cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signaling Threat How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings

This study examined the cues hypothesis, which holds that situational cues, such as a setting's features and organization, can make potential targets vulnerable to social identity threat. Objective and subjective measures of identity threat were collected from male and female math, science, and engineering (MSE) majors who watched an MSE conference video depicting either an unbalanced ratio of men to women or a balanced ratio. Women who viewed the unbalanced video exhibited more cognitive and physiological vigilance, and reported a lower sense of belonging and less desire to participate in the conference, than did women who viewed the gender-balanced video. Men were unaffected by this situational cue. The implications for understanding vulnerability to social identity threat, particularly among women in MSE settings, are discussed.
Anesthesia and Analgesia for Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Bypass and Other "Beating Heart" Surgical Procedures

Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass and transmyocardial laser revascularization are examples of "beating heart" surgery which embrace new medical concepts, and the philosophy that less invasive cardiac procedures (eg, smaller incisions, avoidance of cardio pulmonary bypass) can safely achieve surgical goals. Patient and care provider expectations must be aligned with these issues if potential benefits are to be trans lated into improved patient outcome with accelerated recovery, and reduced cost for health care systems and society. There is a major role for anesthesiologists in this process, including patient and care provider educa tion, anesthetic design to appropriately involve fast- tracking principles and analgesia strategies, and the development of safe postoperative care plans outlining criteria for accelerated recovery and reduced intensive monitoring. Although enthusiasm is currently fuelling the widespread introduction of "beating heart" surgery, evidence for comparison of these pro...
Is the robotic approach feasible for repair of iatrogenic injuries of the lower ureter

To analyze the robotic approach as treatment of iatrogenic ureteral injuries. Medical records were reviewed for patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation at the University of Missouri from 2009 to 2014. Patient charts were analyzed for demographics, prior abdominal surgeries, circumstances of injury, outcomes, and other relevant information. Nine patients met inclusion criteria. The average age was 44.6. Patients had an average of 4.3 abdominal surgeries. Injury occurred during hysterectomy (open, laparoscopic, or vaginal) in eight patients (88.9 %), five cases were laparoscopic, two utilized robotic assistance, and one injury occurred during uterosacral vault suspension. All cases were related to gynecological procedures. On average, ureteral injury was detected 17.2 days after the initial surgery and repaired 62.3 days after initial operation. The average surgical repair time was 295.9 min (range 168–498) with an average blood loss of 77.2 mL (range 20–150). Four patients required a psoas hitch, with one receiving both a psoas hitch and a Boari flap. Postoperatively, patients had an average hospital stay of 2.7 days. One patient had ileus for greater than 3 days, and another was readmitted within 30 days for pain control and antiemetics following stent removal. One patient underwent open reimplantation 3 years after original surgery for development of ureteral stricture. At follow-up, all patients had returned to baseline renal function. Robotic approach is feasible and a safe option for distal iatrogenic ureteral injuries occurring during gynecological procedures. Prior abdominal surgery or delayed repair does not preclude a robotic approach.
Biological Control of Citrus Blackfly in Southern Florida

Prior to parasitoid establishment, citrus blackfly (CBF), Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, averaged 40–60 live nymphs/infested leaf. Parasitoid-induced mortality reduced the infestation 98% to a level of one infested leaf during an 8-mo period. The current density of immature CBF averages 8±5/infested leaf and has been maintained at that level or lower for 18 mo. Life tables show that parasitoid-induced mortality is the critical factor responsible for the decline in CBF numbers and for the continued regulation of the CBF population at its present level.
Posterior approach to the kidney.

The posterior approach is used for bilateral nephrectomy prior to renal transplantation in the patient with small kidneys. It is an ideal incision when dealing with the small kidney.
Isolation and HIV-1 Infection of Primary Human Microglia From Fetal and Adult Tissue

Glial inflammation, principally involving astrocytes and microglia, underlies the pathogenesis of a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders, including, most notably, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-associated dementia. Indeed, for the latter, disease mechanisms are attributed to viral infection and activation of microglia and perivascular macrophages and their resultant neurotoxic activities. Although monocyte-derived macrophages have served as models for microglia, they are limited both qualitatively and quantitatively in their immune responses and susceptibility to viral infection. Thus, the acquisition of primary human microglial cells is critical for laboratory studies of human neurological disease. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods of isolation, cultivation, characterization, HIV-1 infection, and experimental applications of primary human fetal and adult microglial cells, with particular emphasis on studies of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
Nonlinear dispersive systems: theory and examples

On applique des resultats recents de la theorie asymptotique des equations differentielles a certains problemes aux valeurs limites scalaires et vectoriels d'ordre 3
Photoacoustic calorimetry studies of CO photo-dissociation from chloramine-T modified horse heart cytochrome-c.

Abstract Treatment of horse heart Cytochrome- c ( Cc ) with N -chloro-4-toluosulfonamide (Chloramine- t , CT) results in the oxidation of methionine (Met) residues to the corresponding sulfoxide including the distal heme ligand, Met80. The resulting Fe-sulfoxide coordination is sufficiently labile in the ferrous form to be displaced by gaseous ligands, including CO. Photolysis of the CO-CT- Cc complex provides an opportunity to examine ligand binding dynamics that are associated with a relatively rigid distal heme pocket. In this work, photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) was utilized to obtain the kinetics as well as enthalpy and molar volume changes subsequent to CO photo-dissociation from CO-CT- Cc . Previous photolysis studies of CO-CT- Cc have led to a proposed model for ligand recombination in which the Met80-sulfoxide and CO recombine with the heme on relatively slow timescales (50 μs and ∼500 μs, respectively). The PAC data presented here reveals two additional kinetic phases with lifetimes of −1 and ΔV of −0.5 ± 0.5 mL mol −1 , whereas the slower phase (534 ns) is associated with a small ΔH of 2 ± 3 kcal mol −1 and ΔV of 1 ± 0.5 mL mol −1 .
An Analog Computer to Solve any First Order Differential Equation

A very simple analog computer was designed and tested to solve any first order constant-coefficients and linear differential equation. The analog computer was built using operational amplifiers, resistors and capacitors. Using the Pspice simulator, various input types were tested across the input terminals of the analog computer.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Predictors of Expressive-Language Outcomes Among Late Talkers

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the literature on predictors of outcomes among late talkers using systematic review and meta-analysis methods. We sought to answer the question: Wha...
Epistemologies of violence: Medieval japanese war tales

Although violence is one of the most primitive means of communication, appropriate aggression is nevertheless something that needs to be learned. But even though scholars of various disciplines agree that violence is deeply embedded in cultural structures, there has been a remarkable lack in scholarship on how the conscious differentiation between appropriate and inappropriate violence is learned through mediated representations of violence. By applying media theories and works on social learning to premodern Japanese material, I argue that mediated violence can create a "safe space" where different forms of violence can be experienced without the physical consequences of real violence. Mediated violence thus serves crucial functions as learning spaces where societal rules and norms can be temporarily suspended, reconfigured, and often reinforced through active experimentation without the danger of bodily harm. Brutal and graphic depictions of violence thus go beyond mere entertainment. By aestheticizing and staging good and bad violence, mediated violence invites its audiences to reflect on and learn from violent episodes. Violent representations reduce the complexities of real-world conflicts, thereby facilitating a process where audiences can make sense of--and create order out of--chaos. Through the use of epistemological theories, I argue that such simplifications are necessary for human cognitive systems to be able to relate to and learn from violence, and that this learning process takes place within a social and collaborative context. Language: en
Nutrition Delivery and Growth Outcomes in Infants With Gastroschisis

BACKGROUND We aimed to describe nutrient intake and growth in infants with gastroschisis and identify factors associated with impaired growth. METHODS Retrospective study of neonates who underwent gastroschisis repair from 2010 to 2015. Nutrient intake and weight-for-age z scores (WAZ) were recorded. RESULTS Data from 60 eligible infants with median (Q1, Q3) gestational age of 36 weeks (35, 37) and birth weight 2418 g (2098, 2665) were analyzed. Median WAZ decreased from -0.71 (-1.08, -0.17) at birth to -1.08 (-1.58, -0.63) at discharge (P 1.0 decline in WAZ. Parenteral nutrition (PN) was initiated soon after birth, and 14 (23%) patients had severe intestinal failure. Fourteen patients (23%) experienced central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) at a rate of 5.0 per 1000 catheter days. Factors independently associated with lower discharge WAZ and greater WAZ decline were CLABSI (P = .02) and prematurity (P = .02). By day 7, energy and protein intake were 90-100 kcal/kg/day and 3 g/kg/day, respectively. Median age to achieve enteral autonomy was 36 days (22, 82). Atresias, CLABSI, prematurity, and staged closure were associated with delayed enteral autonomy (P < .01). Among 34 patients with 1-year follow-up, WAZ improved from -1.16 (-1.74, -0.65) at discharge to 0.19 (-0.80, 0.61) at 12 months (P < .001). CONCLUSION Infants with gastroschisis are dependent on PN and have a significant decline in WAZ during their hospital stay, predicted by prematurity and CLABSI. Efforts to prevent CLABSI and optimize enteral autonomy must be prioritized in this cohort.
A case report of symptomatic presacral myelolipoma.

Rationale Extra-adrenal myelolipoma in the presacral area often raises a concern for liposarcoma because they have similar radiologic features. Patient concerns A 70-year-old woman with multiple abdominal surgeries in the past presented with persistent lower abdominal pain and anemia. A presacral mass, found on a pelvic magnetic resonance image (MRI), was suspicious of liposarcoma, as it is the most common fat containing mass in the presacral area. It is often difficult to make a diagnosis of myelolipoma just based on the radiological studies, which necessitates a histopathologic examination of the resected mass for a definitive diagnosis. Diagnoses Myelolipoma is an encapsulated, benign tumor containing mature adipocytes and hematologic cells. Most of the patients with myelolipoma remain asymptomatic but continued growth of tumor without local invasion can lead to compression of nearby structures, causing persistent pain. Interventions Asymptomatic patients do not require intervention but surgical resection is indicated for persistent pain or hemorrhage inside the tumor. Our patient had 2 indications for surgery - persistent pain as well as a provisional diagnosis of liposarcoma. After the surgical resection, pelvic pain was resolved, and a diagnosis of myelolipoma was made based on histopathologic examination. Outcomes Patient was reassured that it was myelolipoma, a benign tumor, not requiring subsequent surveillance for recurrence. Lessons Despite advancement in imaging techniques, and knowledge of the radiological features of myelolipoma, it still remains as a challenge for clinicians to make the distinction between liposarcoma and myelolipoma only based on diagnostic radiology. Although myelolipoma is a benign tumor, if patient suffers from persistent pain due to local mass effect, surgical resection is required.
Adenosine A1 and class II metabotropic glutamate receptors mediate shared presynaptic inhibition of retinotectal transmission.

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the major control mechanisms in the CNS. Previously we reported that adenosine A1 receptors mediate presynaptic inhibition at the retinotectal synapse of goldfish. ...
Catecholamines and Recovery of Function after Brain Damage

Amphetamine (AMP) induces a temporary restoration of tactile placing responses in cats with unilateral sensorimotor cortex injury and an enduring acceleration of recovery in the hemiplegic rat and cat. Improved locomotor ability occurs within hours after a single dose of the drug, but only if experience is provided during the period of drug action. Following bilateral visual cortex ablation in cats, binocular depth perception is restored by four doses of AMP only if visual experience is given during the period of drug intoxication. These beneficial effects of AMP are blocked by haloperidol, which also retards recovery when given alone, implicating the catecholamines in recovery. The AMP effect on recovery has also been extended to rat models of stroke and cortical contusion. Although AMP analogues are beneficial in rat and cat hemiplegia models, drugs affecting primarily the dopamine system were not effective. Additional studies have implicated norepinephrine (NE) in the AMP effect. The maintenance of recovery may also depend on NE, since some α-noradrenergic antagonists reinstate hemiplegic symptoms in recovered animals. The cortical injuries produce a widespread metabolic depression, which is improved by AMP and worsened by haloperidol. The effects of AMP plus relevant experience treatment are most compatible with the theory of diaschisis or the concept of a “remote functional depression” after brain injury that is reversible by drug intervention. Preliminary data indicate that similar drug effects are produced in humans with brain injury, since some catecholamine antagonists retard recovery from aphasia, and AMP combined with physical therapy improves motor performance in hemiplegic stroke patients.
Treatment of postoperative recurrent cerebrospinal fluid leak with pseudo-meningocele formation using temporary epidural drain

Abstract Objective Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak with pseudo meningocele formation can be challenging; especially when attempts to repair it fail. In this paper the authors present four cases in which the problem was fixed using temporary epidural drain. Patients and methods Four patients were treated with this approach over the last 15 years. One patient had cranio-cervical decompression for Chiari malformation with two attempts to fix the CSF leak after the initial operation; two patients had one attempt at operative repair of the leak after the initial operation; and one patient had an attempt to repair of the leak during the initial procedure. Epidural drains were placed percutaneously under local anesthesia. Results Within 2–3 days the wounds were dry and flat. After one week the drains were removed. None of the patients had recurrence of the leak. There was no complication from the drain placement. Conclusion Placement of the epidural catheter is a simple and minimally invasive procedure that solved a complex problem in these four patients. Considering the simplicity of this procedure it is worthwhile trying it prior to considering reoperation.
A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Cyclic N-Aryl Hydroxamic Acids via Partial Nitro Group Reduction.

Treatment of p- and m-substituted 2-nitrophenylalanine derivatives like (IV) with SnCl2/ NaOAc allows a new access to cyclic hydroxamic acids which are of biological interest.
Formal capacities and relational understandings: Greed in literature, art and sociology

Abstract In considering the uses of literature for the sociologist, we recognize that literature, art, and sociology all depict relationships. Producers (authors, artists, sociologists) craft relationships into cultural objects (novels, paintings, monographs); thereupon, receivers (readers, viewers) draw or infer relationships from these objects; producers, objects, receivers mutually construct and reconstruct one another over time. Literature, art, and sociology have different formal properties, however, and these different capacities shape how the receivers infer relationships from them. This article takes the example of greed to analyze sociological, artistic, and literary objectifications and to illuminate how the three genres’ distinctive formal properties influence their specific capacities to engender relational understanding. This analysis indicates why sociologists should view none of these genres as a subset of another.
Ion and Water Transport in the Intestine

Disorders of membrane function in the gastrointestinal tract are frequent and cause significant morbidity and mortality. In the developed nations, diarrheal disease is a cause of loss of productivity at work, and death of neonatal livestock; thus, it is primarily of economic significance. However, in the Third World, diarrheal diseases account for the deaths of over 5 million infants and young children each year. Whereas such economic or social issues might direct the investigator to the gastrointestinal tract, its easy accessibility is perhaps the main reason why such research has flourished. As a result, studies of gastrointestinal tissue have added much to our understanding of mechanisms of transport in all epithelia.
Is there a 24-hour rhythm in alcohol craving and does it vary by sleep/circadian timing?

Increasing evidence implicates sleep/circadian factors in alcohol use; however, the role of such factors in alcohol craving has received scant attention. Prior research suggests a 24-hour rhythm in...
“That’s Not a Problem Here”: Recreation Professionals’ Perceptions of Cyberbullying in Youth Programs

Cyberbullying impacts healthy youth development. Due to the complexity of this issue, solutions to address cyberbullying need to include multiple agents. Currently, little is known about youth-focused programs’ strategies and policies to prevent and address cyberbullying. Thus, to begin the discussion about cyberbullying in youth programs, the recreation practitioners were interviewed in two states (Minnesota and North Carolina). The objectives of this study are: The youth program staff believed that cyberbullying was a serious societal issue. However, staff reported that they lacked awareness of cyberbullying and specific strategies to address it. Using an ecological framework, the authors provide several recommendations for parks and recreation professionals.
Fabrication of silver microstructures via electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing as customizable X-ray marker in bio-structure for biomedical diagnostic imaging

X-ray markers have been applied for diagnostic purposes in the medical imaging field. However, they were not flexible enough to accommodate the fast evolution of biomedical applications leading to a considerable performance gap. EHD-inkjet printing technique as a high-resolution, low-cost, and flexible approach was used to fabricate a silver X-ray marker to fill the gap in the biomedical field. Even though X-ray characterization of bulk silver had been studied, silver nanoink has presented a different X-ray absorption response. To understand the X-ray characterization of silver microstructures, multiple samples were fabricated. The EHD-inkjet printing system was applied to fabricate silver microstructures under optimized printing parameters, including voltage amplitude, pulse width, frequency, and printing speed. To understand X-ray characteristic differences between bulk silver and nanoink silver, experiments were designed to print a single layer and multiple layers of silver nanoink lines. Microstructures, which were e-jet printed by silver nanoink, presented different X-ray absorption rate to the bulk silver under the same radiation condition and thickness. Sub-30 μm microstructures of silver nanoink were achieved by e-jet printing; part of them will serve as the X-ray marker in bio-scaffold. This research proposed a method to bridge the e-jet printing technique with a customizable X-ray marker in bio-scaffold, which could effectively resolve the problem of flexibility, improve the resolution, and reduce the cost of manufacturing. Moreover, it supported the development of biomedical products that were fabricated by silver nanoink material, such as in vivo embedded biosensors in computed tomography applications.
Phenotypic Mimicry Distinguishes Cues of Mating Competition From Paternal Investment in Men's Conspicuous Consumption.

Evolutionary psychologists propose that men’s conspicuous consumption facilitates mate attraction because it predicts resource investment in offspring. This article elaborates on the ultimate funct...
The Application of Machine Learning in Cervical Cancer Prediction

Cervical cancer is malignant cancer that happens to women over the age of 30. Though it may sound dangerous, cervical cancer can be easily prevented through regular screening tests. Unfortunately, screening tests can be costly, inefficient, and subjective due to limited hospital sources and large amounts of patients. In order to resolve the deficiencies of screening tests listed above, we designed a machine-learning algorithm that can deal with big data at once with higher accuracy. It can predict the possibility of someone having cervical cancer based on various variables including age and habits. Data can be collected easily through the surveys which patients fill. In this way, this machine-learning model will be more objective compared to doctors’ diagnoses. To build such a model, we used the cervical cancer (risk factors) data set displayed in the UCI Machine Learning Repository. After the data was obtained, we first conducted descriptive statistical analysis to investigate the distribution of features and relationships between independent variables and the probability of cervical cancer. Then, models including logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and adaboosting were applied to build a prediction model. Due to the fact that the prevalence rate is unbalanced, we also included a weighted version for each model we used.
Macroeconomics and Behavioral Finance: A Tale of Two Disciplines

In the last fifty years there have been two revolutions in macroeconomics. The first, the Keynesian revolution, gave birth to macroeconomics as a sub-discipline distinct from microeconomics. By combining broad behavioral relationships, (the consumption function, the investment function, the liquidity preference function, etc.) into a single system, Keynesian macroeconomics demonstrated the existence of output levels at which involuntary unemployment was an equilibrium state.
The Danish Demographic Database—Principles and Methods for Cleaning and Standardisation of Data

Since 2001 seven Danish censuses dating from 1787 till 1880 have been completely transcribed by volunteers. Due to this effort the research community now has access to a large number of demographic data. The census data were digitised according to the principle of literal data transcription in order to leave all interpretations to the users. The disadvantage of this solution is that it induces problems when creating aggregated statistics as the spelling of, e.g. position in household and occupations was not standardised which leads to great variation in the description of the same entities. In order to overcome this obstacle the data were cleaned and standardised. Standardisation consists of adding numeric codes for the gender, civil status and position in household. For occupations, HISCO has been applied to secure that the data can be used in comparative research.
Approximation Algorithms for the Multiple Knapsack Problem with Assignment Restrictions

Motivated by a real world application, we study the multiple knapsack problem with assignment restrictions (MKAR). We are given a set of items, each with a positive real weight, and a set of knapsacks, each with a positive real capacity. In addition, for each item a set of knapsacks that can hold that item is specified. In a feasible assignment of items to knapsacks, each item is assigned to at most one knapsack, assignment restrictions are satisfied, and knapsack capacities are not exceeded. We consider the objectives of maximizing assigned weight and minimizing utilized capacity.
Diacyl Myoinositol Monomannoside from Propionibacterium shermanii

Abstract The lipids of Propionibacterium shermanii have been extracted and fractionated on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and silicic acid columns. The extract is rich in a new glycolipid, diacyl myoinositol monomannoside, in which mannose is glycosidically linked to position 2 of myoinositol. The glycolipid contains 2 fatty acid groups per molecule. Small amounts of decanoic, lauric, palmitic, and stearic acids are present, but the major fatty acids have not been identified. Methylation and periodate oxidation studies indicate that one fatty acid is esterified to position 6 of mannose and the other to position 1 of myoinositol. Phosphatidylmyoinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate are also major components of the extract.
Positive emotion reduces dyspnea during slow paced breathing

Slow breathing is used to induce cardiovascular resonance, a state associated with health benefits, but it can also increase tidal volume and associated dyspnea (respiratory discomfort). Dyspnea may be decreased by induced positive affect. In this study, 71 subjects (36 men, M = 20 years) breathed at 6 breaths per min. In condition one, subjects paced their breathing by inhaling and exhaling as a vertical bar moved up and down. In condition two, breathing was paced by a timed slideshow of positive images; subjects inhaled during a black screen and exhaled as the image appeared. Cardiac, respiratory, and self-reported dyspnea and emotional indices were recorded. Tidal volume and the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnea were reduced when paced breathing was combined with pleasant images. These results show that positive affect can reduce dyspnea during slow paced breathing, and may have applications for induced cardiovascular resonance.
Retinal Pathology of Canine X-linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy, the Locus Homologue of RP3

Retinas from 55 dogs (44 males, 8 carrier females, 3 homozygous females) were obtainedby enucleation under general anesthesia. After ﬁxation and dehydration, tissues were embedded inepoxy resin, sectioned at 1 mm for light microscopy and stained with azure II/methylene blue anda paraphenylenediamine counterstain. For electron microscopy, regions identiﬁed by light micros-copy were selected and cut at 60 nm. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate.Electroretinography from an additional group of normal males, affected males, and carrier femaleswas performed and the rod and cone responses evaluated.
On Eigenvalue Ranking Indices

Large-scale system In general have a large number of eigenvalues. For son applications such as output feedback control design, reduced order modeling and simulation, only a few of these eigevalues are crucial. An robust eigenvalue ranking procedure is proposed In this paper. Some previous work on eigenvalue estimation when the system is subject to perturbation has been proposed by several researchers. However, there is not such work done on eigenvalue ranking when a perturbation is present. The eigenvalue ranking approach presented in this work is based on the contribution of each eigenvalue to a quadratic measure. The ranting corresponding to the nominal model will be called the 'nominal ranking.' An algorithm Is proposed to estimate the changes of the nminal ranking when the system is under perturbations.
Observations of HI BR α, [NE II], and [Ar III] from the Central Parsec of the Galaxy

H I Br α (4.05 µm), [Ne II] (12.8 µm), and [Ar III] (9.0 µm) emission lines from Sgr A West were mapped with ~100 km/s and 2″ resolution. The observations were made with the U. T. infrared echelle spectrometer (IRSHELL) on the IRTF in April 1988. The instrument simultaneously measures 10 64-point spectra along a 2 × 10″ slit. Data analysis is still in progress; preliminary results are presented here.
Efficient broadband analysis of microwave components

Continuous advances in microwave integration technology allow the construction of cost-effective, high-density, multilayered, system-on-a-chip solutions for RF and stand alone microwave components. This article demonstrates the applicability of FFT-accelerated time-domain integral equation solvers to the broadband analysis of several microwave components, viz., a stub filter and a multilayered LTCC (low temperature cofired ceramic) inductor. These devices' scattering parameters are extracted over a band of frequencies following Fourier transformation. The approach used is sufficiently general to be extended to the analysis of other quasi-planar, multilayered structures such as transmission lines, capacitors, and microstrip antennas.
Movements and oceanographic associations of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Northwest Atlantic

To address the lack of fisheries-independent information for Atlantic bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), we released 21 adults (131 ± 12 cm curved fork length) between 2008 and 2010 in the Sargasso Sea ...
Philanthropy and Law in South Asia: Recent Developments in Bangladesh, India,Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

This report, edited by Mark Sidel and written by Sanjay Agarwal (India), Qadeer Baig (Pakistan), Noshir Dadrawala (India), Zafar Ismail (Pakistan), Thanuja Jayawardene (Sri Lanka), Sumaiya Khair (Bangladesh), Sapana Pradhan Malla (Nepal), Mark Sidel (US), Anil Kumar Sinha (Nepal), Priya Viswanath (India), Arittha Wikramanayake (Sri Lanka), and Iftekhar Zaman (Bangladesh), provides a comprehensive discussion and analysis of recent developments in state-nonprofit relations and the regulation of the nonprofit sector and philanthropy in five key countries of South Asia - Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The report covers the full range of government regulation of the nonprofit sector and philanthropy, including registration and incorporation, governance requirements, board, trustee and staff issues, tax treatment, regulation of foreign and domestic donations, regulation of special sectors and issues (such as microcredit organizations, foreign donations, and other topics), nonprofit self-regulation, and other areas. It serves as an update to Mark Sidel and Iftekhar Zaman (eds.), Philanthropy and Law in South Asia (Asia Pacific Philanthropy Consortium, 2004). This multi-year, multi-country research study has been generously supported by the Ford Foundation, Asia Foundation, Myer Foundation, Himalaya Foundation, and the University of Iowa, and sponsored by the Asia Pacific Philanthropy Consortium.
Rate-distortion-constrained statistical motion estimation for video coding

A rate distortion constrained statistical motion estimation algorithm is presented that leads to improvements in subband video coding. The main advantages of the algorithm is that it requires a relatively small number of computations, produces a much smoother motion field, and employs a more effective measure of performance than the conventional mean absolute difference or mean squared error. The proposed algorithm circumvents problems in the motion compensation loop such as illumination variations, noise, and occlusions, by providing a mechanism for alternating between intraframe and residual coding. Experimental results demonstrate that the corresponding video coder outperforms the H.263 in terms of motion vector search complexity and overall bit rate at the same reproduction quality.
Colloidal quantum dots of III–V semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the preparation, characterization, spectroscopy, and applications of QDs of III-V semiconductors produced via colloidal chemistry. Quantum dots of the III-V semiconductors InP, GaP, GalnP 2 , InAs, and GaAs can be prepared by nonaqueous colloidal chemical synthesis at temperatures ranging from about 250 to 400° depending on the specific compound and the desired QD size. The QD size for the synthesis can range from about 20 to 100 Â, and the size distribution around the mean diameter can be typically from about 5% to 10%. The synthesis requires capping the quantum dots with a stabilizing molecular species, such as, for example, trioctylphosphine oxide, to control the QD size and the size distribution. The best colloidal III-V QDs synthesized to date are InP QDs; treatment with HF results in the elimination of deep surface traps and produces band edge emission with very high quantum yields. The color of these dots ranges from deep red to green, corresponding to a size range of 60 to 26 Â, respectively. Structure in the absorption and emission spectra reflects the existence of quantized energy levels in the QDs.
Enhanced audio-visual warnings for reducing bird fatalities at wind turbines

Bird and bat fatalities by wind turbines has slowed the installation of new turbines, and even prompted the dismantling of existing turbines. Other animals can coexist in artificially created dangerous environments, like dogs maneuvering among cars in busy streets. Based on this concept, a previous paper has proposed that bird and bat mortality can be reduced by audio visual warnings in the proximity of wind turbines. This paper proposes further details of audio visual warnings, including directional lights, which will enhance the learning process and act as warnings. The leading edges and the peripheral regions of the blades are most likely to strike birds and bats, which may be trained to keep away by the colors, lighting and sounds of leading edges. Lights and sounds need only have a range of a few tens of meters and directionality towards the danger zone, meaning the lights and sounds will be imperceptible to humans in the vicinity. So that the globally mobile birds do not have to relearn the warning signals, countries can converge towards common standards for the warning colors, lights and sounds on wind turbines.
Immunohistochemical mapping of epidermal growth-factor receptors in normal human oral soft tissue

Epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGF-r) has been identified on basilar cells of stratified squamous epithelia and skin adnexa in man. Recent studies have mapped EGF-r to various oral cells in animals; however, complete mapping of EGF-r in normal human oral mucosa has not been done. Normal tissues from eight sites in human oral mucosa were examined for their expression of EGF-r using avidin-biotin peroxidase complex with mouse anti-EGF-r monoclonal antibody. Immunoreactivity was detected in palatal gingiva, buccal gingiva, soft palate, lateral tongue, dorsal tongue and floor of the mouth. The connective tissues of the periodontal ligament and dental pulp were non-reactive. EGF is known to exist in most body fluids, particularly saliva. In normal human mucosa, EGF is localized to connective tissue subjacent to epithelium. With the receptor in the overlying epithelium, a possible epithelial-mesenchymal interaction may exist between the receptor and ligand. A paracrine mode of action may be postulated, functioning to regulate the complex biological functions of the human oral tissues.
The delivery man problem on a tree network

This note considers a variant of the traveling salesman problem in which we seek a route that minimizes the total of the vertex arrival times. This problem is called the deliverly man problem. The traveling salesman problem is NP-complete on a general network and trivial on a tree network. The delivery man problem is also NP-complete on a general network but far from trivial on a tree network. Various characteristics of the delivery man problem for tree networks are explored and a pseudo-polynomial time solution algorithm is proposed.
A study of the biosynthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid

Washed cell preparations of Pseudomonas aureofaciens synthesize phenazine-1-carboxylic acid in a medium consisting of 0.2 M glycerol and 0.02 Md,l-lysine. Experiments with C14-labeled substrates indicate that all of the carbon atoms in the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid are derived from glycerol. Anthranilic acid inhibits synthesis of this phenazine compound. Incorporation of label from H3-shikimic acid has been demonstrated. In addition, a decrease in the incorporation of label from glycerol-1,3-C14 into phenazine-1-carboxylic acid has been demonstrated in the presence of unlabeled shikimic acid.
Towards learned traversability for robot navigation: From underfoot to the far field

Autonomous off-road navigation of robotic ground vehicles has important applications on Earth and in space exploration. Progress in this domain has been retarded by the limited lookahead range of three-dimensional (3D) sensors and by the difficulty of heuristically programming systems to understand the traversability of the wide variety of terrain they can encounter. Enabling robots to learn from experience may alleviate both of these problems. We define two paradigms for this, learning from 3D geometry and learning from proprioception, and describe initial instantiations of them as developed under DARPA and NASA programs. Field test results show promise for learning traversability of vegetated terrain and learning to extend the lookahead range of the vision system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Negative norm least‐squares methods for the velocity‐vorticity‐pressure Navier–Stokes equations

We develop and analyze a least-squares finite element method for the steady state, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, written as a first-order system involving vorticity as new dependent variable. In contrast to standard L least-squares methods for this system, our approach utilizes discrete negative norms in the least-squares functional. This allows to devise efficient preconditioners for the discrete equations, and to establish optimal error estimates under relaxed regularity assumptions. c © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Teaching of pathology in United States medical schools, 1996/1997 survey

Abstract A variety of pressures to change curriculum have resulted in revision of pathology teaching in most medical schools in the United States. Responses obtained from 71% of schools on a recent survey of pathology teaching indicate the following: There are wide variations in the extent of use of various teaching modalities with resulting emergence of different teaching formats which can be categorized as “traditional,” “enhanced traditional,” predominantly “problem based” or “case oriented,” entirely “problem based,” or some form of “hybrid” of traditional and problem based. The traditional lecture and laboratory continue to be the primary modes of teaching in the vast majority (74%) of schools, however, 53% also use other approaches, eg, small group discussion, case studies, or conferences to enhance instruction. The lecture remains an important component of instruction in all major models. The form and extent of the laboratory use varies remarkably from minimal to large number of hours of instruction. The laboratory material is incorporated into small group discussion or conferences in many schools. The use of small group discussions (presently, by 79% of schools) has increased since the last survey conducted in 1986. The mean curricular time (presently 188 hours) has dropped, however, it is not easy to quantify pathology teaching in many schools with increasing integration. Instruction is entirely integrated, multidisciplinary in 28% of schools. Computer-aided instruction is used in some form to varying extents in 66% of schools, with the majority using it as a supplementary tool. There are persistent concerns about faculty time, and high student-faculty ratio.
Disparities in dermatology educational resources

Patients with dark skin can present with morphologic variants, subtle disease presentations, and disease manifestations requiring unique management and therapies. With African Americans, Asians, and Hispanic Americans becoming a significant portion of the population, dermatologists must be able to diagnose and manage skin conditions in people of color. In this study, core dermatology educational sources were examined to determine if they provide dermatologists and trainees with the knowledge base necessary to diagnose and treat skin disease in the ethnic patient. Overall, the coverage of dark skin at national meetings and in photographs in the major dermatology resources is limited and variable. More consistent photographic coverage and textual information describing common and serious skin diseases in people of color should be incorporated into educational resources.
Photopheresis: A novel immunomodulatory therapy with a potential role in transplant management

Abstract Photopheris has evolved from the goal of attempting to develop a therapeutic modality that would specifically enhance the host's immune response to pathogenic T cells that mediate disease. Based on experimental models and human clinical studies, extracorporeal photoinactivation of pathogenic T cells and their subsequent reintroduction into the host appear to invoke an autoregulatory response directed specifically against the pathogenic T cells. This response has been utilized with efficacy to treat disorders secondary to malignant T cells, as in CTCL, and due to autoreactive T cells, as in PSS. The recent application of photopheresis to managing cardiac allograft rejection is a further extension of the attempt to suppress T cells mediating foreign graft rejection. There are ongoing additional studies to evaluate the efficacy of photopheresis in rheumatoid arthritis, pemphigus vulgaris, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related comples, and graft versus host disease.
Sedimentary Structures Associated with Mississippi River Delta-Front Deposits: ABSTRACT

Hydraulically controlled sediment-distribution patterns in Mississippi River delta-front environments are continually being modified being modified by mass-movement processes, and sediments are constantly being redistributed. Numerous deformational features have been identified and mapped by the combined use of side-scan sonar and high-resolution seismic profiles coupled with accurate navigational control. Major deformational features include diapirs, faults, slumps, and various types of complex mudflows that have many geomorphic components, from slumped upslope source areas to distal overlapping depositional lobes. As a result of mass-movement processes, sediments are redeposited as blocks, flows, and completely remolded masses, all of which can occur on a variety of sca es. Although surface and subsurface expressions of deformational features are commonly clear, sedimentary structures and inclusions characteristic of each major deformational form have not been systematically evaluated. By means of X-ray radiography, subtle inhomogeneities in texture and density changes associated with post-depositional chemical products describe structures and inclusions typical of deformed sedimentary sequences. Various types of fractures and microfaults, sedimentary gas expansion voids and migration paths, flow structures, convolute bedding, grain flows, diagenetic features, and organically derived structures are arranged in combinations that define components of a complex mudflow system. Using the structures and inclusions found in delta-front sediments, criteria have been developed for differentiating disturbed and nondisturbed sedimentary sequences within the delta-front environment. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1567------------
And so on . . . : reasoning with infinite diagrams

This paper presents examples of infinite diagrams (as well as infinite limits of finite diagrams) whose use is more or less essential for understanding and accepting various proofs in higher mathematics. The significance of these is discussed with respect to the thesis that every proof can be formalized, and a “pre” form of this thesis that every proof can be presented in everyday statements-only form.
Problems for the Conserved Quantity Theory: Counterexamples, Circularity, and Redundancy

The conserved quantity theory of causation aims to analyze causal processes and interactions in terms of conserved quantities. In order to be successful, the theory must correctly distinguish between causal processes and interactions, on the one hand, and pseudoprocesses and mere intersections on the other. Moreover, it must do this while satisfying two further criteria: it must avoid circularity; and the appeal to conserved quantities must not be redundant. I argue that the theory is not successful in meeting these criteria.
Treatment of Sinus Headache as Migraine: The Diagnostic Utility of Triptans†

Objective: To determine the response rate to triptans in alleviating “sinus headache” in patients with endoscopy- and computed tomography (CT)-negative sinus examinations. Study Design: Prospective clinical trial. Methods: Patients who presented to a tertiary care center Otolaryngology Department with primary complaints of facial pain, pressure, or headache localized over the area of the sinuses, and a self- or physician-diagnosis of “sinus headache” were enrolled. Patients underwent directed history, physical examination, rigid nasal endoscopy, a sinus CT scan, and completed a headache questionnaire. Those patients that had negative findings were treated empirically with triptans. Patients completed a headache diary for each headache, using a visual analogue scale to rate the headache before and after triptan use. Response was considered as significant improvement (greater than 50% reduction of pain), partial (25–50% reduction), and no response. Results: Fifty-four patients were enrolled. Thirty-eight (69%) completed follow-up, 63% were women. The mean age was 41 years (23–70). Thirty-one patients (82%) had significant reduction of headache pain with triptan use. Thirty-five patients (92%) had a significant reduction in headache pain in response to migraine-directed therapy. Seventeen patients (31%) withdrew or failed to follow-up, often reluctant to accept a diagnosis of migraine. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the demographics of patients with self-described “sinus headaches” who did not have findings of sinusitis on endoscopy and CT scan closely reflected the demographics of patients afflicted with migraines. It also showed that 82% of these patients had a significant response to empiric treatment for sinus headaches with triptans. These findings support that “sinus headaches” may represent migraines, and response to triptans may aid in diagnosis.
Evidence for competition and coordination between vocal and manual responses in preschool children.

Abstract Vocal and manual responses are peripherally compatible and could conceivably occur completely independently of each other. Alternatively, processes controlling these responses might interact centrally following principles of competition and/or coordination. In order to initiate the investigation of this relationship vocal and manual response times to a light were obtained from 35 Ss aged 3 1 2 to 6 1 2 years under two conditions; first in separate testing and then when both responses were called for by the light. Comparisons among the measures indicate the two response systems are not independent and suggest the hypothesis that processes of coordination occur with children 4 years or older that do not occur with younger children.