulin (10-16% aggregation) and increases the ability of bovine IgG preparations to bind to human Fc gamma receptors of intact cells. Gel filtration studies suggest the possibility that bovine IgG may also be aggregated during the pasteurization of raw milk.
Patterns of strategic adjustment in the US textile and apparel industries since 1979

Purpose – The paper seeks to explain the pattern of strategic responses by the US textile and apparel industries to changes in their business environment since 1979.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a literature review and interviews with officers from leading US corporations, government agencies and trade associations. The approach examines strategic responses to environmental change. The study takes a macro perspective to permit an understanding of the forces operating at the industry level.Findings – Shifting market requirements, intensifying international competition, powerful retailers, and rapid technological change have confronted the US textile and apparel sectors. In responding to these, companies have developed more creative, change‐seeking business cultures, and more flexible operational arrangements. However, both industries have exhibited change‐resisting characteristics in their responses. Many companies have been forced into bankruptcy. Today both industries are radically ...
Parents' views on 3 shot-related visits: implications for use of adolescent vaccines like human papillomavirus vaccine.

Objective Multidose adolescent-targeted vaccines, for example the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, require parents and adolescents to have repeated interactions with the physician's office. We sought to evaluate parental views on participating in frequent vaccine-related encounters and their preferences for how these encounters should ideally be implemented. Methods A Web-based survey about a hypothetical 3-dose adolescent vaccine was provided to a national sample of 1025 US parents of adolescents (aged 9–17 years) in 2007. Results Survey completion rate among parents was 69%. Most (86%) were amenable to having their adolescent visit the provider's office at least 3 times in a year for vaccination. The highest proportion of parents (47%) preferred that the first dose be administered at a comprehensive doctor visit, followed by 2 nurse "shots-only" visits. However, many parents (30%) wanted each dose to be given as part of a comprehensive visit with a physician. The most commonly cited barriers included a belief that healthy adolescents needn't be seen frequently in the doctor's office (15%) and concerns about missing school (14%). Conclusions Compliance with multidose adolescent vaccines like HPV could require a shift in the expected frequency of health care visits. Our results suggest that most parents are amenable to more frequent adolescent vaccine-related visits, though the feasibility of implementing these visits within the current medical system remains to be determined.
Power in Organizations

Abstract This critique of Goltz and Hietapelto's operant model of power suggests: • The definition of power and leadership are too narrow. • Powerful leaders rarely manage performance through operant contingencies. • The opportunity to manage the behavior of others is rarely the reinforcer controlling the behavior of the powerful. • The aversiveness of control by the powerful is rarely the basis for resistance to organizational change. • Much behavior-analytic extrapolation from the Skinner box is unwarranted. • Much behavior-analytic theorizing is uncomfortably close to the hypothetico-deductive theorizing about which Skinner warned us.
Comparison of boron and neon damage effects in boron ion-implanted resistors

Boron and neon damage implants were used in fabricating integrated-circuit resistors in silicon. Resistor properties were studied as functions of damaging ion species and dose. Sheet resistances in the 10000 ?/? range were obtained with low temperature and voltage sensitivities and good d.c. isolation.
Seizing opportunities and dodging threats with a dual operating system

Purpose – This internationally recognized innovation expert asserts that today's organizations need a powerful new operating system to address the challenges posed by mounting complexity and rapid change. Design/methodology/approach – As a consultant to companies seeking to re-invigorate the innovation process, the author can describe how they have implemented the dual operating system – a network and a hierarchy – that he advocates. Findings – When organizations are dangerously slow to adapt to competitive threats and to pursue promising innovations, the solution to, which has been adopted successfully by many organizations, is to add a second operating system that is organized as a network that can create agility and speed. Practical implications – The author explains how all successful organizations operate with a dual system more or less during the most dynamic growth period in their life cycle, so a dual operating system will be somewhat familiar to veteran leaders. Originality/value – The organization's top management plays a crucial role in starting and maintaining the network and managing its communications with the hierarchy. For senior practitioners, the author describes the five basic principles of a well-functioning dual operating system.
Immersed molecular electrokinetic finite element method

A unique simulation technique has been developed capable of modeling electric field induced detection of biomolecules such as viruses, at room temperatures where thermal fluctuations must be considered. The proposed immersed molecular electrokinetic finite element method couples electrokinetics with fluctuating hydrodynamics to study the motion and deformation of flexible objects immersed in a suspending medium under an applied electric field. The force induced on an arbitrary object due to an electric field is calculated based on the continuum electromechanics and the Maxwell stress tensor. The thermal fluctuations are included in the Navier---Stokes fluid equations via the stochastic stress tensor. Dielectrophoretic and fluctuating forces acting on the particle are coupled through the fluid---structure interaction force calculated within the surrounding environment. This method was used to perform concentration and retention efficacy analysis of nanoscale biosensors using gold particles of various sizes. The analysis was also applied to a human papillomavirus.
Calcium ion control of platelet thrombosthenin ATPase activity

Abstract This study demonstrates that Ca2+ regulates thrombosthenin ATPase activity, likening the control of platelet contraction to that of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Thrombosthenin, the platelet contractile protein, was isolated by repeated low ionic strength and isoelectric precipitation. Thrombosthenin superprecipitation and ATPase activity were measured in 10−4 M CaCl2 (high ionized Ca2+) and 0.25 mM ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (low ionized Ca2+). In both high and low Ca2+, superprecipitation, measured as an increase in turbidity, ocurred shortly after addition of ATP. ATP hydrolysis by thrombosthenin, which proceeded linearly for several hours, was greater in high Ca2+ (approx. 2.3 nmoles·mg−1·min−1) than in low Ca2+ (approx. 1.8 nmoles·mg−1·min−1). This difference, when analyzed by the Student's t-test for paired samples was highly significant (P
WATER ACTIVITY AND THE INACTIVATION OF ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE INOCULATED IN CHOCOLATE LIQUOR AND A MODEL SYSTEM BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENT

Effects of water activity (a w ) on the inactivation of Enterobacter cloacae inoculated in chocolate liquor and in a model system of 0.1 % (w/v) peptone water and glycerol by pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment were investigated. An electric field strength of 24.5 kV/cm, a total treatment time of 320 μs, a pulse duration time of 4 μs, a pulse delay time of 15 μs, and a pulse cycle time of 15 s were selected for PEF treatment. The inactivation of E. cloacae by PEF increased significantly as a w increased (P < 0. 05). As a w of chocolate liquor increased from 0.48 to 0.89, the log reduction ofE. cloacae increased from 0.1 to 1.3. The measured temperature change inside the PEF treatment chamber was 0.4C when the log reduction was 1.3. Similarly, as a w increased from 0.51 to 0.91 in the model system, the log reduction increased from 0.4 to 1.3. E. cloacae surviving a low a w environment had high resistance to PEF. PEF inactivated E. cloacae in the chocolate liquor with a w of 0.85 by 1 log at 0 h incubation. However, the log reduction was only 0.1 when PEF treatment was applied to E. cloacae which was incubated for 2 h in the chocolate liquor with a w of 0.85 before PEF treatment. E. cloacae surviving the low a w environment might have resistance not only to the low a w but also to PEF. The resistance to low a w environment may need to be considered when the inactivation of microorganisms by PEF is evaluated.
Light adaptation in the photoreceptor of the crayfish, Procambarus clarki

Abstract Receptor potentials of retinular cells in the eye of the crayfish, Procambarus clarki, were studied with the aid of microelectrodes. Recordings were obtained with the eye excised using intracellular leads or with the eye in situ, using an extracellular approach. The V-logI relationship was observed as well as a somewhat more linear relationship between stimulus intensity and rate of rise. It was shown that a close approximation of the V-logI relationship can be predicted on the assumption that increases in light intensity result in a proportional increase in the number of discrete membrane resistive changes. The effect of light adaptation is to shift the empirically determined Fechner curve to a position of lowered sensitivity on the intensity scale. The slope of the curve is relatively unaffected by this shift. Recovery during dark adaptation is accompanied by a shift in the opposite direction. In both cases reductions in sensitivity are accompanied by decreases in the membrane resting potential. If a constant criterion, ΔV, is imposed on the empirical Fechner functions observed during light adaptation, it is possible to determine the relationship between a threshold intensity, ΔI, and the intensity of the adapting light J. It was observed that ΔI increases as I(where 0.50
Case-based reasoning for repetitive combinatorial optimization problems, part I: Framework

This article presents a case-based reasoning approach for the development of learning heuristics for solving repetitive operations research problems. We first define the subset of problems we will consider in this work: repetitive combinatorial optimization problems. We then present several general forms that can be used to select previously solved problems that might aid in the solution of the current problem, and several different techniques for actually using this information to derive a solution for the current problem. We describe both fixed forms and forms that have the ability to change as we solve more problems. A simple example for the 0–1 knapsack problem is presented.
Realistic Weight Perception and Body Size Assessment in a Racially Diverse Community Sample of Dieters

Recently, a shift in obesity treatment away from emphasizing ideal weight loss goals to establishing realistic weight loss goals has been proposed; yet, what constitutes "realistic" weight loss for different populations is not clear. This study examined notions of realistic shape and weight as well as body size assessment in a large community-based sample of African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and white men and women. Participants were 1893 survey respondents who were all dieters and primarily overweight. Groups were compared on various variables of body image assessment using silhouette ratings. No significant race differences were found in silhouette ratings, nor in perceptions of realistic shape or reasonable weight loss. Realistic shape and weight ratings by both women and men were smaller than current shape and weight but larger than ideal shape and weight ratings. Compared with male dieters, female dieters considered greater weight loss to be realistic. Implications of the findings for the treatment of obesity are discussed.
Synthesis of a S‐(Carboxymethyl)cysteine Analog of (L‐2‐Amino‐6‐adipyl)‐L‐cysteinyl‐D‐valine and its Cell Free Biosynthetic Conversion into 6‐[2‐(D‐2‐Amino‐2‐carboxyethyl)thio) acetamido]penicillanic Acid

A new tripeptide (dimer), bis[(L-cysteine-S-acetyl)-L-hemicystinyl(S2 S2)-D-valine] (6) was synthesized by coupling N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine benzyl ester (1) with S-trityl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine benzyl ester and subsequent removal of the protecting groups. After reduction of the disulfide, the free tripeptide Cys (CH2CO-Cys-D-Val) (Ib) was used as a substrate of isopenicillin-N synthetase in a cell-free conversion to 6-[2-((D-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio)acetamido]penicillanic acid (IIa).
Images of powerful women in the age of ‘choice feminism’

A number of scholars and journalists have argued that Western culture has become ‘sexualized’. Both women and men, they maintain, are highly sexualized in popular media. At the same time, scholars have examined the sexualization of women as part of a broader cultural ‘backlash’ against the gains of second-wave feminism and women's increasing power in society. We contribute to both of these fields with a longitudinal content analysis of four decades of Rolling Stone magazine covers. First, we analyze whether both women and men have become more sexualized over time and, if so, whether such increases have been proportionate. Second, we examine whether there is a relationship between women's increasing power in the music industry (as measured by popularity) and their sexualization on the cover of Rolling Stone. In the first case, we do not find evidence that US culture as a whole has become sexualized, as only women – but not men – have become both more frequently and more intensely sexualized on the cover of...
Patient-accessible tool for shared decision making in cardiovascular primary prevention: balancing longevity benefits against medication disutility

Background—Primary prevention guidelines focus on risk, often assuming negligible aversion to medication, yet most patients discontinue primary prevention statins within 3 years. We quantify real-world distribution of medication disutility and separately calculate the average utilities for a range of risk strata. Method and Results—We randomly sampled 360 members of the general public in London. Medication aversion was quantified as the gain in lifespan required by each individual to offset the inconvenience (disutility) of taking an idealized daily preventative tablet. In parallel, we constructed tables of expected gain in lifespan (utility) from initiating statin therapy for each age group, sex, and cardiovascular risk profile in the population. This allowed comparison of the widths of the distributions of medication disutility and of group-average expectation of longevity gain. Observed medication disutility ranged from 1 day to >10 years of life being required by subjects (median, 6 months; interquart...
Some observations of microstructural changes in alumina induced by Ti inhomogeneities

Analysis of Ti-containing heterogeneities in a hot-pressed Al 2 O 3 has revealed changes in microstructure caused by oxidation that provide some insight regarding the effects of Ti on local grain growth. The most consistent hypothesis is that Ti 4+ in solution compensates the Mg 2+ ion taken into solution from the MgO additive, probably by forming dipoles, and negates the effect of Mg 2+ on grain boundary drag.
Pharmacological activity of alkaloids from poison-dart frogs (dendrobatidae)

Abstract Batrachotoxin, pumiliotoxin B, isodihydrohistrionicotoxin, pumiliotoxin C and gephyrotoxin represent five different classes of skin alkaloids from the dendrobatid poison dart frogs. In quinea pig ileum segments batrachotoxin and pumiliotoxin B caused rhythmic contractures which were prevented by tetrodotoxin. In quinea pig atria, batrachotoxin and pumiliotoxin B had positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, followed in the case of batrachotoxin by irregular arrhythmias and atrial arrest. Isodihydrohistrionicotoxin has no apparent effect in ileum or atrium, while gephyrotoxin was a potent muscarinic antagonist. In rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm, batrachotoxin blocked both direct and indirect-elicited twitch; pumiliotoxin B potentiated both direct and indirect-elicited twitch, isodihydrohistrionicotoxin blocked indirect-elicited twitch and gephyrotoxin had no apparent effect. Pumiliotoxin C had no apparent effect in any of the preparations.
Pilocytic astrocytomas : well-demarcated magnetic resonance appearance despite frequent infiltration histologically

Objective To determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of pilocytic astro-cytomas and to correlate them with the histopathologic findings. Material and Methods MRI examinations and histopathologic findings in 56 patients with pilocytic astrocytomas were retrospectively reviewed. In 38 patients, findings on MRI were compared with those on computed tomography. Results The tumors occurred at all levels of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord. The intracranial tumors were periventricular (73%) or periaqueductal (9%). All tumors were typical pilocytic astrocytomas and were grade 1 on the basis of the World Health Organization classification. At operation, they were often circumscribed and cystic. Radiologically, the tumors were well demarcated (96%), had benign morphologic features, and almost always showed enhancement (94 %). Conclusion MRI of pilocytic astrocytomas typically demonstrated a relatively large, sharply demarcated periventricular mass with pronounced contrast enhancement but minimal or no associated edema. Often, the tumors were cystic on MRI. Despite the well-demarcated appearance grossly and on MRI, pathologic review showed that many of these tumors (64%) infiltrated the surrounding parenchyma, par­ticularly the white matter.
Hearing Story Characters' Voices: Auditory Imagery During Reading

Despite the longstanding belief in an inner voice, there is surprisingly little known about the perceptual features of that voice during text processing. This article asked whether readers infer nonlinguistic phonological features, such as speech rate, associated with a character's speech. Previous evidence for this type of auditory imagery has been found, but only when reading was preceded by an explicit auditory presentation of the character's voice (Alexander & Nygaard, 2008; Kurby, Magliano, & Rapp, 2009). Three experiments included a fast condition in which the main character was described as speaking quickly and a slow condition in which the main character was described as speaking slowly. When reading aloud, participants in the slow condition read slower. However, when reading silently, participants in the slow condition read slower only when instructed to think about the character's voice. This work concludes that auditory images of speech rate information are not routinely formed during silent re...
Photoconversion changes bilin chromophore conjugation and protein secondary structure in the violet/orange cyanobacteriochrome NpF2163g3

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial photoreceptors distantly related to phytochromes. All CBCRs examined to date utilize a conserved Cys residue to form a covalent thioether linkage to the bilin chromophore. In the insert-Cys CBCR subfamily, a second conserved Cys can covalently link to the bilin C10 methine bridge, allowing detection of near-UV to blue light. The best understood insert-Cys CBCR is the violet/orange CBCR NpF2164g3 from Nostoc punctiforme, which has a stable second linkage in the violet-absorbing dark state. Photoconversion of NpF2164g3 leads to elimination of the second linkage and formation of an orange-absorbing photoproduct. We recently reported NMR chemical shift assignments for the orange-absorbing photoproduct state of NpF2164g3. We here present equivalent information for its violet-absorbing dark state. In both photostates, NpF2164g3 is monomeric in solution and regions containing the two conserved Cys residues essential for photoconversion are structurally disordered. In contrast to blue light receptors such as phototropin, NpF2164g3 is less structurally ordered in the dark state than in the photoproduct. The insert-Cys insertion loop and C-terminal helix exhibit light-dependent structural changes. Moreover, a motif containing an Asp residue also found in other CBCRs and in phytochromes adopts a random-coil structure in the dark state but a stable α-helix structure in the photoproduct. NMR analysis of the chromophore is consistent with a less ordered dark state, with A-ring resonances only resolved in the photoproduct. The C10 atom of the bilin chromophore exhibits a drastic change in chemical shift upon photoconversion, changing from 34.5 ppm (methylene) in the dark state to 115 ppm (methine) in the light-activated state. Our results provide structural insight into the two-Cys photocycle of NpF2164g3 and the structurally diverse mechanisms used for light perception by the larger phytochrome superfamily.
The effect of hydrocortisone on the sheep red cell response in adult Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad†

The effect of hydrocortisone on the anti-erythrocyte (SRBC) response of the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, was studied. Hydrocortisone was administered two days prior to antigen injection and was found to reduce the eight-day antigen-binding response of sensitized spleen cells to 17% of its normal peak value. Control animals received injections of the vehicle solution the hormone is normally suspended in. Hemagglutination assays were also performed to ascertain whether the hydrocortisone treatment merely altered the ability of the spleen cells to bind antigen or suppressed their ability to produce antibody. Serum antibody titers were found to be depressed to 9% of the peak value by hydrocortisone treatment. Both thymus and spleen cells from the sensitized, hydrocortisone-treated and control adult Xenopus were tested by immunocytoadherence. Unimmunized animals were also used to establish background levels. It was found that while the antigen-binding response by immunized spleen cells was greatly decreased by hydrocortisone, thymocytes were particularly effected as their antigen-binding capacities were reduced to background levels. It was concluded that these data support the view that the toad immune system is comparable to the mammalian with regard to hydrocortisone sensitivity of the anti-red cell response.
Isometry groups of homogeneous spaces with positive sectional curvature

Abstract We calculate the full isometry group in the case G/H admits a homogeneous metric of positive sectional curvature.
Ferromagnetic Charge Transfer Complexes

Abstract Some ionic molecular solids comprised of linear chains of alternating S = ½ metallocenium donors, D, and S = ½ planar polycyanohydrocarbon acceptors, A, i.e., …D.+A.-D-+A.−…., exhibit coop erative magnetic phenomena, ie., fern, antifem, fem-, and meta- magnetism. The high temperature (T ≥ 50 K) magnetic susceptibility can usually be fit by the Curie-Weiss expression, x ∞ (T - θ)-l, with 8 > 0 for those salts with dominant ferromagnetic interactions and 8 < 0 for those salts with dominant antiferromagnetic interactions.1
Structure Transitions of the Sodium, Potassium-ATPase Investigated by Intramolecular FRET

The sodium, potassium-ATPase (NKA) is an important ion pump responsible for the generation of electrochemical gradients across eukaryotic plasma membranes. This protein is a high-value therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure and several carcinomas. We fused fluorescent proteins to the N and A domains of NKA and investigated conformational changes by quantifying intramolecular FRET. Fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis (FLDA) revealed a decrease in FRET with the addition of 25 mM KCl or 1mM ouabain, suggesting a structure transition to a more open conformation. In addition, the low-FRET conformations show a wider lifetime distribution than high-FRET architectures, which suggests that the open structure has a more dynamic cytoplasmic headpiece than the closed conformation. Ongoing experiments will investigate the voltage dependence of FRET changes and NKA structural heterogeneity.
Protein absorption by the guinea pig chorioallantoic placenta.

Previous experiments have suggested that the guinea pig chorio-allantoic placenta is a barrier to the maternal-fetal passage of proteins. The means by which the placenta exercises this barrier function were investigated by electron microscopy after injection of peroxidase, ferritin, and Thorotrast. Uptake of protein was by coated vesicles which formed at the trophoblast surface, pinched off, and migrated deeper into the cytoplasm. Some vesicles emptied into multivesicular bodies; others migrated across the trophoblast, emptying their content into the underlying compartment. Peroxidase and ferritin were observed in basement membranes within 10–20 minutes after injection. At longer intervals, the proteins were increasingly difficult to demonstrate in basement membranes, although increased amounts were present in the trophoblast. Neither the basement membranes nor the fetal capillary endothelium constituted an effective barrier to proteins which crossed the trophoblast. The results suggest that the trophoblast is the major barrier to maternal-fetal protein transfer across the labyrinth. The trophoblast appears to exercise this barrier function by (a) having a low rate of protein absorption and (b) having multivesicular bodies and lysosomes which sequester and possibly degrade absorbed proteins. However, the trophoblast is not a complete barrier to the passage of these exogenous proteins which may indicate a normal, albeit minor, pathway of maternal-fetal protein transport.
Hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis in El Paso, Texas: Do age, sex, and insurance status modify the effects of dust and low wind events?

Background El Paso County (Texas) is prone to still air inversions and is one of the dust “hot spots” in North America. In this context, we examined the sub-lethal effects of airborne dust and low wind events on human respiratory health (i.e., asthma and acute bronchitis) between 2000 and 2003, when 110 dust and 157 low wind events occurred. Because environmental conditions may not affect everyone the same, we explored the effects of dust and low wind within three age groups (children, adults, and the elderly), testing for effect modifications by sex and insurance status, while controlling for weather and air pollutants.
Male caregivers: Preparing men for nurturing roles:

This article reports the results of a series of focus groups conducted about males who provide care to females with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Male caregiver's coping skills, unique needs, role deve...
Clinical Treatment Options Infectious Diseases: Update on PrEP Implementation, Adherence, and Advances in Delivery.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and evidence-based HIV prevention option and is recommended for individuals with substantial risk for HIV infection [1]. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that daily oral PrEP dramatically reduces the risk of HIV infection when it is taken as directed. Concerns regarding widespread emergence of antiretroviral resistance attributable to PrEP and behavioral disinhibition have to date not been observed in clinical trials and open-label demonstration projects. PrEP has great potential as part of an HIV risk reduction strategy, and barriers to wider implementation including community education, prescriber availability, and elimination of financial barriers should be aggressively pursued. Adherence is critical to PrEP efficacy and has varied across study populations; developing and refining ways of measuring and supporting adherence is essential to the success of PrEP. Evaluation of long-acting medications and alternative formulations for PrEP is underway and may lead to the wider implementation and impact of PrEP.
The Clinical Impact of Health Behaviors on Emergency Department Visits

Modifiable health behaviors are an important cause of visits to emergency departments (EDs). Substance use, unsafe sexual behavior, interpersonal violence, unintentional injury, and other risky behaviors account for a large proportion of ED volume, as well as up to 40% of all deaths in the United States. While emergency physicians commonly treat the illnesses and injuries caused by these behaviors, additional opportunities exist to screen, intervene, refer, and initiate treatment for patients with these health risks. This article reviews the epidemiology and clinical impact of risky health behaviors on ED visits and suggests strategies for creating a research agenda in these areas.
The uneasy fate of nursing home residents: an organisational‐interaction perspective

This paper examines the macrosociological and organisational conditions which impinge on those who are most directly involved in decisions about nursing home patients: kin, physicians and nursing staff. Focus is on the organisational-interaction interplay, through use of an ‘illness trajectory’ framework. This analysis sheds light on the differing effect of external and internal conditions on members of each group and on the work they are called upon to do in the care of nursing home patients. All of the actors are caught in a downward spiral: under the impact of the conditions described in this paper, kin, physicians and nursing staff come to accept their powerlessness to affect change; gradual diminution of expectations ensues, leading to an acceptance of a lower standard of care. This, in turn, has serious implications when patients develop an acute illness.
Infections in long-term care populations in the United States

Objectives: To estimate infection prevalence and explore associated risk factors in nursing home (NH) residents, individuals receiving home health care (HHC), and individuals receiving hospice care. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Nationally representative samples of 1,174 U.S. NHs in the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS) and 1,036 U.S. HHC and hospice agencies in the 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS). Participants: A nationally representative sample of 12,270 NH residents, 4,394 individuals receiving HHC, and 4,410 individuals receiving hospice care. Measurements: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes were used to identify the presence of infection, including community-acquired infection and those acquired during earlier healthcare exposures. Results: Unweighted response rates were 78% for the 2004 NHHS and 67% for the 2007 NHHCS. Approximately 12% of NH residents and 12% of individuals receiving HHC had an infection at the time of the survey interview, and more than 10% of individuals receiving hospice care had an infection when discharged from hospice care. The most common infections were urinary tract infection (3.0�5.2%), pneumonia (2.2�4.4%), and cellulitis (1.6�2.0%). Short length of care and recent inpatient stay in a healthcare facility were associated with infections in all three populations. Taking 10 or more medications and urinary catheter exposure were significant in two of these three long-term care populations. Conclusion: Infection prevalence in HHC, hospice, and NH populations is similar. Although these infections may be community acquired or acquired during earlier healthcare exposures, these findings fill an important gap in understanding the national infection burden and may help inform future research on infection epidemiology and prevention strategies in long-term care populations.
Improving Scalability in Tactical Ground Radio Networks by Using Relay Nodes

Scalability is an issue for ground tactical radio networks, as increasing numbers of nodes and flows compete for the capacity of each link. The introduction of a relay node allows additional routes for traffic flows. Greater benefit is achieved by fixing the relay node at a higher elevation to allow it to broadcast to all other nodes simultaneously, thereby reducing the number of hops packets must travel. We use a combination of linear programming (LP) and novel bounds on the achievable network performance to investigate the benefits of such a relay node. We show that a relay node provides moderate improvement under an all-to-all unicast traffic model and more substantial improvement for broadcast traffic patterns.
8-Arylpurines and their ultraviolet absorption spectra

Dehydrocyclization of 4-amino-5-arylamidopyrimidines in polyphosphoric acid to 8-arylpurines was further investigated. Various other 8-arylpurines were synthesized by this new procedure in high purity and yield. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the arylpurines and the corresponding acylamidopyrimidines were measured at pH 1, 7, and 13 at 0.1 molar ionic strength. The spectra of the purines resemble those of the corresponding acylamidopyrimidines and, to a lesser extent, the corresponding 4,5-diaminopyrimidines. The bathochromic shifts caused by different substituting groups in monosubstituted purines, in general, parallel the inductive effect of the substituting groups. The hyperchromicity and the inductive constant of the substituting groups assume a linear relationship, for substitution at either the 2 or 6 position. These changes in the wave length of maximum absorption and in the molar extinction coefficient caused by 2, 6 and 8 substitutions of the purines reported here are in agreement with previous studies by Mason.
Hyponatremia with hypoxia: Effects on brain adaptation, perfusion, and histology in rodents

Hypoxia appears to be a prominent component of brain damage among patients with hyponatremic encephalopathy. Effects of hypoxia on brain in the presence of hyponatremia are not known. In order to evaluate the contributions of hypoxia to brain damage, three separate experiments were conducted in three groups of rodents. Experiment I evaluated the effects of hypoxia and acute ( P P P P
Simulation studies on the fuel electrode of a H2O2 polymer electrolyte fuel cell

Abstract The macro-homogeneous porous electrode theory is used to develop a model which describes the catalyst layer of the hydrogen electrode formed by catalyst particles that are bonded to the membrane. The water transport in the catalyst layer and polymer electrolyte membrane is considered. The effects of catalyst layer structure parameters such as polymer volume fraction, catalyst layer thickness, platinum loading and reactant gas humidity as well as CO poison on the hydrogen electrode behavior are examined. The results show that the catalyst layer thickness has a significant effect on the electrode performance. A thicker catalyst layer will result in a larger ohmic voltage loss and higher catalyst cost. The optimal polymer volume fraction and catalyst layer thickness are 0.5 and 1.5–4 μm, respectively, for this electrode. An optimal platinum surface coverage on carbon need not exceed 20% (20 wt% Pt/C). Larger platinum coverage will increase the cost, but only slightly enhance the electrode performance.
Crossmodal influences on visual perception

Vision is generally considered the dominant sensory modality; self-contained and independent of other senses. In this article, we will present recent results that contradict this view, and show that visual perception can be strongly altered by sound and touch, and such alterations can occur even at early stages of processing, as early as primary visual cortex. We will first review the behavioral evidence demonstrating modulation of visual perception by other modalities. As extreme examples of such modulations, we will describe two visual illusions induced by sound, and a visual illusion induced by touch. Next, we will discuss studies demonstrating modulation of activity in visual areas by stimulation of other modalities, and discuss possible pathways that could underpin such interactions. This will be followed by a discussion of how crossmodal interactions can affect visual learning and adaptation. We will review several studies showing crossmodal effects on visual learning. We will conclude with a discussion of computational principles governing these crossmodal interactions, and review several recent studies that demonstrate that these interactions are statistically optimal.
Consciousness, explanatory inversion, and cognitive science

Cognitive science typically postulates unconscious mental phenomena, computational or otherwise, to explain cognitive capacities. The mental phenomena in question are supposed to be inaccessible in principle to consciousness. I try to show that this is a mistake, because all unconscious intentionality must be accessible in principle to consciousness; we have no notion of intrinsic intentionality except in terms of its accessibility to consciousness. I call this claim the "Connection Principle." The argument for it proceeds in six steps. The essential point is that intrinsic intentionality has aspectual shape: Our mental representations represent the world under specific aspects, and these aspectual features are essential to a mental state's being the state that it is. Once we recognize the Connection Principle, we see that it is necessary to perform an inversion on the explanatory models of cognitive science, an inversion analogous to the one evolutionary biology imposes on preDarwinian animistic modes of explanation. In place of the original intentionalistic explanations we have a combination of hardware and functional explanations. This radically alters the structure of explanation, because instead of a mental representation (such as a rule) causing the pattern of behavior it represents (such as rule-governed behavior), there is a neurophysiological cause of a pattern (such as a pattern of behavior), and the pattern plays a functional role in the life of the organism. What we mistakenly thought were descriptions of underlying mental principles in, for example, theories of vision and language were in fact descriptions of functional aspects of systems, which will have to be explained by underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. In such cases, what looks like mentalistic psychology is sometimes better construed as speculative neurophysiology. The moral is that the big mistake in cognitive science is not the overestimation of the computer metaphor (though that is indeed a mistake) but the neglect of consciousness.
Faith, Custom, and Ritual in the Borderlands: Orthodoxy, Islam, and the “Small Peoples” of the Middle Volga and the North Caucasus

T Io study Russia as an empire we need to pay close attention to the ideas, attitudes, assumptions, and even concepts that were important to its makers.' Borderland communities predictably drew upon the central concerns and dilemmas of Russian cultural and intellectual history. The assumptions and terms of debate familiar to us from the "marvelous decade" that gave birth to the Slavophiles and Westerners were also significant for the formation of the empire. German Romantic writers supplied the framework that allowed Russian thinkers to clarify the nature of Russia's own unique contribution to "the process of
Effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on in vitro rat testis DNA, RNA and protein labeling.

In vitro rat testis DNA labeling was found to be unaltered in the presence or absence of glucose. At a concentration of 0.9 mM, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) was found to inhibit in vitro rat testis DNA labeling by 60%. This inhibitory effect appears to be relatively specific for DNA synthesis in view of the fact that the same concentration of dbcAMP was found to have no effect on in vitro incorporation of precursors into rat testis RNA or protein. The inhibitory effect is not related to contamination of dbcAMP with butyric acid or to altered transport of thymidine into the tissue. The inhibitory effect of dbcAMP on DNA labeling was potentiated by theophylline. (Endocrinology 94: 444, 1974)
SELECTIVE FOS INDUCTION IN HYPOTHALAMIC OREXIN/HYPOCRETIN, BUT NOT MELANIN-CONCENTRATING HORMONE NEURONS, BY A LEARNED FOOD-CUE THAT STIMULATES FEEDING IN SATED RATS

Associative learning can enable cues from the environment to stimulate feeding in the absence of physiological hunger. How learned cues are integrated with the homeostatic regulatory system is unknown. Here we examined whether the underlying mechanism involves the hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide regulators orexin/hypocretin (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). We used a Pavlovian conditioning procedure to train food-restricted rats to associate a discrete cue, a tone, with food pellets distinct from their regular lab chow diet. Rats in the conditioned group (Paired) received presentations of a tone immediately prior to food delivery, while the rats in the control group (Unpaired) received random presentations of the same number of tones and food pellets. After conditioning rats were allowed ad libitum access to lab chow for at least 10 days before testing. At test sated rats were presented with the tones in their home cages, and then one group was allowed to consume food pellets, while another group was left undisturbed until sacrifice for Fos induction analysis. The tone cue stimulated food consumption in this setting; rats in the Paired group consumed larger amounts of food pellets than rats in the Unpaired group. To examine Fos induction we processed the brain tissue using fluorescent immunohistochemistry methods for combined detection of Fos and characterization of ORX and MCH neurons. We found a greater percentage of ORX and Fos double-labeled neurons in the Paired compared to the Unpaired condition, specifically in the perifornical area. In contrast, there were very few MCH neurons with Fos induction in both the Paired and Unpaired conditions. Thus, the food-cue selectively induced Fos in ORX but not in MCH neurons. These results suggest a role for ORX in cue-induced feeding that occurs in the absence of physiological hunger.
Pressure-velocity correlation in turbulent reacting flows

Examination is made of the correlation between pressure and velocity fluctuations in both cold and reacting turbulent flows. This correlation which accounts for pressure diffusion in turbulence transport equations, is shown to be extremely important physically and not well treated in the past. Experiments on confined and unconfined cold flows and unbounded premixed flames are examined and found to suggest new modeling approaches to this correlation. These suggestions are completely borne out by analytical examination of the Poisson equation for pressure which exactly describes the pressure fluctuation. Under certain restrictions on the flow type, new models are developed for the correlation of interest. These models are shown to compare favorably with experiment and a new experimental technique for nonintrusive pressure measurement is presented.
Rabbit red cell cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I: Reversible subunit interaction

Abstract Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase I consists of two dissimilar functional subunits: a catalytic subunit and a cyclic AMP binding subunit. The interaction of the two subunits appears to be reversible.