cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated VS Natural Aging: Effect of Aging Conditions on the Aging Process of Cellulose

This paper discusses the kinetics of aging and its implications for the evaluation of changes in the aging process, especially as applied to accelerated aging. The problem of comparing accelerated aging conditions is shown to be separate from that of evaluating changes occurring under one specific set of conditions. Thus tests and measurements that can be used to evaluate the results of a specific accelerated aging experiment are not necessarily valid for use in determining whether two sets of aging conditions are comparable. This distinction is crucial in trying to determine whether a set of aging conditions is comparable to, or accurately simulates, natural aging. The criteria for comparing two sets of aging conditions are defined, and applied to the problem of evaluating accelerated aging conditions. Data from the analysis of individual reaction products of artificially aged paper samples are used to determine the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the rates of individual reactions. Changes in the distribution of reaction products are used as indicators of changes in the aging process. The aging process of cellulose under the conditions studied (60–90°C, 30–80% RH) is shown to be RH dependent, but relatively temperature independent. Thus raising the temperature at constant RH speeds up the aging process without significantly altering it. If the RH is changed, then the aging process is altered and equivalent states of aging cannot be reached. Accelerated aging should be conducted at the same relative humidity as the conditions to which the results are to be applied. The data also indicate that lowering the relative humidity from 50% to 30% slows the rate of hydrolysis by a factor of three to five times.
Germination Response to Temperature and Salinity of Four Dune Grasses from the Outer Bank of North Carolina

At four constant thermoperiods (65°, 75°, 85° and 95°F) and three alternating diurnal thermoperiods (65° —75°, 65° —95°F), good germination (above 70%) was obtained with seed of Ammophila breviligulata Fern., Panicum amarulum Hitch. and Chase., and Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. without cold treatment under certain temperature conditions. None of the constant temperature treatments yielded good germination. All attempts to obtain good germination with Uniola paniculata L. without cold treatment were unsuccessful. Various periods of cold treatment had no effect upon subsequent germination in the 65° —95°F alternating diurnal thermoperiod in A. brevilligulata and S. patens. In P. amarulum cold treatment for 15 days was sufficient to ensure good germination. Cold treatment for 30 days was adequate for good germination in U. paniculata, but 15 days was not always sufficient. When cold treatment for 30 days at 43°F preceded germination in the seven temperature conditions, germination was increased in all species. Maximum tolerance limits for A. breviligulata and U. paniculata to NaCl lie between 1.0% and 1.5%. The upper limit of NaCl concentration for germination of P. amarulum is between 1.5% and 2.0% and for S. patens about 4.0%. Germination response to salinity was primarily an inverse linear relationship for A. breviligulata, P. amarulum, and U. paniculata, but a curvilinear relationship in S. patens. In this species germination was successful at 2.0% NaCl. Germination inhibition in A. breviligulata, P. amarulum, and S. patens was apparently primarily an osmotic effect. Based on germination response, S. patens is the most salt tolerant, followed by P. amarulum which is more than U. paniculata. A. breviligulata is the most salt sensitive.
TH‐B‐211‐01: Cone Beam CT: Dose Measurement, Calculation, and Inclusion in the Treatment Plan

Measurement and calculation of the dose from imaging beams have gained interest following development of cone beam CT(CBCT) systems. Much work has been done in the use of various dosimeters to measure, as well as methods and algorithms to calculate the imaging dose both in phantom and in patient. Depending on beam quality, measuring imaging dose produces its own challenges. There have also been proposals on the methodology and quantities suitable to describe the dose from CBCT as well as those suitable to quantify the dose to patient. This lecture will review the various measurement and calculation methods as well as quantities used to describe the dose from CBCT systems. It will also review methods being developed to include imaging dose in the patient treatment plans. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the dosimeteric tools and methods used to measure dose from CBCTimaging 2. Understand the methods used to calculate dose from CBCTimaging 3. Understand the methodology used to describe the dose from CBCTimaging 4. Understand the methods used to generate beam data from imaging systems for commissioning imaging beams in the treatment planning systems 5. Update on the progress made on inclusion of the CBCTimaging dose in patient treatment plans using existing commercial planning systems as well as development of new algorithms.
Why ‘non-mental’ won’t work: on Hempel’s dilemma and the characterization of the ‘physical’

Recent discussions of physicalism have focused on the question how the physical ought to be characterized. Many have argued that any characterization of the physical should include the stipulation that the physical is non-mental, and others have claimed that a systematic substitution of ‘non-mental’ for ‘physical’ is all that is needed for philosophical purposes. I argue here that both claims are incorrect: substituting ‘non-mental’ for ‘physical’ in the causal argument for physicalism does not deliver the physicalist conclusion, and the specification that the physical is non-mental is irrelevant to the task of formulating physicalism as a substantive, controversial thesis.
Non-ambiguous sixteen-point chart recording of wind direction from a standard eight-point contacting wind vane

This paper discusses methods of obtaining a continuous chart record of wind direction to 16 points, from a standard eight-point contacting wind vane, without either position ambiguities or “sweeps.”
Self-Focusing-Induced Optical Turbulence

Transverse outputs of an optical resonator are predicted to undergo transitions to turbulence via three well-established scenarios. The instabilities are induced by self-focusing nonlinearities. A bifurcation involving period doubling of invariant circles in a parameter region where attractors coexist is identified.
The Agreeable Recreation of Fighting

Using nineteenth century Ireland as a case study this article argues that historians have overlooked the significance of the recreational element in studying violence. While not discounting economic, social and psychological factors the Irish evidence indicates that at times violence served as a sport and that assaults and even homicides were sometimes motivated by nothing stronger than the enjoyment of what those involved viewed as a pleasant pastime. The article looks specifically at faction s fights as well as other brawls. It considers the roles of rules and rituals, gender, weapons, alcohol and celebration in encouraging and evaluating recreational violence. The reactions to deaths and serious injuries resulting from these encounters indic ate that physical harm was viewed as an accidental byproduct rather than a predictable outcome of the violence. The major concern was that recreational violence might reflect badly on the Irish in the eyes of the British. The article concludes by suggesti ng that an appreciation of recreational violence is a prominent part of many cultures and can still be found in contemporary society.
Seeking a Home for a PET, Part 2: Defining the Appropriate Place for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in the Staging of Patients With Suspected Lung Cancer

In patients who have a high likelihood of having lung cancer, there is little role for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for diagnosis of the primary lesion. The primary impact of PET imaging is in extrathoracic staging, but it should not replace a clinical evaluation by a physician experienced in lung cancer. PET imaging is most useful for confirmation of the presumed extrathoracic stage in patients with intermediate stages of lung cancer. The role of PET imaging is limited in patients with strong clinical signs of metastatic disease, or in patients with a clinical stage I lung cancer and a negative clinical evaluation. With regard to intrathoracic staging, PET imaging has a definite role in communities in which mediastinoscopy is not available, whereas the impact is limited in institutions in which invasive mediastinal staging is available. The data suggest that a positive PET result in the mediastinum should be confirmed by biopsy. A mediastinoscopy is also reasonable in patients with clinical stage III lung cancer who have no mediastinal PET uptake. It is unclear and controversial whether a biopsy is needed in patients with clinical stage II lung cancer who have no PET uptake in the mediastinum.
A pseudo-first-order kinetic approach to measurement of acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase

Abstract A continuous spectrophotometric procedure is presented for the measurement of the kinetic properties of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) with its natural substrate, acetylcholine. The procedure is based upon the production of stoichiometric quantities of H+ upon hydrolysis of substrate. The spectrophotometric reporter is the pH indicator dye, phenol red and the procedure yields continuous time courses for hydrolysis of substrate. Further, this phenol red system and an adaptation of the Ellman et al. (1961, Biochem. Pharmacol. 7, 88–95) procedure for acetylthiocholine as substrate, are described as a rapid screening technique for reversible competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase activity. The methods are illustrated by determinations of K1 for edrophonium, decamethonium and Al3+.
Examining the development of a hybrid degree program: Using student and instructor data to inform decision-making

AbstractThis paper investigates the questions and considerations that should be discussed by administrators, faculty, and support staff when designing, developing and offering a hybrid (part online, part face-to-face) degree program. Using two Web questionnaires, data were gathered from nine instructors and approximately 450 students to evaluate student and instructor perceptions and opinions of hybrid instruction and activities. In comparison to prior research, the results of this study offer larger and more significant policy and programmatic implications for degrees based on the hybrid format, including instructional technology training and support for students and instructors, creation of common class procedures and expectations, and development of consistent schedules that maximize benefit and flexibility for students and instructors.
Dr. Alexander Garden, a Linnaean in colonial America, and the saga of five "electric eels".

388 ABSTRACT Alexander Garden (1730-1791) was born in Scotland, where he trained in medicine before settling in South Carolina in 1752.With a passion for col- lecting and a love of nature,he sent specimens to Linnaeus and his associates in Europe. In 1774, Garden observed and conducted electrical experiments on some "eels" that had survived the trip from Surinam to Charleston. His detailed observations and rea- sons for believing they emit electricity were read before the Royal Society of London and subsequently published. He also advised the sea captain who owned the eels on how to preserve them and where to deliver their bodies if they died en route to London.Although they did die en route, John Hunter of the Royal Society was able to provide excellent descriptions of their electric organs because they were so well preserved.The sequence of events that followed led to other live eels surviving the voy- age to London,where they were observed to spark in darkness in 1776.This was a crit- ical piece of evidence in favor of fish electricity and eventually for the more revolu- tionary idea that even human nerves and muscles might function electrically.
Outcomes of ADN-BSN partnerships to increase baccalaureate prepared nurses.

The limited supply of BSN nurses hinders efforts to increase patient care quality and ad-dress health disparities. In largely rural and economically disadvantaged areas, associate degreeprepared nurses provide the majority of nursing services. To address a statewide need, a BSNProgram and 3 ADN Programs formed a partnership to take BSN education to rural and medicallyunderserved areas. This article describes the program planning, implementation, and evaluationusing an adapted assessment framework with partnership principles as its foundation. Interactivetelevision, internet education components, local clinical experiences, and distant nursing facultyliaisons were used. The nursing course sequence was completed by 101 of 102 students. Hall’sProfessionalism Scale, the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory, and the CaliforniaCriticalThinkingSkillsTestmeasuredtheincreasesfoundinprofessionalsocializationandcriticalthinking. Use of the adapted theoretical framework represented a strategic approach to developinga distance delivered nursing education program.KEYWORDS: distance education, RN-BSN education, nursing education, education programplanning & evaluation
Face recognition security entrance

This paper describes an automatic face recognition algorithm for security entrances. There are two major steps in this procedure to make the automatic recognition possible: (1) We combined the two-phase face detection method and back propagation neural networks to detect human faces when people are walking in the region of entrances. The combination allows the strength of both methods activated to accommodate the size and head-orientation variations and to eliminate the false detection. (2) Novel face recognition: we extract the facial feature measurements to form the multi-variable normal distribution for each person. These multi-variable normal distributions separate the decision space well and the probability for good index for face recognition. This face recognition algorithm is very efficient on computing time and taking little storage space.
Effect of Mode of Adjudication, Presence of Defense Counsel, and Favorability of Verdict on Observers' Evaluation of a Criminal Trial1

In an experimental simulation, observers evaluated one of four different legal procedures in the presence of either a favorable or unfavorable outcome in a video-taped reenactment of a criminal trial. The procedures were adversarial, inquisitorial, adversarial without lawyer, and adversarial with plea bargaining. Data were gathered on the fairness and perceived satisfaction of the defendant with the final outcome, and quality of the defense and prosecution. Contrary to previous research, results showed that the several different procedures were seen as equally fair and legitimate, which suggests that how a procedure is implemented may be more important than its structural properties in observers' overall evaluations. It was also found that defendants are seen as least satisfied when the ostensibly fairest procedure (eg, adversarial) yields an unfavorable outcome. This finding supports a frustration interpretation and contradicts previous studies which report adversarial to be the most preferred dispute resolution procedure within all outcome conditions.
Wnt Signaling in Neuromuscular Junction Development

Wnt proteins are best known for their profound roles in cell patterning, because they are required for the embryonic development of all animal species studied to date. Besides regulating cell fate, Wnt proteins are gaining increasing recognition for their roles in nervous system development and function. New studies indicate that multiple positive and negative Wnt signaling pathways take place simultaneously during the formation of vertebrate and invertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Although some Wnts are essential for the formation of NMJs, others appear to play a more modulatory role as part of multiple signaling pathways. Here we review the most recent findings regarding the function of Wnts at the NMJ from both vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.
Supplementary Benefits from Partial Vehicle Automation in an Ecoapproach and Departure Application at Signalized Intersections

One of the objectives of the U.S. Department of Transportation's connected vehicle (CV) research program is to develop innovative applications that take advantage of communications between vehicles and roadside infrastructure as well as between the vehicles themselves to improve safety, mobility, and the environmental performance of multimodal transportation systems. Many of the energy- and environment-focused CV applications involve the prescription of optimal speed profiles for vehicles that travel within the transportation network. These recommended speed profiles can then be provided to the drivers through human-machine interfaces (HMIs). However, the drivers may not be able to follow the recommended speed profiles closely. In that case, the effectiveness of the applications might be degraded. These HMIs may even be distracting and detrimental to safety. Partial vehicle automation can be used to follow a recommended speed profile and play an important role to ensure that the benefits of these CV appli...
ENTRANCE OF WATER INTO HUMAN RED CELLS UNDER AN OSMOTIC PRESSURE GRADIENT

A new technique to determine the rate of water passage through the membrane of the human erythrocyte under an osmotic gradient has been developed. It utilizes a rapid mixing apparatus of the Hartridge-Roughton type which permits measurements at short intervals after the reaction has begun. This is coupled with a light-scattering device of new design which permits the determination of very small changes in volume of the cells without disturbing them. With this technique it was possible to measure the change in volume of freshly drawn human erythrocytes after about 50, 100, 155, and 215 msec. of exposure to anisotonic media. The experimental curves were compared with theoretical curves derived from accepted equations for the process and a permeability coefficient of 0.23 ± 0.03 (cm.4/osm., sec.) was obtained.
Bridging the gap between science and decision making

All decisions, whether they are personal, public, or business-related, are based on the decision maker’s beliefs and values. Science can and should help decision makers by shaping their beliefs. Unfortunately, science is not easily accessible to decision makers, and scientists often do not understand decision makers’ information needs. This article presents a framework for bridging the gap between science and decision making and illustrates it with two examples. The first example is a personal health decision. It shows how a formal representation of the beliefs and values can reflect scientific inputs by a physician to combine with the values held by the decision maker to inform a medical choice. The second example is a public policy decision about managing a potential environmental hazard. It illustrates how controversial beliefs can be reflected as uncertainties and informed by science to make better decisions. Both examples use decision analysis to bridge science and decisions. The conclusions suggest that this can be a helpful process that requires skills in both science and decision making.
Use of the Krusen Limb Load Monitor to Quantify Temporal and Loading Measurements of Gait

The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether the temporal and force measurements from the Krusen Limb Load Monitor produced clinically reliable data and to begin identifying the factors that determine the monitor's reliability. Temporal and loading measurements were made from the output of the Krusen Limb Load Monitor and compared to values obtained from a calibrated force platform. Such comparisons were made for 30 steps taken by two subjects on three separate occasions and from the same two subjects plus a third subject for 100 consecutive steps. For most measures, mean values from the limb-load monitor were significantly different from those recorded from the force platform. From a clinical perspective, however, the range of measures was narrow for the 95 percent confidence level of the observed differences for the temporal components of stance between the limb-load monitor and force platform, with the narrowest range of measures related to the appropriateness of “fit” of the limb-load monitor force plate within the shoe. The loading components of stance showed a relatively wide 95 percent confidence interval that appeared unrelated to fit. Thus, given a “good fitting” force plate insert, the therapist can make clinically meaningful measurements of the temporal components of the stance phase of gait using the limb-load monitor.
Atomically localized plasmon enhancement in monolayer graphene

A single point defect in graphene can act as an atomic antenna in the petahertz frequency range, leading to surface plasmon resonances at the subnanometre scale.
Real-Time Distributed Discrete-Event Execution with Fault Tolerance

We build on PTIDES, a programming model for distributed embedded systems that uses discrete-event (DE) models as program specifications. PTIDES improves on distributed DE execution by allowing more concurrent event processing without backtracking. This paper discusses the general execution strategy for PTIDES, and provides two feasible implementations. This execution strategy is then extended with tolerance for hardware errors. We take a program transformation approach to automatically enhance DE models with incremental checkpointing and state recovery functionality. Our fault tolerance mechanism is lightweight and has low overhead. It requires very little human intervention. We incorporate this mechanism into PTIDES for efficient execution of fault- tolerant real-time distributed DE systems.
Active surveillance for low-risk bladder cancer

Abstract Background Most newly diagnosed bladder cancers present as non–muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). NMIBC is a heterogeneous disease with varying treatment options, follow-up schedules, and oncologic outcomes. We sought to review the role of active surveillance for low risk bladder cancer in the literature. Methods A PubMed search was performed using the following keywords: active surveillance, low risk, bladder, transurethral resection of bladder tumor, cost, and quality of life. Relevant articles were reviewed and utilized. Results Low-risk bladder cancer—defined as pTa low-grade papillary tumors—is the type of NMIBC with the most favorable oncologic outcome and which almost never progresses to muscle invasive disease or metastasizes. Bladder cancer has the highest per patient treatment costs of all cancers. One of the reasons is the high rate of recurrence. Patients with low-grade bladder tumors often experience a recurrence after primary transurethral resection. Many patients undergo multiple resections in the hospital. Conclusions Appropriately selected patients with recurrent low-risk bladder cancer could be managed with either office fulguration or cystoscopic surveillance. Active surveillance for patients with low-risk bladder cancer avoids or delays the surgical and anesthetic risks of a TURBT, thus optimizing quality of life without compromising the patient's risk of cancer progression.
Variations in Cloud Cover and Cloud Types over the Ocean from Surface Observations, 1954-2008

AbstractSynoptic weather observations from ships throughout the World Ocean have been analyzed to produce a climatology of total cloud cover and the amounts of nine cloud types. About 54 million observations contributed to the climatology, which now covers 55 years from 1954 to 2008. In this work, interannual variations of seasonal cloud amounts are analyzed in 10° grid boxes. Long-term variations O(5–10 yr), coherent across multiple latitude bands, remain present in the updated cloud data. A comparison to coincident data on islands indicates that the coherent variations are probably spurious. An exact cause for this behavior remains elusive. The globally coherent variations are removed from the gridbox time series using a Butterworth filter before further analysis.Before removing the spurious variation, the global average time series of total cloud cover over the ocean shows low-amplitude, long-term variations O(2%) over the 55-yr span. High-frequency, year-to-year variation is seen O(1%–2%).Among the cl...
An architecture for integrating concurrency control into environment frameworks

Layered and componentized systems promise substantial benefits from dividing responsibilities, but it is still unresolved how to construct a system from pre-esisting, independently developed pieces. Good solutions to this problem, in general or for specific classes of components, should reduce duplicate implementation efforts and promote reuse of large scale subsystems. We tackle the domain of software development environments and present an architecture for retrofitting external concurrency control components onto existing environment frameworks. We describe a sample ECC component, explain how we added concurrency control to a commercial product that had none, and briefly sketch how we replaced the concurrency control mechanism of a research system.
A Synchronous Distance Learning program implementation in engineering and mathematics

Distance learning is increasingly seen by many institutions as an efficient and economical method for expanding educational programs to remote locations in hopes of increasing student enrollments by reaching beyond limited geographic areas of coverage. However, the introduction of distance learning into a traditional program requires changes that directly or indirectly affect several aspects of the educational program well beyond student enrollment. Teaching quality, teaching methods, faculty workloads, student satisfaction, and student perception of instructor efficiency are also impacted. Some effects of Synchronous Distance Learning (SDL) on many areas of operation of an educational program can be effectively measured and the success of the SDL implementation can be assessed. The results of this research are useful in assisting educational institutions considering SDL as an option for expanding their offerings. The stated improvements and goals of the expansion may have indirect effects that must also be considered but are rarely foreseen or taken into account during the planning and design phases. This article concentrates on SDL in engineering and mathematics but its findings are applicable to other disciplines as well.
Improving Wireless Access of Video Over the Internet

Network flow buffering is the use of a simple remote flow-regulating buffer that is dynamically deployed between a Web client and server to improve the performance of HTTP-based access and playback of video. We show that HTTP enhanced with network flow buffering performs well, especially under high packet loss and highly variable bandwidth conditions, when compared with using either straight HTTP or streaming. The benefits of network flow buffering are numerous, and include reducing interruptions to playback, maintaining high video-image quality, and decreasing client buffering requirements. Network flow buffering can be easily implemented using existing Web mechanisms.
A new, unique and simple method for ureteral implantation in kidney recipients with small, defunctionalized bladders.

BACKGROUND Major, almost insurmountable, deterrents exist to the use of the small capacity, defunctionalized, nonneurogenic urinary bladder in renal transplantation, namely, the technical difficulty in performing a satisfactory ureteral implantation with conventional methods and the potential secondary problems with high grade ureteral reflux and obstruction. Alternatives are less than ideal and include transplantation into a bowel-augmented urinary bladder with intermittent self-catheterization, ileal conduit urinary diversion, or avoidance of transplantation and relegating the patient to life-long dialysis. METHODS Eight consecutive patients (ages 13 months to 29 years) with small, defunctionalized urinary bladders underwent a new method of intravesical implantation of the transplant ureter. The mean capacity of these bladders was 18.5+/-13.1 ml (range 6 to 45 ml), with the bladders defunctionalized for a mean 81.6+/-24.3% of the patients' total lifetime. The technique involved placement of the transplant ureter into a shallow, mucosa-denuded, rectangular trough extending from a superiorly placed ureteral hiatus distally to the trigone. We hypothesized that the mucosal margins on the two lateral aspects of the rectangular trough would grow over the anterior surface of the ureter until they met the advancing mucosal edges from the contralateral side to form a natural neosubmucosal tunnel. RESULTS Posttransplantation cystoscopic examination demonstrated bladder mucosal regeneration and growth over the ureter, confirming the spontaneous development of a good length neosubmucosal tunnel. All patients demonstrated no evidence of ureteral reflux or ureteral obstruction, whereas an immediate prior cohort of four consecutive patients with bladder capacities < or =30 ml showed that three of four had ureteral reflux (P=0.02) and four of four developed hydronephrosis (P=0.002). All urinary bladders in the present cohort enlarged to expected normal or nearnormal capacities. Serum creatinines were stable throughout the entire follow-up period, with the exception of one patient who had rejection episodes. Two patients had urinary tract infections posttransplantation, but there were no episodes of acute pyelonephritis. CONCLUSIONS This novel technique for ureteral implantation successfully capitalizes on the regenerative potential of the bladder mucosa, resulting in a physiological, anatomically natural, and very effective neosubmucosal tunnel. It appears to guarantee success against both ureteral reflux and obstruction, no matter how small the urinary bladder, and offers no hindrance to enlarging the bladder to near normal capacity posttransplantation. The implantation technique is simple and safe, and its use should eliminate the reluctance to use these bladders. Moreover, this procedure offers a major incentive for the successful rehabilitation of small, defunctionalized, nonneurogenic bladders after kidney transplantation.
Inhibition of catabolism of radiolabeled antibodies by tumor cells using lysosomotropic amines and carboxylic ionophores.

The rates of degradation of radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) by malignant T- and B-lymphoid cells were studied in the presence and absence of a variety of pharmacological agents known to affect the intracellular metabolism of internalized ligands. 125I-MoAbs directed against the CD2, CD3, CD5, and anti-mu surface antigens underwent rapid endocytosis, followed by prompt degradation with release of greater than or equal to 50% of the initially bound radioactivity as free, trichloroacetic acid-soluble 125I within 24 h. Lysosomotropic amines (chloroquine, ammonium chloride, amantadine), carboxylic ionophores (monensin, nigericin), calcium channel blockers (verapamil), thionamides (propylthiouracil), lysosomal enzyme inhibitors (leupeptin), and colchicine all inhibited metabolism of radioiodinated MoAbs and enhanced retention of 125I-MoAbs by tumor cells. The most effective agents (e.g., monensin, nigericin) diminished the release of free 125I by greater than 90% and enhanced retention of radioactivity by greater than 300% at 24 h. Experiments with immunoperoxidase electron microscopy and Percoll gradient fractionation of organelles from disrupted cells suggested that high concentrations of monensin (10-20 microM) delayed transfer of 125I-MoAbs to lysosomes, but other mechanisms (e.g., pH neutralization) were operative at lower concentrations (1-3 microM). Clinical administration of these agents may enhance retention of radioimmunoconjugates by tumor cells, resulting in improved radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy.
Fatal Pulmonary Edema in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Associated with Adenovirus Infection

Sporadic sudden deaths in adult white-tailed deer occurred from November 1997 through August 1998 on an Iowa game farm. Three of the 4 deer necropsied had severe pulmonary edema, widespread mild lymphocytic vasculitis, and amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in scattered endothelial cells in blood vessels in the lung and abdominal viscera. Immunohistochemistry with bovine adenovirus 5 antisera and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated adenoviral antigen and nucleocapsids, respectively, within endothelial cells. Adenovirus was isolated in cell culture from 1 of the affected deer. The isolate was neutralized by California black-tailed deer adenovirus antiserum. These findings indicate that adenovirus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of both black-tailed and white-tailed deer with pulmonary edema and/or hemorrhagic enteropathy.
Tragedy of the Commons, Business Growth and the Fundamental Sustainability Problem

This paper reviews the major issues involved in Hardin’s [1] tragedy of the commons, written over 44 years ago, and examines whether these issues are still relevant today. We assert that this model still provides important insight to aid in the solution to our global problems. In particular, we maintain that the underlying issues of growth against limits and bounded rationality are still not adequately recognized and addressed; this underlies many of the reasons for our unsustainable world. Examples from fisheries management are used to examine potential solutions and reveal weaknesses in current approaches. We show how our current, restricted mental models promote social injustice and blind us to developing sustainable solutions. Both the neo-liberal economic view of business that directly seeks growth and the new sustainable development view that indirectly supports growth are leading our global economy in the wrong direction and away from prosperity and sustainability. Current thinking has not realized Hardin’s message that sustainability is of the class of no technology solution problems. We conclude with recommendations to radically advance a new world view and business paradigm.
A balanced approach to health information evaluation: A vocabulary-based naïve Bayes classifier and readability formulas

Since millions seek health information online, it is vital for this information to be comprehensible. Most studies use readability formulas, which ignore vocabulary, and conclude that online health information is too difficult. We developed a vocabularly-based, naive Bayes classifier to distinguish between three difficulty levels in text. It proved 98% accurate in a 250-document evaluation. We compared our classifier with readability formulas for 90 new documents with different origins and asked representative human evaluators, an expert and a consumer, to judge each document. Average readability grade levels for educational and commercial pages was 10th grade or higher, too difficult according to current literature. In contrast, the classifier showed that 70-90% of these pages were written at an intermediate, appropriate level indicating that vocabulary usage is frequently appropriate in text considered too difficult by readability formula evaluations. The expert considered the pages more difficult for a consumer than the consumer did. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of cerium oxidation state through metal complex secondary structures

A series of alkali metal cerium diphenylhydrazido complexes, Mx(py)y[Ce(PhNNPh)4], M = Li, Na, and K, x = 4 (Li and Na) or 5 (K), and y = 4 (Li), 8 (Na), or 7 (K), were synthesized to probe how a secondary coordination sphere would modulate electronic structures at a cerium cation. The resulting electronic structures of the heterobimetallic cerium diphenylhydrazido complexes were found to be strongly dependent on the identity of the alkali metal cations. When M = Li+ or Na+, the cerium(III) starting material was oxidized with concomitant reduction of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine to aniline. Reduction of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine was not observed when M = K+, and the complex remained in the cerium(III) oxidation state. Oxidation of the cerium(III) diphenylhydrazido complex to the Ce(IV) diphenylhydrazido one was achieved through a simple cation exchange reaction of the alkali metals. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, electrochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, and DFT studies were used to probe the oxidation state and the electronic changes that occurred at the metal centre.
Freeze‐drying of foodstuffs

Recent research and development concerning the freeze‐drying of foodstuffs is reviewed, with emphasis on factors relating to the engineering of freeze‐drying processes. Major areas considered are the physical description and analysis of drying rates, the influence of processing and storage conditions on product quality, improved processing approaches, and quality control.
Probabilistic analysis of the RNN-CLINK clustering algorithm

Clustering is among the oldest techniques used in data mining applications. Typical implementations of the hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods (HACM) require an amount of O(N2)-space, when there are N data objects, making such algorithms impractical for problems involving large datasets. The well-known clustering algorithm RNN- CLINK requires only O(N)-space, but O(N3)-time in the worst case, although the average time appears to be O(N2-log N). We provide a probabilistic interpretation of the average time complexity of the algorithm. We also report experimental results, using the randomly generated bit vectors, and using the NETNEWS articles as the input, to support our theoretical analysis.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Droplet particle collision mechanics with film-boiling evaporation

A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the process of collision between an evaporative droplet and a high-temperature particle. This phenomenon is of direct relevance to many engineering process operations, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), polyethylene synthesis, and electronic materials coating. In this study, the level-set method and the immersed-boundary method are combined to describe the droplet–particle contact dynamics in a fixed Eulerian grid. The droplet deformation is captured by one level-set function while the solid–fluid boundary condition is imposed on the particle surface through the immersed-boundary method involving another level-set function. A two-dimensional vapour-layer model is developed to simulate the vapour flow dynamics. Equations for the heat transfer characteristics are formulated for each of the solid, liquid and gas phases. The incompressible flow-governing equations are solved using the finite-volume method with the ALE (arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) technique. The simulation results are validated through comparisons with experimental data obtained from the new experimental set-up designed in this study. An important feature of the droplet impacting on a particle with film boiling is that the droplet undergoes a spreading, recoiling and rebounding process, which is reproduced by the numerical simulation based on the model. Details of the collision such as spread factor, contact time and temperature distribution are provided. Simulations are also conducted to examine the effects of the particle size and the collision velocity. Although the value for the maximum spread factor is larger for a higher impact velocity and for a smaller particle, the contact time is independent of the impact velocity and particle size. Both the normal collision and the oblique collision are considered in this study.
Regulation of acetylated low density lipoprotein uptake in macrophages by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins

Class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) mediate the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) by mac- rophages. Although not typically associated with the activa- tion of intracellular signaling cascades, results with perito- neal macrophages indicate that the SR-A ligand acetylated LDL (AcLDL) promotes activation of cytosolic kinases and phospholipases. These signaling responses were blocked by the treatment of cells with pertussis toxin (PTX) indicating that SR-A activates G i/o -linked signaling pathways. The func- tional significance of SR-A-mediated G i/o activation is not clear. In this study, we investigated the potential role of G i/o activation in regulating SR-A-mediated lipoprotein uptake. Treatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with PTX de- creased association of fluorescently labeled AcLDL with cells. This inhibition was dependent on the catalytic activity of the toxin confirming that the decrease in AcLDL uptake involved inhibiting G i/o activation. In contrast to the inhibi- tory effect on AcLDL uptake, PTX treatment did not alter b -VLDL-induced cholesterol esterification or deposition of cholesterol. The ability of polyinosine to completely inhibit AcLDL uptake, and the lack of PTX effect on b -VLDL up- take, demonstrated that the inhibitory effect is specific for SR-A and not the result of non-specific effects on lipoprotein metabolism. Despite having an effect on an SR-A-mediated lipoprotein uptake, there was no change in the relative abundance of SR-A protein after PTX treatment. These results demonstrate that activation of a PTX-sensitive G protein is involved in a feedback process that positively reg- ulates SR-A function. —Whitman, S. C., A. Daugherty, and S. R. Post. Regulation of acetylated low density lipoprotein up- take in macrophages by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 807-813.
Learning the structure of manifolds using random projections

We present a simple variant of the k-d tree which automatically adapts to intrinsic low dimensional structure in data.
Error-diffused image compression using a binary-to-gray-scale decoder and predictive pruned tree-structured vector quantization

The authors consider data compression of binary error diffused images. The original contribution is using nonlinear filters to decode error-diffused images to compress them in the gray-scale domain; this gives better image quality than directly compressing the binary images. Their method is of low computational complexity and can work with any halftoning algorithm. >
Are the red supergiants ε Peg and 12 Pup victims of mild s-processing?

Analyse de l'abondance de supergeantes G et K avec une attention particuliere pour e Peg et 12 Pup
Privacy-Preserving Read Mapping Using Locality Sensitive Hashing and Secure Kmer Voting

The recent explosion in the amount of available genome sequencing data imposes high computational demands on the tools designed to analyze it. Low-cost cloud computing has the potential to alleviate this burden. However, moving personal genome data analysis to the cloud raises serious privacy concerns. Read alignment is a critical and computationally intensive first step of most genomic data analysis pipelines. While significant effort has been dedicated to optimize the sensitivity and runtime efficiency of this step, few approaches have addressed outsourcing this computation securely to an untrusted party. The few secure solutions that have been proposed either do not scale to whole genome sequencing datasets or are not competitive with the state of the art in read mapping. In this paper, we present BALAUR, a privacy-preserving read mapping algorithm based on locality sensitive hashing and secure kmer voting. BALAUR securely outsources a significant portion of the computation to the public cloud by formulating the alignment task as a voting scheme between encrypted read and reference kmers. Our approach can easily handle typical genome-scale datasets and is highly competitive with non-cryptographic state-of-the-art read aligners in both accuracy and runtime performance on simulated and real read data. Moreover, our approach is significantly faster than state-of-the-art read aligners in long read mapping.
Modeling Polymorphic Molecular Crystals with Electronic Structure Theory

Interest in molecular crystals has grown thanks to their relevance to pharmaceuticals, organic semiconductor materials, foods, and many other applications. Electronic structure methods have become an increasingly important tool for modeling molecular crystals and polymorphism. This article reviews electronic structure techniques used to model molecular crystals, including periodic density functional theory, periodic second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, fragment-based electronic structure methods, and diffusion Monte Carlo. It also discusses the use of these models for predicting a variety of crystal properties that are relevant to the study of polymorphism, including lattice energies, structures, crystal structure prediction, polymorphism, phase diagrams, vibrational spectroscopies, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, tools for analyzing crystal structures and intermolecular interactions are briefly discussed.
Reorganization of filamentous actin and myosin-II in zebrafish eggs correlates temporally and spatially with cortical granule exocytosis

The zebrafish egg provides a useful experimental system to study events of fertilization, including exocytosis. We show by differential interference contrast videomicroscopy that cortical granules are: (1) released nonsynchronously over the egg surface and (2) mobilized to the plasma membrane in two phases, depending upon vesicle size and location. Turbidometric assay measurements of the timing and extent of exocytosis revealed a steady release of small granules during the first 30 seconds of egg activation. This was followed by an explosive discharge of large granules, beginning at 30 seconds and continuing for 1–2 minutes. Stages of single granule exocytosis and subsequent remodeling of the egg surface were imaged by either real-time or time-lapse videomicroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. Cortical granule translocation and fusion with the plasma membrane were followed by the concurrent expansion of a fusion pore and release of granule contents. A dramatic rearrangement of the egg surface followed exocytosis. Cortical crypts (sites of evacuated granules) displayed a purse-string-like contraction, resulting in their gradual flattening and disappearance from the egg surface. We tested the hypothesis that subplasmalemmal filamentous (F-) actin acts as a physical barrier to secretion and is locally disassembled prior to granule release. Experimental results showed a reduction of rhodamine-phalloidin and antimyosin staining at putative sites of secretion, acceleration of the timing and extent of granule release in eggs pretreated with cytochalasin D, and dose-dependent inhibition of exocytosis in permeabilized eggs preincubated with phalloidin. An increase in assembled actin was detected by fluorometric assay during the period of exocytosis. Localization studies showed that F-actin and myosin-II codistributed with an inward-moving, membrane-delimited zone of cytoplasm that circumscribed cortical crypts during their transformation. Furthermore, cortical crypts displayed a distinct delay in transformation when incubated continuously with cytochalasin D following egg activation. We propose that closure of cortical crypts is driven by a contractile ring whose forces depend upon dynamic actin filaments and perhaps actomyosin interactions.
Mohs micrographic surgery for skin cancers of the neck.

Skin cancers of the neck usually are superficial; however, if they are allowed to enlarge or if they recur, they may invade important structures such as blood vessels, nerves, or lymph nodes. The physician should carefully approach resection of the cancer so as to protect these structures and to minimize complications. Cooperation between a Mohs surgeon and a head and neck surgeon may be necessary to safely and completely resect skin cancer in the neck.