cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Youth Participatory Action Research (Youth PAR) in Public Schools: Opportunities and Challenges in an Inner-City High School

The public school system, the central institution for the formal education of youth in nations throughout the world, provides great potential for the implementation of the principles and methods of Youth Participatory Action Research (Youth PAR). Governmental school systems utilize formal curricula which are reviewed and revised regularly, a professionally trained teaching staff to implement curricula a majority of youth who attend school at least until the legally required age, an annual budget, parental involvement, societal standards and evaluation protocols, and an administrative infrastructure. In contrast to non-standardized, decentralized after-school and other specialized programs, public schools offer innovative programs such as Youth PAR the opportunity to "go-to-scale" to institutionalize the program, to involve teachers in implementation, to build and establish formal curriculum, and to engage large numbers of students on a required, rather than voluntary, basis.
Electronics in the control of turbine generators

From its invention at the end of the last century, up to the period of the late 1950s, steam-turbine plant was an uncompromising area of mechanical engineering; electrical devices generally only appeared in the form of thermocouples for temperature measurement, and relatively little progress had been made, or indeed thought given, to the possibility of applying the newer disciplines of electronics and control engineering. But today sophisiticated electrohydraulic governors are almost universal for larger new plant; turbine instrumentation has become more accurate and reliable; and digital techniques are already in use and seem set to gain ground in the future.
STIM1 phosphorylation in Xenopus oocytes during meiosis

Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the ER calcium sensor, couples to Orai1, the calcium channel, and mediates store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). STIM1 localizes to the ER membrane. Following Ca²+ store depletion, STIM1 forms puncta that localize to the cortical ER and binds Orai1 to allow Ca²+ influx. The egg's competency to activate at fertilization is dependent on its ability to generate a fertilization-specific Ca2+ transient. This is achieved through remodeling of its calcium signaling machinery during oocyte maturation. Oocyte maturation is driven by kinase cascade including MOS- mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) - maturation promoting factor (MPF). Coordinately, SOCE inactivates during maturation. This inactivation is due to internalizing of Orai1 and the inability of STIM1 to form puncta. Here we show that MPF phosphorylates STIM1. Through molecular and pharmacological manipulation we are able to differentially activate the kinases along the kinase cascade that drives oocyte maturation. STIM1 phosphorylation in these studies was monitored through a mobility shift on SDS-PAGE. When MPF is activated a mobility shift is observed. However, this is not the case when only Mos or the MAPK cascade were active. Our next step is to determine the role of MPF phosphorylation of STIM1, because previous studies have argued that phosphorylation does not inhibit STIM1 clustering during meiosis. Our data argue that MPF is the primary kinase that phosphorylates STIM1 during meiosis.
Arthroscopic extraction of a drainage tube: Solution for a troublesome problem

Abstract We present a case of a foreign body retained in the knee joint after a hemovac tube was broken during removal at bedside. The foreign body was successfully extracted arthroscopically. Arthroscopy provides an excellent alternative in the management of this troubling complication, minimizing hospitalization and delay in recovery. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 7 (September), 2002: E36
Maximizing the discounted survival probability in Vardi's casino

We are in a subfair casino, with fortune , and we want to turn it into a fortune of size 1 in discounted time. We may stake any amount if our fortune is f at any time, , and at any odds, r>0. We assume that every such gamble has a pay-off with fixed expected value cs, with . The problem is to determine the maximum expected discounted pay-off , , where the maximum is taken over all choices of stakes and odds, S are stakes, and R are odds, and we get a positive pay-off only if our final fortune is 1. We determine the explicit recurrence satisfied by the unique optimal strategy and discounted pay-off. The optimal function is piecewise smooth in intervals , ], , between critical fortunes .
Scaled Experiments Evaluating Pulse Jet Mixing of Slurries

Pulse jet mixing (PJM) tests with noncohesive solids in Newtonian liquid were conducted at three geometric scales to support the design of mixing systems for the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. The test data will be used to develop mixing models. The models predict the cloud height (the height to which solids will be lifted by the PJM action) and the critical suspension velocity (the minimum velocity needed to ensure all solids have been lifted from the floor), two parameters measured during the tests. From the cloud height estimate, the concentration of solids near the vessel floor and the minimum velocity predicted to lift solids can be calculated. The test objective was to observe the influence of vertically downward-directed jets on noncohesive solids in a series of scaled tanks with several bottom shapes. The test tanks and bottom shapes included small- and large-scale tanks with elliptical bottoms, a mid-scale tank with a spherical bottom, and a large-scale tank with a flanged and dished bottom. During testing, the downward-directed jets were operated in either a steady flow condition or a pulsed (periodic) flow condition. The mobilization of the solids resulting from the jets was evaluated based on: the motion/agitation of the particulate on the tank floor and the elevation the solids reach within the tank; the height the solids material reaches in the tank is referred to as the cloud height (HC ).Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Oblique collisions and rebound of spheres from a wetted surface

Plastic and metal spheres were dropped from various heights onto a quartz disk covered with a thin layer of viscous oil and inclined at various angles with the horizontal. Rebound was observed only above a critical approach velocity, similar to that observed for head-on collisions when the disk is horizontal. The tangential component of the sphere's velocity is reduced only a small amount by the collision, owing to sliding lubrication/friction forces that also impart a small rotational velocity to the sphere. In contrast, the normal component of velocity is reduced substantially by viscous losses, and so the rebound angle of the sphere relative to the surface of the disk is smaller than the impact angle. The normal component of restitution and the rebound angle increase with the normal Stokes number based on the normal component of the impact velocity.
Optimal measurement method for scatterometer-based overlay metrology

Scatterometry takes advantage of the sensitivity exhibited by optical diffraction from periodic structures, and hence is an efficient technique for lithographic process monitoring. Even though the potential of this technique has been known for many years, it is challenging to accurately and quickly extract the multilayer grating overlay from diffraction data. We propose a method to measure the overlay by selecting an optimal measurement design based on the theoretical modeling of differential signal scatterometry overlays. A set of two grating overlay targets are designed with an intentional offset difference between the top and bottom gratings, to maximize the differential signal measurement sensitivity and to minimize the response to the process noise. We model the measurement sensitivity to overlays of two layer gratings, at a fixed wavelength and with a range of azimuth incidence angles from 0 to 180 deg, by means of rigorous diffraction theory. We compare the optical response of the zero- and first-order diffractive overlays. We show that with the appropriate target design and algorithms, scatterometry overlay achieves improved accuracy for future technology nodes.
Conflicts of Quarantine The Case of Jewish Immigrants to the Jewish State

Shaar Haaliya—Israel's Ellis Island during the mass immigration of the 1950s—is a case study that challenges the historian's understanding of the concept of quarantine. It was isolated and fenced off for declared health purposes and was widely referred to as a quarantine, but archival and historiographical documentation suggest that Israeli public health policy did not define it as such. I track the discussion and conflict surrounding Shaar Haaliya's function and perception as a quarantine. This is a story that illuminates the way fear of disease converged with fear of immigration as well as the way defiance of public health institutions took shape in a unique framework of citizenship and during a unique wave of migration.
Determination of equilibrium free energy from nonequilibrium work measurements

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) of Brownian dynamics (BD) is applied to extract the equilibrium free-energy profile from the nonequilibrium, irreversible work measured in single-molecule pulling experiments. Two sets of in silico experiments are performed to explore the free-energy landscape of deca-alanine peptide as a function of its end-to-end distance and to determine the free-energy profile of water permeation through the channels of aquaglyceroporin GlpF. With a small number of pulling paths sampled, the BD-FDT is shown to produce accurate estimates of the free-energy profiles for both systems.
An auxin-induced polypeptide in dicotyledonous plants.

Antisera were raised to a 70-kD (kilodalton) soybean (Glycine max) protein encoded by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) inducible mRNA, GH3. These antisera have been used to probe protein blots to study the kinetics and specificity of the GH3 induction response as well as the species specificity and intracellular location of the protein. Detectable levels of the GH3 protein are induced by 2,4-D within 2 h in elongating hypocotyl sections, root sections, and etiolated plumules, and within 30–60 min in soybean suspension cells. Synthesis of the GH3 protein is induced by a variety of auxins. Other plant hormones such as gibberellic acid, cytokinin and ethylene added with or whithout 2,4-D do not alter the level of GH3 protein induction. The GH3 protein is found only in the S100 fraction and is not associated with the nucleus or cell wall. This antiserum also reacts with a 2,4-D-inducible 70-kD protein in other dicots.
Molecular biology in cardiology, a paradigmatic shift.

Abstract Control of the performance of the heart can now be understood in terms of three paradigms: beat-to-beat, length-dependent regulation (Starling's Law of the Heart); short term regulation by biochemical changes within the cardiac cell (excitation-contraction coupling, myocardial contractility); and long term regulation by altered gene expression (molecular biology). The latter may also compensate for inhomogeneities in ventricular function. According to Kuhn's theory, the more recent of these paradigms should provide a better and more complete picture of cardiac function. However, because each of these paradigms explains distinct aspects of cardiac regulation that are not mutually exclusive, this evolution fails to support Kuhn's view that science progresses as a series of revolutionary advances. Instead, it is only by understanding all of these paradigms that we can begin to grasp their complex interactions in governing cardiac function, and so gain insight into these interwoven control mechanisms. It seems likely that this is not an uncommon pattern, and that future work will add new paradigms to the complex body of knowledge of cardiac regulation without invalidating any of the paradigms described in this editorial.
The Trouble With Thinking Like Arena: Learning to Use Simulation Software

Simulation software used for modeling has become as ubiquitous as computers themselves. Despite growing reliance on simulation in educational and workplace settings, users encounter frustration in using simulation software programs. The authors conducted a study with 26 engineering students and interviewed them about their experience learning the simulation software Arena for optimization modeling. These students experienced frustration with the process of learning to “think” like the simulation software. Students explained their difficulty with learning the software in a way that implied human dialogue with a machine and negotiation with Arena in an attempt to overcome this frustration. Rather than being gender specific, frustrations were experienced by most male and female students equally, specifically those who held a perception of difference between human and machine “thinking.” The authors contend that communication difficulty with the embedded assumptions of the software is the source of frustratio...
Variation in United States Cloudiness and Sunshine, 1950–82

Abstract The variation in cloudiness and percentage of possible sunshine for the contiguous United States and six regions thereof is examined, based on data from 101 National Weather Service stations for the years 1950–82. Over this 33-year interval, linear regression analysis indicates a 3.7% increase in United States cloudiness significant at the 1% level, but a nonsignificant (at the 5% level) 0.9% decrease in sunshine. This difference in trend magnitude and significance may be related to an increase in cirrus, perhaps partly aircraft-induced. Changes in United States cloudiness during this interval have been greatest in autumn (7.0%) and least in spring (1.7%), and for year-average values greatest in the Southwest (4.7%) and South-Central (4.4%) regions, and least in the North-Central (2.5%) and Northeast (2.8%) regions. There is a highly significant (at the 0.1% level) correlation of −0.92 between year-average United States cloudiness and sunshine, so that dust, smoke and haze have not had a large ef...
On the exponential decay of correlation functions

We use the properties of subharmonic functions to prove the following results, First, for any lattice system with finite-range forces there is a gap in the spectrum of the transfer matrix, which persists in the thermodynamic limit, if the fugacityz lies in a regionE of the complex plane that contains the origin and is free of zeros of the grand partition function (with periodic boundary conditions) as the thermodynamic limit is approached. Secondly, if the transfer matrix is symmetric (for example, with nearest and next-nearest neighbor interactions in two dimensions), and if infinite-volume Ursell functions exist that are independent of the order in which the various sides of the periodicity box tend to infinity, then these Ursell functions decay exponentially with distance for all positivez inE. (For the Ising ferromagnet with two-body interactions, exponential decay holds forz inE even if the range of interaction is not restricted to one lattice spacing). Thirdly, if the interaction potential decays moreslowly than any decaying exponential, then so do all the infinite-volume Ursell functions, for almost all sufficiently small fugacities in the case of general lattice systems, and for all real magnetic fields in the case of Ising ferromagnets.
Identification of a cysteine involved in the interaction between carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and corrinoid/Fe-S protein from Clostridium thermoaceticum

In Clostridium thermoaceticum, the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from methyl tetrahydrofolate occurs via a series of enzymatic reactions involving methyl transferase, corrinoid/Fe-S protein (corrinoid), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and ferredoxin. We have investigated the possibility of one or more of these proteins existing as multi-enzyme complexes in vivo with higher catalytic activity. A protein complex consisting of CODH and corrinoid was isolated from the cell-free extracts of Clostridium thermoaceticum. The acetyl-CoA synthesis was found to be approximately 1.8-fold higher with the complex than that observed with the isolated protein components. HPLC gel filtration analyses of the native and DTE reduced complex suggested that the CODH:corrinoid complex is held together primarily by an inter disulfide bond. By differential labeling of thiols with [14C]N-ethylmaleimide it was found that Cys-506 of the alpha subunit of CODH was involved in the disulfide linkage with the corrinoid of the complex.
Pseudo-living anionic telomerization of buta-1,3-diene

Low-molecular-weight liquid polybutadienes (1000-2 000 g mol -1 ) consisting of 60 mol-% poly(buta-1,2-diene) repeating units were synthesized via anionic telomerization. Maintaining the initiation and reaction temperature at less than 70 °C minimized chain transfer and enabled the polymerization to occur in a living fashion, which resulted in well-controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersity indices. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed that the end groups of liquid polybutadienes synthesized via anionic telomerization contained one benzyl end and one protonated end. In comparison, the end groups of liquid polybutadienes synthesized via living anionic polymerization contained one sec-butyl or butyl end and one protonated end.
NMR evidence of a spatially resolved oscillation in the Ef-LDOS in a nanoscale platinum electrocatalyst

Abstract Indirect nuclear spin–spin J-coupling measurements have been carried out on a conducting, carbon-supported 8.8 nm platinum electrocatalyst by using 195 Pt NMR. The J-coupling values show a marked variation across the spectrum. These J-coupling values were then transformed into the corresponding s-like Fermi level local density of states Ds(Ef,x), where x is the distance from the particle surface, revealing a spatially resolved oscillatory decay in Ds(Ef) which is responsible for the line broadening of the bulk peak in the 195 Pt NMR spectrum.
Transbronchial biopsy in the thrombocytopenic patient.

Twenty-five flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures with transbronchial lung biopsies were performed in 24 severely thrombocytopenic immunocompromised patients (mean platelet count of 30,000/cu mm, with a range of 7,000/ cu mm to 60,000/cu mm) during the diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates. Three patients had self-limited endobronchial bleeding. A single death was attributable to massive hemorrhage after transbronchial biopsy and brushing. Specific etiologic diagnoses were established by bronchoscopy in nine cases.
Purification of recombinant human precursor acid alpha-glucosidase

Large quantities of recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase are needed for in vivo experimentation of enzyme replacement therapy in Pompe disease. We describe a new purification method for the purification of this recombinant enzyme from tissue culture medium consisting of concanavalin A affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography on Superdex, and anion exchange chromatography. The new method is amenable to scale up, and has increased speed, and improved reproducibility with similar high yield and purification efficiency when compared to previous methods.
Emergence of the Politics of Education Field: Making Sense of the Messy Center.

The authors place the evolution of politics in education and the politics of education field in historical context and introduce a framework for understanding how three theoretical streams-micropolitics, political culture, and neoinstitutionalism-emerged as the behavioralist movement receded. They argue that although there may appear to be a messy center lacking a single disciplinary paradigm, the field has been advancing by means of integrative and aggregative drives that are, indeed, complementary as well as competitive and result in a healthy and productive state of the field.
The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow

It is shown that a sphere moving through a very viscous liquid with velocity V relative to a uniform simple shear, the translation velocity being parallel to the streamlines and measured relative to the streamline through the centre, experiences a lift force 81·2μVa2k½/v½ + smaller terms perpendicular to the flow direction, which acts to deflect the particle towards the streamlines moving in the direction opposite to V. Here, a denotes the radius of the sphere, κ the magnitude of the velocity gradient, and μ and v the viscosity and kinematic viscosity, respectively. The relevance of the result to the observations by Segree & Silberberg (1962) of small spheres in Poiseuille flow is discussed briefly. Comments are also made about the problem of a sphere in a parabolic velocity profile and the functional dependence of the lift upon the parameters is obtained.
A method for globally minimizing concave functions over convex sets

A method is described for globally minimizing concave functions over convex sets whose defining constraints may be nonlinear. The algorithm generates linear programs whose solutions minimize the convex envelope of the original function over successively tighter polytopes enclosing the feasible region. The algorithm does not involve cuts of the feasible region, requires only simplex pivot operations and univariate search computations to be performed, allows the objective function to be lower semicontinuous and nonseparable, and is guaranteed to converge to the global solution. Computational aspects of the algorithm are discussed.
Existence of traveling wavefront solutions for the discrete Nagumo equation

In this paper we show that the discrete Nagumo equation n = d(un −1 +2un + n + 1)+f(un), n eZ has a traveling wave solution for sufficiently strong coupling d. The problem is at first simplified into a fixed point problem which can be solved by Brouwer's fixed point theorem. The solutions of the simplified problem are then continued via index-theory to solutions of approximate problems. In the final step it is proven that the solutions of the approximate problems have a limit point which corresponds to a solution of the original problem.
Outcome of ligation of the inferior vena cava in the modern era

Abstract Background Ligation of the significantly injured infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) is an accepted practice in the setting of damage control surgery. This is a report of inpatient management, outcomes, and long-term follow-up in 25 patients after IVC ligation. Methods The records of patients with injuries to the IVC treated in an urban level I trauma center from 1995 to 2008 were reviewed. Demographics, injury severity, and outcome data were recorded. In addition, outpatient records were reviewed and telephone interviews were conducted to assess for the presence and severity of long-term sequelae. Results One hundred patients had IVC injuries, and 25 (25%) underwent ligation. Location of injury was infrarenal in 54 patients, suprarenal in 21, retrohepatic in 15, and suprahepatic in 10. Twenty-two of 54 (41%) injuries to the infrarenal IVC and 3 of 21 (14%) injuries to the suprarenal IVC were ligated. Patients who underwent ligation had a significantly higher Injury Severity Score (ISS) (22 vs 15, P P P = .02), a longer intensive care unit length of stay (24 days vs 9 days, P P Conclusions (1) Ligation of the infrarenal IVC is an acceptable damage control technique, although it remains associated with a high mortality. Ligation of the suprarenal IVC may be done, if necessary, although few survivors of this technique exist. (2) Early fasciotomy is generally required, but occasional patients may be treated expectantly, based on measurements of compartment pressures. (3) Long-term sequelae in survivors of IVC ligation for trauma are rare.
Corporate risk-taking and performance: A 20 year look at the petroleum industry

Abstract This empirical study of the petroleum E&P sector investigates the financial risk tolerance of the 50 largest U. S.-based firms during the period 1981–2002. A decision analysis model is utilized to measure the financial risk tolerance of each firm for each year during the study period. Relationships between firm size and risk tolerance as well as foreign versus domestic risk propensity are analyzed. In addition, firms are compared in terms of their relative risk-taking by controlling for firm size. Finally, we present some other interesting statistical results that relate risk tolerance to performance. Firms in the high risk tolerance category perform significantly better than firms less willing to take financial risk. Implications from these findings are discussed in terms of E&P risk management and decision making.
Collagen-induced changes in activity and properties of F X and Xa☆

Abstract Bovine insoluble collagen, devoid of thromboplastic and protease activity, increases the clot-promoting effect of F VII/X complex and purified F X, as well as the esterolytic activity of F Xa. The effects were time dependent and related to the concentration of the factors. Acid-soluble collagen acted similarly on F Xa. Collagenase treatment of the collagen obviates all its effects, and intact helical structure is apparently of critical importance. Collagen-induced electrophoretic changes observed in F X were compared with those produced in the factor when activated by Russell's Viper venom, trypsin, concentrated citrate, and thromboplastin. The results indicated that the site of action of collagen on F X seems to be different from that of RVv or trypsin. Furthermore, collagen augments the activity of the F Xa resulting from activation by RVv or by trypsin. It also changes the electrophoretic profile of F X that has been previously activated by these agents, as well as the thin-layer electrophoresis “fingerprints” of the TCA-soluble products of activation of F X by various systems. These effects of collagen may be highly significant in hemostasis and thrombosis, especially in view of the recognized additional effects on platelets, F XI and F XII.
Low frequency gravity wave spectra generated by cosmic strings

Abstract Gravity wave spectra generated by populations of cosmic string loops are computed, showing that loop evolution and radiation properties have important effects at observable wavelengths. The spectra are compared with limits derived from various observations; bounds from millisecond pulsar timing are becoming severe for several string scenarios, but implied constraints on string parameters depend sensitively on details of the loop population and dynamics.
Boundary conditions in closed universes

We consider the problem of a particle in a square potential well in a one-dimensional closed universe. Imposition of periodic boundary conditions on the wave function changes the usual discrete energy levels to narrow but finite energy bands. Effects on the properties of atoms in a closed universe are estimated to be undetectable.
An ultrastructural study of adhesive junctions in reaggregates of unincubated chick embryos.

Cell suspensions obtained by the dissociation of unincubated chick embryo blastoderms were allowed to reaggregate on a gyratory shaker for 24-48 hours. The reaggregates which form during this period consist of an inner phase of tightly packed cohesive cells surrounded by an external phase of loosely packed cells. This sorted out arrangement achieves its definitive form between 24 and 48 hours of rotation culture. It was determined that the external phase consists of primitive ectoderm and that the internal phase consists of primitive endoderm. Both 24- and 48-hour reaggregates were examined in the electron microscope and observations were directed to areas of close membrane apposition between cells. In 48-hour reaggregates, primitive ectoderm cells were joined by predominantly unspecialized junctions while primitive endoderm cells were joined by many specialized junctions (desmosomes). The formation of desmosomes in reaggregates of dissociated unincubated chick embryo cells was correlated with the sorting out process.
Desert palaeofloods in central Australia

Hydrological conditions in arid regions are notoriously difficult to characterize in time and space. The inherent variability of rainfall and the resulting runoff poses problems for both economic development and palaeoenvironntental studies. Quantitative data on past floods are especially useful because the extreme rainfalls that generate desert floods are important environmental determinants in the world's arid environments. Unfortunately these are the environments that lack long-term hydrological records. We report here on the application of a palaeohydrological procedure1,2 that utilizes flood sediments as palaeostage indicators. By determining the ages of the responsible palaeofloods it is possible to evaluate their frequency of occurrence. The magnitude and frequency of floods on major desert stream or wadi systems provide critical palaeoclimatic information by delimiting areal and temporal shifts in rainfall-inducing weather systems. Central Australia is an ideal region in which to illustrate this technique because major phases of flooding correspond to the increased extratropical influence of the north Australia monsoons and/or tropical cyclones. We demonstrate here the use of palaeoflood hydrology to evaluate the recent phase of immense floods on the Finite River near Alice Springs in arid central Australia. The method approximates the magnitudes of the three great floods of 1967, 1972 and 1974, and it proves to be useful in other desert regions where conventional hydrological information is lacking.
MAHA: An Energy-Efficient Malleable Hardware Accelerator for Data-Intensive Applications

For data-intensive applications, energy expended in on-chip computation constitutes only a small fraction of the total energy consumption. The primary contribution comes from transporting data between off-chip memory and on-chip computing elements—a limitation referred to as the Von-Neumann bottleneck. In such a scenario, improving the compute energy through parallel processing or on-chip hardware acceleration brings minor improvements to the total energy requirement of the system. We note that an effective solution to mitigate the Von-Neumann bottleneck is to develop a framework that enables computing in off-chip nonvolatile memory arrays, where the data reside permanently. In this paper, we present a malleable hardware (MAHA) reconfigurable framework that modifies nonvolatile CMOS-compatible flash memory array for on-demand reconfigurable computing. MAHA is a spatio-temporal mixed-granular hardware reconfigurable framework, which utilizes the memory for storage as well as lookup table-based computation (hence malleable) and uses a low-overhead hierarchical interconnect fabric for communication between processing elements. A detailed design of the malleable hardware together with a comprehensive application mapping flow is presented. Design overheads carefully estimated at the 45-nm technology node indicate that for a set of common kernels, MAHA achieves a 91X improvement in energy efficiency over a software-only solution with negligible impact on memory performance in normal mode. The proposed design changes incur only 6% memory area overhead.
Size separation of biomolecules and bioparticles using micro/nanofabricated structures

Reports of novel micro/nanostructures designed to separate biomacromolecules and bioparticles are increasing in number, and these studies have greatly advanced our understanding of nanoscale fluidics and nanoparticle behavior in confined channels. This review is aimed at summarizing previous developments in micro/nanofabricated systems for nanoparticle separations. These are discussed in three groups based on architecture, namely, micro/nanopillar array structures, nanoplane gap structures and artificial nanoporous membranes.
Effects of Electron-Electron Interactions on Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rates and Knight Shifts in Alkali and Noble Metals

Nuclear-magnetic-resonance data for the alkali and noble metals are discussed in terms of Moriya's theory of exchange-enhanced spin-lattice relaxation rates. The available evidence suggests that the relaxation-rate enhancement resulting from collective electron effects is \ensuremath{\sim}20% smaller in lithium and sodium than predicted by the theory for the case of a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function-potential electron-electron interaction. This small disparity is attributed to a nonzero interaction range whose magnitude is estimated to be less than an atomic radius. During the course of this study, low-temperature Knight-shift and spin-lattice relaxation data have been obtained for $^{39}\mathrm{K}$, $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ in the respective metals. The results suggest that the exchange enhancements of the conduction-electron spin susceptibilities in these metals are comparable to those in lithium and sodium. Similar conclusions apply in the case of the noble metals.
Tool Demo: Browsing Software Repositories

We demonstrate a tool for browsing large software repositories such as GitHub or Source Forge using all the facilities one normally associates with an integrated development environment. The tool integrates code search engines with the Code Bubbles development environment. It lets the user perform and compare multiple searches, investigate and explore the results that are returned, expand searches as necessary, and eventually export appropriate results.
Interface roughness, polar optical phonons, and the valley current of a resonant tunneling diode

Abstract Theory, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements of the valley current of a GaAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diode are compared. The effect on the valley current of different interface-roughness correlation models, island sizes, and asymmetric roughness is described. Initially, the valley current increases quadratically with island size. Between 6 and 10 nm there is a crossover and the contribution to the valley current begins to decrease. Asymmetric roughness on normal and inverted interfaces (smooth normal and rough in verted) results in order of magnitude different contributions to the valley current under forward and reverse bias. This asymmetry in the valley current occurs even when the polar optical phonon scattering is taken into account. The polar optical phonon scattering dominates the valley current.
ON THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTIONS IN AN OUTBREAK OF POLAR AIR

Abstract An attempt is made to study, by means of a detailed synoptic analysis, the three-dimensional air-motion in a typical outbreak of a polar air-mass. The mean vertical velocities at different levels over the entire cold-air region south of latitude 45°N are computed by use of the principle of continuity of mass. The maximum mean subsidence is found to be nearly 2 km per day at about the 600-mb level. In addition, the distribution of vertical velocity in different parts of the cold tongue is computed by means of trajectories on isentropic surfaces, and some examples of characteristic three-dimensional air trajectories are given. The results show that a typical outbreak of cold air can be regarded as an effective cell for meridional exchange of mass, heat and angular momentum.
Sequence analysis of two cryptic plasmids from an agricultural isolate of Campylobacter coli

As part of a study identifying plasmids in Campylobacter, we isolated and sequenced two novel cryptic plasmids from an agricultural isolate of Campylobacter coli. The larger of the two plasmids, p3384, is 3316 bp in length and has a G+C content of 31.18%. A typical origin of replication consisting of five iterons was observed directly upstream of the first of three putative ORFs. The smaller plasmid, p3386, is 2426 bp in length and has a G+C content of 26.22%. Of the three putative ORFs detected on p3386, one shared homology with a putative protein from Campylobacter upsaliensis. The unique sequence of p3386 makes it attractive for further study concerning the evolutionary relationship of this plasmid to other Campylobacter plasmids, and to other Campylobacter isolates.
Counterion exchange reactions on DNA: Monte Carlo and Poisson–Boltzmann analysis

In solutions containing DNA and cations of more than one type, the competitive interactions of these cations with DNA can be modeled as an ion exchange process that can be described quantitatively by means of the theoretical approach reported in this paper. Under conditions of experimental interest the radial distribution function of each type of counterion is calculated from the results of canonical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using the primitive model for DNA (having a helical charge distribution) and for the electrolyte ions. These ions consist of monovalent coions, monovalent counterions intended to represent Na+, and counterions of a second type designated Mz+, having variable size and charge (z ≥ 1). The competitive association of these counterions with DNA is described in terms of D, a parameter analogous to an ion exchange equilibrium quotient. Values of D are calculated from the results of our MC simulations and compared with corresponding predictions of the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) cell model and with results inferred from analyses of previously published nmr measurements. Over typical experimental concentration ranges (0.02M < [Na+] < 0.20M, 0.001 < [Mz+] < 0.160M), DMC and DPB both are predicted to be relatively independent of the bulk ion concentrations. For various specifications of the size and charge of the competing cation (Mz+), DMC and DPB exhibit similar trends, although the MC simulations consistently predict that the cations bearing a higher charge density than that of Na+ are somewhat stronger competitors than indicated by the PB calculations. For monovalent and divalent competitors of varying radii, theoretical predictions of D are compared with values obtained by fitting nmr measurements. If the hard-sphere radii specified in the simulations are the (hydrated) ionic radii determined from conductance measurements, then the MC predictions and the corresponding nmr results are in reasonable agreement for various monovalent competitors and for a divalent polyamine, but not for Ca2+ and Mg2+.
ALL-TRANS-RETINOIC ACID BLOCKS CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION OF HUMAN OVARIAN ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS AT LATE G1

We prepared single cell clones from two ovarian carcinoma cell lines, CA-OV3 and SK-OV3, and analyzed the effect of all-trans-RA treatment on cell division, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle stage distribution of these single cell clones. Our results show that despite the well-known heterogeneous nature of these cell lines, all single cell clones of SK-OV3 cells are resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of all-trans-RA. In contrast, all single cell clones of CA-OV3 cells were growth inhibited by all-trans-RA. However, the extent of growth inhibition did vary somewhat from clone to clone. Additional studies employing flow cytometry showed that all-trans-RA blocked CA-OV3 cell cycle progression in the G1 stage. Finally, all-trans-RA was able to inhibit G1 progression in growth-arrested CA-OV3 cells following stimulation with fetal bovine serum, insulin, IGF-1, or estrogen. Since each of these growth factors is known to act via distinct signal transduction pathways, our results suggest that all-trans-RA blocks G1 progression by targeting a downstream process or event which occurs at a point after the insulin/IGF-1, estrogen, and serum signal transduction pathways converge.
Morality and a meaningful life

Abstract I aim to capture the intuition that the moral person is, in virtue of being such, favored over the immoral person to lead a meaningful life. I argue that the reason for this is that the moral person is open to affirmation from others in a way that the immoral person is not. Central to the argument is the idea of psychological health. Being affirmed by others is a fundamental aspect of being psychologically healthy. Thus, I say that being moral and being psychologically healthy dovetail with respect to leading a meaningful life. With this argument regarding psychological health I draw upon, and extend, P.F. Strawson's seminal essay ‘Freedom and Resentment’. Also in this regard, I extend Wittgenstein's argument against the possibility of a private language to social behavior generally.
Two constructions of C++ subclasses from functions

This work is about value-semantics of subclasses. Functions that are special reversible injections (1-to-1 functions) lead here to two subclass subconstructions in which functions control the values. We show by means of such functions that a subset or superset of the values of a class can become, in effect, its subclass. The constructions are exemplified in but not limited to C++. Taxonomic hierarchies based on is-a links [2] are usually presented as the purpose of subclasses [1]. A view of subclasses related to subtypes was presented in [3]. But one of our constructions is based neither on an is-a link nor on subtypes; it suggests there are alternative bases for hierarchies.
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by extract of WDHA tumor

Summary Acid extracts of a WDHA tumor (2.5 mg/kg) injected in hypersecreting rats are associated with a 40 per cent reduction in acid output. Secretin, 75 units/kg, reduces the secretion by about 80 per cent. Acid extracts of this same tumor have been associated with changes in the biliary and pancreatic secretion in the dog resembling those of secretin. The fourth physiologic action of secretin, inhibition of gastric motility, was not tested. Since vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been isolated from such tumors, it can be speculated that the hormone or hormones present in WDHA tumor may not be identical to those normally present.
Does Providing Tangible Support to Children Enhance Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Women? The Role of Perceived Filial Piety of Children

Using data from a national representative survey (N = 9,423), this study examined (1) whether providing tangible support to children enhances the life satisfaction of older Chinese women, and (2) whether mothers' perceptions of children's filial piety affect such relationships. The results of multinomial logistic regressions show that older women who cared for grandchildren were more likely to report higher life satisfaction but those who provided monetary support were less likely to do so. In addition, the relationships between providing support and life satisfaction were conditioned on mothers' perceptions of children's filial piety. A positive regard on the younger generation was associated with enhanced life satisfaction among mothers who provided tangible support. The findings of this study point to the importance of perceived filial piety for the well-being of older Chinese women.
INCORPORATION OF 3-H-THYMIDINE IN THE EGGS OF ARBACIA PUNCTULATA. A PRESSURE STUDY.

Abstract Autoradiographic studies were conducted on fertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata . In general DNA synthesis in the sea urchin is interrupted at some time between prophase and telophase. Fertilized eggs which were immersed into 3 H-thymidine and immediately subjected to hydrostatic pressure were also investigated. Incorporation of 3 H-thymidine into DNA was observed in the region of the nucleus in eggs treated with the radioactive label 15 min after insemination (at syngamy) and immediately subjected to 5000 lbs/in 2 pressure for 30 min. Using similar isotope-pressure treatment, eggs did not display incorporation of 3 H-thymidine, when the treatment was initiated at prophase or metaphase. However, when the treatment was extended for 30 to 60 min, incorporation of 3 H-thymidine was observed. The results demonstrate that fertilized eggs under hydrostatic pressure (5000 lbs/in 2 ) can incorporate 3 H-thymidine into DNA. Furthermore, the chromosomes progress through their DNA cycle (although not necessarily at a normal rate) under this pressure, despite the fact that mitotic movements are blocked.
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in postischemic myocardium

Alterations in the production of nitric oxide (NO•) are a critical factor in the injury that occurs in ischemic and reperfused myocardium; however, controversy remains regarding the alterations in ...
Editorial Comment—Implementing Results of Stroke Recovery Research Into Clinical Practice

Most patients show some recovery of deficits in the weeks-months following a focal infarct. Numerous studies have characterized the molecular, cellular, systems, and behavioral level1–3 brain changes related to this recovery. In the current article, Ilvonen et al,4 using mismatch negativity (MMN), describe an evolution of brain physiology that paralleled recovery of language. Consistent with prior studies using functional MRI (fMRI)5 or positron emission tomography (PET),6 these authors found changes in brain function within both hemispheres as language improved. Apart from new information on brain reorganization gained from this investigation, this report has significance in at least 2 other ways: only passive patient participation was needed to probe the brain, and the methods employed can be easily implemented in thousands of medical facilities worldwide. MMN is a type of auditory-evoked potential that reflects cerebral processing of changes in the acoustic environment. An auditory stimulus …
Decoupled stochastic parallel gradient descent optimization for adaptive optics: integrated approach for wave-front sensor information fusion.

A new adaptive wave-front control technique and system architectures that offer fast adaptation convergence even for high-resolution adaptive optics is described. This technique is referred to as decoupled stochastic parallel gradient descent (D-SPGD). D-SPGD is based on stochastic parallel gradient descent optimization of performance metrics that depend on wave-front sensor data. The fast convergence rate is achieved through partial decoupling of the adaptive system’s control channels by incorporating spatially distributed information from a wave-front sensor into the model-free optimization technique. D-SPGD wave-front phase control can be applied to a general class of adaptive optical systems. The efficiency of this approach is analyzed numerically by considering compensation of atmospheric-turbulence-induced phase distortions with use of both low-resolution (127 control channels) and high-resolution (256×256 control channels) adaptive systems. Results demonstrate that phase distortion compensation can be achieved during only 10–20 iterations. The efficiency of adaptive wave-front correction with D-SPGD is practically independent of system resolution.