cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with colon surveillance among patients with a history of colorectal cancer.

Abstract Background Substantial variability in the use of colon surveillance among colorectal cancer survivors has been reported. This study sought to examine trends in the use of colon surveillance among patients who have had colorectal cancer and to investigate factors associated with utilization. Methods Health maintenance organization enrollees with a diagnosis of local or regional colon or rectal cancer between January 1993 and December 1999 were studied. Receipt of a colon examination by colonoscopy or by flexible sigmoidoscopy, together with barium contrast radiography of the colon was determined from automated clinical records, and rates of colon surveillance were estimated by using survival analysis. Results A total of 1002 patients with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer met inclusion criteria for the study. Colon examinations were performed in 61% of patients within 18 months of diagnosis and in 80% of patients within 5 years of diagnosis. The median time from diagnosis to first colon surveillance examination (14 months) was unchanged over the study period, but the interval between first and second surveillance examinations increased by 17 months ( p p =0.14) and increased utilization among other minorities (relative risk=1.47; p =0.06). Conclusions There is substantial variability in the use of colon examination for surveillance in patients with a history of colorectal cancer, and clinical and sociodemographic factors appear to influence the likelihood of surveillance.
Occupational Therapy as Part of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program

In the City of Hope Medical Respiratory Care (MRC) program occupational therapy is a dynamic, integral part of the rehabilitation process. Three broad and varying aspects of occupational therapy are covered. These consist of upper extremity exercises using both an arm argometer and gravity resistive exercises, relaxation and stress management training, and a multifaceted approach to activities of daily living (ADL) training. The ADL training is carried out in both individual and group sessions and includes techniques or work efficiency and motion economy, proper body mechanics, and proper breathing techniques during daily activities. The occupational therapist is a member of the MRC treatment team and would be unable to function effectively with these patients without the support and assistance of other members. The studies referred to in this paper validate this use of occupational therapy in a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program.
Selection factors for local excision or abdominoperineal resection of early stage rectal cancer

Background. This study reviews the experience of patients with early stage rectal cancer managed by local excision or abdominoperineal resection to clarify the relative indications and results of these two approaches. Methods. From 1962 to 1991, 125 patients with T1 and T2 rectal cancer underwent local excision (56 patients) or abdominoperineal resection (69 patients). Outcome was analyzed by stage, treatment, and pathologic features of tumor grade and vessel involvement. Results. The 5-year actuarial recurrence-free survival and local control was 87% and 96%, respectively, for 28 patients undergoing local excision with favorable histologic features (well or moderately well differentiated histologic findings without venous/lymph vessel involvement). These results were 57% and 68% for 28 patients with unfavorable histologic features (poorly differentiated histology and/or venous/lymph vessel involvement). For patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection, the 5-year actuarial recurrence-free survival and local control of 49 patients with favorable histologic features was 91% and 91%, respectively. These results were 79% and 89%, respectively, for patients with poorly differentiated histology or venous/lymph vessel involvement. Conclusions. For patients with T1 and T2 tumors having favorable histologic features, a satisfactory survival and local control was achieved for patients undergoing local excision or abdominoperineal resection. In contrast, patients with T1 and T2 tumors having poorly differentiated histologic features and/or venous/lymph vessel involvement undergoing local excision or abdominoperineal resection appeared to have decreased rates of survival and of local control. For these patients, radical resection combined with pelvic irradiation and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy should be investigated. Cancer 1994; 73:2716–20.
A taylor weak‐statement algorithm for hyperbolic conservation laws

Finite element analysis, applied to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problem classes, presents a formal procedure for establishing the ingredients of a discrete approximation numerical solution algorithm. A classical Galerkin weak-statement formulation, formed on a Taylor series extension of the conservation law system, is developed herein that embeds a set of parameters eligible for constraint according to specification of suitable norms. The derived family of Taylor weak statements is shown to contain, as special cases, over one dozen independently derived CFD algorithms published over the past several decades for the high speed flow problem class. A theoretical analysis is completed that facilitates direct qualitative comparisons. Numerical results for definitive linear and nonlinear test problems permit direct quantitative performance comparisons.
A method for estimating the refractory period of motor fibers in the human peripheral nerve

A simple method has been devised to measure the refractory period of motor fibers in man. With paired shocks of just maximal intensity, the second response of the pair was first elicited at an interstimulus interval of 1.00+/-0.20 msec (mean +/- SD in 24 ulnar nerves). With longer intervals there was progressive return of excitability until it recovered completely at 2.88+/-0.72 msec. When paired shocks of 50% supramaximal intensity were used, return of the second response was faster, beginning at 0.77+/-0.18 msec and achieving full recovery at 2.03+/-0.57 msec. The inpulse was conducted at a slower speed than normal, if transmitted at all, during the relative refractory period.
Further evidence on shareholder wealth effects of announcements for newly created CIO positions

Chatterjee, Richardson and Zmud (2001) provided evidence of abnormal stock returns associated with the announcements of new CIO positions, indicating a positive reaction in the stock market to the announcements. However, an examination of the behavior of analysts who follow the firms used in the Chatterjee et al. sample finds that just over 50% of the firms actually had analysts regularly following them; and the vast majority either reflected no changes in earnings forecasts or experienced a downward adjustment. A systematic reexamination of the results reveals the following: (1) firms not tracked by analysts demonstrate positive abnormal returns at the event date; (2) Chatterjee et al.'s findings of positive abnormal returns from new CIO position announcements appear to be driven by the sub-sample of firms not tracked by analysts; (3) analyst tracked firms generally do not yield abnormal returns at the event date but they do exhibit abnormal returns in the days before the announcement indicating analysts may be using leaked information from management; and (4) despite apparently disclosing private information from management to their clients, analysts do not disclose this information through revisions of earnings forecasts. Overall, our results significantly strengthen the understanding of the phenomenon while further supporting Chatterjee et al.'s conclusion that new CIO position announcements are important to the capital markets.
Optimal retail assortments for substitutable items purchased in sets

We consider the problem of optimizing assortments in a multi-item retail inventory system. In addition to the usual holding and stockout costs, there is a fixed cost for including any item in the assortment. Customers' preferences for items include both probabilistic substitution patterns and the desire to purchase sets of complementary items. We develop a demand model to capture this behavior, and derive tractable approximations that allow us to formulate the optimization problem as a 0–1 mixed integer linear program. Numerical examples are solved to illustrate key insights into how both complementary and substitute items affect the optimal assortment and the expected profit. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 793–822, 2003.
Nitrogen accumulation in kaolin mining wastes in cornwall I. Natural communities

Plant succession was investigated on sand waste heaps produced by kaolin mining in central Cornwall. It was found that relatively even aged, monospecific stands of vegetation were frequently present. The principal colonists were woody leguminous plants which, in some situations, were superceded by a massive growth of rhododendrons (Rhododendron ponticum) or native woodland species. Where legumes were absent, the waste was slowly colonised by Calluna vulgaris and other heathland species.
Rhizosphere priming effects on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization

Living roots and their rhizodeposits affect microbial activity and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. This so-called rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) has been increasingly recognized recently. However, the magnitude of the RPE and its driving mechanisms remain elusive. Here we investigated the RPE of two plant species (soybean and sunflower) grown in two soil types (a farm or a prairie soil) and sampled at two phenological stages (vegetative and mature stages) over an 88-day period in a greenhouse experiment. We measured soil C mineralization using a continuous 13C-labeling method, and quantified gross N mineralization with a 15N-pool dilution technique. We found that living roots significantly enhanced soil C mineralization, by 27–245%. This positive RPE on soil C mineralization did not vary between the two soils or the two phenological stages, but was significantly greater in sunflower compared to soybean. The magnitude of the RPE was positively correlated with rhizosphere respiration rate across all treatments, suggesting the variation of RPE among treatments was likely caused by variations in root activity and rhizodeposit quantity. Moreover, living roots stimulated gross N mineralization rate by 36–62% in five treatments, while they had no significant impact in the other three treatments. We also quantified soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity when plants were at the vegetative stage. Generally, living roots increased microbial biomass carbon by 0–28%, β-glucosidase activity by 19–56%, and oxidative enzyme activity by 0–46%. These results are consistent with the positive rhizosphere effect on soil C (45–79%) and N (10–52%) mineralization measured at the same period. We also found significant positive relationships between β-glucosidase activity and soil C mineralization rates and between oxidative enzyme activity and gross N mineralization rates across treatments. These relationships provide clear evidence for the microbial activation hypothesis of RPE. Our results demonstrate that root–soil–microbial interactions can stimulate soil C and N mineralization through rhizosphere effects. The relationships between the RPE and rhizosphere respiration rate and soil enzyme activity can be used for explicit representations of RPE in soil organic matter models.
A comparison of tools for modeling freshwater ecosystem services

Interest in ecosystem services has grown tremendously among a wide range of sectors, including government agencies, NGO’s and the business community. Ecosystem services entailing freshwater (e.g. flood control, the provision of hydropower, and water supply), as well as carbon storage and sequestration, have received the greatest attention in both scientific and on-the-ground applications. Given the newness of the field and the variety of tools for predicting water-based services, it is difficult to know which tools to use for different questions. There are two types of freshwater-related tools – traditional hydrologic tools and newer ecosystem services tools. Here we review two of the most prominent tools of each type and their possible applications. In particular, we compare the data requirements, ease of use, questions addressed, and interpretability of results among the models. We discuss the strengths, challenges and most appropriate applications of the different models. Traditional hydrological tools provide more detail whereas ecosystem services tools tend to be more accessible to non-experts and can provide a good general picture of these ecosystem services. We also suggest gaps in the modeling toolbox that would provide the greatest advances by improving existing tools.
Shell-model description of the excitation of heavy nuclei by inelastic electron scattering

Abstract The nuclear shell model with residual pairing and long-range forces is used to calculate angular distributions of inelastically scattered electrons exciting one-phonon E2, E3 and E4 transitions in spherical nuclei. The electron wave functions are treated by the distorted-wave method. Treatment of two-phonon excitations by the direct (single excitation) process is also presented. Numerical results for scattering from Ni 58 and Ni 60 show good agreement with experimental cross sections for one-phonon excitations but not for two-phonon states.
NVP-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and human prostate cancer stem cell growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice by regulating Bmi-1 and microRNA-128

Prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined by their extensive self-renewal, differentiation and tumor initiation properties. It is now clear that CSCs are involved in tumor growth and recurrence, and resistance to conventional treatments. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has a crucial role in stemness and tumorigenesis. Thus, the strategy that suppresses stemness and consequently tumorigenic potential of CSCs could be considered for the management of prostate cancer. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms, by which NVP-LDE-225/Erismodegib (smoothened inhibitor) regulates stem cell characteristics and tumor growth in prostate cancer. The effects of NVP-LDE-225 on CSC's viability, sphere formation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice were examined. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited cell viability and spheroid formation, and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). NVP-LDE-225 induced expression of Bax and Bak, and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2 and survivin. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited Gli transcriptional activity, Gli-DNA interaction and the expression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched1 and Patched-2 in prostate CSCs. Interestingly, NVP-LDE-225 induced PDCD4 and apoptosis and inhibited cell viability by suppressing miR-21. Furthermore, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited pluripotency-maintaining factors Nanog, Oct-4, c-Myc and Sox-2. The inhibition of Bmi-1 by NVP-LDE-225 was regulated by upregulation of miR-128. NVP-LDE-225 suppressed EMT by upregulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Zeb1 by regulating the miR-200 family. Finally, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited CSC tumor growth, which was associated with the suppression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched-1, Patched-2, Cyclin D1, Bmi-1 and PCNA and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in tumor tissues derived from NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice. Overall, our findings suggest that inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway could therefore be a novel therapeutic option in treating prostate cancer.
Indirect gunshot wound to the head.

An Afghani man presented to a U.S. military facility in Afghanistan with a 3-month history of clear fluid from his left naris and frequent sinusitis. Eleven years earlier, he had been struck in the forehead by an object falling from the sky. Neurologic examination revealed decreased sensation in V1 and V2 on the left side. Imaging revealed a large bullet lodged in the left maxillary sinus. The bullet was removed via sublabial incision and opening of the anterior bony wall of the maxillary sinus. In Afghanistan, indirect gunshot wounds to the head are not uncommon because of the constant war conditions since the invasion by the former Soviet Union in 1979 and the tradition of firing rounds into the air during cultural celebrations.
A Longitudinal Report of a Phonologically Disordered Child.

This article describes the characteristics and changes that occurred in a phonologically disordered child's sound system over a six year, nine month period. Initially, she exhibited a restricted ph...
(p, n) Threshold-Curve Shapes and Measurements of Threshold Enelrgy with H + 1 Beams

Yield curves have been calculated for ($p, n$) threshold reactions and the results have been applied to data previously obtained with the two-meter electrostatic analyzer at the Naval Research Laboratory. Taken into account in the calculation are the finite beam-energy spread from the analyzer, Doppler broadening due to thermal motion of the target nuclei, and the effect due to the statistical nature of the energy loss of protons in the target. A comparison of the yield-curve shape when the cross section is proportional to the emitted neutron velocity and the yield-curve shape when there is a nearby resonance is made. There is a small but calculable difference between the extrapolated yield curve intercept and true threshold energy. The threshold energies for several reactions are determined from data previously reported: ${\mathrm{T}}^{3}(p, n){\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, 1019.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.51 keV; ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n){\mathrm{Be}}^{7}$, 1881.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.94 keV; ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}(p, n){\mathrm{N}}^{13}$, 3237.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6 keV.
Model House Designs for Privacy, Security, and Social Interaction

Summary College undergraduates were asked to construct models of houses that would promote privacy, security, or social interaction for the occupants. The physical features of the models were then analyzed and compared. Among other differences, privacy models had significantly more rooms, somewhat more corridors, and more exterior wall surfaces. Security houses were significantly smaller, and more often had double-insulated bedrooms. Social interaction houses had greater visibility among rooms, and fewer exterior wall surfaces. Differences also appeared between male, female, and mixed-pair designers in this study: among other features, models designed by males were more often bilaterally symmetrical, and models by females were rated more original. When males and females worked together on the models, the final products contained somewhat more male-preferred features, but each sex contributed certain features to the final form.
Axisymmetrical Creep Buckling of Clamped Shallow Spherical Shells

Abstract : In this paper consider the effect of viscoelastic properties of shells on the axisymmetrical buckling is considered. For viscoelastic shells under constant uniform pressure, the average vertical deflection increases with time. When time reaches a critical value t sub cr, the rate of increase of the average vertical deflection becomes very high, which indicates the initiation of snapping of the shell at this instant. After snapping, the shell continues to deform. The object is to find the critical time t sub cr for different pressures and for shells with different geometrical parameters. The pressure on shells is considered to be applied either by pressurized air in a chamber of large volume or by an incompressible fluid. For the latter loading condition, the average deflection remains constant and the applied pressure relaxes. In this paper, the relaxation of external pressure of this type is analyzed, as well as prescribed pressure increases.
Environmental Safety Preparation for Community-Based Nursing Educational Experiences: Measurable Indices

Cities, formerly the hub of cultural activities and entertainment, are now more often associated with crime statistics and poverty. Students' emotional comfort and safety must therefore be prime considerations in planning community-based nursing education. This study piloted an instrument that promises to be useful in labeling situations that affect an individual's comfort level in an urban setting. Questions that guided the study included: (1) Does the Environmental Comfort Scale (ECS) score vary with the respondents' residential zone (urban = 1, suburban = 2, rural = 3)? (2) Is the instrument (Environmental Comfort [Fear] Scale) reliable? A one-shot, one-group, pre-experimental design was employed. Participants were self-selected from a junior baccalaureate nursing class (N = 79) that was a predominantly suburban-bred, relatively privileged population. The ECS contained nine specific environmental-situation items that could be construed as potentially threatening to safety. Respondents were to indicate on a five-point Likert scale the extent to which they would be fearful in each situation; 1 = least fearful and 5 = most fearful. Findings showed practically no difference in responses by residential zone and suggest a need for item refinement and a need to lengthen the tool to improve alpha coefficients. Further, the increasing demand for measurable outcomes underscores the need for continued work on instruments to produce such data. The deinstitutionalization of health care from contained grounds to uncontained community-based settings makes it imperative that nursing education attend to the challenges of safety education.
Activity of 9-nitro-camptothecin, an oral topoisomerase I inhibitor, in myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND. Topoisomerase I inhibitors, like topotecan, have activity in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). 9-Nitro-camptothecin (9-NC) is a new oral topoisomerase inhibitor with a good safety profile. The aims of the current study were to evaluate the activity and safety of 9-NC in MDS and CMML. METHODS. Adults with a diagnosis of MDS (n = 12) and CMML (n = 32) received 9-NC 2 mg/m2 orally daily 5 days a week, every 4 to 6 weeks. RESULTS. Overall, 5 (11%) patients achieved complete response (CR), 7 (16%) had a partial response (PR), and 6 (14%) had hematologic improvement (HI), for an overall response rate of 41%. The response rate was similar in MDS and CMML. Severe (Grade 3–4) side effects included nausea and vomiting (7%), diarrhea (18%), other gastrointestinal toxicities (5%), and genitourinary toxicities (12%). CONCLUSIONS. 9-NC is active in MDS and CMML. The paucity of available therapies in CMML makes 9-NC a good candidate for further studies as a single agent, or in combination with decitabine, 5-azacitidine or cytarabine. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Binding of mammalian ribosomes to ms2 phage rna reveals an overlapping gene encoding a lysis function

The main binding site for mammalian ribosomes on the single-stranded RNA of bacteriophage MS2 is located nine tenths of the way through the coat protein gene. Translation initiated at an AUG triplet in the +1 frame yields a 75 amino acid polypeptide which terminates within the synthetase gene at a UAA codon, also in the +1 frame. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of the product synthesized in relatively large amounts by mammalian ribosomes confirms this assignment of the overlapping cistron. The same protein is made in an E. coli cell-free system, but only in very small amounts. Analysis of the translation products directed by RNA from op3, a UGA nonsense mutant of phage f2, identifies the overlapping cistron as a lysis gene. In this paper we show that the op3 mutation is a C yield U transition occurring in the second codon of the synthetase cistron, which explains the lowered production of phage replicase (as well as lack of lysis) upon op3 infection of nonpermissive cells. We discuss the properties of the overlapping gene in relation to its lysis function, recognition of the lysis initiator region by E. coli versus eucaryotic ribosomes and op3 as a ribosome binding site mutant for the f2 synthetase cistron.
Not Lost in Space: Trafficking in the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Compartmentalization within cells provides spatial organization of signaling pathways and ensures the specificity of signaling. In vertebrates, the primary cilium, a tiny microtubule-based protrusion present on most cells, is essential for organizing events during Hedgehog signal transduction. When cells are stimulated with Hedgehog ligands, proteins in the pathway move in and out of the cilia. Protein kinase A (PKA), which is implicated in diverse cellular processes including protein trafficking, is a component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. PKA has been localized near primary cilia, at a location suitable for regulating the localization of other proteins in the pathway.
Phosphorus source effects on alfalfa yield, total nitrogen content, and soil test phosphorus

Abstract Recent studies showing a lack of response by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilization have raised concerns about the efficacy of commonly used P fertilizer materials in the southwestern United States. Studies were conducted between 1982 and 1985 in southeastern New Mexico to evaluate (i) alfalfa yield response to different P sources, (ii) the effect of P fertilizer source on forage total nitrogen (N) content and leafiness, and (iii) the effect of P fertilizer source on soil test P. Nine P sources were applied annually from 1982 through 1984 at a rate of 58 kg P/ha. Alfalfa was grown during 1985 without fertilization to examine the residual effect of P sources. Triple superphosphate (TSP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) gave the highest alfalfa forage yields over the 3‐year application period, but no residual fertilizer effects were observed when fertilization was discontinued. Fertilization did not affect forage leafiness. Except for a small N response in forage total N conte...
A putative ATP binding protein influences the fidelity of branchpoint recognition in yeast splicing

We previously described a dominant suppressor of the splicing defect conferred by an A----C intron branchpoint mutation in S. cerevisiae. Suppression occurs by increasing the frequency with which the mutant branchpoint is utilized. We have now cloned the genomic region encoding the prp16-1 suppressor function and have demonstrated that PRP16 is essential for viability. A 1071 amino acid open reading frame contains sequence motifs characteristic of an NTP binding fold and further similarities to a superfamily of proteins that includes members with demonstrated RNA-dependent ATPase activity. A single nucleotide change necessary to confer the prp16-1 suppressor phenotype results in a Tyr----Asp substitution near the "A site" consensus for NTP binding proteins. We propose that PRP16 is an excellent candidate for mediating one of the many ATP-requiring steps of spliceosome assembly and that accuracy of branchpoint recognition may be coupled to ATP binding and/or hydrolysis.
Liquid-gas phase transitions in finite nuclear matter

A procedure is developed to calculate the chemical potential of a system of fermions at high temperatures in the independent particle model. This is then used to investigate the occurrence of liquid-gas phase transitions in finite nuclei employing various zero-range nuclear effective interactions. Finite size effects and the Coulomb force are found to lead to a sizeable reduction (\ensuremath{\sim}8 MeV) in the "critical" temperature as compared to the case of infinite nuclear matter.
Congenital heart disease

Abstract A case of congenital malformations with several unusual features is reported. These features include situs inversus viscerum below the diaphragm but not above; dextroposition of the heart; cessation of development of the heart at the fifth-sixth week stage of embryonic development; persistence of a truncus arteriosus with pulmonary arteries branching from this; two superior venae cavae and a left-sided inferior vena cava; and very abnormal pulmonary veins.
OPE for null Wilson loops and open spin chains

Abstract Maximal helicity-violating scattering amplitudes in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory are dual to Wilson loops on closed null polygons. We perform their operator product expansion analysis in two-dimensional kinematics in the soft-collinear approximation which corresponds to the case when some light-cone distances vanish. We construct the expansion in terms of multi-particle “heavy”–light operators, where the “heavy” fields are identified with the Wilson lines defining the OPE channel and the light fields emerge from the curvature of the contour. The correlation function of these define the remainder function. We study the dilatation operator for these operators at one-loop order and find that it corresponds to a non-compact open spin chain. This provides an alternative view on elementary excitations propagating on the GKP string at weak coupling, which now correspond to particles traveling along an open spin chain. The factorized structure of the Wilson loop in the soft limit allows one to represent the two-loop correction to the octagon Wilson loop as a convolution formula and find the corresponding remainder function.
Preparation of anionic ion exchange latex particles via heteroaggregation

To prepare relatively large negatively charged polymer particles in a size range from 0.3 μm to 0.5 μm, having high surface charge densities, the heteroaggregation of small (50–100 nm), highly charged (185 and 421 μeq/g) anionic polystyrene particles onto the surface of larger (317–466 nm) poly(vinylbenzyl choride)-based cationic (10, 614, and 830 μeq/g) particles was carried out. As a result, particles with different surface charges, having a core-shell structure, were successfully prepared. First, aggregated particles were formed via heteroaggregation of the lowest surface charge density anionic particles (185 μeq/g) with the lowest surface charge density cationic particles (10 μeq/g). However, the anionic particles in the shell layer desorbed with time owing to the relatively weak interaction between the two particles. Second, aggregated particles comprised of the highest surface charge density cationic (830 μeq/g) and anionic latex particles (421 μeq/g) were formed. However, to prepare a stable system, an excess of the small anionic particles was required, leaving a large number of small particles present in the aqueous phase, which proved difficult to remove. Finally, aggregated particles were formed by heteroaggregation of cationic particles with an intermediate surface charge density (614 μeq/g) with the highest surface charge anionic particles (421 μeq/g). As a result, not only were core-shell particles formed, but few free small anionic particles remained in the aqueous phase. In this article, the preparation and characterization of each of these aggregates are discussed in terms of particle size, morphology, and extent of incorporation of the functional groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Length-scale effects on fracture of multilayers

Fracture of Ti/TiN multilayer specimens was studied in situ inside a transmission electron microscope. Fracture toughness for cracks propagating perpendicular to the multilayers is found to be thickness dependent, varying from 1.45 to 2.45 MPa-m0.5 as the specimen thickness increased from 150 to 300 nm. Single-mode crack renucleation was observed in the metals layers, which is anomalous to the continuum-based elastic–plastic multilayer fracture model predictions. This is explained by the ultrafine columnar grain structure in the metal layers.
Umbilical cord nucleated red blood cell counts: normal values and the effect of labor

To determine the umbilical cord blood nucleated red blood cell (UC-nRBC) count in uncomplicated pregnancies delivered by elective cesarean section or delivered vaginally. A total of 57-term singleton pregnancies were studied: 33 with elective cesarean sections and 24 with vaginal deliveries. UC-nRBC was analyzed for its nucleated red blood cell counts. A logarithmic transformation of the data was used for statistical analysis. The mean±standard deviation (s.d.) for nucleated red blood cell per 100 white blood cells (nRBC/100WBC) from the elective cesarean section group was 7.8±7.4. The vaginal delivery group had a mean value of 9.3±10.5, which was not significantly different. A value of 22 nRBC/100WBC defined the upper 95% confidence limit. The correlation between absolute nRBC and nRBC/100 WBC was 0.97. Although chronic hypoxia is associated with elevated nRBC, the stress of uncomplicated labor does not change the level. This adds credence to its use as a marker for hypoxia preceding labor and delivery.
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α production by dimeric gallotannin analogues

Abstract Designed dimeric gallotannin analogues featuring two tetragalloylglucopyranose cores connected by various hydrocarbon linkers inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α secretion from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by up to 53% (5–24 μM concentration range) compared to control. Comparable suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α levels (∼50% vs control) was observed in the plasma of rats co-treated with lipopolysaccharide and specific tannin analogues selected for their lack of interleukin 1-β stimulating activity.
A Review of The Rorschach Inkblot Test: An Interpretive Guide for Clinicians

James Choca's The Rorschach Inkblot Test: An Interpretive Guide for Clinicians arrives at an interesting time in the historical narrative of Rorschach's eponymous blots. Published in late 2012, the...
Analysis of set patterns

Abstract In recent years a number of methods have been suggested which attempt to solve the Pattern Recognition Problem using a so-called linguistic approach. A given image is represented though primitives (or signs) and the classifications are decided on the basis of the occurrence of certain primitives and their interrelation. This paper deals with the development of such a method. In the present study we consider halfplanes as primitives. Their intersections form convex polygons and the unions of the latter are arbitrary polygons. These can be then considered as approximations for arbitrary plane figures, like letters of the alphabet, drawings, etc. In the application of the method the image is prefiltered and then approximated by a polygon with sides parallel to specific directions. This determines the primitives which are present and then through a well-defined procedure the “syntax” of the figure is determined, i.e. which are the (unique) convex polygons whose union forms the figure. From that representation one can proceed in a number of different directions by using various classification techniques.
The Devil and Deviance in Native Criminal Narratives From Early Mexico

In 1686, Marcial de la Cruz, a Zapotec from the community of San Francisco Cajonos, confessed that he had murdered his wife, Catalina Maria, two years earlier. Tired of running from authorities, burdened with a guilty conscience, and concerned about the house and land that he had left behind, Marcial returned to tell his fantastic story. He recalled how on the day of the murder Catalina had convinced native officials from the neighboring community of San Mateo to release him from jail, where he was being detained because of a dispute over a mule. On the way back to San Francisco, Marcial stopped to bathe in the river, but Catalina decided to continue walking. After bathing, Marcial hurried along the narrow path to catch up with his wife, but she was nowhere in sight. Then, suddenly, a jaguar jumped out from behind a large maguey plant, poised to attack. Fearing for his life, Marcial commended himself to God and held out the rosary that he wore around his neck to fend off the ferocious animal. He picked up a large stick and struck the jaguar three times. As the jaguar dropped to the ground, Marcial heard a voice say to him in Zapotec “Cuckold, don't kill that woman,” and he saw the jaguar transform into his wife. Stunned by this terrifying vision, he sought refuge in the convent of Santo Domingo in Oaxaca City. His flight from authorities would eventually take him to Mexico City, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Chiapas before he returned to San Francisco Cajonos.
MANAGEMENT EARNINGS FORECASTS: THEIR USEFULNESS AS A SOURCE OF FIRM‐SPECIFIC INFORMATION TO SECURITY ANALYSTS

Although managers frequently release earnings forecasts, little is known about how this information affects investor beliefs. This study compares changes in analyst earnings forecasts following the release of management forecasts: (1) to changes in analyst forecasts of a control sample of nonforecasting firms; and (2) between management forecasts with differing degrees of accuracy. The forecasting error of analyst estimates for firms releasing management forecasts decreases more rapidly than the errors associated with the control firms, which implies that management forecasts are useful. Analysts apparently are capable of determining which management forecasts are most accurate and responding appropriately.
Biosurveillance, human rights, and the zombie plague

The International Health Regulations (2005) gave the World Health Organization a central role in collecting biosurveillance data and explicitly recognized the importance of human rights for the first time. Human rights and biosurveillance have a complicated relationship with one another though. Surveillance systems are necessary in order to arrest the spread of infectious disease outbreaks, but these same surveillance systems can be used in discriminatory ways. Is some sort of resolution or detente possible? This article investigates the role of the World Health Organization in implementing these potentially competing imperatives contained within the International Health Regulations (2005). To understand this relationship, it examines how the World Health Organization would implement the International Health Regulations in case of an international zombie outbreak.
Regeneration of cauda equina dorsal nerve roots after cross anastomosis in the cat

Abstract The potential for regeneration of nerve roots after cross anastomosis was studied, using the dorsal nerve roots of the cauda equina in cats as a model. Correlated light microscopic and scanning and transmission electron microscopic methods were used. Regeneration comparable to that observed by other authors after end-to-end peripheral nerve anastomoses was observed. That is, the single-fascicled nerve root was transformed into a multifascicled nerve at the regenerated segment. In addition, an increase in vascularity and a decrease in the size of the axons was noted in the regenerated segment. Schwann cells were the myelinating cells; no oligodendrocytes were found in the nerve root. The observation of compartmentation is a significant finding, as it may play a role in guiding the axons to their proper destination and may act as a protective covering for the fine regenerating sprouts.
A noncompliant patient with fluctuating capacity

Because of intermittent refusal of both dialysis and medications, serial capacity assessments were made on a 38-year-old male on hemodialysis and receiving TB treatment. His capacity to make an informed treatment decision appeared to fluctuate and despite multidisciplinary involvement and a court determination that treatment should take place, questions remained as to how such a case should be managed in the patient's best interest. The process of making a capacity determination was reviewed from both a psychiatric and legal viewpoint and alternative strategies presented.
Responses of sympathetic chain-ganglia isolated in organotypic culture to agents affecting adrenergic neurons: Fluorescence histochemistry

Abstract Paired sympathetic chains were dissected from chick embroyos and maintained in organotypic culture for 3–4 wk, as a model system for assessing intraganglionic competence to cope with agents known to affect the adrenergic system. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated that biosynthesis of noradrenaline was accelerated by application of biopterin (cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase) and inhibited by α-methyl-tyrosine, a substrate analog which blocks this enzyme. Oxidized biopterin was presented in unconjugated form, and presumably was reduced and converted for use in the ganglia. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (which catabolizes NA) further increased the intracellular accumulation of catechols. Catecholamine biosynthesis rises steadily for about 6 hr during exposure to cofactor, then levels off and plateaus at 10 hr. An intraganglionic regulatory feedback mechanism thus is indicated, in which endogenous MAO may take part. Direct application of reserpine abolished NA fluorescence within 24 hr. Colchicine interfered with catecholamine transport distad along the neurites; 6-OH-dopamine induced a progressive disto-proximad loss of fluorescence along neurites. Many more neurons can be seen with the light microscope in living, untreated ganglia than can be accounted for in the fluorescent images. Since cofactor and MAO inhibitors greatly increase the ganglionic regions showing catechol fluorescence, it is concluded that at any given time, significant numbers of adrenergic neurons are in a resting state metabolically. Evidently, effective catecholamine biosynthetic and turn-off mechanisms exist in this postganglionic material and are under local control. No preganglionic input, or efferent connections with organs, or neurosecretory signals from a distance are required for the routine functioning of adrenergic neurons which populate the sympathetic chain ganglia.
Catalytic Deoxygenation of Methyl-Octanoate and Methyl-Stearate on Pt/Al2O3

The deoxygenation of methyl octanoate and methyl stearate over alumina-supported Pt was studied in both the vapor phase in a flow reactor and in the liquid phase in a semibatch reactor. The conversion of both methyl esters resulted in hydrocarbons with one carbon less than the fatty acid of the corresponding ester as the dominant products. In the vapor phase, acid and other oxygenates were observed in low concentrations, but they were not detected when the reaction was conducted in the liquid phase. Under He, condensation products (from esterification and ketonization) were observed. By contrast, under H2, mostly paraffins were obtained. These results show promise to directly produce standard diesel components from biodiesel.
Stability against oxidation of a type-I anion exchanger. I. The effect of persulfate ion on capacity and swelling

Abstract The effect of the strong anionic oxidant persulfate, S 2 O 8 2− , on the ion exchange capacity of Bio-Rad AG1-X4 100–200 mesh anion exchange resin was investigated when present as the counterion, i.e., with the exchanger in the reactive persulfate form. The decrease of ion exchange capacity as a function of time and the increase in swelling due to scission of polymer chains by the oxidant were determined. It was found that very little (dry) capacity loss occurred during storage of air-dried S 2 O 8 2− -form resins at ambient temperature. However, a progressive decrease in capacity was noted when the resin samples were kept fully water swollen. The potential effect of initial pH was briefly examined. Some experiments with chromate- and vanadate-form resins were also carried out.
PION AS A REGGE POLE

It has been pointed out by Ferrari and Selleri (1,2) that the single pion production inN-N collision in the (l/3) GeV range can be well explained by the one-pion exchange model (OPEM), if one introduces an unknown function of momentum transfer. The function is determined empirically by them. Such a function of momentum transfer is allowed by field theory where the pion is treated as an elementary particle. Our purpose is to point out that, if we reggeize the pion following present conjectures (3-5), then a similar function, but also dependent on energy, occurs in OPEM. In the (l/3)GeV range we find that the energy-dependence of this function is small and that it agrees well with the empirical function of FS. We also show that the pion reggeized in this way does not change the Treiman-Yang test (6).
Nonradiative Activity across the H-R Diagram - which Types of Stars are Solar-Like

Major advances in our understanding of nonradiatively heated outer atmospheric layers (coronae, transition regions, and chromospheres) and other solar-like activity in stars has occurred in the past few years primarily as a result of ultraviolet spectroscopy from IUE, X-ray imaging from the Einstein Observatory, microwave detections by the VLA, and new optical observing techniques. I critically review the observational evidence and comment upon the trends with spectral type, gravity, age, and rotational velocity that are now becoming apparent. I define a solar-like star as one which has a turbulent magnetic field sufficiently strong to control the dynamics and energetics in its outer atmospheric regions. The best indicator of a solar-like star is the direct measurement of a strong, variable magnetic field and such data are now becoming available, but good indirect indicators include photometric variability on a rotational time scale indicating dark starspots and nonthermal microwave emission. X-rays and ultraviolet emission lines produced by plasma hotter than 104 K imply nonradiative heating processes that are likely magnetic in character, except for the hot stars where the heating is likely by shocks in the wind resulting from radiative instabilities. I conclude that dwarf stars of spectral type G-M and rapidly rotating subgiants and giants of spectral type F-K in spectroscopic binary systems are definitely solar-like. Dwarf stars of spectral type A7–F7 are almost certainly solar-like, and T Tauri and other pre-Main-Sequence stars are probably solar-like. Slowly rotating single giants of spectral type F to early K are also probably solar-like, and the helium-strong hottest Bp stars are interesting candidates for being solar-like. The O and B stars exhibit some aspects of activity but probably have weak fields and are not solar-like. Finally, the A dwarfs and the cool giants and supergiants show no evidence of being solar-like.
Overexpression of CYP4G19 associated with a pyrethroid-resistant strain of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.)

A new cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G19, was identified and isolated as a differentially expressed gene between insecticide susceptible ACY and resistant Apyr-R German cockroach strains using PCR-selected subtractive hybridization and cDNA array techniques. The cDNA sequence of CYP4G19 has an open ready frame of 1638 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 546 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis shows that CYP4G19 putative protein contains (1) a highly hydrophobic N terminus, (2) a P450 protein signature motif, FXXGXRXCXG, known to be an important ligand for heme binding, and (3) an important characteristic motif, EVDTFMFEGHDTT, for the family 4. Northern blot analysis indicated that levels of CYP4G19 expression were low in eggs, nymphs, and adults of the susceptible ACY strain with a similar expression pattern. The expression of CYP4G19 in the resistant Apyr-R strain was developmentally regulated, with very low expression in eggs, increasing in nymphs, and reaching a maximum in both female and male adults. Comparison of CYP4G19 expression between ACY and Apyr-R strains indicated that there was no difference in their eggs, but expression was higher ( approximately 1.7-fold) in the nymphs and much higher ( approximately 5-fold) in the male and female adults of the Apyr-R strain. Levels of CYP4G19 mRNA were readily detectable in head+thorax tissues and increased ( approximately 5-fold) in the abdomens of the ACY strain. In the Apyr-R strain, however, levels of CYP4G19 mRNA were relatively low in head+thorax tissues and were about 7-fold increase in the abdomen. Although expression patterns of CYP4G19 in head+thorax and abdomen tissues were similar (i.e. lower in head+thorax tissues and higher in abdomen tissues) in both the ACY and Apyr-R strains, the overexpression was more evident in the Apyr-R strain in both head+thorax and abdomen tissues than in the ACY strain.