cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Models of Kuiper Belt Dust in the Inner and Outer Solar System

We report several results related to the dynamical evolution of dust produced in the Kuiper belt (KB). We show that its particle size frequency distribution in space is greatly changed from the distribution at production, as a result of the combined effects of radiation forces and the perturbations of the planets. We estimate the contribution of KB dust to the zodiacal cloud by calculating the radial profile of its number density near the ecliptic. We also study the contribution of KB dust to the population of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected at Earth, by calculating geocentric encounter velocities and capture rates. Our models show, in contrast with previous studies, that KB dust grains on Earth-crossing orbits have high eccentricities and inclinations and, therefore, that their encounter velocities are similar to those of cometary grains and not asteroidal grains. We estimate that at most 25% in number of captured IDPs have a cometary or KB origin; the KB contribution may be as low as 1%–2%. We present the velocity field of KB dust throughout the solar system; this, together with the number density radial profile, is potentially useful for planning spacecraft missions to the outer solar system.
Computing Nash Equilibria in Bimatrix Games: GPU-Based Parallel Support Enumeration

Computing Nash equilibria is a very important problem in strategic analysis of markets, conflicts, and resource allocation. Unfortunately, computing these equilibria even for moderately sized games is computationally expensive. To obtain lower execution times it is essential to exploit the parallel processing capabilities offered by the currently available massively parallel architectures. To address this issue, we design a GPU-based parallel support enumeration algorithm for computing Nash equilibria in bimatrix games. The algorithm is based on a new parallelization method which achieves high degrees of parallelism suitable for massively parallel GPU architectures. We perform extensive experiments to characterize the performance of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm achieves significant speedups relative to the OpenMP and MPI-based parallel implementations of the support enumeration method running on a cluster of multi-core computers.
Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation of terminal alkynes: synthesis of coumarins and 2-quinolones

Abstract o -Iodophenols and o -iodoaniline derivatives react with terminal alkynes under 1 atm of CO in the presence of pyridine and catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc) 2 to generate coumarins and 2-quinolones, respectively, as the only products. Terminal alkynes bearing alkyl, aryl, silyl, hydroxyl, ester and cyano substituents are effective in these processes affording the desired products in moderate yields. The formation of coumarins and 2-quinolones in this process is in stark contrast with all previously described palladium-catalyzed reactions of o -iodophenols or o -iodoanilines with terminal alkynes and CO, which have afforded chromones and 4-quinolones. Moreover, under our reaction conditions terminal alkynes insert into the carbonpalladium bond instead of undergoing a Sonogashira-type coupling as confirmed by an isotope labeling experiment.
Thirty years of turnstiles and transport

To characterize transport in a deterministic dynamical system is to compute exit time distributions from regions or transition time distributions between regions in phase space. This paper surveys the considerable progress on this problem over the past thirty years. Primary measures of transport for volume-preserving maps include the exiting and incoming fluxes to a region. For area-preserving maps, transport is impeded by curves formed from invariant manifolds that form partial barriers, e.g., stable and unstable manifolds bounding a resonance zone or cantori, the remnants of destroyed invariant tori. When the map is exact volume preserving, a Lagrangian differential form can be used to reduce the computation of fluxes to finding a difference between the actions of certain key orbits, such as homoclinic orbits to a saddle or to a cantorus. Given a partition of phase space into regions bounded by partial barriers, a Markov tree model of transport explains key observations, such as the algebraic decay of exit and recurrence distributions.
Aromatic borylation/amidation/oxidation: a rapid route to 5-substituted 3-amidophenols.

5-Substituted 3-amidophenols are prepared by subjecting 3-substituted halobenzenes to an Ir-catalyzed aromatic borylation, followed by a Pd-catalyzed amidation, and finally an oxidation of the boronic ester intermediate. The entire C−H activation borylation/amidation/oxidation sequence can be accomplished without isolation of any intermediate arenes. Usefully, amide partners can include lactams, carbamates, and ureas.
Anomaly mediation from unbroken supergravity

When supergravity (SUGRA) is spontaneously broken, it is well known that anomaly mediation generates sparticle soft masses proportional to the gravitino mass. Re- cently, we showed that one-loop anomaly-mediated gaugino masses should be associated with unbroken supersymmetry (SUSY). This counterintuitive result arises because the un- derlying symmetry structure of (broken) SUGRA in at space is in fact (unbroken) SUSY in anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. When quantum corrections are regulated in a way that pre- serves SUGRA, the underlying AdS curvature (proportional to the gravitino mass) neces- sarily appears in the regulated action, yielding soft masses without corresponding goldstino couplings. In this paper, we extend our analysis of anomaly mediation to sfermion soft masses. Already at tree-level we encounter a number of surprises, including the fact that zero soft masses correspond to broken (AdS) SUSY. At one-loop, we explain how anomaly mediation appears when regulating SUGRA in a way that preserves super-Weyl invariance. We nd that recent claims in the literature about the non-existence of anomaly mediation were based on a Wilsonian eective action with residual gauge dependence, and the gauge- invariant 1PI eective action contains the expected anomaly-mediated spectrum. Finally, we calculate the sfermion spectrum to all orders, and use supertrace relations to derive the familiar two-loop soft masses from minimal anomaly mediation, as well as unfamiliar tree- level and one-loop goldstino couplings consistent with renormalization group invariance.
The role of resource types in the control of chemostats using feedback linearization

In this paper we apply the differential geometric-based method of feedback linearization to mathematical models of competition in a chemostat. We first consider competition for a single resource as an illustrative example of the methodology. We then focus on competition for two resources. Here we show that by using the input nutrient concentrations as control inputs, some models for chemostats can be made equivalent to controllable linear dynamical systems, and suitably chosen control objectives can be met. The role of resource type in this process is our primary concern.
Magnetic and electric excitations in split ring resonators

We studied the electric and magnetic resonances of U-shaped SRRs. We showed that higher order excitation modes exist in both of the electric and magnetic resonances. The nodes in the current distribution were found for all the resonance modes. It turns out that the magnetic resonances are the modes with odd-number of half-wavelength of the current wave, i.e. λ/2, 3λ/2 and 5λ/2 modes, and the electric resonances are modes with integer number of whole-wavelength of current wave, i.e. λ, 2λ and 3λ modes. We discussed the electric moment and magnetic moment of the electric and magnetic resonances, and their dependence to the length of two parallel side arms. We show that the magnetic moment of magnetic resonance vanishes as the length of side arms of the SRR reduces to zero, i.e. a rod does not give any magnetic moment or magnetic resonance.
"GALVANOTROPISM" OF ROOTS

1. New experiments, made in such a way to eliminate as completely as possible products of polarization and the migration of such products when formed, have shown that the exhibition of galvanotropic curvature in roots is mainly dependent upon such products, since no curvature appears when they are excluded. 2. The polarization products injure the external layer of cells of the root; this allows these cells to act as electrodes directly applied on the internal tissues. The inner electrolysis produces such changes in the interior cells that they may be considered as becoming ionically different. This differential state is responsible for curvature. 3. "Galvanotropism" of roots, therefore, cannot be regarded as exactly comparable to the galvanotropic orientations of certain animals, but is essentially dependent upon injury.
Wind Field Measurement in the Nonprecipitous Regions Surrounding Severe Storms by an Airborne Pulsed Doppler Lidar System.

Abstract Coherent Doppler lidar appears to hold great promise in contributing to the basic store of knowledge concerning flow field characteristics in the nonprecipitous regions surrounding severe storms. The Doppler lidar, through its ability to measure clear air returns, augments the conventional Doppler radar system, which is most useful in the precipitous regions of the storm. A brief description of the Doppler lidar severe storm measurement system is provided along with the technique to be used in performing the flow field measurements. The application of the lidar is addressed, and the planned measurement program is outlined.
An example of Poincaré symmetry with a central charge

Abstract We discuss a simple system which has a central charge in its Poincare algebra. We show that this system is exactly solvable after quantization and that the algebra holds without anomalies.
A common interface for multiple window computers

A common interface for accessing the features of the Macintosh, Amiga, Atari ST, and other GEM microcomputer is presented. This interface appears to the programmer as a set of subroutines, but is actually implemented primarily by a preprocessor which converts the subroutine calls into calls of specific ROM of operating system routines on the target machine. The window manipulation portion of the common interface is described.
Atomic beam collimation using a laser diode with a self-locking power-buildup cavity

We have demonstrated a self-locking power-buildup cavity for laser diodes. This device requires only a few simple optical elements and can provide a standing wave containing as much as 1000 times the power emitted by the laser diode. With this device we have obtained an intense standing wave of tunable light that was used to collimate a cesium atomic beam. We have studied the power and frequency dependence of the beam collimation.
The fluorescence action spectra of some saturated hydrocarbon liquids for excitation energies above and below their ionization thresholds

Fluorescence action spectra have been obtained for the neat liquids, cis‐decalin, trans‐decalin, bicyclohexyl, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, isobutylcyclohexane, 2,3,4‐trimethylpentane, 2,3‐dimethylbutane, 3‐methylhexane, 3‐methylpentane, n‐decane, n‐dodecane, and n‐pentadecane at excitation energies, e, ranging from their absorption onsets (at ca. 7 eV) to 10.3 eV. For all compounds, with the exception of cis‐decalin, the fluorescence quantum yield is observed to monotonically decline with increasing e, reaching a minimum value at an energy, em (a few tenths of an eV above the liquid phase ionization threshold, el) followed by a slow increase. In the case of cis‐decalin, the fluorescence quantum yield remains constant over the entire range of excitation energies studied, permitting its use as a quantum counter replacing the standard sodium salicylate, at least over a spectral range from 185 to 120 nm. The recovery of the fluorescence quantum yield for e≳em is attributed to an increasing probability for...
Detection of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol layers by optical radar (Lidar)

The National Center for Atmospheric Research Lidar Sustem is briefly described. Data will be presented showing stratification and temporal variations of optical backscattering due to atmospheric aerosol up to a height of 40 kilometers. Short lived (less than 4 seconds) layers with thicknesses and spacing of 30 meters are routinely observed over the entire range of observation. A well-defined layer of temporal stability of several hours is very often found at the tropopause. The so-called ‘20 kilometer’ sulphate layer is found to be subject to variations in altitude, thickness, and assuming a non-varying size distribution and composition, in concentration. Significant and quasistable layers exist between 25 and 40 kilometers including one at the 36 kilometer leve which has been postulated by preliminary calculations of Mateer to be responsible for the blue and white bands observed and photographed by astronauts.
Model independent low momentum nucleon interaction from phase shift equivalence

Abstract We present detailed results for the model-independent low momentum nucleon–nucleon interaction V low k . By introducing a cutoff in momentum space, we separate the Hilbert space into a low momentum and a high momentum part. The renormalization group is used to construct the effective interaction V low k in the low momentum space, starting from various high precision potential models commonly used in nuclear many-body calculations. With a cutoff in the range of Λ∼2.1 fm −1 , the new potential V low k is independent of the input model, and reproduces the experimental phase shift data for corresponding laboratory energies below E lab ∼350 MeV , as well as the deuteron binding energy with similar accuracy as the realistic input potentials. The model independence of V low k demonstrates that the physics of nucleons interacting at low momenta does not depend on details of the high momentum dynamics assumed in conventional potential models. V low k does not have momentum components larger than the cutoff, and as a consequence is considerably softer than the high precision potentials. Therefore, when V low k is used as microscopic input in the many-body problem, the high momentum effects in the particle–particle channel do not have to be addressed by performing a Brueckner ladder resummation or short-range correlation methods. By varying the cutoff, we study how the model independence of V low k is reached in different partial waves. This provides numerical evidence for the separation of scales in the nuclear problem, and physical insight into the nature of the low momentum interaction.
Culture, attitudes, and emotional memory: A complicated relationship

Older adults often remember less negative information than young adults, constituting a positivity effect. In the present study, we examined the effect of culture on this age-related positivity effect and the influence of view of aging on emotional memory by examining culture in two different ways: 1) geographical location and 2) ethnic grouping. We assessed emotional memory recall using an emotional memory picture task (Chung, 2010) and view of aging using a View of Aging Task (Levy & Langer, 1994). Our results showed that Chinese older adults in China held the most positive view of aging, followed by older adults in Hong Kong, and then Chinese immigrants and Caucasian older adults in the US. Emotional memory performance, however, did not follow the same cultural trajectory. Caucasian US older adults were the only group that recalled more positive pictures than their younger counterparts. All other older groups of East Asian origin showed a more balanced emotional recall rate of positive and negative pictures. These findings not only demonstrate the decoupling of view of aging and emotional memory, but more importantly, suggest that culture as defined by geographical location and ethnic grouping indeed yield different findings in attitudes and cognition – immigrants in the US held similar views of aging to Caucasian US participants (same location), but was in fact more similar in performance to the other two Asian groups in emotional memory recall (same ethnic grouping).
Uranium chemistry: an actinide milestone.

A complex featuring a uranium(VI) terminal nitride functional group has been isolated through mild oxidation, and shown to be highly reactive. Under photolysis, it converts into a compound that is capable of C–H bond activation.
Spanning, valuation and options*

We model the space of marketed assets as a Riesz space of commoditics. In this setting two altenative characterizations are given of the space of continuous options on a bounded asset,s, with limited liability. The first characterization represents every continuous option ons as the uniform limit of portfolios of calls ons. The second characterization represents an option as a continuous sum (or integral) of Arrow-Debreu securities, with respect tos. The pricing implications of these representations are explored. In particular, the Breeden-Littzenberger pricing formula is shown to be a direct consequence of the integral representation theorem.
Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations of Manganese and Rhenium Hydrides

Laser-ablated Mn and Re atoms react with H2 upon co-condensation in excess argon and neon and in pure hydrogen to produce metal hydrides. The reaction products are identified through isotopic substitution (D2, HD, and H2 + D2) and density functional theory calculations. The 7Σ+ ground state diatomic MnH is observed at 1493.3 cm-1 in solid neon, 1486.4 cm-1 in hydrogen, and 1477.9 cm-1 in argon. The ReH molecule gives a sharp band at 1985.0 cm-1 in argon, which is suggested to be the 5Σ+ ground state by DFT calculations. The MnH2 molecule provides ν3 modes at 1600.8 cm-1 in solid neon, 1598.0 cm-1 in solid hydrogen, and 1592.3 cm-1 in solid argon, and the analogous ReH2 molecule absorbs at 1646.4 cm-1 in solid argon. In addition MnH2- is observed at 1465.6 cm-1 in solid neon. The bonding properties of the first row transition metal dihydrides are compared, and reaction mechanisms of Mn and Re with H2 are discussed. The novel ReH4 molecule absorbs at 2037.2 and 590.6 cm-1. This work reports the first experi...
Light-Scattering Measurement of Concentration Fluctuations in Phenol-Water near its Critical Point

The intensity and spectral width of light scattered by a critical mixture of phenol and water have been measured as a function of temperature both above and below the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. The temperature dependence of the scattered intensity was fitted to $I\ensuremath{\propto}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ for $Tg{T}_{c}$ and $I\ensuremath{\propto}{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ for $Tl{T}_{c}$. Also measured was the ratio ${R}_{I}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{I(\ensuremath{\Delta}T)}{I(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}T)}$ of intensities scattered at a given temperature interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$ above and below ${T}_{c}$. The measured values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${R}_{I}$ were quite close to the predictions of the $3\ensuremath{-}D$ lattice gas model. The spectral width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ was measured using a photon correlation method, and the data were fitted to $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=D{K}^{2} (1+{K}^{2}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{2})$, with the diffusion constant $D={D}_{0}{|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}*}$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}={\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0\ensuremath{\Gamma}}{|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|}^{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}$ The Fixman term ${K}^{2}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{2}$ ($K$ being the photon momentum transfer) was observed only above the critical temperature. The value of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and the values of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}$ both above and below ${T}_{c}$ were in fairly good agreement with the theory of Kadanoff and Swift. The spectral width measurements also provided the ratio ${R}_{D}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{D(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}T)}{D(\ensuremath{\Delta}T)}$, a quantity for which no theoretical prediction exists. Comparison of this work on phenol-water with that of Swinney and Cummins and others on ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ near its gas-liquid critical point reveals remarkable similarities between the two systems.
Reporting Bias with an Audit Committee

ABSTRACT: This study models a manager who privately reports earnings to an independent audit committee that, after its own due diligence, modifies the report for public release to investors. The audit committee alters the reporting and valuation dynamics by attempting to remove the manager's reporting bias, but then presents the information it has collected with its own bias. The audit committee's presence changes the impact of penalties and incentives on reporting, valuation, and due‐diligence activities. For example, increasing penalties can sometimes degrade the reporting process. Our simultaneous consideration of the manager, audit committee, and investors provides a new framework for reporting and valuation, and sheds light on empirical earnings quality research that has largely studied the management and audit effects separately.
Palladium-Catalyzed C−O Coupling Involving Unactivated Aryl Halides. Sterically Induced Reductive Elimination To Form the C−O Bond in Diaryl Ethers

The reductive elimination of ethers from transition metal complexes is a rare elementary reaction that is limited to special cases. The importance of aryl ether substructures has created a synthetic challenge to prepare the aryl-oxygen linkage in a general fashion under mild conditions. Pd-catalyzed C-O coupling could be a solution to this synthetic problem, but the reductive elimination of acyclic ethers that is the crucial step for this catalytic process has been limited to palladium complexes with aromatic systems that are highly activated and undergo direct, uncatalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Thus, it is unactivated aryl halides that are crucial substrates to include in transition metal-catalyzed C-O coupling chemistry, and they report that Pd complexes with sterically hindered alkylphosphines (1) undergo thermal reductive elimination to form the C-O bond in diaryl ethers from complexes with unactivated metal-bound aryl groups and (2) catalyze the formation of diaryl ethers and protected phenols from unactivated aryl halides. These findings demonstrate the concept that sterically hindered alkylphosphines accelerate reductive elimination.
A SEARCH FOR WARM CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS IN THE TW HYDRAE ASSOCIATION

A search for previously undetected optically thin disks around stars in the nearby, young, TW Hydrae Association (TWA) was conducted around 16 stars with sensitive 12 and 18 μm photometry. The survey could detect zodiacal-like dust, with temperature 200–300 K, at levels of LIR/L* = 7 × 10-3. Possible mid-infrared excess emission from TWA 17 was detected at the 2 σ level, but none of the other stars showed evidence for circumstellar dust. The rapid disappearance of large amounts of dust around the K- and M-type stars in this sample may mean that any planet formation in the terrestrial planet region was completed very quickly. There appears to be a bimodal distribution of dust disks in TWA, with stars having either copious or negligible warm dust.
The effect of seat belts on minor and severe injuries measured on the abbreviated injury scale

Following the implementation of seat belt wearing legislation in Victoria in December 1970, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons established a survey to collect detailed injury and crash data from car accidents in that State. An analysis of the effect of seat belt wearing on severe injuries sustained by car occupants during the first two years of the survey was reported by Cameron and Nelson[1977]. Minor injuries were ignored in that analysis. Further work extended the file to cover 8537 occupants injured during the first three years of the survey and the injuries (including minor injuries) were coded on the Abbreviated Injury Scale. This paper examines the effect of seat belt wearing on both minor and severe injuries. Some comparisons of injury severity distributions in the Victorian data and in data collected by North American MDAI teams are also made. The paper concludes that the wearing of static three-point lap/sash belts by front outboard seat occupants of cars and car derivatives is associated with: (a) Reduced likelihood of severe-to-fatal injury to the head-face, thorax, lower torso and lower extremities when injured and not ejected in crashes in built-up areas and, for some body regions, in open road crashes, (b) Increased likelihood of minor injury to the thorax and lower torso when injured and not ejected in crashes in all locations and of minor injury to the neck (i.e. whiplash) when injured and not ejected in crashes in built-up areas. There are suggestions that the increased likelihoods of the minor injuries are not artefacts of the injury criterion for inclusion, nor of the reduced likelihood of severe injury to the trunk when seat belts are worn, but are due to the wearing of the seat belt.
Solutions of the sDiff(2)Toda equation with SU(2) symmetry

We present the general solution to the Plebanski equation for an space that admits Killing vectors for an entire SU(2) of symmetries, which is therefore also the general solution of the sDiff(2)Toda equation that allows these symmetries. Desiring these solutions as a bridge toward the future for yet more general solutions of the sDiff(2)Toda equation, we generalize the earlier work of Olivier, on the Atiyah–Hitchin metric, and re-formulate work of Babich and Korotkin, and Tod, on the Bianchi IX approach to a metric with an SU(2) of symmetries. We also give careful delineations of the conformal transformations required to ensure that a metric of Bianchi IX type has a zero Ricci tensor, so that it is a self-dual, vacuum solution of the complex-valued version of Einstein's equations, as appropriate for the original Plebanski equation.
Elliptical Core Two-Mode Fiber Strain Gauge

The effects of longitudinal strains and temperature changes on modal interference patterns from elliptical core two-mode optical fibers are investigated. The results suggest that simultaneous measurements of both temperature and strain are practical.
Inductively Stabilized Excimer Lasers

We review the work at Los Alamos regarding long pulse excimer laser operation using the technique of inductive stabilization of avalanche discharges. This technique, depending on the rate of energy deposition, has allowed laser pulse lengths of greater than 120ns and total lasing times greater than 200ns. Small lasers employing this technique are particularly useful in the control of large amplifiers to obtain narrow linewidth, near diffraction limited operation as well as in the amplification of mode-locked pulse trains to further enhance the brightness of the laser system. The performance of small lasers with short cavity length used for narrow-band frequency tuning, active modelocking and the advantages associated with high repetition rate operation will be discussed. The scaling to longer gain lengths and to high average power systems will also be discussed. Finally, a brief discussion of the potential uses of small long pulse devices in the areas of high brightness sources, medical and semiconductor applications will be given.
Firm Strategy and Age Dependence: A Contingent View of the Liabilities of Newness, Adolescence, and Obsolescence

Unlike prior research on organizational age dependence, which has described entire populations as exhibiting a liability of newness, adolescence, or obsolescence, this study adopts a contingent vie...
Testing for Homogeneity and Habit Formation in a Flexible Demand Specification of U.S. Meat Consumption

of the demand parameters are obtained by using maximum likelihood techniques, and tests of homogeneity and habit formation are based on the likelihood ratio procedure. The analyses utilize annual U.S. data on beef, pork, poultry, and fish for the years 1950-75, and short-run effects are emphasized. Many studies have focused on the demand for meat. Fuller and Ladd, Hayenga and Hacklander, and Tryfos and Tryphonopoulos used linear functional forms. The log form was used in Fox and Breimyer. More recently, Chang used the Box-Cox transformation in a dynamic model to investigate aggregate demand for meat in the United States. The linear and logarithmic forms are special cases of this more general functional form. The above studies make no attempt to test restrictions implied by consumer theory. In contrast, recently, Christensen and Manser applied a translog utility system to meat demand and estimated demand parameters and tested theoretical restrictions. However, most econometric analyses of demand in agricultural economics do not use explicit utility function formulations but use arbitrary reduced forms (one recent exception is the work by Green, Hassan, and Johnson). This study adopts the latter approach because of increased ease of estimation and the ability to incorporate greater complexity in the dynamic formulation. These relations can be made locally (or, in some cases, globally) consistent with utility maximization by imposing restrictions on parameters (Court, Byron). However, homogeneity can be imposed globally as well as locally within a demand equation for many log-linear demand equations-it is noted here that Court assumed, but did not test for, homogeneity; however, Byron and others have tested for homogeneity (and usually rejected it) in more aggregated log-linear static systems. Because all demand specifications (whether a system or single equation) are amenable to homogeneity tests and because of general interest in the deflation issue, this study focuses on homogeneity restrictions.
High Reliability of Neonatal Screening for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Switzerland

Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is justified by the sometimes difficult clinical diagnosis and the risks associated with missed diagnosis, particularly the life-threatening salt-wasting crisis. In Switzerland, nationwide screening for CAH by measuring 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in dried blood spots was introduced in 1992. At the Zurich University Children's Hospital, 50% of the population of Switzerland is screened. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Zurich screening program. Between January 1, 1993, and May 31, 2001, 333,221 newborns were screened for CAH. Thirty-one newborns had CAH (incidence, 1 in 10,749); 30 were detected through screening (sensitivity, 97%). A recall for suspected CAH was performed in only 60 cases, corresponding to a very low recall rate (0.0018%). In 30 recalls CAH was confirmed (positive predictive value, 50%; specificity, 99.99%). Fifteen of 31 patients profited from screening, as CAH had not been recognized clinically. The timely availability of screening results made therapy possible within the first week of life in most cases and helped in preventing salt-wasting crisis in all patients. With a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 99.99%, and a positive predictive value of 50%, the Zurich neonatal screening program for CAH can be considered highly reliable.
The discrete nature of circumstellar OH maser emission

The Arecibo radio telescope was used to obtain high-resolution, high-SNR 1612-MHz observations of seven circumstellar OH maser sources. Each spectrum displays the double-peaked emission line profile characteristics of an expanding shell. The jaggedness of the spectra, which varies from source to source, is consistent with statistical fluctuations in the number of discrete emitting elements contributing at a given velocity. In particular, it is found that the spectra of WX Psc and OH 53.6-0.2 contain narrow, weak, isolated emission features which may arise from individual emitting elements.
Risk Factors for Progression to Penetrating Keratoplasty in Patients With Keratoconus

Purpose To determine clinical and demographic risk factors for corneal transplantation in keratoconus patients. Design Case control study. Methods setting : Tertiary referral center. study population : All keratoconic eyes presenting to the Duke University Eye Center from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2002. observation procedure and outcome measures : Cases were defined as eyes undergoing transplantation during the study period for keratoconus. Controls were defined as eyes that did not undergo transplantation. Cases were compared with controls to determine clinical and demographic risk factors for corneal transplantation. Results A total of 131 eyes with keratoconus were studied; 59 cases were compared with 72 controls. Groups were similar with respect to sex and race. Significant univariate risk factors for corneal transplantation were best-corrected vision worse than 20/40 (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 9.8), cylinder >10.0 diopters (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 12.4), and average keratometry >55 diopters (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 21.9). In multivariate analysis, age 30 or younger conferred a sevenfold increased risk of transplantation compared with ages of more than 40 (OR 7.7 for ages 21 to 30 and OR 25.8 for ages ≤20). Multivariate analysis also showed duration of disease 5 years or less and steep average keratometry as significant risk factors. Conclusions A subset of young keratoconic patients with high keratometry values may represent an underrecognized risk group for corneal transplantation. Best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 at presentation and astigmatism are other clinical indicators of increased risk of corneal transplantation in keratoconus patients.
Radiation damage in Ge and Si detected by carrier lifetime changes: Damage thresholds

Abstract Minority carrier lifetime, τ, in semiconductors is shown to be more sensitive, by a factor of 104, to radiation-induced defects than is the conductivity. Thus, in some cases, the introduction of as few as 1010 defects cm−3 can be detected by its effect on τ. Both direct measurements of τ and measurements of dependent parameters (such as the photovoltaic effect and the particle effect) are described for Si and Ge. Using such parameters, and an electron accelerator, the minimum energy needed to produce a Frenkel defect was found to be 14.5 ± 0.4 eV in Ge and 12.9 ± 0.6 eV in Si. An analysis of the phenomenon shows how the location of the radiation-induced energy levels and the relative minority carrier capture cross-sections can be determined experimentally. The shape of the curve of the displacement cross-section vs. the incident particle energy is compared with calculations from collision theory. Qualitative explanations for the observed “tail” on this curve are presented. Calculations based on these explanations fail to yield complete agreement with the experimental curves.
2,3-Diphenylvinylene Sulfone

2,3-Diphenylvinylene sulfone reactant: 6.36 g. (0.0157 mole) of crude α,α′-dibromodibenzyl sulfone product: vinylene sulfone Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; elimination, dehydrohalogenation
Constructing queries from tokens

A database token is a value of either the data or the metadata. Usually, such tokens are combined with formal language constructs to form queries. In this paper we show how a given set of tokens may be completed to a proper query. This process provides a useful means of communication between naive users and databases, allowing them to express simple requests by listing several tokens. As the inferred query is always shown to the user, this process has a side effect of instructing the user in the proper use of the query language. The method is described and demonstrated with relational databases, but its principles may be implemented with other databases as well.
Private and Government Employment in the OECD: Productivities and Wages

This paper estimates the productivity of private and government employment for a panel of 23 OECD economies over the 1961–1992 period, and investigates their relation to the government/private wage ratio. The paper finds that (i) the elasticities of output with respect to private and government employment are statistically significantly different from each other; (ii) the marginal products of private and government employment are not statistically significantly different, which suggests that government employment is neither over- nor under-provided, and that shifting employment from one sector to the other is not likely to produce substantial output gains; and (iii) in most of the countries examined, government workers are overpaid in the sense that the government/private wage ratio exceeds the corresponding ratio of marginal products. (J.E.L. E24, E62).
Surface Brightness Profiles of Three New Dwarf Spheroidal Companions to M31

CCD images of three newly discovered dwarf spheroidal companions to M31, Andromeda V, VI, and VII, are used to extract surface brightness profiles and total magnitudes. Using distance moduli provided by Armandroff et al. and Grebel & Guhathakurta, these galaxies are shown to have similar luminosities to other Local Group dwarf spheroidals; And V in particular is similar to Draco and Ursa Minor in luminosity, i.e., among the faintest known. In the luminosity-metallicity relation, And V is shown to have a significantly higher metallicity than expected.
Accounting for the role of habit in regular saving

Abstract The present study combines insights from social psychology and economics by examining the role of savings habits in regular saving. As frequently practiced, automatic, and goal-facilitated behaviors, savings habits play a critical role in everyday financial decisions. Using the Self-Report Habit Index developed by Verplanken and Orbell (2003) , we collected and analyzed survey data to (1) validate the role of habit in regular saving; (2) test whether participation in a savings program, the Individual Development Account program, facilitates habit formation; and (3) examine the role of habit in individual’s perception of financial strain. The results showed that habit mattered for regular saving. It influenced savings amounts above and beyond Theory of Planned Behavior and deposit frequency measures. Habit strength increased over time during program participation and savings habits reduced the stress of financially difficult situations.
Exploiting tumor shrinkage through temporal optimization of radiotherapy

In multi-stage radiotherapy, a patient is treated in several stages separated by weeks or months. This regimen has been motivated mostly by radiobiological considerations, but also provides an approach to reduce normal tissue dose by exploiting tumor shrinkage. The paper considers the optimal design of multi-stage treatments, motivated by the clinical management of large liver tumors for which normal liver dose constraints prohibit the administration of an ablative radiation dose in a single treatment. We introduce a dynamic tumor model that incorporates three factors: radiation induced cell kill, tumor shrinkage, and tumor cell repopulation. The design of multi-stage radiotherapy is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem in which the total dose to the normal tissue is minimized, subject to delivering the prescribed dose to the tumor. Based on the model, we gain insight into the optimal administration of radiation over time, i.e. the optimal treatment gaps and dose levels. We analyze treatments consisting of two stages in detail. The analysis confirms the intuition that the second stage should be delivered just before the tumor size reaches a minimum and repopulation overcompensates shrinking. Furthermore, it was found that, for a large range of model parameters, approximately one-third of the dose should be delivered in the first stage. The projected benefit of multi-stage treatments in terms of normal tissue sparing depends on model assumptions. However, the model predicts large dose reductions by more than a factor of 2 for plausible model parameters. The analysis of the tumor model suggests that substantial reduction in normal tissue dose can be achieved by exploiting tumor shrinkage via an optimal design of multi-stage treatments. This suggests taking a fresh look at multi-stage radiotherapy for selected disease sites where substantial tumor regression translates into reduced target volumes.
Extracting spatiotemporal human activity patterns in assisted living using a home sensor network

This paper presents an automated methodology for extracting the spatiotemporal activity model of a person using a wireless sensor network deployed inside a home. The sensor network is modeled as a source of spatiotemporal symbols whose output is triggered by the monitored person’s motion over space and time. Using this stream of symbols, the problem of human activity modeling is formulated as a spatiotemporal pattern-matching problem on top of the sequence of symbolic information the sensor network produces, and is solved using an exhaustive search algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on a real 30-day dataset extracted from an ongoing deployment of a sensor network inside a home monitoring an elder. The developed algorithm examines the person’s data over these 30 days and automatically extracts the person’s daily pattern.
ETS1 is a genome-wide effector of RAS/ERK signaling in epithelial cells

The RAS/ERK pathway is commonly activated in carcinomas and promotes oncogenesis by altering transcriptional programs. However, the array of cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors that mediate these transcriptional changes is still unclear. Our genome-wide analysis determined that a sequence consisting of neighboring ETS and AP-1 transcription factor binding sites is enriched near cell migration genes activated by RAS/ERK signaling in epithelial cells. In vivo screening of candidate ETS proteins revealed that ETS1 is specifically required for migration of RAS/ERK activated cells. Furthermore, both migration and transcriptional activation through ETS/AP-1 required ERK phosphorylation of ETS1. Genome-wide mapping of multiple ETS proteins demonstrated that ETS1 binds specifically to enhancer ETS/AP-1 sequences. ETS1 occupancy, and its role in cell migration, was conserved in epithelial cells derived from multiple tissues, consistent with a chromatin organization common to epithelial cell lines. Genome-wide expression analysis showed that ETS1 was required for activation of RAS-regulated cell migration genes, but also identified a surprising role for ETS1 in the repression of genes such as DUSP4, DUSP6 and SPRY4 that provide negative feedback to the RAS/ERK pathway. Consistently, ETS1 was required for robust RAS/ERK pathway activation. Therefore, ETS1 has dual roles in mediating epithelial-specific RAS/ERK transcriptional functions.
The Rise of International Nongovernmental Organizations: A Top-Down or Bottom-Up Explanation?

This study examines the conditions that facilitate the growth of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in 126 countries, from 1982 to 2000. To explain the uneven growth of INGOs around the world, I test two competing theoretical approaches. The “top-down” perspective of growth focuses on the degree of a country’s integration into the world polity and international economy. The “bottom-up” perspective emphasizes the development of democracy and the prosperity of the domestic economy as significant factors in facilitating INGO growth within a given country. An econometric analysis of panel data with ordinary least squares (OLS) suggests that both economic and political factors at the global and national level explain the rise of INGOs, rather than viewing either in an isolated fashion.
Should we tax or cap political contributions? A lobbying model with policy favors and access

Abstract This paper develops a model of political contributions in which a politician can either sell policy favors, or sell access. Access allows interest groups to share hard information with the politician in support of their preferred policy. Here selling access maximizes policy utility, while selling policy favors maximizes total contributions. Imposing a binding contribution limit makes it more likely that the politician sells access, which can improve expected constituent welfare. However, a contribution limit distorts the signals associated with the contributions, which tends to result in worse policy. Alternatively, a tax on political contributions can ensure that the politician sells access without distorting his information. Therefore, from the viewpoint of a representative constituent, a tax on contributions is strictly preferred to a contribution limit or no reform. The politician, however, may prefer regulation in the form of a contribution limit, even when a tax is better for the constituent.
Critical heat flux modeling in forced convection boiling during power transients

In this paper, a theoretical prediction of critical heat flux (CHF) during power transients in forced convective boiling is presented. The analysis is restricted to departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) type of CHF at low qualities. The developed theory is compared with the experimental data available in the literature. The agreement is exceptionally good. The new model also is compared with the semi-empirical transient CHF model in the literature.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of N-substituted iminodiacetato (1,1-bis[aminomethyl] cyclohexane) platinum(II) complexes

Abstract A number of water-soluble N-substituted iminodiacetato(1,1-bis[aminomethyl]cyclohexane)platinum(II) complexes have been synthesized, and their mode of coordination characterized by elemental analysis and infrared data. Preliminary in vitro screening test for antitumor activity of these complexes against L1210 murine leukemia cells were performed. The results indicate that these complexes have an acceptable in vitro cytotoxicity against L1210 leukemia.
Meson masses in high density QCD

The low-energy effective theories for the two- and three-flavor color-superconductors arising in the high density limit of QCD are discussed. Using an effective field theory to describe quarks near the fermi surface, we compute the masses of the pseudo-Goldstone bosons that dominate the low-momentum dynamics of these systems.
VHF Radio System Performance Model for Predicting Communications Operational Ranges in Irregular Terrain

This paper describes a VHF communication system performance model which can predict the probability of successful communications (p s ) in irregular terrain for both analog and digital systems. The Longley-Rice model is used to predict the propagation effects. A new noise model, based upon information in CCIR Report 258, is used to help estimate predetection signal-to-noise ratios ( R ). A communication success is achieved when R \geq R_{r} where R r is a value of R required for user-determined acceptable performance. The value of R r for a given system is either estimated analytically or determined empirically for a given application. Therefore, the model predicts the probability that R \geq R_{r} versus range (or other variables of interest). After a user has established an operationally required probability of successful communication (p'_{sr}) , the operational range (OR) of a radio system in irregular terrain can be defined as the range at which p_{s} = p_{sr} . The model was used to compute p s versos range for VHF-FM voice systems for several cases involving helicopters, and the results were compared with measured p s data. Reasonable agreement between the predictions and observations wan obtained, but the sample size of the measured p s value was too small to consider the comparison to be a validation of the model.