cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage

that, under some fairly weak assumptions, for all levels of the valence advantage, the advantaged candidate chooses a more moderate position than the disadvantaged candidate. Empirical studies of congressional elections by Fiorina (1973), and Ansolabehere, Snyder, and Stewart (2001) support this result. D~ owns' (1957) seminal work presents a puzzle for scholars of U.S. elections: Why do candidates not converge to the median voter? One of the best explanations is that the candidates themselves have ideological preferences. As Calvert (1985) and Wittman (1977, 1983) have shown, when candidates have such preferences and they are sufficiently uncertain about the preferences of the median voter, then they do not converge, although they may moderate their positions from their ideal point. The basic version of the Calvert-Wittman model, however, does not account for another basic fact of U.S. elections: often one of the candidates has an advantage due to a nonpolicy factor, such as incumbency, greater campaign funds, better name recognition, superior charisma, superior intelligence, and so on. Stokes has dubbed such factors valence factors, and he has noted their importance in U.S. elections (Stokes 1963;1992).1 In this article I extend the basic Calvert-Wittman model by giving one candidate a valence advantage over the other. I show that if the valence characteristics of the candidates are approximately equal, then when a candidate's valence advantage increases, this causes her to move toward the
Spectroscopic properties and potential energy curves of GaCl

Abstract Fifteen electronic states of GaCl are investigated using relativistic ab initio complete active space MCSCF (CASSCF) followed by large-scale multi-reference configuration interaction calculations which included up to 1000000 configurations. Potential energy curves and spectroscopic constants of various electronic states are reported. Spectroscopic constants of eight new states are obtained which are yet to be observed. Calculated spectroscopic constants of GaCl are in accord with the experimental constants for the known states.
A Simple Model to Quantify the Impact of Memory Latency and Bandwidth on Performance

In recent years, DRAM technology improvements have scaled at a much slower pace than processors. While server processor core counts grow from 33% to 50% on a yearly cadence, DDR4 memory channel bandwidth has grown at a slower rate, and memory latency has remained relatively flat for some time. Meanwhile, new computing paradigms have emerged, which involve analyzing massive volumes of data in real time and place pressure on the memory subsystem. The combination of these trends makes it important for computer architects to understand the sensitivity of the workload performance to memory bandwidth and latency. In this paper, we outline and validate a methodology for quick and quantitative performance estimation using a real-world workload.
Land of Heart's Desire: Inscribing the Australian Landscape

European exploration and colonization of Australia was in large part a project of labeling, erasing, and re-labeling the continent’s landscapes, flora, and fauna in order to take possession of the land. In the postcolonial era, the legacy of that project is reflected in conversations about multiculturalism and cultural equality whether in political or literary spheres. This paper explores how two contemporary novels (Aboriginal author Archie Weller's Land of Golden Clouds, and European-Australian Julia Leigh's The Hunter) employ differing representations of ecology and wildlife as a reflection of cultural politics, and how these novels offer different visions of the risks and possibilities of a multicultural Australia. It argues that metaphorical possession of the natural world is as crucial (and as problematic) to narratives of multiculturalism as it was to colonial narratives of discovery and conquest, and that competing political and cultural visions rely upon competing definitions of a natural or native Australian ecology.
Mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is remarkably effective for a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders that have failed pharmacological and cell transplant therapies. Clinical investigations are underway for a variety of other conditions. Yet, the therapeutic mechanisms of action are unknown. In addition, DBS research demonstrates the need to re-consider many hypotheses regarding basal ganglia physiology and pathophysiology such as the notion that increased activity in the globus pallidus internal segment is causal to Parkinson's disease symptoms. Studies reveal a variety of apparently discrepant results. At the least, it is unclear which DBS effects are therapeutically effective. This systematic review attempts to organize current DBS research into a series of unifying themes or issues such as whether the therapeutic effects are local or systems-wide or whether the effects are related to inhibition or excitation. A number of alternative hypotheses are offered for consideration including suppression of abnormal activity, striping basal ganglia output of misinformation, reduction of abnormal stochastic resonance effects due to increased noise in the disease state, and reinforcement of dynamic modulation of neuronal activity by resonance effects.
A low-power area-efficient 8 bit SAR ADC using dual capacitor arrays for neural microsystems

We report an area-efficient 8bit SAR ADC using dual capacitor array banks for brain signal interface microsystems. The proposed ADC consumes 680nW and the total chip area is 0.035 mm2. We reduced the area and power by a factor of eight when compared with conventional approaches. If we increase the resolution, the area and power reduction factor exponentially increases in our architecture (e.g., a factor of 16 for 10 bit resolution). The measured SNDR, SFDR, THD, and ENOB are 42.82 ± 0.47 dB, 57.90 ± 2.82dB, -53.58 ± 2.15 dB, and 6.65 ± 0.07 bits, respectively.
What is an algorithm

We attempt to put the title problem and the Church-Turing thesis into a proper perspective and to clarify some common misconceptions related to Turing's analysis of computation. We examine two approaches to the title problem, one well-known among philosophers and another among logicians.
The case for a redundant format in floating point arithmetic

We use a partially redundant number system as an internal format for floating point arithmetic operations. The redundant number system enables carry free arithmetic operations to improve performance. Conversion from the proposed internal format back to the standard IEEE format is done only when an operand is written to memory. A detailed discussion of an adder using the proposed format is presented and the specific challenges of the design are explained. A brief description of a multiplier and divider using the proposed format is also presented. The proposed internal format and arithmetic units comply with all the rounding modes of the IEEE 754 floating point standard. Transistor simulation of the adder and multiplier confirm the performance advantage predicted by the analytical model.
Auroral production of nitric oxide measured by the SNOE satellite

Measurements by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite ultraviolet spectrometer confirm that nitric oxide density is elevated in the polar thermosphere. Contemporaneous measurements by the SNOE auroral photometer are used to obtain an indication of auroral activity by measuring the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval, and deriving the position of that boundary at midnight magnetic local time. Using these measurements, nitric oxide variability at high latitude is shown to be strongly correlated with auroral activity, with a lag of approximately one day.
IS MATCHING INNATE

Experimentally naive mice matched the proportions of their temporal investments (visit durations) in two feeding hoppers to the proportions of the food income (pellets per unit session time) derived from them in three experiments that varied the coupling between the behavioral investment and food income, from no coupling to strict coupling. Matching was observed from the outset; it did not improve with training. When the numbers of pellets received were proportional to time invested, investment was unstable, swinging abruptly from sustained, almost complete investment in one hopper, to sustained, almost complete investment in the other—in the absence of appropriate local fluctuations in returns (pellets obtained per time invested). The abruptness of the swings strongly constrains possible models. We suggest that matching reflects an innate (unconditioned) program that matches the ratio of expected visit durations to the ratio between the current estimates of expected incomes. A model that processes the income stream looking for changes in the income and generates discontinuous income estimates when a change is detected is shown to account for salient features of the data.
Alcohol Consumption and the Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective: To determine if alcohol consumption is associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Participants: This study surveyed a population-based sample (n = 1210) of younger-onset diabetic persons (diagnosed before age 30 years and taking insulin) and a stratified random sample (n = 1780) of older-onset diabetic persons (diagnosed after age 30 years). Baseline and 4-year follow-up examinations completed by 996 and 891(730 by persons age 21 or older) younger-onset persons, respectively, and 1370 and 987 older-onset persons, respectively. Data analyzed are from the 4-year follow-up examination. Questionnaires concerning consumption were completed at follow-up. Main Outcome Measure: Diabetic retinopathy as determined from stereographic fundus photography. Results: After controlling for known risk factors in the adult younger-onset group, average alcohol consumption, as determined by questionnaire, was inversely associated with prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.92. The trend was similar for recent consumption, odds ratio, 0.63; confidence interval, 0.37 to 1.09. In the older-onset groups taking or not taking insulin, average or recent alcohol consumption or usage history were not significantly associated with the prevalence of any retinopathy or PDR. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption does not appear to increase the risk of retinopathy and may have a beneficial effect in younger-onset persons, although further study is needed.
Appropriateness of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Review

The appropriateness of coronary revascularization for various clinical scenarios has been reviewed formally by several specialty and subspecialty societies resulting in the formulation of scored appropriateness criteria. The goal of the appropriateness criteria is to guide physician decision-making and future research as well as to label coronary revascularization more clearly for patients and payors in regards to its expected benefits in certain situations. The appropriateness criteria were formulated from a standardized process and are intended to be updated at regular intervals as new data further elucidates the clinical roles of revascularization. Since its last iteration in early 2012, several studies have been published that may further expand scenarios or impact the appropriateness of revascularization in already-established scenarios. The differentiation of appropriateness with particular forms of revascularization has been reserved for specific clinical scenarios where revascularization is generally considered necessary and appropriate. The goals of this review are 1) to highlight aspects of the methodology and development of the coronary revascularization appropriateness criteria, and 2) to focus on the role established specifically for percutaneous coronary intervention within the criteria. Important data published in 2012 that further evaluates the role of percutaneous coronary intervention will also be reviewed with a focus on its potential impact on future iterations of the appropriateness criteria.
Commemorating 9/11 NFL-Style: Insights Into America’s Culture of Militarism

This article explores how the National Football League’s (NFL’s) commemoration ceremonies on the 10th anniversary of 9/11 present a unique instance of sports–media-military convergence through thei...
Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy in the Treatment of Pleural Disseminated NSCLC: Preclinical Experience

Pleural metastases are common in patients with advanced thoracic cancers and are a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality yet is difficult to treat. Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer treatment that combines the specificity of intravenously injected antibodies for targeting tumors with the toxicity induced by photosensitizers after exposure to NIR-light. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy of NIR-PIT in a mouse model of pleural disseminated non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted with a HER2, luciferase and GFP expressing NSCLC cell line (Calu3-luc-GFP). An antibody-photosensitizer conjugate (APC) consisting of trastuzumab and a phthalocyanine dye, IRDye-700DX, was synthesized. In vitro NIR-PIT cytotoxicity was assessed with dead staining, luciferase activity, and GFP fluorescence intensity. In vivo NIR-PIT was performed in mice with tumors implanted intrathoracic cavity or in the flank, and assessed by tumor volume and/or bioluminescence and fluorescence thoracoscopy. In vitro NIR-PIT-induced cytotoxicity was light dose dependent. In vivo NIR-PIT led significant reductions in both tumor volume (p = 0.002 vs. APC) and luciferase activity (p = 0.0004 vs. APC) in a flank model, and prolonged survival (p < 0.0001). Bioluminescence indicated that NIR-PIT lead to significant reduction in pleural dissemination (1 day after PIT; p = 0.0180). Fluorescence thoracoscopy confirmed the NIR-PIT effect on disseminated pleural disease. In conclusion, NIR-PIT has the ability to effectively treat pleural metastases caused by NSCLC in mice. Thus, NIR-PIT is a promising therapy for pleural disseminated tumors.
Variation in Procedural Sedation Practices Among Children’s Hospitals

Background and Objective: Children often need procedural sedation for painful procedures. There are few data on type of provider, site of sedation, and agents used for procedural sedation in hospitals across the nation. The objective was to determine procedural sedation practices for hospitalized children outside the PICU and emergency department. Methods: Surveys were sent to 89 pediatric hospitalist (PH) leaders in hospitals belonging to the Child Health Corporation of America or the National Association of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions. Results: We received responses from 56 PHs (63%), of whom 49 (55%) completed the survey. PHs provided sedation in 18 hospitals. Provider, setting, and agents used for procedural sedation varied. The primary providers of procedural sedation for abscess incision and drainage, renal biopsy, joint aspiration, computed tomography, and MRI were anesthesiologists. A significantly greater percentage of hospitals where PHs did not provide procedural sedation used the operating room for abscess incision and drainage compared with hospitals where PHs provided procedural sedation (63% vs 28%, respectively). Postoperative/abscess dressing change, vesicocystourethrogram, and ≥1 painful procedure were performed without sedation in significantly greater percentage of hospitals where PHs did not provide procedural sedation compared with hospitals where PHs provided procedural sedation. Conclusions: There is variability in sedation practices in hospitals across the nation, which affects patient care and use of resources such as the operating room. In hospitals where PHs provide procedural sedation, there is less operating room use and fewer painful procedures for which no sedation is provided.
Selection of Judges for Standard‐Setting

Who should make judgments about test standards? Who is an expert? How many judges should be used in a standard-setting study? What is the relationship between the number of judges and the standard error of the test?
Networks in Agent-Based Social Simulation

Computational social science and in particular agent-based social simulation continue to gain momentum in the academic community. Social network analysis enjoys even more popularity. They both have much in common. In agent-based models, individual interactions are simulated to generate social patterns of all kinds, including relationships that can then be analyzed by social network analysis. This chapter describes and discusses the role of agent-based modeling in the generative-analytical part of this symbiosis. More precisely, we look at what concepts are used, how they are used (implemented), and what kind of validation procedures can be applied.
Complete response to brentuximab vedotin in a transplant-naïve patient with relapsed CD30-positive nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

A 20-year-old African American man initially presented to his primary care practitioner in 2005 complaining of swollen glands in his neck. Subsequent workup confirmed stage II A, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) involving the neck. The large atypical cells were positive for CD20, CD45, and CD30. He was treated with 2 cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by involved field radiation to his neck and Waldeyer’s ring, to a complete response. He was followed for 3 years subsequently and then discharged from clinic. In late 2011, he presented to Georgetown University Hospital for evaluation of a new posterior scalp mass. A positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan revealed fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in a left posterior scalp soft tissue nodule and in the left supraclavicular, left subpectoral, bilateral axillary, peripancreatic, left iliac, and bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. An area of increased metabolic uptake was also noted in a mid-thoracic vertebral body. Biopsy of the left occipital scalp mass revealed diffuse effacement of the lymph node architecture by a nodular proliferation of small-to-medium–sized lymphocytes. Some of the large cells had convoluted or cerebriform nuclei. The large atypical cells were positive for CD20, CD45, CD79a (weak), Pax5, bcl-6, MUM-1 (weak, focal), and CD30, and they were negative for all other markers tested (Figures 1 and 2). The morphologic and immunohistochemical findings were thought to be consistent with NLPHL. The patient was started on brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris, Seattle Genetics) at a dose of 1.8 mg/kg intravenously once every 3 weeks as a bridge to a possible autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). The reason for initiating treatment with brentuximab was in view of the fact that this patient
Liberal Integrity: Lenn Goodman's Case for Democratic Virtue

On April 2, 2015, members of the militant Islamicist group, al-Shabab, murdered 148 people at Garissa University College in eastern Kenya. The putative motive was retaliation for acts by Kenya's security forces in Somalia, but many of the victims were Christian students who were identified and killed because they could not quote verses from the Koran. Such religiously-inspired slaughter seems almost a weekly occurrence these days, and it drives home the troubling implications of a lack of political pluralism and tolerance. Liberal democracy has a global fight on its hands, and how it defends itself both morally and materially will determine success or failure. In this essay, I examine and applaud Lenn Goodman's distinctive case for democratic virtue. I find his account of liberal integrity a more substantive and reliable guide to public life than various pragmatic and post-modern alternatives. Especially in this era of terrorism, Rawlsian fairness is not enough to sustain the right or the good.
Validation of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4-Digit Diagnostic Code.

Background The fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4-Digit Diagnostic Code has been used by interdisciplinary diagnostic teams worldwide for 17 years. It was created to improve the ease, accuracy, and reproducibility of diagnoses across the full spectrum of FASD. Over the years, a number of FAS/D diagnostic guidelines have been proposed. As the field of FASD moves forward, it will be important to adopt a single set of diagnostic guidelines worldwide. To achieve this, the performance (validity) of current diagnostic guidelines must be rigorously assessed and reported. Objective To summarize the body of evidence that has amassed over 20 years that validates the performance of the FASD 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. Methods The evidence validating the 4-Digit Code is documented across 35 studies published between 1992 and 2012, including new information presented in this report. These studies and data sources include the delineation of the FAS facial phenotype; creation of the 4-Digit Code (1997-2004); our 10-year, fostercare FAS screening program; our MRI/fMRI/MRS studies; analysis of 2,550 individuals evaluated for FASD over 20 years in the WA State FASDPN clinics, and analysis of 622 patient satisfaction/follow-up surveys; surveys of 10,000 professionals attending the University of Washington FASD diagnostic clinic trainings; and surveys of over 700 professionals worldwide who completed the 4-Digit Code Online Course. Conclusion The 4-Digit Code is a simple, comprehensive, evidence-based, validated diagnostic system. It has served as the cornerstone of a fully integrated FASD screening, diagnostic, intervention, prevention, and surveillance program in Washington State for the past 20 years.
The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.

It is well recognized that patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis usually exhibit some degree of calcium malabsorption and commonly have low serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol). Administration of calcitriol has been shown to normalize calcium absorption in patients with osteoporosis and, over the long term may have a stimulating effect on bone formation. Clinical trials have shown a significant reduction in osteoporotic fractures among calcitriol-treated patients. Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria are infrequent complications of calcitriol therapy with physiologic doses (0.25 microgram twice daily), and are most commonly related to excessive calcium intake (i.e., > 1000 mg daily).
Inhibition of activated lipolysis by acidosis.

Rat epididymal adipose tissue was incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium with 5% albumin without glucose and with glucagon, ACTH, norepinephrine, or cyclic 39,59-AMP dibutyrate. pH of the medium was varied from 7.4 to 6.6. Glycerol release was measured and taken as the index of lipolytic activity. In a first series of experiments at pH 7.4, ACTH and glucagon-activated lipolysis was potentiated by increasing doses of theophylline. In a second series, with pH of the medium at 6.6, the lipolytic effects of these two hormones were significantly inhibited. When theophylline (10 -2 M) was added in combination with optimal doses of the hormones, the rate of glycerol release was similar at normal and acid pH. These results were interpreted as indicating that H + might exert its inhibitory effect on a common mechanism which results in cyclic 39,59-AMP formation. This hypothesis was confirmed in a third series: when cyclic 39,59-AMP dibutyrate (10 -3 M) was added to the medium, similar glycerol release was found at pH 7.4 and 6.6. When combined with norepinephrine, cyclic 39,59-AMP dibutyrate also reversed the inhibitory effects of acidosis. In a last series of experiments, it was shown that acidosis did not alter irreversibly the sites of action of the lipolytic agents. These results, when analyzed according to the drug-receptor theory, would indicate that acidosis might inhibit, at least in part, the different lipolytic drugs used in this study by hindering the formation of the drug-receptor complexes that activate lipolysis.
Dynamic Wannier-Stark Effect and Superradiance Switching in Semiconductor Superlattices

We investigate the possibility of observing the transition between the localized states and the extended states in semiconductor superlattices (SL) in the presence of strong externa1 ac field. i.e., the dynamic Wannier-Stark effect [1] and by switching of superradiance.
Striking with the ballot: Ohio labor and the populist party

The labor–Populist relationship is well explored in Michael Pierce’s Striking with the Ballot. Late nineteenth-century Populists hoped to ‘Kansasize’ Ohio, and enjoy similar political success. But ...
Rights and Economic Justice in Nozick’s Theory

In his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) Robert Nozick developed a well-known theory of natural rights understood as side constraints. In a situation in which there was no government (a state of nature, so to speak), individuals would have to protect their fundamental rights on their own, typically by utilizing mutual-protection associations. These ideas, side constraints and protection agencies, are discussed in Sect. 7.2. In the course of his argument Nozick introduces a second kind of natural right—the procedural right (the right to protect or enforce one’s basic natural rights on one’s own). But such rights are very different from the side-constraint protected natural rights that Nozick had discussed initially. Procedural rights are discussed in Sect. 7.3.
Nurses mobilised in screening for osteoporosis

The consequences of an osteoporotic fracture are often harmful. The teams of La Roche-sur-Yon general hospital have created a primary and secondary screening programme led by a nurse. Hospitalised female patients between the ages of 50 and 80 are screened for osteoporosis risk factors.
Transfer of pathogenic and nonpathogenic cytosolic proteins between spinal cord motor neurons in vivo in chimeric mice

Recent studies have reported spread of pathogenic proteins in the mammalian nervous system, but whether nonpathogenic ones spread is unknown. We initially investigated whether spread of a mutant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated cytosolic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein between motor neurons could be detected in intact chimeric mice. Eight-cell embryos from G85R SOD1YFP and G85R SOD1CFP mice were aggregated, and spinal cords of adult chimeric progeny were examined for motor neurons with cytosolic double fluorescence. By 3 mo of age, we observed extensive double fluorescence, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-affected cranial nerve motor nuclei but not in the relatively spared extraocular nuclei. Chimeras of nonpathogenic wtSOD1YFP and G85R SOD1CFP also exhibited double fluorescence. In a third chimera, mitochondrial mCherry did not transfer to G85R SOD1YFP motor neurons, suggesting that neither RNA nor organelles transfer, but mito-mCherry neurons received G85R SOD1YFP. In a chimera of ChAT promoter-EGFP and mito-mCherry, EGFP efficiently transferred to mito-mCherry+ cells. Thus, nonpathogenic cytosolic proteins appear capable of transfer. During study of both the SOD1FP and EGFP chimeras, we observed fluorescence also in small cells neighboring the motor neurons, identified as mature gray matter oligodendrocytes. Double fluorescence in the G85R SOD1FP chimera and observation of the temporal development of fluorescence first in motor neurons and then in these oligodendrocytes suggest that they may be mediators of transfer of cytosolic proteins between motor neurons.
Romantic parasocial attachments and the development of romantic scripts, schemas and beliefs among adolescents.

From the Beatles to One Direction, adolescent crushes on media figures have fueled media industry success throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Adolescent girls turn to these media f...
Validation of an Automated Computerized Analyzing System for Measuring Common Carotid Artery Intima–Media Thickness by Brightness Mode Ultrasound:

Background and PurposeEvaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by B-mode carotid ultrasound intima–media thickness (IMT) is an endorsed technique whose ease and precision is improved by use of aut...
Agency Interpretations of Executive Orders

Executive orders are an important tool of presidential power that often rely on agencies to interpret and implement them. Moreover, agency interpretations of executive orders frequently arise in court. However, neither courts nor commentators have developed a well-reasoned interpretive methodology for agency interpretations of executive orders. Instead, relevant case law essentially has not developed since 1965, notwithstanding landmark shifts in administrative law marked by Chevron, Auer, and their progeny. This Article proposes a new legal test that both (i) reflects modern understandings of legal interpretation and (ii) outlines when courts should defer to an agency’s interpretation of an executive order.
Evidenzbasierte Therapie von Herpes-Virus-Erkrankungen der Haut

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden sechs praxisrelevante Fragen zu Varizella-Zoster-Virus-bedingten Erkrankungen formuliert und evidenzbasiert beantwortet. Datenbasen (Stand 1/2005) waren die „Cochran Library“, „MEDLINE“, „Clinical Evidence“ und verschiedene Leitlinienanbieter. Die Hierarchie des Evidenzniveaus wurde entsprechend den „Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence“ gewichtet. Der aktuelle Stand zu antiviraler Therapie bei immunkompetenten Kindern, Erwachsenen und Schwangeren mit Varizellen, zur Aktivimpfung gegen Varizellen im Kindesalter, zu Therapiebeginn bei akutem Zoster und zur Auswirkung der Verabreichungsroute auf postzosterische Schmerzen werden behandelt.
Migration to the United States: Gender Aspects

The gendered aspects of migration have been totally neglected. Striving to contribute to a gendered understanding of the social process of migration, this article focuses on the following issues. How is gender related to the decision to migrate—i.e., what are the causes and consequences of male dominated or female-dominated flows of migration? What are the patterns of labor market incorporation of women immigrants—i.e., what accounts for their participation in the labor force and their occupational concentration? What is the relationship of the public and the private—i.e., what is the impact of work roles on family roles and of the experience of migration on the immigrants themselves? Throughout, the necessity to understand how ethnicity, class, and gender interact in the process of migration and settlement is stressed.
Bayesian analysis under ordered functions of parameters

Ordered parameter problems arise in a wide variety of real world situations and are dealt with extensively in the literature. Traditional frequentist methods for dealing with these problems are rather complicated theoretically, especially when sample sizes are small. Bayesian methods are not widely used because high dimensional numerical integration is often required. However, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods provide alternatives to such numerical integration and also deal with ordered parameter problems in a straightforward manner. Little is known about the situation where functions of parameters are ordered. Such problems may seem to be of little practical concern initially, but one can readily see their importance in situations where ordering is placed on the means and variances of several normal or Gamma populations. For the Gamma distribution we will present real examples where we will analyze monthly precipitation data from San Francisco, California and Oakland Mills, Iowa. For the San Francisco data we will simultaneously order both monthly precipitation means and variances. For the Iowa data we will place ordering on seasonal average while still estimating monthly means. Our results show that we would obtain sharper, more accurate inference when order restrictions are employed.
Benign and Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Gastric outlet obstruction is any mechanical or functional blockage preventing adequate gastric drainage and decompression. It is a complex condition that can have benign or malignant causes. Computed tomography (CT) helps to delineate the underlying etiology and to aid in the treatment planning, while endoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Endoscopic stent placement is a minimally invasive treatment option that is ideal for patients with poor prognosis and short life expectancy. Surgical gastrojejunostomy remains the preferred treatment of choice as it provides a reliable and durable means for gastric drainage.
Can C7 Slope Be Used as a Substitute for T1 Slope? A Radiographic Analysis.

Study Design:Retrospective radiographic study.Objectives:T1 slope is an important parameter of sagittal spinal balance. However, the T1 superior endplate can be difficult to visualize on radiograph...
Overcoming the crisis of disunity: Writers on a constitution for Europe:

The topic of this paper is a retrospective of the history of literary discourse on Europe, from the Vienna Congress to the present. The Congress of Vienna was seen as a step back for European coope...
Drug-induced PD-L1 expression and cell stress response in breast cancer cells can be balanced by drug combination.

The impact of chemotherapy on tumor-immune system interaction can be either beneficial or harmful, which is represented by the immunogenic cell death (ICD) paradigm or overexpression of the immunosuppressive protein – programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study we explore the impact of steroid receptor coactivator inhibitor, other targeted anti-cancer compounds and traditional chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of PD-L1 in four breast cancer (BC) cell lines. Our results show that these agents induce PD-L1 expression, yet the magnitude of this induction varies substantially across the different compounds. In addition, we utilized the E0771 ER + BC cells as a model to examine in greater detail the relationship between pharmacological pressure, cell stress and the induction of PD-L1. Our results imply that drug induced PD-L1 expression occurs in the broader context of cell-stress, without conferring acquired drug-resistance. Furthermore, a balance between BC cytotoxicity, induction of cell-stress and the overexpression of PD-L1 can be achieved through the selection of appropriate combinations of anti-cancer compounds. Therefore, we propose that drug combination can be employed not only for increasing the direct kill of cancer cells, but also as a strategy to minimize the activation of immunosuppressive and cancer cell pro-survival program responses during drug treatment.
The Deep Learning Revolution and Its Implications for Computer Architecture and Chip Design.

The past decade has seen a remarkable series of advances in machine learning, and in particular deep learning approaches based on artificial neural networks, to improve our abilities to build more accurate systems across a broad range of areas, including computer vision, speech recognition, language translation, and natural language understanding tasks. This paper is a companion paper to a keynote talk at the 2020 International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) discussing some of the advances in machine learning, and their implications on the kinds of computational devices we need to build, especially in the post-Moore's Law-era. It also discusses some of the ways that machine learning may also be able to help with some aspects of the circuit design process. Finally, it provides a sketch of at least one interesting direction towards much larger-scale multi-task models that are sparsely activated and employ much more dynamic, example- and task-based routing than the machine learning models of today.
Update on Early Introduction of Peanut to Prevent Allergy Development: Challenges with Implementation

This review summarizes the evidence leading towards the development of new guidelines that recommend early introduction of peanut to prevent the development of peanut allergy. It also reviews the current understanding of challenges faced with implementation of these recommendations on a widespread basis. Prior recommendations to avoid feeding allergenic foods to infants have been updated and reversed. This paradigm shift in advice has created an opportunity on a population level to try and halt the recent increase in prevalence of peanut allergy. However, challenges with implementation of these new guidelines exist in many areas. While evidence supports the early introduction of peanut to prevent allergy development, the application and challenges faced with these recommendations are not fully understood. Persistent efforts from pediatricians and allergists, as well as acceptance from parents, will be necessary in order to make a significant impact on the prevalence of peanut allergy.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of pial collateral blood flow following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in a rat model of sensory-based protection: a Doppler optical coherence tomography study.

There is a growing recognition regarding the importance of pial collateral flow in the protection from impending ischemic stroke both in preclinical and clinical studies. Collateral flow is also a major player in sensory stimulation-based protection from impending ischemic stroke. Doppler optical coherence tomography has been employed to image spatiotemporal patterns of collateral flow within the dorsal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as it provides a powerful tool for quantitative in vivo flow parameters imaging (velocity, flux, direction of flow, and radius of imaged branches). It was employed prior to and following dorsal permanent MCA occlusion (pMCAo) in rat models of treatment by protective sensory stimulation, untreated controls, or sham surgery controls. Unexpectedly, following pMCAo in the majority of subjects, some MCA branches continued to show anterograde blood flow patterns over time despite severing of the MCA. Further, in the presence of protective sensory stimulation, the anterograde velocity and flux were stronger and lasted longer than in retrograde flow branches, even within different branches of single subjects, but stimulated retrograde branches showed stronger flow parameters at 24 h. Our study suggests that the spatiotemporal patterns of collateral-based dorsal MCA flow are dynamic and provide a detailed description on the differential effects of protective sensory stimulation.
The dynamics and volatility of prices in multiple markets: a quantile approach

This paper presents an econometric investigation of price dynamics and volatility in multiple markets. The econometric approach relies on a quantile autoregressive (QAR) model and a copula to provide a flexible representation of price dynamics and volatility in related markets. The analysis allows for an arbitrary distribution of prices across markets, nonlinear dynamics and the presence of price cycles. We propose a two-step estimation method to support a consistent estimation of the multivariate price distribution and its evolution over time. The analysis is illustrated in an econometric application to price dynamics in the US pork vertical sector. The application provides new and useful information on the nature of the pork cycle, the linkages between farm price and retail price and the evolving price volatility in this market.
Geant4-based Model of a Mouse Injected with Gold Nanoparticles for X-Ray Tomography Simulation Studies

The motivation of this study was to develop a Geant4-based novel three dimensional (3D) digital mouse model derived from in vivo cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of a mouse injected with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for x-ray tomography simulation studies. Pixel-by-pixel CT numbers from axial CBCT images of a mouse, obtained before and after injecting GNPs, were converted into material densities and then transformed into identical 3D voxels using a custom Geant4 application. The consecutive materialized slices were then stacked along the longitudinal axis to build the whole-body mouse models. The first mouse model showed no GNPs inside any organs of interest or the skeleton, whereas the second model showed the actual GNP biodistributions inside the kidneys along with the anatomical features. The applicability of the mouse models for x-ray imaging was investigated by a whole-body CBCT and x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The current investigation showed the feasibility of developing digital mouse models using CBCT images of a mouse injected with GNPs and their application to simulation studies of preclinical CBCT or XFCT or multimodal CBCT+XFCT imaging.
A gradient descent method for solving a system of nonlinear equations

Abstract This paper develops a gradient descent (GD) method for solving a system of nonlinear equations with an explicit formulation. We theoretically prove that the GD method has linear convergence in general and, under certain conditions, is equivalent to Newton’s method locally with quadratic convergence. A stochastic version of the gradient descent is also proposed for solving large-scale systems of nonlinear equations. Finally, several benchmark numerical examples are used to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency compared to Newton’s method.
Re-evaluating police militarization.

Politicians and law enforcement officials have advocated the militarization of local law enforcement on the grounds that it promotes public and officer safety, and some early research seemingly supported those claims. Two new studies reveal limitations in the data used in this prior work. When these issues are addressed, evidence for the benefits of militarization largely vanishes.
Impact of past surgical history on perioperative outcomes in gynecologic surgery.

Abstract Objective We sought to determine if past surgical history is associated with perioperative outcomes for patients undergoing hysterectomy. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single, tertiary, academic health system of women who underwent hysterectomy from May 2016 – May 2017. Past surgical history (PSH) involving any abdominal or pelvic surgery, baseline demographics and perioperative outcomes were collected. For purposes of analyses, PSH was defined using three algorithms: 1) any prior abdominopelvic surgery, 2) having had abdominopelvic surgeries likely to cause adhesive disease, 3) anatomic location of prior PSH (none; pelvic; abdominal; or abdominal+pelvic). Descriptive, bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed. Results 1256 patients underwent hysterectomy. In adjusted analyses, PSH defined by any prior abdominopelvic surgery was associated with length of stay (LOS) (2.1 days (95%CI 1.9, 2.2) vs. 1.8 (95%CI 1.6, 2.0), (p=0.02)). PSH of procedures likely to cause adhesive disease was associated with greater estimated blood loss (EBL) (243.2 mL (95%CI 208.1, 278.3) vs. 189.0 (95%CI 1734, 204.7), (p=0.01)), longer LOS (2.5 days (95%CI 2.2, 2.8) vs. 1.9 (95%CI 1.7, 2.0), (p Conclusions Prior abdominopelvic surgery is associated with worse perioperative outcome measures in women undergoing hysterectomy.
Improving phenology predictions for sparsely observed species through fusion of botanical collections and citizen-science

Abstract Describing patterns of plant phenology through models has been critical for quantifying species responses to climate change and forecasting future vegetation impacts. However, many species remain unincluded in large analyses because they are poorly represented in the large public or citizen science datasets that form the foundation of these efforts. Botanical living collections are often key resources that facilitate study of rare and sparsely observed species, but alone are insufficient to predict species phenology throughout their observed ranges. We investigate whether predictions for rare and data-poor species observed at a single site can be improved by leveraging observations of similar taxa observed at multiple locations. We combined observations of oak (Quercus) budburst and leaf out from one botanical garden with a subset of congeneric species observed in the USA-NPN citizen science dataset using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. We show that including USA-NPN observations into a simple thermal time model of budburst and leaf out did not reduce geographic bias in model predictions over models parameterized only with single-site observations. However, using USA-NPN data to add non-taxonomic spatial covariates to the thermal time model improved model performance for all species, including those only observed at a single site. Living collections at botanical gardens provide valuable opportunities to observe rare or understudied species, but are limited in geographic scope. National-scale citizen science observations that capture the spatial variability of related or ecologically similar taxa can be combined with living collections data to improve predictions of species of conservation concern across their native range.
Excimer laser liftoff of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on thick AlN heat spreaders

We report on 193 nm excimer laser-based liftoff (LLO) of Al0.26Ga0.74N/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with thick (t > 10 μm) AlN heat spreading buffer layers grown over sapphire substrates. The use of the thick AlN heat spreading layer resulted in thermal resistance ( Rth) of 16 K mm/W for as-fabricated devices on sapphire, which is lower than the value of ∼25–50 K mm/W for standard HEMT structures on sapphire without the heat-spreaders. Soldering the LLO devices onto a copper heat sink led to a further reduction of Rth to 8 K mm/W, a value comparable to published measurements on bulk SiC substrates. The reduction in Rth by LLO and bonding to copper led to significantly reduced self-heating and drain current droop. A drain current density as high as 0.9 A/mm was observed despite a marginal reduction of the carrier mobility (∼1800 to ∼1500 cm2/V s). This is the highest drain current density and mobility reported to-date for LLO AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Processing of the Replicase of Murine Coronavirus: Papain-like Proteinase 2 (PLP2) Acts to Generate p150 and p44

For Nidoviruses, proteolytic processing of a large polyprotein translated from the 5′-end of the genomic RNA is required for the maturation and assembly of the viral replicase complex. The scheme used to process the arterivirus equine arteritis virus (EAV) replicase polyprotein has been experimentally determined (reviewed in Snijder and Meulenberg, 1998). The EAV replicase polyprotein is processed by 3 distinct proteinases to generate 12 mature protein products. Polyprotein intermediates have been identified as well as major and minor processing pathways. However, the role of the intermediates and the alternate pathways remains to be investigated. For the Coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), several laboratories are investigating the pathways used to process the replicase polyprotein. Two major processing models have been postulated and are shown in Figure 1. Studies from our laboratory showed that p150 is an intermediate to the 3C-like Proteinase (3CLpro) product p27 and that p150 likely extends to include the putative membrane-spanning protein domain 1, MPI (Schiller et al 1998). In contrast, other investigators have not detected the p150 precursor and postulate that a p240 product is adjacent to p27 (Denison et al 1992; 1995 and Lu et al 1998). In this study, we developed a specific antiserum to the MPI domain (anti-D11) and determined that the MPI domain is indeed part of the p150 intermediate. Furthermore, we show that MHV papain-like Proteinase 2 (PLP2) is responsible for cleaving the polyprotein at the putative p150 cleavage site. These results show that PLP2 is an active enzyme.