cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Support on Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over Supported Rhodium Catalysts

Abstract Two kinds of oxides, reducible and irreducible, were used as supports. It was found that the reducible-oxides-supported rhodium catalysts provide, in general, much lower activities and selectivities than those supported on irreducible oxides. The exposed metal surface areas of the reduced catalysts were determined, and the reaction behaviors of CH 4 /O 2 (2/1) over the pure supports and the precalcined 1% Rh(O)/ M x O y catalysts were investigated in a pulse microreactor. It is suggested that the partial coverage of rhodium sites by the reducible oxides and the combustion of methane that occurs over these oxide sites are responsible for the lower activities and selectivities observed over this kind of supported catalysts. Among the irreducible metal oxides, γ-Al 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , and MgO provided stable catalytic activities and selectivities during 100 h of reaction, and the activity increased in the sequence La 2 O 3 2 O 3 ≤MgO. Possible explanations for stability are proposed on the basis of TPR and XRD experiments. In addition, the nature of the active sites is examined based on pulse reaction experiments.
The influence of substrate, pH, diet and temperature upon cadmium accumulation in the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in laboratory artificial streams

The influence of substrate, pH, diet and temperature upon the accumulation of cadmium (0.05 mg l−1 dose < 0.001 mg l−1 control) in the visceral mass of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was studied in laboratory artificial stream systems at intervals of 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14-day exposures. Four substrate conditions, sand; sand, silt and clay (SSC); sand, clay and organic matter (SCO); and no substrate (NoS), were considered. The greatest tissue accumulation of cadmium in C. fluminea occurred at 0.05 mg l−1 Cd in NoS and the lowest in clams occupying SCO. Complexation of available metals, lower clam filtering rates and physical protection by the substrate were attributed to the depressed cadmium accumulation of clams exposed in the SCO substrate. Lower pH exposures (5.0 vs 7.8) significantly (P ⩾ 0.05 level) reduced cadmium uptake at 21°C but had little effect at 9°C. Uptake was higher in clams fed with cadmium-exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardt at 21°C but not at 9°C. In temperature exposures alone at 0.05 mg l−1 Cd, accumulation was significantly higher in C. fluminea exposed at 21°C than at 9°C. The results are discussed relative to the importance of standardized laboratory protocol and the use of C. fluminea as a bioindicator of heavy metal stress.
The cyclization of arabinosyladenine-5′-phosphorimidazolide

When arabinosyladenine-5′-phosphorimidazolide is allowed to decompose in aqueous solution at room temperature and pH 7.2, depending on the buffer, 5–24% is converted to the 2′,5′-cyclic phosphate (V). Although the extent of cyclization is much greater than for adenosine-5′-phosphorimidazolide, cyclization is less efficient than hydrolysis and so would not substantially decrease the efficiency of condensation reactions in aqueous solution. The significance of this result for prebiotic chemistry is discussed.
Relativistic nuclear optical models

Recently it has been shown that the use of a relativistic impulse approximation allows one to calculate a nucleon optical potential for use in the Dirac equation. Excellent fits have been obtained for differential cross sections and spin-dependent observables for energies greater than 400 MeV. In this work we provide a general description of the form of the momentum-space optical potential for use in the Dirac equation. It is shown that there are eight invariant functions that determine the potential. Procedures for calculating these functions are given. (In the case of nuclear matter only three of these functions are required to specify the nucleon self-energy.)
Creativity and Creative Teams

A review of the linkage between knowledge, creativity, and design is presented and related to the best practices of multidisciplinary design teams. The discussion related to design and design teams is presented in the context of both the complete aerodynamic design community and specifically the work environment at the NASA Langley Research Center. To explore ways to introduce knowledge and creativity into the research and design environment at NASA Langley Research Center a creative design activity was executed within the context of a national product development activity. The success of the creative design team activity gave rise to a need to communicate the experience in a straightforward and managed approach. As a result the concept of creative potential its formulated and assessed with a survey of a small portion of the aeronautics research staff at NASA Langley Research Center. The final section of the paper provides recommendations for future creative organizations and work environments.
Factors associated with aggressive and delinquent behaviors among patients attending an adolescent medicine clinic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among delinquency/aggressiveness and alcohol or drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and other scales from the Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT). METHOD: A total of 173 15- to 18-year-olds attending adolescent medicine clinic completed a 183-item questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the POSIT, the CAGE questions, a 22-item alcohol and drug screen (AOD), and a human immunodeficiency virus and sexual risk behavior screen. The dependent variable was the Aggressive Behavior/Delinquency (ABD) scale from the POSIT. RESULTS: There were no gender or racial differences in the ABD scale (p > 0.05). The ABD scale was significantly (p Language: en
Enzymatic degradation of L-cystine by cytoplasmic particles from cabbage leaves.

THE degradation of cystine by cystathionase preparations from liver1 and Neurospora2 has been reported. A highly purified cystathionase from Neurospora catalysed the cleavage of cystine to pyruvate, ammonia and thiocysteine2. L-Cystine was utilized at only 17 per cent of the rate of cystathionine. A second cystathionine cleavage enzyme which utilizes L-cystine at the same rate as cystathionine has recently been found in Neurospora3. We have found that homogenates of cabbage leaves can be fractionated into particulate and soluble cytoplasmic fractions, both possessing a heat-sensitive ability to degrade L-cystine to pyruvate. The two enzymatic activities appear to have different characteristics. The present communication briefly reports on some of the properties of the particulate enzyme.
Particulate carbon emissions from electrostatic precipitators used for mercury emissions control: operational factors and implications

Injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) into the combustion flue gas of a coal-fired boiler is a leading approach to reducing anthropogenic mercury emissions. Small particle size and poor electrical properties are known to make carbonaceous particles more difficult to remove from a gas stream by electrostatic precipitation, by far the dominant particulate control technology for coal-fired boilers. The present analysis estimates PAC emissions from electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and considers both the operational factors driving such emissions as well as their implications in terms of adsorbed mercury concentrations and their potential to act as a climate forcing agent similar to black carbon. The results of the analysis find the potential for PAC to increase particulate carbon emissions by tens of percent to over 150 % in the worst-case scenario considered. Such emissions could increase the contribution of coal combustion to total anthropogenic emissions of particulate carbon by several percentage points. Elevated levels of mercury on such emissions can translate into gas-phase-equivalent mercury concentrations approaching 1 ppb. The most important uncertainty influencing these results is the removal efficiency within ESPs of PM2.5-activated carbon particles.
Epidemiological Perspectives for the Development of Future Diagnostic Systems

Three uses of epidemiological data for diagnostic revisions are suggested. (1) Psychometric analysis of community cases over the full spectrum of symptom severity can help determine whether true discrete disease entities underlie particular symptom profiles. (2) Analysis of external validators in community samples can help select optimal cut-points for defining diagnostic criteria. (3) Clinical epidemiological studies can provide quick and comparatively inexpensive preliminary checks, prior to carrying out expensive experimental treatment trials, on the plausibility of proposed subtyping distinctions based on nonexperimental evidence regarding differential treatment response. Correction of a number of basic conceptual and methodological flaws that have hampered previous studies would allow epidemiological research of these three sorts to play a much more important part in future diagnostic revisions than they have in past revisions.
Immortal signs: Science, sacrament, and the poetics of immortality

Abstract In scientific discourse the commonplace man-is-machine metaphor reveals unexpected, salient parallels to eucharistic theology. These parallels chiefly concern the correlation between the theories of matter behind the two and their use of figural language that, in turn, enables each mode of discourse to make specific promises of immortality. In doing so both modes of discourse echo a similar ancient claim made for poetry. This article compares these signs of immortality in order to assess the potential of the sacramental sign as the foundation for a doxological approach to literary criticism.
Incidental detection of late subsequent intracranial neoplasms with magnetic resonance imaging among adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Purpose Survivors of childhood cancer are at an increased risk of developing subsequent neoplasms. In long-term survivors of childhood malignancies treated with and without cranial radiation therapy (CRT), undergoing unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, we estimated detection of intracranial neoplasms.
Exploration and visualization of OLAP cubes with statistical tests

In On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP), users explore a database cube with roll-up and drill-down operations in order to find interesting results. Most approaches rely on simple aggregations and value comparisons in order to validate findings. In this work, we propose to combine OLAP dimension lattice traversal and statistical tests to discover significant metric differences between highly similar groups. A parametric statistical test allows pair-wise comparison of neighboring cells in cuboids, providing statistical evidence about the validity of findings. We introduce a two-dimensional checkerboard visualization of the cube that allows interactive exploration to understand significant measure differences between two cuboids differing in one dimension along with associated image data. Our system is tightly integrated into a relational DBMS, by dynamically generating SQL code, which incorporates several optimizations to efficiently explore the cube, to visualize discovered cell pairs and to view associated images. We present an experimental evaluation with medical data sets focusing on finding significant relationships between risk factors and disease.
Landslide area probability density function statistics to assess historical landslide magnitude and frequency in coastal California

Abstract Landslide area probability density function (PDF) statistics elucidate the landslide magnitude–frequency distribution in a small coastal watershed in central California. Detailed mapping into a GIS and compilation of two slide inventories in Walker Creek, Marin County, reflect erosional effects of storms occurring in 1941 and 1998, respectively. We focus on the spatial distribution and area of slides to illustrate that during both periods slides originate mainly from hillslopes underlain by Franciscan Complex units with slopes ranging from ~ 10 to 40%. The majority of slides (~ 70%) have areas ranging between 100 and 1000 m 2 . The magnitude–frequency distribution of slides represented by the PDF produces a curve that has a linear portion representing the relatively large slides. The power functions of the linear portion of these curves have exponents of about − 2.0 for both inventories. Results suggest that the storm event-based PDF of landslide area developed using historical aerial images is a viable means of quantifying the landslide magnitude–frequency relationship at the scale of a small watershed.
Seasonal variation in the regulation of phytoplankton by nitrogen and grazing in a salt-smarsh estuary

In North Inlet, a tidally dominated salt-marsh estuary near Georgetown, South Carolina, the summer chlorophyll maximum correlates with an annual peak in ambient NH4+ concentration. This relationship suggests that phytoplankton population growth during the summer bloom is limited by factors other than nutrient supply, because NH4+ is the major inorganic nitrogen source available to phytoplankton in North Inlet, and phosphorus should not be limiting (N:P is generally ~7). We tested the hypothesis that phytoplankton population growth during the bloom was controlled by grazing. Natural samples were incubated in treatments designed to differentiate between nutrient and grazing effects, and time-course changes in total phytoplankton biomass and phototrophic community composition were followed. Marked seasonal differences were observed in the relative contribution of pica-, nano-, or microplankton to phytoplankton community biomass, as well as the mechanisms controlling phytoplankton population growth. During the summer bloom, phototrophic picoplankton (mostly Synechococcus spp.) and nanoplankton (mostly flagellates) were relatively abundant, and phytoplankton population growth was unaffected by NH4+ addition, but was greatly stimulated by dilution that reduced microzooplankton grazing pressure. During the winter, when diatoms dominated the phytoplankton, the response to dilution was relatively minor, while NH4+ addition significantly stimulated the growth of various phytoplankton groups and total chlorophyll. The results indicate a seasonal transition in microbial food-web trophic structure and regulation in North Inlet estuary. During the summer, microzooplankton grazing is an important factor regulating phytoplankton population growth during the nanoflagellate- prevalent bloom, whereas in the winter, a diatom-dominated community is limited by nutrient supply.
Regulation of the induction of a cytochrome P-450 prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase by pregnancy in rabbit lung.

Abstract The mechanism of induction of an adult rabbit cytochrome P-450, prostaglandin (PG) omega-hydroxylase (P-450PG-omega), during pregnancy has been investigated. This P-450 isozyme regiospecifically hydroxylates PGE1, PGA1, and PGF2 alpha at carbon-20 (the omega position). The specific activity of this enzyme is induced from 0.07 nmol of 20-OH-PGE1 to 3.05 nmol of 20-OH-PGE1 formed per min per mg of microsomal protein in the lungs of 25- to 28-day pregnant rabbits as compared to nonpregnant rabbits. Immunoblotting studies with a polyclonal antibody raised against this P-450 have shown that there is a concomitant gestational age-dependent increase in the amount of P-450PG-omega microsomal protein accompanying the increase of omega-hydroxylase activities. Within 3 days postpartum, both omega-hydroxylase activity and the amount of immunodetectable P-450PG-omega drop precipitously to near control levels. In vitro translation of total cellular RNA, extracted from the lungs of pregnant rabbits at various days throughout gestation, and immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized P-450PG-omega demonstrated a similar gestational age-dependent increase in translatable P-450PG-omega mRNA, as was observed with omega-hydroxylase activity and P-450PG-omega protein levels. These data suggest that the induction of this P-450 may occur at the transcriptional level and, furthermore, that control of cytochrome P-450PG-omega expression in the rabbit lung is tightly regulated at both protein and mRNA levels.
Minimum Noise Figure of SiGe HBTs under Different Operation Configurations

Minimum noise figure (NFmin) of SiGe HBTs under common-base (CB) configuration is analyzed through noise modeling, calculation and measurements and compared with that under CE operation configuration. Results show that the two configurations have similar NF min at low frequencies. At high frequencies, the CB configuration has higher NFmin than the CE configuration, while higher gain is exhibited by the CB configuration than the CE configuration. Tradeoff between NFmin and power gain ought to be considered for circuits design in employing different configurations
Beyond the facts in schizophrenia: closing the gaps in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment

Background.Although schizophrenia has been considered a distinct disease entity for the past century, its precise definition and etio-pathophysiology remain obscure and its treatment remains unsatisfactory. In this review, we summarize our state of knowledge about the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of schizophrenia.Methodological Issues.The inadequacy of the major conceptual models of schizophrenia is a major roadblock in providing a coherent explanation for the known facts of this illness, despite these limitations and its changing definitions, the construct of schizophrenia does convey useful information: (i) patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia do have a real disease – they experience both suffering and disability; (ii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia does suggest a distinctive clinical profile – a characteristic long-term course; an admixture of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms; (iii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia has clear treatment and prognostic implications – likelihood of benefit from antipsychotic treatment and likelihood of incomplete recovery; and (iv) schizophrenia satisfies criteria for a valid diagnostic entity better than almost any other psychiatric diagnosis.Discussion.On the other hand, the concept of schizophrenia has serious shortcomings. First, it is not a single disease entity – it has multiple etiological factors and pathophysiological mechanisms but common phenotypic features. Second, its clinical manifestations are so diverse that its extreme variability has been considered by some to be a core feature. Third, its boundaries remain ill defined and not clearly demarcated from other clinical entities.Conclusions.A necessary next step is to deconstruct schizophrenia as an entity into component dimensions –endophenotypes linked to unique etiological and pathophysiological processes that may yield unique treatment targets. Innovative approaches are needed to elucidate the biological substrates of these entities because such clarity is vital for replicable research. We conclude by identifying the critical gaps in our knowledge, and unmet needs in our approaches to care, and outline steps that can move the field forward.
Classification accuracy and cut point selection.

In biomedical research and practice, quantitative tests or biomarkers are often used for diagnostic or screening purposes, with a cut point established on the quantitative measurement to aid binary classification. This paper introduces an alternative to the traditional methods based on the Youden index and the closest-to-(0, 1) criterion for threshold selection. A concordance probability evaluating the classification accuracy of a dichotomized measure is defined as an objective function of the possible cut point. A nonparametric approach is used to search for the optimal cut point maximizing the objective function. The procedure is shown to perform well in a simulation study. Using data from a real-world study of arsenic-induced skin lesions, we apply the method to a measure of blood arsenic levels, selecting a cut point to be used as a warning threshold.
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain circuitry in children and adolescents

Abstract Background Functional disturbances in reward-related brain systems are thought to play a role in the development of mood, impulse, and substance-abuse disorders. Studies in nonhuman primates have identified brain regions, including the dorsal/ventral striatum and orbital–frontal cortex, in which neural activity is modulated by reward. Recent studies in adults have concurred with these findings by observing reward-contingent blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses in these regions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms; however, no previous studies indicate whether comparable modulations of neural activity exist in the brain reward systems of children and adolescents. Methods We used event-related fMRI and a behavioral paradigm modeled on previous work in adults to study brain responses to monetary gains and losses in psychiatrically healthy children and adolescents as part of a program examining the neural substrates of anxiety and depression in youth. Results Regions and time-courses of reward-related activity were similar to those observed in adults with condition-dependent BOLD changes in the ventral striatum and lateral and medial orbital–frontal cortex; specifically, these regions showed larger responses to positive than to negative feedback. Conclusions These results provide further evidence for the value of event-related fMRI in examining reward systems of the brain, demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in children and adolescents, and establish a baseline from which to understand the pathophysiology of reward-related psychiatric disorders in youth.
History of Syphilis

Evidence-based research now allows clear separation of syphilis from other diseases in its class of treponematoses. Examination of skeletons from populations with clinically diagnosed bejel and yaws revealed bone alterations distinctive to those diseases, clearly separating them from alterations due to syphilis, transcending the limitations of current DNA and immunologic technologies. These insights allowed confident identification of the New World origin of syphilis. Absence of skeletal evidence of any treponemal disease in continental Europe before the time of Columbus excludes it as site of origin of syphilis. Treponemal disease appears to have originated in East Africa with late transmission to England, perhaps as a complication of the slave trade. The original treponemal disease apparently spread from Africa through Asia, entering North America. Approximately 8 millennia later, it mutated to syphilis. Presence of skeletal evidence of syphilis at the site in the Dominican Republic where Columbus landed suggests the route by which it was transmitted to the Old World.
Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Serologic testing shows that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may have a role in the pathogenesis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell NHLs). We tried to demonstrate HCV RNA sequences in paraffin-embedded tissue from B-cell NHLs by reverse-transcription double polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting. We studied 31 consecutive cases of B-cell NHLs; lymph nodes from 32 patients with diseases other than B-cell NHL were negative controls. Positivestrand HCV RNA was tested with primers for the 5´ untranslated region. Replicative negative strand HCV RNA was tested with strand-specific RT-PCR for the 5´ untranslated region. Immunohistochemical staining for HCV was done using an antibody to HCV core protein. Positive-strand HCV RNA was detected in 8 patients with B-cell NHL; negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in 6 of these cases, indicating viral replication. All control cases were negative for HCV RNA. Immunohistochemistry showed no staining of lymphoma cells for HCV core proteins in any case. HCV and B-cell NHLs may be associated. RT-PCR on paraffin-embedded lymphoma tissue is an alternative method of testing for HCV. The value of immunohistochemistry could not be ascertained. The exact role of HCV in the pathogenesis of B-cell NHL needs to be studied further.
Post-prandial carbohydrate ingestion during 1-h of moderate-intensity, intermittent cycling does not improve mood, perceived exertion, or subsequent power output in recreationally-active exercisers

This study compared the effects of ingesting water (W), a flavored carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) or a flavored non-caloric electrolyte (NCE) beverage on mood, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and sprint power during cycling in recreational exercisers. Men (n = 23) and women (n = 13) consumed a 24–h standardized diet and reported 2–4 h post-prandial for all test sessions. After a familiarization session, participants completed 50 min of stationary cycling in a warm environment (wet bulb globe temperature = 25.0°C) at ~ 60-65% of heart rate reserve (146 ± 4 bpm) interspersed with 5 rest periods of 2 min each. During exercise, participants consumed W, CE, or NCE, served in a counterbalanced cross-over design. Beverage volume was served in 3 aliquots equaling each individual’s sweat losses (mean 847 ± 368 mL) during the familiarization session. Profiles of Mood States questionnaires (POMS) were administered and blood glucose levels were determined pre- and post- sub-maximal cycling. Following sub-maximal exercise, participants completed 3 30–s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT) with 2.5 min rest between tests to assess performance. Blood glucose was higher (p 0.05). Carbohydrate ingestion consumed by recreational exercisers during a 1–h, moderate-intensity aerobic workout did not alter mood or perceived exertion, nor did it affect subsequent anaerobic performance under the conditions of this study. Drinking caloric sport beverages does not benefit recreational exercisers in a non-fasted state.
To set before the king: residential mural painting at Xultun, Guatemala

Maya murals depicting scenes of courtly life are well known from sites such as Bonampak; far less common are scenes depicting life outside the royal sphere. Recent excavations at Xultun in Guatemala have revealed well-preserved murals in a domestic context that offer a fresh perpective on life in the Maya court, that of the priests, scribes and artists who attended the royal governor. Here, the authors decode the images to reveal the lives and activities of those who planned, performed and recorded official events in Classic-period Xultun. One of only two well-preserved examples of eastern Maya lowland wall painting from the Late Classic period, this rare display of master craftsmanship outside of the royal court sheds new light on the lives of those who produced it.
Force Production Mechanisms of a Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuator

*† ‡ § This paper details the principles behind the time-averaged force production by a dielectric-barrier discharge plasma actuator. A theoretical derivation shows that the force produced is due to the acceleration of ions through the applied electric field, and subsequent collisions with neutral particles. This work shows that the force production is independent of the density of the neutral particles, but is governed by ion density, volume of the plasma, and the applied electric field. Force production of the plasma actuator was experimentally measured in a large vacuum chamber used to control air pressure. Power dissipation, applied voltage, and plasma intensity were also measured in these experiments. These results indicate a linear relationship between force production and air pressure, with the force going to zero at vacuum conditions. Dependencies of electric field strength and number of ions in the plasma as a function of pressure are also measured. These two nonlinear relationships are determined to be the only factors affecting the amount of force produced by the plasma actuator.
Role for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Vacuolar Degradation of Ste6p, the a-Factor Transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ste6p, the a-factor transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a multispanning membrane protein with 12 transmembrane spans and two cytosolic ATP binding domains. Ste6p belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily and provides an excellent model for examining the intracellular trafficking of a complex polytopic membrane protein in yeast. Previous studies have shown that Ste6p undergoes constitutive endocytosis from the plasma membrane, followed by delivery to the vacuole, where it is degraded in a Pep4p-dependent manner, even though only a small portion of Ste6p is exposed to the vacuolar lumen where the Pep4p-dependent proteases reside. Ste6p is known to be ubiquitinated, a modification that may facilitate its endocytosis. In the present study, we further investigated the intracellular trafficking of Ste6p, focusing on the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery in the metabolic degradation of Ste6p. We demonstrate by pulse-chase analysis that the degradation of Ste6p is impaired in mutants that exhibit defects in the activity of the proteasome (doa4 and pre1,2). Likewise, by immunofluorescence, we observe that Ste6p accumulates in the vacuole in the doa4 mutant, as it does in the vacuolar protease-deficient pep4 mutant. One model consistent with our results is that the degradation of Ste6p, the bulk of which is exposed to the cytosol, requires the activity of both the cytosolic proteasomal degradative machinery and the vacuolar lumenal proteases, acting in a synergistic fashion. Alternatively, we discuss a second model whereby the ubiquitin-proteasome system may indirectly influence the Pep4p-dependent vacuolar degradation of Ste6p. This study establishes that Ste6p is distinctive in that two independent degradative systems (the vacuolar Pep4p-dependent proteases and the cytosolic proteasome) are both involved, either directly or indirectly, in the metabolic degradation of a single substrate.
Establishing an adjusted p-value threshold to control the family-wide type 1 error in genome wide association studies

By assaying hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms, genome wide association studies (GWAS) allow for a powerful, unbiased review of the entire genome to localize common genetic variants that influence health and disease. Although it is widely recognized that some correction for multiple testing is necessary, in order to control the family-wide Type 1 Error in genetic association studies, it is not clear which method to utilize. One simple approach is to perform a Bonferroni correction using all n single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) across the genome; however this approach is highly conservative and would "overcorrect" for SNPs that are not truly independent. Many SNPs fall within regions of strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) ("blocks") and should not be considered "independent". We proposed to approximate the number of "independent" SNPs by counting 1 SNP per LD block, plus all SNPs outside of blocks (interblock SNPs). We examined the effective number of independent SNPs for Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) panels. In the CEPH Utah (CEU) population, by considering the interdependence of SNPs, we could reduce the total number of effective tests within the Affymetrix and Illumina SNP panels from 500,000 and 317,000 to 67,000 and 82,000 "independent" SNPs, respectively. For the Affymetrix 500 K and Illumina 317 K GWAS SNP panels we recommend using 10-5, 10-7 and 10-8 and for the Phase II HapMap CEPH Utah and Yoruba populations we recommend using 10-6, 10-7 and 10-9 as "suggestive", "significant" and "highly significant" p-value thresholds to properly control the family-wide Type 1 error. By approximating the effective number of independent SNPs across the genome we are able to 'correct' for a more accurate number of tests and therefore develop 'LD adjusted' Bonferroni corrected p-value thresholds that account for the interdepdendence of SNPs on well-utilized commercially available SNP "chips". These thresholds will serve as guides to researchers trying to decide which regions of the genome should be studied further.
Reductions in laminin β2 mRNA translation are responsible for impaired IGFBP-5-mediated mesangial cell migration in the presence of high glucose

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) mediates mesangial cell migration through activation of cdc42, and laminin421 binding to α6β1-integrin (Berfield AK, Hansen KM, Abrass CK. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291: C589–C599, 2006). Because glomerular expression of laminin β2 is reduced in diabetic rats (Abrass CK, Spicer D, Berfield AK, St. John PL, Abrahamson DR. Am J Pathol 151: 1131–1140, 1997), we directly examined the effect of hyperglycemia on mesangial cell migration and laminin β2 expression. Migration mediated by IGFBP-5 is impaired in the presence of 25 mM glucose. This reduction in migration was found to result from a loss in mesangial cell synthesis of laminin421, and IGFBP-5-induced migration could be restored by replacing laminin421. Additional studies showed that there was selective reduction in mRNA translation of laminin β2 in the presence of high glucose. Preserved synthesis of laminin β1 indicates that not all proteins are reduced by high glucose and confirms prior data showing that laminin411 cannot substitute for laminin421 in IGFBP-5-mediated migration. Given the importance of mesangial migration in the reparative response to diabetes-associated mesangiolysis, these findings provide new insights into abnormalities associated with diabetic nephropathy and the potential importance of differential control of protein translation in determination of alterations of protein expression.
African Studies in Colorado

In the past two years there has been an upsurge in interest in African studies in the State, particularly through the activities of the faculties of the Universities of Colorado and Denver, and Colorado State University. Beginning in the 1967–68 academic year, the University of Colorado offered a Bachelor of Arts degree in African and Middle Eastern Studies, and is expanding its graduate courses with a multi-disciplinary approach. In the spring of 1969 the Center on International Race Relations at the Graduate School of International Studies of the University of Denver began operation with primary emphasis on Africa and Asia. Of equal importance, however, is the high level of co-operation in African studies among the institutions of higher learning throughout the State. This effort involves the maximisation of Africanist talent via the exchange of staff and students, and regional meetings and conferences.
A Separation Principle for a Class of Assemble-to-Order Systems with Expediting

In an assemble-to-order system, a wide variety of products are rapidly assembled from component inventories in response to customer orders. We assume that orders must be filled within a product-specific target lead time. In the event that some of the components required to fill an order are out of stock, these components must be expedited. The objective is to minimize the expected infinite-horizon discounted cost of primary component production and expediting. Our formulation captures financial holding costs but implicitly assumes that physical holding costs are negligible. The controls are (1) sequencing orders for assembly, (2) primary component production, and (3) component expediting. We prove that the multidimensional assemble-to-order control problem separates into single-item inventory control problems. In particular, under an optimal policy for assembly sequencing, the optimal production and expediting policy for each component is independent of all other components. Hence, the literature on single-item inventory management with expediting or lost sales is directly relevant to the control of assemble-to-order systems.
Subgroup Analysis in Social Experiments: Measuring Program Impacts Based on Post-Treatment Choice

A fundamental question within the field of program evaluation is “Do social programs work?” Although experiments allow us to answer this question with certainty, they have some limitations. Experiments generate mean program impacts and even mean impacts by subgroup, but they often leave unexplored the impacts on subgroups determined by treatment use. This work proposes a methodology for analyzing the impacts of social programs on previously unexamined subgroups. Rather than using a single trait to define subgroups—which is currently the dominant method of subgroup analysis—the proposed approach estimates the impact of programs on subgroups identified by a post-treatment choice while still maintaining the integrity of the experimental research design. Analysis of data from the experimental evaluation of New York State’s Child Assistance Program (CAP) provides an application of the proposed technique.
Metabolic Consequences Of Intermittent Hypoxia

Insulin resistance is being recognized increasingly as the basis for the constellation of metabolic abnormalities that make up the metabolic syndrome, or Syndrome X. Insulin resistance is also the primary risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is currently reaching epidemic proportions by affecting more than 170 million people worldwide. A combination of environmental and genetic factors have led to a dramatic rise in visceral adiposity, the predominant factor causing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Visceral adiposity is also the major risk factor for the development of Sleep Apnea (SA)--an association that has fueled interest in the co-morbidity of SA and the metabolic syndrome, but hampered attempts to ascribe an independent causative role for Sleep Apnea in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Numerous population and clinic-based epidemiologic studies have shown associations, often independent of obesity, between SA (or surrogates such as snoring) and measures of glucose dysregulation or type 2 diabetes. However, treatment of SA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has not been conclusive in demonstrating improvements in insulin resistance, perhaps due to the overwhelming effects of obesity. Here we show that in lean, otherwise healthy mice that exposure to intermittent hypoxia produced whole-body insulin resistance as determined by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and reduced glucose utilization in oxidative muscle fibers, but did not cause a change in hepatic glucose output. Furthermore, the increase in insulin resistance was not affected by blockade of the autonomic nervous system. We conclude that intermittent hypoxia can cause acute insulin resistance in otherwise lean healthy animals, and the response occurs independent of activation of the autonomic nervous system.
The Spatiality of Local Immigration Policies in the United States

Recent scholarship within geography has emphasised the co-implication of multiple forms of spatiality within sociospatial theory. This scholarship contends that spatial relationships like scale, networks, and place, which tend to be treated as ontologically separate, ought to be considered as mutually constitutive. In this paper, I argue that this framework helps explain why local communities have pursued vastly different policy responses to immigration in the United States. Drawing evidence from local policies considered in two Chicago-area communities in the late 2000s, I show how these debates simultaneously reflected a politics of scale, a politics of networking, and a politics of place, each of which interacted to constrain or enable different political responses.
Corrosion Evaluation of Gold-based Dental Alloys

Three commercial gold-based dental alloys and three constant-nobility ternary alloys (Au-Ag-Cu) were evaluated for corrosion using a quantitative test battery. Integration of the current density, in a de-aerated solution of 1% NaCl along the approximate potential range found in the mouth (-300 m V to +300 m V vs. SCE), yields a quantitative rank ordering of the test alloys. The results are combined with prior findings on other commercial alloys to demonstrate the interaction of nobility and microstructure. Nobility determines the overall corrosion resistance for gold-based alloys. However, because of mutual insolubility, alloying with copper induces silver segregation, resulting in a higher corrosion rate at a given nobility. Thus, microstructure has an influence on corrosion, but heat treatments are largely ineffective in altering the basic corrosion characteristics. The test techniques, in combination with tarnish evaluations, provide a quantitative battery for alloy evaluation. The results indicate the...
Highly propylene-selective supported zeolite-imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) membranes synthesized by rapid microwave-assisted seeding and secondary growth

Here we report a rapid and simple microwave-assisted seeding technique for the synthesis of high-quality ZIF-8 membranes with an average propylene–propane selectivity of about 40. The new seeding method was found to be applicable to other ZIFs including ZIF-7 and SIM-1.
The Nominal Passover Effect Depends on Addressee Age, Speaker Goal, and Object Similarity

If after teaching a label for 1 object, a speaker does not name a nearby object, 3-year-olds tend to reject the label for the nearby object (W.E. Merriman, J.M. Marazita, L.H. Jarvis, J.A. Evey-Burkey, and M. Biggins, 1995a). In Studies 1 (5-year-olds) and 3 (3-year-olds), this effect depended on object similarity. In Study 2, when a speaker used a label without teaching it, 5-year-olds showed no passover effect. 3-year-olds showed none for inanimate objects, but one for animate objects. When extraneous factors that may have promoted animate object individuation were eliminated (Study 3), 3-year-olds showed the effect when a label was taught, but not when it was merely used. Children honor rational restrictions on when the unacceptability of a name can be inferred from its nonoccurrence.
Coarse-Graining Methods for Computational Biology

Connecting the molecular world to biology requires understanding how molecular-scale dynamics propagate upward in scale to define the function of biological structures. To address this challenge, multiscale approaches, including coarse-graining methods, become necessary. We discuss here the theoretical underpinnings and history of coarse-graining and summarize the state of the field, organizing key methodologies based on an emerging paradigm for multiscale theory and modeling of biomolecular systems. This framework involves an integrated, iterative approach to couple information from different scales. The primary steps, which coincide with key areas of method development, include developing first-pass coarse-grained models guided by experimental results, performing numerous large-scale coarsegrained simulations, identifying important interactions that drive emergent behaviors, and finally reconnecting to the molecular scale by performing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations guided by the coarse-grained results. The coarse-grained modeling can then be extended and refined, with the entire loop repeated iteratively if necessary.
Economic Performance of Thermal Energy Storage Integrated With Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants

This paper focuses on the economics of integrating thermal energy storage into natural gas combined cycle power plants for improved operational and economic performance of the utility grid. Costs and fuel consumption are modeled based on a Florida electric utility’s hour-by-hour load data under two scenarios: 1) no storage, and 2) thermal storage attached to intermediate load, NGCC plants, displacing energy production from older, less efficient NGCT peaking units. Due to the nature of the power grid, several of the older units feature abnormally high fuel costs and abnormally low thermal efficiencies. By shifting load from the most expensive peaking units to more cost-effective combined cycles with a 204 MWhth storage system costing about $4 million, savings of more than $1 million per year can be realized while also reducing CO2 emissions by about 5000 metric tons per year. These savings represent an internal rate of returns of up to 23% over a 30-year lifetime, depending on the initial cost of the storage system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Propagation of CubeSats in LEO using NORAD Two Line Element Sets: Accuracy and Update Frequency

Information on the orbital characteristics of satellites and other earth-orbiting objects is made available to the public in the form of two-line element sets (TLEs), published by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). TLEs are typically not used alone for applications that require reliable and accurate position determination because TLEs are not accompanied by any indicators of accuracy or consistency. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of TLE updates for CubeSats in low-Earth orbit (LEO) with respect to both update frequency and accuracy. We use both catalogued TLE data from July 2011 to July 2012 alone in a Monte Carlo analysis as well as compare TLE-only propagation with “truth” on-orbit GPS data from The Aerospace Corporation’s recent satellite mission, the PicoSatellite Solar Cell Testbed 2 (PSSCT-2), which launched in 20 July 2011 and operated until 8 December 2011. In addition to calculating the error statistics between the PSSCT-2 GPS positions and TLE propagated positions using the unusually frequent TLE updates available over the 213.5 minute period of time that GPS data is available, we also calculate error statistics as a function of less frequent TLE updates as well as calculate error statistics using a Monte Carlo simulation for TLE updates. From the latter we find that a CubeSat-class mission operating in a low orbit (under 350 km) using TLE propagation may be able to resolve position determination errors to as low as: in-track with mean = 0.177 km and standard deviation = 0.619 km; cross-track with mean = 0.108 km and standard deviation 0.619 km; and radial with mean = -0.068 km and standard deviation = 0.274 km, for a total mean = 0.832 km and standard deviation = 0.444 km.
Noninvasive means of identifying fetuses with possible Down syndrome: a review.

Women who are 35 years or older are offered invasive prenatal testing becauseof the increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, especially Down syndrome. In an attempt to increase the number of Down syndrome fetuses being detected and decrease the number of invasive procedures being performed on pr
“Never the Right Food”: The Physical and Material Worlds in John Updike’s Rabbit, Run and Flannery O’Connor’s Wise Blood

Flannery O’Connor’s first novel, Wise Blood, and John Updike’s second, Rabbit, Run, both deal with the convergences and divergences of the physical and material worlds. Both feature characters who are driven by instinctual longings for or away from divinity, and both feature complicated relationships between their characters and the gods they seek and flee. But the conclusions drawn by these two novels are contradictory. O’Connor’s Hazel Motes, in his desperate attempt to escape from God’s call, ends up performing a painful bodily penance and presumably finds God present in his suffering. Updike’s Harry Angstrom, on the other hand, does his best to find God’s active presence in the world but ends up alienated from that presence, subsumed in the physical world in which he seeks it. This paper seeks an answer for this divergence in endings.
Rational Design of Highly Active “Hybrid” Phosphine–Phosphinite Pincer Iridium Catalysts for Alkane Metathesis

Both the bisphosphine and bisphosphinite pincer complexes (tBu4PCP)IrH2 and (tBu4POCOP)IrH2 can cocatalyze alkane metathesis in tandem with olefin metathesis catalysts, but the two complexes have different resting states during catalysis, suggesting that different steps are turnover-limiting in each case. This led to the hypothesis that a complex with intermediate properties would be catalytically more active than either of these two species. Accordingly, “hybrid” phosphine–phosphinite pincer ligands (PCOP) and the corresponding iridium complexes were synthesized (3c–e). In tandem with olefin-metathesis catalyst MoF12, (tBu4PCOP)IrH2 displays significantly higher activity for the metathesis of n-hexane than does (tBu4PCP)IrH2 or (tBu4POCOP)IrH2. (tBu2PCOPiPr2)IrH4 (3d) is even more active (>30-fold more active than (tBu4POCOP)IrH2) and affords nearly 4.6 M alkane products after 8 h at 125 °C.