cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Design’ in Principle and Practice: A Reconsideration of the Terms of Design Engagement

ABSTRACTThis paper reflects on the principles and practices of design in a time of great social change. Its narrative begins with a reflection on the structural reasons why design practices and professions are acquiring even greater social significance than they have had in the past. After a context-setting examination of notions of ‘creative economy’ and ‘knowledge society’, the paper moves on to explore the subtly shifting semantics of ‘design’, tracing key aspects of the changing contexts and practices of design. The paper introduces the notion of a ‘shift in the balance of agency’, which affects the roles and relationships of designers and users and which increasingly demands design interdisciplinarity. The paper concludes with the suggestion that, given the dramatically changing social and economic terrain in which the design professions are today located, we need to broaden our repertoire of design practices.The case we want to make is this: the changes of our times are of such significance as to su...
Demographic drivers of tree biomass change during secondary succession in northeastern Costa Rica

Second-growth tropical forests are an important global carbon sink. As current knowledge on biomass accumulation during secondary succession is heavily based on chronosequence studies, direct estimates of annual rates of biomass accumulation in monitored stands are largely unavailable. We evaluated the contributions of tree diameter increment, recruitment, and mortality to annual tree biomass change during succession for three groups of tree species: second-growth (SG) specialists, generalists, and old-growth (OG) specialists. We monitored six second-growth tropical forests that varied in stand age and two old-growth forests in northeastern Costa Rica. We monitored these over a period of 8 to 16 years. To assess rates of biomass change during secondary succession, we compared standing biomass and biomass dynamics between second-growth forest stages and old-growth forest, and evaluated the effect of stand age on standing biomass and biomass dynamics in second-growth forests. Standing tree biomass increased with stand age during succession, whereas the rate of biomass change decreased. Biomass change was largely driven by tree diameter increment and mortality, with a minor contribution from recruitment. The relative importance of these demographic drivers shifted over succession. Biomass gain due to tree diameter increment decreased with stand age, whereas biomass loss due to mortality increased. In the age range of our second-growth forests, 10-41 years, SG specialists dominated tree biomass in second-growth forests. SG specialists, and to a lesser extent generalists, also dominated stand-level biomass increase due to tree diameter increment, whereas SG specialists largely accounted for decreases in biomass due to mortality. Our results indicate that tree growth is largely driving biomass dynamics early in succession, whereas both growth and mortality are important later in succession. Biomass dynamics are largely accounted for by a few SG specialists and one generalist species, Pentaclethra macroloba. To assess the generality of our results, similar long-term studies should be compared across tropical forest landscapes.
The Constituent Foundations of the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon

Despite the massive attention heaped on the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon by public opinion scholars, relatively little attention has been paid to its constituent elements. Yet, recent research has found that different groups of Americans respond differently to presidents’ activities according to their interests and attentiveness. In this study, I disaggregate public opinion along two dimensions: political party and political sophistication. I argue that in responding to high-profile presidential activities abroad, different groups of Americans weigh various individual, contextual, and situational factors differently. I investigate all major U.S. uses of force between 1953 and 1998 and find that the propensity of different groups to rally does indeed vary according to individual and environmental circumstances. To explain these differences, I employ two models of public opinion. The first emphasizes the importance of threshold effects in explaining opinion change. That is, individuals who are closest to the point of ambivalence between approval and disapproval are most likely to change their opinion in response to external circumstances. The second emphasizes both the propensities of different types of individuals to be exposed to a given piece of information, and their susceptibility to having their opinion influenced by any additional information. My results offer a more nuanced picture of the nature and extent of the rally phenomenon than has been available in previous studies. My findings also hold important implications for other related scholarly debates, such as whether, and under what circumstances, the use of force can successfully divert public attention from a president’s domestic political difficulties.
Structure and Biosynthesis of the Jamaicamides, New Mixed Polyketide-Peptide Neurotoxins from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula

A screening program for bioactive compounds from marine cyanobacteria led to the isolation of jamaicamides A-C. Jamaicamide A is a novel and highly functionalized lipopeptide containing an alkynyl bromide, vinyl chloride, beta-methoxy eneone system, and pyrrolinone ring. The jamaicamides show sodium channelblocking activity and fish toxicity. Precursor feeding to jamaicamide-producing cultures mapped out the series of acetate and amino acid residues and helped develop an effective cloning strategy for the biosynthetic gene cluster. The 58 kbp gene cluster is composed of 17 open reading frames that show an exact colinearity with their expected utilization. A novel cassette of genes appears to form a pendent carbon atom possessing the vinyl chloride functionality; at its core this contains an HMG-CoA synthase-like motif, giving insight into the mechanism by which this functional group is created.
Universals: Ways or Things?

What all contemporary so-called aristotelian realists have in common has been identified by David Armstrong as the principle of instantiation. This principle has been put forward in different versions, but all of them have the following simple consequence in common: uninstantiated universals do not exist. Such entities are for the lotus-eating Platonist to countenance, but not for any sort of “moderate” realist. I shall argue that this principle, in any guise, is not the best way to differentiate aristotelianism from Platonism. In its place, I shall suggest that the best way to differentiate the two versions of realism from each other is by means of a far more powerful idea: naturalism. And the surprising conclusion given this means of differentiation will be that contrary to the usual proclamations, Platonism will be the more naturalistic theory, whereas aristotelianism will come to be seen for what it really is, namely, non-naturalistic.
An iterative algorithm for modeling crack closure and sliding

Abstract In this paper, a simple and efficient iterative algorithm is adopted to model crack closure and sliding with the displacement discontinuity method (DDM). The problem of a subsurface crack in a half-plane under indentation loading considered by Elvin and Leung (Elvin N, Leung C. A fast iterative boundary element method for solving closed crack problems. Engng Fract Mech 1999;63:631–48) and DeBremaecker and Ferris (DeBremaecker J-Cl, Ferris MC. A comparison of two algorithm for solving closed crack problems. Engng Fract Mech 2000;66:601–05) is reexamined using the iterative DDM. The cases of a partially closed crack with both frictionless and frictional contacts are considered. Benchmark results for the stress intensity factors and the interfacial crack mechanisms for a subsurface crack are presented and compared with the results obtained from the fast iterative algorithm of Elvin and Leung and those from the PATH algorithm of DeBremaecker and Ferris.
Extraction of zinc with tri(iso-octyl)amine in methyl isobutyl ketone and colorimetric determination with zincon in the organic phase☆

A study was made of the extraction of zinc from hydrochloric acid solutions with solutions of methyldioctylamine and tri(iso-octyl)amine in methyl isobutyl ketone. Quantitative extraction was accomplished from 2 N hydrochloric acid with 5% (w/v) tri(iso-octyl)amine-methyl isobutyl ketone. A procedure was developed for the colorimetric determination of zinc in the organic phase after extraction using 2-carboxy-2'-hydroxy-5'-sulfoformazylbenzene (Zincon).
Inverting the Viterbi algorithm: an abstract framework for structure design

Probabilistic grammatical formalisms such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) and stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) have been extensively studied and widely applied in a number of fields. Here, we introduce a new algorithmic problem on HMMs and SCFGs that arises naturally from protein and RNA design, and which has not been previously studied. The problem can be viewed as an inverse to the one solved by the Viterbi algorithm on HMMs or by the CKY algorithm on SCFGs. We study this problem theoretically and obtain the first algorithmic results. We prove that the problem is NP-complete, even for a 3-letter emission alphabet, via a reduction from 3-SAT, a result that has implications for the hardness of RNA secondary structure design. We then develop a number of approaches for making the problem tractable. In particular, for HMMs we develop a branch-and-bound algorithm, which can be shown to have fixed-parameter tractable worst-case running time, exponential in the number of states of the HMM but linear in the length of the structure. We also show how to cast the problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program.
Disproportionation of bromine and iodine in hydrogen fluoride media

Abstract Disproportionation occurs when chlorine, bromine, or iodine are reacted with a hydrogen fluoride solution containing silver fluoride. In each case the reaction product is a halide which is tied up as the insoluble silver salt while the oxidation products are chlorine monofluoride, bromine trifluoride and iodine pentafluoride respectively.
Marine actinomycetes: a new source of compounds against the human malaria parasite.

Background Malaria continues to be a devastating parasitic disease that causes the death of 2 million individuals annually. The increase in multi-drug resistance together with the absence of an efficient vaccine hastens the need for speedy and comprehensive antimalarial drug discovery and development. Throughout history, traditional herbal remedies or natural products have been a reliable source of antimalarial agents, e.g. quinine and artemisinin. Today, one emerging source of small molecule drug leads is the world's oceans. Included among the source of marine natural products are marine microorganisms such as the recently described actinomycete. Members of the genus Salinispora have yielded a wealth of new secondary metabolites including salinosporamide A, a molecule currently advancing through clinical trials as an anticancer agent. Because of the biological activity of metabolites being isolated from marine microorganisms, our group became interested in exploring the potential efficacy of these compounds against the malaria parasite.
A Comparison of Cause-specific Mortality among Patients with Low or Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer Treated with Brachytherapy, External Beam Radiotherapy or Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose/Objective(s): Biochemically defined outcomes suggest equivalent efficacy among brachytherapy (PI), external beam radiotherapy (RT), and radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with low or intermediate-risk prostate cancer (CaP). Similar data on prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) are lacking. Materials/Methods: The records of 4222 consecutive patients with low or intermediate-risk disease treated between 9/96-9/05 were reviewed. Factors thought to influence mortality and PCSM were reviewed, including: age, Charlson score, initial PSA (iPSA), androgen deprivation (AD) duration, pack-years of smoking, income, body mass index (BMI), presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), presence of hypertension (HTN), alcohol use, race, biopsy Gleason score (bGS), and clinical stage. Univariate and multivariable analyses were done using competing risk methodology for Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: Fifty-two percent of patients were treated with RP, 30% with PI, and 18% with RT. The median follow up for all patients was 48 months (range: 0-126). More than 50% of patients were treated after 2001. At the time of analysis, 264 patients (6.3%) had died- 23 from CaP, 92 from CAD, 94 from other cancers, and 55 from other causes. The results of the PCSMmultivariable analysis reveal that RT is associated with worse outcome relative to PI and RP (p\0.0001). Conclusions: Low and intermediate risk CaP patients treated with RT had a higher risk of death due to CaP than patients treated with RP or PI after adjusting for factors that influence overall and PCSM.
Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of Information Assurance and Cyber Security

This study was designed to compare pre-service teachers' attitudes to those of general computer end-users on taking proactive measures to prevent cyber crime. Nineteen pre-service teachers, enrolled in a three-credit technology course in 2009, completed a survey instrument created by the researchers to analyze perceptions of Information Assurance IA and cyber security. The findings indicated a lack of best practices in IA that was no different from that of general computer end-users to protect personal electronic information.
Uniaxially-aligned PVDF nanofibers as a sensor and transmitter for biotelemetry

Biotelemetry has become an important part of medical research for patient care by remotely monitoring continuing biological processes and physiological functions. However, current biotelemetry systems are complex requiring multiple electronic components to function: a battery, a sensor, and a transmitter, and a receiver. Another paramount concern of biotelemetry is the coupling of its in vivo portion to external supporting equipment. Here we report a novel biotelemetry device made primarily of a coiled bundle of uniaxially-aligned biocompatible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers of ∼200 nm in diameter and with piezoelectric properties that can serve concurrently as a power source, sensor, and transmitter. We tested this device on a cantilever beam that was periodically deflected at its free end. Without a power supply the coil of a nanofiber bundle is shown to generate and transmit an electrical signal wirelessly in response to the beam deflection which was received by an external receiver. The coil of a nanofiber bundle was encapsulated in a thin biocompatible polymer shell for device integrity and moisture isolation. Our results suggest that the device can potentially serve as a mechanical sensor and biotelemeter for various in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications.
An improved, bias-reduced probabilistic functional gene network of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Background Probabilistic functional gene networks are powerful theoretical frameworks for integrating heterogeneous functional genomics and proteomics data into objective models of cellular systems. Such networks provide syntheses of millions of discrete experimental observations, spanning DNA microarray experiments, physical protein interactions, genetic interactions, and comparative genomics; the resulting networks can then be easily applied to generate testable hypotheses regarding specific gene functions and associations. Methodology/Principal Findings We report a significantly improved version (v. 2) of a probabilistic functional gene network [1] of the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We describe our optimization methods and illustrate their effects in three major areas: the reduction of functional bias in network training reference sets, the application of a probabilistic model for calculating confidences in pair-wise protein physical or genetic interactions, and the introduction of simple thresholds that eliminate many false positive mRNA co-expression relationships. Using the network, we predict and experimentally verify the function of the yeast RNA binding protein Puf6 in 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Conclusions/Significance YeastNet v. 2, constructed using these optimizations together with additional data, shows significant reduction in bias and improvements in precision and recall, in total covering 102,803 linkages among 5,483 yeast proteins (95% of the validated proteome). YeastNet is available from http://www.yeastnet.org.
Virtual Reality: Movement's Centrality

The profession of physical education must refocus on the centrality of the study of human movement. Physical educators have too long diluted the basic field rather than emphasize the common mission of understanding human movement and the contribution it makes to human physical and mental health. Ten principles are set fourth to aid in, “Reclaiming and Transforming Physical Education”: (a) Emphasize the uniqueness of human movement; (b) put first things first in establishing a common core of knowledge for all professionals; (c) appreciate the “web of connectedness”; (d) enhance communication between and among professionals; (e) take control and responsibility for ethical action, (f) act on principles; (g) appreciate diversity; (h) uphold standards of fairness; (i) facilitate the collective production of practical and theoretical knowledge; and (j) transform physical education by anticipating and creating change.
Effects of Manipulative Instruction on Solving Area and Perimeter Problems by Students with Learning Disabilities

Abstract. A multiple baseline design was employed to test the effect of manipulative instruction on the perimeter and area problem-solving performance of middle and high school students who had been diagnosed with LD in the area of mathematics. Modeling, prompting/guided practice, and independent practice in conjunction with manipulative training were employed to teach both perimeter and area problem-solving skills. Analysis of data revealed that the students rapidly acquired the problem-solving-skills, maintained these skills over a two-month period, and transferred these skills to a paper and pencil problem-solving format. This research extends previous findings by revealing that use of concrete manipulatives promotes the long-term maintenance of skills.
Photoionization and Absorption Coefficients of N 2 O

Absolute photoionization and absorption coefficients of N2O gas have been measured in the 600 to 1000 A region using a one-meter Seya–Namioka type scanning vacuum-ultraviolet monochromator. The Hopfield helium continuum was used as a background source with photoelectric detection of the dispersed light. A number of peaks were observed in both the absorption and photoionization spectra at wavelengths that agreed well with those of a high-resolution photographic spectrum. The total continuum underlying the band structure has been estimated, as well as that fraction due to ionization and to dissociation. Fluorescence was observed when the wavelength of the incident uv was shorter than 960 A. A region of weak emission with a broad maximum at about 860 A was followed by a strong fluorescent edge at 756 A. Fine structure superimposed on the weak emission was attributed to predissociation. Preionization was observed in Rydberg states and for the first time also in the dissociation continuum. Differences in the interaction of the ionization continuum with states and continua are discussed.
Dynamics of sand ripples and burial/scouring of cobbles in oscillatory flow

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a series of laboratory experiments aimed at better understanding (i) the dynamics of sand ripples formed in a wave-induced oscillatory flow and (ii) the influence of sand ripples on the behavior of solid objects (which are free to move) in steady oscillatory flow. This problem is closely related to the migration and burial/scouring of isolated cobbles/mines on a sandy floor by an oscillatory flow such as that occurs in coastal waters beyond the region of wave breaking. The aims of the study were (i) to mimic this process in laboratory experiments and (ii) to develop a physical understanding of the processes involved in the water motion and cobble and sandy surface interaction. The oscillatory flow was created in a long tank of rectangular cross-section using standing waves (first mode) of large amplitudes. Model cobbles (mostly disks) were placed on the sandy bottom and their subsequent behavior, the temporal evolution of the sandy bottom profile and the velocity field in water were observed. The main findings include (i) the demonstration that long-time changes of the bottom topography occur and this may lead to the periodic burial/unburial of cobbles and (ii) the scouring of the bedform surrounding the cobbles is relatively unimportant in the burial/unburial process.
A Full Electromagnetic Analysis of Grooved-Dielectric Fresnel Zone Plate Antennas for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Applications

Grooved-dielectric, phase-correcting, Fresnel zone plate antennas are analyzed using the body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) method. Parametric studies of the focusing ability of these antennas are performed to examine the effects of the focal length, diameter, number of zones, and the thickness of the lens, as well as the number of phase corrections per zone. The results of these studies are presented as design graphs and are used to lend insight into the focusing mechanism of phase-correcting zone plates. The BOR-FDTD analysis is validated by comparison with previous measurements.
P-SIGMA: Paging in End to End Mobility Management

Paging is a well established technique to reduce signalling cost in mobile devices. Different proposals in literature have shown the implementation and improvement of Mobile IP with paging. Here we propose P-SIGMA, an improved and signalling cost-effective version of SIGMA, an IP diversity based end-to-end mobility scheme. We show that with all the benefits of end-to-end mobility management scheme like SIGMA, P-SIGMA, as a mobility management scheme, is more efficient in terms of l3ocation management and is more cost effective in terms of signalling load.
Dust plumes over the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans: Climatology and radiative impact

[1] Multiple satellite data sets in conjunction with the Monte Carlo Aerosol-CloudRadiation (MACR) model are employed to determine climatological distributions and radiative impacts of dust plumes over the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. Three target regions, namely the Yellow Sea (YS), Arabian Sea (AS), and Saharan Coast (SC), are examined for quantitative comparisons of dust properties and their impacts on climate. Twenty year averaged Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data clearly show the peak dust season for the three target regions, March–April–May for YS and June–July–August for AS and SC. Georgia Institute of Technology–Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) modeled dust AOD fraction and Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) large-mode AOD ratio are adopted to evaluate the dust fraction estimate. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction coefficient data are used to define the vertical distribution of dust. The elevated dust plumes are detected by subtracting the non-dust-season values from dust season values of SAGE II data, showing extinction peak around � 4 km over AS and SC. Over YS, dust plumes are found presenting multilayered structure. The shortwave (SW) forcing of dust, although moderated by the longwave (LW) effect, dominates the net effects (SW + LW) of dust plumes. Under clear-sky (i.e., cloudless) conditions, dust plumes reduce about 5.9 W m � 2 , 17.8 W m � 2 , and 14.2 W m � 2 regional and seasonal mean radiative flux reaching the surface over YS, AS, and SC, respectively. Of the three regions, dust plumes over AS have the largest effect on atmospheric heating owing to a lower single-scattering albedo and the relatively large dust loading. The maximum SW heating occurs over AS with the value around +0.5 K/day inside the dust layer at � 4 km. The LW effect results in strong cooling throughout the dust layer and moderate heating below the dust layer, and dust plumes over SC exert the maximum LW effect on heating rates, with up to � 0.5 K/day LW cooling in the free troposphere and about +0.3 K/day warming in the boundary layer. As the sum of the SW and the LW heating rates, net heating rate shows a more complex pattern. Over SC, large LW cooling inside the dust layer offsets up to 80% SW heating and results in about � 0.1 K/day net heating rate change at the height � 5k m over SC. Over AS the net heating rate change is dominated by SW heating because the maximum LW cooling is less than 60% of the SW heating, which leads to +0.3 K/day net heating inside the dust layer and moderate heating below the dust base. The net heating rate change over YS is the smallest among the three regions, with magnitude within 0.1 K/day.
Volatiles from Waste Larval Rearing Media Attract Gravid Screwworm Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Oviposit

Gravid screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), are attracted to the volatiles from waste larval rearing media to deposit eggs. Studies were conducted to identify volatile chemicals from the waste larval media and determine their effectiveness to attract gravid flies to oviposit. Volatiles were collected using solid-phase microextraction method, and five active chemicals, namely, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, phenol, p-cresol, and indole, were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In electroantennography studies, antennae ofgravid screwworm flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), responded positively to each of the identified compounds. A synthetic blend of these five compounds in the ratio of 335:200:57:1:12 was prepared and tested for its effectiveness to attract both C. hominivorax and C. macellaria using laboratory bioassay methods. Significantly more gravid C. macellaria were attracted to and landed on substrates treated with 10-fold diluted blends compared with those landed on substrates treated with ethanol only (as control). Only a few young females and young and old males were attracted to the substrates treated with the synthetic blend. The C. hominivorax females laid significantly more eggs on substrates treated with waste media, 10-fold diluted blend, and 100-fold diluted blend than on substrates with undiluted blend or ethanol. Similarly, C. macellaria deposited significantly more eggs on substrates treated with waste media, 10-fold diluted blend, and 100-fold diluted blend compared with substrates with undiluted blend or ethanol. C. macellaria females deposited significantly less amount of eggs than did C. hominivorax females. These results indicate that the synthetic blend of five compounds identified may serve as an oviposition attractant for C. hominivorax as well as for C. macellaria.
Synthesis of tritium labeled veratridine with high specific activity

Synthesis of veratridine labeled with tritium on the aromatic residue at position 5′ is described. First, a precursor bromoveratridine, 3-(5-bromoveratroyl) veracevine, was prepared which was converted into the labeled veratridine by catalytic dehalogenation employing tritium gas. Labeling was done in the last step of the synthesis so that handling of labeled intermediates could be avoided. Veratridine was obtained with 4.48 Ci/mmole specific activity and with 97% radiochemical purity.
Pioglitazone administration decreases cardiovascular disease risk factors in insulin-resistant smokers.

Abstract Insulin sensitivity varies in cigarette smokers, and there is evidence that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is greatest in those smokers who are also insulin resistant. To extend these observations, we sought to (1) compare CVD risk factors in smokers who do not plan to stop smoking, divided into insulin-resistant (IR) and insulin-sensitive (IS) subgroups, and (2) evaluate the ability of drug-induced changes in insulin sensitivity to decrease CVD risk. Thirty-six cigarette smokers were divided into IR (n = 19) and IS (n = 17) subgroups by determining their steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentrations during the insulin suppression test (the higher the SSPG, the more insulin resistant the individual). In addition, baseline measurements were made of fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations; inflammatory markers; and daylong glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to test meals. All subjects were treated with pioglitazone for 12 weeks, after which all baseline measurements were repeated. Baseline triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly different in IR as compared with IS smokers ( P P P ≤ .03) and a decrease in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and C-reactive protein concentrations ( P = .01 and .02, respectively), whereas the IS smokers only had a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .004) and a decrease in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( P = .02) and CRP ( P = .07) levels. In conclusion, cigarette smokers have profound differences in CVD risk factors related to their degree of insulin sensitivity. It is suggested that, in addition to smoking cessation efforts, attention should be given to identifying the subgroup of smokers most at risk for CVD, but unwilling or unable to stop smoking, and to initiating appropriate therapeutic interventions to decrease CVD in this high-risk group.
Topological Defects in Vortex Streets Behind Tapered Circular Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers

Exploratory hot-wire measurements show that vortex shedding behind uniformly tapered cylinders with taper ratios in the range 32:1–13:1 is two-frequency quasiperiodic or chaotic, depending on the value of the local spanwise Reynolds number. For quasiperiodic shedding the modulation frequency of the vortex shedding is found to be equal to the frequency difference between equally spaced multiple-shedding-frequency spectral peaks. The relative energies, but not the frequencies, of these discrete peaks evolve in a continuous fashion with spanwise location, implying a long range spanwise correlation over most of the cylinder. Spanwise interactions are thus much stronger than in the cellular shedding observed by Gaster for mildly tapered cylinders, for which adjacent cells had their own individually different, but cellwise-constant shedding frequencies. Comparison with flow visualization pictures showed that chaotic regimes may be associated with topological defects in the vortex pattern.
PERCEIVED SANCTION THREATS, GENDER, AND CRIME: A TEST AND ELABORATION OF POWER‐CONTROL THEORY*

This research addresses the need to incorporate the perceived threats of informal sanctions, specifically, shame and embarrassment, into the power-control model. First, the possibility that gender differences exist in the perceived threats of shame and embarrassment, as well as legal sanctions, and that these differences vary between more patriarchal and less patriarachal households of origin is explored. Second, the relative impact of the informal sanction threat variables compared with the formal legal sanctions is ascertained. Results indicate that significant gender differences exist in the perceived threats of embarrassment and formal sanctions, and that these differences vary by household of origin type. In addition, among those individuals reared in more patriarachal households, the perceived threat of shame accounts for a significant proportion of the gender-crime relationship.
Marine ecosystem approaches to management: challenges and lessons in the United States

Abstract This study examined how the United States’ largest marine resource management agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has begun to change its management strategy away from traditional marine resource management approaches towards an Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). Surveys were conducted with 57 NOAA scientists and resource managers in nine NOAA programs in 8 different geographic regions across the United States in 2005. A qualitative analysis examined the attitudes and experiences of participants with respect to implementing EAM and identified four major challenges to enhancing cooperation and understanding of EAM. We conclude with recommendations for concrete initiatives that future efforts in EAM that any management agency can undertake to facilitate further ecosystem management opportunities.
Fourier transforms for vibration analysis: A review and case study

An important part of machine condition monitoring and prognostic health monitoring (MCM/PHM) using waveform sensors (such as vibration sensors) is data transformation, where the output from accelerometers is transformed into the time-frequency domain. Although Fourier analysis is a respected time-frequency transform in other application domains, many works in the field of MCM/PHM recommend against it and suggest more elaborate transforms such as wavelet-based approaches. These recommendations are not often justified by experimental data, however. In the present work, we present a discussion of the current state of research on Fourier transforms for MCM/PHM of vibration signals, as well as a case study demonstrating that for some experiments, the Fourier transform can produce very good results.
Mutagenic activity in smokeless tobacco products sold in the USA

Aqueous extracts of smokeless tobacco products (snuff, chewing tobacco, smokeless tobacco) sold in the USA are mutagenic in the base-pair substitution mutant, Salmonella typhimurium TA100, with potencies of 8000-16,000 revertants/g tobacco. Most of the activity failed to extract into organic solvents at neutral pH and a portion of the activity extracted into organic solvents at acidic pH. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines, N-nitrosonornicotine and (4-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone did not exhibit this behavior. Mutagenesis required metabolic activation (liver S-9 fraction plus NADPH) and a weakly acidic liquid preincubation. The mutagenesis behavior is typical of nitrosamines, and suggests that N-nitrosamines are responsible for at least some of the mutagenic activity in the extracts.
Enhanced analog transmission over fiber using sampled amplitude modulation

A novel sampled modulation scheme is proposed, allowing the fiber transmission of broad-band analog signals. The deleterious effects of self phase modulation, dispersion and stimulated Brillouin scattering are all mitigated. Comparison with conventional amplitude modulation shows improvement.
RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement

We have generated mice that carry a germline mutation in which a large portion of the RAG-2 coding region is deleted. Homozygous mutants are viable but fail to produce mature B or T lymphocytes. Very immature lymphoid cells were present in primary lymphoid organs of mutant animals as defined by surface marker analyses and Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) transformation assays. However, these cells did not rearrange their immunoglobulin or T cell receptor loci. Lack of V(D)J recombination activity in mutant pre-B cell lines could be restored by introduction of a functional RAG-2 expression vector. Therefore, loss of RAG-2 function in vivo results in total inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement, leading to a novel severe combined immune deficient (SCID) phenotype. Because the SCID phenotype was the only obvious abnormality detected in RAG-2 mutant mice, RAG-2 function and V(D)J recombinase activity, per se, are not required for development of cells other than lymphocytes.
Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Old World Suboscine Birds (Aves: Eurylaimides)

Molecular and morphological data were used to derive a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Eurylaimides, an Old World bird group now known to be distributed pantropically, and to investigate the evolution and biogeography of the group. Phylogenetic results indicated that the Eurylaimides consist of two monophyletic groups, the pittas (Pittidae) and the broadbills (Eurylaimidae sensu lato), and that the broadbills consist of two highly divergent clades, one containing the sister genera Smithornis and Calyptomena, the other containing Pseudocalyptomena graueri, Sapayoa aenigma, the asity genera Philepitta and Neodrepanis, and five Asian genera. Our results indicate that over a ,10 million year time span in the early Tertiary, the Eurylaimides came to inhabit widely disjunct tropical regions and evolved disparate morphology, diet, and breeding behavior. Biogeographically, although a southern origin for the lineage is likely, time estimates for major lineage splitting do not correspond to Gondwanan vicariance events, and the biogeographic history of the crown clade is better explained by Laurasian climatic and geological processes. In particular, the timing and phylogenetic pattern suggest a likely Laurasian origin for the sole New World representative of the group, Sapayoa aenigma.
Data analysis technique to leverage ground penetrating radar ballast inspection performance

Fouled ballast is a typical problem faced by many freight and passenger rail agencies. Due to the underground nature of this problem, we have developed a high-speed air coupled ultra wideband (UWB) ground penetrating radar (GPR) that is applicable for ballast inspection. Implemented with the GPR hardware, new GPR signal processing algorithms including Bicubic interpolation, gain compensation, and reflection signal envelope extraction in conjunction with background removal are developed to remove noise and interference while preserve and enhance the subsurface features under inspection. The entire system is tested extensively on a customer-built structure emulating a segment of railroad track. The results show that the system can effectively detect subsurface objects and characterize ballast fouling conditions.
Swelling Studies of Gelatin II: Effect of Additives

Interactions between gelatin and six cationic, anionic, and nonionic drugs or excipients were investigated through their effects on initial swelling rate and equilibrium swelling of gelatin. Short rectangular strips of Type B gelatin containing the additives were immersed in buffer solutions of pH 7.0 at 20 °C. Their weight gain due to uptake of buffer solution and their weight loss due to leaching of the additive and of gelatin were determined as a function of time. During preparation of the strips, methyprylon and dicloxacillin sodium crystallized, while octoxynol 9 separated as small droplets in the gelatin matrix. Up to 7% of gelatin leached into the buffer solution during 96 h of immersion from strips of plain gelatin and strips containing five additives. The sixth additive, cetylpyridinium chloride, tripled the amount of gelatin leached while most of this additive remained in the gelatin strip. The other five additives were largely or completely extracted by the buffer solution. Potassium chloride underwent the fastest leaching, being completely dissolved within the first half hour. Octoxynol 9 was extracted most slowly because the swelling solution formed a viscous liquid crystalline phase inside the gelatin. Swelling followed second-order kinetics. Initial swelling rates and equilibrium swelling were calculated with a linearized function. Cetylpyridinium chloride, dodecylammonium chloride, and methyprylon reduced the initial swelling rate of gelatin while dicloxacillin sodium increased it. Octoxynol 9 and potassium chloride left it unchanged. Cetylpyridinium chloride and dodecylammonium chloride reduced the equilibrium swelling of gelatin substantially. Dicloxacillin sodium and octoxynol 9 increased it substantially, while potassium chloride and methyprylon increased it slightly. The extensive interaction of the cetylpyridinium ion with gelatin may result in reduced bioavailability.
Event-based multimedia chronicling systems

This paper presents a new framework for multimedia electronic chronicling systems.Its approach uses events as its driving force for heterogeneous information processing. Specifically,this new approach .rst separates symbols and data, then puts events between them to make a distinct connection.In addition,this approach provides spatio-temporal- semantic relations networks to map high-level semantic user queries into low-level queries that a machine can compute. The innovative user interfaces are designed for ease of use and are interactive to allow organization of information and a search capability for information retrieval. The results reported as a part of this paper show that we can achieve effective chronicling and high-quality user experiences by coupling together multimedia analysis,tagging and querying. We believe that our system can serve as a semantically accessible annotated multimedia log.The approach taken here may provide a foundation to provide further summaries of important events or access to events at the required level of granularity.
Retinal influences specify cortico-cortical maps by postnatal day six in rats and mice.

Studies of callosal projections in striate cortex show that the retina is involved in the development of topographical connections. In normal animals callosal fibers connect retinotopically corresponding, nonmirror-symmetric cortical loci, whereas in animals bilaterally enucleated at birth, callosal fibers connect topographically mismatched, mirror-symmetric loci. Moreover, in rodents the overall pattern of visual callosal connections is adult-like by postnatal day 12 (P12). In this study we delayed the onset of retinal deafferentation in rats and mice in order to determine the period when retinal influences are critically needed for the development of retinotopically matched callosal linkages. Callosal maps were revealed by placing small injections of retrogradely and anterogradely transported tracers into different loci of lateral striate cortex. We found that the patterns of callosal linkages in rats enucleated at P12, P8, and P6 were nonmirror-symmetric, as in normally reared rats. In contrast, the patterns of linkages in rats enucleated at P4 closely resembled the mirror-symmetric pattern seen in rats enucleated at birth (P0). A similar reversal in topography (from symmetric to nonsymmetric) occurred in mice when enucleation was delayed from P4 to P6. These findings indicate that retinal input prior to P6, but not prior to P4, is sufficient for specifying normal callosal topography. Moreover, they suggest that development of retinotopically matched callosal linkages depends critically on retinal influences during a brief period between P4 and P6, when callosal connections are still very immature.
Interannual variability of the air-sea flux of oxygen in the North Atlantic

In studies using timeseries observations of at- mospheric O2/N2 to infer the fate of fossil fuel CO2, it has been assumed that multi-year trends in observed O2/N2 are insensitive to interannual variability in air-sea fluxes of oxy- gen. We begin to address the validity of this assumption by investigating the magnitude and mechanisms of interannual variability in the flux of oxygen across the sea surface using a North Atlantic biogeochemical model. The model, based on the MIT ocean general circulation model, captures the gross patterns and seasonal cycle of nutrients and oxygen within the basin. The air-sea oxygen flux exhibits significant in- terannual variability in the North Atlantic, with a standard deviation (0.36 mol m -2 y-X) that is a large fraction of the mean (0.85 mol m -2 y-X). This is primarily a consequence of variability in winter convection in the subpolar gyre.
A theory of modulated objects for new shamanic controller design

This paper describes a theory for modulated objects based on observations of recent musical interface design trends. The theory implies extensions to an object-based approach to controller design. Combining NIME research with ethnographic study of shamanic traditions. The author discusses the creation of new controllers based on the shamanic use of ritual objects.
A Study of Implication Based Pseudo Functional Testing

In this paper, we present a study of the implication based functional constraint extraction techniques to generate pseudo-functional scan tests. Novel algorithms to extract pair-wise and multi-node constraints as Boolean expressions on arbitrary gates in the design are presented. We analyze its impact on reducing the overkill in testing, and report the trade-offs in coverage and scan-loads for a number of fault models. In the case of path-delay fault model, we show that the longest paths contribute most to the over-testing problem, raising the question about scan testing of the longest paths. Finally, our evaluation of the functional constraints on large industrial circuits show that the proposed constraint generation algorithm generate a powerful set of constraints most of which are not captured in the constraints extracted by designers for design-verification purposes.
Information feedback for estimation and fusion in long-haul sensor networks

Long-haul sensor networks can be found in both civilian and military applications. In a typical long-haul sensor network, sensors are remotely deployed over a large geographical area to perform tracking and/or monitoring of one or more dynamic targets. A remote fusion center fuses the information provided by these sensors so that a final estimate of certain target characteristics - such as the position - is expected to possess much improved quality. However, imperfect communication conditions can become the bottleneck for desired estimation and fusion performance. The link-level loss and delay - such as that over a satellite channel - can easily reduce the chance that an estimate is successfully received by the fusion center, thereby limiting the potential information fusion gain and resulting in suboptimal accuracy performance of the underlying task. In this work, we explore the effect of information feedback in the context of state estimation and fusion in a communication-constrained long-haul sensor network. Different feedback configurations and schedules are proposed. In particular, the joint impact of communication delay/loss, information feedback, and computation constraints is explored by means of analytical and simulation studies.
Protein metabolism in thyroid glands of euthyroid, thiouracil-fed and hypophysectomized rats after cortisone treatment.

SummaryChronic administration of cortisone (5 mg/day) to hypophysectomized pituitary replaced rats resulted in decreased: (a) body weight; (b) thyroid weight; (c) incorporation of 3H-leucine into thyroid protein; and (d) an increase in liver weight similar to that seen in unoperated rats injected with adrenocorticoids. These data indicate that cortisone is equally effective in intact and hypophysectomized rats receiving pituitary replacement therapy but argue against a major pituitary involvement. Incubation of thyroid gland lobes in vitro with 3H-inulin indicated that the extracellular gland space of thiouracil-fed rats was markedly reduced below that of either euthyroid or euthyroid plus cortisone animals (p>0.01). When thiouracil-fed rats were given cortisone their gland inulin space was not reduced as much, although it was still significantly smaller (p>0.05) than that of glands from rats of either euthyroid group. Cortisone treatment, however, had no effect on the inulin space in glands of euthyroid ...
What Do We Really Know About Racial Inequality? Labor Markets, Politics, and the Historical Basis of Black Economic Fortunes

Racial earnings inequalities in the United States diminished significantly over the three decades following World War II, but since then have not changed very much. Meanwhile, black—white dispariti...