cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential-mode vibrational noise cancellation structure for Metglas/Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 fiber magnetoelectric laminates

A differential structure which has the ability to reject external vibrational noise for Metglas/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) fiber-based magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures has been studied. This type of ME structure functions better than conventional sensors as a magnetic sensor when used in an environment in which vibrational isolation is impractical. Sensors fabricated with this differential mode structure can attenuate external vibrational noise by about 10 to 20 dB at different frequencies, while simultaneously having a doubled ME voltage coefficient. Interestingly, in addition to offering a means of mitigating vibrational noise, this ME structure offers the potential to be a hybrid sensor, separating magnetic and acoustical signals.
A new procedure for improving the solution stability and extending the frequency range of the EBCM

The extended boundary condition method (EBCM) has been frequently used to obtain the absorption and scattering characteristics of axisymmetric dielectric objects. For applications involving relatively high-loss dielectric objects, however, the method was usable only at frequencies below resonance. In this paper a new procedure for improving the stability and extending the frequency range of the EBCM is presented. This new procedure has two main features: 1) it is iterative, since it starts with a known solution that approximates the scattering problem, and 2) it involves separate field expansions in each of the overlapping subregions which describe the total interior volume of the object. For example, for high-loss dielectric objects, such as the biological models of humans and animals, the first step in the procedure is to replace the lossy dielectric object with a perfectly conducting one of the same shape and solving the scattering problem to determine the current density on the surface of the conductor. This surface current is then used to calculate the induced field expansions inside the dielectric object. It is shown that the numerical stability of the solution is further improved by dividing the interior region of the object into overlapping subregions, in each of which a separate field expansion is assumed. The electric and magnetic surface currents so obtained from the solution of the internal problem are then used to improve the initial estimate of the current density on the surface of the object. The iterative procedure continues until convergent values of the surface currents and the fields are obtained. Numerical results illustrating the improved stability of the iterative EBCM (IEBCM) solution at higher frequencies as well as its accuracy in calculating the absorption characteristics of a spheroidal model of man in the resonance and the postresonance frequency range are presented.
Longitudinal 1H MRS changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR)-based volume measurements of atrophy are potential markers of disease progression in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Longitudinal changes in 1 H MR spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) metabolite markers have not been characterized in MCI subjects. Our objective was to determine the longitudinal 1 H MRS metabolite changes in patients with MCI, and AD, and to compare 1 H MRS metabolite ratios and ventricular volumes in tracking clinical disease progression in AD. The neuronal integrity marker N -acetylaspartate/creatine ratio declined in MCI and AD patients compared to cognitively normal elderly. The change in 1 H MRS metabolite ratios correlated with clinical progression about as strongly as the rate of ventricular expansion, suggesting that 1 H MRS metabolite ratios may be useful markers for the progression of AD. Choline/creatine ratio declined in stable MCI, compared to converter MCI patients and cognitively normal elderly, which may be related to a compensatory mechanism in MCI patients who did not to progress to AD.
Durability of simulated waste glass: effects of pressure and formation of surface layers

The leaching behavior of simulated Savannah River Plant (SRP) waste glass was studied at elevated pressures and anticipated storage temperatures. An integrated approach, which combined leachate solution analysis with both bulk and surface studies, was used to study the corrosion process. Compositions of leachates were evaluated by colorimetry and atomic absorption. Used in the bulk and surface analyses were optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, infrared reflectance spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Results from this study show that there is no significant adverse effect of pressure, up to 1500 psi and 90°C, on the chemical durability of simulated SRP waste glass leached for one month in deionized water. In addition, the leached glass surface layer was characterized by an adsorbed film rich in minor constituents from the glass. This film remained on the glass surface even after leaching in relatively alkaline solutions at elevated pressures at 90°C for one month. The sample surface area to volume of leachant ratios (SA/V) was 10:1 cm−1 and 1:10 cm−1. The corrosion mechanisms and the subsurface layers produced will be discussed along with the potential importance of these results to repository storage.
Paf1 Restricts Gcn4 Occupancy and Antisense Transcription at the ARG1 Promoter

The conserved Paf1 complex negatively regulates the expression of numerous genes, yet the mechanisms by which it represses gene expression are not well understood. In this study, we use the ARG1 gene as a model to investigate the repressive functions of the Paf1 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results indicate that Paf1 mediates repression of the ARG1 gene independently of the gene-specific repressor, ArgR/Mcm1. Rather, by promoting histone H2B lysine 123 ubiquitylation, Paf1 represses the ARG1 gene by negatively affecting Gcn4 occupancy at the promoter. Consistent with this observation, Gcn5 and its acetylation sites on histone H3 are required for full ARG1 derepression in paf1Δ cells, and the repressive effect of Paf1 is largely maintained when the ARG1 promoter directs transcription of a heterologous coding region. Derepression of the ARG1 gene in paf1Δ cells is accompanied by small changes in nucleosome occupancy, although these changes are subtle in comparison to those that accompany gene activation through amino acid starvation. Additionally, conditions that stimulate ARG1 transcription, including PAF1 deletion, lead to increased antisense transcription across the ARG1 promoter. This promoter-associated antisense transcription positively correlates with ARG1 sense transcription. Finally, our results indicate that Paf1 represses other genes through mechanisms similar to those used at the ARG1 gene.
Multiwavelength time allocation: the wave of the future

With the successful launch of NASA's third 'Great Observatory,' the Chandra X-ray Observatory (formerly AXAF), we are embarking on a new era of multi-wavelength science campaigns from space. To meet this challenge, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and the Chandra X-ray Center (CXC) have initiated a test program whereby proposals of a multi-wavelength nature requiring both Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Chandra data can be submitted to either the HST Review Panel or the Chandra Review Panel. This joint activity enables proposers to avoid the 'double jeopardy' of submitting to two separate reviews. By agreement with the CXC, STScI will award up to 400 kiloseconds of Chandra observing time, and similarly the CXC will award up to 100 orbits of HST time (about one week of observing time for each observatory). The only criterion above and beyond the usual review criteria is that both sets of data are required to meet the scientific goals. We discuss the multi-wavelength allocation concept, how the process worked for HST's Cycle 9 Review and modifications expected for Chandra's Cycle 2 Review. We will also address other missions, such as EUVE, FUSE, NOAO, SIRTF and NGST that might be included in coordinated observation time allocation in the future.
Twenty-four/seven: a mixed-method systematic review of the off-shift literature

Aim This article is a report of a review that aimed to synthesize qualitative and quantitative evidence of ‘off-shifts’ (nights, weekends and/or holidays) on quality and employee outcomes in hospitals.
Experimental validation of predicted mammalian erythroid cis-regulatory modules

Multiple alignments of genome sequences are helpful guides to functional analysis, but predicting cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) accurately from such alignments remains an elusive goal. We predict CRMs for mammalian genes expressed in red blood cells by combining two properties gleaned from aligned, noncoding genome sequences: a positive regulatory potential (RP) score, which detects similarity to patterns in alignments distinctive for regulatory regions, and conservation of a binding site motif for the essential erythroid transcription factor GATA-1. Within eight target loci, we tested 75 noncoding segments by reporter gene assays in transiently transfected human K562 cells and/or after site-directed integration into murine erythroleukemia cells. Segments with a high RP score and a conserved exact match to the binding site consensus are validated at a good rate (50%–100%, with rates increasing at higher RP), whereas segments with lower RP scores or nonconsensus binding motifs tend to be inactive. Active DNA segments were shown to be occupied by GATA-1 protein by chromatin immunoprecipitation, whereas sites predicted to be inactive were not occupied. We verify four previously known erythroid CRMs and identify 28 novel ones. Thus, high RP in combination with another feature of a CRM, such as a conserved transcription factor binding site, is a good predictor of functional CRMs. Genome-wide predictions based on RP and a large set of well-defined transcription factor binding sites are available through servers at http://www.bx.psu.edu/.
ATP Release Mechanisms of Endothelial Cell–Mediated Stimulus-Dependent Hyperalgesia

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1) acts on endothelial cells to enhance mechanical stimulation–induced release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn can act on sensory neurons innervating blood vessels to contribute to vascular pain, a phenomenon we have referred to as stimulus-dependent hyperalgesia (SDH). In the present study, we evaluated the role of the major classes of ATP release mechanisms to SDH: vesicular exocytosis, plasma membrane–associated ATP synthase, ATP-binding cassette transporters, and ion channels. Inhibitors of vesicular exocytosis (ie, monensin, brefeldin A, and bafilomycin), plasma membrane–associated ATPase (ie, oligomycin and pigment epithelium–derived factor peptide 34-mer), and connexin ion channels (carbenoxolone and flufenamic acid) but not ATP-binding cassette transporter (ie, dipyridamole, nicardipine, or CFTR inh -172) attenuated SDH. This study reports a role of ATP in SDH and suggests novel targets for the treatment of vascular pain syndromes. Perspective ET-1 acts on endothelial cells to produce mechanical stimulation–induced hyperalgesia. Inhibitors of 3 different ATP release mechanisms attenuated this SDH. This study provides support for a role of ATP in SDH and suggests novel targets for the treatment of vascular pain syndromes.
A preliminary analysis of Key Issues in chemical industry accident reports

Abstract Chemical industry accident reports provide a wealth of information that can be used to develop lessons learned to improve safety and efficiency of operations at chemical industry facilities. The United States Chemical Safety Board (CSB) is one source of these accident reports. As a part of an investigation and causal analysis process, CSB investigators identify “Key Issues” for each chemical accident. This research evaluated trends in those Key Issues by applying two distinct analyses of these issues. The first analysis assessed the Key Issues naturalistically, as reported by the expert investigation team; however, this result was problematic, as about 2/3 of all Key Issues, as described in the chemical industry accident reports, occurred only once. In the second analysis, the Key Issues were sorted thematically to capture insights from the many single-occurrence issues. This thematic analysis, using categories drawn from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s) Process Safety Management (PSM) guidance, allowed for a more comprehensive understanding and grouping of the issues behind the chemical accidents studied. The findings of this research identified several accident themes that can be used to develop a better understanding of chemical industry accidents and potentially improve safety and efficiency of operations at chemical facilities.
A New Population of Aleutian Shield Fern (Polystichum aleuticum C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska

Abstract We report and describe a new population of the endangered Aleutian shield fern (Polystichum aleuticum C. Christens.) discovered on Mount Reed, Adak Island, Alaska. The new population is located at a lower elevation than the other known populations, placing the species' known elevational range between 338 m and 525 m. The discovery of this population is significant because it increases the total number of known populations and individuals for the species.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Drugs and Botanical Dietary Supplements

The use of botanical dietary supplements has grown steadily over the last 20 years despite incomplete information regarding active constituents, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety. An important but underinvestigated safety concern is the potential for popular botanical dietary supplements to interfere with the absorption, transport, and/or metabolism of pharmaceutical agents. Clinical trials of drug-botanical interactions are the gold standard and are usually carried out only when indicated by unexpected consumer side effects or, preferably, by predictive preclinical studies. For example, phase 1 clinical trials have confirmed preclinical studies and clinical case reports that St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) induces CYP3A4/CYP3A5. However, clinical studies of most botanicals that were predicted to interact with drugs have shown no clinically significant effects. For example, clinical trials did not substantiate preclinical predictions that milk thistle (Silybum marianum) would inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and/or CYP3A4. Here, we highlight discrepancies between preclinical and clinical data concerning drug-botanical interactions and critically evaluate why some preclinical models perform better than others in predicting the potential for drug-botanical interactions. Gaps in knowledge are also highlighted for the potential of some popular botanical dietary supplements to interact with therapeutic agents with respect to absorption, transport, and metabolism.
Dysconscious racism in mainstream British voice pedagogy and its potential effects on students from pluralistic backgrounds in UK Drama Conservatoires

Given the increasing diversity in UK actor training programs, it is imperative to recontextualize mainstream British voice pedagogy. Such pedagogy generally begins with the supposition that the voice is a representation of the sociocultural self and aims to improve the voice by undoing physical tensions that can impede usage. These tensions are usually attributed to negative societal influences that may induce feelings of fear, shame, or anger. For students with pluralistic backgrounds, racism may be such an influence that creates somatic tensions. This article will examine potential manifestations of dysconscious racism, an uncritical mindset that fails to challenge the norms of a dominant culture, within UK Drama Conservatoires. This includes: curriculum, liberal humanist assumptions in voice texts, standardized accents like Received Pronunciation, and the teacher-student relationship. By conducting semi-structured interviews and employing such methodological lenses as critical ethnography and embodied ...
Techniques for Submodular Maximization

Maximization of a submodular function is a central problem in the algorithmic theory of combinatorial optimization. On the one hand, it has the feel of a clean and stylized problem, amenable to mathematical analysis, while on the other hand, it comfortably contains several rather different problems which are independently of interest from both theoretical and applied points of view. There have been successful analyses from the point of view of theoretical computer science, specifically approximation algorithms, and from an operations research viewpoint, specifically novel branch-and-bound methods have proven to be effective on broad subclasses of problems. To some extent, both of these points of view have validated what some practitioners have known all along: Local-search methods are very effective for many of these problems.
A Distributist Approach to the Upcoming Financial Crisis and Its Effect on Education: Michigan as a Case Study

This paper examines the potential problems and solutions that could arise within the public education system when the federal and state governments make budget cuts because of their high levels of debt and the fiscal gap (difference between revenues and expenditures). The paper uses Michigan as a case study and examines its laws about dissolving school districts, the current state of Michigan schools (ten percent of Michigan schools began the 2013-2014 school year with a deficit), and the finances of Michigan’s state government. The solutions addressed include granting more local control to run the schools (Distributism), looking at homeschooling and private schools for solutions, adopting parent-run schools, and enacting parent trigger laws.One solution is to adopt the economic philosophy of Distributism, which argues that public schools could be more effectively run on the local level. Parents and students best understand what they as individuals need to become more educated. They recognize the specific problems affecting individual students and are better able to decide how to help these students. Officials at the state and federal level do not have a grasp of the problems affecting individual students; they can only apply broad solutions that may be harmful or unhelpful to individuals or groups of students. Therefore, granting more control to parents, students and local officials may encourage solutions that are useful to those specific students in each locale and thereby improve the education system overall in a piecemeal manner.In addition, the paper analyzes how homeschooling and private schools are able to educate children for a smaller cost than the current public school system. The paper studies how parent-run schools in England operate and allow parents to have primary control over their children’s education. The paper examines solutions that give parents and students more control, such as how parent trigger laws in four states allow parents to fire the school staff in failing schools and replace them with staff the parents choose. As the parties that are most affected by a child’s education, parents and children have the most interest in ensuring that students receive an excellent education and are the best party to decide how to improve student education.The paper concludes that local control of the education system offers the best option for improving the education of America’s youth while at the same time operating on a smaller, more efficient budget.
Clean Water and Sanitation in Central Uganda: Maximizing Resources in Multi-Ethnic Communities

The former Bunyoro Kingdom of central Uganda became a magnet for multi-ethnic migration after independence. The first wave came to farm its fertile soils. The second was a melange of refugees fleeing conflicts in Sudan, Rwanda, Congo, Kenya and mostly the great social upheavals resulting from the bloody reigns of Amin and Obote. Although the king of Bunyoro today has mere ceremonial powers, the feudal land tenure system persists to the present. Absentee Bunyoro landlords exact crippling rents from current farmers who practice hoe cultivation for lack of draft animals and access to graze. NGO efforts to provide clean water and improved sanitation are a partial panacea for better health. However, constraints to economic development run much deeper. Ultimately, the extreme ethnic, cultural, religious, linguistic heterogeneity and lack of common identity typical of central Ugandan villages pose a formidable challenge to effective development, or perhaps it present an incipient model for a stable, post-tribal society in Africa.
Hippocratic PostgreSQL

Privacy preservation has become an important requirement in information systems that deal with personal data. In many cases this requirement is imposed by laws that recognize the right of data owners to control whom their information is shared with and the purposes for which it can be shared. Hippocratic databases have been proposed as an answer to this privacy requirement; they extend the architecture of standard DBMSs with components that ensure personal data is handled in compliance with its associated privacy definitions. Previous work in Hippocratic databases has proposed the design of some of these components. Unfortunately, there has not been much work done to implement these components as an integral part of a DBMS and study the problems faced to realize the Hippocratic databases. The main goal of the 'Hippocratic PostgreSQL' project is to perform this implementation and study. The project includes the implementation of components to support limited disclosure, limited retention time, and management of multiple policies and policy versions. This demo presents the use of these components both from a terminal-based SQL command interface and through a Web-based healthcare application that makes use of the implemented database-level privacy features. Hippocratic PostgreSQL has the novel feature of augmenting both k-anonymity and generalization hierarchies into the Hippocratic DBMS engine functionality. Several interesting problems emerge as a result and their solutions are presented in the context of this demo.
Wing Aerodynamic Analysis Incorporating One-Way Interaction with Distributed Propellers

The use of electric motors on general aviation aircraft may enable new aircraft designs that are noticeably different from conventional configurations due to the reduced weight and volume of electric motors compared to conventional engines. One potential design involves distributing multiple propellers over the wing span to augment lift at low speeds. This paper describes initial conceptual design-level work in modeling the aerodynamics of wing configurations with multiple tractor propellers distributed upstream of the leading edge. The approach leverages a vortex lattice model of the wing aerodynamics and propeller slipstream velocities obtained from the XROTOR code augmented with corrections based on the Conway actuator disk model. The technique captures only the “one-way coupling” between the propellers and the wing in which only the propellers’ impact on the wing is considered. This method provides quick results that may aid in design space exploration of DEP concepts in the conceptual design stage. Results indicate that substantial lift improvements may be obtained through leading edge propellers. Furthermore, distributing an equivalent amount of total power over four propellers instead of two provides additional increases in wing lift augmentation even when the propeller design and diameter are held fixed. These results should be verified with more detailed analyses that can capture the full mutual coupling between the wing and all propellers, but these initial tests indicate promise for distributed propeller configurations to provide lift augmentation at low speeds.
Billfinger, “Blackfellows,” and Forty-Niners: Travel and Judgment in Mark Twain

While a substantial number of previous writers have invoked metaphors of travel to describe the encounters between members of different cultures, only a relatively small number of writers—most importantly Roxanne Euben and Susan McWilliams—have explored the importance of travel writing itself for political theory. While both Euben and McWilliams develop compelling cases for the importance of travel writing, neither of them distinguishes between different types of travel. In this article, I argue that an analysis of Mark Twain's travel writing suggests that different practices of travel structure the particular stances travelers take towards the Others they encounter during their travel. I extend this analysis to suggest that writers who use travel as a metaphor for cross-cultural encounters examine the different practices of encountering Others, rather than concentrating solely on the attitudes with which agents enter the encounter.
127 RESULTS OF POST-KATRINA NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND CANCER.

Purpose of the Study Patients with sickle cell disease (SSD) and cancer have special needs; continuity of care is necessary to ensure their continued well-being. Patients with these disorders treated at Children9s Hospital of New Orleans were surveyed to determine special needs identified by their experiences pre-/post-Katrina in 2005 and to identify measures that could be instituted to ensure care and continuity of care in similar disaster. Methods Used A post-Katrina needs assessment survey was administered to 84 patients attending clinics at the Children9s Hospital of New Orleans. HIPPAA requirements were met and parents/patients were assented prior to participation in the study. Summary of Results The ratio of males to females was ≈1:1. Respondents were 37% black, 55% white, and 4% Hispanic. Fifteen percent were SSD patients, whereas 53% were cancer patients (30% had other miscellaneous diseases). Most individuals stated that they had known their destination prior to leaving New Orleans with an evacuation plan. Seventy-seven percent left town; at the time of the survey, 79% were at their pre-Katrina location. No change in hospitalization or emergency room usage was reported post-Katrina, but parents9 overall perception was that their children were not as healthy as before Katrina. Distances for travel to clinic were greater post-Katrina. Sixty percent of those surveyed did not have any difficulty in getting health care during the evacuation period. Those who had difficulty gave the following reasons: inability to reach/find their New Orleans provider; lack of information about resources that were available; need for Web site information from their health care provider; and a lack of Social Services assistance. Sixty-nine percent reported emotional or psychological problems in their children post-Katrina, although not all had sought psychiatric attention. Supportive services identified as needed were transportation assistance, housing assistance, respite care for their children with health care needs, and assistance in finding health care providers in their new location. Conclusion The degree of need was perhaps not as great as expected for these patients having serious and at times chronic illnesses. Parents usually reported no discontinuity of care but did need supportive services, which might not have been available. Efforts are now being made to ensure that these needs are met in the event of a future catastrophic event.
Presence of Soluble b-Type Cytochrome in Human Seminal Fluid *

In 1951 it was shown that human spermatozoa contained cytochromes a, b, and c. It was noted that the cytochromes were confined to the sperm and were not found in seminal fluid. More recently we have observed in seminal plasma a soluble component that has a typical spectrum of a reduced cytochrome b, but can be distinguished from the b-type cytochromes in other mammalian tissue. This substance, seminal plasma cytochrome (SPC) has not been described before. The spectrum of reduced SPC has peaks of 4290 A and 5620 A. The reduction can be induced chemically with sodium dithionite or enzymatically using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as electron donor. The reduced SPC can bind carbon monoxide, giving an absorption peak in the range of 4140 A to 4250 A. SPC was present in semen from vasectomized men and infertility patients with azoospermia, as well as in the seminal plasma of normal donors. This indicates that the enzyme is not present as an artifact caused by leakage from spermatozoa. The possible function of SPC in seminal plasma is unknown at the present time.
[Change on the rate of children's finger metaphysics in the non-Kaschin-Beck disease areas of China].

Objective 36 non-Kaschin-Beck disease villages in five provinces including Jilin,Liaoning,Shaanxi,Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in the severe endemic areas of Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) were selected.The aim of this project was to provide the basis showing these KBD villages had already eliminated the KBD.Methods Fully digital versatile X-ray radiography systems (DR) was used to shoot children's right hand X-ray,in accordance with the "Kashin-Beck Disease Diagnosis Standard" (WS/T 207-2010) for diagnosis.Results Results indicated that children showing metaphyseal changes only appeared in 13 of the 36 villages,where the rate of change on metaphyseal was less than or equal to three percent.Conclusion When KBD had been eliminated in a village,the rate of change on aged 7 to 12 children' s metaphyseal would have been less than three percent. Key words: Kaschin-Beck disease; Metaphysis; Children
Marrying Mary to the Black Legend: Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Marian Messages in Anglo-American Films about Philip II of Spain

When Mary I of England wedded Philip of Spain in 1554, she unwittingly married herself to the Black Legend, a historiographical tradition that since the sixteenth century has demonized imperial Catholic Spain and its Inquisition for bigotry, religious intolerance, and cruelty to foreign enemies, heretics, and colonial peoples. Of course, at Mary’s death in 1558, most of the actions that made her husband the avatar of the legend lay in his future as King Philip II of Spain (1556–1598), and she played no part in them. Moreover, when Spanish historian Julian Juderias coined the term ‘Black Legend’ in 1914, he traced its origins to the Dutch Revolt against Philip, which began in 1566. However, as William Maltby has shown, the English version of the legend began during Philip and Mary’s reign. Contemporaries criticized Mary—half-Spanish herself—for making Philip king of England, allowing him to involve the English in the Habsburgs’ continental war, and for the ‘Spanish’ cruelty entailed in her burning of ‘heretics.’ Elizabethan Protestants looked back on Philip and Mary’s reign as tribulation from which they were grateful to be delivered. Seventeenth-century anti-papist polemicists began calling the first Tudor queen ‘Bloody Mary,’ an unflattering appellation that gained currency with the Enlightenment critique of religious intolerance in the eighteenth century and persisted into the increasingly secular nineteenth and the ecumenical twentieth. Meanwhile, Philip became the leading figure in a royal pantheon of anti-Elizabethan papist villains including Mary herself, Marie of Guise, Mary Queen of Scots, and Catherine de’ Medici (who has her own black legend).1
Window Design and Wiener’s Lemma

Window design is a central problem in time-frequency analysis. We have seen in Chapter 12.2 that the quality of the window is crucial for a quantitative description of time-frequency concentration. Technically, the analysis of a decay order of v(x, ω)−1 in the time-frequency plane requires a pair of dual windows g and γ in M v 1 . While it is easy to design a window g ∈ M 1 v the quality of the dual window is related to the invertibility of the Gabor frame operator on My (Proposition 12.2.7) and so needs further analysis.
Improved method for the optimization of coils in the presence of magnetic soil

Continuous-wave (CW) electromagnetic induction (EMI) systems operating in the presence of magnetic soil often encounter issues with the voltage that the soil induces in the receive coil. Previously, an optimization procedure that represents the coils as stream functions and attempts to create coils to mitigate the effects of the soil was presented. In this paper, the optimization convergence is improved, and a new soil constraint that improves the coils created by the optimization is developed. New coil metrics are introduced, and new coils are designed using the new soil constraint, which allows more freedom for the optimization to adjust the soil response. The new coils indicate the possibility of improvement over current coil designs.
Effects of injection parameters, boost, and swirl ratio on gasoline compression ignition operation at idle and low-load conditions

In this work, we study the effects of injector nozzle inclusion angle, injection pressure, boost, and swirl ratio on gasoline compression ignition combustion. Closed-cycle computational fluid dynam...
42. Differential Transduction Profiles of AAV Vectors in a Mouse Model of Human Glycosylation

Recent studies have demonstrated that AAV gene transfer efficiency and tropism, particularly with regard to the liver, can vary markedly across animal species. A mechanistic understanding of such host-specific AAV transduction profiles is essential for translating preclinical studies to the clinic. In this regard, virus-glycan interactions are key determinants of tissue tropism displayed by various AAV vectors. It is now known that AAV serotypes 1, 4, 5 and 6 utilize glycans terminating in sialic acid (Sia) as a primary receptor. Amongst various forms of Sia, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is the most prevalent in most mammals; however humans are unable to synthesize Neu5GC from its precursor, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5AC), due to a loss-of-function mutation. Consequently, Neu5AC is the predominant Sia in humans. In the current study, we first observed that metabolic incorporation of the nonhuman Sia, Neu5GC selectively reduces transduction efficiency of AAV1 and 6 in vitro. Utilizing a mouse model genetically engineered to express only the human-specific Sia, Neu5AC, we assessed the effects of sialic acid composition on the tropism and biodistribution of various AAV serotypes. Post systemic administration in humanized mice, modest differences in transduction were noted in case of serotypes 4 and 6, without changes to endogenous tissue tropism. Interestingly, AAV9, which utilizes galactose (Gal) showed an increase in transduction across multiple organs. Further, AAV9, which tends to transduce both neuronal and glial cell populations upon intracranial injection in normal mice, showed a transduction pattern restricted to neurons in humanized mice. These results suggest AAV vector biology may differ across species at both the cellular and tissue levels. These findings could have important implications towards the design and interpretation of pre-clinical studies/data leading to clinical translation.
Dogs’ responses to visual, auditory, and olfactory cat-related cues

Abstract Standardized assessments have been developed to assess dogs’ behaviors around other dogs, but there currently is no validated way to predict how a dog in an animal shelter will behave around cats, unless the dog’s previous history is known. This study explored dogs’ responses to visual, auditory, and olfactory cat-related and control stimuli, and tested whether dogs known to interact safely with cats and other small animals responded differently to the stimuli than dogs known to have injured or killed such animals. We video recorded 69 dogs’ responses to the stimuli, and raters who were blind to the dogs’ behavioral histories coded the dogs’ reactions. Dogs differed in the amount of time they spent orienting to the cat and control visual stimuli and sounds. They spent significantly more time orienting to the cat sound than to the visual cat stimulus, to the visual cat stimulus than to the visual control stimulus, and to the control sound than to the visual control stimulus (for all, p
Human Cord Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Engraft Following In Utero Transplantation, Integrate into the Developing Cytoarchitecture and Contribute to Ongoing Vasculogenesis.

Abstract Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), whether isolated from the bone marrow (BM), peripheral (PB), or cord blood (CB), represent a promising tool for the development of novel cell therapies. EPC have been shown to contribute to re-endothelialization and neovascularization of damaged tissue, and have been proposed to be some of the primary regulators of tissue regeneration in organs such as the liver. Many studies have looked at the role of EPC in vasculogenic processes, but very few, if any, have focused their efforts on determining the complete differentiative potential of EPC upon transplantation in an experimental model that permits the robust formation of donor-derived tissue-specific cells in the absence of selective pressure to drive differentiation towards a specific phenotype. To this end, CB-derived EPC were obtained as previously described (Ingram et al. Blood:104,2004), transduced with a retroviral vector expressing dsRed, and transplanted (Tx) into 55–60 days old fetal sheep recipients (n=8) at concentrations ranging from 0.5–1.5 × 106cells/fetus. Recipients were then evaluated at 85 days post-transplant for the presence of donor (human)-specific cell types using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Using these methods, we found that levels of EPC engraftment in liver, as detected by dsRed expression, correlated directly with the Tx cell dose. Furthermore co-localization of CD31 or vWF was found within the dsRed+ cells. In animals receiving lower cell doses, EPC engrafted throughout the liver at the overall level of 0.12±0.03%; this number doubled in animals that received 2.6 × 106cells. Importantly, there was a preferential distribution of EPC around the vessels, with the EPC comprising 10 to 25% of the cells located around the perivascular areas, with some contributing directly to the endothelial layer of these vessels. Furthermore, expression of Connexin-43 and 45 in engrafted EPC demonstrated that the EPC had not only engrafted, but had also functionally integrated into the developing blood vessels. In addition, co-expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein in some of the engrafted EPC suggests that some of these cells may also have contributed to cells with a hepatocyte-like phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis of BM and PB of the transplanted sheep demonstrated that EPC engrafted and proliferated in the BM, with cells expressing CD105 (6.2±2.2) and CD146 (0.6±0.1), and continued to circulate in the PB with cells positive for CD105 (1.4±0.4) and CD146 (0.9±0.2). Of interest is that a CD45 negative aminopeptidase N+ (APN/CD13) population was found in both BM (18±7) and PB (5.6±2). This is particularly interesting, since CD13/APN is a potent regulator of vascular endothelial morphogenesis during angiogenesis. In conclusion, CB derived EPC are able to engraft and proliferate in vivo, integrate into the developing cytoarchitecture, and establish a circulating EPC pool ensuring long-term contribution to ongoing vasculogenesis.
Abandoning the Realism Debate: Lessons from the Zymotic Theory of Disease

In this paper, I examine the transition from zymotic views of disease to germ views in Britain in the mid-1800s. I argue that neither realist nor anti-realist accounts of theory-change can account for this case, because both rely on a well-defined notion of theory, which, as the paper will show, is inapplicable in this instance. After outlining the zymotic theory of disease, I show that, even though it hardly had anything in common with the germ theory, it was highly successful. However, despite this success, it is not possible to identify stable elements that were carried over to the germ theory; thus, realists cannot account for the shift from one to the other. Anti-realists, however, don’t do much better: their focus tends to be on (radical) discontinuities across theories, yet the zymotic case does not exemplify this, either. Instead, there is a slow and complex evolution from zymotic to germ views, during which various zymotic elements are assimilated into the germ theory, until, eventually, none of the zymotic theory’s original elements are left.
Nutritional depletion of total mixed rations by European starlings: Projected effects on dairy cow performance and potential intervention strategies to mitigate damage

ABSTRACT European starlings are an invasive bird species in North America that are known to cause damage to commercial dairies through the consumption of total mixed rations (TMR) destined for dairy cows. We hypothesized that large foraging flocks of starlings alter the physical composition of TMR, and that this change may be significant enough to affect milk production. To better determine if production losses could potentially occur in commercial dairies as a consequence of feed consumption by foraging flocks of starlings, we conducted controlled feeding experiments using a TMR sourced from a commercial dairy that is chronically plagued with seasonal starling damage. European starlings selected the high-energy fraction of the TMR and reduced starch and crude fat availability. Using the dairy National Research Council production model equations, the nutritional changes measured in the controlled feeding experiments could potentially reduce the productivity of dairies. Model output suggests that for Holsteins producing 32 kg of milk/d, total required net energy intake (NE I ) was 31.5 Mcal/d. Within the reference TMR, NE I supplied was 29.3 Mcal/d, whereas within the starling-consumed TMR NE I supplied was 27.7 Mcal/d. Following our nutrition experiments, we assessed the efficacy of pelleted feed as a deterrent strategy for bird damage management in commercial dairies. Six different pelleted feed treatments of differing diameter were offered to starlings. All pellets of 0.95 cm diameter or larger inhibited starling consumption by ≥79%.
Nontraditional Surrogate Decision Makers for Hospitalized Older Adults.

Background Without advanced preparation of legal documents, state law determines who may serve as a surrogate decision maker for patients in hospitals. Objectives To examine the relationship characteristics associated with traditional versus nontraditional health care surrogates who are making medical decisions for patients in hospitals. Research design Secondary analysis of a baseline cross-sectional survey of a larger prospective observational study. Subjects In total, 364 patient/surrogate dyads consisting of patients aged 65 years and older admitted to the medical or medical intensive care unit services who lacked decision-making capacity based on a physician assessment and also had a surrogate available. Results This study of surrogate decision makers for hospitalized older adults found that the relationships of nontraditional surrogates such as, nieces, nephews, and friends serving in the surrogate role is nearly identical to those of traditional, first degree relatives serving as a surrogate. Over two-thirds (71.2%) of nontraditional surrogates saw the patient in-person at least weekly compared with 80.8% of legal surrogates (P-value, 0.9023). Almost all traditional and nontraditional surrogates discussed the patient's medical preferences with the patient (96.9% of legal surrogates and 89.2% of nontraditional surrogates; P=0.0510). Conclusions This study shows that both traditional and nontraditional surrogates, who are a patient's primary care giver have similar relationships with patients. The findings of this study suggest that requiring family members such as grandchildren to take the extra step of formal appointment through a legal channel may not be necessary to protect patients. Therefore, broader state laws expanding the list of surrogates authorized by state statute to include more nontraditional surrogates may be necessary.
Motivations for attempting suicide in mid- and late-life.

Objectives:To understand pathways to suicide by investigating the association between personality and suicidal motivations in mid- and late-life attempts.Design:In a two-study approach, we measured different components of suicidal motivations using an existing self-report investigating reasons for suicide and a semi-qualitative assessment of motivational states preceding attempts.Setting:Inpatient and outpatient psychiatric services in Pittsburgh, PA.Participants:Study 1 (n = 50, mean age at attempt = 60.4) was a smaller sample of suicide attempters included in Study 2 (n = 69, mean age at attempt = 60.9). Non-psychiatric healthy controls (n = 50, mean age = 67.1) were used as benchmarks for dispositional measures.Measurements:Motives for suicide were measured by the Reasons for Attempting Suicide Questionnaire (RASQ). Participants' written descriptions of the thoughts and feelings preceding their attempt captured motivational states. Measures of personality for both studies included assessments of impulsivity, five-factor model, interpersonal dysfunction, and borderline traits.Results:In study 1, escape/self-punishment motives on the RASQ were associated with multiple attempts and borderline pathology, while interpersonal motives were less frequently endorsed and associated with poorly planned attempts. In study 2, experiences of defeat (i.e. powerlessness, poor coping to threats to autonomy/status) were more frequently endorsed by men and associated with disagreeableness.Conclusions:Study 1 revealed that attempters high in dysfunctional psychopathology were more likely to report self-oriented escape motives for suicide, while study 2 identified a putative pathway to suicide in men involving antagonism and the experience of defeat.
ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTEGRATING SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES WITH COMMUNITY ENERGY SYSTEMS

Buildings and building systems using solar technologies are more economically attractive if designed to connect with community energy systems such as electric utilities. The optimal use of solar technologies depends on the integration of solar designs that result in load levelling for the electric utility. Electric rate schedules will have a major influence on the choice of solar designs and ownership of solar systems.
The Analysis of Drug-Induced Cell Cycle Perturbations by Flow Cytometry

The understanding of cell cycle kinetics in both normal and malignant cells is becoming increasingly important for both the laboratory scientist and the clinician. Techniques of flow cytometry, which have developed in the last 30 years, have allowed for the rapid assessment of the cell cycle kinetics of large numbers of individual cells. These techniques can provide information on cell volume, DNA and protein content as well as more sophisticated measures of biochemical activity. The obvious application to oncology is the ability to begin to explore the genetic differences between normal and malignant cells. Transformation of normal cells to malignant cells involves changes in cellular DNA and kinetics. With flow cytometry, one can exploit these changes in order to study tumor behavior.
The X + Y, X/Y Characterization of the Gamma Distribution

We prove, by elementary methods, that if X and Y are in-dependent random variables, not constant, such that X + Y is independent of X/Y then either X,Y or —X, —Y have gamma distributions with common scale parameter. This extends the result of Lukacs, who proved it for positive random variables, using differential equations for the characteristic functions. The aim here is to use more elementary methods for the X,Y positive case as well as elementary methods for proving that the restriction to positive X,Y may be removed.