cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hope and despair

‘Ending the “Dialogue of the Deaf” (Bradley & Nixon, 2009) is a fine paper, but it filled me with despair. It is a fine paper because it accurately describes the state of police research, police pr...
Impact of a 5-Year Research-Oriented Medical School Curriculum on Medical Student Research Interest, Scholarly Output, and Career Intentions

The impact of research experiences on medical student career intentions is unclear. Short-term outcomes from the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine’s five-year research curriculum show that most medical students can generate scholarly work during medical school and sustain a high level of interest in research as a career option.
Clinical features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis: report of twenty cases and literature review.

Purpose Intrabdominal actinomycosis is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. This chronic infection has a propensity to mimic many other diseases and may present with a wide variety of symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristic clinical features with review of the literature.
Present and Future Applications of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Clinic

High resolution mass spectrometers have directly enabled clinical applications of high clinical utility. These types of mass spectrometers are less known to the general public than their low resolution counterparts and are often ascribed to proteomics or biomarker discovery. This perception is rapidly changing as high resolution mass spectrometers see impact in the areas of clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology, microbiology, and molecular diagnostics as routine analyzers. Applications in these areas are made possible by the unique capacity of high resolution mass spectrometers, typically time-of flight or Orbitrap instruments, to characterize analytical species with sufficient mass resolution to better resolve molecular composition than lower resolution analyzers. This capacity confers a unique source of analytical specificity. In the future, this analytical specificity will likely be well applied to other clinical applications: mass spectrometry based tissue imaging, intraoperative determination of tumor boundaries, and evaluation of metabolic flux.
Monitoring forest succession with multitemporal Landsat images: factors of uncertainty

This study evaluates uncertainty factors in using multitemporal Landsat images for subtle change detection, including atmosphere, topography, phenology, and sun and view angles. The study is based on monitoring forest succession with a set of multiple Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) images spanning 15 years over the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Western Cascades of Oregon. The algorithms for removing atmospheric effects from remotely sensed images evaluated include a new version of the dark object subtraction (DOS3) method, the dense dark vegetation (DDV) method, the path radiance (PARA) approach, and the 6S radiative transfer codes. We found that the DOS3 approach undercorrects the image, and the recently developed DDV and PARA approaches can produce surface reflectance values closely matching those produced by 6S using in situ measurements of atmospheric aerosol optical depth. Atmospheric effects reduce normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and greenness, and increase brightness and wetness. Topography modifies brightness and greenness, but has minimal effects on NDVI and wetness, and it interacts with sun angle. Forest stands at late successional stages are more sensitive to topography than younger stands. Though the study areas are covered predominantly by evergreen needleleaf forests, phenological effect is significant. Sun angle effects are confounded with phenology, and reflectance values for stands at different successional stages are related to sun angles nonlinearly. Though Landsat has a small field of view angle, the view angle effects from overlapping Landsat scenes for a mountainous forested landscape may not be ignored when monitoring forest succession with multitemporal images.
Renal Transplant Rejection

Many patterns of allograft function may be seen after renal transplantation. These range from no function to immediate function. Oliguria in the early posttransplant period may be the result of hypovolemia, mechanical obstruction to urine flow, urinary leakage, decreased blood flow (renal artery or renal vein thrombosis) to the allograft, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), or graft rejection. In transplant recipients, a diagnosis of ATN is made by the exclusion of other causes of oliguria; it may be extremely difficult, however, to distinguish ATN from acute rejection. Laboratory tests such as urinary sodium and radioisotope renal scan are helpful but are not specific for either condition. Hitherto, renal biopsy has remained the only viable method to of distinguishing between rejection and ATN.
Suppression and recovery of estrous behavior in Syrian hamsters after changes in metabolic fuel availability.

A reduction in the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels inhibits reproduction. Forty-eight hours of metabolic fuel deprivation inhibits estrous behavior in ovariectomized, steroid-treated Syr...
Calcium-dependent regulation of airway epithelial chloride channels

To determine how cell calcium ([Ca2+]c) regulates apical Cl- channels, we measured the rate of 125-Iodide (125I-) efflux to assay Cl- channel activity in intact cells and examined cell-free membrane patches from cultured canine tracheal epithelial cells. The Ca2+ elevating agonist bradykinin and the calcium ionophore A23187 increased 125I- efflux. This response did not require prostaglandin production. Under several conditions, changes in [Ca2+]c were temporally dissociated from changes in channel activation: a transient increase in [Ca2+]c caused a prolonged stimulation of 125I- efflux. Neither Cl- channel activation nor open-channel probability was affected by varying internal [Ca2+] in excised membrane patches. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)- and Ca2(+)-dependent channel activation may be independent: cAMP-stimulated 125I- efflux did not require an increase in [Ca2+]c, Ca2(+)-stimulated efflux did not require an increase in cAMP, and simultaneous addition of A23187 and isoproterenol produced additive effects on 125I- efflux. The data suggest that an increase in [Ca2+]c activates Cl- channels, however, the effect of Ca2+ appears to be indirect, not involving a ligand-type interaction with the channel.
Variance Risk Premia and Capital Structure

This paper shows that the optimal leverage decreases with asset volatility risk in a trade-off framework. Thus, the paper relates the asset volatility risk premium to the underleverage puzzle. In models without volatility risk, the paper empirically documents that underleverage increases with the assets' volatility risk premium. In particular, the underleverage is most important for investment-grade firms with low historical volatility and high volatility risk premium. With volatility risk, two models in standard trade-off settings show that a higher premium implies lower leverage. Empirically, the models' calibration leaves no significant underleverage patterns in the cross-section of the firms. Hence, high asset volatility risk premia contributes to the apparent underleverage in the firms with relatively low historical asset volatility.
Generalized accelerated failure time spatial frailty model for arbitrarily censored data

Flexible incorporation of both geographical patterning and risk effects in cancer survival models is becoming increasingly important, due in part to the recent availability of large cancer registries. Most spatial survival models stochastically order survival curves from different subpopulations. However, it is common for survival curves from two subpopulations to cross in epidemiological cancer studies and thus interpretable standard survival models can not be used without some modification. Common fixes are the inclusion of time-varying regression effects in the proportional hazards model or fully nonparametric modeling, either of which destroys any easy interpretability from the fitted model. To address this issue, we develop a generalized accelerated failure time model which allows stratification on continuous or categorical covariates, as well as providing per-variable tests for whether stratification is necessary via novel approximate Bayes factors. The model is interpretable in terms of how median survival changes and is able to capture crossing survival curves in the presence of spatial correlation. A detailed Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is presented for posterior inference and a freely available function frailtyGAFT is provided to fit the model in the R package spBayesSurv. We apply our approach to a subset of the prostate cancer data gathered for Louisiana by the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program of the National Cancer Institute.
Electric Field Mediated Deposition of Bioactive Polypeptides on Neural Prosthetic Devices

We have developed processing schemes for depositing three-dimensionally tailored layers of protein polymers on a variety of solid substrates. One of our goals is to create stable, biocompatible coatings on silicon devices for implantation in the central nervous system. Our research has identified several candidate coatings whose morphologies lie in the biologically significant 0.1 to 100 micrometer length scale. Using electric field mediated deposition, we are able to process polypeptides into biologically-responsive films and coatings. Quantitative analysis of the structural evolution of the coating enables us to fine-tune its morphology by varying the field strength and geometry or solution concentration. The interaction of the coated substrates with neurons and glial cells are examined in vivo and in vitro. Data collected from light optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy provide insight about the relationship between the microstructure of these coatings and their macroscopic properties.
THE EVOLUTION OF ASYMMETRY IN SEXUAL ISOLATION: A MODEL AND A TEST CASE.

We constructed a model for the evolution of sexual isolation by extending Lande's (1981) model of sexual selection. The model predicts that asymmetric sexual isolation is a transient phenomenon, characteristic of intermediate stages of divergence in sexually selected traits. Unlike the Kaneshiro (1976, 1980) proposal, our model does not depend upon drift and the loss of courtship elements to produce asymmetries in sexual isolation. According to our model, the direction of evolution cannot be predicted from asymmetry in sexual isolation. We tested some features of the model using data from an experimental study of sexual isolation in the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus. We tested for sexual isolation between 12 allopatric populations and found significant asymmetry in sexual isolation in about a quarter of the test cases. The highest degrees of asymmetry were associated with intermediate levels of divergence. A curvilinear relationship between isolation asymmetry and divergence was predicted by our model and was supported by statistical analysis of the salamander data.
Action of thromboplastinase on human brain lipid fractions.

SummaryThe action of the bacterial enzyme thromboplastinase on thromboplastically active lipid material has been presented. In all cases, loss in clotting potency was accompanied by a liberation of acid soluble organic phosphorus. A still unidentified phosphorus containing compound has been isolated from the reaction mixture after TPase action. The results are discussed and several possible implications presented.
Applying Writing across the Curriculum to a Real Estate Investment Course

College graduates need good communication skills to be successful knowledge workers. Writing across the curriculum (WAC) programs help faculty use writing as a learning tool and teach students busi...
Epidemiological Analysis of Mumps in Pinggu District of Beijing in 2008

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristic of mumps in Pinggu District in Beijing in 2008,and provide evidence for making local preventive measures.[Methods]The cases of mumps of Pinggu District in 2008 were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods.[Results]In 2008,totally 64 mump cases were reported and the incidence was 16/100 000 without death case.The peak age of onset concentrated in kindergarten children aged 4～12 years,primary and secondary school students.The proportion of male cases was more than that of female.There was no significant difference in season or region(urban and rural areas).[Conclusion]The incidence of mumps maintains a low level which indicates that the control measures are effective and the strengthening control measure of mumps vaccination should continue to improve the level of population immunity.
Chronic Disorders of the Middle Ear and Mastoid (Tympanic Membrane Perforations and Cholesteatoma)

Chronic disorders of the middle ear and mastoid include chronic tympanic membrane (TM) perforations with or without infection, chronic otitis media (COM) or the synonymous chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and cholesteatomas. These conditions occur infrequently in the developed world but are more prevalent in areas with limited medical care. The typical symptoms include hearing loss and recurrent or persistent otorrhea usually without pain. Diagnosis can usually be made based on the history and examination of the ear. Work-up typically includes testing such as audiometry or auditory brainstem response (ABR) and in some cases computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone. Medical treatments such as ototopical antibiotics are used to suppress infection but are typically not curative. Surgery such as tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy is needed for cure. Long-term follow-up after treatment is essential due to a significant rate of disease recurrence.
Who Will Regulate Class Action Lawyers

INTRODUCTION In 2003, I published an article entitled “Who Should Regulate Class Action Lawyers?”1 In that article, I defended the decision of the American Bar Association’s (“ABA”) Commission on Evaluation of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct (the “Ethics 2000 Commission”), for which I was Chief Reporter, not to propose any substantial amendments to the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (“Model Rules”) concerning the ethical conduct of class action lawyers.2 There are many ethical issues that confront class action lawyers.3 In my 2003 article, I focused on conflicts of interest—an issue that courts and commentators have had difficulty resolving and a subject on which I have frequently written.4 My defense of the Ethics 2000
Organic Electrochemistry as a Community (The 2008 Manuel Baizer Award Address)

I am deeply appreciative to ECS for the Manuel Baizer Award in Organic Electrochemistry and also for the opportunity and incentive this award address has offered me to look into and ponder some questions I have had for some time.
Structure-Activity Relationships of [des-Arg7]Dynorphin A Analogues at the κ Opioid Receptor.

Dynorphin A (Dyn A) is an endogenous ligand for the opioid receptors with preference for the κ opioid receptor (KOR), and its structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been extensively studied at the KOR to develop selective potent agonists and antagonists. Numerous SAR studies have revealed that the Arg7 residue is essential for KOR activity. In contrast, our systematic SAR studies on [des-Arg7]Dyn A analogues found that Arg7 is not a key residue and even deletion of the residue does not affect biological activities at the KOR. In addition, it was also found that [des-Arg7]Dyn A(1-9)-NH2 is a minimum pharmacophore and its modification at the N-terminus leads to selective KOR antagonists. A lead ligand, 14, with high affinity and antagonist activity showed improved metabolic stability and could block antinociceptive effects of a KOR selective agonist, FE200665, in vivo, indicating high potential to treat KOR mediated disorders such as stress-induced relapse.
A Mathematical Perspective on Microbial Processes in Earth’s Biogeochemical Cycles

The quantitative analysis of biogeochemical cycles interfaces numerous scientific disciplines. These cycles are largely driven by the activity of microorganisms, which needs to be described in mathematical models. Numerous challenges arise from this: First, the challenge of scale, connecting microbes to global patterns across many orders of magnitude. Second, the mathematical treatment of complex natural processes require - aside from expert knowledge - the use of systematic and objective model reduction schemes. Third, models and diverse data need to be integrated efficiently. Here we discuss these three challenges, highlight promising avenues for the expansion of mathematical approaches in the study of Earth’s biogeochemical cycles and propose concerted educational efforts fostering collaborations in mathematical and geoscience research to advance the field.
Extracting Phenomena, Integrating Explanations, and Styling Representations: Some Frontiers for Philosophizing About Biology

“A neglected topic, of particular interest to me, refers to the benefits that different representation formats, and especially visual formats in contrast to sentential/linguistic ones, provide for epistemically oriented cognitive activities such as hypothesis generation and discovery, data aggregation and organization, model construction and simulation, and explanation of various kinds. Visual representations are so prominent and relevant for biology – and especially, I think, for systems biology approaches – that they are often objects of special interest… Our understanding of the role of visuals in biological practice, from both philosophy and cognitive science, has not kept pace with these developments. This is, I think, an underappreciated area for philosophical inquiry – and an attractive area too, if you enjoy putting visuals into papers and presentations.”
THE EARLIEST SHELL FISHHOOKS FROM THE AMERICAS REVEAL FISHING TECHNOLOGY OF PLEISTOCENE MARITIME FORAGERS

While the North American archaeological record signals the presence of early humans along the northeastern Pacific coast by the Late Pleistocene, we know little about the technological systems employed by these coastally oriented colonizing groups. We here report the discovery of the earliest unequivocal evidence for the use and manufacture of shell fishhooks in the western hemisphere. Four single-piece shell fishhooks dating to the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene transition (between ~11,300 and 10,700 cal B.P.) have been excavated on Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico. One hook is directly dated at 9495 ± 25 B.P. with a marine reservoir–corrected age of 11,165–9185 cal B.P. Radiocarbon ages associated with three other shell fishhooks range between 8900 ± 25 B.P. and 10,415 ± 25 B.P, while median ages for the earliest contexts confirm occupation of the island by at least 12,600–12,000 cal B.P. The stratigraphic levels from which the fishhooks were recovered contained a diverse assemblage of fish remains, including deepwater species, indicative of boat use. Thus, some of the earliest known inhabitants of the Pacific coast of the Americas employed shell hook and line technology for offshore marine fishing at least by the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, if not earlier.
Neglect of the Tropics Is Widespread in Ecology and Evolution: A Comment on Clarke et al.

Neglect of the tropics is a widespread problem across ecology and evolution, and not specific to the field of biodiversity and ecosystem function.
The Significance of Deiminated GFAP in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Emphasis on Alexander Disease

A primary impetus for interest in a role for deiminated proteins in neurodegenerative diseases has been suggested that deimination of myelin basic protein (MBP) is a primary step in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) (reviewed in Chap. 19). In brief, it is proposed that an unknown precipitating event causes increased peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity, leading to deimination of MBP. This in turn results in disruption of the myelin structure, increased susceptibility of MBP to proteolysis, and release of MBP peptides that precipitate the autoimmune response that results in clinical symptoms. It was surprising, therefore, that a survey of proteins deiminated in MS, as well as in other CNS disorders, suggested that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the more predominant target. This finding raises the possibility that deimination of GFAP could have a general role in neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter explores this premise, with special emphasis on Alexander disease (AxD) as a likely candidate for an effect, since this disease is caused by dominant mutations in the GFAP gene. We begin with a description of GFAP and AxD, and then review evidence that astrocytes are a major repository for PAD in the CNS, and finally that GFAP is a primary target of its activity in both normal conditions and in several neurodegenerative disorders. This is followed by a discussion of the possible physiological effects of GFAP deimination and how these might influence disease states.
It’s Happening Again Dr. Szema, Ahhh!

A 36-year-old woman arrived at my office for the first time and, within minutes, started contorting her body in the waiting room. She screamed, “It’s happening again Dr. Szema, ahhh!” Her arms went stiff at her sides and both legs were straight like a mummy or corpse in rigor mortis. Her body was horizontal on the armrests of two chairs. Levitation! She had a droopy right eye. Her shouting was loud; this freaked out one of the premedical students; he eventually used this experience to discuss his clinical exposure during an interview with the Stritch School of Medicine at Loyola University in Chicago.
Mechanics of Proper Case Citation Require More than 'Manual' Skills

The article teaches the Bluebook rules and gives examples of citations for Massachusetts cases and statutes.
A Review of the FAERS Data on 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Implications for Postfinasteride Syndrome.

Abstract Objective To quantify reports made to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), create a demographic of patient reports, and examine the cluster of symptoms to correlate consistency of postfinasteride syndrome (PFS) complaints. PFS is a provisional diagnosis encompassing a cluster of sexual, physical, and psychological and/or neurologic symptoms associated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use that emerge or continue after discontinuation of medication. Materials and Methods FAERS dataset of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors from April 2011 to October 2014 was obtained. Each FAERS report had 16 categories for completion, but not every report was fully completed. Statistical analysis compared variables of interest between the 2 doses of finasteride (1 mg vs 5 mg). Results From FAERS, 2048 monotherapy cases were identified: 1581 of finasteride 1 mg, 240 of finasteride 5 mg, and 226 of unreported doses. Possibly related to labeling changes, from 2011 to 2014, there was a significant increase in adverse events (AEs) reported involving 1 mg dosing. Finasteride use was reported with many sexual AEs including diminished libido, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculatory complaints. Other common AEs included dermatologic, metabolic, and psychological and/or neurologic complaints. There were more AE reports with the 1 mg dose than the 5 mg dose. One case of dutasteride reported back pain, not generally attributed to PFS. Conclusion FAERS data suggests that finasteride exposure is reported with a diverse collection of symptoms, particularly in younger men on 1 mg dosage compared to older men on 5 mg. Many of these complaints fall well out of the realm of previously established AEs from long-term controlled studies.
Cytochromes P-450 as Determinants of Susceptibility to Carcinogenesis by Aromatic Amines and Nitroaromatic Hydrocarbons

Aromatic amines and nitroaromatic hydrocarbons represent two major classes of occupational and environmental carcinogens. Aromatic amines are known to be present in the workplace, in cigarette smoke, synthetic fuels, and as pyrolysis products formed during the cooking of foods1–5; while nitroaromatic hydrocarbons have been used as dye intermediates, antimicrobial drugs, and food additives or have been detected as pollutants in coal fly ash, urban air samples, and emissions from auto, diesel, and airplane engines6. Epidemiological studies in humans and carcinogenicity experiments in laboratory animals have clearly indicated that these chemical carcinogens can induce cancers in several tissues, especially the urinary bladder, colon, liver, and lung7. For both aromatic amines and nitroaromatics, metabolic activation is a necessary prerequisite to the formation of carcinogen-DNA adducts; and cytochromes P-450 have been shown to play a major role in this process (reviewed in ref. 8). In this paper, the catalytic activity of specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes for the activation of these carcinogens will be discussed in relation to species and individual differences in cancer susceptibility.
The Challenges of Low Temperature in the Evolution of Bacteria

It is currently recognised that extreme environments, by virtue of their extension and often unique features, are the most important part of the Earth’s biosphere. Their study is still limited and is often hampered by logistic constraints; however, extreme environments are now becoming more and more accessible thanks to technological progress and research on adaptations to extreme conditions.
The Companies We Keep: Social Networks, Customer Service, and the Coming Corporate Challenges

Since their emergence less than a decade ago, social media platforms have become ubiquitous in all areas of life, commerce being no exception. But no sooner had the corporate juggernauts signed on to Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram than it became clear that the boardroom and the Tweetdeck are two diametrically opposed environments with divergent—and frequently oppositional—worldviews. What followed was an adjustment period during which consumers and customer service agents alike worked to construct the new terms of their interactions.
Public health obesity-related TV advertising : Lessons learned from tobacco

Background Over the past 25 years, the percent of overweight and obese adults and children in the United States has increased dramatically. The magnitude and scope of the public health threat from obesity have resulted in calls for a national comprehensive obesity prevention strategy, akin to tobacco use prevention strategies undertaken over the past two decades. The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare population exposure to paid media campaigns for tobacco and obesity prevention, draw lessons from tobacco advertising, and compare tobacco and obesity behaviors/influences to identify priorities and pitfalls for further research on obesity adverting. Methods This is a descriptive study. Ratings data for the years 1999–2003, for the top 75 designated market areas in the U.S. were used to quantify exposure levels to anti-obesity and anti-smoking advertising in the U.S. Results Anti-tobacco campaigns preceded anti-obesity campaigns by several years, and in each year exposure levels—both total and average—for anti-tobacco media campaigns far outweighed those of anti-obesity campaigns. Conclusions It is important to compare both similarities and differences between smoking- and obesity-related behaviors, which might affect the potential impact of anti-obesity media campaigns. Given the scope of the public health risks attributable to obesity, and the amount of federal, state, and other resources devoted to anti-obesity media campaigns, there is a clear need to evaluate the potential impact of such campaigns efforts. Nonetheless, the challenges are significant in both motivating and monitoring such complex behavior change, and in attributing changes to a given media campaign.
ACFA and the Manin-Mumford Conjecture

We give Hrushovski’s proof of the (extended) Manin-Mumford conjecture over number fields. Recall that the Manin-Mumford conjecture states that if X is a nonsingular projective curve of genus > 1 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, and A is the Jacobian variety of X then X ∩ Tor (A) is finite (where Tor (A) denotes the group of torsion points of A). This is of course a special case of the Mordell-Lang conjecture. Raynaud [8] proved that if A is an abelian variety (in characteristic 0) and X is a subvariety of A then X ∩ Tor(A) is a finite union of cosets (proving in particular Manin-Mumford). Hindry [3] proved the same thing, but with A an arbitrary commutative algebraic group.
A Comprehensive Review Toward the State-of-the-Art in Failure and Lifetime Predictions of Power Electronic Devices

This paper discusses various types of failure mechanisms, precursor parameters, and accelerated aging-based procedures to estimate the remaining life of power electronic devices. Special attention has been given to summarize the different techniques typically used for measuring the junction temperature, because it plays a vital role during accelerated aging and condition monitoring. We reviewed more than 250 papers, and the references list 139 of them in order to explain and address the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques toward the reliability prognosis. Thus, this paper can be considered as an expedient reference to conduct future research on lifetime prediction of existing power electronic devices.
Recent literature on bryophytes—109(4)

] Fuertes, E. 2004. Desarrollo histoico de la fitosociologia de briofitos en Espana. Lazaroa 25: 23–33. ———. 2005. Bibliografia botanica iberica, 2004, Bryophyta. Botanica Complutensis 29: 105. ———, M. Acon & G. Olivan. 2005. Sanionia (Bryopsida, Amblystegiaceae) en la Peninsula Iberica. Stvdia Botanica, Universidad de Salamanca 23: 27–41. ———, G. Olivan & M. Acon. 2006. Warnstorfia (Bryopsida, Calliergonaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Cryptogamie Bryologie 27: 225–239. Furuki, T. 2006. [Review] Zhu, R.-L. & S. R. Gradstein. (2005). Monograph of Lopholejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, Hepaticae) in Asia. Bryological Research 9: 67. [In Japanese.] ———. 2006. Riccia cavernosa Hoffm. newly found in Japan. Bryological Research 9: 47–49. [In Japanese with English
Scotogenic U(1)χ Dirac neutrinos

Abstract The standard model of quarks and leptons is extended to include the gauge symmetry U ( 1 ) χ which comes from S O ( 10 ) → S U ( 5 ) × U ( 1 ) χ . The radiative generation of Dirac neutrino masses through dark matter is discussed in two examples. One allows for light Dirac fermion dark matter. The other allows for self-interacting scalar dark matter with a light scalar mediator which decays only to two neutrinos.
317 Feasibility of an outpatient 12-step desensitization for patients with history of carboplatin hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) undergoing retreatment with carboplatin for recurrent ovarian or endometrial cancer

Objectives To retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of an outpatient 12-step carboplatin desensitization regimen in patients with prior carboplatin HSR. Methods Patients with a history of carboplatin HSR undergoing carboplatin desensitization for mullerian cancer were included. Following consultation with a desensitization specialist, patients were premedicated for 3 days (prednisone 40 mg, montelukast 10 mg) and immediately prior to carboplatin (dexamethasone, antihistamine-1 and antihistamine-2 antagonists). Carboplatin was administered in 12 steps under dedicated nursing supervision: Bag1 (1% dose), Bag2 (2.5% of dose), Bag3 (96.5% of dose) were each given in 4 incremental steps. Planned infusion time for steps 1–11 was 15 minutes/step and step 12 was administered at 75ml/hour. Results 30 patients received carboplatin desensitization between 12/2016–01/2019. During their prior HSR 5/30 (16%) had required epinephrine. 19/30 (63%) were seen by an allergist prior to desensitization. 24/30 (80%) received ≥ 2 desensitization cycles with median of 3 (range 1–8). During desensitization 11/30 (37%) had breakthrough HSR; 9 of these 11 (81%) were able to receive additional cycles. 2/30 (7%) required epinephrine with 1 patient (3%) transferred to urgent care. No patient required admission for HSR. Reasons for treatment discontinuation were: completed planned treatment (12/30, 40%), disease progression (11/30, 37%), and HSR (5/30, 17%). Median time in chemo unit was 504 minutes (range 335–630). Conclusions 37% had breakthrough HSR despite the 12-step desensitization; however, the majority was able to receive additional platinum desensitization. Our data suggest that outpatient carboplatin desensitization is feasible but repeated HSR can occur. Dedicated nursing care and access to desensitization specialists are required.
Movere: Characterizing the Role of Emotion and Motivation in Shaping Human Behavior

Emotion, like motivation, is derived from the Latin word movere (to move) and is one of the primary forces that activates or energizes our behaviors. Both emotion and motivation have important influences on many social and cognitive processes and can shape the way we navigate our social world. Emotion also has important implications for political behavior, as recent research has shown that emotion can contribute to political polarization, attraction to “fake news,” and the spread of misinformation. The field of affective science examines the nature of our emotional experience, expression, and the mechanisms with which we regulate these processes. Taken together, this field has important implications for our day-to-day lives, and for society more broadly. In this volume, we will provide a brief sampling of some of the areas of research that have been dedicated to elucidating the role of emotion and motivation in shaping human behavior.
APOE in the normal brain.

Abstract The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
Family functioning and involvement in home visiting: Examining program characteristics as moderators to support retention in services.

Developing strategies to improve retention in home visiting programs is critical to their success. The purpose of the study is to examine how the content provided during home visits moderates the association between family risks (economic, household functioning, and conflict) and retention in services. Parents (n = 1,322) voluntarily enrolled in Healthy Families America (n = 618) and Parents as Teachers (n = 704). Family characteristics were collected using the Family Map Inventories. Multilevel analyses showed a moderating impact of the time home visitors spent supporting parent-child interaction for all family risks examined. Moderating effects demonstrated a stronger positive association between focusing on the parent-child relationship and retention at 6 and 12 months for parents demonstrating greater needs. There were no moderating effects of child development content or case management activities with retention at 6 and 12 months. Together, families were more likely to stay in services when home visitors focused on parent-child interaction and child development, but less likely retained with more case management. Parents with greater risks were more likely to remain in services with more time focused on supporting parent-child interactions. Findings suggest the need to support our home visiting workforce in their work to promote healthy parent-child relationships.
Detection and Localization of Series Arc Faults in DC Microgrids Using Kalman Filter

DC networks are becoming more popular in a wide range of applications. However, the difficulty in detecting and localizing a high-impedance series arc fault presents, a major challenge slowing the wider deployment of dc networks/microgrids. In this article, a Kalman filter (KF)-based algorithm to monitor the operation of a dc microgrid by estimating the line admittances and consequently detecting/localizing series arc faults is introduced. The proposed algorithm uses the voltage and current samples from the nodes in the distribution network to estimate the line admittances. By determining these values, it is possible to quickly isolate the faulted section and reconfigure the network after a fault occurs. Since the disturbance caused by a high-impedance series arc fault spreads across almost the entire microgrid, the KF algorithm is structured to detect the faulted line in the grid with precision. Simulation and control hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented, demonstrating the feasibility of implementation.
Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Key Clinical Points Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke is guided by the time from the onset of stroke, the severity of neurologic deficit, and findings on neuro...
Critical Illness Secondary to Synthetic Cannabinoid Ingestion

Importance Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), commonly known asK2,spice, orfake weed, are cheap, artificially manufactured recreational drugs that have emerged as a major public health threat in various regions of the US. Objective To describe the clinical manifestations of SC intoxication. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series assessed adults admitted to the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2016 with acute life-threatening complications of SC use. Data analysis was completed in October 2016. Exposures Use of SCs such as K2, spice, or other synthetic versions of cannabinoids. Main Outcomes and Measures Data collected included patient demographic data, medical history, presenting symptoms, physical findings, laboratory and imaging data, and intensive care unit and hospital course. Results Thirty patients (mean age, 41 years [range, 21-59 years]; 24 men [80%]) with SC ingestion were admitted to the intensive care unit over a 2-year period. Thirteen patients were undomiciled. The majority had a history of polysubstance abuse, psychiatric illness, or personality disorder. The admission diagnoses were coma (10 patients [33%]), agitation (10 patients [33%]), and seizure (6 patients [20%]). Eighteen patients (60%) had acute respiratory failure, and tracheal intubation was required in 21 patients (70%) for either airway protection or acute respiratory failure. Rhabdomyolysis was noted in 8 patients (26%). A man developed transient cerebral edema with loss of gray-white differentiation but had complete recovery. A woman with history of asthma died of acute respiratory distress syndrome. All patients underwent routine toxicology testing, which was unrevealing in 16 cases and revealed coingestion in the remainder. Sixteen patients (53%) left the hospital against medical advice. Conclusions and Relevance Ingestion of SCs can lead to life-threatening complications, including severe toxic encephalopathy, acute respiratory failure, and death. Synthetic cannabinoids are undetectable in routine serum and urine toxicology testing but can be suspected on the basis of history and clinical presentation, which may include extreme agitation or coma. Frontline clinicians must be aware of the presentation and be vigilant in suspecting SC intoxication.
Risk Factors for Repeat Keratoplasty after Endothelial Keratoplasty in the Medicare Population.

Purpose To evaluate long-term rates of repeated keratoplasty after endothelial keratoplasty (EK), and to explore risk factors associated with graft failure. Design Retrospective, cohort study. Methods Population-based using 2010-2019 Medicare carrier claims. Study population: Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who underwent endothelial keratoplasty (EK) procedures. Main outcome measures were 1) occurrence of repeated keratoplasty for the overall cohort as well as stratified by clinical indication, and 2), risk factors associated with repeated keratoplasty. The probability of undergoing repeated keratoplasty for different indications was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was constructed to determine patient and physician factors associated with the risk of repeated keratoplasty. Results A total of 94,829 Medicare EK procedures (N = 71,040 unique patients) were included in the analysis. Over the study period, 11,013 of 94,829 EK procedures were followed by repeated keratoplasty. The overall probability of receiving a repeated keratoplasty was 6.1% at 6 months, 7.6% at 1 year, 14.3% at 5 years and 16.9% at 8 years. The probability of repeated keratoplasty was highest for procedures performed for prior failed grafts: 10.2% at 1 year, 29.9% at 8 years. Whereas 6.4% and 11.4% of grafts performed for Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (FED) required repeated keratoplasty at 1 and 8 years of follow-up, respectively. For bullous keratoplasty and/or corneal edema, 8.6% and 22% of grafts underwent repeated keratoplasty at 1 and 8 years, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, patient factors associated with increased risk of repeated keratoplasty were black (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.38) or Asians (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.10-1.45) having a glaucoma diagnosis (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.46-1.60), prior glaucoma surgery (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.18-1.35), and concurrent glaucoma surgery (HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.20-1.44). Surgeons with higher EK volumes had a decreased risk of repeated keratoplasty. Physicians who graduated medical school >30 years previously had increased risk of repeated keratoplasty compared to those who graduated within 10 years (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10-1.23). Conclusions Blacks or Asians, comorbid glaucoma, concurrent or prior glaucoma surgery, and lower volumes of surgery are associated with increased risk of repeated keratoplasty. Racial disparities identified in this study warrant further investigation.
The Climate Crisis and Export Intensity: A Comparative International Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Global South, 1990–2014

The climate crisis is among the gravest threats to humanity and the planet. Combatting the climate crisis requires understanding of the sociostructural causes of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissi...
The onset of nonlinear growth of middle-ear responses to high intensity sounds.

Abstract The human tympanic membrane (TM) and ossicles are generally considered to act as a linear system as they conduct low and moderate level environmental sounds to the cochlea. At intense stimulus levels (> 120 dB SPL) there is evidence that the TM and ossicles no longer act linearly. The anatomical structures that contribute to the nonlinear responses and their level and frequency dependences are not well defined. We used cadaveric human ears to characterize middle-ear responses to continuous tones between 200 and 20,000 Hz with levels between 60 and 150 dB SPL. The responses of the TM and ossicles are essentially sinusoidal, even at the highest stimulus level, but grow nonlinearly with increased stimulus level. The umbo and the stapes show different nonlinear behaviors: The umbo displacement grows faster than the stimulus level (expansive growth) at frequencies below 2000 Hz, while the stapes exhibits mostly compressive growth (grows slower than the stimulus level) over a wide frequency range. The sound pressure level where the nonlinearity first becomes obvious and the displacement at that level are lower at the stapes than at the umbo. These observations suggest the presence of multiple nonlinear processes within the middle ear. The existence of an expansive growth of umbo displacement that has limited effect on the stapes compressive growth suggests that the ossicular joints reduce the coupling between multiple nonlinear mechanisms within the middle ear. This study provides new data to test and refine middle-ear nonlinear models.
The molecular basis of coupling between poly(A)-tail length and translational efficiency.

Cells are microscopic biological factories that are constantly creating new proteins. To do so, a cell must first convert its master genetic blueprint, the DNA, into strands of messenger RNA or mRNA. These strands are subsequently translated to make proteins. Cells have two ways to adjust the number of proteins they generate so they do not produce too many or too few: by changing how many mRNA molecules are available for translation, and by regulating how efficiently they translate these mRNA molecules into proteins. In animals, both unfertilized eggs and early-stage embryos lack the ability to create or destroy mRNAs, and consequently cannot adjust the number of mRNA molecules available for translation. These cells can therefore only regulate how efficiently each mRNA is translated. They do this by changing the length of the so-called poly(A) tail at the end of each mRNA molecule, which is made up of a long stretch of repeating adenosine nucleotides. The mRNAs with longer poly(A) tails are translated more efficiently than those with shorter poly(A) tails. However, this difference disappears in older embryos, when both long and short poly(A) tails are translated with equal efficiency, and it is largely unknown why. To find out more, Xiang and Bartel studied frog eggs, and discovered that artificially raising levels of a protein that binds poly(A) tails, also known as PABPC, improved the translation of short-tailed mRNAs to create a situation in which both short- and long-tailed mRNAs were translated with near-equal efficiency. This suggested that short- and long-tailed mRNAs compete for limited amounts of the translation-enhancing PABPC, and that long-tailed mRNAs are better at it than short-tailed mRNAs. Further investigation revealed that eggs also had to establish the right conditions for PABPC to enhance translation and had to protect mRNAs not associated with PABPC from being destroyed before they could be translated. Overall, Xiang and Bartel found that in eggs and early embryos, PABPC and poly(A) tails enhanced the translation of mRNAs but did not influence their stability, whereas later in development, they enhanced mRNA stability but not translation. This research provides new insights into how protein production is controlled at different stages of animal development, from unfertilized eggs to older embryos. Understanding how this process is regulated during normal development is crucial for gaining insights into how it can become dysfunctional and cause disease. These findings may therefore have important implications for research into areas such as infertility, reproductive medicine and rare genetic diseases.