cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compliance with behavioral guidelines for diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviors is related to insulin resistance among overweight and obese youth

Background: Overweight and obesity are established risk factors for insulin resistance in youth. A number of behavioral recommendations have been publicized with the goal of improving glycemic control. However, there is limited information about whether meeting these behavioral recommendations actually reduces insulin resistance. Findings: 92 youths 11 - 16 years with BMI ≥ 85% underwent oral glucose tolerance testing. HOMA-IR and AUCInsulin/AUCGlucose were calculated as measures of insulin resistance. Dietary and physical activity (PA) measures were performed. Assessments included whether or not participants met recommended levels of diet, PA and sedentary behaviors. 62% youths met criteria for insulin resistance. 82% (75/92) met at least one behavioral recommendation. Participants who met ≥ 1 dietary, sedentary, or PA recommendations had significantly reduced insulin resistance as compared with youth who did not. This relationship remained significant in multivariate modeling of insulin resistance adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Conclusions: Even relatively minor behavior change may reduce insulin resistance in youth at risk for diabetes. Our findings support the relevance of current behavioral interventions for glycemic control.
The Impact of Gender on In-hospital Outcomes after Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting

Abstract Aim We sought to better define the impact of sex on ‘in-hospital outcomes' after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or stenting (CAS). Methods Hospital discharge databases for all carotid interventions obtained from the New York State (NYS) Department of Health, Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System between 2000 and 2009 (29,917 women, 39,771 men) were analysed. Mortality, stroke and composite event (stroke/death) were compared between procedures after matching of patients by propensity score. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was our secondary ‘end' point. Results More than 90% of patients in both sexes were asymptomatic (27,439 women and 36,295 men). Compared to men, asymptomatic women experienced more strokes after CEA (women: 1.38%, men: 1.16%, P = 0.03) and higher AMI rates after both procedures (CEA; women: 0.75%, men: 0.51%, P = 0.0009, CAS; women: 0.96%, men: 0.28%, P = 0.01). Between procedures, symptomatic women undergoing CAS showed higher rates of mortality (CAS: 4.19%, CEA: 0.47%, P = 0.01) and combined (stroke/mortality) events (CAS: 12.09%, CEA: 6.05%, P = 0.02). In all other cohorts, no statistically significant difference was found between the procedures. Conclusions Compared to CEA, CAS led to inferior in-hospital outcomes only in symptomatic women in the last decade in NYS. Men and asymptomatic women showed comparable outcomes after both procedures, whereas asymptomatic females were more prone to AMI after both interventions. These sex-associated differences should be taken into account for the treatment of carotid artery disease.
A reflection on Ferguson.

It has been a number of months since the events of Ferguson, MO, broke and captured our attention. For some, it had no meaning; some saw it as justifiable; for others there was outrage; and for yet others, there was fear and flashback of things we’ve seen before. As a graduate of the NYU masters program I can still hear Martha Rogers talking about patterns, mutual simultaneous interactions, open systems and events as dynamic. As an advanced practice child and adolescent psychiatric nurse and an African-American, I would be remiss not to raise the following issues and questions: Why in 2013 and 2014 are we seeing an increase in the number of Black adolescent males being killed? Why is there an increase in the pattern? Why are normal adolescent behaviors such as playing loud music with peers, walking home at night, or mouthing off now resulting in death for one segment of the population? The solidarity across the country of protesters who have been alarmed by these events has been well coordinated and provides some level of validation that we are not all complacent and there is a recognition of the value of all youth. I worry about the impact of these events, one after another seemingly provoked by normal human behaviors on the perception of other young Black males. What is their understanding of how normal adolescent behaviors can and does result in death?How do these events hamper their freedom to engage in the world with others from a position of curiosity, healthy adolescent risk-taking, moral development, and psychosocial understanding? How dowe as practitioners interpret, discuss, and frame these events for minority youth we work with in practice?
Reshaping the response space with kulenikka in beginning to respond to questions in Korean conversation

Respondents have various ways of resisting the constraints that questions impose on them. In this article I show one way in which Korean speakers deal with trouble of responding to questions as put when beginning to respond: Prefacing their responses with kulenikka. The analysis shows that kulenikka marks the response as departing from the question's terms and signals a reshaping of the response space. Three common contexts for this departure are: Respondents (1) cannot conform to the question's terms due to the question's inadequate presuppositions; (2) defer a straightforward or type-conforming answer; and (3) evade the question. The findings contribute to a developing body of conversation analytic research on how question recipients display resistance to questions, and more generally how turn-beginnings serve as an important place in interaction.
Preference as Performance: Doing Social Class and Gender in Three School Libraries

This study examines the construct of reader preference along the lines of gender and social class. Data were collected through focused interviews and participant observation from one third-grade class in each of three elementary school libraries that served children from a range of ethnic and social class backgrounds. The study argues that children's expressions of preference are often enactments of what they believe it means to be categorically male or female, whereas their ways of relating to different genres of text, as well as how they choose to read, often enact the “habitus,” or material logic, of their social class. This analysis is complicated by three events in which the doing of gender or class by students is interrupted by stronger desires. The article concludes with a reconsideration of preference as a construct, and questions why educators might want to know what children like to read in the first place.
THE POLITICS OF PULIC PENSION REFORM

*R. Kent Weaver is a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution. The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Retirement Research Consortium. The opinions and conclusions are solely those of the author and should not be construed as representing the opinions or policies of the Social Security Administration, or any agency of the Federal Government or of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
Characterizing datasets for data deduplication in backup applications

The compression and throughput performance of data deduplication system is directly affected by the input dataset. We propose two sets of evaluation metrics, and the means to extract those metrics, for deduplication systems. The First set of metrics represents how the composition of segments changes within the deduplication system over five full backups. This in turn allows more insights into how the compression ratio will change as data accumulate. The second set of metrics represents index table fragmentation caused by duplicate elimination and the arrival rate at the underlying storage system. We show that, while shorter sequences of unique data may be bad for index caching, they provide a more uniform arrival rate which improves the overall throughput. Finally, we compute the metrics derived from the datasets under evaluation and show how the datasets perform with different metrics. Our evaluation shows that backup datasets typically exhibit patterns in how they change over time and that these patterns are quantifiable in terms of how they affect the deduplication process. This quantification allows us to: 1) decide whether deduplication is applicable, 2) provision resources, 3) tune the data deduplication parameters and 4) potentially decide which portion of the dataset is best suited for deduplication.
Brainstem infarction after delayed thrombosis of a stented vertebral artery fusiform aneurysm: Case report

Objective and importance Recent technological advances have provided clinicians with stents that can be navigated throughout the tortuous proximal vessels of the posterior intracranial circulation. There have been few reports of fusiform and wide-necked aneurysms treated with stents. Of the known risks involved in stent placement in the intracranial circulation, delayed stent thrombosis has not been well described. Clinical presentation A 34-year-old man who experienced the sudden onset of a severe headache with increasing lethargy was found on computed tomographic imaging to have a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography revealed a left vertebral artery fusiform aneurysm that incorporated the posteroinferior cerebellar artery origin. Intervention A low-porosity Magic Wallstent (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) was placed in the left vertebral artery across the aneurysm and the origin of the posteroinferior cerebellar artery. Angiography performed 9 days later revealed significant reduction in filling of the aneurysm. The patient returned 3 months after stent placement with severe neurological deterioration from a brainstem infarction caused by complete thrombotic occlusion of the left vertebral artery at the stented segment of the vessel. Conclusion Stenting of fusiform aneurysms has provided an alternative to surgical clipping or parent vessel reconstruction. With the increasing frequency of intracranial stent placement for various cerebrovascular disease entities, we must become aware of potential complications associated with these procedures. Such awareness may influence decision-making processes regarding treatment and follow-up care.
Permanent Pervenous Atrial Pacing From the Coronary Vein

Permanent pervenous atrial pacing from the coronary vein has been attempted in 14 patients. Several types of arrhythmias including symptomatic bradycardia, "bradytachy" syndrome, and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia-fibrillation have been successfully treated with pervenous atrial pacing in 10 patients for 1 to 30 mo. Longterm atrial pacing was unsuccessful in four patients; in two of these four this was due to high atrial pacing thresholds. To date there has been no evidence of pacemaker perforation or pacemaker-induced coronary vein thrombosis. It is concluded that permanent pervenous atrial pacing from the coronary vein is a reliable method of atrial pacing without resorting to thoracotomy.
Ophthalmic migraines and combined hormonal contraceptives

A 31-year-old G0P0 with a history of migraine-like visual disturbances presented to my office requesting a refill for oral contraceptives. The patient reported one migraine headache at age 11 that was preceded by a blind spot in her vision lasting 30 min. These symptoms did not recur until age 28 when she experienced a visual disturbance described as a blind spot followed by a flashing light that migrated to the periphery of the visual field lasting 20 min. This episode was not associated with a headache or other migraine symptoms such as nausea. The patient consulted an ophthalmologist who diagnosed “ophthalmic migraine.” The patient was once again asymptomatic until 4 months prior to presentation when she experienced a similar episode of flashing lights lasting about 10 min, once again not associated with headache or nausea. The patient has no personal or family history of stroke or blood clotting disorders. She strongly desired to continue combined oral contraceptives that were previously prescribed to her by another clinician. What do you think? Is this patient a candidate for combined hormonal contraception despite these “ophthalmic migraines?”
Progesterone Receptor Regulates Bcl-2 Gene Expression through Direct Binding to Its Promoter Region in Uterine Leiomyoma Cells

Context: Uterine leiomyomas are smooth muscle cell tumors that cause irregular uterine bleeding and pregnancy loss in many reproductive-age women. Progesterone stimulates their growth, whereas treatment with progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists or selective progesterone receptor modulators shrinks these tumors. Molecular mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. Objective: Bcl-2 is a key protein that inhibits apoptosis. It was proposed that growth enhancement of leiomyoma cells by progesterone was mediated via bcl-2 induction. Here we test the hypothesis that PR regulates the bcl-2 gene by directly binding to its promoter. Results: The pure progesterone agonist R5020 increased the total number of viable primary human leiomyoma smooth muscle (LSM) cells in culture. Progesterone or R5020 (10−6 m) significantly increased bcl-2 mRNA levels after 2 and 4 h by 9.2- and 3.4-fold, respectively, in LSM cells. Transient transfection with deletion mutants of bcl-2 promoter showed that the −1281/−258-bp...
examining low self-control theory at mardi gras: critiquing the general theory of crime within the framework of normative deviance

This exploratory study situates the theory of low self-control within the framework of normative deviance. Empirically, it tests whether self-reported acts of deviance committed prior to attending Mardi Gras predict self-reported acts of lewd behavior during Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Lewd conduct at Mardi Gras is defined as the exposure of one's genitals, anus, vulva, or female breast nipples, or engaging in oral or penetrative sex in any public place open to the view of people. The overall findings do not support Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of low self-control. The conclusion integrates qualitative interviews to provide an original critique of the general theory of crime within the framework of normative deviance.
Latex Hazards: Setting Policy:

This past decade, natural rubber latex hypersensitivity has become an increasing concern for the health care industry and nurses. With the adoption of universal precautions in the late 1980s and in...
Electromagnetic form factors

Les facteurs de forme physiques d’une particule de spinJ sont definis de facon, covariante en utilisant une representation d’helicite du courant electromagnetique dans le systeme de Breit. La forme generale de la section efficace non polarisee est donnee explicitement. La matrice densite est calculee dans le cas d’un spin J=3/2. Si definiscono in modo covariante i fattori di forma fisici di una particella di spinJ, utilizzando una rappresentazione d’elicita della corrente elettromagnetica nel sistema di Breit. Si da esplicitamente la forma generate della sezione d’urto non polarizzata. Si oalcola la matrice di densita nel caso di spinJ = 3/2.
Temperature compensation of G m -C filters using resistive bridge

A new technique for temperature compensation of Gm-C filters is presented. Using negative feedback the Gm-cells' transconductance is locked to the reciprocal of a resistance array. Temperature dependency of the Gm/C ratio, which determines the unity-gain frequency, is minimised by arranging the temperature dependency of the resistors. Unique properties of a proposed resistive bridge allow for the synthesis of temperature coefficients beyond the range of coefficients of constituent elements. With a set of practical elements a variation of only 0.66% in Gm/C has been achieved over −40 to 120°C.
On the capacity of dual diversity combining schemes on correlated Rayleigh fading channels with unequal branch gains

In this paper, we investigate the effect of fade correlation and the level of imbalance in the mean signal strength on the capacity of Rayleigh fading channels with dual antenna receive diversity. We consider maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SC) diversity schemes and derive expressions for the average and the outage capacities of the channel. For the case of MRC and SC schemes we obtain closed-form expressions for the average and the outage capacities, whereas efficient Gauss-Hermite quadrature rule-based expressions are provided for ECG diversity. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the capacity degradation due to channel correlation and unbalanced diversity branches.
A constructive method for stabilizing linear systems with time delays

Stabilization of linear systems with noncommensurate time delays using state feedback is approached in terms of a sufficient algebraic criterion for asymptotic stability. A stepwise procedure for computing a stabilizing feedback matrix is given in terms of the stabilization of a finite collection of finite-dimensional (delay-free) systems.
Multiplierless PR quadrature mirror filters for subband image coding

This correspondence deals with suboptimal multiplierless perfect reconstruction quadrature mirror filter (PR-QMF) solutions. It is shown that multiplierless PR-QMFs perform comparable to or better than the known filter banks and discrete-cosine-transform-based (DCT-based) image coding techniques objectively and subjectively. They are very efficient to implement on very large scale integrated (VLSI) systems. These PR-QMFs might find uses in real-time image and video coding and other applications.
Proactive restart as cyber maneuver for Android

Moving-target defense is an effective strategy for deflecting cyber attacks. The widespread use of smartphones in the tactical field requires novel ways of securing smartphones against an ever-increasing number of zero-day attacks. We propose a new, proactive approach for securing smartphone apps against certain classes of attacks. We leverage smartphone's native support for quick and lossless restarts to make application restart a cyber maneuver meant to deflect and confuse attackers. We propose a time-series entropy metric to quantify attack resilience. We apply our approach to 12 popular Android apps chosen from a variety of domains, including online banking and shopping. Preliminary experiments with using proactive restarts on these apps show that restart is a promising way of increasing attack resilience for a certain class of side-channel attacks named Activity Inference attacks.
Clinical research: Regulatory issues

The regulatory issues faced by institutions performing clinical research are described. Many institutions do not have on staff an expert who understands the regulatory issues involved in managing investigational new drug research and who knows the institution's obligations under the federal rules. Because pharmacists understand the FDA regulations that apply to the management of drugs in clinical research, institutions are asking pharmacists to expand their role and manage clinical research offices. Many authorities govern various aspects of investigational drug research. FDA has published regulations for good clinical practice (GCP), and the International Conference on Harmonisation is developing an international standard for the proper management of clinical trials. The guidelines published by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations aim to protect patients who are in the institution to receive health care and also participate in clinical trials. The Social Security Administration Acts specifically state that only items and services that are reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of injury or disease can be billed to the government; research-related billings are excluded from coverage. Proper management of drug research is crucial to the success of a research program that is integrated with patient care.
More on Democracy

This is a very simple essay, arguing that Dewey's emphasis on democracy as a social rather than a political system that aims to create a 'great community' or 'community of communities' must be supplemented by more 'realism' about the basis of democratic politics in practice, and less squeamishness about social conflict, especially class-conflict. The paper argues that modern democracies are in any event not democracies, and raises the question whether we a) could institute true - Athenian - democracy, and b) would like it. My answer is yes to a) and no to b).
Estimating the Potential Detection Rate for Fraud

The research uses the term fraud to include material irregularities as defined in SAS No. 53. This research studied differences in fraud detection between different levels of experience and client integrity and competence ratings. The case study used in the research (Pincus, 1990) involved a restaurant client that materially overstated ending inventory. The sample included 152 managers and 342 seniors. Each auditor reviewed a complete set of work papers and was asked to determine whether the inventory account was stated fairly. In addition to the current data, the research uses data from Pincus (1990) and Wright and Ashton (1989) as the basis for determining the detection rate for an audit team reviewing the data on an inventory account. The data in this research indicates that an audit team composed of two juniors, one senior, a manager, and partner has a 97.7 percent probability of detecting a material irregularity in an inventory account.
Discussing Measures to Address the Risk of Carbon Leakage in EU Climate Change Policy: Coordinating Taxation, Emission Trading and State Aid

Since January 2005, European energy-intensive sectors are double regulated. Their energy consumption is covered both by the Energy Taxation Directive and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme Directive. To address the risk of carbon leakage and competitiveness loss following from EU climate change policy different State aid regimes are available to deal with direct and indirect emission costs. This paper assesses the coherence of this regulatory overlap and performs a critical analysis of its effects. Following this analysis it is concluded that some changes to EU climate change regimes are required to improve their environmental impact and cost-efficiency. The first-best option seems to be an obligatory EU-wide exemption from national energy taxation (both regarding energy and emissions tax components) for all sectors covered by the EU ETS together with an EU-wide energy tax, which would replace the previous national ones. The ETS dilemma could then be addressed by charging a higher tax rate on the power sector.
Competition for Recreation Water in California

Water-oriented recreation has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. This has brought about great demand for minimum recreation pools and adequate recreation facilities at reservoir projects. Water pools for recreation require acquisition of water to fill them initially and to compensate for added evaporation losses later. This difficult problem was satisfactorily solved in four Federal reservoirs in a water-deficient area in California. Procedure used entailed a high degree of cooperation by water users, public at large, and construction agency. Required water for recreation was estimated at less than one half of one percent of natural river flows. Total cost, including storage, water, recreation facilities, and maintenance and operation is estimated at $0.30 per recreation-day. Under Public Law 99-72 about one half of this cost would be borne by the Federal Government and the other half by a local agency. Local costs can be financed through user fees.
Social media engagement as an evaluation barometer: Insights from communication executives

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how communication executives and managers evaluate social media engagement and how they cultivate as well as measure social media engagement during crises. In-depth interviews were conducted with 43 in-house senior communication managers from 15 top-tier corporations and 28 non-profits based in the United States. The findings revealed that senior communication managers recognize the importance of making meaningful interpretations of informatics and work to analyze signs of engagement evident in stakeholders’ interactive and dialogic actions on various social media platforms. These communication managers also recognize the importance of social media in prior-crisis environmental scanning, creating a credible on-line voice by providing timely accurate information to affected communities, and adopting social media in crisis engagement, especially managing conversations and resonating to online stakeholders’ emotions. Based on these findings, the researchers further discussed an enhanced four-dimensional model for evaluating social media engagement in regular circumstances and a model for evaluating social media engagement during crisis communication.
Adaptation of rabbit cortical collecting duct to in vitro acid incubation

Cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) isolated from acid-loaded rabbits and perfused in vitro absorb HCO3-, whereas CCDs from normal animals secrete HCO3-. We have previously shown that CCDs incubated in vitro for 3 h at pH 6.9 show a reduction in net (baseline and stimulated) HCO3- secretion. In this study we ascertained the minimum duration of an acidic stimulus necessary to induce adaptive changes in stimulated HCO3- secretion (determined in the absence of basolateral Cl-) and the roles of protein synthesis and cytoskeletal function in this process. CCDs incubated in acid (pH 6.8, HCO3- 6 mM) for 1 h followed by incubation at pH 7.4 (HCO3- 25 mM) for 2 h showed a 41% reduction in stimulated HCO3- secretion (P < 0.001), similar to that observed after 3 h of incubation at pH 6.8. However, this incubation protocol failed to enhance stimulated HCO3- absorption (determined in the absence of luminal Cl-). Addition of 10 microM anisomycin, a reversible inhibitor of protein synthesis, throughout the entire period of incubation (1 h at pH 6.8 plus 2 h at pH 7.4) blocked adaptive reduction in HCO3- secretion, as did exposure to anisomycin only during the initial 1 h of acid incubation. In contrast, anisomycin application during the 2-h incubation at pH 7.4 failed to block this adaptation of HCO3- secretion. Application of 4 microM actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA transcription, during the acid incubation also prevented the adaptive response, as did application during the total or during the 2-h pH 7.4 incubation period of 0.2 microM cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin filament function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Human Temporal Bone Removal: The Skull Base Block Method.

Objectives To describe a technique for harvesting larger temporal bone specimens from human cadavers for the training of otolaryngology residents and fellows on the various approaches to the lateral and posterolateral skull base. Design Human cadaveric anatomical study. The calvarium was excised 6 cm above the superior aspect of the ear canal. The brain and cerebellum were carefully removed, and the cranial nerves were cut sharply. Two bony cuts were performed, one in the midsagittal plane and the other in the coronal plane at the level of the optic foramen. Setting Medical school anatomy laboratory. Participants Human cadavers. Main Outcome Measures Anatomical contents of specimens and technical effort required. Results Larger temporal bone specimens containing portions of the parietal, occipital, and sphenoidal bones were consistently obtained using this technique of two bone cuts. All specimens were inspected and contained pertinent surface and skull base landmarks. Conclusions The skull base block method allows for larger temporal bone specimens using a two bone cut technique that is efficient and reproducible. These specimens have the necessary anatomical bony landmarks for studying the complexity, utility, and limitations of lateral and posterolateral approaches to the skull base, important for the education of otolaryngology residents and fellows.
Dynamics of Laves Phase Intersections in a Concentration Gradient

In the approximate interval 850–1150C, the Laves phase TiCr2 exhibits several composition dependent structures, ranging from two layer hexagonal (2H), denoted C14, to face-centered cubic, denoted C15, for Ti-deficient and Ti-excess material, respectively. Intermediate stacking variants such a dihexagonal (4H), denoted C36, may also exist. The Laves phase band in a Ti-Cr microdiffusion couple is examined in cross-section TEM at ambient temperature, after a 1000 C anneal. The band consists of very faulty hexagonal material, at least in part reflecting rapid shear transformation on cooling; in addition the cubic phase is present, in some instances within the same grain as the hexagonal phase. The cubic/hexagonal interfaces are approximately parallel rather than perpendicular to the bulk diffusion direction. Due to a difference in Ti and Cr fluxes, there is a gradual transformation of cubic to hexagonal by a shear mechanism. A model for the mobility of the hexagonal/cubic interface in a concentration gradient is proposed.
Which One Should I Pick? Concept Selection in Engineering Design Industry

There has been a wealth of research focused on methods for encouraging creativity during the conceptual design process due to the innate importance of creativity in engineering design. However, much of the research has focused on creativity in student designers, often neglecting to consider how professional designers perceive creativity — particularly during concept selection. In addition, while there are many formal concept selection techniques that have been adopted in design practice, it is unknown what specific types of tools professional designers use to select design concepts or the importance designers place on creativity during this selection process. In order to address this research void, an exploratory study was conducted with 27 professional designers using an online survey to understand their perceptions of creativity and the use of concept selection techniques in design industry. The results of this study are used to identify the factors that effect concept selection and increase our understanding of the creative process in engineering design industry.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Elemental characterization of the cuticle in the marine intertidal pseudoscorpion, Halobisium occidentale

Arthropods are well known to biomineralize and metallize their exoskeletons with naturally occurring elements that function to stabilize the protein component and add hardness to surfaces that endure wear. In this study, we provide the first description of the trace elements in the cuticle of a marine intertidal pseudoscorpion, Halobisium occidentale, using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. We characterized the trace element composition of six regions on four specimens: the prosoma, opisthosoma, tarsal claws, arolia, chelicerae, and pedipalps. In addition to the elements C, O, and N that make up the α-chitin component of the cuticle, we found 11 trace elements across the body, but only five of these elements were present at significant levels (≥1% wt): Ni, P, Al, Zn, and Fe. The only trace element on both tagmata is P, while the appendages and their structures contain varying amounts of other elements. The tarsal claws are supplemented with Zn and Ni, while the adhesive arolia contain either Ni or P. The pedipalps are enriched with Al along their proximodistal axis, with P, Zn, and Fe present only around the venom pore. The chelicerae have P, Zn, and Fe present only on the distal regions. This study confirms that pseudoscorpions, like many other arthropods, enrich their cuticle with specific elements at precise locations that are important in predation (cheliceral fingers, pedipalps, venom pore) and locomotion (tarsal claws, arolia). This is also the first study to reveal the presence of Al and Ni in any significant quantities in the arthropod exoskeleton.
Association between prenatal exposure to methylmercury and developmental outcomes in Seychellois children: effect modification by social and environmental factors.

UNLABELLED The Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) is testing the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to low doses of MeHg from maternal consumption of fish is associated with the child's developmental outcomes. No deleterious relationships between exposure to MeHg and cognitive functions have been identified in the primary analysis of the main cohort through 66 months of age. We performed secondary analyses to determine if effect modification (EM) from social and environmental factors was affecting associations between MeHg and outcomes. METHODS MeHg exposure was determined by analysis of maternal hair growing during pregnancy. Children in our Main Study cohort were evaluated at 6.5 months (N = 740) for visual recognition memory and visual attention using the Fagan Infantest, at 19 months (N = 738) and 29 months (N = 736) with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). Interactions between MeHg and Caregiver Intelligence, Family Income and Home Environment were examined by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The median prenatal MeHg exposure was 5.9 ppm (Range 0.5-26.7 ppm). No EM occurred for preferential looking or visual attention at 6.5 months, for the BSID Psychomotor Scale at either 19 or 29 months, or for activity level at 29 months as measured by the BSID Infant Behavior Record. Interactions between MeHg level and both caregiver intelligence and family income were statistically significant for the BSID Mental Scale at 19 months but not at 29 months. These showed enhancement of MDI scores with increasing maternal MeHg in higher caregiver IQ groups at several levels of family income. CONCLUSIONS In Seychellois children, consistent major EM by social or environmental factors were not identified. The small EM by caregiver intelligence and social factors at 19 months is consistent with the enhanced performance we reported when this cohort was examined at 66 months.
Functional (psychogenic) saccadic oscillations and oculogyric crises.

In their Review in The Lancet Neurology, Diego Kaski and colleagues describe the clinical features of cranial functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, including ocular movement disorders. The authors correctly state that there is no information available regarding the frequency of eye functional movement disorders. We have recently studied a cohort of 182 patients with functional movement disorders and identified 11 (6%) patients with functional (psychogenic) ophthalmological movement disorders. This proportion is lower than those reported in previous series describing other functional (psychogenic) cranial movement disorders. We identifi ed evidence consistent with oculogyric crises in seven cases, opsoclonus in fi ve cases, and ocular fl utter in one case (two patients had two types of psychogenic ophthalmological movement disorders). These patients were not different in terms of sex and other movement disorders compared with those without psychogenic ophthalmological movement disorders. Most of our patients had symptoms including oscillopsia, inability to fixate, and blindness, the latter being related to persistent ocular supraversion and psychogenic blepharospasm, adding to the burden of other psychogenic symptoms. We highlight some clinical features that should make the clinician suspicious of functional (psychogenic) causes for such ocular movements, including suggestibility, inability to voluntarily suppress the ocular movements, prominent distractibi l ity, and temporal correlation with other functional movement disorders. However, such patients could be misdiagnosed as having a disorder with different causes, such as symptoms being druginduced, neoplastic, paraneoplastic, autoimmune, hereditary, or of vascular origin. Kaski and colleagues state that nystagmus has at least one slow phase, which differs from saccadic oscillations in which both phases are rapid. For this reason we do not use the terms psychogenic or functional nystagmus; instead we think that these movements should fall into the category of psychogenic or functional saccadic oscillations and oculogyric crises. In the case of oculogyric crises, the conjugated ocular movements are more sustained. In psychogenic eye flutter, the ability to provoke such movement voluntarily has been reported in 8% of healthy controls. A livelily debate is ongoing about which term should be used to name these movements, psychogenic or functional. Whereas the term psychogenic assumes a purely psychological cause, the term functional lacks specificity and does not address disability, given that these disorders are actually quite dysfunctional rather than functional.
Academic disidentification in Black college students: The role of teacher trust and gender.

Objectives Research has identified academic disidentification as a phenomenon that appears to uniquely impact Black male students. However, few empirical studies examine what underlies such gender differences. This study examined whether students' teacher trust is a factor underlying academic disidentification in Black college students and whether this is moderated by gender. Academic disidentification was investigated by examining the strength of the relation between a student's view of his or her academic abilities in comparison to peers (i.e., academic self-concept [ASC]) and the student's academic outcomes (i.e., grade point average [GPA]). Attribution theory was used as a lens to test a hypothesized multigroup path model that linked age to teacher trust and ASC, and ASC to GPA through teacher trust. Alternative models were also tested. Method Participants were 319 Black students (120 males and 199 females) recruited from a large, southwestern, predominantly White university. Results Results revealed the hypothesized model fit the data reasonably well, whereas the alternative models resulted in a poorer fit. The final model supported our hypothesis that the relation between ASC and GPA is partially mediated by teacher trust and this relation was moderated by gender, such that the indirect effect was significantly stronger for males than females. Several significant differences were also found across gender for direct paths. Conclusions These findings suggest college students' trust of faculty may be particularly important for Black males and is likely a contributing factor to academic disidentification. Practical implications for university professionals' facilitation of Black college students' academic development are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
The evolving meaning of cancer for long-term survivors of breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To discover the different meanings of cancer for older women who are long-term survivors of breast cancer. DESIGN Qualitative study using a heuristic approach. SETTING Large metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. SAMPLE A sample of eight women was obtained using network sampling. The women ranged in age from 65-77 years. Length of survival ranged from 5.5-29 years. Five of the women had been treated with a lumpectomy (four with radiation and chemotherapy and one with radiation only). The three other women had been treated with a simple mastectomy, one of whom also was treated with chemotherapy. METHODS Interviews were conducted in the women's homes. Audiotaped interviews were transcribed and manually coded for patterns and themes. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Meaning of cancer. FINDINGS Three meanings of cancer emerged from the data: (a) cancer as sickness and death, (b) cancer as an obstacle, and (c) cancer as transforming. CONCLUSIONS As the women worked through their cancer experience, their perspectives changed. The meaning of cancer after surviving the disease and its treatment centered around positive, insightful experiences and expansive, renewing interactions with their environment. Further research examining the meaning of cancer is needed to broaden the transferability of the findings to other groups. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Understanding the meaning of cancer for older women who are long-term breast cancer survivors may enhance nurses' sensitivity to survivors' perspectives. Knowledge of survivors' different meanings of cancer may help to paint a new vision of cancer survivorship comprised of potentially positive, transforming experiences.
Task-correlated head movement in fMR imaging: false activations can contaminate results despite motion correction.

In recent years, functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging has greatly expanded our capacity to investigate the neuronal substrates of human cognitive processes. This methodology, which relies on blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) contrast, has proven to be a valuable tool for addressing
Human Microdosing with Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and Metabolites by UPLC Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.

Metabolism is a key health risk factor following exposures to pro-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), an IARC classified 2A probable human carcinogen. Human exposure to PAHs occurs primarily from the diet in nonsmokers. However, little data is available on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans of high molecular weight PAHs (≥4 aromatic rings), including DBC. We previously determined the pharmacokinetics of DBC in human volunteers orally administered a microdose (29 ng; 5 nCi) of [14C]-DBC by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis of total [14C] in plasma and urine. In the current study, we utilized a novel “moving wire” interface between ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and AMS to detect and quantify parent DBC and its major metabolites. The major [14C] product identified in plasma was unmetabolized [14C]-DBC itself (Cmax = 18.5 ±15.9 fg/mL, Tmax= 2.1 ± 1.0 h), whereas the major metabolite was identified as [14C]-(+/–)-DBC-1...
Red Blood Cell Antigens and Human Blood Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the red blood cell (RBC) antigens that are most commonly encountered in the clinical practice of transfusion medicine. Blood group antigens are determined by either carbohydrate moieties linked to proteins or lipids or by amino acid sequences. Specificity of the carbohydrate-defined RBC antigens is determined by terminal sugars. Genes code for the production of enzymes that transfer these sugar molecules onto a protein or lipid. Specificity of the protein-defined RBC antigens is determined by amino acid sequences that are directly determined by genes. The proteins that carry blood group antigens are inserted into the RBC membrane in one of three ways: single-pass, multipass, or linked to phosphotidylinositol. Many factors influence the clinical significance of alloantibodies formed against RBC antigens. The prevalence of different RBC antibodies depends on both the prevalence of the corresponding RBC antigen in the population and the relative immunogenicity of the antigen. The clinical importance of a RBC antibody depends on both its prevalence in a population and whether it is likely to cause RBC destruction or hemolytic disease of the newborn. The type and degree of transfusion reactions and the degree of clinical hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) caused by antibodies to each blood group antigen system is reviewed in this chapter.
Transitioning Pharmacogenomics into the Clinical Setting: Training Future Pharmacists

Pharmacogenomics, once hailed as a futuristic approach to pharmacotherapy, has transitioned to clinical implementation. Although logistic and economic limitations to clinical pharmacogenomics are being superseded by external measures such as preemptive genotyping, implementation by clinicians has met resistance, partly due to a lack of education. Pharmacists, with extensive training in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy and accessibility to patients, are ideally suited to champion clinical pharmacogenomics. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes of an innovative pharmacogenomic teaching approach. Second-year student pharmacists enrolled in a required, 15-week pharmaceutical care lab course in 2015 completed educational activities including lectures and small group work focusing on practical pharmacogenomics. Reflecting the current landscape of direct-to-consumer genomic testing, students were offered 23andMe genotyping. Students completed surveys regarding their attitudes and confidence on pharmacogenomics prior to and following the educational intervention. Paired pre- and post-intervention responses were analyzed with McNemar’s test for binary comparisons and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for Likert items. Responses between genotyped and non-genotyped students were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test for binary comparisons and the Mann-Whitney U-test for Likert items. Responses were analyzed for all student pharmacists who voluntarily completed the pre-intervention survey (N=121, 83% response) and for student pharmacists who completed both pre- and post-intervention surveys (N=39, 27% response). Of those who completed both pre- and post-intervention surveys, 59% obtained genotyping. Student pharmacists demonstrated a significant increase in their knowledge of pharmacogenomic resources (17.9% vs. 56.4%, p<0.0001) and confidence in applying pharmacogenomic information to manage patients’ drug therapy (28.2% vs. 48.7%, p=0.01), particularly if the student had received genotyping. Student pharmacists understanding of the risks and benefits of using personal genome testing services significantly increased (55.3% vs. 86.8%, p=0.001) along with agreement that personal genomics would likely play an important role in their future career (47.4% versus 76.3%, p=0.01), particularly among students who participated in genotyping. The educational intervention, including personal genotyping, was feasible and positively enhanced students’ reflections and attitudes towards pharmacogenomics in a professional pharmacy program.
Phenotypic Markers in Event-Related Potentials

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) are a noninvasive method of measuring brain activity during cognitive processing. ERPs provide an insight into very early stages of information processing. Because of their high temporal resolution, noninvasiveness, relatively low cost, and ability to provide a continuous measure of the brain’s information processing, ERPs have been widely adopted by scientists to study normal cognitive processing and functions at different developmental stages, as well as to illuminate how and why these cognitive processes are altered in neurological and psychiatric disorders. A number of ERPs have been identified as intermediate markers or endophenotypes for psychiatric illnesses. This chapter selectively describes six ERP measures that are commonly studied in neuropsychiatric disorders. Each measure may be useful in diagnosis prediction, identifying genetic susceptibility, understanding cognitive behavior and brain function, and as biomarkers for drug discovery.
How Price Dispersion Changes When Upgrades Are Introduced: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the Airline Industry

This paper studies the effect of introducing a new vertical differentiation strategy, paying for an upgrade to a premium product after purchasing the base product, on the price dispersion of the ba...