cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzyme distribution in human brain. Lactic and malic dehydrogenases.

SummaryDistributions of enzymatic activities of lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase have been studied in human brain. Their activities are increased in gray matter as compared to white matter. There are areas where concentrations of these enzymes seem consistently elevated, with higher concentration of lactic dehydrogenase in caudate nuclei, as compared to other gray matter, and optic nerve as compared to other white matter. In some areas lactic dehydrogenase activity shows no correlation with malic dehydrogenase activity. The significance of these variations is not as yet apparent.
Surface Traps of TiO2 Nanosheets and Nanoparticles as Illuminated by Spectroelectrochemical Photoluminescence

The solvent-dependent energies of surface trap states of TiO2 nanoparticles are examined by spectroelectrochemical photoluminescence using two different particle morphologies. Trap-state photoluminescence of nanocrystalline TiO2 in aqueous environment under Fermi level control reveals the pH-dependent redox Fermi levels of the surface Ti3+/4+ couple associated with 5-fold coordinated titanium. In aqueous environment, this trap-state distribution is populated at lower energy in TiO2 nanosheets rich in exposed (001) texture, compared to commercial anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with exposed (101) surfaces. Lower-energy traps appear to be partially passivated in the case of nanosheets in acetonitrile environment. Self-modeling curve resolution of the photoluminescence under Fermi level control reveals three spectral components in aqueous and acetonitrile environments: the red and green photoluminescence we have previously associated with electron and hole traps, respectively, and a third intermediate (yellow) co...
Experimental assessment of energy requirements and tool tip visibility for photoacoustic-guided endonasal surgery

Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is an effective approach for pituitary adenoma resection, yet it poses the serious risk of internal carotid artery injury. We propose to visualize these carotid arteries, which are hidden by bone, with an optical fiber attached to a surgical tool and a transcranial ultrasound probe placed on the patient's temple (i.e. intraoperative photoacoustic imaging). To investigate energy requirements for vessel visualization, experiments were conducted with a phantom containing ex vivo sheep brain, ex vivo bovine blood, and 0.5-2.5 mm thick human cadaveric skull specimens. Photoacoustic images were acquired with 1.2-9.3 mJ laser energy, and the resulting vessel contrast was measured at each energy level. The distal vessel boundary was difficult to distinguish at the chosen contrast threshold for visibility (4.5 dB), which was used to determine the minimum energies for vessel visualization. The blood vessel was successfully visualized in the presence of the 0-2.0 mm thick sphenoid and temporal bones with up to 19.2 dB contrast. The minimum energy required ranged from 1.2-5.0 mJ, 4.2-5.9 mJ, and 4.6-5.2 mJ for the 1.0 temporal and 0-1.5 mm sphenoid bones, 1.5 mm temporal and 0-0.5 mm sphenoid bones, and 2.0 mm temporal and 0-0.5 mm sphenoid bones, respectively, which corresponds to a fluence range of 4-21 mJ/cm2. These results hold promise for vessel visualization within safety limits. In a separate experiment, a mock tool tip was placed, providing satisfactory preliminary evidence that surgical tool tips can be visualized simultaneously with blood vessels.
Serotonin Depletion Affects Blood-Feeding but Not Host-Seeking Ability in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culieidae)

The host-seeking and blood-feeding abilities of Aedes triseriatus (Say) were evaluated after treatment with the amine depleting drugs alpha-methyl-tyrosine (AMT) and alpha-methyl-tryptophan (AMTP). High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLCED) was used to demonstrate that AMTP depleted serotonin levels, whereas AMT reduced dopamine levels. The host-seeking ability (evaluated with an olfactometer) of Ae. triseriatus was not altered by treatment with either AMT or AMTP. Blood-feeding success was reduced significantly by either oral administration or injection of AMTP. Mosquitoes treated with AMTP responded positively when placed in close proximity to a host (rabbit), but fewer treated than untreated mosquitoes fed to repletion or fed at all. Those feeding to repletion took longer to do so. No differences in feeding ability were observed between control and AMT-treated mosquitoes. These observations indicate that serotonin plays a role in modulating blood-feeding activities of Ae. triseriatus.
Mouth Disinfection in the prophylaxis and Treatment of Pneumonia

Mouth cleansing has long been practiced, but the full significance of it has been recognized only in recent years since it has been known that the secretions of the mouth contain large numbers of bacteria; some pathogenic and such as give rise to serious infectious processes, others non-pathogenic but associated with deleterious changes affecting the teeth and other tissues. Further study has now shown that virulent bacterial species are present in the secretions of healthy as well as diseased individuals, and not occasionally, but frequently. Thus as a means of controlling the spread of this infectious material, mouth cleansing has come to be more and more seriously considered, not only by physicians, but by the educated public. Recently, in the hope of securing disinfection, simple cleansing has to a large extent been replaced by a variety of antiseptic procedures which have been adopted without much definite knowledge of their efficiency. The general problem has been studied, but these researches, for the most part conducted with faulty technic or based solely on clinical observation, have not, except in diphtheria, been applied specifically to the study of different diseases. Accordingly, to determine the practical value of mouth disinfection in the prophylaxis and treatment of pneumococcus infection, these studies were undertaken in the hope of securing accurate data of specific import, and thus of being able to discriminate definitely between the more efficient and the inefficient, even harmful, procedures of which many have been widely recommended and are extensively used. * Received for publication August 6, 1906. t This study was carried on under the auspices of the Medical Commission for the Investigation of Acute Respiratory Diseases of the Department of Health of the City of New York.
Syncope and Dyspnea and Pulmonary Embolism

Failure to recognize ECG features consistent with acute cor pulmonale in a man with new onset syncope and dyspnea resulted in death from undiagnosed pulmonary emboli.
Hyperspectral Characteristics of Rice Leaves and Their Pigment and Water Content Analysis

The relationship between leaf pigment content as well as water content and hyperspectral characteristic parameters in seven tested rice varieties in booting stage was studied. There are significant differences of hyperspectral reflectance in rice varieties in green reflectance maintain,red absorption maintain and water absorption maintain. By correlative analysis method,the paper uses(R640-R670) /R670,(R800-R680) /(R800+R680),1/R510-1/R550,Dr,SrRgto build up leaf pigment content models,and analyzes correlation between water content and absorption depth as so as area in 1 450 nm. The results showed that the difference of water content and spectral absorption partly reflects the difference of insect resistance among different rice varieties. Hyperspectral characteristics of water content and pigment content in rice leaves have great significance for field rice varieties classification,health diagnosis and resistance identification in a large scale.
Study on the Identification and Characteristics of a Strain of Hydrophobic alkanae Degrading Bacteria

A HH1 strain of hydrophobic alkane degrading bacteria HH1 was screened from petroleum-contaminated soils in Nanchong oil refinery.Through morphological,physiological and biochemical analysis,HH1 was catalase-positive,oxidase-negative,Gram-negative,peritrichous,with straight rods,no capsules,no endospores,0.5~0.8um in diameter and 0.9~2.0um in length.And 1316bp of 16S rRNA sequences were amplified from HH1.By blast analysis,16S rRNA showed 99.6% identity with Serratia proteamaculans wg-2 16S rRNA gene(accession no.EU627690) and Serratia proteamaculans 568 16S rRNA gene(accession no.CP000826).HH1 was finally identified as Serratia proteamaculans.This paper studied on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of HH1 by microorganism adhering to hydrocarbon(MATH),the results showed that the cell-sufrace hydrophobicity of HH1 was 52.2%,and the cell-sufrace hydrophobicity changed with the variation of incubation time.The n-dodecane degradation was 66.1% after HH1 was growing on in hydrocarbon degradation medium with 1%(V/V) of n-docosane at 28℃ and 180r/min for 4d.It had potential in bioremediation of oil contaminated environment.
A resiliency measure for electrical power systems

Providing a resiliency measure for power systems is one of the challenges towards its Dynamic Security Assessment. This paper introduces a resiliency measure, called Level-of-Resilience (LoR), determined by examining: (i) the Region-of- Stability-Reduction (RoSR), as the RoS evolves under attack and recovery actions as captured by a “modal-RoS”, (ii) the eventual Level-of-Performance-Reduction (LoPR), as measured by percentage of reduction of load served, and (iii) Recovery-Time (RT), which is the time system takes to detect and recover from an attack or a fault. We illustrate our measure by comparing resiliency level of two power systems under two different attack scenarios.
A Novel Gene Delivery System for Neuroactive Peptides in Brain Tissue

The development of a gene delivery system that permits long term, stable expression in brain tissue would be an important step for treating long term neuropathological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Conceivably, such a system could reduce levels of neurotoxic gene-products (e.g., amyloid precursor protein) through infusion of appropriate antisenseconstructs, or counteract disease-induced losses in neurotransmission/ trophism through exogenous gene-induced peptide synthesis.
Gregory Dix and the offertory procession

The leading twentieth-century Anglican liturgical scholar, Gregory Dix, strongly supported the adoption of an offertory procession at the Eucharist by arguing that it had been a universal feature i...
The “Right” Time and Way to Die

Americans generally believe a person has one “right” time to die, only God knows it for sure, and He ultimately controls it. They also believe that each person has the task of recognizing his or her “right” time to die when it arrives. Furthermore, they believe in a “right” way to die, encompassing four domains: the physical, the psychological, the social, and the spiritual. Health professionals who provide end-of-life care should try to implement each patient’s wishes in those domains.
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Review of Single-Level, Multilevel, and Hybrid Procedures:

Study Design:Systematic review.Objectives:Degenerative disc disease and spondylosis resulting in radiculopathy and retrodiscal myelopathy are among the most frequently encountered cervical spinal d...
Foreword: Special Issue on Small Modular Reactors

(2012). Foreword: Special Issue on Small Modular Reactors. Nuclear Technology: Vol. 178, No. 2, pp. 125-125.
Frequency Properties of Bayes Rules

The “what if” method uses frequentist computations as a way of thinking about prior distributions. Several applications to priors on infinite dimensional parameter spaces give backing to the widely held belief that it is hard to understand priors on large spaces. Examples include Dirichlet priors, and priors on the continuous functions. In both settings, new examples of inconsistent Bayes rules are given.
Keeping Boys and Men: Marvelous Pageboys in Romantic Tragicomedy

In many English plays of the early 1600s, pageboys embody a degraded service that contrasts with a nostalgically evoked feudal ideal. The genre of romantic tragicomedy emerging in the years 1608-13 gave pageboys a new dramatic function: they became miraculous figures exemplifying virtuous service. The compelling, sexually ambiguous boys of tragicomedy offer a marvelous and reassuring resolution to concerns about wealth and social decay in the early modern context. The motif of the marvelous linked to these pageboys in tragicomedy reflects the genre’s infusion with romance, which allows for reassuring resolutions to these plays. This article theorizes tragicomic pageboys’ function by connecting contemporary discourses of cuteness with early modern theories of the marvelous, while grounding these formal concerns in the historical context of early modern service.
Voice training methods in MFA acting programs

Little is known regarding the incidence of voice problems in student actors and the methods used to train the speaking voice in Master of Fine Arts (MFA) acting programs. To gain insight, an electr...
Group Therapy in an Elementary School

Children with learning and behavior problems respond to the opportunity to discuss their troubles at school by manifesting marked improvement
Transformation of Mammalian Cells in Culture by Asbestos and Other Mineral Dusts: A Mechanism Involving Chromosomal Mutation

The mechanisms by which asbestos fibers induce cancer are unknown. This is attributable in part to the lack of an in vitro system to study the process of asbestos-induced neoplastic transformation. We have recently reported that mineral dusts induce the morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells in culture (Hesterberg and Barrett 1984). Others have also shwon induction of cell transformation by asbestos (DiPaolo et al. 1983; Lechner et al., this volume; Paterour et al., this volume).
Aerosol Formation in a Mixing Layer

Flow visualization has for long been a powerful tool in experimental studies in fluid mechanics. Here, a novel technique utilizing the NH3-HC1 reaction is described. The product of this reaction appears as a white and dense aerosol which can readily be photographed. Since the reaction itself is fast, information is also provided on local entrainment and mixing. This technique has been applied to advantage to the study of coherent structures in a plane mixing layer the results of which are presented here.
Transition in the Classroom

This chapter will explore ideas about the role of the teacher in supporting successful transitions for children. The teacher is a key element in creating successful transitions for children and their families. At the core of meeting the transitional needs of children is the teacher’s ability to understand what they feel and know about transitions . Appropriate strategies for successful transitions are also included.
A Psychometric Scale of TFT/LCDs with a Few Defecting Sub-pixels

Abstract This paper shows that a scaling algorithm of defecting sub-pixels in thin-film transistor / liquid-crystal displays, TFT/LCDs. Some of TFT/LCDs have a small number of defecting sub-pixels, point defect, which do not work. A psychometric scale of the quality of TFT/LCDs which contain a few defecting sub-pixels is derived from the luminance, the color, the location and the number of defecting sub-pixels. The effect of clustering defects is also considered. The score is named Total Score. An experiment was performed to assess the correlation between the Total Score and users' judgment of quality of TFT/LCDs with a few defecting sub-pixels. The results indicated that fairly good correlation between the Total Score and users' judgment would be expected.
Pain and Its Management in Systemic Sclerosis

Pain is one of the most common quality of life concerns in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This review summarizes the literature on risk factors and potential clinical assessment and treatment strategies. SSc pain is associated with, but not defined by, disease parameters and severity. The extant literature suggests that psychosocial factors such as mental health are relevant to pain. Brief pain screenings can be followed by a more comprehensive assessment to help inform intervention strategies for affected patients. The literature on pain management is relatively small, but numerous studies and clinical practice recommendations suggest that there are multiple avenues for intervention. These include medical treatments, physical activity and rehabilitation programs, and psychotherapeutic techniques. There are many promising approaches to SSc pain treatment. Future research should include systematic evaluation of treatments that have been proposed in SSc and/or have demonstrated efficacy in other chronic pain or rheumatic samples. Particular attention should be paid to treatments that include a non-pharmacological component and are more easily accessible for patients.
Genetic Monogamy in Socially Monogamous Mammals Is Primarily Predicted by Multiple Life History Factors: A Meta-Analysis

Background We still do not understand the key drivers or prevalence of genetic monogamy in mammals despite the amount of attention that the evolution of mammalian monogamy has received. There have been numerous reviews of the hypotheses proposed to explain monogamy, some of which focused on animals in general, while others focused on particular classes like birds or mammals, or on specific orders within a class. Because monogamy is rare in mammals overall but relatively common in some of the orders in which it has been observed (e.g., Primates, Macroscelidea and Carnivora), mammals provide a unique taxon in which to study the evolution and maintenance of monogamy However, the term ‘monogamy’ encompasses related but separate phenomena; i.e., social monogamy (pair-living by opposite-sex conspecifics) and genetic monogamy or reproductive monogamy (mating exclusivity). A recent review of mammalian monogamy reported that 226 species (9%) in 9 orders (35%) were socially monogamous, although socially monogamous mammals are not necessarily genetically monogamous. Methods Since factors that predispose socially monogamous mammals to be genetically monogamous are still subject to debate, we conducted meta-analyses using model selection to determine the relative importance of several life history, demographic and environmental factors in predicting genetic monogamy. Results We found sufficient data to include 41 species in our analysis, about 2x more than have been included in previous analyses of mammalian genetic monogamy. We found that living as part of a socially monogamous pair versus in a group was the best predictor of genetic monogamy, either by itself or in combination with high levels of paternal care. A male-biased sex ratio and low population density were inversely related to the number of pairs that were genetically monogamous, but not to the production of intra-pair young or litters. Conclusion Our results agree with the results of some previous analyses but suggest that more than one factor may be important in driving genetic monogamy in mammals.
Humeral Windows, Osteotomies, and Episiotomies

As the rate of shoulder arthroplasty increases, the demand of revision surgery will continue to rise. Despite not being a major cause of revision surgery, the humeral stem is often addressed in revision arthroplasty. A major complication of removal of both loose and well-fixed humeral prosthesis is fracture. Two major techniques have been developed to help extract a humeral prosthesis. Humeral osteotomy or episiotomy is a unicortical cut into the bone and cement to disrupt the hoop stresses that stabilize the implant. Humeral windows are larger osteotomies of the cortex that provide greater access to the stem or cement mantle but have shown to still have higher intraoperative fracture rates. Both techniques have their respective advantages and disadvantages, but both are reliable methods to extract a humeral prosthesis safely with good clinical outcomes and minimal loosening of the subsequently implanted prosthesis. This chapter will highlight the key technical steps and pearls to allow successful revision of a humeral stem.
Neighborhood Tax Foreclosures, Educational Attainment, and Preterm Birth among Urban African American Women

Ecological evidence suggests that neighborhoods with more tax foreclosures also have more adverse birth outcomes. However, whether neighborhood-level tax foreclosures impact individual-level risk for adverse birth outcomes is unknown. We assessed whether living in a neighborhood with high tax foreclosures is associated with a woman’s preterm birth (PTB) risk and tested for effect modification by educational attainment, among urban African American women from the Life Influence on Fetal Environments Study (2009–2011; n = 686). We linked survey and medical record data to archival, block-group level tax foreclosure data from the county treasurer. We used Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance and included a foreclosure X education interaction in adjusted models. In the overall sample, neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.93, CI: 0.74, 1.16), but the association was modified by educational attainment (interaction p = 0.01). Among women with lower education (n = 227), neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB risk. The association for women with higher education (n = 401) was statistically significant for a reduction in risk for PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.74, CI: 0.55, 0.98) among those who lived in neighborhoods with high versus low tax foreclosures. Future studies should seek to identify the mechanisms of this association.
Protein Cytokines, Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms, and Potential Acute Coronary Syndrome Symptoms:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether relationships exist among protein cytokines, cytokine gene polymorphisms, and symptoms of potential acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Participants in...
Intraoperative surfactant administration during neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma resection

A very preterm infant with a prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma presented for urgent resection. Intraoperatively, he required massive transfusion due to hemorrhage with progressive decline in lung compliance and hypoxia. Rescue surfactant was given with immediate improvement in ventilation and oxygenation. Surgery was successfully completed without complications.
Prostate Biopsy Processing.

Objectives Current protocols for processing multiple prostate biopsy cores per case are uneconomical and cumbersome. Tissue fragmentation and loss compromise cancer diagnosis. We sought to study an alternate method to improve processing and diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods Two sets of sextant biopsy specimens from near-identical locations were obtained ex vivo from 48 prostate specimens. One set was processed in the standard fashion while the other was processed using the BxChip, a proprietary biomimetic matrix that accommodates six cores on a single chip. Parameters including grossing, embedding, sectioning and reading time, length of tissue, and degree of fragmentation were compared. Results A significant reduction (more than threefold) in preanalytical and analytical time was observed using the multiplex method. Nonlinear fragmentation was absent, in contrast to standard processing. Conclusions The BxChip reduced tissue fragmentation and increased efficiency of prostate biopsy diagnosis. It also resulted in overall cost savings and significantly increased tissue length.
Resisting the Call of the Future: Turning Points in an Adolescent Analysis

Originally presented as the plenary presentation at the annual meeting of the Association for Child Psychoanalysis in Denver, 2016, this is a report of a portion of a psychoanalytic treatment of an...
Diagnostic Load Testing for Improved Accuracy of Bridge Load Rating

AbstractBridge load rating provides a standardized procedure to determine the safe load-carrying capacity of a bridge, thereby allowing engineers to establish posting and permitting requirements. T...
Towards a feminist politics of mobility: U.S. Travel and immigration memoirs

espanolEste articulo desafia las asociaciones culturales que vinculan los hombres a la movilidad y las mujeres a la estabilidad para perfilar lo que he llamado una politica feminista de movilidad. Reuno cuatro autobiografias contemporaneas de viajes para explorar como mujeres estadounidenses encarnan y representan su movilidad, y como sus viajes influyen en sus relaciones con estructuras de poder, genero y sexualidad. Me baso en la geografia feminista, las teorias queer y los estudios de autobiografia para leer Eat Pray Love de Elizabeth Gilbert (2006), The Distance Between Us de Reyna Grande (2012), A Cup of Water Under My Bed de Daisy Hernandez (2014), y Wild de Cheryl Strayed (2012). Este estudio destaca tanto las diferencias como las similitudes entre los viajes, y encuentra que estas mujeres modelan una politica feminista de movilidad segun la cual la posibilidad de moverse redistribuye el poder a las mujeres y renegocia las relaciones sociales que historicamente han apoyado la subordinacion de las mujeres. EnglishThis paper challenges longstanding cultural associations that link men to mobility and women to stability by outlining what I term a feminist politics of mobility. Bringing together four contemporary memoirs that foreground journeys, I explore how U.S. women embody and represent their mobility, as well as how movement shapes their relationships to global power structures and to norms of gender and sexuality. I draw on feminist geography, feminist and queer theory, memoir studies and mobility scholarship to read Elizabeth Gilbert’s Eat Pray Love (2006), Reyna Grande’s The Distance Between Us (2012), Daisy Hernandez’s A Cup of Water Under My Bed (2014), and Cheryl Strayed’s Wild (2012). Highlighting the differences between these authors’ journeys as well as the patterns across them, I ultimately find that these memoirists model a feminist politics of mobility, wherein moving through space redistributes power to women and renegotiates social relations that have historically supported women’s subordination
Effect of chronic binge-like ethanol consumption on subsequent cocaine reinforcement in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Background Although most individuals with cocaine use disorder also abuse alcohol, little is known about the behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms that promote co-abuse. For example, it is unclear whether prior experience with alcohol renders individuals more sensitive to cocaine when it is subsequently experienced. Methods This study examined the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on subsequent cocaine reinforcement in rhesus monkeys. Six monkeys consumed 2.0 g/kg ethanol in a binge-drinking paradigm and 6 monkeys drank a non-alcoholic solution 5 days per week. After 9 months, each monkey’s sensitivity to acquiring cocaine self-administration was determined. Monkeys performed an operant response resulting in food pellet delivery under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of reinforcement. Saline, then ascending doses of cocaine, were substituted for food pellets until a cocaine dose was reached at which the number of cocaine injections delivered differed significantly from saline injections delivered. Following acquisition, a complete cocaine dose-effect curve was generated to determine whether ethanol consumption altered the reinforcing potency of cocaine determined by calculating the ED50 of the ascending limb of each subject’s curve. Results Although individual variability was observed, the cocaine dose which initially served as a reinforcer did not differ between ethanol-drinking and control groups and, within the ethanol-drinking group, was not related to the amount of ethanol consumed. Moreover, the reinforcing potency of cocaine did not differ between groups. Conclusion Taken together, the data suggest that a history of binge-like alcohol consumption does not affect sensitivity to cocaine when it is subsequently first experienced.
Living in a Material World: Sponsored Instagram Posts and the Role of Materialism, Hedonic Enjoyment, Perceived Trust, and Need to Belong:

Previous studies have mainly demonstrated negative consequences for content labeled as sponsored. Despite this, recent industry findings indicate a growing trend for sponsored content on social med...
Disruption of bbe02 by Insertion of a Luciferase Gene Increases Transformation Efficiency of Borrelia burgdorferi and Allows Live Imaging in Lyme Disease Susceptible C3H Mice

Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in North America and Europe. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the white-footed mouse. Infection with B. burgdorferi can cause acute to persistent multisystemic Lyme disease in humans. Some disease manifestations are also exhibited in the mouse model of Lyme disease. Genetic manipulation of B. burgdorferi remains difficult. First, B. burgdorferi contains a large number of endogenous plasmids with unique sequences encoding unknown functions. The presence of these plasmids needs to be confirmed after each genetic manipulation. Second, the restriction modification defense systems, including that encoded by bbe02 gene lead to low transformation efficiency in B. burgdorferi. Therefore, studying the molecular basis of Lyme pathogenesis is a challenge. Furthermore, investigation of the role of a specific B. burgdorferi protein throughout infection requires a large number of mice, making it labor intensive and expensive. To overcome the problems associated with low transformation efficiency and to reduce the number of mice needed for experiments, we disrupted the bbe02 gene of a highly infectious and pathogenic B. burgdorferi strain, N40 D10/E9 through insertion of a firefly luciferase gene. The bbe02 mutant shows higher transformation efficiency and maintains luciferase activity throughout infection as detected by live imaging of mice. Infectivity and pathogenesis of this mutant were comparable to the wild-type N40 strain. This mutant will serve as an ideal parental strain to examine the roles of various B. burgdorferi proteins in Lyme pathogenesis in the mouse model in the future.
Congenital Nevi and Variants

The requisite feature for diagnosing a congenital melanocytic nevus is its presence at birth. They are classified based on size: (1) small, 20 cm. The histologic features of congenital onset include (1) size, (2) depth of involvement by nevus cells, and (3) adnexal or vascular involvement. The most important feature of a congenital nevus is its role in the development of malignant melanoma, especially the giant congenital nevi. In this chapter we will discuss the congenital nevi, associated benign proliferative nodule, as well as atypical proliferative nodule that may represent transition to malignant transformation.
DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SHORT-CRESTED SEA SURFACE ELEVATIONS

The present study develops a technique of digital generation of sample functions of multidimensional Gaussian random processes with the aid of the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm modified to optimize the computer memory and execution time requirements. The technique can be used as an essential tool in a general Monte Carlo method of solution for a variety of engineering problems, particularly those involving the difficulties arising from nonlinearity and random nonhomogeneity. Use of the technique has been demonstrated in the generation of the short-crested sea surface elevation, which provides a vital input to the performance evaluation analysis of marine vehicles.
Bacteriology of Manganese Nodules I. Bacterial Action on Manganese in Nodule Enrichments

Bacteria, found in manganese nodules from the Atlantic Ocean, enhance the adsorption of Mn++ from sea water by crushed manganese nodules in the presence of peptone. When bacterial outgrowth from crushed manganese nodules was experimentally delayed, peptone did not enhance Mn++ adsorption by nodular substance, but hindered it in some cases. A mechanism to explain the role of bacteria in enhancing Mn++ adsorption by manganese nodules is presented. Oyster shells were shown to adsorb Mn++ in the absence of bacteria. Peptone did not enhance the rate of Mn++ adsorption. Adsorbed Mn++ was not visibly oxidized during experimental observation. These results suggest one way whereby nodule formation may be initiated in the oceans. Some bacteria in the nodules were found to release manganese from them in the presence of glucose and peptone. Bacteria may, therefore, play a role not only in nodule buildup but also in nodule breakdown.
A Human Skeleton from the Anthony Site, 14HP1, Harper County, Kansas

Measurements, indices and selected non-metric observations are presented for an adult female, the only human skeletal material recovered from the 1959-60 excavation of the Anthony Site, 14HP1. Comp...
Prolongation of ovarian lifespan into advanced chronological age by Bax -deficiency

Female mammals are endowed with a finite number of oocytes at birth, each enclosed by a single layer of somatic (granulosa) cells in a primordial follicle. The fate of most follicles is atretic degeneration, a process that culminates in near exhaustion of the oocyte reserve at approximately the fifth decade of life in women, leading to menopause. Apoptosis has a fundamental role in follicular atresia, and recent studies have shown that Bax, which is expressed in both granulosa cells and oocytes, may be central to ovarian cell death. Here we show that young adult female Bax-/- mice possess threefold more primordial follicles in their ovarian reserve than their wild-type sisters, and this surfeit of follicles is maintained in advanced chronological age, such that 20-22-month-old female Bax-/- mice possess hundreds of follicles at all developmental stages and exhibit ovarian steroid-driven uterine hypertrophy. These observations contrast with the ovarian and uterine atrophy seen in aged wild-type female mice. Aged female Bax-/- mice fail to become pregnant when housed with young adult males; however, metaphase II oocytes can be retrieved from, and corpora lutea form in, ovaries of aged Bax-/- females following superovulation with exogenous gonadotropins, and some oocytes are competent for in vitro fertilization and early embryogenesis. Therefore, ovarian lifespan can be extended by selectively disrupting Bax function, but other aspects of normal reproductive performance remain defective in aged Bax-/- female mice.
Error Analysis of the Resonant Beam Rubber Testing Machine

Dynamic analysis of the resonant beam machine is presented. Equations typically used to determine the dynamic properties of a rubber product are derived from a simplified model. A complex mathematical model representing amore realistic parametric system identification is formulated. Using the complex model as standard, the errors in the results from the simplified model are identified quantitatively, and it is shown they can be considerable. The sensitivity of the errors to the system parameter variations is also shown. These machine errors may be virtually eliminated by measuring the transmitted force and displacement across the sample.
CROSS-LANGUAGE PHONETIC INTERFERENCE: ARABIC TO ENGLISH*

This study compares phonetic implementation of the stop voicing contrast produced in Arabic by Saudi Arabians and by both Americans and Saudis in English. The English stops produced by Saudis manifested temporal acoustic correlates of stop voicing (VOT, stop closure duration, and vowel duration) similar to those found in Arabic stops. Despite such phonetic interference from Arabic to English, however, American listeners generally had little difficulty identifying the English stops produced by the Saudis, with the exception of /p/. This phoneme, which is absent in Arabic, was frequently produced with glottal pulsing during the stop closure interval. The timing of /p/, however, suggests that the Saudis did grasp the phonological nature of /p/ (i.e., that the contrast between /p—b/ is analogous to that between /t—d/ and /k—g/) but were unable to control all the articulatory dimensions by which this sound is produced.
Integrating cavity spectroscopy.

This paper describes the application of the integrating sphere or cavity to the measurement of the absorption coefficient (cm−1) of a material introduced into the cavity. The absorption coefficient is determined by measuring the decrease in the radiation density within the integrating cavity caused by insertion of the sample. This method has the virtue of being independent of the scattering within the material sample, the reflectivity of the material surface, and the geometry of the sample. The method is particularly attractive for materials with small absorption coefficients. Experimental verification of the method is described showing agreement with direct transmittance measurements to within ±10%.
Changes in bacterial and eukaryotic communities during sewage decomposition in Mississippi river water.

Abstract Microbial decay processes are one of the mechanisms whereby sewage contamination is reduced in the environment. This decomposition process involves a highly complex array of bacterial and eukaryotic communities from both sewage and ambient waters. However, relatively little is known about how these communities change due to mixing and subsequent decomposition of the sewage contaminant. We investigated decay of sewage in upper Mississippi River using Illumina sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA gene hypervariable regions and qPCR for human-associated and general fecal Bacteroidales indicators. Mixtures of primary treated sewage and river water were placed in dialysis bags and incubated in situ under ambient conditions for seven days. We assessed changes in microbial community composition under two treatments in a replicated factorial design: sunlight exposure versus shaded and presence versus absence of native river microbiota. Initial diversity was higher in sewage compared to river water for 16S sequences, but the reverse was observed for 18S sequences. Both treatments significantly shifted community composition for eukaryotes and bacteria (P 0.001) and 18S (R = 0.91; P = 0.001) communities. A comparison of 16S sequence data and fecal indicator qPCR measurements indicated that the latter was a good predictor of overall bacterial community change over time (rho: 0.804–0.814, P = 0.001). These findings suggest that biotic interactions, such as predation by bacterivorous protozoa, can be critical factors in the decomposition of sewage in freshwater habitats and support the use of Bacteroidales genetic markers as indicators of fecal pollution.
Determination of the ReA Electron Beam Ion Trap electron beam radius and current density with an X-ray pinhole camera

The Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University is used as a charge booster and injector for the currently commissioned rare isotope re-accelerator facility ReA. This EBIT charge breeder is equipped with a unique superconducting magnet configuration, a combination of a solenoid and a pair of Helmholtz coils, allowing for a direct observation of the ion cloud while maintaining the advantages of a long ion trapping region. The current density of its electron beam is a key factor for efficient capture and fast charge breeding of continuously injected, short-lived isotope beams. It depends on the radius of the magnetically compressed electron beam. This radius is measured by imaging the highly charged ion cloud trapped within the electron beam with a pinhole camera, which is sensitive to X-rays emitted by the ions with photon energies between 2 keV and 10 keV. The 80%-radius of a cylindrical 800 mA electron beam with an energy of 15 keV is determined to be r(80%) = (212 ± 19)μm in a 4 T magnetic field. From this, a current density of j = (454 ± 83)A/cm(2) is derived. These results are in good agreement with electron beam trajectory simulations performed with TriComp and serve as a test for future electron gun design developments.
Geologic origin of magnetic volcanic glasses in the KBS tuff

Volcanic glass shards and banded pumice from the KBS tuff of northern Kenya exhibit marked variations in magnetic susceptibility and color (colorless to dark brown). The darker glass shards exhibit superparamagnetism, which they now know to be carried by a population of tiny microcrystals of Fe-rich cubic oxide, approx. 20 to approx. 100 A in size, thought to be magnetite. A theory for their origin is one of nucleation and growth (precipitation) in quenched homogeneous glass (colorless) at temperatures of approx. 700-1000/sup 0/C during and immediately subsequent to eruption. Results from high-temperature heating experiments on KBS shards support this idea. The precipitate appears in the KBS shards as a consequence of their cooling history and is the origin of their coloring; the origin cannot lie in negligible compositional differences between the colorless and darkest shards. On the other hand, banded pumice from the KBS tuff has both dark and colorless glasses of differing compositions. The pumice appears banded because precipitation occurred preferentially in the Fe-rich glass. Although magma mixing may have played a role in the eruption of these materials, on the basis of their survey of distal eruptive products, it would appear that the volumetric amount of the maficmore » end member (dark pumice) was insubstantial.« less
EGF receptor mutations in lung cancer: From humans to mice and maybe back to humans

Deletions in exon 19 and nucleotide substitutions in exon 21 are the most common mutations of the EGFR (ErbB1) in NSCLC. These mutations endow the receptor with constitutive kinase activity. Most tumors expressing these mutants respond well to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, suggesting that they are dependent on mutant EGFR signaling. Two groups developed transgenic mice in which expression of these mutants is temporally induced in mouse lung. Mice expressing EGFR mutants develop bronchioloalveolar cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, which are highly sensitive to EGFR inhibitors. These mouse models provide important opportunities for studying the biology of NSCLC and the refinement of anti-EGFR therapies.
Implicit Cognition and the Social Unconscious

Considerable work in social psychology has explained social phenomena in terms of individual mental processes, and researchers more recently have suggested that many of these intrapsychic processes transpired beyond the awareness of individual subjects. Through these extensive research programs the social recedes and the individual constitutes the locus of psychological activity; such studies thus affirm individual centered ideologies and policies while obscuring social processes and structures. The paradigm of implicit social cognition entails an example of how features of the social world are reconfigured and interpreted as psychological events of individuals. Critical reading of this paradigm both elucidates the technical, rhetorical and theoretical routines through which this relocation is made and shows how that empirical research actually demonstrates the social unconscious. Reappraisal of implicit social cognition research with its demonstrations of dynamic social processes affords supportive evide...
Using a menu of geographic pricing plans: A theoretical investigation

Abstract In a menu plan of geographic pricing, the retailer allows a customer to choose either a free on board origin (F.O.B, origin) plan, or a uniform delivered plan. In this article, we develop an approach to construct the best menu plan and compare its profitability and market coverage with that of a uniform delivered plan and an F.O.B, origin plan when these are used alone. It is shown that a menu plan can generate at least as much profit as either an F.O.B, origin or a uniform delivered plan used by itself under any demand condition. However, whether the menu plan can outperform the F.O.B. origin and the uniform delivered plans depends on the specific demand conditions. When demand is linear in price and delivery cost is uniformly distributed, it is shown that the menu plan is substantially more profitable than the F.O.B, origin and the uniform delivered plans and generates at least 96% of the contribution of an optimal plan which sets a profit maximizing price for individual customers based on cost. On the other hand, when demand is a constant elasticity function of price, the menu plan is found to be only marginally superior to the F.O.B, origin plan which generates more profit than the uniform delivered plan.
Effect on the Forgeability of Magnesium AZ31B-O When Continuous DC Electricity is Applied

Currently, the automotive and aircraft industries are considering increasing the use of magnesium within their products due to its favorable strength-to-weight characteristics. However, the implementation of this material is problematic as a result of its limited formability. Partially addressing this issue, previous research has shown that Electrically-Assisted Manufacturing (EAM) improves the tensile formability of magnesium sheet metal. While these results are highly beneficial towards fabricating the skin of the vehicle, a technique for improving the production of the structural/mechanical components is also desirable. Given the influence that EAM has already exhibited on tensile deformation, the research herein focuses on incorporating this technique within forging operations. The potential benefit of using EAM on compressive processes has been demonstrated in related research where other materials, such as titanium and aluminum, have shown improved compressive behavior. Therefore, this research endeavors to amalgamate these findings to Mg AZ31B-O, which is traditionally hard to forge. As such, to demonstrate the effects of EAM on this alloy, two series of tests were performed. First, the sensitivity of the alloy to the EAM process was determined by varying the current density and platen speed during an upsetting process (flat dies). Then, the ability to utilize impression (shaped) dies was examined. Through this study, it was shown that the EAM process increases the forgeability of this magnesium alloy through improvements such as decreased machine force and increased achievable deformation. Additionally, the ability to form the desired final specimen geometry was achieved.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Diel drift of Chironomidae larvae in a pristine Idaho mountain stream

Simultaneous hourly net collections in a meadow and canyon reach of a mountain stream determined diel and spatial abundances of drifting Chironomidae larvae. Sixty-one taxa were identified to the lowest practical level, 52 in the meadow and 41 in the canyon. Orthocladiinae was the most abundant subfamily with 32 taxa and a 24 h mean density of 294 individuals 100 m−3 (meadow) and 26 taxa and a mean of 648 individuals 100 m−3 (canyon). Chironominae was the second most abundant subfamily. Nonchironomid invertebrates at both sites and total Chironomidae larvae (meadow) were predominantly night-drifting. Parakiefferiella and Psectrocladius were day-drifting (meadow) whereas 8 other chironomid taxa (meadow) and 2 taxa (canyon) were night-drifting. All others were aperiodic or too rare to test periodicity, Stempellinella cf brevis Edwards exhibited catastrophic drift in the canyon only. The different drift patterns between sites is attributed to greater loss of streambed habitat in the canyon compared to the meadow as streamflow decreased. Consequent crowding of chironomid larvae in the canyon caused catastrophic drift or interfered with drift periodicty. This study adds to knowledge of Chironomidae drift and shows influences on drift of hydrologic and geomorphic conditions.