cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Field Phenomena in an Isotropic Paramagnetic Crystal

Measurements have been made of the variation of magnetic moment with applied field, at constant entropy, for a spherically-ground single crystal of chromic methylammonium alum. Steady fields up to 500 oersteds were applied along a cubic axis of the crystal and the differential susceptibility measured ballistically by reversing a field of 1.7 oersteds in the primary of a mutual inductance surrounding the specimen. The total magnetic moment was obtained by integration. At entropies below that of the "Curie point" the differential susceptibility showed a pronounced maximum in a field of about one hundred oersteds. This behavior is compared with that observed in earlier measurements on the same specimen in transverse fields. The magnetic moment at constant external magnetic field $H$, plotted as a function of entropy, shows a maximum for small values of $H$. The locus of these maxima is evidently a transition curve separating regions of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic behavior.
Interactions Between Adolescent Fathers and Health Care Professionals During Pregnancy, Labor, and Early Postpartum

ABSTRACT Objective To examine interactions between adolescent fathers and health care professionals from the perspectives of the families of the adolescent fathers during pregnancy and early postpartum. Design Content analysis methods were used to analyze data from the prenatal and 1 month data points of a larger longitudinal qualitative case study design examining paternal involvement. A purposive sample of 25 sets of unmarried, low-income Black adolescent fathers, adolescent mothers, and at least one of each of their parents were individually interviewed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth using a semistructured interview guide. Setting Approximately 90% of participants were interviewed in their homes. Participants Annual household incomes were between $0 to $28K ( M =$14,661). The 111 participants included 25 sets of adolescent parents, 50 grandmothers, and 11 grandfathers. Approximately 75% of the adolescent fathers were 17 to 19 years of age. Results Supportive (information, emotional, and material support), distancing, and neutralizing interactions between health care professionals and adolescent fathers were identified. Conclusions Although most interactions were perceived as supportive, distancing, and neutralizing interactions could potentially have negative long-term effects for these vulnerable families and contribute to disparities in health care. Nurses may be important resources for these new fathers.
Development and validation of canopy reflectance-based crop coefficient for potato

The present paper describes the development and validation of canopy reflectance-based crop coefficients for potato using canopy reflectance (measured using hand-held radiometers and high resolution multispectral digital imagery), and extensive crop biophysical sampling in selected potato growing fields in and around Kimberly, Idaho, during 1998 and 1999 seasons. Daily crop evapotranspiration was estimated using basal and canopy reflectance-based crop coefficients, and a hydrologic water balance was conducted in the plant root zone. Independent measurements of actual soil moisture measurements were made by neutron probe and gravimetric methods, and used to validate the simulated results. The results validate the reflectance-based crop coefficient method. High resolution multispectral aerial imagery was used to highlight the spatial variability of actual crop water demand in the study fields.
Studies on the hydration of Escherichia coli ribosomes by nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract The degree of hydration measured for 70 s Escherichia coli ribosomes by a nuclear magnetic resonance technique is 0.33 g g . This corresponds principally to sitebound water molecules. The hydration of a mixture of 50 s and 30 s particles is 0.39 g g and that of a mixture of unfolded 36 s and 26 s particles is 0.44 g g . These progressively increased hydrations suggest the involvement of extensive electrostatic interactions in maintaining the native ribosomal structure.
Measurement of industry conduct with a latent structure

Empirical industrial organization economists have long been concerned with measuring the degree of competition in markets and understanding its underlying determinants, but they have faced serious difficulties, including data requirements and misspecification issues. This paper offers an alternative method of estimating market power and industry conduct. Market power is estimated for the fresh apple industry with a latent modelling structure. Specifically, variations of the MIMIC model are adapted to this problem. These variations are the multiple-indicators (MI) and the filtered-measure (FM) approaches. The results suggest that although the Washington apple industry has a large market share, it does not exercise market power. Factors that mitigate the exertion of market power in the fresh apple market include competitor shipments and retailer power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of non-enzymatic glycation on the unfolding of human serum albumin

Abstract We monitored the unfolding of human serum albumin (HSA) and glycated human serum albumin (gHSA) subjected to guanidine hydrochloride (GndHCl) by using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. A two-state model with sloping baselines best described the Trp-214 fluorescence unfolding measurements, while a three-state model best described the far-UV CD unfolding data. Glycation of HSA increased the [D]50% point by approximately 0.20 M. This corresponded to an increase in the free energy of unfolding of gHSA relative to HSA of 2.6 kJ/mol. The intrinsic fluorescence of Trp-214 in gHSA is 0.72 of that of HSA and the far-UV CD spectrum of gHSA is nearly identical to that of HSA. These results showed that glycation altered the local structure around Trp-214 while not significantly impacting the secondary structure, and this alteration translated into an overall change in the stability of gHSA compared to HSA.
Audible pedestrian traffic signals: Part 3. Detectability

This project (10) evaluated audible pedestrian traffic signals (APTS) from three perspectives: 1) the patterns of use and the impact of these signals on pedestrian travel; 2) the physical characteristics of the sound emitted by the Nagoya/Traconex APTS; and, 3) the detectability of the sounds emitted by this brand of APTS. This paper, the last of three companion articles (13,14), describes the detectability of the sounds emitted by the Nagoya/Traconex audible traffic signal, the unit most commonly found in the western United States and almost exclusively in California. To determine detectability, three groups of subjects with normal hearing--young sighted adults (controls), elderly sighted adults, and elderly blind adults--participated in an audiological study. Auditory stimuli, which consisted of APTS sounds embedded in various levels of interfering traffic noise, were presented to subjects seated inside a double-walled sound-treated chamber. The subjects were instructed to press down on a response button as soon as they heard the audible pedestrian traffic signal. The percentage of correct detections determined the absolute detectability of APTS under various S/N ratios. The subjects' speed of response indicated how quickly a pedestrian might begin to cross the intersection upon hearing the APTS.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer In Vivo to Cerebral Blood Vessels and Perivascular Tissue

Abstract Gene transfer to blood vessels in vivo generally requires interruption of blood flow. Thus, gene transduction to cerebral blood vessels in vivo has not yet been achieved. In this study, we injected replication-deficient adenovirus into cerebrospinal fluid in an attempt to transduce genes to cerebral blood vessels. Recombinant adenovirus (1×109 infectious units) expressing nuclear-targeted bacterial β-galactosidase driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter was injected into the cisterna magna of Sprague-Dawley rats. The brains were examined histochemically after staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside 1 to 7 days after injection of adenovirus. Leptomeningeal cells overlying the major arteries were efficiently transduced, and adventitial cells of large vessels and smooth muscle cells of small vessels were occasionally stained. β-Galactosidase was expressed on days 1 and 3 after injection but was undetectable by day 7. Expression of the gene was ‘targeted’ by altering the position of the head. When viral suspension was injected while the rat was in a nose-down position, the reporter gene was expressed extensively on the ventral surface of the brain, especially along the circle of Willis. When the position was changed to the nose-up or lateral position, the inferior or lateral region of the brain was stained primarily. Administration of the virus into the lateral ventricle provided extensive expression in ependymal cells and leptomeninges with some transduction to cerebral blood vessels. Thus, adenovirus injected into cerebrospinal fluid provides gene transfer in vivo to cerebral blood vessels and, with greater efficiency, to perivascular tissue. Furthermore, cisternal delivery may target specific brain regions by positioning of the head. This approach may be useful for studies of cerebral vascular biology and cerebral vascular gene therapy.
Photon wave packets and spontaneous decay in a cavity.

A pure-state analysis of spontaneous emission of photons by a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator in a spherically symmetric cavity is presented. Using a classical path representation with respect to photon paths the transition between the limiting cases of coupling to a single cavity mode and the continuum limit is discussed analytically.
Comparison of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin ethylsuccinate for treatment of pertussis

In an open randomized multicenter study 190 culture-positive pediatric ambulatory pertussis patients were treated for 14 days with either erythromycin estolate (EST) (n = 93; 40 mg/kg/day divided in 2 doses) or erythromycin ethylsuccinate (ETH) (n = 97; 60 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses). On day 14 Bordetella pertussis was recovered from cultures of 2 patients (2.2%) treated with EST and 1 patient (1.0%) treated with ETH. Despite the fact that 151 patients (79.4%) had reached the early paroxysmal stage at initiation of antimicrobial therapy, clinical improvement was seen in the majority (reduced frequency and severity of coughing: EST, 77.4 and 67.7%; ETH, 74.2 and 63.9%, respectively). Drug-related side effects were noted in 11 patients (11.8%) treated with EST and 16 patients (16.5%) treated with ETH (P greater than 0.05) and consisted mainly of minor gastrointestinal complaints. Erythromycin estolate in a lower dose administered only twice a day was equivalent to erythromycin ethylsuccinate in all aspects and proved to be adequate antimicrobial treatment for pertussis patients.
Preparing children to live in an interdependent world

(1991). Preparing children to live in an interdependent world. World Futures: Vol. 31, Cooperation: Toward a Post-Modern Ethic, pp. 205-214.
The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede

Far-UV spectra of Europa and Ganymede, acquired by the Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph, indicate that, in addition to faintly reflected sunlight, both satellites emit O I 1304 A and O I 1356 A airglow radiation. The observed brightnesses of the reflected solar C II 1335 A feature indicate that the disk-averaged albedos of Europa and Ganymede are about 1.5% and 2.6%, respectively. Airglow emissions from both satellites are characterized by the flux ratio F(1356 A)/F(1304 A) of roughly 1-2, diagnostic of dissociative electron impact excitation of O2. Inferred O2 vertical column densities are in the range (2.4-14) × 1014 cm-2 for Europa and (1-10) × 1014 cm-2 for Ganymede. The observed double-peaked profile of Ganymede's O I 1356 A feature indicates a nonuniform spatial emission distribution that suggests two distinct and spatially-confined emission regions, consistent with the satellite's north and south poles.
Chromatographic and electrophoretic studies of the L.E. factor.

In fractionation studies of L.E. sera using chromatographic separation and zone electrophoresis the L.E. factor was confined to a gamma globulin component. L.E. factor could be separated from rheumatoid factor. Difference in molecular size of these two factors is suggested by an ultracentrifugation experiment. In studios de fractionation de seros a factor L.E., le use de separation chromatographic e de electrophorese zonal monstrava le restriction del factor L.E. a un componente de globulina gamma. Factor L.E. poteva esser separate ab factor rheumatoide. Un experimento a ultracentrifugation suggere un differentia del magnitude molecular de iste duo factores.
Methanol as a cryoprotectant for equine embryos.

Abstract Equine embryos ( n =43) were recovered nonsurgically 7–8 days after ovulation and randomly assigned to be cryopreserved in one of two cryoprotectants: 48% (15M) methanol ( n =22) or 10% (136M) glycerol ( n =21). Embryos (300–1000μm) were measured at five intervals after exposure to glycerol (0, 2, 5, 10 and 15min) or methanol (0, 15, 35, 75 and 10min) to determine changes (%) in diameter over time (±S.D.). Embryos were loaded into 0.25-ml plastic straws, sealed, placed in a programmable cell freezer and cooled from room temperature (22°C) to −6°C. Straws were then seeded, held at −6°C for 10min and then cooled to −33°C before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. Two or three embryos within a treatment group were thawed and assigned to be either cultured for 12h prior to transfer or immediately nonsurgically transferred to a single mare. Embryo diameter decreased in all embryos upon initial exposure to cryoprotectant. Embryos in methanol shrank and recovered slightly to 76±8% of their original diameter; however, embryos in glycerol continued to shrink, reaching 57±6% of their original diameter prior to cryopreservation. Survival rates of embryos through Day 16 of pregnancy were 38 and 23%, respectively ( P >0.05) for embryos cryopreserved in the presence of glycerol or methanol. There was no difference in pregnancy rates of mares receiving embryos that were cultured prior to transfer or not cultured ( P >0.05). Preliminary experiments indicated that 48% methanol was not toxic to fresh equine embryos but methanol provided no advantage over glycerol as a cryoprotectant for equine blastocysts.
Courtship and Love among the Enslaved in North Carolina

Courtship and Love among the Enslaved in North Carolina, by Rebecca J. Fraser, Jackson, University of Mississippi Press, 2007, xx, 137 pp., $50.00, ISBN-13 978-1-934-11007-2 Rebecca Fraser explores...
Identification and quantification of degradations in the Asp–Asp motifs of a recombinant monoclonal antibody

Two degradations of aspartate residues located in Asp-Asp motifs in the CDR3 region of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were identified and quantified after the antibody was aged in a mildly acidic buffer at elevated temperatures. The degraded sample aged at 25 degrees C for 1 month generated 1.8% antibody molecules that had isomerization in the aspartate residues, while the degraded sample after aging at 45 degrees C for 1 month contained 7% isomerization. Peptide bond cleavages at the aspartate residues were also detected and characterized. The percentage of clipped antibody molecules after 1 month of storage was 1% at 25 degrees C and 4.4% at 45 degrees C. The generated cleaved polypeptides were noncovalently attached to the intact antibody molecule and were not involved in the aggregation formation. They were not detected by native size-exclusion chromatography because of their strong non-covalent association to the rest of the antibody molecules. On the other hand, the cleaved polypeptides were dissociated and detected as fragments under denaturing conditions of reversed-phase HPLC, denaturing size-exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the cleavages at the above aspartate residue sites occurred due to the aging of the sample at elevated temperatures and were not method-induced by the reversed-phase HPLC and other methods used in this study.
Some Emerging Rights in Agricultural Land

Agricultural land use rights have become increasingly complex fol1owing new policies for soil conservation, nonpoint pol1ution control, wetlands protection, and farmland preservation. When viewed in a framework that distinguishes between ownership and exchange of rights, little change is evident in ownership of rights. The added complexity has come mainly in the rules governing exchanges. Farmers are confronted increasingly with rules which allow specific rights to be limited by government with compensation. These rules retain the flexibility of individual ownership while reflecting a growing awareness that the general welfare depends on wise use of agricultural land.
Optimal intracellular calcium signaling.

In many cell types, calcium is released from internal stores through calcium release channels upon external stimulation (e.g., pressure or receptor binding). These channels are clustered with a typical cluster size of about 20 channels, generating stochastic calcium puffs. We find that the clustering of the release channels in small clusters increases the sensitivity of the calcium response, allowing for coherent calcium responses at signals to which homogeneously distributed channels would not respond.
Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction and speciation

Four categories of islands in SE Asia may be identified on the basis of their histories of landbridge connections. Those islands on the shallow, continental Sunda Shelf were joined to the Asian mainland by a broad landbridge during the late Pleistocene; other islands were connected to the Sunda Shelf by a middle Pleistocene landbridge; some were parts of larger oceanic islands; and others remained as isolated oceanic islands. The limits of late Pleistocene islands, defined by the 120 ni bathymetric line, are highly concordant with the limits of faunal regions. Faunal variation among non-volant mammals is high between faunal regions and low within the faunal regions; endcmism of faunal regions characteristically exceeds 70%. Small and geologically young oceanic islands are depauperate; larger and older islands are more species-rich. The number of endemic species is correlated with island area; however, continental shelf islands less than 125000 km2 do not have endemic species, whereas isolated oceanic islands as small as 47 km2 often have endemic species. Geologirally old oceanic islands have many endemic species, whereas young oceanic islands have few endemic species. Colonization across sea channels that were 5-25 km wide during the Pleistocene has been low, with a rate of about 1-2/500000 years. Comparison ofspecies-area curves for mainland areas, late Pleistocene islands, and middle Pleistocene islands indicates that extinction occurs rapidly when landbridge islands are first isolated, with the extent of extinction dependent upon island size; extinction then slows to an average rate of 1-2"/0/10000 years. The great majority of the non-volant Philippine mammals arrived from the Sunda Shelf, the geographically closest of the possible source areas. Speciation within the Philippines has contributed substantially to species richness, perhaps exceeding colonization by a factor of two or more as a contributor to species number. Colonization, extinction and speciation rates differ among taxonomic groups, with murid rodents being most successful and carnivores least successful. In order for any model of island biogeography to be widely applicable to insular faunas, the model must include speciation as a major variable. It is suggested that insular mammalian faunas typically are not in equilibrium, brrause geological and climatic changes can occur as rapidly as colonization and speciation.
Body Dysmorphia, the Plastic Surgeon, and the Counselor:

Trauma repair, deformity, and unsightly blemishes may cause social embarrassment and take thousands of individuals to plastic surgeons. A few persons have endless preoccupation with a slight, real, or perceived appearance defect. Some of either gender, age 10 to 80, seek cosmetic surgeons for aesthetic correction. However, a minority continues to have intense obsessive preoccupation with an imagined body defect. Their concern is excessive and causes significant distress in social, work, or study functions not due to another clinical condition such as anorexia nervosa, in which subjects reject their body as obese. Misperceived ugliness is called body dysmorphia or dysmorphophobia, often only diagnosed after several discontented return visits to the surgeon who refers the patient for counseling—rarely welcome referrals by the patient when they are convinced the problem is physical and not psychological. Careful listening and patient acceptance are essentials in management.
The changing nature of financial disclosure in Japan

Abstract This paper investigates whether Japanese companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) altered their voluntary accounting disclosure behavior over the period of the 1990s. It implicitly tests for whether the collapse of Japan's “Financial Bubble” in the late 1980s altered the incentives of Japanese managers to be more forthcoming about corporate information. Previous research on Japanese disclosure practices highlights the “secretive” nature of Japanese managers and suggests that cultural preferences strongly discourage disclosure. Our findings suggest that Japanese disclosure practices are sensitive to economic conditions.
Intersectionality in Time: Sexuality and the Shifting Boundaries of Intersectional Marginalization

“Here Come the (Stylish) Grooms,” declared the headline, which was accompanied by a 9 1/2-inch-high photograph of two smiling, dancing, and, yes, stylish grooms. The article appeared on the front page of the Thursday Styles section of the October 20, 2011 edition of the New York Times. Alluding to the New York State law passed in June of that year that gave legal recognition to same-sex marriage, it began, “As they walk down the aisle, gay couples are making new rules while keeping some old ones.”
Molecules and macromolecules involved in chemical communication of scarab beetles

Chemical communication involves the production and release of specific chemicals (pheromones and other semiochemicals) by the emitter, and the detection and olfactory pro- cessing of these signals leading to appropriate behavioral responses in the receiver. In con- trast to most of the scarab species investigated to date, the Japanese and Osaka beetles have the ability to detect the allospecific pheromone, which plays a pivotal role in the isolation mechanism between these two species. Each species produces a single enantiomer of japonil- ure ((Z)-5-(dec1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one), but they have evolved the ability to detect both enantiomers, one as an attractant and the other as a behavioral antagonist (stop signal). There is growing evidence in the literature that the inordinate sensitivity and selectivity of the insect olfactory system is achieved by a combination of various olfactory-specific proteins, name- ly, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), odorant receptors (ORs), and odorant-degrading enzymes. The relationship between the pheromone structures and the primary sequences of the proteins suggest that OBPs play a part in the selectivity of the olfactory system in scarab beetles by "filtering" chemical signals during the early olfactory processing (perireceptor events). Nevertheless, it is unlikely that pheromone-binding proteins are "chiral filters" as the Japanese and Osaka beetles each possess only one single binding protein. Upon interaction with negatively charged membranes, OBPs undergo conformational changes that may lead to the release of the ligands.
Calculation of charge-changing cross sections of ions or atoms colliding with fast ions using the classical trajectory method

Evaluation of ion-atom charge-changing cross sections is needed for many accelerator applications. A classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation has been used to calculate ionization and charge exchange cross sections. For benchmarking purposes, an extensive study has been performed, first for the simple case of hydrogen and helium targets in collisions with various ions. Despite the fact that the simulation only accounts for classical mechanics, the calculations are comparable to experimental results for projectile velocities in the region corresponding to the vicinity of the maximum cross section.
C-Reactive Protein Levels Among U.S. Adults Exposed to Parental Incarceration.

Previous studies have linked childhood adversity to low-grade inflammation via C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This study analyzed the association between low-grade inflammation and prior biologic...
Adaptive beamforming techniques for a frequency-hopped QAM receiver

Adaptive beamforming (ABF) provides wireless communication systems with larger service capacity and higher link quality through frequency reuse and co-channel-interference rejection. The issues of realizing ABF on a frequency-hopped (FH) QAM portable receiver in PCS applications are investigated. Considerations include the complexity of the receiver hardware, processing speed and power consumption for VLSI implementation. A possible single-chip structure with the capability of real-time tracking is selected from several structures. Also, we propose that by adding memory in the beamformer to store and restore the converged beamforming weights in each FH period, the system is able to improve the system performance and reduce the hardware complexity. The simulation results show that in an environment which contains 12 interferers with a signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of -14.31 dB, the proposed system can produce an output of SINR of 20.75 dB with 5 array elements. It is concluded that the combined techniques of ABF and FH can provide effective jamming or co-channel-interference protection in wireless communications.
ALPINE, ALEMANNIC, AND AMERICAN LOG ARCHITECTURE*

Some methods and form elements of log architecture may have diffused from Alpine and Alemannic districts in southern Central Europe to colonial Midland America. Fundamental differences were found between these Old and New World regions in 1) log carpentry techniques, 2) house types, and 3) roof structure. By contrast, potential Alpine prototypes were found for the Pennsylvania barn, including such form elements as forebay, bank, and double-crib plan, and for various American subtypes of the double-crib log barn. These findings contradict the generally accepted belief that the Pennsylvania barn and certain double-crib subtypes evolved in America. Further evidence suggests that southeastern Pennsylvania's importance as a colonial culture hearth area of log architecture may have been overstated.
Echocardiographic assessment of ductal anatomy in premature infants-lessons for device design.

Objective Echocardiographic analysis of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), proximal left main pulmonary artery (LPA) and descending thoracic aorta (Ao) dimensions in preterm infants who undergo surgical ligation of the PDA. A discussion for percutaneous ductal occlusion in preterm infants. Methods Echocardiographic analysis of the LPA diameter, PDA diameter, PDA length, and descending thoracic aorta diameter in 55 preterm infants who underwent surgical ligation of the PDA from 2004 to 2008. Patients were stratified by weight into four groups: those less than 750 g, 751-1,000 g, 1,001-1,250 g, and those greater than 1,250 g. Mean and standard deviation for each structure dimension was calculated in each weight group. Structural dimensions were compared between groups using ANOVA for multiple comparisions. Results The mean patient weight was 1,018 g (560-2,400 g). The mean ductal length was 4.1 mm (2.5-5.3 mm). The mean ductal diameter was 2.2 mm (1.5-3.6 mm). The mean LPA diameter was 3 mm (1.5-4.5 mm). The mean aortic diameter was 4.3 mm (2.7-7.8 mm). The alpha value for between weight groups for PDA length was 0.21, PDA diameter 0.16, LPA diameter 0.39, and aortic diameter 0.1. Discussion No statistical significance was seen when comparing structure dimension by weight. This suggests uniform structural dimensions across a broad weight distribution in this patient population. To date, there has been no attempt to standardize dimensions of these vascular structures. The information gathered in this study may be useful in developing an implantable device for ductal occlusion in preterm infants. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010;27:575-579).
Effects of hydrologic infrastructure on flow regimes of California's Central Valley rivers: Implications for fish populations

Alteration of natural flow regimes is generally acknowledged to have negative effects on native biota; however, methods for defining ecologically appropriate flow regimes in managed river systems are only beginning to be developed. Understanding how past and present water management has affected rivers is an important part of developing such tools. In this paper, we evaluate how existing hydrologic infrastructure and management affect streamflow characteristics of rivers in the Central Valley, California and discuss those characteristics in the context of habitat requirements of native and alien fishes. We evaluated the effects of water management by comparing observed discharges with estimated discharges assuming no water management (‘full natural runoff’). Rivers in the Sacramento River drainage were characterized by reduced winter–spring discharges and augmented discharges in other months. Rivers in the San Joaquin River drainage were characterized by reduced discharges in all months but particularly in winter and spring. Two largely unaltered streams had hydrographs similar to those based on full natural runoff of the regulated rivers. The reduced discharges in the San Joaquin River drainage streams are favourable for spawning of many alien species, which is consistent with observed patterns of fish distribution and abundance in the Central Valley. However, other factors, such as water temperature, are also important to the relative success of native and alien resident fishes. As water management changes in response to climate change and societal demands, interdisciplinary programs of research and monitoring will be essential for anticipating effects on fishes and to avoid unanticipated ecological outcomes. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of boron enrichment on slow neutron irradiated tissues.

HE biological effects of thermal neutrons are due to the ionizing radiaT tions emitted when atoms of the irradiated tissue capture these neutrons. The compound atomic nucleus formed by neutrcn capture is unstable and almost immediately emits ‘‘ capture ” radiation to form a new isotope which may be stable, or unstable and subject to decay by the emission of radiation. In a previous study (CONGER and GILES 1950) on the production of chromosomal aberrations in the flowering plant Tradescantia by thermal neutrons (very slow neutrons with an average energy of 0.025 ev) from the Oak Ridge nuclear reactor, it was found that 99 percent of the total ionization from capture reactions in the Tradescantia tissue was due to only three elements, hydrogen, nitrogen and boron. These emit a gamma ray, a proton, and an alpha particle respectively. Boron alone was responsible for 30 percent of the ionization absorbed in tissue which, at first glance, seemed surprising since boron is present in only 2.9 ppni of the wet weight of this tissue. However, two factors conspire to make boron so important in its contribution to the total ionization from capture in spite of its insignificant chemical concentration. The first is its very high capture cross section which is about 400 times that of most of the other biological elements (The capture cross section of an isotope is the area, in mi2, effectively presented by a single nucleus of the element to an incident beam of neutrons, i.e., its affinity for neutrons.) ; the second is the fact that boron emits an alpha particle whose range is only about 12, in tissue. Thus all its energy is usually absorbed within the same cell in which it is produced. The reaction involved is
The Economics of Energy Options

Increasing demand for energy, diminishing stocks of oil and natural gas, and the public’s desire to enhance environmental quality, particularly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, all point to the need for improved materials. For example, generating electricity from the most abundant fossil fuel, coal, efficiently and with no environmental damage, presents notable challenges to develop higher performance materials. Technologies exist to transform one fossil fuel to other uses, such as coal to a gas or liquid. New materials that increase the efficiency of the transformation and lower its cost would provide valuable flexibility. Materials should be evaluated in terms of their entire life cycle in order to discern which will make the greatest contribution. Because society has many pressing needs, both commercial value and contribution to fundamental materials science should guide priorities in materials research. The energy sector offers many challenges and opportunities for materials science, which can be placed in context by exam­ ining the total amount of energy used now and total energy use projected to 2030, the distribution across nations, and the issue of carbon dioxide emissions. The developed nations use 15 times as much energy per capita as the developing nations. Energy efficiency has improved over time, with vast potential for further improvement. For good materials science to become commercially successful, the properties and cost of materials must compete with other technologies. One important example is developing lighter materials for the frame, body, and drive train of an automobile. Lowering vehicle weight is critical to improving fuel economy, but the lighter materials must satisfy stringent safety, durability, manufacturing, and cost criteria. Producing electricity with no carbon dioxide emissions is a major frontier for materials research. Technologies for captur­ ing carbon; piping and storing hydrogen; making a new genera­ tion of safer, more efficient nuclear reactors; producing electricity from sunlight, wind, and other renewables; and find ­ ing better ways of storing electricity pose major challenges and offer huge rewards. Improving the usefulness of these techno­ logies requires an understanding of the markets for energy and the tools that use energy, as well as the level of success that must be achieved for an invention to be interesting commercially. A brief overview of the current world energy situation can place into context some of the challenges that it poses to materi­ als scientists and engineers and identify some benchmarks in terms of performance and cost that advances in materials sci­ ence must achieve to become commercially appealing.
Density-dependent cooperative non-specific binding in solid-phase SELEX affinity selection

The non-specific binding of undesired ligands to a target is the primary factor limiting the enrichment of tight-binding ligands in affinity selection. Solution-phase non-specific affinity is determined by the free-energy of ligand binding to a single target. However, the solid-phase affinity might be higher if a ligand bound concurrently to multiple adjacent immobilized targets in a cooperative manner. Cooperativity could emerge in this case as a simple consequence of the relationship between the free energy of binding, localization entropy and the spatial distribution of the immobilized targets. We tested this hypothesis using a SELEX experimental design and found that non-specific RNA aptamer ligands can concurrently bind up to four bead-immobilized peptide targets, and that this can increase their effective binding affinity by two orders-of-magnitude. Binding curves were quantitatively explained by a new statistical mechanical model of density-dependent cooperative binding, which relates cooperative binding to both the target concentration and the target surface density on the immobilizing substrate. Target immobilization plays a key role in SELEX and other ligand enrichment methods, particularly in new multiplexed microfluidic purification devices, and these results have strong implications for optimizing their performance.
Carbonate and fatty acids as precursors of amino acids in casein.

(Received for publication, December 12, 1961) The classification of amino acids as essential and non-essential resulted from feeding experiments with rats and dogs (1). Similar studies have been made with the chick (2) and with man (3). The results of these experiments have been consistent between the species with the exception of one or two amino acids. Ruminants apparently do not require “essential” amino acids in their food. Growing sheep have maintained a normal growth rate on a diet in which urea provided 50 per cent of the nitrogen (4). Urea has also been found to be a satisfactory protein substitute for lactating cows when furnishing 50 per cent of the dietary nitrogen (5). Ruminants fed a diet in which urea was the only nitrogen source continued to gain weight dur- ing the experimental period of more than 3 months (6). These results demonstrate that “essential” amino acids are being formed and it seems most plausible that the rumen microorganisms are responsible for this bio- synthesis. However, the possibility remains that, aside from microorgan- isms, ruminant tissues themselves may be able to synthesize amino acids that are dietarily essential for other species. Injecting CY4-labeled precursors into the blood of cows, we have obtained evidence that cow’s tissues synthesize appreciable quantities of only those amino acids that are non-essential for the dog and rat. Methods Lactating Jersey cows were injected intravenously in five separate trials with the following metabolites, each containing 5 mc. of C”: bicarbonate (XaHC140s), acetate (CH&Y400Na) and CY4H&OONa, propionate (CH3CH2CY400Na), and butyrate (CHaCHzCHzCY400Na). The tech- nique for administering the isotope has been described elsewhere (7). At 3 hours and 10 hours following the injection of the Cl4 metabolites, the cows were milked and the casein was isolated from each milk sample. *
Effect of Manufacturing Tolerances on the Multipoles of the SSC Dipole Magnet

To study the effect of manufacturing errors on the field quality of the SSC dipole magnets, a two dimensional model of a 50 mm bore design was generated, and the sensitivities of the magnetic field multipole coefficients to various conductor placement errors were evaluated. PE2D was used to model the cross section of the magnet and to perform the sensitivity analysis. The model consists of superconductor, collar and iron yoke. The non-linear magnetization in the iron yoke was included in the analysis. The mechanical errors considered were simulated by varying the positions of the conductor blocks. The effect of the manufacturing tolerances was analyzed at both low field (injection mode) and high field (normal operation mode). Results from this type of analysis will be directed towards statistical process control for coil winding.
Circling the Wagons: Civil-Military Relations and International Disputes

Do rulers run greater risks abroad in order to improve security at home? I develop and test a theory of regime security in which international outcomes are endogenous to concerns about military coups d'etat. A game theoretic model reveals that while serious external threats do induce military loyalty, political leaders would prefer to control their armed forces using institutional levers that limit the military's power and increase its benefits for loyalty, and which do not require the regime to contend with more imposing threats. However, in the case where rulers are uncertain about the threat environment -- a common occurrence where civil-military relations are strained -- the use of these institutional levers becomes more complicated, since rulers may be unable to fashion a response that both preserves the military's loyalty and ensures an adequate defense against threats. Fanning the flames of war can be useful in this context, since doing so helps to resolve the information problem. I find support for the theory in survival analysis of disputatious dyads between 1950 and 2001. Engaging in especially informative disputes resolves uncertainty that may exist about the threat environment, leading regimes in coup-prone states to behave less aggressively in subsequent periods.
A Multidisciplinary, Multifaceted Approach to Improve the Computer Science based Game Design Education: Methodology and Assessment

In this paper, we introduce a multidisciplinary and multifaceted pedagogical approach to enhance game design education in computer science curriculum and assess its effectiveness using outcomes from Microsoft US and World Imagine Cup competitions in the game design category. We offer team project-based courses that cover multiple disciplines such as computer science, art and animation, game design, production, and business and entrepreneurship. Our students gain fundamental knowledge and skills from the multidisciplinary approach and utilize them to undergo a systematic game development process over two semesters. We also implement a unique grading system that includes ranking duels to promote the competitiveness among students which ultimately improves the quality of every game designed in our courses. We successfully demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with results from the Microsoft Imagine Cup competitions - dozens of our student teams have been nationally and internationally recognized in the past eight consecutive years.
Healthspan and longevity can be extended by suppression of growth hormone signaling

Average and maximal lifespan are important biological characteristics of every species, but can be modified by mutations and by a variety of genetic, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological interventions. Mutations or disruption of genes required for biosynthesis or action of growth hormone (GH) produce remarkable extension of longevity in laboratory mice. Importantly, the long-lived GH-related mutants exhibit many symptoms of delayed and/or slower aging, including preservation of physical and cognitive functions and resistance to stress and age-related disease. These characteristics could be collectively described as "healthy aging" or extension of the healthspan. Extension of both the healthspan and lifespan in GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice appears to be due to multiple interrelated mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have been linked to healthy aging and genetic predisposition to extended longevity in humans. Enhanced insulin sensitivity combined with reduced insulin levels, reduced adipose tissue, central nervous system inflammation, and increased levels of adiponectin represent such mechanisms. Further progress in elucidation of mechanisms that link reduced GH action to delayed and healthy aging should identify targets for lifestyle and pharmacological interventions that could benefit individuals as well as society.
Optical Properties of Lead Sulfide Nanoclusters: Effects of Size, Stoichiometry and Surface Alloying

The optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of nanosize PbS clusters synthesized in inverse micelles are presented. Relative to bulk crystals, the bandgap of PbS nanoclusters is significantly blue shifted from the near-IR into the visible and near-UV region with decreasing cluster size. The optical absorption spectra for clusters with a diameter of ∼2.5-3 nm contain a molecular-like feature at 284 nm (4.37eV) which matches the absorption of diatomic PbS. The main photoluminescence band occurs at 520 nm and is due to recombination at surface states. The PLE spectrum of the 520 nm band has a minimum which coincides with the absorption peak. The absorption line is interpreted to arise from a pre-dissociative excitation of PbS molecules on the surface. The PLE band is interpreted to be an excitation of molecular-like levels in the interior of the cluster. Evidence from size, stoichiometry and surface alloy (Au) dependent properties supports this interpretation.
THE GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF FORMING CONDEN-SATE POOL IN TRIASSIC IN JILAKE

Based on the method of reservoir geochemistry, the formation of the condensate pool in Triassic in Jilake has been studied. By the study of gas compostion and the light carbon in condensate oil, it is suggested that the source of gas and condensate oil are sapropelic, and the condensate gas was formed by dry gas entering the oil. The study of reservoir bitumen showed that the source is not only the carbonate in middle and late ordovician, but also the carbonate in Cambrian. The process of condensate pool formation is analyzed in detail. It is concluded that there are three periods in acculumation and one period in destroy in the process of condensate pool formation. The strata was reversed in Himalayan, and then the gas redistribution was formed the condensate pool.
Aiming for Inclusive Sport: the Legal and Practical Implications of the United Nation’s Disability Convention for Sport, Recreation and Leisure for People with Disabilities

Although sport and disability are not new subjects to the United Nations, the Convention on the rights of Persons with Disabilities serves as the first legally binding instrument for protecting those with disabilities in the sporting realm. Article 30.5 is specifically devoted to addressing the rights of people with disabilities in the sport, recreation, play and leisure realms. The Convention requires all countries ratifying it to take proactive measures, including changes and/or additions to policy and legislation to enable individuals with disabilities to realize their human rights in the sporting realm. The paper discusses relevant United Nations instruments in existence before the Convention and addresses the difference between prior instruments and the new Convention. An analysis of Article 30.5 and relevant other Articles of the Convention is offered. Practical applications of the Article in the field are provided, as are suggestions on how it can be used to as a tool for implementation, development and the securing of rights in the sporting realm for people with disabilities.
Media impacts on suicide : A quantitative review of 293 findings

Objective. The literature on the possible impact of publicized suicide stories on suicide in the real world has been marked by considerable debate and inconsistent findings. Methods. The present study analyzes 293 findings from forty-two studies on the subject which were published between 1974 and 1996. Results. A logistic regression analysis determined that characteristics of the stories were key predictors of finding a copycat effect. Studies measuring the presence of either an entertainment or political celebrity suicide were 14.3 times more likely to find a copycat effect than studies that did not. Studies based on real stories as opposed to fictional stories were 4.03 times more apt to uncover an imitation effect. The medium of coverage was a significant predictor of copycat effects with televised stories being 82 percent less likely to affect suicide than newspaper-based stories. Some evidence was found for period effects, and stories were linked more often to the incidence of suicide attempts than suicide completions. The model correctly classified 79 percent of the 293 findings. Conclusions. Methodological differences among studies are strong predictors of differences in their findings