cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing reconstruction: The overlooked challenges of military occupation

In the post-cold war period, the main threat to the United States and other Western nations comes from weak, failed, and conflict-torn states. The viability of military occupation and reconstruction as strategies to deal with these threats is an open issue. The article explores two central, but often overlooked, issues that every occupation and reconstruction must face. First, it considers the "knowledge problem," which refers to the lack of understanding of how to establish the foundations of liberal democratic institutions where they do not already exist. Second, the article considers the "public choice problem," which focuses on the decisionmaking process within the United States. Oftentimes, the incentives created by political institutions generate policies that run counter to the end goals of reconstruction efforts abroad. Formulating effective policies toward weak, failed, and conflict-torn states requires the recognition and understanding of these challenges and the constraints they impose.
An implicit scheme for water wave problems

This paper presents an implicit scheme for numerically simulating fluid flow in the presence of a free surface. The scheme couples numerical generation of a boundary-fitted coordinate system with an efficient alternating-Direction-Implicit solution of the finite difference equations. Solutions using the scheme presented here indicate that the scheme can be applied successfull to free surface fluid flow problems.
Slow motion dynamics of turret mooring and its approximation as single point mooring

The mathematical model for the nonlinear dynamics of slow motions in the horizontal plane of Turret Mooring Systems (TMS) is presented. It is shown that the TMS model differs from the classical Single Point Mooring (SPM) model, which is used generally to study the TMS dynamics. The friction moment exerted between the turret and the vessel, and the mooring line damping moment resulting from the turret rotation are the sources of difference between TMS and SPM. Qualitative differences in the dynamical behavior between these two mooring systems are identified using nonlinear dynamics and bifurcation theory. In two- and three-dimensional parametric design spaces, the dependence of stability boundaries and singularities of bifurcations for given TMS and SPM configurations is revealed. It is shown that the static loss of stability of a TMS can be located approximately by the SPM static bifurcation. The dynamic loss of stability of TMS and the associated morphogenesis may be affected strongly by the friction/damping moment, and to a lesser extent, by the mooring line damping. Nonlinear time simulations are used to assess the effects of these properties on TMS and compared to SPM systems. The TMS mathematical model consists of the nonlinear horizontal plane fifth-order, large drift, low speed maneuvering equations. Mooring line behavior is modeled quasistatically by submerged catenaries, including nonlinear drag and touchdown. External excitation consists of time independent current, steady wind, and second-order mean drift forces.
A note on two-stage and sequential fixed-width intervals for the parameter in the uniform density

Abstract Two solutions based on two-stage sampling are given to the problem of obtaining a confidence interval having a specified width 2d for the parameter of the uniform (0,θ) density. When d/0 is small, they yield smaller sample sizes than that of Graybill and Connell (1964). An adaptive sequential procedure is also developed and compared with the two-stage procedures.
Dependence of the probability of VT-VV coupled transitions on vibrational quantum numbers

Abstract The dependence of the probability of v - 1 → v vibrational excitations in molecule-molecule collisions on the vibrational quantum number v has been studied for v up to 7. This nominally VT energy transfer process can be strongly affected by the participation of VV mode particularly among high-lying states. The dependences of the probabilities on v among such states are shown to be non-linear largely due to the VT-VV intermode coupling. A sample calculation of the dependence in iodine molecules shows that the coupling is very strong when the temperature is high and that the probabilities seriously deviate from the linear relation P v - 1.0 → v .0 = vP 0.0 → 1.0 , where molecule 1 undergoes transition from v - 1 to v , while molecule 2 remains in the ground state.
The ester enolate claisen rearrangement. Synthesis of A C(1)C(6) erythronolide fragment

Abstract An enantioselective route to the C(1)C(6) erythronolide unit 10 is described, involving the dioxanone-to-dihydropyran enolate Claisen rearrangement ( 7 → 8 ), regio- and stereoselective hydroboration to give 9a , and reductive fragmentation of the heterocyclic template ( 9c → 10 ).
Observation of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins and their posttranslational modifications by mass spectrometry.

Ribosomes from the K-12 strain of Escherichia coli were analyzed with good sensitivity and high mass accuracy using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fifty-five of the 56 subunit proteins were observable. Mass spectral peak locations were consistent with previously reported post-translational modifications involving N-terminal methionine loss, methylation, thiomethylation, and acetylation for all but one case. The speed and accuracy of mass spectrometry make it a good candidate for phylogenetic studies of ribosomes and the observation of posttranslational modifications in other organisms.
Effective dose and risk assessment from detailed narrow beam radiography.

Studies of the effectiveness of commonly used imaging techniques have shown that they are less than optimal in revealing oral disease. The diagnostic accuracy of detailed narrow beam radiography (scanography) has been reported to be significantly better than intraoral periapical radiography for the observation of periodontal pathoses and at least as good as periapical radiography for detecting periapical lesions. The purpose of this study was to calculate and compare the effective doses and risk estimates from the use of detailed narrow beam radiography and intraoral radiography. With the use of a tissue equivalent human phantom and thermoluminescent dosimetry, the effective dose from detailed narrow beam radiography was found to vary from 5 to 35 μSv depending on the anatomic location of the image layer and intraoral radiography from 9 to 150 μSv depending on the type of survey. Effective doses of these magnitudes represent 0.6 to 18.8 days of equivalent natural radiation exposure and a probability for stochastic effects on the order of 0.37 to 10.95×10−6.
Optimal setup time reduction for a single product with dynamic demands

Abstract We consider the problem or reducing setup times for the dynamic lot-sizing problem. We explicitly consider setup times and setup reduction costs. A dynamic programming procedure is proposed for solving the problem. Explicit expressions are given for the two types of setup reduction cost functions that are commonly studied in the setup reduction literature (the logarithmic and the power cost functions). A numerical example is provided.
Europium(III) complexation reactions in water

Abstract Ultrasonic absorption measurements on 0.200 M Eu(ClO 4 ) 3 in water demonstrated the absence of measurable inner sphere complexes. The addition of 3.382 M NaCl did not produce a significant change in the sound absorption. When 3.366 M NaNO 3 was added to the 0.200 M Eu(ClO 4 ) 3 solution, the sound absorption increased and varied with frequency, with two relaxations present within the experimental frequency range. Hence, inner sphere complexes are present between Eu(III) and NO 3 − in water. Assuming that only the one-to-one complex is present results in a calculated complexation rate constant of 5.4 × 10 8 S −1 , a value too large for the formation of the EuNO 3 2+ complex. Hence, the rate constant also includes contributions from Eu(NO 3 ) 2 + , which forms at a faster rate than the mono complex.
Adjuvant Therapy With Aromatase Inhibitors for Postmenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer: Evidence and Ongoing Controversy

Results of five major randomized trials have increased our understanding of the role of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting. Two of these trials, the Anastrozole or Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial and the International Breast Cancer Study Group's BIG 1-98 trial compared an aromatase inhibitor versus tamoxifen as initial hormonal therapy. Three other trial were designed as cross-over studies; the Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES) and the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG) Trial 8/German ARNO 95 trial compared a crossover from tamoxifen to an aromatase inhibitor versus continued tamoxifen in women who had completed 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen. The MA-17 trial compared the use of letrozole with placebo for 5 years, following 5 years of tamoxifen. Based on the results of these studies, the use of an aromatase inhibitor for the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer has largely replaced the previous standard of 5 years of tamoxifen. Still unanswered, however, are questions regarding optimal sequencing, selection of aromatase inhibitor, and duration of treatment. This review will provide an overview of the major studies with an emphasis on these important questions.
Colonic disease in patients with AIDS

The colon is a common site of gastrointestinal disease in patients with AIDS, and the frequency and severity of disease increases as immunosuppression worsens. In these individuals, the most common manifestations of colonic disease include diarrhea, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Gastroenterologists caring for HIV-infected patients with colonic disease must be aware of the causes of these diseases and the proper endoscopic techniques needed to make an accurate diagnosis. This article reviews the indications for lower endoscopy and the differential diagnosis of colonic disease in patients with AIDS. The authors also review the techniques of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, ileal intubation, and biopsy. In addition, the authors discuss the endoscopic appearances of various colonic diseases in patients with AIDS to assist the endoscopist in correctly identifying these disorders. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
INSTITUTE OF GERONTOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO THE CARE OF THE ELDERLY

An Institute of Gerontology is proposed for the development of a comprehensive approach to the care of the elderly. The institute would promote gerontological research, educate health professionals, and establish health services for the elderly. Within the institute, a Gerontology Center would provide a network of coordinated community and institutional services. The cost of health care for those over 65 years is projected to increase 159 percent by the year 2000; expenditures can be reduced if a comprehensive gerontological effort begins now.
Rabies virus glycoprotein as a carrier for anthrax protective antigen

Live viral vectors expressing foreign antigens have shown great promise as vaccines against viral diseases. However, safety concerns remain a major problem regarding the use of even highly attenuated viral vectors. Using the rabies virus (RV) envelope protein as a carrier molecule, we show here that inactivated RV particles can be utilized to present Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) domain-4 in the viral membrane. In addition to the RV glycoprotein (G) transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, a portion of the RV G ectodomain was required to express the chimeric RV G anthrax PA on the cell surface. The novel antigen was also efficiently incorporated into RV virions. Mice immunized with the inactivated recombinant RV virions exhibited seroconversion against both RV G and anthrax PA, and a second inoculation greatly increased these responses. These data demonstrate that a viral envelope protein can carry a bacterial protein and that a viral carrier can display whole polypeptides compared to the limited epitope presentation of previous viral systems.
Basic properties of the IPv6 AS-level topology

Several well-known measurement studies have revealed aspects of the Internet's AS-level and router-level topologies, and derived a few important properties. This has yielded graph models and parameter ranges that allow for greater confidence in simulation of new protocols as well as a deeper understanding of the Internet's structure and similarity to other types of technological, biological, economic, and social networks. The majority of Internet topology studies have been focused on the IPv4 portion of the Internet, and at this time relatively few observations of the Internet's IPv6 topology have been published. In this report, we use over three years of data gathered in the Route Views archives to describe some basic properties of the IPv6 AS-level topology. We find similarities with the IPv4 AS graph in several regards, including the small-world nature of the graph. We also find some interesting differences, including the values of the graph's diameter and the criticality of a few well-connected nodes.
Physician- and self-ratings of health, neuroticism and subjective well-being among men and women.

Abstract There is general consensus that self-rated health is the strongest predictor of subjective well-being during adulthood. What is not understood is the reason for the consistent relationship between these two variables. Other literature suggests that self-report health ratings are a function of both objective physical health status and neuroticism. This study examines the interrelationships among neuroticism, physician-rated health, self-rated health and subjective well-being concurrently and prospectively. Relationships are compared across gender, indicators of subjective well-being and times of measurement. The sample includes 243 men and 225 women in the cross-sectional analyses and 185 men and 165 women in the longitudinal analyses. As predicted, the results indicate that: 1. (1) self-rated health is significantly correlated with neuroticism, physician-rated health and subjective well-being; 2. (2) neuroticism is significantly related to subjective well-being; 3. (3) physician-rated health is weakly correlated with subjective well-being; and 4. (4) partialling out neuroticism reduces the association between self-rated health and subjective well-being more than partialling out physician-rated health. Unexpectedly, neuroticism is significantly related to changes in subjective well-being. Future studies of the determinants of subjective well-being should include measures of neuroticism and physician-rated health.
Highly accelerated 3D dynamic contrast enhanced MRI from sparse spiral sampling using integrated partial separability model and JSENSE

Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI requires high spatial resolution for morphological information and high temporal resolution for contrast pharmacokinetics. The current techniques usually have to compromise the spatial information for the required temporal resolution. This paper presents a novel method that effectively integrates sparse sampling, parallel imaging, partial separable (PS) model, and sparsity constraints for highly accelerated DCE-MRI. Phased array coils were used to continuously acquire data from a stack of variable-density spiral trajectory with a golden angle. In reconstruction, the sparsity constraints, the coil sensitivities, spatial and temporal bases of the PS model are jointly estimated through alternating optimization. Experimental results from in vivo DCE liver imaging data show that the proposed method is able to achieve high spatial and temporal resolutions at the same time.
Modeling denitrification in an agricultural catchment in Central New York

Abstract Denitrification, the microbially mediated reduction of NO3− to N2, NO, or N2O gas, provides an important ecosystem service by reducing N loads to downstream waters. To incorporate denitrification services into management planning, it is important to quantify the benefit; however, it is difficult to quantify denitrification rates and even harder to extrapolate them spatially and temporally to generate landscape-scale estimates of denitrification. We developed a coupled hydrologic-denitrification model that predicts daily denitrification rates across an agricultural watershed and calibrated it using in situ denitrification measurements and two types of hydrologic observations (streamflow and upland soil moisture). The model fits well with the observed denitrification (R2 = 0.77, RMSE = 272 kg N ha−1 yr−1, NRMSE = 0.77), stream discharge (NSE = 0.66) and soil moisture (NSE = 0.77), and quantifies the denitrification ecosystem service provided by the watershed as a whole, as well as by the various land classes. Over the seven year model run, mean annual denitrification rates were 21 kg N ha−1 yr−1 watershed-wide, 47 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the wetland, 52 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in cropped areas, and 4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in pastures and forests. Quantification of ecosystem services is an essential prerequisite to accounting for those benefits in management decisions. This study is one step towards addressing the lack of field validated ecosystem service quantification studies. In the future, the model will allow us to further examine the spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification and to explore the implications of changes in management practices or climate.
A compositional and structural rationalization of the higher oxides of Ce, Pr, and Tb

Abstract Cerium, praseodymium and terbium exhibit a family of related mixed-valent binary oxides which are anion-deflcient and fluorite-related. The recent structural refinement of five members of this series from neutron diffraction data have made it possible for the first time to generalize the main features of their structures, and to propose a structural principle as well as a generic formula covering all known members of the homologous series and their polymorphs. The structural principle also permits the modeling of the five refined structures correctly (and it is believed uniquely), hence, the confident prediction of the, as yet undetermined, structures of series members for which the composition and suitable diffraction patterns are available. The principle flows from the way fluorite unit-cell modules which may contain vacant oxygen sites can pack together. Rules for packing these modules and examples of their application are presented.
Autoionization of the 4f Rydberg state of the NO molecule

Abstract High-resolution laser spectroscopy was used to study autoionization in the 4f complex of NO, with v = 3. Lifetimes ranging from 37 to 300 ps were measured. The 4f state is non-penetrating, and its autoionization is probably mediated at least in part by long-range interactions with the NO + core.
CRIMINAL DETERRENCE IN NEW YORK: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COURT ACTIVITIES AND CRIME

This study provides new evidence on the deterrent effects of criminal justice sanctions. The supply-of-crime function is tested using 1970 cross-sectional data for the 62 counties in New York State. Most studies consider only expected length of sentence when estimating the offender's cost of crime. The current analysis includes the length of time needed to dispose of a case and the severity of conviction charge as well as the expected prison sentence
Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Stimulation by Immune Signals in the Adult Rata

Immune stimulation increases the activity of the HPA axis, a phenomenon directly or indirectly mediated through cytokines. We have used two models, the peripheral administration of endotoxin (LPS) or turpentine-induced tissue injury to show that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (VP), hypothalamic peptides released by cytokines, play a dominant role in the increased ACTH measured in these two paradigms. In turn, CRF and VP synthesis and/or release is modulated by catecholamines, prostaglandins (PGs), and nitric oxide (NO). These secretagogues are produced in the periphery and/or the central nervous system (CNS) in response to increased cytokine levels and act on CRF/VP neurons and nerve terminals. Finally, endotoxemia and local tissue inflammation may upregulate brain levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and/or interleukin-6, providing yet another mechanism through which the occurrence of systemic inflammation is conveyed to the brain. The relative importance of brain or peripheral intermediates appears to depend on the site at which cytokine levels are increased. We have shown, for example, that peripheral, but not brain, PGs are important in mediating the neuroendocrine influence of blood-borne cytokines, while PGs in the CNS play a role in situations characterized by elevated brain immune proteins. NO, on the other hand, restrains the response of the HPA axis to circulating, but not brain cytokines. These results illustrate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the stimulation of the HPA axis and suggest that their specific involvement depends on the type, intensity, and duration of immune stimulation.
Electrodynamic response of the middle atmosphere to auroral pulsations

The MAC/EPSILON observational campaign encompassed the use of two Nike Orion rocket payloads which studied the effects of auroral energetics on the middle atmosphere. While one payload was launched during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic substorm, during fairly stable auroral conditions, the other was launched during highly active postbreakup conditions during which Pc5 pulsations were in progress. The energetic radiation of the first event was composed almost entirely of relativistic electrons below 200 keV, while that of the second was dominated by much softer electrons whose high X-ray fluxes exceeded the cosmic ray background as an ionizing source down to below 30 km.
Metrology of advanced N14 process pattern split at lithography

In advanced semiconductor N14 processes, due to the requirement of shrinking pitches for increased densities, pattern split is introduced. However, each of the two pattern split methods, SADP (Self-Aligned Double Patterning) and LELE (Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch), can incur process variations that might cause “pitch walk” [1, 3]. Pitch walk is a by-product of line critical dimension (CD) and spacer error (in SADP) or overlay variations (in LELE). Pitch walk not only results in different line and spaces but also affect the later steps, for example, different etched depths due to loading effects. Because of those behaviors, it is therefore a requirement to control the CD for better uniformity. This paper demonstrates how to use SCD (Scatterometry Critical Dimension) metrology tools to measure the different critical dimensions and spaces to control CD and overlay at the same process step [2]. Traditionally, wafers have to go through both a CD metrology tool and an overlay tool in order to verify CD uniformity and grid uniformity. The methodology introduced in this paper can efficiently shorten cycle time since only the CD metrology tool will be used to verify both CD and overlay. SpectraShape™ is a proven optical CD platform based on spectroscopic ellipsometry and reflectometry. In optical model type metrology, pitch walk can be a challenging parameter to measure due to inherent low sensitivity. Hence this study is performed on the newest generation system, the SpectraShape™ 9010. A new, laser driven light source [4] on this SCD tool provides higher light intensity, producing better signal-to-noise ratios for critical device parameters. This paper explores the use of SCD to measure both resist and hard mask CD in a single step. In addition, results will be presented on using SCD to measure pitch walk, typically a low sensitivity parameter for optical CD metrology tools.
Uncertainty Budget for the NIST Hybrid Humidity Generator

A detailed uncertainty budget for the new hybrid humidity generator (HHG) that has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is presented. The HHG generates frost/dew points from −70 °C to +85 °C using calibration gas flows up to 150 L · min−1. For frost/dew points above −15 °C, the two-pressure method is employed, and for frost points at or below −15 °C, the divided-flow method is used (hence, the name “hybrid”). The total expanded (k = 2) uncertainty is estimated for HHG generation of the following quantities: frost/dew point, mole fraction, and relative humidity. The total uncertainty is estimated separately for the two-pressure and divided-flow methods.
Complementary roles of Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) in T-cell homeostasis and antiviral immunity

Caspase-8 (casp8) is required for extrinsic apoptosis, and mice deficient in casp8 fail to develop and die in utero while ultimately failing to maintain the proliferation of T cells, B cells, and a host of other cell types. Paradoxically, these failures are not caused by a defect in apoptosis, but by a presumed proliferative function of this protease. Indeed, following mitogenic stimulation, T cells lacking casp8 or its adaptor protein FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) develop a hyperautophagic morphology, and die a programmed necrosis-like death process termed necroptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) RIPK1 and RIPK3 together facilitate TNF-induced necroptosis, but the precise role of RIPKs in the demise of T cells lacking FADD or casp8 activity is unknown. Here we demonstrate that RIPK3 and FADD have opposing and complementary roles in promoting T-cell clonal expansion and homeostasis. We show that the defective proliferation of T cells bearing an interfering form of FADD (FADDdd) is rescued by crossing with RIPK3−/− mice, although such rescue ultimately leads to lymphadenopathy. Enhanced recovery of these double-mutant T cells following stimulation demonstrates that FADD, casp8, and RIPK3 are all essential for clonal expansion, contraction, and antiviral responses. Finally, we demonstrate that caspase-mediated cleavage of RIPK1-containing necrosis inducing complexes (necrosomes) is sufficient to prevent necroptosis in the face of death receptor signaling. These studies highlight the “two-faced” nature of casp8 activity, promoting clonal expansion in some situations and apoptotic demise in others.
Topographic features associated with loblolly pine decline in central Alabama

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) decline has been present in upland sites of central Alabama since the 1960s. Symptoms of loblolly pine decline (fine root deterioration, short chlorotic needles, sparse crowns, reduced radial growth) begin in the 30–40 year age class, resulting in premature death at ages 35–50. Loblolly pine decline occurs on sandy, well-drained soils and is associated with Leptographium spp., as well as with root-feeding bark beetles and weevils. The present article discusses the results of a comparison of biological factors associated with pine decline and topographical features, using the analysis of tree health at the Talladega National Forest and Westervelt (formerly Gulf State Paper) Company in central Alabama. Results of this study suggest that an ecological pattern of tree decline and mortality exists. Loblolly stands were more prone to develop symptoms at sites with increased slope and south/southwest orientation. This report indicates that the dominant determinants, or predictors, of loblolly decline are identifiable topographical features.
A longitudinal analysis of commitment among competitive female gymnasts

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic nature of commitment types among elite female gymnasts. We conducted a 1-year follow-up of gymnasts (Weiss, W.M., & Weiss, M.R. (2003). Attraction- and entrapment-based commitment among competitive female gymnasts. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25, 229-247.) to determine (a) their participation status in relation to previous commitment type , (b) whether commitment types change over time, (c) whether commitment types differed in social influence, and (d) whether commitment types differed on level of sport commitment. Participants comprised adolescent gymnasts sampled 1 year earlier (full sample for first purpose; subsample for remaining purposes). Frequency data showed that 86% of the gymnasts were still competing 1 year later, and participation status was related to commitment type the previous year. A cluster analysis revealed the same commitment types for gymnasts in the sample at both years one and two: attracted, entrapped, vulnerable, and uninterested commitment. A total of 63.5% of gymnasts were classified in the same commitment profile while 36.5% “cluster hopped”. Attracted gymnasts reported greater parent and coach support, lower parent and teammate constraints, and higher level of commitment than entrapped gymnasts. Collectively, findings highlight the dynamic nature of sport commitment.
Changes in agglomeration of fullerenes during ingestion and excretion in Thamnocephalus platyurus

The crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus was exposed to aqueous suspensions of fullerenes C60 and C70. Aqueous fullerene suspensions were formed by stirring C60 and C70 as received from a commercial vendor in deionized water (termed aqu/C60 and aqu/C70) for approximately 100 d. The Z-average (mean hydrodynamic) diameters of aqu/C60 and aqu/C70 aggregates as measured by dynamic light scattering were 517 ± 21 nm and 656 ± 39 nm (mean ± 95% confidence limit), respectively. Exposure of T. platyurus to fullerene suspensions resulted in the formation of dark masses in the digestive track visible under a stereo microscope (×40 magnification). Fullerene ingestion over 1 h of exposure was quantitatively determined after extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). One-hour exposures (at 3 mg/L and 6 mg/L) resulted in aqu/C60 burdens of 2.7 ± 0.4 µg/mg and 6.8 ± 1.5 µg/mg wet weight, respectively. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of aqu/C60-exposed T. platyurus showed the formation in the gut of fullerene agglomerates (5–10 µm) that were an order of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerene agglomerates. Upon excretion, the observed fullerene agglomerates were in the 10- to 70-µm size range and settled to the bottom of the incubation wells. In contrast to the control polystyrene microspheres, which dispersed after depuration, the aqu/C60 agglomerates (greater than two orders of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerenes) remained agglomerated for up to six months. When exposed to fullerenes, T. platyurus shows the potential to influence agglomerate size and may facilitate movement of these nanoparticles from the water column into sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:828–835. © 2010 SETAC
Ethics consultation volume at U.S. children's hospitals: A cross-sectional survey

abstractBackground: There is growing interest in credentialing hospital ethicists. Consult volume is being incorporated into credentialing criteria, although few data supporting this approach are available. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the consult volume at U.S. children's hospitals, (2) identify the factors associated with consult volume, and (3) determine the relevant views of pediatric ethics consultants. Methods: The study population was U.S. children's hospitals with at least 100 beds that have a dedicated pediatric ethics consultation service (n = 56). The study was a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of the best informants at these hospitals. Results: The response rate was 79% (44/56). The median number of consults conducted per year was 8 (range 1–57). Factors associated with consult volume adjusted for hospital beds were salary support of the consultation service (p = 0.002); the frequency of didactic ethics lectures (p = 0.001); the frequency of ethics consultants inform...
Bioregional planning in central Georgia, USA

Humaninfluencesinthefive-countyregionaroundFortBenning, Georgia, USA,have beenlong and intense. Only 4% of the native longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forest remains intact. Besides the loss of species, habitats, and ecosystem services associated with longleaf pine forests, the environmental concernsoftheregionincludeair,water,andnoisepollution.Themixoffederalandprivateownershipin this region leads to complicated land-management issues that will likely become even more difficult as the city of Columbus continues its projected growth along the northern border of Fort Benning. To understand how anthropogenic developments affect the environment, we are developing a Regional Simulator(RSim)to projectfuturedevelopmentsandtheirimpacts onenvironmentalconditions.Using RSim, we can identify the potential effects of growth on noise and air pollution, water-borne nutrients, andhabitatsforfocalspecies.Noiseimpactsarealreadylargeintheareasofcurrentandprojectedurban growthfortheregion.Thisknowledgeofpotentialfuturesallowsoptionsforenvironmentalprotectionto beconsidered.Akeylessonfromthisanalysisisthatregionalsimulationmodelsareacost-effectiveway to assess the long-term environmental implications of anthropogenic growth and development. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Boundary Layer Analysis of Membraneless Electrochemical Cells

A mathematical theory is presented for the charging and discharging behavior of membraneless electrochemical cells that rely on slow diffusion in laminar flow to separate the half reactions. Ion transport is described by the Nernst-Planck equations for a flowing quasi-neutral electrolyte with heterogeneous Butler-Volmer kinetics. Analytical approximations for the current-voltage relation and the concentration and potential profiles are derived by boundary layer analysis (in the relevant limit of large Peclet numbers) and validated against finite-element numerical solutions. Both Poiseuille and plug flows are considered to describe channels of various geometries, with and without porous flow channels. The tradeoff between power density and reactant crossover and utilization is predicted analytically. The theory is applied to the membrane-less Hydrogen Bromine Laminar Flow Battery and found to accurately predict the experimental and simulated current-voltage data for different flow rates and reactant concentrations, during bothcharginganddischarging.Thisestablishestheutilityofthetheorytounderstandandoptimizetheperformanceofmembrane-less
Mothers as a resource in times of stress: interactive contributions of socialization of coping and stress to youth psychopathology.

This study examined the hypothesis that maternal socialization of coping would make a differential contribution to youth depression and externalizing psychopathology depending on youths’ level of exposure to life stress. A sample of 155 youth (M age = 12.41, SD = 1.21) and their maternal caregivers completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in a two-wave longitudinal study over a 1-year period. Results provided evidence for two types of socialization × stress interactions—an amplification-effects model and a differential-effects model. In the context of interpersonal stress, findings supported an amplification-effects model wherein the risk and protective effects of engagement and disengagement socialization of coping emerged in youth exposed to high but not mild levels of stress. In the context of noninterpersonal stress, findings supported a differential-effects model wherein disengagement socialization of coping contributed to heightened risk among youth exposed to high stress but dampened risk among youth exposed to mild stress. This research identifies maternal socialization of coping as a noteworthy contributor to risk for youth psychopathology, and highlights the need to consider parenting × environment interactions when investigating parenting processes related to youth psychopathology.
Efficacy of IV theophylline in children with severe status asthmaticus.

Study objective: To determine whether adding IV theophylline to an aggressive regimen of inhaled and IV β-agonists, inhaled ipratropium, and IV methylprednisolone would enhance the recovery of children with severe status asthmaticus admitted to the pediatric ICU (PICU). Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Asthma scoring was performed by investigators not involved in treatment decisions and blinded to group assignment. Setting: The PICU of an urban, university-affiliated, tertiary-care children's hospital. Patients: Children with a diagnosis of status asthmaticus who were admitted to the PICU for ≤ 2 h and who were in severe distress, as indicated by a modified Wood-Downes clinical asthma score (CAS) of ≥ 5. Interventions: All subjects initially received continuous albuterol nebulizations; intermittent, inhaled ipratropium; and IV methylprednisolone. The theophylline group was also administered infusions of IV theophylline to achieve serum concentrations of 12 to 17 μg/mL. A CAS was tabulated twice daily. Measurements and results: Forty-seven children (median age, 8.3 years; range, 13 months to 17 years) completed the study. Twenty-three children received theophylline. The baseline CASs of both groups were similar and included three subjects receiving mechanical ventilation in each group. All subjects receiving mechanical ventilation and theophylline were intubated before drug infusion. Among the 41 subjects who were not receiving mechanical ventilation, those receiving theophylline achieved a CAS of ≤ 3 sooner than control subjects (18.6 ± 2.7 h vs 31.1 ± 4.5 h; p Conclusions: Theophylline safely hastened the recovery of children in severe status asthmaticus who were also receiving albuterol, ipratropium, and methylprednisolone. The role of theophylline in the management of asthmatic children in impending respiratory failure should be reexamined.
Mechanisms for the formation of ridge-axis topography atslow-spreading ridges: a lithospheric-plate flexural model

The seafloor topography of a slow-spreading ridge shows a number of well-documented regularities at the ridge segment scale as the result of the complex interplay between ridge-axis magmatic and tectonic processes. This paper describes the results of a detailed analysis of the seafloor topography of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Atlantis transform, where marine gravity data provide independent, although non-unique, constraints on subseafloor density structure. Using a combined topography and gravity data set, we identified the specific contributions of subseafloor density structure to the seafloor topography. We show that the observed along-axis deepening (0.3–0.8 km) from the midpoint of a ridge segment towards the non-transform offsets in the study area can be explained by the vertical deflection of a zero-age plate in response to along-axis crustal thickness variations. However, this effect can only account for 50–60 per cent of the observed 1.5–1.7 km deepening towards the Atlantis transform, suggesting the presence of significant stresses in the lithosphere near a transform. Results of plate flexural calculations also predict a more elevated rift flank at the inside corner of the ridge–transform intersection than at the conjugate outside corner. Such an asymmetry in rift flank topography is calculated to be greatest near a transform fault with a significant volume of deep transform valley and when adjacent plates across the transform fault are mechanically decoupled or only weakly coupled. Together these results illustrate the complex interplay between various tectonic processes at a slow-spreading ridge.
Metabolic Mapping of Suppression Scotomas in Striate Cortex of Macaques with Experimental Strabismus

Misalignment of the ocular axes induces double vision and rivalry. To prevent these unpleasant sensations, most subjects fixate preferentially with one eye and suppress entirely the deviating eye or else suppress portions of the visual field of either eye. To explore the mechanism of visual suppression, a divergent strabismus (exotropia) was induced in six normal, adult Macaca fascicularis by disinserting the medial rectus muscles. After 4-8 weeks, each animal was chaired to measure its exotropia and to determine its ocular fixation preference. Five of the monkeys developed a clearly dominant eye. It was injected with [(3)H]proline. Alternate sections from flat-mounts of striate cortex were then processed either for autoradiography to label the ocular dominance columns or for cytochrome oxidase (CO) to assess local metabolic activity. Two CO patterns were seen, often in the same cortex. The first consisted of thin dark columns alternating with wide pale columns. This pattern arose from reduced CO activity in the suppressed eye's monocular core zones and both eyes' binocular border strips. The second pattern consisted of thin pale bands from reduced metabolic activity in both eyes' border strips. The thin dark-wide pale CO pattern was more widespread in the three animals with a strong fixation preference. The dark CO columns usually fit in register with the ocular dominance columns of the fixating eye, suggesting that perception was suppressed in the deviating eye. In most animals, however, the correlation switched in peripheral cortex contralateral to the deviating eye, implying local suppression of the fixating eye's temporal retina (beyond 10 degrees), as reported in humans with divergent strabismus. In the two animals with a weak fixation preference, pale border strips were found within the central visual field representation in both hemispheres. This CO pattern was consistent with alternating visual suppression. These experiments provide the first anatomical evidence for changes in cortical metabolism that can be correlated with suppression scotomas in subjects with strabismus.
ARM: An Account-Based Hierarchical Reputation Management System for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networking works properly only if mobile nodes cooperate in routing. However, since wireless mobile nodes are usually constrained by limited power and computation resources, some selfish nodes may refuse to forward packets which are not of their direct interest. Most previous efforts counter this behavior by having each node keep a reputation table and exchanging the information with each other, and refusing to forward the packets of selfish nodes. Maintaining and exchanging information among individual mobile nodes in a dynamic environment consumes significant resources, and such a punishment method is not effective enough. This paper presents a novel Account-based hierarchical Reputation Management system (ARM) to avoid selfish nodes and encourage node cooperation. In order to save there source consumption of information exchange, ARM builds a hierarchical structure with low mobility nodes in the high level. These nodes constitute a locality-aware DHT for efficient reputation value collection and exchange. %the storage and computing burden of the mobile nodes. Furthermore, ARM provides a novel account management model to encourage node cooperation in the network. The account management model intelligently integrates global reputation management reputation system and pricing-based model for effective selfish node punishment. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that ARM can greatly improve the performance of a defenseless network by effectively deterring selfish nodes and encouraging node cooperation at a significantly low resource consumption.
Implicit boundary method for determination of effective properties of composite microstructures

A method that uses a structured grid to perform micromechanical analysis for determining effective properties of a composite microstructure is presented. This approach eliminates the need for constructing a mesh that has nodes along the interfaces between constituent materials of the composite. Implicit boundary method is used to ensure that interface conditions are satisfied at the material boundaries. In this method, solution structures for test and trial functions are constructed using approximate step functions such that the interface conditions are satisfied, even if there are no nodes on the material interface boundary. Since a structured grid does not conform to the geometry of the analysis domain, the geometry of the microstructure is defined independently using equations of the interface boundary curves/surfaces. Structured grids that overlap the geometry are easy to generate, and the elements in the grid are regular shaped and undistorted. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate that the proposed solution structure accurately models the solution across material interface, and convergence analysis is performed to show that the method converges as the grid density is increased. Fiber reinforced microstructures are analyzed to compute the effective elastic properties using both 2D and 3D models to show that the results match closely with the ones available in the literature.
Treatment of acute hepatic porphyria with hematin

Summary The efficacy of hematin has been evaluated in eight patients with acute intermittent porphyria: six with acute attacks and two with chronic subacute symptoms. Hematin suppressed the chemical signs of porphyria in all patients and the symptoms in those with acute attacks. The clinical response to hematin occurred uniformly on the third or fourth day of treatment, suggesting that a stereotypic response to this form of therapy can be defined. Hematin had no effect on chronic subacute symptoms. The indications for hematin therapy, its rationale and the details of its administration are reviewed.
Pattern of Hormonal Response to Chronic Ethanol Ingestion During Puberty

Although alcohol use among youth has decreased over the last 10 yr,1 it still remains substantial.2In 1987, this country contained over 300,000 alcoholics between the ages of 13 and 17 yr.3Several thousand students participated in a national survey conducted in 1990. Over 50% of 13-yr-old boys had consumed alcohol during the previous 30-d period. Nearly 30% reported heavy drinking during this period (≤5 drinks/occasion), and over one-third of 9th graders reported alcohol use before the age of 12.4In other countries, problems related to alcohol use among youth may be greater; nearly one-third of Swedish children recently hospitalized for acute alcohol intoxication were under 8 yr old.5 A study of male French adolescents revealed regular alcohol consumption by 28% of boys aged 13-14 yr. Six percent of this age group consumed more than 1 drink/d.6The prevalence of alcohol use among youth as a function of age has been compared to the spread of an epidemic disease.7