cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dysplastic nevus

Summary Dysplastic nevi are distinctive cutaneous nevomelanocytic lesions that can be recognized clinically and histologically. They were first described as markers of risk for melanoma in members of hereditary melanoma-prone kindreds. Subsequently, they have been discovered in a significant fraction of patients with sporadic melanoma, and in apparently normal members of the community. It is likely that they constitute markers of risk for melanoma in these populations as well, but that the risk is much less than in members of melanoma-prone kindreds. Beyond their role as risk markers, there is evidence that dysplastic nevi may act as precursors of some melanomas. Thus, their recognition offers an opportunity for analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms in cutaneous melanoma. Most dysplastic nevi, however, are completely stable over long periods of observation. Since up to 5% or even more of the population may bear one or more of these common lesions on their skin, it is important that the profession does not create an epidemic of cancer-phobia by overemphasizing the significance of a dysplastic nevus. Patients with dysplastic nevi should adopt sensible patterns of skin care.
Genetic variation in a Panicum coloratum L. population with a limited germplasm base

The U.S. kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) germplasm collection is relatively small, and genetic variation for many agronomic traits has not been determined. This study was conducted to explore variability and predict expected progress from selection for several morphological characters related to forage production and establishment in a narrow-based population of kleingrass. Heritabilities and genetic gain were calculated from the analysis of half-sib families in a 2-yr study. Narrow-sense heritabilities were low to moderate and predicted small gains for most characters. Leaf width, however, was consistently heritable in both years, and gains in width of 12.5% per year could be achieved with family selection. Leaf width was also significantly correlated with leaf mass and culm mass. Thus, increases in leaf and culm dry mass accumulation can be achieved by direct selection for leaf width. Two seedling root growth parameters were also heritable, indicating that genetic gain could be achieved for seedling establishment in this population. Heritabilities for number of adventitious roots and length of longest adventitious root at 14 days after emergence were much higher in the second year of the study. This was attributed to the larger number of plants sampled in the second year.
Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride

Boron may be beneficial for bone growth and maintenance, central nervous system function, and the inflammatory response, and silicon may be beneficial for bone maintenance and wound healing. Fluoride is not an essential element but amounts provided by contamination may be beneficial for bone strength. Fluoride toxicity may be a concern in parenteral nutrition. Further studies are warranted to determine whether there are optimal amounts of boron and silicon that should be delivered to typical and special population patients receiving parenteral nutrition. In addition, further studies are needed to determine whether providing the dietary guideline of adequate intake amounts of fluoride parenterally would prevent or treat parenteral nutrition osteopenia.
AERODYNAMIC DESIGN CHALLENGES OF THE BLENDED-WING-BODY SUBSONIC TRANSPORT

The aerodynamic design of a Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) aircraft is substantially more complicated than that of a conventional wing. This paper provides an overview of unique design problems faced by the BWB wing designer, discusses the applicability of Navier-Stokes analysis, and summarizes the progress made to date. BACKGROUND Development of the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) concept began with a NASA sponsored study to create a new, more efficient, configuration for subsonic transport aircraft. The initial BWB approach to the challenge sought to improve the aerodynamics by increasing wetted aspect ratio (b2/Swet). For the payload-range specification of 800 passengers and 7000 nautical miles, the BWBconcept evolved from the streamlined-disk plus wing sketch shown in Figure 1, where it is compared with a conventional "tube and wing" configuration.
Numerical simulation of helical magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

The three-dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations for rectangular geometry and periodic boundary conditions are solved numerically using the spectral method of Orszag & Patterson (1972). The calculations are restricted to a magnetic Prandtl number of one and to Gaussian random initial conditions with zero mean magnetic and momentum fields. We permit non-mirror-symmetric (helical) flows. In all cases, there is a continuous transfer of energy from the momentum field to the magnetic field. A proposed mechanism for this transfer involves the cascading of energy from the large scales of the momentum field to the small scales, thence a redistribution of energy between the momentum and magnetic fields by Alfven waves, and, finally, an inverse cascade of energy from the small scales of the magnetic field to the large scales. This inverse cascade is found when magnetic helicity (〈a. b〉, where b = curl a is the magnetic induction) is present in the flow.
Instrumentation for investigating seating stability in young children with lower limb spasticity

Instrumentation that will provide data to assist in the quantitative assessment of changes in seating stability after surgical intervention to relieve lower limb spasticity has been designed, constructed, and tested. Of particular interest in this study are measures of center of pressure while seated and standing, measures of upper extremity and lower limb forces exerted in a pull-to-stand task, and measures of upper extremity speed and range of motion attained in a tray-mounted switch-activation task. Data collected from the tests of seating stability, pull-to-stand, and supported standing are analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. In the time domain, two or three 30-s epochs are selected from each test to maximize the likelihood of attaining a stationary epoch. >
Multichannel recursive least squares adaptive filtering without a desired signal

The author presents a pair of adaptive QR decomposition-based algorithms for the adaptive mixed filter in which no desired signal is available, but the signal-to-data cross-correlation vector is known. The algorithms are derived by formulating the recursive mixed filter as a least-squares problem and then applying orthogonal QR-based techniques in its solution. This leads to algorithms with the performance, numerical, and structural advantages of the RLS/QR algorithm, but without the requirement of a desired signal. Both Givens and square-root-free Givens rotations are used in implementing the recursive QR decomposition. Because of their structural regularity, the algorithms are easily implemented by triangular systolic array structures. Simulations show that these algorithms require fewer computations and less precision than recursive sample matrix inversion approaches. >
Abstract Structural Representations of Goal-Directed Behavior

Linguistic theory holds that the structure of a sentence can be described in abstract syntactic terms, independent of the specific words the sentence contains. Nonlinguistic behavior, including goal-directed action, is also theorized to have an underlying structural, or "syntactic," organization. We propose that purposive action sequences are represented cognitively in terms of a means-ends parse, which is a formal specification of how actions fit together to accomplish desired outcomes. To test this theory, we leveraged the phenomenon of structural priming in two experiments. As predicted, participants read sentences describing action sequences faster when these sentences were presented amid other sentences sharing the same parse. Results from a second experiment indicate that the underlying representations relevant to observed action sequences are not strictly tied to language processing. Our results suggest that the structure of goal-directed behavior may be represented abstractly, independently of specific actions and goals, just as linguistic syntax is thought to stand independent of other levels of representation.
Calculating a Cryptographic Primitive: Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks

A sensor node in a wireless sensor network has a limited machine word size. This limitation restricts the use of cryptographic algorithms developed for computer networks in a wireless sensor node. Most of the modern cryptographic algorithms use the multiplicative inverse of a Galois field and therefore it is important to develop storage- and energy-efficient approaches for sensors to calculate multiplicative inverses. This paper presents two techniques to compute multiplicative inverses of a Galois field of order prime p for a wireless sensor network. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the extended Euclid algorithm. The results show that the proposed approaches are storage-and energy-efficient, and are computationally better than the extended Euclid algorithm.
Tolerance development to morphine-induced alterations of immune status

A variety of in vitro immune measures were examined in groups of Lewis rats that chronically consumed either tap water or a 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg/ml morphine drinking solution. Rats received a subcutaneous injection of either saline or 15 mg/kg morphine sulfate 1 h before sacrifice. In the drinking groups, the acute morphine injection significantly suppressed splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity, mitogen-stimulated splenic T- and B-cell proliferation and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) production. A single, acute injection of morphine did not suppress NK cell activity in rats that drank the two highest concentrations of morphine, whereas it did suppress the mitogen-stimulated splenic T- and B-cell proliferation and gamma-IFN production. These results suggest that rats that drank morphine for 20 days developed tolerance to morphine's suppressive effect on NK cell activity but not to other measures of immune status. Morphine drinking rats also developed tolerance to morphine's antinociceptive effects and revealed signs of physical dependence when the morphine solution was withdrawn or when naltrexone was administered.
THE FAMILY → LOW SELF-CONTROL → DEVIANCE A Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Test of Self-Control Theory

The current investigation examined the predictive strength of family processes (closeness, support, and monitoring) both for low self-control and for a variety of deviance measures based on data from youth in seven different cultural and national groups (N = 8,997) from Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States (nonrural high school, rural high school in the “Black Belt,” and university students). Findings from multigroup structural equation modeling analyses provided consistent support for highly similar patterns of associations among family processes, low self-control, and deviance measures across groups. In addition, they also indicated that family processes had both direct and indirect effects, through low self-control, on deviance. Together, family processes and low self-control explained between 25% and 36% of the variance in deviance across samples, net the effects by age, sex, family structure, and socioeconomic status.
Development of a Glycoprotein D-Expressing Dominant-Negative and Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Recombinant Viral Vaccine against HSV-2 Infection in Mice

Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, California) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-origin binding protein UL9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein D-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative HSV-1 recombinant viral vaccine, CJ9-gD, for protection against HSV infection and disease. It was demonstrated that CJ9-gD is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection following different routes of infection, and offers highly effective protective immunity against primary HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and disease in mouse and guinea pig models of HSV infections. Given these favorable safety and immunological profiles of CJ9-gD, aiming to maximize levels of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) expression, we have constructed an ICP0 null mutant-based dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant, CJ2-gD2, that contains 2 copies of the gD2 gene driven by the tetracycline operator (tetO)-bearing HSV-1 major immediate-early ICP4 promoter. CJ2-gD2 expresses gD2 as efficiently as wild-type HSV-2 infection and can lead to a 150-fold reduction in wild-type HSV-2 viral replication in cells coinfected with CJ2-gD2 and wild-type HSV-2 at the same multiplicity of infection. CJ2-gD2 is avirulent following intracerebral injection and cannot establish a detectable latent infection following subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization. CJ2-gD2 is a more effective vaccine than HSV-1 CJ9-gD and a non-gD2-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant in protection against wild-type HSV-2 genital disease. Using recall response, we showed that immunization with CJ2-gD2 elicited strong HSV-2-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Collectively, given the demonstrated preclinical immunogenicity and its unique safety profiles, CJ2-gD2 represents a new class of HSV-2 replication-defective recombinant viral vaccines in protection against HSV-2 genital infection and disease.
Thru-Reflect-Line: An Improved Technique for Calibrating the Dual Six-Port Automatic Network Analyzer

In an earlier paper, the use of a "thru-short-delay" (TSD) technique for calibrating the dual six-port automatic network analyzer was described. Another scheme required only a length of precision transmission line and a "calibration circuit." The better features of these two somewhat different approaches have now been combined and the requirement for either a known short, or a "calibration circuit" eliminated. This paper will develop the theory for this new procedure.
The Inflammatory Response in Alzheimer's Disease

Over the last 2 decades, numerous innate inflammatory mediators have been reported to be upregulated in pathologically vulnerable regions of the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These data have led to a reexamination of the dogma of brain immunologic privilege and to new studies that examine the role of the innate inflammatory response in a number of other neurologic disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease and human immunodeficiency virus dementia. In addition, basic science discoveries about neuroinflammation are now beginning to move to the clinic. More than 20 epidemiologic surveys have consistently demonstrated that common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against the development of AD. By contrast, anti-inflammatory treatment trials for existing AD have typically shown little to no effect on halting or reversing the disorder, although the agents tested have often been at odds with those suggested by the epidemiologic and basic science results. The extensive literature on innate inflammation and neurologic disease notwithstanding, three fundamental questions still remain to be answered fully. First, are innate inflammatory responses a cause of neurologic disease or merely a more sophisticated means than previously imagined for removing the detritus left by more primary pathogenic mechanisms? Second, can anti-inflammatory agents effectively treat existing neurologic disease, or is a protective strategy in high-risk patients the only reasonable option? Third, whether for protection or treatment, what is the best choice of anti-inflammatory agent given the basic science mechanisms and epidemiologic results that have been reported?
Maximum Junction Temperatures of SiC Power Devices

This paper presents a detailed physical analysis on the junction temperatures, thermal stabilities, and thermal runaway effects of self-heating unipolar SiC power devices. Results reveal that the risk of thermal runaway could limit the usable junction temperature of these SiC devices to substantially lower than 200°C, regardless of the device size and the cooling method used.
Dominance of Phonon Friction for a Xenon Film on a Silver (111) Surface

Molecular dynamic simulations for a Xe film sliding on an Ag(111) substrate are performed from the submonolayer through the bilayer regime, which, when compared to both friction and surface resistivity measurements, demonstrate that the friction in this system is dominated by phonon excitations. Slip times are found both by direct calculation of the decay of the center-of-mass velocity, as well as from the decay of the velocity correlation function. Agreement of the slip times from the two methods supports the occurrence of a friction force linear in velocity over a wide velocity range.
Current practices of suicide risk management protocols in research.

Background: Participant safety is an important concern in mental-health-oriented research. Investigators conducting studies in the United States that include potentially suicidal individuals are often required to develop written suicide risk management (SRM) protocols. But little is known about these protocols. It is possible that such protocols could serve as templates for suicide risk management in clinical settings. Aims: To elucidate common (best) practices from mental health intervention researchers. Methods: We conducted a systematic descriptive analysis of written SRM protocols. A convenience sample of studies funded by the United States' National Institute of Mental Health in 2005 were scanned to discover projects in which investigators were likely to identify and take responsibility for suicide risk in their participant pool. Qualitative methodology was used to create a checklist of tasks perceived to be operationally significant for insuring the safety of suicidal participants. The checklist was applied to all protocols to determine the variability of patient safety tasks across protocols. Results: We identified 45 candidate studies, whereof 38 investigators were contacted, resulting in the review of 21 SRM protocols. Three main categories emerged: overview, entry/exit, and process. Overall, 19 specific tasks were identified. Task frequency varied from 7% to 95% across protocols. Conclusions: The SRM checklist provides a framework for comparing the content of SRM protocols. This checklist may assist in developing SRM protocols in a wide range of settings. Developing guidelines and standard methodologies is an important step to further development of suicide prevention strategies. More research is necessary to determine the impact of SRM protocols on participant safety.
Hydromechanics of swimming propulsion. Part 2. Some optimum shape problems

The optimum shape problems considered in this part are for those profiles of a two-dimensional flexible plate in time-harmonic motion that will minimize the energy loss under the condition of fixed thrust and possibly also under other isoperimetric constraints. First, the optimum movement of a rigid plate is completely determined; it is necessary first to reduce the original singular quadratic form representing the energy loss to a regular one of a lower order, which is then tractable by usual variational methods. A favourable range of the reduced frequency is found in which the thrust contribution coming from the leading-edge suction is as small as possible under the prescribed conditions, outside of which this contribution becomes so large as to be hard to realize in practice without stalling. This optimum solution is compared with the recent theory of Lighthill (1970); these independently arrived-at conclusions are found to be virtually in agreement. The present theory is further applied t0 predict the movement of a porpoise tail of large aspect-ratio and is found in satisfactory agreement with the experimental measurements. A qualitative discussion of the wing movement in flapping flight of birds is also given on the basis of optimum efficiency. The optimum shape of a flexible plate is analysed for the most general case of infinite degrees of freedom. It is shown that the solution can be determined to a certain extent, but the exact shape is not always uniquely determinate.
The Tidal Mixing Model

Two simulations were run to evaluate some of the properties of the circulation scheme and mixing model. Both analyses involved following the concentration over time of a hypothetical tracer that was introduced into the bay. In the first case, a single release into the middle West Passage on 15 January was simulated. This resulted in a uniform concentration of 10.0 units/1 throughout element 4. The second example simulated a slow but prolonged input of 0.6 unit in each liter of the Providence River (element 1) for 100 days. This input reached a maximum concentration of 10.0 in element 1 on the final day of input. The time course of mixing and the decay for these situations is presented in Figures 36 and 37.
Speculative Matter: Secular Bodies, Minds, and Persons

The relationship between life, death, and personhood is articulated by the body, without which there would be no such relationship to begin with. How do secular institutions and modes of knowledge understand, produce, and manage this relationship? What can this tell us about the secular and the body in its purview? As part of a larger ethnography of “American Immortalism,” I tackle these issues through a case study of “neuropreservation” in cryonics, the practice of preserving people at very low temperatures at the time of legal death with the hope that they might be revived in the future. Cryonicists are scientifically oriented secularists, and yet find themselves in frequent conflict with secular medical and legal institutions over the categories of life, death, and personhood. Whilst recent critical reevaluations of secularism focus on its entanglements with religion, these differences serve to highlight some tensions internal to the secular as they are played out in the United States. I will use the figure of the cryopreserved patient to focus on the secular body as a body produced institutionally in the interplay between law and medicine, suspended in the indeterminacies of the mind–body problem and caught in the tensions between two secular epistemologies, rationalism and materialism. What appears in this midst is speculative matter, matter that has indeterminate speculative status, but serves as a medium for speculation.
Deficiency in l-Serine Deaminase Interferes with One-Carbon Metabolism and Cell Wall Synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12

Escherichia coli K-12 provided with glucose and a mixture of amino acids depletes L-serine more quickly than any other amino acid even in the presence of ammonium sulfate. A mutant without three 4Fe4S L-serine deaminases (SdaA, SdaB, and TdcG) of E. coli K-12 is unable to do this. The high level of L-serine that accumulates when such a mutant is exposed to amino acid mixtures starves the cells for C(1) units and interferes with cell wall synthesis. We suggest that at high concentrations, L-serine decreases synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramate-L-alanine by the murC-encoded ligase, weakening the cell wall and producing misshapen cells and lysis. The inhibition by high L-serine is overcome in several ways: by a large concentration of L-alanine, by overproducing MurC together with a low concentration of L-alanine, and by overproducing FtsW, thus promoting septal assembly and also by overexpression of the glycine cleavage operon. S-Adenosylmethionine reduces lysis and allows an extensive increase in biomass without improving cell division. This suggests that E. coli has a metabolic trigger for cell division. Without that reaction, if no other inhibition occurs, other metabolic functions can continue and cells can elongate and replicate their DNA, reaching at least 180 times their usual length, but cannot divide.
Science for all: Empowering elementary school teachers

This article addresses issues that are related to the empowerment of elementary teachers through teaching and learning science in socially and culturally meaningful contexts. It is based on the analysis of the attitudes and relationship to science of 10 elementary school teachers from inner city schools in Caracas, Venezuela. In the context of a workshop, teachers were asked to come up with a scientific explanation of a familiar physical phenomenon observed on a daily basis and related to their everyday tasks. The data were the teachers' discourse and were both written (a description of an ideal science class) and oral (semi-structured interviews). Academic/epistemic, professional, and social dimensions were used to analyze the discourse. These categories were based on two theoretical frameworks: an empirico-realistic one, held by the majority of teachers, and a socioconstructivist one, held by the researcher. The results illustrate how familiar contexts bring meaning and raise teachers' confidence to tea...
Epigenetic memory loss in aging oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum

In this study, we address the hypothesis that aging modifies the intrinsic properties of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the brain. According to our model, an "epigenetic memory" is stored in the chromatin of the oligodendrocyte lineage cells and is responsible for the maintenance of a mature phenotype, characterized by low levels of expression of transcriptional inhibitors. We report here an age-related decline of histone deacetylation and methylation, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the establishment and maintenance of this "epigenetic memory" of the differentiated state. We further show that lack of histone methylation and increased acetylation in mature oligodendrocytes are associated with global changes in gene expression, that include the re-expression of bHLH inhibitors (i.e. Hes5 and Id4) and precursor markers (i.e. Sox2). These changes characteristic of the "aging" oligodendrocytes can be recapitulated in vitro, by treating primary oligodendrocyte cultures with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Thus, we conclude that the "epigenetic memory loss" detected in white matter tracts of older mice induces global changes of gene expression that modify the intrinsic properties of aged oligodendrocytes and may functionally modulate the responsiveness of these cells to external stimuli.
Local influence of boundary conditions on a confined supercooled colloidal liquid

We study confined colloidal suspensions as a model system which approximates the behavior of confined small molecule glass-formers. Dense colloidal suspensions become glassier when confined between parallel glass plates. We use confocal microscopy to study the motion of confined colloidal particles. In particular, we examine the influence particles stuck to the glass plates have on nearby free particles. Confinement appears to be the primary influence slowing free particle motion, and proximity to stuck particles causes a secondary reduction in the mobility of free particles. Overall, particle mobility is fairly constant across the width of the sample chamber, but a strong asymmetry in boundary conditions results in a slight gradient of particle mobility.
Unmet therapeutic needs in the new era of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1

Significant advances in outcomes have been achieved with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in patients living with HIV. However, several ongoing needs remain with respect to the development of new treatments. The need for new or enhanced cART may become increasingly apparent as patients live longer with HIV and a greater proportion die from non-AIDS-related illnesses. Immunological response to cART is variable and immune failure occurs, despite virological control. Moreover, viral suppression can be incomplete due to insufficient antiviral efficacy, acquired or transmitted drug resistance, suboptimal pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and lack of adherence. Chronic immune activation may continue even when viral replication is relatively restrained. Patients continue to experience cardiovascular and metabolic complications, due to disease, treatment and ageing. In addition, neurocognitive impairment and malignancy are important sources of ongoing morbidity despite cART. HIV also affects immune system senescence and bone turnover. This review discusses potential unmet needs with respect to these issues.
Differential expression and activity of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) in a generalist (Neotoma albigula) and juniper specialist (Neotoma stephensi) woodrat.

article Mammalianherbivores,particularlydietaryspecialistsmusthaveanefficientmeanstometabolizethehighdosesof plant secondary compounds they consume. We found previously that Neotoma stephensi, a juniper specialist, upregulatedcatechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)mRNAalmostsevenfoldinresponsetoanecologicallyrelevant diet (70% juniper). To further investigate the relevance of this enzyme with respect to juniper metabolism, we compared the proteinexpression, activity andkinetics ofthe twoforms of COMT,soluble(S-COMT)and membrane bound(MB-COMT),intheblood,kidneysandliverofN.stephensionitsnaturaljuniperdiettothatofN.stephensifed an experimental diet of 70% juniper as well as a non-toxic control diet under laboratory conditions. In addition, we compared theseresults to that ofNeotoma albigula, a generalist species, which consumesa diet of 25% juniper in the wild. The specialist consuming juniper under both field and laboratory conditions had increased S-COMT expression and activity in their livers and kidneys, and increased S-COMT activity in their blood compared to the specialist and generalist fed the control diet. The specialist showed expression and activity of S-COMT in their kidneys that was as high as or higher than that in their livers. The generalist had an elevated Vmax for MB-COMT comparedtothespecialistthatresultedinhigheractivityforMB-COMTthanthespecialistdespitelowerexpression of MB-COMT in the generalist's livers and kidneys. This high activity MB-COMT may be in part responsible for differences in the behaviors of the generalist compared to the specialist. W ec onclude that S-COMT is important in the specialist's ability to consume high levels of juniper.
A Simple Theory for the Fate of Buoyant Coastal Discharges

Abstract A simple theory that predicts the vertical structure and offshore spreading of a localized buoyant inflow onto a continental shelf is formulated. The theory is based on two competing mechanisms that move the buoyant fluid offshore: 1) the radial spread of the lighter water over the ambient water, being deflected by the Coriolis force and producing an anticyclonic cyclostrophic plume, and 2) offshore transport of buoyant water in the frictional bottom boundary layer that moves the entire plume offshore while maintaining contact with the bottom. The surface expression of the cyclostrophic plume moves offshore a distance ys = 2(3g′h0 + υ 2i)/(2g′h0 + υ 2i)1/2f,where g′ is reduced gravity based on the inflow density anomaly, h0 is the inflow depth, υi is the inflow velocity, and f is the Coriolis parameter. The plume remains attached to the bottom to a depth given by hb = (2Lυih0f/g′)1/2,where L is the inflow width. Both scales are based solely on parameters of the buoyant inflow at its source. There...
Investigation of Reading Mode and Relative Sensitivity as Factors That Influence Reader Performance When Using Computer-Aided Detection Software

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of relative sensitivity (reader without computer-aided detection [CAD] vs stand-alone CAD) and reading mode on reader performance when using CAD software. Materials and Methods Two sets of 100 images (low-contrast and high-contrast sets) were created by adding low-contrast or high-contrast simulated masses to random locations in 100 normal mammograms. This produced a relative sensitivity, substantially less for the low-contrast set and similar for the high-contrast set. Seven readers reviewed every image in each set and specified location and probability scores using three reading modes (without CAD, second read with CAD, and concurrent read with CAD). Reader detection accuracy was analyzed using areas under free-response receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, and the number of false-positive findings per image. Results For the low-contrast set, average differences in areas under free-response receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, and false-positive findings per image without CAD were 0.02, 0.12, and 0.11, respectively, compared to second read and 0.05, 0.17, and 0.09 (not statistically significant), respectively, compared to concurrent read. For the high-contrast set, average differences were 0.002 (not statistically significant), 0.04, and 0.05, respectively, compared to second read and −0.004 (not statistically significant), 0.04, and 0.08 (not statistically significant), respectively, compared to concurrent read (all differences were statistically significant except as noted). Differences were greater in the low-contrast set than the high-contrast set. Differences between second read and concurrent read were not significant. Conclusions Relative sensitivity is a critical factor that determines incremental improvement in reader performance when using CAD and appears to be more important than reading mode. Relative sensitivity may determine the clinical usefulness of CAD in different clinical applications and for different types of users.
Emerging use of gene expression microarrays in plant physiology

Microarrays have become an important technology for the global analysis of gene expression in humans, animals, plants, and microbes. Implemented in the context of a well-designed experiment, cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays can provide highthroughput, simultaneous analysis of transcript abundance for hundreds, if not thousands, of genes. However, despite widespread acceptance, the use of microarrays as a tool to better understand processes of interest to the plant physiologist is still being explored. To help illustrate current uses of microarrays in the plant sciences, several case studies that we believe demonstrate the emerging application of gene expression arrays in plant physiology were selected from among the many posters and presentations at the 2003 Plant and Animal Genome XI Conference. Based on this survey, microarrays are being used to assess gene expression in plants exposed to the experimental manipulation of air temperature, soil water content and aluminium concentration in the root zone. Analysis often includes characterizing transcript profiles for multiple post-treatment sampling periods and categorizing genes with common patterns of response using hierarchical clustering techniques. In addition, microarrays are also providing insights into developmental changes in gene expression associated with fibre and root elongation in cotton and maize, respectively. Technical and analytical limitations of microarrays are discussed and projects attempting to advance areas of microarray design and data analysis are highlighted. Finally, although much work remains, we conclude that microarrays are a valuable tool for the plant physiologist interested in the characterization and identification of individual genes and gene families with potential application in the fields of agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
4. THE CARD EXCHANGE: INTRODUCING THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

The nature of science is an important though difficult subject to teach meaningfully and effectively to preservice teachers. To engage the students’ minds in this subject that many find obscure and esoteric, a good introduction is a necessity. This chapter presents a learning game called The Card Exchange which has been found effective in arousing student interest in the philosophy of science. The chapter presents a brief description of how the game is set up and played and how it relates to the authors’ instruction on the philosophy of science. The chapter includes a list of card statements. The statements as well as the text of the chapter have been revised and updated from an earlier publication (Cobern, 1991a). There are a number of thoughtful articles in the literature stressing the need for philosophically literate teachers of science at all school levels (e.g., Andersen, Harty & Samuel, 1986; Hodson, 1985; Martin, 1979) and for many years the textbooks used in science methods courses have contained at least some material on the philosophy and nature of science. Nevertheless, science educators have been concerned that an acceptable level of philosophical sophistication was not being reached within the ranks of science teachers, and consequently are concerned about views toward the nature of science promoted in the classroom (e.g., Schmansky & Kyle, 1986). DuschI (1988, p. 51) summarizes the classroom situation by saying that “the prevailing view of the nature of science in our classrooms reflects an authoritarian view; a view in which scientific knowledge is presented as absolute truth and as a final form.” This view has been called scientism. This is a problem first because as we learn more about the world views that students bring to the classroom we begin to understand how the scientistic view extinguishes students nascent interest in science (Cobern, 1991b; 1996). Secondly, those students who do accept the scientistic view are likely to become disenchanted with science at a later date as science fails to achieve the unrealistic expectations accompanying a scientism orientation. The challenge is how to teach the philosophy of science be taught to teachers with greater effectiveness?
p‐Acetoxybenzyl Bromide

[52727-95-4] C9H9BrO2 (MW 229.07) InChI = 1/C9H9BrO2/c1-7(11)12-9-4-2-8(6-10)3-5-9/h2-5H,6H2,1H3 InChIKey = MEUWUBXEOFFOOX-UHFFFAOYAW (reagent used as a hydroxyl-protecting group and a benzylating agent) Alternate Name: 4-acetoxybenzyl bromide, 4-(acetyloxy)benzyl bromide, 1-acetoxy-4-bromomethyl benzene,p-(bromomethyl)phenyl acetate, PAB-Br. Physical Data: mp 48–50 °C (from n-hexane); bp 100–105 °C (0.4 mm Hg). Solubility: limited specific data. Form Supplied in: low melting solid; not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.1–7.6 (q), 4.53 (s), 2.33 (s). Preparative Methods: bromination of p-cresyl acetate [140-39-6] in CCl4 using NBS, 1 or selective tritylation of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol followed by phenol acylation, deprotection, and bromination via CBr4/PPh3.2 Purification: recrystallization from hexane or distillation at 100–105 °C (0.4 mm Hg).1
A Complete Protection Model

The Bell & LaPadula computer security model is, to date, the most successful data flow restriction security model. Specifically, it prevents unauthorized downgrading of data. K.J. Bibs strengthened the Bell & LaPadula security model by adding security's mathematical dual (integrity) to prevent unauthorized upgrading of data. The security and integrity constraints are overly restrictive in some cases and not restrictive enough in others. This paper describes another extension to the Bell & LaPadula security model (with integrity) to better accommodate secure systems designers and implementers.
Trends in the Frequency of Calcium Oxalate Uroliths in the Upper Urinary Tract of Cats

Medical records from cats diagnosed with uroliths at nine United States veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 to 1999, and records of cats with uroliths submitted for analyses to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2000, were evaluated. A 10-fold increase in frequency of upper tract uroliths occurred in cats during the 20-year interval at the nine veterinary teaching hospitals. Calcium oxalate emerged as the predominant mineral type in upper tract uroliths, having increased more than 50-fold during the study period. These results emphasize the need for increased awareness of the occurrence of upper urinary tract uroliths in cats.
Initial Impacts and Field Validation of Host Range for Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae: Leptospermoideae)

Invasion of south Florida wetlands by the Australian paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (melaleuca), has caused adverse economic and environmental impacts. The tree's biological attributes and favorable ambient biophysical conditions combine to complicate efforts to restore and maintain south Florida ecosystems. Management requires an integrated strategy that deploys multiple biological control agents to forestall reinvasion and to supplement other control methods, thereby lessening recruitment and regeneration after removal of existing trees. This biological control program began during 1997 when an Australian weevil, Oxyops vitiosa (Pascoe), was released. A second Australian insect, the melaleuca psyllid (Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore), first introduced during 2002, has also widely established. After inoculation of the psyllid in a field study, only 40% of seedlings survived herbivory treatments compared with 95% survival in controls. The resultant defoliation also reduced growth of the surviving seedlings. A weevil-induced decline at a site comprised mainly of coppicing stumps had slowed after a 70% reduction. Psyllids colonized the site, and 37% of the remaining coppices succumbed within 10 mo. The realized ecological host range of B. melaleucae was restricted to M. quinquenervia; 18 other nontarget plant species predicted to be suboptimal or nonhosts during laboratory host range testing were unaffected when interspersed with psyllid-infested melaleuca trees in a common garden study. Evaluations are ongoing, but B. melaleucae is clearly reducing seedling recruitment and stump regrowth without adversely impacting other plant species. Manifestation of impacts on mature trees will require more time, but initial indications suggest that the psyllid will be an effective supplement to the weevil.
P-002 Realistic clot models with different mechanical characteristics for preclinical evaluation of endovascular recanalization devices

Introduction Efficacy and safety of devices for the endovascular recanalization of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are mostly validated in experimental vascular models and in vivo animal models. Efforts have been made to develop mechanically stable clot models to explore the interactions between the clots and devices; however, little is known about the mechanical similarities between these clot models and the human sources of embolic thrombi. The aim of this study is to explore the structure and mechanical properties of the possible sources of the cerebral emboli extracted from patients and model clots produced in vitro using human, porcine and bovine donors. Materials and methods Six thrombi were collected during carotid endarterectomies (CEA) and two thrombi were obtained from the internal carotid artery (ICA) of AIS patients. In vitro clots were prepared by simultaneously injecting whole blood/ACD mixture and CaCl 2 /thrombin solution into silicone tubing. Three variables of in vitro clotting included species, thrombin concentration and addition of the radio-opaque component, barium sulfate. Dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to acquire the stress–strain behaviors of the clots in the controlled force mode which gave an indication of clot hardness. Clot elasticity was studied in stress–relaxation mode by recording the strain recovery. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Martius Scarlet Blue stained sections were used to investigate the structure and composition of the specimens. Results Two secant moduli, designated E1 and E2, are calculated from the toe region (initial to 75% strain) and high strain (75–95%) of the stress–strain curve, respectively. The calcified thrombi from CEA (n=2) had lower elongation and higher moduli (E1=737.8±296.9 Pa, E2=12313±165.7 Pa) whereas red cell rich thrombi (n=4 from CEA and n=2 from ICA) showed higher elongation and lower moduli (E1=585.7±98.37 Pa, E2=6651±675 Pa). Interspecies differences in the mechanical properties of clot models were observed. Overall, bovine clots had the highest hardness followed by porcine and human clots. Addition of thrombin significantly increased E1 and E2 of the human and porcine clot models (p Conclusion In this research we move beyond studying composition of thromboemboli by additionally investigating the mechanical properties of these sources of AIS. As newer generations of endovascular recanalization devices become available, it will be important to create a variety of characterized clot models to study the safety and efficacy of the devices preclinically. More human cerebral thrombi will be analyzed to provide a library of mechanical properties to construct a framework for further development of clot models.
Principles of the enzymatic measurement of steroids.

SUMMARY The sensitive and specific microestimation of steroids by means of LY- and fl-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases has been described. Factors in- fluencing the equilibria of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes have been examined. Conditions for obtaining complete oxidations of hydroxy- steroids or reductions of ketosteroids have been established. Quantitative oxidations of steroids have been obtained by using a high pH and adding a ketone-binding reagent. Complete reductions of ketosteroids have been achieved by the destruction with DPNase of DPNf formed in the reac- tion. The enzymes have been employed for the estimation of SOL-, 3&, and 17P-hydroxysteroids as well as 3- and 17-ketosteroids, singly as well as in mixtures. The sensitivity of the method is about 1 mpmole of ster- oid. The methods have been illustrated by the measurement of single steroids, steroid mixtures, and chromatographic fractions. These pro- cedures are also applicable to the determination of steroid purity and con- tamination by isomers. Some of the steroids used in these studies were generously donated by Dr. A. Zaffaroni, Syntex, S. A., Mexico, and Dr. E. W. Meyer, The Glid- den Company, Chicago. The authors are grateful to Mr R. C. Leek for aid in developing the system for silicic acid chromatography of steroids.
Al Qaeda Terrorist Financing

This chapter analyzes terrorist financial networks and the importance of disrupting terrorist financing. In particular, we examine the financial strategies of the al Qaeda terrorist group. The chapter starts by presenting an overview of al Qaeda’s financial network, its history and development. We then continue with a description of the financial strategies of al Qaeda. In particular, the organizational structure of al Qaeda, its sources of funding, and the movement of funds are discussed.
Overcoming information overload in retail environments: Imagination and sales promotion in a wine context

Abstract Information overload is a common problem in retail environments. Reducing information in a retail environment is not always feasible or desirable given the plethora of products and extent of limitations on retailers in terms of merchandising and display decisions. Therefore, retailers need other ways of overcoming information overload than simply reducing the amount of information. However, extant research is unsettled with respect to arguments in favor of and against adverse effects of information overload. To enhance our understanding of these issues, the present research presents two studies that investigate the moderating role of consumer decision processing approaches in an information overload retail space. The findings reveal that the consumer imagination offers a more efficient processing route, circumventing the frustration associated with information overload and leading to enhanced consumer outcomes compared to the less efficient consideration route. Further, heuristic processing triggered by sales promotions in high information retail environments lead to piqued arousal and enhanced consumer imagination, ultimately bolstering consumer responses to the product. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.