cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Cost and Material Loss: The Dakota Access Pipeline

This case study examines the numerous impacts attendant to the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) project to highlight the costs that companies, financial institutions and investors linked to the project faced by not respecting the human rights of indigenous peoples. This case study thus serves as a basis for the assertion that social risk resulting from the absence of adequate human rights protections can have material impacts. The case study used multiple methods to quantify the material losses including a holistic cost assessment and, in part, an event study methodology. The results revealed that most DAPL tied entities experienced significant financial losses because of their association with the project. Significantly, this case study estimates that the costs incurred by Energy Transfer Partners, DAPL’s parent company, and other firms with ownership stake in DAPL for the entire project are not less than $7.5 billion, nearly double what the project was estimated to cost at the outset. The case study data points to several conclusions: notably that all entities must conduct thorough due diligence and disclosure on social risks related to human rights prior to any business transaction on or near indigenous lands; that costs accumulate to local communities, to taxpayers and to tribal governments as well as larger firms; and, that the #NoDAPL movement grew out of a growing social movement of indigenous peoples pushing for respect for their human rights as to development of their lands, territories, and resources.
Absorbing boundary conditions for time-dependent Schrödinger equations: A density-matrix formulation.

This paper presents some absorbing boundary conditions for simulations based on the time-dependent Schrodinger equations. The boundary conditions are expressed in terms of the elements of the density-matrix, and it is derived from the full model over a much larger domain. To make the implementation much more efficient, several approximations for the convolution integral will be constructed with guaranteed stability. These approximations lead to modified density-matrix equations at the boundary. The effectiveness is examined via numerical tests.
Integrating the ELNEC undergraduate curriculum into Nursing Education: Lessons learned

Nurses are called to lead and transform palliative care, compelling nurse educators to provide the requisite education to do so. All nursing students need to learn primary palliative care to be prepared to care for the growing number of patients with serious illness and their families. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) Competencies And Recommendations for Educating nursing Students (CARES) document outlines 17 palliative care competencies to be attained by graduation from their pre-licensure programs. Integrating standardized primary palliative care education into curriculum remains a challenge for nurse educators. The End of Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) Undergraduate online modules represent one educational strategy that supports faculty and students in meeting AACN competencies as well as other national guidelines for palliative care education. Despite its ease of use, only about 25% of all undergraduate programs are incorporating these into their programs. Faculty continue to report barriers to implementing palliative care education, including saturated curricula, limited content expertise, and cost. This paper describes lessons learned from palliative care champion nursing schools to help overcome these barriers.
Short-term Western-style diet negatively impacts reproductive outcomes in primates

A maternal Western-style diet (WSD) is associated with poor reproductive outcomes, but whether this is from the diet itself or underlying metabolic dysfunction is unknown. Here, we performed a longitudinal study using regularly cycling female rhesus macaques (n = 10) that underwent 2 consecutive in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, one while consuming a low-fat diet and another 6-8 months after consuming a high-fat WSD. Metabolic data were collected from the females prior to each IVF cycle. Follicular fluid (FF) and oocytes were assessed for cytokine/steroid levels and IVF potential, respectively. Although transition to a WSD led to weight gain and increased body fat, no difference in insulin levels was observed. A significant decrease in IL-1RA concentration and the ratio of cortisol/cortisone was detected in FF after WSD intake. Despite an increased probability of isolating mature oocytes, a 44% reduction in blastocyst number was observed with WSD consumption, and time-lapse imaging revealed delayed mitotic timing and multipolar divisions. RNA sequencing of blastocysts demonstrated dysregulation of genes involved in RNA binding, protein channel activity, mitochondrial function and pluripotency versus cell differentiation after WSD consumption. Thus, short-term WSD consumption promotes a proinflammatory intrafollicular microenvironment that is associated with impaired preimplantation development in the absence of large-scale metabolic changes.
Randomized controlled trial of energy healing effects on pain and anxiety in AIS posterior surgery: a pilot study

Energy healing (EH) is a part of the diverse group of Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EH therapy prior to and following posterior surgical correction for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) compared to controls. Patients were prospectively randomized to one of two groups: standard operative care for surgery (controls) vs. standard care with the addition of three EH sessions. The outcomes included visual analog scales (VAS) for pain and anxiety (0–10), days until conversion to oral pain medication, and length of hospital stay. For the experimental group, VAS was assessed pre- and post-EH session. Fifty patients were enrolled—28 controls and 22 EH patients. The controls had a median of 12 levels fused vs. 11 in the EH group (p = 0.04). Pre-operative thoracic and lumbar curve magnitudes were similar (p > 0.05). Overall VAS pain scores increased from pre- to post-operative (p < 0.001), whereas the VAS anxiety scores decreased immediately post-operative (p < 0.001). The control and pre-EH assessments were statistically similar. Significant decreases in VAS pain and anxiety scores from pre to post-EH assessment were noted for the EH group. Both groups transitioned to oral pain medication a median of 2 days post-operative (p = 0.11). The median days to discharge was four in the controls and three in the EH group (p = 0.07). In this pilot study, EH therapy resulted in a decrease in patient’s pre-operative anxiety. Offering this CAM modality may enhance the wellbeing of the patient and their overall recovery when undergoing posterior surgical correction for AIS. Therapeutic Level II.
Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic literature review

The severity of urban heat islands (UHIs) is increasing due to global and urban climate change. The damage caused by UHIs is also increasing. To establish a plan to improve the deteriorating thermal environment in cities due to UHIs and to minimize the damage, further research is needed to accurately estimate and analyze the intensity and magnitude of UHIs. This systematic literature review (SLR) is an in-depth review of 51 studies obtained through a five-step filtering process focusing on their analysis of the spatial extent of UHIs, the UHI concept that was used for UHI estimation, and the UHI estimation and analysis methods. This SLR confirmed the need for accurate UHI intensity and magnitude estimation and analysis to reset the existing UHI classification based on the variety of vertical and horizontal ranges where UHIs occur. The results also indicated that the existing UHI energy concepts for estimating UHIs need to be modified and developed to reflect the three-dimensional physical form of the city. Finally, this SLR clarifies the need to develop an optimized analysis method for UHI research. The review results of this SLR will inform future studies and be the cornerstone for establishing policies and plans that can accurately predict and respond to the damage caused by UHIs.
Interpreting sulfhemoglobin and methemoglobin in patients with cyanosis: An overview of patients with M-hemoglobin variants

Introduction Methemoglobin (MetHb) and sulfhemoglobin (SHb) measurements are useful in the evaluation of cyanosis. When one or both values are elevated, additional analysis is important to establish the etiology of the disorder. Methemoglobinemia occurs from acquired or hereditary causes with diverse treatment considerations, while true sulfhemoglobinemia is only acquired and treatment is restricted to toxin removal. Some toxic exposures can result in a dual increase in MetHb and SHb. Hereditary conditions, such as M-Hemoglobin variants (M-Hbs), can result in increased MetHb and/or SHb values but are clinically compensated and do not require treatment if they are cyanotic but otherwise clinically well. Methods Herein, we report 53 hemoglobin variant cases that have associated MetHb and SHb levels measured by an adapted Evelyn-Malloy laboratory assay method. Results Our data indicate M-Hbs cause variable patterns of MetHb and SHb elevation in a fairly reproducible pattern for the particular variant. In particular, α globin chain M-Hbs can mimic acquired sulfhemoglobinemia due to an isolated increased SHb value. Conclusion If the patient appears clinically well other than cyanosis, M-Hbs should be considered early in the evaluation process to differentiate from acquired conditions to avoid unnecessary testing and treatment regimens and prompt genetic counseling.
Number of teeth is associated with hip fracture and femoral neck bone mineral density in the NHANES.

Tooth loss has been found to be associated with fractures and osteoporosis. However, the associations between number of teeth with bone mineral density as well as with hip fractures have not been explored in the same study setting. Data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2010, 2013–2014, and 2017–2018) with completed femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, osteoporosis questionnaires, and dentition examinations were analyzed. A total of 15,198 participants, with a mean age of 53.9 and diverse ethnicity, males (52%), and females (48%), were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses for self-reported hip fractures, self-reported osteoporosis, and measured low femoral BMD accounting for traditional risk factors were tested for the total number of natural teeth (NoT) present, or by NoT in the anterior or posterior segments. Subjects with fewer natural teeth present were more likely to report a hip fracture, osteoporosis, or having lower levels of femoral neck BMD. With one additional tooth present in the mouth, there was a decreased association with self-reported hip fracture [OR(95%CI) = 0.98(0.96–0.99); P = 0.005] or with less likelihood of having low femoral neck BMD [OR(95%CI) = 0.99(0.97–1.00); P = 0.007]. With the limitation of the cross-sectional study design, results should be interpreted cautiously, yet our analyses point to an association between a decreased number of natural teeth present and self-reported hip fractures or low femoral neck BMD. The number of teeth present could be potentially utilized for assessing risks of hip fracture and osteoporosis. Future research is needed to validate our findings.
Assessing Claims of a New Doctrine of Pre-emptive War Under the Doctrine of Sources

After examining state practice and opinio juris on the preemptive use of force in the last few years, I conclude that the prohibition of preemptive war where there is no armed attack or an instant, overwhelming threat has not changed. Under customary international law, this prohibition of preemptive use of force is a customary international law norm of extremely high normativity and as such state practice inconsistent confirms the norm particularly in the absence of evidence of its widespread and representative repudiation. Second, under the doctrine of sources, state practice inconsistent with a norm of customary international law or persistent dissension from it, does not establish a new norm but is instead regarded a violation of the norm. Third, even assuming that persistent objectors to the prohibition of preemptive use of force in the absence of an armed attack or instant, overwhelming threats, regard themselves as having created a new rule binding to themselves, under the doctrine of sources a small number of states cannot within a limited time frame create a new rule without 'a very widespread and representative participation' in the practice. Finally, a small number of states cannot create a new rule of customary international law where there is practice which conflicts with the rule or where there are protests to the new rule. This is particularly so with respect to a rule relating to the prohibition of the use of force which is a 'conspicuous example of a rule of international law having the character of jus cogens' with respect to which practice inconsistent with it would be regarded as a violation of the norm rather than as establishing a new norm.
Influence of various functional groups on the relative stability of alkylperoxy triplet cations: A theoretical study

Abstract CBS-QB3 energy calculations show that the formation of a stable triplet cation for alkylperoxy radicals is dependent on factors other than the stability of the daughter cations exclusively. We have found that in cases where the daughter ions are not capable of stabilizing the cation through hyperconjugation, it is possible for the triplet cation to be bound. In many circumstances, CBS-QB3 calculations have found bound triplet cation states with ‘negative dissociation energies.’ These results are attributed to the effects that electron donating/withdrawing substituents have on the spin and charge densities of the resulting cations.
Interaction of Calcium Entry Blockers and Adrenergic System in Hypertension and Heart Failure

Intracellular calcium plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of smooth muscle tone (1). It was not surprising therefore that calcium entry blockers have met a widespread success in the treatment of hypertension, a disease characterized by peripheral arteriolar vasoconstriction (2). However, it was soon found that the antihypertensive action of calcium entry blockers was due not only to the peripheral vasodilation (3–7) but also to other effects including natriuresis (8–10) and alteration of autonomic nervous system (11,12). Despite this multifaceted antihypertensive effect, the ability to reduce peripheral vascular resistance remained the most widely recognized mediator of blood pressure control by this class of drugs. Not only peripheral vascular resistance was found to be reduced during therapy with various CEB, but also forearm blood flow increased significantly after acute and chronic nifedipine treatment (13). It is the mechanism by which this decrease in vascular smooth muscle tone is achieved that needs further explanation.
Pyroprinting: novel pyrosequencing-based method for studying E. coli diversity and microbial source tracking (779.8)

We have developed a novel genotypic fingerprinting method for typing Escherichia coli strains via simultaneous, multi-locus pyrosequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions in riboso...
The MVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation

This paper presents the various features and operational properties of a two-dimensional mathematical model of crash victim motions. The features of this model include: (1) An eight mass representation of the human body where contact between the crash victim and the vehicle is represented in terms of independent force-deformation properties of the victim and the vehicle. (2) An extensible multijoint neck and a realistically flexible shoulder joint. (3) A real- line representation of the vehicle interior or exterior where shape is given as a network of points. (4) Specific predictive restraint device submodels for the airbag, the energy absorbing steering column, and a slipping, energy absorbing three-point-belt restraint system. (5) A flexible output package including graphics, an injury criteria monitor, and a variety of options for listing, deleting, and comparing selected output variables.
Speculative Predication Across Arbitrary Interprocedural Control Flow

The next generation of microprocessors, particularly IA64, will incorporate hardware mechanisms for instruction-level predication in support of speculative parallel execution. However, the compiler technology proposed in support of this speculation is incapable of speculating across loops or procedural boundaries (function call and return). In this paper, we describe compiler technology that can support instruction-level speculation across arbitrary control flow and procedural boundaries. Our approach is based on the concept of converting a conventional control flow graph into a meta state graph in which each meta state represents a set of original states speculatively executed together.
Renovascular hypertension. Prospective diagnostic yield in a random access population.

Abstract Over a five-year period, 104 patients with diastolic hypertension were clinically evaluated and studied by arteriography, differential renal function studies, and radioisotopic renography. Based on either a positive differential renal function study and/or response to surgery, the incidence of renovascular hypertension was determined to be 6 per cent. Of the entire group studied, 15 per cent ( 16 104 ) of patients were found to have renal artery stenosis by arteriography. Eight of these patients had normal differential function studies and were excluded from the renovascular group. In the group with a final diagnosis of essential hypertension (87), 22 patients met roentgen criteria for chronic pyelonephritis. All 6 patients with renovascular hypertension had abnormal renograms; 5 of 8 patients with renal artery stenosis and normal differential function studies had abnormal renograms. However, there was an incidence of 15 per cent false positive renograms. Differential renal function studies were carried out on 75 patients, utilizing a modification of the Stamey technique. Of the 6 patients with renovascular hypertension, 2 had negative results on tests by Stamey's criteria; 2 had negative findings on tests by Rapoport's criteria; and there was 1 negative result on a test utilizing PAH (para-aminohippuric acid) excretion ratios as criteria.
Loan Pricing at Investment versus Commercial Banks

We study whether investment banks, which began to originate syndicated loans in 1996, price debt claims differently than commercial banks. Differences between the two institution types in funding access, regulation, accounting rules, scope economies, and the relevance of relationships could prompt differential loan pricing. We find that investment banks lend to less profitable, more leveraged firms than commercial banks and offer longer-term credits, more commonly with term rather than commitment contracts. Investment banks establish higher credit spreads than commercial banks, other things equal. Investment banks also exact smaller credit risk premia for leverage than commercial banks and price certain classes of term loans more generously than commercial banks. We confidently reject the hypothesis that the loan pricing processes of investment and commercial banks are identical.
The effect of guided relaxation on cortisol and affect: Stress reactivity as a moderator.

Stress-reduction interventions have been linked with enhanced well-being and health. This study examined affect and cortisol in 111 individuals randomly assigned to a single 35-minute guided relaxation or a stress management lecture control group. Positive affect increased more in the relaxation compared to the control group (F = 6.62, p = .01). Dispositional stress reactivity had a moderating influence (R2 = .248, p < .001), such that individuals high in stress reactivity showed highest increases in positive affect to the relaxation. Results indicate that a single guided relaxation intervention improves positive affect among individuals high in stress reactivity.
Two forms of ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse kidney

Abstract Renal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was evaluated in normal female, male, testosterone-treated female and androgen-insensitive Tfm/Y mice for its heat sensitivity and in vivo half-life. ODC activity in normal female kidney consisted of 2 forms which differed in their heat sensitivity at 46 °C. Androgens, either endogenous in normal males or administered exogenously to females, induced primarily the heat-sensitive form. Results from mixing experiments indicated that the heat-sensitive form represented a change in the property of the ODC activity rather than a change in cytoplasmic factors. The in vivo half-life of ODC activity was increased slightly in males and short-term androgen-treated females over normal females and was markedly increased by prolonged androgen treatment. In vivo, the androgen-induced, heat-sensitive form decayed faster than did the heat-resistant form. We conclude that androgens have specific effects on both the amount as well as the biochemical properties of ODC activity in mouse kidney.
Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid Formation in vitro by MS 2 Phage-Induced RNA Synthetase

Part of the RNA synthesized from nucleoside triphosphate precursors by partially purified RNA synthetase, an enzyme induced in Escherichia coli by the RNA-containing phage MS 2, is resistant to hydrolysis by ribonuclease. Upon heating in 0.15M sodium chloride, 0.015M sodium citrate followed by fast cooling the material becomes ribonuclease-sensitive with a sharp transition at 102 degrees to 104 degrees C. The suggestion that the ribonuclease-resistant product is double-stranded RNA is reinforced by restoration of the ribonuclease resistance of the heat-denatured material by reannealing at temperatures just below the transition point and by its buoyant density in cesium sulfate. It is suggested that double-stranded RNA is the replicative form of MS 2 phage RNA.
Vateritic Sagitta in Wild and Stocked Lake Trout: Applicability to Stock Origin

Abstract Aragonite is the normal form of calcium carbonate found in teleost otoliths, but it is sometimes replaced by vaterite, an alternate crystalline structure. We investigated the assumption that sagittal otoliths with vaterite replacement were unique to stocked lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Earlier studies had attributed these abnormalities to stocking stress, and proposed that the presence of vaterite could separate individual unmarked stocked lake trout from their wild counterparts. We examined and described the frequency of vateritic sagittae in two wild and three stocked populations of lake trout from the Great Lakes and a wild population from a remote inland lake in northern Canada. Among lake trout caught 2–12 years after being stocked, prevalence of vateritic sagittae was 66% for Lake Superior fish, 75% for Lake Huron fish, and 86% for Lake Ontario fish. Among wild fish caught, vateritic sagittae were present in 37% of Lake Superior fish, 22% of Lake Huron fish...
Aligning the pricing organization to the market type in industrial markets

Not all industrial markets are alike, and therefore the pricing organizations within firms serving industrial markets are also dissimilar. In this article, we will examine the alignment of the firm's organizational structure, routines and tools used in pricing in relation to the market type. The analysis will be based on aligning the core pricing challenges facing the firm to the transactional landscape, where the transactional landscape is defined by the value and volume of transactions. Market types in the transactional landscape can be characterized as a niche opportunity (mouse), a high-value/low-volume transaction market (hawk), or a low-value/high-volume transaction market (seagull).
Monopulse MIMO Radar for Target Tracking

We propose a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar system with widely separated antennas that employs monopulse processing at each of the receivers. We use Capon beamforming to generate the two beams required for the monopulse processing. We also propose an algorithm for tracking a moving target using this system. This algorithm is simple and practical to implement. It efficiently combines the information present in the local estimates of the receivers. Since most modern tracking radars already use monopulse processing at the receiver, the proposed system does not need much additional hardware to be put to use. We simulated a realistic radar-target scenario to demonstrate that the spatial diversity offered by the use of multiple widely separated antennas gives significant improvement in performance when compared with conventional single input single output (SISO) monopulse radar systems. We also show that the proposed algorithm keeps track of rapidly maneuvering airborne and ground targets under hostile conditions like jamming.
A formal model of responsibilities in agent-based teams

In this short paper, we describe the foundations of responsibility in MAS and present a formalism of responsibility for use in future work.
Thermal characterization of thermal interface material bondlines

Minimizing the thermal resistance of thermal interface material (TIM) bondlines is of interest to the electronics industry. The thermal interface material class examined in this study comprises epoxy based adhesives in which conductive filler particles are suspended. When used to assemble a thin bondline (on the order of two hundred microns or less) the apparent thermal conductivity of the bondline has been shown to be less than the bulk thermal conductivity value of the TIM. This deviation is often attributed to inefficient heat transport at the interface between substrate and TIM due to thermophysical mismatches combined with bondline defects including voiding, delamination, and heterogeneous filler distribution in the TIM. Our study focuses on: understanding how various process parameters affect thermal performance and bondline micro structure, and application of standard physics models to understand and optimize TIM bondlines. To this end, we have fabricated TIM bondlines using various TIM materials while systematically varying the process parameters. We employ two different techniques for characterizing the lumped thermal resistance of these bondlines: a micro Fourier apparatus which uses Pt thin film thermometers and a flash diffusivity system coupled to a finite difference parameter estimation algorithm. Our micro Fourier apparatus also includes arrays of Pt thin film thermometers which allow for direct observation of the spatial variations in the temperature. The correlation between these temperature variations and the micro structure of the bondline is studied.
Mapping component specifications to Enterprise JavaBeans implementations

Component-based software development has become an important approach to building complex software systems. Much research focuses on component specification to achieve the advantages of the component-based approach in theory. Most of this research pays little attention to the mappings from component specifications to component implementations. However, the mappings are important because they determine whether the implementations perform satisfactorily to meet the specifications. After presenting a general approach to component specification and the technology of Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) component model, this paper presents three approaches to mapping from component specification to EJB implementation. This paper uses a course registration system as an example to demonstrate the ideas. The approaches presented will be helpful to those who are working on the realizations of component systems.
Experience with steroid-free maintenance immunosuppression in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.

Abstract Introduction Steroid avoidance is possible in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation with the use of newer immunosuppressive agents and induction therapy. We undertook a retrospective consecutive case review of patients treated at a university tertiary referral center. Methods Medical records of 44 consecutive patients receiving a pancreas-kidney transplant from November 2000 to September 2002 were reviewed. The immunosuppression protocol used in this series of patients consisted of thymoglobulin induction, combined with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus for maintenance immunosuppression. Steroids were used only while thymoglobulin was given and were typically discontinued by postoperative week 1. Main outcome measures included graft and patient survival rates, rejection rates of the kidney or pancreas, infection rates, and surgical complication rates. Results All 44 patients received a kidney-pancreas transplant with systemic venous anastomosis and enteric drainage of the pancreas. Patient kidney, and pancreas survival rates were 95.6%, 93.2%, and 88.7%, respectively. Biopsy-proven pancreas rejection rates at 1 and 6 months posttransplant were 2.3% and 2.3%. Kidney rejection rates at 1 and 6 months were 2.3% and 4.6%. Reasons for patient loss included one death from sepsis and one cardiovascular death. Reasons for kidney loss besides death included a thrombotic microangiopathy. Reasons for pancreas loss included three thromboses, one mild rejection/infection, and one duodenal segment leak with infection. All patients who have been free of rejection have been off steroids for the duration of follow-up. Conclusions Newer immunosuppression protocols without maintenance steroids are possible with minimal rejection in the first 3 months and equivalent patient and graft survival rates compared with earlier protocols utilizing steroids. The potential beneficial long-term impact of steroid avoidance will require further study.
The Axiomatization of Physical Theories

The task of axiomatizing physical theories has attracted, in recent years, some interest among both empirical scientists and logicians. However, the axiomatizations produced by either one of these two groups seldom appear satisfactory to the members of the other.1 It is the purpose of this paper to develop an approach that will satisfy the criteria of both, hence permit us to construct axiomatizations that will meet simultaneously the standards and needs of logicians and of empirical scientists.
Target localization using acoustic time-difference of arrival in distributed sensor networks

Time-difference of arrival (TDOA) estimates are an attractive means for geolocation of targets via low-cost, distributed, single-element acoustic sensors. Relative to distributed beamforming approaches. TDOA localization requires significantly less bandwidth between sensor nodes and exhibits greater tolerance to uncertainties in sensor node location and data synchronization. In this paper, we present algorithms for estimating TDOA over low-bandwidth links, and for combining these estimates to provide geolocation of targets. Both of these components are adapted specifically to operation in a low-power, low-bandwidth distributed sensor environment. TDOA estimation is performed using spectral peaks from the acoustic signals, which allows drastic reduction in the bandwidth required to collaboratively determine bearing to target. Previously published localization algorithms were modified to minimize the required communication bandwidth and to support scaling of the algorithm to many distributed nodes. The performance of the various localization algorithms is simulated and compared for several scenarios. The preferred algorithms are also applied to pre-recorded field data and the resulting geolocation estimates are compared to ground truth data.
Localized lower hybrid acceleration of ionospheric plasma.

Observations of the transverse acceleration of ions in localized regions of intense lower hybrid waves at altitudes near 1000 km in the auroral ionosphere are reported. The acceleration regions are thin filaments with dimensions across geomagnetic field lines of about 50-100 m corresponding to 5-10 thermal ion gyroradii or one hot ion gyroradius. Within the acceleration region lower hybrid waves reach peak-to-peak amplitudes of 100-300 mV/m and ions are accelerated transversely with characteristic energies of the order of 10 eV. These observations are consistent with theories of lower hybrid wave collapse.
Expression of GLUT-2 cDNA in human B lymphocytes: analysis of glucose transport using flow cytometry.

Abstract The molecular characterization of transport proteins is often limited by transient functional expression or the need for a simple method to select functional cDNA clones. We used a mammalian expression system to obtain long-term expression of GLUT-2 an isoform of glucose pnnease. Rat GLUT-2 cDNA was ligated into an EBV vector (pLPP) and transfected into B lymphocytes which lack GLUT-2. Northern and Western analyses confirmed expression of GLUT-2 protein in membranes of transfected cells. Two functional assays using flow cytometry were developed to distinguish GLUT-2 transfectants from control/pLPP transfectants. Uptake of NBD-glucosamine, a fluorescent analogue of glucose, was increased in GLUT-2 transfectants. In addition, when exposed to hypertonic glucose medium, GLUT-2 transfectants and control/pLPP transfectants exhibited a difference in forward-angle light scatter (FALS), an index of cell volume, indicating a difference in glucose permeability. Independent measurements of glucose uptake (isotopic) and cell volume (video microscopy) confirmed the flow cytometry observations. This expression system used in combination with flow cytometry is useful for studying the functional properties of glucose and other solute transporters.
The Next Generative Infrastructure for Detroit

Detroit has a wealth of empty space, though little intelligence or understanding of it. There is a global, morbid fascination with Detroit's emptiness. The media and design disciplines have mythologized it in imagery, and obsessively mapped and quantified it. Vacancy perpetuates entrenched social, economic and environmental disparities and inequities. Yet, in the midst of formal ‘right sizing' and informal urban agricultural initiatives, a constructive civic dialogue about the role of vacancy in the future of the city has yet to begin. Our transdisciplinary design research lab wishes to prompt the dialogue. A new urban geography and ecosystem are required. Vacancy is a new infrastructure for the city. Vacancy, as it manifests, in land, buildings and infrastructure, is generative. We recommend productive, temporal uses for vacancy, to generate the next urban form of the city. In the same manner that grid and infrastructure become generators of urban form and use, vacancy can guide future urban form in Detroit.We define infrastructure networks as the systemic and complex overlay required to support a city and its associated urbanized region. Connections occur largely through blue|green|gray+white infrastructure networks that span geographic, ecological and political boundaries. Vacancy emerges as the ubiquitous infrastructure in each of these typologies.This paper describes aspects of our current project to create sustainable community and the central role which vacancy plays in achieving that goal. In one neighborhood of Detroit, we propose interventions for energy, density, and nature, envisioning an alternative, equitable, and sustainable ecosystem for the city.
Relation between graded, subcritical impairments of coronary flow reserve and regional myocardial dysfunction induced by isoproterenol infusion in dogs

Abstract Isoproterenol has been used experimentally and clinically to elicit ischemia. The usefulness of this approach, however, in eliciting regional dysfunction in the presence of mild to moderate single-vessel coronary disease quantitated on the basis of coronary flow reserve measurements has not been previously defined. Open-chest, anesthetized dogs were instrumented with an electromagnetic flow probe, high-fidelity micromanometers, and subendocardial ultrasonic crystals. A rigid, screw occluder was used to produce five subcritical coronary stenoses in each dog associated with varying impairment of postocclusion reactive hyperemia at rest but no impairment of resting coronary blood flow. Regional function at rest and in response to the isoproterenol challenge (0.25 μg/kg/min) in nonstenotic and stenotic conditions was assessed. Relative regional function was maintained during the infusion until nearly total loss of coronary flow reserve. With this near-critical stenosis, function was lower than in the nonstenotic state but remained greater than resting control values. Moderate impairments of coronary flow reserve were not associated with isoproterenol-induced deterloration of regional function. In conclusion, detection of impaired coronary flow reserve at rest is a more sensitive index of the severity of a coronary stenosis than is detection of regional dysfunction during isoproterenol challenge. Fallure to maintain the expected isoproterenol-induced increase in regional function is manifested only when stenoses are associated with nearly total loss of resting coronary flow reserve. This suggests that the clinical use of isoproterenol challenge is not effective in eliciting regional dysfunction when mild coronary disease is present.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE PERTURBATION SERIES FOR TRANSITION AMPLITUDES FROM THEIR ANALYTICITY AND UNITARITY PROPERTIES

The analyticity properties of transition amplitudes are used in conjunction with the unitarity requirements to generate successive terms in the perturbation series, without referring to a specific Lagrangian. In the sixth and higher orders, production is neglected in the unitarity condition; subject to this approximation, it is found that the series can be so constructed. No analyticity properties which have not been rigorously proved need be employed, and the terms are found to satisfy the double dispersion representation. By examining the connection between this method and the conventional calculation of the perturbation series, the types of spectral function corresponding to different Feynman diagrams can be found. Formulas are given for the regions in which the spectral functions are nonzero.
Chlorinated organics as a factor in reduced biological oxygen demand (BOD)

Abstract A demonstration that “second‐order”; chlororganics might, in part, be responsible for the BOD reduction that is observed upon chlorination of wastewater has been hampered by the inability to devise an experiment that is not complicated by other contributing factors. The current study compares the BOD enhancement for parent organic systems (phenols, benzoic acids, and anilines) against the BOD values obtained from those chlororganics known to be produced from the parent during disinfection. The investigation supports the hypothesis that these chlorinated organic materials are not readily degraded during the test period and, therefore, will not provide an appropriate contribution to the overall BOD value that is obtained.
Hercules A (3C 348): Phenomenology of an Unusual Active Galactic Nucleus

Hercules A is one of a few powerful double-lobe radio sources that show unusual features, from a double optical core to a string of radio intensity rings in one of its two lobes. Among scores of strong radio sources with z < 1, Hercules A is not a hot-spot FR II source, nor is it a weak plume-lobed FR I source; rather, it shows strong resemblances to both types. By undertaking a phenomenological study of the Hercules A system, we seek to explore further the FR I versus FR II dichotomy. As an initial effort, we model the development of Hercules A and its curious combination of features as follows. A rough billion years ago, at an epoch when little or no magnetized-lobe plasma was in place, small clouds of denser gas from the optical double core reached the galaxy halo boundary, there to expand and radiate picohertz spherical acoustic trains of waves. These grew larger as they drifted out in the wind, both the speed of sound and the bulk drift speed nearly uniform. The simple kinematics of uniform drift shaped the old line of such pulse spheres, now seen as remarkably circular radio features, their emitting plasma only some 10 million years old. The active galactic nucleus (AGN) jet has only recently filled in the preexisting density minima of the moving acoustic spheres. The periodic pattern was timed by successive orbital tidal excitations of the central AGN by its lighter companion galaxy. The eastern lobe can be understood as roughly symmetrical with the western lobe, differing in appearance only because it is viewed earlier in the process of magnetic plasma infill that built the radio-emitting lobes, to evolve by dilution and decay. The eastern radio image is seen somewhat delayed by projection; the plasma we see there is still spreading.
On the nature of running-in

The terms run-in, break-in, and wear-in are related but not identical. All of them concern special cases within the general subject of tribological transitions. Tribological transitions can be induced by imposed changes in operating conditions or they may occur naturally as the system ages, without external intervention. Transitions can occur as an inherent consequence of design, as in the case of a piston ring and cylinder system. The attributes of frictional running-in include the overall trend in friction force with time, the duration of characteristic features in the friction/time curve, and the instantaneous level of frictional fluctuations superimposed on the general trend. Changes in friction and wear that occur during running-in are more than a consequence of surface roughness alterations alone. Depending on the tribosystem, they can also include changes in surface composition, microstructure, and third-body distribution. Examples of how factors like contact alignment and surface pre-conditioning affect the form of friction/time curves are given. Friction and wear relationships during running-in are discussed, as are scale effects whose relative influence also changes with time. Initial running-in behavior can be subject to the influence of nanometer-sized films and progress to the scale of micrometer-sized asperities and larger-sized surface structures as sliding proceeds. Piecewise models for friction during running-in should include the effects of wear since wear affects the surface topography as well as the formation of transfer films, mechanically mixed layers, and third-body agglomerates.
Profile patterns, consistency, and change in the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II in cocaine abusers.

This study examined the MCMI-II in samples of cocaine-dependent subjects who were receiving treatment in three separate residential facilities. Profile characteristics, patterns of scale stability, and change are reported. MCMI-II elevations are found in all three samples on the Antisocial, Aggressive/Sadistic, Narcissistic, Passive-Aggressive, Borderline, Drug Dependence, and Alcohol Dependence scales at both intake into treatment and discharge. Moderate stability coefficients are found on Basic Personality, Pathological Personality, and Symptom scales. Although some statistically significant mean scale changes between intake and discharge are noted in each sample, few involve change from clinically elevated to below clinical levels. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inference in pairwise comparison experiments based on ratio scales

Abstract A multiplicative model is proposed for Saaty's method of scaling in paired comparisons experiments. Iterative schemes are given for the maximum likelihood estimation of priority weights for the alternatives under this model that converge monotonically to the maximum likelihood estimates. The asymptotic distribution of these estimates is obtained and their accuracy evaluated by a Monte Carlo study. Finally, numerical examples are used to illustrate the method.
Fusion based depth estimation from a sequence of monocular images

This paper reports the development of a general depth estimation system directly using image sequence. We combine the direct depth estimation method with the optical flow based method. More specifically, the optical flow on or near moving edges are computed using a correlation technique. The optical flow information is then fused with gradient information to estimate depth not only on moving edges but also in internal regions. The depth estimation problem is formulated as a discrete Kalman filter problem and is solved in three stages. In the prediction stage, the depth map estimated for the current frame, together with knowledge of the camera motion, are used to predict the depth variance at each pixel in the next frame. In the estimation stage, a vector-version of Kalman filter formulation is adopted and then simplified under the assumption of a diagonized error covariance. The resulting estimation algorithm takes into account of the information from the neighboring pixels and therefore is much more robust than the scalar-version Kalman filter implementation. In the smoothing stage, morphological filtering is applied to the estimated depth map to reduce the measurement noise and fill in the untrustable areas based on the error covariance information. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Randomized binary searching with tree structures

A more efficient method of using tree structures is proposed, which utilizes both plus and minus branches in the search path. Very significant gains result when the search key includes alphabetic characters.
Cryo-TEM Imaging the Flow-Induced Transition from Vesicles to Threadlike Micelles

Transition of vesicles to micelles induced by flow of dilute aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)/sodium 3-methylsalicylate (CH3Sal-) dispersion was directly imaged by rapidly vitrifying small ultrathin specimens after varying periods of postflow on-the-grid relaxation, and then examining them by cryogenic-temperature transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Vesicles prevail in quiescent equimolar 5 mM dispersions of CTAC and NaCH3Sal at equilibrium. When the dispersions are deformed and strained by rapid drainage of the excess from the specimens, the vesicles transform into an entangled network of threadlike micelles. The micelles revert to vesicles with time after drainage flow ceases. Intermediate structures during the transition were also captured by cryo-TEM. We hypothesize that the straining actions of flow disrupt vesicles, distort the distribution of, or strip, the counterions around vesicle fragments, shift the binding and dissociation equilibrium of counterions, alter the local pre...
Technology in government: How organizational culture mediates information and communication technology outcomes

Abstract The adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in public organizations promises to better connect managers with citizens, increase public participation in government decision making, improve the efficiency of service delivery, decrease uncertainty, and improve information dissemination. While each of these outcomes is important for both public managers and citizens, we know little about how organizational culture mediates the effectiveness of ICTs on producing these outcomes. This research, using data from two points in time, investigates the relationships between ICTs and managerial outcomes (e.g. improved decision making and public participation) and how they are mediated by organizational culture such as centralization and routineness. Technology variables include technology use and capacity. Models will control for other organizational and technological factors such as size, structure, task and department to investigate the mediating effects of organizational culture on ICT outcomes for local governments. The data come from two national surveys of 2500 local government managers in the United States in 2010 and 2012. The results are important for understanding how organizational mechanisms, in particular organization culture, mobilize ICTs in ways that affect managerial outcomes.