cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Urban Data Justice Case Study Collection

Cities in the global South are being “datafied”, with increasing presence of digital data of all kinds: from mobile phones, remote sensing, ground-level sensors, community mapping, etc. This has created growing interest in “data justice” in urban locations: the way in which data intersects with questions of social justice – who wins and who loses from the new digital datasets and data flows, and the relationship of data to power and inequality; particularly for those already marginalised in the physical city. This collection presents ten case studies of urban data justice; analysing from a data justice/rights or critical data perspective an initiative or phenomenon relating to growing availability and use of data in urban areas in the global South. These case studies – covering Latin America, Africa and Asia – highlight themes of increasing resistance to datafication among marginalised urban communities; of the way in which social processes and structures shape datafication and its impacts; and of the need for longer-term, qualitative actions that truly listen to the concerns and priorities of these communities. The collection also outlines a future research agenda on urban data justice in the global South.
The Everyday Creativity of Authentic Classroom Assessments

This paper examines the everyday creativity embedded within authentic classroom assessments. While not all authentic assessments are necessarily creative (i.e., novel, innovative, and contextually appropriate), I demonstrate everyday creativity in two authentic classroom assessments I have adopted in my TESOL courses. In revealing the everyday creativity of these tasks, and in light of their desired learning outcomes, I seek to demystify the role everyday creativity can play in student demonstrations of knowledge and skill.
Physical activity patterns of free living dogs diagnosed with osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects about 90% of dogs > 5 yr of age in the United States, resulting in reduced range of motion, difficulty climbing and jumping, reduced physical activity, and lower quality of life. Our objective was to use activity monitors to measure physical activity and identify how activity counts correlate with age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), serum inflammatory markers, veterinarian pain assessment, and owner perception of pain in free-living dogs with OA. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the study and owner consent was received prior to experimentation. Fifty-six client-owned dogs (mean age = 7.8 yr; mean BCS = 6.1) with clinical signs and veterinary diagnosis of OA wore HeyRex activity collars continuously over a 49-d period. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and 49, and dog owners completed canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) and Liverpool osteoarthritis in dogs (LOAD) surveys on day 0, 21, 35, and 49. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 using repeated measures and R Studio 1.0.136 was used to generate Pearson correlation coefficients between data outcomes. Average activity throughout the study demonstrated greater activity levels on weekends. It also showed that 24-h activity spiked twice daily, once in the morning and another in the afternoon. Serum C-reactive protein concentration was lower (P < 0.01) at day 49 compared to day 0. Survey data indicated lower (P < 0.05) overall pain intensity and severity score on day 21, 35 and 49 compared to day 0. BW was correlated with average activity counts (P = 0.02; r = -0.12) and run activity (P = 0.10; r = -0.24). Weekend average activity counts were correlated with owner pain intensity scores (P = 0.0813; r = -0.2311), but weekday average activity count was not. Age was not correlated with total activity count, sleep activity, or run activity, but it was correlated with scratch (P = 0.03; r = -0.10), alert (P = 0.03; r = -0.13), and walk (P = 0.09; r = -0.23) activities. Total activity counts and activity type (sleep, scratch, alert, walk, and run) were not correlated with pain scored by veterinarians, pain intensity or severity scored by owners, or baseline BCS. Even though the lack of controls and/or information on the individual living conditions of dogs resulted in a high level of variability in this study, our data suggest that the use of activity monitors have the potential to aid in the management of OA and other conditions affecting activity (e.g., allergy; anxiety).
EUS-based Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance in BRCA1/BRCA2/PALB2/ATM Carriers Without a Family History of Pancreatic Cancer.

Carriers of a pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 variant are at increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet current guidelines recommend surveillance only for those with a family history of PDAC. We aimed to investigate outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–based PDAC surveillance in BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers without a family history of PDAC. We performed a retrospective analysis of all P/LP BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers who underwent EUS at a tertiary care center. Of 194 P/LP BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers who underwent EUS, 64 (33%) had no family history of PDAC and had at least 1 EUS for PDAC surveillance. These individuals underwent 143 total EUSs, were predominantly female (72%), and BRCA2 carriers (73%), with the majority having a personal history of cancer other than PDAC (67%). The median age at time of first EUS was 62 years [interquartile range (IQR), 53–67 years] and a median of 2 EUSs (IQR 1–3) were performed per patient, with a median of 3 years (IQR 2–4.5 years) between the first and last EUS for those with more than 1 EUS. Pancreatic abnormalities were detected in 44%, including cysts in 27%, and incidental luminal abnormalities in 41%. Eight percent developed a new pancreatic mass or cyst during surveillance, 2 individuals developed PDAC, and no serious complications resulted from surveillance. After discussion of the risks, limitations, and potential benefits, PDAC surveillance can be considered in BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers without a family history of PDAC; however, the effectiveness of PDAC surveillance in this population requires further study. Prevention Relevance: BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers have increased pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) risk, yet are typically not eligible for PDAC surveillance in the absence of PDAC family history. Herein we describe outcomes of PDAC surveillance in BRCA1/BRCA2/ATM/PALB2 carriers without a family history of PDAC, showing that PDAC surveillance can be considered in this high-risk group.
Megagastrica

We have presented 7 cases of megagastrica, 3 caused by ulcerative inflammatory disease in the pyloroduodenal segment and four by different factors as described above. We have briefly summarized the positive etiological agents in the production of megagastrica and have touched on the importance of making an early diagnosis so that adequate and proper treatment may be instituted. We have tried to emphasize the necessity for arriving at the correct diagnosis and in order not to confuse this entity with other differential possibilities.
Fabrication and Property Control of LaCro3 Based Oxides

In recent years the search for materials which can be used as electrical conductors at elevated temperatures in corrosive environment has lead us to investigate many of the high melting point oxides. Unfortunately most of these oxides have quite wide band gaps and therefore possess little electrical conductivity. This is particularly true for those oxides whose bonding orbitals involve only s & p electrons (e. g., MgO, A12O3). However oxides whose cations have d-electron states available do show rather high electrical conductivity (e. g., NiO, CoO), In these oxides, conductivity can be attributed to electrons or holes moving through the d-electron energy levels of the cation either by a localized hopping process or by a narrow conduction band mechanism.1 2 Therefore most of the compounds under consideration contain transition metal cations.
Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners

Until recently, the general belief was that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) were healthy sugar substitutes because they provide sweet taste without calories or glycemic effects. However, data from several epidemiological studies have found that consumption of NNSs, mainly in diet sodas, is associated with increased risk to develop obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The main purpose of this article is to review recent scientific evidence supporting potential mechanisms that explain how "metabolically inactive" NNSs, which have few, if any, calories, might promote metabolic dysregulation. Three potential mechanisms, which are not mutually exclusive, are presented: 1) NNSs interfere with learned responses that contribute to control glucose and energy homeostasis, 2) NNSs interfere with gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, and 3) NNSs interact with sweet-taste receptors expressed throughout the digestive system that play a role in glucose absorption and trigger insulin secretion. In addition, recent findings from our laboratory showing an association between individual taste sensitivity to detect sucralose and sucralose's acute effects on metabolic response to an oral glucose load are reported. Taken as a whole, data support the notion that NNSs have metabolic effects. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which NNSs may drive metabolic dysregulation and better understand potential effects of these commonly used food additives.
Comprehensive Care of an 8-year-old Boy Following Traumatic Amputation of the Glans Penis

We have presented a case of a child severely traumatized, both physically and emotionally. We feel that this and similarly difficult cases are well within the field of competent, comprehensive care that the pediatrician can provide. By means both of his proximity to the problems and in most cases by his familiarity with the psychological makeup of the patient, he is in the best position not only to initiate but to carry through prophylactic psychiatric care. The goals of minimizing both the trauma of hospitalization and long-term psychiatric sequelae can best be met by the pediatrician who can, in a non-threatening and in a non-pressuring manner, first listen to and then talk with the child and outline the thoughts and feelings that might occur in children similarly incapacitated. The child9s ability to communicate can be facilitated by using a three-step process including the "third person technique" and the "option play" which have been outlined. Finally, it is our impression that the pediatrician often underestimates his ability to assume the role of primary physician, who is responsible for the total care of the child.
Wireless dance control: PAIR and WISEAR

WISEAR (Wireless Sensor Array) is a Linux based Embeddedx86 TS-5600 SBC (Single Board Computer) specifically configured for use with music, dance and video performance technologies. The device offers a general purpose solution to many sensor and gestural controller problems. Much like the general purpose CPU, which resolved many issues of its predecessor (ie., the special purpose DSP chip), the WISEAR box attempts to move beyond custom made BASIC stamp projects that are often created on a per - performance basis and rely heavily on MIDI. WISEAR is both lightweight and wireless. Unlike several commercial alternatives, it is also a completely open source project.PAIR (Partnering Analysis in Real Time) exploits the power of WISEAR and revisits the potential of hardware- based systems for real-time measurement of bodily movement. Our goal was to create a robust yet adaptable system that could attend to both general and precise aspects of performer interaction. Though certain commonalities with existing hardware systems exist, our PAIR system takes a fundamentally different approach by focusing specifically on the interaction of two or more dancers.
Calibration of volume charge measurements by use of electron beam implantation

The authors consider the use of charges implanted by means of energetic electron beams to create known charge distributions for calibration purposes. For a successful calibration the reference charge samples should provide a well-defined charge, including location, distribution, and magnitude (and sign). Although these parts of the calibration may be accomplished with different samples, it is preferable for simplicity and accuracy to include these in a single sample. The e-beam implanted charge distributions have been found to achieve the needed reference charge characteristics. Specifically, it was demonstrated that e-beam implantation of charges in charge-retaining plastics, such as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), provides a useful reference for the purpose of calibrating charge measurement instruments. >
Resolvin D1 inhibits multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in primary human lung cells exposed to diverse inflammatory stimuli (IRM9P.721)

Resolution of inflammation is a bioactive process involving a new genus of lipid molecules called “specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators” (SPMs), mainly derived from dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which actively antagonize inflammatory signaling pathways and promote resolution. Although it is broadly known that SPMs inhibit inflammation, the specific pathways and targets of many SPMs remained to be discovered. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which the SPM resolvin D1 (RvD1) inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling pathways using two distinct stimuli; IL-1β, which acts primarily via its own receptor, and poly(I:C), a double-stranded viral RNA mimetic that acts primarily through toll-like receptor (TLR)3. RvD1 inhibited production of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6 and IL-8, both primary human lung fibroblast and epithelial cell strains, when stimulated with either IL-1β or poly(I:C). RvD1 also blocked phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and translocation of NF-κB p65 in cells treated with both stimuli. Importantly, we found that RvD1 inhibited phosphorylation of TAK1, an upstream effector protein that regulates both the MAP-kinase and NF-κB pathways. These results demonstrate that RvD1 targets multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and may have significant therapeutic potential in complex inflammatory diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Starbursts: Nature and environment

The physical mechanisms responsible for producing starbursts are outlined including interactions, mergers, bars, and sinking gas-rich satellites. The question of why a burst occurs is analysed as well as the problem of the disparate timescales of the interaction, burst and dynamical times.
Rapid collisional evolution of comets during the formation of the Oort cloud

The Oort cloud1 of comets was formed by the ejection of icy planetesimals from the region of giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—during their formation2. Dynamical simulations3,4 have previously shown that comets reach the Oort cloud only after being perturbed into eccentric orbits that result in close encounters with the giant planets, which then eject them to distant orbits about 104 to 105 AU from the Sun (1 AU is the average Earth–Sun distance). All of the models constructed until now simulate formation of the Oort cloud using only gravitational effects; these include the influence of the Sun, the planets and external perturbers such as passing stars and Galactic tides. Here we show that physical collisions between comets and small debris play a fundamental and hitherto unexplored role throughout most of the ejection process. For standard models of the protosolar nebula (starting with a minimum-mass nebula) we find that collisional evolution of comets is so severe that their erosional lifetimes are much shorter than the timescale for dynamical ejection. It therefore appears that collisions will prevent most comets escaping from most locations in the region of the giant planets until the disk mass there declines sufficiently that the dynamical ejection timescale is shorter than the collisional lifetime. One consequence is that the total mass of comets in the Oort cloud may be less than currently believed.
20α-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity and 20α-dihydroprogesterone concentration in human placenta before and after parturition

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine if decreased biosynthesis or increased catabolism of progesterone (P) during labor was responsible for the decreased concentration of hormone observed in the human placenta after labor and vaginal delivery. No significant difference was found in P biosynthesis by placental tissues examined before and after labor as evidenced by a similar activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: Δ5-isomerase. In contrast, there was a marked increase in P catabolism during labor, as shown by a significant (p
Moving huge scientific datasets over the Internet

Modern scientific experiments can generate hundreds of gigabytes to terabytes or even petabytes of data that may be maintained in large numbers of relatively small files. Frequently, these data must be disseminated to remote collaborators or computational centers for data analysis. Moving this dataset with high performance and strong robustness and providing a simple interface for users are challenging tasks. We present a data transfer framework comprising a high-performance data transfer library based on GridFTP, an extensible data scheduler with four data scheduling policies, and a GUI that allows users to transfer their dataset easily, reliably, and securely. This system incorporates automatic tuning mechanisms to select at runtime the number of concurrent threads to be used for transfers. Also included are restart mechanisms for handling client, network, and server failures. Experimental results indicate that our data transfer system can significantly improve data transfer performance and can recover well from failures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal enhancement through polarization adaptivity on transmit in a near-field MIMO environment

In this paper polarization adaptivity on transmit has been used to enhance the received signals directed to a pre-selected receiver in a near-field multi-input multi-output (MIMO) environment. The objective here is to select a set of weights on the transmitting antennas adapted to each receiver based on the principles of reciprocity. Using the polarization properties, when the number of receiving antennas is greater than the number of transmitting antennas, the transmitted signal may be directed more to a particular receiver location while simultaneously minimizing the reception signal strength at other receivers. A numerical simulation has been made to illustrate the novelty of the proposed approach.
The role of biofilms in water reclamation and reuse

Biofilms play a major role in many water reclamation and reuse technologies. Normally, wherever there is water, a support surface and nutrients available, a biofilm will form. In some cases, this may result in problems for the water treatment system, due to biofouling or the growth of pathogenic or other unwanted microbes, but more frequently, the biofilm serves a very useful purpose by biodegrading organic contaminants in the water or by converting unwanted inorganic materials into harmless ones. Biofilms are commonly found associated with membrane reactors and filtration systems used in water reclamation and reuse systems, and are often a critical component. They are also found in soils where they may impact water injection or removal systems, or in situ bioremediation. Knowledge of the way biofilms form, how they grow and how to control them is critical for effective design and operation of many water reclamation facilities. This paper explores the modes of formation and growth of biofilms, modern methods for exploring the structure and function of biofilms, and how to control their growth. This paper also presents details on our development of microelectrode sensor arrays for continuous soil pore water quality monitoring.
Factor structure of the Piagetian stage of concrete operations

Abstract Measures of 12 tasks of the Piagetian stage of concrete operational thought and of the eight groupement structures that theoretically underly the concrete operations stage were administered longitudinally at 12-month intervals to one group of children enrolled in kindergarten-Grade 3 and to another group enrolled in Grade 3–Grade 6. The obtained correlations for the 12 tasks separately, the groupements separately, and the tasks and groupements combined were submitted to factor analysis. The three factor structures obtained indicate that children's performances related to the 12 concrete operations tasks develop as five related sets rather than as one, those related to the groupements develop as eight related sets rather than as one, and those related to the 12 tasks and the groupements develop in an uncorrelated fashion. Implications of these findings for reconsidering the concrete operations stage, both as a description of children's actual developmental progression and as an explanation of cognitive development, are discussed.
Chronic intravenous drug administration in the pigeon.

Abstract A procedure is described for the infusion or repeated injection of drugs into the unanesthetized unrestrained pigeon by means of a chronic indwelling i.v. cannula. The technique is utilized to demonstrate the behavioral interactions between narcotic and narcotic-antagonist drugs.
Acetylcholine Sensitivity of Embryonic Ventricular Fibres

IN adult hearts, only fibres of the sinoatrial and atrio-ventricular nodes are innervated. In adult hearts, innervated nodal fibres are very sensitive, while non-innervated fibres are relatively insensitive, to low concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine1,2. Similarly, in innervated skeletal muscle, the end plate membrane is much more sensitive to ACh than the rest of the membrane3. The presence of the nerve terminal is in fact responsible for the low ACh sensitivity of the remainder of the fibre membrane, as with denervation, all of the skeletal muscle membrane becomes quite sensitive to ACh (ref. 4). Formation of a new end plate on a denervated muscle fibre is followed by decreased ACh sensitivity of the rest of the fibre membrane5. Furthermore, Diamond and Miledi observed that, in rat embryo, formation of an end plate is followed by decreased ACh sensitivity of the remainder of the skeletal muscle fibre membrane6. The following experiments were carried out to determine whether innervation of nodal fibres in embryonic heart is accompanied by decreased ACh sensitivity in non-innervated ventricular muscle.
Going the Distance, or Not, with Neurotrophin Signals

NGF and NT-3 both signal through TrkA receptors on the axons of developing sympathetic neurons, but while NGF supports survival and differentiation, NT-3 does not. In this issue of Cell, the difference is explained as the ability of NGF, but not NT-3, to induce internalization and retrograde transport of activated TrkA.
Aflatoxins: Some factors affecting production and location of toxins in Aspergillus flavus-oryzae

Abstract The quantity and quality of aflatoxins produced by two Aspergillus flavus-oryzae isolates from rough rice and Spanish peanut were compared with a known, highly toxigenic A. flavus strain. Total aflatoxin yields on sterile peanut, rough rice, and shredded wheat after 18 days at 30°C ranged from 4 to 892 ppm. In shake cultures growing on 4% suspensions of these substrates, yields ranged from 17 to 426 ppm. Total aflatoxin yields and the proportion of the four primary aflatoxins reflected interactions between strains, substrates, and methods of culture. In shake cultures, from 52 to 80% of the aflatoxins were located in the mycelium. Conidia collected from a shredded wheat substrate after 18 days were found to contain aflatoxins at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 56.1 ppm.
Axonal Targeting of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in Drosophila Is Controlled by Dscam

Different classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in Drosophila innervate distinct targets, or glomeruli, in the antennal lobe of the brain. Here we demonstrate that specific ORN classes require the cell surface protein Dscam (Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule) to synapse in the correct glomeruli. Dscam mutant ORNs frequently terminated in ectopic sites both within and outside the antennal lobe. The morphology of Dscam mutant axon terminals in either ectopic or cognate targets was abnormal. Target specificity for other ORNs was not altered in Dscam mutants, suggesting that different ORNs use different strategies to regulate wiring. Multiple forms of Dscam RNA were detected in the developing antenna, and Dscam protein was localized to developing ORN axons. We propose a role for Dscam protein diversity in regulating ORN target specificity.
Dose reduction to dysphagia/aspiration-related structures (DARS) in patients receiving induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LASCCHN)

Radiation dose to dysphagia/aspiration-related structures (DARS) during definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is associated with chronic dysphagia and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube dependency. Induction chemotherapy (IC) for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (LASCCHN) has been shown to decrease primary tumor and nodal size prior to CCRT, and we have begun to reduce gross tumor volumes (GTVs) for these patients based on post-IC scans. We evaluated dose reductions to DARS attributable to these reduced target volumes. Retrospective study of 41 consecutive LASCCHN patients treated with IC followed by CCRT. Patients were treated with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) or another taxane-based regimen followed by CCRT with 70 Gy intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with target volumes modified based on post-IC simulation scans. No dose constraints were placed on DARS. Patients’ pre-IC neck imaging scans were imported into our planning software, GTVs were contoured, and hypothetical pre-IC plans were generated. We compared dose volume histograms (DVHs) of the hypothetical pre-IC plans to the actual treatment plans for dose to DARS including the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and proximal esophagus, evaluating mean/max. dose, V50, and V60 with paired t tests. Late dysphagia was assessed via the University of Washington Quality of Life (UWQOL) survey and PEG tube dependency. Disease control was assessed with Kaplan–Meier analysis. Statistically significant dose reductions from pre-IC to post-IC scans were observed for superior pharyngeal constrictor (SPC) D mean (−1.1 Gy, P = 0.001), SPC D max (−1.1 Gy, P < 0.001), middle pharyngeal constrictor (MPC) D max (−1.5 Gy, P = 0.01), MPC V60 (−11.5 %, P = 0.001), total pharyngeal constrictor (TPC) D mean (−1.1 Gy, P < 0.001), TPC D max (−0.9 Gy, P < 0.001), TPC V60 (−2.5 %, P = 0.035), and PE V60 (−8.1 %, P = 0.049). In the 30 patients with UWQOL surveys ≥ 6 months posttreatment, mean swallowing score was 79 (scale 0–100). Two-year locoregional control (LRC) was 92 % (median follow-up 22 months). Modifying tumor target volumes post-IC in LASCCHN patients results in statistically significant, modest dose reduction to DARS.
Can the future of medicine be saved from the success of science

The author considers how an emphasis on the achievements of biomedical science has contributed to a loss of human understanding and increased cynicism and dissatisfaction in the practice of medicine. A balanced approach to health care requires attention to both the biological and humanistic aspects of our patients' lives. Awareness and acceptance of our own individual weaknesses and strengths as physicians are also essential to understanding and appreciating the full range of needs in our patients, a process that ultimately leads to compassionate care.
Infrared detectors for ground-based and space-based astronomy applications

This paper will review the state-of-the-art IR detectors at the Raytheon IR Center of Excellence for both grou8nd-based and space-based astronomy applications. Performance data will be presented on 0.5 to 5.0 micron Indium Antimonide (InSb) arrays and 0.9 to 5.0 micron Mercury Cadmium Telluride arrays. In addition, performance data on 2 to 28 micron Arsenic-doped Silicon impurity band conductor arrays will be presented. These very high performance detector array offer another important window into the universe for ground- and space-based astronomical work. Data will include performance data on InSb and Si:As IBC arrays for the IR array camera instrument on NASA's Space IR Telescope Facility and the IRC instrument on the ISAS ASTRO-F IR Imaging Survey (IRIS) mission. Data obtained with the HgCdTe arrays developed for the Visible and IR Thermal Imaging Spectrometer H and M instruments for the ESA ROSETTA mission will also be presented. Readouts for both ground-based and space-based astronomy applications will be highlighted, including the first prototype multiplexer and 4 K X 4 K Focal Plane Array for the next generation space telescope.
Simulations and experiments with the phase-shift focus monitor

Simulation has been used to better understand the process parameters which affect focus monitor performance. Full resist process simulations were done using PROLITH/2. Exposure dose, partial coherence and focus monitor linewidth were varied, assuming an aberration-free lens. The focus monitor result was in good agreement with simulations of two traditional focus test approaches. Simulations were also done with optics having significant third order spherical aberration. In this case, the results of the two traditional focus methods differed with each other, and the focus monitor gave another significantly different result. The focal plane of the aberrated lens depends on what pattern is being printed. Determining the crossing point of focus monitor calibration curves with different partial coherence may allow the lithographic measurement of spherical aberration. This paper also outlines recommendations for the practical use of the focus monitor, along with two examples. The first example illustrates a lens heating problem when using a stepper at a non-standard (sigma) value. The second example demonstrates a focus problem at the edge of the wafer caused by a non-flat chuck.
A modification of the tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye stain for demonstrating myoepithelial cells in formalin fixed tissue.

A modified tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-dye procedure is used for staining myoepithelial cells in formalin fixed surgical and autopsy material. Paraffin section are brought to water, mordanted for 1 hr in Bouin's fixative previously heated to 56 C, cooled while still in Bouin's, rinsed in tap water until sections are colorless, rinsed in distilled water, treated with 5% aqueous tannic acid 5–20 min, rinsed in distilled water 30 sec or less, treated with 1% aqueous phosphomolybdic acid 10–15 min, rinsed 30 sec in distilled water, rinsed in methanol, stained 1 hr in a saturated solution of amido black or phloxine B in 9:l methanol:acetic acid, rinsed in 9:l methanol:acetic acid, dehydrated, cleared and mounted. Myoepithelial cells of sweat, lacrimal, salivary, bronchial, and mammary glands are blue-green with amido black or pink with phloxine B. Fine processes of myoepithelial cells are well delineated. Background staining is minimal and the procedure is highly reproducible.
P wave morphology during atrial pacing along the atrioventricular ring: ECG localization of the site of origin of retrograde atrial activation

P wave morphology during atrial pacing along the atrioventricular (AV) ring was evaluated to develop electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for identifying the site of origin of the atrial activation wave during reentrant supraventricular tachycardia. Because P wave morphology changes as the pattern of atrial activation changes, the P wave should show characteristic morphologies during reentrant supraventricular tachycardia with use of either accessory AV pathways or the AV node for retrograde atrial activation. In 14 patients, 12-lead ECGs were recorded during bipolar atrial pacing at sites in the coronary sinus vein (along the mitral annulus) and along the atrial endocardium of the tricuspid annulus. P wave morphology was graded for each lead at each site. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of ECG criteria for left versus right and anterior versus posterior atrial pacing sites were evaluated. Data were obtained from 14 sites along the AV ring, including 71 recordings at 6 sites in the coronary sinus vein and 94 recordings at 8 sites along the tricuspid annulus. These recordings were further divided into 54 anterior sites and 80 posterior sites, as well as 62 recordings along the right free wall and 32 recordings along the right atrial septum. The predictive value of a positive P wave in lead I indicating right atrial site of origin was 98.9%, and that for a negative or isoelectric P wave in lead I indicating a left atrial site of origin was 94.6%. Negative P wave in leads II, III, and aVF indicated a posterior site of origin, with a predictive value of 91.2%. The predictive value of a negative or isoelectric P wave in lead V1 indicating a right atrial free wall site was 87.5%. Thus, P wave morphology can be used to localize the site of origin of the atrial depolarization wave to a region along the AV ring.
Ecology of the grassland. II.

During the past decade or so increasing attention has been given to refinements in methods and procedures in the study of grassland communities and to more complete characterizations of communities. Advances have been made toward standardization, but it is premature at the present stage of development of grassland ecology to expect rigid formulations of research procedures. It is evident in recent publications that the trend is toward selection and further refinement of methods which will measure as objectively as possible the characteristics that are most significant in a particular investigation. For a complete analysis and description, all characteristics of the community require study.
Intrastromal corneal ring segments for post-LASIK ectasia complicated by persistent pain.

A 33-year-old man who was 2 years post laser in situ keratomileusis was found to have corneal ectasia. He was intolerant of rigid gas-permeable contact lenses and eventually chose to have placement of intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) (Intacs) in the right eye. Two ICRS were implanted without complication, and postoperative examination showed improved visual acuity and decreased corneal elevation on scanning-slit tomography imaging. However, over the following 2 months, he complained of persistent pain in the right eye. Confocal microscopy showed a corneal nerve touching the superonasal ICRS. The ICRS was removed, and shortly thereafter the patient's pain resolved. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Metabolic consequences of trichopoliodystrophy

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Investigating the thermal conductivity of polyatomic alcohols

We present the description of a new experimental installation and of a new method of investigating the thermal conductivity of liquids. We measure the thermal conductivity of water and of toluene. We have derived new experimental data on the thermal conductivity of glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene and triethylene glycol, in the temperature range 30–165°C.
A spatial-domain multiresolutional particle filter with thresholded wavelets

Particle filters have been proven to be very effective for nonlinear/non-Gaussian filtering. However, the most notorious disadvantage of a particle filter is its formidable computational complexity, since hundreds (even thousands) of particles are usually needed to achieve a required approximation accuracy. It has also been proven that one of the techniques of truly solving a computational problem is multiresolutional processing, both in temporal and spatial domains. Therefore, in this paper we propose a multiresolutional particle filter in the spatial domain using thresholded wavelets to reduce significantly the number of particles, meanwhile maintaining the full strength of a particle filter.
Melt rheology and extrudability of polyethylenes

Commercial high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polythylene (LDPE), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins were tested at 150, 170, and 190°C in steady state, dynamic, and extensional modes. Within the low rates of deformation = ω ≤ 0.3, the steady state and dynamic functions agreed: η = η′ and N1 = 2G′; at the higher rates, the steady state parameters were larger. The elongational viscosity, ηe, was measured under a constant rate, , or stress, σ, condition. In the first case for LLDPE, the transient η reached an equilibrium plateau value, ηe. For HDPE, η increased up to the break point. For LDPE, stress hardening was recorded. Under constant stress the ηe, could always be determined; its value, within experimental error, agreed with the maximum value of η determined in a constant experiment. The maximum strain at break was only e = 1.5 for HDPE and 3, to 4 for LDPE and LLDPE. The rate of deformation dependence of the η (or η′) and ηn may be discussed in terms of the Trouton ratio, RT = ηe/3η at = ω = : RT ≤ 1.2 for LLDPE, RT ≤ 2.5 for HDPE, and RT ≤ 15 for LDPE. The PE resins were extruded at 190°C through a laboratory extruder equipped with a slit or rod die. The rotational speed of the screw varied from 0 to 90 rpm. Extrusion pressure, output, and energy were measured and correlated with the rheological parameters of the resins.
Correlates and Consequences of Breeding Dispersal in a Migratory Songbird

Abstract. Knowledge of breeding dispersal, defined as shifts in territory location between two successive breeding seasons, remains limited for migratory passerines. We investigated the relationship between two ecological factors, habitat structure and reproductive success, and 499 breeding dispersal events in a Nearctic—Neotropic migratory songbird, the Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) breeding at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, from 1998 to 2008. Male dispersal distance was correlated with both individual age and habitat structure, with older males moving shorter distances than younger males, and males on the high-shrub-density plot (i.e., higher quality) moving shorter distances than males on the plot with lower shrub density. Female dispersal distance was also correlated with habitat structure; individuals on the higher-quality plot moved shorter distances than those on the lower-quality plot. In contrast to that of males, female dispersal distance was indepen...
Instructional Computing Patterns in Texas Schools: Implications for Teacher Training.

AbstractA survey of 200 Texas school districts that were using computers for instruction was conducted in the spring of 1983. The survey investigated a wide variety of instructional patterns ranging from courseware selection to teacher training. The selected findings in this article relate only to those patterns which have implications for teacher training. These patterns include student populations, grade levels, and curriculum areas that are using computers, instructional applications of computers across grade spans, student computer literacy skills, and teacher training in computer use. The results of the survey indicate that the pattern of computer use is different for each grade, therefore, the researchers suggest that teacher training must be tailored to these differences.
Contingency relationships of firm size, TQM duration, unionization, and industry context on TQM implementation—A focus on total effects

Abstract Past TQM literature has been inconclusive in resolving the validity of the universalistic approach versus the contingency approach of TQM implementation. In this paper we contribute to the resolution of this debate by using a total effects approach within the contingency perspective. We propose a culture-quality system design-outcomes framework for TQM implementation. We then use this framework to study the differences in total effects relationships among TQM constructs across four contingencies, firm size, TQM duration, unionization, and industry type. Data from a sample of 394 plants (SIC codes 20 through 39) are used to test the validity of our contingency model. Our results revealed that firm size, TQM duration, and industry type moderate the influence of total effects of culture (top management commitment, customer focus, and trust) on final outcomes (process quality, product quality, and customer satisfaction). These contingencies also moderate the influence of total effects of quality system design (design management, training, empowerment, quality information usage, supplier quality management, and process quality management) on final outcomes. The strongest contributor to variation in total effects across groups was industry type, followed by size and then TQM duration. To a lesser extent, unionization was a moderator in total effects relationships. These findings uniquely contribute to the emerging contingency theory of TQM implementation.
Transportation Research into Practice: A Multi-Agency Government Perspective

This paper describes how the US Department of Transportation (DOT), along with its component Operating Administrations (OAs), is a major Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funding source of around 1 billion dollars annually and also an advocate for applied human factors. According to the US DOT Research Hub, at least 35 major DOT human factors initiatives are active at any one time. The paper discusses how DOT human factors practitioners apply research and principles in the pursuit of improved transportation safety through effective acquisition, policy, and regulation. While there are numerous issues to research and investigate, only those impacting the agency’s mission and strategic goals are supported and pursued. Ultimately, the goal of each OA is to use its research funding to best meet its individual agency needs. The challenge for human factors practitioners, whether government, academic or private sector, is to interpret user/operator needs and translate them into meaningful requirements. These requirements are the first step in moving from successful research and testing to outcomes that impact the traveling public.
Triplex formation by psoralen-conjugated chimeric oligonucleoside methylphosphonates.

Interactions between nuclease-resistant, 5‘-psoralen-conjugated, chimeric methylphosphonate oligodeoxyribo- or oligo-2‘-O-methylribo-triplex-forming oligomers (TFOs) and a purine tract found in the envelope gene of HIV proviral DNA (env-DNA) were investigated by gel mobility shift assays or by photo-cross-linking experiments. These chimeric TFOs contain mixtures of methylphosphonate and phosphodiester internucleotide bonds. A pyrimidine chimeric TFO composed of thymidine and 5-methyl-2‘-deoxycytidine (C), d-PS-TpCpTpCpTpCpTpTpTpTpTpTpCpTpC (1mp) where PS is trimethylpsoralen and p is methylphosphonate, forms a stable triplex with env-DNA whose dissociation constant is 1.3 μM at 22 °C and pH 7.0. The dissociation constant of chimeric TFO 2mp, d-PS-UpCpTpCpTpCpTpUpTpUpTpUpCpTpC, decreased to 400 nM when four of the thymidines in 1mp were replaced by 5-propynyl-2‘-deoxyuridines (U), a result consistent with the increased stacking interactions and hydrophobic nature of 5-propynyl-U. An even greater decrease, ...
Optimized Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus interior models

A method for inverting gravitational data is the basis for the present models of Saturn, Jupiter, and Uranus, which have been computed to the third-order in rotational disturbance to the total potential and yield exact matches for recent, highly-accurate determinations of gravitational harmonics for these planets. These results indicate that a major He depletion has either not occurred in the outer layers of Jupiter or of Saturn, or that such a depletion's effect on the density profile has been masked by the presence of denser components. Considerable uncertainty characterizes Uranian models; the one presently preferred has substantial heavy-element enhancement at depth and little ice-rock separation.
The cytologic diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism: a critical reappraisal.

In an attempt to assess the extent to which contamination by exogenous squamous cells contributes to false-positive results in the cytologic diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism, blood sampled from the right heart or from the pulmonary artery of 42 nonpregnant cardiac patients was processed and examined for squames. Despite a variety of precautions, it proved impossible to eliminate contamination in any of these specimens. In addition, two of three blank slides that were stained with maximal precaution also demonstrated squames. The authors conclude that cytologic techniques are not helpful in the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism and should no longer be utilized. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3:126–128.
Isotope effects in aqueous systems. X. Boiling point elevations for NaCl solutions in H 2 O and D 2 O

Solvent isotope effects on the osmotic coefficients of NaCl solutions in H2O or D2O have been determined by an ebulliometric technique at 100°C.