cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-Mediated Host Response to Fungal Aggression

Mononuclear phagocytes and granulocytes readily kill many potentially infectious fungi, even in the nonimmune individual. Phagocytic cells, macrophages, monocytes, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) interact with fungi in several ways. If the fungal particle is phagocytized, it may either be killed, or in some instances remain viable and replicate or grow within or even grow out of the phagocyte. However, some fungi are too large to be ingested by a single phagocyte and so must be handled by extracellular defense mechanisms.
14 – Electrostatic Forces between Surfaces in Liquids

This chapter examines the electrostatic forces between surfaces in liquids. Two similarly charged surfaces usually repel each other electrostatically in solution, though under certain conditions they may attract at small separations. Zwitterionic surfaces, characterized by surface dipoles but with no net charge, also interact electrostatically with each other, though the force is usually attractive. In complex systems, long-range electrostatic forces are involved. This chapter begins with a discussion on the charging of surfaces in liquids. It then explains the charged surfaces in water and the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The chapter proceeds with a discussion of origin of the ionic distribution, electric field, surface potential, and pressure. Limit of large separations and limit of small separations are explained in detail. A study of electronic double-layer interaction forces and energies between various particle surfaces is then presented. Exact solutions for constant charge and constant potential interactions are then discussed. Concepts of asymmetric surfaces, ion-condensation and ion-correlation forces are reviewed. The DLVO theory for van der Waals and double-layer forces is explained. The chapter concludes with a discussion on experimental measurements of double-layer and DLVO forces.
Security and Privacy Challenges of a Digital Government

A digital government can be viewed as an amalgam of heterogeneous information systems that exchange high-volume information among government agencies and public and private sectors engaged in government business. This gives rise to several daunting multidomain security challenges as well as concern for citizen privacy. The success of a digital government infrastructure depends on how well it meets these challenges and its preparedness against numerous potential threats ranging from simple act of hacking to cyber-terrorism. In this chapter, we outline these crucial security and privacy issues and present various solutions that are available and need to be further investigated.
Non-contact tidal volume measurement through thin medium thermal imaging

Abstract Tidal volume (TV) is frequently measured by pulmonologists to assess the breathing ability and respiratory behaviors of a patient. The most common method of measuring tidal volume, spirometry, generally requires the patient to breathe through a tube while wearing a nose clip. This method of measurement is uncomfortable for the patient, and alters their natural breathing behaviors. In this paper, we describe and implement a new approach to respiration monitoring and tidal volume estimation that preserves patient comfort while maintaining measurement accuracy. In this method, a patient breathes onto a thin medium placed perpendicular to the patient׳s exhaled airflow while a thermal camera records the heat signature on the opposite side of the medium. Measurements such as tidal volume, respiration rate, and nose to mouth distribution are extracted from these thermal images, correlated with ground-truth measurements and trained into a recurrent network model using TensorFlow. This method is comfortable for the patient, works for a variety of different body types and ages, and can be used in the comfort of an out-patient office.
SELF-REPORTED SLEEP AS IT RELATES TO COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS

AbstractThe current study examined whether self-reported sleep relates to cognitive function and whether this relationship is moderated by race. Using data from the Healthy Heart and Mind Study (n = 94; Mean age = 69.07), analyses included self-reported sleep parameters (latency, duration, and quality), a cognitive battery (memory, attention, speed, and executive function), and demographic characteristics (age, gender, race). Multivariate linear regressions suggested that lower sleep latency was significantly associated with worse executive function (as measured by Category Fluency, p < 0.01) and delayed recall (as measured by the Logical Memory Story, p < 0.05) even after adjusting for demographic characteristics. A significant interaction was observed between sleep latency and race or Category Fluency (p < 0.05), in that lower sleep latency was associated with worse performance on Category Fluency strictly for older Blacks. These results suggest lower sleep latency may impede executive function, particularly for older Blacks.
Comparison of Survival in Patients with Isolated Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Colorectal Cancer Treated with Cytoreduction and Melphalan or Mitomycin-C as Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Agent.

Background. The role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from colorectal cancer (CRC) is debated. Melphalan as a perfusion agent has also demonstrated survival benefit in other recurrent and chemoresistant malignancies. Thus, we hypothesize that melphalan as a HIPEC agent may improve overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PC from CRC. Methods. A retrospective review of a prospective database of 48 patients who underwent optimal CRS (CC-0/1) and HIPEC from 2001-2016 was performed. Nineteen had CRS/HIPEC with melphalan (group I) and 29 with mitomycin-C (group II). Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis. Perioperative variables were compared. Results. Mean age at CRS/HIPEC was 53±10 years. Median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was 17 vs 13 in groups I and II, respectively (p=0.86). PCI≥20 occurred in 9 (47%) and 13 (45%) patients in groups I and II, respectively. Positive lymph nodes were identified in 8/19 (42%) vs 12/29 (41%) in groups I and II, respectively (p=0.73). Multivariate analysis identified PCI≥20 as a predictive factor of survival (HR: 7.5). Median OS in groups I and II was 36 and 28 months, respectively (p=0.54). Median PFS in groups I and II was 10 and 20 months, respectively (p=0.05). Conclusions. CRS/HIPEC with MMC had longer median PFS in PC from CRC. PCI≥20 was the only independent predictive factor for survival. Until longer follow-up is available, we recommend using MMC in CRS/HIPEC for PC from CRC. Further prospective randomized studies are necessary.
Bystander automated external defibrillator application in non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background An increasing proportion of patients with OHCA present with non-shockable rhythms, among whom the benefit from AED application is not known. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of adults with non-traumatic, public, bystander-witnessed, non-shockable OHCA occurring between 2005–2015 at 9 locations participating in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Non-shockable arrest was defined as when no shock was administered by a bystander applied AED and confirmed by the initial rhythm on EMS arrival. Outcomes were compared between patients with non-shockable OHCA in whom a bystander AED was or was not applied. Results Among 2809 patients with non-shockable public, witnessed OHCA, 8.4% had an AED applied. CPR was more often performed in the AED-applied group (99% vs. 51% of patients, p Conclusions The application of an AED in non-shockable public witnessed OHCA was associated with a higher frequency of bystander CPR. The probabilities of pre-hospital ROSC, pulse at ED arrival, and survival to hospital discharge were not altered by the application of an AED.
Steady state coexistence solutions of reaction-diffusion competition models

This paper explains the uniqueness of positive steady state of general Lotka-Volterra competition model of two species of animals in the same environment.
Fast Detection of Brown Adipose Tissue in Cancer Patients by Localizing Supraclavicular Fossae

1195 Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized, highly-metabolic fat that is associated with cancer cachexia. Despite its newly found importance in human metabolism, the prevalence of BAT in cancer patients is currently not well studied. Purpose: This study aims to develop an image-processing pipeline for automatically detecting BAT in 18F-FDG PET/CT images, in order to enable retrospective screening of BAT in a large population of cancer patients. Material: 10 patients’ images were selected (four BAT positive patients, six males, age =52.9±24.6 years, weight =78.5±21.4 kg) to develop the pipeline processing algorithm. For data collection, patients were administered an intravenous injection of 6.5±1.7 MBq/kg 18F-FDG after at least 4 hours of fasting, 60 minutes before either a neck-to-thigh or whole-body scan using a GE Discovery 690 (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL). The total scanning time per bed was 2.5 minutes. The spatial resolution of the PET was 6mm x 6mm x 6mm, the pixel spacing of the CT was 0.98mm by 0.98mm, and the CT slice thickness was 3.75mm. All data processing was performed in MATLAB 2017a (MathWorks, Inc). Methods: Inspired by the characteristic location of BAT, we localized supraclavicular fossae (SF) by detecting the clavicular bone and the neck region. With the SF region identified, we further detected BAT by identifying adipose tissue on CT images using the -190 ~ -30 Hounsfield (HU) interval, and by identifying the highly-metabolic regions from PET images. Various thresholds for detecting high SUV regions were tested: 1) fixed thresholds of 2g/ml; 2) 20% 30%, and 40% of the global maximum of SUV (SUVmax); 3) 60% of the global maximum on the coronal view of Maximum Intensity Projection (MIPmax) of PET images. Results: Validating against nuclear medicine specialists’ readings, we evaluated the proposed pipelines with five types of SUV thresholds on 10 cancer patients’ images. Overall, the highest accuracy (90%, misidentifying only one patient) was achieved using 30% of SUVmax and 60% of MIPmax after localizing the SF region. Without SF region detection, the accuracy was diminished to 40% ~ 60% due to the false positive regions along the airway and upper thoracic diaphragm. Discussion: In this study, we explored the possibility of automating the detection BAT using threshold-based methods. Leveraging the anatomical landmarks (i.e. the clavicular bone) greatly reduced the false positives in BAT detection, which allows the tolerance of more thresholding methods. The proposed pipeline processing method is fully automated, fast and robust, suitable for retrospectively screening BAT in a large number of cancer patients’ PET/CT images.
Screening for Efficacious Anticonvulsants and Neuroprotectants in Delayed Treatment Models of Organophosphate-induced Status Epilepticus.

Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are deadly chemicals that exert their intoxicating effects through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition to an excess of peripheral ailments, OP intoxication induces status epilepticus (SE) which if left untreated may lead to permanent brain damage or death. Benzodiazepines are typically the primary therapies for OP-induced SE, but these drugs lose efficacy as treatment time is delayed. The CounterACT Neurotherapeutic Screening (CNS) Program was therefore established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to discover novel treatments that may be administered adjunctively with the currently approved medical countermeasures for OP-induced SE in a delayed treatment scenario. The CNS program utilizes in vivo EEG recordings and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) histopathology in two established rat models of OP-induced SE, soman (GD) and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), to evaluate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant efficacy of novel adjunct therapies when administered at 20 or 60 min after the induction of OP-induced SE. Here we report the results of multiple compounds that have previously shown anticonvulsant or neuroprotectant efficacy in other models of epilepsy or trauma. Drugs tested were ganaxolone, diazoxide, bumetanide, propylparaben, citicoline, MDL-28170, and chloroquine. EEG analysis revealed that ganaxolone demonstrated the most robust anticonvulsant activity, whereas all other drugs failed to attenuate ictal activity in both models of OP-induced SE. FJB staining demonstrated that none of the tested drugs had widespread neuroprotective abilities. Overall these data suggest that neurosteroids may represent the most promising anticonvulsant option for OP-induced SE out of the seven unique mechanisms tested here. Additionally, these results suggest that drugs that provide significant neuroprotection from OP-induced SE without some degree of anticonvulsant activity are elusive, which further highlights the necessity to continue screening novel adjunct treatments through the CNS program.
Guest Inclusion Modulates Concentration and Persistence of Photogenerated Radicals in Assembled Triphenylamine Macrocycles

Substituted triphenylamine (TPA) radical cations show great potential as oxidants and as spin-containing units in polymer magnets. Their properties can be further tuned by supramolecular assembly. Here, we examine how the properties of photogenerated radical cations, intrinsic to TPA macrocycles, are altered upon their self-assembly into one-dimensional columns. These macrocycles consist of two TPAs and two methylene ureas, which drive the assembly into porous organic materials. Advantageously, upon activation the crystals can undergo guest exchange in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation generating a series of isoskeletal host-guest complexes whose properties can be directly compared. Photoinduced electron transfer, initiated using 365 nm light-emitting diodes, affords radicals at room temperature as observed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The line shape of the EPR spectra and the quantity of radicals can be modulated by both polarity and heavy atom inclusion of the encapsulated guest. These photogenerated radicals are persistent, with half-lives between 1 and 7 d and display no degradation upon radical decay. Re-irradiation of the samples can restore the radical concentration back to a similar maximum concentration, a feature that is reproducible over several cycles. EPR simulations of a representative spectrum indicate two species, one containing two N hyperfine interactions and an additional broad signal with no resolvable hyperfine interaction. Intriguingly, TPA analogues without bromine substitution also exhibit similar quantities of photogenerated radicals, suggesting that supramolecular strategies can enable more flexibility in stable TPA radical structures. These studies will help guide the development of new photoactive materials.
The interaction of dissolved organic nitrogen removal and microbial abundance in iron-filings based green environmental media for stormwater treatment

Nonpoint sources pollution from agricultural crop fields and urbanized regions oftentimes have elevated concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in stormwater runoff, which are difficult for microbial communities to decompose. The impact of elevated DON can be circumvented through the use of green sorption media, such as Biosorption Activated Media (BAM) and Iron-Filing Green Environmental Media (IFGEM), which, as integral parts of microbial ecology, can contribute to the decomposition of DON. To compare the fate, transport, and transformation of DON in green sorption media relative to natural soil (control), a series of fixed-bed columns, which contain natural soil, BAM, and two types of IFGEM, respectively, were constructed to compare nutrient removal efficiency under three distinct stormwater influent conditions containing nitrogen and phosphorus. The interactions among six microbial species, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium bacteria, and iron-reducing bacteria, were further analyzed from microbial ecology perspectives to determine the DON impact on nutrient removal in BAM and IFGEM. Natural soil was only able to achieve adequate DON transformation at the influent condition of lower nutrient concentration. However, the two types of IFGEM showed satisfactory nutrient removals and achieved greater transformation of DON relative to BAM when treating stormwater in all three influent conditions.
Manipulating the Media

This paper investigates the methods that government uses to manipulate the media where it is unfree. Using data from original fieldwork, we provide a detailed anatomy of state controlled media manipulation by looking at Romania's developing economy. We find that outlet ownership is important, but not the only or most significant determinant of media manipulation. Additionally, we find that media manipulation has a deleterious effect on information credibility that destroys the possibility for economic reform and improved economic performance. Our analysis helps to explain why some developing countries turn the corner while others never seem to.
Mitotic Chromosome Condensation Driven by a Volume Phase Transition

Procedures were devised for the reversible decondensation and recondensation of purified mitotic chromosomes. Computational methods were developed for the quantitative analysis of chromosome morphology in high throughput, enabling the recording of condensation behavior of thousands of individual chromosomes. Established physico-chemical theory for ionic hydrogels was modified for application to chromosomal material and shown to accurately predict the observed condensation behavior. The theory predicts a change of state (a “volume phase transition”) in the course of condensation, and such a transition was shown to occur. These findings, together with classical cytology showing loops of chromatin, lead to the description of mitotic chromosome structure in terms of two simple principles: contraction of length of chromatin fibers by the formation of loops, radiating from a central axis; and condensation of the chromosomal material against the central axis through a volume phase transition. One sentence summary The mitotic chromosome is an axially scaffolded ionic hydrogel, undergoing a volume phase transition to achieve a condensed state.
Identification of180Pb

Theα decay of the new isotope180Pb was observed in40Ca bombardments of144Sm:Eα = 7.23(4)MeV, and,T1/2=(4−2+4)ms. With this decay energy and the known mass of176Hg, the mass excess of180Pb was calculated to be −1.98(5)MeV.
Curvature on Vector Bundles

In this chapter, we extend some of the one-dimensional notions of Chern and Ricci forms to vector bundles. First we do this in the hermitian case. The basic reference is Griffiths’ positivity paper [Gri 1], which cleared up a lot of the formalism in this case. We shall give also another interpretation of the Griffiths function on imbedded complex submanifolds of dimension 1, coming from the higher dimensional tangent bundle, due to Wu.
Special Features of the Female Electrocardiogram

This chapter presents brief introductory notes about some special features of the female electrocardiogram (ECG). ECGs are generally displayed as one-dimensional functions of time with different ECG leads grouped in various conventional sequences to provide some two-dimensional (2-D) information such as chest leads V1 through V6. The mean horizontal plane (XZ) QRS and T vector loops of normal adult women show that the spatial direction of the initial repolarization sequence in horizontal plane is predominantly reverse and terminal repolarization concordant with depolarization sequence. Frontal plane QRS and T vector loops both are narrow and directed to the left indicating that spatial direction of repolarization sequence in frontal plane is predominantly reverse with respect to depolarization sequence.
Callable Bonds: What is Special About Munis?

This paper documents that nearly all tax-exempt (municipal) bonds with maturity greater than ten years are callable and call protection ends in ten years. The frequent use of callable debt financing by high grade tax exempt issuers, most of the municipal bonds in the sample are AAA or AA rated, is in sharp contrast to taxable corporate issuers where, consistent with agency explanations, callable debt is largely issued by below investment grade issuers. This paper provides an explanation for the popularity of callable tax-exempt debt by showing that embedded call options are a tax efficient structure for long term tax-exempt borrowing because the call option transforms taxable capital gains into tax-exempt coupon income. Recognizing the transformation of taxable capital gains into tax exempt coupon income is only valuable when bond maturities exceed investor holding periods (unrealized gains cannot be deferred) leads to an optimal tax efficient structure that is also consistent with unique features of tax-exempt debt structures documented in this paper: tax-exempt callable bonds (1) have long periods of call-protection, (2) the period of call protection does not vary by issuer or the maturity of the bond, and (3) the period of call protection is roughly equal to the maturity of the longest maturity non-callable bonds issued. Finally, the tax-advantages of callable bonds in this model are not present in Build America Bonds, taxable bonds issued by municipalities, and consistent with the model, long maturity Build America Bonds are largely non-callable.
When objects collide: abstractions over common physics problems for capstone projects in CS1

In our efforts to create interesting capstone assignments for CS1 students, we discovered that the design and implementation of single-player games could provide an acceptable level of challenge and motivation. However, there were some challenges with these types of projects. To have students implement even the simplest games, they would be required to solve difficult problems pertaining to basic physics. Physics issues include collision detection, gravity, and friction. In an effort to make the physics approachable for students, a system of classes was developed that could handle the basic physics and allow the students to focus on the larger implementation issues of the game. This first test of this package with the students has been a scaled-down implementation of the game of Centipede.
The insecure airway: a comparison of knots and commercial devices for securing endotracheal tubes

Endotracheal Tubes (ETTs) are commonly secured using adhesive tape, cloth tape, or commercial devices. The objectives of the study were (1) To compare degrees of movement of ETTs secured with 6 different commercial devices and (2) To compare movement of ETTs secured with cloth tape tied with 3 different knots (hitches). A 17 cm diameter PVC tube with 14 mm "mouth" hole in the side served as a mannequin. ETTs were subjected to repeated jerks, using a cable and pulley system. Measurements: (1) Total movement of ETTs relative to "mouth" (measure used for devices) (2) Slippage of ETT through securing knot (measure used for knots). Among commercial devices, the Dale® showed less movement than other devices, although some differences between devices did not reach significance. Among knots, Magnus and Clove Hitches produced less slippage than the Cow Hitch, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Among devices tested, the Dale® was most secure. Within the scope offered by the small sample sizes, there were no statistically significant differences between the knots in this study.
Can this Culture be Saved? Another Affirmative Action Baby Reflects on Religious Freedom (Review of The Culture of Disbelief, How American Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion, by Stephen L. Carter)

In a critical review of Professor Stephen Carter’s The Culture of Disbelief, this article contends Stephen Carter’s thesis that religion is disrespected in the U.S. lacks support and is inherently defective as a starting point from which to fashion a workable theory of freedom to engage in public religion. It argues that Stephen Carter himself fails to adequately consider minority group religious freedom rights and, thus, trivializes the very religious concerns that he set out to highlight. The article is split into four parts. In Part I, the article gives a basic outline of the trivialization theory. Part II focuses on Stephen Carter’s argument that law trivializes religion by examining the evidence used to support his thesis. Part III has two sections to discuss how his approach trivializes the concerns of religious and cultures outside the mainstream. The first discusses his failure to give religions and cultures outside the mainstream significant attention, and the second demonstrates how he trivializes specific religious expressions to those same religions. Finally, Part IV puts forth the argument that the attitude that Stephen Carter describes as our culture’s approach to religion is in fact society’s general approach to assume the majority’s perspective reflects the perspective of all groups within the culture.
New Directions for Hardware-assisted Trusted Computing Policies (Position Paper)

The basic technological building blocks of the TCG architecture seem to be stabilizing. As a result, we believe that the focus of the Trusted Computing (TC) discipline must naturally shift from the design and implementation of the hardware root of trust (and the subsequent trust chain) to the higher-level application policies. Such policies must build on these primitives to express new sets of security goals. We highlight the relationship between enforcing these types of policies and debugging, since both activities establish the link between expected and actual application behavior. We argue that this new class of policies better fits developers' mental models of expected application behaviors, and we suggest a hardware design direction for enabling the efficient interpretation of such policies.
Biological and Morphological Aspects of the Growth of Equine Abortion Virus

Darlington, R. W. (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenn.), and C. James. Biological and morphological aspects of the growth of equine abortion virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:250-257. 1966.-The growth of equine abortion virus (EAV) was studied by bioassay and electron microscopy in L-cell monolayer and suspension cultures, and in HeLa and BHK 21/13 cell monolayers. Results of virus assay (plaque-forming units) indicated that production of cell-associated virus (CAV) began at 6 to 9 hr after infection in all of the cell strains used. Virus release occurred 1 to 2 hr later. By 15 to 20 hr after infection, the amount of released virus (RV) equaled or surpassed that of CAV in all cells other than the HeLa cells, where the amount of RV did not equal CAV until 48 hr after infection. Electron microscopy of infected cells revealed no differences in the morphology of virus development in any of the cells used. Developing virus particles were first detected in cell nuclei at 9 hr after infection. At 12 hr, virus particles could be seen budding from the inner nuclear envelope. Budding into cytoplasmic vacuoles was not seen. Budding virus, virus in cytoplasmic vacuoles, and extracellular virus were all approximately 145 mmu in diameter, and were indistinguishable morphologically. These results indicated that EAV is quite similar to herpes simplex virus with respect to growth and morphology, and that the inner nuclear membrane is the principal site of virus envelopment.
You're in Good Company: Unifying Campus Research Data Services

EDITOR'S SUMMARY With a focus that extends beyond library walls, promoting research data services must be a point of cooperation across an institution's units and departments. An RDAP 2015 panel explored the value of advisory committees or communities of practice established at three universities to build strong research data services. Though the several committees at the institutions have different primary focus areas, each functions as a community of practice with a unique set of shared interests and goals, mutual relationships and group identification. Each is challenged by its decentralized nature across the institution and must continually communicate its activities, services and resources. These communities of practice are working toward long-term goals through a common vision and strategic planning, sharing experiences and opportunities to promote their research data services.
A Mutational Analysis of the Triplo-Lethal Region of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

ABSTRACT The extensive analysis of the impact of segmental aneuploidy by LINDSLEY et al . (1972) showed that there are relatively few haplo-lethal loci in the genome and that, with one exception, all loci are triplo-viable. The exceptional locus, which lies in salivary gland chromosome region 83D-E, is associated with lethality when present in either one or three doses in an otherwise diploid individual (DENEU 1976). The genetic nature of the phenomenon has been studied by examining the rates of induction, by ionizing radiation and chemical mutagens, of mutations affecting the dose-sensitive behavior. For both types of mutagens, the frequency of inactivation of the locus is relatively low, and a high proportion of such mutations is associated with chromosomal deficiencies. These data indicate that the locus is infrequently and perhaps never inactivated by a DNA base-pair substitution and thus that the triplo-lethal phenomenon is not associated with a "typical" structural gene. It is possible that the triplo-lethal locus is very small, is reiterated or otherwise complex or is functionally insensitive to base-pair substitutions. The result that all mutations that complement a duplication of the triplo-lethal locus are lethal in heterozygous combination with a normal third chromosome argues that triplo- and haplo-lethality are concomitants of the same phenomenon. Salivary gland chromosome analysis of newly induced deficiencies and duplications localizes the locus to 83D4,5-83E1,2, and further cytogenetic manipulation shows that the dose-sensitive behavior is independent of the position of the locus in the genome.
Applying the theory of planned behavior to women's behavioral attitudes on and consumption of soy products.

Abstract Objective To identify variables that significantly predict the intention and behavior concerning soy consumption applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and to determine the role of race on women's perspectives and consumption behaviors concerning soy. Design Cross-sectional survey, with self-administered questionnaires. Setting City park service programs, community organizations, black cultural classes, and university offices. Participants A convenience sample of 205 black (n = 103) and white (n = 102) women. Variables Measured Women's behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior related to soy consumption. Analysis Correlation and stepwise regression analysis. Results All variables in the Theory of Planned Behavior showed significant correlations with behavioral intention, with behavioral attitudes exhibiting the strongest correlation (r = .57, P Conclusions and Implications A negative attitude toward the taste of soy was the major predictor for low soy consumption. However, future studies should be undertaken to verify this relationship once more women become aware of and have tasted soy.
Impact of Infusion Rates of Fresh Frozen Plasma and Platelets During the First 180 Minutes of Resuscitation

Background Whether high-ratio resuscitation (HRR) provides patients with survival advantage remains controversial. We hypothesized a direct correlation between HRR infusion rates in the first 180 minutes of resuscitation and survival. Study Design This was a retrospective analysis of massively transfused trauma patients surviving more than 30 minutes and undergoing surgery at a level 1 trauma center. Mean infusion rates (MIR) of packed red blood cells (PRBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets (Plt) were calculated for length of intervention (emergency department [ED] time + operating room [OR] time). Patients were categorized as HRR (FFP:PRBC > 0.7, and/or Plts: PRBC > 0.7) vs low-ratio resuscitation (LRR). Student's t -tests and chi-square tests were used to compare survivors with nonsurvivors. Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to evaluate the association between MIR for FFP:PRBC and Plt:PRBC and 180-minute survival. Results There were 151 patients who met criteria: 121 (80.1%) patients survived 180 minutes (MIR:PRBC 71.9 mL/min, FFP 92.0 mL/min, Plt 3.5 mL/min) vs 30 (19.9%) who did not survive (MIR:PRBC 47.3 mL/min, FFP 33.7 mL/min, Plt 1.1 mL/min), p = 0.43, p Conclusions This is the first study to examine effects of MIRs on survival. Further studies on the effects of narrow time-interval analysis for blood product resuscitation are warranted.
Neuro-Behcet's disease: an unusual cause of headache.

Neuro-Behcet’s disease (NBD) is a potentially fatal complication of Behcet’s disease (BD) that can sometimes masquerade as a primary neoplasm, aseptic meningitis or multiple sclerosis. Headache in patients with BD may portend onset of NBD, but the majority of headache in BD is benign. Clinicians who are unaware of the specific neurological manifestations of systemic inflammatory disorders like BD may fail to consider the possibility of serious intracranial pathology. We illustrate these challenges with the case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of BD who presented with headache in the absence of initial focal neurological deficits. The diagnosis of NBD was missed on multiple occasions before the correct diagnosis was made. We describe the etiology of headache in BD, the specific neurological manifestations of BD that suggest NBD, and the utility of routine neurological exams for BD patients with chronic headache. We further discuss the appropriate use of neuroimaging for headache in BD, and we recommend consideration of NBD as a diagnosis for headache in patients suspected of having an underlying systemic disease.
On Mountain Upslope Winds

Abstract Equations developed by Ogura (1962) for a two dimensional axially symmetric thermal initiation problem are adjusted to two rectilinear dimensions and used in a numerical study of mountain upslope winds. The winds are initiated by an assumed potential temperature change at the surface of a mountain 1 km high with a 45° slope. A level plain 2 km long extends from the base of the mountain. Two cases are considered, one in a neutral environment, the second in a slightly stable environment to approximate conditions over the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson, Arizona. A neutral environment leads to formation of a bubble which moves up and away from the slope. As the bubble rises above the ridge line, some similarities with previous initial-bubble numerical studies are seen. A stable environment slows the development of the upslope winds and causes columnar shaped convection over the mountain slope. The results of the two cases are compared with each other, with previous numerical studies on isolated...
The aspartate receptor cytoplasmic domain: in situ chemical analysis of structure, mechanism and dynamics.

Abstract Background: Site-directed sulfhydryl chemistry and spectroscopy can be used to probe protein structure, mechanism and dynamics in situ . The aspartate receptor of bacterial chemotaxis is representative of a large family of prokaryotic and eukaryotic receptors that regulate histidine kinases in two-component signaling pathways, and has become one of the best characterized transmembrane receptors. We report here the use of cysteine and disulfide scanning to probe the helix-packing architecture of the cytoplasmic domain of the aspartate receptor. Results: A series of designed cysteine pairs have been used to detect proximities between cytoplasmic helices in the full-length, membrane-bound receptor by measurement of disulfide-bond formation rates. Upon mild oxidation, 25 disulfide bonds form rapidly between three specific pairs of helices, whereas other helix pairs yield no detectable disulfide-bond formation. Further constraints on helix packing are provided by 14 disulfide bonds that retain receptor function in an in vitro kinase regulation assay. Of these functional disulfides, seven lock the receptor in the conformation that constitutively stimulates kinase activity (‘lock-on'), whereas the remaining seven retain normal kinase regulation. Finally, disulfide-trapping experiments in the absence of bound kinase reveal large-amplitude relative motions of adjacent helices, including helix translations and rotations of up to 19 A and 180°, respectively. Conclusions: The 25 rapidly formed and 14 functional disulfide bonds identify helix–helix contacts and their register in the full-length, membrane-bound receptor–kinase complex. The results reveal an extended, rather than compact, domain architecture in which the observed helix–helix interactions are best described by a four-helix bundle arrangement. A cluster of six lock-on disulfide bonds pinpoints a region of the four-helix bundle critical for kinase activation, whereas the signal-retaining disulfides indicate that signal-induced rearrangements of this region are small enough to be accommodated by disulfide-bond flexibility (≤ 1.2 A). In the absence of bound kinase, helix packing within the cytoplasmic domain is highly dynamic.
Feedback loops, fair value accounting and correlated investments

This paper presents and tests a model of the price dynamics that arise when investors fail to recognize the redundancy of unrealized gains and losses (“UGLs”) that are correlated with the firm’s past returns. Consistent with the predictions of our model, our experiment shows that a firm’s prices and earnings become highly volatile when correlated investment is large and correlated UGLs are made salient by comprehensive income reporting. The results suggest that including correlated UGLs in performance numbers could induce violations of weak-form efficiency that exacerbate volatility in share prices and earnings.
The race of the web sites: 2004

Four years ago the usability nod, like the popular vote, went to Democratic candidate Al Gore, and the review revealed common flaws as well as notable differences. In the intervening four years, surveys from organizations like the Pew Research Center show that more Americans are on line, and Democratic presidential candidate Howard Dean legitimized the Internet as a medium for political activism and fundraising. So how well are today's candidates communicating with this medium?
“What South Park Character Are You?”: Popular Culture, Literacy, and Online Performances of Identity

Abstract In this essay, I study MySpace and Facebook pages, as well as interviews with the university students who created them, in order to address how online literacy practices of contemporary convergence culture both use and are filtered through popular culture. Though their answers to questions of intent, audience, and rhetorical choices varied, students shared a common reliance on popular culture content and references appropriated from other sites to compose their identities and read the identities of others. They used popular culture icons, catch phrases, music, text, and film clips in postmodern, fragmented collages that seem simultaneously sentimental and ironic. The construction of these pages illustrates how popular culture practices that predate online technologies have been adopted and have flourished with new technologies that allow content to flow across media as well as increase the ease of audience participation. Online technological changes have changed what it means to be part of an “audience” by changing how individuals respond to and adapt popular culture texts to their own ends, such as the construction of identities on web pages. By creating potentially global audiences for any web page, these online technologies have changed the relationship of the popular culture audience members and their peers. The intertextual nature of popular culture texts creates opportunities for multiple readings of social networking web pages in ways that destabilize the identities students believe they have created.
Specificity of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity: Role of target and effector cell fucose

Abstract In this study, we have examined the role cell surface carbohydrates play in the activation of macrophages to kill tumor cells as well as the effect removal of tumor cell surface fucose has on the susceptibility of the treated target cells to the cytotoxic macrophages. After incubation of human monocyte-derived macrophages with α- l -fucosidase, a glycosidase which splits terminal α l -fucose from oligosaccharides, the macrophages were no longer able to respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These experiments strongly suggest that α- l -fucose probably comprises an essential part of the macrophage membrane receptor for LPS. In another series of experiments tumor cells were treated with α- l -fucosidase prior to co-cultivation with macrophages to determine whether the presence of α- l -fucose on the tumor cell surface had any effect on macrophage mediated cytotoxicity. It was found that the MA-160 sensitive tumor target, after α- l -fucosidase treatment, became resistant to the effects of the cytotoxic macrophages whereas the effect of the α- l -fucosidase treatment was blocked by addition of α- l -fucose to the incubation mixture.
Follow-up examination of linkage and association to chromosome 1q43 in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neuroimmunological and neurodegenerative disease affecting >4,00,000 individuals in the United States. Population and family-based studies have suggested that there is a strong genetic component. Numerous genomic linkage screens have identified regions of interest for MS loci. Our own second-generation genome-wide linkage study identified a handful of non-major histocompatibility complex regions with suggestive linkage. Several of these regions were further examined using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with average spacing between SNPs of approximately 1.0 Mb in a dataset of 173 multiplex families. The results of that study provided further evidence for the involvement of the chromosome 1q43 region. This region is of particular interest given linkage evidence in studies of other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this follow-up study, we saturated the region with approximately 700 SNPs (average spacing of 10 kb per SNP) in search of disease-associated variation within this region. We found preliminary evidence to suggest that common variation within the RGS7 locus may be involved in disease susceptibility.
Charge transport mediated by d-orbitals in transition metal complexes

This communication reports an asymmetric charge transport with a large rectification ratio and finely featured NDR (negative differential resistance) by d-orbitals of a neutral ruthenium(II) complex with a C2 axis of symmetry.
Pediatric liver transplantation: Review of the literature 2006–2007

: In recent years, significant developments have continued to be made in the field of pediatric liver transplantation. As experience increases, so there is now a wealth of outcome data. With improved patient and graft survival, issues such as quality of life and adherence to immunosuppressive medication regimes increase in importance, and affect outcomes. Demand for donor organs continues to increase, so surgical techniques and organ allocation policies are evolving to help meet this demand. Researchers have also looked at ways in which we might predict outcomes for liver transplant recipients, and how we may achieve increased graft tolerance in the future. By way of an introduction to recent articles in these exciting areas we have summarized several significant contributions from the hundreds of scientific articles related to pediatric liver transplantation published between 2006 and 2007. Comments linking themes across manuscripts have been included. This review is not exhaustive and we would encourage the reader to refer to the actual manuscripts and explore more deeply.
Is Bacterial Tracheitis Changing? A 14-Month Experience in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Bacterial tracheitis is characterized by acute upper-airway obstruction and purulent secretions within the trachea. Historically, affected children were young, stridorous, and toxic-appearing and required tracheal intubation, and morbidity and mortality were significant. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism involved. During the 14 months of this retrospective study, 46 children were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit because of this diagnosis, and their medical records were reviewed. Compared with those in previous reports, children in this study were older (mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM], 69.3 +/- 6.8 months) and less toxic. Only 26 (57%) of 46 patients required tracheal intubation. Intubated patients were significantly younger than nonintubated patients (mean +/- SEM, 46.9 +/- 6.5 vs. 98.9 +/- 9.9 months). Moraxella catarrhalis was identified in 12 (27%) of 45 bacterial respiratory cultures, while influenza A virus was recovered from 18 (72%) of 25 viral respiratory cultures. There were no major complications. This series represents the largest reported cohort of patients with this condition and suggests an epidemiological change toward a less morbid condition.
Tiered architecture for threat detection and containment using system of wireless embedded sensors and robots

Threat-aware deployment of sensors and systems of robots can work in tandem to detect, assess, isolate and contain threats. In this paper, we introduce a model, design and a tiered-architectural implementation for a threat detection system. Our architecture proposes a group of heterogeneous operationally independent systems consisting of in-situ sensors, sensor robots (mobile sensors) and system of aerial reconnaissance sensors working in synergy. We propose a hierarchical deployment strategy to enhance the coverage of a threat with special emphasis on data integrity and reduction in false alarms.
Endophthalmitis in patients with retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification.

Purpose: To review the treatment and outcomes of patients presenting with concurrent endophthalmitis and retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients presenting with culture-proven endophthalmitis and retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification between 1990 and 1994. Results: Five patients were identified with culture-proven endophthalmitis and retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. In all patients, coagulase-negative staphylococci were cultured from the vitreous fluid. One patient also had positive cultures for Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli . The interval between cataract surgery and treatment ranged from 5 days to 6 months. Echography was beneficial in showing retained lens fragments in five of five patients when media opacities obscured the view of the fundus. Four patients had vitrectomy and removal of retained lens fragments during their initial treatment. The fifth patient was treated with intravitreal antibiotics alone and continued to have marked inflammation, eventually requiring vitrectomy for removal of the retained lens fragments. A final visual acuity of 20/400 or better was achieved in four of the five patients. Conclusions: Patients may present with endophthalmitis in the setting of retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. In such cases, the preferred initial management may be pars plana vitrectomy, removal of retained lens fragments, and injection of intraocular antibiotics. In eyes with endophthalmitis and opaque media, echography is a useful screening modality.