cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Little supersymmetry and the supersymmetric little hierarchy problem

The current experimental lower bound on the Higgs mass significantly restricts the allowed parameter space in most realistic supersymmetric models, with the consequence that these models exhibit significant fine-tuning. We propose a solution to this `supersymmetric little hierarchy problem'. We consider scenarios where the stop masses are relatively heavy - in the 500 GeV to a TeV range. Radiative stability of the Higgs soft mass against quantum corrections from the top quark Yukawa coupling is achieved by imposing a global SU(3) symmetry on this interaction. This global symmetry is only approximate - it is not respected by the gauge interactions. A subgroup of the global symmetry is gauged by the familiar SU(2) of the Standard Model. The physical Higgs is significantly lighter than the other scalars because it is the pseudo-Goldstone boson associated with the breaking of this symmetry. Radiative corrections to the Higgs potential naturally lead to the right pattern of gauge and global symmetry breaking. We show that both the gauge and global symmetries can be embedded into a single SU(6) grand unifying group, thereby maintaining the prediction of gauge coupling unification. Among the firm predictions of this class of models are new states with the quantum numbers of 10 and $$\bar{10}$$ under SU(5) close to the TeV scale. The Higgs mass is expected to bebelow 130 GeV, just as in the MSSM.
The Rose-Wicksell model: Inside money, stability, and stabilization policies☆

Abstract This paper examines a Rose-Wicksell, as opposed to a Stein-Keynes-Wicksell, model of Monetary Dynamics. Here, all money is of the “pure credit,” or “inside,” variety. Suppliers of money (banks) do not suffer from money illusion just as demanders do not; their decision to supply real balances is, likewise, based on profit maximization. The stability properties of the model are derived both in the short and the growth runs. It is shown that if interest is paid on demand deposits and if this rate is manipulated by the Central Bank, according to the rate of inflation, then all sources of instability can be eliminated. Moreover, stabilization of the short run guarantees stabilization of the growth model.
Continuous pulse oximetry during emergency endotracheal intubation

Study objective: To determine whether continuous pulse oximetry improves the recognition and management of hypoxemia during emergency endotracheal intubation. Design: A prospective, serial 14-month study. Setting: Emergency department, Level I trauma center. Type of participants: All adult patients requiring emergency intubation for whom data collection would not compromise patient care. Interventions: All samples were obtained from a finger site at a five-second sampling interval and stored in computer memory. Patients were intubated by the nasotracheal or orotracheal route. Measurements and main results: One hundred ninety-one consecutive adult patients qualified for the study and 211 intubation attempts were analyzed. Hypoxemia (O 2 saturation, less than 90%) occurred during an intubation attempt in 30 of 111 nonmonitored versus 15 of 100 monitored attempts ( P 2 saturation, less than 85%) was significantly greater for nonmonitored attempts ( P Conclusion: Continuous pulse oximetry monitoring reduces the frequency and duration of hypoxemia associated with emergency intubation attempts.
Spectral characteristics of the responses of primary auditory-nerve fibers to frequency-modulated signals.

The spectral responses of cat single primary auditory nerve fibers to sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (AM) and double-sideband (DSB) acoustic signals applied to the ear were examined. DSB is an amplitude-modulated signal with a suppressed carrier. Period histograms were compiled from the neural spike-train data, and the frequency spectrum was determined by Fourier transforming these histograms. For DSB signals, spectral components were found to be present at the frequencies of the stimulus as well as at certain combination frequencies. For AM signals, several clusters of spectral components were present. The lowest-frequency cluster consisted of components at DC, at the modulation frequency, and at its harmonics. A higher frequency cluster occurs around a component with the frequency of the carrier. The components of cluster are separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency and its harmonics. Yet higher-frequency clusters appear around multiples of the carrier frequency with components at frequencies separated from these multiples by the modulation frequency and its harmonics. The magnitudes of these spectral components were determined for carrier frequencies located below, at, and above the characteristic frequency of the units, and for different stimulus levels, modulation frequencies, and modulation depths. The low-frequency components present in the neural spike train appear to be the result of demodulation taking place in the inner ear. The demodulated components are strong and are present over a wide range of sound levels, carrier frequencies, modulation frequencies, and nerve-fiber characteristics. This demodulation may be significant for speech recognition.
Structure-property relationships in a series of mixed layer pnictide oxide compounds: A2Mn3Pn2O2 (A = Sr, Ba; Pn = P, As, Sb)

Abstract Results of magnetic property measurements for the compounds A, Mn, Pn, O, (A Sr, Ba; Pn P, As, Sb) are reported and discussed in the light of structural trends in the series. The structure consists of a 1:1 intergrowth of metal oxide layers in which the metal coordination is square planar and metal pnictide layers in which the coordination is tetrahedral. With the exception of Sr 2 Mn 2 As 2 O 2 , magnetic susceptibility data reveal the presence of broad maxima that have been assigned to coupling of the MnO 2 layers. The data have been fitted assuming a 2D heisenberg antiferromagnet model and the intraplanar coupling constants obtained are observed to increase as the α parameter or metal oxygen bond length decreases. The same trend is observed for the relationship of transition temperatures, obtained from d 1 T /d T plots, to the α axial parameters. The exception to the rule is Sr 2 Mn 2 As 2 O 2 , which has an anomalously low transition temperature and different magnetic behavior for field-cooled versus zero-field-cooled samples. The field-cooled data show a sharp antiferromagnetic transition whereas the zero-field-cooled data show no transition to 3D order between 5 and 300 K.
What are the likely interactions among innovation, government debt, and employment?

The study here analyzes the interactions among labor, R&D intensity, and public expenditure on education (indicators of innovation), considering public debt of countries. The study is based on 27 European countries over the 1995–2009 and applies multiple regression analysis. Main findings seem to be: a significant interaction of public expenditure on education and R&D intensity with employment rate, whereas an increase of general government consolidated gross debt has a negative interaction for employment rate as well as for technology indicators. The theoretical framework and empirical evidence suggest vital political economy implications to support employment rate during contractions of the business cycle. In particular, considering the specificity of the economic structure of countries, a fruitful lung-run political economy of growth should slowly dry out public debt by supporting GDP growth, rather than reducing government debt with high taxation and balanced-budget rules, in order to decrease frictio...
Synthesis of (±)-cis-1-[2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-Oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine and Its (±)-trans Isomer

Abstract The title compounds were synthesized by the formation of 2-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-1, 3-oxathiolan-5-one and subsequent DIBALH reduction, acetylation, coupling with N-(1, 2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-ethylhexanamide and deprotection.
Hyperfine-structure measurement of the 7S state of cesium

The hyperfine structure of the $7{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ has been measured with the use of laser spectroscopy on a cesium atomic beam. We find the magnetic dipole coupling constant $A=545.90(09)$ MHz. From the amplitude of the hyperfine components we find the ratio of the scalar to tensor polarizabilities ($|\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}|$) for the $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7S$ transition to be 9.80(12).
Linear series on ribbons

A ribbon is a double structure on . The geometry of a ribbon is closely related to that of a smooth curve. In this paper we consider linear series on ribbons. Our main result is an explicit determinantal description for the locus of degree line bundles with at least -dimensional sections on a ribbon. We also discuss some results of Clifford and Brill-Noether type.
Linear aggregation and liquid-crystalline order: comparison of Monte Carlo simulation and analytic theory

Many soft-matter and biophysical systems are composed of monomers that reversibly assemble into rod-like aggregates. The aggregates can then order into liquid-crystal phases if the density is high enough, and liquid-crystal ordering promotes increased growth of aggregates. Systems that display coupled aggregation and liquid-crystal ordering include wormlike micelles, chromonic liquid crystals, DNA and RNA, and protein polymers and fibrils. Coarse-grained molecular models that capture key features of coupled aggregation and liquid-crystal ordering common to many different systems are lacking; in particular, the roles of monomer aspect ratio and aggregate flexibility in controlling the phase behavior are not well understood. Here we study a minimal system of sticky cylinders using Monte Carlo simulations and analytic theory. Cylindrical monomers interact primarily by hard-core interactions but can stack and bind end to end. We present results for several different cylinder aspect ratios and a range of end-to-end binding energies. The phase diagrams are qualitatively similar to those of chromonic liquid crystals, with an isotropic-nematic-columnar triple point. The location of the triple point is sensitive to the monomer aspect ratio. We find that the aggregate persistence length varies with temperature in a way that is controlled by the interaction potential; this suggests that the form of the interaction potential affects the phase behavior of the system. Our analytic theory shows improvement compared to previous theory in quantitatively predicting the I–N transition for relatively stiff aggregates, but requires a better treatment of aggregate flexibility.
Closing the windows on MeV tau neutrinos

Abstract We analyze various constraints on the “visible” decay modes of a massive τ neutrino, vτ → v′ γ and vτ → v′ e+e−, where v′ is a light neutrino. We point out that the BEBC experiment implies a new upper limit on the vτ transition magnetic moment, μtran ⩽ 1.1 × 10−9 MeV/mvτ)2μB. Combining BEBC constraints with constraints arising from supernova observations and primordial nucleosynthesis calculations, we show that these “visible” modes cannot be the dominant decay modes of the MeV τ neutrino.
On the Ranks and Border Ranks of Symmetric Tensors

Motivated by questions arising in signal processing, computational complexity, and other areas, we study the ranks and border ranks of symmetric tensors using geometric methods. We provide improved lower bounds for the rank of a symmetric tensor (i.e., a homogeneous polynomial) obtained by considering the singularities of the hypersurface defined by the polynomial. We obtain normal forms for polynomials of border rank up to five, and compute or bound the ranks of several classes of polynomials, including monomials, the determinant, and the permanent.
Black hole entropy and topological strings on generalized CY manifolds

The H. Ooguri, A. Strominger and C. Vafa conjecture ZBH = |Ztop|2 is extended for the topological strings on generalized CY manifolds. It is argued that the classical black hole entropy is given by the generalized Hitchin functional, which defines by critical points a generalized complex structure on X. This geometry differs from an ordinary geometry if b1(X)≠0. In a critical point the generalized Hitchin functional equals to Legendre transform of the free energy of generalized topological string. The examples of T6 and T2 × K3 are considered in details.
Measuring the Cosmic Equation of State with Galaxy Clusters in the DEEP2 Redshift Survey

The clustering of dark matter and the abundances of groups of galaxies are expected to have changed substantially since high redshift, with the strength of this evolution dependent upon fundamental cosmological parameters. Upcoming large redshift surveys of distant galaxies will make it possible to measure these quantities at z ~ 1; when combined with the results of local redshift surveys currently underway, the evolution of large-scale structure, not just galaxy properties, may be determined. The DEEP2 Redshift Survey, planned to begin in spring 2002, is particularly well suited for this work because of the high spectroscopic resolution to be used; redshift-space distortions and velocity dispersions of groups will be readily measurable. In this paper, we determine the constraints on dark energy models that counts of clusters within the DEEP2 survey should provide. The velocity function of clusters may be predicted directly in the extended Press-Schechter framework. We find that comparing cosmological models using the simultaneous distribution of clusters in both velocity dispersion and redshift yields significantly stronger constraints than the redshift distribution alone. The method can be made more powerful by employing a value of the fluctuation amplitude σ8 determined with upcoming techniques (external to DEEP2) that have no Ωm degeneracy. The equation-of-state parameter for dark energy models, w=P/ρ, can then be measured to ±0.1 from observations of clusters alone.
Hopf Bifurcation from Fronts in the Cahn–Hilliard Equation

We study Hopf bifurcation from traveling-front solutions in the Cahn–Hilliard equation. The primary front is induced by a moving source term. Models of this form have been used to study a variety of physical phenomena, including pattern formation in chemical deposition and precipitation processes. Technically, we study bifurcation in the presence of an essential spectrum. We contribute a simple and direct functional analytic method and determine bifurcation coefficients explicitly. Our approach uses exponential weights to recover Fredholm properties and spectral flow ideas to compute Fredholm indices. Simple mass conservation helps compensate for negative indices. We also construct an explicit, prototypical example, prove the existence of a bifurcating front, and determine the direction of bifurcation.
Tree Compatibility and Inferring Evolutionary History

The tree compatibility problem is a problem concerned with evolutionary history construction. For a species set S, an S-labelled tree is a tree T along with a labelling L: S ? V(T). The tree compatibility problem asks whether a set T of S-labelled trees, each of which describes the evolution of S, is compatible in the sense that there is a single tree T from which each tree T ? T can be derived by a sequence of edge contractions. Polynomial time algorithms for the tree compatibility problem have been known to exist for a long time, with the best being the recent O(n2k) algorithm by Gusfield to determine compatibility of k trees on n species. Recently Gusfield found an O(nk) algorithm for a restricted case of the tree compatibility problem. In this paper, we will present an O(nk) algorithm for the tree compatibility problem, thus achieving linear time. The perfect phylogeny problem is another problem in evolutionary history construction, which has been recently shown to be in P for special cases but NP-complete for the general case. We will show that we can characterize each instance to the perfect phylogeny problem as an instance to the tree compatibility problem, and thus derive an algorithm for the perfect phylogeny problem. Our algorithm is superior to the other algorithms for perfect phylogeny problem for many realistic cases, such as when the species are defined by molecular data such as amino-acid sequences.
A facile N-debenzoylation of paclitaxel: Conversion of paclitaxel to docetaxel

Abstract An efficient and regioselective method for the N-debenzoylation of paclitaxel has been developed, and has been applied to the conversion of paclitaxel to 10-acetyldocetaxel and to docetaxel.
Synthesis, structure and 77Se/119Sn NMR spectroscopy of the new polyselenide, tris(tetraselenido)stannate(IV), [Sn(Se4)3]2−

Abstract The reaction of sodium pentaselenide with SnCl4 or SnCl2·2H2O in dimethylformamide (DMF), in a 3:1 ratio, forms the new soluble anion [Sn(Se4)3]2− in high (>79%) yields. The compound (Ph4P)2[Sn(Se4)3] (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions, a = 13.320(2), b = 11.678(3), c = 34.817(9) A, β = 98.85(2)° and V = 4535 A3. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of I shows that three chelating Se42− ligands provide an octahedral coordination about the central Sn4+ atom. The crystal structure was solved and refined with conventional techniques to R = 6.0% and Rw = 7.0%. The average SnSe distance is 2.709(13) A, while the average SeSe bond distance is 2.324(12) A. The IR spectrum of I (CsI pellet) shows two sets of absorptions at 273, 256 cm−1 and 181, 173 cm−1, respectively, assigned tentatively to ν(SeSe) and ν(SnSe) vibrations. The 119Sn NMR spectrum of I in DMF, shows a single resonance at − 723 ppm (vs Me4Sn). The 77Se NMR spectrum of I in DMF, shows two resonances at 618 and 459 ppm. Thermal decomposition of I results in formation of SnSe2 at 510°C. Further heating, above 600°C, results in SnSe.
A tale of two mergers: searching for strangeness in compact stars

We contrast the evolution of gravitational binary mergers for the two cases of a black hole and a normal neutron star and a black hole and a self-bound strange quark matter star. In both cases inspiral continues until the Roche limit is reached, at which point it is expected that stable mass transfer to the black hole ensues. Whereas a neutron star would then outspiral, the strange quark matter star barely moves out at all. Eventually, the strange quark star loses all its mass to the black hole, as compared to the neutron star whose outspiral continues until stable mass transfer terminates and inspiral resumes. These scenarios result in distinctly different gravitational wave signatures.
Bending and torsional fatigue of nylon 66 monofilaments

Using newly developed test equipment, the fatigue behavior of nylon 66 monofilaments was studied under two loading conditions, pure bending or simple torsion. For each mode, results are expressed in terms of the measured decay in stiffness with numbers of cycles over a range of maximum applied strain levels. Fatigue lifetimes are presented in S–N format where the log number of cycles of fatigue for a 40% decay in stiffness (N) is plotted as a function of applied strain (S). The failure mechanism for these fibers in each fatigue mode reflects the morphology of semicrystalline-oriented synthetic fibers. In torsion, many longitudinal cracks form around the perimeter of a fiber as the result of cleavage of the relatively weak interfibrillar bonds in nylon 66. In bending, cracks form within kink band boundaries and grow at an oblique angle to the fiber axis. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X-ray absorption spectroscopic evidence for a unique nickel site in Clostridium thermoaceticum carbon monoxide dehydrogenase

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (COdH) in Clostridium thermoaceticum is an ..cap alpha../sub 3/..beta../sub 3/ protein containing six nickels per molecule, in addition to a number of Fe-S clusters. Previous electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic work has suggested that nickel is involved in binding CO forming an EPR-detectable species, which is probably a key intermediate in the oxidation of CO to CO/sub 2/ and in the synthesis of acetate. In order to better define the nature of this nickel site, Ni X-ray absorption spectra have been recorded and interpreted by comparison with model compounds. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum for oxidized COdH is different from that of other Ni enzymes. Both the EXAFS and the X-ray absorption edge spectra suggest a Ni site containing substantial sulfur ligation. The Ni X-ray absorption edge spectrum of rubredoxin-oxidized COdH exhibits a characteristic shoulder with an inflection point at 8336 eV. Such a feature is absent in octahedral model compounds, whereas a well-resolved peak is observed in square-planar Ni complexes. A distinct 1s ..-->.. 3d transition at 8333 eV is observed in a tetrahedral model. The lack of correspondence suggests that square-pyramidal and distorted-square-planar geometries are plausible candidates for the COdH Ni site.more » Treatment of rubredoxin-oxidized COdH with hydrogenase and H/sub 2/ shifts the Ni edge to lower energies, indicating Ni-based reduction. 34 references, 3 figures.« less
Finite prime distance graphs and 2-odd graphs

A graph G is a prime distance graph (respectively, a 2-odd graph) if its vertices can be labeled with distinct integers such that for any two adjacent vertices, the dierence of their labels is prime (either 2 or odd). We prove that trees, cycles, and bipartite graphs are prime distance graphs, and that Dutch windmill graphs and paper mill graphs are prime distance graphs if and only if the Twin Prime Conjecture and dePolignac’s Conjecture are true, respectively. We give a characterization of 2-odd graphs in terms of edge colorings, and we use this characterization to determine which circulant graphs of the form Circ(n;f1;kg) are 2-odd and to prove results on circulant prime distance graphs.
Hydrothermal synthesis of compounds in the fresnoite mineral family (Ba2TiSi2O8)

Crystals of Ba{sub 2}TiSi{sub 2}O{sub 8}, Sr{sub 2}TiSi{sub 2}O{sub 8}, and Ba{sub 2}VSi{sub 2}O{sub 8}, all belonging to the fresnoite family were prepared by the hydrothermal method. Attempts to synthesize other members by substitution at the alkaline earth site, transition metal site, and tetrahedral site were not successful, but did lead to the formation of a variety of other mineral phases as well as the incommensurate structure, Ba{sub 2}TiGe{sub 2}O{sub 8}. Structural studies on this compound and analysis of the other known fresnoite phases were performed to elucidate the nature of the incommensurate structure. -- Graphical abstract: Materials crystallizing from the hydrothermal TiO{sub 2}+SiO{sub 2}+Ba(OH){sub 2} system. Display Omitted Research highlights: {yields} A variety of products crystallized from the Ba(OH){sub 2}-TiO{sub 2}-SiO{sub 2} hydrothermal system. {yields} Isolation of several fresnoite derivatives. {yields} Structural study on the incommensurate Ba{sub 2}TiGe{sub 2}O{sub 8} material.
The design of organic gelators: Solution and solid state properties of a family of bis-ureas

Abstract A family of bis-urea derivatives has been synthesized and shown to function as effective gelators in certain organic solvents. The X-ray structure of one bis-urea shows a cylindrical hydrogen bonding network with extensive interdigitation of the alkyl esters which project from the central rod.
A DETAILED KINEMATIC MAP OF CASSIOPEIA A'S OPTICAL MAIN SHELL AND OUTER HIGH-VELOCITY EJECTA

We present three-dimensional (3D) kinematic reconstructions of optically emitting material in the young Galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A). These Doppler maps have the highest spectral and spatial resolutions of any previous survey of Cas A and represent the most complete catalog of its optically emitting material to date. We confirm that the bulk of Cas A's optically bright ejecta populate a torus-like geometry tilted approximately 30 Degree-Sign with respect to the plane of the sky with a -4000 to +6000 km s{sup -1} radial velocity asymmetry. Near-tangent viewing angle effects and an inhomogeneous surrounding circumstellar material/interstellar medium environment suggest that this geometry and velocity asymmetry may not be faithfully representative of the remnant's true 3D structure or the kinematic properties of the original explosion. The majority of the optical ejecta are arranged in several well-defined and nearly circular ring-like structures with diameters between approximately 30'' (0.5 pc) and 2' (2 pc). These ejecta rings appear to be a common phenomenon of young core-collapse remnants and may be associated with post-explosion input of energy from plumes of radioactive {sup 56}Ni-rich ejecta that rise, expand, and compress non-radioactive material. Our optical survey encompasses Cas A's faint outlying ejecta knots andmore » exceptionally high-velocity NE and SW streams of S-rich debris often referred to as ''jets''. These outer knots, which exhibit a chemical make-up suggestive of an origin deep within the progenitor star, appear to be arranged in opposing and wide-angle outflows with opening half-angles of Almost-Equal-To 40 Degree-Sign.« less
On the Ramsey Numbers of Trees with Small Diameter

We estimate the Ramsey number r(T) = r(T, T) for various trees T, obtaining a precise value for r(T) for certain trees of diameter 3. Furthermore we prove that all trees of diameter 3 are Ramsey unsaturated in the sense of Balister et al. (J Graph Theory 51(1):22---32, 2006).
Focusing software education on engineering

The software crisis is still with us. In fact, it is worse than it has ever been, and we see evidence of the crisis regularly. All manner of applications from desktop systems to large-scale information systems are delivered late, exceed their projected budgets, and fail in various ways leading to inconvenience, loss of service, and loss of revenue. A recent study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology found that software errors cost the U.S. Economy about $59.5 billion annually [4] National Institute of Standards and Technology, The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Infrast].
Deriving joint space positioning maps from consumer preference ratings

Joint space multidimensional scaling maps are often utilized for positioning analyses and are estimated on survey samples of consumer preferences, choices, considerations, or intentions so as to provide a concise spatial depiction of the competitive landscape including relevant dimensions or attributes, competing brands, and consumers in the same joint space representation. Care has to be given concerning the underlying scale properties of such survey data so as not to distort the resulting joint space positioning map. We present a new joint space multidimensional scaling procedure for positioning analyses for displaying the structure in such survey data when such common ordered successive category measurement scales such as Likert, Edwards, semantic differential, etc., are employed. We present the technical details of this stochastic ordered preference multidimensional scaling vector model as well as the maximum likelihood estimation-based algorithm devised for parameter estimation. Favorable comparisons are made with several existent multidimensional scaling methods in representing the internal structure for such data in marketing positioning studies. An actual commercial positioning application concerning large sports utility vehicles consideration to buy judgments is presented with predictive validation comparisons with other multidimensional scaling joint space procedures.
Wormholes supported by phantom-like modified Chaplygin gas

We have examined the possible construction of a stationary, spherically symmetric and spatially inhomogeneous wormhole spacetime supported by the phantom energy. The latter is supposed to be represented by the modified Chaplygin gas equation of state. The solutions so obtained satisfy the flare-out and the asymptotic-flatness conditions. It is also shown that the averaged null-energy condition has to be violated for the existence of the wormhole.
The FAn Conjecture for Coxeter groups

We study global fixed points for actions of Coxeter groups on nonpositively curved singular spaces. In particular, we consider property FAn , an analogue of Serre’s property FA for actions on CAT.0/ complexes. Property FAn has implications for irreducible representations and complex of groups decompositions. In this paper, we give a specific condition on Coxeter presentations that implies FAn and show that this condition is in fact equivalent to FAn for nD 1 and 2. As part of the proof, we compute the Gersten–Stallings angles between special subgroups of Coxeter groups.
Stochastic Properties of Turbulence Excited Rotor Blade Vibrations

The developed analytical methods are applicable to the linearized equations of blade motion up to high rotor advance ratios. Rigid flapping blades with elastic flapping restraint are stipulated, only vertical turbulence components are considered and the ratio of turbulence scale length over rotor radius L/R is assumed to be large. On the basis of computed threshold crossing expectations, the blade response can be described as a quasi-coherent narrowband random process. The limiting case of infinite L/R is easy to compute and to interpret and yields conservative values for the mean square blade response. Numerical analysis for a slowed unloaded rotor based on low-altitude turbulence data indicates in the absence of gust alleviating device an appreciable probability of excessive blade flapping or flap-bending. w L cor , (S) -^subscripts
Dicerium orthosilicate selenide and dicerium orthosilicate telluride, Ce2(SiO4)Q (Q = Se or Te).

The crystal structures of two new quaternary compounds, viz. dicerium orthosilicate selenide and dicerium orthosilicate telluride, Ce 2 (SiO 4 )Q (Q = Se or Te), have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Each structure comprises infinite chains of SiO 4 tetrahedra separated by Ce and Q atoms. The site symmetries are Ce m and 2, Si 2 and Q m. The O atoms are in general positions.
Modeling nonaxisymmetric off-design shapes of large scientific balloons

The design of a large scientific balloon is usually based on an axisymmetric model, describing its shape at float altitude. However, the shapes observed during ascent are clearly nonaxisymmetric and are characterized by a number of distinctive features, including a periodic lobe pattern surrounding the gas bubble, internally folded balloon fabric, and flat winglike structures in the lower portion of the balloon below the gas bubble. In this paper, we present a mathematical model that captures the complex geometries of these off-design shapes. Real balloons are made from long tapered sheets of polyethylene that are sealed edge to edge. We base our geometric model on this construction, enabling us to define a reference configuration and to estimate the distortion in our computed balloon shapes. We compute one-parameter families of ascent shapes with triangular, square-shaped, and pentagonal symmetries. Our computed solutions possess many nonaxisymmetric features that are observed in real balloons.
Mobile Money as an Information Utility That Touches Everyone: Refining the Vision for Financial Inclusion

oping world. You’ve seen the reality: most mobile money schemes are still like large pilots, and the majority of people are still unbanked. To date, mobile money has not been as transformative as mobile phones. Perhaps it’s too much to expect two epochal waves of change in one decade and we need to give mobile money more time. Or perhaps the idea of financial inclusion is itself a threadbare hope: there may be neither sufficient demand for formal banking among poor people who have evolved “good enough” ways to manage what little they have, nor sufficient revenue among commercial providers to sustain what would be a large number of new formal accounts. Or perhaps we are simply missing the socioeconomic changes that mobile money already brings to the poor because we are too wedded to traditional notions of financial inclusion. Whatever the results to date, we maintain that the potential for mobile money to change the financial lives of 70 percent of the world population—that is, the unbanked—is huge. However, in our view, we also need to reset expectations based on two considerations:
One-dimensional staged self-assembly

We introduce the problem of staged self-assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures, which becomes interesting when the elements are labeled (e.g., representing functional units that must be placed at specific locations). In a restricted model in which each operation has a single terminal assembly, we prove that assembling a given string of labels with the fewest steps is equivalent, up to constant factors, to compressing the string to be uniquely derived from the smallest possible context-free grammar (a well-studied O(log n)-approximable problem) and that the problem is NP-hard. Without this restriction, we show that the optimal assembly can be substantially smaller than the optimal context-free grammar, by a factor of $$\Omega(\sqrt{n/\log n})$$ even for binary strings of length n. Fortunately, we can bound this separation in model power by a quadratic function in the number of distinct glues or tiles allowed in the assembly, which is typically small in practice.
Numerical Simulations of Mass Outflows Driven from Accretion Disks by Radiation and Magnetic Forces

We study the two-dimensional, time-dependent magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of radiation-driven winds from luminous accretion disks initially threaded by a purely axial magnetic field. The radiation force is mediated primarily by spectral lines and is calculated using a generalized multidimensional formulation of the Sobolev approximation. We use ideal MHD to compute numerically the evolution of Keplerian disks, varying the magnetic field strengths and the luminosity of the disk, the central accreting object, or both. We find that the magnetic fields very quickly start deviating from purely axial because of the magnetorotational instability. This leads to fast growth of the toroidal magnetic field as field lines wind up because of the disk rotation. As a result the toroidal field dominates over the poloidal field above the disk and the gradient of the former drives a slow and dense disk outflow, which conserves specific angular momentum. Depending on the strength of the magnetic field relative to the system luminosity, the disk wind can be radiation or MHD driven. The pure radiation-driven wind consists of a dense, slow outflow that is bounded on the polar side by a high-velocity stream. The mass-loss rate is mostly due to the fast stream. As the magnetic field strength increases, first the slow part of the flow is affected; namely, it becomes denser and slightly faster and begins to dominate the mass-loss rate. In very strong magnetic field or pure MHD cases, the wind consists of only a dense, slow outflow without the presence of the distinctive fast stream so typical of pure radiation-driven winds. Our simulations indicate that winds launched by the magnetic fields are likely to remain dominated by the fields downstream because of their relatively high densities. The radiation force due to lines may not be able to change a dense MHD wind because the line force strongly decreases with increasing density.
Sting effects on store captive loads

An articulated sting is a key device used at the Institute for Aerospace Research 1.5m Trisonic Blowdown Wind Tunnel for store loads measurements in an aircraft flowfield. The effects of the articulated sting on the captive loads of the MK83-BSU mounted on a 6% scale CF-18 model were investigated at different transonic Mach numbers, aircraft angles of attack, and aircraft/stores configurations. The sting-induced increments in store captive loads at Mach numbers 0.6, 0.85, and 0.95 are discussed and qualitatively verified by the computational solutions from an Euler code. The influence of Mach number on sting-induced increments is complicated at transonic speeds, and the induced increment may not monotonically decrease with increasing Mach number. A detailed analysis is needed for each individual case if the accurate sting effects are required. The sting effects on the store trajectories released from the CF-18 are also studied
Mean-link tadpole improvement of SW and D234 actions

We investigate a tadpole-improved tree-level-O(a3)-accurate action, D234c, on coarse lattices, using the mean link in Landau gauge to measure the tadpole contribution. We find that D234c shows much better rotational invariance than Sheikholeslami-Wohlert, and that mean-link tadpole improvement gives much better hadron mass scaling than plaquette tadpole improvement, with finite-a errors at 0.25 fm of only a few percent. We explore the effects of possible O(gas) changes to the improvement coefficients, and find that the two leading coefficients can be independently tuned: hadron masses are only sensitive to the clover coefficient CF, while hadron dispersion relations are only sensitive to the third derivative coefficient C3. Preliminary non-perturbative tuning of these coefficients yields values that are consistent with the expected size of perturbative corrections.
Sansalvamide: A new cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide produced by a marine fungus of the genus Fusarium

Abstract A new cyclic pentadepsipeptide, sansalvamide (1), has been isolated from organic extracts of the mycelium of a fungus of the genus Fusarium collected from the surface of the seagrass Halodule wrightii. The structure of 1 was determined through extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Sansalvamide exhibited selective in vitro cytotoxicity toward COLO 205 colon and SK-MEL-2 melanoma cancer cell lines.
Quark diffusion and baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition

Abstract Baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition may take place through CP-violating reflections of quarks from expanding bubbles of the broken symmetry phase. We formulate and approximately solve the transport equations for the reflected quark asymmetries. The results are comparable to a previous Monte Carlo calculation and allow for analytic estimates of the baryon asymmetry ΔB when the bubble walls have a small velocity. Our method predicts no velocity-dependence for ΔB in the small v limit, unlike results obtained from a simplified treatment based on the diffusion equation.
Anomaly inflow for gauge defects

Abstract Topological defects constructed out of scalar fields and possessing chiral fermion zero-modes are known to exhibit an anomaly inflow mechanism which cancels the anomaly in the effective theory of the zero-modes through an inflow of current from the space in which the defect is embedded. We investigate the analog of this mechanism for defects constructed out of gauge fields in higher dimensions. In particular we analyze this mechanism for string (onebrane) defects in six dimensions and for fivebranes in ten dimensions.
Continuous families of Riemannian manifolds, Isospectral on functions but not on 1-forms

The purpose of this paper is to present the first continuous families of Riemannian manifolds that are isospectral on functions but not on 1-forms, and, simultaneously, the first continuous families of Riemannian manifolds with the same marked length spectrum but not the same 1-form spectrum. Examples of isospectral manifolds that are not isospectral on forms are sparse, as most examples of isospectral manifolds can be explained by Sunada’s method or its generalizations, hence are strongly isospectral. The examples here are three-step Riemannian nilmanifolds, arising from a general method for constructing isospectral Riemannian nilmanifolds previously presented by the author. Gordon and Wilson constructed the first examples of nontrivial isospectral deformations, continuous families of Riemannian nilmanifolds. Isospectral manifolds constructed using the Gordon-Wilson method, a generalized Sunada method, are strongly isospectral and must have the same marked length spectrum. Conversely, Ouyang and Pesce independently showed that all isospectral deformations of two-step nilmanifolds must arise from the Gordon-Wilson method, and Eberlein showed that all pairs of two-step nilmanifolds with the same marked length spectrum must come from the Gordon-Wilson method.
Incremental and Average Control Costs in a Model of Water Quality Trading with Discrete Abatement Units

This paper answers three questions related to the discrete nature of pollution abatement: (i) does a source’s incremental control cost (as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) necessarily exceed its average control cost, (ii) is incremental control cost a better approximation of a source’s willingness to pay for abatement credits than average control cost, and (iii) exactly how does trading in discrete and continuous abatement markets differ? We find that the answer to the first two questions are both “no”, suggesting that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency needs to refine its reliance on incremental control cost as the sole measure upon which to assess the financial feasibility of water quality trading. In answer to the third question, we show that the outcome of bilateral trading in the presence of discrete abatement is determined by comparing the gains from trade associated with the full sequence of possible “sunk cost trading” scenarios. For the most common case where trading partners’ average control cost curves “cross,” the trading outcome with discrete abatement is inherently sensitive to the initial allocation of abatement responsibilities.
Definitions and Predictors of Successful Aging: A Comprehensive Review of Larger Quantitative Studies

Objective There is no consensual definition of "successful aging." Our aim was to review the literature on proportions of subjects meeting criteria and individual components of definitions of successful aging as well as correlates of these definitions. Methods We conducted a literature search for published English-language peer-reviewed reports of data-based studies of adults over age 60 that included an operationalized definition of successful aging. The authors categorized the components of these definitions and independent variables examined in relation to successful aging (e.g., gender, education, and social contacts). Results The authors identified 28 studies with 29 different definitions that met our criteria. Most investigations used large samples of community-dwelling older adults. The mean reported proportion of successful agers was 35.8% (standard deviation: 19.8) but varied widely (interquartile range: 31%). Multiple components of these definitions were identified, although 26 of 29 included disability/physical functioning. The most frequent significant correlates of the various definitions of successful aging were age (young-old), nonsmoking, and absence of disability, arthritis, and diabetes. Moderate support was found for greater physical activity, more social contacts, better self-rated health, absence of depression and cognitive impairment, and fewer medical conditions. Gender, income, education, and marital status generally did not relate to successful aging. Conclusion Despite variability among definitions, approximately one-third of elderly individuals were classified as aging successfully. The majority of these definitions were based on the absence of disability with lesser inclusion of psychosocial variables. Predictors of successful aging varied yet point to several potentially modifiable targets for increasing the likelihood of successful aging.
Demonstration of enhanced Monte Carlo computation of the fisher information for complex problems

The Fisher information matrix summarizes the amount of information in a set of data relative to the quantities of interest. There are many applications of the information matrix in statistical modeling, system identification and parameter estimation. This short paper reviews a feedback-based method and an independent perturbation approach for computing the information matrix for complex problems, where a closed form of the information matrix is not achievable. We show through numerical examples how these methods improve the accuracy of the estimate of the information matrix compared to the basic resampling-based approach. Some relevant theory is summarized.
On (Not) Closing the Gaps: The Evolution of National and Regional Unemployment Rates by Race and Ethnicity

This paper conducts stationarity tests for levels and ratios of national and regional unemployment rates by race and ethnicity. Results indicate that both unemployment rates and ratios for the total population and for subgroups by race, ethnicity and region are stationary around changing means. The black/white unemployment ratio has increased on average and the Hispanic/white unemployment ratio has decreased on average. Results are compared across regions of the US.
Highly enantioselective total synthesis of natural epoxydictymene. An alkoxy-directed cyclization route to highly strained trans-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes

Abstract An enantioselective synthesis of (+)-epoxydictymene, which involves efficient construction of the strained oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane subunit by irradiation with iodosobenzene diacetate and iodine in cyclohexane solution, is reported.
Electromigration Testing of Al-Alloy Films

A search for reliability improvement of Al film interconnections has led to the introduction of Al-Alloy films such as Al+Cu, Al+Si, Al+Cu+Si and so on. This paper describes thie results of an in-depth study of Al, Al+Cu (2 wt % Cu) and Al+Cu+Si (2 wt % Cu + 1 wt % Si) film interconnections and Silicon/Al-Alloy film contacts as they impact reliability of integrated circuits. Resistivity, microstructure and composition of Al-Alloy films vacuum deposited from an induction heated source (In-Source) and dc magnetron sputter deposition techniques have been investigated and it is concluded that both film deposition techniques are equally capable of producing these Al, Al+Cu (2 wt % Cu) and Al+Cu+Si (2 wt % Cu + 1 wt % Si) films of comparable physical properties. Chemical Analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence, Electron Microprobe, Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and Ion Microprobe have been employed for Al-Alloy film characterization. Availability of automated dc magnetron sputter deposition equipment was a primary factor in the selection of magnetron sputter deposited Al-Alloy films for electromigration testing. Electromigration life tests on Al, Al+Cu and Al+Cu+Si film conductors (0.8 ?m thick, 6 ?m wide and 380, ?m long) have been carried out at a current density of 1 × 106/ A/cm2 in the 150°C to 215°C ambience. Also, shallow junction devices with depths on the order of 0.
Theoretical and experimental evaluation of transmission loss of cylinders

A technique is reported which evaluates the transmission loss of a cylinder from measurements of the incident and transmitted intensities. Incident intensity is calculated from the space-averaged measured pressure and the assumption that the source space is reverberant. Transmitted intensity is measured by means of the microphone acoustic intensity technique using a fast Fourier transform analyzer. The first dip at the ring frequency, and the other at the critical coincidence frequency are predicted in the transmission loss curve of a cylindrical shell with a 0.762 m diameter and a 1.67 m length. Results are compared and demonstrate good agreement for frequencies above 500 Hz. It is concluded that the technique combining the measurement of both intensities gives accurate results and is simpler and less expensive than the conventional method.
New developments and applications of the closed-loop stepping motor.

This paper describes a new closed-loop control concept that captures the inherent ability of a stepping motor to function as a mechanical memory. A type of single-phase operation produces the desired memory effect, as well as improving the response time of the two-phase motor. Step-to-step time-optimal control is implemented as a basic minor-loop operation generating a new set of closed-loop control inputs. This new type of closed-loop stepping motor forms the key element of a purely digital servomechanism which features a number of interesting operating modes. The paper outlines the instrumentation of this device in some detail and presents actual performance data.