cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dropwise Condensation on Soft Hydrophobic Coatings

Promoting dropwise condensation (DWC) could improve the efficiency of many industrial systems. Consequently, a lot of effort has been dedicated to finding durable materials that could sustainably promote DWC as well as finding routes to enhance the heat transfer rate during this phase change process. Motivated by previous reports of substrate softening increasing droplet nucleation rate, here we investigated how mechanical properties of a substrate impact relevant droplet-surface interactions and DWC heat transfer rate. Specifically, we experimentally quantified the effect of hydrophobic elastomer's shear modulus on droplet nucleation density and shedding radius. To quantify the impact of substrate softening on heat transfer through individual droplets, we combined analytical solution of elastomer deformation induced by droplets with finite element modeling of the heat transfer process. By substituting these experimentally and theoretically derived values into DWC heat transfer model, we quantified the compounding effect of the substrate's mechanical properties on the overall heat transfer rate. Our results show that softening of the substrates below a shear modulus of 500 kPa results in a significant reduction in the condensation heat transfer rate. This trend is primarily driven by additional thermal resistance of the liquid posed by depression of the soft substrate.
American College of Surgeons Children's Surgery Verification Quality Improvement Program: What Anesthesiologists Need to Know Now.

A task force of pediatric surgical specialists with the support of The American College of Surgeons recently launched a verification program for pediatric surgery, the Children’s Surgery Verification quality improvement program, with the goal of improving pediatric surgical, procedural, and perioper
VHDL generator for a high performance convolutional neural network FPGA-based accelerator

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been proven as a highly accurate and effective algorithm that has been used in a variety of applications such as handwriting digit recognition, visual recognition, and image classification. As a matter of fact, state-of-the-art CNNs are computationally intensive; however, their parallel and modular nature make platforms like FPGAs well suited for the acceleration process. A typical CNN takes a very long development round on FPGAs, hence in this paper, we propose a tool which allows developers, through a configurable user-interface, to automatically generate VHDL code for their desired CNN model. The generated code or architecture is modular, massively parallel, reconfigurable, scalable, fully pipelined, and adaptive to different CNN models. We demonstrate the automatic VHDL generator and its adaptability by implementing a small-scale CNN model “LeNet” and a large-scale one “AlexNet”. The parameters of small scale models are automatically hard-coded as constants (part of the programmable logic) to overcome the memory bottleneck issue. On a Xilinx Virtex-7 running at 200 MHz, the system is capable of processing up to 125k images/s of size 28×28 for LeNet and achieved a peak performance of 611.52 GOP/s and 414 FPS for AlexNet.
Diagnosing a Concussion by Testing Horizontal Saccades Using an Eye-Tracker

It is difficult to diagnose a concussion because neuro-images of the brain usually do not show signs of any physical brain damage. The primary purpose of the present research was to investigate the eye movement patterns of patients with concussion symptoms and differences between those patterns of healthy patients. Twenty-two participants were recruited for this study in two groups: the concussed teen group and the non-concussed teen group. They were asked to wear an eye-tracker and complete a cognitive test. The results show significant differences (p < 0.05) in the eye movement patterns between the two groups from different aspects: (1) The concussed group showed more chaotic eye movements while the non-concussed participants had smoother eye movement patterns with less saccadic jumping. (2) The concussed patients tended to have more random eye glances on the areas around the targets. In general, the eye-tracking methods can be useful in concussions diagnosis.
Determinants and Matrices

It is assumed that the reader has been introduced to the fundamental properties of determinants. Appendix 4 presents many of these properties that will be used to develop methods of evaluating determinants.
Photonic Integration With Epitaxial III–V on Silicon

We present a brief overview of the various leading platforms for photonic integration. Subsequently, we consider the possibility of a photonic integrated circuit platform utilizing epitaxially grown III–V material on silicon—without the need for wafer bonding, or an externally coupled laser. Finally, a techno-economic analysis contrasting the aforementioned platforms will be presented.
Quantifying the Impact of Research on Matching into Ophthalmology Residency

Purpose This article aims to quantify the impact of research on matching into various tiers of ophthalmology residency programs. Design In this study, 340 applicants who matriculated into ophthalmology residency programs in the United States from the class of 2019 were included. Data variables collected for each applicant composed of the following: Hirsch's index (h-index), total number of publications, journal impact factor, type of publication, and number of publications relating to ophthalmology. The primary outcome was tier of ophthalmology program that each applicant matched into, which was determined by two metrics: (1) the h-index of the department's faculty and (2) overall reputation of the residency program as characterized by the U.S. News and World Report Ophthalmology Rankings. Results After multivariate analysis, only the h-index was found to be associated with an increased likelihood of matching at a higher tier program when measuring tier based on the metric of institutional research output (p Conclusion A higher applicant h-index is associated with matching at an ophthalmology program with greater research output; however, it is not associated with reputation of residency program.
Transmission Scheduling for Wireless Energy Transfer with Dual Data-Energy Channel Models

Wireless sensing in hard to reach areas or extreme environments faces a major hurdle when it comes to battery replacement. Passive sensor technology is an alternative solution eliminating the need for battery, but it suffers from short communication range. Wireless energy transfer has received a great deal of attention recently, since it can alleviate the need for battery replacement through remote charging of sensing circuit. Current research in this area assumes continuous or periodic pulsed energy transmission and periodic data sampling and retrieval. This paper proposes a different paradigm that includes random energy transmission and random data reception based on two separate stochastic models for data and energy channels. It is demonstrated that this approach renders a more robust wireless sensing system with extended lifetime and decreased outage probability. A decision threshold is obtained for data transmission based on current battery level, predicted future incoming energy, and data channel status.
How (not) to think about theory-change in epidemiology

My purpose in this paper is to show how a re-examination of Snow’s famous South London water study (1853–1854), widely taken to have established that cholera is water-borne, highlights some problems with current, scientific realist accounts of theory-change. When examining scientific controversies, such accounts focus disproportionately on the ‘winning’ theories and their properties, or on those of the reasoning of the scientists who proposed them. I argue that this focus is misguided and leads us to neglect much of what is epistemically valuable in episodes of theory-change, thereby leading to inaccurate views about both the dynamics of theory-change and the notion of scientific progress that accompanies it. I end by sketching some implications for the philosophy of epidemiology.
Security Limitations of Virtualization and How to Overcome Them (Transcript of Discussion)

Many of the ideas I will present were developed in collaboration with Jonathan McCune, Bryan Parno, Adrian Perrig, Amit Vasudevan and Zongwei Zhou over the past couple of years. I will begin the presentation with my “axioms” of insecurity and usable security. These axioms are in fact observations that I believe will be true in the future. Then I will review virtualization for security and experiences that we have had with it practically since day one. I will also review the limitations of virtual-machine isolation for application-level code and usable security. And finally, the main proposition of this presentation is that we should switch our attention from virtualization and virtual-machine isolation, to redgreen machine partitions, which is somewhat of a new area, and to trustworthy communication. I will argue that trustworthy communication requires more than secure-channel protocols.
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Sirtuins in Dermatology

Sirtuins are a family of mammalian histone deacetylases that have been studied as possible antiaging epigenetic regulators and were shown more recently to be involved in many processes relating to the field of dermatology. Herein we describe the epigenetic roles that sirtuins play in dermatology. Research implicates sirtuin function is crucial to dermatological diseases including skin aging, inflammatory skin diseases, hyperproliferative disease, scarring, skin cancer, and skin-related inherited diseases. We will highlight the epigenetic basis for sirtuin function in various cellular processes and investigate the potential role of sirtuin modulation in the development of novel epigenetic therapies in dermatology.
Social Anxiety Symptoms Moderate the Link Between Obesity and Metabolic Function

Abstract Background Obesity is a well-known risk factor for elevated inflammation and insulin resistance. Social anxiety may moderate this relationship, such that individuals who areboth obese and socially anxious may have an even greater risk for elevated inflammation and insulin resistance than those who are obese but not socially anxious; the combination of obesity and social anxiety is markedly stressful. Methods The current paper reports secondary analyses from the Biomarker wave of the Mid-Life in the United States (MIDUS) study (N = 1255), a publicly available dataset of American adults. Participants completed a standard scale measuring social anxiety symptoms and had their waist circumference, height, and weight measured by a staff member. They also provided a fasting blood sample that was assayed for CRP, IL-6, HOMA-IR, glucose, and insulin. Results The interaction between obesity and social anxiety symptoms was significant. People with a larger waist circumference and more social anxiety symptoms had greater inflammation and insulin resistance relative to those with a larger waist circumference but less social anxiety symptoms. These results were similar for both measures of inflammation and were robust across both the unadjusted and adjusted models. The results were also largely replicated in models using body mass index (BMI) rather than waist circumference as the measure of obesity. Conclusions The current findings build on existing work about the health risks of obesity, extending it in an important new direction by demonstrating that these health risks are stronger among those who are also socially anxious. In fact, the magnitude of the relationship between obesity and metabolic function is 1.5 times stronger among those with more social anxiety symptoms. Thus, knowing whether a person is obese only provides one piece of the puzzle; knowing information about both obesity and social anxiety symptoms is critical for understanding who is most at risk for obesity-related health problems. Thus, a critical next step is for intervention scientists to examine health programs tailored to people who are both obese and socially anxious.
What Are Optimal P2Y12 Inhibitor and Schedule of Administration in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Guidelines recommend treatment with a P2Y12 platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor in patients undergoing elective or urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but the optimal agent or timing of administration is still not clearly specified. The P2Y12 inhibitor was initially used for its platelet anti-aggregatory action to block thrombosis of the recanalized coronary artery or deployed stent. It is now recognized that these agents also offer potent cardioprotection against a reperfusion injury that occurs in the first minutes of reperfusion if platelet aggregation is blocked at the time of reperfusion. But this is difficult to achieve with oral agents which are slowly absorbed and often require time-consuming metabolic activation. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who usually have a large mass of myocardium at risk of infarction seldom have sufficient time for upstream-administered oral agents to achieve a therapeutic P2Y12 level of inhibition by the time of balloon inflation. However, optimal treatment could be assured by initiating an IV cangrelor infusion shortly prior to stenting followed by subsequent post-PCI transition to an oral agent, that is, ticagrelor, once success of the recanalization and absence of need for surgical intervention are confirmed. Not only should this sequence provide optimal protection against infarction, it should also negate bleeding if coronary artery bypass grafting should be required since stopping the cangrelor infusion at any time will quickly restore platelet reactivity. It is anticipated that cangrelor-induced myocardial salvage will help preserve myocardial function and significantly diminish postinfarction heart failure.
Effect of Patient Portal Reminders Sent by a Health Care System on Influenza Vaccination Rates: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Influenza vaccination rates across the US are low. Because few practices send patient reminders for influenza vaccination, a scalable patient reminder system is needed. Objective To evaluate the effect of patient reminders sent via a health care system’s electronic health record patient portal on influenza vaccination rates. Design, Setting, and Participants This pragmatic, 4-arm randomized clinical trial was performed from October 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019, across the UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) health care system. A total of 164 205 patients in 52 primary care practices who had used the patient portal within 12 months were included. Interventions Patients due for an influenza vaccine were sent a letter via the patient portal of the health care system reminding them about the importance of influenza vaccination, safety of the vaccine, and morbidity associated with influenza. Patients were randomized within primary care practices to 1 of 4 study groups (no reminder [n = 41 070] vs 1 reminder [n = 41 055], 2 reminders [n = 41 046], or 3 reminders [n = 41 034]). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was receipt of 1 or more influenza vaccines as documented in the electronic health record, which was supplemented with influenza vaccination data from external sources (eg, pharmacies). Secondary outcomes were influenza vaccination rates among subgroups and influenza vaccinations self-reported by patients in reply to the portal-based query as having been received elsewhere. Results A total of 164 205 patients (mean [SD] age, 46.2 [19.6] years; 95 779 [58.3%] female) were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 study arms. In the primary analysis across all ages and not including patient self-reported vaccinations in reply to portal reminders, influenza vaccination rates were 37.5% for those receiving no reminders, 38.0% for those receiving 1 reminder (P = .008 vs no reminder), 38.2% for those receiving 2 reminders (P = .03 vs no reminder), and 38.2% for those receiving 3 reminders (P = .02 vs no reminder). In the secondary analysis not including patient self-reported vaccinations, among adults aged 18 to 64 years (vaccination rates: 32.0% in the control group, 32.8% in the 1-reminder group, 32.8% in the 2-reminder group, and 32.8% in the 3-reminder group;P= .001), male patients (vaccination rates: 37.3% vs 38.3%, 38.6%, and 38.8%;P= .001), non-Hispanic patients (vaccination rates: 37.6% vs 38.2%, 38.3%, and 38.2%;P= .004), and those who were not vaccinated in the prior 2 years (vaccination rates: 15.3% vs 15.9%, 16.3%, and 16.1%;P Conclusions and Relevance Generic patient portal reminders were effective in minimally increasing influenza vaccination rates, but more intensive or more targeted patient motivational strategies appear to be needed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03666026
They stumble that run fast: the economic and COVID-19 transmission impacts of reopening industries in the US

COVID-19 has laid bare the United States economically and epidemiologically. Decisions must be made as how and when to reopen industries. Here we quantify economic and health risk tradeoffs of reopening by industry for each state in the US. To estimate total economic impact, we summed income loss due to unemployment and profit loss. We assess transmission risk by: (1) workplace size, (2) human interactions, (3) inability to work from home, and (4) industry size. We found that the industry with the highest estimated economic impact from COVID-19 was manufacturing in 40 states; the industry with the largest transmission risk index was accommodation and food services in 41 states, and the industry with the highest economic impact per unit of transmission risk, interpreted as the value of reopening, was manufacturing in 37 states. Researchers and decision makers must work together to consider both health and economics when making tough decisions.
Toward a New Conceptualization of Journalistic Competency: An Analysis of U.S. Broadcasting Job Announcements:

Journalistic competency is a constitutive element of professional values and practices in journalism. But what constitutes journalistic competency in today’s ever-changing media landscape? Existing...
Advanced 650 V SiC Power MOSFETs With 10 V Gate Drive Compatible With Si Superjunction Devices

Advanced SiC planar-gate power MOSFET s have been successfully manufactured in a 6-inch commercial foundry with device structures optimized for operation with gate drive voltage of 10 V, compatible with gated drive voltage for Si superjunction products. The electrical characteristics of three advanced SiC MOSFET options are described in this article and compared with those of a state-of-the art Si superjunction MOSFET . The new advanced SiC power MOSFET s are demonstrated to exhibit superior on -state and switching losses with significantly better body-diode reverse recovery performance. Their short-circuit withstand time is also found to be significantly longer than typical commercially available planar-gate SiC power MOSFET s. These improved characteristics make the advanced SiC power MOSFET s suitable replacements for Si superjunction transistors to enhance high frequency circuit performance.
Mast Cell–Biomaterial Interactions and Tissue Repair

Tissue engineers often use biomaterials to provide structural support along with mechanical and chemical signals to modulate the wound healing process. Biomaterials that are implanted into the body interact with a heterogeneous and dynamic inflammatory environment that is present at the site of injury. Whether synthetically derived, naturally derived, or a combination of both, it is important to assess biomaterials for their ability to modulate inflammation to understand their potential clinical use. One important, but underexplored cell in the context of biomaterials is the mast cell (MC). MCs are granulocytic leukocytes that engage in a variety of events in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Although highly recognized for their roles in allergic reactions, MCs play an important role in wound healing by recognizing antigens through pattern recognition receptors and the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FceRI) and releasing granules that affect cell recruitment, fibrosis, extracellular matrix deposition, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis. MCs also mediate the foreign body response, contributing to the incorporation or rejection of implants. Studies of MC-biomaterial interactions can aid in the elucidation of MC roles during the host tissue response and tissue repair. This review is designed for those in the tissue engineering and biomaterial fields who are interested in exploring the role MCs may play in wound-biomaterial interactions and wound healing. With this review, we hope to inspire more research in the MC-biomaterial space to accelerate the design and construction of optimized implants. Impact statement Mast cells (MCs) are highly specialized inflammatory cells that have crucial, but not fully understood, roles in wound healing and tissue repair. Upon stimulation, they recognize foreign antigens and release granules that help orchestrate the inflammatory response after tissue damage or biomaterial implantation. This review summarizes the current use of MCs in biomaterial research along with literature from the past decade focusing on MC interactions with materials used for tissue repair and regeneration. Studying MC-biomaterial interactions will help (i) further understand the process of inflammation and (ii) design biomaterials and tissue-engineered constructs for optimal repair and regeneration.
Telemedicine visits generate accurate surgical plans across orthopaedic subspecialties.

The role of telemedicine is rapidly evolving across medical specialties and orthopaedics. The utility of telemedicine to identify operative candidates and determine surgical plans has yet to be demonstrated. We sought to assess whether surgical plans proposed following telemedicine visits changed after subsequent in-person interaction across orthopaedic subspecialties. We identified all elective telemedicine encounters across two academic institutions from March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020. We identified patients indicated for surgery with a specific surgical plan during the virtual visit. The surgical plans delineated during the telemedicine encounter were then compared to final pre-operative plans documented following subsequent in-person evaluation. Changes in the surgical plan between telemedicine and in-person encounters were defined using a standardised schema. Regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with a change in surgical plan between visits across specialties, including the number of virtual examination manoeuvres performed. We identified 303 instances of a patient being indicated for orthopaedic surgery during a telemedicine encounter. In 11 cases (4%), the plan was changed between telemedicine and subsequent in-person encounter. No plans were changed amongst patients indicated for joint arthroplasty and foot and ankle surgery, whilst 4% of plans were changed amongst sports surgery and upper extremity/shoulder surgery. Surgical plans had the highest rate of change amongst spine surgery patients (8%). There was notable variability in the conduct of virtual examinations across subspecialties. Our results demonstrate the capability of telemedicine to support development of accurate surgical plans for orthopaedic patients across several subspecialties. Our findings also highlight the substantial variation in the utilisation of physical examination manoeuvres conducted via telemedicine across institutions, subspecialties, and providers. Level IV, retrospective cohort study.
An Investigation Into the Mathematics of Decryption Techniques in RSA Encryption, With an Implementation in Python

This study explores the mathematics of two different techniques that can be used to access the decryption key in RSA encryption including semi-prime factorization and a logarithmic method. The study then presents a Python program, written by the author, that automates the calculations for either of the decryption techniques and also calculates the number of iterations required to calculate the decryption key in either circumstance. Importantly, the program utilizes only values of the RSA encryption algorithm that would be made publicly available in actual circumstances to calculate the decryption key so as to mimic real-life occurrences with as much integrity and accuracy as possible.
Association of Midlife Plasma Amyloid-β Levels With Cognitive Impairment in Late Life: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Background and Objectives To evaluate the association between midlife plasma amyloid-β (Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, Aβ42:Aβ40) and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Methods Plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 were retrospectively measured with a fluorometric bead-based immunoassay in a subsample of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort study. We investigated the relationship of plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, and Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio measured in midlife and late life and the change from midlife to late life to risk of MCI, dementia, and combined MCI/dementia outcomes in late life (from 2011–2019). We used multinomial logistic regressions estimating relative risk ratios (RRRs) of these cognitive outcomes vs cognitively normal adjusted for age, sex, education, site-race, APOE, hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index. Results A total of 2,284 participants were included (midlife mean age 59.2 ± 5.2, 57% female, 22% Black). Each doubling of midlife Aβ42:Aβ40 was associated with 37% lower risk of MCI/dementia (RRR 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46–0.87), but only up to approximately the median (spline model threshold 0.20). Every 1-SD increase in plasma Aβ42 (10 pg/mL) was associated with 13% lower risk of MCI/dementia (RRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.98), whereas every 1-SD increase in plasma Aβ40 (67 pg/mL) was associated with 15% higher risk of MCI/dementia (RRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01–1.29). Associations were comparable but slightly weaker statistically when models were repeated using late-life plasma Aβ predictors. Aβ42 and Aβ40 increased from midlife to late life, but changes were not associated with cognitive outcomes. Discussion Midlife measurement of plasma Aβ may have utility as a blood-based biomarker indicative of risk for future cognitive impairment.
What Is an Animal? Contagion and Being Human in a Multispecies World

From the early modern period to well into the eighteenth century, cattle plagues, murrains, or what were called “great cattle mortalities” were often analogized to bubonic plague; felling animals in devastating numbers, these catastrophes likewise afflicted living creatures on a grand scale. Three Enlightenment cattle pandemics (1709–1720, 1742–1760, and 1768–1786) propelled governments across Europe to enact harsh regulatory measures, including widespread slaughters, quarantines, and major disruptions of trade. This article examines works by Theophilus Lobb, Richard Bradley, Nathaniel Hodges, and Daniel Defoe, among other writers and physicians, who responded differently to the ways in which human and animal health were biophysically and imaginatively linked.
Advances in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Treatment

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest malignancies among all cancers. Despite curative intent, surgery and the use of standard cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy, PDAC remains treatment-resistant. In recent years, more contemporary treatment modalities such as immunotherapy via checkpoint inhibition have shown some promise in many other malignancies, yet PDAC still eludes an effective curative treatment. In investigating these phenomena, research has suggested that the significant desmoplastic and adaptive tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC promote the proliferation of immunosuppressive cells and act as major obstacles to treatment efficacy. In this review, we explore challenges associated with the treatment of PDAC, including its unique immunosuppressive TME. This review examines the role of surgery in PDAC, recent advances in surgical approaches and surgical optimization. We further focus on advances in immunotherapeutic approaches, including checkpoint inhibition, CD40 agonists, and discuss promising immune-based future strategies, such as therapeutic neoantigen cancer vaccines as means of overcoming the resistance mechanisms which underly the dense stroma and immune milieu of PDAC. We also explore unique signaling, TME and stromal targeting via novel small molecule inhibitors, which target KRAS, FAK, CCR2/CCR5, CXCR4, PARP and cancer-associated fibroblasts. This review also explores the most promising strategy for advancement in treatment of pancreatic cancer by reviewing contemporary combinatorial approaches in efforts to overcome the treatment refractory nature of PDAC.
The mechanism of neutral red-mediated microbial electrosynthesis in Escherichia coli: menaquinone reduction

The aim of this work was to elucidate the mechanism of mediated microbial electrosynthesis via neutral red from an electrode to fermenting Escherichia coli cultures in a bioelectrochemical system. Chemical reduction of NAD(+) by reduced neutral red did not occur as predicted. Instead, neutral red was shown to reduce the menaquinone pool in the inner bacterial membrane. The reduced menaquinone pool altered fermentative metabolite production via the arcB redox-sensing cascade in the absence of terminal electron acceptors. When the acceptors DMSO, fumarate, or nitrate were provided, as many as 19% of the electrons trapped in the reduced acceptors were derived from the electrode. These results demonstrate the mechanism of neutral red-mediated microbial electrosynthesis during fermentation as well as how neutral red enables microbial electrosynthesis of reduced terminal electron acceptors.
Sonata: A Workflow Model for Interactive Mobile Cloud Applications

Workflow is a well-established approach to visually compose large and complex applications out of components. However, existing workflow models do not provide high-level abstractions of two recurring user-interaction patterns in mobile cloud applications, namely backtracking and interactive controls. In this paper, we propose Sonata, a workflow model that provides high-level abstractions for implicit and structured backtracking, and interactive controls. We prototype a workflow engine for Android devices and another for a RESTful cloud service platform, each of which orchestrates the execution of mobile components and cloud services, respectively. Choreography between the mobile orchestrator and cloud orchestrator is implemented on top of HTTP using REST-style invocations. An example application workflow incorporating all our proposed constructs is further elaborated.
The Corrosion of Carbon Black Anodes in Alkaline Electrolyte IV . Current Efficiencies for Oxygen Evolution from Metal Oxide‐Impregnated Graphitized Furnace Blacks

A quantitative method for determining the number of oxygenated carbon atoms in a carbon black sample was developed and applied to the study of oxygen chemisorption on graphitized furnace blacks. It was found that chemisorption of oxygen atoms produced in a low-pressure microwave discharge of argon/oxygen results in the formation of an oxygen complex on every carbon atom exposed on the edge plane surface of these carbons. These combined procedures were then used to titrate the surfaces of a variety of graphitized furnace blacks for the number of edge atoms. The corrosion rate of these carbons was found to be directly proportional to the number of sites titrated by oxygen atom chemisorption, i.e., the number of edge atoms. The number of edge atoms exposed on the surface of graphitized furnace blacks depends on the microstructure of the precursor carbon black and the conditions of graphitization. Catalyzation of these graphitized carbons by NiO has little or no effect on their corrosion rate, which results in current efficiencies for oxygen evolution greater than 98%. The absence of an effect of NiO on the corrosion rate is attributed to the specificity of the corrosion reaction to edge plane sites and an apparent necessitymore » for contact between NiO particles with edge planes for catalyzation of the corrosion reaction by NiO. NiO particles sitting on basal planes, which compose at least 90% of the surface area in these carbons, catalyze only the oxygen evolution reaction.« less
Triple antibiotics for the treatment of infected joint replacements

Combination antibiotics are frequently used in the treatment of infected joint arthroplasties to achieve synergistic activity against the infecting organisms. A case is presented in which triple antibiotic therapy was used in the treatment of an infected hip arthroplasty. The antibiotic combination proved to have an antagonistic effect despite documented sensitivities to the individual drugs. Serum antimicrobial assays are recommended in the treatment of all prosthetic joint infections.
Identification in Nonparametric Simultaneous Equations Models

This paper provides conditions for identification of functionals in nonparametric simultaneous equations models with nonadditive unobservable random terms. The conditions are derived from a characterization of observational equivalence between models. We show that, in the models considered, observational equivalence can be characterized by a restriction on the rank of a matrix. The use of the new results is exemplified by deriving previously known results about identification in parametric and nonparametric models as well as new results. A stylized method for analyzing identification, which is useful in some situations, is also presented.
Exploiting multiple secondary reinforcers in policy gradient reinforcement learning

Most formulations of Reinforcement Learning depend on a single reinforcement reward value to guide the search for the optimal policy solution. If observation of this reward is rare or expensive, converging to a solution can be impractically slow. One way to exploit additional domain knowledge is to use more readily available, but related quantities as secondary reinforcers to guide the search through the space of all policies. We propose a method to augment Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning algorithms by using prior domain knowledge to estimate desired relative levels of a set of secondary reinforcement quantities. RL can then be applied to determine a policy which will establish these levels. The primary reinforcement reward is then sampled to calculate a gradient for each secondary reinforcer, in the direction of increased primary reward. These gradients are used to improve the estimate of relative secondary values, and the process iterates until reward is maximized. We prove that the algorithm converges to a local optimum in secondary reward space, and that the rate of convergence of the performance gradient estimate in secondary reward space is independent of the size of the state space. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can converge many orders of magnitude faster than standard policy gradient formulations.
Active-photonic-crystal phase-locked laser array with controllable lateral resonance

A novel type of active-photonic-crystal (APC) phase-locked array has been demonstrated. The lateral resonance can be controlled via preferential regrowths on the same wafer.
The Larval Development of Labidochirus Splendescens (Owen, 1839) (Decapoda, Paguridae) 1)

Die Larvalentwicklung von Labidochirus splendescens wird beschrieben und es wird das Verhaltnis dieser Gattung zu anderen Paguridengattungen diskutiert.
Phonological and articulatory disturbances in a case of primary progressive aphasia

Abstract Phonological processing abilities of a right-handed female (B.F.) with a primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is reported. Phonemic paraphasias and articulatory errors characterized speech production. On first examination her expressive deficit suggested an apraxia of speech in the absence of any other language or cognitive deficits. However, systematic assessment of her speech showed many errors were related to poor selection and sequencing of phonemes. Auditory discrimination was comparable to that of four normal young adults. Error monitoring was poor. B.F. had difficulty monitoring her own speech production errors as well as those of others, accurately identifying errors 50% of the time. B.F. failed to identify articulatory errors (prolongations and repetitions) but not phonological errors (transpositions and substitutions). The data suggest that articulatory disturbances might cause a shift in a speaker's perceptions of accuracy of production. On the other hand, these phonetic level errors may ...
Appearance of melatonin receptors during embryonic life in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorous).

Abstract Maternal melatonin readily crosses the placenta to provide the fetus with time-of-day and day length information. To determine if melatonin could have a broader role during development than is currently recognized, melatonin receptor expression was examined in somatic sites during Siberian hamster embryogenesis. Using 125 I-labeled-2-iodomelatonin ([ 125 I]MEL), melatonin receptor expression was examined in whole fetuses by in vitro autoradiography. [ 125 I]MEL binding sites were first apparent at gestational day (GD) 10 over the primitive oral pharynx. From GD 12 to 14, binding was present over the nasal pharynx, Rathke's pouch, caudal arteries, and over the thyroid gland during its migration along the thyroglossal duct. By GD 16, Rathke's pouch had differentiated into the pituitary gland, which continued to express specific [ 125 I]MEL binding until birth. From GD 16 until birth, binding was no longer detectable over the thyroid gland, but persisted over the nasal epithelium. At all ages, binding sites exhibited high affinity for [ 125 I]MEL and appeared to be coupled with guanosine nuc nucleotide-binding proteins. These data suggest that melatonin receptors are expressed in several somatic sites, including Rathke's pouch and the thyroid gland, during fetal development.
The peracetic-orcein-Halmi stain: a stain for connective tissues.

A selective stain useful for the study of connective tissues is described. The stain demonstrates elastic and oxytalan fibers as well as fibrils in mucous connective tissues previously undescribed. Reticular fibers are not stained. The stain may be used on sections that have been fresh frozen or fixed in formalin or ethanol. Sections are deparaffinized, washed in absolute ethanol, oxidized in peracetic acid 30 min, washed in running water, stained in Taenzer-Unna orcein 15 min, 37°C, differentiated in 70% ethanol, washed in running water, stained in Lillie-Mayer alum hematoxylin 4 min, blued in running water, and counterstained 20 sec in a modified Halmi mixture of 100 ml distilled water, 0.2 gm light green SF, 1.0 gm orange G, 0.5 gm phosphotungstic acid and 1.0 ml glacial acetic acid. Sections are rinsed briefly in 0.2% acetic acid in 95% ethanol, dehydrated and mounted.
The mycoses of oceania.

A review of the mycoses of Oceania, defined as the Pacific islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, has revealed the occurrence of cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses.
Posttraumatic Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

A growing literature indicates that posttraumatic stress is associated with cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research on specific CVD risk factors and their prevalence in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may improve understanding of CVD development in this population. The primary purpose of the present article is to outline the evidence relating posttraumatic stress to CVD risk, with an emphasis on behavioral factors. The evidence concerning potential elevations in traditional cardiovascular risk factors with behavioral components in PTSD is reviewed. Brief discussions of autonomic nervous system hyperarousal and immune dysfunction as potential mechanisms for CVD risk are also presented. Together, the available evidence suggests that multiple related risk factors and physiological systems may impact health in PTSD. Based on the literature to date, it is suggested that additional studies are needed on the synergistic effects of multiple interacting CVD risk factors and interventions aimed at primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Regulation of Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma Chondrocytes in Culture

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is anabolic for chondrocytes and is thought to be important in regulating such normal cartilaginous tissues as the epiphyseal growth plate. In the present studies, we have investigated the role of IGF-I in the regulation of neoplastic cartilage. Chondrocytes cultured from a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma were analyzed for responsiveness to IGF-I with respect to DNA and glycosaminoglycan synthesis as determined by labeling with radioactive thymidine and sulfate, respectively. Stimulation of [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation by IGF-I was two to four times that in serum-free controls, with half-maximal stimulation at 1 × 10-9M. The efficacy of IGF-I was approximately one-half of that of serum in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation and was comparable to that of serum for [35S]sulfate incorporation. When Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were cultured in the presence of IGF-I and exposed to graded concentrations of anti-IGF-I antibody, [3H]thymidine incorporation and [35S]sulfate incorporation were attenuated in a dose-dependent fashion to 29 and 25% of antibody-free controls, respectively. Nonspecific antibody not raised against IGF-I was not inhibitory. These observations suggest that the majority of IGF-I action on these cells is susceptible to immunoinhibition. To estimate the contribution of IGF-I to the regulation of these cells by serum, Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes were cultured with graded concentrations of either calf serum or fetal calf serum in the presence of anti-IGF-I antibody, nonspecific antibody, or no other additives. Specific antibody attenuated the effect of calf serum on both [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate incorporation with overall inhibition of 52% (P
Sites of attachment of Schneiderian papilloma: a retrospective analysis†

Background Inverted papilloma is a benign sinonasal tumor that arises from a localized attachment site. These attachment sites, however, have not been fully characterized in the literature. The objective of this research was to determine the specific distribution of attachment sites in patients with sinonasal papilloma. Methods Retrospective analysis of adult patients with sinonasal papilloma presenting to the University of Virginia between 1999 and 2010. These patients were reviewed and compared to historical controls with regard to histologic subtype and pedicle attachment site. Results A total of 83 patients were identified with 90 sites of attachment. For inverted/cylindrical papilloma, sites of attachment included the maxillary sinus (42%), ethmoid sinus (18%), nasal cavity (15%), middle/superior turbinate (12%), frontal sinus (10%), sphenoid sinus (1.5%), and cribriform plate (1.5%). Specific attachment sites within each group were identified, including 5 at the infraorbital nerve. The distribution of attachment sites differed significantly from historical controls resected via an open approach (p = 0.001), but did not differ significantly from historical controls endoscopically resected (p = 0.696). A comparison of more specific sites of attachments could not be performed due to the lack of this information in the literature. Conclusion The distribution of attachment sites in patients with sinonasal papilloma has changed as the endoscope has enabled more detailed identification of pedicle attachment, which has implications for management. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Hydrogen Dissolution in and Release from Nonmetals: III, Tetragonal Zirconia

The solubility and release kinetics of hydrogen in single-crystal zirconia were investigated by the infusion–extraction method. Equilibration in hydrogen at pressures between 1.4 and 11 atm (0.14 and 1.1 MPa) and at temperatures from 1300° to 1600°C produced H/Zr ratios varying from 4 × 10−5 to 1.3 × 10−4. Dissolution was exothermic with an enthalpy of solution of 6.6 kcal/mol (28 kJ/mol). The solubility increased with the extent of substoichiometry of the oxide caused by exposure to hydrogen. The solubility behavior and the kinetics of release indicated that hydrogen in the solid forms defect clusters consisting of a hydrogen atom, two trivalent cations, and a doubly charged oxygen vacancy. The trivalent ions were either impurities or reduced zirconium ions. Rate constants for first-order detrapping were determined. Diffusion was shown not to be a rate-limiting process in hydrogen release.
A Model of Dopant Transport During Bridgman Crystal Growth With Magnetically Damped Buoyant Convection

This paper presents a model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the vertical Bridgman crystal growth process with a planar crystal-melt interface and with an externally applied axial magnetic field. This dilute mass transport depends on the convective and diffusive mass transport of the dopant. The convective mass transport is driven by buoyant convection in the melt, which produces nonuniformities in the concentration in both the melt and the crystal. This convective transport is significant even for a strong magnetic field B o =2T. However, the electromagnetic damping of the melt motion produces a local region adjacent to the crystal-melt interface which is dominated by diffusion. Thus, this melt solidifies with a relatively radially uniform concentration, so that the radial distribution of dopants in the crystal is also relatively radially uniform. The transient model predicts the dopant distribution in the entire crystal.
Personality research and psychophysiology: General considerations ☆

Abstract A general discussion of psychophysiological methods in relationship to personality research is presented for the investigator without an extensive knowledge of psychophysiology. The paper is organized in four sections: (a) advantages inherent in the use of psychophysiological measures (e.g., continuous measurement, sensitivity to sublimal responses); (b) psychophysiological constructs that are particularly well suited to personality research (e.g., different kinds of physiological arousal, normal/pathological distinctions, perceptual states); (c) how to choose a set of psychophysiological measures and special considerations involved with their use (e.g., obstrusiveness, context and timing of measurement, costs, and capabilities); and (d) whether or not to “psychophysiologize” personality research. Within each section, illustrative applications of psychophysiology to personality research are described.
Statistical Methods to Compare Algorithmic Performance

This article introduces alternative techniques to compare algorithmic performance. The first approach is a controlled experiment where samples of orders are split into pairs and executed using different algorithms over the same time periods. This is appropriate for algorithms that use static trading parameters such as VWAP and percentage of volume (POV) strategies. The second approach is a two sample experiment where orders are executed over different time periods using different algorithms. This is appropriate for those algorithms with dynamic trading strategies and those that adapt to changing market conditions such as implementation shortfall and ultra-aggressive algorithms. These techniques will assist in determining differences across algorithmic performance. They are derived from non-parametric methods commonly used in biostatistics to compare the effectiveness of new drugs and medical treatment procedures.
Elihu Smith's All-American Anthology

Elihu Smith (1771-1798), physician, a friend to the famous of his time, and a writer of sorts, is best known for his editorship of the first entirely American poetry anthology, "American Poems." The book may be the first anthology limited to works by Americans as well as one of the earliest anthologies of any sort to appear in the nation.