cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary and Secondary Sedimentary Structures in Fine-grained Lacustrine Rocks of Green River Formation (Eocene), Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado: ABSTRACT

A study of 285 polished slabs (59.0% oil shale, 23.0% carbonate, and 18.0% fine-grained clastic rock) collected from four measured sections along the southern and eastern edge of the Piceance basin reveals important sedimentologic information on the distribution of primary and secondary sedimentary structures. The slabs were studied under low-power binocular magnification, and individual stratification characteristics were noted. A total of 528 primary structures and 334 secondary structures were observed in the slabs. Eleven descriptive classes of primary structures are important: (1) even parallel stratification; (2) discontinuous even parallel stratification; (3) wavy parallel and nonparallel stratification; (4) discontinuous wavy parallel and nonparallel stratification; (5) discontinuous curved parallel stratification; (6) curved nonparallel stratification; (7) structureless; (8) mottled; (9) brecciated; (10) algal stratification; and (11) graded stratification. Of these classes, the oil shale is dominated by classes 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the carbonate and fine-grained clastic rocks by classes 6, 7, 8, and 10. Classes 5 and 9 are rarely represented. Apparently there is a correlation between the organic content and the stratification type of the oil shale. As oil shale increases in organic content, classes 2 and 4 become more abundant and classes 1 and 3 are less so. In the oil shale of the Parachute Creek Member of the two easternmost measured sections, class 1 decreases, whereas classes 2 and 4 increase upward through the sections. The older classes remain approximately the same. These vertical changes correlate with indications of desiccation in the depositional environment in the upper parts of the Parachute Creek Member. Six classes of secondary sedimentary structures are common: (1) loop structure; (2) fault displacement; (3) crystal-growth displacement; (4) bioturbation; (5) contortion; and (6) total disruption. Most of these classes are restricted to oil shale, and loop, fault and crystal-growth types are most abundant. The frequency End_Page 912------------------------------ of occurrence of the secondary structures, like the primary structures, varies with lithology. Crystal-growth disruption (sulfides and carbonate clots) in the oil shale increases with increasing organic content. In a vertical sequence of oil shale in the Parachute Creek Member, crystal-growth disruption of laminae increases upward through the section, and loop and fault structures decrease. Contortion of laminae is almost exclusive to the oil shale, and bioturbation is restricted to claystone and very limy claystone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 913------------
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Hydrogen Gas

The proton spin-lattice relaxation time, ${T}_{1}$, for hydrogen gas has been measured, using pulse techniques, as a function of gas density, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, temperature, and orthohydrogen concentration. The maximum density investigated was of order 900 amagats and the temperature range extended from 20 to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The radial dependence of the anisotropic part of the intermolecular potential due to the interaction of two hydrogen molecules has been deduced from a comparison of the temperature dependence of $\frac{{T}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ in the dilute gas above 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with some calculations based on the theory of Oppenheim and Bloom. It is, approximately, an inverse thirteenth power of the intermolecular separation for the ortho-para interaction and an inverse sixth power for the ortho-ortho interaction. The results above 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are found to be sensitive to quantum-mechanical diffraction effects, in the manner suggested by Lipsicas and Bloom, and the temperature independence of $\frac{{T}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ for dilute normal hydrogen gas above 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is shown to result from the different radial dependence of the ortho-ortho and ortho-para interactions. The results for ${T}_{1}$ in the very dense gas appear to be consistent with the idea of a liquid-like assembly of molecules with predominantly short-range inter-molecular interactions. Calculations are not available at the present time for comparison with any of the results below about 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, which are expected to be strongly influenced by quantum-mechanical effects. Some qualitative discussion is given of the dilute and dense gas results in this temperature range. At very low orthohydrogen concentrations, an unusual density dependence of ${T}_{1}$ is observed in the temperature range 34-42\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It appears that this effect is connected with the critical temperature phenomena, but it is not understood at present.
A polarization fabry-perot duochromator.

A two-channel Fabry-Perot interferometer for the measurement of very small displacements of spectral lines has been constructed. Advantage is taken both of the superior throughput and resolution of the Fabry-Perot. The two-channel operation is produced by the use of two concentric polarizers and a rotating analyzer. Application is made to the study of ion drifts in a Schuler hollow cathode plasma.
Encoding activity in the medial temporal lobe examined with anatomically constrained fMRI analysis.

Functional neuroimaging studies have produced a sizable number of observations of increased activity in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) during encoding of novel memories. The studies have suggested possible functional specialization within the anatomical components of the MTL (hippocampus and the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortical areas). Neuroimaging studies have just begun to link anatomical regions to specific functions. To address functional specialization hypothesis, a method is described for using high-resolution structural information from magnetic resonance imaging MRI to constrain the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, for independent assessment of functional activity change in each component of the MTL. With this method, increased activity was detected throughout the MTL in a group of participants (n = 5) who encoded novel pictures. A separate group (n = 5) who encoded words exhibited lower-levels of evoked activity. Laterality effects were found reflecting increased right hemisphere activity during picture encoding (parahippocampal cortex) and increased left hemisphere activity during word encoding (posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex). Neither condition provided evidence for greater activity in the posterior hippocampus than in the anterior hippocampus during encoding, although the greatest increases in activity were observed in the parahippocampal cortex. The anatomically driven methodology is shown to provide detailed comparison of levels of activity change across specific brain areas and to provide increased sensitivity to functional change in each region of the MTL. Hippocampus 2002;12:363–376. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal bandwidth selection for MLS surfaces

We address the problem of bandwidth selection in MLS surfaces. While the problem has received relatively little attention in the literature, we show that appropriate selection plays a critical role in the quality of reconstructed surfaces. We formulate the MLS polynomial fitting step as a kernel regression problem for both noiseless and noisy data. Based on this framework, we develop fast algorithms to find optimal bandwidths for a large class of weight functions. We show experimental comparisons of our method, which outperforms heuristically chosen functions and weights previously proposed. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the Levin's two-step MLS projection for bandwidth selection.
The adoption of innovation in collective action organizations.

This study used a quantitative/qualitative methodology to explore how collective action organizations (CAOs) remain open to organizational change and innovation. It examined the adoption of inclusion—a recent innovation in the field of disabilities—by local chapters of The Arc Michigan (a disabilities CAO). We found considerable variability in the adoption of inclusion by local Arc chapters. This variability was significantly related to the ecology surrounding these chapters. Local Arc chapters that had adopted an inclusion philosophy had significantly different internal and external environments from those that had not adopted inclusion. Our qualitative findings make it clear, however, that innovative Arc chapters were not the passive recipients of these internal and external influences. These chapters were proactive players in defining and shaping the nature of their internal and external environments. Strategies that were related to a chapter's ability to remain open to innovation included (a) a change orientation, (b) a conscious philosophy or vision, (c) a proactive strategy for achieving chapter goals and overcoming barriers to change, (d) the creation of a supportive organizational network, and (e) avoidance of resource dependencies that required them to engage in activities that were inconsistent with the innovation. These findings provide a framework by which CAOs can maintain an openness to innovation and remain on the forefront of social change.
How do good candidates for trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) who undergo elective repeat cesarean differ from those who choose TOLAC

Objective Our aim was to compare good candidates for trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) who underwent repeat cesarean to those who chose TOLAC. Study Design Data for all deliveries at 14 regional hospitals over an 8-year period were reviewed. Women with a primary cesarean and 1 subsequent delivery in the dataset were included. The choice of elective repeat cesarean vs TOLAC was assessed in the first delivery following the primary cesarean. Women with ≥70% chance of successful vaginal birth after cesarean as calculated by a published nomogram were considered good candidates for TOLAC. Good candidates who chose an elective repeat cesarean were compared to those who chose TOLAC. Women who were delivered at 2 preselected tertiary centers by a general obstetrician-gynecologist practice were subanalyzed to determine whether there was an effect of physician group. Results In all, 5445 women had a primary cesarean and a subsequent delivery. A total of 3120 women were calculated to be good TOLAC candidates. Of this group, 925 (29.7%) chose TOLAC. Women managed by a family practitioner or who were obese were less likely to choose TOLAC while women who were managed by a midwife or had a prior vaginal delivery were more likely to choose TOLAC. At the 2 tertiary centers, 1 general obstetrician-gynecologist group had significantly more patients who chose TOLAC compared to the other obstetrician-gynecologist physician groups ( P Conclusion Less than one-third of the good candidates for TOLAC chose TOLAC. Managing provider influences this decision.
Cost-effectiveness of newborn circumcision in reducing lifetime HIV risk among U.S. males.

Background HIV incidence was substantially lower among circumcised versus uncircumcised heterosexual African men in three clinical trials. Based on those findings, we modeled the potential effect of newborn male circumcision on a U.S. male's lifetime risk of HIV, including associated costs and quality-adjusted life-years saved. Methodology/Principal Findings Given published estimates of U.S. males' lifetime HIV risk, we calculated the fraction of lifetime risk attributable to heterosexual behavior from 2005–2006 HIV surveillance data. We assumed 60% efficacy of circumcision in reducing heterosexually-acquired HIV over a lifetime, and varied efficacy in sensitivity analyses. We calculated differences in lifetime HIV risk, expected HIV treatment costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) among circumcised versus uncircumcised males. The main outcome measure was cost per HIV-related QALY saved. Circumcision reduced the lifetime HIV risk among all males by 15.7% in the base case analysis, ranging from 7.9% for white males to 20.9% for black males. Newborn circumcision was a cost-saving HIV prevention intervention for all, black and Hispanic males. The net cost of newborn circumcision per QALY saved was $87,792 for white males. Results were most sensitive to the discount rate, and circumcision efficacy and cost. Conclusions/Significance Newborn circumcision resulted in lower expected HIV-related treatment costs and a slight increase in QALYs. It reduced the 1.87% lifetime risk of HIV among all males by about 16%. The effect varied substantially by race and ethnicity. Racial and ethnic groups who could benefit the most from circumcision may have least access to it due to insurance coverage and state Medicaid policies, and these financial barriers should be addressed. More data on the long-term protective effect of circumcision on heterosexual males as well as on its efficacy in preventing HIV among MSM would be useful.
Hybrid system for extracting and classifying Arabic proper names

Many applications such as information extraction systems, question answering systems, text summarization systems, information retrieval systems, etc. rely on proper names as one main tool to achieve their goals. In the Arabic language there is a big challenge for finding those proper names in the text because they do not start with capital letter as in many other languages, nor they have special sign to identify them and distinguish them from other words in the text. Little research has been conducted in this area; most efforts have been done based on a number of heuristic rules used to find names in the text, some used graphs to represent the words that might form a name and the relationships between them, some they use statistical methods for this reason. In this paper we describe a hybrid system built based on both statistical methods and predefined rules.
MULTIPLE CELLULASE SYSTEM FROM STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTICUS.

Enger, M. D. (North Dakota State University, Fargo), and B. P. Sleeper. Multiple cellulase system from Streptomyces antibioticus. J. Bacteriol. 89:23–27. 1965.—Starch-block zone electrophoresis was used to isolate five electrophoretically distinct, active cellulolytic components (I to V) from the crude extracellular cellulase system of Streptomyces antibioticus (strain C2A). Agar diffusion precipitin analyses demonstrated the immunological identity of components I, II, and III, and the nonidentity of IV and V with each other and with I to III. Kinetic studies of the purified enzymes showed a sharp decrease in the viscosity of the substrate, carboxymethylcellulose, with only a small increase in reducing sugars. These results indicated that all five enzymes are endocellulases.
A Typology of Attribution Leadership Research

A typology of leadership research utilizing an attributional paradigm is presented. Studies are typed according to three pertinent questions: (1) What is to be studied? (2) Whom do you ask? and (3) What is the purpose of the research? The typology reveals that most of the research using the attribution paradigm is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Moreover, there is a serious lack of prescriptive-process research. Future research matching superior and subordinate attributional tendencies is suggested.
Bonding and Screening: Myth and Reality

McCall9s article in this issue raises questions about two recent developments in pediatrics—the effectiveness of bonding and screening for development. These are emotional issues with partisans on both sides. I have been asked to respond to McCall9s comments as a "neutral observer." The thrust of McCall9s arguments is that the long-term importance of both early mother-infant contact and detecting and treating early developmental lags has been overrated and this has created some iatrogenic problems. He points out that many children with early developmental lags turn out to be normal and that many mothers who do not undergo early and extended contact with their infant at birth still manage to develop a warm and loving relationship with their child.
Antiestrogen-Binding Sites Distinct from the Estrogen Receptor: Subcellular Localization, Ligand Specificity, and Distribution in Tissues of the Rat

Antiestrogens are known to interact with the estrogen receptor system of target cells. In addition, it is possible that recently identified estrogen-noncompetable, antiestrogenspecific binding sites may be of importance in mediating and/or modulating the actions of antiestrogens, and hence, we have examined their nature and properties. We find these sites to fractionate with what is likely the microsomal fraction of rat uterus with only very small amounts in high speed cytosol. Antiestrogen-specific binding sites are present in the 800 ×g × 10 min or 12,000 or 20,000 × g × 30 min supernatants, but are pelleted upon centrifugation at 100,000 or 180,000 × g × 60 min. These sites are present in the 12,000 × g supernatant fraction of almost all rat tissues examined. They are highest in concentration in the liver, uterus, esophagus, ovary, brain, and kidney; lower levels are found in lung and spleen, and negligible amounts are seen in muscle, heart, and serum. Hence, these sites are not localized exclusively o...
Competing with the New York Stock Exchange

Research on information economics and securities markets dating back to Stigler (Journal of Political Economy, 69 (1961), 213–225; Journal of Business, 37 (1964), 117–142) argues that trading will tend to centralize in major market centers such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The NYSE's recent mergers with Archipelago and Euronext bring questions about the viability and effects of competition between stock exchanges to the policy forefront. We examine the largely forgotten but unparalleled episode of competition between the NYSE and the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York (Consolidated) from 1885 to 1926. The Consolidated averaged 23% of NYSE volume for approximately forty years by operating a second market for the most liquid securities that traded on the Big Board. Our results suggest that NYSE bid-ask spreads fell by more than 10% when the Consolidated began to trade NYSE stocks and subsequently increased when the Consolidated ceased operations. The empirical analysis suggests that this historical episode of stock market competition improved consumer welfare by an amount equivalent to US$9.6 billion today.
Group sequential monitoring of years of life saved with paired censored survival data.

This research develops non-parametric methodology for sequential monitoring of paired time-to-event data when comparing years of life saved, or years where any unpleasant outcome is delayed, is of interest. The recommended family of test statistics uses integrated differences in survival estimates that are available during the study period, where adjustments are made for dependence in the survival and censoring outcomes under comparison. In the context of paired censored survival data, the joint asymptotic closed form distribution of these sequentially monitored test statistics is developed and shown to have a dependent increments structure. Simulations verifying nice operating characteristics of the proposed monitoring methods also reveal consequences of ignoring an underlying paired data structure in terms of size and power properties. A motivating example is also presented via the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, which did not have methods available for sequentially monitoring paired censored survival data at the time.
Histamine and Human Parathyroid Adenoma: Effect on Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Accumulation in Vitro

We studied in vitro the presence of histamine and the effect of histamine and its angonists on cAMP accumulation in parathyroid tissue (parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia) from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid adenomatous tissue contained 11.2 ± 2.9 ng histamine⁄ g wet weight (× 2 × 10−5 M), as determined by a specific radioenzyme assay. Histamine caused a prominent increase in cAMP accumulation in parathyroid tissue slices in a dose-dependent manner, with half-maximal stimulation being achieved at 5 × 10-6 M and maximal stimulation occurring at 10−4 M histamine. The histamine H2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and metiamide, caused profound inhibition of histamine-stimulated cAMP accumulation in the parathyroid tissue. Pyrilamine, an H1 antagonist, also inhibited histamine-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, elicited marked elevation of cAMP, and its stimulatory effect was blocked by propranolol, but the effects of histamine on cAMP levels in parath...
Distributed balanced photodetectors

A novel velocity-matched distributed balanced photodetector has been experimentally demonstrated and optimized for RF photonic application. Record high linear DC photocurrent of 45 mA and 43 dB suppression of laser relative intensity noise (RIN) over a broad frequency range have been achieved.
InSb Quantum-Well-Based Micro-Hall Devices: Potential for pT Detectivity

A series of high-mobility Al0.12In0.88Sb/InSb heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy to investigate the fabrication of micro-Hall magnetic field sensors. By applying remote delta-doping of different densities to control the 2-D electron density in the quantum channel, as well as scattering mechanisms, the detection limit of the micro-Hall device was improved. The present studies show that micro-Hall devices 35 mum wide have the ability to detect a magnetic field of 25 nT at 300 K and 11 nT at 80 K operating at a frequency of 10 kHz. Our results indicate that the use of devices with larger sizes, based on the same material system, will lead to magnetic field detection in the pT range at low temperatures and sub-nT range even at room temperature.
Virtual CSU-CHILL Radar: The VCHILL

Abstract The Virtual CHILL (VCHILL) system makes it possible to transfer the educational and research experience of the Colorado State University dual polarization radar to remote locations over the Internet. The VCHILL operation includes remote control of radar and display of radar images, as well as the ability to locally process high-bandwidth radar data transferred over data networks. The low-bandwidth VCHILL operation allows the distant users to access the archived and real-time data estimated at the radar site and simultaneously display them on their local systems. A parallel receiver was developed exclusively for the high-bandwidth VCHILL. End-system architectures were designed to accommodate the demands of the high-bandwidth VCHILL operations in real time. A graphic user interface was also developed with the objective of easy installation and usage at various end-user institutions. The VCHILL not only expands the education experience provided by the radar system, but also stimulates the developmen...
HIGING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in pp, pA, and AA collisions.

Combining perturbative-QCD inspired models for multiple jet production with low ${p}_{T}$ multistring phenomenology, we develop a Monte Carlo event generator hijing to study jet and multiparticle production in high energy $\mathrm{pp}$, $\mathrm{pA}$, and $\mathrm{AA}$ collisions. The model includes multiple minijet production, nuclear shadowing of parton distribution functions, and a schematic mechanism of jet interactions in dense matter. Glauber geometry for multiple collisions is used to calculate $\mathrm{pA}$ and $\mathrm{AA}$ collisions. The phenomenological parameters are adjusted to reproduce essential features of $\mathrm{pp}$ multiparticle production data for a wide energy range ($\sqrt{s}=5\ensuremath{-}2000$ GeV). Illustrative tests of the model on $p+A$ and light-ion $B+A$ data at $\sqrt{s}=20$ GeV/nucleon and predictions for Au+Au at energies of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ($\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV/nucleon) are given.
Consultation within Response to Intervention Models

The reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) opens the door for the general education system to revisit how it assesses and provides service for students who are experiencing academic and behavioral difficulties. As opposed to the current regular education practice of relying upon a refer-test-place approach to support students with special academic or behavioral needs, this alternative approach places an emphasis on both assessment and, importantly, intervention in regular education settings. Response to intervention (RTI) offers regular education teachers assessment options and intervention tools that encourages them to accept instructional responsibility for a broader range of students than the prior model. The emphasis in RTI on curriculum-based assessment, multiple-level problem-solving, and intervention in regular education will require substantial changes in how teachers and psychologists individually and collectively conduct their professional duties (Hoagwood and Johnson, 2002). For example, how will teachers integrate their prior understandings of a student-focused etiology of learning disabilities into an ecologically oriented instructional model? How will teachers adopt “evidence-based interventions” that may work well under ideal conditions in a university learning laboratory, but are then implemented within the ecological complexity of their individual school sites? What mechanisms can be used to support teachers’ professional development of skills such as the use of single-subject design to document intervention effectiveness? This chapter first outlines characteristics and components of the RTI process and highlights and discusses challenges to its successful implementation as an evidence-based intervention. Next, consultee-centered consultation is defined and a rationale presented for its use as a means to facilitate the development of skills that will be needed by consultees to implement and sustain the RTI model in individual school sites. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion about the use of consulteecentered consultation to facilitate a consultee’s acquisition of RTI-related skills within Showers and Joyce’s (1996) four levels of professional development.
Risk Factors for Low Bone Mineral Density in Institutionalized Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

Background: Persons with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD) are exposed to several factors, which have been determined as risks for osteoporosis. Many of these individuals are non-ambulatory, resulting in lack of weight bearing activity, which is well established as a major contributor to bone loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD) in persons with IDD residing in residential facilities. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at an Intermediate Care Facility for individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (ICF/IDD). Medical records data were used from 69 individuals, including heal scan T-scores, nutritional, pharmacologic and other risk factors. Chi-Square analysis was used to determine relationships between the variables. Results: BMD measures were not significantly associated with age, gender, height, weight, or BMI for this population (P > 0.05). The association between BMD diagnoses and DSM-IV classification of mental retardation approached significance (P = 0.063). A significant association was found with anti-seizure medication (P = 0.009). Conclusion: Follow-up studies should focus on how supplementation and medication changes may or may not alter BMD. Persons with IDD are experiencing longer life expectancies, and therefore, studies ascertaining information on diseases associated with this aging population are warranted.
Particle filter based traffic data assimilation with sensor informed proposal distribution

This paper presents a particle filter with sensor informed proposal distribution for traffic state estimation. An agent-based traffic simulator is employed to simulate the traffic network and vehicle behaviors with the help of the sensor and accident component. The proposed framework estimates the average speed of a traffic network along with the location of any traffic accidents. This framework uses observed data to construct the system state by proposing local sensor proposal distributions. The performance is validated and evaluated by means of identical twin experiments carried out on both Bootstrap and Sensor Informed Particle Filter (SIPF). The result shows that the proposed data assimilation framework outperforms Bootstrap Particle Filter with respect to accuracy and efficiency.
Immiscible Displacement of Non-Newtonian Fluids

This chapter discusses extension of Buckley–Leverett theory to analyzing immiscible flow of non-Newtonian fluids through porous media. It presents Buckley–Leverett type solutions for non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media. The first portion of this chapter is devoted to discussion of non-Newtonian fluids and rheological models, followed by governing equations for immiscible flow of non-Newtonian fluids. A Buckley–Leverett solution for displacement of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids is presented. Then, it analyzes displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a power-law fluid, a Bingham fluid by a Newtonian fluid, and non-Newtonian fluids in a radial system. A practical procedure is presented for calculating saturations for non-Newtonian fluid displacement. The analytical solutions and resulting procedure can be regarded as an extension of Buckley–Leverett theory to non-Newtonian displacement. For application, analytical solutions are used to verify numerical simulation results.
Diffusivity Measurements Differentiate Benign from Malignant Lesions in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy or Plexopathy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Peripheral nerve disorders caused by benign and malignant primary nerve sheath tumors, infiltration or compression of nerves by metastatic disease, and postradiation neuritis demonstrate overlapping features on conventional MR imaging but require vastly different therapeutic approaches. We characterize and compare diffusivities of peripheral nerve lesions in patients undergoing MR neurography for peripheral neuropathy or brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients, referred for MR neurography at our institution between 2003 and 2009 for a peripheral mononeuropathy or brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy and whose examinations included DWI, received a definitive diagnosis, based on biopsy results or clinical and imaging follow-up, for a masslike or infiltrative peripheral nerve or plexus lesion suspicious for tumor. Mean ADC values were determined within each lesion and compared across 3 groups (benign lesions, malignant lesions, and postradiation changes). RESULTS: Both ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests demonstrated a statistically significant difference in ADC values across the 3 groups (P = .000023, P = .00056, respectively). Post hoc pair-wise comparisons showed that the ADC within malignant tumors differed significantly from that within benign tumors and postradiation changes. ADC within benign tumors and postradiation changes did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSIONS: DWI may be highly effective for the differentiation of benign from malignant peripheral nerve masslike or infiltrative lesions.
Development of a judicial response to substance abuse

The American juvenile justice system continues to be an arena in which a myriad of varying values and practices come under constant challenge and close scrutiny, not only from those outside the system, but particularly by those within the system, those on the firing-line--the judges, court administrators, prosecutors, defenders, police, social workers and probation officers who are responsible for the operation of the system. Every juvenile court and the personnel who work with it are faced with the difficult process of evaluating and adapting to multiple "standards" and the challenges of implementing effective change within the perimeters of varying systems and statutes. The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges recognizes that the responsibility for further improvement, for effective and long-lasting change, in a juvenile justice system that operates in a vastly complex society will rest even more heavily in the future where it has been in the past--on the individual judge and practitioner.
Clinical management of patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

Conventional, new, and experimental therapeutic approaches to control atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia are reviewed. Therapy in the acute setting and the rational use of antiarrhythmic drugs for the long-term management of patients with this arrhythmia are presented in detail. New nonpharmacologic approaches, including transcatheter ablation and surgery, are discussed.
Individual differences and the stress response: studies of a wild primate.

It has been half a century since Selye’s first paper on stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome. As is apparent from this volume, stress physiology is now a rigorous and credible biomedical discipline. It is not clear, however, if those would have been the first attributes to come to mind at the mention of the subject during its earlier days. Much of this credibility has emerged with the uncovering of precise mechanisms to explain the relationships between environmental or emotional perterbations and physiological processes. Certainly, sensitive physicians long before Selye recognized that a patient’s emotional state could influence disease outcome. Few, one suspects, imagined that emotion and disease would be shown to be linked by precise biochemical events.
Two Contemporary Papago Recipes of Indigenous Plants and the American Southwest Botanical Implication

One or more species of the genera Amaranthus and Opuntia were used as an indigenous food source by seven randomly selected tribes of the Southwest. Certain species of the two genera are still used ...
Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy in Flames Containing High Concentrations of Silica Particles

Spontaneous Raman spectra of nitrogen have been measured in hydrogen/methane/oxygen/nitrogen flames containing high concentrations (up to 109/cm3) of small (<0.2 p,m diameter) silica particles. In contrast with carbon soot particles, which emit large quantities of broadband visible radiation at high temperatures, the addition of silica particles at these concentrations has little or no effect on the SRS measurement at temperatures up to 2100 K. The spatially-resolved, time-averaged SRS measurements reported here are thus the first obtained in the submicron, high number density regime, similar to that found in flame synthesis processes. They indicate that spontaneous Raman spectroscopy should be an effective technique for the measurement of temperatures and species concentrations in flames produced by burners used in the manufacturing of optical fiber.
Two dimensional palladium nanoparticle assemblies as electrochemical dopamine sensors

Abstract Two dimensional assemblies of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated by in situ reduction of [PdCl 4 ] 2− ions attached to polyethyleneimine silane functionalized silicon and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass surfaces. An average size of 7.8 ± 3.0 nm was determined from atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Surface zeta potential measurements enabled us to track the variation in surface charge during different steps of PdNP generation. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in combination with impedance spectroscopy (IS) was used for the detection of dopamine (DA). A linear range of 2.5–130 µM was observed for DA alone and in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. In addition, impedance measurements showed an increase in conductance with increasing DA concentration in solution, which led to a calibration curve with a linear range of 0.05–130 µM with the detection limit as low as 25 nM (S/N = 3).
The challenges of exploring local place as a context of use in the study of interactive risk visualizations: experience report

This experience report shares the results of a user experience (UX) test on Climate Central's Risk Zone Map (riskfinder.org), a publicly-accessible, interactive sea level rise viewer. The report begins with a brief overview of the trends in risk communication and risk visualization, with particular emphasis on the concept of place. The report then outlines the design of the study and methods used: think-aloud protocol and tasks analysis through Usertesting.com's screencasting feature. Lastly, the report shares the findings of the study and discusses how they contribute to geographic place as a context of use worthy of exploration. The report ends with recommendations for UX research further exploring geographic place as a context of use.
The Rights of Children on the Move and the Budapest Declaration.

It has been estimated that more than 50,000,000 children and youth have migrated across borders or been forcibly displaced within their own country. They consist of refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons (IDP), economic migrants, and exploited trafficked children. They are virtually “stateless”, children deprived of the protective structures of state and family that they need and deserve and unrecognized by either their country of origin or the international community. This opinion piece starts with the personal reflections of its author on his recent work in Middle East refugee camps. It then explores the prevalence and demographics of these children and their plight. It examines the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and other international conventions designed to protect them. It also summarizes the International Society of Social Pediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP) Budapest Declaration on the Rights, Health andWell-Being of Children and Youth on the Move as a framework for improved care and vehicle for change.
Physics of electrocardiography

If there is any word that strikes fear in the hearts of many students in the health care field, it is “physics.” Much of this fear is unnecessary, at least in relation to the ECG, because a thorough understanding of the physical basis for the ECG provides an important foundation for the understanding and interpretation of ECGs. In this chapter, the physical processes that are important for understanding the ECG will be explored.
The incidence algebra of a group reduced partially ordered set

Let (P,⩽) be a locally finite partially ordered set with no infinite descending chains, let G be a finite subgroup of the automorphism group of P and let P(G) be the set of orbits of P under the action of G. Define a partial ordering ⩽G on P(G) by saying that an orbit A is less than or equal to an orbit B if there exist elements a e A and b e B with a⩽b. We show that I (P(G)), the incidence algebra of P(G), is the homomorphic image of a subalgebra of I(P) via a Polya-type homomorphism. We compute a natural inverse image for each function of I(P(G)) and in particular for the Mobius function of P(G).
White Matter Disease

With widespread availability of MRI, white matter disease is increasingly being recognized. This chapter summarizes the epidemiology of this condition and describes the genetics that could play a part in its etiology.
A Historical Review of the Surgical Treatment of Spina Bifida

Spina bifida or spinal dysraphisms have been present as long as man has walked the planet. A number of anthropological excavations have uncovered spines with stigmata typically seen in infants born with myelomeningoceles. As these children were born in an era where little or no treatment was available we can only assume that most did not survive. Having said that, there are a large number of surviving anthropological figures sculpted in stone, terracotta and other materials from early civilizations. These sculptures provide evidence of individuals who survived with what would be a normally devastating disease. Over the years the author has collected a number of terracotta figures from the Americas that show clear evidence of surviving children with stigmata of spinal dysraphism. These figures are seated in the typical position of a paraplegic child or adult with the typical lumbar kyphosis. Some of the figures have been incorrectly described as patients with tuberculosis or Pott’s disease. A careful examination of these figures clearly shows the physical characteristics of individuals with chronic myelomeningocele. We have included several examples that come from Meso-American cultures where figures of this type are not at all uncommon (Figs. 1.1–1.5).
Erratum: "A novel PET tumor delineation method based on adaptive region-growing and dual-front active contours" [Med. Phys., - (2008)].

We would like to indicate an error in the published paper. The correct citation for Ref. 5 should be: 5L. Drever, D. M. Robinson, A. McEwan, and W. Roa, “A local contrast based approach to threshold segmentation for PET target volume delineation,” Med. Phys. 33, 1583–1594 (2006). We apologize to L. Drever and colleagues for making the error in our paper.
Luther’s Theologian of the Cross and Theologian of Glory Distinction Reconsidered

This article argues that most of the contemporary appropriation of Martin Luther’s distinction between the theologian of the cross and the theologian of glory is mistaken, in five points: First, th...
Exploiting Self-Organization in Bioengineered Systems: A Computational Approach

\boldmath The productivity of bioengineered cell factories is limited by inefficiencies in nutrient delivery and waste and product removal. Current solution approaches explore changes in the physical configurations of the bioreactors. This work investigates the possibilities of exploiting self-organizing vascular networks to support producer cells within the factory. A computational model simulates \textit{de novo} vascular development of endothelial-like cells and the resultant network functioning to deliver nutrients and extract product and waste from the cell culture. Microbial factories with vascular networks are evaluated for their scalability, robustness, and productivity compared to the cell factories without a vascular network. Initial studies demonstrate that production can increase at least an order of magnitude, the system can be scaled up, and the self-organization of an efficient vascular network is robust. The work suggests that bioengineered multicellularity may offer efficiency improvements difficult to achieve with physical engineering approaches.
Reproductive Coercion Among African American Female Adolescents: Associations with Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Background: Among adolescents, racial disparities in reproductive health outcomes persist. The question of whether reproductive coercion (RC) influences these outcomes has received increased attent...
How Do We Prepare Respiratory Therapists to Work in Neonatal and Pediatric ICUs? A Qualitative Study

Background: The orientation of respiratory therapists to neonatal and pediatric intensive care units varies greatly among institutions. To date, there is scarce literature on current orientation practices or best practice in regards to training to these areas. Given the limited neonatal and pediatric education provided during respiratory programs, institutions must find efficient ways to prepare respiratory therapists to care for these patient populations. Methods: The aims of this research project were to investigate how respiratory therapists are being trained, and how that training affects their preparedness to work independently in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. A qualitative study was performed using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with respiratory therapists trained to these areas to gain insight into current training practices, as well as training practices that respiratory therapists felt were important for preparing for independent practice. The recorded interviews were transcribed, and qualitative data analysis software was used to analyze the data. This research study qualified as exempt research and the study was approved by the A.T. Still University Institutional Review Board. Results: The results showed great variability in length of orientation and adjunct training, such as simulations and technology. In addition, most of the participants interviewed felt unprepared for independent practice at the completion of orientation. Participants felt orientation time was spent on equipment management, rather than patient management. The data showed that respiratory therapists with the RRT credential, a bachelor’s degree, and an orientation time of greater than four weeks reported being the most prepared for independent practice. Conclusions: Orientation methods for training to neonatal and pediatric intensive care units varies greatly and leaves many respiratory therapists feeling unprepared to independently care for this patient population. This study demonstrates the need for further research in this area to help develop best orientation practices of respiratory therapists training to neonatal and pediatric intensive care units.
Gender Myths v. Working Realities: Using Social Science to Reformulate Sexual Harassment Law

ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: What Law Can Learn from Social Science about Workplace Sexual Harassment 1 Making a More Realistic Assessment of What Is Suf?ciently Severe or Pervasive to Constitute Sexual Harassment 2 The Reasonable Woman Standard: Much Ado about Nothing? 3 The Conundrum of "Unwelcome" Sexual Harassment 4 Conceptualizing Sexual Harassment as "Because of Sex" 5 Reality Bites the Ellerth/Faragher Standard for Imputing Liability to Employers for Supervisor Sexual Harassment 6 Making Targets Whole and Deterring Defendants 7 The New Sexual Harassment Claim Notes Index About the Author
Social and Clinical Correlates of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Medicare Beneficiaries With Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer From 2004-2015.

OBJECTIVE To assess social and clinical correlates of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) utilization among Medicare beneficiaries. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of SEER-Medicare (2004-2015) patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy were stratified into 3-groups: standard of care NAC (cisplatin-based combination), non-standard of care NAC, and upfront cystectomy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess social, demographic and clinical correlates of each treatment category. Survival analyses were performed to compare propensity matched treatment groups. RESULTS In total, 6214 patients were identified with a median follow-up of 21 [IQR 7-54] months. NAC utilization increased from 10.7% to 39.1%, between 2004 and 2015, largely due to increased use of standard of care regimens. The most commonly used nonstandard regimen was gemcitabine/carboplatin (50.2%). Older age, Hispanic and Black race, lower socioeconomic status, and contraindications to cisplatin were associated with increased odds of receiving nonstandard of care NAC compared to standard of care. Standard of care NAC was associated with improved overall survival HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.76, 0.94) and HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.63, 0.89) compared to both upfront cystectomy and nonstandard of care NAC, respectively. CONCLUSION NAC utilization has increased to nearly 40%; however, the use of non-standard of care NAC regimen have persisted (~8%). Cisplatin-ineligibility, older age, race/ethnicity, and lower socioeconomic status were correlated with nonstandard of care NAC, which provided no clinical benefit at the risk of potential harm. In accordance with current clinical guidelines, cisplatin-ineligible patients should be considered for timely upfront cystectomy or novel clinical trials.
Pavement Distress and Debris Detection using a Mobile Mapping System with 2D Profiler LiDAR

Regular pavement monitoring over highways and airport runways is vital for public agencies to ensure the safe riding of vehicles and aircrafts. Highways are mostly subject to cracking and potholes ...