cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and burst strength of water‐swollen immunoisolatory tubules

A series of amphiphilic hydrogel tubules have been prepared by copolymerizing/crosslinking hydrophilic poly(dimethylacrylamide) segments with hydrophobic di-, tri-, and octamethacrylate-telechelic polyisobutylene crosslinkers, and their elastic modulus and burst strength in the water-swollen state were investigated. Because the burst characteristics of hydrogels have not yet been quantitatively investigated, equipment was designed and built to generate fundamental insight into the burst properties of thin-walled (200–250 μm) narrow lumen (2–3 mm i.d.) water-swollen tubules. The theory developed to describe quantitatively the inflation behavior of thin-walled rubber tubules was adapted to treat our experimental observations. Changes in the burst strength, elastic modulus, and expansion during the inflation of hydrogel tubules were interpreted in terms of the molecular weight of the hydrophilic segments between crosslinking sites (Mc,hydrophilic), which in turn was calculated according to the rubber elasticity theory. According to these investigations, the burst strength of our water-swollen amphiphilic tubules is in the 0.2–0.5 MPa range, which is sufficient for implantation and immunoisolatory applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2075–2084, 2002
Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis of Complete Aircraft in Subsonic Flow

Aeroelastic instabilities are among the factors that may constrain the flight envelope of aircraft and, thus, must be considered during design. As future aircraft designs reduce weight and raise performance levels using directional material, thus leading to an increasingly flexible aircraft, there is a need for reliable analysis that models all of the important characteristics of the fluid-structure interaction problem. Such a model would be used in preliminary design and control synthesis. A theoretical basis has been established for a consistent analysis that takes into account 1) material anisotropy, 2) geometrical nonlinearities of the structure, 3) unsteady flow behavior, and 4) dynamic stall for the complete aircraft. Such a formulation for aeroelastic analysis of a complete aircraft in subsonic flow is described. Linear results are presented and validated for the Goland wing (Goland, M., The Flutter of a Uniform Cantilever Wing, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1945, pp. A197-A208). Further results have been obtained that highlight the effects of structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities on the trim solution, flutter speed, and amplitude of limit-cycle oscillations. These results give insight into various nonlinear aeroelastic phenomena of interest: 1) the effect of steady-state lift and accompanying deformation on the speed at which instabilities occur, 2) the effect on nonlinearities in limiting the amplitude of oscillations once an instability is encountered, and 3) the destabilizing effects of nonlinearities for finite disturbances at stable conditions.
A Novel Coefficient Address Generation Algorithm for Split-Radix FFT (Abstract Only)

Split-Radix Fast Fourier Transform (SRFFT) has the lowest number of arithmetic operations among all the FFT algorithms. Since arithmetic operations dramatically contribute to the dynamic power consumption, SRFFT is an ideal candidate for the implementation of a low power FFT processor. In the design of such processors, an efficient addressing scheme for FFT data as well as coefficients is required. The signal flow graph of split-radix algorithm is the same as radix-2 FFT except for the location and value of coefficients, therefore conventional radix-2 FFT data address generation scheme could also be applied to SRFFT. However, the mixed radix property of SRFFT algorithm leads to irregular locations of coefficients and forbids any conventional address generation algorithm. This paper presents a novel coefficient address generation algorithm for shared-memory based SRFFT processor. The core part of the proposed algorithm is to use two control variables to track trivial and non-trivial multiplications. We found the relationship between the value of the control variables and the butterfly and pass counter. The corresponding hardware implementation is simple consisting of a shift register and a dual port RAM bank. Compared to look-up table approach, which pre-computes the addresses of all coefficients and stores the addresses in memory units, the proposed algorithm is scalable and only requires small amount of memory to find the correct addresses of coefficients.
Is nuclear energy an alternative: a case of technology assessment in Oregon

This paper presents a technology assessment of the technology alternatives to meet Oregon's energy needs while meeting its goals for the environment and consumers. The analysis focused on comparing nuclear power with other sources of energy. Methodologies including Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, hierarchical decision models and expert interviews were used. This technology assessment found that nuclear technology was selected by a narrow margin over the alternate 'always on' sources of electrical power. Subsequently the results from the expert survey indicate that the Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) is favoured in nuclear technology.
Dendritic cells transfected with interleukin-12 and pulsed with tumor extract inhibit growth of murine prostatic carcinoma in vivo.

BACKGROUND. Theinductionofanti-tumorimmuneresponsebyinjectionofdendriticcells loaded with specific antigen or transduced with genes encoding tumor-specific antigens have been studied in animal models and have shown promising anti-tumor effects. The impact of different routes of administration of dendritic cells on their anti-tumor effects is uncertain. METHODS. We examined the effect of injection of cloned dendritic cells, which were stably transfected with IL-12 and exposed to an extract of murine RM-9 prostate carcinoma cell antigens on tumor growth in vivo. The cloned dendritic cells were injected intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice. Seven days later, the mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 100,000 RM-9 cells. The sizes of the resulting tumors were measured every 3 days. RESULTS. Compared with the wild type dendritic cells, the IL-12-transfected dendritic cells delayed tumor engraftment by 7 days (P ¼0.04), and reduced tumor growth by up to 80% (P ¼0.02). Among the three routes of injection, intramuscular injection was most effective. In contrast to wild type dendritic cells, IL-12-transfected dendritic cells induced infiltration of mononuclear cells into the tumors, and induced apoptosis andnecrosis of tumor cells. Injection of IL-12-transfected dendritic cells also significantly delays tumor growth in the preexisting RM-9 tumors. CONCLUSIONS. We conclude that antigen-exposed, IL-12-transfected dendritic cells have potential as an immunotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Routes of administration of dendritic cellsarecriticalformaximalanti-tumoreffect. Prostate55:292–298,2003. # 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A tuning framework for software-managed memory hierarchies

Achieving good performance on a modern machine with a multi-level memory hierarchy, and in particular on a machine with software-managed memories, requires precise tuning of programs to the machine's particular characteristics. A large program on a multi-level machine can easily expose tens or hundreds of inter-dependent parameters which require tuning, and manually searching the resultant large, non-linear space of program parameters is a tedious process of trial-and-error. In this paper we present a general framework for automatically tuning general applications to machines with software-managed memory hierarchies. We evaluate our framework by measuring the performance of benchmarks that are tuned for a range of machines with different memory hierarchy configurations: a cluster of Intel P4 Xeon processors, a single Cell processor, and a cluster of Sony Playstation3's.
Diode-pumped 1-W continuous-wave Er:YAG 3-µm laser

We have demonstrated 1.15 W of Gaussianlike (M2 = 2) cw output at 2.94 µm from a diode laser end-pumped monolithic laser crystal composed of Er-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) bonded to undoped YAG. The laser was pumped with two polarization-coupled 2.5-W flared laser diodes that provided a 45-µm pump waist with a low N.A. (<0.04). Output at 2.94 µm was generated with a 34% slope efficiency and a greater-than-unity quantum efficiency.
Exposure to airborne engineered nanoparticles in the indoor environment

Abstract This literature review assesses the current state of knowledge about inhalation exposure to airborne, engineered nanoparticles in the indoor environment. We present principal exposure scenarios in indoor environments, complemented by analysis of the published literature and of an inventory of nanotechnology-enhanced consumer products. Of all products listed in the inventory, 10.8% (194 products) present the potential for aerosolization of nanomaterials and subsequent inhalation exposure during use or misuse. Among those, silver-containing products are the most prevalent (68 products). Roughly 50% of products would release wet aerosols and 50% would potentially release dry aerosols. Approximately 14% are cleaning products that can be broadly used in public indoor environments, where building occupants may be exposed. While a variety of nanomaterial compositions have been investigated in the limited number of published release and exposure studies, we identified a need for studies investigating nanofibers (beyond carbon nanotubes), nanofilms, nanoplatelets, and other emerging nanomaterials such as ceria and their nanocomposites. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research to advance the understanding of exposure to airborne nanomaterials indoors, such as studies into indoor chemistry of nanomaterials, better nanomaterial reporting and labeling in consumer products, and safer design of nanomaterial-containing consumer products.
A Study of the Effect of certain Astringents on the Permeability of Frog Skin using Radioactive Tracer Techniques

Normal frog skin permeability to sodium ions and iodide ions was studied using sodium-24 labeled NaCl and iodine-131 labeled NaI. The effect of certain aluminum salts as astringent agents on normal permeability was determined. A rather unexpected increase in the rate of sodium and iodide ion penetration was noted.
Water transport and clustering behavior in homopolymer and graft copolymer polylactide

Abstract Polylactide is a bio-based and biodegradable polymer well-known for its renewable origins. Water sorption and clustering behavior in both a homopolymer polylactide and a graft copolymer of polylactide was studied using the quartz crystal microbalance/heat conduction calorimetry (QCM/HCC) technique. The graft copolymer, poly(1,5-cyclooctadiene-co-5-norbornene-2-methanol- graft - d,l -lactide), contained polylactide chains (95 wt.%) grafted onto a hydrophobic rubbery backbone (5 wt.%). Clustering is an important phenomenon in the study of water transport properties in polymers since the presence of water clusters can affect the water diffusivity. The HCC method using the thermal power signals and Van’t Hoff's law were both employed to estimate the water sorption enthalpy. Sorption enthalpy of water in both polymers was determined to be approximately −40 kJ/mol for all water activity levels. Zimm–Lundberg analysis showed that water clusters start to form at a water activity of 0.4. The engaged species induced clustering (ENSIC) model was used to curve fit sorption isotherms and showed that the affinity among water molecules is higher than that between water molecules and polymer chains. All the methods used indicate that clustering of water molecules exists in both polymers.
Seasonal variability in the concentration and flux of organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in a semiarid catchment, San Pedro River, Arizona

[1] Streams and rivers in semiarid environments are characterized by highly variable discharge associated with seasonal precipitation patterns. To characterize how this variability in discharge affects the concentration and flux of organic matter and inorganic nitrogen, we measured discharge and collected water samples in the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona from April 2001 through September 2002. Mean daily discharge during the study ranged from 2.5 × 103 m3 day−1 to 9.4 × 105 m3 day−1, with low discharge in late June followed shortly thereafter by the highest discharge in July or early August after the onset of monsoon storms. Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) dominated carbon and nitrogen flux during the nonmonsoon season, while Particulate Organic Matter (POM) dominated flux during the monsoon. The concentrations of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen (DOC, DON), and NO3-N typically increased 2- to 10-fold, while POM increased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude during the monsoon season. Concurrent increases in concentration and discharge resulted in 96% of the annual organic carbon (DOC + POC) and 97% annual nitrogen (DIN + DON + PON) flux occurring during the monsoon season with the majority of both organic carbon (92%) and total nitrogen (83%) being transported as particulates. These data indicate that POM transported during the monsoon season may be a major source of carbon and nitrogen to the stream ecosystem, potentially fueling heterotrophic activity in sediments and the hyporheic zone after the monsoon season and associated floods have ended.
Radiometric Evidence for Pre-Wisconsin Glaciation in the Northern Andes

Evidence for pre-Wisconsin glaciation was found on Nevado del Ruiz in the Cordillera Central of Colombia. A lateral moraine is older than a volcanic ash fission-track dated at about 100,000 yr B.P.
Reasoning about the effects of actions in automated planning systems

This paper describes a temporal reasoning system that supports deductions for modeling the physics (i.e. cause and effect relationships) of a specified planning domain. We demonstrate how the process of planning can be profitably partitioned into two inferential components: one responsible for making choices relevant to the construction of a plan and a second responsible for maintaining an accurate picture of the future that takes into account the planner's intended actions. Causal knowledge about the effects of actions and the behavior of processes is stored apart from knowledge of plans for achieving specific tasks. Using this causal knowledge, the second component is able to predict the consequences of actions proposed by the first component and notice interactions that may affect the success of the plan under construction. By keeping track of the reasons why each prediction and choice is made, the resulting system is able to reason efficiently about the consequences of making new choices and retracting old ones. The system described in this paper makes it particularly simple and efficient to reason about actions whose effects vary depending upon the circumstances in which the actions are executed.
Homothetic self-similar solutions of three-dimensional Brans-Dicke gravity

All homothetic self-similar solutions of the Brans-Dicke scalar field in three-dimensional spacetime with circular symmetry are found in closed form.
Feminist consciousness raising, self-concept, and depression

This article summarizes a study in which before and after interviews and questionnaires were administered to 73 women who had registered for feminist consciousness-raising groups in the state of Connecticut, and three groups were observed over a period of 10 to 16 weeks, in order to explore the unintended psychological benefits of participation. The results show that consciousness raising may help women to increase their sense of control and externalize their attributions of blame, and may consequently increase self-esteem and reduce depression among participants. The article concludes with a discussion relating these results to studies on race and class differences in mental health, and comparing consciousness raising to psychotherapy.
Constitutive Relations for Monatomic Gases¶Based on a¶Generalized Rational Approximation¶to the Sum of the Chapman-Enskog Expansion

The classical Chapman-Enskog expansions for the pressure deviator P and heat flux q provide a natural bridge between the kinetic description of gas dynamics as given by the Boltzmann equation and continuum mechanics as given by the balance laws of mass, momentum, and energy supplemented by the expansions for P and q. Truncation of these expansions beyond first (Navier-Stokes) order yields instability of the rest state and is inconsistent with thermodynamics. This paper shows how an approximate sum of the Chapman-Enskog expansion via generalized rational approximation eliminates the instability paradox and yields gas dynamics consistent with a generalized Clausius-Duhem inequality.
A critical evaluation of near-wall two-equation models against direct numerical simulation data

Abstract Two-equation turbulence models with near-wall corrections are assessed by applying them to calculate plane Couette flow—a flow case where conventional two-equation models and second-order closures fail to give a correct prediction of the spatial distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy—plane channel flow, and flat plate boundary-layer flow. The predictions of 10 near-wall two-equation models, including the k-τ and k-ω models and 5 recently developed asymptotically consistent near-wall k-e models, are compared with data obtained from direct numerical simulations at very low Reynolds numbers. It is found that models that are not asymptotically consistent are incapable of predicting the spatial distribution of k correctly in Couette flows. Instead, they give a fairly uniform distribution of k across a substantial portion of the channel. Of all the models evaluated, the asymptotically consistent k-e models are found to perform the best compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and experimental measurements. Five of the ten models are further validated against DNS data of a backstep flow at low Reynolds number. Similar results as before are obtained. Therefore, the present results lend credence to the hypothesis that an internally consistent and asymptotically correct near-wall model is of crucial importance to the calculations of wall-bounded turbulent flows.
EFFECT OF CAPACITY CONCENTRATION ON HIGHWAY CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE

This paper investigates, through use of analytical models, the effects of capacity concentration on highway corridor performance. It concludes that when highways operate at a fixed total capacity, decreasing the highway spacing can increase the average travel time because highways will become more congested. When highways operate below capacity, decreasing the spacing is usually beneficial as it tends to reduce trip length when accessing highways, and allows a greater percentage of travel to be completed on highways instead of arterials.
Relation Between Heart Rate Response to Adenosine and Mortality in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

This study examined the relation between heart rate (HR) response to adenosine and outcome in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The usual HR increase during adenosine infusion was caused by direct sympathetic stimulation. It was hypothesized that a blunted HR response, which was probably caused by sympathetic denervation, would be associated with a worse outcome in patients with ESRD. One hundred thirty-nine patients with ESRD being evaluated for renal transplantation who underwent coronary angiography and adenosine gated single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging were followed up for all-cause mortality. Percentage of change in HR (%ΔHR) was calculated as [(peak HR during adenosine infusion − HR at rest)/HR at rest] * 100. A control group of 54 patients (normal renal function and no diabetes) was included for comparison of HR responses. Mean age of patients was 54 ± 9 years, 30% were women, and 68% had type-2 diabetes mellitus. %ΔHR was 19.2 ± 18% in patients with ESRD versus 33 ± 25% in the control group (p
New Thermal Transitions in Stimuli-Responsive Copolymer Films

These studies report for the first time new thermal relaxations in stimuli-responsive solid-phase copolymers detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). When 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and n-butyl acrylate (nBA) monomers were copolymerized into colloidal dispersions and allowed to coalesce to form solid continuous films, in addition to the glass-transition temperature (Tg), which follows the Fox equation for random copolymers, a new composition-sensitive endothermic stimuli-responsive transition (TSR) was observed. The TSR transition changes with the composition of the stimuli-responsive component of the copolymer, the temperature, and the rate of temperature change. On the basis of the experimental data, the following relationship was established: 1/TSR = w1/Tbinary + w2/T or 1/TSR = w1(1/Tbinary − 1/T) + 1/T, where TSR is the temperature of the stimuli-responsive transition, Tbinary is the temperature of the stimuli-responsive homopoly...
On collective nucleation of dislocations

Possibility of collective dislocation nucleation is discussed. 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) based ion selective electrodes at the meso-, micro-, and nano-scales.

Abstract This paper presents a novel method for making micron-sized apertures with tapered sidewalls and nano-sized apertures. Their use in bilayer lipid membrane-based ion selective electrode design is demonstrated and compared to mesoscale bilayers and traditional PVC ion selective electrodes. Micron-sized apertures are fabricated in SU-8 photoresist films and vary in diameter from 10 to 40 μm. The tapered edges in SU-8 films are desired to enhance bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) formation and are fabricated by UV-light overexposure. Nano-apertures are made in boron diffused silicon film. The membranes are used as septa to separate two potassium chloride solutions of different concentrations. Lecithin BLMs are assembled on the apertures by ejecting lipid solution. Potassium ionophore, dibenzo-18-crown-6, is incorporated into BLMs by dissolving it in the lipid solution before membrane assembly. Voltage changes with increasing potassium ion concentrations are recorded with an A/D converter. Various ionophore concentrations in BLMs are investigated. At least a 1% concentration is needed for consistent slopes. Electrode response curves are linear over the 10−6 to 0.1 M range with a sub-Nernstian slope of 20 mV per Log concentration change. This system shows high selectivity to potassium ions over potential interfering sodium ions. BLMs on the three different aperture sizes at the meso-, micro-, and nano-scales all show similar linear ranges and limits of detection (LODs) as PVC ion selective membranes.
Signal transduction inhibitors as modifiers of radiation therapy in human prostate carcinoma xenografts

Radiation therapy is very useful in the treatment of prostate cancer; however, local treatment failure still occurs in the majority of patients with locally advanced disease. The growth and progression of tumors involve signaling through protein growth factors and small molecules such as arachidonic acid cascade products. In order to develop novel agents to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy for patients with prostate cancer, the ability of signal transduction inhibitors including (1) the antiandrogen, flutamide; (2) the anti-inflammatory agent, ibuprofen; (3) the growth factor receptor antagonist, suramin; (4) the retinoid, all-trans-retinoic acid; and (5) the calcium pump inhibitor, thapsigargin to enhance the response of the human prostate carcinoma xenografts DU-145 and LN-CaP, was assessed. Flutamide acted as a radiation protector of the androgen independent DU-145 tumor but produced an additive antitumor effect in combination with fractionated radiation therapy in the androgen dependent LNCaP tumor. Administration of suramin or thapsigargin along with radiation therapy provided little or no tumor growth delay compared with radiation therapy alone. Treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid did not alter the response of the DU-145 to radiation therapy but increased the response of LNCaP tumor to radiation therapy. Administration of ibuprofen along with radiation therapy was most effective. The radiation dose modifying factor for ibuprofen in the DU-145 tumor was 1.8 and 1.7 for a 1-week and a 2-week fractionated regimen, respectively. Administration of ibuprofen along with radiation therapy to animals bearing the LNCaP tumor resulted in a 2-fold increase in tumor growth delay compared with radiation therapy alone. Further investigation of inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade as radiation modifiers is warranted. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 4:221–230, 1996. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aversive conditioning of self-induced seizures

Aversive stimuli (electroshock) were used to condition a 5-yr-old mentally retarded male to refrain from inducing seizures. Results from two separate 3–4 day treatment periods, as well as a 7-mo follow-up, indicated a significant decrease in the number of self-induced seizures. The electroshock also seemed to exert an adaptive effect upon the subject's behavior in other areas of functioning.
Mechanism of feldspar weathering—II. Observations of feldspars from soils

Examination of the surface morphology (via scanning electron microscopy) and surface composition (via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) of sodic plagioclase and potash feldspar grains taken from four different soils, provides little or no evidence for the existence of a tightly adhering protective surface layer of altered composition on the feldspar surface. Grains, from which all adhering clay has been removed by ultrasonic cleaning, exhibit the same chemical composition in the outermost few tens of angstroms as the underlying feldspar. Aluminum-rich ‘clay’ coatings which continue to adhere to the grains after ultrasonic treatment are patchy, highly hydrous, and unlikely to act as major diffusion-limiting, and thus protective, barriers. Attack by dissolution of the feldspar surface is non-uniform and follows a definite etching sequence characterized by the development and growth of distinctive etch pits. This dissolution sequence can be reproduced by treating fresh feldspars in the laboratory with strong HF-H2SO4− solutions and, thus, the sequence is unaffected by the composition of the attacking solution. All of our results suggest that the dissolution of feldspar during weathering is controlled by selective chemical reaction at the feldspar-solution interface and not by uniform diffusion through a protective surface layer.
Six new Bi(V) materials: LiSr3BiO6, NaSr3BiO6, NaBa3BiO6, Li6KBiO6, Li6RbBiO6, and Li2Ba5Bi2O11

Large single crystals of LiSr3BiO6, NaSr3BiO6, NaBa3BiO6, Li6KBiO6, Li6RbBiO6, and Li2Ba5Bi2O11 were grown by precipitation from molten mixtures of alkali and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxides at 550°C. Single crystal X-ray methods were used to solve the structures of NaBa3BiO6, Li6KBiO6, and Li2Ba5Bi2O11. NaBa3BiO6 has trigonal Laue symmetry with unit cell dimensions a=7.226(1) A and α=91.79(3)°. The structure was refined in the space group R3c to an R value of 2.7%. NaSr3BiO6 [a =6.930(1) A, α=92.26(1)°] is isostructural and LiSr3BiO6 [a=6.872(1) A, b=6.864(2) A, c=6.872(1) A, α=92.31(2)°, β=92.27(2)°, γ=92.29(2)°] has a related structure. Li6KBiO6 has trigonal Laue symmetry with unit cell dimensions a=5.428(1) A and α=101.49(1)°. The structure was refined in the space group R3m and was refined to an R value of 4.6%. Li6RbBiO6 [a=5.464(1) A, α=101.46(1)] is isostructural. Li2Ba5Bi2O11 has orthorhombic Laue symmetry with unit cell dimensions a =14.593(5) A, b=5.989(1) A, and c=14.363(2) A. The structure was refined in the space group Pnma to an R value of 3.6%. In all six materials the Bi(V) atoms are coordinated by an octahedron of oxygen atoms; the Bi(V)−O bond lengths range from 2.04 to 2.17 A. These materials are hygroscopic, but are otherwise stable under ambient conditions.
Reynolds number effects on the mixing behavior of axisymmetric turbulent jets

Measurements of time-averaged jet fluid mass fraction and unmixedness are reported along the centerlines of axisymmetric jets having Reynolds numbers (Re) covering a range of 3,950–11,880. Jet gases investigated are propane, carbon tetrafluoride, and sulfur hexafluoride. The slopes for the fall off of inverse centerline mass fraction with distance are found to be independent of Re for moderate downstream distances, but virtual origins for the data are shown to move downstream with increasing Re. Unmixedness measurements show that flows with higher Re require longer flow distances to achieve asymptotic behavior. Results of other investigations reported in the literature are discussed which support the conclusions of this work. The relationship between the centerline mixing and entrainment behaviors of these flows is explored.
Click-enabled heterotrifunctional template for sequential bioconjugations.

A heterotrifunctional template was developed that utilizes thiol–maleimide and click chemistries (both copper-free and copper-mediated) to effect sequential biomolecule conjugations in a one-pot process. The breadth of compatible substrates was illustrated through highly efficient conjugations of protein, peptide, sugar, lipid, fluoroalkane, biotin and fluorophore molecules. This template should be useful for the creation of chemically-enhanced/enabled biotherapeutics, especially through the expression of discontinuous (and heterogeneous) epitopes.
The Growth of Residential Capital Since World War II

The growth rate of residential capital in constant dollars shows a downward trend. Its decline since the early postwar years conforms broadly to the growth retardation found in an earlier study for the 1890–1950 period. The article analyzes the forces associated with the slowing rate of real capital increase in 1945–77 and concludes that they differed substantially from those operative in the earlier era. The growth patterns of residential and of fixed business capital since World War II have been quite dissimilar and generally in disfavor of the residential sector.
Tracking Landsat-5 by a differential GPS technique

As part of an international campaign to develop precise geodetic applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is conducting a demonstration of differential GPS tracking using Landsat-5. Two strategies have been investigated: one in which only the Landsat-5 orbit is estimated, and one in which both the Landsat-5 and GPS orbits are estimated together. Error studies show that under the limited conditions of the experiment, three-dimensional Landsat-5 position accuracies of about 5 m with the first strategy and 2 m with the second strategy can be achieved over a 20-min period of good observing geometry. Orbit determination results using a version of the first strategy appear to achieve the 5 m goal. This is supported by various formal error measures and independent comparisons. The more powerful strategy has yet to be carried out.
Postnatal testicular regression mircopenis and microcephaly: conformation of a new syndrome?

Testicular regression may develop at various phases of the intrauterine period and the clinical findings vary depending on the timing of the intrauterine phase. On the other hand, postnatal regression of the testicles is rare and few cases have been reported in the literature. Our patient presented with undescended testicles, micropenis, flat scrotum and microcephaly. The patient's levels of basal luteinizing hormone (LH) were low/normal and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was high. No response was obtained in the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test. The levels of inhibin B and anti Mullerian hormone (AMH) were found to be low. Penile growth response to intramuscular testosterone injections was 2.5 cm. Testicles were visualized bilaterally in inguinal canal by ultrasound examination initially but by 2 years of age no testicular tissue was observed during inguinal exploration. In conclusion we recognized postnatal testicular regression in our patient that had started in the intrauterine period and persisted into infancy. The genital system anomalies, microcephaly and motor retardation in our patient confirm the hypothesis of Parisi et al. of a novel condition of postnatal regression and micropenis. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancing Aging Services through Evidence-Based Health Promotion: A Training for Service Providers

During the next several decades, increasing numbers of older Americans will suffer chronic illnesses and many will face challenges due to growing racial and economic health disparities. Agencies serving older adults need to respond by creating and promoting evidence-based health promotion (EBHP) practices to address the growing diversity among older adults in urban areas. One such agency, the Detroit Area Agency on Aging recently partnered with the Wayne State University School of Social Work to conduct an EBHP educational program for service providers. The educational program used information from the National Council on Aging Center for Healthy Aging, the reach, effectiveness/efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) model, and the National Wellness Institute. Survey respondents found that the interaction with other participants was beneficial and helped them to conceptualize EBHP as a new way of thinking about service delivery. Participants learned practical lessons about implementin...
The relationship of weight suppression and dietary restraint to binge eating in bulimia nervosa

Objective: Recent research has raised important questions about the relationships between weight suppression (WS) (discrepancy between highest-ever and current weight), dietary restraint, and binge eating in bulimia nervosa (BN). In the current study, these variables were studied cross-sectionally through secondary analyses of baseline data collected in a multi-site treatment study. Participants (N 5 182) were treatment-seeking women diagnosed with BN. Dietary restraint and binge eating were measured via the Eating Disorders Examination. Results: WS was directly and dietary restraint was inversely related to frequency of binge eating. The inverse relationship between dietary restraint and binge eating may be explained in part by the fact that the most restrained patients with BN had the greatest desire to lose weight. Implications of these findings for future research on the perpetuation and treatment of BN are discussed.
Patterns of tumor spread and risk of fracture and epidural impingement in metastatic vertebrae

Abstract Purpose of study: To describe patterns of tumor spread to the vertebral column and to identify risk factors for vertebral fracture and epidural impingement in patients with varying tumor histologies. Methods used: A retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spinal columns with metastatic disease was conducted. Two random samples were taken from a large population of patients with diverse primary tumors seen over 6 years at an academic institution. The first random sample was used to study lesion location inside the vertebra and incidence of fracture. Vertebral bodies were divided into 16 equal cells for mapping circumscribed lesions. A second random sample was drawn from patients who presented with vertebral fracture and was used to study progression from normal vertebral shape to fracture, patterns of metastatic fracture and progression to epidural impingement. Pearson correlation coefficients and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate risk factors for fracture (survival analysis). of findings: The first analysis included 756 vertebrae (53 patients). Lesions were most often located at the upper lumbar levels and within the central vertebral body. Thirty-four percent of patients had fractures. The second analysis included 113 vertebrate (67 patients). Risk of fracture was greatest for upper lumbar lesions (relative risk [RR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 3.38) and undifferentiated tumors (RR = 7.36, 95%CI = 2.69, 20.12). Infiltration of 80% of the vertebral body was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of fracture (HR = 4.5966, 95%CI = 1.6625, 12.7091). There was a limited correlation between number of infiltrated vertebrae and number of fractured vertebrae (r = 0.325409). Symmetric fractures with two delta fragments had the greatest risk of epidural impingement (p = .002). Relationship between findings and existing knowledge: The selection of patients for prophylactic surgical stabilization has a limited basis in evidence. Previous studies describing patterns of tumoral spread and predictors of fracture and epidural impingement have limited generalizability. No previous study has been made of metastatic vertebral column disease from diverse primary sources using sequential MRI evaluations. Our findings regarding upper lumbar lesions and fractures with delta fragments support previous studies. We found extent of vertebral infiltration associated with fracture to be higher than in other studies. Overall significance of findings: Certain characteristics of vertebral metastases, identifiable on MRI examination, place patients at higher risk for vertebral fracture and epidural impingement. These patients can subsequently be carefully considered for prophylactic surgical intervention. Disclosures: No disclosures. Conflict of interest: Ricardo Pietrobon, partially funded by the NIH Pepper Center AG11268.
Dealing with complexity: exploratory analysis enabled by multiresolultion, multiperspective modeling

The objective of exploratory analysis is to gain a broad understanding of a problem domain before going into details for particular cases. Its focus is understanding comprehensively the consequences of uncertainty, which requires a good deal more than normal sensitivity analysis. Such analysis is facilitated by multiresolution, multiperspective modeling (MRMPM) structures that are becoming increasingly practical. A knowledge of related design principles can help build interfaces to more normal legacy models, which can also be used for exploration.
Learning by Doing, Short‐sightedness and Indeterminacy

This article introduces firm-specific learning by doing into a real business cycle (RBC) model. This assumption results in indeterminacy of the wage over a large portion of the parameter space: when firms use sufficiently high discount factors and when newly employed labour is relatively unproductive. When firms and households use the same discount factor, the effects of indeterminacy are limited to adding volatility to the wage rate. If these discount factors differ, however, then indeterminacy also destabilises newly employed labour and total hours. This result helps to explain the high amount of volatility that newly employed labour exhibits in the US data.
Spectral sensitivity of the human VER obtained with an alternating barred pattern.

Abstract Monopolarly recorded VERs from the occiput were elicited with an alternating barred pattern composed of chromatic lights selected from across the spectrum. The amplitudes and latencies of averaged VERs were related to a series of different radiance levels and spectral sensitivity curves were computed from criterion amplitude and latency measures. The resulting curves were in general agreement with psychophysically derived measures recorded in the same sessions and compared well to previously reported VER spectral sensitivity data. Local irregularities in the red were noted and discussed.
Resiliency and Recovery: Lessons from the Asian Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.

Separated by continents and cultures, survivors of the Asian tsunami and Hurricane Katrina share a common bond in their extreme trauma and ensuing struggles. The authors discuss and illustrate core ideas based on the commonalities derived from the experiences of women survivors of these two disasters. Separados tanto por continentes como culturas, los supervivientes del tsunami asiatico y el huracan Katrina comparten el vinculo comun de su enorme trauma y las dificultades subsiguientes. Los autores discuten e ilustran las ideas fundamentals basandose en las similitudes derivadas a partir de las experiencias de las mujeres que sobrevivieron a ambos desastres.
The effects of the pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, on steroid hormone levels and gonadal development of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under hypersaline conditions.

Abstract The San Francisco Bay Estuary and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Bay-Delta) is an important breeding and nursery ground for fish. Of particular interest are salmonids that migrate through fresh and saltwater areas polluted with various contaminants including bifenthrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide. Male steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) exposed to bifenthrin (0.1 and 1.5 μg/L) for two weeks had a lower gonadosomatic index (GSI) in freshwater but were not affected by concurrent bifenthrin exposure and saltwater acclimation. Plasma estradiol-17β (E2) levels and ovarian follicle diameter of fish exposed to bifenthrin (0.1 and 1.5 μg/L) in freshwater significantly increased. Under hypersaline conditions, fish exposed to bifenthrin had significantly reduced E2 levels and smaller follicles, and unhealthy ovarian follicles were observed. Given the occurrence of bifenthrin in surface waters of the Bay Delta, understanding the impact of bifenthrin on wildlife is necessary for improving risk assessments of pyrethroids in this important ecosystem.
An animated multivariate visualization for physiological and clinical data in the ICU

Current visualizations of electronic medical data in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) consist of stacked univariate plots of variables over time and a tabular display of the current numeric values for the corresponding variables and occasionally an alarm limit. The value of information is dependent upon knowledge of historic values to determine a change in state. With the ability to acquire more historic information, providers need more sophisticated visualization tools to assist them in analyzing the data in a multivariate fashion over time. We present a multivariate time series visualization that is interactive and animated, and has proven to be as effective as current methods in the ICU for predicting an episode of acute hypotension in terms of accuracy, confidence, and efficiency with only 30-60 minutes of training.
Protection and utilization in shared cache through rationing

Shared cache is generally optimized for overall throughput, fairness, or both. Increasingly in shared environments, e.g., compute clouds, users are unrelated to one another. In such circumstances, an overall gain in throughput does not justify an individual loss. This paper explores a new strategy for conservative sharing, which protects the cache occupancy for individual programs, but still enables full cache sharing whenever there is unused space.
Telephone and face to face methods of assessment of veteran's community reintegration yield equivalent results

The Community Reintegration of Service Members (CRIS) is a new measure of community reintegration developed to measure veteran's participation in life roles. It consists of three sub-scales: Extent of Participation (Extent), Perceived Limitations with Participation (Perceived), and Satisfaction with Participation (Satisfaction). Testing of the CRIS measure to date has utilized in-person administration. Administration of the CRIS measure by telephone, if equivalent to in-person administration, would be desirable to lower cost and decrease administrative burden. The purpose of this study was to test the equivalence of telephone and in-person mode of CRIS administration. A convenience sample of 102 subjects (76% male, 24% female, age mean = 49 years, standard deviation = 8.3) were randomly assigned to received either telephone interview at Visit 1 and in-person interview at Visit 2, or in-person interview at Visit 1 and telephone interview a Visit 2. Both Visits were conducted within one week. Intraclass correlation coefficients, ICC (2,1), were used to evaluate correspondence between modes for both item scores and summary scores. ANOVAs with mode order as a covariate were used to test for presence of an ordering effect. ICCs (95%CI) for the subscales were 0.92 (0.88-0.94) for Extent, 0.85 (0.80-0.90) for Perceived, and 0.89 (0.84-0.93) for Satisfaction. No ordering effect was observed. Telephone administration of the CRIS measure yielded equivalent results to in-person administration. Telephone administration of the CRIS may enable lower costs of administration and greater adoption.
The Impact of Air Ambulance Transport on Neonatal Outcomes

Many referring facilities and transport teams function under the assumption that faster is better. However, data on the benefits of air ambulance (AA) use in neonatal transport are sparse. At our referral hospital in northwest Ohio, we compared the total time from telephone request for transport to arrival in the referral nursery by ground ambulance vs AA for each of our referring facilities and evaluated if this had an impact on patient outcomes. Time from transport call to arrival at the referring hospital was 72 ± 17 minutes by AA and 95 ± 23 minutes by ground ambulance. We demonstrated that although it was approximately 25% faster to fly to a referring hospital compared with traveling by ground, the time saved had no impact on outcome. On the basis of these data, we continue to encourage ground transport whenever possible and reserve the use of the AA for the sickest neonates located in the furthest referring hospitals.
Chemical Development of NBI-75043. Use of a Flow Reactor to Circumvent a Batch-Limited Metal−Halogen Exchange Reaction

The discovery route and subsequent scale-up routes for NBI-75043 are presented. When traditional batch chemistry was found to limit the scale of a key reaction, a flow reactor was designed and optimized to provide an alternate method of production.
Ab initio large-amplitude quantum-tunneling dynamics in vinyl radical: a vibrationally adiabatic approach

Large-amplitude tunneling in vinyl radical over a C2v planar transition state involves CCH bending excitation coupled to all other internal coordinates, resulting in a significant dependence of barrier height and shape on vibrational degrees of freedom at the zero-point level. An ab initio potential surface for vinyl radical has been calculated at the CCSD(T) level (AVnZ; n = 2, 3, 4, 5) for vibrationally adiabatic 1D motion along the planar CCH bending tunneling coordinate, extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit and corrected for anharmonic zero-point effects. The polyatomic reduced moment of inertia is calculated explicitly as a function of tunneling coordinate, with eigenvalues and tunneling splittings obtained from numerical solution of the resulting 1D Schrodinger equation. Linear scaling of the CBS potential to match predicted and observed tunneling splittings empirically yields an adiabatic barrier height of ΔEadiab = 1696(20) cm−1 which, when corrected for zero-point energy contributions, translates into an effective barrier of ΔEeff = 1602(20) cm−1 consistent with estimates (ΔE = 1580(100) cm−1) by Tanaka and coworkers [J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 120, 3604–3618]. These zero-point-corrected potential surfaces are used to predict tunneling dynamics in vibrationally excited states of vinyl radical, providing strong support for previous jet-cooled high-resolution infrared studies [Dong et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 3059–3070] in the symmetric CH2 stretch mode.