cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path set selection in mobile ad hoc networks

Topological changes in mobile ad hoc networks frequently render routing paths unusable. Such recurrent path failures have detrimental effects on the network ability to support QoS-driven services. A promising technique for addressing this problem is to use multiple redundant paths between the source and the destination. However while multipath routing algorithms can tolerate network failures well their failure resilience only holds if the paths are selected judiciously. In particular the correlation between the failures of the paths in a redundant path set should be as small as possible. However selecting an optimal path set is an NP-complete problem. Heuristic solutions proposed in the literature are either too complex to be performed in real-time or too ineffective or both. This paper proposes a multipath routing algorithm called Disjoint Pathset Selection Protocol (DPSP) based on a novel heuristic that in nearly linear time on average picks a set of highly reliable paths. The convergence to a highly reliable path set is very fast and the protocol provides flexibility in path selection and routing algorithm. Furthermore DPSP is suitable for real-time execution with nearly no message exchange overhead and with minimal additional storage requirements. This paper presents evidence that multipath routing can mask a substantial number of failures in the network compared to single path routing protocols and that the selection of paths according to DPSP can be beneficial for mobile ad hoc networks since it dramatically reduces the rate of route discoveries.
Identity Negotiation at Work

Upon initiating relationships, people engage in a process of identity negotiation through which they establish their respective identities. Once established, people’s identities define their mutual expectations, obligations, and indeed, the very nature of their relationships. This chapter presents a rudimentary theory of identity negotiation, with emphasis on how such negotiations unfold in the workplace. We first discuss the nature and history of identity negotiation, noting similarities and differences between identity negotiation and related constructs. Next we describe the successive phases of the identity negotiation process and identify the principles that ideally govern how that process operates in work contexts. We then discuss how identity negotiation processes may be leveraged for organizational change and how the state of identity congruence may contribute to innovation. We conclude by noting questions that remain for future research on identity negotiation. # 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Applying enhanced fault localization technology to Monte Carlo simulations

This paper describes and explores applications of several new methods for explaining unexpected behavior in Monte Carlo simulations: (1) the use of fuzzy logic to represent the extent to which a program behaves as expected, (2) the analysis of variable value density distributions, and (3) the geometric treatment of predicate lists as vectors when comparing simulation runs with normal and unexpected outputs. These methods build on previous attempts to localize faults in computer programs. They address weaknesses of existing techniques in cases where programs contain real-valued random variables. The new methods were able to locate a source of error in a Monte Carlo simulation and find faults in benchmarks used by the fault localization community.
Error-energy bounds for adaptive gradient algorithms

The paper establishes robustness, optimality, and convergence properties of the widely used class of instantaneous-gradient adaptive algorithms. The analysis is carried out in a purely deterministic framework and assumes no a priori statistical information. It employs the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for vectors in an Euclidean space and derives local and global error-energy bounds that are shown to highlight, as well as explain, relevant aspects of the robust performance of adaptive gradient filters (along the lines of H/sup /spl infin// theory).
Do Environments Matter? A Comparative Analysis of the Impression of Different Types of Colleges and Universities on Character

What role does higher education play in character development? Based on the attendance at this conference, it appears as if lots of people are interested in this question. But not everyone.
Trailing Edge Conditions for Unsteady Flows at High Reduced Frequency

In the prediction of time-variant flows past isolated airfoils and airfoil cascades, the steady-state KuttaJoukowsky condition is generally assumed to be valid. Recent experimental investigations on isolated airfoils however, have indicated that this assumption is only appropriate for flows characterized by low reduced frequency values. For the case of airfoil cascades, only low reduced frequency data exist, but these limited data indicate the same trend, i.e., the Kutta-Joukowsky condition is appropriate only for low reduced frequency values. Hence, the objective of the experimental investigation described herein was to determine the applicability of the Kutta-Joukowsky condition for isolated airfoils and airfoil cascades at high reduced frequency values over a range of incidence angles. This was accomplished by measuring the time-variant surface pressure distribution in the trailing edge region of a classical isolated flat plate, a classical flat plate cascade, and a cambered airfoil cascade, and correlating these data with an appropriate state-of-the-art zero incidence flat plate theoretical model that applies the Kutta-Joukowsky condition. The results obtained indicate that at these high reduced frequency values, the Kutta-Joukowsky condition is appropriate for the classical isolated flat plate and flat plate cascade over a wide range of incidence angles. However, for the cambered airfoil cascade, this condition does not appear to be satisfied for any value of incidence angle.
RNAi as a bioinformatics consumer

RNAi has shown great potential for use as a tool for biological discovery, analysis and therapeutics. The involvement of the RNAi pathway in post-transcription silencing, transcriptional silencing and epigenetic silencing as well as its use as a tool for forward genetics and therapeutics throws up several bioinformatics challenges. This paper delineates several areas of research and reviews work that has already been done, the tools that are available and the challenges that lie ahead.
Working with Children Providing a Framework for the Roles of Counseling Psychologists

The general purpose of this article is to provide a review of potential roles that counseling psychologists can assume in meeting the needs of children. Conceptualized within the method of intervention dimension, roles will be examined relative to different childhood stressors whose impact is influenced by a child's developmental stage. Examples are provided to illustrate the function of various roles in different contexts. Special attention is given to the topic of divorce, a prevalent stressor that often has a significant intra- and interpersonal impact on the children it affects.
The Efficacy of Carbon Tetrachloride in Roundworm Control

Abstract IN recent work by Graham, Ackert, and Jones (1932) it was necessary to obtain an anthelmintic that would remove the large roundworm Ascaridia lineata (Schneider) from young chickens. Hall and Shillinger (1923) found that carbon tetrachloride in doses ranging from 2 to 18 cc. per kilo of body weight was efficacious for the removal of Ascaridia lineata from chickens. They indicated no deleterious effects even with the largest doses used. Graybill and Beach (1925) also noted that doses of 2 cc, administered in hard gelatin capsules, were approximately 98 percent efficient in removing the large roundworms. In preliminary tests Graham and Ackert (1929) found that carbon tetrachloride used at a dose rate of 10 cc. per kilo of body weight was effective as an anthelmintic but decidedly toxic to young growing chickens. Used at a rate of 4 cc. per kilo, it was 100 per cent efficacious and relatively non-toxic.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Holter Monitoring of Emergency Physicians before, during, and after a Night Shift

. Background: Occupational stress may affect measured hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables. Data describing the physiologic effects of work on the emergency physician (EP) are sparse. Objective: lb determine whether blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) of the EP are affected during a night shift in the ED. Methods: This prospective study evaluated BP and HRV in attending EPs at an urban academic medical center for a 24-hour period during which a night shift was scheduled. Participants were fitted with an oscillometric ambulatory BP device and a Holter monitor at 1500 hours on the day of a night shift. The monitors were worn continuously before, during, and after a night shift (2300-0700) in the ED and were removed at 1500. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), measures of HRV, and occurrence of cardiac dysrhythmias were evaluated. Comparisons were made for ED and non-ED awake periods and non-ED sleep periods. Results: Twelve participants completed the study. Eight (67%) subjects were men and 4 (33%) were women. Age ranged from 28 to 40 years (mean 34.1 ± 4.1). Results were analyzed using repeated-measures AN-OVA. An elevation of mean DBP (5.5 mm Hg ± 4.37; p < 0.05; 95% CI 1–10) during night shift activity was seen. A trend toward elevation of SBP, MAP, and HR was discernible. HRV measures indicated a significant relative increase in sympathetic vs parasympathetic tone and an increase in HR of prework and work compared with postwork. Dysrhythmias observed included sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus pause, atrial premature beats, atrial couplets and triplets, supraventricular tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions. Conclusions: The elevation of DBP during a night shift suggests that these patterns of BP variability are activity- or stress-related rather than a result of a true diurnal variation. HRV analysis suggests that sympathetic tone is heightened both before work and during work. The implications of such findings to the health of the EP warrant further investigation.
HAM-a hardware accelerator for multi-layer wire routing

The authors investigate a C-wrapped hexagonal mesh architecture (called HAM, for hexagonal array machine) for the physical implementation of the Lee algorithm. They show the high promise of such a machine in handling routing on single as well as on multiple layers. The mapping corresponding to a C-wrapped hexagonal interconnection of N processing elements (PEs) results in an interprocessor cycle length of N. This is much superior to the N/2 results obtained by other researchers. Consequently, fewer conflicts arise during wave-front expansion and a good quality routing can be achieved in a much shorter period. The authors show that a hexagonal mesh with 3 kG PEs can do routing on k-layer grids with kG/sup 2/ grid points at speeds comparable to the full grid machine. >
Commentary: Back-End Users: The Unrecognized Stakeholders in Demand-Driven Sanitation:

Inadequate wastewater and fecal sludge treatment, disposal, and end use systems are arguably the greatest obstacles to achieving sustainable urban sanitation in unserved regions. Strategies for planning and implementing urban sanitation are continually evolving. Demand-driven sanitation with household and community participation is broadly thought to be the way forward. We are skeptical that more time and resources spent garnering household and community demand for sanitation will amount to the much-needed improvements in the treatment and end use components of sanitation systems. We propose shifting the incentives for sanitation from “front-end users” to “back-end users,” thereby leveraging demand for the products of sanitation (e.g., treated wastewater, fertilizer, alternative fuel) to motivate robust operation and maintenance of complete sanitation systems. Leveraging the resource value of wastewater and fecal sludge demands a reuse-oriented planning approach to sanitation, an example of which is the D...
Magnetism and associated exchange bias in Ni2−xCoxMn1.4Ga0.6

Abstract A series of Ni 2− x Co x Mn 1.4 Ga 0.6 Heusler alloys have been systematically investigated by x-ray diffraction, dc magnetization, and ac susceptibility measurements. For all Co concentration, the alloys exhibit the L1 0 martensitic structure at room temperature. Interestingly, Co doping simultaneously causes a reduction in the ferromagnetic exchange interaction and enhancement of magnetic anisotropy in Ni 2− x Co x Mn 1.4 Ga 0.6 . Exchange bias effects under both zero field cooled and field cooled condition have been observed in all alloys for x
Repurposing the High Line: Aesthetic experience and contradiction in West Chelsea

Abstract New forms of urban development harness aesthetic experience in order to secure, legitimate and reproduce class inequality and social exclusion. Our research on the repurposed elevated rail tracks that form the base of the High Line Park (HLP) and nearby development in New York City's West Chelsea neighborhood investigates one instance of urban aestheticization processes and their contradictions. Drawing on a variety of ethnographic, textual and photographic sources, we analyze how aesthetic components of the landscape shape the social interaction that occurs in and through these spaces; the manner in which the views from the HLP orchestrate visitors' perception of the city; how choices made about what to preserve and what to obscure from the industrial past shape our understanding of history and how new additions to the site such as plantings, public art, and amphitheaters communicate to visitors how they are to interact with each other, who “belongs,” who to fear and with whom to identify. We also explore how design occludes an understanding of the material phenomen a that undergird the neighborhood's transformation and the low-income residents who continue to share the neighborhood with the new urban elite.
Pre-computation for controlling character behavior in interactive physical simulations

The development of advanced computer animation tools has allowed talented artists to create digital actors, or characters, in films and commercials that move in a plausible and compelling way. In interactive applications, however, the artist does not have total control over the scenarios the character will experience. Unexpected changes in the environment of the character or unexpected interactions with dynamic elements of the virtual world can lead to implausible motions. This work investigates the use of physical simulation to automatically synthesize plausible character motions in interactive applications. We show how to simulate a realistic motion for a humanoid character by creating a feedback controller that tracks a motion capture recording. By applying the right forces at the right time, the controller is able to recover from a range of interesting changes to the environment and unexpected disturbances. Controlling physically simulated humanoid characters is non-trivial as they are governed by non-linear, non-smooth, and high-dimensional equations of motion. We simplify the problem by using a linearized and simplified dynamics model near a reference trajectory. Tracking a reference trajectory is an effective way of getting a character to perform a single task. However, simulated characters need to perform many tasks form a variety of possible configurations. This work also describes a method for combining existing controllers by adding their output forces to perform new tasks. This allows one to reuse existing controllers. A surprising fact is that combined controllers can perform optimally under certain conditions. These methods allow us to interactively simulate many interesting humanoid character behaviors in two and three dimensions. These characters have many more degrees of freedom than typical robot systems and move much more naturally. Simulation is fast enough that the controllers could soon be used to animate characters in interactive games. It is also possible that these simulations could be used to test robotic designs and biomechanical hypotheses. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Mechanistic and microkinetic analysis of CO2 hydrogenation on ceria

We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on a reduced ceria (110) catalyst, which has previously been shown to activate CO2. Two reaction channels to methanol are identified: (1) COOH pathway via a carboxyl intermediate and (2) HCOO pathway via a formate intermediate. While formaldehyde (H2CO) appears to be the key intermediate for methanol synthesis, other intermediates, including carbine diol, formic acid and methanol, are not feasible due to their high formation energies. Furthermore, direct formyl hydrogenation to formaldehyde is not feasible due to its high activation barrier. Instead, we find that conversion of H-formalin (H2COOH*) to formaldehyde is kinetically more favorable. The formaldehyde is then converted to methoxy (H3CO*), and finally hydrogenated to form methanol. Microkinetic analyses reveal the rate-limiting steps in the reaction network and establish that the HCOO route is the dominant pathway for methanol formation on this catalyst.
Multi-Material Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) and topology optimization strongly complement each other in that the complex and optimal designs created through the latter can directly be fabricated through AM, leading to reduced design and fabrication time.As AM expands into multi-material fabrication, there is a natural need for efficient multi-material topology optimization methods, where one must simultaneously optimize the topology, and the distribution of various materials within the topology.In this paper we generalize the single-material Pareto tracing method of topology optimization to multiple materials, and discuss its implementation using assembly-free finite element analysis, and first-order element-sensitivity. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through illustrative examples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Low prevalence of the APC I1307K sequence in Jewish and non-Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

A germline sequence alteration at codon 1307 of the APC gene (I1307K) has been reported in 6 – 7% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population in the United States. This alteration is believed to predispose the APC gene to a secondary mutation at the same locus, resulting in an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma. There is an increased risk of colorectal carcinoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively large proportion of whom are Ashkenazi Jews. We therefore sought to determine whether the I1307K sequence variant occurred in the germline DNA of IBD patients. To our surprise, we found this sequence in only two of 267 patients with IBD (0.7%), occurring in only 1.5% of Jewish IBD patients. The I1307K sequence variant was not found in 67 patients with esophageal cancer, 53 patients with gastric carcinoma (13 MSI-H and 44 MSI-negative), or ten patients with sporadic MSI-H colon cancer. These findings suggest that the I1307K sequence is relatively rare in the germline of Jewish as well as non-Jewish IBD patients. It does not appear to contribute to the increased colorectal cancer risk present in these patients.
Abstract B75: TWISTing Stemness, Inflammation, and Proliferation of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells through MIR199A2/214

Introduction: Twist1, a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor, has an important role in tumor biology by regulating epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. It also functions as a transcription repressor in NFκB‐dependent cytokine expression. Recently, we reported the identification and characterization of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells with stem‐like properties (Type I EOC cells). At the microRNA level, Type I EOC cells are characterized by low levels of hsa‐miR‐199a2 and hsa‐miR‐214. We also demonstrated the capacity of Type I EOC cells to differentiate into mature ovarian cancer cells (Type II EOC cells), which has lost stemness potential and express high levels of both hsa‐miR‐199a2 and hsa‐miR‐214. We also showed previously that hsa‐miR‐199a2 is able to regulate the levels of IKKβ and therefore have a direct effect on the NFκB pathway. Still, another group reported the regulatory control of hsa‐miR‐214 on the Akt pathway. In this study, we show that Twist1 is able to regulate the miR‐199a2/214 cluster in EOC cells and can therefore control both NFκB and Akt pathways. Methods: 5′‐RACE and 3′‐RACE was used to clone the full length pre‐miR‐199a gene. Real‐time PCR was used to determine the levels of Twist1 and miR‐199a2/214. Twist1 was knocked‐down in Type II EOC cells using siRNA. The effect of Twist1 knockdown on levels of IKKβ was determined by Western blot analysis. Cytokines were quantified using Luminex technology. Results: Characterization of full length of pre‐miR‐199a2 transcript reveals that the MIR199A2 gene contains a human microRNA cluster, miR‐199a2/214, and pre‐miR‐199a2 within the human Dnm3os gene (NCBI GeneID 474332). PCR analysis showed low levels of Twist1 and miR‐199a2/214 in Type I EOC cells but high levels of expression in Type II EOC cells. Knockdown of Twist1 in Type II cells induce a significant decrease in the levels both hsa‐miR‐199a2 and hsa‐miR‐214, and significant increase in IKKβ expression. Ectopic expression of hsa‐miR‐199a2 partially reverse the effect of Twist‐1 knockdown on the levels of IKKβ. The combination of knockdown Twist1 and TNFα stimulation in Type II EOC cells significantly increase Rantes, an NFκB‐dependent cytokine. Conclusion: We demonstrate for the first time that Twist1 plays a feedback role for the NFkB pathway by repressing IKKβ expression through hsa‐miR‐199a2. Twist1 inhibition of IKKβ expression through regulating hsa‐miR‐199a2, represents a novel negative feedback loop for the NFκB pathway. The demonstration that Twist1 can regulate the miR‐199a2/214 cluster and therefore both the IKKβ and Akt survival pathways, suggests the potential role of Twist1 in EOC differentiation. Furthermore it opens the opportunity to develop new approaches for targeting the ovarian cancer stem cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B75.
Investor recognition and liquidity: evidence from dual listing on the NYSE and NASDAQ

ABSTRACTThis article examines the impact of the NYSE firms’ decision to dual list on NASDAQ and the resultant trading liquidity, after controlling for the endogeneity of the decision. Using a simultaneous system of equations approach, we find evidence that dual listing lowers transaction costs, but does not lead to any significant improvement in investor recognition. Further, the improvement in market quality due to dual listing on NASDAQ does generate, albeit somewhat weak, positive cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the dual listing.
Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins at Langmuir Monolayers

Hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) is valuable for providing conformational information for proteins/peptides that are very difficult to analyze with other methods such as peripheral membrane proteins and peptides that interact with membranes. We developed a new type of HX MS measurement that integrates Langmuir monolayers. A lipid monolayer was generated, a peptide or protein associated with it, and then the monolayer-associated peptide or protein was exposed to deuterium. The deuterated species was recovered from the monolayer, digested, and deuterium incorporation monitored by MS. Test peptides showed that deuterium recovery in an optimized protocol was equivalent to deuterium recovery in conventional solution HX MS. The reproducibility of the measurements was high, despite the requirement of generating a new monolayer for each deuterium labeling time. We validated that known conformational changes in the presence of a monolayer/membrane could be observed with the peptide melittin and the my...
Sediment removal by the Lake Apopka marsh flow-way

We review the evidence showing that the high turbidity levels of Lake Apopka are due primarily to resuspended sediments rather than phytoplankton, and that this situation is likely to persist unless there is a fundamental change in the lake. We discuss the reasons why reductions in phosphorus inputs, the gizzard shad removal program, and macrophyte plantings would not bring about such a change. Potentially the marsh flow-way could remove the flocculent sediments because of a unique combination of a very large surface area (125 km2), a mean depth of only 1.7 m, a layer of easily resuspended fluid mud, and a marsh flow-way that is designed to filter the lake volume about 2 times a year. Using several different estimates of the rate of sediment formation in the lake, our model calculates that it would take from 275 to 502 years to remove the sediments, so the lake could not attain clear water in a reasonable length of time. The model is mathematically correct but will give nonsense results if one tries to calculate removal times when the lake is accumulating sediments rather than losing them.
Grape Powder Improves Age-Related Decline in Mitochondrial and Kidney Functions in Fischer 344 Rats

We examined the effects and mechanism of grape powder- (GP-) mediated improvement, if any, on aging kidney function. Adult (3-month) and aged (21-month) Fischer 344 rats were treated without (controls) and with GP (1.5% in drinking water) and kidney parameters were measured. Control aged rats showed higher levels of proteinuria and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), which decreased with GP treatment in these rats. Renal protein carbonyls (protein oxidation) and gp91phox-NADPH oxidase levels were high in control aged rats, suggesting oxidative stress burden in these rats. GP treatment in aged rats restored these parameters to the levels of adult rats. Moreover, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion were low in control aged rats suggesting compromised kidney function, which improved with GP treatment in aged rats. Interestingly, low renal mitochondrial respiration and ATP levels in control aged rats were associated with reduced levels of mitochondrial biogenesis marker MtTFA. Also, Nrf2 proteins levels were reduced in control aged rats. GP treatment increased levels of MtTFA and Nrf2 in aged rats. These results suggest that GP by potentially regulating Nrf2 improves aging mitochondrial and kidney functions.
Thermal shock behavior of ceramic dielectrics

One of the drawbacks of ceramic dielectrics is low thermal stock resistance. This proved quite troublesome to the armed forces during the last war by causing failures of electronic equipment.
In Vivo Pharmacology

The ultimate therapeutic value of a molecule is determined by its effect in vivo ; factors such as plasma protein binding, endogenous physiological tone and reflexes can obscure the relationship between free drug concentration and observed effect. This chapter centers on the various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors involved in the production of in vivo drug response. The response to a drug may be observed directly or through a surrogate such as a biochemical biomarker. In addition, there may be temporal dissociation between the actual biochemical events initiated by the drug and the eventual lasting therapeutic response. Since in vivo systems are open systems, response must be linked with the time of exposure to the drug. Specifically, the kinetics of drug movement within the body are immensely important to the in vivo activity of drugs either through restricted diffusion to and from the compartments containing the therapeutic target or through the actual rate of dissociation of the drug from the target itself. Since the body is an open system (not in equilibrium), the kinetics of interaction of drugs with targets becomes paramount and a major determinant of overall in vivo activity.
Chorioamniotic Separation Found on Obstetric Ultrasound and Perinatal Outcome.

Objective This study aims to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in patients with spontaneous and iatrogenic chorioamniotic separation diagnosed by ultrasound after 17 weeks. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of women with a singleton pregnancy who were diagnosed with chorioamniotic separation (n = 106) after 17 weeks' gestation from January 2000 to January 2013. Patients with chorioamniotic separation were compared with a group of patients who had obstetric ultrasounds without a diagnosis of chorioamniotic separation. Those without chorioamniotic separation were matched (1:1) on gestational age on the date of the ultrasound ( ± 2 weeks) (n = 106). The primary outcome was preterm delivery ( Results The rate of preterm delivery was significantly higher for those with chorioamniotic separation than for those without (57.5 vs. 17.1%, p Conclusions Chorioamniotic separation is associated with preterm delivery. If diagnosed before 24 weeks, the rate of stillbirth is significantly higher.
Endless Talks About Talks

The chapter describes how after the war in Gaza a new US Envoy, Senator George Mitchell, attempted to re-launch negotiations, but got bogged down in endless talks about talks, ultimately failing when a limited Israeli settlements freeze wasn’t renewed. The Quartet’s on-and-off involvement in the process is critically assessed, as well as the lack of concerted international efforts to persuade Israel to freeze settlement activity.
Ideology Detection for Twitter Users via Link Analysis

The problem of ideology detection is to study the latent (political) placement for people, which is traditionally studied on politicians according to their voting behaviors. Recently, more and more studies begin to address the ideology detection problem for ordinary users based on their online behaviors that can be captured by social media, e.g., Twitter. As far as we are concerned, the vast majority of the existing methods on ideology detection on social media have oversimplified the problem as a binary classification problem (i.e., liberal vs. conservative). Moreover, though social links can play a critical role in deciding one’s ideology, most of the existing work ignores the heterogeneous types of links in social media. In this paper we propose to detect numerical ideology positions for Twitter users, according to their follow, mention, and retweet links to a selected set of politicians. A unified probabilistic model is proposed that can (1) integrate heterogeneous types of links together in determining people’s ideology, and (2) automatically learn the quality of each type of links in deciding one’s ideology. Experiments have demonstrated the advantages of our model in terms of both ranking and political leaning classification accuracy.
Global Kerosene Subsidies: An Obstacle to Energy Efficiency and Development

Summary It is widely agreed that energy subsidies impede the efficient functioning of markets. The resulting distortions in prices work at odds with policies to improve energy efficiency and reduce the cost of energy services and associated externalities such as health and environmental damages. The analysis developed in this article finds that kerosene is used in 173 countries, at a cost to consumers of $43.4B/y, $60.3B/y including direct economic subsidies, and $77.2B/y including certain externalities. Despite low world oil prices, direct economic subsidies for kerosene were $18.4B in 2013, and $34.7B including environmental externalities. These values correspond to 72% and 56% of total kerosene costs being passed through to consumers, respectively. When excluding advanced economies, the pass-through values fall to 40% and 35%. Approximately 52% of the global kerosene supply receives direct subsidy, or 63% when externality costs are considered. The cooking end use receives $2.0B/y in direct kerosene subsidies, lighting $7.1B/y, and heating and other residual uses $9.3B/y, or $76 per over all households each year. Defining subsidies at this level of granularity is useful for pinpointing policy issues and opportunities. Promoting a transition to energy efficient off-grid energy services is one of the most cost-effective ways of reducing dependency on subsidies. However, the very presence of subsidies undercuts this process by diluting market price signals and rendering energy efficiency investments less cost-effective, while competing with other social and development-focused budgetary needs. Kerosene subsidies are additionally counterproductive because the emerging technologies they impede (e.g., improved lighting and cook stoves) also improve productivity, safety, and quality of life. Forty-five countries—many in the developing world—have priced kerosene such that there are no direct subsidies, and twenty-two have done so even when accounting for environmental externalities, suggesting the practice is economically and politically feasible.
Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms.

Abstract Purpose Prepregnancy obesity and weight changes accompanying pregnancy (gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention) may be associated with risk of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and in the postpartum. The few studies that have examined these relationships report conflicting findings. Methods We studied pregnant (n = 2112) and postpartum (n = 1686) women enrolled in Project Viva. We used self-reported prepregnancy and postpartum weight and measured prenatal weight to calculate prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and postpartum weight retention at 6 months after birth. We assessed elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥13 on 0–30 scale) at midpregnancy and 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of prenatal and postpartum EDS in relation to prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and postpartum weight retention. Results A total of 214 (10%) participants experienced prenatal EDS and 151 (9%) postpartum EDS. Neither prepregnancy BMI nor GWG was associated with prenatal EDS. Prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg per m2) was associated with higher odds of postpartum EDS (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.83) compared to normal prepregnancy weight in a model adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, nativity, education, marital status, household income, parity, pregnancy intention, and smoking. Conclusions Prepregnancy obesity is associated with elevated depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. Given the current obesity epidemic in the US and the consequences of perinatal depression, additional prevention and screening efforts in this population may be warranted.
Creation of a Bose-condensed gas of 87Rb by laser cooling

Protocols for attaining quantum degeneracy in atomic gases almost exclusively rely on evaporative cooling, a time-consuming final step associated with substantial atom loss. We demonstrate direct laser cooling of a gas of rubidium-87 (87Rb) atoms to quantum degeneracy. The method is fast and induces little atom loss. The atoms are trapped in a two-dimensional optical lattice that enables cycles of compression to increase the density, followed by Raman sideband cooling to decrease the temperature. From a starting number of 2000 atoms, 1400 atoms reach quantum degeneracy in 300 milliseconds, as confirmed by a bimodal velocity distribution. The method should be broadly applicable to many bosonic and fermionic species and to systems where evaporative cooling is not possible.
Glutaraldehyde crosslinked and alkaline denaturation induced self association of haemoglobin to design nanocarriers for In vitro release of insulin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids (SGFs)

Abstract Adopting a novel synthetic route the haemoglobin nanoparticles were prepared by its simultaneous microemulsion mediated crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and alkaline induced denaturation. The as prepared nanoparticles were characterized by techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microcopy (SEM), Zeta potential and Dynamic Light Scattering measurements. The particle size analysis revealed that size of the nanoparticles lays in the range 60–150 nm with surface charge of −27.1 mV. The TEM images suggested for aggregated structures which confirm denaturation of haemoglobin macromolecules under alkaline conditions. The nanoparticles were assessed for water intake capacity and the effect of various factors like chemical composition of nanoparticles, pH and temperature of the swelling bath, and simulated biological fluids on water sorption capacity was investigated. The insulin was loaded on to the prepared nanoparticles and investigated for swelling controlled release of insulin in simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SGIFs). The influence of chemical composition of nanoparticles, pH and temperature of the release media, and simulated physiological fluids was studied on the released amount of insulin and an optimized formulation was achieved. The prepared haemoglobin nanoparticles were also investigated for their in-vitro cytotoxicity.
Composite morphologically and immunohistochemically distinct classical and pleomorphic mantle cell lymphomas.

![Figure][1] The patient is a 76-year-old woman with right-axillary lymphadenopathy. Hematoxylin-and-eosin staining of core biopsies shows nodules composed of small- to medium-sized atypical lymphoid cells (panels A-C; original magnification: ×20 [A], ×40 [B], ×400 [C]). Interestingly, at
Aging and anatomical variations in lung tissue stiffness.

Lung function is inherently mechanical in nature and depends on the capacity to conduct air and blood to and from the gas exchange regions. Variations in the elastic properties of the human lung ac...
Introduction to the issue

On behalf of the editorial team, our editorial board, and the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration, we would like to thank you for reading the latest issue of the Journa...
A comparison of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh in 2011 and 2014.

Improving infant and young child feeding practices is critical for improving growth and reducing child mortality and morbidity. This paper aims to compare predictors of minimum dietary diversity, an important indicator of adequate complementary feeding practices, in Bangladesh in 2011 and 2014. The 2011 and 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine predictors of minimum dietary diversity among 6-23 months. An additional analysis was conducted for the 18-23-month group, because a significant increase in meeting minimum dietary diversity recommendations was seen in this age group only. Factors found to be associated with practices were compared across time points. In 2011, minimum dietary diversity was 23.8% and increased to 28.8% in 2014. Among children 18-23 months, in 2011, minimum dietary diversity was 32.5% and increased to 42.8% in 2014. Among all children, wealth, education, exposure to media, and antenatal care were significant predictors of dietary diversity. In the 18-23-month age group, significant predictors in 2011 were wealth and decision making. In 2014, significant predictors were education and exposure to media. Demographic trends indicated a significant increase in education and exposure to media between 2011 and 2014. As these were significant for minimum dietary diversity in 2014 overall and for 18-23 months, they might be important targets of future interventions, specifically utilizing media channels and tailoring special strategies for women with low education and limited exposure to media.
Sex-Specific Characteristics of the Microcirculation.

The requirements of metabolizing tissue are both continuous and variable; accordingly, the microvasculature serving that tissue must be similarly dynamic. Just as it is recognized that males and females of the same species have differing metabolic requirements, is it not likely that the microvasculature serving these tissues will differ by sex? This section focusing on the constituents of the microcirculation identifies what is known presently about the role sex plays in matching metabolic demand with microvascular function and areas requiring additional study. Many of the identified sex differences are subtle and easily ignored. In the aggregate, though, they can profoundly alter phenotype, especially under stressful conditions including pregnancy, exercise, and disease states ranging from diabetes to heart failure. Although the features presently identified to “have sex” range from differences in growth, morphology, protein expression, and intracellular signaling, males and females alike achieve homeostasis, likely by different means. Studies of microvascular sexual dimorphism are also identifying age as an independent but interacting factor requiring additional attention. Overall, attempting to ignore either sex and/or age is inappropriate and will prevent the design and implementation of appropriate interventions to present, ameliorate, or correct microvascular dysfunction.
Anxiety and Drinking: Are Personal Beliefs Regarding Control and Unpredictability Relevant?

Anxiety and drinking problems are fairly common, and it is important to know what factors affect these issues. Previous studies document that control beliefs are associated with anxiety and drinkin...
Childhood temperament is associated with distress, anxiety and reduced quality of life in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Abstract Schizophrenia is conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder and pre-morbid differences in social function and cognition have been well-established. Less is known about pre-morbid temperament and personality. Inhibited temperament—the predisposition to respond to novelty with wariness, fear, or caution—is a premorbid risk factor for anxiety, depression, and substance use but is understudied in schizophrenia. Participants were patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 166) and healthy controls (n = 180). Patients completed measures of childhood inhibited temperament, clinical symptoms (anxiety, depression, PANSS factors), and quality of life. Patients had significantly higher levels of inhibited temperament relative to healthy controls. In patients with schizophrenia, higher inhibited temperament was significantly associated with co-morbid anxiety disorders, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, higher PANSS Distress scores, lower PANSS Excitement scores, and lower quality of life. The current findings replicate and extend previous research with a larger sample and are consistent with vulnerability in an affective path to psychosis. In schizophrenia, higher inhibited temperament was associated with a cluster of mood and anxiety symptoms. Inhibited temperament was not associated with psychosis symptoms. Patients with high inhibited temperament may especially benefit from treatments that specifically target anxiety and depression.
Disruption of l-Rhamnose Biosynthesis Results in Severe Growth Defects in Streptococcus mutans.

ABSTRACT The rhamnose-glucose cell wall polysaccharide (RGP) of Streptococcus mutans plays a significant role in cell division, virulence, and stress protection. Prior studies examined function of the RGP using strains carrying deletions in the machinery involved in RGP assembly. In this study, we explored loss of the substrate for RGP, l-rhamnose, via deletion of rmlD (encoding the protein responsible for the terminal step in l-rhamnose biosynthesis). We demonstrate that loss of rhamnose biosynthesis causes a phenotype similar to strains with disrupted RGP assembly (ΔrgpG and ΔrgpF strains). Deletion of rmlD not only caused a severe growth defect under nonstress growth conditions but also elevated susceptibility of the strain to acid and oxidative stress, common conditions found in the oral cavity. A genetic complement of the ΔrmlD strain completely restored wild-type levels of growth, whereas addition of exogenous rhamnose did not. The loss of rhamnose production also significantly disrupted biofilm formation, an important aspect of S. mutans growth in the oral cavity. Further, we demonstrate that loss of either rmlD or rgpG results in ablation of rhamnose content in the S. mutans cell wall. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of rhamnose production in both the fitness and the ability of S. mutans to overcome environmental stresses. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus mutans is a pathogenic bacterium that is the primary etiologic agent of dental caries, a disease that affects billions yearly. Rhamnose biosynthesis is conserved not only in streptococcal species but in other Gram-positive, as well as Gram-negative, organisms. This study highlights the importance of rhamnose biosynthesis in RGP production for protection of the organism against acid and oxidative stresses, the two major stressors that the organism encounters in the oral cavity. Loss of RGP also severely impacts biofilm formation, the first step in the onset of dental caries. The high conservation of the rhamnose synthesis enzymes, as well as their importance in S. mutans and other organisms, makes them favorable antibiotic targets for the treatment of disease.
From the archives: Ida B. Wells-Barnett confronts “excuses for lynching” in 1901

This “From the Archives” article provides the text of Ida B. Wells-Barnett’s 1901 article, “Lynching and the Excuse for It,” which was a response to an article on lynching by Jane Addams.
Microtubule Attachment and Centromeric Tension Shape the Protein Architecture of the Human Kinetochore.

The nanoscale protein architecture of the kinetochore plays an integral role in specifying the mechanisms underlying its functions in chromosome segregation. However, defining this architecture in human cells remains challenging because of the large size and compositional complexity of the kinetochore. Here, we use Forster resonance energy transfer to reveal the architecture of individual kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells. We find that the microtubule-binding domains of the Ndc80 complex cluster at the microtubule plus end. This clustering occurs only after microtubule attachment, and it increases proportionally with centromeric tension. Surprisingly, Ndc80 complex clustering is independent of the organization and number of its centromeric receptors. Moreover, this clustering is similar in yeast and human kinetochores despite significant differences in their centromeric organizations. These and other data suggest that the microtubule-binding interface of the human kinetochore behaves like a flexible "lawn" despite being nucleated by repeating biochemical subunits.
Warm fish eggs gasp for oxygen

![Graphic][1] Breathing underwater is tough. Fish get by thanks to their elaborate gills, which have a large surface area to efficiently extract oxygen from the water. However, eggs don't have this luxury and must rely entirely on whatever oxygen seeps in through their jelly-like shells. The
Factors Controlling N 2 Fixation

A range of factors can affect diazotrophs, their growth and physiological performance in the oceans. These include physical factors such as temperature, light, pressure and turbulence and chemical factors such as O2, inorganic nutrient and trace metal concentrations. Light availability is of greatest importance to phototrophic diazotrophs. Oxygen is a critical factor as it can directly inhibit the nitrogenase reaction but is also necessary for respiration for energy production in heterotrophs and phototrophs that fix N2 at night. Various diazotrophs have developed strategies to avoid O2 inactivation. P and Fe are often limiting to the growth of diazotrophs and a range of mechanisms have evolved to cope with critical shortages. Many of these factors are interactive such as temperature, turbulence and O2 concentration.