cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The low temperature electrical resistivity of lattice defects in deformed tungsten single crystals

Abstract The generation of vacancies and dislocations during plastic deformation of tungsten single crystals has been studied using electrical resistivity measurements at low temperatures. An etch pit technique has been used to determine the dislocation density ND as a function of strain. The dislocation resistivity at low temperatures is found to obey the following relation: δ ρD δN D = 6.7 × 10 −11 μΩ- cm 3 The density of dislocations produced has been found to be proportional to ϵ1.3 and also to the work done per unit volume in deforming the crystal where σT and σT are the true stress and true strain respectively. The vacancy resistivity has been found to vary as ϵ0.9 for strains of less than 2 percent and as ϵ1.9 between 2 and 8 percent. At higher strains the vacancy resistivity increases less strongly with increasing strain. The vacancy resistivity, and hence the vacancy concentration variation with strain, is consistent with both the moving jog and dislocation dipole recombination mechanisms of vacancy production if one considers the energy balance, fixed barrier, and growing barrier models. The temperature variation of the ideal resistivity of a typical unstrained crystal is in agreement with Berthel who reports a T5 dependence for tungsten.
Ovulation induction and pregnancy with an estrogen-gonadotropin stimulation technique in a menopausal woman with marked hypoplastic ovaries.

Summary A case is described of a woman with ovarian failure and documented atrophic ovaries in whom ovulation was achieved with the use of high-dose estrogen and human menopausal gonadotropins. The proposed mechanism involves a reduction in the elevated gonadotropins, which restored an adequate number of receptors. Thus sensitivity to exogenous menotropins was reestablished. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:405-6.)
Tourist information search

Abstract Is it appropriate to segment the leisure tourism market on the basis of consumer information search behaviors? The present study examines this question by contrasting two approaches to segmenting this market: post hoc and a priori . Using behavioral data collected in a survey of 585 auto travelers to Florida, analyses demonstrated that information search behavior is meaningfully related to systematic tourism behavior; information search and tourism context are the result of a number of situational, tourist, and marketplace contingencies; information search is associated with managerially-relevant tourism outcomes; and an a priori operationalization of information search is a more appropriate approach to segmentation on a number of criteria.
Nitric oxide delta band emission in the earth's atmosphere - Comparison of a measurement and a theory

Attention is given to the altitude dependent emission rate in the delta-bands of nitric oxide as measured in the earth's atmosphere at night by a scanning ultraviolet spectrometer. It is noted that the reaction responsible is the two-body association of nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The measurements show a vertical intensity beneath the layer for the delta-band system of 19 R. The horizontal emission rate is found to increase from 70 R at 117 km to 140 R at 150 km. The data are analyzed with a one-dimensional, time-dependent, vertical-transport model of odd nitrogen photochemistry. The calculated and measured intensities agree so long as the quenching of N(2D) by atomic oxygen is near 5 x 10 to the -13 cu cm/sec.
On the harmfulness of secondary game objectives

Secondary game objectives, optional challenges that players can choose to pursue or ignore, are a fundamental element of game design. Still, little is known about how secondary objectives affect player behavior. It is commonly believed that secondary objectives such as coins or collectible items can increase a game's flexibility, replayability, and depth. In contrast, we present results from analysis of two popular online Flash games showing that secondary objectives can easily harm the retention of many players. We support our findings with data collected from over 27,000 players through large-scale A/B tests in which we measured play time, progress, and return rate. We show that while secondary objectives can encourage long-term players to extend their playtime, they can also cause many players to play for less time. By modifying secondary objectives so that they reinforce the primary goal of the game instead of distracting from it, we are able to avoid negative consequences and still maintain the retention of long-term players. Our results suggest that secondary objectives that support the primary goal of the game are consistently useful, while secondary objectives that do not support the main goal require extensive testing to avoid negative consequences.
Paleozoic Seas of Central Idaho

Some recent paleogeographic maps indicate that central Idaho was part of a major geosyncline throughout Paleozoic time. This concept, apparently based on thick marine accumulations far apart on the margins of the region, is inconsistent with field data. Within the area of the Idaho batholith, Permian(?) volcanic rocks rest either on batholithic rocks or on the Belt Series. The Belt Series rocks have furnished the xenoliths in the batholith. To the west upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata are invaded. Along the eastern margin, south of lat. 45°, thick Paleozoic strata are intruded by the batholith. These locally exceed 30,000 feet in thickness and thin eastward. They have many variations. Those close to the batholith, especially those high in the sequence, are regarded as of near-shore origin. The Paleozoic strata in southeastern Idaho, more than 17,000 feet thick, are broadly similar except that Cambrian strata there are thicker and more widespread. The part of central Idaho north of the vicinity of lat. 45° has no known Paleozoic strata. Northern Idaho has only a few outcrops of beds of Cambrian age. The differences in thickness and character between Paleozoic strata in south-central and southeastern Idaho and those in western Montana and Wyoming (less than 7500 feet thick) suggest a hinge line near the eastern boundary between Idaho and Montana with a shelf to the east and a trough to the west. In south-central Idaho this trough had a maximum width of 90 miles and a western shore roughly at the east margin of the batholith. This trough wedged out northward a little beyond lat. 45°. Thus the area of the present Idaho batholith has been a positive block since Precambrian time, comparable to but apparently of longer duration than the geanticline in northern Nevada. Any invasion of the positive block in Idaho by marine waters during the Paleozoic was local and brief, except perhaps along the western border. Uncertain correlations within the area of the batholith leave open the possibility of some deposition there early in Paleozoic time.
Psychobiological Studies of Aggressive Behaviour

Field studies of aggression in primates are only just beginning. Their fruits, however, could have considerable relevance to the human situation*.
Microsatellite marker development for the coastal dune shrub Prunus maritima (Rosaceae).

Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the beach plum, Primus maritima, to investigate the genetic composition of remaining populations in need of conservation and, in future studies, to determine its relation to P. maritima var. gravesii. Methods and Results: Fourteen primer pairs were identified and tested in four populations throughout the species' geographic range. Of these 14 loci, 12 were shown to be polymorphic among a total of 60 P. maritima individuals sampled (15 individuals sampled from four populations). Among the polymorphic loci, the number of alleles ranged from two to 10 and observed heterozygosity of loci ranged from 0.07 to 0.93 among specimens tested. Conclusions: These microsatellites will be useful in evaluating the population genetic composition of P. maritima and in developing approaches for further conservation and management of this species within the endangered coastal dune ecosystem of the northeastern United States.
SNARing platelet granule secretion

In this issue of Blood , Ye et al[1][1] and Al Hawas et al[2][2] clarify the roles of 2 key fusion proteins that regulate the agonist-stimulated release of bioactive factors from platelets, and thereby explain the defective hemostasis in patients with 2 rare genetic diseases. On stimulation at
Introduction to the Symposium: Experimental Approaches to the Analysis of Form and Function

The scienc oef comparative morphologycan trace its origins to the era of descriptivemorphology in biology that began severalcenturies ago Descriptiv. e approachesremain indispensable weapon in thse arse-nal of the present-day morphologist but ,experimental approaches have come to playan increasingly important role a , offeringmeans of answering fundamental questionsconcerning the relation between for anmdfunction tha art e insolubl bey descriptionalone (Homberger 1988 Miille, ; etr ah,1989). Indeed, whil a numbee or f factorscan be offered as contributing to the current"renaissance" in comparative morphology(Gans, 1985; Liem and Wake, 1985; Wake,1982), certainly among the most importantis the increasin usg e o experimentaf lapproaches—brought abou bty both con-ceptual and technical advances—done in thecontext of explicit functiona ol r evolution-ary hypotheses. This wa symposius mdesigned to both highligh ant d evaluate therole that experimental approache ins havemodern analyse osf comparative morphol-ogy.The eleven papers represent four broad,active disciplines ar thae makint g impor-tant contribution to ou knowledgrs oefform-function relations: developmentalmorphology (Miiller, Burke, Jacobson),functional morphology (Carrier, Swartz,Welsford et ai), ecological morphology(Wainwright, James) an,d evolutionarymorphology (Emlet, Block, Lombard).
An analysis strategy for swept solids

Numerous engineering components such as gears, turbine-blades, splined-shafts, and MEMS devices have a common underlying geometric structure in that they may be represented as a sweep of a 2D cross-section along a 3D trajectory. We consider here boundary value problems over such solids and propose an efficient strategy for solving such problems. The proposed strategy avoids the construction of a 3D finite element mesh, and therefore does not require a 3D mesh generator/solver. Instead a 2D mesh of the cross-section is coupled with an implicit 1D ‘hierarchical mesh’ over the trajectory. The latter is symbolically eliminated prior to computational analysis. This, we show, leads to the reduction of 3D scalar boundary value problems to simpler 2D vector problems over the cross-section. The proposed method is particularly well suited for the design exploration of swept solids, where numerous combinations of trajectories and/or cross-sections must be examined. Its computational superiority over extant 3D strategies is established through theory and numerical experiments.
Isolation of a protein subunit from microtubules.

Sea-urchin sperm tails (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) were obtained by amputation in synthetic sea water and were purified by differential centrifugation. Most of the arms of the outer nine doublets and soluble matrix proteins were removed by this treatment. The central pairs of microtubules were dissolved by dialysis against EDTA at pH 7.5. The extract contained essentially a single component, with a sedimentation constant of 6S, in amounts sufficient to account for the protein content of the central pairs. Incubation of the extract with colchicine-3H gave binding levels approaching 0.5–1.0 mole of colchicine per 105 g protein. Sucrose-gradient analysis showed that the bound-radioactivity profile coincided with the optical-density profile of the 6S protein. It is concluded that the 6S colchicine-binding protein is a subunit of microtubules.
WOMEN'S EXCHANGE IN THE U.S. GARAGE SALE Giving Gifts and Creating Community

Transactions in the U.S. garage sale range from the commercial to the giftlike, in a Maussian sense. As two-thirds of the participants, women create a sense of community through garage sale exchange. This article explores how women, partly differentiated along lines of race and class, solidify their personal relationships, transmit something of themselves with their possessions, transform their own lives in the process, and contribute to a broader spirit of community through the generalized reciprocity and even moral economy that manifests in giftlike exchange. There is an important link, both material and symbolic, between women's relational skills, their association with the home and the moral, and the creation of community in the garage sale.
Transmission and recombination of homeologous Solanum sitiens chromosomes in tomato.

The goal of the present experiments was to transfer the chromosomes of Solanum sitiens (syn. Solanum rickii) into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). By crossing an allotetraploid L. esculentum × Solanum sitiens hybrid to sesquidiploid L. esculentum × S. lycopersicoides, a trigenomic hybrid (2n+14=38) was obtained. Analysis of the latter by GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) indicated it contained a full set of 12 S. sitiens chromosomes, plus two extras from S. lycopersicoides. This and other complex hybrids were pollinated with Lycopersicon pennellii-derived bridging lines to overcome unilateral incompatibility. A total of 40 progeny were recovered by embryo rescue, including diploids and aneuploids (up to 2n+8). In order to determine the origin of chromosomes and the location of introgressed segments, progeny were genotyped with RFLP markers. S. sitiens-specific markers on all chromosomes, except 6 and 11, were detected in the progeny. Several S. sitiens chromosomes were transmitted intact, either through chromosome addition (i.e., trisomics) or substitution (i.e., disomics). Recombination between S. sitiens and L. esculentum was detected on most chromosomes, in both diploid and aneuploid progeny. A monosomic alien addition line for S. sitiens chromosome 8 was identified, and the extra chromosome was stably transmitted to approximately 13% of the backcross progeny. This study demonstrates the feasibility of gene transfer from S. sitiens to L. esculentum through chromosome addition, substitution, and recombination in the progeny of complex aneuploid hybrids.
The human auditory system: A timeline of development

This review traces the structural maturation of the human auditory system, and compares the timeline of anatomical development with cotemporaneous physiological and behavioral events. During the embryonic period, there is formation of basic structure at all levels of the system, i.e. the inner ear, the brainstem pathway, and the cortex. The second trimester is a time of rapid growth and development, and by the end of this period, the cochlea has acquired a very adult-like configuration. During the perinatal period, the brainstem reaches a mature state, and brainstem activity is reflected in behavioral responses to sound, including phonetic discrimination, and in evoked brainstem and early middle latency responses. The perinatal period is also the time of peak development of brainstem input to the cortex through the marginal layer, and of the long latency cortical potentials, the N(2) and mismatch negativity. In early childhood, from the sixth post-natal month to age five, there is progressive maturation of the thalamic projections to the cortex and of the longer latency Pa and P(1) evoked potentials. Later childhood, from six to twelve years, is the time of maturation of the superficial cortical layers and their intracortical connections, accompanied by appearance of the N(1) potential and improved linguistic discriminative abilities. Some consideration is given to the potential negative effects of deafness-induced sound deprivation during the perinatal period and childhood.
The influence of dietary levels of vitamin A and fat on colon cancer.

Abstract Rats fed diets high (24%) or low (5%) in fat were given dietary levels of vitamin A (retinyl acetate) ranging from 0.3 to 30 μg/food. The lowest tumor incidence was in the group fed diets ...
Acute alcohol intoxication and endotoxemia desensitize HIV-1 gp120-induced CC-chemokine production by Kupffer cells

Chemokines are involved in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection and in the pathogenesis of tissue injury in a number of conditions, including endotoxemia and alcoholic liver disease. CC chemotactic peptides (MIP-1alpha, MCP-1 and RANTES) are produced by a wide variety of cell types in response to immunological stimuli, bacterial endotoxin and gp120 from HIV-1 and HIV-2. This work tests the hypothesis that prior exposure to endotoxin and/or ethanol in vivo inhibits the production of CC-chemokines following a secondary challenge with HIV-1 gp120 in vitro. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received in intravenous infusion of ethanol to maintain blood ethanol level at 170 mg/dl for 3 hr. Escherichia coli LPS (1 mg/Kg) was given intravenously 5 min after the ethanol bolus was injected. Control groups received similar volumes of saline. Three hr after LPS treatment, Kupffer cells were obtained and treated with HIV-1 gp120 (5 microg/10(6) cells/24 hr). At the end of the incubation period, cells were obtained for RT-PCR analysis of CC-chemokine mRNA expression. Chemokine release in culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. Results show that in vivo ethanol was associated with downregulation of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein release in primary cultures of Kupffer cells. However, ethanol alone primed isolated Kupffer cells for enhanced RANTES mRNA and protein release in the presence or absence of HIV-1 gp120. These results demonstrate that acute ethanol intoxication and endotoxemia may selectively act as a desensitizing agent in response to a secondary challenge with bacterial or viral products.
The effects on population health status of using dedicated property taxes to fund local public health agencies

In the United States, a dedicated property tax describes the legal authority given to a local jurisdiction to levy and collect a tax for a specific purpose. We investigated for an association of locally dedicated property taxes to fund local public health agencies and improved health status in the eight states designated as the Mississippi Delta Region. We analyzed the difference in health outcomes of counties with and without a dedicated public health tax after adjusting for a set of control variables using regression models for county level data from 720 counties of the Mississippi Delta Region. Levying a dedicated public health tax for counties with per capita income above $28,000 is associated with improved health outcomes of those counties when compared to counties without a dedicated property tax for public health. Alternatively, levying a dedicated property tax in counties with lower per capita income is associated with poor health outcomes. There are both positive and negative consequences of using dedicated property taxes to fund public health. Policymakers should carefully examine both the positive association of improved health outcomes and negative impact of taxation on poor populations before authorizing the use of dedicated local property tax levies to fund public health agencies.
SOME CORTICOLOUS ALGAE OF MCMINN COUNTY, TENNESSEE, U.S.A.1

SUMMARY Eisrhty-one unialgal isolates comprising 10 genera (Chlorophygeae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae) were cultured from samples of tree bark scrapings removed from 5 species of trees on the campus of Tennessee Wesleyan College in Athens, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Permeation of herbicidal dichlobenil from a Casoron formulation through nitrile gloves.

The aim of this study was to measure permeation of the herbicide dichlobenil in Casoron 4G through disposable and chemically protective nitrile gloves using an American Society for Testing and Materials-type permeation cell and a closed-loop system employing two different solvents (hexane and water) and two different challenge situations (aqueous emulsion and solid formulation). Capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used for quantification purposes. The chemically protective glove did not allow any permeation up to 8 h for the solid-formulation and water-collection challenges, but permeation was detected in all other challenges. The disposable glove allowed the most permeation, and the solid-formulation challenge with water collection necessitated that a dichlobenil equivalent be calculated because of the presence of its hydrolysis degradation product 2,6-dichlorobenzamide. Permeation from the solid formulation was detectable by hexane collection for both the disposable and chemically protective gloves and by water collection for the disposable glove. It was concluded that hexane-solvent collection was not valid for the disposable glove at 4 and 8 h of permeation in the solid Casoron challenge or for the aqueous emulsion challenge at 8 h relative to the water-collection solvent data. The hexane-solvent collection for the chemically protective glove was valid for the 8-h solid-formulation challenge but not for the 8-h aqueous-solution challenge. All water-solvent collections were valid; however, dichlobenil usually permeated the gloves.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: The Conservation of Endangered Plants Using Micropropagation

The number of plant species that are endangered is increasing, and their conservation now includes ex situ protocols. For species for which seed banking is not a viable option, the only method available is micropropagation. This method ultimately results in a large number of clones of the original plant material, which can be used to cryopreserve or to reestablish the plant population. Since 1980, about 590 papers have been published on the topic of micropropagation of endangered plants, with a significant portion since 2001. A large number of these papers appear in the two journals published by the Society of In Vitro Biologists, In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology–Plant and In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology–Animal. The author with the largest number of publications is part of the research group at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens, which has had success with the micropropagation of endangered species. Ten monographs, which cover the techniques of micropropagation, are regularly ...
2-20-GHz GaAs Traveling-Wave Amplifier

Single-stage and two-stage GaAs traveling-wave amplifiers operating with flat gain responses in the 2-20-GHz frequency range are described. The circuits are realized in monolithic form on a 0.1-mm GaAs substrate with 50-Omega input and output lines. Complete gate and drain dc bias circuitry is included on the chip. By cascading these amplifier chips, a 30-dB gain in the 2-20-GHz range is demonstrated, with 9+-1dB noise figure.
Sapogenins of Yucca glauca seed pods

Abstract From the fruiting pods of Yucca glauca Nutt. devoid of seeds the following sapogenins have been isolated and identified: neo-tigogenin, hecogenin, gitogenin, manogenin, Δ9-manogenin and sarsasapogenin. A small amount of a material believed to be Δ2-desoxysarsasapogenin was also isolated and is apparently an artifact arising from the hydrolysis and extraction procedure. Manogenin and Δ9-manogenin have not been previously detected in Y. glauca, and Δ9-manogenin has not been reported in any Yucca species.
Functional and biochemical effects on the lung following inhalation of cigarette smoke and constituents. I. High- and low-nicotine cigarettes in mice☆

Abstract Techniques for measuring pulmonary function in mice have been developed. Daily inhalation of cigarette smoke for 5 or 10 wk elicited the following effects: (1) increase in pulmonary compliance; (2) decrease in functional residual capacity; (3) decrease in pulmonary compliance; (4) decrease in tidal volume; (5) no change in phospholipid content of the lung; and (6) increase in wet weight of the lung relative to body weight, which was reduced. The increase in pulmonary resistance and the decrease in functional residual capacity were elicited by nonfiltered smoke as well as by the vapor phase, and their appearance was related to the nicotine content of the cigarettes and the duration of exposure. These results indicate that these two effects are elicited by a combination of the nicotine contained in particulate material and constituents of the vapor phase. The decrease in pulmonary compliance was elicited by inhalation of nonfiltered smoke but not by the vapor phase, indicating that the causative factor is in the particulate matter, probably nicotine, because the appearance of decreased compliance depended on the nicotine content. The decrease in tidal volume as well as the increase in pulmonary resistance, or bronchospasm, occurred more readily in ICR strain mice than in the Swiss strain. Both strains developed tolerance to bronchospasm after 10 wk of exposure. There was no increase in functional residual capacity and, hence, no functional sign of pulmonary emphysema in mice that had been exposed to cigarette smoke for 5 or 10 wk.
Precise multipole magnetization of disc magnet for sensor application

This paper describes the pulse magnetization of an isotropic permanent magnet disc to provide a precise multiple structure with different magnet pole widths. The magnetization problem coupled with the discharge electrical circuit is solved for different cross sections of the magnet located in the magnetizing fixture. The magnetization vector then is imported into the static model of a sensor magnet. Based on finite-element analysis (FEA) the magnetizing fixture has been built and tested. The flux measurement shows that the precision of magnetization is in the range of /spl plusmn/0.5/spl deg/.
Investing in Affection: An Investigation of Human Affection Exchange Theory and Relational Qualities

Affection exchange theory (AET; Floyd, 2001) argues that affectionate communication fosters long-term survival. AET specifically argues that part of this process occurs through the enhancement of close relational bonds. This study tests this proposition, specifically examining how affectionate messages relate to relational investment (satisfaction, commitment, quality of alternatives, and investment size). Analysis of 72 couples (N = 144; M = 35.58 years old) revealed that giving and receiving affection positively related to commitment and satisfaction. Receiving affection strongly predicted perceptions of satisfaction, and communicating affection better predicted commitment. Affection accounted for between 17% and 35% of the variance in perceptions of commitment and satisfaction.
Segmentation of prostate boundaries from ultrasound images using statistical shape model

Presents a statistical shape model for the automatic prostate segmentation in transrectal ultrasound images. A Gabor filter bank is first used to characterize the prostate boundaries in ultrasound images in both multiple scales and multiple orientations. The Gabor features are further reconstructed to be invariant to the rotation of the ultrasound probe and incorporated in the prostate model as image attributes for guiding the deformable segmentation. A hierarchical deformation strategy is then employed, in which the model adaptively focuses on the similarity of different Gabor features at different deformation stages using a multiresolution technique, i.e., coarse features first and fine features later. A number of successful experiments validate the algorithm.
Novel multi-mode single leg converter for hybrid electric vehicles

The rapidly growing demand for electric power systems in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) requires simpler, cost-effective, and higher performance components. In this paper, a novel power conversion system for hybrid electric vehicles is proposed for these needs. The proposed power conversion system reduces the cost while preserving the same functionality. The proposed power conversion system can boost multi-sources to drive a traction motor and to store energy at the same time reducing number of switching components. In this paper, all operational modes of the proposed converter are explained in detail and verified by a computer simulation first. Then, the topology and operational modes are experimentally verified. Based on the results, the feasibility of the proposed multi-mode single leg power conversion system for EV and HEV applications is discussed.
How industry associations suppress threatening innovation: the case of the US recording industry

This research examines how associations influence industry conditions in order to further member interests. We demonstrate that, when threatened by technological change, associations will attempt to shape industry conditions in order to suppress the adoption of threatening practices or policies. We propose that they do so by engaging in a multidimensional framework of influence directed towards public institutions. Their actions include agenda setting and influencing public policy to further member interests. Our framework is illustrated with actions taken in the USA by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in response to peer-to-peer file sharing technology and its use in the transfer of copyrighted music files.
IL-10 Regulates Il12b Expression via Histone Deacetylation: Implications for Intestinal Macrophage Homeostasis

To prevent excessive inflammatory responses to commensal microbes, intestinal macrophages, unlike their systemic counterparts, do not produce inflammatory cytokines in response to enteric bacteria. Consequently, loss of macrophage tolerance to the enteric microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, we examined whether the hyporesponsive phenotype of intestinal macrophages is programmed by prior exposure to the microbiota. IL-10, but not in vivo exposure to the microbiota, programs intestinal macrophage tolerance, because wild-type (WT) colonic macrophages from germ-free and specific pathogen-free (SPF)-derived mice produce IL-10, but not IL-12 p40, when activated with enteric bacteria. Basal and activated IL-10 expression is mediated through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Conversely, colonic macrophages from germ-free and SPF-derived colitis-prone Il10(-/-) mice demonstrated robust production of IL-12 p40. Next, mechanisms through which IL-10 inhibits Il12b expression were investigated. Although Il12b mRNA was transiently induced in LPS-activated WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), expression persisted in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. There were no differences in nucleosome remodeling, mRNA stability, NF-κB activation, or MAPK signaling to explain prolonged transcription of Il12b in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. However, acetylated histone H4 transiently associated with the Il12b promoter in WT BMDMs, whereas association of these factors was prolonged in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. Experiments using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and HDAC3 short hairpin RNA indicate that HDAC3 is involved in histone deacetylation of the Il12b promoter by IL-10. These results suggest that histone deacetylation on the Il12b promoter by HDAC3 mediates homeostatic effects of IL-10 in macrophages.
Absorption of ultrasound in biomolecular solutions

Experimental results on the absorption of ultrasound in solutions of biomacromolecules are presented. Absorptions of albumin in four buffers indicate that their presence affects absorption supporting a solvation mechanism. Proline, bacitracin, hemoglobin, and three synthetic phosphatidyl choline lipids all have increased absorptions in organic solvents. Absorptions for protein mixtures at pHs where one molecule has negative net charge and the other positive do not indicate a relevant role for electrostatic interactions in absorption. Glutaraldehyde polymerization of an albumin solution caused no change in absorption. Lipid absorption measurements support interaction observations with proteins. From these results it is concluded that molecular size, structure, solvation, and solute interactions are relevant factors in the absorption of ultrasound in biological material. >
Clinical outcomes following invasive versus noninvasive preoperative stabilization of closed diaphyseal femur fractures.

Background The use of invasive traction (INV-T) to stabilize femur fractures prior to fixation (open reduction and internal fixation, ORIF) remains controversial. Some centers have utilized noninvasive traction (NINV-T) or splinting preoperatively. It is possible that INV-T decreases hemorrhage. However, the use of INV-T in pediatric patients and for femoral neck fractures in adults is associated with worsened outcomes. We hypothesized that there is no difference in the need for transfusion between those who receive INV-T and NINV-T.
The Hyper-IgE Syndromes: Lessons in Nature, From Bench to Bedside

Hyper-IgE syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency marked by abnormalities in the coordination of cell-cell signaling with the potential to affect TH17 cell, B cell, and neutrophil responses. Clinical manifestations include recurrent skin and lung infections, serum IgE elevation, connective tissue repair and development alterations, and the propensity for vascular abnormalities and tumor development. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) signaling, and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) signaling alterations have been implicated in 3 forms of hyper-IgE syndrome.
Reversing the deleterious effects of aging on neuronal communication and behavior: beneficial properties of fruit polyphenolic compounds

Despite elegant research involving molecular biology studies and determination of the genetic mechanisms of aging, practical information on how to forestall or reverse the deleterious effects of aging may be years away. If this is the case, then it is prudent to try to establish other methods that can be used now to alter the course of aging. Numerous epidemiologic studies have indicated that individuals who consume diets containing large amounts of fruits and vegetables may reduce their risk for developing age-related diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Research from our laboratory suggested that dietary supplementation with fruit or vegetable extracts high in antioxidants (eg, blueberry or spinach extracts) might decrease the enhanced vulnerability to oxidative stress that occurs in aging. These reductions might be expressed as improvements in motor and cognitive behavior. Additional research suggested that mechanisms in addition to antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities might be involved in the beneficial effects of these extracts; the most important of these might be their ability to increase cellular signaling and neuronal communication.
Rosuvastatin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Rationale and Design of the JUPITER Trial

Completed randomized trials of statin therapy demonstrate that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events among individuals with established coronary disease and overt hyperlipidemia.1–6 In aggregate, use of statin therapy in these trials has been associated with an approximate 30% reduction in cardiovascular event rates. Largely on the basis of these cholesterol reduction trials, current treatment algorithms from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III endorse the use of statins in secondary prevention and encourage increased use of statins in primary prevention among those with hyperlipidemia and diabetes.7 Unfortunately, despite evidence provided by the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS2) and the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS3), use of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has not been widely adopted in a cost-effective manner. From a clinical perspective, there are several reasons for this slow adoption. First, almost half of all cardiovascular events occur among apparently healthy men and women who have normal or even low levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Thus, better screening methods are needed in primary prevention to detect high-risk individuals for whom the number needed to treat (NNT) is small enough to make prophylactic statin therapy cost effective. Second, there has been controversy within the completed clinical trials suggesting that the benefits of statins may extend beyond LDL-C reduction alone. In both the Heart Protection Study of stable high-risk patients6 and the MIRACL (Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering) study of patients with acute coronary syndromes,8 the risk reduction associated with statin therapy was almost identical among those with low as well those with as high levels of LDL-C. Further, statin therapy reduces the risk of stroke, yet LDL-C is not an …
Malignant hyperthermia: excitation-contraction coupling, Ca2+ release channel, and cell Ca2+ regulation defects

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a disorder of skeletal muscle in which certain anesthetic agents trigger a sustained elevation in myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration that activates metabolic and contractile activity. This review focuses on the biochemical and physiological alterations in the skeletal muscle of MH-susceptible (MHS) pigs and humans that appear responsible for this inherited disorder. In porcine MH, these studies identified the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel gene (RYR1) as the site of the defect. A mutation in this protein results in altered excitation-contraction coupling and secondary changes in porcine muscle structure and function. Although RYR1 mutations have been reported in many MHS human families, there is also significant genetic heterogeneity, and much less is known as to the underlying mechanism responsible for altered human myoplasmic Ca2+ regulation. The effects of caffeine and anesthetic agents on MHS and normal muscle are also discussed to better understand the basis for the in vitro clinical test for this disorder and mechanisms responsible for the initiation and maintenance of MH episodes in susceptible individuals. Finally, we examine the possiblity of a defect in Ca2+ regulation in tissues other than skeletal muscle. Current understanding of the molecular basis of MH elegantly illustrates the successful integration of knowledge obtained from all fields of biological and clinical science.
Amygdaloid and non-amygdaloid fear both influence avoidance of risky foraging in hungry rats.

Considerable evidence seems to show that emotional and reflex reactions to feared situations are mediated by the amygdala. It might therefore seem plausible to expect that amygdala-coded fear should also influence decisions when animals make choices about instrumental actions. However, there is not good evidence of this. In particular, it appears, though the literature is conflicted, that once learning is complete, the amygdala may often not be involved in instrumental avoidance behaviours. It is therefore of interest that we have found in rats living for extended periods in a semi-naturalistic ‘closed economy’, where they were given random shocks in regions that had to be entered to obtain food, choices about feeding behaviour were in fact influenced by amygdala-coded fear, in spite of the null effect of amygdalar lesions on fear of dangerous location per se . We suggest that avoidance of highly motivated voluntary behaviour does depend in part on fear signals originating in the amygdala. Such signalling may be one role of well-known projections from amygdala to cortico-striate circuitry.
Trial history effects in the ventral attentional network

The ventral attentional network (VAN) is thought to drive "stimulus driven attention" [e.g., Asplund, C. L., Todd, J. J., Snyder, A. P., & Marois, R. A central role for the lateral prefrontal cortex in goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 507—512, 2010; Shulman, G. L., McAvoy, M. P., Cowan, M. C., Astafiev, S. V., Tansy, A. P., D' Avossa, G., et al. Quantitative analysis of attention and detection signals during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 3384—3397, 2003]; in other words, it instantiates within the current stimulus environment the top—down attentional biases maintained by the dorsal attention network [e.g., Kincade, J. M., Abrams, R. A., Astafiev, S. V., Shulman, G. L., & Corbetta, M. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of voluntary and stimulus-driven orienting of attention. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25, 4593—4604, 2005]. Previous work has shown that the dorsal attentional network is sensitive to trial history, such that it is challenged by changes in task goals and facilitated by repetition thereof [e.g., Kristjansson, A., Vuilleumier, P., Schwartz, S., Macaluso, E., & Driver, J. Neural basis for priming of pop-out during visual search revealed with fMRI. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1612—1624, 2007]. Here, we investigate whether the VAN also preserves information across trials such that it is challenged when previously rejected stimuli become task relevant. We used fMRI to investigate the sensitivity of the ventral attentional system to prior history effects as measured by the distractor preview effect. This behavioral phenomenon reflects a bias against stimuli that have historically not supported task performance. We found regions traditionally considered to be part of the VAN (right middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus) [Shulman, G. L., McAvoy, M. P., Cowan, M. C., Astafiev, S. V., Tansy, A. P., D' Avossa, G., et al. Quantitative analysis of attention and detection signals during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 3384—3397, 2003] to be more active when task-relevant stimuli had not supported task performance in a previous trial than when they had. Investigations of the ventral visual system suggest that this effect is more reliably driven by trial history preserved within the VAN than that preserved within the visual system per se. We conclude that VAN maintains its interactions with top—down stimulus biases and bottom—up stimulation across time, allowing previous experience with the stimulus environment to influence attentional biases under current circumstances.
UK and Romanian Students' Perceptions of Democracy and Political Issues: A Cross- Cultural Comparison

This article compares UK and Romanian students' perceptions of the concept of democracy and their attitudes to politics and political issues. One of the aims of the study was to compare the students' different levels of political literacy and to explore some of the possible contributory factors to young people's alienation and disengagement from politics. The analysis develops the view that, if citizenship education is to make a genuine contribution to the creation of a vibrant, participatory democracy in which young people are fully involved, then careful consideration needs to be taken account of how the subject is implemented and delivered. The research suggests that the Romanian students' greater political literacy has evolved through experiences that were relevant and personal to them. This highlights the importance of engaging students' interest and enthusiasm in teaching through citizenship education and not just teaching about citizenship.
R. Ziadeh/Power and Policy in Syria_Book Review

0 0 1 30 171 College of DuPage 2 1 200 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:JA;} While writing before the wave of revolutions that has lately spread across the Middle East, Ziadeh provides an insider’s point of view on Syrian politics during Bashar al-Asad’s first decade of power. 0 0 1 47 263 College of DuPage 4 1 309 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:JA;} In its five chapters, Ziadeh’s work mentions Syria’s history after independence in 1946, the country’s domestic politics including Hafez al-Asad’s rise to power, the succession of Bashar al-Asad, and the Damascus spring, Syria’s foreign policy, and a final chapter dealing with the nation’s Islamic politics. 0 0 1 29 165 College of DuPage 2 1 193 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:JA;} In addition to general information about Syrian politics since 1970, Ziadeh’s work provides a discerning presentation of the intelligence services sustaining the omnipresent Asad presidencies. 0 0 1 25 141 College of DuPage 2 1 165 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE
Late Holocene anthropogenic and climatic influences on the regional vegetation of Mexico's Cuenca Oriental

Abstract Scholars continue to debate the relative magnitude of pre- and post-Conquest anthropogenic landscape transformation in many regions of Mesoamerica. These debates have important implications for our understanding of the role of anthropogenic practices in the development, or at times degradation, of regional environments. Paleoecological records that provide long-term perspectives on climate change and human land-use patterns are critical to addressing these uncertainties. However, many regions of Mexico including the Cuenca Oriental, a semi-arid basin in the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Oriental, remain poorly studied. We present a new paleoecological record from sediment cores recovered from Lake Aljojuca, located in the southern part of the basin. Stable isotope analyses of authigenic carbonates provide an independent record of past climate, while pollen and microscopic charcoal provide insights into past vegetation and fire history. The Aljojuca record is one of the only well-dated multi-proxy paleolimnological records from the Cuenca Oriental, and is one of few charcoal studies from highland Mexico. Zea mays pollen and increased fire activity at 2700 calendar years before present (cal yr. BP) suggest Formative period human settlement around the lake. Between 1700 and 800 cal yr BP, a drying climate combined with human uses of fire likely resulted in increases in the extent of xeric scrub vegetation. The Aljojuca record also documents important landscape changes during the historic period (~ 430 cal yr. BP–present) likely related to the introduction of invasive species and agricultural intensification. The Aljojuca record provides a unique perspective on human–environment relationships and highlights differences between landscape transformations in the pre- and post-Conquest periods.