cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flooding of a large, passive, pressure-tube light water reactor

A reactor concept has been developed which can survive loss of coolant accidents without scram and without replenishing primary coolant inventory, while maintaining safe temperature limits on the fuel and pressure tubes. The proposed concept is a pressure tube type reactor of similar design to CANDU reactors, but differing in three key aspects. First, a solid SiC-coated graphite fuel matrix is used in place of fuel pin bundles to enable the dissipation of decay heat from the fuel in the absence of primary coolant. Second, the heavy water coolant in the pressure tubes is replaced by light water, which also serves as the moderator. Finally, the calandria tank, surrounded by a graphite reflector, contains a low pressure gas instead of heavy water moderator, and this normally-voided calandria is connected to a light water heat sink. The cover gas displaces the light water from the calandria during normal operation, while during loss of coolant or loss of heat sink accidents it allows passive calandria flooding. Calandria flooding also provides redundant and diverse reactor shutdown. This paper describes the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the passively initiated, gravity driven calandria flooding process. Flooding the calandria space with light water is a unique and very important feature of the proposed pressure-tube light water reactor (PTLWR) concept. The flooding of the top row of fuel channels must be accomplished fast enough so that in the total loss of coolant, none of the critical components of the fuel channel, i.e. the pressure tube, the calandria tube, the matrix and the fuel, exceed their design limits. The flooding process has been modeled and shown to be rapid enough to maintain all components within their design limits. Two other considerations are important. The thermal shock experienced by the calandria and pressure tubes has been evaluated and shown to be within acceptable bounds, while simultaneously cooling the graphite fuel matrix. This has been demonstrated for the bounding scenarios of sustained film boiling and rapid quenching to yield nucleate boiling on the calandria tube outer surface. Finally, although complete flooding renders the reactor deeply subcritical, various steam/water densities can be hypothesized to be present during the flooding process which could cause reactivity to increase from the initially voided calandria case. One such hypothesis which leads to the maximum possible density of the steam/water mixture in the still unflooded calandria space is entrainment from the free surface. It is shown that the steam/water mixture density yielding the maximum reactivity peak cannot be achieved by entrainment because it exceeds thermohydraulically attainable densities of steam/water by an order of magnitude.
Substitution of methionine 63 or 83 in S100A9 and cysteine 42 in S100A8 abrogate the antifungal activities of S100A8/A9: potential role for oxidative regulation

S100A8 and S100A9 and their heterocomplex calprotectin (S100A8/A9) are abundant cytosolic constituents in human neutrophils previously shown to possess antifungal activity. This study was designed to investigate mechanisms involved in the modulation of the antifungal properties of S100A8/A9. S100A8, S100A9 and site-directed mutants of both proteins were tested for their antifungal effect against Candida albicans in microplate dilution assays. Whereas S100A8 alone did not inhibit fungal growth, S100A9 by itself had a moderate antifungal effect. Combining both proteins had the strongest effect. Supporting a potential role for oxidation in S100A8/A9, substitution of methionine 63 or 83 of S100A9 resulted in the loss of antifungal activity. Additionally, the substitution to alanine of cysteine 42 of S100A8 also caused a loss of S100A8's ability to enhance S100A9's antifungal effect. Overall, our data indicate that both S100A8 and S100A9 are required for their fully active antifungal effect and that oxidation regulates S100A8/A9 antifungal activity through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated and evaluated. Finally, together with our previous work describing the oxidation-sensitive anti-inflammatory effects of S100A8/A9, we propose that S100A8/A9 exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in healthy state and that conditions associated with oxidative stress activate the antifungal activity of S100A8/A9.
Autotomy following limb denervation: effects of sparing selected afferents.

Abstract Lesions of the brachial plexus are often followed by inflammation, self-inflicted scratching and autotomy of the denervated extremity. If innervation of the shoulder girdle muscles was spared, this denervation syndrome was decreased in incidence and intensity as compared to a full brachial plexus section. Spared innervation increased the latency between the appearance of inflammation and autotomy, revealing a strong linkage between the site of inflammation and the site of autotomy attack. Plexus lesions, which spared one of the nerves of the distal limb, also decreased the incidence and intensity of autotomy and shifted self-attack from autotomy to scratching wounds. Subsequent section of this nerve produced a two-stage brachial plexus denervation and the cumulated autotomy was markedly less than that produced by a single-stage brachial plexus denervation. Scratching wounds and autotomy exhibited similar latencies. Scratching was directed towards areas of partial innervation and autotomy towards areas of total denervation. The results are discussed in terms of the possible contributions of dysesthesia inflammation and ischemia in scratching behavior and autotomy.
Magnetic resonance studies of reactions of urea and nitric oxide on FeZSM-5, HZSM-5 and silicalite

Abstract Urea is a potential reducing agent for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. In this study, 13 C and 15 N solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) experiments were used to investigate the reactions of labeled urea ( 13 C and 15 N ) alone and with nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen on FeZSM-5 (Fe/Al=0.11), HZSM-5 and silicalite (purely siliceous form of ZSM-5) after thermal treatments at different temperatures. The hydrolysis of labeled urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia on FeZSM-5 and HZSM-5 after thermal treatments at elevated temperatures was observed using 13 C and 15 N MAS NMR. Reactions of NO, urea and oxygen on HZSM-5, FeZSM-5 and silicalite were also monitored with 13 C and 15 N MAS NMR. On both HZSM-5 and FeZSM-5, urea, NO and oxygen reacted to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia. On silicalite, urea, NO and oxygen reacted to form CO2, ammonia and a side product with an imine functionality. No nitrogen was formed on silicalite. EPR spectroscopy was used to investigate the environment of the iron in FeZSM-5.
Simulating reflex induced changes in the acoustic impedance of the ear

A simple procedure for measuring changes in the acoustic impedance of the ear is described. The technique has several applications, including simulation using a standard coupler of changes in real ear impedance produced by the acoustic reflex. The technique has also been used for calibrating the response time of an otoadmittance meter used in measuring the temporal characteristic of reflex activity.
LD Youth and Mathematics: A Review of Characteristics

This represents the second in a series of three articles by John F. Cawley and his associates on mathematics and learning disabled students. Based on information gleaned from the literature as well as an extensive data pool collected by the authors, the present article includes an interpretative review of the characteristics of learning disabled youth as they relate to mathematics. The authors delineate the many facets of failure with which the learning disabled youngster is faced. A set of discriminators are specified for identification of certain subgroups of learning disabilities. Finally, the data presented are shown to provide insight into assessment procedures for youth with disabilities in mathematics. The final article in this series on mathematics will appear in the Spring issue of the Quarterly. The focus will be on problem solving and the application of mathematical skills and concepts to "real-life" situations. - D.D.D.
Uncanny Exposures: A Study of the Wartime Photojournalism of Lee Miller

AbstractTaking the World War II photojournalism of Lee Miller as my point of departure, this article has several purposes. First, it introduces the wartime photojournalism of Lee Miller to education. I situate Miller’s use of surrealist photography within emerging curricular discourses that take as axiomatic the significance of the unconscious in education and thus the challenge of representing histories that are simultaneously present, but cannot be perceived or integrated into conventional historical narratives. Second, I provide a textual analysis of Lee Miller’s wartime oeuvre with specific attention paid to how this work alters education’s “field of vision” of trauma. While this analysis makes no claims to exhaust education’s possibilities for framing the war photography of Lee Miller, it will show how Miller’s use of surrealist rhetoric and framing devices offered her the expressive power to represent traumatic experiences that resist being integrated into larger social and cultural contexts. By thi...
Thermal grating-mediated wave mixing and beam amplification in nematic liquid crystal thin films

A model is presented of thermal grating-mediated wave mixing and amplification. The model includes a strong pump beam, a weak probe beam, and a first-order diffracted beam. The coupled Maxwell's wave equations and the thermal diffusion equation are solved using a self-consistent formalism. The influence of various input beam parameters (the pump to probe beam intensity ratio, beam intensities, crossing angle, wavelength) and sample parameters (the thermal nonlinear coefficient, thermal conductivity, sample thickness) on the wave mixing effects is considered. Some recently observed infrared beam amplification effects have been qualitatively described by the theory of the optimum configuration for signal (probe) beam amplification with nematic liquid crystals. The results are important for optical phase conjugation and self-oscillation processes involving infrared lasers, and demonstrate the particular usefulness of liquid crystals for these applications. >
Hepatic artery chemoembolization for management of patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid tumors

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced metastatic carcinoid tumors who have disease progression despite conventional therapy are left with few therapeutic options. Hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) may play a role in palliating these patients' symptoms. METHODS: Fifteen patients with biopsy-proven advanced bilobar hepatic carcinoid metastases who demonstrated progression of symptoms and/or tumor size despite treatment with somatostatin analogues were treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy and HACE to determine efficacy and safety. Five days of intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (1 g/m2) were followed by HACE with adriamycin (60 mg), cisplatin (100 mg), mitomycin C (30 mg), and polyvinyl alcohol (Ivalon); 200p to 710 pi. Patients were continued on octreotide at the same dose (150 to 2000 μg subcutaneous q 8 hours) before, during, and after the procedure. RESULTS: Efficacy of treatment was assessed by comparing pretreatment and 3-month clinical, laboratory, radiographic, -and quality of life parameters. Symptoms were improved in 8 of 12 patients who had diarrhea, 7 of 12 who had flushing, 9 of 12 who had abdominal pain, and in 4 of 7 who had malaise. Elevated tumor markers decreased in all patients. Biochemical markers (mean ± SE) at 3 months decreased by 60% + 6% for 5-HIAA, 75% + 10% for chromogranin A and 50% ± 7% for neuron-specific enolase. Tomographic assessment revealed tumor liquefaction in 10 of 13 patients. The Karnofsky performance status improved from a mean of 66 ± 2 to 84 ± 2 (P <0.001). Median follow-up was 16 months, with 13 deaths occurring from 1 week to 71 months after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic artery chemoembolization improves symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, has a high tumor response rate, and improves short-term quality of life in this group of patients with advanced hepatic carcinoid disease.
Crustal structure of the Transantarctic Mountains near the Ross Sea from ambient seismic noise tomography

[1] We derive a model for crustal shear wave velocities in the Transantarctic Mountains and surrounding areas of East Antarctica and the Ross Sea region of West Antarctica using Rayleigh wave Green's functions estimated from the cross correlation of ambient seismic noise recorded by the Transantarctic Mountains Seismic Experiment. Group velocity maps are determined from travel times measured from the Rayleigh waves filtered at periods between 5 and 23 s. The velocity maps are inverted for shear velocities across the region using a niching genetic algorithm. We observe only minor variation in crustal velocities beneath East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains, and velocities are similar to those observed for Precambrian crust worldwide. Low velocities, which may be related to the presence of sediment, are observed at shallow depths beneath the Wilkes Subglacial Basin and the Aurora Subglacial Basin, but dispersion curves show that sediment thickness must be limited to less than about 2 km. In the Ross Sea, we observe low velocities at shallow depths from thick sediments and high velocities approaching mantle values between 16 and 20 km depth.
Ultrasonic degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate

Abstract Ultrasonic degradation studies on a variety of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions of poly(methyl methacrylate) are reported. The extent of degradation was measured using gel permeation chromatography. Polydispersity decreased as a function of irradiation time for polymers with initial broad distributions. In contrast, polymers with an initial narrow distribution increased in polydispersity, passed through a maximum and then gradually decreased in polydispersity. Results appear to show no limiting degree of polymerization for poly(methyl methacrylate).
Toward a common usage of iconicity terminology

One problem facing the field of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is inconsistent terminology. This may be due in part to the international and transdisciplinary nature of the field. Perhaps this inconsistency is most apparent when one considers the many terms that are used to describe iconicity. This paper discusses the various terms that have been used to describe this variable and proposes the adoption of a consistent terminology for iconicity. Further discussion is provided on other inconsistencies in terminology that have arisen in recent years.
Microhabitat Selection by Marine Mesoconsumers in a Thermally Heterogeneous Habitat: Behavioral Thermoregulation or Avoiding Predation Risk?

Habitat selection decisions by consumers has the potential to shape ecosystems. Understanding the factors that influence habitat selection is therefore critical to understanding ecosystem function. This is especially true of mesoconsumers because they provide the link between upper and lower tropic levels. We examined the factors influencing microhabitat selection of marine mesoconsumers – juvenile giant shovelnose rays (Glaucostegus typus), reticulate whiprays (Himantura uarnak), and pink whiprays (H. fai) – in a coastal ecosystem with intact predator and prey populations and marked spatial and temporal thermal heterogeneity. Using a combination of belt transects and data on water temperature, tidal height, prey abundance, predator abundance and ray behavior, we found that giant shovelnose rays and reticulate whiprays were most often found resting in nearshore microhabitats, especially at low tidal heights during the warm season. Microhabitat selection did not match predictions derived from distributions of prey. Although at a course scale, ray distributions appeared to match predictions of behavioral thermoregulation theory, fine-scale examination revealed a mismatch. The selection of the shallow nearshore microhabitat at low tidal heights during periods of high predator abundance (warm season) suggests that this microhabitat may serve as a refuge, although it may come with metabolic costs due to higher temperatures. The results of this study highlight the importance of predators in the habitat selection decisions of mesoconsumers and that within thermal gradients, factors, such as predation risk, must be considered in addition to behavioral thermoregulation to explain habitat selection decisions. Furthermore, increasing water temperatures predicted by climate change may result in complex trade-offs that might have important implications for ecosystem dynamics.
SF6 sensitized CO2 laser CVD of amorphous silicon

Abstract Sensitized CW CO2 laser CVD of a-Si:H from SiH4 was performed with SF6 as a strong but chemically inert absorber. Relative to CO2 laser CVD without SF6, the CO2 laser power, the total and the silicon hydride partial pressures could be substantially reduced. The processing gas was investigated by in situ mass analysis. Polysilanes (SinH2n+2, n≥3) were not detected. The a-Si:H thin films obtained with SF6 sensitized CO2 laser CVD at a substrate temperature of 300°C contained about 10 at % of hydrogen compared to 20–25 at% with conventional CO2 laser CVD. Furthermore, the maximum photoconductivity of the a-Si:H thin films could be raised from below 10-5Ω-1·cm-1 to 10-4Ω-1·cm-1 using SF6 sensitization.
Canakinumab for the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis

The introduction of methotrexate in the 1980s and of TNF-inhibiting agents and abatacept in the late 1990s led to a dramatic improvement in the outcomes of non-systemic categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. By contrast, the same treatment approaches had no strong impact on the outcome of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), and the main effective treatment in these patients remained glucocorticoids with their known side effects. Encouraging findings in small studies involving SJIA patients treated with IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors led to large Phase III trials, and the results in these trials provide hope that substantial joint damage and disability seen in the majority of patients with persistent SJIA can be prevented. The purpose of this review is to discuss the safety and efficacy of the IL-1 and IL-6 inhibiting agents in SJIA with the main focus on canakinumab, a fully human monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody.
A self diagnostic system for piezoelectric sensors

A technique for determining the mounting conditions of a piezoelectric accelerometer is presented. This technique electrically stimulates the piezoelectric element in the 'diagnostic' frequency band measuring the electrical frequency response characteristics across a capacitive load impedance. The diagnostic frequency band is tipically much higher than the operating bandwidth of the accelerometer. The resonant frequencies of the accelerometer are included in the diagnostic band. By monitoring the shift in these resonant frequencies, via electrical stimulation techniques, certain diagnostic conditions including mounting conditions can be determined. Experimental data from a compression mode accelerometer is used to demonstrate this technique.
Au-mixed lanthanum/cerium oxide catalysts for water gas shift

We report on the synthesis of highly homogeneous mixed La/Ce-oxides via a microemulsion-templated approach, and their evaluation as active supports for Au in the water gas shift (WGS) reaction. Both structure and reducibility of the oxides could be tailored by adjusting the La content across the entire range of La:Ce-ratios. The reducibility of the Au-free oxides shows an optimum at ∼25% La content, which can be traced back to improved oxygen mobility due to formation of oxygen vacancies and to the formation of more strongly bound oxygen upon La addition. Deposition of Au onto these oxides gives rise to an additional, low-temperature reduction peak, presumably due to hydrogen spill-over from the noble metal onto the oxide support. The WGS activity of Au/LaxCe1−xO2−0.5x catalysts correlates closely with the reducibility of the oxide supports, and hence with La content, demonstrating that carefully controlled synthesis of nanostructured catalysts with uniform, tailored composition allows for fine control of reactive properties of these materials, and might ultimately open the way towards a more rational design of catalysts.
Histochemical mapping of the distribution of monoamine oxidase in the diencephalon and basal telencephalic centers of the brain of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

The activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was mapped at the macroscopic level using 50 μ thick fresh frozen sections arranged in a caudo-cranial series of sections through the diencephalon and basal telencephalic centers of the squirrel monkey brain. The various thalamic nuclei show a mild MAO reaction except the nuclei periventricularis and para- and subfascicularis, which show moderate MAO reaction. The hypothalamus, in general, shows a stronger MAO reaction than the thalamus, because of its involvement in various autonomic functions. The nuclei paraventricularis, supraopticus and ventromedialis hypothalami are particularly prominent because of the stronger MAO activity they show in contrast to other hypothalamic areas. The nucleus caudatus, putamen and globus pallidus show mild to moderate MAO activity. The fiber bundles of fimbria hippocampi, fornix, anterior commissure and internal capsule show a moderate to moderately strong MAO reaction. The nuclei of the amygdaloid complex differ little from one another and show negligible to mild MAO activity. The nuclei dorsalis, medialis and lateralis septi show a mild MAO reaction compared to the moderate activity in the nuclei fasciculi diagonalis Brocae and triangularis septi.
Micropore characterization using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze high pressure CO2 (273 K) adsorption data

The characterization of the pore structure of microporous materials is of interest because of the usefulness of these materials in many applications. Of these, the characterization of carbon adsorbents is particularly problematic because of the presence of small pores with size on the order of small molecules (micropores) along with a wide distribution of pore sizes, and their non-crystalline structure. In this paper, we present results obtained using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze data from high pressure CO2 adsorption at 273 K to characterize two sets of microporous carbons. Our results support the conclusions of previous workers that the Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) equation is able to linearize adsorption data that gives rise to curved Dubinin-Radushkevich plots. However, when applied over different ranges of relative pressure on the adsorption isotherm, the Dubinin-Astakhov plots result in different values of micropore volume and characteristic adsorption potential. Furthermore, DA analysis of CO2 (273 K) adsorption data over a wide range of pressures (10−3–22000 Tort), gives results different from DA analysis of CO2 (273 K) isotherms measured at low pressures only (10−3–830 Tort). It would appear desirable to apply the DA equation to data that reflects the entire range of micropore filling on the adsorption isotherm, as opposed to data over a limited relative pressure range. For CO2 adsorption at 273 K, this would necessitate adsorption studies at high pressures, to about 28 atm. Micropore volumes obtained in this manner, agreed with the total pore volumes determined by nitrogen (77 K) adsorption for all the activated carbons studied.
Alterations in mGluR5 expression and signaling in Lewy body disease and in transgenic models of alpha-synucleinopathy--implications for excitotoxicity.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). Previous studies have suggested that excitotoxicity may contribute to neurodegeneration in these disorders, however the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to alpha-syn remain unclear. For this study we proposed that accumulation of alpha-syn might result in alterations in metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), particularly mGluR5 which has been linked to deficits in murine models of PD. In this context, levels of mGluR5 were analyzed in the brains of PD and DLB human cases and alpha-syn transgenic (tg) mice and compared to age-matched, unimpaired controls, we report a 40% increase in the levels of mGluR5 and beta-arrestin immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and putamen in DLB cases and in the putamen in PD cases. In the hippocampus, mGluR5 was more abundant in the CA3 region and co-localized with alpha-syn aggregates. Similarly, in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of alpha-syn tg mice, levels of mGluR5 were increased and mGluR5 and alpha-syn were co-localized and co-immunoprecipated, suggesting that alpha-syn interferes with mGluR5 trafficking. The increased levels of mGluR5 were accompanied by a concomitant increase in the activation of downstream signaling components including ERK, Elk-1 and CREB. Consistent with the increased accumulation of alpha-syn and alterations in mGluR5 in cognitive- and motor-associated brain regions, these mice displayed impaired performance in the water maze and pole test, these behavioral alterations were reversed with the mGluR5 antagonist, MPEP. Taken together the results from study suggest that mGluR5 may directly interact with alpha-syn resulting in its over activation and that this over activation may contribute to excitotoxic cell death in select neuronal regions. These results highlight the therapeutic importance of mGluR5 antagonists in alpha-synucleinopathies.
Growth and Development of Young Pallid Bats, Antrozous Pallidus

In southern Arizona, young pallid bats are bom in mid-June. the average juvenile has reached the adult range of forearm size by the fifth week of age, and almost all are within adult range by the seventh week. the body weights of the young of both sexes, however, are significantly less than those of the adults until after autumn of the first year, and yearling females weigh significantly less than adults through the autumn of their second year. Development of young pallid bats in wild populations apparently proceeds through several stages at a faster rate than that of young bats reared in captivity. Forearm measurement provides a usable means of estimating ages of the younger bats. by the combined use of forearm measurement and observation of certain developmental stage “check points,” rough estimates of age can be made at least until adult conditions are reached. the use of a checklist of features allows the young of the year to be distinguished from the adults through late fall of the first year. Pallid bats show no sexual dimorphism in forearm lengths, and the young show none in body weight until about the end of the first year of age. Yearling females normally give birth to only one young, whereas most older females give birth to two. Young males are not sexually active in their first autumn and probably not during their first year. Adult females nurse only the young to which they have given birth.
Morphological size and shape variation among local human populations

A common method in morphometric studies is the partitioning of biological distance into components representing size and shape (usually defined as relative size). This is a critical procedure when samples from different species are compared since size differences obscure shape relationships, and may thus confuse taxonomic interpretation. It has been suggested that for analyses within a single species, shape variation contributes more than size variation to among-group distances. This hypothesis is tested using data on 14 anthropometric variables for 347 adult males and 261 adult females from 12 towns in western Ireland. For each sex, Mahalanobis' generalized distance (D2) was computed between each pair of towns. Spielman's (1973) method was used to partition each inter-town anthropometric distance into a size component and a shape component. For both sexes, over 93% of the average anthropometric distance between towns is due to shape variation. Rank order correlations show that shape and overall distance (D2) are highly correlated in both sexes (rs=0·99). These results support the hypothesis that local interpopulational variation within a species is influenced more by shape variation than size variation.
Numerical simulation of MHD effects on convective heat transfer characteristics of flow of liquid metal in annular tube

Abstract A numerical study is conducted in an annular duct formed by a SS316 circular tube with electrically conducting walls and a coaxial heater pin, with liquid Lithium as the working fluid for magnetic field ranging from 0 to 1 T. The Hartmann and Stuart number of the study ranges from 0 to 700 and 0 to 50 respectively. The Reynolds number of the study is 104. It was shown that the convective heat transfer and hence the Nusselt number decreases near the walls perpendicular to the magnetic field due to reduction in turbulent fluctuations with increase of magnetic field. It was observed that the Nusselt number value increases near the walls parallel to the magnetic field as the mean velocity increase near the walls. A singular rise was observed near both the walls near Stuart number ∼10 which is due to the increase of turbulence levels in the process of changing from turbulent to electromagnetically laminarized flow. When a very low Reynolds number ∼300 is used, the reduction in Nusselt number near the perpendicular walls is less. This shows that the reduction in Nusselt number near the perpendicular walls for the high Reynolds number study is due to the reduction in turbulent fluctuations. The Nusselt number was found to increase near the parallel walls as the mean velocity increases near the walls. When an insulating duct is used the Nusselt number near the parallel walls did not increase for the case with insulating walls as in the case with conducting walls showing the contribution of the ‘M’ shaped velocity profile in the Nusselt number increase near the parallel walls. The Nusselt number near the perpendicular walls was found to decrease at a higher rate in case of insulating walls than that of the study with conducting walls.
Histiocytic reaction associated with topical aluminum chloride (Drysol reaction)

BACKGROUND. In the past few years, dermatologists have begun to use aluminum chloride (Drysol) as a hemostatic agent for minor surgical procedures. An unusual histiocytic reaction was noted in biopsies of skin previously treated with aluminum chloride. This reaction consisted of a proliferation of histiocytic cells that contained prominent basophilic cytoplasmic granules. OBJECTIVE. To determine the cause of this reaction and the nature of the basophilic granular material within the histiocytic cells. METHODS. Four cases are presented in which re-excised tissue previously treated with aluminum chloride were examined with special histochemistry staining and roentgen diffraction studies. RESULTS. The granules of these histiocytes stained positively with the aluminon stain, a stain specific for aluminum, although no aluminum was found using the less sensitive roentgen diffraction studies. CONCLUSION. These studies support the concept that aluminum chloride can cause a proliferative histiocytic reaction when used as a topical cauterizing agent.
Non-Newtonian Flow in Eccentric Annuli

Study of the flow behavior of drilling fluids and cement slurries in excentric annuli (directional and horizontal wells). The governing equation of laminar flow is numerically solved using a finite differences technique to obtain velocity and viscosity profiles of yield-power law fluids. The velocity profile is integrated to obtain flow rate. Frictional pressure loss gradient versus flow rate relationship data for power law fluids is generated using a computer program
A Comparison of Ordinary Least Squares and Least Absolute Error Estimation

In a linear-regression model with heteroscedastic errors, we consider two tests: a Hausman test comparing the ordinary least squares (OLS) and least absolute error (LAE) estimators and a test based on the signs of the errors from OLS. It turns out that these are related by the well-known equivalence between Hausman and the generalized method of moments tests. Particular cases, including homoscedasticity and asymmetry in the errors, are discussed.
Acetylcholine as a possible sensory mediator in rabbit corneal epithelium

Abstract Local denervation of rabbit corneas resulted in a decrease of 87–100 per cent of corneal epithelial acetylcholine thus suggesting a neuronal affiliation of this substance. In other experiments, hemicholinium was injected either subconjunctivally or into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye. When acetylcholine synthesis was inhibited by hemicholinium so that its level fell by at least 40 per cent, the cornea lost its touch sensitivity. This sensitivity returned concurrent with the return of acetylcholine to normal values. It is hypothesized that acetylcholine may have a role in pain perception in the cornea.
Oxygen association equilibria of glycera hemoglobins

The oxygen association dissociation equilibra of the two main fractions of the intracellular hemoglobin of Glycera dibranchiata were determined spectrophotometrically. The polymeric hemoglobin fraction Hb-1 possesses a sigmoidal oxygen association curve in Tris buffer (P50 = 10 mm Hg at pH 8.0). The slope of the Hill plot n is 1.2–1.4, and a positive Bohr effect is observed at pH above 7.0. The monomeric hemoglobin fraction Hb-2 possesses a hyperbolic association curve (P50 = 5.6 mm Hg) with n = 1 and exhibits no Bohr effect at alkaline pH. In the presence of 2 M urea the oxygenation equilibrium curve of Hb-1 becomes hyperbolic with n = 1 in parallel with a decrease in sedimentation coefficient from about 4.5 S to 3.5 S in 2 M urea. The appearance of at least two species on deoxygenation of Hb-1 possessing sedimentation coefficients substantially higher than those of the oxygenated form suggest that aggregation of the deoxy form may be responsible for the variation of P50 with concentration and the small cooperatively of the oxygen association reactions of Hb-1.
InAsyP1−y metamorphic buffer layers on InP substrates for mid-IR diode lasers

Abstract The defect-trapping effectiveness of an InAsP metamorphic buffer layer (MBL) design was investigated by studying the light-emission characteristics of InAs quantum wells grown on the MBL, along with structural characterization through SIMS and TEM measurements. Using a fixed recipe for the MBL, several separate confinement heterostructures (SCHs) were studied using 8-band k.p simulations, HRXRD, SEM, optical microscope and variable-temperature photoluminescence. Room temperature PL was observed at wavelengths near 3 μm, although the PL intensity drops significantly for samples with wavelengths longer than 2.85 μm. Laser operation was achieved at 77 K at a wavelength of 2.45 μm and threshold as low as 290 A/cm 2 .
Regional hyperkalemia increases ventricular defibrillation energy requirements: role of electrical heterogeneity in defibrillation.

Regional Hyperkalemia and Defibrillation. Introduction: Increased spatial electrical heterogeneity has heen associated with impaired defibrillation efficacy. The current study investigated the relationship between electrical heterogeneity and defibrillation efficacy by manipulating spatial electrical heterogeneity. Methods and Results: We increased spatial electrical heterogeneity by infusing potassium chloride (2 to 4 mEq/hour) or placebo In the left anterior descending artery in 13 pentobarbital anesthetized swine. Electrophysiologic measurements at five myocardial sites and defibrillation energy requirement (DER) values were determined at baseline and during regional hyperkalemia (n = 7) or placebo (n = 6). Regional potassium infusion was titrated to a 20% reduction in action potential duration in the perfused region. Regional hyperkalemia increased biphasic DER values by 87% (P = 0.02), whereas infusion of placebo did not alter defibrillation efficacy. Regional hyperkalemia decreased myocardial repolarization and refractoriness in the perfused region by 21% (P < 0.001) and 18% (P = 0.01), respectively. However, regional hyperkalemia increased ventricular fibrillation cycle length (VFCL) by 39% (P = 0.008). Consequently, dispersions of repolarization, refractoriness, and VFCL were significantly increased by 169%, 92%, and 200%, respectively. Regional hyperkalemia also increased ventricular conduction time to the perfused region by 54% (P = 0.006), indicating conduction velocity dispersion, while not affecting local pacing threshold or local voltage gradient. Conclusion: Regional hyperkalemia increased DER values. Regional hyperkalemia likely impairs defibrillation by increasing myocardial electrical heterogeneity, which supports the theory that electrical heterogeneity promotes nonuniform propagation of early postshock activations, thereby inhibiting defibrillation.
The photoionization cross section for H2 from threshold to 30 eV

Abstract The photoionization cross section of H2 is calculated from threshold to 30 eV. The initial state is the self-consistent-field ground state of H2 and the final states are the ground electronic state of H+2 and single-center continuum states calculated in the field of H+2. Exchange and screening effects are included.
Comparison of centrifugal and fountain effect pumps

Abstract The efficiency of a pumping system is defined in terms of energy flows into and out of a control volume surrounding the pump. It is shown that the centrifugal pump power requirement is affected little by the heat leaks expected in a planned He II transfer system. In contrast the power requirement for a superfluid fountain effect pump is greatly dependent on the thermal conduction through both the porous plug and the downstream transfer line. If the downstream conduction is negligible, the efficiency of a fountain effect pump will be significantly less than that of available centrifugal pumps.
Chronic CXCL10 alters the level of activated ERK1/2 and transcriptional factors CREB and NF-κB in hippocampal neuronal cell culture

Signal transduction pathways may be important targets of chemokines during neuroinflammation. In the current study, Western blot analyses show that in rat hippocampal neuronal/glial cell cultures chronic CXCL10 increases the level of protein for ERK1/2 as well as for the transcriptional factors CREB and NF-κB. Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein whose expression can be regulated by a pathway involving ERK1/2, CREB and NF-κB, was also increased in the CXCL10 treated cultures. These results implicate a role for ERK1/2, CREB and NF-κB in effects of CXCL10 on hippocampal cells and suggest that chronic CXCL10 may have a protective role during certain neuroinflammatory conditions.
Executive summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on bone densitometry.

There have been many scientific advances in measurement of fat and lean body mass as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) convened a Position Development Conference (PDC) on the use of DXA for body composition measurement. Previously, no guidelines to the use of DXA for body composition existed. The recommendations pertain to clinically relevant issues regarding DXA indications of use, acquisition, analysis, quality control, interpretation, and reporting were addressed. The topics and questions for consideration were developed by the ISCD Board of Directors and the Scientific Advisory Committee and were designed to address the needs of clinical practitioners. Three Task Forces were created and assigned these questions and asked to conduct comprehensive literature reviews. The Task Forces included participants from 6 countries and a variety of interests including academic institutions, private clinics, and industry. Reports with proposed Position Statements were then presented to an international panel of experts with backgrounds in DXA and bone densitometry and a variety of fields that use body composition measures. The PDC was held in Tampa, FL, contemporaneously with the Annual Meeting of the ISCD, March 21 through March 23, 2013. This report describes the methodology of the 2013 ISCD Body Composition PDC and summarizes the results. Three separate articles in this issue will detail the rationale, discussion, and additional research topics for each question the Task Forces addressed.
Reversal of Progesterone-Enhanced Insulin Production by Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

The interactions between human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) and progesterone in their effect on glucose and insulin metabolism were assessed in 10 female rhesus monkeys. Treatment with HCS alone (50 mg im twice daily for 7 days) produced decreased sensitivity to the hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin, but no significant change in glucose tolerance or the mean total serum insulin responses (ΣI40) to iv glucose (1 g⁄kg). By contrast, progesterone administration (5 mg daily in olive oil sc×3 weeks) led to significantly increased mean SI40 and mean initial rate of insulin release (Δl⁄ΔG10) in association with significantly slower mean glucose disappearance rate after iv glucose. Combined HCS-progesterone treatment blocked the augmented insulin responses (ΣI40 and Δl⁄ ΔG10) produced by progesterone alone, while glucose tolerance remained deteriorated. These results indicate that HCS affects carbohydrate metabolism through at least 2 mechanisms: a) by increasing peripheral resistance to insulin, and ...
The transition from sitting on eggs to sitting on young in ring doves, Streptopelia risoria: squab-egg preferences during the normal cycle.

Ring doves of both sexes sit on young squabs after hatching in much the same manner as they sit on eggs before hatching, but this study demonstrates that the preferred stimulus varies with the state of the animal. A simultaneous, squab-egg choice test was given on days 1, 4, 10, and 13 of incubation and on the day following hatching in normal reproductive cycles of experienced and naive male and female ring doves. Naive doves were more likely than experienced doves to choose eggs throughout the cycle (P<0·005) and, overall, eggs were more likely to be chosen during early incubation and squabs posthatching (P<0·005).
Applications of molecular dynamics simulations coupled with Harris functional approximation to argon

We have demonstrated molecular dynamics simulations using a combination of the classical molecular dynamics with density functional theory for argon clusters. Three different molecular dynamics schemes, which differ in their treatment of the potential energy and forces, have been carried out. The first uses a Lennard-Jones potential. In the second, the potential is computed using the Harris functional, and in the third, a combination of Lennard-Jones and Harris functional potentials is used. In addition to direct examination of the trajectories, the velocity autocorrelation function and its power spectrum have been computed to demonstrate the agreement between these three methods. The present studies show that a scheme that used a combination of model potentials and density functional theory provides a very useful tool for the dynamics simulation of systems that contain some fragments in which the analytical model potentials are not available. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Pathways of Cell Death: Oncosis, Apoptosis, and Necrosis

The pathways and identification of cell injury and cell death are of key importance to the practice of diagnostic and research toxicologic pathology. Following a lethal injury, cellular reactions are initially reversible. Currently, we recognize two patterns, oncosis and apoptosis. Oncosis, derived from the Greek word "swelling," is the common pattern of change in infarcts and in zonal killing following chemical toxicity, e.g., centrilobular hepatic necrosis after CC14 toxicity. In this common reaction, the earliest changes involve cytoplasmic blebbing, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), swelling of the cytosol, normal or condensed mitochondria, and chromatin clumping in the nucleus. In apoptosis, the early changes involve cell shrinkage, cytosolic shrinkage, more marked chromatin clumping, cytoplasmic blebbing, swollen ER on occasion, and mitochondria that are normal or condensed. Following cell death, both types undergo postmortem changes collectively termed "necrosis." In the case of oncosis, this typically involves broad zones of cells while, in the case of apoptosis, the cells and/or the fragments are often phagocytized prior to their death by adjacent macrophages or parenchymal cells. In either case, the changes converge to a pattern that involves mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial flocculent densities and/or calcification, karyolysis, and disruption of plasmalemmal continuity. The biochemical mechanisms of cell death are currently under intense study, particularly concerning the genes involved in the process. Pro-death genes include p53, the ced-3/ICE proteases, and the Bax family. Anti-death genes include ced-9/Bcl-2 and the adenovirus protein EIB. It is clear that ion deregulation, particularly that of [Ca2+]i plays an important role in cell death following either apoptosis or oncosis. Genetic evidence strongly indicates that activation of proteases is an important step, possibly very near to the point where cell death occurs.
Governmental Retreat and the Politics of African-American Self-Reliant Development: Public Discourse and Social Policy.

The broad purposes of this article are to examine the recent public discussion of self-help within the African-American community in light of the Reagan administration's rhetoric about reducing the federal government's role in providing social welfare and to suggest an alternative perspective on African-American self-reliant development in America's emerging postindustrial-managerial society. Hence, the intent is to extend and contribute to further discourse and research on the politics of African-American self-reliant development. Although African-Americans generally have considered themselves excluded and oppressed since the establishment of the American republic, they have also wanted to believe that movement toward their social development and human rights, however slow and uneven, was inevitable. After emancipation and reconstruction, the era of greatest African-American optimism commenced with the rise of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration and terminated with Richard M. Nixon's. The highpoint of this period was Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, for it was Johnson who decided that the
Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome: 2 case reports and a review of genitourinary manifestations.

Purpose: We summarize the literature and present our experience with genitourinary manifestations of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, which can lead to challenging management problems.Materials and Methods: We report on 2 patients with genitourinary manifestations of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and performed a MEDLINE review of the literature using the key words “Klippel-Trenaunay,” “vascular malformation” and “genitourinary.”Results: Genitourinary manifestations were cited in 18 articles, including 1,174 cases of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, detailing the presentation and management of bladder, external genitalia and retroperitoneal involvement in the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. The overall genitourinary symptoms in patients with the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome seem to occur in the more severe cases and usually involve cutaneous vascular malformations of the trunk, pelvis and genitalia.Conclusions: Intra-abdominal and intrapelvic extension of the vascular malformations of the Klippel-Trenaunay syndro...