cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The catecholaminergic innervation of primate prefrontal cortex.

This paper reviews recent studies indicating that the marked expansion and differentiation of the prefrontal cortex in primates is associated with an increase in the complexity of both the regional density and laminar distribution of catecholaminergic afferents. The innervation patterns of these systems in monkey prefrontal cortex appear to accurately predict those in human prefrontal cortex, suggesting that studies in nonhuman primates may be reasonably used to generate hypotheses about the nature of involvement of these systems in disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition, the distinctive developmental pattern of the dopaminergic innervation of primate prefrontal cortex and the possibility of an intrinsic catecholaminergic innervation of primate prefrontal cortex may reveal new avenues of investigation into the roles of prefrontal catecholamines in both normal and pathological states.
Adhesive fracture of a lap shear joint

In many respects, adhesive and cohesive fractures are similar. It has been demonstrated in both cases that a Griffith-type energy balance can often be used to predict failure, e.g., crack growth. The only essential difference involves the interpretation of the energy required to create new (adhesive or cohesive) surface area. In the cohesive case, the specific fracture energy γ c is that required to create a new surface in the same material, while in the adhesive case, the specific fracture energy γ a is the energy per unit area required to separate different materials. The mechanical analysis, including a stress analysis to determine the strain energy and energy balance in principle remains unchanged. Generally speaking adhesive-bonded joints involve sharp corners or other “singularities” between adjacent materials which act as stress concentrators, particularly if a crack or other sharp imperfection is present or arises at such a location. The Griffith energy approach circumvents the problem of just how large this mathematically infinite stress must be to initiate failure. Recently, this method had been successfully applied to a number of different adhesive geometries; this paper discusses the case of a single-lap shear joint. This geometry is important because the lap-joint test is a common method for comparing adhesive strengths; in addition, the configuration itself is often used in engineering practice. Adhesive fracture is, therefore, compared on the basis of both energy and maximum stress criteria. Experimental data suggest the former to yield more accurate predictions.
5,7-Di­chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione

The title compound, C8H3Cl2NO2, has a single mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit that is close to planar, with the non-H atoms having a mean deviation from planarity of 0.035 A. The mol­ecules dimerize through two N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A weak inter­molecular offset π–π inter­action is also observed between the five- and six-membered rings, with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.8444 (16) A.
Role of Major Toxin Virulence Factors in Pertussis Infection and Disease Pathogenesis

Bordetella pertussis produces several toxins that affect host-pathogen interactions. Of these, the major toxins that contribute to pertussis infection and disease are pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin and tracheal cytotoxin. Pertussis toxin is a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits host G protein-coupled receptor signaling, causing a wide array of effects on the host. Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin is a single polypeptide, containing an adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain coupled to a hemolysin domain, that primarily targets phagocytic cells to inhibit their antibacterial activities. Tracheal cytotoxin is a fragment of peptidoglycan released by B. pertussis that elicits damaging inflammatory responses in host cells. This chapter describes these three virulence factors of B. pertussis, summarizing background information and focusing on the role of each toxin in infection and disease pathogenesis, as well as their role in pertussis vaccination.
How important is vision in short-range host-finding by Trichogramma ostriniae used for augmentative biological control?

Although the scientific literature is replete with reports that host and plant volatiles elicit behavioural responses in Trichogramma, most do not compare the relative importance of olfaction, visi...
Emergence of Non-Canonical Parvalbumin-Containing Interneurons in Hippocampus of a Murine Model of Type I Lissencephaly

ABSTRACT Type I lissencephaly is a neuronal migration disorder caused by haploinsuffiency of the LIS1 gene and is characterized in humans by agyria, mislamination of brain structures, developmental delays, and epilepsy. Here, we investigate the impact of LIS1 mutation on the cellular migration, morphophysiology, microcircuitry and genomics of mouse hippocampal CA1 parvalbumin-containing inhibitory interneurons (PV+INTs). We find that WT PV+INTs consist of two physiological subtypes (80% fast-spiking (FS), 20% non-fast-spiking (NFS)) and four morphological subtypes (basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, radiatum-targeting). We also discover that cell-autonomous mutations within interneurons disrupts morphological development of PV+INTs and results in the emergence of a non-canonical “intermediate spiking (IS)” subset of PV+INTs. In the GlobalLis mutant, IS/NFS cells become the dominant PV+INT subtypes (56%) and the percentage of FS cells shrinks to 44%. We also find that IS/NFS cells are prone to entering depolarizing block, causing them to temporarily lose the ability to initiate action potentials and control network excitation, potentially promoting seizures. Finally, single-cell nuclear RNAsequencing of PV+INTs revealed several misregulated genes related to morphogenesis, cellular excitability, and synapse formation.
Uncovering the NLR Family of Disease Resistance Genes in Cultivated Sweetpotato and Wild Relatives

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important staple crop cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Awareness of sweetpotato nutritional benefits have led to an increase in consumption in the United States (US) and Europe. Despite continued implementation of disease management strategies, the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata persists as a significant threat to the sweetpotato industry in the US. The presence of few breeding programs, limited knowledge of resistance, and the hexaploid nature of sweetpotato pose challenges to develop resistant lines. Plants possess an innate immune system with disease resistance (R) genes encoding for proteins that recognize pathogen effectors during infection. An important class of resistance gene contains nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains, NLRs. Here, we review state of the art knowledge of sweetpotato NLRs as well as novel methods to predict NLRs in plant genomes. Despite the availability of chemical control options, fungicide use is becoming limited due to changes in regulation and the evolution of pathogen resistance to chemicals. Deployment of host resistance represents a desirable tool to decrease crop losses due to plant pathogens. NLR gene annotations provide significant insight into the resistome and a first step towards identifying genes effective for control of major plant pathogens of sweetpotato.
Adverse Childhood Experiences are Associated with Miscarriage in Adulthood: The GROWH Study

To investigate whether adverse childhood experiences are associated with miscarriage. The Gulf Resilience on Women’s Health Consortium recruited from clinics and community organizations in Southern Louisiana, 2011–2016. Data from 1511 reproductive-aged women with at least one pregnancy were analyzed. Adverse childhood experiences including abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, as a child (< age 12), and as an adolescent (12–17), were assessed. Outcome measures were self-reported miscarriage at first pregnancy and at any pregnancy, analyzed with logistic regression with adjustment for maternal age at pregnancy, race, BMI, education, marital and smoking status. Women reporting four or more adversities as a child and as a teen had higher odds of experiencing miscarriage at first pregnancy (AORchild 1.71, 95% CI 1.00–2.90; AORteen 1.73, 95% CI 1.05–2.87) and miscarriage at any pregnancy (AORchild 1.74, 95% CI 1.16–2.62; ORteen 1.65, 95% CI 1.10–2.45) compared to those with no adverse childhood experiences. Similar patterns of association were seen for other ACE sub-categories. Childhood adversities were associated with miscarriage. Further research is needed on the pathways which created this association, including psychological, behavioral, and physiological mechanisms and factors which can mitigate the effects of these outcomes.
The Interaction of Porcine Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase with the Chemotherapy Sensitizer: 5-Ethynyluracil.

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a complex enzyme that reduces the 5,6-vinylic bond of pyrimidines, uracil, and thymine. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is also a substrate for DPD and a common chemotherapeutic agent used to treat numerous cancers. The reduction of 5FU to 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil negates its toxicity and efficacy. Patients with high DPD activity levels typically have poor outcomes when treated with 5FU. DPD is thus a central mitigating factor in the treatment of a variety of cancers. 5-Ethynyluracil (5EU) covalently inactivates DPD by cross-linking with the active-site general acid cysteine in the pyrimidine binding site. This reaction is dependent on the simultaneous binding of 5EU and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This ternary complex induces DPD to become activated by taking up two electrons from the NADPH. The covalent inactivation of DPD by 5EU occurs concomitantly with this reductive activation with a rate constant of ∼0.2 s-1. This kinact value is correlated with the rate of reduction of one of the two flavin cofactors and the localization of a mobile loop in the pyrimidine active site that places the cysteine that serves as the general acid in catalysis proximal to the 5EU ethynyl group. Efficient cross-linking is reliant on enzyme activation, but this process appears to also have a conformational aspect in that nonreductive NADPH analogues can also induce a partial inactivation. Cross-linking then renders DPD inactive by severing the proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism that transmits electrons 56 A across the protein.
A 10-hour time-restricted eating intervention to address cancer-related fatigue among cancer survivors.

12109Background: Cancer-related fatigue is a common, debilitating condition that can persist for months or years after cancer treatment. Time-restricted eating has been shown to improve circadian r...
The Impacts and Consequences of CSA

In undertaking investigations and planning interventions, it is important to recognize that there are a range of different kinds of abusive and sexually harmful behaviors towards children, including:
Assessing Pediatric Feeding Disorders by Domain in Complex Aerodigestive Patients.

OBJECTIVE Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is defined as impaired oral intake, associated with dysfunction in at least one of four domains: medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or psychosocial. The pediatric aerodigestive patient presents with conditions impacting airway, breathing, feeding, swallowing, or growth. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of PFD and dysfunctional domain, in the aerodigestive patient presenting to a tertiary aerodigestive clinic. METHODS Twenty-five charts from patients enrolled in Mayo Clinic Children's Center Aerodigestive Program were retrospectively reviewed for documentation of dysfunction within the four feeding disorder domains. Results from the aerodigestive triple scope, functional endoscopic evaluation of swallow (FEES), and videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) were recorded. Height and weight z-scores were compared between the initial assessment and 6-12 months later. RESULTS Median age was 20 months (range 2-81 months). Of the patients, 100% (n = 25) had dysfunction in at least one PFD domain. The domain identified most frequently was medical dysfunction (96%; n = 24). Feeding dysfunction was observed in 76% (n = 19). Psychosocial dysfunction was observed in 76% (n = 19). Nutritional dysfunction was observed in 60% (n = 15). Dysfunction in three or greater domains was seen in 80% (n = 20). Weight z-score increased in 76% (n = 19) of patients 6 to 12 months after the initial aerodigestive evaluation. CONCLUSION Aerodigestive patients frequently have PFD and utilizing the consensus definition of PFD at intake may enhance clinical assessment and therapeutic evaluation, and provide a framework to measure outcomes in this heterogeneous patient population.
Evidence for Collective Action Theory

We have surveyed an array of action from leadership and mobilization, adaptation and symbolic protest, space and time, as well as terror. If nothing else emerges from these previous chapters, it is difficult to argue that protesters and their state opponents do not think. Clearly they are risk-averse, given the information at hand. They make choices that are optimal from their point of view. This is the value of collective action theory in contrast to structural theory. Collective action theory assumes that individuals think and it expects them to act in ways that generate benefits. Structural theory assumes that macrovariables are sufficient to bring masses out onto the street. One advantage of our conflict perspective is that collective action theory does embrace risk. It is one thing to argue the necessity of selective incentives. It is quite another to get Jane out into the street when there is a possibility of arrest or injury. Because people hope to avoid arrest (in most instances), injury, or death, collective action theory is easier to test in the context of protest and repression.
Chapter 87 – Processing Tone Languages

In tone languages, changes in pitch variations can signal differences in the lexical meaning of a word. We report advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of lexical tone at different stages of pitch processing in cortical and subcortical brain structures since the turn of the century. We present a critical evaluation of evidence obtained from recent studies that have focused on issues related to processing of: tonal versus lexical semantic information; tonal versus segmental elements; tonal features; tones versus tunes; tones versus other suprasegmental elements; and categorical perception of tone. We conclude that subcortical sensory encoding interacts with cognitive processing in the cerebral cortex to shape the responses of the brain as required by the structural properties of a particular language. A fuller understanding of the neurobiology of language can only emerge from consideration of general sensory-motor and cognitive processes in addition to those associated with language.
Sensor sensitivity to posture transitions in a lower-extremity orthotic device

This study evaluates sensitivity and relative timing of a system of sensors in detecting posture transitions by a user wearing a lower-extremity orthotic device. The sensors in the orthosis included accelerometers, gyroscopes, potentiometers, and force sensitive resistors positioned at various locations. Data was collected from subjects wearing the orthotic device while seated, followed by a transition to a standing position and a transition to walking. The initial posture and rate of the transition were varied to cover a range of initial conditions and transitions speeds. The data collected from three healthy adults were used to perform initial analysis of repeatability of sensor signals to identify sensors that reliably respond to certain posture transitions. Relative timing of the sensors was studied to identify sensors that respond the earliest to a posture transition and thus potentially be used to recognize user's intent to change posture. The results suggest that accelerometers and gyroscopes located on the lateral side of the shank and thigh may detect transition events earlier and more consistently than potentiometers on the knee and ankle joints and force sensitive resistors on the sole of the foot.
Software reliability (tutorial session): basic concepts and assessment methods

Software reliability is important for many sectors of the software industry. Besides knowing how to achieve it, it is important to know the actual reliability achieved in a specific software product. Assessing the reliability of software-based systems is increasingly necessary: more users bet larger amount of money, the survival of companies and at times the lives and limbs of people on the service they expect from the software. Sound decisionmaking requires some understanding of the uncertainties thus incurred. Meanwhile, software complexity increases and progress in development tools enables more poorlytrained people to build software-based systems. The shortterm economic incentive to use off-the-shelf software, even in sensitive applications, imposes new requirements to evaluate the risk thus assumed. The pressure on vendors to guarantee some level of quality of service will thus also increase, extending from bespoke software to off-the-shelf software and from mission-critical to productivity-critical software.
Changes in Fungi with Age II. Respiration and Respiratory Enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola

Van Etten, James L. (University of Illinois, Urbana), H. Peter Molitoris, and David Gottlieb. Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. J. Bacteriol. 91:169–175. 1966.—The rate of respiration of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola decreased with age. This decrease in respiratory rate might be produced by a decrease in the specific activity of one or more enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Specific activities in cell-free extracts were measured for most of the enzymes in the hexose monophosphate shunt, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and terminal electron-transport system. In addition, glucose oxidase, isocitritase, and malic enzyme were measured. In R. solani, increases in activity with age occurred for hexokinase, α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase. Decreases occurred for phosphohexokinase, aconitase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, and at least one of the enzymes between 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate. In S. bataticola, increases in activity with age were observed for phosphohexokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, fumarase, malic dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme, whereas none of the enzymes decreased. The specific activities of the remaining enzymes did not change with age in either fungus.
Rocks of the ages

An ecological perspective on reefs and reef organisms might seem a shaky basis for a book dealing largely with ancient environments and extinct organisms from geological samples. However, the requirements and opportunities involved in competition for space on reefs, and how these have changed and developed over evolutionary time, is a central theme in Rachel Wood's book. In general, her gamble pays off. She provides a broader and more integrative level of biological insight into the development of both ancient and modern reefs than the palaeoenvironmental and evolutionary discussions usually encountered in treatments of fossil reefs and reef organisms. The approach carries with it a necessary focus on the biogenic, in situ framework as a defining feature of reefs, and this will not please fans of the mud-mound and the Halimeda bank. However, these 'reef-like' structures are also clearly and comprehensively, if somewhat peripherally, described and discussed.
Very Energetic Gamma Rays from Microblazars

Active galactic nuclei are extremely powerful radiation sources powered by matter falling into a black hole. This accretion is sometimes accompanied by strong jets of material expanding from the black hole, and if the jets are along our line of sight, the objects are referred to as blazars. In his Perspective, [Cui][1] discusses results reported in the same issue by [ Aharonian et al. ][2] that may indicate the detection of a microblazar, a blazar's smaller cousin. The researchers observed the emission of very high energy gamma rays from an object called LS 5039 thought to be a microblazar candidate. The observations will provide insight into the likely similar mechanisms that produce the very energetic gamma-ray emissions in microblazars and blazars alike. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5735/714 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/309/5735/746
g-HDAF Multiresolution Deformable Models

In this paper, we construct a new class of deformable models using a new family of biorthogonal wavelets, named generalized Hermite Distributed Approximating Functional (g-HDAF) Wavelets. The scaling functions of this new family are symmetric and the corresponding wavelets optimize their smoothness for a given number of vanishing moments. In addition, we embed these multiresolution deformable models to the physics-based deformable model framework and use them for fitting 3D range data. We have performed a number of experiments with both synthetic and real data with very encouraging results.
Brucella canis in a HIV-Infected Patient

Summary The true incidence of Brucella canis in humans is unknown, but immunocompromised patients in direct contact with dogs are thought to be at a higher risk for infection. In this case report, we present a human case of B. canis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
A patient with multiple allergies: what anesthetic to use?

The usefulness of intracutaneous testing for allergy to local anesthetic drugs was demonstrated in an 8-year-old boy. He had a history of allergies and it was believed that he had had an allergic reaction to ether after undergoing a tonsillectomy. Results of tests showed positive reactions to some anesthetics and no reactions to others. The investigation of obscure unexpected complications during or after use of anesthetics is important.
Current Knowledge of Mechanisms of Viral Carcinogenesis

Retroviruses are RNA-containing viruses using reverse transcriptase to produce DNA copies capable of insertion into host chromosomes. Appropriate genes are required to confer transforming ability to retroviruses. The src gene, a 60,000-dalton protein with protein kinase activity, is required by avian viruses to induce sarcomas. Normal cells have a gene (sarc) similar to the src gene. Retroviruses with oncogenic properties can arise by recombining with genes on the host chromosome. Herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and papovaviruses have transforming properties residing in only a portion of the genome. Probably, only one to two genes are required for transformation, regardless of the complexity of the virus.
Aerobic exercise reduces neuronal responses in food reward brain regions

Acute exercise suppresses ad libitum energy intake, but little is known about the effects of exercise on food reward brain regions. After an overnight fast, 30 (17 men, 13 women), healthy, habitual...
A corpus of clinical narratives annotated with temporal information

Clinical reports often include descriptions of events in the patient's medical history, as well as explicit or implicit temporal information about these events. We are working towards applying deep Natural Language Processing tools towards understanding such narratives. This requires both the extraction and classification of the relevant events, and the placing of those events in time, or at least in relation to one another. Although several corpora of news data exist that have been annotated using the TimeML schema, similar corpora of clinical reports are not readily available.In this paper we report on the design of a small corpus and the annotation schema we developed, based on data from the fourth i2b2/VA challenge. These data include, among others, annotations for medical problems, tests, and treatments in clinical reports from several healthcare institutions. We have selected a subset of clinical reports and added annotations similar to those used in the TempEval tasks for the annotation of events, time expressions and temporal relations for the news domain. The annotations have been made freely available to the research community.
Common Core State Standards: Impact on Higher Education and Libraries

Column Editor's Note. This column focuses on the closely related topics of strategic planning and assessment in all types of libraries. The column will examine all aspects of planning and assessmen...
Interferon alfa for recurrent hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.

Reinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) after liver transplantation is nearly universal in patients not receiving immunoprophylaxis. Because reinfection reduces graft and patient survival, treatment of recurrent infection is important. Interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) is an effective therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection in immunocompetent patients, but its efficacy in transplant recipients has not been established. Fourteen liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis B infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positive in serum; hepatitis on biopsy) were treated with IFN-alpha 2b (Intron A; Schering Inc, Kenilworth, NJ) 3 million units (MU) three times weekly for 23.5 weeks (median, range 4 to 41). The primary endpoint was loss of HBV DNA by the b-DNA assay (a virological response). Before treatment, all patients were HBV DNA positive and 9 were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive. Pretreatment HBV DNA levels were 6,760 MEq/mL (median, range 2.0 to 11,888 MEq/mL). HBV DNA levels decreased significantly with treatment (P = .03). Four patients had a complete and sustained virological response. Virological responses did not consistently correlate with biochemical response because of concomitant hepatitis C. Two patients had a serological response; 1 lost HBeAg, another lost HBeAg and HBsAg. All responders remained HBV DNA negative in follow-up (mean, 32 months; range, 23 to 40), but 1 patient required retransplantation for cirrhosis. Of the nonresponders, 1 patient required retransplantation for chronic rejection, 3 required retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis B, 3 died with recurrent hepatitis B, and 3 are alive and remain HBV DNA positive. IFN-alpha can induce a sustained serological (14%) and virological response (29%) in liver transplant recipients with recurrent HBV infection.
Statistical thermodynamics of aqueous solutions II. Alkali halides at infinite dilution

Abstract A statistical thermodynamic theory of water structure, that had been used to treat the properties of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons, is used here to compute the properties of aqueous solutions of the alkali halide salts at infinite dilution. A three-region model is used, in which the first region consists of the water molecules next to each ion, the second region is a layer of water with a thickness of one water molecule, and the third layer is essentially bulk water. The energy levels of the water molecules in region I are shifted by the ion–water interaction energy, compared to the energy levels of pure water. The five values of the energy levels in region II are treated as adjustable variables. The energy levels in region III are treated as those of pure water, but the partition function for the water in this region contains a term reflecting the effect of a weak field of the ion beyond region II. A good semi-quantitative description of the experimental thermodynamic properties, including the temperature dependence of the partial molal heat capacity, is obtained. Finally, it is shown that the usual concepts of ‘structure making’ and ‘structure breaking’ are not clear enough to characterize all of the thermodynamic properties.
Deployment of optic nerve fibers is determined by positional markers in the frog's tectum

Abstract In postmetamorphic Xenopus laevis, portions of the optic tectum were removed and reimplanted in various orientations. The optic nerve fiber projection to the reimplant was mapped electrophysiologically at various post-operative times. In most cases, the projection which regenerated into the reimplant was rotated by an amount equal to the surgical rotation of the reimplant. These results demonstrate the existence of a set of positional markers in the tectum which determines the polarity of the visuotectal projection. The polarity of this set of tectal markers is stable under the conditions of our experiments. We term these positional markers tectal locus specificities.
Logo aided modeling in secondary school mathematics: The modeling of elementary statistical experiments

Logo is a learning computer language which is tuned for interesting applications. It is user friendly, easy enough for secondary school students to use, and powerful enough for any project. Logo aided modeling is a tool that can be integrated into secondary school mathematics courses to supplement and enhance instruction in a variety of content areas. Much needs to be done to develop materials that enable students to learn from and allow teachers to examine the cognitive impact of learning from using simulation-modeling software. The purpose of this paper is to present a few computer programs, written in Logo, that illustrate the Logo modeling approach and its implementation on microcomputers in a classroom setting.
A randomized, controlled trial of oral and intramuscular dexamethasone in the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome☆☆☆★

Abstract Objective: The study's objective was to compare the efficacies of oral and intramuscular antenatal administration of dexamethasone in reducing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Study Design: Subjects at high risk for preterm delivery between 24 and 33 weeks' gestation were prospectively randomly assigned to receive either 6 mg intramuscular dexamethasone or 8 mg oral dexamethasone every 12 hours for 4 doses. The regimen was repeated weekly until 34 weeks' gestation if delivery had not yet occurred. A blinded data review was performed. The primary outcome of the trial was respiratory distress syndrome. Data were analyzed in an intent to treat fashion. Comparisons were made with an unpaired t test, χ 2 or Fisher exact test, and survival analysis. P Results: The study was discontinued at 39% enrollment after a blinded review of available outcomes. A total of 170 women with 188 fetuses were randomly assigned. The oral and intramuscular groups had similar mean gestational ages at enrollment (29.9 weeks vs 29.2 weeks) and similar median latencies (9.5 vs 10 days). No difference in the frequency of respiratory distress syndrome was found between the oral and intramuscular groups, (34.3% vs 29.8%). Neonatal sepsis (10.1% vs 1.2%, P = .01) and intraventricular hemorrhage (10.1% vs 2.4%, P = .04) were significantly higher in the oral group. There were no statistical differences in the frequencies of necrotizing enterocolitis or neonatal death. A subgroup analysis of 112 patients who were delivered at P = .009) and intraventricular hemorrhage (15.9% vs 3.3%, P = .03). Conclusion: Oral administration increases neonatal morbidity without demonstrable benefit and should not at this time be used clinically for induction of fetal pulmonary maturation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1120-3.)
Effect of EMG‐based Feedback on Posture Correction during Computer Operation

Effect of EMG-based Feedback on Posture Correction during Computer Operation: Se-yeon PARK, et al. Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Inje University, Republic of Korea—Objective: The aim of this study was to inves- tigate the effects of an EMG-based feedback device on the human musculoskeletal system by assessing the kinematics of the lumbar and cervical regions during computer operation. Methods: Using an EMG device, measurements were collected under four conditions: with feedback from the upper trapezius muscle, from the L4-erector spinae muscles and from both and with- out feedback (control). During periods of 15 min of computer operation, kinematic data were collected using the Zebris motion analysis system to investigate 14 university employees. Results: Feedback assessment effectively reduced the kinematic changes in the sagit- tal plane compared with the control (p<0.05). Feedback from the L4 erector spinae reduced the trunk flexion and forward head angles, which were significantly different compared with those under the feedback from the upper trapezius and the control conditions (p<0.05). Conclu- sion: We observed that the use of an EMG-based feedback device was effective in reducing habitual forward head and flexed-relaxed postures during computer operation. Additionally, posture correction from the lumbar region could be a way to reduce forward head posture as well as flexed-relaxed posture. (J Occup Health 2012; 54: 271-277)
A Comvewiemt Synthesis of 1-Aminopolycycloalkames and Their Tosylate Salts

Abstract Syntheses of oridgehead 4-amino-l-bromopentacy-clo[4.3.0.02.5 O3,8.O4,7]nonan-9-one ethyl ene acetal (6), 4-iodocubyl-l-ammonium tosylate (8) and 1-adamantane ammonium tosylate (10) are described.
Scheduling of a machining center

A machining center is an advanced NC (Numerical Control) machine that has the capability to perform a variety of operations on a part by automatically changing the cutting tools. Because of its versatile processing capabilities, a machining center is often a production bottleneck, and effective scheduling can result in significant improvement of system performance. The problem, however, is very difficult since many factors such as machine setups, pallets, tool magazine, and possible tool overlapping among different part types, etc., have to be considered. This paper presents an optimization-based approach for the scheduling of a machining center with two pallets. A novel ''separable'' problem formulation that considers the above mentioned factors is presented. Lagrangian relaxation is applied to decompose the problem into simple subproblems, which are efficiently solved without encountering complexity difficulties. The subgradient method is then used to update the multipliers. Testing results indicate that the approach is effective, and the algorithm provides a valuable tool for solving stand-alone machining center problems. The approach also points out a direction on how to consider machining centers within a job shop environment.
Critically coupled resonators in vertical geometry using a planar mirror and a 5 nm thick absorbing film

A (5.1±0.5) nm thick film of high oscillator strength J-aggregated dye critically couples to a single dielectric mirror, absorbing more than 97% of incident λ=591 nm wavelength light, corresponding to an effective absorption coefficient of (6.9±0.7)×106 cm−1 for (film thickness)/λ<1%.
Emerging Active Regions on the Sun and the Photospheric Abundance of Neon

Early work on Skylab spectroheliograms showed that deep-lying impulsive flares and newly emerged active regions showed a high relative abundance of neon, thought to be representative of the unknown neon abundance in the underlying photosphere. In pursuit of this idea a survey of emerging magnetic flux sequences on Skylab spectroheliograms (300-600 A) has been made, and from these the Ne/Mg abundance ratio has been derived by combining plots of the ion differential emission measures. From the initial phase of five emerging flux sequences a stable value of the Ne/Mg abundance ratio equal to 3.16 ± 0.07 has been determined. Normalizing this to the well-determined abundance of magnesium, the photospheric abundance of neon is This result is compared with previous estimates which used "local galactic values" as a proxy for the unknown neon abundance. The present results are also compared with a slightly larger Ne/Mg ratio of 3.6 ± 0.4 (log Neon = 8.14) observed in a deep-lying impulsive flare, also thought to expose a sample of photospheric material.
Restricted expression of type-II TGFβ receptor in murine embryonic development suggests a central role in tissue modeling and CNS patterning

Abstract The type-II TGFβ receptor mediates many of the biological responses to TGFβ. An examination of the expression of the type-II TGFβ receptor during mouse embryogenesis therefore provides specific information about the role of TGFβ during embryogenesis than has been available to date. We have isolated the genomic murine homologue of the human type-II TGFβ receptor corresponding to exon 2. The murine and human sequences show a high degree of homology. Using the murine probe, we found that type-II TGFβ receptor expression is regulated in both a spatial and a temporal fashion by using in situ hybridization and ribonuclease protection assays. Type-II TGFβ receptor expression is localized to the mesenchyme during critical interactions with adjacent epithelium such as developing hair follicles, whisker follicles and tooth anlage. In the central nervous system, type-II TGFβ receptor expression is highly restricted to the floor plate. Strong expression is also detected in migrating neural crest cells, meninges, and choroid plexus. Specific mesenchymal localization of type-II TGFβ receptor is also observed in lung, kidney, intestine, stomach, and bladder. The restricted expression of type-II TGFβ receptor in mesenchymal cells at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions suggests that type-II TGFβ receptor plays a major role in mediating the establishment of embryonic organ systems. The highly restricted expression of type-II TGFβ receptor in the developing CNS suggests an important role for a serine/threonine kinase in patterning of the nervous system.
The Pierre Auger Observatory and interdisciplinary science

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world’s largest facility that measures the highest energy particles known to exist. The observatory uses the earth’s atmosphere as a giant calorimeter to study astrophysics and particle physics accessible through high-energy cosmic rays. The observatory’s complementary detector systems extend across 3000 km2 on the western edge of the Argentine Pampas. However, the array of 1660 charged-particle detectors, sensitive optical detectors supported by extensive atmospheric monitoring, and an active R&D effort also present opportunities to investigate phenomena in the atmospheric and earth sciences. Examples include the development of atmospheric measurement techniques, observations of variations in solar activity through Forbush effects, high-speed measurements of atmospheric “elves”, and the detection of an earthquake. In this paper the observatory is introduced from an interdisciplinary science perspective.
Neural network designs for partially known dynamic systems

Algorithms are investigated for system identification and control using neural networks and validated using on-line hardware implementation. Such algorithms require very little knowledge about the system which, together with their capability of learning, make them attractive for the modeling and control of nonlinear partially known dynamic systems. An implementation architecture for neural dynamic back propagation suitable for application to other machine tools and manufacturing processes, and a network training scheme with more general features are proposed.
Chemical studies of potential relevance to penicillin hypersensitivity. The synthesis of dl‐2‐phenoxymethylpenicillenic acid and of dl‐2‐(2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)penicillenic acid

Crystalline samples of DL-2-phenoxy melhylpenicillenic acid (14) and of DL-2-(2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl)penicillenic acid (21) have been synthesized by the reaction of DL-penicillamine with 2 phenoxymethyl-4-(methoxymethylene)oxazol-5-one and 2-(2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(ethoxymethylene)oxazol-5-one, respectively. These key oxazol-5-one intermediates were synthesized by azlactonization of the appropriately substituted penaldic acid dialkyl acetals. The reaction of mercury(II) chloride with D-phenoxymethylpenicillin was studied and found to be inapplicable to the synthesis of D-14. A comparison of crystalline DL- and of amorphous D-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)penicillenic acid (21), which were prepared by the “oxazolone” and “mercury(11) chloride” methods, respectively, suggests a marked improvement in the purity of the DL-material.
Quality of life after colectomy for colonic inertia

Total abdominal colectomy (TAC) with ileorectal anastomosis represents the procedure of choice in patients with colonic inertia and relieves constipation in the majority of patients. The aim of this study was to assess postoperative long–term health related quality of life in these patients in relation to their functional outcome. A consecutive series of patients with isolated colonic inertia who underwent TAC between 1993 and 1999 was identified from a clinical database and investigated in a cohort outcome study. Functional variables including the weekly number of bowel movements (BM), abdominal pain, bloating and distension, fecal incontinence, and the use of medications for BM assistance were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Main outcome measure was healthrelated quality of life assessed at follow–up using the SF–36 Health Survey. A total of 17 women with a mean age of 47.8 years (SD=14.3 years) were assessed and were followed postoperatively for 58.3±27.3 months. Preoperatively, all patients were constipated with less than one bowel movement per week, used laxatives, and experienced abdominal pain, bloating and distension. Postoperatively, all patients had some relief of constipation symptoms, with 3.7±2.8 bowel movements/day; 41% complained of abdominal pain, 65% of bloating, 29% required BM assistance, and 47% had occasional incontinence to gas or liquid stool. The SF–36 scores were significantly lower than those of the general population (p<0.005). In univariate regression analysis, postoperative abdominal pain was predictive for lower scores in general health and vitality and the need for BM assistance for lower scores in physical role functioning, social functioning, and emotional role limitations. After TAC, quality of life is significantly reduced in patients with colonic inertia despite successful relief of symptoms of constipation. Postoperative pain and functional impairment are predictive of lower quality of life scores.
Transverse-mode astigmatism in a diode-pumped unstable resonator Nd:YVO(4) laser.

We have observed a sizable astigmatism in the output beam from a diode-pumped unstable resonator Nd:YVO4 laser operating in a single polarization and a single-longitudinal and transverse mode. The anisotropic index of refraction of the vanadate crystal has been identified as the source of this astigmatism. A theoretical prediction of the eigenmode astigmatism based on this index anisotropy is consistent with our experimental measurements.
Sucrose transport and hexose release in the maize scutellum

Abstract Since hexoses readily diffuse from maize scutellum cells, it should be possible to detect them if they are produced during sucrose transport at the tonoplast or the plasmalemma. To test this idea, scutellum slices were placed in dinitrophenol (DNP) (which inhibits hexose utilization while greatly increasing utilization of vacuolar sucrose), and the utilization, uptake and leakage of sugars were measured. Only negligible amounts of hexose appeared in the DNP solution during a 5-hr incubation during which the slices metabolized 72μmol of sucrose. Glucose and fructose, added at a concentration of 2 mM, were taken up by the slices at rates 33% and 14% (respectively) of the rate of vacuolar sucrose utilization. It is suggested, therefore, that sucrose transport at the tonoplast does not release free hexose into the cytoplasm. Sucrose transport at the plasmalemma was studied using DNP- and mannose-treated slices. During incubation of these slices in sucrose, the disappearance of sucrose resulted in the appearance of significant quantities of glucose and fructose in the bathing solution. Evidence is presented that sucrose is split into glucose and fructose during transport across the plasmalemma. It is concluded that free hexose is not normally a product of this splitting but is a result of an uncoupling in the transport system caused by the DNP or mannose treatments.
Study of the Exchange Current Density for the Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions

The exchange current density for the hydrogen oxidation/evolution reactions was determined in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Ultralow Pt-loaded electrodes (0.003 mg pt /cm 2 ) were used to obtain measurable kinetic overpotential signals (50 mV at 2 A/cm 2 ). Using a simple Butler-Volmer equation, the exchange current density and transfer coefficient were determined to lie within the range of 235-600 mA/cm 2 Pt and 0.5-1, respectively. Due to the fast kinetics, no measurable voltage losses are predicted for pure-H 2 /air proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications when lowering the anode Pt loadings from its current value of 0.4 mg pt /cm 2 to the automotive target of 0.05 mg pt /cm 2 .
The personalized reminder information and social management system (PRISM) trial: rationale, methods and baseline characteristics

Technology holds promise in terms of providing support to older adults. To date, there have been limited robust systematic efforts to evaluate the psychosocial benefits of technology for older people and identify factors that influence both the usability and uptake of technology systems. In response to these issues, we developed the Personal Reminder Information and Social Management System (PRISM), a software application designed for older adults to support social connectivity, memory, knowledge about topics, leisure activities and access to resources. This trail is evaluating the impact of access to the PRISM system on outcomes such as social isolation, social support and connectivity. This paper reports on the approach used to design the PRISM system, study design, methodology and baseline data for the trial. The trial is multi-site randomized field trial. PRISM is being compared to a Binder condition where participants received a binder that contained content similar to that found on PRISM. The sample includes 300 older adults, aged 65-98 years, who lived alone and at risk for being isolated. The primary outcome measures for the trial include indices of social isolation and support and well-being. Secondary outcomes measures include indices of computer proficiency, technology uptake and attitudes towards technology. Follow-up assessments occurred at 6 and 12 months post-randomization. The results of this study will yield important information about the potential value of technology for older adults. The study also demonstrates how a user-centered iterative design approach can be incorporated into the design and evaluation of an intervention protocol.
On the Solution of the Homogeneous Vertical Structure Problem for Long-Period Oscillations

Abstract The problem of determining the long-period normal modes of a barotropic atmosphere with realistic temperature, distribution and in uniform motion is examined over the entire range of equivalent depth. It is demonstrated that there are only two solutions which satisfy a radiation/finite energy condition and approximately satisfy the homogeneous surface boundary condition. Outside of a particular interval of equivalent depth, it is shown that there exist no solutions. The problem is solved numerically over the restricted interval where two sharp dips in the surface error are found. The first of these corresponds to a 9.6 km equivalent depth and a Lamb structure. This mode, which is the counterpart of the thin film solutions on a sphere, is due to the hydrostatic nature of the basic state and exists despite the temperature variation. The second dip, corresponding to a 5.8 km equivalent depth here, is a result of buoyancy ducting and is a consequence of the temperature variation. The energy density o...