cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthetic incorporation of glucose [U-13C6] into the C7N2 unit of antibiotic A2387

Abstract The biosynthetic incorporation fo Glucose [U- 13 C 6 ] into the C 7 N 2 unit of A23187 indicated that this functionality is formed by a divergence of the shikimate pathway. The possibility that 2,6-diaminobenzoic acid is a free intermediate inthe biosynthesis of this unit was eliminated.
Thermodynamic functions in dilute PdH solid solutions

In recent reports concerning the thermodynamic properties of H in Ni and Fe, it was shown that the non-regular solubilities of H in these metals in equilibrium with H/sub 2/-gas at constant pressure was consistent with a chemical potential for H in the solid which contains a term corresponding to a simple oscillator with negligible anharmonicity. Such a chemical potential leads to a prediction of large departures from ''regular'' solubility behavior at low temperatures. In this context the word ''regular'' means that Arrhenius plots of the H-solubility vs. reciprocal temperature are linear. Whilst accurate data for the partial molar enthalpy H /SUB i/ and excess entropy S /SUP xs/ /SUB i/ as functions of temperature are not available for the Ni-H and Fe-H systems, such data can be obtained from the large number of T-theta /SUB i/ (i.e. temperature-composition) isobars or P-theta /SUB i/ (i.e. pressure-composition) isotherms measured for the Pd-H system. The quantities H /SUB i/ and S /SUP xs/ /SUB i/ vary strongly with temperature. Data for both H /SUB i/ and S /SUP xs/ /SUB i/ taken from the same source have the same symbol. The symbol code is given in Table 1. The data refer tomore » an atomic ratio theta /SUB i/ of H to Pd of 10/sup -3/ and the points were taken at theta /SUB i/ = 7 x 10/sup -3/. All the remaining data were taken in solutions for which theta /SUB i/ <10/sup -2/. The object of this communication is to compare the temperature-dependence of H /SUB i/ and S /SUP xs/ /SUB i/ and with that predicted by the simple model given previously.« less
Parent and provider perspectives on immunization: Are providers overestimating parental concerns?

Objectives Data are limited on whether providers understand parental attitudes to recommended childhood immunizations. We determined parental attitudes and assessed how accurately providers estimated parental opinions. Methods Survey of parents and providers (pediatricians, nurses, medical assistants) in randomly selected practices in Houston, Texas. Surveys assessed demographics, perceptions of immunization importance, safety and efficacy, and acceptability of vaccine delivery. Providers estimated parental responses. Results 401 parents (82% mothers, 12% fathers, 6% other) and 105 providers participated. Parents thought vaccines were important for health (median score 9.5; 0 = not important, 10 = extremely important) but also were concerned regarding vaccine safety and side effects (8.9 on 0–10 scale). 309 (77%) agreed that vaccines effectively prevent disease. Route of administration mattered to 147 (37%), who preferred injection (9.0) over oral (7.3) or intranasal (4.8) routes. Although parents would prefer three or fewer injections per visit, preventing more diseases (189 [47.6%]) was more important than number of injections (167 [42.3%]) when deciding the number of vaccines allowed per visit. White parents rated vaccines less important in preventing some illnesses than did non-white (P ≤ 0.006 for meningitis, hepatitis, HPV, influenza and rotavirus) and rated number of injections per visit more important than number of diseases prevented (51.6% white versus 34.2% non-white; P 0.002). Providers underestimated parental attitudes toward vaccine importance (particularly influenza and HPV), and overestimated the proportion of parents who thought route of administration mattered (63%) and that number of injections per visit was the most important factor (76%) around parental vaccine decisions (P < 0.001 for parent–provider mismatch). Conclusions Most surveyed parents believe vaccines are important for child health and rate disease prevention higher than number of injections entailed. Providers underestimate the importance of some vaccines to parents and overestimate parental concerns regarding route of administration. Future research should focus on how this mismatch impacts parental vaccine decisions.
Selective lymphoid irradiation and cyclosporin A in rat heart allografts

Short-term peritransplant treatment utilizing 2-dose ALG and 1-dose Palladium-109-hematoporphyrin (PD-H) for selective lymphoid irradiation (SLI) leads to donor-specific permanent acceptance of heart allografts in the Fisher to Lewis rat model. The same treatment significantly prolongs survival of hearts transplanted to strongly histoincompatable , presensitized, and xenogeneic recipients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate synergistic effects of short-term, low-dose cyclosporin treatment and SLI in an attempt to develop a nontoxic protocol utilizing peritransplant treatment for immune preconditioning with minimal subsequent immunosuppression. Single-agent treatment alone with cyclosporin, ALG, or Pd-H resulted in a maximal mean graft survival time (MST) of 33 days. Immunosuppression with 1-dose Pd-H, 2-dose ALG, and low-dose cyclosporin (5 mg/kg) for 14 days doubled the MST to 78 days. Use of therapeutic-dose cyclosporin (20 mg/kg), given for just 3 days, was also quite effective, MST of 57 days with SLI and 43 days with ALG, but toxic; 3 of 12 recipients died of infection with functioning grafts. These results demonstrate that the use of low-dose cyclosporin over a short interval, when combined with peritransplant SLI, is a highly effective and safe method for prolonging heart allograft survival.
On Conflicting Religious Truth-Claims

In their article ‘On Grading Religions, Seeking Truth, and Being Nice to People’ (Religious Studies, vol. XIX, pp. 75–80) Paul Griffiths and Delmas Lewis present my view of the relation between the world religions as a ‘non-judgmental inclusivism’ which, in the interests of harmony and goodwill, denies that the different religions make conflicting truth-claims. Indeed, according to Griffiths and Lewis, I deny that they make any truth-claims at all. Thus ‘since the apparently incompatible truth-claims found in the world’s major religious systems are not in fact truth-claims at all, there can be no incompatibility between them’ (p. 76). And so no arguments arise and we can all be nice to each other!
Better together: multiplexing samples to improve the preparation and reliability of gene expression studies.

Two methods for early tagging of sample RNA before RT-qPCR or full RNA-seq open the door to experiments with fewer technical batch effects.
On Unique Satisfiability and the Threshold Behavior of Randomized Reductions

The research presented in this paper is motivated by the some new results on the complexity of the unique satisfiability problem, USAT. These results, which are shown for the first time in the paper, are: ?if USAT ? , then D = co-D and PH collapses.?if USAT ? co-D, then PH collapses.?if USAT has OR, then PH collapses. The proofs of these results use only the fact that USAT is complete for DP under randomized reductions-even though the probability bound of these reductions may be low. Furthermore, these results show that the structural complexity of USAT and of DP many-one complete sets are very similar, and so they lend support to the argument that even sets complete under "weak" randomized reductions can capture the properties of the many-one complete sets. However, under these "weak" randomized reductions, USAT is complete for PSATlog n] as well, and in this case, USAT does not capture the properties of the sets many-one complete for PSATlog n]. To explain this anomaly, the concept of the threshold behavior of randomized reductions is developed. Tight bounds on the thresholds are shown for NP, co-NP, DP, and co-DP. Furthermore, these results can be generalized to give upper and lower bounds on the thresholds for the Boolean hierarchy. These upper bounds are expressed in terms of Fibonacci numbers.
Reliable electron affinities of perfluorocyclopropane and perfluorocyclobutane from convergent ab initio computations.

To resolve discrepancies concerning the magnitude of the electron affinities of perfluorocyclopropane and perfluorocyclobutane, quantum chemical calculations have been carried out with the MP2 and CCSD(T) methods in conjunction with augmented correlation consistent basis sets (aug-cc-pVX Z, X = D, T, Q). Though no experimental values have been found for perfluorocyclopropane, we estimate its electron affinity to be 0.17 eV (0.00 eV without zero-point vibrational energy corrections). In addition, determination of the electron affinity of perfluorocyclobutane (0.61 and 0.44 eV with and without zero-point vibrational energy corrections, respectively) is in good agreement with experimental values reported by Miller and co-workers (0.63 ± 0.05 eV). This study also demonstrates that the widely prescribed B3LYP/DZP++ model chemistry for computing electron affinities does not correctly describe these systems.
Alkanes in surficial sediments from the region of the buccaneer oilfield

Abstract Surficials ** l ediment samples collected from below the production platforms in the Buccaneer oilfield contain up to 25 ppm of petroleum alkanes. On one occasion, concentration gradients of fresh oil were observed below both platforms, extending at least 75 ft. (22.9 m) from the platforms. On another occasion, the oil was more weathered and dispersed. There was no clear evidence for similar-profiIes in the vicinity of a well jacket structure, and alkanes in sediment samples collected at distances of 0.7-l 1 .O km from the production platforms were mostly of recent biogenic origin.
Airplane crash in Guam, August 6, 1997: the aeromedical evacuation response

A civilian airplane crash on the island of Guam in 1997 produced 16 burned survivors. The U.S. Army Burn Flight Team and U.S. Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Teams conducted a joint aeromedical mission in response to this disaster. This experience was reviewed from the Burn Flight Team perspective. A record of events was made during the mission, and an after-action review was conducted after the mission. Twelve patients were transported to Korea, and four critically ill patients were transported to the U.S. Army Burn Center in San Antonio, TX. The latter mission required 21 hours of in-flight critical care and was completed 4 days and 3 hours after the crash. After-action review resulted in changes in communications procedures, administrative oversight, supplies and equipment, composition of the Burn Flight Team, and readiness and training. These peacetime lessons contributed to the military's ability to transport wartime burn casualties in ensuing years and indicate the close interdependence of the disaster response and combat missions.
An acoustical study of the fricative /s/ in the speech of individuals with dysarthria.

This paper reports on measurements of several acoustic attributes of the fricative consonant /s/ produced in word-initial position by normally speaking adults and by speakers with neuromotor dysfun...
A system for low field imaging of laser-polarized noble gas

We describe a device for performing MRI with laser-polarized noble gas at low magnetic fields (<50 G). The system is robust, portable, inexpensive, and provides gas-phase imaging resolution comparable to that of high field clinical instruments. At 20.6 G, we have imaged laser-polarized (3)He (Larmor frequency of 67 kHz) in both sealed glass cells and excised rat lungs, using approximately 0.1 G/cm gradients to achieve approximately 1 mm(2) resolution. In addition, we measured (3)He T(2)(*) times greater than 100 ms in excised rat lungs, which is roughly 20 times longer than typical values observed at high ( approximately 2 T) fields. We include a discussion of the practical considerations for working at low magnetic fields and conclude with evidence of radiation damping in this system. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Exploring Personal Assistance Services for People with Psychiatric Disabilities Need, Policy, and Practice

This article explores the concept of personal assistant services (PAS) applied to people with psychiatric disabilities through a study of state policy, a secondary analysis of existing data on PAS ...
Structure and composition of Laves phases in binary Cr–Nb, Cr–Zr and ternary Cr–(Nb, Zr) alloys

Abstract The Laves phase structure in three Cr-based two-phase alloys, Cr–12Nb, Cr–8Zr and Cr–2Nb–1Zr was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Whereas in the as-cast condition, Cr2Nb exhibits the twinned C15 structure, Cr2Zr even after hot extrusion and annealing shows a heavily faulted C36 structure (or a higher order polytype such as a 6H structure). The ternary Cr2(Zr,Nb) compound exhibits the C36 structure in the as-cast condition but reverts to the C15 structure after annealing, the structural transformation being accompanied by a composition change. Solid-state precipitates of the Laves phase Cr2(Nb, Zr) in the ternary alloy that result in the matrix after annealing are always associated with dislocations. These dislocations either link to the interdendritic precipitates or link the solid-state precipitates to each other. Since the solubility of Zr is low in the matrix, we propose that pipe diffusion along these dislocations serves as the principal mechanism to redistribute the Zr from the interdendritic precipitates to the solid-state precipitates.
Depth profiling a near surface carbon contaminant in implanted first wall materials

Abstract Current attempts to generate stable plasmas in CTR devices are encountering severe material problems. Plasma species, interacting with the surface of the containment vessel, can desorb surface species which can contaminate the plasma or, interacting with surface impurities, can change the properties of the near surface region. Although methods to minimize these synergistic effects have been suggested, there exists only minimal information related to the fundamental surface and near surface (
Problems of reliability and validity in criminal justice research

Abstract Reliability and validity are critical standards of scientific inquiry. This analysis directs attention to problems of reliability in data collection and to problems of validity in measuring two key criminal justice variables: the offense and the sentence. The discussion and empirical analysis indicate that reliability of official information sources in criminal justice cannot be assumed. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that the criterion of validity is even more elusive. This elusiveness is demonstrated in the operational definition of criminal offense, an important predictor variable, and in attemps to operationally define the criminal sanction, i.e., the disposition of charges against convicted defendants. These considerations suggest that research in the sentencing area may not be directed to the subject at hand and that research results should be interpreted with “scientific” caution.
The effect of pH-adjusted 2-chloroprocaine on the onset of epidural analgesia in pregnant patients in the lying and sitting position during the first stage of labor

Abstract The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the epidural onset time of 2% 2-chloroprocaine with pH-adjusted 2-chloroprocaine administered in either the sitting or supine position in pregnant patients during the first stage of labor. Patients in Groups I and III received the control solution in the sitting and supine position, respectively. Patients in Groups II and IV received the buffered solution in the sitting and supine position, respectively. The pH and pCO 2 of the control and buffered solutions differed significantly. The pH and pCO 2 of the control and buffered solutions were 4.38 ± 0.01, 18.4 ± 2.2 mm Hg and 7.70 ± 0.04, 114.9 ± 3.0 mmHg, respectively. A statistically significant reduction in the time of onset of analgesia in the pH-adjusted groups was noted. Groups I and II had onset times of 4 ± 1.2 and 4.3 ± 1.0, whereas Groups II and IV had onset times of 2.6 ± 0.9 and 2.7 ± 0.6 min., respectively. There were no intergroup differences in the cephalad spread of analgesia or duration of analgesia. Position had no effect on the onset of analgesia at the S2–3 dermatomes nor on the bilateral cephalad spread of the epidural study solutions. Our results indicate that a pregnant patient may be dosed in the lateral supine position without adversely affecting the caudad or cephalad spread of plain or pH-adjusted 2% 2-chloroprocaine, which is clinically important because the incidence of aortocaval compression is increased in the supine position when compared with the lateral supine position. A 90-sec decrease in the onset time of analgesia when using buffered 2-chloroprocaine may not initially appear to be clinically important. However, in those patients who have had their epidural analgesia wear off for whatever reason, a faster onset of analgesia using buffered 2-chloroprocaine could be of benefit to both the mother and her fetus in cases in which an emergency forceps delivery has to be performed or imminent delivery of the baby is anticipated.
Identifying Functional Connections of the Inner Photoreceptors in Drosophila using Tango-Trace

In Drosophila, the four inner photoreceptor neurons exhibit overlapping but distinct spectral sensitivities and mediate behaviors that reflect spectral preference. We developed a genetic strategy, Tango-Trace, that has permitted the identification of the connections of the four chromatic photoreceptors. Each of the four stochastically distributed chromatic photoreceptor subtypes make distinct connections in the medulla with four different TmY cells. Moreover, each class of TmY cells forms a retinotopic map in both the medulla and the lobula complex, generating four overlapping topographic maps that could carry different color information. Thus, the four inner photoreceptors transmit spectral information through distinct channels that may converge in both the medulla and lobula complex. These projections could provide an anatomic basis for color vision and may relay information about color to motion sensitive areas. Moreover, the Tango-Trace strategy we used may be applied more generally to identify neural circuits in the fly brain.
Few differences in diet and health behaviors and perceptions were observed in adult urban Native American Indians by tribal association, gender, and age grouping

Abstract Diet and health behaviors and perceptions of adult urban Native American Indians in a large Midwestern city were evaluated for differences by tribal association, gender, and age grouping. The hypothesis was that human behavior is influenced by tribal association, gender, and age grouping in the subject population. The subjects included 33 men and 32 women, with 26 being Sioux; 22 Omaha; and 17 a combination of other tribes. The descriptive survey included two interviewer-administered 24-hour recalls. The majority of subjects were overweight or obese. Significant differences ( P P P P P
Prevalence and Resistance Mechanisms of Common Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens

Organisms causing common infections of the respiratory tract are becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. In 1990-1991 between 15% and 20% of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the United States had MICs of penicillin G of > or = 0.1 microgram/mL and 2%-3% had MICs of > or = 1.0 microgram/mL. The percentage of isolates that are resistant is even higher in other parts of the world. Although most penicillin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae are susceptible to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, a few isolates resistant to cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone have appeared. Unlike other respiratory pathogens in which the production of beta-lactamase is responsible for resistance, S. pneumoniae exhibits resistance that is caused by alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Consequently, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations have no particular value against resistant pneumococci. Furthermore, penicillin-resistant pneumococci are often coresistant to macrolides, sulfa-based drugs, and tetracycline. Knowledge of how resistance is attained presumably will further the development of new strategies for treatment. The mechanisms of resistance of pneumococci and other common respiratory pathogens (particularly Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis) to standard antimicrobial agents are examined in this report.
Metaphor in argumentation

(1983). Metaphor in argumentation. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 13, No. 3-4, pp. 201-207.
The Air Gap Reactance of Polyphase Machines

This paper presents some new formulas for the differential leakage reactance of distributed polyphase windings, such as those of induction motors and voltage regulators. Previous authors have used two distinct methods for evaluating the differential reactance, but the results obtained by these two methods have been inconsistent, particularly for open slot machines. The overlap method is based on calculating the average overlap of the teeth on the primary and secondary, and then calculating the leakage through the zig-zag flux path under the combined influence of the primary and secondary ampere turns. The ``differential method'' is that of calculating the leakage by taking the difference between the total flux produced by the primary or the secondary, and the fundamental sine wave of the flux. When the effects of flux fringing with open slots are included, the results obtained by the two methods are shown to be entirely consistent. The new formulas derived in this way are believed to be more general in application than any heretofore published. They show that the slot openings decrease the differential leakage reactance much more rapidly than they decrease the magnetizing reactance.
Opposition to Housing NIMBY and Beyond

Whether new housing is government assisted or market rate, it can face opposition from established residents. Some observers contend that such opposition arises from “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) sentiments. The author uses research on controversies in the residential development approvals process in the San Francisco Bay Area to develop insights on whether this characterization is justified. He finds that people give many reasons for their opposition to new houses; some are related to their effects on people next door. Quantitative analysis suggests that projects generating NIMBY protests are distinct from projects that generate other kinds of protests, especially those against growth more generally.
Taiwan as a service economy

Abstract Although Taiwan has been extensively analyzed as an industrial economy, data on the origins of GDP and employment suggest that Taiwan by 1970 had evolved into a service dominated economy. Data supporting this view indicate that services in general have grown faster than manufacturing, been less prone to adverse effects of recession and quicker to recover from economic downturns. Spatially the distribution of services follows the dictates of a population/market oriented explanation as suggested by central place theory. The concentration of services is better explained by the different locational orientations of consumer and producer services, and by diffusion theory. Four assumptions about anti-service attitudes possibly harbored by planners are tested and found not to apply to Taiwan. The logic and possible limitations of future investment in services are reviewed.
Options for Robust Airfoil Optimization under Uncertainty

A robust optimization method is developed to overcome point-optimization at the sampled design points. This method combines the best features from several preliminary methods proposed by the authors and their colleagues. The robust airfoil shape optimization is a direct method for drag reduction over a given range of operating conditions and has three advantages: (1) it prevents severe degradation in the off-design performance by using a smart descent direction in each optimization iteration, (2) it uses a large number of spline control points as design variables yet the resulting airfoil shape does not need to be smoothed, and (3) it allows the user to make a tradeoff between the level of optimization and the amount of computing time consumed. For illustration purposes, the robust optimization method is used to solve a lift-constrained drag minimization problem for a two-dimensional (2-D) airfoil in Euler flow with 20 geometric design variables.
Investigation of a Complex Nocturnal Flow in Owens Valley, California Using Coherent Doppler Lidar

A study of an interesting meteorological episode over the Owens Valley, California, USA during the Terrain-Induced Rotor EXperiment was conducted using a recently adapted statistical interpolation method to retrieve wind-velocity vectors from Doppler lidar data. This vector retrieval method has been adapted from radar data assimilation techniques. Results show that the method allows better preservation of local variations in the flow field than other techniques. In addition, a high resolution Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) run is used to understand the large-scale flow within the valley and compared with lidar retrievals. Observations from 1030 UTC to 1230 UTC (0230 local time to 0430 local time) on March 27, 2006 are presented. Lidar observations show complex and uncharacteristic flows such as sudden bursts of westerly cross-valley wind mixing with the dominant up-valley wind. Model results from COAMPS and other in-situ instrumentation are used to corroborate and complement these observations. The optimal interpolation technique for Doppler lidar data vector retrieval appears well suited for scenarios with complex spatial variations in the flow field.
GABAA receptor-mediated currents in interneurons and pyramidal cells of rat visual cortex

1. We compared gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated responses of identified pyramidal cells and fast spiking interneurons in layer V of visual cortical slices from young rats (P11-14). 2. The frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) was similar in pyramidal cells and interneurons (1.7 vs. 1.9 Hz). For events with 10-90% rise times less than 0.9 ms, no significant differences were found in mean amplitude (61 vs. 65 pA), mean rise time (0.58 vs. 0.61 ms), or the first time constant of decay (tau 1, 6.4 vs. 6.5 ms) between pyramidal cells and interneurons. The second decay time constant (tau 2) was significantly longer in interneurons than in pyramidal cells (49 vs. 22 ms). The difference in sIPSC decay kinetics between two cell types also existed in adult rats (P36-42), suggesting the kinetic difference in not due to differential development of GABAA receptors in these cell types. 3. The decay kinetics of monosynaptic evoked IPSCs were also longer in interneurons. As in the case of sIPSCs, the difference was accounted for by the second decay time constant. tau 1 and tau 2 were, respectively, 13 and 64 ms for interneurons and 12 and 47 ms for pyramidal cells. 4. Cell-attached patch recordings revealed that the mean open time for single Cl- channels in response to 2 microM GABA was significantly longer in interneurons than pyramidal cells (5.0 vs. 2.8 ms). The chord conductance of these channels in interneurons (12 pS) was significantly smaller than in pyramidal cells (15 pS). Single channel currents reversed polarity when the pipette potential was approximately -10 mV for both cell types. 5. These results show that there is a functional diversity of GABAA receptors in electrophysiologically and morphologically identified cortical pyramidal cells and interneurons. This diversity might derive from the different molecular composition of the receptors in these two cell types.
Elastic constants of a polycrystal with transversely isotropic grains, and the influence of precipitates

Abstract The elastic moduli of an isotropic polycrystal containing aligned precipitates in its constituent grains, and of a polycrystal with hexagonal crystallites, are investigated theoretically. For the latter the moduli are determined by both Hill's and Walpole's self-consistent schemes for spherical grains and grain-shape effects, respectively, and by Hashin and Shtrikman's bounds. It is found that when the grains are somewhat elongated or deflated along the c- axis , elongated grains will give rise to a superior polycrystal than the deflated ones for most hcp crystals (e.g. Cd, Mg, Zn, α-Co). The self-consistent estimates generally lie inside the H-S bounds, but if the grains become too elongated or too flat, the estimates may lie outside the bounds. The elastic moduli of the precipitate-containing polycrystal are determined by the combination of Mori and Tanaka's theory (assuming the single crystal matrix to be elastically isotropic) and the self-consistent relations derived for hexagonal crystals. As the shape of precipitates varies from thin discs to spheres, and all the way to needles, the elastic constants of the polycrystals are found to always lie on or within the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. With hard precipitates, discs provide the most effective reinforcement but, unlike for an ordinary two-phase composite, it never attains the upper bounds. When discs and needles become totally rigid or empty, the moduli are also given in terms of the disc and needle-density parameters.
Diabetes Medication Choice cards improve patient knowledge and involvement in decision-making, but do not improve medication adherence or glycaemic control

Commentary on: RJ Mullan, VM Montori, ND Shah, et al.. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med2009;169:1560–8.
Control and Assessment of Structure and Composition in Bismuth Telluride Nanowire Arrays

Due to effects of reduced dimensionality, Bi2Te3 nanowires are predicted to have increased thermoelectric efficiency relative to bulk Bi2Te3, one of the most efficient thermoelectric materials known. High-density arrays of nanowires have desirable characteristics for accessing nanowire properties in potential applications and also allow for facile nanowire property assessment. Here we describe a fabrication method to produce Bi2Te3 nanowire arrays by direct current electrochemical deposition into porous anodic alumina templates. The characteristics of the arrays have been assessed to determine the composition and structure in the arrays as well as in individual nanowires. Thefabricated arrays have a high-density of uniform diameter (∼40nm), high aspect ratio wires that are stoichiometric, polycrystalline Bi2Te3.
The Progressive Potential of Journalism Education: Recasting the Academic versus Professional Debate

The crisis in the journalism profession has led an ever more concentrated corporate voice to assert itself in academia, diverting blame and shaping how future jour nalists are prepared. Historicall...
Entrenched Knowledge Structures and Consumer Response to New Products

Abstract Although diffusion models have been successfully used to predict the adoption patterns of new products and technologies, little research has examined the psychological processes underlying the individual consumer’s adoption decision. This research uses the knowledge transfer paradigm, studied often in the context of analogies, to demonstrate that both existing knowledge and innovation continuity are major factors influencing the consumer’s adoption process. In two experiments, the authors demonstrate that the relationship between expertise and adoption is relatively complex. Specifically, their findings indicate that, compared with novices, experts report higher comprehension, more net benefits, and therefore higher preferences for continuous innovations. However, for discontinuous innovations, experts’ entrenched knowledge is related to lower comprehension, fewer perceived net benefits, and lower preferences compared with that of novices. Only when this entrenched knowledge is accompanied by rel...
Evidence against Equimolarity of Large Repeat Arrangements and a Predominant Master Circle Structure of the Mitochondrial Genome from a Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus) Lineage with Cryptic CMS

Despite intense investigation for over 25 years, the in vivo structure of plant mitochondrial genomes remains uncertain. Mapping studies and genome sequencing generally produce large circular chromosomes, whereas electrophoretic and microscopic studies typically reveal linear and multibranched molecules. To more fully assess the structure of plant mitochondrial genomes, the complete sequence of the monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus DC. line IM62) mitochondrial DNA was constructed from a large (35 kb) paired-end shotgun sequencing library to a high depth of coverage (~30×). The complete genome maps as a 525,671 bp circular molecule and exhibits a fairly conventional set of features including 62 genes (encoding 35 proteins, 24 transfer RNAs, and 3 ribosomal RNAs), 22 introns, 3 large repeats (2.7, 9.6, and 29 kb), and 96 small repeats (40-293 bp). Most paired-end reads (71%) mapped to the consensus sequence at the expected distance and orientation across the entire genome, validating the accuracy of assembly. Another 10% of reads provided clear evidence of alternative genomic conformations due to apparent rearrangements across large repeats. Quantitative assessment of these repeat-spanning read pairs revealed that all large repeat arrangements are present at appreciable frequencies in vivo, although not always in equimolar amounts. The observed stoichiometric differences for some arrangements are inconsistent with a predominant master circular structure for the mitochondrial genome of M. guttatus IM62. Finally, because IM62 contains a cryptic cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system, an in silico search for potential CMS genes was undertaken. The three chimeric open reading frames (ORFs) identified in this study, in addition to the previously identified ORFs upstream of the nad6 gene, are the most likely CMS candidate genes in this line.
Storm Identification and Tracking Algorithm for Modeling of Rainfall Fields Using 1-h NEXRAD Rainfall Data in Texas

A method to identify and track rainfall structures using 1-h accumulated NEXt generation RADar (NEXRAD) rainfall data is presented and used to analyze the dynamics of storm features over an area in Texas. Storm features are identified from a Gaussian mixture model using the expectation maximization algorithm. The method assigns NEXRAD pixels to storm features, simultaneously producing a smooth fitted function to the rainfall intensity distribution. Once the storm features are identified, they are tracked using inverse cost functions and using the fact that continuous features overlap each other from frame to frame in the accumulated data. The inverse cost functions also account for storm feature merging, splitting, birth, and death. Application of this storm identification and tracking algorithm for Brazos County (1,500 km2 ) in southeastern Texas distinguishes several characteristics of the storm feature dynamics. From September through April, storm features are predominantly of a frontal nature, with st...
Assessment of Molecular Variation within ‘Raleigh’ St. Augustinegrass using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers

St. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) is a popular turfgrass in the southern United States as a result of its superior shade tolerance and relatively low input requirements. However, it is the least cold-tolerant of commonly used warm-season turfgrass species. 'Raleigh', released in 1980, has superior cold tolerance and is adapted and widely used in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 8 to 9. More than 25 years after its release, 'Raleigh' is still the industry's standard in terms of cold tolerance. However, the original foundation and breeder stock fields of the cultivar have been lost, placing the integrity of the cultivar at risk. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether current 'Raleigh' production fields across the southern United States are true to the original source. In this study, 15 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations were used to assess levels of genetic variability among three original stocks of 'Raleigh' and 46 samples obtained from sod farms and universities in six states. Genetic similarities among the original stocks were Sij = 1, whereas similarities between this group and all other samples ranged from 0.24 to 1.0. Results based on cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed separation between original stocks of 'Raleigh' and some commercial samples. Results from this study offer further evidence that molecular markers provide a useful and powerful technique for identity preservation of clonally propagated cultivars and the detection of genetic variants in sod production fields and turfgrass breeding programs. St. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secun- datum (Walt.) Kuntze) is a coarse-textured, warm-season, perennial turfgrass species well adapted for home lawns and commercial landscapes across the southern United States and upward into the southern regions of the
An upstream ORF with non-AUG start codon is translated in vivo but dispensable for translational control of GCN4 mRNA

Genome-wide analysis of ribosome locations in mRNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed the translation of upstream open reading frames that initiate with near-cognate start codons in many transcripts. Two such non-translation initiation codon (AUG)-initiated upstream open reading frames (uORFs) (nAuORFs 1 and 2) occur in GCN4 mRNA upstream of the four AUG-initiated uORFs (uORFs 1–4) that regulate GCN4 translation. We verified that nAuORF2 is translated in vivo by demonstrating b-galactosidase production from lacZ coding sequences fused to nAuORF2, in a manner abolished by replacing its non-AUG initiation codon (AUA) start codon with the non-cognate triplet AAA, whereas translation of nAuORF1 was not detected. Importantly, replacing the near-cognate start codons of both nAuORFs with non-cognate triplets had little or no effect on the repression of GCN4 translation in non-starved cells, nor on its derepression in response to histidine limitation, nutritional shift-down or treatment with rapamycin, hydrogen peroxide or methyl methanesulfonate. Additionally, we found no evidence that initiation from the AUA codon of nAuORF2 is substantially elevated, or dependent on Gcn2, the sole eIF2a kinase of yeast, in histidine-deprived cells. Thus, although nAuORF2 is translated in vivo, it appears that this event is not stimulated by eIF2a phosphorylation nor significantly influences GCN4 translational induction under various starvation or stress conditions.
DISTRIBUTION AND SYNAPTOLOGY OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL AFFERENT NERVE TERMINALS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT OF THE HAMSTER

The distribution and synaptology of the afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IXN) in the hamster were studied by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry visualized with light and electron microscopy. Crystals of HRP were applied to the trunk of IXN in the vicinity of the petrosal ganglion. The densest IXN afferent label was distributed within the nucleus of the solitary tract (nst), just caudal to but overlapping with the area of termination of the facial nerve. Labeled IXN fibers extended rostrally to the principal trigeminal nucleus and caudally to the cervical spinal cord. There was significant labeling within the spinal trigeminal complex; the area postrema and the medullary reticular formation contained some labeled fibers. Ultrastructurally, the synaptic arrangements of anterogradely labeled IXN fibers were examined in the nst. Quantitative measures were taken of the area, maximum diameter, perimeter, and vesicles of labeled endings and the length of their synaptic junctions with dendritic processes. These endings were compared to comparable endings in control material and to published descriptions of VIIth nerve afferent terminals in the hamster nst. The synaptic relations of IXN afferent endings were predominantly with dendritic spines and shafts. The majority (86.6%) of IXN afferent endings were with dendritic processes that were not in apparent contact with other, unlabeled processes. Only 13.4% of IXN synaptic relationships were with dendritic processes that were also contacted by unlabeled vesicle-containing processes. This is in contrast to 31.2% of facial nerve afferent endings in the nst which make synaptic contact with such processes. There were more direct synaptic contacts between facial endings and unlabeled vesicle-containing processes (26.1%) than between IXN endings and unlabeled vesicle-containing processes (1.3%). Thus, unlike the glomerular-like endings of the gustatory fibers of the VIIth nerve, less complex relations appeared to characterize IXN synapses in the nst. These differences were related to the differential physiology of gustatory fibers in the VIIth nerve and IXN. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of single pixel targets using two-dimensional digital filters

It is pointed out that, in order to aid an image seeker's ability to acquire and track small objects that subtend one pixel or less, some method of image enhancement which will isolate single-pixel targets from the background by means of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio must be used. Using the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform and windowing techniques, two-dimensional digital filters were designed and evaluated against sample scenes for their ability to enhance single-pixel targets. The performance was compared to the performance of other available techniques. The designed filter was found to achieve nearly the same degree of enhancement as the Laplacian filter with the major advantage of preserving the background structure. >
Strategies for maintaining optimal wellness in the chronic mentally ill.

TOPIC. Ways the chronic mentally ill avoid loss of control and the importance of both the therapeutic environment and the nurse-patient relationship in helping them do this. PURPOSE. To examine the strategies people with chronic mental illness use to prevent loss of control and maintain health, and ways nurses can help with this process. SOURCE. Findings from a previously published study of seven chronically mentally ill clients in a rural day-treatment center. CONCLUSIONS. Four properties related to the core variable of "preventing loss of control" are relationships, feelings, good attitude, and functional activity. These properties must be examined within the context of the therapeutic environment as well as the nurse-patient relationship. Key words: Chronic mentally ill, loss of control, psychiatric nursing, social support, sense of belonging, therapeutic environment Our 1997 study of chronic mentally ill clients in a day-treatment program investigated their ideas about remaining "healthy" (Yurkovich, Buehler, & Smyer, 1997). We found that "maintaining control" was the core variable for health in this population. This article describes the strategies clients used to maintain control outside the acute hospital setting. Maintaining Control Relationships, feelings, good attitude and functional behaviors were recurring themes that clients used to describe being in control or preventing loss of control. The clients were able to describe their use of external-formal and informal resources in each of these properties as tools that supported the balancing process (Table 1). Table 1. Properties and Related Behaviors in "Preventing Loss of Control" in the Chronic Mentally Ill Property Behavior * Relationships Learns how to establish, maintain, and evaluate interpersonal relationships. Maintains a balance within friendships ("not being used"). Maintains a balance within family relationships. * Feelings Controls feelings such as anger and sadness. Prevents a destructive outcome when experiencing anger. Takes medications to maintain balance in mood. Creates positive feelings to reduce negative feelings. Monitors relationships and functional behavior for cues to loss of control. * Good attitude Identifies that "moaning and groaning" are nonbeneficial. Controls amount of self-criticism. Walks away from criticism by others. Builds self-esteem through purpose or focus. Socializes to reduce negative attitude and regain positive attitude. * Functional activity Performs activities of daily living. Takes medication and avoids chemical abuse. "Does things" to maintain balance (e.g., participates in a work unit at the treatment center or keeps personal environment in order). Recognizes "doing too much" increases stress and anxiety. Monitors functional behaviors to provide feedback about degree of internal control. Relationships Clients discussed their relationship with peers, friends, and spouses most often, saying they had difficulties establishing, maintaining a "balance," and evaluating the progress of the relationships. …
De novo myofibrillogenesis in C2C12 cells: evidence for the independent assembly of M bands and Z disks

We studied the distribution of the giant sarcomeric protein obscurin during de novo myofibrillogenesis in C2C12 myotubes to learn when it is integrated into developing sarcomeres. Obscurin becomes ...
Stretched polymer surfaces: Atomic force microscopy measurement of the surface deformation and surface elastic properties of stretched polyethylene

The surface structure and surface mechanical properties of low- and high-density polyethylene were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as the polymers were stretched. The surfaces of both materials roughened as they were stretched. The roughening effect is attributed to deformation of nodular structures, related to bulk spherulites, at the surface. The surface-roughening effect is completely reversible at tensile strains in the elastic regime and partially reversible at tensile strains in the plastic regime until the polymers are irreversibly drawn into fibers. AFM force versus distance interaction curves, used to measure changes in the stiffness of the surface and the surface elastic modulus as a function of elongation, show that the surfaces become softer as the polymers are drawn into fibers at high strains. At low elastic strains, however, the surface elastic modulus of HDPE increases—attributed to elastic energy stored by the amorphous regions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2263–2274, 2001
Amyloid accomplices and enforcers.

Amyloid-related diseases are often ascribed to protein “misfolding.” Yet in the absence of high-resolution structures for mature fibrils or intermediates, the connection between the mechanism of amyloid formation and protein folding remains tenuous. The simplistic view of amyloid fibrillogenesis as a homogeneous self-assembly process is being increasingly challenged by observations that amyloids interact with a variety of cofactors including metals, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins such as serum amyloid P and apolipo-protein E, and constituents of basement membranes such as perlecan, laminin, and agrin. These “pathological chaperones” have effects that range from mediating the rate of amyloid fibril formation to increasing the stability of amyloid deposits, and may contribute to amyloid toxicity. An increasing appreciation of the role of accessory molecules in amyloid etiology has paved the way to novel diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.
Social Policy and the Transition to Adulthood for Foster Youth in the US

Judging by the amount of attention they have drawn in recent decades, foster youth appear to be an important target of social policy in the U.S.; three times since the late 1980s the Social Security Act has been amended to try to better support the transition to adulthood for foster youth. The most recent amendment, the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, will provide federal financial support to states that choose to continue to parent young people will into the transition to adulthood. This evolution over time in federal policy arguably reflects a fundamental rethinking of the relationship between the state and the children of the state as they approach adulthood.