cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Southern Oscillation Sea-Level Pressure Indices

Abstract Monthly sea-level pressure anomalies at Easter Island, Rapa, Tahiti and Darwin, for the period 1951–79, are analysed to reveal their temporal characteristics and the coherence and time lead/lag relationships among them. For interannual scale oscillations, the pressure variations at Rapa and Easter Island lead those at Tahiti and those of opposite phase at Darwin by 2–8 months, where the large lead times are associated with lower frequency oscillations. Of the four stations, Rapa has the smallest percentage of its variance in the range of periods containing the Southern Oscillation; Darwin has the largest. Spatial smoothing by combining stations enhances the percentage of variance in the longer periods. Combining Tahiti and Darwin gives a substantial increase; combining Rapa and Easter Island, much less. Normalization of the time series through division by the monthly standard deviations is also treated. The combination of Tahiti and Darwin is recommended as a Southern Oscillation Index for diagno...
The benefits of comparing similar hazards across ‘sister’ plants

Companies often have multiple ‘sister’ plants in different locations, sometimes scattered around the globe. Generally, these companies are striving for similarly low risk among all these sister plants, even though they may have been built at different times, using evolving technology, and often have different capacities. In the pursuit of achieving acceptably low risk at all the chemical plants within a company, Process Safety specialists tend to put each under the PHA ‘microscope’ separately. FMC has several businesses that operate multiple “sister” plants, and has found that there are substantial benefits to be gained by also comparing the hazards at similar plants. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate – A coat to regulate tuberculosis immunopathogenesis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health burden worldwide. Treatment of this disease requires a minimum of six months and there is no vaccine available for the most common form of the disease. Increasing evidence suggests that the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of TB disease. TDM protects the TB bacilli from macrophage-mediated killing, inhibits effective antigen presentation, and reduces the formation of protective T-cell responses. TDM promotes initiation of granuloma formation and likely plays a role in caseation. Furthermore, TDM may contribute to the development of post primary disease. Receptors for TDM were recently described and are expected to contribute to our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of TB disease. In this manner, understanding TDM may prove promising towards development of targeted TB therapeutics to limit clinical pathologies.
Functional Properties of Freeze‐Dried Powders of Unfermented and Fermented Aqueous Extracts of Legume Seeds

Functional properties of freeze-dried powders made from aqueous extracts of cowpea, peanut and soybean seeds were compared with those of a commercial cultured buttermilk powder product. Powders of seed extracts fermented with Lacrobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were also analyzed. The color of legume powders was similar to that of the commercial buttermilk product, and fermentation had a beneficial effect. Emulsion capacities of powders prepared from extracts were superior to the commercial product, as were foam capacity and stability. The nitrogen solubility profiles of powders from unfermented extracts were similar to those of powdered buttermilk; however, solubility of nitrogen in fermented extracts was less than that of unfermented products. The viscosity of rehydrated fermented powders was less than that of the controls but greater than that of the commercial product. The water adsorption capacity of various seed extract powders was similar, regardless of fermentation treatment.
Re‐branding urban schools: urban revitalization, social status, and marketing public schools to the upper middle class

This article examines an effort to use urban schools to promote the revitalization of a large northeastern city in the United States. In order to attract and retain professional families to a regenerated central city, downtown schools are re‐branded and promoted to such families as suitable for their children. The article draws on interviews and observation in a particular downtown elementary school to examine the experiences of different groups of parents in this new educational market. The data reveal how middle‐ and upper‐class parents are treated as sought‐after customers who gain and retain positions of influence over the direction of the school once their children are admitted. However, the same processes marginalize low‐income and minority parents. The article concludes that while the goals of the policy may be ostensibly worthy, one of its consequences is to reinscribe existing status positions and inequalities.
Community intervention and trends in dietary fat consumption among black and white adults.

Abstract Objectives This study assessed whether a state public health department could effectively implement an affordable nutrition intervention program at the community level. Design Cross-sectional data were collected via telephone surveys of 9,839 adults, aged 18 years or older, in 1987, 1989, and 1991 in two South Carolina communities. Nutrition education programs began in 1988 in one community. The other community served as a comparison site. We assessed and compared changes in community levels of dietary fat and weekly meat consumption, salt use, and nutrition promotion awareness with analysis of covariance regression techniques that included race, sex, and age as covariates. Results We observed favorable changes in most eating behaviors and levels of awareness in both communities. The intervention community experienced greater absolute changes than the comparison community in use of animal fats (−8.9% vs −4.0%; P =.02) and liquid or soft vegetable fats (+8.4% vs +3.6%; P =.04), and in awareness of restaurant nutrition information (+33.0% vs +19.4%; P =.0001). Although the primary type of dietary fat used differed between black and white respondents, we observed significant change among both groups. Conclusions These results suggest that community-wide nutrition education programs may have augmented regional or national changes in dietary behavior among white and black adults in the intervention community.
PTPμ signaling via PKCδ is instructive for retinal ganglion cell guidance

Abstract The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPμ mediates distinct cellular responses in nasal and temporal retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. PTPμ is permissive for nasal RGC neurite outgrowth and inhibitory to temporal RGCs. In addition, PTPμ causes preferential temporal growth cone collapse. Previous studies demonstrated that PTPμ associates with the scaffolding protein RACK1 and the protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) isoform in chick retina and that PKCδ activity is required for PTPμ-mediated RGC outgrowth. Using in vitro stripe and collapse assays, we find that PKCδ activity is required for both inhibitory and permissive responses of RGCs to PTPμ, with higher levels of PKCδ activation associated with temporal growth cone collapse and repulsion. A potential mechanism for differential PKCδ activation is due to the gradient of PTPμ expression in the retina. PTPμ is expressed in a high temporal, low nasal step gradient in the retina. In support of this, overexpression of exogenous PTPμ in nasal neurites results in a phenotypic switch from permissive to repulsive in response to PTPμ. Together, these results suggest that the differential expression of PTPμ within the retina is instructive for RGC guidance and that the magnitude of PKCδ activation in response to PTPμ signaling results in the distinct cellular behaviors of nasal and temporal RGCs.
A Reexamination of Audit Fees for Initial Audit Engagements in the Post-SOX Period

On August 16, 2011, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) issued a concept release seeking comments on ways to enhance auditor independence. The Board notes that higher failure rates in new audit engagements might be linked to unrealistic pricing. The Board’s concern is that a new auditor might be more susceptible to management pressure if initial-year audit fees are set artificially low. Prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, empirical evidence shows that auditors discounted their initial-year audit fees. This practice, known as lowballing, was expected to decrease significantly after the enactment of SOX. Indeed, findings in Huang, Raghunandan, and Rama (2009) seem to confirm that Big 4 auditors charged a fee premium on new auditor-client relationships in 2006. However, it is not clear if more recent post-SOX initial-year audits are free of lowballing. We investigate whether lowballing exists in new auditor-client relationships in an ‘‘extended’’ post-SOX environment for the years 2007 to 2010. Our results suggest that both Big 4 and non-Big 4 accounting firms discounted their initial-year audit fees during our sample period (2007-2010). These findings should be of interest to the PCAOB as it searches for ways to bolster auditor independence.
Potential role of DNA polymerase beta in gene therapy against cancer: A case for colorectal cancer

Genetic instability characterized by the accumulation of mutations of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes appears to be associated with carcinogenesis in colorectal and other cancers. Mutations of DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and related chromosomal alterations appear to be consistent with the causal role of a "mutator phenotype' in carcinogenesis. However, homozygous knockout pol beta mutations appear to interfere with embryogenesis. Increased pol beta activity (i.e. relative to pol alpha activity) has been associated with cell cycle arrest. The related aphidicolin-resistant DNA replication has been observed primarily in differentiating cells, including the mammalian blastocyst, adrenal cortex, thyroid, anterior pituitary, and the mechanism of endoreduplication (amitotic over-replication of DNA) can be traced to lower eukaryotes. This increased activity in relation to terminal commitment is inconsistent with a simple "DNA repair' view of pol beta. It is therefore proposed that pol beta may play a more fundamental role in cellular differentiation through involvement in a putative subgenomic DNA replication-based model of terminal gene expression. Thus genetic instability, loss of differentiation, and carcinogenesis may result from aberration(s) or "derailment' of such replication-based mechanism of terminal gene expression. It is suggested to examine the relationship of DNA pol beta to genomic instability and carcinogenesis using genetic analyses and antisense technology with possible applications for gene therapy against colorectal cancer.
On the Relative Stabilities of Singlet and Triplet Oxyallyl and Cyclopropanone: A Density Functional Study

Density functional calculations (B3LYP/6–31G*) have been carried out for cyclopropanone and the singlet and triplet electronic states of oxyallyl, as well as for several bicyclic systems that incorporate the cyclopropanone ring. The results of these calculations, when compared to those obtained with more sophisticated multi-determinant calculation.
Eudoxus Meets Cayley

(2003). Eudoxus Meets Cayley. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 110, No. 10, pp. 912-927.
Microgrid system with voltages in quadrature

A new concept of microgrid is proposed in this paper, which is based on power systems with two voltages in quadrature. The two-phase microgrid system described in this paper has the following advantages: 1) constant power at balanced condition; 2) two voltages available by using a three-wire system; 3) optimized voltage utilization compared to a three-phase system; and 4) a direct connection of both symmetrical two-phase and single-phase machines. This paper describes the power analysis as well as an advanced converter interfacing the two-phase microgrid and a conventional single-phase utility grid. Experimental results validate the theoretical expectations.
Architectural style as an independent variable

A key idea in modern software engineering is that we can and should make architectural style choices separately from choices about many other system properties. There is a fundamental separation of concerns implicit in this idea: given an application model that expresses system properties independently of architectural style, we can choose a compatible architectural style and then map the application model to one or more architectural models (architectures) in this style. The problem is that we do not have a formal account of this separation of concerns, or the associated architectural maps, sufficient to enable automated synthesis of architectures from application models and architecture style specifications. The contribution of this work is such an account and a demonstration that it enables automated formal derivation of style-specific architectures.
On the issue of functional form choice in hedonic price functions: Further evidence.

/ Historically, researchers applying the hedonic technique devoted little effort to testing alternative functional forms. This study used Box-Cox transformations on a hedonic model examining property value effects of a closed landfill to help select among alternative functional forms. Although this particular application found that a log-log functional form was appropriate, it appears that functional form may vary by problem and case study area selected. Benefit estimates generated using the hedonic technique may be substantial over- or underestimates if the incorrect functional form is chosen. Proximity to the landfill had no significant effect on property values.KEY WORDS: Hedonics; Functional form; Box-Cox; Landfills
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Biology and Therapy

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is one of the best-studied malignant conditions in humans. Progress in the understanding of molecular pathways has led to increasingly targeted and effective treatments...
The Suffix - Kan in Oroqen

The Tungusic language Oroqen has a number of qualitative suffixes used to express intensification, augmentation, approximation, diminution, and the like. Many of these suffixes have been previously identified, though the descriptions of their meanings are incomplete and are often in conflict. In this paper, we provide an overview of these suffixes which includes a more thorough description of their meaning and use. We then examine one of the suffixes, -Jean, in more detail. The suffix has been identified both as a diminutive and as an intensifier. We offer a model of the semantic range of -kan (based on Jurafsky 1996) which accounts for the apparent conflict in its meanings.
Abstract 1992: Is the ubiquitin ligase WWP2 playing a role in PTEN degradation in endometrial cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Objective: The ubiquitin ligase WWP2 has recently been described to directly interact with PTEN, the major tumor suppressor gene in the PI3K pathway commonly altered in endometrial cancer. Whether alterations of WWP2 contribute to post-translational modifications of the PTEN protein in endometrial cancer are unknown. We sought to determine if WWP2 gene expression levels differ in human endometrial cancer tissues with evidence of post-translational PTEN degradation. We also wished to determine if elevated WWP2 gene expression was associated with clinical prognostic variables. Methods: Twenty-four endometrial cancer specimens collected at hysterectomy were available for analysis. These tumors were stained for PTEN by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and scored using a scale of 0-6. Frozen tissue was then used to determine PTEN and WWP2 expression by Real time PCR (RT PCR). Gene expression was then compared with findings on immunohistochemistry. Patient clinical characteristics including stage, grade, lymph node metastases, recurrence or 2 year disease status were then compared with PTEN and WWP2 expression. Results: Three tumors had elevated PTEN gene expression (at least 2 fold) but low (score of less than 4) PTEN protein on IHC, indicating post-translational modification of PTEN. In these tumors, however, WWP2 expression was not elevated (range 0.004-0.09). There were three tumors with elevation in WWP2 expression (1.9-4.7). PTEN was low in these tumors on IHC, but was also low by RT-PCR indicating genomic, epigenetic or post-transcriptional modification of PTEN. Neither PTEN nor WWP2 expression on RT PCR was associated with stage, grade, lymph node metastases, recurrence or 2 year disease status. Conclusions: In this cohort of tumors, WWP2 did not contribute to post-translational degradation of PTEN. WWP2 expression was not associated with stage, grade, lymph node metastases, recurrence, or 2 year disease status. Citation Format: Aine Clements, Joseph McElroy, Adrian Suarez, Sarmila Majumder, David Cohn, Gustavo Leone. Is the ubiquitin ligase WWP2 playing a role in PTEN degradation in endometrial cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1992. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1992
Keep it Simple: Using RDA's Content, Media, and Carrier Type Fields to Simplify Format Display Issues

Auburn University Libraries decided to use Resource Description and Access's (RDA's) content, media, and carrier (CMC) fields to display format information in our VuFind catalog in hopes of solving the granularity and ambiguity problems encountered under Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2) and the scattering of format information throughout the MAchine-Readable Cataloging record. After adding the CMCs to every record in the catalog and writing preliminary code, we have found that RDA, while simpler, still lacks the granularity we need and does not handle new or complex formats as easily as its designers claim.
Comparison of a novel profile method to standard chamber methods for measurement of sediment oxygen demand

A methodology is presented to determine the impact of flow rate upon sediment oxygen demand (SOD) based upon dissolved oxygen transport through the logarithmic boundary layer in stream systems. Previous work has used profile methodology to estimate atmospheric fluxes of pollutants from sediment, and similar principles are applied in this study. Chamber and profile SOD measurements were collected on July 21, 2009 in the Millstone River in Hillsborough, NJ and on July 22 and 28, 2009 in the Lawrence Brook in Milltown, NJ. The two systems were installed 2 meters apart laterally across the stream to measure SOD simultaneously. A total of 7 chamber measurements and 50 profile measurements were collected over 3 days. Chamber SOD measurements in the Lawrence Brook varied from 3.6 to 13.0 g/m2/day and had a mean of 5.0 g/m2/day. Concurrent profile SOD measurements varied from 1.3 to 13.5 g/m2/day and had a mean of 7.16 g/m2/day. In the Millstone River, the single chamber measurement was 4.6 g/m2/day while the pro...
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in Oklahoma Conventional and Organic Retail Poultry

Campylobacter is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause bacterial gastroenteritis.This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in conventional and organic retail poultry samples purchased from grocery stores in Tulsa, Oklahoma.One hundred and fifty six chilled retail chicken samples (85 conventional and 71 organic) and 65 chilled retail conventional turkey samples were collected in this study. The prevalence of Campylobacter in the conventional chicken samples 32/85 (38%) was higher than in the organic ones 21/71 (30%). The prevalence of Campylobacter in the conventional turkey samples was 11/65 (17%). Of the 53 positive chicken samples, 42 were C. jejuni, 8 were C. coli and three isolates were contaminated with both species. Of the 11 positive turkey samples, 8 contained C. jejuni and 3 harbored C. coli isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of one hundred and forty nine recovered Campylobacter isolates (130 chickens and 19 turkeys) towards sixteen antimicrobials was determined. The majority of the recovered turkey isolates (13/19) showed resistance to more than 7 antimicrobials while most of the recovered chicken ones (82/130) were resistant to 5 to 7 antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was not limited to isolates from conventional sources but was also available in isolates of an organic background and was generally lower in C. jejuni isolates when compared to the C. coli ones.
Recovery functions of somatosensory evoked responses in man

Abstract In human subjects the cerebral response evoked by a brief shock to median nerve is a complex potential lasting approximately 500 msec. Recovery functions of various components of the response were obtained in five subjects. A special-purpose analog computer extracted average evoked responses from the ongoing activity and separated conditioning and test responses which would normally overlap at brief interstimulus intervals. Comparison of these results with previous results in animal and man leads to the following analysis of somatosensory evoked response components: 1. 1. Component 1, a brief diphasic potential appearing 20 msec after the stimulus, exhibits considerable recovery as early as 50 msec and is essentially recovered in 200 msec. Its recovery and other criteria indicate that it is a thalamo-cortical radiation response. 2. 2. The behavior of component 2 during recovery suggests that it may be, or may contain, the classical primary positive response. 3. 3. Response components designated 3 and 4 require at least 1 sec for complete recovery. Although the present results are inconclusive, a tentative hypothesis would relate 3 to the “association” response and 4 to the “secondary” response previously described in cat and monkey. 4. 4. Component 5, a long-latency diphasic potential, requires several seconds for complete recovery. This and other characteristics of the response clearly relate it to the “non-specific” response or “V potential” previously described in man. 5. 5. Click-shock recovery functions showed that only component 5 was affected by a conditioning click. The degree of subnormality was roughly half that for a conditioning shock, indicating that this component is only partially “non-specific” to a given modality of sensory stimulation.
Alkali-metal substituted La2CuO4: Structures of La2−xMxCuO4 (M = Na, K;x ≈ 0.2)

Abstract The structures of akali-metal substituted La 2 CuO 4 have been analyzed by profile refinement of neutron powder diffraction data. At room temperature, La 1.8 Na 0.2 CuO 4 ( T c ≈ 30 K) has the body-centered tetragonal K 2 NiF 4 structure as found for the akaline-earth metal doped analogs such as La 1.85 M 0.15 CuO 4 (M = Sr, Ba). Below the superconducting transition temperature, the sodium-containing phase clearly exhibits the orthorhombic La 2 CuO 4 structure. Although the structure of non-superconducting La 1.8 K 0.2 CuO 4 can be fitted with tetragonal symmetry, there is evidence for a weak orthohombic distortion.
Treatment of pyelonephritis in an observation unit

Study objective: To determine the feasibility of managing patients with acute pyelonephritis as outpatients after initial treatment with IV antibiotics in an emergency department observation unit. Design: Prospective and uncontrolled. Setting: ED observation unit. Type of participants: Nonpregnant female patients 14 years old or older without immunocompromise or serious underlying disease and no evidence of septic shock. Interventions: All patients received two IV doses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole at a 12-hour dosing interval and promethazine and acetaminophen as needed for nausea and fever, respectively. Baseline laboratory data, urinalysis, and urine and blood cultures were obtained. Measurements and main results: Patients were observed for signs of septic shock, nausea, vomiting, and the ability to tolerate an oral intake. At the end of the observation period, 43 of 44 patients were discharged on oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. One additional patient who was doing well clinically was recalled and admitted because of a positive blood culture. Conclusion: Patients with acute pyelonephritis, despite significant fever or nausea and vomiting, can be treated effectively as outpatients after a brief period of observation and IV antibiotics.
Kaposi's sarcoma: a trifactorial model.

Abstract To explain the epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma, including its predominance in men, I present a theory based on three concurrent factors: immunodeficiency, exposure to a specific viral agent, and a recessive, highly prevalent X-linked regulatory gene. The X-linked locus is inferred from comparing the aberrant lymphaticovenous nature of immature lesions with absence of lymphaticovenous connections in XO karyotypes. The theory predicts that for heterosexual populations without sex differences in viral exposure or degree of immunodeficiency, the male-to-female ratio of Kaposi's sarcoma will equal the inverse of the lesion's frequency in immunodeficient male homosexuals exposed to the causative virus. In addition, an increased incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma is expected outside of the context of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as the causative virus is transmitted separately from the human immunodeficiency virus.
Clinicians’ Contributions to the Development of Coronary Artery Stents: A Qualitative Study of Transformative Device Innovation

Background Medical device innovation remains poorly understood, and policymakers disagree over how to incentivize early development. We sought to elucidate the components of transformative health care innovation by conducting an in-depth case study of development of a key medical device: coronary artery stents. Methods and Findings We conducted semi-structured interviews with the innovators whose work contributed to the development of coronary artery stents who we identified based on a review of the regulatory, patent, and medical literature. Semi-structured interviews with each participant covered the interviewee’s personal involvement in coronary artery stent development, the roles of institutions and other individuals in the development process, the interplay of funding and intellectual property in the interviewee’s contribution, and finally reflections on lessons arising from the experience. Transcripts were analyzed using standard coding techniques and the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis. Conclusions We found that the first coronary artery stents emerged from three teams: Julio Palmaz and Richard Schatz, Cesare Gianturco and Gary Roubin, and Ulrich Sigwart. First, these individual physician-inventors saw the need for coronary artery stents in their clinical practice. In response, they developed prototypes with the support of academic medical centers leading to early validation studies. Larger companies entered afterwards with engineering support. Patents became paramount once the technology diffused. The case of coronary stents suggests that innovation policy should focus on supporting early physician-inventors at academic centers.
Low Reynolds number heat transfer from a circular cylinder

Theoretical results are obtained for forced heat convection from a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers. Consideration is given to the cases of a moderate and a large Prandtl number, the analysis in each case being based upon the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Comparison between the moderate Prandtl number theory and known experimental results indicates excellent agreement; no relevant experimental work has been found for comparison with the large Prandtl number theory.
Headache in Pregnancy: An Approach to Emergency Department Evaluation and Management

Headache is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes benign primary causes as well as ominous secondary causes. The diagnosis and management of headache in the pregnant patient presents several challenges. There are important unique considerations regarding the differential diagnosis, imaging options, and medical management. Physiologic changes induced by pregnancy increase the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis, dissection, and pituitary apoplexy. Preeclampsia, a serious condition unique to pregnancy, must also be considered. A high index of suspicion for carbon monoxide toxicity should be maintained. Primary headaches should be a diagnosis of exclusion. When advanced imaging is indicated, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be used, if available, to reduce radiation exposure. Contrast agents should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. Medical therapy should be selected with careful consideration of adverse fetal effects. Herein, we present a review of the literature and discuss an approach to the evaluation and management of headache in pregnancy
Performance of a Flexible Evaporator for Loop Heat Pipe Applications

A flat and flexible evaporator, which conforms to contoured surfaces, has been developed for loop heat pipe applications. A loop heat pipe (LHP) is a passive, two phase heat transfer device that uses a porous membrane in the evaporator to circulate fluid. A number of flexible membranes have been tested as evaporator wicks that have a length of 12.7 cm and heated area of 50.6 cm2 . For cellulose, polyethylene, and blotting paper membranes, maximum heat fluxes of 0.43, 1.5 and 2.9 W/cm2 have been observed, respectively. The maximum heat transfer coefficients measured for these membranes are 551, 876, and 2100 W/m2 -K, respectively. The best performance was observed by a membrane made of a fibrous cotton matrix, typically used as gauze. This material has a large pore size and high wettability with water. When tested in a rigid, brass evaporator, the maximum heat flux observed is 5.95 W/cm2 , and the maximum heat transfer coefficient is 2865 W/m2 -K. A flexible evaporator is fabricated using a heat sealable, flexible barrier pouch, and the cotton matrix membrane is sealed inside. The maximum measured heat flux for the flexible evaporator is 3.2 W/cm2 and maximum measured heat transfer coefficient is 1165 W/m2 -K. The observed reduction in heat transfer as compared to the rigid evaporator is due to the poor contact between the evaporator and membrane. It is concluded that for the flexible evaporator membranes considered, the heat transfer mechanism is boiling and the maximum heat flux is limited by the wicking rate of the membrane. For a given membrane, the wicking rate increases with a reduction in the wicking length and decreases with an increasing rate of evaporation. To further improve the performance of the flexible evaporator, it is necessary to ensure efficient vapor removal from the evaporator as well as maintaining good contact between the membrane and the evaporator surface.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Using Cognitive Interviewing to Explore Causes for Racial Differences on the MAYSI-2

Prior research indicated that African American and Caucasian youth respond differently to items on the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI-2), a mental health screening tool used nationwide in juvenile justice systems, thus possibly affecting mental health need identification. To explore the cause for the differences, cognitive interviews were conducted with eight African American and eight Caucasian male juvenile detainees, aged 12 to 16 years, from two Midwestern detention facilities. Results indicate differences in how both groups interpreted certain mental health symptoms and the dimension of time. Both groups also similarly misinterpreted and were suspicious of some items. To address these issues, the MAYSI-2 could benefit from further examination and development.
Alternatives to Antibiotics for Organic Poultry Production

SUMMARY There is a variety of potentially useful ingredients that could be added to the feed or drinking water of a poultry flock to improve production or to reduce the spread of disease. Some of these potential ingredients have been tested in live poultry flocks; others have only been tested in a laboratorywithouttheuseoflivebirds.Mostofthepotentialingredientsneedtobemorethoroughly tested in live birds and in real production flocks before they are be completely embraced by poultry producers. With current consumer preferences tending toward purchasing products from livestock grownwithoutantibiotics,theingredientspresentedinthispapershouldbestudiedmorethoroughly for the beneficial applications they may have in poultry production.
Extensions of Integral Domains with Infinite Chains of Intermediate Rings

Let R ⊂ T be (commutative integral) domains, with corresponding quotient fields K ⊂ L. If R ≠ K, then there exists a denumerable chain of R-subalgebras of T. Examples show that the assertion fails if one deletes either of the assumptions that R ≠ K or K ≠ L or strengthens the “denumerable” part of the conclusion. A partial generalization is given for rings with nontrivial zero-divisors.
A pharmacokinetic basis for the administration of digoxin to puppies.

The pharmacokinetics of digoxin were investigated in five 15-day-old puppies. Following administration of 30 μg/kg digoxin intravenously, multiple serum samples were collected and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Data was analysed by non-linear least squares regression analysis. The mean biological half-life of digoxin in puppies was 22.7 h and the mean volume of distribution by extrapolation was 14.4 litres/kg. The data collected along with data from the literature was applied to standard pharmacokinetic equations to formulate tentative doses of digoxin. The maintenance doses calculated for puppies were, in μg/kg/24 h, 15 for the intravenous injection, 18 for the pediatric elixir and 22 for the tablet. When the above doses of digoxin were administered to six 31-day-old Beagle pups, resultant plasma digoxin concentrations measured over 12 days were mostly lower than expected but were nevertheless within the proposed therapeutic, non-toxic range of 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml.
Docking of non-nucleoside inhibitors: Neotripterifordin and its derivatives to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

The docking of small molecules to proteins has played an important role in the understanding of drug/receptor interactions. An important drug/receptor interaction is between non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and the non-nucleoside binding pocket. We report the results of docking calculations in which we have docked known and proposed non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to the type 1 virus. The proposed NNRTIs dock in a similar position and orientation as known inhibitors. In addition, we observe a linear correlation between the calculated interaction energy and EC50 for the inhibitors, suggesting that the docked structure orientation and the interaction energies are reasonable. Two hydrogen bonds between nevirapine and RT (3HVT and 1VRT) are observed and are reproduced across different docking schemes. Since we used two different HIV-1 RT crystal structures (3HVT and 1VRT), which are at different levels of resolution (2.9 and 2.2 A, respectively), we propose that structures with resolutions better than 3 A can be used to produce reasonable docking results.
Comparison of conventional and two-stage reversible flow, static-bed biodenitrification reactors.

This paper compares the operation of a traditional single-stage system with a two-stage, reversible flow biodenitrification system for removing nitrates from drinking water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of these two-stage systems to remove nitrate and residual organics from treated water as compared to single-stage units. In the reversible flow system, the second-stage (i.e. follow) reactor is operated in series with the first-stage (i.e. lead) reactor. After a given period of operation, the flow regime is reversed so that the follow reactor becomes the lead one and vice versa. The active solids remaining in the follow reactor (previously the lead one) are capable of removing residual soluble organics and nitrates to levels below the concentrations provided by single-stage units particularly at HRTs as low as 0.5 h. Nitrate-nitrogen removal efficiency improved slightly from 98 to 99.5% for the single- and two-stage systems, respectively. Most notably, reversible flow reactors were found to reduce long-term effluent residual organics concentrations with an average of approximately 1/3 that of the single-stage system. Also the reversible flow system, with its design redundancy, demonstrated the ability to receive extreme shock loads with no sustained loss of treatment efficiency.
Mortality, fertility, and the OY ratio in a model hunter-gatherer system.

An agent-based model (ABM) is used to explore how the ratio of old to young adults (the OY ratio) in a sample of dead individuals is related to aspects of mortality, fertility, and longevity experienced by the living population from which the sample was drawn. The ABM features representations of rules, behaviors, and constraints that affect person- and household-level decisions about marriage, reproduction, and infant mortality in hunter–gatherer systems. The demographic characteristics of the larger model system emerge through human-level interactions playing out in the context of “global” parameters that can be adjusted to produce a range of mortality and fertility conditions. Model data show a relationship between the OY ratios of living populations (the living OY ratio) and assemblages of dead individuals drawn from those populations (the dead OY ratio) that is consistent with that from empirically known ethnographic hunter–gatherer cases. The dead OY ratio is clearly related to the mean ages, mean adult mortality rates, and mean total fertility rates experienced by living populations in the model. Sample size exerts a strong effect on the accuracy with which the calculated dead OY ratio reflects the actual dead OY ratio of the complete assemblage. These results demonstrate that the dead OY ratio is a potentially useful metric for paleodemographic analysis of changes in mortality and mean age, and suggest that, in general, hunter–gatherer populations with higher mortality, higher fertility, and lower mean ages are characterized by lower dead OY ratios. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:222–231, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On discrete time optimal control: a closed-form solution

In this paper, the mathematical derivation of a closed-form discrete optimal control law is presented. Unlike the well-known results for continuous plants, the closed-form time optimal control for discrete time plants was never attained. The recent work of Jingqing Han sheds lights on this problem and is introduced. In particular, a time optimal control law is constructed in the form of state feedback for a discrete time, double-integral plant by using the isochronic region method. This closed-form nonlinear state feedback clearly demonstrates that time optimal control in discrete time is not necessarily bang-bang control, i.e., the control signal does not always take on extreme values. In fact, this characteristic makes the new control law advantageous in engineering applications.
GenoMosaic: on-demand multiple genome comparison and comparative annotation

GenoMosaic is a portable database application for on demand multiple genome comparison. We discuss the methods used to generate a GenoMosaic data set from genome sequence data, and present the relational data model used in the application. We define an abstraction of genome sequence data (the feature mosaic) that allows us to bridge between annotation that describes features within single genes and that which includes possibly multiple genes and intergenic features over long stretches of genomic sequence. The goal of this project is to support new method development for on-demand multiple genome comparison. Each genome to be compared can be modeled as a string of generic features of any type that can be computationally defined, related by adjacency information within and among genomes. The generic feature abstraction makes it possible to study the arrangement of features in the genome at a level of detail which includes RNA genes, putative regulatory regions, SNPs, overlapping transcripts, intron splice junctions, alternative polyadenylation signals-in short, to incorporate significant sequence details which are not necessarily within protein-coding regions. This abstraction is amenable to functional implementation as a relational data model upon which novel query capabilities can be built, and provides objects that can be analyzed using algorithms for comparison of strings and lists. As an initial effort, we have implemented a prototype using a representative set of comparative and content-based annotation methods to reduce a collection of prokaryotic genomes to a feature mosaic representation. Entity-Relationship modeling was then used to develop a data model capable of storing detailed results, including complete parameters for each instance of analysis.
The impact of specific prior experiences on infants’ extension of animal properties

We examined the influence of prior exposure to specific animal properties on 15-month-old infants' inductive generalization. Using picture books, 29 infants were trained on properties linked in a congruent or incongruent manner with four animal categories. A generalized imitation task was then administered to assess patterns of property extension for two of the trained properties as well as two untrained properties aligned with the training categories. Prior exposure to particular category-property relations was shown to impact infants' property extensions in that infants selected a novel member of the training category for their imitation. For untrained properties, infants selected equally between novel members of the training and non-training categories. The findings highlight the dynamic nature of inductive processes in infancy.
Effect of spermine synthase deficiency on polyamine biosynthesis and content in mice and embryonic fibroblasts, and the sensitivity of fibroblasts to 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea.

Mutant Gy male mice, which have previously been described as having disruption of the phosphate-regulating Phex gene and a spermine synthase gene [Meyer, Henley, Meyer, Morgan, McDonald, Mills and Price (1998) Genomics, 48, 289-295; Lorenz, Francis, Gempel, Boddrich, Josten, Schmahl and Schmidt (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 541-547], as well as mutant Hyp male mice, which have disruption of the Phex gene only, were examined along with their respective normal male littermates. Biochemical analyses of extracts of brains, hearts and livers of 5-week-old mice showed that Gy males lacked any significant spermine synthase activity as well as spermine content. Organs of Gy males had a higher spermidine content. This was caused not only by the lack of conversion of spermidine into spermine, but also because of compensatory increases in the activities of other polyamine biosynthetic enzymes. Gy males were half the body weight of their normal male littermates at weaning age. Hyp males, however, were no different in size when compared with their controls. High mortality of Gy males occurs by weaning age and this mortality was shown to be largely post-natal. Embryonic fibroblasts were isolated from Gy males and their normal male littermates and were similarly shown to lack any significant spermine synthase activity as well as spermine content. The lack of spermine, however, had no significant effect on the growth of immortalized fibroblasts or of primary fibroblast cultures. Similarly, there was no difference in the time of senescence of primary fibroblast cultures from Gy males compared with cultures derived from normal male littermates. However, the lack of spermine did increase the sensitivity of immortalized fibroblasts to killing by the chloroethylating agent 1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. Therefore both the Gy male mice and derived embryonic fibroblasts provide valuable models to study the importance of spermine and spermine synthase, without the use of inhibitors which may have additional side effects.
Triangular Contests and Caucus Rhetoric at the 1885 General Election

This article explores the role played by late-Victorian political associations during parliamentary election campaigns. The central hypothesis is that party organisation, known popularly as the �caucus�, is best understood as a rhetorical device used by politicians and the press to gain legitimacy in the new context created by an expanded and quasi-democratic electorate. The hypothesis is tested by examining the 1885 general election campaigns in Nottingham West and Sheffield Central. Both constituencies witnessed a triangular contest whereby an �additional� candidate, standing on a radical platform, entered the campaign and pursued a distinctly �anti-caucus� agenda that was aimed primarily at the local Liberal Party Association. The manner in which the �caucus� issue was articulated by all sides involved throws new light on the role played by party organisation during this period. While all sides described their association in a way that both defended and asserted its legitimacy, they equally used �anti-caucus� rhetoric to diminish the credibility of their opponent's organisation, even though they were emulating the deeds they were denouncing. Indeed, it was those within official Liberalism that indulged in the most virulent �anti-caucus� rhetoric. Thus, it is suggested that, with regard to the attitude of radicals towards official Liberalism, this �anti-caucus� rhetoric reflected not a real popular resistance against party organisation or �party�, but simply intense competition and imitation between rival �caucuses�.
Cytokine Stimulation Promotes Glucose Uptake via Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase/Akt Regulation of Glut1 Activity and Trafficking

Cells require growth factors to support glucose metabolism for survival and growth. It is unclear, however, how noninsulin growth factors may regulate glucose uptake and glucose transporters. We show that the hematopoietic growth factor interleukin (IL)3, maintained the glucose transporter Glut1 on the cell surface and promoted Rab11a-dependent recycling of intracellular Glut1. IL3 required phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity to regulate Glut1 trafficking, and activated Akt was sufficient to maintain glucose uptake and surface Glut1 in the absence of IL3. To determine how Akt may regulate Glut1, we analyzed the role of Akt activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/regulatory associated protein of mTOR (RAPTOR) and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3. Although Akt did not require mTOR/RAPTOR to maintain surface Glut1 levels, inhibition of mTOR/RAPTOR by rapamycin greatly diminished glucose uptake, suggesting Akt-stimulated mTOR/RAPTOR may promote Glut1 transporter activity. In contrast, inhibition of GSK3 did not affect Glut1 internalization but nevertheless maintained surface Glut1 levels in IL3-deprived cells, possibly via enhanced recycling of internalized Glut1. In addition, Akt attenuated Glut1 internalization through a GSK3-independent mechanism. These data demonstrate that intracellular trafficking of Glut1 is a regulated component of growth factor-stimulated glucose uptake and that Akt can promote Glut1 activity and recycling as well as prevent Glut1 internalization.