cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-of-flight study of H(2S) and D(2S) produced by electron impact on H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/: Fast peaks

Time-of-flight spectra of H(2S) and D(2S) fragments from electron-bombardment dissociated H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ have been observed. Kinetic energy distributions of ''fast'' metastable fragments were obtained for electron-bombardment energies ranging from near the threshold for fast metastable production (less than 29 eV) to 100 eV. At low bombarding energies previously unreported structure is observed in the fast peaks for both isotopes. At high bombarding energies also there is evidence of unresolved structure in the fast peaks. The present data are compared with the results of earlier investigations. At low bombarding energies there are significant discrepancies between the present results and previous measurements. At high bombarding energies there is significant disagreement with a calculation that assumes a single dissociating state. The observed shift of the fast peak as a function of the bombarding electron energy is compared to predictions incorporating a form of the Wannier law. This comparison tends to confirm the presence of more than one dissociation channel yielding fast metastables. Several excited states of H/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/ /sup +/ are discussed as possible dissociation channels contributing to the observed kinetic energy distributions.
Kodeks w kryzysie. Dematerializacja książki (przekład Michał Choptiany)

CODEX IN CRISIS: THE BOOK DEMATERIALISES This article analyses the transformation of the idea of codex from the Antiquity, through the modern concepts of manuscript and printed volume, to its current digital form and digital repositories as Google Books or JSTOR. The author situates the process of digitization of books within a rich historical context and explores the influence of new media on the contemporary methods of reading, writing, publishing and storing information. He offers a critical analysis of the policies adopted by the largest libraries with regard to their digital collections as well as the consequences of digitization for academic publishing. This essay also attempts to show the tangible consequences of our growing familiarity with digital editions, for as useful and democratic as they are, they also make us forget the material aspect of the historical sources, e.g. their tangibility, size and format, as well as their sensual qualities which cannot be transmitted through the digital medium.
Things Heard in the Past, Material for Future Use: A Study of Song (960-1279) biji Prefaces

Through an analysis of the narrative and rhetoric of dozens of Song biji prefaces, this study illustrates the way in which casual conversation was represented and transformed into writing, and how biji writers articulated the utility and consumption of their work. This study highlights the increasing importance of oral instruction and personal experience as legitimate modes of elite communication. The growing visibility of informal social scenes in biji works and their celebration of those who participated in and contributed to entertaining activities serve as strong evidence of a changing elite self-identification that characterized the major social and cultural transformations in the Song period.
Biomaterial-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles for Enteric Drug Delivery

Oral drug delivery systems provide the most convenient, noninvasive, readily acceptable alternatives to parenteral systems. In the current work, eggshell-derived calcium carbonate CaCO3 nanoparticles were used to develop enteric drug delivery system in the form of tablets. CaCO3 nanoparticles were manufactured using top-down ball-milling method and characterized by X-ray diffractometry XRD and transmission electron microscopy TEM and loaded with 5-fluorouracil as a model drug. Tablets with varying CaCO3 core and binder compositions were fabricated and coated with Eudragit S100 or Eudragit L100. Suitability for enteric delivery of the tablets was tested by oral administration to rabbits and radiography. Radiograph images showed that the tablet remained in the stomach of the rabbit for up to 3 hours. Further modifications of these biomaterial-derived nanoparticles and the coatings will enable manufacturing of stable formulations for slow or controlled release of pharmaceuticals for enteric delivery.
Inclusions Modification in Die Steel with Magnesium Vapor

Wear failure is the most common failure mode for D2 cold working die steels. The w ear rate of the steel decreases by reducing the number of the inclusions and by improving the morphology and distribution of them. The granular magnesium w as used to generate magnesium vapor at high temperatures,and the vapor w as carried into the molten steel by high purity argon gas. The effects of magnesium on non-metallic inclusions modification w ere discussed. The results show ed that the size of non-metallic inclusions in the steel w ere obviously finer w ith the magnesium vapor flow ing into molten steel than that w ithout it. The composition of inclusions changed from pure alumina inclusions or compound of Al2O3and the oxide of element Cr,Mo and V to alumina-magnesia complex inclusions. The observation of as-cast microstructure show ed that small inclusions remained in the steel w ere benefit for grain refining in the process of solidification and phase transitions.
Application and Development of Ground Electrode Materials for HVDC Transmission System

Ground electrode corrosion in HVDC transmission system has become a problem with increasing concern.One important solution is to apply the highly corrosion-resistant materials.This paper expounds the corrosion mechanism of DC ground electrode,as well as the types,properties and applications of ground electrode materials.It also analyzes the feasibility to use ferrite,with high current density,low consumption rate and low cost,as ground electrode materials in HVDC transmission system.Finally,the processing technique and application development of ferrite as DC ground electrode materials are prospected.
The Effect of the Beijing Fangshan Cardiovascular Prevention Program on the Hypertension Control in the Rural Communities

Objective To evaluate the effects of the Beijing Fangsha n cardiovascular prevention program on the hypertension control in the rural commu nities and explore applicable measures for detecting,managing and preventing hyp ertension.Methods The cardiovascular prevention program was a commun ity-based comprehensive prevention trial,which was implemented in rural communi ty in Fangshan District of Beijing during the years of 1991 to 2000.Health educa tion and promotion,health personnel training in primary prevention,and detection ,treatment and management of hypertensive patients were implemented.Result s After 8 years intervention,the awareness rate in male hypertensive patie n ts was higher in the intervention areas than in control areas.In the interventio n areas,compared with control areas,higher rates of treatment of hypertensive pa tients were apparent in men,and the corresponding rates increased from 8 9% in 1991 to 23 6% in 1995 and 40 9% in 1999 and from 21 0% in 1991 to 27 6% in 1995 and 51 1% in 1999 for men and women,respectively.C ontrol rates of hypertension was higher in 1999 than 1991 in the intervention ar eas,but there was no significant difference between the two areas.Conclusi on The community-based comprehensive intervention of cardiovascular disea ses had increased the rates of awareness,treatment and control of hypertension i n rural communities.\;
The profile of IGF2R gene expression and H3 histone modifications in replicative cell senescence

Objective To study the profile of IGF2R expression and histone modifications in replicative cell senescence. Methods The changes of biological characteristics of young human pulmonary fibroblast (HPF) cells [at population doubling level (PDL) 23] and aging HPF cells (at PDL50) were observed and real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to investigate human IGF2R gene expressions profile during the process of cellular aging (at different PDL). Then chromatinimmunoprecipitation-real time quantitative PCR (CHIP-QPCR) methods were conducted to analyze histone modifications of the regions around the transcriptional start site of IGF2R (H3-Ac, H3K9-tri-Me, H3K9-Ac and H3K4-tri-Me). Results In contrast to young cells, the aging cells were bigger and less proliferative, their cell cycles arrest, and aging specific beta-galactosidase staining was positive. IGF2R gene expression was in positive correlation with PDL. H3-Ac, H3K9-Ac and H3K4-tri-Me were dominant in the upstream region (-0.6 kb) to the downstream region (+1.2 kb) of transcriptional start site (TSS). While in the downstream of TSS from +1.6 kb to +4.0 kb, H3K9-Ac was declined and H3K9-tri-Me was elevated in turn, but H3K4-tri-Me still prevailed in these areas. Conclusion IGF2R is related to cell replicative senescence and its gene expression is regulated by histone modification of H3. Therefore, epigenetics may play a role in cell senescence.
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome.

Learning points for clinicians Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in about one-third of patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, however, it contributes less frequently to iron deficiency anemia in patient than unrecognized nasal bleeding. Early recognition with localized management is important. Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, also known as Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), is an autosomal dominant disorder. Telangiectasias and Arterio-Venous Malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions present in HHT, most commonly causing epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding.1 While epistaxis presents as early as childhood, the gastrointestinal manifestations of HHT develop with increasing …
Kv7.5 Potassium Channel Subunits are the Primary Target for PKA-Dependent Enhancement of Vascular Smooth Muscle Kv7 Currents

Kv7 (KCNQ) channels, formed as homo- or hetero-tetramers of Kv7.4 and Kv7.5 α-subunits, are important regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) membrane voltage. Recent studies demonstrate that direct pharmacological modulation of VSMC Kv7 channel activity can influence blood vessel contractility and diameter. However, physiological regulation of Kv7 channel activity is still poorly understood. Here, we measure the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) activation on whole cell K+ currents through endogenous Kv7.5 channels in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells, or through Kv7.4/Kv7.5 heteromeric channels natively expressed in rat mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells. The contributions of specific α-subunits are further dissected using exogenously expressed human Kv7.4 and Kv7.5 homo- or hetero-tetrameric channels in A7r5 cells. Stimulation of Gs-coupled β-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol induced PKA-dependent activation of endogenous Kv7.5 currents in A7r5 cells. The receptor-mediated enhancement of Kv7.5 currents was mimicked by pharmacological agents that increase [cAMP] (forskolin, rolipram, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and papaverine) or mimic cAMP (8-bromo-cAMP); the 2- to 4-fold PKA-dependent enhancement of currents was also observed with exogenously expressed Kv7.5 channels. In contrast, exogenously expressed hetero-tetrameric Kv7.4/7.5 channels in A7r5 cells or native mesenteric artery smooth muscle Kv7.4/7.5 channels were only modestly enhanced, and homo-tetrameric Kv7.4 channels were almost entirely insensitive to this regulatory pathway. There results suggest that signal transduction mediated responsiveness of Kv7 channel subunits to cAMP/PKA activation follows the order of Kv7.5>>Kv7.4/Kv7.5>Kv7.4 and that physiological or pathological alteration of subunit stoichiometry of Kv7 channels would determine their responsiveness to the cAMP/PKA pathway.
Mechanical Response of Living Cells to Contacting Shear Forces

Cells adjacent to implanted devices often experience stress in the form of shearing forces from relative motion with those devices. Cell response to contacting shear, specifically in the reorganization of the cytoskeletal actin fibrils, is not yet fully understood. Many techniques such as atomic force microscopy and micro-pipette aspiration are currently used to deform or stress cells in a controlled way. Assessments are typically measured changes in mechanical, fluid, or biochemical properties. Novel micro-friction measurements between a living cell monolayer and a hydrogel material with fluorescence microscopy analysis provide insight into the mechanotransduction of stresses, actin fibril densification in the contacted zone, and the time scales involved in the cellular stiffening response. This type of measurement is sensitive enough to cause an in situ response without killing the cells, and could be used to understand more about the nature of cellular response to applied stresses and wound healing.
Understanding Lung Development, Injury, and Repair

This Editorial introduces the Lung Ontogeny and Injury Theme Issue, which provides critical insights into lung development, injury, and repair as well as key pulmonary diseases.
High temperature LGS SAW devices with Pt/WO/sub 3/ and Pd sensing films

This paper reports on the fabrication of high temperature LGS SAW devices to be used as gas sensors. SAW resonators and delay lines have been designed, fabricated, and tested up to 750/spl deg/C. An additional 7dB loss in the transmission coefficient, |S/sub 21/|, of the two port 167 MHz SAW resonators tested has been observed for operation at 750/spl deg/C with respect to room temperature. Original films have been fabricated for the two port SAW gas sensors tested from 250/spl deg/C to 550/spl deg/C. A combination of platinum/tungsten trioxide (Pt/WO/sub 3/) films has been used in the detection of C/sub 2/H/sub 4/ in N/sub 2/. In the detection of H/sub 2/ in N/sub 2/ an all palladium (Pd) metallic structure has been employed. Frequency variations up to 10 KHz for the 167 MHz high temperature SAW sensors were measured. The devices have been continuously cycled from 250/spl deg/C to 750/spl deg/C for periods up to six weeks, with degradations in the |S/sub 21/| response ranging from 2 to 7 dB. The high temperature LGS SAW devices and experiments reported in this work show the capability of these crystals to withstand prolonged exposure to temperatures ranging from 250/spl deg/C to 750/spl deg/C and to perform as high temperature gas sensors.
Recovering Low Levels of Various Salmonella Serotypes from Deep-frozen Broiler Carcasses by Direct Enrichment

Two hundred and forty broiler carcass halves were each inoculated with either 14 or 180 cells of Salmonella typhimurium . Each carcass half was then placed in a plastic bag, blast-frozen (-40 C) for 6 h, and stored at -23 C. After 1, 7 and 30 days of frozen storage, 80 of these samples were removed and allowed to thaw; then each carcass-half was shaken in its bag with 150 ml of added sterile water. Lactose broth was used to preenrich 40 of these rinse-fluid samples and selenite cystine broth was used for direct enrichment of the remaining 40 samples. S. typhimurium was successfully recovered from all 240 samples. Other serotypes successfully recovered by direct enrichment on similarly frozen carcass-halves stored for 30 days were Salmonella california , Salmonella derby , Salmonella heidelberg , Salmonella montevideo , Salmonella newport and Salmonella senftenberg . These data suggest that a preenrichment medium such as lactose broth may not be necessary for detection of salmonella on frozen broiler carcasses.
Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach

What is a case study and what is it good for? In this article, we argue for a new approach—the comparative case study approach—that attends simultaneously to macro, meso, and micro dimensions of case-based research. The approach engages two logics of comparison: first, the more common compare and contrast; and second, a ‘tracing across’ sites or scales. As we explicate our approach, we also contrast it to traditional case study research. We contend that new approaches are necessitated by conceptual shifts in the social sciences, specifically in relation to culture, context, space, place, and comparison itself. We propose that comparative case studies should attend to three axes: horizontal, vertical, and transversal comparison. We conclude by arguing that this revision has the potential to strengthen and enhance case study research in Comparative and International Education, clarifying the unique contributions of qualitative research.
Prevalence of Neurocognitive Dysfunction and Its Effects on Postoperative Outcomes in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background The prevalence of neurocognitive dysfunction (NCD) and its effects on postoperative outcomes have not been well characterized following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) population. This study aims at better understand this relationship. Methods Patients were evaluated for neurocognitive function using the grooved pegboard test for the dominant (PEG-D) and nondominant hand (PEG-N), and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The patient scores for each test was compared to age-controlled normative values in order to identify NCD. Baseline characteristics and postoperative outcomes were then compared amongst the two cohorts. Results Ninety-nine consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled. Nearly 54% were identified as neurocognitively deficient on at least 1 of the 3 tests (31% by RAVLT, 21% by PEG-D, and 30% by PEG-N). There was a statistically significant prevalence of NCD in patients older than 60 years when compared to normative controls for RAVLT (P Conclusion NCD is highly prevalent within total joint arthroplasty candidates and may be correlated with higher body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologist scores, and rates of depression. The condition predisposes patients to suboptimal postoperative outcomes including increased intensive care unit admissions and prolonged rehabilitation.
PHENOTYPES OF HUMAN NK CELLS AS DETERMINED BY REDUCTION OF CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND COMPLEMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter examines phenotypes of human natural killer (NK) cells as determined by reduction of cytotoxic activity with monoclonal antibodies and complement. The monoclonal antibodies used in the studies described in the chapter were produced: OKT11A reacts with 100% human thymocytes and peripheral E rosetting cells, OKT3 reacts with approximately 90% of peripheral E rosetting cells, OKT4 reacts predominantly with helper/inducer T cells, OKT8 reacts with cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, and OKM1 reacts with monocytes and a small proportion of nonadherent mononuclear cells. Ficoll-hypaque isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were depleted of monocytes by two cycles of plastic adherence and were stimulated for 16 h with or without polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid or were cultured for 6–7 days with x-irradiated (2500R) allogeneic normal cells. Effector cells were treated with the antibodies at a final dilution of 1:100 or, in the case of OKM1, at a final dilution of 1:20 for 1 h at 4°C followed by two treatments with nontoxic rabbit C. The results obtained indicate that treatment of lymphocytes stimulated with allogenic normal cells in mixed leukocyte culture, with OKT3 or OKT8 plus C, virtually eliminates cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against 51 Cr labeled allogenic normal lymphocytes.
Regional Anesthetic Techniques for Foot Surgery

Over the last decade, outpatient surgery has consistently gained in popularity by providing a significant reduction in the cost of hospitalization and the patient’s length of stay. Foot and ankle surgery procedures are commonly performed in an outpatient setting [1]. Key issues in foot and ankle surgery include rising demand for outpatient procedures, managing postoperative pain and decreasing the use of opiates, and avoiding the side effects of general anesthesia in certain patient populations [2].
Gone Shopping: The Commercialization of Same-Sex Desire

Marketplace phenomena, such as gay window advertising, reflect the extent to which the commercialization of same-sex desire permits marginalized or stigmatized forms of sexual behavior literally to sell their way into consumer culture. This reverse accommodation, economically managed, effectively undercuts any political gain that might arguably accrue around such increasing visibility. To the contrary, this essay argues that economic display reactivates an ancient and virulent form of prejudice, an interlacing of sexual difference, economics and social scapegoating that has a very long history. Market politics, then, dangerously reconstitutes the pre-Stonewall closet. Finally, the containment made possible by economic enthrallment is as terminal as the more traditional stigmatizing usually associated with the agencies of religion, law, and medicine. Shopping queer is only another way of redeploying very old weapons, only this time, employing them against ourselves.
Papule on the dorsal foot.

A 26-year-old woman presented with a tender papule on her foot (Figure). She first noted the lesion 2 years earlier. The lesion was asymp-tomatic;however, it was tender with palpation and had grown a little in the past year. Figure Dorsal foot with a reddish brown, dome-shaped papule that is 7 mm in diameter. DIAGNOSIS: Dermatofibroma. Common synonyms are benign fibrous histiocytoma, histiocytoma, and sclerosing hemangioma.
BACTERIOPHAGES, COLICINS AND RIBOSOMES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON MY RESEARCH CAREER

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the work of Masayasu Nomura on bacteriophages, colicins, and ribosomes. Despite the glorious discovery of polynucleotide phosphorylase, some people, including Masayasu, thought that the true RNA polymerase that would use DNA as a template was yet to be discovered. Volkin and Astrachan were much more concerned with the observed quantitative conversion of this RNA to phage DNA and considered a hypothesis that the RNA might be a precursor for T2 phage DNA. Seymour Benzer was also one of many at that time who were trying to elucidate the mechanism of information transfer from genes to proteins. The field of messenger RNA and genetic code was most competitive in the early 1960s. It was found that the lighter band (the B band), corresponding to a density of 1.61, contained mRNA as well as growing polypeptide chains; the heavier band (the A band), corresponding to the density of 1.65, did not contain either.
The Mutual Fund Distribution Expense Mess

Holding more than $10 trillion in assets, the mutual fund industry is a powerful financial force in this country. Ninety-one million individual shareholders own mutual funds, representing about one in every two American households. The vast majority of Americans who invest in the equity markets do so through stock mutual funds; fewer than half of the nation's equity investors own stock directly. The mutual fund industry's stunning growth led one government official to muse: Could mutual fund assets surpass the value of all U.S. public companies? Probably yes, and in the not so distant future.
Strategies for the Development of Selective Serotonergic Agents

Many of the ligands in use today to investigate serotonin receptors and serotonin receptor pharmacology were serendipitous discoveries; this includes ligands that are commonly regarded as being “selective” for a given population of serotonin receptors. Nevertheless, there still remains a number of serotonin receptor types that lack a truly selective agonist and/or antagonist. Over the past 20 yr, there have been various attempts to rationally develop ligands with greater selectivity, or selective ligands for serotonin receptor types for which such agents were lacking. To this end, we describe some of our efforts to develop selective serotonergic agents by presenting a series of case studies. Several different strategies have been employed to achieve this goal. In particular, the “deconstruction-reconstruction-elaboration” approach is shown to be useful for aiding the development of selective ligands where a lead structure is already known, and the utility of the “standard series” approach is illustrated where a lead structure is not known. The discussion is focused on these and other methods that could have general applicability for the development of other selective serotonergic and nonserotonergic agents.
Extraordinary Slowing of Structural Dynamics in Thin Films of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

The role that interfaces play in the dynamics of liquids is a fundamental scientific problem with vast importance in technological applications. From material science to biology, e.g., batteries to cell membranes, liquid properties at interfaces are frequently determinant in the nature of chemical processes. For most liquids, like water, the influence of an interface falls off on a ∼1 nm distance scale. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a vast class of unusual liquids composed of complex cations and anions that are liquid salts at room temperature. They are unusual liquids with properties that can be finely tuned by selecting the structure of the cation and anion. RTILs are being used or developed in applications such as batteries, CO2 capture, and liquids for biological processes. Here, it is demonstrated quantitatively that the influence of an interface on RTIL properties is profoundly different from that observed in other classes of liquids. The dynamics of planar thin films of the room temper...
Impact of cognitive load and sentence predictability on cognitive spare capacity in elderly adults with hearing loss

Listening effort is needed to understand speech that is degraded by hearing loss and/or a noisy environment, and this in turn reduces cognitive spare capacity (CSC), the amount of cognitive resources available for allocation to concurrent tasks. Sentence context is known to boost speech perception accuracy, but how does context affect CSC? Here, we examine the impacts of context and cognitive (memory) load on behavioral measures of CSC. Elderly, hearing-impaired adults listened to noise-masked, spoken sentences in which sentence-final words were either predictable or unpredictable. Each trial began with visual presentation of a short (low load) or long (high load) sequence of to-be-remembered digits. Accuracy and response times for word recognition and digit recall were both facilitated by sentence predictability, indicating that CSC was greater when sentences were predictable. In addition, response times for both words and digits and accuracy for digits were impaired in the high load condition, reflecting decreased CSC under cognitive load. Participants’ baseline cognitive capacity (from a pre-test of working memory) generally did not moderate these effects. Results support the idea that predictable sentence contexts can support CSC and thereby improve ease of listening in elderly adults with hearing loss.
Managing conflict when there’s disagreement in care between medical providers, caregivers, and patient

The medical care of children with life-threatening and life-limiting illness is a crucible containing many volatile issues and complicated circumstances that predictably provoke conflict between well-meaning people. This chapter will review the prototypical types of conflicts that occur in the practice of pediatric hematology/oncology and propose methods of managing these conflicts that hinge on established ethical principles and disciplined reasoning. We draw on the broader field of conflict management for an empirically grounded understanding of conflict and conflict resolution strategies.
Design and synthesis of Fmoc-SPPS-ready iodoarene amino acid pre-catalysts and their reactivity in the catalytic oxytosylation of ketones

Abstract A small suite of iodo-aryl amide containing amino acids were synthesized and assessed as catalysts for the hypervalent iodine(III) mediated α-oxytosylation of ketones. The efficiency of each catalyst was determined by comparing the relative rates of catalysis in the direct α-oxytosylation of propiophenone. In addition, these catalysts can be easily converted to congeners that are suitable for Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis for facile incorporation into a chiral peptide framework. This work facilitates the broader goal of our program to develop peptide-based enantioselective catalysts for hypervalent iodine chemistry.
Chapter 3 – Identification of the Source of Contamination

State and local health departments make up the backbone of the system to detect and investigate foodborne outbreaks and illnesses in the United States. This chapter provides an overview of the entire foodborne outbreak investigative process as a means of identifying the source of contamination focusing primarily upon the environmental phase of the investigation. Foodborne outbreak investigations can be roughly characterized into five phases: surveillance/detection, epidemiologic, environmental/traceback, regulatory/enforcement, and prevention/research. These separate, yet overlapping and related phases require very different knowledge, methods, expertise, and legal authority. However, investigators involved in all phases must interact and work together throughout the entire process if the complete story of an outbreak is to be revealed and the risk of additional outbreaks is to be minimized. Training to emphasize an integrated, multidisciplinary team of laboratory, communicable disease, and environmental health staff is important. When environmental investigation findings suggest that the point of contamination may have occurred prior to the retail or food-processing facility, farm investigations may be initiated. Farm investigations require specialized expertise and training. Other investigations steps carried out are packing house investigations, fresh cut produce processor investigations, and intentional contamination. The chapter concludes by highlighting some recommendations for identifying and controlling the source of contamination.
Dynamic features of sensory and motor maps

Recent data support the idea that the functional organizations of sensory and motor maps in the mature brain are dynamically maintained. Experiments employing peripheral injuries or other manipulations indicate that these maps are capable of extensive reorganization. A number of candidate mechanisms for these changes have been suggested, providing avenues for further research.
Democracy, the public sphere, and power elites: examining the Ghanaian private media’s role in political corruption

Can media liberalization and freedoms make the private media a powerful anti-corruption force in developing countries such as Ghana? Contrary to the popular view that media freedom, pluralism, and ...
Efficient generation of endogenous protein reporters for mouse preimplantation embryos

Summary Fluorescent proteins and epitope tags can reveal protein localization in cells and animals. However, the large size of many tags hinders efficient genome targeting. Accordingly, many studies have relied on characterizing overexpressed proteins, which might not recapitulate endogenous protein activities. We present two approaches for higher throughput production of endogenous protein reporters. Our first approach makes use of a split fluorescent protein mNeonGreen2 (mNG2). Knock-in of a small portion of the mNG2 gene, in frame with gene coding regions of interest was highly efficient in embryos, eliminating the need to establish mouse lines. When complemented by the larger portion of the mNG2 gene, fluorescence was reconstituted and endogenous protein localization faithfully reported in living embryos. However, we report a threshold of detection using this approach. By contrast, the V5 epitope enabled high efficiency and higher sensitivity protein reporting. We describe complementary advantages and prospective applications of these two approaches. Highlights Split fluorescent protein for in vivo protein localization in living embryos V5 tagging for in vivo localization of low abundance proteins Bypassing the need for founder mouse lines for preimplantation studies Guidelines and strategies for implementation and prospective applications
How Much Does Money Matter

Japanese elections are notorious for the money that flows between contributors, politicians, and voters. To date, however, nobody has estimated statistically the impact of this money on electoral outcomes. Students of American politics have discovered that this question is difficult to answer because, while performance may depend on spending, spending may also depend on expected performance -so that there is simultaneous causation to deal with. In this paper, we specify a two-stage least squares model that explains the vote shares of LDP candidates as a function of their own spending, spending by other candidates, and a battery of control variables. Interestingly, the multiplecandidate nature of Japanese elections means that district-level demographic variables are largely unrelated to any particular LDP candidate’s vote share, allowing us to use these variables to create instruments for campaign spending. Finally, in a necessarily tentative comparison, we find that the marginal dollar of campaign spending buys the spender a great deal more in Japan than is true in the U.S.
Harmonic cancellation within AC low voltage distribution for a realistic office environment

Abstract An increase of non-linear loads, primarily from power electronics, has substantially increased current harmonics in commercial buildings, which contributes to decreased transformer efficiency / lifespan and poor power quality. This study uses recorded power consumption data from common miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) seen in offices, combined with detailed characterizations of example MELs, to simulate harmonic cancellation within building circuits. Typically, harmonic cancellation studies assume that AC converters operate across their rated power range. However, this study finds that common MELs operate below 40% of rated power the majority of the time when not quiescent; 89% of sampled devices never operated above 60% of rated power. Simulations using these more realistic power levels indicate current-harmonic cancellation ( 3 rd to 13 th harmonic) is significantly lower than that predicted when using full-range power assumptions, resulting in minor errors for low-order harmonics and larger errors for higher order harmonics. Increased MELs load diversity increases harmonic cancellation, but insufficiently to eliminate errors. In contrast, blending lighting loads with MELs on the secondaries of distribution transformers improves harmonic cancellation to near those predicted by traditional methods. These results indicate that realistic power levels, as well as better characterization of harmonics from typical MELs, should be used to estimate harmonic cancellation.
Fibroblast heterogeneity in prostate carcinogenesis

Our understanding of stromal components, specifically cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), in prostate cancer (PCa), has evolved from considering these cells as inert bystanders to acknowledging their significance as players in prostate tumorigenesis. CAF are multifaceted-they promote cancer cell growth, migration and remodel the tumor microenvironment. Although targeting CAF could be a promising strategy for PCa treatment, they incorporate a high but undefined degree of intrinsic cellular heterogeneity. The interaction between CAF subpopulations, with the normal and tumor epithelium and with other cell types is not yet characterized. Defining these interactions and the critical signaling nodes that support tumorigenesis will enable the development of novel strategies to control prostate cancer progression. Here we will discuss the origins, molecular and functional heterogeneity of CAF in PCa. We highlight the challenges associated with delineating CAF heterogeneity and discuss potential areas of research that would assist in expanding our knowledge of CAF and their role in PCa tumorigenesis.
TU-CD-303-05: Unveiling Tumor Heterogeneity by Molecular Imaging

Recent advances in cancer research have shed new light on the complex processes of how therapeutic radiation initiates changes at cellular, tissue, and system levels that may lead to clinical effects. These new advances may transform the way we use radiation to combat certain types of cancers. For the past two decades many technological advancements in radiation therapy have been largely based on the hypothesis that direct radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks cause cell death and thus tumor control and normal tissue damage. However, new insights have elucidated that in addition to causing cellular DNA damage, localized therapeutic radiation also initiates cascades of complex downstream biological responses in tissue that extend far beyond where therapeutic radiation dose is directly deposited. For instance, studies show that irradiated dying tumor cells release tumor antigens that can lead the immune system to a systemic anti-cancer attack throughout the body of cancer patient; targeted irradiation to solid tumor also increases the migration of tumor cells already in bloodstream, the seeds of potential metastasis. Some of the new insights may explain the long ago discovered but still unexplained non-localized radiation effects (bystander effect and abscopal effect) and the efficacy of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (microbeam radiation therapy and GRID therapy) where many “hot” and “cold” spots are intentionally created throughout the treatment volume. Better understanding of the mechanisms behind the non-localized radiation effects creates tremendous opportunities to develop new and integrated cancer treatment strategies that are based on radiotherapy, immunology, and chemotherapy. However, in the multidisciplinary effort to advance new radiobiology, there are also tremendous challenges including a lack of multidisciplinary researchers and imaging technologies for the microscopic radiation-induced responses. A better grasp of the essence of these advances in cancer biology research will give medical physicists a new perspective in daily clinical physics practice and in future radiation therapy technological development. Furthermore, academic medical physics should continue to be an integral part of the multidisciplinary cancer research community, harnessing our newly acquired understanding of radiation effects, and developing novel cost-effective treatment strategies to better combat cancer. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand that localized radiation can lead to non-localized secondary effects such as radiation-induced immune response, bystander effect, and abscopal effect. 2. Understand that the non-localized radiation effects may be harnessed to improve cancer treatment. 3. Learn examples of physics participation in multidisciplinary research to advance cancer biology. 4. Recognize the challenges and possibilities of physics applications in cancer research. Chang: NIH 5RC2CA148487-02 and 1U54CA151652-01 Graves: IDEA award (19IB-0106) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP), and by NIH P01 CA67166
Integrated State Space Reduction for Model Checking Executable Object-Oriented Software System Designs

This paper presents a general framework for integrated state space reduction in model checking executable object-oriented software system designs. The framework structures the application of state space reduction algorithms into three phases with different algorithms applied in each phase. The interactions between these algorithms are explored to maximize the aggregate effect of state space reduction. Automation support for the framework has been proposed and partially implemented. The framework is presented for system designs modeled in xUML [1][2], an executable dialect of UML, but can also be used to structure integrated state space reduction for other representations. To further improve the applicability of the framework, domain-specific design patterns can be explored to instantiate the framework for different application domains. An instantiation of the framework for distributed transaction systems is defined and its partial implementation has been applied to the design model of an online ticket sale system. The dimension of software system designs that are model checkable is found to be greatly extended.
Silicified wood from the Permian and Triassic of Antarctica: Tree rings from polar paleolatitudes

The mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary produced a floral turnover in Gondwana in which Paleozoic seed ferns belonging to the Glossopteridales were replaced by corystosperm seed ferns and other seed plant groups in the Mesozoic. Secondary growth (wood production) in both plant groups provides information on plant growth in relation to environment in the form of permineralized tree rings. Techniques utilized to analyze extant wood can be used on fossil specimens to better understand the climate from both of these periods. Late Permian and early Middle Triassic tree rings from the Beardmore Glacier area indicate an environment where extensive plant growth occurred at polar latitudes (~80-85°S, Permian; ~75°S, Triassic). A rapid transition to dormancy in both the Permian and Triassic woods suggests a strong influence of the annual light/dark cycle within the Antarctic Circle on ring production. Latewood production in each ring was most likely triggered by the movement of the already low-angled sun below the horizon. The plants which produced the wood have been reconstructed as seasonally deciduous, based on structural and sedimentologic evidence. Although the Late Permian climate has been reconstructed as cold temperate and the Middle Triassic as a greenhouse, these differences are not reflected in tree ring anatomy or wood production in these plant fossils from the central Transantarctic Mountains.
Abstraction the key to CS1

It is commonly agreed that a first-year programming class should not so much be a class in programming as a class in problem solving. In this paper we argue that problem solving is better taught using the object-oriented paradigm than the traditional procedural programming paradigm. We argue that abstraction is key to problem solving and that object-orientation facilitates, and even forces, a higher level of abstraction than does procedural programming. We discuss the benefits of abstraction and those topics that should be presented in a first year "objects-first" programming course.
Outpatient Management of Survivors of Acute Coronary Syndromes

More patients are both suffering and surviving acute coronary syndromes. After hospital discharge, a host of interventions, including medications, therapeutic lifestyle changes, revascularization, and electrophysiologic devices improve quality of life and survival. Evidence-based management requires the general internist to have a working knowledge of these interventions and to identify patients whose outcomes would benefit from subspecialty referral.
Factors related to recidivism for youthful offenders

Little is known about youth who were previously placed in a detention facility and what factors predict a subsequent recidivism to placement. This study of a two-county juvenile offender population (one urban and one rural) investigates what demographic, educational, mental health, substance dependence, and court-related variables predict recidivism to detention placement. Findings from logistic regression analysis indicate that seven variables significantly predict juvenile offenders’ recidivism placement, some expected and some unexpected. Predictors that made recidivism more likely include youth with a previous conduct disorder diagnosis, a self-reported previous suicide attempt, age, and number of court offenses. Conversely, predictors that made recidivism less likely include race (Caucasian), a previous attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and a misdemeanor conviction. These findings indicate that the use of a community-based suicide and mental health screening and referral approach ma...
AN EVALUATION OF TECHNICS FOR THE SEPARATION AND ESTIMATION OF PLASMA FIBRINOGEN.

A proposed heat precipitation and thrombin interaction technic for fibrinogen isolation has been compared with a sulfite fractionation technic. All three methods exhibit a high degree of correlation. Fibrinogen, which has been separated from plasma by these technics, may be quantitated by the colorimetric modified biuret and phenol-biuret reaction. For direct measurement of fibrinogen, heat precipitation followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry appears to be the technic of choice. The method of measurement at two different wave lengths does not appear to present any advantage over single wave length measurement at 240 and 220 mµ. Free hemoglobin in concentrations below 800 mg./100 ml. of plasma does not interfere with the sulfite fractionation technic but seriously interferes with the ultraviolet measurements in concentrations above 200 mg./100 ml. Bilirubin interferes with sulfite fractionation in concentrations above 24 mg./100 ml. but not with the heat precipitation technic for fibrinogen estimation. Lipids in excess above normal amounts interfere with both the sulfite fractionation and heat precipitation technics. Normal values for plasma fibrinogen from a variable age group using the sulfite fractionation technic and modified biuret end point have been determined.
Cross-sectional imaging of perforated gallbladder

Gallbladder perforation is a potentially life-threatening condition commonly seen as a complication of acute cholecystitis. Urgent surgical intervention is often needed to reduce serious morbidity and mortality. It presents a diagnostic challenge due to nonspecific symptoms, leading to a delay in diagnosis. Imaging plays a vital role in early identification of this potentially fatal condition and evaluation by more than one imaging modality may be required to make the diagnosis. Knowledge of specific and ancillary imaging findings is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis. In this article, we will review the risk factors, pathophysiology, and surgical classification of gallbladder perforation and discuss the role of multimodality imaging in its diagnosis. Differential diagnoses on imaging will also be discussed.
On-chip detection of clinical Ebola virus RNA using specific DNA binding technique

Clinical Ebola RNAs are detected with virus concentration down to 6.25 t10^4pfu/ml on an optofluidic chip. Longer complementary pull-down DNA sequences provide better isolation and higher signals.
Assessing cortisol reactivity to a linguistic task as a marker of stress in individuals with left-hemisphere stroke and aphasia

Purpose In this study, the authors explore a method of measuring physiologic and perceived stress in individuals with aphasia by investigating salivary cortisol reactivity and subjectively perceive...
Recent Developments in High Altitude Aircraft Sampling: Mount St. Helens and Stratospheric Trace Gases

In the last decade a high pressure gas sampling system mounted in the Department of Energy's high altitude WB-57F aircraft has provided information on stratospheric concentrations of 14CO2, 222Rn, 85Kr, CCl3F, CCl2F2, CCl4, N2O, CO2 and SF6. To provide information on other trace gases found in the stratosphere, a new ultra-clean smaller volume gas sampling system was designed for installation on the aircraft. The new equipment has been flow successfully on three flights, and analytical data from these flights are discussed. Special flights intercepted the plume from the Mount St. Helens eruption of May 18, 1980 and provided information on the concentration of 222Rn.