cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Kematical X-Ray Rocking Cjrve Analyses

A new boundary condition is used in the kinematical x-ray diffraction model analysis of rocking curves. The boundary condition is the dynamical reflection amplitude instead of the previously used dynamical intensity for the substrate. It is shown that this boundary condition properly accounts for the angular shift effect in the Bragg peak profile of very thin epitaxial layers and in the 0th-order superlattice peak. We present experimental and simulated rocking curves for various samples. The simulation was performed by using the dynamical diffraction theory, the kinematical model with the new amplitude boundary condition, and the kinematical model with the old intensity boundary condition. We also analyzed the strained resonant tunneling device structure and single strained quantum well samples by x-ray interference technique. Our x-ray interference results showed a good agreement with the nominal values for both experimental and simulated rocking curves.
The image and clinical outcome of brain structure damage in occipital lobe

Objective To explore the impact of brain structure damage in occipital lobe on developmental aspects in children.Methods The imaging of brain structure damage in occipital lobe of 17 cases was analyzed.Evaluation was on classification of epilepsy,performance,and EEG monitoring,efficacy analysis,growth monitoring by comparing the different areas of injury with clinical follow-up.Results Perinatal hypoglycemia is the common cause(73.8%-58.8%)for occipital lobe brain structure damage;3 cases had simple brain white matter injury,fourteen cases had cortical and subcortical white matter damage;Sixteen of the total 17 cases had eye abnormal manifestation with various forms and change over time.Fourteen cases(82.4%)had epilepsy,baby spasms developed in 11 cases(64.7%),with EEG performance of asymmetry part origin and height disorders.Treatment with ACTH was effective in 8 cases.Fourteen cases(82.4%)had abnormal jitter attack,and all of them showed pure white matter damage in imaging.Five cases had motor development retardation by DDST assessment.The sport ability markedly improved in 8 cases after epilepsy had been controlled.Two cases had high muscle tension and serious backward sports development with congenital corpus callosum demonstrated stunted growth in imaging.Conclusions Perinatal hypoglycemia is a common cause of occipital lobe brain structure damage,which often results in abnormal ocular performance and infancy systemic jitter attack,usually as pre-epilepsy signs.Baby spasm is a frequent complication.Control of epilepsy is important to developmental improvement.
Ignition or nonignition of a combustible solid with marginal heating

The possibility of achieving ignition of a combustible solid with only marginal external heating is investigated. The heating barely raises the temperature to a level where reaction occurs. A parameter indicating the duration of time spent near the crucial level governs the ignition process. If the parameter is below a critical value, no thermal runaway can occur; if it is sufficiently large, ignition will be achieved
System software for multimedia

The new system software for DVI technology called Audio Video Kernel (AVK) is described. This new software, developed jointly by Intel and IBM, along with hardware based on the Intel i750 video processor, adds digital multimedia data types to standard operating systems. >
Metabolism of Vascular and Luminal Glutamine by Intestinal Mucosa in Vivo

Studies over the last 15 years have revealed that the small intestine is a major site for the metabolism of circulating glutamine in most animal species examined, including man. Because of the quantitative importance of glutamine as a vehicle for transporting nitrogen among tissues, the small intestine is now seen to play a significant role in processing the waste nitrogen from other organs. Meanwhile, oxidation of the glutamine carbon provides an important source of energy for the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, where glutamine utilization is largely localized. Glutamine has emerged as a quantitatively more important respira¬tory fuel than glucose in this tissue. Also, it is now apparent that the small intestine is more than a site for digestion and absorption of dietary ingredients; it also serves some vital metabolic functions for the whole organism. Neptune’s work in 1965 [23], showing that glutamine was vigorously oxidized to C02 by incubated ileal tissue from several laboratory animal species, appears to be the first reported indication that glutamine may be a preferred substrate for intestine. These studies seem to have attracted little attention, however, perhaps because the conditions employed in vitro were not easily related to conditions in vivo. More direct clues emerged from arteriovenous difference measurements across the nonhepatic splanchnic organs of dogs [1, 7, 14], sheep [49], rats [2], and man [9], studies that revealed an uptake of circulating glutamine by the combined organs drained by the hepatic portal vein — the stomach, small and large intestine, cecum, spleen, and pancreas.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Deficiency Results in Expedited Cellular Proliferation through E2F1-Mediated Increase of Cyclins.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of cancer with prevalence worldwide. There are many factors that lead to the development and progression of HCC. This study aimed to identify potential new tumor suppressors, examine their function as cell cycle modulators, and investigate their impact on the cyclin family of proteins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In this study, the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)4 gene was shown to have potential tumor suppressor characteristics. PDK4 expression was significantly downregulated in human HCC. Pdk4−/− mouse liver exhibited a consistent increase in cell cycle regulator proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin A2, some associated CDKs, and transcription factor E2F1. PDK4-knockdown HCC cells also progressed faster through the cell cycle, which concurrently expressed high levels of cyclins and E2F1 as seen in the Pdk4−/− mice. Interestingly, the induced cyclin E1 and cyclin A2 caused by Pdk4 deficiency was repressed by arsenic treatment in mouse liver and in HCC cells. E2f1 deficiency in E2f1−/− mouse liver or knockdown E2F1 using small hairpin RNAs in HCC cells significantly decreased cyclin E1, cyclin A2, and E2F1 proteins. In contrast, inhibition of PDK4 activity in HCC cells increased cyclin E1, cyclin A2, and E2F1 proteins. These findings demonstrate that PDK4 is a critical regulator of hepatocyte proliferation via E2F1-mediated regulation of cyclins.
It Is Just Not Cricket

The game of cricket now stands tarnished by betting and fixing match outcomes through corrupt practices. Star players and club officials are involved and there is evidence of major matches, even during the World Cup being compromised. The spread of illegal betting in cricket has expanded with the advent of technology. Internet based betting sites coupled with unregulated nature of betting in Asian economies, particularly India, has facilitated growth of illegal gambling. This has encouraged the entry of underworld crime syndicates to manipulate games and outcomes for massive gambling profits. The result has been major corruption scandals and questions about the sports itself. This paper describes the betting phenomenon and some major incidents associated with the growing corruption in cricket. The policy responses of major cricket playing nations are presented, along with suggestions for strategies to be adopted to curb corruption in cricket.
Overview: Membrane lipid peroxidation

Abstract Lipid peroxidation has been associated with many pathological conditions, especially age-related diseases. While this association is becoming tighter and the body of evidence strongly supporting a role for lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegeneration, significant questions remain. What are the major sources of free radicals in each of these diseases? Answers to this question will have important therapeutic implications. What are the mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation contributes to the initiation or progression of disease? Answers to this question will deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of age-related diseases.
Neonatal imaging using an on-site small footprint MR scanner

With its soft-tissue definition, multiplanar capabilities and advanced imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for neonatal care can provide better understanding of pathology, allowing for improved care and counseling to families. However, MR imaging in neonates is often difficult due to patient instability and the complex support necessary for survival. In our institution, we have installed a small footprint magnet in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to minimize patient risks and provide the ability to perform MR imaging safely in this population. With this system, we have been able to provide more information with regard to central nervous system disorders, abdominal pathology, and pulmonary and airway abnormalities, and have performed postmortem imaging as an alternative or supplement to pathological autopsy. In our experience, an MR scanner situated within the NICU has allowed for safer and more expedited imaging of this vulnerable population.
Resection and reconstruction of the carina in children and adolescents

Wahrend die segmentale Resektion der Trachea und Bronchien im Erwachsenenalter weitge hend standardisiert ist, sind Strikturen der Carina im Kindesalter selten und ihre Behandlung herausfordernd. Seit 1980 wurde in 8 Patienten im Alter von 8–19 Jahren die Carina operativ rekonstruiert. Die Indikation waren Tumoren in 5 und nicht-neoplastische Prozesse in 3 Fallen. In 3 Patienten mit Tumor (2) und Mediastinalfibrose (1) wurden Carina- und Lungenresektion kombiniert durchgefuhrt. Prinzipien der operativen Behandlung sind die vollstandige Resektion mit intraoperativer Klarung der Resektionsgrenzen in Tumoren, in Kindern die besondere Beachtung einer addquaten Mobilisation des verbleibenden Luftwegs unter Vermeidung unzuverldssiger Anastomosenspannung und die Wahl von Anasthesieverfahren, die eine sichere Operation und fruhzeitige Extubation erlauben. Ein Patient (12,5%) starb nach komplexer Atemwegrekonstruktion bei ausgedehnter Mediastinalfibrose. Malazie in der verbliebenen Trachea in einem Patienten mit Postpneumonektomiesyndrom erforderte eine erfolgreiche Zweitresektion. In einem Beobachtungszeitraum von 5–132 Monaten (im Mittel 62 Monate) blieben 7 Patienten frei von einer Striktur der Anastomose und Tumorrezidiv mit erwarteter Erhaltung der Lungenfunktion. Die bronchoskopische Nachschau in 5 Patienten 6 Monate bis 11 Jahre nach der Operation zeigte ein strikturfreies Wachstum des Lumens. Die Rekonstruktion der Carina ist in Kindern gelegentlich erforderlich, i. allg. erfolgreich und nicht von spaten Problemen an der Anastomose gefolgt.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Ethylene Glycol Toxicity.

An 80-year-old man presented to the emergency department after a fall at home. Serum studies demonstrated an anion and osmolal gap. Examination of the urine sediment showed calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, suggestive of ethylene glycol toxicity.
Direct observation of sequential oxidations of a titania-bound molecular proxy catalyst generated through illumination of molecular sensitizers.

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to oxidize or reduce reaction centres multiple times and prepare them for multiple-electron-transfer reactions. Now, it has been shown that a molecular proxy for a multiple-electron-transfer electrocatalyst can be oxidized twice by dye molecules when both are anchored to a mesoporous TiO2 thin film and excited with low-intensity visible light.
100 Questions/3 ideas/1 story/and a ghost

In a university theater program, our primary intention can’t just be to train artists—it has got to be shaping experiences and strengthening skill sets that will nurture strong agents of civic presence, bold thinkers, and empathetic human beings.
"Cracking" into the debate about laying hen housing

Livestock production systems have faced social pressures related to animal welfare; the laying hen industry also has faced changes in governing regulations/policies. This study employs experimental data to evaluate 3 confinement-housing systems: standard cages with no perches, cages with standard perches, and cages with cooled perches. Based on the cost-benefit analysis conducted of revenue less feed costs, operators are expected to have revenue, after covering feed costs, which could contribute to installation and maintenance of standard and/or cooled perches. Thus, egg producers may be able to use caged housing that incorporates perches profitably, depending on the final costs of such a system.
Information retrieval in physical geography: A method to recover geographical information from digitized historical documents

Information retrieval (IR) methods seek to locate meaningful documents in large collections of textual and other data. Few studies apply these techniques to discover descriptions in historical docu...
Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Substance Use by the School and Peer Environments.

Background Evidence suggests that aspects of the neighborhood environment may influence risk of problematic drug use among adolescents. Our objective was to examine mediating roles of aspects of the school and peer environments on the effect of receiving a Section 8 housing voucher and using it to move out of public housing on adolescent substance use outcomes. Methods We used data from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment that randomized receipt of a Section 8 housing voucher. Hypothesized mediators included school climate, safety, peer drug use, and participation in an after-school sport or club. We applied a doubly robust, semiparametric estimator to longitudinal MTO data to estimate stochastic direct and indirect effects of randomization on cigarette use, marijuana use, and problematic drug use. Stochastic direct and indirect effects differ from natural direct and indirect effects in that they do not require assuming no posttreatment confounder of the mediator-outcome relationship. Such an assumption would be at odds with any causal model that reflects an intervention affecting a mediator and outcome through adherence to treatment assignment. Results Having friends who use drugs and involvement in after-school sports or clubs partially mediated the effect of housing voucher receipt on adolescent substance use (e.g., stochastic indirect effect 0.45% [95% confidence interval: 0.12%, 0.79%] for having friends who use drugs and 0.04% [95% confidence interval: -0.02%, 0.10%] for involvement in after-school sports or clubs mediating the relationship between housing voucher receipt and marijuana use among boys). However, these mediating effects were small, contributing only fractions of a percent to the effect of voucher receipt on probability of substance use. No school environment variables were mediators. Conclusions Measured school- and peer-environment variables played little role in mediating the effect of housing voucher receipt on subsequent adolescent substance use.
Challenges and Opportunities in International Partnerships in Rehabilitation Counselling: An Exploratory Study

We provide a comparative case study of rehabilitation counselling across the U.S., Japan and Taiwan focusing on the common challenges facing international constituents in the field. Through interviews with students, faculty and administrators from each of the respective countries, we use thematic coding analysis to identify key points of tension. Emergent themes comprise (a) systemic challenges, (b) student and faculty mobility, (c) cultural and linguistic differences and (d) lack of sustainable international leadership. We further discuss mitigation of these recurrent challenges and conclude collaborative research, student exchange and institutional partnerships may advance teaching, research and service scholarship of rehabilitation counselling programs, and, in turn, enhance the lives of people with chronic illness and disability worldwide.
Selection of estuarine nursery habitats by wild-caught and hatchery-reared juvenile red drum in laboratory mesocosms

We examined patterns of habitat selection in wild-caught and hatchery-reared early juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, using mesocosm experiments. Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of a pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides. We hypothesized that newly recruited red drum would have distinct patterns of habitat selection, and these patterns could be influenced by the presence of a pinfish predator. Red drum were introduced to replicate mesocosms containing all possible pair-wise comparisons of four different habitat types: marsh Spartina alterniflora, non-vegetated bottom/sand, oyster reef Crassostrea virginica, and seagrass Halodule wrightii. Wild-caught and hatchery-reared red drum showed distinctively different patterns of habitat selection. In general, wild-caught red drum selected structured habitats, while hatchery-reared fish did not show strong selection for any habitat type. When a predator was present, wild-caught red drum either changed habitat selection or showed significant selection for other structured habitats. This predator effect was similar albeit weaker for hatchery-reared red drum, but as in the trials without a predator, overall habitat selection was reduced compared to wild-caught red drum. Our results suggest that in the absence of seagrass, other habitat types such as marshes and oyster reefs may be important recruitment habitat for red drum. Additionally, hatchery-dependent behaviors may need to be assessed in designing stock enhancement programs.
Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance

A closed-form, analytical study that evaluates the response characteristics of a two-degree-of freedom quarter-car model using passive and semi-active dampers is provided as an extension to the results published in past studies for active suspensions. The semiactive methods that are considered include skyhook, groundhook, and hybrid control. The relationships between vibration isolation, suspension deflection, and road-holding are studied using the model. The performance indices that are used include vertical acceleration of the sprung mass, deflection of the suspension (rattle space), and deflection of the tire. The results indicate that hybrid semiactive control yields better comfort than passive suspension and the other semiactive control methods that are considered, without reducing the road-holding quality or requiring larger suspension rattle space for typical passenger cars.
The Supermajority Requirement as a Means of Limiting Taxation and Spending: Some Economic and Ethical Issues

From time to time, proposals have been put forward to increase the required number of votes needed to increase taxes from a simple majority to some supermajority. The effect of this requirement would be to make it more difficult to raise taxes. Most articles that have been written on this topic are written from the perspectives of economics, political science or public finance. This article takes a different approach. While economic, political science and public finance aspects of the issue are discussed, this article goes beyond those disciplines by including an analysis of the proposal from several ethical perspectives.
Reinforcement of Elastomers

Elastomers can be reinforced, or made tougher, by the addition of very small particles, typically finely dispersed carbon blacks or silicas. Similar types of reinforcement in elastomers can be brought about by the addition of a plastic polymeric phase (Sections 4.4 and 8.4) or the inclusion of polystyrene latexes.
First-principles Analysis of NOx Adsorption on Anhydrous γ-Al2O3 Surfaces

The interaction of nitrogen oxides NOx (x=1-3) with gamma Al2O3 has been investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations. NO and NO2 weakly physisorb on the clean, dehydrated (100) and (110) surfaces of gamma Al2O3, whereas the adsorption of the NO3 radical is rather strong. Only the basic-like O-down adsorption configurations were found to be stable. The interaction between NOx and gamma Al2O3 can be described as a surface mediated electron transfer process. For single NOx adsorption, greater electron transfer from the surface to the adsorbate (negatively charged) yields stronger interactions between NOx and the surface. The adsorption of four combinations of NOx+NOy (x=1-3, y=2, 3) pairs on the (100) and the (110) facets of gamma Al2O3 were investigated. Except for the NO2+NO2 pair, a strong cooperative effect that substantially enhances the stability of NOx on both gamma Al2O3 surfaces was found. This cooperative effect consists of surface-mediated electron transfer processes resulting in a favorable electrostatic interaction between two adsorbed NOx species. The pair was found to be the thermodynamically most stable state among the co-adsorbed NOx+NOy pairs on both gamma Al2O3 surfaces. The results are used to analyze the experimentally observed NOx evolution during temperature programmed desorption from NO2-saturatedmore » gamma Al2O3 substrates. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.« less
The Adsorption and Film Forming Behavior of Vinyltriethoxysilane(VS) on Low Carbon Steel Surfaces

The adsorption and film forming behavior of vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) on Q235 low carbon steel surfaces, as well as its effect on the properties of film layer were systematically investigated by reflection absorption infrared spectrum (RA-IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and contact angle measurement technology. The experimental results indicate that the oscillatory phenomenon exists in the adsorption of VS on low carbon steel surfaces, which directly determines the adsorption morphology and the arrangement pattern of VS on metal surfaces, generating VS films with different protective properties. The desorption occurring in the initial stage was accompanied with film restructuring, which was helpful to the readsorption of VS and the film formation with dense structure and excellent protective performance.
Increased global cognition correlates with increased thalamo-temporal connectivity in response to targeted cognitive training for recent onset schizophrenia

Abstract Patients with schizophrenia exhibit disrupted thalamocortical connections that relate to aspects of symptoms and deficits in cognition. Targeted cognitive training (TCT) of the auditory system in schizophrenia has been shown to improve cognition, but its impact on thalamocortical connectivity is not known. Here we examined thalamocortical connections that may be neuroplastic in response to TCT using a region of interest (ROI) approach. Participants were randomly assigned to either 40 h of TCT (N = 24) or an active control condition (CG; N = 20). Participants underwent resting state fMRI and cognitive testing both before and after training. Changes in thalamocortical connectivity were measured in 15 ROIs derived from a previous study comparing a large sample of schizophrenia subjects with healthy controls. A significant group by time interaction was observed in a left superior temporal ROI which was previously found to exhibit thalamocortical hyper-connectivity in patients with schizophrenia. Changes in this ROI reflected thalamic connectivity increases in the TCT group, while the CG group showed decreases. Additionally, the relationship between connectivity change and change in global cognition showed a slope difference between groups, with increases in thalamo-temporal connectivity correlating with improvements in global cognition in TCT. No significant relationships were observed with changes in clinical symptoms or functioning. These findings demonstrate that TCT may influence intrinsic functional connections in young individuals with schizophrenia, such that improvements in cognition correspond to compensatory increases in connectivity in a temporal region previously shown to exhibit thalamic hyper-connectivity.
Information geometry aspects of minimum entropy production paths from quantum mechanical evolutions.

We present an information geometric analysis of entropic speeds and entropy production rates in geodesic evolution on manifolds of parametrized quantum states. These pure states emerge as outputs of suitable $\mathrm{su}\left(2\text{;}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathbb{C}\right)$ time-dependent Hamiltonian operators used to describe distinct types of analog quantum search schemes. The Riemannian metrization on the manifold is specified by the Fisher information evaluated along the parametrized squared probability amplitudes obtained from analysis of the temporal quantum mechanical evolution of a spin-$1/2$ particle in an external time-dependent magnetic field that specifies the $\mathrm{su}\left(2\text{;}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\mathbb{C}\right)$ Hamiltonian model. We employ a minimum action method to transfer a quantum system from an initial state to a final state on the manifold in a finite temporal interval. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the minimizing (optimum) path is the shortest (geodesic) path between the two states and, in particular, minimizes also the total entropy production that occurs during the transfer. Finally, by evaluating the entropic speed and the total entropy production along the optimum transfer paths in a number of physical scenarios of interest in analog quantum search problems, we show in a clear quantitative manner that to a faster transfer there corresponds necessarily a higher entropy production rate. Thus we conclude that lower entropic efficiency values appear to accompany higher entropic speed values in quantum transfer processes.
Preclinical support for the therapeutic potential of zolmitriptan as a treatment for cocaine use disorders

Serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR) agonists enhance cocaine intake in rats during daily self-administration but attenuate cocaine intake after prolonged abstinence. Here we investigated whether the less selective but clinically available 5-HT1D/1BR agonist, zolmitriptan, produces similar effects. Male and free-cycling female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to lever press for cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, i.v.) or sucrose (45 mg pellet) reinforcement until performance rates stabilized. Rats then received zolmitriptan (3.0, 5.6, and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) prior to testing for its effects on response and reinforcement rates. Under cocaine testing conditions, rats had access to the training dose for the first hour followed by a lower cocaine dose (0.075 mg/kg, i.v.) for the second hour. Zolmitriptan decreased cocaine intake at both cocaine doses and in both sexes even without a period of abstinence and without altering sucrose intake. A separate group of rats underwent identical training procedures and were tested for effects of the selective 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor antagonists, SB224289 (3.2, 5.6, and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) and BRL15572 (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, alone or in combination with zolmitriptan (5.6 mg/kg, s.c.) under identical cocaine testing procedures as above. The zolmitriptan-induced decrease in cocaine intake was reversed by SB224289 and to a lesser extent by BRL15572, suggesting that the effects of zolmitriptan involve both 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors. Neither zolmitriptan, SB224289, or BRL15572 altered locomotor activity at the doses effective for modulating cocaine intake. These findings suggest that zolmitriptan has potential for repurposing as a treatment for cocaine use disorders.
Distributed Bilevel Energy Allocation Mechanism With Grid Constraints and Hidden User Information

A novel distributed energy allocation mechanism for distribution system operator (DSO) market through a bilevel iterative auction is proposed. With the locational marginal price known at the substation node, the DSO runs an upper level auction with aggregators as intermediate agents competing for energy. This DSO level auction takes into account physical grid constraints such as line flows, transformer capacities, and node voltage limits. This auction mechanism is a straightforward implementation of projected gradient descent on the social welfare of all home level agents. Aggregators, which serve home level agents—both buyers and sellers, implement lower level auctions in parallel, through proportional allocation of power, until market equilibrium is established. This is accomplished without asking for the agents’ utility functions and generation capacities that are considered private information. The overall bilevel auction is shown to be globally efficient and weakly budget balanced.
Vicarious Experience in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Is Associated with Greater Odds of Attaining the Recommended Leisure-Time Physical Activity Levels.

Social cognitive theory posits that observing similar others succeed (i.e., vicarious experience) can improve self-efficacy. However, there are very limited data on the utility of vicarious experience in promoting physical activity (PA). This analysis examined the association between vicarious experience and leisure-time PA (LTPA) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Cross-sectional analysis of MESA participants who completed exam 5. LTPA and neighborhood factors were self-reported. Neighborhood factors were converted into aesthetic, walking, and safety scores. Group comparative analyses evaluated differences in variables of interest. The relationship between vicarious experience and recommended LTPA (≥ 7.5 MET-h/week) was assessed via logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Participants (N = 4579) were older (69.7 ± 9.4 years), 53% female, 41% Caucasian, 26% Black, 21% Hispanic, and 12% Chinese. Those who reported vicarious experience had 45% (95% CI 1.16–1.81) greater odds of attaining recommended LTPA. Unfavorable walking score was associated with lower odds of attaining recommended LTPA (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.79–1.00). The aesthetic and safety scales were not associated with LTPA (OR = 1.00 [95% CI 0.89–1.13] and OR = 0.91 [95% CI 0.82–1.10], respectively). Programs exposing community-dwelling adults to peers engaging in PA could provide an effective public health approach to increase community-level PA participation.
Bereavement Support Services in a National Sample of Hospices: A Content Analysis.

Although the Medicare Hospice Benefit mandates that hospices offer bereavement support services to families for at least 1 year following the death of a patient, it does not stipulate which service...
Weight Status and Emotion- and Stress-Related Eating: Testing Constructs of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

Background: Stress-related eating and its determinants may differ by weight status among college students. The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping provides a framework for discussion of how in...
Placental expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection: are placental defenses mediated by fetal sex?

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in vulnerability to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described in non-pregnant populations. ACE2 and TMPRSS2, host molecules required for viral entry, are regulated by sex steroids and expressed in the placenta. We sought to investigate whether placental ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression vary by fetal sex and in the presence of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: Placental ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were quantified in 68 pregnant individuals (38 SARS-CoV-2 positive, 30 SARS-CoV-2 negative) delivering at Mass General Brigham from April to June 2020. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 status was determined by nasopharyngeal RT-PCR. Placental SARS-CoV-2 viral load was quantified. RTqPCR was performed to quantify expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 relative to the reference gene YWHAZ. Western blots were performed on placental homogenates to quantify protein levels. The impact of fetal sex and SARS-CoV-2 exposure on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 virus was undetectable in all placentas. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection impacted TMPRSS2 placental gene and protein expression in a sexually dimorphic fashion (2-way ANOVA interaction p-value: 0.002). We observed no impact of fetal sex or maternal SARS-CoV-2 status on placental ACE2 gene or protein expression. Placental TMPRSS2 expression was significantly correlated with ACE2 expression in males (Spearman's ρ=0.54, p=0.02) but not females (ρ=0.23, p=0.34) exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS: Sex differences in placental TMPRSS2 but not ACE2 were observed in the setting of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may have implications for offspring vulnerability to placental infection.
The role of social acceptability and guilt in unethical consumer behavior: Following the crowd or their own moral compass?

Abstract Consumers may choose to behave opportunistically and unethically in dealing with firms which can affect the firms’ finances. Both external and internal forces guide this choice for consumers: the fear of sanctions for acting in a manner that society considers unacceptable, and guilt resulting from violating their own internal ethical standards. This paper examines how the interaction of these forces determines the likelihood of unethical consumer behavior. We find that when an unethical behavior is more socially acceptable, even if illegal, individual differences in guilt proneness have greater bearing on a consumer’s decision to behave unethically. However, the role of individual guilt proneness matters less when the unethical behavior is less socially acceptable. The results are consistent across numerous settings in which the firm offers varying degrees of license to consumer to act opportunistically, and potentially unethically (i.e., abusing merchandise return policies, illegally downloading media, and paying small amounts in pay-what-you-wish situations). Our findings reveal boundary conditions of the effect of guilt proneness on ethical behavior suggesting that managers potentially can curtail unethical behavior through making a behavior less socially acceptable, or by influencing the context of the unethical behavior.
U.S. Border Militarization and Foreign Policy: A Symbiotic Relationship

U.S. government security along the U.S.-Mexican border has been increasingly militarized. This domestic militarization has been influenced by U.S. government military intervention abroad. Preparing for and executing foreign interventions involves investing in physical and human capital to effectively coerce and control the target population. The U.S. government’s “war on drugs” and “war on terror” created the conditions for this capital to be repurposed for domestic use in border-security efforts. While foreign policy created the conditions for border militarization, border militarization has also influenced foreign interventions. This article explores the symbiotic relationship between U.S. border militarization and foreign policy.
Neural Network Applications

This chapter provides examples of research problems that can be modeled with neural networks. Four classes of problems of general interests to geographers are identified and real-world examples are presented and discussed. The examples illustrate different types of data that can be used with neural networks and different approaches that can be taken to train networks.
Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems have evolved from futuristic visions of surgical pioneers to a safe and efficient tool in the therapy of treatment of cardiac disorders. There are many significant differences in the physiology between neonates and adult patients. There are currently very few congenital cardiac malformations that cannot be addressed effectively with surgical therapy. Yet, the necessity of CPB in the repair of these patients can still result in significant morbidity. A clearer understanding of the effects of CPB, hypothermia, and circulatory arrest is evolving and there is a considerable amount of research in these areas. It seems likely that modification of current CPB systems, minimization of exposure, and surgical techniques to avoid or limit the adverse effects may reduce mortality and morbidity in the future. The problems faced in these complex patients and procedures require that infant and neonatal cardiac surgery be performed in specialized centers with a multidisciplinary approach and specialized personnel. Future improvements in technology will likely result in improved long term outcome for children with congenital cardiac disease. Copyright 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
The ‘Synthesis of All Heresies’: Roman Catholic Modernism

After the condemnation in 1907 of Roman Catholic Modernism, which may be characterized as a series of loosely coordinated initiatives to bring Catholicism into a more positive relationship with modernity on intellectual, social and political fronts, the perspective adopted in the Vatican censures set the terms of analysis. By the 1970s an alternative was gaining ground. Rather than simply take the antimodernist encyclical Pascendi as defining the boundaries of orthodoxy and heresy, and then attempting to discern who fell inside and outside those boundaries, attention was focused more on those who were involved in the movement for ecclesiastical reform, to ascertain their perspective on their activity. More recently, a third wave of Modernist historiography has been emerging, one that is informed by post-structural theories of recent decades. These three waves of Modernist studies provide the framework for discussion of the historiography of Modernism.
SHOULD NURSERY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MEASURES BE RE-EXAMINED?

Many nursery routines are based on the belief that newborn infants are exquisitely susceptible to certain infectious agents carried by personnel working in the nursery. Empirically, protective measures to minimize the possible transfer of these agents to infants have been employed. These include: exclusion of parents and visitors from the nursery, protective over-gowns or scrub dresses, hairnets or caps, masks and gloves for personnel, isolation incubators, frequent air changes of the room through forced ventilation, nasal antibioties cream for personnel, handwashing with hexachlorophene-containing detergents, protective antiseptics applied to the skin of infants as bathing solutions or skin lotions, and so forth.
Alveolar hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation: what low PO(2) does and does not do.

Reduction of alveolar PO2 (alveolar hypoxia, AH) may occur in pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or in healthy individuals ascending to altitude. Altitude illnesses may develop in non-acclimatized persons who ascend rapidly. The mechanisms underlying these illnesses are not well understood, and systemic inflammation has been suggested as a possible contributor. Similarly, there is evidence of systemic inflammation in the systemic alterations present in COPD patients, although its role as a causative factor is not clear.
Differential response of normal and HPV immortalized ectocervical epithelial cells to B[a]P

Cigarette smoking has been established as a risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), which are present in cigarette smoke, might account for this increased risk. The effects of B[a]P on cell growth, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, DNA adducts and p53 levels was measured in cervical cells. Since 90% of cervical preneoplastic lesions are positive for the human papillomavirus (HPV) we compared the effects of these chemicals in normal ectocervical epithelial cells (ECE) and human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) immortalized ectocervical epithelial cells (ECE16-1). Exposure of normal ECE and HPV immortalized ECE16-1 cells to B[a]P inhibited cell proliferation. Inhibition occurred at 20-fold lower concentrations in the normal ECE cells compared to ECE16-1 cells. The proliferation of cervical cells which express mutated p53 was unaffected by B[a]P. Neither cervical stromal cells nor endometrial stromal cells were affected by these compounds. The effects of B[a]P on normal ECE cell proliferation correlated with increased terminal differentiation as measured by increased envelope formation. In contrast, B[a]P exposure did not induce envelope formation in immortalized ECE16-1 cells or in cervical tumor cells. Pretreatment of both ECE and ECE16-1 cells with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which induces P450 expression and activity, did not alter B[a]P metabolism in either normal or immortalized cells. Furthermore, equivalent levels of DNA adducts were formed by B[a]P in ECE and ECE16-1 cells. Neither the extent of adduct formation nor the rate of their removal differed in normal and immortalized cervical cells. Therefore, the diminished growth inhibition of the ECE16-1 cells as compared to normal ECE cells by B[a]P is not due to changes in cytochrome P450 of the 1A family metabolism or DNA adduct number. Furthermore, analysis of the p53 levels in both normal and ECE16-1 cells revealed that p53 levels are higher in normal versus immortalized ectocervical cells, and p53 is induced in both cell types following B[a]P treatment. Thus reduced p53 levels in ECE16-1 cells may contribute to a lack of growth suppression following B[a]P treatment. These results demonstrate that HPV16 immortalization diminishes ectocervical epithelial cell responsiveness to toxicant damage (i.e. decreased cell proliferation and increased terminal differentiation). As a result, ECE16-1 cells that sustain genotoxic damage which leads to DNA adduct formation continue to proliferate and may be at increased risk for mutations and further progression towards a fully transformed phenotype.
Oxidatively Truncated Phospholipids Are Required Agents of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα)-induced Apoptosis

TNFα generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cell surface that induce cell death, but how ROS communicate to mitochondria and their specific apoptotic action(s) are both undefined. ROS oxidize phospholipids to hydroperoxides that are friable and fragment adjacent to the (hydro)peroxide function, forming truncated phospholipids, such as azelaoyl phosphatidylcholine (Az-PC). Az-PC is relatively soluble, and exogenous Az-PC rapidly enters cells to damage mitochondrial integrity and initiate intrinsic apoptosis. We determined whether this toxic phospholipid is formed within cells during TNFα stimulation in sufficient quantities to induce apoptosis and if they are essential in TNFα-induced cytotoxicity. We found that TNFα induced ROS formation and phospholipid peroxidation in Jurkat cells, and either chemical interference with NADPH oxidase activity or siRNA suppression of the NADPH oxidase-4 subunit blocked ROS accumulation and phospholipid peroxidation. Mass spectrometry showed that phospholipid peroxides and then Az-PC increased after TNFα exposure, whereas ROS inhibition abolished Az-PC accumulation and TNFα-induced cell death. Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), which specifically metabolizes lipid hydroperoxides, fell in TNFα-stimulated cells prior to death. Ectopic GPx4 overcame this, reduced peroxidized phospholipid accumulation, blocked Az-PC accumulation, and prevented death. Conversely, GPx4 siRNA knockdown enhanced phospholipid peroxidation, increasing TNFα-stimulated Az-PC formation and apoptosis. Truncated phospholipids were essential elements of TNFα-induced apoptosis because overexpression of PAFAH2 (a phospholipase A2 that selectively hydrolyzes truncated phospholipids) blocked TNFα-induced Az-PC accumulation without affecting phospholipid peroxidation. PAFAH2 also abolished apoptosis. Thus, phospholipid oxidation and truncation to apoptotic phospholipids comprise an essential element connecting TNFα receptor signaling to mitochondrial damage and apoptotic death.
Evaluating Journal Quality: Beyond “Expert” Journal Assessments in the IS Discipline

Assessing the relative stature of journals devoted to the information systems (IS) discipline is an important issue for IS scholars and those who evaluate them. Even though journal assessment results are often dubiously applied by those making hiring, promotion, and merit decisions, the fact that they are so often a major ingredient in these decisions demands that we understand underlying journal assessment processes. Beyond processes involving the opinions of various “experts,” we here examine how IS journals can be evaluated based on overt behaviors of crowds of IS scholars. These behaviors are revealed preferences, in contrast to stated preferences found in opinions. Two classes of objective journal assessments are studied: impact measures and power measures. Among the former, we find that so-called journal impact factors are problematic, rendering their meaningfulness in evaluating journal stature highly suspect. Another kind of impact measure, the H-index, is found to be a more straightforward way to...
A Profile of Angel Investors

Sourcing financial capital is a crucial issue for new ventures. Angel investors are wealthy individuals cited by many researchers as the most important source of capital for start-up firms. Worldwide, recent research estimates the amount of capital provided by angels to be 11 times the amount provided by venture capitalists. While estimates vary, these angels provide capital to 50,000 companies in the amount of $50 billion and account for 70% of capital for new ventures. Data collection on angel investing information is not public and is fragmented; this article synthesizes 25 years of research from dozens of studies to draw a fulsome picture of angel investors.
Preventive care of older urban American Indians and Alaska natives in primary care.

Little is known about prevention among elderly or urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. We reviewed the medical records of 550 older urban AI/AN primary care patients to evaluate how frequently preventive measures were received. Adherence to guidelines was examined by a culturally appropriate (≥50 years) and standard age threshold (≥65 years), and by performance of preventive measures at any time (“ever”) and in the past year. Lifetime performance was inadequate for the many measures, including mammograms (56%), fecal occult blood testing (37%), audiometry (33%), visual acuity testing (50%), smoking cessation counseling (50%), and pneumococcal (22%) and influenza (49%) vaccinations. Performance of the measures was less frequent in the prior year, but did not differ by age threshold. Predictors of adherence included female gender, having insurance, and having more health problems and medications. Nonadherence infrequently resulted from patients’ failure to comply with recommendations. We conclude that use of most preventive services among elderly urban AI/ANs is suboptimal and should be improved.
Survival in men with severe chronic left ventricular failure due to either coronary heart disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is known to be highly fatal, but to better assess efficacy of therapeutic interventions a greater understanding of its course is required. Previous studies of survival are limited by heterogeneity of patient populations and diverse criteria for diagnosing CHF. We followed up 182 patients with chronic left ventricular failure who were symptomatic despite therapy. The length of the follow-up period averaged 12 ± 10 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) months (range 1 to 41). The cause of CHF was coronary artery disease in 95 patients and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 87. A total of 88 deaths occurred, of which 40 (45%) were sudden; the incidence of sudden death was similar in patients with coronary artery disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The overall mortality rate was 34% at 1 year, 59% at 2 years, and 76% at 3 years. The mortality rate in patients with coronary artery disease was 46 and 69% at 1 and 2 years, compared with 23 and 48% at 1 and 2 years in those with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (p 2 ), and stroke work (35 ± 19 versus 56 ± 33 g-m) than did the survivors (all p