cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium phosphate-encapsulated silver powder

Abstract Calcium phosphate encapsulated silver powder was obtained by heterogeneous nucleation during treatments of dispersed silver first with solutions of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and then with Na 2 HPO 4 . Before treatment silver powders were functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid and dispersed in a precipitation medium so the carboxylate groups could serve as nucleation sites. The ratio Ca/P in the coating increases with the number of treatment cycles. In contrast, calcium phosphate precipitation by slow release of phosphate ions via hydrolysis of tri(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate in a solution of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 results in homogeneous nucleation only; coating does not form on silver particles.
Optimal Design of High Speed Rotating Graphite/Epoxy Shafts

An important problem in the design of a high speed rotating shaft of significant span is the lateral stability. With light weight Graphite/Epoxy material it is relatively easy to meet the torsional stiffness and strength requirements using a thin walled tube, but this might lead to a shaft which is sensitive to lateral buckling. This paper will address the following question: Is it possible to increase the first natural bending frequency of the shaft through an adequate tapering of the wall thickness? A numerical procedure using a generalized criterion of optimality is outlined. The shaft was modeled using a beam formulation including shear deformation and rotary inertia. The optimization was done under constant volume constraint. Different configurations are studied for various number of plies and orientation angle. In the optimal configuration the natural frequency increased by about 21 to 44%, and the bending stress decreased by about 48 to 59%.
Induced symmetry breaking in the egg of the frog Rana pipiens

Abstract Unfertilized, unactivated eggs of the frog Rana pipiens were incubated in 10% Ringer solution containing 1.64 μ M 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). Under these conditions, the initially radially symmetric cells formed, within a few hours, a line of equatorial demarcation (IDL) which resembled the dorsal lip observed in fertilized eggs during gastrulation. Many IDLs went on to form structures which resembled lateral and ventral lips. The formation of the IDL broke the symmetry of the egg, converting it from a radially symmetric to a bilaterally symmetric object. It is suggested that such an increase in cellular organization is the result of a chemical reaction occurring in a far-from-equilibrium system of the class known as dissipative structures. It is assumed that TPA triggers this reaction as a result of its ability to stimulate protein kinase C.
32.2: A Moiré‐Free Platform for LCD Backlighting

LCD backlights use linear prism films to increase frontal luminance. Interaction of such periodic structures with LCD pixels leads to Moire fringes. We have developed a Moire-free platform via randomization of the prismatic microstructure. Additionally, an improvement in materials increases frontal luminance 5–10% over conventional films
Uniportal and biportal endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

Sympatechtomy for treatment of hyperidrosis and pain syndromes of the upper extremities has recently evolved from invasive open procedures to endoscopic procedures. These minimally invasive techniques also have evolved, from complex staged procedures with multiple ports to more simplified biportal and uniportal procedures that require minimal tissue disruption and more limited yet effective sympathectomy procedures. We describe our techniques, experience, and results using endoscopic sympathectomy procedures with further reduced invasiveness, morbidity, and complications.
Seeking a Political Solution to the Economy's Problems

The author admits that it is hard to imagine that his proposals to reform the economy and America's democracy will be implemented. But he does believe reformers are required to address the political possibilities of implementing their ideas, and how to do so. Here is his blueprint.
Statistical dynamical direct methods. I. The ­effective kinematical approximation

While it is known that the kinematical approximation works poorly if at all for transmission electron diffraction, substantial success has been achieved over the last few years in applying it via direct methods to determine atomic structures. This raises an interesting quandary; is the established theory of electron diffraction wrong, or are the apparent successes mirages? The intention of this note is to look more deeply into this question and it is found that the correct answer is neither of the above. Beyond vanishingly thin samples when the kinematical approximation holds rigorously, the distribution of phases can remain effectively kinematical; the ∑0 distribution given by the sum of the phase of +g and −g reflections remains peaked, albeit not at zero phase, and has a relatively narrow distribution. This fact is shown via both exploiting prior works on including anomalous-scattering effects into direct methods, and numerical calculations. Provided that the ∑0 distribution remains narrow, direct methods and indeed structural refinements have some validity. Even larger unit-cell structures with close to statistically random atomic positions do not approach a kinematical limit but instead an effective statistical kinematical approximation. While there are similarities to what there is in conventional (kinematical) direct methods, there remain major differences; for instance, positivity is no longer a valid constraint and the scattering need not be dominated by heavy atoms.
Intraabdominal pressure changes associated with lifting: implications for postoperative activity restrictions.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of the lifting maneuver and the quantity of weight lifted on the generation of intraabdominal pressure. Study Design Forty-one women who underwent urodynamic evaluation performed 4 lifting maneuvers, each while lifting 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 kg. The lifting maneuvers were routine activities that included squatting with and without assistance, lifting from a counter, and receiving weight. Pressure was recorded with a rectal microtip catheter. Each lift was performed twice, and the average pressure change was analyzed. Results When controlled for potential confounding variables, repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between lift weight and lift maneuver ( P P P Conclusion Both the lifting maneuver and the quantity of weight should be considered when counseling patients regarding postoperative lifting.
Hypoxia-inducible hydrogels

Oxygen is vital for the existence of all multicellular organisms, acting as a signalling molecule regulating cellular activities. Specifically, hypoxia, which occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen falls below 5%, plays a pivotal role during development, regeneration and cancer. Here we report a novel hypoxia-inducible (HI) hydrogel composed of gelatin and ferulic acid that can form hydrogel networks via oxygen consumption in a laccase-mediated reaction. Oxygen levels and gradients within the hydrogels can be accurately controlled and precisely predicted. We demonstrate that HI hydrogels guide vascular morphogenesis in vitro via hypoxia-inducible factors activation of matrix metalloproteinases and promote rapid neovascularization from the host tissue during subcutaneous wound healing. The HI hydrogel is a new class of biomaterials that may prove useful in many applications, ranging from fundamental studies of developmental, regenerative and disease processes through the engineering of healthy and diseased tissue models towards the treatment of hypoxia-regulated disorders.
YOUNG WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROS AND CONS TO SEEKING SCREENING FOR CHLAMYDIA AND GONORRHEA: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Study Objective To identify young women’s pros and cons (decisional balance) to seeking chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NGC) screening.
Statistical Assessment of Mean Differences between Two Dissolution Data Sets

When comparing the dissolution data of a postapproval change product and a reference approval product, the goal is to assess the similarity between the mean dissolution values at the observed sample time points. The decision on accepting or rejecting the hypothesis that the two batches have similar dissolution is based on the evidence regarding whether the difference in mean dissolution values between the test and reference products is no larger than the maximum expected difference between any two batches of the approval product. When dissolution value is measured at a single time point, the confidence interval of the true difference between the two batches is compared with the prespecified similarity limits. When dissolution values are measured at multiple time points, a multivariate statistical procedure for difference assessment can be a generalized form of the t-statistic procedure. The proposed procedure is a modification and generalization of the regular bioequivalence test concept. The application ...
Galerkin solution for the thin circular iris in a TE/sub 11/-mode circular waveguide

An integral equation for the transverse electric (TE) field in the aperture of a concentric circular iris in a transverse plane of a circular waveguide is approximately solved using Galerkin's method. The aperture field is represented by a finite sum of normal TE and TM (transverse magnetic) circular waveguide modes that fit the circular aperture. The numerical convergence of the Galerkin solution is demonstrated using the resultant aperture field distributions and equivalent shunt susceptance for the case of dominant TE/sub 11/-mode excitation. The resultant aperture electric field distribution closely resembles that of the TE/sub 11/ aperture mode alone, except for edge contribution behavior at the edge of the iris. A resonant or capacitive iris is possible over a restricted range of frequencies. >
The Role of Culture in Engaging Latino Parents’ Involvement in School:

One of the critical issues for schools is how to actively involve Latino parents in the schooling process. Although Latino parents are often marginalized in schools due to race, class, and cultural differences, many school personnel suspect Latino parents of not caring about their children’s education. This article highlights how a small group of educators working together in a project actively enlisted the participation of Latino parents in schools through a positive and consistent focus on their own cultures. The author suggests that teacher preparation programs explore the power of a culturally relevant approach to working with parents.
INSULIN AS A GROWTH FACTOR

Various clinical syndromes illustrate the essential role of insulin in modulating somatic growth both in utero and after birth. The effect of insulin on growth is a consequence of direct effects transduced via its homologous receptor and post-receptor signaling pathways and indirect effects on other modulators of growth, such as the growth hormone-IGF axis. Recent insights into the post-receptor mechanisms of insulin signaling provide a scientific framework for the distinction between the traditional role of insulin as a major modulator of metabolism and its role as a promoter of growth.
FOLATE CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

The vitamin folic acid was initially investigated as a dietary antianemia factor distinct from the pernicious anemia factor [1] and a recent historical review details early studies on the isolation...
The effect of cold therapy on pain, swelling, and range of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery

This prospective study assessed the effect of cold therapy on pain, pain medication use, limb swelling, and knee range of motion in 131 patients who had an arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients were randomized into five treatment groups. Cooling pads were incorporated into the dressing in 89 patients, and no cooling pads were used in 42 patients. There were four cooling-pad temperature groups: 40 degrees F, 45 degrees F, 55 degrees F, and 70 degrees F. The cooling pads lowered the skin temperature. There was no difference between groups with respect to hospital stay, pain medication use, pain scale, knee girth, or range of motion.
Amorphous-Silicon / Polymer Solar Cells and Key Design Rules for Hybrid Solar Cells

Hybrid solar cells combine the advantages of organic and inorganic materials. We report on the fabrication and performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) / poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a-Si:H / poly(2- methoxy-5-(2?-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) solar cells. The a-Si:H/P3HT system is found to be almost as efficient as titania/P3HT systems. However, the a-Si:H/MEH-PPV system exhibits poorer efficiency vis-a-vis a-Si:H/P3HT and titania/MEH-PPV. This is hypothesized to be due to enhanced energy transfer from MEH-PPV to a-Si:H, coupled with inefficient backward hole transfer, due to the small offset between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of MEH-PPV and the valence band edge of a-Si:H, and the extended valence bandtail states in a-Si:H
An algebraic aggregation of interconnected power system loads

The electrical power system loads, as seen from a substation level, consist of numerous load elements and network elements. A subsystem consisting of load elements which are interconnected by network elements is connected to the rest of the power system at several points called reference nodes. This paper is concerned with a description of interconnected loads for a study of their interactions with the rest of the system through the reference nodes. The voltages at the reference nodes are the electrical inputs to the interconnected loads. Only balanced phase operations of symmetrical three phase loads are considered. The voltage dependencies of individual load elements are algebraically aggregated into a voltage dependent admittance matrix which describes the interconnected loads explicitly in terms of the voltages at the reference nodes.
An Experimental Investigation of Breaking Waves Produced by a Towed Hydrofoil

This paper presents the results of experiments on breaking waves produced by towing a submerged, two-dimensional hydrofoil at constant depth and speed. The wave field consists of a breaker followed by a train of lower, non-breaking waves. The breaker has a small zone of turbulent water riding its forward slope; this zone is called the breaking region. Measurements were made of surface height profiles, the vertical distribution of mean horizontal velocity in the wake of the wave, and the vertical thickness of the wake. The results support the hypothesis that the breaking region imparts a shearing force along the forward slope equal to the component of its weight in that direction. The force produces a turbulent, momentum-deficient wake similar to the wake of a towed, two-dimensional body in an infinite fluid. The vertical thickness of the wake grows in proportion to the square root of distance behind the breaker. The momentum deficit is approximately equal to the maximum momentum flux of a Stokes wave with the same phase speed as the breaker. The surface profile measurements yield several results: the proper independent variables describing the wave are its speed and the slope of its forward face. The relation between breaking wavelength and speed follows the finite-amplitude Stokes wave equation. The amplitude and the vertical extent of the breaking region are both proportional to the phase speed squared; however, they are not functions of the slope of the forward face of the wave. The breaking region has a small oscillation in its length with a regular period of 4.4 the period of a wave with phase speed equal to the hydrofoil speed. The amplitude of the oscillation diminishes with time. It is believed that this oscillation is due to wave components produced when the foil is started from rest.
Improving a PLA Area by Pull-Up Transistor Folding

The constraints limiting multiple PLA folding are the positions of pull-up transistors (Tpu) and the layout architecture which supports only I/O folding. In this paper, we present a novel architecture supporting multiple I/O, term, and pull-up foldings with through-the-cell net routing. The pull-up folding allows implementation of multiple level Boolean functions. Our architecture model achieves a better densities in comparison with PLA model.
Advantages of environmental scanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms.

Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microalgae, are com- posed predominantly of water which prohibits direct observation in a traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM). Preparation for SEM requires that microorganisms be fixed, frozen or dehy- drated, and coated with a conductive film before observation in a high vacuum environment. Sample preparation may mechanically disturb delicate samples, compromise morphological infor- mation, and introduce other artifacts. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) provides a technology for imaging hydrated or dehydrated biological samples with minimal min- nipulation and without the need for conductive coatings. Sporulating cultures of three fungi, Aspergillus sp., Cunninghamella sp., and Mucor sp., were imaged in the ESEM to assess usefulness of the instrument in the direct observation of delicate, uncoated, biological specimens. Asexual sporophores showed no evidence of conidial displacement or disruption of sporangia. Uncoated algal cells of Euglena gracilis and Spirogyra sp. were examined using the backscatter electron detector (BSE) and the environmental secondary electron detector (ESD) of the ESEM. BSE images had more clearly defined intracellular structures, whereas ESD gave a clearer view of the surface. E. gracilis cells fixed with potassium permanganate, Spirogyra sp. stained with Lugol's solution, and Saprolegnia sp. fixed with osmium tetroxide were compared using BSE and ESD to demonstrate that cellular details could be enhanced by the introduction of heavy metals. The effect of cellular water on signal quality was evaluated by comparing hydrated to critical point dried specimens. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EHF options for contested SATCOM

The capacity limitations and jamming vulnerability of transponder satellites, both commercial and military, are of increasing concern to warfighters heavily dependent on SATCOM for beyond-line-of-sight connectivity. EHF payloads offer a robust, jam-resistant waveform but capacity is limited and both satellites and terminals are expensive. This paper will explore options for incorporating the essential anti-jam features of EHF waveforms outside of the limited realm of EHF satellites. These options include using some features of protected waveforms to reduce the vulnerability of transponder satellites (both commercial and military) to jamming. Another option is hosting military SATCOM payloads on commercial satellite buses or on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). By paring the features of EHF waveforms to only those required to provide essential anti-jam capability significant reductions in size, weight power development cost and risk can be achieved. These reductions make hosted payloads, whether on UAS or on commercial SATCOM buses much more feasible as a means of mitigating the shortfall in anti-jam beyond-line-of-sight communication capacity.
Updates to the RMAP short-read mapping software

Summary: We report on a major new version of the RMAP software for mapping reads from short-read sequencing technology. General improvements to accuracy and space requirements are included, along with novel functionality. Included in the RMAP software package are tools for mapping paired-end reads, mapping using more sophisticated use of quality scores, collecting ambiguous mapping locations and mapping bisulfite-treated reads. Availability: The applications described in this note are available for download at http://www.cmb.usc.edu/people/andrewds/rmap and are distributed as Open Source software under the GPLv3.0. The software has been tested on Linux and OS X platforms. Contact:andrewds@usc.edu; mzhang@cshl.edu The RMAP algorithm was introduced by (Smith et al., 2008) as one of the earliest available programs for mapping reads from the Illumina second-generation sequencing technology. One important contribution of RMAP was to incorporate the use of quality scores directly into the mapping process: read positions with too low a quality score were not considered while mapping, and that quality score cutoff could be adjusted by the user. Subsequently, numerous mapping algorithm have appeared (Langmead et al., 2009; Li,H. et al., 2008; Li,R. et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2008; Schatz, 2009; Yanovsky et al., 2008), with improvements in both efficiency and breadth of functionality (e.g. ability to map paired-end reads; integrated SNP calling). Investigators requiring solutions to mapping problems now have many options. As new applications of short-read sequencing emerge, many variations on the analysis task of read mapping emerge. Diversity in performance characteristics of existing mapping tools becomes potentially valuable. We report the first major update to RMAP. The basic algorithmic framework in RMAP is still to preprocess reads and scan the genome, but several modifications have been made and much additional functionality has been included. Importantly, RMAP has a memory footprint that depends on the number of reads being mapped. This feature allows RMAP to be used effectively in cluster environments with commodity nodes, because partitioning the reads allows natural parallelizations with linear reduction in memory requirements per processor core used. Included in this release of the RMAP software package is functionality for mapping paired-end reads, making more sophisticated use of quality scores, collecting mapping locations for ambiguously mapping reads and mapping bisulfite-treated reads.
Derivation of an Age and Weight Handicap for the 5K Run

The adverse effect of increasing age and/or body weight on distance run performance has been well documented. Accordingly, nearly all five kilometer (5K) road races employ age categories and, sometimes, a heavier body weight classification. Problems with such conventions include small numbers of runners within older age categories and the advantage given to the lightest runners within each weight category. We developed a 5K Handicap (5KH), a model that calculates an adjusted run time based on the inputs of actual 5K run time, age, and body weight for men and women. This adjusted time, then, can be compared between runners of different ages and body weights. The purpose of this paper was to explain, in detail, the derivation of the 5KH formula using published theoretical and empirical findings on age, body weight and distance run time relationships. To our knowledge, the 5KH is the first such model and overcomes the problems associated with being heavier within one weight class and having too few runners i...
Infrastructure and Economic Development: Civil Engineering Perspective

Explaining the impact of infrastructure on the economy requires more attention from civil engineers. Because the links between infrastructure and economic development are too complex to be fully me...
Specific Dynamic Action in the Toad, Bufo woodhousii

Abstract Twelve Bufo woodhousii from Lyon County, Kansas, were acclimated to 20 ± 1 C with a 14:10 photoperiod for at least 10 days. Oxygen consumption was measured in each toad at 3, 7, 28, and 120 h after eating an insect meal equal to 5% of the toad's mass. Half of the toads were first measured at 120 h after the meal, and this was followed by a second meal. The rest of the toads were first measured 3 h after the feeding. Oxygen consumption values were significantly higher 3 h after eating than at 7, 28, and 120 h postfeeding. At 3 h postfeeding, oxygen consumption was 1.7 times the value at 120 h after feeding.
The role of the vascular endothelium in inflammatory syndromes, atherogenesis, and the propagation of disease

The vascular endothelium is intimately involved in a wide variety of normal physiological processes, including coagulation/anticoagulation, the maintenance of vascular tone, and pathological processes, including reperfusion injury, inflammatory syndromes, and tumor cell metastasis. This review discusses the importance of increased adhesive molecule expression on the endothelial surface in promoting circulating inflammatory cell-endothelial adherence in inflammatory conditions, as well as the role of the vascular endothelium in reperfusion injury, altered microvascular permeability states, and atherogenesis.
Revisiting the Role of the Urban Environment in Substance Use: The Case of Analgesic Overdose Fatalities

Objectives. We examined whether neighborhood social characteristics (income distribution and family fragmentation) and physical characteristics (clean sidewalks and dilapidated housing) were associated with the risk of fatalities caused by analgesic overdose.Methods. In a case-control study, we compared 447 unintentional analgesic opioid overdose fatalities (cases) with 3436 unintentional nonoverdose fatalities and 2530 heroin overdose fatalities (controls) occurring in 59 New York City neighborhoods between 2000 and 2006.Results. Analgesic overdose fatalities were less likely than nonoverdose unintentional fatalities to have occurred in higher-income neighborhoods (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70, 0.96) and more likely to have occurred in fragmented neighborhoods (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.72). They were more likely than heroin overdose fatalities to have occurred in higher-income (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.54) and less fragmented (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.92) neighborh...
Facial Gingival Tissue Stability After Connective Tissue Graft With Single Immediate Tooth Replacement in the Esthetic Zone: Consecutive Case Report

Purpose The present consecutive case report evaluated facial gingival tissue stability after immediate tooth replacement with connective tissue grafting in the esthetic zone. The implant success rate and peri-implant tissue response were also recorded. Patients and Methods A total of 20 consecutive patients with a mean age of 52.3 years (range 28 to 71), who had undergone 20 single immediate tooth replacement with connective tissue grafting, were evaluated clinically and radiographically at the preoperative examination, immediately after implant placement and provisionalization with connective tissue grafting, and at the latest follow-up appointment. The data were analyzed using the t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test at a significance level of α = .05. Results At the preoperative examination, a thick gingival biotype was observed in 8 patients and a thin gingival biotype in 12. At a mean follow-up of 2.15 years (range 1 to 4), all implants were functioning and exhibited a thick biotype. At the latest follow-up appointment, no significant differences (P > .05) were found between the initially thick and thin gingival biotypes in the mean mesial marginal bone level changes (−0.53 versus −0.55 mm), the mean distal marginal bone level changes (−0.50 versus −0.44 mm), and the mean facial gingival level changes (+0.23 mm versus +0.06 mm). The frequency distribution of the papilla index score showed that peri-implant papillae were well preserved at the latest follow-up visit. Conclusions With proper 3-dimensional implant positioning and bone grafting into the implant-socket gap, the facial gingival level can be maintained after connective tissue grafting with single immediate tooth replacement, regardless of the initial gingival biotype, indicating that the thin gingival biotype can be converted to the thick gingival biotype morphologically and behaviorally with this procedure. Nevertheless, careful patient selection and treatment planning, as well as immaculate execution by skillful clinicians, are required to achieve a successful result.
Rate-independent QT shortening during exercise in healthy subjects: terminal repolarization does not shorten with exercise

Introduction: QT interval for a given heart rate differs between exercise and recovery (QT hysteresis) due to slow QT adaptation to changes in heart rate. We hypothesized that QT hysteresis is evident within stages of exercise and investigated which component of the QT contributes to hysteresis. Methods and Results: Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a staged exercise test (four stages, 3 min each). Continuous telemetry was analyzed with software to compare QT intervals in a rate-independent fashion. QRST complexes during each minute were sorted by RR interval, and complexes in bins of 20 ms width were signal-averaged. QT and QTp (onset of QRS to peak T wave) were measured, and terminal QT calculated (peak to end of T wave, Tpe = QT – QTp). QT, QTp, and Tpe at the same heart rate were compared between the first and last minute of each stage. QT shortened from the first to last minute of exercise in each stage (Stage I: 358 ± 30 to 346 ± 25 ms, P < 0.001; Stage II: 342 ± 27 to 331 ± 24 ms, P = 0.003; Stage III: 329 ± 21 to 322 ± 18 ms, P = 0.03; Stage IV: 313 ± 22 to 303 ± 23 ms, P = 0.005). QTp also shortened in each stage, while Tpe was unchanged. Conclusion: QT hysteresis occurs during exercise in normals, and the major determinant is shortening of the first component of the T wave. Terminal repolarization (peak to end of T wave), a surrogate for transmural dispersion of repolarization, does not shorten significantly with exercise.
Adaptive Global Search in a Time-Variant Environment Using a Probabilistic Automaton with Pattern Recognition Supervision

A probabilistic automaton with pattern recognition supervision is considered as an on-line real-time adaptive controller for a complex plant with a multimodal performance-index structure and subjected to an environment which randomly fluctuates in time. This environment is considered to be partially measurable but entirely uncontrollable. The automaton discussed is capable not only of learning the optimum control parameters in any given environmental situation but also of acting as an internal teacher in the formation of pattern associations between the measurable state of the environment and the control situation, so that approximately recurrent conditions can be taken advantage of in future relearning situations. These pattern associations, once developed, are used to supervise the future action of the automaton. Furthermore, the pattern associations between the measurable state of the environment and the control situation must themselves be adaptively formed to allow for variations caused by unknown and/or unmeasurable factors in the total environment.
Managing application program maintenance expenditures

Program maintenance represents a major portion of the total expenditures on application programs. Despite the attention this subject has received in the MIS literature, new guidelines to action in this area remain of great interest to practitioners. A large number of variables thought to be determinants of application program maintenance expenditure have been studied through the inspection of application portfolios and personal interviews with top computer executives and systems development personnel. Based on the results, recommendations are made on how to reduce application program maintenance expenditures.
The specificity of vesicle trafficking: coat proteins and SNAREs.

Proteins that are destined for the secretory system usually begin their journey at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where proteins are translocated across the ER membrane into the lumen, before being selectively removed from the ER and packaged as cargo into transport vesicles bound for the stacks of
Engagement With Novel Virtual Environments: The Role of Perceived Novelty and Flow in the Development of the Deficient Self‐Regulation of Internet Use and Media Habits

This article extends theory on the deficient self-regulation (DSR) of Internet use and media habits by integrating predictors relevant to technology use. It introduces novelty perceptions of a technology and flow as conditions that increase the likelihood of experiencing DSR and media habits. An experiment, with between- and within-subjects components, was undertaken to test whether the relationships of DSR hypothesized at various stages of technology use are substantiated. Results demonstrated that the perceived novelty of a technology initiated flow, which in turn predicted growth of DSR during initial engagement with virtual environments. Growth of DSR in familiar stages of technology use corresponded to the formation of media habits over time.
Nanoscale Architecture in Atherosclerotic Calcification

Calcium mineral deposits are radiographically evident in the majority of significant atherosclerotic lesions.1 These deposits generally consist of a nonhomogeneous composite containing hydroxyapatite mineral nanocrystals embedded in an organic matrix including type I collagen nanofibers. The morphometry varies over a spectrum. Amorphous deposits lack organization at the light-microscopic scale, whereas bone-like deposits have varying degrees of architectural macro-organization similar to those of developing and mature skeletal bone, which also consist of a nonhomogeneous composite containing hydroxyapatite nanocrystals embedded in a collagenous organic matrix. Based on histopathologic features, the organized, bone-like deposits appear to arise from angiogenic invasion of the amorphous deposits.2 This is consistent with the known sequence of events that leads to bone formation in fracture repair, embryonic intramembranous ossification, and in embryonic endochondral ossification, where bone arises from a cartilage scaffold. See accompanying article on page 2030 The similarities between atherosclerotic calcification and osteogenesis are more than skin deep. Several investigative groups have demonstrated osteogenic features at the cellular and molecular levels, including dynamic osteogenic gene expression in vitro and in vivo as reviewed recently by Towler and colleagues.3 In this issue of ATVB , Duer and colleagues4 take this comparison to the next level—nanoscale architecture. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, they examined the mineral-organic interface in calcium deposits from atherosclerotic plaque and skeletal bone and found marked similarities. The NMR method (rotational echo double resonance) has the capacity to isolate the nanoscale features because it generates forces that act only within distances less …
Chordomas in Fischer 344 Rats

Tissue sections and records of 56 rats with chordoma, identified in the National Toxicology Program's (NTP) data base of approximately 115,000 rats, were examined to determine morphological characteristics, incidence, and aspects of biological behavior. Chordomas occurred in aged rats, originated predominantly in lumbosacral vertebrae, were highly malignant, occurred three times more often in male versus female rats, and commonly produced bilateral posterior paresis, paralysis, and/or distention of the colon and rectum.
General alveolar hypoventilation: a syndrome of respiratory and cardiac failure in patients with normal lungs.

Chronic alveolar hypoventilation has been considered in terms of its pathogenesis. Distinction has been made between general alveolar hypoventilation, which arises from failure of the ventilatory apparatus, and net alveolar hypoventilation which is secondary to bronchopulmonary disease. Examples are presented to ifiustrate the pathogenesis of general alveolar hypoventilation in various disorders of the ventilatory apparatus. The common end-points for all of these are arterial hypoxaemia and hypercapnia; these abnormalities in the blood gases are responsible for the cardiorespiratory failure of chronic alveolar hypoventilation. However, the clinical expression of these abnormal blood gases is modified by the pathogenetic background: in failure of the respiratory centre, the consequences of arterial hypoxaemia and hypercapnia are manifest in the purest forms, free of the complications of abnormal lungs or mechanics of breathing; in severe kyphoscoliosis, the compressed distorted lung restricts the pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale ; in obesity, the hypermetabolic and hypervolemic states provide a background of left ventricular, as well as right ventricular overload, for the consequences of arterial hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. The clinical importance of recognizing the syndrome of general alveolar hypoventilation lies in its reversibility following adequate relief of the hypoxaemia and hypercapnia.
The Market Perception of Mandatorily Redeemable Preferred Stock: Some Empirical Evidence

This study uses a market valuation model of a firm's common equiaty to measure the market's perception of mandatorily redeemable preferred stock (MRPS). Using a methodology similar to Landsman (1986), Barth, et. al. (1992), and the theoretical valuation model proposed in Ohlson (1995), the market value of common equity is regressed on the following independent variables: total assets, total liabilities, net income and MRPS. For a sample of firms reporting MRPS, regression coefficients are estimated cross-sectionally by year for 1999-2002. Results of the regression analysis suggest that the market views MRPS very similar to debt. The coefficient for MRPS has the same magnitude as the coefficient for conventional debt in most cases. Results of this analysis lend support to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 150, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Both Liabilities and Equity (FASB 2003) which requires that MRPS be reported as a liability.
Trace-Metal Requirements of NCTC Clone 929 Strain L Cells

The effects of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and Methocel on the growth of L cells in a synthetic medium were studied. The medium was iron-deficient unless a supplement of 1.0 g/liter Methocel HG (4,000 centipoises), Methocel ash equivalent to 1.0 g/liter Methocel, or 1.0 microM FeSO4 was added. Cells grew faster in the presence of FeSO4 or Methocel ash (generation time = 40 hours) than of Methocel (generation time = 110 hours), but Methocel was needed to protect cells from mechanical destruction. Treating the growth medium with Dowex A-1 chelating resin produced a medium deficient in both iron and zinc. The iron requirement in this medium varied between 0.6 and 1.4 microM, depending on the concentrations of other cations added to the medium. A copper concentration of at least 0.4 microM was beneficial as it reduced the amount of iron necessary for cell growth. No manganese was required in this medium; any added manganese produced an inhibition of cell growth. Additional iron could reverse this inhibition. The minimum iron requirement for the production of L cells was 3 nmoles/mg cell nitrogen produced. Approximately 0.6 microM zinc was required for maximum cell growth in resin-treated medium.
Effect of the in vivo priming regimen for peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) mobilization on in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors by IL-2 activation of PBSC in a murine model

Effect of the in vivo priming regimen for peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) mobilization on in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors by IL-2 activation of PBSC in a murine model
STATISTICAL THEORY OF INTERIOR–EXTERIOR TRANSITION AND COLLISION PROBABILITIES

The dynamics of comets and other solar system objects which have a three-body energy close to that of the collinear libration points are known to exhibit a complicated array of behaviors such as transition between the interior and exterior Hill’s regions, temporary capture, and collision. The invariant manifold structures of the collinear libration points for the restricted three-body problem, which exist for a range of energies, provide the framework for understanding these complex dynamical phenomena from a geometric point of view. In particular, the stable and unstable invariant manifold tubes associated to libration point orbits are the phase space structures that provide a conduit for particles travelling to and from the smaller primary body (e.g., Jupiter). Using the structures around libration points, a statistical theory for the probability of interior-exterior transition and the probability of collision with the smaller primary body can be developed. Comparisons with observations of Jupiter family comets are made.
Study on simultaneous determination for 22 veterinary drug residues in animal derived food by high performance liquid chromatography

Objective: To develop a method based on high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for simultaneous determining residues of 22 veterinary drugs including Sulfanilamide,Sulfacetamide,Sulfathiazole,Sulfadiazine,Sulfapyridine,Sulfachlorpyridazine,Sulfamerazine,Sulfamethazine,Olaquindox,Furazolidone,Chloramphenicol,Sulfisomezol,Sulfamethizole,Sulfamethoxydiazine,Diaveridine,Trimethopim,Sulfisoxazole,Sulfamethoxypyridazine,Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium,Sulfabenzamide,Sulfadimethoxine and Sulfaquinoxaline in animal derived food(livestock,poultry,aquatic products).Methods:Optimization of HPLC conditions for simultaneous determining 22 veterinary drugs: column Discovery C18,gradient and speed elution,UV detection at 270 nm.Samples are extracted with acetonitrile-chloroform(10+1),defatted with n-hexane,anti-extracted veterinary drugs with acetonitrile-chloroform(1+2),dissolved with mobile phase,analysised by HPLC.Results:Under the optimized HPLC conditions,separation of 22 veterinary drugs are better,linear ranges are wide,and good linear relationship(r=0.99～0.9999) in their concentration scope.Three levels of concentration are added to livestock,poultry,and aquatic product samples,the average recovery are 61.2%～103.0%,coefficient of variation was 1.0%～9.5%,the minimum detectable concentration are 0.004～0.018 mg/kg.Conclusion:This method is of accuracy,high repeatability,precision and less interferences from impurities,simple and fast.The cost is low and apply scope is wide.This method has met the requirement of analysis of veterinary drug multi-residues.
Isometric map and its application in machinery design

The isometric map between surfaces and its required condition was presented. Meanwhile ,as examples, the application of isometric in the technology of developing surfaces and the design of curves on surfaces were presented.
Numerical Solution of Singular Perturbation Problems

In this paper results obtained by Leif Abrahamsson, Herb Keller and myself are discussed*. Consider a system of ordinary differential equations $$ {\rm{L}}\left( {\rm{y}} \right){\rm{ = \varepsilon }}\left( {{{\rm{d}}^{\rm{2}}}{\rm{y/d}}{{\rm{x}}^{\rm{2}}}} \right){\rm{ + A}}\left( {\rm{x}} \right)\left( {{\rm{dy/dx}}} \right){\rm{ + B}}\left( {\rm{x}} \right){\rm{y = F}} $$ (1.1) in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with boundary conditions $$y\left( 0 \right) = \alpha ,{\text{ }}y\left( 1 \right) = \beta .$$ (1.2)
Learning to Count on Others

When an individual is sick he is dependent upon others for information and care that will aid in the solution of his medical problem. The way in which he responds to the necessity of asking for and of receiving help from others depends in large measure on how he feels about himself in a situation in which he is dependent. Feelings of dependence develop very early in life, during the mother and child relationship, and are often carried forward into adulthood with little change as a result of many intervening experiences. Some individuals are able to modify adaptations and expand what is learned early in life. Nurses come into contact with people who have revised their feelings about getting help from others and those who have not. Being able to see relationships between early childhood experiences and adult behavior and between the infant’s complete helplessness and that seen in comatose patients aids a nurse to make discriminations in offering care and in developing with patients experiences that will afford further personality development. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify these relationships and to identify what is involved when patients and nurses are faced with the task of learning to count on others for help.
Online research and learning in science

Previous studies of one-to-one computing programs have suffered from several methodological limitations and produced mixed results. Especially surprising is that previous studies have not evaluated students' ability to use the Internet to learn from online information. This study evaluated the ability of 1129 seventh grade students, in two different states, to conduct online research and learn in science. One state, Maine, had implemented a one-to-one program for several years, beginning in seventh grade. It ranked 33rd (out of 50 states) in median family income (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The other, Connecticut, had yet to implement a similar policy and ranked 4th among all states in median family income. Stratified random sampling was used to select participating students who were representative of each state. The primary measure was a performance-based assessment of online research and learning, with demonstrated validity and reliability. Students completed two online research projects in science on two different days. Results for students in the two states were compared using regression models that conditioned on student prior knowledge and school level indicators of socioeconomic status and teacher experience. The adjusted mean scores for online research and learning were generally significantly higher for Maine, the state that provided laptops to middle and high school students. The overall effect size was comparable to about a half a year of annual growth, the same amount of time that students had access to one-to-one laptops in their classrooms. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for technology investments by state and local educational agencies, especially in light of the new educational standards beginning to appear in Australia, the United States, and other nations. Limitations are also explored. A low SES state (1:1 laptops) did better in science than a high SES state without.Students in both states succeeded on only 50% of online research and learning tasks.The greatest difference between these two states appeared in online locating tasks.
Wyładowanie atmosferyczne jako przyczyna migotania komór

W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano przypadek 17-letniego harcerza, uprzednio zdrowego, ktory po uderzeniu pioruna stracil przytomnośc. Po przybyciu zespolu pogotowia ratunkowego w badaniu elektrokardiograficznym stwierdzono migotanie komor (VF). Wykonano defibrylacje (1 impuls, prąd staly), ktora przywrocila rytm zatokowy, jednak mimo skutecznej interwencji pacjent pozostal w śpiączce. Angielski termin commotio cordis , ktory oznacza wystąpienie naglej śmierci sercowej w wyniku dzialania niskiej energii na ściane klatki piersiowej, jest fenomenem polegającym na pojawieniu sie VF wskutek uderzenia ściśle określonej okolicy klatki piersiowej w danym okresie podczas cyklu serca. Zarowno energia fizyczna (uraz serca wskutek uderzenia - commotio cordis ), jak i elektryczna (uderzenie pioruna) mogą wywolac VF. Autorzy pracy spekulują, ze u omawianego chorego VF pojawilo sie natychmiast po razeniu piorunem, ktorego uderzenie prawdopodobnie nastąpilo podczas szczytu zalamka T.
Opioid Dependence Risk Factors and Risk Assessment

Reduction of individual- and population-level opioid dependence will require adaptation of the host(s) if the opioid epidemic is to be contained and reversed. Attempts to alter abuse liability of opioids (agent virulence) and prescription patterns (vector transmission) are reasonable but ultimately insufficient interventions. Attenuation of both host vulnerability and exposure behavior must occur. This is a joint effort between patient and provider, and from the provider standpoint, it must begin with a thorough understanding of risk factors for opioid misuse and dependence. Most of the risk factors identified in the literature are psychosocial in nature and have been incorporated into various standardized screening instruments. The use of prescription drug monitoring programs and urine drug testing comprises other essential risk assessment and monitoring tools. Risk stratification—with ongoing assessment for both compliance and aberrancy—must become standard practice for every provider that prescribes opioids.