cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen tension directs chondrogenic differentiation of myelo-monocytic progenitors during endochondral bone formation

Synthesis of bone requires both essential progenitors to form the various structures and the correct microenvironment for their differentiation. To identify these factors, we have used a system that exploits bone morphogenetic protein's ability to induce endochondral bone formation rapidly. One of the earliest events observed was the influx and proliferation of fibroblastic cells that express both vascular smooth muscle cell markers, alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and the monocytic marker CD68. The expression of these factors was lost by days 4 to 5, coincident with the up-regulation of Sox9 and the appearance of chondrocytes. Studies with a cyclization recombination (Cre)/lox system, in which a myeloid-specific promoter driving Cre recombinase can irreversibly unblock expression of beta-galactosidase only in cells of myeloid origin, showed specific activity in the newly formed chondrocytes. These results suggest that early chondrocyte progenitors are of myeloid origin. Simultaneous with this recruitment, we determined that a numbers of these cells were in a hypoxic state, indicative of a low-oxygen environment. The cells in the hypoxic regions were undergoing chondrogenesis, whereas cells in adjacent normoxic regions appeared to be assembling into new vessels, suggesting that the oxygen microenvironment is critical for establishment of the cartilage.
Outreach to Distance Students: A Case Study of a New Distance Librarian.

This paper looks at the author's outreach efforts as a distance librarian to encourage library use among a distance student population that comprises satellite locations, students attending online, students attending courses through instructional television, and students attending hybrid courses. Outcomes of the author's outreach attempts and research demonstrating what other librarians have done to reach out to their distance population are discussed. Examples of outreach methods include: collaborating with faculty to blend information literacy instruction into a face-to-face subject specific distance classroom, embedding the librarian into a subject specific class via course management software, and using the reference interview to provide electronic research help to a class. Many distance students never enter the physical library. Librarians serving a distance population are forced to be creative in outreach efforts.
Impact of infrared finishing on the mechanical and sensorial properties of wheat donuts.

UNLABELLED Infrared radiation may be used to simulate an immersion frying heat flux and create products with fried-like textures but lower fat contents. The objective of this study was to determine the process parameters needed to produce partially-fried, infrared-finished donuts comparable to fully-fried (control) donuts. A total of 8 different sets of infrared oven parameters (emitter height and belt speed) were tested. Instrumental analysis showed that all infrared-finished donuts had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower fat content (25.6% to 30.6%) than the control (33.7%). Setting the infrared emitters in a height gradient from 70 to 50 mm or at a constant height of 60 mm above the belt produced donuts that were most instrumentally similar to the control. Infrared-finished donuts had comparable (P ≤ 0.05) overall acceptance scores to the control, 5.28 to 5.85 versus 5.83, respectively. Infrared radiation may be used to finish-fry partially-fried donuts, yielding a product similar to a fully-fried donut but with significantly lower fat content. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The partial-frying, infrared-finishing process detailed in this article may be used for other deep-fried foods. It is likely that these foods will also have a lower fat content when prepared with this process than when they are deep-fried. This process provides a method of lowering the fat content of fried foods without changing the food formulation.
Terraclor (PCNB) for control ofRhizoctonia solani. II. PCNB residues in tubers

Terraclor (PCNB) applied to soils by broadcast and row slightly reduced the incidence ofRhizoctonia solani but did not increase yield or per cent of U. S. No. 1 tubers either by weight or numbers. Residues of PCNB in tubers grown in treated soils increased as the rate per acre of PCNB increased. Almost all of the residues were in the tuber peel.
Performance measures for some bivariate Pareto distributions

Bivariate Pareto distributions arise naturally when it comes to comparing the performances of two systems. In this note, explicit expressions are derived for a relative measure of performance for every known bivariate Pareto distribution. The calculations involve the use of Gauss hypergeometric function.
Post-communist bureaucracies: organizational modes of transition

Reform of the bureaucracy is currently one of the major problems in Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet Union. This change is complex, because regime transitions occur simultaneously with the changes in the economic system and changes in the structure of the states (federal vs. unitary), all against the background of deepening cleavages along ethnic and class lines. The theoretical concept of an ideal bureaucracy -- competent and neutral in liberal-democratic societies --contrasts with the concept of an ideology-dominated cadre organization. Cadre organizations are characteristic of systems in transformation, and existed in the West, as well as the East. The change from one dominant mode of governmental structure and rules of conduct to another system, as is the case in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, requires employment of some variation of cadre organization, until the values of the new regime are institutionalized. The intensiveness and duration of the use of cadre organization depends ...
Molecular developmental neurobiology of formation, guidance and survival of primary vestibular neurons.

Untangling the molecular and physiological interactions that generate the proper connections of the primary vestibular neurons in normal gravity requires two parallel approaches. One approach needs to use mutant mice to delineate the molecular basis of developmental mechanisms that govern ear development, including formation and differentiation of neurons and establishment of their peripheral and central connections. Beyond that and in addition to it, we need physiological investigations using microgravity and/or hypergravity, as well as absence of otoconia, to understand the role played by vestibular stimuli to fine tune connections of primary and secondary vestibular neurons. This paper provides an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms uncovered over the last few years that guide development, differentiation and survival of primary vestibular neurons of the mammalian ear. Briefly, several genes that are essential for primary neuron formation have been identified, all genes that govern embryonic survival are known and the first genes and mechanisms that guide formation of proper connections are being revealed. While still incomplete, the progress has been astounding and the completion of the mouse genome project will further accelerate the pace. Such data pave the way to put the research on the influence of altered gravity stimulation within a molecular framework.
Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska

Abstract Qagnaxˆ Cave, a lava tube cave on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, has recently produced a mid-Holocene vertebrate faunal assemblage including woolly mammoth, polar bear, caribou, and Arctic fox. Several dates on the mammoth remains converge on 5700 14C yr BP. These dates, ~ 2300 yr younger than mammoth dates previously published from the Pribilof Islands, make these the youngest remains of proboscideans, and of non-extinct Quaternary megafauna, recovered from North America. Persistence of mammoths on the Pribilofs is most parsimoniously explained by the isolation of the Pribilofs and the lack of human presence in pre-Russian contact times, but an additional factor may have been the local existence of high-quality forage in the form of grasses enriched by nutrients derived from local Holocene tephras. This interpretation is reinforced by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values obtained from the mammoth remains. The endpoint of mammoth survival in the Pribilofs is unknown, but maybe coterminous with the arrival of polar bears whose remains in the cave date to the Neoglacial cold period of ~ 4500 to 3500 14C yr BP. The polar bear record corroborates a widespread cooling of the Bering Sea region at that time.
Probing Inter- and Intrachain Exciton Coupling in Isolated Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanofibers: Effect of Solvation and Regioregularity.

We report wavelength and time-resolved photoluminescence studies of isolated extended (1–10 μm length) poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers (xNFs) cast on glass from suspension. The PL spectra of xNFs show multiple vibronic replicas that appear to be associated with the existence of both H- and J-type aggregates. The PL spectra of xNFs made from regioregular (rr)- (93%) and highly regioregular (hrr)-P3HT (98%) both show similarities in PL spectra suggestive of common chain packing features, as well as subtle differences that can be attributed to higher long-range order in the hrr-xNFs. Specifically, PL spectral measurements on isolated xNFs made from highly regioregular (>98%) P3HT showed a red-shifted electronic origin (≈30 meV) and increased 0–0/0–1 PL intensity ratio for the J-type species, suggestive of enhanced structural coherence length and intrachain order.
Empirical models of the electron temperature and density in the nightside venus ionosphere.

Empirical models of the electron temperature and density of the late afternoon and nightside Venus ionosphere based on the Pioneer Venus measurements are presented. They describe the ionosphere conditions near 18 deg latitude between 150 and 700 km altitude for solar zenith angles of 80 to 180 deg, with a 10-fold decrease beyond 90 deg and a gradual decrease between 120 and 180 deg. The nightside electron density profile, the ion transport process, and electron precipitation are discussed. The high nocturnal temperatures and the well defined nightside ionopause suggest that energetic processes occur across the top of the entire nightside ionosphere, maintaining elevated temperatures.