cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the role of surfaces and interfaces in the powder metallurgy processing of aluminum alloy powders

The current options for solid-state consolidation processing of powder-based advanced aluminum alloys have been very limited and complicated, resulting in a segregation of the applications primarily to the aerospace segment. Throughout any consolidation sequence for aluminum powders, the oxide and/or hydroxide films on the typical powder surfaces can interfere with densification and interparticle bonding. In fact, the consolidation sequence for many low-strength aluminum alloy powder metallurgy parts involves transient liquid-phase sintering to massively disrupt the powder surfaces, producing improved bonding but introducing a coarsened resolidification microstructure. Although preventing aluminum oxide formation is nearly impossible during aluminum powder production, the gas atomization reaction synthesis (GARS) method—an advanced powder production technique—can modify the oxide coating and enable improved consolidation processing. This report compares the effects of the GARS process and other representative atomization processes on the surface structure and properties of aluminum powders and on their ability to sinter. The powders were characterized with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, quadrapole mass spectroscopy and with a new ultrasonic method for in situ sensing of the evolution of sintering. In general, a marked reduction in the surface film thickness and in the level of chemisorbed moisture and moisture-borne impurities was observed in the GARS powders. This change in powder surface characteristics also was effective in promoting sintering processes in the GARS powders, as monitored by our new technique. An initial direct comparison of explosivity for the different types of aluminum powder revealed that the GARS powder also had a reduced hazard level. All of these findings indicate that the GARS approach to aluminum powder production may enable mass-produced lightweight powder metallurgy parts from advanced aluminum alloys with simple consolidation processing techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemostasis in periodontally treated patients on oral antithrombotic therapy may be possible.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Hemostatic management for periodontal treatments in patients on oral antithrombotic therapy: a retrospective study. Morimoto Y, Niwa H, Minematsu K. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108(6):889-96. Reviewer Walter A. Bretz, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question The authors attempted to evaluate hemostatic management of periodontal treatment in patients on oral antithrombotic therapy. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Retrospective case series Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Multidimensional Balanced Designs

A general construction is given for m-way completely variance balanced designs where each factor has v levels, m is any integer less than or equal to k, and N = vk, where k = 2λ+1 and v = 4λ3 is a prime power. The construction gives rise to a variety of designs, easily enumerated, with the same parameters pairwise but with differing variance properties. For m = 3 there are only two distinct designs possible, and their relative efficiency is shown to be .
Performance studies of a parallel Prolog architecture

This paper presents a new multiprocessor architecture for the parallel execution of logic programs, developed as part of the Aquarius Project. This architecture is designed to support AND-parallelism, OR-parallelism, and intelligent backtracking. We present the most comprehensive experimental results available to date on combined AND-parallelism, OR-parallelism, and intelligent backtracking in Prolog programs. Simulation results indicate that most Prolog programs in use today cannot effectively make use of multiprocessing.
Improved mortality rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the modern era of management: 15 year experience in a single institution.

Abstract Background/purpose Mortality rates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have remained at approximately 30% for the last 2 decades. Therapies targeting pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) have not been systematically studied in this population, but are increasingly used. We hypothesized that incremental changes in treatments for PHTN have improved mortality for CDH infants. Methods Prospective data from 1998 to 2013 on all liveborn CDH patients treated at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Based on management of PHTN, 4 eras were identified for comparison. Logistic and linear regression were used to compare characteristics. The primary outcome of death prior to discharge was analyzed by multivariable Cox regression modeling. Results The study included 192 infants who met inclusion criteria. Length of stay increased, whereas rates of primary repair decreased, suggesting a sicker cohort in the most recent eras. Analysis of mortality across 4 eras showed no difference. By post-hoc analysis, ECMO availability was associated with mortality reduction for eras 3–4 versus 1–2 (HR=0.27, p Conclusions Improved survival at our institution may be related to recent introduction of ECMO and more aggressive approaches to pulmonary hypertension. Further systematic studies of these PHTN therapies in this specific population are warranted.
Correlates of subjective burden among adult sons and daughters caring for aged parents

Abstract This article describes a study of the correlates of subjective burden within a sample of 121 adult daughters and 50 adult sons, each of whom was identified as providing care to an older parent. Feelings of burden, the key dependent variable in the study, was measured using the Caregiver Burden Scale. Independent variables included (a) sociodemographic characteristics of the caregiver, (b) internal or cognitive coping strategies, (c) external coping strategies involving five different sources of social support, (d) social support measured in terms of how many assist in caregiving, (e) degree of caregiving involvement, (f) the extent to which adult children planned or prepared for the time when parents would need care, and (g) both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the adult child-elderly parent relationship. Daughters reported higher levels of burden than did sons. Most measures of social support, particularly frequency measures, were not correlated with feelings of burden, nor for the most part were attempts to plan and prepare for caregiving. Only Involvement in caregiving tasks and selected coping strategies were predictive of subjective burden. Important differences according to caregivers' gender were noted with regard to both caregiving tasks and to the coping strategies that were related to burden.
Dynamic transition matrix generation for topology aggregation

In large networks nodes are clustered into groups for the purpose of simplifying routing. Each group has a set of ingress-egress nodes, and routing information is conveyed to the outside world in the form of a transition matrix that gives the cost of traversing the network between each ingress-egress node pair. In a dynamic environment where costs are subject to change, the cost for traversing a group, and consequently the transition matrix is affected. In this paper, we present a novel graph-coloring method for computing and consistently maintaining in a dynamic environment the transition matrix corresponding to a group of nodes. This method is applicable in the case where path selection is based on restrictive costs, such as bandwidth, and it considers the symmetric case. A key characteristic of the method is its ability to distinguish between topology or link-cost changes that necessarily leave the transition matrix unchanged and those that may not; that is, a correct transition matrix is maintained at all times without recomputing it every time a cost change occurs. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of the method, expressed in terms of the percentage of time that the transition matrix needs to be recomputed.
Removal of Triton X-100 and Reduction of Tween 20 Concentration in Extracts of Fatty Oxidation Products

Abstract A technique was developed using silica Sep-Paks to remove Triton X-100 and reduce the concentration of Tween 20 in fatty extracts. Tween 20 concentration was primarily reduced by using non polar solvents to lower solubility. Although each Sep-Pak was capable of adsorbing up to 75 mg of Triton X-100, separation of the detergent from sample extracts was most effective when using sample loads approximately one tenth that size.
POWLA: modeling linguistic corpora in OWL/DL

This paper describes POWLA, a generic formalism to represent linguistic annotations in an interoperable way by means of OWL/DL. Unlike other approaches in this direction, POWLA is not tied to a specific selection of annotation layers, but it is designed to support any kind of text-oriented annotation.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 promotes p53 mRNA translation via phosphorylation of RNPC1.

The RNPC1 RNA-binding protein, also called Rbm38, is a target of p53 and a repressor of p53 mRNA translation. Thus, the p53–RNPC1 loop is critical for modulating p53 tumor suppression, but it is not clear how the loop is regulated. Here, we showed that RNPC1 is phosphorylated at Ser195 by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). We also showed that GSK3 promotes p53 mRNA translation through phosphorylation of RNPC1. Interestingly, we found that the phosphor-mimetic mutant S195D and the deletion mutant Δ189–204, which lacks the GSK3 phosphorylation site, are unable to repress p53 mRNA translation due to loss of interaction with eukaryotic translation factor eIF4E on p53 mRNA. Additionally, we found that phosphorylated RNPC1, RNPC1-S195D, and RNPC1(Δ189–204) promote p53 mRNA translation through interaction with eukaryotic translation factor eIF4G, which then facilitates the assembly of the eIF4F complex on p53 mRNA. Furthermore, we showed that upon inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt pathway, GSK3 is activated, leading to increased RNPC1 phosphorylation and increased p53 expression in a RNPC1-dependent manner. Together, we postulate that the p53–RNPC1 loop can be explored to increase or decrease p53 activity for cancer therapy.
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles Single and Dual Loop Ring Oscillator Based Frequency Synthesizers for Broadband Tuner Applications

This paper presents two ring oscillator based frequency synthesizers that achieve low phase noise and low spur level, compatible with the demanding DVB-S satellite and DVB-T/C terrestrial and cable TV applications. A single-loop 0.9-2.2 GHz integer-N PLL using a fully-integrated noise attenuator and was used for low-IF DVB-S/S2 tuners, achieving a <1.3degrms double sided integrated phase noise and <-50 dBc reference and coupled supply or substrate spurs. A dual-PLL 50-950 MHz integer-N synthesizer using a sample and hold discrete loop filter was realized for DVB-T/C tuners, achieving <-80 dBc spurious tones and <0.8deg integrated phase noise. Both wide bandwidth PLLs use a low phase noise crystal oscillator with boosted amplitude and a sub -150 dBc/Hz white phase noise reference clock buffer. Ring VCO PLLs bring a 5-to-10x die area reduction in comparison with established multi LC-VCO synthesizers at the price of about 2-to-3x power increase.
Oncogenes and cell growth.

Whether a cell enters a specific growth or differentiation program is governed in part by its response to signals from various external stimuli - such as polypeptide growth factors. The signals are transmitted through the cell to the nucleus where they can be turned into a response by the cell through activation of various genetic programs.
Long-term effect of combined vitamins E and C on coronary and peripheral endothelial function.

Abstract Objectives We tested whether long-term administration of antioxidant vitamins C and E improves coronary and brachial artery endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Background Endothelial function is a sensitive indicator of vascular health. Oxidant stress and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) impair endothelial function by reducing nitric oxide bioavailability in the artery wall. Methods We randomly assigned 30 subjects with CAD to combined vitamin E (800 IU per day) and C (1,000 mg per day) or to placebos in a double-blind trial. Coronary artery endothelial function was measured as the change in coronary artery diameter to acetylcholine infusions (n = 18 patients), and brachial artery endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (n = 25 patients) at baseline and six months. Plasma markers of oxidant stress (oxidized LDL and autoantibodies) were also measured. Results Plasma alpha-tocopherol (p Conclusions Long-term oral vitamins C and E do not improve key mechanisms in the biology of atherosclerosis or endothelial dysfunction, or reduce LDL oxidation in vivo.
Experimental histoplasmosis in embryonated eggs. II. Influence of the route of inoculation on the distribution of lesions.

Parenteral inoculation of chick embryos with the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum resulted in vascular dissemination of the organism with the production of granulomas in various organs and tissues. The inflammatory response consisted almost exclusively of histiocytes and fibroblasts. Necrosis of the affected tissues was observed only rarely and fibrous encapsulation of the lesions did not occur. Chick embryos inoculated intracerebrally had massive accumulations of yeast-packed macrophages in the subarachnoid space with lesser involvement of the ventricles and cerebral cortex. Involvement was generally confined to the brain and adjacent tissue within the skull.The histopathologic features are presented in detail and compared to those described in human lesions and in lesions produced in other experimental animals.
On the Dual Basis for Solving Electromagnetic Surface Integral Equations

A powerful technique for solving electromagnetic (EM) surface integral equations (SIEs) for inhomogenous objects by the method of moments (MoM) involves the well-known Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis function to represent the electric current and, for field orthogonality and numerical stability reasons, a variation of the RWG basis known as the ntilde X RWG basis (where ntilde is a unit normal vector at the object surface) to represent the magnetic current. Though this combination provides a numerically efficient and effective solution that has been demonstrated on a variety of structures, one cannot feel entirely comfortable because of the presence of fictitious magnetic current associated with the modified basis. Chen and Wilton proposed a different, smoother basis in 1990 that avoids the fictitious line charges, but because of computational cost issues it has not been used beyond Chen's dissertation. Recently, this basis was rediscovered and has received considerable attention. Our work reexamines the dual basis, exploring issues not addressed by Chen and Wilton and showing accurate solutions for a variety of EM scattering structures.
A high resolution current stimulating probe for use in neural prostheses

The authors describe a high resolution monolithic current stimulating probe which is a multichannel microprobe capable of delivering precisely controlled charge to highly-localized regions of tissue (for example, the auditory nervous system) on a chronic basis. This chip has 8 stimulating sites and provides 7 bits of current level control, that is -126 mu A to +126 mu A with 2 mu A resolution. In order to improve controllability and reduce the cost of the circuitry, the integrated stimulating microprobe is addressable and self-testing. Implemented features include self-test capabilities, a bipolar current forcing scheme for the effective stimulation of the tissue and a user-specified time-out scheme which makes the microstimulator safe. The total number of pads is 14, eight of which are stimulating sites, with the others being used for overall circuit control and power supplies. The chip is designed in an n-epitaxial, p-well, 1.2 mu m, double metal CMOS process with an area of 0.24 mm/sup 2/ excluding bonding pads. >
Climate‐driven uncertainties in modeling terrestrial energy and water fluxes: a site‐level to global‐scale analysis

We used a land surface model constrained using data from flux tower sites, to analyze the biases in ecosystem energy and water fluxes arising due to the use of meteorological reanalysis datasets. Following site-level model calibration encompassing major vegetation types from the tropics to the northern high-latitudes, we repeated the site and global simulations using two reanalysis datasets: the NCEP/NCAR and the CRUNCEP. In comparison with the model simulations using observed meteorology from sites, the reanalysis-driven simulations produced several systematic biases in net radiation (Rn ), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) fluxes. These include: (i) persistently positive tropical/subtropical biases in Rn using the NCEP/NCAR, and gradually transitioning to negative Rn biases in the higher latitudes; (ii) large positive H biases in the tropics/subtropics using the NCEP/NCAR; (iii) negative LE biases using the NCEP/NCAR above 40°N; (iv) high tropical LE using the CRUNCEP in comparison with observationally derived global estimates; and (v) flux-partitioning biases from canopy and ground components. Across vegetation types, we investigated the role of the meteorological drivers (shortwave and longwave radiation, atmospheric humidity, temperature, precipitation) and their seasonal biases in controlling these reanalysis-driven uncertainties. At the global scale, our site-level analysis explains several model-data differences in the LE and H fluxes when compared with observationally derived global estimates of these fluxes. Using our results, we discuss the implications of site-level model calibration on subsequent regional/global applications to study energy and hydrological processes. The flux-partitioning biases presented in this study have potential implications on the couplings among terrestrial carbon, energy, and water fluxes, and for the calibration of land-atmosphere parameterizations that are dependent on LE/H partitioning.
(η‐Benzene)tricarbonylchromium

[12082-08-5] C9H6CrO3 (MW 214.14) InChI = 1S/C6H6.3CO.Cr/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1;3*1-2;/h1-6H;;;; InChIKey = WVSBQYMJNMJHIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (phenyl cation equivalent1) Alternate Name: (benzene)chromium tricarbonyl. Physical Data: mp 161.5–163 °C. Solubility: sol THF, ether, benzene. Form Supplied in: yellow crystals. Preparative Method: when large amounts are needed, the reagent is easily prepared by treatment of benzene with Hexacarbonylchromium in a mixture of di-n-butylether and THF at reflux for 40 h.2a For smaller amounts, it can be prepared more quickly (1 h) under microwave irradiation.2b Purification: recrystallized from ether/petroleum ether. Can also be purified by column chromatography on silica gel. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: slightly air sensitive.
Testing for numerical computations

We consider the problem of error detection in programs or specialised devices computing real functions f(x), where the argument x is represented in binary form. For error detection we use the linear check inequalities |∑τeTf(x ⊕ τ) − C| ≤ e, where e ≥ 0 is some given small constant, ⊕denotes componentwise addition mod 2 of binary vectors, T is some set of binary vectors and C is a constant. A method for the construction of a minimal check set T and constant C for the given f(x) and ɛ is proposed. This method is based on the techniques of Walsh transforms and least-absolute-error polynomial approximation. Several important examples of optimal checks for programs computing exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions will be given.
Integrating human impacts and ecological integrity into a risk-based protocol for conservation planning.

Conservation planning aims to protect biodiversity by sustainng the natural physical, chemical, and biological processes within representative ecosystems. Often data to measure these components are inadequate or unavailable. The impact of human activities on ecosystem processes complicates integrity assessments and might alter ecosystem organization at multiple spatial scales. Freshwater conservation targets, such as populations and communities, are influenced by both intrinsic aquatic properties and the surrounding landscape, and locally collected data might not accurately reflect potential impacts. We suggest that changes in five major biotic drivers—energy sources, physical habitat, flow regime, water quality, and biotic interactions—might be used as surrogates to inform conservation planners of the ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Threats to freshwater systems might be evaluated based on their impact to these drivers to provide an overview of potential risk to conservation targets. We developed a risk-based protocol, the Ecological Risk Index (ERI), to identify watersheds with least/most risk to conservation targets. Our protocol combines risk-based components, specifically the frequency and severity of human-induced stressors, with biotic drivers and mappable land- and water-use data to provide a summary of relative risk to watersheds. We illustrate application of our protocol with a case study of the upper Tennessee River basin, USA. Differences in risk patterns among the major drainages in the basin reflect dominant land uses, such as mining and agriculture. A principal components analysis showed that localized, moderately severe threats accounted for most of the threat composition differences among our watersheds. We also found that the relative importance of threats is sensitive to the spatial grain of the analysis. Our case study demonstrates that the ERI is useful for evaluating the frequency and severity of ecosystemwide risk, which can inform local and regional conservation planning.
Dynamic Three-Dimensional Visualization of Fluid Construction Materials

The presented work extends the state-of-the-art of visualizing discrete-event construction simulations in three dimensions (3D). Efficient methods are presented along with a tool, \IParticleWorks\N that can be used to animate simulated construction processes that involve unstructured, fluid construction materials as resources or byproducts. Common construction processes that involve such fluid materials include placing concrete, dumping dirt, shotcreting, sandblasting, dewatering, water distribution, and inserting slurry. The writers capitalize on a classical computer graphics concept called particle systems to design simple, simulation model-authorable, parametric-text methods that can describe arbitrary volumes of dynamic fluid construction materials in animated 3D virtual construction worlds. These methods can be used to instrument discrete-event simulation models (or other external authoring interfaces) to automatically generate dynamic visualizations of any modeled construction operations that commonly handle and process fluid construction materials.
Analysis of Spatial Order in Sandstones II: Grain Clusters, Packing Flaws, and the Small-Scale Structure of Sandstones

ABSTRACT Sandstone microstructure at scales of 5-5000 µm is a domainal structure consisting of juxtaposed clusters of efficiently packed grains bounded by packing flaws. The flaws represent zones of loose packing arising from grain-to-grain mismatches between well-packed clusters. Flaws tend to propagate throughout the sediment and are marked in thin section by zones of oversized pores known to be associated with enhanced fluid flow. Using a two-dimensional Fourier transform it is possible to identify these flawed zones and examine not only their spatial distribution but also the relative contribution of close-packed and flawed porosity to the pore network as a whole. Flaws represent zones of disorder formed through a variety of depositional and postdepositional processes. Two flaw-producing mechanisms have been recognized in random aggregates of spheres created in a laboratory. The first arises from grain-to-grain mismatches at the boundaries of concurrently growing grain clusters. The second type is associated with the growth of well-packed clusters over a preexisting cohesive substrate (in the laboratory, this is represented by the walls of the container holding the aggregate). The distribution of loose-packed and well-packed grain domains in natural sands is governed by depositional environment. The size and shape of the constituent grains define the fundamental spatial frequency of porosity, but factors such as grain orientation and size sorti g affect the orientation of clusters and flaws as well as the scale at which they exist. For example, flaws in poorly sorted sands arise from the misfit of the finer size classes in a grain matrix controlled by the larger grains. The flaws generated by this misfit propagate throughout the fine-grained sections of the sediment with a spatial period characteristic of the coarser size classes. Grain clusters and flaws can be recognized as major textural elements in all sands and sandstones, even those with macroporosity as low as 5%. Not only is the depositional "signal" preserved as porosity decreases, its existence affords the opportunity to closely examine the effects of diagenesis upon the pore network. As porosity decreases, the relative proportion of flawed porosity increases. By the time total porosity has been reduced to 5%, flawed porosity has increased to the point that it constitutes 80% of the remainder. The increase in relative proportion of loose-packed porosity is due to preferential cementation within well-packed clusters, as well us an increase in loose-packed porosity due to dissolution of unstable mineral grains. In all the diagenetically altered sandston s examined, the only grain molds or partially dissolved grains present were found to be located either within or immediately adjacent to packing flaws.
Specifications-driven design space boundaries for Point-of-Load converters

This paper derives physical constraints for the output filter of a Point-of-Load (POL) converter. Time-optimal control theory is employed to translate the POL static and dynamic specifications into boundaries in the L-C design space, ultimately defining a set Σ of L and C values compatible with the application requirements. Outside the identified set Σ, no controller is capable of meeting the POL specifications; inside the identified set Σ, various degrees of approximation of the time-optimal response are possible, depending on the specific control approach in the field application. The identified set shows the minimum possible values of L and C such that the specifications can be met, which allows the designer to evaluate the impact of a practical controller implementation on the size of the output filter. The design space and boundaries for a digital PID controller are derived, leading to a combined L-C filter and controller design approach. Experimental results validating the design space boundaries are presented for a 12V-to-1 V, 20 A POL converter.
The Influence of Pore Solutions Properties on Drying in Cementitious Materials

The drying of cementitious materials can be influenced by the properties of the fluid in the pores. While there are numerous studies on drying, very few explicitly focus on the properties of the pore fluid. This work investigates the influence of deicing salts on the properties of the pore fluid. The change that deicing salts cause in surface tension and viscosity is described in this study as a function of concentration and temperature. As a relatively limited number of measurements have been reported in literature, it can be difficult to describe the properties over a wide range of concentrations or temperatures. To overcome this limitation, this work provides measurements over concentration and temperature ranges. Semiempirical relationships were successfully fitted to the data confirming the possibility to predict viscosity and surface tension changes with temperature and salt concentration. The implications of the fluid properties on the drying behavior are also discussed as they relate to the diffusion coefficient. The models applied effectively predict the initiation of drying. Further improvements are however necessary to describe the diffusion coefficient as function of the degree of saturation in the presence of deicing salts which appear to be needed to account for the chemical interaction between the matrix and the fluid.
Birth, Life, Death

This chapter tracks the crucial initial cases and concerns in the development of Bioethics in the United States, from the ethical tangles surrounding the manipulation of cells, technology-assisted reproduction, abortion, care for the impaired infant, on to the decisions regarding death, withholding of interventions, and assisted suicide.
Radiobiology of vestibular schwannomas: mechanisms of radioresistance and potential targets for therapeutic sensitization

Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors arising from the Schwann cells of cranial nerve VIII. Historically the prevailing therapy for patients with VS has been microsurgical resection. More recently, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy have gained acceptance as effective alternatives. Although the side effect profile and rates of tumor control appear to be favorable for SRS, there is a subset of radioresistant tumors that continue to progress despite properly administered radiation treatment. In this review, the authors summarize what is known about the mechanism of radioresistance in VS at the clinical and molecular level. An improved understanding of the radiobiological behavior of VS may help guide appropriate patient selection for SRS and potentially aid in the design of novel therapies to treat radioresistant tumors.
Caudal regeneration in the absence of a brain in two species of sedentary polychaetes

SUMMARY 1. Evidence has been obtained showing that unlike the requirements of errant polychaetes studied by other investigators, at least two species of sedentary polychaetes, Branchiomma nigromaculata and Chaetopterus variopedatus can undergo caudal regeneration in the absence of a brain. 2. Both Branchiomma, when maintained in a brainless condition by repeated removal of anterior segments, and Chaetopterus, when rendered brainless by amputation of cephalic segments at a level at which anterior regeneration does not occur, undergo posterior regeneration following removal of caudal segments. 3. Animals maintained in a brainless condition for 7-10 days prior to posterior segment removal undergo normal posterior regeneration. Consequently, it appears unlikely that a circulating brain hormone present at the time of amputation is responsible. 4. Experiments were performed on the extremely long 13th segment of Chaetopterus. An isolated posterior half of segment 13, which possesses ventral ganglia, regenerates both anteriorly and posteriorly, while the anterior half regenerates only anteriorly. That the tissues of the anterior half of segment 13 are competent to regenerate posteriorly was shown by leaving the anterior half of the segment attached to the first 12 segments. Under these conditions posterior regeneration occurred. 5. These experiments suggest that the ventral ganglia rather than the brain are important in posterior regeneration in these species.
Health Care Becomes an Industry

The delivery of health care is in the process of “industrialization” in that it is undergoing changes in the organization of work which mirror those that began in other industries a century ago. This process is characterized by an increasing division of labor, standardization of roles and tasks, the rise of a managerial superstructure, and the degradation (or de-skilling) of work. The consolidation of the health care industry, the fragmentation of physician roles, and the increasing numbers of nonphysician clinicians will likely accelerate this process. Although these changes hold the promise of more efficient and effective health care, physicians should be concerned about the resultant loss of autonomy, disruption of continuity of care, and the potential erosion of professional values.
Pyramidal Slip on \{ 11\bar 23\} and Basal Twinning in Al2O3

Plastic deformation of Al2O3 by slip and twinning has been investigated by examining the regions surrounding a microhardness indentation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results establish: (1) the occurrence of pyramidal slip on \(\{ 11\bar 23\} \), and (2) the nature of basal twins in this material. The observations on basal twins, in particular, have led to a completely different description for the twinning process, which is briefly described.
Denouncing America's Destiny: Sarah Winnemucca's Assault on US Expansion

ABSTRACTSarah Winnemucca is largely remembered today as the author of the first autobiography penned by a Native American woman. Her book, Life among the Piutes, represents far more than a literary footnote. Winnemucca was an astute observer of US expansion into western North America and an outspoken critic of the violence and dispossession that her contemporaries dismissed as the inevitable byproduct of progress. Winnemucca pointed out the cruelties associated with the ‘settlement’ of the Far West, identifying particularly the many acts of violence perpetrated against Native women. Adapted largely from her public lectures, Life among the Piutes was both a comprehensive indictment of US actions and a clear description of possible remedies – remedies policy-makers routinely ignored.
The Occurrence and Metabolism of Lanthanides

At first sight, it might seem strange to spend a chapter discussing the metabolism of substances with no known metabolic role. Nevertheless, there exists an extensive literature on lanthanide metabolism. Studies of this subject have been largely prompted by toxicological considerations (Chapter 8), with particular concern about human exposure to radioactive lanthanides formed as a result of nuclear reactions. For obvious reasons, investigations with mammals have predominated, although the possible passage of radioactive lanthanides through the food chain has led to the inclusion of other organisms in such studies. In areas where the ambient concentration of lanthanides in the soil is high, their assimilation is being monitored to obtain an indication of the likely distribution of the actinides, elements whose metabolic behavior shows similarities to that of the lanthanides (Durbin, 1962; Eisenbud et al., 1984). An additional motive for studying lanthanide metabolism has been medical (Chapter 9). Possible medical applications of the lanthanides have been sought for over a century, a process which has necessarily entailed consideration of their metabolism.
Pharmacogenomics: Genetic Polymorphism of Receptors and Variation in Drug Response

Human Genome Project (information and technology) provides insights so profound that it has the ability to change everything we know about medicine and how medicines are developed. Genetic factors contribute substantially to variable drug effects and constitute a critical element of a product's profile that must be considered in clinical use. Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly emerging field focused on understanding the genetic factors underlying drug action and applying this information to improve the clinical use and development of pharmaceutical products. In clinical practice, the understanding of how genetic variation leads to variable drug effects can be used to prescribe drugs selectively to individuals in regimens and doses that are most likely to be safe and effective (Personalized Medicine or “Tailor-made Medicine”). Also, pharmacogenomics will promote to develop novel pharmaceutical products targeted to the normal genetic variance of human populations. In drug development, knowledge of genetic variation that may affect drug action can be used to reduce the cost and complexity of clinical trials, increase the success rate of achieving regulatory approval, and achieve approvals for new classes of diagnostic and therapeutic products. Pharmacogenomics programs, thus, enhances the development, commercialization, and clinical use of conventional pharmaceutical products for common diseases, and eventually a powerful tool for Evidence-Based Medicine. Advanced genetic variance discovery technologies to optimize drug treatments and to develop safer and more effective pharmaceutical products, and clinical trial system to test for these variances are clearly required even in Japan, who unfortunately is still far behind in establishing this important discipline.
Synthesis and biodistribution of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucopyranosyl [18F]fluoride in mice

The synthesis and biodistribution of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluro-d-glucopyranosyl [18F]fluoride \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{4} } \right)\)in mice are described. Reaction of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{1} } \right)\) with [18F]F2 in freon-11 at-78° C gives 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl [18F]fluoride \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} } \right)\)and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-mannopyranosyl [18F]fluoride \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{3} } \right)\). Partial hydrolysis of \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} } \right)\)with NaOMe/MeOH gives compound \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{4} } \right)\)in a radiochemical yield of ∼28% (based on 18F recovered) and in a synthesis time of 70 min from EOB. The biodistribution of compound \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{4} } \right)\)in mice suggests that it defluorinates in vivo to give 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose \(\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{5} } \right)\)and [18F]fluoride as metabolites.
Acoustic Ray-Tracing on Unstructured Adaptive Grids

*† ‡ § ** †† A computationally efficient acoustic ray-tracing code based on unstructured adaptive grids is described in detail. The use of unstructured grids allows wave propagation simulations on complex computational domains. Detailed surface layer physics is included to take into account the atmospheric variability under different stability conditions and landuse inhomogeneities. The ray-tracing model has been coupled with meso- and microscale atmospheric flow models. The method shows promise in simulating long-range acoustic wave propagation in the atmosphere over complex terrain.
Adapting Design Thinking and Cultural Probes to the Experiences of Immigrant Youth: Uncovering the Roles of Visual Media and Music in ICT Wayfaring

Our case study focuses on our fifth collaborative design workshop with immigrant and refugee youth, geared to understanding the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their daily lives, especially as wayfaring aids for helping others with healthcare, transportation, education, employment, etc. The importance of our case study lies in its lessons for co-design research techniques related to immigrant youth. We have found that best practice includes adapting to the different cultures and experiences of immigrant and refugee youth from East Africa, Myanmar, Syria, and Latin America. Our adaptations exemplify our growing understanding of teen culture and the rapid evolution of ICTs created, employed and managed by youth. Our fifth workshop, with 22 Latino teens, embodies best practices related to the importance of visuals and music in forging youth's digital identities and their ICT wayfaring behavior.
Remote sensing of seasonal changes and disturbances in mangrove forest: a case study from South Florida

Knowledge of the spatial and temporal changes caused by episodic disturbances and seasonal variability is essential for understanding the dynamics of mangrove forests at the landscape scale, and for building a baseline that allows detection of the effects of future environmental change. In combination with LiDAR data, we calculated four vegetation indices from 150 Landsat TM images from 1985 to 2011 in order to detect seasonal changes and distinguish them from disturbances due to hurricanes and chilling events in a mangrove-dominated coastal landscape. We found that normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) performed best in identifying both seasonal and event-driven episodic changes. Mangrove responses to chilling and hurricane events exhibited distinct spatial patterns. Severe damage from intense chilling events was concentrated in the interior dwarf and transition mangrove forests with tree heights less than 4 m, while severe damage from intense hurricanes was limited to the mangrove forest near the coast, where tree heights were more than 4 m. It took 4-7 months for damage from intense chilling events and hurricanes to reach their full extent, and took 2-6 yr for the mangrove forest to recover from these -disturbances. There was no significant trend in the vegetation changes represented by NDMI over the -27-yr period, but seasonal signals from both dwarf and fringe mangrove forests were discernible. Only severe damage from hurricanes and intense chilling events could be detected in Landsat images, while damage from weak chilling events could not be separated from the background seasonal change.
The interaction between maternal race/ethnicity and chronic hypertension on preterm birth.

Background In both the biomedical and public health literature, the risk for preterm birth has been linked to maternal racial/ethnic background, in particular African-American heritage. Despite this well-documented health disparity, the relationship of comorbid conditions, such as chronic hypertension, to maternal race/ethnicity and preterm birth has received relatively limited attention in the literature. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the interaction between chronic hypertension and maternal racial/ethnic background on preterm birth. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies among women who delivered between 2002 and 2015 at the University of California, San Francisco. The associations of chronic hypertension with both spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth were examined by univariate and multivariate logistical regression, adjusting for confounders including for maternal age, history of preterm birth, maternal body mass index, insurance type (public vs private), smoking, substance abuse, history of pregestational diabetes mellitus, and use of assisted reproductive technologies. The interaction effect of chronic hypertension and racial/ethnicity was also evaluated. All values are reported as odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals and significance set at P = .05. Results In this cohort of 23,425 singleton pregnancies, 8.8% had preterm deliveries (3% were medically indicated preterm birth, whereas 5.5% were spontaneous preterm births), and 3.8% of women carried the diagnosis of chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertension was significantly associated with preterm birth in general (adjusted odds ratio, 2.74, P P P P P P P = .4). Conclusion The effect of chronic hypertension on overall preterm birth and medically indicated preterm birth differs by racial/ethnic group. The larger effect of chronic hypertension among African-American and Asian/Pacific Islander women on medically indicated and total preterm birth rates raises the possibility of an independent variable that is not captured in the data analysis, although data regarding the indication for medically indicated preterm delivery was limited in this data set. Further investigation into both social-structural and biological predispositions to preterm birth should accompany research focusing on the effect of chronic hypertension on birth outcomes.
P071 Contaminating dna is variably detected at each HLA NexGen sequencing and can result in incorrect HLA type assignments

Aim To determine the level at which contaminating DNA will interfere with HLA typing by NexGen Sequencing. Methods Two separate DNAs were mixed 0.1–50%, and typed: rSSO (OneLambda®); NexGen (TruSight® HLA v2, Illumina®). Analysis: Fusion® and Conexio® Assign™, respectively. Results The table indicates at what percentage of contaminating DNA, interference occurs for detecting the correct HLA locus type. Except for DR, the results are similar. As little as 2% contamination may result in incorrect assignment of DRB1 by rSSO; NexGen is 10× lower. Overall, ∼20–80% contaminating DNA may allow for detection of all four alleles. Detection is much easier with rSSO, where the MFI values of the probes are easier to assess. Individual probe values near the cut-offs can be adjusted, and thereby reveal inappropriate type results, or the additional alleles may be seen as increasing heights of probe values not yet reaching the cutoffs. Detection may be more difficult with NexGen. Even when the control parameters are good, and read depths are >100, contaminating DNA can result in incorrect typing results. At least two noticeable issues contribute to incorrect results, even without contaminating DNA. (1) The alleles may asymmetrically amplify in the initial steps. Where one allele amplifies 10% or less of the two, the polymorphisms may fall into the “noise” range where they are not correctly identified by the software, even with good read depths. (2) The coverage across an allele may be poor in segments where important polymorphisms are missed. Contaminating DNA exacerbate these, so that a contaminating allele polymorphism may be assigned when the percentage of contamination is as noted in the Table. Conclusions Low levels of contaminating DNA can result in incorrect DRB1 assignment. Asymmetric amplification of alleles can exacerbate the effects of contaminating DNA, and may result in incorrect homozygosity assignment even without contaminating DNA. Careful awareness of linkage disequilibrium details can help to spot incorrect typing results.
A key agreement method for wireless body area networks

A secure and efficient key agreement method is required by Wireless Body Area Network, especially for intersensor/controller communication. The communicating parties share similar channel information at physical layer that the others cannot grasp. The physical layer information-based key generation and agreement will only pass check symbols from one side to the other side of the communication channel. Then the receiving side can recover the original information stored at the sending side from the received check symbols and the similar local information. This way can achieve both high security and efficiency. This paper further improves the security and efficiency of the above method.
A Newborn Who Has A Depressed Region Over the Right Parietal Bone

### Maternal History ### Presentation The infant was born by cesarean section after several attempts at vaginal delivery with forceps assistance. The pediatrics team was present at the delivery. Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Initial physical examination revealed a depressed region over the right parietal bone. The infant was brought to the neonatal intensive care unit for further evaluation and management. ### Vital Signs ### Physical Examination