cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The radiology class of 2005: postresidency plans.

Purpose To examine the postresidency plans of the radiology residency class of 2005, including influences on and trends in the decision to pursue subspecialty fellowship training after residency. Methods An electronic survey composed by the ACR Resident and Fellow Section was completed by 416 senior residents (a 46.9% response rate) enrolled in allopathic radiology residency programs from across the United States, representing approximately 41.2% of the entire residency class. Results Eighty-seven percent (95% confidence interval 83.8% to 90.2%) of respondents plan to do fellowships immediately after residency, representing an increasing number, compared with published figures from the 1990s. Increasing age at the completion of residency was independently and significantly correlated with the decision not to pursue a fellowship. There has been a shift in the most popular fellowships, with an increased interest in musculoskeletal radiology fellowships and decreased interest in interventional radiology. Among residents not pursuing immediate fellowship training, the most common plans were private practice positions (48.1%), military obligations (22.2%), and nighthawk positions (9.3%). Conclusion An increasing number of residents are electing to pursue subspecialty training after the completion of residency. Close monitoring of the postresidency plans of current residents may portend important trends in education, residency training, and changes in the radiology workforce.
A note on second moment of a randomly stopped sum of independent variables

Abstract Let X1, X2,… be a sequence of independent random variables having finite second moments. Let T be a stopping time defined on the X's. If T is an integer-valued random variable independent of the X's but having the same distribution as T, then it is shown that 0 ⩽ ES2T ⩽ 2 ES2 T where Sn = X1 + ⋯ + Xn. Further, via examples it is shown that the above lower and upper bounds are sharp. Some different bounds when the variables are nonnegative are also given. For a sequence of independent random variables, upper and lower bounds for the expectation of a non-negative function of the randomly stopped sequence are obtained (see Result 4).
210 PRESENCE OF A PULMONARY VASCULAR “CRITICAL PRESSURE” IN INTACT CANINES: POSSIBLE EFFECT ON CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

In intact, open-chested canine preparations, cardiac output (Q), pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW), left atrial pressure (Pla), and airway pressure (PA) were measured. In a Zone II condition, pulmonary vascular pressure-flow [(Ppa - PA) - Q] relationships were determined. The mean pressure axis intercept, the average critical pressure (PC), was 15.9mmHg (range 9.4 - 18.1mmHg). These data confirm the presence of a Pc in the intact canine pulmonary vascular bed as has been previously described in isolated canine lung lobes. The presence of a PC>PA should influence Pcw measurements. During small (2–3mmHg) step-wise changes in PA over a range of PA (3–26nmHg) we observed that Pcw accurately reflected Pla at low PA and then diverged sharply. After diverging from Pla, PCW increased as PA increased with an average slope of 0.74 (range 0.61 – 0.86); PCW always exceeded PA. The breakpoint of PCW from Pla did not occur at the boundary between Zone II and Zone III of west but rather, when PA was still substantially less than Pla (mean 7mmHg less). These findings suggest that driving pressure in Zone II is the difference between Ppa and Pc, not Ppa – PA. Since PCW is either Pla or Pc, the Pcw can be taken as the pertinent back pressure to flow under all conditions.
BIOCHEMICAL FAILURE IN MEN FOLLOWING RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY: IMPACT OF SURGICAL MARGIN STATUS AND LOCATION

ABSTRACT Purpose: The significance of isolated positive apical surgical margins in radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) specimens remains controversial. We examine the effects of margin status and location on biochemical recurrence rates in patients undergoing RRP. Materials and Methods: Of 800 patients with RRP we identified 498 without pathological evidence of lymph node, seminal vesicle or adjacent organ involvement and with at least 6 months of followup. Patients were subdivided into apex only positive (AM+), nonapical isolated positive (OM+), multiple positive (MM+) and negative (SM−) surgical margins. The rate and interval to biochemical disease recurrence were determined in each group. Univariate and multivariate analysis as well as Kaplan-Meier curves were used to test differences among these groups. Results: Of the 498 men who met our inclusion criteria 400 were SM−, 28 were AM+, 57 were OM+ and 13 were MM+ at a median followup of 49, 59, 64 and 83 months, respectively. Biochemical recurrence rates for SM−, AM+, OM+ and MM+ were 9.3%, 21.4%, 26.3% and 30.8%, respectively. Median time to biochemical failure in the SM−, AM+, OM+ and MM+ groups was 34, 19.5, 46.0 and 6.8 months, respectively. Biochemical recurrence was not statistically different among the AM+, OM+ and MM+ groups. On univariate analysis AM+, OM+ and MM+ were significant predictors of recurrence (p Conclusions: A positive surgical margin conveys increased risk for biochemical recurrence. Patients with AM+ experienced biochemical recurrence more frequently and rapidly than those with SM−. AM+ conveys a similar risk of recurrence compared with OM+ and MM+. Apical margin status did not independently predict biochemical recurrence.
Shaping the Future of Postsecondary Dance Education through Service Learning: an introductory examination of the ArtsBridge model

The numerous ways that postsecondary students benefit from experiential education across the academic disciplines have been well documented in the scholarly literature. One exception, however, is in the field of dance, where these effects have not been researched as extensively. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study examines how university dance students participating in service-learning projects at primary and secondary schools are affected academically, behaviourally, cognitively, and professionally. The authors also explore the role of service learning in helping to develop socially embedded artists and model programmes that are successful in accomplishing this objective. Implications for service learning in the arts, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed.
THE ACADEMIC BETRAYAL OF FREE SPEECH

“ 'Free speech' is just the name we give to verbal behavior that serves the substantive agendas we wish to advance”—or so literary theorist and professor of law Stanley Fish has claimed. This cynical dictum is one of several skeptical challenges to freedom of speech that have been extremely influential in the American academy. I will follow the skeptics' lead by distinguishing between two broad styles of critique: the progressive and the postmodern. Fish's dictum, however, like many of the bluntest charges, belongs to neither class exclusively. As an initial characterization of the distinction between these critiques, progressive skepticism claims that freedom of speech is a bad thing, while postmodernist skepticism claims it to be conceptually impossible. Both forms of skepticism hold the classical liberal endorsement of free speech and condemnation of censorship to be both naive and reactionary. Skepticism about free speech flourishes at universities in the United States and is especially well represented among professors at the country's most prestigious law schools. As legal scholar Robert Post approvingly observes: “Liberated from traditional inhibitions against official suppression of speech, the left has mobilized to pursue a rich variety of political agendas.”
TRITIATED THYMIDINE LABELING OF NORMAL AND NDV-INFECTED CHICK NASAL EPITHELIAL CELLS.

SummaryThe tritiated thymidine labeling index in nasal turbinate epithelia was determined in chicks which had been infected 24 hr with Newcastle disease virus and in control chicks. Control indices were calculated at periods from 1 hr to 18 days, indices in infected epithelia at two hr intervals 1-57 hr after thymidine injection. Mean control values were consistently higher in outer-surface epithelia than in the shallower inner-surface system (3.0:1.1); peak labeling was at 12 hr. The proliferative compartment in the ciliated cell system was between basal stem cells and superficial end cells; 7% of labeled cells were in the end cell position at 48 hr; about 40% were in this position at all periods between 7 and 18 days. Indices were sharply reduced in infected turbinates in all compartments in all mucociliated epithelia at all times between 25 and 81 hr postinoculum. Lymphocyte control indices peaked at 12 hr, fell somewhat below control values for 35 hr postinfection. Indices in turbinate cartilage cells...
Ultrafast cascading theory of intersystem crossings in transition-metal complexes

We investigate the cascade decay mechanism for ultrafast intersystem crossing mediated by the spin-orbit coupling in transition-metal complexes. A quantum-mechanical description of the cascading process that occurs after photoexcitation is presented. The conditions for ultrafast cascading are given, which relate the energy difference between the levels in the cascading process to the electron-phonon self energy. These limitations aid in the determination of the cascade path. For Fe{sup 2+} spin-crossover complexes, this leads to the conclusion that the ultrafast decay primarily occurs in the manifold of antibonding metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states. We also give an interpretation why some intermediate states are bypassed.
Resonance absorption of N+2 first negative bands in irradiated air (U)☆

Abstract A prescription is given for calculating the resonance absorption of N+2 first negative (0, v) band radiation in strongly irradiated air. This prescription is based on a band model of resonance absorption reported previously. The rotational lines are assumed to be Lorentzian. The effects of overlapping lines and unequal emission and absorption line widths on the resonance absorption cross sections are included. Emission lines are broadened by pressure deactivation of the N+2 B-state; absorption lines are broadened in resonant charge transfer collisions of N+2 X-state ions with neutral N2. N+2 X-state ions are produced in cascades through the excited A-state. Vibrational populations of the X-state ions are nearly equal for v = 0, 1, 2. Most ions are formed with sufficient excitation energy (>1 eV) to activate ion-molecule reactions with N2. Roughly 10% of N+2−N2 orbiting collisions result in ion-molecule reactions. The resonance absorption cross sections and N+2 ion densities are related to dose rate, and an example is given of N+2 first negative radiation from a uniformly dosed column of air.
Action of lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium ions on the resting potential of myelinated nerve fibers of the frog

Abstract 1. 1. This paper presents an approach to the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium ions (PAD, PDI, noracetylcholine 12) by analyzing their effect on the resting potential of nerve fibers. 2. 2. The degree of depolarization depends on the concentration of the compounds. The time course is slower than with 2·10−2M KCl. PAD is the most effective of the 3 compounds investigated. 3. 3. Washing with Ringer's solution brings the potential back to the initial value after 30 min (10−4M PAD, 5·10−4M noracetylcholine). When smaller concentrations of PAD are used, the depolarization is reversed in a shorter time. 4. 4. The depolarization must be the result of a change in the relative permeability of the various active ions. 5. 5. Physostigmine-Ringer's solution scarcely alters the resting potential. Physostigmine (7·10−3M) inhibits the depolarization of 10−4M PAD. Lower concentrations of physostigmine counteract the effect of PAD, but do not abolish it, while higher concentrations of PAD overcome the protective action. 6. 6. The antagonism between PAD and physostigmine is typical for competitive agents. 7. 7. It is suggested that the lipid-soluble quaternary ammonium ions act with a receptor and that this reaction effects a change in permeability.
Abstract 5747: Elucidating the mechanisms by which Snail transcription factor promotes resistance to chemotherapy in breast carcinomas

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Snail (Snail1) is a zinc finger transcription factor that can induce EMT and is expressed at high levels in tumors. Maspin is a potential tumor suppressor, whose expression is lost as breast and prostate tumors progress during EMT. Maspin can be transcriptionally repressed by androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer cells. We hypothesized that overexpression of Snail will inhibit maspin expression and confer resistance to chemotherapy. Initially, we examined the expression of Snail and maspin in a panel of breast epithelial and breast cancer cells by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Preliminary results suggest that breast cancer cells express variable levels of Snail that is higher in breast cancer cells than in the normal MCF10A cells. We then utilized MCF-7 cells transfected stably with an empty Neo vector (MCF-7 Neo) or constitutively active Snail cDNA (MCF-7 Snail) that have been shown previously to represent an EMT model, and examined maspin, estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and AR levels by western blot analysis. MCF-7 Snail cells had upregulated levels of Snail and lower levels of maspin, ER-α and AR, as compared to MCF-7 Neo. MCF-7 Neo and MCF-7 Snail cells were also xenografted into nude mice and tissue sections stained immunohistochemically for Snail, maspin, and ER-α. Tumor volumes of MCF-7 Snail tumor xenografts were significantly larger than the MCF-7 Neo xenografts. MCF-7 Snail tissue sections expressed higher levels of Snail and lower levels of maspin and ER-α as compared to MCF-7 Neo sections. MCF-7 Neo and MCF-7 Snail cells were also treated with estradiol (E2, 0.01uM), tamoxifen (TAM, 10uM), and docetaxel (DOX, 1uM) individually; and in combination with E2 plus TAM and TAM plus DOX for periods of 24h and 72h to analyze changes in cell morphology and EMT marker expression. No effect on cell morphology or cell death was observed in MCF-7 Snail cells after TAM treatments, whereas TAM induced cell death in MCF-7 Neo. Expression of Snail was increased with E2 treatments and decreased with TAM, DOX, and combination treatments in MCF-7 Neo and MCF-7 Snail. AR expression decreased further in MCF-7 Snail cells and MCF-7 Neo following treatments with TAM and DOX. Overall, the Snail overexpression appears to promote resistance to TAM and DOX chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanism of Snail-regulated EMT needs to be investigated further to determine changes in breast cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5747. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5747
Mixing and Matching Lower-Level Codes for Object Displays: Evidence for Two Sources of Proximity Compatibility:

The proximity compatibility principle (PCP) proposes that visually unitary configurations of data values, such as object displays, will support information integration better than will more separable formats. In the present study formats were created by either mixing or matching pairs of lower-level codes (i.e., linear extent, angle, and color). Performance with object and separable configurations of these codes was compared for two integration tasks: system state classifications requiring either (1) comparisons of values or (2) identification of conjunctions of values. Object displays formed with matched codes were more likely to facilitate comparisons, whereas object displays formed from mixed codes were more likely to facilitate conjunction identification. These data suggest that two mechanisms may underlie object display advantages for integration-one based on relational properties or emergent features and one based on the efficient processing of the lowerlevel codes themselves .
SU11248 and AG013736: Current Data and Future Trials in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Several molecular pathways are implicated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) pathogenesis, including the von Hippel-Lindau gene inactivation leading to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) expression. SU11248 and AG013736 are small-molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase portion of the VEGF and PDGF receptors. Substantial clinical activity has been reported for these agents in metastatic RCC trials, leading to additional investigations in a variety of settings.
Literacy background and reading development in a second language

Whether or not reading a first language facilitates reading a second language may depend on the degree to which the two writing systems share certain features.
Administrative Reorganization: An Adventure into Science and Theology

The state administrative reorganization movement undoubtedly captured the fancy of the American political science profession as no other reform program ever succeeded in doing. Dissenters have been few, their attacks sporadic. Evidence that non-belief is spreading, that heresy is invading high places of the profession, makes timely a critical inquiry into the fact and theory which support the orthodox program. The invitation to review two recent books supplies an excuse for undertaking that inquiry here. Mr. A. E. Buck's The Reorganization of State Administration in the United States' is a revision and elaboration of the pamphlet entitled Administrative Consolidation in State Governments which appeared in its fifth edition in 1930. The new volume requires little comment except notation that the description of reorganizations proposed or adopted in the forty-eight states is substantially extended, and that the four "standards" of reorganization which were included in former editions are now recast and expanded into six. They are: "(1) concentration of authority and responsibility; (2) departmentalization, or functional integration; (3) undesirability of boards for purely administrative work; (4) coordination of the staff services of administration; (5) provision for an independent audit; and (6) recognition of a governor's cabinet." These six "standards" will undoubtedly be accepted as the primary distinguishing features of the reorganization program as it has been proposed by theorists. Mr. Buck's conviction that they are the pillars of a "sound" administrative structure is witnessed throughout the book.
Part I. The Development of the First Successful Heart-Lung Machine

In 1931, after witnessing the death of a patient from pulmonary embolectomy, Dr. John Gibbon had an idea for a machine that could take deoxygenated blood, oxygenate it, and pump it back into the arterial system. Collaborating with his wife Mary, Dr. Gibbon worked from 1934 to 1942 to develop an extracorporeal circulatory device. By 1942, he was able to keep cats alive on his experimental devices, with continued survival after bypass. In 1950, he received support from IBM to build a heart-lung machine on a more sophisticated scale. Finally, on May 6, 1953, Dr. Gibbon performed his first successful operation using an extracorporeal circuit on an 18-year-old woman with a large atrial septal defect and a large left-to-right shunt.
Abstract PL05-03: Tobacco-related disparities and the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

With the passage of the June 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory authority over tobacco products, their manufacture, and their distribution and marketing. Since enactment, FDA has already taken significant regulatory actions including banning cigarettes with fruit of candy characterizing flavors; prohibiting the labeling of products with misleading terms such as ‘light,” “low tar,” and “mild;” issuing a broad set of restrictions regarding access to and marketing of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products to those under 18; and issuing a final regulation requiring graphic health warnings for cigarettes. In addition, The FDA9s Tobacco Product Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) has addressed the public health effects of menthol in cigarettes, harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and “dissolvables.” Unlike other parts of FDA addressing the safety and efficacy of the products it regulates, the Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) bases its actions on a public health standard, i.e., CTP considers the risks and benefits to the population as a whole, including users and nonusers of tobacco products and addressing tobacco-related disparities is integral. For example, the TPSAC menthol report needed to address the impact on use of menthol in cigarettes on the public health, including such use among children, African-Americans, Hispanics, and other racial and ethnic minorities. As the new cigarette graphic health warnings are implemented in September 2012, it will be important to assess impact among several subpopulations such as youth and those with low income. This presentation will provide an overall summary of the Tobacco Control Act, the science needed to implement FDA regulatory actions, and how FDA can address tobacco-related health disparities. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):PL05-03.
Occurrence of Diphtheroids in Blood Cultures

Since the preliminary report1 on this work was issued, more than 400 additional blood cultures have been made, making a total of 1,079. Since the first report, a few cultures of diphtheroids have been encountered which showed growth in forty-eight hours, but in the majority a longer time elapsed before growth appeared. The methods employed have been described previously. Blood agar plates were made in all cases in which blood cultures were made, as a matter of routine, but they were usually discarded after two or three days. In 2 cases diphtheroids appeared on the plates, as well as in the broth, but the colonies were few. In 1 case a single colony was found on a plate, and in another case a row of 5 small surface colonies appeared on a plate. The principal object was to test the hypothesis recently advanced by Koch and Mellon 2 that diphtheroids are found in the blood stream in persons convalescent from streptococcal infections. It was known that diphtheroids had been found occasionally in blood cultures, and it was thought that by making a rather large series of cultures it would be possible to correlate the presence of diphtheroids in the blood culture with the type of case. In the accompanying tabulation are listed the results in those cases in which diphtheroids were found. The 1,079 blood cultures were made in 730 cases, and 33 cultures of diphtheroids were obtained in 30 cases, an incidence of 3 per cent. The literature on diphtheroids has been well reviewed by Thomson and Thomson,3 and more recently by Kessel and Romanoff4 with respect to generalized infections by diphtheroids. In view of the fact that an adequate classification of diphtheroids does not exist, it is difficult to know definitely what should or should not be included under
Diet, Lifestyle, and Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Review from the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-Up Study

The vast amount of epidemiological evidence from three large US cohorts (Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study 2, and Health Professionals’ Follow-Up Study) has yielded important information regarding the roles of overall diet, individual foods and nutrients, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. Excess adiposity is a major risk factor for diabetes, and thus maintaining a healthy body weight and avoidance of excess weight gain during adulthood is the cornerstone of diabetes prevention. Independent of body weight, the quality or type of dietary fat and carbohydrates is more crucial than the quantity in determining diabetes risk. Higher consumption of coffee, whole grains, fruits, and nuts is associated with lower risk of diabetes, whereas regular consumption of refined grains, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages including fruits juices is associated with increased risk. Dietary patterns rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and legumes, but lower in red and processed meats, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages are consistently associated with reduced diabetes risk, even after adjustment for body mass index. The genome-wide association studies conducted in these cohorts have contributed substantially to the discoveries of novel genetic loci for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic traits, although the identified common variants explain only a small proportion of overall diabetes predisposition. Taken together, these ongoing large cohort studies have provided convincing epidemiologic evidence that a healthy diet, together with regular physical activity, maintenance of a healthy weight, moderate alcohol consumption, and avoidance of prolonged sedentary behaviors and smoking would prevent the majority of type 2 diabetes cases.
Use of a differential ionization chamber in the study of long half-lives

Abstract The principle of the differential ionization chamber is discussed. The system used for the measurement of the half-lives of 46 Sc, 182 Ta, and 144 Ce is described in detail. Results: 46 Sc, T 1 2 = 84.3 ±0.4 d ; 182 Ta, T 1 2 = 117.3 ± 1.0 d ; 144 Ce, T 1 2 = 287.5 ± 3.5 d . The errors represent the standard error of the mean. A table of previous measurements is included.
Complete In Vitro Assembly of the Reovirus Outer Capsid Produces Highly Infectious Particles Suitable for Genetic Studies of the Receptor-Binding Protein

Mammalian reoviruses, prototype members of the Reoviridae family of nonenveloped double-stranded RNA viruses, use at least three proteins--sigma1, mu1, and sigma3--to enter host cells. sigma1, a major determinant of cell tropism, mediates viral attachment to cellular receptors. Studies of sigma1 functions in reovirus entry have been restricted by the lack of methodologies to produce infectious virions containing engineered mutations in viral proteins. To mitigate this problem, we produced virion-like particles by "recoating" genome-containing core particles that lacked sigma1, mu1, and sigma3 with recombinant forms of these proteins in vitro. Image reconstructions from cryoelectron micrographs of the recoated particles revealed that they closely resembled native virions in three-dimensional structure, including features attributable to sigma1. The recoated particles bound to and infected cultured cells in a sigma1-dependent manner and were approximately 1 million times as infectious as cores and 0.5 times as infectious as native virions. Experiments with recoated particles containing recombinant sigma1 from either of two different reovirus strains confirmed that differences in cell attachment and infectivity previously observed between those strains are determined by the sigma1 protein. Additional experiments showed that recoated particles containing sigma1 proteins with engineered mutations can be used to analyze the effects of such mutations on the roles of particle-bound sigma1 in infection. The results demonstrate a powerful new system for molecular genetic dissections of sigma1 with respect to its structure, assembly into particles, and roles in entry.
How are specific connections formed between thalamus and cortex

During development precise thalamocortical connections are established, with reciprocal connections forming correctly in a laminar pattern as well as between the correct thalamic and cortical areas. Recent evidence suggests that both spatial and temporal cues may account for this specificity.
The Health of the Oceans - A 1994 Update

Abstract Three collectives of substances - plastics, plant nutrients, biotoxins - are candidates for monitoring programmes that could keep track of the quality of ocean waters for vital life processes. All three are not subject to systematic surveillance at present. They are each characterized by long residence times in the marine environment, by increasing influx, and by growing evidence of their deleterious impacts on living systems.
CLOTHING AS A NONVERBAL COMMUNICATOR OF SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

To test the hypotheses that people believe that certain kinds and styles of clothing are indicative of liberal sexual attitudes and behavior and these beliefs are correct, questionnaires were filled out by 259 subjects. These questionnaires asked each subject for the frequencies with which he wore various items and styles of clothing, his attitude toward premarital sexual relations, the number of persons with whom he had had sexual relations, the frequencies with which he believed sexually liberal men and women wore various items and styles of clothing, and the frequencies with which he felt sexually conservative men and women wore various items and styles of clothing. Correlations showed that, although subjects believed that a large number of items and styles of clothing are indicative of liberal sexual attitudes and behavior, only a few items and styles actually were associated with liberal sexual attitudes and reported behavior.
Critical behavior of the n -component cubic model and the Ashkin-Teller fixed line

The cubic lattice gas, a generalization of the $n$-component face-cubic model, is studied in two dimensions by variational renormalization-group techniques for general $n$, and by an exact mapping onto a solid-on-solid model for $n=2$. This approach reveals new interconnections among the class of cubic, Potts, and Ashkin-Teller phase-transition phenomena. In particular, it is shown that the fixed line of the Ashkin-Teller lattice gas serves as the backbone for a hierarchy of pairs of fixed points which branch off from it, as $n$ is decreased from 2, at special points where two operators are marginal. The phase diagrams of the pure and dilute $n$-component cubic models are obtained and the orders of all transitions are determined. The cubic phase transition is found to be first order for all $ng{n}_{c}=2$. The evolution of the results as a function of dimensionality is discussed briefly.
‘Outside their expertise’: The implications of Field Manual 3-24 for the professional military education of non-commissioned officers

Within the framework of classical theory, the joint US Army-Marine field manual Counterinsurgency (FM 3-24) described an ambitious set of skills required for success against guerrillas. But if counterinsurgency, as FM 3-24 describes it, is ‘the graduate level of warfare’, then these two military services have been for years systematically failing to train their talent in the appropriate fields. In today's small wars, NCOs serve as modern-day Mounties, and consequently require at least a modest undergraduate education in armed good governance.
ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 suppresses dissociation-induced apoptosis of murine prostate stem/progenitor cells and increases their cloning efficiency.

Activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway has been shown to contribute to dissociation-induced apoptosis of embryonic and neural stem cells. We previously demonstrated that approximately 1 out of 40 Lin−Sca-1+CD49fhigh (LSC) prostate basal epithelial cells possess the capacities of stem cells for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. We show here that treating LSC cells with the ROCK kinase inhibitor Y-27632 increases their cloning efficiency by 8 fold in an in vitro prostate colony assay. Y-27632 treatment allows prostate colony cells to replate efficiently, which does not occur otherwise. Y-27632 also increases the cloning efficiency of prostate stem cells in a prostate sphere assay and a dissociated prostate cell regeneration assay. The increased cloning efficiency is due to the suppression of the dissociation-induced, RhoA/ROCK activation-mediated apoptosis of prostate stem cells. Dissociation of prostate epithelial cells from extracellular matrix increases PTEN activity and attenuates AKT activity. Y-27632 treatment alone is sufficient to suppress cell dissociation-induced activation of PTEN activity. However, this does not contribute to the increased cloning efficiency, because Y-27632 treatment increases the sphere-forming unit of wild type and Pten null prostate cells to a similar extent. Finally, knocking down expression of both ROCK kinases slightly increases the replating efficiency of prostate colony cells, corroborating that they play a major role in the Y-27632 mediated increase in cloning efficiency. Our study implies that the numbers of prostate cells with stem/progenitor activity may be underestimated based on currently employed assays, supports that dissociation-induced apoptosis is a common feature of embryonic and somatic stem cells with an epithelial phenotype, and highlights the significance of environmental cues for the maintenance of stem cells.
Review of the ordered and proportionate flow shop scheduling research

Ordered flow shop models have appeared in the literature since the mid-1970s and proportionate flow shop models have appeared since the early 1980s. We provide a detailed review of these models along with some analysis and potential topics for future research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Chamber LIDAR measurements of aerosolized biological simulants

A chamber aerosol LIDAR is being developed to perform well-controlled tests of optical scattering characteristics of biological aerosols, including Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) and Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), for validation of optical scattering models. The 1.064 μm, sub-nanosecond pulse LIDAR allows sub-meter measurement resolution of particle depolarization ratio or backscattering cross-section at a 1 kHz repetition rate. Automated data acquisition provides the capability for real-time analysis or recording. Tests administered within the refereed 1 cubic meter chamber can provide high quality near-field backscatter measurements devoid of interference from entrance and exit window reflections. Initial chamber measurements of BG depolarization ratio are presented.
Fluorocarbon ventilation: maximal expiratory flows and CO2 elimination.

ABSTRACT: Elimination of CO2 during liquid ventilation is dependent on flow, diffusion, and the liquid's capacitance for CO2. Maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) and diffusion dead space were measured in vivo in 12 young cuts during liquid fluorocarbon (FC-80) ventilation to determine the effect of breathing frequency on maximum CO2 elimination. All animals were maintained (PaO2, = 255 ± 19 SEM mm Hg, PaCO2, = 35 ± 1 SEM mm Hg, pH = 7.31 ± 0.01 SEM) within physiologic range during 1–4 h of liquid ventilation. The Vmax in air (26 ± 1 SEM liter/min) and in liquid (1.2 ± 0.2 SEM liter/min) was determined by volume displacement plethysmography. Diffusion dead space (VDdiff) during liquid ventilation as a ratio of alveolar volume (VA) was well correlated (r = 0.84, p < 0.005) with the average time (tav) the liquid was in the lung [VDdiff/VA = 0.89 e(-0.053 tav)]. Alveolar ventilation, CO2 elimination (VCO2 and PaCO2 were not affected by breathing frequency (f) when tidal volume was adjusted appropriately during steady state liquid ventilation. Predicted maximum CO2 elimination (VCO2max) determined from Vmax and VDdiff was 24 ml/min at a f of 3–3.5 breaths/min. The maximum was found to be strongly dependent on f with much less dependency on fixed dead space (anatomic plus equipment) and wave shape characteristics. Elimination of CO2 decreased at low values of f due to inadequate ventilation and at high values of f due to inadequate diffusion time. From a comparison of experimentally determined steady state VCO2 to theoretically predicted VCO2max, the results demonstrate a f-related functional reserve capacity for CO2 elimination during liquid ventilation. These findings suggest that by optimizing the liquid ventilatory pattern it should be possible to maintain adequate CO2 elimination and physiologic PaCO2 in the presence of pulmonary dysfunction and/or elevated metabolic states.
Exploring the Afterlife of Jewish Pseudepigrapha in Medieval Near Eastern Religious Traditions: Some Initial Soundings'

La pseudepigraphie biblique de l'epoque du second Temple etait-elle encore accessible en arameen ou en hebreu environ un millenaire plus tard dans des communautes juives gaoniques ou postgaoniques? Si oui, quelles etaient les circonstances culturelles entourant une telle 'survie'? Si non, comment peut-on expliquer les nombreux echos de materiau pseudepigraphique dans les recueils aggadiques plus tardifs, ou l'apparition d'oeuvres comme le Document de Damas dans la foule du Geniza du Caire? De telles oeuvres ont-elles reintegre la vie intellectuelle juive apres un long hiatus grâce a une decouverte fortuite? L'A. du present article tente de repondre a ces questions pour relier les cercles de scribes du second Temple aux aggadistes et interpretes savants du judaisme medieval.
Translation of Evidence-Based Practices in a Behaviour Support Implementation Model for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

edited by L. Miller, 2010, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 171 pp. + index, AUS$39.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84-905038-8 Children and teens with autism often engage in challenging behaviours ...
Multi-bit cooperative spectrum sensing strategy in closed form

Spectrum sensing is one of the most important tasks in cognitive radio system. In order to combat fading, cooperation among different sensing users is usually adopted. In our previous work [1], we quantified the performance gain of cooperative spectrum sensing by the notion of diversity. In addition, we have shown that even with local binary decisions, the cooperative spectrum sensing can achieve the maximum diversity by appropriately selecting local and fusion rules. However, there is a significant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss compared with the soft information fusion scenario due to local binary quantization. Intuitively, increasing the number of bits of local quantization will improve the sensing performance. Most work in the literature on multi-bit cooperative sensing are mathematically intractable and can only be solved numerically with high complexity. In this paper, by jointly maximizing diversity and SNR gain, we provide a generalized multi-bit cooperative sensing strategy with the local and fusion decision rules in explicit closed form. Simulations show that even with small number of bits, our proposed cooperative sensing strategy can significantly improve the sensing performance.
Thermal plasmonic interconnects in graphene

As one emerging plasmonic material, graphene can support surface plasmons at infrared and terahertz frequencies with unprecedented properties due to the strong interactions between graphene and low-frequency photons. Since graphene surface plasmons exist in the infrared and terahertz regime, they can be thermally pumped (excited) by the infrared evanescent waves emitted from an object. Here we show that thermal graphene plasmons can be efficiently excited and have monochromatic and tunable spectra, thus paving a way to harness thermal energy for graphene plasmonic devices. We further demonstrate that ``thermal information communication'' via graphene surface plasmons can be potentially realized by effectively harnessing thermal energy from various heat sources, e.g., the waste heat dissipated from nanoelectronic devices. These findings open up an avenue of thermal plasmonics based on graphene for different applications ranging from infrared emission control, to information processing and communication, to energy harvesting.
Oligoclonal Antibody Targeting Ghrelin Increases Energy Expenditure and Reduces Food Intake in Fasted Mice

Ghrelin, an enteric peptide hormone linked to the pathophysiology of obesity has been a therapeutic target of great interest over the past decade. Many research efforts have focused on the antagonism of ghrelin’s endogenous receptor GHSR1a, which is found along ascending vagal afferent fibers, as well as in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Additionally, peptidic inhibitors of ghrelin O-acyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for the paracrine activation of ghrelin, have recently been studied. Our research has taken an alternative immunological approach, studying both active and passive vaccination as a means to sequester ghrelin in the periphery, with the original discovery in rat of decreased feed efficiency and adiposity, as well as increased metabolic activity. Using our previous hapten designs as a stepping-stone, three monoclonal antibodies (JG2, JG3, and JG4) were procured against ghrelin and tested in vivo. While mAb JG4 had the highest affinity for ghrelin, it failed to attenuate the orexi...
Child behavior problems among cocaine-exposed toddlers: indirect and interactive effects.

This study examined the role of maternal psychopathology and maternal warmth as mediators of the association between prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure and toddler behavior problems. It was also hypothesized that infant cortisol reactivity and environmental risk may moderate these associations. Participants were 220 caregiver–infant dyads (119 cocaine exposed, 101 not cocaine exposed; 49% boys). Mother–infant dyads were recruited at delivery with assessments at 4–8 weeks and 7, 13, and 18 months of child ages. Results yielded no direct associations between prenatal cocaine/other substance exposure and toddler behavior problems, but significant indirect associations between prenatal cigarette/alcohol exposure and toddler behavior problems at 18 months. With regard to moderation, results indicated an indirect association between prenatal cocaine exposure and toddler behavior problems via lower maternal warmth for children with higher, but not lower, cortisol reactivity at 7 months. Results suggest potential pathways to toddler behavior problems among children at high biological risk.
Interaction of Gender and Body Composition on Rectus Femoris Morphology as Measured With Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Background:Quadriceps function is an important measure in patients recovering postoperatively. Traditionally, strength measures that require high levels of resistance are contraindicated during the early postoperative phase. Thus it may be helpful to evaluate the utilization of other tools, such as ultrasound imaging, that allow for assessment during a position of low resistance.Hypothesis:The rectus femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) is affected by sex and body composition in healthy subjects.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:Thirty-two healthy subjects (16 women, 16 men), selected from a previously larger study, were chosen for analysis. All subjects underwent a maximal volitional isometric contraction protocol from 0° to 90° of knee motion controlled by an isokinetic dynamometer. In the contracted and resting positions, the rectus femoris CSA was measured at each angle using ultrasound imaging. The contractile index (contracted − resting CSA) was calculated at each po...
Impact of technology on the emergence of infectious diseases

Not all new threats from microorganisms result from changes within the microorganisms themselves. Innovative, progressive changes introduced by humans can provide advantages to microbes which, in turn, threaten the population. In most cases, advantages are provided unwittingly as a by-product of technology, and can be corrected when the problem is recognized. An end to progress is neither a practical nor desirable solution. Alertness (i.e., surveillance) for the emergence of new diseases and to changes in disease patterns will continue to be critical to ensure timely implementation of public health measures.
An axiomatic explanation of complete self-reproduction

A similarity between the concepts of reproduction and explanation is observed which implies a similarity between the less well understood concepts of complete self-reproduction and complete self-explanation. These latter concepts are shown to be independent from ordinary logical-mathematical-biological reasoning, and a special form of complete self-reproduction is shown to be axiomatizable. Involved is the question whether there exists a function that belongs to its own domain or range. Previously, Wittgenstein has argued, on intuitive grounds, that no function can be its own argument. Similarly, Rosen has argued that a paradox is implied by the notion of a function which is a member of its own range. Our result shows that such functions indeed are independent from ordinary logical-mathematical reasoning, but that they need not imply any inconsistencies. Instead such functions can be axiomatized, and in this sense they really do exist. Finally, the introduced notion of complete self-reproduction is compared with “self-reproduction” of ordinary biological language. It is pointed out that complete self-reproduction is primarily of interest in connection with formal theories of evolution.
The Role Played by Cell-Substrate Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Osteoclast-Mediated Peri-Implant Osteolysis

Prosthetic wear debris-induced peri-implant osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening after total joint replacement. In this condition, wear particles released from the implant components induce a granulomatous inflammatory reaction at the interface between implant and adjacent bone, leading to progressive bone resorption and loss of fixation. The present study was undertaken to characterize definitively the phenotype of osteoclast-like cells associated with regions of peri-implant focal bone resorption and to compare the phenotypic features of these cells with those of mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene wear particles. Peri-implant tissues were obtained from patients undergoing hip revision surgery for aseptic loosening after total joint replacement. Cells were examined for the expression of several markers associated with the osteoclast phenotype using immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and/or in situ hybridization. CD68 protein, a marker expressed by multiple macrophage lineage cell types, was detected in mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene particles and the bone surface. Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were expressed highly in both mononucleated and multinucleated cells associated with the bone surface. Levels of expression were much lower in cells associated with polyethylene particles. High levels of β3 integrin protein were detected in cells in contact with bone. Multinucleated cells associated with polyethylene particles exhibited faint positive staining. Calcitonin receptor mRNA expression was detected solely in multinucleated cells present in resorption lacunae on the bone surface and was absent in cells associated with polyethylene particles. Our findings provide further evidence that cells expressing the full repertoire of osteoclast phenotypic markers are involved in the pathogenesis of peri-implant osteolysis after total joint replacement. They also demonstrate that foreign body giant cells, although believed to be phenotypically and functionally distinct from osteoclasts, express many osteoclast-associated genes and gene products. However, the levels and patterns of expression of these genes in the two cell types differ. We speculate that, in addition to the role of cytokines and growth factors, the substrate with which these cells interact plays a critical role in their differential phenotypic and functional properties.