cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniformity Criteria for Selecting Decisions

The set of admissible decision functions in a particular problem is usually so large that further criteria must be introduced to guide selection of a decision function. Many such criteria require that the unknown parameter values be treated “uniformly” in some way; decision procedures are required to be invariant or unbiased or minimax or to have confidence properties. Since selection of a decision function, from a Bayesian point of view, is selection of a probability distribution on the parameter values according to which the decision function is optimal, these criteria may be viewed as methods of selecting indifference probability distributions on the parameter values.
Sustainable Business Models in an Entrepreneurial Environment

Godelnik and van der Meer offer a crucial bridge between the practice of lean startup and the theories of sustainable business models (SBMs). Reviewing the remarkable progress in research regarding SBM, the authors reveal a critical gap. While lean startup tools and practices provide a clear working framework for entrepreneurs, SBM provides a vague roadmap for founders who seek to consider sustainability challenges while going through the process of venture formation. Godelnik and van der Meer present the Lean SBM framework, which proposes a new direction regarding how SBM should be considered in an entrepreneurial context. The chapter concludes with the framework applied to describe founders’ decisions in companies that reside within four emerging entrepreneurship movements: B corporations, the Zebra movement, Nordic entrepreneurs, and platform cooperatives.
The Future of Autopsy Reporting: Data Repository and Research Support

Autopsy reporting practices and the structure and format of the autopsy report itself continue to evolve. The fundamental roles of the autopsy report (including as a medicolegal document, a communique to care providers and families, and a data source for public health efforts), however, have not changed. More recent evolutionary leaps in autopsy reporting have been occasioned by increasing time demands on autopsy pathologists in both the forensic- and hospital-based settings and a data-centered shift across medicine in general. This chapter will focus on some of those recent “organic” trends in autopsy reporting practices observed by the authors and discuss some of the driving forces behind them. Specific and detailed examples of proposed novel approaches to autopsy reporting are provided. Greater facilitation of autopsy findings in research efforts will also be briefly addressed. Finally, conjectures are made about the future of the autopsy report, with its attendant prospects and potential to impact patient and population care in modern medical systems.
Cu-Catalyzed Oxidation of C2 and C3 Alkyl-Substituted Indole via Acyl Nitroso Reagents

The selective oxidation of C2-alkyl-substituted indoles to 3-oxindole and the selective C–H oxygenation or amination of C2,C3-dialkyl-substituted indoles at C2 are reported under mild conditions. The position of the alkyl substitution on the indole directs the reaction to different pathways under similar conditions.
Examining Partnership-Health Associations Among Lesbian Women and Gay Men Using Population-Level Data.

Abstract Purpose: The aim was to provide the first broad assessment of partnership–health associations across partnership statuses among lesbian and gay individuals. Methods: Using population-level...
A Content Analysis of Update: "Applications of Research in Music Education" (1989-2017).

We analyzed the article types, participants, and topics represented in Update articles published between 1989 and 2017 (N = 379), beginning when MENC (now NAfME) took over publication of the journa...
Association of smoking and electronic cigarette use with wheezing and related respiratory symptoms in adults: cross-sectional results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, wave 2.

Background Wheezing is a symptom of potential respiratory disease and known to be associated with smoking. Electronic cigarette use (‘vaping’) has increased exponentially in recent years. This study examined the cross-sectional association of vaping with wheezing and related respiratory symptoms and compare this association with smokers and dual users. Methods The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study wave 2 data collected from October 2014 to October 2015 with 28 171 adults were used. The cross-sectional association of vaping with self-reported wheezing and related respiratory symptoms relative to smokers and dual users of tobacco and electronic cigarettes were studied using multivariable logistic and cumulative logistic regression models with consideration of complex sampling design. Results Among the 28 171 adult participants, 641 (1.2%) were current vapers who used e-cigarettes exclusively, 8525 (16.6%) were current exclusive smokers, 1106 (2.0%) were dual users and 17 899 (80.2%) were non-users. Compared with non-users, risks of wheezing and related respiratory symptoms were significantly increased in current vapers (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.67, 95% CI: 1.23 to 2.15). Current vapers had significantly lower risk in wheezing and related respiratory symptoms compared with current smokers (aOR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.87). No significant differences were found between dual users and current smokers in risk of wheezing and related respiratory symptoms (aOR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.91 to 1.24). Conclusions Vaping was associated with increased risk of wheezing and related respiratory symptoms. Current vapers had lower risk in wheezing and related respiratory symptoms than current smokers or dual users but higher than non-users. Both dual use and smoking significantly increased the risk of wheezing and related respiratory symptoms.
Evaluation of hollow mesh augmentation on the biomechanical properties of the flexor tendon repaired with modified Kessler technique.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to test flexor tendon repair with a novel hollow mesh suture augmentation served as a centre core cable [Triple-C (Tri-C)] in an in vitro study using a turkey model. Methods Forty long digits from white turkey feet were divided into the following four groups based on repair techniques: Group 0, intact tendon without repair; Group 1, modified Kessler (MK) repair only (MKo); Group 2, MK repair plus Tri-C (MK ​+ ​Tri-C); and Group 3, MK repair plus an additional outside knot plus Tri-C (MK-2knots ​+ ​Tri-C). Mechanical evaluations were performed for all groups. Results The frictions of the two groups with Tri-C were not significantly different than those of the MKo group. The ultimate tensile strength of the MK ​+ ​Tri-C group was not significantly different from that of the MKo group or the MK-2knots ​+ ​Tri-C group. In contrast, the MK-2knots ​+ ​Tri-C group had a significantly greater ultimate tensile strength compared with that of the MKo group. Forces at 2-mm gap formation in the groups with Tri-C were significantly stronger than that of MK alone. Conclusion Our data have demonstrated that MK repair augmented with the centre hollow mesh suture increased failure strength without inducing increased friction. The translational potential of this article Our study elucidates that a Tri-C augmentation designed in this study can achieve mechanical enhancements without increasing the repaired tendon friction. Hence, this novel technique has potential biological validity and clinical application.
DDIS-03. DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL CLASS OF cGAS AGONISTS TO TRIGGER STING PATHWAY-DEPENDENT INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST GLIOBLASTOMA

The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway represents a major innate immune sensing mechanism for tumor-derived DNA. Modified cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that mimic the endogenous STING ligand cGAMP are currently being explored in patients with solid tumors that amenable to intratumoral delivery. Inadequate bioavailability and insufficient lipophilicity are limiting factors for clinical CDN development, in particular when consideration is given to systemic administration approaches. We have shown that the formulation of oligonucleotides into Spherical Nucleic Acid (SNA) nanostructures, i.e., the presentation of oligonucleotides at high density on the surface of nanoparticle cores, lead to biochemical and biological properties that are radically different from those of linear oligonucleotides. First-generation SNAs conjugated with TLR9-agonsitic DNA oligonculeotides ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03086278","term_id":"NCT03086278"}}NCT03086278; solid cancers) and intravenously administered, brain-penetrant siRNA-based SNAs ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03020017","term_id":"NCT03020017"}}NCT03020017, recurrent GBM) have recently entered clinical trials. Here, we report the development of a STING-agonistic immunotherapy by targeting cGAS, the sensor of cytosolic dsDNA upstream of STING, with SNAs presenting dsDNA at high surface density. The strategy of using SNAs exploits the ability of cGAS to raise STING responses by delivering dsDNA and inducing the catalytic production of endogenous CDNs. SNA nanostructures carrying a 45bp IFN-simulating dsDNA oligonucleotide, the most commonly used and widely characterized cGAS activator, potently activated the cGAS-STING pathway, as evidenced by increased IRF responses, elevated protein marker expression indicative of the activated M1 macrophage state, and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cultures in vitro, and in intracranial isogenic GBM explants in vivo. Our use of SNAs addresses the challenges of nucleic acid delivery to intracranial tumor sites, exploits the binding of closely-spaced, neighboring dsDNA molecules on the SNA surface to enhance the formation of a dimeric cGAS:DNA complex, and establishes cGAS-agonistic SNAs as a novel class of immune-stimulatory modalities for triggering innate immune responses against tumor.
Growth + Climate Emergency: We’re Already Too Late Getting Ready. Exclusionary Zoning Makes Matters Worse:

The other two respondents have carefully articulated many objections to David Imbroscio’s essay, responding to its arguments on its own terms. Rather than another point-by-point response, I offer a...
Mixed Oil-Based Lipid Emulsions vs Soybean Oil-Based Lipid Emulsions on Incidence and Severity of Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Background Neonates requiring long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) are at risk for developing intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence and severity of IFALD in a highly surgical neonatal population receiving mixed oil-based lipid emulsions (MOLEs) vs soybean oil-based lipid emulsions (SOLEs) for long-term PN. Methods This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients admitted to a neonatal intensive care nursery that received PN for ≥14 days. Patients were separated into 2 cohorts; those who received SOLE and those who received MOLE. The primary outcome of this study was the occurrence of IFALD. Secondary outcomes included time to IFALD, peak bilirubin level during therapy, incidence of hypertriglyceridemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity. Results A total of 107 patients were included in the study, IFALD occurred in 44.8% of patients receiving SOLE compared with 30% of patients receiving MOLE (relative risk, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.39-1.15). In the multivariable analysis, adjusting for the known confounders (prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, presence of ostomy, and duration of PN and lipids), the type of lipids was not a significant predictor for development of IFALD. Duration of PN and duration of lipids were determined to be significant risk factors for IFALD, regardless of type of lipid emulsion (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). Conclusions Use of MOLE resulted in no significant difference in the outcomes studied when compared with SOLE. Duration of PN and duration of lipids were significant risk factors for development of IFALD.
The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in neurodevelopmental deficits and experience-dependent structural plasticity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a secreted endopeptidase targeting extracellular matrix proteins, creating permissive environments for neuronal development and plasticity. Developmental dysregulation of MMP-9 may also lead to neurodevelopmental disorders (ND). Here we test the hypothesis that chronically elevated MMP-9 activity during early neurodevelopment is responsible for neural circuit hyperconnectivity observed in Xenopus tadpoles after early exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a known teratogen associated with ND in humans. In Xenopus tadpoles, VPA exposure results in excess local synaptic connectivity, disrupted social behavior and increased seizure susceptibility. We found that overexpressing MMP-9 in the brain copies effects of VPA on synaptic connectivity, and blocking MMP-9 activity either pharmacologically or genetically reverses effects of VPA on physiology and behavior. We further show that during normal neurodevelopment MMP-9 levels are tightly regulated by neuronal activity and required for structural plasticity. These studies show a critical role for MMP-9 in both normal and abnormal development.
Covid-19 Risk Among Airline Passengers: Should the Middle Seat Stay Empty?

Abstract We use recent data and research results and a probabilistic model to estimate the chance that an air traveler in coach will contract Covid-19 on a US domestic jet flight two hours long, both when all coach seats are full and when all but middle seats are full. The point estimates we reach based on data from late September 2020 are about 1 in 3,900 for full flights and 1 in 6,400 when middle seats are kept empty. These estimates are subject to substantial uncertainty, with factor-of-three or greater margins of error. However, because uncertainties in key parameters affect both risk estimates the same way, they leave the relative risk ratio for “fill all seats” compared to “middle seat open” close to 1.64 (i.e., close to (1/3,900)/(1/6,400). We compare the infection risks over a two-hour flight to those of two hours on the ground, and find that the flight presents greater hazard. We also approximate the mortality risks caused by Covid-19 infections contracted on airplanes, taking into account that infected passengers can in turn infect others not on the plane. The point estimates for death risk are low—averaging about one death per 800,000 passengers--but they are somewhat higher than those associated with plane crashes and aviation terrorism.
Postoperative Urinary Retention after Benign Gynecologic Surgery with a Liberal versus Strict Voiding Protocol.

ABSTRACT Study Objective Surgeons employ various methods for evaluating what is considered a common occurrence after gynecologic operations, postoperative urinary retention (POUR). Few have reported the incidence of POUR with a liberal voiding protocol (no requirement to void before discharge). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of POUR after benign gynecologic surgery, comparing a liberal voiding protocol with more strict voiding protocols. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay (LOS) and urinary tract infection (UTI). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Quaternary-care academic hospital in the United States. Patients Patients undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from August 2017 through July 2018 (n = 652). Cases involving incontinence operations, correction of pelvic organ prolapse, malignancy, or peripartum hysterectomy were excluded. Interventions Hysterectomy, myomectomy. Measurements and Main Results POUR, defined as the need for recatheterization within 24 hours of catheter removal, along with UTI and LOS were compared between liberal and strict voiding protocols. A subgroup analysis was performed for those undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS). A total of 303 (46.5%) women underwent surgery with a liberal postoperative voiding protocol and 349 (53.5%) women with a strict voiding protocol. Overall, the incidence of POUR was low at 3.8% and not different between the groups (2.6% liberal vs. 4.9% strict, p = .14). UTIs also occurred infrequently (2.8% overall, 2.6% liberal vs. 2.9% strict, p = .86). Similar results were seen specifically among those who underwent MIS: POUR (3.7% overall, 2.8% liberal vs. 5.3% strict, p = .17) and UTI (3.3% overall, 2.4% liberal vs. 4.7% strict, p = .28). The median LOS (interquartile range) was much shorter for MIS patients with a liberal voiding protocol (median 15 hours overall [interquartile range 15 hours], 9 [4] hours liberal vs. 36 [34] hours strict, p Conclusion Overall, POUR occurs infrequently after major benign gynecologic surgery and does not differ between those with liberal and strict voiding protocols. Our data suggest that same-day discharge after MIS hysterectomy and myomectomy without a requirement to void does not increase the risk of POUR and shortens LOS. Eliminating voiding protocols after these procedures may facilitate greater efficiency in the postanesthesia recovery unit and may contribute to enhanced recovery after surgery protocols.
Prediction of thermodynamic properties of organic mixtures: Combining molecular simulations with classical thermodynamics

Abstract The binary interaction parameters of the nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) thermodynamic model are predicted for several organic mixtures using molecular simulations. Based on the theoretical framework of the two-fluid theory, the binary interaction parameters are expressed in terms of the interaction energies, size of the molecules, and size of the local molecular domains; these quantities are calculated from molecular simulations. We show that our technique is robust in terms of its predictions involving organic mixtures with compatible chemical characteristics while we propose possible modifications in the case of mixtures involving incompatible chemical components or significant size disparity, where there is a notable difference between the interaction parameters calculated from simulations and those obtained from experimental data regression. We further demonstrate that the binary interaction parameters calculated from data regression are not unique and that molecular simulations can guide the parameter selection process by identifying physically relevant binary interaction parameters. Requiring only the local molecular structure information from molecular simulations, the method offers fast and reliable prediction of phase equilibrium properties, especially in cases where limited experimental data are available.
Refractory CIDP: Clinical characteristics, antibodies and response to alternative treatment.

Abstract Objective To review the clinical characteristics, antibodies, and response to alternative treatments in a cohort of patients with refractory CIDP. Methods We reviewed the charts of all CIDP patients seen at the Oregon Health & Science University neuromuscular clinic between 2017 and 2019. We collected demographics, clinical characteristics, antibodies, and response to treatments. Results Among 45 CIDP patients studied, 34 (76%) showed improvement with first-line therapy (steroids, IVIG and/or plasmapheresis) and 11 (24%) were considered refractory to first line therapy. Of the latter, 7 of 11 patients (64%) responded to alternative treatment (cyclophosphamide or rituximab). Three were refractory to all treatment. Most patients were ambulatory without aid and a few were in remission. One patient died from complications of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Thrombosis was seen in three patients receiving IVIG. Six patients (13%) tested positive for Neurofascin (NF) antibodies. Four tested positive for NF155 IgM antibodies only and of those, one responded to IVIG, two partially responded to IVIG and one was refractory. One patient tested positive for NF155 IgG4. Another tested positive for NF155 IgG4 and NF155 IgM. Both patients with IgG4 antibodies were refractory to IVIG, one responded to rituximab and one was refractory to all treatment. Conclusion Less than a quarter of our CIDP patients did not respond to steroids, IVIG, and/or plasmapheresis. Most of the refractory patients responded to rituximab or cyclophosphamide. Patients with IgG4 NF antibodies were resistant to IVIG. The majority of refractory CIDP patients were seronegative and disease management relied on clinical judgement.
Radiation Oncology Resident Quality by National Resident Matching Program Metrics From 2007 to 2018

Purpose To quantify how the quality of US medical students accepted to radiation oncology (RO) training programs, as defined by National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) metrics, has changed over time. Methods and Materials We examined NRMP data of senior US medical students matched into RO training programs from 2007 to 2018. Metrics include United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 and 2—Clinical Knowledge scores, research output, percentage with PhD, and percentage in Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), among others. Linear regression analysis assessed the statistical significance of changes in available metrics of matched RO residents over time. The Student t test and χ2 test compared quality metrics between matched students in RO versus all other specialties. Results From 2007 to 2018, the mean USMLE Step 1 and 2—Clinical Knowledge for RO residents significantly increased from 235 to 247 (1.0 point/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.52; P = .002) and from 237 to 253 (1.3 points/year; 95% CI, 1.27-1.62; P Conclusions RO resident quality, defined by routinely reported NRMP metrics, increased from 2007 to 2018. Furthermore, RO resident quality is significantly higher than in all other specialties combined for most metrics. Whether the recent decline in medical student interest in RO will correlate with reduced NRMP quality metrics is unknown.
The utility of high-risk human papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization in assessing HPV status on cell block

Introduction Assessment of human papillomavirus (HPV) status is critical to the treatment and prognosis of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Patients often present with enlarged cervical lymph nodes which are amenable to fine needle aspiration (FNA) and cell block creation. The most widely used method for assessing HPV status is the surrogate marker p16. Other HPV specific methods such as high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) have been shown to perform as well as p16 and are easier to interpret. Our study evaluates the utility of high-risk HPV mRNA ISH in cell block specimens. Methods Thirty-six cases of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in cervical neck lymph node FNAs were identified over a 3-year period. All cases had p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on cell block. HR HPV mRNA ISH was performed on the cell block and compared to the p16 results. Additionally, p16 and HR HPV mRNA ISH status was assessed in those cases with corresponding surgical resections. Results HR HPV mRNA ISH confirmed the p16 IHC (either positive or negative) in 24 of the 36 cases (66.7%). Six false negative cases were p16 negative/HR HPV mRNA ISH positive. HR HPV mRNA ISH was positive in 75% of the four p16 equivocal cases. Two cases were p16 positive/HR HPV mRNA ISH negative. Conclusions HR HPV mRNA ISH is no more difficult to perform in the IHC lab and is easier to interpret than p16 IHC. HR HPV mRNA ISH is a useful alternative to p16 in cell block specimens.
Atrial Reservoir Strain is Associated with Decreased Cardiac Index and Adverse Outcomes Post Fontan Operation

Fontan patients rely on atrial function for diastolic filling and to augment cardiac output. Emerging data suggests that diminished atrial function is predictive of poor outcomes in adults but studies evaluating the association between atrial mechanics in Fontan patients and outcomes are lacking. We sought to assess atrial function in Fontan patients using speckle tracking echocardiography to determine whether atrial function is associated with invasive hemodynamics and clinical outcomes. Single-center review of Fontan patients receiving both catheterization and echocardiogram from 2012–2017. Atrial reservoir, conduit and pump global longitudinal strain and strain rate were assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. The primary outcome was a composite of all adverse clinical outcomes including cardiac hospitalizations, transplant and death. Eighty-three Fontan patients at a median age of 14.2 years (IQR 8.6, 21.7) at time of echocardiogram were included. Increased atrial reservoir strain (p = 0.04), atrial emptying fraction (p = 0.04) and atrial fractional area change (p = 0.04), were associated with higher cardiac index at baseline. There were no associations between atrial strain and systemic ventricular end diastolic pressure (EDP) at catheterization. Reservoir strain was inversely associated with the composite clinical outcome on multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis (HR 0.96, p = 0.03). Reduced atrial function is associated with reduced cardiac index, but is not directly associated with ventricular EDP in Fontan patients. Reservoir strain is associated with an excess of adverse clinical outcomes in Fontan patients.
Temperature, Worker Productivity, and Adaptation: Evidence from Survey Data Production

This paper estimates the impact of daily weather on worker productivity by using household survey data to study interviewers. Using data from over 9,000 Demographic and Health Survey interviewers in 46 countries, I ﬁnd that interviewers complete 14 percent fewer interviews per hour on the hottest and most humid days. Workers maintain the same total output by starting earlier in the day and spending more time on each interview at the expense of spending more hours in the ﬁeld with the same total pay. In addition, interviewers become differentially less productive on tasks that are less easily monitored. These ﬁndings are important not only because temperatures are predicted to rise signiﬁcantly over the next century, but also because they shed light on how adaptation by workers to adverse conditions can be costly in ways not captured by aggregate productivity measures such as GDP.
The use of extrapolation based on modeling and simulation to support high-dose regimens of ceftaroline fosamil in pediatric patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections.

A model-informed drug development approach was used to select ceftaroline fosamil high-dose regimens for pediatric patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with a ceftaroline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 or 4 mg/L. Steady-state ceftaroline concentrations were simulated using a population pharmacokinetics (PK) model for ceftaroline fosamil and ceftaroline including data from 304 pediatric subjects and 944 adults. Probability of target attainment (PTA) for various simulated pediatric high-dose regimens and renal function categories were calculated based on patients achieving 35% fT>MIC (S. aureus PK/pharmacodynamic target for 2-log10 bacterial killing). For extrapolation of efficacy, simulated exposures and PTA were compared to adults with normal renal function receiving high-dose ceftaroline fosamil (600 mg 2-h infusions every 8 h). For safety, predicted ceftaroline exposures were compared with observed pediatric and adult data. Predicted ceftaroline exposures for the approved pediatric high-dose regimens (12, 10, or 8 mg/kg by 2-h infusions every 8 h for patients aged >2 to 99% and ≥81% for MICs of 2 and 4 mg/L, respectively) matched or exceeded the adult predictions. Simulated Cmax,ss values were below the maximum observed data in other indications, including a high-dose pediatric pneumonia trial, which reported no adverse events related to high exposure.
Mismatch response in preterm and asphyxic neonates: a functional electrophysiological investigation of attention and habituation

There is a lack of diagnostic tools for early risk stratification of cognitive outcome in infants born preterm and infants with asphyxia. Using auditory event-related potentials and mismatch respon...
Evaluation of Bivalirudin as the Primary Anticoagulant in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Acute Respiratory Failure.

BackgroundExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potential option for the management of severe acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. Conflicting the use of this therapy is the k...
PAHs controlling soot nucleation in 0.101—0.811MPa ethylene counterflow diffusion flames

Abstract On the heels of a recent study in an atmospheric pressure ethylene diffusion flame in which the transition from parent fuel molecule to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, eventually, soot was studied by spatially resolved measurements of PAH concentrations and soot quantities, we extended the focus to diffusion flames with self- similar structure in the 0.101–0.811 MPa pressure range. To that end, we complemented pyrometry based measurements of soot volume fraction with light scattering measurements that, once corrected for beam steering, yielded soot particle size and number concentration profiles. A chemistry model, that had been validated for all species up to 3 ring aromatics in one of the flames investigated at each pressure and up to 4-rings for the flame at atmospheric pressure, was used to compare profiles of chemical species to those of soot quantities. Further analysis yielded the assessment of number nucleation rates of soot and their comparison to the dimerization rates of PAHs. Soot nucleation rate is consistent only with the dimerization of one- and two-ring PAHs, an observation that confirms findings in the atmospheric pressure flame. Changes in pressure and temperature have a progressively larger impact on the concentration of aromatics of increasingly larger molecular weight and, even more so, on soot volume fraction and nucleation rate. A four-fold increase in pressure from 0.101 MPa to 0.405 MPa increases the soot nucleation rate and PAH dimerization rate in flames with constant peak temperature, which is primarily a concentration effect on bimolecular collision rates; a similar but less pronounced effect is observed in the higher (0.405–0.811 MPa) pressure range. Changes in pressure and temperature tend to be progressively more consequential on aromatics of increasing molecular weight and soot.
PdS receiver function evidence for crustal scale thrusting, relic subduction, and mafic underplating in the Trans-Hudson Orogen and Yavapai province

a b s t r a c t Article history: The Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) in the north central United States represents a major suturing event between the Wyoming and Superior Archean provinces. It is bounded to the south by the NE-SW striking Yavapai province, which was accreted along the southeastern margin of North America between 1.71 and 1.68 Ga and was one of a series of major collisional events responsible for the assembly of Laurentia. In this study, PdS teleseismic receiver functions were used to investigate the deep crustal structure associated with these collisions. Using data from over 800 broadband seismic stations distributed throughout the Great Plains/Midcontinent region, we calculated 0.5 Hz receiver functions using 245 M > 6.0 teleseismic events. The receiver functions were then CCP (common conversion point) stacked to create a 3D image volume. Profiles through this image volume show evidence of crustal scale thrusting of the Wyoming province in the west over the Superior province in the east and a relic subduction zone associated with the Yavapai-Superior boundary. We also performed a density analysis of the region using relative amplitude of the 2p1s and 0p1s receiver function phases from 233 stations. These data indicate a relatively low Moho density contrast throughout the THO and northern Yavapai Province associated with a region of thickened crust (>50 km), which we interpret to be evidence of a dense lower crustal layer that is the result of mafic underplating.
Physical activity mediates the relationship between program participation and improved mental health in older adults.

Abstract Objectives There is an implicit assumption that increased physical activity (PA) levels are responsible for the mental health benefits resulting from participation in PA programs. Other factors associated with participation may in fact be responsible. The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in PA mediated the effects of two PA programs (Active Choices [AC] and Active Living Every Day [ALED]) on mental health outcomes. Study design Secondary data analyses of quasi-experimental study. Methods A sub-sample of older adults who participated in AC ( n = 744) and ALED ( n = 853) were included in the current analyses. MacKinnon's product of coefficients was used to test change in PA as a mediator of the relationship between program dose and change in mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, stress, and number of days with poor mental health). Results Change in PA explained 19% (AC) and 13% (ALED) of the absolute effects of program dose on depressive symptoms, 18% (AC) and 14% (ALED) of the effects on stress, and 37% (ALED) of the effects on days with poor mental health. Conclusions Mounting evidence from both epidemiological studies and controlled trials suggests that PA can improve mental health. This study adds that increasing PA levels may improve mental health in older adults in ‘real-world' settings.
The Semantics Of Different: Comparison Operator And Relational Adjective

L'A. examine l'emploi de different dans les phrases Detmar and Kordula live in different cities et Every girl read a different book. Il montre que l'interpretation de ces deux phrases depend du SN et que deux differents different sont impliques dans la derivation de ces interpretations, a savoir, un adjectif relationnel qui induit un reciproque cache et un operateur de comparaison. Il propose ici une analyse semantique des deux emplois de different en illustrant son propos par des exemples allemands qui utilisent deux items lexicaux distincts (anders et verschieden) pour souligner cette distinction
Realism and reference ontologies: Considerations, reflections and problems

In “Ontological realism: Methodology or misdirection?” I offered a detailed critique of the position referred to as “realism” taken by Barry Smith and Werner Ceusters. This position is claimed to serve as the basis for a “realist methodology” that they seek to impose on the development of scientific ontologies, particularly within the biomedical sciences. Here, in part responding to a reply to those criticisms by Smith and Ceusters, I return the focus to an examination of fundamental incoherencies in this realist approach and propose an alternative that is amenable to much of what Smith and Ceusters hope to accomplish. And I sketch what I believe is needed to advance ontology theory and practice in the sciences.
Quantization in the Presence of Gribov Ambiguities

The non-perturbative validity of covariant BRST-quantization of gauge theories on compact Euclidean space-time manifolds is reviewed. BRST-quantization is related to the construction of a Topological Quantum Field Theory (TQFT) of Witten type on the gauge group. The criterion for the non-perturbative validity of the quantization is that the partition function of the corresponding TQFT does not vanish and that its (equivariant) BRST-algebra is free of anomalies. I sketch the construction of a TQFT whose partition function is proportional to the generalized Euler-characteristic of the coset space $SU(n)_{gauge}/SU(n)_{global}$ with an associated equivariant BRST-algebra that manifestly preserves translational symmetry. Some non-perturbative consequences of this approach are discussed.
The Maximum Principle

The values that an analytic function assumes in the different parts of its domain of existence are related to each other : they are connected by analytic continuation and it is impossible to modify the values in one part without inducing a change throughout. Therefore an analytic function can be compared to an organism the main characteristic of which is exactly this: Action on any part calls forth a reaction of the entire system. E.g. the propagation of convergence [251–258] can be compared to the spreading of an infection. Mr. Borel advanced ingenious reflections upon similar comparisons1. We shall examine in what manner the moduli of the values are related that the function assumes in different parts of its domain of existence.
Fear of Enemies and Collective Action

Prologue Introduction 1. Negative association 2. 'Carthage must be saved' 3. Enemies at the gates: Machiavelli's return to the beginnings of cities 4. The enemy of my enemy is my friend: negative association and reason of state 5. Survival through fear: Hobbes's problem and solution 6. Hobbism 7. The politics of enmity Epilogue.
Real-Time Resource Management Techniques

Real-time systems are used to monitor and control complex physical processes ranging from the civilian problems of aircraft traffic control, manufacturing and space flight, to the military applications that arise with modern warfare systems. Unlike general purpose computer systems, where resources must be managed to provide adequate system responsiveness for all tasks on the average, the underlying physical processes being controlled by a real-time system impose explicit timing requirements on the tasks processed by the computer system. These timing requirements are an integral part of the correctness and safety conditions of a real-time system. Although real-time systems must manage many resources including memory, I/O, files, etc., it is the management of time which distinguishes real-time systems from ordinary computer systems. In this article, we address resource management for real-time uniprocessor-based systems and focus exclusively on time management as applied to processor scheduling. Proper resource management, to ensure that tasks meet their timing requirements, is a vital aspect of a real-time system design where failure to meet a task timing requirement causes a timing fault to occur. speed alone is not enough. Proper resource management techniques must also be used, A guiding concern in real-time system resource management is predictability, the ability to determine for a given set of tasks whether the system will be able to meet all of the timing requirements of those tasks. Real-time systems must be highly fault tolerant and behave properly in the presence of timing faults or transient system overloads. Embedded real-time systems must schedule diverse activities to meet the timing requirement imposed by the physical environment. While this issue may be a difficult problem, the real-time system developer works in a tightly constrained environment and, typically, has the advantage of knowing the entire set of tasks that are to be processed by the system and the conditions under which each might be run. An algorithmic-based scheduling methodolgy allows the developer to combine task-set characterization data with the associated timing requirements, to determine through the use of schedulability criteria whether or not the task set can be scheduled to meet its timing requirements. Consequently, a scheduling theory can make the timing properties of the system predictable. This methodology allows the determination, analytically, as to whether the timing requirements of a task set will be met, and if not, which task-timing requirements will fail. An iterative process can then be used to modify certain tasks to achieve the schedulability of the entire task set. Keywords: classification; real-time tasks; scheduling algorithms; rate-monotonic scheduling algorithm; theorems; dynamic scheduling algorithms
Effect of bethanechol or vagal nerve stimulation on ileocecal sphincter pressure in the cat

Abstract Ileocecal sphincter pressure was studied in the cat, using an open-tipped perfused catheter system. Ileocecal sphincter pressure was measured under basal conditions and in response to bethanechol or direct vagal nerve electrical stimulation. The pressure was 26.1 ± 5.0 mmHg basally, and was unaltered by section of either or both cervical vagi (p > 0.05). Peripheral cervical vagal stimulation gave a 9.1 ± 1.1-mmHg increase in ileocecal sphincter pressure (p
Academic and Pentecostal: An Appreciation of Roger Stronstad

1) I offer a brief narration of Stronstad’s journey toward personal ownership of a rich Pentecostal heritage; 2) I provide a summary of Stronstad’s magnum opus, "The Charismatic Theology of St. Luke"; 3) I move to Stronstad’s later development of Christian vocation as the "Prophethood of All Believers"; 4) I address the structural design of a one-volume commentary co-edited with French Arrington; and 5) I offer a select review of Stronstad’s participation in an ongoing Pentecostal debate concerning biblical interpretation.
Intensive Intervention for Students with Mathematics Disabilities: Seven Principles of Effective Practice

The focus of this article is intervention for third - grade students with serious mathematics deficits at third grade. In third grade, such deficits are clearly established, and identification of mathematics disabilities typically begins. We provide background information on two aspects of mathematical cognition that present major challenges for students in the primary grades: number combinations and story problems. We then focus on seven principles of effective intervention. First, we describe a validated, intensive remedial intervention for number combinations and another for story problems. Then, we use these interventions to illustrate the first six principles for designing intensive tutoring protocols for students with mathematics disabilities. Next, using the same validated interventions, we report the percentage of students whose learning outcomes were inadequate despite the overall efficacy of the interventions and explain how ongoing progress monitoring represents a seventh, and perhaps the most essential, principle of intensive intervention. We conclude by identifying issues and directions for future research in the primary and later grades.
A visual analytics approach to detecting server redirections and data exfiltration

How to better find potential cyberattacks is a challenging question for security researchers and practitioners. In recent years, visualization has been applied in the field of analyzing cybersecurity issues, but most work has not been able to provide better than non-visualization based techniques. In this paper, we innovatively designed a visual analytics system to allow analysts to overview network traffic and identify such suspicious such activities as server redirection attack and data exfiltration. Because of the nature of the problem, the overview design must be scalable, accurate, and fast. Through aggregating traffic data along the two dimensions of duration and payload, the system reveals key network traffic characteristics for the analyst to identify security events. The system is evaluated with the test data sets from VAST 2013 mini-challenge 3. The results are very encouraging and shed a more positive light on applying visual analytics in information security.
Heterogeneity of Escherichia coli-expressed human muscle creatine kinase.

Creatine kinase (CK) plays an important role in maintaining a constant ATP:ADP ratio during periods of high energy usage. Elevated levels of CK give an early indication of myocardial infarction. The enzyme has four major isozymes with heterogeneity being observed for each of them. In many cases the source of the heterogeneity is unclear. However, some of the isoforms are known to result from exposure to serum proteases, and analysis of the plasma isoforms provides an estimate of the time of onset of the infarction. Somewhat surprisingly, isoelectric focusing (IEF) experiments provided evidence of heterogeneity in human muscle CK (HMCK) expressed in E. coli. To investigate this further, HMCK was purified to apparent homogeneity utilizing Blue Sepharose affinity chromatography and HiPrep Q anion exchange chromatography. Additional purification on a PBE 94 chromatofocusing column resulted in four fractions, three of which, HMCK I - III, were characterized. The three isoforms are all active and have similar kinetic parameters. They exhibited identical bands on SDS PAGE but different anodal mobility on non-denaturing gels. Modification of C-terminal and/or cysteine residues has been ruled out, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residue(s) is proposed to be the cause of isoform formation. In addition each of these isoforms showed a similar four-band pattern on a carrier ampholytes-based IEF gel. Two-dimensional IEF analysis showed that an equilibrium was established between the four bands, suggesting that the four components were unstable and generated only when the protein was subjected to IEF. iubmb Life, 58: 421-428, 2006
Large deformations near a tip of an interface-crack between two Neo-Hookean sheets

This paper contains an asymptotic investigation - within the nonlinear theory of elastostatic plane stress - of the deformations and stresses near the tips of a traction-free interface-crack between two dissimilar semi-infinite Neo-Hookean sheets. The results obtained are free of oscillatory singularities of the kind predicted by the linearized theory, which would require the two deformed faces of an interface-crack to overlap in the vicinity of its tips. Instead, the crack is found to open smoothly near its ends, regardless of the specific loading at infinity.
Obturator and detonation experiments in the subdetonative ram accelerator

An experimental investigation has been undertaken to improve understanding of the role of the obturator and detonations in the subdetonative ram accelerator starting process. Ram accelerator start experiments were conducted with various obturator geometries to determine the obturator dynamics and assess its effect on the outcome of a start attempt. The obturator rapidly decelerates upon entrance and then moves backwards. Reversal of direction occurs more rapidly after propellant ignition, for less massive obturators, and solid geometries. Perforated geometries and decreasing obturator mass are less conducive to igniting a given propellant, as evidenced by the flowfield and start attempt outcome data presented. Wave unstarts were observed to occur with and without detonations, indicating more than one mechanism responsible for this type of start failure. Piston-initiated detonation experiments were conducted by firing the obturators without the ram accelerator projectile. The piston experiments identified the detonation limits for a wide range of propellants, but were found to not always be indicative of the upper Mach number at which a ram accelerator can be successfully started. In some instances a successful start or wave fall-off would occur at Mach numbers above which a piston alone detonated the propellant. Thus, the projectile can play a mitigating role in detonation initiation and use of piston detonation limits to quantitatively define a detonation wave unstart limit was not realized.
Cretaceous age of the upper part of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona, and its tectonic significance: Reconciliation of paleobotanical and paleomagnetic evidence

The upper part of the 7-km-thick McCoy Mountains Formation in southeastern California contains fossil angiosperm wood that closely resembles the genus Paraphyllanthoxylon , which is known only from strata of late Early Cretaceous and younger age. This wood, in conjunction with geologic field relations, supports previous interpretations that the upper part of the McCoy Mountains Formation is of late Early Cretaceous and/or Late Cretaceous age, in contrast to a more recent interpretation that the entire formation is of Jurassic age. Alternatives are therefore needed to the recent hypothesis that deposition, deformation, and metamorphism of the McCoy Mountains Formation were related to movement on the Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear.