cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression in amphibian development II. Release of the genetic information in growing embryos.

Abstract Messenger RNA synthesized by developing embryos of Xenopus laevis was studied by measuring the competition between RNA preparations of different stages for their complementary sites on X. laevis DNA. mRNA from unfertilized eggs has no detectable sequence in common with mRNA from post-gastrula stages. The percentage of the total DNA transcribed as mRNA at various stages of development was determined by saturation experiments. mRNA from developing embryos is complementary to an increasing number of DNA sites. The mRNA population of the gastrula is unstable. Some DNA sites which are active in RNA synthesis at the gastrula stage continue to be active during later development, whereas others seem to be no longer active. Some of the gene products which appear in the embryo after neurulation become stabilized and remain present in subsequent stages, although the DNA sites on which they have been transcribed are no longer active in RNA synthesis. As the embryo develops, stable molecules form an increasing portion of the total population of mRNA. The mRNA population of the differentiated tadpole can be clearly divided into two classes. One class of molecules is present in many copies, turns over rapidly, and is complementary to a small region of the DNA. The other class is complementary to many DNA sites and has been synthesized in earlier stages by genes which are no longer active.
Expression of specific clones during B cell development

The expression of DNP- and TNP-specific B cells in spleens of neonatal BALB/c mice was analyzed by the in vitro splenic focus technique. B cells of these specificities were found to be present in slightly higher frequency in neonatal than in adult spleens. The parameters of stimulation of neonatal B cells were similar to those of adult B cells but the antibody-forming cell progeny of neonatal B cells produce predominantly γM rather than γG antibody and produce less antibody than the progeny of adult B cells. Isoelectric focusing analyses of monoclonal antibodies derived from neonatal B cells stimulated in vitro with DNP or TNP revealed that over 90% of the antibodies could be identified as belonging to one of six predominant clonotypes, three specific for DNP and three for TNP. While individual neonates rarely expressed all of the predominant clonotypes, B cells of each of the six clonotypes were found in several donors. When B cells of a given predominant clonotype were present in an individual many such B cells could be found and in many cases the entire DNP- or TNP-specific B cell population of an individual could be accounted for by B cells of a single clonotype. These findings are discussed in terms of the diversity of clonotype specificities available in neonates, the kinetics of development of cells within a clonotype, and factors that may play a role in controlling the expression of B cell clones.—Klinman, N. R. and J. L. Press. Expression of specific clones during B cell development. Federation Proc. 34: 47–50, 1975.
Comment on The Evolution of Interplanetary Grains

Energetic ions and electrons penetrating the interfaces between metallic, semiconducting and insulating solids have been shown to enhance the adhesion between these materials. This process is proposed as a means of fusing aggregates of silicate- iron core particles and/or core-mantle particles to form Brownlee particles. It is discussed in light of models for the evolution of cometary grains described at this conference.
Two-Way Street Conversion Evidence of Increased Livability in Louisville

While recent policies directed toward multimodal or complete streets have encouraged increased funding for bicycle- and pedestrian-oriented projects, many streets are still plagued by unsafe conditions. This is especially true for one-way streets, which studies show often create unsafe crossing conditions. This study evaluates changes to street dynamics after a two-way street conversion in Louisville, Kentucky. We find that traffic flow increased after implementation of two-way flow, but traffic accidents decreased. We also note other ancillary benefits, such as increase in property values and reduced crime. These results provide evidence that conversions can promote mobility, safety, and livability.
Role of sanitary and phytosanitary measures within the context of Free Trade Agreements

The international norms for the trade of animal products were implemented as part of the Marrakech Agreement that established the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) in 1995. This act culminated the negotiations maintained during the so called "Uruguay Round" (1986-1994) within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that included international trade norms for general merchandize but not for agricultural commodities.
A Study of the Muscular Anatomy and Swimming Behaviour of the Sea Anemone, Stomphia coccinea

The sea anemone Stomphia coccinea, when touched by certain starfishes, frees itself from the substratum, and by a series of waving motions propels itself through the water. This locomotion has been studied by means of direct observation and by analysis of time-lapse, and normal-speed motion-picture films. Ecological observations and stimulation tests made in the natural environment of the anemone are described and discussed. The musculature of the anemone is described, and the function of the various. muscles is discussed with regard to their participation in swisnming. The muscles that play the most important part in the animal9s movement through the water are the parieto-basilar and the circular muscle-sheet. The other muscles are involved in the overall reaction, but act only as aids in maintenance of the form of the anemone during actual swimming. Experiments involving the ability of several species of starfish to elicit awimsning arc described. It has been established that, of those asteroids tested, only Dermasterias imbricata and Hippasteria spinosa are consistently effective in causing Stomphia to swim. The possibility that swimming serves as a means of escape from starfish predators is considered. Observations and simple experiments indicate that predation may not be a factor in this relationship between starfishes and the anemone. Observations of the anemones in their natural environment suggested that swimming might be a means to remove debris settling on the oral disk and eventually burying the animal. Experimentally, this could not be substantiated; silt is removed by the cilia of the oral end of the anemone. That the starfish release some chemical which serves as a stimulant to the anemone is considered; but experiments indicate that if such a substance is present it probably is not water-soluble. It was discovered that swimming could be brought about by electrical stimulation. The response is facilitated and can be controlled, to a certain degree, by giving stimuli of proper intensity and frequency for varying periods of time (e.g. 6 volts at 1-sec intervals over a period of z to 8 sec). Possible uses for the swimming reaction in nature are considered, but this question still remains open to further speculation and experimentation.
Induction of dorsal mesoderm by soluble, mature Vg1 protein

Mesoderm induction during Xenopus development has been extensively studied, and two members of the transforming growth factor-beta family, activin beta B and Vg1, have emerged as candidates for a natural inducer of dorsal mesoderm. Heretofore, analysis of Vg1 activity has relied on injection of hybrid Vg1 mRNAs, which have not been shown to direct efficient secretion of ligand and, therefore, the mechanism of mesoderm induction by processed Vg1 protein is unclear. This report describes injection of Xenopus oocytes with a chimeric activin-Vg1 mRNA, encoding the pro-region of activin beta B fused to the mature region of Vg1, resulting in the processing and secretion of mature Vg1. Treatment of animal pole explants with mature Vg1 protein resulted in differentiation of dorsal, but not ventral, mesodermal tissues and dose-dependent activation of both dorsal and ventrolateral mesodermal markers. At high doses, mature Vg1 induced formation of ‘embryoids’ with a rudimentary axial pattern, head structures including eyes and a functional neuromuscular system. Furthermore, truncated forms of the activin and FGF receptors, which block mesoderm induction in the intact embryo, fully inhibited mature Vg1 activity. To examine the mechanism of inhibition, we have performed receptor-binding assays with radiolabeled Vg1. Finally, follistatin, a specific inhibitor of activin beta B which is shown not to block endogenous dorsal mesoderm induction, failed to inhibit Vg1. The results support a role for endogenous Vg1 in dorsal mesoderm induction during Xenopus development.
Seasonal change detection of riparian zones with remote sensing images and genetic programming in a semi-arid watershed.

Abstract Riparian zones are deemed significant due to their interception capability of non-point source impacts and the maintenance of ecosystem integrity region wide. To improve classification and change detection of riparian buffers, this paper developed an evolutionary computational, supervised classification method – the RIparian Classification Algorithm (RICAL) – to conduct the seasonal change detection of riparian zones in a vast semi-arid watershed, South Texas. RICAL uniquely demonstrates an integrative effort to incorporate both vegetation indices and soil moisture images derived from LANDSAT 5 TM and RADARSAT-1 satellite images, respectively. First, an estimation of soil moisture based on RADARSAT-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images was conducted via the first-stage genetic programming (GP) practice. Second, for the statistical analyses and image classification, eight vegetation indices were prepared based on reflectance factors that were calculated as the response of the instrument on LANDSAT. These spectral vegetation indices were then independently used for discriminate analysis along with soil moisture images to classify the riparian zones via the second-stage GP practice. The practical implementation was assessed by a case study in the Choke Canyon Reservoir Watershed (CCRW), South Texas, which is mostly agricultural and range land in a semi-arid coastal environment. To enhance the application potential, a combination of Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques (ISODATA) and maximum likelihood supervised classification was also performed for spectral discrimination and classification of riparian varieties comparatively. Research findings show that the RICAL algorithm may yield around 90% accuracy based on the unseen ground data. But using different vegetation indices would not significantly improve the final quality of the spectral discrimination and classification. Such practices may lead to the formulation of more effective management strategies for the handling of non-point source pollution, bird habitat monitoring, and grazing and live stock management in the future.
Evidence for successful implementation of exposure and response prevention in a naturalistic group format for pediatric OCD.

Background: Although exposure and response prevention (ERP) is an effective treatment for youth with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), the majority of studies, randomized clinical trials of individual therapy, find variability in treatment response. We evaluated the potential role of individual differences in OCD presentation, comorbid disorders, age, and gender on treatment effects. Moreover, we examined these potential effects in a group format in a naturalistic, clinic-based sample of patients. Methods: Pediatric patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD (n=41) were treated with ERP in an intensive outpatient community-based program. OCD, mood, and anxiety symptom severity was measured at baseline, during treatment, and at discharge. Trajectories and predictors of treatment outcome were measured using linear growth models. Results: We found that group-based ERP was effective in reducing pediatric OCD symptom severity in a naturalistic treatment setting irrespective of age or gender. Furthermore, ERP was found to be effective at reducing depressive symptoms but not other anxiety symptoms. We also found inter-individual variability in the discharge levels of contamination, symmetry, and intrusive sexual thoughts and in the rate of severity reduction of intrusive sexual thoughts. Conclusion: Group-based ERP is an effective treatment for children and adolescents with OCD. Several factors, including symptom dimensions and comorbid psychopathology, are associated with treatment response and outcome in this pediatric population. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of acute and chronic diazepam treatment on stress-induced changes in cortical dopamine in the rat

The mesocortical dopamine system is thought to play an important role in the etiology of the stress response. Dopamine (DA) has been shown to accumulate in the rat frontal cortex in response to a wide variety of stressors. Diazepam, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, can reverse the effects of stress on cortical DA. We investigated the effects of acute and chronic diazepam administration on immobilization stress-induced changes of the DA system in the frontal cortex of the rat. In the first study, 2.5 mg/kg diazepam was administered 20 min prior to 40 min of immobilization stress. Acute diazepam significantly reduced basal levels of extracellular DA and antagonized the stress-induced increase in cortical DA when compared to untreated stressed rats. Acute diazepam did not significantly effect extracellular DOPAC. In the second study, an experimental group of rats was given approximately 2 mg/kg/day diazepam in their drinking water for 3 weeks. This treatment significantly reduced anxiety as assessed by a staircase test for anxiety. Chronic diazepam had no effect on basal levels of cortical DA. However, chronic diazepam treatment also attenuated stress-induced increases in extracellular DA when compared to untreated stressed control rats. Chronic diazepam did not affect stress-induced changes in DOPAC but it did antagonize the effects of stress on HVA. Thus, acute and chronic diazepam treatment can antagonize stress-induced activation of the mesocortical DA system. It is proposed that this effect is produced through an enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission by diazepam. The role of the dopaminergic system during stress, anxiety, and schizophrenia is discussed.
Solid-State Nanopore Modifications for Improved Resolution of DNA Translocations

Nanopores extend electrophoretic detection to the single molecule level, where they provide a versatile platform for analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. The primary advantage of the technique relies upon the size of the nanopore, which should be only slightly larger than the cross-section of the molecule it detects. In the case of long biopolymers, a sufficiently small nanopore can only accommodate one section at a time, uncoiling and scanning the biopolymer as it enters and translocates through the pore. Small variations in size or chemical composition along the length of the DNA - such as the location of bound small molecules, proteins, or even the nucleic acid sequence - can be detected by monitoring changes in the blocked current level during translocation. A critical determinant of nanopore sensing resolution is the speed at which molecules translocate through the nanopore. Slower translocation speeds provide better temporal resolution of small changes in current blockage level, improving detection of local features along the DNA. We have recently developed two novel nanopore modifications to slow DNA translocation through solid-state nanopores fabricated in thin silicon nitride membranes, both of which do not permanently alter the nanopore itself, and which are functionally orthogonal to other nanopore modifications: 1) With just a few mW of visible laser light, we induce high negative surface charge density at the nanopore, creating an electro-osmotic flow which moves in opposition to negatively charged analytes such as DNA, increasing drag and slowing translocation. 2) Electrospinning a sparse nanofiber mesh onto the volume directly outside the nanopore creates interactions with translocating molecules that increase dwell time and are tunable by varying the fiber chemical composition. These techniques enable detection of small proteins and local features along DNA.
Metal incorporation in modified PNA duplexes.

Substitution of bipyridine for a nucleobase leads to modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA) single strands that are bridged in the presence of Ni2+ into a duplex containing a combination of hydrogen and coordinative bonds. CD experiments demonstrate that the duplex adopts a structure similar to that of an unmodified 10-bp PNA duplex, and UV melting experiments show a very sensitive dependence of the duplex stability on the substitution of a nucleobase pair with a pair of ligands or a metal−ligand alternative base pair.
Quantitation of stained proteins in SDS polyacrylamide gels with lysozyme as internal standard.

A simple method for the quantitation of proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, with lysozyme as an internal standard, has been designed. Gels containing known weight ratios of standard proteins to lysozyme were electrophoresed, stained with Coomassie blue R250, and scanned at 550 nm. Peak areas corresponding to individual proteins were determined and the area ratios of proteins to lysozyme were calculated. Plots of area ratio vs weight ratio were linear over a limited range and were reproducible from gel to gel and thus suffice as a standard curve. We have used this method to determine accurately and precisely the amount of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membranes of rat retinas.
Mobilization by Different Means: Nativity and GOTV in the United States†

We compare the impact of 15 randomized get-out-the-vote (GOTV) field experiments on naturalized and U.S.-born voters. We find that mobilization increased turnout among U.S.-born Latinos, but had no measurable effect among Latino naturalized citizens. In contrast, GOTV increased turnout among naturalized Asian Americans but had no measureable effect among U.S.-born Asian Americans. Race politics scholars have long argued that the terms we use to describe ethnoracial groups mask significant internal heterogeneity. We show how this heterogeneity affects voter mobilization, demonstrating the importance of seeing nativity and national origin as critical lines of demarcation that affect how certain individuals are mobilized to participate in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Role Of Lipid Raft Domains In Assembly And Regulation Of Store-operated Calcium Entry Channels

Plasma membrane lipid raft domains (LRD) serve as platforms for the assembly of signaling complexes, including Ca2+ signaling proteins. Such assembly determines the specificity and rate of interaction between the proteins. Previously, we have reported that (i) TRPC1 is associated with LRD, and (ii) intact LRDs are required for SOCE in salivary gland cells. Recently, Orai1 and STIM1 have been identified as key components of TRPC1-SOC channels. While the role of Orai1 is not fully elucidated as yet, STIM1 is a Ca2+-binding ER resident protein that relays the store depletion signal to the plasma membrane channels. It is now well established that STIM1 aggregates in response to store depletion and translocates to the ER-PM junctional domains which are proposed to be the sites where this protein interacts with and activates channels mediating SOCE. In our recent studies, we have assessed the mechanisms that determine targeting of STIM1 and its clustering with TRPC1. Our dat demonstrate that anchoring of STIM1 in the subplasma membrane region of the cell and activation of TRPC1-dependent SOCE are determined by LRD. These findings and others describing scaffolding of TRPC1 in LRD will be discussed. Together with our studies demonstrate that orchestration of precise and dynamic assembly of SOC channels allows compartmentalization of Ca2+ entry signals, which is critical for regulating specific downstream signaling events that are critical for cell function.
DNA interaction networks: an information highway for regulated gene expression in the 3-dimentional space of the nucleus.

DNA interaction networks: an information highway for regulated gene expression in the 3-dimentional space of the nucleus
Surgical approach to lung cancer with solitary cerebral metastasis: twenty-five years' experience.

From 1960 to 1985, 41 patients underwent resection of a lung cancer and one or more brain metastases. There were 24 men and 17 women ranging in age from 40 to 71 years (average, 56 years). Cell type was adenocarcinoma in 19 patients, squamous in 16, small cell in 4, and large cell in 2. Wedge resection was performed in 4 patients, lobectomy in 20, pneumonectomy in 14, and bilobectomy in 3. Brain irradiation was used for 25 patients (61%). To date, the longest survival is 18.3 years after craniotomy; mean survival is 2.3 years +/- 3.8 (+/- standard deviation). Survival was 55 +/- 7.9% (+/- standard error) at 1 year, 31 +/- 7.4% at 2 years, 21 +/- 6.5% at 5 years, and 15 +/- 6.0% at 10 years. Using multivariate analysis, we evaluated possible significant predictors of improved survival. Only wedge resection was a significant predictor (p less than .01), which suggests better results with a small peripheral lung tumor. Results of our 25 years' experience using an aggressive approach to lung cancer with solitary cerebral metastasis indicate significantly improved patient survival that justifies its widespread use.
Atomic force microscopy of DNA molecules

DNA-cytochrome complexes adsorbed on carbon-coated micasurfaces were directly imaged by atomic force microscopy in air using commercially available cantilevers, with a routine resolution of 6 nm. Images of M13 phage DNA and M13-DNA polymerase complex are also shown.
The hydroformylation of 4-penten-1-ol and 3-buten-1-ol in water with HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3 and the effects of solution ionic strength

Abstract The reaction chemistry and kinetics of the low temperature hydroformylation of the water-soluble substrates, 4-penten-1-ol and 3-buten-1-ol, in aqueous solution utilizing the catalyst HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3 is reported where, TPPTS is trisulphonated triphenylphosphine. The reactions were carried out at relatively low temperature and high stirring rates (1700 rpm) to maintain similar rates of mass transfer of gases into the aqueous phase. Activation parameters and reaction selectivity for the hydroformylation of 4-penten-1-ol are found to be dependent on solution ionic strength. At [Rh]=5×10−4 M, an activation energy for the hydroformylation of 4-penten-1-ol of 23 kcal mol−1 is estimated. As sodium sulfate is added to the catalytic phase the activation energy increases. The dependence of reaction selectivity on ionic strength is unexpected. The reaction can be directed to yield a product distribution of modest linearity (75%) or an exceptionally high ratio of the branched product, observed exclusively as a cyclic 2-hydroxy-3-methyltetrahydropyran (98%), by control of solution ionic strength and temperature. A wider range of selectivities can be obtained for 4-penten-1-ol in water with HRh(CO)(TPPTS)3 than can be obtained in toluene with HRh(CO)(PPh3)3. The hydroformylation of 3-buten-1-ol is less sensitive to reaction conditions. An activation energy of 25 kcal mol−1 is estimated at [Rh]=2.5×10−4 M. Reaction selectivity favors in this case the formation of a six-membered over a five-membered cyclic acetal and is not influenced by temperature or solution ionic strength. It appears that the hydroxy group can direct the site of CO addition to alkenols, perhaps by chelate formation, and that solution ionic strength affects its ability to do so.
Analysis of the RELN gene as a genetic risk factor for autism

Several genome-wide screens have indicated the presence of an autism susceptibility locus within the distal long arm of chromosome 7 (7q). Mapping at 7q22 within this region is the candidate gene reelin (RELN). RELN encodes a signaling protein that plays a pivotal role in the migration of several neuronal cell types and in the development of neural connections. Given these neurodevelopmental functions, recent reports that RELN influences genetic risk for autism are of significant interest. The total data set consists of 218 Caucasian families collected by our group, 85 Caucasian families collected by AGRE, and 68 Caucasian families collected at Tufts University were tested for genetic association of RELN variants to autism. Markers included five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a repeat in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Tests for association in Duke and AGRE families were also performed on four additional SNPs in the genes PSMC2 and ORC5L, which flank RELN. Family-based association analyses (PDT, Geno-PDT, and FBAT) were used to test for association of single-locus markers and multilocus haplotypes with autism. The most significant association identified from this combined data set was for the 5'-UTR repeat (PDT P-value=0.002). These analyses show the potential of RELN as an important contributor to genetic risk in autism.
Action of NF-κB on the delta opioid receptor gene promoter

Abstract The G protein-coupled delta opioid receptor gene ( dor ) is temporally and spatially expressed during development. The DOR receptor plays important roles in diverse biological processes, including pain control, immune functions, and cell survival. We previously found that PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling is important in the regulation of dor gene expression during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12h cells, which prompted us to examine whether NF-κB p65 is directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of dor promoter activity. In this study, deletional and functional analysis of the dor promoter revealed a 94-bp NGF-responsive fragment upstream of the dor promoter region and involvement of NF-κB in regulating the promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that NF-κB p65 is directly bound to the dor promoter and such binding is related to NGF/PI3K signaling. Together, the results show that direct association of p65 with the promoter is important in NGF-induced dor promoter activity.
Inhibition of normal lymphocyte responses by cell membranes.

Abstract Cell membranes bearing the appropriate antigen are known to stimulate a variety of cellmediated immune responses. This report confirms that tumor cell membranes at doses of 2–5 μg protein/ml will stimulate in vitro generation of allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). However, higher doses (50–100 μg protein/ml) of the same membranes completely abrogate the generation of lytic activity. Responding lymphocytes are inhibited by membranes from either syngeneic or allogeneic cells. The inhibition appears to act at a proliferative or differentiation step in the generation of the CTL response, since membranes are known to have little direct effect on the lytic phase of CTL activity. Similar doses of membranes also inhibit LPS-induced B-cell proliferation. B-Cell proliferation is inhibited equally well by allogeneic and syngeneic membranes, and membranes from normal spleen cells are as inhibitory as tumor cell membranes. The inhibitory activity copurifies with the plasma membrane. The results raise important considerations regarding the use of subcellular forms of antigen in studies of lymphocyte recognition. In addition, these data suggest that cell-cell contacts might provide signals regulating the proliferation of lymphocytes.
Settable and non-interfering signal functions for FRP: how a first-order switch is more than enough

Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) provides a method for programming continuous, reactive systems by utilizing signal functions that, abstractly, transform continuous input signals into continuous output signals. These signals may also be streams of events, and indeed, by allowing signal functions themselves to be the values carried by these events (in essence, signals of signal functions), one can conveniently make discrete changes in program behavior by "switching" into and out of these signal functions. This higher-order notion of switching is common among many FRP systems, in particular those based on arrows, such as Yampa. Although convenient, the power of switching is often an overkill and can pose problems for certain types of program optimization (such as causal commutative arrows [14]), as it causes the structure of the program to change dynamically at run-time. Without a notion of just-in-time compilation or related idea, which itself is beset with problems, such optimizations are not possible at compile time. This paper introduces two new ideas that obviate, in a predominance of cases, the need for switching. The first is a non-interference law for arrows with choice that allows an arrowized FRP program to dynamically alter its own structure (within statically limited bounds) as well as abandon unused streams. The other idea is a notion of a settable signal function that allows a signal function to capture its present state and later be restarted from some previous state. With these two features, canonical uses of higher-order switchers can be replaced with a suitable first-order design, thus enabling a broader range of static optimizations.
Expression of foreign genes in cultured human primary macrophages using recombinant vaccinia virus vectors

Recombinant vaccinia viruses (re-VVs) provide an extremely versatile method for the expression of foreign genes in a wide range of cultured cell types of different lineages and species. In the present report, we examine the utility of re-VV vectors for re-protein production in cultured human primary macrophages obtained through in vitro differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes. Primary macrophages supported early stages of the VV infection cycle, including morphologic cytopathic effect, shut-off of host protein synthesis and activation of early viral protein synthesis; however, late stages of infection were blocked, including synthesis of late viral proteins, replication of viral DNA, and production of infectious progeny virions. Abortive infection was observed with several independent VV strains. Using re-VVs containing Escherichia coli lacZ as a reporter gene, we assayed the activities of different classes of VV promoters. Consistent with the results noted above, human primary macrophages supported reporter gene expression driven by an early or intermediate VV promoter, but not by a late promoter; expression was obtained with synthetic bifunctional promoters containing early and/or intermediate components. Primary macrophages also supported the VV/bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase hybrid gene expression system. The utility of re-VV vectors for production of proteins of biological interest in human primary macrophages was demonstrated using re-VVs encoding human CD4 and the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoprotein.
Public Finance and Immigration Preferences: A Lost Connection?

Do material interests shape a person's views on immigration? If so, how? In a widely cited study, Gordon Hanson, Kenneth Scheve, and Matthew J. Slaughter contend that the public finance environment of each U.S. state affects the way an individual's skill level influences her or his support for immigration. Jens Hainmueller and Michael J. Hiscox disagree with the public finance argument and have maintained that nonmaterial factors better explain immigration preferences. This article revisits the debate about material interests with a range of new data and finds little support for the public finance hypothesis. The study also offers some explanations for these less-supportive results, provides directions for future work, and reflects on how empirical research on nonmaterialist explanations can be enhanced methodologically and conceptually.
Use of mutation specific antibodies to detect EGFR status in small biopsy and cytology specimens of lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background EGFR mutation status is the best predictor of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIS) in primary lung adenocarcinoma. Approximately 70% of lung cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages where small biopsies and cytological specimens are the only source of material for both diagnosis and mutation testing. Specific antibodies that can detect mutant EGFR protein were evaluated for the detection of EGFR mutation by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cytology and small biopsy specimens. Methods Assessment of EGFR mutation status was performed by using antibodies specific to the two major forms of mutant EGFR, exon 21 L858R and exon 19 deletion (15bp). The study was performed in 145 lung adenocarcinomas, including cytology material, core biopsy, and decalcified bone biopsy. Stains were scored as negative (0), 1+ (weak and focal), 2+ (moderate intensity and focal), and 3+ (strong and diffuse). The result of the IHC stains was correlated with mutations status determined by standard molecular methods. Results Validation using clinical material showed deletions in exon 19 were detected in 35% and L858R mutation in 17.6% of all cases by standard molecular methods. A cutoff value of 2+ was used as positive by IHC. No wild type cases were immunoreactive. The positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity for both antibodies was 100%. The antibodies performed well in cytology, core biopsies and decalcified bone biopsies. Conclusion Immunostaining to detect specific mutant EGFR shows a good correlation with mutation analysis and can be used as a screening method to identify patients for TKI therapy. IHC methodology is potentially useful when molecular analysis is not available and for use in small biopsies when material is too scant for molecular tests. Importantly mutation specific antibodies are useful in determining EGFR status in tissues obtained from bone biopsy as decalcification processes used in molecular based studies often result in DNA degradation hindering mutation detection.
Characteristics of Pre-Service Teachers’ Online Discourse: The Study of Local Streams

This study describes the characteristics of pre-service teachers’ discourse on a WebCT Bulletin Board in their investigations of local streams in an integrated mathematics and science course. A qualitative analysis of data revealed that the pre-service teachers conducted collaborative discourse in framing their research questions, conducting research and writing reports. The science teacher educator provided feedback and carefully crafted prompts to help pre-service teachers develop and refine their work. Overall, the online discourse formats enhance out-of-class communication and support collaborative group work. But the discourse on the critical examination of one another’s point of views rooted in scientific inquiry appeared to be missing. It is suggested that pre-service teachers should be given more guidance and opportunities in science courses in carrying out scientific discourse that reflects reform-based scientific inquiry.
STRUCTURE OF Er | Y SUPERLATTICES

Determination de la structure magnetique des superreseaux Er/Y par diffraction de neutrons et magnetometrie SQVID sur des echantillons monocristallins obtenus sur des substrats de saphir par epitaxie par faisceau moleculaire
Protected environments and prophylactic antibiotics. A prospective controlled study of their utility in the therapy of acute leukemia.

Abstract To reduce the frequency of infection in acute leukemia, we employed isolation and air-filtration facilities ("protected environment") and a prophylactic regimen that included oral nonabsorbable antibiotics. Eighty-eight randomized patients received identical remission-induction chemotherapy within one of three groups: protected environment combined with the prophylactic regimen (Group 1); oral nonabsorbable antibiotics alone (Group 2); and neither isolation nor prophylaxis (Group 3). The groups were comparable in factors that might influence the course of leukemia and susceptibility to infection. Environmental maneuvers. were effective in reducing the potential inoculum of ambient micro-organisms. Patients in Group 1 had 1/2 as many severe infections as those in Groups 2 and 3. Whereas approximately 1/4 of the patients in Groups 2 and 3 died of infection while on study, none in Group 1 died for that reason. Despite fewer infections in Group 1, no intergroup differences were found in remission rat...
Linking redox regulation of NMDAR synaptic function to cognitive decline during aging.

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in learning and memory; however, there is a lack of evidence for a direct relationship between a well characterized decline in NMDAR function and impaired cognition during aging. The present study was designed to test the idea that a redox-mediated decrease in the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission during aging is related to a specific cognitive phenotype: impaired memory for rapidly acquired novel spatial information. Young and middle-aged male F344 rats were provided 1 d of training on the spatial version of the water maze, and retention was examined 24 h later. The performance of young rats was used as a criterion for classifying middle-aged rats as impaired and unimpaired on the task. Subsequent construction of CA3–CA1 synaptic input–output curves in hippocampal slices confirmed an age-related decrease in synaptic responses, including the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission. Examination of synaptic transmission according to behavioral classification revealed that animals classified as impaired exhibited a decrease in the total and the NMDAR component of the synaptic response relative to unimpaired animals. Furthermore, bath application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol increased the NMDAR component of the synaptic response to a greater extent in impaired animals relative to unimpaired and young rats. These results provide evidence for a link between the redox-mediated decline in NMDAR function and emergence of an age-related cognitive phenotype, impairment in the rapid acquisition and retention of novel spatial information.
Surgical treatment of nipple malposition in nipple-sparing mastectomy device-based reconstruction.

Background:This article discusses the senior author’s (M.T.) experience with nipple-areola complex malposition following nipple-sparing mastectomy, surgical options for treatment, and an analysis of risk factors.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted on a prospectively collected institutional
A vehicle-target simulation model for network-centric joint air operations

Joint air operations (JAO) are traditionally orchestrated using static vehicle roles assigned from command and control. The central command and control model used by the Air Force cannot anticipate changes in the battlespace and take advantage of continuous information provided by the sensors in a network-centric environment. With recent advances in information and communication technology and the increased need for a dynamic and flexible response, vehicles are expected to assume multiple roles over the course of a mission. In this study, we develop a simulation model that considers four competing objectives (effort, effectiveness, efficiency, and connectivity) to assess vehicle-target allocation for network-centric JAO.
Quality control expert systems: a review of pertinent literature

Statistical quality control (SQC) is an effective tool that ensures quality products and services by means of control charts, the essence of SQC, and sampling plans. While the computation of sample statistics and the development of control charts are routine exercises, the interpretation of chart patterns, trends and the associated diagnosis of assignable causes requires expert knowledge. The present trend is to develop a quality control system and apply it throughout the company (company-wide quality control CWQC or total quality control - TQC). This frequently means involvement of non-quality personnel in QC teams. Additionally, many companies are faced with a shortage of experienced quality controllers and individuals who can train and educate others on statistical quality control techniques. Quality control expert systems (QCESs) are considered as one way to alleviate these difficulties. In recent years, quality control expert systems have attracted the attention of both quality researchers and practitioners. This paper reviews existing quality control expert systems and recommends a set of quality engineering techniques that should be used to form a knowledge base, the heart of an expert system.
Recommendations for the Future of Pneumatology

Filled with the Spirit is set in this volume of Pneuma in conversation with the reviews of Blaine Charette, Jenny Everts, Amy Donaldson, Frank Macchia, Jim Shelton, and Archie Wright. Their responses raise three critical questions about the character and future study of pneumatology: (1) Will future pneumatologies adequately embrace the presence of the spirit in all people from birth to death — and not just the experience of the spirit as a charismatic endowment? (2) Will future analyses of ancient pneumatology adequately incorporate indispensable extrabiblical sources, such as those that arose in Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts? (3) Will future pneumatologies pay due attention to the exceptional symbiosis between ecstasy and comprehension that is integral to experiences of the holy spirit in the book of Acts?
The robotic Whipple: operative strategy and technical considerations

Advances in robotic surgery have allowed the frontiers of minimally invasive pancreatic surgery to expand. We present a step-by-step approach to the robotic Whipple procedure. The discussion includes port setting and robotic docking, kocherization and superior mesenteric vein identification, portal dissection, releasing the ligament of Treitz, uncinate dissection, and reconstruction. A brief report of our initial 2-year experience with the robotic Whipple procedure is also presented.
Models of paradigmatic change

Processes of revolution, evolution, and migration offer differing explanations of scientific knowledge development and paradigm shifts. Communication is an emerging a paradigmatic discipline attempting to move to the preparadigmatic stage. To the extent that this symposium makes differences among theoretical bases for inquiry public and debatable it is applauded as a positive step in the maturing process of our discipline.
Childhood liposarcoma. Report of a case and review of the literature

A case of liposarcoma presenting in an adolescent black male is described. Features unique to this case include a mediastinal primary site (the fourth to be documented in a pediatric patient), a demonstrable response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy allowing complete surgical excision of an initially inoperable tumor, and the apparent histologic maturation of the tumor following multimodal therapy. A review of previously published accounts of pediatric liposarcoma revealed the following: (1) peak incidences during infancy and in early adolescence; (2) the extremities to be the most common site of origin (51%); (3) a predominance of myxoid histology (76%); and (4) a lower overall recurrence rate when compared with adult cases (37% versus 72%, respectively). The influence of histology, location of the tumor, and completeness of surgical excision on the prognosis of adult liposarcoma was confirmed in this limited pediatric experience. While the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy cannot be advocated in all instances of liposarcoma, our experience and that from other reports would support the incorporation of these modalities of treatment in selected patients where the tumor is surgically inaccessible due to size.
Specified Motion of Piezoelectrically Actuated Structures

The problem considered is that of solving for the control input that generates partly specified motion of a deformable structure with distributed piezoelectric actuation. The motion constraint, called the program constraint, is specified as a desired relation on the motion of selected material points of the structure. The solution is based on a projection method applicable to a class of finite-dimensional dynamical systems which includes many common vibration models. For a nonlinear model with a nonlinear program constraint, the procedure in general results in a set of differential algebraic equations. It is shown that for linear models with linear periodic program constraints, the system is reduced to a set of algebraic equations. Application examples are presented for a Euler-Bernoulli beam to demonstrate the usefulness of the procedure.
Retrograde recanalization of a chronic total occlusion of a saphenous vein graft.

Percutaneous revascularization of chronically occluded coronary arteries remains technically challenging, with far lower procedural success rates compared to other lesion subsets. Retrograde approach via septal collateral is more promising for improving success rates of this lesion in native coronary arteries. The potential benefits of successful treatment results in improvement in angina and mortality are well established. Occluded saphenous vein graft recanalization retrogradely has not been described before. We describe a case of retrograde recanalization of chronically occluded saphenous vein graft. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A teacher/learner

The present paper is a report on a program which was originally developed as a teaching device for courses in Artificial Intelligence, but which developed into a program which is an expert on the topic of Computer Science. As such it is used in the dual capacity of instruction in A/I and in introductory courses in Computer Science.
Using event progression to enhance purposive argumentation in the value judgment formalism

This paper expands on the previously published value judgment formalism. The representation of situations is enhanced by introducing event progressions similar to actions in general AI planning. Using event progressions, situations can be assessed as to what facts they contain as well as what facts may ensue with some likelihood, thereby opening up a situation space. Purposive legal argumentation can be modeled using propositions and rules controlling the likelihoods of value-laden consequences. The paper expands the formalism to cover event progressions and illustrates the functionality using an example based on Young v. Hitchens.
Aminostratigraphy of Peruvian and Chilean Quaternary marine terraces

Amino acid enantiomeric ratio (D/L) data for over 200 molluscs from Pleistocene marine terraces on the coast of Peru and Chile are reported. They are used to evaluate the utility of this dating method for terraces in this region. Analyzed samples represent both local relative age sequences and regionally-correlative deposits identified over a broad latitude range (14-310S). Aminozones are defined on the basis of data for Protothaca, supplemented with results for Mulinia and other genera. Electron spin resonance (ESR) data serve to calibrate two aminozones from Peru (ca. 15°S) as being correlative with Oxygen Isotope Stages 5 and 7 of the marine isotope record. The latitudinal trends of enantiomeric ratios for Stage 5 samples, plotted against current mean annual temperature (CMAT), are similar to those observed for Protothaca from the North American Pacific coast. The sea level record preserved in the Peru-Chile terraces is complex and usually not clearly resolved geomorphically. Typical uplift rates of 0.1-0.2 m/ka are inferred from terrace age and elevation data, with higher rates being observed where the Nazca Ridge is being subducted beneath the coast at about 15°S. Evidence of terrace reoccupation by sea levels with substantially different ages is found at several sites of apparent low uplift.