cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Speed Gray Scale Laser Direct Write Technology for Micro-Optic Fabrication

Binary Laser Direct-Write (LDW) raster-scan technology for UV exposure of photosensitive materials has been used for single or multiple-pass exposure applications. Gray-scale LDW can be applied to manufacture of 3-D optical structures, but the system requirements are substantially different, since edge slopes and surface departures must be controlled to within fractions of a wavelength.. In this paper, we explore the differences between binary and gray-scale raster imaging applied to micro-optic fabrication, and compare the system model with a prototype high-speed, gray-scale LDW tool that was developed from a Laser Direct Imaging tool originally designed for binary applications.
Affect Management for HIV Prevention with Adolescents in Therapeutic Schools: The Immediate Impact of Project Balance

Adolescents in therapeutic schools are at greater risk for HIV and other STIs than their peers due to earlier higher rates of sexual risk and difficulty managing strong emotions. HIV prevention programs that incorporate techniques for affect management (AM) during sexual situations may be beneficial. This paper determined the immediate impact of such an intervention, AM, compared to a standard, skills-based HIV prevention intervention and a general health promotion intervention (HP) for 377 youth, ages 13-19, in therapeutic schools in two cities. 1 month after the intervention, analyses that adjusted for the baseline scores found adolescents in AM were more likely to report condom use at last sex than those in HP (0.89 vs. 0.67, p = 0.02) and that their HIV knowledge was significantly greater. These data suggest that AM techniques might improve the impact of standard skills-based prevention programs for adolescents in therapeutic schools.
Ordinal Position and Death Concerns.

Firstborn college students showed more death threat than middle- or laterborns. The firstborns also reported less conscious concern about death than the other two groups. Larger samples are needed as well as controls for factors like family size.
Do you still need a biopsy to diagnose celiac disease

Celiac disease is a common and permanent condition caused by an abnormal immune response to ingested gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Its proper diagnosis is very important even in patients presenting with mild symptoms because severe and debilitating complications may occur in celiac patients not following a strict gluten-free diet. In the past several years, important progress has been made not only in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition but also in the availability of tools to screen it. Antigliadin antibodies, once largely used for this purpose, have been basically replaced by the more costly but far more accurate antiendomysium antibodies. More recently, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which measures the antibodies directed against the autoantigen responsible for the disease (tissue transglutaminase), has also been developed and tested as a screening tool. Currently, however, the poor positive predictive value of this test does not allow practitioners to diagnose celiac disease without the duodenal biopsy showing the typical morphologic changes.
Dietary Fish and n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Cardiac Electrocardiographic Parameters in Humans

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between dietary fish intake and several cardiac electrocardiographic parameters in humans relevant to arrhythmic risk. BACKGROUND Fish consumption may reduce the incidence of sudden death and atrial fibrillation, possibly related to anti-arrhythmic effects. METHODS In a population-based study of 5,096 men and women, we evaluated cross-sectional associations between usual dietary fish intake and electrocardiographic measures of heart rate, atrioventricular conduction (PR interval), ventricular repolarization (QT interval), and ventricular conduction (QRS interval). Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, race, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, coronary heart disease, physical activity, and intakes of beef or pork, fried fish, fruits, vegetables, alcohol, and total calories. RESULTS Consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish (comparing the highest to the lowest category of intake) was associated with lower heart rate (-3.2 beats/min, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 5.1; p trend <0.001), slower atrioventricular conduction (PR interval +7.2 ms, 95% CI = 1.4 to 12.9; p trend = 0.03), and substantially lower likelihood of prolonged QT (relative risk = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.95; p trend = 0.03). Tuna/other fish intake was not associated with ventricular conduction (p = 0.60). Findings were similar for estimated intake of marine n-3 fatty acids: a 1 g/day higher intake was associated with 2.3 beats/min lower heart rate (95% CI = 0.9 to 3.7), 7.6 ms longer PR interval (95% CI = 3.3 to 11.9), and 46% lower likelihood of prolonged QT (relative risk = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.88). CONCLUSIONS These findings in this large, population-based study suggest that dietary fish intake is associated with cardiac electrophysiology in humans, including heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and ventricular repolarization, with potential implications for arrhythmic risk.
Equation of State for Solid Hydrogen

An equation of state for solid hydrogen is obtained from variational calculations for pressures up to 112 kbar. The Lennard-Jones potential is assumed and a brief investigation of the Buckingham exp-6 potential is also made. It is suggested that for high densities, quantum crystals may become harmonic and that Monte Carlo variational calculations for these high-density regions may not be necessary.
The cold hands sign in MSA

A previously healthy 48-year-old man experienced brief episodes of dizziness while jogging: “like a wave crashing over [him].” He subsequently developed weakness, …
Breast Cancer Mimic: Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as an Isolated Breast Mass

Background: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma typically localizes to the skin, and dissemination to internal organs is rare. Lymphomatous involvement of the breasts is also rare. We describe the clinical and radiological findings of an unusual case of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma presenting as an isolated breast mass without associated skin changes. Case Presentation: The patient was a 55-year-old Caucasian female who initially presented with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma around her eyes and forehead with recurrence involving the skin between her breasts. Three years after terminating treatment due to a lack of symptoms, she presented for an annual screening mammogram that found a new mass in her upper inner right breast without imaging signs of cutaneous extension. On physical examination, there were no corresponding skin findings. Due to the suspicious imaging features of the mass that caused concern for primary breast malignancy, she underwent a core biopsy which revealed cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: When evaluating patients with a systemic disease who present with findings atypical for that process, it is important to still consider the systemic disease as a potential etiology, particularly with lymphoma given its reputation as a great mimicker.
Dynamics of the Distal Cavity in Myoglobin Variants

The non-coordinated water molecule in the distal pocket of a myoglobin (Mb) can be a dominant factor in controlling the binding of CO to the active site. Experimental data showed that the mutations of the distal-pocket residues (V68F, V68L, L29F and L29W) modified myglobion's reaction rates with nitrite and water occupancy after photodissociation of CO. In this work molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed pronounced changes in the distal cavity volume for all variants and wild-type (WT), particularly when water leaves or enters the cavity. A 10% reduction in mean cavity volume was observed for WT when water exits the cavity (60.8 A3 and 55.4 A3 occupied vs. unoccupied respectively). In contrast, the L29F substitution resulted in 75% contraction in unoccupied volume making it less accessible, correlating with lower experimental water occupancy reported for L29F as compared to WT. The main dynamical pathway for water migration in and out of the distal cavity for all five systems was via H64. The imidazole ring of H64 acted as a gate to the cavity and was stabilized by the cavity bound waters. The exit of water molecules from the WT and V68F distal cavities increased the dynamics of H64 leading to significant population in the solvent exposed conformation. This conformational flexibility of H64 should ease the entrance of water molecules back into the distal cavity. In L29F and L29W variants which have lower experimental water occupancy in comparison to WT and V68F, the H64 showed reduced motions with the elevated population in the conformation precluding the entrance of water. This work demonstrated that the dynamics of residues lining the cavity play an important role in governing the water access to the distal pocket and the binding affinity for gaseous ligands to Mb.
Cuban-American entrepreneurs in Tampa, Florida: an evolutionary perspective

This paper presents an evolutionary perspective on Cuban-American entrepreneurship in Tampa, Florida. Qualitative data from oral histories and archival interviews are used to examine the role of Cuban entrepreneurs in the birth of Ybor City and development of Tampa. In order to describe the current context, short case studies of four Cuban-American businesses run by third- and fourth generation family members are presented. Future opportunities for Hispanic entrepreneurs in Tampa are then discussed.
A Chua diode transmission line, for the propagation of a chaotic signal

Abstract A distributed nonlinear transmission line containing Chua diodes is described and analyzed. Wave propagation of a chaotic signal is observed.
Mitogenic response of rat lung to endotoxin exposure.

Abstract Adult rats exposed to hyperoxia are protected from lung injury by treatment with bacterial endotoxin. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether endotoxin treatment produces a mitogenic effect on the lung. Endotoxin treatment caused a significant (P 95% O 2 for 24 hr. Therefore, experiments were also undertaken in which both saline- and endotoxin-treated rats were starved for the duration of the experiments to make equal any nutritional imbalance. The rate of DNA synthesis in lung slices from fed rats treated with endotoxin did not differ from that of saline-treated controls. In contrast, lung DNA synthesis in starved rats treated with endotoxin increased 50%. The effect of endotoxin treatment was similar in rats breathing air or > 95% O 2 , and lung protein synthesis generally paralleled lung DNA synthesis. These results indicate that endotoxin does exert a mitogenic effect on the lung and that this effect can be masked by the nutritional imbalance resulting from endotoxin administration.
Motivation through Major Interests in Intermediate Foreign Language Learning.

ments in colleges and high schools. They have fully recognized Chinese as one of the modern languages and treated it on an equal footing with other language courses. The propellers of this pioneering movement, however, are the teachers of Chinese who spare no efforts and without thinking of remuneration have dedicated themselves to a great cause which shapes the history of language teaching in our time. Written during hospitalization at St. Barnabas Hospital, Livingston, New Jersey June, 1970 MAGDALENA M. LADD
Specifying queries as relational expressions

SQUARE (Specifying Queries As Relational Expressions) is a set oriented data sublanguage for expressing queries (access, modification, insertion, and deletion) to a data base consisting of a collection of time-varying relations. The language mimics how people use relations or tables to obtain information. It does not require the sophisticated mathematical machinery of the predicate calculus (bound variables, quantifiers, etc.) in order to express simple references to tables. However, the language has been shown to be complete, i.e., any query expressible in the predicate calculus is expressible in SQUARE.
An Educator's Perspective on Cyberinfrastructure

The availability of obtaining geoscience data from online databases is increasing daily. There is great potential to conduct inquiry activities and educate students using "real" data. We will explore how teachers are using (or envision using) data in their classrooms.
A model that helps explain Sr-isotope disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and melt in large-volume silicic magma systems

Feldspar phenocrysts of silicic volcanic rocks are commonly in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium with groundmass. In some cases the feldspar is more radiogenic, and in others it is less radiogenic. Several explanations have been published previously, but none of these is able to accommodate both senses of disequilibrium. We present a model by which either more- or less-radiogenic feldspar (or even both within a single eruptive unit) can originate. The model requires a magma body open to interaction with biotite- and feldspar-bearing wall rock. Magma is incrementally contaminated as wall rock melts incongruently. Biotite preferentially melts first, followed by feldspar. Such melting behavior, which is supported by both field and experimental studies, first contaminates magma with a relatively radiogenic addition, followed by a less-radiogenic addition. Feldspar phenocrysts lag behind melt (groundmass of volcanic rock) in incorporating the influx of contaminant, thus resulting in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium between the crystals and melt. The sense of disequilibrium recorded in a volcanic rock depends on when eruption quenches the contamination process. This model is testable by isotopic fingerprinting of individual feldspar crystals. For a given set of geologic boundary conditions, specific core-to-rim Sr-isotopic profiles are expectable. Moreover, phenocrysts that nucleate at different times during the contamination process should record different and predictable parts of the history. Initial results of Sr-isotopic fingerprinting of sanidine phenocrysts from the Taylor Creek Rhyolite are consistent with the model. More tests of the model are desirable.
Emission Spectrometric Detection of Sample Heterogeneity

A simple method which permits the detection of sample heterogeneity by emission spectroscopy is discussed using an illustrative example. Interpretation of the experimental results by classical statistical means and by a unique graphic method are compared.
TOWERS AS SETS OF COMPOSITE PARTICLES AND TROUBLE WITH INFINITE-COMPONENT FIELD THEORIES.

We argue in perturbation theory that if an infinite number of particles with mass and spin going to infinity (tower) is to be consistent with unitarity in the cross channel then, in general, all the particles in the tower (except perhaps the lowest) must be composite; that is, as the coupling is turned off, most or all of the tower must disappear. Because of this, definite trouble with unitarity is indicated for infinite-component field theories with towers in the free Lagrangian.
Brainstem projections of sensory and motor components of the vagus nerve in the rat

The sensory and motor connections of the cervical vagus nerves and of its inferior ganglion (nodose ganglion) have been traced in the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord of 16 male Wistar rats by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) neurohistochemistry. The use of tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) as the substrate for HRP permitted the visualization of transganglionic and retrograde transport in sensory nerve terminals and perikarya, respectively. The vagus nerve in the rat enters the medulla in numerous fascicles with points of entry covering the entire lateral aspect of the medulla extending from level +4 to - 6 mm rostrocaudal to the obex. Fascicles of vagal sensory fibers enter the dorsolateral aspect of the medulla and travel to the tractus solitarius (TS) which was labeled for over 8.8 mm in the medulla. The caudal extent of the TS receiving vagal projections was found in lamina V of the cervical spinal cord (C1 to C2). Sensory terminal fields could be visualized bilaterally in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS), area postrema (ap) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (dmnX). The ipsilateral projection to the nTS and the dmnX was heavier than that found on the contralateral side. The area postrema was intensely labeled on both sides. Motor fibers from HRP-labeled perikarya in the dmnX travel ventromedially in a distinct fascicle and subsequently subdivide into a number of small fiber bundles that traverse the medullary reticular formation in the form of a fine network of HRP-labeled fibers. As these fibers from the dmnX approach the ventrolateral aspect of the medulla they are joined by axons from the nucleus ambiguus (nA), nucleus retroambigualis (nRA) and the retro facial nucleus (nRF). These latter fibers form hairpin loops in the middle of the reticular formation to accompany the axons from the dmnX exiting from the medulla in a ventrolateral location. HRP-labeled perikarya, in contrast to transganglionically transported HRP in sensory terminals in the nTS, were visualized on one side only, thus indicating that motor control via the vagus nerve is exerted only by motor neurons located ipsilaterally. Sensory information on the other hand, diverges to many nuclear subgroups located on both sides of the medulla.
Genes associated with honey bee behavioral maturation affect clock-dependent and -independent aspects of daily rhythmic activity in fruit flies.

Background In the honey bee, the age-related and socially regulated transition of workers from in-hive task performance (e.g., caring for young) to foraging (provisioning the hive) is associated with changes in many behaviors including the 24-hour pattern of rhythmic activity. We have previously shown that the hive-bee to forager transition is associated with extensive changes in brain gene expression. In this study, we test the possible function of a subset of these genes in daily rhythmic activity pattern using neural-targeted RNA interference (RNAi) of an orthologous gene set in Drosophila melanogaster. Principal Findings Of 10 genes tested, knockdown of six affected some aspect of locomotor activity under a 12 h∶12 h light:dark regime (LD). Inos affected anticipatory activity preceding lights-off, suggesting a possible clock-dependent function. BM-40-SPARC, U2af50 and fax affected peak activity at dawn without affecting anticipation or overall inactivity (proportion of 15-min intervals without activity), suggesting that these effects may depend on the day-night light cycle. CAH1 affected overall inactivity. The remaining gene, abl, affected peak activity levels but was not clearly time-of-day-specific. No gene tested affected length of period or strength of rhythmicity in constant dark (DD), suggesting that these genes do not act in the core clock. Significance Taking advantage of Drosophila molecular genetic tools, our study provides an important step in understanding the large set of gene expression changes that occur in the honey bee transition from hive bee to forager. We show that orthologs of many of these genes influence locomotor activity in Drosophila, possibly through both clock-dependent and -independent pathways. Our results support the importance of both circadian clock and direct environmental stimuli (apart from entrainment) in shaping the bee’s 24-hour pattern of activity. Our study also outlines a new approach to dissecting complex behavior in a social animal.
Comparative metabolism of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine by mouse and rat liver microsomes

Abstract The comparative metabolism of the carcinogenic pollutants 7 H -dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA) was investigated in vitro using 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) induced Sprague-Dawley rat and Hsd:ICR(Br) mouse liver microsomal preparations with benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) as the positive control. Metabolites were isolated and separated by HPLC and identified by spectroscopic and co-chromatographic techniques using synthetic standards. The major metabolites of DBC were the phenols: the 5-OH-DBC, 3-OH-DBC, and 2-OH-DBC. Traces of 1-OH-DBC were also found yet no dihydrodiols were identified. The major metabolites of DBA were the 3,4-diol-DBA and 5,6-diol-DBA, 1,2-diol-DBA, DBA-5,6-oxide and 4-OH-DBA. Treatment of both mice and rats with 3MC resulted in significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increases relative to control in the microsomal metabolism of DBA to dihydrodiol and phenol metabolites, similar to that observed for BaP. 3MC-induced rat liver microsomes significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) increased DBC metabolism relative to control microsomes whereas DBC metabolism was not increased with 3MC-induced mouse liver microsomes. These data indicate that different enzymatic pathways are involved in the metabolic activation of DBC in the Hsd:ICR(Br) mouse and Sprague-Dawley rat.
Financial repression, the new structuralists, and stabilization policy in semi-industrialized economies

Abstract This paper examines the short-and long-run effects of a variety of macroeconomic policies in a simple model where the curb market plays a pivotal role as the marginal supplier of loanable funds. It is found that financial liberalization may fail in the short-run and, contrary to the claims of the new structuralists, that the financial market repercussions of devaluation may be favorable. In evaluating any policy, the time horizon is critical. Short- and long-run multipliers may differ in sign in all cases, save that of a contraction in the stock of bank credit.
MPM simulation of dynamic material failure with a decohesion constitutive model

An initiation criterion is developed for a discrete constitutive equation model of material failure. The decohesion constitutive model is combined with elasticity and implemented in the numerical material-point method. The complete numerical proceedure is used to study spall failure in brittle materials. A one-dimensional analytical solution for a bar subjected to a sinusoidal pulse is derived and used to verify the numerical method. The sinusoidal pulse leads to a finite region of the bar undergoing failure, rather than a single plane, as occurs with a square or triangular wave pulse. This observation may be related to experimental findings of multiple spall planes for impacted bars. The numerical method is not restricted to one-dimensional problems, thus we further study the additional features that arise for an impacted bar assuming that the bar deforms under plane stress conditions. Reflections of stress waves from the lateral surfaces of the bar result in the appearance of curved and secondary spall surfaces.
Circuit design advances for ultra-low power sensing platforms

This paper explores the recent advances in circuit structures and design methodologies that have enabled ultra-low power sensing platforms and opened up a host of new applications. Central to this theme is the development of Near Threshold Computing (NTC) as a viable design space for low power sensing platforms. In this paradigm, the system's supply voltage is approximately equal to the threshold voltage of its transistors. Operating in this "near-threshold" region provides much of the energy savings previously demonstrated for subthreshold operation while offering more favorable performance and variability characteristics. This makes NTC applicable to a broad range of power-constrained computing segments including energy constrained sensing platforms. This paper explores the barriers to the adoption of NTC and describes current work aimed at overcoming these obstacles in the circuit design space.
Centrally administered galanin blocks morphine place preference in the mouse

Galanin is a neuropeptide with appetitive, antinociceptive and neuroendocrine functions. Galanin and galanin binding sites are present in brain areas that mediate reinforcement, such as nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, as well as locus coeruleus, an area known to be involved in development of drug dependence and withdrawal. This localization, coupled with the observation that there is a strong interaction between morphine and galanin in spinal cord, made it of interest to study whether galanin might have effects on morphine reinforcement. Using the place preference paradigm we found that galanin (1 microg i.c.v.) alone does not possess reinforcing or aversive properties but attenuates the preference conditioned by peripheral administration of morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.). Quantitative receptor autoradiography showed that morphine treatment that could condition a place preference decreased galanin binding in the nucleus accumbens and increased galanin binding in the locus coeruleus. In contrast, acute naltrexone administration increased galanin binding in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that levels of galanin binding are tonically regulated by opioid receptors in that area. Contrary to what is seen in the spinal cord, these results indicate that galanin and morphine have an antagonistic interaction in the brain that results in attenuation of morphine reinforcement by activation of the galaninergic system.
POLICY IMPACTS OF THE NEW JERSEY INCOME MAINTENANCE EXPERIMENT.

This paper deals with a major piece of policy relevant social science research, the New Jersey Experiment in Income Maintenance, and a proposed piece of social legislation, the Family Assistance Plan. An attempt is made to assess the impact which the experiment had on political decision-makers, both in the Administration and the Congress, during deliberations over the legislation. The channels of communication between the researchers and the decision-makers are elaborated; the relevance of the research to the concerns of the decision-makers is described; and the impact of the research on these decision-makers is evaluated.
Canted–Cosine–Theta Magnet (CCT)—A Concept for High Field Accelerator Magnets

Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) magnet is an accelerator magnet that superposes fields of nested and tilted solenoids that are oppositely canted. The current distribution of any canted layer generates a pure harmonic field as well as a solenoid field that can be cancelled with a similar but oppositely canted layer. The concept places windings within mandrel's ribs and spars that simultaneously intercept and guide Lorentz forces of each turn to prevent stress accumulation. With respect to other designs, the need for pre-stress in this concept is reduced by an order of magnitude making it highly compatible with the use of strain sensitive superconductors such as Nb3Sn or HTS. Intercepting large Lorentz forces is of particular interest in magnets with large bores and high field accelerator magnets like the one foreseen in the future high energy upgrade of the LHC. This paper describes the CCT concept and reports on the construction of CCT1 a “proof of principle” dipole.
Multiple Functionally Redundant Signals Mediate Targeting to the Apicoplast in the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Most species of the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa harbor an endosymbiotic organelle--the apicoplast--acquired when an ancestral parasite engulfed a eukaryotic plastid-containing alga. Several hundred proteins are encoded in the parasite nucleus and are posttranslationally targeted to the apicoplast by a distinctive bipartite signal. The N-terminal 20 to 30 amino acids of nucleus-encoded apicoplast targeted proteins function as a classical signal sequence, mediating entry into the secretory pathway. Cleavage of the signal sequence exposes a transit peptide of variable length (50 to 200 amino acids) that is required for directing proteins to the apicoplast. Although these peptides are enriched in basic amino acids, their structural and functional characteristics are not well understood, which hampers the identification of apicoplast proteins that may constitute novel chemotherapeutic targets. To identify functional domains for a model apicoplast transit peptide, we generated more than 80 deletions and mutations throughout the transit peptide of Toxoplasma gondii ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (TgFNR) and examined the ability of these altered transit peptides to mediate proper targeting and processing of a fluorescent protein reporter. These studies revealed the presence of numerous functional domains. Processing can take place at multiple sites in the protein sequence and may occur outside of the apicoplast lumen. The TgFNR transit peptide contains at least two independent and functionally redundant targeting signals, each of which contains a subdomain that is required for release from or proper sorting within the endoplasmic reticulum. Certain deletion constructs traffic to multiple locations, including the apicoplast periphery, the rhoptries, and the parasitophorous vacuole, suggesting a common thread for targeting to these specialized compartments.
Bell and Zeno

Bell's inequalities and related inequalities of Wigner, Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt, Accardi–Fedullo, Gudder–Zanghi, Herbert–Peres, Khrennikov, others, are shown to be contained within a general operator trigonometry developed by this author starting in 1967. These inequalities are improved here to useful quantum spin correlation identities. Secondly, the Zeno problems from quantum measurement theory are traced from early work by this author starting in 1974, to the present. A Zeno Alternative that stresses domain-theoretic properties as essential to distinguishing reversible from irreversible quantum evolutions is presented.
Hydration water and bulk water in proteins have distinct properties in radial distributions calculated from 105 atomic resolution crystal structures.

Water plays a critical role in the structure and function of proteins, although the experimental properties of water around protein structures are not well understood. The water can be classified by the separation from the protein surface into bulk water and hydration water. Hydration water interacts closely with the protein and contributes to protein folding, stability, and dynamics, as well as interacting with the bulk water. Water potential functions are often parametrized to fit bulk water properties because of the limited experimental data for hydration water. Therefore, the structural and energetic properties of the hydration water were assessed for 105 atomic resolution (≤1.0 A) protein crystal structures with a high level of hydration water by calculating the experimental water−protein radial distribution function or surface distribution function (SDF) and water radial distribution function (RDF). Two maxima are observed in SDF: the first maximum at a radius of 2.75 A reflects first shell and hydr...
Health in all policies--from what to how.

Already the Ottawa conference for health promotion in 1986 pointed out the importance of environment for our health.1 ‘Make the healthy choice the easy one’ was the famous slogan. But actually much earlier, in the 1800s, Rudolf Virchow emphasized the role of social conditions for public health. Hygienic improvements in environments and social conditions were seen as important measures for controlling the infectious disease epidemics of those times. With the emergence of chronic, non-communicable diseases as major public health problems, early response was clinical treatments. With the identification of their behavioural risk factors, public health work started to pay attention to prevention and to health education of people. But the Ottawa Charter argued that health education alone is insufficient. The role of the social and physical environments was again emphasized for disease prevention and health promotion. The North Karelia Project in Finland and several other projects pioneered the community-based …
Hippocampal MRI volumetrics and temporal lobe substrates in medial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Forty-nine consecutive patients undergoing anteromedial temporal lobe resection for medically intractable temporal lobe seizures, and averaging 2 yr (range 6 mo to 4 yr) postoperative follow-up, were selected for a retrospective study. This study correlated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived hippocampal volumetrics, preoperative demographics, postoperative seizure control, and tissue analysis, including hippocampal CA (cornu ammonis) field neuronal, and glial cell counts, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evidence for dentate sprouting and reorganization. These measures were compared in hippocampi with or without an adjacent presumptive epileptogenic temporal lobe mass. Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was defined as >50% neuronal cell loss averaged across all CA fields with NPY (neuropeptide-y) and somatostatin reorganization. These patients may or may not include granule cell sprouting as determined by dynorphin staining. Patients were divided into two groups based on CA field neuronal cell counts, one averaging >50% cell loss and one averaging <50% cell loss. For the MTS group (N = 38), 89% had significant volumetric atrophy of the ipsilateral hippocampus, 74% had dentate reorganization, and complete seizure control was seen in 76% of these patients. In one subgroup of the <50% cell loss group, patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy caused by a mass in the medial temporal lobe (mass group) (N = 6), 33% demonstrated significant volumetric atrophy of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the mass, 0% had dentate sprouting, and seizures were completely controlled in 67%. For the second subgroup of the <50% cell loss group, patients without mass lesions (N = 5) who were classified as the paradoxical medial temporal lobe epilepsy group (paradoxical group), 20% had ipsilateral hippocampal atrophy, 0% had dentate reorganization, and complete seizure control was seen in 60% of these patients. In conclusion, for the MTS group, hippocampal atrophy proven by MRI volumetrics was highly predictive of significant neuronal cell loss and an excellent indicator of success. However, in patients who had a foreign mass, hippocampal atrophy was not necessarily indicative of significant neuronal cell loss and MRI volumetrics was not a factor in the determination of a successful outcome. Furthermore, patients without mass lesions who have normal volumetrics but demonstrate hippocampal disease through invasive electrode monitoring, are likely to have paradoxical medial temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures beginning at a later age, and a lower, but not insignificant, success rate than the classical mesial temporal sclerosis group.
Social movements and the changing structure of political opportunity in the European union 1

To the extent that European integration results in the decline in the importance of the nation‐state as the exclusive seat of formal political power, we can expect attendant changes in those forms of interest aggregation and articulation historically linked to the state. This article suggests that a polity characterised by multi‐level governance is emerging in Europe and that this poses a set of new constraints and opportunities for groups that wish to influence political decisions. We argue that group strategy in response to this is a function of: (1) the structure of political opportunities facing a group in the EU; and (2) inherited institutions and ideologies that constrain the capacity of a group to exploit those opportunities. We use this framework to analyse the effect of European integration on four groups: the labour movement, regional movements, the environmental movement and the anti‐nuclear movement.
Magnetic field dependence of the specific heat peak at 0.6–0.7°K in soft carbons☆☆☆

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the specific heat peak was investigated for a polycrystalline graphite of nuclear purity neutron irradiated for 50 hr and for a soft carbon heattreated to HTT 1250°C. It was found that the relatively broader peak for irradiated graphite is located at 0.72°K and the sharper one for the soft carbon at 0.635°K. In both cases the dependence on the magnetic field is similar, —the specific heat increases with the magnetic field from 0 to 20 kG in the whole range of temperature investigated (0.4–4.5°K), the increase on the high temperature side of the peak being greater than on the low temperature side. The peak's maximum shifts slightly to higher temperature with increase of the field (by 10% at 20 kG). The increase in the total specific heat at the peak's maximum is at 20 kG around 80% for the irradiated graphite and only 50% for the 1250°C carbon. It is shown that the peak is due to a cooperative antiferromagnetic interaction between localized electronic spins distributed at random throughout the material. The reasons for various complications in the overall effect are discussed.
Peak Loads and Efficient Pricing: Comment

In a 1957 paper, Peter 0. Steiner presented a theory of peak load pricing,1 which his major critic, Jack Hirschleifer, hailed as a "truly major contribution" which contained "essentially the correct solution." 2 An earlier French paper by M. Boiteux, and unknown to Steiner, contained an analysis that is similar in many respects.3 My purpose in this note is to demonstrate that both Steiner's and Boiteux's analyses obscure certain complexities in the theory of peak load service pricing. As a result, the "solution" which they present seems more determinate than the general model warrants. Apparent determinancy is produced only by the implicit adoption of unjustified assumptions concerning the uniformity of marginal price over quantity. In both papers, the central elements of the analysis are developed geometrically through the utilization of orthodox demand and cost curve constructions. It will be convenient to follow Steiner's treatment here, which, to use Hirschleifer's words, employs the "illuminating device of vertically adding the demand curves."4 In resorting to this construction, Steiner refers to the analogous theory of public goods formally stated by Paul A. Samuelson.5 Neither Steiner nor his critics, however, seem to have heeded Samuelson's own quite
Plasma Levels of Estrogens, Androgens and Progesterone During Normal and Dexamethasone-Treated Cycles

ABSTRACT Concentrations of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in peripheral blood were measured simultaneously in the same samples taken at frequent intervals during 5 normal and 3 dexamethasone-treated (0.5 mg, 4 times daily) menstrual cycles. In the normal cycles, mean concentrations and patterns of LH, E2, E1 and P were similar to those previously reported. Although cyclic patterns of plasma T were less marked than A, mean concentrations were significantly higher at midcycle than at other times of the cycle. The plasma A levels demonstrated random daily fluctuation; however, a progressive increase in concentrations occurred during the follicular period (121 ± 27 ng/100 ml), reaching maximum concentrations (167 ± 34 ng/100 ml) during the midcycle period. Dexamethasone treatment apparently did not affect ovulation and, although the luteal phase was of normal length, a prolongation of the follicular phase (18–21 days vs 13–16 ...
On thickness and decomposability of abelianp-groups

We construct essentially finitely indecomposable abelianp-groups that are not thick, i.e., admit a non-small homomorphism into a Σ-cyclicp-group.
Rings and constructions of partial difference sets

We present three constructions of partial difference sets (PDS) using different types of finite local rings. The first construction uses homomorphic images of finite Frobenius local rings and generalizes a previous result by the author. The second construction uses finite Frobenius local rings. The third construction uses finite (noncommutative) chain rings and generalizes a recent construction of partial difference sets by Leung and Ma. The three constructions provide many new PDS in nonelementary abelian groups.
New results on switched linear systems with actuator saturation

This paper further studies the analysis and control problems of continuous-time switched linear systems subject to actuator saturation. Using the norm-bounded differential inclusion description of the saturated systems and the minimal switching rule, a set of switched output feedback controllers is designed to minimise the disturbance attenuation level defined by the regional gain over a class of energy-bounded disturbances. The synthesis conditions are expressed as bilinear matrix inequalities, and can be solved by numerical search coupled with linear matrix inequality optimisation. Compared to the previous method based on polytopic differential inclusion, the proposed approach has good scalability and potentially renders better performance. Numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Growth and micro-photoluminescence study of Si-doped GaAs nanoneedles grown on Si substrates

We report the growth and the micro-photoluminescence (mu-PL) study of Si-doped GaAs nanoneedles (NNs) grown on Si substrates by MOCVD. NN shape was not affected by the addition of Si dopants. The mu-PL peak wavelength was found redshifted with increasing disilane doping flow rate indicating bandgap narrowing. The mu-PL peak intensity was also higher as doping flow rate increased.
Analysis of three contention protocols in distributed real-time systems

The probability of a station/node failing to deliver packets before their deadlines, called the probability of dynamic failure, P/sub dyn/, and the in -bounded delivery time, which is defined as the time period between the arrival of a packet and its delivery with probability greater than 1- in , are important performance parameters for the communication subsystems of a distributed real-time system. The parameters are derived and are used to evaluate the token passing protocol, the token ring scheduling protocol, and the P/sub i/-persistent protocol and a priority-based variation thereof. The communication subsystem equipped with different contention protocols as embedded Markov chains is modeled. The probability distributions of the access delay are then derived, from which P/sub dyn/ and T/sub in / can be calculated. Using P/sub dyn/ and I/sub in / as indices, the performances of these contention protocols are evaluated and compared over a wide range of traffic. >
On diagnosis of pattern-dependent delay faults

We propose a method of modeling pattern-dependence as part of the existing delay fault models without incurring the complexity of considering physical effects that cause pattern-dependence. Using this model, we define the con- ditions under which two faults can be said to be distin- guished by a given test set. We provide experimental results to demonstrate the diagnostic resolutions obtained under the proposed model.
An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper

Concern over the collapse of many wild-caught fisheries has led to a recent focus on seafood-certification and consumer-driven support of sustainable seafood. However, such conservation strategies depend critically on the accurate labeling of seafood species in marketplaces. Pacific rockfish, a group of >60 species in the genus Sebastes, are often marketed as Pacific red snapper, but little is known about the number and identity of rockfish species sold under this name. We used a molecular approach to identify species sold as Pacific red snapper by grocery chains, local fish markets, and sushi restaurants in California and Washington. Using genetic data from two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome-b and control region), we identified seven species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), and one true red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in our samples. Among samples identified as rockfish, 56% were identified as species listed as overfished by the National Marine Fisheries Service within the past three years. By effectively permitting all species of rockfish to be sold under a common vernacular name, state and federal agencies compromise the ability of consumers to make informed choices when buying seafood.
ELECTRIC TISSUE : RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF ELECTRIC TISSUE

In the main electric organs of the electric eel, the cross-sectional area, the thickness of the electroplaxes, and certain electrical characteristics of the tissue vary widely between the anterior and posterior ends. However, a transverse layer of the organs one electroplax thick has certain characteristics which are roughly uniform along the organs. These are its volume, its maximum voltage, its maximum current per unit area, and the resistance of unit area at the peak of the discharge. Measurements of the voltage developed by a segment of the organs across different external resistances at different instants during the discharge are all rather well described by representing the segment, with the adjacent non-electric tissue, as a simple combination of E.M.F. and ohmic resistance. The internal resistance of the tissue varies during the discharge. Its E.M.F. appears to be practically constant, at least during the greater part of the discharge. Estimates made of the total electric energy show it about equal to the energy supplied by the decrease of phosphocreatine and the formation of lactic acid.
Missed Opportunities in the Referral of High-Risk Infants to Early Intervention

OBJECTIVE: Using a statewide population-based data source, we describe current neonatal follow-up referral practices for high-risk infants with developmental delays throughout California. METHODS: From a cohort analysis of quality improvement data from 66 neonatal follow-up programs in the California Children’s Services and California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative High-Risk Infant Follow-Up Quality of Care Initiative, 5129 high-risk infants were evaluated at the first visit between 4 and 8 months of age in neonatal follow-up. A total of 1737 high-risk infants were evaluated at the second visit between 12 and 16 months of age. We calculated referral rates in relation to developmental status (high versus low concern) based on standardized developmental testing or screening. RESULTS: Among infants with low concerns (standard score >70 or passed screen) at the first visit, 6% were referred to early intervention; among infants with high concerns, 28% of infants were referred to early intervention. Even after including referrals to other (private) therapies, 34% infants with high concerns did not receive any referrals. These rates were similar for the second visit. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the specialization of neonatal follow-up programs to identify high-risk infants with developmental delays, a large proportion of potentially eligible infants were not referred to early intervention.
Backstepping Boundary Control of Navier-Stokes Channel Flow: Explicit Gain Formulae in 3D

In a companion ACC `06 paper we present a boundary control law, designed using the backstepping method, that stabilizes the 3D Navier-Stokes system linearized around the much studied Poiseuille flow profile. This control law employs three controllers that actuate solely along one boundary. The controller that acts in the wall normal direction prepares the system for the backstepping method, while the other two controllers, which act in the streamwise and spanwise direction, are designed using backstepping to stabilize the system. They do so by decoupling the normal vorticity from the normal velocity and then stabilizing the normal velocity. Instead of solving Ricatti equations to find the kernels for the controller gain, the kernels are found by solving certain linear hyperbolic pdes offline. We study the pdes derived in the companion paper that define the gain kernels. We focus first on the specific case of perterbations with no streamwise dependence. This is equivalent to setting the streamwise wavenumber to zero. We derive explicit solutions to the gain kernels for this important case where transient growth is the largest. In addition, we solve a series of related pdes in order to find an approximate solution to the gain kernel pdes when the streamwise and spanwise wavenumbers are small.