cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two fluid modeling of cylindrical wire array Z-pinches

The numerical simulation of current driven plasmas in which density and resistive gradients are large, such as cylindrical wire array Z-pinches, presents great challenges due to the disparate time and spatial scales resulting from physical parameters such as the electron and ion inertial lengths and the resistivity, as well as a from host of other possibly important phenomena. Going beyond MHD modeling of the global characteristics of Z-pinch plasmas, such as capturing the details and prediction of new phenomena, will likely require both improved physical and numerical robustness of existing codes. Correctly simulating the evolution of the magnetic field topology and the plasma penetration into the vacuum region is, we believe, critical to understanding the energetics and dynamics of the ablation stream. We contend that this can only be done correctly if electron inertial physics is included in a consistent manner. Furthermore we argue that the capability of a numerical code to accurately capture shocks is essential to accurately resolving the energetics of the implosion process. We present initial results from a numerical code that includes resistive MHD and electron inertial effects. The code combines a finite volume TVD relaxation scheme with the generalized Ohm's law including finite electron inertia. Current methods in modeling wire array Z-pinches utilize a resistive MHD model in which the conductivity in the low density regions deviates from the Spitzer model by a large vacuum resistivity. This modification of the conductivity imposes severe time step constraints on the numerical algorithm. In addition to capturing the correct physics, we will show that retaining finite electron inertia in the Ohm's law confines current to the high density plasma region without the need for an anomalously high vacuum resistivity and thus relaxes the need for excessively small time steps.
Shrinking the Safety Net: The 2005 Changes in U.S. Bankruptcy Law

As part of an international symposium on consumer bankruptcy, we address some of the 2005 changes in the U.S. bankruptcy law. We outline briefly the political climate that led to the 2005 changes, and then we examine the four changes that are likely to have the greatest effect on families in financial trouble. We single out the new consumer credit counseling requirements as providing virtually no help to debtors, serving instead as one more costly hurdle a debtor must jump before filing bankruptcy. Means testing for chapter 7 eligibility has created confusion and perverse incentives for debtors. New burdens and restrictions on attorneys have increased the cost of legal representation. Finally, although not as widely publicized as other changes, new rules requiring audits of bankruptcy filings could significantly change how bankruptcy filers assert legal positions in their petitions and schedules. After considering these changes, we describe the plans of the 2007 Consumer Bankruptcy Project to go into the field to collect data on more than 2,000 bankruptcy filers.
Photographic Analysis for Construction Operations

Problems of applying methods-study techniques in construction operations such as stop-watch time studies, micromotion studies, and data analysis by process and multiple-activity charts; new memomotion studies replace high speeds of micromotion method with extremely low speeds; film record enables analysis and graphic representation of simultaneous activities of crew of men or of men and machines on multiple-activity chart.
Transesophageal Echocardiography Changes Clinical Management in a Select Group of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients (P07.239)

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that TEE would provide more meaningful information than transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and this information would change clinical management. BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on which patients should receive transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the diagnostic evaluation for stroke. DESIGN/METHODS: From our prospectively collected stroke registry, we identified patients with ischemic stroke who received both TTE and TEE. A retrospective chart review was performed to collect clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic features. Primary outcome measure was how often findings on TEE and TTE were different. This group was called 9TEE beneficial9 since TEE provided new information. Secondary outcome measure was whether these differences led to a change in management or stroke etiology. Using logistic regression we identified clinical and radiographic findings that were predictive of having a 9beneficial9 TEE. RESULTS: A total of 252 patients had both TTE and TEE (52% male). Mean age was 57 ±14. TEE results were discordant with TTE in 116 (46%) patients (TEE beneficial). There were two discordant groups identified:false negative TTE (TTE normal, TEE abnormal) findings and false positive TTE (TTE abnormal, TEE normal) findings were demonstrated. When the TTE was falsely negative, the most common TEE findings were complex aortic disease, patent foramen ovale (PFO), and left atrial dilatation (LAD). When the TTE was falsely positive, the most common TTE findings were LAD, PFO, and regional wall motion abnormality. TEE changed clinical management or stroke etiology in 38 (15%) patients. Patients≥62 years old (OR 1.79, 95% CI, 1.04-3.07) and a history of congestive heart failure (CHF)(OR 6.03, 95% CI, 1.82-20.03) were more likely to have a 9beneficial9TEE. CONCLUSIONS: The findings between TTE and TEE were discordant almost half of the time. TEE changed management in 15% of patients in our population. Patients ≥ 62years old and those with CHF were more likely to have a 9beneficial9 TEE. Disclosure: Dr. DeLange has nothing to disclose. Dr. McDonald has nothing to disclose. Dr. Peng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Romano has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grotta has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck. Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rahbar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gonzales has nothing to disclose.
Near-field localization in nanostructures for enhancement of nonlinear optical phenomena

We present a new method to analyze second harmonic generation in the undepleted-pump approximation based on Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis, and apply it to study nonlinearity enhancement via near-field localization in nanostructures.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN A DOUBLE HEART-KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENT: A CONDITION NOT TO BE OVERLOOKED

Thrombocytopenia in post-heart transplant patient conjures a broad differential, but in a setting of multi-organ transplant with aggressive immune suppression regimen, it is imperative to consider post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Although, PTLD usually presents within the first
From Phototaxis to Biomedical Applications: Investigating the Molecular Mechanism of Channelrhodopsins

Phototactic response in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is mediated through two rhodopsin proteins, channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Similar to other microbial-type rhodopsins, ChRs have a seven transmembrane motif with a retinal moiety bound to a highly conserved lysine residue that activates the protein upon illumination with blue light. While most bacterial and algal homologues function as an ion pump, ChR2 is an inwardly rectified non-selective cation channel. Although ChR2 shares structural similarity to the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR), ChR2 and bR have distinct functionality. The molecular determinants which define the differing protein functionalities can be elucidated through structure/function experiments. Moreover, the unique properties of ChR2 have paved the way for the emerging field of optogenetics. Cell-specific expression of ChR2 in vivo can invoke action potentials upon light activation and trigger downstream behavioral responses. However, the wild type properties of ChR2 limit the utility of this protein in biomedical applications. Therefore, understanding the underlying structural changes and mechanism of ion translocation for ChRs will be crucial for targeted engineering of ChR mutants with favorable optogenetic properties.
Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities to Reduce Mortality

UNLABELLED : The objective of this review is to describe existing data on breast cancer incidence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in particular in sub-Saharan Africa; identify the limitations of these data; and review what is known about breast cancer control strategies in sub-Saharan African countries and other LMICs. Available estimates demonstrate that breast cancer incidence and mortality are rising in LMICs, including in Africa, although high-quality data from LMICs (and particularly from sub-Saharan Africa) are largely lacking. Case fatality rates from breast cancer appear to be substantially higher in LMICs than in high-income countries. Significant challenges exist to developing breast cancer control programs in LMICs, perhaps particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and the most effective strategies for treatment and early detection in the context of limited resources are uncertain. High-quality research on breast cancer incidence and mortality and implementation research to guide effective breast cancer control strategies in LMICs are urgently needed. Enhanced investment in breast cancer research and treatment in LMICs should be a global public health priority. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The numbers of new cases of breast cancer, and breast cancer deaths per year, in low- and middle-income countries are rising. Engagement by the international breast cancer community is critical to reduce global disparities in breast cancer outcomes. Cancer specialists and institutions in high-income countries can serve as key partners in training initiatives, clinical care, protocol and program development, and research. This article provides an overview of what is known about breast cancer incidence, mortality, and effective strategies for breast cancer control in sub-Saharan Africa and identifies key gaps in the literature. This information can help guide priorities for engagement by the global cancer community.
Invasive plants have different effects on trophic structure of green and brown food webs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis.

Although invasive plants are a major source of terrestrial ecosystem degradation worldwide, it remains unclear which trophic levels above the base of the food web are most vulnerable to plant invasions. We performed a meta-analysis of 38 independent studies from 32 papers to examine how invasive plants alter major groupings of primary and secondary consumers in three globally distributed ecosystems: wetlands, woodlands and grasslands. Within each ecosystem we examined if green (grazing) food webs are more sensitive to plant invasions compared to brown (detrital) food webs. Invasive plants have strong negative effects on primary consumers (detritivores, bacterivores, fungivores, and/or herbivores) in woodlands and wetlands, which become less abundant in both green and brown food webs in woodlands and green webs in wetlands. Plant invasions increased abundances of secondary consumers (predators and/or parasitoids) only in woodland brown food webs and green webs in wetlands. Effects of invasive plants on grazing and detrital food webs clearly differed between ecosystems. Overall, invasive plants had the most pronounced effects on the trophic structure of wetlands and woodlands, but caused no detectable changes to grassland trophic structure.
A controlled study of danazol for the treatment of karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure.

Objective To determine if the immunomodulatory and gonadotropin-suppressing properties of danazol would improve follicle function or ovulation rates in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Design Prospective, double-blind, crossover trial. Setting Tertiary care research institution. Interventions Two intervention phases lasting 4months each: one phase during which patients received a standardized estrogen and progestin replacement regimen and one phase during which each patient received a twice daily 400mg oral dose of danazol. Patients Fifty-two patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure ranging in age from 21 to 39years. Main Outcome Measures We measured serum E 2 and P levels weekly during the 2months after each intervention. We defined a serum E 2 >50pg/mL (184 pmol/L) as evidence of ovarian follicle function and a P>3.0ng/mL (9.5nmol/L) as evidence for ovulation. Results Of the 46 patients who completed the study, danazol did not significantly enhance ovarian follicle function or the chance of ovulation. Eight patients ovulated after danazol and four patients ovulated after estrogen and progestin. The power to detect a 30% and a 5% ovulation success rate with therapy was 0.80 and 0.90, respectively. Overall, 30 of 46 women (65%) demonstrated ovarian follicle function and 10 women (21%) ovulated. Conclusion We were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant benefit from the immunomodulatory and gonadotropin-suppressing effects of danazol in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. These patients often have spontaneous remission. Thus, controlled studies are required to determine the effectiveness of treatments for this condition.
Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L-1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.
Upper aerodigestive injuries from detergent ingestion in children.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentations and management of detergent pod ingestion at a tertiary children's hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with detergent pod ingestion from June 2010 and March 2015. RESULTS: Nine cases of detergent pod ingestion were included over a 5-year period. The average age was 26.3 months (range, 11-43 months). Eight (89%) of the cases were female. The patients had ingested laundry detergent pods (n = 7) and dishwasher detergent pods (n = 2). The majority of patients (67%) had more than one clinical manifestation from ingestion. Presenting symptoms included emesis (78%), respiratory symptoms (56%), throat pain (22%), drooling (33%), and foaming at the mouth (33%). The management of patients depended on the severity of their symptoms and included admission to an overnight observation unit (n = 5), discharge to home directly from the emergency department (n = 2), and admission to the hospital (n = 2). Two (22%) children underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. One child (11%) required intubation from bilateral vocal fold immobility. CONCLUSION: Injuries to the upper aerodigestive tract after detergent ingestion range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to respiratory compromise. The majority of children improve with observation alone; however, clinicians should maintain a low threshold for endoscopic evaluation in cases of severe symptoms and airway involvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 2016.© 2016 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. Language: en
Surviving Involuntary Unemployment Together: The Role of Resilience-Promoting Communication in Familial and Committed Relationships

ABSTRACTInvoluntary unemployment is an unfortunate circumstance not only for those without meaningful work, but also for families, family relationships, and committed long-term relationships. To explore the role that communication plays in helping family partners demonstrate resilience (i.e., competence and adaptation throughout the experience of a stressor), while dealing with involuntary unemployment, the current study surveyed a sample of 111 recently unemployed, relationally involved participants. The majority of these participants self-reported as married (40.6%) or indicated serious commitment (38.6%) with their relational partner. Communication strategies perceived as contributing to resilience with their partner were measured as Resilience-Promoting Communication (RPC). Bootstrapping mediation analysis determined that RPC dimensions emphasizing respect/harmony, partnership and tension release contributed to mediation of the relationship between feelings about job loss on relational satisfaction an...
Comparison of Respiratory Outcomes between Preterm Small-For-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-For-Gestational-Age Infants

Objective This study aims to determine whether preterm infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) are more likely to have respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) compared with appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Methods Secondary analysis of a multicenter trial evaluating magnesium for neuroprotection. Nonanomalous, singleton gestations delivered between 22 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks were included. Large-for-gestational-age infants were excluded. We performed a nested case–control study. Cases were infants with RDS; controls were infants without RDS. The sample size estimates revealed 779 subjects/group were needed to achieve a 80% power to demonstrate a 1/3 difference in RDS. We fit a multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for confounders. We assessed the association of SGA with RDS and a composite adverse respiratory and neonatal outcome. Results Overall, 947 cases and 920 controls were included. The groups differed by gestational age at delivery, antibiotic exposure, mode of delivery, infant gender, and birth weight. SGA was not associated with RDS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–2.38) or the composite respiratory (aOR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.37–2.04) or adverse neonatal outcome (aOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.27–1.54). RDS and the composite respiratory outcome were most associated with earlier gestational age at delivery, cesarean delivery, and male gender. Conclusion SGA is not associated with RDS or other adverse respiratory and neonatal composites.
Driver Comprehension of Integrated Collision Avoidance System Alerts Presented through a Haptic Driver Seat

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of increasing the number of collision avoidance system alerts presented through a haptic driver seat on drivers’ response performance. Twenty-four participants performed specific driving maneuvers in response to one, three, or seven haptic seat alerts while they drove an instrumented vehicle. Participants verbally identified the alerts after executing a maneuver. Results show that drivers made the correct driving maneuver in response to the alerts. This was likely because of the strong stimulus- response compatibility designed into the haptic seat. As predicted by Information Theory, drivers’ mean manual response time to the alerts significantly increased, and their verbal response accuracy significantly degraded, as the number of alerts increased. A three-alert haptic seat approach is recommended providing specific design requirements are met.
Gaps in Radiation Therapy Awareness: Results From an Educational Multi-institutional Survey of US Internal Medicine Residents.

Purpose Internists and primary care providers play a growing role in cancer care. We therefore evaluated the awareness of radiation therapy in general and specifically the clinical utility of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) among current US internal medicine residents. Methods and Materials A web-based institutional review board–approved multi-institutional survey was distributed to US internal medicine residency programs. The survey evaluated trainee demographic characteristics, baseline radiation oncology awareness, knowledge of the role of SBRT for early-stage NSCLC, and whether the survey successfully improved awareness. Results Thirty US internal medicine programs participated, with an overall participant response rate of 46% (1177 of 2551). Of the trainees, 93% (n=1076) reported no radiation oncology education in their residency, 39% (n=452) reported confidence in knowing when to consult radiation oncology in an oncologic emergency, and 26% (n=293) reported confidence in knowing when to consult radiation oncology in the setting of a newly diagnosed cancer. Of the participants, 76% (n=850) correctly identified that surgical resection is the standard treatment in operable early-stage NSCLC, but only 50% (n=559) of participants would recommend SBRT to a medically inoperable patient, followed by 31% of participants (n=347) who were unsure of the most appropriate treatment, and 10% (n=117) who recommended waiting to offer palliative therapy. Ninety percent of participants (n=1029) agreed that they would benefit from further training on when to consult radiation oncology. Overall, 96% (n=1072) indicated that the survey increased their knowledge and awareness of the role of SBRT. Conclusions The majority of participating trainees received no education in radiation oncology in their residency, reported a lack of confidence regarding when to consult radiation oncology, and overwhelmingly agreed that they would benefit from further training. These findings should serve as a call to increase the educational collaboration between internal medicine and radiation oncology departments to ensure optimal cancer care.
A retrospective comparison of the characteristics and recurrence outcome of triple-negative and triple-positive breast cancer.

1038 Background: Triple-negative (estrogen/progesterone-receptors negative and HER2-negative; TNBC) and Triple-positive (estrogen/progesterone-receptors positive and HER2-positive; TPBC) breast can...
Phenomenological treatment of anharmonic effects in Cd isotopes

Abstract We test the phenomenological description of anharmonic effects in Cd isotopes. Only third order anharmonicities are taken into account. A criterion for the range of validity of the model is given. Comparison of our results with the experimental energies, electromagnetic transition rates and one-body transfer reactions shows that the theoretical predictions are generally improved by the presence of anharmonic terms. However, aside from the static quadrupole moment, the improvement is not spectacular, and, therefore, its significancy in testing the adequacy of the anharmonic adiabatic description is questionable. Two sets of single-particle energies, both reproducing the levels in odd nuclei, are obtained as a by product of the calculation.
Mechanical testing of foot and ankle implants

Mechanical testing of implants used to replace the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) of the foot and the ankle joint is essential for the success of new device designs. Appropriate mechanical testing depends on an in-depth understanding of the normal gait cycle, as well as the joints that are being replaced. The full gait cycle is discussed in this chapter. The anatomy, stabilization, biomechanics, and kinematics of the first MPJ and the ankle joint are also presented, followed by a brief summary of implant designs for first MPJ and ankle replacement. Finally, various methods for the mechanical testing of first MPJ and ankle implants are discussed.
Limits and Continuity

Having considered the fundamental properties of the real numbers in Chapters 1 and 2, we now commence our study of real analysis proper. The heart of real analysis, and one of the key features that distinguishes real analysis from algebraic and combinatorial branches of mathematics, is the concept of a limit. There are various types of limits, for example limits of functions (which we will discuss in the present section), and limits of sequences (to be discussed in Section 8.2). However, all of these types of limits have similar features, and gaining familiarity with one type of limit will make learning about the other types much easier. The reader has already encountered limits of functions in an intuitive fashion in calculus courses. However, limits take on a much more important role in real analysis than in calculus because in the former we are concerned with rigorous proofs rather than applications, and limits are at the heart of the rigorous treatment of calculus.
Relation of musical experience to perceiving and producing aspirated Hindi consonants

Past research shows that those with musical experience often perceive and produce unfamiliar speech contrasts better than non-musicians (e.g., Gottfried, 2007; Lee & Hung, 2008; Marie, Delogu, Lampis, Belardinelli, & Besson, 2011; Slevc & Miyake, 2006). The present research seeks to clarify the mechanisms which underlie this relationship through a “test-teach-test” paradigm (see Vlahou, Protopapas, & Seitz, 2012). In the first session, native speakers of American English with and without conservatory training were tested on their discrimination of Hindi sentences that contained either an aspirated (e.g., [bh]) or unaspirated (e.g., [b]) consonant (“test”). In a second session, participants completed training on producing and perceptually discriminating the aspirated and unaspirated Hindi consonants (“teach”). In the third session, participants were tested on their ability to perceive and to produce these unfamiliar consonants in the same and different phonetic contexts (“test”). Preliminary results suggest that all participants benefited from the training, but Improvement was markedly greater for musicians than for non-musicians. Current studies are further testing additional musicians and non-musicians to evaluate the extent which musical experience influences perception and production of these unfamiliar Hindi phonemes.Past research shows that those with musical experience often perceive and produce unfamiliar speech contrasts better than non-musicians (e.g., Gottfried, 2007; Lee & Hung, 2008; Marie, Delogu, Lampis, Belardinelli, & Besson, 2011; Slevc & Miyake, 2006). The present research seeks to clarify the mechanisms which underlie this relationship through a “test-teach-test” paradigm (see Vlahou, Protopapas, & Seitz, 2012). In the first session, native speakers of American English with and without conservatory training were tested on their discrimination of Hindi sentences that contained either an aspirated (e.g., [bh]) or unaspirated (e.g., [b]) consonant (“test”). In a second session, participants completed training on producing and perceptually discriminating the aspirated and unaspirated Hindi consonants (“teach”). In the third session, participants were tested on their ability to perceive and to produce these unfamiliar consonants in the same and different phonetic contexts (“test”). Preliminary results sugges...
Warm water temperatures and shifts in seasonality increase trout recruitment but only moderately decrease adult size in western North American tailwaters

Dams throughout western North America have altered thermal regimes in rivers, creating cold, clear “tailwaters” in which trout populations thrive. Ongoing drought in the region has led to highly publicized reductions in reservoir storage and raised concerns about potential reductions in downstream flows. Large changes in riverine thermal regimes may also occur as reservoir water levels drop, yet this potential impact has received far less attention. We analyzed historic water temperature and fish population data to anticipate how trout may respond to future changes in the magnitude and seasonality of river temperatures. We found that summer temperatures were inversely related to reservoir water level, with warm temperatures associated with reduced storage and with dams operated as run-of-river units. Variation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recruitment was linked to water temperature variation, with a 5-fold increase in recruitment occurring at peak summer temperatures (18 °C vs. 7 °C) and a 2.5-fold increase in recruitment when peak temperatures occurred in summer rather than fall. Conversely, adult trout size was only moderately related to temperature. Rainbow and brown trout (Salmo trutta) size decreased by ~24 mm and 20 mm, respectively, as mean annual and peak summer temperatures increased. Further, rainbow trout size decreased by ~29 mm with an earlier onset of cold winter temperatures. While increased recruitment may be the more likely outcome of a warmer and drier climate, density-dependent growth constraints could exacerbate temperature-dependent growth reductions. As such, managers may consider implementing flows to reduce recruitment or altering infrastructure to maintain coldwater reservoir releases.
Environmental Covariates for Digital Soil Mapping in the Western USA

Unlike most of the USA, the western region still lacks initial soil mapping on many private and public lands. Spatially explicit soil data are needed to support a variety of land uses including energy development, mining, grazing, agriculture, forest products, recreation, wildlife habitat, species conservation and urban development. The wide diversity of lithology, geomorphology, climate, and vegetation and the vast, difficult-to-access terrain of western landscapes facilitated the development of digital soil mapping. Environmental covariates used in digital soil mapping in the western USA include derivatives of digital elevations models (DEM) and remotely sensed spectral data (RS). DEM-derived data are often used to represent climate and relief (geomorphology, microclimate). The low vegetation cover of arid, semiarid, and seasonally dry climates typical of the West facilitates the use of RS data and its derivatives. Landsat and ASTER data are the most common sources of RS data, and are used to represent organisms (vegetation type and density), parent material (lithology, mineralogy), and soil (mineralogy, wetness, other surface characteristics). Spatially explicit, digital environmental covariates have improved several aspects of soil survey in the western USA including pre-mapping, developing efficient and targeted field sampling plans, and implementation of spatial prediction models.
Design Aspects of the Redwood Programming Environment.

Redwood is a development environment that supports drag-and-drop manipulation of programming constructs and visual representation of program structure. Redwood’s architecture and functionality are based on the concept of snippet, defined loosely as a program component that encapsulates both a coding solution and its visual presentation. In addition, snippets support creation of unrestricted code libraries, thus fostering open-source development. This paper presents the motivation for Redwood, briefly overviews its functionality and mode of operation, and then focuses on the concepts underlying its design. Two essential parts of this design are the Snippet Display syntax (SDS) and the Snipplet Language (SL), created by the authors and presented in the paper. Implementation details, examples of use, and several directions of future work are also included in the paper. Index Terms — Development environment, Redwood, snippet, visual programming.
BART: bioinformatics array research tool.

Microarray experiments comprise more than half of all series in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). However, downloading and analyzing raw or semi-processed microarray data from GEO is not intuitive and requires manual error-prone analysis and a bioinformatics background. This is due to a lack of standardization in array platform fabrication as well as the lack of a simple interactive tool for clustering, plotting, differential expression testing, and testing for functional enrichment. We introduce the Bioinformatics Array Research Tool (BART), an R Shiny web application that automates the microarray download and analysis process across diverse microarray platforms. It provides an intuitive interface, automatically downloads and parses data from GEO, suggests groupings of samples for differential expression testing, performs batch effect correction, outputs quality control plots, converts probe IDs, generates full lists of differentially expressed genes, and performs functional enrichment analysis. We show that BART enables a more comprehensive analysis of a wider range of microarray datasets on GEO by comparing it to four leading online microarray analysis tools. BART allows a scientist with no bioinformatics background to extract knowledge from their own microarray data or microarray experiments available from GEO. BART is functional on more microarray experiments and provides more comprehensive analyses than extant microarray analysis tools. BART is hosted on bart.salk.edu , includes a user tutorial, and is available for download from https://bitbucket.org/Luisa_amaral/bart .
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by a Cavernous Malformation: Case Report and Literature Review.

Objective Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) related to a brainstem cavernous malformation (CM) is a rare entity. We present the first radiosurgical management of a patient with TN secondary to a CM. Clinical presentation An 80-year-old female presented with a 33-year history of progressively severe TN refractory to medications. Imaging confirmed a solitary CM located at the pontine dorsal root entry zone of cranial nerve 5. Treatment Stereotactic radiosurgery of the trigeminal nerve was performed using the Leksell gamma knife. A single 4-mm isocenter of radiation was focused on the trigeminal nerve and a maximum dose of 80 Gy (40 Gy at the 50% isodose line) was delivered to the nerve. Results At 1 year, the patient noted that the severe pain attacks had been reduced by 75%, although a background lingering discomfort persisted. Pain suppression medications had been significantly reduced to lamotrigine 100 mg twice daily. Her preoperative distribution of sensory dysfunction mildly increased. Conclusion For medically refractory TN related to a CM, radiosurgery of the afferent nerve may ameliorate pain without a major decrease in sensation. The more than 30-year history of pain in our patient may have reduced the chance of more significant pain relief.
Dipole-Supported Electronic Resonances Mediate Electron-Induced Amide Bond Cleavage.

Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) plays a key role in radiation damage of biomolecules under high-energy radiation conditions. The initial step in DEA is often rationalized in terms of resonant electron capture into one of the metastable valence states of a molecule followed by its fragmentation. Our combined theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that the manifold of states responsible for electron capture in the DEA process can be dominated by core-excited (shake-up) dipole-supported resonances. Specifically, we present the results of experimental and computational studies of the gas-phase DEA to three prototypical peptide molecules, formamide, $N$-methylformamide (NMF), and $N$,$N$-dimethyl-formamide (DMF). In contrast to the case of electron capture by positively charged peptides in which amide bond rupture is rare compared to $\mathrm{N}─{\mathrm{C}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ bond cleavage, fragmentation of the amide bond was observed in each of these three molecules. The ion yield curves for ions resulting from this amide bond cleavage, such as ${\mathrm{NH}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for formamide, ${\mathrm{NHCH}}_{3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for NMF, and $\mathrm{N}({\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{)}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for DMF, showed a double-peak structure in the region between 5 and 8 eV. The peaks are assigned to Feshbach resonances including core-excited dipole-supported resonances populated upon electron attachment based on high-level electronic structure calculations. Moreover, the lower energy peak is attributed to formation of the core-excited resonance that correlates with the triplet state of the neutral molecule. The latter process highlights the role of optically spin-forbidden transitions promoted by electron impact in the DEA process.
A flexible phased array system with low areal mass density

Phased arrays are multiple antenna systems capable of forming and steering beams electronically using constructive and destructive interference between sources. They are employed extensively in radar and communication systems but are typically rigid, bulky and heavy, which limits their use in compact or portable devices and systems. Here, we report a scalable phased array system that is both lightweight and flexible. The array architecture consists of a self-monitoring complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-based integrated circuit, which is responsible for generating multiple independent phase- and amplitude-controlled signal channels, combined with flexible and collapsible radiating structures. The modular platform, which can be collapsed, rolled and folded, is capable of operating standalone or as a subarray in a larger-scale flexible phased array system. To illustrate the capabilities of the approach, we created a 4 × 4 flexible phased array tile operating at 9.4–10.4 GHz, with a low areal mass density of 0.1 g cm−2. We also created a flexible phased array prototype that is powered by photovoltaic cells and intended for use in a wireless space-based solar power transfer array. By combining a CMOS-based integrated circuit with flexible and collapsible radiating structures, a scalable phased array architecture can be fabricated that has an areal mass density of only 0.1 g cm−2.
High Monetary Rewards and High Academic Article Outputs: Are China’s Research Publications Policy Driven?

This study compares China’s research article outputs rankings with its innovation rankings in the world, in the perspective of China’s high monetary rewards for research publications. It finds that...
Multiple Fitness Improvements Found after 6-Months of High Intensity Functional Training

While short-term high intensity functional training (HIFT) effects have been established, fitness improvements from program participation exceeding 16 weeks are unknown. This study examined the effectiveness of participation in HIFT through CrossFit. During 2013–2014, fitness performance testing was incorporated into an ongoing university CrossFit program. Participants included 45 adults (23 women, 22 men) with 0–27 months of HIFT experience (grouped into 0–6 months and 7+ months). Participants completed three separate days of assessments across 10 fitness domains before and after participating in the program for six months. For each sex, 2 (Time) × 2 (Group) RANOVA were used for each fitness test. For women, significant Time effects were found for four fitness domains (i.e., flexibility, power, muscular endurance, and strength), and a Group × Time interaction for cardiorespiratory endurance, with the 0–6-month group improving more. For men, significant Time effects were found for flexibility, muscular endurance, and strength. These data provide evidence for multiple fitness improvements after six months of CrossFit participation with greater 1.5 mile run time improvement among women with less experience.
Nonlinear Metamaterials with Multiple Local Mechanical Resonators: Analytical and Numerical Analyses

This paper examines the role of stiffness nonlinearity on a periodic one-dimensional chain with multiple local resonators. The cells of the chain consist of lumped masses connected through nonlinear springs. Each cell is embedded with multiple local resonators having different parameters. In one case the local resonators are assumed to be linear and in another case they are nonlinear. The dispersion equation for the system is derived analytically by the method of multiple scales (MMS). The results are validated via comparison with those in the literature and numerically via Matlab. The nonlinearity shows enhancement in the bandgap regions, especially with increasing number of local resonators.
THE UTILITY OF FRAMINGHAM SCORE FOR RISK STRATIFICATION AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING LIVER TRANSPLANT EVALUATION

Cardiac testing of liver transplant (LT) candidates requires balancing risks and benefits of various cardiac procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of Framingham score (FS) for cardiac risk stratification for ischemic heart disease prior to LT. This was a single center
Sample size determination for biomedical big data with limited labels

The era of big data has produced vast amounts of information that can be used to build machine learning models. In many cases, however, there is a point where adding more data only marginally increases model performance. This is especially important for scenarios of limited labeled data, as annotation can be expensive and time consuming. If the required sample size for accurate model performance can be determined early, then resources can be allocated appropriately to minimize time and cost. In this study, we explore sample size determination methods for four real-world biomedical datasets, spanning genomics, proteomics, electronic health records, and insurance claims data, all with millions of instances each and<2% class ratio. The methods used involve approximating a learning curve for a large amount of data using a small amount of data. We evaluate an existing method that fits an inverse power law model to a small learning curve and introduce a novel semi-supervised method that utilizes the large amount of unlabeled data for estimating a learning curve. We find that the inverse power law method is applicable to big data, while the semi-supervised method can be better at detecting convergence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply an inverse power law curve fitting method to big data with limited labels and compare it to a semi-supervised approach.
Chapter 4 – Test Generation

Publisher Summary Test generation is the task of producing an effective set of vectors that can achieve high fault coverage for a specified fault model. Much progress is made in automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). Without powerful ATPGs, chips are increasingly depending on (DFT) techniques to alleviate the high cost of generating vectors. This chapter deals with the fundamental issues behind the design of an ATPG, as well as the underlying learning mechanisms that can improve the overall performance of ATPG. It provides an overview of the problem of test generation followed by random a discussion of test generation. Deterministic algorithms for test generation for stuck-at faults are also addressed in the chapter including techniques that enhance the deterministic engines such as static and dynamic learning. Moreover, test generation for other fault models such as delay faults is explained, including ATPG for path-delay faults and transition faults. A brief discussion on bridging faults is also included. This chapter concludes by discussing advanced test generation topics.
Syphilis seroconversion among drug addicts during methadone maintenance treatment in Maanshan city,Anhui province: incidence and risk factors

Objective To evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for syphilis seroconversion amomg drug addicts during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).Methods A retrospective study was performed on drug addicts receiving MMT at MMT clinics in Maanshan,who were seronegative for syphilis before the treatment and followed up by serological tests for syphilis for more than two years.The incidence of and risk factors for syphilis seroconversion during the two years of follow up were analyzed in all the subjects.Results A total of 161 drug addicts were included in this study,of whom,15 experienced seroconversion for syphilis with the average seroconversion rate being 4.66 per 100 person-years.The seroconversion tended to occurr in the early stage of MMT.Both Chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that syphilis seroconversion was independently associated with nonuse of condoms during the last sexual behavior before receiving MMT.Conclusions Interventions should be undertaken as early as possible to promote safe sexual behaviors among drug addicts at methadone clinics,and to promote condom use is especially important for blocking sexual transmission of diseases. Key words: Syphilis; Methadone; Therapy; Risk factors
Gender and the Civil War: A Review Essay

Review of: "Gender and the Sectional Conflict" by Nina Silber, and "Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front" by Judith Giesberg.
Nuclear localization of Akt in gallbladder carcinoma from BK5.erbB2 mice

106 Gallbladder carcinomas carry poor prognosis and difficulties with treatment, often due to late stage diagnosis, highly malignant nature, and limited knowledge regarding the pathogenesis. Overexpression of erbB2 in gallbladder epithelial cells in BK5.erbB2 transgenic mice leads to development of adenocarcinoma in 90% of the homozygous transgenic mice. This transgenic mouse model provided a useful tool for investigating the mechanism of erbB2 induced development of gallbladder carcinoma. We detected that erbB2 overexpression in transgenic gallbladder epithelial cells was associated with a high level of EGFR and both erbB2 and EGFR were constitutively activated. We further analyzed the downstream of erbB2/EGFR signaling in gallbladder epithelial cells from BK5.erbB2 mice to investigate the mechanism of carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that activated Akt was predominantly nuclear in gallbladder epithelial cells from the transgenic mice, but not in nontransgenic mice. Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from nuclear and cytosolic fractions of gallbladder epithelial cells also showed the nuclear localization of activated Akt. In addition, when the EGFR/erbB2 signaling was stimulated by EGF in primary gallbladder epithelial cell culture from BK5.erbB2 mice, a prolonged nuclear localization of activated Akt was observed compared to that of nontransgenic mice. Although activated Erk1/2 was mainly localized to the cytoplasm of gallbladder epithelial cells from transgenic mice, it was also detected in the nucleus. But in nontransgenic mice, no activated Erk1/2 could be detected in the nucleus of gallbladder epithelial cells. We speculate that nuclear localization of Akt and Erk1/2 mediated by constitutively activated erbB2 and EGFR signaling may play important roles during development of gallbladder carcinoma in BK5.erbB2 mice.
A Deep Neural Network and Reconstructed Phase Space Approach to Classifying 12-lead ECGs

The aim of this work is to classify 12-lead ECGs into 26 classes, including normal sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block, and ST-segment depression and elevation. This work is team Marquette's submission to the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2020. Our approach is to apply two modelling techniques: a reconstructed phase space - Gaussian mixture model (RPS-GMM) method and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. The one-dimensional convolutional neural network consists of 11 layers consisting of both convolutional and fully connected layers. It takes inputs of varying lengths to output a single diagnosis and is trained from scratch within the competition time limits. Our second method, the RPS-GMM approach, embeds each ECG lead into an l11-dimensional space and classifies using a maximum likelihood classifier. While we propose and discuss two methods only the deep convolutional neural network was used in our submissions. The RPS-GMM approach was not scored as it exceeded the competition training time limit. We achieved a score of 0.492 on the test data, but were not ranked due to omissions in the submission. Next steps include reducing the training time of the RPS-GMM approach and ensembling the two methods.