cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregate and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics under Conventional and No-Tillage Systems

Tillage generally reduces aggregation and particulate organic matter (POM) content. We hypothesized that reduced C sequestration in conventional tillage (CT) compared with no-tillage (NT) is related to differences in aggregate turnover. Four soils (Haplustoll, Fragiudalf, Hapludalf, and Paleudalf), each with NT, CT, and native vegetation (NV) treatments, were separated into aggregates. Free light fraction (LF) and intraaggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. At one site we used 13 C natural abundance to differentiate crop- and grassland-derived C. Concentrations of coarse iPOM C (250-2000 μm iPOM in macroaggregates), expressed on a per unit aggregate weight (g iPOM C kg -1 aggregate), did not differ between tillage treatments. In contrast, concentrations of fine iPOM C (53-250 μm iPOM in macroaggregates) were less in CT compared to NT macroaggregates. On a whole soil basis, fine iPOM C was on average 51% less in CT than in NT, and accounted for 21% of the total C difference between NT and CT. The concentration of free LF C was not affected by tillage, but was on average 45% less in the cultivated systems than NV. Proportions of crop-derived C in macroaggregates were similar in NT and CT, but were three times greater in microaggregates from NT than microaggregates from CT. We suggest that a faster turnover rate of macroaggregates in CT compared with NT leads to a slower rate of microaggregate formation within macroaggregates and less stabilization of new SOM in free microaggregates under CT.
The Endurance of Failing Correctional Institutions: A Worst Case Study

This article presents a case study of the survival of Farview State Hospital, Pennsylvania's only maximum security correctional facility for mentally ill offenders. Beginning in the late 1960s, Farview came under attack by lawyers, journalists, politicians, moviemakers, and academics for treating inmates brutally and being very expensive to operate. Despite extraordinarily diverse and concerted efforts to close this institution, it remained open for another 25 years. The endurance of this institution is explained through functional and interest group analysis. If such “worst case” institutions can survive, closing less defective institutions may be even more difficult.
Pre-attack stress-load, appraisals, and coping in children's responses to the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Background: Appraisal and coping following a disaster are important factors in children’s post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. However, little is known about predictors of disaster coping responses. This study examined stress-load, appraisals and coping styles measured prior to the September 11 terrorist attacks as predictors of 9/11-specific appraisals, coping and PTS. Methods: A community sample of children and parents (N ¼ 143) participating in an ongoing study were interviewed by phone approximately 1 month following 9/11. Results: Pre-attack stress-load, appraisal and coping styles predicted children’s 9/11-specific appraisals, coping, and PTS. 9/11-specific threat appraisals and avoidant coping predicted higher PTS and mediated the effects of pre-attack stress-load and threat appraisal. Conclusions: Pre-disaster stress-load, appraisal and coping styles predict disaster-specific appraisal and coping, which in turn, contribute to PTS. Coping interventions might mitigate PTS symptoms following a disaster. Keywords: PTS, appraisal, coping, stress-load, disaster.
Mobile-driven architecture for managing enterprise security policies

Authentication, access control, and audit (3As) are three fundamental mechanisms in enterprise security management for countering various types of looming threats from both insiders and outsiders. There has been a variety of web-based or desktop systems implementing those mechanisms, but little supports the applicability of mobile devices in their security management. In this paper we present an approach to managing various types of enterprise security policies using mobile devices in order to effectively monitor and defend trusted domains. Specifically, we describe a security architecture for designing and implementing a mobile-enabled solution for enterprise security management, whereby various benefits such as the backup of important security policies or credentials, offline administration, immediate response, and monitoring, can be achieved. We also present a proof-of-concept implementation using Microsoft Active Directory.
Women in mathematics: The silent minority

The general impress ion of the historical relationship be tween w o m e n and mathematics is that, wi th the exception of a few outs tanding female mathematicians H y p a t i a , Maria Agnesi, Emilie du Chatelet, Mary Somerville, Sophie Germain, and Sonya Kovalevskaia t h e attraction of mathematics to the h u m a n mind has been ser ious ly l imited by gender 9 In the nineteenth century:
Long-term changes in sensitivity to GABA in dorsal raphe neurons following amygdala kindling.

Abstract The present experiments were undertaken to evaluate GABA sensitivity in dorsal raphe neurons following amygdala-kindled seizures. Dorsal raphe neurons of amygdala-kindled rats exhibited significant subsensitivityto GABA as measured electrophysiologically 3 or 4 weeks after the last stage 5 seizure. Amygdala stimulation with currents which did not produce kindled seizures did not produce subsensitivity to GABA. The subsensitivity observed after kindling was equivalent in magnitude to that observed following chronic diazepam treatment. However, exposure of fully kindled rats to chronic diazepam did not further decrease the sensitivity of dorsal raphe neurons to GABA. Additionally, while subsensitivity to GABA was reversed by bath application of the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, in chronic diazepam-treated rats, it had no effect on GABA subsensitivity in fully kindled rats. These findings suggest a decrease in GABA sensitivity within the dorsal raphe might reflect long-term neuronal changes associated with kindled seizures. These data also suggest that the decrease in GABA sensitivity of dorsal raphe neurons following chronic diazepam may involve different mechanisms from those observed after amygdala kindling.
Analysis of cyclopentafused isomers of benz(a)anthracene in wood smoke.

A previously-unidentified peak occurring in chromatograms of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction from wood smoke particulate extracts analysed by capillary gas chromatography on a DB-5 column was found to correspond in retention index and molecular mass either to benzo(a)fluoranthene or to benzo(1)aceanthrylene, one of a series of four novel and highly mutagenic cyclopentafused isomers of benz(a)anthracene. Detailed sub-fractionation, and re-analysis on a liquid crystal capillary column, indicated that the identity of this peak was most likely to be benzo(a)fluoranthene, a compound not previously reported in woodsmoke.
Criterion-Related Validity of Sex-Restrictive and Unisex Interest Scales: A Comparison.

Abstract This report describes two studies comparing the criterion-related validity of sex-balanced (“unisex”) interest inventory scales, i.e., scales designed such that the distributions of scores are similar for males and females, and traditional, sex-restrictive scales. Approximately 1600 college-bound high school seniors (Study 1) and 2000 college seniors (Study 2) completed both the ACT Interest Inventory (ACT-IV) and the new Unisex Edition of the ACT-IV (UNIACT), which contains sex-balanced items. In both studies, each participant was placed in one of six criterion groups based on the correspondence of expressed occupational choice (Study 1) and actual college major (Study 2) to Holland types. Comparable levels of criterion-related validity were obtained with the unisex scales, sex-restrictive scales, and with sex-balanced scores obtained by the traditional procedure of using same-sex norms. Study results and the results of previous research indicate that (a) psychometrically sound interest inventories can be constructed with sex-balanced items, and (b) counselors may use inventories which provide sex-balanced score reports without sacrificing validity.
Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of a Novel Platinocycle

The efficient synthesis and characterization of the trans-platinum complex (Ph3P)2Pt(C25H13N) by coupling the dialkyne 3,5-bis-(2-ethynyl-phenylethynyl)pyridine with cis-PtCl2(PPh3)2 is described. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the platinum center is essentially square planar with the two phosphine ligands mutually perpendicular to the planar organic ligand.
Spectroscopic cathodoluminescence studies of the ZnTe:Cu contact process for CdS/CdTe solar cells

Spectroscopic cathodoluminescence (CL), electron-beam induced current (EBIC), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements are used to study the formation of CdS/CdTe devices processed using ion-beam milling and a ZnTe:Cu/Ti contact. Results show heating in vacuum at /spl sim/360/spl deg/C and ion-beam milling lead to observable changes in the CL emission from the CdCl/sub 2/-treated CdTe surface. Changes in the CL spectrum are also observed as ZnTe:Cu layer thickness increases. These changes are correlated to published studies of defect levels and shown to be due, possibly, to an n-type region existing between the ZnTe:Cu contact interface and the p-CdTe layers. This n-type region is eliminated once a sufficiently thick ZnTe:Cu layer is produced.
Information integration: A research agenda

The theme for this special issue--information integration--reflects the growing importance of integration in general, and data integration in particular, as a driving force in information technology spending. This essay discusses information integration along three axes--data types, federation, and intelligence. Several important problem areas are emerging--storage and retrieval of XML (Extensible Markup Language) documents, federation and distribution across data sources, and holistic intelligence across different data modalities. This special issue is devoted to papers on many of these topics, and we expect this to be an active area of research for many years to come.
The Extraction of Minority Carrier Lifetime from the Current-Voltage Characteristics of Si/Si1−xGex Devices

The extraction of recombination lifetime from the current-vol tage characteristics of diode structures containing Si1−xGex strained layers is discussed. Electrical measurements are used in conjunction with computer simulations to extract minority carrier lifetime in Si1−xGex layers with various oxygen concentrations. The minority carrier lifetime in Si1−xGex increases from several psec at an oxygen concentration of 2×1020 cm−3, to greater than 0.5 μs at concentrations below 3×1017 cm−3. The structures are analyzed for sensitivity of the current characteristics to Si1−xGex minority carrier lifetime. Calculations predict that the maximum lifetime which can be extracted from such structures is greater than 100 μsec. However, due to limitations imposed by perimeter currents, the maximum lifetime which can be extracted from our diode structures is on the order of 3 μsec. Maximizing area to perimeter ratio of the diode structures and moving the Si1−xGex-SiO2 interface away from the active device region is required in order to increase the maximum extracted lifetime from such structures.
Woodbine Reservoir Facies, Kurten Field, Brazos County, Texas: ABSTRACT

Woodbine-Eagle Ford reservoirs are productive over an area of about 55 mi2 (140 km2) in Kurten field. The Woodbine "C" sandstone is its most extensive reservoir and has an average net thickness of 30 ft (9 m). The "C" sandstone shows distinctive changes in rock type from south to north: (1) a dune facies, which consists of thin-bedded, medium-grained (0.28 mm) quartzose sandstones; (2) a rippled facies, which consists of thinly interbedded shale and fine-grained (0.17 mm) sandstone; and (3) a bioturbated facies, which consists of highly churned, very fine-grained (0.12 mm) sandstone. These facies result in decreasing permeabilities from an average 17 md in the south to 0.1 md in the north. The "C" sandstone was deposited in a middle to outer-shelf location, and sands were supplied by storm-driven or tidal currents from the "Harris delta" to the east. The southern limit of the reservoir is controlled by a deep salt dome or ridge, called Hill dome, that trends northeastward. The upper Woodbine-Eagle Ford section was truncated by erosion along this trend and unconformably overlain by lime muds of the Austin Chalk. Sandstone facies suggest that salt uplift during deposition created a bathymetric high on the sea floor that was scoured by currents. Successively finer grained sands were deposited to the north under conditions of decreasing flow regime and increasing water depths. End_of_Article - Last_Page 141------------
Biocatalysts and small molecule products from metagenomic studies

The vast majority of bacteria present in environmental samples have never been cultured and therefore have not been exploited for the ability to produce useful biocatalysts or collections of biocatalysts generating interesting small molecules. Metagenomic libraries constructed using DNA extracted directly from natural bacterial communities offer access to the genetic information present in the genomes of these as yet uncultured bacteria. This review highlights recent efforts to recover both discrete enzymes and small molecules from metagenomic libraries.
Paths to marketing's future: a sub‐first tier GATORE principle perspective

Purpose – This paper seeks to propose steps marketing stakeholders should and can take to facilitate increasing the speed at which marketing proceeds to evolve – toward the stars and beyond.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from the literature advanced by first‐tier scholars the confusion surrounding marketing's future is examined.Findings – Marketing, in its various manifestations, has been, is, and will continue to be, of enormous human benefit.Originality/value – This paper recommends that all marketers subscribe to the normative marketing stakeholders' model presented and the open‐minded exchange is prescribed.
A General Model for Integrated Circuit Susceptibility Prediction

The major results of this study may be summarized as follows. First, a simple model is adequate for the estimation of the susceptibility of integrated circuit systems. This model does not differ in any respect from the equivalent model that one would use to calculate the susceptibility of a vacuum tube circuit. Only the numerical values of the parameters differ. Second, it is apparent from the results that, at least at the present state of the art, the dimensions of the integrated circuits themselves are so small that they may be ignored in comparison with the connections in susceptibility calculations. Finally, since the susceptibility depends chiefly on the dimensions of the interconnections between circuits (at least when the power level is held constant), it can be stated that the more compactly packaged a system is the less susceptible it is likely to be. The fields to which the circuits are exposed can be greatly reduced by proper application of shielding. We have made some susceptibility estimates for a digital computer which included the shielding effect of the cabinet. We have not been able to verify this estimate because of the large field strength required over the test volume. We also feel that additional study of the effects of tuned circuits, electromechanical filters, and other components not considered in this work should be performed. A more detailed discussion of the complete study is contained in Ref. 1.
Using data replication to reduce communication energy on chip multiprocessors

Chip multiprocessors are gaining popularity as they are very suitable for data-intensive embedded and high-end processing. In particular, array-intensive embedded image and video applications can benefit a lot from these architectures due to coarse-grain parallelization they offer. However, if not optimized, interprocessor communication can be a major energy consumer. Focusing on a distributed memory chip multiprocessor architecture and array-intensive embedded applications, this paper proposes a compiler-based communication minimization strategy based on data replication. The proposed scheme replicates shared data items across the memories of the processors in a controlled fashion (i.e., under a memory limit), with the goal of eliminating the otherwise necessary interprocessor communication.
Thermal separation of the synthesis of papovavirus SV40 tumor and virus antigens.

SummaryThe synthesis of papovavirus SV40 tumor (T) and virus (V) antigens in infected green monkey kidney cell cultures incubated at different temperatures was studied. At 37°C or higher (up to 43°), both T and V antigens were formed reaching peak titers in 2 to 4 days. However, at 23°C, there was hardly any development of V antigen, while the T antigen reached the same peak titer obtained in cultures incubated at 37°. The 23° cultures with peak amounts of T antigen appeared normal, but raising their temperature to 37° was followed by a rapid hundred-fold increase in V antigen and the appearance of cytopathic changes. These findings indicate that the synthesis of tumor antigen is less temperature dependent than is the synthesis of virus antigen. The thermal separation of the synthesis of tumor and virus antigen confirms the finding obtained previously with DNA inhibitors—that is, formation of tumor antigen is not dependent upon the synthesis of virus.
Investigation of Intake Concepts for a Formula SAE Four- Cylinder Engine Using 1D/3D (Ricardo WAVE-VECTIS) Coupled Modeling Techniques

Many variations of intake designs currently exist in Formula SAE. This paper sets out to investigate if one intake design provides improved performance over another and to gain further insight into the nature of the airflow within a Formula SAE intake. Intake designs are first classified by physical layout. Then Ricardo’s software WAVE (1D) and VECTIS (3D) are used to investigate the performance of the three most common intake concepts as well as two variations of the base concepts for a naturally aspirated fourcylinder Formula SAE engine. Each intake concept is modeled across an RPM range using a WAVE simulation. Simulations are performed at three different RPM using WAVE and VECTIS coupled at the intake inlet and runner exits of each intake concept. A 3D simplified CAD geometry of each intake is used for the VECTIS part of the simulation. An unsteady flow analysis was used instead of a steady flow analysis due to the nature of the flow within an engine. Simplifying assumptions and the use of computational grid convergence analysis and the comparison of 1D and 1D/3D simulations are described. Evaluations of intake performance are also discussed. Intake performance is determined by several factors: cylinderto-cylinder volumetric efficiency, time of choked flow in the restrictor, total pressure loss along the restrictor, sound spectrum frequency content, and physical packaging characteristics. In addition, intake manifold and restrictor interaction is discussed as well as visualization of adverse flow conditions. Packaging considerations such as the location of flow bends for minimum pressure loss are also discussed.
Shock-Induced Mixing With Chemical Reactions Using the FLASH Code

FLASH is a massively parallel, multi-physics, open source code developed by the University of Chicago [1] for investigating astrophysical phenomena. FLASH was modified [2] to handle detailed chemical kinetics for hydrogen and methane combustion and heat release, in order to enable the code to be used for combustion applications. These capabilities have been tested and validated [2, 3] through an extensive suite of simulations. These modifications include the addition of detailed H2-air and CH4-air chemistry along with temperature dependent thermodynamic and transport properties.The aim of this work is to apply the modified version of FLASH to three cases of highly compressible supersonic flows, involving chemical reactions. The first problem is a reacting shock-bubble interaction, in which the shock triggers combustion in a fuel bubble. In the second problem, a two-dimensional, Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability leading to combustion of the fuel at a non-premixed, single mode perturbed interface has been studied numerically. In these cases, the relationship between the integral heat release rate, the integral H2O production rate and total circulation is investigated. In the third example, a multimode perturbed interface has been implemented into a 3D simulation. Time evolution of the interface undergoing reacting RMI is studied. By defining a reflecting endwall for RMI simulations, the effect of a second reflected shock on the mixing behavior and combustion on an already shocked interface has been studied.Numerical simulations of the interaction of a shock (Mach number 2) in air with H2 bubble was performed [2]. The misalignment between the pressure gradient across the shock front and the density gradient at the site of H2-Air interface generates baroclinc vorticity. This phenomenon generates counter-rotating vortices that breakdown the H2 bubble (fuel). The rapid breakdown of the H2 bubble transitions to turbulent mixing, intensifying the heat release rate. In two more general configurations, chemically reacting, single-mode and multimode Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability has been studied. RMI is the driving mechanism for growth of small interfacial perturbations. Initially single-mode perturbations of small amplitude grow linearly due to impulsive acceleration by shock. This is followed by non-linear growth at late times due to the formation of secondary Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Heat release and product formation in the vicinity of interface will affect perturbation growth rates which will affect the mixing behavior and therefore the combustion efficiency [4].Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Microsite and rooting depth are more important than water-holding gel for establishment of restoration plantings of Ilex vomitoria on barrier islands in the Gulf of Mexico

Restoration of woody plants to barrier islands requires development of production and outplanting protocols as well as determination of “safe sites” for reestablishment. Yaupon ( Ilex vomitoria Aiton [Aquifoliaceae]) is a shrub associated with scrub dunes and shallow, interdunal swales of barrier islands along the northern Gulf Coast. We studied the effect of microsite (lowest point of the depression within interdunal swale versus low dune ridge around swale), rooting depth (production container depth), and absorbing gel on seedling survival and subsequent growth of I. vomitoria planted at 5 sites associated with barrier island swales of Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Survival of I. vomitoria was greater in depressions than on ridges and with greater rooting depths. Survival on ridges did not improve with addition of hydrogel but survival for standard pots was increased in depressions. When outplanted in depressions with gel, plant height increased by as much as 6 cm (2.4 in) compared to all other out-planting combinations. Plants on ridges were half the height of plants in depressions in 2006 but no differences were found in 2007. Plants grown in Treepots were more than twice as tall as plants grown in round containers in 2006 but did not differ in 2007. Plants had greater canopy area in depressions than on ridges and with greater rooting depth. For establishment and growth on barrier islands, I. vomitoria should be grown in pots 35 cm (14 in) deep (for example, Treepots) and planted in centers of shallow swales.
Self-focusing arrays for imaging and therapy through inhomogeneous media

We present a method for self-focusing through inhomogeneous media, which uses the inverse scattering problem to estimate the array Green's function. In particular, the distorted Born iterative method is used to solve the nonlinear inverse scattering problem for a region of interest. Optimal single and multiple focus field patterns can be synthesized by using the estimated Green's function in the pseudoinverse pattern synthesis method. This approach is non-invasive. It simply requires measurements of the scattered field outside the region of interest. It can be used for high resolution imaging and enhanced therapeutic effects through inhomogeneous media without making any assumptions on the shape, size, or location of the inhomogeneity. We outline this technique, and show numerical simulations using a circular array.
Using Uncorrelated Discriminant Analysis for Tissue Classification with Gene Expression Data

The classification of tissue samples based on gene expression data is an important problem in medical diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. In gene expression data, the number of genes is usually very high (in the thousands) compared to the number of data samples (in the tens or low hundreds); that is, the data dimension is large compared to the number of data points (such data is said to be undersampled). To cope with performance and accuracy problems associated with high dimensionality, it is commonplace to apply a preprocessing step that transforms the data to a space of significantly lower dimension with limited loss of the information present in the original data. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a well-known technique for dimension reduction and feature extraction, but it is not applicable for undersampled data due to singularity problems associated with the matrices in the underlying representation. This paper presents a dimension reduction and feature extraction scheme, called Uncorrelated Linear Discriminant Analysis (ULDA), for undersampled problems and illustrates its utility on gene expression data. ULDA employs the Generalized Singular Value Decomposition method to handle undersampled data and the features that it produces in the transformed space are uncorrelated, which makes it attractive for gene expression data. The properties of ULDA are established rigorously and extensive experimental results on gene expression data are presented to illustrate its effectiveness in classifying tissue samples. These results provide a comparative study of various state-of-the-art classification methods on well-known gene expression data sets.
Two Ordovician asterozoans (Echinodermata) of problematic affinities

Phragmactis grayae Spencer and Swataria derstleri new genus new species are early (Ordovician) asterozoans (Echinodermata) that comprise the Phragmactinidae. Asterozoans are complexly varied, but as is true for other echinoderms, ambulacral construction is critical to interpretation. Phragmactinids share plesiomorphic aspects of ambulacral form and articulation with basal somasteroids and stenuroids whereas the apomorphic ambulacral expressions of asteroids and ophiuroids are lacking. Phragmactinids, like asteroids and ophiuroids, have only one virgal-series ossicle associated with each ambulacral, unlike the multiple ossicles of somasteroids and stenuroids. Virgal morphology of phragmactinids is reminiscent of expressions in somasteroids and stenuroids. Aspects of phragmactinid mouth frame construction are apomorphic. Morphologies of other ossicular series are similarly varied, and as a result, the family cannot be easily fitted into a recently proposed class-level taxonomy of early asterozoans; it is left in open nomenclature. Phragmactinid morphology does not indicate behavior significantly different from that of other early asterozaons. Asterozoan diversity suggests an early period of rapid evolutionary radiation.
Terahertz focal plane arrays employing heterostructure backward diodes integrated with folded dipole antennas

In this paper, we present the design, simulation, fabrication and initial characterization results of terahertz (THz) focal plane arrays (FPAs) employing Sb-based heterostructure backward diodes (HBDs) integrated with lens-coupled folded-dipole antennas (FDAs). For single array element design, FDAs with high embedding-impedances have been designed for impedance matching to HBDs without additional matching network. Under impedance matching conditions, a maximum detector responsivity of ~21,000 V/W could be obtained for single array pixel at 200 GHz. In order to expand the single element design into full 2-D THz FPAs, the off-axis radiation patterns of the FDA mounted on an extended hemispherical silicon lens have been analyzed using the ray tracing technique. In addition, mutual coupling between two adjacent FDAs has been studied using full-wave simulation. The above results along with initial array fabrication and device characterization results have demonstrated the potential to achieve room-temperature, high-performance and large-scale FPAs for THz imaging applications.
Statistical modelling of survival for babies with oesophageal atresia.

Abstract Aim of study We examined variables associated with survival for oesophageal atresia between 1996 and 2014. Methods Possible explanatory variables: birth weight, gestation, cardiac anomalies (any or major), renal anomalies (any or severe), primary anastomosis, leak, secondary oesophageal surgery, tracheomalacia, aortopexy, tracheostomy, gastrostomy, fundoplication, karyotype, neurological status. Variables were assessed with logistic regression and a new model assessed with Kaplan–Meier graphs. Results 104/120 (87%) babies survived. Median gestation 37weeks, 4 (3%) born before 28weeks. Mean birth weight 2.3 (SD 0.7) kg, 17 (14%) less than 1500g. Frequency (%) of explanatory variables: Major cardiac anomaly 21 (18%), any cardiac anomaly 48 (40%), severe renal anomaly 10 (8%), any renal anomaly 25 (21%), primary anastomosis 105 (88%), anastomotic leak 16 (13%), symptomatic tracheomalacia 28 (23%), aortopexy 17 (14%), tracheostomy 12 (10%), neurological anomaly 7 (6%), fundoplication 15 (13%), gastrostomy 30 (25%), secondary oesophageal surgery 8 (7%), abnormal karyotype 6 (5%). Multivariate analysis showed only renal (OR 0.04, 0.007 0.2) p=0.001, cardiac (OR 0.1, 0.002 0.6) p=0.01 and a primary anastomosis (OR 12.2, 1.8 81.6) p=0.01 (R2=0.48), or major cardiac (OR 0.04, 0.007 0.29) p=0.001 and severe renal anomalies (OR 0.009, 0.001 0.12) p Conclusions Survival is dependent on cardiac and renal anomalies. Birth weight is not significant. We propose a new classification system: 1: neither severe renal nor major cardiac anomaly, 2: either severe renal or major cardiac anomaly, 3: severe renal and major cardiac anomaly.
Saddlepoint Approximations with Applications: Conditional densities and distribution functions

Saddlepoint approximations for conditional densities and mass functions are presented that make use of two saddlepoint approximations, one for the joint density and another for the marginal. In addition, approximations for univariate conditional distributions are developed. These conditional probability approximations are particularly important because alternative methods of computation, perhaps based upon simulation, are likely to be either very difficult to implement or not practically feasible. For the roles of conditioning in statistical inference, see Reid (1995). Conditional saddlepoint density and mass functions Let ( X, Y ) be a random vector having a nondegenerate distribution in ℜ m with dim( X ) = m x , dim( Y ) = m y , and m x + m y = m .With all components continuous, suppose there is a joint density f ( x, y ) with support ( x, y ) e X e ⊆ ℜ m . For lattice components on I m , assume there is a joint mass function p ( j, k ) for ( j, k ) e X e ⊆ I m . All of the saddlepoint procedures discussed in this chapter allowboth X and Y to mix components of the continuous and lattice type. Approximations are presented below in the continuous setting by using symbols f, x , and y . Their discrete analogues simply amount to replacing these symbols with p, j , and k . We shall henceforth concentrate on the continuous notation but also describe the methods as if they were to be used in both the continuous and lattice settings. Any discrepancies that arise for the lattice case are noted.
ON DISPLACEMENT METHODS FOR IN-PLANE DEFORMATIONS OF ORTHOTROPIC ELASTIC MATERIALS

Two displacement formulation methods are presented for the plane strain and plane stress problems of orthotropic linear elastic materials having the three planes of symmetry at x\ = 0, jc2 = 0 and ;c3 = 0. The first method starts with solving the two governing partial differential equations simultaneously, while the second method begins with solving one equation and ends with enforcing the other. The former follows the approach of Eshelby, Read and Shockley, whereas the latter is based on an extended version of Green's theorem and thus has similarities with Airy's stress function method. The two displacement methods lead to the same characteristic equation that is identical to the one obtained by Lekhnitskii using a stress formulation method. The general solutions resulting from the two displacement methods can be used to solve plane elasticity problems of orthotropic materials with displacement or mixed boundary conditions.
Implementation of an amiodarone ambulatory care clinic

Amiodarone is proven to be effective in managing patients with ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.[1][1],[2][2] However, amiodarone can cause a number of cardiac and noncardiac adverse events.[1][1],[3][3] Up to 93% of patients receiving amiodarone develop some form of an adverse drug
Copper Migration and Precipitate Dissolution in Aluminum/Copper Lines During Electromigration Testing

We have used transmission electron microscopy to examine in detail how microstructural changes take place in aluminum/copper lines adjacent to tungsten contacts. A structure that could be powered in a probe station was deposited directly on an electron transparent silicon nitride window to allow direct observation of the structure of the line after different intervals of electromigration testing. Observations made on aluminum-4% copper lines show that significant changes in the grain structure surrounding precipitates occur during testing even under conditions where no normal grain growth is observed in the lines. Elecromigration testing at 260°C resulted in grain coarsening and the formation of new diffusion blocking structures in the lines. By making measurements of the volume of individual precipitates as a function of time, the flux of copper through specific segments of the microstructure of the line could be measured. The results indicate that the presence of a single grain boundary can increase the electromigration flux of copper along the line by an order of magnitude. In line segments where a bamboo grain occurred copper diffusion appears to be controlled by diffusion along the Al/oxide interface at the surface of the lines. It is also shown that, in polycrystalline lines, the rate of copper depletion frorr the cathode is largely determined by the rate of dissolution of the precipitates. In mixed structure lines the migration of copper can become quite complex as changes in diffusion paths can occur as precipitates dissolve or grow.
Evaluation of the association between placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and postpartum depressive symptoms.

ObjectivePostpartum depression (PPD) represents a significant threat to maternal-child health. Although PPD is common, with an estimated prevalence of 10% to 15%, critical questions concerning its etiology remain unanswered. Existing studies seem to provide conflicting evidence regarding the relatio
Corticosteroids in Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis

A non-randomized retrospective study of 45 adult patients (12 young adults) with herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE), treated with acyclovir alone (23 patients) and acyclovir plus corticosteroids (22 patients), was conducted at Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Abdominal obesity contributes to neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients with increased inflammation and immune activation.

OBJECTIVE We tested our hypothesis that abdominal obesity when associated with increased levels of systemic and central nervous system immunoinflammatory mediators contributes to neurocognitive impairment (NCI). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Six Academic Centers. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-two patients with plasma HIV RNA <1000 copies per milliliter had clinical evaluations and cognitive function quantified by global deficit scores (GDS). OUTCOME MEASURES GDS, waist circumference (WC) and plasma IL-6, sCD163, and sCD14 and CSF sCD40L, sTNFrII, MCP-1, sICAM, and MMP-9. RESULTS WC and plasma IL-6 levels positively correlated with GDS; the WC correlation was strongest in the high tertile of IL-6 (ρ = 0.39, P = 0.005). IL-6 correlated with GDS only if WC was ≥99 cm. In the high tertile of CSF sCD40L, a biomarker of macrophage and microglial activation, the correlation of IL-6 to GDS was strongest (ρ = 0.60, P < 0.0001). Across 3-5 visits within ±1 year of the index visit, GDS remained worse in patients with IL-6 levels in the high versus low tertile (P = 0.02). Path analysis to explore potential mediators of NCI produced a strong integrated model for patients in the high CSF sCD40L tertile. In this model, WC affected GDS both directly and through a second path that was mediated by IL-6. Inclusion of plasma sCD14 levels strengthened the model. NCI was more common in men and for individuals with components of the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive function was significantly linked to abdominal obesity, systemic inflammation (high IL-6), and immune activation in plasma (high sCD14) and CSF (high sCD40L). Abdominal obesity, inflammation, and central nervous system immune activation are potential therapeutic targets for NCI in HIV-positive patients.
Evaluation of an Experimental Anticholinergic Drug, Elantrine, in Treating the Tremor of Parkinsonism

An experimental anticholinergic drug, elantrine, had shown sig nificant improvement in tremor of parkinsonism in 89 patients not taking L-dopa. A double-blind study of 22 parkinsonian patients stabilized on L-dopa showed marked improvement in tremor and moderate improvement in rigidity and bradykinesia when elantrine was added to their treatment program. Nine of 15 patients taking L-dopa (or Sinemet®) and elantrine had cessation of all tremor and have continued free of tremor to date, over two years.
Colloid Mobilization in a Fractured Soil during Dry–Wet Cycles: Role of Drying Duration and Flow Path Permeability

In subsurface soils, colloids are mobilized by infiltrating rainwater, but the source of colloids and the process by which colloids are generated between rainfalls are not clear. We examined the effect of drying duration and the spatial variation of soil permeability on the mobilization of in situ colloids in intact soil cores (fractured and heavily weathered saprolite) during dry-wet cycles. Measuring water flux at multiple sampling ports at the core base, we found that water drained through flow paths of different permeability. The duration of antecedent drying cycles affected the amount of mobilized colloids, particularly in high-flux ports that received water from soil regions with a large number of macro- and mesopores. In these ports, the amount of mobilized colloids increased with increased drying duration up to 2.5 days. For drying durations greater than 2.5 days, the amount of mobilized colloids decreased. In contrast, increasing drying duration had a limited effect on colloid mobilization in low-flux ports, which presumably received water from soil regions with fewer macro- and mesopores. On the basis of these results, we attribute this dependence of colloid mobilization upon drying duration to colloid generation from dry pore walls and distribution of colloids in flow paths, which appear to be sensitive to the moisture content of soil after drying and flow path permeability. The results are useful for improving the understanding of colloid mobilization during fluctuating weather conditions.
Situation Perception and Message Strategy Selection

(1986). Situation Perception and Message Strategy Selection. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 9, Communication Yearbook 9, pp. 390-420.
Radiotherapy in Brainstem Gliomas

The results of a multiinstitional phase I/phase II trial, using 100 cGy of radiation therapy twice daily to a total dose of 7,200 cGy in 31 children with high risk brainstem gliomas are reported from the Neuro-Oncology Program, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; New York University Medical Center; University of Minnesota; Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago; and the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
Clinical trial design as a decision problem

The intent of this discussion is to highlight opportunities and limitations of utility-based and decision theoretic arguments in clinical trial design. The discussion is based on a specific case study, but the arguments and principles remain valid in general. The example concerns the design of a randomized clinical trial to compare a gel sealant versus standard care for resolving air leaks after pulmonary resection. The design follows a principled approach to optimal decision making, including a probability model for the unknown distributions of time to resolution of air leaks under the two treatment arms and an explicit utility function that quantifies clinical preferences for alternative outcomes. As is typical for any real application, the final implementation includes some compromises from the initial principled setup. In particular, we use the formal decision problem only for the final decision, but use reasonable ad hoc decision boundaries for making interim group sequential decisions that stop the trial early. Beyond the discussion of the particular study, we review more general considerations of using a decision theoretic approach for clinical trial design and summarize some of the reasons why such approaches are not commonly used. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival after Radical Prostatectomy Triggered by Grade Reclassification during Active Surveillance and in Men Newly Diagnosed with Similar Grade Disease

Purpose: We compared biochemical recurrence between men on active surveillance who underwent radical prostatectomy triggered by grade reclassification and men diagnosed with similar grade disease treated with immediate radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of men who underwent surgery from 1995 to 2015 at our institution. We identified 4 groups, including 94 and 56 men on active surveillance who underwent radical prostatectomy following reclassification to Gleason 7 (3 + 4) or greater (grade groups 2 or greater) and Gleason 7 (3 + 4) (grade group 2), and 3,504 and 1,979 in the immediate prostatectomy group diagnosed with grade group 2 or greater and 2, respectively. Biochemical recurrence was assessed by Kaplan-Meir analysis and a multivariable Cox model.Results: Men on active surveillance had a lower incidence of biochemical recurrence than men in the immediate radical prostatectomy groups for biopsy grade groups 2 or greater and 2 (each p <0.05). One, 5 and...
Colorectal Cancer Mortality Rates in Adults Aged 20 to 54 Years in the United States, 1970-2014.

This study uses National Center for Health Statistics data to analyze colorectal cancer mortality rates among US adults aged 20 to 54 years by race from 1970 through 2014.
Inflammation: a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cell fate in health and disease

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for lifelong production of blood cells. At the same time, they must respond rapidly to acute needs such as infection or injury. Significant interest has emerged in how inflammation regulates HSC fate and how it affects the long-term functionality of HSCs and the blood system as a whole. Here we detail recent advances and unanswered questions at the intersection between inflammation and HSC biology in the contexts of development, aging, and hematological malignancy.
New developments in FCC catalyst deactivation by metals: Metals mobility and the vanadium mobility index (VMI)

We have developed a laboratory procedure using FCC Ecat which quantifies the mobility of vanadium, relative to nickel, in a particular FCC unit. The procedure involves the separation of the Ecat into different density fractions, and subsequent measurement of the nickel and vanadium on each fraction. The results of these measurements are combined into what is referred to as a “vanadium mobility index” or VMI, which is a number between one and about 15. A VMI of less than five represents low mobility, whereas a VMI greater than eight represents high mobility. In this paper we present data on the VMI of a number of different FCC units, representing all types of catalysts and operation. We have found that units with high VMI tend to have more vanadium deactivation of their catalysts; however, vandium trapping technologies perform better in these same units. We will present results which show that the commercial performance of a Davison vanadium trap is well correlated with the unit VMI. We have also examined what specific factors affect the mobility of metals in an FCC unit. Our work on VMI has shown large variation in vanadium mobility; however, we have not been able to clearly correlate changes in VMI with specific unit operating conditions, such as full vs. partial burn, regenerator configuration, catalyst addition rate, unit type or carbon on catalyst. In order to take a more rigorous approach to understanding the effect of regenerator conditions on vanadium mobility, we have undertaken a laboratory study to evaluate the effect many of these conditions have on metal mobility. We have designed a bench scale regenerator [1], which simulates the essential elements of operation of an FCC unit regenerator, and can be used to study metal mobility. Using this apparatus, we can control the important operating parameters of the regenerator, such as temperature, contact time, oxygen content and steam partial pressure, and evaluate their effect on vanadium mobility. In this paper we discuss our recent results on the effects of these parameters on the mobility of vanadium on Ecat and lab deactivated catalysts.
NONLINEAR PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN LIQUID MEDIA

It is well known that acoustic phenomena are fundamentally nonlinear, though a large class of acoustical phenomena can be dealt with by linearizing the equations of motion leading to acceptable and usable solutions(1,2). This is, of course, very convenient as the nonlinear relations are extremely difficult to deal with. However, it is necessary on occasion to have more details of the propagation processes, e.g., for a more profound understanding of the phenomena, than can be obtained from the linear theories. Thus, a program has been initiated to examine this question and preliminary measurements give an indication of the degree of nonlinearity of biological media.
Introduction, Nomenclature, and Classification of Hepatic Encephalopathy

The area of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has seen considerable changes in the last decade. Nomenclature and classification of HE was formalized for the first time with a report by the Hepatic Encephalopathy Consensus group in the World Gastroenterology Congress meeting in Vienna in 1998. Terminology was devised and in the ensuing decade we have seen virtually all publications using this system. There was always recognition that this new system of classification would need periodic updates and a recent meeting in Val David, Quebec has introduced some changes.
Current Trends in Research

The number of articles on Huntington’s chorea in the scientific literature has increased dramatically over the past 10 years. In 1970 there were 27 citations on Huntington’s chorea in Index Medicus and this had trebled to 83 in 1979. Another expression of the recent upsurge in interest was the establishment of the Commission for the Control of Huntington’s Disease and its Consequences in the USA in 1977, whose purpose was to report on the state of research and management in this disorder. In October 1977 their report was tabled before the Congress and President of America and as a result of their recommendations there has been added financial support for research on Huntington’s chorea in America and other parts of the world.