cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Program Prefetching in Memory Hierarchies

Memory transfers due to a cache miss are costly. Prefetching all memory references in very fast computers can increase the effective CPU speed by 10 to 25 percent.
Resonant scattering and thermal transport in orientational glasses.

In the orientational glass KBr:KCN, we provide a natural explanation for the plateau in the thermal conductivity, which is a universal feature of all amorphous insulators. We show that the angular oscillation modes of the CN ions have a sharply peaked density of states in the THz range. These modes, in addition to contributing to the specific heat, resonantly scatter the thermal phonons in the plateau region. We discuss the possibility of localization of phonons in a narrow band due to this strong scattering. We speculate about the applicability of these ideas to structural glasses.
Histology of somatic embryogenesis in cultured immature embryos of maize (Zea mays L.)

The developmental histology of somatic embryo (=embryoid) formation in cultured immature embryos of hybrid maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) is described. Embryos cultured on media containing 2% sucrose formed distinct globular embryoids. These embryoids arose either directly by divisions confined to the epidermal and the subepidermal cells at the coleorhizal end of the scutellum or from a soft and friable embryogenic callus produced by them. On media containing 6% sucrose divisions were initiated in the cells adjacent to the procambium of the cultured embryos. Subsequently, zones of meristematic cells also were observed in the region of the node and in the basal portion of the scutellum. Mature, well organized somatic embryos as well as a compact nodular type of embryogenic callus were produced as a result of localized meristematic activity along the tip of the scutellum toward the coleorhiza. Some embryos formed only the compact type of callus, and shoot primordia were organized later in the surface layers of this callus.
The development of statistical literacy skills in the eighth grade: exploring the TIMSS data to evaluate student achievement and teacher characteristics in the United States

This study investigated the relationship between student achievement in statistics and factors at the student and teacher/classroom levels using the US 8th-grade Data and Chance content domain from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, 2007 (TIMSS, 2007). Using variables that have been linked to mathematics and statistics achievement in the literature, a hierarchical level modelling approach revealed significant achievement differences between boys and girls. Another important finding was related to a teacher's formal training. Although most of the TIMSS teachers reported participating regularly in professional development activities, almost half reported that they did not have a degree in either mathematics or mathematics education. Finally, TIMSS students' exposure to and learning of statistics-related concepts appeared to lag behind the expectations set forth in the Data Analysis and Probability Standard (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 2000). Implications from ...
Phototherapy of jaundice in the newborn infant. II. Effect of various light intensities

In a controlled study, three types of fluorescent lamps—“daylight”, standard blue, and special narrow-spectrum blue—were compared in respect to their effects on serum bilirubin concentrations of 72 newborn infants with physiologic jaundice. The narrow-spectrum blue lamps, although they were the least luminous, had the highest energy output in the blue region and were the most effective in treating hyperbilirubinemia. The least efficient lamps were of the “daylight” type. A dose-response relationship of visible light to therapeutic effectiveness was demonstrated.
SimCheck: a contract type system for Simulink

Matlab Simulink? is a member of a class of visual languages that are used for modeling and simulating physical and cyber-physical system. A Simulink model consists of blocks with input and output ports connected using links that carry signals. We provide a contract-based type system of Simulink with annotations and dimensions/units associated with ports and links. These contract types can capture invariants on signals as well as relations between signals. We define a contract-based verifier that checks the well formedness of Simulink blocks with respect to these contracts. This verifier generates proof obligations that are solved by SRI's Yices solver for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). This translation can be used to detect basic type errors and violation of contracts, demonstrate counterexamples, generate test cases, or prove the absence of contract-based type errors. Our work is an initial step toward the symbolic analysis of Matlab Simulink models.
Elastic modulus of a triple-stranded stainless steel arch wire via three- and four-point bending.

The modulus of elasticity (E) was determined in simple three- and four-point bending for an 0.0175" (3 X 0.008") stainless steel arch wire. Using variable light loads (10-160 g) to limit the elastic deflection of a wire to less than 5% of its beam length, the force-deflection profiles were determined for three nominal span lengths (L = 0.35", 0.75", and 1.00") in three-point bending and three nominal inner span lengths (L2 = 0.17", 0.40", and 0.50") in four-point bending (single outer span length, L = 1.00"). By assuming that each wire could be considered as a bundle of frictionless, tightly wound helical springs (i.e., strands), in which both the Young's modulus (E) and the shear modulus (G) contribute to the overall stiffness, values for E equaled 28.6 +/- 0.6 X 10(6) and 29.6 +/- 0.9 X 10(6) psi in three- and four-point bending, respectively. In addition, by using simple beam theory, the values of E for the 0.010" and 0.018" single-stranded wires were measured and equaled 27.2 +/- 0.3 X 10(6) and 27.8 +/- 0.7 X 10(6) psi in three-point bending, and 27.9 +/- 0.7 and 27.8 +/- 1.2 X 10(6) psi in four-point bending, respectively. Despite the fact that the elastic moduli of all three wires were significantly different (p less than 0.001), the results corroborated the metallurgical literature in which E spanned 27.8-30.2 X 10(6) psi. This was in contrast to the dental literature, in which a broader range of values has been reported, i.e., 18.3-38.0 X 10(6) psi.
Fractal Quasar Clouds

This paper examines whether a fractal cloud geometry can reproduce the emission-line spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The nature of the emitting clouds is unknown, but many current models invoke various types of magnetohydrodynamic confinement. Recent studies have argued that a fractal distribution of clouds, in which subsets of clouds occur in self-similar hierarchies, is a consequence of such confinement. Whatever the confinement mechanism, fractal cloud geometries are found in nature and may be present in AGNs too. We first outline how a fractal geometry can apply at the center of a luminous quasar. Scaling laws are derived that establish the number of hierarchies, typical sizes, column densities, and densities. Photoionization simulations are used to predict the integrated spectrum from the ensemble. Direct comparison with observations establishes all model parameters so that the final predictions are fully constrained. Theory suggests that denser clouds might form in regions of higher turbulence and that larger turbulence results in a wider dispersion of physical gas densities. An increase in turbulence is expected deeper within the gravitational potential of the black hole, resulting in a density gradient. We mimic this density gradient by employing two sets of clouds with identical fractal structuring but different densities. The low-density clouds have a lower column density and large covering factor similar to the warm absorber. The high-density clouds have high column density and smaller covering factor similar to the broad-line region (BLR). A fractal geometry can simultaneously reproduce the covering factor, density, column density, BLR emission-line strengths, and BLR line ratios as inferred from observation. Absorption properties of the model are consistent with the integrated line-of-sight column density as determined from observations of X-ray absorption, and when scaled to a Seyfert galaxy, the model is consistent with the number of multiple UV absorption components observed in them. Rough estimates show that about one in 100 of the galaxies that harbor a supermassive black hole will show activity, assuming that material needs to be within its EUV continuum emitting radius for activity to occur. This is close to the observationally determined duty cycle. Stochastic feeding of the central engine of fractal cloud distribution of material may therefore account for continuum variations and long-term activity. The total cloud mass is much larger than that measured in ionized gas alone since the clouds are mutually self-shielding.
NAGPRA—Two Decades Later

: Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.
The service experience in two cultures: A behavioral perspective

Abstract This research examines how consumers in the U.S. and Japan evaluate service encounters. It broadens traditional thinking about components of service transactions and develops behaviorally based service encounter dimensions, each with multiple measures, for the two countries. The study reveals a conversation factor not presently identified in the services literature and significant cross-cultural differences in both the dimensions and behaviors identified in the two countries. It also examines the relationship of dimensions to encounter satisfaction in both countries.
Infant-mother attachment security and children's anxiety and aggression at first grade

With a large and diverse sample of children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, the role of infant–mother attachment security as a protective factor against the development of children's anxious and aggressive behaviors at first grade was examined. When child's sex, family income, maternal sensitivity, and prior levels of anxiety and aggression were controlled for, attachment security at 15 months of age was found to moderate the effects of negative life events families experienced, thereby protecting children from experiencing symptoms of anxiety, but not aggression, at 4.5 years of age. Children classified as insecurely attached at 15 months of age who experienced many stressful life events exhibited more anxiety symptoms in first grade than children classified as securely attached who similarly experienced many negative life events. These findings are interpreted within attachment theory, which predicts that early attachment security has a unique role in children's anxiety experiences later in childhood.
Magnetoelectric effect in one-dimensional metallic conductors

Abstract The effect of a transverse magnetic field on a one-dimensional metallic current carrying conductor is considered. The field produces a transverse electric polarization which is wavevector dependent, and which causes a transverse magnetoelectric field. The magnitude of the effect is estimated for typical one dimensional conductors.
Direct solution of the equation for the Stokes stream function

Abstract Iterative procedures for solving the Stokes stream function equation can be quite time-consuming. This paper presents a direct procedure which can be used when the stream function vanishes on the periphery of a meridional-plane rectangle, one side of which is the axis of symmetry. The development allows for the possibility that the axial coordinate has been “stretched” in order to concentrate grid points in preselected bands. The resulting algorithm is, in fact, only marginally simpler if the coordinate is unstretched. Most steps of the development involve only classical methods of matrix algebra. The numerical technique is a matrix analog of the method of separation of variables for solving partial differential equations. One key step does employ a relatively modern technique — the QL algorithm for diagonalizing a symmetric tridiagonal matrix. Implementation of that algorithm has been comprehensively documented in the literature of the subject.
CUE COMPETITION IN PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Prospective memory refers to remembering to perform a previously planned activity. Two experiments were conducted to see if effects of cue competition similar to blocking and overshadowing occur in prospective memory. Participants were led to believe that the experiments were about the relationship between memory and creativity. To test prospective memory, participants were instructed to mark cue words that would appear later in a task requiring the generation of sentences. In Exp. 1 (N = 119) one group was told to place an “x” over the cue word “rake”; a second was told to mark two words of equal salience (“method” and “rake”); and a third group was told to mark two cue words of unequal salience (the highly salient word “monad” and “rake”). “Rake” was the only cue word that actually appeared in the task involving generation of sentences. Participants instructed to place an “x” over one cue marked the target cue “rake” more frequently than if told to mark two cues (an overshadowing-like effect). The frequ...
A mind in motion

Galileo: Decisive Innovator. By Michael Sharratt. Blackwell: 1994. Pp. 297. £19.99, $29.95.
A proviral puzzle with a prosimian twist

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, and as such they cannot exist in the absence of a host. It follows that the natural history of the viruses is inseparable from that of their animal hosts, and to reconstruct the evolutionary past of a virus is to understand much about the history of those species it colonizes. Unfortunately, viruses do not leave behind physical remnants of their presence: once a viral species becomes extinct, it vanishes without a trace. At best, the evolutionary history of most viruses can only be inferred indirectly through the phylogenetic comparison of modern, living viruses. There is, however, one prominent exception: the Retroviridae. The genomes of all animal species have accumulated (over hundreds of millions of years) the proviral remnants of ancient, largely extinct, retroviral species. This vast archive of viral “fossils” comprises millions upon millions of elements, a tiny fraction of which are coming to light as a consequence of genome sequencing efforts. From the genome of the gray mouse lemur, a diminutive primate (<100 g) found only on the island of Madagascar, Gifford and colleagues (1) have now unearthed a retroviral fossil unambiguously related to the modern AIDS viruses, as reported in this issue of PNAS. How it came to be there is an intriguing, and as yet unsolved, evolutionary mystery.
Shell element formulation of multi-step inverse analysis for axisymmetric deep drawing process

Inverse analysis today is generally performed with membrane models in analysing sheet metal forming processes. Given the final desired configuration, it usually estimates the deformation in a one-step calculation. However, for some practical problems where the bending effect is significant and the strain history departs from a linear path, this calculation becomes not good enough to provide the optimal design values. In this paper, an axisymmetric shell element for the multi-step inverse analysis is developed for more accurate prediction of design variables such as the initial blank shape, strain distributions, and intermediate shapes, etc.The algorithm has been applied to deep drawing processes for both thin and relatively thick sheet metal. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed combination of shell element and multi-step inverse analysis can provide more precise results than the previous algorithms used in inverse analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instability of an annular jet surrounded by a viscous gas in a pipe

The onset of instability in a liquid annular jet enclosing another fluid, and surrounded by a gas in a pipe is analysed by use of a spectra-collocation method. The dynamic responses to the variation of different flow parameters are elucidated by use of numerical results. Two linearly independent convectively unstable interfacial modes of disturbances are found. In general, the para-sinuous mode has a larger amplification rate than the para-varicose mode. It is shown that to initiate encapsulation of core fluid with a uniform shell fluid, the growth of the para-sinuous mode must be promoted and the para-varicose mode must be suppressed. Suppression of the paravaricose mode in a finite range of wavenumbers is possible by varying the flow parameters. The effects of ten relevant parameters on instability are discussed. In certain parameter space, the annular jet becomes absolutely unstable with respect to the sinuous mode. The transition Weber number below which the flow is absolutely unstable and above which the flow is convectively unstable is found as a function of the Reynolds number when the rest of flow parameters are given. A successful encapsulation of core fluid with a uniform shell fluid is possible if the process is carried out outside of the parameter space of absolute instability, and if an external forcing is introduced at a frequency within a band in which the para-varicose mode is stable but the para-sinuous mode is convectively unstable.
Analysis of arson fire debris by low temperature dynamic headspace adsorption porous layer open tubular columns.

Abstract In this paper we present results of the application of PLOT-cryoadsorption (PLOT-cryo) to the analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris. We tested ignitable liquids, broadly divided into fuels and solvents (although the majority of the results presented here were obtained with gasoline and diesel fuel) on three substrates: Douglas fir, oak plywood and Nylon carpet. We determined that PLOT-cryo allows the analyst to distinguish all of the ignitable liquids tested by use of a very rapid sampling protocol, and performs better (more recovered components, higher efficiency, lower elution solvent volumes) than a conventional purge and trap method. We also tested the effect of latency (the time period between applying the ignitable liquid and ignition), and we tested a variety of sampling times and a variety of PLOT capillary lengths. Reliable results can be obtained with sampling time periods as short as 3 min, and on PLOT capillaries as short as 20 cm. The variability of separate samples was also assessed, a study made possible by the high throughput nature of the PLOT-cryo method. We also determined that the method performs better than the conventional carbon strip method that is commonly used in fire debris analysis.
Tensile Creep of Paperboard-Effect of Humidity Change Rates

Experimental results now available are not adequate to define the mechanism of cyclic creep response of paperboard or to test plausible hypotheses. The present study examines the effect of rate-of-change of humidity on tensile creep response while monitoring the quantities of water adsorbed and desorbed by the specimen. Relative humidity is cycled between 30 and 90 percent relative humidity. Rate of humidity change in each cycle is held constant at values from 0.01 to 6 percent relative humidity per minute. Moisture sorbed by the web in each cycle is resolved to an accuracy better than ±0.05 percent moisture content. Results suggest that cyclic creep response is independent of the rate at which humidity changes. The results appear to reject the hypothesis that cyclic creep behavior is the result of a progressive increase in equilibrium moisture content.
The effect of norepinephrine on intestinal transport and perfusion pressure in the isolated perfused rabbit ileum.

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) is an autonomic neurotransmitter and a potent vasoactive agent, with putative effects on intestinal absorption and secretion. To characterize the effects of NE on intestinal water and ion transport, independent of changes in intestinal blood flow, we studied the effects of three doses of NE (0.1, 0.4, and 2.0 μg/min) on the isolated, vascularly perfused rabbit ileum at a constant vascular perfusion rate. Twenty-centimeter segments of New Zealand white rabbit distal ileum (n = 21) were vascularly perfused at a fixed rate of 1.5 ml/min using a modified Krebs buffer solution (37°C) containing washed human red blood cells with a hematocrit of 15–20%. The intestinal lumen was perfused at 2 ml/min with a warm buffered isotonic electrolyte solution containing 10 μCi[14C]PEG as a nonabsorbable volume marker. Net fluxes of H2O, Na+, and Cl− were calculated during 20-min basal, NE infusion, and recovery periods. Perfusion pressure was monitored continuously. NE caused statistically significant graded increases in vascular resistance, as reflected by perfusion pressure, with increasing doses. NE stimulated absorption of H2O, Na+, and Cl− with a less distinct response to increasing dose. These data suggest that the separate effects of NE on absorption and hemodynamics may be mediated through different pathways or different receptors in the intestine.
Role of low molecular weight iron in functional preconditioning of the isolated rat heart.

Post-ischemic contractile dysfunction in the heart may be due to oxygen-derived free radicals catalyzed by low molecular weight iron (lmw Fe), which is thought to accumulate during ischemia and reperfusion. We tested the hypothesis that functional preconditioning with transient ischemia in the rat heart may be due to decreasing the myocardial lmw Fe pool, and consequently free radicals during ischemia or reperfusion. Hearts were preconditioned with two 5-min episodes of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion. The lmw Fe pool of pre-ischemic hearts was 172±13 pmol/mg protein. After 40 min of prolonged ischemia, the lmw Fe contents were 176±25 and 127±13 pmol/mg for non-conditioned and preconditioned hearts, respectively (P=n.s.). After 10 min of reperfusion, the lmw Fe contents were 246±26 and 228±23 pmol/mg protein, respectively (P=n.s.). We next tested the ability of deferoxamine, an iron chelator, to mimic functional preconditioning. The percentage recoveries of heart rate×developed pressure after 40 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion were 38±6 and 25±5 for non-conditioned and deferoxamine-treated hearts, respectively (P=n.s.). We further tested the hypothesis by determining if iron-overloading by dietary enhancement and weekly iron injections would exacerbate post-ischemic contractile dysfunction and attenuate functional preconditioning with ischemia. The total iron contents of the high iron and normal groups were 10.3±0.6 and 4.4±0.2 nmol/mg protein (P<0.001). Percentage recoveries of heart rate×developed pressure were 36±6 and 33±5 for non-conditioned hearts in the high iron and normal iron groups, respectively (P=n.s.). Percentage recoveries of heart rate×developed pressure were 58±5 and 68±6 for ischemically preconditioned hearts in the high and normal iron groups, repectively (P=n.s.). The results suggest that functional preconditioning in the rat heart is not due to attenuation lmw Fe accumulation.
Organic acids in insects. II. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and related enzymes in the larva of the Southern Armyworm, Prodenia eridania.

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria prepared from the Southern Armyworm (Prodenia eridania) caterpillar oxidize a number of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to completion. These preparations are conspicuous for their high rates of endogenous respiration and active DPNH oxidase. 2. 2. All the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, viz., aceto-CoA-kinase, condensing enzyme, aconitase, isocitric dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malic dehydrogenase have been demonstrated in larval acetone powder extracts, mitochondria or homogenates. Three related enzymes —citrate cleaving enzyme, “malic” enzyme, and oxalacetate decarboxylase-were also active. 3. 3. No evidence having been found for the presence of either isocitritase or malate synthetase, it is tentatively concluded that the glyoxalate cycle is inoperative in this organism. 4. 4. The accumulation of organic acids in the insect is discussed in the light of the above findings.
The accidental conservationist: William T. Hornaday, the Smithsonian bison expeditions and the US National Zoo.

In 1886 William T. Hornaday, the Chief Taxidermist of the US National Museum, led the ‘Smithsonian Institution Buffalo Outfit’ to Montana. The American bison was fast heading toward extinction and the mission of the expedition was to locate those of the elusive animals that remained and obtain specimens for the scientific collection at the museum. The successful expedition produced the most complete scientific series, and the finest artistic grouping of taxidermied specimens of the American bison anywhere in the world. Haunted by the scattered skeletal remains of the millions of slaughtered bison that peppered the Eastern Montana Plains, Hornaday fought to establish the National Zoological Park, which would provide sanctuary for bison and other endangered species, and a captive breeding program, which would result in the eventual reintroduction of the American bison to the wild.
Thermodynamic consideration of the tetragonal lattice distortion of the L10 ordered phase

Abstract In an attempt to understand the thermodynamic consequences of the tetragonal distortion accompanying the L1 0 ordering, we have conducted a theoretical investigation by treating the problem of a rigid lattice free energy model. The problem is treated as an elasticity problem and a generalized formulation is proposed in a form which can be directly utilized to study incoherent two phase equilibria. By use of the Static Concentration Wave (SCW) mean field model as a rigid lattice free energy model, the formulation is applied to the case of our interest. We show that the thermodynamic stability of the L1 0 phase may be significantly influenced by the tetragonal lattice distortion, depending on the magnitude of the associated strain energy relative to the competing positive entropic contribution in the free energy of the stress free L1 0 phase. In association with this, we suggest that the neglect of tetragonal distortion (i.e. the use of a rigid lattice free energy model) could be a source of serious errors particularly for alloys with lower L1 0 ordering transition temperatures (e.g. CuAu and InMg). A prototype phase diagram of the 〈001〉 f.c.c. ∗ special point structures, calculated with the tetragonal distortion taken into account, has indeed displayed topological features which are fundamentally different from those of a rigid lattice phase diagram and, furthermore, has reproduced the main topological features of the AuCuAu 3 Cu and the InMgIn 3 Mg sides of their respective phase diagrams.
Determination of the Structure of the Argon Cyclobutanone van der Waals Complex

The microwave spectra of the argon cyclobutanone van der Waals complex and its three 13C isotopomers have been assigned in the ground state of the ring puckering vibration. The rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants for the 12C species are determined to be A = 3598.5200(4) MHz, B = 1388.4449(1) MHz, C = 1195.5254(2)MHz, ΔJ = 4.846(2) kHz, ΔJK = 36.11(2) kHz, ΔK = −38.10(8) kHz, δJ = 0.6415(6) kHz, δK = 20.62(4) kHz, Hk = 0.067(4) kHz. The dipole moments have also been measured: μa = 0.29 D, μb = 2.83 D. The cyclobutanone ring was found to remain planar after complexation with argon. The coordinates of the argon in the monomer's principal axis system are a = 0.23, b = 0.55 (across the ring due to large amplitude bending), and c = 3.48 A (above the ring). The equilibrium position of argon is in the Cs plane of the complex, 3.48 A above the ring and shifted 0.23 A from the C2−C2‘ ring diagonal toward the carbonyl.
Broad spectrum resolution of optical isomers using chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic bonded phases

Abstract Using a chiral recognition rationale, a chiral fluoroalcoholic bonded stationary phase has been devised which proves capable of separating the enantiomers of a large number of solutes including sulfoxides, lactones, and derivatives of alcohols, amines, amino acids, hydroxy acids, and mercaptans. Chiral recognition being a reciprocal event, chiral stationary phases modeled after solutes resolvable upon the fluoroalcoholic columns successfully separate the enantiomers of a number of fluoroalcohols.
Reflective Optical Elements For Use In The Microwave Region

A reflective computer-generated holographic element modifies both the phase and polarization of a high-power, coherent microwave beam. The phase is modified by variations in the surface profile and the polarization is modified independently by a polarizing grating structure imbedded in the surface.
Analogs of endoperoxide precursors of prostaglandins: failure to affect body temperature when injected into primary and secondary central temperature controls.

Abstract It is known that central administration of prostaglandins of the E series has marked effects on body temperature. The purpose in the present experiments was to learn whether stable analogs of the cyclic endoperoxide precursors of PGE 2 , PGF 2 α and PGD 2 , injected into the primary temperature control in the preoptic/anterior (PO/AH) hypothalamic region and into a presumed secondary control in the medulla oblongata, can produce rises in body temperature similar to those caused by PGE 2 . Injection of the analogs U-44069 and U-46619 (1.0 and 2.0 μg) into the PO/AH region of the rat, where both PGE 2 and PGE 1 caused hyperthermia, had no effect on T re . Likwise, injections into the medulla oblongata, in the region where PGE 2 and PGE 1 caused hypothermia, were ineffective in altering body temperature. That neurons important to the control of body temperature are selectively sensitive to PGE 2 and not to analogs of prostaglandin precursors suggests that local cyclic endoperoxides can influence body temperature only through bioconversion to prostaglandin.
Cutumay Camones Popular Music in E1 Salvador's National Liberation Movement

Between 1975 and 1992 El Salvador witnessed one of the largest Latin American revolutionary mobilizations in recent memory. While interpretations of the outcome of the Salvadoran national liberation struggle range from "failed revolution" (Wickham-Crowley, 1989; Foran, 1993) to "democratic revolution" (Villalobos, 1989), few have accounted for how the Salvadoran insurgents sustained mobilization for so long. This question becomes more puzzling when we consider that the revolutionary movement was made up of ordinary people (e.g., students, peasants, schoolteachers, and urban workers). With ostensibly few resources they resisted a well-entrenched military and agro-export elite backed annually by millions of U.S. dollars, military aid, and technical assistance. We argue here that the use of indigenous cultural resources in the form of popular music enhanced the process of revolutionary mobilization. In our ongoing fieldwork we have documented 50 popular musical groups that worked with the national liberation movement between 1975 and 1992. The sheer number of protest musical groups in a small nation suggests that music was important to the revolutionary organizations. We explore the function of one of these groups, Cutumay Camones, in the mobilization and tactical education of movement supporters and potential sympathizers. We would hope that future research on Latin American revolutions and popular movements
A reversible polymorphic phase change which affects the luminescence and aurophilic interactions in the gold(I) cluster complex, [μ3-S(AuCNC7H13)3](SbF6)

Crystallographic examination of [mu3-S(AuCNC7H13)3](SbF6) shows that it undergoes a reversible phase change from orthorhombic to monoclinic upon cooling. At 190 K, the structure shows that two cations self-associate to form a pseudo-octahedral array of six gold atoms connected by both intra- and interionic aurophilic interactions. On cooling, the clusters become less symmetric, and in one, the interionic Au...Au separations increase, while they decrease in the second cluster. The luminescence of crystalline [mu3-S(AuCNC7H13)3](SbF6) shows corresponding changes in emission, with two emissions of similar lifetimes but with different excitations at 77 K, but only a single emission at 298 K. In contrast, [mu3-S(AuCNC6H11)3](PF6), which has a similar structure to that of the high-temperature form of [mu3-S(AuCNC7H13)3](SbF6), does not undergo a phase change or change in its luminescence upon cooling.
The effect of metaproterenol in chronic asthmatic children receiving therapeutic doses of theophylline.

Abstract The effect of metaproterenol added to therapeutic doses of theophylline was compared with a combination of placebo and theophylline by measurement of the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR) in 17 asthmatic children in a double-blind crossover study. Plasma theophylline levels were measured at 1.5 hr (peak) and 6 hr (trough) after drug administration on all test days. Children weighing less than 60 pounds received 10 mg of metaproterenol (1 tsp), while those weighing more than 60 pounds received 20 mg every 6 hr. The mean peak theophylline level for both metaproterenol and placebo treatment days was approximately 10 μg/ml, while the trough was 6 μg/ml. Metaproterenol caused a significantly greater increase in FEVI (p
Dexamethasone Reduces Steady State Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in Rat Neuronal and Glial Cells in Primary Culture

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA was demonstrated in primary cultures of neuronal and glial cells from rat brain. On Northern blots, a rat IGF-I cDNA probe hybridized to RNA species of 7.5, 1.7, and 0.8-1.2 kilobases in total and poly(A)+ RNA from both cell types. Solution hybridization/ RNase protection assays were performed using an antisense riboprobe complementary to the 5′-untranslated region as well as part of the coding region of rat IGF-I mRNA. These studies indicated that two of the previously described three possible alternative 5′-untranslated splicing variants (classes A and C) were expressed in neuronal and glial cells, with class C transcripts predominating. Neuronal cells also possessed extremely low levels of class B transcripts. Treatment of neuronal cell cultures with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone reduced IGF-I mRNA levels by 60%. Glial cell IGF-I mRNA levels were reduced by dexamethasone by up to 40%. These results suggest that glucocorticoid-induced reductions in ...
The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English

The aim of this paper is to present in a rigorous way the syntax and semantics of a certain fragment of a certain dialect of English. For expository purposes the fragment has been made as simple and restricted as it can be while accommodating all the more puzzling cases of quantification and reference with which I am acquainted.1
Metrology needs and NIST resources for the forensic DNA community

With the advent of forensic DNA profiling in the mid-1980s, this technology has had a positive impact on the criminal justice system, helping to convict the guilty and exonerate the innocent. The field has evolved from focusing on multilocus markers throughout the nuclear DNA genome to the use of autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Other marker systems such as mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal STR testing have also found an important niche for the identification of missing persons and historical investigations. Given the importance of forensic DNA testing, it is critical that laboratories include proper controls and validated procedures for making quality measurements. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed several standard reference materials (SRMs) to meet the needs of the forensic DNA community. Here, we discuss a brief history of forensic DNA testing and the development of NIST SRMs and educational resources for the field over the last 20 years.
Vapor-phase butane nitration product analysis by on-line multiple column gas chromatography

Abstract A realible on-line gas chromatographic analytical procedure has been developed for the total reaction product of a vapor-phase butane nitrator. The accuracy of the analysis when applied to actual reactor effluent streams is at leas +− 2 mole % of the mean of six replications. The method will be of interest generally in the field of hydrocarbon nitration since no other on-line analytical procedure is presently available.
Distribution and sources of PCBs (Aroclor 1268) in the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

Aroclor 1268 is a highly chlorinated PCB mixture that was released into the aquatic environment near Brunswick, GA (BR), as a result of decades of local industrial activity. This extensive contamination has led to US EPA Superfund designation in estuarine areas in and around Purvis Creek, GA. Roughly 50 km to the northeast is the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SI) where previous studies have documented unexpectedly high Aroclor 1268-like PCB levels in blubber and plasma samples of resident bottlenose dolphins. This result led to a collaborative effort to assess the PCB patterns and concentrations in SI sediment and fish (as potential vectors for PCB transfer to SI resident dolphins). Thirty SI randomly assigned stations were sampled for sediment PCB levels. Additionally, fish were collected and analyzed from SI (n = 31) and BR (n = 33). Results were pooled with regional assessments of PCB concentrations from South Carolina and North Carolina in an effort to determine the association of Aroclor 1268 levels in SI samples. Results indicated that PCB levels in sediment and fish are much lower in the SI estuary compared to BR sediment and fish concentrations. However, PCB congener profiles for both sediments and fish were similar between the two locations and consistent with the Aroclor 1268 signature, indicating possible transport from the Brunswick area. A likely source of Aroclor 1268 in dolphins from SI is contaminated fish prey.
A theoretical investigation of nitrooxyalkyl peroxy radicals from NO3-initiated oxidation of isoprene

Density functional theory and ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been employed to determine the structures and energetics of the nitrooxyalkyl peroxy radicals arising from the NO3-initiated oxidation of isoprene. Geometry optimizations of the peroxy radicals are performed using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and single-point energies are computed using second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory and the coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations including perturbative corrections for the triple excitations (CCSD(T)). The zero-point corrected energies of the nitrooxyalkyl peroxy radicals are 37–43 kcal mol−1 more stable than the separated NO3, O2 and isoprene reactants at the CCSD(T)/6-31G(d)+CF level. The rate constants for the addition of O2 to the NO3–isoprene adducts are calculated using the canonical variational transition state theory (CVTST), with an overall rate constant of 3.8×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The results provide the isomeric branching ratios between eight nitrooxyalkyl peroxy radicals.
Tobacco and cardiovascular health

Tobacco consumption has been inextricably intertwined with society and its evolution. At one time, centuries ago, thought to be a sign of refinement and nobility, fortunately, this perception has been changing worldwide. Currently, this change in perception has been so dramatic that laws are enacted to limit tobacco exposure through second-hand smokers. Countless studies continue to emerge on tobacco's healthcare toll to the point that we now consider indisputable facts that smokers have a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, among many others. However, there are other less well-known emerging facts that still require close attention such as the effect on the immune and hematopoietic systems. Tobacco smoke is injurious to all major organs in our bodies. With over 30 known carcinogens, it should not be surprising that it affects all aspects of human health. In this chapter, we will focus on the effects of tobacco on cardiovascular health.
Effects of UVB on interactions between Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Ultraviolet B (UVB, 280–315 nm) radiation is detrimental to both of larvae of the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni and its snail intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata . We explored effects of UVB on three aspects of the interaction between host and parasite: survival of infected snails, innate susceptibility and resistance of snails to infection, and acquired resistance induced by irradiated miracidia. Snails infected for 1 week showed significantly lower survival than uninfected snails following irradiation with a range of UVB intensities. In contrast to known immunomodulatory effects in vertebrates, an effect of UVB on susceptibility or resistance of snails to infection could not be conclusively demonstrated. Finally, exposure of susceptible snails to UVB-irradiated miracidia failed to induce resistance to a subsequent challenge with nonirradiated miracidia, a result similar to that reported previously with ionizing radiation.
The IgE response of New Zealand Black mice to ovalbumin: An age-acquired increase in suppressor activity☆

Abstract New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, from 6 weeks to 10 months of age, were immunized with ovalbumin (OA) in alum and the subsequent IgG and IgE anti-OA response was quantitated by radioimmunoassay and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The generation of IgG anti-OA was similar in both young and old NZB mice. In contrast, there was a marked age-dependent decline in the production of IgE anti-OA. Indeed, the percentage of NZB mice producing IgE anti-OA was reduced from 100% at 6 weeks to 55% at 6 months. 10% at 8 months, and 0% at 9 months. Moreover the IgE anti-OA response of 6-week NZB mice was suppressed by transfer of 9-month, but not 1-, 3-, or 6-month-old NZB spleen cells. The suppression of IgE production in young mice was mediated by macrophages; transfer of either splenic T or B cells or injection of freeze-thawed spleen cells from donor 9-month NZB mice to young recipients did not alter the production of IgE anti-OA. Parallel studies in BALB/c mice did not reveal an age-dependent change in the anti-OA response. The absence of an IgE response in 9-month-old NZB mice could not be restored by radiation, with or without reconstitution with populations of young thymocytes, spleen cells, and/or bone marrow cells. However, the IgE anti-OA response of old NZB mice could be significantly restored by splenectomy followed by intravenous reconstitution with young spleen cells. These observations suggest that NZB mice develop an age-dependent increase in suppressor macrophage activity. This heightened macrophage suppressor activity does not appear to be critical in the primary development of autoimmunity but is important for understanding acquired regulatory defects in New Zealand mice.
Predator-prey relationships in a model for the activated process

Summary The primary objective of this paper was to develop a mathematical description for the food chain,
Work in progress — Assessing and evaluating mentorship programs affecting students retention at the University of Maryland Baltimore County in mechanical engineering

Two well-known mentoring/scholar programs at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, demonstrate themselves to be observably effective in retaining STEM students. These programs include the Center of Women and Information Technology and the Meyerhoff Scholars program. Recent data from the Office of Institutional Research and Advancement at the University comparing males and females in the department of mechanical engineering showed females are retained at higher rates than males. A short term qualitative and quantitative analysis is being used in this study to assess and evaluate the underlying facets that motivate women and men to continue in mechanical engineering. Utilizing researched driven existing evaluative tools, a well-defined themed survey will be created to assess each of these programs in their mentoring ability based on the mentees of the program. The goal is to administer the survey to undergraduate men and women (freshman — senior) mechanical engineers, affiliated and non-affiliated with the programs. Interviews are currently being conducted giving profound understanding to identify the facets that make these mentorship programs successful or ascertain the external influences. Each of these programs has, to include mentoring in the department, small significant variations in mentorship.
A computer-assisted instruction program for exercises on finding axioms

J- This paper describes an interactive computer-assisted system for teaching elementary mathematical logic, which was designed to handle formalizations of first-order theories suitable for presentation in a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) environment. The system provides tools with which the user can develop and then study a nonlogical axiomatic theory along &hatever lines he specifies. These tools include a proof-checking program that allows &e user to construct derivations by taking advantage of the theoremproving capabilities of the computer. Results of preliminary investigations using this computer-assisted teaching system in a manner designed to give the student greater control over the organization of his curriculum are summarized in Section 2, and Section 3 outlines initial studies on the uses of mechanical theorem provers in teaching about prod construction. 1. BASIC INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES
Image compression using biorthogonal wavelet transforms with multiplierless 2-D filter mask operation

We present image compression algorithms using biorthogonal wavelet transforms with dyadic regional filter coefficients, which provide high computational speed and excellent compression performance. Two-dimensional reconstruction filter masks are constructed to minimize data access operations and process only the nonzero-valued pixels when performing the inverse wavelet transform. Convolutions with these masks can be performed by using only arithmetic bit-shifting and integer addition operations. Additional compression gain is achieved by using Hilbert scanning for the preprocessing of encoding process.
A model of ionospheric F-2 region storms in middle latitudes

Abstract The proposed ionospheric storm model is based on a heat source located at magnetic noon on Feldstein's auroral oval. The rotation of the Earth produces an apparent motion of the source which is greater than the speed of the disturbance. This gives rise to a wake or front which sweeps over the globe and determines the onset time of the negative phase which results from a change in chemical composition. At the front, focussing will occur which accounts for the sudden drop in electron density (or contents) sometimes observed. The calculated onset times of the negative phase are compared with observations for a number of storms. The local onset times vary from 12 at the latitude of the source to around 24 at 10° geomagnetic latitude. This model predicts that the onset of the negative phase at a given location, for storm which commence between about 2000 LT to about 1000 LT, is independent of the time of storm commencement.