cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of corrosion-driven organic coating delamination from a zinc surface using polyaniline pigments

In-coating dispersions of the para-toluene sulfonic acid emeraldine salt (ES) of polyaniline (PAni-pTS) are shown to be highly effective inhibitors of corrosion-driven organic coating delamination on zinc surfaces. However, this inhibition is achieved without the characteristic ennoblement of substrate potentials typically observed for ferrous metals. At high humidity, galvanic interaction of oxidizing PAni-pTS pigments with the underlying zinc causes the growth of an interfacial oxide film. The period of oxide growth coincides with the duration over which the Zn surface is temporarily ennobled by the PAni-pTS. The results of experiments designed to elucidate the inhibition mechanism are presented, where substrate potentials, along with delamination and oxide growth kinetics are compared with equivalent in-coating compositions of ES and emeraldine base (EB). It is demonstrated that the basic nature of the interfacial oxide layer causes PAni-pTS re-oxidation to the non-conducting EB form, accounting for the loss of ennoblement. Efficient inhibition is achieved by a combination of a PAni-pTS-induced oxide layer and a zinc para-toluene sulfonate phase, acting as a reservoir of underfilm Zn2+ ions, producing a suppression of cathodic oxygen reduction. Availability of Zn2+ ions at the organic coating–metal interface both reinforces and prevents the dissolution of the amphoteric zinc oxide surface layer.
Controllability and observability enhancement through switching: application to vibration control

Many dynamical systems use transducers that can perform both as actuators and sensors. Such systems can continuously switch the functionality of the transducer elements and effectively use each element both as an actuator and a sensor. This provides the scope for significantly reducing the number of actuators and sensors without loss of controllability and observability, which is effectively gained back through switching. In this paper we discuss the application of this principle in the problem of vibration suppression in a flexible beam. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of our approach.
Models for Pooled Time-Series Cross-Section Data

Several models are available for the analysis of pooled time-series cross-section (TSCS) data, defined as “repeated observations on fixed units” (Beck and Katz 1995). In this paper, we run the following models: (1) a completely pooled model, (2) fixed effects models, and (3) multi-level/hierarchical linear models. To illustrate these models, we use a Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimator with cross-section weights and panel-corrected standard errors (with EViews 8) on the cross-national homicide trends data of forty countries from 1950 to 2005, which we source from published research (Messner et al. 2011). We describe and discuss the similarities and differences between the models, and what information each can contribute to help answer substantive research questions. We conclude with a discussion of how the models we present may help to mitigate validity threats inherent in pooled time-series cross-section data analysis.
Abnormal functional connectivity in focal hand dystonia: Mutual information analysis in EEG

The aim of the present study was to investigate functional connectivity in focal hand dystonia patients to understand the pathophysiology underlying their abnormality in movement. We recorded EEGs from 58 electrodes in 15 focal hand dystonia patients and 15 healthy volunteers during rest and a simple finger-tapping task that did not induce any dystonic symptoms. We investigated mutual information, which provides a quantitative measure of linear and nonlinear coupling, in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands. Mean mutual information of all 58 channels and mean of the channels of interest representative of regional functional connectivity over sensorimotor areas (C3, CP3, C4, CP4, FCz, and Cz) were evaluated. For both groups, we found enhanced mutual information during the task compared with the rest condition, specifically in the beta and gamma bands for mean mutual information of all channels, and in all bands for mean mutual information of channels of interest. Comparing the focal hand dystonia patients with the healthy volunteers for both rest and task, there was reduced mutual information in the beta band for both mean mutual information of all channels and mean mutual information of channels of interest. Regarding the properties of the connectivity in the beta band, we found that the majority of the mutual information differences were from linear connectivity. The abnormal beta-band functional connectivity in focal hand dystonia patients suggests deficient brain connectivity.
DNA synthesis in heterokaryons formed by fusion of mammalian cells from different species.

Abstract Initiation and duration of DNA synthesis was studied in heterokaryons produced by virus-mediated fusion of cultured mammalian cells from different species. Synchronized HeLa cells were fused with synchronized Chinese hamster or mouse lines (whose phase times differed from those of HeLa cells), and DNA synthesis was studied in the nuclei of the heterokaryons. Initiation of DNA synthesis occurred apparently synchronously in the nuclei of HeLa-hamster and HeLa-mouse heterokaryons, and at a time corresponding to the shorter G1 period of the mouse or hamster parent, several hours before mononucleate HeLa cells entered the S phase. The duration of DNA synthesis, however, was found to be unchanged by association of nuclei having S periods of different lengths. Thus there is evidence for the operation of cytoplasmic factors in the control of initiation of DNA synthesis, but not in the regulation of the rate of chromosome replication.
Olanzapine augmentation of fluoxetine for refractory generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo controlled study.

Background There has been little systematic study of “next-step” interventions for patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) who remain symptomatic despite initial pharmacotherapy. We present one of the first randomized controlled trials for refractory GAD, comprising double blind augmentation with olanzapine or placebo for patients remaining symptomatic on fluoxetine. Methods Patients remaining symptomatic after 6 weeks of fluoxetine (20 mg/day) were randomized to 6 weeks of olanzapine (mean dose 8.7 ± 7.1 mg/day) or placebo augmentation. Results Twenty-four of 46 fluoxetine-treated patients were randomized. Olanzapine resulted in a greater proportion of treatment responders based on a Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) end point score of 1 or 2 (Fisher’s exact test [FET] p Conclusions Olanzapine may have a salutary effect on anxiety for some GAD patients remaining symptomatic despite initial serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy, but the emergence of significant weight gain represents an important clinical consideration.
Intraoperative use of bolus doses of esmolol to treat tachycardia.

Abstract A randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study was conducted to determine the safety and of ficacy of intravenous (IV) bolus administration of esmolol in treating intraoperative tachycardia in patients undergoing noncardiac general surgery. Forty-eight ASA II-IV patients were randomized into three equal groups to receive either placebo, esmolol 50 mg, or esmolol 100 mg. Premedication (lorazepam) and anesthetic induction techniques (thiopental sodium and succinylcholine) were identical between groups. Approximately 20 minutes after incubation, during isofluraneIN 2 ,O/O 2 maintenance anesthesia, patients with systolic pressure (SBP) ≥110 mmHg were advanced into a 10-minute study drug period if one of two conditions were met: (1) heart rate (HR) was ≥95 beats/minute, or (2) an increase in HR of >20% above preinduction baseline occurred. After two consecutive recordings of HR and blood pressure (BP), the study drug (or placebo) was injected. HR was recorded every 30 seconds and BP was recorded every minute during the ensuing 10-minute period. Compared to placebo responses, HR was significantly reduced with both doses of esmolol within 1 minute of bolus injection and remained below placebo levels for 5 minutes after 50 mg of esmolol and for 9.5 minutes after 100 mg of esmolol. There were, however, only minor differences among groups with respect to SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean blood pressure (MBP) changes. Conclusion: Bolus administration of esmolol can produce a rapid reduction of HR with relatively few adverse effects in an unhealthy surgical population. This rapid effect reduces the potential for myocardial insult during surgical stress and affords the anesthesiologist a window of opportunity to administer more gradually acting anesthetic supplements to assist in over-riding the stress response.
Mu-delta opioid interactions I: The delta peptide, DPDPE, increases morphine-induced EEG and EEG spectral power

The effects of the selective delta peptide, DPDPE ([2-D-penicillamine,5-D-penicillamine]enkephalin), on morphine-induced EEG and EEG power spectra were assessed. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with cortical EEG electrodes and permanent indwelling ICV and IV cannulae. Rats were pretreated with ICV sterile water or ICV DPDPE at 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 nmol, 10 min before receiving IV morphine at 3 mg/kg. The treatments produced high voltage EEG bursts and associated behavioral stupor. The EEG data were further analyzed on a Pathfinder II computer and statistical analysis of EEG spectral parameters was performed by using a one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's HSD. ICV DPDPE at 2.5 nmol and 5.0 nmol significantly increased EEG absolute global spectral power. Furthermore, ICV DPDPE at 2.5 and 5.0 nmol significantly increased the duration of morphine-induced high voltage EEG bursts. These data further indicate an in vivo interaction between mu and delta opioid receptors.
A challenge to traditional radiation oncology.

Purpose To investigate and compare the biologically effective doses, equivalent doses in 2-Gy fractions, log tumor cells killed, and late effects that can be estimated for the large fractions in short overall times that are now being delivered in various clinically used schedules in several countries for the treatment of cancer in human lungs, liver, and kidney. Methods and materials Linear quadratic (LQ) modeling is employed with only the standard assumptions that tumor α/β ratio is 10 Gy, pneumonitis and late complication α/β ratios are 3 Gy, that intrinsic radiosensitivity of tumor cells is 0.35 ln/Gy, that no tumor repopulation occurs within 2 weeks, and that LQmodeling is valid up to 23 Gy per fraction. As well as the planning target volume (PTV), we propose a practical term called the prescription isodose volume (PIV) to be used in this discussion. In the ideal case of 100% conformity, PIV equals PTV, but usually PIV is larger than the PTV. Biologically effective doses (BED) in Gy10 for tumors or Gy3 for normal lung are calculated and converted to equivalent doses in 2 Gy fractions (= normalized total doses [NTD]), and to estimated log cell kill. How such large biologic doses might be delivered to tissues is discussed. Results Tumor cell kill varies between 16 and 27 logs to base 10 for schedules from 4F × 12 Gy to 3F × 23 Gy. The rationale for the high end of this scale is the possible presence of hypoxic or otherwise extraordinarily resistant cells, but how many tumors and which ones require such doses is not known. How can such large doses be tolerated? In “parallel type organs,” it is shown to be theoretically possible, provided that suitably small volumes are irradiated, with rapid fall-off of dose outside the PTV, and a mean dose (excluding PTV and allowing for local fraction size) to both lungs of less than 19 Gy NTD. If suitably small PTVs were used, local late BEDs have been given which were as large as 600 Gy3, equivalent to 2 Gy × 180F = 360 Gy in 2-Gy fractions, with remarkably few complications reported clinically. Questions of concurrent chemotherapy and microscopic extension of lung tumor cells are discussed briefly. Conclusions Such large doses can apparently be given, with suitable precautions and experience. Ongoing clinical trials from an increasing number of centers will be reporting the results of tumor control and complications from this new modality of biologically higher doses.
Anthocyanins of color mutants of (trifolium incarnatum)

Abstract Anthocyanins in color mutants of crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum , were extracted and identified. All color mutants contained peonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside. The distinction between crimson and the varying pink forms was found to be due to differences in concentration. Maroon flowers contained two additional pigments, cyanidin 3-sambubioside and an unidentified cyanidin 3-glucoside.
Free Monosaccharides in Soil Organic Matter

IN view of the vital importance of carbohydrate fraction of soil organic matter on physical and biochemical properties of soils, a number of workers1–4 have elucidated the composition of soilpolysaccharides by their work on the hydrolysates. The consensus of opinion is that the sugar residues comprise at least 5 per cent of the soil organic matter and the poly-saccharides are composed of galactose, glucose, man-nose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose. Brown, Robinson and Johnson5 examined the effect of D-xyloketose on the roots of plants and observed that even a minute concentration of the carbohydrate can perform important physiological functions. The present work was designed to determine the presence of free monosaccharides in soils.
Anorogenic felsic magmatism, rift sedimentation, and giant Proterozoic Pb-Zn deposits

The giant lead deposits that developed after ∼1.8 Ga in Australia, North America, and Africa are absent in the earlier geologic record. These Proterozoic lead (+ zinc) deposits were all preceded by major outbreaks of anorogenic felsic magmatism that brought significant amounts of lead-rich material (>30 ppm) to the surface of Proterozoic cratons. Erosion of these volcanics apparently transferred major quantities of the lead to rift basins where giant lead deposits were generated. All known giant Proterozoic sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits (more than 50 Mt of lead metal) are explained by a model that is supported by Sm/Nd data relevant to mantle separation ages of volcanics and the metasedimentary source rocks for the lead ores.
A Comparison Study of Heat Transfer Through Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EBPVD) and Air Plasma Sprayed (APS) Coated Gas Turbine Blades

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to blades, vanes, combustion chamber walls, and exhaust nozzles in gas turbines not only to limit the heat transfer through the coatings but also to protect the metallic parts from the harsh oxidizing and corrosive thermal environment. There is a growing interest in operating these hot gas path (HGP) components at optimal conditions which has resulted in a continuous increase of the turbine inlet temperatures (TITs). This has resulted in the increase of heat load on the turbine components especially in the high pressure side of the turbine necessitating the need to protect the HGP components from the heat of the exhaust gases using novel TBC such as electron beam physical vapor deposition thermal barrier coatings (EBPVD TBCs) and Air Plasma Sprayed thermal barrier coatings (APS TBCs). This study focuses on the estimation of temperature distribution in the turbine metal substrate (IN738) and coating materials (EBPVD TBC and APS TBC) subjected to isothermal conditions (1573 K) around the turbine blade. The heat conduction in the turbine blade and TBC systems necessary for the evaluation of substrate thermal loads are assessed. The steady state 2D heat diffusion in the turbine blade is modeled using ANSYS FLUENT computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial package. Heat transfer by radiation is fully accounted for by solving the radiative transport equation (RTE) using the discrete ordinate method. The results show that APS TBCs are better heat flux suppressors than EBPVD TBCs due to differences in the morphology of the porosity present within the TBC layer. Increased temperature drops across the TBC leads to temperature reductions at the TGO/bond coat interface which slows the rate of the thermally induced failure mechanisms such as CTE mismatch strain in the TGO layer, growth rate of TGO, and impurity diffusion within the bond coat.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Genetic Loci Associated with C-Reactive Protein Levels and Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease

6.2×10 �22 ), HNF1A (P=1.9×10 �18 ), and IL6R (P=1.3× 10 �12 ). Polymorphisms associated with CHD included APOE (odds ratio [OR]=1.16 per 20% lower CRP; 95% CI, 1.12–1.21), with weaker significance for LEPR (OR= 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.09) and IL6R (OR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.91–0.97). Polymorphisms in CRP (OR=1.00; 95% CI, 0.97–1.02) and HNF1A (OR=1.02; 95% CI, 0.98–1.06) were not associated with CHD. The observed effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms near the CRP gene was significantly different (P<0.001) from that predicted from estimates based on meta-analysis of observational studies (OR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.94–0.95).
Texture classification by gray-scale morphological granulometries

Binary morphological granulometric size distributions were conceived by Matheron as a way of describing image granularity (or texture). Since each normalized size distribution is a probability density, feature vectors of granulometric moments result. Recent application has focused on taking local size distributions around individual pixels so that the latter can be classified by surrounding texture. The present paper investigates the extension of the local- classification technique to gray-scale textures. It does so by using forty-two granulometric features, half generated by opening granulometries and a dual half generated by closing granulometries. After training and classification of both dependent and independent data, feature extraction (compression) is accomplished by means of the Karhunen-Loeve transform. The effect of randomly placed Gaussian noise is investigated.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Chinese Managerial View of Business Communication

A study of 436 Chinese (People's Republic of China) managers suggests two conclusions concerning managerial communication: (1) formality dominates Chinese managers' daily interchanges through prescribed channels; (2) oral and written communication courses are among the least important, in the opinion of Chinese managers, for their managerial preparation. Reasons for these communication perceptions include a continuing tradition of Chinese and British formality; a preponderance of Communist party and central government planning that diminishes time for managerial level discussion; a cultural heritage of being orally passive within the home, an attitude which is reflected in the classroom; and a reflection of all of these results in a degree of quiet acceptance within the world of work.
Failures of adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis in children: for whom and when do they fail?

Objectives: To determine which children who are treated with adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) will ultimately undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the length of time between adenoidectomy and ESS. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data in a tertiary pediatric otolaryngology service. Methods: One hundred forty-three children had adenoidectomy for CRS over a 10-year period. Follow-up was available on 121 children. Sixty-one children failed the procedure. Data were available on 55 children who underwent ESS after failing adenoidectomy for the treatment of CRS. Mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was determined. Factors such as age, allergic rhinitis, asthma, computed tomography (CT) score, and sex were evaluated for effects on this time. Results: With use of Cox regression analysis, the mean time from adenoidectomy to ESS was 24 months, ranging from 4 to 77 months. The presence of asthma (P < .04) and age less than 7 years (P < .01) were predictors of earlier failure. Allergic rhinitis (P < .3), CT score (P < .9), and sex (P < .3) showed no effect. Conclusions: Those who fail adenoidectomy for CRS who require ESS are mainly children who are younger than 7 years of age and have asthma. They appear to require a salvage ESS at a mean of 24 months after the adenoidectomy.
Stable propagation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells on decellularized human substrates

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that include human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have gained enormous interest as potential sources for regenerative biomedical therapies and model systems for studying early development. Traditionally, mouse embryonic fibroblasts have been used as a supportive feeder layer for the sustained propagation of hPSCs. However, the use of nonhuman-derived feeders presents concerns about the possibility of xenogenic contamination, labor intensiveness, and variability in experimental results in hPSC cultures. Toward addressing some of these concerns, we report the propagation of three different hPSCs on feeder-free extracellular matrix (ECM)-based substrates derived from human fibroblasts. hPSCs propagated in this setting were indistinguishable by multiple criteria, including colony morphology, expression of pluripotency protein markers, trilineage in vitro differentiation, and gene expression patterns, from hPSCs cultured directly on a fibroblast feeder layer. Further, hPSCs maintained a normal karyotype when analyzed after 15 passages in this setting. Development of this ECM-based culture system is a significant advance in hPSC propagation methods as it could serve as a critical component in the development of humanized propagation systems for the production of stable hPSCs and its derivatives for research and therapeutic applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Shifts in perceived size due to masking.

Abstract It has been suggested that perceived size depends upon the distribution of responses among a localized population of different size-tuned mechanisms. If so, then spatial frequency masking, which alters the distribution of responses, should produce shifts in a test pattern's perceived size. We have found this to be the case. The magnitude and direction of the shifts depend only on the frequency difference in octaves (Δω) between mask and standard. The results are not antisymmetric about the point Δω = 0 , however, as they would be if perceived size were based purely on local size-tuning properties. Our results suggest that size perception depends both on these local properties and on the spatial distribution of mechanism responses.
Life happens and people matter: Critical events, constituent attachment, and turnover among part-time hospitality employees

Abstract This research examined the impact of critical life events and constituent attachment on entry-level voluntary employee turnover. Specifically, this research examined the influence of three types of critical events on turnover – external personal events, external professional events, and internal work events. With a sample of 290 servers from a restaurant chain in the U.S., data on critical events and constituent attachment were collected with employee surveys, and turnover data were obtained six months afterwards from organizational records. Overall, the results demonstrated that positive and negative external personal events and positive external professional events were positively related to turnover. Meanwhile, positive internal work events and constituent attachment were negatively related to turnover, promoting retention. Furthermore, constituent attachment curbed the extent to which critical events lead to turnover. These findings highlight the importance of life events and constituents at work in explaining the employee turnover phenomenon in the hospitality industry.
American contact dermatitis society core allergen series

Evidence for the effectiveness of patch testing and the need for an expanded series that provides experience and evidence-based suggestions for an extended patch testing series are examined in this review. Many of those testing with shorter allergen series are interested in expanding the spectrum of patch testing. The American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) Core Allergen Series Group has arranged a group of suggested allergen groups that can be logically scaled up or down depending on the needs of the patch tester and the community being tested. This is not an "ACDS 80 Standard." We suggest a core group of allergens similar to the TRUE Test (SmartPractice, Phoenix, Ariz) with subsequent trays providing a greater breadth of coverage in a logical fashion, with more likely allergens being higher in the tray. For more extensive testing, specialty trays (ie, cosmetics, metals, plant, etc) are recommended.
Chemosensitivities of human clonogenic breast tumor cells.

Abstract We developed an in vitro system for the testing of the inherent chemosensitivity of clonogenic tumor cells, and we applied the system to the evaluation of 104 human breast tumors. We observed the following: clonogenic breast tumor cells were more sensitive to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (a metabolite of cyclophosphamide with in vitro activity) than to 5-fluorouracil and to doxorubicin (the other two agents used in the frontline treatment of breast carcinoma). The sensitivity of these clonogenic breast tumor cells for mitoxantrone, bisantrene, 4′-epi-doxorubicin, and VP-16 was similar to that for doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, but it was less for cis -platinum. In vivo exposure to a combination of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) did not change the sensitivity of cells towards 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin, but lessened the sensitivity of some cells towards 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Furthermore, in vivo exposure to doxorubicin did not influence the sensitivity of cells towards the anthraquinone derivatives, 4′-epi-doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and bisantrene. A comparison of the in vitro and in vivo chemosensitivity revealed that the assayed cell populations were biologically relevant: the concordance of sensitivity on 41 tumors was 68%, or 95%, if the in vitro sensitivity score was adjusted to the tumor bulk. We conclude that our system provides a valid tool to determine the inherent chemosensitivity pattern of the individual tumor types, and to compare the tumor cytotoxic potential of drugs.
5,6-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid stimulates growth hormone release in rat anterior pituitary cells

The effect of arachidonic acid and some of its metabolites have been examined in rat anterior pituitary cells for their ability to release growth hormone. The cytochrome P-450 metabolite, 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is a much more effective growth-hormone releasing agent than 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid or arachidonic acid. The release of growth hormone is rapid, dose-dependent and reaches an apparent saturation after eight minutes. These studies described herein provide evidence that lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid are less potent while cytochrome P-450 products are more potent in the release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary cells.
Normal checkerboard pattern reversal evoked potentials in Parkinsonism

The utility of checkerboard pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of Parkinson disease (Pd) was studied in 25 patients and controls without eye pathology. The results did not reveal differences in potential latency but the amplitude appeared slightly larger in PD than controls. Major intraocular differences were observed only in Pd patients with glaucoma, cataracts or retinal degeneration. The commonly employed high contrast and luminance, checkerboard pattern reversal technique did not appear useful in the evaluation of Pd. Selection of proper stimulus parameters may be critical in detecting VEP abnormality in Pd.
Magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid artery combining two- and three-dimensional acquisitions****

To assess the agreement between magnetic resonance angiography and conventional angiography in the evaluation of carotid stenosis, 61 carotid arteries of 40 patients were studied by combined two- and three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and conventional angiography. Stenosis of the internal carotid artery was categorized as mild, moderate, severe, critical, or complete occlusion. In 42 arteries, the degree of stenosis according to magnetic resonance angiography correlated exactly to that found by conventional angiography. In the remaining 19 carotid arteries, the magnetic resonance angiographic measurement of stenosis differed from the conventional angiographic measurement by only one size category. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.95 (p < 0.001). This study showed that by combining information from two- and three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiographic studies and making use of the advantages of each method, magnetic resonance angiography was comparable to conventional angiography in determining carotid stenosis. Magnetic resonance angiography tended to demonstrate a higher level of stenosis when there was a discrepancy. These data demonstrate that magnetic resonance angiography is a steadily improving technology. Although additional studies need to be done, it seems clear that magnetic resonance angiography will be an imaging modality comparable in accuracy to conventional angiography.
Training-Induced Alterations in Lactate Dehydrogenase Reaction Kinetics in Rats: A Re-Examination

SUMMARY The kinetics and the isozyme composition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in rat plantaris muscle during a 26 week endurance-training program. Alterations in the LDH isozyme pattern were detectable after 6 weeks as the percentage of the M4 isozyme was reduced from 89 to 76% and the total percentage of M subunits compared with H subunits declined by 8%. At 16 weeks, M4 accounted for only 62% of the total. The replacement of M with H subunits continued when training was prolonged as M4 represented only 52% of the total isozymes at 26 weeks. Conversely, training for 6 and 16 weeks produced no changes in either Vmax or Km. At 26 weeks, these values declined for both the forward (pyruvate to lactate) and backward reactions. The rate constants for both reactions were also reduced. These data suggest that changes in LDH isozyme pattern do not contribute significantly to the enhancement of lactate oxidation that may occur after training. They also suggest that the functional significance of alterations in LDH structure and/or function are best determined from analysis of the overall reaction kinetics as opposed to individual characteristics such as the isozyme pattern, Km or Vmax.
Elastic and inelastic electron scattering analyses of surface oxide layers on chromium, iron and FeCr

Abstract The surface oxide layer formed on chromium, iron and FeCr by exposure to air at 25°C was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of completely oxidized specimens, whose structure is close to amorphous or very poorly crystallized, was estimated in three independent ways. One method uses the direct imaging of the foil section. Another employs the analysis of diffraction power which is mainly concerned with elastic electron scattering. The third is by analysis of compositional information obtained by electron energy loss spectroscopy, which is related to inelastic electron scattering processes. The agreement of the values estimated by different methods was satisfactory. Then the quantitative analysis of energy loss spectra was applied for the determination of the composition and thickness of the surface oxide layers. Although the precision is limited, the results are reasonable.
Notes on shift effects for T2-type charts on multivariate ARMA residuals

Statistical process control (SPC) needs to be aided by computers in order to deal with dynamic systems. Hence, more knowledge on the complexity of this issue is needed. This paper discusses in general the shift effects of residuals from vector autoregressive moving average process for Shewhart-type, i.e. Hotelling T^2-type charts (we call it H charts). Three types of parameter shift were considered: mean shift, covariance shift, and coefficient shift. The estimation effects were addressed. The discussions begin with the shift effects for residuals then for T^2-type chart on residuals. The out-of-control distributions of the chart statistic were provided in this paper.
Diamond growth in O2 + C2H4 and O2 + C2H2 flames

Croissance de cristallites de diamant sur support Si si les rapports de flux et la temperature du support sont maintenus. Le taux de croissance pour un melange O 2 +C 2 H 2 est plus elue que pour un melange O 2 +C 2 H 4 , ce qui serait lie a la temperature de flamme, plus elevee dans le premier cas
How To (Un)Globe the Earth in Four Easy Lessons

And fast by hanging in a golden Chain This pendant world, in bigness as a Starr Of smallest magnitude close by the Moon. Thither full fraught with mischievous revenge, Accurst, and in a cursed hour he hies. . . . . . . [Satan] toward the coast of Earth beneath, Down from th’Ecliptic, sped with hop’d success, Throws his steep flight in many an Aerie wheele, Nor staid, till on Niphates top he lights. —John Milton, Paradise Lost, II: 1051-1055; III: 739-742 (Milton 195, 209)
Developing palliative care practice guidelines and standards for nursing home-based palliative care teams: a Delphi study.

Abstract Context Lack of nursing home (NH)-specific palliative care practice guidelines has been identified as a barrier to improving palliative and end-of-life (EOL) quality of care. Objectives The objectives of this study were to (1) assess which of the guidelines developed by the National Consensus Project, and the corresponding preferred care practices endorsed by the National Quality Forum, are important and feasible to implement in NHs; and (2) identify the operational standards for palliative care teams in NHs. Methods Two-round mail Delphi study. Based on the existing literature, a set of 7 domains with associated 22 palliative practice guidelines was drafted. We invited 48 NH leaders, including clinicians, to review the importance (10-point Likert scale) and the feasibility (5-point Likert scale) of these guidelines. Participants were also asked about palliative care team composition rounding frequency. Results The response rate to both rounds was 85%. With regard to importance, the mean rating for all guidelines was 8 or higher (ie, highly important), but there was variability in agreement with regard to 5 of the guidelines. The same 5 guidelines were also considered more difficult to implement (eg, costly, unrealistic). Overall, 17 palliative care guidelines were identified for use by NH palliative care teams. Five disciplines (social work, certified nurse assistant, nurse, physician, and nurse practitioner or physician assistant) were identified as comprising a core team and 3 were proposed as extended or ad hoc members. Conclusion The palliative care guidelines and team standards identified in this study may be helpful in providing practical direction to NH administrators and staff looking to improve palliative care practice for their residents.
Synthesis and X-ray structural analysis of (2Z)-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyridin-4-ylacrylonitrile and (2Z)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)2-pyridin-4-ylacrylonitrile

Synthesis and X-ray structural investigations have been carried out for the two title compounds C14H10N2O (3a) and C22H26N2O (3b). Compound 3a crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 3.843(1) A, b = 24.618(5) A, c = 11.318(2) A, β = 92.61(3)∘, V = 1069.7(4) A,3 and Z = 4. Compound 3b crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, with a = 9.004(2) A, b = 9.447(2) A, c = 11.713(2) A, α = 76.70(3), β = 83.12(3)∘, γ = 82.16(3)∘, V = 956.5(3) A,3 and Z = 2. Both stilbazole derivatives have Z-geometry about the ethylene bridge which links the heterocyclic and aromatic rings. The molecular skeleton of 3a is slightly non-planar: the dihedral angles between the acrylonitrile linkage and the pyridine ring, and between this linkage and the p-hydroxyphenyl ring are 7.2(2) and 4.1(2)∘, respectively. The molecular skeleton of 3b is less planar: the values of similar dihedral angles are 17.0(2) and 20.8(2)∘, respectively. In the crystal of 3a, the molecules are packed in stacks along the a axis with head-to-head orientation. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds O=H ⋅s N and C=H ⋅s N link molecules into sheets parallel to (100) plane. In the crystals of 3b, the molecules have a head-to-tail orientation and intermolecular hydrogen bonds O=H ⋅s N link the molecules into infinite chains along [01-1] direction.
Reinforcement of male mate preferences in sympatric killifish species Lucania goodei and Lucania parva

Reinforcement occurs when reduced hybrid fitness leads to the evolution of a stronger prezygotic isolation. Populations sympatric with closely related species, where hybridization occurs, are predicted to have stronger mate preferences than allopatric populations. The reinforcement of male mate preference is thought to be rarer than the reinforcement of female preference, but this inference may be biased by the lack of studies on male preference. We tested male mate preferences from sympatric and allopatric populations of two closely related species of killifish: Lucania goodei and Lucania parva. We found that sympatric males had greater preferences for conspecific females than allopatric males. Furthermore, conspecific preferences in allopatric populations were weakest when these populations were geographically distant (>50 km) from those of heterospecifics. Our data suggest that reinforcement has contributed to male conspecific preference and speciation in Lucania.
Methods to assess airborne concentrations of cotton dust.

Assessment of concentrations of airborne cotton dust in the factory is necessary to determine adherence to applicable Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) on a day-to-day basis, as well as for investigatory studies of an epidemiological nature. The latter are required on an ongoing basis to determine the adequacy of PELs to prevent disease in the exposed population. A strategy of sampling includes considerations of the numbers of samples to be obtained for statistical validity and the locations of samples. Current practice is to obtain more "personal samples" of exposure wherever possible, but with regard to cotton dust, instrumentation is not available for such sampling. In the U.S., the vertical elutriator is the instrument of choice for determining the concentrations of cotton dust in air. Results are expressed as milligrams of airborne particulate (cotton dust) per cubic meter.
A multiscale model for polymer crystallization. II: Solidification of a macroscopic part

In part I of this paper, we presented two efficient front-tracking methods to simulate the growth of a spherulite within an imposed temperature field. In this second part we present a method that predicts the final microstructure in a macroscopic part by coupling these front-tracking techniques with (a) a stochastic model for the nucleation of individual spherulites, (b) a cellular model for spherulite impingement and solid fraction evolution and (c) a Finite Difference Method (FDM) for latent heat release and heat diffusion. The method tracks the physical phenomena on several length scales: a course grid for the heat diffusion, a fine grid for solid fraction evolution and a very fine grid for the shape of the individual spherulites and the lamellae within them. To our knowledge this is the first time that fully coupled multiscale model has been applied to the solidification of polymers which gives realistic microstructure evolution, orientation of the different lamellae within spherulites and maps of the solid fraction and temperature fields during solidification. The model provides us with a quantitative predictive tool that can be used to optimize industrial processes.
New model of b-quark interactions: A superstring alternative.

Inspired by the possible particle content of the heterotic superstring at low energies, a model is proposed where the b quark is not paired with the t quark. Instead, the b quark couples to the c quark through a second W boson. This model is consistent with all established experimental and phenomenological constraints, and predicts the mass of the second W boson to be just beyond the experimental limit of about 400 GeV.
Computer controlled polishing and testing of a glancing incidence telescope

The elements of a Wolter type II telescope have been fabricated using a small area tool in a computer controlled facility. The absolute radius of the mirrors can be established to 0.812 micron, and relative heights on the surfaces can be determined to 0.016 micron. The primary has a 0.041-micron rms surface error, and the secondary has a 0.054-micron surface error.
A meta-analysis of ant social parasitism: Host characteristics of different parasitism types and a test of Emery's rule

1. In ant social parasitism, the process by which parasite–host systems evolved and the types of invasion mechanisms parasites use are being debated. Emery’s rule, for example, states that social parasites are the closest relatives to their hosts. The present study uses previously published data to test whether Emery’s rule applies equally to all parasitism types (i.e. xenobiosis, temporary, dulosis, and inquilinism). In addition, this study also investigates other links between parasite–host relatedness and host biology, which has implications for understanding the invasion mechanisms used by certain parasites. 2. We find that xenobiotic parasites typically use distantly-related host species that are of at least medium colony size. Temporary parasites often have multiple host species that are very closely related to the parasite and hosts with medium-size colonies. Dulotic parasites frequently have multiple host species that are slightly less related and of any size. Lastly, inquiline parasites tend to have a single, very closely related, host species with medium-size colonies. 3. Parasites tend to be more closely related to host species if they have a single host species or when the host has a large colony size. In contrast, parasites with multiple host species or hosts of small colony size tend to be less related to their hosts. 4. This study is the first to examine trends in ant social parasitism across all known parasite species. Our meta-analysis shows that Emery’s rule applies to inquilinism and temporary parasitism, but not to dulosis and xenobiosis. Our results also suggest that both parasitism type and parasite–host relatedness predict the number of hosts and host colony size. It may be that a chemical mimicry mechanism allows invasion of large host colonies, but requires close relatedness of parasite and host, and concentration on a single host species.
Analysis of a broken fiber in a weakly bonded composite

Abstract The problem of a broken fiber, embedded in an infinite medium with distinct elastic properties, is studied theoretically. The composite is subjected to tensile loading parallel to the fiber. To simulate the influence of a weak fiber-matrix interface, interfucial slippage governed by a Coulomb friction law is permitted. The solution method that is employed reduces the problem to four coupled singular integral equations which are solved numerically. Results for the average axial fiber stress, for the enhancement in the tensile stress in the matrix and for the opening of the crack are presented: where relevant, comparisons are made with simplified, highly approximate methods of analysis.
Origin of Organisms Infecting Ventricular Shunts

Results of preoperative skin cultures obtained prior to 413/505 operations for CSF diverting ventricular shunt placement or revision in a pediatric population during the time period from April 1980 to May 1983 are analyzed and compared to results of cultures from 20 subsequent shunt infections. Antibiotic sensitivities to 11 different antibiotics were determined for each isolate cultured. The total operative infection rate was 20/505 (4%) (Table). Gram negative bacilli alone accounted for 3/20 (15%) shunt infections. One gram negative bacillus/S. aureus infection occurred. Factors predisposing for gram negative bacillus shunt infection were found in all 4 cases. The majority of shunt infections were caused by typical resident skin organisms, Staphylococcus epi. alone 9/20 (45%), S. aureus alone 4/20 (20%), Corynebacte-rious sp. 1/20 (5%), alpha Streptococcus with 5. epidermidis 1/20 (5%), and Micrococcus with S. epidermidis 1/20 (5%). Only 4/20 (20%) of the shunt infections were infected with organisms identical to those originally grown from the skin. Another 4/20 (20%) appeared to be infected with a different strain of organism than initially recovered from the skin. The remaining 8/20 skin organism shunt infections may or may not have come from the patients skin. The data suggests that not all skin organism shunt infections arise from contamination by resident skin bacteria at the incision sites at the time of surgery. Alternate sources include the patients nasopharynx, medical personnel, contaminated instruments and environmental contamination. Combined resistance among S. epi. isolates to Oxacillin and Gentamicin was 16% for the whole study with 33% combined resistance for neonates and 55% resistance for patients hospitalized longer than 20 days.
Effect on soil and plant mineral levels following application of manures of different copper contents

Manure from finishing pigs fed diets with and without a growth stimulating level of added copper (250 ppm in 1972, 370 ppm in 1973 and 300 ppm in 1974) was incorporated into a Groseclose silt loam at the rate of 15.5, 12.9 and 15.7 metric tons of dry matter per hectare, respectively, for 1972, 1973 and 1974. A third treatment was no manure. The manure was applied between rows when corn was about 10 cm tall and worked into the surface 10 cm of the soil with a rotary tiller. The average composition of the manure for the three years on a dry basis was 3.6 per cent nitrogen, 2.87 per cent calcium, 0.93 per cent magnesium, 2.22 per cent phosphorus, 1.30 per cent potassium, 648 ppm zinc, 2191 ppm iron. The copper content was 73 ppm for control manure and 1719 ppm for high copper manure. The copper content in the upper 10 cm of the soil was significantly increased each year when high copper manure was applied. During one growing season, copper did not appear to move down, however, plowing after the first year increased the copper level in the 10–20 cm depth with a small increase in the 20–30 cm depth. Potassium, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium levels of the soil were increased when manure was applied. There was a small increase in the copper content of the maize ear leaf (average of one ppm per year) when manure from pigs fed diets containing high copper was applied. Copper in the washed roots of the mature maize plants was doubled (5.6 vs 11.2 ppm) when the high copper manure was added. The copper content of grain from plants grown on soil receiving high copper manure was not different from that of grain from soil receiving no manure. The zinc, potassium and phosphorus contents of the maize ear leaf were increased a small amount when both control and high copper manure were applied with the effect of potassium and phosphorus carrying over to the grain. The iron and calcium contents of the ear leaf were not affected by application of manure, but there was a decrease in calcium content of the grain from the application of control and high copper manure. re]19750305