cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The retinal projection to the cat pretectum

Retinal ganglion cells were labeled retrogradely by localized injections of HRP into different regions of the pretectum, tectum, and optic tract in 26 cats. Retinal projection zones in the pretectum were labeled anterogradely in the same cats by intravitreal injections of 3H-proline. This allowed the HRP injection sites to be located with respect to the retinal termination zones. The form of the projection zones from retina to pretectum was determined from serial reconstructions of either coronal or horizontal sections. The zones are best distinguished in horizontal sections, where they are seen as four roughly parallel strips on either side of the brain. They are more-or-less parallel to the anterior border of the tectum, and appear to traverse the entire width of the retinal projection to the tectum. Each zone is similar in form for the ipsilateral and contralateral projections, although the contralateral projection is thicker and denser. Binocular injections of 3H-proline showed that the projections from the two eyes were in register and did not interdigitate. Cells labeled by HRP injections in the anteromedial end of the pretectum were concentrated in the lower nasal quadrant of the contralateral retina, and the lower temporal quadrant of the ipsilateral retina. Posterolateral injections labeled cells in the upper quadrants. There is thus a rough retinotopic mapping along the elongated axis of the pretectum. When the distributions of ganglion cells labeled by HRP injections to different parts of the pretectum are combined, they show a concentration in both the visual streak and area centralis, and thereby reflect, at least qualitatively, the relative spatial distribution of the entire ganglion-cell population. About 85% of the retinal projection to the pretectum is contralateral. For all of the HRP injections, the spatial density of labeled cells was always low, accounting for no more than 3% of the total spatial density of ganglion cells in any retinal region. Several types of ganglion cells were labeled following injections to most regions of the pretectum; these included alpha, beta, and epsilon cells, as well as small-bodied cells showing a variety of morphologic forms. Alpha cells were labeled mainly from the anterolateral end of the pretectum, but other cell types were labeled from all injected regions. In the peripheral retina, 2% of the labeled cells were alpha cells, 32% were beta cells, 19% were epsilon cells, and the remaining 47% were small cells whose dendrites only occasionally filled to any significant extent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mechanism of Transdermal Controlled Nitroglycerin Administration (II) Assessment of Rate-Controlling Steps

AbstractThe mechanisms and the rates of skin permeation of nitroglycerin delivered by four transdermal therapeutic systems were investigated using hairless mouse skin mounted on a newly-developed and well-calibrated Keshary-Chien skin permeation system. Experiments were carried out to identify and characterize the rate-controlling roles of stratum corneum, controlled-release drug delivery system and dermal solution sink in the transdermal controlled administration of nitroglycerin.
Genetic method for the preferential elimination of females of anopheles albimanus

Recent field experiments demonstrated the possibility of using the sterile male method for the control of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, the most important vector of human malaria in Central America. Until now there was no practical method for excluding females from the releases of sterile males. A genetic method was developed for the preferential elimination of females during any of the four life stages. This genetic sexing system utilizes propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl methyl-carbamate) susceptibility as a recessive conditional lethal a T(Y:2R) translocation, and an In(2R)inversion. The propoxur resistance allele (dominant) was linked to the Y chromosome via a radiation-induced translocation, and genetic recombination was suppressed by inversions. In one of the strains produced, 99.7 percent of the females are eliminated when treated with propoxur, without male loss.
Assessing the contribution of roots to the strength of undisturbed, slip prone soils

Summary Field observations indicate that slippage of entire portions of the soil mantle on hillsides increases when natural vegetation is altered. It has often been hypothesized that reductions in soil reinforcement by roots result from disturbance of vegetation thereby causing the volume of soil slippage on mountains to increase. Direct methods for assessing the effects of roots on the resistance of soil to slipping require comparison of strengths of root-permeated to otherwise identical root-free soils. Various tests under controlled conditions show that the maximum soil reinforcement by root systems of many plant species can be considerable. Nonetheless, direct assessments of the influence of roots on soil strength throughout unstable natural hillsides have been elusive owing to the difficulty of obtaining suitably comparable root-permeated and root-free samples in heterogeneous soils. We describe a method for assessing the magnitude of the contribution of roots to the strength of soil by direct shear tests on otherwise identical root-permeated and root-free “undisturbed” soil samples of disparate volumes. The effect of sample size on strength estimations of undisturbed soil is discussed.
Lack of correlation between plasmid-associated phenotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and pathogenicity in the mouse

Various phenotypic characteristics have been correlated with the pathogenicity of plasmid-bearing virulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Two transposon Tn801-insertion derivatives (JD193 and JD217) of the virulence plasmid from serotype 0:3 were used to determine the correlation between pathogenicity and plasmid-associated properties of this organism. Both Tn801-inserted derivatives expressed five plasmid-associated phenotypic characteristics at 37C: (1) colony morphology, (2) calcium-dependent growth or low-calcium response, (3) crystal violet binding, (4) autoagglutination, and (5) hydrophobicity. However, for mouse pathogenicity only JD193 was positive whereas, JD217 was avirulent for mice. Thus, it is possible to have a lack of correlation between plasmid-mediated traits and the actual pathogenicity of the organism in the mouse; however, these plasmid-mediated phenotypic characteristics provide simple and efficient techniques to evaluate the virulence potential of wild-type strains isolated from food poisoning outbreaks and clinical cases.
Composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum in situ by electron probe X-ray microanalysis

EXCITATION–contraction (E–C) coupling in striated muscle1,2 involves depolarisation of the surface membrane that propagates through invaginations of the surface membrane, the transverse tubular (T) system, to the interior of the fibre. Stored Ca is then released from the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and activates the contractile proteins. The mechanism of release of Ca from the SR is not definitely known, although it is thought to be triggered by the T-tubule action potential either through electrical coupling, possibly involving voltage dependent charge movement3–5 across the T-SR foot processes6–7 and depolarisation of the SR2,8,9 and/or a chemical coupling involving a Ca induced Ca release9–12. Depolarisation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skinned muscle fibres by Cl induces Ca release2. The evaluation of the various models of E–C coupling requires some knowledge of whether the ionic distribution across the SR membrane can give rise to a potential and, specifically, whether the content of the SR resembles that of the extracellular or of the intracellular fluid. So, to measure the ionic composition of individual elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in situ, we used electron probe X-ray microanalysis of frozen–dried thin section of a fast striated muscle. The data we report here show that neither Cl nor Na are compartmentalised in the SR, and that their concentrations in the SR (on a dry weight basis) do not differ from those in the surrounding cytoplasm. Ca was found to be sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum confirming other studies (refs 13, 14 and see refs 1, 2 for reviews). These findings (albeit on a dry weight basis) do not support the existence of a Cl or Na potential across the SR membrane in resting muscle.
Modules Which are Isomorphic to Their Factor Modules

Let R be commutative ring with identity and let M be an infinite unitary R-module. Call M homomorphically congruent (HC for short) provided M/N ≅ M for every submodule N of M for which |M/N| = |M|. In this article, we study HC modules over commutative rings. After a fairly comprehensive review of the literature, several natural examples are presented to motivate our study. We then prove some general results on HC modules, including HC module-theoretic characterizations of discrete valuation rings, almost Dedekind domains, and fields. We also provide a characterization of the HC modules over a Dedekind domain, extending Scott's classification over ℤ in [22]. Finally, we close with some open questions.
The importance of Ca2+ for glucose-induced priming in pancreatic islets.

Abstract Experiments have been performed to determine the importance of Ca 2+ in the induction of priming by high, stimulatory concentrations of glucose in pancreatic islets. It is shown, in paired islets, that as little as 15 min exposure to 16.7 mM glucose in the presence of Ca 2+ induced priming and an enhanced response to a subsequent glucose challenge. In contrast, exposure to 16.7 mM glucose for 15–60 min in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ failed to induce priming. From this and other data, it appears that Ca 2+ is essential for the induction of priming and that Ca 2+ synergizes with some aspect of glucose metabolism beyond the triose stage in stimulus-secretion coupling, to produce the primed state.
The syringe gap: an assessment of sterile syringe need and acquisition among syringe exchange program participants in New York City.

Programmatic data from New York City syringe exchange programs suggest that many clients visit the programs infrequently and take few syringes per transaction, while separate survey data from individuals using these programs indicate that frequent injecting – at least daily – is common. Together, these data suggest a possible "syringe gap" between the number of injections performed by users and the number of syringes they are receiving from programs for those injections. We surveyed a convenience sample of 478 injecting drug users in New York City at syringe exchange programs to determine whether program syringe coverage was adequate to support safer injecting practices in this group. Respondents reported injecting a median of 60 times per month, visiting the syringe exchange program a median of 4 times per month, and obtaining a median of 10 syringes per transaction; more than one in four reported reusing syringes. Fifty-four percent of participants reported receiving fewer syringes than their number of injections per month. Receiving an inadequate number of syringes was more frequently reported by younger and homeless injectors, and by those who reported public injecting in the past month. To improve syringe coverage and reduce syringe sharing, programs should target younger and homeless drug users, adopt non-restrictive syringe uptake policies, and establish better relationships with law enforcement and homeless services. The potential for safe injecting facilities should be explored, to address the prevalence of public injecting and resolve the 'syringe gap' for injecting drug users.
Shedding light on restoring respiratory function after spinal cord injury

Loss of respiratory function is one of the leading causes of death following spinal cord injury. Because of this, much work has been done in studying ways to restore respiratory function following SCI - including pharmacological and regeneration strategies. With the emergence of new and powerful tools from molecular neuroscience, new therapeutically relevant alternatives to these approaches have become available, including expression of light sensitive proteins called channelrhodopsins. In this article we briefly review the history of various attempts to restore breathing after C2 hemisection, and focus on our recent work using the activation of light sensitive channels to restore respiratory function after experimental spinal cord injury. We also discuss how such light induced activity can help shed light on the inner workings of the central nervous system respiratory circuitry that controls diaphragmatic function.
Synthesis and biological activity of a series of aspartate transcarbamoylase inhibitors: N-substituted diethyl aspartates and N-substituted-3-oxo-1,4-piperazine-2-acetic acid esters.

Series of N-substituted diethyl aspartates and N-substituted-3-oxo-1, 4-piperazine-2-acetic acid esters were synthesized as potential inhibitors of aspartate transcarbamoylase. The aspartates were obtained by addition of substituted alkyl amines to diethyl maleate, or conversion of the hydroxy ethyl amino adduct to other functions. The 3-oxo-1, 4-piperazine-2-acetic acid esters were prepared by addition of ethylene diamine to diethyl maleate, followed by cyclization. Addition of 1, 2-diamino-2-methylpropane gave the corresponding 5, 5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1, 4-piperazine-2-acetic acid ester. N-Acyl derivatives in each series were obtained using the bromoacyl chlorides. A majority of the compounds in each series showed antimicrobial activity against five representative microorganisms, as well as significant activity against aspartate transcarbamoylase. Four of the compounds were found to have significant specificity against several tumor cell lines. A distance of two carbons between N and a reactive function was found to give the best activity for either antimicrobial, antienzyme, or tumor cell specificity activities, in either the open chain aspartates or cyclic piperazines. Little difference in anti-enzyme activity was found between the aspartates and piperazines, but introduction of the planar phenyl substituents lowered inhibitory activity.
A model for detection in temporally unstructured experiments with a poisson distribution of signal presentations

Abstract Suppose that a subject responds, after a random delay, to some random fraction b of internal detection states and that during the response period he ignores any new detection states. These states are assumed to occur both with probability q whenever a signal is presented and spontaneously according to a Poisson process with intensity ν. Expressions are developed for two inter-response densities and one signal-response density when the signal presentations are Poisson distributed, and equations are derived to estimate bq and bν and to test the model. Two methods whereby b might be estimated independently of v and q are discussed.
The transient diffusion of hydrogen in finite metal films and spheres containing trapping sites

Finite difference methods have been used to calculate the transient and steady-state diffusion behavior of H-atoms permeating films of finite thickness and outgassing from uniformly charged spheres. The relationships between the lattice diffusivity obtained from defect-free materials and the diffusivities obtained from samples containing vacancy-related trapping sites and metastable (dislocation-related) traps have been calculated.
Comparison of elastomeric impression materials used in fixed prosthodontics

Five elastomeric impression materials were evaluated: two polysulfides (one lead-cure and one non-lead cure), two silicones (one condensation polymerization and one addition polymerization), and one polyether. These materials were subjected to simulated clinical conditions. Two techniques were evaluated. All materials were evaluated initially with use of a custom tray and manufacturers' adhesive. A second evaluation was performed without using the tray system. Both techniques were subjected to statistical comparison. Conclusions of the research were as follows: 1. All impression materials that were poured immediately and evaluated using a custom tray and adhesive consistently demonstrated superior results in comparison to those tested without the custom tray. 2. Polyether material consistently yielded superior results with or without a custom tray when compared to the other impression materials. The additional polymerization silicone ranked second, followed by the lead-cure polysulfide and the condensation polymerization silicone, respectively.
High Pressure Synthesis of Metastable Materials

This paper presents a review of the high pressure synthesis of metastable materials. Many solids synthesized at high pressure can be quenched to ambient conditions, where they may be thermodynamically metastable, yet remain indefinitely kinetically stable. Such routes to metastable solids have attracted much attention, because many of the most technologically important and useful materials are metastable. For geophysics, knowledge of the high pressure-high temperature chemistry of the materials that exist in the interior of the Earth and other planets is crucial to understanding their formation, structure, composition, and evolution. New synthetic opportunities have arisen in this area because of rapid advances in high pressure technology. Using preliminary results from our laboratory, the synthesis of materials at high pressures with modern diamond anvil cells and large volume techniques will be illustrated.
The 2000 Presidential Election and the stock market

The impact of the delay in the declaration of a winner in the U.S. Presidential Election of 2000 on the performance of stock markets is examined in this study. We present evidence indicating that the stock market performance was different from a pre-event comparison period. Conventional t-tests and a dummy variable regression that controls for interest rate movements are used to present evidence indicating that there was a significant initial negative reaction to the delay in the election results.
Sleep and Epilepsy

Sleep and epilepsy are common bedfellows. Sleep can affect frequency and occurrence of interictal spikes and occurrence, timing, and threshold of seizure. Epilepsy can worsen sleep architecture and severity of sleep disorders. Thus, a vicious cycle is set. Certain epilepsy syndromes are so intertwined with sleep that they are considered sleep-related epilepsies. Poor sleep in epilepsy is multifactorial and is worsened by poorly controlled seizures. On the contrary, poor sleep is associated with worsened quality of life, psychological function, and memory. Improving sleep has been noted to improve seizure frequency and an overall well-being in patients with epilepsy. Hence, an emphasis should be given to address sleep in patients with epilepsy. These interactions are discussed in detail in this review.
Mechanisms Controling CD40(receptor)-Mediated Neuroimmune Pathways: The Role of Cytokines, Bacterial and Viral Antigens, and Its Cognate Ligand

Mechanisms Controling CD40(receptor)-Mediated Neuroimmune Pathways: The Role of Cytokines, Bacterial and Viral Antigens, and Its Cognate Ligand
Slow positron annihilation spectroscopy of heterojunctions and homojunctions of GaAs-based semiconductor thin films

Abstract Slow positron annihilation spectroscopy of an AlGaAs/GaAs thin film heterostructure has been performed as a function of applied external bias. The defect density profile with zero bias indicates the presence of surface trap states and a high concentration of defects at the AlGaAs/GaAs interfaces. The defects are thought to be dislocations created by the lattice mismatch at the interface. Application of an external bias changes the observed Doppler parameter as a result of an apparent electical activity of a variety of trapping mechanisms within the film.
Neuropsychiatry at the millenium: the potential for mind/brain integration through emerging interdisciplinary research strategies

Abstract The convergent interdisciplinary perspective of contemporary neuropsychiatry is evident in the wide range of research methodologies and approaches described at this symposium. Our goal in this paper is to illustrate the promise of this perspective by delineating an historic, philosophic and scientific context within which such research can be understood. By incorporating levels of analysis and methodologies which bridge the mind/brain interface, neuropsychiatry has begun to identify the neural correlates of normal and abnormal mental states, and to investigate their responses to internal and external events, both biologic and experiential. As we begin the new millenium, this approach holds the potential to provide powerful, integrated models of mind/brain disorders and their treatment.
Cross-diffusion in a water-in-oil microemulsion loaded with malonic acid or ferroin. Taylor dispersion method for four-component systems.

We describe an improved Taylor dispersion method for four-component systems, which we apply to measure the main- and cross-diffusion coefficients in an Aerosol OT water-in-oil microemulsion loaded with one of the reactants of the Belousov−Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, water(1)/AOT(2)/R(3)/octane(4) system, where R is malonic acid or ferroin. With [H2O]/[AOT] = 11.8 and volume droplet fraction φd = 0.18, when the microemulsion is below the percolation transition, the cross-diffusion coefficients D13 and D23 are large and positive (D13/D33 ≅ 14, D23/D33 ≅ 3) for malonic acid and large and negative for ferroin (D13/D33 ≅ −112, D23/D33 ≅ −30) while coefficients D31 and D32 are small and negative for malonic acid (D31/D33 ≅ −0.01, D32/D33 ≅ −0.14) and small and positive for ferroin (D31/D33 ≅ 5 × 10−4, D32/D33 ≅ 8 × 10−3). These data represent the first direct determination of cross-diffusion effects in a pattern-forming system and of the full matrix of diffusion coefficients for a four-component system. The resu...
Engaging work as a calling: examining the link between spirituality and job involvement

This research examines the link between workplace spirituality and job involvement. The literature on job involvements suggests that meaningful work has the potential to increase both employee satisfaction and organizational outcomes. Workplace spirituality has the potential to increase job involvement of employees across different organizational types and professions by engaging individuals in meaningful ways. The integration of job involvement into research on spirituality also has the potential to provide clear empirical evidence to support the value of workplace spirituality for organizations. We also discuss concerns for individuals and organizations that integrate spirituality and directions for future research.
Noise in semiconductor lasers and its impact on optical communication systems

Spontaneous emission is a major source of noise in semiconductor lasers. The noise phenomena such as relative intensity noise mode-partition noise and laser linewidth are discussed by using the Langevin rate equations. Particular attention is paid to the impact of intensity arid phase noise on the performance of optical communication systems.
Correlation between the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery five-minute hearing test and standard audiologic data.

The American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery recently developed a questionnaire called the “Five-Minute Hearing Test” and distributed it to many primary care physicians. Our literat...
Simple Method of Preparing Potent Blood Grouping Sera.

ConclusionsThe intramuscular injection of small amounts of autoclaved saliva (0.2 cc) from secretors of groups A and B often stimulates a considerable increase in the isoagglutinin titer. This method simplifies the largescale production of potent blood grouping sera.
Determination of molecular orientations on surfaces from the angular dependence of near-edge x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectra.

A model is presented which allows the determination of molecular orientations on surfaces from analysis of the angle-dependent resonance intensities in K-shell near-edge x-ray-absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectra. In particular, we discuss the origin and angular dependence of so-called \ensuremath{\sigma} and \ensuremath{\pi} resonances which, in a molecular-orbital picture, correspond to transitions from 1s initial to empty ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ molecular-orbital final states. All molecules are classified into two general groups, depending on whether the final-state molecular orbital points into a specific direction (``vector'' case) or whether energetically degenerate orbitals span a plane (``plane'' case). General equations are derived for these cases which describe the dependence of the resonance intensities on the \ensuremath{\pi} and \ensuremath{\sigma} symmetry of the final state, the substrate symmetry, the molecular orientation on the surface, and the incidence angle of the elliptically polarized synchrotron radiation with respect to the surface. Model calculations are presented to elucidate the sensitivity of the resonance intensities to the molecular orientation on the surface and the degree of linear x-ray polarization. The capability of NEXAFS to accurately determine molecular orientations on surfaces is illustrated by two examples. Molecular ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ on Ag(110) is shown to lie down on the surface with the O-O axis along the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] azimuth, and the plane of the aromatic ring in benzenethiol (${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$SH) on Mo(110) is tilted by 23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the surface normal.
Use of Recommended and Provided Testing Accommodations I

Testing accommodations used in students' IEPs or recommended by classroom teachers were investigated. Three domains of testing accommodations were examined; (a) accommodations recommended through the IEP process, (b) accommodations recommended by the teacher, and (c) accommodations provided in the testing sessions, to explore factors that potentially influence the implementation of recommended testing accommodations. The Assessment Accommodations Checklist (AAC) was used as a means of translating the IEP process from diverse school districts into a common framework. A three-category system developed by CTB/McGraw-Hill was used to characterize potential threats to validity posed by each of the recommended and provided accommodations. Accommodations that were frequently recommended and used (i.e., provide extra testing time, read directions to students, provide distraction free space, etc.) are discussed with regard to the CTB/McGraw-Hill categories, and aspects of future research are outlined.
Welfare-theoretical analyses of the brain drain

Abstract The paper reviews and synthesises the theoretical analyses of the brain drain in the earlier literature and in the present symposium in the Journal on the subject. Static analysis and dynamic analysis are distinguished, critical issues are raised relating to how welfare changes should be discussed in the context of migration, and possibilities of fruitful future research are outlined.
Development Of The Drexler Optical-Card Reader/Writer System

An optical-card reader/writer optical and electronic breadboard system, developed by SRI International under contract to Drexler Technology, is described. The optical card, which is the same size as a credit card, can contain more than 2 megabytes of digital user data, which may also include preformatted tracking information and preformatted data. The data layout on the card is similar to that on a floppy disk, with each track containing a header and clocking information. The design of this optical reader/writer system for optical cards is explained. Design of the optical card system entails a number of unique issues: To accommodate both laser-recorded and mass-duplicated information, the system must be compatible with preencoded information, which implies a larger-than-normal spot size (5 gm) and a detection system that can read both types of optical patterns. Cost-reduction considerations led to selection of a birefringent protection layer, which dictated a nonstandard optical system. The non-polarization-sensitive optics use an off-axis approach to detection. An LED illumination system makes it possible to read multiple tracks.
Providing nutrition education to recently resettled refugees: piloting a collaborative model and evaluation methods.

Resettled refugees experience high levels of food insecurity because of low English proficiency, limited job skills, and lack of understanding of the United States food system. This study evaluated integrating Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) into English as Second Language (ESL) classes taught at a worksite- training program for recently resettled refugees and the feasibility of using food purchase receipts. A convenience sample of resettled refugees participated in SNAP-Ed one hour for 12 weeks during ESL classes. Food purchase receipts were collected for purchases one week prior to, first three weeks, last three weeks, and one week after classes. Participants were from 17 countries and 50 % completed 12 lessons. Fifty-nine participants turned in receipts and 93 % used SNAP funds. By integrating SNAP-Ed into ESL classes at a worksite-training center a hard-to-reach eligible population was reached. Further validation is needed to use food purchase receipts.
Association between Blood Spots in Eggs and Ambient Temperature

Abstract While studying the effect of ambient temperatures on egg production of chickens, we observed a difference due to thermal environment, in the number of hens laying eggs containing blood spots. Day-old Leghorns for the experiment were purchased from a California poultry breeder. The birds were kept continuously at 21°±1° or 32°±l°C. throughout the experiment. At 14 weeks the hens were put into individual wire cages. Each treatment was replicated in a 2×2 factorial, the other treatments being 8 and 14-hour photoperiods. One group of hens was kept in cages inside a house and subjected to a 14-hour photoperiod, with no control over temperature. However, the temperatures were recorded. Starting when the hens were 52 weeks of age a sample of eggs was broken out for a 2-week period. A second breakout was made 6 weeks later. The table used for examining eggs was equipped with a mirror so that the…
Psychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury

TBI is a complex heterogenous disease that can produce a variety of psychiatric disturbances, ranging from subtle deficits in cognition, mood, and behavior to severe disturbances that cause impairment in social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning. With improvement and sophistication in acute trauma care, a number of individuals are able to survive the trauma but are left with several psychiatric sequelae. It is important for psychiatrists to be aware of this entity because an increasing number of psychiatrists will be involved in the care of these patients. Treatment should be interdisciplinary and multifaceted, with the psychiatrist working in collaboration with the patient, caregiver, family, other physicians, and therapists. The goal of treatment should be to stabilize symptoms; maximize potential; minimize disability; and increase productivity socially, occupationally, and interpersonally.
The mathematical art exhibition at BRIDGES: mathematical connections in art, music and science, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands, July 2008

The 2008 BRIDGES Conference was held in the Dutch city of Leeuwarden, better known to the mathematical world as the birthplace of M.C. Escher (1898–1972). The conference venue hosted an ambitious a...
SPECT image quality assessment and system parameter optimization for detection tasks

The assessment of image quality and the optimization of imaging-system parameters for detection tasks is discussed for simulated multiple-pinhole, multiple-camera, small-animal SPECT imaging systems.
Policy Recommendations for the Use of Victim-Offender Mediation to Redress Criminal Actions

Understanding how to respond effectively and efficiently to crime victims and their offenders, and identifying what policies assist victims in having their victimization redressed is a major social concern. Social workers have contact with these vulnerable populations in many different ways, yet the social work profession, in general, is unfamiliar with how to redress victims through restorative justice. Restorative justice is an innovative method of viewing crime, and a paradigm shift is required when considering the application and implication of various forms of restorative justice. It is imperative to keep various justice options available, as the effects of crime are detrimental. Though reported rates of juvenile and adult crime have decreases during the last decade, the costs associated with crime to society remain high. Many victims do not report crimes, and if professionals such as medical personnel fail to identify crimes, then these costs may be even higher than currently reported. Regardless, however, of the costs associated with crime, victims deserve having justice evaluated, at least in part, in terms of what they need and want. Likewise, it is imperative to evaluate the effects of victim- offender mediation (VOM), a form of restorative justice, on offenders as they too deserve potential rehabilitation and the chance to redress the harm they caused their victim(s). This paper discusses crime effects, provides an overview of VOM, and concludes with policy recommendations concerning the use of victim-offender mediation. Language: en
Venous Hemangioma Presenting as a Superior Sulcus Tumor

Non-small cell pulmonary carcinomas represent the majority of tumors located in the superior sulcus. However, only 5% of all non-small cell pulmonary carcinomas present in the superior sulcus. Other causes of superior sulcus tumors include metastatic tumors, hematologic malignancies, infectious causes, and amyloid nodules, as well as other lesions. We report a case in which a venous hemangioma presented as a superior sulcus tumor.
Trauma on the Web! Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Resources on the World Wide Web

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological condition that became widely discussed after soldiers returned home from the Vietnam War complaining of intrusive thoughts or images, avoidant behaviors, and arousal disturbances, the hallmark characteristics of PTSD. Some might say that PTSD is a failure of time to heal all wounds. In this article, Beall presents a select listing of Internet resources useful for those seeking information on PTSD. Most are geared toward a professional audience; a few are directed toward people with PTSD.
Performance Trade-offs of an Interferometric Micro-g Resolution Accelerometer

A high resolution bulk micromachined accelerometer based on transmission-type intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer has been experimentally evaluated via direct inertial characterization for the first time. The device characterization includes frequency and time domain evaluation. The sensor characteristics of bandwidth, range, sensitivity, and resolution are obtained and the trade-offs between these performance characteristics are examined. The sensor performance, which approaches its theoretical limit with a maximum resolution of 2.9 mug is obtained, demonstrating inertial navigation grade performance.
Dynamic GIS Case Studies: Wildfire Evacuation and Volunteered Geographic Information

Incorporating the temporal element into traditional GIS is a challenge that has been researched for many years and has many proposed solutions. The implemented system “Extended Dynamic GIS” or EDGIS is based on the “geo-atom” and Space Time Point (STP). EDGIS provides a platform for spatiotemporal data representation, storage, and query in order to address the need for a dynamic GIS to manage complex geographic data types. The system has the capability of executing spatiotemporal object interaction queries (OIQs) such as crossing and coincidence of field-objects and object-fields. In this article existing dynamic GIS analysis techniques are further improved and enhanced through exploration of more in-depth case studies. Further examined here are applications to wildfire evacuation modeling and travel scenarios of urban environments with individuals providing volunteered geographic information (VGI). The EDGIS platform provides a means for interacting with a range of dynamic geographic phenomena. The areas of transportation, location based services (LBS), hazards, and geo-sensor networks provide challenges intertwined with the above applications as well as additional challenges pertinent to the ongoing GIScience research topic of spatiotemporal GIS. Using EDGIS to explore the described case studies of wildfire evacuation as well as VGI provides the advancements described above and demonstrates implemented uses for dynamic GIS.
Pain outcomes in children who received intrathecal vs intravenous opioids for pain control following major urologic surgery: a retrospective review

SummaryBackground Intrathecal (IT) opioid administration has been associated with postoperative benefits including reduced pain and opioid use in children. However, the postoperative benefits and risks of IT opioid administration during major urologic surgery in children remain unclear. Aim The aim of this study was to compare postoperative pain and adverse event outcomes among children who received IT vs intravenous (IV) opioids during major urologic surgery. Methods We reviewed the medical records of children 3–17 years of age who underwent ureteroneocystostomy or pyeloplasty between 2006 and 2012. Electronically captured anesthetic and surgical data, postanesthesia care recovery unit (PACU) and nursing flowsheets, and daily progress notes through hospital discharge were reviewed. Analgesic techniques (i.e., IT or IV patient/nurse controlled opioids), all analgesic drugs and doses were recorded. Outcome measures included pain scores, need for rescue analgesics, opioid-related adverse events, and their treatments. Results Seventy-seven children received IT opioids and 51 received IV opioids. More children in the IV group required rescue analgesics and had higher pain scores at PACU discharge. Children in the IV group required rescue opioids more frequently than the IT group from 0 to 8 h and 8 to 16 h after PACU discharge, but rates were similar by 16–24 h 70% of children in IT group transitioned directly to oral opioids. Seven IT placements were considered as failed due to early need for rescue opioids. Four (8%) of the IV group and seven (9%) of the IT group experienced oxygen desaturation. Two of these, both in IT group required naloxone and one was admitted to ICU for observation. The IT group experienced a higher incidence of pruritus, constipation and hypotension. Conclusion We observed better postoperative pain control in children who received IT vs IV opioids for the first 16 h with no discernible difference thereafter. The intrathecal group experienced higher incidences of pruritus, constipation, and hypotension.
Records of trace metals in sediments from the Oregon shelf and slope: Investigating the occurrence of hypoxia over the past several thousand years

article i nfo Hypoxic (b62 μmol/kg or 1.43 mL/L O2) to anoxic conditions have been repeatedly observed over the last 10 years on the Oregon shelf, while similar conditions are absent in historical records from 1950 to 1999. This study seeks to identify whether similar instances of decadal length hypoxia/anoxia have occurred in the Oregon coastal zone prior to recorded history and to shed light on potential causes for these events. We have measured redox-sensitive metals,uranium,vanadium,andmolybdenumconcentrationprofilesin7coresacrossthecoastal affected region and in 3 cores from deeper water sites. Results indicate regional variability in redox conditions through time. The northern sites show no metal enrichment throughout the cores, while the southern sites show strong metal enrichment at the base of the cores, indicative of previous hypoxic/anoxic conditions. The southernsitesindicateprogressionintimetowardlesshypoxic/anoxicburial,inconflictwithrecenthydrograph-
Learning Hybrid Image Templates (HIT) by Information Projection

This paper presents a novel framework for learning a generative image representation-the hybrid image template (HIT) from a small number (i.e., 3 \sim 20) of image examples. Each learned template is composed of, typically, 50 \sim 500 image patches whose geometric attributes (location, scale, orientation) may adapt in a local neighborhood for deformation, and whose appearances are characterized, respectively, by four types of descriptors: local sketch (edge or bar), texture gradients with orientations, flatness regions, and colors. These heterogeneous patches are automatically ranked and selected from a large pool according to their information gains using an information projection framework. Intuitively, a patch has a higher information gain if 1) its feature statistics are consistent within the training examples and are distinctive from the statistics of negative examples (i.e., generic images or examples from other categories); and 2) its feature statistics have less intraclass variations. The learning process pursues the most informative (for either generative or discriminative purpose) patches one at a time and stops when the information gain is within statistical fluctuation. The template is associated with a well-normalized probability model that integrates the heterogeneous feature statistics. This automated feature selection procedure allows our algorithm to scale up to a wide range of image categories, from those with regular shapes to those with stochastic texture. The learned representation captures the intrinsic characteristics of the object or scene categories. We evaluate the hybrid image templates on several public benchmarks, and demonstrate classification performances on par with state-of-the-art methods like HoG+SVM, and when small training sample sizes are used, the proposed system shows a clear advantage.
Cleavage of sand dollar eggs with altered patterns of new surface formation

The normal pattern by which new surface is formed in cleaving echinoderm eggs is incorporated as an intrinsic part of several general theories of cytokinesis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the normal pattern is necessary for cleavage in sand dollar eggs. Denuded Echinarachnius parma eggs become sticky in citrated, calcium-free synthetic sea water. When such eggs are pressed against clean glass or plastic, the surfaces adhere tightly. Cells were stuck to flat, cylindrical and hemispherical concave surfaces. Cleavage took place despite bilateral constraint of large portions of the surface. Constraint of the polar and subpolar surfaces begun before or at the beginning of division did not prevent cleavage. Only when the surface next to the furrow was held was division slowed or stopped. Normal, extensive polar and subpolar expansion is not a prerequisite for cleavage. An egg can cleave if its furrow can exert sufficient force to overcome the resistance to deformation of the surface outside the furrow. No preliminary step in which local areas are induced to weaken or relax appears necessary.
A Low-Cost Manipulator for Space Research and Undergraduate Engineering Education

This paper describes a supervised undergraduate design-build-test effort in which young students supported by the University of Michigan's Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) were able to design, build, test, and extend a robotic manipulator of dimensions comparable to those of a human arm. This project had two goals: to expose students to the design-build-test process in the co ntext of robotic electrical, mechanical, and software systems, and to construct an artifact, the manipulator, for the subsequent support of graduate-level research in human-robot collaboration pursued by the first author. This manipulator system was low-cost, required little pr ior knowledge of machining, and was required to operate robustly and safely in an envir onment shared with its human collaborator. In this paper, we describe the desig n-build-test process from the pedagogical and system engineering perspectives. Ultimately, t he students focused their efforts on research in sensing, software, and mathematical modeling of the manipulator, emphasizing the fact that hardware DBT is only the first step t o a fully-operational robotic system. This was a key observation not made by many Aerospace students, even those exposed to DBT activities that typically highlight physical vehicl e design while "black-boxing" sensors and software. This paper describes the process by which this group was educated in the context of the manipulator DBT process. We briefly discuss subsequent manipulator use and extension both for graduate research and ongoing undergraduate DBT exposure.
Clinical Implications of EGFR Expression in the Development and Progression of Solid Tumors: Focus on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Dysregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is associated with the development and progression of malignancy, and EGFR-targeted therapies offer the promise of better treatment for many types of solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer. Anti-EGFR agents include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the EGFR extracellular receptor domain and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the EGFR intracellular kinase domain. Both mAbs and TKIs have demonstrated encouraging results as monotherapies and in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review provides a critical update on the status of these novel therapeutics.
Attitudes and Stereotypes Regarding Older Women and HIV Risk

Persons aged 50 years and over will soon disproportionately represent the future of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is estimated that by 2015 older adults will represent 50% of persons living with HIV in the United States. Despite the HIV/AIDS growing population among older adults, attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes toward older adults that exist in general society have affected HIV prevention, education, and care. Specifically, ageist attitudes about the sexuality of older adults in general and older women in particular, low clinical HIV suspicion among healthcare providers, lack of knowledge about risk among older women, and differentials in power related to negotiating sexual practices all lead to heightened concerns for the prevention, identification, and treatment of HIV disease in mature women. This article examines common attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that exist within general society as well as health and social service providers that place older women at a disadvantage when it comes to HIV prevention, education, and treatment.
A few philosophical ruminations on the human condition and choosing to live well

The notion that life is meaningful through choosing to live well has historically received substantive attention in various philosophical circles, notably the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and more recently several of the existentialists. In some respects, the idea of choosing to live well is a “thematization” of two widely-recognized, independent components of a meaningful life: happiness and authenticity. I develop this notion of choosing to live well by exploring, developing, and relating these conceptions of happiness and authenticity. By appealing to a very basic account of human nature that has found favor among a great number of people, I show how happiness and authenticity complement each other as conditions for the possibility of living meaningfully.