cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive numerical methodology for direct numerical simulations of compressible Rayleigh-Taylor instability

An investigation of compressible Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) requires efficient numerical methods, advanced boundary conditions, and consistent initialization in order to capture the wide range of scales and vortex dynamics present in the system, while reducing the computational impact associated with acoustic wave generation and the subsequent interaction with the flow. An advanced computational framework is presented that handles the challenges introduced by considering the compressive nature of RTI systems, which include sharp interfacial density gradients on strongly stratified background states, acoustic wave generation and removal at computational boundaries, and stratification dependent vorticity production. The foundation of the numerical methodology described here is the wavelet-based grid adaptivity of the Parallel Adaptive Wavelet Collocation Method (PAWCM) that maintains symmetry in single-mode RTI systems to extreme late-times. PAWCM is combined with a consistent initialization, which reduces the generation of acoustic disturbances, and effective boundary treatments, which prevent acoustic reflections. A dynamic time integration scheme that can handle highly nonlinear and potentially stiff systems, such as compressible RTI, completes the computational framework. The numerical methodology is used to simulate two-dimensional single-mode RTI to extreme late-times for a wide range of flow compressibility and variable density effects. The results show that flow compressibility acts to reduce the growth of RTI for low Atwood numbers, as predicted from linear stability analysis.
A neural network approach to least squares estimation

The authors present a new neural network approach to the problem of least squares parameter estimation and identification in engineering applications. First, they define the fundamental estimation problems, which is reformulated into a form suitable for a neural network realization. After introducing the interconnected neural network architecture, the required inputs and the values of the connectivities among the processing elements are derived. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the detrimental effects of inevitable parameter variations and noise. >
Formation and structure of 1-, 3- and 6+1-stranded helical cables of glutamine synthetase

Abstract Addition of millimolar concentrations of Co 2+ to Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase induces aggregation along the 6-fold symmetry axes of the protein molecules, forming long strands. The strands subsequently aggregate laterally to form two types of helical cables, a large cable with six outer strands wrapped around a central strand (6+1-stranded cables) and a smaller cable in which three strands wrap around one another. Similar but less extensive aggregation is induced by other divalent metal cations: Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ and Zn 2+ . The aggregates exhibit little enzymatic activity, and aggregation is completely reversible upon removal of Co 2+ in the presence of millimolar Mn 2+ , including regeneration of nearly full enzyme activity. Each type of helical cable exists in a variety of related forms, which vary in their helical pitch: 6+1-stranded cables have 6-fold axial symmetry, and different specimens are observed with helical pitches from 320 to 540 nm; 3-stranded cables apparently do not have 3-fold axial symmetry and have pitches from 140 to 270 nm. The large variation in pitch for glutamine synthetase helical cables implies either a variation of the regions of intermolecular contacts of approximately 4–10 A, or a movement of the bonding domains relative to the rest of the molecule by a similar amount.
Abstract 2863: Development of an AKT1-specific synbody that inhibits MOLT-4 cell growth

Our group has developed bivalent peptide affinity ligands, called synbodies, to a number of proteins, including the serine / threonine kinase, AKT1. However, despite the high affinity of the synbody for AKT1 (K D = 1.5 nM), questions remain about the use of this synbody as a probe to modulate AKT1 activity within the cell due to the impermeability of most peptide ligands. In this presentation, we demonstrate that the AKT1 synbody penetrates mammalian cells and localizes with AKT1 in MOLT-4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. The synbody specifically binds AKT1 but not AKT2 or AKT3 in the cytoplasm of MOLT-4 cells demonstrating a level of specificity typically only achieved by antibodies, which do not normally penetrate the cell. It was also found that after 24 hours of treatment, the synbody inhibits growth of MOLT-4 cells with an IC 50 of 5 uM. FACS analysis revealed that the synbody induces apoptosis by altering the downstream activity of AKT1. We are currently confirming the mechanism of action of the synbody as well as preparing modifications to increase the activity and in vivo stability of the synbody. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2863. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2863
Is the Human Race Constantly Progressing? Reflections on September 11

Kant defines Enlightenment as "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage." This definition is explicitly teleological; it presumes that we can distinguish humanity's childhood from its mature actualization of an innate potential for rational self-determination. To attribute a telos to a thing is not to guarantee that the telos will be attained; after all, not all acorns grow up to be oak trees. Kant recognizes that humanity has not yet fully attained its telos but he be? lieves it is demonstrably on its way:
Imipramine Treatment for Chronic Depression

Antidepressant drugs in the treatment of chronic depressions have received little systematic study. We used a two-week, single-blind placebo washout followed by a six-week, double-blind comparison of imipramine hydrochloride and placebo in a sample of 76 outpatients with DSM-III dysthymic disorder entered into a trial at two centers. Subjects were preponderantly female, had insidious onset at an early age, and had depressions of moderate severity; 96% also met the DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder at the time of presentation. Sixty percent had a history of persistent depressive symptoms sufficient to meet criteria for major depression for longer than two years. Markedly favorable responses occurred in 45% of imipramine-treated (n = 29) and 12% of placebo-treated (n = 25) patients and, respectively, 59% and 13% of those who completed the study. Imipramine produced significant advantage in measures of depressive symptoms, global severity of illness, and self-rated social and vocational function. Recovered patients experienced remission from both long-standing symptoms and deficits as well as more recently exacerbated aspects of their syndrome. Patients with pure dysthymic disorder of a mild, subsyndromal type were uncommon in these clinical settings. However, anti-depressant medication was effective for many moderately severe chronic depressions, which had previously been untreated or undertreated, presumably related to misdiagnosis.
Ethical Issues in Adolescent and Parent Informed Consent for Pediatric Asthma Research Participation

This article reviews the empirical literature related to knowledge, competence, volition, and financial compensation in the biomedical research decision-making of children, adolescents, and parents. Research findings indicate there are differences in adolescent and parent understanding and appreciation of research risks and procedures, that opinions about decision-making authority and physician influence for research participation are different in adolescents and parents, and that financial compensation can be a salient factor in the research-related decision-making process. Pediatric asthma researchers can consider these psychological factors involved in adolescent and parent research participation decision-making processes to develop effective informed consent procedures.
Effect of Hydrazines on Substrate Utilization by a Strain of Enterobacter Cloacae

Abstract : Hydrazine and several of its methylated derivatives have been the subject of extensive investigations for nearly eight decades. The application of short-term in vitro toxicity test systems to the study of xenobiotic molecules suggested consideration of the response of bacterial systems to hydrazines. London showed the toxicity of hydrazine (Hz), monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) to a strain of soil bacteria to be comparable to that observed in other biological systems. A subsequent study by Mantel & London suggested different mechanisms of toxicity for Hz and MMH as indicated by growth rates of cultures grown previously in the presence of one of the compounds. During a series of preliminary experiments on the death rate kinetics of Hz exposed cultures, we noted growth in substrate-free media that suggested metabolites derived from lysed cells were being metabolized. This observation in conjunction with reports on the effects of Hz intoxication on carbohydrate metabolism prompted an investigation of the effects of Hz, MMH, and UDMH on the utilization of arbitrarily selected saccharides and compounds involved in intermediary metabolism as a means of elucidating mechanism of action.
A computational procedure for simulation of crack advance in arbitrary two-dimensional domains

A finite-element-based method is proposed to accommodate the arbitrary motion of a crack under general two-dimensional configurations of loading and body geometry. The primary goal is to render consistently accurate simulations of crack propagation, while maintaining a high degree of computational efficiency and without a significant extra burden on the analyst. The essence of the method, here called the Arbitrary Local Mesh Replacement method, is the replacement of the finite element interpolant in the vicinity of the crack tip with one that is derived from a moving mesh patch. The boundary of the patch is not required to be coincident with background-mesh element edges. Accordingly, a weak statement of compatibility is enforced on the interface between the two meshes, thereby introducing a small set of additional, force-type unknowns. Also, partial elements are manifest near the patch boundary; a special numerical integration rule is devised for their treatment.
Fatigue in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review of Current Knowledge

Abstract Context End-stage renal disease is a common chronic illness increasing in incidence and prevalence. Although kidney function is partially replaced through dialysis, patients endure many symptoms of the disease such as fatigue. Many factors have been studied regarding their relationship with fatigue in this population. Objectives To provide a state of the science review regarding fatigue in hemodialysis patients by examining the experience of fatigue for patients on hemodialysis and correlates of fatigue in patients on hemodialysis. Methods PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts were searched using the key terms "fatigue," "dialysis," and "hemodialysis." Articles written after 1980 and those with explicit findings related to fatigue were included in this review. Articles that discussed fatigue in peritoneal dialysis patients or renal transplant patients were not included. Results There is little knowledge regarding the experience of fatigue for patients on hemodialysis and there has been little success identifying demographic, psychosocial, or physiological factors that are consistently related to fatigue. Conclusion Further work in this area of inquiry would be of benefit and may shed light on the domains of life that are affected by fatigue for hemodialysis patients. It also may help deepen our knowledge regarding correlates that could identify hemodialysis patients who are at increased risk for fatigue.
Acute baroreflex resetting and its control of blood pressure in an open loop model.

Acute baroreflex resetting has been quantitatively studied in anesthetized dogs. Carotid sinuses were isolated bilaterally and carotid sinus conditioning pressure (CPcsp) was set at nine different levels for 20 min over a range of from 40 to 200 mm Hg. Over this range of 160 mm Hg in CPcsp, the magnitude of baroreflex resetting of set point pressure (Psp), threshold pressure (Pth) and BP50 was 32.0±5, 43.3±6 and 39.6±6 mm Hg, respectively. The extent of resetting was a non-linear function of the level of CPcsp. There is less resetting at high CPcsp. The average extent of resetting is only about 25%. In contrast to this small degree of resetting, a profound inverse relationship between the baseline pressure and the conditioning pressure was observed at the end of the conditioning period for each CPcsp. In addition, we also observed an attenuation in the buffering capacity of the baroreflex at very high or very low CPcsp. Vagotomy and aortic section did not alter baroreflex resetting. This data indicates that the baroreflex in capable of monitoring the absolute level of blood pressure during acute resetting in addition to buffering transient disturbances in arterial pressure. Based upon the results of the present experiments, the concept that acute baroreflex resetting results in an inability of the baroreflex to monitor the absolute level of arterial pressure does not appear to be valid.
Histone variant H3.3 maintains a decondensed chromatin state essential for mouse preimplantation development

Histone variants can replace canonical histones in the nucleosome and modify chromatin structure and gene expression. The histone variant H3.3 preferentially associates with active chromatin and has been implicated in the regulation of a diverse range of developmental processes. However, the mechanisms by which H3.3 may regulate gene activity are unclear and gene duplication has hampered an analysis of H3.3 function in mouse. Here, we report that the specific knockdown of H3.3 in fertilized mouse zygotes leads to developmental arrest at the morula stage. This phenotype can be rescued by exogenous H3.3 but not by canonical H3.1 mRNA. Loss of H3.3 leads to over-condensation and mis-segregation of chromosomes as early as the two-cell stage, with corresponding high levels of aneuploidy, but does not appear to affect zygotic gene activation at the two-cell stage or lineage gene transcription at the morula stage. H3.3-deficient embryos have significantly reduced levels of markers of open chromatin, such as H3K36me2 and H4K16Ac. Importantly, a mutation in H3.3K36 that disrupts H3K36 methylation (H3.3K36R) does not rescue the H3.3 knockdown (KD) phenotype. In addition, H3.3 KD embryos have increased incorporation of linker H1. Knockdown of Mof (Kat8), an acetyltransferase specific for H4K16, similarly leads to excessive H1 incorporation. Remarkably, pan-H1 RNA interference (RNAi) partially rescues the chromosome condensation of H3.3 KD embryos and allows development to the blastocyst stage. These results reveal that H3.3 mediates a balance between open and condensed chromatin that is crucial for the fidelity of chromosome segregation during early mouse development.
Structural Basis of 3-Phosphoinositide Recognition by Pleckstrin Homology Domains

Abstract Lipid second messengers generated by phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases regulate diverse cellular functions through interaction with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in modular signaling proteins. The PH domain of Grp1, a PI 3-kinase-activated exchange factor for Arf GTPases, selectively binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate with high affinity. We have determined the structure of the Grp1 PH domain in the unliganded form and bound to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate. A novel mode of phosphoinositide recognition involving a 20-residue insertion within the β6/β7 loop explains the unusually high specificity of the Grp1 PH domain and the promiscuous 3-phosphoinositide binding typical of several PH domains including that of protein kinase B. When compared to other PH domains, general determinants of 3-phosphoinositide recognition and specificity can be deduced.
Value of Nymphal Morphology in Determining Identity of Pregenital and Genital Segments in Adult Corimelaena incognita (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Thyreocoridae)

There has been disagreement concerning the number and identity of the abdominal segments involved in the development of the genitalia and, therefore, pregenitalia of the Hemiptera. Although these studies have been conducted during the past two centuries, they have involved only adults. Here we present the results of our study of the nymphs of Corimelaena incognita (McAtee and Malloch) in which we trace the development of the abdomen through the five instars into the adult and determine the number of segments involved in genitalic development. The total number of spiracles (seven) and location of each spiracle (i.e., below or within the lateral carina) were important in this determination. We conclude that the genitalia begin with segment 9 in the male (pygophore) and segment 8 (gonocoxae 1) in the female.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY ELEMENTS BY IDENTIFICATION OF FISSION FRAGMENTS THROUGH X-RAY COINCIDENCE MEASUREMENTS

A two-parameter coincident (X-ray, X-ray) measurement was made using a Si(Li) X-ray detector and a Ge(Li) X-ray detector to study the X-ray production in the252Cf fission process.K X-ray peaks from adjacentZ fission products for elements Y through Rh and I through Pr are well resolved in both detectors. The measurement yields the result that there is a large number of coincident events with X-rays from the sameZ element as well as with X-rays from the complementary fission product (e.g. CsK X-rays are in coincidence with both the complementary TcK X-rays and the CsK X-rays). The various possibilities one may consider are: (1)K X-ray production by the primary fission process followed by internal conversion, (2) multipleK X-ray production in the stopping process of the fission products, (3)K shell ionization resulting from β-decay of the fission fragments followed by internal conversion in the same fragment, and (4) multiple internal conversion processes from cascading transitions. Each of these four possible causes for self-coincident X-ray production is explored. Further two-parameter measurements were made of low-energy γ-rays in coincidence with characteristicK X-rays from the individual elements formed in the fission. Combined with previous mass determinations, it was possible to identify many of the observed γ-rays with individual isotopes. However, a large number of low-energy transitions were observed and identified as to elemental charge, but which had not been seen previously so that no mass determination was possible.
Limitations of Percutaneous Treatment for Peripheral Arterial Vein Graft Stenoses

Peripheral arterial bypass vein graft stenosis is the leading cause of graft failure within the first 2 years following implantation. These lesions are generally secondary to myointimal hyperplasia and have historically been treated with graft revision or operative patch angioplasty. Unfortunately, graft revision or angioplasty requires reoperation through a scarred incision and usage of additional portions of autologous conduit. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the treatment of vein graft stenosis. PTA was performed in 17 patent vein grafts in 16 patients for the treatment of perianastomotic and/or midvein graft stenoses occurring 7 ±1 months (range 0.5-18 months) after graft implantation. Criteria for follow-up and patency adhered to the standards of the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards of the SVS/NAISCVS. After a mean follow-up of 17 ±3 months (range 2-44 months), the procedure-specific 18-month primary patency, primary-assisted patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates were 48 ±17%, 63 ±12%, 67 ±12%, and 78 ±15%, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed favorable lesions (one or two focal lesions, <1 cm length) in 11 grafts. Life-table analysis for this subgroup revealed primary patency, primary-assisted patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates of 68 ±20%, 90 ±9%, 90 ±9%, and 100%, respectively. The overall results of PTA for vein graft stenosis are poor and PTA should not be liberally applied to complex lesions. PTA may be a reasonable alternative to operative repair for focal vein graft stenoses in high-risk patients or in patients with limited remaining autologous conduit.
A new underwater acoustic communication system based on fractional Fourier transform

A new underwater acoustic (UWA) communication system is proposed based on fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) for complex condition of underwater environment. Because of using chirp-basis function in FRFT, this communication mode uses linear frequency modulation (LFM) as carrier signal of transmitted information, which has good anti-jamming capability. The code elements were divided into groups in time-domain and the transmitted information was decoded by using pulse position modulation (PPM) in fractional domain in this scheme. The method of inserting guard interval (GI) in transmitted signal and the Rake receiver was presented to suppress the UWA channel's multi-path effect which could lead to intersymbol interference (ISI). The information rate is up to 800bit/s and the feasibility and the robustness of this system were validated through the experimental results, which is helpful for UWA communication of Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) in complex working environment.
Free-volume distributions of polymers by positron annihilation spectroscopy: further experiences in using CONTIN for continuous lifetime distributions

Abstract Thorough examinations of the CONTIN program were carried out by using the simulated positron lifetime spectra, to reveal the capability of CONTIN in the reconstruction of the positron lifetime distributions. It is shown that: 1) very high statistics is strongly desired by CONTIN to reproduce reliable lifetime distributions; 2) improving the time resolution of the measurement system, to the level of 0.030 ns full width at half maximum, does not significantly improve the resolving power of CONTIN; and 3) reducing the time width per channel is a practical way of improving the reconstruction of the lifetime probability density functions by CONTIN.
Effect of physician dress style on patient-physician relationship

This study evaluates the effect of physician dress and other variables (i.e., sex of physician and patient, age, and type and site of visit) on patient-physician rapport. Three hundred eighty-six teens filled out a questionnaire, at the end of an office visit, which evaluated their attitudes regarding their physician and their preference for physician dress. The physicians alternated between very informal, informal, formal-white coat, and formal-suit/dress styles. Dress style made no statistical difference in patients' attitudes toward their physician. When asked what they preferred their doctor to wear 43% responded "makes no difference," 26% said "white coat," 14% said "pants and shirt," 10% said "jeans and shirt," and 4% said "suit and tie." Female patients were significantly more comfortable (3.6 versus 3.3, p
Observation of sound waves in afterglow plasmas by means of Tonks-Dattner resonances☆

Abstract The electrical breakdown of a gas by a high voltage pulse will excite various sound waves. The propagation of an axial shock wave and a radial standing cound wave in afterglow plasmas has been studied by means of Tonks-Dattner resonances.
A Review of Currently Published Evaluation Instruments for Human Patient Simulation

Abstract The lack of reliable and valid instruments to evaluate simulation learning outcomes is inhibiting the adoption and progress of simulation in nursing education. This article (a) discusses the importance of learning domains in evaluation, (b) reviews current challenges in designing simulation evaluation instruments, and (c) provides a review of currently published instruments for simulation evaluation.
MNDO calculations of molecular electric polarizabilities, hyperpolarizabilities, and nonlinear optical coefficients

Abstract Molecular electric polarizabilities, hyperpolarizabilities, and nonlinear optical coefficients have been calculated by the MNDO SCF MO method with reasonably satisfactory results.
Statistical analysis of elicitation strategies for thiarubrine A production in hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Elicitation strategies were studied for yield enhancement of thiarubrine A, a secondary metabolite and a potential pharmaceutical, produced by hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Abiotic elicitation was performed using vanadyl sulfate solution and biotic elicitation using autoclaved cell wall filtrates of the fungi Protomyces gravidus, a pathogen of A. artemisiifolia and Botrytis cinereae. The factors considered were age of the culture, concentration of the elicitor used and the time period of exposure or contact. Statistical methods were used to determine the strength of the interaction between the various factors and their response on the yield of the secondary metabolite. The maximum increase in the yield relative to the control, 8-fold corresponding to 569 microg g(-1) of biomass, was observed when 16-day-old cultures were elicited with 50 mg l(-1) of vanadyl sulfate for a time period of 72 h. The maximum yield of 647 microg g(-1) was achieved when the cultures were exposed to 5 microM autoclaved cell wall filtrates of P. gravidus for a time period of 48 h. The yield increase was 3-fold in the case of elicitation with autoclaved cell wall filtrates of B. cinereae. The methodology used in this report can be extended to determine the optimum conditions of other elicitors.
Who Owns the Data in a Clinical Trial

Data gathered by investigators are used to test the validity of a specific scientific hypothesis. When the hypothesis relates to the biology of a disease or its treatment, then data sets may contain specific and identifiable medical information. Since the information in a clinical data set was gathered to test a specific hypothesis and there is usually a sponsor interested in the outcome, the issue of who owns the data is a critical one. In my opinion, data from both publicly and privately funded research should be made available, in a format that protects confidentiality and intellectual property rights, to interested and responsible parties within a reasonable period of time after publication.
Pion-nucleon interaction at about 2 GeV and the f0-meson

A model for the meson( pi )-nucleon interaction at about 2 Bev is used to calculate the effect of the meson(f/sup 0/). The process. There is a maximum in the interaction total cross section with excitation energy slightly above the threshold energy for pi + N yields f/sup 0/ + N production, and the I = 1/2 state in the ( pi --N) system is responsible for this maximum because the isotropic spin of the meson(f/sup 0/) is zero. On the basis of the model. the total angular momentum and parity states responsible for the maximum of the total cross section ( pi /sup -/-p) at 2 Bev are discussed. The angular distributions of the meson(f/sup 0/) are also given. (C.E.S.)
Interplay between DNA sequence motifs and the human epigenome

Epigenomic modification is important in establishing cell-type specific gene expression; however, the regulation of the epigenome is not well understood. To investigate the role of DNA motifs in regulating the epigenome we have established an analysis pipeline that identifies DNA motifs that are predictive of epigenomic modification. We apply our strategy to a dataset of six histone modifications in five cell-types. Comparison of the identified motifs to known motifs identified interplay between known factors and the epigenome. Motif location preference analysis revealed that motifs occur at the edge of modification peaks and suggests they may function by establishing barriers.
Geometry of optimal value functions with applications to redundancy in linear programming

In 1967, Wets and Witzgall (Ref. 1) made, in passing, a connection between frames of polyhedral cones and redundancy in linear programming. The present work elaborates and formalizes the theoretical details needed to establish this relation. We study the properties of optimal value functions in order to derive the correspondence between problems in redundancy and the frame of a polyhedral cone. The insights obtained lead to schemes to improve the efficiency of procedures to detect redundancy in the areas of linear programming, stochastic programming, and computational geometry.
Health services and the political culture of Saudi Arabia

Health services occupy a high priority in the development agenda of Saudi Arabia, Saudi culture--devotion to Islam, extended-family values, the segregated status of females and the Al Saud monarchic hegemony--is being formulated in an increasingly deliberate fashion, constituting a new 'political culture' which acts as a screen to insure that technological and human progress remain within acceptable bounds. There is a general disposition on the part of the Saudi populace to use modern health services as these become available, largely under governmental auspice. The role of the government in providing health care for pilgrims during the hajj to Mecca is of particular culture importance. Cultural sensitivities concerning male physicians and female patients will be minimized by the training of a substantial number of Saudi female physicians, whose efforts will be directed toward female patients. At present, most health care in the Kingdom is delivered by male expatriate physicians, as part of the general massive reliance upon expatriate workers: although the expatriates will eventually be replaced by Saudi physicians, this dependency, which is felt to threaten Saudi culture, will continue for a decade or more. Private medicine is rapidly increasing though not on the same scale as government medicine. The provision of government health services is a source of legitimation for the Al Saud regime. In general, health services appear to constitute a form of modernization which meets the test of cultural compatibility.
The deposition of diamond films via the oxyacetylene torch: Experimental results and thermodynamic predictions☆

The deposition of diamond films has been carried out via the oxyacetylene torch onto Mo and Si substrates. The phase diagram for deposition of diamond in the substrate temperature Ts versus reactant ratio O / C plane has been experimentally determined. The growth of diamond has been observed for 650 ≤Ts ≤1320°C and 0.89 ≤ O2 / C2H2 ≤ 0.99. The thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium model for the CVD of diamond has been extended to the C-H-O system and applied to O2/C2H2 mixtures. Predictions for the rates of formation of gaseous species and of solid carbon have been obtained as functions of Ts, the O/C ratio, and pressure. The CVD phase diagram for the oxyacetylene torch has been predicted and compared with our own experimental results and those of other workers. The distributions of film morphologies on the substrate surfaces are described and explained in terms of the changing O / C ratio in the flame and the variation of the substrate temperature within the growth region.
Energy dependence of normal branch quasi-periodic intensity oscillations in low-mass X-ray binaries

The properties of the approximately 6 Hz quasi-periodic X-ray intensity oscillations observed in the low-mass X-ray binary Cyg X-2 when it is on the normal spectral branch are shown to be consistent with a model in which photons from a central source with a fixed spectrum are Comptonized by an oscillating radial inflow. As the electron scattering optical depth of the flow varies, the spectrum of the escaping X-rays appears to rotate about a pivot energy that depends mainly on the electron temperature in the flow. The temperature derived from the observed energy dependence of the Cyg X-2 normal branch oscillations is approximately 1 keV, in good agreement with the estimated Compton temperature of its X-ray spectrum. The mean optical depth tau of the Comptonizing flow is inferred to be about 10, while the change in tau over an oscillation is estimated to be about 1; both values are in good agreement with radiation hydrodcode simulations of the radial flow.
Primary bronchomalacia in infants and children

Abstract Objective: To determine the natural history of primary bronchomalacia in infants and children. Study design: Retrospective chart review and follow-up telephone questionnaire of 17 patients with bronchoscopically confirmed primary bronchomalacia. Results: All patients had initial symptoms within the first 6 months of life, and all patients were thought by their primary care physicians to have reactive airways disease. In no patient was the diagnosis of bronchomalacia considered before referral to our center. All patients had a harsh, monophonic wheeze loudest over the central airway and intermittently present between illnesses. All 17 patients had bronchomalacia of the left main-stem bronchus; two had mild tracheomalacia associated with the bronchomalacia; and one had bilateral bronchomalacia. One patient had associated laryngomalacia. Twenty-five percent of our patients had reactive airway disease in addition to bronchomalacia. With growth, all patients have shown a gradual improvement and a cessation of daily symptoms. All three patients older than the age of 5 years report limitation of vigorous exercise. Conclusions: Bronchomalacia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the persistently wheezing infant and should be evaluated appropriately. More severe forms of bronchomalacia appear to predispose patients to exercise limitation later in life, which suggests that the lesion does not completely resolve with growth. (J Pediatr 1997;130:59-66)
The Failure of Economic Interpretations of the Law of Contract Damages

The law of contracts is complex but remarkably stable. What we lack is a widely accepted interpretation of that law as embodying a coherent set of normative choices. Some scholars have suggested that either economic efficiency or personal autonomy provide unifying principles of contract law. These two approaches, however, seem incommensurable, which suggests that we must reject at least one of them in order to have a coherent theory. This article dissents from this view and has a simple thesis: Economic accounts of the current doctrine governing contract damages have failed, but efficiency arguments remain key to any adequate theory of contract law. Contractual liability - like virtually all civil liability - is structured around the concept of bilateralism, meaning that damages are always paid by defeated defendants to victorious plaintiffs. Ultimately, economic accounts of this basic feature are unpersuasive. This criticism, however, leaves untouched many of the key economic insights into the doctrine of contract damages. The limited failure of economic interpretations points toward a principled accommodation of both autonomy and efficiency in a single vision of contract law where notions of autonomy provide the basic structure and economics fills in most of the doctrinal detail.
Effect of Hydrologic Restoration and Lonicera maackii Removal on Herbaceous Understory Vegetation in a Bottomland Hardwood Forest

Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder), a large deciduous shrub from China, has invaded many forests in eastern/central United States. The species was removed by cutting and herbicide application from a recently hydrologically restored section of a bottomland hardwood forest in central Ohio, and the response of understory plants, especially herbaceous species, was measured. Plots were established in uncleared and cleared sections, and percent cover of each herbaceous understory species was estimated monthly. One season after several years of Lonicera removal efforts, no significant association was discovered between percentage of Lonicera cover and total understory species abundance. There was, however, a direct correlation between elevation and honeysuckle abundance; L. maackii abundance was negatively associated with low elevations, likely due to hydrologic factors. Plant species diversity (H) and richness (s) increased with elevation but were not significantly different on plots with honeysuckle removal (H ! 0.86 ± 0.08 vs. 0.78 ± 0.09 and s ! 4.4 ± 0.19 vs. 4.2 ± 0.2 species/m 2 , respectively) despite the fact that understory light levels measured by densiometer were significantly higher (a ! 0.003) in cleared versus uncleared sections. Native and invasive species were found in similar proportions in the two sections, and significant sprouting and regrowth of L. maackii were observed throughout the cleared section. Although the removal of L. maackii altered the characteristics of the plant species assemblage, the value of this management remains questionable in the years immediately following treatment.
Preliminary X-43 flight test results

Abstract The successful Mach 7 flight test of the Hyper-X/X-43 research vehicle has provided a major, essential demonstration of the capability of the airframe integrated scramjet engine. This flight was a crucial first step toward establishing the potential for air-breathing hypersonic propulsion for application to space-launch vehicles.
The Natural History of Biopsy-Negative Rejection after Heart Transplantation

Purpose. The most recent International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) biopsy scale classifies cellular and antibody-mediated rejections. However, there are cases with acute decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 45%) but no evidence of rejection on biopsy. Characteristics and treatment response of this biopsy negative rejection (BNR) have yet to be elucidated. Methods. Between 2002 and 2012, we found 12 cases of BNR in 11 heart transplant patients as previously defined. One of the 11 patients was treated a second time for BNR. Characteristics and response to treatment were noted. Results. 12 cases (of 11 patients) were reviewed and 11 occurred during the first year after transplant. 8 cases without heart failure symptoms were treated with an oral corticosteroids bolus and taper or intravenous immunoglobulin. Four cases with heart failure symptoms were treated with thymoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin, and intravenous methylprednisolone followed by an oral corticosteroids bolus and taper. Overall, 7 cases resulted in return to normal left ventricular function within a mean of 14 ± 10 days from the initial biopsy. Conclusion. BNR includes cardiac dysfunction and can be a severe form of rejection. Characteristics of these cases of rejection are described with most cases responding to appropriate therapy.
A STUDY OF IN VITRO ELECTRON TRANSPORT ACTIVITY IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE1

The in vitro temperature inactivation of the electron transport system (ETS) activity was measured for 11 phytoplankton species. The average inactivation temperature is between 18–23 C, but exceptions with inactivation temperatures as high as 43 C were noted for a tide pool phytoplankton, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. Despite differences in temperatures at which the ETS activity begins to decrease, experimental values for the energies of activation (E) of electron transport are very similar and average ca. 12 kcal/mol. The results show the necessity of applying temperature corrections to in vitro ETS activity measurements when oceanic in situ oxygen consumption is computed from ETS activity measurements. The progress of thermal inactivation of the ETS activity in phytoplankton species studied yields biphasic curves. The biphasic nature of the curves is expressed when using both relatively high and low temperature of inactivation and in more or less heat sensitive species. These curves are described in terms of microsomal and mitochondrial substrate dependence. Based on the obtained temperature response of the ETS activity, the adaption of phytoplankton species to growth temperature is discussed.
Safety considerations for zeolite synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the precautions and safety considerations that should be taken into account in case of a synthesis experiment. Silica and alumina are inert in most forms, but ingestion of dust should be avoided. The alkoxides are skin irritants and should be handled with gloves and in a hood. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is corrosive and skin contact or inhalation must be avoided. Likewise strong caustic is corrosive to skin and equipment. Gloves and a face mask are indicated, and the experiment should be done in a hood. In some cases, the potential exists for explosive decomposition of the template under crystallization condition. Beryllium (Be) or thallium (Tl) are extremely toxic and should be used only by experts who thoroughly understand the necessary precautions. Hydrolysis of the alkoxides produces heat; this may not be a problem in gram quantities but becomes so with scale-up. The alcohol produced is often removed by evaporation which can be a fire hazard. Opening the reaction vessel after crystallization should be treated with caution. Even thoroughly cooled, residual gas pressure should be expected. A template not removed by washing us usually expelled by calcination. The template or its decomposition products are usually combustible and it is easy to start a fire. The heating equipment should be properly vented; if necessary nitrogen blanketed.
Adoption Custody and Family Therapy.

Abstract A brief survey of the history and types of adoption serves as background for a study of the points at which adoption custody laws and family therapy interface. Potential areas for stress and interaction occur primarily in cases involving questions of rights—those of the adoptee, of the biological parents, and of the adoptive parents. New issues of concern include pressures to open sealed adoption records, questions of grandparents' rights, and the innovative practice of surrogate motherhood. There is also a comparison of adoption custody and divorce custody issues.
Creating the perfect storm in professional development: the experiences of two American teachers and a university research team

The present article discusses the impact of a localized and generative model of professional development on the teaching lives of two American elementary school teachers and a university research team. Within the framework of the ethic of care, the study focused on the construction of relationships between university team members and teachers that were caring and reciprocal. Analyzing transcripts from debriefings over a two‐year period of time, the researchers identified three primary themes that not only demonstrated care between the members of the group, but also enabled all members of the group to grow and develop. The themes—confirmations, invitations, and celebrations—provided a better way to understand the practices and roles that the teachers and university team members claimed, maintained, and developed as they renewed their professional lives and identities.
Presentation of the Harrell L. Strimple Award of the Paleontological Society to Hans Hess

Madame President, members of the Paleontological Society and guests, it is with the greatest pleasure that I introduce this year's recipient of the Harrell L. Strimple Award, Dr. Hans Hess. Hans has no formal university training in paleontology. Instead, after earning his doctorate in microbiology, he spent his salaried career in the pharmaceutical industry, retiring in 1991 as head of Pharmacy Research and Development of the Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Hans published more than 40 scientific titles in this career, including an edited book on biopharmaceutics, but he is here today because of many important contributions to paleontology. Hans' reviewers have high praise for his paleontological work: “=ual to the best the academic community has produced”; “consistently high standards”; “presentation and illustration of fossil material are second to none.” Our award is appropriate, but we are not the first to recognize the significance of Hans' research. He was awarded an honorary doctorate for his paleontological contributions at the University of Basel in 1989 and the Bloomer Award of the Linnean Society of London in 1991. His honorary degree is rare recognition because Hans' doctorate in microbiology was from the same institution, which does not usually recognize one of its own with an honorary degree. Since 1950, Hans has published some 60 titles treating all the post-Paleozoic echinoderm groups, but perhaps most striking is his recent book “Fossil Crinoids.” Hans was the senior author, and he was described by one of his co-authors as “very much the inspiration and driving force.” The book has been widely praised for its scope, excellence of illustration, and originality of approach. Hans edited the book and authored or co-authored 15 chapters and the appendices. The other contributors were Bill Ausich, Carl Brett, and Mike Simms. Hans perhaps is best known for his work on crinoids and ophiuroids, …
Measurement of bacterial volume by transmission-through-dye imaging

Transmission-through-dye (TTD) microscopy makes possible direct measurement of bacterial volume, irrespective of cell shape. The technique can be realized on any brightfield microscope and is applicable to bacteria of all shapes. TTD imaging requires that intact bacteria be immobilized on a flat transparent surface, such as a glass coverslip.
Liberalism and Collective Investments in Repertoires

The true end of Man . . . is the highest and most harmonious development of his powers to a complete and consistent whole. Freedom is the first and indispensable condition which the possibility of such a development presupposes; but there is besides another essential—intimately connected with freedom, it is true—a variety of situations. Even the most free and self-reliant of men is hindered in his development, when set in a monotonous situation.—Wilhelm von Humboldt
Very large scale wavefunction orthogonalization in Density Functional Theory electronic structure calculations

Abstract Enforcing the orthogonality of approximate wavefunctions becomes one of the dominant computational kernels in planewave based Density Functional Theory electronic structure calculations that involve thousands of atoms. In this context, algorithms that enjoy both excellent scalability and single processor performance properties are much needed. In this paper we present block versions of the Gram–Schmidt method and we show that they are excellent candidates for our purposes. We compare the new approach with the state of the art practice in planewave based calculations and find that it has much to offer, especially when applied on massively parallel supercomputers such as the IBM Blue Gene/P Supercomputer. The new method achieves excellent sustained performance that surpasses 73 TFLOPS (67% of peak) on 8 Blue Gene/P 1 racks (32 768 compute cores), while it enables more than a two fold decrease in run time when compared with the best competing methodology.
Diversification and win rate in NLRB certification elections

This research examined industrial diversification patterns and win rates within the 1977–1979, 1983–1985 and 1992–1994 periods for all NLRB certification elections of the 30 most active unions in 1977–1979. We found significant change in diversification and little change in average win rates over the study period. The general trend was less total diversification and more unrelated diversification in 1992–1994 relative to 1983–1985 and 1977–1979. Total diversification and election frequency had no impact on win rates. However, related diversification had a significant positive influence on union win rates for elections recorded outside unions’ core organizing industries.