cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lupus nephritis in children

The renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood range from minor abnormalities detected on urinalysis to severe renal insufficiency requiring renal replacement therapy. Clinically significant renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus is more common in children than in adults. Effective treatment for childhood lupus nephritis is available, and the prognosis for affected children has improved over the course of the last 30 years. Corticosteroid therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for children with lupus nephritis. The addition of cytotoxic agents to corticosteroid treatment improves both the long and short-term prognoses. Cyclosporin may improve the clinical manifestations of lupus nephritis although the disease remains active serologically. Although survival in childhood lupus has improved, complications of therapy result in significant morbidity with distressing frequency. Immunosuppression may result in mortality and morbidity due to opportunistic infections. Individuals with otherwise successful control of renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus may still be left with significant morbidity due to disturbances in growth due to long-term corticosteroid treatment. Psychosocial development may be adversely affected both as a result of chronic illness as well as due to the effects of therapy. Meticulous attention to detail over decades of treatment is necessary to optimize patient outcome in childhood lupus nephritis.
Simulated resistance training during hindlimb unloading abolishes disuse bone loss and maintains muscle strength

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of simulated resistance training (SRT) without weight bearing in attenuating bone and muscle loss during 28 day hindlimb unloading (HU) in mature male rats. An ambulatory control group (CC) and four groups of HU rats were used: HU, HU + anesthesia (ANHU), HU + eccentric muscle contractions (HU + ECC), and HU + isometric and eccentric muscle contractions (HU + ISO/ECC). Animals in the two SRT groups were trained once every other day at 100% daily peak isometric torque (P0). HU resulted in significantly lower plantarflexor muscle mass (−33% versus CC) and reduced isometric strength (−10%), which reductions were partially attenuated in both training groups. Significantly reduced total and cancellous volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and total bone mineral content (BMC) at the proximal tibia metaphysis (PTM) also was evidenced in HU and ANHU groups compared with both SRT groups (p < .05). Training resulted in greater increases in cortical bone mass and area compared with all other groups (p < .05). Fourfold higher material properties of PTM cancellous bone were demonstrated in SRT animals versus HU or CC animals. A significant reduction in midshaft periosteal bone formation rate (BFR) in the HU group (−99% versus CC) was completely abolished in HU + ECC (+656% versus CC). These results demonstrate that high-intensity muscle contractions, independent of weight-bearing forces, can effectively mitigate losses in muscle strength and provide a potent stimulus to bone during prolonged disuse. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Compression mode resonances in Zr 90

The giant resonance region from $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}l{E}_{x}l55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$ in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ has been studied with inelastic scattering of $240\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$ $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles at small angles including $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The isoscalar monopole resonance was found to contain $100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12%$ of the $E0$ energy weighted sum rule with a centroid of $(17.81+0.32\ensuremath{-}0.20)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$. Eighty one percent of the isoscalar $E1$ energy weighted sum rule was located in two peaks having ${E}_{x}=(17.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)$ and $(26.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=(5.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)$ and $(8.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$, and containing $13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%$ and $70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$, respectively, of the $E1$ energy weighted sum rule.
Multiculturalism, Immigrant Religion, and Diasporic Nationalism: The Development of an American Hinduism

Hinduism has undergone several modifications in interpretation, practice, and organization in the United States in the process of being institutionalized as an American religion. While Hindu American spokespersons espouse a genteel pluralism and attempt to use Hinduism to secure a place at the American multicultural table, they also use the ideology of multiculturalism to justify and legitimize a militant Hindu nationalism. Drawing on this contradiction, the article develops a theoretical model to explain 1) why multiculturalism often seems to exacerbate emigre nationalism, and 2) why religion is often involved directly or indirectly in this process.
Internal hemorrhoidectomy by elastic ligation

Internal hemorrhoidectomy by elastic ligation is employed at Cleveland Clinic Foundation for the symptoms of annoying prolapse and/or painless anal bleeding in patients who have normal bowel function or who have irritable bowel under optimal management instruction. Results of this treatment in 286 patients selected at random are reported. The procedure was well accepted by more than 75 per cent of the patients, and two thirds of them reported little or no discomfort. Time lost from work was a small fraction of that which would have resulted had conventional excisional treatment been employed instead.
Responses of rhesus monkeys to probabilistic sequential dependencies.

Abstract : Forty-nine rhesus monkeys were divided into two treatment groups of 24 and 25 animals. Two identical stimulus objects were presented at each trial in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus with reward presented for an equal number of trials on the left and right sides. For one group, the sequence of reward placements contained a positive contingency; for the other group, it contained a negative contingency. The distribution of responses for sophisticated rhesus monkeys was found to depend on the statistical structure of the stimulus sequence.
Repair of Oxidized Abasic Sites by Exonuclease III, Endonuclease IV, and Endonuclease III†

2-Deoxyribonolactone (L) and the C4‘-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) are produced by a variety of DNA-damaging agents. If not repaired, these lesions can be mutagenic. Exonuclease III and endonuclease IV are the major enzymes in E. coli responsible for 5‘-incision of abasic sites (APs), the first steps in AP repair. Endonuclease III efficiently excises AP lesions via intermediate Schiff-base formation. Incision of L and C4-AP lesions by exonuclease III and endonuclease IV was determined under steady-state conditions using oligonucleotide duplexes containing the lesions at defined sites. An abasic lesion (AP) in an otherwise identical DNA sequence was incised by exonuclease III or endonuclease IV approximately 6-fold more efficiently than either of the oxidized abasic sites (L, C4-AP). Endonuclease IV incision efficiency of 2-deoxyribonolactone or C4-AP was independent of whether the lesion was opposite dA or dG. 2-Deoxyribonolactone is known to cross-link to endonuclease III (Hashimoto, M. (2001) J. Am. Chem...
The changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS at a Minnesota hospital: Impact of demographic change and viral diversity

The past decade has seen a dramatic influx of African-born immigrants and refugees into Minnesota. The impact of this on Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), a public teaching hospital located in Minneapolis, has been considerable, especially in the management of HIV-infected persons given that approximately 30% of newly diagnosed individuals seen at HCMC in the past 3 years acquired the virus in Africa. An ongoing and permanent alteration in the demographics of HIV/AIDS in this part of the American midwest is clearly occurring, therefore, accompanied by considerable diversification of the viral makeup of the epidemic. The following article describes currently available data on the viral characteristics of the African-born HIV-infected population of Minnesota and highlights the potential impact of this expanding viral diversity on the ability of the clinical laboratory at HCMC to provide the virologic information necessary to manage effectively patients infected with the HIV virus.
THE INHIBITION OF ABNORMAL CELL PROLIFERATION WITH ANTIAUXIN

A FAT-SOLUBLE crystalline substance extracted from the leaves of plants in flower by Roberts (1953) has been shown by him to inhibit callus formation, epinasty, adventitious-root formation, and proliferation of cells caused by wounding, indoleacetic acid (IAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the virulent strain A6 of the crown gall organism Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Town) Conn. He has referred to it as an antiauxin because it competitively inhibited epinasty produced by treatment with IAA (fig. 2, 1953) (van Overbeek et al., 1954). It has been identified by quantitative3 and infra-red analyses4 as a 44 carbon, long-chain saturate keto-alcohol.
The impact of induced mutations on human populations.

Abstract The major impact of an increase in genetic damage will be expressed as an increase in autosomal dominant and X-linked traits as well as chromosomal disorders. The present incidence of dominant traits has been estimated as 1% of live births, but recent data from British Columbia indicate the true value in that population may be an order of magnitude lower. These estimates are important if one measures the damage in terms of doubling dose. Neither the average mutation rate nor the number of loci capable of mutating to dominant detrimental form is known. Mutations that cause sterility or early embryonic loss are determental in the Darwinian sense but have little impact on society. Mutations that are more fit biologically may be a heavy burden to society if the affected persons require medical or institutional care. Since exposure to some mutagens is unavoidable, these factors must ultimately be included in a cost-benefit analysis.
Missing Value Estimation for Time Series Microarray Data Using Linear Dynamical Systems Modeling

The analysis of gene expression time series obtained from microarray experiments can be effectively exploited to understand a wide range of biological phenomena from the homeostatic dynamics of cell cycle systems to the response of key genes to the onset of cancer or infectious disease. However, microarray data frequently contain a significant number of missing values making the application of common multivariate analysis methods, all of which require complete expression matrices, difficult. In order to preserve the experimentally expensive non-missing data points in time series gene expression data, methods are needed to estimate the missing values in such a way that preserves the latent interdependencies among time points within individual expression profiles. Thus we propose modeling gene expression profiles as simple linear and Gaussian dynamical systems and apply the Kalman filter to estimate missing values. While other current advanced estimation methods are either sensitive to parameters with no theoretical means of selection or attempt to learn statically from inherently dynamical data, our approach is advantageous exactly because it makes minimal assumptions that are consistent with the biology. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by evaluating its performance in estimating artificially introduced missing values in two different time series data sets, and compare it to a Bayesian approach dependent on the eigenvectors of the gene expression matrix as well as a gene wise average imputation for missing values.
Gregorio Hernández de Alba (1904-1973): The Legitimization of Indigenous Ethnic Politics in Colombia

One of the most remarkable recent developments in Colombian twentieth century history is the success of the indigenous political movement. This article argues that this success was due in part to the nation state’s willingness to support an ethnically based political movement. The article explores the gradual development of a discourse and political space that favoured the indigenous communities’ demand for land and cultural rights by focusing on one of the main architects of this discourse and political space: Gregorio Hernandez de Alba, an ethnologist who became the director of the Division of Indigenous Affairs in the 1960s. Through the study of his life, this article delves into the different stages of the relationship between the Colombian state and the indigenous movement as well as mapping out the interaction between anthropologists and indigenous communities in southwestern Colombia. Through Hernandez, the Colombian state legitimized the most important demands of the present day indigenous movement. Resumen: Gregorio Hernandez de Alba (1904-1973): La legitimacion de las politicas indigenas etnicas en Colombia Uno de los desarrollos recientes mas notables en la historia colombiana del siglo veinte, es el exito del movimiento politico indigena. En este articulo se sostiene que este exito se debio en parte a la voluntad del estado-nacion para apoyar un movimiento politico de bases etnicas. El articulo explora el desarrollo gradual de un discurso y de un espacio politicos que favorecia la demanda de tierra y de derechos culturales de las comunidades indigenas, concentrandose en uno de los principales arquitectos de este espacio y discurso politico: Gregorio Hernandez de Alba, un etnologo que llego a ser director de la Division de Asuntos Indigenas en los anos sesenta. Mediante un estudio de su vida, este articulo profundiza en las diferentes fases de la relacion entre el estado colombiano y el movimiento indigena, y traza la interaccion entre el antropo- logo y las comunidades indigenas en el sudoeste de Colombia. A traves de Hernandez, el estado colombiano otorgo legitimidad a las demandas mas importantes del movimiento indigena de hoy.
Methods to collect, preserve, and prepare elasmobranch tissues for stable isotope analysis

Stable isotope analysis has the potential to expand our understanding of elasmobranch ecology. However, elasmobranchs share unique traits (i.e., retention of urea, lack of adipose tissue, cartilaginous skeletons) that require modified preparation techniques. Alternative tissue collection and preservation methods would allow sampling from ichthyology collections and at remote locations. We compared different collection, preservation, and preparation techniques to identify treatments that yielded robust isotopic data. Blood components collected in tubes coated with lithium heparin (an anti-coagulant) were not isotopically distinct from blood collected in no-additive tubes. Compared to frozen muscle, ethanol-treated muscle had altered δ13C values, but similar δ15N values. Finally, we removed lipids and urea with petroleum ether and deionized water, respectively. Although untreated and treated muscle had similar amino acid compositions, treated muscle preferentially lost 14N and had greater C:N ratios. These results indicate that urea affects isotope ratios and that water treatment removes urea without altering muscle protein composition. Although not exhaustive, our study begins to address the need for elasmobranch-specific methods.
A graph-theoretic approach to multiscale texture segmentation

We introduce a multiscale texture image segmentation algorithm based on wavelet packets and graphs. Wavelet packets are used to generate scale-space features with strong discriminating power. A graph-theoretic approach to clustering is employed starting at the coarsest scale and working to the finest. We begin with the construction of a fully connected, weighted, undirected graph among all coarse scale pixels. The weights are determined from the wavelet packet generated features. Segmentation is achieved by constructing a minimum spanning tree for this graph, which is subsequently partitioned into sub trees by breaking "inconsistent" edges. Each sub tree corresponds to a different texture. Segment information is recursively passed to the next finer scale where we introduce a novel approach to constructing complete graphs for only a subset of pixels thereby improving the speed of the method with negligible performance degradation. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on synthetic images as well as on high-resolution infrared imagery.
Gibbs Ensemble Simulations of Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium Using the Flexible RWK2 Water Potential

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of water vapor/liquid equilibrium (VLE) using the flexible fixed charge RWK2 water-water potential are reported. The equilibrium densities, saturation pressures, and critical parameters calculated with this potential are in better agreement with experimental data than are values obtained from the SPC, MSPC/E, TIP4P, and TIP5P rigid fixed charge potentials as well as from polarizable interactions, such as those of the PPC, KJ, SPC/P, TIP4P/P, and SPCDP potentials. The agreement between predicted and experimental phase coexistence phase density versus temperature variation in the critical region is similar to that obtained from the SPC/E and the polarizable SPC-pol-1 potentials. However, the variation of the saturation pressure and heat of vaporization with temperature and the critical pressure predicted by the RWK2 potential are closer to experiment than predictions from SPC/E interaction and similar (for lower temperatures) to those of the MSPC/E potential. The water structure predictions of the RWK2 potential are substantially better than those from the SPC-pol-1 interaction. VLE data are not used to parametrize the RWK2 potential. Nevertheless, predictions for coexistence temperature versus phase density and saturation pressure versus temperature are similar to those of the recent potential of Errington and Panagiotopoulos (EP potential), which is adjusted to reproduce the VLE behavior of water. MD simulations using the RWK2 potential show much better agreement with the room-temperature liquid structure and second virial coefficient data than does the EP potential. Fixing the bond lengths and HOH angle in the RWK2 interaction at their isolated molecule minimum energy values leads to significant deterioration of the VLE predictions obtained.
Body image in older adults: a review of the literature.

Body image is not a new concept. Most of the research conducted on body image has been with neurologically or psychiatrically impaired patients or with college-age students. The study of the body image of older adults and how they respond to alterations in their body image has not been studied extensively. Therefore, this paper is to summarize study findings concerning body-image perception in older adults.
Glucocorticoid Modulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Granulosa Cell Differentiation*

A relationship between hyperactivity of the adrenal gland and inhibition of normal ovarian function has been proposed; however, the importance of direct glucocorticoid effects in determining the extent of follicle differentiation is unclear. In view of the critical role of an increase in granulosa cell LH/hCG receptor in the development of preovulatory follicles, we have examined direct glucocorticoid effects on the FSH induction of LH/hCG receptor in cultured granulosa cells. Further, we have correlated this action with two other important differentiative functions of granulosa cells, namely estrogen and progesterone production. Granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized diethylstibestrol-treated rats were cultured in serum-free medium containing FSH in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. After 2 days of exposure to 10 ng/ml FSH, the granulosa cells exhibited a 12-fold increase in specific [125I] iodo-hCG binding (control, 0.7 ± 0.1; FSH-treated, 8.2 ± 0.6 fmol/106 cells). In contrast, exposur...
Magnetic bubble logic

Although the literature on the bubble logic devices is limited, the concepts and device configurations are diverse. In conductor-access devices, logic can be performed by bubble transfer operations. In field-access devices, logic can be performed by providing alternative paths which are selected by interaction between bubbles. Examples include the conjugate logic gates, the resident-bubble cellular logic, and the chevron 3-3 circuits. Logic can also be performed by counting bubbles, such as in the symmetric switching function implementation. The various mechanisms for implementing bubble logic are all described by truth tables. To assess their efficiency, they are compared in terms of space and delay when they are used to implement the same logic element - a full adder. They are all comparable except for the resident-bubble cellular logic which requires excessive space and delay. However, it is important to point out that only the symmetric switching function devices offer rewrite-ability to eliminate the part number problem, and accommodation for a large number of inputs to ease interconnection and delay equalization problems.
Understanding the mobile internet to develop the next generation of online medical teaching tools

Healthcare providers (HCPs) use online medical information for self-directed learning and patient care. Recently, the mobile internet has emerged as a new platform for accessing medical information as it allows mobile devices to access online information in a manner compatible with their restricted storage. We investigated mobile internet usage parameters to direct the future development of mobile internet teaching websites. Nephrology On-Demand Mobile (NOD M ) (http://www. nephrologyondemand.org) was made accessible to all mobile devices. From February 1 to December 31, 2010, HCP use of NOD M was tracked using code inserted into the root files. Nephrology On-Demand received 15258 visits, of which approximately 10% were made to NOD M , with the majority coming from the USA. Most access to NOD M was through the Apple iOS family of devices and cellular connections were the most frequently used. These findings provide a basis for the future development of mobile nephrology and medical teaching tools.
Social Work and the Uniform Accident and Sickness Policy Provision Law: A Pilot Project

The Uniform Accident and Sickness Policy Provision Law (UPPL) is a statute existing in 26 states that permits health insurance companies to deny payment for claims made by individuals who have sustained injuries as a result of drug or alcohol use. This law presents a series of complicated clinical and ethical dilemmas for social workers and other medical personnel. The majority of contributions to the national discussion regarding the UPPL have been produced by the medical, nursing, and policy/legal disciplines. Social work has, however, remained silent. It is paramount that social workers add their perspective and insight to this debate. This article discusses the first survey, to the authors' knowledge, of social workers practicing in health care settings regarding their knowledge and beliefs about the UPPL. Language: en
Cervical Specimen Order and Performance Measures of Chlamydia trachomatis Diagnostic Testing

The orders of three endocervical specimens of 3,561 women for Chlamydia trachomatis testing were randomized to determine whether test performance measures of two nucleic acid amplification tests and a DNA probe were affected by swab order. Specimen collection order did not appear to affect the diagnostic accuracy of these tests.
Model reduction of continuous-time systems: boundedness of solutions and reduced-order models

An innovative model reduction method for continuous-time systems is presented. The method is based on the Lyapunov stability theory. The procedure involves the design of Lyapunov candidates and the generation of reduced models using the bounds imposed on the solution of differential equations. The major advantage of the proposed method is that model reduction can be performed using a reliable theoretical basis. Error bounds can be readily found, and the mismatched dynamics can be used in the consequent robust design. An example is presented to demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the developed model reduction concept.
MODELING QUASI-STATIC CRACK GROWTH WITH THE EXTENDED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD PART II: NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract In Part I [Int. J. Solids Struct., 2003], we described the implementation of the extended finite element method (X-FEM) within Dynaflow™, a standard finite element package. In our implementation, we focused on two-dimensional crack modeling in linear elasticity. For crack modeling in the X-FEM, a discontinuous function and the near-tip asymptotic functions are added to the finite element approximation using the framework of partition of unity. This permits the crack to be represented without explicitly meshing the crack surfaces and crack propagation simulations can be carried out without the need for any remeshing. In this paper, we present numerical solutions for the stress intensity factor for crack problems, and also conduct crack growth simulations with the X-FEM. Numerical examples are presented with a two-fold objective: first to show the efficacy of the X-FEM implementation in Dynaflow™; and second to demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the method to solve challenging problems in computational failure mechanics.
Effects of the interfering harmonics caused by imperfect data streams on BPSK and QPSK receivers

The impacts of imperfect data streams on the carrier tracking and timing recovery performance of space telemetry systems are investigated. It is found that the tracking performances for both carrier tracking and bit sync depend on the amount of imbalance between +1s and -1s and data asymmetry. Additionally, the average probability of error (or bit error rate, BER) due to the presence of interfering harmonics created by the imperfect data stream is derived for both binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadri-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) receivers. The effects of imperfect data stream, imperfect data-induced carrier tracking phase error and imperfect data-induced bit timing error are considered in the evaluation of the BER. >
The nonlinear elastic response of suspensions of rigid inclusions in rubber: I—An exact result for dilute suspensions

Abstract A solution is constructed for the problem of the overall elastic response of ideal (Gaussian or, equivalently, Neo-Hookean) rubber reinforced by a dilute isotropic distribution of rigid particles under arbitrarily large deformations. The derivation makes use of a novel iterative homogenization technique in finite elasticity that allows to construct exact solutions for the homogenization problem of two-phase nonlinear elastic composites with particulate microstructures. The solution is fully explicit for axisymmetric loading, but is otherwise given in terms of an Eikonal partial differential equation in two variables for general loading conditions. In the limit of small deformations, it reduces to the classical Einstein–Smallwood result for dilute suspensions of rigid spherical particles. The solution is further confronted to 3D finite-element simulations for the large-deformation response of a rubber block containing a single rigid spherical inclusion of infinitesimal size. The two results are found to be in good agreement for all loading conditions. We conclude this work by devising a closed-form approximation to the constructed solution which is remarkably accurate and — as elaborated in Part II — proves particularly amenable as a fundamental building block to generate approximate solutions for suspensions with finite concentration of particles.
FLAME: a language for distributed programming

FLAME is an experimental language for distributed programming. It is intended for applications that run on a collection of computers connected by a network. It is part of a project that deals with the building of open software systems. Open systems place stringent requirements on both the type of language one uses and the style of programming. FLAME tries to address the difficulties of writing such open, distributed applications with current technology. FLAME is based on C++, and its main contribution is to integrate the notions of objects and process groups at the programming language level. The result is a powerful language which, nevertheless, raises several new questions. The current state of FLAME is discussed, and potential areas for future development are outlined. >
Assessing disease severity: accuracy and reliability of rater estimates in relation to number of diagrams in a standard area diagram set

Error in estimates of plant disease severity occur and standard area diagrams (SADs) help improve accuracy and reliability. The effects of diagram number in SADs are unknown. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of pecan scab severity made without SADs, and using three-, five-, seven- or 10-diagram SADs. Disease severity was estimated to the nearest percent (NPE), or classified to the closest reference diagram value using a scale. Twelve raters assessed 20 images of scabbed pecan valves with and without the SADs using NPEs and the scale method (values were converted to midpoints prior to analysis). Increases in diagram number using NPEs did not necessarily result in more accurate or reliable estimates. Inter-rater reliability was positively correlated with number of diagrams using NPEs (r = 0·3288 (P < 0·0001)) or a scale (r = 0·2803 (P < 0·0001)). The least accurate estimates improved the most using SADs with NPEs, but the gain did not relate to number of diagrams; as few as three diagrams reduced error of inaccurate estimates as much as five, seven or 10 diagrams. When used as a scale, only estimates made with 10-diagram SADs had similar accuracy and inter-rater reliability to estimates made using SADs with NPEs. Maximum disease severity and the disease severity range for the pathosystem and the SADs are important factors and will probably influence resulting accuracy and reliability. The ramifications of diagram numbers in SADs and assessment methods on accuracy and reliability of disease estimates are discussed.
The effects of sputtering target preparation and deposition temperature on ZnTe:Cu film properties

A back contact containing a sputtered ZnTe:Cu interface layer can produce high-performing thin-film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices. We have found that varying the ZnTe:Cu sputtering target fabrication processes and deposition temperature can affect material properties of the ZnTe:Cu films and the resulting device performance. Two different target “recipes” with various copper contents were used to study changes in the compositional, structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnTe:Cu films. Substrate temperature during deposition was also varied to investigate the temperature dependence of the films. It was found that the target recipe, Cu concentration in the target, and deposition temperature affect the composition of the ZnTe:Cu films, which impacts their structural, optical, and electrical properties.
Spectrum Sharing and Spectrum Efficiency

This policy paper for an Aspen Institute Roundtable on Spectrum Policy identifies obstacles to spectrum efficiency and policy changes that would increase efficiency and sharing of wireless resources.
METHODOLOGICAL INQUIRY INTO ELICITATION PROCEDURES: COGNITIVE MAPPING AND FREE LISTING

Summary.-This study investigated the effect of two methods of eliciting data concerning environmental perception among children of Guadalajara, Mexico and Newcon, Massachusetts. The two tasks used to assess children's perceptions of their environment were a cognitive mapping task commonly employed in previous research and a free-listing task. Dan demonstrated that task specificity has a direct effect on the kind and quality of environmental elements children use to describe their environment. It is concluded that elicitation procedures should be examined thoroughly and systematically before developmental or comparative analysis is performed on experimental dam. This work represents an attempt to investigate systematically the effect that different elicitation procedures have on the quantity and quality of data obtained in an experiment concerning environmental cognition. Previous researchers in cognitive psychology have argued that elements of certain domains remain stable despite experimental manipulation in the procedures used to obtain those elements, the inference being that the elements represent some form of analogous external representations of internal structural organization (Shepard, 1975; Henley, 1969). Other researchers have used this inferential process to investigate the development of children's spatial representations in macrosystems (Acredolo, 1977; Siege1 & White, 1975; Kosslyn, et al., 1974). While these investigators have developed interesting hypotheses with regard to developmental aspects of cognitive representations of environmental systems, they have not yet reported any systematic investigation of the possible effects that varying procedures of data collection might have on children's performance. One exception is Lynch ( 1960), who utilized several techniques to investigate adults' perceptions of their cities. Even though Lynch introduced the idea of multiple collection techniques no attempt was made to analyze the differential effect of elicitating techniques in a systematic fashion. Recent research on American kinship systems (Rose & Romney, 1979) has demonstrated that different procedures of data collection, in fact, retrieved two different and competing componential analyses of American kinship systems in a homogeneous population. It is possible that alternative methods of 'Request reprints from J. Raul Magaiia, Ph.D., or Dennis Norman, 7th floor, Laboratory of Human Develooment. Larsen Hall/Aooian Wav. Harvard Graduate School of
Insecticidal Control of the European Corn Borer: The Problems Involved and Some Experimental Results

The writers investigated the feasibility of employing insecticidal sprays as a means of controlling the European corn borer during the early phase of an infestation before the insect adopts the tunneling habit. The more important problems encountered in the use of insecticides for such a purpose included; timing of applications due to variation in the period of oviposition, maintenance of a spray cover in important feeding areas such as interfoliar spaces, and application to tall varieties of late maturing corn infested by the second brood in the two-generation area. Laboratory and field tests of insecticidal agents indicated that a suspension of acid lead arsenate in one-per cent paraffin oil emulsion was the most useful. The value of such a combination is attributed to depression of the surface tension of the material which leads to further penetration of lead arsenate into interfoliar spaces where the insect habitually feeds during early instars.
Genus Zelus Fabricius in the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Nine species of Zelus Fabricius 1803 are found in the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico: Z. tetracanthus Stal, Z. luridus Stal, Z. exsanguis Stal, Z. nugax Stal, Z. renardii Kolenati, Z. cervicalis Stal, Z. janus Stal, Z. longipes (L.), and Z. grassans Stal. Several of these are among the most commonly encountered reduviids in the Nearctic. Keys, lists of synonymy, brief descriptions, distributions, discussions, and figures of the male genitalia are provided. Thirteen new synonymies are recorded and one previously synonymized species is restored to specific level.
A Call to Research and Research-Based Action in Developmental Education

ABSTRACTIn 2009, President Obama proposed the American Graduation Initiative (AGI), positioning Developmental Education (DE) and initiatives for higher education accessibility and support as valued initiatives on a wider political stage. Unfortunately, not all college-age students enter higher education well prepared for the demands of complex content-area comprehension expectations. The field of DE is criticized for mixed results in effectiveness studies, much of which is unsurprising as we, as a field, lack a unified focus built on research-based practices. Compounding this complexity is the minimal emphasis many DE programs and universities place on creating knowledge about ways to serve well learners who need additional support. In this manuscript, we consider and forward critical questions for unified and intentional inquiry if we, as a field, are to systematically examine our practices, purposes, and the outcomes of those endeavors on the development and support of postsecondary students.
Test of HIV,Hepatitis infection and STD in Prison populations of Shenzhen city

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of HIV,Hepatitis(Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E)infection and STD(syphilis) in prison populations of Shenzhen city,and provide reference for further control of the disease.Methods: Sera was collected from 1402 male prisoners in four zones of a prison of Shenzhen city,in which 550 samples were selected randomly for antibody detection of HIV,Hepatitis(HAV,HBV,HCV,HDV and HEV) and syphilis.Results: Among the 550 samples,4 are HIV positive,the positive rate is 0.73%,there was no difference among the four zones(P0.05).The positive rate of HAV is 18.36%,HBsAg is 24.73%,HCV is 6.90%.HDV and HEV infestors were not found.There are 17 people with TP positive,and the positive rate is 3.09%.The double positive of HIV/HBV is 2 in the 4 HIV positive cases,HIV/TP is 1,and triple positive of HIV/HBV/TP is 1.Conclusion: Prison population has high HIV,hepatitis A,hepatitis B and syphilis infection rates,and they should be strengthened disease surveillance and behavior intervention,reducing the proliferation and reintegration of the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
Comparison of HIV prevalence and its related risk behaviors between the community-based and rehabilitation center-based drug users

Objective To compare the differences of prevalence of HIV,HCV and syphilis and related risk behaviors between community-based and rehabilitation center-based drug users. Methods Respondent-driven sampling was applied to recruit community-based drug users in three cities in Guangdong Province. Questionnaire survey and blood samples were collected and tested for HIV,HCV and syphilis antibodies. The interviews and serological tests were administered among the rehabilitation center-based drug users based on the national HIV sentinel surveillance protocol. Results Compared to the rehabilitation center-based drug users,the community-based drug users in city 1 had higher proportion of females,lower proportion of migrants; those in city 2 had a higher proportion of unmarried persons. The demographic characteristics were not significantly different between rehabilitation center-based and community-based drug users in city 3. There were significant differences in injection drug users and needle sharing between rehabilitation center-based and communitybased drug users. In city 2,the prevalence of HIV was 8. 3% among community-based drug users,which was higher than that( 1. 3%) among the rehabilitation center-based drug users( 2= 19. 59,P 0. 001). Conclusions There were varying degrees of difference in HIV prevalence,demographic characteristics and behaviors in different regions,which indicated that the sentinel data mainly from rehabilitation center may not be able to represent the real situation. The combination of both populations of drug users should be used.
The two sides of worry

Worry is commonly viewed as synonymous with anxiety. The majority of references to worry describe its adverse effects on health. Worry is useful as a way of coping, but has its limits.
SU-F-T-525: Monitordeep-Inspiratory Breathhold with a Laser Sensor for Radiation Therapy of Left Breast Cancer

Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) of left sided breast cancers with deep-inspiratory breathhold (DIBH) can reduce the dose to heart. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a new laser-based tool to improve ease of RT delivery using DIBH. Methods: A laser sensor together with breathing monitor device (Anzai Inc., Japan) was used to record the surface breathing motion of phantom/volunteers. The device projects a laser beam to the chestwall and the reflected light creates a focal spot on a light detecting element. The position change of the focal spot correlates with the patient's breathing motion and is measured through the change of current in the light detecting element. The signal is amplified and displayed on a computer screen, which is used to trigger radiation gating. The laser sensor can be easily mounted to the simulation/treatment couch with a fixing plate and a magnet base, and has a sensitivity range of 10 to 40 cm from the patient. The correlation of breathing signals detected by laser sensor and visionRT is also investigated. Results: It is found that the measured breathing signal from the laser sensor is stable and reproducible and has no noticeable delay. It correlates well with the VisionRT surface imaging system. The DIBH reference level does not change with movement of the couch because the laser sensor and couch move together. Conclusion: The Anzai laser sensor provides a cost-effective way to improve beam gating with DIBH for treating left breast cancer. It can be used alone or together with VisionRT to determine the correct DIBH level during the radiation treatment of left breast cancer with DIBH.
Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Atomic Systems

So far, we have considered quantum systems in external oscillating magnetic (or electric) fields, where the perturbing fields were considered as classical oscillating fields. This approach would permit us to study induced absorption or emission processes in an atomic system, particularly if the intensity of the electromagnetic fields is such that the density of photons is very great in the region of interest. To study processes involving a small number of photons interacting with an atomic system, we must first quantize the electromagnetic or radiation field itself. So far, our time-dependent perturbation theory would not permit us to study the spontaneous emission of photons by an atomic system, i.e., a situation in which the initial state consists of an atom in an excited state and no photons, and the final state is the atom in a lower state (perhaps the ground state) and one photon of the appropriate energy. In order to treat this problem rigorously, we need to quantize the radiation field.
Metaphors in conversation

Well that’s the journey that I’ve – I’ve been on … the journey ’s … been an inner journey … of transforming the – the feelings that were there at the beginning … the pain … and the loss … and the anger … and the grief … and … discovering that they can be transformed . (Jo Berry [Reconciliation Talks], quoted in Cameron [2007]) Cameron (2007; 2009) argues that our understanding of social interactions and the contexts in which they occur can be improved by close attention to the pattern of metaphor use and storytelling, and incorporates these elements into an analytic method, Dynamic Discourse Analysis. Based on her research in elementary school classrooms, in the Reconciliation Talks, and in other conversational settings, Cameron has identified several patterns of thematic metaphor use. In this chapter I will discuss several ways in which metaphors are used in casual conversations, often in combination with humor, irony, and storytelling. I will begin with a review of Cameron’s (2007) research on the Reconciliation Talks. PATTERNS OF METAPHOR USE AND RE-USE In October 1984 a bomb exploded in the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England, where Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and several Members of Parliament were staying. Five people were killed by the blast, including Sir Anthony Berry. Pat Magee, the Irish Republican Army Operative who had planted the bomb several weeks earlier, was later caught and imprisoned, then released under a peace agreement in 1999. Soon after the bombing, Sir Anthony Berry’s daughter Jo Berry undertook what she described as “a journey of healing ,” attempting to understand the motives behind the bombing and the events that led to her father’s death. This process led to a private face-to-face meeting with Magee in late 2000, at Berry’s request. That initial meeting led to a series of further conversations between the two, some of which were video recorded, as well as to a series of joint public appearances and a television documentary. Through these conversations Berry and Magee became friends and collaborators in a peace-building project designed to bring about reconciliation in Northern Ireland and help other victims of the conflict.
Primary appendiceal lymphoma: clinical characteristics and outcomes of 116 patients.

Abstract Background Primary appendiceal lymphoma (PAL) is extremely rare with limited data available in literature. In this study, we sought to describe clinical features and identify factors affecting survival in patients with PAL using a large population cohort. Methods Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients with PAL between 1973 and 2012. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and outcomes were assessed. Results One hundred sixteen patients with PAL were included. The mean age (standard deviation) at diagnosis was 48 y (±22). PAL primarily afflicted males and white race. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common histologic subtype (34.5%). Patients with Burkitt lymphoma presented at an earlier age compared with follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (33 versus 59 and 53 y, respectively, [P Conclusions This is the largest series of PALs. Our results demonstrate that age at diagnosis is an independent predictor of poor survival. Gender, race, histologic subtypes have no effect on OS, and hemicolectomy provides no survival benefit over appendectomy and/or partial colectomy. Additional prospective, multicenter studies including details about chemotherapy and immunotherapy are needed to guide management.
EVALUATION OF A NEW RADIATION PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY (CARDIO-TRAP®) IN TRANSRADIAL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION PROCEDURES

Background: Reduced risk of bleeding, reduced hospital stay, and increased comfort has increased the use of the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary procedures. However, risk of increased operator exposure to scatter radiation is a concern, for the transradial approach. The Cardiovascular
Core Ideas and Topics: Building Up or Drilling Down?

In this paper we discuss how and why core ideas can serve as the framework upon which chemistry curricula and assessment items are developed. While there are a number of projects that have specified “big ideas” or “anchoring concepts”, the ways that these ideas are subsequently developed may inadvertently lead to fragmentation of knowledge, rather than construction of a coherent, contextualized framework. We present four core ideas that emerged as a consequence of a transformation effort at our institution and discuss the relationships between core ideas and more recognizable topics in the context of a general chemistry course. We show how commonly taught topics can be supported and developed on the basis of the core ideas and discuss why this approach can lead to a more expert-like framework upon which students can build their future understanding.
Coastal Aquifers and Saltwater Intrusion

As a large portion of the world's population (e.g. about 70%) dwells in coastal zones, sustainable and optimal coastal aquifer exploitation that controls saltwater intrusion is necessary. Especially in coastal zones, groundwater over- exploitation has disturbed the naturally established equilibrium between saltwater and freshwater which has resulted in uncontrolled saltwater encroachment into coastal aquifers as well as in groundwater uses impairment and environmental degradation. This chapter presents the essential elements of the saltwater intrusion phenomenon related to coastal aquifer exploitation, such as hydrodynamics, hydrogeochemistry, geophysics, as well as optimization models to achieve a sustainable and conservative management of coastal aquifers.