cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploratory research with an adult visual cliff

An adult visual cliff was constructed with a floor of heavy transparent plastic. A pilot study observed whether subjects stepped on the shallow side, on the deep side, or in the middle between the two. The main study measured latencies to cross the transparent plastic floor as a function of apparent visual depth. Both studies showed that subjects discriminated visual depth. The main study varied stimulus pattern as well as visual depth but found differences only as a function of visual depth and not of visual pattern.
Hind Limb Hyperexcitability Following the Application of Fibrin Sealants Containing Tranexamic Acid to the Lumbar Spinal Cord in Rats

Background: Fibrin sealants (FS) are frequently used in trauma surgery. Typically, they contain aprotinin (APO), a natural fibrinolysis inhibitor, to prevent premature clot degradation. Transexamic acid (tAMCA), a synthetic fibrinolysis inhibitor, has been discussed as substitute for APO. Several studies have indicated that tAMCA may induce convulsions when applied to the central nervous system. In the present study, we elucidate whether tAMCA retains its convulsive nature when incorporated into an FS. Material and Methods: A laminectomy at T13 was carried out in male anesthetized rats (n = 25). FS containing either APO or different concentrations of tAMCA (0.5, 5, 47,5 mg/ml) was applied to the pial surface of the lumbar spinal cord. One group of rats (control; n = 4) underwent laminectomy only. The response to noxious stimulation of the hind paw was assessed 5 min after application using a semiquantitative score. Results: Application of FS containing 5 or 47,5 mg/ml tAMCA resulted in severe hind limb (HL) convulsions leading to generalized convulsions in the tAMCA-47,5 group. In this group all animals died, while four of six survived in the tAMCA-5 group. No convulsions were noted in the APO and the tAMCA-0.5 groups, and all animals survived. All surviving animals showed normal HL motor function. Conclusions: tAMCA is able to induce convulsions when incorporated into an FS. Thus, use of FS containing tAMCA within or in vicinity of the central nervous system may pose a substantial risk for the patient.
Synthesis and characterization of monolithic, high surface area SiO2/C and SiC/C composites

In this study, the synthesis and characterization of high surface area carbon-supported silica and silicon carbide aerogels are presented. An activated carbon aerogel with surface area greater than 3000 m2 g−1 was used as a support for the sol–gel deposition of silica. The resulting silica-coated carbon aerogel retained a surface area greater than 2000 m2 g−1 and showed improved thermal stability in air. The carbon-supported silicon carbide aerogel was made by the carbothermal reduction of the silica-coated carbon aerogel under flowing Ar at 1500 °C. The resulting monolith maintained a surface area greater than 2000 m2 g−1 and was stable to temperatures approaching 600 °C, 100 °C higher than that of the pristine carbon aerogel.
Structure of nanoscale silicon clusters.

Using the Car-Parrinello method, the authors have obtained unforeseen structures for the low-lying isomers of Si45 and other midsized Si clusters. They are formed by two shells of atoms, the outer one (cage) being fullerenelike and the inner one (core) consisting of a few atoms satg. dangling bonds. These novel structures provide for the first time a consistent interpretation of the available exptl. data, including the reactivity trends and the structural transition at a size of .apprx.25 atoms. [on SciFinder (R)]
Novel treatments in non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract Although it has been exciting for lung cancer doctors to observe objective remissions with gefitinib and erlotinib in heavily pretreated NSCLC patients, all of the reported phase III trials testing noncytotoxic, targeted therapies in NSCLC have been negative. Two basic strategies have been employed in developing and conducting these randomized studies. In the case of gefitinib and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, phase III trials were launched based on preclinical data. The second strategy was based on survival results from phase II trials involving regimens consisting of the targeted agent and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, negative results have been observed with the first phase III study (chemotherapy +/- ISIS 3521), which was based on the results of a phase II trial. The initial negative results with targeted agents suggest that a paradigm shift in cancer drug development is needed. Typically, the development of a cytotoxic agent involves determination of the maximum tolerated dose, followed by an assessment of activity as defined by the objective response rate in specific tumor types. "Active" drugs are then moved into phase III testing to determine the effect on survival. Other than targeting the specific tumor type and defining the usual eligibility parameters, no attempt is made to select patients for treatment with new agents. It seems unlikely that there will be significant progress with the targeted therapies unless there is a paradigm shift from this classic model of cancer drug development to a model in which much greater effort is directed toward identifying the target or targets in preclinical models. Intensive effort should be devoted to the development of reliable, clinically applicable assays for the targets that could identify patients who are most likely to benefit from a specific treatment. Rothenberg et al recently made similar recommendations with respect to improving the drug discovery process for cancer. These investigators have emphasized testing new agents in the most appropriate setting, increasing efforts to understand the role of the target, and collection of tissue in an effort to select appropriate patients. Although results from initial randomized trials of targeted therapies in NSCLC have been relatively disappointing, this is not a time to be discouraged. Rather, it is a time to increase the collaborative efforts between basic scientists and clinical investigators.
A method for testing heart involvement in progressive muscular dystrophy Erb.

Abstract The simultaneous appearance of a pathologically elevated ratio between the activities of α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase in blood serum with an aggravation of the heart involvement in progressive muscular dystrophy Erb, examined electrocardiographically, is a good test for the critical evaluation of heart affection caused by this illness.
Nano device for monitoring electrical fluctuations on bacterial scale (Invited Paper)

This paper presents a nanowell device that detects the nano-scale electric field fluctuations due to ion cascade in bacteria. Solid-state nano devices allow for the measurement and analysis of fluctuation on the single cell or molecule scale, which can offer orders of magnitude higher sensitivity than microscopic measurements through conventional sensors. We fabricated a nanowell that is a 150nm wide gap in the middle of a titanium line on LiNbO3 substrate. The noise in the electrical current through this gap is measured. When bacteria are infected by bacteriophage, a large amount of ions are released, which yields spatiotemporal fluctuations of electric potential captured by this nanowell. It was demonstrated that this technology can be used to identify bacteria within minutes using the high specificity of phage/bacteria interaction. The perspective of building a biochip with hundreds of nano devices, immobilized phages and microfluidic channels so as to identify a large variety of bacteria is also discussed in this paper.
Serum lipids as protective factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage

Identification of common serum lipid profiles in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may allow a better understanding of its pathogenesis. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Japan. One hundred and fifty consecutive cases of spontaneous SAH during a 5-year period were examined and their lipid profiles assessed. Age- and gender-matched controls were identified for each case through random hospital sampling. Median serum total cholesterol was 161 mg/dl (range 77-288) in patients with SAH, and 209 mg/dl (134-441) in controls (p < 0.001). Median serum triglycerides were 95 mg/dl (range 28-589) in SAH and 122 mg/dl (31-371) in controls (p < 0.001). A high serum total cholesterol of more than 5.20 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) (odds ratio 0.22 [95% confidence interval 0.12-0.40]) and a high serum triglyceride of more than 1.70 mmol/L (150 mg/dl) (odds ratio 0.29 [95% CI 0.14-0.60]) were independent protective factors for SAH. In conclusion, higher values of both serum cholesterol and triglyceride may be inversely associated with the occurrence of SAH.
Socio-economic differentials among monwhite races in the state of washington

El estudio trata de la evolucion de la estratijicacion entre las razas de color del estado de Washington. En el se observo entre las distintas razas de color una estratijicaci6n jerarquizada relativamente estable y bien dejinida desde el punto de vista de la educacion, la ocupacion y el ingreso. Desde el punto de vista del nivel educativo, jiguran en primer termino los japoneses, seguidos por las poblacionee blanca y china. En cuarto Lugar aparecen los negros, seguidos por losjilipinos y los indios. En algunos reepecios, la jerarquizacion segun la ocupacion es similar, conlos chinos en el primer lugar, los japoneses en el segundo, los caucasicoe en el tercero, los negros en el cuarto, los jilipinos en el quinto y los indios en el sexto. En cuanto al ingreso, el primer Lugar le corresponde a los blancos, seguidos por los japoneses y los chinos. El orden en que aparecen los otros tres grupos etnicos es identico al que determinan la educacon. y la ocupacion: el cuarto Lugar corresponde a los negros, el quintoa los jilipinos y el sexto a los indios. Aun cuando ha habido algunas variaciones en la posicion relativa delas distintas razas porlo que respecia al nivel de educacion, al status ocupacional y al ingreso, en su mayoria han sido relativamentede escasa importancia. En el curso de las dos ultimas decadas, los caucasicoe, losjaponeeee y los chino's se han mantenido en las posiciones superiores, en tanto que los negros, los jilipinos y los indios han conservado las inferiores. En general, deede 1940 todas las razas han mostrado tendencia a ascender en los tres aspectos considerados. Las conclusiones anteriores tienen bastante importancia teorica no solo deede el punto de vista de la estratijicacion social, sino tambien en lo querespecta al proceso de asimilacion.
The role of stereotactic radiation therapy in the management of children with brain tumors

Abstract Conventional radiation therapy plays an important role in the management of intracranial tumors in children. For certain tumors radiation therapy serves as the primary mode of treatment, and for others it plays an adjuvant role with surgery and/or chrmotherapy. Improvements in long-term survival rates have focused attention on the long-term sequelae of brain tumors and their treatment, and the sequelae, in turn, have become important targets for clinical investigation. Long-term side effects of particular concern in children include cranial nerve damage, memory and intellectual deficits, pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunction, demyelinization of brain tissue, and secondary malignancies. A new form of radiation therapy, sterotactic radiotherapy (SRT), merges the technologies of stereotactic surgery and conventional fractionated radiotherapy. The intent is to deliver maximum tumoricidal doses to the target while limiting the dose to normal surrounding brain tissue. The key feature of SRT is a noninvasive, relocatable immobilization system to assure accurate and reproducible positioning during planning and treatment. The headframes used for children have been modified to address their specific needs. The complexities of this process require careful preparation of patients and their families and the participation of many disciplines. Long-term follow-up will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of this innovative treatment.
The successful use of dronabinol for failure to thrive secondary to intestinal dysmotility.

Introduction Symptoms of severe intestinal dysmotility decrease patients’ quality of life and may prevent them from sustaining adequate oral intake. Dronabinol is a synthetic cannabinoid that is labeled for use in AIDS-related anorexia and chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting that has additional efficacy in patients with other etiologies of nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.
FINANCIAL CALCULUS: AN INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVE PRICING: Martin Baxter and Andrew Rennie, Cambridge University Press, 1996

“Notoriously, works on mathematical finance can be precise, and they can be comprehensible. Sadly, as Dr. Johnson might have put it, the ones which are precise are not necessarily comprehensible, and those comprehensible are not necessarily precise.” So starts the preface to Baxter and Rennie's recent treatise on financial calculus. The book attempts to give an introduction to modern continuous time finance in a precise and comprehensible fashion. Does it succeed? Yes, it is a very clear and precise little (233 pages) book, although the claim that the book is accessible to a reader with only “some knowledge of (classical) differential calculus and experience with symbolic notation” is exaggerated. Such a reader would find the material hard going indeed.
Racism and Nationalism

Abstract. The article seeks to define the relationship between nationalism and racism in modem times. First, it defines racism as one of the principal nineteenth-century ideologies, sharply focused and centred upon the human body itself as its most potent symbol. Then it discusses nationalism as a much more loosely constructed faith which made alliances with most nineteenth-century ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism and socialism. When nationalism allied itself with racism it made racism operative -for example, within the integral nationalist movements from the end of the nineteenth century onwards. The article discusses how this alliance came about, and its consequences. It concludes that racism was never an indispensable element of nationalism. Moreover, it was not merely a form of discrimination, but a determinate way of looking at men and women which presented a total picture of the world. If nationalism made racism a reality, racism came to dominate nationalism once an alliance between the two movements had been consummated.
Flexibility of working memory encoding in a sentence–picture–sound verification task

Dual-process accounts of working memory have suggested distinct encoding processes for verbal and visual information in working memory, but encoding for nonspeech sounds (e.g., tones) is not well understood. This experiment modified the sentence–picture verification task to include nonspeech sounds with a complete factorial examination of all possible stimulus pairings. Participants studied simple stimuli–pictures, sentences, or sounds–and encoded the stimuli verbally, as visual images, or as auditory images. Participants then compared their encoded representations to verification stimuli–again pictures, sentences, or sounds–in a two-choice reaction time task. With some caveats, the encoding strategy appeared to be as important or more important than the external format of the initial stimulus in determining the speed of verification decisions. Findings suggested that: (1) auditory imagery may be distinct from verbal and visuospatial processing in working memory; (2) visual perception but not visual image...
Technical factors affecting morbidity in definitive irradiation for localized carcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract Purpose: The impact of some technical factors on morbidity was analyzed in 738 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive irradiation. Methods and Materials: The records of all patients were reviewed, and morbidity of irradiation was evaluated according to severity. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 3 years (median observation, 6.5 years). Results: The most frequent Grade 2 (moderate) intestinal complication was proctitis, which was observed in 5% of the patients, followed by enteritis (1%) and anal-rectal fibrosis or stricture (about 1%). Incidence of Grade 3 (severe) proctitis was less than 1% and small bowel obstruction, 0.2%. One patient developed radiation-induced ileitis complicated with peritonitis, which was fatal. The most frequent Grade 2 urinary complication was urethral stricture (5%) and cystitis with significant symptoms or hematuria (2%). A vesicosigmoid and a rectovesical fistula (.4%) were noted, which required colostomy. One patient with hemorrhagic cystitis (.2%) required an ileal bladder, and two cases of ureteral stricture (.3%) required surgical correction. Most cases of Grade 2–3 intestinal or urinary morbidity appeared within 2–5 years after therapy (8% moderate and 3% severe cumulative intestinal morbidity at 10 years, and 9% and 3%, urinary). The actuarial incidence of rectosigmoid Grade 2 and 3 morbidity was 10% for patients treated to the pelvic lymph nodes and the prostate and 3% for those treated to the prostate only ( P = 0.04). The difference in urinary morbidity in these two groups of patients was not statistically significant. There was also no significant correlation of morbidity with boost portal size for prostate irradiation. Patients treated with a stationary portal technique that delivered higher doses to the urinary bladder had a significantly greater incidence of urinary morbidity (18% cumulative) compared with patients treated with rotational techniques (5%) ( p p = 0.05). No statistically significant difference in intestinal or urinary morbidity was related to doses of irradiation (60–70 Gy). Conclusion: Volume treated and, to a lesser extent, dose of irradiation at tolerance levels are important factors influencing significant morbidity in patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive irradiation. With recent advances in three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning and conformal radiation therapy techniques, it is imperative to precisely determine optimal volumes and doses of irradiation required to achieve the highest local-pelvic tumor control while minimizing morbidity to enhance the role of irradiation in the management of localized carcinoma of the prostate.
The role of nonformal education in promoting democratic attitudes: Findings from Senegal

Civic education has been considered a way in which the behaviours and attitudes associated with democratic citizenship can be fostered among the members of a society. Since the emerging democracies are hard-pressed to develop a political culture supportive of democratic rule, civic education has been identified as one way such a political culture can be constructed. Recent studies, however, point to the limited reach of such programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on survey data, others have failed to find even a relationship between formal education and democratic attitudes in parts of Africa. On the other hand, despite the prominence nonformal education has gained in many developing countries, such as those in Africa, the effect of nonformal education on political attitudes has not been subject to empirical testing. Using data from a survey involving a probability sample of 1,484 Senegalese citizens, this article examines the effects of education, both formal and nonformal, on political attitudes among ...
Huygens and the computer-a powerful alliance in numerical electromagnetics

A time domain technique based on equivalent transmission line interconnections, referred to as the transmission line matrix model (TLM), is presented. The author retraces the history of TLM, from the original concepts of Huygens to the pioneering work of Peter B. Johns, and on to the latest developments in TLM modeling. The most important two-dimensional and three-dimensional TLM algorithms are explained, and new concepts in time-domain representation of frequency-dispersive boundaries are discussed. Some typical applications are described. >
Induction of apoptosis in human lung cancer cells by curcumin.

Curcumin, a phenolic compound from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Although the precise mode of action of this compound is not yet elucidated, studies have shown that chemopreventive action of curcumin might be due to its ability to induce apoptosis and to arrest cell cycle. This study investigated the cellular and molecular changes induced by curcumin leading to the induction of apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines—A549 and H1299. A549 is p53 proficient and H1299 is p53 null mutant. The lung cancer cells were treated with curcumin (0 ‐ 160 mM) for 12 ‐ 72 h. Curcumin inhibited the growth of both the cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. Growth inhibition of H1299 cell lines was both time and concentration dependent. Curcumin induced apoptosis in both the lung cancer cell lines. A decrease in expression of p53, bcl-2, and bcl-XL was observed after 12 h exposure of 40 mM curcumin. Bak and Caspase genes remained unchanged up to 60 mM curcumin but showed decrease in expression levels at 80 ‐ 160 mM. The data also suggest a p53 independent induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Oil, domestic conflict, and opportunities for democratization

The resource curse literature suggests two stylized facts about oil-producing states (‘petrostates’) that are not easily reconciled with each other. On one hand, petrostates experience more frequent civil wars than non-petrostates. On the other hand, petrostates have more robust and long-lasting autocratic regimes. This is puzzling because one might expect that one form of instability would lead to the other, as is typical in non-petrostates. If petrostates are more prone to domestic conflict than non-petrostates, and conflicts are opportunities for regime transition and democratization, why do we not observe such transitions more frequently in petrostates? I argue that despite frequent conflicts, rebels rarely succeed in violently overthrowing a petrostate regime or otherwise forcing regime transition. This is because oil generates financial resources that can be used by both an incumbent government and rebels to fund armed conflict, and an incumbent government typically has greater access to these resou...
Microstructural development and cracking behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel tested in time dependent fatigue modes

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the substructural development, crack initiation and crack propagation of AISI 304 stainless steel tested in low-cycle fatigue with various hold times. Tests at 593/sup 0/C, a strain rate of 4 E-03 s/sup -1/ and strain ranges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent were interrupted at various fractions of the fatigue life, both during rapid hardening and during saturation. Cells developed during the first few percent of the fatigue life, depending on a threshold stress value, below which cells were not observed. The cell size had a different dependence on the relaxed tensile stress during rapid hardening than during saturation. A work-hardening model relating the peak saturation stress to strain and cell size also applied during the late stages of rapid hardening. The number of cycles to initiate a crack of one grain diameter and to propagate the crack to failure were proportionally reduced for one minute tension holds. For a 60 minute tension hold, crack propagation occupied a much smaller fraction of the fatigue life.
Spatio-Temporal Statistical Methods for Modelling Land Surface Phenology

This chapter surveys 12 different spatio-temporal statistical methods to determine the start and end of the growing season using a time series of satellite images. In the first section of the chapter, we divided the methods into four categories: thresholds, derivatives, smoothing functions, and fitted models. The general use, advantages, and potential limitations of each method are discussed. In the second section of the chapter, a case study is presented to highlight one method from each category. The four study areas range from the Northwest Territories in Canada to the winter wheat areas in south-central Kansas. We concluded the case study with a discussion of the differences in results for the four methods. The chapter is finished with a synopsis discussing the use of nomenclature, the problems with a lack of statistical error structure from most methods, and the perennial issue of oversmoothing.
STUDIES OF NITRATE REDUCTASE IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

Certain marine phytoplankton contain the enzyme nitrate reductase when growing on nitrate, but only low levels of enzyme were found during growth with ammonium or when the nitrogen source was depleted. Netted samples of oceanic phytoplankton contained the enzyme when taken from waters with nitrate concentrations 2–10 µm. Ammonium was assimilated in preference to nitrate in phytoplankton cultures supplied with both forms of nitrogen at 5–15 µm. Enzyme synthesis and nitrate use began when ammonium was depleted to 0.5–1.0 µm. Nitrate reductase assay of phytoplankton samples is a useful tool in that a positive result indicates utilization of nitrate and a negative one implies growth on ammonium, nitrogen depletion, or, improbably, growth with other N-sources such as nitrite, urea, or amino acids. The enzyme assay seems especially useful for studying the timecourse of phytoplankton blooms because it provides a sensitive measure of the initiation and cessation of nitrate assimilation.
Shape Deviation Modeling for Dimensional Quality Control in Additive Manufacturing

Dimensional quality control is critical for wider adoption of Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a direct manufacturing technology. Due to the process’ complex physics, AM-fabricated parts still require post-processing with machine tools, which significantly negates its time and cost benefits. In this paper, we investigate product shape deviation for Mask Image Projection Stereolithography (MIP-SLA) — one of the earliest commercialized AM techniques. By studying part fabrication mechanisms, we consider (i) over or under exposure, (ii) light blurring and (iii) phase change induced shrinkage or expansion as the most significant sources for shape deviations. Accordingly, the shape deviation modeling is established to quantify the effects of those influential factors and to understand the deviation mechanisms. Cylinders and cubes of various sizes were built to test our approach. Accurate prediction of shape deviation for all parts serves as a further confirmation of our model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Chromatin Modifications Associated With Diabetes and Obesity

The incidence of obesity across the globe has doubled over the past several decades, leading to escalating rates of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and other complications. Given this dramatic rise in disease incidence, understanding the cause of these diseases is therefore of paramount importance. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, result from a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. Although the genetic basis of these diseases has been extensively studied, the molecular pathways whereby environmental factors influence disease progression are only beginning to be understood. One manner by which environmental factors can contribute to disease progression is through modifications to chromatin. The highly structured packaging of the genome into the nucleus through chromatin has been shown to be fundamental to tissue-specific gene regulation. Modifications to chromatin can regulate gene expression and are involved in a myriad of biological functions, and hence, disruption of these modifications is central to many human diseases. These modifications can furthermore be epigenetic in nature, thereby contributing to prolonged disease risk. Recent work has demonstrated that modifications to chromatin are associated with the progression of both diabetes mellitus and obesity, which is the subject of this review.
Physiological Characteristics of Turkey Semen: 2. Factors Affecting Motility and Fertilizing Capacity

Abstract ARTIFICIAL insemination in breeding turkeys holds possibilities for reducing the cost of poults, and thus making the industry more efficient. Since 1936, when Quinn and Burrows described a simple and satisfactory method for collecting semen, the way has been open to extensive work in this field. Artificial insemination in turkeys has certain possible advantages over natural mating. The service, for example, of a good tom may be greatly extended; fertility may be increased; and, the transportation of viable semen samples in synthetic diluents over great distances may be possible. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The seminal fluids of domestic animals apparently vary qualitatively and quantitatively. All of the seminal fluids that have been studied, however, contain sizeable amounts of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorides and phosphates. On this basis, a buffered solution, containing the above cations and anions, was prepared. This solution with proper concentrations of salts furnishes a well buffered isotonic …
Dense 3D reconstruction from specularity consistency

In this work, we consider the dense reconstruction of specular objects. We propose the use of a specularity constraint, based on surface normal/depth consistency, to define a matching cost function that can drive standard stereo reconstruction methods. We discuss the types of ambiguity that can arise, and suggest an aggregation method based on anisotropic diffusion that is particularly suitable for this matching cost function. We also present a controlled illumination setup that includes a pair of cameras and one LCD monitor, which is used as a calibrated, variable-position light source. We use this setup to evaluate the proposed method on real data, and demonstrate its capacity to recover high-quality depth and orientation from specular objects.
A hybrid data mining anomaly detection technique in ad hoc networks

Ad hoc network security mainly relies on defence mechanisms at each mobile node due to lack of infrastructure. For this reason, various intrusion detection techniques have been proposed for ad hoc networks. Developing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for individual nodes in ad hoc network is challenging for a number of reasons, including resource constraints at each node and the difficulties to locate attack source for prompt response. In this paper, we propose a hybrid data mining anomaly detection technique for node-based IDS. Specifically, we incorporate two data mining techniques, that is, association-rule mining and cross-feature mining, to characterise normal behaviours of mobile nodes and detect anomalies by finding deviance from the norm. The advantage of our hybrid approach is that association-rule mining and cross-feature mining usually complement each other in time scale and sensitivity to different attack types. We investigate features of interest from both the medium access (MAC) layer and the network layer. Our intention of using the MAC layer features is to localise the attack source within one-hop perimeter. To preserve the precious energy of mobile nodes, we propose two compact feature sets, that is, direct feature set and statistical feature set, that target on short-term and long-term profiling of normal node behaviours, respectively. Considering the characteristic of audit data collected upon different feature sets, we apply association-rule mining to the short-term profiling and cross-feature mining to the long-term profiling. We validate our work through ns-2 simulation experiments. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method.
Disorders of patellofemoral alignment.

Disorders of patellofemoral alignment. J Fulkerson;K Shea; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
Review of Ravi Batra, the Great Depression of 1990 (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1985)

The Great Depression of 1990 was on the New York Times best-seller list for non-fiction in the summer of 1987. It follows a standard formula for best sellers in forecasting: Forecast a great disaster, and include a formula for redemption. If the disaster occurs, you can say, I told you so. If it doesn't occur, you say, It is good that they listened to my advice. I saved them. How can you lose? When I first saw this book, it occurred to me that it was a hoax. Here is a man claiming to be a highly respected economist who makes a forecast and provides a date. The forecast is that the great depression will occur in 1990. A variety of paths to redemption are provided, the most important being that rich people should have to give up much of their riches, for it is the concentration of wealth that causes business cycles. This is a fact that Batra claims to have discovered. Batra suggests that society should tax this wealth. On the other hand, he also provides advice to rich people on how to preserve their wealth - put it in cash, then store it in a safe deposit box and at home. Businessmen should avoid long-term investments. The key concept of my review is methodological. Are the methods used in the book sound? Here are the methods: (1) The appeal to authority. Batra claims to be a leading economist. Lester Thurow, Dean of the Sloan School at MIT wrote an encouraging preface to the book. (2) History repeats itself. Regular economic cycles exist. (3) Logical deduction. The forecasts rest upon a theory developed by P.R. Sarkar.
Dengue among American Missionaries Returning from Jamaica, 2012

Abstract. Dengue is an acute febrile illness caused by any of four mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (DENV) types. Dengue is endemic in Jamaica, where an epidemic occurred in 2012. An investigation was conducted by multiple agencies for 66 missionaries traveling from nine US states to Jamaica after 1 missionary from the group was confirmed to have dengue. Travelers were offered diagnostic testing, and a survey was administered to assess knowledge, behaviors, and illness. Of 42 survey respondents, 9 (21%) respondents reported an acute febrile illness during or after travel to Jamaica. Of 15 travelers that provided serum specimens, 4 (27%) travelers had detectable anti-DENV immunoglobulin M antibody, and 1 traveler also had DENV-1 detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Recent or past infection with a DENV was evident in 93% (13 of 14) missionaries with available sera. No behavioral or demographic factors were significantly associated with DENV infection. This investigation shows that even trips of short duration to endemic areas present a risk of acquiring dengue.
Jitter and Recovery Rate of a Triggered Spark Gap with High Pressure Gas Mixtures

Recent research efforts at Texas Tech University on impulse antenna phased array has necessitated the need to develop a reliable high voltage, high repetition rate switch that will operate with ultra low jitter. An ideal jitter of a small fraction of the rise-time is required to accurately synchronize the array to steer and preserve the rise-time of the radiated pulse. In [1], we showed the initial test system with sub-ns results for operations in different gases and gas mixtures. This paper presents the impact gases and gas mixtures have on switch performance which includes recovery rate and in particular jitter. A 50 Ω, 1 nF pulse forming line is charged to 50 kV and provides the low inductance voltage source to test the different gases. Triggering is provided by a solid state opening switch voltage source that supplies ∼150 kV, 10 ns rise-time pulses at a rep rate up to 100 Hz in burst mode. A hermetically sealed spark gap with a Kel-F lining is used to house the switch and high pressure gas. This paper discusses in detail 50 kV, 100 Hz switch operations with different gases, in particular, mixtures of Kr85. Switch jitter as a function of operation time and gas temperature is also evaluated.
Effect of baclofen on sleep-related periodic leg movements.

Five patients with nocturnal myoclonus (periodic leg movements during sleep), mean age 59.6 years, were monitored polygraphically for fifteen successive nights. Using a double-blind drug study design with placebo at baseline, we investigated the effect of baclofen on these patients. All patients had the repetitive sleep-related abnormal movements during both the baseline nights and those on which baclofen had been administered. The number of movements varied during the four baseline nights, but the movements induced sleep fragmentation, i.e., very short electroencephalographic changes. Baclofen increased the number of movements but decreased their amplitude during non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and shortened the interval between movements. Its effect on sleep was dose related: as dosages increased, delta sleep progressively increased and REM sleep decreased. Sleep fragmentation resulting from muscle twitches decreased, as indicated by the diminution in alpha electroencephalographic arousals and K complexes. Baclofen dosages of 20 mg and 40 mg were the most efficacious.
Analysis of the effect of shunt traces on the radiation from printed circuit boards

A simple model for the analysis of the effect of shunt traces (or partial striplines, or image planes) on the radiation of a microstrip trace is presented. The analysis is based on a full wave moment method solution combined with a multi-port network formulation. The major simplification introduced is the assumption of an air dielectric substrate. Emission reduction by shunt traces is a strong function of the number and position of the shorting pins used to connect the shunt trace to the ground plane. The present model allows a convenient examination of this effect and helps in developing design guidelines. Indirect comparisons with measured results available in the literature have been carried out to justify the model.
The Recovery Problem in Product Design

Design for recovery is aimed at the development of products that are both environmentally compatible and commercially viable. We describe the trade-off between the amount of effort that is expended...
An approach for the study of reliability for a MEMS magnetic actuator

This paper presents a summary of the design for reliability and the reliability test procedures used for the design, fabrication and testing of a MEMS magnetic actuator. The MEMS device reliability is determined incorporating device structure, its fabrication process, the packaging, & their interacting contributions. The goal of the MEMS actuator reliability design task is to increase the probability of failure free operation of a MEMS based system for a specified time period and the use environment. The design for reliability and the subsequent reliability testing procedures are used to determine the reliability of the MEMS actuator and enable the determination of the reliability of the final product that the MEMS device is becoming part of.
Local Properties of Distributions

Although a distribution does not have a definite value at a specified value x of its argument, one can discuss its properties in any arbitrarily small neighborhood of x. Such local properties are discussed in this chapter.
Sizing SiC storage inverters for fast grid frequency support

As wind and solar displace synchronous generators whose inertia stabilizes the AC grid frequency on fast time scales, it has been proposed to use energy storage systems (ESSs) to mitigate frequency transient events. Such events require a rapid surge of power from the ESS, but they occur only rarely. The high temperature tolerance of SiC MOSFETs and diodes presents an opportunity for innovative ESS inverter designs. Herein we investigate a SiC ESS inverter design such that the SiC device ratings are obeyed during mild frequency events but are exceeded during rare, major events, for a potentially more economical inverter design. In support of this proposal we present: 1. An analysis of four years of grid frequency events in the U.S. Western Interconnection. 2. A switch-level ESS inverter simulation using SiC devices with detailed loss estimates. 3. Thermal analysis of the SiC power modules during a worst-case frequency event, showing that the modules can likely withstand the brief overcurrent. This analysis supports the conclusion that it may be advantageous for economical designs (acknowledging the increased risks) to undersize the SiC switches when designing inverters to perform active power control for grid frequency support. Such a strategy may result in SiC-based designs being more competitive with less costly silicon IGBT-based designs.
Fine Feature Solder Paste Printing For Solder Sphere and Solder Trace Manufacturing

Fine round and oblong features were printed using fine solder paste. Diameters and spacings were measured and data was analyzed to show solder feature printing capabilities. The printed features varied from 50 to 450 micron diameters with 50 to 150 micron spacings. Analysis of the solder features showed that printing of round features was possible at every size and spacing, with minimal bridging of the very small spaced features after reflow.
The Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule: Choice of Methods Used in Its Development

A comparative analysis was performed of methods used for the preparation of a maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS). Transfusion data were used from 764 patients who received 2,110 units of blood. Varying MSBOS results were obtained from the same data depending on the method of analysis. Factors such as the total number of patients per procedure, the number of patients crossmatched, the number of patients transfused, and the number of units transfused per patient also influenced the results obtained. These factors need to be considered when selecting the method of guideline preparation. The advantages of one method over the other are noted.
Structure of Methyl Pyruvate and α-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine on Pd(111)

The adsorption of methyl pyruvate and α-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (NEA) on Pd(111) is explored using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is found that methyl pyruvate adsorbs in a flat-lying geometry with a heat of adsorption of ∼44 kJ/mol, in good agreement with the experimentally measured desorption activation energy of 41 ± 6 kJ/mol. For a perpendicular methyl pyruvate geometry, the s-cis conformer is the most stable, while previous experimental results suggest that it adsorbs in the s-trans conformer. Since the s-trans conformer is the most stable in the gas phase, this may be due to the formation of a metastable species on the surface. The calculated heat of adsorption (∼29 kJ/mol) is in good agreement with the experimental desorption activation energy (33 ± 4 kJ/mol). NEA adsorbs on Pd(111) predominantly through the naphthyl ring with a heat of adsorption of ∼224.3 kJ/mol in an exo conformation and 2.1 kJ/mol less stable in an endo conformation. Including effects of van de...
Prison Privatization Turns Twenty-Five: The Evolution of a Mature Private Prison Industry in the United States

This paper examines the current level of competition and innovation in the private prison industry in the US. The author places twenty-five years of private prison business development within an industrial life cycle framework and argues that the realities of the mature prison privatization market do not match the promise of innovation and quality improvements voiced by privatization advocates during the 1980s and early 1990s. Analysis by way of the four firm market concentration ratio and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) at two points in time shows the market to be dominated by decreasingly fewer companies (an oligopoly of producers). At the same time, the number of government jurisdictions buying incarceration services is small and shrinking, resulting in an oligopsony of consumers. The net effect is that any real cost advantages of privatization are marginal at best, private prison programs have become virtually indistinguishable from public prisons, and the promise of innovation remains unfulfilled. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications, including the idea of increasing the role of the non-profit sector in the operation of secure correctional facilities.
Experiment Design and Analysis

The purpose of simulation, at least in this book, is to estimate the values of performance measures of a stochastic system by conducting a statistical experiment on a computer model of it. This chapter describes principles and methods for the design and analysis of that experiment.
The Principles of Governance

Excerpts (condensed) from transcript of interrogation of S. I. Syrtsov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Republic and Candidate Member of the Politburo on October 23, 1930, accused of criticizing the Politburo and Stalin, S. Ordzhonikidze presiding: Syrtsov: “It seems abnormal that Politburo decisions are predetermined by a leading group. I can completely understand when someone who has followed an incorrect political line is excluded. But, as I see it, there are mechanical members of the Politburo, like Kuibyshev, Rudzutak, and Kalinin, who do not participate at all, which creates a situation …” Ordzhonikidze (interrupting): “Who makes up this leading group?” Syrtsov: “The other Politburo members, of course, or part of them.” Ordzhonikidze: “You say so. You are the one who should know.” Syrtsov: “I am explaining to you that if all members of the Politburo were not bound by preliminary decisions, issues would be discussed in a different way.” From transcript of Syrtsov's expulsion on November 4, 1930: Ordzhonikidze: “Every member of the party must come to his party if he has doubts. The party should help such a comrade resolve his own doubts, to save him, and set him on the right course. If he does this, no one will call him to his party responsibility. But when he does these things in secret, this becomes an anti-party matter. Can we have such people in our leadership who try to tear it down?” Stalin: “It is impossible!”
Nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthases and cyclooxygenase-2 in experimental focal stroke

Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique messenger molecule involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes including central and peripheral neurotransmission, smooth and cardiac muscle contractility, platelet aggregation, and immune cell functions. NO is crucial for many physiological functions; however, inappropriate release of this mediator is associated with a number of pathological conditions [1]. NO is synthesized from a guanidino group (by oxidation) of L-arginine by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in virtually all mammalian cells, including endothelial cells, neurons, glia, and cells of the immune system [2] (Fig. 1). Three isoforms of NOS have been characterized, including neuronal NOS (nNOS or type I), inducible or immunological NOS (iNOS or type II), and endothelial NOS (eNOS or type III). eNOS and nNOS are constitutively expressed. In contrast, iNOS is not normally expressed but its expression can be induced in many cell types by selected immunological stimuli [2]. The constitutive expression of eNOS and nNOS contributes to small but consistent amounts of NO production that are sufficient for signaling function. A massive induction of iNOS results in the production of large amounts of NO that may result in pathophysiological consequences [3].
Genetic variation of ANK3 is associated with lower white matter structural integrity in bipolar disorder.

Genetic variation of ANK3 is associated with lower white matter structural integrity in bipolar disorder
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis Associated With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Oral Therapy.

Introduction and Objective:Postmarketing reports and warnings of serious adverse events such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have raised concern regarding the safety of sodium–glucose cotransporter ...