cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structural characterizations of para-bis(dialkyl/diarylphosphino)phenylenes built around tetrahalogenated benzene cores

Abstract Double deprotonation of 1,2-dibromo-4,5-difluorobenzene and 1-bromo-2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzene by lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in ethereal solutions is facile at very low temperatures (T
Intracellular targeting of peroxiredoxin 6 to lysosomal organelles requires MAPK activity and binding to 14-3-3ε

Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a bifunctional protein with GSH peroxidase and lysosomal-type phospholipase A2 activities, has been localized to both cytosolic and acidic compartments (lamellar bodies and...
Animal cell invasion by a large nonenveloped virus: reovirus delivers the goods

Molecular mechanisms by which nonenveloped animal viruses penetrate a cellular membrane to invade the host cytoplasm remain less well characterized than those used by enveloped viruses. Mammalian reoviruses are useful agents for addressing this problem, especially in light of recent crystal structure determinations for the viral proteins and development of a new genetic tool with which to dissect the viral determinants of cell invasion. The roles of penetration protein μ1 and its protector protein σ3 are beginning to come into focus.
AFM-Based Surface Potential Measurements on Carbon Nanotubes

In order to build electrical devices based on carbon nanotubes, it is crucial to understand the effects of the substrate, electrical contacts, defects and junctions on the transport properties of both multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT and SWNT). In the present study two different dispositions are analyzed. In one of them, isolated MWNT were deposited onto an insulating oxide layer over a conducting substrate and platinum electrical contacts were prepared via a focused ion beam (FIB) deposition method. An ohmic contact to the substrate allowed us to polarize it at a different potential than the nanotubes themselves. In the second one, a vertical array of MWNT was grown on a template of alumina in which one of the ends was coated with gold, to provide an electric contact. To investigate transport properties, we used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to determine the electric surface potential of MWNT. The technique employed, scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM), applied a dc-voltage to the tip that equilibrates the local electrostatic potential on the sample so as to eliminate forces on the AFM tip caused by electric repulsion or attraction between tip and sample. There is no alteration of the sample potential caused by the tip. Surface potential measurements on the first system show that the electric transport on the MWNT has a diffusive character. The application of a (4.5V) bias between nanotube and substrate causes the resistance of the nanotube to drop by a factor of four. We can also resolve the voltage drop on the nanotube and at the contacts. The measurements in the second system (vertical arrangement) show that the nanotubes are uncapped and we can observe a contrast that varies with the application of different voltages to the back contact.
Flowing soap films: a laboratory for studying two-dimensional hydrodynamics

Abstract We present the results of recent experiments in a vertically flowing soap film in which the turbulence is produced by a comb that penetrates the film. After an abbreviated review of the theory of turbulence in two and three dimensions, we discuss two experiments performed in this quasi-two-dimensional system. The first experiment concentrates on measurements of the probability density function for velocity differences on various spatial scales. Special attention is given to the third moment. In the second experiment von Karman vortices are bathed in a background of turbulence, which results in enhanced diffusion-like spreading of the vortex street. A turbulent diffusivity is thereby measured.
Electronic and magnetic fibers

Abstract Fibers with electronic, magnetic and piezoelectric core materials were fabricated via a modified melt-draw technique. Materials selected for this study were copper, silver, barium titanate, Metglas ® and Terfenol-D with a fused silica cladding. Basic material compatibility and process feasibility were confirmed via compositional and microstructural analysis. Demonstration of fibers with multi-functional materials and the potential integration with current state of the art technologies represents the first steps in providing the building blocks for all-fiber optoelectronics.
SAFETY, IDENTITY AND CONSENT: A LIMITED DEFENSE OF REPRODUCTIVE HUMAN CLONING

Some opponents of reproductive human cloning have argued that, because of its experimental nature, any attempt to create a child by way of cloning would risk serious birth defects or genetic abnormalities and would therefore be immoral. Some versions of this argument appeal to the consent of the person to be conceived in this way. In particular, they assume that if an experimental reproductive technology has not yet been shown to be safe, then, before we use it, we are morally obligated to get either the actual consent or the presumed consent of the person to be conceived. In this article, I attempt to explain the appeal of such consent-based arguments as deriving from a mistaken view of personal identity. I then argue that since this view is false, such arguments are unsound. Finally, I argue that even if reproductive cloning is unsafe, it may still be morally permissible in some circumstances.
Ligand-directed targeting of genes to the site of disease.

Fundamental changes in the understanding of the primary influences that govern specific gene delivery, combined with rational approaches to engineer the gene transfer vectors, are now transforming targeted in vivo gene transfer from concept to reality. Many viral-based vectors have been designed to avoid gene transfer through their native receptors and redirected to a variety of tissue- and tumor-specific receptors. Non-viral vectors have likewise been engineered to avoid nonspecific gene transfer. Future challenges include advancing these vectors into clinical testing, designing improvements to avoid innate and acquired immunity, and elucidating the mechanisms that govern their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics.
Prison Pups: Assessing the Effects of Dog Training Programs in Correctional Facilities

ABSTRACT During the past twenty-five years, the number of prison programs in which inmates train dogs has increased rapidly. There are no comprehensive data on the prevalence of such programs, but they are in existence in at least twenty U.S. states, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Italy. Though extremely popular among both administrators and inmates, we have only anecdotal accounts to assess the effects of dog training by inmates. Such programs appear to have the potential to break down barriers of fear and mistrust between staff and inmates; and there is also some evidence, again anecdotal, that they reduce recidivism and behavioral infractions among inmates. Literally no systematic studies exist, however. This research provides preliminary information from data collected in two Kansas prisons (a men's and a women's institution) in which inmates train assistance dogs and dogs made available for adoption by the general public. This paper focuses on the qualitative findings from the interviews conduct...
Prospects For Self-Organizing Pattern Recognition Via Adaptive Network Systems

Prospects for self- organizing pattern recognition via adaptive network systemsB. R. HuntScience Applications International Corporation5151 E. Broadway, Suite 1100Tucson, Arizona 85711Extended AbstractThe success of a variety of techniques in pattern recognition led to a sense thatpattern recognition was "a solved problem" and a mature discipline. Simultaneously, theappearance of methods of Artificial Intelligence (AI) seemed to offer hope for the solutionof many of the problems that pattern recognition techniques had not adequately dealt with.In particular, there has been interest in the development of various capabilities of expertsystems and knowledge- based- systems for extending the scope of pattern recognition. Oneapplication where this has been very prominent is the analysis of images, i.e., computervision.An important paradigm for all image analysis tasks can be drawn from the analysis ofaerial photographs, such as performed by a military photo interpretation expert. I believethere are four separately identifiable components to image analysis, namely:(1)detection of an object of interest in the image, often performed at a lower -resolutionor broad -area overview, so that only detection is possible and more precise analysismust proceed at higher resolution;(2)identification of the detected object, i.e., assignment of the detected object to asignificant class such as airport, bridge, river, etc.;(3)attribution of the detected object, i.e., generation of a list of meaningful propertiesor attributes, such as length, color, surface material, number of sides, etc.;(4)interpretation of the detected object, which may include placing it in the context of avariety of other collateral sources of data, conjecturing about functions or capabilitiesof the object, etc.Within this paradigm for image analysis I believe it is possible to separate the fourcomponents into two distinct classes. Detection and identification are primarily uncon-scious and precognitive activities, whereas attribution and interpretation are consciousand cognitive processes. This is obviously not a complete and pure division, because inter-action among the components is possible, but I believe the primary nature of detection andidentification is unconscious and precognitive, whereas the primary nature of attributionand interpretation is conscious and cognitive. It is also possible to classify theseactivities by pattern recognition content. I assert that detection and identification areprimarily pattern recognition activities, and attribution and interpretation are primarily
Level of evidence of presentations at American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons annual meetings.

Background: The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Annual Meeting is a major international forum for scientific exchange and education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of evidence of papers and posters presented at the 2001, 2004, 2007, and 2010 AAOS meetings to determine trends in the quality of study designs between the years 2001 and 2010. Methods: Abstracts for AAOS presentations from 2001 (288 papers and 468 posters), 2004 (290 papers and 466 posters), 2007 (525 papers and 541 posters), and 2010 (720 papers and 569 posters) were independently evaluated by three reviewers. The level of evidence of each presentation was determined based on the AAOS classification system. The results were subdivided according to orthopaedic subspecialty and type of presentation. Results: In subsequent years, there was a substantial increase in the percentage of Level I studies (2% in 2001, 3% in 2004, 5% in 2007, and 7% in 2010), Level II studies (15% in 2001, 18% in 2004, 23% in 2007, and 29% in 2010), and Level III studies (22% in 2001, 26% in 2004, 29% in 2007, and 33% in 2010), with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of Level IV studies (62% in 2001, 54% in 2004, 43% in 2007, and 31% in 2010). Overall, there was a significant nonrandom improvement in the level of evidence of presentations over the study period (p < 0.001). This trend was consistent across all orthopaedic subspecialties and in both the paper and the poster subgroups. Conclusions: The level of evidence of studies presented at the AAOS Annual Meeting is steadily increasing, which signifies a mark of continual improvement in the quality of the scientific program.
An analysis of the RCMAS lie scale in a clinic sample of anxious children

Examined Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) Lie scores in a sample of 284 anxious children. Lie scores were examined in relation to children's age, ethnicity/race, and gender, and in relation to Total Anxiety scores. The utility of Lie scores also was examined in terms of whether they were predictive of children's anxiety levels as rated by children themselves, parents, and clinicians. Between-group differences in children's Lie scores were examined as well. Results indicated that younger children had significantly higher Lie scores than older children, and Hispanic American children had significantly higher Lie scores than European American children. There were no significant gender differences in Lie scores, and no significant relation was found between RCMAS Lie scores and Total Anxiety scores for the total sample. Subgroup analyses indicated that Lie scores were predictive of children's anxiety levels. Results also indicated that Lie scores were significantly different between children who presented with anxiety disorders and children who presented with anxiety and externalizing disorders. Findings are discussed in terms of the usefulness of RCMAS Lie scores.
Remote target identification of a pair of submerged elastic shells by active sonar

An inverse scattering problem is presented and solved. This solution builds on that of the associated direct scattering problem which we had obtained earlier. We assume that selected form-functions found from the earlier solution of the direct problem are now given, and using them we carry out the present inversion. We consider two elastic shells with centers separated a distance d in a boundless sea, being insonified by a distant projector at an arbitrary incidence angle relative to the line of centers of the two shells. The incident sound wave is plane and of circular frequency ω. From the form function of the two shells, which we assume given in two arbitrary directions, we determine: (a) that there are actually two interacting shells, (b) their separation, d, (c) the pair orientation angle, α, (d) the shape and size (diameter) of the shells, (e) their thickness, h, and (f) their material composition. This information is extracted from selected features in the form-functions by means of a detailed proc...
Celebrity performance and endorsement value: the case of Tiger Woods

An interesting issue little explored in the celebrity endorsement literature is whether or not the activities of a celebrity endorser affect company performance. We examine the impact of Tiger Woods’s tournament performance on the endorsing firm’s value subsequent to the contract signing. We do not find a relationship between Tiger’ss tournament placement and the excess returns of Fortune Brands (parent of Titleist). This is likely due to Titleist being a very small contributor to the total market value of Fortune Brands. We also fail to find a significant relationship for American Express suggesting the market does not view a golfer endorsing financial services as credible. We do, however, find a positive and significant impact of Tiger’s performance on Nike’s excess returns suggesting that the market values the additional publicity that Nike receives when Tiger is in contention to win.
Calcite Crystals from the Old Faylor-Middlecreek Quarry, Winfield, Pennsylvania: Crystal Habits & Twinning

(1994). Calcite Crystals from the Old Faylor-Middlecreek Quarry, Winfield, Pennsylvania: Crystal Habits & Twinning. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 260-270.
Association mapping through heuristic evolutionary history reconstruction-application to GAW15 Problem 3

This paper presents a novel method of identifying phenotypically important regions of the genome. It involves a form of association mapping that works by summarizing properties of the ancestral recombination graph (ARG) of a sample of unrelated phenotyped and genotyped individuals. By breaking the sample into many small sub-samples and averaging the results, it becomes computationally tractable to measure the degree to which the evolutionary history of any locus is consistent with the distribution of the phenotypes in the sample. Analysis of simulated rheumatoid arthritis data demonstrates the efficiency and effectiveness of this method in identifying loci of large phenotypic effect.
Probing the collective vibrational dynamics of a protein in liquid water by terahertz absorption spectroscopy

Biological polymers are expected to exhibit functionally relevant, global, and subglobal collective modes in the terahertz (THz) frequency range (i.e., picosecond timescale). In an effort to monitor these collective motions, we have experimentally determined the absorption spectrum of solvated bovine serum albumin (BSA) from 0.3 to 3.72 THz (10–124 cm−1). We successfully extract the terahertz molar absorption of the solvated BSA from the much stronger attenuation of water and observe in the solvated protein a dense, overlapping spectrum of vibrational modes that increases monotonically with increasing frequency. We see no evidence of distinct, strong, spectral features, suggesting that no specific collective vibrations dominate the protein's spectrum of motions, consistent with the predictions of molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analyses of a range of small proteins. The shape of the observed spectrum resembles the ideal quadratic spectral density expected for a disordered ionic solid, indicating that the terahertz normal mode density of the solvated BSA may be modeled, to first order, as that of a three-dimensional elastic nanoparticle with an aperiodic charge distribution. Nevertheless, there are important detailed departures from that of a disordered inorganic solid or the normal mode densities predicted for several smaller proteins. These departures are presumably the spectral features arising from the unique molecular details of the solvated BSA. The techniques used here and measurements have the potential to experimentally confront theoretical calculations on a frequency scale that is important for macromolecular motions in a biologically relevant water environment.
Pharmacology of Vagal Afferent Influences on Disordered Breathing During Sleep

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are a significant public health concern, with a prevalence in the US general population of approximately 2% of women and approximately 4% of men. Although significant strides have been made in our understanding of these disorders with respect to epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis and consequences, work to understand these factors in terms of the underlying cellular, molecular and neuromodulatory processes remains in its infancy. Current primary treatments are surgical or mechanical, with no drug treatments available. Basic investigations into the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of sleep-related changes in respiratory pattern generation and modulation will be essential to clarify the pathogenic processes underlying SRBD and to identify rational and specific pharmacotherapeutic opportunities. Here we summarize emerging work suggesting the importance of vagal afferent feedback systems in sleep-related respiratory pattern disturbances and pointing toward a rich but complex array of neurochemical and neuromodulatory processes that may be involved.
The effect of communication architecture on the availability, reliability, and economics of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle-to-grid ancillary services

Researchers have proposed that fleets of plug-in hybrid vehicles could be used to perform ancillary services for the electric grid. In many of these studies, the vehicles are able to accrue revenue for performing these grid stabilization services, which would offset the increased purchase cost of plug-in hybrid vehicles. To date, all such studies have assumed a vehicle command architecture that allows for a direct and deterministic communication between the grid system operator and the vehicle. This work compares this direct, deterministic vehicle command architecture to an aggregative vehicle command architecture on the bases of the availability, reliability and value of vehicle-provided ancillary services. This research incorporates a new level of detail into the modeling of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services by incorporating probabilistic vehicle travel models, time series ancillary services pricing, and a consideration of ancillary services reliability. Results show that including an aggregating entity in the command and contracting architecture can improve the scale and reliability of vehicle-to-grid ancillary services, thereby making vehicle-to-grid ancillary services more compatible with the current ancillary services market. However, the aggregative architecture has the deleterious effect of reducing the revenue accrued by plug-in vehicle owners relative to the default architectures.
Lung regeneration and translational implications of the postpneumonectomy model

Lung regeneration research is yielding data with increasing translational value. The classical models of lung development, postnatal alveolarization, and postpneumonectomy alveolarization have contributed to a broader understanding of the cellular participants including stem-progenitor cells, cell-cell signaling pathways, and the roles of mechanical deformation and other physiologic factors that have the potential to be modulated in human and animal patients. Although recent information is available describing the lineage fate of lung fibroblasts, genetic fate mapping, and clonal studies are lacking in the study of lung regeneration and deserve further examination. In addition to increasing knowledge concerning classical alveolarization (postnatal, postpneumonectomy), there is increasing evidence for remodeling of the adult lung after partial pneumonectomy. Though limited in scope, compelling data have emerged describing restoration of lung tissue mass in the adult human and in large animal models. The basis for this long-term adaptation to pneumonectomy is poorly understood, but investigations into mechanisms of lung regeneration in older animals that have lost their capacity for rapid re-alveolarization are warranted, as there would be great translational value in modulating these mechanisms. In addition, quantitative morphometric analysis has progressed in conjunction with developments in advanced imaging, which allow for longitudinal and nonterminal evaluation of pulmonary regenerative responses in animals and humans. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events that have been observed in animals and humans after pneumonectomy because this model is closest to classical regeneration in other mammalian systems and has revealed several new fronts of translational research that deserve consideration.
The mouse liver tumor as an endpoint in carcinogenesis tests

Abstract Available carcinogenesis and mutagenesis information was reviewed for 85 chemicals that were demonstrated to increase significantly the incidence of liver tumors in mice. Sixty-one chemicals (73%) induced tumors in other tissues of mice and/or rats. For 45 of the 61 chemicals for which bacterial mutagenesis information was available, 65% were mutagenic. Of 24 chemicals inducing only mouse liver tumors, 5 of 14 tested (35%) were mutagenic. Of all 59 chemicals causing liver tumors in mice for which mutagenesis information is available, 58% were mutagenic for bacteria, primarily Salmonella typhimurium . Several classes of chemicals were represented among those inducing only mouse liver tumors or mouse liver tumors and other tumors. The findings provide evidence that the mouse liver tumor is an important endpoint in carcinogenesis tests. Limited information on the subject also suggests that certain classes of chemicals may not be mutagenic and induce only mouse liver tumors. More importantly, several nonmutagenic mouse hepatocarcinogens also induce other tumors in mice or rats. The interpretation and significance of these findings awaits further research into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
An enzymatic cycling method for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide with malic and alcohol dehydrogenases

Abstract A method for measuring nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide by enzymatic cycling is described which uses malic and alcohol dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.37, and EC 1.1.1.1) for the enzyme couple. After cycling, malate is measured with either malic dehydrogenase or malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40). The method has a number of advantages compared to those previously described. The cycling rate is high (greater than 30 000/hr); blank values are low; the reaction is linear over a wide range of NAD concentrations; and the terminal indicator reaction requires only one step. In addition the system is well suited for double cycling. This was shown by measurements of NAD in nuclei and cytoplasm from single dorsal root ganglion cells (rabbit). The overall amplification in this case was about 1 000 000.
Tracing the Amazon component of surface Atlantic water using 228Ra, salinity and silica

High 228Ra/226Ra activity ratios characteristic of waters in the Amazon estuary provide a sensitive indicator of the presence of these waters in the Atlantic Ocean. A conservative mixing model utilizing the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio (AR) tied to absolute measurements in the estuary allows us to estimate that 20-34% of the surface water east of the Antilles during June, 5-9% from the same area during December, and 15-20% of the eastern Caribbean surface water during December are derived from the Amazon estuary. Differences in 228Ra input occur in response to variable stratification of water near the river mouth. During high discharge, intense vertical mixing enriches the water in the estuary in 22SRa. A large fraction of this water moves to the north and east of the Antilles, where its relatively high 22SRa/226Ra AR distinguishes it over 1500 km from its source. During low discharge (northern hemisphere fall) a significant fraction of river water passes northwest of the zone of intense mixing into a vertically stratified region where 228Ra gain is lower. This water is transported by the Guiana Current along the coast of South America and into the Caribbean.
Phase-transparent optical data exchange of 40 Gbit/s differential phase-shift keying signals

We report the phase-transparent optical data exchange of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signals by exploiting the parametric depletion of nondegenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a highly nonlinear fiber. Theoretical analyses of nondegenerate FWM involving two signals and two pumps are presented. Analytical solutions are derived, indicating the exchange condition and the feasibility of phase-transparent data exchange. Optical data exchange between 10.7Gbit/s non-return-to-zero DPSK (NRZ-DPSK) and return-to-zero DPSK signals is implemented with a power penalty of ~1.5 dB at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10−9. Moreover, we demonstrate phase-transparent optical data exchange between two 40Gbit/s NRZ-DPSK signals with a power penalty of ~4.5 dB at a BER of 10−9.
High‐lysine corn generated by endosperm‐specific suppression of lysine catabolism using RNAi

Because of the limited lysine content in corn grain, synthetic lysine supplements are added to corn meal-based rations for animal feed. The development of biotechnology, combined with the understanding of plant lysine metabolism, provides an alternative solution for increasing corn lysine content through genetic engineering. Here, we report that by suppressing lysine catabolism, transgenic maize kernels accumulated a significant amount of lysine. This was achieved by RNA interference (RNAi) through the endosperm-specific expression of an inverted-repeat (IR) sequence targeting the maize bifunctional lysine degradation enzyme, lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (ZLKR/SDH). Although plant-short interfering RNA (siRNA) were reported to lack tissue specificity due to systemic spreading, we confirmed that the suppression of ZLKR/SDH in developing transgenic kernels was restricted to endosperm tissue. Furthermore, results from our cloning and sequencing of siRNA suggested the absence of transitive RNAi. These results support the practical use of RNAi for plant genetic engineering to specifically target gene suppression in desired tissues without eliciting systemic spreading and the transitive nature of plant RNAi silencing.
Causes and Treatment of Choroidal Effusion after Glaucoma Surgery

Choroidal effusion is a prevalent and potentially vision-threatening complication following glaucoma surgery. This review article will introduce readers to the anatomy and physiology of choroidal effusion. Evidence from the literature will be reviewed to discuss the prevalence of choroidal effusion after glaucoma surgery. Etiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of choroidal effusion will be detailed in this review article. Finally, readers will gain insight into methods to prevent and treat choroidal effusion after glaucoma surgery.
Dating young geomorphic surfaces using age of colonizing Douglas fir in southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon, USA

Dating of dynamic, young (<500 years) geomorphic landforms, particularly volcanofluvial features, requires higher precision than is possible with radiocarbon dating. Minimum ages of recently created landforms have long been obtained from tree-ring ages of the oldest trees growing on new surfaces. But to estimate the year of landform creation requires that two time corrections be added to tree ages obtained from increment cores: (1) the time interval between stabilization of the new landform surface and germination of the sampled trees (germination lag time or GLT); and (2) the interval between seedling germination and growth to sampling height, if the trees are not cored at ground level. The sum of these two time intervals is the colonization time gap (CTG). Such time corrections have been needed for more precise dating of terraces and floodplains in lowland river valleys in the Cascade Range, where significant eruption-induced lateral shifting and vertical aggradation of channels can occur over years to decades, and where timing of such geomorphic changes can be critical to emergency planning. Earliest colonizing Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were sampled for tree-ring dating at eight sites on lowland (<750 m a.s.l.), recently formed surfaces of known age near three Cascade volcanoes – Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens and Mount Hood – in southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon. Increment cores or stem sections were taken at breast height and, where possible, at ground level from the largest, oldest-looking trees at each study site. At least ten trees were sampled at each site unless the total of early colonizers was less. Results indicate that a correction of four years should be used for GLT and 10 years for CTG if the single largest (and presumed oldest) Douglas fir growing on a surface of unknown age is sampled. This approach would have a potential error of up to 20 years. Error can be reduced by sampling the five largest Douglas fir instead of the single largest. A GLT correction of 5 years should be added to the mean ring-count age of the five largest trees growing on the surface being dated, if the trees are cored at ground level. This correction would have an approximate error of ±5 years. If the trees are cored at about 1·4 m above the ground surface (breast height), a CTG correction of 11 years should be added to the mean age of the five sampled trees (with an error of about ±7 years). Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years

Bohannon RW. Reference values for ex- tremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:26-32. Objective and Design: Only a few studies have provided reference values for muscle strength obtained by hand-held dy- namometry. Such values are essential for establishing the degree to which an individual's strength is impaired. This descriptive study was conducted to provide reference values for the strength of 10 extremity muscle actions. Subjects and Instrumentation: A convenience sample of 106 men and 125 women volunteers was tested twice with an Ametek digital hand-held dynamometer. Results: The measurements were found to be reliable. Pre- dictive equations are provided for the measurements. Reference values generated are expressed in Newtons and as a percentage of body weight and are organized by gender, decade of age, and side. Conclusions: The values can be employed in a clinical set- ting to document whether an individual is impaired relative to healthy subjects of the same gender and age.
Complications in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical degenerative disc disease.

Since the first publication by Robinson and Smith in 1955 using the iliac crest graft (5), the ACDF is an effective and technically well established surgical procedure for the management of symptomatic cervical degenerative disc disease (CDD). Certainly, with the course of time and the technological advances that subsequently occurred, both the devices and the surgical technique used have changed. Initially, the interbody support was always performed with autologous bone graft (tricortical iliac crest bone graft) in the early part of most of the series; later, a metal plate, secured with transcortical screws to the vertebral bodies, was added to give better support to the autograft. Later, allograft cervical spacers with demineralized bone matrix were introduced; also it has been used with polyetheretherketone cages, especially in multilevel cases or in patients with a history of smoking, osteoporosis, osteopenia, chronic steroid use, and osteomalacia, in which the bone matrix is weak (1). More recently, it has been used as a dynamic disc, introducing the concept of maintaining the biomechanics and motility of the segment treated, with different outcomes and complications that are not related to the topic to be discussed in this Perspective.
Binding Magic in Gottfried Keller's Der Grüne Heinrich

This essay explores the theme of binding magic in Gottfried Keller's Der Grune Heinrich. Claiming that binding occupies a key place in both realist aesthetics and the Bildungsroman tradition, it considers its decidedly magical operations in Keller's novel from three different theoretical vantages: Freudian, Foucauldian, and, most importantly, from within the poetics of Stimmung, which is shown to retain its ancient affinities with sympathetic magic. It focuses on readings of two episodes: the inserted exemplum of the witch-child, Meretlein, and the account of the first of Heinrich's Anna paintings.
High-turnover-Osteodystrophie

Bei chronischer Niereninsuffzienz kommt es durch Calciummangel (verminderte Spiegel von nativem Vitamin D und verminderte Calcitriolsynthese in der Niere) und Hyperphosphatamie zu einem Anstieg von Parathormon (PTH). Ein uber langere Zeit bestehender und progressiver Hyperparathyreoidismus verursacht eine Erhohung des Knochenumsatzes (High-turnover-Osteodystrophie, HTO), der in den uberwiegenden Fallen zu einer relevanten Entkalkung des Skeletts, zu Frakturen und zu Gefas- und Weichteilverkalkungen fuhren kann. Eine Senkung des PTH durch aktive Vitamin-D-Metabolite und/oder Cinacalcet sowie eine gute Kontrolle der Hyperphosphatamie unter Beachtung der Calciumbilanz sind wirksame Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung der HTO. Unter Beachtung der Zielwerte fur Calcium, Phosphat und PTH gilt es, die HTO so zu behandeln, dass der Knochenstoffwechsel in einem leicht gesteigerten Bereich gehalten wird und eine Low-turnover-Osteodystophie (LTO) vermieden wird.
Fuzzy routing in ad hoc networks

Routing and related resource allocation issues present special challenges in ad hoc networks. Typically, every node in an ad hoc network serves as a router for other nodes, and paths from source to destination often require multiple hops. Compared to wired networks, wireless ad hoc networks have less bandwidth, longer paths, and less stable connectivity, all of which render routing protocols from wired networks less suitable for the wireless world. This paper presents a novel routing scheme for ad hoc networks that applies fuzzy logic to differentiated resource allocation, considering traffic importance and network state. Messages are routed over zero or more maximally disjoint paths to the destination: important packets may be forwarded redundantly over multiple disjoint paths for increased reliability, while less important traffic may be suppressed at the source. The performance of fuzzy routing is evaluated using simulation, and is compared to dynamic source routing (DSR) and split multipath routing (SMR) wireless routing protocols.
Situating Women's Reproductive Activities

In her pathbreaking book, Abortion and Woman's Choice, Rosalind Pollack Petchesky astutely observed that, in many societies, control over the methods and goals of reproduction is a critical site of contest, particularly between women and men. Yet the circumstances under which reproductive relations will be characterized by conflict, consensus, or some of both have seldom been systematically explored. In this paper, I therefore offer three examples of different structural contexts in which either women or men had the preponderance of power to influence key aspects of women's reproductive activities. I argue that while structural factors, notably the distribution of economic, political, and institutional resources, are fundamental, they do not only act directly but are experienced, interpreted, and made meaningful through specific cultural processes, particularly gender ideologies, norms about morality, and beliefs about how women should behave. It is together that these structural factors and cultural processes shape the climates and contexts within which women's reproductive activities are situated and take place, [reproduction, gender politics, Latin America, Mexican Americans]
Scalable fault-tolerant aggregation in large process groups

The paper discusses fault-tolerant, scalable solutions to the problem of accurately and scalably calculating global aggregate functions in large process groups communicating over unreliable networks. These groups could represent sensors or processes communicating over a network that is either fixed (e.g., the Internet) or dynamic (e.g., multihop ad-hoc). Group members are prone to failures. The ability to evaluate global aggregate properties (e.g., the average of sensor temperature readings) is important for higher-level coordination activities in such large groups. We first define the setting and problem, laying down metrics to evaluate different algorithms for the same. We discuss why the usual approaches to solve this problem are unviable and unscalable over an unreliable network prone to message delivery failures and crash failures. We then propose a technique to impose an abstract hierarchy on such large groups, describing how this hierarchy can be made to mirror the network topology. We discuss several alternatives to use this technique to solve the global aggregate function evaluation problem. Finally, we present a protocol based on gossiping that uses this hierarchical technique. We present mathematical analysis and performance results to validate the robustness, efficiency and accuracy of the Hierarchical Gossiping algorithm.
Farming systems and conservation needs in the Northwest Wheat Region

The Northwest Wheat Region is a contiguous belt of 3.3 million ha in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Its climate varies from subhumid (<650 mm annual precipitation) to semiarid (<350 mm), with more than 60% of the annual precipitation occurring during the winter. Winter wheat yields range from a high of 8 t/ha in the wetter zones to a low of 1.5 t/ha in the drier zones. Winter wheat is grown in rotation with spring cereals and pulses where annual precipitation exceeds 450 mm; winter wheat-fallow prevails where annual precipitation is less than 330 mm. Tillage practices are designed to maximize infiltration and retention of water through soil surface and crop residue management. Because of the combination of winter precipitation, steep topography, and winter wheat cropping, much of the region is subject to a severe water erosion hazard, accentuated by freeze-thaw cycles that increase surface runoff and weaken the soil structure. Wind erosion is a major problem in the drier zones, where cover is less and soils are higher in sand. Residue management, primarily through reduced tillage and no-till systems, is the first defense against both wind and water erosion, but yields often are higher with conventional intensive ti llage. Factors that limit yields with conservation farming include weed and disease problems and th e lack of suitable tillage and seeding equipment. Conservation strategies must shift from relying on traditional tillage methods to development of complete no-till systems. Spring cropping as a replacement for winter wheat also needs to be investigated. In some cases, tillage for water conservation must be made compatible with tillage for erosion control.
Noise sources in magnetooptic recording

This paper investigates nonwhite noise sources important in magnetooptic recording. These noise sources are experimentally characterized, and their contribution is quantified across a 20-MHz bandwidth.
Statistical and Molecular Analyses of Evolutionary Significance of Red-Green Color Vision and Color Blindness in Vertebrates

Red-green color vision is strongly suspected to enhance the survival of its possessors. Despite being red-green color blind, however, many species have successfully competed in nature, which brings into question the evolutionary advantage of achieving red-green color vision. Here, we propose a new method of identifying positive selection at individual amino acid sites with the premise that if positive Darwinian selection has driven the evolution of the protein under consideration, then it should be found mostly at the branches in the phylogenetic tree where its function had changed. The statistical and molecular methods have been applied to 29 visual pigments with the wavelengths of maximal absorption at approximately 510-540 nm (green- or middle wavelength-sensitive [MWS] pigments) and at approximately 560 nm (red- or long wavelength-sensitive [LWS] pigments), which are sampled from a diverse range of vertebrate species. The results show that the MWS pigments are positively selected through amino acid replacements S180A, Y277F, and T285A and that the LWS pigments have been subjected to strong evolutionary conservation. The fact that these positively selected M/LWS pigments are found not only in animals with red-green color vision but also in those with red-green color blindness strongly suggests that both red-green color vision and color blindness have undergone adaptive evolution independently in different species.
Re-discovering Charles Clinton Spaulding’s “The Administration of Big Business”

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the contributions made by Charles Clinton Spaulding, a prominent black business leader in the USA in the early 1900s. This paper highlights the management philosophies and practical work of Spaulding, an individual who considerably influenced African-American management thought and practice, and played an important role in Corporate America from the turn of the twentieth century onward. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted by reviewing and synthesizing a number of writings including published works by Spaulding himself, as well as articles about Spaulding from sources such as history journals, newspapers and other resources. Findings – Spaulding’s contributions were significant, from his insight regarding the fundamental necessities for the effective management of a business, to his management style and implementation of practices which reflected his recognition of the importance of transformational leadership, employee development, dive...
Predictive vs. passive animation learning tools

We investigate the effectiveness of a predictive interaction animation tool for understanding graph algorithms. We compare performance improvement of students after they have used two different animation tools for the given algorithms, when one of the tools forces a more active, predictive approach while the other is a more traditional animation. Results show significant improvement in performance after students use the predictive tool.
The Difference in Responding to Natural and Unnatural Outbreaks

The response to natural and unnatural outbreaks share many elements. However, unnatural outbreak management will consist of several additional tasks: nuanced communication strategies, concomitant forensic investigations, consideration of altered pathogen features, and bioremediation concerns.
Nonepithelial Neoplasms of the Pancreas: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation, Part 1—Benign Tumors: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives

Solid and cystic pancreatic neoplasms are being recognized more frequently with increasing utilization and spatial resolution of modern imaging techniques. In addition to the more common primary pancreatic solid (ductal adenocarcinoma) and cystic neoplasms of epithelial origin, nonepithelial neoplasms of the pancreas may appear as well-defined solid or cystic neoplasms. Most of these lesions have characteristic imaging features, such as a well-defined border, which allows differentiation from ductal adenocarcinoma. Solid masses include neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma, leiomyoma, lipoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa). Schwannomas and desmoid tumors can be solid or cystic. Cystic tumors include mature cystic teratoma and lymphangioma. Lipoma, PEComa, and mature cystic teratoma can contain fat, and ganglioneuroma and mature cystic teratoma may contain calcification. Although these unusual benign neoplasms are rare, the radiologist should at least consider them in the differential diagnosis of well-defined lesions of the pancreas. The goal of this comprehensive review is to improve understanding of these rare primary pancreatic mesenchymal tumors.
Proton Remains Puzzling

Nucleons are building blocks of visible matter, and are responsible for more than 99% of the visible mass in the universe despite the fact that the discovery of the Higgs boson is almost irrelevant to the origin of the proton mass. While major progress has been made in the last two decades in understanding the proton spin puzzle discovered in the late 1980s by the European Muon Collaboration, a new proton puzzle emerged in the last several years concerning the proton charge radius, which is the charge weighted size of the proton. In this paper we will review the latest situation concerning the proton charge radius, mass and spin, and discuss upcoming new experiments addressing these puzzles, as well as implications for new physics.
Maintaining Order Through Deviance? The Emotional Deviance, Power, and Professional Work of Municipal Court Judges:

This study examines the intersection of power, professional work, organizing, and emotional deviance at two municipal courthouses in the United States. A variety of qualitative methods including observation, shadowing employees, informal interviewing, and semi-structured respondent interviews were used to collect the data. A total of twelve municipal court judges were observed during arraignments, pre-trial conferences, and trials, and four of these judges participated in member checking interviews for a total of sixteen in-depth, audio-recorded interviews.This article centers on emotional deviance, or the expression of emotion that occurs when employees disregard feeling rules and express emotions that do not align with organizational expectations. In the case of judges who are mandated to be rational and neutral, emotional deviance becomes a distinctive advantage. Furthermore, the findings of this piece suggest that professional work is actually quite emotional and it also introduces the concept of priv...