cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PTSD and its Effects on Eldery, Minority, and Female Veterans or All Wars

More could be done for our elderly, minority and female veterans. With all of the scientific and historical data concerning the effects of PTSD on veterans, the VA services provided now are not enough. As the war in Iraq continues, it is hypothesized that greater amounts of soldiers will be suffering from PTSD. It is time for the VA to prepare the proper facilities for addressing the issue of PTSD because as stated in this article, PTSD becomes the triggering effect for many other issues such as homelessness, suicide, drug/alcohol abuse, and criminal behavior. If the VA starts to deal with the root of these problems, which is PTSD, then our soldiers and veterans would be able to lead better lives. For what our soldiers and veterans have done for our country, these services would be a miniscule repayment compared to what they have done for us.
Interferometric Measurement of Vibration Amplitudes

As part of an investigation of contact-stress problems, it became necessary to build an interferometer to calibrate certain strain transducers. The strain under investigation was produced by simple harmonic stresses with loads consisting of internal energy dissipation. The calibration was performed under unloaded conditions. The results of this calibration gave confidence in the validity of the method used. The disappearing Fizeau fringe technique was used in the interferometric measurement of vibration amplitudes.
Effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the visual evoked potentials in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Effects of acute and chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) on both neocortical and subcortical visual potentials (VEPs) and on spontaneous EEGs were studied in the rhesus monkeys with permanently implanted brain electrodes. VEPs were evoked by brief single photo-stimulator flashes (0.8 pps, 10 μsec duration). Injection of PCP (0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg doses, IV) in monkeys produced a significant inhibition on the peak-amplitude of major VEP components predominantly in the occipital lobe and hippocampus. The PCP-induced VEP inhibition persisted in the presence of occipital and hippocampal theta-activities. Nystagmus persisted throughout the 6 to 8 hours course of PCP-induced behavior. A biphasic pattern of inhibitory and excitatory effects on EEGs and behavior was also observed during the 6 to 8 hours observation period. Chronic administration of PCP (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg dose IV daily) produced a significant decrease in its inhibitory effects on VEPs, suggesting tolerance development to the inhibitory effect on VEPs. The results suggest that the hippocampus has important implications in the modulation of PCP effects on CNS activities related to the visual function of the rhesus monkey.
Voltage-independent effects of extracellular K+ on the Na+ current and phase 0 of the action potential in isolated cardiac myocytes.

A rise in [K+]o, by depolarizing the resting membrane potential and partially inactivating the inward Na+ current (INa), is believed to play a critical role in slowing conduction during myocardial ischemia. In multicellular ventricular preparations, elevation of [K+]o has been suggested to decrease Vmax to a greater extent than expected from membrane depolarization alone. The mechanism of this voltage-independent effect of [K+]o is currently unknown, and its significance in single cardiac cells has not been determined. We have examined the voltage-independent effects of elevated [K+]o on INa and the action potential upstroke in isolated rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes under voltage- and current-clamp conditions. Superfusate [K+] was varied from 5 mmol/L to 14 or 24 mmol/L, whereas [Na+] was maintained at 150 mmol/L. In cultured atrial cells and excised outside-out patches from freshly isolated atrial and ventricular cells, the amplitude and kinetics of INa were unchanged by elevation of [K+]o. In atrial cells, action potentials elicited from a holding potential of -70 mV had a similar Vmax (114.9 +/- 5.7 versus 112.2 +/- 4.8 V/s, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and action potential amplitude (115.0 +/- 2.4 versus 113.4 +/- 3.9 mV) in 5 and 24 mmol/L [K+]o. In contrast, in ventricular cells at a holding potential of -70 mV, increasing [K+]o fro 5 to 14 mmol/L decreased Vmax from 161.8 +/- 18.0 to 55.3 +/- 5.0 V/s (n = 7, P < .001) and action potential amplitude from 128.1 +/- 1.3 to 86.6 +/- 5.4 mV (P < .001). This voltage-independent decrease in Vmax and action potential amplitude induced by elevated [K+]o was abolished in the presence of 1 mmol/L Ba2+, suggesting that it is attributable to an increased background K+ conductance. We conclude that elevation of [K+]o to levels expected during ischemia causes a marked voltage-independent depression of Vmax in ventricular cells, which may, in turn, contribute to the slowing of myocardial conduction characteristic of early ischemia.
Discovery of Trifluoromethyl(pyrimidin-2-yl)azetidine-2-carboxamides as Potent, Orally Bioavailable TGR5 (GPBAR1) Agonists: Structure–Activity Relationships, Lead Optimization, and Chronic In Vivo Efficacy

Activation of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5), also known as G-protein bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), has been shown to play a key role in pathways associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and autoimmune disease. Nipecotamide 5 was identified as an attractive starting point after a high-throughput screen (HTS) for receptor agonists. A comprehensive hit-to-lead effort culminated in the discovery of 45h as a potent, selective, and bioavailable TGR5 agonist to test in preclinical metabolic disease models. In genetically obese mice (ob/ob), 45h was as effective as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor at reducing peak glucose levels in an acute oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), but this effect was lost upon chronic dosing.
Finite-element investigation of the stress-strain state of an inhomogeneous rectangular plate

With the use of the finite-element method, the generalized plane stressed state of a rectangle of isotropic functionally gradient materials under the action of normal load is investigated. A finite-element model is constructed by the Bubnov–Galerkin method. The domain of the body is split into rectangular gradient elements that take into account dependences of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratios on coordinates. Numerical calculations are performed for the case where Young’s modulus is a polynomial function. The influence of the material gradientness and the sizes of the rectangle on its stress-strain state is analyzed.
A Decision support system integrating AHP and MDS to predict choice

A decision support system is proposed which uses the analytic hierarchy process along with integer programming to constrain the overall choice set. Two strategies for predicting choice are then presented. The first is a single step process which uses multi-dimensional scaling. The second strategy is an iterative process which uses both multi-dimensional scaling and the analytic hierarchy process. The latter strategy is discussed in detail and an illustrative example is provided.
Calcium antagonists retard extracellular matrix production in connective tissue equivalent

Abstract Hypertrophic and keloid scars are characterized by the overproduction of extracellular matrix collagen and proteoglycans. Because cellular secretion of macromolecules is known to be a calcium-dependent process, we have examined the effect of calcium antagonists on the rate of incorporation of [3H]proline into protein and Na235SO4 into sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Experiments were carried out in vitro using uniaxially oriented mammalian fibroblast-populated collagen matrices which exhibit many histoarchitectural features of scar matrix. We observed that nifedipine and verapamil in sufficient concentrations inhibited the incorporation of proline into extracellular matrix protein. The concentration range studied was 1 to 100 μM. Cobalt chloride (200 μM) had a similar effect on proline incorporation, but enhanced the incorporation of sulfate into extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans. We conclude that cellular calcium metabolism appears to regulate extracellular matrix production and that hypertrophic disorders of wound healing may respond to therapy with calcium antagonist drugs.
Exploring Factors Influencing Patient Request for Epidural Analgesia on Admission to Labor and Delivery in a Predominantly Latino Population

Ethnic disparities in labor pain management exist. Our purpose is to identify patients’ attitudes and beliefs about epidural analgesia in order to develop a culturally competent educational intervention. A prospective observational study was conducted in patients admitted for vaginal delivery between July 1st–31st, 2009. Inclusion criteria were: singleton, term, cephalic, normal fetal heart tracing and no contraindications for epidural. Patients were surveyed regarding their wishes for analgesia, and their reasons for declining epidural. The obstetrics physician performed pain management counseling as is usually done. Patients were asked again about their choice for analgesia. Likert scale questionnaires were used. Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used for categorical variables. Logistic regression was performed to look for predictors of epidural request. Fifty patients were interviewed. Average age was (27.9 ± 6.7), gestational age (39.3 ± 1.3), and a median parity of 2 (range 0–6). 72% declined epidural upon admission, and 61% after counseling (P = 0.14). Most common reasons for declined epidural were ‘women should cope with labor pain’ (57%), ‘fear of back pain’ (54%) and ‘family/friends advise against epidural’ (36%). Acculturation was assessed by years living in the US (10 ± 6.3), preferred language (Spanish 80%) and ethnic self-identification (Hispanic 98%). 38% were high school graduates. In multivariate logistic regression, graduation from high school was the only variable associated to request for epidural in labor (OR 4.94, 95% CI 1.6–15.1). Educational level is associated to requesting an epidural in labor. Knowledge of patients’ fears and expectations is essential to develop adequate counseling interventions.
Trends in Infant Mortality Among Infants Admitted to Four NICUs in North Carolina † 1212

OBJECTIVE: This study examined race specific trends in the mortality of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants over two time periods among newborns admitted to four neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in North Carolina. METHODS: Data for this study were obtained from the NC-NICU statewide database from 1988-1995. Eleven hospitals in North Carolina contribute clinical data on all admissions to their NICUs to a central computerized database. Four tertiary level NICUs which have contributed data consistently to this database were selected for study based on the similar number of admissions per year and the similar services available at each medical center. Data for all 2,535 VLBW infants (500-1500 grams) admitted to the four centers were merged and mortality rates for the two time periods were compared. The time periods selected for analysis were Pre-Surfactant, the period before each NICU began using surfactant, and Post-Surfactant, the period following the introduction of surfactant use at each of the four NICUs. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the effect of surfactant therapy and race on mortality while controlling for infants' sex, birth weight and NICU. RESULTS: Since the introduction of surfactant therapy, the mortality rate has decreased by 33 percent for VLBW infants of both races in our study population. The reduction was similar for white (-34.2%) and black (-26.2%) infants. Multiple logistic regression found that VLBW infants of both races were significantly less likely to die in the post-surfactant than the pre-surfactant time period controlling for sex, race, birth weight and NICU (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% CI= 0.40, 0.73). The findings were similar when separate models were run for white infants (odds ratio = 0.56, 95% CI= 0.38, 0.81) and black infants (odds ratio= 0.50, 95% CI= 0.31, 0.82). CONCLUSION: Since the introduction of surfactant therapy in four North Carolina NICUs, mortality rates for black as well as white VLBW infants have decreased significantly. This differs from the conclusion of Hamvas et al. (N Eng J Med 1996;334:1635-40), who found that the mortality rate for black infants did not change significantly in the post-surfactant era.
General purpose emulation using the Hewlett-Packard 2100 minicomputer

A taxanomy of methods for the implementation of general-purpose emulation projects on the Hewlett-Packard 2100 minicomputer is presented. The HP2100 is intended to be microprogrammed for instruction set extensions rather than general emulation. Problems encountered and solutions found through experience are discussed.
Interactive computing in a project-oriented file organization course

In the decade since Curriculum '68 [1], the suggested structure of courses related to data management has evolved, as evidenced by the report of the ACM committee on curriculum in 1977 [2] and also noted by Dale [3]. A course in Curriculum '68 entitled “Information Organization and Retrieval” [IOR] does not appear in the 1977 report, while a new course in "File Processing [FP] is included. Influenced by Curriculum '68, N.C. State in 1970 instituted a senior-level course entitled “Information Retrieval” to correspond essentially to the IOR course. Over the years that course in information retrieval has changed gradually, as material related to document retrieval has been supplanted by material related to file organization. Although the title has remained constant, the content is now more similar to FP than IOR. This paper describes the current project-oriented course in information retrieval which stresses the importance of query languages in an information retrieval system. In addition, the paper highlights the use and impact of interactive computing, the choice of a project implementation language, and the relationship of the course to an individual's transition from student to professional. The paper concludes with a comparison of project grade and the associated computer development time.
The measurement of void waves in bubbly two-phase flows

Abstract The propagation of void fraction disturbances (i.e. void waves) in bubbly two-phase air-oil flow was investigated experimentally. The void wave data often showed two simultaneous void wave propagations; in particular, the classical kinematic void wave and a faster void wave propagation associated with bubble clusters. Significantly, the bubbly-to-slug flow regime transition was found to be associated with amplification of the void waves associated with the propagating bubble clusters. These data should be valuable for the assessment of the closure laws used in two-fluid models and for the development of mechanistic models for the bubbly-slug flow regime transition.
Factors Determining the Level of Anxiety State in Geriatric Primary Care Patients in a Community Dwelling

The authors examined the association between anxiety state and various sociodemographic factors, as well as measures of general health, mood, and stress in a community-dwelling, geriatric population. A survey questionnaire designed for the study was completed by 123 randomly selected subjects. Univariable linear regression analysis showed anxiety state to have an inverse association with age (beta = -0.29, P = 0.0001) and general health measures (P = 0.0001), and to have a direct relationship with depression (beta = 0.78, P = 0.0001), life stress events (beta = 0.98, P = 0.01), and medical comorbidity (beta = 1.04, P = 0.01). Gender differences in anxiety state were not found. The results provide a framework to begin understanding those factors that contribute to anxiety states in late life. This study revealed anxiety and depression to be highly correlated even in elderly subjects who reported low levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Children's Emotional Reactions to a Scary Film The Role of Prior Outcome Information and Coping Style

An experiment examined the influence of happy outcome information and coping style on children's emotional responses to a frightening film sequence. Fourth and fifth graders viewed a program that included a threatening scene and a happy resolution. Before viewing, they heard an audiotaped introduction that either described the happy outcome or did not. Children's preferred coping style was classified as blunting or monitoring, using Miller's Child Behavioral Style Scale. Hypotheses were derived from theory and research on emotion, responses to suspense, and self-regulation processes. Consistent with expectations, prior knowledge of the happy outcome reduced self-reported fear and worry for Hunters but not for monitors. Regardless of coping style, outcome information reduced children's facial expressions of fear and increased positive affect during the conclusion of the show. Interpretations of the findings, as well as implications for understanding emotional responses to mass media, are discussed.
Time Providing Care Outside Visits in a Home‐Based Primary Care Program

Objectives: To assess how much time physicians in a large home-based primary care (HBPC) program spend providing care outside of home visits. Unreimbursed time and patient and provider-related factors that may contribute to that time were considered. Design: Mount Sinai Visiting Doctors (MSVD) providers filled out research forms for every interaction involving care provision outside of home visits. Data collected included length of interaction, mode, nature, and with whom the interaction was for 3 weeks. Setting: MSVD, an academic home-visit program in Manhattan, New York. Participants: All primary care physicians (PCPs) in MSVD (n = 14) agreed to participate. Measurements: Time data were analyzed using a comprehensive estimate and conservative estimates to quantify unbillable time. Results: Data on 1,151 interactions for 537 patients were collected. An average 8.2 h/wk was spent providing nonhome visit care for a full-time provider. Using the most conservative estimates, 3.6 h/wk was estimated to be unreimbursed per full-time provider. No significant differences in interaction times were found between patients with and without dementia, new and established patients, and primary-panel and covered patients. Conclusion: Home-based primary care providers spend substantial time providing care outside home visits, much of which goes unrecognized in the current reimbursement system. These findings may help guide practice development and creation of new payment systems for HBPC and similar models of care.
The human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex during combined linear and angular acceleration

We employed binocular magnetic search coils to study the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) of 15 human subjects undergoing passive, whole-body rotations about a vertical (yaw) axis delivered as a series of pseudorandom transients and sinusoidal oscillations at frequencies from 0.8 to 2.0 Hz. Rotations were about a series of five axes ranging from 20 cm posterior to the eyes to 10 cm anterior to the eyes. Subjects were asked to regard visible or remembered targets 10 cm, 25 cm, and 600 cm distant from the right eye. During sinusoidal rotations, the gain and phase of the VOR and VVOR were found to be highly dependent on target distance and eccentricity of the rotational axis. For axes midway between or anterior to the eyes, sinusoidal gain decreased progressively with increasing target proximity, while, for axes posterior to the otolith organs, gain increased progressively with target proximity. These effects were large and highly significant. When targets were remote, rotational axis eccentricity nevertheless had a small but significant effect on sinusoidal gain. For sinusoidal rotational axes midway between or anterior to the eyes, a phase lead was present that increased with rotational frequency, while for axes posterior to the otolith organs phase lag increased with rotational frequency. Transient trials were analyzed during the first 25 ms and from 25 to 80 ms after the onset of the head rotation. During the initial 25 ms of transient head rotations, VOR and VVOR gains were not significantly influenced by rotational eccentricity or target distance. Later in the transient responses, 25-80 ms from movement onset, both target distance and eccentricity significantly influenced gain in a manner similar to the behavior during sinusoidal rotation. Vergence angle generally remained near the theoretically ideal value during illuminated test conditions (VVOR), while in darkness vergence often varied modestly from the ideal value. Regression analysis of instantaneous VOR gain as a function of vergence demonstrated only a weak correlation, indicating that instantaneous gain is not likely to be directly dependent on vergence. A model was proposed in which linear acceleration as sensed by the otoliths is scaled by target distance and summed with angular acceleration as sensed by the semicircular canals to control eye movements. The model was fit to the sinusoidal VOR data collected in darkness and was found to describe the major trends observed in the data. The results of the model suggest that a linear interaction exists between the canal and otolithic inputs to the VOR.
Measurement of hyper- and hypotension during repeated dose toxicity studies in either freely moving or physically restrained cynomolgus monkeys

Abstract Introduction The measurement of cardiovascular endpoints in standard toxicology studies remains a challenge as the routinely used non-invasive methods require physical restraint, causing an increase of sympathetic neural activity, leading to excitement and potentially hypertension in the experimental animals. In this study, a miniature telemetry blood pressure transmitter was used to evaluate if the acute hyper- and hypotension could be detected in free moving cynomolgus monkeys as well as physically restrained animals using positive control drugs. Furthermore, as a comparator, routine high definition oscillometry (HDO) was performed in restrained animals. Methods: Hemodynamic parameters were monitored continuously from conscious, freely moving animals following oral administration of vehicle (water) or 1 and 10 mg/kg of etilefrine, and 1 and 4 mg/kg of dihydralazine as positive control articles. A second dose session was performed to confirm the reproducibility of results and a third dose session combined with physical restraint procedures for blood collection and HDO measurements. Results: There was a dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in the systolic blood pressure following oral doses of etilefrine at all 3 dose sessions. This effect was less apparent during session 3, probably due to the physical restraint applied for the blood sampling and HDO measurement. No differences in the blood pressure were measured using HDO. On all three dose sessions following oral doses of dihydralazine the expected statistically significant decrease in the diastolic pressure could be clearly measured even when the telemetric data recordings were combined with physical restraint. Discussion: Due to the advantages of the minimally invasive telemetry technique compared to HDO and the possibility of prolonged measurement periods, it is an invaluable tool for blood pressure measurement in freely moving animals in toxicology studies.
DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS IN PATTERN ANALYSIS

The method of Pattern Analysis (Rimoldi & Grib, 1959, 1960) was used to compare the performance of experts, and junior and senior medical students in the Test of Diagnostic Skills (Rimoldi, 1961). This test requires S to select freely as Inany questions as he wants in order to reach a solution ro a diagnoscic problem. Indexes of agreement (Rimoldi & Grib, 1959, 1960) were computed for the patterns of responses of each of the 91 juniors and 143 seniors in relation to the experts' patrern. Also, the index of agreement was determined for the group of juniors and for the group of seniors in relation to the group of experts. The values are, respectively, ,7195 and ,7452 indicating, as hypothesized, that the seniors' patcern agreed more with the experts' pattern than did the juniors' patcern. The frequency distribution of the index of agreement for each individual for both juniors and seniors approximated [he normal curve [X" 13.52 (10 df) and X' = 15.56 (9 df), respectively]. The means of these distributions are ,7238 and ,7515 for juniors and seniors which are significantly differenr at P = .013 for a one-railed test. The significance of each S's performance can be determined by using the hypergeometric distribution. The problem consists essentially in determining the probabiliry chat, when either a junior or a senior selects a certain number of questions, k or more of these will agree with questions selected by the experts. This method can also be used to determine test-retest reliability. However, attention is focused not on total number of correct responses, but on the stability of each item. Using the method of Pattern Analysis, reliability will be high only when each S answers each item in the same way in both administrations.
Evidence for the Presence of a Readily Transmissible Oncogenic Principle in Crown Gall Teratoma Cells of Tobacco

Teratomas result when totipotent tobacco cells conditioned by wounding are exposed to the moderately virulent T37 strain of the crown gall bacterium. Once transformation is accomplished, teratoma cells continue to proliferate autonomously in the absence of the inciting bacterium. The present report demonstrates that teratoma tissues regularly induce the production of new non-selflimiting growths when grafted onto suitable host plants. The newly induced tumours are derived from the normal cells of the host. It is concluded that teratoma cells contain an oncogenic principle in an active form. Whether this principle is identical with that elaborated by the bacteria, is not as yet known.
Determination of thorium and uranium at the nanogram per gram level in semiconductor potting plastics by neutron activation analysis

A method was developed to determine thorium and uranium in semiconductor potting plastics. The method is based on neutron activation and subsequent radiochemical separation to isolate and permit measurement of the daughter products233Pa and239Np of the induced233Th and239U. These plastics typically contain macro amounts of silicon, bromine and antimony and nanogram per gram amounts of thorium and uranium. The radiochemical method provides the necessary sensitivity and makes it possible to easily attain adequate decontamination of the tiny amounts of233Pa and239Np from the high levels of radioactive bromine and antimony.
Polymerization of higher aldehydes. VII. Tacticity of elastomeric polyacetaldehyde

High resolution NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the tacticity of elastomeric polyacetaldehyde. Spectra obtained at elevated temperatures and in solutions of carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene showed a weak line on the high field side of a strong line in both the methyl group and the CH group regions. Comparison of these results with those obtained on related model compounds indicated that the weak lines can be attributed to the isotactic structure and that the strong lines can be assigned to the heterotactic structure. After the lines were narrowed by spin-decoupling procedures, the area measurement results suggested that polyacetaldehyde is a highly random polymer.
Isolation of a second cryptic plasmid fromMycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides

Abstract Plasmids have rarely been detected in organisms constituting the genusMycoplasma. Recently, the isolation of a cryptic plasmid fromMycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides has been described, and we report here the isolation of a second cryptic plasmid from this species. Restriction map and Southern blot analyses show that the second plasmid is distinct from the previously described plasmid, although a limited region of homology was detected. The availability of mycoplasmal cryptic plasmids may lead to the development of cloning vectors that replicate in these organisms.
The Cell Adhesion Molecule, GP116, Is a New CD44 Variant (ex14/v10) Involved in Hyaluronic Acid Binding and Endothelial Cell Proliferation

Abstract In this study we have found that endothelial cells from different origins all contain a CD44-related transmembrane glycoprotein, named GP116. Using a bovine aortic endothelial cell line and a standard pulse-chase protocol, we show that GP116 is synthesized as a 52-kDa nascent polypeptide precursor (p52) which is processed to GP116 as follows, p52 → p63/65 → p82 → p100 → GP116. GP116 contains ≈8 N- and ≈11 O-linked oligosaccharide chains (but lacks glycosaminoglycans) and interacts directly with the cytoskeletal protein, ankyrin, both in vitro (Kd ≈1.2 nM) and in vivo. The results of GP116 amino acid composition, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot, Northern blot, cloning, and sequence analyses indicate that endothelial cells express this new CD44 variant that contains an exon having significant homology with human CD44 exon 14 (ex14/v10). GP116, designated as CD44 (ex14/v10), has been shown to be a major hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor (Kd ≈0.5-0.8 nM) responsible for cell adhesion. Most importantly, we have found that the interaction between CD44(ex14/v10) and HA or a small fragment of HA (10-15 disaccharide units) induces a mitogenic response in endothelial cells. These findings suggest that this CD44 variant plays an important role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation.
Galois connections and the leray spectral sequence

The intent of this paper is to present homological versions of several combinatorial theorems including Rota’s theorem on the Mobius functions of ordered sets joined by a Galois connection and the Crapo complementation theorem. In so doing we strengthen and generalize these results. In addition we make a clear connection between these combinatorial theorems and various forms of the Leray spectral sequence. The basic tool we use for presenting homology is the commutative diagram. As noted in [2], this notion is equivalent to the notion of a sheaf on a suitable topological space associated with the ordered set. In that paper we established that there were significant connections between sheaf cohomology and combinatorial notions such as the Mobius function and Whitney numbers of the first kind. We begin in Section 2 by presenting the terminology of ordered sets and diagrams. The notation we use here is rather more simplified than that of [2]; moreover, we introduce the notion of an “augmented” diagram, which is more appropriate for the combinatorics we present. See also the presentation in [4]. In the next section we develop the concept of a Galois connection on three levels. The first is the usual notion of a Galois correspondence between ordered sets. Next we consider the analogous situation for order-preserving relations. Here we find, in contrast to the case for maps, where Galois correspondences are quite rare, that every order-preserving relation has a Galois adjoint, in fact, that it has many. Finally we consider multirelations. The lack of uniqueness of the Galois adjoint for relations now disappears, and we find that (under a suitable finiteness condition) every multirelation has a unique Galois adjoint. The significance of this adjoint appears in Section 5, where we see that it can be interpreted in terms of the Mobius function of the “fibers” of the orderpreserving relation. .
Growth of tungsten bronze crystals by fused salt electrolysis

Although tungsten bronzes and related compounds have been prepared by fused salt electrolysis for some time, very little detail about the actual growth methods and results have been reported. This work describes a successful electrolytic cell which has been developed for the growth of a variety of tungsten bronze crystals. This cell has been used to establish the parameters for the growth of NaxWO3 crystals with predictable composition and in addition the phases of bronze obtained as a function of melt composition and temperature. Growth rates were measured and found to vary considerably for the different phases. Large crystals of a new triclinic compound, Na4W14O43, were obtained during the study of different melt compositions. Crystals of the lithium isomorph of this compound were also prepared.
Theoretical model of the contributions of corneal asphericity and anterior chamber depth to peripheral wavefront aberrations.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to theoretically model the contributions of corneal asphericity (Q) and anterior chamber depth to peripheral wavefront aberrations. Methods Ray-tracing was performed on a model eye using a customised MatLab program to calculate Zernike aberrations up to the 5th order across ±60° of the horizontal visual field. The corneal Q was varied from −0.5 to 0.8, and the anterior chamber depth was changed from 2.05 to 4.05 mm while axial length was held constant. Spherical equivalent refractive error derived from Zernike defocus was used to estimate peripheral refraction. Results Relative to axial Zernike aberrations, both defocus and astigmatism in the peripheral field increased with the corneal Q value, but the increases in relative peripheral astigmatism were much smaller in amplitude than relative peripheral defocus. Anterior chamber depth shortening caused the relative peripheral defocus and astigmatism to increase toward more positive values, although the changes in relative peripheral astigmatism with anterior chamber depth were small. Combination of the variations in both corneal Q and anterior chamber depth does not produce linear sum of the changes in relative peripheral defocus. The relative peripheral refractive error was more myopic when either the corneal Q was increased or the anterior chamber depth was shortened. The changes in relative peripheral x-axis coma, trefoil and spherical aberration with corneal Q value were complex but were barely changed with anterior chamber depth within the central 60° visual field. Conclusions Both corneal asphericity and anterior chamber depth play important roles in determining peripheral wavefront aberrations. The two factors nonlinearly interact to affect peripheral aberrations. Higher corneal Q and/or shorter anterior chamber depth tend to produce relatively more myopic peripheral refraction. Increasing the Q value of the anterior surface of a contact lens might provide an interesting intervention to slow myopia progression.
BGO suppressed gamma detector arrays

Arrays of a number of high-resolution γ detectors are needed to investigate the excited states of nuclei in detail, especially in coincidence experiments. The best elements currently available for such arrays use a high-resolution Ge diode detector surrounded by a high-efficiency Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) scintillator. The BGO scintillator serves to veto those events in which the incoming γ-ray undergoes Compton scattering leading to escape of the scattered photon from the Ge crystal. The first elements of a detector array at the FSU tandem-linac laboratory have been assembled with Ortec high-purity n-type Ge crystals and single crystal BGO scintillators from Harshaw. Each Ge crystal is placed inside a 127 cm diameter by 152 cm long BGO annulus. A smaller 61 mm diameter by 81 mm long BGO split annulus is placed around the cold finger behind the Ge crystal. The performance of the array elements and repair techniques on the Ge detectors are discussed.
Mechano-chemical degradation of flexible electrodes for optoelectronic device applications

Abstract The electrical, optical, and structural integrity of flexible transparent electrodes is of paramount importance in the design and fabrication of optoelectronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, touch panels, solar cells, and solid-state lighting. The electrodes may corrode due to acid-containing pressure sensitive adhesives present in the device stacks. In addition, structural failure may occur due to external applied loading. The combined action and further accumulation of both repeated mechanical loading and corrosion can aggravate the loss of functionality of the electrodes. In this study we investigate, using the design of experimental methods, the effects of corrosion, applied mechanical strain, film thickness, and number of bending cycles on the electrical and structural integrity of indium tin oxide (ITO) and carbon nanotube (CNT) films both coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. In situ electrical resistance measurements suggest that fatigue-corrosion is found to be the most critical failure mode for the ITO-based coatings. For example, the change in ITO electrical resistance increase under fatigue-corrosion (1% strain, 150,000 cycles) is 5.8 times higher than that of fatigue mode alone. On the other hand, a minimum change in electrical resistance of the CNT-based electrodes is found when applying the same conditions.
Effects of ions and bioactive substances on ovarian contraction in Fundulus heteroclitus

The effects of potassium, calcium, angiotensin II, urotensin II, melatonin, gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-a), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on in vitro ovarian smooth muscle contraction were observed in Fundulus heteroclitus. Calcium induced contractions and modified spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Potassium, angiotensin II and urotension II induced dose-dependent contractions while melatonin, GnRH-a and HCG had no observable effect on the system. These data highlight the integral role of calicum in ovarian contraction and suggest possible roles in reproduction for angiotensin II and urotensin II. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bias effects in the possible/impossible object decision test with matching objects.

In the possible/impossible object decision test, priming has consistently been found for structurally possible, but not impossible, objects, leading Schacter, Cooper, and Delaney (1990) to suggest that priming relies on a system that represents the global 3-D structure of objects. Using a modified design with matching objects to control for the influence of episodic memory, Ratcliff and McKoon (1995) and Williams and Tarr (1997) found negative priming for impossible objects (i.e.), lower performance for old than for new items). Both teams argued that priming derives from (1) episodic memory for object features and (2) bias to respond “possible” to encoded objects or their possible parts. The present study applied the matched-objects design to the original Schacter and Cooper stimuli—same possible objects and matching impossible figures—with minimal procedural variation. The data from Experiment 1 only partially supported the bias models and suggested that priming was mediated by both local and global structural descriptions. Experiment 2 showed that negative priming for impossible objects derived from the structural properties of these objects, not from the influence of episodic memory on task performance. Supplemental materials for this study may be downloaded from mc.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental.
Transfusion Therapy in Pregnant Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease: A National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference

Excerpt Four consensus groups met in Bethesda, Maryland, on 23 and 24 April 1979 to consider whether there is sufficient evidence about prophylactic transfusion therapy to advocate its use for trea...
Higher energy synchronized external direct current cardioversion for refractory atrial fibrillation.

AbstractOBJECTIVESWe sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of higher energy synchronized cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation refractory to standard energy direct current (DC) ca...
A MODEL FOR EXTRACTIVE COAL LIQUEFACTION

A reaction model of extractive coal liquefaction in which the coal particle maintains its integrity throughout the reaction is presented. The effects of solvent diffusion, liquid product diffusion, and chemical reaction are taken into consideration in the model. Experimental data based on the NenKen extractive coal liquefaction process have been employed to test the validity of the model. Fractional extraction and concentration profiles of the hydrogen donor solvent, convertible solid and liquid product in the coal particle have been numerically simulated based on the model, and the results are graphically presented.
A new look at military‐civilian governments

(1979). A new look at military‐civilian governments. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 206-227.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe pediatric near-drowning.

Between April 1979 and April 1981, 20 near-drowned children admitted to Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles with a Glasgow coma score of 3 underwent intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and brain resuscitative therapy. By the 3rd hospital day, 14 patients had developed ICP elevation above 20 torr, and 11 of these had sustained intracranial hypertension above 30 torr. Ten of these children died, and 4 remain in a persistent vegetative state. Of 6 patients whose ICP never exceeded 20 torr, 3 recovered completely, 1 died, and 2 remain without any cognitive function. The salvage rate for patients with normal ICP after near-drowning accidents is significantly better than that for patients in whom the ICP is elevated (P = 0.017). Intracranial hypertension is associated with a uniformly bad outcome and is frequent in patients who die or suffer permanent, severe central nervous system damage after near-drowning. Language: en
Comparing Forecasts of the Global Impacts of Climate Change

This paper utilizes the predictions ofseveral Atmosphere-Ocean GeneralCirculation Models and the Global ImpactModel to create forecasts of the globalmarket impacts from climate change. Theforecasts of market impacts in 2100 varyconsiderably depending on climate scenariosand climate impact sensitivity. The modelsdo concur that tropical nations will behurt, temperate nations will be barelyaffected, and high latitude nations willbenefit. Although the size of theseeffects varies a great deal across models,the beneficial and harmful effects areoffsetting, so that the net impact on theglobe is relatively small in almost alloutcomes. Looking only at market impacts,the forecasts suggest that while the globalnet benefits of abatement are small, thedistribution of damages suggests a largeequity problem that could be addressedthrough a compensation program. The largeuncertainty surrounding these forecastsfurther suggests that continued monitoringof both the climate and impacts isworthwhile.
Identification of novel ethanol-sensitive genes by expression profiling.

Abstract Chronic exposure to ethanol or other addicting drugs causes long-lasting, deleterious behavioral responses, such as tolerance, dependence, sensitization, and addiction. Changes in brain gene expression are thought to be a critical component of these behavioral adaptations. Our laboratory and others have utilized cultured neuronal cells as model systems for studying gene regulation by ethanol. Recently, the use of non-biased, high-throughput approaches to studying gene expression has allowed identification of gene regulation “patterns,” rather than single genes responding to ethanol. This review will discuss how expression-profiling approaches can be used to identify functional changes occurring in neural cells with chronic exposure to ethanol.
A New Method for Design Decisions Using Decision Topologies

This paper shows how reliability block diagrams can be used as a decision making tool. The premise behind the idea is that classical decision analysis while very powerful, does not provide tractability in assessing utility functions and their use in making decisions. Our recent work has shown that visual representation of systems using a reliability block diagram can be used to describe a decision situation. In decision making, we called these block diagrams decision topologies. We show that decision topologies can be used to make many engineering decisions and can replace decision analysis for most decisions. The paper proves that at the limit, using decision topologies is entirely consistent with decision analysis for both single attribute and multiattribute cases. The main advantages of the proposed method are that (1) it provides a visual representation of a decision situation, (2) it can easily model tradeoffs, (3) it allows binary attributes, (4) it can be used when limited information is available, and (5) it can be used in a low-fidelity sense to quickly make a decision. The paper details the theoretical basis of the proposed method and highlights its benefits. An example is used to demonstrate how decision topologies can be used in practice.© 2013 ASME
Validation and Physical Characterization of Ribosomal G-Quadruplexes with MD Simulations

DNA and RNA adopt structures known as G-quadruplexes, and they are typically found in the telomere regions of chromosomes and in promoter regions. G-quadruplexes that form in gene promoter regions are targeted at the nucleolus, the site of ribosome biogenesis, and its formation and stabilization in the nucleolus can act as silencers in gene expression, control cell growth, and thus provide a viable treatment for cancer. Although it is well-known that ribosomal sequences are guanine-rich and could potentially form G-quadruplexes, these putative sequences are seldom validated. In our study, we modeled two putative parallel DNA quadruplex sequences that are based on structures of known stable parallel and antiparallel DNA quadruplexes. We performed 20 ns atomistic molecular dynamic simulations with the CHARMM36 force field and the NAMD simulation suite. We then calculated the base-base distances and pseudo-torsion angles to project these quantities to free energy profiles for the purpose of determining their relative stabilities. Based on these simulations, we created a conformational and structural map based on the free energy stabilities of two putative quadruplex sequences, and they can serve as the basis of developing selective anti-cancer agents.
Comparison Of Exposure Latitude For Single Layer Resist Processes

One of the critical processes in the fabrication of state-of-the-art VLSI MOS circuits is the polysilicon gate photolithography. The combination of near-micron or submicron design rules, substrate topography and substrate reflectivity imposes stringent requirements on the performance and latitude of the photopatterning process. Numerous techniques have been developed to enhance the performance of photolithographic processes, including the use of Multi-Layer Resist systems, 1-4 Anti-Reflective Coatings,19996 Contrast Enhancement Layers, 1,7 dyed resists,199 and Post-Exposure Bakes (PEB).9-11 Of primary concern is the control of resist feature critical dimensions (CDs). Control of CDs to within ± 10% of the nominal value is typically desired. Although many parameters have an effect on resist CDs, the major factor is usually the exposure dose. This study was undertaken in an effort to characterize the resist CD latitude as a function of exposure dose for four key Single Layer Resist processes: (1) Kodak 820 resist; (2) Kodak 820 resist with PEB; (3) dyed Kodak 820 resist; and (4) dyed Kodak 820 resist with PEB.
Super spreading of oil by condensed water drops

We studied the spreading of a thin film of hexadecane oil on a hydrophobic polystyrene surface, which is partially covered with tiny water droplets. In spite of the fact that the spreading coefficient of hexadecane is slightly negative on water, the oil actually spreads faster on the droplet covered polystyrene than on the pure substrate. The observed effect is partly due to the geometric factors that lead to greater reduction of oil–substrate interfacial energy in comparison to the increase of oil–vapor surface energy. However, it is more important to consider the reduction of the resistance to fluid motion in the presence of condensed droplets. We provide an explanation of the phenomenon by drawing an analogy to the spreading on a rough surface, in which each water drop nucleates and re-initiates the spreading process. The phenomenon is therefore an approximate 2D version of liquid invasion through porous media.