cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of cerebrospinal fluid findings in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Background Recently proposed cutoff criteria for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses might safely exclude a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Objective The objective of this study was to examine the sensitivity of a CSF red blood cell (RBC) count greater than 2000 × 10 6 /L (ie, 2000 RBCs per microliter) or the presence of visible CSF xanthochromia in identifying patients with aSAH. Methods We identified a retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with aSAH after lumbar puncture (LP) in an integrated health delivery system between January 2000 and June 2013 by chart review. All identified patients had at least 1 cerebral aneurysm that was treated with a neurosurgical or endovascular intervention during the index hospitalization. The lowest CSF RBC count was used for validation analysis. Cerebrospinal fluid color was determined by visual inspection. Xanthochromia was defined as pink, orange, or yellow pigmentation of CSF supernatant. Results Sixty-four patients met study inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 (33%) of 52 underwent LP within 12 hours of headache onset, and 49 (84%) of 58 exhibited CSF xanthochromia. The median CSF RBC count was 63250 × 10 6 /L. The sensitivity of a CSF RBC count of greater than 2000 × 10 6 /L in identifying aSAH was 96.9% (95% confidence interval, 89.3%-99.1%). Additional consideration of CSF xanthochromia resulted in a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval, 94.3%-100%). Conclusions All patients in this case series of patients with aSAH had either a CSF RBC count greater than 2000 × 10 6 /L or visible CSF xanthochromia, increasing the likelihood that this proposed cutoff strategy may safely identify patients who warrant further investigation for an aneurysmal cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Coordinated Search in Cluttered Environments Using Range from Multiple Robots

In this paper, we describe real-time methods for incorporating non-line-of-sight range measurements into a framework for finding a non-adversarial target in cluttered environments using multiple robotic searchers. We extend previous coordinated search strategies to utilize information from noisy non-line-of-sight range measurements. Sensors using ultra-wideband radio are becoming available that provide range measurements to targets even when they are occluded. We present two Bayesian methods for updating the expected location of a mobile target and integrating these updates into planning. We present simulated results in a complex museum environment as well as on mobile robots. Our results show the success of our algorithms at utilizing information from measurements in a coordinated search framework.
Thoracic endometriosis: a review and report of two cases.

Abstract There have been 17 reported cases of histologically proved thoracic endometriosis and 27 cases of probable thoracic endometriosis based upon repetitive symptoms associated with menstruation and response to suppression of ovarian function. Two additional cases of probable thoracic endometriosis are reported. Seventeen of these 46 patients also had proved pelvic endometriosis and four others had clinical evidence of pelvic disease. In the majority of cases there has been a delay in diagnosis accompanied by prolonged disability.
Chapter 2 Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang (1896–1959)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the recollections of the times and circumstances in which Kaj Linderstrom-Lang worked. The lasting influence of Lang's scientific work pervades a good deal of current biophysical science. The Science Citation Index lists about 250 references to his work in the past 10 years. Lang was a major originator of ideas in both the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of biochemistry. The setting for the career of Linderstrom-Lang was the chemistry division of the Carlsberg laboratory. A unique feature of the laboratory was the buffer rack introduced by Sorensen. On the wall was a large chart depicting the pH of buffer mixtures as a function of ratios of buffer components. Each of the reservoirs in the figure contained a CO 2 -free buffer component and was attached directly to a burette as output. With this setup, a buffer could be made up in a few minutes for any pH between 1 and 13 with an accuracy of ±0.01 units. Lang's publication list contains 154 papers in scientific journals.
Students' Perceptions of Instruction in Inclusion Classrooms: Implications for Students with Learning Disabilities

This synthesis includes 20 studies that investigated the perceptions of a total of 4,659 students in kindergarten through 12th grade (760 with high-incidence disabilities) of instructional procedures in general education classrooms that included students with high-incidence disabilities. Findings revealed that students with high-incidence disabilities want the same activities, books, homework, grading criteria, and grouping practices as their classmates. Their peers without disabilities agree, believing this is most fair. Yet everyone recognizes that not all students learn in the same way, or at the same speed. Students with and without disabilities value teachers who slow down instruction when needed explain concepts and assignments clearly, teach learning strategies, and teach the same material in different ways so that everyone can learn.
The person and philosophy of science and medicine

This article addresses three perspectives from which to view the person in personalized and person-centered medicine and psychiatry. The first considers the particular person’s body, with a focus on pharmacogenomic advances in understanding individual variation both in drug metabolism (e.g. CYP genotyping) as well as in dopamine and receptor polymorphisms. The second part of the talk considers the particular person’s ‘mind’—as a complex narrative of life plans, experiences, responses, and family and social contexts, and how philosophy has characterized and interpreted the person seeking psychiatric help. The article concludes with an exploration of how the first two perspectives can best be philosophically integrated for the whole particularized individual, and considers how the tools and resources of the World Psychiatric Association Institutional Program on Psychiatry for the Person (IPPP) might assist this integration.
Surviving the crash: Transitioning from effector to memory CD8+ T cell

Abstract One outcome of infection is the formation of long-lived immunological memory, which provides durable protection from symptomatic re-infection. In response to infection or vaccination, T cells undergo dramatic proliferation and differentiate into effector T cells that mediate removal of the pathogen. Following pathogen clearance, the majority of effector cells die, restoring lymphocyte homeostasis. However, a small number of antigen-specific cells survive and seed the memory T cell population. Here, we focus on recent advances in identifying the key proteins and transcription factors that allow a portion of effector CD8 + T cells to persist after contraction of the immune response, forming a memory cell population programmed for long-term self-renewal and survival. We also examine new findings addressing the role of environmental cues such as cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in CD8 + memory T cell formation and how the cell-extrinsic cues influence the molecular players of intracellular pathways important for memory formation.
Limits on the bitwise information density of spectral storage

Abstract We compute the mutual information between stored and retrieved signals in a spectral hole-burning optical memory. Under the assumption of bitwise data detection we evaluate the maximum achievable storage capacity and density that can be obtained for both time-domain and frequency-domain architectures. Noise arising from crosstalk in both the time- and frequency-domains is combined with the material shot noise to arrive at optimal system designs in terms of material volume and number of bits per spatial location. Time-domain results demonstrate the existence of an optimum data signal strength and the analogous frequency-domain results indicate an optimal hole depth. We find that realistic information storage densities of 40 bits/μm 3 are possible using typical material parameters.
CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AND REVELATION IN A CULTURE OF DISBELIEF

Abstract Christian religious education contributes to the formation of disciples in faith communities who are also citizens of public life. The basic episte‐mological impetus of Christian religious education originates in revelatory encounters with God, and is concerned with growth in the vision of the living God that leads to spiritual, moral, and social transformation.
Noncollinear intra-atomic magnetism

An intra-atomic noncollinear magnetization density has been calculated for the case of ferromagnetic fcc Pu, by means of a newly implemented general-local-spin-density-approximation method which treats the magnetization density as a continuous vector quantity. The presence of noncollinearity is a general effect, not specific to Pu, which is shown to rise due to the interplay of the local exchange and the spin-orbit coupling. The form of the noncollinear part of the magnetization density is very sensitive to the space group symmetry as is demonstrated by calculations with the average spin moment along [001] and [111], respectively.
Neonatal scrotal abscess: a differential diagnostic challenge for the acute scrotum.

One week after a Ladd procedure, a 21-day-old infant was noted to have an enlarging and tender left hemiscrotum (Fig. 1), with fever and elevated white blood cell count. Sonography (Fig. 2) demonstrated a heterogeneously echogenic and avascular mass occupying the hemiscrotum, with wall thickening (double-headed arrow) showing hyperemia (arrow). A normal testis was not seen, and the processus vaginalis was not patent. The spermatic cord was not twisted. The right testis was normal (arrowhead). Emergency exploration revealed a large amount of purulent material under pressure, which was drained. The testis was adherent to the scrotal wall and was viable, and the spermatic cord had no twist. Cultures demonstrated Bacteroides fragilis. Scrotal abscess is rare in the pediatric population. In most of the reported cases [1, 2], patients had recently undergone laparotomy or laparoscopy. The differential diagnosis includes missed torsion, testicular rupture from trauma, and neoplasm. In institutions where surgical
Cleavage of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes by carboxypeptidase A.

Summary The association of carboxypeptidase A with the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes results in the rapid removal of the carboxyl-terminal glycine residue from the inhibitor. At an equimolar concentration of inhibitor and enzyme, the half-time for hydrolysis is approximately thirty seconds at pH 7.5. The des-glycine inhibitor is fully active after dissociation from the complex. These data demonstrate that the cleaved inhibitor was the predominant species present in earlier chemical modification studies and in x-ray diffraction analyses. The uncleaved inhibitor binds to apocarboxypeptidase A but not to enzyme which has been treated with the affinity label N-bromoacetyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine. In contrast, cleaved inhibitor binds to both of these enzyme derivatives.
Institutions, information processing, and organization structure in research and development: evidence from the semiconductor industry

This paper examines some determinants of the choice between focused and distributed modes of organization in research and development (R&D). It argues that as organizations face mounting information-processing challenges, posed by complexity and uncertainty and inherent in innovation, they gravitate towards either a focused or distributed organizational form. The paper argues further that the institutional context within which organizations operate exerts an important influence on their choice between these forms. These themes are explored through a statistical analysis of programs to develop novel manufacturing processes in the global semiconductor industry. The results show that while Japanese organizations adhered to a distributed form of organization, US firms moved towards a more focused mode.
Rapid assay for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases

Abstract A rapid highly sensitive assay for cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase has been devised. After a 5-min incubation, cyclic AMP is readily resolved from 5′-AMP, adenosine, and inosine by ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography on 1.3 × 6.5-cm strips of PEI-cellulose for 7 to 8 min. This procedure combines the accuracy of the standard paper chromatography assay (1) with the speed of ion-exchange resin techniques (2), while surmounting some of the major drawbacks of the other two methods (3). Since chromatography on PEI-cellulose efficiently resolves cyclic GMP, 5′-GMP, and guanosine, this methodology has also been adapted to the measurement of cyclic GMP hydrolysis.
Emergency department visits for suicidality in three hospitals.

The purposes of this study were to describe suicidal persons who come to the emergency department (ED) and to examine the relationship between clinical and health service characteristics and decisions regarding post-ED care. Data were collected from three hospital EDs by means of a retrospective review of records. During the 1-month study period, 163 ED visits were for suicidal ideation ( f = 110) or behavior ( f = 53). The mean age of the patients was 36.5 years (range = 5–87 years); 51% were female patients. Clinical decisions about post-ED care tended to be cautious, regardless of a patient's level of suicidality, with 71% of patients either transferred for psychiatric evaluation or admitted to the psychiatric unit. Emergency department staff tended to be slightly more conservative than mental health professionals, but the difference in their decisions about disposition was not significant.
Tumor cell-platelet interactions in vitro and their relationship to in vivo arrest of hematogenously circulating tumor cells

Aggregation of rat platelets was induced in vitro by homologous rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells and the extent of tumor cell-platelet interactions examined ultrastructurally. By 30s there was surface contact between unstimulated platelets and tumor cell microvilli. By midphase aggregation (2–3 min) tumor cells became enmeshed within expanding platelet aggregates. Tumor cell microvilli and platelet pseudopodia interdigitated as aggregation progressed. During the later stages of aggregation (6–10 min) tumor cells formed large processes which penetrated deep into the aggregate. Platelet activation (i.e. degranulation) occurred in gradient fashion and was concentrated near tumor cell membrane sites involved in process formation. At these later stages tumor cells near the aggregate periphery were found to have engulfed platelets or platelet fragments.
Long-term exposure to hypoxia inhibits tumor progression of lung cancer in rats and mice

Hypoxia has been identified as a major negative factor for tumor progression in clinical observations and in animal studies. However, the precise role of hypoxia in tumor progression has not been fully explained. In this study, we extensively investigated the effect of long-term exposure to hypoxia on tumor progression in vivo. Rats bearing transplanted tumors consisting of A549 human lung cancer cells (lung cancer tumor) were exposed to hypoxia for different durations and different levels of oxygen. The tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated. We also treated A549 lung cancer cells (A549 cells) with chronic hypoxia and then implanted the hypoxia-pretreated cancer cells into mice. The effect of exposure to hypoxia on metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice was also investigated. We found that long-term exposure to hypoxia a) significantly inhibited lung cancer tumor growth in xenograft and orthotopic models in rats, b) significantly reduced lymphatic metastasis of the lung cancer in rats and decreased lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice, c) reduced lung cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro, d) decreased growth of the tumors from hypoxia-pretreated A549 cells, e) decreased Na+-K+ ATPase α1 expression in hypoxic lung cancer tumors, and f) increased expression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF1α and HIF2α) but decreased microvessel density in the lung cancer tumors. In contrast to lung cancer, the growth of tumor from HCT116 human colon cancer cells (colon cancer tumor) was a) significantly enhanced in the same hypoxia conditions, accompanied by b) no significant change in expression of Na+-K+ ATPase α1, c) increased HIF1α expression (no HIF2α was detected) and d) increased microvessel density in the tumor tissues. This study demonstrated that long-term exposure to hypoxia repressed tumor progression of the lung cancer from A549 cells and that decreased expression of Na+-K+ ATPase was involved in hypoxic inhibition of tumor progression. The results from this study provide new insights into the role of hypoxia in tumor progression and therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Studying inner ear protein–protein interactions using FRET and FLIM

Molecular genetic studies of the inner ear have recently revealed a large number of previously undescribed proteins, but their functions remain unclear. Optical methods such as FRET and FLIM are just beginning to be applied to the study of functional interactions between novel inner ear proteins. This review discusses the various methods for employing FRET and FLIM in protein–protein interaction studies, their advantages and pitfalls, with examples drawn from inner ear studies.
PRINT: A novel platform toward shape and size specific nanoparticle theranostics

Nanotheranostics represents the next generation of medicine, fusing nanotechnology, therapeutics, and diagnostics. By integrating therapeutic and imaging agents into one nanoparticle, this new treatment strategy has the potential not only to detect and diagnose disease but also to treat and monitor the therapeutic response. This capability could have a profound impact in both the research setting as well as in a clinical setting. In the research setting, such a capability will allow research scientists to rapidly assess the performance of new therapeutics in an effort to iterate their designs for increased therapeutic index and efficacy. In the clinical setting, theranostics offers the ability to determine whether patients enrolling in clinical trials are responding, or are expected to respond, to a given therapy based on the hypothesis associated with the biological mechanisms being tested. If not, patients can be more quickly removed from the clinical trial and shifted to other therapeutic options. To b...
Role of hydrodynamic drag on microsphere deposition and re-entrainment in porous media under unfavorable conditions.

Deposition and re-entrainment of 1.1 μm microspheres were examined in packed glass beads and quartz sand under both favorable and unfavorable conditions for deposition. Experiments were performed at environmentally relevant ionic strengths and flow rates in the absence of solution chemistry and flow perturbations. Numerical simulations of experimental data were performed using kinetic rate coefficients to represent deposition and re-entrainment dynamics. Deposition rate coefficients increased with increasing flow rate under favorable deposition conditions (in the absence of colloid-grain surface electrostatic repulsion), consistent with expected trends from filtration theory. In contrast, under unfavorable deposition conditions (where significant colloid-grain surface electrostatic repulsion exists), the deposition rate coefficients decreased with increasing flow rate, suggesting a mitigating effect of hydrodynamic drag on deposition. Furthermore, the re-entrainment rate was negligible under favorable con...
The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample.

Background: Previous research has suggested that adult psychopathic behavior and child callous-unemotional (CU) traits are uniquely related to low emotional reactivity. Salivary cortisol is a promising biological measure of emotional reactivity that has been relatively overlooked in research on CU traits and antisocial behavior. The current study examined for gender differences in the relation between resting salivary cortisol levels and CU traits in a non-referred adolescent sample. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed to provide discriminant validity for cortisol analyses and were not expected to bear a relation to CU traits. Method: An extreme groups strategy was used to recruit 108 adolescents (53 male, 55 female) from a larger screening sample who exhibited various combinations of low and high scores on parent-report measures of CU traits and conduct problems. Resting saliva samples were assayed for cortisol and testosterone levels using a radioimmunoassay procedure. Results: Consistent with prediction, male participants exhibiting elevated CU traits were uniquely characterized by low cortisol levels relative to male comparison groups (p < .05). Testosterone levels did not differentiate groups and no hormone effects were found for female participants. Conclusions: The current findings build upon recent research in suggesting that low cortisol may be a biological marker for male CU traits.
Dasatinib-induced pulmonary hypertension in chronic myelogenous leukaemia.

A previously healthy 46-year-old woman presented to the outpatient clinic with chronic general weakness for a month. Physical examination showed splenomegaly and complete blood count showed white cell count 346 000/μL, haemoglobin 11.2 g/dL, platelets 336 000/μL with a differential of neutrophils 21%, bands 32%, lymphocytes 8%, monocytes 5%, promyelocytes 22%, myelocytes 11% and blasts 9%. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy showed cellularity of 100% with marked myeloid hyperplasia and blasts of 21%. Cytogenetics demonstrated BCR-ABL1 translocation confirming the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML).1 Imatinib was started as an initial treatment, however the patient developed …
Teaching Advanced Legal Research: Philosophy and Context

Is there a philosophy that grounds the teaching of advanced legal research (ALR)? Can a coherent identity be found? The authors draw upon the experience of twenty-five years of teaching ALR to large numbers of students to puzzle this question out. Are we teaching a mechanical skill? Are we offering a course in jurisprudence? Are we simply forcing the students to teach themselves? Has the information revolution changed the whole enterprise? Basing the discussion on the context of legal information, the students, and the law, the authors try to find an answer to these fundamental questions.
Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Modeling for Large-Eddy Simulations in Complex Topologies

The dynamic eddy-viscosity relationship is a suitable choice for modeling the subgridscales (SGS) in a large-eddy simulation (LES) of complex turbulent flows in irregular domains. This algebraic relationship is easy to implement and its dynamic coefficient will give negligible turbulent viscosity contributions in the flow regions that are irrotational or laminar. Its fine-scale turbulence predictions can be qualitatively reasonable if the local grid resolution maintains the SGS field predominantly within the equilibrium range of turbulent energy spectra. This performance is given herein by two curvilinear coordinate forms of the dynamic Smagorinsky model that are formally derived and a-priori tested using the resolved physics of the cylinder wake. The conservative form evaluates the dynamic coefficient in the computational (transformed) space whereas its non-conservative counterpart operates in the physical domain. Although both forms equally captured the real normal SGS stress reasonably well, the real shear stress and dissipation rates were severely under-predicted. Mixing the eddy-viscosity choice with a scale-similarity model can ease this latter deficiency
Information systems: Similarities and differences across organizations

Abstract The importance of the Information Systems (IS) function has steadily increased over the last three decades. During this period, the IS manager's job has changed a great deal. Early on, the emphasis was on technical problems associated with systems development. Now, IS managers are engaged in the development of IS plans, justification and control of IS budgets, exploitation of IS technologies for competitive advantage, etc. A number of empirical studies indicate that the importance of these IS activities varies across organizations. Models dealing with management of the IS function suggest that these differences are due to factors internal to the organization as well as external factors. However, the empirical basis of these models has been questioned. Further, these models either cannot be validated or attempts at validation have failed. This paper presents the results of a field study involving 30 organizations that sought to: (1) determine whether groups of organizations place a similar importance on IS activities, (2) understand how the importance of IS activities varies across organizations, and (3) determine whether the importance of IS activities may be explained by selected situational variables suggested in the literature. It is the first step towards the development of a theory relating situational variables to the key problems managers of information systems technologies must address.
Calculating the J-integral of different types of specimens in fracture studies by means of η factors

3he J-integrals of specimens that are commonly used in fracture and fatigue tests were calculated from their elastic displacements and plastic limits. The relationships between η factors and a/W were plotted. It was possible to calculate the elastic-plastic fracture parameter J easily from this data.
Staff Development for Lecturers Working in the Special Needs Area

In a project centred on the Special Needs section at City College Norwich, a 'Partnership model' was used to investigate staff development needs. This suggested how to plan an 'internal model of staff development ; the process is set out here.
Estrogen Receptor Isoform‐Specific Induction of Progesterone Receptors in Human Osteoblasts

Estrogen induction of progesterone receptor (PR) expression may be important to bone physiology because progesterone has been implicated in the control of bone formation and resorption. Although PR gene expression can be induced in osteoblasts by estrogen signaling through the estrogen receptor (ER) isoform, it is unknown whether the ER- isoform is involved in this regulation. The effect of estrogen on PR expression was examined in human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cell lines stably transfected with either ER- or ER-. Estrogen treatment of hFOB/ER- cells induced PR messenger RNA (mRNA) steady-state levels after 24 h and protein levels after 48 h, as established by competitive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Interestingly, no induction of PR expression was observed in the hFOB/ERcells during this period. However, PR mRNA was induced progressively after 48 h of treatment with estrogen with maximum levels achieved at 12 days posttreatment. ER protein also was increased after 12 days of treatment. Both A and B isoforms of PR (PRA and PRB) were induced by estrogen in the hFOB/ER- cells as well as much later in hFOB/ER- cells. The pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 prevented PR induction by estrogen in both cell lines. An ER-–selective antagonist R, R-tetrahydrochrysene (THC) abolished the induction of PR mRNA in hFOB/ER- but not in hFOB/ER- cells, verifying that the response in the former cell line was ER-–mediated. Transient cotransfection of hFOB cells with ER- or ER- together with either a human PRA or PRB promoter linked to a reporter plasmid revealed that although the PRB promoter was stimulated equally by estrogen activation of either ER isoform, PRA was activated preferentially by ER-. Together, these results show that although estrogen can up-regulate endogenous PR gene expression in osteoblasts via both ER isoforms, ER- is the predominant inducer. (J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:580 –592)
Characterization of characterization of joint density by conditional densities

In this paper the relationship between joint density and conditional densities is studied. An explicit formula is given for obtaining the joint density from the conditional ones. It is illustrated for the case of bivariate normal distribution.
Variable-retardance, Fourier-transform imaging spectropolarimeters for visible spectrum remote sensing

An imaging, variable-retardance, Fourier-transform spectropolarimeter is presented that is capable of creating spectropolarimetric images of scenes with independent characterization of spatial, spectral, and polarimetric information. The device has a spectral resolution of approximately 225 cm(-1), making it truly hyperspectral in nature. Images of canonical targets such as spheres and cylinders obtained in a laboratory setup are presented. The results demonstrate the capability of developing systems to collect spectropolarimetric data of field images by use of the concept of pushbroom scanning and serial collection of polarimetric information. Further development of a parallelized collection strategy would allow the collection of near-real-time images of real-world targets.
State feedback controller design for a kind of nonlinear singularly perturbed system

The feedback stabilization of MIMO nonlinear singularly perturbed systems is considered. A Lyapunov function for the overall system is established through the Lyapunov function of the linear part and that of the zero dynamic and boundary layer. The upper bound expression of epsiv is given to obtain the condition of asymptotically stability for the system. The simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the controller.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: A Clinician's Guide

Sarah McCabe, Neha Chawla & G. Alan Marlatt Mindfulness has gained a wealth of attention in the recent years. Researchers and practitioners alike have become interested in the influence that self-a...
Medication use: From leaflet to elearning

2013 e125 centuries. Recently, scientific and epidemiologic research has focused on its content in flavonoids and its potential to promote health and/or reduce risk factors for various diseases. Chocolate is also an energyrich food item. As such, it may promote positive energy balance, body weight gain, and ultimately become a risk for public health. Chemical compounds found in cocoa are fragile. During the multiple processes of chocolate production, these compounds may be degraded. In addition, adjunctions to cocoa to generate specific chocolate brands may have positive or negative biological of the final product. The art of the chocolate maker is to protect the cocoa values during the chocolate production and to select additives having interesting organoleptic values and positive health properties. Conclusion: Many associations between chocolate consumption, health, and diseases are proven. The complexity of the cocoa compounds warrants further investigations to substantiate the benefits/ disadvantages of chocolate, and to identify if chocolate should remain a food for pleasure and/or dietary supplement. Learning objectives: Identify the chocolate’s properties. Learn the main hypotheses addressing the chocolate’s health-promoting values. Discover the relationship between chocolate, health, and diseases. Understand the differences between industrial and artisanal processes, and their impact on the final product. Disclosure of Interest: None declared.
Imaging of Musculoskeletal Infections

Evaluation of clinically suspected infection is a common imaging task, in which many factors have to be taken into consideration, such as the pathogen (bacteria, mycobacteria, fungus, or virus), the location of the suspected infection (bone, soft tissue, joint, or disc space), the age of the patient (infant, child, adult), the time course of the infection (acute, subacute, chronic), and whether there are any underlying complicating factors (e.g., infarct or other bone disease, joint replacement in the area of clinical concern, or diabetic arthropathy). Radiography, computed tomography (CT), sonography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) all have roles and varying usefulness in the imaging evaluation.
Influence of text type, topic familiarity, and stuttering frequency on listener recall, comprehension, and mental effort.

Purpose To determine how text type, topic familiarity, and stuttering frequency influence listener recall, comprehension, and perceived mental effort. Method Sixty adults listened to familiar and u...
Temporal transferability of LiDAR-based imputation of forest inventory attributes

Forest inventory and planning decisions are frequently informed by LiDAR data. Repeated LiDAR acquisitions offer an opportunity to update forest inventories and potentially improve forest inventory estimates through time. We leveraged repeated LiDAR and ground measures for a study area in northern Idaho, U.S.A., to predict (via imputation) — across both space and time — four forest inventory attributes: aboveground carbon (AGC), basal area (BA), stand density index (SDI), and total stem volume (Vol). Models were independently developed from 2003 and 2009 LiDAR datasets to spatially predict response variables at both times. Annual rates of change were calculated by comparing response variables between the two collections. Additionally, a pooled model was built by combining reference observations from both years to test if imputation can be performed across measurement dates. The R2 values for the pooled model were 0.87, 0.90, 0.89, and 0.87 for AGC, BA, SDI, and Vol, respectively. Mapping response variable...
Evaluating a Preventive Orientation Program

The present study evaluated a primary prevention, school-based program. The intervention focused on helping youngsters successfully navigate an important transitional event- transfer into a new school. Transitions such as entering a new school pose significant challenges to a child's ability to cope with the process of change. Adjustment difficulties are sometimes associated with school transitions, and transfer students experience anxiety over gaining peer acceptance and meeting school expectations. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a multi-element orientation program in preventing school adjustment problems among children transferring into a new school. The intervention included information, a peer-led discussion group, and a tour. Half the incoming transfer students in an inner-city elementary school were provided the program; the other youngsters served as controls. Children exposed to the preventive intervention, in comparison to controls, were more knowledgeable about the school; however, ...
Formal and informal support for older adults with severe mental illness.

Objectives: This study sought to examine the combination of formal and informal services supplied to older adults with severe mental illness, to assess the adequacy of services received, and to determine factors predictive of formal and informal service provision. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed. Seventy-five older adults diagnosed with a SMI were recruited through local community mental health center. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs for the Elderly. Results: Clients most frequently received services from formal sources for psychiatric distress, physical health, information, and dangerous behavior needs while informal sources provided the greatest amount of assistance for self-care, psychiatric distress, and money management needs. Appropriate assistance was most often not provided for benefits, sight/hearing, and incontinence. Formal services were predicted by group residence and dangerous behavior, physical illness, medi...
Carcinogenicity of synthetic aflatoxin M1 in rats.

Abstract Synthetic, racemic aflatoxin M1 administered to male Fischer rats by stomach tube in 40 doses totalling 1 mg/rat induced hepatocellular carcinoma in one rat of a group of 29 killed 100 wk after dosing. Natural aflatoxin B1 at the same dose induced liver tumours in 9 9 rats after 53 wk. The hydroxylated derivative, therefore, has a much lower carcinogenic potency than the parent substance.
Confined Flow in Polymer Films at Interfaces

Measurements of nanomechanical properties of unannealed homopolymers show that the spin coating process in the presence of an interactive interface can be the source for molecular constraints in the interfacial boundary regime of elastomeric films. The surface mechanical response of poly(ethylenepropylene) (PEP) films of various thicknesses spin cast on hydrogen passivated silicon surfaces was studied using scanning force microscopy (SFM). At least two distinct rheological regimes can be observed in thicker films: high-entropy viscous plug flow at low load and low-entropy shear sliding at high load. The transition point from high-entropy to low-entropy shear has been found to shift to lower loads for decreasing film thickness. The transition point was found to disappear, and only shear sliding was observed at a critical film thickness, which was comparable to the radius of gyration of the sample polymer. These results were interpreted in a model wherein a highly distorted anisotropic layer induced by high-speed spinning and solvent evaporation is formed near the silicon interface. Pinning interactions prevent the layer from annealing, and a two-fluid-type response occurs. The surface free energy, determined by SFM lateral
Using Personality Profiles to Help Educators Understand Ever-Changing Hospitality Students

Since the early 1920s when Carl Jung initially suggested that people are different in fundamental ways even though they have the same multitude of instincts, several types of personality assessment have developed. This study explores the relationships between new and previously published personality types of hospitality students using three personality inventories. The purposes of this study are to (1) report Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Keirsey Temperament Sorter profiles, and True Color profiles of a group of hospitality leadership students, (2) compare the True Color profiles of current hospitality leadership students with those reported by Crews, Bodenhamer, and Weaver in 2010, and (3) compare the MBTI and Keirsey Temperament Sorter profiles of current students with those reported by Horton, Clark, and Welpott in 2005. Data were collected from 217 hospitality leadership students in a senior-level hospitality human resource management course at a southeastern U.S. university. Results of the chi-...
Broadband CMOS linearizers for externally-modulated analog fiber-optic links

We present the CTB performance of a linearizer as well as the design, simulation results and fabrication of the second generation IC. The new linearizer circuit is implemented in the 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and boasts an on-chip voltage controlled predistortion stage and an on-chip variable gain amplifier.
A useful statement of some Schur-Cohn stability criteria for higher order discrete dynamic systems

The classic Schur-Cohn criteria are an important source of stability conditions for discrete dynamic systems. However, the conventional statement of these criteria is noted to be opaque and not of much direct use for an applied analysis of higher-order dynamic systems. In the present work, the author shows how some of these criteria can be stated as useful and easily tested restrictions on the gradient matrices of the original higher order system. >
The tragic consequences of Italian unification, including fascism: Two recent views:

This review article discusses two recent books in English dealing with Italian history, both recent and past. David Gilmour’s The Pursuit of Italy maintains that the unification of Italy was a sin ...
Cryptococcus neoformans Rim101 Is Associated with Cell Wall Remodeling and Evasion of the Host Immune Responses

ABSTRACT Infectious microorganisms often play a role in modulating the immune responses of their infected hosts. We demonstrate that Cryptococcus neoformans signals through the Rim101 transcription factor to regulate cell wall composition and the host-pathogen interface. In the absence of Rim101, C. neoformans exhibits an altered cell surface in response to host signals, generating an excessive and ineffective immune response that results in accelerated host death. This host immune response to the rim101 Δ mutant strain is characterized by increased neutrophil influx into the infected lungs and an altered pattern of host cytokine expression compared to the response to wild-type cryptococcal infection. To identify genes associated with the observed phenotypes, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing experiments under capsule-inducing conditions. We defined the downstream regulon of the Rim101 transcription factor and determined potential cell wall processes involved in the capsule attachment defects and altered mechanisms of virulence in the rim101 Δ mutant. The cell wall generates structural stability for the cell and allows the attachment of surface molecules such as capsule polysaccharides. In turn, the capsule provides an effective mask for the immunogenic cell wall, shielding it from recognition by the host immune system. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic human pathogen that is a significant cause of death in immunocompromised individuals. There are two major causes of death due to this pathogen: meningitis due to uncontrolled fungal proliferation in the brain in the face of a weakened immune system and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome characterized by an overactive immune response to subclinical levels of the pathogen. In this study, we examined how C. neoformans uses the conserved Rim101 transcription factor to specifically remodel the host-pathogen interface, thus regulating the host immune response. These studies explored the complex ways in which successful microbial pathogens induce phenotypes that ensure their own survival while simultaneously controlling the nature and degree of the associated host response.
Control of cascaded multilevel converters with unequal voltage sources for HEVs

One promising technology to interface battery packs in electric and hybrid electric vehicles is the multilevel converter. In the work presented here, it is shown how the switching times (angles) in a multilevel inverter can be chosen to achieve a required fundamental voltage and not generate specific higher order harmonics. The method gives a complete solution to the problem in that all possible solutions are found.
A predicate-transition net model for parallel interpretation of logic programs

A predicate/transition net model for a subset of Horn clause logic programs is presented. The syntax, transformation procedure, semantics, and deduction process for the net model are discussed. A possible parallel implementation for the net model is described, which is based on the concepts of communicating processes and relations. The proposed net model offers a syntactical variant of Horn clause logic and has two distinctions from other existing schemes for the logic programs: representation formalism and the deduction method. The net model provides an approach towards the solutions of the separation of logic from control and the improvement of the execution efficiency through parallel processing for the logic programs. The abstract nature of the net model also lends itself to different implementation strategies. >
Real-time differential carrier phase GPS-aided INS

This article describes the implementation and experimental results of a real-time carrier phase differential Global Positioning System (GPS) aided inertial navigation system (INS). The implementation is the result of a study to analyze the capabilities of such a system relative to the requirements of advanced vehicle control and safety systems for intelligent transportation systems. Such navigation systems have many application possibilities (e,g., aviation and precision flight, automated mining, precision farming, dredging, satellite attitude control). Advantages and disadvantages of the GPS, INS, and differential GPS-aided INS approaches are discussed. The implementation achieves 100-Hz vehicle state estimates with position accuracies at the centimeter level through the use of differential carrier phase GPS techniques.
Dante's Hell, Aquinas's Moral Theory, and Love of God

(1986). Dante's Hell, Aquinas's Moral Theory, and Love of God. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 181-198.
Beethoven’s birdstrokes: figuration, subjectivity, and the force of the score in the pastoral symphony and copying beethoven

The inscription of a musical score is, at root, a figural gesture. As the score’s figures construct a metaphoric bridge, from the composer’s conception through their spatial representation to the composition’s aural realization, they also play, reflexively, off and into other musical figurations and what those figurations signify. Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony, Op. 68, provides a rich and distinctive instance of scoring in which the musical figurations seem especially charged to generate meanings beyond the sounds that one ‘hears’ when reading the score mainly as a script for performance. This work, despite Beethoven’s famous assertion that it is ‘more expression of feeling than painting’, mediates aural and visual realms with its deft deployment of musical figurations traditionally heard and seen as pictorial, notably through those figurations associated with water and birdsong in the work’s second movement, ‘Scene by the Brook’. In Beethoven’s scoring his unusual insistence on the physical and pictorial, his development of the spatial dimensions of the music, intensifies the music’s programmatic or mimetic thrust but also marks the music’s metamimetic distance from its pastoral referents. Beethoven’s figuration thus becomes a means of mediating subjective consciousness and the world that consciousness encounters or imagines. The force of musical figuration and its implications for subjectivity, again with key reference to Beethoven, are vividly realized also in the recent cinematic reading of the scoring and performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, Agnieszka Holland’s Copying Beethoven (2007).