cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-total versus partial circulatory bypass of the left heart: a critical review.

A number of systems for left heart bypass have been described for short, or long-term circulatory support in animals and in man. Critical to the interpretation of these restuls and to the design of new systems is the proportion of left ventricular inflow destined for ejection which is diverted through the apparatus, to that expelled through the aortic valve, and the effect which this fraction might have on the failing heart and the rest of the body. It is the purpose of this communication to review the experimental and theoretical data in support of partial, as opposed to subtotal, left heart bypass.
Multiple Defects, Including Premature Apoptosis, Prevent Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication in Murine Cells

The development of a mouse model for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection has been impeded by the limited host range of the virus. Here, we have examined the molecular basis of this host range restriction. KSHV efficiently enters murine cells and establishes latency. However, ectopic expression of the lytic switch protein RTA (replication and transcription activator) in these cells induces little viral gene expression and no virus production. Upon treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, KSHV-infected murine cells display more extensive but aberrant viral transcription and do not support either viral DNA synthesis or the production of infectious virions. These aberrantly infected cells also display markedly enhanced apoptosis. Genetic ablation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in these cells prolongs their survival and permits viral DNA replication but does not rescue the generation of virions. We conclude that multiple defects, both prior to and following DNA synthesis, restrict lytic KSHV infection in murine cells.
The Modern Art of Atherosclerosis: A Picture of Colorful Plants, Cholesterol, and Inflammation

Atherosclerosis is a disease of large arteries that accounts for more than 50% of all deaths in the developed countries1 and, according to the World Health Organization prediction, it will gain a status of the major morbidity cause worldwide by the year 2010.2 Atherosclerosis is widely viewed as an inflammatory disease with hypercholesterolemia being a dominant underlying risk factor.3,4 It is believed to be initiated by retention of LDL particles in the lesion-prone areas, which is followed by monocyte recruitment and their differentiation into cholesterol-laden macrophage foam cells.1,5 Excessive cholesterol accumulation in macrophages exaggerates innate immune response that is manifested by upregulated production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thus dramatically amplifying initial signal originated from the injured artery.6 See page 519 Despite the overall consensus on the causative roles of excessive cholesterol build-up and inflammation in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the relationship between aberrant cholesterol metabolism and exaggerated innate immune response has not been totally established. Recent reports showing reduced inflammation in association with the cholesterol-lowering statin therapy provided indirect evidence linking cholesterol metabolism with regulation of immune response.7 However, this class of cholesterol lowering drugs not only inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis but also suppresses the synthesis of isoprenoids such as farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Thus, inhibition of prenylation pathways such as those required for activation of Ras and Rho GTPase family proteins may be responsible for some of the …
Ek rājye hale dujonā rājā, kār hukume gata hoy prajā: metaphors of everyday peasant resistance in Bāul songs of colonial Bengal

In its preoccupation with decoding the esoteric beliefs and practices of the Bāuls of Bengal, Bāul scholarship has largely viewed the Bāuls as asocial, ahistorical and insulated esoteric sects. By breaking with this strand in the available scholarship, this essay moves away from an exclusive interrogation of the Bāuls' esoteric beliefs and practices. Instead, it forestages the socio-historical dimensions of the metaphors deployed in the Bāul songs of colonial Bengal. Rather than using these metaphors as keys to unlock the esoteric registers of Bāul praxis, we see how the metaphors themselves had been drawn from and mediated by the Bāuls' location in history and society. By situating the Bāul songs in the context of the changing agrarian systems of production following the implementation of the Permanent Settlement of 1793, the present study of the metaphors of everyday peasant resistance in these songs will interrogate the following questions: What do these metaphors tell us of the socio-economic plight o...
Hard lessons in motor control from the mammalian spinal cord

Abstract Traditionally, spinal control of motor output has been viewed as an attractive testing ground for theories of neuronal computation both because of the opportunities to manipulate identified input and output pathways, and because of the supposed relationships between specific, local neuronal circuits and well-studied reflexive behaviors. However, recent findings concerning the complexity of these circuits and their activity during natural behavior have forced a re-examination of the servocontrol theories that gave rise to the predictions of relative simplicity. Attempts to restore conceptual order have led to a proliferation of anatomical and physiological organizing principles for muscles and their motoneuron pools (e.g. size principle of recruitment, anatomical compartmentalization, partitioning of sensory feedback, task groups, etc.). A better understanding of the mechanics of natural motor behavior is required in order to relate such principles to each other, to consider their implications for supraspinal motor planning, and to appreciate their functional roles for the organism.
Antioxidant protection by PECAM-targeted delivery of a novel NADPH-oxidase inhibitor to the endothelium in vitro and in vivo

Oxidant stress caused by pathological elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the endothelial cells lining the vascular lumen is an important component of many vascular and pulmonary disease conditions. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activated by pathological mediators including angiotensin and cytokines is a major source of endothelial ROS. In order to intercept this pathological pathway, we have encapsulated an indirect NOX inhibitor, MJ33, into immunoliposomes (Ab-MJ33/IL) targeted to endothelial marker platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1). Ab-MJ33/IL, but not control IgG-MJ33/IL are specifically bound to endothelium and attenuated angiotensin-induced ROS production in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Ab-MJ33/IL inhibited endothelial expression of the inflammatory marker vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) in cells and animals challenged with the cytokine TNF. Furthermore, Ab-MJ33/IL alleviated pathological disruption of endothelial permeability barrier function in cells exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and in the lungs of mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Of note, the latter beneficial effect has been achieved both by prophylactic and therapeutic injection of Ab-MJ33/IL in animals. Therefore, specific suppression of ROS production by NOX in endothelium, attainable by Ab-MJ33/IL targeting, may help deciphering mechanisms of vascular oxidative stress and inflammation, and potentially improve treatment of these conditions.
Shape change of a pore in a stressed solid via surface diffusion motivated by surface and elastic energy variation

Abstract When a solid is stressed at a high temperature, atoms may move along various paths, causing a pore preexisting in the solid to change shape. This paper assumes that atoms only diffuse on the pore surface and the solid is elastic. Both surface energy and elastic energy vary as the pore changes shape. When the surface energy variation dominates, the pore evolves to an equilibrium shape close to an ellipse. When the elastic energy variation dominates, the pore never reaches equilibrium; noses emerge and sharpen into crack tips. We describe the pore shape with a conformal mapping of many terms, determine the elastic field by a complex variable method, and evolve the mapping coefficients (and thereby the pore shape) by a set of ordinary differential equations. The numerical simulation gives the threshold for the shape instability, the time for a supercritical pore to grow crack tips, and the crack size when it just forms. Also explored are the effects of the applied stress state and surface tension anisotropy. We discuss the implications of the results for the lifetime of crystals stressed at elevated temperatures.
Cell behavior on lithographically defined nanostructured substrates

Lithographically defined substrates offer unique opportunities for the study of cell behaviors, by allowing the presentation of controlled cell stimuli. We have investigated the effects of substrate topography on the behavior of human corneal epithelial cells using substrates patterned with grooves and ridges of well-defined dimensions. On each substrate, we included feature sizes ranging from the micrometer to the nanometer scale. This work was motivated by the fact that the surface that underlies epithelial tissues in vivo, the basement membrane, has a rich topography with features of nanoscale dimensions. We found that cells responded to topographic features as small as 70 nm wide by aligning with the pattern direction. Additionally, substrate topography affected internal organization of the cell, inducing the alignment of cytoskeletal elements (actin filaments) and adhesive structures (focal adhesions). Therefore, synthetic topographies with feature dimensions of the same length scale as the features ...
Refined chromosome study helps define prognostic subgroups in most patients with primary myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukaemia.

Summary Based on a 6·1/2-year study of 284 consecutive adult patients with primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and and acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), we have found that refined chromosome analysis can be used as an independent prognostic indicator in the great majority of patients with MDS and AML. In MDS, the FAB subtype was also found to have prognostic value and this was enhanced when the chromosomal findings were taken into consideration. In AML, the age of the patient correlated more closely with the chromosomal changes in predicting prognosis in most patients than did the FAB classification. Previously we reported that refined chromosome analysis of bone marrow specimens from 161 adult patients with primary or non-therapy related MDS and AML identified three prognostic chromosomal categories in each disease, representing 40% of all patients (Yunis et al, 1984, 1986). By extending our study to 284 patients, as well as a longer follow-up, it was possible to determine the prognostic implications of two additional chromosomal categories in MDS and five in AML. Since 73% of all patients are now represented in well-defined chromosomal subgroups with prognostic significance, refined chromosome analysis emerges as a tool that could have considerable impact in clinical decision making and in the development of treatment protocols.
Frontal Attack on Radiation

Radiation risk: A scientific problem?" by Robert Holcomb (6 Feb., p.853) is an amazingly accurate report of the "direct frontal attack" on existing guidelines for limiting radiation exposure and recommendations of the world's experts in mammalian radiation biology. Holcomb's report echoes the unemotional aspects of many radio biologists' reactions to the Gofman Tamplin challenge; however, when dissecting the "attack" in terms of opinion versus evidence, risk versus benefit, and extrapolation versus measurement, some key issues perhaps have been camouflaged.
Aid Volatility and Dutch Disease: Is There a Role for Macroeconomic Policies?

This paper studies how macroeconomic policies can help offset two unintended and undesirable features of foreign aid: its volatility and Dutch disease. We present evidence that aid volatility augments trade balance volatility and that foreign aid, with the important exception of years of adverse shocks, depresses exports. We also find that these effects can be mitigated through changes in net domestic assets of the central bank-a variable that reflects both monetary and fiscal policy. To characterize the optimal policy, we develop a general equilibrium model in which the capital account is closed and aid influences productivity growth through positive (public expenditure) and negative (Dutch disease) externalities. In this setting, macroeconomic policies permanently affect real variables and can improve welfare if donors do not distribute foreign aid optimally over time.
A placebo-controlled screening trial of celecoxib for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Aims To conduct a medication screening trial study on the efficacy of celecoxib versus placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Design A modified blinded, parallel group study in an outpatient setting using the Cocaine Rapid Efficacy and Safety Trials (CREST) study design. Setting The study was performed at the New York Medications Development Research Unit (MDRU). Participants All participants met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) criteria for cocaine dependence and provided at least two urine samples positive for benzoylecgonine (BE) during the 2-week screening period. Twenty-three participants were enrolled in the treatment phase of the study. Intervention After a 2-week screening period, subjects were assigned randomly to receive either celebrex (200 mg/day) or placebo for an 8-week treatment period. All subjects also received individual cognitive behavioral counseling during treatment. Measurements Primary outcome measures included quantitative urine benzoylecgonine (BE) levels, self-report of drug use and global impression scores. Secondary outcomes included cocaine craving, study retention and related psychosocial measures. Safety measures included adverse event monitoring, vital signs and extrapyramidal side-effects tests. Results Study retention was similar across both treatment groups and safety measures indicated that celecoxib was moderately tolerated. Cocaine use, as measured by self-report and urine BE levels at end of treatment, indicated weaker improvement in the celecoxib group. Reductions in the intensity of cocaine craving were also weaker in the celecoxib group. Cocaine abstinence rates, global impression scores and all other related psychometric measures did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Conclusion This study does not support the effectiveness of celecoxib for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Normative misperception and the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms on college student gambling.

Two studies examined college student gambling as a function of descriptive and injunctive social norms. It was expected that individuals would overestimate the descriptive norm and that both descriptive and injunctive norms would uniquely predict gambling behavior and problem gambling. In Study 1, self-reported gambling frequency among 317 college students was found to be lower than perceived typical college student gambling behavior. Study 2, which included 560 college students, replicated the results of Study 1 and revealed similar findings with respect to perceived and actual descriptive norms for gambling expenditure. Perceived descriptive and injunctive norms uniquely predicted self-reported gambling frequency, expenditure, and negative consequences related to gambling. The utilization of social norms-based interventions to reduce problem gambling among college students is discussed.
Transport simulation of the linear sigma model

Abstract For the purpose of facilitating dynamical simulations of DCC formation in high-energy collisions, a semi-classical transport formulation is made of the linear σ model. A Wigner transform of the mean-field approximation to the classical field equation yields a Vlasov equation for the quasi-particle phase-space density which in turn can be solved by test-particle simulation. This treatment yields individual test particles moving with medium-modified effective masses self-consistently with the evolving local order parameter. The simulation treatment appears to be quantitatively useful, as is illustrated for a cylindrical fireball subject to a longitudinal Bjorken scaling expansion.
Iterative Usability Evaluation for an Online Educational Web Portal

Online education is a popular paradigm for promoting continuing education for adult learners. However, only a handful of studies have addressed usability issues in the online education environment. Particularly, few studies have integrated the multifaceted usability evaluation into the lifecycle of developing such an environment. This paper will show the integration of usability evaluation into the development process of an online education center. Multifaceted usability evaluation methods were applied at four different stages of the MU Extension web portal's development. These methods were heuristic evaluation, focus group interview and survey, think-aloud interviewing, and multiple-user simultaneous testing. The results of usability studies at each stage enhanced the development team's understanding of users' difficulties, needs, and wants, which served to guide web developers' subsequent decisions.
High-efficiency optical systems for interrogation of dermally-implanted sensors

Ratiometric Luminescent microparticle sensors have been developed for sensing biochemical targets such as glucose in interstitial fluid, enabling use of dermal implants for on-demand monitoring. For these sensor systems to be deployed in vivo, a matched optoelectronic system for interrogation of dermally-implanted sensors was previously designed, constructed, and evaluated experimentally. During evaluation experiments, it revealed that the system efficiency was compromised by losses due to fiber connections, the entrance aperture, and the entrance slit of the spectrometer. In this work, two optimization methods were investigated to overcome photon loss at fiber connections and internal trade-off between resolution and input light power of the current spectrometer: 1) Replacement of the CCD spectrometer with a two-detector system, enabling extraction of key spectral information by integrating signals over two wavelength regions (reference and sensing emission peaks); and 2) Free-space coupling of the optical probe to a custom low-resolution spectrometer. Photon loss was evaluated by experiments and simulations, preliminary hardware of two-detector system was constructed, and optimization simulations were performed to explore conceptual feasibility of the free-space coupling custom-designed spectrometer.
FLAVORS OF GREEN TEA CHANGE LITTLE DURING STORAGE

The objective of the current study was to determine how flavor changes in green teas that are stored over a period of 2 years (a commonly noted shelf life for green tea products in loose leaf form). Two Korean green teas were packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films and stored at an ambient temperature of∼20C. Both green tea samples were evaluated by six highly trained descriptive panelists at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after their original packaging dates. The intensity of the major attributes changed minimally among the samples as they were evaluated over the 2-year period. The green tea samples that were stored for 6 months did not change, up to 12 months they changed little, and after 12 months the samples sometimes developed low levels of off-flavors such as medicinal, musty/new leather or grain flavors, or they became higher in characteristics such as tooth-etch. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that green tea will change minimally during the first year of storage and will change slightly more during the second of 2 years of storage. However, these changes appear to be minimal when the samples are packaged in metalized multilayer polyethylene films. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This research provides the first evidence that, even though the flavors of green tea may change, the change will be minimal during the first 1–2 years of storage in metalized multilayer polyethylene films. This research indicates that green tea leaves do have an extended storage time, at least in terms of sensory quality, and can be held for extended periods of time at room temperature.
Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere

The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
Mechanistic role of residue Gln151 in error prone DNA synthesis by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). Pre-steady state kinetic study of the Q151N HIV-1 RT mutant with increased fidelity.

It has previously been reported that mutations in the Gln151 residue of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) greatly enhance RT fidelity. In this study, we employed pre-steady state kinetic assays to elucidate the mechanistic role of residue Gln151 in highly error prone DNA synthesis by HIV-1 RT. Using our Q151N high fidelity mutant, which is structurally altered in its ability to interact with the 3′-OH on the sugar moiety of the incoming deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), we examined how this change in RT-dNTP interaction affects HIV-1 RT fidelity. First, we found the binding affinity (K D ) of wild type and Q151N RT proteins to different template/primers to be similar. These results indicate that the Gln151 residue is not involved in the formation of the binary complex (RT·template/primer) during DNA polymerization. We also found that by changing residue 151 from a Gln→Asn, the maximum rate of dNTP incorporation (k pol) for both correct and incorrect dNTPs was not affected. In contrast, the ability of the Q151N mutant to bind both correct and incorrect dNTPs (K d ) was diminished. The Q151N mutant was 120-fold less efficient at binding correct dNTP than wild type RT, and its decrease in binding was such that we were unable to measure the actual binding affinity of Q151N for incorrect dNTPs. Presumably, the fidelity increase observed during the steady state is explained by this defect in Q151N binding to incorrect dNTP. In wild type RT, residue Gln151 is important for tight binding of incorrect dNTPs and may contribute to the low fidelity nature of HIV-1 RT. Since the Q151N mutation also alters RT binding to correct dNTPs, the wild type Gln151 residue may play an important role in efficient binding of RT to correct dNTPs. Our findings suggest that residue Gln151 is an important element for the execution of both highly error prone and efficient DNA synthesis by HIV-1 RT.
The effect of enucleation on the DPN level of ameba.

1. Amebae contain DPN at levels of from 1 to 4 x 10 –13 moles per cell. 2. Following enucleation, nucleate and enucleate halves continue to have equal DPN contents over the six day period studied. Similarly, starving whole amebae maintain their DPN level over this period. 3. No reduced DPN could be detected in these aerobic animals. This remained true for whole amebae and for nucleate and enucleate halves over 5 days of starvation. 4. A method is described for the preparation and rapid separation of nucleate and enucleate ameba halves, based on a response of amebae to light.
Redefining Risk and Benefit Understanding the Decision to Undergo Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

Rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) among unilateral breast cancer patients are rapidly increasing; however, there are little data documenting the decision-making process of patients with no known BRCA mutations, who elect this more aggressive treatment. We conducted semistructured interviews with nine newly diagnosed patients who elected CPM over other surgical options. Using grounded theory, we analyzed interview data to identify influential decision-making factors by prevalence and intensity across participants. Decision-making factors included subjective evaluations of risk and benefit, avoidance of future breast cancer surveillance and accompanying worry, and desire to maintain (or improve) breast appearance. Based solely on survival benefit, the decision to undergo CPM might be viewed as unnecessary or even misguided. However, our findings show the importance of psychosocial factors in patients’ assessments of risk and benefit, and support the need for additional patient–provider co...
Crystal structure of (μ-oxo)bis{aquatris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine}iron(III) perchlorate

Abstract The complex [{Fe(tmpa)(H2O)}2O](ClO4)4·3H2O·0.25C2H5OH contains a near-linear, dinuclear cation (FeOFe ∠=176.1(5)°) with average Fe–μ-O2− (1.783(7) A), Fe–apical N (2.244(11) A), Fe–pyridyl N (2.125(10) A) and Fe–O(aqua) (2.082(8) A) bond lengths that are essentially identical for the two iron centers. Both tmpa apical nitrogen atoms are trans to the oxo bridge, in contrast to the unsymmetric structure of [(OH)(tmpa)FeOFe(tmpa)(H2O)]3+, for which one apical N atom is trans to the μ-O2− group while the other is trans to the hydroxo ligand.
Applications of Instructional Design Mapping Strategies in the Development of Complex Integrated Courses

Courses that attempt to integrate information from multiple disciplines are often difficult to design and implement. Such courses may tend to become an unorganized conglomerate of content that satisfies the needs of discipline specific faculty rather than the learning needs of students. By using a course mapping strategy that is grounded in instructional systems design theory, faculty from different disciplines can work together to design complex courses that facilitate successful learning and accomplishment of pre-determined curricular outcomes. This article will present an approach to course mapping and examples of its application to several integrated courses developed by faculty at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy.
The Evolution and Evaluation of Modern Medical Education

STUDENTJAMA provides a forum for critical exchange on current issues in medical education, research, and practice. It is produced by a group of medical student editors in collaboration with the JAMA editorial staff and is published monthly. The content of STUDENTJAMA includes writing by medical students, physicians, and other researchers, as well as original medical student artwork and creative writing. The articles and viewpoints in STUDENTJAMA do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the American Medical Association or of JAMA. All submissions must be the original unpublished work of the author(s). All submitted work is subject to review and editing.
Association between Cytomegalovirus Seroconversion and Upper Genital Tract Infection among Women Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic: A Prospective Study

To study relationships between acquisition of cytomegalovirus (CMV), sexual activity, and sexually transmitted diseases, 245 CMV-seronegative women were followed (median, 23 months) in a sexually transmitted disease clinic between 1980 and 1988. Thirty-six (15%) seroconverted (10%-12%/year). At entry, seroconverters were younger (P = .03), were younger at sexual debut (P = .004), and had more sex partners (P = .004) than non-seroconverters. During follow-up, seroconverters had more sex partners, had more new sex partners (P = .05 for each), and were more likely to have gonorrhea, chlamydia, or pelvic inflammatory disease. At seroconversion, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from cervix in 14%, versus 3% of non-seroconverters (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-14.9). Signs of upper genital tract infection were present in 8% of seroconverters versus 2% of non-seroconverters (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.0-21.8). Acquisition of CMV in these women was associated with sexual activity, sexually transmitted diseases, and signs of upper genital tract infection.
Molecular Pathways: The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Cancer

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates embryonic development and may be aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers. Efforts to target pathogenic Hh signaling have steadily progressed from the laboratory to the clinic, and the recent approval of the Hh pathway inhibitor vismodegib for patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma represents an important milestone. On the other hand, Hh pathway antagonists have failed to show significant clinical activity in other solid tumors. The reasons for these negative results are not precisely understood, but it is possible that the impact of Hh pathway inhibition has not been adequately measured by the clinical endpoints used thus far or that aberrancies in Hh signal transduction limits the activity of currently available pathway antagonists. Further basic and correlative studies to better understand Hh signaling in human tumors and validate putative antitumor mechanisms in the clinical setting may ultimately improve the success of Hh pathway inhibition to other tumor types.
Managing the Indirect Impacts of Bypasses on Small and Medium-Sized Communities in Florida

In Florida, the bypass alternative is increasingly being considered in small and medium-sized communities that contain roadways that are part of Florida's strategic intermodal system (SIS)—roadways critical to the statewide movement of people and goods. These roads are often the primary roadways into and through smaller communities. Local governments sometimes seek SIS designation to gain funding for increasing the capacity or improving the function of the major roadway; this process leads to consideration of a bypass. Observed issues with these bypasses include the following: (a) the SIS designation assigns level of service and design criteria that increase pressure for a bypass alternative; (b) misconceptions abound regarding potential positive and negative impacts of a bypass; (c) inadequate consideration is given to evaluation of the potential indirect impacts of a bypass on land use and related issues (e.g., livability, local mobility); (d) without local roadway network planning in affected areas, ma...
Parathyroid hormone receptor internalization is independent of protein kinase A and phospholipase C activation

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) binding to their common receptor stimulates second messenger accumulation, receptor phosphorylation, and internalization. LLC-PK1 cells exp...
MEINONGIAN SEMANTICS FOR PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS

This paper surveys several approaches to semantic-network semantics that have not previously been treated in the Al or computational linguistics literature, though there is a large philosophical literature investigating them in some detail. In particular, propositional semantic networks (exemplihed by SNePS) are discussed. It is argued that only a fully intensional ("Meinongran") semantics is appropriate for them, and several Meinongran systems are presented.
Integrated Responses of Grassland Biodiversity and Ecosystem Properties to Hay Management: A Field Experiment

We examined effects of fertilization and haying on grassland biodiversity, primary production and other ecosystem properties in a hay management experiment conducted in northeastern Kansas. We examined relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem productivity across our experimental landscape and evaluated relationships of biodiversity and ecosystem properties to a remotely-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Fertilization increased production, measured as standing crop biomass and seasonally integrated NDVI and altered a range of ecosystem traits above- and belowground. Shifts at the ecosystem level in response to fertilization were accompanied by declines in plant and arthropod diversity, and negative relationships of both to gradients of standing crop and NDVI, the magnitude of which was altered by haying disturbance in the case of plants. Bacterial diversity showed no response to fertilization, but was increased by haying. In contrast to plants and arthropods, bacterial diversity...
nUtritioUs or deliCioUs? the eFFeCt oF desCriPtive norm inFormation on Food ChoiCe

In two studies, we examined the effect of salient descriptive norm information on women's food choices. Undergraduate women in Study 1 were led to believe that earlier participants typically had chosen either a healthy or an unhealthy snack bar when participating in a study on taste sensations. When asked to make their own choice, participants tended to select a snack consistent with what they believed others had chosen. The findings were replicated in Study 2 when participants made multiple snack selections in a situation in which they believed that no one would know which snacks they chose. The results are consistent with the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct and suggest avenues for nutrition intervention programs.
Respiratory symptoms associated with the use of azodicarbonamide foaming agent in a plastics injection molding facility

Respiratory health variables were studied cross-sectionally in 227 employees of a plastics molding facility where numerous complaints had been apparently associated with the use of azodicarbonamide foaming agent in injection molding. Pre- and postshift respiratory status measures and azodicarbonamide concentrations were also obtained for 17 employees. Cross-sectional pulmonary function differences by injection molding status were not observed. Modest decrements in pulmonary function measures were observed between start and end of shift but with no dose-effect relationship. A strong association was observed for injection molding workers for eye/nose/throat irritation, cough, and wheezing. Additionally, wheezing, chest tightness, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis were strongly associated with work in injection molding during periods in which azodicarbonamide was in use. These results suggest respiratory symptom causation by some combination of azodicarbonamide itself, reaction products of azodicarbonamide formed during injection molding, or other unidentified agents uniquely associated with the process of injection molding with azodicarbonamide foaming agent.
Impaired maraviroc and raltegravir clearance in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with end-stage liver disease and renal impairment: a management dilemma.

Current product labels for maraviroc and raltegravir provide no dosing guidance for patients with end-stage liver disease and worsening renal function. We describe a 41-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and rapidly progressive liver failure and vanishing bile duct syndrome at presentation. Despite discontinuation of all potential offending drugs, the patient’s liver function continued to deteriorate. To achieve and maintain HIV suppression while awaiting liver transplantation, a regimen consisting of maraviroc, raltegravir, and enfuvirtide was started. These agents were chosen because the patient was not exposed to them before the onset of liver failure. While receiving product label–recommended twice-daily dosing of these drugs, he achieved and maintained HIV suppression. During a complicated and prolonged hospitalization, the patient also developed renal dysfunction. As hepatic metabolism is the primary route of clearance of maraviroc and raltegravir, we predicted that using approved doses of these drugs could result in significant drug accumulation. Since the safety profiles of supratherapeutic concentrations of these agents are not well defined, we chose to use therapeutic drug monitoring to guide further dosing. The reported concentrations showed severely impaired metabolic clearance of both drugs, with markedly prolonged elimination half-lives of 189 hours for maraviroc and 61 hours for raltegravir. Previously reported half-lives for maraviroc and raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with normal hepatic and renal function are 14–18 hours and 9–12 hours, respectively. Based on these results, the dosing intervals were extended from twice/day to twice/week for maraviroc and every 48 hours for raltegravir. Unfortunately, the patient’s clinical condition continued to deteriorate, and he eventually died of complications related to end-stage liver disease. This case illustrates the difficulties in managing antiretroviral therapy in an HIV-infected patient with combined severe liver and renal failure. Prolonged excessively high exposure to maraviroc and raltegravir is likely to result in some level of concentration-dependent toxicity. Until more data are available, therapeutic drug monitoring remains the only evidence-based approach to optimize dosage selection of these drugs in this patient population.
The Use of L1 Reading Strategies in L2 Reading

This study investigated first language (L1) orthographic influence on cognitive processing involved in second language (L2) reading. Using a fundamental unit of representation, three orthographic systems (i.e., alphabet, syllabary, and logography) can be categorized into two types: morphography and phonography. Previous L1 reading research has suggested that different strategies are used for phonological recoding by morphographic and phonographic readers. This study tested the possibility that these L1 recoding strategies are transferred and utilized in L2 reading. A cross-linguistic experiment involving adult L2 learners of English with contrasting L1 orthographic backgrounds (Arabic, Japanese, Spanish, and English—for native control) was conducted. The results indicate that reading among phonographic readers (Arabic, Spanish, and English) is seriously impaired when essential phonological information is inaccessible. Similar phonological inaccessibility, in contrast, apparently does not affect the reading performance of Japanese, or morphographic, readers. Further, the study demonstrated, first, that phonological inaccessibility exerts differential effects on the reading processes of phonographic and morphographic readers and, second, that L2 readers from different L1 orthographic backgrounds utilize their L1 strategies in reading English as an L2. Hence, the findings of the study verify cognitive strategy transfer during L2 reading.
Heurstic search for metabolic engineering: de novo synthesis of vanillin

We present the application of heuristic search to in silico metabolic pathway engineering. In particular, we discuss a new computational approach to elucidate complex pathways and to address the practical challenge of combinatorial complexity in pathway inference. We have implemented this approach in a new computational framework, called PathMiner, which is useful for designing metabolic engineering strategies. In this paper, we describe our approach to analyze pathways for the de novo synthesis of vanillin, as well as a transgenic strategy to implement these in a number of hosts. Using PathMiner we are able to automatically elucidate a 19-step pathway for de novo vanillin synthesis from d-glucose, which is in close agreement with the routes reported in the literature. This paper represents a novel integration of artificial intelligence and biochemistry for computational metabolic engineering. As high-throughput biology generates increasing amounts of genomic and metabolic data, automated in silico approaches will become increasingly useful for making biologically useful predictions. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Reduction of Prejudice through Laboratory Training

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increases in self-acceptance, resulting from sensitivity training, have the the oretically predictable but indirect effect of reducing an ind...
Pregnancy and cirrhosis

As the treatment of cirrhosis improves, pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis is likely to become more common. Although maternal and fetal mortality is expected to similarly improve, pregnant patients with cirrhosis face unique risks. These include higher rates of spontaneous abortion and prematurity and a potential for life-threatening variceal hemorrhage, hepatic decompensation, splenic artery aneurysm rupture, and postpartum hemorrhage. Pregnancy outcome may be influenced by the underlying etiology of liver disease, as in viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Medications also impact the course of pregnancy, and must be tailored appropriately during this time.
Assessment of dual ammonia and ozone open-path sensing with a quantum cascade laser

We present a theoretical assessment of two open-path quantum cascade laser (QCL) approaches (mono/bi-static and backscatter) to measure ambient ozone and ammonia concentrations to within 1 – 10 % accuracy at distances up to 10 km.
A Computational Framework for Accelerating DEA

We introducea new computational framework for DEA that reduces computationtimes and increases flexibility in applications over multiplemodels and orientations.The process is based on the identificationof frames--minimal subsets of the data needed to describethe models in the problems--for each of the four standardproduction possibility sets. It exploits the fact that the framesof the models are closely interrelated. Access to a frame ofa production possibility set permits a complete analysis in asecond phase for the corresponding model either oriented or orientation-free.This second phase proceeds quickly especially if the frame isa small subset of the data points. Besides accelerating computations,the new framework imparts greater flexibility to the analysisby not committing the analyst to a model or orientation whenperforming the bulk of the calculations. Computational testingvalidates the results and reveals that, with a minimum additionaltime over what is required for a full DEA study for a given modeland specified orientation, one can obtain the analysis for thefour models and all orientations.
Use of 3‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazolo‐[3,4‐b]pyridine as a Versatile Building Block.

Title compound (III) is efficiently prepared by a one-pot procedure in multigram scale and used as a versatile building block for microwave assisted syntheses of 3-substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives.
Hydro-Epidemiology of the Nile Basin: Understanding the Complex Linkages Between Water and Infectious Diseases

The human population of the Nile basin has been vulnerable to water-associated diseases since the dawn of history. In the modern landscape, water development projects and expanded irrigation are considered vital for increasing agricultural productivity and improving the socioeconomic status of rural communities. However, these projects also have the potential to modify hydrological processes in a way that increases the risk of water-associated diseases. To explore these interactions, we first outlined the major hydrological determinants of three important water-associated diseases within the Nile basin: cholera, a water-borne disease; schistosomiasis, a water-based disease; and malaria, a water-related disease. We then reviewed the scientific literature that has examined the influences of dams, irrigation schemes, and other water-management practices on these diseases within the Nile basin. Our synthesis of the literature emphasizes the importance of integrating public health concerns into the planning of new water development projects in the Nile basin and also highlights the potential for utilizing the underlying hydro-epidemiological relationships to enhance mapping and forecasting of water-associated disease risk under current and future climates.
A Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin, Previously Reported as Serotype H, Has a Hybrid-Like Structure With Regions of Similarity to the Structures of Serotypes A and F and Is Neutralized With Serotype A Antitoxin

Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic disease caused by the action of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) on nerve cells. There are 7 known serotypes (A-G) of BoNT and up to 40 genetic variants. Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 was recently reported to produce BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) and a novel BoNT, designated as BoNT/H. The BoNT gene (bont) sequence of BoNT/H was compared to known bont sequences. Genetic analysis suggested that BoNT/H has a hybrid-like structure containing regions of similarity to the structures of BoNT/A1 and BoNT/F5. This novel BoNT was serologically characterized by the mouse neutralization assay and a neuronal cell-based assay. The toxic effects of this hybrid-like BoNT were completely eliminated by existing serotype A antitoxins, including those contained in multivalent therapeutic antitoxin products that are the mainstay of human botulism treatment.
Transformation of tetracycline by TetX and its subsequent degradation in a heterologous host.

TetX is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase. It has been reported to inactivate all tested tetracyclines. In this study, Escherichia coli overexpressing TetX was added to soil bacterial enrichment cultures along with varying levels of tetracycline and was found to affect community-wide tetracycline resistance levels. Soil microbial communities developed lower levels of tetracycline resistance upon exposure to 25 μg/mL of tetracycline when an E. coli expressing TetX was present (6% of cultivable bacteria were resistant to 40 μg/mL tetracycline). In contrast, in the absence of TetX activity, a similar tetracycline exposure selected for greater levels of resistant bacteria in the soil microbial community (90% of cultivable bacteria were resistant to 40 μg/mL tetracycline). We also describe new metabolites formed after tetracycline transformation by TetX and report the transient generation of redox-active metabolite(s). The results presented here are particularly pertinent in the light of the recent emergence of tet (X) in different bacterial species, including clinical isolates.
A Forecast Advisory for Afternoon Thunderstorm Occurrence in the Taipei Basin during Summer Developed from Diagnostic Analysis

AbstractSummer is a dry season in northern Taiwan. By contrast, the Taipei basin, located in this region, has its maximum rainfall during summer (15 June–31 August), when 78% of this rainfall is contributed by afternoon thunderstorms. This thunderstorm activity occurs during only 20 days in summer. Because of the pronounced impacts on the well-being of three million people in the basin and the relative infrequency of occurrence, forecasting thunderstorm events is an important operational issue in the Taipei basin. The basin’s small size (30 km × 60 km), with two river exits and limited thunderstorm occurrence days, makes the development of a thunderstorm activity forecast model for this basin a great challenge. Synoptic analysis reveals a thunderstorm day may develop from morning synoptic conditions free of clouds/rain, with a NW–SE-oriented dipole located south of Taiwan and southwesterlies straddling the low and high of this dipole. The surface meteorological conditions along the two river valleys exhib...