cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure and Proteoglycan Composition in the Developing Fibrocartilaginous Region of Bovine Tendon

Clear distinctions in morphology and proteoglycan composition have been described in regions of adult tendon that pass under bone and are subjected to compressive as well as tensional forces. In this study, developing bovine deep flexor tendon from early fetal stages through 6 months of age was examined biochemically and by light and electron microscopy. Longitudinal collagen fibers were seen in the tensional region of tendon throughout development; whereas a well established network arrangement of collagen fibers with wide interfibrillar spaces was seen in the compressed region by 7 months of fetal age. Collagen fibril diameters of both regions increased with age with the mean diameter in tensional tissue always greater than in compressed tissue. Glycosaminoglycan hexosamine content of the tensional region remained low throughout development (approximately 0.2% of dry tissue weight), but increased in the compressed region from 0.4% of dry weight at the 7-month fetal stage, to 1.0% dry weight at 6 months. Keratan sulfate was not detectable in tensional tendon at any age as measured by inhibition ELISA, but was found in increasing quantities in the pressure bearing region of tendon from young calves. Small proteoglycans predominated in both tensional and compressed regions throughout fetal and early neonatal development, and were of both PG I (biglycan) and PG II (decorin) types. Large proteoglycans represented only a small proportion of total proteoglycans in both regions of fetal tendon. By SDS/PAGE analysis, immunoreactivity, and molecular sieve chromatography, large proteoglycans of fetal compressed tendon were similar to large proteoglycans of adult tensional tendon in that they contained only chondroitin-6-sulfate, with little if any KS, and appeared to be slightly smaller than cartilage large proteoglycans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patterns of stability in adult attachment: An empirical test of two models of continuity and change.

One of the core assumptions of attachment theory is that attachment representations are stable over time. Unfortunately, the data on attachment stability have been ambiguous, and as a result, alternative theoretical perspectives have evolved to explain them. The objective of the present research was to evaluate alternative models of stability by studying adults in 2 intensive longitudinal investigations. Specifically, we assessed attachment representations in 1 sample (N = 203) daily over a 30-day period and in the other sample (N = 388) weekly over a year. Analyses show that the patterns of stability that exist in adult attachment are most consistent with a prototype model--a model assuming that there is a stable factor underlying temporary variations in attachment. Moreover, although the Big Five personality traits exhibited a pattern of stability that was similar to that of attachment, they did not account for the stability observed in attachment.
Synthesis and reactions at CoCH2 and CC bonds of cobalt-propargyl complexes

Abstract The first cobalt-propargyl complexes RCCCH 2 Co(CO) 3 PPh 3 ( 1 : R = Me ( a ), Ph ( b ), CH 2 Cl ( c )) were prepared by reaction of NaCo(CO) 3 PPh 3 with RCCCH 2 X (X = Cl or Br) in THF at ca. −20°C. Also synthesized, by treatment of NaCo(CO) 4 in diethyl ether under CO at −20 to 0°C with one equivalent of each PPh 3 and RCCCH 2 X in that order, were the first examples of metal acylpropargyl complexes, RCCCH 2 C(O)Co(CO) 3 PPh 3 ( 2 ). Both 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis and IR and NMR ( 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H}, and 31 P{ 1 H}) spectroscopy and shown to adopt C 3 v structures. 1a , 1b undergo carbonylation to 2a , 2b in THF or CH 2 Cl 2 solution at 0°C under 1 atm of CO; the reverse reaction occurs at room temperature when Ar is passed into solutions of 2a , 2b in THF. The carbonylation reactions represent the first examples of insertion of CO into a propargyl carbon-to-metal linkage. 1a , 1b undergo [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with (CN) 2 CC(CN) 2 and SO 2 to afford CH 2 C(CN) 2 C(CN) 2 C(R)C Co(CO) 3 PPh 3 ( 3a , 3b ) and CH 2 OS(O)C(Me)C Co(CO) 3 PPh 3 ( 4a ), respectively.
Historical Analogies in the Congressional Foreign Policy Process

Some political scientists and historians have argued that lessons from the past, in the form of historical analogies, shape the policy choices of contemporary foreign policymakers. We test this thesis by examining the impact of the Munich and Vietnam analogies on the decisions made by members of Congress about U.S. policy toward Iraq during the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991. Our analysis reveals that, contrary to much of the literature on the subject, analogies are mostly utilized merely as post-hoc justifications for policy choices determined by ideology and partisanship and are therefore not independent variables in the policy process.
Comparison of bone collagen and osteocalcin for determination of radiocarbon ages and paleodietary reconstruction

Osteocalcin, a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing bone protein, is tightly bound to the hydroxyapatite matrix of bone, and as a consequence it is relatively more stable than the dominant protein, collagen. Its distribution in nature is limited to vertebrates. Osteocalcin and collagen have been isolated from modern and fossil bone samples of different organisms in different depositional environments for analysis of their δ13C, δ15N and14C content. Whereas collagen is susceptible t aqueous weathering, hydrolysis, solubilization and removal, as well as contamination by soil amino acids or peptides, osteocalcin is more strongly bonded to the apatite matrix of the bone and hence less prone to loss or replacement by contaminants. We present evidence suggesting that osteocalcin may be a more suitable protein fraction for obtaining accurate14C age estimates and/or δ13C and δ15N for paleodietary reconstruction from bone samples.
Influence of Needle Maturity on Larval Feeding Preference and Survival of Neodiprion swainei and N. rugifrons on Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana

Neodiprion swainei Middleton and N. rugifrons Middleton exhibit differential feeding behavior on jack pine. Current season (juvenile) foliage becomes increasingly acceptable for larval feeding as it matures; N. swainei reared on juvenile foliage had extended larval stadia, reduced size, and higher mortality than larvae reared on mature foliage; fecundity differences were not significant. Free carbohydrates (CHO) in juvenile jack pine foliage collected early in the growing season (June–July) were quantitatively lower (ca. 50%) than in mature foliage; total CHO content was slightly higher in juvenile foliage. Late in the growing season (October) juvenile foliage contained slightly less (ca. 90%) free CHO than mature foliage. Total amino acids were qualitatively similar in both juvenile and mature foliage collected June–July and October. The quantity of certain amino acids was greater in juvenile foliage.
The rhetorical structure of Frederick Wiseman's primate

Frederick Wiseman's film Primate is a rhetorical documentary about the implications of human curiosity in an institutional setting—a primate research center. Wiseman uses comparison, sequence, and sound‐image relations to employ and transcend filmic and rhetorical genres, enabling him to engage the viewer in a reflective exploration of human being. Primate demonstrates how facts can be recontextualized into complex meanings, and how audiences can be actively involved in the process of constructing meanings.
The Work of Mad Men that Makes the Methods of Math Men Work: Practically Occasioned Segment Design

This study concerns the practical methods used to design segmentation models for digital advertising. I illuminate some of the collaborative activities workers rely on to create these web analytics based groupings. This work remains overlooked as the popularity of automation and statistical methods for segmenting customers continues to grow. I explain some of the ways the advertising customer is present as a background expectancy while workers make segment composition decisions. This approach is meant to complement established evaluative, technical, and statistical methods used to create segments and personas in design and marketing. This may inspire similar approaches to designing for specific groups of people while working with large data sets. Incorporating these customer-orienting practices in design and advertising processes could lead to novel approaches for both segment targeting and customer relationship management (CRM) software.
The Jarzynski Identity and the AdS/CFT Duality

Abstract We point out a remarkable analogy between the Jarzynski identity from non-equilibrium statistical physics and the AdS/CFT duality. We apply the logic that leads to the Jarzynski identity to renormalization group (RG) flows of quantum field theories and then argue for the natural connection with the AdS/CFT duality formula. This application can be in principle checked in Monte Carlo simulations of RG flows. Given the existing generalizations of the Jarzynski identity in non-equilibrium statistical physics, and the analogy between the Jarzynski identity and the AdS/CFT duality, we are led to suggest natural but novel generalizations of the AdS/CFT dictionary.
Surface Segregation in Polymer Blends Driven by Surface Freezing

-1 as a function of temperature for blends with b of 0.000023 (a), 0.00023 (b), 0.0023 (c), and 0.023 (d). The (0) and (O) are for cooling and heating cycles, respectively. Also shown are the Ts,22 (vertical dashed lines) and the Ts,18 (vertical dotted lines). The black and gray lines are for transition temperature measured for the homopolymers in the heating and cooling cycles. The inset of (a) shows the chemical structure of alkyl side chain acrylate polymer of side chain length “ n”. 7467
The Art of Telecommunications Regulation

Telecommunications Regulation Today and Tomorrow edited by Eli Noam. New York: Law & Business, Inc./Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. 454 pages. $45.00.
Activated mouse eosinophils protect against lethal respiratory virus infection

Eosinophils are recruited to the airways as a prominent feature of the asthmatic inflammatory response where they are broadly perceived as promoting pathophysiology. Respiratory virus infections exacerbate established asthma; however, the role of eosinophils and the nature of their interactions with respiratory viruses remain uncertain. To explore these questions, we established acute infection with the rodent pneumovirus, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), in 3 distinct mouse models of Th2 cytokine–driven asthmatic inflammation. We found that eosinophils recruited to the airways of otherwise naive mice in response to Aspergillus fumigatus, but not ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, are activated by and degranulate specifically in response to PVM infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated eosinophils from both Aspergillus antigen and cytokine-driven asthma models are profoundly antiviral and promote survival in response to an otherwise lethal PVM infection. Thus, although activated eosinophils within a Th2-polarized inflammatory response may have pathophysiologic features, they are also efficient and effective mediators of antiviral host defense.
Natural language mediation and interitem interference in paired-associate learning

The effects of interitem interference and natural language mediators (NLMs) on verbal performance were assessed by giving 200 Ss eight trials on a list of 10 paired associates. The NLMs were recorded for each item, each trial. Mediated items had higher performance than rote items. The final items on a trial were subject to more interitem interference and were recalled less well than initial items, with no appreciable difference between rote and mediated items.
Compressive Response of Honeycombs Under In-Plane Uniaxial Static and Dynamic Loading, Part 2: Simulations

The static and dynamic experimental results of polycarbonate circular cell honeycombs subjected to in-plane uniaxial loading are simulated through numerical analysis using the finite element method. The experimental results were presented in Part 1 (Chung, J., and Waas, A. M., Compressive Response of Honeycombs Under In-Plane Uniaxial Static and Dynamic loading, Part 1: Experiments. AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2002, pp. 966-973). Through a comparison between the experimental results and numerical analysis, the crushing mechanism of the circular cell honeycomb material is studied. The influence of friction between the loading plate and the honeycomb material is studied numerically in the simulation of the dynamic experimental results.
Search for massive particles in cosmic rays

A search for heavy particles with a mass greater than that of a nucleon, the existence of which has been suggested by higher-symmetry schemes, was performed with an apparatus set up at Echo Lake, Colorado (elevation 10 600 ft). The search was sensitive to strongly interacting particles with masses in the range 5-15 BeV, with no restriction imposed on their electric charge. The method used was to measure the time interval between the arrival of strongly interacting particles and accompanying air shower particles. This information, coupled with information from a measurement of the particle's energy and range of absorption in a total absorption spectrometer, enabled a distinction to be made between massive elementary particles, nucleons, and nuclei. In an operating period of 1542 h and with an aperture of 0.78 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sr, one delayed event was found whose behavior in the total absorption spectrometer was atypical of a nucleon or nucleus. If one considers this event to represent the arrival of a massive particle, then its mass, calculated assuming that its production occurred 1 km above the apparatus, is approximately 6.5 BeV. This one event corresponds to a flux of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{r})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where a correction for detection efficiency has been included. As there is also an 8% probability that this event was a nucleon, we do not regard this as significant evidence for the existence of a massive elementary particle, but rather as setting an effective upper limit to the flux of such particles.
Bone density, breaking force and leg muscle mass as functions of weight in bipedal rats†

Femur density, femur breaking force and muscle weight on the hind limbs of normal and bipedal rats have been measured. The bipeds had more muscle on the hindlimbs than controls. Increasing muscle mass was associated with increasing femur density and breaking force. It is concluded that weight bearing influences bone density and breaking force through muscle mass.
Lateral Directional Aircraft Control Using Eigenstructure Assignment

Although recently overshadowed by various H1-based techniques in the research literature, eigenstructure techniques offer a simple method for designing low-order, easily implementable controllers that can directly incorporate handling quality specie cations. It is well known that, for a controllable linear system, eigenstructure techniques can be used to design a linear feedback controller that places closed-loop eigenvalues and shapes closed-loop eigenvectors into desired cone gurations. 4 The question for the designer is how to specify these desired eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The approachdevelopedinthisNoteistouseastate-spacemodelofdesired responses that is based on e ying quality specie cations. This statespace model is then used to generate the desired eigenvalues and eigenvectors, which are to be obtained by feedback control. In this Note, a direct method is used for calculating the gain matrix, which achieves the desired eigenvalues exactly and the desired eigenvectors in a best least squares sense. Direct methods for eigenstructure assignment by least squares methods are described in numerous references. 1i6 Garrard et al. 5 and Low and Garrard 6 showed how to use handling quality specie cations for helicopters to generate desired eigenstructures, which were then achieved in a least squares sense by feedback control.In this Note, the technique is extended to lateral-directional control of an aircraft. As an illustrative example, controlofa tailless aircraftisconsidered.The method of state-space modelingofhandlingqualitiescouldalsobeusedindesignofmodel matching H2 or H1 controllers.
1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens: Spatial and temporal variation beneath forest canopies

Tephra and underlying litter and soil were sampled in 1980, 1982, and 1987 beneath subalpine forests where 4.5 and 15 cm of tephra fell during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA. Coarse pumice had a higher initial pH and less total N, less exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and less extractable B and S than finer textured layers. Tephra pH and concentrations of cations and S decreased rapidly with time, especially during the first 2 years in the finer layers. Total N, Bray-Kurtz P, and organic C concentrations in the tephra increased with time. Changes within a site in total N, pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, and S from 1980 to 1987 exceeded the differences among sites at any one time. By 1987 a forest floor covered much of the tephra surface, and differences in Ca associated with site vegetation and seepage had developed in tephra layers of a similar depth. In 15 cm deep tephra at one site in 1987, the tephra crust beneath the forest canopy was thicker and had higher concentrations of coarse particles, organic C, total N, and cations than beneath forest openings. In concave microsites the crust was thicker, with higher pH, organic C, and total N but lower S than in adjacent convex microsites. Spatial and temporal chemical differences are sufficient to affect patterns of vegetation recovery.
Assessing Adherence to an Intravenous Pantoprazole Guideline

Background:Despite minimal efficacy data, some institutions frequently use intravenous proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as pantoprazole, for prevention of stress-related mucosal disease (SRMD) bleeding, or the treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleed (GIB). Due to the increased expense of intravenous pantoprazole compared with enteral PPIs, a guideline was implemented to reduce inappropriate use and provide dosing recommendations for SRMD and GIB.Objective:To comparatively assess the adherence rates before and after implementation of an institution-specific usage guideline for intravenous pantoprazole.Methods:A retrospective chart audit of consecutive patients receiving intravenous pantoprazole for 2 month periods before and after a guideline was implemented over a 2 month education period. The guideline restricted pantoprazole use to bleeding prevention of SRMD in patients unable to tolerate histamine2-receptor antagonists and to receive enteral administration of PPIs (80 mg/day or 40 mg ...
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome causing acute myocardial infarction in a young adult

Myocardial infarction (MI) is more frequent in patients older than 45 years of age; however, it can occur in young patients and it is important to include in the differential diagnosis of chest pain. In this case, a 29-year-old male presented to the emergency department with chest pressure. Electrocardiography revealed an acute ST elevation MI. The patient was found to have a mixed hypercoagulability disorder, including antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody syndrome, which led to the infarction. aPL antibody syndrome is a common cause of acquired hypercoagulability in the general population. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by repeated arterial and venous thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and positive antibody tests. Asymptomatic patients with low titer aPL antibodies require no treatment. Asymptomatic patients with moderate to high titer aPL antibodies are managed with low-dose aspirin, as are patients with a history of pregnancy-related complications. Patients with more severe manifestations, such as venous or arterial thrombosis, are managed with lifelong administration of warfarin.
Simple iterative construction of the optimized effective potential for orbital functionals, including exact exchange.

For exchange-correlation functionals that depend explicitly on the Kohn-Sham orbitals, the potential ${V}_{\mathrm{x}\mathrm{c}\ensuremath{\sigma}}(\mathbf{r})$ must be obtained as the solution of the optimized effective potential (OEP) integral equation. This is very demanding and has limited the use of orbital functionals. We demonstrate that instead the OEP can be obtained iteratively by solving the partial differential equations for the orbital shifts that exactify the Krieger-Li-Iafrate approximation. Unoccupied orbitals do not need to be calculated. Accuracy and efficiency of the method are shown for atoms and clusters using the exact-exchange energy. Counterintuitive asymptotic limits of the exact OEP are presented.
Radiation testing of electronics for the CMS endcap muon system

Abstract The electronics used in the data readout and triggering system for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator at CERN are exposed to high radiation levels. This radiation can cause permanent damage to the electronic circuitry, as well as temporary effects such as data corruption induced by Single Event Upsets. Once the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) accelerator upgrades are completed it will have five times higher instantaneous luminosity than LHC, allowing for detection of rare physics processes, new particles and interactions. Tests have been performed to determine the effects of radiation on the electronic components to be used for the Endcap Muon electronics project currently being designed for installation in the CMS experiment in 2013. During these tests the digital components on the test boards were operating with active data readout while being irradiated with 55 MeV protons. In reactor tests, components were exposed to 30 years equivalent levels of neutron radiation expected at the HL-LHC. The highest total ionizing dose (TID) for the muon system is expected at the innermost portion of the CMS detector, with 8900 rad over 10 years. Our results show that Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components selected for the new electronics will operate reliably in the CMS radiation environment.
Regulation of skeletal muscle 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase during aging and development

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the alterations of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) activity and isozyme types of rat skeletal muscle during development and aging. PFK isozymes are tetramers which may be comprised of one or any combination of the three subunit types, L, M, and C. The effects of fusion or terminal differentiation of cultured rat L6 myoblasts leading to formation of myotubles does not have a noticeable effect on total PFK activity. However, the amount of M-type subunit was increased; and the level of the C-type subunit decreased. These subunit changes caused shifts in the isozymic types. The ultimate effects of prenatal development of PFK were characterized in the near-term fetal muscle. This stage of development was accompanied by a significant loss of the C-type subunit and by two-fold increases in the L-type and M-type subunits which accounted for the 40% increase in total PFK activity. After birth, the M-type subunit increased dramatically as did the total PFK activity. Since the L-type and C-type subunits were gradually lost during the subsequent 3 weeks, the homotetramer of the M-type subunit (M4) was the only type which is present in mature muscle. M4 persisted as the only detectable form in skeletal muscle during the remainder of life, but the total PFK activity and amount of M4 decreased after 18 months of age. The decreased total PFK activity in aged skeletal muscle suggested that the expression of PFK genes may have reverted to an immature state when total PFK activity was lower. As shown by both the immunological analysis and direct quantification of subunit types, this clearly did not occur. That is, the loss of PFK activity in aged muscle is a consequence of decreased levels of the M-type subunit and not reappearance of other subunit types such as found in maturing muscle. Further, our examination of aged skeletal muscle indicates that no significant structural changes in M-type subunits had occurred and that inactive or partially active proteins which could crossreact with the M-type subunit were not detectable. It is suggested that the loss of M4 could cause a depression of the glycolytic rate leading to diminished ability of senile muscle to accommodate extreme energy demands.
Do Vitamins Prevent Neural Tube Defects (and Can We Find Out Ethically)

I magine the following situation: A clinical investigator proposes a randomized clinical trial to determine conclusively whether a particular therapy will prevent a serious condition. The therapy carries no known risk, and there is evidence suggesting that it will be beneficial. In the trial some subjects will get therapy in different formulations; some will get placebo. According to a well-accepted tenet of research ethics, randomization is ethical only when there is no consensus about a particular arm of a trial. If there is good evidence that the proposed intervention is useless or harmful, it is unethical to administer it to subjects. If, on the other hand, there is good evidence that the proposed intervention is beneficial, it is unethical to withhold it from subjects. But what constitutes good evidence? How sure is sure? This was the dilemma facing us recently at the National Institutes of Health. Because of British experience, a clinical trial will be proposed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). A British clinical trial has been approved in which vitamin supplements would be given to some women who already have a child with a neural tube defect and who therefore are at ten times higher risk for another such birth. The difficult issue concerned the use of a placebo group: would it be unethical to withhold the supplements, which had shown, as Nature put it, "impressive but not conclusive" evidence of preventing these birth defects?
Perceptions of Male and Female initiators of relationships

Participants reacted to descriptions of initiations of heterosexual relationships in which the sequence of two initiations (starting a conversation and issuing a dinner invitation) and the sex of the two initiators were factorially manipulated. Male first-initiators were perceived more positively than female first-initiators, regardless of type of initiation, and indirect initiations (conversation first) were perceived as more acceptable than direct initiations (dinner invitation first) for both sexes. Male respondents indicated more willingness to engage in both types of initiations than females. There were no other sex differences in perceptions.
The situation of radiation oncology training programs and their graduates in 1997

Abstract Purpose: To keep the profession apprised of current trends in the job market, the American College of Radiology (ACR) studied the employment situation of 1999 radiation oncology graduates and the status and plans of radiation oncology training programs. Methods and Materials: During mid-April to the beginning of June 1999, the ACR surveyed all radiation oncology residency directors about the employment situation of their residency and fellowship graduates, changes in their programs, and incoming trainees. Eighty-four percent (74/88) responded. We compared current findings to those of similar surveys conducted over the 1995–1998 period and report statistically significant differences ( p ≤ 0.05). Results: Directors responded that as of the survey date, 88% (71/81) of all residency graduates had secured commitments for a position, about the same as reported throughout the 1995–1998 period. Planned and accomplished changes in residency program size since 1993 will reduce the annual number of beginning residency slots by approximately 33. This represents about a 20% decrease in the number of graduates relative to the 160 typical during the early 1990s. Residency directors' perceptions of the job market were optimistic, with 40% viewing the market as "somewhat" or "much" better than in recent years vs. 13% viewing it as worse, much as in 1998. On average, directors viewed 1999's residency applicants as, if anything, somewhat better than those who had applied one or three years earlier. Conclusion: Directors' perceptions of graduates' job prospects remain optimistic, and the employment situation remains the same as in past years, when reported unemployment was approximately 1%–2% or less by six months after graduation.
In VitroMetabolism of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by Rainbow Trout Liver Microsomes and Trout P450 Isoforms

Abstract Liver microsomes from juvenile trout metabolized DMBA to unknown highly polar metabolites (X) and to DMBA- t -5,6-diol, DMBA- t -8,9-diol, 7-OHM-12-MBA, 7M-12-OHMBA, 2-OH- DMBA, 4-OH-DMBA, and trace amounts of DMBA- t -3,4-diol. Treatment of trout with β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and isosafrole (ISF) increased the formation of these products except for the hydroxymethyl derivatives of DMBA. The production of DMBA- t -3,4-diol, 2-OH-DMBA, and 4-OH-DMBA was much greater in BNF-induced liver microsomes than that in ISF-induced liver microsomes. In contrast, the yield of DMBA- t -8,9-diol and 7-OHM-12-MBA was greater in ISF-induced microsomes than that in BNF-induced microsomes. Trout CYP1A1 (P450 LM4b) purified from BNF-treated trout catalyzed the formation of the same metabolites generated by BNF-induced microsomes in the presence of added human microsomal EH. The constitutive forms of P450 isolated from untreated trout such as P450s LMC3, LMC4, and LMC5, CYP2M1 (P450 LMC1), and CYP2K1 (P450 LMC2) did not produce any of the DMBA metabolites (except for DMBA- t -8,9-diol by CYP2K1) generated by the trout microsomes. Generation of DMBA–DNA and DMBA–protein adducts in vitro was enhanced by treatment of trout with BNF and by ISF to a lesser extent. Formation of adducts and DMBA diols by BNF-induced liver microsomes and by trout CYP1A1 was completely blocked by the CYP1A inhibitor ellipticine (100 μ m ). These results suggest that the BNF-inducible trout P450 (CYP1A), not the constitutive P450s, is the major catalyst for the biotransformation of DMBA to metabolites that bind to macromolecules.
Automated lip-reading for improved speech intelligibility

Various psycho-acoustical experiments have concluded that visual features strongly affect the perception of speech. This contribution is most pronounced in noisy environments where the intelligibility of audio-only speech is quickly degraded. The paper explores the effectiveness of using extracted visual features, such as lip height and width, for improving speech intelligibility in noisy environments. The intelligibility content of these extracted visual features is investigated through an intelligibility test on an animated rendition of the video generated from the extracted visual features, as well as on the original video. These experiments demonstrate that the extracted video features do contain important aspects of intelligibility that may be utilized in augmenting speech enhancement and coding applications. Alternatively, these extracted visual features can be transmitted in a bandwidth effective way to augment speech coders.
Probabilistic Performance-Related Specifications Methodology Based on "Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide"

In current construction practice, as-built asphalt concrete acceptance is typically based on several key quality assurance-quality control parameters. These parameters have pay factors that are empirically established by judgment of the pavement community. The pay factor has been used to reward or penalize the contractor for construction quality. These properties are known to influence pavement performance, but the specific effect on performance and project life has been impossible to estimate. Because of this, there is an urgent need to tie deviations of the field production from the specified job mix to performance and pavement life. This research focused on the integration of AASHTO's Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (NCHRP 1-37A and NCHRP 1-40D) with the Simple Performance Test (NCHRP 9-19) to develop a probabilistic quality specification for quality assurance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) construction. This has been the major objective of NCHRP 9-22. The methodology is based on relating the HMA...
Cyclic AMP and Vascular Smooth Muscle Function

Mediation of the catecholamine relaxing effect in uterine smooth muscle by cyclic AMP was suggested in our previous reports (1, 2). Further experimental work confirmed this and indicated that cyclic AMP has an even broader role in the regulation of smooth muscle function (2): compounds inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and thereby increasing intracellular cyclic AMP, consequently relax the smooth muscle (3); they also potentiate the relaxing effect of compounds which stimulate adenyl cyclase (2). Other compounds, e.g. halothane, acetylcholine, nitroprusside, may also exert part of their functional effects on smooth muscle through the cyclic AMP system. We have shown previously (4) that the cyclic AMP system is present in arterial smooth muscle and is a part of the regulatory mechanism of arterial tone and contractility. The present data add further information about the role of the cyclic AMP system in the control of vascular smooth muscle function.
New guideline supports the development and evaluation of continuous interstitial glucose monitoring devices.

For the millions of patients who are managing diabetes, daily self-monitoring of blood glucose is a fact of life. However, the cost and inconvenience of self-monitoring have led to noncompliance by many patients.Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) has emerged as a promising and welcome alternative to traditional glucose monitoring, which requires the patient to endure repeated finger sticks. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (Wayne, PA) has been working cooperatively with the Diabetes Technology Society on the development of a consensus guideline for CGM. CLSI has recently released document POCT5-P—Performance Metrics for Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring; Proposed Guideline. This document specifies requirements and recommendations for methods determining analytical and clinical metrics of CGM. This guideline will support and streamline the further development and evaluation of CGM devices.
The Isolation and Characterization of Clones of 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin Dehydratase

The phenylalanine hydroxylating system is complex, consisting of three enzymes and two coenzymes1,2,3. One of the coenzymes, NADH, plays a near-ubiquitous role in intermediary metabolism. By contrast, the other cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), discovered during our early studies on the characterization of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system,1 plays a unique role as the essential coenzyme for certain hydroxylases such as the enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan3.
Electro-Thermally Coupled Power Optimization for Future Transistors and Its Applications

We report a novel electro-thermally coupled power-optimization methodology for future transistors. The methodology self-consistently yields the globally optimized total power and the corresponding temperature as a function of delay for a given set of transistors (bulk, double-gate FET, fully depleted SOI, and partially depleted SOI) at future technology nodes. When SPICE models are not necessarily available and simple device models are highly inadequate because of complex 2D device effects, these derived power/temperature versus delay curves serve as a comprehensive standard to compare any two transistors for future technology-node device selections. Because the power optimization is global (over various transistor parameters and includes leakage as well as dynamic power) and is self-consistently coupled to electro-thermal models, the methodology provides the optimum operational supply voltage (Vdd) and the device parameters (body thickness, equivalent oxide thickness, and gate metal work function) for future transistors targeting 45-nm technology node. Furthermore, it can be used to provide insight into advance nodes, device-specific hot-spot problems, multiple Vt, Vdd design for different functional blocks, transistor design, and evaluating the efficacy of novel thermal solutions such as superior thermal conductivity and subambient cooling.
Murine Leukemia Virus Gag Localizes to the Uropod of Migrating Primary Lymphocytes

B and CD4+ T lymphocytes are natural targets of murine leukemia virus (MLV). Migrating lymphocytes adopt a polarized morphology with a trailing edge designated the uropod. Here, we demonstrate that MLV Gag localizes to the uropod in polarized B cells and CD4+ T cells. The uropod localization of MLV Gag was dependent on plasma membrane (PM) association and multimerization of Gag but independent of the viral glycoprotein Env. Basic residues in MA that are required for MLV Gag recruitment to virological synapses between HEK293 and XC cells were dispensable for uropod localization in migrating B cells. Ultrastructural studies indicated that both wild-type and basic-residue mutant Gag localized to the outer surface of the PM at the uropod. Late-domain mutant virus particles were seen at the uropod in form of budding-arrested intermediates. Finally, uropods mediated contact between MLV-infected B cells and uninfected T cells to form virological synapses. Our results suggest that MLV, not unlike HIV, accumulates at the uropod of primary lymphocytes to facilitate viral spreading through the formation of uropod-mediated cell-cell contacts. IMPORTANCE Viruses have evolved mechanisms to coordinate their assembly and budding with cell polarity to facilitate their spreading. In this study, we demonstrated that the viral determinants for MLV Gag to localize to the uropod in polarized B cells are distinct from the requirements to localize to virological synapses in transformed cell lines. Basic residues in MA that are required for the Gag localization to virological synapses between HEK293 and XC cells are dispensable for Gag localization to the uropod in primary B cells. Rather, plasma membrane association and capsid-driven multimerization of Gag are sufficient to drive MLV Gag to the uropod. MLV-laden uropods also mediate contacts between MLV-infected B cells and uninfected T cells to form virological synapses. Our results indicate that MLV accumulates at the uropod of primary lymphocytes to facilitate viral spreading through the formation of uropod-mediated cell-cell contacts.
Exploring the Difference Between Male and Female Intimate Partner Homicides Revisiting the Concept of Situated Transactions

This research examines the role of situational factors in differentiating between male- and female-perpetrated intimate partner homicide. Applying concepts from Luckenbill’s theory of homicide as a situated transaction, an intimate partner homicide is seen as an amorphous event where the role of offender and victim emerge during the transaction. When adopting this framework, it is possible to treat the sex of the offender as a dependent variable and examine situational factors that may differentiate between male and female intimate partner homicide offenders. The data used in this analysis come from the lethal sample of the Chicago Women’s Health Risk Study, 1995 to 1998. These data consist of records for 85 heterosexual intimate homicide incidents that occurred in Chicago in 1995 and 1996. Logistic regression analyses indicate that the presence of a prehomicide injury and whether the offender used a knife differentiate between male and female offenders. Implications for future research are discussed.
Role of cardiac resynchronization therapy and atrioventricular junction ablation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation

This editorial refers to ‘Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial’[†][1], by M. Brignole et al. , on page 2420 State of the art treatment of atrial fibrillation in an individual patient may follow different, complex avenues depending on symptoms, clinical circumstances, and patient preferences. Management may become particularly challenging when atrial fibrillation is associated with other co-morbidities, especially heart failure. Epidemiological studies have shown that heart failure with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II–IV may be complicated by atrial fibrillation in up to 50% of cases, and this association carries a worse prognosis.1 In these cases, while ventricular rate control may be the first objective based on results of large, multicentre studies,2 adequate doses of vasoactive medications may not be tolerated and antiarrhythmic medications or ablation to help with rhythm control may be contraindicated or ineffective. In these challenging cases, atrioventricular (AV) junction ablation and cardiac pacing is an alternative treatment option. AV junction ablation, by slowing and regularizing the ventricular rate, has been shown to improve symptoms, quality of life, and cardiac function, as judged by both physiological and structural measurements.3 It … [1]: #fn-2
Dynamic mapping of physical controls for tabletop groupware

Multi-touch interactions are a promising means of control for interactive tabletops. However, a lack of precision and tactile feedback makes multi-touch controls a poor fit for tasks where precision and feedback are crucial. We present an approach that offers precise control and tactile feedback for tabletop systems through the integration of dynamically re-mappable physical controllers with the multi-touch environment, and we demonstrate this approach in our collaborative tabletop audio editing environment. An observational user study demonstrates that our approach can provide needed precision and feedback, while preserving the collaborative benefits of a shared direct-manipulation surface. Our observations also suggest that direct touch and physical controllers can offer complementary benefits, and that providing both allows users to adjust their control strategy based on considerations including precision, convenience, visibility, and user role.
Near-infrared fluorescent labeling of tissue transglutaminase substrates for wound healing monitoring

A novel imaging strategy is developed to optically monitor the wound healing process by crosslinking near-infrared fluorescent-labeled tissue transglutaminase substrates into the wound.
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Tobramycin or Gentamicin Alone and Combined with Carbenicillin

Abstract To explore more effective therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 264 recent clinical isolates were tested by agar dilution using gentamicin and tobramycin alone and combined with carbenicillin to seek synergistic effects. Synergism was defined as a fourfold or greater decrease in the minimal inhibitory concentration of each drug in a pair. At a concentration of 3.12 μg/ml, gentamicin inhibited 73% of the strains and tobramycin inhibited 98%. The gentamicin-carbenicillin combination was synergistically active against 57% of the strains, and tobramycin-carbenicillin was active against 46%. The effect did not correlate with either susceptibility or resistance to gentamicin or tobramycin alone. The data suggest that tobramycin or tobramycin plus carbenicillin may provide alternate therapy where susceptibility to gentamicin or synergism between gentamicin and carbenicillin cannot be demonstrated; however, the degree of susceptibility to either aminoglycoside antibiotic alone cannot be used to predict a synergistic effect.
Appearance of bone marrow smears with necrotic tumor cells.

Bone marrow smears of necrotic tumor cells stained with Romanowsky dyes frequently have a definite reddish color that contrasts so strikingly with the blue color of normal marrow that necrosis may be suspected from gross examination. The bone marrow cells appear "smudged" and are difficult to identify on microscopic examination. Commonly, only a small amount of material is obtainable by ordinary needle aspiration of bone marrow containing necrotic tumor, and all of it is used to make smears. It is therefore important to recognize that bone marrow smears with a reddish gross appearance and in which the cells appear distorted and are difficult to identify may represent necrotic tumor and not an artifact produced by poor techniques.
Evidence of Different Formation Mechanisms for Hot versus Warm Super-Earths

Using the Kepler planet sample from Buchhave et al. and the statistical method clarified by Schlaufman, I show that the shorter-period super-Earths have a different dependence on the host star metallicity from the longer-period super-Earths, with the transition period being in the period range from 70 to 100 days. The hosts of shorter-period super-Earths are on average more metal-rich than those of longer-period super-Earths. The existence of such a transition period cannot be explained by any single theory of super-Earth formation, suggesting that super-Earths have formed via at least two mechanisms.
Abnormal movements in critical care patients with brain injury: a diagnostic approach

Abnormal movements are frequently encountered in patients with brain injury hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), yet characterization of these movements and their underlying pathophysiology is difficult due to the comatose or uncooperative state of the patient. In addition, the available diagnostic approaches are largely derived from outpatients with neurodegenerative or developmental disorders frequently encountered in the outpatient setting, thereby limiting the applicability to inpatients with acute brain injuries. Thus, we reviewed the available literature regarding abnormal movements encountered in acutely ill patients with brain injuries. We classified the brain injury into the following categories: anoxic, vascular, infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, toxic-metabolic, tumor-related and seizures. Then, we identified the abnormal movements seen in each category as well as their epidemiologic, semiologic and clinicopathologic correlates. We propose a practical paradigm that can be applied at the bedside for diagnosing abnormal movements in the ICU. This model seeks to classify observed abnormal movements in light of various patient-specific factors. It begins with classifying the patient’s level of consciousness. Then, it integrates the frequency and type of each movement with the availability of ancillary diagnostic tests and the specific etiology of brain injury.
State-space analysis of granger-geweke causality measures with application to fmri

The recent interest in the dynamics of networks and the advent, across a range of applications, of measuring modalities that operate on different temporal scales have put the spotlight on some significant gaps in the theory of multivariate time series. Fundamental to the description of network dynamics is the direction of interaction between nodes, accompanied by a measure of the strength of such interactions. Granger causality and its associated frequency domain strength measures GEMs due to Geweke provide a framework for the formulation and analysis of these issues. In pursuing this setup, three significant unresolved issues emerge. First, computing GEMs involves computing submodels of vector time series models, for which reliable methods do not exist. Second, the impact of filtering on GEMs has never been definitively established. Third, the impact of downsampling on GEMs has never been established. In this work, using state-space methods, we resolve all these issues and illustrate the results with some simulations. Our analysis is motivated by some problems in fMRI brain imaging, to which we apply it, but it is of general applicability.