cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Systems and Deterministic Input

This chapter examines algebraic, differential, and integral equations with random coefficients. The boundary and/or initial conditions required for the solution of differential and integral equations can be deterministic or random. The input is deterministic for all types of equations. We refer to these problems as stochastic systems with deterministic input.
Cooperative Estimation Algorithms Using TDOA Measurements

A navigation algorithm using Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) measurements obtained from signals of opportunity (SOPs) is developed. SOP-derived TDOA measurements are signals that are transmitted for purposes other than navigation (such as communication, telecasts, etc.) and are motived as appealling alternatives to GPS. In the scenario considered herein, the received SOPs are generated by asynchronous emitters at known locations. The measured TDOA are with reference to a reference receiver also at a known location. Although it would appear that the equations governing TDOA measurements, and consequently TDOA GDOP, are quite different from their GPS counterparts, it is shown that the TDOA measurement equations can be transformed into GPS pseudorange equations. This interpretation not only provides a direct evaluation of the TDOA GDOP and affords a characterization of the optimal measurement geometry, but, in addition, lets us fall back on well known GPS algorithms.
Karst Depression Morphology in South Central Kentucky

Karst depression morphology was analysed with respect to elements of lithology, structure, and relative location in the erosion system in a part of South Central Kentucky. Depression morphology was...
Relative Abundance of Southern Pine Beetle Associates in East Texas

More than 90 species of insects were identified in bolts taken from east Texas loblolly pines infested by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and by Ips engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Seasonal abundance of the associates generally paralleled that of the southern pine beetle.
Dopant Implantation and Activation in Polycrystalline-SiGe

The activation of dopants and the evolution of the microstructure of poly-SiGe films during the activation. anneal are of interest for applications such as removable diffusion sources for shallow junctions in CMOS circuit processing, low resistance contact layers and elements for thin film transistors in active matrix flat panel displays. To study these effects, 2300A poly-SiGe films with Ge content between 20 and 48% were deposited on 600A poly-Si seed layers by APCVD on thermally oxidized Si substrates. Growth temperatures were between 600 and 700°C. These films were then implanted with B and As at energies of 40 and 80 keV, respectively, at two different doses of 5 × 1013/cm2 and 5 × 1016/cm2. To activate the dopants, the samples were furnace annealed at temperatures from 600 to 1000°C in an N2 ambient. Additional samples were rapidly annealed at temperatures between 800 and 1050°C for times up to 120 seconds. The sheet resistance, measured using a four-point probe, of 5 × 1016 /cm2 arsenic implanted films increased by a factor of two as the Ge content in the film increased from 20 to 48%. The boron doped film, on the other hand, showed no increase in sheet resistance with Ge content. TEM showed that in all cases the grain size increased after anneal. However, the grain sizes of the annealed, arsenic doped samples were on average 5 times larger than those of the boron-doped samples with the same anneal. The sub-grain structure of these films also changed after implantation and annealing. In particular, the twin planes increased in size in boron doped samples and sub-grain twinning virtually disappeared in the arsenic doped samples. In 5 × 1016 /cm2 As implanted samples, precipitates were formed which may indicate that the As solubility limit in the films has been exceeded. These precipitates are believed to be As or Asrich and could be responsible for the sheet resistance increase with Ge fraction, since the maximum solubility for As in Ge is lower than in Si by about a factor of ten.
Results of composite graft replacement for aortic root aneurysms

From 1972 to 1980, 41 patients (aged 19 to 79) with aortic root problems have been managed surgically with a composite graft. Forty patients (97.5%) are long-term survivors who to date have had no complications related to the aortic root. This series of patients included 10 with acute dissection of the aortic root and ascending aorta. Thirty-one patients undergoing elective operations for aortic root aneurysms included three with chronic ascending aortic dissection with aortic regurgitation, three with previous operations on the aortic root, and six patients who had associated coronary artery bypass or mitral valve replacement. Follow-up to 8 years shows that patients with composite graft replacement have exhibited no early or late complications of this procedure. Two late deaths at 1 1/2 and 5 1/2 years were unrelated to the aortic root procedure. Experience seems to indicate that composite graft management of aortic root aneurysms is a most reliable and durable operation for the majority of patients with this disease.
Conducting Interface in Oxide Homojunction: Understanding of Superior Properties in Black TiO2

Black TiO2 nanoparticles with a crystalline core and amorphous-shell structure exhibit superior optoelectronic properties in comparison with pristine TiO2. The fundamental mechanisms underlying these enhancements, however, remain unclear, largely due to the inherent complexities and limitations of powder materials. Here, we fabricate TiO2 homojunction films consisting of an oxygen-deficient amorphous layer on top of a highly crystalline layer, to simulate the structural/functional configuration of black TiO2 nanoparticles. Metallic conduction is achieved at the crystalline–amorphous homointerface via electronic interface reconstruction, which we show to be the main reason for the enhanced electron transport of black TiO2. This work not only achieves an unprecedented understanding of black TiO2 but also provides a new perspective for investigating carrier generation and transport behavior at oxide interfaces, which are of tremendous fundamental and technological interest.
Economics and the Bridge to Ethics

Throughout his life, Clark gave explicit attention to the question of ethics in economics — a concern which he also found rooted in the elder Clark’s work. In the mid-1950s, in his notes for the revision of a sketch of John Bates Clark written by Alvin Johnson for the Dictionary of American Biography, John Maurice Clark observed: “I could always count on him [John Bates Clark] to find a place for anything I might do in the field of ‘dynamics.’ After writing my ‘Alternative to Serfdom’ [1948], I reread his ‘Philosophy of Wealth’ [1886], and was delighted to note the basic similarity, allowing for some 70 years of historical change.”1 By stressing what he considered the inescapable links between ethics and economics, Clark placed himself outside much of the conventional thinking in modern orthodox economics. To better understand Clark’s contribution, a brief essay into the accepted view will be helpful.
Sarcoidosis of the Upper and Lower Airways

Sarcoidosis involves the respiratory system in 90–95 % of patients, but has conventionally been viewed as a disease of lung parenchyma with restrictive physiologic abnormalities. However, granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis has a predilection for the airway submucosa, and therefore, clinical and subclinical airway involvement is common. Approximately 40–60 % of patients with sarcoidosis have some evidence of airway disease. Any structure from the tip of the nares to the terminal bronchioles may be affected. Since the symptoms from airway sarcoidosis are non-specific, diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, supplemented by pulmonary function testing, imaging and direct fiberoptic visualization. Many of the airway manifestations of sarcoidosis are due to granulomatous inflammation and therefore treated with topical or systemic immunosuppressive medications. However, fibrotic sequelae of airway sarcoidosis generally require mechanical therapies such as bronchoplasty or debulking surgery, to relieve symptoms.
Struggles with the Continuum

Our assumption that spacetime is a continuum leads to many challenges in mathematical physics. Singularities, divergent integrals and the like threaten many of our favorite theories, from Newtonian gravity to classical electrodynamics, quantum electrodynamics and the Standard Model. In general relativity, singularities are intimately connected to some of the theory's most dramatic successful predictions. We survey these problems and the large amount of work that has gone into dealing with them.
Real wages and labor-saving technical change: evidence from a panel of manufacturing industries in mature and labor-surplus economies

Recent theories have provided a persuasive account of a key stylized fact of mature economies: the common long-run trends of average real wages and labor productivity, and the ensuing stationarity of functional distribution. Central to these theories is the notion of directed technical change, which claims that a rise in labor costs sparks the adoption of labor-saving innovations. This paper empirically examines a core prediction of these theories, namely that shocks to functional distribution elicit compensatory adjustments in real product wages and labor productivity. Using two disaggregated data-sets of manufacturing industries (EU-Klems and Unido), I find evidence of cointegration and two-way, long-run Granger causality between these two variables. These findings suggest that directed technical change is indeed key for producing stationarity in functional distribution, and they complement the recent empirical literature on distributive cycles and productivity growth. Preliminary evidence from the Unid...
Impact of lightning impulse voltage on polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules

Lightning is one of the factors that cause Photovoltaic (PV) system to fail. Both direct lightning strike and lightning induced voltages pose electrical stress to the PV system. The PV modules inside PV systems, like any other electric equipment, will be degraded under this stress. In this paper, experiments of applying standard lightning impulse voltages 1.2/50 μs of positive polarity (peak voltage 15 V, 30 V, and 90 V) on a type of polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic module were performed. Comparisons of their dark I-V characteristics curves and I-V characteristics are presented. Studies show that the repeated impulse stresses causes a drop in the modules power output when the stress voltage is 30 V and 90 V.
Declarations, Covenants, and Constitutions

In this chapter I trace how the concept of health and the experience of disability have been conceptualized and supported through international legislation and policy. I examine the origins of disability rights by exploring precisely how the International Bill of Rights helped people with disabilities. I then extend this examination to look at individual instruments such as the Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
3D All-optical Control of Functionally Defined Neurons With Cellular Resolution and Sub-millisecond Precision

Combining 3D-SHOT and opsin engineering, we achieve optical control over neural ensembles in awake animals with simultaneous single-neuron spatial resolution and sub-millisecond temporal precision during two-photon calcium imaging.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVINESES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL BETWEEN TPS-NHT TYPE AND TPS-TGT TYPE IN MATHEMATICS LEARNING IN CLASS VIII AT SMPN 1 MAKASSAR

The study is experiment research which aims at: (1) describing the effectiveness of cooperative learning model of TPS-NHT type in Mathematics learning in classVIII at SMPN 1 in Makassar; (2) describing the effectiveness of cooperative learning model of TPS-TGT type in Mathematics learning in classVIII at SMPN 1 in Makassar; (3) discovering the comparison of the effectiveness of cooperative learning model between TPS-NHT type and TPS-TGT type in Mathematics learning in class VIII at SMPN 1 in Makassar. The population of the research was all of class VIII students at SMPN 1 in Makassar of academic year 2016/2017 and the samples consisted of two classes, namely class VIII.4 taught by cooperative learning model of TPS-NHT type and class VIII.5 taught by cooperative learning model of TPS-TGT type taken by employing cluster random sampling technique. The data which were collected consist of the students’ learning results, the students’ learning motivations, the students’ activities during the learning process and the students’ responses toward the implementation of learning model. The results of the research reveal that the score of Mathematics learning result of class VIII.4 students is in high category with the mean 83.85 and standard deviation 11.51, classical completeness is 85%, the average of normalized gain is in high category, the average score of students’ learning motivation is in high category, the average of normalized gain of learning motivation is ini medium category, the students’ activity in following the learning process is ini good category, and the students’responses toward the implementation of cooperative learning model of TPS-NHT type is positive. In general, it can be concluded that cooperative learning model of TPS-NHT type is effective to be implemented in Mathematics learning in class VIII.4 at SMPN 1 in Makassar. The score of Mathematics learning result of class VIII.5 students’is in high category with the mean 80.15 and standard deviation 9.79, classical completeness is 82.5%, the average of normalized gain is in high category, the average score of the students’ learning motivation is in high category, the average of normalized gain of learning motivation is in medium category, the students’ activity in following the learning process is in good category, and the students’ responses toward the implementation of cooperative learning model of TPS-TGT type is positive. In general, it can be concluded that cooperative learning model of TPS-TGT type is effective to be implemented in Mathematics learning in class VIII.5 at SMPN 1 in Makassar. The result of hypothesis test at the significant level α = 0.05 with t-test shows that H 0 is accepted meaning that there is no difference of learning effectiveness between the students’ who were taught by using cooperative model of TPS-NHT type and the students’ who were taught by using cooperative model TPS-TGT type in Mathematics learning on SPLDV material in class VIII at SMPN 1 in Makassar
Comparison of Wound Complications After Immediate, Delayed, and Secondary Breast Reconstruction Procedures.

Importance Few data are available concerning surgical site infection (SSI) and noninfectious wound complications (NIWCs) after delayed (DR) and secondary reconstruction (SR) compared with immediate reconstruction (IR) procedures in the breast. Objective To compare the incidence of SSI and NIWCs after implant and autologous IR, DR, and SR breast procedures after mastectomy. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included women aged 18 to 64 years undergoing mastectomy from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2011. Data were abstracted from a commercial insurer claims database in 12 states and analyzed from January 1, 2015, through February 7, 2017. Exposures Reconstruction within 7 days of mastectomy was considered immediate. Reconstruction more than 7 days after mastectomy was considered delayed if the mastectomy did not include IR or secondary if the mastectomy included IR. Main Outcomes and Measures International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for SSI and NIWCs. Results Mastectomy was performed in 17 293 women (mean [SD] age, 50.4 [8.5] years); 61.4% of women had IR or DR. Among patients undergoing implant reconstruction, the incidence of SSI was 8.9% (685 of 7655 women) for IR, 5.7% (21 of 369) for DR, and 3.2% (167 of 5150) for SR. Similar results were found for NIWCs. In contrast, the incidence of SSI was similar after autologous IR (9.8% [177 of 1799]), DR (13.9% [19 of 137]), and SR (11.6% [11 of 95]) procedures. Compared with women without an SSI after implant IR, women with an SSI after implant IR were significantly more likely to have another SSI (47 of 412 [11.4%] vs 131 of 4791 [2.7%]) and an NIWC (24 of 412 [5.8%] vs 120 of 4791 [2.5%]) after SR. The incidence of SSI (24 of 379 [6.3%] vs 152 of 5286 [2.9%]) and NIWC (22 of 379 [5.8%] vs 129 of 5286 [2.4%]) after implant SR was higher in women who had received adjuvant radiotherapy. Wound complications after IR were associated with significantly more breast surgical procedures (mean of 1.92 procedures [range, 0-9] after implant IR and 1.11 [range, 0-6] after autologous IR) compared with women who did not have a complication (mean of 1.37 procedures [range, 0-8] after implant IR and 0.87 [range, 0-6] after autologous IR). Conclusions and Relevance The incidence of SSI and NIWCs was slightly higher for implant IR compared with delayed or secondary implant reconstruction. Women who had an SSI or NIWC after implant IR had a higher risk for subsequent complications after SR and more breast operations. The risk for complications should be carefully balanced with the psychosocial and technical benefits of IR. Select high-risk patients may benefit from consideration of delayed rather than immediate implant reconstruction to decrease breast complications after mastectomy.
Neotectonics and the preglacial landscape of eastern Norfolk, UK

Abstract The British Geological Survey (BGS) borehole database, relevant maps, and the Memoirs have been researched in order to deduce, by recording the elevation of the base of the Happisburgh and Corton Formations, as much as possible about the preglacial (Cromerian) landscape of eastern Norfolk. A relatively flat low-lying landscape is revealed, with the position of the shorelines during marine highstands before the first glaciation, and what appear to be associated relic regressive surfaces, located. With a W-E trending fault located just north of Norwich, there is also evidence of a neotectonic uplift probably related to that found in the pre-Anglian Bytham valley. But north of the fault the uplift in land level is less, but still consistent with neotectonism consisting of a “tipping” process towards the North Sea sedimentary basin. Evidence for buried fluvial systems has been found, including possible precursors of the current Yare and Wensum rivers. A tentative chronology based on proposals advanced by other workers is presented and its limitations explored. The effect of the karstic surface of the Chalk on interpretation of Crag sequences is also considered.
Creating a distinctive business career outcome programme

This article describes how a small private business school, accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, reengineered its career services programme to become a premier p...
Perceived obstacles as the indicators of adaptive paths to performance management: Tracing exploration and exploitation in surveys of public managers

Research on performance management, as it applies to public sector organizations, has been addressed most often from a static perspective. A process-oriented view on performance is undertaken through use of perceived obstacles, garnered through two large surveys of U.S. government managers, to infer the adaptive paths federal agencies have followed. By applying a learning-based model founded on March’s framework of exploration and exploitation, the ideal-typical ways that public organizations adapt to a performance initiative can be distinguished, opening a window into the processes such learning entails. Structural equation modeling provides the statistical capacity to interpret exploration and exploitation as cohesive paths. Exploratory adaptation appears to have been largely counterproductive, as the obstacles associated with this dynamic indicated a roadblock rather than a path forward. But exploitation had the opposite effect, as its associated obstacles corresponded with greater use of performance measures for management activities and enhanced results orientation.
Effects of a Kundalini Yoga Program on Elementary and Middle School Students' Stress, Affect, and Resilience.

ABSTRACT:Objective:The Your Own Greatness Affirmed (YOGA) for Youth program delivers yoga to urban inner-city schools with the goal of providing practical benefits that support underserved children at high risk of behavioral and emotional problems. A 10-week YOGA for Youth program delivered 1 to 2 t
Tourette’s From a Neuropsychological Perspective

Pediatric neuropsychologists have interest in the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and chronic health conditions, and the developing brain. With growing survivorship of children with such conditions, pediatric neuropsychologists are increasingly looking to the literature for guidance regarding evaluation and treatment approaches, including those for Tourette’s syndrome. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the complexity in the clinical presentation of Tourette’s so that patient care is optimal, and generation of literature for future study of the elusive aspects of the disorder is encouraged. The published research regarding Tourette syndrome encompasses many aspects of the disorder. Those that are of relevance to pediatric neuropsychologists will be discussed. Pediatric neuropsychologists must seek out relevant information about Tourette’s syndrome for the purposes of patient care. In this article, a brief review of current literature highlights the most salient aspects of this complex disorder to be considered for evaluation and treatment purposes.
Cell clustering mediated by the adhesion protein PVRL4 is necessary for α6β4 integrin-promoted ferroptosis resistance in matrix-detached cells.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid-targeting reactive oxygen species that kill cells by damaging their plasma membrane. The lipid repair enzyme GSH peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protects against this oxidative damage and enables cells to resist ferroptosis. Recent work has revealed that matrix-detached carcinoma cells can be susceptible to ferroptosis and that they can evade this fate through the signaling properties of the α6β4 integrin, which sustains GPX4 expression. Although these findings on ferroptosis are provocative, they differ from those in previous studies indicating that matrix-detached cells are prone to apoptosis via a process referred to as anoikis. In an effort to reconcile these discrepant findings, here we observed that matrix-detached epithelial and carcinoma cells cluster spontaneously via a mechanism that involves the cell adhesion protein PVRL4 (also known as Nectin-4). We found that this clustering process allows these cells to survive by stimulating a PVRL4/α6β4/Src signaling axis that sustains GPX4 expression and buffers against lipid peroxidation. In the absence of α6β4, PVRL4-mediated clustering induced an increase in lipid peroxidation that was sufficient for triggering ferroptosis. When the clustering was inhibited, single cells did not exhibit a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the absence of α6β4, and they were more susceptible to apoptosis than to ferroptosis. These results indicate that ferroptosis induction depends on cell clustering in matrix-detached cells that lack α6β4 and imply that the fate of matrix-detached cells can be determined by the state of their cell–cell interactions.
Thermal Oxidation and Nitridation

When silicon is exposed to air at room temperature, it reacts with oxygen to form a very thin silicon dioxide (SiO2) film. This film, sometimes called native oxide, is essentially amorphous and approaches a thickness of approximately 0.5 nm after 5 min, 2 nm after 15 h, and 4-5 nm after one year of exposure to air [1]. The reaction between oxygen and silicon occurs at the silicon-oxide interface and, to react with silicon, oxygen must diffuse through the growing oxide and reach the silicon surface. Therefore, as the native oxide grows the rate of penetration of oxygen, and hence the oxidation rate decreases. The oxidation rate can be accelerated by subjecting the wafer to oxygen or water vapor at elevated temperature. The conversion of silicon into silicon dioxide at high temperature is a common processing step in the manufacture of integrated circuits. This step, called thermal oxidation, is introduced at different stages of an integrated process technology for various purposes. The grown film is used to properly terminate silicon bonds at the silicon surface, to isolate conductors and semiconductors, or to provide a high-quality dielectric for MOSFET gates, memory-cell nodes, or precision capacitors. Thermal oxidation is also frequently performed to grow a “sacrificial” film that is removed after fulfilling its purpose. The sacrificial film is used, for example, to create a step in silicon for mask alignment (Chap. 4), to remove a certain amount of silicon that has been damaged by a preceding step (such as reactive-ion etching, Chap. 5), or to serve as a screen that blocks the penetration of unwanted impurities during ion implantation (Chap. 6) or diffusion (Chap. 7). Masking against impurities can also be achieved by depositing silicon dioxide rather than growing the film (Chap. 3).
Bridging Telecom Wavelengths to Alkali Atomic Transitions with Tunable Kerr Frequency Combs

We report a silicon-nitride microresonator frequency comb platform that provides coverage from the telecom L band to the 780 nm range. Arbitrary design and generation of Kerr-soliton combs enables continuous fine-tuning across the entire bandwidth.
Neighborhood Parks and Recreationists’ Exposure to Ozone: A Comparison of Disadvantaged and Affluent Communities in Los Angeles, California

Urban parks are valued for their benefits to ecological and human systems, likely to increase in importance as climate change effects continue to unfold. However, the ability of parks to provide those myriad benefits hinges on equitable provision of and access to green spaces and their environmental quality. A social–ecological approach was adopted in a study of urban park use by recreationists in the City of Los Angeles, contrasting two affluent and two disadvantaged communities situated in coastal and inland zones. Twenty-four days of observations distributed across morning and afternoon time blocks were gathered, with observations in each day drawn from a pair of affluent and disadvantaged community parks. Observers noted location, gender, age, ethnicity/race, and level of physical activity of each visitor encountered during four scheduled observation sweeps on each day of field work. In addition, ozone dose exposure was measured through passive monitoring. Ozone dose exposure was calculated using average hourly ozone in ppb multiplied by METS (metabolic expenditures). Dose exposure was significantly higher in the disadvantaged community parks (with majority Latino use). Findings suggest that additional monitoring in disadvantaged communities, especially inland, may be prudent to facilitate community-based information as well as to assess the degree of potential impact over time. Additionally, mitigative strategies placed in urban parks, such as increased tree canopy may help to reduce the degree of risk and improve community resilience. Future research examining the positive outcomes from physically active use of urban parks may benefit from adopting a nuanced approach in light of the present findings.
Impacts of Three Soft-Fault Models on Hybrid Parallel Asynchronous Iterative Methods

This study seeks to understand the soft error vulnerability of asynchronous iterative methods, with a focus on stationary iterative solvers such as Jacobi. The implementations make use of hybrid parallelism where the computational work is distributed over multiple nodes using MPI and parallelized on each node using openMP. A series of experiments is conducted to measure the impact of an undetected soft fault on an asynchronous iterative method, and to compare and contrast several techniques for simulating the occurrence of a fault and then recovering from the effects of the faults. The data shows that the two numerical soft-fault models tested here more consistently than a “bit-flip” model produce bad enough behavior to test a variety of recovery strategies, such as those based on partial checkpointing.
Resistance and Revolution in the Age of Authoritarian Revanchism: The Power of Revolutionary Imaginaries in the Austerity-Security State Era:

We live in an age of authoritarian revanchism, an era of Austerity-Security States often voted in by a set of fears stoked by elites that economies require patriarchal, conserving policies. Hence t...
Highly sweet compounds of plant origin: From ethnobotanical observations to wide utilization

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Ethnobotanical studies have been of very great importance in recognizing plants that contain substances that modulate the heterodimer T1R2-T1R3 sweet taste receptor, inclusive of Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae) and Siraitia grosvenorii (Cucurbitaceae). Aim of the review In addition to reviewing relevant ethnobotanical literature, inclusive of original field work conducted, the authors have provided a progress report on the ultimate regulatory acceptance of highly sweet ent-kaurane (steviol) diterpene glycosides from S. rebaudiana leaves (“stevia”) and cucurbitane triterpene glycosides (mogrosides) from the fruits of S. grosvenorii (popularly known as “monk fruit”). Despite their relatively high prices relative to that of sucrose, the steviol glycosides and mogrosides are of current great interest for further more extensive utilization on the market as sweet-tasting non-caloric food additives, due to increases in the rates of obesity and diabetes all over the world. Recent phytochemical work on the sweet principles of these two species is highlighted, including the important “next-generation” sweetener, rebaudioside M, from S. rebaudiana. Results Initial observations on the ethnobotany of both S. rebaudiana and S. grosvenorii have proved crucial to indicating the presence of their sweet-tasting principles to the wider scientific community. Conclusions Ethnobotanical observations have been pivotal in enabling the discovery of many sweet-tasting plant constituents, with those of S. rebaudiana and S. grosvenorii both being examples. Extractives prepared from these species are now commercially used widely in the U.S. as additives for the sweetening of foods and beverages.
Measurement and modeling of electron-cloud-induced betatron tune shifts at the Cornell Electron-Positron Storage Ring test accelerator

We report on extensive measurements at the Cornell Electron-Positron Storage Ring of electron-cloud-induced betatron tune shifts for trains of positron bunches at 2.1 and 5.3 GeV with bunch populations ranging between $0.64\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ and $9.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$. Measurements using a witness bunch with variable distance from the end of the train and variable bunch population provide information on cloud decay and cloud pinching during the bunch passage. We employ Monte Carlo simulations of the reflection and absorption of synchrotron radiation photons to determine the pattern of absorption sites around the circumference of the storage ring. The Geant4 simulation toolkit is used to model the interactions of the photons with the beampipe wall and determine the production energy and location distributions of the photoelectrons which seed the electron cloud. An electron cloud buildup model based on fitted ring-averaged secondary-yield properties of the vacuum chamber predicts tune shifts in good agreement with the measurements.
Exclusion in Upscaling Institutions: The Reproduction of Neighborhood Segregation in an Urban Church:

This paper examines the intersection of neighborhood change and parish reconfiguration in Charlestown, MA. The merger of two Roman Catholic churches has unsettled the congregational cultures, just ...
Recent Trends in Female and Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups in U.S. Otolaryngology Residency Programs

OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to analyze the recent trends in applicants of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) residency programs, including evolutions in sex and racial/ethnic distribution within the applicant pool and subsequent residency cohort. METHODS Retrospective database and literature review. Data regarding applicants to Oto-HNS programs as well as Oto-HNS residents in the United States from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed from the Electronic Residency Application Service, National Resident Matching Program, and Journal of the American Medical Association. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2018, the number of Oto-HNS residency programs and residency positions offered increased from 105 to 112 and from 273 to 315, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between applicant sex in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more females made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P .05), but significantly more minority residents made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .0001). However, the percentage increase in minority residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 4.9% (35.1% to 40%). CONCLUSION Women and minority racial and ethnic groups continue to be underrepresented among Oto-HNS applicants. However, the presence of these groups among current residents has increased. Understanding and tracking these national trends yearly is critical for training a diverse future otolaryngology workforce. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE VI Laryngoscope, 131:277-281, 2021.
Exosomes released by breast cancer cells under mild hyperthermic stress possess immunogenic potential and modulate polarization in vitro in macrophages.

Macrophages play a dual role in tumor initiation and progression, with both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive effects; hence, it is essential to understand the distinct responses of macrophages to tumor progression and therapy. Mild hyperthermia has gained importance as a therapeutic regimen against cancer due to its immunogenic nature, efficacy, and potential synergy with other therapies, yet the response of macrophages to molecular signals from hyperthermic cancer cells has not yet been clearly defined. Due to limited response rate of breast cancer to conventional therapeutics the development, and understanding of alternative therapies like hyperthermia is pertinent. In order to determine conditions corresponding to mild thermal dose, cytotoxicity of different hyperthermic temperatures and treatment durations were tested in normal murine macrophages and breast cancer cell lines. Examination of exosome release in hyperthermia-treated cancer cells revealed enhanced efflux and a larger size of exosomes released under hyperthermic stress. Exposure of naive murine macrophages to exosomes released from 4T1 and EMT-6 cells posthyperthermia treatment, led to an increased expression of specific macrophage activation markers. Further, exosomes released by hyperthermia-treated cancer cells had increased content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Together, these results suggest a potential immunogenic role for exosomes released from cancer cells treated with mild hyperthermia.
Parental ADHD Knowledge in Latinx Families: Gender Differences and Treatment Effects:

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to extend findings of a study comparing two psychosocial treatments for ADHD in Latinx youth by examining if parental ADHD knowledge improves following treatment an...
LILRB4-targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and aggressive blood cancer in adults. In particular, significant unmet medical needs exist for effective treatment strategies for acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4) and acute monocytic leukemia (M5) AML subtypes. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are a promising drug class for AML therapy, as demonstrated by the FDA-approved anti-CD33 ADC, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg). However, CD33 is expressed in normal hematopoietic stem cells, highlighting the critical need to identify AML-specific targets to minimize the risk of potential adverse effects. We have demonstrated that the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B4 (LILRB4) is expressed at significantly higher levels on monocytic M4 and M5 AML cells than on normal counterparts. Here, we test whether LILRB4 is a promising ADC target to kill monocytic AML cells while sparing healthy counterparts. To this end, we generated ADCs from a humanized anti-LILRB4 mAb and the antimitotic payload, monomethyl auristatin F. The conjugates constructed were characterized and evaluated for LILRB4-specific cell killing potency, toxicity to progenitor cells, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy. Our ADC linker technology platform efficiently generated homogeneous anti-LILRB4 ADCs with defined drug-to-antibody ratios. The homogeneous anti-LILRB4 ADCs demonstrated the capacity for LILRB4-mediated internalization, suitable physicochemical properties, and high cell killing potency against LILRB4-positive AML cells. Importantly, our data indicate that these ADCs spare normal progenitor cells. One of our homogeneous conjugates exerted a remarkable therapeutic effect and no significant toxicity in a xenograft mouse model of disseminated human AML. Our findings highlight the clinical potential of anti-LILRB4 ADCs in monocytic AML therapy.
Trends in movement quality in US Military Academy cadets 2005-17: A JUMP-ACL study.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine if there were significant trends in lower extremity movement quality, as assessed by the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores and plane-specific LESS subscales, across in 12 recent cohorts of incoming USMA cadets. Design prospective cohort study. Setting United States Military Academy. Participants 7,591. Main outcome measures Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores, adjusted for sex and ACL injury history. Results Statistically significant inverse trends were found between total LESS score and year (p Conclusions There were no meaningful changes in lower extremity movement quality in incoming US Military Academy cadets between 2005 and 2017.
Grain Size-Effect on Intergranular Cracking in Shape Memory Zirconia During Cyclic Martensitic Transformations

Bulk polycrystalline zirconia-based shape memory ceramics (SMCs) generally crack as they undergo martensitic transformations, largely due to the transformation mismatch stresses. Polycrystalline SMCs subjected to cyclic transformations bodily lose individual grains and progressively comminute, but it is not yet clear how the grain size of a polycrystal affects such cyclic degradation. We explore this issue in 1.5 mol% yttria-doped zirconia SMCs by varying the grain size from 0.6 to 7.9 µm in pellets of fixed composition and sample size and subjecting them to multiple thermal cycles through the transformation. A smaller grain size is found to increase the number of cycles required to disaggregate the pellet because of the larger amount of grain boundary area that must crack. Calorimetry analysis shows that the energy relieved through cracking decreases with increasing grain size and reveals an apparent material length scale of ~2 micrometers for the stress relief zone. For grain diameters below this critical length scale, complete stress relief is suggested, while at larger grain sizes, intergranular cracking apparently does not fully relieve the transformation mismatch stresses. Alternate accommodation mechanisms are required including the formation of multiple variants and even some transgranular fracture.
AI-Powered Real-Time Channel Awareness and 5G NR Radio Access Network Scheduling Optimization

As with any other wireless technology, 5G is not immune to jamming. To achieve consistent performance, network resource scheduling must be optimized in a way that reacts to jamming in the NR channel environment. This paper presents a cognitive system for real-time Channel Awareness and Radio Access Network (RAN) Scheduling (CARS) optimization based on multi-dimensional temporal machine learning models. Our system automatically detects and classifies jamming in the channel environment and optimizes scheduling based on classification results and collected link parameters. Based on over-the-air (OTA) experiments, detection and classification time is less than 0.8 seconds, which enables real-time optimization. The system is evaluated and verified for OTA experimentation through integration to our end-to-end NR system. An Automated Jamming Module (AJM) is designed and implemented. Connecting the AJM to our NR system enables a comprehensive evaluation environment for our Jamming Detection and Classification Model (JDCM) and Modulation and Coding Scheme optimization model. The improvement in connection resiliency against Control Resource Set jamming is proof of the CARS concept for real-time channel awareness and scheduling optimization. Depending on channel conditions, CARS achieves a 30% or higher improvement in NR system throughput.
Computable Procedures for Fields

This tutorial will introduce listeners to many questions that can be asked about computable processes on fields, and will present the answers that are known, sometimes with proofs. This is not original work. The questions in greatest focus here include decision procedures for the existence of roots of polynomials in specific fields, for the irreducibility of polynomials over those fields, and for transcendence of specific elements over the prime subfield. Several of these questions are related to the construction of algebraic closures, making Rabin’s Theorem prominent.
The residential property value premium of the proximity to carsharing and bikesharing services: Evidence from New York City

Abstract While significant existing scholarship has confirmed that accessibility to “macro” transportation systems, such as transit, creates some value for real estate, few studies have examined the capitalized effect of “micro” transportation modes on property values. Even, despite the increased ridership and market shares of carsharing and bikesharing services, empirical evidence on its property value capitalization effects of the emerging transportation services remains far less limited. In this context, this research examines the residential value uplift induced from the proximity to carsharing (Zipcar) and bikesharing (CitiBike) services in New York City by employing Spatial Durbin Models with sales transaction data that are reported in the New York City Department of Finance in 2018. The results indicate that all else equal, single-family housing near CitiBike station sold at higher prices; a 10 percent decrease in distance was associated with a 4.1 percent increase in its value. The proximity to Zipcar and CitiBike services were positively valued in the multi-family housing market. Specifically, a 10 percent decrease in distance was associated with a 1.1 and 3.5 percent increase in the value of the housing, respectively.
Differences in mitral valve geometry between atrial and ventricular functional mitral regurgitation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a 3D transoesophageal echocardiography study.

AIMS This study investigated geometric differences in mitral valve apparatus between atrial functional mitral regurgitation (A-FMR) and functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using 3D transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 135 moderate or greater FMR patients with persistent AF or atrial flutter underwent 3D TOE. Fifty-six patients had A-FMR, defined as preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50% and normal LV wall motion. Seventy-nine patients had ventricular FMR (V-FMR), defined as LV dysfunction (LVEF of <50%) or LV wall motion abnormality. To evaluate mitral leaflet coaptation, the coapted area was calculated as follows: total leaflet area (TLA) in end-diastole - closed leaflet area in mid-systole. Although annular area (AA) did not significantly differ between the two groups, TLA was significantly smaller in A-FMR than in V-FMR (P = 0.005). TLA/AA, indicating the degree of the leaflet remodelling, was significantly smaller in A-FMR than in V-FMR (P < 0.001). A-FMR had significantly smaller posterior mitral leaflet tethering height and angle measured at three anteroposterior planes (lateral, central, and medial) than V-FMR (all P < 0.001). However, vena contracta width (VCW) measured on long-axis view on TOE and coapted area, which correlated with VCW (r = -0.464, P < 0.001), were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Mitral leaflet remodelling may be less in A-FMR compared with V-FMR. However, leaflet tethering was smaller in A-FMR than in V-FMR, and this may result in a similar degree of mitral leaflet coaptation and mitral regurgitation severity.
Transforming Education in Rural Haiti: Intel and l’Ecole de Choix

This case tells the story of the Intel Corporation's collaboration with a nonprofit school in rural Haiti, l'Ecole de Choix (the School of Choice). Choix was already facing daunting educational challenges merely by virtue of being in Haiti, but the January 2010 earthquake had utterly devastated the already-fragile Haitian education system. Intel had sent volunteers to set up hardware and install educational software at Choix as a part of Intel's Education Service Corps (IESC), but how could the team install computing platforms and train faculty and students in the use of their new educational tools when there wasn't even reliable working electricity at Choix? The case examines the complicated history of Haiti (before and after the 2010 quake) and explores Intel's efforts to support global education through technology. Excerpt UVA-e-0385 Rev. May 15, 2013 TRANSFORMING EDUCATION IN RURAL HAITI: INTEL AND L'ECOLE DE CHOIX In the fall of 2011, John Cartwright was looking at a muddy construction site in Mirebalais, Haiti. Less than two years after a 7.0-magnitude earthquake devastated the country, Cartwright had traveled to this rural region of Haiti as part of a volunteer team of Intel Corporation (Intel) employees to support the installation of education hardware and software during the launch of a nonprofit school, l'Ecole de Choix (Choix). Choix's vision was to transform the educational opportunities available to rural Haitian children. Computer literacy and computer-based educational tools were a significant element of Choix's objective to provide a quality education for its students, making the school a promising partner for Intel's Education Service Corps (IESC). If the mission of the IESC were strictly charitable, Cartwright's task would be daunting enough. But the infrastructure around him was still in postearthquake shambles. How would his team install computing platforms and train faculty and students without a completed building, let alone working electricity? The challenges that Cartwright faced when Intel partnered with nonprofit organizations such as Choix were also informed by Intel's broader vision for the IESC program, which involved both business strategy and its corporate social mission. Julie Clugage, founder of the IESC, described these objectives in terms of a “triple win.” For projects to be successful, they had to result in a business “win”: their execution had to be cost-effective, requiring limited financial investment by Intel, and their success should advance Intel's business strategy of raising the company's visibility and reputation in emerging market areas. The projects also aimed to produce a human resources “win” for Intel, as volunteer employees brought their enthusiasm and any new insights they had gained in the field back to the company after their IESC deployments. Finally, successful projects provided a “win” to nonprofit partner organizations and to the communities they served by providing high-quality learning technology tailored to local needs and sustainable over the long term. . . .