cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-Nanowatt Ultrasonic Bio-Telemetry Using B-Scan Imaging

Goal: The objective of this paper is to investigate if the use of a B-scan ultrasound imaging system can reduce the energy requirements, and hence the power-dissipation requirements to support wireless bio-telemetry at an implantable device. Methods: B-scan imaging data were acquired using a commercial 256-element linear ultrasound transducer array which was driven by a commercial echoscope. As a transmission medium, we used a water-bath and the operation of the implantable device was emulated using a commercial-off-the-shelf micro-controller board. The telemetry parameters (e.g. transmission rate and transmission power) were wirelessly controlled using a two-way radio-frequency transceiver. B-scan imaging data were post-processed using a maximum-threshold decoder and the quality of the ultrasonic telemetry link was quantified in terms of its bit-error-rate (BER). Results: Measured results show that a reliable B-scan communication link with an implantable device can be achieved at transmission power levels of 100 pW and for implantation depths greater than 10 cm. Conclusions: In this paper we demonstrated that a combination of B-scan imaging and a simple decoding algorithm can significantly reduce the energy-budget requirements for reliable ultrasonic telemetry.
Asymptotic theory for regression models with fractional local to unity root errors

This paper develops the asymptotic theory for parametric and nonparametric regression models when the errors have a fractional local to unity root (FLUR) model structure. FLUR models are stationary time series with semi-long range dependence property in the sense that their covariance function resembles that of a long memory model for moderate lags but eventually diminishes exponentially fast according to the presence of a decay factor governed by a an exponential tempering parameter. When this parameter is sample size dependent, the asymptotic theory for these regression models admit a wide range of stochastic processes with behavior that includes long, semi-long, and short memory processes.
Bounded Derivative Feedback Control with Application to Magnetic Levitation

Abstract In this paper, we study the stabilization of dynamic systems with uncertain equilibrium states and in the presence of bounded control. We propose state and output derivative feedback control schemes to stabilize the dynamic system, and to drive the system states to its true equilibrium state even when the location of such equilibrium is uncertain. Control bounds in the feedback control are also considered in this paper, and stability conditions are derived for the cases when the control energy is bounded, and when the maximum control is bounded. Stability conditions are derived in the form of matrix inequalities for both cases of control bounds, and numerical methods are discussed to synthesize feasible control solutions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by an experimental implementation.
A phase Ib trial of ERK inhibition with ulixertinib combined with palbociclib in patients (Pts) with advanced solid tumors.

3103Background: Activating KRAS mutations are the most frequently detected aberrant oncogenes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Combination strategies to target the downstream RAF-MEK-ERK effector path...
Protection of Potential Life in Illinois: Policy and Law at Odds

Recent advances in scientific and medical understanding of human reproduction make more possible significant state legislative action protective of the human unborn. Contrary to much contemporary thinking, such legal protection not only is consistent with the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, but also is legitimized and perhaps even encouraged by that decision. Further, such legal protection often is supported in a state both by the general public sentiment and by the particular sentiments of those individuals whose families the unborn may one day join. While the concurrent general popular support and particular individual support for protecting potential human life form the basis of a public policy favoring significant legal protection for the unborn in Illinois, adequate legal protection of potential human life is unrealized in this state. After examining the decision in Roe and the objectives underlying state protection of potential human life, the dichotomies between prevailing Illinois public policy and current Illinois law will be examined and suggested changes will be noted.
Relieving Burnout and the “Martyr Syndrome” Among Social Justice Education Activists: The Implications and Effects of Mindfulness

Activist burnout, which causes activists to disengage from their activism, is a formidable barrier to the sustainability of social justice movements, including those focused on social justice in educational contexts. However, the cultures of these movements often disregard the importance of self-care, seeing it as self-indulgence, putting activists at even higher risks of burnout. In this study, one of the first to assess the impact of specific self-care strategies on activist burnout, data from interviews with 14 social justice education activists are analyzed in order to uncover how they used mindfulness practices such as yoga, tai-chi, and meditation to cope with burnout. The analysis revealed a variety of ways in which mindfulness mitigated their burnout experiences. It revealed, as well, a shared perception that, beyond helping to sustain their activism, mindfulness made them more effective activists.
Nitrogen Dioxide Fixation in Bacterial Chromatin Studies

Eller, Charles (St. John's University, Jamaica, N.Y.), and William H. Beckert. Nitrogen dioxide fixation in bacterial chromatin studies. J. Bacteriol. 90:1710-1712. 1965.-Satisfactory chromatin staining was obtained with two Bacillus species when nitrogen dioxide was used for fixation in conjunction with either the acid Giemsa or Feulgen staining methods. An impression method was employed for the transfer of bacilli to a new environment as well as for smears. Advantages of nitrogen dioxide fixation are discussed.
Identity Before Identity Politics: Womem's identity/women's politics

In the previous chapter, I argued that changes in the history of black politics in the twentieth century – including the emergence of Black Power in the mid 1960s – were importantly rooted in changing understandings of black identity as these evolved among different groups of African Americans over the course of that century. Similarly, in this chapter I want to make a related claim about the history of activism around women's issues in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Here too, political changes were importantly based in changing understandings of the meaning of female identity as these developed among different groups of women and men over the course of this period. Moreover, I believe that a focus on these changing understandings of female identity will necessitate a reconsideration of how we think about the history of those political changes. Since the early years of “women's liberation” in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the US, many scholars, including myself, have talked about that history in terms of “waves.” The first “wave” supposedly encompassed the nineteenth-century women's movement leading up to suffrage. The period between 1920 and the early 1960s was then described as a time of relative calm.
A study of safety applications in vehicular networks

Car crashes claim the lives of more than 100,000 people every year in the US alone. Forming ad-hoc networks among vehicles traveling on a highway can be very helpful to avoid such deadly accidents and pile-ups. In this paper, we define two classes of applications for such networks: safety-related applications and Internet connectivity. We also propose a new model for highway traffic and events that can be used to automatically generate movement files readable by the NS-2.28 simulator. Through simulations of such vehicular networks using flooding and IEEE 802.11 for safety-related applications, we attempt to answer the fundamental question: are highway vehicular networks feasible and efficient for safety purposes
A path to success? A review of evolution, development, and the predictable genome by David L. Stern

Hope Hollocher,* Charles H. Pence, Grant Ramsey, and Michelle M. Wirth Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Program in History and Philosophy of Science, John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology and Values, University of Notre Dame, Geddes Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Department of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame, Malloy Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Haggar Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
Is Chlordiazepoxide the Rational Choice Among Benzodiazepines

Diazepam is frequently the subject of review by various agencies and institutions charged with determining whether or not to substitute another, more economical drug--in most instances, chlordiazepoxide. A review of the comparative literature has shown that, on clinical and pharmacokinetic grounds, chlordiazepoxide is not the drug of choice for all clinical indications recommended for the benzodiazepines as a class, particularly for use as an antianxiety agent. There is evidence that the antianxiety effect of chlordiazepoxide is related to the appearance of its two active metabolites, which may explain the observed delay in its onset of action. When chlordiazepoxide's reduced clearance in the elderly and in patients with liver disease is considered along with its limited range of indications, substitution of diazepam with chlordiazepoxide is clearly not reasonable. Diazepam and lorazepam are preferred choices in acute anxiety because they are themselves active anxiolytics. Oxazepam is recommended in alcoholic cirrhotics because its plasma clearance does not seem to be significantly affected by liver disease. Diazepam is recommended for chronic anxiety because of the rapid onset of action of diazepam itself and the smooth transition to the nondrug state via its longer-acting active metabolite.
PATRONES DE NIDIFICACIÓN DE Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula Y Melipona rufiventris (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) EN EL NORTE DE LA PAZ, BOLIVIA

Tres comunidades Tacanas en el norte de La Paz, con el objeto de criar abejas nativas, trasladaron colonias silvestres de su bosque aledano a cajas racionales. De estas colonias se registro informacion sobre: tipo de bosque y especies de arboles donde anidan, diametro a la altura del pecho del arbol hospedero y altura al tubo de ingreso. Trigona (Tetragosnisca) angustula (n = 100) ubica sus nidos principalmente en areas de barbecho (descanso de cultivos, chacos y potreros) con mayor frecuencia en la especie arborea Astronium urundeuva; la otra especie de abeja Melipona rufiventris (n = 24) ubico sus nidos en la matriz boscosa y no se encontraron senales de preferencia por alguna especie arborea. El mayor porcentaje de nidos de T. angustula fue encontrado en arboles muertos y la altura promedio al tubo de ingreso fue registrado en 32 cm (DS = 24.4); el diametro promedio a la altura del pecho de los arboles hospederos fue de 37 cm (DS = 13.4) mientras que para M. rufiventris fue de 42 cm (DS = 14.5). Este trabajo es el primer estudio de nidificacion de estas abejas en la zona y en Bolivia.
Computer-aided Reliability Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Systems

We present an overview of the major problems inherent in reliability modeling of fault-tolerant systems. The problems faced while modeling such systems include the need to consider a very large state space, non-exponential distributions, error analysis, the need to perform a combined evaluation of performance and reliability, and the need to include the details of fault/error handling behavior. Some of the proposed solutions are discussed and current tools (HARP, SAVE, DEEP and SHARPE) to facilitate evaluation of such systems are described. References are provided to many of the important techniques utilized in reliability, availability, and performance modeling of such systems.
Probing thickness-dependent dislocation storage in freestanding Cu films using residual electrical resistivity

Residual electrical resistivity measurement is employed to study dislocation storage under tensile loading of freestanding electroplated Cu films (1–5μm grain size and 2–50μm thickness). The results indicate that the nature of thickness effects (strengthening or weakening) depends on the underlying deformation mechanisms via the average grain size. A threshold grain size of about dg=5μm is identified to distinguish grain size effects in thicker films from those in thinner films. For dg>5μm, diminishing microstructural constraint with reduced thickness weakens the films due to dislocation annihilation near the free surface. For dg<5μm, reduction of film thickness leads to strengthening via grain boundary-source starvation.
Deformed‐polycrystalline‐copper elastic constants

By ultrasonic methods, the principal macroscopic-orthotropic-symmetry elastic constants are studied of plastically deformed copper plate. By X-ray diffraction, a strong plate texture is verified, which is identified as (110) [112, 111]. From the monocrystal elastic constants, the macroscopic elastic constants expected for ideal textures are calculated. Prediction fails to fit observation; mostly, the predicted elastic stiffness is too high. This disagreement is ascribed to a high density of deformation-induced dislocations. To the elastic-constant measurements, these dislocations contribute a reversible plastic strain. For the elastic shear stiffnesses the usual Cijkl = Cijlk macroscopic symmetry failed. This breakdown is ascribed to dislocation-array anisotropy. For the elastic constants, the dislocation contribution overwhelms the texture contribution. After plastic deformation, the elastic constants show an ambient-temperature time dependence. Mittels Ultraschallmethoden werden die grundlegenden makroskopisch-orthotropischen elastischen Konstanten einer plastisch verformten Kupferplatte untersucht. Durch Rontgenbeugung wird eine starke Plattentextur verifiziert, die als (110) [1112, 111] identifiziert wird. Aus den einkristallinen elastischen Konstanten werden die fur ideale Texturen erwarteten makroskopischen elastischen Konstanten berechnet. Die Vorausberechnungen lassen sich nicht an die Beobachtungen anpassen, meist ist die vorhergesagte elastische Steifheit zu hoch. Diese Nichtubereinstimmung wird einer hohen Dichte von deformationsinduzierten Versetzungen zugeschrieben. Zu den Messungen der elastischen Konstanten tragen diese Versetzungen eine reversible plastische Verformung bei. Fur die elastische Schersteifheit gilt nicht die makroskopische Symmetrie, Cijkl = Cijlk. Dieses Versagen wird der Anisotropie der Versetzungsanordnung zugeschrieben. Fur die elastischen Konstanten ubersteigt der Versetzungsbeitrag den Texturbeitrag. Nach plastischer Verformung zeigen die elastischen Konstanten eine Umgebungstemperatur-Zeitabhangigkeit.
Recent advances in some optical experimental methods

Abstract Light has been used as a non-destructive probe for the the in situ investigation of processes at electrodes. The determination of concentration profiles near electrodes by optical interferometry has been improved by considering the bending of light inthe boundary layer and its reflection from the electrode edge. Use of the Doppler shift of scattered laser light has been investigated for the measurement of convection velocities in boundary layers. The developmentof a fast and sensitive automatic ellipsometer has made it possible to follow the growth of surface layers at sizeable current densities. Consideration of the optical effect of mass-transport boundary layers on the observation of surface layers by ellipsometry has resulted in the novel use of ellipsometry for the determination of interfacial concentration at electrodes. A colorimetric analysis of interference colors, produced by thin films on electrodes, has shown that optimum angles of incidence exist for the observation of interference colors with polarized light. Interference color series have been derived theoretically which take phase change and amplitude attenuation in reflection into account.
Universal rosetting reagent for the detection of human cell surface markers

Abstract The extensive use of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of human cell surface markers has necessitated the development of a simple, reproducible reagent which can be applied universally to any mouse anti-human antibody. We have developed a rosetting reagent which is composed of ox red blood cells, rabbit anti-ox RBC antibody, protein A, and rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody. This reagent binds specifically to human lymphocytes coated with mouse monoclonal antibody, is as sensitive as immunoflourescence and gives comparable results with fresh and frozen peripheral blood lymphocytes. Sensitivity, reliability, and ease of quantitation make this an extremely practical reagent, and its versatility makes it especially useful for large scale studies of human T cell markers.
Mevalonic acid as a precursor in the biogenesis of digitoxigenin.

(±)-Mevalonic acid-2-14C has been injected into a growing plant of Digitalis lanata L. to test if this acid serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of cardenolides. After nine days a portion of the leaves was extracted and the constituents submitted to paper chromatography followed by autoradiography. The carbon 14 was detected in the lipid fraction and in the cardiac glycoside spots, but mostly in an area containing an as yet unidentified compound. Of the two glycosides forming the major glycoside area, one was predominant and, as after Mannich hydrolysis and chromatography, glucose, digitoxose and digitoxigenin were identified, this corresponds to lanatoside A. The aglycone fraction contained the radioactivity.
The developmental outcome of children with antenatal mild isolated ventriculomegaly

Objective To evaluate standardized developmental test performance of infants and children who as fetuses had mild isolated cerebral ventriculomegaly diagnosed by ultrasound. Methods Ultrasound records from 1990 to 1996 were searched for cases of mild isolated ventriculomegaly, and standardized developmental testing of the children was offered to their parents. Each consented child was matched to a normal antepartum subject with respect to sex, race, indication for ultrasound, and gestational age (±2 weeks) at the time of ultrasound. Tests of cognitive, motor, and adaptive behavior were then administered by examiners blinded to the subjects' case or comparison status. Results Twenty-two cases and an equal number of matched comparison subjects completed the testing. The ventriculomegaly and comparison groups were similar with respect to parental age, maternal education, and household income. The ventriculomegaly subjects scored significantly lower than the comparison group on both the Bayley Scales of Infant Development: mental development index (88.95 versus 99.68, P = .017) and psychomotor development index (95.55 versus 103.95, P = .039). Eight of the 22 ventriculomegaly children were classified as developmentally delayed on the mental development index compared with one of 22 children in the comparison group ( P = .021). Adaptive behavior skills, as measured by the Vineland Behavior Scales (99.64 versus 102.68), were not significantly different between the groups ( P = .571). Conclusion Mild isolated ventriculomegaly detected on antepartum sonographic examination is associated with a significant risk for developmental delay. Insofar as these children were judged to be completely normal at birth, our findings represent an important application of antepartum sonography for identifying infants who could be targeted for early childhood intervention.
Assembly of Four Diverse Heterocyclic Libraries Enabled by Prins Cyclization, Au-Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization, and Automated Amide Synthesis

We describe a unified synthetic strategy for efficient assembly of four new heterocyclic libraries. The synthesis began by creating a range of structurally diverse pyrrolidinones or piperidinones. Such compounds were obtained in a simple one-flask operation starting with readily available amines, ketoesters, and unsaturated anhydrides. The use of tetrahydropyran-containing ketoesters, which were rapidly assembled by our Prins cyclization protocol, enabled efficient fusion of pyran and piperidinone cores. A newly developed Au(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alkyne-containing enamides further expanded heterocyclic diversity by providing rapid entry into a wide range of bicyclic and tricyclic dienamides. The final stage of the process entailed diversification of each of the initially produced carboxylic acids using a fully automated platform for amide synthesis, which delivered 1872 compounds in high diastereomeric and chemical purity.
Essay Prompts and Topics: Minimizing the Effect of Mean Differences.

These studies investigated the degree to which prompts and topic types affect the writing performance of college freshmen. The students (N = 3,452) taking the 1989 and 1990 Manoa Writing Placement Examination (MWPE) were required to write in response to two types of topics (for a total of 6,904 essays): one in response to a reading passage and another in response to a question based on personal experience. Ten such prompt sets were used in this study. Study 1 indicated that the MWPE testing procedures were reasonably reliable and consistent across semesters but that student responses to individual prompts and prompt sets were significantly different from each other. Study 2 showed that if two topic types and a large number of prompts are involved, the differences that arise in the performance on prompts or topic types can be minimized by examining the students' mean scores and changing the pairings so that the prompt sets are more equitable in subsequent administrations.
Coupled cluster calculations for the BC molecule using numerical correlation orbitals

Abstract Calculations were performed on the BC molecule using a method which combines the numerical MCSCF technique and the coupled cluster method involving single, double and triple excitations (CCSD+T(CCSD) level) in an attempt to determine, very accurately, re in the ground electronic state. The result of 2.817 au agrees quite well with one of the experimentally suggested values which is 2.820 au.
Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults: 1988 to 2010.

Abstract Background Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated independently with morbidity and mortality. Physical activity attenuates these risks. We examined trends in obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults from 1988 to 2010. Methods Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Results Average body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.44) per year in both women and men. Average waist circumference increased by 0.37% (95% CI, 0.30-0.43) and 0.27% (95% CI, 0.22-0.32) per year in women and men, respectively. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity increased substantially, as did the prevalence of abdominal obesity among overweight adults. Younger women experienced the greatest increases. The proportion of adults who reported no leisure-time physical activity increased from 19.1% (95% CI, 17.3-21.0) to 51.7% (95% CI, 48.9-54.5) in women, and from 11.4% (95% CI, 10.0-12.8) to 43.5% (95% CI, 40.7-46.3) in men. Average daily caloric intake did not change significantly. BMI and waist circumference trends were associated with physical activity level but not caloric intake. The associated changes in adjusted BMIs were 8.3% (95% CI, 6.9-9.6) higher among women and 1.7% (95% CI, 0.68-2.8) higher among men with no leisure-time physical activity compared with those with an ideal level of leisure-time physical activity. Conclusions Our analyses highlight important dimensions of the public health problem of obesity, including trends in younger women and in abdominal obesity, and lend support to the emphasis placed on physical activity by the Institute of Medicine.
Weather and Human Mortality: An Evaluation of Demographic and Interregional Responses in the United States

Abstract This study describes the impact of weather on human mortality at numerous locations around the United States. We evaluate forty-eight cities and determine the differential impact of weather on mortality on an intercity and interregional level. The mortality data are analyzed separately for different age, race, and cause of death categories. The possible impact of geographical and within-season acclimatization is also analyzed. Thresh-old temperatures, which represent the temperature beyond which mortality increases, are identified for all the categories and all cities in summer and winter. We correlate numerous weather variables with mortality for days with temperatures beyond the threshold. In summer, warm, humid, calm conditions (especially at night) relate to the highest mortality. The strongest relationships occur in regions where hot weather is uncommon and the weakest relationships in the hottest locales. Regional acclimatization appears to be especially important in summer. A strong intra-...
Interferon-induced expression of class II major histocompatibility antigens in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II deficiency syndrome.

Class II antigens encoded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are expressed by a variety of cell types and have a vital role in the cellular interactions required for an effective immune response. We have analyzed the regulation of HLA-DR, DP, and DQ class II antigen expression on cells of different lineage from an immunodeficient patient with the MHC class II deficiency syndrome. T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, and fibroblasts, which initially expressed no class II antigens, were treated with inductive stimuli that normally lead to enhanced expression of class II antigens. Monocytes, but not fibroblasts, cultured for 48–96 hr in the presence of recombinant gamma interferon expressed all three types of class II antigens. In contrast, T lymphocytes did not express class II antigens following their exposure to a variety of stimuli, including activation with phytohemagglutinin and culture in the presence of interleukin-2, transformation by the retrovirus HTLV-1 or HTLV-2, or exposure to the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Similarly, class II antigens were not induced on B cells by cross-linkage of surface immunoglobulin molecules with anti-mu, exposure to Epstein-Barr virus, or treatment with soluble factors secreted by activated T cells. These results demonstrate that the regulation of class II MHC antigen expression by monocytes and lymphocytes is dissimilar and suggest that different regulatory genes are involved in the control of class II antigen expression by cells of different lineage.
A Strategy for the Development of Small-Molecule-Based Sensors That Strongly Fluoresce When Bound to a Specific RNA

We report a broadly applicable approach for the development of small-molecule-based RNA sensors. Our photoinduced electron transfer (PET) sensor consists of a fluorescein derivative as the fluorophore and two aniline derivatives as electron donors (quenchers). The isolation of electron-donor-binding RNA by in vitro selection (also known as SELEX) yielded an RNA aptamer that could increase the fluorescence intensity of the sensor by 13-fold. This result shows that RNA-electron-donor interactions can be used to develop modular RNA chemosensors.
Distinct cytokine patterns exist in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of patients with prostate cancer

Abstract In this study, we have concurrently assayed for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in 24-h serum-free cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from seventeen patients with prostate cancer (CaP) per cytokine bead array analysis. The purpose of the study is to examine the nature of the cytokine profile operating among patients and to correlate with their physical, biochemical, and clinical parameters. Unstimulated PBMC cultures from patients with hormone-sensitive metastatic disease demonstrated elevated level of baseline TNF-α compared to patients with high-risk, locally advanced disease. Younger patients exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-4 and TNF-α compared to older patients following PHA stimulation. Similarly, significantly higher ratios of IFN-γ/IL-4, IFN-γ/IL-10, and IL-2/IL-4, a favorable type-1 cytokine pattern, were observed in patients with lower serum PSA compared to patients with high serum PSA. These results indicate the existence of distinct cytokine patterns among patients with CaP.
A survey of chiropractors’ use of nutrition in private practice

ABSTRACT Objective To survey the private practice use of nutrition by chiropractors with emphasis on recommendations and education. Design A 3-page mail survey was sent to chiropractors practicing in the United States. Results The response rate was within the normal response range, 34% (74 of 217). Of those that responded, 77% were male; the mean number of years since graduation from chiropractic college was 13, with a range from 1-39 years. The average practice time spent on nutrition was 19%. Fifty-three percent of responders felt that their chiropractic college provided them with an adequate understanding in nutrition. Eightyone percent incorporated nutritional counseling, handed out nutritional literature or recommended nutritional supplements. Forty-two percent felt that chiropractors are able to address all nutritional concerns and 21% feel that the services of a nutritional specialist should only be used for second opinion interpretations. Discussion Nutrition is an important factor in the pursuit of optimal health. Most chiropractors in our sample incorporated nutritional services in their practice. The results of this study suggest that a significant amount of practice time is spent on services other than chiropractic adjustments. Approximately half of the chiropractors felt that their chiropractic college provided an adequate understanding in nutrition.
Pathogenic Pleuropneumonia-Like Microörganisms in Tissues of Normal Mice and Isolation of New Immunological Types

SummaryPathogenic microorganisms of the mouse pleuro-pneumonia group in addition to being present in the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa may often be found in the brain and occasionally also in the trachea and lung of normal carrier mice. They were not found in the heart blood, liver, spleen, kidneys or in the intestinal contents. The carrier state is probably the result of contact infection and has been demonstrated as early as the 5th day of life and later than 6 months. Two new, immunologically distinct types (D and E) have been isolated; they produce arthritis but not the neurotropic exotoxin which thus far has been found to be elaborated only by the type A strains.
732-4 Infundibular Diameter Predicts the Presence of Right Ventricular-Coronary Communications in Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

In patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS), the presence of right ventricular to coronary communications (RVCC) dictates surgical management (right ventricular (RV) decompression). Previously, tricuspid valve annulus size-Z score (TV-Z), and RV morphology have been used to predict the presence of RVCC. We hypothesize that pulmonary infundibular diameter better predicts the presence of RVCC than TV-Z score. Methods From 2/91 to 7/94, 24 neonates with PA/IVS referred to our institution were studied (6 of which were prospectively evaluated). Four were excluded: 1 with associated Ebstein's anomaly and 3 with incomplete data. In the remaining 20 pts., echocardiographic measurements of the TV annulus and infundibular diameter were made, and angiograms were reviewed for the presence and extent of RVCC. Statistical analysis was performed using a two tailed student's t test. Results Eleven pts with RVCC had significantly smaller infundibular diameter (2.3 ± 07–mm)than nine pts without RVCC(6.5 ± 1.6–mm), P l 0.0001. All patient with RVCC had infundibular diameter l 3.4 mm. All patients without RVCC had infundibular diameter g 5.0–mm. While, the TV Z-score was also significantly smaller: –3.52 ± 1.3 vs. –0.76 ± 1.0, respectively, p l 0.001, there was significant overlap between the groups. In all six cases studied prospectively, the presence of RVCC was predicted correctly, using the infundibular diameter. Conclusion The infundibular diameter measured by Echo accurately predicts the presence of RV-coronary communications in neonates with PA/IVS. This method better distinguishes the presence or absence of RVCC than TV-Z score.
Do heavy ions cause microlesions in cell membranes

The microlesion question is investigated by monitoring the electrical potential difference across the endothelium of rat corneas in vitro before, during, and after irradiation. When the corneas were exposed to 1 Gy of Fe-56 ions (450 and 600 MeV/a.m.u.), no effect was detected on this parameter. These results suggest that direct physical damage to cell membranes, as predicted by the microlesion theory, does not take place.
Role of light intensification by cracks in optical breakdown on surfaces.

The intensity distribution of an initially plane light wave incident on planar and conical surface cracks is calculated numerically by using a wave propagation computer code. The results show that light intensity enhancements caused by interference of internal reflections at the crack and the surface are very sensitive to the light polarization, the beam angle of incidence, and the crack geometry (e.g., crack width and orientation with the surface). The light intensity enhancement factor (LIEF) can locally reach 2 orders of magnitude for conical cracks of ideal shape. The electric field direction relative to the crack surfaces determines the light intensity profile around the crack. For normal-incidence illumination on the output surface, total internal reflection at the crack and the surface can occur and leads to higher LIEFs. For identical geometry and illumination conditions, a crack located on the entrance surface of an optic generates electric field enhancements that are weaker than those on the exit surface. As cracks on polished surfaces are randomly oriented, the probability for large intensity enhancements to occur is high. The model is able to predict quantitatively the magnitude of surface laser-induced damage threshold drop and damage propagation enhancement in dielectric materials that are due to cracks.
Freedom in Dress: A Search for Related Factors

The purpose of this study was to begin to identify measurable factors that are associated with a feeling of freedom in dress. Responses to a questionnaire by 71 undergraduate women at a mid western university indicated: (1) their subjective feeling of freedom in dress; (2) the extent to which socioeconomic factors restricted their choices of clothing; and (3) their levels of perception of cloth ing indicated by free association verbal responses to slides. A t-test comparing the difference of means between those who felt more free and those who felt less free identified three social restrictions significantly associated with a feeling of freedom in dress. Those less free were much more likely to be restricted in their choices of clothing because of their roles as students, their lack of self-confi dence in choosing their own clothing, and their dissatisfaction with previous clothing choices.
The classification of panic disorders: from Freud to DSM-IV

The authors trace the history of the classification of anxiety disorders, beginning with a detailed discussion of Freud's work on anxiety-neurosis as a basis for subsequent work. They discuss how anxiety disorders were described in DSM-I and DSM-II where Freud's concept of the anxiety neurosis was used as a major organizing principle. The revolutionary change in DSM-III is described in which the term and organizing principle of neurosis was dropped. The controversies that have arisen as a result of changes in DSM-III-R are discussed, particularly as they relate to compatibility with the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and especially with respect to the relationship and priority of panic and agoraphobia. Finally the authors discuss the process by which decisions will be made in DSM-IV where changes will be based on systematic reviews of empirical evidence whenever possible.
The effects of shifts in monetary policy and reserve accounting regimes on bank reserve management behavior in the federal funds market

Abstract This paper looks at the effects on Fed fund rates and Fed fund purchasing behavior of large banks resulting from (i) the 1982 regime switch from non-borrowed to borrowed reserve targeting by the Fed and (ii) the 1984 switch from lagged to almost contemporaneous reserve accounting (CRA). Whether we analyse changes in the interest-rate or quantity dimensions, the shift in monetary policy targets appeared to have had a more profound effect on the market for bank reserves than the shift in reserve accounting regime. These results, therefore, tend to support the contention that a shift to CRA by itself will have little effect on bank reserve management behavior unless combined with its logical counterpart — a total reserves target.
Linear, high molecular weight polyethylene from a discrete, mononuclear phosphinoarenesulfonate complex of nickel(II)

A well-defined, homogeneous catalyst, [(Ph)(2-(2′,6′-(OMe)2-C6H3)-C6H4)P(2-SO3-C6H4)]Ni(Ph)PPh3, in which a single, bulky ortho-biphenyl substituent on the chelating phosphine blocks one axial position, is very active for formation of linear polyethylene (Mn = 403 000 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 1.87).
Experimental Investigation of Sintering Flue Gas Desulfurization with Steel Slag Using Dry CFB Method

SO2 Emission of sintering flue gas accounts for more than 70% of total SO2 emission of steel industry. The purpose of this paper was to use steel slag for desulfurization of sintering flue gas. Based on traditional circulating fluidized beds (CFB) for flue gas desulfurization (FGD), a new dry digestion CFB-FGD process was developed. The new process eliminated the traditional digestion procedure, and the functions of the reactor include preliminary dust collection, digestion and desulfurization. An pilot CFB installation with maximum flow rate of 8000 Nm3/h for flue gas desulfurization was established. The desulfurization effects of calces, converter slag and blast furnace slag were investigated under the following experimental conditions: temperature of inlet flue gas, 150 °C; temperature of outlet flue gas, 75 °C. Relative humidity, 13%; flue gas flow rate, 6800 Nm3/h; Ca/S ratio, 1.2. The results showed that all of the desulfurization agents had desulfurization capability and the desulfurization efficiency of calces was the best, followed by converter slag and blast furnace slag. The removal efficiency of steel slag ranged from 75% to 82%. Considering solid waste utilization, the application of steel slag in desulfurization using dry CFB has a promising future.
Origin and evolution of the layered deposits in the Valles Marineris, Mars

Four hypotheses are discussed concerning the origin of the layered deposits in the Martian Valles Marineris, whose individual thicknesses range from about 70 to 300 m. The hypothesized processes are: (1) aeolian deposition; (2) deposition of remnants of the material constituting the canyon walls; (3) deposition of volcanic eruptions; and (4) deposition in standing bodies of water. The last process is chosen as most consistent with the rhythm and lateral continuity of the layers, as well as their great thickness and stratigraphic relationship with other units in the canyons. Attention is given to ways in which the sediments could have entered an ice-covered lake; several geologically feasible mechanisms are identified.
A CAMAC automated nuclear chemistry laboratory

Abstract A large complex of nuclear chemistry laboratories and counting rooms has been automated using CAMAC as the interface to experimental data-acquisition equipment. It is shown that CAMAC provides the versatility required in a complex experimental laboratory where requirements change from one experiment to another, and where many different experiments may proceed concurrently.
Justice George Sutherland and Commerce-Clause Federalism Before the New Deal

The jurisprudence of Justice George Sutherland illustrates how the U.S. Supreme Court justified commerce-clause federalism between the end of the Civil War and the ascendancy of the New Deal. Sutherland presented a constitutional and political defense of federalism grounded in American natural-rights theory. This defense presents arguments that federalism's skeptics and defenders have not considered sufficiently. Skeptics tend to argue that is impossible to maintain a federalist constitutional arrangement; Sutherland's defense shows how to do so. Federalism's supporters tend to defend the commerce clause on negative grounds, that it limits government power by forcing the states to compete with each other and Congress to compete with them all. Sutherland, however, drew on a tradition of political theory which stressed that commerce-clause federalism offered positive benefits by keeping the federal government lean and mean. It barred Congress from regulating on subjects about which it was less informed and competent than state legislators and regulators. By focusing the federal government on truly national objects like interstate trade, it left most regulation where citizens could see it-locally. According to this tradition, the commerce clause played a critical role in making the national government energetic and effective, and it also ordered local political processes so as to make citizens self-reliant and fit for republican self-government. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
The fabrication of fabrication: a second order design process

The project discussed here was developed during a research & design seminar on biologically inspired prototypingi. Based on the observation that nature produces infinite structural and formal configurations through re-cycling of only one material (fibers), a ‘machine’ was designed that can fabricate complex shapes using a variety of thread types. The paper theoretically situates a form-finding process with possible applications in construction and discusses the first phase of design as well as the early second stage and the factors that affect our decisions for future development. The author is concerned with the possible value of such a process for architecture, as well as a philosophical meaning of ‘layered’ design processes.
Theory of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle

The consequences of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling by calcium-induced calcium release were studied theoretically, using a series of idealized models solved by analytic and numerical methods. "Common-pool" models, those in which the trigger calcium and released calcium pass through a common cytosolic pool, gave nearly all-or-none regenerative calcium releases (in disagreement with experiment), unless their loop gain was made sufficiently low that it provided little amplification of the calcium entering through the sarcolemma. In the linear (small trigger) limit, it was proven rigorously that no common-pool model can give graded high amplification unless it is operated on the verge of spontaneous oscillation. To circumvent this problem, we considered two types of "local-control" models. In the first type, the local calcium from a sarcolemmal L-type calcium channel directly stimulates a single, immediately opposed SR calcium release channel. This permits high amplification without regeneration, but requires high conductance of the SR channel. This problem is avoided in the second type of local control model, in which one L-type channel triggers a regenerative cluster of several SR channels. Statistical recruitment of clusters results in graded response with high amplification. In either type of local-control model, the voltage dependence of SR calcium release is not exactly the same as that of the macroscopic sarcolemmal calcium current, even though calcium is the only trigger for SR release. This results from the existence of correlations between the stochastic openings of individual sarcolemmal and SR channels. Propagation of regenerative calcium-release waves (under conditions of calcium overload) was analyzed using analytically soluble models in which SR calcium release was treated phenomenalogically. The range of wave velocities observed experimentally is easily explained; however, the observed degree of refractoriness to wave propagation requires either a strong dependence of SR calcium release on the rate of rise of cytosolic calcium or localization of SR release sites to one point in the sarcomere. We conclude that the macroscopic behavior of calcium-induced calcium release depends critically on the spatial relationships among sarcolemmal and SR calcium channels, as well as on their kinetics.
Can We Be 'Friends of the Earth'?

Reasons for protecting biodiversity are usually defined in terms of its instrumentality. Although there may be a number of ways to seek an alternative nonanthropocentric approach, I have chosen to develop an Aristotelian response that draws upon his conception of friendship and self-love. In doing so, I argue that a person living according to moral virtue will recognise that the nonhuman world should be valued and thus protected (at least in part) for its own sake.
Spin rotation by Earth's gravitational field in a “frozen-spin” ring

Abstract Detailed calculations of spin rotation by the Earthʼs gravitational field in a frozen-spin ring are presented in three different coordinate systems and used (a) to show that the systematic error caused by gravitation in a proposed electric dipole moment measurement can be unambiguously determined, and (b) to propose measuring the spin-gravity effect in a dedicated frozen-spin ring using electrons.
Localization and anatomical identification of theta and complex spike cells in dorsal hippocampal formation of rats

Abstract Microelectrodes were passed through the dorsal hippocampal formation of unrestrained rats, recording for at least 5 min each 35.3 μm. At each site the amplitude and duration of action potential spikes, frequency of firing, relation to slow wave theta rhythm, and presence of complex spikes or theta cells was recorded. One thousand and fourteen neurons were recorded from. (When recording from many neurons simultaneously, the “number” of the neurons was “counted” in an arbitrary and approximate way.) Of 949 nontheta cells greater than 80 μV amplitude, only one was not in the hilus of fascia dentata or in a layer of cells which overlapped stratum pyramidale and stratum granulosum. These are the locations of the cell bodies of projection cells (pyramidal cells and granule cells). However, this layer is, up to 400 μm thicker than stratum pyramidale. Theta cells were seen in sites of cell bodies of projection cells and also in stratum oriens of CA1, suprapyramidal layers of CA3, and dorsal part of the hilus of fascia dentata. The frequency of occurrence in these locations corresponded to the distribution of cell bodies of interneurons. We conclude that the class of projection cells and the class of nontheta cells have a very large overlap, and that the class of interneurons and the class of theta cells have a very large overlap.