cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological Type, Decision-Making Style, and Reactions to Structured Career Interventions.

The authors investigated the reactions of 50 career undecided women to a structured career intervention that identified barriers to career decision making, led participants through a systematic consideration of their vocational interests, and helped them formulate provisional college major and occupational choices. At follow up (3 weeks after the intervention), women whose primary focus was on inner experiencing and ideas (i.e., introversion) and those who used a rational decision-making style reported greater benefits from the intervention than women who (a) emphasized flexibility and spontaneity in dealing with the outerworld (i.e., perceiving), (b) used a dependent or intuitive decision-making style, or (c) who used an external information processing style.
End-pumped 1.5 μm monoblock laser for broad temperature operation

We describe a next-generation monoblock laser capable of a greater than 10 mJ, 1.5 μm output at 10 pulses/s (pps) over broad ambient temperature extremes with no active temperature control. The transmitter design is based on a Nd:YAG laser with a Cr4+passive Q switch and intracavity potassium titanyl phosphate optical parametric oscillator. To achieve the repetition rate and efficiency goals of this effort, but still have wide temperature capability, the Nd:YAG slab is end pumped with a 12-bar stack of 100 W (each) diode bars. Different techniques for focusing the pump radiation into the 4.25 mm×4.25 mm end of the slab are compared, including a lensed design, a reflective concentrator, and a lens duct. A wide temperature operation (−20 °C to 50 °C) for each end-pumped configuration is demonstrated.
Pharmacokinetics of UH and LMWH are similar with respect to antithrombin activity.

Abstract Background The ability to administer low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) subcutaneously without laboratory monitoring contributes to their popularity for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin, although less expensive, is deemed to require routine laboratory monitoring on the basis of more variability in drug effect compared to LMWH. However, the more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles of low molecular weight heparins are largely based on anti-Xa activity, while antithrombin activity may be at least as important to their mechanisms of action. Methods We performed a clinical pharmacokinetic trial to compare the variability in peak antithrombin effect between subcutaneous unfractionated heparin and various LMWHs, all given in recommended weight-adjusted treatment doses. Sixty-one patients enrolled in a warfarin clinic were randomized to receive one of four different weight-adjusted subcutaneous heparin doses: unfractionated heparin, 250 units/kg ( n =15); tinzaparin, 175 units/kg ( n =15); dalteparin, 200 units/kg ( n =15); or enoxaparin, 1 mg/kg ( n =16). The areas under the curves of antithrombin levels during the first 3 h after administration were determined for each patient, and the coefficients of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals of the AUCs were compared among the treatment groups. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the coefficients of variation of antithrombin effect between unfractionated heparin (52.8, 95% CI: 32.6–72.9) and enoxaparin (56.5, 95% CI: 35.7–77.4) or dalteparin (43.5, 95% CI 25.4–61.6). Tinzaparin had statistically significant decrease in coefficients of variation (21.6, 95% CI: 12.2–30.9) relative to unfractionated heparin, dalteparin and enoxaparin. Conclusions LMWHs, as a class of drugs, are no more predictable in antithrombin effect after subcutaneous injection than unfractionated heparin. There were considerable differences among LMWHs in the observed variability of antithrombin effects, with tinzaparin being somewhat more predictable than the other drugs tested.
Social Interaction in Creation and Criticism in the Fine Arts

(1952). Social Interaction in Creation and Criticism in the Fine Arts. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 73-89.
Whole-chest 64-MDCT of emergency department patients with nonspecific chest pain: Radiation dose and coronary artery image quality with prospective ECG triggering versus retrospective ECG gating.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the patient radiation dose and coronary artery image quality of long-z-axis whole-chest 64-MDCT performed with retrospective ECG gating with those of CT performed with prospective ECG triggering in the evaluation of emergency department patients with nonspecific chest pain.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Consecutively registered emergency department patients with nonspecific low-to-moderate-risk chest pain underwent whole-chest CT with retrospective gating (n = 41) or prospective triggering (n = 31). Effective patient radiation doses were estimated and compared by use of unpaired Student's t tests. Two reviewers independently scored the quality of images of the coronary arteries, and the scores were compared by use of ordinal logistic regression.RESULTS. Age, heart rate, body mass index, and z-axis coverage were not statistically different between the two groups. For retrospective gating, the mean effective radiation dose was 31.8 ± 5.1 mSv; for prospective trigge...
The Energy-Water Nexus: potential groundwater-quality degradation associated with production of shale gas

Abstract Oil and natural gas have been the main sources of primary energy in the USA, providing 63% of the total energy consumption in 2011. Petroleum production, drilling operations, and improperly sealed abandoned wells have caused significant local groundwater contamination in many states, including at the USGS OSPER sites in Oklahoma. The potential for groundwater contamination is higher when producing natural gas and oil from unconventional sources of energy, including shale and tight sandstones. These reservoirs require horizontally-completed wells and massive hydraulic fracturing that injects large volumes (up to 50,000 m 3 /well) of high-pressured water with added proppant, and toxic organic and inorganic chemicals. Recent results show that flow back and produced waters from Haynesville (Texas) and Marcellus (Pennsylvania) Shale have high salinities (≥200,000 mg/L TDS) and high NORMs (up to 10,000 picocuries/L) concentrations. A major research effort is needed worldwide to minimize all potential environmental impacts, especially groundwater contamination and induced seismicity, when producing these extremely important new sources of energy.
Sliding phases: From DNA-lipid complexes to smectic metals

Materials consisting of a stack of “two-dimensional” layers that exhibit 2D power-law order in the absence of coupling between layers include systems as diverse as layered magnets, DNA-lipid complexes, and coupled Luttinger liquids. It is common belief that these systems exhibit ”three-dimensional” order whenever there is a nonvanishing interlayer coupling. However, with appropriately chosen interlayer gradient couplings between layers, they can exhibit unusual equilibrium “Sliding Phases” characterized by 2D-like power-law correlations. After reviewing the various types of sliding phases that can occur, this paper will discuss in detail the properties of the simplest sliding phases, the sliding xy phases in three-dimensional stacks of planar xy models.
Mercerization of cellulose. III. Changes in crystallite sizes

When cellulose is mercerized slowly, the initial conversion is from the cellulose I crystal structure to that of Na–cellulose I. The conversion is a crystal-to-crystal phase transformation, without passage through an amorphous state. The analysis of crystallite sizes of cellulose I and Na-cellulose I during this transformation has shown that the process takes place in two steps. The first is a rapid step, occurring in approximately 1/7 (or less) of the total conversion time, resulting in a conversion ratio of ca. 65%. The measured crystallite sizes of both cellulose I and Na–cellulose I remain constant during this stage, at ∼ 62 and ∼ 35 A, respectively. In the following slow step, complete conversion to Na–cellulose I takes place, and the crystallite size of cellulose I decreases steadily until disappearance. The crystallite size of Na–cellulose I increases steadily at the same time, to a final value of ∼ 50 A. Simultaneously, the unit cell parameters of cellulose I change significantly. The observation of a two-step conversion is consistent with a proposed mercerization mechanism in which the conversion is assumed to begin in the amorphous phase of the cellulose fiber.
Political Discourses at the End of Sophokles' Philoktetes

Abstract Sophokles9 Philoktetes is a response to the oligarchic takeover and restoration of democracy in Athens in 411––10 BC. The play explores the grounds, strengths, and weaknesses of democratic discourse, and measures it against alternatives. The final agon between Neoptolemos and Philoktetes defines a model of legitimate persuasion ( logos ) that can replace Odysseus9 sophistic and oligarchic modes of interacting with others. The deus ex machina , in turn, brings in an authoritative aristocratic discourse ( muthos ) that is superior even to democratic deliberation.
Intraoperative Acute Tissue Expansion Revisited: A Valuable Tool for Challenging Skin Defects

Background. The efficacy of acute tissue expansion (ATE) in achieving skin closure has been strongly debated. Proponents maintain that ATE is efficacious, whereas critics have argued for lack of supporting scientific data and that ATE is no more effective than skin undermining in closure of surface defects. Objective. To compare and actually quantify gain in skin length after extensive undermining of skin edges alone or in combination with ATE in skin defects. Methods. Twenty-one consecutive patients undergoing excision and closure of wounds in certain anatomical areas where primary closure is difficult were studied. Actual measurements of the undermined skin before and after ATE were recorded. Immediate problems and long-term follow-up data were analyzed. Results. ATE, in addition to undermining, provides 1:1.61 ± 0.23 more skin on each margin than undermining used alone. It is effective, easy to perform, inexpensive, and reproducible, with clearly quantifiable increments of skin stretch. Long-term morbidity is minimal with excellent cosmetic results. Conclusion. ATE provides a useful tool for closure of skin defects that are resistant to simple primary closure even when deeply undermined. It is simple and easily performed in an office setting without much preparation or special equipment.
Dermatoses gestacionais: a propósito de um caso clínico

Background: Dermatoses of pregnancy are skin diseases that arise in pregnant or postpartum women. These entities differ in their clinical manifestations and in their course, prognosis and treatment. It is necessary to diagnose them for appropriate management. The aim of this report is to describe a case of pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of correct identification and management for the well-being of the mother and the fetus. Case description: The patient is a 17 year-old single primagravid female, of Rom origin, who was previously well. She presented to a pediatric emergency room complaining of generalized erythema and pruritus at 37 weeks. The pregnancy was uneventful until the 36th week, when she noted the gradual appearance of a generalized and itchy maculopapular rash. She was admitted to the department of obstetrics, for fetal monitoring, investigation and symptomatic treatment. Ten days later she gave birth to a healthy baby at 38 weeks gestational age. Less than 24 hours postpartum, the skin lesions and itching had almost completely resolved. Commentary: This case report emphasizes the importance of the diagnosis and timely management of pregnant and postpartum women with skin lesions. Dermatoses of pregnancy are uncommon and may appear in healthy women without known risk factors.
Assessing the Welfare State: The Politics of Happiness

overall quality of human life. We attempt such an appraisal, using the extent to which individuals find their lives to be satisfying as an evaluative metric. Considering national rates of satisfaction in the industrial democracies from the 1 970s to the present, we find that citizens find life more rewarding as the generosity of the welfare state increases, net of economic or cultural conditions. The implications for social policy are discussed. D oes the welfare state make the world a better place? The impassioned argument this question has evoked is easily understood: by attempting to mar ginalize the market "as the chief determinant of peoples' life chances," 1 the welfare state is nothing less than an attempt to alter fundamentally the means by which human well-being has been produced and distributed since the end of feudalism. Public welfare programs thus give tan gible expression to the normative contention that it should be one's status as a citizen, rather than one's class position or one's income, which guides the distribution of well
Adapting to new threats: the generation of memory by CRISPR-Cas immune systems

Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci and their associated genes (cas) confer bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against phages and other invading genetic elements. A fundamental requirement of any immune system is the ability to build a memory of past infections in order to deal more efficiently with recurrent infections. The adaptive feature of CRISPR-Cas immune systems relies on their ability to memorize DNA sequences of invading molecules and integrate them in between the repetitive sequences of the CRISPR array in the form of 'spacers'. The transcription of a spacer generates a small antisense RNA that is used by RNA-guided Cas nucleases to cleave the invading nucleic acid in order to protect the cell from infection. The acquisition of new spacers allows the CRISPR-Cas immune system to rapidly adapt against new threats and is therefore termed 'adaptation'. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the genetic requirements for adaptation and have demonstrated that rather than being a stochastic process, the selection of new spacers is influenced by several factors. We review here our current knowledge of the CRISPR adaptation mechanism.
Acoustic microscopy measurement of elastic constants and mass density

A method is presented to determine the elastic constants and the mass density of isotropic and anisotropic solids and anisotropic thin films. The velocity and attenuation of leaky surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been obtained for specified propagation directions from V(z) curves measured by line-focus acoustic microscopy (LFAM). The experimentally obtained velocities have been compared to velocities obtained from a measurement model for the V(z) curve which simulates the experiment. Since the measured and simulated V(z) curves have the same systemic errors, the material constants are free of such errors. For an isotropic solid, Young's modulus E, the shear modulus G and the mass density /spl rho/ have been determined from the leaky Rayleigh wave velocity and attenuation, measured by LFAM, and a longitudinal wave velocity measured by a pulse-echo transit-time technique. For a cubic-crystalline solid, the ratios of the elastic constants to the mass density (c/sub 11///spl rho/, c/sub 12///spl rho/, c/sub 44///spl rho/) have been determined from the directional variation of measured SAW velocities, using a preliminary estimate of /spl rho/. The mass density /spl rho/ has subsequently been determined by additionally using the attenuation of leaky SAWs in crystal symmetry directions. For a cubic-crystalline thin film deposited on a substrate, the elastic constants and the mass density (c/sub 11/, c/sub 12/, c/sub 44/, /spl rho/) of the film have been determined from the directional variation of the measured SAW velocities, and a comparison of the corresponding attenuation coefficient with the measured attenuation coefficient has been used to verify the results. >
Determinants of economic growth in China: Private enterprise, education, and openness

This essay investigates the source of cross-provincial variations of economic growth in China. A statistical analysis of data on 29 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions from 1978 through 1989 confirms the findings in the literature of empirical studies of economic growth based upon cross-country empirical analyses, and uncovers some characteristics unique to China. We find that private and semi-private enterprises, higher education and international trade all lead to an increase in economic growth in China. We also find that high fertility, high inflation, and the presence of state-owned enterprises (SOE) reduce growth rates among the provinces. Finally, our evidence indicates that the convergence hypothesis holds in China. D 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Economic and policy analysis for solar PV systems in Indiana

In recent years, the energy market in the US and globally is expanding the production of renewable energy. Solar energy for electricity is also expanding in the US. Indiana is one of the states expanding solar energy with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Therefore, we conduct benefit cost analysis with several uncertain input variables to determine the economics of adopting solar PV systems in Indiana based on policy instruments that could increase adoption of solar PV systems. The specific objectives are analyses of the cost distribution of solar PV systems compared with grid electricity in homes and estimating the probability that solar can be cheaper than electricity from grids under different policy combinations. We first do the analysis under current policy and then the analysis under potential policy options for a variety of scenarios. Also, the results inform government policy makers on how effective the alternative policies for encouraging solar PV systems are. The results show that current policies are important in reducing the cost of solar PV systems. However, with current policies, there is only 50–50 chance of solar being cheaper than electricity from grids. If potential policies are implemented, solar PV systems can be more economical than grid electricity.
Towards the Development of an Evolutionarily Valid Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale:

From an evolutionary perspective, human risk-taking behaviors should be viewed in relation to evolutionarily recurrent survival and reproductive problems. In response to recent calls for domain-specific measures of risk-taking, we emphasize the need of evolutionarily valid domains. We report on two studies designed to validate a scale of risky behaviors in domains selected from research and theory in evolutionary psychology and biology, corresponding to reoccurring challenges in the ancestral environment. Behaviors were framed in situations which people would have some chance of encountering in modern times. We identify five domains of risk-taking: between-group competition, within-group competition, mating and resource allocation for mate attraction, environmental risks, and fertility risks.
Embedded, Participatory Research: Creating a Grounded Theory with Teenagers

Objective – This project, based on a study of the impact of art programs in public libraries on the teenaged participants, sought to show how library practitioners can perform embedded, participatory research by adding participants to their research team. Embedded participatory techniques, when paired with grounded theory methods, build testable theories from the ground up, based on the real experiences of those involved, including the librarian. This method offers practical solutions for other librarians while furthering a theoretical research agenda. Methods – This example of embedded, participatory techniques used grounded theory methods based on the experiences of teens who participated in art programs at a public library. Fourteen teens participated in interviews, and six of them assisted in coding, analyzing, and abstracting the data, and validating the resulting theory. Results – Employing the teenagers within the research team resulted in a teen-validated theory. The embedded techniques of the practitioner-researcher resulted in a theory that can be applied to practice. Conclusions – This research framework develops the body of literature based on real-world contexts and supports hands-on practitioners. It also provides evidence-based theory for funding agencies and assessment. In addition, practitioner-based research that incorporates teens as research partners activates teens’ voices. It gives them a venue to speak for themselves with support from an interested and often advocacy-minded adult.
Altering Rainfall Timing and Quantity in a Mesic Grassland Ecosystem: Design and Performance of Rainfall Manipulation Shelters

Global climate change is predicted to alter growing season rainfall patterns, potentially reducing total amounts of growing season precipitation and redistributing rainfall into fewer but larger individual events. Such changes may affect numerous soil, plant, and ecosystem properties in grasslands and ultimately impact their productivity and biological diversity. Rainout shelters are useful tools for experimental manipulations of rainfall patterns, and permanent fixed-location shelters were established in 1997 to conduct the Rainfall Manipulation Plot study in a mesic tallgrass prairie ecosystem in northeastern Kansas. Twelv e9x1 4 ‐mfixed-location rainfall manipulation shelters were constructed to impose factorial combinations of 30% reduced rainfall quantity and 50% greater interrainfall dry periods o n6x6 ‐mplots, to examine how altered rainfall regimes may affect plant species composition, nutrient cycling, and above- and belowground plant growth dynamics. The shelters provided complete control of growing season rainfall patterns, whereas effects on photosynthetic photon flux density, nighttime net radiation, and soil temperature generally were comparable to other similar shelter designs. Soil and plant responses to the first growing season of rainfall manipulations (1998) suggested that the interval between rainfall events may be a primary driver in grassland ecosystem responses to altered rainfall patterns. Aboveground net primary productivity, soil CO2 flux, and flowering duration were reduced by the increased interrainfall intervals and were mostly unaffected by reduced rainfall quantity. The timing of rainfall events and resulting temporal patterns of soil moisture relative to critical times for microbial activity, biomass accumulation, plant life histories, and other ecological properties may regulate longerterm responses to altered rainfall patterns.
A New Lower Permian Bristletail from the Wellington Formation in Kansas (Archaeognatha: Dasyleptidae)

A second species of dasyleptid bristletail (Archaeognatha: Dasyleptidae) is described and figured from the Lower Permian Wellington Formation of Kansas. Dasyleptus artinskianus Engel, new species, is distinguished from other dasyleptids and a key to the species of the genus is provided.
Amygdala and fusiform gyrus temporal dynamics: responses to negative facial expressions.

The amygdala habituates in response to repeated human facial expressions; however, it is unclear whether this brain region habituates to schematic faces (i.e., simple line drawings or caricatures of faces). Using an fMRI block design, 16 healthy participants passively viewed repeated presentations of schematic and human neutral and negative facial expressions. Percent signal changes within anatomic regions-of-interest (amygdala and fusiform gyrus) were calculated to examine the temporal dynamics of neural response and any response differences based on face type. The amygdala and fusiform gyrus had a within-run "U" response pattern of activity to facial expression blocks. The initial block within each run elicited the greatest activation (relative to baseline) and the final block elicited greater activation than the preceding block. No significant differences between schematic and human faces were detected in the amygdala or fusiform gyrus. The "U" pattern of response in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus to facial expressions suggests an initial orienting, habituation, and activation recovery in these regions. Furthermore, this study is the first to directly compare brain responses to schematic and human facial expressions, and the similarity in brain responses suggest that schematic faces may be useful in studying amygdala activation.
SICK, COLD OR HUNGRY? TAKE YOUR PICK

![Figure][1] Maintaining adequate immune function can be quite a challenge for birds during winter. The cold season demands extra energy for thermoregulation while food supply is often reduced. Such times of environmental stress may suppress energy-demanding immune responses, increasing the
Video microscopy of fast axonal transport in extruded axoplasm: A new model for study of molecular mechanisms

The development of AVEC-DIC microscopy and the application of this method to the study of fast axonal transport in isolated axoplasm extruded from the giant axon of the squid Loligo pealei provides a new paradigm for analyzing the intracellular transport of membranous organelles. The size of the axon, the number of transported particles, and the absence of permeability barriers like the plasma membrane in this preparation permit many experiments that are difficult or impossible to perform using other model systems. The use and features of this preparation are described in detail and a number of properties are evaluated for the first time. The process of extrusion is characterized. Particle movement is evaluated both in the interior of extruded axoplasm and along individual fibrils that extend from the periphery of perfused axoplasm. The role of divalent cations, particularly Ca2+, and the effects of elevated Ca2+ on axoplasmic organization and transport are analyzed. A series of pharmacological agents and polypeptides that alter cytoskeletal organization are used to examine the role of microfilaments and microtubules in fast transport. Finally, the effects of depleting ATP and of adding ATP analogues are discussed. The extruded axoplasm preparation is shown to be an invaluable model system for biochemical and pharmacological analyses of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport.
Can History and Physical Examination Reliably Diagnose Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome? A Systematic Review of the Literature:

Objective Using an evidence-based technique, systematically review the literature to evaluate the accuracy of routine clinical history and physical examination in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in the pediatric patient. Study design and setting The biomedical literature was systematically reviewed. Articles comparing the results of clinical evaluation to polysomnography (PSG) were selected. The level of evidence was assessed using established evidence-based medicine (EBM) guidelines. Results Twelve articles were identified using the search criteria. Eleven of 12 articles concluded that clinical evaluation is inaccurate in the diagnosis of OSAHS. The level of evidence was good to very good (Grade B/B+). Conclusion/significance Clinical history and physical examination are not reliable for diagnosing OSAHS compared with overnight PSG. Complicating the interpretation of this work is the lack of a validated PSG threshold of clinically significant disease. There is an urgent need for the development of adequate screening tests with validated clinical outcomes. EBM rating: B-3.
Sex-based Biology and the Rational Design of Influenza Vaccination Strategies

Biological (ie, sex) differences as well as cultural (ie, gender) norms influence the acceptance and efficacy of vaccines for males and females. These differences are often overlooked in the design and implementation of vaccination strategies. Using seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, we document profound differences between the sexes in the acceptance, correlates of protection, and adverse reactions following vaccination in both young and older adults. Females develop higher antibody responses, experience more adverse reactions to influenza vaccines, and show greater vaccine efficacy than males. Despite greater vaccine efficacy in females, both young and older females are often less likely to accept influenza vaccines than their male counterparts. Identification of the biological mechanisms, including the hormones and genes, that underlie differential responses to vaccination is necessary. We propose that vaccines should be matched to an individual's biological sex, which could involve systematically tailoring diverse types of FDA-approved influenza vaccines separately for males and females. One goal for vaccines designed to protect against influenza and even other infectious diseases should be to increase the correlates of protection in males and reduce adverse reactions in females in an effort to increase acceptance and vaccine-induced protection in both sexes.
Forecasting Late Blight in Potato Crops of Southern Idaho Using Logistic Regression Analysis

Henderson, D., Williams, C. J., and Miller, J. S. 2007. Forecasting late blight in potato crops of southern Idaho using logistic regression analysis. Plant Dis. 91:951-956. Previously published late blight forecasts which predict the threat of disease based on the presence or absence of favorable weather have not been effective in semi-arid potato-producing areas of the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington). Research was conducted to identify weather variables useful for forecasting late blight in southern Idaho. The objectives of this research were to (i) determine if regional weather variables could be related to the occurrence of late blight in southern Idaho, (ii) determine if disease severity (scale of 0 to 4) could be predicted using variables found to be correlated with the annual occurrence of late blight, and (iii) validate the efficacy of this model in predicting disease incidence in regions of the Columbia Basin. Weather data were collected from five locations over a 9-year period (1995 to 2003). A binary logistic regression model (0 = no disease and 1 = disease) indicated that the number of hours with favorable conditions (10oC ≤ temperature ≤ 27oC, relative humidity ≥ 80%) in April and May (HF80m) was a significant disease predictor. Logistic regression analysis using an ordinal disease scale (0 = no disease and 4 = severe disease) indicated amount of precipitation (APj) and favorable hours (HF80j) with extended periods from April to June as significant disease predictors. The binary model predicted disease occurrence more accurately, with 67.5% accuracy (27/40 years correctly predicted), 75% sensitivity (12/16 late-blight years predicted), and 62.5% specificity (15/24 non-late-blight years predicted) using a leave-1-year-out error estimate. The binary model was validated with data (1995 to 2003) from the semi-arid Columbia Basin regions, predicting disease with 80.8% accuracy (21/26 years predicted), 84% sensitivity (21/25 outbreak years predicted), and 0% specificity (0/1 non-outbreak years predicted).
Optimal Control of Thermally Coupled Navier-Stokes Equations

The optimal boundary temperature control of the stationary thermally coupled incompressible Navier- Stokes equation is considered. Well-posedness and existence of the optimal control and a necessary optimality condition are obtained. Optimization algorithms based on the augmented Lagrangian method with second order update are discussed. A test example motivated by control of transport process in the high pressure vapor transport (HPVT) reactor is presented to demonstrate the applicability of our theoretical results and proposed algorithm.
Assessment of Factors Impacting Success for Incoming College Engineering Students in a Summer Bridge Program.

A summer bridge program for incoming engineering and computer science freshmen has been used at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee from 2007 to 2010. The primary purpose of this program has been to improve the mathematics course placement for incoming students who initially place into a course below Calculus I on the math placement examination. The students retake the university's math placement examination after completing the bridge program to determine if they then place into a higher-level mathematics course. If the students improve their math placement, the program is considered successful for that student. The math portion of the bridge program is designed around using the ALEKS software package for targeted, self-guided learning. In the 2007 and 2008 versions of the program, both an on-line version and an on-campus version with additional instruction were offered. In 2009 and 2010, the program was exclusively in an on-campus format, and also featured a required residential component and additional engineering activities for the students. From the results of these four programs, we are able to evaluate the success of the program in its different formats. In addition, data has been collected and analysed regarding the impact of other factors on the program's success. The factors include student preparation before the beginning of the program (as measured by math ACT scores) and the amount of time the student spent working on the material during the program. Better math preparation and the amount of time spent on the program were found to be good indicators of success. Furthermore, the on-campus version of the program is more effective than the on-line version.
Innateness, Learning, and Rationality

— J. P. Spencer et al. (2009) ask readers to reject the nativist–empiricist dialogue and adopt a new theoretical perspective on cognition, focusing on “developmental process.” This commentary argues that the dialogue between nativism and empiricism is a rich source of insight into the nature and development of human knowledge. Indeed, the dialogue is entering a new and exciting phase, in which new methods of controlled rearing and of cognitive neuroscience, and new conceptual tools for understanding learning, allow exploration of how human concepts emerge through the interaction of innate cognitive structures shaped by natural selection, with statistical learning processes shaped by specific encounters with the world. This approach fosters new, interdisciplinary research that promises to increase dramatically understanding of human knowledge.
The resurgence of Coulter counting for analyzing nanoscale objects

This review discusses recent advances in the science and technology of Coulter counting. The Coulter counting principle has been used to determine the size, concentration, and in favorable cases the surface charge, of nanometer-scale colloidal particles, viruses, DNA and other polymers, and metal ions. A resurgence of interest in the field of Coulter counting is occurring because of the advent of new technologies that permit fabrication of membranes containing single, robust, and chemically well-defined channels having smaller and more uniform sizes than could be prepared in the past. These channels are prepared from biological materials, such as self-assembling membrane proteins, and from synthetic materials such as polymers, carbon nanotubes, and silicon-based inorganic materials. In addition to particle characterization, there have been a few recent examples of using Coulter counters to study chemical processes, such as the dehybridization of DNA.
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a Luneburg lens I Ray theory

For a plane wave incident on either a Luneburg lens or a modified Luneburg lens, the magnitude and phase of the transmitted electric field are calculated as a function of the scattering angle in the context of ray theory. It is found that the ray trajectory and the scattered intensity are not uniformly convergent in the vicinity of edge ray incidence on a Luneburg lens, which corresponds to the semiclassical phenomenon of orbiting. In addition, it is found that rays transmitted through a large-focal-length modified Luneburg lens participate in a far-zone rainbow, the details of which are exactly analytically soluble in ray theory. Using these results, the Airy theory of the modified Luneburg lens is derived and compared with the Airy theory of the rainbows of a homogeneous sphere.
A Fluid-Injection-Triggered Earthquake Sequence in Ashtabula, Ohio: Implications for Seismogenesis in Stable Continental Regions

A persistent earthquake sequence in northeast Ohio includes many distinct fore-main-aftershock subsequences, illuminates two faults, and was triggered by fluid injection. The first known earthquake from within 30 km of Ashtabula was an M blg 3.8 mainshock that shook the downtown area in 1987. Seismicity has continued at an average of about one felt event per year. The largest magnitude so far, M blg 4.3, caused slight damage (modified Mercalli intensity VI) on 26 January 2001. The latest subsequence started in July 2003 with an M blg 2.6 event. Accurate hypocenters and focal mechanisms are available from three local seismograph deployments in 1987, 2001, 2003 and from regional broadband seismograms. These hypocenters are in the Precambrian basement, 0-2 km below the 1.8-km-deep Paleozoic unconformity, and illuminate two distinct planar east-west-striking sources zones 4 km apart, one in 1987 about 1.5 km long, the other in 2001 and 2003 about 5 km long. We interpret them as steep subparallel faults slipping left laterally in the current regime. Like many of the faults that ruptured in hazardous stable continental region (SCR) earthquakes, these faults were previously unknown and probably have small post-Precambrian displacements. The 1987 source was active a year after onset of class 1 fluid injection only 0.7 km north of the fault. The second fault, 5 km south of the injection well, became active in 2000, while the 1987 source was inactive. The well injected about 164 m 3 /day of waste fluid into the 1.8-km-deep basal sandstone with about 100 bars of wellhead pressure from May 1986 to June 1994. An annular high pore-pressure anomaly is expected to expand along this hydraulically confined horizon at the top of the basement, even after injection ends and pressure drops near the well. Over 16 years, seismicity has shifted southward from ≤1 to 5-8 km from the point of injection. It seems to initiate when and where a significant pore-pressure rise intersects pre-existing faults close to failure and to be turned off when pressure starts dropping back. The largest earthquakes postdated the end of injection at both Ashtabula and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado. Anthropogenic earthquake hazard may thus persist after the causative activity has ceased but can generally be closely monitored. High-stress and low-strain rates in SCRs can account for a larger proportion of triggered earthquakes in the eastern United States and other SCRs than in active regions.
Segmental branch renal artery stenosis diagnosed with captopril renography.

'aptopril renography has been found useful for the noninvasive diagnosis of renin-dependent renovascular hypertension. Most reports to date have described captopril-induced unilateral or bilateral deterioration in renal function with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with main renal artery stenosis. There have been a few case reports describing the use of captopril renography to diagnose stenosis of an accessory renal artery when multiple renal arteries are present. This case report describes captopril-induced segmental dysfunction
Batracylin, 8-aminoisoindolo [1,2-b]quinazolin-10(12H)-one (NSC 320846), a dual inhibitor of DNA topoisomerases I and II: molecular mechanisms and γ-H2AX as a biomarker of DNA damage.

A172 Batracylin (8-aminoisoindolo [1,2-b]quinazolin-10(12H)-one; NSC320846) is an investigational clinical anticancer agent. Previous animal studies demonstrated activity against solid tumors and adriamycin-resistant leukemia. We initially sought to test the proposed topoisomerase Top2-mediated DNA cleavage activity of batracylin and identify potential biomarkers for activity. COMPARE analysis in the NCI-60 cell lines showed batracylin activity to be most closely related to the class of Top2-targeting agents. The GI50 value for batracylin in HT29 colon carcinoma cells was 10 μM. DNA-protein cross-links, consistent with Top2-targeting, were measured by alkaline elution. DNA single-strand breaks were also detected and found to be protein-associated. However, only a weak induction of DNA double-strand breaks was observed. Because batracylin induced almost exclusively DNA single-strand breaks, we tested batracylin as a Top1 inhibitor. Batracylin exhibited both Top1 and Top2α/β-mediated DNA cleavage in vitro and in cells. The phosphorylation of histone (γ-H2AX) was tested to measure the extent of DNA damage. Kinetics of γ-H2AX ‘foci’ showed early activation with low μM concentrations, thus presenting a useful early biomarker of DNA damage. The half-life of γ-H2AX signal reversal after drug removal was consistent with reversal of DNA-protein cross-links. The persistence of the DNA-protein complexes induced by batracylin was markedly longer than by etoposide or camptothecin. The phosphorylated DNA damage-responsive kinase, ATM, was also found activated at sites of γ-H2AX. The cell cycle checkpoint kinase, Chk2, was only weakly phosphorylated. Thus, batracylin is a dual Top1 and Top2 inhibitor and γ-H2AX could be considered a biomarker in the upcoming clinical trials.
Forest soil carbon and nitrogen cycles under biomass harvest: Stability, transient response, and feedback

Abstract Biomass harvest generates an imbalance in forest carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and the nonlinear biogeochemical responses may have long-term consequences for soil fertility and sustainable management. We analyze these dynamics and characterize the impact of biomass harvest and N fertilization on soil biogeochemistry and ecosystem yield with an ecosystem model of intermediate complexity that couples plant and soil C and N cycles. Two harvest schemes are modeled: continuous harvest at low intensity and periodic clear-cut harvest. Continuously-harvested systems sustain N harvest at steady-state under net mineralization conditions, which depends on the C:N ratio and respiration rate of decomposers. Further, linear stability analysis reveals steady-state harvest regimes are associated with stable foci, indicating oscillations in C and N pools that decay with time after harvest. Modeled ecosystems under periodic clear-cut harvest operate in a limit-cycle with net mineralization on average. However, when N limitation is strong, soil C–N cycling switches between net immobilization and net mineralization through time. The model predicts an optimal rotation length associated with a maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and minimum external N losses. Through non-linear plant–soil feedbacks triggered by harvest, strong N limitation promotes short periods of immobilization and mineral N retention, which alter the relation between MSY and N losses. Rotational systems use N more efficiently than continuous systems with equivalent biomass yield as immobilization protects mineral N from leaching losses. These results highlight dynamic soil C–N cycle responses to harvest strategy that influence a range of functional characteristics, including N retention, leaching, and biomass yield.
Artificial Dissemination and Epizootic Initiation of Nomuraea rileyi, an Entomogenous Fungus of Lepidopterous Pests of Soybeans

Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson was distributed in in the form of pieces of dead, infected larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), among soybeans, Glycine max (L.), in North Carolina. One application of the fungus was made in each of 3 tests. In the 1st test, treatment significantly lowered populations of the larave of the green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), and corn earworm, H. zea (Boddie). There also were significantly more fungus-killed larvae and less pod damage to the soybeans in plots treated with N. rileyi . Results of the 2nd test, begun 14 days after the 1st, were generally similar to those of the first. However, significant differences were found on only a few of the subsequent sampling dates. Lower population levels of corn earworm larvae in the treated plot resulted in significantly less pod feeding damage. The 3rd test was initiated when a natural epizootic was developing. As a result, there were few differences between treated and untreated plots in the host of pathogen population levels. Results demonstrated that an epizootic can be initiated artificially by applying N. rileyi prior to the time when natural epizootics normally occur.
The fermentation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria

1. A thermophilic organism which destroys cellulose at 65° C. has been isolated in pure culture.2. The organism is motile, gram negative, forms spores in the swollen end, stains well with carbol fuchsin, poorly with methylene blue.3. After growth on media without cellulose the organism is unable to ferment cellulose.4. The range of fermentation is from 43° C. to 65° C. The organism lives at 38° C. and 72° C. but does not ferment at these temperatures.5. The spores are very resistant to heat and withstand 115° C. for 35 minutes.6. Heating the spores to 100° C. for 5 to 10 minutes causes an increased rate of germination.7. Carbohydrates fermented: cellulose, starch, raffinose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, mannose, galactose, fructose, glucose, xylose and arabinose.8. Organic nitrogen is necessary for the fermentation, and peptone is the best source.9. The products from cellulose are: acetic acid, small amounts of butyric acid, ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The amount of cellulose destroyed in a 1 to 5 per cent, suspension varies from 70 to 95 per cent. Of the cellulose destroyed, 50 to 55 per cent, is regained as acetic acid, 5 to 25 per cent. as ethyl alcohol and the rest as small amounts of butyric acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and pigment. The pigment is a fatty substance soluble in ether.
The Natural Course of Infantile Genu Varum-Roentgenologic Study

Children who had severe deformity of more than 203° of tibiofemoral angle or 14° of metaphyseal-diaphysial angle under two years of age showed residual tendency of genu varum over 3 years of age. Slight genu varum had remained in some cases of over 6 years of age.
Simplifying ignition delay prediction for homogeneous charge compression ignition engine design and control

Advanced combustion engine concepts, such as the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, rely on chemical kinetics for their proper operation. Accurate prediction and control of auto ignition time scales are therefore key issues. Real-time prediction and control of ignition using detailed chemical kinetic models is difficult due to the large size of such mechanisms that calls for high computational costs. Ignition models in the form of correlations can overcome these challenges, as long as they are able to predict the time scales that would be obtained using a detailed chemical kinetic model. In this work, a correlation approach based on detailed chemical models is used to simplify the determination of chemical time scales associated with kinetically controlled combustion events. Detailed combustion mechanisms for biodiesel surrogate (methyl decanoate), gasoline surrogates (isooctane/n-heptane/toluene), bio-alcohol (n-octanol) and ethanol/gasoline surrogate blends from the literature are used to g...