cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple promoters of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene are selectively inactivated by CpG hypermethylation in endometrial cancer

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays an important role in estrogen-induced cancers because COMT inactivates catechol estrogens that have cancer-promoting activities. Two promoters control the expression of human COMT isoforms: membrane-bound COMT (MB-COMT) and soluble COMT (S-COMT). We hypothesize that inactivation of MB-COMT and S-COMT is important in understanding the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the methylation status and expression of two COMT isoforms in 4 endometrial cancer cell lines, 60 endometrial cancer tissues, 10 normal endometrium tissues from normal healthy controls, and 32 pairs of cancerous and normal endometrial samples from the same patients using methylation-specific PCR, methylation-specific sequencing, reverse transcription-PCR, and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that MB-COMT was inactivated and methylated, although S-COMT was activated and unmethylated in all endometrial cancer cell lines. The 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment restored MB-COMT expression in all cell lines. The promoter for MB-COMT was methylated in 47 of 60 cancer tissues but was unmethylated in endometrial tissues from cases without cancer. The promoter for S-COMT was unmethylated in all endometrial cancerous and normal tissues. The CpG methylation density at the MB-COMT promoter was significantly higher in cancer tissues (a mean of 79.1% of the 19 CpG sites; range, 69-94%) than in adjacent normal tissues (a mean of 8.7% of the 19 CpG sites; range, 3-14%). In summary, these findings demonstrate that methylation of multiple promoters of the COMT gene can selectively inactivate MB-COMT and may contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis.
Softening of Cu-O vibrational modes as a precursor to onset of superconductivity in EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

T-dependent $^{119}\mathrm{Sn}$ Mossbauer Debye-Waller factor f(T) in ${\mathrm{EuBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.98}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.02}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ displays evidence of a substantial softening in lattice vibrations at T\ensuremath{\le}110 K. In a previous $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ study, no detectable softening in f(T) was found at the rare-earth site. These results taken together show that Sn atoms as a dilute impurity replace predominantly Cu(1) sites in the Cu-O chains of the orthorhombic structure. It appears that a softening in vibrational modes localized onto the Cu-O linear chains occurs as a precursor to the onset of superconductivity. These results show that phonons do appear to play an important role in electron pairing in these high-${T}_{c}$ oxide superconductors.
Understanding the strong coupling limit of the N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature

Recently, a number of intriguing results have been obtained for strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in vacuum and matter, using the AdS-CFT correspondence. In this work, we provide a physical picture supporting and explaining most of these results within the gauge theory. The modified Coulomb's law at strong coupling forces static charges to communicate via the high frequency modes of the gauge or scalar fields. Therefore, the interaction between even relativistically moving charges can be approximated by a potential. At strong coupling, WKB arguments yield a series of deeply bound states, whereby the large Coulomb attraction is balanced by centrifugation. The result is a constant density of light bound states at any value of the strong coupling, explaining why the thermodynamics and kinetics are coupling constant independent. In essence, at strong coupling the matter is not made of the original quasiparticles but of much lighter (binary) composites. A transition from weak to strong coupling is reminiscent of a transition from high to low temperature in QCD. We establish novel results for screening in vacuum and matter through a dominant set of diagrams some of which are in qualitative agreement with known strong coupling results.
Battery Safety for Lithium Batteries in Vehicle Applications

In this chapter, various aspects of the safety of lithium-ion batteries of different chemistries have been reviewed based on information available in the literature as of early 2013. The primary safety concern is the possibility of encountering a thermal runaway condition unexpectedly during otherwise normal operation of the batteries. This concern has been evaluated both through study of the abuse testing of cells and through computer modeling of cell response to soft/hard shorts. The abuse testing has shown that thermal runaway can be induced for all cells and chemistries under extreme conditions, but there are significant differences in the tendencies of the different chemistries to experience thermal runaway. Tests indicate that thermal runaway in almost all cases is preceded by a relatively long period (many minutes) of exothermic heating of cell. Under many conditions, the period of exothermic heating does not lead to thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is most likely with LiCoO2 cells and least likely with cells using Fe PO4 and Mn oxide cathodes and/or lithium titanate oxide anodes. Computer simulations have shown that for all chemistries, there are combinations of the geometry and energy release through the “short” and heat loss from the cell, which will lead to thermal runaway. Even in the case of shorts, the simulations indicate a relatively long period of exothermic heating (gradual temperature increase) before a sudden thermal runaway event. Adequate heat loss (cooling) during the exothermic heating time is critical for mitigating thermal runaway. Keywords: lithium batteries; safety; abuse testing; thermal runaway; soft short; calorimetry
How Time Flies for Flies: Diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and Early Radiation of the Order

Abstract The most diverse and best-preserved early fauna of flies (order Diptera) is described from the Late Carnian (Late Triassic, ca. 220 Ma) of Virginia, USA. Complete flies are preserved as aluminosilicate films on very fine-grained shales from the Cow Branch Formation, which is part of the Newark Supergroup of Early Mesozoic rift basins from eastern North America. The dipteran fauna consists of eight families (one new), 11 genera (five new), and 16 species (11 new), and includes the following taxa (Blagoderov and Grimaldi are the authors of all new names): Architipula youngi Krzeminski, Metarchilimonia krzeminskorum n.gen., n.sp., and M. solita n.sp. (Limoniidae); Triassopsychoda olseni n.gen., n.sp. (Psychodidae); Culicomorpha indet.; Yalea argentata (Krzeminski), Y. rectimedia n.sp., Alinka cara Krzeminski (Procramptonomyiidae); Veriplecia rugosa n.sp., Virginiptera certa n.gen., n.sp., V. similis n.sp., V. lativentra n.sp. (Paraxymyiidae); Brachyrhyphus distortus n.gen. n.sp. (Protorhyphidae); ?C...
Verbal retention after shadowing and after listening

Ss shadowed or listened to stories that had been recorded at 1 word/sec (wps), 2 wps, and 3 wps. They then took tests of word recognition, semantic retention, and syntax recognition. At the slowest rate, shadowers’ word recognition and semantic retention were somewhat higher than listeners’ scores, but this difference disappeared at faster rates. Significant positive correlations among all three retention scores were observed for listeners, but for shadowers word recognition was unrelated to either of the other two retention measures. The results are discussed in terms of monitoring during shadowing. Implications for experiments on selective attention are considered.
Some further comments on the measurement of social phobia.

Abstract After consideration of Heimberg et al. 's critique of our 1987 (Turner et al. ) study examining the discriminative ability of the SAD and FNE, we still must conclude that their use as distinct measures of social phobia is questionable.
Pulse oximetry during cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease.

One hundred and five children with congenital heart disease were monitored by pulse oximetry during cardiac catheterization. Excellent correlation (r = 0.95) was found between oxygen saturation values obtained with pulse oximetry and those obtained from arterial blood in 133 data pairs. This correlation was described by the regression equation y = 0.91 x + 8.1. The correlation was also excellent in 47 data pairs with saturation values of less than 90% (r = 0.94, y = 0.93x + 6.0) from 36 cyanotic children. The clinical usefulness of pulse oximetry in the early recognition of decreased pulmonary blood flow or partial airway obstruction was demonstrated. Early diagnosis of changes in oxygenation was especially helpful in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease, in whom small changes in arterial oxygen tension may cause large changes in oxygen saturation.
No mitoses in basophilic erythroblasts.

SummaryIn the rabbit, under conditions in which mitoses accumulated in the acidophilic erythroblasts, none were observed in the basophilic erythroblasts. On the basis of certain assumptions, the basophilic erythroblasts were divided into two size classes: of average long diameters (as measured here) 10.3 and 8.4 nm. The larger have two pathways of development. One is to lose their cytoplasmic basophilia to form acidophils of the same size (Line 2 cells); the other is to divide amitotically into small basophils which eventually lose their cytoplasmic basophilia to become acidophils of the same size. Both groups of acidophils undergo mitotic division. Those from the large basophils divide once more; for those from the small basophils, it is a terminal division.This investigation was supported by NIH HL-12236-05 and a Grant NGR-05-003-460 from NASA to the University of California, Berkeley.
Decadal-scale Dynamics of Water, Carbon and Nitrogen in a California Chaparral Ecosystem: DAYCENT Modeling Results

The Mediterranean climate, with its characteristic of dry summers and wet winters, influences the hydrologic and microbial processes that control carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical processes in chaparral ecosystems. These biogeochemical processes in turn determine N cycling under chronic N deposition. In order to examine connections between climate and N dynamics, we quantified decadal-scale water, C and N states and fluxes at annual, monthly and daily time steps for a California chaparral ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada using the DAYCENT model. The daily output simulations of net mineralization, stream flow and stream nitrate (NO3−) export were developed for DAYCENT in order to simulate the N dynamics most appropriate for the abrupt rewetting events characteristic of Mediterranean chaparral ecosystems. Overall, the magnitude of annual modeled net N mineralization, soil and plant biomass C and N, nitrate export and gaseous N emission agreed with those of observations. Gaseous N emission was a major N loss pathway in chaparral ecosystems, in which nitric oxide (NO) is the dominant species. The modeled C and N fluxes of net primary production (NPP), N uptake and N mineralization, NO3− export and gaseous N emission showed both high inter-annual and intra-annual variability. Our simulations also showed dramatic fire effects on NPP, N uptake, N mineralization and gaseous N emission for three years of postfire. The decease in simulated soil organic C and N storages was not dramatic, but lasted a longer time. For the seasonal pattern, the predicted C and N fluxes were greatest during December to March, and lowest in the summer. The model predictions suggested that an increase in the N deposition rate would increase N losses through gaseous N emission and stream N export in the chaparral ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada due to changes in N saturation status. The model predictions could not capture stream NO3− export during most rewetting events suggesting that a dry-rewetting mechanism representing the increase in N mineralization following soil wetting needs to be incorporated into biogeochemical models of semi-arid ecosystems.
Film boiling from a rotating sphere in forced convection

Abstract Film boiling heat transfer fluxes were measured on a 3.84-cm rotating hollow copper sphere in forced convection. Forced convection tests in Freon-113 were run at speeds of 0.5 to 1.0 m/s and for sphere rotation in the range of 0 to 1500 rpm. The tests were conducted in the stable film boiling regime of the boiling curve. The experimental measurements revealed that the rotation of the heated surface enhanced the occurrence of liquid-solid contact in film boiling. A theoretical model for flow film boiling from a spherical heater including the effects of surface rotation is developed. The model does not account for the occurrence of liquid-solid contacts, however, the experimental data and the theoretical formulation show good agreement at low rpm.
The good man and the good citizen in Aristotle's "Politics"

The distinction between the good man and the good citizen is of some importance for the understanding of Aristotle's political theory. This distinction, however, does not seem to have been fully understood. This paper will attempt to throw a little light upon the subject, essentially by means of an examination of the words used in the text. Aristotle begins, in chapter 4 of Book 3,1 discussing the excellence of the citizen. Just as each man in a ship's company has his own excellence (ope-r a term to be discussed later) which is peculiar to him, while each contributes to the same end the safe passage of the sea -, so citizens,
A Commitment to Women— The Ohio Cultivatorand The Ohio Farmer of the Nineteenth Century

Abstract From 1845 to 1865 the editors of two Ohio agricultural periodicals encouraged women authors, editors and poets by publishing their fiction, essays, poetry and household advice. Thomas Brown of The Ohio Farmer a weekly family newspaper out of Cleveland, and Michael B. Bateham and Sullivan D. Harris of The Ohio Cultivator a semi-monthly journal published in Columbus, offered discussions of woman's suffrage, female higher education, domestic issues and temperance in the columns of Josephine Bateham, Frances Dana Gage, Anna Hope, Hannah Tracy Cutler and Metta Fuller Victor, among others.
Multichannel z-modulation oscillographic intensification system for improving the contrast of photographed neurophysiological signals.

Capturing fast neurophysiological events, such as action potentials, photographically is often difficult because the film does not respond equally to the relatively slow baseline and to the faster rising and falling phases of spikes. Intensification of action potentials from a single channel using z-modulation (z-mod) is a well known technique. This communication extends this approach to z-mod intensification of several neurophysiological channels which share the same chopped oscilloscope beam. Two possible methods are discussed, and theoretical considerations as well as a complete design are given for the chosen approach. Successful multichannel z-mod intensification has been achieved with the system described here operating in conjunction with an 8-channel oscilloscope.
Properties of osteoblast-like cells isolated from the cortical endosteal bone surface of adult rabbits.

The purpose of the present study was to isolate cells from the cortical endosteal bone surface of adult rabbits and characterize some properties of these cells in vitro. Following removal of the marrow from the medullary cavity of long bones, the cells lining the cortical endosteal bone surface were obtained by enzymatic digestion using 0.1% crude collagenase. These cells were examined immediately after isolation or following their growth for 8–10 days in primary culture. Freshly isolated cells contained 7–10 times more alkaline phosphatase (AP) than acid phosphatase activity. This AP activity was extremely heat labile (incubation at 58°C caused >90% loss of enzyme activity within 15 min) and significantly more sensitive to inhibition by levamisole and L-homoarginine than L-phenylalanine. Synthetic bPTH-(1–34) [1–100 ng/ml], native bPTH-(1–84) [1 U/ml] and prostaglandin E2 [1–10 µg/ml] all caused a significant accumulation of cAMP in cultured endosteal bone cells. In contrast, neither salmon calcitonin (1 U/ml) nor porcine insulin (10–1000 ng/ml) stimulated an increase in cAMP. These results suggest that cells isolated from the cortical endosteal bone surface of adult rabbits are osteoblasts or osteoblast-like. These cells retain their ability to respond in a specific manner to bone-seeking hormones following their growth in culture. Cortical endosteal bone cells isolated from rabbits of different ages, physiologic or pathologic conditions can be used to assess the changes in bone cell function and responsiveness which may accompany senescence or development of adult metabolic bone disease.
Areas of Human Activity

(1937). Areas of Human Activity. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 672-679.
World Wide Web courseware

There is an increasing demand for online courses. The so called, virtual university, shows how big the general public's demand for online distant education is. With rapid advance in the development of the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, online courses taught on the World Wide Web are becoming popular. The World Wide Web courseware, which supports advances in online distant education, is going to be a major component in the development of individual computing environments. This paper discusses the design, construction, and evaluation of World Wide Web courseware.
The light fantastic: PHOTON materials for technician education

Project PHOTON has developed a set of instructional materials suitable for a one-semester laboratory based introduction to photonics course. The textbook, laboratory experiment kit and laboratory manual have been thoroughly field tested by participating high schools and two year colleges. All materials have been aligned to national Math, Science, Technology and Language Arts standards.
Templating Molecular Arrays in Amyloid’s Cross-β Grooves

Amyloid fibers, independent of primary amino acid sequence, share a common cross-β structure and bind the histochemical dye Congo Red (CR). Despite extensive use of CR in amyloid diagnostics, remarkably little is known about the specific and characteristic binding interactions. Fibril insolubility, morphological inhomogeneity, and multiple possible ligand binding sites all conspire to limit characterization. Here, we have exploited the structure of cross-β nanotubes, which limit the number of potential binding sites, to directly interrogate cross-β laminate grooves. CR bound to cross-β nanotubes displays the hallmark apple-green interference color, a broad red-shifted low energy transition, and a Kd of 1.9 ± 0.5 μM. Oriented electron diffraction and linear dichroism defines the orientation of CR as parallel to the amyloid long axis and colinear with laminate grooves. The broad red-shifted UV signature of CR bound to amyloid can be explained by semiempirical quantum calculations that support the existence ...
The MANCHESTER COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY AND ITS ASSISTANCE TO INDUSTRY

In Manchester, in June, 1824, one Hugh Pritchard publicly sold his wife, aged 26, for 3s. Earlier in the year there had been labour riots because the employers insisted on increasing hours of work from eleven to twelve a day. Earlier still, in February, the treadmill was introduced into the New Bailey Prison.
Signaling network triggers and membrane physical properties control the actin cytoskeleton-driven isotropic phase of cell spreading

Cell spreading is regulated by signaling from the integrin receptors that activate intracellular signaling pathways to control actin filament regulatory proteins. We developed a hybrid model of whole-cell spreading in which we modeled the integrin signaling network as ordinary differential equations in multiple compartments, and cell spreading as a three-dimensional stochastic model. The computed activity of the signaling network, represented as time-dependent activity levels of the actin filament regulatory proteins, is used to drive the filament dynamics. We analyzed the hybrid model to understand the role of signaling during the isotropic phase of fibroblasts spreading on fibronectin-coated surfaces. Simulations showed that the isotropic phase of spreading depends on integrin signaling to initiate spreading but not to maintain the spreading dynamics. Simulations predicted that signal flow in the absence of Cdc42 or WASP would reduce the spreading rate but would not affect the shape evolution of the spreading cell. These predictions were verified experimentally. Computational analyses showed that the rate of spreading and the evolution of cell shape are largely controlled by the membrane surface load and membrane bending rigidity, and changing information flow through the integrin signaling network has little effect. Overall, the plasma membrane acts as a damper such that only ∼5% of the actin dynamics capability is needed for isotropic spreading. Thus, the biophysical properties of the plasma membrane can condense varying levels of signaling network activities into a single cohesive macroscopic cellular behavior.
Frequency and significance of antibodies to actin in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

Antibodies to actin have been proposed as diagnostic markers for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Our aims were to determine 1) if testing for antibodies to actin is superior to testing for smooth muscle antibodies (SMA); 2) if these antibodies identify patients with distinctive clinical features; and 3) if the production of antibodies to actin is associated with genetic risk factors for autoimmune hepatitis. Sera from 99 patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis were tested. The frequencies of HLA B8, DR3, DR4, and A1-B8-DR3 in patient subsets were compared with those in 80 normal subjects. Seventy-three patients (74%) had antibodies to actin. Antibodies to actin were found more commonly in patients with SMA than in patients without them (86% vs. 7%, P < .0001). Screening only for antibodies to actin and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) failed to establish the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis in 5 patients. Patients with antibodies to actin were younger than seronegative patients. They were also more commonly DR3-positive than normal subjects and more frequently B8-positive than patients with non-actin-associated SMA (49% vs. 0%, P = .004). Only patients with antibodies to actin died of liver failure (6% vs. 0%), and 10 of 11 patients requiring liver transplantation were seropositive for these antibodies. Indeed, death and liver transplantation occurred more frequently in these patients than in actin-negative patients with ANA (19% vs. 0%, P = .03). We conclude that routine screening for antibodies to actin may miss patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Antibodies to actin are associated with HLA B8 and DR3, and they identify patients with a poor prognosis.
An analysis and comparison of observed Pleistocene South Carolina (USA) shoreline elevations with predicted elevations derived from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages

Geological maps of South Carolina, covering > 6800 km2, confirm the existence of eight preserved Pleistocene shorelines above current sea level: Marietta (+ 42.6 m), Wicomico (+ 27.4 m), Penholoway (+ 21.3 m), Ladson (+ 17.4 m), Ten Mile Hill (+ 10.7 m), Pamlico (+ 6.7 m), Princess Anne (+ 5.2 m), and Silver Bluff (+ 3 m). Current geochronologic data suggest that these eight shorelines correlate with Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) as follows: Marietta—older than MIS 77; Wicomico—MIS 55–45; Penholoway—MIS 19 or 17; Ladson—MIS 11; Ten Mile Hill—MIS 7; Pamlico—MIS 5; Princess Anne—MIS 5; and Silver Bluff—MIS 5 or 3. Except for the MIS 5e Pamlico, and possibly the MIS 11 Ladson, the South Carolina elevations are higher than predicted by isotope proxy-based reconstructions. The < 4 m of total relief from the Pamlico to the Silver Bluff shoreline in South Carolina, for which other reconstructions suggest an expected relief of ~ 80 m, illustrates the lack of match. Our results suggest that processes affecting either post-depositional changes in shoreline elevations or the creation of proxy sea-level estimates must be considered before using paleo sea-level position on continental margins.
IRF3: a molecular switch in pathogen responses.

Antiviral innate immunity often has deleterious effects on the course of bacterial infection. Activation of the transcription factor IRF3 induced by the recognition of double-stranded RNA by RIG-I-like receptors suppresses the Toll-like receptor–induced expression of interleukins 12 and 23 and antibacterial responses.
Induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses by monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to tumor cells expressing carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor-associated glycoprotein-72.

The use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as immunogens represents one potential approach to active specific immunotherapy of cancer. Two panels of syngeneic monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were generated. One panel was directed against mAb CC49 and the other to mAb COL-1. mAb CC49 recognizes the pancarcinoma antigen (Ag), tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), and mAb COL-1 recognizes carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Seven anti-idiotypic (AI) antibodies (Ab2) designated AI49-1–7 were generated that recognize the variable region of mAb CC49. These mAb were shown to inhibit the interaction of mAb CC49 (Ab1) with TAG-72 (Ag). Five anti-idiotypic antibodies designated CAI-1–5 were also generated to the anti-CEA mAb, COL-1 (Ab1). These Ab2 were shown to inhibit the interaction between COL-1 (Ab1) and CEA (Ag). Immunization of mice, rats, and rabbits with Ab2 directed against CC49 or COL-1 could not elicit specific Ab3 humoral immune responses, i.e., antibody selectively reactive with their respective target antigens. However, immunization of mice with the CC49 anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab2), designated AI49-3, could induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) specific for tumor cells that express TAG-72. Similarly, immunization of mice with an anti-idiotypic antibody directed against COL-1, designated CAI-1, could induce specific DTH cell-mediated immune responses to murine tumor cells that express human CEA on their surface. These results thus demonstrate that while some anti-idiotype mAb may not be potent immunogens in eliciting Ab3 humoral responses, they are capable of eliciting specific cellular immune responses against human carcinoma-associated antigens. This type of mAb may ultimately be useful in active immunotherapy protocols for human carcinoma.
Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns as replacements for denture teeth in removable partial denture construction.

Summary A procedure has been described for using porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns in place of denture teeth on a removable partial denture. Improved esthetic results are achieved when replacement denture teeth are made simultaneously with, and visually match, adjacent tooth crowns. This procedure provides a superior treatment result, particularly where multiple unilateral anterior teeth are lost and a removable partial denture is indicated.
Simplified detection of quaternary ammonium compounds by gas chromatography.

Abstract An analytical method for the measurement of quaternary ammonium compounds in biological fluids has been developed. Samples are prepared by forming the corresponding iodides, which are extracted and isolated. The residue is taken into n -hexane or into water and part of the solution obtained is injected onto the gas chromatograph where thermal degradation takes place. The methyl iodide released is measured by a 63 Ni electron capture detector. This method is quite sensitive and detects with good reliability and reproducibility as little as 10 −14 mole quarternary ammonium compound.
Dissociative electron attachment to the H 2 O molecule I. Complex-valued potential-energy surfaces for the B 1 2 , A 1 2 , and B 2 2 metastable states of the water anion

We present the results of calculations defining global, three-dimensional representations of the complex-valued potential-energy surfaces of the doublet B1, doublet A1, and doublet B2 metastable states of the water anion that underlie the physical process of dissociative electron attachment to water. The real part of the resonance energies is obtained from configuration-interaction calculations performed in a restricted Hilbert space, while the imaginary part of the energies (the widths) is derived from complex Kohn scattering calculations. A diabatization is performed on the 2A1 and 2B2 surfaces, due to the presence of a conical intersection between them. We discuss the implications that the shapes of the constructed potential-energy surfaces will have upon the nuclear dynamics of dissociative electron attachment to H2O. This work originally appeared as Phys Rev A 75, 012710 (2007). Typesetting errors in the published version have been corrected here.
Transcription precedes loss of Xist coating and depletion of H3K27me3 during X-chromosome reprogramming in the mouse inner cell mass

Repression of Xist RNA expression is considered a prerequisite to reversal of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in the mouse inner cell mass (ICM), and reactivation of X-linked genes is thought to follow loss of Xist RNA coating and heterochromatic markers of inactivation, such as methylation of histone H3. We analyzed X-chromosome activity in developing ICMs and show that reactivation of gene expression from the inactive-X initiates in the presence of Xist coating and H3K27me3. Furthermore, depletion of Xist RNA coating through forced upregulation of NANOG does not result in altered reactivation kinetics. Taken together, our observations suggest that in the ICM, X-linked gene transcription and Xist coating are uncoupled. These data fundamentally alter our perception of the reactivation process and support the existence of a mechanism to reactivate Xp-linked genes in the ICM that operates independently of loss of Xist RNA and H3K27me3 from the imprinted inactive-X.
mir-210: A Sensor for Hypoxic Stress during Tumorigenesis

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Huang et al. (2009) demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible mir-210 acts as a rheostat for cellular adaptation and survival by inhibiting tumor initiation.
Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis.

Approximately 12% of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses. Human viral oncogenesis is complex, and only a small percentage of the infected individuals develop cancer, often many years to decades after the initial infection. This reflects the multistep nature of viral oncogenesis, host genetic variability, and the fact that viruses contribute to only a portion of the oncogenic events. In this review, the Hallmarks of Cancer framework of Hanahan and Weinberg (2000 and 2011) is used to dissect the viral, host, and environmental cofactors that contribute to the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses. The viruses discussed include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV).
Scattering and absorption effects in neutron beam activation analysis experiments

We have investigated the effects of scattering and absorption in neutron beam activation analysis experiments, both by direct measurement and by Monte Carlo simulation. Significant sensitivity enhancements occur for thin disks placed at 45° to the beam but very much smaller effects occur for spheres. The agreement between measurement and calculation is generally good.
MicroRNA expression following activated protein C treatment during septic shock.

Abstract Background Sepsis induces systemic stress by augmenting inflammatory and procoagulant responses, resulting in microvascular dysfunction and end organ failure, events modulated by the protein C pathway. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of genes; yet, their role in sepsis is poorly defined. We hypothesized that activated protein C (aPC) selectively alters specific miRNA expression implicated in protection of hepatic function during septic shock. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham or cecal ligation and puncture surgery; 24 h later, we randomized them to aPC (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% [w/v] saline) treatment via an indwelling venous catheter (12-h intervals for 24 h). We performed gene array and quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis on hepatic RNA to determine miRNA expression and determined predicted mRNA targets using a bioinformatics approach. We confirmed beneficial effects of aPC treatment in the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis by survival and blood chemistries, and histologically. Results Of 351 rat miRNAs examined, 17 were highly expressed during sepsis and restored to basal levels after aPC treatment. We confirmed expression of select miRNAs (miR-182, -199a-5p, -203, -211, -222, and -29b) using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. In silico analysis identified nine miRNAs significantly regulating target genes of the focal adhesion pathway. Conclusions These data suggest that aPC treatment coordinates beneficial cytoprotective effects during sepsis by modulating miRNA expression. Whereas translational effects remain to be fully elucidated in a clinical setting, we demonstrate here the potential experimental and computational benefits of using of microRNA analysis in sepsis.
Kinetics of F.C.C. → B.C.C. heterogeneous martensitic nucleation—I. The critical driving force for athermal nucleation

Abstract Employing available experimental data for athermal f.c.c. → b.c.c. martensitic transformation in binary, ternary and multicomponent Fe-base alloys, a model is developed and tested for the critical driving force at the M s temperature. Incorporating the theory of solid solution hardening, we describe the composition dependence of the athermal frictional work for martensitic interface motion governing the kinetics of barrierless heterogeneous nucleation. The available data suggests that the composition dependence of the athermal frictional work is of the same form as that for slip deformation. We have evaluated the athermal strengths of 14 alloying elements Al, C, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, N, Nb, Ni, Si, Ti, V and W from the experimental data. Except for Al, Ni and Co, the athermal strengths of the common substitutional alloying elements are similar in magnitude, while the interstitial solutes C and N exert a stronger influence. Previously proposed superposition laws are used to account for the presence of multiple solutes having different athermal strengths. With an improved assessment of the magnetic parameters of alloy systems, the model predicts M s temperatures within ±40 K for M s > 300 K where thermal contributions to the frictional work can be neglected.
Postmodernism and the Interpretation of Biblical Texts for Behavior

Postmodernism has many meanings and many names. Whatever it actually means depends on different cultures and different individuals. That explains enough the current American situation. as well as t...
Effect of clothing on scrotal temperature in normal men and patients with poor semen

Abstract Mean scrotal surface temperatures overlying the testis clothed and unclothed reaffirm a prior observation that patients with very low spermatozoa counts (⩽ 20 mil./ml.) have higher temperatures than subjects with high spermatozoa counts (% 100 mil./ml.). The insulating effect of clothing results in mean temperature rises of 1.2 to 1.5°C. over the unclothed state regardless of semen status. There were no differences in temperature rise between wearers of “jockey” versus “boxer” undershorts.
Existence of Some Sparse Sets of Nonstandard Natural Numbers

Answers are given to two questions concerning the existence of some sparse subsets of ℋ = {0, 1 … ., H – 1} ⊆ *ℕ. where H is a hyperfinite integer. In §1. we answer a question of Kanovei by showing that for a given cut U in ℋ, there exists a countably determined set X ⊆ ℋ which contains exactly one element in each U-monad, if and only if U = a · ℕ for some a Є ℋ ∖ {0}. In §2, we deal with a question of Keisler and Leth in [6]. We show that there is a cut V ⊆ ℋ such that for any cut U, (i) there exists a U-discrete set X ⊆ ℋ with X + X = ℋ (mod H) provided , (ii) there does not exist any U-discrete set X ⊆ ℋ with X + X = ℋ (mod H) provided . We obtain some partial results for the case U = V.
Do 5-month-olds show object conception in piaget's sense?

Bower (1974) has argued that visual tracking studies reveal that 5-month-old infants represent objects in space, something Pioget attributes to far older infants. Five- and 9-month old infants' notions about hidden objects were diag- nosed by two types of tricks. On stop trials, the object remained out of view longer than on nontrick trials. On transformation trials, one object disappeared but another appeared. Infants in both age groups were attentive to the object in= view and as it disappeared. However, 5-month-olds did not anticipate the reap- pearance of the object and did not clearly mark the screen as the location of the toy on stop trials. Nine-moth-olds often anticipated the object's reappearance but tended to be confused about where it would appear. They behaved compar- ably on stop trials. On transformation trials, 9-month-olds were somewhat more likely to be puzzled than 5-month-olds. The results provide more support for Piaget's view of the abilities of 5-month-olds than the view of Bower.
Experimental optical fan beam tomography.

Optical tomography is used to map the iodine vapor density in a plane. Two-dimensional images are obtained with 1-cm spatial resolution using a fan beam geometry with a 28-cm radius fan source circle. The images are reconstructed using the convolution backprojection algorithm with data collected in 0.1 sec from 90 detectors on a full circle using 90–360 fan source positions. Experimental results quantitatively confirm a theoretical analysis of the noise in the reconstructed image, including the effects of correlated noise, position within the image, and spatial resolution. The noise amplitude–absorption length product for a 2-cm pixel size is 6 × 10−4 which is equivalent to an iodine concentration of 6 ppm.
(η5-C5Me5)2(Me)TiOC(Me)CH2: titanum enolate or titanum alkoxide?

Abstract While proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy suggest that (Cp*) 2 (Me)TiOC(Me)CH 2 ( 1 , Cp* η 5 -C 5 Me 5 is a typical titanum enolate, this material does not exhibit typical enolate reactivity. Specifically, 1 does not react with either methyl iodide or with benzaldehyde. However, some reagents that are typically used in electrophilic attack of metalalkyl or metalalkoxide bonds do react with 1 . In some cases the electrophile displaces the enolate moeity, while in other cases selectivity for substitution of the titanium-bound methyl group is displayed. Thus the reactivity of 1 is more typical of that expected from a titanum alkoxide or an alkyl titanium rather than a titanium enolate. The possible use of the (Cp*) 2 (Me)Ti moiety as a protecting group for ketones is discussed.
Possible Secondary Population-Level Effects of Selective Harvest of Adult Male Muskoxen

Selective harvest regimes are often focused on males resulting in skewed sex-ratios, and for many ungulate species this strategy is sustainable. However, muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are very social and mature bulls (≥4 years old), particularly prime-age bulls (6–10 years old), play important roles in predator defense and recruitment. A year-round social structure incorporating large males into mixed-sex groups could make this species more susceptible to the effects of selective harvest if population composition and sex-ratios influence overall survival and reproductive success. Using detailed data collected on the muskox population occupying the Seward Peninsula, Alaska during 2002–2012, we formulated the hypothesis that the selective harvest of mature bulls may be related to documented changes in population composition and growth rates in this species. In addition, we reviewed existing published information from two other populations in Alaska, the Cape Thompson and Northeastern populations, to compare population growth rates among the three areas under differential harvest rates relative to our hypothesis. We found that on the Seward Peninsula, mature bull:adult cow ratios declined 4–12%/year and short-yearling:adult cow ratios (i.e., recruitment) declined 8–9%/year in the most heavily harvested areas. Growth rates in all 3 populations decreased disproportionately after increases in the number of bulls harvested, and calf:cow ratios declined in the Northeastern population as harvest increased. While lack of appropriate data prevented us from excluding other potential causes such as density dependent effects and changes in predator densities, our results did align with our hypothesis, suggesting that in the interest of conservation, harvest of mature males should be restricted until causal factors can be more definitively identified. If confirmed by additional research, our findings would have important implications for harvest management and conservation of muskoxen and other ungulate species with similar life-histories.
Cytoskeletal reorganization during early mammalian development: Analysis using embedment-free sections☆

We have examined cytoskeletal reorganization during early embryonic development in the hamster by employing detergent extraction to remove soluble components of the embryos and reveal the underlying structural network. This procedure allows examination of both the cortical cytoskeleton and the cytoskeleton of the egg interior. Sections of eggs and embryos were prepared for transmission electron microscopy with the removable embedding medium, diethylene glycol disterate which allows thicker sections than conventional embedment procedures thereby providing more spatial cues for studying organization. The cytoskeleton reorganizes after fertilization, at the time of compaction and again at the blastocyst stage. These cytoskeletal reorganizations are considered in terms of the blastomere polarity hypothesis and the involvement of the cytoskeleton with early embryonic development.
Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a ten-year experience with 120 procedures in a fellowship training program.

Performance of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis has been restricted during recent years because of concern of reported complications in as high as 10–15% of patients, as well as limited long-term data on stroke protection. During the last 10 years, we have studied immediate and long-term results of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic disease in 120 patients. Operations were performed by a clinical vascular fellow with a staff surgeon in attendance in 113 (94%) cases with the remainder performed by the staff surgeon. Patients' mean age was 66 years; 82% were men. Risk factors included hypertension (56%), smoking (52%), coronary artery disease (32%), diabetes (24%), and hypercholesterolemia (6%). Arteriographic severity of stenoses was 80–99% in 74%, 60–79% in 22%, and 40–59% in 4% of cases. Postoperative complications included two transient neurological events (1.7%). No permanent strokes or deaths occurred. Using the life table method, cumulative stroke rate was 4.5% for ipsilateral events and 7.3% for contralateral events, confirming the high degree of stroke protection afforded by carotid endarterectomy in this population. Since these results were accomplished in a fellowship training program, we regard adequacy of this experience as the most influential factor in accomplishing this record. Surgeons who are unable to achieve comparable results should consider abandonment of the procedure or an extended period of additional training.
Energy conversion in biological systems-part II. heat production in brown adipose tissue

Abstract This study involves the application of bond graphs to the generation of heat by cells in brown adipose tissue. In the first portion of this paper, data are presented to show the types of signals that can be measured at several sites in the system controlling thermogenesis—signals travelling from the brain to the tissue as well as signals over a feedback pathway from spinal cord temperature receptors back to the brain. Bond graphs are developed for several components of the system with an emphasis being placed on graphs describing the alternative mechanisms proposed for cellular energy conversion. The power flow is calculated using ENPORT for one mechanism for different values of plasma membrane resistance.
ON THE PATTERN OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD

History often appeared to the ancients to move in cycles, for their imaginations were dominated by seasonal periodicity and by the eternal return of life everywhere. St. Augustine, however, was directed by his faith to belief in a steady and straight advance from creation, through the coming of Christ and the New Law, to the second coming, which would be the perfection and end of time. This cumulative and progressive model was later secularized and exercised a profound influence upon certain aspects of modern scientific and technological thinking. It will be interesting to follow up these two leads and to determine whether either has anything to say or to suggest about philosophical thought in history, in particular about the ways of phenomenological thinking.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma in a site of healed herpes zoster

: A 57-year-old woman presented with an ery-thematous plaque of the left postauricular area that was diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma on clinical and histologic bases. It was revealed that herpes zoster had been diagnosed in the same dermatomal distribution 10 years previously. The lesion recurred 2 years after irradiation, and angiosarcoma was diagnosed. Recent evidence linking viral infection and vascular tumors is examined as it might apply to the pathogenesis of angiosarcoma. Repeat biopsy, reticulum stain, and electron-microscopic examination of a lesion of the head and neck region that histologically suggests metastatic carcinoma are recommended if no primary malignancy is discovered.
Breathing Life into a Dead Argument: G.E. Moore and the Open Question

A century after its publication, G.E. Moore'sPrincipia Ethica stands as one of theclassic statements of anti-naturalism inethics. Moore claimed that the most basic ethicalproperties were denoted by `good' and `bad' andthat all naturalist accounts of thoseproperties were inadequate. His open-questionargument aimed to refute any proposedidentification of good with some naturalproperty, and Moore concluded from theargument that good must be a nonnaturalproperty. The received view is that the open-questionargument is a failure. In this paper,my aim is to breathe some life back intoMoore's argument. My plan for doing so beginsby presenting the standard interpretation ofthe argument and then showing that there isan alternative to that interpretation. Thealternative is not developed at any length byMoore and stands in need of some elaboration. Isuggest a way of elaborating theargument and then show that the standardcriticisms of Moore fail to undermine thisalternative version of the open-questionargument.
Desensitization in vivo for men unable to urinate in a public facility

Abstract Five men complaining of an inability to urinate in a public facility were successfully treated in an in vivo desensitization program. Office visits were dedicated to arrangement of restroom facilities into hierarchies of increasing difficulty and strategies of increasing the likelihood of success for each desensitization step.