cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sam Greenhouse: his contributions as a consultant to the Food and Drug Administration†

This paper recounts contributions made by Sam Greenhouse to the Food and Drug Administration during his tenure as an advisory committee member and as chair of the committee. The events and topics are taken from available recollections and minutes and selectively describe a range of topic areas and issues about which Sam Greenhouse played a substantial leadership role. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial localization and properties of pacemaker potentials in the canine rectoanal region.

The present study investigated the spatial organization of electrical activity in the canine rectoanal region and its relationship to motility patterns. Contraction and resting membrane potential (...
The Use of Narrowband Imaging for Identification of Endometriosis

A pilot study was designed to evaluate whether a narrowband imaging (NBI) endoscopic light source could detect endometriosis implants that were not identifiable with a visible light spectrum laparoscope. In all, 21 consecutive patients who were undergoing pelviscopy for pelvic pain and possible endometriosis were enrolled in the study. Endoscopic evaluation was performed using an endoscope that was fitted with a NBI light source using 415- and 540-nm filters. Endometriosis was first documented and photographed using visible light and then re-evaluated with NBI. Implants newly found with NBI were documented and photographed. All noted lesions were excised using a harmonic scalpel. In all, 21 consecutive patients (age range 20-40 years) were enrolled in the study with a preoperative diagnosis of pelvic pain and possible pelvic endometriosis. One patient was excluded after evaluation with NBI did not provide additional biopsy specimens. Fourteen of the 20 patients had lesions identified with NBI that were not identified with visible light. A total of 38 biopsy specimens were taken using NBI; 20 (53%) of them were identified histologically as endometriosis. Seven patients did not have endometriosis identified with white light; however, 4 of these patients had lesions identified with NBI that were confirmed endometriosis. This pilot study is a promising start in the process to evaluate NBI endoscopy as an effective tool for evaluating and identifying endometriosis implants that are not visible with white light endoscopy.
Comments: Native Americans and Indian Policy in the Progressive Era

For years, scholars of Native American history have urged U. S. historians to integrate Indians into national narratives, explaining that Indians' experiences are central to the collective story rather than peripheral to it. They have achieved some successes in penetrating and reworking traditional European-American dominated accounts. Nowhere is this better demonstrated than in the field of colonial history. In fact, for several decades now colonialists have placed Native Americans at the center, seeing them as integral to imperial processes and as forces that simply can no longer be ignored. To omit them would be to leave out not only crucial participants but important themes. Native people occupied and owned the property European nations coveted. They consequently suffered great losses as imperialists bent on control of land, resources, cultures, and even souls applied their demographic and technological advantages. But conquest did not occur overnight. It took several centuries for Spain, France, the Netherlands, Russia, Great Britain, and eventually the United States to achieve continental and hemispheric dominance. Nor was it ever totally achieved. That 564 officially recognized tribes exist in the early 2000s in the United States demonstrates that complete conquest was never realized.
Hip arthroscopy: a patient education and clinical research tool

Many mobile medical applications are available for the practicing surgeon, but few offer simultaneous clinical utility and hip specificity for the hip preservationist. The application, Hip Arthroscopy (Free on the AppStore for iPAD iOS), was developed by Alberto Sanchez, MD, PhD to meet the need for mobile software that comprises patient education and outcomes tools. This application provides point of care learning and clinical outcomes resources- primarily on femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). The application is available in English and Spanish, and may be downloaded by both patients and practitioners. The diagnosis of FAI is explained in a detailed patient brochure accessible from the application’s home screen. The brochure contains simple but informative diagrams of hip anatomy and the pathomechanics of FAI. The language is concise and accessible to the lay audience. A basic description of the pathology is followed by expectations for the clinical exam and possible treatment options. Treatment options include both non-operative and operative management plans. A video demonstrating the mechanics FAI aids in patient understanding. The application may be accessed by patients from home or recommended for review after a clinic appointment. Clinical utility of the application is enhanced by the pre-loaded outcomes questionnaires. These include the following: iHOT-12 (International Hip Outcome Tool, short version) and iHOT-33 (long version), HOS (Hip Outcome Score), HOSS (Hip Outcome Score Sports), NAHS (Non Arthritic Hip Score), mHHS (Modified Harris Hip Score) and WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index). The Visual Analog Score for pain is also available. The user interface is simple and rapid; e.g. the iHOT-33 can be completed in <3 min. These outcomes questionnaires can be emailed from the device to print, transfer into a database, or upload into an electronic medical record. The application has the capacity to reduce research costs and increase outcomes reporting by permitting data collection in the clinic or from any iOS device running the software. Although the application has great potential for a hip preservation practice, there are several limitations. First, integration across the clinical and research data entry points is limited. Second, the user interface for surgical documentation is not immediately intuitive and does not flow to other aspects of the program. Next, the utility of special functions such as radiographic measurement is unique, but requires several steps beyond a typical digital radiology interface. Finally, there is no security or encryption function that restricts transfer of private health information across unsecure networks. In summary, practitioners and researchers will find value in this application for recording both subjective outcome scores and objective clinical data. Further, the educational component of the program offers patients a simple and responsive interface on hip arthroscopy and FAI. Despite certain limitations, Hip Arthroscopy has the advantage of efficiency in data collection and mobility.
Direct Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae Strains from the Republic of Georgia after Prolonged Storage

A total of 226 paired nose and throat swab specimens from 113 clinical diphtheria cases from the republic of Georgia were analyzed by direct polymerase chain reaction targeting both A and B subunits of the diphtheria toxin gene, tox. Even after prolonged transport and extensive storage (7-14 months) of the clinical specimens in silica gel packages, direct polymerase chain reaction detected the diphtheria tox gene in 54% of the specimens. Specimens obtained by throat swab were three times more likely than those obtained by nose swab to be positive for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The epilepsy of the Emperor Theodore II Lascaris (1254–1258)

The study of contemporary historic sources affords us a clinical picture of the epilepsy of the Byzantine Emperor, Theodore II Lascaris (1254–1258). It appears that he suffered from an epileptic disorder of rather generalized tonic-clonic type (grand mal), which started to afflict him in all probability before the age of 30 years. Numerous incidents described by many historians of his entourage reveal that he also had serious behavior disorders that the famous Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, directly attributed to his disease.
Suppression of boron TED by low temperature SPC anneal prior to dopant activation

The application of a low temperature solid phase crystallization (SPC) anneal to nonpreamorphized junctions prior to a high-temperature dopant activation anneal is proposed. The SPC anneal eliminates implantation-induced defects which give rise to transient enhanced diffusion (TED), and thus reduce both vertical and lateral boron diffusion by 16 nm and 24 nm, respectively, in a conventional CMOS process thermal budget. Improved short channel effect (SCE) immunity was demonstrated with sub-100 nm FETs.
The criterion of consistency: Women's self-presentation at Yarmouk University, Jordan

In the late 20th century, for the first time, higher education became an attainable goal for Jordanian women of all backgrounds, and Jordanian universities became vibrant, coed public spaces. The first-generation-female college students who enter these spaces take relational traditions of female identity construction that developed in intimate settings and adapt them for use in large-scale, anonymous environments. Identities based on relationships are reified for exchange in a public sphere, and imperatives that had seemed to keep women in a "private" realm are transformed as women move in "public" space. After exploring the meanings of women's dress at Yarmouk University in Irbid, Jordan, I conclude with remarks on the implications of my study for the headscarf debate in France.
Pathguide: a Pathway Resource List

Pathguide: the Pathway Resource List (http://pathguide.org) is a meta-database that provides an overview of more than 190 web-accessible biological pathway and network databases. These include databases on metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, transcription factor targets, gene regulatory networks, genetic interactions, protein-compound interactions, and protein-protein interactions. The listed databases are maintained by diverse groups in different locations and the information in them is derived either from the scientific literature or from systematic experiments. Pathguide is useful as a starting point for biological pathway analysis and for content aggregation in integrated biological information systems.
Technological Innovation and Acquisitions

I examine whether technological innovation is a motivating factor in firms' acquisition decisions and how an acquisition (or an acquisition withdrawal) affects technological innovation in subsequent years. I find that firms engaging in acquisition activities are less innovative and have often experienced declines in technological innovation during the years prior to the bid. Among the bidders, the relatively more innovative ones are less likely to complete a deal. During the three years after the bid, successful bidders do not underperform matching firms, whereas failed bidders significantly underperform their nonbidding peers. I further find that formerly less innovative bidders benefit more from acquisitions. These findings suggest that technological innovation affects firms' acquisition decisions, and in turn, acquisitions help firms' innovation efforts.
A local metallic state in globally insulating La 1.24 Sr 1.76 Mn 2 O 7 well above the metal–insulator transition

A local metallic state in globally insulating La 1.24 Sr 1.76 Mn 2 O 7 well above the metal–insulator transition
Research to Guide Use of Pheromones to Control Sea Lamprey

The Great Lakes Fishery Commission (GLFC) considers the application of sea lamprey pheromones a promising alternative-control method for its sea lamprey management program. Several components of two pheromones that regulate migration and reproduction, respectively, have been identified and synthesized. Potential utility of these pheromone compounds in lamprey management have been demonstrated in a series of field experiments. These discoveries have laid a solid foundation for development of pheromone-based management. In order to identify potential strategies that will be practical, effective, and economical, we propose a hypothesis driven approach that integrates concepts and experimental methods from several disciplines of biological science, such as neurobiology, biochemistry, and behavioral ecology to illustrate the exact function of identified compounds. In the interim, we identify the necessary steps, or issues critical to eventual implementation, to charter a pathway that leads from laboratory research to effective deployment of pheromones. Finally, we highlight a strategy that fosters collaboration among scientists across disciplines, as well as among research institutes and lamprey control agencies, to accomplish this research agenda.
Disability and return to work outcomes after traumatic brain injury: results from the Washington State Industrial Insurance Fund.

Introduction. This article contains a description of community traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment patterns and outcomes based solely on workers' compensation administrative records for Washingt...
ON THE SEALING MECHANISM OF LIP SEALS CONTAINING MICROUNDULATIONS

A mathematical model of the sealing process in rotary lip seals containing microundulations has been constructed. In this model, based on a mechanism proposed by previous investigators, shear deformation of the lip surface produces a vane-like undulation geometry, which results in reverse pumping of liquid and a reduction in leakage rate. At a critical shaft speed, the leakage rate is zero, and a free surface is formed at the low pressure edge of the sealing zone. When the shaft speed exceeds the critical speed, the free surface moves axially toward the high pressure side, and assumes an equilibrium position within the narrow gap between the lip and shaft surfaces. The model allows computation of the critical speed as a function of the design and operating parameters. Model predictions agree qualitatively with the experimental observations of previous investigators. Although the model deals specifically with microundulations on the lip surface, it has implications for other lip surface microgeometries.
Identification of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Genes Regulated during Biofilm Formation on Cholesterol Gallstone Surfaces

Salmonella spp. are able to form biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. In vivo studies in our laboratory have shown that Salmonella can form biofilms on the surfaces of cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladders of mice and human carriers. Biofilm formation on gallstones has been demonstrated to be a mechanism of persistence. The purpose of this work was to identify and evaluate Salmonella sp. cholesterol-dependent biofilm factors. Differential gene expression analysis between biofilms on glass or cholesterol-coated surfaces and subsequent quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that type 1 fimbria structural genes and a gene encoding a putative outer membrane protein (ycfR) were specifically upregulated in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilms grown on cholesterol-coated surfaces. Spatiotemporal expression of ycfR and FimA verified their regulation during biofilm development on cholesterol-coated surfaces. Surprisingly, confocal and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that a mutant of type 1 fimbria structural genes (ΔfimAICDHF) and a ycfR mutant showed increased biofilm formation on cholesterol-coated surfaces. In vivo experiments using Nramp1+/+ mice harboring gallstones showed that only the ΔycfR mutant formed extensive biofilms on mouse gallstones at 7 and 21 days postinfection; ΔfimAICDHF was not observed on gallstone surfaces after the 7-day-postinfection time point. These data suggest that in Salmonella spp., wild-type type 1 fimbriae are important for attachment to and/or persistence on gallstones at later points of chronic infection, whereas YcfR may represent a specific potential natural inhibitor of initial biofilm formation on gallstones.
Strategic intercept midcourse guidance using modified zero effort miss steering

The suitability of modified proportional navigation, or an equivalent zero effort miss formulation, for strategic intercepts during midcourse guidance, followed by a ballistic coast to the endgame, is addressed. The problem is formulated in terms of relative motion in a general, three-dimensional framework. The proposed guidance law commands thrust 1) along the line of sight unit direction and 2) along the zero effort miss component that is perpendicular to the line of sight. The latter term is scaled with a guidance gain. If the guidance law is to be suitable for longer range targeting applications with significant ballistic coasting after burnout, zero effort miss computations must account for the different gravitational accelerations experienced by each vehicle. Approximations for the true differential gravity effect, which relieve the burden for direct numerical propagation of the governing equations, are considered. Approximations considered are constant, linear, quadratic, and linearized inverse square models. Theoretical results are applied to a numerical engagement scenario, and the resulting performance is evaluated in terms of the miss distances determined from nonlinear simulation.
M2: using visible middleboxes to serve pro-active mobile-hosts

While wireless Internet access is getting increasingly more popular, the current internet architecture is not designd to address issues such as the unpredictable nature of the wireless medium and mobility. Furthermore, in the current architecture it is also difficult to make use of available opportunities like multiple options for a gateway or multiple network interfaces. To address these challenges, we propose M2: an architecture that relies on using visible Middleboxes to serve a pro-active Mobile-Host. M2 enables a number of techniques such as transport layer connection splitting, caching, pre-fetching, self-addressable ADUs, and cross layer information exchange. The combined use of a pro-active mobile-host and visible middleboxes specifically improves data transfer throughput in the presence of intermittent connectivity and variable network conditions. Our preliminary evaluation highlights the problems that exist in the current architecture and provides an estimate of the benefits that are achievable through M2.
Improving Plasma Actuator Thrust at Low Pressure Through Geometric Variation

The force production and power consumption of plasma actuators with varying electrode geometries was measured. The geometries were varied by changing the length of the exposed and buried electrodes as well as varying the chord-wise gap between the electrodes. Each actuator was driven with a 5 kHz sine wave at 16 kVpp, and operated at pressures ranging from 10-101 kPa, which corresponds to altitudes from 16,000 m to sea level. The electric eld of each conguration was also modeled using Maxwell Ansoft. Increasing the length of the buried electrode was found to have the greatest eect on thrust production especially at low pressure. Actuators with 75 mm buried electrodes produced an average of 26% more thrust at all pressures and 34% more thrust at 20-40 kPa than the traditional 15 mm buried electrode. The gap study revealed that actuators with a 1 mm gap produced the most force at all pressures. All actuator designs were found to have a similar linear relationship between their eectivenesses and operating pressure.
Antidiabetic and antimalarial biguanide drugs are metal-interactive antiproteolytic agents.

Various biguanide derivatives are used as antihyperglycemic and antimalarial drugs (e.g., 1,1-dimethyl biguanide (metformin), phenylethyl biguanide (phenformin), N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(isopropyl)-imidodicarbonimidic diamide (proguanil)); however, no common mechanism has been suggested in these controversial therapeutic actions. Biguanides bind endogenous metals that inhibit cysteine proteases independently, e.g., Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+). Here, various biguanide derivatives are reported to be metal-interactive inhibitors of cathepsin B from mammals and falcipain-2 from Plasmodium falciparum. Structural homologies were identified among the Phe-Arg protease substrate motif and the metal complexes of phenformin and proguanil. Molecular modeling revealed that the position of the scissile amide substrate bond corresponds to the biguanide-complexed inhibitory metal when the phenyl groups are homologously aligned. Binding of the phenformin-metal complex within the active site of human cathepsin B was modeled with computational docking. A major binding mode involved binding of the drug phenyl group at the protease S2 subsite, and the complexed inhibitory metal shared between the drug and the protease Cys29-His199 catalytic pair. Cysteine protease inhibition was assayed with carbobenzyloxy-PHE-ARG-7-aminomethylcoumarin substrate. In the absence of metal ions, phenformin was a weakly competitive protease inhibitor (apparent K(i) several microM); however, metformin was noninhibitory. In contrast, the metal complexes of both metformin and phenformin were protease inhibitors with potency at therapeutic concentrations. Biguanide-metal complexes were more potent cysteine protease inhibitors than either the biguanide or metal ions alone, i.e., synergistic. Similar to chloroquine, therapeutic extracellular concentrations of metformin, phenformin, and proguanil caused metal-interactive inhibition of lysosomal protein degradation as bioassayed in primary tissue using perfused myocardium. The biguanide moiety is identified as a past and future structural scaffold for synthesis of many protease inhibitors. Results are discussed in relation to Zn(2+)-interactive inhibition of insulin degradation in hormone target tissues, and Fe(3+)-interactive inhibition of hemoglobin degradation in parasite food vacuoles. Previous studies on insulin hypercatabolism and insulin resistance are speculatively reviewed in light of present findings.
Novel survivable logical topology routing in IP-over-WDM networks by logical protecting spanning tree set

The survivable logical topology mapping problem in an IP-over-WDM optical network is to map each link (u, v) in the logical topology (at the IP layer) into a lightpath between the nodes u and v in the physical topology (at the optical layer) such that failure of a physical link does not cause the logical topology to become disconnected. It is assumed that both the physical and logical topologies are at least 2-edge connected. Generating a survivable routing is an NP-complete problem. For this problem two lines of investigations have been pursued in the literature: the mathematical programming based approach initiated by Modiano et al., and the structural approach initiated by Kurant and Thiran and pursued further by Thulasiraman et al. The mathematical programming approach is not scalable for large networks, though it gives considerable insight into certain important aspects of the problem. The structural approach requires contraction and expansion of logical graphs and computing link-disjoint lightpaths between pairs of nodes in the physical topology. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on the concept of protecting spanning tree set of the logical topology. The basic idea is to identify a set of spanning trees of the logical topology and a routing of the logical links such that at least one of these trees remains connected after a physical link failure. Given a set of trees of the logical topology we first present three optimization problems with varying degrees of difficulty relating to this approach and discuss their Integer Linear Programming formulations. We then consider the general case when both the tree set and a survivable routing are to be determined. For this general case we present a heuristic approach. We incorporate in this heuristic a method to augment the logical topology with additional links to guarantee a survivable routing. This approach has several interesting features. It only requires a shortest path algorithm and an algorithm to generate appropriate spanning trees. It also provides a framework for generating a survivable routing for the SRLG failure case. Contractions of graphs and disjoint path generation are not required that greatly reduces the computation time. We provide results of extensive simulations conducted to evaluate our new approach.
Liberté, Égalité, Sororité: How Care Ethics Informs Social Justice

When theorists first struggled to define and distinguish care ethics from other moral theories, many chose to sharply differentiate it from justice. Now that care ethics has matured as a field, theorists no longer characterize care and justice as purely oppositional, giving rise to new questions about how the two moral concepts relate to one another. This article suggests that care ethics contributes to a richer social morality than traditional justice approaches in at leastfour areas: metaphysics, epistemology, psychology, and ethical content. Accordingly, taking care ethics seriously as a political framework can enrich our concept of social justice. I begin with an overview of the state of care theory and then offer a framework for understanding the continuity between care and justice. The bulk of the article addresses the contribution of care ethics to our understanding of social morality beyond justice.
Use of fluorescent powder to infer mating activity of male rodents

We tested the use of fluorescent powder to infer mating activity of male rodents. The ventral surfaces of adult, male house mice ( Mus domesticus ) were dusted with fluorescent powder; the males were paired immediately with unmarked adult females for 6 days. Some males were dusted once, others were dusted every day. The backs of females were checked daily for transfer of fluorescent powder. We repeated the procedures with female pairs in which one female was dusted either once or daily as a control for transfer of powder due to noncopulatory contact. The transfer of powder occurred more often in male-female pairs dusted once than in female-female pairs. Our results support the use of fluorescent powder to infer the activity of mating in male rodents.
Effect of Surface Cracks on Torsional Damping

Abstract Small cracks are often present in the surfaces of rubber samples. They would be expected to lead to enhanced mechanical damping from frictional energy losses as the surface is deformed. Model experiments reported here have shown that marked increases in tan δ, by as much as 10×, can arise from small relative sliding motions of cuts in the surface of rubber samples. The effect is strongly dependent on the area of the cut surfaces, the direction of the cuts relative to the imposed motion, and stresses acting to open the cuts or keep them closed. When a viscous oil was applied to the cut surfaces, the effect was generally enhanced. Not always, however—friction of dry rubber was found to give rise to equally large energy losses in SBR.
Research on Amending the Objective Clause of "Environmental Protection Law"

The department of environmental resource law should start from the ethical point based on the revised theory of sustainable development with intra-generation equity, intergeneration equity and natural rights equity as its main contents. If Environmental Protection Law of P.R. China is defined as the basic law of the department, then its objectives should be defined as ensuring the good condition of ecological system and natural environment which are closely related with man's existence against pollution, destruction, realizing human, economic and social sustainable development, and seeking the hamonious development of man and nature.
Effects of danazol on gonadal steroidogenesis in patients with a complete form of testicular feminization

The clinical applicability of danazol has been postulated to depend upon its antigonadotropic and androgenic properties. However, the true mechanism of action of danazol has not been fully elucidated, and experimental evidence indicates that the major pharmacologic action of this drug may be related to the direct inhibition of multiple enzymes of gonadal steroidogenesis. In the present study, the hypothesis that danazol directly inhibits gonadal steroidogenesis was tested during the course of endocrine studies on three sisters with a complete form of testicular feminization. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) levels were determined following short-term administration of varying doses of danazol. In these patients, the absence of androgen receptors and the expected inability of danazol to serve as a metabolic precursor of estrogens would minimize possible antigonadotropic effects of this drug and allow the evaluation of its direct action on the secretion of steroids by the gonads in vivo. During the experiments, there was a highly significant and dose-related suppression of serum T levels in all patients. E2 levels decreased slightly. Both LH and FSH levels showed no consistent decline and remained within the range of normal. In one patient, LH and FSH levels declined significantly during treatment, but in the other two patients serum concentrations of LH remained stable or even increased while T levels fell. In spite of the fall in steroid levels, a compensatory increase in gonadotropins did not always occur. In conclusion, danazol effectively suppresses peripheral T levels in patients with a complete form of testicular feminization. Such suppression is dose related and can occur in the absence of a decline in LH serum concentrations, possibly as a result of a direct action on gonadal steroidogenesis.l
“The Lessons of Paris”: The 1867 Working Men’s Exhibition Tours and the Artisan Imagination

On the evening of 8 June 1867, two hundred working men assembled on the platform of London Bridge Station, laughing and joking with “innocent banter” as they waited to climb aboard a Cook’s excursion train. The high-spirited travelers comprised the first batch of 3000 workers who would attend the Paris Exhibition between June and October under the aegis of the Working Men’s Club and Institute Union (WMCIU) and its special Working Men’s Excursion Committee.1 Presided over by the radical MP, Austen Henry Layard, and manned by other liberal reformers and “earnest” working men, the WMCIU had worked tirelessly since December of 1866, to organize the tours. Preparations included winning subsidies from the Education Department and garnering charitable donations from subscribers; coordinating railway timetables, discount railway fares and advertising; and conducting pre-excursion trips to Paris to attain official permission from the French government and to arrange for the workmen’s food, lodging and tourist itineraries. Now, at last, the tours were under way.
Corresponding Supine and Prone Colon Visualization Using Eigenfunction Analysis and Fold Modeling

We present a method for registration and visualization of corresponding supine and prone virtual colonoscopy scans based on eigenfunction analysis and fold modeling. In virtual colonoscopy, CT scans are acquired with the patient in two positions, and their registration is desirable so that physicians can corroborate findings between scans. Our algorithm performs this registration efficiently through the use of Fiedler vector representation (the second eigenfunction of the Laplace-Beltrami operator). This representation is employed to first perform global registration of the two colon positions. The registration is then locally refined using the haustral folds, which are automatically segmented using the 3D level sets of the Fiedler vector. The use of Fiedler vectors and the segmented folds presents a precise way of visualizing corresponding regions across datasets and visual modalities. We present multiple methods of visualizing the results, including 2D flattened rendering and the corresponding 3D endoluminal views. The precise fold modeling is used to automatically find a suitable cut for the 2D flattening, which provides a less distorted visualization. Our approach is robust, and we demonstrate its efficiency and efficacy by showing matched views on both the 2D flattened colons and in the 3D endoluminal view. We analytically evaluate the results by measuring the distance between features on the registered colons, and we also assess our fold segmentation against 20 manually labeled datasets. We have compared our results analytically to previous methods, and have found our method to achieve superior results. We also prove the hot spots conjecture for modeling cylindrical topology using Fiedler vector representation, which allows our approach to be used for general cylindrical geometry modeling and feature extraction.
MicroRNAs and Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as one of the most important new classes of cellular regulators that control various cellular processes such as apoptosis, differentiation, migration, and development. Recent studies have provided evidence that aberrant expression of specific miRNAs is associated with a broad spectrum of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Profiling of miRNAs has demonstrated a unique miRNA signature in all human cancers studied. These miRNA expression signatures provide a more accurate method of classifying cancer subtypes than transcriptome profiling of an entire set of known protein-coding genes. Here, we review how miRNAs function in cancers, what causes aberrant miRNA expression in cancers, and the potential in utilizing miRNAs as biomarkers and cancer therapies.
Abstract P639: Attenuation of Renal Inner Medullary Circadian Clock Gene Expression in Response to High Salt Intake is Dependent on the Endothelin B Receptor

Our lab has recently shown that ETB deficient (ETB def) rats have a time of day dependent impairment in their ability to excrete a Na+ load. These observations suggest an interaction between renal ETB receptors and circadian mechanisms that regulate renal tubular Na+ transport and excretion. Given that knockout of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 reduces blood pressure in mice, we hypothesized that a high salt intake impairs the clock mechanism in the renal inner medulla in an ETB dependent manner. Transgenic control (Tg con) or ETB def rats were fed normal (NS, 0.8% NaCl) or high (HS, 4% NaCl) salt for two weeks. In one group, rats were euthanized every 4 hours beginning at zeitgeber time 0 (lights on) for tissue collection (and subsequent assessment of circadian clock genes), while in a second group of rats urine was collected in 12-hour intervals (active vs. inactive). Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed that HS abolished the normal oscillation in Bmal1 expression in the renal inner medulla of Tg con rats, and effect not observed in ETB def rats. Interestingly, renal production of ET-1, was significantly higher during the active period vs. inactive period in both NS (3.6±1.1 vs. 0.8±0.2 pg/12hr respectively) and HS (9.2±4.1 vs. 1.6±0.3 pg/12hr respectively) fed Tg con rats. There was no time-of-day-dependent difference in ET-1 excretion in ETB def rats on NS (6.6±2.2 vs. 4.6±1.7 pg/12hr respectively), although this pattern was restored in ETB def rats fed HS (2.2±1.0 vs. 9.2±2.5 pg/12hr inactive vs. active). Taken together, these data indicate that an increase in renal ET-1/ETB activation in response to HS modulates inner medullary clock gene expression to promote renal Na+ excretion.
Associations Between Thematic Content and Industry Self-Regulation Code Violations in Beer Advertising Broadcast During the U.S. NCAA Basketball Tournament.

ABSTRACTBackground: Beer marketing in the United States is controlled through self-regulation, whereby the beer industry has created a marketing code and enforces its use. We performed a thematic content analysis on beer ads broadcast during a U.S. college athletic event and determined which themes are associated with violations of a self-regulated alcohol marketing code. Methods: 289 beer ads broadcast during the U.S. NCAA Men's and Women's 1999–2008 basketball tournaments were assessed for the presence of 23 thematic content areas. Associations between themes and violations of the U.S. Beer Institute's Marketing and Advertising Code were determined using generalized linear models. Results: Humor (61.3%), taste (61.0%), masculinity (49.2%), and enjoyment (36.5%) were the most prevalent content areas. Nine content areas (i.e., conformity, ethnicity, sensation seeking, sociability, romance, special occasions, text responsibility messages, tradition, and individuality) were positively associated with code v...
Predicting and Reducing Aggression and Violence Toward Teachers: Extent of the Problem and Why it Matters

Although violence prevention has largely focused on students, national and state-level studies suggest that teacher-directed violence warrants attention by researchers, policy makers, and school stakeholders. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the empirical literature on teacher-directed violence, including the extent of the problem, types of violence teachers experience, measurement issues, and how this problem varies across perpetrators and social contexts. We specify recommendations for assessment, including developing and using reliable and valid measures to better understand teachers' experiences with violence. Violence prevention approaches are described, and we advocate for assessment and intervention that incorporate teacher experiences. Using a social–ecological model, we outline intervention strategies that address school violence that affects students, teachers, and administrators at the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels. Ultimately, we need to take the entire school ecology into account to reduce violence and create an effective teaching and learning environment where everyone feels safe. Keywords: aggression; school; social–ecological; teacher; victimization; violence prevention
Flower handling behavior and abundance determine the relative contribution of pollinators to seed set in apple orchards

A growing body of evidence suggests that wild bees play an important role in agricultural pollination. It is very difficult, however, to accurately quantify the contribution of wild bees relative to honeybees in most crop systems. We quantified the relative contribution of honeybees and wild bees to the pollination of an economically important, insect-pollinated crop (apple). We use an empirical dataset to identify which of three functional traits (body size, pollen load purity, and flower handling behavior) contribute significantly to seed set. We find that flower handling behavior and abundance were the only functional traits that significantly predict seed set. When we take into account flower handling behavior and abundance, wild bees contributed significantly more to seed set than honeybees in the apple orchards we surveyed. Our findings suggest that land managers may benefit from focusing on supporting communities of wild bees, rather than investing in honeybee hive rental.
DIAL: Reducing Tail Latencies for Cloud Applications via Dynamic Interference-aware Load Balancing

Many online application services are now provided by cloud-deployed VM clusters. Although economical, VMs in the cloud are prone to interference due to contention for physical resources among colocated users. Worse, this interference is dynamic and unpredictable. Current provider-centric solutions are application-oblivious and are thus not always aware of the user's SLO requirements or application bottlenecks. Further, such solutions rely on VM scheduling and migration, approaches that are not agile enough to mitigate volatile interference.This paper presents DIAL, an interference-aware load balancer that can be employed by cloud users without requiring any assistance from the provider. DIAL addresses timevarying interference by dynamically shifting load away from compromised VMs without violating the application's tail latency SLOs. The key idea behind DIAL is to infer the demand for contended resources on the physical hosts, which is otherwise hidden from users. Estimates of the colocated load are then used to drive the load distribution for the application VMs. Our experimental results on OpenStack and AWS clouds show that DIAL can reduce application tail latencies by as much as 70% and 48% compared to interference-oblivious and existing interference-aware load balancers, respectively.
Adolescent Marijuana Use and Perceived Ease of Access Before and After Recreational Marijuana Implementation in Colorado.

ABSTRACTBackground: As of January 1, 2017, eight states have approved laws for recreational marijuana use. While the social impacts of these changes remain under debate, the influence on adolescent marijuana use is a key policy and health issue across the U.S. Objective: To examine changes in adolescent marijuana-use behaviors in the first year after recreational marijuana implementation in Colorado, and to analyze the effect of retail marijuana store proximity on youth use and perceptions. Method: Secondary analysis of Healthy Kids Colorado Survey data from 40 schools surveyed before and after recreational marijuana sales were implemented (2013 student n = 12,240; 2014 student n = 11,931). Self-reported marijuana use, ease of access, and perceived harms were compared between years and by proximity of recreational marijuana stores to surveyed schools. Results: Adolescent marijuana use behaviors, wrongness of use, and perceptions of risk of harm were unchanged from baseline to one-year follow-up. Perceived...
Interconnecting wearable devices with nano-biosensing implants through optical wireless communications

Major advancements in the fields of electronics, photonics and wireless communication have enabled the development of compact wearable devices, with applications in diverse domains such as fitness, wellness and medicine. In parallel, nanotechnology is enabling the development of miniature sensors that can detect events at the nanoscale with unprecedented accuracy. On this matter, in vivo implantable Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) nanosensors have been proposed to analyze circulating biomarkers in body fluids for the early diagnosis of a myriad of diseases, ranging from cardiovascular disorders to different types of cancer. In light of these results, in this paper, an architecture is proposed to bridge the gap between these two apparently disjoint paradigms, namely, the commercial wearable devices and the advanced nano-biosensing technologies. More specifically, this paper thoroughly assesses the feasibility of the wireless optical intercommunications of an SPR-based nanoplasmonic biochip -implanted subcutaneously in the wrist-, with a nanophotonic wearable smart band which is integrated by an array of nano-lasers and photon-detectors for distributed excitation and measurement of the nanoplasmonic biochip. This is done through a link budget analysis which captures the peculiarities of the intra-body optical channel at (sub) cellular level, the strength of the SPR nanosensor reflection, as well as the capabilities of the nanolasers (emission power, spectrum) and the nano photon-detectors (sensitivity and noise equivalent power). The proposed analysis guides the development of practical communication designs between the wearable devices and nano-biosensing implants, which paves the way through early-stage diagnosis of severe diseases.
Lab Versus Parent Ratings of Temperament: A Brief Examination of Potential Uses for Professionals Across Settings:

This study investigated the Infant Behavior Record (IBR) as an observer-rated measure of temperament. The aim was to determine whether the IBR and a parent-rated measure of temperament were comparably associated with children’s performance on laboratory tasks and with a measure of the home environment. We found several significant associations between the IBR and laboratory performance and no significant correlations between parent ratings and laboratory performance. Conversely, there were several significant associations between parent-rated temperament and the home environment and no significant associations between the IBR and the home environment. These findings lend evidence to the utility of the IBR as an observer-rated measure of temperament that can be used by teachers, clinicians, and other professionals working with children.
Oral Tolerance and Eosinophilic Esophagitis

The role of food allergy in EoE may be explained by a breakdown in oral tolerance or a failure in the induction of tolerance. Oral tolerance is the physiologic mechanism by which immune responses to an antigen are suppressed by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route. This normal process is crucial in allowing a wide array of dietary proteins access to the body without activating harmful immune responses. Oral tolerance presumably evolved as an analog of self-tolerance to prevent potentially dangerous hypersensitivity reactions to harmless food proteins and commensal gut flora. The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, the largest immunologic organ in the body, is continually exposed to numerous dietary proteins. Here, antigen-presenting cells encounter food proteins and subsequently activate regulatory T lymphocytes that reside in the loose connective tissue beneath the gastrointestinal epithelium. These cells then suppress cellular and humoral immune responses to the protein. In nonallergic hosts, the majority of food proteins are absorbed without provoking injurious local or systemic immune responses. The pathologic cellular and humoral immune responses that characterize food allergy likely result from either a failure in establishing tolerance or a breakdown in existing tolerance. It is possible that similar mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of EoE.
ISOLATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF HAPTEN REACTIVE MOLECULES FROM AFFINITY-ENRICHED AZOBENZENEARSONATE-SPECIFIC T CELLS

ABSTRACT Azobenzenearsonate-specific T cells were enriched from the spleens of A/J mice, primed 2 to 3 weeks earlier with ABA-conjugated mouse IgG, by adsorption of a T cell-enriched fraction onto ABA-coated plastic surfaces. Subsequent to release from the antigen-coated plates by cooling to 0°C, cell proteins were endogenously labelled by a 4 hour pulse with 35 S-methionine. The cells were lysed with Tris-buffered 0.5% NP-40 in the presence of protease inhibitors and the lysates were passed over ABA affinity columns. ABA-specific molecules were eluted by free hapten and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which revealed a major specific band at 90,000 to 95,000 daltons. Additional minor bands were observed in the range of 30–45,000 daltons. Immunoprecipitation studies failed to reveal the presence of classical Ig determinants on the 90,000–95,000 dalton protein.
Selected Applications of Quantum Physics

In the earlier chapters of this part of the book we set forth the basic ideas of quantum mechanics and used them to interpret the structure of the atom. In this chapter we shall consider further applications of these principles in the areas of molecular structure, statistical mechanics, and solid-state physics. In a certain sense these subjects represent a digression from atomic and nuclear physics, since all three topics deal with collections of atoms. Yet it is conventional to include them in treatments of atomic physics and there are good reasons for doing so. Historically, quantum principles were applied to systems with many atoms at an early stage in the development of the theory. Understanding of atomic physics made progress in parallel with these other fields and in many cases contributions to several areas were made by the same individual. In recent years each of these subjects has grown into a full-scale field of physical research and to deal adequately with any one area would require an entire book. Therefore we shall consider here only certain applications, chosen according to criteria of simplicity, historical significance, or practical utility.