cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convertible bond calls by multinational and domestic firms: an agency cost perspective

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the valuation effects of convertible bond calls by multinational and domestic firms. The agency-theoretic models of Myers (1977) and Jensen (1986) suggest that the interaction of multinationality and (1) growth opportunities and (2) free cash flow, respectively, should lead to differential valuation effects. However, the two theories posit the valuation impacts to be in opposite directions. Event study results of convertible bond calls show that, on average, multinational and domestic firms have similar valuation effects to convertible bond calls. However, the cross-sectional tests show that multinationality does impact valuation contingent on a firm's free cash flow and degree of internationalization.
Stabilization of Ill-Posed Problems Through Thermal Rate Sensors

Reliance on conventional temperature and heat flux sensors in transient situations can inhibit predictiveness and lead to unsatisfactory results that require extensive post-processing procedures for reconstituting usable results. A mathematical formalism is presented to motivate the development of thermal rate sensors. Rate-based temperature and heat flux sensors can be designed in a manner without requiring any form of data differentiation. The proposed temperature and heat flux rate sensors can enhance both real-time and postprocessing investigations. A new sensor hierarchy is proposed that reduces and, in some cases, removes the often encountered ill-posed nature observed in numerous heat transfer studies. Four diverse examples are presented illustrating the power of rate-based data for enhancing stability and accuracy. Numerical regularization that is normally required for assuring stability can effectively be eliminated by data from thermal rate sensors. Additionally, in some investigations, these data forms can assist in identifying optimal regularization parameters. Data from rate-based sensors can make an immediate impact on a variety of aerospace, defense, and material science studies. Nomenclature A = constant, ◦ C/s 3 C = heat capacity, kJ/(kg ◦ C) D = differential operator, ∂/∂t f (t) = specified temperature function, Eq. (15b) G = Green’s function, Eq. (2b) g(t) = specified heat flux function, Eq. (15c) H = Heaviside step function, Eq. (8d) K = integral operator, Eq. (3b) k = thermal conductivity, W/(m ◦ C) L = fixed position, m M = number of data points N = number of space terms N j = difference norm, Eq. (20) P = number of time terms popt = optimal number of temporal terms Q = dimensionless heat flux QNP = approximate heat flux q �� = dimensional heat flux, W/m 2 q �� = discrete heat flux, W/m 2
Racial Aura: Walter Benjamin and the Work of Art in a Biotechnological Age

In recent years humanists, scientists, and the press have argued that race is no longer a meaningful concept. Alongside evidence that there is no gene for race, we hear the mantra that genomics leads us "beyond race." Indeed assertion of the non-existence of race comprises what may be dubbed the "post-racial" consensus. And yet, when people purchase genetic materials for reproductive use (artificial insemination, surrogacy, in vitro fertilization), participate in recreational genealogy, or practice race-based medicine, they routinely proceed as if genetic race is of paramount import. The concept of "racial aura" describes the paradoxical status of race in contemporary culture. It is also a concept, built on ideas formulated by Walter Benjamin during the rise of Nazi eugenics, which powerfully describes contemporary visual art. Such art simultaneously meditates on the purported "end of race" and on race's persistent reanimation in everyday life. In this way such art teaches viewers about the vexed concept of race in our biotechnological age.
Comparison of theoretical predictions of the flow and magnetic fields exterior to the magnetosphere with the observations of pioneer 6

Pioneer 6 observations exterior to magnetosphere compared with theoretical predictions of solar wind flow characteristics and geomagnetic field interaction using continuum fluid model
Anatomical and Biochemical Studies of the Opioid Peptides and Related Substances in the Brain

Abstract It is now clear that there are at least four opioid peptide-neuronal systems in mammalian brain: the enkephalins, beta-endorphin and dynorphin. The focus of this presentation will be twofold—to focus on the multiple transmitter problem as typified by the beta-END/alpha-MSH arcuate neuronal system, and to describe the newly-discovered dynorphin neuronal system. The beta-END/alpha-MSH neurons have been studied using antisera directed against different portions of the 31K precursor (ACTH/beta-LPH/beta-END). Although ACTH can be detected in brain, the final products of the brain 31K system seem to be beta-END and alpha-MSH (similar to the intermediate lobe of pituitary). It is emphasized that “normally” these neurons would appear to release two neuronally active substances. Recently, a second set of alpha-MSH immunoreactive neurons was discovered in rat brain. These neurons are not immunoreactive for any other part of the 31K precursor and are distributed quite differently than the arcuate beta-END/alpha-MSH cell group. Dynorphin is another major class of opioid peptide. It has been studied and found in magnocellular neurons and posterior pituitary. The relations between dynorphin and leu-enkephalin cells continues to be unclear.
Real-Time Observations of Interfacial Lithiation in a Metal Silicide Thin Film

Interfacial reactions and phase transformations play a significant role in the capacity and reversibility of lithium batteries. Understanding interfacial structural changes is especially important in alloying or conversion reactions found in higher-capacity intermetallic or metal oxyfluoride systems. Using in-situ X-ray reflectivity, we observe the lithiation of a stratified chromium silicide film with sub-nanometer resolution as a model system for characterizing such lithiation mechanisms. In-situ X-ray reflectivity of the thin film reveals that the sample lithiates to form the 1 nm thick low-electron-density regions at the buried interfaces separating each phase at sufficiently low electrochemical potentials. The reflectivity also indicates a significant accumulation of lithium at the surface at potentials approaching 0 V vs Li/Li+. The lithiation on the surface is fully reversible, whereas that in the film is partially irreversible. The observed mechanism for interfacial lithiation is likely a general ...
Protein-bound iron-sulfur clusters: application of a structural database☆

Abstract A recently developed database is employed in supplying structural models for potential new protein-bound iron-sulfur clusters. The database consists of edge-sharing tetrahedra-based clusters generated from fragments of a parent solid with the antifluorite structure. (Appropriate pieces of the solid are converted into terminally ligated FemSqLl clusters and subjected to a variety of structural rearrangements.) A protein-bound subset comprised of clusters with chemical formulae FemSm−1Ll, FemSmLl and FemSm+1Ll is extracted from the database, and enumerated for m⩽8. This subset embodies an extensive array of cluster structures, all reasonable candidates for potential iron-sulfur clusters in biology. Clusters with sulfur bridging modalities of four or less, and containing one or fewer associated terminal ligands per iron atom are considered the most likely candidates. Over fifty of these structures are illustrated for detailed examination. It is proposed that the protein-bound subset described herein may be utilized as a source of structural models for testing during crystal structure determination for proteins containing novel iron-sulfur clusters. In a further application, stripping the outer ligands, L, from subset clusters provides a collection of possible structures for the series of laser ablated cluster ions [FemSm−1]−1, [FemSm]− and [FemSm+1]−1. These are also enumerated for nuclearities, m, of eight or less.
Matrix Gla protein, a new γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein which is associated with the organic matrix of bone

A new protein has been isolated from CaCl2/urea extracts of demineralized bovine bone matrix. This protein has five to six residues of the vitamin K-dependent amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), and we have accordingly designated it matrix Gla protein. Matrix Gla protein is a 15,000 dalton protein whose amino acid composition includes a single disulfide bond. The absence of 4-hydroxyproline in matrix Gla protein demonstrates that it is not a precursor to bone Gla protein, 5,800 dalton protein which has a residue of 4-hydroxyproline at position 9 in its sequence. Matrix Gla protein also does not cross-react with antibodies raised against bone Gla protein.
Comparative inactivation of yeast fatty acid synthetase component enzymes by 100 atmospheres of oxygen.

Abstract Yeast fatty acid synthetase at 4°C was stable during 1- and 2-h exposures to oxygen at 100 atm, but was 48% and 90% inactivated after 20 h and 40 h, respectively, with fatty acid synthesis measured by both radioactive and optical assays. Incubation with dithiothreitol did not restore activity. Component enzyme activities were compared before and after 40 h in 100 atm of oxygen. Ketoacyl reductase activity was most reduced, followed by ketoacyl synthetase and then acetyl transferase while malonyl transferase, enoyl reductase and palmitoyl transferase were not significantly inactivated.
Severe hypodysfibrinogenemia in compound heterozygotes of the fibrinogen AαIVS4 + 1G>T mutation and an AαGln328 truncation (fibrinogen Keokuk)

Two siblings with hypofibrinogenemia have lifelong trauma-related bleeding. Recently, the brother experienced recurrent thrombosis after cryoprecipitate infusions following surgery. The sister had 6 miscarriages. Plasma clots in each were resistant to compression and fibrinolysis and were soluble in 5 M urea. Examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed only the presence of crosslinked gamma-gamma fibrin chain dimers without high polymers of alpha n. Fibrin clots contained an abnormal 35-kDa constituent recognized by an antibody to the mature fibrinogen Aalpha-chain residues 241-476 but not by antibodies to Aalpha219-348 or Aalpha349-406. DNA analysis revealed a heterozygous CAA-->TAA mutation at the codon for amino acid 328 of the Aalpha gene in these siblings and 2 asymptomatic family members. The Gln328stop mutation (fibrinogen Keokuk) predicted a 46% truncation and the production of a 35-kDa Aalpha chain. Analysis of purified fibrinogen revealed expression of the abnormal Aalpha chain in 4 family members but found no normal fibrinogen in the 2 hypofibrinogenemic patients. This paradox was resolved when they and their asymptomatic mother were found to be heterozygous for a second Aalpha mutation, a GT-->TT splice site mutation in intron 4 (IVS4 + 1 G> T). However, compound heterozygosity for both mutations was required for the expression of severe hypodysfibrinogenemia and for clinical symptoms.
Upgrading a nationwide, fiber-based, electronic packet-switched network

We develop algorithms for the design of optical packet-switched networks. These algorithms are aimed at upgrading an existing fiber-based, network infrastructure, such as the NSFNET backbone, by using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. The network architecture employs wavelength-routing optical switches which enable the establishment of all-optical, WDM channels, called lightpaths. A set of lightpaths may be used as a virtual topology over which packet-switched traffic may be transported ina store-and-forward manner. The packet forwarding is done by electronic packet routers which are attached to the wavelength-routing optical switches. This paper examines issues related to the upgrading of an existing fiber-based, packet-switched, electronic network to accommodate WDM, and to the optimal choice of the virtual topology based on changing traffic demands. We demonstrate how the total information carrying capacity of the network can be enhanced by using WDM.
Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis.

Observational studies suggest that effects of vitamin D may be stronger for cancer mortality than for incidence. Yet, existing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation have limited power to examine the relationships as their primary end points are not cancer incidence or mortality. Meta-analyses of RCTs of vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality were conducted. Over 2–7 years of duration, vitamin D supplementations had little effect on total cancer incidence (400–1100 IU per day, summary relative risk (RR)=1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.94–1.06, I2=0%; four RCTs with combined 4333 cases), but significantly reduced total cancer mortality (400–833 IU per day, summary RR=0.88, 95% CI=0.78–0.98, I2=0%, three RCTs with combined 1190 deaths). Over 2–7 years of duration, the benefit of vitamin D supplementation may be limited to cancer mortality.
Growth and Body Composition of Uninfected Children Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Comparison with a Contemporary Cohort and United States National Standards

Objective To compare growth and body composition of uninfected children exposed to HIV with a contemporary HIV-unexposed group and to US references. Study design Uninfected children exposed to HIV under 2 years were enrolled into a longitudinal observational study and unexposed children under 2 years of age in a cross-sectional evaluation. Weights, lengths, head circumferences, skinfold thicknesses, and arm and thigh circumferences were measured and adjusted for age using Centers for Disease Control and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey standards. Uninfected children exposed to HIV were compared with an unexposed nearest-neighbor matched comparison group. Uninfected children exposed to HIV were compared by age to Centers for Disease Control standards for growth measures and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey standards for body composition. Results One hundred eleven uninfected children exposed to HIV and 82 children not exposed to HIV were evaluated. For the matched comparison for both groups, the mean age was 10 months, 59% were male, and 73% were African American. No statistical differences were found in anthropometric measurements between uninfected children who were or were not exposed to HIV. Uninfected children exposed to HIV were smaller than US standards at birth with mean (SD) weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores of −0.39 (1.06); P = .002 and −0.35 (1.04); P = .005, respectively. Over the first 2 years of life, there was a trend toward increasing weight-for-age z-score, length-for-age z-score, and weight-for-length z-score in uninfected children exposed to HIV. Subscapular and triceps skinfolds among uninfected children exposed to HIV were lower than national standards and there was a trend that mid-upper arm circumference decreased over time. Conclusions Growth and body composition of uninfected children who were or were not exposed to HIV were similar. Uninfected children exposed to HIV weigh less at birth and show a pattern of slightly accelerated growth in the first 2 years of life. Uninfected children exposed to HIV had less subcutaneous fat and decreasing mid-upper arm circumference over time when compared with US standards.
Are 25 antibodies better than 1

In this issue of Blood , Robak et al present data suggesting that rozrolimupab, a first-in-class mixture of 25 recombinant monoclonal IgG1 antibodies against RhD, has efficacy similar to plasma-derived anti-RhD in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.[1][1] Plasma-derived anti-RhD, a
UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGIN OF THE [O I] LOW-VELOCITY COMPONENT FROM T TAURI STARS

The formation time, masses, and location of planets are strongly impacted by the physical mechanisms that disperse protoplanetary disks and the timescale over which protoplanetary material is cleared out. Accretion of matter onto the central star, protostellar winds/jets, magnetic disk winds, and photoevaporative winds operate concurrently. Hence, disentangling their relative contribution to disk dispersal requires identifying diagnostics that trace different star-disk environments. Here, we analyze the low-velocity component (LVC) of the oxygen optical forbidden lines, which is found to be blueshifted by a few km s{sup -1} with respect to the stellar velocity. We find that the [O I] LVC profiles are different from those of [Ne II] at 12.81 {mu}m and CO at 4.7 {mu}m lines pointing to different origins for these gas lines. We report a correlation between the luminosity of the [O I] LVC and the accretion luminosity L{sub acc}. We do not find any correlation with the X-ray luminosity, while we find that the higher is the stellar far-UV (FUV) luminosity, the higher is the luminosity of the [O I] LVC. In addition, we show that the [O I] {lambda}6300/{lambda}5577 ratio is low (ranging between 1 and 8). These findings favor an origin of the [Omore » I] LVC in a region where OH is photodissociated by stellar FUV photons and argue against thermal emission from an X-ray-heated layer. Detailed modeling of two spectra with the highest S/N and resolution shows that there are two components within the LVC: a broad, centrally peaked component that can be attributed to gas arising in a warm disk surface in Keplerian rotation (with FWHM between {approx}40 and {approx}60 km s{sup -1}), and a narrow component (with FWHM {approx} 10 km s{sup -1} and small blueshifts of {approx}2 km s{sup -1}) that may arise in a cool ({approx}<1000 K) molecular wind.« less
Affective Responses, Normative Requirements, and Ethical-Aesthetic Interaction

According to what Robert Stecker dubs the “ethical-aesthetic interaction” thesis, the ethical defects of a literary work can diminish its aesthetic value. Both the thesis and the only prominent argumentative strategy employed to support it the affective response argument have been hotly debated; however, Stecker has recently argued that the failure of the ARA does not undermine the thesis, since the argument “fails to indentify the main reason [the thesis] holds, when it in fact does.” I critically examine Stecker’s objection to the familiar versions of the affective response argument and the line of support for ethical-aesthetic interaction he proposes to install in their place. I conclude that neither is compelling; however, an important insight can be salvaged from his positive proposal, and I argue that the insight does, in fact, point toward a novel defense of the thesis.
Stabilization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: contribution of 3′UTR of its mRNA

The type-I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG-I) expression regulation is not yet completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR)-PKG-I messenger RNA (mRNA) in the control of PKG-I expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Using a 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the amplification of complementary DNA (cDNA) ends, we generated and cloned a 1.2-kb-3′UTR mRNA PKG-I in pGL3 control vector downstream of the luciferase reporter gene. Serial deletions and functional studies revealed that among the deleted constructs, only the 1.2-kb-3′UTR PKG-I mRNA possesses the highest activity in transfected VSMC. Kinetic luciferase assays in the presence of actinomycin D showed that this construct stabilizes luciferase activity compared to the control vector. Sequence analysis of 3′UTR-PKG-I mRNA revealed the existence of four AU-rich regions (AU1 through AU4) in addition to a potential poly(A) site. Different riboprobes were generated either by 5′-end-labelling of designed ribonucleotides, containing individual AU-rich regions or by in vitro transcription assay using cloned 1.2-kb cDNA as a template. RNA-elecrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ultra-violet cross-linking (UV-CL) assays showed that AU1, AU3, AU4 and 1.2-kb probes were able to retard cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Taken together, these data suggest that PKG-I expression is subjected to post-transcriptional regulation in VSMC through the 3′UTR of its mRNA.
Introduction: Young women in Europe in the era of ‘first-wave’ feminisms: analyses of generation and gender

During the course of the nineteenth century, the parameters defining ‘youth’, marking its beginning and its end, were becoming more precise and more institutionally defined for both girls and boys in Europe. More than any other phenomenon or institution, elementary schooling (and leaving school) contributed to a certain ‘normalization’ of the life cycle for young people. By the end of the nineteenth century, most girls as well as boys attended school at least intermittently until at least age 12 or 13; at school-leaving a new phase of life began. Throughout much of Europe a select minority of middle-class and upper-class young women joined their brothers at universities, as higher education became first a possibility and then a routine for them in the last decades of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth century.
Energetic efficiency and political expediency in Titicaca Basin raised field agriculture

Abstract Vast tracts of prehistoric raised fields are present in the Titicaca Basin of Bolivia and Peru. Archaeologists at present consider raised field agriculture to have been much more productive and efficient than the rain-fed dryland agriculture currently practiced in the region. However, the recent failure of a number of long-term raised field rehabilitation projects has called this understanding into question. In this paper, I review the production, labor requirements, and energetic efficiency of raised field agriculture. Contrary to the existing literature, I conclude that raised field agriculture was always somewhat less efficient than traditional rain-fed dryland agriculture. Finally, I propose a new model of the political economic role of raised field agriculture. In order to appreciate the role played by raised fields in ancient Andean complex polities it is necessary to abandon the unrealistic model of raised field agriculture currently dominant in the archaeological literature.
Molecular basis for the temperature-dependent insolubility of cryoglobulins—XI. Sequence comparison of the heavy-chain variable regions of the human cryoimmunoglobulins McE and Hil by metric analysis

The amino acid sequences of the VH-domains from two human cryoimmunoglobulins have been compared with one another and with the VH-domains of noncryoglobulins by the mathematical method of metric analysis. The VHII sequence of McE [Gerber-Jenson et al. (1981), J. Immun. 126, 1212-1216] and the VHIII sequence of Hil [Chiu et al (1979), Biochemistry, 18, 553-560] resemble much more closely the VH-sequences of noncryoglobulins from their own subgroups than they resemble one another. Neither cryoglobulin sequence contains an unusual insertion or deletion of residues. Based on the crystallographic structure of the VHII domain in the Fab fragment of the human noncryoglobulin Newm [Saul et al. (1978), J biol. Chem., 253, 585-597], McE and Hil each contain two unprecedented residues in the outer beta-sheet structure of the VH-domain. The inwardly directed sidechains of Gly-71 and Ile-84 in McE may perturb the internal hydrophobic interactions and normal folding of adjacent segments of the outer beta-sheet from the third framework region. In contrast, the outwardly directed sidechains of Ile-23 and Arg-77 in Hil may perturb the external hydrophilic properties and folding of adjacent segments of the outer beta-sheet from the first and third framework regions. Thus, the monoclonal immunoglobulins McE and Hil may display cold-induced insolubility by different perturbations of the outer surface of the VH-domain. In each case, the unprecedented framework residues that mnay be responsible could have arisen by two point mutations involving single base changes.
Stochastic Resource Allocation over Fading Multiple Access and Broadcast Channels

In this paper, we consider the optimal rate and power allocation that maximizes a general utility function of average user rates in a fading multiple-access or broadcast channel. By exploiting the greedy structure of the capacity-achieving resource allocation for both multiple-access and broadcast channels, it is established that utility-maximizing allocation policy can be obtained through dual-based gradient descent iterations with fast convergence and low complexity per iteration. Relying on stochastic averaging tools, we further develop a class of stochastic gradient iterations which are capable of asymptotically converging to the optimal benchmark with guarantees on the minimum average user rates, even when the fading channel distribution is unknown a priori.
Multifunctional composites using reinforced laminae with carbon-nanotube forests

Traditional fibre-reinforced composite materials with excellent in-plane properties fare poorly when out-of-plane through-thickness properties are important1. Composite architectures with fibres designed orthogonal to the two-dimensional (2D) layout in traditional composites could alleviate this weakness in the transverse direction, but all of the efforts1,2 so far have only produced limited success. Here, we unveil an approach to the 3D composite challenge, without altering the 2D stack design, on the basis of the concept of interlaminar carbon-nanotube3,4 forests that would provide enhanced multifunctional properties along the thickness direction. The carbon-nanotube forests allow the fastening of adjacent plies in the 3D composite. We grow multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the surface of micro-fibre fabric cloth layouts, normal to the fibre lengths, resulting in a 3D effect between plies under loading. These nanotube-coated fabric cloths serve as building blocks for the multilayered 3D composites, with the nanotube forests providing much-needed interlaminar strength and toughness under various loading conditions. For the fabricated 3D composites with nanotube forests, we demonstrate remarkable improvements in the interlaminar fracture toughness, hardness, delamination resistance, in-plane mechanical properties, damping, thermoelastic behaviour, and thermal and electrical conductivities making these structures truly multifunctional.
Nonlinear stability of a rotating planar liquid drop

Incompressible, inviscid, free boundary fluid flows are Hamiltonian systems, i.e., the evolution of the flow is determined by a Poisson bracket and a Hamiltonian function. The Poisson structure for such flows generalizes a previous structure of Zakharov for irrotational free boundary flow and a structure of Arnold for flow of an incompressible fluid in a region with fixed boundary. The Poisson bracket is determined by reduction from canonical variables in the Lagrangian (material) description.
From Death to Recovery Following Hypoxia Ischemia: If TGFβ Is a Central Regulator, Is Integrin β8 the Switch?

The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity. Despite its public health significance, little is know about the underlying molecular pathways linking hypoxia to neuronal ischemia and cell death. In this issue of Neurotoxicity Research, Li et al. show that the integrin b 8i s upregulated in cultured astrocytes in response to hypoxia, which subsequently activates a TGFb-dependant neuroprotective pathway. These findings support a novel function for astrocyte-derived integrin b8 and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic ischemic brain injury.
Mice lacking functional TRPV1 are protected from pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy

TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1) is best studied in peripheral sensory neurons as a pain receptor; however TRPV1 is expressed in numerous tissues and cell types including those of the cardiovascular system. TRPV1 expression is upregulated in the hypertrophic heart, and the channel is positioned to receive stimulatory signals in the hypertrophic heart. We hypothesized that TRPV1 has a role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy. Using transverse aortic constriction to model pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy we show that mice lacking functional TRPV1, compared to wild type, have improved heart function, and reduced hypertrophic, fibrotic and apoptotic markers. This suggests that TRPV1 plays a role in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy, and presents a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
The Ideal Type and Sociological Theory

Though widely used in the literature of sociology ideal types have received little systematic explication. One of the difficulties is the ambiguity surrounding the usage of types as theoretical or definitional statements. Beginning with the types constructed by Weber and his contemporaries the discussion proceeds by analyzing subsequent revisions as they relate to the subject matter of the social sciences. Suggestions for improving the explanatory powers of typologies are made based on the kinds of knowledge deemed relevant for observer and actor at differing levels of the social world.
The Baghdad raid: Retrospect and prospect

(1986). The Baghdad raid: Retrospect and prospect. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 845-868.
Development of nano- and microscale chondroitin sulfate particles for controlled growth factor delivery

Size scale plays an important role in the release properties and cellular presentation of drug delivery vehicles. Because negatively charged chondroitin sulfate (CS) is capable of electrostatically sequestering positively charged growth factors, CS-derived nanoscale micelles and microscale spheroids were synthesized as potential growth factor carriers to enhance differentiation of stem cells. Particles were characterized for morphology, size distribution, surface charge and cytocompatibility, as well as release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). CS micelles were spherical and negatively charged with a bimodal distribution of 324.1±8.5 and 73.2±4.4 nm diameters, and CS microspheres possessed a rounded morphology and a diameter of 4.3±0.93 μm. Positively charged TGF-β1 demonstrated minimal release after loading in CS microspheres, while negatively charged TNF-α exhibited substantial release over the first 15 h, suggesting that TGF-β1 electrostatically complexed with CS. The micelles and microparticles were found to be cytocompatible at moderate concentrations with marrow stromal cell monolayers and within embryonic stem cell embryoid bodies. These synthesis techniques, which allow the formation of CS-based carriers over a variety of nano- and microscale sizes, offer versatility for tailored release of positively charged growth factors and controlled CS presentation for a variety of stem cell-based applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Phase diagram of oxygen adsorbed on platinum (111) by first-principles investigation

A complete phase diagram of oxygen atoms adsorbed on a $\mathrm{Pt}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}(111)$ surface with oxygen coverages below half a monolayer has been computed and compared with the surface phase diagrams of related systems. Effective interaction parameters of a lattice model for the triangular lattice of the fcc sites of the $\mathrm{Pt}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}(111)$ surface were determined from first-principles computations. Oxygen forms on the platinum (111) surface two stable ordered phases, which persist up to high temperatures. They are the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ and $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ phases, having coverages of $1∕4$ and $1∕2$ monolayer, respectively. At the coverage of $2∕5$ monolayer, another stable phase consisting of $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ rows but with every two rows offset by an empty site is predicted by our model, but this phase is stable only below $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. All three phases undergo continuous phase transitions to the disordered state upon heating. At coverages lower than $1∕4$ monolayer and at low temperatures, oxygen atoms cluster into $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ islands, in agreement with observations from a scanning tunneling microscope study. The formation of $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ oxygen islands is a consequence of attractive third-nearest-neighbor interactions, despite the strong repulsion between the first and second nearest neighbors. Two regions separated by first-order phase boundaries are found at coverages between 0.26 monolayer and 0.37 monolayer and coverages between 0.43 monolayer and 0.5 monolayer.
GRAD Assistant: a program for symbolic algebraic manipulation and differentiation

The General Recursive Algebra and Differentiation Assistant (GRAD Assistant) now under development, is a LISP-based system which can perform symbolic algebraic manipulation and differentiation. It is designed to produce a simplified expression of the result of any, sequence of symbolic manipulations involving addition, multiplication, exponentiation, and their inverses, and differentiation. In particular, it will never over- look that an expression is in fact independent of a particular variable. It does these things without requiring any externally supplied "hints" about difficult expressions. It can read and write a Fortran-like infix notation. It has been used in connection with a heuristic ordinary-differential-equation-solving program and a program that performs calculations arising from Ricmannian geometry.
Forebrain catecholamine concentrations in the rat after neocortical and hippocampal lesions.

Abstract Spectrofluorometric procedures were used to measure forebrain content of dopamine and norepinephrine in rats after either dorsolateral neocortical ablation, or combined neocortical-hippocampal ablations. The concentration of both of these catecholamines was significantly higher in the ablated rats than in uninjured control rats. However, there was no difference between the rats receiving only neocortical lesions and the rats with combined lesions on this measure.
The Shape of the New American City edited by Eugenie L. Birch and Susan M. Wachter

Eugenie L. Birch and Susan M. Wachter (Eds.), The Shape of the New American City (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2009).From Harappa of the Indus civilization (3000–1200 BC) to New York of th...
Organizational structures and network processes

This paper explores how organizational structures might evolve out of network processes. A computer simulation model is used to examine how attributes of organization members might influence the flow of work tasks through an organization. This flow of work tasks is modeled as a network, and the properties of this network are analyzed to describe organization structure.
Characterization of immunoreactive substance P and neurotensin in the goldfish retina.

Extracts of goldfish retina and brain were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassays for neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP) and related peptides. Two major peaks of immunoreactive NT were observed, both more hydrophilic than mammalian NT. Although these two forms reacted equally well with two antisera towards the biologically active carboxyl terminal region of NT, they were not recognized by an amino terminal antiserum, nor by antisera toward the related peptides, LANT-6 and xenopsin. Retinal immunoreactive SP eluted as one major peak which may represent the teleost equivalent of mammalian SP; regionspecific antisera indicated phylogenetic conservation of the carboxyl terminal region. A more hydrophilic immunoreactive form was found only in brain, and two more hydrophobic forms found in both tissues were relatively more abundant in retina than in brain. The concentrations and molecular forms of these peptides were unchanged after either 48 hr of light adaptation or 48 hr of dark adaptation.
Water quality and phytoplankton as indicators of hurricane impacts on a large estuarine ecosystem

Three sequential hurricanes in the fall of 1999 provided the impetus for assessing multi-annual effects on water quality and phytoplankton dynamics in southwestern Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. Two and a half years of post-hurricane data were examined for short- and long-term impacts from the storms and >100 year flooding. Salinity decreased dramatically and did not recover until May 2000. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were briefly elevated during the flooding, but later returned to background levels. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations declined through the whole study period, but did not appear to peak as was observed in the Neuse River estuary, a key tributary of the Sound. Light attenuation was highest in the fall to spring following the storms and was best correlated with chlorophylla concentrations. Phytoplankton biomass (chla) increased and remained elevated until late spring 2000 when concentrations returned to pre-storm levels and then cycled seasonally. Phytoplankton community composition varied throughout the study, reflecting the complex interaction between physiological optimal and combinations of salinity, residence time, nutrient availability, and possibly grazing activity. Floodwater advection or dilution from upstream maxima may have controlled the spatial heterogeneity in total and group-specific biomass. The storms produced areas of shortterm hypoxia, but hypoxic events continued during the following two summers, correlating strongly with water column stratification. Nitrogen loading to the southwestern sound was inferred from network analysis of previous nitrogen cycling studies in the Neuse River estuary. Based on these analyses, nutrient cycling and removal in the sub-estuaries would be decreased under high flow conditions, confirming observations from other estuaries. The inferred nitrogen load from the flood was 2–3 times the normal loading to the Sound; this estimate was supported by the substantial algal bloom. After 8-mos, the salinity and chla data indicated the Sound had returned to pre-hurricane conditions, yet phytoplankton community compositional changes continued through the multi-year study period. This is an example of long-term aspects of estuarine recovery that should be considered in the context of a predicted 10–40 yr period of elevated tropical storm activity in the western Atlantic Basin.
A 60 GHz 2.5 Gbps OOK Modulator with Data-Dependent Impedance Cell for Enhanced ON/OFF Isolation in 0.18 $\mu$ m BiCMOS Process

A 60 GHz on/off-keying (OOK) modulator with data-dependent impedance cell for enhanced ON/OFF isolation supporting up to 2.5 Gbps data rate is presented. Based on a single-stage cascode amplifier, the OOK modulator achieves 36.5 dB isolation and 11.5 dB forward gain, resulting in very high ON/OFF isolation of 48 dB by incorporating the data-dependent impedance cell. The OOK modulator is realized in a 0.18 $\mu$ m BiCMOS process, occupies 0.95 mm $\times$ 0.95 mm with pads and 0.4 mm $\times$ 0.28 mm without pads, and only consumes 4.5 mA at 1.8 V supply voltage ( $P_{\rm DC} =$ 8.1 mW).
Property modification and synthesis by low energy particle bombardment concurrent with film growth

Ion bombardment during the deposition of a thin film has been observed to strongly modify some of the properties of the thin film. This paper examines the effects of low energy ion beam bombardment during the deposition of a thin film by either sputtering or evaporation. The ion bombardment can cause physical changes in the film, such as a change in the grain size, the degree or direction of orientation, the film density and number of voids, the film stress, and other related properties such as the electrical resistivity the dielectric constant, and the stability of the film. Chemical changes can also be induced, such as the formation of compounds or the incorporation of gas into the film. Generally, the change observed in the film is a combination of these and other effects. The understanding of this phenomena is at an early stage. Models have been presented which examine such features as the change in density and void structure, or the changes in stress and resistivity that have been observed in other cases.
Persistence of nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus identifies patients at lower risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma: results from a large multicenter cohort.

Background & Aims Recent population-based studies have shown a low risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus (NDBE). We evaluated whether persistence of NDBE over multiple consecutive surveillance endoscopic examinations could be used in risk stratification of patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Methods We performed a multicenter outcomes study of a large cohort of patients with BE. Based on the number of consecutive surveillance endoscopies showing NDBE, we identified 5 groups of patients. Patients in group 1 were found to have NDBE at their first esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Patients in group 2 were found to have NDBE on their first 2 consecutive EGDs. Similarly, patients in groups 3, 4, and 5 were found to have NDBE on 3, 4, and 5 consecutive surveillance EGDs. A logistic regression model was built to determine whether persistence of NDBE independently protected against development of cancer. Results Of a total of 3515 patients with BE, 1401 patients met the inclusion criteria (93.3% white; 87.5% men; median age, 60 ±17 years). The median follow-up period was 5 ± 3.9 years (7846 patient-years). The annual risk of EAC in groups 1 to 5 was 0.32%, 0.27%, 0.16%, 0.2%, and 0.11%, respectively ( P for trend = .03). After adjusting for age, sex, and length of BE, persistence of NDBE, based on multiple surveillance endoscopies, was associated with a gradually lower likelihood of progression to EAC. Conclusions Persistence of NDBE over several endoscopic examinations identifies patients who are at low risk for development of EAC. These findings support lengthening surveillance intervals or discontinuing surveillance of patients with persistent NDBE.
Endocrine system and obesity

Obesity is associated with significant alterations in endocrine function. An association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia has been well documented. This article highlights the complexities of treating endocrine system disorders in obese patients.
A nonlinear pilot model for hover

Tx Nomenclature = properties of the ideal relay with dead zone (Af=0.25 in., >1 =0.125 in.) = configuration C of X-22A flight 217 = error in X position, —XC—X (ft) = amplitude of sinusoidal input to nonlinear element N(E) = pilot position error gain (in./ft) = ratio of steady state x translational velocity per inch of pilot's stick position (ft/s/in.) . = minimum pilot position error gain to maintain a stable limit cycle (in./ft) = describing function gain which is a nonlinear function of sinusoidal input amplitude E = Cooper-Harper pilot rating (Ref. 1) = quantization nonlinearity, Fig.9 = Laplace operator for differentiation = equivalent path mode time constant, s = fore and aft position, ft = commanded position, ft = pilot's stick position (positive stick aft, in.) —modified stick position (positive stick forward, in.) = ds = body-axis pitch attitude, deg = limit-cycle frequency
Love preferences and ideals: A comparison of homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual groups

Homosexuals, bisexuals, and heterosexuals were compared on self-reported love preferences and ideals. In general, the three groups tended to agree on ideal characteristics of love objects, love relationships, and love related beliefs. Nevertheless, the groups differed significantly on preferences and beliefs related to love-object sex, residential proximity, ethnic background, physical intimacy, freedom from feelings of jealousy, sexual fidelity, emotional intimacy, and the importance of religious or legal acknowledgment.
A Fundamental Law of Geochemistry

THE late V. M. Goldschmidt defined one principal task of geochemistry as being, “to find the laws of distribution of the elements”. One such law may apparently be found by close scrutiny of fully quantitative determinations of many elements in a comparatively large number of specimens of some specific rock or mineral type.
Bond strength of a resin cement to a composite inlay material

Abstract Although resin cements have been effectively bonded to mineralized tooth structures, bonding to a cured composite material has remained a challenge. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of a resin cement bonded to a cured composite inlay material by use of a variety of composite surface treatments: (1) hydrofluoric acid/60 seconds, (2) ammonium bifluoride/60 seconds, (3) resin adhesive, (4) microabrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide, and (5) microabrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide and application of a resin adhesive. The resin cement was also bonded to human enamel that was etched with phosphoric acid. Scanning electron microscopy examinations were completed to evaluate the effects of the composite surface treatments. The results indicated that microabrasion of a cured composite enhances bonding of a resin cement. The bond strength of a resin cement to a composite surface that was air abraded with aluminum oxide, with or without the application of a resin adhesive, was higher than surface treatments with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that an irregular surface on the composite was created with aluminum oxide air abrasion.
Cache-oblivious mesh layouts

We present a novel method for computing cache-oblivious layouts of large meshes that improve the performance of interactive visualization and geometric processing algorithms. Given that the mesh is accessed in a reasonably coherent manner, we assume no particular data access patterns or cache parameters of the memory hierarchy involved in the computation. Furthermore, our formulation extends directly to computing layouts of multi-resolution and bounding volume hierarchies of large meshes.We develop a simple and practical cache-oblivious metric for estimating cache misses. Computing a coherent mesh layout is reduced to a combinatorial optimization problem. We designed and implemented an out-of-core multilevel minimization algorithm and tested its performance on unstructured meshes composed of tens to hundreds of millions of triangles. Our layouts can significantly reduce the number of cache misses. We have observed 2--20 times speedups in view-dependent rendering, collision detection, and isocontour extraction without any modification of the algorithms or runtime applications.
Photo quiz: All that glitters is not gold!

A 28-year-old male smoker presented to the emergency department with productive cough, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and several hours of multiple joint pains, involving the right knee and shoulder. The pain started in the right shoulder and then progressed to the right wrist and knee and worsened