cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.
Ethnic Identity and Body Image among Black and White College Females.

Abstract Objective: This study examines ethnic identity and body image in black and white college females. Participants: Researchers surveyed 118 students at 2 universities, 1 traditionally white and 1 historically black. Methods: Correlations and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to investigate the relationship between race, ethnic identity, and body dissatisfaction. Results: There was no relationship between a woman's ethnic identity and her body dissatisfaction. Although white women scored higher on body dissatisfaction measures, women in both groups who had higher body dissatisfaction scores also choose smaller ideal body types. Results suggest that identification with an ethnic group may not shield women from being dissatisfied with their bodies. Conclusion: Colleges and universities should be aware that many women could experience body dissatisfaction and develop diverse programs that target women from different ethnic groups.
Top-loading small-sample calorimeters for measurements as a function of magnetic field angle

In quasi-low-dimensional systems, the existence of a particular physical state and the temperature and magnetic-field-dependence of its phase boundary often strongly depends on magnetic field orientation. To investigate magnetic field orientation dependent phase transitions in these materials, we have developed rotatable miniature and sub-miniature sample-in-vacuum calorimeters that operate in dc magnetic fields up to 18 and 45 tesla. The calorimeters cover the temperature range from below 0.1 K to above 10 K; they are able rotate a full 360 degrees relative to the applied magnetic field while remaining at base temperature. Samples are typically on the order of 1 mg in mass and up to 2 mm2 × 0.5 mm in volume.
Chloroplast and Cytoplasmic Enzymes: Three Distinct Isoenzymes Associated with the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle

Three pea (Pisum sativum) leaf chloroplast enzymes—triose phosphate isomerase, glyceric acid 3-phosphate kinase, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase—have been separated from the corresponding cytoplasmic enzymes by isoelectric focusing. These three enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle are therefore distinct proteins, not identical with the analogous enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.
Effect of temperature and humidity on evaporative water loss in Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna)

Evaporative water loss (EWL), oxygen concumption \(\dot V_{O_2 } \), and body temperature (Tb) of Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna; ca. 4.5g) were measured at combinations of ambient temperature (Ta) and water vapor density (ϱva) ranging from 20 to 37 °C and 2 to 27 g·m-3, respectively. The EWL decreased linearly with increasing ϱva at all temperatures. The slopes of least squares regression lines relating EWL to ϱva at different temperatures were not significantly different and averaged-0.50 mg H2O·m-3·g-2·h-1 (range:-0.39 to-0.61). Increased ϱva restricted EWL in C. anna more than has been reported for other endotherms in dry air. The percent of metabolic heat production dissipated by evaporation (\((\dot H_e /\dot H_m )\)) was lower than that of other birds in dry air, but higher than that for other birds at high humidity when Ta 33 °C. When Ta>33 °C the effect of humidity on \((\dot H_e /\dot H_m )\) was similar to that in other birds. Calypte anna might become slightly hyperthermic at Ta>37 °C, which could augment heat transfer by increasing the Tb-Ta gradient. Body temperature for C. anna in this study was 43 °C (intramuscular) at Tas between 25 and 35 °C, which is above average for birds. It is estimated that field EWL is less than 30% of daily water loss in C. anna under mild temperature conditions (<35 °C).
Growing the Profession: What the Association of Teacher Educators (ATE) Offers to Emerging Scholars

Developing a scholarly, professional identity is one of the most difficult aspects of entering the field of higher education and teacher preparation. In this article, the authors describe the birth and success of Association of Teacher Educators’ (ATE) Emerging Scholars program, a new program designed to help graduate students and those new to teacher education develop a voice in the profession through research and publication. Following a historical snapshot of ATE, the authors describe ways that ATE supports those who are new to the teacher education profession. With the Emerging Scholars program, the formation of professional networks, and opportunities to publish in scholarly journals, ATE upholds a longstanding commitment to growing future generations of teacher educators.
A Brassica S-locus gene promoter targets toxic gene expression and cell death to the pistil and pollen of transgenic Nicotiana.

Abstract The S-locus glycoprotein gene of Brassica is derived from the genetic locus that controls the self-incompatibility response and the specific recognition between pollen and stigma. The promoter of this gene was used to direct expression of the diphtheria toxin A chain gene and the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase gene in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. Expression of the promoter in cells of the pistil and in pollen suggests that a single gene may direct the self-incompatibility response in the two interacting cell types. Additionally, the fusion genes were expressed gametophytically in the heterologous host species, Nicotiana, rather than sporophytically as expected for Brassica. Thus, although the genes involved in self-incompatibility in Brassica and Nicotiana are not homologous in their coding regions, signals for expression of these genes are apparently conserved between the two genera. Our analysis of toxic gene fusion transformants shows that genetic ablation is useful for probing developmental processes and for studying temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression in plants.
Verminephrobacter eiseniae type IV pili and flagella are required to colonize earthworm nephridia

The bacterial symbiont Verminephrobacter eiseniae colonizes nephridia, the excretory organs, of the lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida. E. fetida transfers V. eisenia into the egg capsule albumin during capsule formation and V. eiseniae cells migrate into the earthworm nephridia during embryogenesis, where they bind and persist. In order to characterize the mechanistic basis of selective tissue colonization, methods for site-directed mutagenesis and colonization competence were developed and used to evaluate the consequences of individual gene disruptions. Using these newly developed tools, two distinct modes of bacterial motility were shown to be required for V. eiseniae colonization of nascent earthworm nephridia. Flagella and type IV pili mutants lacked motility in culture and were not able to colonize embryonic earthworms, indicating that both twitching and flagellar motility are required for entrance into the nephridia.
Renal Hemosiderosis in Patients with Prosthetic Aortic Valves

Seven patients with prosthetic aortic valves and anemia are described. In six, the Teflon valves had become incompetent as a result of perforations or tears in the prosthetic cusps, and in the seventh the valve was severely stenotic as well as regurgitant. The anemia in each patient was secondary to intravascular hemolysis resulting from damage to the erythrocytes traversing the malfunctioning valve. Severe renal hemosiderosis, the anatomic indicator of severe intravascular hemolysis, was present in each patient. Although deposits of iron in the kidney in these circumstances may be extreme, no significant renal damage nor impairment of renal function appears to occur as a result of this deposition.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Mass spectrometry has been a valuable resource in science for decades. The ability to know exact masses of analytes allows for a more precise knowledge of the composition of materials. The technique has evolved to allow analysis of increasing numbers compounds in increasingly complex environments. Selected examples of biological applications of mass spectrometry imaging are discussed, in addition to a variety of tissue imaging and other medical applications. A number of inorganic applications are also described. Finally, a conclusion regarding the prospects for the future of imaging mass spectrometry completes this brief review.
The significance of an IgM band at the dermoepidermal junction

We studied 190 patients with an IgM band at the dermo-epidermal junction demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. In 55% of patients the final diagnosis was lupus erythematosus, 49% discoid lupus erythematosus, and 6% systemic lupus erythematosus. In 45% of patients the presence of an IgM band was associated with a number of other diagnoses. The finding of an IgM band at the dermo-epidermal junction in a cutaneous biopsy is not sufficient evidence to make a diagnosis of lupus erythematosus without supporting clinical, histological and serological evidence.
Compass visualizations for human-robotic interaction

Compasses have been used for centuries to express directions and are commonplace in many user interfaces; however, there has not been work in human-robotic interaction (HRI) to ascertain how different compass visualizations affect the interaction. This paper presents a HRI evaluation comparing two representative compass visualizations: top-down and in-world world-aligned. The compass visualizations were evaluated to ascertain which one provides better metric judgment accuracy, lowers workload, provides better situational awareness, is perceived as easier to use, and is preferred. Twenty-four participants completed a within-subject repeated measures experiment. The results agreed with the existing principles relating to 2D and 3D views, or projections of a three-dimensional scene, in that a top-down (2D view) compass visualization is easier to use for metric judgment tasks and a world-aligned (3D view) compass visualization yields faster performance for general navigation tasks. The implication for HRI is that the choice in compass visualization has a definite and non-trivial impact on operator performance (world-aligned was faster), situational awareness (top-down was better), and perceived ease of use (top-down was easier).
MRI-Detectable Nanoparticles: The Potential Role in the Diagnosis of and Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common, deadly, and expensive threat to public health. Patients susceptible to the development of CKD are difficult to identify because there are few noninvasive clinical techniques and markers to assess early kidney dysfunction. Noninvasive imaging techniques are being developed to quantitatively measure kidney morphology and function in preclinical research and in clinical trials. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in particular have the potential to provide structural and functional information in the kidney. Novel molecular imaging techniques, using targeted magnetic nanoparticles that exploit the characteristics of the endogenous protein, ferritin, have been developed in conjunction with MRI to count every perfused glomerulus in the kidney and measure their individual volumes. This technique could open the door to the possibility of prospectively assessing and eventually reducing a patient's risk for progression to CKD. This review highlights the potential clinical benefits of early detection in patients predisposed to CKD and discusses technologic and regulatory hurdles to the translation of these molecular MRI techniques to provide early diagnosis of CKD.
A case of acute myelofibrosis with complex karyotypic changes: a type of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Abstract A 73-year-old woman developed a rapidly fatal disease that fit the clinical criteria for acute myelofibrosis. Over a 9 month period she progressed from normal peripheral blood counts to severe pancytopenia and finally a terminal phase with monocytosis and circulating myeloblasts. Morphologic examination of her bone marrow at presentation showed trilineage dysplasia, hypercellularity, and diffuse fibrosis with foci of immature precursors. Cytogenetic analysis showed the karyotype 45–46, XX,del(5)(q33),+11,add(17)(q25),−18,−20,+22. The morphologic and cytogenetic findings in this case support a relationship between acute myelofibrsis and myelodysplastic syndromes. Acute myelofibrosis with complex chromosomal aberrations may represent one pathway of evolution in myelodysplasia that is associated with a particularly poor prognosis.
Improving global scale land cover classifications with multi-directional POLDER data and a decision tree classifier

Abstract Several investigations indicate that the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) contains information that can be used to complement spectral information for improved land cover classification accuracies. Prior studies on the addition of BRDF information to improve land cover classifications have been conducted primarily at local or regional scales. Thus, the potential benefits of adding BRDF information to improve global to continental scale land cover classification have not yet been explored. Here we examine the impact of multidirectional global scale data from the first Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances (POLDER) spacecraft instrument flown on the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS-1) platform on overall classification accuracy and per-class accuracies for 15 land cover categories specified by the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP). A set of 36,648 global training pixels (7 × 6 km spatial resolution) was used with a decision tree classifier to evaluate the performance of classifying POLDER data with and without the inclusion of BRDF information. BRDF ‘metrics’ for the eight-month POLDER on ADEOS-1 archive (10/1996–06/1997) were developed that describe the temporal evolution of the BRDF as captured by a semi-empirical BRDF model. The concept of BRDF ‘feature space’ is introduced and used to explore and exploit the bidirectional information content. The C5.0 decision tree classifier was applied with a boosting option, with the temporal metrics for spectral albedo as input for a first test, and with spectral albedo and BRDF metrics for a second test. Results were evaluated against 20 random subsets of the training data. Examination of the BRDF feature space indicates that coarse scale BRDF coefficients from POLDER provide information on land cover that is different from the spectral and temporal information of the imagery. The contribution of BRDF information to reducing classification errors is also demonstrated: the addition of BRDF metrics reduces the mean, overall classification error rates by 3.15% (from 18.1% to 14.95% error) with larger improvements for producer's accuracies of individual classes such as Grasslands (+ 8.71%), Urban areas (+ 8.02%), and Wetlands (+ 7.82%). User's accuracies for the Urban (+ 7.42%) and Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (+ 6.70%) classes are also increased. The methodology and results are widely applicable to current multidirectional satellite data from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and to the next generation of POLDER-like multi-directional instruments.
Initiation of ventricular extrasystoles by myocardial stretch in chronically dilated and failing canine left ventricle.

BACKGROUNDStretch-induced arrhythmias (SIAs) can be elicited in normal canine left ventricles by transient diastolic dilatation. Since clinically important ventricular arrhythmias arise most commonly in failing and dilated ventricles, we hypothesized that the arrhythmogenic effect of transient diastolic stretch would be enhanced in chronically dilated failing canine hearts.METHODS AND RESULTSHeart failure was induced in seven dogs by right ventricular pacing at 250 min-1 for 20.2 +/- 1.6 days. Left ventricular (LV) mechanical properties were measured in vivo with serial echocardiograms in these seven dogs with the dogs awake and tranquilized to confirm the development of LV dilation and failure. By the third week of pacing, average short-axis area ejection fraction decreased by 64.3% (P < .001) as end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters increased by 25.9% and 50.7%, respectively (P < .001). After heart failure was established, the hearts were harvested and in vitro data were obtained as an isolated, bloo...
New scale-up and design method for stirrer agitated batch mixing vessels

Abstract Residence time distribution theory and probability conditions predict that the infusion rate of a slug of tracer into a batch mixer can be characterized by a single quantity, a decay rate constant. This constant is then used to define a dimensionless mixing-rate number. Experiments in turbine-agitated and propeller-agitated fully-baffled tanks verify the theory, and relate this mixing-rate number to the stirrer Reynolds number and to the Power number for mixing. These new correlationships allow calculation of time needed or energy input needed to achieve any desired degree of uniformity of the mixture.
Indomethacin inhibits cholera toxin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Indomethacin was examined for its capacity to inhibit increases in adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with cholera toxin. When added to the culture medium 1 h prior to cholera toxin (100 ng/ml), indomethacin (500 μg/ml) exhibited maximum protection against the typical increase in cAMP. Application of indomethacin at the same time as cholera toxin or up to 3 h after the toxin progressively decreased the drug's capacity to block further increases in cAMP. The drug appeared to block adenylate cyclase activity because addition of forskolin to drug-treated cells did not elicit a cAMP response. Binding of 125I-labeled cholera toxin to indomethacin-treated cells was also reduced by at least 50%. These data indicate that indomethacin's inhibitory effect on cAMP formation in cholera toxin-treated cells could be explained by its capacity to alter adenylate cyclase activity and cholera toxin binding.
Effect of xylene inhalation on fixed-ratio responding in rats

Abstract The effect of xylene inhalation was studied on operant under a fixed-ratio (FR24) schedule in rats. Experiments were performed while rats were being exposed to xylene vapor in an inhalational (flow-through) behavioral chamber. Rats were exposed succesively to three graded concentrations (113, 216 and 430 ppm) of xylene vapor each for 2 hr in range-finding studies during 6 1 4 - hr sessions. The reinforcement rate which is correlated with FR responding was shown to be decreased at hr 1, hr 3 and hr 5. However at hr 2, hr 4 and hr 6 the reinforcement rate in rats increased approaching the control level, thereby indicating development of tolerance. When rats were exposed to one of the three graded concentrations of xylene for 2 hr on separate days, they also showed a decrease in the reinforcement rate at hr 1; development of acute tolerance was also noted in this schedule. Exposure to the lowest (98.5 ppm) level of xylene used during 5-hr sessions caused no significant decrease in the reinforcement rate. This study thus attempts to identify a minimum effective concentrations of xylene and indicates the development of acute tolerance to behavioral effect of xylene.
Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology: U.S. National Report, 1967”1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Investigations at Active Volcanoes

The field of volcanology has expanded greatly in the years 1967–1970, and work on active volcanoes has kept pace with this expansion. I have restricted this summary and the accompanying bibliography to studies by U.S.-based investigators of active or potentially active volcanoes. I have been immeasurably aided in writing this summary by communications from R. Citron of the Smithsonian Institution Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, W. Melson and T. Simkin of the Smithsonian Institution, A. McBirney of the Center for Volcanology, University of Oregon, R.B. Forbes of the University of Alaska, and R.W. Decker of Dartmouth College.
The Carbonaceous Chondrites

The carbonaceous chondrites are a group of stony meteorites characterized by the presence of an appreciable amount of carbonaceous material other than free carbon (diamond and graphite). They have been divided into three subgroups known respectively as Type I, Type II, and Type III. Analyses of Type I meteorites show about 3–5% of carbon and 20% of combined water; they consist largely of hydrated magnesium-iron silicate, magnetite, and magnesium sulfate, contain no chondrules, and have a density about 2.2. Analyses of Type II meteorites show about 2–3% of carbon and 10–15% of combined water; they consist of a groundmass of hydrated magnesium-iron silicate enclosing chondrules of olivine and pyroxene which are almost iron-free, and have a density of 2.6–2.9. Analyses of Type III meteorites show about 0.5–2% of carbon and 2% combined water; they consist largely of olivine (often variable in composition, but averaging 30–40 mole per cent Fe2SiO4), with accessory pigeonite and sulfide minerals, and have a density about 3.4. The carbonaceous material and combined water in these meteorites are clearly of extraterrestrial origin, but their significance is not well understood. A biological origin has been claimed for some of the organic compounds on the basis of their composition, but this claim is the subject of considerable dispute. Microscopic objects with regular outline (“organized elements”) have been recognized in some of these meteorites; some investigators have claimed these to be extraterrestrial fossils, others have ascribed them to terrestrial contamination or considered them to be crystals or crystal aggregates of non-biological origin.
Development and Use of an Instrument to Measure Retail Foodservice Employees' Motivation for Following Food Safety Practices

A foodborne illness outbreak can be costly to a retail foodservice operation. This research incorporated a mixed-methods approach to develop an instrument for measuring retail foodservice employees' motivational factors related to following food safety practices. Using an exploratory design for instrument development, a sequential data collection and analysis approach was taken. Instrument pilot testing revealed a reliable instrument with three factors related to external motivation. Additional items were added to also assess internal motivators. The final tool contained 35 questions assessing internal and external motivational factors. Uses of the instrument to help identify employee motivators are discussed.
RECONSTITUTION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY BY FETAL THYMUS TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSFER FACTOR

RECONSTITUTION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY BY FETAL THYMUS TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSFER FACTOR
Methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection systems in nuclear power plants

Abstract A methodology for the evaluation of a fire protection system in a nuclear power plant is described. A system of Monte Carlo simulation modules has been developed, divided into the four phases of a fire scenario: ignition, detection, suppression and propagation. An interactive graphics computer program, FIRES, has been written to support these models. The system has been applied in a test case analysis of several zones of an operating plant. The models appear capable of providing interpretable and useful results.
The Effect of Route Delivery on the Flavor, Riboflavin, and Ascorbic Acid Content of Milk

Summary Approximately 70 per cent of all retail milk deliveries are removed from the doorstep or protected from light within five minutes after delivery while 3.3 per cent of customers leave milk exposed for more than two and one-half hours. Under experimental conditions of exposing milk to sunlight, the loss of ascorbic acid is extremely rapid with only insignificant quantities remaining after 30 minutes. Losses of this vitamin in the shade are also quite rapid. Riboflavin losses vary depending upon the intensity of sunlight, the temperature of the milk, and the size of bottles in which the milk is exposed. Under conditions of direct sunlight exposure for extended periods of time, milk loses significant quantities of this vitamin. On the other hand, the loss of riboflavin from milk exposed to shade does not exceed 25 per cent of that experienced in the direct sunlight. The photolysis of riboflavin stops when milk is removed from light while losses of ascorbic acid continue at a somewhat slower rate. The “sunlight” flavor, which develops in milk during exposure, appears to be a more critical problem than the loss of some of the riboflavin. On the basis of route studies and certain basic assumptions, it is believed that the average loss of riboflavin in all milk delivered does not exceed 3.25 per cent. It is the feeling of the writers that a program of consumer education in the care of milk can be of great value in maintaining the palatability and nutritional qualities of this important food. Further practical and fundamental studies are being conducted on the matters of “sunlight” flavor development and vitamin losses, the results of which will be reported in the near future.
Si(111)-Pt interface at room temperature: A synchrotron radiation photoemission study

We present extensive results on synchrotron-radiation angle-integrated photoemission from Si(111) surfaces onto which increasing amounts of Pt (coverages $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ from 0.07 to 40 monolayers) were deposited. Both core lines (Si $2p$ and Pt $4f$) and valence-band states have been measured. In the latter case we present results taken at a photon energy of $hv=80$ eV where the Pt $5d$ contribution is dominant and at $hv=130$ eV where the Cooper minimum effect reduces the Pt $5d$ photoemission considerably so that information on the Si contribution to the valence states can be revealed. We show that submonolayer coverages ($\ensuremath{\Theta}\ensuremath{\ge}0.07$) of Pt disrupt the surface sufficiently to introduce considerable changes in the photoemission spectra with respect to that of clean Si(111). An interface with a photoemission spectrum resembling that of a silicide has developed at about 2-10 monolayers. At increasing $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ the region explored with photoemission shows enrichment of the metal, but the situation at $\ensuremath{\Theta}=40$ is still very far from that of the pure Pt metal, thus indicating a very strong chemical interaction at room temperature on the depth scale of tens of monolayers. Opposite chemical shifts of the Si and Pt core lines are seen (Pt towards lower and Si towards higher binding energies with increasing $\ensuremath{\Theta}$) and, moreover, the shape of the Si $2p$ core lines is modified towards that typical of a metallic phase. All these results are discussed in terms of the nature of the chemical bond between Si and Pt.
Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function after mitral valve surgery with or without concomitant tricuspid valve procedure.

Objectives To study the effect of mitral valve repair with or without concomitant tricuspid valve repair on functional tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function. Methods From 2001 to 2007, 1833 patients with degenerative mitral valve disease, a structurally normal tricuspid valve, and no coronary artery disease underwent mitral valve repair, and 67 underwent concomitant tricuspid valve repair. Right ventricular function (myocardial performance index and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) was measured before and after surgery using transthoracic echocardiography for randomly selected patients with tricuspid regurgitation grade 0, 1+, and 2+ (100 patients for each grade) and 93 with grade 3+/4+, 393 patients in total. Results In patients with mild ( Conclusions In patients with mitral valve disease and severe tricuspid regurgitation, mitral valve repair alone was associated with improved tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function. However, the improvements were incomplete and temporary. In contrast, concomitant tricuspid valve repair effectively and durably eliminated severe tricuspid regurgitation and improved right ventricular function toward normal, supporting an aggressive approach to important functional tricuspid regurgitation.
THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF FROG NERVE DURING STIMULATION

1. By means of a differential volumeter the increased oxygen consumption and the increased carbon dioxide output of frog nerve during and after stimulation have been observed. 2. Measurements of the R.Q. of nerve by this method are complicated by the retention of carbon dioxide. Attempts were made to avoid this (a) by studying the nerves at high CO(2) tensions to make the retention small and (b) by calculating the amount of CO(2) retained from the carbon dioxide dissociation curve of nerve and applying this value as a correction. 3. The results of both those methods when averaged together give an R.Q. of the excess metabolism of 1.19 and an R.Q. of the resting nerve of 0.97. 4. Observations on the time course of the gas exchange during stimulation indicate a delay in the appearance of the extra carbon dioxide output relative to the oxygen intake. 5. Very similar time curves can be calculated from the diffusion coefficients and the solubilities of the oxygen and the carbon dioxide.
A Cost-Minimization Analysis of the Angio-Seal Vascular Closure Device Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

The Angio-Seal vascular closure device has been shown to be safe and effective in decreasing the time to hemostasis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The health economic implications of routinely using Angio-Seal after PCI have not been explored. We performed a cost-minimization analysis comparing routine Angio-Seal use after PCI with mechanical compression using a decision analytic model. The relative probabilities of 7 vascular access complications were derived from pooled analysis of published randomized trials. The incremental hospital cost of each vascular complication was estimated by a matched case-control analysis of 3,943 patients who underwent PCI at our center from January 2002 and December 2004. Appropriate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed. After accounting for differences in expected rates of specific complications between the 2 strategies and the incremental costs of each vascular event, the routine use of Angio-Seal was associated with a lower cost per PCI procedure of $44. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of all model assumptions using second-order Monte Carlo simulation confirmed the economic advantage of Angio-Seal in 74% of model replications. In conclusion, after PCI, the routine use of Angio-Seal for femoral vascular access management was associated with net cost savings compared with mechanical compression. This cost savings was in addition to the previously demonstrated advantages of Angio-Seal in terms of patient comfort and preference.
Thermal bubble powered microactuators

Thermal bubble powered micro mechanical actuators have been successfully demonstrated in working liquids. Micro mechanical plates which function as the mechanical actuators are 70×60×2 μm3 in size. They have been fabricated by surface-micromachining technology and suspended 2 μm above the substrate by the supports of cantilever beams. Micro thermal bubbles which are generated by heavily phosphorus doped polysilicon line resistive heaters have been used to lift the mechanical plates in a controllable manner. The typical current required to generate a single, spherical thermal bubble as the actuation source on top of the micro line resistors (60×2×0.3 μm3 in size) is 8.4 mA (80 m Watt) in FC 43 liquid (an inert, dielectrical fluid available from the 3M company). The thermal bubbles have been demonstrated to actuate the mechanical plate perpendicularly to the substrate with a maximum elevation distance of 140 μm and a maximum actuation force of 2 μN. This new actuation mechanism is expected to find applications for micro fluidic devices.
Stability of parallel flow in an oscillating magnetic field.

Unsteady plane parallel flow stability of viscous electrically conducting incompressible fluid in oscillating magnetic field
A general scheme for the incorporation of pharmacokinetics in low-dose risk estimation for chemical carcinogenesis: example--vinyl chloride.

Abstract A general scheme is proposed which relates the carcinogenic responses to the amount of DNA-carcinogen adduct formed instead of applied dose. Based on the present understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis, we believe this to be a more rational approach to the low-dose extrapolation problem. In addition to specifying the low-dose extrapolation routine, it is necessary in this scheme to construct a pharmacokinetic model relating exposure concentration to the amount of DNA-chemical adduct formed. Two pharmacokinetic models are constructed for vinyl chloride. Low-dose risk estimates are determined from dose-response functions corresponding to the probit and multistage models. The estimates obtained using the probit model vary considerably when the pharmacokinetics parameters are changed whereas for the multistage model the low-dose estimates have less variability, varying in general by no more than one order of magnitude. This is not unexpected since the probit dose-response function is very “flat” in the low-dose region whereas the multistage dose-response function is analytic. In some cases a detailed pharmacokinetic study of the carcinogen may be as important as the bioassay study for lowdose and across-species extrapolation. However, it is important to realize that even though the incorporation of pharmacokinetics into the low-dose estimation process better reflects reality, it does not help in resolving the issue of which underlying model to use for the low-dose extrapolation, e.g., probit versus multistage.
Using design principles to systematically plan the synthesis of hole-conducting transparent oxides: Cu 3 VO 4 and Ag 3 VO 4 as a case study

In order to address the growing need for $p$-type transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), we present a materials design approach that allows to search for materials with desired properties. We put forward a set of design principles (DPs) that a material must meet in order to qualify as a $p$-type TCO. We then start from two prototype $p$-type binary oxides, i.e., Cu${}_{2}$O and Ag${}_{2}$O, and define a large group of compounds in which to search for unique candidate materials. From this set of compounds, we extracted two oxovanadates, Cu${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ and Ag${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$, which serve as a case study to show the application of the proposed materials selection procedure driven by the DPs. Polycrystalline Ag${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ was synthesized by a water-based hydrothermal technique, whereas Cu${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ was prepared by a solid-state reaction. The theoretical study of the thermochemistry, based on first-principles electronic structure methods, demonstrates that Cu${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ag${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ are $p$-type materials that show intrinsic hole-producing defects along with a low concentration of ``hole-killing'' defects. Owing to its near-perfect stoichiometry, Ag${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ has a rather low hole concentration, which coincides with the experimentally determined conductivity limit of 0.002 S/cm. In contrast, Cu${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ is highly off stoichiometric, Cu${}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$VO${}_{4}$ ($x=0.15$), which raises the amount of holes, but due to its black color, it does not fulfill the requirements for a $p$-type TCO. The onset of optical absorption in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ag${}_{3}$VO${}_{4}$ is calculated to be 2.6 eV, compared to the experimentally determined value of 2.1 eV, which brings it to the verge of transparency.
How to decide the interconnection of isolated traffic signals

Increasing traffic congestion along major urban signalized intersections demands the efficient operation and utilization of arterial facilities. Improvement on traffic flow and reduction in vehicular delays may be realized by interconnecting individually isolated intersections into a coordinated signal system, or by adding an adjacent signal into an existing coordinated system. This paper illustrates the development of interconnection warrants for isolated traffic signals by using both simulation study and field data validation.Simplified procedures were developed to evaluate the need to interconnect signalized intersections based on both simulation and field studies. Field data from several Texas cities were used to compare the results from the TRANSYT-7F and PASSER II computer programs. These programs were applied to address the effects of progression on changes in travel time and travel volume. Detailed field studies were performed at six (6) intersections under isolated-actuated, fixed-time coordination and traffic responsive operations on NASA 1 Road in front of the LBJ NASA Space Center, Houston, Texas.
Discriminating rejection from CMV infection in renal allograft recipients using flow cytometry

Abstract The ability to distinguish among rejection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and cyclosporin toxicity in the symptomatic renal allograft recipient remains one of the major issues in clinical transplantation. The practical application of immunologic monitoring of peripheral blood lymphocytes through the use of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies and single-color flow cytometry has been limited by the inability to demonstrate significant correlations between the levels of specific T-cell subset populations and the cause of impaired renal function. In the present study using two-color analysis, we monitored the expression of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and HLA-DR antigen on the T-cells of a group of 51 renal cadaveric allograft recipients receiving cyclosporin, azathioprine, and prednisone for an average of 4 months after transplantation. We found that the proportion of CD3 + cells coexpressing IL-2R increased above baseline during 12 out of 14 rejection episodes that took place during the course of the study ( P −6 ). Alternatively, we found that the proportion of cells coexpressing HLA-DR antigen on CD2 + cells increased above baseline during 11 out of 11 CMV infections ( P −6 ). There was no correlation between the level of IL-2R + CD3 + cells and CMV infection or between the level of CD2 + DR + cells and rejection. These relationships showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity when used to discriminate among possible etiologies for decreased renal function in the symptomatic patient.
Aerial dry matter and nutrient accumulation comparisons among five soybean experiments

Abstract Efficient and environmentally acceptable nutrient management requires an understanding of when and at what rates nutrients are accumulated by plants. For graminaceous species, a mathematical procedure involving compound cubic polynomials was previously demonstrated to be useful for evaluating growth and nutrient accumulation patterns. Our objective for this study was to compare dry matter and nutrient accumulation rates for determinate and indeterminate soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] by reanalyzing the original data from five field experiments. Data from a maximum yield research (MYR) experiment that yielded 6.8 Mg ha‐1 provided information for soybean grown with near‐maximum accumulation rates. The high MYR yield resulted from intensive management practices that included high fertilization, high plant population, complete pest control, and timely irrigations to supplement rainfall. The MYR results were compared with rates determined for four non‐MYR studies that yielded from 2.2 to 5.4 Mg ha‐1...
The neurotensin receptor antagonist SR 48692 decreases extracellular striatal GABA in rats

Abstract Intracranial microdialysis was utilized to assess the effects of the novel neurotensin antagonist SR 48692 on extracellular γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glycine in the striatum. Subcutaneous injection of SR 48692 (0.2 mg/kg) significantly decreased extracellular striatal GABA levels, with peak decreases occurring 2–3 h post-injection. Injection of SR 48692 had no significant effect on glycine levels. These data suggest that endogenous neurotensin may modulate striatal GABA levels.
Reducing Communication Overhead in Large Eddy Simulation of Jet Engine Noise

Computational aeroacoustics (CAA) has emerged as a tool to complement theoretical and experimental approaches for robust and accurate prediction of sound levels from aircraft airframes and engines. CAA, unlike computational fluid dynamics (CFD), involves the accurate prediction of small-amplitude acoustic fluctuations and their correct propagation to the far field. In that respect, CAA poses significant challenges for researchers because the computational scheme should have high accuracy, good spectral resolution, and low dispersion and diffusion errors. A high-order compact finite difference scheme, which is implicit in space, can be used for such simulations because it fulfills the requirements for CAA. Usually, this method is parallelized using a transposition scheme; however, that approach has a high communication overhead. In this paper, we discuss the use of a parallel tridiagonal linear system solver based on the truncated SPIKE algorithm for reducing the communication overhead in our large eddy simulations. We report experimental results collected on two parallel computing platforms.
Development of a facile method for high throughput screening with reporter gene assays.

This report describes a facile methodology for high throughput screening with stable mammalian cell reporter gene assays. We have adapted a 96-well adherent cell method to an assay in which cells propagated in suspension are dispensed into 96- or 384-well plates containing test compounds in 100% DMSO. The validation of a stable CHO cell line that expresses 6xCRE-luciferase for use as a reporter gene host cell line is described. The reporter gene, when expressed in this particular CHO cell line, appears to respond specifically to modulation of cAMP levels, thus the cell line is appropriate for screening and pharmacological analysis of Gas- and Gas-coupled seven-transmem-brane receptors. The development of the new suspension cell assay in both 96- and 384-well formats was performed using a derivative of the CHO host reporter cell line that was stably transfected with human melanocortin-1 receptor. The response of this cell line to NDP-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and forskolin was nearly identical betwe...
Probing human skin as an information-rich smart biological interface using MEMS sensors

Abstract This paper describes our approach of studying the dynamic, information rich, molecular structure of the ultimate smart interface — human skin — by coupling the advances in biological, microsystems, and information technology. The outer layer of human skin, the stratum corneum is a biologically complex thin film that has unique molecular mechanisms that allow it to function simultaneously as a structural and as a perceptual interface. It is continuously ‘sampled’ by the brain in terms of visual, tactile, and olfactory cues. It interfaces the organism with its environment and has unique micro/nano architecture from an engineering standpoint, e.g. it simultaneously retains and uses water to plasticize the membrane for flexibility. This paper focuses on the development of a sampling interface and MEMS components for a freestanding, multifunctional, multimode, microfluidics-based sensor system for real time physiological monitoring. This research will enable us to gain an insight into the functioning of the human at a fundamental level (from cellular to population) that has not been possible before.
Techniques for separating space complexity classes

Diagonalization, cardinality, and recursive padding arguments are used to separate the Turing machine space complexity classes obtained by bounding space, number of worktape symbols, and number of worktape heads. Witness languages over a one-letter alphabet are constructed when possible.
Optical soliton in silicon-on-insulator waveguides

ABSTRACT We show that optical soliton can be realized in very short waveguides (5 mm long) fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. By tailoring their zero-dispersion wavelength and launching optical pulses at only subpico-joule energy level close to this wavelength, we have observed signicant spectral narrowing due to the pulsereshaping during the formation of optical soliton, which is in strong contrast to previous measurements. Theextent of spectral narrowing depends on the carrier wavelength of the input pulse in the normal dispersion regionand spectral broadening is observed in normal dispersion region. We simulate femto-second pulses propagationin such waveguide. Simulation results show the evolution of the pulse shape in both time domain and frequencydomain when the pulse energy is increased from very low level, when nonlinear eects are negligible, to theenergy level we used in our experiment. The simulation results agree well with our observation. To be best ofour knowledge, this is the rst report on soliton in silicon waveguides.Keywords: group velocity dispersion, optical soliton, spectral narrowing
We're all stars now: reality television, web 2.0, and mediated identities

Social cognitive theory suggests a likely relationship between the rising popularity of both reality television and social networking sites. This research utilized a survey (N=456) of young adults to determine the extent to which reality television consumption explains user behavior in the context of social network sites. Results show a consistent relationship between reality television consumption on the length of time spent logged on to these sites, the size of user's networks, the proportion of friends not actually met face to face, and photo sharing frequency while controlling for age, gender and education. Other categories of television viewing like news, fiction, and educational programming were not related to user's online behavior.