cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Ways to Modify the NRC Safety Goal Policy

There have been significant discussions over the past few years by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff and the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS), as to the adequacy of the safety goals for use with the next generation of nuclear power reactors to be built in the United States. The NRC, in its safety goals policy statement, has provided general qualitative safety goals and basic quantitative health objectives (QHOs) for nuclear reactors in the U.S. Risk metrics such as core damage frequency (CDF) and large early release frequency (LERF) have also been used as surrogates for the QHOs. This study will examine a potential approach to update the safety goals that includes the establishment of new qualitative goals associated with the comparative risk of generating electricity by viable competing technologies, and the development of preliminary tests in support of a new qualitative goal.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
An economic approach for construction of a multiplexed capillary electrophoresis system.

Abstract We describe in this report an economic approach to construct a multiplexed capillary electrophoresis (CE) system with optic-fiber UV detection. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, a seven-lane CE setup is built. The system has a background noise of ∼10 −5 absorbance unit, a limit of detection of 3–4 μM for uracil at 254 nm, and a linear dynamic range of 2.5 orders of magnitude. The apparatus consists of three major components: a UV light source, a photodiode array (PDA) and optical module assembly, and a computer. Compared to the recently reported 96-lane capillary electrophoresis system with UV–vis absorbance detection, the cost of goods is reduced by more than 10-fold, and the noise level is improved by 2 to 3 folds. Parallel CE separations of a protein mixture have been performed on this apparatus, and reproducible and high resolution separation results have been obtained. Detailed construction and characterization of the system have also been discussed.
Millimeter-wave CMOS switching power amplifiers

Millimeter-wave switching power amplifiers are developed both in V-band and in W-band targeting successful line-up implementations in low-power transmitter applications using 45nm SOI CMOS process. The single power-stage V-band power amplifier is designed using mixed switching mode class-ElF topology and achieves 10dBm Psat, 20% peak PAE and >45% drain efficiency at 52GHz from 1.0V supply. This is the highest reported drain efficiency for a millimeter-wave CMOS power amplifier to the best of the authors' knowledge. The W-band power amplifier has two class-AB driving stages and the 3rd power-stage utilized class-E switching mode topology. This PA achieves 6dBm Psat with 7.0dB power gain and 7% peak PAE at 1.0V supply. Both power amplifier performances demonstrate promising low-power CMOS millimeter-wave transmitter applications.
The Nature of Natural Norms: Why Selected Functions are Systemic Capacity Functions

Among current theories of functions, two are thought to be promising. The first is the theory of selected functions inspired by Wright (1973) and developed by Brandon (1981, 1990), Millikan (1984, 1989a), Neander (1991, 1995), and others. The second is the theory of systemic capacity functions developed by Cummins (1975,1983) andbyAmundson and Lauder (1994). These theories are thought to be distinct from one another and this alleged distinctiveness raises a question concerning their relations to one another. Are they (1) in competition, (2) complementary, or (3) unified by some more general theory? All three answers have been defended or suggested in the literature. The aim of this paper is to defend a fourth. I shall argue that, contrary to appearances, the two theories of functions are not distinct and that selected functions are best construed as nothing more than a specific kind of systemic capacity function. The theory of selected functions, on my view, is not a separate autonomous theory but merely an instance of the theory of systemic capacity functions, where the latter applies to systems of various sorts, including those affected by selection. We should, in consequence, embrace the theory of systemic capacity functions, including its application to systems affected by selection, and dispense with the theory of selected functions as a separate autonomous theory. We also should dispense with any aspect or implication of selected functions not licensed from within the theory of systemic capacity functions. After showing that selected functions can be understood as systemic capacity functions, and after arguing that the theory of selected functions-construed as an autonomous theory-should be discarded on grounds of redundancy (Section II), I argue that this way of conceptualizing the relations between the two theories is preferable to any of (1)-(3) and, indeed, preferable quite generally (Section III). I then discuss three
Assessing the v 2 ­f Turbulence Models for Circulation Control Applications

This paper explores the applicability of several variations of the v 2 �f turbulence model to circulation control flows. The effects of modifying the model to capture nonlinear eddy viscosity effects and streamline curvature effects are assessed. Results indicate that the v 2 �f turbulence model is capable producing more physically accurate results for circulation control flow fields than common modern turbulence modeling techniques. Nomenclature
Towards a Nonperturbative Renormalization Group Analysis

We prove that a certain class of convex gradient models in high dimensional spaces without the presence of a small parameter renormalizes to a free field. As a consequence we establish a certain asymptotic formula for the partition function. In some ways, this is a realization of Gawedzki and Kupiainen’s idea to use correlation inequalities to augment the rigorous renormalization group methods. We use the more particular suggestion of Spencer to use certain inequalities of Brascamp and Lieb and also the formulation of the correlation functions in terms of the solutions to some partial differential equations given by Helffer and Sjostrand.
VITAMIN K-INDUCED PROTHROMBIN FORMATION: CORRECTION.

I am indebted to M. J. Smith of the Massachusetts General Hospital for pointing out to me that plasma thromboplastin antecedent (factor XI) is not a vitamin K-dependent clotting protein. In a recent paper [Science 145, 926 (1964)], I had listed it along with plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), proconvertin (factor VII), and prothrombin as clotting proteins under probable genetic control by vitamin K in the mammal. Instead of PTA, I should have listed Stuart's factor (X), which appears now to be well established as a vitamin K-dependent clotting factor. ROBERT E. OLSON Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Pressure inside Small Cavities: A Possible Factor in Enzyme Catalysis and Selectivity

There are many different examples where atoms or molecules are found in cavities within larger (cage) molecules. The term host–guest chemistry has been used to describe this situation. This paper considers the possibility that pressure within the cavities can be measured or calculated in several possible ways. The various values for pressure for different systems can serve to compare them. It is suggested that pressure might be related to the rate of escape of the contents through an opening in the cage wall and to the equilibrium between inside and outside. Furthermore, in the case of substrates within enzyme active sites, it is suggested that the pressure is anisotropic. Pressure localized along certain directions may play an important role in the catalytic function of the enzyme.
Meson spectroscopy and overview of the HallD program at Jlab

Abstract I will review the current status of mesons spectroscopy and some issues in partial wave analysis. Implications of the GlueX/Hall D experiment at the energy upgraded JLab in studies of the resonance spectrum, including exotic mesons is discussed.
Discovery of Seven T Tauri Stars and a Brown Dwarf Candidatein the Nearby TW Hydrae Association

We report the discovery of five T Tauri star systems, two of which are resolved binaries, in the vicinity of the nearest known region of recent star formation: the TW Hydrae Association. The newly discovered systems display the same signatures of youth (namely high X-ray flux, large Li abundance, and strong chromospheric activity) and the same proper motion as the original five members. These similarities firmly establish the group as a bona fide T Tauri association, unique in its proximity to Earth and its complete isolation from any known molecular clouds. At an age of ~10 Myr and a distance of ~50 pc, the association members are excellent candidates for future studies of circumstellar disk dissipation and the formation of brown dwarfs and planets. Indeed, as an example, our speckle imaging revealed a faint, very likely companion 2'' north of CD -33° 7795 (TWA 5). Its color and brightness suggest a spectral type of ~M8.5 which, at an age of ~107 yr, implies a mass ~20MJup.
Comparison of different optical methods of THz generation

A number of different methods of generating Terahertz radiation is considered and the efficiencies of these methods are compared theoretically between themselves as well as with Manley-Rowe limits. It is shown that below 1 THz photoconductive antennae and traditional microwave methods hold advantage, while above 10 THz the advantage goes to traditional nonlinear optical methods. In the 1 - 10 THz region there is no clear winner, but the methods using intersubband transitions in quantum wells do possess significant advantage.
On-orbit dynamics and controls system architecture for SIM Lite

The dynamic stability of white light fringes formed on the guide and science interferometers in SIM-Lite along with the pointing stability of each arm of each interferometer affect the visibility of fringes and the length of the fringe camera integration time for the observatory. Hence, tight fringe and pointing stability requirements are needed to reduce science interferometer camera integration times, which in turn help increase the all important instrument's observing efficiency. The SIM-Lite Instrument Dynamics and Controls (D&C) System Architecture deals with such dynamic issues through a "tailored" system dynamics design complemented by a comprehensive active control system. The SIM-Lite on-orbit System architecture is described in this paper. Key roles played by the resulting D&C System are also established, while the system design is clearly linked to the four nominal phases of on-orbit operations for the observatory (Tile to Tile slew & settling, guide star acquisition, science observation, & science interferometer retargeting). Top driving requirements dictating system interferometric-baseline stability and repeatability, instrument pointing stability, and fringe stability are discussed here together with the resulting high level Error Budget. Key system sensitivities and currently known D&C related design challenges are also discussed.
Development and evaluation of antisera for detection of the O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate and phosphorothionothiolate organophosphorus pesticides by immunoassay.

An immunochemical approach for class detection of organophosphorus pesticides was investigated. Synthesis of O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate haptens and their use in the generation of polyclonal antisera are described. An indirect inhibition format ELISA coupled with an automated screening procedure was used to characterize the dose−response of the resulting antisera for 17 representative O,O-diethyl and O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionates/thionothiolates and phosphates. Keywords: Organophosphorus pesticides; immunoassay; class-specific detection
Corticotropin releasing factor: Immunocytochemical localization in rat brain

Abstract Using antiserum generated against the synthetic CRF1–41 we have immunocytochemically localized perikarya and processes in rat brain. Areas observed to have particularly dense accumulation of CRF-ir cells were in the extra-hypothalamic areas of nucleus accumbens septi, nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic region, and the central amygdaloid nucleus. Within the hypothalamus cell bodies were scattered throughout the anterior hypothalamic region and densely packed in the paraventricular nucleus. Fibers appear most dense in the lateral septal region and throughout the external layer of the median eminence.
The epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis infant mortality in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined trends and risk factors for infant mortality associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in the United States. METHODS: Necrotizing enterocolitis-associated deaths and infant mortality rates from 1979 through 1992 were determined by means of US multiple cause-of-death and linked birth/infant death data. RESULTS: Annual necrotizing enterocolitis infant mortality rates decreased from 1979 through 1986 but increased thereafter and were lower during the 3-year period before (1983 through 1985;11.5 per 100,000 live births) the introduction of surfactants than after (1990 through 1992; 12.3 per 100,000). Low-birthweight singleton infants who were Black male, or born to mothers younger than 17 had increased risk for necrotizing enterocolitis-associated death. CONCLUSIONS: As mortality among low-birth weight infants continues to decline and smaller newborns survive early causes of death, necrotizing enterocolitis-associated infant mortality may increase.
Determination of microwave emissivity from advance microwave sounder unit measurements

This paper proposes an efficient way to retrieve the microwave emissivity from advanced microwave sounder unit (AMSU) brightness temperature measurements. In the first step, the atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile and surface skin temperature are determined using AMSU channel 5 to 14, 18 and 19 which are less sensitive to surface radiation. In the second step, the microwave emissivity is then determined using the AMSU window channel 3. Finally, the atmospheric profile and the microwave emissivity are retrieved simultaneously based on a non- linear iteration algorithm using all AMSU and high resolution IR radiation sounder measurements. Simulation results have shown this algorithm is practical in solving for the microwave emissivity. This algorithm will be part of the International ATOVS Processing Package developed by Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On-line X-ray fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoresis separations

In these investigations, capillary electrophoresis with on-line X-ray fluorescence detection (CE-XRF) has been demonstrated for the first time. The insertion of a polyethylene sample cell between fused-silica capillary segments enabled continuous XRF detection during electrophoresis with minimal additional band broadening. Detection limits in the 10−4 M range are currently feasible for the CE-XRF separation of metal complexes, and design advances will enhance detectability to the 10−5–10−6 M range, permitting studies of important environmental and biological samples.
EXAMINING HIGH SCHOOL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEACHER EXPERIENCE IN A CADAVER DISSECTION LABORATORY AND IMPACTS ON PRACTICE

This article describes the results of a study that investigated the experiences of a group of high school anatomy and physiology teachers who participated in a cadaver dissection laboratory workshop organized through a university–school partnership. Teacher feedback was collected before, during, and after the workshop through pre-arrival surveys, open-ended written responses to questions during the experience, focus group interviews with teachers, and follow-up surveys and meetings. Two evaluation specialists also attended and engaged in participant observation during the dissection experience. Using an interpretive qualitative approach, data were analyzed and coded for emergent themes. These findings are presented along with first-person narrative description of the experience from teachers’ perspectives. This article contextualizes this initiative relative to hands-on learning of anatomy and physiology, secondary science teacher professional development, and instructional improvement. Results of this study support the positive impact of such experiences on instructor content understanding and outcomes for classroom practice. Specific changes to teacher behavior and dissection instruction following the workshop and ongoing professional development efforts are reported.
A bio-inspired robust 3D plume tracking strategy using mobile sensor networks

We develop a robust plume tracking strategy using mobile sensor networks in three dimensional (3D) fields. Inspired by the plume tracking behavior of blue crabs, we propose a stochastic model of plume spikes detected by sensing agents based on the Poisson counting process, which enables us to transform the turbulent plume field detected by sensing agents to a continuously-differential field, the minimum of which is considered as a source in the field, and shares the same location with the plume source. The transformation allows us to design and analyze source-seeking algorithms in smooth fields instead of in turbulent fields with higher fluctuation spatially and temporally. Inspired by fish schools that seek darker (shaded) regions in environments with complex lighting variations, we develop a distributed source-seeking algorithm using mobile sensor networks without explicit gradient estimation. The velocity of each agent is designed using only the measurements taken by the agent and the relative positions to its neighboring agents. We prove that, using this design, the moving direction of a three-agent group will converge to the opposite gradient direction of the field, thus, the group moves towards a source in the field. We also prove that the tracking system is input-to-state stable (ISS), indicating that the system is robust to disturbances. We then generalize the design to N-agent groups, and demonstrate the strategy in both smooth fields and turbulent fields in simulations.
RASP-based sample acquisition of analogue Martian permafrost samples: Implications for NASA's Phoenix scout mission

Abstract Sample acquisition studies of ice–dirt mixtures under simulated Martian conditions approximating the 2007/8 Phoenix Scout mission are reported. The experiments were performed using a prototype rapid acquisition sampling package (RASP) that is similar to the one mounted on the 2007/8 Phoenix scout robotic arm. This mission will acquire a sample from permafrost-like regolith that is estimated at strengths near 45 MPa to measure the volatile composition including H2O. Sublimation loss during sample acquisition and transfer will have a significant effect on the determination of water content, a major Phoenix mission goal. Laboratory sample acquisition was performed under Martian ambient pressures (5 Torr) in which water is unstable and ice quickly sublimates. Basalt samples consisting of various size, and shapes subjected to various temperature ranges were used as the aggregate material of the water saturated permafrost analogues expected to be found at the Phoenix landing site. In our laboratory experiments roughly 5–6% of the initial water–ice was sublimed due to energy imparted by the tool to the sample during sample acquisition. This loss is in addition to any others from passive sublimation as the samples are transferred to the instruments for analysis. We determined that the energy necessary to excavate the permafrost samples with the RASP to be on the order of 0.05 W h/cm3. Finally, we discuss the potential to use a RASP on future in situ Martian missions.
Precision measurements of the effect of implanted boron on silicon solid phase epitaxial regrowth

The epitaxial recrystallization rates of self-ion amorphitized layers in silicon wafers with 〈100〉 substrate orientation were measured by in situ, high precision, isothermal cw laser interferometry. With this one-sample technique the changes produced by implanted boron impurity concentrations (N B) in the activation energy E a and preexponential V 0 of solid phase epitaxy were measured for concentrations in the range 5 × 1018 cm−3 < N B < 3 × 1020 cm−3 and for temperatures from 450 to 550°C. The differential changes in E a produced were measured to within ± 23 meV when systematic errors were eliminated. Changes in activation energy and entropy [E a and log (V 0)] were found to be linearly correlated for all concentrations. This observation is consistent with the idea that electronically active impurities alter regrowth velocities by reducing the critical temperature for disordering at some of the interfacial sites at which elementary reconstructive processes are driven by thermal fluctuations. For small N n, the critical temperature of the impurity-modified reconstruction is estimated at 1200K, approximately 200 K below the melting temperature of amorphous silicon. The E a decreased exponentially with N B to a concentration N infl, larger than the estimated equilibrium solubility limit, where there was an inflection point in the V vs N B curve. The E a increased for values of N B larger than N infl, showing that the differential increase in V for higher concentrations was due to a differential increase in the activation entropy. A change in the correlation between E a and log (V 0) at N infl indicated that larger N B produced an additional reduction of the critical temperature of the reconstruction. For small N B, the data support a simple Fermi level shifting model for the “electronic effect” of impurities on SPE (solid phase epitaxial) regrowth.
‘Pole-arized’ discourse: An analysis of responses to Miley Cyrus’s Teen Choice Awards pole dance

Sexualization of girlhood is a current issue in the US and around the world. Concerns that girls are asked to self-sexualize at younger and younger ages have led to an examination of the influence ...
Adaptive molecular networks controlling chemotactic migration: dynamic inputs and selection of the network architecture

Eukaryotic signalling networks underlying the cell's ability to sense the gradient of chemotactic cues frequently have the dual property of perfect adaptation to spatially homogeneous inputs, and persistent activation by inputs that are spatially graded. This property is also shared by bacterial chemotaxis networks, raising the question of whether these two types of chemotactic processes also have similar organization of the underlying biomolecular processes. Interestingly, perfect adaptation can only be achieved robustly by a handful of mechanisms, and while eukaryotic chemotactic networks appear to rely on one of these—the incoherent feed-forward loop, bacterial chemotaxis depends on another—the negative feedback loop. In this review, we discuss how this conclusion can be reached even if the details of the molecular networks are incompletely understood. Furthermore, we argue that the use of distinct network architectures is not accidental and may be a consequence of the nature of the signalling inputs and the limitations of the sensory properties of different cell types.
Simultaneous sampling technique for two spectral sources

A technique is described that uses a bundle of fiber optics to simultaneously sample a dye laser and a spectral lamp. By the use of a real-time display with this technique, the two signals can be superimposed, and the effect of any spectral adjustments can be immediately accessed. In the NASA's CARS system used for combustion diagnostics, the dye laser mixes with a simultaneously pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm to probe the vibrational levels of nitrogen. An illustration of the oscilloscopic display of the system is presented.
Panic disorder in association with relaxation induced anxiety: An attentional training approach to treatment

A case of relaxation induced anxiety in a patient with Panic Disorder is reported. The study reports the use of an attentional training procedure which was effective in eliminating panic and facilitated tension reduction without producing anxiety. A two treatment (ABCB) design revealed that a procedure evoking external attentional focus eliminated panic attacks, whereas autogenic training increased the frequency of panic attacks and the intensity of anxiety. The possible roles of self-focus in mediating panic and the effects of relaxation are briefly discussed.
Gene structure and expression of the aspen cytosolic copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (PtSodCc1)

Genomic and cDNA clones, corresponding to an ozone-induced cytosolic copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase, were isolated from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) appears to be part of a multi-gene family in aspen and is interrupted by five introns in the coding region. Northern blot analysis with a gene-specific probe revealed an increase in the expression of this gene in response to ozone in the leaves of an ozone-tolerant aspen clone, compared with an ozone-sensitive clone. Cytosolic SOD transcript expression levels in leaves were also found to increase significantly withi n6ho f mechanical wounding, after which the level of the transcript decreases. Under normal growing conditions, immature male and female aspen floral bud tissues contained the highest levels of the cytosolic SOD gene transcript, whereas transcript levels were almost undetectable in older leaves. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recasting Dilemma Zone Design as a Marginal Cost-Benefit Problem

One control objective at high-speed isolated intersections is to provide safe phase transition by minimizing the occurrence of high-speed vehicles in the dilemma zone before the phase is terminated. An upper limit for extending the green (maximum green time) is used to avoid an indefinite extension of the main-street green. Currently, the maximum green times are chosen by using engineering judgment. This approach does not explicitly consider the trade-offs between safety and delay and hence often results in both unsafe and inefficient performance at the intersection under medium to heavy traffic volumes. The dilemma problem is recast as one of minimizing the number of vehicles entering the upstream decision conflict zone (DCZ). An economic evaluation approach is proposed to maximize both safety and efficiency at the intersection by considering the problem in terms of marginal costs and benefits. Traffic conflicts are used to estimate potential safety benefits, and the induced delay cost is used to estimat...
Local excision: some reality testing.

The role of local therapy for management of rectal cancer has been debated for decades, but its use is generally limited to unusual circumstances and ‘‘early-stage’’ disease. If technically feasible, local therapy may be an appropriate treatment for medically infirm patients with rectal cancer who would not tolerate radical resection or palliation of patients with symptomatic but incurable rectal cancer. More debatable is the use of local therapy for normal risk patients who refuse a recommended radical resection because of a high likelihood that a permanent colostomy will be necessary. Some physicians argue that it is unethical to compromise the potential for cure because a patient prefers one treatment to another. Their view is that such patient demands should be refused. Other clinicians accept the primacy of a patient’s demands and proceed with local therapy after obtaining informed consent of the potential consequences of what they consider to be a compromised form of treatment. The role of local therapy as the preferred option for curative intent treatment of normal risk patients with favorable rectal cancer is highly controversial. Some surgeons virtually never recommend this approach because of their conviction that local therapy is associated with a higher rate of local recurrence and a lower survival rate than that which can be achieved with radical surgery. Other surgeons aggressively pursue local therapy options in the hope of curing a patient without the risks of mortality and serious morbidity associated with radical resection.
THE VASCULAR BIOLOGY OF NITRIC OXIDE AND ITS ROLE IN ATHEROGENESIS

▪ Abstract Nitric oxide (NO), the biologically active component of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, has critical roles in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Decreased endothelial NO produ...
Osteoporosis in Chronic Liver Disease

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal complication seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Osteoporosis is usually asymptomatic and, if untreated, can result in fractures and impaired quality of life. For this review, we performed a systematic search of the PubMed database, and all recent peer-reviewed articles regarding the prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in chronic liver disease were included. The prevalence of osteoporosis varies between 11% and 58% in patients with chronic liver disease and in transplant recipients. The etiology of osteoporosis is multifactorial and only partially understood. Various factors linked to the pathogenesis of bone loss are vitamin D, calcium, insulin growth factor-1, receptor activation of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), bilirubin, fibronectin, leptin, proinflammatory cytokines, and genetic polymorphisms. Management of osteoporosis involves early diagnosis, identifying and minimizing risk factors, general supportive care, nutrition therapy, and pharmacotherapy. Osteoporosis is diagnosed based on the bone mineral density (BMD) assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Measurement of BMD should be considered in all patients with advanced liver disease and in transplant recipients. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation is recommended for all patients with osteoporosis. Specific agents used for treatment of osteoporosis include bisphosphonates, calcitonin, hormonal therapy, and raloxifene. Bisphosphonates have become the mainstay of therapy for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Prolonged suppression of bone remodeling resulting in atypical fractures has emerged as a significant complication with long-term use of bisphosphonates. Newer treatment agents and better fracture prevention strategies are necessary to prevent and treat osteoporosis.
The effect of PAMAM dendrimer generation size and surface functional group on the aqueous solubility of nifedipine

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low generation (G0–G3) ethylenediamine (EDA) core poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on the aqueous solubility of nifedipine. The aqueous solubility of nifedipine was measured in the presence of dendrimers at 30 °C in Tris buffers at pH 4, 7, and 10 using the traditional rotary bottle method. Results showed that generation size, surface functional group and the pH of the aqueous media determined the aqueous solubility of nifedipine and that solubility profiles were of the Higuchi A L -type. Both amine and ester terminated dendrimers caused the highest increase in nifedipine solubility at pH 7. The order in which the dendrimers increased the solubility at pH 7 was G2.5 > G3 > G1.5 > G2 ≥ G0.5 > G1 > G0. In addition, at each pH, the solubility of nifedipine was greater in the presence of ester-terminated dendrimers compared to the amine-terminated dendrimers possessing the same number of surface functional groups. The pH and surface functional group dependent increase in nifedipine solubility caused by the dendrimers was likely due to changes in the degree of protonation of the dendrimers. A decrease in the protonation of dendritric amines was expected to promote hydrogen bond formation between the tertiary amines within the dendrimer cavity and the nifedipine molecule.
Thermal Conductivity Computation of Nanofluids by Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Nanoparticle Loading and Temperature Effect

A model nanofluid system of copper nanoparticles in argon base fluid was successfully modeled by molecular dynamics simulation. The interatomic interactions between solid copper nanoparticles, base liquid argon atoms and between solid copper and liquid argon were modeled by Lennard Jones potential with appropriate parameters. The effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was calculated through Green Kubo method in equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation for varying nanoparticle concentrations and for varying system temperatures. Thermal conductivity of the basefluid was also calculated for comparison. This study showed that effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is much higher than that of the base fluid and found to increase with increased nanoparticle concentration and system temperature. Through molecular dynamics calculation of mean square displacements for basefluid, nanofluid and its components, we suggested that the increased movement of liquid atoms in the presence of nanoparticle was probable mechanism for higher thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
A Cost Function Based Single Network Adaptive Critic architecture for optimal control synthesis for a class of nonlinear systems

Approximate dynamic programming implemented with an Adaptive Critic (AC) neural network (NN) structure has evolved as a powerful alternative technique that eliminates the need for excessive computations and storage requirements in solving optimal control problems. A typical AC structure consists of two interacting NNs. In this paper, a new architecture, called the “Cost Function Based Single Network Adaptive Critic (J-SNAC)” is presented. This approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems where the optimal control (stationary) equation can be explicitly expressed in terms of the state and cost variables. Selection of this terminology is guided by the fact that it eliminates the use of one NN (namely the action network) that is part of a typical dual network AC. In order to demonstrate the benefits and the control synthesis technique in using the J-SNAC, two problems have been solved with the AC and the J-SNAC approaches. Results are presented that show savings of about 50% of the computational costs by J-SNAC while having the same accuracy levels of the dual network structure in solving for optimal control. Convergence of the J-SNAC iterations is discussed as well as the reduction of the iterative process to the familiar algebraic Ricatti equation in the case of linear systems.
CASE STUDY: Productivity, quality characteristics, and beef cattle performance from cool-season annual forage mixtures

A grazing experiment was conducted to quantify productivity, quality characteristics, and beef cattle performance from mixtures of oat (Avena sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.; O-RG), rye (Secale cereale L.) and ryegrass (R-RG), or oat and rye and ryegrass (O-R-RG) under continuous stocking. Six 1.42-ha paddocks were seeded with O-RG, R-RG, or O-R-RG mixtures (2 paddocks/treatment) in November 2008 and stocked initially with 3 yearling crossbred test steers (392 ± 31 kg initial BW) per paddock on January 8, 2009. Forage mass and nutritive quality were determined by clipping 0.25-m2 quadrats (8/paddock) before the beginning of grazing and every 2 wk during the experiment. Stocking densities were adjusted using put-and-take steers to maintain grasses in a vegetative state, and grazing was discontinued on May 28. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design by the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. Steer ADG was greater (P < 0.10) for O-RG (1.39 kg/d) and O-R-RG (1.26 kg/d) than R-RG (1.13 kg/d). Number of steer-grazing-days was 547, 655, and 625 d for R-RG, O-RG, and O-R-RG, respectively, and mean forage allowance across all treatments was 1.06 kg DM/ kg steer BW over the 140-d grazing experiment. Results indicate that O-RG was superior to R-RG for supporting beef cattle performance under continuous stocking, and that inclusion of rye in a ternary mixture did not improve performance over that from O-RG.
Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has become the most frequently reported health care-associated infection in the United States [1]. As the incidence of CDI rises, so too does the burden it produces on health care and society. In an attempt to decrease the burden of CDI and provide the best outcomes for patients affected by CDI, there have been many recent advancements in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of CDI. In this article, we review the current recommendations regarding CDI testing and treatment strategies.
Conforming for survival: Associations between transgender visual conformity/passing and homelessness experiences

ABSTRACTTransgender/gender-nonconforming (GNC) individuals face widespread discrimination and harassment, and are frequently victims of transphobic acts of violence. Furthermore, transgender/GNC individuals are twice as likely to experience homelessness as other members of the at-large population. This study uses a national survey (N = 6,456) to examine, specifically among transgender/GNC individuals, relationships between homelessness experiences and visual conformity/passing, and how this population's shelter-based experiences may differ based on the level to which an individual visually conforms. Results suggest that lower visual conformity/passing is positively associated with homelessness as well as negative experiences incurred while accessing shelters. Social service implications are subsequently discussed.
Analysis of Film Cooling and Heat Transfer in Rocket Thrust Chamber and Nozzle

This study presents a CFD model for film cooling in rocket engines. The model was used to analyze various degrees of film cooling in the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), a commonly studied liquid rocket engine. The cases studied involve different composition and flow rates at film layer and wall temperatures from 540R to 1500R. For each case, detailed evaluations of the film cooling effectiveness in reducing the wall heat flux, and the heat transfer coefficient are presented. It is found that the maximum film cooling is accomplished when pure hydrogen is used in the film layer. Lower degree of film cooling is observed when a rich mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is injected into the film layer. In all cases, as expected, the wall heat flux is reduced with the increase in the mass flow rate of the film layer. Nomenclature A  = surface area vector f A  = area of face f Isp = specific impulse faces N = number of faces enclosing cell
The representation of the linear elastic symmetries by sets of vectors

The objective of this paper is to show that the different forms of the elasticity or compliance tensors that represent the different linear elastic material symmetries may be obtained by assuming that the strain energy depends on a set of vectors, a different specific set for each of the eight linear elastic material symmetries. This connection permits a geometrically intuitive view of the elastic symmetries as a companion to the group theoretic crystallographic viewpoint. It also permits each of the eight linear elastic symmetries to be viewed as characterized by sets of material vectors. Finally, it provides a conceptual basis for the direct and evolving calculation of the changes in symmetry as a result of deformation. This work was motivated by the use of vectors to represent collagen directions in development of constitutive equations for soft tissue deformation.
Advances in RSV vaccine research and development – A global agenda

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of viral lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children globally, but no vaccine is currently available to protect these vulnerable populations. Live-attenuated vaccine approaches have been in development for decades, but achieving the appropriate balance between immunogenicity and safety has proven difficult. Immunoprophylaxis with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody palivizumab is limited to high-risk infants, but cost requirements for multiple dosing make its use impractical in low- and middle-income countries. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates using a variety of technologies and targeting diverse populations has emerged in recent years. There are now 60 RSV vaccine candidates in development that target pediatric and elderly populations. While most are at a preclinical stage, 16 candidates are in clinical development. This review summarizes current RSV vaccine research and development, including an overview of the vaccine platforms being used, the development stage of individual vaccine candidates, and gaps to be addressed to facilitate use of these vaccines to meet global health needs.
Earthing Arrangement and Neutral Conductor Circulating Current Suppression for Low-voltage Microgrid

Microgrid is a cluster of distributed generations and loads as well as storage.To ensure safety of equipment and human,microgrid should be properly earthed.Focussing on low voltage microgrid,we investigated domestic and international standards on earthing,analyzed the characteristics of TN,TT and IT earthing system,and summaried the principle of employing earthing system for microgrid.Moreover,we analyzed the electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) and the stray current problem.With regardto the circulating current aroused by parallel distributed generations,we proposed a remedy that distributed generation provides phase wires while a transformer with low zero sequence impedance provides the neutral wires.With respect to the neutral voltage displacement,we adopted theoretical analysies and simulations to confirm the feasibility.Furthermore,we presented and discussed some doubtful problems of the involved domestic standards including additional earthing and earthing sharing,and provided the revised suggestions.
Efficacy Analysis of Mumps Vaccine

Objective In order to discuss efficacy of the mumps vaccine.Method Two primary schools (Ye Jia Qi and Xiao Zhou) with mumps outbreaks and four primary schools as control without mumps outbreaks were selected for investigation.Results Efficacy of Ye Jia Qi primary school and its control schools was 78.80% and 81.36% respectively. Efficacy of Xiao zhou primary school and its control schools was 75.76% and 76.60% respectively.Conclusion Inoculation of mumps vaccine could prevent mumps.
Disposable Biochip Cartridge for Clinical Diagnostics Toward Point-of-Care Systems

This paper presents a prototype disposable biochip cartridge and biochip analyzer for clinical diagnostics toward point-of-care systems. The prototype disposable biochip, which has been fully micromachined using plastic micro-injection molding, is presented and demonstrated for analysis of human blood sample with the prototype biochip analyzer. With the developed prototype biochip cartridge and analyser, PO2 (partial oxygen pressure concentration) and glucose level in human blood sample have been successfully measured in less than a minute.
Pulmonary Valve Replacement With a Trifecta Valve Is Associated With Reduced Transvalvular Gradient.

Background Outcomes after surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in patients with congenital cardiac disease are limited by long-term valve deterioration, which may be hastened by turbulent flow. The use of the Trifecta valve (St. Jude Medical, Little Canada, MN) at our institution (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC) appears to result in low postimplantation transvalvular gradients. This study was performed to compare the early transvalvular gradient associated with the Trifecta valve with that associated with two other valves commonly used for PVR. Methods We performed a single institution review of patients undergoing PVR with the Perimount valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), the Biocor valve (St. Jude Medical), or the Trifecta valve between November 1993 and January 2014. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to determine the adjusted association between valve type and transvalvular gradient as determined by early postoperative echocardiography. Results A total of 186 patients met study criteria; 54 (29%) received a Biocor valve, 87 (47%) received a Perimount valve, and 45 (24%) received a Trifecta valve. There were no baseline differences among the groups, but the peak transvalvular gradient was significantly decreased among patients with the Trifecta valve. After adjustment for age, valve size, patients' weight, and time to the assessment, as compared with the Trifecta valve, the Biocor valve was associated with a 57% higher peak valve gradient ( p p = 0.04). Conclusions PVR for congenital heart disease with the Trifecta bioprosthetic valve is associated with a reduced early transvalvular gradient. This finding may be associated with reduced valve deterioration over time.
Fuel Burnup and Fuel Management

Nuclear fuel is removed from a reactor every few years when it can no longer economically keep a chain reaction going. This “spent” fuel remains radioactive and must be managed. At first, it goes into a pool on-site for cooling and storage. Some utilities are moving their spent fuel after several years in the pool into the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) certified dry storage casks. These casks are specially designed to contain the radioactivity and allow hot spent fuel to cool further. In contrast to fossil fuel, the fuel in nuclear reactors cannot be converted since the fuel undergoes changes during its use in the reactor, which require the fuel elements to be exchanged.
Assessing Critical-Analytical Listening Skills in Math and Engineering Students: An Exploratory Inquiry of How Analytical Listening Skills Can Positively Impact Learning

In this article, the researchers discuss the implementation of the Ferrari, Lynch, and Vogel Listening Test (FLVLT) to two STEM areas: Mathematics and Computer Science. The goal of the present stud...
Explosive hazard detection with feature and decision level fusion, multiple kernel learning, and fuzzy integrals

Kernel methods for classification is a well-studied area in which data are implicitly mapped from a lower-dimensional space to a higher-dimensional space to improve classification accuracy. However, for most kernel methods, one must still choose a kernel to use for the problem. Since there is, in general, no way of knowing which kernel is the best, multiple kernel learning (MKL) is a technique used to learn the aggregation of a set of valid kernels into a single (ideally) superior kernel. The aggregation can be done using weighted sums of the pre-computed kernels, but determining the summation weights is not a trivial task. A popular and successful approach to this problem is MKL-group lasso (MKLGL), where the weights and classification surface are simultaneously solved by iteratively optimizing a min-max optimization until convergence. In this work, we compare the results of two previously proposed MKL algorithms to MKLGL in the context of explosive hazard detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR) data. The first MKL algorithm we employ is an l p -normed genetic algorithm MKL (GAMKL p ), which uses a genetic algorithm to learn the weights of a set of pre-computed kernel matrices for use with MKL classification. A second algorithm, called decision-level fuzzy integral MKL (DeFIMKL), is also employed, where a fuzzy measure with respect to the fuzzy Choquet integral is learned via quadratic programming, and the decision value—viz., the class label—is computed using the fuzzy Choquet integral aggregation. Experiments using government furnished GPR data show that these MKL algorithms can outperform MKLGL when applied to support vector machine (SVM)-based classification.