cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Global Trade Mark

This Article offers a proposal for WTO countries to adopt global IP rights for a special class of trademarks: famous or well-known marks. Well-known marks are well-suited for greater departure from the territoriality principle, given the transnational protections for well-known marks that already exist under the Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement. This Article proposes creating a Global Trademark (GTM) for well-known marks, to be governed by one, uniform international law. The GTM will span all countries in the WTO. The GTM is inspired, in part, by the Community Trade Mark (CTM) in the European Union, the first truly transnational IP form. While the CTM is regional in scope, the GTM will be international. This Article proceeds in five Parts. Part I discusses the theory behind the Global Trade Mark (GTM) and why it is worth adopting today. Part II discusses the outlines of the proposed Global Trade Mark Treaty, whose signal feature will be to establish a uniform body of international law to govern the GTM and an International Court of the GTM to resolve conflicts over its interpretation. Part III discusses the two Pathways by which a trademark can be registered as a GTM: (1) international registration of an existing famous mark that is famous in a certain threshold number of countries (here under a proposed Rule of 7 countries, the formula of which is discussed below), or (2) an “intent-to-develop” registration of a mark an owner intends to make famous under the Rule of 7 countries within a prescribed time of 10 years. Part IV discusses enforcement of GTMs in national courts and post-registration issues, including abandonment and genericide. Part V addresses objections.
U.S. Dependence on Oil in 2008: Facts, Figures and Context

In 2007 and 2008, the price of oil skyrocketed, hitting historic highs. The corresponding increase in gas price was felt sharply in the United States by ordinary people, industries, the military and the government. Citizens were spending more and more of their paychecks to fill their gas tanks, airlines grounded planes to avoid the high cost of fuel, and the military saw its daily price tag for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq increase due to fuel costs. The U.S. military depended almost exclusively on oil to power its weapons and vehicles. Economists the world over debated whether this sudden price jump was caused by supply and demand dynamics, market speculation, or the weak dollar. In addition, debate intensified over whether the world was hitting peak oil, - a time when global oil production capacity would plateau. If strategy is about gaining and maintaining control of destiny through managing the balance between influence and dependence, the U.S. faced an increasingly dangerous strategic situation in 2008. Although the U.S. had traditionally been strongly influential in the oil industry, by 2008 it seemed that this influence had waned. U.S. oil production had been decreasing steadily since the mid 1980s, and the U.S. was losing clout as a customer as developing nations like China and India began buying increasing amounts of oil. As a result, the U.S. was potentially facing a situation of strategic subordination. The strategic imperatives facing the U.S. in 2008 were therefore first, to gain more control of the forces driving the United States' increased dependency on oil, especially foreign oil, and second, to take decisive action to significantly reduce its dependency on oil as a major source of energy within the shortest possible time. To develop a greater understanding of the strategic challenges facing the U.S. in 2008, this paper provides the key facts and figures, as well as key contextual factors, to describe global and U.S. energy and oil consumption, the history and evolution of the oil industry, the global oil marketplace in 2008, and the relationship between U.S. oil consumption and national security. This greater understanding, we believe, will facilitate taking the decisive strategic actions that the situation calls for.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTELLIGENCE AND CEREBRAL MANTLE IN TREATED INFANTILE HYDROCEPHALUS (IQ Potential in Hydrocephalic Children)

Hydrocephalus in early life can often be so successfully treated as to allow children to live and grow with normal intelligence. Whereas untreated hydrocephalus allows only unpredictable intelligence when arrested, a far better prognosis holds for treated hydrocephalus. In an analysis of 147 patients with hydrocephalus treated by valveregulated ventriculovenous shunt, IQ can be related to ultimate frontal cerebral mantle. We have sought to correlate late IQ with the nature of the presenting abnormality, the age at which treatment was instituted, and the adequacy of control of the hydrocephalus as reflected in growth of cerebral mantle. This analysis indicates that in certain specific situations, prognosis for good IQ is predictable. At the same time, the study suggests guidelines for adequacy of shunting and the urgency for early shunting to allow for maximum benefits.
The Virgin Mary, Monotheism, and Sacrifice: The Order of Melchizedek: Hebrews and Revelation

“You are a priest for ever according to the order of Melchizedek.” Psalm 110 The Spirit and the bride say, “Come.” And let everyone who hears say, “Come.” And let everyone who is thirsty come, Let anyone who wishes take the water of life as a gift. Revelation 22:17 A fter the gospels, mary disappears from explicit mention in the New Testament, though she appears at prayer with the other disciples in Acts 1:14. She is found again, however, in a plethora of hymns, sermons, polemics, legends, visual representations, and devotional writings in the emerging Christian church, in the Qur'an, and in Christian and Muslim scriptural and devotional reflections. In the Christian tradition, the pattern formed by her association with the theme of sacrifice begins to take stronger form, based in part on new understandings of the sacrificial work of Jesus on the cross and the institutional embodiment of this work in sacramental life, ecclesiastical order, priestly hierarchy and Eucharistic liturgical practice. Indeed, a whole set of typologies springs up around this association, in which Mary becomes not just the New Abraham and the Daughter of Zion, but the Temple of the Temple and, eventually, according to some ways of seeing her the Mother of the Church. Mary is linked in these developments to the life of the ancient Israel temple cult, or rather that life as retrospectively conceived in the Christian imaginary.
Making Meanings, Meaning Identity: Hmong Adolescent Perceptions and Use of Language and Style as Identity Symbols

Using qualitative interview data gathered from 28 Hmong adolescents, we examined the meaning ascribed to language and style and how language and style behaviors are used to distinguish identity. We found that the participants used language and style to define their own ethnic group membership and cultural identities. Moreover they inferred meaning from these identity behaviors to discern which peer groups are desirable (those who wear American style clothing and are bilingual) and which are of low social status (“fobby” style clothing and monolingual). The cultural identity symbols used by participants reveal heterogeneity among Hmong adolescent peer groups and evolving definitions of what it means to be Hmong in America.
Diffuse Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Hyperintensity in Subarachnoid Space Following Cerebral Angiography and Intravenous Thrombolysis.

Objective Transient cortical blindness (TCB) is a relatively rare but well-recognized complication following cardiovascular and cerebral angiography. Methods A 68-year-old male developed TCB following cerebral angiography along with punctate diffusion lesion evident on emergent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) for suspected stroke. Results Follow-up MRI revealed diffuse hyperintensities in subarachnoid space in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence mostly in bilateral occipital lobes. Conclusion The finding on the FLAIR as described in this case is an indication of diffuse disruption of the blood–brain barrier perhaps secondary to cerebral angiography, high blood pressure, and IV-tPA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of TCB with diffuse postcontrast FLAIR changes.
Current-driven zero-voltage-switched resonant converter with capacitive output filter: analysis and experimental results

The analysis and experimental results of a novel current-driven full-bridge zero voltage switching (CDFBZVS) DC/DC resonant power converter topology are presented. The present converter topology has a second-order tank circuit that consists of a parallel combination of a capacitor and an inductor. The converter exhibits zero voltage switching for a wide range of load conditions (from full load to open circuit). Due to the capacitive output filter, the voltage stresses in the tank circuit and the transistor switches are clamped to the output voltage. The converter is analyzed by means of a state-plane diagram from which the operational characteristics are obtained. To verify the analytical work, results from the experimental prototype are provided. >
Target Site Insensitivity in Insect-Plant Interactions

By acting as a selective source of mortality in insect populations, insecticides, both natural and man-made, have wrought extraordinary changes in the genetic composition and physiology of insects. Among these changes are several fundamentally different resistance mechanisms. One of the less well understood forms of resistance is target site insensitivity (TSI), defined as the failure of a toxicant to bind to the target due to alteration in the structure or accessibility of that target site (Brooks 1976). Studies of TSI have been severely hampered by the fact that, in order to understand TSI as a resistance mechanism, it is necessary first to know what the target site and mode of action are. This is decidedly not the case for the majority of plant allelochemicals; it is, however, true for a few synthetic organic insecticides, and the phenomenon of target site insensitivity was first discovered in connection with chemical control programs that ceased working.
Social Mobility in Industrial Labor Markets

Labor market barriers can be defined as a preference by employers for people experienced either in their own firms, or in similar work in other firms. Such barriers follow industrial lines, especially in industries with skilled workers and high mobility. The employers' preferences in turn give the experienced workers extra returns. Mobility data from Norway, analyzed by a new industrial classification, show the effects of labor market barriers on mobility and earnings.
Effects of continuous tube feeding of dietary fat emulsions on eicosanoid production and on fatty acid composition during an acute septic shock in rats.

The effects of a short-term (5 days) continuous intragastric tube feeding of diets containing n − 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from safflower oil (SO) or n − 3 PUFA from menhaden oil (MO) on the production of proinflammatory mediators, and on the number of animals surviving after an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated in rats. The phospholipid fatty acid composition of cell membranes from several organs and of plasma were also analyzed. No marked differences in the number of animals surviving or in the production of tumor necrosis factor-α were observed between the 2 groups of animals. However, 90 min after LPS exposure the plasma levels of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 6-keto-PGF1α decreased significantly (40% and 60%, respectively) for the group of rats fed MO diet compared to those fed SO diet (P < 0.05). Following continuous infusion of liquid MO diet, the amount of arachidonic acid (AA) detected was significantly lower in plasma (23%), spleen (43%), lungs (41%), and liver (38%), but was unchanged in the heart tissues. The percent of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) incorporated into phospholipids of plasma, spleen, lungs, liver, and heart were 7.6, 4.4, 2.1, 7.2, and 1.1%, respectively. These data indicate that after continuous MO feeding, a significant decrease in the production of proinflammatory eicosanoids was associated with a marked reduction in AA content. Further, these data suggest that nutritional intervention may have a therapeutic potential to ameliorate clinical symptoms due to excessive productions of eicosanoids during acute septic complications.
Effect of photoinitiators on the in vitro performance of a dentin adhesive exposed to simulated oral environment

Abstract Objectives Our previous study showed poor mechanical durability and nano-sized heterogeneities in cross-linked dentin adhesives cured in the presence of water. To further explore the relationship between nano-scale heterogeneities and the long-term mechanical properties of dentin adhesives, the properties of model dentin adhesives polymerized using hydrophilic photoinitiators were compared with those of adhesives polymerized using hydrophobic camphorquinone-based photoinitiators. Methods The model adhesives consisted of HEMA and bisGMA with a mass ratio of 45/55 and were photopolymerized in the presence of 8.3 mass% water. The photo-polymerization of the model adhesives during irradiation was monitored in situ using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One FTIR in the ATR sampling mode. The tensile properties were determined for all samples after dry storage at room temperature, or after aqueous storage in distilled deionized water. Results There was a continuous decline of mechanical properties for the specimens cured in the presence of water during 3 months aqueous storage, especially for the specimens that contained hydrophobic photoinitiators. The multi-component systems containing hydrophilic photoinitiators were shown to produce superior model dental adhesives when these materials are cured in the presence of water. Significance Designing initiator systems to perform in this heterogeneous environment may improve the mechanical performance of dentin adhesives, as the results presented here indicate.
The use of midwives as first assistants in cesarean section.

Introduction: In 1997, medical insurance gives limited financial reimbursement to physicians who first assist cesarean sections. Therefore, a formal program was developed at our community teaching hospital using midwives in place of physicians as first assistant in cesarean section. Midwives on the midwifery service were taught the principles and procedures of obstetrical anesthesia, anatomy, and physiology of the gravid abdomen.A team approach using obstetrician/gynecologist, anesthesiologist, midwives, and operating nurses performed the tracking in a 1-day course. A 28-minute video was developed to depict the role of the midwife as first assistant. Additionally, the principles of operation room set-up and instrumentation were taught.Result: All 24 midwives on the midwifery service were involved in the teaching of first assisting an attending obstetrician. After taking the course, nurse-midwives received formal certification from the department of obstetrics and gynecology and were approved by risk management. They also received clinical privileges outlining these guidelines. Their malpractice rates have not increased. The time to complete a cesarean section has not increased for the physician, and an emergency cesarean section is no longer delayed by waiting for an assistant to arrive. Patient satisfaction has increased because of decreased waiting time for a cesarean section and increased familiarity with the entire operating team.Discussion: Midwives can be trained to first assist the obstetrician/gynecologist in a cesarean section. Since the duration of a cesarean section is not prolonged, the patient will not experience increased blood loss or infection secondary to a prolonged procedure. The patient is more relaxed since they know that their provider during labor is also one of their surgeons for the cesarean section.
Psychiatric sequelae of severe closed head injury.

Severe closed head injury often results in physical, neuropsychologic, and psychiatric sequelae in the patient and in psychosocial disruption within the family. Because of the resulting deficits, the normal movement of the injured child toward increased independence is thwarted, and he or she often moves back to a state of increased dependency. The spectrum of sequelae may be mild to severe and includes almost the full range of child and adolescent psychopathology, perhaps because one of the most common and striking sequela is enhancement of previously existing disturbances. A syndrome of behavioral disinhibition is a disorder unique to this population. The psychiatric sequelae often appear as the physical and cognitive status improves in the year following injury, and they may eventually dominate the clinical picture. Duration of coma and of posttraumtic amnesia are measures of global brain dysfunction and are the best indicators of overall prognosis. Many child and adolescent patients with sequelae of severe closed head injuries have had histories of psychiatric on behavioral disorders or drug or alcohol abuse prior to their injury. Posttraumatic psychiatric sequelae consist of the same behavioral and psychiatric disorders that affect children or adolescents who have not had head injuries. Standard treatment methods for similar on other diagnostic entities are being tailored to the needs of children and adolescents with severe closed head injury. Medications are currently being used to control symptoms of aggression, agitation, and impairment of memory. Because of the integral involvement of the family in the recovery process, psychosocial intervention must be an important component of any treatment program.
Reception and transmission of infant vocalizations with dedicated telephone lines

A remote control home amplifier is described that allows the investigator to use dedicated telephone lines between the laboratory and the home to record infant vocalizations and provide auditory stimulation to the infant. The procedure allows daily test sessions with the infant, and several infants can be studied each day with one set of laboratory equipment.
Water Determination in Oil-Contaminated "Freon-12" by Infrared Spectrophotometry

Modification of Benning's infrared method permits determination of water in Freon-12 refrigerant contaminated by as much as 1% oil. Quantity of oil is determined at the 2.34μ H band. The sum of water and the water equivalent value of oil is determined at 2.67μ. Difference between these two is the true moisture content of Freon-12®.
Synoptic Scale Forecast Skill and Systematic Errors in the MASS 2.0 Model

The synoptic scale performance characteristics of MASS 2.0 are determined by comparing filtered 12-24 hr model forecasts to same-case forecasts made by the National Meteorological Center's synoptic-scale Limited-area Fine Mesh model. Characteristics of the two systems are contrasted, and the analysis methodology used to determine statistical skill scores and systematic errors is described. The overall relative performance of the two models in the sample is documented, and important systematic errors uncovered are presented.
Malignant epithelioid schwannoma: A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study

Malignant epithelioid schwannoma is a rare variant of malignant nerve sheath tumor that can be confused with both other neuroectodermal neoplasms and carcinomas. The light microscopic and immunohistochemical findings of a malignant epithelioid schwannoma arising in the mandibular region of a 27-year-old female are described. The differential diagnosis of this unusual neoplasm from malignant melanoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma is discussed.
The Role of the Platelet in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombosis

Platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation at sites of vascular endothelial disruption caused by atherosclerosis are key events in arterial thrombus formation. Platelet tethering and adhesion to the arterial wall, particularly under high shear forces, are achieved through multiple high-affinity interactions between platelet membrane receptors (integrins) and ligands within the exposed subendothelium, most notably collagen and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Platelet adhesion to collagen occurs both indirectly, via binding of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX receptor to circulating vWF, which binds to exposed collagen, and directly, via interaction with the platelet receptors GP VI and GP Ia/IIb. Platelet activation, initiated by exposed collagen and locally generated soluble platelet agonists (primarily thrombin, ADP, and thromboxane A2), provides the stimulus for the release of platelet-derived growth factors, adhesion molecules and coagulation factors, activation of adjacent platelets, and conformational changes in the platelet αIIbβ3 integrin (GP IIb/IIIa receptor). Platelet aggregation, mediated primarily by interaction between the activated platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor and its ligands, fibrinogen and vWF, results in the formation of a platelet-rich thrombus. Currently available antiplatelet drugs (aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid], dipyridamole, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban) act on specific targets to inhibit platelet activation and aggregation. Elucidation of the multiple mechanisms involved in platelet thrombus formation provides opportunities for selectively inhibiting the pathways most relevant to the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis.
THz emission from InP and InGaAs nanowires fabricated using electron beam lithography

THz emission from semiconductor nanowires has been an emerging trend since nanowires exhibit an increase in optical absorption by having a much larger effective surface area than films. The efficient THz emission is related to strong local field enhancement by coherent surface plasmons. In this work, we investigated THz generation from nanowires fabricated through a process that utilizes e-beam lithography and plasma etching, giving us full control of structural geometry such as the diameter, length, excellent-vertical alignment, and perfectly-uniform distribution.
Maternal age at childbirth and offspring disruptive behaviors: testing the causal hypothesis.

Background Recent studies suggest that the association between maternal age at childbearing (MAC) and children’s disruptive behaviors is the result of family factors that are confounded with both variables, rather than a casual effect of environmental factors specifically related to MAC. These studies, however, relied on restricted samples and did not use the strongest approach to test causal influences.
Relative significance of the different methods of modern geodesy

In geodesy, several methods will be applied for solving the crucial problems of geodesy: (1) determination of the dimensions of the reference ellipsoid, (2) the shape of the geoid, and (3) the computation of the geodetic control points. Therefore, the possibilities, limitations, and relative significance of the different methods used or planned to be used in geodesy, such as classic, flare, and rocket-star triangulation; arc-measuring. Shoran and Hiran, the solar eclipse, occultation and Moon photographing (Markowitz) methods, as well as the gravimetric method, will be discussed.
Vibration reduction using time-optimal shaping filters with reduced higher-mode excitations

Vibration reduction in flexible systems can be achieved by shaping the input command using time-delay filters designed for time-optimality, vibration cancellation of characteristic modes, or control robustness. Fast settling time with limited control requires application of bang-bang control which often excite the higher modes of unmodeled dynamics. In this paper an approach is presented to improve the performance by better utilization of the actuator authority. Optimal control formulations are given where the mode excitations in specified bands of frequencies are limited by terminal state inequality constraints while minimizing the settling time. Simulation results are presented comparing the proposed design with other reported solutions.
Perceived Credibility of Character Witnesses: Implications for Trial Consultation

Character witnesses aim to provide the court with information regarding the defendant’s personality and to persuade the jury the alleged crime is out of character. While it is assumed information about character is helpful when other evidence is weak, it can backfire during impeachment when negative information is introduced. Stereotypes regarding race are the only framework provided for understanding qualities of credibility specifically for character witnesses. Comparisons can be made between alibi, lay, and expert witness credibility models, yet it is unclear whether the models are also applicable. Trial strategy and witness preparation guidance is offered for cases involving character witnesses.
The Influences of Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty on the Mental Health of Children

Sufficient evidence demonstrates that poverty has a negative effect on the psychological well-being of children, but most research has focused only on white populations. The purpose of this literature review is to gain a better understanding of the positive and negative influences of socioeconomic factors, cultural/ethnic characteristics, and racial differences on the mental health of children. A review of the literature on the influence of race, ethnicity, and poverty on the mental health of children found that (1) children whose parents are in poverty or who have experienced severe economic losses are more likely to report or be reported to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and antisocial behaviors; and (2) after controlling for socioeconomic status, African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics are less likely to report or be reported to have such mental health problems. A theoretical construct for this protective effect is related to cultural factors, such as perceived social support, deep religiosity/spirituality, extended families, and maternal coping strategies as buffers against psychological distress.
Ionizing radiation induces formation of malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde from carbohydrates and organic acid.

A study was conducted to investigate irradiation-induced formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), formaldehyde (FA), and acetaldehyde (ACT) from fructose, sucrose, glucose, and malic acid solutions. MDA and FA were generated from the carbohydrate solutions upon irradiation while little was formed from malic acid solution. On the other hand, a much higher amount of ACT was formed from malic acid than from the carbohydrate solutions. The G values (number of molecules formed per 100 eV radiation) for MDA were 0.042, 0.0066, and 0.0026 from 0.9 mg mL - 1 fructose, sucrose, and glucose solutions at pH 3.5, respectively. The G values for FA formation were 0.134, 0.233, and 0.0081 from the fructose, sucrose, and glucose solutions, respectively. As concentration of sugars in solutions increased from 0 to 90 mg mL - 1 , the formation of these compounds increased rapidly. A further increase in sugar concentration from 90 to 900 mg mL - 1 resulted in a lower rate of increase in MDA and FA formation. pH had a profound effect on the irradiation-induced formation of these compounds from carbohydrates, especially on MDA formation. The minimum amount of MDA from fructose and glucose solutions was observed at pH 5 while formation of MDA from sucrose solution decreased as pH decreased from 7 to 2. The results can be used by the food industry to optimize food formulation in order to minimize formation of these compounds.
Inaugural address. 'Only connect'

The title suggests both the benefits and the problems of communication and the relationships between communication systems and those who use them. The theme is the role that electrical engineering can play in improving communications and in the optimisation of relations between equipment and people. The profession has made major contributions to increasing man's abilities to communicate. Its technologies have given us a variety of methods of communication for differing purposes and will continue to offer increasing speed and greater quantity. In the future these should not be the only objectives. The ultimate object of communications is to connect people. The aim must be for systems matched to users which meet needs, at desired times, between places of people's choice and at a cost and use of resources which can be afforded. A number of recent advances are described, and ways suggested by which various modes of communication, and combinations of them, could offer increasing scope for a variety of versatile facilities in the future. Development of communication technology will and should continue, and advances will change ways of life. The challenge is to use them in the right way; to use them for personal development rather than becoming passive terminals; and to advance understanding of the possibilities, the dangers of misuse, and the way they can be used for the advancement of man.
Spectral Analysis of Stochastic Properties in Regression: An Application in Supply Response Identification

This article demonstrates an empirical investigation of the applicability of the Nerlovian supply response model. Popular statistics, particularly those resulting from regression, may be inadequate and even misleading when a more general adaptive risk model is applicable. Because of the multidimensional nature of spectral tests, the frequency-domain approach is more robust. The empirical results present a case where popular statistics are misleading, but spectral results support the adaptive risk model. Even spectral techniques may be inadequate for distinguishing between the two models, but at least equal support for both models can be clear with spectral methods.
Oral copper loading test in humans

There has been no report of normal responses of plasma copper and/or ceruloplasmin concentrations after an oral loading dose of unlabeled copper in humans. To establish a normal plasma response curve following an oral dose, we performed a copper-loading test (10 mg elemental copper as copper sulfate) in six healthy adult subjects and monitored plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations for 3.5 h. We found that there were no significant changes in plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations following the oral dose in the subjects. The test was originally intended to evaluate whether there was copper malabsorption in a female patient who developed signs of copper deficiency with her plasma copper levels below 3.0 μmol/l after multiple gastrointestinal surgeries. She did not respond to oral copper sulfate administration but responded to a sublingual application of copper glycinate. These findings suggest that she does not have adequate intestinal copper absorption. In conclusion, the use of unlabeled copper, such as copper sulfate, for an oral loading test, seemingly simple and economical, does not appear to be a suitable means to evaluate copper absorption in humans and is discouraged. In case of copper malabsorption, sublingual administration of copper may be worth trying. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16: 61–66, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Managing Strategic Evolution in Fast Paced Technological Environments: The Case of Software Development in Silicon Prairie

In this open-ended interview study of software entrepreneurs in an area known as ‘Silicon Prairie’ in the Midwest of the US, the authors examine the problems of managing strategic change in fast-paced technological environments. Managers emphasize that when commercializing new technologies: the process of selling their strategic visions is the preeminent concern; technological standards and organizational exemplars are used as competitive benchmarks; competitive advantage is associated with creating new product categories and the selling of technological visions; visions must be distinctive; organizational ‘credibility’ or ‘reputation’ needs to be created and/or captured; stakeholders need to ‘buy into’ their visions and establish a competitive consensus; competitive communities may form with the cognitive first mover (visionary) as central player; technology is the fundamental driver of market structure and techno logical instab il itykhange; knowledge is important in defining the strategic assets leading to competitive success: the knowledge of users' tasks? technology? and of the varying perceptions of market participants; traditional management tasks are all focused upon creating and supporting commercial legitimacy within highly illstructured market domains; and software development managers attempt to establish marketdomain boundaries for competitive advantage, rather than maintain pre-existing competitive boundaries (as in more mature markets).
Insulin receptor substrate 3 is not essential for growth or glucose homeostasis.

The insulin receptor substrates (IRS) 1 and 2 are required for normal growth and glucose homeostasis in mice. To determine whether IRS-3, a recently cloned member of the IRS family, is also involved in the regulation of these, we have generated mice with a targeted disruption of the IRS-3 gene and characterized them. Compared with wild-type mice, the IRS-3-null mice showed normal body weight throughout development, normal blood glucose levels in the fed and fasted state and following an oral glucose bolus, and normal fed and fasted plasma insulin levels. IRS-3 is most abundant in adipocytes and is tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to insulin in these cells. Therefore, isolated adipocytes were analyzed for changes in insulin effects. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport in the adipocytes from the IRS-3-null mice was the same as in wild-type cells. The extent of tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1/2 following insulin stimulation was similar in adipocytes fromIRS-3-null and wild-type mice, and the insulin-induced association of tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS-1/2 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and SHP-2 was not detectably increased by IRS-3 deficiency. Thus, IRS-3 was not essential for normal growth, glucose homeostasis, and glucose transport in adipocytes, and in its absence no significant compensatory augmentation of insulin signaling through IRS-1/2 was evident.
Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness

Research suggesting that political conservatives are happier than political liberals has relied exclusively on self-report measures of subjective well-being. We show that this finding is fully mediated by conservatives' self-enhancing style of self-report (study 1; N = 1433) and then describe three studies drawing from "big data" sources to assess liberal-conservative differences in happiness-related behavior (studies 2 to 4; N = 4936). Relative to conservatives, liberals more frequently used positive emotional language in their speech and smiled more intensely and genuinely in photographs. Our results were consistent across large samples of online survey takers, U.S. politicians, Twitter users, and LinkedIn users. Our findings illustrate the nuanced relationship between political ideology, self-enhancement, and happiness and illuminate the contradictory ways that happiness differences can manifest across behavior and self-reports.
Planning in partially-observable switching-mode continuous domains

Continuous-state POMDPs provide a natural representation for a variety of tasks, including many in robotics. However, most existing parametric continuous-state POMDP approaches are limited by their reliance on a single linear model to represent the world dynamics. We introduce a new switching-state dynamics model that can represent multi-modal state-dependent dynamics. We present the Switching Mode POMDP (SM-POMDP) planning algorithm for solving continuous-state POMDPs using this dynamics model. We also consider several procedures to approximate the value function as a mixture of a bounded number of Gaussians. Unlike the majority of prior work on approximate continuous-state POMDP planners, we provide a formal analysis of our SM-POMDP algorithm, providing bounds, where possible, on the quality of the resulting solution. We also analyze the computational complexity of SM-POMDP. Empirical results on an unmanned aerial vehicle collisions avoidance simulation, and a robot navigation simulation where the robot has faulty actuators, demonstrate the benefit of SM-POMDP over a prior parametric approach.
Hydrodynamic induction of water flow through a keyhole limpet (gastropoda, fissurellidae)

Abstract 1. 1. The geometry of keyhole limpets suggests that they should experience water flow through the mantle cavity driven by environmental currents. 2. 2. In a living Diodora aspera even a slight ambient current (5 cm/sec) increases the rate of transport of water through the mantle cavity about three-fold over the still-water pumping rate. 3. 3. In a model limpet (using a real shell) the magnitude of this increase proves primarily dependent on the speed and secondarily on the direction of the environmental current. 4. 4. While the direct cost of normal pumping by these animals is trivial, induced flows may substantially decrease the fraction of the dissolved oxygen which the limpets must extract from the water passing through them.
Correlation Between Marek's Disease Virus Pathotype and Replication

SUMMARY Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes MD, a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. Pathotyping has become an increasingly important assay for monitoring shifts in virulence of field strains; however, it is time-consuming and expensive, and alternatives are needed to provide fast answers in the face of current outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in virus replication between pathotypes that have been reported using a small number of virulent (v) and very virulent plus (vv+) MDV strains could be confirmed with a large collection of MD viruses. Based on pilot study data, bursa, brain, and lung samples were collected at 9 and 11 days postinoculation (dpi) from birds challenged with 1 of 15 MDV strains. The correlation between virus replication and virulence was confirmed between vMDV strains and higher virulent strains, but in most cases, there was no significant difference between very virulent (vv) and vv+MDV groups. At both 9 and ...
Emergency double unrelated umbilical cord blood transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia after very late deferral of bone marrow donor

Emergency double unrelated umbilical cord blood transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia after very late deferral of bone marrow donor
Relationship of squamosal suture to asterion on external skull surfaces versus endocasts of pongids: implications for Hadar early hominid AL 162-28.

The relationship between the squamosal suture and asterion was quantified in 15 hemispheres of eight chimpanzee endocasts that were aligned in the conventional lateral view (i.e., with frontal pole [FP]–occipital pole [OP] horizontal). Using a three-dimensional digitizer, x, y, and z coordinates were collected for the highest and lowest points of the squamosal suture, and the most rostral point of the suture approximate to the coronal suture. Our results were compared to a similar study of the squamosal suture on the external surfaces of chimpanzee skulls that were oriented in the Frankfurt horizontal (Holloway and Shapiro, 1992). The relationship between the squamosal suture and asterion differs markedly between the outsides of skulls and endocasts. Whereas the squamosal suture is very rarely below asterion on the external skull, we found that most of the squamosal suture is located inferior to asterion on endocasts. We also found that the squamosal suture courses approximately 2.0 mm lower on the right side than the left. (An asymmetry of the same magnitude was reported for the external skull but, curiously, in the opposite direction.) It may be that a lowered right squamosal endosuture on chimpanzee endocasts is associated with earlier closure on that side. The discrepancy in results for the external skull versus endocast is partially attributable to orienting chimpanzee skulls in the Frankfurt horizontal, which usually results in the endocasts being tilted so that FP is above OP, i.e., FP-OP is not parallel with the Frankfurt horizontal. Falk's (1985) orientation of the early hominid endocast from Hadar (AL 162-28) is consistent with data determined from endocasts of chimpanzees. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pairs of Optical Nanoantennas for Enhancing Second-Harmonic Generation

By properly designing pairs of nanoantennas, we theoretically show that the second-harmonic generation in nonlinear media can be enhanced by combining field enhancement at the fundamental frequency and the Purcell effect at the second harmonics.
Social security and privatization: a viable combination?

Privatization involves placing Social Security contributions into individual savings accounts. Recent moves to promote the privatization of Social Security in the United States assume that the Social Security system itself is now in crisis, although the evidence suggests otherwise. Nevertheless, there are real concerns about the future viability of Social Security that should be addressed. The public remains supportive of Social Security and all that appears necessary are minor modifications of the Social Security system, rather than its abandonment to the private sector.
The effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) infusion following spinal cord transection in rats.

A laminectomy was performed at the T5−T6 vertebral level in adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats and the spinal cord transected with a scalpel. A group of sham animals was subjected to the same surgery without the transection step. A group of unhandled control rats was also included. A subgroup of transected animals received a subcutaneous osmotic minipump that dispensed IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) at the transection site for 7 consecutive days. Another transected subgroup received a minipump that infused the vehicle only. IRAP-treated rats displayed a significant reduction in body temperature (p<0.05) compared with vehicle-treated rats. The IRAP-treated rats were also less active when assessed for locomotor behavior using an HVS computerized tracking system (p<0.01). IRAP treatment had no effect on serum corticosterone, β-endorphin levels, Con A, PHA, or LPS-induced splenocyte mitogenesis when compared with vehicle-treated animals. However, half of the IRAP-treated animals exhibited a substantive reduction in the number of reactive astrocytes near the transection site, suggesting a possible effect of IRAP on astrocyte activation.
EigenNews: a personalized news video delivery platform

We demonstrate EigenNews, a personalized television news system. Upon visiting the EigenNews website, a user is shown a variety of news videos which have been automatically selected based on her individual preferences. These videos are extracted from 16 continually recorded television programs using a multimodal segmentation algorithm. Relevant metadata for each video are generated by linking videos to online news articles. Selected news videos can be watched in three different layouts and on various devices.
Spin‐glass/ferromagnetic transitions and multicritical points in amorphous transition metal alloys (invited)

Experimental results on a number of amorphous alloys with compositions (M1−xM′x)75P16B6Al3, with M either Fe or Co and M′ either Mn or Ni are summarized for compositions in the vicinity of the boundary between ferromagnetic and spin‐glass behavior. The qualitative nature of the phase boundary is very similar to that of the Sherrington‐Kirkpatrick model, but with non‐classical values for the critical exponents. Critical behavior along the ferromagnetic‐paramagnetic, ferromagnetic‐spin glass, and spin glass‐paramagnetic lines are discussed. Some evidence for a qualitative change within the ferromagnetic phase near the spin‐glass transition is also given. These represent the first detailed critical‐point studies of such a phase diagram.
The analysis of water in the Martian regolith.

One of the scientific objectives of the Viking Mission to Mars was to accomplish an analysis of water in the Martian regolith. The analytical scheme originally envisioned was severly compromised in the latter stages of the Lander instrument package design. Nevertheless, a crude soil water analysis was accomplished. Samples from each of the two widely separated sites yielded roughly 1 to 3% water by weight when heated successively to several temperatures up to 500°C. A significant portion of this water was released in the 200° to 350°C interval indicating the presence of mineral hydrates of relatively low thermal stability, a finding in keeping with the low temperatures generally prevailing on Mars. The presence of a duricrust at one of the Lander sites is taken as possible evidence for the presence of hygroscopic minerals on Mars. The demonstrated presence of atmospheric water vapor and thermodynamic calculations lead to the belief that adsorbed water could provide a relatively favorable environment for endolithic organisms on Mars similar to types recently discovered in the dry antarctic deserts.
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS TO PREDICT SPEEDS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS

The ability to predict accurately vehicular operating speeds is useful for evaluating the planning, design, traffic operations, and safety of road ways. Operating speed profile (OSP) models are used in the geometric design of highways to evaluate design consistency. Design consistency refers to the condition where the geometric alignment does not violate driver expectations. Existing OSP models have been developed using ordinary linear regression methods. However, the assumptions and limitations inherent to linear regression may at the very least complicate model formulation. If not acknowledged and corrected for, deviations from these assumptions can also adversely affect the efficacies of such models. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are modeling tools that do not impose the stringent assumptions and limitations imposed by regression. It is therefore of interest to know whether ANNs are viable alter natives to linear regression for OSP modeling. Two backpropagation ANNs for operating speed predictions ...
Use of gallium-67 for detection of inflammatory diseases: A brief review of mechanisms and clinical applications

Abstract Gallium-67 localizes in inflammatory lesions by a variety of mechanisms including direct bacterial uptake, direct uptake by leukocytes, increased vessel permeability and fixation in tissue by iron binding proteins. Radiogallium imaging has proven useful in detecting infections in the lung, staging pulmonary inflammatory disease and distinguishing infarction from infection. It is useful in detecting intra-abdominal infections which are either diffuse or localized. It is a helpful adjunct to radiography and 90 m Tc-phosphate bone imaging in detecting bone and joint infections and is also useful in detection and differentiation of various renal infections.
Composing Our Lives—As Women and As Leaders

The Problem.Career paths have traditionally been seen as linear progressions, discrete steps along a well-traveled avenue, and leadership development articulated as a list of winning skills and beh...
Rapid Diagnosis of Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescents: A Review

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) represent a significant health problem for adolescents in the United States. As a result, clinicians from a number of disciplines, among them pediatrics and dermatology, may be called on to evaluate teenage patients with these infections. Traditionally, the diagnosis of many STDs has relied on isolation of the causative organisms in culture. While such procedures typically offer optimal diagnostic accuracy, they are often time consuming and expensive, and may not be widely available. In an attempt to remedy this, culture-independent techniques have been developed to permit more rapid and economical diagnosis of these important pathogens. The strengths and limitations of these methods must be understood, however, for the tests to be used effectively.