cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graminivory and Fallback Foods: Annual Diet Profile of Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) Living in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

All primates show some dietary flexibility, particularly during food shortages. Foods consumed during times of scarcity (i.e., fallback foods) strongly influence the ecology and evolution of a species. Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) eat primarily graminoid leaves (i.e., grasses and sedges), but also consume other diet items (e.g., underground storage organs), especially in the dry season. We investigated the feeding ecology of wild geladas in the Sankaber region of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia across 12 mo. We asked how the gelada diet in this region, which is disturbed by livestock and agriculture, correlated with food availability and whether underground foods are fallback foods. We quantified the monthly diets of adults from eight reproductive units using instantaneous scan sampling, and seasonal aboveground and underground food availability using point-intercept transects and soil core sampling. Geladas primarily consumed graminoid leaves year-round (76.3% of the annual diet, 36.2–93.2% of the monthly diet) but spent considerable time consuming underground foods in the dry season (14.0% of the annual diet, 11.1–49.7% of the diet across dry season months). Graminoid consumption increased with graminoid availability, and underground food consumption decreased with graminoid availability. Underground food availability did not vary significantly between the dry and wet season sampling months, supporting the hypothesis that underground foods are fallback foods for geladas. We then compiled data from gelada feeding studies and found that underground foods are an important dry season diet item across study sites, but geladas rely more heavily on underground foods in habitats more heavily influenced by humans. Understanding the range and effects of primate dietary flexibility in human-modified habitats will contribute to a better understanding of how changing environments shape primate ecology and evolution.
Biophysical Economics: The Economics Perspective

From its inception, biophysical economics has been dedicated to the unity of the approaches of natural and social science as a way to understand the interaction of humans and nature. This chapter explores methods of better accomplishing this goal. We believe that such a unity of methods of inquiry will produce a deeper understanding of the present and future problems that face us in a potentially energy-short and climate-compromised world. Usually the study of natural and social sciences is approached separately. Ecology and biophysics are studied as natural science while economics and social history as social sciences. Upon what grounds can we unify them?
Futility of attempts to detect and quantify beta cells by PET imaging in the pancreas: why it is time to abandon the approach

In this commentary, we describe the limitations of positron emission tomography (PET) in visualising and characterising beta cell mass in the native pancreas in healthy individuals and those diagnosed with diabetes. Imaging with PET requires a large mass of targeted cells or other structures in the range of approximately 8-10 cm3. Since islets occupy only 1% of the pancreatic volume and are dispersed throughout the organ, it is our view that uptake of PET tracers, including [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine, in islets cannot be successfully detected by current imaging modalities. Therefore, we dispute the feasibility of PET imaging for the detection of loss of beta cells in the native pancreas in individuals with diabetes. However, we believe this novel approach can be successfully employed to visualise beta cell mass in individuals with hyperinsulinism and transplanted islets.
Disturbance-accommodating tracking maneuvers of flexible spacecraft

In this paper the problem of maneuvering a flexible spacecraft through a large angle is considered, where the disturbance-accommodating feedback control tracks a desired output state. The desired output state is provided from an open-loop solution for the linear system model. The components of the disturbance vector are assumed to be represented in terms of Fourier series. Closed-form solutions are provided for the Ricati, prefilter, state trajectory, and residual state trajectory equations which define the optimal control. Example maneuvers are presented where control-rate penalties have been included in the performance index for frequency-shaping, in order to smooth both the open- and closed-loop control commands.
Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity: Historical Aspects

Historical aspects of ethnic groups and ethnicity include the origins of the terms most frequently used in the field of ethnic studies (such as ‘race,’ ‘racism,’ ‘genocide,’ ‘ethnicity,’ ‘ethnic,’ ‘ethnic group,’ and ‘identity’) as well as the conceptual approaches that have been advanced by scholars starting with Max Weber and Georg Simmel. It is with this vocabulary and with concepts ranging from the ‘ethnic group’ to ‘marginality’ that an impressive body of scholarly literature has been produced by the end of the twentieth century.
NEUROTENSIN: A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDE PRESENT IN BRAIN AND INTESTINE

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of neurotensin—a biologically active peptide present in brain and intestine. Using detection methods based on its vasoactive properties, neurotensin (NT) was first isolated from acid-acetone extracts of bovine hypothalami. This purification method involved gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and high voltage paper electrophoresis. A 200,000 fold purification of 45 kg of material ultimately yielded 150-200 nmols of pure peptide. NT, like numerous other brain peptides, is also found in high concentrations in portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Using radioimmunoassay (RIA), the highest levels of NT are found in the jejunoileal sections of small intestine, both in the rat and human. These concentrations approximate those present in hypothalamus. Moderate amounts of NT are found in the large intestine, while the duodenum, stomach, esophagus, and pancreas contain only small—but measureable—amounts. In rats, higher concentrations of NT are found in ileal mucosal scrapings, 130 pmol/g, than in the remaining submucosal fraction, 40 pmol/g).
Assessment of Equity of Feed-in Tariff in Japan

The diffusion of renewable energy such as solar photovoltaics (PV) is effective for global warming countermeasures. When focusing on residential PV, however, it is thought that PV installation is difficult for households without a sufficient income, as PV is still expensive. In addition, Feed-in Tariff (FIT) requires the surcharge of electricity consumers. Its burden is larger for a lower-income class than for a high-income class because the ratio of energy cost among the total expenditures is higher, and it is recognized as a problem from the viewpoint of "Equity". In this study, we conducted quantitative analyses of influences of FIT on households by income class and evaluated its equity, based on the actual data regarding a proportion of PV installation, surplus electricity purchase price for PV, surcharge cost, etc. under FIT in Japan. As a result, we find that the ratio of electricity cost among the total consumption expenditure (E/C) increases due to FIT for all income classes, but this impact is greater for low-income class. The index of E/C increasing point due to FIT for low-income class is three times more than that for high-income class. The difference by the income hierarchy becomes bigger due to FIT introduction.
FR01-07 THE HIDDEN MUSEUM OF UNLIKE SCIENTIST: LEEUWENHOEK COLLECTION AND PROGRESS OF MEDICINE

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Dictionary (1737) defined “Museum” as “a study or library or a college or public place for the resort of learned men”. Owned by royals or rich noblemen, rare scientific ...
A live porcine model for robotic sacrocolpopexy training

Robotic sacrocolpopexy is an effective and durable technique for pelvic organ prolapse repair. However, the learning curve for this procedure has underscored the need for an effective surgical training module. Given the cost, infection risk, poor tissue compliance, and scarcity of human cadavers, the live porcine model represents a realistic, available, and cost-effective alternative. This article describes a live porcine model for teaching robotic sacrocolpopexy to determine whether it teaches key aspects of live human robotic sacrocolpopexy to the learner. This robotic sacrocolpopexy model was created using the Da Vinci Xi or Si robotic system on domestic pigs under general anesthesia. The main steps of the model include: (1) creating the porcine “cervix” and (2) performing robotic sacrocolpopexy. The model was evaluated with a survey given to 18 board-certified surgeons who attended the training course between December 2016 and April 2018. All of the participants reported improvements in their economy of motion, tissue handling ability, suturing efficiency, and overall performance of robotic sacrocolpopexy. Furthermore, a majority of participants were likely to incorporate aspects of the model into their practice (88.8%) and recommend the model to colleagues (94.2%). The porcine model provides a feasible tool for teaching robotic sacrocolpopexy to physicians.
False Numerical Convergence in Some Generalized Newton Methods

This paper deals with generalized Newton methods for solving nonsmooth equations. In particular, these methods can be used to solve variational inequalities by reformulating the latter as equations involving the associated normal map. We ask whether, if the method appears to converge nicely to a point, one is safe in supposing that point to be at least close to a zero of the function. We show that the answer is no, so that these methods can produce what one might term false numerical convergence. We then demonstrate a general method for constructing normal maps for which this false convergence phenomenon can occur, and we construct such an example in ℝ5 for the method of Kojima and Shindo Finally, we look at some ways in which a user might avoid being deceived by false numerical convergence.
Characterizing diabetes, diet, exercise, and obesity comments on Twitter

Abstract Social media provide a platform for users to express their opinions and share information. Understanding public health opinions on social media, such as Twitter, offers a unique approach to characterizing common health issues such as diabetes, diet, exercise, and obesity (DDEO); however, collecting and analyzing a large scale conversational public health data set is a challenging research task. The goal of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the general public's opinions in regard to diabetes, diet, exercise and obesity (DDEO) as expressed on Twitter. A multi-component semantic and linguistic framework was developed to collect Twitter data, discover topics of interest about DDEO, and analyze the topics. From the extracted 4.5 million tweets, 8% of tweets discussed diabetes, 23.7% diet, 16.6% exercise, and 51.7% obesity. The strongest correlation among the topics was determined between exercise and obesity (p
Abstract 120: Methamphetamine-induced Cardiomyopathy Associated With Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy

Introduction: Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most commonly abused illicit drugs in the United States, exerting a range of adverse effects upon multiple organ systems. Cardiovascular complicat...
Enhancement of In-Service Performance Evaluation (ISPE) Process for Roadside Safety Devices: A Survey

Roadside safety equipment is introduced to diminish risks to drivers in dangerous driving conditions. Their impact performance criteria are followed point by point in the MASH measures being exclusively dependent on a full-scale crash testing assessment. While essential methods for checking impact performance are used in crash tests led under ideal site conditions and cautiously controlled impact conditions, they are constrained in what they can instruct us regarding field performance. Not all state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) are well equipped to utilize existing methodologies for the in-service performance evaluation (ISPE) of roadside safety. The authors summarized the existing research and current technologies in this field. This paper also identifies future research directions: 1) Determining which level of ISPE could be performed with the existing information currently possessed by state DOTs; 2) Developing strategies for changes or improvements to improve the quality of the ISPE; 3) Improving the efficiencies to perform the ISPE; and 4) Implementing and testing ISPE on additional devices.
Complementing Optical Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations of Hail Damage Swaths to Agricultural Crops in the Central United States

AbstractThe normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been frequently used to map hail damage to vegetation, especially in agricultural areas, but observations can be blocked by cloud cover...
Incorporating Extra Knowledge to Enhance Word Embedding.

Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Survey track. Pages 4929-4935
Teacher Quality Gaps by Disability and Socioeconomic Status: Evidence From Los Angeles:

Although most students with disabilities (SWDs) receive instruction from general education teachers, little empirical work has investigated whether these students have suitable access to high-quali...
Re-Africanizing Breast Feeding as Africa’s Gift to Global Health in This Era of Globalization

This chapter by Kelebogile T. Setiloane broaches how African countries have some of the highest child undernutrition and mortality rates globally. She argues that more than 50% of child deaths could be averted if children were not undernourished. She posits that the protection, promotion and support of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life is acknowledged in parenting as the single most critical strategy to be employed if African countries are to reduce their child mortality rates. She delineates that while breastfeeding is tradition in every culture in Africa regardless of socioeconomic status, in the late 1960s it took a steep downward turn when it was discouraged through the aggressive marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes. The introduction of these commercial breastmilk substitutes to African societies, she purports, shifted breastfeeding as the traditional way of feeding infants to more ‘modern’ ways of infant formula, preempting the increase in infant mortality. This shift, she proposes, also helped to entrench Eurocentric ideas in the guise of modernization. Consequently, European practices became the norm to be copied, first by African recipients of Western culture, education and life-style, and then by others who see these recipients as ‘role models’ to be emulated.
A Trainee-Led Social Media Advocacy Campaign to Address COVID-19 Inequities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the health of people globally. Yet, not all people are being affected by this crisis equally. In the United States, this pandemic has exacerbated long-standing inequities and entrenched structural racism. At the onset of the crisis, few data were available detailing the demographic characteristics of individuals with COVID-19. However, as data emerged, it became apparent that communities of color were disproportionately affected. To illustrate these inequities, we analyzed publicly available race and ethnicity data on COVID-19 cases and deaths and were one of the first groups to compile these findings. We launched a social media campaign to highlight these racial and ethnic inequities and raise awareness among public and elected officials. Given the tremendous amount of missing data, we demanded transparency in state reporting of race and ethnicity data. Using both messaging and mapping tools, we publicized state and city efforts to address these inequities, focusing on the creation of task forces tackling the racial inequities of COVID-19. As racial and ethnic data on COVID-19 cases and mortality became more widely reported, statistics emerged about the downstream effects of these inequities. Despite initial false reassurance that COVID-19 largely spared children, the pandemic has exacerbated many social needs, leading to significant negative impacts on children. For example, as pediatricians, we saw how worsening food insecurity was affecting children. Using social media and infographics, we launched an additional stage of the campaign to illustrate these inequities and highlight advocacy opportunities.
CAM04-3: Optimal Routing Between Alternate Paths With Different Network Transit Delays

We consider the path-determination problem in Internet core routers that distribute flows across alternate paths leading to the same destination. We assume that the remainder of the network transit delay beyond this router are different for the two paths, so a good routing policy can reduce the end-to-end delay by favoring the faster path. Thus, we propose and solve the optimal path-determination problem for a router, which minimizes the average network transit delay for a flow by dynamically assigning each packet to one of the available output ports based on their respective instantaneous queue lengths and on the average network transit delay for the associated path. We assume that all outgoing link speeds at the router are equal, but we generalize the model to allow each output port to serve a link group (such as an optical fiber using WDM) that consists of multiple physical channels running in parallel. By formulating path-selection as a Markov Decision Problem, we show that the optimal algorithm is a threshold-type policy that we call JSQ + b.
Customer-side energy management: What role should utilities play?

Abstract Decarbonization of the electricity grid implies more intermittent renewable generation. Intermittency motivates customer-side energy management (CSEM)—that is, technology that allows a third party to monitor electricity availability and adjusts use to balance supply and demand. The question is the role of utilities in providing CSEM. Risks of utilities’ involvement in CSEM can probably be mitigated through vigilance and safeguards. Moreover, adverse selection may inhibit a direct-to consumer CSEM market from developing.
Certification Relics: Entrepreneurship Amidst Discontinued Certifications

We explore a key tension between certification and entrepreneurial entry. On the one hand, more stringent certifications may provide greater legitimacy. On the other hand, market entry may be facil...
Can We Improve Central Line Care Compliance by Standardizing How We Identify Chlorhexadine Gluconate Allergies

Background Patients with central venous catheters (CVC) are at increased risk of having a Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI). CLABSI increase hospital length of stay, costs, and patient morbidity. Through the use of nationally accepted cares, the CLABSI prevention bundle, we strive for zero CLABSI. Part of the bundle is that patients with a CVC receive a chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) treatment daily, have a CHG impregnated disk placed at the insertion site, and receive CHG based skin antisepsis prior to procedures. In the CLABSI root cause analysis for 2018, allergy to CHG was identified as a contributing factor. Often these are potentially contact dermatitis and are parent reported with no standardized method to re-test or consistent guidance on what skin antisepsis to use in place of CHG. How can we reintroduce CHG products and standardize skin antisepsis for CVC care if the patient has a potential CHG allergy? Methods For 9/1/2017 through 8/31/2018 patients with a documented CHG allergy were identified. A multidisciplinary workgroup was assembled. A literature review, chart reviews, and knowledge sharing with similar institutions were completed. Literature was limited with the majority of reports on anaphylaxis reaction (vs dermatitis) and provided no evidence-based standard. In a review of ∼100 patients, only 20 had a documented allergy. Results Based upon the findings an algorithm for CVC contact dermatitis was created and implemented. We attempted to standardize skin patch testing with various CVC products, published an algorithm of alternative CVC care for patients with a potential CHG allergy, and created a family education sheet on the highest used alternative, betadine. Conclusions A limited pilot of the algorithm showed 67% of the patients included had skin improvement when using the algorithm. A bloodstream infection while having dermatitis was identified in 78% of patients. In 2020 the number of CHG allergy patients decreased by 26%.
TH-AB-210-00: Nuclear Medicine 101

This education session will cover the basic physics and operation principles of gamma cameras and PET scanners. In addition, quality control tests to assure good image quality are described. The first talk will discuss the components of gamma cameras, image formation principles, and performance characteristics, such as spatial resolution, sensitivity, and energy resolution. Features that affect these performance characteristics will be discussed. Physicists are increasingly expected to perform annual performance tests on gamma cameras, not only as good practice, but to satisfy requirements of accrediting bodies or for insurance reimbursement. The Joint Commission has recently introduced changes in standards for accredited entities providing diagnostic imaging services, including nuclear medicine. Basic performance tests suitable for annual physics testing will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Be able to describe basic principles of gamma camera operation. 2. Learn about performance characteristics and features affecting image quality. 3. Be able to list some basic performance tests for gamma cameras, how to perform the tests and evaluate acceptable performance. The second talk will focus on PET imaging. An overview of the principles of PET imaging will be provided, including positron decay physics, and the transition from 2D to 3D imaging. More recent advances in hardware and software will be discussed, such as time-of-flight imaging, and improvements in reconstruction algorithms that provide for options such as depth-of-interaction corrections. Quantitative applications of PET will be discussed, as well as the requirements for doing accurate quantitation. Relevant performance tests will also be described. Learning Objectives: 1. Be able to describe basic physics principles of PET and operation of PET scanners. 2. Learn about recent advances in PET scanner hardware technology. 3. Be able to describe advances in reconstruction techniques and improvements 4. Be able to list relevant performance tests. Turkington: Research support from GE for PET work, and has served as a consultant for Data Spectrum Corp.
Fuzzy logic for small microcontrollers

Because of its association with neural networks and artificial intelligence, many people expect fuzzy logic to require complex algorithms and lots of processing horsepower. Surprisingly, even a small 8-bit microcontroller can be programmed to perform fuzzy logic inference. A freeware fuzzy inference kernel is available on Motorola's freeware BBS at (512) 891-3733. This M68HC11 assembly language program is only about 250 bytes and can execute a pendulum balancing problem in well under a millisecond. This speed is appropriate for many common control applications, and the small program size can easily fit within the budget of a small MCU system. This paper discusses the requirements of fuzzy logic and describes the structure of a general purpose fuzzy inference program that is suitable for use in small 8-bit microcontroller systems.
A robust small signal modeling of GaAs MESFETs

The authors have developed a robust parameter extraction technique based on optimization and explicit relations for intrinsic parameters. This technique improves the accuracy of extrinsic parameter values leading to reliable and consistent intrinsic parameters. The robustness of the procedure is mainly due to the fact that the intrinsic parameters should not vary with frequency which is expected from the device physics. >
Nonlinear H/sub /spl infin// missile longitudinal autopilot design with /spl theta/-D method

In this paper, a new nonlinear control synthesis technique, the /spl theta/- D method, is employed to design a missile longitudinal autopilot. The /spl theta/-D technique yields suboptimal solutions to nonlinear optimal control problems in the sense that it provides approximate solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. Semi-global asymptotic stability can be achieved by manipulating the perturbation terms which are added to the cost function in developing a series solution. Furthermore, this method can be used to provide an approximate closed-form solution to the state dependent Riccati equation. The particular /spl theta/-D methodology adopted in this paper is referred to as /spl theta/-D H/sub /spl infin// design. The /spl theta/-D H/sub /spl infin// design has the same structure as that of linear H/sub /spl infin//, except that the two Riccati equations are state dependent. By using the /spl theta/-D technique, we would eliminate the need for online computations of Riccati equations as in the recently popular state dependent Riccati equation technique. A missile longitudinal autopilot design demonstrates the capabilities of /spl theta/-D method.
Rivers and Streams: Ecosystem Dynamics and Integrating Paradigms

Full understanding of running waters requires an ecosystem perspective, which encompasses the physical and chemical setting in interaction with dependent biological communities. Several conceptual models or paradigms of river and stream ecosystems that capture critical components of lotic ecosystems have been developed, including the ‘river continuum concept’, to describe fluxes of matter and energy within the stream or river channel together with exchanges between the channel and its terrestrial setting. A complete ecosystem perspective includes consideration of hierarchical spatial scales in a temporal context. Flow of energy in lotic ecosystems is driven by two alternative energy sources: sunlight regulating in-stream photosynthesis and plant litter derived from the stream-side riparian corridor or floodplain. Energy transfers within the ecosystem pass through micro- and macroproducers (algae and vascular hydrophytes) and micro- and macroconsumers (microorganisms, invertebrates, and vertebrates). Material fluxes encompass the cycling of key nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and the transport, storage, and metabolism of dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) organic matter (OM). Growth of lotic periphyton (algae and associated microbes, microzoans, and detritus) and coarse (CPOM) and fine (FPOM) particulate organic matter constitute the food resources of nonpredaceous running-water invertebrates (e.g., shredders that consume CPOM and collectors that feed on FPOM and associated microbes of both).
The New Anarchism in Britain and the US: towards a richer understanding of post-war anarchist thought

This article challenges the assumption that the post-war era was relatively insignificant in the development of anarchist thought. In fact, many of the most important figures within the post-war anarchist milieu in Britain and the US were concerned with questions of theory as well as practice, and their thought comprises a distinct and coherent ideological configuration of anarchism. In adapting anarchism to the post-war political context, this ‘New Anarchism’ revised key concepts of classical anarchism like ‘revolution’ and ‘utopia’, while placing stronger emphasis on concepts like ‘education’ and ‘planning’. The New Anarchists were more ‘practical’ than their predecessors, as Ruth Kinna has noted—they looked for liberatory potential within the status quo, they eschewed sectarianism and they embraced piecemeal change. But the New Anarchists shared more than just practicality—they shared an innovative vision of anarchism with potential relevance to the present day. This article provides an account of the ...
Cyclic AMP analogs and retinoic acid influence the expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha, beta, and gamma mRNAs in F9 teratocarcinoma cells.

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (RAR alpha) and RAR gamma steady-state mRNA levels remained relatively constant over time after the addition of RA to F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. In contrast, the steady-state RAR beta mRNA level started to increase within 12 h after the addition of RA and reached a 20-fold-higher level by 48 h. This RA-associated RAR beta mRNA increase was not prevented by protein synthesis inhibitors but was prevented by the addition of cyclic AMP analogs. In the presence of RA, cyclic AMP analogs also greatly reduced the RAR alpha and RAR gamma mRNA levels, even though cyclic AMP analogs alone did not alter these mRNA levels. The addition of either RA or RA plus cyclic AMP analogs did not result in changes in the three RAR mRNA half-lives. These results suggest that agents which elevate the internal cyclic AMP concentration may also affect the cellular response to RA by altering the expression of the RARs.
PMC model fault analysis and artificial intelligence

If a system is composed of n independent processors, and if each processor tests a subset of other processors, it is possible to diagnose t of these processors which are permanently faulty. Using the concept of automated reasoning and making use of 2/sup t-1/ subgraphs, it is shown that it is possible to identify the faulty and nonfaulty sets of processors. For a system designed for fault diagnosis, one has to find the number of subgraphs of the system based on the PMC model and write down the complete set of axioms. These axioms and the set of support will be good enough for the unique determination of the faulty and nonfaulty sets of processors. >
Normal vs. disordered bereavement-related depression: are the differences real or tautological?

Wakefield JC, Schmitz MF. Normal vs. disordered bereavement-related depression: are the differences real or tautological? Objective: To evaluate whether the DSM distinction between uncomplicated (normal) and complicated (disordered) bereavement-related depression (BRD) has discriminant validity on a range of pathology indicators. The DSM's major depression bereavement exclusion (BE) excludes BRDs from diagnosis when they are uncomplicated (defined by brief duration, non-severe impairment, and lack of certain pathosuggestive symptoms) but classifies all other ("complicated") BRDs as major depression. A previous report seemed to support the uncomplicated/complicated distinction's discriminant validity. However, those arguing for eliminating the BE from DSM-5 dismiss the findings as 'tautological,' attributing the validator differences to definitional biases (e.g. 'uncomplicated' requires 'no suicidal ideation,' yet 'lifetime suicide attempt' was a validator). This study empirically tests whether the uncomplicated/complicated differences are real or tautological. Method: Using National Comorbidity Survey data, confounds between definitional criteria for 'uncomplicated' and pathology validators were identified and corrected by deleting the biasing criteria and recalculating the corresponding validator's outcome. Results: Six validators (interference with life, suicide attempt, melancholic depression, duration, hospitalization, and number of symptoms) were reanalyzed using unbiased definitions for 'uncomplicated.' All still yielded significantly lower pathology levels for uncomplicated BRDs, disconfirming the 'tautology' hypothesis. Regression analysis revealed that 'uncomplicated' offered incremental validity over severity alone in predicting pathology, so 'uncomplicated' cannot be equated with 'mild.' Conclusion: Uncomplicated BRDs' lower pathology validator levels are because of real syndromal differences, not definitional tautologies, supporting the BE's validity. Language: en
Second Locus of Bacteriophage P22 Necessary for the Maintenance of Lysogeny

Abstract A temperature-sensitive allele of a locus of phage P22, known to be involved in establishment of lysogeny, has been isolated. This mutant, P22 ts mnt, forms stable lysogens at 30 C which are induced by heating to 43 C. This shows that this locus is involved in the maintenance of lysogeny. The ts mnt locus is about 18 recombination units away from the c region. The wild allele, mnt+, is dominant over mnt and is responsible for a cytoplasmically diffusible product.
Input Delay Compensation for Forward Complete and Strict-Feedforward Nonlinear Systems

We present an approach for compensating input delay of arbitrary length in nonlinear control systems. This approach, which due to the infinite dimensionality of the actuator dynamics and due to the nonlinear character of the plant results in a nonlinear feedback operator, is essentially a nonlinear version of the Smith predictor and its various predictor-based modifications for linear plants. Global stabilization in the presence of arbitrarily long delay is achieved for all nonlinear plants that are globally stabilizable in the absence of delay and that satisfy the property of forward completeness (which is satisfied by most mechanical systems, electromechanical systems, vehicles, and other physical systems). For strict-feedforward systems, one obtains the predictor-based feedback law explicitly. For the linearizable subclass of strict-feedforward systems, closed-loop solutions are also obtained explicitly. The feedback designs are illustrated through two detailed examples.
Nerve and muscle vulnerability to ischemia.

Abstract Nerve and muscle vulnerability to structural damage during ischemia was examined in the hind legs of 50 cats after transient simultaneous clamping of the aorta and femoral artery for 1 to 10 h. Not until 5 h of ischemia were mild necrotic changes noted in nerves. Moderate to severe changes occurred after 8 h of ischemia. Contrariwise, mild muscle necrotic changes developed after 2–3 h, and moderate to severe changes after 5–7 h. The anterior tibialis muscle was usually more severely damaged than the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. These studies demonstrate that: (1) Longer periods of ischemia are required to produce nerve damage than suggested by previous tourniquet compression experiments. (2) Longer periods of ischemia are necessary to produce necrosis in the posterior than anterior and lateral compartment muscles of the leg. (3) Muscle is more vulnerable than nerve to ischemia
Optimality conditions and duality for constrained measurable subset selection problems with minmax objective functions

Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions of optimality and several duality results are established under generalized ρ-convexity assumptions for constrained measurable subset selection problems with discrete minmax fractional objective functions. As byproducts of these results, one also obtains similar optimality and duality criteria for three additional classes of problems with discrete minmax, fractional, and ordinary objective functions, which are special cases of the main problem studied in this paper.
Pt−Cd and Pt−Hg Phases As High Activity Catalysts for Methanol and Formic Acid Oxidation

We report the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical activity of Pt−Cd and Pt−Hg alloy and intermetallic phases for formic acid and methanol oxidation. Along with addressing the long felt need for higher activity catalysts for methanol oxidation, this work also demonstrates a complete step-by-step methodology for identifying potential catalyst phases and optimization of their synthesis as nanoparticles with high activity. Further optimization of the synthesis (giving cleaner/smaller domain size material) holds excellent potential for obtaining very high activity and lower cost catalysts.
Requirement for the Phospho-H2AX Binding Module of Crb2 in Double-Strand Break Targeting and Checkpoint Activation

Activation of DNA damage checkpoints requires the rapid accumulation of numerous factors to sites of genomic lesions, and deciphering the mechanisms of this targeting is central to our understanding of DNA damage response. Histone modification has recently emerged as a critical element for the correct localization of damage response proteins, and one key player in this context is the fission yeast checkpoint mediator Crb2. Accumulation of Crb2 at ionizing irradiation-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires two distinct histone marks, dimethylated H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2) and phosphorylated H2AX (pH2AX). A tandem tudor motif in Crb2 directly binds H4K20me2, and this interaction is required for DSB targeting and checkpoint activation. Similarly, pH2AX is required for Crb2 localization to DSBs and checkpoint control. Crb2 can directly bind pH2AX through a pair of C-terminal BRCT repeats, but the functional significance of this binding has been unclear. Here we demonstrate that loss of its pH2AX-binding activity severely impairs the ability of Crb2 to accumulate at ionizing irradiation-induced DSBs, compromises checkpoint signaling, and disrupts checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest. These impairments are similar to that reported for abolition of pH2AX or mutation of the H4K20me2-binding tudor motif of Crb2. Intriguingly, a combined ablation of its two histone modification binding modules yields a strikingly additive reduction in Crb2 activity. These observations argue that binding of the Crb2 BRCT repeats to pH2AX is critical for checkpoint activity and provide new insight into the mechanisms of chromatin-mediated genome stability.
Macroscopic phase coherence of defective vortex lattices in two dimensions

The superfluid density is calculated theoretically for incompressible vortex lattices in two dimensions that have isolated dislocations quenched in by a random arrangement of pinned vortices. The latter are assumed to be sparse and to be fixed to material defects. It is shown that the pinned vortices act to confine a single dislocation of the vortex lattice along its glide plane. Plastic creep of the two-dimensional vortex lattice is thereby impeded, and macroscopic phase coherence results at low temperature in the limit of a dilute concentration of quenched-in dislocations.
ACCUMULATION OF ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE IN BRAIN SLICES: INTERACTION OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS AND DEPOLARIZING AGENTS

— Membrane depolarizing agents such as veratridine, ouabain and high concentrations of potassium ions elicit a remarkable accumulation of cyclic AMP in brain slices incubated in vitro, and this accumulation, but not that elicited by biogenic amines, is prevented by a membrane stabilizer, cocaine. The effect of various local anaesthetics (compounds which are known to stabilize the membrane of peripheral sensory nerves) on the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by depolarizing agents in incubated slices of guinea pig brain has now been examined. At optimal concentrations the anaesthetics inhibited by more than 95 per cent the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited with veratridine, ouabain, and high concentrations of potassium ions. The order of the inhibitory potency vs. veratridine was: dibucaine (ED50= 9.5 ± 10−6 M) > tetracaine > cocaine (ED50= 1·3 ± 10−4 M) > lidocaine > procaine (ED50= 1.7 ± 10−3M). This order is consistent with the order of their local anaesthetic potency, but is not consonant with the order of the relative toxicity of these agents when used as spinal anaesthetics.
Development of high potency universal DR-restricted helper epitopes by modification of high affinity DR-blocking peptides

Pan DR-binding peptides engineered by introducing anchor residues for different DR motifs within a polyalanine backbone bound 10 of 10 DR molecules tested, with affinities, in most cases, in the nanomolar range. Because of the small methyl group exposed for T cell recognition, these peptides were poor immunogens but effective blockers of DR-restricted antigen presentation. Introduction of bulky and charged residues at positions accessible for T cell recognition yielded extremely powerful Pan DR epitope peptides (PADRE). These peptides elicited powerful responses in vitro from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Because these cells also cross-react on certain mouse class II alleles, we could also demonstrate that PADRE peptides are active in vivo. In one example of their capacity to elicit T help, they were approximately 1000 times more powerful than natural T cell epitopes. We propose that PADRE peptides may be useful in the development of subunit vaccines.
Timing of Seasoned Equity Offerings: A Duration Analysis

Using a sample of 6,198 US firms that went public from 1975-2004, this paper documents that firms often return for a new round of equity issuance shortly after the preceding one. First SEOs following the IPO are more likely to be conducted at a faster speed than subsequent (follow-on) SEOs. Duration analysis shows that recent stock returns and future growth opportunities are important determinants of the timing of SEOs. First SEOs differ from follow-on SEOs in two aspects: (1) Growth opportunities correlated with the overall economic growth are more important for follow-on SEOs than for first SEOs. (2) First SEOs are more driven by the incentive to time the stock market, whereas follow-on SEOs are more driven by growth needs.
Counter-example to ‘Perturbation bounds for root-clustering of linear continuous-time systems’

Abstract The purpose of the comment is to point out a fundamental error in the above mentioned paper and demonstrate the error by a counter-example. The correct solution to the problem is a non-trivial exercise and is the subject of a paper by the present author.
Mutational Analysis of the Myxococcus xanthus Ω4400 Promoter Region Provides Insight into Developmental Gene Regulation by C Signaling

Myxococcus xanthus utilizes extracellular signals during development to coordinate cell movement, differentiation, and changes in gene expression. One of these signals, the C signal, regulates the expression of many genes, including Omega4400, a gene identified by an insertion of Tn5 lac into the chromosome. Expression of Tn5 lac Omega4400 is reduced in csgA mutant cells, which fail to perform C signaling, and the promoter region has several sequences similar to sequences found in the regulatory regions of other C-signal-dependent genes. One such gene, Omega4403, depends absolutely on the C signal for expression, and its promoter region has been characterized previously by mutational analysis. To determine if the similar sequences within the Omega4400 and Omega4403 regulatory regions function in the same way, deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the Omega4400 promoter region were performed. A 7-bp sequence centered at -49 bp, termed a C box, is identical in the Omega4400 and Omega4403 promoter regions, yet mutations in the individual base pairs affected expression from the two promoters very differently. Also, a single-base-pair change within a similar 5-bp element, which is centered at -61 bp in both promoter regions, had very different effects on the activities of the two promoters. Further mutational analysis showed that two regions are important for Omega4400 expression; one region, from -63 to -31 bp, is required for Omega4400 expression, and the other, from -86 to -81 bp, exerts a two- to fourfold effect on expression and is at least partially responsible for the C signal dependence of the Omega4400 promoter. Mutations in sigD and sigE, which are genes that encode sigma factors, abolished and reduced Omega4400 expression, respectively. Expression of Omega4400 in actB or actC mutants correlated well with the altered levels of C signal produced in these mutants. Our results provide the first detailed analysis of an M. xanthus regulatory region that depends partially on C signaling for expression and indicate that similar DNA sequences in the Omega4400 and Omega4403 promoter regions function differently.
Structure and dose rate effects on optical radiation hardness in scintillator polymers

Abstract The effects of varying ionizing gamma irradiation doses and dose rates on the radiation hardness of two optical polymers were examined. Polystyrene (PS) showed increased transmission loss with increased doses up to 7 Mrads at a constant dose rate. Poly (isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) showed increasing transmission loss up to 4 Mrads, beyond which dose it showed very little change. For a constant dose of 10 Mrads at different rates, PS experienced increased transmission loss with decreased rates over the range of 43 Mrads/day to 0.9 Mrads/day, while PiBMA showed decreased damage over the range of 0.94 Mrads/day to .06 Mrads/day.
Methylene blue as an indicator for the oral administration of food to the surgical patient

Abstract We present a rationale for early feeding and the discrepancies of many of the arguments advanced against it. A method for ascertaining the physiological reestablishment of the absorption of the intestinal tract and the function of the kidneys is presented. The use of methylene blue, an innocuous dye, as the indicator and the admonition against free feeding without adequate study of the patient are also presented.
Possible reasons for underestimating Joule heating in global models: E field variability, spatial resolution, and vertical velocity

[1] It is important to understand Joule heating because it can significantly change the temperature structure, atmosphere composition, and electron density and hence influences satellite drag. It is thought that many coupled ionosphere-thermosphere models underestimate Joule heating because the spatial and temporal variability of the ionospheric electric field is not totally captured within global models. Using the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM), we explore the effect of the electric field temporal variability, model resolution, and vertical velocity differences between ion and neutral flows on Joule heating in a self-consistent thermosphere/ionosphere system. First, the response of Joule heating to a step change in the externally driven electric field has been studied. While Joule heating is strongly affected by the convection electric field, both neutral winds and electron densities can significantly alter the spatial distribution of the Joule heating. Owing to the ramping up of neutral winds, there is a temporal variation of the Joule heating energy deposition rate when the electric field is constant. Second, we compare the calculated neutral gas heating rates when GITM is run with three different temporal variations of the electric fields, having the same temporally averaged electric field () but different standard deviations (σE). The neutral gas heating rate increases with the electric field temporal variability, and due to the feedback of the neutral winds and electron densities, the percentage increase is different from σE2/2, which is normally used to describe the effect of electric field temporal variability on the Joule heating. Third, comparison of the neutral gas heating rate with different model resolutions shows that at 200 km altitude, the polar average neutral gas heating rate increases by 20% when the latitudinal resolution increases from 5° to 1.25°. This is due to the model's ability to better capture small-scale features in the electric field and particle precipitation. Last, inclusion of the vertical velocity difference (which is neglected in many models) is less significant than the other two factors and appears to be negligible at high latitudes. While the magnitude of the neutral gas heating rate at middle and low latitudes is smaller than that at high latitudes, the relative importance of the vertical velocity difference is larger, and the contribution can reach 15% of the averaged Joule heating at middle and low latitudes.