cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A statistical model of solid state chain reactions

Abstract A simple model is presented which describes the propagation of chain reactions in amorphous solids. It is developed within the framework of a self-avoiding random walk on a Bethe lattice. Simple analytical formulae are obtained for the average chain lengths and chain-length distributions. These are compared with computer simulations of solid state chain reactions on three-dimensional lattices and with recent experimental results. The model can describe chain reactions in pure solids (e.g. polymerization of solid formaldehyde at 10 K) as well as chain reactions in binary solid solutions (e.g. reactions of Cl 2 with cyclopropane deposited as a van der Waals glass at 77 K). The predicted dependence of reaction chain length on the relative concentrations of the two reactants is in good accord with experimental results.
Propagation of Big Island eddies

Using satellite altimetry data, we have observed a series of anticyclonic eddies as they form at the Big Island of Hawaii and have tracked them as they move away from the island. While similar eddies have been observed near the Hawaiian Islands in previous studies, the fate of the anticyclonic eddies has previously been unclear. The eddies that we observed initially propagated to the southwest but consistently changed propagation direction to the northwest later in their lifetimes. This was intriguing to us, as theoretically, the decay of isolated anticyclonic eddies on a β plane should cause them to continually move toward the southwest. Such isolated eddy dynamics are unable to account for the observed change to northwestward eddy propagation, and the presence of the westward flowing North Equatorial Current turns out to be important to the Big Island eddy dynamics. The eddies are not passively advected by the North Equatorial Current; rather, the mean flow changes the propagation characteristics of the eddies. An existing theory that includes meridionally varying, purely zonal mean flow is shown to account for the observed propagation of the Big Island eddies if the zonal variation of the mean flow is considered.
Unified theory of the onset of folding, boudinage, and mullion structure

A mathematical study of the flow of a layered fluid shows that homogeneous pure shear aligned with the bedding is a “possible” state of motion in the sense that it is an exact solution to the governing equation. In the case of a single layer of a Newtonian material between two thick layers of different viscosity, such a state of motion is unstable to small disturbances. The growing disturbances have foldlike or pinch-and-swell form, depending on whether the applied compression is parallel or perpendicular to the layering and on whether the layer is more or less resistant to deformation than the surrounding rock. The combination of these two factors gives four distinct cases. One of these, labeled inverse folding, is of no interest because its growth rate is too small. The other three cases correspond qualitatively to folding, boudinage, and mullions. This result suggests that these three geologic structures are caused by the same mechanism: a secondary flow driven by an interfacial discontinuity in normal stress.
Theory of Lipid Monolayer and Bilayer Phase Transitions" Effect of Headgroup Interactions

Headgroup and soft core interactions are added to a lipid monolayer-bilayer model and the surface pressure-area phase diagrams are calculated. The results show that quite small headgroup interactions can have biologically significant effects on the transition temperature and the phase diagram. In particular, the difference in transition temperatures of lecithins and phosphatidyl ethanolamines is easy to reproduce in the model. The phosphatidic acid systems seem to require weak transient hydrogen bonding which is also conjectured to play a role in most of the lipid systems. By a simple surface free energy argument it is shown that monolayers under a surface pressure of 50 dynes/cm should behave as bilayers, in agreement with experiment. Although the headgroup interactions are biologically very significant, in fundamental studies of the main phase transition in lipids they are secondary in importance to the hydrocarbon chain interactions (including the excluded volume interaction, the rotational isomerism, and the attractive van der Waals interaction).
Cross-reactivity of ten anti-prostate-specific antigen monoclonal antibodies with human glandular kallikrein

Abstract Objectives Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is commonly used as a marker for prostate disease. Prostate epithelium expresses both PSA and human glandular kallikrein (hK2) proteins, which share 80% sequence homology. The immunologic cross-reactivity of these two proteins could potentially interfere with determination of PSA levels in diagnoses of prostate cancer. We set out to determine the extent of this cross-reactivity for a panel of 10 anti-PSA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sandwich assays, and western transfer techniques were used to assess the PSA/hK2 cross-reactivity of the anti-PSA mAbs. Results We did not detect the hK2 protein with any of the 10 anti-PSA mAbs under western transfer conditions. In ELISA experiments, 8 of 10 mAbs exhibited hK2 cross-reactivity under certain conditions. However, no combination of mAbs tested in sandwich assays exhibited a signal in hK2 cross-reactivity experiments greater than 0.1 % of the PSA signal. Conclusions We have evaluated 10 anti-PSA mAbs and determined that despite the 80% homology between However, no combination of mAbs tested in sandwich assays exhibited a signal in hK2 cross-reactivity experiments greater than 0.1 % of th PSA and hK2 proteins, cross-reactivity with hK2 by these antibodies would not significantly affect the determination of PSA levels by means of sandwich assays.
Relaxation of rotating He II following a spin-up of its container: A superfluid Ekman time?

The experiments of Tsakadze and Tsakadze on the relaxation of rotating He H after its container is given a sudden spin-up are discussed. It is shown that the relaxation times observed can be interpreted as Ekman times, analogous to the relaxation times in the corresponding situation with classical fluids if the quantum of vorticity K is taken as a characteristic kinematic viscosity. Further experiments to test and explore the analogy are suggested. Tsakadze and Tsakadze have reported observations of behavior of a rotating container filled with He II after its rotation speed is suddenly increased. 1-3 Their experiments were an attempt to simulate the behavior of pulsars following a sudden spin-up with terrestrial rotating superfluids, as was first suggested by Packard. 4 The Crab and Vela pulsars have been observed to undergo sudden (within the course of a few days or possibly less) spin-ups (glitches). s-12 Three glitches have been seen in each of these pulsars so far. Various models have been proposed to account for these spin-ups, 13-x6 some involving the release of pinned vortex lines from the superfluid interior of the neutron star. 17"~8 A fraction of the observed increase in frequency decays back within a time ~" after the glitch and the pulsar frequency settles back to a linear deceleration, due to the electromagnetic radiation torques on the neutron star. The time ~" has been observed to be 4-15 days after the Crab glitches, 5-8 while z ~ 1 yr has been reported for Vela. 9"~~ Such macroscopic relaxation times give support to a common feature of neutron star structure theories, that neutrons in the interior of these stars are in the superfiuid state, since any viscous coupling between thecrust of the star, which undergoes the observed spin-up, and a normal fluid interior would bring the system to equilibrium in a much shorter time. 19
Design of efficient stiffened shells of revolution

A method to produce efficient piecewise uniform stiffened shells of revolution is presented. The approach uses a first order differential equation formulation for the shell prebuckling and buckling analyses and the necessary conditions for an optimum design are derived by a variational approach. A variety of local yielding and buckling constraints and the general buckling constraint are included in the design process. The local constraints are treated by means of an interior penalty function and the general buckling load is treated by means of an exterior penalty function. This allows the general buckling constraint to be included in the design process only when it is violated. The self-adjoint nature of the prebuckling and buckling formulations is used to reduce the computational effort. Results for four conical shells and one spherical shell are given.
Physical mapping of Bacillus subtilis phage rho14 cloning vehicles: heteroduplex and restriction enzyme analyses.

Four deletion mutants of temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ρ14 have been examined utilizing restriction enzyme and DNA heteroduplex methods. This has allowed the orientation and mapping of the deletions on the ρ14 physical map. A continuous 15% of the genome contains functions not essential for bacteriophage viability. A 7% subsection section of this region contains phage immunity functions. The deletions were found to range in size from about 2.2–3.3 kilobases. In addition, the deletion mutants retain a single Sal I restriction site, which is currently being used as a cloning site for recombinant DNA. We have located the Sal I site to be 400 basepairs from the immunity region. Thus, the clear-and turbid-plaque deletion mutants are all capable of being utilized as molecular cloning vehicles for Bacillus subtilis.
Effect of acute variations in dietary fat and carbohydrate intake on retinyl ester content of intestinally derived lipoproteins.

Vitamin A was administered to eight patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in conjunction with the two different test meals containing (as percentage of total calories) either 15% protein, 60% carbohydrate (CHO), and 25% fat or 15% protein, 40% CHO, and 45% fat. The vitamin A and test meals were given at noon (4 h after a standard breakfast), and blood was obtained hourly from noon to midnight for measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol concentrations; concentrations of TG and cholesterol in Sverdberg floatation (Sf) unit above 400 and Sf 20-400 lipoproteins; retinyl ester concentration in plasma; and both Sf more than 400 and Sf 20-400 lipoproteins. The postprandial TG response in plasma, Sf more than 400 lipoproteins, and Sf 20-400 lipoproteins from noon to midnight was only slightly higher than values seen after consumption of the 60% CHO diet, which contained much less fat (25% vs. 45%) and the retinyl ester concentration was actually higher in both lip...
Longitudinal instabilities in exit flow from a slit

Longitudinal instabilities in exit flow from a slit have been analysed. A theory which shows them to be of surface tension origin has been proposed. It predicts an increase in critical wave length with increasing surface tension, decreasing viscosity, and increasing slit opening. This effect is shown experimentally to be observable in the flow of Newtonian fluids besides the observations in viscoelastic fluids reported previously.
Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery

When I first began researching human trafficking and modern forms of slavery fifteen years ago, there was very limited awareness of these offences, and even less scholarship. While non-profit organizations, activists, and charitable foundations have worked assiduously to raise awareness of human trafficking and to tackle root causes, investment by the academic community to analyze the nature, scale, and functioning of the phenomena has been slower to evolve. Indeed, much of the confusion relating to basic terms and concepts on the topic of modern forms of slavery has been due, in large part, to the lack of scholarly analysis of the issues. Following on this gap has been a dearth of robust, first-hand field research that can guide scholarship, investment, and activism, and help frame the complex questions relating to law, economics, human rights, gender, poverty, corruption, migration, the rights of children and minorities, and many other issues that are fundamental to our understanding of human trafficking.
Venus resurfacing by coronae: Implications from impact craters

Coronae, common volcano-tectonic features on Venus, may be actively modifying the planet's surface. To evaluate the extent of their effects, we compare impact crater densities and proportions of modified craters out to four radii for Monte Carlo simulations of corona location with those for two corona classes. We study the Radial Concentric and Concentric Caldera coronae, the two classes believed to represent the youthful and senescent stages of formation, respectively. A high proportion of tectonized craters and low crater density near Radial Concentric coronae indicate recent activity. Based on the average crater density and proportion of tectonized craters, we interpret Concentric Caldera coronae as old. These results show that tectonism and volcanism is not limited to the corona interior and can extend up to four radii from the center.
The Ottoman Government and the Sanusiyya: A Reappraisal

The historiography of the Sanusiyya, if one can apply such a term to the literary crop of roughly a century dealing with this North African tarīqa (pl. turuq, Sufi brotherhood), falls into three distinct categories. The earliest writings appeared in the 1880s, thirty years after the tariqa had taken root in Cyrenaica (then the Ottoman province of Benghazi). The works of French authors such as Charmes, Rinn, Duveyrier, Le Chatelier, and co-authors Depont and Coppolani were all marked by the concerns of the French colonial and protectorate authorities in Algeria and Tunisia. According to Duveyrier, a Saharan explorer of repute and the crudest exponent of this group's views, not only were the Sanusis a band of fanatics given to murdering innocent missionaries and explorers, but they were also in the vanguard of the turuq inspired by the Pan-Islamic rhetoric of the Ottoman sultan and aligned against French colonialism in Muslim North Africa. Only this combination of factors could account for the pervasive and determined resistance to French policies in the region. Along with the Sanusiyya, Duveyrier singled out for attack a North African sheikh and confidant of the Ottoman sultan, Muhammad Zafir al-Madani. Charmes, Rinn, Le Chatelier, and Depont and Coppolani, while less vitriolic in their tone, certainly had the same general approach. The analysis of this “Algerian school” was dismissed at the turn of the century by two eminent Orientalists, Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and Carl Heinrich Becker.3 A generation later, European fears of the turuq diminished in the wake of World War I, as new ideologies and forces came to dominate a transformed Pan-Islamism. This notwithstanding, some of the suppositions of the early French authors were adopted by later scholars and have since been quoted and requoted.
Optimal Adaptive Control of an Array of Passive Sensors

A sensor array is treated as a spatial filter in rejecting undesired signals. The array is governed by a control law derived from the noise covariance matrix supplied by the time-varying noise field in an optimal fashion. Signal-to-noise ratio is used as the optimality criterion. The optimal control law is self-adjusted by a simple adaptive scheme. The adaptive scheme is computationally efficient due to a fast matrix inversion formula. The adaptor is stable and is independent of initial condition for sufficiently long operating periods.
Evidence for an osmotic effect of glucose in the in vivo rat proximal tubule

A series of micropuncture experiments were performed to assess whether phlorizin inhibition of proximal tubular glucose reabsorption inhibits proximal tubular fluid reabsorption due to a change in the transepithelial osmotic gradient for glucose. End proximal tubular filtrate reabsorption was measured, control vs experimental, in the same rat. The effects of infusing phlorizin in one group were compared to those of graded small infusions of mannitol in a second group of rats. In the phlorizin series tubular fluid and peripheral plasma were analyzed for glucose. Net renal sodium and renal oxygen consumption were measured in these same rats. In the mannitol series tubular fluid and peripheral plasma mannitol concentrations were determined. The results show that phlorizin inhibits proximal tubular fluid and glucose reabsorption without changing renal oxygen consumption. Mannitol inhibits proximal fluid reabsorption per unit transepithelial concentration difference to the same extent as does glucose during phlorizin infusion.
Channeling analysis of defect distribution in epitaxial Si layers

Abstract The ion channeling technique has been applied to study the stacking defects in heteroepitaxially grown silicon. He ion backscattering experiments were performed on 0.4 um Si layers grown on sapphire at a beam energy of 1.5 MeV and crystal axes of 〈100〉, 〈110〉 and 〈111〉. A comparison with a single crystal Si wafer developed comparative data which was subsequently used to analyze the depth profile of the density of imperfections. The calculation of dechanneling cross section is based upon the model of ‘parallel shift of equipotential contours’.
An Examination of African Americans' Stereotyped Perceptions of Fictional Media Characters

An extensive body of research has already illustrated the myriad ways in which media help form perceptions of various social groups. Theories such as cultivation, stereotype theory, social learning, and social identity theory all discuss how audiences can internalize what they see presented in the media, and project that information onto their beliefs about reality. However, many of these theories pay less attention to both negative and positive stereotypes, as well as how multiple social groups are perceived within the same context. Likewise, research has neglected thoroughly to examine the perceptions of African American media viewers regarding other marginalized social groups. This study examines the underlying dimensions of stereotypes by applying the stereotype content model (SCM) to African Americans’ perceptions of media representations of their own and other marginalized groups. The results of the study provided mixed support for the SCM; however, perceptions of African American characters were fa...
Pineal Hydroxyindole-O-methyl Transferase Activity in the Growing Rat

Pineal hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase activity was measured in growing rats as an estimate of melatonin production during maturation. No significant HIOMT was found at 10 days or earlier. At 14 days HIOMT/gland was 40% of the 8- to 10-week value. Sympathetic innervation, changes in vascularization and metabolite concentrations were discussed as possible mechanisms initiating production of the enzyme. If total HIOMT activity was compared to body weight, a dramatic decrease in relative activity was observed to develop after a peak at 21 days. This was interpreted to suggest a relative decrease in melatonin production occurs after 21 days which might permit previously inhibited sexual maturation to develop. (Endocrinology 84: 1523, 1969)
Sex, sex roles, and self-image.

The purpose of this research was to compare the self-images of male and female children in order to determine whether females were at a particular disadvantage and, if so, why. A random sample of 1988 children from grades 3–12 were interviewed in Baltimore in 1968. Findings show more disturbance among White adolescent females than among White males or Black females: White girls become much more self-conscious and show greater self-image instability and somewhat lower self-esteem. Three sets of factors appear to explain part of these differences: (1) attitudes toward present and future sex role, (2) peer relationships in general and opposite sex relationships in particular, and (3) attitudes toward changing looks in adolescence.
Development and validation of diagnostic criteria for atrial flutter on the surface electrocardiogram.

Background: There are no universally accepted ECG diagnostic criteria for atrial flutter (AFL), making its differentiation from “coarse” atrial fibrillation (AF) difficult. Methods: To develop diagnostic criteria for AFL, we examined two sets of ECGs. Set 1 consisted of 100 ECGs (50 AF, AFL) with diagnoses confirmed by intracardiac recordings. Criteria evaluated were presence of F waves in the frontal plane leads, F waves in V1, sawtooth F waves, rate, and regularity of ventricular response. Set 2 included 200 ECGs taken from the hospital database each of which had already been interpreted by a cardiologist as either AF (n = 100) or AFL (n = 100). Set 2 was blindly read by electrophysiologists whose consensus-diagnoses were compared to the diagnoses made by using the best criteria identified from the Set 1 data. Results: The criteria of frontal plane F waves, regular or partially regular ventricular response, and their combination had sensitivities of 92%, 98%, and 90% and specificities of 100%, 78%, and 100% in Set 1 for the diagnosis of AFL. In Set 2, concordance of electrophysiologist and cardiologist diagnoses was only 84%. The criteria of frontal plane Fwaves, regular or partially regular ventricular response, and their combination resulted in concordances with the cardiologist diagnoses of 85%, 85%, and 82% and with the electrophysiologist-consensus diagnoses of 90%, 89%, and 94% (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The criteria of frontal plane F waves and regular or partially regular ventricular response aid in the proper diagnosis of AFL. Because management strategies may differ for AF and AFL, it is important to adopt a more rigorous diagnostic approach.
Frequency dependence of regional lung clearance of 133Xe in normal men

We measured the one-half time of 133Xe washout from the whole lung and from 9 horizontal lung regions in 6 normal men during normal breathing and at 50 breaths/min. The diaphragm was located with a contour map prior to the selection of the 9 horizontal regions. Artifacts caused by the tissue solubility of 133Xe were reduced by expressing regional clearance relative to whole lung clearance. During normal breathing there was a progressive increase in the relative clearance of 133Xe from the lung apex to the base when each region was compared to the lung as a whole. At 50 breaths/min, relative clearance increased from the lung apex only for about 18.5 to 20 cm. At that point, the relative clearance rate of the horizontal regions began to fall and at the lung base was slower than that of the whole lung. These results are consistent with the concept that dependent lung regions have longer time constants than regions at the top of the lung.
Intussusception and total body opacification.

Because of atypical clinical presentations, two children with intussusception had intravenous urography as their initial examination following plain films. In both patients the intussusception was outlined by an opaque rim due to the total body opacification effect on the bowel wall. One patient had a target-like blush on follow-up films which strongly suggested the correct diagnosis. The authors do not advocate intravenous urography to diagnose intussusception, but if this study is performed because of atypical clinical findings, the radio-graphic sign should be recognised and lead to a barium enema.
Iterative radiation boundary conditions for finite element solutions of the scalar wave equation

Abstract New families of radiation boundary operators are proposed for finite element simulations of wave propagation problems characterized by the scalar wave equation. These operators have the form B u (j+1) = C u (j) , j=1,2,…,J, where B is the Dirichlet, Neumann, or the Robin operator, and C is an appropriately chosen local operator. Since B is a standard operator compatible with the wave equation, and C acts on the known iterate u(j), the radiation operators can be easily incorporated into a typical finite element code. The proposed approaches are shown to produce very good results for the test cases considered.
Louis xiv and the Académie Royale de Danse, 1661—A commentary and translation

In March 1661 Louis XIV made dance history when he established and issued formal legal recognition of the world's first national academy of dance. The institution's charter was ratified by the French Parliament and published a year later. Researchers have studied and cited the published document ever since. However, the original manuscript, signed by the king himself, was buried in the French national archives and has thus far escaped critical analysis by dance historians. The manuscript differs from the various published versions in certain respects. Notably, the handwritten manuscript provides the name of the mysterious 'missing" thirteenth member of the academy, whose name was inexplicably omitted from all published versions of the Letters Patent, as the formal document was called. The missing name has occasioned much speculation on the part of nineteenthand twentieth-century dance historians, who have put forward a variety of candidates for the honor. While other questions may be raised by this extraordinary document, at least that particular canard may be put to rest.'
Mitochondrial-Targeted Human Catalase Affords Neuroprotection From Proton Irradiation

Significant past work has linked radiation exposure of the CNS to elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. These secondary reactive processes are both dynamic and persistent and are believed to compromise the functionality of the CNS, in part, by disrupting endogenous neurogenesis in the hippocampus. While evidence has shown neurogenesis to be sensitive to irradiation and redox state, the mechanistic basis underlying these effects is incompletely understood. To clarify the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating radiation-induced changes in neurogenesis we have analyzed transgenic mice that overexpress human catalase localized to the mitochondria. With this model, we investigated the consequences of low dose and clinically relevant proton irradiation on neurogenesis, and how that process is modified in response to genetic disruption of mitochondrial ROS levels. In unirradiated animals, basal neurogenesis was improved significantly by reductions in mitochondrial ROS. In animals subj...
OH megamasers as extragalactic diagnostics

Luminous, extragalactic OH masers are excellent tracers of merger triggered, intense star formation in Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs). As such, they are tracers of high density regions in the centers of active galaxies. From high resolution imaging of the 1667 MHz emission in a small sample of OH megamaser galaxies, the general consensus is that most of the maser emission arises in thick, circumnuclear structures. Here we summarize the current work on OH megamasers, and present the preliminary results on VLA observations of the 1720 MHz satellite line in III Zw 35, Mrk 231 and Arp 220. We also briefly mention ongoing work on investigating the nature of the high molecular gas density environment in a sample of ULIRGs, using CO (J=3–2) observations. A subset of the ULIRG sample harbors OH megamaser emission, and is therefore suited for comparing gas properties between ULIRGs with and without OH megamaser emission.
Electrode patterns in arc discharge simulations: effect of anode cooling

Self-organized electrode patterns are often observed experimentally in diverse types of electrical discharges, including atmospheric-pressure electric arcs, but rarely captured in general-purpose computational plasma dynamics simulations. Time-dependent three-dimensional thermodynamic non-equilibrium (two-temperature) simulations reveal the spontaneous formation of self-organized anode attachment spot patterns in the free-burning arc, a canonical direct-current (dc) discharge with an axisymmetric electrode configuration and the absence of external forcing. The simulations are based on a monolithic fluid-electromagnetic plasma flow model numerically implemented within a second-order-accurate in space and time variational multiscale finite element framework. Simulation results show the gradual emergence of spot patterns with increasing levels of anode cooling: from a single diffuse spot for low cooling levels to the eventual coverage of the anode region by small spots for intense cooling. The characteristics of the patterns, such as the number, size and location of the spots, markedly depend on the imposed total current. Furthermore, the patterns transition from steady to dynamic with decreasing total current for high cooling levels. The pattern dynamics show the formation of new spots by the splitting of old ones occurring in the center of the plasma, as well as the movement and eventual extinction of spots at the plasma boundaries. The different types of anode patterns (from diffuse to self-organized spots) have a significant effect on the total voltage drop across the plasma column, but a minor effect on other plasma characteristics away from the anode region. The results indicate that thermal instability together with equilibration between heavy-species and electron energy have a dominant role in the formation of anode patterns in arc discharges.
A Review on GPR Applications in Moisture Content Determination and Pavement Condition Assessment

In highway engineering, GPR is a nondestructive tool for measuring pavement layer thickness, moisture content of subgrade soils, and assessing other pavement conditions, such as moisture-related pavement damage. From the reflected GPR wave information, dielectric properties of the materials, which are highly dependent on soil or aggregate-water-air systems, can be estimated. An increase in dielectric constant may indicate an increase in water content of dielectric materials. However, the relationship between dielectric value and moisture content is complex and controlled by many factors. GPR studies, which consider both real and imaginary parts of dielectric value and its frequency-dependent behavior, have shown potentials for developing more robust model to predict moisture content. This paper presents an overview of GPR applications in estimating water content and assessing pavement condition. Further investigation of GPR is also discussed.
Iowa agricultural health and safety service project

A model community-based comprehensive agricultural occupational health and safety service program has been implemented in Iowa. The functional center of coordination is based in the College of Medicine at the University of Iowa. The community-based hub of the service is the community hospital, where the majority of the direct client services originate. The University provides training of hospital staff, programming, direction, consultation, and referral. The services offered include primary care, health surveillance, industrial hygiene and safety, and education. Through a detailed evaluation of the project's objectives we will be able to evaluate, modify, and disseminate a model agricultural health and safety services delivery program. This model should be effective in changing the farming population's health and safety attitudes and behaviors through a community-based program. Language: en
Vibrational Dispersion and Small-Polaron Motion: Enhanced Diffusion

The one-dimensional molecular-crystal model of Holstein is utilized in a preliminary investigation of the effects of the dispersion of the longitudinal optical frequencies on the hopping motion of small polarons. In particular, this work raises the question of whether the lattice relaxes sufficiently rapidly after a small-polaron hop so that a subsequent hop of the excess carrier may be considered independent of the initial hop. To this end, Holstein's perturbative approach is applied in calculating the probability of an initial small-polaron jump being followed by another small-polaron hop at a time $t$ later. Furthermore, the small-polaron drift mobility is calculated assuming that the polaron's jump rate is only influenced by its immediately preceding hop. It is found that, for the circumstance in which the average time between jumps is small compared with the relaxation time of the lattice, the activation energy characterizing the small-polaron drift mobility is smaller than that found for completely independent jumps. In fact, for appropriate choices of the physical parameters, the drift mobility may display a very mild temperature dependence, decreasing with increasing temperature at sufficiently high temperatures.
Phenomenology of crystalline beams in smooth accelerators

We present a phenomenology of crystalline beams in storage rings. We use the smooth approximation to solve the equations of a test particle moving in the focusing potential of the storage ring, and in that of the other ions. We find simple confinement, and stability conditions.
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition in nonhuman primates.

Naturally occurring deposition of calcium pyrophosphate has been identified in six rhesus monkeys following acute episodes of trauma and various septicemias. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system and single crystal electron diffraction studies were used to identify the crystals within the articular cartilage. The osteoarthritis grading system was used to determine the degree of cartilage degenerative changes. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD) is a metabolic disease of articular cartilage associated with a degenerative arthropathy in man? Other crys- talline structures have been identified as important etiologic factors of acute and chronic arthropathies such as: urate," hydroxyapatite, lo* and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate3* crystals. One case of pyrophos- phate crystal deposition in a dog synovial membrane has been reported.' A naturally occurring calcium pyrophosphate depo- sition arthropathy in a rhesus breeding colony has been identified. The acute form followed acute trauma-sep- ticemias and primarily involved the knee and elbow joints; any joint may be affected, however. Generalized joint disease has been identified in adult animals. The chronic disease was evident in rhesus monkeys as joint rigidity, marked atrophy of the musculature, and a degenerative arthropathy. Preliminary attempts to de- termine the eti'ology '(mycoplasma, virus, rheumatoid) of the arthropathy were negative. Six naturally occur- ring cases of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease in primates are reported and compared to pyrophos- phate deposition disease in man.
Atlas2 Cloud: a framework for personal genome analysis in the cloud

Until recently, sequencing has primarily been carried out in large genome centers which have invested heavily in developing the computational infrastructure that enables genomic sequence analysis. The recent advancements in next generation sequencing (NGS) have led to a wide dissemination of sequencing technologies and data, to highly diverse research groups. It is expected that clinical sequencing will become part of diagnostic routines shortly. However, limited accessibility to computational infrastructure and high quality bioinformatic tools, and the demand for personnel skilled in data analysis and interpretation remains a serious bottleneck. To this end, the cloud computing and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) technologies can help address these issues. We successfully enabled the Atlas2 Cloud pipeline for personal genome analysis on two different cloud service platforms: a community cloud via the Genboree Workbench, and a commercial cloud via the Amazon Web Services using Software-as-a-Service model. We report a case study of personal genome analysis using our Atlas2 Genboree pipeline. We also outline a detailed cost structure for running Atlas2 Amazon on whole exome capture data, providing cost projections in terms of storage, compute and I/O when running Atlas2 Amazon on a large data set. We find that providing a web interface and an optimized pipeline clearly facilitates usage of cloud computing for personal genome analysis, but for it to be routinely used for large scale projects there needs to be a paradigm shift in the way we develop tools, in standard operating procedures, and in funding mechanisms.
Trunk muscle activities during asymmetric twisting motions

Axial twisting of the torso has been identified via epidemiologic studies as a significant risk factor for occupationally-related low back disorders. However, only recently have biomechanical studies been able to describe how twisting is accomplished through the use of the trunk musculature. These studies have been performed on subjects whose torso twists were performed in an upright posture. In this study, the electromyographic activity of ten trunk muscles was observed while 12 subjects performed twisting exertions in three different trunk postures. These postures included upright twisting, twisting while the trunk was flexed in the sagittal plane, and twisting while the trunk was flexed and rotated asymmetrically. In addition, twisting velocity and direction of motion were changed under the experimental conditions. Under upright twisting conditions, the twisting torque was generated easily and relatively efficiently through the employment of the oblique (internal and external) and latissimus dorsi muscles. When the trunk was flexed the activity of erector spinae muscles increased (about 10-15%) while the external oblique activity decreased (about 3-5%). Twisting while in asymmetric bent postures was accomplished with a reduction in oblique and latissimus dorsi muscle activities (approximately 5%) while the erector spinae muscle activity remained elevated. The change in muscle activity needed to balance the torso during twisting while bending also increased the amount of lateral torque that was produced by the trunk. These findings suggest that studies observing trunk muscle activities and trunk loading while subjects were in upright postures should be interpreted with caution when evaluating the activity of the trunk during occupational activities. Since many occupational twisting tasks are performed in awkward, asymmetric postures, application of results from upright twisting studies might underestimate the risk of these activities.
VARIATION IN STREAM WATER QUALITY IN AN URBAN HEADWATER STREAM IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

We examined the influence of a forested landscape on the quality of water in a stream originating on an urban landscape and flowing through National Forest lands. Sample sites included an urban stream (URB), a site on the same stream but within a National Forest (FOR) and 2 km downstream from the URB site, and a small, undisturbed, forested reference tributary of the main stream (REF). We monitored stream water quality from March 2002 through June 2003. Average base flows for the three stream sites were URB = 184 L s−1, FOR = 420 L s−1, and REF = 17 L s−1. We analyzed weekly stream water samples for NO3−, NH4+, PO4+, Cl−, K, Ca, Mg, SO4, SiO2, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), and bacteria on a monthly basis. Most solutes were higher in concentration at the URB site, as were conductivity, TSS, and bacteria counts. Reductions in NO3−, NH4+, and PO4+ concentrations between the URB and FOR sites were inferred from changes in nutrient:chloride ratios. Bacteria populations were greater and more responsive to stream temperature at the URB site. Water quality responses to changes in stream discharge varied among sites but were greater at the URB site. By all measures, water quality was consistently higher at the FOR site than at the URB site.
Behavioral states in the chronic medullary and midpontine cat

Abstract Behavioral state organization was studied in the caudal portion of chronically maintained cats with transections at the ponto-medullary junction or midpontine level. The cats spent most of their time in a ‘quiescent state’. This state was periodically interrupted by ‘phasic activations’. During quiescence, ECG and reticular unit activity rates were low and regular. EMG levels resembled those seen during non-REM sleep in intact cats. During phasic activations, unit activity in the nucleus gigantocellularis and neck EMG activity increased to levels seen in the intact cat during active waking. Gross postural changes, vestibular slow phase head nystagmus and head shake reflexes could be observed at these times. No periods of neck muscle atonia were observed in either state. No periods of brain-stem controlled rapid eye movements (REMs) occurred. Unit activity patterns similar to those seen in the intact cat during REM sleep were never observed. Physostigmine administration did not produce REM sleep signs, but rather, triggered an aroused state. Phasic activations occurred in a regular ultradian rhythm, with a period similar to that seen in the REM sleep cycle. We conclude that the chronic medullary cat retains primitive aroused and quiescent states, but does not have any of the local signs of REM sleep. However, the medulla does have the capability of generating ultradian rhythmicities which may contribute to the control of the basic rest activity cycle and the REM, non-REM sleep cycle.
Come together: group behavior of dynein motors.

The relationship between single-molecule activity and emergent group function is just starting to be addressed. Reporting in a recent issue of Cell , Rai et al. (2013) show that groups of dynein motors function particularly well together and suggest specific features of the single-motors responsible for this cooperative function.
Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice

This study examined how encountering racial prejudice affects cognitive functioning. We assessed performance on the Stroop task after subjects reviewed job files that suggested an evaluator had made nonprejudiced, ambiguously prejudiced, or blatantly prejudiced hiring recommendations. The cognitive impact of exposure to ambiguous versus blatant cues to prejudice depended on subjects' racial group. Black subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw ambiguous evidence of prejudice, whereas White subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw blatant evidence of prejudice. Given the often ambiguous nature of contemporary expressions of prejudice, these results have important implications for the performance of ethnic minorities across many domains.
Synthesis of pure Zn2SiO4:Mn green phosphors by simple PVA–metal complex route

Green light emitting Zn2−x Mn x SiO4 (willemite) particles were synthesized by a simple and cost-effective poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-complex route. Microstructural studies on the calcined products show that particles are pure, single phase, nano-crystalline, and agglomerated morphology. A pure-phase willemite structure was obtained with calcination between 850 and 1,175 °C for 2 h in air. Particle size analysis indicates that the average particle size is ∼1 μm. The photoluminescence properties of these 4 and 12 mol% Mn-doped Zn2SiO4 powders were measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Particles with 4 mol% Mn doping prepared at 1,150 °C, with an emission decay time, I 0/e, of 13.4 ms showed the highest relative peak emission intensities. The emission intensity at this doping level was measured to be ∼110% of a representative commercial product’s, doped with 11.2 mol% Mn, and exhibiting a decay time of 7.1 ms. The effect of calcination temperature on the photoluminescence and crystallinity properties of synthesized green powders was also investigated.
Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its associated factors among sexually active never-married youth in Shanghai.

Aims This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the associated factors for unintended pregnancy among never-married sexually active youth (15-24 years old) in Shanghai. Methods Using a probability sample (n = 765 including 502 males and 263 females) from 2006 we estimated prevalence of unintended pregnancy involvement for females and males by demographic factors and its associations with contextual and behavioural factors guided by a social-ecological framework. Results Weighted proportion analyses estimated that 13.8% of females and 17.7% of males had been involved in an unintended pregnancy and 99.0% and 90.5% of such pregnancies were reported to have ended in abortion by females and males respectively. Controlling for sexual behaviour factors and residence history multivariate hazard analyses with Weibull functions found increased hazard among older female youth (19-21 vs. 15-18 years old) but decreased hazard among older male youth (15-18 vs. 19-21/22-24 years old) as compared with the younger groups. Parallel analyses of unintended pregnancys associations with contextual factors by sex also suggested that female unintended pregnancy involvement was more likely to be associated with family factors (family living arrangements and maternal education) while unintended pregnancy involvement among males was only associated with school factors (school climate and sex education on pregnancy) and perceived neighbourhood contraceptive services access. Conclusions Sexually active and never-married youth are at considerable risk of unintended pregnancy and abortion in Shanghai. Age- and sex-specific strategies will be needed if China is going to be successful in addressing unintended pregnancy.
Postoperative radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Abstract Purpose: To discuss the role of postoperative radiation therapy (RT) for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Results: Patients with adverse pathologic features have a high likelihood of local-regional recurrence and a decreased probability of survival after surgery alone. Postoperative RT reduces the risk of local-regional failure and probably improves survival. Patients who are at high risk for recurrence after surgery benefit from more aggressive dose-fractionation schedules that may include altered fractionation to decrease the overall time from surgery to the completion of RT. Adjuvant chemotherapy also appears to improve the probability of cure in high risk patients. Conclusion: Patients who have a high likelihood of local-regional recurrence after surgery have improved disease control and survival after postoperative RT. (Am J Otolaryngol 2003;24:41-50. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)