cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining collective efficacy and perceptions of policing in East Baltimore

This study examines how residents from a high-crime, high-poverty neighborhood in East Baltimore interact with one another, participate in their community, and perceive police. Using community surveys collected from 191 respondents, the study empirically measures collective efficacy, community participation, and police services and encounters. We predict that high levels of collective efficacy lead to more positive perceptions of police and an increased willingness to work with law enforcement. The results indicate that neighborhood trust is an important factor in shaping a community’s overall perception of police. Furthermore, older residents who own their homes are more likely to report a more positive perception of police, specifically police response.
T cell-mediated immunity to malaria

Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria. John Harty and colleagues explain how different subsets of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells respond to the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. They discuss the major challenges that need to be overcome in order to harness T cell responses for malaria vaccines and therapies.
Race as a prognostic factor in high-risk prostate cancer: An NCDB analysis.

e16611Background: It is commonly held that race serves as a significant prognosticator in prostate cancer. However, it is unclear if race affects all risk groups similarly. We sought to analyze whe...
Solid state NMR at very high temperatures.

Abstract Whereas high resolution NMR at temperatures up to 550 K can be routinely performed selecting from a variety of commercially available NMR hardware, experiments in the high temperature regime, defined here as T > 550 K, have been restricted to just a few specialized laboratories. In this contribution we present important developments of high temperature NMR over the last decades. Various methods to achieve high resolution high temperature NMR, including resistive heating, laser-assisted heating and inductive heating, are presented and their specific advantages and disadvantages discussed. The various ways of temperature monitoring including the use of chemical shift thermometers or T1 thermometers are reviewed. In the last section, some typical application examples from the field of oxidic glasses and melts are given.
Economic models of innovation: stand-alone and cumulative creativity

This chapter examines economic models of innovation and the ramifications for intellectual property policy. It begins with stand-alone innovation and then introduces cumulative innovation. The analysis explores eligibility requirements, duration and breadth of protection, rights and defenses, remedies, and channeling doctrines. The chapter emphasizes the role of licensing and cumulative innovation.
Executive Control, Cytokine Reactivity to Social Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: Testing the Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression.

AbstractSocial Signal Transduction Theory of Depression hypothesizes that social stress upregulates inflammatory activity, which in turn contributes to depression for some individuals. However, the...
A Soft-switched Active Clamped Half-bridge Current Source Inverter for Wireless Inductive Power Transfer

In this paper, an intensive investigation on an active clamped half-bridge current-source inverter (AC-HBCSI) feeding a series-series (SS) compensated inductive wireless charging system is presented. The charging system adopts the simple primary-side fixed-frequency control technique, which reduces implementation complexity. Moreover, in order to reduce the switching losses of the inverter, a new design methodology to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) is proposed. The proposed design approach enables not only minimizing the switching losses but also avoiding bifurcation phenomenon, in turn enhances the efficiency of the charging system. Mathematical analysis and design aspects to achieve ZVS are explained in detail. The proposed design method is experimentally validated on a 1-kW laboratory prototype.
Blade-Coated Perovskites on Textured Silicon for 26%-Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Summary Integrating perovskites onto textured silicon provides a pathway to 30% tandem solar cells. However, deposition of 0.5–1 μm thick perovskite layers from solution onto textured silicon with typical pyramid heights of 3–10 μm remains a challenge. We propose a new tandem architecture that enables scalable, solution-based blading of perovskites onto silicon wafers textured with pyramids less than 1 μm in height. These pyramids are rough enough to scatter light within the silicon nearly as efficiently as large pyramids but smooth enough to solution-process a perovskite film. A nitrogen-assisted blading process deposits both a conformal hole transport layer and a planarizing perovskite layer that fully covers the textured silicon, at a speed of 1.5 m/min. With a textured light-scattering layer added to the top of the tandem to reduce front-surface reflectance, we achieve a perovskite/silicon tandem cell with an efficiency of 26% on textured silicon.
Relative Fundamental Frequency in Children With and Without Vocal Fold Nodules

Purpose Relative fundamental frequency (RFF) is an acoustic measure that is sensitive to functional voice differences in adults. The aim of the current study was to evaluate RFF in children, as the...
Is cannabidiol hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective: A review:

Questions have been raised regarding the potential hepatotoxicity of cannabidiol (CBD). Conversely, several animal studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of CBD against bile duct li...
The approach and operative implications for the partially obstructed airway with impending or sudden loss of the airway

The otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon plays a unique role in the acute management of partial airway obstruction due to their familiarity with the surgical instruments and technical skills in establishing both nonsurgical and surgical airway access. When a partial airway obstruction deteriorates into impending or sudden airway loss, the surgeon must work intimately with the anesthesiologist and supporting staff to promptly establish an airway to minimize the injuries associated with prolonged hypoxia. The following article describes the surgical and operative techniques available to the otolaryngologist and an adapted airway algorithm for the impending or sudden loss of airway. The surgeon should become facile with these techniques in order to swiftly establish an airway in these emergency situations while minimizing complications and injury.
Abstract TP221: Cerebellar Infarction Presentations: A Population-Based Study From the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study

Background: Cerebellar lesions reportedly account for 2-7% of acute infarct visits, but this may be an underestimate since prior studies were not population-based or from the modern imaging era. Ce...
Primary Care Physician Characteristics Associated with Prescribing Potentially Inappropriate Medication for Elderly Patients: Medicare Part D Data.

Background: Despite the high risk of adverse drug events associated with potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), primary care physicians (PCPs) continue to prescribe them for the elderly. The objective of this study was to explore PIM prescribing behavior in relation to characteristics among PCPs practicing in the United States. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of PCPs in the 2013 to 2015 Medicare Part D Public Use File. We obtained physician characteristics from the 2015 American Medical Association (AMA) Masterfile. For each PCP, we calculated the ratio of primary care-relevant PIM claims to all drug claims (PIM rate) based on Beers Criteria. We used a multivariate regression model to assess the associations between physician characteristics and PIM rate. Results: The study sample contained 111,461 PCPs who specialized in family medicine, internal medicine, general practice and geriatric medicine. Although the mean PIM rate was low at 4.9%, it varied widely across PCPs with the bottom quartile at 1.2% and the top quartile at 10.1%. PCPs in the top quartile were on average older, more likely to be male, have a DO degree, practice in the South, and have a smaller Medicare patient panel. A multivariate analysis confirmed that even after adjusting for patient panel characteristics, physician characteristics including gender, age, professional degree, specialty, practice location, practice size, and patient panel size were associated with PIM rate. Conclusion: Identifying PCPs with higher PIM rates can guide future interventions to increase safe prescribing for elderly populations.
The Nature and Role of Perceived Threats in User Resistance to Healthcare Information Technology: A Psychological Reactance Theory Perspective

The efforts of the United States government in the past 15 years have included harnessing the power of health information technology (HIT) to improve legibility, lessen medical errors, keep costs low, and elevate the quality of healthcare. However, user resistance is still a barrier to overcome in order to achieve desired outcomes. Understanding the nature of resistance is key to successfully increasing the adoption of HIT systems. Previous research has showed that perceived threats are a significant antecedent of user resistance; however, its nature and role have remained vastly unexplored. This study uses the psychological reactance theory to explain both the nature and role of perceived threats in HIT-user resistance. The study shows that perceived helplessness over process and perceived dissatisfaction over outcomes are two unique instances of perceived threats. Additionally, the results reveal that resistance to healthcare information systems can manifest as reactance, distrust, scrutiny, or inertia. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Parcel Size, Location and Commercial Land Values

The concept of a peak in value or a “100% location’” is so well established in real estate that there is no reference to the term in recent real estate principles and appraisal texts. However, the ...
Pli1PIAS1 SUMO Ligase Protected by the Nuclear Pore-associated SUMO Protease Ulp1SENP1/2

Covalent modification of the proteome by SUMO is critical for genetic stability and cell growth. Equally crucial to these processes is the removal of SUMO from its targets by the Ulp1 (HuSENP1/2) family of SUMO proteases. Ulp1 activity is normally spatially restricted, because it is localized to the nuclear periphery via interactions with the nuclear pore. Delocalization of Ulp1 causes DNA damage and cell cycle defects, phenotypes thought to be caused by inappropriate desumoylation of nucleoplasmic targets that are normally spatially protected from Ulp1. Here, we define a novel consequence of Ulp1 deregulation, with a major impact on SUMO pathway function. In fission yeast lacking Nup132 (Sc/HuNUP133), Ulp1 is delocalized and can no longer antagonize sumoylation of the PIAS family SUMO E3 ligase, Pli1. Consequently, SUMO chain-modified Pli1 is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the concerted action of a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) and Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4. Pli1 degradation causes the profound SUMO pathway defects and associated centromere dysfunction in cells lacking Nup132. Thus, perhaps counterintuitively, Ulp1-mediated desumoylation can promote SUMO modification by stabilizing a SUMO E3 ligase.
Monocoque Fuselage Circular Ring Analysis

A method of solving for stresses in a uniform circular ring loaded with concentrated loads which are held in equilibrium by the distributed reactions in the fuselage is described. Formulas giving the shear, direct force, and bending moments in a ring loaded with a pair of symmetrically placed concentrated loads are derived. I t is indicated how these formulas may be applied to cases where several pairs of symmetrically placed concentrated loads are acting.
Modelling and Materials Science of Cement-Based Materials

The second part of this review covers recent developments in modelling related to the materials science of cements. The specific goal is to formulate constitutive models based on the microstructure. Problems with simple numeric representation of the microstructure and scaling are discussed. Several new models are reviewed with a view towards defining the microstructure in terms that can be related directly to complex properties such as permeability, creep and shrinkage, and fracture of large-scale structures. Relationships to current constitutive models are discussed.
Forum Non Conveniens on Appeal: The Case for Interlocutory Review

Court-access doctrine in transnational litigation is plagued by uncertainty. Without a national court-access policy, federal courts often reach inconsistent forum non conveniens decisions even on very similar facts. This inconsistency is compounded by the district court’s largely unreviewable discretion in making those forum-access decisions, which precludes effective resolution of these conflicts through the appellate process. As a result, the law underlying the forum non conveniens doctrine remains unsettled, creating systemic inefficiency both in litigation procedure and in regulatory policy. This article, prepared for the symposium “Our Courts and the World: Transnational Litigation and Civil Procedure,” argues that expanding appellate review can increase consistency and better align policy choices with litigation realities. It proposes three options for increasing appellate supervision of court-access doctrine. The ideal solution is for Congress to adopt a comprehensive forum non conveniens statute that weighs competing policy goals such as comparative sovereign interests, foreign relations, and economic realities, and creates a court-access procedure that accounts for these interests. Political realities may make such legislation unlikely, however. A close second-best option is to proceed through the rulemaking process: an amendment to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that authorizes discretionary appeal of the denial of forum non conveniens motions could still go a long way toward minimizing the costs of systemic uncertainty. Finally, until such a statutory or rulemaking change takes effect, parties should urge the courts to apply current ad hoc discretionary review procedures broadly. Although these procedures may increase cost and delay in individual cases, they are likely to increase systemic efficiency over the long run.
An Evaluation of a Trading Strategy for Stocks that Switch Exchanges from the NASDAQ to the NYSE

A number of studies document the existence of a strategy for trading stocks that switch from the NASDAQ to the NYSE exchanges. This paper confirms the existence of high returns from such a strategy. However, the difference between these returns (net of transaction costs) and what would be expected given the risk associated with the strategy is only of borderline significance statistically. It therefore would appear that the returns associated with this trading strategy are consistent with the existence of an efficient market.
Safety and Effectiveness of Whole Body Cooling Therapy for Neonatal Encephalopathy on Transport.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a transport protocol using active and passive methods for therapeutic whole body cooling of the neonate with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Methods A retrospective study of neonates who received whole body cooling during transport by our pediatric/neonatal transport team between December 2008 and April 2012 was conducted. Results Sixty-three of 66 (95%) neonates arrived within a safety temperature range of 33.0°C-37°C, and 3 (5%) were hypothermic (31.9°C-32.8°C). No clinical complications of cooling during transport were identified. Twenty-five (38%) and 57(86%) achieved therapeutic cooling upon admission and ≤ 6 hours after birth, respectively. Factors associated with cooling > 6 hours included a later time of initial referral (2.44 vs. 1.07 hours, P = .01), a later rendezvous time (4.17 vs. 1.92 hours, P = .002), and a later admission time (6.46 vs. 3.99 hours, P = .001). Conclusion Whole body cooling of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy can be effectively and safely performed during interfacility transport.
Electron spin resonance studies of the denaturation of oxy- and methemoglobin. Spectra and solvent interactions.

The electron spin resonance technique shows that the heat denaturation of oxyhemoglobin involves (a) oxidation to methemoglobin or related material (high spin ferric), (b) conversion to low spin ferric species in an irreversible step, and (c) further changes in these low spin species under drastic conditions. The last two occurrences are observed with methemoglobin. The electron spin resonance spectra obtained upon heat denaturation are ascribed to at least two low spin ferric complexes between hemin and denatured globin. The technique is used to follow the irreversible heat denaturation of oxy- and methemoglobin and to obtain transition temperatures for denaturation. Transition temperatures in the presence of organic solvents, solutes, and salts and in the presence of a few inorganic salts are obtained, and from these molar changes in transition temperatures are estimated. In some cases, the transition temperature is lowered to 23° and below. Organic compounds, except for glycerol and sucrose, all lower transition temperatures, and their effectiveness as denaturants increases as their hydrophobic character increases, with the notable exception of guanidinium chlorides. Among inorganic salts, anions which salt in proteins, such as iodide and thiocyanate, decrease heat stability whereas those which salt out proteins, such as sulfate and citrate, increase stability over that found in water. These data are discussed with regard to protein-solvent interactions. A few organic solutes, notably methanol, formamide, phenol, and urea, can bring about a change in methemoglobin, characterized by a particular electron spin resonance spectrum. The species responsible for the spectrum appears to represent an internal complex between hemin and a slightly perturbed or denatured form of globin.
Targeted disruption of the Myxococcus xanthus orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase gene: effects on growth and fruiting-body development.

Abstract The Myxococcus xanthus gene coding for orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23) was cloned. The M. xanthus uraA gene efficiently complemented an Escherichia coli OMP decarboxylase mutant, permitting it to grow in the absence of uracil. Electroporation of M. xanthus with a circular plasmid carrying a selectable uraA::kan gene disruption resulted in homologous recombination at the chromosomal uraA locus. Chromosomal integration of the gene disruption plasmid created heterozygous (uraA+/uraA::kan) tandem duplications. These tandem duplications were unstable and segregated auxotrophic uraA::kan daughters at frequencies of 2 x 10(-4) to 8 x 10(-4) per viable cell. Rare uraA::kan segregants were easily obtained by selecting for resistance to the toxic analog 5-fluoroorotic acid. Our experiments suggest that the cloned uraA gene could facilitate the use of gene duplications in the genetic analysis of M. xanthus development. The uraA mutants could utilize uracil, uridine, or uridine 5'-phosphate for growth, indicating that M. xanthus has pyrimidine salvage pathways. During multicellular development, uraA::kan gene disruption mutants sporulated to wild-type levels but formed smaller and more numerous aggregates than did their uraA+ parent, regardless of whether uracil was added to the medium. Pyrimidine deprivation of uraA mutants, under conditions that otherwise supported vegetative growth, failed to induce fruiting-body development or sporulation.
Attenuated effect of oxygen on photopigment synthesis in Rhodospirillum centenum.

Abstract Rhodospirillum centenum resembles typical nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria in a number of respects, including its ability to grow either anaerobically as a phototroph or aerobically as a heterotroph. We demonstrate, however, that R. centenum is unusual in its ability to synthesize a functional photosynthetic apparatus regardless of the presence of molecular oxygen. Aerobically expressed photopigments were shown to be functionally active, as demonstrated by the ability of heterotrophically grown cells to grow photosynthetically, without a lag, when suddenly placed under anaerobic conditions. An R. centenum mutant that has acquired the ability to repress synthesis of photopigments in the presence of oxygen was also characterized. Both the wild type and the oxygen-repressed mutant of R. centenum were found to exhibit high light intensity repression of photopigment biosynthesis. The latter result suggests that R. centenum contains separate regulatory circuits for controlling synthesis of its photochemical apparatus by light intensity and oxygen.
The Nature and Value of Bioethics Expertise

In this article, I address the extent to which experts in bioethics can contribute to healthcare delivery by way of aid in clinical decision-making and policy-formation. I argue that experts in bioethics are moral experts, in that their substantive moral views are more likely to be correct than those of non-bioethicists, all else being equal, but that such expertise is of use in a relatively limited class of cases. In so doing, I respond to two recent arguments against the view that bioethicists are moral experts, one by Christopher Cowley and another by David Archard. I further argue that bioethics experts have significant additional contributions to make to healthcare delivery, and highlight a hitherto neglected aspect of that contribution: amelioration of moral misconception among clinicians. I describe in detail several aspects of moral misconception, and show how the bioethicist is in a prime position to resolve that sort of error.
Binding of the glycan of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis to HeLa cells.

Recent studies have shown that the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis is glycosylated. The glycan of the MOMP of C. trachomatis serovar L2 was separated from the glycoprotein with N-glycanase, reduced with tritiated NaBH4, and tested for its ability to interact with HeLa cells. The [3H]glycan was shown to attach readily to HeLa cells at 25 or 37 degrees C. This process was slower at 4 degrees C. Competition for possibly similar receptor sites on HeLa cells between the glycan and a sugar, an aminosaccharide, or elementary bodies (EBs) was then studied. D-Galactose, D-mannose, or N-acetylglucosamine was shown to reduce the attachment of the glycan to HeLa cells at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5 M. Sedoheptulose, D-fructose, or sialic acid did not inhibit the binding of glycan to HeLa cells. The presence of at least 100 native or UV-inactivated EBs per HeLa cell interfered with the glycan9s ability to bind to HeLa cells. Heat-inactivated EBs did not compete with the glycan for binding. In the reverse situation, nonradiolabeled glycan prevented the EBs from infecting and forming inclusions in HeLa cells. Incubation of [3H]glycan with rabbit immune serum prepared against antigens of whole EB and the MOMP inhibited attachment. In contrast, incubation of glycan with mouse monoclonal antibodies against the protein portion of the MOMP or the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide did not inhibit attachment. These results suggest that the glycan portion of the MOMP is involved in the attachment process of C. trachomatis organisms to HeLa cells.
Regulated expression of a repressor protein: FadR activates iclR

The control of the glyoxylate bypass operon (aceBAK) of Escherichia coli is mediated by two regulatory proteins, IclMR and FadR. IclMR is a repressor protein which has previously been shown to bind to a site which overlaps the aceBAK promoter. FAR is a repressor/activator protein which participates in control of the genes of fatty acid metabolism. A sequence just upstream of the iclR promoter bears a striking resemblance to FadR binding sites found in the fatty acid metabolic genes. The in vitro binding specificity of FadR, determined by oligonucleotide selection, was in good agreement with the sequences of these sites. The ability of FadR to bind to the site associated with iclR was demonstrated by gel shift and DNase I footprint analyses. Disruption of FadR or inactivation of the FadR binding site of iclR decreased the expression of an iclR::lacZ operon fusion, indicating that FadR activates the expression of iclR. It has been reported that disruption of fadR increases the expression of aceBAK. We observed a similar increase when we inactivated the FadR binding site of an iclR+ allele. This result suggests that FadR regulates aceBAK indirectly by altering the expression of IclR.
The TRIPS Agreement: Challenges and Possibilities in the Negotiation of Justice at the Transnational Level

This article explores the relationship between the ideal of justice and institutional ‘structures’ administering justice/injustice within the contemporary international system through a study of the Trade Related Aspects of Property Right agreement specific focus is the question of ‘who counts’ in the negotiation of global justice, and the relationships between those affected by the global economic, political and social forces emanating from the agreement. The article problematises the territorial boundedness of questions of justice within a Westphalian horizon of political community. It also seeks to address the challenges that emerge through the example of the TRIPS agreement, and the possible trajectory of political community in a post-Westphalian world.
Target Signature-Constrained Subpixel Detection: Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV)

In Chapter 3, we studied partially constrained least squares approaches to target abundance-constrained subpixel detection. One of their practical limitations is the requirement of prior knowledge about the target signature matrix M. In reality, such information is very difficult to obtain, if not impossible. It is particularly true for hyperspectral imagery, which may contain many unknown signal sources extracted by high spectral resolution sensors such as HYDICE. These unidentified sources may include interferers, nonstationary background signatures and natural signatures that cannot be visually inspected from an image scene. Under such circumstance, finding a well-represented target signature matrix M may not be realistic. In order to resolve this problem, this chapter develops an alternative approach, referred to as a linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) approach, which only constrains targets of interest while minimizing the energy of unknown signal sources. Two special versions can be derived from LCMV, which are constrained energy minimization (CEM) filter and target-constrained interference-minimized Filter (TCIMF) where TCIMF can be viewed as an extension of the CEM filter. Interestingly, there is a close relationship among CEM, TCIMF and OSP where all the three operate a same functional form as a matched filter using different levels of target knowledge.
Portable array biosensors

The Bio-Agent Array Biosensor (BAABS) has been developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) with the goal of simultaneously detecting and identifying multiple target agents in complex samples. This paper will focus on recent improvements in both the biochemical and engineering aspects of this instrument. These new improvements have enabled the expansion of the repertoire of analytes detected, the number of replicates attainable, and the different sample matrices tested. Automation and miniaturization of the imaging and fluidics control have further brought us toward realization of a fully automated, fieldable multi-analyte biosensor.
Two Mentor Practices that Generate Teacher Reflection without Explicit Solicitations: Some Preliminary Considerations

Despite the push for fostering reflective practices in teacher education in the last 20 years, true reflection remains rare (Farr, 2011). Based on a detailed analysis of four mentor-teacher meeting...
Variation of thymidine incorporation patterns in the alternating vegetative and sexual life cycles of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The cellular distribution of thymidine kinase activities in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as manifested by the in vivo incorporation of exogenous thymidine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine into different DNA species, appeared to be organelle specific and varied with different developmental stages in the life cycle of this organism. During vegetative growth and gametogenic differentiation, thymidine and 5-bromodeoxyuridine were shown to be selectively incorporated into chloroplast but not nuclear DNA. On the other hand, during zygotic germination in which meiosis occurs and the ensuing vegetative divisions of meiotic products, thymidine as well as 5-bromodeoxyuridine were incorporated into both nuclear and chloroplast DNA. These results suggest that, in addition to the thymidine kinase activity that is constantly present in the chloroplast, a cytoplasmic thymidine kinase is derepressed only during the sexual reproductive cycle of C. reinhardtii.
Algebraic K-theory and quadratic forms

The first section of this paper defines and studies a graded ring K . F associated to any field F. By definition, K~F is the target group of the universal n-linear function from F ~ x ... • F ~ to an additive group, satisfying the condition that al • " ' x a, should map to zero whenever a i -q-a i + ~ = 1. Here F ~ denotes the multiplicative group F 0 . Section 2 constructs a homomorphism ~: K,F---, K~__I_~ associated with a discrete valuation on F with residue class field F. These homomorphisms ~ are used to compute the ring K, F(t) of a rational function field, using a technique due to John Tate. Section 3 relates K . F to the theory of quadratic modules by defining certain " Stiefel-Whitney invariants" of a quadratic module over a field F of characteristic . 2 . The definition is closely related to Delzant [-5]. Let W be the Witt ring of anisotropic quadratic modules over F, and let I c W be the maximal ideal, consisting of modules of even rank. Section 4 studies the conjecture that the associated graded ring
Heliox enhances carbon dioxide clearance from lungs of normal rabbits during low bias flow oscillation.

Objectives To evaluate carbon dioxide clearance in normal rabbits during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation with helium-oxygen mixtures by using a low bias flow oscillation (LBFO) system designed to conserve expensive gas. Design A prospective, paired-controlled, interventional, in vivo animal laboratory study. Setting Animal laboratory of a health science university. Subjects Twelve New Zealand White rabbits. Interventions Juvenile rabbits were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated through a tracheostomy. LBFO was performed with a modified high-frequency oscillatory ventilation circuit that uses low bias flow (100 mL/kg) and a soda lime cartridge to clear carbon dioxide. LBFO-heliox trials were performed with 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% helium (balanced with oxygen) for 30 mins. Each heliox trial was preceded by a paired control trial with 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen for 30 mins. Ventilator settings in control and heliox trials were identical. During the second part of the study, four rabbits were made hypercapnic by decreasing the power (amplitude), and LBFO was performed with 70% helium against paired-control trials of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen. Arterial blood gases were measured at 15-min intervals and airway pressure amplitude was recorded. PaCO2 of control and heliox trials, alveolar PO2-PaO2 gradient of control, and 60% helium trials were compared by paired Student's t-test. Measurements and main results At constant power, amplitude was unaffected by helium. Helium concentrations of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% decreased PaCO2 by 12%, 33%, 36%, and 46%, respectively. Alveolar PO2-PaO2 gradient was decreased by 40% during ventilation with 60% helium. Under hypercapnic conditions, 70% helium decreased PaCO2 by 20%. Conclusion Helium concentrations > or = 40% facilitate carbon dioxide clearance from lungs of normal rabbits during LBFO. This could be accomplished inexpensively with LBFO due to preservation of heliox when using this device.
Cytoplasmic microinjection of immunoglobulin Gs recognizing RNA helices inhibits human cell growth.

Abstract We report here that nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA in mammalian cells is recognized specifically by both experimentally induced monoclonal IgG unique for left-handed Z -RNA and by autoimmune mouse monoclonal IgG specific for ribosomal RNA. Nucleolar Z -RNA synthesis, like nucleolar ribosomal RNA synthesis, is inhibited by actinomycin D treatment and dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation. Immune anti- Z -RNA IgGs microinjected into living nuclei bind nucleolar RNA, and these complexes appear to be removed from the nucleus within minutes. Cytoplasmically microinjected monoclonal or polyclonal anti- Z -RNA IgGs specifically bind cytoplasmic RNA and inhibit cell multiplication. Microinjection of antibodies directed against double-stranded A -form RNA also inhibits cell growth, indicating physiological roles for both these double-stranded RNAs. Elevated ionic conditions, which in energy-minimized models can cause the walls of the groove in Z -RNA (but not Z -DNA) to approach each other and close, also prevent antibody binding to specific synthetic or cellular Z -RNA determinants. Our antibodies binding unique Z -RNA structures probably recognize antigens determined by the exposed 2′-OH ribose sugarphosphate groups.
Super-Resolution Face View Synthesis using a Mobile Face Capture System

During face-to-face collaboration people frequently monitor the other's facial expressions to determine their current state of attention, mood, and comprehension. Capturing a frontal view of the face of mobile users in multi-user collaborative environments has been a challenge for several years. A mobile social presence system has been proposed [1] that catures two side views of the face simultaneously and generates a frontal view in real-time. The face is modeled using an active appearance model (AAM) and a mapping of the side model to the frontal model is constructed from training. Frontal views are then generated by applying this mapping to the fitted side model during collaboration. Only a few model coefficients are transmitted for the synthesized facial frames, providing a highly compressed stream. In this paper we present a performance analysis of the paper of [1] by evaluating the proposed system under limited resolution run-time conditions.
Energy efficient all-to-all broadcast in all-wireless networks

All-to-all broadcast is a communication pattern in which every node initiates a broadcast. In this paper, we investigate the problem of building a unique cast tree of minimum total energy, which we call Minimum Unique Cast (MUC) tree, to be used for all-to-all broadcast. The MUC tree is unoriented and unrooted. We study three known heuristics for the minimum-energy broadcast problem: the Broadcast Incremental Power (BIP) algorithm, the Wireless Multicast Advantage-conforming Minimum Spanning Tree (WMA-conforming MST) algorithm, and the Iterative Maximum-Branch Minimization (IMBM) algorithm. Experimental results conducted on various types of networks are reported. We show that neither of these methods is best overall for building all-to-all broadcast trees.
Comparing Interface Elements on a Tablet for Intuitive Teleoperation of a Mobile Manipulator

As mobile robots experience increased commercialization, development of intuitive interfaces for human-robot interaction gains paramount importance to promote pervasive adoption of such robots in society. Although smart devices may be useful to operate robots, prior research has not fully investigated the appropriateness of various interaction elements (e.g., touch, gestures, sensors, etc.) to render an effective human-robot interface. This paper provides overviews of a mobile manipulator and a tablet-based application to operate the mobile manipulator. In particular, a mobile manipulator is designed to navigate an obstacle course and to pick and place objects around the course, all under the control of a human operator who uses a tablet-based application. The tablet application provides the user live videos that are captured and streamed by a camera onboard the robot and an overhead camera. In addition, to remotely operate the mobile manipulator, the tablet application provides the user a menu of four interface element options, including, virtual buttons, virtual joysticks, touchscreen gesture, and tilting the device. To evaluate the intuitiveness of the four interface elements for operating the mobile manipulator, a user study is conducted in which participants’ performance is monitored as they operate the mobile manipulator using the designed interfaces. The analysis of the user study shows that the tablet-based application allows even non-experienced users to operate the mobile manipulator without the need for extensive training.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A two‐parameter model for estimating hydrogen bond enthalpies of reaction

A two-parameter equation is developed that allows for the estimation of the enthalpies of hydrogen formation between two compounds. The compound acting as a proton donor is assigned a donating parameter, and the compound acting as a proton acceptor is assigned an accepting parameter. The compounds described can be assigned both a donating and an accepting parameter. These parameters are derived either from the observed linear relationship between measured hydrogen bond enthalpies and the shift in the OH stretching frequency of alcohols or from the estimated contribution of hydrogen bonding to the cohesive energy density of liquids. The donating parameters correlate well with observed autoprotolysis constants for the several compounds, and the accepting parameters correlate well with observed equilibrium constants for the protonation reaction in which a compound (base) gains a proton. The ability to estimate enthalpies is important in predicting polymeric resin solubilities in solvents.
Operations on generalized arrays with the genie compiler

Operations on vectors, matrices, and higher dimensional storage arrays are standard features of most compilers today. The elements of such structures are usually restricted to be scalars. For many sophisticated applications this restriction can impose cumbersome data representations. An efficient system has been devised and implemented which allows the elements of multi-dimensional arrays to themselves be multidimensional arrays. This system was developed from a storage structure in which the location, length, and content of each array is described by a codeword which can be interpreted by the system. Codewords may describe arrays containing more codewords, thus providing all needed descriptive information for hyperstructures of any form.
GLIMMPSE Lite: Calculating Power and Sample Size on Smartphone Devices

Researchers seeking to develop complex statistical applications for mobile devices face a common set of difficult implementation issues. In this work, we discuss general solutions to the design challenges. We demonstrate the utility of the solutions for a free mobile application designed to provide power and sample size calculations for univariate, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), GLIMMPSE Lite. Our design decisions provide a guide for other scientists seeking to produce statistical software for mobile platforms.
Material figures of merit and implications to all-optical waveguide switching

It is possible to define figures of merit which a nonlinear material must satisfy in order for it to be useful for all-optical switching in waveguides (as well as other nonlinear devices). Here we first discuss the physical basis for these figures of merit. Examples of materials in which these figures of merit both are and are not satisfied will be given. Finally the evolution of nonlinear directional couplers will be reviewed and the impact of figures of merit identified.
Significance of isomerization in hydroxocobalamin

Abstract Hydroxocobalamin is present in fairly large proportions both in foods and in the human body and apparently plays an important biological role. Since cyanocobalamin seems to play hardly any significant biochemical role in healthy humans, several physicians prefer to administer hydroxocobalamin to vitamin B 12 deficient patients. We find that hydroxocobalamin in solution isomerizes very readily at room and lower temperatures. Our observations raise the question whether “Mother Nature” has gone awry in using an easily convertible substance like hydroxocobalamin or that the new isomeric forms play some significant role. These observations may also have a bearing on the reported occurrence of unidentified corrinoids in animal tissues, human red cells, liver and brain.
A possible new association of a pulsar with a supernova remnant

THE link between supernova explosions and the formation of neutron stars seems to be rather well established, even if only type II supernovae are expected to leave a stellar remnant1.However, only five examples of pulsar/supernova remnant associations are known in our Galaxy, and one in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Notwithstanding a further thirty examples1,2where plerionic radio or non-thermal X-ray emission indirectly implies the presence of an active neutron star, each possible pulsar/supernova remnant association remains interesting and useful. Here we report new measurements at 90-cm wavelength, which show that the W30 supernova remnant G8.7–0.1 is large, roughly shell-shaped, and more extended than previously thought. PSR1800–21, one of the youngest galactic pulsars, seems to lie within the western extension of the remnant. At a distance determined to be∼5.5 kpc, G8.7– 0.1 seems to be close to PSR1800-21 in space as well as on the sky, and estimates3–5indicate that the two objects are of similar age. Thus, a physical relation seems possible, but raises the dynamical problem of having a simultaneously born pulsar travel to a position near the edge of a supernova remnant within its visible lifetime. We discuss possible solutions to this difficulty.
Surface modification of indium tin oxide for direct writing of silver nanoparticulate ink micropatterns

Abstract Surface treatment techniques were deployed to alter the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) samples to attain a favorable interface between printed nano-inks and ITO surface. Surface free energy components of treated ITO substrates were calculated for each treatment using the van Oss–Chaudhury–Good method. The surface treatments of ITO changed the Lifshitz–van der Waals and Lewis acid–base components, and contact angle hysteresis significantly. Among all the surface treatments, air plasma treated samples showed high polar in nature, whereas dodecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer treated sample showed the lowest. In addition to the polarity and homogeneity, the surface roughness of the ITO was studied with respect to the surface treatment. Silver nanoparticulate ink was printed on treated ITO surfaces using aerosol jet printing system. Printed silver nano-ink line width and morphology strongly depended on the surface treatment of the ITO, ink properties and printing parameters.
Endotoxin-like properties of an extract from a symbiotic, eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga:

Hot phenol-water extraction of axenic cultures of the eukaryotic symbiotic green alga, Chlorella, yielded a substance having many of the characteristics of bacterial endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This material caused gelation of extracts of Limulus amoebocyte lysate at concentrations similar to those manifest by LPS from Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Activity was reduced substantially by incubation with polymyxin B sulfate and Limulus endotoxin-neutralizing protein (ENP), both of which have been shown to neutralize the biological activity of LPS from Gram-negative enteric bacteria. Partially purified biologically active material was found to contain 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), a sugar characteristically found in LPS. Acid hydrolysis of the Chlorella extract yielded a precipitate with characteristics of lipid A. Further hydrolysis followed by methylation yielded products with retention times on gas chromatography indistinguishable from 3-hydroxylauric and 3-hydroxymyristic acids. Res...
Analysis of printed antennas embedded in a composite material loaded with lightning protection metallic screen

An integral equation method is presented to estimate the electromagnetic performance of a printed antenna embedded in a composite substrate loaded with a metallic screen used for the lightning protection of an aircraft. Expressing the electric surface current density on the metallic screen in appropriate periodic functions and the small local disturbance caused by the printed antenna in terms of discrete basis functions, the integral equations with these currents as unknowns are developed. The unknown currents on the periodic metallic screen and the printed antenna are determined by application of the method of moments. The electromagnetic performance parameters such as the input impedance and radiation patterns of printed antenna are studied.
On the multiplicity of platelet prostaglandin receptors I. Evaluation of competitive antagonism by aggregometry

Methods for the evaluation of competitive interactions at receptors associated with platelet activation and inhibition using aggregometry of human PRP have been developed. The evidence supports the suggestion that PGE1 and PGI2 share a common receptor for inhibition of platelet reactivity, but only a portion (if any) of the aggregation stimulation associated with PGE2 is the result of PGE2 binding (without efficacy) to this receptor. PGE2 (at .3-20 microM) is an effective antagonist of PGE1, PGI2, and PGD2 producing a shift of about one order of magnitude in the IC50-values obtained from complete aggregation inhibition dose response curves. The antagonism of PGD2 inhibition is particularly notable, 80 nM PGE2 levels are detectable. This and other actions of PGE2 indicate another platelet receptor for PGE2. PGE1 acts at both the PGE2 and PGI2 receptor. Other substances showing PGI2-like actions only at high doses (1-30 microM), display additive responses with PGI2 indicative of decreased affinity for the I2/E1 receptor and the absence of PGE2-like aggregation stimulation activity. PGI2 methyl ester has intrinsic inhibitory action not associated with in situ ester hydrolysis. The methyl ester is dissaggregatory showing particular specificity for inhibition of release and second wave aggregation.