cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of control of glycolysis in ischemic hearts having heterogeneous zones of anoxia.

The effects of hypercapnia have been studied in rat hearts perfused with glucose and insulin. At pH 6.7 to 6.8, two different responses were observed. One was characterized by a rapid decrease in pressure development followed by a gradual recovery of contractile function. The tissue was uniformly aerobic, ATP levels were well maintained, the cytosolic and mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides were significantly more oxidized than during control conditions, and glycolytic flux was decreased due to inhibition of phosphofructokinase. In the second type of response, there was an uneven distribution of coronary perfusion with anoxic areas appearing in regions where flow was most restricted, and myocardial function remained severely impaired. Unperfused vessels and anoxic tissue were shown to exist throughout the myocardium under these conditions. Whole-tissue ATP levels were significantly decreased and NADH levels increased, reflecting impaired electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The problem of interpretation of total tissue metabolite contents in heterogeneously oxygenated tissue was resolved by calculation of the proportion of aerobic to anaerobic tissue in these hearts. In the anaerobic portions of ischemic hearts, glycolysis was inhibited at the level of glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase due to increased cytosolic NADH and decreased intracellular pH. Calculations of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios and phosphate potentials suggest (a) that the cytosolic free Mg2+ concentration was 0.6 to 0.7 m M in aerobic hearts, but was much lowerin anaerobic hearts, (b) that the rate of respiration did not depend solely on the cytosolic phosphate potential but was also influenced by the mitochondrial NAD redox state, and (c) that the estimated phosphorylation potential of aerobic hearts was 3.5 kcal/mol higher in the cytosol than in the mitochondria.
Catalysts for lean NOx reduction: structure-property relationship

Abstract Effective reduction of NOx to N2 using hydrocarbon in the presence of a high concentration of O2 can be accomplished using Al2O3-supported Co, Ag, or Au catalysts. However, the maximum NO conversion to N2 is higher on catalysts of lower metal loadings in the case of Co and Ag, which is due to the fact that the metal ions in these catalysts are more dispersed and more difficult to undergo redox than ions in catalysts of higher metal loadings. In the case of Au Al 2 O 3 , the maximum NO conversion to N2 depends on the crystallite size of Au. The effect of the presence of NO on the hydrocabon oxidation reaction depends on the combustion activity of the catalysts: NO suppresses hydrocarbon combustion on more active combustion catalysts but facilitates it on less active ones.
Preshaping reference beams to make edge-illuminated holograms

The illumination of the edge of a hologram to generate a reference beam is the most important and difficult problem in making edge-illuminated holograms. We introduce a method for preshaping the reference beam which converts a spot into a broad uniformly illuminated strip, which can be either diverging or collimated, through the use of a combination of cylindrical lenses and slits. The preshaped beam illuminates the edge of the hologram's glass substrate at close to normal incidence. Based on the above, some ways to decrease the reflection loss and to increase the transmissivity in the emulsion are presented. Furthermore, we calculated several cases and gave an approach to find the best beam ratio of the reference to the object wave in edge- illuminated hologram making.
CONTINGENT VALUATION STUDY ON WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST PRODUCTS

This research study investigates the market and non-market benefits and costs of adopting a forest resources policy aimed at environmentally responsible purchasing at a large university. I use benefit-cost analysis and contingent valuation methods to determine the population's willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environmentally responsible forest products. Econometric analysis reveals that past WTP and belief that the forest resources policy will improve the environment positively affect WTP, while position as a staff member decreases WTP. This methodology can be used for other products that have non-market values like cafeteria compost and by other large purchasing entities such as corporations and government agencies.
Deposition of complement C3 and factor H in tissue traumatized by burn injury

Activation of complement is known to accompany burn injury. To study deposition of complement proteins within tissue traumatized by burn we employed the technique of intravital microscopy using a murine dorsal skinfold chamber model. C3, factor H, factor B, HSA, and transferrin were labeled fluorescently and injected into the tail vein of mice which had been subjected to a small third degree burn within the skin fold. Only C3 and factor H deposited within blood vessels of the traumatized tissue. Binding was specific because it occurred only in and proximal to burn sites, and neither C3 nor factor H was observed to accumulate in blood vessels of healthy tissue. Furthermore, fluorescently labelled HSA, factor B, and transferrin all failed to deposit at or around burn loci. The deposition of C3 and factor H occurred within 10 min of injury and was intravascular occurring in major blood vessels, capillaries, and post-capillary venules, with little evidence of accumulation in the interstitium. Since both C3 fragments and factor H are recognized as adhesion molecules by granulocyte receptors, these deposited proteins could promote leukocyte accumulation, thereby contributing to an initiation of an inflammatory cascade at a site of burn injury.
Career paths for the Geoscience Ph.D.

An article that ran in the March 15 issue of Eos discussed alternative careers in the geosciences. I would like to expand on this topic. First, the examples provided overlook the many nonresearch niches that exist within the government. A response to the initial article (Eos, April 12,1994) touched on this omission by introducing science policy as a possibility. Readers also should be aware that the government, in general, contains other kinds of nonresearch niches that could be filled by geoscience Ph.D.s. These niches typically involve either technical writing and editing, some aspect of computer science, or the kinds of analysis and interpretation that does not fit the mold of basic or applied research, but which finds its way into both hard-copy and digital products.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) transcription is significantly elevated in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae.

Abstract Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from vertebrate species is a molecule that exerts a wide-range of effects in inflammatory responses, cell activation and cell differentiation. Several species of parasitic nematodes have been shown to express genes encoding orthologues of the mammalian MIF that appear to play a key role in immune evasion by modifying the activity of host cells. In addition, MIF accumulates in nematode somatic cells where its role has not yet been defined. In order to identify the role that MIF plays in the cell biology of nematodes, we have characterized the members of the mif gene family in the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans . Unlike the single mif gene found in humans and mice, C. elegans expresses four distinct mif genes: Ce - mif -1, Ce - mif -2, Ce-mif-3 and Ce-mif-4. The Ce -MIF proteins are between 15–30% identical to each other, 34–38% identical to the MIFs from the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi , and 22–35% identical to mammalian MIFs. The transcription of Ce - mif -2 and Ce - mif -3, but not Ce-mif -1, was upregulated >100-fold compared to L2 levels when the worms entered the dauer stage. The transcription levels of Ce - mif -2 and Ce - mif -3 fell to near baseline a few hours after exit from dauer. Ce -MIF/GFP transgenic animals and immunostaining were used to demonstrate that the main sites of MIF production are in the hypodermis, body wall muscles and in the nuclei of developing embryos. The results suggest a role for C. elegans MIF in cellular maintenance during periods of adverse conditions that lead to developmental arrest.
Planetary characteristics from radar observations

Long wavelength radar observations of Venus yield a surface reflectivity of about 15%. Total power measurements at 12.5 cm and 3.6 cm strongly suggest that significant atmospheric absorption is operative in this wavelength region. If the observed low value of reflectivity at 3.6 cm is attributed to atmospheric absorption alone an opacity of τ = 1.14 is implied at this wavelength rather independently from assumptions concerning the surface scattering characteristics of Venus. An inverse λ2 opacity law for the atmosphere is consistent with the reflectivity measurements over the complete range of observations wavelengths. The mathematical characteristics of the Venusian backscatter law are the same as for the moon but wavelength-dependent mean effective slopes indicate that Venus appears smoother than the moon at all radar wavelengths. Considerable progress has been made toward obtaining a precise value for the Venusian axial rotation vector which is found to be oriented to within 10 degrees of the planet's orbital plane. The period of (retrograde) rotation lies within the range 242–250 days with the lower value favored by the statistics of the data. Regions of enhanced radar return fixed to the surface have been found and verified at a later conjunction. Measurements of the surface radar depolarization support the hypothesis that the prominences are due to increased surface roughness as opposed to regional increases of dielectric constant. Observations of Mercury strongly suggest that the rotation period of the planet is about 59 days, a conclusion which has been supported, a posteriori, by theoretical tidal calculations and rediscussions of optical observations of surface markings. Mercury has radar backscatter characteristics more similar to the moon than Venus and exhibits a reflectivity of about 5%. Mars has demonstrated strong variations of radar backscatter characteristics which appear correlated with the Martian longitude and, in turn, with the dark surface markings in its north equatorial zone. Particularly reliable correlations have been discovered with the positions of Trivium Charontis and Syrtis Major. The observed variations appear to be primarily manifested in terms of the Martian radar backscatter law or surface roughness as opposed to variations in the intrinsic surface material reflectivities although the observations are not sufficiently precise to resolve this question. Variations in surface materials are apparently also present but their degree is currently unassayable. The reflectivity of the average surface has been crudely determined to be about 7% which suggests that the surface of Mars is composed of underdense materials. The 7% value is consistent with the values of 7.5% and 5% for the moon and Mercury, respectively, and is significantly different from the 15% value for Venus, No unequivocal radar detection of Jupiter has been made although a statistically weak detection has been reported for a single opposition which could not be verified in succeeding attempts.
Evaluating the prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents.

In this study, we compared measured maximal heart rate (HRmax) to two different HRmax prediction equations [220 — age and 208 — 0.7(age)] in 52 children ages 7-17 years. We determined the relationship of chronological age, maturational age, and resting HR to measured HRmax and assessed seated resting HR and HRmax during a graded exercise test. Maturational age was calculated as the maturity offset in years from the estimated age at peak height velocity. Measured HRmax was 201 ± 10 bpm, whereas predicted HRmax ranged from 199 to 208 bpm. Measured HRmax and the predicted value from the 208 — 0.7(age) prediction were similar but lower (p < .05) than the 220 — age prediction. Absolute differences between measured and predicted HRmax were 8 ± 5 and 10 ± 8 bpm for the 208 — 0.7 (age) and 220 — age equations, respectively, and were greater than zero (p < .05). Regression equations using resting HR and maturity offset or chronological age significantly predicted HRmax, although the R2 < .30 and the standard error...
A note on testing for constant hazard against a change-point alternative

The problem of testing for constant hazard against a change-point alternative is considered. It is shown that this problem is related to another one in quality control. Based on this relationship, a test is proposed. The main advantages of this test are its computational simplicity and the ready availability of small and large sample distribution theory.
Interaction Between a Normal Shock Wave and a Turbulent Boundary Layer at High Transonic Speeds. Part II: Wall Shear Stress

Asymptotic methods are used to calculate the shear stress at the wall for the interaction between a normal shock wave and a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. A mixing length model is used for the eddy viscosity. The shock wave is taken to be strong enough that the sonic line is deep in the boundary layer and the upstream influence is thus very small. It is shown that unlike the result found for laminar flow an asymptotic criterion for separation is not found; however, conditions for incipient separation are computed numerically using the derived solution for the shear stress at the wall. Results are compared with available experimental measurements.
Analytic methods for examining race and ethnic disparity in the juvenile courts

Abstract Prior studies of juvenile court decision making and racial disparity are often criticized for their lack of methodological rigor. These studies are criticized for focusing their analyses on separate decision-making stages and not taking into account issues that are related to sample selection. This research attempted to address these issues through an analysis of juvenile court case records from the state of Hawaii. Different limited dependent variable models were used to estimate ethnic disparity in juvenile court outcomes. Comparisons of models according to the Bayesian Information Criteria (BICs) are used to assess the overall fit of these models. The findings indicate few substantive differences across models and a general leniency of the court in favor of White youth. The findings do reveal that there are differences in the accuracy with which these models predicted juvenile court outcomes. The usefulness of this method of model comparison for disparity research is discussed.
Effect of Parity on Dry Matter Intake at Parturition in Dairy Cattle

Abstract Ten first and second parity (young) and ten third parity or more (aged) animals were fed wilted alfalfa-brome silage free choice plus 1.8 kg grain daily for at least 3 wk prepartum and to 6.4 kg grain by day 7 postpartum. Average daily dry matter (kg), calcium (g), and phosphorus (g) intakes for young, nonparetic aged, and paretic aged cows on day 14 prepartum were 7.45, 8.71, 9.37; 61, 72, 78; and 28, 33, 35. Depression of dry matter intake on day 1 prepartum and calving day versus day 14 prepartum for young, nonparetic aged, and paretic aged cows averaged 24.5, 25, and 52%. Incidence of parturient paresis in the young and aged cows was 0 (0/10) and 30% (3/10). Aged paretic cows consumed less dry matter on calving day than aged nonparetic cows. Aged cows had lower plasma concentration of calcium (days 0, 1, 2) and phosphorus (days −1, 0, 2, 3), higher free fatty acids in plasma (days 1, 3, 7), and higher magnesium in plasma than young cows. Paretic aged cows had a lower rate of rumen contractions (days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7) than nonparetic aged and young cows. Thus, the importance of keeping cows on feed immediately pre- and postpartum must continue to be stressed.
Use of computer simulation to determine the triplet distribution function in dense fluids

Abstract In this paper a new method is described for determining the triplet distribution function g 3 from computer simulations of dense fluids. The method involves expressing g 3 in terms of hyperspherical coordinates (ϱ,θ,φ) and then expanding g 3 in spherical harmonics of the angular variables θ and φ. We first test the convergence of the spherical harmonic expansion by applying the method to the superposition approximation for g 3 . We then show how the expansion coefficients may be obtained from an analysis of computer simulation data. Lastly, we report new results for g 3 obtained by applying the method to data from a molecular dynamics simultion of the Lennard-Jones fluid.
Metal uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as affected by poultry litter application

Poultry litter is commonly applied to pastures as an organic fertilizer. However, poultry litter also typically contains numerous heavy metals that may accumulate in soil and can pose an environmental threat when it is applied to pastures. The objective was to ascertain uptake characteristics of heavy metals by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) from soil with a history of poultry litter additions as affected by subsequent applications of poultry litter. Poultry litter was applied to small plots at rates of 0, 2·2 and 4·5 t dry litter ha⁻¹. In the 7·5 months following application of litter, cumulative dry-matter (DM) production of herbage was higher (P < 0·05) in the plots that received poultry litter compared with the control plots where no litter was applied. However, concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se and Zn in herbage were unaffected by the rate of application of poultry litter. All metal tissue concentrations, except for Fe, were affected by sampling date. While tall fescue responds to poultry litter with increased DM production, it does not appear to accumulate excessive quantities of micronutrients associated with the application of poultry litter.
Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass

Two-dimensional photonic band gap structures consisting of air holes arranged to form a hexagonal lattice were patterned into chalcogenide glass thin films by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. The dimensional parameters for these structures, namely type of lattice, lattice parameter and radius of the holes, were chosen so as to show a photonic band gap relevant to the infrared range, aiming at their subsequent use in the field of chemical sensing and biosensing. The optical behaviour of these structures was determined by calculating the band structure for the TM (magnetic field in-plane) and TE (electric field in-plane) modes. Furthermore, FIB milling was used to fabricate input and output waveguides coupled to the photonic crystals. The transmission spectra of the resulting structures for the TE and TM modes with two different orientations were also calculated.
Selective Arterial Prostatic Embolization (SAPE) for Refractory Hematuria of Prostatic Origin

Objectives To assess SAPE as an alternative treatment option in patients with refractory hematuria of prostatic origin. Methods A retrospective analysis of charts from 10 patients. Two patients were excluded from the analysis because of severe atherosclerotic disease that prevented selective angiography of the pelvic vasculature. Therefore, 8 patients, mean age of 78.3 ± 7.1 years with a history of refractory hematuria of prostatic origin were analyzed. All patients failed conventional therapy. The selective embolization procedures were performed between 2000 and 2006. Success was monitored with postembolization angiography and cessation of hematuria clinically. Results Of the 8 patients, 6 had a history of adenocarcinoma of the prostate (mean Gleason Grade 7, range 5 to 9); 4 were previously treated with external beam radiation. The remaining patient’s histories were consistent with benign prostatic hypertrophy. SAPE was technically successful in all 8 patients and resulted in immediate cessation of gross hematuria. Mean follow-up postembolization was 20.0 months (range 1.5 to 86.3 months). One patient had gross hematuria develop 14 months after embolization that was attributed to a bladder tumor recurrence. One patient with T4 prostate cancer had a rectovesical fistula develop 1 month after embolization. Conclusions SAPE results in cessation of refractory gross hematuria in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and patients with prostate cancer previously treated with radiotherapy. SAPE may be considered an effective treatment for gross hematuria in patients with refractory hematuria regardless of the cause (radiation, cancer and/or hyperplasia).
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering at gold electrodes: dependence on electrochemical pretreatment conditions and comparisons with silver

Abstract The dependence of the intensities for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at gold electrodes on the nature of the electrochemical roughening procedure is explored for the model adsorbates benzonitrile and thiocyanate in order to establish “optimal” conditions for practical applications as well as to shed light on the fundamental factors involved. The pretreatment employed involves consecutive positive-negative potential sweeps in aqueous KCl, followed by rinsing and surface transfer; this has been shown previously to yield unusually stable as well as intense SERS. For roughening conditions yielding the greatest SERS intensities, scanning electron microscopy showed the surface to be covered by gold particles of around 100 nm diameter. Some illustrative comparisons are also made with corresponding SERS intensities and stabilities at silver electrodes.
Investigative versus realistic Holland types and adjustment in theoretical engineering majors.

Abstract This study tested the sensitivity of J. L. Holland's ( Making vocational choices: A theory of careers , Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973) congruence method for predicting differential outcomes in the case of subtle person-environment congruence differences. This question is relevant to engineering programs, where students with adjacent Holland orientations of Investigative (I) and Realistic (R) aspire to complete theoretically oriented engineering majors, such as electrical and mechanical engineering. It was hypothesized that high congruence (e.g., I-type student in I-type engineering major) compared to moderately high congruence (e.g., R-type in I-type major) would result in more positive educational outcomes. A preliminary analysis verified that subgroups of I- and R-type students possessed similar scores on measures of general and math aptitude. Results on both outcome measures favored the high student-curriculum congruence hypothesis. I- compared to R-type subjects demonstrated greater persistence in their initial engineering major over a 2-year period and attained higher grades. Persistence findings replicated across two separate classes of entering students, but academic performance differences were not as consistent.
Korea's export niche: Origins and prospects

Abstract Korea has achieved significant global market shares in variety of labor-intensive, intermediate, as well as sophisticated consumer products. Its revealed comparative advantage is quite similar to Japan's (particularly when evaluated with a 15-year lag). Korean and Japanese export baskets are more closely correlated than those of Japan and other East Asian NICs. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this similarly is the result of Korea's “following” a Japanese development model—through the adoption of Japanese technologies, policies, and commercial institutions, and the exploitation of externalities generated by Japanese penetration of global markets. Partly for these reasons, Korean exports are heavily concentrated in the US market and tend to consist of relatively protection-prone commodities. Consequently, issues of trade management and diplomacy will play an increasingly important role in determining the volume and composition of future exports.
Women's injuries in collegiate sports A preliminary comparative overview of three seasons

The purpose of this article was to provide a preliminary over view of the injury experiences among collegiate women athletes which were reported to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS) during its first 3 operational years (1975 to 1978). More dissimilarities in injury patterns were observed between women's sports than between comparable men and women's sports. The results thereby are interpreted that injuries to women athletes are essentially sport-related, not sex-related. Further investigative reports on women athletic injuries should be delimited to respective sports and over a period of time. Attention should be given to the patterns of injury within a sport, including shifts in patterns, so that practicable preventive measures can be perceived, imple mented, and subsequently evaluated.
Correlation in continuous development thin-layer chromatography

Various relationships in continuous development TLC using a binary solvent system are discussed. These include the dependanc of analysis time and required plate length on the shape of a ZRfvs. solvent composition curve and the dependendancy of analysis time on the spot separation required.
The enhancement and reduction of defensive fighting by naloxone pretreatment

The effects of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, on the shock-elicited defensive fighting of rats was examined in a single, 200-shock, 56-min session. Early in the session (the first 75 shocks), naloxone enhanced fighting, but late in the session (the second 100 shocks), it depressed fighting. This pattern of data is consistent with the view that naloxone antagonizes an endogenous opiate analgesic system which should reduce the reactions to both shock and the tissue damage produced by numerous fighting encounters.
The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase is insufficient to account for the rate of linoleate oxidation in rat heart mitochondria. Evidence for a modified pathway of linoleate degradation.

Abstract The activities of cis -Δ 3 - trans -Δ 2 -enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase (EC 5.1.2.3), and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, all of which have been proposed to function as auxiliary enzymes in the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been determined in mitochondria from rat heart and rat liver. In heart mitochondria the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase was lower, whereas that of 2,4-dineoyl-CoA reductase was higher than the observed rate of linoleate degration. This observation suggests that 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and not 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase functions as an auxiliary enzyme in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in heart. A modified pathway of linoleate degradation is presented.
How progressive culture resists critique: The impasse of NGO Studies:

Ethnographies of NGO and nonprofit practices are increasingly focused on the social lives of middle-class liberals who significantly shape how societies recognize social suffering and its redress. ...
RealPlan: Decoupling Causal and Resource Reasoning in Planning

Recent work has demonstrated that treating resource reasoning separately from causal reasoning can lead to improved planning performance and rational resource management where increase in resources does not degrade planning performance. However, the resources were scheduled procedurally and limited to cases that could be solved backtrackfree. Terming the decoupled framework as RealPlan, in this work, I extend it with a general approach to convert the resource allocation problem as a declaratively specified dynamic constraint satisfaction problem (DCSP), compile it into CSP and solve it with a CSP solver. By doing so, the resource scheduling problem can be handled in its full complexity and can provide a computational characterization of the different scheduling classes. The CSP formulation also facilitates planner-scheduler interaction by helping the scheduler interpret the resource allocation policies proposed by the planner in terms of constraints on values of scheduling variables. Moreover, if the extraction of causal plan is also formulated as a CSP problem, the two CSPs can enable dependency directed backtracking between them. I have implemented declarative scheduling on top of Graphplan and GPCSP planners (which poses the backward search of Graphplan as a CSP problem), and the resulting planners reiterate the benefits of decoupling planning and scheduling while providing elegant CSP models (RealPlan-MS, RealPlan-PP) for investigating planner-scheduler communication.
Quantifying mesoscale soil moisture with the cosmic-ray rover

Abstract. Soil moisture governs the surface fluxes of mass and energy and is a major influence on floods and drought. Existing techniques measure soil moisture either at a point or over a large area many kilometers across. To bridge these two scales we used the cosmic-ray rover, an instrument similar to the recently developed COSMOS probe, but bigger and mobile. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities for mapping soil moisture over large areas using the cosmic-ray rover. In 2012, soil moisture was mapped 22 times in a 25 km × 40 km survey area of the Tucson Basin at an average of 1.7 km2 resolution, i.e., a survey area extent comparable to that of a pixel for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. The soil moisture distribution is dominated by climatic variations, notably by the North American monsoon, that results in a systematic increase in the standard deviation, observed up to 0.022 m3 m−3, as a function of the mean, between 0.06 m3 m−3 and 0.14 m3 m−3. Two techniques are explored to use the cosmic-ray rover data for hydrologic applications: (1) interpolation of the 22 surveys into a daily soil moisture product by defining an approach to utilize and quantify the observed temporal stability producing an average correlation coefficient of 0.82 for the soil moisture distributions that were surveyed, and (2) estimation of soil moisture profiles by combining surface moisture from satellite microwave sensors (SMOS) with deeper measurements from the cosmic-ray rover. The interpolated soil moisture and soil moisture profiles allow for basin-wide mass balance calculation of evapotranspiration, which amounted to 241 mm in 2012. Generating soil moisture maps with a cosmic-ray rover at this intermediate scale may help in the calibration and validation of satellite soil moisture data products and may also aid in various large-scale hydrologic studies.
Unified approach for universal quantum gates in a coupled superconducting two-qubit system with fixed always-on coupling

We demonstrate that in a coupled two-qubit system any single-qubit gate can be decomposed into 0-controlled and 1-controlled two-qubit gates which can be implemented by manipulations analogous to that used for a controlled NOT CNOT gate. Based on this we present a unified approach to implement universal single-qubit and two-qubit gates in a coupled two-qubit system with fixed always-on coupling. This approach requires neither supplementary circuit or additional physical qubits to control the coupling nor extra hardware to adjust the energy level structure. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by numerical simulation of single-qubit gates and creation of two-qubit Bell states in rf-driven inductively coupled two superconducting quantum interference device flux qubits with realistic device parameters and constant always-on coupling.
Prevalence and characteristics of tremor in the NARCOMS multiple sclerosis registry: a cross-sectional survey.

Objectives (1)To describe the prevalence and severity of tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) registered within a large North American MS registry; (2) to provide detailed descriptions on the characteristics and severity of tremor in a subset of registrants and (3) to compare several measures of tremor severity for strength of agreement. Setting The North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) registry. Participants Registrants of NARCOMS reporting mild or greater tremor severity. Outcome measures We determined the cross-sectional prevalence of tremor in the NARCOMS registry over three semiannual updates between fall 2010 and fall 2011. A subset of registrants (n=552) completed a supplemental survey providing detailed descriptions of their tremor. Outcomes included descriptive characteristics of their tremors and correlations between outcome measures to determine the strength of agreement in assessing tremor severity. Results The estimated prevalence of tremor in NARCOMS ranged from 45% to 46.8%, with severe tremor affecting 5.5–5.9% of respondents. In the subset completing the supplemental survey, mild tremor severity was associated with younger age of MS diagnosis and tremor onset than those with moderate or severe tremor. However, tremor severity did not differ by duration of disease or tremor. Respondents provided descriptions of tremor symptoms on the Clinical Ataxia Rating Scale, which had a moderate to good (ρ=0.595) correlation with the Tremor Related Activities of Daily Living (TRADL) scale. Objectively scored Archimedes’ spirals had a weaker (ρ=0.358) correlation with the TRADL. Rates of unemployment, disability and symptomatic medication use increased with tremor severity, but were high even among those with mild tremor. Conclusions Tremor is common among NARCOMS registrants and severely disabling for some. Both ADL-based and symptom-descriptive measures of tremor severity can be used to stratify patients.
Uniplanar one-dimensional photonic-bandgap structures and resonators

This paper presents uniplanar one-dimensional (1-D) periodical structures, so-called photonic-bandgap (PBG) structures, and defect high-Q resonators for coplanar waveguide, coplanar strip line, and slot line. Proposed uniplanar PBG structures consist of 1-D periodically etched slots along a transmission line or alternating characteristic impedance series with wide band-stop filter characteristics. A stop bandwidth obtained is 2.8 GHz with a stopband rejection of 36.5 dB. This PBG performance can be easily improved if the number of cells or the filling factor is modified in a parametric analysis. Using uniplanar 1-D PBG structures, we demonstrate new high-Q defect resonators with full-wave simulation and measured results. These structures based on defect cavity or Fabry-Perot resonators consist of a center resonant line with two sides of PBG reflectors. They achieve a loaded Q of 247.3 and unloaded Q of 299.1. The proposed circuits should have many applications in monolithic and hybrid microwave integrated circuits.
DAP12-mediated signal transduction in natural killer cells. A dominant role for the Syk protein-tyrosine kinase.

The murine Ly49 family contains nine genes in two subgroups: the inhibitory receptors (Ly49A, B, C, E, F, G2, and I) and the noninhibitory receptors (Ly49D and H). Unlike their inhibitory counterparts, Ly49D and H do not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs but associate with a recently described co-receptor, DAP12, to transmit positive signals to natural killer (NK) cells. DAP12 is also expressed in myeloid cells, but the receptors coupled to it there are unknown. Here we document the signaling pathways of the Ly49D/DAP12 complex in NK cells. We show that ligation of Ly49D results in 1) tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates, including phospholipase Cγ1, Cbl, and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and 2) calcium mobilization. Moreover, we demonstrate that although human DAP12 reportedly binds the SH2 domains of both Syk and Zap-70, ligation of Ly49D leads to activation of Syk but not Zap-70. Consistent with this observation, Ly49D/DAP12-mediated calcium mobilization is blocked by dominant negative Syk but not by catalytically inactive Zap-70. These data demonstrate the dependence of DAP12-coupled receptors on Syk and suggest that the outcome of Ly49D/DAP12 engagement will be regulated by Cbl and culminate in the activation of transcription factors.
Metal/semiconductor contacts for organic molecules

Contacts were developed to contact organic molecules to a metal or semiconductor substrate. Metal contacts were developed for thiol based chemical organic molecules and semiconductor contacts were developed for silane-based chemistry of molecules. The development of these contacts enables us to study electronic properties of organic molecules.
Flexible elemental stoichiometry in Trichodesmium spp. and its ecological implications

We conducted laboratory experiments to assess the bioelemental plasticity of cultures of Trichodesmium IMS101 under phosphorus (P)-replete, P-restricted, and light-limited conditions. The results reveal a high degree of stoichiometric flexibility. Specifically, Trichodesmium IMS101 is capable of growth with carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) : P ratios of C585656 :N 90610 :P 1, approximately six times higher than would be predicted by the Redfield reference ratio (C106 :N 16 :P 1), thus signifying low cellular P quotas relative to C and N. Luxury consumption of P occurs rapidly after periods of prolonged P restriction, under both light and dark conditions, resulting in substantial increases in P quotas and reductions of C : N : P ratios (C9668 :N 1661 :P 1). Comparisons of laboratory culture data to our field observations from the Northwest Atlantic and the North Pacific indicate that, while natural populations of Trichodesmium exhibit persistently low P content relative to C and N (C290615 :N 5363 :P 1), the highest and lowest C : P and N : P ratios recorded in the laboratory are rarely observed in nature. We have also performed laboratory experiments intended to simulate the energetic and nutritional extremes that would occur as naturally migrating populations of Trichodesmium sink out of the euphotic zone into P-rich regions of the upper disphotic zone. The duration of dark survival for this isolate is on the order of 3–6 d, after which time cells are unable to recover from light deprivation. This finding provides a constraint on the temporal scale of vertical migration.
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy infants.

Background The plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) plays a major role in transcapillary fluid balance. There is no information on plasma COP of healthy infants beyond the first post-natal week. The normal COP in healthy adult subjects (25 mmHg) is currently also applied as a reference value for healthy infants. This study was designed to test whether plasma COP values in healthy infants are the same as those in normal adults. Methods Plasma COP was measured in 37 male and female healthy infants from 1 to 11 months old. For this purpose, 1 ml blood was collected during the patient’s regularly scheduled visit if the patient required any type of blood test for routine laboratory analyses. Results Plasma COP levels correlated slightly with increasing age from 1 to 9 months old (linear regression analysis; r2 = 0.1, P < 0.049). We found no correlation between plasma COP and body weight at the same age (r 2 = 0.05, P = 0.155). The mean and standard deviation of COP in all infants was 25.1 ± 2.6 mmHg, which is almost identical to an average COP of 25 mmHg in healthy adult subjects. Arbitrary division of the infants into three different age groups (1–3 months [n = 11], 5–8 months [n = 13] and 9–11 months [n = 13]) showed an average increase of approximately 2 mmHg in COP of 9-month-old to 11-month-old infants, compared with 1-month-old to 3-month-old infants (one-way analysis of variance; P = 0.26). There was no gender difference in the COP level (unpaired t-test), with an average of 25.1 ± 2.4 mmHg in 19 male infants compared with 25.2 ± 2.9 in 18 female infants. The 95% confidence interval for COP in both male and female infants (n = 37) was between 24.3 to 26.0 mmHg, ranging from 19.5 to 30.3 mmHg, with a median value of 25.2 mmHg. Conclusions The data accept the null hypothesis that the COP range in infants younger than 1 year old is similar to those observed in adult subjects. Our observations, compared with previously reported neonatal COP values, suggest that there is a sharp increase in COP within the first months after birth.
ODSS: A decision support system for ocean exploration

We have designed, built, tested and fielded a decision support system which provides a platform for situational awareness, planning, observation, archiving and data analysis. While still in development, our inter-disciplinary team of computer scientists, engineers, biologists and oceanographers has made extensive use of our system in at-sea experiments since 2010. The novelty of our work lies in the targeted domain, its evolving functionalities that closely tracks how ocean scientists are seeing the evolution of their own work practice, and its actual use by engineers, scientists and marine operations personnel. We describe the architectural elements and lessons learned over the more than two years use of the system.
Statistical Techniques in AERJ Articles, 1979–1983: The Preparation of Graduate Students to Read the Educational Research Literature:

The statistical techniques used in American Educational Research Journal (AERJ) research articles between 1979 and 1983 were coded by (a) type of technique, and (b) "major" or "minor" importance for comprehending the research findings. Twenty-seven types of technique were identified and further classified as "basic," "intermediate," or "advanced" level, in terms of typical statistics course progression. Of the "major" techniques, 33%, 37%, and 17% were basic, intermediate, and advanced level,, respectively. A review of statistics texts currently in use revert led that basic texts predominate and that the content coverage in both the basic-and intermediate-level texts generally matched well the techniques found in the AERJ articles. The findings suggest that students with both a basic-and intermediate-level knowledge of statistics would understand most of the techniques encountered in AERJ. Other topics addressed included an examination of trends in use of statistical techniques over time, and a comparison...
Detection of foliage-obscured vehicle using a multiwavelength polarimetric lidar

Foliage obscured man-made targets detection and identification is of great interest to many applications. In this paper, the backscattered laser signals from a multiwavelength polarimetric lidar were used to detect a vehicle hidden inside a vegetated area. The polarimetric reflectance data from the lidar at two separate laser wavelengths at 1064 nm and 532 nm revealed distinct target characteristics from both the vehicle and the vegetation. The results from this case study demonstrated the validity of the proposed lidar detection technique. Furthermore, the results could potentially lead to a lidar detection and identification technique for a wide variety of foliage-obscured man-made targets under various application scenarios.
Calibration, sufficiency, and domination considerations for Bayesian probability assessors

Abstract DeGroot and Fienberg (1982a) recently considered various aspects of the problem of evaluating the performance of probability appraisers. After briefly reviewing their notions of calibration and sufficiency we introduce related ideas of semicalibration and domination and consider their relationship to the earlier concepts. We then discuss some simple Bayesian mechanisms for making probability assessments and study their calibration, semicalibration, sufficiency, and domination properties. Finally, several results concerning the comparison of finite dichotomous experiments, relevant to the present work, are collected in an Appendix.
Comparisons of the Oxide Layer Between Static Liquid-Bismuth-Eutectic and Gas Environments

The competition between corrosion and oxidation on a steel surface immersed in lead alloys with controlled oxygen leads to different oxide-layer characteristics as compared with those formed in gases. The presence of a liquid metal [liquid lead or lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE)] can either enhance or reduce the oxidation rate, resulting in different oxide growth rates and microstructures. Based on analysis of experimental results in static LBE/lead and gases under the same experimental conditions, we predict the oxide-layer structure and thickness as functions of immersion time and analyze the factors that play important roles in the oxidation process in LBE/lead. It is shown that there is a significant difference between the oxide formed in liquid lead alloys and in gases, including the oxide-layer structure. To generate a stable protective oxide layer on steel surfaces in LBE, the long-term corrosion effect, the supply of oxygen, and the penetration of the liquid metal into the structural materials or oxide layers must be taken into account.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
High-order FDTD methods via derivative matching for Maxwell's equations with material interfaces

This paper introduces a series of novel hierarchical implicit derivative matching methods to restore the accuracy of high-order finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) schemes of computational electromagnetics (CEM) with material interfaces in one (1D) and two spatial dimensions (2D). By making use of fictitious points, systematic approaches are proposed to locally enforce the physical jump conditions at material interfaces in a preprocessing stage, to arbitrarily high orders of accuracy in principle. While often limited by numerical instability, orders up to 16 and 12 are achieved, respectively, in 1D and 2D. Detailed stability analyses are presented for the present approach to examine the upper limit in constructing embedded FDTD methods. As natural generalizations of the high-order FDTD schemes, the proposed derivative matching methods automatically reduce to the standard FDTD schemes when the material interfaces are absent. An interesting feature of the present approach is that it encompasses a variety of schemes of different orders in a single code. Another feature of the present approach is that it can be robustly implemented with other high accuracy time-domain approaches, such as the multiresolution time-domain method and the local spectral time-domain method, to cope with material interfaces. Numerical experiments on both 1D and 2D problems are carried out to test the convergence, examine the stability, access the efficiency, and explore the limitation of the proposed methods. It is found that operating at their best capacity, the proposed high-order schemes could be over 2000 times more efficient than their fourth-order versions in 2D. In conclusion, the present work indicates that the proposed hierarchical derivative matching methods might lead to practical high-order schemes for numerical solution of time-domain Maxwell's equations with material interfaces.
Solid–fluid equilibrium for organic molecules: understanding the link between molecular structure and phase diagrams

Abstract We consider the problem of using molecular modeling and simulation in understanding trends in solid-fluid and solid-solid phase behavior of organic molecules as we change molecular structure. Our focus is on using molecular models that are simple enough to be studied over a wide range of conditions, but realistic enough to reveal important insights into the molecular level behavior. As examples, we review some recent work on the phase behavior of molecular models of n-alkanes and aromatic molecules. For the alkanes we discuss the molecular origins of the chain length dependence of the melting points as well as the role of rotator phases in the phase diagrams of longer chain molecules. We also consider solid–fluid and solid–solid phase equilibrium in binary n-alkane mixtures. The solid–fluid equilibrium in aromatic molecules reflects a competition between the molecular shape effects and electrostatic interactions. We discuss this in the context of the solid phases of benzene and also in the context of the stability of solid phase compounds of aromatic mixtures.