cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Description of Cyclic Creep and Rate Dependent Plastic Deformation

A constitutive model is proposed to describe cyclic creep and other rate dependent plastic deformation. The model is general in concept and thus applicable to a wide variety of engineering materials such as metals, polymers, concrete, rocks and soils. Effect of temperature and deformation history is also included into the basic formulation. The main feature of the model is the concept of a family of nested hypersurfaces in a pseudo stress space. The psuedo stress space is defined by combining both stress and physical time. Thus the rate dependent plastic deformation may be treated as a pseudo rate independent process.
Structure of fractional edge states: A composite-fermion approach

I study the structure of the two-dimensional electron-gas edge in the quantum Hall regime using the composite-fermion approach. The electron density distribution and the composite-fermion energy spectrum are obtained numerically in the Hartree approximation for bulk filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1,1/3,2/3,1/5. For a very sharp edge of the \ensuremath{\nu} =1 state the one-electron picture is valid. As the edge width a is increased the density distribution shows features related to the fractional states and new fractional channels appear in pairs. For a very smooth edge I find, by quasiclassical means, the number of channels p\ensuremath{\sim} \ensuremath{\surd}a/${\mathit{l}}_{\mathit{H}}$ , where ${\mathit{l}}_{\mathit{H}}$ is the magnetic length.
Probabilistic analysis of flow in random porous media by stochastic boundary elements

The mathematical and numerical modeling of groundwater flows in random porous media is studied assuming that the formation's hydraulic log-transmissivity is a statistically homogeneous, Gaussian, random field with given mean and covariance function. In the model, log-transmissivity may be conditioned to take exact field values measured at a few locations. Our method first assumes that the log-transmissivity may be expanded in a Fourier-type series with random coefficients, known as the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion. This expansion has optimal properties and is valid for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous fields. By combining the KL expansion with a small parameter perturbation expansion, we transform the original stochastic boundary value problem into a hierarchy of deterministic problems. To the first order of perturbation, the hydraulic head is expanded on the same set of random variables as in the KL representation of log-transmissivity. To solve for the corresponding coefficients of this expansion, we adopt a boundary integral formulation whose numerical solution is carried out by using boundary elements and dual reciprocity (DRBEM). To illustrate and validate our scheme, we solve three test problems and compare the numerical solutions against Monte Carlo simulations based on a finite difference formulation of the original flow problem. In all three cases we obtain good quantitative agreement and the present approach is shown to provide both a more efficient and accurate way of solving the problem.
The Relationship Between Birth Weight, Gestational Age and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)-Contaminated Public Drinking Water

Abstract Background Recent studies have examined the associations between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels in cord blood and maternal plasma with lowered birth weight and gestational age in humans; however, no study has examined these effects in a population of known high PFOA exposure. Residents drinking PFOA-contaminated water from the Little Hocking Water Association (LHWA) in Washington County, Ohio have serum PFOA levels approximately 80 times those in the general U.S. population. Objectives To compare birth weights and gestational ages of neonates born to mothers residing in zip codes with water service provided completely, partially or not at all by the LHWA. Methods Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were performed on singleton neonatal birth weight data supplied by the Ohio Department of Health to examine the associations between LHWA water service category (used as a surrogate for PFOA exposure) with mean birth weight, mean gestational age, the likelihood of low birth weight ( Results The incidence of low birth weight, preterm birth, mean birth weight and mean gestational age of neonates did not significantly differ among water service categories. Conclusion Markedly elevated PFOA exposure, as categorized by water service category, is not associated with increased risk of lowered birth weight or gestational age. This study does not confirm earlier findings of an association between PFOA and lowered birth weight observed at normal population levels.
Distributed algorithms for stable and secure network coordinates

Since its inception, the concept of network coordinates has been proposed to solve a wide variety of problems such as overlay optimization, network routing, network localization, and network modeling. However, two practical problems significantly limit the applications of network coordinates today. First, how can network coordinates be stabilized without losing accuracy so that they can be cached by applications? Second, how can network coordinates be secured such that legitimate nodes' coordinates are not impacted by misbehaving nodes? Although these problems have been discussed extensively, solving them in decentralized network coordinates systems remains an open problem.This paper presents new distributed algorithms to solve the coordinates stability and security problems. For the stability problem, we propose an error elimination model that can achieve stability without hurting accuracy. A novel algorithm based on this model is presented. For the security problem, we show that recently proposed statistical detection mechanisms cannot achieve an acceptable level of security against even simple attacks. We propose to address the security problem in two parts. First, we show how the computation of coordinates can be protected by a customized Byzantine fault detection algorithm. Second, we adopt a triangle inequality violation detection algorithm to protect delay measurements. These algorithms can be integrated together to provide stable and secure network coordinates.
Precise measurement of relative energy positions and widths of some (p, γ) resonances in aluminium and sodium

Abstract The energy positions or ratios of the 27Al(p, γ)28Si resonances at 774, 1317 and 1364 keV, have been determined to 33, 50 and 50 parts per million (ppm) respectively, relative to the resonance at 992 keV taken as a standard with an adopted absolute value of 991.90±0.04 keV. This accuracy was made possible by use of a 90° cylindrical electrostatic analyser of 1 m radius in which: 1. (i) The plates were aligned parallel such that the gap between them was kept constant over an 8 mm vertical region to about one wavelength of sodium light for 90% of the length of the analyser. 2. (ii) The voltage applied to the plates could be held constant to about 30 ppm. Relative to the same standard in aluminium, the energy ratios and the widths of ten 23Na(p, γ)24Mg resonances at 987, 1009, 1011, 1174, 1283, 1318, 1396, 1417 and 1457 keV were determined. Some evidence for a fine structure in the resonances at 1283 keV and 1457 keV exists but is not conclusive. In these measurements, the discrete nature of energy losses of the protons in the target was taken into account, the relativistic corrections were applied, and all the data were taken with an energy resolution E/ΔE of about 10500. Some of these results are at variance with previously published work. The γ-ray yield of the narrow sodium resonance at 1417 keV was studied both at room temperature and in the neighbourhood of 80°K. Its energy ratio relative to the 992 keV resonance in aluminium was determined to 50 ppm.
Clinical outcomes following heart transplantation.

Since its first performance in 1967, cardiac transplantation has emerged from a medical curiosity to become the treatment of choice for advanced heart failure. Refinements in surgical technique, development of a standardized endomyocardial biopsy grading system, and the discovery of newer immunosuppressive medications have improved the outlook for today's heart-transplant recipients. For the most recent era, median survival has increased to 10 years and median survival conditional upon surviving the first transplant year is now >14 years. Quality of life is excellent. This article will concisely review the major clinical outcomes following transplantation including survival, quality of life, immunosuppression, and short- and long-term complications. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21311
Anterograde amnesia following ECT: an analysis of the beneficial effects of partial information.

Abstract The anterograde amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy was evaluated with different retention procedures. At short learning-retention intervals, patients receiving ECT performed better when tested by the method of partial information than when tested by yes-no recognition, whereas the reverse was true for control subjects. These results confirmed previous findings with amnesic patients and partial information procedures, and seemed to support suggestions that amnesia has qualitatively distinct features not apparent in normal memory. However, during the course of normal forgetting, control subjects came to exhibit a nearly identical pattern of performance as ECT patients. The relevance of these findings to theories of amnesia is considered.
LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM INJECTION METHODS. A SYNTHESIS

This paper gives a critical survey of the state of the art in the field of beam injection assessment of defects in semiconductors. It concentrates on recent developments, trends and current problems. A few statistical figures illustrate the development of this field in the past decadc. The problems of spatial resolution and quantification of defect analyses are addressed. The paper closes with speculation as to further developments.
Open suture versus mesh repair of primary incisional hernias: a cost–utility analysis

Despite 100,000 ventral hernia repairs (VHR) being performed annually, no gold standard for the technique exists. Mesh has been shown to decrease recurrence rates, yet, concerns of increased complications and costs prevent its systematic use. We examined the cost-effectiveness of open suture (OS) versus open mesh (OM) in primary VHR. A decision analysis model from the payer’s perspective comparing OS to OM was constructed for calculating the total costs and cost-effectiveness. Probabilities for complications and outcomes were derived from the literature. The costs represented institutional fixed costs. The outcome measure of effectiveness was recurrence. One-way sensitivity analysis and a probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation were performed. OS was associated with a total cost of $16,355 (±6,041) per repair, while OM was $16,947 (±7,252). At 3-year follow-up, OM was the more effective treatment with 73.8% being recurrence-free, compared with 56.3% in the OS group. The incremental cost to prevent one recurrence by the placement of mesh was $1,878. OM became the less effective treatment strategy when the infection rate exceeded 35%. At a willingness to pay level of $5,500, OM was the more cost-effective treatment strategy. In subjects without contraindication to mesh placement, OM repair is the more effective surgical treatment for VHR, with a lower risk of recurrence at a small cost to the payer.
The Jahn-Teller effect — Its history and applicability

Abstract The interactions between Teller, Renner, Jahn and Landau which led to the formulation of the Jahn-Teller effect are discussed. The applicability of Jahn-Teller-type theory to superconductivity and the explanation proposed by the use of Goldstone particles are assessed.
Immunostaining as an adjunct to cytology for diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background & Aims Serial analysis of gene expression has helped identify several proteins that are expressed differentially in pancreatic cancer and are highly sensitive and specific for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We evaluated if the diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic cancer from endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be improved by combined evaluation of cytology and immunostaining with these markers. Methods This study involved the use of archived specimens from patients treated at Saint Louis University Hospital from 2002 to 2006. We identified 5 protein markers that appeared most promising from published literature. We sequentially evaluated immunostaining with these markers in (1) surgical resection specimens, (2) cell blocks from EUS-FNA, and (3) direct smears of EUS-FN aspirates. Finally, we performed a combined evaluation of cytology and immunostaining in direct smears that were difficult to interpret and required a second consultative cytologic opinion. Results In resection specimens, the majority of pancreatic adenocarcinomas expressed all 5 markers but fascin, maspin, and carcinoembryonic antigen–related cell adhesion molecule 6 also were expressed abnormally in normal pancreata and in chronic pancreatitis. Further evaluation therefore was limited to the other 2 markers: mesothelin and 14-3-3σ. It was feasible and useful to perform immunostaining in cell blocks and direct smear for diagnosing pancreatic cancer. In cases requiring a second cytologic consultation, a combined evaluation of cytologic morphology and immunostaining had 90% accuracy for a pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Conclusions In conclusion, immunostaining with newer protein markers is feasible in EUS-FNA specimens and can assist cytopathologists in diagnosing pancreatic cancer. Among the currently available protein immunomarkers, a combination of mesothelin and 14-3-3σ seems most promising, but needs to be validated in prospective studies before routine clinical use.
Efficacy of clonidine versus phenobarbital in reducing neonatal morphine sulfate therapy days for neonatal abstinence syndrome. A prospective randomized clinical trial.

To compare the efficacy of clonidine versus phenobarbital in reducing morphine sulfate treatment days for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Prospective, non-blinded, block randomized trial at a single level III NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit). Eligible infants were treated with a combination of medications as per protocol. Primary outcome was treatment days with morphine sulfate. Secondary outcomes were the mean total morphine sulfate dose, outpatient phenobarbital days, adverse events and treatment failures. A total of 82 infants were eligible, of which 68 were randomized with 34 infants in each study group. Adjusting for covariates phenobarbital as compared with clonidine had shorter morphine sulfate treatment days (−4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.3, −8.9; P=0.037) with no difference in average morphine sulfate total dose (1.1 mg kg−1, 95% CI: −0.1, 2.4; P=0.069). Post-discharge phenobarbital was continued for an average of 3.8 months (range 1 to 8 months). No other significant differences were noted. Phenobarbital as adjunct had clinically nonsignificant shorter inpatient but significant overall longer therapy time as compared with clonidine.
Culture, Administration, and Reform in Africa

Research on public administration in Africa has been prescriptive rather than analytical. Solutions have been provided in search of problems. Little, if any, attention has been paid to the role of local administrative cultures. This article problematizes public sector reform efforts on the African continent by identifying the cultural realities in which administration is being pursued and how the practices differ from the prescriptions offered by consultants. A principal distinction is made between a “civic” and an “affective” cultural model. The conclusion is that any reform efforts in the future need to start from what is on the ground rather than trying to impose something from outside that does not match existing administrative practices.
Increased hypoxic ventilatory response during 8 weeks at 3800 m altitude

Acclimatization to chronic hypoxia (CH) increases ventilation (V(I)) and the isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) over 2-14 days but hypoxic desensitization blunts the HVR after years of CH. We tested for hypoxic desensitization during the first 2 months of CH by studying five normal subjects at sea level (SL) and for 8 weeks at 3800 m (CH, PI(O(2)) approximately 90 Torr). We measured the isocapnic HVR (Delta V(I)/Delta Sa(O(2)) and tested for hypoxic ventilatory decline (HVD) by stepping Sa(O(2)) to 80% after 14 min at 90%. The HVR increased significantly after 2 days and remained significantly elevated for 8 weeks of CH. HVD was similar at SL and during 8 weeks of CH. Hence, hypoxic desensitization of the HVR does not occur after only 8 weeks of hypoxia and the increased HVR during this time does not involve changes in HVD.
On a terminal control problem

In this paper, we formulate a terminal control problem and present its solution. The solution is obtained from the results of a minimization of a convex function that is rapidly solved by a computer. It is shown that a number of other problems considered in the literature can be given in this formulation and, consequently, computational solutions for these problems can be obtained in a straightforward manner
Metabolism of pregnenolone and progesterone by testicular microsomes of the baboon Papio anubis and the marmoset Saguinus oedipus.

We recently reported that pregnenolone is converted to testosterone through a predominant 4-ene pathway by marmoset and baboon testicular fragments. The present studies were conducted to investigate the metabolism of pregnenolone and progesterone to testosterone by testicular rnicrosomes from these subhuman primate species. Marmoset and baboon testes were homogenized in Tris-sucrose buffer. The homogenates were centrifuged for 20 min at 10,000 g, and the supernatants re-centrifuged at 105,000 g for l h. The microsomal pellets were re-suspended in Tris-sucrose buffer and incubated for l h with radiolabelled pregnenolone or progesterone. Marmoset and baboon testicular microsomes converted pregnenolone to testosterone primarily through the 5-ene pathway, with an accumulation of 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the incubates. Progesterone was metabolized to 17-hydroxy progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone, but a substantial portion of the progesterone substrate was not metabolized. Estradiol and estrone were tentatively identified as metabolites of both substrates in marmoset and baboon testicular microsomes. These results suggest that homogenization of testicular tissue for preparation of testicular microsomes may activate a pregnenolone 17-hydroxylase, with pregnenolone being converted to testosterone through a predominant 5-ene pathway.
Stochastic simulation of the structure and propagation rate of turbulent premixed flames

A stochastic simulation model of the wrinkled flamelet regime of turbulent premixed combustion is shown to exhibit several postulated scaling properties governing flame structure and propagation rate. The model, based on the linear-eddy model of molecular mixing in turbulent flow, incorporates laminar burning of flamelets and the resultant decrease of flame surface area, and flamelet convection and surface area growth due to turbulent stirring. Simulated realization, implemented on a one-dimensional domain representing a longitudinal line through the turbulent flame brush, exhibit (1) linear dependence of the turbulent flame speed u{sub T} on the turbulent velocity fluctuation u{prime}, (2) fractal flame structure, and (3) an lower cutoff of fractal scaling that can be plausibly characterized either by the Kolmogorov scale L{sub K} {approximately} Re{sup {minus}3/4}L, where Re is the turbulence Reynolds number and L is the integral scale, or by the Gibson sale L{sub G} {approximately} (u{prime}/S{sub L}){sup 3}L, where S{sub L} is the laminar flame speed. The latter ambiguity indicates that the Re values investigated computationally (up to 1000) are not high enough to fully resolve the high-Re limiting behavior, reflecting an analogous limitation of typical experimental configurations. The experimentally observed decrease of the fractal dimension D at low u{prime}/S{submore » L} is reproduced, and is interpreted as reflecting insufficient dynamic range to fully resolve the fractal regime rather than an intrinsic dependence of D on u{prime}/S{sub L}. 14 refs., 4 figs.« less
More Than Structural Cells, Fibroblasts Create and Orchestrate the Tumor Microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment comprises many cell types including infiltrating immune cells such as lymphocytes, endothelial cells and a complex stroma consisting mainly of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are heterogeneous and consist of Thy-1+ and Thy-1− subsets that define different biosynthetic and differentiation potential. They produce mediators linked to carcinogenesis and metastasis, including Cox-2 and PGE2, both of which are also increased in most cancers. This review will highlight the emerging role of the complex fibroblastic stroma in establishing a microenvironment supporting malignant transformation, tumor growth and attenuation of host anti-tumor immune responses.
Analog retina model for detecting moving objects against a moving background

Many applications require the ability to detect and track moving objects against moving backgrounds. If an object's signal is less than or comparable to the variations in the background, sophisticated techniques must be employed to detect the object. An analog retina model that adapts to the motion of the background in order to enhance objects moving with a velocity different than the background velocity is presented. A computer simulation that preserves the analog nature of this model and its application to real and simulated data are described. The concept of an analog 'Z' focal plane implementation is also presented.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design, construction and performance of the Brookhaven National Laboratory 7-foot Bubble Chamber

Abstract The BNL 7-foot Bubble Chamber was originally built as a facility to test many of the new concepts involved in the design of very large bubble chambers, and later modified to become a high energy physics research tool. Though there are individual differences, it typifies the design of the newest generation of these devices. It is described with reference to the design of each of its subsystems, and to its operation.
Paraplegia-quadriplegia Independently Increases All Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Complications: A Comparative Study Using the Modified Clavien System.

Objective To investigate the perioperative complication rates for paraplegic-quadriplegic patients (PQPs) undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) as compared with non-PQPs using a standardized method of complication reporting via the Clavien system. Methods Two hundred thirteen consecutive PCNLs performed by a single surgeon were analyzed. There were 31 and 115 patients separated into PQP and non-PQP groups, respectively. Data collection included demographic and clinical factors, as well as perioperative and delayed complications. Complications were organized by the Clavien grade. All- and initial-procedure complications were analyzed. The rate of adverse events for each Clavien grade was calculated, and statistical comparisons were made. The relationship between PQP and complication severity was investigated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results There were 38 and 43 initial-procedure complications in the PQP and non-PQP groups, respectively. The rate of adverse events was higher across the spectrum of Clavien grades for the PQP group, specifically grade 1 (48.4% vs 20.2%; P = .002), grade 2 (22.6% vs 5.3%; P = .004), grade 3b (12.9% vs 2.6%; P = .038), grade 4a (6.5% vs 0%), and grade 4b (9.7% vs 1.8%; P = .066). Approximately 51.6% and 31.5% of PQPs and non-PQPs experienced ≥1 complications, respectively (odds ratio = 2.34; P = .05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated paraplegia or quadriplegia status to be an independent risk factor for the development of perioperative complications after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio = 2.91; P = .040). Conclusion PCNL complication rates are higher in PQPs compared with non-PQPs. This study is one of the first in PCNL to use a standardized reporting system to highlight high-risk individuals within the stone population.
On Guaiol Oxygenation Products

Abstract The photosensitized oxygenation of guaiol (I) results primarily in allylic hydroperoxides; cyclopentenyl compounds predominate with an apparent preference for reaction at the α-face. Ozonolysis of hydroperoxide IVb furnished the hydroperoxy hemiperoxyacetal IX as a crystalline solid.
Pituitary Involvement in T Cell Renewal during Development and Metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis

Abstract Studies of pituitary-deficient dwarf mice show that in the absence of a normally functioning pituitary, thymus development is impaired. Treatment with growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones restores thymus development. Smaller thymus size in pituitary-deficient animals could be due to defective development of precursors, impaired precursor immigration, impaired thymocyte expansion, or development of a smaller epithelial/stromal compartment in the thymus of pituitary-deficient animals. Using a well-characterized amphibian model to study stem cell immigration into the thymus, we show here that hypophysectomy (hypx) of young tadpoles interferes with overall growth of the frogs and with the broad lymphocyte expansion that occurs after metamorphosis, but it does not interfere with the immigration of T cell precursors into an implanted thymus. Diploid host cells moving into a triploid thymus implant do so at the same rate and to the same extent in hypx hosts as they do in intact control hosts. Analysis of cell division in the implanted thymus populations shows a significantly greater proportion of cells arrested in the G 0 /G 1 phase and a significantly lower proportion of cells in the S phase and G 2 + M phase of the cell cycle in hypx hosts than in intact hosts. Thus, smaller thymus size in hypx hosts could be due to a slower rate of expansion of precursors that migrate there.
A differential scanning calorimetric study of the stability of egg white to heat denaturation.

The heat denaturation of egg white and its component proteins was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. At a heating rate of 10 °C/min, egg white at pH 7 shows two major endotherms, at 65 °C and 84 °C, produced by the denaturation of conalbumin and ovalbumin, respectively. The conalbumin endotherm is increased to 70 °C by raising the pH to 9.0, or 77 °C by addition of aluminium at neutral pH. Addition of sucrose stabilises all the proteins; at 10%sucrose, all endotherms are shifted 2 °C to higher temperatures. Within experimental error, the enthalpy of denaturation of egg white equals the sum of the enthalpies of denaturation of its component proteins, and is independent of pH over the pH range 7–9.
Assessing the relevance of legal and extralegal factors in felony drug sentencing: the case of Michigan

Previous research has identified several prominent legal and extralegal variables and their effect on sentencing outcomes. However, only a few states have been subjected to critical or scholarly analysis. With the focal concerns perspective in mind, the current study examines 399 male defendants convicted on federal drug trafficking charges in the state of Michigan during 2006. Findings reveal that legally relevant factors are the strongest predictor of sentence length, offenders who are detained prior to trial face disparate sentences, and district in which the defendant was adjudicated significantly impacts sentence outcome. These results confirm that case processing strategies are an important source of sentencing disparities.
ON RADIATION PRODUCTION IN A SHEARED MEDIUM

We give an expression for the radiation produced by a uniformly charged particle when it traverses normally a semi-infinite boundary between two media, both of the same constant; refractive indexn, measured in the appropriate rest frames of the media. The media are taken to slip relative to each other with constant velocity parallel to the boundary.
The geochemistry of methane in Lake Fryxell, an amictic, permanently ice-covered, antarctic lake

The abundance and distribution of dissolved CH4 were determined from 1987–1990 in Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in which solute movement is controlled by diffusion. CH4 concentrations were < 1 υM in the upper oxic waters, but increased below the oxycline to 936 μM at 18 m. Sediment CH4 was 1100 μmol (1 sed)−1 in the 0–5 cm zone. Upward flux from the sediment was the source of the CH4, NH4 +, and DOC in the water column; CH4 was 27% of the DOC+CH4 carbon at 18 m. Incubations with surficial sediments indicated that H14CO3 − reduction was 0.4 μmol (1 sed)−1 day−1 or 4× the rate of acetate fermentation to CH4. There was no measurable CH4 production in the water column. However, depth profiles of CH4, NH4, and DIC normalized to bottom water concentrations demonstrated that a significant CH4 sink was evident in the anoxic, sulfate-containing zone of the water column (10–18 m). The δ13CH4 in this zone decreased from −72 % at 18 m to −76% at 12 m, indicating that the consumption mechanism did not result in an isotopic enrichment of 13CH4. In contrast, δ13CH4 increased to −55 % at 9 m due to aerobic oxidation, though this was a minor aspect of the CH4 cycle. The water column CH4 profile was modeled by coupling diffusive flux with a first order consumption term; the best-fit rate constant for anaerobic CH4 consumption was 0.012 yr−1. On a total carbon basis, CH4 consumption in the anoxic water column exerted a major effect on the flux of carbonaceous material from the underlying sediments and serves to exemplify the importance of CH4 to carbon cycling in Lake Fryxell.
Cloning and characterization of mouse brush border myosin‐I in adult and embryonic intestine

Brush border myosin-I is a class I myosin with calmodulin light chains that has been identified in several vertebrate species. In chicken, it is exclusively expressed in intestinal epithelial cells where it forms spirally arrayed bridges that tether the microvillar actin bundle to the membrane. To facilitate future knockout strategies, we have isolated mouse brush border myosin-I cDNA and genomic clones. The deduced primary structure of mouse brush border myosin-I is homologous to other known brush border myosins-I. Northern blot, immunoblot, and immunolocalization studies indicate that the intestine-specific and subcellular localization profile of mouse brush border myosin-I are comparable to that determined for other brush border myosins-I. Northern analysis during embryogenesis revealed a 3.9-kb transcript first detected in 15-day embryos. This is in marked contrast to chicken, where brush border myosin-I expression begins early in embryogenesis. In situ localization in 17-day embryos indicated that RNA expression is restricted to the intestine. Protein expression is first detected in 16-day embryos with decreasing levels observed in a proximal to distal fashion. Immunolocalization in embryonic intestine revealed that brush border myosin-I is evenly distributed on both apical and basolateral membrane domains. There is also pronounced localization to a supranuclear region, presumably the Golgi apparatus. This suggests that brush border myosin-I may be targeted to the plasma membrane on Golgi-derived vesicles rather than by direct targeting to microvillar actin cores.
Microscopic theory of a quantum Hall Ising nematic: Domain walls and disorder

We study the the interplay between spontaneously broken valley symmetry and spatial disorder in multivalley semiconductors in the quantum Hall regime. In cases where valleys have anisotropic electron dispersion a previous long-wavelength analysis [D. A. Abanin, S. A. Parameswaran, S. A. Kivelson, and S. L. Sondhi, Phys. Rev. B 82, 035428 (2010)] identified two new phases exhibiting the QHE. The first is the quantum Hall Ising nematic (QHIN), a phase with long-range orientational order manifested in macroscopic transport anisotropies. The second is the quantum Hall random-field paramagnet (QHRFPM) that emerges when the Ising ordering is disrupted by quenched disorder, characterized by a domain structure with a distinctive response to a valley symmetry-breaking strain field. Here we provide a more detailed microscopic analysis of the QHIN, which allows us to (i) estimate its Ising ordering temperature, (ii) study its domain-wall excitations, which play a central role in determining its properties, and (iii) analyze its response to quenched disorder from impurity scattering, which gives an estimate for domain size in the descendant QHRFPM. Our results are directly applicable to AlAs heterostructures, although their qualitative aspects inform other ferromagnetic QH systems, such as Si(111) heterostructures and trilayer graphene with trigonal warping.
Interviewing across the Life Span: A Project for an Adult Development Course

A project for an adult development course is described. The project helps students apply the theory and research they study and develop basic interviewing skills. Students interview individuals from different phases of the life cycle and write a paper discussing their subjects' lives in terms of major developmental psychology concepts. This article describes how the students are prepared for the project and how they are evaluated. Some potential problems are discussed.
A crucial role for the putative Arabidopsis topoisomerase VI in plant growth and development

Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), play important roles throughout plant growth and development. Plants defective in BR biosynthesis or perception display cell elongation defects and severe dwarfism. Two dwarf mutants named bin3 and bin5 with identical phenotypes to each other display some characteristics of BR mutants and are partially insensitive to exogenously applied BRs. In the dark, bin3 or bin5 seedlings are de-etiolated with short hypocotyls and open cotyledons. Light-grown mutant plants are dwarfs with short petioles, epinastic leaves, short inflorescence stems, and reduced apical dominance. We cloned BIN3 and BIN5 and show that BIN5 is one of three putative Arabidopsis SPO11 homologs (AtSPO11-3) that also shares significant homology to archaebacterial topoisomerase VI (TOP6) subunit A, whereas BIN3 represents a putative eukaryotic homolog of TOP6B. The pleiotropic dwarf phenotypes of bin5 establish that, unlike all of the other SPO11 homologs that are involved in meiosis, BIN5/AtSPO11-3 plays a major role during somatic development. Furthermore, microarray analysis of the expression of about 5500 genes in bin3 or bin5 mutants indicates that about 321 genes are down-regulated in both of the mutants, including 18 of 30 BR-induced genes. These results suggest that BIN3 and BIN5 may constitute an Arabidopsis topoisomerase VI that modulates expression of many genes, including those regulated by BRs.
Type I restriction endonucleases are true catalytic enzymes

Type I restriction endonucleases are intriguing, multifunctional complexes that restrict DNA randomly, at sites distant from the target sequence. Restriction at distant sites is facilitated by ATP hydrolysis-dependent, translocation of double-stranded DNA towards the stationary enzyme bound at the recognition sequence. Following restriction, the enzymes are thought to remain associated with the DNA at the target site, hydrolyzing copious amounts of ATP. As a result, for the past 35 years type I restriction endonucleases could only be loosely classified as enzymes since they functioned stoichiometrically relative to DNA. To further understand enzyme mechanism, a detailed analysis of DNA cleavage by the EcoR124I holoenzyme was done. We demonstrate for the first time that type I restriction endonucleases are not stoichiometric but are instead catalytic with respect to DNA. Further, the mechanism involves formation of a dimer of holoenzymes, with each monomer bound to a target sequence and, following cleavage, each dissociates in an intact form to bind and restrict subsequent DNA molecules. Therefore, type I restriction endonucleases, like their type II counterparts, are true enzymes. The conclusion that type I restriction enzymes are catalytic relative to DNA has important implications for the in vivo function of these previously enigmatic enzymes.
Structural integrity issues during piezoelectric vibration suppression of composite structures

Abstract Piezoelectric materials are one of a group of materials used to construct smart or adaptive structures. The control of structural vibrations is a promising real-world application of this technology for aerospace structures. The modeling and application of piezoelectric vibration suppression technology is reviewed—concentrating on the notable work of the past decade. Several real-world aerospace applications are also discussed demonstrating the near-term promise of this technology. Next the structural issues are reviewed establishing that a very limited knowledge of fatigue and fracture behavior for the adaptive composite structures exist. Therefore, increased attention to structural integrity of the vibration suppression systems is required before their real-world application can commence.
An Overview of PET Neuroimaging

Over the past 35 years or so, PET brain imaging has allowed powerful and unique insights into brain function under normal conditions and in disease states. Initially, as PET instrumentation continued to develop, studies were focused on brain perfusion and glucose metabolism. This permitted refinement of brain imaging for important, non-oncologic clinical indications. The ability of PET to not only provide spatial localization of metabolic changes but also to accurately and consistently quantify their distribution proved valuable for applications in the clinical setting. Specifically, glucose metabolism brain imaging using (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose continues to be invaluable for evaluating patients with intractable seizures for identifying seizure foci and operative planning. Cerebral glucose metabolism also contributes to diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia. Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and the several variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration have differing typical patterns of hypometabolism. In Alzheimer disease, hypometabolism has furthermore been associated with poorer cognitive performance and ensuing cognitive and functional decline. As the field of radiochemistry evolved, novel radioligands including radiolabeled flumazenil, dopamine transporter ligands, nicotine receptor ligands, and others have allowed for further understanding of molecular changes in the brain associated with various diseases. Recently, PET brain imaging reached another milestone with the approval of (F-18) florbetapir imaging by the United States Federal Drug Administration for detection of amyloid plaque accumulation in brain, the major histopathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease, and efforts have been made to define the clinical role of this imaging agent in the setting of the currently limited treatment options. Hopefully, this represents the first of many new radiopharmaceuticals that would allow improved diagnostic and prognostic information in these and other clinical applications, including Parkinson disease and traumatic brain injury.
Imagining Life Under the Long Shadow of 9/11: Backlash, Media Discourse, Identity and Citizenship of the Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States

In this article I examine how the Bangladeshi diaspora in the United States, a predominantly first-generation Muslim immigrant group, reacted to the post-9/11 backlash, and articulated their identity and citizenship. Although in the wake of 9/11 backlash the Bangladeshi-Americans felt the pressure to think their life and identity in a binary Muslim vs American term, they refused to accept that identity not only because they do not fit into that fixed categorization, but also because it curtails their ability to engage in society in multiple terms and exert their citizenship rights. The ‘forced’ awakening of religious identity eventually turned into a political awareness, invoking critical questions about citizenship in the post-9/11 environment.
Characteristics of neutrophil influx in rat lungs following fecal peritonitis

Neutrophil accumulation in rat lungs during fecal peritonitis was estimated by the increase in myeloperoxidase content. The oxidative response of lung neutrophils was monitored as the increase in low-level chemiluminescence from intact lungs, before and after stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Myeloperoxidase activity increased 20-fold within 6 h of the surgical procedure, declining over the next 10 h to 12 times control. There was no significant increase over controls in either bronchoalveolar lavage protein or spontaneous chemiluminescence unless neutrophils were stimulated by PMA. When neutrophils were stimulated with PMA, lung chemiluminescence was not proportional to neutrophil content. The oxidative response increased as sepsis progressed from 51 +/- 4.5 cps/pair lungs in controls to 410 +/- 204 at 16 h after surgery, even though at that time point myeloperoxidase content had begun to decrease. The oxidative response of bronchoalveolar lavage cells was threefold greater in 16-h septic rats than in controls.
The Effect of Subtalar Joint Position on Dorsiflexion of the Ankle/Rearfoot Versus Midfoot/Forefoot During Gastrocnemius Stretching

Background:Limited ankle joint dorsiflexion passive range of motion (PROM) has been associated with common chronic lower extremity conditions, and clinicians often instruct patients in stretching e...
The Place of Felbamate in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Felbamate is one of a new generation of antiepileptic agents that has recently reached the market. In July 1993, it was approved for use in the US as an adjunctive and monotherapy in adults with partial seizures, with or without generalisation, and as adjunctive therapy in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. However, the unexpected development of aplastic anaemia prompted the US Food and Drug Administration and the manufacturer, Carter Wallace, to issue a strong warning on 1 August 1994 regarding continued use of felbamate. Shortly thereafter, reports of felbamate-associated hepatic failure engendered further concern. As a result, felbamate is not indicated as a first-line treatment, but should be used only in those patients who respond inadequately to alternative treatments and whose epilepsy is severe enough that the risk of aplastic anaemia and/or liver failure is deemed acceptable by the patient compared with the benefits conferred by its use. Because of the effectiveness of this drug in many patients, felbamate will remain on the market in the US and may be available in certain situations in other countries.
Vacuum deposition of ductile metallic films

Abstract Techniques for preparation of ductile, thin, self-supporting metal films have been developed. The process takes place in a vacuum chamber, using specially designed apparatus for (1) evaporating iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and other metals; and (2) annealing the deposited film. Substrates are carefully coated with a water-soluble film before deposition is started. On completion of the process, the metal film is separated from the substrate by immersion in water. The film is then cleaned, weighed and mounted.
Early diagenesis in Canadian Shield lakes

The biologically catalyzed degradation of organic matter is the driving process leading to chemical change in surficial sediments. The consequences of these oxidation and fermentation transformations are the released, in the interstitial waters, of metabolite compounds such as SCOz, CH4, N O j, ~-'NH3, and ~PO4, and the mobilization of reduced species, e.g., Mn 2÷, Fe 2÷ (Berner, 1980). One way to estimate the extent of organic matter decomposition in sediments is to look at the depth distribution of the by-products of organic matter diagenesis. But, in order to quantify these transformations one needs to derive stoichiometric mass balances which assess the entire suite of reactions that affect the chemical species of interest. Because sediments are open systems and the site of numerous secondary reactions, it is not always straightforward to determine the stoichiometry of the geochemical reactions. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that in selected environments, simple stoichiometric relationships can be utilized to depict and quantify early diagenetic processes. In Canadian Shield lakes, because the numbers of secondary reactions are limited, one can construct simple sets of stoichiometric relations that lead to valuable information on the relative importance of the different processes responsible for organic matter decomposition. 2. Environmental setting and analytical methods
Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the carotid body of the dog☆

Abstract The effects of bolus intracarotid (IC) infusions of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on activity in single or few-fiber carotid chemoreceptor afferent nerve preparations were studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. In addition, the effects of intravenous (IV) infusions of DA were also assessed. IC injections of DA (10 μg) and (5-HT) (1 μg) consistenly produced a burst of intense activity followed by a period of inhibition. A similar effect was seen with IC NE (20–40 μg) injections, but the burst of excitation occurred in only 45% of the injections. Inhibition of activity was seen in 88% of the IC NE injections. Low IC doses of all 3 amines produced inhibition of chemoreceptor afferent activity. High doses of DA IV (≈ 60 μg/kg) produced excitation followed by depression, while lower doses (≈21 μg/kg) produce only inhibition. The excitatory effects of all 3 amines were blocked by d-tubocurraine (50–435 μg/kg IV). Inhibitory effects of all 3 amines were blocked by dihydroergotamine (140–270 μg/kg). The inhibitory effect produced by DA was specifically blocked by haloperidol (50–400 μg/kg IV). We conclude that DA, NE and 5-HT can modulate carotid body activity by increasing or decreasing responses to physiologic stimuli.
Psychological Science Can Improve Diagnostic Decisions

John A. Swets, Robyn M. Dawes, and John Monahan BBN Technologies (emeritus), Cambridge, Massachusetts; Radiology Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Articular Cartilage: Trauma, Degeneration, and Repair

The assessment of articular cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging has seen considerable advances in recent years. Cartilage morphologic characteristics can now be evaluated with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility using dedicated pulse sequences, which are becoming standard at many institutions. These techniques detect clinically unsuspected traumatic cartilage lesions, allowing the physician to study their natural history with longitudinal evaluation and also to assess disease status in degenerative osteoarthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging also provides a more objective assessment of cartilage repair to augment the information obtained from more subjective clinical outcome instruments. Newly developed methods that provide detail at an ultrastructural level offer an important addition to cartilage evaluation, particularly in the detection of early alterations in the extracellular matrix. These methods have created an undeniably important role for magnetic resonance imaging in the reproducible, noninvasive, and objective evaluation and monitoring of cartilage. An overview of the advances, current techniques, and impact of magnetic resonance imaging in the setting of trauma, degenerative arthritides, and surgical treatment for cartilage injury is presented.