cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elderly Subjects' Ability to Recover Balance With a Single Backward Step Associates With Body Configuration at Step Contact

Background. In the event of a slip or trip, one’s ability to recover a stable upright stance by stepping should depend on (a) the configuration of the body at the instant of step contact and (b) the forces generated between the foot and ground during step contact. In this study, we tested whether these two variables associate with elderly subjects’ ability to recover balance by taking a single backward step after sudden release from an inclined position. Methods. Twenty-six community-dwelling subjects (12 women, 14 men) of mean age 75 6 4 ( SD ) years each underwent five trials in which they were suddenly released from a backward inclination of 7 8 and instructed to “recover balance with a single step.” Body segment motions and foot contact forces were analyzed to determine step contact times, stepping angles, body lean angles at step contact, and the magnitudes and times (after step contact) of peak footfloor contact forces and peak sagittal-plane torques at the ankle, knee, and hip of the stepping leg. Results. Fifty percent of subjects were predominantly single steppers (successful at recovering with a single step in greater than three of five trials), 27% were multiple steppers (successful in less than two of five trials), and 23% were mixed response steppers (successful in two of five or three of five trials). Recovery style associated with the ratio of stepping angle divided by body lean angle at step contact ( p 5 .003), which averaged 1.4 6 0.5 for single steppers and 0.6 6 0.5 for multiple steppers, but not with step contact time, stepping angle, or contact forces and joint torques during step contact. Conclusions. These results suggest that elderly subjects’ ability to recover balance with a single backward step depends primarily on the configuration of the body (in particular, the ratio of stepping angle to body lean angle) at step contact.
Cloning, Expression, Sequence Analysis, and Characterization of Streptokinases Secreted by Porcine and Equine Isolates of Streptococcus equisimilis

Streptokinases secreted by nonhuman isolates of group C streptococci (Streptococcus equi, S. equisimilis, and S. zooepidemicus) have been shown to bind to different mammalian plasminogens but exhibit preferential plasminogen activity. The streptokinase genes from S. equisimilis strains which activated either equine or porcine plasminogen were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The streptokinase secreted by the equine isolate had little similarity to any known streptokinases secreted by either human or porcine isolates. The streptokinase secreted by the porcine isolate had limited structural and functional similarities to streptokinases secreted by human isolates. Plasminogen activation studies with immobilized (His)6-tagged recombinant streptokinases indicated that these recombinant streptokinases interacted with plasminogen in a manner similar to that observed when streptokinase and plasminogen interact in the fluid phase. Analysis of the cleavage products of the streptokinase-plasminogen interaction indicated that human, equine, and porcine plasminogens were all cleaved at the same highly conserved site. The site at which streptokinase was cleaved to form altered streptokinase (Sk*) was also determined. This study confirmed not only the presence of streptokinases in nonhuman S. equisimilis isolates but also that these proteins belong to a family of plasminogen activators more diverse than previously thought.
Hydrolysis of Butteroil by Immobilized Lipase Using a Hollow-Fiber Reactor: Part V. Effects of ph.

A lipase from Aspergillus niger, immobilized by adsorption on microporous, polypropylene hollow fibers, was used to effect the hydrolysis of the glycerides of melted butterfat at 40°C and pH values of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0. The aqueous phase and the melted butterfat were pumped in a cocurrent fashion through the lumen and the shell sides, respectively, of a hollow fiber reactor. Nonlinear regression methods were employed to independently fit the data set obtained at each pH to models based on combinations of three nested rate expressions for the hydrolysis and three nested rate expressions for thermal deactivation of the enzyme. A rate expression containing 4 lumped parameters is sufficient to model the release of free fatty acids at each of the six pH values as a function of reactor space time and time elapsed after immobilization. Nonlinear regression methods were also employed in global fits of the data to rate expressions containing an explicit dependence on pH. For the reaction conditions ...
Intrinsic factor receptor activity and cobalamin transport in bile duct-ligated rats.

The intrinsic factor (IF)-cobalamin (Cbl) receptor activity in the mucosal homogenates progressively decreased after bile duct ligation in the rat, and 80% of the receptor activity was decreased in 96 h after ligation. The activity was restored to normal values of 5.5-6 pmol of IF-[57Co]Cbl bound/g mucosa when the assays were performed with both conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. When [57Co]Cbl bound to intrinsic factor was orally administered, the tissue levels of [57Co]Cbl were decreased by 75-80% in bile duct-ligated rats. The apical membrane receptor activity was also decreased after bile duct ligation; however, the activity was stimulated twofold by the addition of ileal cytosol and threefold with the addition of both ileal cytosol and taurocholate (1 mM). Enhanced binding of IF-[57Co]Cbl to the apical ileal brush-border membrane occurred with the use of dialyzed ileal cytosol but not with cytosol isolated from duodenal or proximal jejunal mucosa. The enhanced binding obtained with ileal cytosol...
Small Groups And The Prediction of Behavior.

Of course we predict behavior. We do so in small groups, in organizations, in communities and in society at large. We do so every day of our lives, in our roles as scholars and as managers, and indeed in all roles we play, by choice or by force of circumstance. This paper seeks to make explicit some aspects of small groups and the prediction of behavior. Specifically, it concerns itself (1) with the major modes of interpersonal prediction. (2) with managerial style in the prediction process and (3) with an integrative mode as an educational approach to improve interpersonal predictive outcomes. Given the lament, oft-repeated and half believed, about the fickleness of human nature, it may seem a miracle that so often we succeed in our predictions. Still, we live with a gnawing feeling that we should be doing better and indeed we should. The point is that we are rarely articulate about what we do when we attempt to forecast interpersonal behavior. Some vacillate between excess feelings of certainty, ("I can...
Numerical Study of NO x Emissions from n-Heptane and 1-Heptene Counterflow Flames

Several engine studies have observed higher amounts of nitric oxide (NO) during the combustion of biodiesel fuels than from regular diesel. One hypothesis for the increased NO formation is that unsaturated components in biodiesel fuels produce higher amounts of acetylene, especially during fuel-rich oxidation, which results in higher prompt NO. In this study, we examine this hypothesis by considering partially premixed flames (PPFs) in an opposed jet configuration, burning prevaporized n-heptane and 1-heptene fuels, which represent the hydrocarbon side chain of the two surrogate biodiesel esters, methyl octanoate (C9:0) and methyl octenoate (C9:1), respectively. The configuration involves two opposing jets, one containing a fuel–air mixture issuing from the bottom nozzle and the other containing air issuing from the top nozzle. It provides a nearly one-dimensional flat flame for detailed measurements and simulations and is well-suited for fundamental investigations of kinetics and transport processes. Usi...
Ultrastructure of Freeze-Substituted and Chemically Fixed Basidiospores of Gymnosporangium Juniperi-Virginianae

The results of this study involving basidiospores of G. juniperi-virginianae indicate that freezesubstitution is a valuable technique for TEM studies of fungal spores. Although more spores were damaged in the freeze-substitution protocol than in the chemical fixation protocol, the advantages afforded by the former technique greatly outweighed losses caused by such damage. The quality of fixation provided by freeze-substitution was equal to or better than that provided by chemical fixation for virtually every spore component except lipid droplets. Freeze-substitution also yielded information that was not available from chemically fixed samples. Such information related to Golgi bodies and vesicles, multivesicular bodies, vacuoles and microtubules.
Effect of Contact Line Motion on Q P and Q S for Partially Saturated Rocks

A pore scale squirt flow approach is used to model seismic attenuation in rocks due to partially saturated flat cracks or pores. The crack/pore model consists of parallel oscillating plane pore walls with a liquid drop in between, surrounded by gas. This problem was analyzed in detail by Mavko and Nur (1979) for attenuation due to viscous effects. We extend their results to the case of an assemblage of aligned cracks when Qp and Qs become anisotropic. Miksis (1988) extended Mavko and Nur’s work to consider attenuation due to a sliding meniscus and found that the effect could significantly increase attenuation. He considered only the case of P-wave attenuation for an elastic wave normal to a single crack. We extend his results to obtain both Qp and Qs for an assemblage of non-interacting cracks with both fixed (but arbitrary) and random orientations. The Qp values thus obtained have generally good agreement with measurements made in a separate experiment. These values are very sensitive to crack aspect ratio, as is the impact of the capillary effect. The capillary effect also depends on crack orientation and seismic frequency.
Stratigraphic distribution of late Neogene species of the planktonic foraminifer Streptochilus in the Indo-Pacific

Study of four species of the biserial planktonic foraminifer Streptochilus from Deep Sea Drilling Project cores of the Eauripik Rise, western equatorial Pacific, and Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean, shows that both the stratigraphic distribution of species and their frequency patterns (though not actual frequencies or abundances) are correlative in the two areas, supporting their use as stratigraphic and paleoecologic index fossils. Their distributional trends are linked to eustatic sea level changes and to changes in the mixing of surface waters; low frequencies and species turnovers occur during regressive phases when strong circulation of oxygenated waters could lead to the subsequent decline of their oxygen-minimum habitat. The species S. subglobigerum, S. latum, S. globigerum, and S. globulosum succeed one another at intervals averaging 2.5 my from late middle Miocene Zone N 15 through Quaternary Zone N23. The new species, Streptochilus subglobigerum, is described for what was formerly thought to be a stratigraphically lower, disjunct part of the range of S. globigerum. These four species most likely belong to a single phylogenetic lineage as evidenced by some transitional morphologies.
Comprehensive Code Verification for an Unstructured Finite Volume CFD Code

A detailed code verification study of an unstructured finite volume CFD code is presented. The Method of Manufactured Solutions is used to generate exact solutions to the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations to verify the order of accuracy of the code. Testing is performed on different grid types including triangular and quadrilateral elements in 2D and tetrahedral, prismatic and hexahedral elements in 3D. The requirements for systematic mesh refinement are discussed, particularly in regards to unstructured meshes. Different code options verified include the baseline steady-state governing equations, transport models, turbulence models, boundary conditions and unsteady flows.
Environmental Assessment of Botitom Ash and Fly Ash Used in Road Stabilization

Fly ash and bottom ash are being used extensively for stabilization of roads. Unpaved county roads in rural areas are often being resurfaced with bottom ash to improve their stability. A preliminary, uncontrolled examination was conducted to assess the environmental problems that may result from the use of fly ash and bottom ash on highways. To do this, soil, plant and run–off water samples were collected from county roads and highways in Oklahoma that were constructed using either of the two ash forms. These samples were analyzed for fourteen elements of which eight are under the USEPA regulation list of priority pollutants for solid waste and drinking water. The results indicated that the allowable limits for six out of the eight elements were exceeded in the run-off water samples. Compared with the control, fly ash, bottom ash, coal and soil-core samples all contained significantly higher levels of all elements; however, except for barium all were below the regulatory levels. The concentrations of As, Sb, Pb, Ni, Se, and TI in the run-off water samples are high enough to be of concern, although they are below the allowable limits for drinking water. These six elements are found at much higher levels in the fly ash and bottom ash than in the input coal. More Ba is released into the run–off water when the roads were under heavy traffic. Although there was no visual damage observed on the collected plant samples, much higher than normal levels of most metals, were obtained in the tissues.
Analysis on death causes of residents in Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops from 2008 to 2012

Objective To study death causes and the years of potential life lost(PYLL) caused by the main death among residents in Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops.Methods Data was derived from the disease death surveillance database of eight divisions during 2008 to 2012,and the population data were collected from public security bureau.ICD-10 was used to classify death causes.Software of Excel 2010 and SAS 9.2 were used to collect and analyse data.The mortality rate,PYLL and the rate of PYLL ‰ was calculated.Results The crude mortality rate was 508.67 /100 000in Xinjiang Production and construction Crops from 2008 to 2012.The male mortality(624.01 /100 000) rate was higher than the female(383.14 /100 000).The standardized mortality rates of the two age groups(0-and 15-) had a declining trend,and the standardized mortality rates of the other two age groups(45-and ≥65) had an inclining trend in the last 5years.The leading causes of death in the two age groups(0-and 15-) were injuries and poisoning,and the constituent ratios were 24.19% and 30.48%.The leading cause of death in the two age groups(45-and ≥65) was circulatory system diseases,and the constituent ratios were 36.68% and 47.20%.The top five death causes ranked by SPYLL were injuries and poisoning,circulatory system diseases,malignant tumors,respiratory diseases and digestive diseases.Conclusions Chronic non-communicable diseases,injuries and poisoning are the main public health problems affecting the health of the residents.The health education and health promotion should be carried out to reduce the threat of injuries and poisoning,chronic non-communicable diseases to the health of the residents.
Investigation of epidemic characteristics of population exposed to rabies in three districts in Ningbo from 2005 to 2007

Objective:The aim of this study was to grasp rabies epidemic characteristics of the exposed population of three districts in Ningbo,to provide a scientific reference for the development of rabies control strategy.Methods:We have analyzed 2005-2007 rabies exposure cases of the out-patient clinic registration data of Ningbo CDC.Results:There were 11261,11500 and 14453 cases exposed to rabies from 2005~2007 reports,the annual exposure rates were 143.85 per ten thousand,146.90,and 184.62 per 10 thousand(χ2=517.776,P0.01),the average annual rate of exposure was 158.46 per 10 thousand;Of the rabies exposed cases,the majority of people were injured by dogs,which accounting for 90.25%;more men than women,up to 1.43:1;the youngest was 2 months old,the oldest was 90,young adults accounted for 72.01%;The exposure always happened in summer and autumn,after round analysis of the distribution,the average angle(α) was in the date of mid-July to mid-August(P0.01),there was an obvious centrol tendency;the most exposed body parts were the upper limb and lower limb,which accounting for 65.95%,followed by finger and palm,which accounting for 28.47%,trunk accounting for 4.80%,head and face accounting for 0.78%;The majority of the exposured people haven't taken prevention measures timely,there were only 9.53% exposed people with Ⅲ degree exposion have used anti-rabies immunoglobulin.Conclusion:The risk factors of exposure to rabies in Ningbo were still a bit high,self-protection awareness of the exposed population still need to be strengthened,the government and other related authorities should take strong measures to strengthen the management of animals such as dogs.
A new method for quantitating intracellular transport: application to the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.

After entering cells from plasma, molecules must permeate through the cytoplasm before they can be metabolized or excreted. If sufficiently slow, cytoplasmic transport may determine the overall rate of cellular elimination at steady state. Cytoplasmic transport of amphipathic molecules should be particularly slow because of extensive binding to intracellular membranes and proteins. Traditional transport models assume that molecules become instantly available for metabolism and canalicular excretion after entering the cell and thus cannot be used to assess cytoplasmic transport. We therefore extended the traditional multiple-indicator dilution (MID) method of Goresky to explicitly incorporate cytoplasmic transport and used the resulting model to estimate the rate constant for cytoplasmic transport of the amphipathic thyroid hormone 3,5,39-triiodothyronine (T3). We chose T3 because control studies indicated that it is neither metabolized nor excreted during the brief period of an MID experiment (40-90 s). The traditional MID model was unable to account for the data unless we postulated rapid metabolism or excretion of T3. In contrast, the new diffusion MID model fit the data closely without this false assumption and gave values for the influx and efflux rate constants that agreed with previously published data. The half-time for equilibration of T3 across the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte averaged 50 s. This corresponds to an effective cytoplasmic diffusion constant of 3.1 x 10(-8) cm2/s, which is > 100 times slower than expected for free T3 in water. Our results indicate that cytoplasmic transport of this model amphipathic compound is much slower than membrane transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Measurement of Nanoparticle Adlayer Properties by Photothermal Microscopy

Many nanoparticle applications require molecular adlayers that impart desirable interfacial characteristics. Such characteristics are crucial in controlling the interaction of the nanoparticle with the environment or other nanoparticles; however, departures from bulk values are expected for adlayer properties and in situ methods to evaluate the magnitude of these departures, preferably on the scale of a single nanoparticle, are needed. Here we investigate the potential of single-particle photothermal microscopy for measuring the thermal properties of nanoparticle-supported, layer-by-layer grown polyelectrolytes. We show that nanometer changes in adlayer thickness can be detected this way, and the water content of the nanoparticle-supported adlayers can be estimated.
A second look at Chip Scale Atomic Clocks for long term precision timing

We compare the performance of 38 Chip Scale Atomic Clocks manufactured by Microsemi Corporation (originally Symmetricom Inc.) used in a fleet of Ocean Bottom Seismographs. CSACs have been available commercially since 2011, promising accuracy close to that of conventional “low power” Rubidium oscillators at one fortieth the power of the most efficient Rubidium. Ocean bottom seismology provides a particularly challenging requirement for timing: millisecond level or better accuracy over a one year interval or longer. While results from an early batch of CSACs have been largely positive, later units have not performed as well. The CSAC specifications have changed, reflecting a decrease in reliability and accuracy of more recent units. We will discuss the impacts of the degraded aging for long-term autonomous experiments. For the majority of applications this change is not very important. However since aging-related phase error increases with the square of time, applications requiring long-term accurate phase such as ocean bottom seismology may be significantly impacted. We will also compare the CSAC to the SISMTB Microprocessor Compensated Crystal Oscillator, designed and manufactured by Seascan, Inc. using lab testing to determine their performance relative to the range of CSAC performance.
Visualizing sea level rise to examine the nexus of climate change and socio-economic security

Studies estimate a sea level rise range of 0.5 to greater than 2 meters by the year 2100. A rise of this magnitude will significantly impact the socio-economic dimensions of coastal communities, which contain approximately 40 percent of the U.S. population and account for close to 50 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product. Data visualizations represent a useful tool for communities preparing for this environmental change. The singular capabilities of GIS for assimilating data allow users to link science to society in a geographic context. The results provide valuable insight for community planning efforts. Increasing the data visualizations from two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) will help communities better understand the impacts of sea level rise. Charleston, South Carolina is uniquely situated for a case study of this approach due to its location at the confluence of environmental change and cultural, historic, and economic influence. Predicted levels of sea level rise will disrupt this community and result in wide ranging impacts to the region's economic, employment, and infrastructure sectors. In this study data visualizations and 3D mapping are used to get a holistic understanding of the nexus of a changing climate and its effect on Charleston. The lessons learned here are transferable to other coastal cities and to government officials and planners interested in using exploratory visualizations to address sea level rise impacts. The results of this case study indicate that despite limitations in display and analysis, visualizations and 3D mapping are an engaging medium for shaping interdisciplinary spatial planning and revealing important connections between the environment and the community.
The fetish of the click: a small history of the computer mouse as vulva

AbstractThis paper examines the fetish of the click through a technofeminist history of the computer mouse as vulva. It argues that this material turn is a necessary corrective to abstractions of t...
Predicting the Initiation of Alcohol Use

This chapter reports a longitudinal study of the social-psychological process of ‘becoming a drinker,’ that is, of making the transition from abstainer status to drinker status. Applying the personality, perceived environment, and behavioral system predictors of Problem Behavior Theory to junior and senior high school adolescents who had not yet begun to drink permitted an examination of prior variation that signaled the likelihood of making the transition from abstainer to drinker over a one-year time interval. Initial differences on these social-psychological predictors significantly predicted the transition to drinker status. The perceived environment variable, Social Support for Drinking, emerged as most important, but variables from the personality system, Value on Achievement and Value on Independence, were also significantly related to the transition. The study introduces the concept of adolescent proneness to make a developmental transition, and the necessity of longitudinal design in understanding developmental change.
The relationship between paired comparisons scale values of stimuli and their function as reinforcers of a free operant response with young children

An experiment to determine whether pre-school children respond to stimuli as reinforcers in an experimental situation consistent with their paired comparisons preferences. Twenty-seven kindergarten Ss individually rated 4 stimuli using paired comparisons procedures. Each S was then reinforced for lever pulling responses with token reinforcers redeemable for the S’s preference among the 4 stimuli. Results indicated low consistence of paired comparison scale values and no relationship of paired comparison and operant preferences. The results suggest caution should be exercised in extrapolating previously reported paired comparisons findings to laboratory learning research with young children.
Syringe-Injectable Electronics with a Plug-and-Play Input/Output Interface

Syringe-injectable mesh electronics represent a new paradigm for brain science and neural prosthetics by virtue of the stable seamless integration of the electronics with neural tissues, a consequence of the macroporous mesh electronics structure with all size features similar to or less than individual neurons and tissue-like flexibility. These same properties, however, make input/output (I/O) connection to measurement electronics challenging, and work to-date has required methods that could be difficult to implement by the life sciences community. Here we present a new syringe-injectable mesh electronics design with plug-and-play I/O interfacing that is rapid, scalable, and user-friendly to nonexperts. The basic design tapers the ultraflexible mesh electronics to a narrow stem that routes all of the device/electrode interconnects to I/O pads that are inserted into a standard zero insertion force (ZIF) connector. Studies show that the entire plug-and-play mesh electronics can be delivered through capilla...
Global education challenges: Exploring religious dimensions

Abstract Education goals are central to global agendas for sustainable development and humanitarian action, but these agendas tend to deal glancingly, if at all, with religious dimensions. Religious institutions play significant parts in national and international education systems and approaches in many countries, sometimes as critical partners or significant critics. Understanding religious differences is increasingly understood as central to citizenship and peaceful societies. This article explores six topics where religious actors are particularly involved: delivery of education and outreach to underserved populations; specific education approaches for refugees and displaced populations; curricular focus on pluralism and ‘religious literacy’; addressing education challenges surrounding values in education and understandings of citizenship; training of religious leaders; and advocacy for education goals and reforms.
A platform for high-repetition-rate laser experiments on the Large Plasma Device

We present a new experimental platform for studying laboratory astrophysics that combines a high-intensity, high-repetition-rate laser with the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. To demonstrate the utility of this platform, we show the first results of volumetric, highly repeatable magnetic field and electrostatic potential measurements, along with derived quantities of electric field, charge density and current density, of the interaction between a super-Alfvenic laser-produced plasma and an ambient, magnetized plasma.
Farmers’ Knowledge and Perception regarding Privatization and Commercialization of Agricultural Extension Services in Delta State, Nigeria

This study examined the knowledge and perception of farmers regarding privatization and commercialization of agricultural extension services in Delta State, Nigeria. A sample size of 90 farmers in contact with extension agents was randomly selected for the study. Data for the study was collected through the use of a validated structured interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing data generated from the study. Results show that respondents had a low to moderate knowledge regarding the concept, principles and objectives of privatization and commercialization. Respondents also had a favorable perception towards privatization and commercialization of agricultural extension services. There was no significant difference in the perceptions of small, medium and large-scale farmers. The study concludes that the favorable perception held by the respondents is an indication of their willingness to accept the introduction of privatization and commercialization in agricultural extension services delivery. It therefore recommends that the government of Delta State should consider privatizing and/or commercializing agricultural extension services in the state. [Ajieh Patrick Chuks. Farmers’ Knowledge and Perception regarding Privatization and Commercialization of Agricultural Extension Services in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2012; 2(4):175-179].
Glycine transport inhibitors in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder without adequate current treatment. Recent theories of schizophrenia focus on disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission particularly at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors are regulated in vivo by the amino acids glycine and d-serine. Glycine levels, in turn, are regulated by glycine type I (GlyT1) transporters, which serve to maintain low subsaturating glycine levels in the vicinity of the NMDA receptor. A proposed approach to treatment of schizophrenia, therefore, is inhibition of GlyT1-mediated transport. Over the past decade, several well tolerated, high affinity GlyT1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in animal models relevant to schizophrenia. In addition, clinical trials have been conducted with sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a naturally occurring GlyT1 inhibitor, and with the high affinity compound RG1678. Although definitive trials remain ongoing, encouraging results to date have been reported.
Optimization of a Series of Mu Opioid Receptor (MOR) Agonists with High G Protein Signaling Bias

While mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are especially effective as broad-spectrum pain relievers, it has been exceptionally difficult to achieve a clear separation of analgesia from many problematic side effects. Recently, many groups have sought MOR agonists that induce minimal βarrestin-mediated signaling because MOR agonist-treated βarrestin2 knockout mice were found to display enhanced antinociceptive effects with significantly less respiratory depression and tachyphylaxis. Substantial data now exists to support the premise that G protein signaling biased MOR agonists can be effective analgesic agents. We recently showed that, within a chemical series, the degree of bias correlates linearly with the magnitude of the respiratory safety index. Herein we describe the synthesis and optimization of piperidine benzimidazolone MOR agonists that together display a wide range of bias (G/βarr2). We identify structural features affecting potency and maximizing bias and show that many compounds have desirable properties, such as long half-lives and high brain penetration.
The Annihilations of “Knowing” Moral Collapse: A Discussion of Papers by Deborah Sherman, Sandy Silverman, and Malin Fors

ABSTRACTThis discussion expands on the themes of annihilation and what Apprey terms the “no place” of racial- and gender-based violence. Taking examples from their clinical work, all of the authors here reflect on the terror that was instilled in the wake of the White supremacist march in Charlottesville, Virginia. The terror was not just sparked by the event but by the response of President Trump declaring there were “good people on both sides,” that is, that White supremacists were “good” people. This shift indicates a profound sense of institutional betrayal that, as Malin Fors’s paper points out, has been central to the United States since the beginning. Integrating ideas from critical race theory, this discussion asks whether psychoanalysis can function to create what Best and Hartman, reflecting on the U.S. history of slavery, termed a “fugitive justice” in the face of what this author considers to be, a foretelling of human extinction.
Assessing the Inner World of the Young Child

This chapter describes clinical approaches to accessing the inner world of the young child. Based on their lived experiences, young children develop increasingly complex internal representations of the world around them and the people in it. In turn, these representations and the “relational scripts” associated with them powerfully shape children’s ongoing interactions with others and their responses to environmental events. Insight into the child’s inner world is thus an essential component of the clinical assessment. The chapter begins with a discussion of clinical practices applicable to play-based assessment of young children, including descriptions of ways to help the child feel comfortable, the general stance of the clinician, participation of caregivers, materials that can facilitate meaningful communication, and recommendations regarding the structuring and sequencing of evaluative sessions. The chapter then turns to specific approaches to assessment, organized around two age periods: birth to age 2, and ages 2–5. Detailed descriptions are provided of the major developmental changes occurring during these age periods and of specific tools and approaches likely to be useful at each developmental level. Clinical examples are used throughout. A detailed case vignette and a summary chart of children’s play across ages 0–5 are presented at the end of the chapter.
Addressing Regional Differences in Diabetes Progression: Global Calibration for Diabetes Simulation Model

Abstract Objectives To develop a practical solution for modeling diabetes progression and account for the variations in risks of diabetes complications in different regions of the world, which is critical for model-based evaluations on the value of diabetes intervention across populations from different regions globally. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify eligible clinical trials to support calibration. The Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) model was employed to simulate diabetes complications using the baseline characteristics of each clinical trial cohort. We utilized regression methods to estimate regional variations across the United States, Europe, Asia, and other regions (eg, Latin America, Africa) in 6 outcomes: myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, angina, revascularization, and mortality. Results Regional variations were detected in 4 outcomes. Compared with other regions, individuals from the United States had higher risks of MI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]1.41–1.91) and revascularization (HR 3.6; 95% CI 2.94–4.41). Individuals from Europe had a lower risk of stroke (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.46–0.81), and individuals from other regions outside of the United States, Europe, and Asia had a lower risk of CHF (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.06–0.58). Finally, the simulated outcomes were regressed on observed outcomes using an ordinary least squares model, with an intercept (0.026), slope (1.005), and R-squared value (0.789) indicating good prediction accuracy. Conclusion Recalibrating the BRAVO model’s diabetes risk engine to account for regional differences shows improved prediction accuracy when the model is applied to multi-region populations commonly recruited for clinical trials.
Optimum on-time and off-time combinations for micropulse phacoemulsification in venturi vacuum mode

Purpose To measure the time to fragment removal and number of chatter events using various combinations of micropulse on times and off times (measured in milliseconds) of longitudinal ultrasound (US) using a venturi-based phacoemulsification system. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Pig lenses were hardened with formalin and cut into 2.0 mm cubes. The time to fragment removal (efficiency) and frequency of fragments bouncing off the tip (chatter) were measured with the venturi-based system. Micropulse longitudinal US was tested. Parameters were combinations of 5, 6, and 7 milliseconds on, with 5, 6, and 7 milliseconds off. Twenty runs each of 9 combinations were completed. Results There was a statistically significant difference between on/off duty cycle combinations. The 6 on/7 off group had higher efficiency than the 5 on/6 off and 7 on/7 off groups. Six on/5 off was more efficient than 5 on/6 off. When data were pooled and on times alone were used, 6 milliseconds on time was more efficient than 5 or 7 milliseconds. No efficiency differences in off times were found. No significant chatter differences were observed. Conclusions Using micropulse longitudinal US in venturi vacuum mode, 6 milliseconds on was the most efficient on time. Five, 6, and 7 milliseconds off times had similar efficiency. These data suggest that the most efficient setting with lowest US energy use is 6 milliseconds on and 7 milliseconds off.
Measurement of Diurnal Variation in Rod Outer Segment Length In Vivo in Mice With the OCT Optoretinogram.

Author(s): Zhang, Pengfei; Shibata, Bradley; Peinado, Gabriel; Zawadzki, Robert J; FitzGerald, Paul; Pugh, Edward N | Abstract: Purpose:To investigate diurnal variation in the length of mouse rod outer segments in vivo. Methods:The lengths of rod inner and outer segments (RIS, ROS) of dark-adapted albino mice maintained on a 12-hour dark:12-hour light cycle with light onset 7 AM were measured at prescribed times (6:30 AM, 11 AM, 3:30 PM) during the diurnal cycle with optical coherence tomography (OCT), taking advantage of increased visibility, after a brief bleaching exposure, of the bands corresponding to RIS/ROS boundaries and ROS tips (ROST). Results:Deconvolution of OCT depth profiles resolved two backscatter bands located 7.4 ± 0.1 and 10.8 ± 0.2 µm (mean ± SEM) proximal to Bruch's membrane (BrM). These bands were identified with histology as arising from the apical surface of RPE and ROST, respectively. The average length of dark-adapted ROS at 6:30 AM was 17.7 ± 0.8 µm. By 11 AM, the average ROS length had decreased by 10% to 15.9 ± 0.7 µm. After 11 AM, the ROS length increased steadily at an average rate of 0.12 µm/h, returning to baseline length by 23.5 hours in the cycle. Conclusions:The diurnal variation in ROS length measured in these experiments is consistent with prior histological investigations showing that rodent rod discs are phagocytosed by the RPE maximally over several hours around the time of normal light onset. The rate of recovery of ROS to baseline length before normal light onset is consistent with the hypothesis that disc membrane synthesis is fairly constant over the diurnal cycle.
Quantum limited source localization and pair superresolution in two dimensions under finite-emission bandwidth

Optically localizing a single quasimonochromatic source to subdiffractive precisions entails, in the photon-counting limit, a minimum photon cost that scales as the squared ratio of the width $w$ of the optical system's point-spread function (PSF) and the sought localization precision, $d$, i.e., as $\ensuremath{\alpha}{(w/d)}^{2}$. For sources with a finite emission-frequency spectrum, while the inverse quadratic scaling is expected to remain unchanged, the coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ must increase due to a degrading fidelity of localization as the imaging bandwidth increases and PSF undergoes a frequency-dependent widening. We specifically address how rapidly $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ must increase with increasing width of a flat-top spectral profile of emission of a point source being localized in two dimensions by an imager with a clear circular aperture by calculating the quantum Fisher information (QFI), whose inverse yields the lowest possible unbiased-estimation variance of source-localization error. The novel use of prolate spheroidal wave functions as a basis for obtaining a solution of the eigenvalue problem of the single-photon density operator needed for the QFI calculation helps us develop the notion of an effective dimensionality of the continuous-state problem in terms of the associated space-bandwidth parameter. We subsequently extend our considerations of QFI to treat the finite-bandwidth pair superresolution problem in two dimensions, obtaining similar results. We also consider generalizations to emission power spectra of arbitrary profiles.
Recovery from past suicide attempts: Correlates of time since the last attempt in a national sample of US adults.

Abstract Background This study takes a lifetime perspective on suicide attempts and examines correlates of years since the last attempt as a potential proxy for recovery from suicidality. Methods Data from 36,309 adults in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III were used to identify 1,924 respondents (5.3%) who reported a lifetime suicide attempt. Measures included socio-demographics, behavioral factors, and DSM-5 diagnoses, as well as the age at first attempt. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to adjust for potentially confounding effects of age and to identify independent factors associated with not attempting suicide for >1-5 years or >5 years. Results Of those who reported a lifetime suicide attempt, 7.9% reported their most recent attempt in the past year, 18.6% within 1 to 5 years, and 73.5% in greater than 5 years. While absence of lifetime substance use disorder and past year psychiatric disorder prominently characterized those with no attempt in the past 1 to 5 years, many more sociodemographic advantages additionally characterized those whose last attempt was >5 years ago, including being older, married, employed, higher incomes, no recent homelessness or criminal justice involvement, more social contacts, as well as having less past year substance use or psychiatric disorders. Limitations The retrospective, self-report design introduces the possibility of recall bias. Conclusions Almost three-fourths of people with lifetime suicide attempts have not attempted for more than 5 years. Recovery involves not only psychiatric and substance use disorders but improvements in key socio-demographics and social connectedness over many years.
Analysis of Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Identification of Mathematical Problem-Solving Tasks and Anticipated Student Solutions

According to the Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators (AMTE, 2017), teachers should first try to see problems through their students’ eyes, anticipate, understand, and analyze students’ varied ways of thinking, and respond appropriately. In this study, we engaged preservice teachers (PTs) in planning to implement problem-solving tasks; explored how they identified problem-solving tasks; and characterized their anticipated responses to those tasks. PTs’ competencies and deficiencies in selecting problem-solving tasks and anticipating solutions were described. The results inform the design of more effective interventions in math methods courses to help PTs to plan for implementation of problem-solving in their future teaching.
Kinship and Conflict: Evidence from Segmentary Lineage Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa

We test the long-standing hypothesis that ethnic groups that are organized around ‘segmentary lineages’ are more prone to conflict. Ethnographic accounts suggest that in segmentary lineage societies, which are characterized by strong allegiances to distant relatives, individuals are obligated to come to the aid of fellow lineage members when they become involved in conflicts. As a consequence, small disagreements often escalate to larger-scale conflicts involving many individuals. We test for this link between segmentary lineage and conflict across 145 African ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a number of estimation strategies, including an RD design at ethnic boundaries, we find that segmentary lineage societies experience more conflicts and particularly ones that are retaliatory, long in duration, and large in scale.
Targeting low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome with novel therapeutic strategies

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of hematopoietic disorders with limited treatment options. Anemia is a common symptom in MDS, and although erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as erythropoietin, lenalidomide, and luspatercept are available to treat anemia, many MDS patients do not respond to these first-line therapies. Therefore, alternative drug development strategies are needed to improve therapeutic efficacy. Splicing modulators to correct splicing-related defects have shown promising results in clinical trials. Targeting differentiation of early erythroid progenitors to increase the erythroid output in MDS is another novel approach, which has shown encouraging results at the pre-clinical stage. Together, these therapeutic strategies provide new avenues to target MDS symptoms untreatable previously.
The association between recurrent antibiotic exposure and cancer risk.

e12638 Background: Bacterial dysbiosis was previously described in malignant lesions in humans. In a recent animal model, tumor susceptibility was transmitted using fecal transplantation. Our aim w...
Proof normalization for resolution and paramodulation

We prove the refutation completeness of restricted versions of resolution and paramodulation for first-order predicate logic with equality. Furthermore, we show that these inference rules can be combined with various deletion and simplification rules, such as rewriting, without compromising refutation completeness. The techniques employed in the completeness proofs are based on proof normalization and proof orderings.
Defining Sex and Abstinence

Abstract When does abstinence end and sexual activity begin? In previous generations, the continuum of sexual activity was well-defined in the old baseball analogy. Teens, parents, and teachers knew what going to first, second, or third base involved. For the current generation of young people, sex and abstinence are not so well-defined. As parents and educators, we use these terms without precise and clear definitions of what we mean or in what context we are using them. The activity shared in this article is one method educators can use to promote discussion about sex, abstinence, and sexual activity.