cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A micelle model for the sedimentation behavior of bovine β-casein

Abstract The monomer-single polymer model of G.A. Gilbert (Disc. Faraday Soc. 20 (1955) 68) for moving boundary sedimentation has been used by Payens and colleagues to explain the observed results for bovine caseins, and by Harrington and colleagues to explain the observed results for myosin fibrils. Electron microscope pictures of Buchheim and Schmidt have subsequently revealed micellar β-casein in the form of slightly elongated or spherical particles having a bimodal size distribution, but with a broad range of particle sizes, at concentrations not too far above the critical micelle concentration. The equilibrium properties of a broadly distributed micellar system can be fitted by the shell model developed by one of us. and in the present article, the shell model is extended to predict the moving boundary sedimentation behavior of such a system. The observed sedimentation patterns, as well as the critical concentration predictions of the monomer-single polymer Gilbert sedimentation model, are satisfactorily described with the present model, based on a continuous distribution of intermediates between monomers and the largest possible spherical micelles. For one example considered, the predicted frequency distribution of molecular weight is in qualitative agreement with the frequency distribution of particle volume found by Buchheim and Schmidt.
Dynamics of the O+ H2O charge-transfer reaction and its implications for space-borne measurements

Abstract O + ( 4 S) + H 2 O charge-transfer cross-section and product-ion time-of-flight measurements are presented over a center-of-mass collision energy range of 0.2–15 eV. The results are obtained with a newly constructed guided-ion beam experiment. The measured energy dependence of the charge-transfer crosssection agrees well with previous measurements and ADO model predictions of Bates [Chem. Phys. Lett. 82, 396 (1981) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A384, 289 (1982) Chem. Phys. Lett. 111, 428 (1984)] at low collision energies, but exhibits significant differences at collision energies above 2 eV. The product kinetic energy analysis shows that most of the product ions are produced with near-thermal kinetic energies. At low collision energies, a significant backscattered channel is observed that is associated with complex formation. This channel exhibits a cross-section of approximately 1.4 A2at a collision energy of 2.65 eV, corresponding to a laboratory ion energy of 5 eV.
Isolation and Characterization of SYN1, a RAD21-like Gene Essential for Meiosis in Arabidopsis

The proper pairing, recombination, and segregation of chromosomes are central to meiosis and sexual reproduction. The syn1 mutation was previously identified as a synaptic mutant in a T-DNA-tagged population of plants. SYN1 has been isolated and found to exhibit similarity to Schizosaccharomyces pombe RAD21 and RAD21-like proteins, which are required for chromosome condensation and sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis. Plants homozygous for syn1 are male and female sterile and show defects in chromosome condensation and pairing beginning at leptonema of meiosis I. Fragmentation of the chromosomes was observed at metaphase I. Alternative promoters produced two SYN1 transcripts. One transcript was expressed at low levels in most tissues, whereas the other was expressed only in prebolting buds. DNA blot analyses suggest that Arabidopsis contains a small RAD21 gene family. Consistent with the DNA blot data, a second Arabidopsis RAD21-like gene has been identified. These results suggest that different RAD21-like proteins play essential roles in chromosome condensation and pairing during both meiosis and mitosis.
Improved outcomes using a systematic and evidence-based approach to the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a single academic institution.

No standardized approach exists for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). At a newly instituted bariatric surgery program, four experienced laparoscopic surgeons used the systematic and evidence-based approach consisting of multidisciplinary preoperative evaluation, screening, and education; standardized operative technique; inpatient clinical pathway; and close postoperative follow-up. The outcomes were subsequently analyzed to determine if this approach improved the morbidity and mortality. From January 2003 to June 2006, 835 consecutive LRYGBs were performed. The patient population was 85 per cent women with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 50.4 kg/m 2 (range 33-96 kg/m 2 ). The mean age was 44 (range 15-67). Sixty-two per cent of the patients had previous abdominal or pelvic operations. The conversion rate to open surgery was 0.2 per cent. The average length of hospital stay was 2.6 days (range 2-13 days). There were no anastomotic leaks or deaths. The 30-day readmission and re-operation rates were 3.2 per cent and 1.8 per cent, respectively. The incidence of anastomotic stricture, marginal ulcer, bleeding, pulmonary embolism, and internal hernia was 0.8 per cent, 3.5 per cent, 4.2 per cent, 0.1 per cent, and 0.4 per cent, respectively. A systematic and evidence-based approach to the LRYGB by experienced laparoscopic surgeons resulted in a lower incidence of complications when compared with the published results from other comparable institutions.
Argentine Unions, the State and the Rise of Perón, 1930–1945; Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness

Argentine Unions, the State and the Rise of Peron, 1930-1945. Joel Horowitz. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1990. 284 pp. $16.95 (paper). ISBN 0-87725-176-2. Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness. Peter Ranis. Pittsburgh and London: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. xi + 313pp. $49.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–8229–3703–4.
Transcriptional Regulation of the SMK1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene during Meiotic Development in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Meiotic development (sporulation) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is characterized by an ordered pattern of gene expression, with sporulation-specific genes classified as early, middle, mid-late, or late depending on when they are expressed. SMK1 encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase required for spore morphogenesis that is expressed as a middle sporulation-specific gene. Here, we identify the cis-acting DNA elements that regulate SMK1 transcription and characterize the phenotypes of mutants with altered expression patterns. The SMK1 promoter contains an upstream activating sequence (UASS) that specifically interacts with the transcriptional activator Abf1p. The Abf1p-binding sites from the early HOP1 and the middle SMK1 promoters are functionally interchangeable, demonstrating that these elements do not play a direct role in their differential transcriptional timing. Timing of SMK1 expression is determined by another cis-acting DNA sequence termed MSE (for middle sporulation element). The MSE is required not only for activation of SMK1 transcription during middle sporulation but also for its repression during vegetative growth and early meiosis. In addition, the SMK1 MSE can repress vegetative expression in the context of the HOP1 promoter and convert HOP1 from an early to a middle gene. SMK1 function is not contingent on its tight transcriptional regulation as a middle sporulation-specific gene. However, promoter mutants with different quantitative defects in SMK1 transcript levels during middle sporulation show distinct sporulation phenotypes.
Improving the Composability of DoD Models and Simulations

This paper discusses ideas for improving the composability of future models and simulations developed or used by the U.S. Department of Defense. It is largely based on a much longer report requested by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) as independent advice in developing a program to pursue composability issues. This paper presents many suggestions on both policies and investments that would enhance prospects for composability. 1
Internationalizing software with concurrent engineering

Today's global markets and multinational networks demand the simultaneous release of applications in many languages. Concurrent engineering offers a solution to this challenge, if the benefits of a potential market can be successfully balanced against the risk of untried technologies. The authors present a framework of options for doing so. >
Conformity Pressures and Gender Resistance Among Transgendered Individuals

Research on transgendered individuals has tended to come from medical, psychiatric, or deviance perspectives, with little attention to the social context in which these individuals exist or their efforts to resist normative expectations of sex and gender. Based upon in-depth interviews with 65 masculine-to-feminine transgendered individuals, this research examines gender as a social institution. Focusing on the pressures experienced by individuals to maintain binary enactments of gender, we demonstrate how the institution of gender is taken for granted as a presumably natural aspect of social life. Social pressures to conform, experienced as desires for relationship maintenance and self-preservation, as well as the overwhelming need to actualize an identity that does not fit within the binary system of sex and gender, illuminate the gender resistance and conformity exhibited among the individuals in our sample. Our analysis is rooted in an expanded Foucauldian perspective incorporating the theoretical insights of contemporary feminists who consider social actors as active agents in the development and enactment of everyday resistance. Transgenderism is a discursive act that both challenges and reifies the binary gender system. As such, it provides important lessons about the power dynamics of gender and how such systems may and may not be resisted.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor Regulates αvβ3 Integrin Cell Surface Expression

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-deficient placentas exhibit a number of defects, including changes in cell fate adoption, lack of fetal angiogenesis, hypocellularity, and poor invasion into maternal tissue. HIF is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of alpha and beta aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator or ARNT) subunits. We used undifferentiated trophoblast stem (TS) cells to characterize HIF-dependent adhesion, migration, and invasion. Arnt(-/-) and Hifalpha(-/-) TS cells exhibit reduced adhesion and migration toward vitronectin compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, this defect is associated with decreased cell surface expression of integrin alphavbeta3 and significantly decreased expression of this integrin in focal adhesions. Because of the importance of adhesion and migration in tumor progression (in addition to placental development), we examined the affect of culturing B16F0 melanoma cells in 1.5% oxygen (O(2)). Culturing B16F0 melanoma cells at 1.5% O(2) resulted in increased alphavbeta3 integrin surface expression and increased adhesion to and migration toward vitronectin. Together, these data suggest that HIF and O(2) tension influence placental invasion and tumor migration by increasing cell surface expression of alphavbeta3 integrin.
Synthesis of linear stochastic signals in identification problems

Stationary stochastic inputs are generated from linear processes of the autoregressive moving average type. Since the spectral density of such a process is nonzero everywhere, this belongs to the class of admissible signals satisfying identifiability requirements. We obtain a characterization of the optimal signals in terms of their spectral densities using the results on asymptotic eigenvalue distribution of Toeplitz matrices. These signals belong to the general class of random inputs that can be generated using standard instrumentation consisting of delay lines and white noise generator.
Sperm from Spinal Cord Injured Men Lose Motility Faster than Sperm from Normal Men: The Effect is Exacerbated at Body Compared to Room Temperature

AbstractPurpose: We investigated if sperm from spinal cord injured men lose motility and viability faster than sperm from normal men, and if there is an effect of temperature on these parameters.Materials and Methods: Identical aliquots of fresh antegrade semen from 10 spinal cord injured men and 9 normal controls were stored at room temperature (23C) or body temperature (37C). Sperm motility and viability were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after semen collection.Results: Sperm motility, particularly rapid linear motility, decreased faster in specimens from spinal cord injured men compared to normal controls. This effect was exacerbated at 37C. Heat did not affect the degradation of sperm motility in specimens from normal men. The percent of dead sperm in specimens from spinal cord injured men was significantly greater than that in normal men at all time points. However, the rate of cell death was not faster than normal with time or heat.Conclusions: When using sperm from spinal cord injured men for ...
Visual- and saccade-related signals in the primate inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) is normally thought of as a predominantly auditory structure because of its early position in the ascending auditory pathway just before the auditory thalamus. Here, we show that a majority of IC neurons (64% of 180 neurons) in awake monkeys carry visual- and/or saccade-related signals in addition to their auditory responses (P < 0.05). The response patterns involve primarily excitatory visual responses, but also increased activity time-locked to the saccade, slow rises in activity time-locked to the onset of the visual stimulus, and inhibitory responses. The presence of these visual-related signals suggests that the IC plays a role in integrating visual and auditory information. More broadly, our results show that interactions between sensory pathways can occur at very early points in sensory processing streams, which implies that multisensory integration may be a low-level rather than an exclusively high-level process.
New challenges for libraries in the information age: a comparative study of ICT in public libraries in 25 countries

This paper analyzes how public perceptions of libraries affect the way they are used as public access venues for information and communication technologies around the world. It is part of a study conducted by the University of Washington's Center for Information & Society (CIS) in 25 developing countries around the globe. The goal of the study is to identify how people are satisfying their information needs through public access venues such as public libraries, telecentres and cybercafes, with the intent of informing policy makers and funders to help encourage more meaningful use and social appropriation of ICTs in public access venues. Understanding how libraries can contribute to public access first requires understanding how they are perceived by users. This in turn requires understanding who libraries really serve, and how governments prioritize resource allocations for libraries.
Fitness and physiology in a variable environment.

The relationship between physiological traits and fitness often depends on environmental conditions. In variable environments, different species may be favored through time, which can influence both the nature of trait evolution and the ecological dynamics underlying community composition. To determine how fluctuating environmental conditions favor species with different physiological traits over time, we combined long-term data on survival and fecundity of species in a desert annual plant community with data on weather and physiological traits. For each year, we regressed the standardized annual fitness of each species on its position along a tradeoff between relative growth rate and water-use efficiency. Next, we determined how variations in the slopes and intercepts of these fitness–physiology functions related to year-to-year variations in temperature and precipitation. Years with a relatively high percentage of small rain events and a greater number of days between precipitation pulse events tended to be worse, on average, for all desert annual species. Species with high relative growth rates and low water-use efficiency had greater standardized annual fitness than other species in years with greater numbers of large rain events. Conversely, species with high water-use efficiency had greater standardized annual fitness in years with small rain events and warm temperatures late in the growing season. These results reveal how weather variables interact with physiological traits of co-occurring species to determine interannual variations in survival and fecundity, which has important implications for understanding population and community dynamics.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings in epithelioid myoepithelioma of the parotid gland: a case report.

We describe the fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings in a case of epithelioid myoepithelioma of the parotid gland in a 24-yr-old male. The cytologic features of myoepithelioma of the parotid gland are only documented in a few case reports and we believe the cytologic description of the epithelioid variant has been described in only one other case. The differential diagnosis with other salivary gland neoplasms is discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34: 776–779. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Moonlight and Daylight on Hydroacoustic Estimates of Pelagic Fish Abundance

Abstract To determine how moonlight and daylight affect hydroacoustic estimates of fish abundance, we used a dual-beam transducer and echo integration to survey pelagic fish (primarily Bonneville ciscoes Prosopium gemmifer) in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho. During the new moon, the fish were dispersed (not schooling) below the thermocline, chiefly at the depths of 10–20 m. At full moon, they were dispersed but much closer to the bottom, where they were difficult to detect. Acoustic estimates offish density and biomass during full moons were approximately 50% of values derived during new moons. A diel survey during a new moon indicated that fish were widely dispersed in the water column at night, but formed schools at dawn. Our study indicated that light conditions must be standardized to insure consistent and comparable population estimates of some pelagic fishes.
I. The Seitaisho: A Constitutional Experiment

With the formal abolition of the Tokugawa Shogunate on January 3, 1868, there was created in Japan a governmental void which was not filled finally and satisfactorily until 1889. The search of Japanese leaders for a satisfactory government structure for the new state was thus one of long duration. It did not begin seriously until the successful outcome of the military struggle with the Tokugawa forces in the early months of 1868 seemed assured.
Feasibility of protein turnover studies in prototroph Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.

Quantitative proteomics studies of yeast that use metabolic labeling with amino acids rely on auxotrophic mutations of one or more genes on the amino acid biosynthesis pathways. These mutations affect yeast metabolism and preclude the study of some biological processes. Overcoming this limitation, it has recently been described that proteins in a yeast prototrophic strain can also be metabolically labeled with heavy amino acids. However, the temporal profiles of label incorporation under the different phases of the prototroph’s growth have not been examined. Labeling trajectories are important in the study of protein turnover and dynamics, in which label incorporation into proteins is monitored across many time points. Here we monitored protein labeling trajectories for 48 h after a pulse with heavy lysine in a yeast prototrophic strain and compared them with those of a lysine auxotrophic yeast. Labeling was successful in prototroph yeast during exponential growth phase but not in stationary phase. Furthe...
Modern California Earthquake Catalogs and Their Comparison

Earthquake catalogs are primary data sources for inferring earthquake behavior, testing earthquake pattern hypotheses, and estimating seismic hazards. As in any quantitative science, understanding uncertainties is crucial to proper interpretation. Examining catalog properties will also help guide future improvements in seismic observation and catalog reporting. In an effort to create a combined earthquake catalog for southern California, I analyze several earthquake catalogs compiled in California since the 1970's to determine the accuracy of their magnitude determinations and earthquake focal mechanisms. California local earthquake catalogs were among the first to be compiled in the instrumental era (Hileman et al. , 1973; Bolt and Miller, 1975). Many catalogs are now available in California: Some earthquake lists can be extracted from instrumental global catalogs (Kagan, 2002), and several catalogs of historical events exist (Toppozada et al. , 2000, and references therein), as do a few local and regional catalogs. Many catalog compilations from original data sets and different publications have also been published. Focal mechanisms are now used for various investigations, among which studies of earthquake stress triggering ( cf . Ziv and Rubin, 2000) and stress inversion (Abers and Gephart, 2001; Hardebeck and Hauksson, 2001; Provost and Houston, 2001) are some of the most important. Moreover, catalogs with focal mechanisms are primary data sets with complete first-order information about the earthquake process; low-frequency seismograms, static displacements, and strain patterns can be computed using these data. Although global and regional focal mechanism catalogs have been compiled since the 1960's, catalogs based on compilations from individual earthquake studies have rather low and highly nonuniform accuracy of earthquake focal mechanisms (Kagan and Knopoff, 1985). Only in relatively recent catalogs of focal mechanisms does the solutions' quality allow us to analyze their routine statistical uncertainty quantitatively. Extensive and reliable earthquake catalogs with focal …
Invisible and forgotten: Zero-day blooms in the IoT

In the IoT, massive distribution and long physical lifetimes will disrupt the "penetrate and patch" security paradigm that helps mitigate the consequences of the vulnerabilities endemic in individual systems. In this paper, we examine what will happen in the IoT if we build its systems the same way. We collect data and model the vulnerability blooms and patching delays in historical systems. We present the models and discuss future IoT networks where similar blooms happen but patching does not. We discuss initial results, and our plans to extend the models to look more deeply at these questions in our future work.
Extremely reactive carbenes: electrophiles and nucleophiles

We describe the intermolecular reactivity toward alkenes of several extremely reactive carbenes as determined by experimental and computational methods. Among the examined species are the electrophiles trifluoromethylchlorocarbene and (N-methyl-3-pyridinium)chlorocarbene and the nucleophiles adamantanylidene and dimethylcarbene. Phenomena discussed include negative activation energies for addition reactions and apparent compensation between the enthalpies and entropies of activation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application on The Methods of Grouting,Pumping and Draw Out Soil in Rect ify Deviation and Consolidation of Building

Aim at building inclination formed by uneven subsidence of foundation bec aused of complex founda-tion conditions or unreasonable processing,the methods of grouting,pumping and draw out soil are submitted,and there are good benef its of economy and society for rectify deviation and consolidation of building .
Physical and physiological determinants of transmitral velocity: numerical analysis

The Doppler transmitral velocity curve is commonly used to assess left ventricular diastolic function. Recent investigations, however, relating Doppler mitral indexes to ventricular compliance, rel...
Visual Deprivation Studies and the Therapy of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Learning Disorders

The current expansion of research in the neurology of vision is both gratifying and welcomed. It is not possible to review very much of this research for this paper, but certain things have become clear to me. There are oculomotor control centers in the occipital cortex, the frontal cortex, the 8th nerve centers, the superior colliculus, the cerebellum and no doubt several other areas, suggesting that the individual has several ways to gain access to motor control of his extraocular muscles. There are visual fibers to the superior colliculus, the pretectal region, the pineal body, the hypophysis, the occiptal cortex and apparently diffusely distributed over some other parts of the cerebral cortex.
Multiparametric deoxyribonucleic acid and cell cycle analysis of breast carcinomas by flow cytometry. Clinicopathologic correlations.

Using intact ethanol-fixed cytokeratin monoclonal (CAM 5.2) and propidium iodide dual-stained cells, we have performed two-color multiparametric flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis and S-phase fraction (SPF) determination on 165 mechanically dissociated breast carcinomas. Sixty-seven patients were axillary node positive, 33 patients node negative; 59 had biopsy only and in 8, FCM was performed on tissue from metastatic lesions. Overall, 62% of the tumors contained aneuploid cell populations. Abnormal cellular DNA content (aneuploidy) was significantly correlated with high nuclear grade (p less than 0.001), lack of estrogen receptors (p less than 0.001), presence of vascular invasion (p less than 0.04), high histologic grade (p less than 0.04), and tumor size (p less than 0.03) but not with patient age (p greater than 0.07) or axillary node status (p greater than 0.50). SPF values derived from ungated histograms had a positively skewed frequency distribution (range 2 to 30%, N = 152) with an overall median of 11% (diploid, 8.9%; aneuploid, 15.7%). Higher SPF values were significantly correlated with aneuploidy (p less than 0.001), presence of necrosis (p less than 0.001), lack of estrogen receptor (p less than 0.0001), high nuclear grade (p less than 0.001), vascular invasion (p less than 0.003), tumor size (p less than 0.006), and high histologic grade (p less than .004) but not the presence of lymph node metastases (p greater than 0.56). Mean SPF values were significantly higher when calculated from cytokeratin gated DNA histograms (14.1% versus 11.5%, p less than 0.001), probably due to exclusion of contaminating stromal/inflammatory cells; and significantly lower when calculated from debris subtracted histograms (7.8% versus 11.4%). Cytokeratin gated and debris subtracted SPF values both had a greater degree of correlation than ungated values with clinicopathologic factors of known prognostic significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Litigation by states against the tobacco industry

By late June 1997, 39 of the 50 states of the United States had sued the tobacco industry, seeking reimbursement of the medical expenses they had paid for their indignant citizens and orders requiring the industry to stop lying and stop targeting children and adolescents. On 20 June 1997, representatives of most of these states, together with private attorneys who had brought class actions against the tobacco industry, reached a tentative settlement with the industry. Under the agreement* the industry would pay US$ 368.5 thousand million over 25 years. As part of the settlement, the industry would also consent to a variety of tobacco control measures long sought by public health advocates. At the time of writing, the agreement was contingent, however, on Congress enacting legislation that would make it harder to regulate or to sue the industry in the future.
Dynamical Determination of Origin and Scale in the Earth System from Satellite Laser Ranging

Satellite laser ranging (SLR) has monitored for a long time the continuous redistribution of mass within the Earth system through concomitant changes in the Stokes’ coefficients of the terrestrial gravity field. JCET’s latest analysis of the 1993-present SLR data set from LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 data for the IERS (International Earth Rotation Service) Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) includes the weekly monitoring of such compound changes in the low degree and order harmonics. Along with the static parameters of the TRF we have determined a time series of variations of its origin with respect to the center of mass of the Earth system (geocenter). These estimates provide a measure of the total motion due to all unaccounted sources of mass transport within the Earth system and can be used to either complement the estimates from the future missions or to validate them through comparisons with their estimates for the same quantities. The data were reduced using NASA Goddard’s GEODYN and SOLVE II software, resulting to a final RMS error of ~8 mm.
TAPIDO: Trust and Authorization Via Provenance and Integrity in Distributed Objects (Extended Abstract)

Existing web services and mashups exemplify the need for flexible construction of distributed applications. How to do so securely remains a topic of current research. We present Tapido, a programming model to address Trust and Authorization concerns via Provenance and Integrity in systems of Distributed Objects. Creation of Tapido objects requires (static) authorization checks and their communication provides fine-grain control of their embedded authorization effects. Tapido programs constrain such delegation of rights by using provenance information. A type-and-effect system with effect polymorphism provides static support for the programmer to reason about security policies. We illustrate the programming model and static analysis with example programs and policies.
The Odd Duck: Why Greece’s Foreign Policy Will Not Turn Out to Be a Swan!

On November 11, 2015, the new prime minister of Greece, Alexis Tsipras, visited for the first time his Turkish counterpart in Ankara. Αccording to Deutsche Welle, the Greek Prime Minister made efforts to herald a new closer and friendlier relationship with Turkey, which incidentally is a key state in the global immigration crisis (Deutsche Welle, Greek Prime Minister Tsipras makes rare visit to Turkey over migrant crisis. http://www.dw.com/en/greek-pm-tsipras-makes-rare-visit-to-turkey-over-migrant-crisis/a-18857805; 2015). The day of his visit, Tsipras penned an op-ed in government-friendly Turkish Daily Sabah in which he highlighted three main themes for his visit: (a) security, as the visit came right after the attacks in Paris in November of 2015, but also regional security between Greece and Turkey; (b) the refugee/immigrant crisis that is a key political issue for most of Europe; and (c) economic development, that is trade (Daily Sabah, 15 November 2015). The meeting turned out to be an unmitigated disaster for the Greeks, and a wave of criticism swept through the Greek dailies (Ekathimerini http://www.ekathimerini.com/203561/article/ekathimerini/news/tsipras-davutoglu-agree-to-improve-coordination-on-refugees, To Vima, english, http://www.tovima.gr/en/article/?aid=755237). Tsipras’s return to Athens was accompanied by a variety of criticisms, which he choose to address by taking a rather amateurish stab at his Turkish counterpart on social media. This spectacularly backfired (Washington Post, 30 November 2015).
Financial Intermediation and the Economy

This chapter provides an overview of the changes that have taken place in the financial sector in recent times and examines the role played by financial intermediaries. It argues that the growing share of financial wealth held by households makes their economic decisions more sensitive to changes in its market value, so economists need to take these changes into account in their models. This section also examines how the velocity of money has changed over time, laying the ground for the argument that it no longer is a stable function of a few key variables, as originally assumed by monetarists.
Memristor based adder circuit design

Memristors are non-volatile memory elements. In applications like mem-computing, where memory acts both as a site for storing data and logic computations, memristors provide promising future. In this paper, the design of adders implemented with memristors is discussed. Memristor based designs for standard fixed point adder architectures (ripple carry adder, carry look-ahead adder and parallel prefix adders) are explained. The area and latency are compared. Surprisingly, the Radix-2 CLA has a complexity very similar to the parallel prefix adders. It is shown that the Kogge-Stone design has the best metric in terms of delay and area among the parallel prefix adders.
Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy of Ammonia Borane

Transmission infrared spectroscopy can potentially offer unique advantages in studying the mechanisms of hydrogen loss from complex hydrides that are being considered for use as hydrogen storage materials. An apparatus that permits infrared spectra to be obtained over a temperature range of 85 to 1200 K and under either an ambient pressure of selected gases or under vacuum has been designed and its performance characterized. While the method is capable of producing high quality spectra at room temperature and below, several difficulties arise as the sample temperature is increased to the point where hydrogen loss occurs. These challenges include reaction with the host matrix, reaction with residual water or oxygen in the system, and loss of transparency of the sample. The performance of the method is illustrated with spectra obtained for ammonia borane, NH 3 BH 3 .
Defining the paralympic athlete: normative values for scat major components in healthy paralympic athletes

Objective Describe normative baseline SCAT 2 and 3 (SCAT) performance in elite Paralympic athletes. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting United States Olympic Committee Sports Medicine Clinics. Participants Sixty-nine SCAT baseline evaluations were performed on a population of 60 elite athletes Paralympic (17 women and 43 men, mean age 30.1±7.3 years) representing 5 Summer and Winter Olympic sports as part of multimodal concussion programing. Intervention No intervention was applied. The SCAT evaluations were administered as a component of a baseline testing on healthy athletes. Main outcome measurements Baseline SCAT performance on major components is described. T-tests were used to compare differences in baseline performance by sex. Results During baseline evaluations, elite Paralympic athletes reported a mean (95%CI) of 2.2 (1.1–3.3) symptoms with an average symptom severity score of 4.7 (2.8–6.6). Mean scores on SCAT components in this population were; orientation 4.9 (4.8–5.0), immediate memory 14.3 (13.9–14.8), concentration 4.0 (3.7–4.2), tandem gait 15.4 (12.3–18.6), delayed recall 3.7 (3.4–4.0), balance 4.4 (1.9–7.06), SAC total 26.6 (25.8–27.4). This group reported a history of 2.6 (1.4–3.8) previous concussions. There were no significant differences between males and females in components of the SCAT. Conclusions Population specific normative values for baseline SCAT performance in a population of elite Paralympic athletes are presented in this cohort study. Clinical relevance Paralympic athletes are an understudied population. Clinicians are encouraged to reference population specific normative values when interpreting SCAT performance. For athletes with impairments, individual baselines may be preferred to the wide distribution of functional capacity. Acknowledgements None. Competing interests None.
Metabolic Brain Networks in Tourette Syndrome

Researchers at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, studied metabolic brain networks associated with Tourette syndrome (TS) and comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) using PET imaging and spatial covariance analysis in 12 unmedicated patients and 12 age-matched controls.
Attitudes, anger, and nullification instructions influence jurors' verdicts in euthanasia cases

ABSTRACTCourts have historically avoided informing jurors about their nullification power (i.e. the power to return a not-guilty verdict when their conscience demands it but the law directs otherwise), fearing that such knowledge would prompt disregard for the law and reliance on attitudes and emotions rather than evidence. We investigated jurors’ inclination to nullify the law in a morally ambiguous case of physician-assisted suicide, testing the impact of euthanasia attitudes on case judgments as well as moderators and mediators of that effect. Mock jurors with pro-euthanasia attitudes were overall less likely to vote guilty than anti-euthanasia jurors, especially when they were given jury instructions informing them of jurors’ power to nullify. Nullification instructions also exacerbated the effect of jurors’ attitudes on anger, disgust, and moral outrage toward the defendant – emotions that mediated the effect of attitudes on verdicts. We also tested the impact of incidentally induced anger on jurors’...
Therapeutic Radionuclides: Production, Physical Characteristics, and Applications

This chapter will focus primarily on the selection criteria, production, and the nuclear, physical, and chemical properties of therapeutic radionuclides, including those that are currently being used, or studied and evaluated, and those that warrant future investigations. Various scientific and practical issues related to the production and availability of these radionuclides will also be addressed. It is expected that this chapter will form the basis for the other chapters in this volume that will in much greater detail deal with radiopharmaceuticals based on a number of these therapeutic radionuclides and their present and potential usefulness in the clinical setting for treating cancer and other disorders. We are also reintroducing and reinforcing our recently proposed paradigm that involves specific individual “dual-purpose” radionuclides or radionuclide pairs with emissions suitable for both imaging and therapy, and which when molecularly (selectively) targeted using appropriate carriers, would allow pre-therapy low-dose imaging plus higher dose therapy in the same patient. We have made an attempt to sort out and organize a number of such theragnostic radionuclides and radionuclide pairs that may thus potentially bring us closer to the age-long dream of personalized medicine for performing tailored low-dose molecular imaging (SPECT/CT or PET/CT) to provide the necessary pre-therapy information on biodistribution, dosimetry, the limiting or critical organ or tissue, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), etc., followed by performing higher dose targeted molecular therapy in the same patient with the same radiopharmaceutical. Beginning in the 1980s, our work at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) with such a “dual-purpose” radionuclide, tin-117m, convinced us that it is arguably one of the most promising theragnostic radionuclides and we have continued to concentrate on this effort. Our results with this radionuclide are therefore covered in somewhat greater detail in this chapter. A major problem that continues to be addressed but remains yet to be fully resolved is the lack of availability, in sufficient quantities and at reasonable cost, of a majority of the best candidate radionuclides in a no-carrier-added (NCA) form. A brief description is provided of the recently developed new or modified methods at BNL for the production of five theragnostic radionuclide/radionuclide pair items, as well as some other therapeutic radionuclides which have become commercially available, whose nuclear, physical, and chemical characteristics seem to show promise for therapeutic oncology and for treating other disorders that respond to radionuclide therapy.
Hotness, Heat, and Energy

The goal of this chapter is to introduce the fundamental quantities and concepts of thermodynamics. We shall motivate the generic laws of thermal physics which we are going to use throughout this book. Constitutive laws will be introduced on an informal basis when needed for getting answers to some special problems. They will be treated in great detail in the following chapters. First, we will discuss hotness and the measurement of temperature. Following this, we will study the properties of heat in some detail. Finally, the relationship between heat and energy has to be dealt with. We shall motivate this relationship by considering the principle of operation of heat engines. Paired with the law of balance of energy, we will be able to address some practical problems which are of general interest to engineers and others concerned with energy problems. First however, let us take a look at what kinds of images and concepts can be formed about heat and hotness from our everyday knowledge of thermal processes.
Molecular Improvement of Cereal Crops — An Introduction

From the pre-historic era to the modern times, cereal grains have been the most important source of human nutrition, and have helped sustain the increasing population and the development of human civilization. In order to meet the food needs of the 21st century, food production must be doubled by the year 2025, and nearly tripled by 2050. It is doubtful that such enormous increases in food productivity can be brought about by relying entirely on conventional breeding methods, especially on less per capita land, poorer quality and quantity of water, and under rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions. Complementing and supplementing the breeding of major food crops, such as the cereals which together account for 66% of the world food supply, with molecular breeding and genetic manipulation may well provide a grace period of about 50 years in which to control population growth and achieve sustainable development. Commercialization of the first generation of transgenic cereals that are designed to substantially reduce or prevent the enormous losses to cereal productivity caused by competition with weeds, and by various pests and pathogens, is an important first step in that direction.
Valuing quality differentiated grains from a total logistics perspective

Currently, United States grains within a grade are traded as a homogeneous commodity when in fact they are heterogeneous. Biotechnology will present the market with a myriad of quality special-grains, placing great pressure on the current distribution system to handle differentiated grains. Forcing the current distribution system to handle quality differentiated grains may have a significant impact on producers, elevators, and processors operations and revenues. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the economic impacts of shifting from a commodity based logistics system to a quality differentiated logistics system;Results suggest significant gains from shifting from a commodity based distribution system to a quality differentiated system. Grain producers located close to processors or end-users produced the qualities of grain desired by these end-users, causing production of specific grain qualities to become localized around respective markets. Elevators and railroads will likely have to seek out niche markets and overseas markets in order to remain in the market. Moreover, some elevator abandonments and further branch rail line abandonments will likely occur as the grain industry adjusts to handle quality differentiated grains. In the short run, processors are the major beneficiaries of shifting to a quality differentiated grain distribution system. However, as capacities adjust, it is not so clear who the major beneficiaries will be in the long run. The distribution of benefits depends on the market power of the processors in the market.
Benign Breast Disease: Links to Risk of Cancer

Benign Breast Disease (BBD) is a term with unspecific reference. It has utility in that it denies the presence of cancer, and probably any but remote threat to life. However, the term “disease” should include some element of discomfort or indicate an association with threat to life (malignancy). Thus, the term benign breast disease should not be applied to trivial changes present in the majority of the population, which do not have a negative impact on the quality of life. It will be impossible to define this broad-sweeping phrase (BBD) more tightly, and it probably should remain as a term with broad and ill-defined reference. For that reason, it should specifically not be used to implicate an elevated risk of carcinoma developing in the patient without specification of magnitude and nature of risk assessment.
THE STELLAR POPULATIONS OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

In many ways, studies of the stellar populations in the Magellanic Clouds are more straightforward than in our own Galaxy because of our external vantage point of the Clouds. This allows us to study the global properties of their stellar populations, as well as the individual stars that comprise them. The resulting picture describing the stellar content of the Clouds is obviously complex, defying any attempt to present a complete description in a short review such as this. Thus, my goal is to provide a very broad overview of the global properties of the Magellanic Clouds, along with some slightly more detailed discussions on a few selected topics addressed by recent studies. Recent reviews of the global properties and stellar content of the Magellanic Clouds based on observations ranging from radio to x-ray wavelengths can be found in the Proceedings of IAU Symposium 148 (Haynes and Milne 1991) and in Westerlund (1990). More specialized reviews have been written recently by van den Bergh (1991), Freeman (1989), and Feast (1989), and by numerous authors in the proceedings of a recent European Colloquium on the Magellanic Clouds (de Boer, et al. 1989).
Acquired inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies.

The acquired demyelinating neuropathies can be divided into those with an acute onset and course and those with a more chronic course. The acute neuropathies present as Guillain-Barre syndrome and include acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), Miller Fisher syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), and acute pandysautonomia. The chronic neuropathies are collectively known as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and include MADSAM (multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy, also know as Lewis-Sumner syndrome) and DADS (distal acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy) as variants. The clinical features, pathology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prognosis of these neuropathies are discussed.
The Compressive Strength of Ceramics

The literature on compressive strengths of crystalline ceramics, especially at room temperature, suggests that microplasticity may be the mechanism of much compressive failure since (2) the yield stress (microhardness/3) is the upper limit of both ambient and elevated temperature compressive strengths and (2) data on grain size dependence are consistent with the Fetch equation. A failure theory is developed which is in accord with (1) experimentally observed variations in microhardness and compressive strength data, (2) stress concentrations due to thermal and mechanical anisotropies, impurities, pores and flaws, and (3) twin-induced premature fracture. Applicability of the theory is evaluated for crystalline ceramics in terms of conventional flaw theories, and relevance for non-crystalline ceramics is discussed.