cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical and molecular dynamics studies of buried waters in globular proteins

Buried solvent molecules are common in the core of globular proteins and contribute to structural stability. Folding necessitates the burial of polar backbone atoms in the protein core, whose hydrogen-bonding capacities should be satisfied on average. Whereas the residues in alpha-helices and beta-sheets form systematic main-chain hydrogen bonds, the residues in turns, coils and loops often contain polar atoms that fail to form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The statistical analysis of 842 high resolution protein structures shows that well-resolved, internal water molecules preferentially reside near residues without alpha-helical and beta-sheet secondary structures. These buried waters most often form primary hydrogen bonds to main-chain atoms not involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds, providing strong evidence that hydrating main-chain atoms is a key structural role of buried water molecules. Additionally, the average B-factor of protein atoms hydrogen-bonded to waters is smaller than that of protein atoms forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and the average B-factor of water molecules involved in primary hydrogen bonds with main-chain atoms is smaller than the average B-factor of water molecules involved in secondary hydrogen bonds to protein atoms that form concurrent intramolecular hydrogen bonds. To study the structural coupling between internal waters and buried polar atoms in detail we simulated the dynamics of wild-type FKBP12, in which a buried water, Wat137, forms one side-chain and multiple main-chain hydrogen bonds. We mutated E60, whose side-chain hydrogen bonds with Wat137, to Q, N, S or A, to modulate the multiplicity and geometry of hydrogen bonds to the water. Mutating E60 to a residue that is unable to form a hydrogen bond with Wat137 results in reorientation of the water molecule and leads to a structural readjustment of residues that are both near and distant to the water. We predict that the E60A mutation will result in a significantly reduced affinity of FKBP12 for its ligand FK506. The propensity of internal waters to hydrogen bond to buried polar atoms suggests that ordered water molecules may constitute fundamental structural components of proteins, particularly in regions where alpha-helical or beta-sheet secondary structure is not present.
Photic induction of Fos in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus is inhibited by baclofen but not by diazepam or bicucullin

Abstract The present study makes use of the photic induction of Fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to explore the pharmacology of retinal input to this circadian pacemaker. Our results demonstrate that the GABA A antagonist bicuculline and the benzodiazepine agonist diazepam, both of which prevent light-induced phase shifts, do not inhibit photic induction of Fos expression in the hamster SCN. In contrast, the GABA B agonist, baclofen, prevents both light-induced phase shifts and inhibits photic induction of Fos expression in the SCN. One explanation of this difference may be that baclofen acts to prevent photic information from reaching the SCN while bicuculline and diazepam act within the SCN at a point ‘downstream’ from Fos induction.
Validation of three-dimensional models of in situ scapulae

A principal challenge in creating accurate models of in situ scapulae is delineating bone from surrounding soft tissues. Computed tomography scans were obtained of both shoulders of 20 embalmed cadavers. Each shoulder was rescanned after repositioning of the cadavers to test for rescan reliability. After scans were complete, all scapulae were excised and stripped of all soft tissue. Thresholding, region growing, and manual processing were used to create computer-generated 3-dimensional (3D) models. Seven anatomic measurements were performed on each scapula and 3D model. Mean differences between corresponding measurements of specimen and model were small ( R 2 = 0.99). Patient positioning was not a significant source of error in obtaining measurements from 3D models. Results from this work verify that accurate and reproducible 3D models can be created from in situ scapulae by use of effective segmentation.
On the design of the cracked sandwich beam (CSB) specimen

A design analysis of the cracked sandwich beam specimen for bondline shear fracture characterization is presented. The analysis enables selection of the appro priate core thickness, crack length and span length in order to achieve the desired debond ing failure mode prior to core crush or core shear failure.
Phospholipase C-γ1: Regulation of enzyme function and role in growth factor-dependent signal transduction

Abstract Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLC-γ1), a tyrosine kinase substrate, is a multi-domain molecule that modulates the intracellular levels of the second messenger molecules: Ca 2+ and diacylglycerol. Although a wide variety of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases phosphorylate and activate PLC-γl, the biological role and necessity of this signal transduction element in mitogenesis has remained unclear. Recent results, however, point to a more essential role than was suggested by initial studies. Also, biochemical studies have indicated a putative means for the intramolecular repression of PLC-γ1 activity and provide a means for interpreting activation signals through a derepression mechanism.
Stability of Si3N4 and Liquid Phase(s) During Sintering

Advanced sintering techniques for consolidation of Si3N4 powders in the presence of an oxygen-rich liquid phase(s) require high temperatures and usually high nitrogen pressures. A stability diagram is constructed for Si3N4 as a function of the partial pressures of nitrogen (PN2) and silicon (PSi). High PN2 (20 to 100 atm) increases the stability of Si3N4 and the oxygen-rich liquid phase by reducing the PSi and PSi0, respectively. The region of high sinterability is outlined for submicrometer Si3N4 powders containing 7 wt% BeSiN2 and 7 wt% SiO2 as densification aids.
The relationship between histone and DNA synthesis in HeLa cells.

Abstract The relationship between histone and DNA synthesis in HeLa cells has been investigated. Radioactive amino acids were incorporated in histones using synchronized as well as logarithmic cultures treated with inhibitors of the DNA synthesis. It is demonstrated that only a part of the synthesis of all histone fractions in HeLa cells is dependent on concurrent DNA synthesis, whereas all histones are synthesized in varying degrees even in the absence of DNA synthesis, i.e. during the G1 phase. Different histone fractions of HeLa cells show differences in their degree of dependence on DNA synthesis. On the basis of previously published studies of other organisms, we suggest that the relationship between the synthesis of histones and DNA may be governed by different mechanisms in cells belonging to different physiological and developmental stages.
Ontogenetic and phylogenetic shifts in the cognitive representation of the conditioned response.

The retention of the conditioned response was tested in a retroactive interference paradigm using subjects from kindergarten, Grades 3 and 6, and college. The conditioned stimuli (CS) were either a tone or light, and the unconditioned stimuli (US) were vibratory tactual stimulations delivered to either the right or left index finger which produced a withdrawal response. Original AB learning consisted of pairing one of the CSs with one of the USs (e.g., tone-left). Interpolated CD learning consisted of pairing the other CS with the other US (e.g., light-right). When the first stimulus was presented alone to test for retroactive interference, the college students gave the response associated with it during original learning, the B response, but the kindergartners and third graders gave the D response, which was never associated with the CS during training. A second experiment used avoidance conditioning instructions and replicated these results while including rest-control and AD groups. These data suggest that what is learned by children in simple conditioning paradigms is different than what is learned by adults in the same paradigms. The results are discussed in terms of the following two hypotheses: (a) Russian theories of conditioning and extensions of Tighe and Tighe's and Kendler's theories of the development of perception and discrimination learning in children, and (b) theories of development of separability in perceptual development.
Strategic problem solving in the new millennium.

ABSTRACT Diagnosing problems, such as those related to failing equipment, lack of supplies, or scheduling disputes, and finding immediate and effective solutions can pose a challenge to perioperative nurses. Solving these problems can be accomplished, however, without excessive paperwork and cumbersome protocols. The problem tracking system is a standardized problem-solving method that creates a continuous cycle of documentation, feedback, action, and assessment, thus establishing an interdependence between problem identification, solution, and evaluation. In this system, all participants have a vested interest in ensuring successful outcomes, valuable internal resources are optimized, and measurable results are demonstrated. AORN J 70 (Dec 1999) 1035–1044.
Teaching Ophthalmology to Primary Care Physicians

The evolution of our health care system toward managed care has placed primary care "gatekeeper" physicians in a position where they must examine and treat patients with diseases that are ordinarily treated by medical and surgical subspecialists. Many of these physicians may be poorly prepared to accept this new responsibility. The Association of Univesity Professors of Ophthalmology (AUPO) has published a Policy Statement on Medical Student Education that suggests the minimum level of competence expected of general physicians when dealing with ophthalmologic problems. A recent survey of directors of residency programs in family practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics revealed that the training of primary care physicians (as opposed to academicians or subspecialists) has become a nearly universal programmatic goal. Most program directs believe that less than half of their residents meet the AUPO standard at the completion of medical school, and a significant minority do not meet the AUPO standard at the completion of their residency. An overwhelming majority of program directors believe that additional training in ophthalmology and other subspecialties should be incorporated into the training programs of primary care physicians. Ophthalmologists and other subspecialists should develop programs at the medical student level directed toward the education of primary care physicians, and should participate in the training of primary care physicians, as well as their own subspecialty residents. In the future, the primary care physician must be considered part of the "eye care team." Enhancing the ophthalmologic education of primary care physicians is in the best interest of quality patient care.
Applying the Interaction Design Process to Mission Planning: Using Team MATE Platform:

The Army is in need of a system that affords leaders flexible mission planning. Currently, the Army uses a sandtable to plan and brief missions to unit subordinates. A sandtable is a representation of the mission area using the earth, sticks, rocks and anything else available. Team Mission Assistant-Tactical/Exercise (TeamMATE) was created to allow leaders to plan, rehearse, execute, and have an after action review on an electronic platform. This in turn would support efficient planning and review of a mission on all levels of the leader and subordinate chain-of-command. Through the design process of conceptualizing the design space, prototyping, and empirical data gathering we were able to provide design solutions to better support the end users of TeamMATE. Design approaches and limitations will be discussed throughout the paper.
Baseline Correction Method Using an Orthogonal Basis for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data

A baseline correction method that uses basis set projection to estimate spectral backgrounds has been developed and applied to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data. An orthogonal basis was constructed using singular value decomposition (SVD) for each GC/MS two-way data object from a set of baseline mass spectra. A novel aspect of this baseline correction method is the regularization parameter that prevents overfitting that may produce negative peaks in the corrected mass spectra or ion chromatograms. The number of components in the basis, the regularization parameter, and the mass spectral range from which the spectra were sampled to construct the basis were optimized so that the projected difference resolution (PDR) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was maximized. PDR is a metric similar to chromatographic resolution that indicates the separation of classes in a multivariate data space. This new baseline correction method was evaluated with two synthetic data sets and a real GC/MS data set. The...
The value of perioperative imaging in patients with uterine sarcomas.

Objective To explore the yield and impact of perioperative imaging on management among patients undergoing surgical resection and treatment of uterine sarcomas.
Thinking About the Political Impacts of the Electoral College

After most U.S. presidential elections there are calls for passage of a constitutional amendment to modify the state-wide winner-take-all feature of the Electoral College currently found in all but two states,1 The two most frequent proposals are (1) to replace the Electoral College with direct popular elections,2 and (2) to have electoral college seats allocated at the level of House districts, with a two seat bonus to the state-wide winner – the rule now in place in Nebraska in Maine.3 Those who wish to eliminate or substantially modify the Electoral College, usually begin by noting that the original justification for its existence, the designation of sets of knowledgeable individuals who will meet in isolation in their respective states to deliberate and to make informed choices, has zero relevance to the modern world. Opponents also commonly point to two key problems: (a) the failure of the Electoral College to satisfy the “one person, one vote” standard because of its overweighting of the seat shares of the smaller states,4 and (b) the potential for the winner of the Electoral College majority to be a popular vote loser. In addition, and relatedly, (c) it has been argued that one party may develop a “built-in” advantage in the Electoral College if its strength comes disproportionately from the smaller states.5 A further pair of increasingly heard interlinked arguments against the Electoral College are that (d) the Electoral College focuses candidate attention only on the relative handful of potentially competitive states, leaving much of the country barely aware that a presidential election is going on, and thus reducing overall incentives for turnout, and (e) that it unduly raises the importance of issues that are of concern to voters in the competitive states relative to the issues of concern to voters whose states are not “in play.” A sixth argument against the present Electoral College arrangements is that (f) since we might expect that the outcome in the most competitive state(s) will be more competitive than the national popular vote outcome, and since the outcome of a close
NMR linewidths of spin-1/2 nuclei coupled to higher order spins

Abstract Multiplet linewidth variations arising from various time-dependent spin interactions for a dipolar spin ( I = 1 2 ) coupled to a multipolar spin ( S> 1 2 ) are considered in detail. This treatment includes linewidth contributions due to quadrupolar, dipolar, shift anisotropy, and random field interactions. It is demonstrated that each interaction and interference provides a unique linewidth signature across the dipolar spin multiplet.
Intergenerational Support of Chinese Rural Elders With Migrant Children: Do Sons' or Daughters' Migrations Make a Difference?

This article investigates how the out-migration of adult children affects monetary, instrumental, and emotional support of Chinese rural elders over a 5-year interval, and whether the gender of migrant children makes a difference in such relationships. With a sample of 1,006 older parents (60+) in rural Anhui province, the result of hierarchical regression analyses showed that support from adult children was mainly needs based. Declining income of older parents related to increased monetary support. Experiencing widowhood and difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living was associated with higher probability of receiving instrumental support. Beyond expanding parental needs, only the out-migration of sons led to more monetary and emotional support among elders over time. Implications for policy, social work practice, and future research are discussed.
Teaching and generalization of instruction-following in an “autistic” child

Abstract A 4-yr-old boy, diagnosed as “autistic”, very seldom followed instructions. A program, utilizing operant reinforcement procedures designed to increase instruction-following, succeeded dramatically and the behavior generalized across people and novel instructions, and persisted when the primary treatment intervention was withdrawn.
Quasi-Bayes averaging of stochastic approximation estimators

This paper describes a method for enhancing the performance of stochastic approximation (s.a.) techniques and for preventing convergence to a local maximum other than the global maximum of the underlying regression function. The strategy involves computing several s.a. estimators all using the same observations but differing in their starting points. The s.a. estimators are then averaged in such a way that the weighting coefficients of all the s.a. estimators except the one closest (according to a criterion) to the true parameter diminish to zero at a rate that is asymptotically faster than the convergence rates of the s.a. estimators. In effect, the averaging “singles out” the s.a. estimator closest to the true parameter. The approach is discussed in terms of two different regression functions, and computer-simulation results are included. Because the approach is motivated by the Bayes solution, the resulting estimator is called the “ quasi-Bayes ” estimator .
Comparison of loline alkaloid gene clusters across fungal endophytes: predicting the co-regulatory sequence motifs and the evolutionary history.

LOL, a fungal secondary metabolite gene cluster found in Epichloe and Neotyphodium species, is responsible for production of insecticidal loline alkaloids. To analyze the genetic architecture and to predict the evolutionary history of LOL, we compared five clusters from four fungal species (single clusters from Epichloe festucae, Neotyphodium sp. PauTG-1, Neotyphodium coenophialum, and two clusters we previously characterized in Neotyphodium uncinatum). Using PhyloCon to compare putative lol gene promoter regions, we have identified four motifs conserved across the lol genes in all five clusters. Each motif has significant similarity to known fungal transcription factor binding sites in the TRANSFAC database. Conservation of these motifs is further support for the hypothesis that the lol genes are co-regulated. Interestingly, the history of asexual Neotyphodium spp. includes multiple interspecific hybridization events. Comparing clusters from three Neotyphodium species and E. festucae allowed us to determine which Epichloe ancestors are the most likely contributors of LOL in these asexual species. For example, while no present day Epichloe typhina isolates are known to produce lolines, our data support the hypothesis that the E. typhina ancestor(s) of three asexual endophyte species contained a LOL gene cluster. Thus, these data support a model of evolution in which the polymorphism in loline alkaloid production phenotypes among endophyte species is likely due to the loss of the trait over time.
Strain Dependence of the Minority Carrier Mobility in p-type Germanium

The strain dependence of the minority carrier drift mobility in uniaxially compressed bars of $p$-type germanium has been determined at constant temperatures between 77 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The minority carrier mobility was measured by performing a series of Haynes-Shockley drift-mobility experiments in which both the applied stress and the electron drift path were along a $〈111〉$ crystal direction. The observed variation in electron mobility versus strain is compared with theoretical estimates based on a strain-induced population transfer in the conduction band. This comparison yields a value for the shear deformation-potential constant ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{u}=16.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ eV. The scattering anisotropy ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ has also been determined from the saturated mobility values. The presence of Coulomb-type scattering, as manifested by an increase in ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, is noticeable at lower temperatures. However, values for ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ found for minority electrons in $p$-type material are not significantly different from those obtained from saturated piezoresistance measurements using $n$-type samples having the same net impurity content.
The nature and frequency of social interactions among free-living prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Hypotheses relating the behavior of voles to their population cycles often assume that the rate of social interaction increases with population density. To test this assumption, we examined the frequency of social interactions in a population of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) over a 7-year period. In addition, we characterized space use by resident animals, patterns of visitation by nonresidents to nests, and participants in social interactions. Social groups within the population typically displayed little overlap in their use of space, even at high population densities. Nevertheless, nonresidents, particularly wandering males, were captured as visitors at nests. The number of visits per social group did not increase in a simple linear manner with population density and was particularly variable when there were fewer than 100 animals/ha. At such times, more single females and fewer pairs received visits from males than expected based on the frequency of occurrence of these groups in the population; a similar pattern was noted during periods of high population density (≥100 animals/ha) but the comparisons failed to reach statistical significance. Furthermore, at high population density, more communal groups received visits from females than expected. Patterns of visitation to communal groups were influenced by the number of adult male residents (winter only), but not by the number of adult female residents or presence of philopatric female offspring. These data indicate that the frequency of social contact in prairie voles does not increase linearly with population density and is influenced by the spacing and possible mate-guarding behavior of resident animals.
Aggregation of Purified Tobacco Mosaic Virus

THE point of view has been advanced by Bawden and Pirie1 that purified tobacco mosaic virus consists of stable aggregates of many smaller units present in the infectious tissue extracts. Such aggregation has been stated to take place after purification by chemical means or after high-speed centrifugation, and to result in a decrease in specific activity, in an increase in stream double refraction, and in an inability of the purified virus to pass ultra-filters which readily permit of the passage of crude virus. Similar conclusions have been drawn for purified latent mosaic virus1. It was early recognized that prolonged chemical treatment of tobacco mosaic virus with salts at room temperature resulted in a decrease in specific activity2. Later, other evidence was secured indicating that aggregation of virus occurred as a result of such treatment ; hence there is complete agreement that the rather drastic chemical procedures used by Stanley3 and by Bawden and Pirie1 and others for the purification of tobacco and latent mosaic viruses and their strains resulted in aggregation.
Olivier Messiaen: A Research and Information Guide. (Routledge Music Bibliographies)

Vincent P. Benitez (2008). New York: Routledge. 334 pp., $95.00. ISBN 0‐203‐93558‐6, ISBN 13 978‐0‐203‐93558‐3 (e‐book), ISBN 0‐415‐97372‐4, ISBN‐13 978‐0‐415‐97372‐4 (hardcover). December 2008 mar...
Invasive sweetclover (Melilotus alba) impacts native seedling recruitment along floodplains of interior Alaska

Sweetclover (Melilotus alba) is a non-native legume that has formed dense and extensive patches along several rivers in Alaska. Our research objective was to determine if sweetclover impacts recruitment of native seedlings in floodplain habitats. To determine if sweetclover impacted recruitment, we conducted a removal experiment along two rivers in interior Alaska. When compared to areas where sweetclover was removed, areas with sweetclover had approximately 50% greater mortality of native seedlings, 25% less recruiting species, and a significant reduction in the quantity of light available to seedlings on floodplain surfaces. To determine if sweetclover shading was a mechanism that limited seedling recruitment, we grew eight common early-successional floodplain plant species in a greenhouse under a range of lighting conditions that were representative of shading under sweetclover. We observed that species restricted to the earliest seral stages of floodplain succession experienced greater reductions in biomass than species that persist into later stages of floodplain succession. Shading seedlings in a greenhouse did not lead to mortality during the growing season. However, when seedlings were over-wintered, we observed that greater shading during the growing season can result in higher seedling mortality. Our study indicates sweetclover invasions have created a novel shade environment in early seral floodplain plant communities, which has the potential to alter community composition. To preserve biodiversity and structure of plant communities, sweetclover should be actively managed to prevent its spread onto additional glacial rivers in Alaska.
On alienation 1

A definition of ‘alienation’ is proposed which is a rational reconstruction of the term as it is used in primarily moral contexts. Special attention is given to the Marxist tradition. It is argued that the earliest, moral form of Marx's economic determinism can be expressed in terms of the principle of the sufficiency of unalienated labor. In this connection four main kinds of alienation are distinguished. In the final section, it is argued that while ‘alienation’ has and should have an important theoretical role in the context of moral discourse, social scientists, and in particular sociologists, would be better off if they eliminated ‘alienation’ from their scientific vocabulary.
Improved performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/zinc oxide hybrid photovoltaics modified with interfacial nanocrystalline cadmium sulfide

To improve zinc oxide/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (ZnO/P3HT) hybrid solar cell performance, we introduce a nanocrystalline cadmium sulfide (CdS) film at the ZnO/P3HT heterojunction, creating a cascading energy band structure. Current-voltage characteristics under AM1.5 illumination show that, compared to unmodified ZnO/P3HT devices, CdS modification leads to an approximate doubling of the open-circuit voltage and a mild increase in fill factor, without sacrificing any short-circuit current. These characteristics double the power conversion efficiency for devices with an interfacial CdS layer. External quantum efficiency spectra reveal definite photocurrent contributions from the CdS layer, confirming the cascading band structure. The mechanisms behind open-circuit voltage increase are discussed.
UNIFIED APPROACH FOR NOISY NONLINEAR MATHIEU-TYPE SYSTEMS

The purpose of this work is to develop a unified approach to study the dynamics of a single-degree-of-freedom system excited by both periodic and random perturbations. As a prototype, we consider the noisy Duffing–van der Pol–Mathieu equation and achieve a reduction by developing rigorous methods to replace, in a limiting regime, the original complicated system by a simpler, constructive, and rational approximation — a lower-dimensional model of the dynamical system. To this end, we study the equations as a random perturbation of a two-dimensional weakly dissipative time-periodic Hamiltonian system. We achieve the model-reduction through stochastic averaging and the reduced Markov process takes its values on a graph with certain glueing conditions at the vertex of the graph. Examination of the reduced Markov process on the graph yields many important results, namely, mean exit times, probability density functions, and stochastic bifurcations.
Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin at 2.6 A resolution from MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein.

Abstract Background Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone that stimulates secretion of the pregnancy-sustaining steroid progesterone. It is a member of a family of glycoprotein hormones that are disulfide-rich heterodimers, with a common α - chain and distinctive β -chains specific to their particular G- protein linked receptors. Results We have produced recombinant hCG in mammalian cells as the selenomethionyl protein, and have determined its structure (after partial deglycosylation) at 2.6 a resolution from multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) measurements. Despite only limited sequence similarity (10 % identity), the α - and β -subunits of hCG have similar tertiary folds. Each subunit has a cystine-knot motif at its core of extended hairpin loops. There is a very extensive subunit interface featuring two inter-chain β -sheets and a unique, disulfide-tethered ‘arm' from the β -subunit which ‘embraces' the α - subunit. The carboxy-terminal peptide of the β -subunit, which is rich in O-linked sugars, is disordered. Conclusions Structural and sequence comparisons indicate an evolutionary homology, albeit remote, between the glycoprotein hormone chains and other cystine-knot proteins, notably platelet-derived growth factor. Segments of the α - and β -chains that have been convincingly implicated in receptor binding by hCG are juxtaposed on one side of the molecule. A glycosylation site implicated in signal transduction but not in binding is also close to the presumed binding site suggesting a possible coupling between ligand binding and signaling. This study with selenomethionyl protein produced in mammalian cells extends the realm of MAD phasing.
Network theory: The regularities of facts

Carl Bergstrom assesses the power of scientometrics in predicting the shifts and shelf-life of knowledge.
A device permitting simultaneous recording of EEG activity and operant behavior in cats using an easily learned response

Abstract Cats are difficult to train in an operant situation using a standard bar-press or key-press. They can easily learn a licking response for food reinforcement. However, to record licks as the response measure, using available devices, involves having the animal in the electronic circuit. This produces artifacts in brain recordings and prevents the simultaneous monitoring of behavior and electrical activity of the brain. A device is described which does permit simultaneous recording of brain activity and behavior, using a response which is learned by cats.
Identifying a reordering of rows and columns for multiple proximity matrices using multiobjective programming

This paper is concerned with a problem where K (n × n) proximity matrices are available for a set of n objects. The goal is to identify a single permutation of the n objects that provides an adequate structural fit, as measured by an appropriate index, for each of the K matrices. A multiobjective programming approach for this problem, which seeks to optimize a weighted function of the K indices, is proposed, and illustrative examples are provided using a set of proximity matrices from the psychological literature. These examples show that, by solving the multiobjective programming model under different weighting schemes, the quantitative analyst can uncover information about the relationships among the matrices and often identify one or more permutations that provide good to excellent index values for all matrices.
Relabeling and Reframing Reconsidered: The Beneficial Effects of a Pathological Label

Traditional labeling theory usually contends that pathological labels contribute to pathology and benign labels help alleviate it. However, it is likely that the role of pathological labels as the cause of pathology has been overstated and overgeneralized. Family therapists have probably overused the practice of substituting a benign label for a pathological label--relabeling. In fact, there are many families in which a pathological label applied to one family member may have beneficial impact on the family system, including that member. Five such cases are presented, and labeling theory is reviewed. Definitions of the terms reframing and relabeling are suggested, and the differing implications of diagnosis and labeling theory are discussed.
NEWBORN CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSES TO HYPERCAPNIA FOLLOWING PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) AND PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) INHIBITION. † 1424

NEWBORN CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSES TO HYPERCAPNIA FOLLOWING PROTEIN KINASE C (PKC) AND PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) INHIBITION. † 1424
Secretory modulation of basolateral membrane inwardly rectified K(+) channel in guinea pig distal colonic crypts.

Cell-attached recordings revealed K+ channel activity in basolateral membranes of guinea pig distal colonic crypts. Inwardly rectified currents were apparent with a pipette solution containing 140 ...
Diphenyl dithioacetals of d-ribose, d-xylose, and d- and l-arabinose. Conformational studies and formation of a ketene diphenyl dithioacetal

Abstract d -Ribose, d -xylose, d -arabinose, and l -arabinose have been converted in good yield into their respective diphenyl dithoacetals, 1, 5, 8, and 3. The tetraacetate 4 of 3 adopts a planar, zigzag conformation in chloroform solution, but the d -xylo analog 6 and d -ribo analog 2 adopt conformations that have no parallel 1,3-interactions of acetoxyl groups. A crystalline diisopropylidene acetal 7 was obtained from 1. On treatment with a strong base, the corresponding acetal 9 from the d -arabino derivative 8 underwent elimination of acetone to give the ketene diphenyl dithioacetal 10, characterized as its crytalline 3-p-nitrobenzoate 11 and its remarkably stable 3-methyl ether 12.
Mulching effects on soil physical quality of an alfisol in western Nigeria

Degradation of soil physical quality, following deforestation and cultivation, is a major soil-related constraint to an intensive use of soil for crop production in subhumid regions of subSaharan Africa. Use of crop residue mulch is an important strategy to minimize the risks of soil degradation. Therefore, a three-year experiment was conducted to study the effects of five rates of mulch application (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Mg ha−1 season−1) on soil physical properties and growth and yield of maize (Zea mays). Mulch rate of rice straw significantly increased maize grain and stover yields during the first season, and the stover yield during the second season. In comparison with the control, the grain yield increased by 20 per cent at 2 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate and by 33 per cent at 8 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate. The rate of increase was 0·16 Mg ha−1 for grain yield and 0·38 Mg ha−1 for stover yield for every Mg of mulch applied. The increase in stover yield during the second season was 67 per cent for 8 Mg ha−1 mulch rate compared with the unmulched control. Effects of mulch rate on soil physical properties were confined mostly to the surface 0–5 cm depth. For this depth, mulching decreased bulk density from 1·17 Mg m−3 for control to 0·98 Mg m−3, and penetration resistance from 1·54 kg cm−2 to 1·07 kg cm−2 for 8 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate. Application of mulch up to 16 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for three consecutive years had no effect on soil physical properties below 5 cm depth. Experiments were probably not conducted for a long enough period. For mulch farming to be adopted by farmers of West Africa, it must be an integral part of the improved farming system. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic Morphine Alters the Presynaptic Protein Profile: Identification of Novel Molecular Targets Using Proteomics and Network Analysis

Opiates produce significant and persistent changes in synaptic transmission; knowledge of the proteins involved in these changes may help to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying opiate dependence. Using an integrated quantitative proteomics and systems biology approach, we explored changes in the presynaptic protein profile following a paradigm of chronic morphine administration that leads to the development of dependence. For this, we isolated presynaptic fractions from the striata of rats treated with saline or escalating doses of morphine, and analyzed the proteins in these fractions using differential isotopic labeling. We identified 30 proteins that were significantly altered by morphine and integrated them into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network representing potential morphine-regulated protein complexes. Graph theory-based analysis of this network revealed clusters of densely connected and functionally related morphine-regulated clusters of proteins. One of the clusters contained molecular chaperones thought to be involved in regulation of neurotransmission. Within this cluster, cysteine-string protein (CSP) and the heat shock protein Hsc70 were downregulated by morphine. Interestingly, Hsp90, a heat shock protein that normally interacts with CSP and Hsc70, was upregulated by morphine. Moreover, treatment with the selective Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin, decreased the somatic signs of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, suggesting that Hsp90 upregulation at the presynapse plays a role in the expression of morphine dependence. Thus, integration of proteomics, network analysis, and behavioral studies has provided a greater understanding of morphine-induced alterations in synaptic composition, and identified a potential novel therapeutic target for opiate dependence.
Advanced Information Delivery System for the Abraham Lincoln Writings

This work presents a virtual observatory of the Abraham Lincoln writings. Many of the Lincoln correspondence papers and legal documents have been digitized, pre-processed and annotated for public viewing. However, there are challenges in delivering the information to the general public due to the large number of documents, very large volume of digital files, lack of metadata, heterogeneous pieces of information and need for services such as searching and transcription. We have prototyped an advanced information system that delivers Lincoln writings together with historical maps, contemporary Google maps, and Lincoln Log metadata, and other types of information to provide a multi-dimensional view of Lincoln's life. The novelty of our work is in designing the system that provides such a unique multi-dimensional view of Lincoln's life by combining technologies needed for building virtual observatories.
Inkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning

Abstract The adaptation of inkjet printing technology to the complex fields of tissue engineering and biomaterial development presents the potential to increase progress in these emerging technologies through the implementation of this high-throughput capability via automated processes to enable precise control and repeatability. In this paper, a method of applying high-throughput inkjet printing to control cellular attachment and proliferation by precise, automated deposition of collagen is presented. The results indicate that commercial inkjet printing technology can be used to create viable cellular patterns with a resolution of 350 μm through the deposition of biologically active proteins. This method demonstrates a combination of off-the-shelf inkjet printing and biomaterials and has potential to be adapted to tissue engineering and colony patterning applications. Adapting this method into the three-dimensional construction of cellular structures for eventual high-throughput tissue engineering using a bottom-up approach is possible.
A high accuracy, low-latency, scalable microphone-array system for conversation analysis

Understanding and facilitating real-life social interaction is a high-impact goal for Ubicomp research. Microphone arrays offer the unique capability to provide continuous, calm capture of verbal interaction in large physical spaces, such as homes and (especially open-plan) offices. Most microphone array work has focused on arrays of custom sensors in small spaces, and a few recent works have tested small arrays of commodity sensors in single rooms. This paper describes the first working scalable and cost-effective array that offers high-precision localization of conversational speech, and hence enables ongoing studies of verbal interactions in large semi-structured spaces. This work represents significant improvements over prior work in three dimensions -- cost, scale and accuracy. It also achieves high throughput for real-time updates of tens of active sources using off-the-shelf components. We describe the system design, key localization algorithms, and a systematic performance evaluation. We then show how source location data can be usefully aggregated to reveal interesting patterns in group conversations, such as dominance and engagement.
Prognostic significance of the regional lymph node histology in cancer of the breast.

Histologic material from 277 cases of breast carcinoma was studied with particular emphasis on the morphology of the regional lymph nodes. Five-year survival data were available in all cases, and 10-year survival data in 158 cases. As described in a previous study, the regional lymph nodes were classified in four histologic patterns designated “lymphocyte predominance,” “germinal center predominance,” “lymphocyte depletion,” and “unstimulated.” Correlation of the histologic pattern with the survival data demonstrated that lymphocyte predominance was common in cases with high survival rate, lymphocyte depletion was common in cases with low survival rate, and germinal center and unstimulated pattern had an intermediate prognosis. The relationship of these patterns to immune responses and cancer prognosis is discussed.
The outer needle of some Bayes sequential continuation regions

SUMMARY This paper explores analytically the outer portion of the Bayes continuation region in sequential sampling problems for the Bernoulli process with a beta distribution on the parameter p and for the Poisson process with a scaled gamma distribution on the parameter A. We assume that there are two actions, that the cost per Bernoulli trial or per unit time of Poisson observation is constant, and that utility is suitably linear. Our concern is with continuation points which cannot be reached from any continuation point corresponding to a smaller number of Bernoulli successes or Poisson occurrences. These points form an inaccessible region which need not be considered in calculating the rest of the continuation region. In length this region is approximately 50-63 % of the whole continuation region when the sampling cost is small, 63 % in the Poisson case. We also give computable nearly tight bounds on the inner end of the region, which may be used to start backward induction to obtain the rest of the continuation region. These results follow from more detailed results concerning the outer portion of continuation region. 1. OUTLINE The Bernoulli process is discussed first. In ? 2, we state in detail the problem considered and the results obtained for this process. The proofs are given in ? 3. The Poisson process is discussed in ? 4. ? 5 contains remarks on various matters including further improvement of the bounds and different kinds of inaccessible regions. A very few directly relevant references are given in ?? 2 and 4, but well known facts about the general framework are stated without reference to the literature.
The Risks and Rights of Sexualization: An Appreciative Commentary on Lerum and Dworkin's “Bad Girls Rule”

This commentary wholeheartedly supports the critical observations by Kari Lerum and Shari L. Dworkin in this issue of the Journal of Sex Research with regard to the 2007 Report of the APA (American Psychological Association) Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. The APA task force makes an overwhelmingly strong point for the dangers of the sexualization of women and girls and the self-objectification connected to it. However, their discussion of the evidence is noteworthy for being one-sided, generalizing, and negatively toned. Among the arguments presented in this commentary are notions about the rather diverse and often ambiguous nature of sexualized imagery and about the all too often ignored complexity of its presumed “effects.” In addition, the issue of female sexual power and the case of sex workers are discussed. When sexualization is defined as only negative, both sex worker's rights and, more generally, women's rights to be sexual, get into a tight corner. The main contention is that sexualiz...
Measurement of interfacial distortions at a stratified entrainment interface

A laser beam scanning technique was used to measure the rms amplitude δ of the largest wave (interfacial distortion) that is present at the entrainment interface of a stratified fluid. Both linearly-stratified and two-layer fluid systems, subjected to entrainment by oscillating-grid induced shear-free turbulence, are considered. The measurements were found to be in general agreement with a theory due to Long (1978), which predicts δ/D e ∼ Ri −3/4 , where D e is the mean thickness of the mixed layer and Ri is the appropriately defined bulk Richardson number at the interface.
Butyrylcholinesterase reactivity differentiates the amyloid plaques of aging from those of dementia

In a sample of consecutively received, 4 demented and 4 age-matched nondemented brains, the total cortical area covered by plaque-like A beta amyloid and butyrylcholinesterase deposits was measured at two regions of the temporal cortex with the help of computed densitometry. Demented as well as age-matched nondemented brains contained A beta and butyrylcholinesterase-positive plaques. The total cortical area covered by the A beta precipitates was higher in demented individuals but there was overlap with the values seen in the specimens from nondemented individuals. The proportional plaque area displaying butyrylcholinesterase reactivity was very significantly and five fold to sixfold higher in the demented than in the nondemented group and there was no overlap between the two populations. Diffuse A beta deposits in nondemented elderly brains may represent a benign or preclinical stage of plaque deposition with relatively little pathological effect on brain tissue and mental function. Our results suggest that the progressively more extensive butyrylcholinesterase reactivity of plaques may participate in their transformation from a relatively benign form to pathogenic structures associated with neuritic degeneration and dementia.
Local mode energy transfer: Ebb and flow

The dynamics of energy transfer for local anharmonic bonds is discussed. For a model of H2O it is shown that energy in a single OH bond at high levels of excitation remains in that bond, that is, the OH bond is a local mode. At moderate to low levels of excitation, energy is increasingly exchanged between the two OH bonds to form (anharmonic) normal modes. An analytic model is described that gives the extent and rates of bond energy transfer. Quantization of this model yields accurate splittings in the H2O model's overtone-combination spectrum and their interpretation. In addition, computer results are described for the energy transfer from a vibrationally excited CH bond into an attached harmonic chain of C atoms. Possible explanations of the observed behavior are offered.