cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Stress-State on the Large Strain Inelastic Deformation Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel

In metals, large strain inelastic deformation processes such as the formation of a preferred crystallographic orientation (crystallographic texture) and strain hardening processes such as the formation and evolution of dislocation substructures depend on stress-state. Much of the current large strain research has focused on texture. Crystallographic texture development and strain-hardening processes each contribute to the overall material behavior, and a complete description of large strain inelastic material response should reflect both. An investigation of the large strain behavior of 304L stainless steel (SS 304L) subjected to compression, torsion, and sequences of compression followed by torsion and torsion followed by tension is reported. This paper focuses on the stress-state dependence of strain-hardening processes as well as the relative effect such processes have on the overall material behavior. To characterize these processes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as magnetization investigations were conducted at different strain levels and under different deformation modes. The {gamma} {yields} {alpha}{prime} martensitic transformation which occurs in this material was found to be related to both the strain level and stress state. Dislocation substructures in the form of Taylor lattices, dense dislocation walls, and microbands were also present. The ramifications of using a thin-walled tubular torsion specimen weremore » also explored.« less
PICKLE is a CHD subfamily II ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor

PICKLE plays a critical role in repression of genes that regulate development identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PICKLE codes for a putative ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler that exhibits sequence similarity to members of subfamily II of animal CHD remodelers, which includes remodelers such as CHD3/Mi-2 that also restrict expression of developmental regulators. Whereas animal CHD3 remodelers are a component of the Mi-2/NuRD complex that promotes histone deacetylation, PICKLE promotes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 suggesting that it acts via a distinct epigenetic pathway. Here, we examine whether PICKLE is also a member of a multisubunit complex and characterize the biochemical properties of recombinant PICKLE protein. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PICKLE-related proteins in plants share a common ancestor with members of subfamily II of animal CHD remodelers. Biochemical characterization of PICKLE in planta, however, reveals that PICKLE primarily exists as a monomer. Recombinant PICKLE protein is an ATPase that is stimulated by ssDNA and mononucleosomes and binds to both naked DNA and mononucleosomes. Furthermore, recombinant PICKLE exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity. These studies demonstrate that subfamily II CHD proteins in plants, such as PICKLE, retain ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity but act through a mechanism that does not involve the ubiquitous Mi-2/NuRD complex.
Vapor Pressure Measurements on Low-Volatility Terpenoid Compounds by the Concatenated Gas Saturation Method

The atmospheric oxidation of monoterpenes plays a central role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which have important effects on the weather and climate. However, models of SOA...
Mathematical Frameworks for Modeling Listeria Cross-contamination in Food-

: The possibility of modeling the cross-contamination of Listeria species, total Listeria monocytogenes, or specific L. monocytogenes strains using a quantitative mathematical model using Monte Carlo simulation techniques is proposed. This article illustrates this approach using 2 different models: one that tracks L. monocytogenes number and prevalence for 4 different strains (Model I) and one that tracks only prevalence for a single strain (Model II). These models have been developed to provide a starting framework for predictive modelers and scientists studying L. monocytogenes to begin research together with the ultimate goal of understanding and controlling L. monocytogenes in food-processing plants.
Field trapping of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, with geometric isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is a polyphagous pest indigenous to northeastern Asia where it damages various trees, vegetables, and leguminous crops. The bug was recently introduced into the U.S. and could potentially become a pest. In its native range, H. halys was reportedly attracted to the aggregation pheromone of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali, methyl (2 E,4 E,6 Z)-decatrienoate. We also observed that traps baited with this compound are attractive to H. halys. We additionally found that methyl (2 E,4 E,6 Z)-decatrienoate (as well as other isomeric methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates) exposed to daylight in solutions and/or on dispensers used for field trapping can readily isomerize to form complex mixtures of isomers, thus causing a concern about lure stability and longevity. However, our studies demonstrated that preventing isomerization of methyl (2 E,4 E,6 Z)-decatrienoate in dispensers was not essential for field trapping of H. halys males, females, and nymphs. We also present evidence that traps baited with methyl (2 Z,4 E,6 Z)-decatrienoate and methyl (2 E,4 Z,6 Z)-decatrienoate (pheromone of Thyanta spp. pentatomids), as well as the mixtures of geometric isomers, attract H. halys. The ZEZ isomer, unknown in nature, as well as the EEZ isomer, elicited electrophysiological responses from antennae of H. halys males. The field data suggest that the presence of the EEZ but not ZEZ isomer in the lure is essential for attraction of H. halys, and that other isomers are not antagonistic and may even be needed for maximum attraction. Because the pheromone of H. halys is unknown at present, lures containing methyl (2 E,4 E,6 Z)-decatrienoate without protection from daylight are suitable for monitoring populations of H. halys late in the season.
Reasons for forming an intention: a reply to Pink

In a recent article and book (Pink 1991, 1996), Thomas Pink considers the question: "What psychological attitudes rationalize or justify the formation of intentions or decisions [Pink identifies the two] to act (or not to act)?", where an attitude can justify a decision and the action decided upon, even if it does not actually motivate-is not the actual reason whyan agent makes that decision. As Pink recognizes, the conventional answer to this question is: "The same attitudes which explain the performance of the actions decides upon." In other words, convention asserts an Identity thesis: an agent's justification at any time t for then deciding to do action A (or deciding not to do A) later is identical with his justification at t for doing A (or not doing A) later.' The Identity thesis is plausible because decisions are about actions we will perform. We decide how we will act, and a decision to act issues in an intention to act. Moreover, what recommends an action to us are reasons to perform it. Thus, in deliberation about which actions to perform, we are considering them in light of the reasons which justify them. When we decide and, thereby, intend to perform A, we explain that decision and intention to do A by a reason for doing A itself. If this were not the case, a reason for deciding to do A which is not a reason to do A would leave an agent intending to do A with no reason to do A. But no rational agent intends to perform an action which he has no reason to perform. Hence, the truth of the Identity thesis. Pink asserts that an implication of the Identity thesis is that a decision, unlike decided upon and intended actions, is not means-end justifiable. Stated differently, our justifications for deciding to do A are not purposes for deciding to do A per se, where deciding to do A itself is required as a means to an end about which we deliberate. Rather, our justifications for deciding to do A are justifications for performing the decided upon action A, which alone is viewed as a means to an end.
Circadian Transcription. Thinking outside the E-Box.

The E-Box is a widely used DNA control element. Despite its brevity and broad distribution the E-Box is a remarkably versatile sequence that affects many different genetic programs, including proliferation, differentiation, tissue-specific responses, and cell death. The circadian clock is one of the latest pathways shown to employ this element. In this context, E-Boxes are likely to play a key role in establishing the robust waves of gene expression characteristic of circadian transcription. The regulatory flexibility of the E-Box hinges on the sequence ambiguity allowed at its core, the strong influence of the surrounding sequences, and the recruitment of spatially and temporally regulated E-Box-binding factors. Therefore, understanding how a particular E-Box can accomplish a specific task entails the identification and systematic analysis of these cis- and trans-acting E-Box modifiers. In the present study we compared the E-Box-containing minimal promoters of vasopressin andcyclin B1, two genes that can respond to the transcriptional oscillators driving the circadian clock and cell cycle, respectively. Results of this comparison will help elucidate the manner in which discreet DNA modules associate to either augment or restrain the activation of potential circadian E-Boxes in response to competing regulatory signals.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Glucosyltransferases and Implications for the Coevolution of Mutans Streptococci with Their Mammalian Hosts

Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) catalyze the synthesis of glucans from sucrose and are produced by several species of lactic-acid bacteria. The oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans produces large amounts of glucans through the action of three Gtfs. GtfD produces water-soluble glucan (WSG), GtfB synthesizes water-insoluble glucans (WIG) and GtfC produces mainly WIG but also WSG. These enzymes, especially those synthesizing WIG, are of particular interest because of their role in the formation of dental plaque, an environment where S. mutans can thrive and produce lactic acid, promoting the formation of dental caries. We sequenced the gtfB, gtfC and gtfD genes from several mutans streptococcal strains isolated from the oral cavity of humans and searched for their homologues in strains isolated from chimpanzees and macaque monkeys. The sequence data were analyzed in conjunction with the available Gtf sequences from other bacteria in the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc to gain insights into the evolutionary history of this family of enzymes, with a particular emphasis on S. mutans Gtfs. Our analyses indicate that streptococcal Gtfs arose from a common ancestral progenitor gene, and that they expanded to form two clades according to the type of glucan they synthesize. We also show that the clade of streptococcal Gtfs synthesizing WIG appeared shortly after the divergence of viviparous, dentate mammals, which potentially contributed to the formation of dental plaque and the establishment of several streptococci in the oral cavity. The two S. mutans Gtfs capable of WIG synthesis, GtfB and GtfC, are likely the product of a gene duplication event. We dated this event to coincide with the divergence of the genomes of ancestral early primates. Thus, the acquisition and diversification of S. mutans Gtfs predates modern humans and is unrelated to the increase in dietary sucrose consumption.
Developing a Research Agenda for Early Childhood Education: What Can Be Learned from the Research on Teaching?.

Research on teacher effects has been a major area of investigation during the past decade and has become an important component of discussions addressing the quality of schooling. This review synthesizes current knowledge about teacher effects at the elementary school level and examines the findings for their implications to early education. Current research on teaching can inform early childhood educators and researchers about the complexities of teaching and learning and the importance of the teacher role. Most important the comparison highlights the distinctive characteristics of early education and its need to develop its own research agenda.
Acute ethanol treatment modifies response properties and habituation of the DR-VR reflex in the isolated frog spinal cord.

Ethanol modification of habituation, a fundamental form of behavioral plasticity, was examined in the isolated frog spinal cord preparation. The polysynaptic dorsal root to ventral root (DR-VR) reflex response was assessed in normal Ringer's and at one of four ethanol concentrations. The reflex itself was facllitated at lower levels (0.025%) and depressed at higher levels (0.05–0.5%) Of ethanol. Habituation, decrement of the polysynaptic ventral root response to repeated dorsal root stimulatlon, was reduced at all ethanol concentrations. Understanding the mechanisms of ethanol action involved in the disruptlon of simple forms of plasticity will help us to explain Its actions on more complex forms of associa-tional processes.
A Posteriori Image Restoration

Two algorithms are developed which address the problem of estimating the magnitude and phase of the optical transfer function associated with a blurred image. The primary focus of the research is on the estimate of the phase of the optical transfer function. Once an estimate of the optical transfer function has been made, the corresponding blurred image is Wiener filtered to estimate the original unblurred image (the object). Results are demonstrated on computer simulated blurs and also on real world blurred imagery.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expression of p300-truncated fragments results in the modulation of apoptosis in rat mesangial cells

Expression of p300-truncated fragments results in the modulation of apoptosis in rat mesangial cells. Background Mesangial cell proliferation, apoptosis, and matrix deposition have pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. The behavior of mesangial cells depends on the integration of intracellular signals elicited by hormones and cytokines. We hypothesized that p300 is primarily involved in the integration of signal transduction pathways in rat mesangial cells (RMCs) and that interference with p300 function will alter apoptotic signals. Methods We established an RMC cell line expressing the Tet-activator (tTA). RMC-tTA cells were transiently transfected with vectors coding for either the N-terminal third or the C-terminal third of p300. Expression was induced by the addition of doxycycline [Dox; 1 μg/mL; 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)]. The percentage of apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL technique. Specific protein–protein interactions were determined by Western blot analysis of immunoprecipitated complexes. Cells were treated with 5% FBS or with H 2 O 2 (500 μmol/L, 1 h) with and without Dox. Results The expression of p300-C resulted in increased susceptibility to low serum-induced (20.0 ± 4.6 vs. 3.0 ± 1.7%) and to H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis (75.3 ± 13.3 vs. 50.8 ± 6.5%) compared with controls. Immunoprecipitation of p300-C showed an interaction with the transcription factor c-Fos, which was enhanced by H 2 O 2 treatment. Expression of the p300-N resulted in a rescue (34.8 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 6.5%) from H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis compared with controls. P300-N was shown to form a complex with the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Conclusions The data indicate that endogenous p300 is involved in apoptosis in mesangial cells. We propose that interference or enhancement of endogenous p300 function, by expression of exogenous fragments, can alter interactions with c-Fos or NF-κB and modulate signals during cellular stress.
Acute toxicity of arsenate of lead in animals

The oral LD 50 of lead arsenate in a single dose was determined for several species of animals. For chickens it was calculated that the LD 50 was 450 mg./Kg. In white rats the LD 50 of lead arsenate was found to be 825 mg./Kg. For rabbits the LD 50 was calculated as 125 mg./Kg.
Static fundamental solutions for a bi-material full-space

In this paper, the complete static response of two joined dissimilar half-spaces due to an arbitrary interior point load is derived. By means of a method of displacement potentials and integral transforms, a dual format of the solution in the form of a Hankel integral representation and algebraic closed-form expressions is presented. As illustrations, its analytical degeneration to benchmark solutions for a homogeneous medium as well as its variation under general geometric and material conditions are shown. The importance of the dual format of the bi-material solution in connection with the method of asymptotic decomposition to the development of a rigorous treatment of its dynamic counterpart is also demonstrated.
Precipitation fluctuations during the winter season from 1960 to 1995 over Emilia-Romagna, Italy

¶The variability of the winter mean precipitation observed at 40 rainfall stations in Emilia-Romagna (a region in northern Italy) from 1960 to 1995 is examined. The results are compared with those obtained for the whole of Italy using records from 32 stations. Temporal variability of the time series is investigated by means of Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests, in order to estimate the presence of trends and “change points”. Before analysis the original precipitation data set have been tested to detect the inhomogeneity points, using the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT). Almost all stations situated in Emilia Romagna exhibit a significant decreasing trend in winter precipitation during the 1960–1995 period. The same characteristics are revealed, more significant in the northern and central part of the region, when the stations for all Italy are analysed. A significant downward shift in the winter precipitation is detected through the Pettitt test in Emilia Romagna, around 1980 at some stations, while the rest of the stations reveal the shift point occurrence around 1985. A significant downward shift in the winter precipitation is detected around 1985, when analysing the time series for all Italy. Spatial variability of winter precipitation is studied using the Empirical Orthogonal Function. The first pattern indicates that a common large-scale process could be responsible for the winter precipitation variability. The second EOF pattern shows an opposite sign of climate variability, which highlights the influence of relief on the precipitation regime. The time series associated with the first precipitation pattern (PC1) at both scales emphasises a significant decreasing trend and a downward shift point around 1985. The internal structure analysis of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during the 1960–1995 period reveals a significant increasing trend and an upward shift around 1980. Strong correlation is also detected between PC1 (Emilia Romagna and at the scale of all Italy) and the NAO index. Thus, the changes detected in the winter precipitation around 1985 could be due to an intensification of the positive phase of the [NAO], especially after 1980.
Parental cultural perspectives in relation to weight-related behaviors and concerns of African-American girls.

Objective: To determine whether cultural perspectives of parents may influence children's eating and physical activity behaviors and patterns of weight gain. Research Methods and Procedures: African-American girls (ages 8 to 10 years) and their parents (or caregivers) (n = 210) participated at one of four Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies Phase 1 Field Centers. At baseline, parents completed questionnaires adapted from the African-American Acculturation Scale (AAAS), the Multiethnic Identity Scale (MEIS), and an original question on Global Cultural Identity. Girls’ baseline measures included physical activity assessment by accelerometer, 24-hour dietary recalls, and questionnaires about body image and weight concerns. Results: Principal components analysis indicated the expected AAAS and MEIS factor structures, with moderate to good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.61 to 0.82) and some intercorrelation among these measures (r = 0.17 to 0.57). Overall mean (SD) AAAS subscale scores of 4.1 (2.1) and 5.5 (1.8) of a possible 7 and 3.0 (0.9) of a possible 4 on the MEIS indicated, respectively, moderate to high levels of parental African-American cultural orientation and identity with moderate variability. Parental AAAS and MEIS scores were inversely correlated with girls’ body image discrepancy and weight concern. One AAAS subscale was positively associated with total energy intake and percentage energy from fat. Overall, however, parental AAAS and MEIS scores were unrelated or inconsistently related to girls’ physical activity and diet measures. Discussion: The AAAS and MEIS measures had acceptable psychometric properties, except for weight concern, but did not give a consistent picture of how parental perspectives related to the girls’ baseline attitudes and behaviors.
Zone specificity in low energy electron stimulated desorption of Cl+ from reconstructed Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7:Cl surfaces

Abstract Diffraction in electron stimulated desorption has revealed a propensity for Cl + desorption from rest atom vs. adatom areas and unfaulted vs. faulted zones of Cl-terminated Si(1 1 1)-(7 × 7) surfaces. We associate the 15 eV ± 1 eV threshold with ionization of Si–Cl σ-bonding surface states and formation of screened two-hole states with Si 3s character. Similar specificity is observed from A and B reconstructions. This can be due to reduced screening in unfaulted regions and increased hole localization in Si back-bonds within faulted regions.
A Fin Rot Disease of Marine and Euryhaline Fishes in the New York Bight

Abstract A fin rot disease reached epizootic proportions in 1967 among at least 22 species of marine and euryhaline fishes in the New York Bight and has continued to occur annually to the present time. Fin necrosis was the consistent external sign of the disease; other external pathological changes included skin hemorrhages, skin ulcers and, occasionally, blindness. Bluefish, summer flounder, winter flounder, and weakfish were the principal species affected. Results of these studies indicate a bacterial cause. Bacteria of three genera, Aeromonas, Vibrio and Pseudomonas are likely implicated. Similar epizootics among freshwater fishes have been associated with unsanitary conditions in aquaria and with water pollution in nature. The epizootic primary center, lower New York Harbor, is grossly polluted with sewage and industrial wastes. We suspect pollution had a role in the disease.
Insulin receptor defect in insulin resistance: Studies in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse

Abstract To evaluate the possible role of the insulin receptor in the pathophysiology of disease, the interaction of insulin with plasma membranes of liver has been studied in the obese hyperglycemic mouse and their thin litter mates. The obese hyperglycemic syndrome is characterized by marked resistance to both endogenous and exogenous insulin. Under identical conditions of purification and incubation, plasma membranes of the obese mouse bind only 16–35% as much 125I-insulin as membranes of the thin mouse. This is in contrast to other characteristics of the membrane which are similar to these two animals.
Differential effects of acute thermal injury on rat splanchnic and renal blood flow and prostanoid release

This study examines the hypothesis that acute thermal injury decreases renal and splanchnic blood flow which correlates with altered endogenous vasodilator eicosanoid release. Anesthetized male Wistar rats were subjected to sham or a non-resuscitated 30% total body surface area burn. At 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h post-burn mean arterial pressure as well as superior mesenteric and renal artery in vivo blood flow were measured. The superior mesenteric and renal arteries were cannulated and perfused in vitro with their end organs with Krebs buffer (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C). Renal and splanchnic 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI2), PGE2, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) release were measured by EIA at 15 min of perfusion. Renal and superior mesenteric artery blood flow decreased by 40% or more at 1 and 2 h post-burn despite mean arterial pressure remaining unchanged. The major eicosanoids released were PGI2 from the splanchnic bed and PGI2 and PGE2 from the kidney. Splanchnic PGI2 and TXB2 release and renal TXB2 increased 2-3 fold at 1 h post-burn but returned to the sham level at 2 h post-burn. By 24 h post-burn the vasodilator eicosanoids were increased in both the splanchnic and renal vascular beds. These data show that decreased renal and splanchnic blood flow was associated with increased endogenous release of the potent vasoconstrictor TXB2. By 2 h post-burn, renal and splanchnic blood flow began returning toward the sham level as endogenous release of TXB2 from both organs fell to sham levels. These data suggest that increased endogenous release of TXB2 may contribute to the short-term decrease in renal and splanchnic blood flow in the immediate post-burn period and thus may contribute to ischemia of both vascular beds.
Synthesis and characterization of Thermally Rearranged (TR) polymers: influence of ortho-positioned functional groups of polyimide precursors on TR process and gas transport properties

Aromatic polyimides bearing various ortho-functional groups (i.e., acetate group and pivalic acetate group) were prepared via acetylation of a poly(hydroxyimide) containing ortho-positioned hydroxy groups using acetic anhydride or pivalic anhydride. The completeness of acetylation was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. Chemically derivatized polyimides were used as precursors for an imide-to-benzoxazole thermal rearrangement (TR) process. The influence of various ortho-functionalities on the TR process and gas transport properties of the resulting TR polymers was studied. Differing from the –OH groups in a poly(hydroxyimide), the acetate groups of acetylated polyimide precursors degrade at elevated temperatures, and the degradation process interplays with imide-to-benzoxazole conversion. The acidic degradation product, as detected by 1H NMR, is suspected to have some catalytic effect on the TR process, which along with the protecting function of the acetate groups, resulted in a lower onset TR conversion temperature, the ability to conduct the TR process in air, and a higher TR conversion level. Gas permeation properties greatly depend on the ortho-functionality of polyimide precursors as well. The precursor films containing larger functional groups are much more permeable with comparable gas selectivities. Similarly, the resulting TR polymers formed from polyimides with larger leaving groups also showed much higher gas permeabilities despite similar degrees of TR conversion. The incorporation of bulkier functional groups in the TR precursors provides an effective way to significantly improve the gas transport performance, particularly the gas permeabilities of both the polyimide precursors and the resulting TR polymers.
P300 wave elicited by a stimulus-change paradigm in acutely prepared rats

Presentation of a long sequence of stimuli in one modality followed by infrequent substitution of stimuli in a different modality produced a very large P300 wave in the evoked potential to the infrequent stimulus. The P300 wave was never observed in a repetitive train of stimuli in one modality or to the background stimuli during the stimulus change procedure. This phenomenon was observed in cortical recordings from anesthetized rats. This P300 wave corresponds in latency to that observed in human cognitive studies, and the use of this paradigm in animal studies could greatly facilitate work to determine the neural basis of the P300 wave.
The Bases of Power: Origins and Recent Developments

The history and background of the analysis of the basis of power is examined, beginning with its origins in the works of Kurt Lewin and his followers at the Research Center for Group Dynamics, particularly the early research by John R. P. French. The original French and Raven (1959) bases of power model posited six bases of power: reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, referent, and informational (or persuasion; Raven, 1965), Since then, as the result of considerable research, the model has gone through significant developments. A more comprehensive model is presented here that reviews the following: various motivations of the influencing agent; an assessment of available power bases in terms of potential effectiveness, time perspective, personal preferences, values and norms; consideration of other strategies such as manipulation; utilization of various preparatory and stage-setting devices to strengthen one's power resources; implementation of the power strategies; assessment of effectiveness of influence attempt and its positive and/or negative aftereffects; use of various ameliorative devices; and review, reconsideration, and another round of influence strategies. The overall model is examined in terms of its applicability to various settings including hospital infection control, patient compliance with physicians' recommendations, confrontations between political figures, children's influence on their peers, conflict resolution and negotiation, as well as supervisor/subordinate relationships.
Fate of Sfaphylococcus aureus in Reduced Sodium Fermented Sausage

Sausage was prepared using three levels of sodium chloride. These sausages were made with a commerical starter culture, and with an inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus, strain Z-88. The sausages containing lower amounts of salt showed faster fermentations at two temperatures, 24°C and 38°C. At both temperatures the sausages containing 1.65% salt showed the least amount of staphylococcal growth followed by the sausages containing 2.415% and 3.3% salt respectively.
A Theory of Unstable Combustion in Liquid Propellant Rocket Systems

On the basis of an hypothesis that low-frequency oscillat ions (chugging) somet imes observed in l iquid propellant rocket engines , are the result of oscillatory propellant flow induced by a combust ion t ime lag, condit ions for the suppression of such oscil lations are derived. It is found that stability can be achieved by increases in the l ength of feed l ine, the velocity of the propellant in the feed l ine, the ratio of feed pressure to chamber pressure, and the ratio of chamber volume to nozzle area. Equations are given for the frequencies of osci l lation. Examinat ion of the equation for stability indicates that selfigniting propellant combinat ions are likely to be more stable than n o n self-igniting systems.
Tonic NMDA receptor-mediated current in prefrontal cortical pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons

Tonically activated neuronal currents mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been hypothesized to contribute to normal neuronal function as well as to neuronal pathology resulting from excessive activation of glutamate receptors (e.g., excitotoxicity). Whereas cortical excitatory cells are very vulnerable to excitotoxic insult, the data regarding resistance of inhibitory cells (or interneurons) are inconsistent. Types of neurons with more pronounced tonic NMDAR current potentially associated with the activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs could be expected to be more vulnerable to excessive activation by glutamate. In this study, we compared tonic activation of NMDARs in excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory fast-spiking interneurons in prefrontal cortical slices. We assessed tonic NMDAR current by measuring holding current shift as well as noise reduction following NMDAR blockade after removal of spontaneous glutamate release. In addition, we compared NMDAR miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in both cell types. We have demonstrated for the first time that tonic NMDAR currents are present in inhibitory fast-spiking interneurons. We found that the magnitude of tonic NMDAR current is similar in pyramidal cells and fast-spiking interneurons, and that quantal release of glutamate does not significantly impact tonic NMDAR current.
The value of postoperative radiotherapy in childhood nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma.

Objective To determine the value of postoperative radiotherapy (RT) in the management of nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) of childhood. Procedure From 1964 to 2000, 62 children with a median age of 14 years were seen at the University of Iowa and underwent a wide local excision for non-metastatic NRSTS. Tumors were high grade in 36 (58%) and >5 cm in 24 (39%). Margins of resection were negative (Group I) in 37 (60%) and positive (Group II) in 25 (40%). Postoperative RT was delivered to 20 patients (32%); eight of 37 (22%) Group I and 12 of 25 (48%) Group II children received postoperative RT. Chemotherapy was employed in 19 patients (31%). Median follow-up was 9.6 years. Results The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates for Group I were 69 and 63% and for Group II were 66 and 60%. The 5- and 10-year local control rate was 66%. On multivariate analysis, size of tumor (P < 0.001) and postoperative RT (P = 0.017) were prognostic factors for local control. All 13 Group I children with low grade, ≤5 cm tumors were locally controlled without RT. For Group II patients, 2- and 5-year local control rates were 92 and 82% with postoperative RT and 51 and 43% for no RT (P = 0.0426). Conclusions Local control was improved by the addition of postoperative RT in tumors with positive margins of resection. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Arachnoid cyst of the collicular cistern

Arachnoid cysts of the collicular cistern are rare. Two patients with this lesion are reported in whom the extent and location of the cyst were shown by computed tomography. The clinical and radiographic features of this lesion are summarized.
Illumination encoding in face recognition: effect of position shift

Recognition of faces and objects is impaired when illumination direction varies. Three experiments explore whether this impairment can be explained by display changes (Biederman & Bar, 1999), and whether cast shadows help or hinder face recognition. Observers judged whether two sequentially-presented faces, shown with or without cast shadows, were the same person. The faces were illuminated from the same or different directions, and were presented in the same or different positions on the screen. In Experiment 1, performance was illumination-dependent only on same-position trials, suggesting that observers used display changes. Experiment 2 tested whether this could be explained by peripheral viewing on different-position trials. A fixation cross cued each face's location, such that observers could move their eyes to view each face centrally. Performance was illumination-dependent regardless of whether position changed. In both experiments, shadows did not affect performance, in contrast to earlier findings (Braje, Kersten, Tarr, & Troje, 1998). In Experiment 3, all faces were presented peripherally without shadows. Changing the illumination direction did not affect performance. These results demonstrate that peripheral viewing, rather than display changes, can explain why changes in illumination direction do not affect performance when position changes. The results also suggest that face representations retain illumination information.
Weak localization in tunnel junctions

Two thin films separated by a tunnel barrier represent two coupled electron systems. The decay of quantum interference and its contribution to the conductance is calculated. The finite coherence time acts as an imaginary energy. The systems can be decoupled mathematically, resulting in new quasifilms (similar to the diagonalizatoin for coupled energy states). Such a system can be investigated experimentally by magnetoresistance measurements (weak localization) and permits the study of a tunneling junction with very small tunneling resistance. No voltage has to be applied across the tunneling junction.
Economy and Society in an Earlier America

I suggest here that change in a number of social variables, including values, vertical mobility, political and social power, technology and law, appear to be associated with economic growth or decline and that the study of economic history would be enriched by investigations of the nature and timing of those linkages. Illustrative models of the linkages are drawn for the early Middle Ages in Western Europe and for the colonial and antebellum periods of American history.
Rare earth elements in silicate glassmelt systems: II. Interactions of La, Gd, and Yb with halogens

Abstract The local geometry of sites occupied by trace amounts (0.2 wt%) of La3+, Gd3+, and Yb3+ was examined as a function of composition in quenched silicate melts containing fluorine or chlorine using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The glass compositions examined were albite (NaAlSi3O8), sodium trisilicate (Na2Si3O7), and a peralkaline composition (Na3.3AlSi7O,17) approximately halfway between the two. The volatile contents were approximately 1–2 wt% fluorine or. chlorine. Our results indicate that La, Gd, and Yb form complexes with fluorine in the glasses studied. Gd and Yb are coordinated by eight fluorines with no apparent oxygen neighbors [ d(Gd-F) = 2.30 A ; d(Yb-F) = 2.23 A ]. La appears to form mixed O-F complexes consisting of eight ligands approximately evenly divided between fluorine and oxygen [ d(La-O) = 2.45 A ; d(La-F) = 2.46 A ]. We found no evidence for REE-Cl complexes in the compositions studied. The rare earth sites in chlorine-containing melts are, however, more regular than those in volatile-free melts, suggesting that Cl acts to depolymerize the tetrahedral network. Fluorine, because of complex formation and its effect on melt structure and chlorine, because of its effect on melt structure, should both act to decrease crystal-melt partition coefficients of rare earths.
Postembryonic development of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle and its innervation in Manduca sexta.

The neuromuscular systems of holometabolous insects must be remodeled during metamorphosis to allow striking behavioral changes, such as the acquisition of flight. The fast contracting dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM) of Manduca arises from an anlage containing both remnants of specific larval dorsal body wall muscles and extrinsic myoblasts. In the mesothorax, the DLM is innervated by five persisting larval motoneurons: one in the mesothoracic and four in the prothoracic ganglion. These motoneurons innervate two slowly contracting body wall muscles in the larva. 2 days before pupation, the DLM template fibers begin to degenerate, whereas other muscles remain intact until pupation. Correspondingly, the motor terminals retract from the template fibers while they remain on other muscle fibers until pupation. Accumulation and proliferation of putative myoblasts also starts 2 days before pupation in close spatial relationship to the retracted motor tufts around the degenerating larval template fibers. Proliferation increases through the early pupal stages, and is detected within the anlage until the ninth day after pupation. 2 days after pupation, the anlage splits into five bundles, each innervated by one motoneuron. Striations occur on the seventh day after pupation when the growing motor axons reach the attachment sites. Subsequently, the muscle grows in volume and higher-order motor branches are formed. Within the central nervous system, there is dramatic regression of larval dendrites followed by growth of new dendrites as the persistent motoneurons assume their new role in flight behavior. Both central and peripheral remodeling follow similar time courses.
VCSEL with intracavity modulator: fast modulation options

An integrated optoelectronic device, comprising VCSEL and intracavity electro-absorption modulator within the same epitaxial structure, has been previously developed by several research groups. Such a combination device, despite having relatively weak DC modulation, exhibits strong optical feedback, resulting in strong optoelectronic resonance feature in small-signal modulation response characteristic . At large modulation amplitude, device demonstrates pulsed response. Similar to Q-switching operation, energy accumulated in the gain medium over full modulation cycle is released in a single short pulse once cavity Q-factor is increased. As a result, traditional NRZ amplitude modulation becomes ineffective. We are proposing a phase-pulse modulation approach to drive this device, when strong optical feedback is used for obtaining very fast rise and fall times of short pulses. Such transient times can be on the order of few photon lifetimes, e.g. few picoseconds. Gain medium depletion can be avoided by variation of Q-factor both above and below steady-state value and keeping total emitted energy per cycle at a constant level. Data showing modulation properties (pulse energy >100 fJ, FWHM 40 ps non-controlled pulse length at 4 GHz,) and device characteristics, along with numerical analysis of such device for different modulation waveforms is presented.
Effects of microstructure on the corrosion behavior of CoCr porous coatings on orthopedic implants

Cobalt-chromium alloy porous coatings have become increasingly popular as a means of achieving a stable, longer lasting fixation on orthopedic implants. However, sintering heat treatments cause changes in the microstructure that result in changes in the corrosion behavior of the porous coatings. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of microstructure on the corrosion of CoCr porous coatings. Four distinct microstructures were characterized. Light microscopy revealed microstructures A and B had relatively fewer carbides and a large-grain structure, microstructures C and D displayed a finer grain size with significant carbide formation, predominantly within grains and fusion zones. Accelerated anodic corrosion experiments were conducted to study the localized attack of each microstructure. Experiments were conducted using metallographically polished porous-coated disks for durations of 1, 4, 16, 24, and 72 h. The disks were examined with SEM and EDS to observe preferential attack and element depletion. Results showed a progressive dissolution of the matrix, with preferential attack of the grain boundaries and regions adjacent to the carbides due to sensitization. A precipitation layer was found to be Cr-rich and possibly composed of chromium hydroxide or a chromium orthophosphate. In addition, the solution became yellow in color with longer exposure times, possibly due to the presence of chromate ions, as indicated by an increased chromium level detected by AAS. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 292–299, 1998.
SPALLING AND LOSS IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FIRE BRICK1

A preliminary report of the loss of compressive strength when fireclay brick from the Pacific Northwest were subjected to a series of heat treatments to 1350° and 1250°C. It illustrates some of the variations of heat treatment in the manufacturer's kilns and the differences between the high siliceous type of fire brick and the vitrifying clay type with lower free silica content. It is possible that a satisfactory spalling test may be developed in this direction.
Governing Global Urbanization: From Technics to Politics

Global Urbanization: The City in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Eugenie L. Birch, Susan M. Wachter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. 377 pp., $75.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-08122-4284-3). Cities & Sovereignty: Identity Politics in Urban Spaces. Edited by Diane E. Davis, Nora Libertum de Duren. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2011. 272 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN 13: 978-0-253-22274-9). Cities are increasingly important sites in global affairs. Alongside recognition of watershed moments in the history of human populations and major political economic shifts, it is increasingly acknowledged that some of the most important global social, environmental, and security challenges must be worked out on the ground in cities. As global politics urbanize and urban politics globalize, a vast literature has sprung up to frame the most pressing challenges at the intersection of urban and global politics. Over the past three decades, this literature has been characterized primarily by inquiry into the disproportionate presence of globally influential organizations—advanced producer and financial services firms, global energy corporations, global NGOs—in a relatively small number of cities. In this literature, the influence of globalization has been of primary interest. Because of recent demographic shifts, this literature has been joined by an increasing focus on the ways in which urbanization places demands upon local development patterns and governance capabilities. Global Urbanization: The City in the Twenty-First Century and Cities & Sovereignty: Identity Politics in Urban Spaces both make significant contributions to this literature. Both of these books are edited volumes. While edited volumes sometimes risk incoherence, each of these succeeds by establishing a strong focus for the volume, organizing chapters so that each section of the book has its own coherence, and choosing authors who have similar theoretical commitments and methodological frameworks even though they have different disciplinary backgrounds. All of these features mean that these two books are in some ways more readable than many other edited volumes. Global Urbanization focuses on the intersection of population and urban development, giving special attention to the challenges of large-scale urbanization in cities of the Global South. The book is careful to treat problems of socially inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and infrastructure resilience for a …
Paleo-Oceanographic Significance of Cretaceous and Cenozoic Diatomites Along Eastern Pacific Margin: ABSTRACT

Diatomaceous mudstones and laminated diatomites punctuate the upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sequence of California. These largely bathyal deposits provide a clear record of upwelling, primary productivity, and development of oxygen minima along the eastern margin of the North Pacific Ocean during the past 80 million years. Marine diatomites exposed in uplifted continental margin sequences in California include the uppermost Cretaceous Marca Shale Member of the Moreno Formation, the middle and upper Eocene Kreyenhagen Formation, and the middle to upper Miocene Monterey Shale. All three of these deposits contain pelletal or nodular phosphorite and represent fossil analogs of various Recent basin plain, slope, and outer shelf settings in which organic-rich diatomaceous ediments are currently accumulating beneath the well-developed oxygen minimum layer of the marginal eastern Pacific. Moreover, each of these units forms a known or potential source rocks for hydrocarbons in this region. The deposition and preservation of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene diatomites along the California margin each demand: (1) a period of intensified upwelling, primary productivity, and associated development of oxygen minima via climatically inducted accelerations of atmospheric and oceanic circulation; (2) coincident reductions in the flux of terrigenous clastic material to the continental margin through eustatic and/or tectonic adjustment of adjacent strandlines and pathways of sediment distribution; and (3) tectonic production of appropriate continental margin depocente s. Each diatomaceous unit can be correlated with a major climatic event or threshold associated with increased polar refrigeration, resultant increases in the pole-to-equator thermal gradient, compression of middle and low latitude surface circulation, and associated intensification of upwelling and siliceous productivity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 584------------