cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS PATTERNS IN THE INFANT RHESUS MONKEY.

Abstract The sleep and wakefulness patterns of five neonatal rhesus monkeys were monitored by continuous polygraphic recording and compared with the animal's behavior until the infants were 1 month old. Similar observations and recordings were made for comparative purposes on three juveniles of 9–13 months of age. The three states of vigilance: wakefulness; high voltage, slow wave sleep (HVS); and low voltage, fast wave sleep (LVF) exist in the same form as characterized by the established polygraphic and behavioral patterns of the adult, although in varying temporal relations. For example, the rise from birth in the total sleep time and that proportion of it occupied by LVF persists until the seventh day of life. Thereafter, the total sleep time remains constant while the proportion of LVF declines into juvenile life. In addition, the mean durations of periods of wakefulness, sleep, HVS, and LVF show marked changes on this day. The uniqueness of the seventh day of postnatal life for the development of the infant monkey is further emphasized by the initial appearance at this age of a number of important behavioral responses.
A two-stage algorithm to estimate the source of information diffusion in social media networks

We study the important problem of source localization in the context of information spreads in large social networks. Specifically, we design a Maximum-Likelihood source localization algorithm that is especially suited to large social networks. Our proposed algorithm requires about 3% fewer sensor nodes than other single stage algorithms for the same level of accuracy in detection. For practical social networks, which are typically large, this translates to a significantly fewer number of sensor nodes.
Failure Initiation and Progression in Internally-Pressurized Elliptical Composite Cylinders

The article addresses the influences of the noncircular geometry and material orthotropy on the predictions of initial material failure, and the extent and spatial distribution of subsequent failures, within the walls of internally-pressurized laminated composite cylinders with elliptical cross sections. The work is focused on the potential for leakage through the cylinder walls due to the accumulation of matrix cracking and fiber breakage within the layers. The predictions are based on numerical analyses using the finite-element code STAGS. Three different graphite-epoxy lamination sequences, a quasi-isotropic, a circumferentially stiff, and an axially stiff lamination sequence, are considered to investigate the effects of material orthotropy. Three different failure criteria and several material degradation schemes are considered to determine the sensitivity of the predictions to these steps in the analyses. It is shown that the spatial location of and pressure level to produce the initial failure, whic...
A compact CW quantum cascade laser based QEPAS sensor for sensitive detection of nitric oxide

The development of a compact NO QEPAS-based sensor platform employing a CW DFB-QCL will be reported. A detection sensitivity of 4 ppbv was achieved with a 1-sec averaging time for the 1900.08 cm−1 NO line.
Application of synchrotron radiation to the structural studies of metalloproteins

Abstract With the advent of synchrotron radiation, there has been renewed interest in X-ray absorption spectroscopy, particularly for studies of biological systems. The applications of this newly revived methodology to metalloproteins will be reviewed. The lecture will focus on a number of electron transport proteins, and will discuss the information which can be obtained from both the absorption edge fine structure (AEFS) and the extended absorption edge fine structure (EXAFS).
Alternative Crop Rotations for the Central Great Plains

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most common dryland crop grown in the central Great Plains. Producers in this region include fallow in the rotation to minimize yield variability due to erratic precipitation. However, fallow degrades soil quality by increasing erosion potential and loss of organic matter. Fortunately, minimum-till production systems and residue management improve water use efficiency by plants, thus producers can crop more frequently. We evaluated eight rotations comprised of various sequences of winter wheat (W), corn (Zea mays L.) (C), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (M), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (S), and fallow (F) in comparison to W-F at Akron CO. Our goal was to identify rotations that can replace W-F to minimize the frequency of fallow. The soil was a Weld silt loam (Aridic Paleustoll). Continuously cropping with W-C-M and W-M almost doubled total grain yield compared with the conventional system of W-F. Other rotations such as W-C-F, W-C-S-F, and W-C-M-F yielded >60% more on an annualized basis than W-F. Winter wheat yield increased with longer time intervals between wheat crops. Sunflower yielded the most when grown only once every 4 yr; more frequent cropping favored diseases. Sunflower reduced yield of the following crop, especially during dry years. Yield variability was highest with corn and sunflower, whereas proso millet showed the least variability. Producers can manage yield variability by diversifying crops in the rotation, as annualized yield variability of W-M and W-C-M was similar to W-F. With residue maintenance and minimum tillage, producers can crop more frequently, thus increasing land productivity while minimizing the frequency of fallow in this semiarid region.
Modelling of major elements in mantle-melt systems using trace element approaches

Abstract Major elements can be modelled in ways similar to the quantitative petrogenetic modelling used for trace elements. In contrast to modelling with trace elements, however, modelling with major elements is constrained by the stoichiometry of the solid phases. Within these constraints, the same equations for partial melting and crystallization which have been used to such advantage for trace elements may be used for major elements. Calculated MgO and FeO abundances in a mantle-melt system are used as an example of the modelling technique. Such modelling yields limited fields of permissible melts and residues for a given parent composition, but does not give the paths of melting. It does allow the temperature and extent of melting which gave rise to a melt to be determined from the MgO and FeO abundances of the melt or residual solid. Applying the results of the modelling to igneous rocks and ultramafic nodules leads to the following conclusions, which are subject to the uncertainties in the available distribution coefficients. Least differentiated basalt glasses from the ocean floor are derived from parent melts with less than 15.5 weight % MgO and 8.2 wt. % FeO. Komatiites may be derived by less than 60% melting of a pyrolite source leaving a residue of olivine and pyroxene. Many nodules from the subcontinental mantle appear to be residues of large fractions of melting (>30%) at high temperature and pressure, whereas ultramafic nodules from oceanic basalts appear to be residues of smaller fractions of melting (
From the Special Issue Editor

Welcome to the JGSMS Special Issue on Global New Product Development!In today’s global marketplace, firms need to consider how to leverage their global scale and scope in order to improve new produ...
Exact controllability of second-order hyperbolic equations with impulse controls

The exact controllability of a class of second-order hyperbolic boundary problems, both linear and semi-linear, with internal impulse controls supported from suitable subdomain is studied. It is shown that if the principal linear part of the hyperbolic equation satisfies Huygens' principle (in a certain sense) and if the aforementioned subdomain is suitably chosen, then such “impulse” exact controllability is possible.
Long-term preservation of silica gel-encapsulated bacterial biocatalysts by desiccation

Whole cells encapsulated in silica gels are used in a wide variety of applications in biomedicine, biotechnology and bioremediation. Drying after encapsulation is desirable to enhance the strength of the gel and to make it lighter, facilitating its use, storage and transportation. However, preserving biological activity of the cells in a desiccated state remains a formidable challenge. In this study, different drying conditions for a silica gel-encapsulated bacterial biocatalyst (atrazine biodegrading Escherichia coli) were studied to enhance mechanical properties while sustaining long-term biocatalytic activity of the bacteria. Effects of lyoprotectant solutions containing 0.4 M sucrose, 0.4 M trehalose or 30 % (wt/wt) glycerol on the activity of the encapsulated bacteria during drying were investigated. It was determined that two orders of magnitude increase in the elastic modulus (E) and the compressive stress at failure (σ) of the gel could be achieved by drying, independent of the drying rate. It was shown that partially desiccated silica gels preserved and enhanced the biocatalytic activity of the encapsulated bacteria up to a critical drying level. Atrazine biodegradation activity of encapsulated bacteria suspended with 0.4 M sucrose and PBS increased with increasing water removal, reaching a maximum at 68 % water loss. This enhanced activity was sustained for 3 months, when the gels were stored at 4 °C.
On Electrical Modeling of Imperfect Diffusion Patterning

Imperfect lithographic patterning leads to nonrectangular polysilicon and diffusion layers. Though electrical modeling of polysilicon rounding has received much attention, same is not true for diffusion. In this work, we propose the first physically derived electrical model for diffusion rounding. We show that channel length, effective device width and Vth of the device are affected. The model shows that effect of rounding is not symmetric with respect to source and drain. Further, we extend the model to handle polysilicon and diffusion patterning imperfections together. The model can be calibrated using circuit simulation instead of silicon/TCAD. The average errors (as verified with TCAD simulation) of the model are 1.6% and 1.7% for TCAD and SPICE based calibration respectively. The average error for the combined poly and diffusion rounding model is 2.7%. As a simple circuit application, we show that poly-to-diffusion spacing rule can be shrunk to reduce cell area by 5% without any delay or leakage penalty.
A Meta‐Analysis of After‐School Programs That Seek to Promote Personal and Social Skills in Children and Adolescents

A meta-analysis of after-school programs that seek to enhance the personal and social skills of children and adolescents indicated that, compared to controls, participants demonstrated significant increases in their self-perceptions and bonding to school, positive social behaviors, school grades and levels of academic achievement, and significant reductions in problem behaviors. The presence of four recommended practices associated with previously effective skill training (SAFE: sequenced, active, focused, and explicit) moderated several program outcomes. One important implication of current findings is that ASPs should contain components to foster the personal and social skills of youth because youth can benefit in multiple ways if these components are offered. The second implication is that further research is warranted on identifying program characteristics that can help us understand why some programs are more successful than others.
The drive for power and the control of nuclear danger: A response to Deutsch

Dr. Deutsch offers profound and cogent insights on the problem of averting World War III based on years of research and contemplation, and I fully agree with all of them. My comments will seek to expand and make more explicit a psychological source of the nuclear arms race which he touches on only implicitly. This is the drive for power which lies behind the competitive orientation of national leaders. I will also elaborate on his comment that the existence of a community keeps conflict within bounds and develops rules for regulating it. As Deutsch emphasizes, the “craziness” of the nuclear arms race is not due to the psychopathology of leaders, who typically are among the most stable and realistic members of their societies, but results from a malignant social process. The basic psychological source of this process I believe to be the will-to-power, termed by Tacitus “the most flagrant of all the passions” (Tuchman, 1984). The leaders of stronger nations strive to maintain and expand their influence, while those of weaker nations strive for “equality” as the best they can hope to achieve. Equality in this sense seems to mean the demand that the stronger power treat them with respect and acknowledge that their claims must be taken seriously. Leaders, however, seldom speak directly of seeking power. Rather, on both sides, they justify their actions by invoking the need for deterring the aggressive intentions of the other. A moment’s reflection indicates that, although this motivation could be defended plausibly as a justification for accumulating conventional weapons, it makes no sense with nuclear ones. Mutual deterrence has long since been achieved by both nuclear superpowers in that only a small fraction of their arsenals on invulnerable submarines can totally destroy the other nation. Accumulating additional nuclear weapons adds nothing to the security of either. Instead it enhances anxiety in that the greater the number of nuclear weapons, the greater the danger of their inadvertent discharge, with potentially catastrophic consequences. Recently, American military and civilian leaders have sought to reduce our nuclear stockpile by founding deterrence on smaller, more accurate weapons theoretically able to respond in a flexible, controlled manner if the Soviet Union initiates nuclear hostilities at any level or in any form. This so-called “war-fighting doctrine” flies in the face of judgments by highest level military
1053 GESTATIONAL VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV) INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS

Although uncommon, gestational varicella has potential for severe consequences. Fetal wastage and congenital anomalies have been associated with early gestation maternal infection while progressive neonatal disease has been associated with perinatal infection. To study congenital infection, strain 2 guinea pigs, known to be successful breeders for ≤ 3 pregnancies, were either infected with 4.2 log10 pfu VZV or sham inoculated at 23-57 days gestation. Five infected pregnancies resulted in the spontaneous death of all offspring; one with maternal death, one with in utero resorption, one with a stillborn litter, and two litters with death of all offspring between 4-15 days of age. Three additional pregnancies progressed to full-term delivery. Of 26 total offspring, ll were stillborn, three died in utero, and six died in the neonatal period; three had congenital cataracts. Eight of 29 pups born to sham inoculated animals were stillborn. An additional animal, infected at five weeks gestation, was sacrificed six days after inoculation: VZV was detected by explant co-cultivation or dot blot DNA hybridization from multiple maternal and fetal tissues. Gestational VZV infection in the guinea pig causes fetal wastage, altered intrauterine development, and increased perinatal mortality.
Isolation and characterization of glutathione reductase from Penicillium chrysogenum

Abstract Glutathione reductase (NADPH:glutathione oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.4.2)) was purified 3000-fold from Penicillium chrysogenum. The purified preparation is homogeneous according to: (a) its behavior on disc gel electrophoresis, (b) sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge and (c) elution from a Sephadex G-200 column. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 6.8 and 7.6, and its activity is affected by ionic strength (optimum in o.i. M phosphate). The enzyme is inhibited by p-chloromercubenzoate (PCMB), N-ethylmaleimide and heavy metals. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme are: (a) a mol. activity of 46 000 moles of NADPH oxidized/min per mole of enzyme; (b) a KmNADPH of 10−5 M, a KmGSSG of 5.5·10−5 and a Km NADH of 3·10−4 M. The enzyme has absorption maxima at 462, 365 and 275 mμ, which is typical of a flavin enzyme. The flavin is FAD. Other physical parameters of the enzyme are: (a) an E1 cm1% at mμ of 18.6, (b) a molecular weight of 110 000, with 2 flavins/mole of enzyme and (c) a diffusion coefficient of 5.15·10−7 cm2/sec.
Cascading of habitat degradation: Oyster reefs invaded by refugee fishes escaping stress

Mobile consumers have potential to cause a cascading of habitat degradation beyond the region that is directly stressed, by concentrating in refuges where they intensify biological interactions and can deplete prey resources. We tested this hypothesis on structurally complex, species-rich biogenic reefs created by the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina, USA. We (1) sampled fishes and invertebrates on natural and restored reefs and on sand bottom to compare fish utilization of these different habitats and to characterize the trophic relations among large reef-associated fishes and benthic invertebrates, and (2) tested whether bottom-water hypoxia and fishery-caused degradation of reef habitat combine to induce mass emigration of fish that then modify community composition in refuges across an estuarine seascape. Experimentally restored oyster reefs of two heights (1 m tall “degraded” or 2 m tall “natural” reefs) were constructed at 3 and 6 m depths. We sampled...
THE ENZYMIC REDUCTION OF NAPHTHOQUINONES BY REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

Abstract 1. 1. A particulate enzyme system, obtained from cell-free extracts of the H 37 Ra strain of Mycobacterium tubercolosis , catalyzes the reduction of napthoquinones (vitamin K 1 , K 2(20) , K 2(25) , K 2(45) and benzoquinones CoQ 2 , but not CoQ 10 ) by NADH 2 . The reduction of both external quinones and protein-bound K 2(45) has been demonstrated. 2. 2. The reduction of vitamin K 2(45) is inhibited by dicumarol. 3. 3. The particulate enzyme system is solubilized by Triton X-100 and by digitonin treatment. The solubilized enzyme system contains high concentrations of vitamin K 2(45) .
Molecular requirements for targeting the polyamine transport system. Synthesis and biological evaluation of polyamine-anthracene conjugates.

A series of nine N(1)-(9-anthracenylmethyl)tetraamines (e.g., Ant-4,4,4-tetraamine) were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity in L1210, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)-treated L1210, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and CHO-MG cell lines. Surprisingly, the 3,3,4- and 3,4,3-tetraamine motifs had the same or decreased cytotoxicity in DFMO-treated L1210 cells, whereas the rest of the tetraamine systems were usually more cytotoxic and gave lower IC(50) values in this treated cell line. The most sensitive derivatives to DFMO treatment were the Ant-4,4,3- and Ant-4,4,4-tetraamine analogues, which were 7 and 5 times more cytotoxic in DFMO-treated L1210 cells, respectively. K(i) values for each of the anthracenylmethyl(Ant)-polyamine conjugates were determined in L1210 cells and revealed that these systems are high-affinity ligands for the polyamine transporter (PAT). Mixed results were observed in the CHO and CHO-MG assays. The 4,4,4- and 5,4,4-tetraamine motifs were 3 times more toxic to CHO cells with active polyamine transporters. For example, the Ant-4,4,4-tetraamine conjugate displayed IC(50) values of 11 microM in CHO cells and 33 microM in CHO-MG cells, a PAT-deficient cell line. This suggested that these derivatives used the PAT in part to access cells. However, most of the other tetraamine derivatives had similar potencies in both the CHO and CHO-MG cell lines. In terms of vector design, higher affinity for the PAT (lower K(i) values) did not translate into higher potency for the tetraamine conjugate. In contrast, the related triamine systems, which had micromolar K(i) values in L1210 cells, were more efficacious and selective. In one case, the 4,4-triamine motif imparted 150-fold higher potency in CHO cells than the CHO-MG mutant. A deconvolution microscopy study in A375 melanoma cells revealed a rapid internalization of the Ant-4,4-triamine as fluorescent vesicles, whereas the Ant-4,4,4-tetraamine remained mostly at the cell surface. These findings help define the key characteristics required for selective delivery of polyamine-drug conjugates into cell types with active polyamine transporters.
Finite Element Large Deflection Random Response Of Thermally Buckled Plates

The governing nonlinear equations of motion are derived for a rectangular isotropic plate subjected to a combined thermal-acoustic loading. The thermal loading is taken to be a steady state temperature distribution, and the acoustic loading is considered to be a stationary Gaussian pressure with zero mean and uniform magnitude and phase over the plate surface. With these types of loads, the thermal-acoustic analysis can be separated into two problems: (1) thermal post-buckling; and (2) random vibration of the thermally buckled plate. Since both analyses are nonlinear, iterative techniques are used to solve each. For the random vibration analysis, the method of equivalent linearization is used; both auto- and cross-correlation terms are included. Results obtained using the present formulation are compared with previous classical equivalent linearization results.
Role of interface on structure and properties of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films

It has been recently reported that epitaxial strain can elevate ferroelectric transition temperature (Tc) by hundreds of degrees in both BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 thin films and produce room-temperature ferroelectricity in SrTiO3, a material that normally is not ferroelectric at any temperature. HRTEM analysis of strained BaTiO3 predicts the enhancement of spontaneous polarization by more than 100%, which is consistent with the direct measurements of strained BaTiO3 thin films using epitaxial SrRuO3 electrodes. Furthermore, ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy studies showed that one-unit-cell-thick BaTiO3 layers in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices are not only ferroelectric (with Tc as high as 250 K) but also polarize the quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 layers adjacent to them. The ferroelectric transition temperature was tuned by ~500 °C by varying the thicknesses of the BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 layers, revealing the essential roles of electrical and mechanical boundary conditions for nanoscale ferroelectricity. This talk will focus on the structure-property relationships of interfaces in such epitaxial ferroelectric thin films and superlattices. The effect of lattice mismatch (epitaxial strain), crystal defects, and chemistry at the film/substrate interfaces on the microstructure and physical properties of different systems will be addressed.
n-p-n silicon lateral phototransistors for hybrid integrated optical circuits

An etched mesa silicon lateral phototransistor (EMS-LPT) suitable for detecting the light signal from optical channel waveguides has been designed and fabricated. In this paper both n+-p-n+uniform base and n+-p-p--n+double-diffused EMS-LPT's are reported. The photoactive region of the EMS-LPT is highly localized and can be easily coupled either via an evanescent field or to a grating coupler on a channel waveguide. Light coupling, gain, speed, and signal-to-noise ratio of the device are thereby greatly improved. The fabrication techniques of the EMS-LPT's are compatible with those of MOSFET's, permitting integration of multiple EMS-LPT's and MOSFET load transistors to form optically addressed inverters on the same silicon chip. By flip-chip bonding LiNbO 3 and silicon substrates and coupling LiNbO 3 channel waveguides to EMS-LPT's via grating couplers, we produce electrooptic switches with optical input and output.
RNA Stability regulates differential expression of the metastasis protein, osteopontin, in hepatocellular cancer

Background Osteopontin (OPN) is a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), because it is a critical mediator of metastatic function. The molecular mechanisms that determine expression of OPN in HCC, however, are unknown. In this study, we examine differential OPN expression in the 2 HCC cell lines: HepG2 and Hep3B. Methods OPN expression, metastatic function, OPN promoter activity, and active transcription of OPN mRNA and its decay were assessed in the 2 HCC cell lines using standard techniques. RNA gel-shift assays were performed to determine binding of cytoplasmic proteins to OPN mRNA. Results Expression of OPN cellular/secreted protein and mRNA was greater in HepG2 than Hep3B cells ( P P P Conclusions We conclude that RNA stability is a new, previously unrecognized mechanism that regulates OPN expression in HCC to convey metastatic function.
Characterization of myoglobin toxicity in renal cortical slices from Fischer 344 rats

Rhabdomyolysis is associated with acute renal failure. The following study first characterized myoglobin in vitro toxicity using renal cortical slices isolated from male Fischer 344 rats. This model provided interaction between various cells within the nephron and provides myoglobin access predominantly through the basolateral membrane. Second, this study examined the effect of deferoxamine (DFX) and glutathione on myoglobin toxicity to determine the role of radicals and iron. Renal cortical slices were incubated for 30-120 min with 0, 4, 10 or 12 mg/ml myoglobin. Myoglobin was pretreated with 4 mM ascorbic acid prior to addition to the slices to ensure that myoglobin was in its reduced state. In other experiments tissues were pretreated for 15 min with 0.1 mM of the iron chelator DFX or 30 min with 1 mM glutathione prior to co-incubation with myoglobin. Finally, slices were pretreated with 1 mM glutathione for 30 min, rinsed and incubated only with myoglobin. Early event changes occurred within a 60 min exposure and included a decline in pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis, increased lipid peroxidation levels and decreased glutathione levels. Loss of ATP levels and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release required a 120 min exposure to myoglobin. DFX reduced myoglobin induced effects on LDH leakage but had no effect on gluconeogenesis suggesting that myoglobin toxicity had an iron dependent (LDH) and independent (gluconeogenesis) pathway. Pretreatment with glutathione provided complete protection and was mediated by intracellular events.
Computer-assisted diagnosis in the noninvasive evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

A microcomputer program called CADENZA, which employs Bayes' theorem to analyze and report the results of various clinical descriptors and noninvasive tests relative to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, was evaluated in 1,097 consecutive patients without previous myocardial infarction. With this program, each patient was characterized by a probability for coronary artery disease, based on Framingham risk factor analysis, symptom characterization, electrocardiographic stress testing, cardiokymography, cardiac fluoroscopy, thallium perfusion scintigraphy and technetium equilibrium-gated blood pool scintigraphy. A total of 11,808 probability estimates derived from various combinations of the available observations were analyzed: 2,180 in 170 patients undergoing coronary angiography and 9,628 in 969 patients who completed a 1 year follow-up for coronary events. The predicted probability of disease correlated linearly with observed angiographic prevalence in the 170 patients who subsequently had coronary angiography (prevalence = [0.001 ± 0.011] + [0.966 ± 0.019] x probability). The difference between probability and prevalence averaged 3.1%, and the magnitude of this correlation was not affected by the type or amount of data analyzed. The prevalence of multivessel disease in these patients increased as a monotonic function of disease probability. Below a probability of 25%, single vessel disease was slightly more common than multivessel disease. Above a probability of 75%, multivessel disease predominated. In the 969 patients followed up for 1 year from the date of testing, the incidence of cardiac death and nonfatal infarction increased as a cubic function of disease probability (from approximately 0 to 8% per year for each). Above a probability of 90%, however, the standard deviation for predicting these events was wide. These data indicate that Bayes' theorem in general— and CADENZA in particular—is an accurate, clinically applicable means for quantifying the prevalence of angiographic coronary artery disease, the risk of multivessel disease and the incidence of morbid coronary events in the year after testing.
A G protein γ subunit peptide stabilizes a novel muscarinic receptor state

A prenylated peptide specific to the C terminal tail of a G protein γ subunit type, γ5, inhibits activation of a G protein by the M2 muscarinic receptor. The γ5 peptide was tested for direct effects on the M2 receptor’s properties. The wild type γ5 peptide reduced the affinity of M2 for the agonist, carbachol, more than 5-fold in an antagonist displacement assay. The peptide was inactive when its amino acid sequence was scrambled or when it was unprenylated. Although the wild type peptide reduced the affinity of M2 for the antagonist QNB, it had no effect on the antagonists NMS or atropine. These results suggest that in the presence of the peptide the M2 receptor adopts a novel conformational state that affects the ligand binding surface. The results also suggest that the G protein γ5 subunit tail interacts with a receptor.
Social Status of Coal Miners in Britain Since Nationalization

. Until World War I, coal miners in Great Britain were cut off, socially and geographically, from the mainstream of life in the society around them. Slavery in Scotland and serfdom throughout the rest of Britain were characteristic conditions of coal miners in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and well into the eighteenth century. Even after the Reformation, repressive laws, designed to prevent miners from leaving the industry, made more onerous the master-servant relationship even though it was being ameliorated elsewhere. Mineworkers shared in the gradual improvement of living conditions in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The isolation of mining communities, and the low status accorded miners by society, insured that changes were slower in coming. Poverty, unemployment, and the interwar depression years for the industry defeated attempts to break down barriers and to improve miners’ living and working conditions. Wages, working conditions, fringe benefits, day-to-day labor-management relations, housing, recreational facilities, and educational opportunities all sharply improved after nationalization. Today most miners still feel they are rated lower in the social scale than they are entitled to be by the nature and importance of their work. Both their appreciation of gains and their resentment of shortcomings exert an influence on industrial relations. The presence of both elements has provoked contradictory interpretations, usually to the effect that nationalization has not worked. Actually most mineworkers feel better about themselves, about the industry and its management. The status of miners among workers is higher than it has ever been. Coal miners feel entitled to improve their position still more.
Properties of nanocrystalline TiO2 synthesized in premixed flames stabilized on a rotating surface

The properties of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using the flame stabilized on a rotating surface method (FSRS) are investigated. The method uses a laminar, premixed, stagnation flame, combining particle synthesis and film deposition in a single step. The current study examines the effects of flame properties on particle characteristics. Synthesized particles were characterized using X-ray diffractometry, Transmission Electron Microscopy and UV–vis spectrometry in order to quantify the effects of equivalence ratio and precursor loading on particle size, crystallinity and optical band-gap. Results show that flame stoichiometry significantly affects crystal phase, but it has little to no effect on particle size and light absorption band edge. In addition, precursor loading impacts both the particle size and the crystal phase. The study demonstrates the potential of the FSRS method for producing tailored nanoscale TiO2 particles for a variety of applications.
A location representation for generating descriptive walking directions

An expressive representation for location is an important component in many applications. However, while many location-aware applications can reason about space at the level of coordinates and containment relationships, they have no way to express the semantics that define how a particular space is used. We present Lair, an ontology that addresses this problem by modeling both the geographical relationships between spaces as well as the functional purpose of a given space. We describe how Lair was used to create an application that produces walking directions comparable to those given by a person, and a pilot study that evaluated the quality of these directions. We also describe how Lair can be used to evaluate other intelligent user interfaces.
Modulation of C. elegans Touch Sensitivity Is Integrated at Multiple Levels

Sensory systems can adapt to different environmental signals. Here we identify four conditions that modulate anterior touch sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans after several hours and demonstrate that such sensory modulation is integrated at multiple levels to produce a single output. Prolonged vibration involving integrin signaling directly sensitizes the touch receptor neurons (TRNs). In contrast, hypoxia, the dauer state, and high salt reduce touch sensitivity by preventing the release of long-range neuroregulators, including two insulin-like proteins. Integration of these latter inputs occurs at upstream neurohormonal cells and at the insulin signaling cascade within the TRNs. These signals and those from integrin signaling converge to modulate touch sensitivity by regulating AKT kinases and DAF-16/FOXO. Thus, activation of either the integrin or insulin pathways can compensate for defects in the other pathway. This modulatory system integrates conflicting signals from different modalities, and adapts touch sensitivity to both mechanical and non-mechanical conditions.
Methadone and "Bath Salt" Use Causing Near-Fatal Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (P06.259)

Objective: To report previously unreported etiologies of PRES including methadone and bath salt use, resulting in near fatal complications. Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical and radiological entity characterized by headache, variable mental status, seizure, visual disturbances, and typical transient changes in the posterior cerebral perfusion. Its pathophysiology remains controversial, however it may be secondary to toxin induce endothelial dysfunction or relative hypertension causing imbalanced Starlin9s forces. The advent of modern brain imaging has afforded an improved understanding with well defined etiologies and presentations, but many atypical presentations exist. While typically associated with a benign prognosis, we present two patients with near fatal PRES related to the street drugs bath salt and methadone. Design/Methods: Case report from a tertiary medical center. Results: Patient 1: 26 year old male presented with acute altered mental status secondary to methadone overdose. Six days after admission patient noted to have new onset seizure, worsening mental status and imaging consistent with PRES. He was treated with anti-epileptics and supportive care. Two days later patient developed signs of brain stem herniation and further imaging revealed uncal and tonsillar herniation with Duvet9s haemorrhages. Patient 2: 51 year old male presented comatose after use of “Bath Salts” a legal drug of abuse with mixed hallucinogenic, agitative and sympathomimetic properties. Imaging confirmed PRES and course was complicated by hydrocephalus requiring extra ventricular drain placement and aggressive ICP management Conclusions: PRES is generally thought to be a benign, transient manifestation of encephalopathy resulting from reversible insult to the blood brain barrier in the setting of toxin, systemic illness, or hypertension with well defined etiologies. However, the cases presented here highlight atypical etiologies, methadone and bath salt use, resulting in near fatal complications. Disclosure: Dr. Pandya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malaiyandi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Asi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Helms has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lynch has nothing to disclose.
The Family Stories Project: Using Funds of Knowledge for Writing

This article describes a literacy project with fourth-grade Latino students in a bilingual U.S. classroom and provides some insights on the importance of encouraging children's uses of two languages for communicating, reading, and writing in the classroom. The author discusses the following implications: Teachers should encourage their students to write about topics from their homes and communities, including those of relatives living in other countries. This funds-of-knowledge orientation draws on understandings and experiences of the students, what they know and care about, and also lets the children become aware that their lives outside of school have meaning and importance within the classroom. Written translation can develop metalinguistic awareness among bilingual children. It is a sophisticated process that demands that young writers use all that they know about oral and written language. Encouraging students to work collaboratively while writing, to use both languages that they are developing, and to write for multiple audiences can be very productive processes that assist in the development of literacy in both English and home languages, as well fostering children's desire to write in their classrooms.
Planning community treatment for sex offenders

In California and in Great Britain plans are being made to move the treatment setting for many sex offenders from large state hospitals to community sites. The most useful aspects of the state hospital programs can be adapted to the community setting. In the proposed treatment centers, graded levels of security may include inpatient, half-way house, and outpatient facilities. The therapist will coordinate social and educational programs as well as psychiatric care. Optimally, the community treatment center will have university support so as to facilitate training in forensic psychiatry and research into the etiology and management of sexually aggressive behavior.
Laser-induced shock wave effects on red blood cells

The trend for laser-based medical therapies has been towards short- pulse, high-peak power lasers. A consequence of using these lasers is the production of pressure waves that may propagate deep into tissue. Our previous experiments have concentrated on describing these effects and examining methods for measuring laser-induced shock waves. These two approaches were combined to study the effects of well-defined shock waves on red blood cells in vitro. Red blood cells were exposed to shock waves in capillary tubes covered with either latex or polyimide. The latex was deformed by the expanding plasma bubble whereas the polyimide was not. In the latex experiments where the cells were exposed to the bubble expansion in addition to the shock waves, damage to the cells was much greater. When the cells were exposed only to the shock waves through the polyimide, much less damage was apparent. This is the first clear example of the separation of different mechanical effects on tissue damage. In addition, the shock wave damage is not as significant as the damage caused by the bubble expansion.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SEARCHPATTOOL: a new method for mining the most specific frequent patterns for binding sites with application to prokaryotic DNA sequences

Background Computational methods to predict transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) based on exhaustive algorithms are guaranteed to find the best patterns but are often limited to short ones or impose some constraints on the pattern type. Many patterns for binding sites in prokaryotic species are not well characterized but are known to be large, between 16–30 base pairs (bp) and contain at least 2 conserved bases. The length of prokaryotic species promoters (about 400 bp) and our interest in studying a small set of genes that could be a cluster of co-regulated genes from microarray experiments led to the development of a new exhaustive algorithm targeting these large patterns.
The evolution of research and development in the pharmaceutical industry: toward the open innovation model – can pharma reinvent itself?

The global pharmaceutical industry is facing diminishing returns from its massive investment in research and development. This is particularly troublesome because the industry has long enjoyed monopoly rents that come from innovative new drugs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extant R&D practices in the industry and make a strong case for a shift to the open innovation model. Potential roadblocks to adopting the open innovation model are identified as well as ways to overcome these roadblocks. This conceptual paper makes use of archival R&D and sales data to support its contentions.
CAWA: coordinated warp scheduling and cache prioritization for critical warp acceleration of GPGPU workloads

The ubiquity of graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures has made them efficient alternatives to chip-multiprocessors for parallel workloads. GPUs achieve superior performance by making use of massive multi-threading and fast context-switching to hide pipeline stalls and memory access latency. However, recent characterization results have shown that general purpose GPU (GPGPU) applications commonly encounter long stall latencies that cannot be easily hidden with the large number of concurrent threads/warps. This results in varying execution time disparity between different parallel warps, hurting the overall performance of GPUs -- the warp criticality problem. To tackle the warp criticality problem, we propose a coordinated solution, criticality-aware warp acceleration (CAWA), that efficiently manages compute and memory resources to accelerate the critical warp execution. Specifically, we design (1) an instruction-based and stall-based criticality predictor to identify the critical warp in a thread-block, (2) a criticality-aware warp scheduler that preferentially allocates more time resources to the critical warp, and (3) a criticality-aware cache reuse predictor that assists critical warp acceleration by retaining latency-critical and useful cache blocks in the L1 data cache. CAWA targets to remove the significant execution time disparity in order to improve resource utilization for GPGPU workloads. Our evaluation results show that, under the proposed coordinated scheduler and cache prioritization management scheme, the performance of the GPGPU workloads can be improved by 23% while other state-of-the-art schedulers, GTO and 2-level schedulers, improve performance by 16% and -2% respectively.
Injectable collagen implant—update

Injectable collagen implant (ICI), a new biomaterial reportedly useful for correction of scars and certain aging skin lines (wrinkles), was recently introduced. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this product. Data for this study were obtained from a survey which was sent to a group of cutaneous surgeons. They were asked about test site and treatment site reactions and about their satisfaction with ICI. The incidence of adverse reactions is low, and the severity of the reactions does not appear to be serious. The long-term benefit of ICI has not been established.
An ab initio study of the structures and the harmonic and anharmonic stretching force constants of the cyanides HCN, LiCN, FCN, ClCN and isocyanides HNC, LiNC, FNC, ClNC

Abstract Equilibrium structures and both harmonic and anharmonic stretching force constants have been calculated ab initio for the four cyanides HCN, LiCN, FCN, and C1CN, and the four isocyanides HNC, LiNC, FNC, and ClNC, using several basis sets of about triple-zeta quality. The CN and NC bond lengths, as well as diagonal stretching force constants, are nearly the same throughout both series. Trends in the off-diagonal stretching force constants are discussed, and dipole moment values are correlated with the structural type, XCN and XNC, and the electronegativity of the ligand X.
Non-homogeneous radiation and outflow boundary conditions simulating incoming acoustic and vorticity waves for exterior computational aeroacoustics problems

A set of non-homogeneous radiation and outflow boundary conditions which automatically generate prescribed incoming acoustic or vorticity waves and, at the same time, are almost transparent to outgoing sound waves produced internally in a finite computation domain is proposed. This type of boundary condition is needed for the numerical solution of many exterior aeroacoustics problems. In computational aeroacoustics, the computation scheme must be as non-dispersive and non-dissipative as possible. It must also support waves with wave speeds which are nearly the same as those of the original linearized Euler equations. To meet these requirements, a high-order/large-stencil scheme is often necessary. The proposed non-homogeneous radiation and outflow boundary conditions are designed primarily for use in conjunction with such high-order/large-stencil finite difference schemes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Computation of Sodium Bioscales Using GPU-Accelerated Image Reconstruction

Quantitative sodium magnetic resonance imaging permits noninvasive measurement of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) bioscale in the brain. Computing the TSC bioscale requires reconstructing and combining multiple datasets acquired with a non-Cartesian acquisition that highly oversamples the center of k-space. Even with an optimized implementation of the algorithm to compute TSC, the overall processing time exceeds the time required to collect data from the human subject. Such a mismatch presents a challenge for sustained sodium imaging to avoid a growing data backlog and provide timely results. The most computationally intensive portions of the TSC calculation have been identified and accelerated using a consumer graphics processing unit (GPU) in addition to a conventional central processing unit (CPU). A recently developed data organization technique called Compact Binning was used along with several existing algorithmic techniques to maximize the scalability and performance of these computationally intensive operations. The resulting GPU+CPU TSC bioscale calculation is more than 15 times faster than a CPU-only implementation when processing 256 × 256 × 256 data and 2.4 times faster when processing 128 × 128 × 128 data. This eliminates the possibility of a data backlog for quantitative sodium imaging. The accelerated quantification technique is suitable for general three-dimensional non-Cartesian acquisitions and may enable more sophisticated imaging techniques that acquire even more data to be used for quantitative sodium imaging. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 29–35, 2013.
An invariant matrix structure in multiantenna communications

This letter shows that the matrix structure with 2/spl times/2 Alamouti sub-blocks remains invariant under several nontrivial matrix operations, including matrix inversion, Schur complementation, Riccati recursion, triangular factorization, and QR factorization.