cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab Initio Study of the Energetics of Ionic Hydration with the Polarizable Continuum Model

Although they are computationally very demanding, quantum mechanical (ab initio) models provide the first step in the hierarchical ladder leading to the full computational description of matter. The formulation of an economic ab initio model of ionic hydration is reviewed here from the viewpoint of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and quantum mechanics. This manuscript presents an exposition of the polarizable continuum model (PCM), which encompasses the exact quantum mechanical problem for the solute, coupled with an electrostatic problem for the solvent, which is modeled as a uniform dielectric medium contained outside a cavity surrounding each ion. By the judicious choice of the scaled ionic radius, a single parameter that is intrinsic to each ion, PCM can reproduce the experimental values of the solvation energy of single monovalent cations and anions available in the literature. After a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of PCM, it is concluded that such quantum-continuum models can be ...
Reversible compressed domain watermarking by exploiting code space inefficiency

Algorithms that perform data hiding directly in the compressed domain, without the need for partial decompression or transcoding, are highly desirable. We based this work on the recognition of the idea that only a limited amount of a possible codespace is actually used for any specific code. Therefore, if bits are chosen appropriately, watermarking them will place a codeword outside of the valid codespace. Variable length codes in compressed bitstreams, however, have virtually no redundancy to losslessly carry hidden data. Altered VLCs will likely remain valid. In this work, we examine the bitstream not as individual VLCs but as codeword-pairs. Pairing codewords conceptually shrinks the percentage of available codespace that is actually being used. This idea has a number of key advantages, including that the watermark embedding is mathematically lossless, file size is preserved and the watermarked bitstream will still remain format-compliant. This algorithm is most appropriate for compression algorithms that are error-resilient. For example, the error concealment property of MPEG-4 or H.263+ can also counter bit “errors” caused by the watermarking while playing the video. The off-line portion of the algorithm needs to be run only once for a given VLC table regardless of multiple mediums employing the table. This allows for the algorithm to be applied in real time, both in embedding and removal, due to implementation in the compressed domain.
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and reciprocal social behavior in childhood

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood, including low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), attention problems and ADHD. Many of these disorders involve impairments in social functioning. Thus, we investigated the relationship between biomarkers of prenatal OP exposure and impaired reciprocal social behavior in childhood, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Using a multi-ethnic urban prospective cohort of mother-infant pairs in New York City recruited between 1998 and 2002 (n=404) we examined the relation between third trimester maternal urinary levels of dialkylphosphate (ΣDAP) OP metabolites and SRS scores among 136 children who returned for the 7-9year visit. Overall, there was no association between OPs and SRS scores, although in multivariate adjusted models, associations were heterogeneous by race and by sex. Among blacks, each 10-fold increase in total diethylphosphates (ΣDEP) was associated with poorer social responsiveness (β=5.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8, 9.4). There was no association among whites or Hispanics, or for total ΣDAP or total dimethylphosphate (ΣDMP) biomarker levels. Additionally, stratum-specific models supported a stronger negative association among boys for ΣDEPs (β=3.5 points, 95% CI 0.2, 6.8), with no notable association among girls. Our results support an association of prenatal OP exposure with deficits in social functioning among blacks and among boys, although this may be in part reflective of differences in exposure patterns.
The politics of age discrimination in organizations

Age discrimination, particularly in the context of performance evaluation decisions, has been a source of major concern and litigation for organizations in the past, and indications are that this area will pose serious challenges in the future. The present study attempted to delve more deeply into the process by which manifest age discrimination operates in the performance evaluation process. A conceptualization was proposed and tested which suggested that age-related influences on performance ratings operate through interpersonal distance and political influence of subordinates. Results demonstrated some support for this conceptualization.
The mitochondrial ryanodine receptor in rat heart: A pharmaco-kinetic profile

Abstract A protein discovered within inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM), designated as the mitochondrial ryanodine receptor (mRyR), has been recognized recently as a modulator of Ca 2+ fluxes in mitochondria. The present study provides fundamental pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of this mRyR. Rat cardiac IMM fused to lipid bilayers revealed the presence of a mitochondrial channel with gating characteristics similar to those of classical sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR (SR-RyR), but a variety of other mitochondrial channels obstructed clean recordings. Mitochondrial vesicles were thus solubilized and subjected to sucrose sedimentation to obtain mRyR-enriched fractions. Reconstitution of sucrose-purified fractions into lipid bilayers yielded Cs + -conducting, Ca 2+ -sensitive, large conductance (500–800 pS) channels with signature properties of SR-RyRs. Cytosolic Ca 2+ increased the bursting frequency and mean open time of the channel. Micromolar concentrations of ryanodine induced the appearance of subconductance states or inhibited channel activity altogether, while Imperatoxin A (IpTx a ), a specific activator of RyRs, reversibly induced the appearance of distinct subconductance states. Remarkably, the cardiac mRyR displayed a Ca 2+ dependence of [ 3 H]ryanodine binding curve similar to skeletal RyR (RyR1), not cardiac RyR (RyR2). Overall, the mRyR displayed elemental attributes that are present in single channel lipid bilayer recordings of SR-RyRs, although some exquisite differences were also noted. These results therefore provide the first direct evidence that a unique RyR occurs in mitochondrial membranes.
Fusarium pathogenesis investigated using Galleria mellonella as a heterologous host

Members of the fungal genus Fusarium are capable of manifesting in a multitude of clinical infections, most commonly in immunocompromised patients. In order to better understand the interaction between the fungus and host, we have developed the larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, as a heterologous host for fusaria. When conidia are injected into the haemocoel of this Lepidopteran system, both clinical and environmental isolates of the fungus are able to kill the larvae at 37 °C, although killing occurs more rapidly when incubated at 30 °C. This killing was dependent on several other factors besides temperature, including the Fusarium strain, the number of conidia injected, and the conidia morphology, where macroconidia are more virulent than their microconidia counterpart. There was a correlation in the killing rate of Fusarium spp. when evaluated in G. mellonella and a murine model. In vivo studies indicated G. mellonella haemocytes were capable of initially phagocytosing both conidial morphologies. The G. mellonella system was also used to evaluate antifungal agents, and amphotericin B was able to confer a significant increase in survival to Fusarium-infected larvae. The G. mellonella-Fusarium pathogenicity system revealed that virulence of Fusarium spp. is similar, regardless of the origin of the isolate, and that mammalian endothermy is a major deterrent for Fusarium infection and therefore provides a suitable alternative to mammalian models to investigate the interaction between the host and this increasingly important fungal pathogen.
Adolescent and Parent Perspectives on Ethical Issues in Youth Drug Use and Suicide Survey Research

The contribution of adolescent and parent perspectives to ethical planning of survey research on youth drug use and suicide behaviors are highlighted through an empirical examination of 322 7th-12th graders' and 160 parents' opinions on questions related to 4 ethical dimensions of survey research practice: (a) evaluating research risks and benefits, (b) establishing guardian permission requirements, (c) developing confidentiality and disclosure policies, and (d) using cash incentives for recruitment. Generational and ethnic variation in response to questionnaire items developed from discussions within adolescent and parent focus groups are described. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential contributions and challenges of adolescent and parent perspectives for planning scientifically valid and ethically responsible youth risk survey research.
Auction design for ancillary reserve products

The precise definition of the ancillary services varies across systems and so is the design of markets for competitive procurement and provision of such services. Ancillary service market designs are based on either a sequential or a simultaneous auction for the different reserve types and may differ with respect to the objective function used by the ISO in the procurement of reserves and the extent to which the ISO is allowed to substitute among reserves types. The only design, which is incentive compatible, is based on a simultaneous auction that clears the market so as to minimize total offered prices (revealed social cost) subject to the hierarchical substitutability constraints. In this design the market clearing procedure is implemented using a linear programming optimization and the market clearing prices for each reserve type are set to the shadow prices corresponding to the demand constraint for each reserve type. Incentive compatibility will induce generators offering reserves to disclose their true capability and marginal cost, thus resulting in a socially efficient dispatch.
Synthesis of Cross-Linkable Telechelic Poly(butenylene)s Derived from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

The synthesis of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) chain transfer agents (CTA)s bearing methacrylate or epoxide end functionality was accomplished. In the presence of these CTAs, the ROMP of cyclooctadiene (COD) initiated with (PCy_3)_2Cl_2Ru CHPh afforded the respective telechelic poly(butenylene)s with either methacrylate or epoxide end groups. Control over the polymer molecular weight was demonstrated by varying the COD/CTA ratio. Successful cross-linking by thermal or photochemical initiation of the bis(methacrylate)-functionalized telechelic poly(butenylene)s or through acid catalysis of the bis(epoxide)-functionalized telechelic poly(butenylene)s was accomplished. While cross-linking was found to reduce solubility of the polymers, it greatly enhanced their thermal stability.
Analysis of the trajectory set of nonlinear dynamics: Systems with aftereffect under impulsive disturbances

We prove a theorem of the comparison principle with the use of an auxiliary matrix function defined on the product of spaces and a general theorem that permits one to analyze the stability of a stationary solution of a set of systems of impulsive equations with aftereffect on the basis of a scalar comparison equation. We obtain sufficient stability conditions for the case in which both the continuous and the discrete component of the system may have unstable zero solution.
Comparison of three digital library interfaces: open library, Google books, and Hathi Trust

Digital libraries often require very specialized interfaces in order to present various types of digital content. It is therefore critical to create interfaces that improve presentation of digital information and maximize user experience with digital collections. In this respect, this research aims to examine interfaces of three digital libraries that provide collections of digital text. The three digital libraries include Open Library, Google Books, and Hathi Trust. An evaluation matrix was developed to measure usability, aesthetics and interface components. The overall findings of the study showed that the majority of the participants preferred the Open Library interface followed by Google Books. The statistical analysis indicated that Open Library is significantly better than Google Books and Hathi Trust in terms of usability, aesthetics, and interface components. The preference for the Open Library stemmed largely from aesthetic choices. Participants also appreciated the use of elements that are analogous to their physical counterparts.
Indecomposable continua and the Julia sets of polynomials, II

Abstract We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the connected Julia set of a polynomial of degree d ⩾ 2 to be an indecomposable continuum. One necessary and sufficient condition is that the impression of some prime end (external ray) of the unbounded complementary domain of the Julia set J has nonempty interior in J. Another is that every prime end has as its impression the entire Julia set. The latter answers a question posed in 1993 by the second two authors. We show by example that, contrary to the case for a polynomial Julia set, the image of an indecomposable subcontinuum of the Julia set of a rational function need not be indecomposable.
Lorentz violation in a uniform Newtonian gravitational field

Lorentz invariance is one of the fundamental principles of physics, and, as such, it must be experimentally tested. The purpose of this work is to obtain, within the Standard-Model Extension, the dynamics of a Lorentz-violating spinor in a uniform Newtonian gravitational field. This is achieved by treating the spinor as a test particle and introducing the gravitational field through a uniformly accelerated observer. The nonrelativistic Hamiltonian is obtained, and some experimental consequences are discussed. One unexpected outcome of this work is that the gravitational field helps disentangle bounds on coefficients for Lorentz violation.
Evaluation of SiO2 and TiO2 coated BaFeO4 cathode materials for zinc alkaline and lithium non-aqueous primary batteries

Abstract Barium ferrate material was coated with nanoparticulate thin films of SiO 2 and TiO 2 using sol–gel techniques, and was evaluated for use in both zinc-alkaline and lithium non-aqueous batteries. Iron(VI) content was monitored for ferrate materials stored under dry conditions and wetted with KOH and LiPF 6 electrolytes. Coated barium ferrate demonstrated improved stability relative to uncoated BaFeO 4 . SiO 2 coated materials do not appear to be useful for either zinc alkaline or lithium non-aqueous systems at this time. TiO 2 coated materials demonstrated poor shelf life in alkaline electrolyte, but provided somewhat more favorable results in the lithium cells.
Prognostic ability of VE/VCO2 slope calculations using different exercise test time intervals in subjects with heart failure.

BackgroundThe minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope, obtained during exercise testing, possesses prognostic value in heart failure (HF). The VE-VCO2 relationship is generally linear thereby hypothetically producing similar slope values regardless of the exercise-test time interval used for calculation.DesignThis study assesses the ability of the VE/VCO2 slope, calculated at different time intervals throughout a progressive exercise test, to predict 1-year cardiac-related hospitalization and mortality in subjects with HF.MethodsSeventy-two subjects underwent symptom-limited exercise testing with ventilatory expired gas analysis. Mean age and left ventricular ejection fraction for 44 male and 28 female subjects were 51.2 years (± 13.0) and 27.0% (± 12.3) respectively. The VE/VCO2 slope was calculated from time 0 to 25, 50, 75 and 100% of exercise time and subsequently used to create five randomly selected VE/VCO2 slope categories.Results(The intraclass correlation coefficient found ca...
Re-examination of chewing and spitting behavior: characteristics within and across eating disorder diagnoses

Chewing and spitting (CS) out food is a relatively understudied eating disorder behavior. The aim of this study was to examine lifetime and current frequencies of CS across eating disorder diagnostic groups and to compare the severity of eating disorder symptomatology between participants who did and did not endorse CS. A total of 972 individuals presenting for outpatient eating disorder treatment between 1985 and 1996 completed a questionnaire that included items regarding current and lifetime eating disorder behaviors, including CS. Results indicated that both lifetime and current prevalence estimates of CS varied cross-diagnostically, with CS being more common among those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa compared to those with eating disorder not otherwise specified. CS was significantly associated with several eating disorder symptoms, including compensatory behaviors, meal restriction, and lower BMI. Those who reported CS were also younger in age compared to those who did not report CS. These findings indicate that CS is associated with more severe eating and weight pathology and is not equally prevalent across eating disorder diagnoses. These results also support the relatively high occurrence of CS and the importance of targeting this behavior in eating disorder treatment. Future research should clarify the correlates, mechanisms, and function of CS in eating disorders.
Partner Age Differences, Educational Contexts And Adolescent Female Sexual Activity

CONTEXT: Research suggesting that female teenagers who date substantially older males are at increased risk for negative health outcomes supports the need for statutory rape laws. However, prior research has generally ignored the social context of adolescence when examining the risks associated with dating an older partner. METHODS: Data from Waves 1 (1995) and 2 (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to model the occurrence of sexual intercourse within adolescent heterosexual romantic relationships. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the predictors of sexual intercourse among 4,266 romantically involved female students aged 12–18. RESULTS: Female students with male partners three or more years their senior had higher odds of engaging in sexual intercourse than female students with partners closer to their age (odds ratio, 1.5). However, the association between having an older partner and the risk of sexual intercourse was nonsignificant for females older than 16. Moreover, when male partners’ school status was taken into account, the relationship was no longer significant. Female students with partners who had exited school had elevated odds of having had intercourse compared with females who dated partners in the same school (1.8). CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge statutory rape laws’ focus on age, given that the association between educational context and sexual risk overrides the association between partner age and sexual risk.
Testing Factorial Invariance of the Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education Across Gender for Urban Adolescents

Lack of motivation, or amotiation, is emerging as a critical issue in high school physical education. The Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education (Shen, Winger, Li, Sun, & Rukavina, 2010) was developed to measure the multidimensional nature of amotivation construct in physical education. This study was designed to examine the consistency of the metric properties of Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education scores by evaluating their factorial structure for invariance across gender in a sample of 985 urban inner-city high school adolescents. Latent mean invariance was also tested. Results revealed that constraining factor loadings and intercepts in sequential configural, metric, and scalar invariances had no meaningful impact on model fit. However, gender might play a role in the magnitude of factor scores. Findings suggest that the four-factor structure of the Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education is a satisfactory representation of motivational deficits for urban inner-city adolescents and provide sig...
Digital subtraction venography of the upper extremity

Seventy four digital subtraction venograms of the upper extremity and mediastinum were performed in 69 patients. The indications included idiopathic arm and shoulder swelling, difficulties with a central venous catheter, chronic venous access device, or dialysis fistula, superior vena cava syndrome, or pre-operative anatomical mapping. Clinically useful information was obtained in all studies. The digital subtraction technique allows the simple and rapid performance of venography, especially in patients with limited venous access.
Immigration restrictions in the real world

In Do Duties to Outsiders Entail Open Borders? Shelley Wilcox argues that, even if we adopt relational rather than luck egalitarianism, egalitarian duties of justice may require countries like the United States to open their borders to at least some foreigners. In particular, Wilcox details the negative effects the Border Industrialization Program (BIP) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have had on Mexican maquiladora workers and corn farmers, among others. Given these harms, Wilcox argues that Americans have duties to these disadvantaged Mexicans, duties that can be satisfactorily discharged only through allowing open immigration over the U.S./Mexican border. For a variety of reasons, I am not convinced that Wilcoxs arguments undermine my conclusion that legitimate states are entitled to design and enforce their own immigration policies.
On the Physics of Crystals. Part I

This review on the physics of crystals is divided into a number of parts. The first parts deal with the experimental aspects of the problem of the solid state. In the last part a general solution of this problem will be proposed and developed. The experimental facts which distinguish the solid state, particularly those which have not been explained on the basis of the theory of ideal crystallographic lattices will be selected. It is our contention that these obnoxious observations are peculiar to the solid state and to incorporate them into the theory constitutes the present problem of the solid state.
Adverse Effects of Vigabatrin in Angelman Syndrome

New antiepileptic drugs designed for enhancing GABAergic inhibition, such as vigabatrin (VGB) may be effective in Angelman syndrome (AS), because associated convulsions could be related to a reduced GABA-receptor density or receptor abnormality. From our preliminary experiences in four children with AS treated with VGB, we conclude that it may induce and increase seizures in patients with AS.
Correspondence of diagnosis to initial treatment for neck pain

Abstract Objectives A patient care model has been proposed linking patient assessment to diagnosis to treatment to outcomes. Validation of this method is required. McKenzie developed the mechanical diagnosis and therapy (MDT) process to diagnose neck pain and direct its treatment. No study known to the authors has determined the link between MDT diagnosis and treatment for neck pain. The objective of the current study was to determine inter-rater agreement on the link between MDT diagnosis and treatment for neck pain. Setting Outpatient physical therapy clinics. Participants Fifty-four clinician raters, 20 patients with neck pain. Design Clinicians, MDT-trained for neck pain, viewed videotaped examinations of adult patients with neck pain and rated diagnosis and initial treatment. Main outcomes measures Inter-rater agreement on the MDT diagnosis-treatment link and derangement-directional preference link. Results Inter-rater agreement on the diagnosis-treatment link of derangement-directional preference and not derangement-no directional preference of treatment was with moderate clinical and statistical significance ( κ =0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.45–0.47; P κ =0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.41; P κ =0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.44–0.46; P κ =0.04, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.05; P Conclusions Clinicians trained in MDT for neck pain link diagnosis to initial treatment of patients with neck pain with moderate reliability, specifically using extension or laterally directed preference for treatment. The current study contributes towards validation of the diagnosis-treatment link of the MDT patient care model for neck pain.
Narrative Structure and Emotional Mobilization in Humanitarian Representations: The Case of the Congo Reform Movement, 1903–1912

The concept of empathy has played an important role in theorizing how humanitarian representations influence people. This article suggests that this focus on empathy in human rights theory is too limited and proposes “emotional mobilization” as a more flexible and satisfactory alternative to the empathy thesis. An analysis of the Congo reform movement in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century showcases the utility of this more inclusive concept. The Congo reform movement developed a narrative structure for representing the situation in the Congo, its history, and the possibilities for improvement that appealed to various emotions including empathy, guilt, and fear of pollution. It linked these emotionally-laden interpretations to a call for action through a clear definition of options and the manipulation of genres. The narrative structure of the Congo reform movement significantly exceeds the analytical limits of the empathy thesis, further demonstrated in the article through an analysis of a ...
An experimental study of the electrohydrodynamic flow in electrostatic precipitators

Schlieren visualization and laser-anemometry experiments are presented which demonstrate that a two-dimensional positive corona discharge interacts with the flow of a wire–plate electrostatic precipitator to produce a non-turbulent secondary flow in a plane perpendicular to the discharge wires. Smoke-wire visualization and hot-wire anemometry experiments are then described which show that negative-corona-discharge non-uniformities are responsible for producing both secondary flow in a plane parallel to the discharge wire and also turbulence. The significance of these results to the performance of electrostatic precipitators is discussed.
On the influence of in-situ reactions on grain size during reactive atomization and deposition

A fundamental study of the factors that govern grain size of 5083 Al processed via reactive atomization and deposition (RAD) is reported. Microstructural observation shows that the average grain size in RAD 5083 Al is slightly smaller than that in the material processed via N2 spray deposition (SDN). A numerical approach, together with measurements of the temperature histories inside the deposited materials, is implemented to analyze the influence of in-situ reactions during RAD process on the evolution of grain size. The numerical results show that RAD 5083 Al possesses a slightly higher density of nuclei relative to that present in SDN 5083 Al on a per unit volume of deposited material basis at the beginning of the slow solidification of remaining liquid phase. Furthermore, the RAD material exhibits a slightly lower coarsening extent during the slow solidification. Grain growth is negligible during the solid-phase cooling. Accordingly, the calculated grain size in RAD 5083 Al is slightly smaller than that in SDN 5083 Al, consistent with the observed results.
Urban Influence on Nighttime Airflow Estimated from Tetroon Flights.

Abstract Constant-volume balloon (tetroon) flights tracked by radar across Columbus, Ohio, in March 1969, illustrate the effect of a city on the nighttime airflow at heights of 100–200 m. On the average, the urban influence on wind direction is small at a height of 100 m, but an anticyclonic turning of 10° is observed at 200 m. The anticyclonic turning is greater under inversion than under lapse conditions and greater after midnight than before; it appears to result both from an increase in the frictional force due to increased vertical mixing and from a mesoscale high pressure system formed aloft as the result of the warmer temperatures within the city. The decrease in wind speed across the city averages nearly 20% of the upwind speed under lapse conditions but is very small under inversion conditions. In both cases the region of maximum deceleration tilts downwind with height. The average upward air motion exceeds 4 cm sec−1 above the down-town area under light wind conditions, and increases to 1 m sec−...
Clear-channel strategies for a scalable wide-area network

This paper studies the use of wavelength translation in different Clear Channel setup strategies in a scalable all-optical network. the network considered used a recursive grid architecture representing the 100 largest cities and constituting 561 access stations. As the network grows, the grid is subdivided in a recursive fashion to accommodate more nodes, making the network modular. The algorithm used for routing of the calls is distributed, dynamic, and scalable in the sense that the complexity of the algorithm grows slower than linear with the network size. The performance of wavelength translation with static and dynamic routing strategies is studied using simulation in terms of the blocking of incoming requests for Clear Channels. Optical wavelength translation is provided in the network and it is shown that for the network considered, the improvement in performance is marginal. The Clear Channel blocking, with and without wavelength translation, is studied for different traffic patterns ranging from fully uniform traffic to a pattern exhibiting very strong communities of interest. The impact of wavelength translation is considered for these different traffic patters. The Clear Channel setup strategies along with the architecture are all scalable and hence are applicable to very large networks.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Railroads, roads and lateral disconnection in the river landscapes of the continental United States

Abstract Railroads and roads are ubiquitous features in the river corridors of the United States. However, their impact on hydrologic, geomorphic, and ecological processes in fluvial and riparian landscapes has not been systematically explored at regional or continental extents. This study documents the geographic distribution of roads and railroads in the alluvial floodplains of the continental United States and the regional variability of their potential impacts on lateral connectivity and resultant channel and floodplain structure and function. We use national scale data sets and GIS analysis to derive data on stream–transportation network interactions in two broad categories: (1) crossing impacts, such as bridges and culverts, and (2) impacts where transportation infrastructure acts as a longitudinal dam along the stream channel, causing lateral floodplain disconnection. Potential stream crossing impacts are greatest in regions with long histories of road and railroad development and relatively low relief, such as the Mid-Atlantic, New England, and the Lower Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Potential lateral disconnections are more prevalent in rugged regions such as the Western U.S. and Appalachians where transportation routes follow river corridors along valley bottoms. Based on these results, we develop a conceptual model that suggests that the area of lateral disconnection due to transportation infrastructure should be most extensive in mid-sized alluvial valleys in relatively rugged settings. The result of this disconnection is the disruption of the long-term, cut-and-fill alluviation and of the shorter-term flood and flow pulse processes that create and maintain ecosystem function in river landscapes. The tremendous extent of transportation infrastructure in alluvial valleys documented in this study suggests a revision to H.B.N. Hynes' statement that the valley rules the stream. Instead, it appears that in modern landscapes of the U.S. the valley rules the transportation network — and the transportation network rules the stream.
Clinical spectrum and outcome of functional extraadrenal paraganglioma.

Functioning extraadrenal paragangliomas represent more than 10% of all pheochromocytomas, occur at diverse anatomic locations, and are said to have a higher malignancy rate than intraadrenal pheochromocytomas. Sixty-six patients had surgery for catecholamine-producing paragangliomas between 1952 and 1992. Median follow-up was 8.8 years. Median age was 40 years (11-67 years); the male/female ratio was 29:37. Familial disease occurred in 9 patients (13.6%), and 10 patients (15.2%) also developed adrenal pheochromocytoma. Solitary paragangliomas occurred in 52 patients: 46 abdominal, 4 thoracic, and 2 head and neck. Fifty-three tumors developed in 14 patients with multiple paragangliomas: 38 abdominal and 15 thoracic. Of 28 patients with solitary tumors undergoing localization studies over the past 10 years accurate localization was achieved in 27. There was one operative death; 15 patients had persistent disease; and 50 were cured postoperatively. Of those cured, nine developed recurrence, disease-free survival being 86%, 80%, and 80% at 5, 10, and 20 years. Metastatic disease was found in 14 patients (21%), 7 of whom have died. An additional 10 patients (15%) had locally invasive disease, of whom 4 have died. Cause-specific survivals at 5, 10, and 20 years were 90%, 83%, and 72%. Risk factors for death from pheochromocytoma were tumor size > 5 cm (p = 0.0002), metastatic disease (p = 0.001), and tumor invasion (p = 0.0023). Cause-specific survival for patients with tumors > 5 cm was 59% at 15 years compared to 100% among patients with tumors 5 cm and the occurrence of invasive or metastatic disease are strong predictors of outcome. Most tumors are abdominal, and imaging is highly successful for localization.
Single-phase hybrid micro-channel/micro-jet impingement cooling

Abstract A new hybrid cooling scheme is proposed for high-flux thermal management of electronic and power devices. This scheme combines the cooling benefits of micro-channel flow and micro-jet impingement with those of indirect refrigeration cooling. Experiments were performed to assess single-phase cooling performance using HFE 7100 as working fluid. Excellent predictions were achieved using the standard k–e model. The proposed cooling scheme is shown to involve complex interactions of impinging jets with micro-channel flow. Increasing jet velocity allows jets to penetrate the micro-channel flow toward the heated surface, especially in shallow micro-channels, greatly decreasing wall temperature. Despite the relatively poor thermophysical properties of HFE 7100, the proposed cooling scheme facilitated the dissipation of 304.9 W/cm2 without phase change; further improvement is possible by increasing jet velocity and/or decreasing coolant temperature. In addition to the numerical predictions, a superpositioning technique is introduced that partitions the heat transfer surface into zones that are each dominated by a different heat transfer mechanism, and assigning a different heat transfer coefficient value to each zone. Using this technique, a new correlation is developed that fits the data with a mean absolute error of 6.04%.
Computer plotting of stress contours in excavated slopes

The contouring of stresses in two-dimensional slopes is done quickly and efficiently by using the computer and an incremental plotter. The computer program developed here interpolates in two directions between centroids of finite elements at which the stresses are given, determines contour line co-ordinates, and plots the contours. This program can be easily modified to plot stresses produced by other two-dimensional finite element analysis programs as long as the arrangement of elements in the mesh is similar.
Effect of Natural Mineral Inclusions on the Graphitizability of a Pennsylvania Anthracite

A Pennsylvania anthracite was heat-treated to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Carbides formed at ∼2200 °C and then decomposed at ∼2500 °C. This process aided in the graphitization of the anthrac...
Salmeterol does not compromise the bronchodilator response to albuterol during acute episodes of asthma

Abstract PURPOSE: The present study was undertaken to determine whether regular use of salmeterol reduces the emergency effectiveness of albuterol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Acutely ill asthmatic patients chronically taking salmeterol, and similar patients who were not taking salmeterol, were treated with albuterol, either as three aerosols of 2.5 mg every 20 minutes for 1 hour or two doses of 5.0 mg every 20 minutes. Peak expiratory flow measurements were monitored before and after each treatment. The time to disposition and the number of return visits were also recorded. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients, 57 who took salmeterol and 57 who served as control patients, completed the study. Thirty-three patients in each group received the lower dose of albuterol, and 24 were given the larger amount. There were no significant pretreatment differences between the salmeterol and control groups in the severity of symptoms or the degree of airway obstruction. Both albuterol regimens improved peak flow. Responses in the control group and in the salmeterol group were similar (low-dose albuterol increase in peak flow=49%, control=35%, P = 0.37; high-dose albuterol increment in peak flow=43%, control=41%, P = 0.81). There were no significant differences between the control group and the salmeterol group in the mean length of stay, the proportion of subjects admitted to the hospital, or the number of return visits. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with asthma, chronic use of salmeterol doses not interfere with the effects of standard doses of albuterol for the treatment of acute decompensations.
Mechanism of Prostaglandin E2 Stimulation of Renin Secretion

SummaryIntrarenal infusion of acetylcholine, bradykinin, eledoisin, and PGE2 increased renal blood flow to a similar degree. Sodium and potassium excretion were similarly affected by each vasodilator. Renin secretion increased following PGE2 but was unaffected by acetylcholine, bradykinin, or eledoisin. It is suggested that PGE2 increases renin secretion by a direct effect on the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Profiling epithelial stem cells.

Abstract Two reports shed light on the gene expression patterns of hair follicle stem cells.
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Is Efficiently Targeted to Rafts in Supported Lipid Bilayers

Evidence is growing that biological membranes contain lipid microdomains or "rafts" that may be involved in processes such as cellular signaling and protein trafficking. In this study, we have used atomic force microscopy to examine the behavior of rafts in supported lipid bilayers. We show that bilayers composed of equimolar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin spontaneously form rafts, which are detectable as raised features. A comparison of the extents of protrusion of the rafts in monolayers and bilayers indicates that the rafts in the two leaflets of the bilayer coincide. The rafts were observed both in the absence and presence of cholesterol (33 mol %). Cholesterol reduced raft protrusion presumably by increasing the thickness of the non-raft bilayer. PLAP (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein placental alkaline phosphatase) was purified and shown to exist as a dimer. Following its incorporation into supported lipid bilayers, PLAP was found to be targeted efficiently to rafts, both in the absence and presence of cholesterol. We suggest that atomic force microscopy provides a powerful tool for the study of raft structure and properties.
Sandrow syndrome of mirror hands and feet and facial abnormalities

In 1970, Sandrow et al. (J Bone Joint Surg 52-A:363–370) described a syndrome of ulnar and fibular dimelia with facial abnormalities present in 2 generations in a family. We describe a new patient with similar manifestations, establishing this constellation of anomalies as a distinct syndrome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis, parsimony, and genetic algorithms

The Communication Alarm Processor Expert System (CAP), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Bonneville Power Administration, is a near real-time system that aids microwave communication system operators with interpreting the cause of large communication system problems [Purucker89]. Problems in the communications network are indicated by the real-time arrival of alarms at the central control site. CAP receives and processes these alarms, then presents the operator with a sorted list indicating the most probable cause (and location) generating the alarms.However, to achieve multiple problem diagnosis a diagnostic strategy is needed that: 1) satisfies the previously defined near real-time processing constraints, 2) “scales up” easily to handle large real-world applications (i.e., applications with more than 50 problems/components), and 3) gives the operator highly reliable information on the current status of the communications network. This paper describes recent successful results of our efforts to develop a general multiple problem (fault) diagnostic strategy that meets these requirements. The CAP system is currently being upgraded to incorporate this new strategy.
Hydrogen Inhibition of Exchange Diffusion on Pt(100)

Field ion microscope observations show that the diffusion rate of Pt atoms on Pt(100) is significantly reduced when the surface is exposed to hydrogen. A hydrogen partial pressure of $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\mathrm{Torr}$ causes the exchange diffusion rate to decrease by $\ensuremath{\sim}3$ orders of magnitude over 2--3 hours. Higher pressures suppress exchange displacements to the point where hopping displacements become energetically accessible. The ability to influence both the displacement rate and the transport mechanism indicates that hydrogen may be used to control thin-film growth at the atomic level.
Grandparental effects on reproductive strategizing: Nôbi villagers in Early Modern Japan

This paper analyzes data from the household registers for two villages in the Nobi region of central Japan in the late Edo period (1717-1869) to assess how grandparents may have affected reproductive strategizing in stem families. The particulars of the family system fostered a culturally favored set of reproductive goals, in particular, a daughter as eldest child, followed by a son (and heir), coupled with gender alternation in subsequent reproduction and overall gender balance. This reproductive strategy was generally followed during the stem phase of the domestic cycle, when one or both grandparents were present, especially when the family head was in the senior generation. By contrast, a son-first strategy was favored when childbearing began in the conjugal phase of the cycle. This suggests grandparental influence on the junior couple’s reproductive decisions in favor of the cultural ideal. I find that the senior couple’s decision to marry the heir early or late strongly affects the reproductive strategies followed by him after marriage. I show that when a grandmother is present at the onset of childbearing, especially if she is relatively young, the junior couple ends up with more offspring on average. A controlled analysis of infanticiding behavior is interpreted in terms of conjugal power and coalition formation. It appears that a grandmother gets her way only when she and her son gang up on the daughter-in-law, but such a coalition is likely only when her son dominates the conjugal relationship (which in turn reflects the grandmother’s success in binding the son tightly to her emotionally and in delaying his marriage). Otherwise, the grandmother may be shut out from reproductive decision-making by the solidary conjugal coalition.
Wavefront dividing interferometers

Abstract The interference-diffraction pattern for Fraunhofer observation has been calculated for 2 and 4 rectangular and circular reflectors. The angular distribution of light of destructive interference is found to be at a large range of angles for the circular reflectors in contrast to a narrow range for the rectangular reflectors. The design of a wavefront dividing interferometer using circular reflectors is discussed.
Luminescent Ln3+ nitrobenzoato complexes: first examples of sensitization of green and red emission

The first examples of luminescent lanthanide complexes with an o-nitrobenzoic acid-based ligand, 2-nitro-4-thiophen-3-yl benzoic acid, have been isolated. The structural and preliminary photophysical characterization is presented.
Removal of pathogen and indicator microorganisms from liquid swine manure in multi-step biological and chemical treatment

Concern has greatly increased about the potential for contamination of water, food, and air by pathogens present in manure. We evaluated pathogen reduction in liquid swine manure in a multi-stage treatment system where first the solids and liquid are separated with polymer, followed by biological nitrogen (N) removal using nitrification and denitrification, and then phosphorus (P) extraction through lime precipitation. Each step of the treatment system was analyzed for Salmonella and microbial indicators of fecal contamination (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci). Before treatment, mean concentrations of Salmonella, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci were 3.89, 6.79, 6.23 and 5.73 log10 colony forming units (cfu)/ml, respectively. The flushed manure contained 10,590 mg/l TSS, 8270 mg/l COD, 688 mg/l TKN and 480 mg/l TP, which were reduced >98% by the treatment system. Results showed a consistent trend in reduction of pathogens and microbial indicators as a result of each step in the treatment system. Solid–liquid separation decreased their concentrations by 0.5–1 log 10 . Additional biological N removal treatment with alternating anoxic and oxic conditions achieved a higher reduction with average removals of 2.4 log 10 for Salmonella and 4.1–4.5 log 10 for indicator microbes. Subsequent P treatment decreased concentration of Salmonella and pathogen indicators to undetectable level (<0.3 log10 cfu/ml) due to elevated process pH (10.3). Our results indicate that nitrification/denitrification treatment after solids separation is very effective in reducing pathogens in liquid swine manure and that the phosphorus removal step via alkaline calcium precipitation produces a sanitized effluent which may be important for biosecurity reasons. Published by Elsevier Ltd.