cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mental Health from the Self-Regulation Perspective; What Research on Heart Rate Variability Revealed about the Interaction between Self-Regulation and Executive Attention Dysfunction In Acute Kidney Injury And Sex-Specific Implications

Dysfunctional self-regulation has been proposed to be the hallmark of almost all types of poor mental health. Although many prominent researchers have emphasized the role that executive attention control plays in self-regulation, the link between the two in mental health has been less apparent. According to the neurovisceral integration model, cardiac vagal tone, which refers to the parasympathetic influence on the heart at rest, can indicate the functional integrity of self- regulatory systems. A series of recent experiments demonstrate how individual differences in cardiac vagal tone indexed by heart rate variability (HRV) were associated with a varying degree of attentional control to emotional stimuli. The current paper reviewed recent research findings that showed how HRV modulated key components of executive control. These new findings provide evidence linking self-regulatory capacity and executive control, which may play an important role in supporting healthy mental health. American Psychiatric Association defines mental illnesses as “health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities.” 2 Unfortunately, the number of people affected by mental illness is staggering and increasing at an alarming rate. According to the American Psychiatric Association 2 , nearly one in five (19 percent) U.S. adults experience some form of mental illness in a given year. One in 24 (4.1 percent) percent of individuals are being diagnosed with debilitating mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression and one in 12 (8.5 percent) with a substance use disorder. There is a growing body of literature showing that dysfunctional self-regulation is one of the important contributing factors of the etiology and maintenance of various mental illness. 1, 2-6 Self- regulation refers to the ability to regulate cognition, emotion, and behavior to make an adaptive response to meet constantly changing environmental demands, which has been recognized as a key concept that helps understand human development and psychopathologies. 1, 7-9, 10-11 Of particular interest is the link between attention and self-regulation. Attention involves selecting and focusing on information, which shapes and guides thoughts and actions. 10, 12-13 Also, attention plays a critical role in producing self-regulatory responses not only by selecting and focusing on stimuli in the physical environment but also by internally modulating cognitive processes of different information processing. 10
Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces and Schottky Barriers

Over the past several years, experimental techniques from surface science, materials science, and solid state physics have brought significant progress in understanding the microscopic properties and behavior of metal/semiconductor interfaces. The outstand ing conclusion from this research is that these interfaces are chemically reactive and that this reactivity plays the dominant role in determining both microscopic properties of the interface (such as composition, atomic structure, and electronic structure) and macroscopic characteristics of the contact (such as electrical properties, lattice phase of the reaction product, and epitaxy). The interfacial reaction chemistry can be rather diverse, involving interdiffusion of metal and semiconductor, the formation of compound phases at the interface, as well as partial reaction and mixed phases. The case of transition metal/Si interfaces is discussed in particular detail, because the elemental character of the semiconductor and the formation of well-defined silicide compounds has made the interpretation of results more definitive. Though necessarily more complex, metal/III–V semiconductor interfaces display corresponding chemical behavior. Attempts to understand the microscopic mechanisms which control the Schottky barrier electrical properties of metal/semiconductor interfaces have also begun to focus on the relation between interfacial chemistry and barrier height, although a clear explanation is not yet available, either for elemental or III–V semiconductors.
Model-free control and staging for real-time energy efficient operation of a variable refrigerant flow system with multiple outdoor units

Abstract This paper presents a model-free control and automatic staging strategy for the operation of a variable refrigerant flow system with multiple outdoor units, which maximizes energy efficiency in real time and handles the outdoor-unit operation during load changes. An extremum seeking controller is used to minimize the total power consumption in real time while the thermal load is regulated with inner loop controllers. Minimization of power with extremum seeking control leads naturally to manipulated input behavior that can be utilized to develop control logic for two aspects of multi-outdoor-unit operation in model-free manner: (1) automatically stage off the outdoor unit with least efficient compressor, and (2) automatically switch the operation of outdoor-unit heat exchanger between the evaporating and condensing mode for simultaneous heating and cooling. As the extremum seeking controller can drive the least-efficient compressor to a lower capacity, the outdoor unit with the least efficient compressor can thus be identified and turned off in a model-free manner under a decreasing load. Under simultaneous heating and cooling operation, the fan speed of the least efficient outdoor-unit heat exchanger will be lower than all other outdoor units, which indicates that the heat exchanger can be switched between operation as a condenser and evaporator to achieve thermal balance for higher efficiency. The proposed strategy is evaluated using a Modelica model of a variable-refrigerant-flow system that consists of three outdoor units and 12 indoor units. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated with the simulation study.
Longitudinal Analysis of the T-cell Receptor Repertoire in Graft-infiltrating Lymphocytes Following Hand Transplantation.

Author(s): Kim, Joseph Y; Lei, Zhengdeng; Maienschein-Cline, Mark; Chlipala, George E; Balamurugan, Arumugam; McDiarmid, Sue V; Azari, Kodi; Yang, Otto O | Abstract: BackgroundT lymphocyte-mediated acute rejection is a significant complication following solid organ transplantation. Standard methods of monitoring for acute rejection rely on assessing histological tissue damage but do not define the immunopathogenesis. Additionally, current therapies for rejection broadly blunt cellular immunity, creating a high risk for opportunistic infections. There is, therefore, a need to better understand the process of acute cellular rejection to help develop improved prognostic tests and narrowly targeted therapies.MethodsThrough next-generation sequencing, we characterized and compared the clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GILs) and blood-derived lymphocytes from a hand transplant recipient over 420 days following transplantation. We also tracked the TCR clonal persistence and V beta (BV) gene usage, evaluating overlap between these 2 compartments.ResultsTCR repertoires of blood and GIL populations remained distinct throughout the sampling period, and differential BV usage was consistently seen between these compartments. GIL TCR clones persisted over time and were seen in only limited frequency in the blood T-lymphocyte populations.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that blood monitoring of TCR clones does not reveal the pathogenic process of acute cellular rejection in transplanted tissue. GILs show clonal persistence with biased BV usage, suggesting that tissue TCR clonal monitoring could be useful, although a deeper understanding is necessary to prognosticate rejection based on TCR clonal repertoires. Finally, the distinct TCR BV usage bias in GILs raises the possibility for prevention and therapy of acute cellular rejection based on targeting of specific TCR clones.
Prevalence of Dentofacial Injuries and Concussions Among College Athletes and Their Perceptions of Mouthguards.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of dento-facial injuries and concussions among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division 1 college athletes and their perceptions of mouth-guards and their protection role in injury prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS A specific survey regarding the experiences of dento-facial injuries and concussions, attitudes towards the mouthguards, and knowledge of dental first aid was distributed to 682 NCAA division I college athletes registered at Columbia University. The independent predictor variable was sport type (contact versus noncontact). The dependent outcome variables were dental injury rate, facial injury rate, concussion rate, mouthguard use, knowledge of dental first aid. Chi-squared and independent sample tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean age of the athletes was 19.4 years (range: 17 to 22). 107 (47.6%) athletes were male. Only 62 (27.6%) athletes reported mouthguard use during gameplay. The most popular choice of mouthguard was the mouth-molded type (56.7%). Mouthguard use was significantly more prevalent among contact sport athletes (43.3% versus 1.2%; P < 0.01). Contact sport athletes were more likely to experience dental injuries (14.3% versus 0.0%; P < 0.01)., facial injuries (35.0% versus 6.2%; p < 0.01), and concussions (32.6% versus 2.4%; P < 0.01) relative to noncontact sport athletes. No significant difference was identified between contact and noncontact sport athletes with regards to knowledge of dental first aid. CONCLUSIONS Contact sport athletes are significantly more inclined to suffer dento-facial injuries and concussions relative to noncontact sport athletes. Thus, mouthguard use and knowledge of dental first aid should be particularly reinforced amongst contact sport athletes.
A 256-Element Ku-Band Polarization Agile SATCOM Receive Phased Array With Wide-Angle Scanning and High Polarization Purity

This article presents a Ku-band phased-array receive tile with 256 elements. The design is based on 64 dual-polarized beamformer chips assembled on a printed circuit board (PCB) with dual-polarized antennas and an integrated Wilkinson combiner network and can operate at any polarization (linear, rotated-linear, and circular). The 256 elements are spaced $0.52\lambda $ apart at 12.7 GHz in the $x$ - and $y$ -directions. The measured patterns show near ideal patterns with a wide beam scanning range of ±70° (V- and H-pol) and a high cross-polarization rejection of 27 dB. The array has a 3-dB instantaneous scanning bandwidth of 10.6–12.5 GHz. In circular polarization mode, the measured axial ratio (AR) is 0.5 dB at 11.75 GHz for both left- and right-hand circular polarizations. The tile design is scalable to allow large-scale phased-array construction with 1024 elements or higher. Extensive measurements are presented, showing the versatility of this approach. Also, the dual-polarization feeds can be optimized to result in very low cross-polarization for circular and slanted-linear polarizations at all scan angles. The array performance, compact size, ultralightweight of 258 g, and low profile with 3.5-mm thickness make it suitable for affordable mobile Ku-band SATCOM on the move (SOTM) terminals.
Measuring Change in Rural Communities: Objective and Subjective Approaches

Each year some communities grow while others decline. This change can be measured in two ways: using objective measures such as population change or using subjective measures such as the residents' perceptions of change. This study used both subjective and objective measures to assess the effect of community change in two areas: the demographic characteristics of the residents and the attitudes of residents toward the growth processes of migration and fertility. The population change measure and residents' perceptions of change were related but not identical. Twoway analyses of variance showed that population change is most sensitive when focusing upon the demographic characteristics of residents. However, when examining residents' attitudes toward migration and fertility, the residents' perceptions of change are more sensitive. A model for incorporating both subjective and objective approaches to studying change, and implications of the model for practitioners are presented.
Vertical Transmission of HIV and Therapeutic Interventions

More than 20 yr into the HIV/AIDS pandemic, both prevalence and incidence rates continue to climb steadily—in some regions more rapidly than in others. As of the end of 2004, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS reported the total number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS worldwide was 38 million people; of whom, 17 million were women and 2.1 million were children younger than 15 yr of age. In 2003 alone, there were an estimated 4.8 million new infections, and, of these, 48% were in women and 19% were in children (1 . The burden of HIV disease falls disproportionately on the developing world, which is home to more than 95% of individuals infected with HIV. The situation is most bleak in the sub-Saharan African region, where 25 million of the 38 million global HIV infections are estimated to have occurred. In 2003, Africa saw 2.2 million deaths from AIDS (1 . Antenatal sentinel data indicate a contiguous belt in sub-Saharan Africa, stretching from Uganda southwards toward Botswana and South Africa, in which HIV prevalence rates are far higher than any other region. In the socalled HIV belt, the proportion of the (urban) population infected with HIV is between 15 and 30%, with significant urban-rural differentials (2).
Insane Fear: The Discriminatory Category of "Mentally Ill and Dangerous"

This article considers the constitutional and moral implications of the distinction the law draws between different classes of dangerous people, depending upon their status as mentally ill or mentally well. Those who are mentally well benefit from the right to freedom from incarceration unless and until they commit a crime. By contrast, dangerous people who are mentally ill are subject to potentially indefinite "civil" preemptive confinement. In a relatively recent case, Kansas v. Hendricks, the United States Supreme Court upheld the post-prison civil confinement of Leroy Hendricks, a man who had served prison time after pleading guilty to child molestation. This decision calls into serious question the continuing vitality of the line drawn between criminal and civil confinements. The article argues that this move is an appropriate one, though it carries with it the risk of generalized preventive detention. In safeguarding our liberty, the article concludes that we must tighten the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of the "dangerousness" criterion for civil confinement rather than relying upon the status of mental illness to protect our liberty from incarceration.
T-lymphocyte induction of non-T cell-mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity: II. A clinical study of a severe combined immunodeficiency patient maintained in a gnotobiotic environment

Abstract Lymphocytes from a patient with severe, combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) were evaluated for T-cell induction of non-T-cell production of lymphotoxin. Sheep erythrocyte rosetting of lymphocytes from the SCID patient caused the release of E-rosetting supernatant, a soluble factor which induced autologous and normal allogeneic non-T cells to produce a lymphotoxin-like product. Evidence is presented that T-cell regulation of non-T-cell lymphotoxin production occurs in the absence of detectable cellular and humoral immunocompetence.
Parenteral immunization causes antigen-specific cell-mediated suppression of an intestinal IgA response.

Rats immunized s.c. with cholera toxin (CT) or toxoid (CTd) show antigen-specific suppression of the jejunal IgA anti-CT response to subsequent enteric doses of CT. We determined whether this effect was partly cell-mediated and studied the suppressor cell response involved. Spleen cells from s.c.-immunized rats suppressed the jejunal anti-CT response in adoptive recipients when cell transfer was at, or 4 days before, intraduodenal priming with CT. Transferred suppression was antigen-specific, and the suppressor cells were nylon wool-nonadherent. Increasing the s.c. dose of CT from 0.1 to 40 micrograms, and the interval between immunization and cell harvest from 2 to 16 wk, each increased the suppressive effect of a constant spleen cell inoculum. After s.c. immunization, suppressor cells were present in the spleen within 1 to 2 wk, among TDL within 4 to 8 wk, and in Peyer's patches and thymus within 8 to 16 wk; this sequence suggested they arose in the spleen and later migrated to mucosae and the thymus. Prior splenectomy did not alter the suppressive effect of s.c. CT, however, nor did it prevent suppressor cell appearance among TDL, indicating that suppressor cells also arose from nonsplenic sites. Transferred suppressor cells acted by interfering with the development of specific immunologic memory within Peyer's patches during enteric priming; transfer of suppressor cells at the time of enteric boosting had no effect upon the secondary mucosal anti-CT response. We conclude that the suppressive effect of s.c. immunization on a specific mucosal IgA response is due largely to the action of systemically derived suppressor cells upon the primary mucosal immune response within Peyer's patches. This sequence resembles the mirror image of oral tolerance, which involves the suppression of systemic IgG and IgM responses by suppressor cells that arise in Peyer's patches and migrate to the spleen after antigen feeding.
Human rights and power amid protest and change in the Arab world

The stunning popular uprisings in the Arab world in 2011 inaugurated an era of protest, revolutions and political transitions, on the one hand, and heightened repression, civil war and renewed authoritarianism, on the other. During this era the human rights paradigm was often at the fore of political and social contests, repeatedly being claimed, co-opted and appropriated. This paper argues that within the Middle East’s uprisings and transitions, deployments of human rights had notable emancipatory effects; yet invocations of the discourse continued to emerge from, converge with or (re)produce various power-laden domestic and international political dynamics. The human rights paradigm served as a primary discourse of the most serious challenge to Arab authoritarianism and its Western sponsorship in contemporary history, with the outcome in Tunisia exemplifying its potential to influence both the processes and substance of genuine political change. The period’s events and ethos also created openings for ri...
Triangulated finite difference methods for global-scale electromagnetic induction simulations of whole mantle electrical heterogeneity

Long-period, global-scale electromagnetic induction data have long been recognized as containing potentially useful information for constraining our understanding of the dynamics and physiochemical state of Earth's deep interior. A key component to realizing the potential of this data set is the ability to compute the induction response of a fully 3-D Earth mantle in global spherical geometries. In this contribution a novel finite difference method is described which preserves many algorithmic advantages of staggered grid discretizations in Cartesian computational electromagnetics but is generalized for the sphere by introducing a hybrid, tensor product mesh consisting of concentrically nested, triangulated, spherical shells topologically connected node-for-node in the radial direction. Such a discretization allows for a flexible distribution of mesh nodes in the lateral sense and avoids the problems associated with excessive node density near the poles which results from conformally mapping the standard Cartesian mesh. Modified finite difference templates for spherical geometries are derived and presented, as is a comparison with integral equation solutions for a simple double-hemisphere test model. As a first step toward applying the algorithm for mantle induction studies, results of a conservative, thermally activated mantle heterogeneity model confirm that mantle structure remains observable in the presence of the strongly conductive ocean and may manifest important, diagnostic signatures in the orientation of the horizontal component of induced magnetic field.
Topology-Based Routing for Xmesh in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

Large wireless sensor networks can contain hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes. Due to wireless sensor network’s properties of low-energy-efficiency, large-scale, low cost, and lossy nature, the development of efficient routing protocols for these large and dense wireless sensor networks is an interesting research topic. This research focuses on the design and implementation of protocols for dense and wireless sensor networks. More specifically, we propose to combine an underlying topology with Xmesh, the multihop routing strategy of Crossbow Technology’s motes. In an effort to limit the path lengths, we propose to impose an underlying connectivity graph for Xmesh. The underlying connectivity graph is a virtual topology of the network, hence the name “topology-based routing.” Instead of being always forwarded to the node with the best link quality among all neighbors, a packet is being routed according to the shortest path routing of the underlying graph which guarantees a bounded path length. Cayley graphs from the Borel subgroup have been known as the densest degree-4 graphs and all Cayley graphs are vertex transitive. In this work, we propose a topology-based routing for Xmesh with Cayley graphs as the underlying topology. We show that, indeed, by imposing a Cayley graph as an underlying graph, the average path lengths between nodes is smaller and that the averaged power consumed is less than the original Xmesh.
Identification of AMPK Phosphorylation Sites Reveals a Network of Proteins Involved in Cell Invasion and Facilitates Large-Scale Substrate Prediction

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central energy gauge that regulates metabolism and has been increasingly involved in non-metabolic processes and diseases. However, AMPK's direct substrates in non-metabolic contexts are largely unknown. To better understand the AMPK network, we use a chemical genetics screen coupled to a peptide capture approach in whole cells, resulting in identification of direct AMPK phosphorylation sites. Interestingly, the high-confidence AMPK substrates contain many proteins involved in cell motility, adhesion, and invasion. AMPK phosphorylation of the RHOA guanine nucleotide exchange factor NET1A inhibits extracellular matrix degradation, an early step in cell invasion. The identification of direct AMPK phosphorylation sites also facilitates large-scale prediction of AMPK substrates. We provide an AMPK motif matrix and a pipeline to predict additional AMPK substrates from quantitative phosphoproteomics datasets. As AMPK is emerging as a critical node in aging and pathological processes, our study identifies potential targets for therapeutic strategies.
Utilization of ST-segment deviation sum and change scores to identify acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Objective No information is currently available regarding the optimal cutoff values of the baseline ST-segment deviation sum (STDsum baseline ) and 60-minute ST-segment deviation change (STDchange 60min ) for predicting acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods A retrospective study was performed in 783 admitted patients with chest pain who had suspected acute coronary syndrome and absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or bundle branch block on the initial electrocardiogram (ECG). The STDsum baseline was defined as the sum in millimeters (1 mm=0.1 mV) of the absolute value of ST-segment deviations in all 12 leads at the initiation of continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring session. The STDchange 60min was defined as the absolute value of the difference between the baseline and 60-minute STDsum. Three cutoff values are reported and represent the smallest values in which the positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for AMI was greater than or equal to 5, 10, and 20, respectively. Results Acute myocardial infarction occurred in 162 (20.7%) patients. The smallest cutoff value of the STDsum baseline for AMI with a +LR equal to or greater than 5, 10, and 20 was 9.6, 12.4, and 14.1 mm, respectively. In the subset of 699 patients without ST-segment elevation AMI on initial ECG, the smallest cutoff value of the STDchange 60min for AMI with a +LR equal to or greater than 5, 10, and 20 was 2.4, 3.5, and 7.9 mm, respectively. Conclusions Clinical studies need to be performed to determine if STDsum and STDchange, in conjunction with physician pretest probability of AMI, can be used to select patients who may benefit from emergent reperfusion therapy and other aggressive medical management strategies.
Aqueous solubilities of some variously substituted quinolone antimicrobials

The fluorinated 4-quinolones are a group of orally active antimicrobials, which are active against a wide range of gram-negative organisms and gram-positive cocci. These compounds are essentially zwitterions at physiological pH and, therefore, in their lowest state of solubility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the solubility of a series of the fluoroquinolones as a function of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The aqueous solubilities (μ = 0.15 with NaCI) at 25 and 37°C, the apparent macroscopic dissociation constants (μ = 0.15 with NaCl), and the melting points of a series of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials were determined. The intrinsic solubility (μ = 0.15 with NaCl) at 25°C for this group of compounds was found to range from 1.28 × 10−4 M (0.0297 mg ml−1) to 7.64 × 10−3 M (2.75 mg ml−1). At pH values between 5 and 7, if the solubility of quinolone was greater than 5 mg ml−1, the observed solubility was greater than that predicted by theory. At pH values below 5, there was evidence of the salt forms of the quinolones limiting the solubilities. The effect of NaCl on the solubility of lomefloxacin mesylate was studied and showed that increasing ionic strength may suppress the solubility more than could be explained by the common-ion effect alone. The apparent macroscopic dissociation constants (μ = 0.15 with NaCl) were found to range from 5.46 to 6.30 for the carboxylic acid function. The range of apparent macroscopic dissociation constants for the piperazinyl function was found to be 9.0 ± 0.3 for all compounds except those with a methyl substituent on the piperazinyl nitrogen, in which case, the range was 7.8 ± 0.4.
A Versatile Prokaryotic Cloning Vector with Six Dual Restriction Enzyme Sites in the Polylinker Facilitates Efficient Subcloning into Vectors with Unique Cloning Sites

Abstract In large and complex vectors a single restriction enzyme recognition site may be available for introduction of additional DNA requiring the development of linker fragments to create compatible insertion sites. This technology can be time consuming and costly. We describe the construction of a simple phagemid, pSFI, with a polylinker that contains six pairs of dual, rare-cutting, restriction enzyme recognition sites (NotI,SpeI,EcoRV,PstI,SacII,EagI) with multiple unique sites between each pair. This has permitted rapid subcloning of DNA with creation of single flanking restriction enzyme sites. pSFI was used to expedite transfer of viral genes to a LacZ-inducible expression vector and to an adenovirus expression cassette for production of replication-defective virus. The use of this phagemid has facilitated complex vector manipulations and is a valuable adjunct to the family of multifunctional cloning vectors.
A Comparison Of LiNbo 3 And III-V Semiconductor Technologies For Integrated Optics

The relative merits of LiNb0 3 and III-V semiconductors are compared for use in integrated optics. It is shown that their different material properties and fabrication characteristics affect their device performance. Device design must be optimized for the particular material used.
The utility of Bayesian predictive probabilities for interim monitoring of clinical trials.

BackgroundBayesian predictive probabilities can be used for interim monitoring of clinical trials to estimate the probability of observing a statistically significant treatment effect if the trial were to continue to its predefined maximum sample size.PurposeWe explore settings in which Bayesian predictive probabilities are advantageous for interim monitoring compared to Bayesian posterior probabilities, p-values, conditional power, or group sequential methods.ResultsFor interim analyses that address prediction hypotheses, such as futility monitoring and efficacy monitoring with lagged outcomes, only predictive probabilities properly account for the amount of data remaining to be observed in a clinical trial and have the flexibility to incorporate additional information via auxiliary variables.LimitationsComputational burdens limit the feasibility of predictive probabilities in many clinical trial settings. The specification of prior distributions brings additional challenges for regulatory approval.Concl...
Atypical Epstein-Barr viral genomic structure in lymphoma tissue and lymphoid cell lines

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is found within the malignant cells of some subtypes of lymphoma, and viral presence is being exploited for improved diagnosis, monitoring, and management of affected patients. Recent work suggests that viral genomic polymorphism, such as partial deletion of the viral genome, could interfere with virus detection in tumor tissues. To test for atypical forms of the EBV genome, 98 lymphomas and 6 infected cell lines were studied using a battery of 6 quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting disparate sections of EBV DNA. Fifty of the lymphomas (51%) had no amplifiable EBV DNA, and 38 lymphomas (39%) had low-level EBV infection that was deemed incidental based on EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization results. The remaining 10 lymphomas (10%) had high EBV loads and EBER localization to malignant cells by EBER in situ hybridization. All 10 represented lymphoma subtypes were previously associated with EBV (Burkitt, diffuse large B-cell, or T-cell type), whereas no remnants of EBV were detected in other lymphoma subtypes (follicular, small lymphocytic, mantle cell, or marginal zone type). Interestingly, 4 of the 10 infected lymphomas had evidence of atypical viral genomes, including 3 of 4 infected T-cell lymphomas with aberrant loss of LMP2 amplicons, and a single diffuse large B-cell lymphoma lacking the central part of the viral genome spanning BamH1W, BZLF1, and EBNA1 gene segments. A reasonable screening strategy for infected malignancy involves applying EBER1 and LMP1 quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and confirming that values exceeding 2000 copies of EBV per 100,000 cells have EBER localization to malignant cells.
Global coherence in younger and older adults: Influence of cognitive processes and discourse type.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present research was to examine the influence of cognitive processes on discourse global coherence ability measured across different discourse tasks and collected from younger (n = 40; 20–39 years) and older (n = 40; 70–87 years) cognitively healthy adults. Study participants produced oral language samples in response to five commonly used discourse elicitation tasks and they were analyzed for maintenance of global coherence. Participants also completed memory and attention measures. Group differences on the global coherence scale were found for only one type of discourse—recounts. Across discourse elicitation tasks the lowest global coherence scores were found for recounts compared to the other discourse elicitation tasks. The influence of cognitive processes on maintenance of global coherence differed for the two age groups. For the younger group, there were no observed significant relationships. For the older group, cognitive measures were related to global coherence of stori...
Preoperative donation of autologous blood: Technique, experience, and community applications

Preoperative donation of autologous blood (PDAB) is the technique of choice for the transfusion of autologous blood for the maxillofacial surgeon. The use of PDAB is increasing, but lack of preoperative planning and lack of available utilization protocols are obstacles to its more widespread use. A technique for PDAB, a review of our experience, and guidelines for community applications are presented.
Photo-oxidation of desaspidin sensitized by chlorophyll.

The uncoupler desaspidin is labile in the presence of oxidants at alkaline pH values. It also undergoes chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation at a more acid pH. The products of the oxidation appear to have negligible activity in inhibiting electron transfer and photophosphorylation.Failure of desaspidin to uncouple in the presence of oxidants used as cofactors of noncyclic electron flow is presumably the result of this irreversible degradation of the desaspidin molecule during the early minutes of illumination or preincubation.
Updating clinical knowledge: An evaluation of current information alerting services

Abstract Purpose Clinicians are overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude of new clinical information that is available on a daily basis. Despite the availability of information tools for finding this information and for updating clinical knowledge, no study has examined the quality of current information alerting services. Methods We developed a 7-item checklist based on the principles of evidence-based medicine and assessed content validity with experts and face validity with practicing clinicians and clinician researchers. A list of clinical information updating tools (push tools) was generated in a systematic fashion and the checklist was used to rate the quality of these tools by two independent raters. Prior to rating all instruments, the raters were trained to achieve good agreement (>80%) by applying the checklist to two sets of three randomly selected tools. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the quality of the identified tools and inter-rater reliability was assessed using Intraclass Correlation (ICC). Results Eighteen tools were identified using our systematic search. The average quality of these tools was 2.72 (range 0–7). Only two tools met all suggested criteria for quality. Inter-rater reliability for the 7-item checklist was .82 (ICC). Conclusions We developed a checklist that can be used to reliably assess the quality of clinical information updating tools. We found many shortcomings in currently available clinical knowledge updating tools. Ideally, these tools will evolve in the direction of applying basic evidence-based medicine principles to new medical information in order to increase their usefulness to clinicians.
Inhibition of γ-[3H]aminobutyric acid uptake by organotin compounds in vitro

Abstract Trimethyltin, its tetra-, di-, and monomethyl analogs, inorganic tin (Sn II and Sn IV), triethyltin, tripropyltin, tributyltin, and triphenyltin were tested for their ability in inhibiting the uptake of γ-[ 3 H]aminobutyric acid (GABA) into mouse forebrain synaptosomes in vitro . All organotins containing three carbontin bonds were potent inhibitors of [ 3 H]GABA uptake with IC50 values ranging from 10 −4 to 10 −6 m . Various thiol and sulfur compounds, particularly sodium sulfide, were capable of antagonizing the inhibitory effect of triphenyltin and, to a minor extent, of other organotins. All triorganotins also inhibited Na + ,K + -ATPase, measured by binding of [ 3 H]ouabain and by hydrolysis of ATP. Although a correlation between inhibition of ouabain binding and GABA uptake by organotins could be found, inhibition of [ 3 H]GABA uptake by the specific inhibitors ouabain and strophantidin was qualitatively and quantitatively different from organotins. These results suggest that all triorganotins are capable of inhibiting synaptosomal [ 3 H]GABA uptake in vitro by a mechanism involving, but not exclusively, inhibition of Na + ,K + -ATPase. The role of [ 3 H]GABA uptake inhibition in the neurotoxicity of organotins remains to be determined.
The complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of porcine parvovirus, strain NADL-2

The complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of porcine parvovirus, strain NADL-2, was determined. The nucleotide sequence organization of the viral genome was found to be similar to that of the other autonomous parvoviruses, such as canine parvovirus and minute virus of mice.
Online Stimulus Optimization Rapidly Reveals Multidimensional Selectivity in Auditory Cortical Neurons

Neurons in sensory brain regions shape our perception of the surrounding environment through two parallel operations: decomposition and integration. For example, auditory neurons decompose sounds by separately encoding their frequency, temporal modulation, intensity, and spatial location. Neurons also integrate across these various features to support a unified perceptual gestalt of an auditory object. At higher levels of a sensory pathway, neurons may select for a restricted region of feature space defined by the intersection of multiple, independent stimulus dimensions. To further characterize how auditory cortical neurons decompose and integrate multiple facets of an isolated sound, we developed an automated procedure that manipulated five fundamental acoustic properties in real time based on single-unit feedback in awake mice. Within several minutes, the online approach converged on regions of the multidimensional stimulus manifold that reliably drove neurons at significantly higher rates than predefined stimuli. Optimized stimuli were cross-validated against pure tone receptive fields and spectrotemporal receptive field estimates in the inferior colliculus and primary auditory cortex. We observed, from midbrain to cortex, increases in both level invariance and frequency selectivity, which may underlie equivalent sparseness of responses in the two areas. We found that onset and steady-state spike rates increased proportionately as the stimulus was tailored to the multidimensional receptive field. By separately evaluating the amount of leverage each sound feature exerted on the overall firing rate, these findings reveal interdependencies between stimulus features as well as hierarchical shifts in selectivity and invariance that may go unnoticed with traditional approaches.
The discovery and profile of PF-0868087, a CNS-sparing histamine H3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

We wished to identify a CNS-sparing histamine H3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. We aimed for compounds with low permeability, high solubility, that were substrates for the BBB efflux transporters MDR-1 and BCRP. The key lead PF-0868087 demonstrated over a 10-fold CNS-sparing profile in 2 preclinical species.
Programmable chemical controllers made from DNA

Biological organisms use complex molecular networks to navigate their environment and regulate their internal state. The development of synthetic systems with similar capabilities could lead to applications such as smart therapeutics or fabrication methods based on self-organization. To achieve this, molecular control circuits need to be engineered to perform integrated sensing, computation and actuation. Here we report a DNA-based technology for implementing the computational core of such controllers. We use the formalism of chemical reaction networks as a 'programming language' and our DNA architecture can, in principle, implement any behaviour that can be mathematically expressed as such. Unlike logic circuits, our formulation naturally allows complex signal processing of intrinsically analogue biological and chemical inputs. Controller components can be derived from biologically synthesized (plasmid) DNA, which reduces errors associated with chemically synthesized DNA. We implement several building-block reaction types and then combine them into a network that realizes, at the molecular level, an algorithm used in distributed control systems for achieving consensus between multiple agents.
Education, equipment modification and injury control among farm workers in Kentucky

Abstract Stallones L., 1989. Education, equipment modification and injury control among farm workers in Kentucky. Journal of Occupational Accidents., 10 000-000. Little evaluation of education programs targeted at safety of agricultural workers has been attempted. Further, there is very little reported regarding evaluation of equipment modification in reducing agricultural injuries. This paper presents an intervention classification strategy using existing data to begin the process of designing an appropriate surveillance scheme for fatal and nonfatal agricultural injuries in Kentucky. For fatal agricultural injuries occurring between 1979–1985, 31.9% were classified as requiring intervention by “education only”, 26.3% were classified as requiring intervention including “education and equipment modification”, and 36.6% were classified as requiring “equipment modification only”, in order to reduce severity or prevent the injuries. For nonfatal agricultural injuries which occurred on a random sample of Kentucky farms during 1978, 43.8% were classified as requiring “education only”, 44.9% were classified as requiring “education and equipment modification”, and only 11.2% requiring “equipment modification only” as intervention strategies for prevention or reduction of severity of the injuries. Existing data can be used to begin the evaluation process but ongoing surveillance systems must be designed with intervention strategies as one consideration in order that appropriate data be obtained.
One-Way Street: Childhood and Improvisation at the Close of the Book

Walter Benjamin's One-Way Street emerges from a profoundly subversive orientation in his thought. It is the application in the present of a skeptical posture toward the European cultural legacy, a skeptical posture typical of Benjamin in his relation to the university institution. The proximity of One-Way Street to disruptions in the processes securing cultural transmission appears in the transformation of the book's relation to Gershom Scholem and Asja Lacis, the antithetical colleagues closest to Benjamin at the time he wrote it. The satirical force originally associated with his student friend Scholem and their shared parody the “University of Muri” gives way to an ever greater sensitivity to childhood per se as a principle of counter-experience, a sensitivity Benjamin found embodied in Asja Lacis's proletarian children's theater. At the intersection of the satiric university that debunks all prior authority and the proletarian children's theater that vests an unexpected pedagogic potency in the future...
Random matrix theory in statistics: A review

Abstract We give an overview of random matrix theory (RMT) with the objective of highlighting the results and concepts that have a growing impact in the formulation and inference of statistical models and methodologies. This paper focuses on a number of application areas especially within the field of high-dimensional statistics and describes how the development of the theory and practice in high-dimensional statistical inference has been influenced by the corresponding developments in the field of RMT.
How to profit from new trends in treasury management

What are the latest trends in treasury management? The authors take a comprehensive look at what's happening today, and how you can profit from it. By staying ahead of the curve, you can manage successfully in any business environment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hedonic pricing with redevelopment options: A new approach to estimating depreciation effects

Abstract The standard hedonic model of durable assets is a special case of a more general model that contains two additive terms: (1) use value of the existing hedonic vector and (2) the value of the option to reconfigure hedonic characteristics. One empirical implication is that the two parts of value are related: e.g., use value increases with interior area whereas option value decreases with “intensity,” the ratio of structure value divided by land value. Increases in building age reduce use value but increase option value. Data from Greenwich Connecticut indicate that intensity has the expected negative effect. Coefficients on building age are shown to be better measures of depreciation when intensity variables are included in the regression.
The ‘amelioration’ of child labor, ‘a modest proposal’

More than 317 million children between the age of 5 and 17 are working in the world. Child labor is a persistent phenomenon, even though its incidence has subsided with economic development. In this paper, we conduct a panel study of 101 countries from 1980 to 2004 where child labor is proxied by the labor force participation of children aged 10–14. We look at the relationships between child labor and investments in human capital, foreign direct investments, countries’ openness to trade, and credit market constraints. We depart from the contributions of cross-country studies by employing a fixed effects instrumental variable (FE-IV) panel data model by employing a fixed effects instrumental variable (FE-IV) panel data model to account for unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of child labor and individual country-specific effects. We find support for the conclusions of the above-mentioned studies: countries that trade more and have a higher stock of foreign direct investment have less child labor. More...
Bacterial Culture and Evaluation of Diseases of Fish

This article presents primary bacterial fish pathogens as well as an outline for diagnosing bacterial diseases. In addition, methods for culturing fish are explained.
Has equity been achieved? Salary and promotion negotiation practices of a national sample of school psychology university faculty.

Psychologists are likely to consider issues of compensation when considering employment at a university. Correspondingly, this study explored the salary and promotion negotiation practices of female and male school psychology university faculty members. In all, 191 female and 115 male faculty members completed a survey regarding negotiation practices and job satisfaction. Although significantly more faculty members reported successful salary negotiations than failed attempts, results suggest that female faculty members earn significantly less than do their male colleagues, controlling for years of experience. No gender differences were found regarding participants' willingness to negotiate for increased salary; however, male faculty members were more likely to negotiate for a promotion. Of those individuals who perceived a negative response for salary negotiation, more female faculty members reported that their gender contributed to the negative response. The positive relation between job satisfaction and...