cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inlet drag prediction for aircraft conceptual design

Recent efforts to upgrade the aircraft conceptual design code ACSYNT prompted a study of inlet drag prediction methods suited to conceptual design. Existing methods were expanded to enable the drag of four different inlet types (subsonic pitot, supersonic pitot, supersonic two-dimensional, and supersonic conical) to be predicted over the complete inlet operating range. These methods have been successfully incorporated into ACSYNT and are presented together with test cases representing a range of inlet geometries.
Affinities and high-order diversity within landscape mosaics

Summary Concepts and methods for use in the study of plant community variation across a single landscape, or for the comparative analysis of two or more landscapes, are presented. The method is called affinity analysis because it produces a sorting and scaling of all the communities in a data set according to degree of differentiation in composition away from an objectively identified subset of modal communities. Modal communities possess maximum affinity with the whole landscape because they contain a large number of the species common throughout the landscape. The modal communities provide a kind of central tendency for the landscape and an anchor for depicting the dispersion of all other communities in it. To accomplish affinity analysis, the Jaccard similarity coefficient and the Wilcoxon Tstatistic are used in a two-step transformation of the primary species-by-site data matrix. From these calculations we obtain both a visual image, the S-T graph, and summary statistics for the landscape-wide diversity described by the data. One summary statistic is a high-order diversity measure for the total patchwork of communities. We refer to this measure as mosaic diversity. The analytical results are referred to collectively as the "metastructure' because they provide a general, abstract, characterization of any set of community data. This abstract rendering of the data allows comparison of pattern and variation between taxonomically, geographically, and temporally different landscapes. Either presence/absence or abundance data may be used. Examples using artificial and field data are presented. All but one of the field data sets showed a significantly higher mosaic diversity than would be expected from a randomly constructed landscape. We also show how the new methods may be used with ordination to explore intralandscape patterns in more detail than was previously possible. In addition to statistical matters, ecological and evoutionary interpretations of affinity analysis are discussed. Topics included in this discussion involve reasoning about the influences on diversity arising from micro- and macroevolution, species packing and association, environmental gradients, differential fitness expression among species-populations, continuity in community variation, and the uses of both presence/ absence and abundance data in community studies. Among the examples provided, mosaic diversity is independent of 13 diversity (Whittaker, 1972).
Cooled and uncooled infrared detectors based on yttrium barium copper oxide

We review performance and physical characteristics of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) compound as an infrared (IR) photodetector. YBCO has been used as the IR detector material in both superconducting (oxygen-rich) and semiconducting (oxygen-depleted) phases. YBCO in its crystalline, Yba2Cu3O6+x phase with x>0.95 is a high-temperature superconducting material with the superconducting transition Tcapproximately equals 90K. The superconducting YBCOIR detectors operate as either nonequilibrium (quantum) or bolometric (thermal) devices. The nonequilibrium devices are characterized by very short, single-picosecond photoresponse times and are expected to find applications in optoelectronics and imaging, as well as ultrafast optical-to-electrical transducers for digital input applications. The bolometric mechanism results in relatively slow but very sensitive detectors with possible applications in astronomy. In addition to superconducting IR sensors, interest in uncooled YBCO devices is growing very rapidly. Despite somewhat lower sensitivity and significantly reduced speed of response, as compared to the superconducting counterpartners, the uncooled IR detectors are characterized by much lower operating cost and weight due to lack of cooling cryogens and are compatible with existing silicon-based processing and fabrication. The last point is of paramount importance if the IR-sensitive pixels are to be integrated with CMOS read-out circuitry for monolithic focal plane arrays and infrared cameras. Amorphous uncooled YBCO photodetectors operate as either photoconductive bolometers of unbiased pyroelectric devices.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase RAUL Negatively Regulates Type I Interferon through Ubiquitination of the Transcription Factors IRF7 and IRF3

In the course of combating infectious agents, type I interferon (IFN) needs a timely downregulation mechanism to avoid detrimental overreaction. Here we showed a mechanism for restraining type I IFN responses, which relied on a HECT domain ubiquitin (Ub) E3 ligase, RAUL. RAUL limited type I IFN production by directly catalyzing lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination of both interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and IRF3 followed by proteasome-dependent degradation. Suppression of RAUL by dominant-negative RAUL or siRNA augmented both basal and virus-induced production of type I IFN, which resulted in reduced viral replication. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus immediate-early lytic cycle trigger protein RTA recruited this mechanism to augment its countermeasures against the host antiviral response. These results unveil a previously unrecognized "brake mechanism" for type I IFN that maintains proper low amounts of type I IFN under physiological conditions and restrains its magnitude when the antiviral response intensifies.
Motor number controls cargo switching at actin-microtubule intersections in vitro.

Summary Background Cellular activities such as endocytosis and secretion require that cargos actively switch between the microtubule (MT) and actin filament (AF) networks. Cellular studies suggest that switching may involve a tug of war or coordinate regulation of MT- and AF-based motor function. Results To test the hypothesis that motor number can be used to direct the outcome of a tug-of-war process, we reconstituted cargo switching at MT-AF intersections in a minimal system with purified myosin V and dynein-dynactin motors bound to beads. Beads containing both motors often paused at the intersections and rotated about an axis perpendicular to both filaments, suggesting that competing motors apply a torque on their cargo. Force measurements showed that motor forces scale with the number of engaged myosin V and dynein-dynactin motors. Whether beads remained on a MT or AF or switched to the alternate track was determined by which set of motors collectively produced greater force. Passing and switching probabilities were similar whether the bead approached an intersection on either a MT or an AF. Beads with a force ratio near unity had approximately equal probabilities of exiting on the MT, exiting on the AF, or remaining stalled at the intersection. A simple statistical model quantitatively describes the relationship between switching probability and motor number. Conclusions Cargo switching can be tuned via combinations of 1–4 myosin V and 1–4 dynein-dynactin engaged motors through a simple force-mediated mechanism.
Metabolism of Polyamines in Transgenic Cells of Carrot Expressing a Mouse Ornithine Decarboxylase cDNA

The metabolisms of arginine (Arg), ornithine (Orn), and putrescine were compared in a nontransgenic and a transgenic cell line of carrot (Daucus carota L.) expressing a mouse Orn decarboxylase cDNA. [14C]Arg, [14C]Orn, and [14C]putrescine were fed to cells and their rates of decarboxylation, uptake, metabolism into polyamines, and incorporation into acid-insoluble material were determined. Transgenic cells showed higher decarboxylation rates for labeled Orn than the nontransgenic cells. This was correlated positively with higher amounts of labeled putrescine production from labeled Orn. With labeled Arg, both the transgenic and the nontransgenic cells exhibited similar rates of decarboxylation and conversion into labeled putrescine. When [14C]putrescine was fed, higher rates of degradation were observed in transgenic cells as compared with the nontransgenic cells. It is concluded that (a) increased production of putrescine via the Orn decarboxylase pathway has no compensatory effects on the Arg decarboxylase pathway, and (b) higher rates of putrescine production in the transgenic cells are accompanied by higher rates of putrescine conversion into spermidine and spermine as well as the catabolism of putrescine.
Analysis of Riboflavin in Commercial Multivitamin Preparations by High-Speed Liquid Chromatography

A high-speed liquid chromatographic procedure for analysis of riboflavin in multivitamin preparations was developed and evaluated. The method utilizes 2, 2′-diphenic acid as the internal standard and 254-nm detection of separated constituents. This procedure was compared with that of the USP with respect to accuracy in the analysis of riboflavin in the presence of its photolytic degradation products. In addition, the procedure was applied to the analysis of several commercial multivitamin products containing riboflavin, with reproducible results ranging from 27.23 to 103.45% of the labeled amount of riboflavin.
On the multi-attribute stopping problem with general value functions

We examine a sequential selection problem in which a single option must be selected. Each option's value is a function of its attributes, whose precise values can be ascertained at a given cost. We prove the optimality of a threshold stopping rule for a general class of objective functions.
Jones matrix model with field angle effects for a liquid crystal variable retarder

An analytic mathematical model is developed for a Liquid Crystal Variable Retarder (LCVR) based on an extended Jones matrix representation. The model is used to determine the polarimetric response of the LCVR to rays of non-normal incidence. The model shows reasonable agreement with laboratory measurements of a LCVR for both linear and circular input polarizations at arbitrary incident angles. The model is also applied to a two-LCVR imaging polarimeter system that is capable of measuring the full Stokes parameters of a scene. It is shown that the LCVR response can have a significant effect on the recovered Stokes values for non-normal incidence, which is important for determining the polarimetric performance of such a system over an extended field-of-view.
The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence, Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, USA

The role of horizontal deformation caused by pumping of confined-aquifer systems is recognized as contributing to the development of earth fissures in semiarid regions, including Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. In spite of stabilizing water levels, new earth fissures continue to develop while existing ones continue to lengthen and widen near basin-fill faults. A three-dimensional granular displacement model based on Biot's consolidation theory (Biot, MA, 1941, General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. Jour. Applied Physics 12:155–164) has been used to evaluate the nature of displacement in the vicinity of two vertical faults. The fault was simulated as (1) a low-permeability barrier to horizontal flow, (2) a gap or structural break in the medium, but where groundwater flow is not obstructed, and (3) a combination of conditions (1) and (2). Results indicate that the low-permeability barrier greatly enhances horizontal displacement. The fault plane also represents a location of significant differential vertical subsidence. Large computed strains in the vicinity of the fault may suggest high potential for failure and the development of earth fissures when the fault is assumed to have low permeability. Results using a combination of the two boundaries suggest that potential fissure development may be great at or near the fault plane and that horizontal deformation is likely to play a key role in this development.
Quantitative changes in T-cell populations after left ventricular assist device implantation: relationship to T-cell apoptosis and soluble CD95.

Background —Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are currently being evaluated as permanent therapy for end-stage heart failure. Because life-threatening infections limit successful long-term device implantation, we investigated the relationship between quantitative T-cell defects in LVAD recipients and CD95-mediated T-cell apoptosis. Methods and Results —Immunological studies were performed in NYHA class IV patients awaiting cardiac transplantation who received either a TCI Heartmate left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or medical management. Fluorochrome-labeled Mabs were used in T-cell phenotypic analyses. T-cell apoptosis was measured by annexin V binding of T cells cultured in medium for 24 hours. Circulating serum levels of soluble CD95 were measured by ELISA. LVAD recipients had a relative lymphopenia and reduction in CD4 T-cell levels compared with NYHA class IV heart failure controls. These observations were confirmed in a longitudinal study in LVAD recipients, which showed that device implantation was accompanied by progressive and sustained reductions in circulating CD4 T-cell levels. These abnormalities in LVAD recipients were accompanied by increased levels of circulating soluble CD95 and by excessive CD4 and CD8 T-cell apoptosis. Susceptibility to induction of apoptosis was >2-fold greater for CD4 T cells than for CD8 T cells. Conclusions —These results suggest that the reduction in CD4 T-cell levels accompanying LVAD implantation is a consequence of an augmented pathway of CD95-mediated apoptosis. The clinical consequences of these abnormalities may include increased prevalence of systemic infections.
The Death of the Plagiarist

We know that a text is not a line of words releasing a single “theological” meaning (the “message” of the Author-God) but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them orig...
The control of peritendinous adhesions using topical β-aminopropionitrile base

Abstract The Lindsay chicken foot tendon model was utilized to test the effect of topically applied β-aminopropionitrile base upon the tensile strength of peritendinous adhesions following tenolysis of a scarified flexor tendon. The agent reduced by one-third the force required to effect tendon gliding and flexion of the joints in the involved digit. The results show that topical β-aminopropionitrile is effective in the control of peritendinous adhesions and, therefore, achieves sufficient depth of penetration topically to affect the peritendinous location. No adverse effects of the topically applied agent were demonstrated. The principle of topical therapeutics that may have significant benefits to patients with tendon injuries is demonstrated.
Double-stranded endonuclease activity in Bacillus halodurans clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Cas2 protein.

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system is a prokaryotic RNA-based adaptive immune system against extrachromosomal genetic elements. Cas2 is a universally conserved core CRISPR-associated protein required for the acquisition of new spacers for CRISPR adaptation. It was previously characterized as an endoribonuclease with preference for single-stranded (ss)RNA. Here, we show using crystallography, mutagenesis, and isothermal titration calorimetry that the Bacillus halodurans Cas2 (Bha_Cas2) from the subtype I-C/Dvulg CRISPR instead possesses metal-dependent endonuclease activity against double-stranded (ds)DNA. This activity is consistent with its putative function in producing new spacers for insertion into the 5′-end of the CRISPR locus. Mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry studies revealed that a single divalent metal ion (Mg2+ or Mn2+), coordinated by a symmetric Asp pair in the Bha_Cas2 dimer, is involved in the catalysis. We envision that a pH-dependent conformational change switches Cas2 into a metal-binding competent conformation for catalysis. We further propose that the distinct substrate preferences among Cas2 proteins may be determined by the sequence and structure in the β1–α1 loop.
Is there a rationale for an extended radical procedure

The classical radical mastectomy has been extended to include en bloc incontinuity excision of the internal mammary lymph node chain. This procedure removes the primary breast cancer incontinuity with both of its primary lymph nodes drainage depots-axillary and internal mammary-and already has resulted in better local control and improved long term salvage rate compared with conventional surgery and X-ray therapy. Patients who have benefited mainly from this extended procedure are those with proven internal mammary node metastases. A rationale plan for .the surgical treatment of operable breast cancer must be based upon its early, natural history. Most breast cancers are multicentric in origin.2 Regional lymphatic spread from the breast goes primarily to two areas-the axilla and the internal mammary’ nodes. The risk of internal mammary lymph node spread i:s twice as great for lesions presenting in the medial and central portions of the breast: as for similar tumors presenting in the outer half. The extent of me:tastatic disease present in the regional axillary nodes has a direct bearing on prognosis when these nodes are removed adequately by en bloc excision. When minimal disease is present in these nodes,5 a much greater long term salvage rate is attained than when patients have extensive nodal involvement. The need for thorough dissection of the axillary nodes which contain microscopic aggregates of metastatic disease (usually not clinically palpable) is evident. There is no single ideal operative procedure for all primary breast cancers. At Memorial Hospital, we attempt to tailor the scope of the primary procedure to correlate with the clinical, pathological extent of disease present in the individual patient, with the primary aim of removing all disease present in the breast and regional nodes, while interfering least with appearance and function.” Choice of the optimum procedure often cannot be made without a competent pathologist. Extended radical mastectomy is applied to a select group of patients who are good operative risks and who have a high risk of early metastatic spread to the internal mammary lymph nodes. This includes mainly patients with infil&ating cancers presenting in the dentral and medial portions of the breast, and those with significant axillary node disease. A consecutive group of 455 patients was treated by the extended radical procedure more than 10 years ago. Most patients in this group had lesions located in the central, and inner half of the breast, with 46% axillary node involvement, and 29% internal mammary node involvement, 53% with nodal metastases overall. Ten years following surgery, 61% survived, and only 6% showed local recurrence. Twenty seven patients, who died of other causes, and who were free of disease at the time of death, were included as though they had died of disease. Forty other patients, who developed a new cancer in the opposite breast during follow up, also were included. Almost the same 10 year salvage Table 1. Extended radical mastectomy 10 year survival
II.—The Wings of Pterodactyles.

The first Pterosaurians discovered were recognized as flying animals, but were thought to be bats. As soon as their general structure became known, they were classed with the Reptiles, although it was considered possible that their power of flight was due to feathers. Later, their bones were mistaken for those of Birds by various experienced anatomists, and others regarded them as sharing important characters with that group. Some anatomists, however, believed that the fore limbs of Pterodactyles were used for swimming, rather than for flight, and this view has found supporters within the present decade. A single fortunate discovery, made a few years since, has done much to settle the question as to the wings of Pterodactyles, as well as their mode of flight, and it is the aim of the present article to place on record some of the more important facts thus brought to light.
Quicksilver: a quasi-static compiler for Java

This paper presents the design and implementation of the Quicksilver1 quasi-static compiler for Java. Quasi-static compilation is a new approach that combines the benefits of static and dynamic compilation, while maintaining compliance with the Java standard, including support of its dynamic features. A quasi-static compiler relies on the generation and reuse of persistent code images to reduce the overhead of compilation during program execution, and to provide identical, testable and reliable binaries over different program executions. At runtime, the quasi-static compiler adapts pre-compiled binaries to the current JVM instance, and uses dynamic compilation of the code when necessary to support dynamic Java features. Our system allows interprocedural program optimizations to be performed while maintaining binary compatibility. Experimental data obtained using a preliminary implementation of a quasi-static compiler in the Jalapeno JVM clearly demonstrates the benefits of our approach: we achieve a runtime compilation cost comparable to that of baseline (fast, non-optimizing) compilation, and deliver the runtime program performance of the highest optimization level supported by the Jalapeno optimizing compiler. For the SPECjvm98 benchmark suite, we obtain a factor of 104 to 158 reduction in the runtime compilation overhead relative to the Jalapeno optimizing compiler. Relative to the better of the baseline and the optimizing Jalapeno compilers, the overall performance (taking into account both runtime compilation and execution costs) is increased by 9.2% to 91.4% for the SPECjvm98 benchmarks with size 100, and by 54% to 356% for the (shorter running) SPECjvm98 benchmarks with size 10.
Measurement of the third order susceptibility of trans-polyacetylene by third harmonic generation

Abstract We report a measurement of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility of trans -polyacetylene by third harmonic generation in thin films. The measured susceptibility is X(3)(3ω = ω + ω + ω) = 5 x10-10 esu, which is comparable to the magnitude of the large nonlinear susceptibilities measured in the polydiacetylenes.
0(2)-symmetric bifurcation theory for convection rolls

Abstract The interaction of two steady state modes for the two-dimensional Benard problem with lateral periodic boundary conditions (p.b.c.) and free horizontal boundary conditions is considered. The p.b.c. generate an action of O(2) on the Navier-Stokes equations. The Boussinesq approximation induces an additional Z(2)-symmetry. The O(2) × Z(2) equivariant bifurcation equations are determined and two fifth order terms are identified. Two types of mixed mode solutions and a travelling wave solution are found. Using MACSYMA, the fifth order terms are calculated and the stability of the solutions to phase perturbations depending on the Prandtl number is determined.
Odorant receptor gene choice in olfactory sensory neurons: the one receptor–one neuron hypothesis revisited

Designed for general chemical recognition, the mammalian olfactory system shares many similarities with the immune system. Among these is the popular notion that a single olfactory sensory neuron expresses a single odorant receptor gene, while all other approximately 1000 genes of this type remain silent. Here, I examine the evidence supporting the one receptor-one neuron hypothesis. I conclude that, contrary to widespread belief, it is far from being proven. I propose an hypothesis of a developmental phase of oligogenic expression that is followed by positive and negative selection resulting usually in cells with one expressed receptor. Curiously, selective processes are well established and widely accepted for lymphocytes, but these concepts are essentially ignored for olfactory sensory neurons, despite the analogies that are frequently made between these two systems. More attention must be paid to odorant receptor gene choice and expression during development and neuronal differentiation.
The limits of the uncoupled theory in thermomechanical design of thermal structures

The magnitude of the thermomechanical coupling for a high-temperature superalloy B1900+Hf is evaluated under various quasi-static thermomechanical conditions. Deformations are assumed to be infinitesimal and the material properties are approximated by a unified viscoplastic constitutive model. The Galerkin Finite Element Method is utilized along with a time-marching scheme to solve displacements and the temperature distribution iteratively. The results show that the magnitude of coupling decreases with the increase in operating temperature, the decrease in loading rate and the decrease in internal dissipation. Consequently, the thermomechanical balance becomes less susceptible to coupling at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Under cyclical loading, however, thermomechanical coupling may be significant even at high temperatures. 11 refs.
Relationships Between Study Behavior, Object Knowledge, and Recall-Memory Proficiency in Preschool Children

Summary Forty-eight 3- and 4-year-old children performed a category item production task, two episodic study-recall tasks (one with pictures and replicas of common objects, the other with pictures of common actions), and an incidental recall task for objects on each of two occasions four months apart. Measures of spontaneous verbalizations, physical handling of stimuli, and visual attention paid to stimuli were obtained from videotaped recordings of the children's behaviors in each episodic study-recall task. Most of the overt study measures did not distinguish the age groups, and were not related to individual differences in recall. Object knowledge, measured by the category item production task, was a better predictor of developmental and individual differences in episodic recall. Results were discussed in reference to theoretical explanations of early improvements in verbal recall and the difficulties in examining such accounts in view of the lack of consistency of preschoolers' study and recall behaviors.
Enrichment of saturated fatty acid containing phospholipids in sheep brain serotonin receptor preparations: use of microwave irradiation for rapid transesterification of phospholipids

During enrichment of the 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT)-binding serotonin 5-HT1A receptors from sheep brain gray matter (membrane isolation, detergent solubilization and reconstitution into vesicles) a consistent and striking increase in the composition of saturated fatty acids was observed in phospholipids which were coisolated with the receptors. A rapid procedure has been developed for the methylation of free and phospholipid linked fatty acids which were thus analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Esterification of free fatty acids and transesterification of phospholipid linked fatty acids were achieved with 14% boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3CH3OH) in 20 s and 50 s, respectively, under low power microwave irradiation (60 W) with a post-reaction cooling of < 5min. This is in contrast to the conventional method of heating in a boiling water bath for 10–15 min with BF3CH3OH which is inevitably preceded by time-consuming and inconvenient clamping of vials and followed by cooling for 10 min before the vials can be safely opened. Analysis of fatty acid profiles in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) from egg yolk, phosphatidylinositol (PI) from bovine liver and phosphatidylserine (PS) from bovine brain by both techniques showed comparable results. During detergent solubilization of sheep brain gray matter, the overall proportion of saturated fatty acids in PE (major lipid), PI, PC (major lipid) and PS increased from 50–60% in sheep brain phospholipids to 70–75% in 1.5% CHAPS solubilized, reconstituted and biologically active serotonin 5-HT1A preparations. In sharp contrast, the proportions of saturated fatty acids in 1.5% Triton X-100 solubilized PE (48.1%) (major lipid), PI (63.6%), PC (60.6%) (major lipid) and PS (62.2%) were not significantly different from those in the original sheep brain membranes. Strikingly, this was coupled with the occurrence of very low levels of 5-HT1A receptor activity in the Triton X-100 solubilized preparations. The abundance of 5-HT1A sites in the enriched vesicles obtained only from the CHAPS-solubilized preparations was further confirmed by specific radiolabeling of a 58-kDa polypeptide by the 5-HT1A specific ligand p-aminophenylethyl-m-trifluoromethylphenylpiparazine (PAPP) which was coupled to a 125I-labeled, photoreactive, heterobifunctional cross-linker, sulfosuccinimidyl-2-(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3′-dithiopropionate (SASD). Thus CHAPS-solubilized 5-HT1A receptor preparations are depleted in the more rigid lipids such as sphingolipids and cholesterol, (Banerjee et al. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1044, 305–314), but are enriched in vesicle-stabilizing, phospholipid-linked saturated fatty acids which in turn probably stabilize the heptahelical, membrane bound 5-HT1A receptor.
Influence of Extended Storage at Constant Low Temperature on Cold Resistance and Carbohydrate Reserves of Alfalfa and Medium Red Clover.

The effect of alternating temperatures on the maintenance of cold resistance in overwintering plants probably depends on the length of time of each warm period and the maximum temperature reached. Dexter (4) found in laboratory studies that cold hardened alfalfa root segments lost cold resistance when transferred from 2? C to 120 C, but that rehardening occurred when the tissue was returned to 2? C provided sufficient carbohydrate reserves were available. Thus, cold resistance may be reduced during warm periods of the winter but the ability to reharden and maintain cold resistance with the onset of lower temperatures is favored by the conservation of reserve foods in the overwintering plant parts. Bula and Smith (2) have shown that an average of 49 % of the stored available carbohydrates in alfalfa and 57 % of those stored in red clover were used during two winter dormancy periods at Madison, Wisconsin. Areas that have a heavy snow cover from late fall to early spring or where winter temperatures do not fluctuate greatly are not exposed to frequent changes in soil temperature. Tt would appear that under these conditions cold resistance would be maintained more easily and food reserves would be conserved. This study was undertaken to determine the length of time that alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and medium red clover, Trifolium pratense L., could maintain a high level of cold resistance when stored at a constant low temperature and to study the associated decline in carbohydrate reserves. A similar study was conducted by Bula (1) but an insufficient number of samples prevented carrying the experiment to a point where the plants were reduced in cold resistance below that at the beginning of storage.
Long-Term Sampling of Eucallipterus tiliae (Homoptera: Drepanosiphidae) and Associated Natural Enemies in a Northern California Site

Introduced Eucallipterus tiliae (L.) populations on Tilia cordata Miller in northern California were sampled from 1981 to 1987. E. tiliae was more abundant in the lower canopy, with a tendency toward higher numbers in the northeastern sides of trees, but had no consistent pattern regarding inner versus outer canopy. Aphid population densities fluctuated irregularly each season and were not associated with parasitoid or predator densities. Trioxys spp. (presumed to be predominately T. curvicaudus Mackauer) were the most numerous associated natural enemies, and most abundant on the inner leaves of the lower canopy on the northeastern sides of trees. Both E. tiliae and parasitoids were significantly more abundant on trees with Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), present. Trunk banding with a sticky barrier excluded ants from trees in early- and midseason, but bands lost their effectiveness late in the season. An unsuccessful attempt to establish Praon flavinode (Haliday) on E. tiliae is also reported.
Foundationalism, Holism, or Hegel?

(1991). Foundationalism, Holism, or Hegel? Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 22, Japan, Ethics, and the A Priori, pp. 21-32.
Reliability and construct validity of the Participation in Life Activities Scale for children and adolescents with asthma: an instrument evaluation study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the Participation in Life Activities Scale, an instrument designed to measure older school-age child and early adolescent level of involvement in chosen pursuits. A cross-sectional design was used. The convenience sample consisted of 313 school-age children and early adolescents with asthma, ages 9–15 years. The self-report summative scale of interest is a 3-indicator survey. Higher scores are reflective of higher levels of participation. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity for the entire sample and sub groups of the sample were evaluated. The instrument was deemed sound for the entire sample as well as sub groups based on sex, race, age, socioeconomic status, and severity of illness. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency reliability for the entire sample was .74. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a single component solution (loadings .79–.85) accounting for 66% of the explained variance. Construct validity was established by testing the posed relationship between participation in life activities scores and severity of illness. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit between the data and specified model, χ2(10, n = 302) = 8.074, p = .62. This instrument could be used (a) in clinical settings to diagnose restricted participation in desired activities, guide decision-making about treatment plans to increase participation, and motivate behavioral change in the management of asthma; and (b) in research settings to explore factors influencing and consequences of restricted and unrestricted participation, and as an outcome measure to evaluate the effectiveness of programs designed to foster child and early adolescent management of asthma.
Multiple-label immunocytochemistry for the evaluation of nature of cell death in experimental models of neurodegeneration.

Abstract A prominent feature of neurodegenerative diseases is a loss of specific neuronal populations. The pathophysiological mechanisms responsible are, however, poorly understood. Primary cultures of rodent embryonic neurons represent a useful experimental system for investigation of molecular pathways of neurodegeneration and mechanisms of cell death. Here, we report a technique utilizing triple-label immunocytochemistry with confocal immunofluorescence detection designed to simultaneously assess multiple parameters of cell injury in individual hippocampal neurons in primary culture. This method combines detection of DNA damage (TUNEL or Klenow assay) with double-label immunocytochemistry for the activated form of caspase-3 or, alternatively, caspase-cleaved actin (fractin), and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) or β-tubulin. The combined evaluation of the form of nuclear damage (karyorrhexis, pyknosis), the presence or absence of activated caspase-3, and the extent of the damage to cell cytoskeleton, allows for precise assessment of the extent of injury and the mode of cell death (apoptosis, oncosis) for individual neurons.
Fine Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci that Influence Alcohol Preference Behavior in the High and Low Alcohol Preferring (HAP and LAP) Mice

The High Alcohol Preferring (HAP1) and Low Alcohol Preferring (LAP1) mouse lines were selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake. The HAP1 and LAP1 mice are essentially non-inbred lines that originated from an outbred colony of HS/Ibg mice, a heterogeneous stock developed from intercrossing 8 inbred strains of mice. In a former genomewide SNP association study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, and 9 (Bice et al. 2009). Provisional QTL were also identified on chromosomes 8 and X. In the present study, using the same F2 DNA samples, we placed a much denser set of SNPs within each of those QTL regions. Using the same analytical approach employed previously, which utilizes ancestral recombination to fine map the QLT interval, we obtained significant LOD scores on chromosomes 1, 3, and 9, only. Our results using a dense set of SNP markers suggest that there are multiple loci contributing to alcohol preference on those three chromosomes.
Interleukin-1 induced increases in glucose utilization are insulin mediated

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to modulate a variety of the acute-phase responses to infection. Since an enhanced rate of whole-body glucose utilization is a consistent feature of the hypermetabolic phase of infection, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether IL-1 could increase glucose uptake and whether that increase was dependent on the concomitant elevation in plasma insulin. Glucose utilization (Rg) of different tissues was investigated in vivo by the 2-deoxyglucose tracer technique. Human purified IL-1 was administered to chronically, catheterized conscious rats and increased the plasma insulin levels and the Rg in macrophage-rich tissues, including the lung, spleen, liver and skin. IL-1 also increased Rg in skeletal muscle and diaphragm. To eliminate the insulin-stimulated increase in Rg, somatostatin (SRIF) was infused 1 h prior to IL-1. SRIF prevented the IL-1 induced increase in insulin and tissue glucose utilization. IL-1 administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats also failed to increase Rg in any tissue examined. These data suggest that the administration of IL-1 increases organ glucose utilization by insulin-dependent mechanisms.
RMS matrix strains in transformation toughened alumina

The Warren Averbach technique was used to determine the RMS strain profile in the Al2O3 matrix surrounding ZrO2 particles in zirconia toughened alumina. The X-ray domain size was found to be ∼100nm in all but the most severely microcracked sample. The RMS strain, averaged over all domains, decreased nearly linearly from the edge of the domain (presumably from the ZrO2 particle), except when microcracking was detected and then the RMS strain level was reduced near the surface of the domain. The maximum RMS strain level increased with increasing ZrO2 particle size up to the point where microcracking occurred then decreased. The results were explained by noting that the maximum RMS strain was directly related to the monoclinic content of the sample.
The use of unrelated bone marrow donors

Abstract As the field of marrow transplantation has advanced, it has become clear that a patient often lacks a potential family donor. Therefore many centers are exploring the use of unrelated marrow donors. Currently, several hundred such transplants have been carried out worldwide. Although there appears to be an increased risk of acute GVHD, preliminary survival results are encouraging, and the use of such donors is certain to expand. Therefore, the need to expand the size of donor files is clear. The major limitation to transplantation then would no longer be lack of acceptable donors.
On Irrationality in Engineering Design

It is well recognized that virtually all engineering design is suboptimal. The consequence of suboptimal design is that the design can be improved against the desired objective measure, with the result that it fails to provide full potential benefit and it opens the door to competition. In this paper, we define the concept of irrationality in design. Irrationality is a source of suboptimal design that can be addressed through proper project management. It occurs when design engineers make design decisions against different objective measures, with the result that the end design can be suboptimal with respect to all conceivable objective measures of a specified class.
9.4.2 Incorporating Security and Survivability into the System of Systems Architecting

System of systems (SoS) security and survivability issues have found prominence in the wake of increased importance of such large scale interconnected systems. The threats and risks associated with SoS architectures present unique challenges to system architects. SoS security and survivability practices are needed to ensure the performance and survival of the system under an intrusion. Current security engineering activities are performed independent of the system architecting process, leading to ad hoc solutions and after-the-fact reactions to vulnerabilities as discussed in (Evans et al. 2005). Literature on security and survivability oriented system architecting activities is far and few in between. This paper studies the major classes of threats and risks associated with SoS and the response to such vulnerabilities. Existing works were researched to outline the key characteristics of an effective security and survivability process that can be integrated with systems engineering activities. Overviews of three survivability architectures are provided on the basis of the identified criteria. Comments on the currently available solutions and future areas of emphasis are presented.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Shuttles between Functionally Discrete Subcellular Targets

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a nuclear protein with striking pleiotropic functionality. We recently demonstrated that Tax localizes to a multicomponent nuclear speckled structure (Tax speckled structure [TSS]). Here, we examine these structures further and identify a partial overlap of TSS with transcription hot spots. We used a strategy of directed expression via fusion proteins to determine if these transcription sites are the subtargets within TSS required for Tax function. When fused to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, the resulting Tat-Tax fusion protein displayed neither a Tat-like nor a Tax-like pattern but rather was targeted specifically to the transcription subsites. The Tat-Tax fusion was able to activate both the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and the HTVL-1 LTR at the same level as the individual component; thus, targeting proteins to transcription hot spots was compatible with both Tax and Tat transcription function. In contrast, the fusion with HIV-1 Rev, Rev-Tax, resulted in a pattern of expression that was largely Rev-like (nucleolar and cytoplasmic). The reduced localization of Rev-Tax to transcription sites was reflected in a 10-fold drop in activation of the HTLV-1 LTR. However, there was no loss in the ability of Tax to activate via NF-κB. Thus, NF-κB-dependent Tax function does not require targeting of Tax to these transcription sites and suggests that activation via NF-κB is a cytoplasmic function. Selective mutation of the nuclear localization signal site in the Rev portion resulted in retargeting of Rev-Tax to TSS and subsequent restoration of transcription function, demonstrating that inappropriate localization preceded loss of function. Mutation of the nuclear export signal site in the Rev portion had no effect on transcription, although the relative amount of Rev-Tax in the cytoplasm was reduced. Finally, in explaining how Tax can occupy multiple subcellular sites, we show that Tax shuttles from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a heterokaryon fusion assay. Thus, pleiotropic functionality by Tax is regulatable via shuttling between discrete subcellular compartments.
Immunoglobulin response to intrapulmonary immunization of asthmatics

Atopic asthmatics, compared to non-atopic individuals, exhibit an increased amount of serum antigen-specific IgE and IgG4 antibody directed toward many aeroallergens. We tested the hypothesis that this difference between atopics and non-atopics extends to the response to intrapulmonary deposition of a neoantigen, keyhole limpets haemocyanin (KLH). We immunized nine atopic asthmatics and nine non-atopic controls with 500 micrograms KLH instilled into a subsegment of the lingula and examined serum anti-KLH, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, and IgM and specific antibody production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 25 days. We also determined specific antibody in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in both the immunized and a non-immunized lobe 11 days after immunization. We found specific serum antibody in all immunized subjects with no difference between atopics and normals in the amount or kinetics of anti-KLH IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA1, IgA2 and IgM. However, the atopics exhibited more anti-KLH IgG4 than the normal controls. Specific anti-KLH antibody-producing cells were detected in peripheral blood in most subjects at day 8 to 12 after immunization with no difference between atopics and normals. Specific IgA1, IgA2, IgG1 and IgM antibodies were detected in BALF from the immunized lobes but not from the non-immunized lobes of both groups of subjects with no difference between atopics and normals. We conclude that atopic asthmatics respond to intrapulmonary KLH with more serum anti-KLH IgG4 than normal controls, consistent with a bias toward a Th2 response to intrapulmonary exposure to antigen.
Voronoi cell finite elements

Abstract In this paper, a finite element method has been developed for deformation and stress analysis of domains that have been discretized by Dirichlet tessellation. The discussion is restricted to two-dimensional domains where the generated Voronoi diagram partitions the domain into irregular covex poylgons. This paper forms a sequel to an earlier paper on mesh generation using Dirichlet tessellation techniques by Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay. Two formulations have been developed, considering possible different situations. The first can be easily applicable to the analysis of structured materials that are modeled by a set of isolated material points in a continuum. The second formulation can find use in problems of finite deformation problems, where tessellation may be used as a means of obtaining a natural Lagrangian discretization of a deforming medium to avoid problems associated with mesh distortion.
Neutron, gamma ray and post-irradiation thermal annealing effects on power semiconductor switches

The effects of neutron and gamma rays on the electrical and switching characteristics of power semiconductor switches must be known and understood by the designer of the power conditioning, control, and transmission subsystem of space nuclear power systems. The SP-100 radiation requirements at 25 m from the nuclear source are a neutron fluence of 10(exp 13) n/sq cm and a gamma dose of 0.5 Mrads. Experimental data showing the effects of neutrons and gamma rays on the performance characteristics of power-type NPN Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), and Static Induction Transistors (SITs) are presented. These three types of devices were tested at radiation levels which met or exceeded the SP-100 requirements. For the SP-100 radiation requirements, the BJTs were found to be most sensitive to neutrons, the MOSFETs were most sensitive to gamma rays, and the SITs were only slightly sensitive to neutrons. Post-irradiation thermal anneals at 300 K and up to 425 K were done on these devices and the effectiveness of these anneals are also discussed.