cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute hemodynamic effects of hexamethonium (C6) in patients with emphysematous pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract The eventual development of pulmonary hypertension which follows the progressive course of chronic pulmonary emphysema makes desirable the search for a chemical agent which would reduce pulmonary artery pressure. Ideally such an agent would effect a reduction of pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance, without detrimental hemodynamic alterations in the systemic circuit. In the case of the "blocking agents" now available, this would presuppose the possible existence of some extrinsic or intrinsic neurogenic control of pulmonary blood vessels. 2,5 It was the purpose of these experiments to study the acute effects of intravenously administered hexamethonium (C6) on the systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics of emphysematous patients with established pulmonary hypertension in the horizontal position. The steady state 6 was maintained in all patients whose data are presented.
The dilution and loss of wetland function associated with conversion to open water

Some degree of wetland loss characterizes most coastal systems of the United States. This loss is generally reported as a decrease in wetland area, but most coastal land loss entails wetland submergence and conversion to open water. This concurrent increase in the area of aquatic habitat decreases the wetland:open water ratio, effectively diluting the area of remaining wetland relative to the aquatic system. The functional loss of intertidal wetlands to the ecosystem associated with this dilution effect may significantly alter ecological functions dependent on the interactive coupling of wetland and aquatic habitats. The magnitude of functional loss is strongly dependent on the wetland:water ratio of an estuary. In estuaries with open bay-type morphologies, the open water area is already large and functional loss of wetland by additional dilution may be only slightly greater than the areal wetland loss. Where estuaries are wetland-dominated, however, conversion of even a small percentage of wetland to water drastically alters the wetland:water ratio. In these cases, functional losses by dilution are much greater than the rate of areal wetland loss. In the Barataria Basin estuary, Louisiana, between 1967 and 1987, 15.4% of the salt marsh was lost (assuming a loss rate of 0.8% y−1 of the remaining marsh). We estimated that this 15% loss of salt marsh, by conversion to open water, may have resulted in a 27% reduction in the supply of inorganic nutrients and organic matter to the estuarine water column by the marsh, simply due to the dilution effects of the changed wetland:open water ratio. Functional losses of this magnitude may have serious implications to the estuarine ecosystem where intertidal wetlands support aquatic productivity by exporting nutrients and energy or where intertidal wetlands buffer aquatic eutrophication by importing excess nutrients and organic matter. It is conceivable that an estuary characterized by wetland loss may reach a point where, although some wetland remains, its functional value to the ecosystem is essentially gone.
Hyperthermia with implanted electrodes

A general solution is given for the steady state form of the heat conduction equation applied to a simple tumor model which is imagined as being heated by means of electrical currents flowing between metallic electrodes. The model assumes a homogeneous tumor with no bloodflow. The solution for the special case of constant temperature and potential at the surface of the heated volume is examined in detail. The solution shows that there exists, independent of the particular tumor and electrode geometry, a close relationship between the steady state temperature distribution and the electrical potential. Among the more important implications of this relationship are that equipotential surfaces within the heated volume are also isothermal surfaces and that no areas of excessive heat at or near any sharp edges or corners of the electrodes should develop, despite the high electric field intensity. Based on the theory, a procedure is outlined which might greatly facilitate the determination of temperature distributions in phantoms. Finally, the usefulness and the limitations of the theoretical models in clinical hyperthermia are discussed.
Arterio-venous CO2 removal (AVCO2R) perioperative management: rapid recovery and enhanced survival.

Percutaneous arteriovenous CO2 removal (AVCO2R) uses a simple arteriovenous (A-V) shunt for near-total CO2 removal that allows significant reductions in minute ventilation. We critically reviewed our algorithm-directed perioperative anesthesia management in our LD40 ovine smoke-burn injury model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with AVCO2R. General anesthesia is required for: (1) Vascular access followed by ARDS model development by smoke insufflation (36 breaths) plus 40% TBSA III degrees burn with mechanical ventilation. Induction: 12.5 mg/kg im ketamine and 4% halothane by mask, then intubation. Maintenance: 1.0-2.5% halothane in 100% O2; (2) When PaO2/FiO2 300 s), fluid, and analgesia management. All sheep met criteria for ARDS, survived anesthesia, and were standing by 0.5-5 h. There were no complications attributable to anesthesia. The absence of anesthesia-related complications allows model development for outcomes studies for ARDS in general and AVCO2R specifically.
Characteristics of men with substance use disorder consequent to illicit drug use: comparison of a random sample and volunteers.

Abstract Objective: Men qualifying for substance use disorder (SUD) consequent to consumption of an illicit drug were compared according to recruitment method. It was hypothesized that volunteers would be more self-disclosing and exhibit more severe disturbances compared to randomly recruited subjects. Methods: Personal, demographic, family, social, substance use, psychiatric, and SUD characteristics of volunteers (N=146) were compared to randomly recruited (N=102) subjects. Results: Volunteers had lower socioceconomic status, were more likely to be African American, and had lower IQ than randomly recruited subjects. Volunteers also evidenced greater social and family maladjustment and more frequently had received treatment for substance abuse. In addition, lower social desirability response bias was observed in the volunteers. SUD was not more severe in the volunteers; however, they reported a higher lifetime rate of opiate, diet, depressant, and analgesic drug use. Conclusions: Volunteers and randomly recruited subjects qualifying for SUD consequent to illicit drug use are similar in SUD severity but differ in terms of severity of psychosocial disturbance and history of drug involvement. The factors discriminating volunteers and randomly recruited subjects are well known to impact on outcome, hence they need to be considered in research design, especially when selecting a sampling strategy in treatment research.
Crystalline and amorphous morphologies of an aromatic polyimide formed on precipitation from solution

Abstract The solution-precipitated morphology of a new sulphonated aromatic polyimide, poly(benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride 3,3′-diaminodiphenylsulphone) (BTDA 3, 3′-DDS), has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (t.e.m.) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). First, it has been shown that if held in solution in dimethylacetamide for an extended period, the polymer can crystallize as sheaf-like, multicrystallite aggregates that take on the appearance of axialites at a sufficiently advanced stage of growth. This morphology is very similar to that displayed by other relatively stiff polymers such as poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), poly(ether ketone) (PEK), and poly(phenylene sulphide). The generation of this general type of morphology is attributed to the inflexibility of the backbone, which renders folding difficult and hence leads to the production of a thick amorphous region on the lamellar surface, which then limits lateral crystal growth and creates a high density of cilia that cause nucleation of other crystals, leading to the formation of multilayered aggregates. Secondly, if the solvent is evaporated in moist air before crystallization can occur, a phase separation takes place on absorption of water vapour from the atmosphere. In this case the resulting polymer is amorphous and adopts a bead-like morphology on the scale of 300–2000 A ( 1 A = 10 −10 m ).
The significance of non-visualization of the fetal bladder during an ultrasound examination to evaluate second-trimester oligohydramnios

Our objective was to determine the pregnancy outcome after targeted sonography performed for the evaluation of second-trimester oligohydramnios fails to visualize the fetal bladder. A retrospective review identified patients in 1990-94 who were referred for targeted sonography from 16 to 24 weeks to evaluate oligohydramnios. The ultrasound records and photographs from the initial examination were reviewed and compared to later pregnancy outcome data obtained by reviewing delivery and neonatal records, neonatal renal ultrasound reports or autopsy information. Complete outcome data were available in 98 patients. The fetal bladder was not visualized in 29 patients (30%). Post-delivery analysis of the fetal urinary tract was performed in 25 patients either by autopsy or by neonatal renal ultrasound scanning. A severe anatomic malformation of the urinary system was present and had been detected by targeted sonography in 23 of 25 cases (92%). The remaining two fetuses were found to have anatomically normal urinary tracts at autopsy, but other pathological findings suggested that a functional derangement of the urinary system had led to non-visualization of the bladder at ultrasound examination. Non-visualization of the fetal bladder during targeted sonography to evaluate oligohydramnios indicates a severe anatomic or functional problem of the fetal urinary tract. In our study, this ultrasound finding was associated with universal fetal or neonatal death.
Environmental policy: Regional commitment to reducing emissions

Local policy in the United States goes some way towards countering anthropogenic climate change.
Incorporation of 35S-sulfate into rat cartilage explants in vitro. Effects of aging on responsiveness to stimulation by sulfation factor.

The influence of age on the responsiveness of rat cartilage to sulfation factor has been examined. Cartilage was removed from rats from the 16th day of uterine life to full maturity for in vitro study. Cartilaginous hemithoraces were taken for incubation from fetal, newborn and nursing rats. Isolated costal cartilage segments from older rats were incubated. Uptake of sulfate declined with increasing rat weight. No significant stimulation of sulfate uptake occurred when fetal rat cartilage was incubated with sulfation factor provided as normal human or rat serum. Sulfation factor effect was greatest in weanling rats and was relatively attenuated in aged rats. These results obtained in vitro correlate well with the known lack of growth hormone dependence of fetal growth and also are consistent with the virtual cessation of skeletal growth in fully mature rats despite the continued presence of growth hormone in plasma. (Endocrinology 87: 688, 1970)
Electronic excitations in shocked nitromethane

The nature of electronic excitations in crystalline solid nitromethane under conditions of shock loading and static compression are examined. Density-functional theory calculations are used to determine the crystal bandgap under hydrostatic stress, uniaxial strain, and shear strain. Bandgap lowering under uniaxial strain due to molecular defects and vacancies is considered. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations are done of all possible nearest-neighbor collisions at a shock front, and of crystal shearing along a sterically hindered slip plane. In all cases, the bandgap is not lowered enough to produce a significant population of excited states in the crystal. The nearly free rotation of the nitromethane methyl group and localized nature of the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital states play a role in this result. Dynamical effects have a more significant effect on the bandgap than static effects, but relative molecule velocities in excess of 6 km/s are required to produce a significant thermal population of excited states.
Effect of Past Delivery Practices on Current Conditions of Cast-Iron Water Pipes

AbstractCast-iron pipes installed between 1850 and the early 1960s in North America, United Kingdom, and European countries were produced in foundries located near growing urban centers. Their considerable weight, size (especially larger-diameter pipes), and limited transportation facilities made their handling and delivery to the installation site difficult. Historical anecdotal evidence exists to suggest that some cast-iron pipes may have been damaged during delivery. This paper examines different mechanical models to examine what specific conditions may have led to pipe damage during delivery and installation. Analyses show that if pipes did incur damage, then cracks were likely to have occurred on the inside of the pipe bell or spigot ends. Furthermore, it appears that the spigot ends of smaller-diameter pipes had higher risk of damage during delivery, whereas both bell and spigot ends faced increased risk of damage in larger-diameter pipes. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to account for uncert...
Natriumcarbonatocuprat(II)-trihydrat als korrosionsprodukt von kupfer

Zusammenfassung Natriumcarbonatocuprat(Il)-Trihydrat, synthetisch und als Korrosionsprodukt altagyptischer Bronzen bekannt, wurde als industrielles Korrosionsprodukt und im Korrosionsversuch bei der alternierenden Einwirkung von Sodalosung und Luft auf Kupfer beobachtet. Mittels Rontgen- und Elektronenbeugung wurde die monokline Elementarzelle (a = 9,705A, b = 6,095A, c = 13,825A, β = 91 °55′) bestimmt. Ein Infrarotspektrogramm wurde im Gebiet von 4000 bis 600cm−1 aufgenommen.
Imaging Mismatch Repair and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage in Bacillus subtilis

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes respond to DNA damage through a complex set of physiological changes. Alterations in gene expression, the redistribution of existing proteins, and the assembly of new protein complexes can be stimulated by a variety of DNA lesions and mismatched DNA base pairs. Fluorescence microscopy has been used as a powerful experimental tool for visualizing and quantifying these and other responses to DNA lesions and to monitor DNA replication status within the complex subcellular architecture of a living cell. Translational fusions between fluorescent reporter proteins and components of the DNA replication and repair machinery have been used to determine the cues that target DNA repair proteins to their cognate lesions in vivo and to understand how these proteins are organized within bacterial cells. In addition, transcriptional and translational fusions linked to DNA damage inducible promoters have revealed which cells within a population have activated genotoxic stress responses. In this review, we provide a detailed protocol for using fluorescence microscopy to image the assembly of DNA repair and DNA replication complexes in single bacterial cells. In particular, this work focuses on imaging mismatch repair proteins, homologous recombination, DNA replication and an SOS-inducible protein in Bacillus subtilis. All of the procedures described here are easily amenable for imaging protein complexes in a variety of bacterial species.
Modeling Competitive Bidding: A Critical Essay

In analyzing bidding, modeling matters. This paper is a critical analysis of the models available to aid competitive bidding decision making-bidding strategy and auction design-in real transactions. After an introductory overview, this paper describes the contexts in which auctions arise, reviews the "mainstream" theory of single, isolated auctions and discusses the important work involved in enrichment of this theory. In doing so, it indicates results that have been obtained and the sort of changes in analytical approach that are needed to tackle other critical enrichments. The paper summarizes briefly what is known about the direct use of models by bidders and auction designers. A general theme of this paper is that enriched models are needed to bring bidding theory closer to direct applicability in decision making.
High-neutron fluence damage in an aluminum alloy☆

Abstract A cold-drawn Al/1 wt % Ni alloy irradiated to 1 × 1022 fast neutrons/cm2 (E > 0.821 MeV) and > 2 × 1022 thermal neutrons/cm2 at 60 °C in an aqueous environment contained polyhedral voids up to 550 A diameter in concentrations of approximately 10 15 cm 3 , and a fine solid precipitate of transmutation-produced silicon. Post-irradiation annealing for 1 h at temperatures above 220 °C caused the voids to disappear; cold pressing the specimens through a 65% reduction in thickness also eliminated most of the voids. The irradiation-induced precipitate coarsened markedly with increasing annealing temperature. Gas bubbles were observed after a 400 °C anneal and are believed to be responsible for a large increase in recrystallization temperature. Growth of the bubbles on annealing at temperatures of 530 °C and above caused significant swelling. Irradiation-induced strengthening decreased with increasing tensile test temperature and disappeared at about 300 °C. Post-irradiation annealing also decreased the strength. Ductility was reduced by irradiation, particularly over the test temperature range ≈ 100 to ≈ 260 °C.
THE EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW OF MICE

THE OBSERVATION by Kyes and Potter (1934) that female pigeons had a cyclic ossification of the marrow spaces associated with the maturation of the ovarian follicle has been the basis for much research work upon the effect of estrogens and androgens on calcification and ossification in various species of organisms. Zondek (1937) first observed that when mice were given injections of estrogens in large amounts the marrow spaces were invaded and largely replaced by bone. Arnold (1937) and later Tyslowitz (1941), Castrodale and his coworkers (1941) and Crafts (1941) demonstrated that large doses of estrogens caused a severe anemia, purpura and death in both male and female dogs. No change of significance was noted by Tyslowitz (1941) in the peripheral blood picture of the rhesus monkey after prolonged administration of large doses of estrogens. Crafts (1941) noted only a slight anemia in the rhesus monkey after the administration of 10 mg. of stilbesterol daily over an extended period.
Interpersonal flexibility, Type A individuals, and the impostor phenomenon

The present study investigated the relationships between interpersonal flexibility, Type A behavior, and impostor characteristics in college students. Although no significant relationship was found to exist between interpersonal flexibility and Type A behavior, interpersonal flexibility and impostor characteristics were negatively related for both men and women. Although Type A and impostor characteristics were negatively related for men, they were positively related for women.
Separable Beamforming For 3-D Medical Ultrasound Imaging

Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging is a promising medical imaging technology because of its ease of use and improved accuracy in diagnosis. However, its high computational complexity and resulting high power consumption has precluded its use in hand-held applications. In this paper, we present a separable beamforming method that greatly reduces computational complexity. Our method is based on decomposing the delay term in a way that minimizes the root-mean-square error caused by the decomposition. We analyze tradeoffs between the approximation error caused by the decomposition and computational complexity. Then, we present enhancements to the Sonic Millip3De hardware accelerator for ultrasound beamforming to implement separable beamforming. Using hardware synthesis targeting standard cells in 45 nm, we show that the proposed method allows us to boost the Sonic Millip3De frame rate from 1-2 Hz to 32 Hz while maintaining power consumption at 15 W. We validate image quality of our method using cyst phantom simulations in Field II. Our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed separable beamforming method can produce 3-D images with high quality that are comparable to those generated by non-separable beamforming.
Gaza: Forgotten Corner of Palestine *

The Gaza Strip tends to be forgotten when scholars and diplomats discuss the Palestine problem. Mention of a "Palestinian state on the West Bank" or of "confederation between the West Bank and Jordan" often omits reference to the Gaza Strip or only adds it as an afterthought-"and, of course, the Gaza Strip." But the special situation, needs, and political demands of Gaza are generally overlooked. These include the composition of the population: three-quarters are refugees from 1948 who continue to live in refugee camps, separate in many ways from the indigenous minority. The special situation also includes the peculiar economic problems of Gaza and its overwhelming dependence on labor inside Israel or remittances from relatives abroad. The residents' political demands are also somewhat different from those on the West Bank. In the past, the refugee majority has opposed the idea of a state on the West Bank and Gaza along the 1948-49 armistice lines, since that would still make it impossible for them to return to their homes. They have, instead, argued that the 1947 partition plan borders are the minimum acceptable lines, if all of Palestine could not be regained. Today,
Contribution of ZnO to Charge-Transfer Induced Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Au/ZnO/PATP Assembly

The assembly of metal/semiconductor/molecule was fabricated with gold nanoparticles, ZnO, and 4-aminothiophenol (PATP) molecules through the layer-by-layer self-assembly method. Raman spectra of PATP adsorbed on Au/ZnO were considerably enhanced relative to those observed on Au particles alone. By examining the relative enhancement of the nontotally symmetric (b2) modes, this effect is shown to arise from a charge transfer (CT) contribution from the metal to molecule.
Angiographic assessment of the culprit coronary artery lesion before acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Serial angiographic studies of patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina suggest that the culprit plaque underlying a thrombus need not have produced severe luminal obstruction before onset of the event. An atherosclerotic coronary artery lesion can, therefore, have 2 important characteristics. First, it may be obstructive. Second, it may be “vulnerable” in that it has the potential to become thrombogenic if exposed to the appropriate triggering stimulus. A lesion need not be obstructive to become thrombogenic, nor do all obstructive lesions have thrombogenic potential. The cause of an infarction may thus be rupture of a nonobstructive plaque leading to occlusive thrombus formation. Because it may be difficult to predict the site of a subsequent occlusion from a coronary angiogram, coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty directed only at discernible stenotic lesions may not be effective for preventing subsequent myocardial infarctions. Appropriate therapy may need to be directed at the entire coronary tree. Such therapy might include cholesterol lowering, β blockade and aspirin.
An automated on-line, real-time laboratory for single neuron studies.

Abstract A multichannel extracellular microelectrode system is described, wherein stimulus delivery, electrode manipulation, signal detection, recording optimization, experimental manipulation, data collection, and data analysis are accomplished through an on-line, realtime automated laboratory system. With this closed-loop system, predefined experiments are executed and dynamically adapted according to the response properties of the neuron under study. Investigator interaction with the mechanics of the experiment is held to a minimum, though such interaction is readily available whenever desired. This system increases data collection rate, increases the amount and the precision of data obtained on each neuron, imposes a uniform sampling bias, and reduces investigator fatigue in well-defined, highly iterative neurophysiological experiments. The automated system as currently implemented operates in 8K of memory, with 745K of backing storage (disc), on a Raytheon PB 440 computer.
CEREBRAL HYPERPERFUSION AUGMENTS BRAIN BILIRUBIN DEPOSITION IN PIGLETS

Hypercarbia (HC) induced increases in regional brain blood flow (RBBF) may augment regional brain bilirubin deposition (RBBD) in piglets (P). 10 2-4 day old P were infused with bilirubin (BR) to raise & maintain a serum BR of approximately 8 mg/dl. HC (pCO2=76mmHg) was induced with 15% CO2. 14 control (C) P had similar BR levels without HC. Serum free bilirubin was similar in C & HC P. RBBF (by microspheres) & RBBD were as follows: (M±SEM) *p<0.05 vs C, +p<0.05 vs CE value within HC group, CE-cerebrum,TH-thalamus,MB-midbrain,CB-cerebellum,BS-brainstem RBBF was elevated in all regions during HC; the increases in the TH, MB & BS, were greater than for the CE. RBBD was increased following HC in MB & CB; and the increases in MB, CB, & BS were higher than for CE. Regional brain albumin deposition (125I-albumin) was similar in all brain regions. We conclude that deposition of unbound bilirubin in some brain regions is blood flow dependent.
THE RELATION BETWEEN MUSIC AND PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING IN NORMAL-READING CHILDREN AND CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA

PAST RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT MUSIC and language skills are related in normal-reading children as well as in children with dyslexia. In both an ongoing longitudinal study with normal-reading children and a pilot study with children with dyslexia, we found a strong relationship between musical discrimination abilities and language-related skills. In normal-reading children, musical discrimination predicted phonological and reading skills (Studies 1 and 2). These relationships were stronger in children with music training than in control children without music training. In children with dyslexia,musical discrimination predicted phonological skills, which in turn predicted reading abilities (Study 3). Furthermore, normal-reading children with music training surpassed both normal-reading controls and children with dyslexia in melodic discrimination. Controls also outperformed children with dyslexia (Study 4). Taken together, these findings suggest that a music intervention that strengthens the basic auditory music perception skills of children with dyslexia may also remediate some of their language deficits.
Lateral electromagnetic waves and pulses on open microstrip

The propagation of lateral electromagnetic waves and pulses on microstrip is investigated. Interference patterns generated by the superposition of the lateral and direct waves along the air-substrate surface are shown. The field generated by the pulse excitation of a horizontal dipole on the air-substrate boundary is shown to consist of a lateral-wave pulse and a slower direct-wave pulse. Their differences in shape and decay rate are clarified. It is shown that the shape of a Gaussian pulse propagating along an open microstrip transmission line is closely related to the shape of the lateral electric-field pulse generated by a Gaussian current pulse in a dipole on the air-substrate boundary. >
Surface and emission characterization of the impregnated dispenser cathode

Abstract Several osmium/ruthenium-coated and non-coated commercial impregnated cathodes were investigated using scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), photo electron spectroscopy (PES), mass spectroscopy and field-emission retarding potential (FERP) techniques for work function measurements. The ratio of Ba/BaO evaporating from the surface varied from 1–8 at 1418 K with the largest value corresponding to the lowest work function cathode. Work functions measured by the FERP technique varied from 2.7–1.8 eV and correlated well with the emission current density variation among the various cathodes. Richardson work functions in the range 1.5–1.7 eV were obtained, but showed no correlation with cathode current density. PES and SAM results showed that the surface of an operating cathode consisted of a Ba + O chemical combination on an unoxidized tungsten surface. The ratio of Ba/O was larger on the flats than within the pores intersecting the surface. Large beam size Auger spectroscopy gave near identical surface composition for high and low current density cathodes.
Fads versus Fundamentals in Farmland Prices: Reply

Under the null hypothesis that 3so = 3co, 3si = Icl, and p3q = 0 in Roche's equations (2)-(4), the model reduces to a simple fads model in which the change in farmland price is a linear function of the lagged level of the nonfundamental component of price plus a serially independent error term. Using FL's measures of farmland price and its nonfundamental component, Roche conducts a likelihood ratio test of the fads null hypothesis. The likelihood ratio statistic is con-
Information aggregation in a beauty contest game

We consider a repeated game in which a team of agents share a common, but only partially known, task. The team also has the goal to coordinate while completing the task. This creates a trade-off between estimating the task and coordinating with others reminiscent of the kind of trade-off exemplified by the Keynesian beauty contest game. The agents thus can benefit from learning from others. This paper provides a survey of results from [1‐4]. We first present a recent result that states repeated play of the game by myopic but Bayesian agents, who observe the actions of their neighbors over a connected network, eventually yield coordination on a single action. Furthermore, the coordinated action is equal to the mean estimate of the common task given individual’s information. This indicates that agents in the network have the same mean estimate in the limit despite the differences in the quality of local information. Finally, we state that if the space of signals is a finite set, the coordinated action is equal to the estimate of the common task given full information, that is, agents eventually aggregate the information available throughout the network on the common task optimally.
Underwater UXO Detection and Discrimination : Understanding EMI Scattering Phenomena in a Conducting Environment

There are approximately one million acres of underwater lands at Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Energy (DOE) sites that are highly contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO) and land mines. The detection and disposal of Underwater Military Munitions are more expensive than excavating the same targets on land. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for underwater detection. In order to explore the full potential of various EMI sensing technologies for underwater detection and discrimination, to achieve a high (~100%) probability of detection, and to distinguish UXO from non-UXO items accurately and reliably, first the underlying physics of EM scattering phenomena in underwater environments needs to be investigated in great detail. This can be achieved by using an accurate 3D numerical code, such as the combined method of auxiliary sources and thin skin depth approximation (MAS/TSA), the pseudospectral time-domain technique, finite element methods or other approaches. This paper utilizes the combined MAS/TSA, originally developed for detection and discrimination of highly conducting and permeable metallic objects placed in an environment with zero or negligible conductivity. Here, first the theoretical basis of the MAS/TSA is presented for metallic objects placed in an electrically conductive environment. Then numerical experiments are conducted for homogeneous targets of canonical (spheroidal) shapes subject to frequency- or time-domain illumination. The results illustrate coupling effects between the object and its surrounding conductive medium, particularly at high frequencies (early times for time-domain sensors), and the way this coupling depends on the distance between the sensor and the object's center.
VIRAL AND CHLAMYDIAL ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN COLOMBIAN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Acute (lower) respiratory tract infection (ARI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children (chil) < 5 years of age, but the contribution of viral (V) and Chlamydia tracho-matis (Ct) agents to serious ARI in Colombia was hitherto unknown. From 10/85 to 7/86, we studied 60 chil aged 1-60 mos. hospitalized with ARI. 77% had malnutrition. Diagnoses were: lobar pneumonia in 6 (10%) and bronchopneumonia (bronch) either with wheezing in 10 (17%) or without wheezing in 44 (73%). Tracheal secretions were aspirated, fixed and studied for V and Ct antigens by indirect immunofluorescence. Bacteria also were sought by conventional cultures. Twenty (33%) of 60 chil with ARI had V infection. Two other chil (3.3%) had Ct detected. RSV was detected in 75% of 20 with V infection. All with RSV were ≤ 36 mos, 60% had bronch without wheezing, 27% had bronch with wheezing, and 13% had lobar pneumonia. The others with V infection had bronch (2 parainfluenza 3, 1 influenza A, 1 adenovirus) or lobar pneumonia (1 parainfluenza 3). Eleven of 22 with V or Ct infection also had bacteria, 8 with Staph aureus. Of 51 chil ≤ 24 mos, 31.3% had V and 4% Ct infection. Rates of infection in these malnourished chil are similar to those in studies done on chil of the same age in other parts of the world, including the well developed countries.
Chemically enabled synthesis of 2-amino-4-heteroarylpyrimidines

Abstract 2-Amino-4-heteroarylpyrimidines were initially synthesized by microwave-induced S N Ar reactions of primary alkyl amines and 2-methylsulfonylpyrimidines or 2-chloropyrimidines. Following this methodology, pendant piperidine functionality was elaborated utilizing silica-bound reagents in microwave-assisted reductive amination and amide bond formation protocols. These methods proved to be versatile, efficient, and amenable to parallel synthesis.
An application of sensitivity analysis to a linear programming problem

In an ordinary linear programming problem with a given set of statistical data, it is not known generally how reliable is the optimal basic solution. Our object here is to indicate a general method of reliability analysis for testing the sensitivity of the optimal basic solution and other basic solutions, in terms of expectation and variance when sample observations are available. For empirical illustration the time series data on input-output coefficients of a single farm producing three crops with three resources is used. The distributions of the first, second, and third best solutions are estimated assuming the vectors of net prices and resources to be constant and the coefficient matrix to be stochastic. Our method of statistical estimation is a combination of the Pearsonian method of moments and the maximum likelihood method.
Towards modularity in biological networks while avoiding retroactivity

We approach the solution to the problem “are biological networks modular” using a systems theory approach. We propose a method to divide a particular family of gene regulatory networks into “modules” that are functionally isolated from each other, so that the behavior of a composite network of two or more modules can be predicted from the input-output characteristics of the individual modules. This method provides a platform for the creation of new foundational modules using which networks can be decomposed. We present our work for the deterministic case, while providing a well-known example from the literature to validate our approach.
Physics of the Glassy State. IV. Radiation-Sensitive Glasses

Effects of radiation in producing color changes, often called solarization, in glass are described, in close analogy with modern work on F centers especially in alkali-halide crystals. Photosensitive glasses in which the action of radiation is to produce centers of nucleation around which colloidal or crystalline precipitates can form are also discussed.
On symmetrization and roots of quadratic eigenvalue problems

Abstract Under consideration is the operator bundle L ( λ ) = λ 2 I − λA − B which is quadratic in the parameter but linear in the operator coefficients. One finds that under certain “damping” conditions the bundle permits the factoring L ( λ ) = ( λI − Z 1 )( λI − Z 2 ) where the roots Z 1 , Z 2 are symmetrizable. Moreover, the roots are “representations” (or branches) of a certain operator defined in the product space. The results have application to stability theory.
Opioid selection during sickle cell pain crisis and its impact on the development of acute chest syndrome

Background The hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD) is recurrent, painful vaso-occlusive episodes (VOC) and is the most common reason for hospitalization in SCD patients. Narcotics, particularly morphine, along with fluid hydration are standard treatments for painful episodes but have been associated with the development of acute pulmonary events commonly referred to as acute chest syndrome (ACS). The development of ACS is often preceded by acute infections, painful episodes, rib infarction, bone marrow infarction, and fat embolism. Its pathophysiology remains multifactorial and has become the most common reason for early mortality. Previous episodes of ACS increase the likelihood of repeated acute pulmonary events and subsequent pulmonary hypertension. Nalbuphine hydrochloride (Nubain) is an opioid with the pain relieving potency of morphine but has not been studied for its association in the development of ACS or compared with morphine in its efficacy of pain control in the sickle cell population. Procedure We reviewed the medical records retrospectively of patients between the age of 5 and 19 years, admitted for vaso-occlusive crisis to the three children's hospitals in Atlanta between January 1999 and December 2002. A computerized search tool was used to identify patients using the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis code 282.60 and 282.62. The final discharge diagnosis of ACS was defined as a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest radiograph after admission and before discharge. We calculated the need for 160 patient admissions for 85% power to detect a difference of approximately 20% in incidence of ACS between the two treatment groups. Results There were a total of 37 (21%) episodes of ACS. Of these, 26 (29%) were in the morphine group and 11 (12%) were in the Nubain group (P < 0.01). Patients receiving morphine were more likely to have higher white cell counts on admission (P < 0. 05), and to use continuous infusion for medication administration (49% vs. 3%), P < 0. 001. They also had longer hospital stays than patients who received Nubain (median stay 3 days vs. 4 days, morphine), P < 0. 001. Conclusions The development of ACS during painful episodes is multi-factorial, but opioid selection may increase this rate. Patients on Nubain were less likely to develop ACS, and they had shorter hospital stays. These results were confounded by use of continuous analgesia infusion with PCA. However, Nubain may provide an alternative to morphine in the treatment of sickle cell pain episodes. A prospective clinical trial comparing these two analgesics would be a preferable next step. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental comparison and evaluation of the Affymetrix exon and U133Plus2 GeneChip arrays.

Background Affymetrix exon arrays offer scientists the only solution for exon-level expression profiling at the whole-genome scale on a single array. These arrays feature a new chip design with no mismatch probes and a radically new random primed protocol to generate sense DNA targets along the entire length of the transcript. In addition to these changes, a limited number of validating experiments and virtually no experimental data to rigorously address the comparability of all-exon arrays with conventional 3′-arrays result in a natural reluctance to replace conventional expression arrays with the new all-exon platform. Methodology Using commercially available Affymetrix arrays, we assess the performance of the Human Exon 1.0 ST (HuEx) and U133 Plus 2.0 (U133Plus2) platforms directly through a series of ‘spike-in’ hybridizations containing 25 transcripts in the presence of a fixed eukaryotic background. Specifically, we compare the measures of expression for HuEx and U133Plus2 arrays to evaluate the precision of these measures as well as the specificity and sensitivity of the measures' ability to detect differential expression. Significance This study presents an experimental comparison and systematic cross-validation of Affymetrix exon arrays and establishes high comparability of expression changes and probe performance characteristics between Affymetrix conventional and exon arrays. In addition, this study offers a reliable benchmark data set for the comparison of competing exon expression measures, the selection of methods suitable for mapping exon array measures to the wealth of previously generated microarray data, as well as the development of more advanced methods for exon- and transcript-level expression summarization.
Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease Linked to Pathological α-Synuclein: New Targets for Drug Discovery

Classic Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by fibrillar α-synuclein inclusions known as Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra, which are associated with nigrostriatal degeneration. However, α-synuclein pathologies accumulate throughout the CNS in areas that also undergo progressive neurodegeneration, leading to dementia and other behavioral impairments in addition to parkinsonism. Although mutations in the α-synuclein gene only cause Lewy body PD in rare families, and although there are multiple other, albeit rare, genetic causes of familial parkinsonism, sporadic Lewy body PD is the most common movement disorder, and insights into mechanisms underlying α-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration provide novel targets for the discovery of disease-modifying therapies for PD and related neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies.
An investigation of the information center from the user's perspective

This paper reports the findings of a field study conducted to obtain the end-user's viewpoint regarding the Information Center as a concept, and as an organization deployed in the user's own company. The study was conducted during 1985, and involved over 50 end-users in five Fortune 1000 corporations. Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain the user's viewpoint on such issues as: the importance of information center services, the effectiveness of those services as delivered in the user's own company, and the use and importance of other sources for similar services. In addition, critical success factors for information centers, and users opinions on the anticipated future need for information center services were also solicited. Results of the field interviews are presented and analyzed, with suggestions made on the conclusions that can be drawn in terms of managing and delivering information center services.
Positive psychology as social change

edited by Robert Biswas-Diener, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Springer, 2011, 358 pp., US$49.95 (paperback), US$189.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-90-481-9937-2 Positive psychology (PP) is commonly charged ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region: the lateral and medial entorhinal areas.

The entorhinal cortex (EC) serves a pivotal role in corticohippocampal interactions, but a complete description of its extrinsic connections has not been presented. Here, we have summarized the cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal connections of the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) and the medial entorhinal area (MEA) in the rat. We found that the targets and relative strengths of the entorhinal connections are strikingly different for the LEA and MEA. For example, the LEA receives considerably heavier input from the piriform and insular cortices, whereas the MEA is more heavily targeted by the visual, posterior parietal, and retrosplenial cortices. Regarding subcortical connections, the LEA receives heavy input from the amygdala and olfactory structures, whereas the MEA is targeted by the dorsal thalamus, primarily the midline nuclei and also the dorsolateral and dorsoanterior thalamic nuclei. Differences in the LEA and MEA connections with hippocampal and parahippocampal structures are also described. In addition, because the EC is characterized by bands of intrinsic connectivity that span the LEA and MEA and project to different septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus, special attention was paid to the efferents and afferents of those bands. Finally, we summarized the connections of the dorsocaudal MEA, the region in which the entorhinal “grid cells” were discovered. The subregional differences in entorhinal connectivity described here provide further evidence for functional diversity within the EC. It is hoped that these findings will inform future studies of the role of the EC in learning and memory. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in free fatty acids and lactones in sterile concentrated milk during storage.

Abstract Simple isolation methods have been developed for recovering free acids and lactones from sterile concentrated milk for subsequent gas chromatographic analysis. Concentrations of some free fatty acids and lactones were determined in fresh sterile concentrated milk. Changes in concentrations were determined at 4 and 37C during 21 weeks and 55C during 9 weeks. Free fatty acid increases were in the order of 55 C>37C with little change at 4C. Free acids in greatest concentration also were those in highest concentration in the milk triglycerides. The near 25% increase in acidity apparently came from a random hydrolysis of lipids. Contrary to previous reports, the δ-C-10 and δ-C-12 lactones decreased at all storage temperatures. The δ-C-14 lactone decreased at 4 and 37C but increased at 55C. The C-12 γ lactone increased at all storage temperatures. A taste panel detected lactone and fatty acids in fresh concentrate but was unable to recognize differences in their concentrations during storage. Decreases in lactones have not been reported in the literature.
Point-of-Use Silicon Sources for Cvd

The reliance of the semiconductor industry on pyrophoric silane gas as the primary source of silicon entails high risk and attendant cost. In order to enhance safety and improve control we are engaged in a systematic study of the decomposition characteristics of alkyl silanes with a focus on chemical species and conditions that exhibit silane type behavior or that actually produce silane. We have prepared a series of air stable innocuous liquid alkyl silanes, RSiH3, that generate silane and stable organic (R-H) byproducts upon flow tube pyrolysis. T-buty1, t-hexy1, and t-decyl silane as well as the corresponding R-H products exhibit a range of physical properties : room temperature vapor pressures, for example, range from several Torr to over an atmosphere. Relevant physical properties as well as kinetics and mechanisms of the hydride transfer process will be described and correlated with structural characteristics of the RSiH3 precursors.
Volatility of animal wealth among Southwest Asian pastoralists

Accounts of Southwest Asian pastoralism often suggest that wealth in animals is volatile. However, no systematic study has been undertaken to determine either the potential for herd increase and loss or the likely long-term implications of this potential. Drawing on an analysis of data from the Komachi nomads of south-central Iran and other Southwest Asian pastoralists, this paper addresses these questions. It argues that, contrary to conventional expectations, (a) herds in the region do not show potential for dramatic increase; (b) radical shifts in individual economic status are unlikely to occur through normal gains and losses; and (c) to the extent that short-term gains or losses of individual holdings do occur, long-term economic differentiation within a population can be expected.