cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a Bose-Einstein Condensate Double-Well Atom Interferometer

Motivated by an open theoretical question in Bose-Einstein condensate atom interferometry, we introduce a novel computational method to describe the condensate order parameter in the presence of a central barrier. We are able to follow the full dynamics of the system during the raising of a barrier, from a single macroscopically occupied ground state to a state where imaging shows a split density and, finally, to the observation of a phase-controlled interference pattern. We are able to discriminate between a mean-field and a two-mode state via the Penrose-Onsager criterion. By simulating the first such experiment, where in spite of the observed splitting of the condensate density there is never more than a single macroscopically occupied state, we provide a definitive interpretation of these systems as a novel many-body form of Young's double-slit experiment.
Intrinsic reasoning about functional programs II: unipolar induction and primitive-recursion

We continue from (Ann. Pure Appl. logic 114 (2002) 117) our study of reasoning about recursion equations in rudimentary theories for inductive data, dubbed intrinsic theories. We show that the functions that are provable using unipolar induction are precisely the primitive-recursive functions, where we call an instance of induction unipolar if data pledicates do not occur in the induction formula both positively and negatively.Two special cases of this result are well known, namely induction over Σ10 and Π10. Here, however, induction formulas may have unrestricted quantifier alternations as long as those quantifiers that are relativized to data do not violate the prescribed restriction. The main technical challenge is in showing that the functions provable by unipolar induction, even in classical logic, are primitive-recursive.The result is generic with respect to the underlying inductive data, suggesting a potentially useful formalization of primitive-recursive mathematics.
A study of near and far field effects in photoelastic stress intensity determination

Abstract A technique known as the Taylor Series Correction Method (TSCM) for extracting the stress intensity factor from photoelastic data is reviewed. The need for ‘artificial’ flaws is identified and an approach due to Savin is used to near field effects of various practical flaw shapes upon the apparent stress intensity factor. Using the Sneddon-Srivastav solution for a line crack in a finite width plate, the constriction of the singular zone is demonstrated as the crack tip approaches the free edge. Results indicate that care must be taken in applying TSCM to obtain photoelastic data at appropriate distances from the crack tip.
Cadmium release from a reprocessing electrorefiner falling over

Abstract The possible biological consequences of a release of cadmium due to a design basis earthquake in the Idaho Nuclear Laboratory's nuclear fuel reprocessing cell are evaluated. The facility is designed to withstand the design basis earthquake except for some non-seismically qualified feedthroughs. The earthquake is hypothesized to breach these feedthroughs (allowing air into the argon atmosphere processing cell) and cause the MK-IV electrorefiner (ER) in the cell to tip over or split and spill its contents of fission product laden salt and cadmium. In addition, the uranium dendrite product cathode is assumed to fall on the cadmium and burn. The heat from the burning cathode results in release of cadmium vapor into the cell atmosphere. Ingestion and inhalation of a sufficient concentration of cadmium for a critical time period can cause irreversible health effects or death. The release of the small quantity of fission products, analyzed elsewhere, results in negligible doses. Analysis reported here shows there is no danger to the general public by the cadmium release or to on-site workers except in one low probability case. This one case requires a fivefold failure where the safety exhaust system fails just after the 4% oxygen concentration combustion limit in the cell is reached. Failure of the SES allows oscillatory inflow and outflow (and hence cadmium outflow) from the cell due to gravity. The dose to a worker in the basement exceeds the mortality limit in this one event if the worker does not leave the basement.
A RIEMANNIAN INVARIANT AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO EINSTEIN MANIFOLDS

We introduce a Riemannian invariant and establish general optimal inequalities involving the invariants and the squared mean curvature for Einstein manifolds isometrically immersed in real space forms. We show that these inequalities do not hold for arbitrary submanifolds in real space forms in general. We also provide some immediate applications of the inequalities.
Beneficence as a source of competitive advantage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define “beneficence” as a management concept that is the action associated with “benevolence” the intention. This paper explains how beneficence is a critical element for leaders in building trust. The authors identify how beneficence honors the ethical duties owed to followers and creates competitive advantage for organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The approach of this paper is to present an extensive conceptual review of beneficence as it relates to leaders and managers and to suggest eight propositions identifying how beneficence can create competitive advantage. Findings – The findings of this paper include eight propositions about beneficence as a source of competitive advantage. Practical implications – The practical implications of this paper are for practitioners and scholars. This paper provides an opportunity for leaders to recognize the importance of translating good intentions into specific action in acting virtuously toward others. For scholars, this paper provides testable propositions for learning more about beneficence as a source of increased commitment, greater trust, and competitive advantage. Originality/value – Although benevolence has been acknowledged to be a foundation of trustworthiness, benevolence is an attitude or intention. This paper explains the importance of beneficence as the action derived from benevolence as an attitude or intention to do that which benefits others.
Multipole moments in thomas‐fermi theory

It is shown that the absence of multipole moments in the Thomas-Fermi--Dirac (TFD) theory of the electron density is not sufficient to prove that there are no moments in Thomas-Fermi theory. Nonzero Thomas-Fermi moments are allowed if in the limit, as the discontinuity in the TFD density becomes infinitesimally small, there are finite contributions to the TFD moments from the region of space near the density discontinuity.
Expression patterns of hedgehog signaling peptides in naturally acquired equine osteochondrosis

Hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of growth cartilage are regulated by a complex array of signaling peptides, including parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). This study investigated the expression of Ihh, Patched1 and 2 (Ptc1, Ptc2), Smoothened (Smo), Gli1, and Gli3, in naturally acquired articular osteochondrosis, using an equine model. Cartilage was harvested from osteochondrosis (OC) affected femoropatellar or scapulohumeral joints from immature horses and normal control horses of similar age. Ihh, Ptc1, Smo, Gli1, and Gli3 mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Spatial tissue expression was determined by in situ hybridization for Ihh and Smo and immunohistochemistry for Ptc1 and Ptc2. The expression of Ihh was significantly increased in OC cartilage compared to normal control cartilage and was localized mainly to the deep layer of articular cartilage, just above the calcified zone, with some mild expression also present in the middle cartilage layer. The expression of Gli1 was significantly decreased in OC samples, but there was no significant difference in expression of Gli3, Ptc1 and Smo in OC cartilage compared to normal cartilage. The expression of Ptc1 protein was present at the junction of deep and calcified layers, while Ptc2 protein was expressed throughout the middle, deep, and calcified cartilage layers. Spatial expression of Smo was variable between animals and confined mainly to the middle and deep layers when present. Half of the OC samples displayed areas of moderate to strong Smo expression compared to mild or minimal expression in normal controls. The increased Ihh expression in OC suggests a role of Ihh in diseased cartilage, although it is not known if a PTH-rP/Ihh feedback cycle exists in articular cartilage. The disparity between increased Ihh expression and decreased Gli1 expression in OC cartilage suggests a different primary transcription factor for Ihh or the presence of an elevated Ihh inhibitor in these tissues.
Requirements for Protein Phosphorylation and the Kinase Activity of Polo-like Kinase 1 (Plk1) for the Kinetochore Function of Mitotic Arrest Deficiency Protein 1 (Mad1)

Mitotic arrest deficiency protein 1 (Mad1) is associated with microtubule-unattached kinetochores in mitotic cells and is a component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here, we have studied the phosphorylation of Mad1 and mapped using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry several phosphorylated amino acids in this protein. One phosphorylated residue, Thr680, was characterized to be important for the kinetochore localization of Mad1 and its SAC function. We also found that in mitotic cells Mad1 co-immunoprecipitated with Plk1. Depletion of cellular Plk1 using small interfering RNAs and inhibition of the kinase activity of Plk1 using a kinase-dead mutant or a small molecule inhibitor attenuated Mad1 phosphorylation and its association with kinetochores. Collectively, these findings indicate mechanistic roles contributed by protein phosphorylation and Plk1 to the SAC activity of Mad1.
Dystrophia myotonica: a multisystem disease.

In the anaesthetic management of dystrophia myotonica, emphasis should be placed on the fact that it is a multisystem disease. Cardiac, respiratory, and endocrine functions should be considered of greater importance than the myotonic aspects of the disease. The management of a case is described, using pancuronium as the muscle relaxant. Plasma cholinesterase activity was measured and the need for further investigation is suggested.
Coordination chemistry of phosphonic acids with special relevance to rare earths

The use of phosphonic acids as ligands for metal coordination and design of extended structures is described. The number and type of structures that can be designed is limited only by our ability to synthesize the desired phosphonic acid. The synthesis of metal phosphonates, open framework structures, self-assembled hydrogen bonded structures and rigid highly porous materials will be described. A number of these materials are natural nanoparticles as small as 4 nm with active functionalities. Special attention will be paid to rare earth phosphonates. The great range of coordination compounds that can be designed stems from the tetrahedral nature of the phosphonate group and the large number of protons that can be replaced in polyphosphonic acids.
Sodium Nickel Chloride Battery Design and Testing

The main subsystems in a GE Durathon™ sodium nickel chloride battery are cells, Battery Management System (BMS), and packaging (see Figure 1). This cell chemistry requires an internal operating temperature of about 300°C, which provides unique challenges for battery thermal insulation and cooling. Electrical insulation between the cells and enclosures is another challenge, because traditional polymer-based insulations cannot operate at this elevated temperature range. Similarly, mechanical support structures must be high-temperature capable and also provide adequate protection to the cells and BMS during abusive loading conditions.This paper covers the basic battery design, thermal management, and the testing that has been conducted to ensure reliable and safe performance. Reliability testing includes battery mechanical shock and vibration plus accelerated life tests on specific components such as the heater.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Gamma-Ray To Cerenkov-Light Conversion Efficiency For Pure-Silica-Core Optical Fibers

Pure -Silica -Core Optical FibersB. L. Pruett, R. T. Peterson, and D. E. SmithLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of CaliforniaP.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550L. D. Looney and R. N. Shelton, Jr.Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545AbstractWe have determined experimentally the absolute gamma -ray to Cerenkov -light conversion efficiency for pure -silica -core opticalfibers in the vicinity of metallic Compton- converter slabs. To measure the energy dependence of this process, we used 60Co and 24Naradiation sources. The results show how the conversion efficiency varies with Compton- converter material, thickness, angle of thefiber, and fiber -converter distance. We also performed computer calculations of conversion efficiency. This method employs anelectron -photon transport code named SANDYL together with analytical calculations of Cerenkov -light generation. We compare theresults of these calculations with experimental results.IntroductionPure -silica -core optical fibers are used by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the Los Alamos NationalLaboratory (LANL) in high- bandwidth analog diagnostic systems for gamma rays, in the Nuclear Testing Program at the Nevada Test
Functions of the Laplace Operator on Manifolds with Lower Ricci and Injectivity Bounds

Recent work of G. Mauceri, S. Meda, and M. Vallarino produces L p estimates on a natural class of functions of the Laplace–Beltrami operator on a Riemannian manifold M, under fairly weak geometrical hypotheses, namely lower bounds on its injectivity radius and Ricci tensor, but with an auxiliary decay hypothesis on the heat semigroup. We sharpen this result by removing the decay hypothesis.
Hypothesis for the Schwarz-Hora Effect

This note shows that the effect observed in the Schwarz-Hora experiment, in which an electron beam passing through a crystal irradiated with laser light proceeds to a nonfluorescent screen and radiates light the same color as the laser, is probably caused by electron bunching. The crystal provides a sharply defined region of electric field amplitude which makes bunching possible.
Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that only heat sterilization be used for all reusable devices entering the oral cavity. However, chemical disinfection is still employed for reprocessing dental devices in many areas of the world. In an analysis of a Florida dental practice responsible for nosocomial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions, the possible role of contaminated devices was deemed unlikely in part because they were subjected to high-level disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde. Disease transmissions have, however, been documented for endoscopes used in diagnostic and surgical procedures even after this treatment. In some dental devices, lubricants mix with potentially infectious patient materials, and organic debris has been observed in endoscopes after cleaning. We have investigated whether lubricants can render high-level chemical disinfection procedures ineffective and have addressed the role that some common devices may play in disease transmission. We report here that HIV in whole-blood samples and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in blood and plasma survived high-level disinfection when entrapped in lubricants used in dental handpieces and endoscopes. We also found that lubricated dental devices used to clean and polish teeth (prophylaxis angles) have the potential to transfer sufficient amounts of blood to infect human lymphocyte cultures with HIV. These results emphasize the need to subject reusable dental devices to a heat-sterilization protocol that penetrates the lubricant.
Hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis: Results of a 3-year prospective controlled study

Hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis: Results of a 3-year prospective controlled study. A prospective comparison of peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis was undertaken to identify advantages and disadvantages of either treatment relative to the other. Hematologic, biochemical, lipid, and neurobehavioral parameters were followed. Careful controls were imposed to assure that the treatment groups were comparable. Patients on peritoneal dialysis proved to have more normal concentrations of BUN, hemoglobin, potassium, bicarbonate, and high-density lipoproteins. Hemodialysis patients had more normal concentrations of albumin, total protein, and calcium. Hypertriglyceridemia was only minimally greater in peritoneal patients. Neurobehavioral results documented multiple abnormalities in both. The profile of results obtained provides preliminary criteria for selecting either form of dialysis for a particular patient. Hemodialyse ou dialyse peritoneale: Resultats d'une etude prospective de 3 ans. Une comparaison prospective de l'hemodialyse et de la dialyse peritoneale a ete entreprise afin d'identifier les avantages et les inconvenients de chacun des traitements par rapport a l'autre. Les parametres etudies etaient hematologiques biochimiques, neurologiques et comportementaux. Il a ete verifie que les deux groupes traites etaient comparables. Les malades en dialyse peritoneale avaient des valeurs d'azote ure-ique, d'hemoglobine, de potassium, de bicarbonate et de lipoproteines de haute densite plus proches de la normale. Les malades en hemodialyse avaient des valeurs d'albumine, de protides totaux et de calcemie plus proches de la normale L'hypertri-glyceridemie etait a peine plus importante chez les malades en dialyse peritoneale. Les etudes neuro-comportementales ont montre de nombreuses anomalies dans les deux groupes. Les resultats obtenus apportent des criteres preliminaires de selection pour l'une des deux tactiques de traitement.
Validated short circuit modeling of Type 3 Wind Turbine Generator with crowbar protection

With fast increasing penetration of wind generation around the world, it is important to document accurate short circuit models of different types of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and wind farms. This paper documents and analyzes the short circuit response of Type 3 WTG with crowbar protection. The model is first simulated and validated using field data from a wind farm having Type 3 WTGs. PSCAD is used for simulation. The validated model is used to study the short circuit behavior of the WTG. Based on the study, Thevenin model of the wind farm is derived.
A comparison of techniques for extracting transverse speed from photon Doppler velocimetry signal content

We recently demonstrated that a single optical probe is capable of simultaneously measuring a surface's velocity along the beam axis and its speed transverse to the beam axis. Doppler shifts in the measured data are related to axial motion, while intensity fluctuations, induced by speckle dynamics, are related to transverse motion. While it is readily apparent that speckle dynamics manifest themselves in the measured data, the ability to extract transverse speed from a particular (speckle-induced) signal feature is feature-dependent. In this paper, we relate a signal's coherence, variance, and frequency content to surface dynamics, in an effort to determine the suitability of each of these features for calculating transverse motion (classification release number: LA-UR 13-26315).
On equivariant quantum cohomology of homogeneous spaces: Chevalley formulae and algorithms

We prove a Chevalley formula for the equivariant quantum multiplication of two Schubert classes in the homogeneous variety X=G/P. Using this formula, we give an effective algorithm to compute the 3-point, genus zero, equivariant Gromov-Witten invariants on X, which are the structure constants of its equivariant quantum cohomology algebra
Understanding the Wired Workplace: The Effects of Job Characteristics on Employees' Personal Online Communication at Work

As organizations increasingly embrace Internet technologies in daily work activities, an unintended consequence is the growing personal Internet use by employees. This study examines the association between job characteristics and a particular form of personal Internet use at work, personal online communication (POC). The study analyzes data of the 2008 Networked Workers Survey sponsored by the Pew Internet & American Life Project. The results demonstrate that job characteristics explain a large, significant portion of the variance of POC at work. The findings suggest that for jobs with high knowledge intensity, managing POC could be approached from a work–life balance perspective. The study also suggests that changes in work structure, job variety, and autonomy could have significant implications for managing POC activities in the wired workplace.
Fundamental Absorption Edge of SrTi O 3

Detailed measurements of the fundamental absorption edge of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ between 6 and 300 K are reported. Because these results provide the first detailed data below 82 K, several new properties of this material have been observed. The energies of the fundamental transitions are found to have unusually small temperature dependence. It is also observed that the strengths of the phonon-emission and impurity-induced absorption processes are more strongly temperature dependent than is found in other materials. In addition, we propose a different explanation for the prominent shoulder in the absorption at 3.40 eV: that it is merely the saturation of the phonon-assisted transitions.
Pulmonary contusion: are children different

Abstract Background: Pulmonary contusion (PC) is a common sequelae of blunt trauma in adults and children; previous reports suggest that children have more favorable outcomes because of differences in mechanisms of injury, associated injury, and physiologic response. Our objective was to determine whether children who sustain PC have different outcomes compared with similarly injured adults. Study Design: Our Level I Trauma Registry was reviewed for a 4-year period and identified 251 consecutive patients who sustained PC. Their charts were reviewed retrospectively for demographics, injury mechanism, injury severity scores, associated injuries, and outcomes (measured by the need for intubation, ventilation days, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. The Student's t -test was used to compare the groups. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the study patients, 41 (16%) were children (ages 2–16, mean 10 years) and 210 (84%) were adults (ages 17–80, mean 34 years). The most common injury mechanisms in children were motor vehicle accidents (56%) and auto-pedestrian accidents (39%), but in adults, motor vehicle accidents (80%, p=0.02) predominated. Injury severity score was not significantly different between groups (children, 26 ± 2 and adults 25 ± 1). Similarly, the incidence of associated injuries was not different between children and adults: head 78% versus 62%, abdomen 59% versus 43%, and skeletal fractures 41% versus 29%, respectively. Neither need for intubation, ventilator days, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or death differed significantly between groups. Conclusions: Although children and adults differ in regard to injury mechanism, their overall injury severity, associated injuries, and outcomes are quite similar. Thus, contrary to previous reports, children do not have a more favorable outcome after PC.
Catastrophic ice-shelf break-up by an ice-shelf-fragment-capsize mechanism

Two disintegration events leading to the loss of Larsen A and B ice shelves, Antarctic Peninsula, in 1995 and 2002, respectively, proceeded with extreme rapidity (order of several days) and reduced an extensive, seemingly integrated ice shelf to a jumble of small fragments. These events strongly correlate with warming regional climate and accumulation of surface meltwater, supporting a hypothesis that meltwater-induced propagation of pre-existing surface crevasses may have initiated ice-shelf fragmentation. We address here an additional, subsequent mechanism that may sustain and accelerate the ice-shelf break-up once it begins. The proposed mechanism involves the coherent capsize of narrow (less than thickness) ice-shelf fragments by rolling 90° in a direction toward, or away from, the ice front. Fragment capsize liberates gravitational potential energy, forces open ice-shelf rifts and contributes to further fragmentation of the surrounding ice shelf.
Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult.

Abstract Experience with human heart transplantation is reported. A technically successful infant heart transplantation was performed on December 6, 1967. The child died 612 hours postoperatively in severe metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Another heart transplantation was performed on January 5, 1968; the recipient was a 57-year old man. The donor heart was unable to support the circulation, and the patient died 1012 hours postoperatively. Problems in the selection of donors and of recipients, in the surgical technic, and in the postoperative management are discussed.
Anticipatory Income Smoothing and the Investment Opportunity Set: An Empirical Test of the Fudenberg and Tirole (1995) Model

Fudenberg and Tirole (1995) argue that concern about job security creates an incentive for managers to smooth earnings. Consistent with their model, Defond and Park (1997) show that managers smooth earnings in consideration of both current and future relative performance. To provide a more direct evidence of anticipating smoothing and job security, we hypothesize that the extent of income smoothing will vary with managers' job security concerns as proxied by the level of the investment opportunity set or growth opportunities. Our results confirmed our predictions.
Confucian global leadership in Chinese tradition: classical and contemporary

Purpose – This paper aims to inquire and argue for a renovated model of Confucian political leadership as a way of political governance rooted in a philosophy of humanity and its potential for development.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is primarily critical and constructive through philosophical analysis and synthesis of ideas and insights into nature of man and political leadership in light of Confucian texts and practices.Findings – Based on reflection and analysis, the classical model of political leadership is shown to consist of core values of virtues and visions in classical Confucianism. By conceptual reconstruction a new Confucian model is formulated in such a way in which ethics of utilities and ethics of justice and righteousness are incorporated. The author further shows how it can be realized in different functions of modernized political and economic leadership. The author finds that this move resulted in achieving an essential transformation toward a more realistic application and p...
Synergism between β-exotoxin and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (HD-1) in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, larvae

Abstract Synergism was demonstrated in larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar , fed an artificial diet containing mixtures of HD-1S-1980 (a standardized spore and crystal preparation of the HD-1 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis ) and β-exotoxin. After 5 days of exposure, the LC 50 of the B. thuringiensis mixed with 0.01 and 0.02% β-exotoxin was significantly lower than that of B. thuringiensis alone. A significant increase in larval susceptibility to B. thuringiensis was also noted with the addition of 0.001% β-exotoxin when exposure time was increased to 7 days. Minimal concentrations of B. thuringiensis β-exotoxin and exposure times where synergism was observed were 0.79 μg/ml of the HD-1S-1980 preparation with 0.01% β-exotoxin after 11 days of exposure, 0.001% β-exotoxin with 3.125 μg/ml of HD-1S-1980 also after 11 days of exposure, and with 6.25 μg/ml of HD-1S-1980 plus 0.02% β-exotoxin after 3 days of exposure.
Temperature response in electrosensors and thermal voltages in electrolytes

Temperature sensation is increasingly well understood in several model organisms. One of the most sensitive organs to temperature changes is the functional electrosensor of sharks and their relatives; its extreme thermal responsiveness, in excised preparations, has not been mechanistically described. In recent years, conflicting reports have appeared concerning the properties of a hydrogel that fills the ampullae of Lorenzini. The appearance of a thermoelectric effect in the gel (or, using different methods, a reported lack thereof) suggested a link between the exquisite electrosense and the thermal response of the electroreceptors (or, alternately, denied that link). I review available electrophysiology evidence of the organ’s temperature response, calculate a theoretical gel signal prediction using physical chemistry, analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the existing gel measurements, and discuss broader implications for the ampullae and temperature sensation.
Solution-state conformation and stoichiometry of yeast Sir3 heterochromatin fibres

Heterochromatin is a ‘repressed’ chromatin state involved in the generation of centromeres, the protection of telomeres and the maintenance of genome integrity. Here Swygert et al. show that Sir3 - a key factor in the formation of heterochromatin - promotes a chromatin structure distinct from the canonical 30 nm fibre.
Unsafe at Any Age: Linking Childhood and Adolescent Maltreatment to Delinquency and Crime

Objectives. This study compares the effects of childhood maltreatment and adolescent maltreatment on delinquency and crime, including violent and nonviolent offending. Methods. Data were derived from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a prospective investigation of 1,539 underprivileged, minority subjects. Results. Results confirmed that rates of overall delinquency, along with violent, drug, and property offending specifically, were elevated among childhood and adolescent maltreatment victims compared to their nonmaltreated peers. Childhood maltreatment was associated with delinquency independent of adolescent maltreatment, and strong connections between adolescent maltreatment and delinquency were present independent of prior victimization. Childhood maltreatment was also significantly related to a panel of adult crime measures, while the effects of adolescent maltreatment on adult crime were less robust. Conclusions. The study findings suggest that maltreatment at any age increases the risk of future offe...
Biomechanics of corneal ectasia and biomechanical treatments.

Many algorithms exist for the topographic/tomographic detection of corneas at risk for post-refractive surgery ectasia. It is proposed that the reason for the difficulty in finding a universal screening tool based on corneal morphologic features is that curvature, elevation, and pachymetric changes are all secondary signs of keratoconus and post-refractive surgery ectasia and that the primary abnormality is in the biomechanical properties. It is further proposed that the biomechanical modification is focal in nature, rather than a uniform generalized weakening, and that the focal reduction in elastic modulus precipitates a cycle of biomechanical decompensation that is driven by asymmetry in the biomechanical properties. This initiates a repeating cycle of increased strain, stress redistribution, and subsequent focal steepening and thinning. Various interventions are described in terms of how this cycle of biomechanical decompensation is interrupted, such as intrastromal corneal ring segments, which redistribute the corneal stress, and collagen crosslinking, which modifies the basic structural properties. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
YKL-40 is a Protective Biomarker for Fatty Liver in World Trade Center Particulate Matter-Exposed Firefighters.

Background: Serum biomarkers of metabolic syndrome predict abnormal lung function in World Trade Center particulate matter (WTC-PM)-exposed Fire Department of New York (FDNY) rescue workers. In animal models, exposure to ambient PM induces non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a well-known comorbidity of metabolic syndrome. YKL-40 is an inflammatory biomarker for both liver and lung disease. We tested if YKL-40 is a biomarker for NAFLD in this dust-exposed cohort. Methods: Using a nested case-control design, we studied 131 FDNY personnel who had Computer Tomography performed within 5 years post 9/11. NAFLD was defined by a liver/spleen attenuation ratio of ≤1. Serum biomarkers, lipid panel and liver function were measured in serum that had been drawn within 6 months of September 11, 2001. YKL-40 and chitotriosidase were assayed by ELISA. We tested biomarker and NAFLD association using logistic regression adjusted for age, BMI, and post-911 lung function. Results: NAFLD was present in 29/131 (22%) of the cohort. In a multivariable model increasing YKL-40 was protective while increasing triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase were risk factors for NAFLD. Conclusions: Increased YKL-40 is a protective biomarker in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Further studies may reveal a link between PM-induced lung and liver diseases.
Better scripts, better games

Smarter, more powerful scripting languages will improve game performance while making gameplay development more efficient.
Urokinase-deficient and urokinase receptor-deficient mice have impaired neutrophil antimicrobial activation in vitro.

Leukocytes express both urokinase- type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uroki- nase receptor (uPAR, CD87). We have shown that neutrophil recruitment to the lung during P. aeruginosa pneumonia is impaired in uPAR-defi- cient (uPAR/) mice but is normal in uPA/ mice. However, both uPA/ mice and uPAR/ mice have impaired lung clearance of P. aerugi- nosa compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To de- termine the role of uPA and uPAR in antibacterial host defense, we compared neutrophil bacterial- phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and degranulation among uPA/, uPAR/, and WT mice. Neu- trophil phagocytosis was significantly diminished comparing uPA/ and uPAR/ mice with WT mice at all time points. The generation of superox- ide by both uPA/ and uPAR/ neutrophils was about half of that seen in WT neutrophils. Degranulation of azurophilic granules was signifi- cantly diminished in uPA/ neutrophils com- pared with either uPAR/ or WT neutrophils. By contrast, agonist-stimulated release of specific granules was not diminished in either uPA/ or uPAR/ mice compared with WT. We conclude that the uPA/uPAR system modulates several of the crucial steps in neutrophil activation that result in bacterial killing and effective innate host defense. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76: 000-000; 2004.
Photocontact allergy to 6‐methylcoumarin

A proprietary sunscreen-induced photosensitivity reactions in a small number of users. Laboratory study revealed that the reactions were of the photoallergic type and were due to the presence of a synthetic fragrance, 6-methylcoumarin. By photomaximization testing 6-meihyicoumarin was found to be a potent photocontact allergen.
Optimization of instrument orientations for ballistic-missle applications

This paper considers the analytic formulation of the problem of optimizing instrument orientations with respect to the probable circular error (CEP) criterion for ballistic applications. The main theme developed is the proper expression of acceleration-induced errors so that optimization techniques can be used without excessive computational requirements. With general and easily computed relations for CEP as a function of the instrument orientations, it is then proposed that a modified method of random search be used for optimization.
Ferrets: Examination and Standards of Care

Abstract This article reviews the current state of the techniques and methods used in examination and data gathering in ferrets. Examination, emergency support, zoonosis, and a review of 3 common disease states are included. Diseases discussed are pancreatic disease (insulinoma), adrenal disease, and lymphoma/lymphosarcoma. An overview of their signalment and current treatment options is included in the section that covers disease review.
Murine model of pulmonary anthrax: kinetics of dissemination, histopathology, and mouse strain susceptibility.

Bioweapons are most often designed for delivery to the lung, although this route is not the usual portal of entry for many of the pathogens in the natural environment. Vaccines and therapeutics that are efficacious for natural routes of infection may not be effective against the pulmonary route. Pulmonary models are needed to investigate the importance of specific bacterial genes in virulence, to identify components of the host immune system that are important in providing innate and acquired protection, and for testing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This report describes the characteristics of host and Bacillus anthracis interactions in a murine pulmonary-infection model. The infective dose varied depending on the route and method of inoculation. The germination process in the lung began within 1 h of inoculation into the lung, although growth within the lung was limited. B. anthracis was found in the lung-associated lymph nodes ∼5 h after infection. Minimal pneumonitis was associated with the lung infection, but significant systemic pathology was noted after dissemination. Infected mice typically succumbed to infection ∼3 to 4 days after inoculation. The 50% lethal doses differed among inbred strains of mice, but within a given mouse strain, neither the age nor the sex of the mice influenced susceptibility to B. anthracis.
ELECTORAL COMPETITION WITH INFORMED AND UNINFORMED VOTERS

I present a model of electoral competition in which candidates raise campaign contributions by choosing policies that benefit interest groups and then expend those contributions to influence voters who are uninformed about the policies. Informed voters, however, vote based on those policies, so candidates face a trade-off between choosing a policy to generate funds to attract the uninformed vote and choosing a policy to attract the informed vote. Electoral equilibria are characterized for two categories of policies: particularistic and collective. In the case of particularistic policies, the equilibrium policies of the candidates are separated if the proportion of uninformed voters is sufficiently high, and the degree of separation is an increasing function of that proportion. The model is extended to include the public financing of elections and incumbency advantages. For the case of collective policies, the candidates locate at the median of the ideal points of the informed voters, and contributions are zero.
Use of Urea-Choline Chloride Eutectic Solvent for Back End of Line Cleaning Applications

A liquid mixture formed from two benign chemicals, urea and choline chloride, in the molar ratio of 2:1 has been evaluated for post etch residue (PER) removal from copper surface. Residue films were prepared by etching DUV photoresist films coated on copper in CF4/O2 plasma. Film removal was evaluated under immersion cleaning conditions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and verified using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The residue film was effectively removed in the temperature range of 40–70°C. The results of this study show that choline chloride and urea based DES system has the potential to function as a back end of line cleaning formulation.
The integration of skill sets used in industry into the bioengineering curriculum at the University of Illinois at Chicago

The University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Bioengineering has modified several courses and has added courses to better prepare the Bioengineer for positions in the medical device, instruments, or supplies industry. The courses that have been modified fall under the categories of required, elective, undergraduate or graduate. Therefore all students have an opportunity to be trained in one or more of the job skill sets. The Bioengineering Curriculum has 6 courses designed to integrate at least one skill set into the course and 2 courses that have five (5) or more skill sets. Examples of skill sets are: Product Requirement Definition, Project Management, Project Scheduling, Status Reporting, Protocol Writing, Design Review, Hazard Analysis, and Risk Assessment. The classroom experience provides the student with training and a real life application of the skill set.
Smart compositing: A real-time content-adaptive blending method for remote visual collaboration

This paper proposes a content-adaptive blending method, smart compositing, for displaying two overlapped video frames on the same screen while preserving the readability of both. A pixel-wise adaptive blending factor map is generated according to the edge and saturation information of the content of only the overlay frame. Using this blending factor map, regions of the overlay frame with edges or saturated color are assigned to be more opaque and the remaining regions are assigned to be more transparent. A halo is also created around the edges of the overlay content which enhances the edges and disambiguates them from the underlying frame. The proposed method is suitable for overlaying many different types of content (e.g. drawings, slides, texts, and pictures) and does not require any information (e.g., an opacity mask) from the application which generates the content. This method has low computational complexity and has been implemented in real-time.
Structure formation during spinning of poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisthiazole) fiber

The structure formed in the coagulation stage of the spinning process of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) fiber is studied by electron microscopy. An oriented network of microfibrils with typical fibril diameters of about 80-100A is observed. We suggest that these microfibrils are the fundamental structural elements of the fiber. Thus, knowledge of the mechanism by which this initial structure is formed may allow for better control of final fiber properties. The relation of structure formation during coagulation to the phase diagram of a rigid polymer solution and to the kinetic mechanism of the phase transition is discussed.
A nested unsupervised approach to identifying novel molecular subtypes

In classification problems arising in genomics research it is common to study populations for which a broad class assignment is known (say, normal versus diseased) and one seeks undiscovered subclasses within one or both of the known classes. Formally, this problem can be thought of as an unsupervised analysis nested within a supervised one. Here we take the view that the nested unsupervised analysis can successfully utilize information from the entire data set for constructing and/or selecting useful predictors. Specifically, we propose a mixture model approach to the nested unsupervised problem, where the supervised information is used to develop latent classes which are in turn used for data mining and robust unsupervised analysis. Our solution is illustrated using data on molecular classification of lung adenocarcinoma.
Hyphenated Selves: Muslim American Youth Negotiating Identities on the Fault Lines of Global Conflict

In the wake of the events of September 11, Muslim-American youth found that the multiple cultures within which they live were suddenly and alarmingly in conflict. The developmental consequences of living in a world fractured by religious and ethnic terror have yet to be determined for Muslim youth in the United States. This exploratory, mixed-method study begins to examine how Muslim youth negotiate their identities in these challenging times. Documented in the surveys, narrated in the interviews, and drawn into their identity maps, Muslim-American youth (n = 70) ages 12 to 18, vividly portrayed their interior lives as a dialectic labor of psychological reconciliation – piecing together what we call hyphenated selves. The results show that Muslim youth experience discrimination, sometimes to an extreme degree. We observed diversity in how youth deal with the challenges of growing up Muslim in post 9/11 US, ranging from “telling nobody” to policing each other within the Muslim community. In addition we fou...
Trap detection in electrically stressed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using optical pumping

Abstract AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) with gate lengths of 0.14–0.17 μm were electrically stressed under on-state (VG = 0 V), off-state (VG = −5 V) and typical operating conditions (VG = −2 V) and subsequently illuminated with below band-gap light to monitor changes in drain current corresponding to the changes in trapping and de-trapping of carriers within the band-gap. The changes in drain current are indicators of a change in trap density as a result of electrical stressing, since the energy from a specific wavelength of light fills traps whose activation energies are less than or equal to that of the light source. Changes in trap densities were minimal after both off-state and on-state stressing but significant trap creation in the range EC-0.4–0.6 eV were observed in HEMTs exhibiting gradual degradation during stressing. Energy levels corresponding to these values in the literature have been suggested to correlate with GaN and NGa substitutional defects, as well as GaI interstitials.
Dual-V/sub T/ SRAM cells with full-swing single-ended bit line sensing for high-performance on-chip cache in 0.13 /spl mu/m technology generation

Comparisons among different dual-V/sub T/ design choices for a large on-chip cache with single-ended sensing show that the design using a dual-V/sub T/ cell and low-V/sub T/ peripheral circuits is the best, and provides 10% performance gain with 1.2x larger active leakage power, and 1.6% larger cell area compared to the best design using high-V/sub T/ cells.
Aeration in Lubrication With Application to Drag Torque Reduction

The aeration of an oil film flowing between the faces of two closely spaced circular plates (one stationary, and one rotating) is examined experimentally, numerically, and with an improved lubrication model. The gap between the plates is small compared to their radii, making lubrication theory appropriate for modeling the flow. However, standard lubrication boundary conditions suggested by Reynolds (1886, "On the Theory of Lubrication and its Application to Mr. Beauchamp Tower’s Experiments, Including an Experimental Determination of the Viscosity of Olive Oil," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 177 , pp. 157-234) of p = 0 and pn = 0 (Dirichlet and Neumann conditions on pressure) at the gas-liquid interface do not allow for the inclusion of a contact line model, a phenomenon that is important in the inception of aeration. Hence, the standard theory does not adequately predict the experimentally observed onset of aeration. In the present work, we modify the Neumann boundary condition to include both interfacial tension effects and the dynamics of the interface contact angle. The resulting one-dimensional Cartesian two-phase model is formulated to incorporate the prescribed contact line condition and tracks the interface shape and its motion. This model is then implemented in an axisymmetric, two-dimensional model of the rotating disk flow and used to predict the onset of aeration for varying surface tension and static contact angles. The results of the modified lubrication model are compared with experimental observations and with a numerical computation of the aerating flow using a volume of fluid method.