cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interspecific divergence of ionoregulatory physiology in killifish: insight into adaptation and speciation

Adaptation to salinity is potentially a critical driving force of speciation in fishes. Here, we tested for differences in ion/osmoregulatory gene expression between two species of killifish Lucania goodei and L. parva that differ in salinity tolerance. Expression patterns of several genes encoding ion transport proteins were quantified for animals taken directly from populations that varied in salinity, as well as animals from a salinity transfer experiment. We found that L. parva, a euryhaline species, expressed higher levels of the genes involved in saltwater ion/osmoregulatory regulation than its stenohaline counterpart L. goodei (Na+/K+-ATPase 1a and 1b, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 and glucocorticoid receptor) when exposed to a change in salinity in the laboratory. However, both species expressed similar levels for two of the three genes involved in freshwater osmoregulation (14-3-3a and V-type H+-ATPase). Surprisingly, we found little evidence for differential plasticity between L. parva and L. goodei in our salinity transfer experiment. Lucania parva expressed high levels of genes involved in both freshwater and saltwater ion/osmoregulation, while L. goodei only expressed high levels of genes involved in freshwater osmoregulation. These results indicate that L. parva may increase their transcript levels of osmoregulatory genes when faced with any type of salinity challenge. Thus, changes in ion/osmoregulatory physiology may be occurring post-transcriptionally via differential RNA processing or enzyme activity. These findings provide unique insight into the ion/osmoregulatory physiology that underlies species and population differences in salinity tolerance.
Alkane Functionalization via Electrophilic Activation

Electrophilic activation, which may be defined as the substitution of a transition metal center for a proton to generate a new metal–carbon bond, is the basis of a number of promising approaches to selective catalytic functionalization of alkanes. The field was introduced by the groundbreaking chemistry exhibited by aqueous chloroplatinum complexes, reported by Shilov in the early 1970s. Since then the field has expanded greatly, and electrophilic alkane activation has been demonstrated using a wide variety of species. These include ligand-supported platinum complexes; complexes of additional late transition metals, most commonly palladium but also iridium, gold and others; and even post-transition metals such as mercury. That body of work is surveyed here, with particular emphasis on mechanistic understanding, examples of actual functionalization at sp 3 -hybridized C–H bonds in alkanes and related compounds, and assessment of the further development that will be needed for practical applications.
Personal, professional and financial satisfaction among American women urologists.

PURPOSE: Although nearly half of American medical school classes are comprised of women, less than 5% of female medical students enter the surgical subspecialties compared to nearly 20% of male students. Many women are concerned that a career in a surgical field will limit their personal choices. In an effort to evaluate if urology is conducive to a satisfying lifestyle, we surveyed all 365 board certified women urologists in the United States in 2007 to find out how satisfied they are with their choice of urology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 114 item anonymous survey was mailed to all 365 American Board Certified female urologists in 2007. Results were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 244 women (69%) who responded, 86.8% (211) reported being satisfied with their decision to enter urology. Given the choice to repeat the decision, 81% (198) said that they would remain in medicine and 91.4% (222) would choose a surgical subspecialty again. The majority of respondents who stated they would choose a career outside of medicine also stated their family life had been significantly compromised by their career. Those who did not think their family life was compromised reported they would remain in medicine. There was a positive correlation between the level of satisfaction with the work itself and with income level (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of women who choose a career in urology, the number of satisfied women indicates urology is a career conducive to having a balanced and fulfilling life; professionally, personally and financially.
Experimental evidence for phonon modulation of antisymmetric exchange from the temperature dependence of EPR linewidths in (RNH3)2CuX4 salts

Abstract The temperature dependence of the EPR linewidths of a series of quasi-two-dimensional ferromagnetic salts of the type (RNH 3 ) 2 CuX 4 , have been measured. In general, a nearly linear temperature dependence is observed for temperatures above 78 K. Phonon modulation of the anisotropic and antisymmetric exchange interactions lead to such a linear temperature dependence, with the magnitude of the dependence proportional to J 4 . Experimental data are shown to conform to such a relationship. Comparison of the data for X = Cl and X = Br lead to the conclusion that the dominant linebroadening mechanism is the phonon modulation of the antisymmetric exchange interaction.
Experimental cerebral concussion

The activity of mitochondrial enzymes (succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase) and enzymes associated with blood-brain barrier function (butyrylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase) in the CNS of rats was studied from 5 minutes to 62 hours after cerebral concussion. There was a transient increase in succinic dehydrogenase activity during the first hour after concussion in the neurons of the structures close to the impact. The alkaline phosphatase activity, strongly positive in the walls of normal blood vessels, decreased within five minutes after concussion; it virtually disappeared in 15 minutes but returned to normal level after 62 hours. These findings are in good correlation with previous electron microscopic observations. Their significance is discussed.
Adaptive sequential procedures for selecting the best of several normal populations

There are k(≧2) competing normal populations with common known variance and unknown means . Let denote the ordered values of the {z i}. Nothing is known concerning the pairing of the {z.Θ i} and the {z.Θ [i]}. In the location invariant identification problem, the differences are given and it is desired to select the population associated with {z.Θ [k]}. Of particular interest is the slippage configuration where δ *>0 is given. We restrict attention to procedures that guarantee that the population with the largest mean is correctly selected with probability at least P * where is preassigned. Essentially, this requirement is satisfied by the stopping rule of Bechhofer, Kiefer and Sobel (Sequential Identification and Ranking Procedures, Univ. of Chicago Press 1968, Chap. 3) independently of the sampling rule and thus data dependent allocation rules can be considered. Unlike the case k=2 (see Robbins and Siegmund ( 1974) J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 69, 132-139), when k≧3,substantial savings in expected tot...
NMR study of the metal complexes of 1,5-dimethyltetrazole and 1,4-bis-(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)n-butane

Abstract Complex compounds of 1,5-dimethyltetrazole and 1,4-bis(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl) n -butane with silver and magnesium ions were studied in nitromethane and acetonitrile solution by the measurement of the donor proton chemical shifts as a function of donor-acceptor mole ratio. The stoichiometry of the 1,5-dimethyltetrazole-silver complex in nitromethane solutions was found to be[(Tz) 2 Ag] + and a solid complex (Tz) 2 AgClO 4 was isolated. In the other cases, although evidence was obtained for the complexation reaction, the resulting complexes were quite unstable. The fact that magnitudes of the chemical shifts of the N-methyl and the C-methyl protons of the 1,5-dimethyltetrazole upon complexation were approximately the same may indicate that the coordinating site in the tetrazole ring is the 3-nitrogen.
Relationship of Micro-Structure Morphology to Impedance in Heterogeneous Functional Materials

In the present work, we are concerned with heterogeneous material systems that have multiple distinct materials and void phases, and associated interfaces, for which the geometric scale and specific morphology at the micro/nano-level play an essential role in the global properties, functional behavior, and material system performance. Such materials are at the heart of revolutionary advances in devices that convert and store energy (e.g., batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, capacitors, and many electro-optical devices), and other membrane-based devices used in chemical and fuel processing, sequestration, and extraction. In recent years, advances in a variety of additive manufacturing methods and techniques have made it possible to design, control, and fabricate specific micro- or nano-structure to achieve prescriptive functional performance of the material systems and devices in which they appear. However, systematic multiphysics analysis methods properly set on field equations that represent the local details is not available, so that first-principles understandings and designs of those materials are not properly founded. Recently, the doe established an energy frontiers research center for physics based nanostructure design and fabrication of hetero geneous f unctional m aterials, called the HeteroFoaM center, to address this and related questions. The present paper presents some initial findings of part of that effort related specifically to morphology. For the present study, a finite element model (FEM) was developed Using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS to predict impedance behavior when the field equations are set on the local features of regular geometric micro-structures The results for are compared with experimental data obtained from impedance spectroscopy of single SOFC fuel cell elements. For the model, equivalent idealized geometric structures were assumed corresponding to the YSZ material morphology of the fuel cell. Continuously aligned pore structures were represented by rectangular extrusions and regular porosity was represented by geometric shapes such as circles, rectangles and triangles. For experimental data, fragments of a button cell were used with silver paste contacts on the electrodes. For the model, the geometric microstructure was varied by using different shapes i.e. circles, rectangles and triangles while keeping the total material quantity constant, and by using equivalent areas for each of the geometric shapes. Impedance response for the frequency range from 1Hz to 1MHz was obtained for both the models and the experiments. Observations and interpretations of morphology effects are presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Deep sequencing of the tobacco mitochondrial transcriptome reveals expressed ORFs and numerous editing sites outside coding regions

The purpose of this study was to sequence and assemble the tobacco mitochondrial transcriptome and obtain a genomic-level view of steady-state RNA abundance. Plant mitochondrial genomes have a small number of protein coding genes with large and variably sized intergenic spaces. In the tobacco mitogenome these intergenic spaces contain numerous open reading frames (ORFs) with no clear function. The assembled transcriptome revealed distinct monocistronic and polycistronic transcripts along with large intergenic spaces with little to no detectable RNA. Eighteen of the 117 ORFs were found to have steady-state RNA amounts above background in both deep-sequencing and qRT-PCR experiments and ten of those were found to be polysome associated. In addition, the assembled transcriptome enabled a full mitogenome screen of RNA C→U editing sites. Six hundred and thirty five potential edits were found with 557 occurring within protein-coding genes, five in tRNA genes, and 73 in non-coding regions. These sites were found in every protein-coding transcript in the tobacco mitogenome. These results suggest that a small number of the ORFs within the tobacco mitogenome may produce functional proteins and that RNA editing occurs in coding and non-coding regions of mitochondrial transcripts.
The Construction of Fear: Americans' Preferences for Social Distance from Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Problems

Debates about children's mental health problems have raised questions about the reliability and validity of diagnosis and treatment. However, little research has focused on social reactions to children with mental health problems. This gap in research raises questions about competing theories of stigma, as well as specific factors shaping prejudice and discrimination toward those children. Here, we organize a general model of stigma that synthesizes previous research. We apply a reduced version of this model to data from a nationally representative sample responding to vignettes depicting several stigmatizing scenarios, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, asthma, or "normal troubles." Results from the National Stigma Study-Children suggest a gradient of rejection from highest to lowest, as follows: ADHD, depression, "normal troubles," and physical illness. Stigmatizing reactions are highest toward adolescents. Importantly, respondents who label the vignette child's situation as a mental illness compared to those who label the problem as a physical illness or a "normal" situation report greater preferences for social distance, a pattern that appears to result from perceptions that the child is dangerous.
Structural forms of phenprocoumon and warfarin that are metabolized at the active site of CYP2C9.

Possible reasons for the observed differences in metabolic behavior and drug interaction liability between the structurally similar oral anticoagulants warfarin and phenprocoumon were explored. Incubating (S)-phenprocoumon with human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed CYP2C9 and determining its metabolism both in the absence and presence of the CYP2C9 inhibitor, sulfaphenazole, confirmed that phenprocoumon is a substrate for CYP2C9. Comparing the metabolic behavior of (S)- and (R)-warfarin, (S)- and (R)-phenprocoumon, and fixed structural mimics of the various tautomeric forms [(S)- and (R)-4-methoxyphenprocoumon, (S)- and (R)-2-methoxyphenprocoumon, (S)- and (R)-4-methoxywarfarin, (S)- and (R)-2-methoxywarfarin, and 9(S)- and 9(R)-cyclocoumarol] available to these two drugs with expressed CYP2C9 provides compelling evidence indicating that the ring closed form of (S)-warfarin and the ring opened anionic form of (S)-phenprocoumon are the major and specific structural forms of the two drugs that interact with the active site of CYP2C9. The conclusion that (S)-warfarin and (S)-phenprocoumon interact with CYP2C9 in very different structural states provides a clear basis for the significant differences observed in their metabolic profiles. Moreover, in accord with a previously established CoMFA model these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the active site of CYP2C9 possesses at least two major substrate binding sites, a pi-stacking site for aromatic rings and an ionic binding site for organic anions. An additional electrostatic binding site also appears to contribute to the orientation of coumarin analogs in the CYP2C9 active site by interacting with the C2-carbonyl group of the coumarin nucleus.
The pharmacogenetics of asthma and allergic disease

There is great interindividual variability in the response to asthma medications, and a substantial portion of this variability has a genetic basis. Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly evolving discipline and approach to patient care that uses genetic information and genomic technologies to identify underlying mechanisms that are responsible for these variable therapeutic responses. In this article, the pharmacogenetic principles in the context of asthma are described. Several examples of polymorphisms in genes that impact the efficacy of β 2 -agonists and antileukotriene drugs have been identified and are discussed. Analysis of polymorphisms likely is to be used routinely in clinical practice for optimizing asthma drug therapy.
History of the tuberous sclerosis complex.

How the concept of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) has developed over a period of time spanning 160 years has come form simple clinical observations, pathological studies and technological advances of imaging methods. It all began with PFO Rayer's color plate of a drawing of a patient who apparently had facial angiofibroma, published in the year 1835, and continued with von Recklinghausen's report of cardiac myomas and cerebral sclerosis in a newborn who had died minutes after birth. The seminal contribution was provided by D.M. Bourneville who, in 1880, reported and named as tuberous sclerosis the neuropathological findings in a young patient with seizures, hemiplegia, and mental subnormality who also had renal tumors. We now know that TSC is a hamartomatosis, and thanks to studies of recent years using positional cloning and DNA analysis, we are beginning to understand the biological mechanisms of these disorders which include NF1, NF2 and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Unique to TSC is that it is both phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous. One of two suspected genes found in chromosome 16 by positional cloning has been cloned ( TSC2 ). Another one that was discovered earlier in chromosome 9 ( TSC1 ) has not yet been characterized. The gene product from TSC2 has been named tuberin .
Synthesis of DNA-Organic Molecule-DNA Triblock Oligomers Using the Amide Coupling Reaction and Their Enzymatic Amplification

Precise electrical contact between single-molecule and electrodes is a first step to study single-molecule electronics and its application such as (bio)sensors and nanodevices. To realize a reliable electrical contact, we can use DNA as a template in the field of nanoelectronics because of its micrometer-scaled length with the thickness of nanometer-scale. In this paper, we studied the reactivity of the amide-coupling reaction to tether oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to organic molecules and the elongation of the ODNs by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to synthesize 1.5 kbp dsDNA-organic molecule-1.5 kbp dsDNA (DOD) triblock architecture. The successful amide-coupling reactions were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the triblock architectures were characterized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscope (AFM). Our result shows that this strategy is simple and makes it easy to construct DNA−organic molecule−DNA triblock architectures and potentially p...
Different intermediate populations formed by tazobactam, sulbactam, and clavulanate reacting with SHV-1 β-lactamases: Raman crystallographic evidence

Tazobactam, sulbactam, and clavulanic acid are the only beta-lactamase inhibitors in clinical use. Comparative inhibitory activities of clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam against clinically important beta-lactamases conclude that tazobactam is superior to both clavulanic acid and sulbactam. Thus far, the majority of explanations for this phenomenon have relied on kinetic studies, which report differences in the ligands' apparent dissociation constants and number of turnovers before inactivation. Due their innate limitations, these investigations do not examine the identity of intermediates on the reaction pathway and relate them to the efficacy of the inhibitors. In the present study, the reactions between the three inhibitors and SHV-1 beta-lactamase have been examined in single crystals using a Raman microscope. The results show that tazobactam forms a predominant population of trans-enamine, a chemically inert species, with SHV-1, while clavulanate and sulbactam form a mixture of trans-enamine and two labile species, the cis-enamine and imine. The same reactions are then reexamined using a deacylation-deficient variant, SHV E166A, that has been used to trap acyl-enzyme intermediates for X-ray crystallographic analysis. Our Raman data show that significant differences exist between the wild-type and SHV E166A acyl-enzyme populations. Namely, compared to SHV-1, sulbactam shows significantly smaller populations of cis-enamine and imine in the E166A variant, while clavulanate exists almost exclusively as trans-enamine in the E166A active site. Using clavulanate as an example, we also show that Raman crystallography can provide novel information on the presence of multiple conformers or tautomers for intermediates within a complex reaction pathway. These insights caution against the interpretation of experimental data obtained with deacylation-deficient beta-lactamases to make mechanistic conclusions about inhibitors within the enzyme.
Single‐walled Carbon Nanotube Strings for Biosensor Development

Strings of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were prepared using an aqueous dispersion of gellan gum wrapped nanotubes and crosslinked using Ca2+ ions. Various formulations were evaluated to determine the parameters for successful string formation; these included 8–12 % nanotube by weight, 60–70 % gellan gum, and 20–30 % KCl. Strings showed electrical conductivity when dried between ITO electrodes. Conductivity variations were observed and potential sources of the variation identified. Proteins were attached to the carbon nanotube strings with peroxidase enzymatic activity detected following horseradish peroxidase attachment. This work provides a basis for development of electronic biosensors based on these carbon nanotube strings.
A Factor in Presenting Our Product

Author's Summary.— If teachers of foreign languages have faith in their product they should be willing to use means available in presenting it to the public. Headline names from foreign news may serve in helping to make language study valuable and popular.)
External modulators for TeraHertz Quantum Cascade Lasers based on electrically-driven active metamaterials

Abstract We have designed, fabricated and measured electrically-driven active metamaterials which operate as external modulators for TeraHertz Quantum Cascade Lasers. The modulation is achieved by applying a voltage to the metamaterial layer which actively displaces carriers from the n-doped layer causing changes in damping and frequency location of the lowest metamaterial response. We demonstrate their operation at 2.4 and 2.8 TeraHertz and obtain a maximum modulation depth of ∼60% with a large degree of modulation linearity.
Differential regulation of brain opioid receptors following repeated cocaine administration to guinea pigs

Recent studies implied a possible involvement of the opioid system in the central nervous system (CNS) effects of cocaine. The present study was undertaken to determine specific alterations in opioid receptor binding following repeated exposure of guinea pigs to cocaine. Animals were treated with either saline or cocaine (40 mg/kg per day; i.p.) for 7 days, sacrificed 24 h after the treatment, and various brain regions were assayed for [3H]DAMGO, [3H]DPDPE and [3H]U-69,593 binding to the three major types of opioid receptors: mu, delta and kappa, respectively. A significant down-regulation of mu-opioid receptors (65-70% of control Bmax) was detected in the frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus of cocaine-treated animals. Other brain regions examined did not endure changes in mu-opioid receptor binding. In contrast, no significant change in delta-opioid receptor binding was detected at any of the brain regions investigated. Alteration in kappa-opioid receptor binding following exposure to cocaine was found only in the cerebellum: an up-regulation (136% of control Bmax) was observed. These findings indicate that repeated administration of cocaine induces differential regulation of opioid receptors. The down-regulation of mu-opioid receptors in discrete limbic regions may be associated with the addicting properties of cocaine.
Hydrogen adsorption in an interpenetrated dynamic metal-organic framework.

A metal−organic framework Zn(NDC)(4,4‘-Bpe)0.5·xG [NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate; 4,4‘-Bpe = 4,4‘-trans-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene; G = guest molecules] has been synthesized, structurally characterized, and rationalized to be a two-interpenetrated elongated primitive cubic net. Powder X-ray diffraction and adsorption studies reveal the dynamic feature of the framework, which can take up hydrogen of about 2.0 wt % at 77 K and 40 bar and 0.3 wt % at 298 K and 65 bar.
Borate buffer inhibition of peroxidatic intermediate formation in the deutero-ferriheme-hydrogen peroxide system

Abstract The rate of formation of peroxidatically active reaction intermediate(s) via oxidation of the iron(III)-porphyrin complex, deuteroferriheme, with hydrogen peroxide decreases with increasing borate content of mixed borate-carbonate buffer solutions. Studies at pH = 9.25 in 0.035 M borate buffer and 0.035 M carbonate buffer suggest borate to function as an uncompetitive inhibitor. A comparison of slopes and intercepts of double reciprocal plots for inhibited and uninhbited reactions allows calculation of selected parameters for the deuteroferriheme-H2O2 reaction at pH = 9.25 in terms of a typical enzymatic stoichiometric mechanism for heme activity. This includes the Michaelis constant (Km = 8.1 × 10−5 M) and the first-order rate constant for conversion of heme-substrate complex to intermediate(s) (k3 = 7.4 sec−1). A tentative mechanistic model involving reversible interaction of borate inhibitor with heme-substrate complex is considered, and pseudo-first-order rate constants calculated on the basis of this scheme are in reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally. It is suggested that comparable inhibitory action may be responsible for some previously reported cases of decreased catalase enzyme activity in borate buffer solutions
Intraspecific Litter Size Variation in Microtus californicus: Variation within Populations

An analysis of the patterns of intrapopulation variation in litter size in Microtus californicus from two regions has demonstrated that a major portion of the variation is temporal. Large seasonal changes in mean litter size were found in this species. There was no significant relationship between litter size and body weight, age, size, age at first reproduction, parity, or the presence or absence of lactation. Although heritability of litter size is low (0.17), much of the variation within populations can be attributed to differences between individual females, and presumably has a genetic basis. The effects of litter size variation on the offspring are seen primarily in the weights of juveniles at weaning and on the survivorship of young to weaning age.
Operational planning of combined heat and power plants through genetic algorithms for mixed 0-1 nonlinear programming

This paper is concerned with short-term (up to 24h) operational planning in combined heat and power plants for district energy applications. In such applications, heat and power demands fluctuate on an hourly basis due to changing weather conditions, time-of-day factors and consumer requirements. Plant energy efficiency is highly dependent on ambient temperature and operating load since equipment efficiencies are nonlinear functions of these parameters. In operational planning strategies, nonlinear equipment characteristics are seldom taken into account, resulting in plants being operated at sub-par efficiencies. In order to operate plants at highest possible efficiencies, scheduling strategies which take into account nonlinear equipment characteristics need to be developed. For such strategies, a mixed 0-1 nonlinear programming formulation is proposed. The problem is nonconvex and hence global optimality conditions are unknown. Classical techniques like branch-and-bound may not produce integer feasible solutions, may cut off the global optima and have an exponential increase in CPU time for a linear increase in planning horizon size. As an alternative, a solution method through genetic algorithms is proposed in which genetic search is applied only on 0-1 variables and gradient search is applied on continuous variables. The proposed method is a nonlinear extension of the one originally developed by Sakawa et al. Sakawa M, Kato K, Ushiro S. Operational planning of district heating and cooling plants through genetic algorithms for mixed 0-1 linear programming. Eur J Operat Res 2002;137(3):677-87]. Numerical experiments show the proposed genetic algorithm method is more consistent in finding integer feasible solutions, finds solutions with lower optimality gaps and has reasonable CPU time as compared to branch-and-bound. From an application perspective, the proposed scheduling strategy results in 5-11% increase in plant energy efficiency.
Synthetic Juvenile Hormones as Potential Coleopteran Ovicides

Three methylenedioxyphenoxy-terpenoid ethers with high morphogenetic activity on a variety of insects prevented egg hatch when they were applied to eggs of the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricome (F.). Eggs of E. varivestis were very sensitive to these synthetic hormones during the first half of the egg stage. Hatch was reduced by 98% when 1-day-old E. varivestis eggs were exposed to the vapors from 1 µg of the most potent hormone in a 2 × 9-cm petri dish or dipped for 5 seconds in a solution of 10 ppm. The relative potency of the hormones as fumigants differed for the 2 species. The most active compound was as potent a fumigant as parathion on E. varivestis eggs. Young eggs of the omnivorous leaf roller, Platynota stultana Walsingham; the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood); the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson); and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), were insensitive to relatively high concentrations of the 3 compounds.
Three Dimensional Measures of Trunk Motion Components during Manual Materials Handling in Industry

The objective of this study was to monitor and document the three dimensional spine motion components experienced during the performance of industrial work that is associated with various risks of low back disorder (LBD). An industrial study was performed that examined on-the-job trunk motions of 64 workers from 13 different industries. Trunk range of motion, velocity and acceleration were documented. Worker anthropometry, health history, external load moments, job satisfaction and risk (identified from OSHA 200 logs) were also recorded for the various jobs. The results identified and quantified those trunk motion characteristics as well as other workplace variables that were associated with high risk jobs. A regression model of job related LBD risk was also created based upon this information. The relationship between these motions and biomechanical loading of the spine as well as means to reduce the risk of LBD in the work place (based upon this study) are discussed.
Stress compounds in the leaves of Nicotiana undulata induced by TMV inoculation

Abstract In leaves of Nicotiana undulata inoculated with TMV, 19 sesquiterpenoids were detected as stress compounds. Among them, dehydrocarissone, capsidiol 3-acetate, aubergenone, 4- epi -aubergenone, trans -dihydrocarissone, 1,2-dehydro-α-cyperone and 3- epi -3-hydroxysolavetivone are novel tobacco stress compounds.
The Effects of Auditory and Visual Interference on Speech and Sign

Hearing adults produced signed and spoken monologues under conditions of quiet or 80 dB SPL of noise and with their vision unobstructed or obstructed. Their signs were videotaped and a random sampl...
The influence of surfactants on mass transfer around spheres

Equations are derived to predict the effect of trace surface-active impurities on mass transfer across a spherical interface. Transfer in the bulk phase surrounding spheres with both rapid and slow internal circulation, and moving in creeping flow, is shown to decrease on increasing the surfactant concentration. Drag and transfer equations for contaminated rapidly-circulating spheres moving at high Reynolds numbers are in semi-quantitative agreement with published data. The influence of surface-active contaminants on drag and transfer decreases as the viscosity of the bulk phase is increased. On derive les equations pour predire l'effet d'impuretes d'agents tensio-actifs, a l'etat trace, sur le transfert de masse dans une interface spherique. On demontre que ce transfert dans la phase continue qui entoure les spheres en mouvement tres lent, avec circu-lation interne lente et rapide, decroit avec une augmenta-tion d'agents tension-actifs. Les equations pour le transfert et le coefficient de trainee pour les spheres avec circulation rapide qui se meuvent a des Re eleves ne sont pas en accord complet avec les donnees deja publiees. L'influence des agents tensio-actifs sur ces valeurs decroit avec une augmentation de la viscosite de la phase continue.
A Brown-Gersten spectral sequence for the K-theory of varieties with isolated singularities

We produce two tools for computing the K-theory of varieties with isolated singularities: Mayer-Vietoris sequences for open coverings and a Brown-Gersten spectral sequence.
A sensitive gel filtration method for determination of protein sulfhydryl groups with 14C-chloromercuribenzoate

Abstract A gel filtration method employing 14C-chloromercuribenzoic acid is described for the quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups in microgram quantities of protein. The method has been applied to several native proteins, hemoglobin, monoamine oxidase, and yeast cytochrome c. In all cases values in close agreement with known literature values were obtained. Horse heart cytochrome c and lysozyme, which have no sulfhydryl groups, did not bind the mercurial reagent. Modifications of the method are described for determining the sulfhydryl content of denatured proteins in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate. The precision of the method was found to be compatible with known methods for determining the sulfhydryl composition of proteins.
“Higher” and “Lower” Needs

(1948). “Higher” and “Lower” Needs. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 433-436.
Effects of varying reinforcement probability on pavlovian approach behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations in rats

Long Evans rats (n=32) were trained for 2 weeks to respond to an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) which signaled the delivery of a 20% sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US) with varying probabilities. Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. In the control groups, the CS signaled sucrose delivery with equal probabilities across two weeks, at 100% (Group 100-100) and 25% (Group 25-25) respectively. In the experimental groups (Group 100-25) and (Group 25-100), sucrose probabilities were switched between weeks 1 and 2. Three behavioral measures were recorded: latency to enter the sucrose port upon CS presentation, head entries throughout the session and ultrasonic vocalizations. The results suggest that all groups formed associations between the CS and US, as evidenced by a decrease in latency to respond to the CS across days. The experimental groups were also able to detect when sucrose probability changed, as evidenced by Group 25-100's increase in head entries, to the level of Group 100-100 in week 2, and Group 100-25's decrease in head entries, to the level of Group 25-25 in week 2. Group 100-25 also produced an increase in "22 kHz" ultrasonic vocalizations following the downshift on the first day of week 2. The increase in this ultrasonic frequency range, which is associated with negative affect in rats, preceded both the decrease in head entries and the increase in missed trials, consistent with a multistage model of behaviors resulting from US probability reduction.
Dialkylnitrosamines in elastomers.

Accelerators and stabilizers used in natural rubber and many types of synthetic rubber are often derived from dialkylamines. It has been found that raw polymers, compounded uncured elastomers, and cured rubber parts containing these dialkylamino compounds emit low concentrations of the corresponding dialkylnitrosamine (R2N-N=O) when they are heated. Exposure of operators working with these materials can be reduced below a level of 50 parts per trillion by volume in air by use of ventilation velocities of about 50 ft/min. around the operation. The analytical method is described.
A pattern matching approach to assess the construct validity of an evaluation instrument

Abstract Pattern matching is an approach for determining the correspondence between program theory and the observations or data collected from a program based on that theory. For each major component of an evaluation—program, participants, measures, and outcomes—there are theoretical and observed patterns, and the degree of correspondence between the theoretical and observed patterns is called the pattern match. This chapter describes a measurement pattern match and its use to provide evidence for the construct validity of an instrument developed for a program evaluation. The evaluation context is a study of the effects of a child care program provided by a hospital on employees' work-related attitudes and behaviors. The intercorrelations from the questionnaire administered to employees provide the observed pattern. The structured conceptualization method was used to develop the theoretical pattern from the perspective of administrators of hospitals that provide child care assistance. Results are presented of both visual and quantitative assessments of the match between the theoretical and observed patterns.
Policing the wilderness: A descriptive study of wildlife conservation officers in South Africa

Of the various aspects of law enforcement, few studies have focused on those responsible for protecting wildlife conservation areas. Even less has been written on this from an international perspec...
T2 CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IS A RARE ENTITY: A STUDY OF 120 CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS

ABSTRACTPurpose: In 2002 the American Joint Committee on Cancer revised the TNM staging system, introducing subclassification for T1 tumors, and invasion of renal sinus fat and sinus veins in categories T3a and T3b, respectively. Since renal sinus invasion represents the most common site of extrarenal extension, the relationship between size, and renal sinus invasion and its effect on the T classification was examined in prospective fashion.Materials and Methods: A total of 175 renal cell carcinomas were examined in prospective fashion with careful evaluation for renal sinus invasion. A minimum of 5 blocks of the renal sinus-tumor interface were examined. Tumors were staged using the 2002 TNM formulation.Results: The distribution of tumors types was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC) in 120 cases, papillary renal cell carcinoma in 30, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in 12 and miscellaneous other carcinomas in 13. T classifications correlated with tumor type. Only 3 of 30 papillary renal cell carcinomas...
Eigenvector-Based Spectral Enhancement of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Profiles of Small Volumes from Human Brain Tissue

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a low-energy technique which suffers from poor inherent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In a clinical setting, it is often desirable to study small regions of tissue in patients to aid in the detection and diagnosis of disease states. Analysis of the smaller regions, however, degrades the SNR further and renders conventional spectral estimation techniques such as the discrete Fourier transform useless. We demonstrate the utility of two complex eigenvector-based algorithms, Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) and Minimum Norm, in the detection of resonances within small sample volumes. The results indicate that these methods are clearly superior to Fourier transform-based techniques currently available on clinical NMR scanners.
SiGe channels for VT control of high-k metal gate transistors for 32 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology and beyond

Abstract GLOBALFOUNDRIES 32 nm high-k metal gate technology, with SiGe channel for V T control of P-field effect transistor, is taken into production. This epitaxial channel material is being introduced into high volume manufacturing in complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The morphology of the SiGe channel (cSiGe) for narrow width transistors is carefully controlled by process conditions such as epitaxial growth temperature, pre bake condition or in-situ Si recess prior epitaxial deposition. A micro loading effect observed in 28 nm technology was eliminated by an in-situ recess of the silicon before epitaxial deposition. Due to the significant cost of this process step, an epitaxial batch system has been evaluated to reduce the cost of ownership dramatically. Also the cSiGe process has been optimized to minimize the thickness variation of the SiGe channel due to the strong response of V T to cSiGe thickness.
Response of an unidentified phosphate fraction and of bound phosphohistidine in mitochondria to Ca++, uncouplers, and inhibitors

Abstract Short exposure of mitochondria to Ca++ results in a decrease in labeling of bound phosphohistidine from 32Pi, but an increase in an unidentified phosphate fraction. In the absence of Ca++, the labeling of this fraction is inhibited by short exposure to low concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol or m-Cl-carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone but not by oligomycin. The unidentified 32P fraction contains one or more components which appear to represent protein-bound, exceptionally-labile phosphoryl derivative(s) or specifically occluded inorganic phosphate.
Particle Size Distribution of Coprecipitated Mn‐Zn Ferrite Powders

The particle size distribution of 0.07- to 0.35-μm powders was measured by quantitative electron microscopy using an areal analysis. Measurements of at least 15 particles were required to characterize each size distribution. The specific surface area calculated from the size distributions satisfactorily agreed with that measured by the BET method. For the powders with surface area of 4.4 to 9.7 m2/g, the particle size distributions were generally narrow. In many cases the distributions were near log normal.
Quantitative and qualitative follow-up outcomes from a preschool audiologic screening program: perspectives over a decade.

Purpose This investigation reports on quantitative and qualitative follow-up information obtained from a preschool audiologic screening program covering a 10-year period (1995 to 2004). Method The audiologic screening consisted of a hearing (pure tone) and tympanometry screening. A total of 34,979 children, 3 to 5 years of age, were screened. Results Eighteen percent (6,337) of the children were referred for further hearing and/or medical ear evaluation. Of 1,421 follow-up responses received, 93% complied with the follow-up recommendations while 7% did not. Of 1,316 children in the follow-up group, outer and/or middle ear disorder in one or both ears was medically confirmed for 37%. Unilateral or bilateral hearing loss was diagnosed in 18% as conductive (12%), sensorineural (1%), mixed (0.4%), or unspecified (5%). Overall, hearing loss and/or otologic disorder was confirmed in 49% of the follow-up group, suggesting a prevalence of 1.8% in a preschool-age population. A small (n = 32) sample of unsolicited ...
Antitumor activity of enkephalin analogues in inhibiting PYB6 tumor growth in mice and immunological effects of methionine enkephalinamide.

Recent evidence has implicated enkephalins as immunomodulators. Several studies have reported the regulation of tumor growth by methionine enkephalin (ME). However, there has been little effort to relate the immunological significance of enkephalins to the development of anticancer drugs. The present study had three aims: first, to compare the antitumor activity of the synthetic peptide, D-[Ala2]methionine enkephalinamide (MEA), with endogenous enkephalins on PYB6 fibrosarcoma tumor growth; second, to determine whether tumor growth inhibition was mediated by an opiate receptor; and third, to investigate the effects of MEA on selected immune responses. Female B6C3F1 mice were injected i.p. daily for 7 days with 50-4000 micrograms/kg of ME, MEA, leucine enkephalin (LE) or D-[Ala2]leucine enkephalinamide (LEA), beginning 1 day after PYB6 inoculation. ME and MEA, but not LE or LEA, decreased the PYB6 growth rate. The dose of 50 micrograms/kg MEA exerted the maximum inhibition of tumor growth (nearly 72% on day 15 post tumor transplantation). MEA was not directly toxic to PYB6 tumor cells, as evaluated by the measurement of DNA synthesis and cellular ATP levels of PYB6 cells exposed to MEA in vitro. No [3H]-etorphine specific bindings were detected on the cell membrane or sonicates of splenic lymphocytes or PYB6 cells. Therefore, the antitumor activity by MEA is likely mediated by an indirect mechanism. Immunological studies indicated that MEA selectively enhanced the lymphoproliferative response to the T-cell mitogen, concanavalin A, but not to the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Advanced traffic signal control for diamond interchanges

Most modern traffic signal controllers contain advanced features that are not often used but may improve traffic operations under certain conditions. The Texas Transportation Institute recently completed a research project for the Texas Department of Transportation, investigating how diamond interchange operations can be improved by using advanced controller features. The research evaluated advanced features available in the traffic signal controllers currently used for diamond interchange control in Texas. Eight potentially useful controller features were identified. The effectiveness of these features was evaluated with hardware-in-the-loop traffic simulation. The researchers considered the applicability of these features under different geometric and demand conditions and investigated the effect of detector technology and human factors issues on implementation. One of the main findings of the research was the potential usefulness of the separate intersection diamond control mode. The separate intersection diamond control mode is not commonly used, but, if applied judiciously under specific geometric and demand conditions, it can provide more efficient control than the three-phase or four-phase sequences typically used in Texas. The free separate intersection mode can significantly reduce stops at interchanges under low-volume conditions, especially if permissive interior left turns are allowed and steps are taken to reduce activation of the interior left-turn phases. The coordinated separate intersection mode has the potential to provide more efficient operation than the three-phase or four-phase sequence under certain conditions that can be determined with signal optimization software such as PASSER III, Synchro, and TRANSYT-7F.
Geometry and stability theory

If a mechanical system moves from a configurationx0 to another configurationx, the work of all the forces, corresponding to all kinematically admissible paths and all speeds of description of those paths, usually is bounded above. It then possesses a least upper bound −Λ(x0,x). If the system is conservative, Λ(x0,x) is the inerement of potential energy. However, conservatism is not assumed. The function Λ(x0,x) plays the role usually given to potential energy in stability theory. This generalization is illustrated with two different dynamical criteria for static stability. Properties of the function Λ(x0,x) that ensure stable equilibrium at pointx0 are derived from the law of kinetic energy in the context of geometry of configuration space.