cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intensive Play Therapy Training for Rural Mental Health Counselors

Play therapy can be an effective, integrative, and best practices intervention for work with children and families. Although play therapy is becoming a significant part of counselor education training programs, many real-world practitioners have not had training and cannot access continuing education. This lack of training access is particularly evident in rural settings. This brief study demonstrates that an intense play therapy workshop for rural mental health workers can have a significant impact on the knowledge and skills of the counseling professionals. Following a 2-day play therapy training session specifically designed for mental health professionals in rural areas, the levels of play therapy knowledge and skills showed statistically significant increases from pretraining to the end of the second day. The findings show that an intense play therapy workshop for rural mental health workers can have a significant impact on the knowledge and skills in play therapy.
Distinct oligonucleotide patterns of distinct influenza virus RNA's.

Three molecular-weight fractions of influenza virus RNA (SS1 SS2 and SS3) were prepared as described previously (Content & Duesberg, 1971) and subjected to digestion with RNase T1. Two-dimensional analyses of the digests by electrophoresis and homochromatography led to distinctive oligonucleotide patterns for each fraction of viral RNA. Almost all physically distinguishable large oligo-nucleotides of a given RNA species had a distinct base composition. It was concluded that each of the three fractions of viral RNA investigated contained different nucleotide sequences and presumably different genetic information. In the case of the smaller RNA fractions (SS2 and SS3) the presence of lesser amounts of oligonucleotides characteristic of the larger RNA fractions (SS1 and SS2, respectively) was observed. This was regarded as being due to contamination of the smaller RNA fractions by fragments of the larger RNA fractions. In contrast, the largest RNA species, SS1 contained very low concentrations of oligonucleotides characteristic of the intermediate RNA SS2. At least one large oligonucleotide occurred in most, perhaps all, species of influenza virus RNA. It was speculated that this oligonucleotide may be part of a common signal of all viral RNA's for the viral polymerase or for virus assembly.
Semantic iconicity in plural acquisition: Extending the argument to include normal children

Suprasegmental marking of plural has been noted in language- and phonologically-impaired children. Additionally, such marking has been interpreted within the iconicity model of language acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to extend this model of iconic influences on plural acquisition to the normal population. An analysis of the convergence of phonological, morphological and semantic factors within plural acquisition reveals that normal children are confronted with the identical factors that resulted in suprasegmental plural marking in phonologically impaired children. The above arguments are augmented by a case study of a linguistically normal female child (age 2 years 7 months) who used an increase in fundamental frequency (F0) and duration to signal plural.
FL118 Induces p53-Dependent Senescence in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Promoting Degradation of MdmX

Anticancer agent FL118 was recently identified in screening of small-molecule inhibitors of human survivin expression. Although FL118 is a camptothecin analogue, its antitumor potency is much superior to other FDA-approved camptothecin analogues (irinotecan and topotecan). The mechanism of action (MOA) underlying the antitumor effects of FL118 remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we report that FL118 activates tumor suppressor p53 as a novel MOA in p53 wild-type cancer cells. Our studies show that this MOA involves an induction of proteasomal degradation of MdmX, a critical negative regulator of p53, in a manner largely independent of ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling pathway but dependent on E3-competent Mdm2. FL118 inhibits p53 polyubiquitination and monoubiquitination by Mdm2–MdmX E3 complex in cells and in cell-free systems. In contrast, FL118 stimulates Mdm2-mediated MdmX ubiquitination. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that FL118 slightly decreases Mdm2–p53 interactions and moderately increases Mdm2–MdmX interactions, suggesting a change of targeting specificity of Mdm2–MdmX E3 complex from p53 to MdmX, resulting in accelerated MdmX degradation. As a result, p53 ubiquitination by Mdm2–MdmX E3 complex is reduced, which in turn activates p53 signaling. Activation of the p53 pathway by FL118 induces p53-dependent senescence in colorectal cancer cells. However, in the absence of p53 or in the presence of MdmX overexpression, FL118 promotes p53-independent apoptosis. These two distinct cellular consequences collectively contribute to the potent effects of FL118 to inhibit clonogenic potential of colon cancer cells. This study identifies a potential application of FL118 as an MdmX inhibitor for targeted therapies. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7487–97. ©2014 AACR .
Testing Poverty Lines

In theory, a poverty line can be defined as the cost of a common (inter-personally comparable) utility level across a population. But how can one know if this holds in practice? For groups sharing common consumption needs but facing different prices, the theory of revealed preference can be used to derive testable implications of utility consistency knowing only the “poverty bundles” and their prices. Heterogeneity in needs calls for extra information. We argue that subjective welfare data offer a credible means of testing utility consistency across different needs groups. A case study of Russia's official poverty lines shows how revealed preference tests can be used in conjunction with qualitative information on needs heterogeneity. The results lead us to question the utility consistency of Russia's official poverty lines.
Lifetime measurements of interference-narrowed sodium Stark resonances

We report measurements of the temporal decay of sodium Stark resonances over regions of interference narrowing and compare with calculations using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin quantum-defect (WKB-QD) Stark theory. The measurements are performed with a beam of sodium atoms in a uniform electric field of \ensuremath{\sim}3.2 kV/cm excited via the 3 $^{2}P$ state to \ensuremath{\sim}285 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (${n}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\sim}20) below the zero-field ionization threshold, and hence substantially above the classical saddle-point energy. For mixed states at level crossings, the discrete-continuum couplings interfere, yielding resonances that are stabilized against ionization over a small interval of the field. Measurements of the maximum lifetimes of \ensuremath{\Vert}m\ensuremath{\Vert}=1 levels here are not limited by laser bandwidth, as were our previous spectral observations of m=0 resonances. For three narrowing regions studied here, the observed maximum lifetime values of 127\char21{}191 nsec are 10\char21{}20 % less than values obtained from WKB-QD calculations, while experimental error limits are \ensuremath{\sim}5%. After considering estimates for competing processes, namely radiative decay and transfer by blackbody radiation, a slight discrepancy remains.
Item Selection, Evaluation, and Simple Structure in Personality Data.

We report an investigation of the genesis and interpretation of simple structure in personality data using two very different self-reported data sets. The first consists of a set of relatively unselected lexical descriptors, whereas the second is based on responses to a carefully constructed instrument. In both data sets, we explore the degree of simple structure by comparing factor solutions to solutions from simulated data constructed to have either strong or weak simple structure. The analysis demonstrates that there is little evidence of simple structure in the unselected items, and a moderate degree among the selected items. In both instruments, however, much of the simple structure that could be observed originated in a strong dimension of positive versus negative evaluation.
On-chip silicon odometers and their potential use in medical electronics

The parametric shifts or circuit failures caused by transistor aging have become more severe with shrinking device sizes and voltage margins. Designing circuits that can withstand these aging effects is particularly critical in medical applications where systems must operate flawlessly across a range of conditions for their entire lifetimes. In this work we present several on-chip Silicon Odometers that provide measurement data required to develop transistor degradation models. One such scheme—a beat frequency detection circuit capable of recording oscillator frequency shifts ranging down to a theoretical limit of less than 0.01%—may be suited to trigger real-time adjustments that compensate for lost performance on products in the field. Incorporating this sensing capability may be especially attractive in implantable medical electronics.
Meniscal repair: outside-in repair.

In 1948, Fairbank described the radiographic changes that develop after meniscecomy, suggesting the protective effect of the meniscus. Early biomechanical studies ave further defined the importance of the meniscus in normal knee joint function. hese studies found a 50% to 70% reduction in femoral condyle contact, a 100% ncrease in contact stress with removal of the medial meniscus, a 40% to 50% ecrease in contact area, and increase in contact stress to 200% to 300% with emoval of the lateral meniscus. Since then, it has become a well-accepted notion that the menisci play a critical role in load transmission, shock absorption, and secondary stabilization of the knee. Acceptance of the crucial role of the meniscus in knee kinematics coupled with improved understanding of meniscal healing, anatomy, microstructure, and biochemistry has led to the concept that, whenever feasible, the meniscus should be preserved rather than resected. As the preferred method of treatment of meniscal injuries has swung from resection to preservation over the last several decades, the techniques used to repair meniscal tears has also evolved. Current techniques typically use an arthroscope and favor smaller incisions to decrease the amount of surgical trauma. Techniques are commonly described as outside-in, inside-out, and all-inside, with each technique having it own advantages and disadvantages. The outside-in technique is named for the direction that the suture is first passed into the knee joint. As described in further detail in the technique section of this report, several subtle technique variations exist when performing an outside-in meniscal repair, but all techniques use a spinal needle to enter the joint under direct visualization, minimizing the risk of injury to both articular cartilage and extracapsular
Dissonances in theories of number understanding

Traditional theories of how children learn the positive integers start from infants' abilities in detecting the quantity of physical objects. Our target article examined this view and found no plausible accounts of such development. Most of our commentators appear to agree that no adequate developmental theory is presently available, but they attempt to hold onto a role for early enumeration. Although some defend the traditional theories, others introduce new basic quantitative abilities, new methods of transformation, or new types of end states. A survey of these proposals, however, shows that they do not succeed in bridging the gap to knowledge of the integers. We suggest that a better theory depends on starting with primitives that are inherently structural and mathematical.
The Effect of Bank Failures on Economic Activity: Evidence from U.S. States in the Early 20th Century

This paper provides evidence documenting the existence of a “bank failure channel”—the magnifying effect of bank failures on economic distress—using state-level quarterly time series from 1900q1 to 1929q4. We estimate a vector autoregression model of bank failures for each state. The forecast-error variance decompositions are used to construct a categorical measure of the “bank failure channel.” We examine the influence of regulatory variables, economic conditions, and banking conditions on the degree to which bank failures propagate distress. State-sponsored deposit insurance and minimum capital requirements are important for explaining the likelihood of having a bank failure channel.
Extension of the Stochastic Mixing Model to Cumulonimbus Clouds

Abstract The stochastic mixing model of cumulus clouds is extended to the case in which ice and precipitation form. A simple cloud microphysical model is adopted in which ice crystals and aggregates are carried along with the updraft, whereas raindrops, graupel, and hail are assumed to immediately fall out. The model is then applied to the 2 August 1984 case study of convection over the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico, with excellent results. The formation of ice and precipitation can explain the transition of this system from a cumulus congestus cloud to a thunderstorm.
Evaluation of Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Toxicity to Ocular Tissues

Purpose Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) may be used for focal delivery of plasmids, drugs, cells, and other applications. Here we ask whether such particles are toxic to ocular structures. Methods To evaluate the ocular toxicity of MNPs, we asked if either 50 nm or 4 µm magnetic particles affect intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell count, retinal morphology including both cell counts and glial activation, or photoreceptor function at different time points after injection. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 44) were injected in the left eye with either 50 nm (3 µl, 1.65 mg) or 4 µm (3 µl, 1.69 mg) magnetic particles, and an equal volume of PBS into the right eye. Electroretinograms (ERG) were used to determine if MNPs induce functional changes to the photoreceptor layers. Enucleated eyes were sectioned for histology and immunofluorescence. Results Compared to control-injected eyes, MNPs did not alter IOP measurements. ERG amplitudes for a-waves were in the 100–250 µV range and b-waves were in the 500–600 µV range, with no significant differences between injected and non-injected eyes. Histological sectioning and immunofluorescence staining showed little difference in MNP-injected animals compared to control eyes. In contrast, at 1 week, corneal endothelial cell numbers were significantly lower in the 4 µm magnetic particle-injected eyes compared to either 50 nm MNP- or PBS-injected eyes. Furthermore, iron deposition was detected after 4 µm magnetic particle but not 50 nm MNP injection. Conclusions Intravitreal or anterior chamber injections of MNPs showed little to no signs of toxicity on retinal structure, photoreceptor function or aqueous drainage in the eye. Our results suggest that MNPs are safe for intraocular use.
Competitive inhibition of nitric oxide synthase prevents the cortical hyperemia associated with peripheral nerve stimulation

Abstract With combined microdialysis and hydrogen clearance techniques for simultaneous local delivery of drugs and blood-flow measurement in the rat hindlimb sensory-motor cortex, we examined the role of nitric oxide in cerebral blood-flow regulation during sciatic nerve stimulation. Infusion of 1 mM nitric oxide synthase antagonist, N eta-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), blocked the cortical blood-flow response to sciatic nerve stimulation (152 +/- 43 ml.min-1.100 g-1 of tissue in controls and 73 +/- 11 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in the presence of L-NAME; P less than 0.05). Addition of 10 mM L-arginine to the dialysate containing L-NAME partially restored the hyperemic response to nerve stimulation (125 ml.min-1.100 g-1). L-NAME also produced a decrease in baseline cerebral blood flow when compared with the control (66 +/- 14 ml.min-1.100 g-1 vs. 93 +/- 25 ml.min-1.100 g-1). We conclude that nitric oxide from activated neurons participates in the local regulation of cortical blood flow in response to sciatic nerve stimulation and also in the maintenance of basal cortical blood flow.
Why Should We Care about Group Inequality

This essay is about the ethical propriety and practical efficacy of a range of policy undertakings which, in the last twenty years, has come to be referred to as “affirmative action.” These policies have been contentious and problematic, and a variety of arguments have been advanced in their support. Here I try to close a gap, as I see it, in this “literature of justification” which has grown up around the practice of preferential treatment. My principal argument along these lines is offered in the next section. I then consider how some forms of argument in support of preferential treatment, distinctly different from that offered here, not only fail to justify the practice but, even worse, work to undermine the basis for cooperation among different ethnic groups in the American democracy. Finally, I observe that as a practical matter the use of group preference can, under circumstances detailed in the sequel, produce results far different from the egalitarian objectives which most often motivate their adoption. It may seem fatuous in the extreme to raise as a serious matter, in the contemporary United States, the question “Why should we care about group inequality?” Is not the historical and moral imperative of such concern self-evident? Must not those who value the pursuit of justice be intensely concerned about economic disparities among groups of persons? The most obvious answer to the title question would seem, then, to be: “We should care because such inequality is the external manifestation of the oppression of individuals on the basis of their group identity.”
Health Problems Associated with African Bees

Excerpt Although many popular and technical articles have been published on African bees, there is no credible literature concerning human health problems arising from their stinging behavior. In t...
Statistical Approaches to Suicidal Risk Factor Analysis

Suicide research is a particularly difficult area primarily because of the base rate problem and inadequate case finding. Traditional item-analytic and multiple regression or discriminant function data-analytic methods in suicide research are criticized on several technical grounds, including capitalization on chance, failure to cross-validate, and confusion of the degree of relationship with its statistical significance. These errors are further confounded when the research data base misrepresents the very low true base rate. However, the most serious defect in item-analytic and both conventional and stepwise multiple regression procedures is their failure to take into account the causal structure of suicide risk factors. Setwise hierarchical multiple regression/correlation analysis is offered as an effective tool for suicide research. It capitalizes on the powerful general data-analytic features of regression analysis, but does so in a way that represents the causal structure of the putative risk factors. The more complex methods of causal models analysis are also recommended. I do not believe, however, that progress in the understanding of suicide lies mainly in the improvement of the statistical procedures employed. Even with optimal procedures, the amount by which we can expect to increase the predictability of suicidality using psychosocial risk factors is not likely to be large. Recent research in the biochemistry of suicide offers some hope. If to the psychosocial factors now employed we can add relevant biological factors and their interactions with psychosocial factors, we may be able to develop the causal models necessary for the understanding, prediction, and prevention of suicide. Language: en
Locomotory activity of epithelial cells in culture

Abstract The movement of epithelial cells in vitro has been studied with time lapse cinemicrography, micromanipulation, marking of the cell surface, and electron microscopy. The cells, in contrast to fibroblasts, spread as contiguous sheets. Locomotion results primarily from the activity of the marginal cells, as determined by the extent and location of cell adhesions to the plane substratum. The locomotory activity of epithelial cells as members of a sheet is similar to that of chick heart fibroblasts, consisting of a fluctuation of the flattened free edge, a backward movement of particles adhering to the upper surface of the lamellipodium, ruffling, blebbing, and microspike activity. Of these, only the first two are invariably associated with movement. These phenomena are discussed in relation to the mechanism of epithelial cell movement. The basic differences between epithelial cells and fibroblasts, as far as locomotory and adhesive properties are concerned, are the tendency of isolated epithelial cells to bleb more vigorously than fibroblasts and the more extensive and apparently stronger lateral adhesion of epithelial cells.
Digital holographic imaging of aerosol particles in flight

Abstract This work describes the design and application of an apparatus to image aerosol particles using digital holography in a flow-through, contact-free manner. Particles in an aerosol stream are illuminated by a triggered, pulsed laser and the pattern produced by the interference of this light with that scattered by the particles is recorded by a digital camera. The recorded pattern constitutes a digital hologram from which an image of the particles is computationally reconstructed using a fast Fourier transform. This imaging is validated using a cluster of ragweed pollen particles. Examples involving mineral-dust aerosols demonstrate the technique's in situ imaging capability for complex-shaped particles over a size range of roughly 15–500 μ m micrometers. The focusing-like character of the reconstruction process is demonstrated using a NaCl aerosol particle and is compared to a similar particle imaged with a conventional microscope.
Nitric oxide cell signaling: S-nitrosation of Ras superfamily GTPases

The Ras superfamily of small GTPases cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states to modulate a diverse array of processes involved in cellular growth control. While the basic mechanisms by which GTPase regulatory proteins regulate GTPase substrates have been revealed through numerous studies, detailed studies into the mechanism(s) of free radical-mediated GTPase regulation have only more recently been tackled. This article reviews the mechanism of free radical-mediated GTPase regulation and shows nitric oxide can serve as important regulator of small GTPase proteins (i.e. Ras and RhoA) through protein modifications such as S-nitrosation.
AN ENLARGING HOLE ON THE PALM ILLUSION AND A THEORY OF THE MOON ON THE HORIZON

An illustration that both the palm illusion and the moon's illusory size on the horizon are explained by the context which provides a contrast created by perceptual constancy.
GENERATING NONTRIVIAL LONG-RANGE CORRELATIONS AND 1/f SPECTRA BY REPLICATION AND MUTATION

This paper aims at understanding the statistical features of nucleic acid sequences from the knowledge of the dynamical process that produces them. Two studies are carried out: first, mutual information function of the limiting sequences generated by simple sequence manipulation dynamics with replications and mutations are calculated numerically (sometimes analytically). It is shown that elongation and replication can easily produce long-range correlations. These long range correlations could be destroyed in various degrees by mutation in different sequence manipulation models. Second, mutual information functions for several human nucleic acids sequences are determined. It is observed that intron sequences (noncoding sequences) tend to have longer correlation lengths than exon sequences (protein-coding sequences).
Prostaglandins: Mechanisms of Action and Regulation of Production in Bone

Prostaglandins (PGs), particularly PGE2, are produced by bone and have powerful effects on bone metabolism. PGs have an initial, transient, direct inhibitory effect on osteoclast function. However, the major long-term effect in bone organ culture is to stimulate bone resorption by increasing the replication and differentiation of new osteoclasts. PGs also stimulate osteoclast formation in cell culture systems. Stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption may be important in mediating bone loss in response to mechanical forces and inflammation. PGs have a biphasic effect on bone formation. At relatively low concentrations or in the presence of glucocorticoids, the replication and differentiation of osteoblasts is stimulated and bone formation is increased. This increase is associated with an increase in production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). However, at high concentrations or in the presence of IGF-I, PGE2 inhibits collagen synthesis. In osteoblastic cell lines this inhibition can be shown to occur at the level of transcription of the collagen gene. The stimulatory effect on bone formation has been demonstrated when PGs are administered exogenously, but it is not clear how endogenous PG production affects bone formation in physiological or pathologic circumstances. The production of PGs in bone is highly regulated. The major source appears to be cells of the osteoblast lineage. A major site of regulation is at the level of the enzyme PG endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase or PGH synthase). PGE2 production and PGH synthase mRNA are increased by PTH and interleukin-1 and decreased by estrogen. Glucocorticoids probably act by a different mechanism, decreasing either arachidonic acid or PGH synthase activity. Many other factors including mechanical forces and growth factors influence PG production in bone. Thus endogenous PGs are probably important local regulators of bone turnover, and abnormalities in their production could play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Extending Library Services with QR Codes

The authors discuss the rapid growth in the use of smart devices and the resultant need for libraries to meet patrons where they are, via quick response code. Suggestions for use include marketing of library services, strengthening bibliographic instruction, supplementing reader's advisory services, and enhancing online public access catalog records.
The frequency of mutants in human fibroblasts UV-irradiated at various times during S-phase suggests that genes for thioguanine- and diphtheria toxin-resistance are replicated early

Abstract Human cells deficient in rate of excision repair of DNA damage induced by UV-radiation, i.e., xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, are much more sensitive to the mutagenic effect of UV than are cells from normal persons. The lower frequency of mutants in the latter cells has been attributed to the fact that, unlike XP cells, they excise most of the potentially mutagenic lesions before these can be converted into mutations. If semi-conservative DNA synthesis on a template still containing unexcised lesions is responsible for introducing mutations and if replication of the gene of interest, e.g., hypoxanthine (guanine)phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) for thioguanine resistance or the elongation factor 2 (EF-2) for diphtheria toxin resistance, occurs at a particular time during S-phase, it should be possible to shorten the time available for such repair by synchronizing cells and irradiating them just as the gene is to be replicated. The predicted result would be a much higher frequency of mutants at one part in the S-phase than at other times. To test this, cells were synchronized using the α-polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin, which blocks cells at the G 1 /S border. Autoradiography, cytoflurimetry, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine studies showed that DNA synthesis started immediately after release from aphidicolin and was completed in 8–10 h. Cells irradiated with 6 J/m 2 at various times post-release were assayed for survival and mutations. The frequency of thioguanine- or diphtheria toxin-resistant cells in the population was highest in cells irradiated during thrst fifth of the S-phase, i.e., 0–1.5 h post-release. It was significantly lower in cells irradiated at later times. In contrast, UV-induced cytotoxicity showed no significant time dependence during S-phase. These data suggest that the HPRT and EF-2 genes are replicated early in S-phase.
Metabolism of arsenic in human liver: the role of membrane transporters

Metabolism of inorganic arsenic (iAs) is one of the key factors determining the character of adverse effects associated with exposure to iAs. Results of previous studies indicate that liver plays a primary role in iAs metabolism. This paper reviews these results and presents new data that link the capacity of human hepatocytes to metabolize iAs to the expression of specific membrane transporters. Here, we examined relationship between the expression of potential arsenic transporters (AQP9, GLUT2, P-gp, MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3) and the production and cellular retention of iAs and its methylated metabolites in primary cultures of human hepatocytes exposed for 24 h to subtoxic concentrations of arsenite. Our results show that the retention of iAs and methylarsenic metabolites (MAs) by hepatocytes exposed to sub-micromolar concentrations of arsenite correlates negatively with MRP2 expression. A positive correlation was found between MRP2 expression and the production of dimethylarsenic metabolites (DMAs), specifically, the concentration of DMAs in culture media. After exposures to high micromolar concentrations of arsenite which almost completely inhibited MAs and DMAs production, a positive correlation was found between the expression of GLUT2 and cellular retention of iAs and MAs. MRP3, AQP9, or P-gp expression had no effect on the production or distribution of iAs, MAs, or DMAs, regardless of the exposure level. Hepatocytes from seven donors used in this study did not contain detectable amounts of MRP1 protein. These data suggest that MRP2 plays an important role in the efflux of DMAs, thus, regulating kinetics of the methylation reactions and accumulation of iAs and MAs by human hepatocytes. The membrane transport of iAs by high-capacity GLUT2 transporters is not a rate-limiting step for the metabolism of arsenite at low exposure level, but may play a key role in accumulation of iAs after acute exposures which inhibit iAs methylation.
O-linked trisaccharide and N-linked poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl glycans are present on mouse ZP2 and ZP3.

Mammalian oocytes are surrounded by an extracellular glycocalyx, the zona pellucida (ZP). In the mouse, the ZP is composed of three glycoproteins, designated mZPI, mZP2, and mZP3. Extensive studies in this species have resulted in the identification of primary (mZP3) and secondary (mZP2) receptors for spermatozoa. In this paper we present evidence for the occurrence of poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl glycans and an O-linked trisaccharide on mZP2 and mZP3. When exhaustively digested with endo-[galactosidase, an enzyme known to cleave repeating units of acetyllactosamine (3Gal 1,4GlcNAc 1), mZP2 and mZP3 showed an apparent reduction in size by 23 kDa and 16 kDa, respectively. Experimental evidence included in this report indicates that polylactosaminyl glycans are present on N-linked sugar chains. In addition, O-linked sugar chains of mZP3 have been characterized. First, treatment of de-N-glycosylated mZP3 with O-glycanase in the presence of exo-glycosidases (sialidase, a-L-fucosidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase) caused an apparent reduction in its size by 2-3 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Second, treatment of the de-N-glycosylated mZP3 with mild alkali in the presence of 1 M NaB 3 H 4 released radiolabeled oligosaccharide (OS) that eluted from a high-resolution Bio-Gel P-4 column at the position of a trisaccharide. The radiolabeled OS had the following structure: GlcNAc -- Gal1p,3GaINAcol. The structure was established by sizing on the Bio-Gel P-4 column, followed by examination of the susceptibility of the OS to exo-glycosidases and by its adsorbability to immobilized lectin (PNA). Potential roles of N-linked and O-linked sugar chains in sperm-egg interaction are herein discussed.
Tolerance to morphine in the rat: its prevention by naloxone.

Abstract Development of tolerance after a single injection of morphine in the Wistar-Lewis rat can be estimated by the attenuation of the response to a second injection of morphine given three days later. If naloxone is given 35 minutes after the first morphine injection and after the appearance of measurable analgesia, attenuation of the effects of the second morphine injection is not seen. It appears that naloxone blocks the development of tolerance to morphine even if given after the morphine-receptor interaction responsible for analgesia has been initiated. The temporal relationship between the prior injection of morphine and the subsequent administration of naloxone is being explored.
Tissue density and growth response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen source and concentration

Amanita rubescens Pers., Lactarius affinis Pk., Leccinum aurantiacum (Fr.) S.F. Gray, Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fe.) Karsten, and two isolates of Suillus intermedius (Smith & Thiers) Smith & Thiers collected from an approximately 55-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. plantation, and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch obtained from another source, were tested for their abilities to grow with protein as the primary source of nitrogen. Protein plates contained 63 mg l–1 N as bovine serum albumen and 7 mg l–1 N as arginine. Control plates contained only 7 mg l–1 N as arginine. All isolates except Leccinum aurantiacum and one isolate of S. intermedius attained greater dry weight with protein as the primary source of N. Lactarius affinis, Leccinum aurantiacum, P. tinctorius, and both isolates of S. intermedius had higher tissue densities on protein medium. Amanita rubescens had lower tissue density. To determine if increase in tissue density was an effect of total N concentration or an effect of N source (protein versus arginine), we performed a second experiment in which arginine concentration was increased (7 mg l–1 N versus 70 mg l–1 N). The second experiment also included Cenococcum geophilum Fr. but excluded T. felleus. Higher tissue densities with increased nutrients were found in C. geophilum, Lactarius affinis, Leccinum aurantiacum, and both isolates of S. intermedius. Only A. rubescens and P. tinctorius did not have increased densities. The results suggest that these ectomycorrhizal fungi alter their growth forms according to N concentration. At low N concentrations, a growth form likely to promote exploitation of a large volume of medium for a given biomass is produced. At high concentrations, a growth form likely to promote exploitation of a rich source of N is produced. Whether ectomycorrhizal fungi growing in association with roots would act in a similar fashion is not known.
Electron bombardment radiation damage in Tektronix CCDs

Radiation hardness is critical for charge coupled devices used in the electron bombarded mode. Two types of damage in CCDs are caused by keV electron irradiation: a flatband voltage shift and an increase in interface state density. A flatband voltage shift is more catastrophic to device performance than an increase in interface state density, especially for MPP devices. The type of radiation damage a CCD is susceptible to depends on the process used to fabricate it. Results are presented which show that Tektronix CCDs fabricated with a straight silicon dioxide gate insulator exhibit an increase in interface state density but little if any flatband voltage shift.
An Investigation into the Structure and Properties of CaO-ZnO-SiO2-TiO2-Na2O Bioactive Glass/Hydroxyapatite Composite

Effect of the addition of CaO-ZnO-SiO2-TiO2-Na2O glass as a reinforcing phase on properties of hydroxyapatite/glass composites was investigated. The addition of the glass caused the decomposition of HA phase to tricalcium phosphate, inhibiting densification in the HA/glass composites. However, depending on the glass concentration, some of the glass can act as a sintering aid enhancing the densification in the composites.
Rates of meniscal tearing in patients with chondrocalcinosis.

Internal derangement of the knee secondary to a meniscal tear has been recently observed in patients with chondrocalcinosis. However, there is no data about the prevalence of meniscal tears associated to chondrocalcinosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to know the rates of meniscal tear in patients with chondrocalcinosis. The study population was a cohort of 1031 consecutive outpatients who underwent arthroscopy of the knee. Meniscal tear was present in 322 patients and 709 patients had intact meniscus. The specific subgroup of interest included 58 knees from 58 patients (25 males and 33 females) with arthroscopic evidences of chondrocalcinosis. Patients with chondrocalcinosis had significantly higher rates of meniscal tear compared to those without chondrocalcinosis (74.1 versus 28.7 %, p < 0.001). An absolute and attributable risk of tear was 74 and 8 %, respectively, in knees with chondrocalcinosis. Relative risk of tear in patients with chondrocalcinosis versus without chondrocalcinosis was 2.58 (95 % confidence interval 2.16–3.10). In patients with chondrocalcinosis and meniscal tear, the duration of the disease was about 5.3 (range 1–8) years versus 4.9 (range 3–7) years in those patients with chondrocalcinosis and an intact meniscus (p = 0.75). In conclusion, our findings support that chondrocalcinosis predispose meniscal tearing even in the absence of any traumatic event. Further longitudinal studies are needed to characterize the impact of chondrocalcinosis and meniscal vulnerability.
Piecewise quadratic neural network for pattern classification (Proceedings Only)

A neural network pattern classifier is presented. Its decision boundaries are formed from segments of conic sections which allows it to achieve improved performance over piecewise linear neural network classifiers, such as our earlier adaptive clustering neural network (ACNN). We discuss an optical realization that uses complex-valued weights, optical intensity detectors, and an additional input neuron to achieve piecewise conic decision surfaces (rather than the piecewise linear surfaces that the ACNN produces).
The Genesis of a Language: The formation and development of Korlai Portuguese

Korlai Portuguese (KP), a Portuguese-based creole only recently discovered by linguists, originated around 1520 on the west coast of India. Initially isolated from its Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, the small Korlai community lost virtually all Portuguese contact as well after 1740. This volume is the first-ever comprehensive treatment of the formation, linguistic components, and rapidly changing situation of this exotic creole. The product of ten years of research, Korlai Creole Portuguese provides an exciting, in-depth diachronic look at a language that is now showing the strain of intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population. Framed in Thomason and Kaufman’s 1988 model of contact-induced language change, the author’s analysis is enriched by numerous comparisons with sister creoles, apart from medieval Portuguese and Marathi. This book contrastively examines the following areas: phonemic inventories, phonological processes, stress assignment, syllable structure, paradigm restructuring, paradigm use, lexicon, word formation, semantic borrowing, loan translations, grammatical relation marking, pre- and postnominal modification, negation, subject and object deletion, embedding, and word order.
Bioterrorism: a clinical reality.

The intentional delivery of Bacillus anthracis spores through mailed letters or packages established the clinical reality of bioterrorism in the United States in autumn 2001. An understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of the more credible biologic agents is critical to limiting morbidity and mortality from a bioterrorism attack.1-5 Children may be particularly vulnerable to a bioterrorist attack for several reasons.6 They have a more rapid respiratory rate, a lower breathing zone, increased skin permeability, higher ratio of skin surface area to mass, and less fl uid reserve than adults. Accurate and rapid diagnosis may be more diffi cult in children because of their inability to describe symptoms. Their caretakers may become ill or require quarantine during a bioterrorist event. Preventive and therapeutic agents recommended for adults exposed or potentially exposed to agents of bioterrorism have not been studied in infants and children.7
Depression in Patients Recovering From a Myocardial Infarction

Depression is common among patients recovering from a myocardial infarction (MI). Approximately 1 in 6 patients with MI experience major depression and at least twice as many as that have significant symptoms of depression soon after the event. Post-MI depression is an independent risk factor for increased mortality. Although the mechanism responsible for this association has not yet been defined, depression is clearly associated with poor compliance with risk-reducing recommendations, with abnormalities in autonomic tone that may make patients more susceptible to ventricular arrhythmias, and with increased platelet activation. Coronary revascularization procedures also appear to be used less often in those with post-MI depression than in comparable patients without mood disorder. Ongoing research will address whether treating depression improves prognosis. Until this question is answered, efforts should focus on enhancing adherence to treatment regimens in this group of patients, who are clearly at risk for noncompliance. Cardiac rehabilitation programs and increasing levels of social support may help improve symptoms and should be recommended to all patients. Treatment of depression itself should be individualized until safety and efficacy are determined for antidepressant therapy in patients who recently have had an MI.
Three-dimensional simulation of fretting crack nucleation and growth

Abstract Fretting nucleation models and three-dimensional finite element analyses are used to compute the fretting fatigue life for metallic components. The models predict crack nucleation cycles and location(s). Discrete crack growth simulations provide stress intensity factor histories, with multiple, non-planar, three-dimensional cracks possible. The histories are input into crack growth rate model(s) to compute propagation cycles. The sum of fretting nucleation plus propagation cycles is the total life. Experimental fretting data, including crack nucleation location and cycles, and crack growth trajectory and propagation cycles, are used to validate the approach. Predictions for a realistic turbine blade/disk are comparable to field observations.
Improved images with the scanning photoelectron microscope at the national synchrotron light source

We present recent developments with the scanning photoelectron microscope at beam line X1A (X1-SPEM) at the National Synchroton Light Source. It was the first to demonstrate elemental and chemical imaging with primary photoelectrons and achieve submicron resolution [Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1841-1843 (1990)]. Subsequent improvements allow us now to acquire XPS images with lateral resolution approaching 0.1 μm. We have utilized the instrument to examine artificial structures such as microelectronic devices and describe here our preliminary work in the study of photon-beam-mediated chemistry on aluminium surfaces.
Ethical aspects of investor behavior

The neoclassical paradigm assumes that shareholders' utility is solely a function of their wealth, and prescribes that management should act in a manner consistent with share price maximization. The stakeholder view also assumes that shareholders' utility derives from wealth, but prescribes that managers must balance the shareholder wealth maximization objective against the rights of other constituencies. Thus, while neoclassicists and stakeholder theorists have different prescriptives for management behavior, their definitions of the shareholders' interest are consistent — shareholders are self-interested economic agents whose utility is best served by share price maximization. However, if shareholders are “other-interested,” and attack importance to ethical and moral values, then both the neoclassical and stakeholder view derive from invalid assumptions. In this paper, I present evidence that much shareholder behavior is ethically motivated. As a result, the basis for both the neoclassical and the stakeholder view are weakened.
Scattered node compact finite difference-type formulas generated from radial basis functions

In standard equispaced finite difference (FD) formulas, symmetries can make the order of accuracy relatively high compared to the number of nodes in the FD stencil. With scattered nodes, such symmetries are no longer available. The generalization of compact FD formulas that we propose for scattered nodes and radial basis functions (RBFs) achieves the goal of still keeping the number of stencil nodes small without a similar reduction in accuracy. We analyze the accuracy of these new compact RBF-FD formulas by applying them to some model problems, and study the effects of the shape parameter that arises in, for example, the multiquadric radial function.
Condensation of benzyl chloride catalyzed by group II metals

The polymerization of benzyl chloride in the presence of various group II metal salts has been investigated. The extent of reaction and the relative activities of various salts were determined by measurement of the evolved HCl as a function of time. Formation, in situ, of an active catalyst is proposed.
Seismic monitoring at the Decatur, IL, CO2 sequestration demonstration site

Abstract The viability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases depends on the ability to safely sequester large quantities of CO 2 over geologic time scales. One concern with CCS is the potential for induced seismicity. We report on ongoing seismic monitoring by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at a CCS demonstration site in Decatur, IL, in an effort to understand the potential hazards posed by injection-induced seismicity associated with geologic CO 2 sequestration. At Decatur, super-critical CO 2 is injected at 2.1 km depth into the Mt. Simon Sandstone, which directly overlies granitic basement. The primary sealing cap is the Eau Claire Shale at a depth of about 1.5 km. The USGS seismic network was installed starting in July 2013 and consists of 12 stations, three of which include borehole sensors at depths of 150 m. The aperture of this network is about 8 km, centered on the injection well. We derived a one-dimensional velocity model from a vertical seismic profile acquired by Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM) and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) to a depth of 2.2 km, tied into acoustic logs from a deep observation well and the USGS borehole stations. We assume a constant ratio of P- to S-wave velocities of 1.83, as derived from simultaneous earthquake relocations and velocity inversions. We use this velocity model to locate seismic events, all of which are within the footprint of our network. Moment magnitudes of events located to date range from -1.52 to 1.07. We further improved the hypocentral precision of microseismic events when travel times and waveforms are sufficiently similar by employing double-difference relocation techniques, with relative location errors less than 80 m horizontally and 100 m vertically. Relocated seismicity tends to group in three distinct clusters: ∼0.4 to 1.0 km NE, 1.8 to 2.3 km N, and ∼2.0 to 2.6 km WNW from the injection well. The first cluster of microseismicity forms a roughly linear trend, which may represent a pre-existing geologic structure. Most of these micro-earthquakes occur in the granitic basement at depths greater than 2.2 km, well below the caprock, and likely do not compromise the integrity of the seal.