cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing a U.S. Market for CO2

The United States may soon have a market for carbon. If so, that market will grow out of a cap-and-trade system like the EU's Emissions Trading System for CO2 or the U.S. Acid Rain Program for SO2. This article reviews the historical performance of these two markets, with particular focus on how the flexibility afforded by, as well as restrictions on, the “banking” and borrowing of allowances has affected the evolution of prices. While both markets have generally functioned well, four episodes are used to illustrate the importance of designing the rules to encourage such flexibility. The 2005 opening of the EU CO2 market was marked by a surprisingly high price, one that resulted from a delay in institutions with long positions in allowances (“longs”) bringing supply to the market. The 2007 close of the first phase produced a sharp divergence between the spot price at the end of 2007 and the futures price for 2008, reflecting the restriction against carrying over (or “banking”) allowances from one phase to the next. The U.S. SO2 market's transition to a tighter system in 2000 avoided such a divergence by allowing unlimited banking of allowances into the second phase. In 2005-2006, the U.S. SO2 market experienced a surprising price spike attributable to a combination of changing fundamentals and institutional features (notably, the tax treatment of “longs”) that undermined the flexibility of the bank.
Chromosomal localization and cDNA sequence of human ralB, a GTP binding protein.

The humanral proteins share more than 50% homology and some properties with theras proteins. TheRALB gene, a new member of theral family, has been isolated, sequenced, and assigned to human chromosome 2 cen-q13. One other member of this family,RALA, has been previously mapped to the short arm of human chromosome 7.
Comparison of British and American Carboniferous cyclic rock sequences

Classification is of interest to geologists as a convenient means of expressing ideas and concepts. Most classification schemes categorize a continuum into discrete classes or states based on some prominent character of the objects being classified. Unknowns then are identified as to their position within the classification scheme. Until recently most geologic classification schemes have been qualitative. With advent of the computer, applications of many quantitative statistical techniques have become practical. These techniques offer the advantages of repeatability and objectivity. This report gives results of the applications of several techniques for classifying Carboniferous cyclic rock sequences. Twenty sections were measured in detail in Great Britain and the United States. Particular importance was placed on noting transition from one lithology to another. Seven lithologic types were distinguished: (a) sandstone, (b) siltsone, (c) nonfossiliferous shale, (d) seatearth or underclay, (e) coal, (f) fossiliferous shale, and (g) limestone. It was noted also which part of the sequence was marine and which nonmarine. From the original data, the number of changes per 100 ft were calculated as well as an entropy index indicating the “orderliness” of the sequence and a matching index obtained by comparing the similarity in sequences of lithology between pairs of sections. The matching index is based on qualitative characters and in this regard belongs to a type of sequential analysis of scaleless nonnumeric data. The matching coefficients were clustered and displayed as dendrograms. A cluster analysis also was performed using nine variables (number of changes per 100 ft, entropy index, percentage thickness of sandstone, siltstone, nonfossiliferous shale, seatearth and coal, fossiliferous shale, and limestone, and percentage of nonmarine units) and the results displayed as dendrograms. In addition principal components analysis utilized the nine variables to determine if groups were present in the data. The first three principal components were interpreted geologically and a three-dimensional model constructed. Three loosely grouped clusters could be recognized in this display: (1) cyclic sequences associated with deltaic complexes, (2) sequences characteristic of deposition farther offshore, and (3) those composed mainly of marine sequences formed in an offshore open-marine environment.
Reflections on the growth of reflection in children

In this paper, the contents of the book, The Growth of Reflection in Children, edited by Steven Yussen, are used to reflect upon the current status of the term metacognition. It is argued that this term is often used ambiguously, and clarification is necessary if it is to continue to be a useful concept in theories of learning and development. After discussing criticisms of the term, it is suggested that it would be useful to distinguish between four levels of activity that have been described as metacognition: (1) self-correction, (2) access to thought, (3) knowledge of thought, and (4) mental experimentation. Each of these levels may be independent and have different developmental trajectories. We conclude by emphasizing that metacognition has been most successfully used in the applied domain to facilitate learning.
On the relative contributions of motion energy and transparency to the perception of moving plaids

Abstract Stoner, Albright and Ramachandran [(1990) Nature , 344, 153–155] found that moving rectangular-wave plaid patterns that admitted a transparency interpretation appeared to segment and “slide” past one another as the plaids were translated, while the components of plaids that did not admit a transparency interpretation appeared to unify and move rigidly in the direction of translation of the plaid. In experiment I, we show that the magnitude of the effect reported by Stoner et al. is due largely to their repeated-trials experimental protocol, in which plaids moving in a particular direction, upward or downward, are repeatedly presented. This protocol leads to a direction-of-motion-specific adaptation that diminishes the effectiveness of processes that are presumably involved in the unification of the various sensory signals evoked by a moving plaid. In the second experiment, we measured frequencies of nonrigidity for a larger class of moving plaid-like patterns that moved either upwards or downwards on a pseudorandom schedule identical to that employed by Stoner et al. Some of the patterns admitted a transparency interpretation, while others did not. The overall pattern of results could not be accounted for within the context of Kim and Wilson's [(1993) Vision Research , 33, 2479–2489] model of motion integration that considers only the oriented motion energy present in a moving plaid stimulus. The results indicate that additional factors, distinct from though perhaps related to the visual analysis of transparency, must also be incorporated into models of perceived plaid motion.
The Logics of Discovery in Popper’s Evolutionary Epistemology

Popper is well known for rejecting a logic of discovery, but he is only justified in rejecting the same type of logic of discovery that is denied by consequentialism. His own account of hypothesis generation, based on a natural selection analogy, involves an error-eliminative logic of discovery and the differences he admits between biological and conceptual evolution suggest an error-corrective logic of discovery. These types of logics of discovery are based on principles of plausibility that are used in the generation as opposed to the preliminary evaluation of hypotheses. The normative relevance of these principles is grounded in the distinction between strategic and definitory rules.
The Role of Contexts in Understanding and Explanation

In considering the Cambridge School of intellectual history, we should distinguish Skinner's conventionalism from Pocock's contextualism whilst recognising that both of them argue that the study of a text's linguistic context is at least necessary and perhaps sufficient to ensure understanding. This paper suggests that although "study the linguistic context of an utterance" is a valuable heuristic maxim, it is not a prerequisite of understanding that one does so. Hence, we might shift our attention from the role of linguistic contexts in understanding a text, to the role of ideational contexts in our explanations of meanings or beliefs. The explanatory role of contexts can be unpacked in terms of traditions and dilemmas. Here the paper also considers how this approach differs from that of the Cambridge School.
Muscovite dehydration and melting in deep crust and subducted oceanic sediments

Mixtures of natural quartz and synthetic muscovite and sanidine, with and without free water, were reacted in piston-cylinder apparatus between 10 and 35 kb. Extrapolation of experimentally determined melting curves defines an invariant point for the assemblage muscovite + sanidine + corundum + liquid + vapor at 9.5 kb and 825°C, and one for the same assemblage with quartz at 5.8 kb and 730°C. These two points define the high pressure limit for the subsolidus dehydration reactions of muscovite and of muscovite + quartz, which facilitates selection among the varied muscovite dehydration curves previously published. Comparison of published estimates of temperature distribution of subducted lithosphere slabs with muscovite stability ranges indicates that muscovite in subducted oceanic sediments would probably be dehydrated or melted before reaching a depth of 30 km, with a maximum possible depth of 100 km. This suggests that although muscovite could possibly be involved in magma generation at volcanic fronts, it neither contributes water for magmatic processes much beyond Dickinson's arc-trench gap, nor influences the chemical variation in calc-alkaline lavas across arc complexes and in plutonic rocks across batholiths.
Binding of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to extracellular matrix proteins

The interaction of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, an important pathogen implicated in juvenile and adult periodontitis, with collagenous and noncollagenous proteins of the extracellular matrix was investigated. A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465 bound to immobilized type I, II, III and V but not type IV collagen. Binding to immobilized collagen was saturable and concentration dependent. This interaction could not be inhibited by soluble collagen, suggesting that binding was dependent on a specific collagen conformation. Bacteria grown anaerobically exhibited decreased collagen-binding activity as compared with organisms grown acrobically. Bacterial outer membrane proteins were essential for binding to collagen. A actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465 also bound to immobilized fibronectin. In contrast, bacteria did not bind to fibrinogen, bone sialoprotein, alpha 2-HS glycoprotein or albumin. The mechanism of the interaction with fibronectin was more complex, possibly involving both protein and nonproteinaceous components. The majority of other A. actinomycetemcomitans strains tested bound to extracellular matrix proteins in a manner similar to SUNY 465 but with minor variation. These results demonstrate that A. actinomycetemcomitans binds to proteins found in connective tissue. The interaction with extracellular matrix proteins may contribute to the virulence of this pathogen at oral and extraoral sites of infection.
Dairy farmers' evaluation of dairy cooperatives

Survey data of 2,538 dairy farmers located in 12 southern states were used to analyze the factors influencing farmers' degree of satisfaction with the overall performance of milk marketing cooperatives. Results from an ordered probit model indicate that southern dairy farmers perceive cooperatives' ability to hold down operating and marketing costs, to provide higher prices and competent field services, and assure a market for their milk as important attributes of efficient viable cooperatives. Furthermore, the study found that there are significant differences in the degree of satisfaction with the cooperatives among the dairy farmers located in the 12 southern states. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Response of a Structural Health Monitoring Fastener to Fatigue Crack Growth and Loads in Metallic Joints

Fatigue cracks initiating at fastener hole locations in metallic structure are among the most common form of airframe damage. Current methods for inspecting airframes for these cracks are manual, whereby inspectors rely on nondestructive inspection equipment or hand-held probes to scan over areas to be monitored. Use of this equipment often demands disassembly of the airframe to search appropriate hole locations for cracks, which elevates the complexity and cost of maintenance inspections. In this study an Additive, Interleaved, Multi-layer Electromagnetic (AIME) sensor was developed and integrated with the shank of a fastener to form a Structural Health Monitoring Fastener, a new technology targeted at insitu detection of fastener hole cracks. The major advantages of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Fastener over other SHM technologies are its installation, which does not require joint layer disassembly, its capability to detect inner layer cracks in a multi-layer joint, and its capability to operate in a continuous monitoring mode. The AIME sensor design, SHM Fastener, and complete SHM system are presented along with experimental results from a series of single-layer and bolted double lap-joint aluminum specimens to validate the capability of these sensors to monitor metallic joints for fastener hole cracks and loads. Fatigue cracks were successfully tracked to over 0.7 inches from the fastener hole in these tests. Sensor output obtained from single-layer fatigue specimens was compared with analytical predictions for fatigue crack growth versus cycle number showing a good correlation in trend between sensor output and predicted crack size.
Pyridylethylation - a new protection method for active hydrogen compounds

Abstract 2-(2- or 4-Pyridyl)ethyl group is readily introduced by pyridylethylation and easily removed after activation by quaternisation with methyl iodide.
Evaluation of Micellar Overlapping Parameters for a Drag-Reducing Cationic Surfactant System: Light Scattering and Viscometry

The equilibrium micellar structure in a tris(2-hydroxyethyl)(tallowalkyl)ammonium acetate (TTAA)/ sodium salicylate (NaSal)surfactant system has been studied using light scattering and low-shearviscometry methods. Scattered light intensity autocorrelation functions were measured and the hydrodynamic correlation lengths were obtained for solutions with surfactant concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 mM and NaSal/TTAA ratios from 0.6 to 5 at temperatures from 10 to 80 °C. From the temperature dependence of the hydrodynamic correlation length, the concentration, counterion/surfactant ratio, and temperature at which the free micelles begin to overlap were inferred. The overlapping surfactant concentration decreases with increasing counterion/surfactant ratio, and the overlapping ratio decreases with increasing surfactant concentration. The overlapping temperature increases with increasing surfactant concentration and counterion/surfactant ratio. Zero shear rate viscosities of these solutions at 25 °C were measured to estimate the overlapping concentrations, and the results are compared to light scattering results.
Cellular changes in the gonads, livers and adrenal glands of Japanese quail as affected by the insecticide Kepone.

Abstract A histological study of normal reproductive organs, livers, and adrenal glands from immature and adult Japanese quail of both sexes and of quail fed 200 ppm of the insecticide Kepone under long and short photoperiods was carried out. Kepone increased cellular proliferation, cytodifferentiation and tubular gland formation in the oviducts of immature quail when kept under 6 hr of light and 18 hr of darkness (6L: 18D) and 16 hr of light and 8 hr of darkness (16L: 8D). No cellular changes were noted in the oviducts from laying quail. Ovarian tissue from Kepone-treated quail contained more primary oocytes and smaller follicles when compared to the control birds. Liver cells from all experimental birds were filled with large, lipidlike inclusions. Hypertrophy of adrenal cortical and medullary cells was noted in all Kepone-treated birds. A detrimental effect of Kepone was recorded in the testes of immature and adult quail under the 16L: 8D light regimen. Highly dilated seminiferous tubules, reduced germinal epithelium and spermatozoa, and abundant intraluminal cellular debris were common. The results indicate that the insecticide Kepone has an estrogenlike effect on the oviducts of immature females and on the testes of both immature and mature males.
The hyphomycete Sorosporetta — Syngliocladium from mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus

The hyphomycete Sorosporella sp. was isolated from the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus collected in Alachua Co., Florida. Scanning (SEM) and/or transmission (TEM) electron microscopy were used to study the chlamydospores characteristic of this genus and the conidial production in the alternate state, Syngliocladium. Brick-red chlamydospores, which occur in clusters in insect cadavers, have a fibrous cell wall as revealed by TEM. Pores often occur between walls of adjacent cells. Lipids, including a large central lipid droplet and smaller droplets along the periphery of the cell, are abundant in the cytoplasm. Most organelles were difficult to distinguish due to the density of the cytoplasmic material. Chlamydospores germinate on water or media. On Sabouraud maltose agar, germinating chlamydospores produce a white mycelial mat; synnematous-type growth was sometimes observed. Mycelia may bear conidiophores and ellipsoid conidia.
The influence of estradiol on cholesterol processing by the corpus luteum.

Recent studies from our laboratory have suggested that estradiol or androgen precursor may stimulate steroidogenesis in the luteal cell by modulating intracellular cholesterol metabolism including mobilization of cholesteryl esters, stimulation of lipoprotein receptor activity and induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) activity. To test the functionality of cholesteryl ester turnover per se, we measured the activities of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and cholesteryl esterase, the enzymes involved in cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis, respectively; we also measured de novo synthesis of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and steroids. Pregnant rats, hypophysectomized and hysterectomized on Day 12, were treated for 72 h with either estradiol or testosterone, and luteal microsomal and cytosolic fractions were utilized to measure ACAT and cholesteryl esterase activity, respectively. Intact corpora luteal were employed for [14C]acetate incorporation experiments. Basal ACAT activity (expressed as pmol.min-1.CL-1 increased from a mean of 78 +/- 16 in vehicle-treated rats to 119 +/- 18 and 197 +/- 16 in the estradiol- and testosterone-treated rats, respectively. Similarly, total ACAT activity (measured in the presence of exogenous cholesterol) was also increased in estradiol- and testosterone-treated groups. On the other hand, cholesterol esterase activity (expressed either pmol.min-1.CL-1 or pmol.min-1.mg protein-1) was similar in all three groups and comparable to corpora lutea from intact pregnant rats. Hypophysectomy and hysterectomy caused a 50-60% reduction in [14C]acetate incorporation into sterols when compared with intact pregnant rat. Treatment with either estradiol or testosterone not only restored the cholesterol biosynthetic capacity but also enhanced the overall rate of [14C]acetate incorporation into steroids as compared to intact pregnant rats. The major (-80%), newly synthesized steroid was identified as progesterone. In conclusion, the present studies suggest that the major function of luteal estradiol is to induce de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, regulate ACAT activity, and channel available free cholesterol (derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources) for steroidogenesis.
The equity risk premium a solution

Abstract In ‘The Equity Risk Premium: A Puzzle’, Mehra and Prescott (1985) developed an Arrow-Debreau asset pricing model. They rejected it because it could not explain high enough equity risk premia. They concluded that only non-Arrow-Debreu models would solve this ‘puzzle’. Here, I re-specify their model, capturing the effects of possible, though unlikely, market crashes. While maintaining their model's attractive features, this allows it to explain high equity risk premia and low risk-free returns. It does so with reasonable degrees of time preference and risk aversion, provided the crashes are plausibly severe and not too improbable.
The distributive effects of public law 92-500☆

Abstract The large commitment of government resources for environmental protection has prompted concern for the ultimate fiscal incidence of environmental programs, including the federal wastewater treatment grant program. An earlier study of EPA Region VII (Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska) concluded that the federal grants are likely to redistribute income from the middle income classes to primarily the upper income classes. Using a similar methodology, this study shows that for the Boston metropolitan area, there is a substantial redistribution from upper to lower and middle income groups.
Sodium hydrogen exchanger and phospholipase D are required for α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation of metalloproteinase-9 and cellular invasion in CCL39 fibroblasts

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a critical role in digesting the extracellular matrix and has a vital function in tumor metastasis and invasion; this protease activity is significantly increased in non-small cell lung cancers. The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) functions as a focal point for signal coordination and cytoskeletal reorganization. NHE1 is thought to play a central role in establishing signaling components at the leading edge of a migrating cell. Therefore, we studied the relationship between NHE1 and MMP-9 activity in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CCL39) stimulated with phenylephrine (PE). We show that PE increases MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity in CCL39 cells. The inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD) signaling abrogated PE-induced MMP-9 activity. The role of PLD as an essential signaling intermediate was confirmed when the addition of permeable phosphatidic acid increased MMP-9 activity in the same cells. PE-induced invasion was increased 1.9-fold over controls and the PE response was lost when 1-butanol was used to block PLD signaling. Cells pre-treated with the NHE1 inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) prior to PE addition resulted in a notable decrease in MMP-9 activation and cell invasion as compared to untreated PE-stimulated cells. CCL39 NHE1 null cells demonstrated no increase in MMP-9 protease activity or cell invasion in response to PE treatment. Reconstitution of NHE1 expression recovered the PE-induced activation of protease activity and cell invasion. MMP-9 processing was altered in cells expressing a proton transport defective NHE1 but retained the ability to respond to PE. Conversely, cells expressing an ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM)-binding deficient NHE1 had a lower MMP-9 activity and the protease did not respond to PE addition. Parallel studies on NCI-H358 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCL) cells showed that PE stimulated both MMP-9 activity and cell invasion in an NHE1 dependent manner. This work describes for the first time a PE-induced relationship between NHE1 and MMP-9 and a new potential mechanism by which NHE1 could promote tumor formation and metastasis.
The dynamics of He+ ion neutralization at a xenon film: Energy- and spin-resolved studies

Abstract The neutralization of He + ions with energies in the range 10–500 eV at an adsorbed xenon layer is examined both by analyzing the energy distribution of electrons ejected from the surface and by use of spin-labeling techniques, specifically the use of electron-spin-polarized He + ions coupled with measurement of the ejected electron polarization. The data indicate that neutralization proceeds via an Auger process similar to that which occurs at a clean high-work-function metal surface. At the higher ion energies, however, kinetic ejection becomes important and provides an increasing contribution to the total electron yield.
Subsystem approach to the electrodynamics in dielectric fluids

A century has now passed since the origins of the Abraham-Minkowski controversy pertaining to the correct form of optical momentum in media. Since, the debate has come to reference the general debate over optical momentum, including a number of competing formulations. The pervasive modern view is that the Abraham momentum represents the optical momentum contained within the fields and the Minkowski momentum includes a material component which is coupled with the fields. A recently proposed resolution to the debate identified Abraham’s kinetic momentum as responsible for the overall center-of-mass translations of a medium and Minkowski’s canonical momentum as responsible for local translations of a medium within or with respect to another medium. Still, current literature reveals significant confusion as to how systems of light and matter should be modeled as to deduce the equations of motion when multiple material types are present. For example, the state-of-the-art model for optical dynamics of submerged particles assumes over damped systems such that the mass of the particles is ignored in the equations of motion. In this paper, we apply the subsystem approach to deduce the electrodynamics of such systems. We show that regardless of which electromagnetic momentum continuity law is applied, the equations of motion can be correctly deduced as long as the continuity law is consistent with Maxwells equations and the overall system is closed such that momentum is conserved. Because the closed system includes the material response, the model can be very complex. However, we demonstrate with simple, well-known examples.
Emotionality of pictures and the retention of related and unrelated phrases

College students were exposed once to a sequence of 12 picture-phrase combinations varying along two dimensions: emotionality of the picture and relatedness of the phrase to the picture. Retention of both pictures and phrases was tested after 24 h. Emotional materials were recalled better than nonemotional; enhancement was greatest for pictures and greater for phrases related to pictures than for unrelated phrases. Relatedness was important for phrases, but not for pictures, suggesting that pictures cue verbal recall, but not vice versa. An extension of the encoding variability hypothesis was supported.
The glycolipids of arthrobacter globiformis

Abstract Three glycolipids were isolated from Arthrobacter globiformis 616. Their deacylation products were characterized as O -β- D -galactopyranosyl-(1→1)-glycerol, O -β- D -galactopyranosyl-(1→6)- O -β- D -galactopyranosyl-(1→1)-glycerol and O -α- D -mannopyranosyl-(1→3)- O -α- D -mannopyranosyl-(1→1)-glycerol. The parent lipids comprise 11, 0.6, and 2% of the total lipids respectively. The fatty acid content of each lipid was found to be the same as that of the total lipids.
Land changes and their driving forces in the Southeastern United States

The ecoregions of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge provide a continuum of land cover from the Atlantic Ocean to the highest mountains in the East. From 1973 to 2000, each ecoregion had a unique mosaic of land covers and land cover changes. The forests of the Blue Ridge Mountains provided amenity lands. The Piedmont forested area declined, while the developed area increased. The Southeastern Plains became a commercial forest region, and most agricultural lands that changed became forested. Forests in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain declined, and development related to recreation and retirement increased. The most important drivers of land conversion were associated with commercial forestry, competition between forest and agriculture, and economic and population growth. These and other drivers were modified by each ecoregion’s unique suitability and land use legacies with the result that the same drivers often produced different land changes in different ecoregions.
Mechanism of inhibition of growth of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and their differentiation to adipocytes by dehydroepiandrosterone and related steroids: role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and certain structural analogues block the differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblasts to adipocytes. These steroids also are potent uncompetitive inhibitors of mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (G6PDs). We provide direct evidence that treatment of the 3T3-L1 cells with DHEA and its analogues results in intracellular inhibition of G6PD, which is associated with the block of differentiation: (i) Levels of 6-phosphogluconate and other products of the pentose phosphate pathway are decreased; (ii) the magnitude of these decreases depends on the potency of steroids as inhibitors of G6PD and on concentration and duration of exposure, and it is accompanied by a proportionate block of differentiation; (iii) in cells exposed to 16 alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (a more potent inhibitor of G6PD than DHEA) at concentrations that block differentiation, introduction of exogenous 6-phosphogluconate in liposomes raises the levels of 6-phosphogluconate and other products of the pentose phosphate pathway and partially relieves the steroid block of cell growth and differentiation.
The lenght dependence of locally variable critical current

Abstract The design and use of long superconductors requires critical current dependences on length estimated from test on short pieces. A simple method has been experimentally proven for estimating the critical currents of long superconductors with locally variable critical currents from measured short sample critical currents. Critical current at 1 μV and 5 μV/cm equivalent intercepts on I-V plots were determined for superconducting oxide-silver composite ribbons with integer multiple lenghts of about 0.2 cm. Averages and standard deviations of the experimental shortest length critical currents were used to calculate most probable critical current dependences on length with the normal distribution assumed for short lenght critical variability. Calculated and averaged experimental length dependences coincided and standard deviations scaled well. Averaged 1 μV based critical currents decreased to near constant values as length increased in earth's field at 77 K and 4.2 K. Averaged length dependences in 130 G fields at 77 K approached (length) -1 relations yielded by Ohm's law for a 1 μV criterion. Averaged critical current length dependences based on a 5 μV/cm criterion deviated from the model. Microscopy and image analysis showed that sample cross-sectional area variability caused some of the shortest tested length critical current variability.
Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans or highly vascularized urticaria pigmentosa

o comment; Both, by both skin biopsy and clinical observation; Bx, skin biopsy; C sinophils, ISM, indolent systemic mastocytosis; L, lymphocytic; M, mastocytosis; M rted; SM, systemic mastocytosis; Y, yes. seen on skin biopsy specimen. This original report did not include histologic findings. Weber subsequently evaluated a second case of a patient with urticaria pigmentosa (UP) that closely resembled the index patient with TMEP and, based on these 2 cases, concluded that TMEP was a pigmentless variant of UP that presents primarily in adulthood. In subsequent reports, mast cell infiltration was noted histologically in both UP and TMEP; however, the gross appearance and perivascular distribution of mast cells and association with dilated vessels was said to distinguish TMEP from UP. Thus, TMEP now is usually referred to as a rare form of cutaneous mastocytosis in which the skin has flat telangiectatic macules in a generalized distribution. The relative lack of information on the consequences of a diagnosis of TMEP has led to confusion in clinical management. Based on these observations, we conducted a survey of patients who were evaluated for mastocytosis and who carried a diagnosis of TMEP to determine how the diagnosis of TMEP was being applied and if there were any consistent features to report. By using the National Institutes of Health Biomedical Translational Research Information System, we conducted a retrospective chart review of 299 subjects who were referred to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with institutional review board approved mastocytosis protocols. All the subjects
Maxwell and materialism

In a recent article, Grover Maxwell presents a case for a kind of mind-brain identity theory which he claims precludes materialism. His case is based on some views about meaning which I find plausible. However, I will argue that, by adopting certain assumptions about the nature of sensory experience, and extending some of Maxwell's views about meaning in a plausible way, the issue of a materialistic identity theory is reopened. Ultimately, I will agree that such a theory is not true, but more is needed to show this than Maxwell gives us. But the question of materialism is not thereby closed, because it has become axiomatic these days that materialism does not require an identity theory. So I will go on to consider if all forms of materialism have been ruled out by Maxwell's theory, as extended by me. I will end with a tentative affirmative answer but also with a proposal which, if it can be worked out, would reverse the decision.
Soot formation in diffusion oxygen-enhanced biodiesel flames

Abstract The focus of this work is the experimental investigation of soot formation in coflow flames formed of two fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by employing the light extinction/scattering technique. Three different sets of experiments were conducted in this study. In the first set, radial soot volume fraction ( f v ) profiles of flames of vaporized neat canola methyl ester (B100CME) and neat soy methyl ester (B100SME) fuels both using air as the oxidizer were obtained. In the second set of experiments, the effect of oxygen content in the oxidizer stream on soot formation was studied in both FAME formed flames by increasing the oxygen content in the oxidizer stream from 21% to 35%, 50% and 80%. In the third set of experiments, the effect of fuel blending on the formation of soot particulates was studied in flames formed using CME blended with No. 2 diesel. The blends consisted of 80% biodiesel/20% diesel (B80) and 50% biodiesel/50% diesel (B50). The flames were scanned in the radial direction at various heights above the burner (HAB). For the B100CME-air flame the measured soot volume fraction f v peak was 4.04 ppm and was located at the symmetry axis at a HAB of 16.25 mm. For B100SME-air, the f v peak was measured to be 4.22 ppm at approximately the same flame height as in the CME-air flame. For the B100CME oxygen enriched-air flames the peak values at 35%, 50% and 80% were 6.50, 5.82 and 3.22 ppm, respectively. It was observed that by increasing the oxygen content in the B100CME flame from 21% to 35% oxygen, the f v peak increases by approximately 61%. However, a further increase in oxygen content in the oxidizer stream suppressed soot formation. A similar trend in the f v was observed for B100SME oxygen-enhanced flames. Furthermore, the increase of diesel fuel in the blending of B50CME resulted in significantly higher f v values compared to the B80CME. The addition of oxygen content in the oxidizer stream in these blended fuel flames (from air to 35%) resulted in an increase in the f v peak of approximately 47% and 71%, respectively. Centerline temperatures were measured at various HAB for selected flames.
INVESTOR TAX-TRADING OPPORTUNITIES AND DISCOUNTS ON CLOSED-END MUTUAL FUNDS

Discounts on closed-end mutual funds are a puzzle to financial economists, because arbitrage activities should eliminate discounts in a perfect capital market. In this paper I develop a model that explains discounts, using Merton's option pricing theorem. By holding shares of a closed-end mutual fund, investors lose valuable tax-trading opportunities associated with the constituent securities of the closed-end mutual fund's portfolio. However, investors can take advantage of all tax-trading opportunities by directly holding the closed-end mutual fund's portfolio. I also show that both variances of individual securities and correlations among securities in the portfolio are important factors in determining the magnitude of discounts.
A Detailed Redescription of the Pseudochirella Obesa Female (Copepoda, Calanoida). I. General Part; Trunk and Antennules

The present series documents the detailed morphology of the female of Pseudochirella obesa, type-species of the genus Pseudochirella, for purposes of comparison of the various genera contained in the subfamily Euchirellinae, family Aetideidae. In this Part I, general information is presented while the trunk and the antennules are specifically dealt with. The integumental perforation pattern of the species will be reported upon separately.
Water sorption and mechanical properties of light-cured proprietary composite tooth restorative materials.

Seven light-cured proprietary composite restorative materials, P-50 (3M), P-10 (3M), P-30 (3M), FulFil (Caulk), Herculite (Kerr), Silux Plus (3M) and Silux (3M) were characterized in terms of water uptake at 37°C. For several of the systems, elastic modulus and glass transition temperature were evaluated with a dynamic mechanical analyser (Autovibron DDV-II-C). Model systems such as bis-GMA (75%) + triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (25%), bis-GMA (30%) + triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (10%) + lithium aluminium silicate (60%), bis-GMA + triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (14%) + barium glass (silanated) (86%) and bis-GMA + triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (14%) + zinc glass (silanated) (86%) were also studied with reference to water sorption. It was concluded that the changes in elastic modulus tend to confirm the hypothesis that the matrix-filler interface contains water. Silux and Silux Plus accommodated the greatest amount of water at the interface. Silux Plus displayed a dramatic reduction in elastic modulus c. 0°C, indicating possible melting of water clusters. It appeared that the only available hole for water clusters was at the matrix-filler interface.
STRESSES IN AN ORTHOTROPIC ELASTIC CYLINDER DUE TO A PLANE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION T(r, θ)

Stresses in a hollow orthotropic elastic cylinder due to a steady-state plane temperature distribution T(r,θ) are analyzed for tractionfree boundary conditions. An exact solution is developed using the Airy stress function in a Fourier-series form. Numerical results are given for a fiber-reinforced composite material.
Fluoride Excess in Coccidioidomycosis Patients Receiving Long-Term Antifungal Therapy: an Assessment of Currently Available Triazoles

The use of voriconazole, a trifluorinated antifungal, has been associated with the development of fluoride excess and periostitis/exostoses. We evaluated a cohort of patients on long-term triazole therapy and found that other fluorinated triazoles (fluconazole and posaconazole) conferred no risk for the development of hyperfluorosis and its complications in our cohort.
SPAK-mediated NCC regulation in response to low-K+ diet

The NaCl cotransporter (NCC) of the renal distal convoluted tubule is stimulated by low-K+ diet by an unknown mechanism. Since recent work has shown that the STE20/SPS-1-related proline-alanine-ric...
Synthesis, structure, and first-principles calculations of [TcBr2(PMe3)4] and [Tc2Br4(PMe3)4] complexes

The new technetium(II) complexes, [TcBr2(PMe3)4] 1 and [Tc2Br4(PMe3)4] 2, were synthesized from TcBr3 and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), first-principles calculations and UV-vis spectroscopy. Complex 1 is the first of the trans-dihalo-tetrakis-trialkylphosphine metallate(II) class reported for group VII, while 2 is the first Tc(II) dimer with bromide ligands. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural with their molybdenum analogs. XRD analysis indicates that 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I2m, with D2d molecular point-group symmetry, and with Tc–Br = 2.5925(7) A and Tc–P = 2.4213(11) A. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Tc–Br = 2.520(1) A, Tc–P = 2.441(1) A and Tc–Tc = 2.1316(5) A. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for 1 and 2, as well as for the molybdenum homologues, are in good overall agreement with the XRD structural data.
International English in Its Sociolinguistic Contexts: Towards a Socially Sensitive Pedagogy by MCKAY, SANDRA LEE, & WENDY D. BOKHORST–HENG

The article reviews the book "International English in Its Sociolinguistic Contexts: Towards a Socially Sensitive Pedagogy," by Sandra Lee McKay and Wendy D. Bokhorst-Heng.
Resveratrol inhibits the formation of phosphatidic acid and diglyceride in chemotactic peptide- or phorbol ester-stimulated human neutrophils

Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, Res) is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in grape berry skins and red wine. It has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we examined the effect of Res on the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) and diglyceride (DG), in human neutrophils stimulated by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We measured the masses of PA and DG by using a nonradioactive method. Our results showed that Res inhibited the formation of PA in a concentration dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 42.4 and 60.9 microM in fMLP- and PMA-stimulated cells, respectively. Res also suppressed the formation of phosphatidylethanol (PEt), thereby implying inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD) activity. In addition, Res inhibited the formation of both diacylglycerol (DAG) and ether-linked acylglycerol (EAG) induced by fMLP and by PMA. Our results suggest that Res inhibition of PLD activity may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects.
Can children substitute for adult listeners in judging the intelligibility of the speech of children who are deaf or hard of hearing

Purpose Assessments of the intelligibility of speech produced by children who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) provide unique insights into functional speaking ability, readiness for mainstream classroom placements, and intervention effectiveness. The development of sentence lists for a wide age range of children and the advent of handheld digital recording devices have overcome two barriers to routine use of this tool. Yet, difficulties in recruiting adequate numbers of adults to judge speech samples continue to make routine assessment impractical. In response to this barrier, it has been proposed that children who are 9 years or older might be adequate substitutes for adult listener-judges (Ertmer, 2011). Method To examine this possibility, 22 children from the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades identified words from speech samples previously judged by adults. Results Children in the 3rd and 4th grades identified fewer words than adults, whereas scores for 5th graders were not significantly different from those...
Prolonged oxidative stress inverts the cardiac force–frequency relation: role of altered calcium handling and myofilament calcium responsiveness

Abstract The normally positive force- and Ca 2+ -frequency responses (FFR and CaFR) are inverted in heart failure (HF); whether oxidative stress contributes to these abnormalities is unknown. We evaluated the impact of acute and prolonged oxidative stress on contraction and Ca 2+ handling in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Acute (30 min) exposure to H 2 O 2 (100 μM) induced a twofold increase ( P 2+ transient and the FFR and CaFR to 3 Hz, indicating reduced myofilament Ca 2+ responsiveness. In contrast, prolonged (24 h) exposure to the copper–zinc superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC, 1 μM) similarly augmented oxyradicals but also increased cell size, and contraction and Ca 2+ transient duration ( P 2+ responsiveness coupled with altered Ca 2+ handling. Protein levels of the Na + –Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX), sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA2), and serine-16 phosphorylated phospholamban (pSer16-PLB) were increased ( P 2+ release showed increased NCX activity ( P 2+ , suggesting compensatory changes in SERCA2 and pSer16-PLB to maintain SR Ca 2+ load. The superoxide scavenger Tiron attenuated these effects. Thus, acute oxyradical exposure rapidly depresses myofibrillar Ca 2+ responsiveness. Prolonged oxidative stress further induces alterations in Ca 2+ handling that combined with extant reductions in myofibrillar responsiveness invert the FFR. With regard to Ca 2+ handling, reduced transsarcolemmal Ca 2+ flux rather than reduced SR Ca 2+ uptake was the primary determinant of a negative FFR. Analogous changes may be operative in HF, a state characterized by both oxidative stress and Ca 2+ dysregulation.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Cortisol: Longitudinal Associations With Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Pregnant Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the concurrent and longitudinal associations between corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cortisol concentrations and depression and antisocial behavior (conduct disorder symptoms) in pregnant adolescents. Method Fifty-nine adolescents were evaluated in early pregnancy (9–21 weeks' gestation), late pregnancy (32–34 weeks' gestation), and the postpartum period (4–5 weeks postpartum). Symptoms of depression and conduct disorder were obtained from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Results Lower concentrations of CRH were related to a greater number of depression symptoms in early pregnancy ( p p p p Conclusion The findings support the long-standing hypothesis that stress-related products of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are associated with emotions and behavior during pregnancy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(4):460–467.
Regional cell density distribution and oxygen consumption rates in porcine TMJ discs: an explant study

Summary Objective To determine the regional cell density distribution and basal oxygen consumption rates (based on tissue volume and cell number) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs and further examine the impact of oxygen tension on these rates. Design TMJ discs from pigs aged 6–8 months were divided into five regions: anterior, intermediate, posterior, lateral and medial. The cell density was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The change in oxygen tension was recorded while TMJ disc explants were cultured in sealed metabolism chambers. The volume based oxygen consumption rate of explants was determined by theoretical curve-fitting of the recorded oxygen tension data with the Michaelis–Menten equation. The rate on a per-cell basis was calculated based on the cell density measurements and volume based rate measured in another group of discs. Results The overall cell density [mean, 95% confidence interval (CI)] was 51.3 (21.3–81.3)×10 6 cells/mLwet tissue. Along the anteroposterior axis, the anterior band had 25.5% higher cell density than the intermediate zone ( P P P P 6 cells/h, respectively. The central regions (intermediate, lateral, and medial) had significantly higher volume based ( P P Conclusions The TMJ disc had higher cell density and oxygen consumption rates than articular cartilage reported in the literature. These results suggest that a steeper oxygen gradient may exist in the TMJ disc and may be vulnerable to pathological events that impede nutrient supply.