cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
It Is Time To Say What We Mean

While there is now general acceptance that active learning and inquiry are desirable, there is much less agreement on what these terms actually mean—and perhaps surprisingly to some, quite contradictory evidence about their efficacy. Similarly, while we might agree that critical thinking is an important outcome, even experts cannot agree what critical thinking is. In this editorial, I argue that it is now time to be more specific about what we mean when we talk about effective pedagogical approaches and the desired outcomes. One approach is to adopt the scientific practices from the Framework for Science Education, which are well described, and by their very nature require that students construct and use their knowledge. If we know what we are looking for, it is easier to recognize and assess it when we see it.
Persistent Ductus Arteriosus

Persistent ductus arteriosus is the postnatal patency of the ductus arteriosus seen primarily in premature infants. The molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. PDA results in volume overload and can progress to heart failure and occasionally irreversible pulmonary hypertension. A PDA in an older infant, a child, or an adult is usually addressed with transcatheter closure. In the small premature infant for whom pharmacologic closure is unsuccessful or contraindicated, surgical intervention is sometimes necessary, but only after thorough evaluation and establishment of a clear hemodynamic indication for closure.
Increasing Positive Monoids of Ordered Fields Are FF-monoids

Abstract Given an ambient ordered field K, a positive monoid is a countably generated additive submonoid of the nonnegative cone of K. In this paper, we first generalize several atomic features exhibited by Puiseux monoids of the field of rational numbers to the more general setting of positive monoids of Archimedean fields, accordingly arguing that such generalizations might fail if the ambient field is not Archimedean. In particular, we show that a positive monoid P of an Archimedean field is a BF-monoid provided that P ∖ { 0 } does not have 0 as a limit point. Then, we prove our main result: every increasing positive monoid of an ordered field is an FF-monoid. Finally, we deduce that every increasing positive monoid is hereditarily atomic.
Tumors of Thyroid Gland: Non-C cell Tumors

Thyroid tumors are one of the most common tumors of the endocrine system encountered in surgical pathology practice. They can arise from the follicular lining epithelial cells that produce the thyroid hormone or the C cells that secrete calcitonin. In this chapter we discuss non-C cell tumors of the thyroid. In this group of tumors papillary carcinoma is the most common malignancy and the conventional type of tumor can be easily diagnosed based on classical cytomorphologic features. However, variants of papillary carcinoma exist, the understanding of which is crucial for accurate diagnoses. The follicular patterned tumors may sometimes pose diagnostic challenge and approach to these thyroid lesions is suggested in this section along with ancillary studies that may help in the diagnosis of these tumors. Finally, thyroid cancer progression from differentiated carcinoma to poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma is well known and is also presented along with clinical and pathological correlations.
A Labyrinth of Appointments Clause Issues in the Military Appellate Courts: Unpacking United States v. Ortiz and United States v. Dalmazzi

United States v. Ortiz and United States v. Dalmazzi present two important constitutional Appointments Clause issues that may come before the Supreme Court in the next term. The first issue is whether military officers serving as judges on the United States Court of Military Commission Review (USCMCR) are “principal” officers under the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. If yes, the second issue is whether such officers’ principal status prohibits them from simultaneously serving as judges on the various armed services courts of appeals, including for the Air Force, Navy, and others. More broadly—and relevant beyond the military appellate court system—these questions implicate the as-yet-unanswered question of whether the Appointments Clause principal-inferior status of government officers who serve in multiple positions should be evaluated “holistically” across their offices, or instead independently for each office they hold. The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) recently decided United States v. Ortiz on non-constitutional grounds, and the Supreme Court has asked for briefing on the constitutional issues in United States v. Dalmazzi. The issues in these cases are critical for two reasons. One reason is that the current military appellate court system sometimes utilizes the same officer-judges serving on multiple courts at the same time. A second reason is that a Supreme Court determination that military appellate judges serving on the USCMCR are principal officers may also constitutionally preclude military officers from serving on that court. To explore whether USCMCR judges are constitutionally prohibited from simultaneously serving on an armed service court of appeal, this paper provides a brief summary of the relevant facts and background law surrounding United States v. Ortiz in Part I and presents the parties’ constitutional arguments in Part II. In Part III, the paper evaluates Ortiz’ statutory argument that Colonel Mitchell’s presidential appointment to the USCMCR pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 950f(b)(3) makes him ineligible to serve on the AFCCA. In Part IV, this paper then evaluates the constitutional arguments in concluding that simultaneous service on the USCMCR and armed service courts of appeal does not violate the Appointments Clause. This is because USCMCR judges are not principal officers and, even if they were, no other officer on an armed service court of appeal supervises or directs them. More broadly, in section IV.B.2, this paper suggests that courts should review the principal-officer status of officers serving in multiple positions “holistically”: If, in any one position, an officer is “supervised and directed” by another officer, that officer should be considered an inferior officer for purposes of all positions the officer holds.
Rise of the Nanorobots: Advances in Control, Molecular Detection, and Nanoscale Actuation Are Bringing Us Closer to a New Era of Technology Enhanced by Nanorobots

In 1988, a Scientific American article by A.K. Dewdney [1] on the work of nanotechnologist K. Eric Drexler spurred public interest in the nascent field of nanotechnology and its potential for advancing humanity into a new technological age. The article portrayed a world run by nanoscale machines that could operate in any environment (Figure 1), with uses ranging from fighting infections in the human body to building tomorrow's skyscrapers. Nearly 30 years later, these visions of the future are closer than ever. Advances in microscopic imaging, nanobiotechnology, and collective control are ushering in the age of nanoscale robotics.
A non-linear controller based new bridge type fault current limiter for transient stability enhancement of DFIG based Wind Farm

Abstract In this paper, a non-linear controller based new bridge type fault current limiter (NC-NBFCL) is proposed to augment the transient stability of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based 20 MW wind farm (WF), and observed improved voltage profile with minimized fault current during the fault. The performance of the proposed NC-NBFCL is compared with the series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) and static var compensator (SVC) in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed NC-NBFCL in terms of transient stability enhancement of DFIG based WF. In this work extensive simulations were executed in Matlab/Simulink software and in simulation, a temporary balanced and unbalanced faults were applied in the DFIG based tested model system to examine the transient stability improvement performance of the proposed NC-NBFCL. From all simulation results, and numerical analysis, it was found that the NC-NBFCL augments the transient stability of the DFIG based WF and outperforms the SDBR and SVC performances in all aspects.
Detection Efficiency of a Portable PIT Antenna for Two Small‐Bodied Fishes in a Piedmont Stream

AbstractPassive integrated transponder (PIT) tags have been used to infer demography and behavior of lotic fishes, but their application has mostly been limited to salmonids. We studied the efficiency of a portable PIT antenna in a small Piedmont stream (mean width = 2.4 m) in South Carolina by comparing two tag sizes (8- and 12-mm full-duplex tags) applied to two nongame species (Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdii and Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus). A 285-m stream reach was blocked off under base flow conditions in September 2016, and 8- or 12-mm PIT tags were implanted in 67 Creek Chub (62–138 mm TL) and 65 Mottled Sculpin (60–88 mm TL). Starting at 1 d after tagging, the study reach was sampled with the portable PIT antenna twice daily for five consecutive days, during which apparent survival of tagged fish was assumed. Generalized linear mixed-effects models with a logistic link identified that detection efficiency depended on species, tag size, body length, and the species × body length interaction....
Immunity to continuous RF disturbances: IEC test methods

Agenda Standards and Test Methods for evaluating immunity to intentional sources of radiated electromagnetic fields
Vaccinations in immunosuppressive-dependent pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

AIM To determine the vaccination rates in pediatric immunosuppression-dependent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and review the safety and efficacy of vaccinations in this population. METHODS The electronic medical records from October 2009 to December 2015 of patients diagnosed with IBD at 10 years of age or younger and prescribed anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) therapy were reviewed for clinical history, medication history, vaccination history, and hepatitis B and varicella titers. Literature discussing vaccination response in IBD patients were identified through search of the MEDLINE database and reviewed using the key words "inflammatory bowel disease", "immunization", "vaccination", "pneumococcal", "varicella", and "hepatitis B". Non-human and non-English language studies were excluded. Search results were reviewed by authors to select articles that addressed safety and efficacy of immunizations in inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS A total of 51 patients diagnosed with IBD prior to the age of 10 and receiving anti-TNF-α therapy were identified. Thirty-three percent of patients (17/51) had incomplete or no documentation of vaccinations. Sixteen case reports, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and randomized trials were determined through review of the literature to describe the safety and efficacy of hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and varicella immunizations in adult and pediatric patients with IBD. These studies showed that patients safely tolerated the vaccines without significant adverse effects. Importantly, IBD patients receiving immunosuppressive medications, particularly anti-TNF-α treatment, have decreased vaccine response compared to controls. However, the majority of patients are still able to achieve protective levels of specific antibodies. CONCLUSION Immunizations have been shown to be well-tolerated and protective immunity can be achieved in patients with IBD requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
There is no glass woman: Muriel Rukeyser’s lost feminist essay “Many Keys”

Admired by general audiences and writers, but relatively understudied by critics, Muriel Rukeyser (1913–1980) is a rarity in the world of American modernist poetry. Her career was launched in 1934,...
The Marginalization of Application in U.S. Sociology

The discipline's gatekeepers of the World War I era systematically—and largely correctly—associated applied sociology with the work of African American and female professionals (such as W.E.B. DuBois and Jane Addams). In the largely sexist and racist ethos that characterized the era, they were thus able to relegate application to the second class status that it maintains to this day.
Do imposters threaten data quality? An examination of worker misrepresentation and downstream consequences in Amazon's Mechanical Turk workforce

Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is fast becoming the most popular online research platform, and as such, it is crucial for researchers to recognize its advantages and shortcomings. Here, we focused on the issue of worker deception and examined the downstream consequences of demographic misrepresentation in MTurk. In two studies, we asked: Are we testing who we think we are testing? and Does demographic deception ultimately have an impact on data quality? We found that in the presence of explicit eligibility requirements, an alarmingly high proportion of our samples misrepresented themselves in order to qualify for the studies (55.8% in Study 1 and 21.8% in Study 2). We also found that the nature of the downstream consequences of demographic deception varied across studies. Specifically, thescope of the impact may rest with the relationship between the demographic variable of interest and the outcome measure. In sum, the impact of demographic deception on data quality is multi-faceted, and a fruitful avenue of future research is to identify additional motivating factors that may underlie such deception. Worker misrepresentation is prevalent when eligibility requirement is present.The impact of MTurk worker demographic deception is evaluated in two studies.Deception status does not impact worker attentiveness.Demographic deception threatens data quality and could result in faulty conclusions.
Needs of homeless veterans: 5 years of the CHALENG Survey 2012-16.

BACKGROUND National surveys of homeless veterans have been conducted for over a decade, but there has been no examination of changes in the needs of homeless veterans. METHODS Annual surveys of convenience samples of homeless veterans conducted for Project Community Homelessness Assessment, Local Education and Networking Groups (CHALENG) from 2012 (n = 6859), 2013 (n = 7741), 2014 (n = 7126), 2015 (n = 3765) and 2016 (n = 3191) were analyzed. CHALENG surveys collected background information about respondents and their ratings of unmet needs of homeless veterans. RESULTS Across years, the majority of respondents were males, white, 45-60 years old, Army veterans, lived in urban areas, had no dependent children, and were enrolled in VA healthcare. Over time, the proportion of respondents who were over 60, female, and white increased. There was little change in reported unmet needs with the highest rated unmet needs related to credit counseling, utility assistance, furniture and housewares, dental care and disability income. Among subsamples of veterans with specialized needs, the top three reported unmet needs were housing for registered sex offenders, legal assistance for evictions/foreclosures, and legal assistance for child support. CONCLUSIONS Several intractable unmet needs of homeless veterans have persisted in contemporary time.
Drift Limits of Concrete Frame Members Reinforced with High-performance Steel Bars and Fibers

Concrete test specimens reinforced with ultrahigh strength steel, f y > 80 ksi (550 MPa), were subjected to large displacement reversals. Each specimen consisted of two cantilever beams (or columns) connected to a central loading stub. The applied displacement history included cycles of increasing deflection reversals followed by a final push to failure. Experimental data are presented for concrete specimens conventionally reinforced and for concrete specimens reinforced with ultrahigh strength steel bars with and without fibers. The study shows that the use of ultrahigh strength longitudinal reinforcement in frame members is a viable option for earthquake-resistant construction.
Optimizing nDCG gains by minimizing effect of label inconsistency

We focus on nDCG choice of gains, and in particular on the fracture between large differences in exponential gains of high relevance labels and the not-so-small confusion, or inconsistency, between these labels in data. We show that better gains can be derived from data by measuring the label inconsistency, to the point that virtually indistinguishable labels correspond to equal gains. Our derived optimal gains make a better nDCG objective for training Learning to Rank algorithms.
Advances in Thin Film Indentation

A new method to accurately and reliably extract the actual Young’s modulus of a thin film on a substrate by indentation was developed. The method involved modifying the discontinuous elastic interface transfer model to account for substrate effects that were found to influence behavior even a few nanometers into a film several hundred nanometers thick. The method was shown to work exceptionally well for all 25 different combinations of 5 films on 5 substrates that encompassed a wide range of compliant films on stiff substrates to stiff films on compliant substrates. A predictive formula was determined that enables film modulus to be calculated as long as one knows the film thickness, substrate modulus and bulk Poisson’s ratio of the film and substrate. The calculated values of film modulus were verified with prior results that employed the membrane deflection experiment and resonance-based methods. The greatest advantages of the method are that the standard Oliver and Pharr analysis can be used and that it does not require the continuous stiffness method, enabling any indenter to be employed. The film modulus then can be accurately determined by simply averaging a handful of indents on a film/substrate composite.
Neighborhood associations and community development: Differences in needs and strategies

Neighborhood associations (NAs) help build social capital, enhance a sense of community, and elevate civic engagement. While urban researchers have studied NAs, there has been limited syste...
Civilized explosive welding: Impact welding of thick aluminum to steel plates without explosives

Abstract In this paper, we report welding of 6.35 mm thick AA5052-H32 and AA1100-H14 plates to mild steel, which was achieved in a laboratory environment by vaporizing foil actuator welding (VFAW). An AA3003-H14 interlayer was used between the AA5052-H32 and the mild steel to improve weldability. The flyer velocity was measured by in-situ photon Doppler velocimetry, and the recorded data provides information about the impact condition and weldability of each material combination. Micro-indentation confirmed that there is no heat affected zone (HAZ) as most conventional welding techniques would produce. Mechanical testing showed that the lap shear strength is comparable to the ultimate tensile strength of the aluminum base plate. We demonstrate VFAW as a viable manufacturing technique for defense and other applications requiring thick aluminum to be joined to steel.
Increased early enteral zinc intake improves weight gain in hospitalised preterm infants

AIM To test the hypothesis that enteral zinc intake is associated with improved preterm infant growth during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalisation. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled 105 preterm infants at a tertiary referral centre. Enteral zinc intake was calculated at day of life 14, and growth was measured as change in weight, length and head circumference from birth to discharge. Nonparametric tests assessed the contribution of breast milk vs formula and enteral zinc intake on weight, length and head circumference growth. Partial correlations evaluated the impact of baseline health status and caloric intake on growth. Multiple regression analysis was then completed to determine the unique contribution of zinc intake to weight gain and head circumference growth. RESULTS Total enteral zinc intake was positively associated with weight gain (r = 0.4, p < 0.01) and head circumference growth (r = 0.3, p < 0.01) during NICU hospitalisation. Further, multiple regression analysis showed higher zinc intake is linked to weight gain during NICU hospitalisation after accounting for postmenstrual age at birth. CONCLUSION Increased early enteral zinc intake is linked to weight gain during NICU hospitalisation, highlighting the importance of enteral zinc intake in early infant nutrition.
Spectrally Efficient Submarine Transmission with Flexible WME

By adjusting single shaping factor in the distribution matcher, probabilistic-shaped M-QAM is reviewed to provide both flex-rate and near-Shannon performance at the given flex-grid bandwidth and filling ratio.
Multimodal Graph Analysis of Cyber Attacks

The limited information on the cyberattacks available in the unclassified regime, hardens standardizing the analysis. We address the problem of modeling and analyzing cyberattacks using a multimodal graph approach. We formulate the stages, actors, and outcomes of cyberattacks as a multimodal graph. Multimodal graph nodes include cyberattack victims, adversaries, autonomous systems, and the observed cyber events. In multimodal graphs, single-modality graphs are interconnected according to their interaction. We apply community and centrality analysis on the graph to obtain in-depth insights into the attack. In community analysis, we cluster those nodes that exhibit “strong” inter-modal ties. We further use centrality to rank the nodes according to their importance. Classifying nodes according to centrality provides the progression of the attack from the attacker to the targeted nodes. We apply our methods to two popular case studies, namely GhostNet and Putter Panda and demonstrate a clear distinction in the attack stages.
Catalyst design insights from modelling a titanium-catalyzed multicomponent reaction.

High oxidation state transition metal catalysis touches our daily lives through bulk chemical production, e.g. olefin polymerization, and through specialty chemical reactions common in organic synthesis, e.g. the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and olefin dihydroxylation. Our group has been expanding the reaction chemistry of titanium(IV) to produce a host of nitrogen-based heterocycles via multicomponent coupling reactions. One such multicomponent coupling reaction discovered in our laboratory is iminoamination, involving an amine, an alkyne, and an isonitrile. However, the experimental modeling of high oxidation state reactions lags far behind that of low oxidation state systems, where a great deal is known about ligands, their donor properties and how their structures affect catalysis. As a result, we have developed an experimental method for determining the donor abilities of anionic ligands on high oxidation state systems, which is based on the chromium(VI) nitride system NCr(NiPr2)2X, where X = the ligand being interrogated. The parameters obtained are simply called ligand donor parameters (LDP). In this contribution, a detailed optimization of the Ti(NMe2)2(dpm)-catalyzed iminoamination reaction was carried out, where dpm = 5,5-dimethyldipyrrolylmethane. During the course of these studies, dimeric {Ti(μ-N-tolyl)(dpm)}2 was isolated, which is proposed as the resting state of the catalyst. To destabilize this resting state, a more electron-rich bis(aryloxide) catalyst system was investigated. The more electron-rich system is somewhat more active for iminoamination under some conditions; however, the catalyst is prone to disproportionation. A study of heteroleptic titanium complexes revealed that the disproportionation equilibrium constant can be effectively modeled as a function of the square of the difference in LDP between the ligands, (ΔLDP)2. Using this methodology, one can estimate the stability of titanium complexes toward disproportionation.
Market integration and institutional change

This paper examines the impact of institutional change on market integration. We show that the French Revolution’s ideals of freedom and equality that swept through Germany following French rule around the year 1800 significantly reduced city-to-city price gaps in nineteenth century Germany because the ideas led to institutional upgrading in the German states. The economic impact of institutions reduced price gaps by about 25%. Examining a range of indicators of institutional quality, we find that relatively broad indicators affecting multiple elements of commercial activity are most powerful in explaining institutions’ effect on the integration between economies. The paper shows that institutional change does not only change a given, individual economy but its impact is multiplied because institutional change affects the relationship between multiple economies.
IADSS: Intelligent Agent-Assisted Decision Support System for Diffusion-Based Molecular Nano Communication Networks

Although the cooperative transmission techniques have been developed for wireless sensor networks in recent years to improve the network transmission rate, delay and the bit error rate (BER) performance, the unique characteristics of the molecular communication (MC), such as implementing in nano-to-micro scale, the dynamic environment and the various network topology, make it extremely necessary to reconsider the implementation and analysis of the cooperative relay transmission. In this paper, we analyze and investigate the molecular communication network consisting of single transmitter and receiver nanomachines with the same type of carrier molecule. This communication takes place over an intelligent agent that aggregates the sensed data and simplify the complexity of the relaying algorithms to assist our communication channel, in which intermediate agent do not attempt to decode the information. This paper will describe a novel architecture to support the cooperative decision process by utilizing an intelligent agent in combination with pulse energy ratio and the sense-and-release technique. Furthermore, the inter-symbol interference (ISI) problem and reception noise are considered. The results illustrate that IADSS scheme is the powerful technique in improving the BER performance up to 10dB SNR gain compared to the State-of-the-Art relaying schemes. As a result, this scheme can be substantially reduced the complexity of the receiver's threshold-based detection strategy. Finally, experimental results show that the MC throughput of the entire network is greatly increased by exploiting the benefit of the cooperative intelligent agent with the sense-and-release technique.
Predicting Inpatient Glucose Levels and Insulin Dosing by Machine Learning on Electronic Health Records

Abstract Poorly controlled glucose levels are associated with serious morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Hospital diabetes management aims to maintain the glucose level within a desired range, primarily via insulin administration. Current inpatient glucose control relies significantly on expert knowledge, but this results in large variability and often suboptimal blood sugars in practice. We applied supervised machine learning methods to electronic health record (EHR) data to build predictive models that can inform inpatient insulin management. We found that individual blood glucose levels and insulin dosing are highly erratic and cannot be predicted precisely (MAE 28mg/dL, R2 0.2). However, prescribing decisions can still be driven by the more reliable predictions of average daily glucose levels (MAE 21mg/dL, R2 0.4) and whether any patient’s glucose levels will be higher than the clinically desired range in the next day (sens 0.73, spec 0.79).
Chapter 34 – Adrenoleukodystrophies

Publisher Summary This chapter begins with the history of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). It has been observed in all ethnic groups and affects approximately 1:20,000 males. The pattern of inheritance is X-linked recessive. The clinical manifestations of X-ALD vary widely, and for reasons that are still unknown, the various phenotypes often co-occur within the same family. The chapter shows the subgroupings that have been established and their relative frequency. It is also important to note that the pathology of the cerebral forms of X-ALD differs fundamentally from that of pure adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). The cerebral forms are associated with an inflammatory response in the cerebral white matter. Pure AMN is mainly a distal axonopathy and the inflammatory response is absent or mild. Furthermore, pathogenesis and animal models of X-ALD are also studied. The diagnosis of X-ALD is discussed in four different settings: symptomatic patients, screening of at-risk family members, prenatal diagnosis, and mass neonatal screening. This is followed by treatment of X-ALD that includes adrenal-steroid replacement therapy, bone marrow transplantation, phenylbutyrate, immunosuppression, and gene therapy.
Eye-based interaction in graphical systems: 20 years later gaze applications, analytics, & interaction

The course starts with an overview of eye-tracking applications, distinguishing eye movement analysis from synthesis in virtual reality, games, and other venues including mobile eye tracking. The focus is on four forms of applications: diagnostic (off-line measurement), active (selection, look to shoot), passive (foveated rendering, a.k.a. gaze-contingent displays), and expressive (gaze synthesis). The course covers basic eye movement analytics, e.g., fixation count and dwell time within AOIs, as well as advanced analysis using ambient/focal attention modeling. The course concludes with an overview and a demo of how to build an interactive application using Python.
Learning to Write Words

Learning to produce the written forms of individual words is an important part of writing. In this article, I review research on how children acquire this skill. I begin by discussing young childre...
Late stages in the ordering of magnetic skyrmion lattices

The late-stage ordering of interacting magnetic skyrmions is studied numerically through extensive Langevin molecular dynamics simulations. Defining skyrmion displacements that change the connectivity of cells obtained in a Voronoi tesselation as events, we investigate event histograms as a function of the time elapsed since preparing the system as well as the histograms of consecutive events as a function of the time separating these two events. These histograms, which provide unique insights into the transient properties during the ordering process of skyrmion matter, show a characteristic behavior that allows the Magnus-force-dominated regime, where the Magnus force accelerates the relaxation process, to be distinguished from the noise-dominated regime, where the Magnus force enhances the effects of thermal noise. In the Magnus-force-dominated regime, the different histograms display power-law tails with exponents that depend on the strength of the Magnus force.
State-level Stay-at-home Orders and Objectively Measured Movement in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Social distancing has been one of the primary interventions used to slow the spread of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. Although statewide stay-at-home orders in the United States received a large degree of media and political attention, relatively little peer-reviewed research has examined the impacts of such orders on social distancing behaviors. METHOD: This study used daily GPS-derived movement from 2858 counties in the United States from March 1 to May 7, 2020, to test the degree to which changes in state-level stay-at-home orders were associated with movement outside the home. RESULTS: From early March to early April, people in counties with state-level stay-at-home orders decreased their movement significantly more than counties without state-level stay-at-home orders; 3.1% more people stayed within 1 mile of home, and 1.6% fewer vehicle miles were driven per day. From early April to early May, people in counties within states that ended their stay-at-home orders increased their movement significantly more than counties in states whose stay-at-home orders remained in place; 1.2% fewer people remained within 1 mile of home, and 6.2% more vehicle miles were driven per day. The magnitude of changes associated with state-level stay-at-home orders was many times smaller than the total changes in movement across all counties over the same periods. CONCLUSIONS: Stay-at-home orders were associated with greater social distancing but accounted for only part of this behavioral change. Research on behavior change would be useful to determine additional interventions that could support social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A fitting algorithm for optimizing ion implantation energies and fluences

Abstract We describe a method to automatically generate an ion implantation recipe, a set of energies and fluences, to produce a desired defect density profile in a solid using the fewest required energies. We simulate defect density profiles for a range of ion energies, fit them with an appropriate function, and interpolate to yield defect density profiles at arbitrary ion energies. Given N energies, we then optimize a set of N energy-fluence pairs to match a given target defect density profile. Finally, we find the minimum N such that the error between the target defect density profile and the defect density profile generated by the N energy-fluence pairs is less than a given threshold. Inspired by quantum sensing applications with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, we apply our technique to calculate optimal ion implantation recipes to create uniform-density 1 μ m surface layers of 15N or vacancies (using 4 He).
US Inflation and the Imbalances of the Bretton Woods System, 1965–1973

This chapter argues that the key deep underlying fundamental for the growing international imbalances leading to the collapse of the Bretton Woods System between 1971 and 1973 was rising US inflation since 1965. It was driven in turn by expansionary fiscal and monetary policies—the elephant in the room. What was kept in the background at the Camp David meeting on August 15, 1971 (when President Richard Nixon closed the US gold window, as well as imposing a ten per cent surcharge on all imports and a ninety-day wage–price freeze), was that US inflation, driven by macro-policies, was the main problem facing the Bretton Woods System, and that for political and doctrinal reasons was not directly addressed. Instead, President Nixon blamed the rest of the world rather than correcting mistaken US policies. In addition, at the urging of Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur F. Burns, Nixon adopted wage and price controls to mask the inflation, hence punting the problem into the future. I argue the case that the pursuit of sound monetary and fiscal policies could have avoided much of the turmoil in the waning years of Bretton Woods. Moreover, I point out some of the similarities between the imbalances of the 1960s and 1970s—especially fiscal and the use of tariff protection as a strategic tool, as well as some differences—relatively stable monetary policy and floating exchange rates.
Speak Like You Sing: Integrating Classical Techniques From Theatre and Music in Spoken Dialogue for Opera.

SUMMARY Objective In order to maintain characterization throughout a production, opera singers frequently need skills in more than one vocal task. This exploratory study investigated spoken dialogue before and after two hours of training (one-hour class, one-hour tutorial) in the use of language as an actor, with breath management, pitch range, and resonance strategies of a singer. Comparative recordings of sung and spoken material were analyzed for acoustic qualities. Design At the National Opera Center, New York, six professional singers from different voice categories recorded one minute of spoken dialogue before training. Approximately a week later, they recorded one minute of an aria, unaccompanied, followed by the spoken dialogue post-training, then improvised a one - two-minute performance moving between singing and speaking. Data were analyzed for fundamental frequency (F0), sound pressure level (SPL), and long-term average spectrum (LTAS). Results Comparing for all singers pre- to post-training, mean F0 of spoken dialogue increased and SPL mean and range increased. Comparing aria to spoken dialogue post-training, SPL range increased. F0 ranges were closer to each other in improvisation than in separate performances of aria and dialogue. Energy peaks between 2 and 4 kHz on LTAS appeared in more than one performing condition. Conclusions In spoken dialogue post-training, some F0 and SPL data gravitated toward those of the aria and away from the initial recording, suggesting that participants were beginning to transfer production skills from singing to speaking. A perceptual study is needed to assess characterization and the use of language pre- and post-training.
Research progress on the human health risks assessment of radionuclides in water environment

The quality of the water environment is one of the most important factors that can directly affect the health of human beings and other non-human species. The levels of the radionuclides in water environment are the key indicator while assessing the quality of water environment. Recently, with the development of the nuclear energy in China, the public people have paid a focus attention on the levels and the health risks of the radionuclides. This paper introduced the sources, the health effects, the health risk assessment methods and the current status of the health risk assessment study about the radionuclides, in order to provide basis for the health risk assessment of radionuclides in water environment and the protection of human health.
Sex significantly impacts the function of major depression-linked variants in vivo

Genome-wide association studies have discovered blocks of common variants--likely transcriptional-regulatory--associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), though the functional subset and their biological impacts remain unknown. Likewise, why depression occurs in females more frequently than males is unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that risk-associated functional variants interact with sex and produce greater impact in female brains. We developed methods to directly measure regulatory variant activity and sex interactions using massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) in the mouse brain in vivo, in a cell type-specific manner. We measured activity of >1,000 variants from >30 MDD loci, identifying extensive sex-by-allele effects in mature hippocampal neurons and suggesting sex-differentiated impacts of genetic risk may underlie sex bias in disease. Unbiased informatics approaches indicated that functional MDD variants recurrently disrupt sex hormone receptor binding sequences. We confirmed this with MPRAs in neonatal brains, comparing brains undergoing the masculinizing hormone surge to hormonally-quiescent juveniles. Our study provides novel insights into the influence of age, biological sex, and cell type on regulatory-variant function, and provides a framework for in vivo parallel assays to functionally define interactions between organismal variables like sex and regulatory variation.
1977 Screening Survey for Measurement of Organic Priority Pollutants in Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), Ada, Okla., provided technical assistance to the EPA, Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD), in screening wastewatersfrom the petroleum refining industry for the priority pollutants. This paper will describe RSKERL's involvement in the measurement of specific organics: sampling, sample handling, sample preparation, and quality control. Limited comparative data from split sampling are presented. Also discussed are the problems encountered and solved while strictly adhering to the EPA's sampling and analysis procedures of March 1977.
Transient analysis of printed lines using finite-difference time-domain method

Comprehensive studies of ultra-wideband pulses and electromagnetic coupling on printed coupled lines have been performed using full-wave 3D finite-difference time-domain analysis. Effects of unequal phase velocities of coupled modes, coupling between line traces, and the frequency dispersion on the waveform fidelity and crosstalk have been investigated in detail. To discriminate the contributions of different mechanisms into pulse evolution, single and coupled microstrip lines without (ϵr = 1) and with (ϵr > 1) dielectric substrates have been examined. To consistently compare the performance of the coupled lines with substrates of different permittivities and transients of different characteristic times, a generic metric similar to the electrical wavelength has been introduced. The features of pulse propagation on coupled lines with layered and pedestal substrates and on the irregular traces have been explored. Physical interpretations of the simulation results are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Using 1,2‐Propanediol Electrolyte for Application in Biomedical Implants

Controlled TiO2 nanotube fabrication is crucial due to its potential applicability as surface treatment for biomedical implants. This paper examines anodization of titanium using a solution of de-ionized water, ammonium fluoride and 1,2-propanediol (Propylene Glycol) since lower conductivity and higher viscosity of 1,2-Propanediol, compared to similar ethylene glycol electrolyte results in nanotubes of greater diameter, smaller length and stronger adherence to the substrate, making them more suited for controlled drug release and providing better adhesion to the bulk surface. The effect of water concentration and anodization voltage on the morphology and dimensions of nanotubes was studied. Through characterization of nanotubes a suitable setting was identified within a working range at 40% water, 60% 1,2-Propanediol mixture (by volume) at 20V providing nanotubes of 120nm diameter and 0.5pm length. Also, Tubes with diameter up to 1 urn were observed. Further tests are to be performed for cell viability testing and adhesion testing to establish the characteristics of this technique of nanotube fabrication.
Characterization of a purF operon mutation which affects colicin V production.

Abstract A mini-Tn10-kan insertion mutation identified a gene in the chromosome of Escherichia coli required for colicin V production from plasmid pColV-K30. With the complete restriction map of E. coli, the mutation was rapidly mapped to 50.0 min, within the purF operon. Sequence analysis showed that the insertion occurred in a gene with no previously known function which is located directly upstream of purF. We designated this gene cvpA for colicin V production. The mutant requires adenine for growth, probably because of a polar effect on purF expression. However, an adenine auxotroph showed no defect in colicin V production, suggesting that the cvpA mutation is responsible for the effect on colicin V production. Two possible models of cvpA1 allele function are discussed.
Force-Clamp Spectroscopy of Single Proteins

Force-clamp AFM, with its remarkable ability to manipulate short recombinant proteins, has become a useful probe of protein dynamics, allowing us to sense conformational changes down to the sub-Angstrom scale. The single protein data is providing a new view that will help guide the development of theories on enzyme catalysis, the statistical dynamics of folding, and ab initio studies of a chemical reaction while placed under a stretching force; of common occurrence in nature.
Composition and deposition of throughfall in a flooded forest archipelago

The sources of spatial and temporal variation and rates of nutrient deposition via throughfall were studied for 9 months in the Anavilhanas archipelago of the Negro River, Brazil. A total of 30 events was sampled individually for rain and throughfall chemistry in a 1-ha plot of flooded forest. Throughfall samples were collected in 40 collectors distributed in five parallel transects in the study plot, while rain was collected in 4 collectors in an adjacent channel. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of solutes in rain were consistently lower than in throughfall, except for H+, NO3- and NH4+. Ratios of VWM concentrations of rain to throughfall indicated that K+, followed by Mg2+ and PO43-, were the most enhanced solutes as rain passed through the forest canopy. The deposition of solutes varied significantly among transects, except for Na+ and Ca2+, and was significantly correlated with maximum flooding depth, foliar nutrient content soil fertility and canopy closure for most solutes. The concentrations of PO43- and most major ions were higher in throughfall compared to those in rain due to canopy exchange and dry deposition. In contrast, NO3-, NH4+ and H+ were retained due to immobilization by leafy canopy and ion exchange processes. Solute inputs via throughfall (not including stemflow) to a floodplain lake (Lake Prato) of the archipelago accounted for 30 to 64% of the total for most solutes in the lake at high water, which indicates that throughfall is an important source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem of the Anavilhanas archipelago.
Auditory image processing in a virtual acoustic environment

A system is described that simulates free-field source at different locations through headphones, and experiments that make use of that system are discussed. The system makes use of commercially available components and incorporates automatic compensation for head motion. It also allows an interactive mode in which the subject modifies the simulated acoustic environment by changing her/his hand position. Some preliminary experiments related to the relative importance of several factors that influence perceptions of auditory image space are reported. >
Modular and Constraint-Based Information Flow Inference for an Object-Oriented Language

This paper addresses the problem of checking programs written in an object-oriented language to ensure that they satisfy the information flow policies, confidentiality and integrity. Policy is specified using security types. An algorithm that infers such security types in a modular manner is presented. The specification of the algorithm involves inference for libraries. Library classes and methods maybe parameterized by security levels. It is shown how modular inference is achieved in the presence of method inheritance and override. Soundness and completeness theorems for the inference algorithm are given.
MR evaluation of brain iron in children with cerebral infarction.

Young children and infants normally have essentially no detectable brain iron. We evaluated brain iron patterns on 23 MR scans in 20 patients under 6 years of age with clinical and MR-documented cerebral infarctions in an attempt to further understand the neuropathologic phenomenon of increased iron deposition, which has been observed in other disease states. MR was performed at 1.5 T with spin-echo sequences from 1 day to 4 years after infarction. MR scans were interpreted without knowledge of clinical information and were assessed for (1) location and character (i.e., bland or hemorrhagic) of infarct, and (2) nonheme iron (i.e., marked hypointensity on long TR/TE images) in the basal ganglia, red nuclei, substantia nigra, thalami, dentate nuclei, and deep white matter. Sixteen of 20 infarctions were associated with increased iron. Six of seven cases with unilateral iron deposition had ipsilateral infarctions. The location (deep versus cortical) and age of the infarction had no apparent bearing on iron patterns. We conclude that increased brain iron is commonly associated with cerebral infarction and is nonspecific, rather than a marker of movement disorders. Since iron may arise from either interruption of transport pathways or directly from cell injury and, in fact, iron itself may propagate the tissue injury, this finding may have important clinical and pathophysiologic implications in ischemic brain injury.