cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4670: Combinations of kinase siRNAs potentiates paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian cancer

Drug resistance imposes a major obstacle in ovarian cancer treatment. All patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer are treated with a combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin. While 70% of ovarian cancers respond to carboplatin, less than 50% respond to paclitaxel. Inhibition of kinases that modulate primary paclitaxel resistance, could enhance response to therapy. A Kinase siRNA library was screened in ovarian cancer cell lines to determine which kinases regulate paclitaxel sensitivity. Among 45 hits from high throughput screening, 14 target proteins (AATK, ACRBP, BMP2K, CHUK, EDN2, IKBKB, ILK, RAPGEF3, RAPGEF4, RFP, SIK2, STK24, STK39 and TBK1) regulated sensitivity to paclitaxel and were differentially expressed or overexpressed in a fraction of ovarian cancers. siRNAs against each of these kinases were tested for the ability to enhance sensitivity to paclitaxel in each of 12 ovarian cancer cell lines that reflected the heterogeneity observed in ovarian cancers including mutations of TP53, BRCA1/2, KRAS, BRAF, PI3K and PTEN. Knockdown of 10 individual genes enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity by at least two folds in different cell lines. A subscreen using combinations of these 14 kinase siRNAs in the six most responsive cell lines were carried out to select pairs of kinase siRNAs which could further potentiate paclitaxel sensitivity. IKBKB and STK39 kinase siRNAs had the greatest activity. We discovered that knockdown of IKBKB and STK39 stabilized microtubules judged by a microtubule fractionation assay and levels of acetylated and detyrosinated tubulin. IKBKB and STK39 kinase siRNAs also induced apoptosis. Double knockdown of microtubule stabilizing kinases IKBKB and STK39 resulted in greater enhancement in microtubule stability and apoptosis, leading to additive sensitization of paclitaxel. Small molecule inhibitors are available for IKBKB. As inhibition drugs become available for STK39, these observations can be translated to the clinic. Citation Format: Hailing Yang, Xiaoyan Wang, Ahmed Ahmed, Lakesla Iles, Geoffrey Bartholomeusz, Zhen Lu, Robert C. Bast Jr.. Combinations of kinase siRNAs potentiates paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4670.
The Failure of Reforms in the Eighteenth Century

As a rule, compared with its Japanese counterpart, Korea handed down copious records such as Chosŏn wangjo sillok, Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi, Pibyŏnsa tŭngnok, Haedong chegukki, T’ongmun’gwanji, Chŭngjŏng kyorinji and others describing Korean—Japanese relations. However, from the end of the seventeenth century the sources at Tsushima increased rapidly, records became more organised and systematised, and their concrete descriptions surpassed Korean sources. Osa Masanori observes that during the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century Japanese—Korean relations witnessed a transition period from Japan’s scarce record-keeping to the “period of record” (kiroku no jidai).1 Osa points out that this surge in record-keeping was due to the centralised bureaucratic system of the Tsushima domain that was established during the Sō Yoshizane period (1657–1692).
Comparative Study of the Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Sharing Unbalanced Three-Phase and/or Single-Phase systems

Unbalance in a three-phase system is created due to single-phase loads and distributed single-phase renewable energy sources connected to the same system. This unbalance can be compensated locally at the point of common coupling using a three-phase four-wire grid-tied inverter. This paper presents a comparative study of three-phase four-wire inverter topologies to compensate for positive, negative, and zero sequence components of the current injected into the grid. The function of the inverter is to inject power to the grid and additional active power compensation (APC) to support unbalance, load reactive power, and load neutral current. Performance analysis and control of these topologies are being compared to evaluate utilization of dc link, size, control, and ease of implementation. A quantitative comparison of the topologies is provided to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed systems. The control algorithm has been presented to regulate the active and reactive power in each phase independently during both grid-connected and islanded modes. The analysis of three-phase 480-V 50-kV·A system based on three H-bridge converter is presented with simulation and experimental results. The experimental results validate the ability of the inverter to provide four-quadrant control of each phase independently.
Optimization of a mixed multiplicity counter using Monte Carlo simulations and measurements

A measurement system capable of multiplicity measurements for both neutrons and gamma rays has been developed at the University of Michigan. The benefit of such an approach is in the increased number of available measurables. A pure neutron assay results in three measurables for third-order multiples, while a combined neutron/gamma-ray assay results in 9 measurables for the same order of multiples. The idea is to use the additional measurables to achieve greater accuracy when determining unknown parameters of the sample such as the fissile mass. The measurement system is based on liquid scintillation detectors (EJ-309) which feed detected pulses to a digital data-acquisition system. The excellent pulse shape discrimination capabilities of the EJ-309s allow for accurate differentiation between gamma-ray pulses and neutron pulses. The PSD is vital to correctly identify the different multiples up to the third order: n, γ, nn, nγ, γγ, nnn, nnγ, nγγ and γγγ. Previous investigation of the measurement system showed that good counting statistics can be achieved within minutes for spontaneous-fission sources such as 252Cf. In this paper, we present new measurement results and corresponding Monte Carlo simulations aimed at charaterizing the measurement system. Comparison of the measured and simulated multiples count rates is discussed in detailed and a relatively good agreement on trends and count rates is found.
IgA-coated E. coli enriched in Crohn’s disease spondyloarthritis promote TH17-dependent inflammation

Peripheral spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a common extraintestinal manifestation in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammatory enthesitis, dactylitis, or synovitis of nonaxial joints. However, a mechanistic understanding of the link between intestinal inflammation and SpA has yet to emerge. We evaluated and functionally characterized the fecal microbiome of IBD patients with or without peripheral SpA. Coupling the sorting of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-coated microbiota with 16S ribosomal RNA-based analysis (IgA-seq) revealed a selective enrichment in IgA-coated Escherichia coli in patients with Crohn's disease-associated SpA (CD-SpA) compared to CD alone. E. coli isolates from CD-SpA-derived IgA-coated bacteria were similar in genotype and phenotype to an adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) pathotype. In comparison to non-AIEC E. coli, colonization of germ-free mice with CD-SpA E. coli isolates induced T helper 17 cell (TH17) mucosal immunity, which required the virulence-associated metabolic enzyme propanediol dehydratase (pduC). Modeling the increase in mucosal and systemic TH17 immunity we observed in CD-SpA patients, colonization of interleukin-10-deficient or K/BxN mice with CD-SpA-derived E. coli lead to more severe colitis or inflammatory arthritis, respectively. Collectively, these data reveal the power of IgA-seq to identify immunoreactive resident pathosymbionts that link mucosal and systemic TH17-dependent inflammation and offer microbial and immunophenotype stratification of CD-SpA that may guide medical and biologic therapy.
Cathepsin-Mediated Cleavage of Peptides from Peptide Amphiphiles Leads to Enhanced Intracellular Peptide Accumulation.

Peptides synthesized in the likeness of their native interaction domain(s) are natural choices to target protein–protein interactions (PPIs) due to their fidelity of orthostatic contact points between binding partners. Despite therapeutic promise, intracellular delivery of biofunctional peptides at concentrations necessary for efficacy remains a formidable challenge. Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) provide a facile method of intracellular delivery and stabilization of bioactive peptides. PAs consisting of biofunctional peptide headgroups linked to hydrophobic alkyl lipid-like tails prevent peptide hydrolysis and proteolysis in circulation, and PA monomers are internalized via endocytosis. However, endocytotic sequestration and steric hindrance from the lipid tail are two major mechanisms that limit PA efficacy to target intracellular PPIs. To address these problems, we have constructed a PA platform consisting of cathepsin-B cleavable PAs in which a selective p53-based inhibitory peptide is cleaved from its lip...
Leftist Politics and the Limits of Microcredit in Argentina

The success of microcredit lending programs depends in part on the regulatory framework that policymakers create to support them. A fact that many microcredit analyses often ignore or overlook is that this framework is shaped by both ideological and partisan political considerations of policymakers. In Argentina, the Peronist governments of Nestor and Cristina Kirchner launched and supported a state-centered microcredit program characterized by strict loan conditions and direct state grants for capital and operational costs to existing non-profit organizations that were largely supportive of Peronism. Provinces and municipalities governed by anti-Peronists refused to participate. As a result, the National Microcredit Program has come to mimic past patronage based policies to a significant extent, engendering dependency on government resources, and thereby threatening its long-term viability. This article explores the impact of the left’s ideological and political project on microcredit policy, implementation, and outcomes in Argentina.
Biologically aggressive regions within glioblastoma identified by spin-lock contrast T1 relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ) MRI

Spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame magnetic resonance imaging allows for the quantitative assessment of spin-lock contrast within tissues. We describe the utility of spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame metrics in characterizing glioblastoma biological heterogeneity. A 84-year-old man presented to our institution with a right frontal temporal mass. Prior tissue sampling from a peripheral nonenhancing lesion was nondiagnostic. Stereotactic image-guided tissue sampling of the nonenhancing T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense region involving the anterior cingulate gyrus with elevated spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame metrics provided a pathologic diagnosis of glioblastoma. This case illustrates the utility of spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame magnetic resonance imaging in identifying biologically aggressive regions within glioblastoma.
Hallucinations Are Real to Patients With Dementia

In this case study, we present a patient with preexistent posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis who has been recently diagnosed with Dementia with Lewy Bodies. He is experiencing vivid halluc...
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE DIAMETER BIORESORBABLE STENTS FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

There is an unmet need for bioresorbable stents (BRS) in sizes for growing children with congenital heart disease (CHD). A poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) coil based, double opposed helical (DH) BRS has been designed. Mechanical, degradation and thermal properties of PLLA fibers 0.25 mm and 0.30 mm
Disorder over the border: spinning the spectre of instability through time and space in Central Asia

ABSTRACTAcross Eurasia, authoritarian leaders have sought to justify their ‘strong-hand’ approach to government by framing instability as a security threat and the strong state as a guarantor of po...
Pregnancy and subsequent uterine rupture in a 72-year-old gravida: medical tourism versus procreative freedom.

A 72-year-old nulliparous with a history of an appendectomy presented to the emergency room (ER) complaining of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Vital signs were within normal limits and her on...
Eigen Analysis of Cone-Beam Scanning Geometries

Eigen analysis is able to diagnose invertibility and noise sensitivity of systems of linear equations. An eigen analysis is applied to a realistic size cone-beam reconstruction problem in SPECT to evaluate various scanning orbit trajectories. Attenuation and truncation problems are considered. For each orbit, the cone-beam reconstruction problem is modeled as a system of 65 × 65 × 128 = 540800 linear equations. Due to the large system of linear equations, the Lanczos iterative method is used to estimate the condition number. A circular sine-wave trajectory is determined to be the most stable sampling scheme of the orbits investigated.
The Correctness of a Tautology-Checker

This chapter presents the expressive power of theory and clarifies certain aspects of it, by formalizing the semantics of a version of propositional calculus in theory. It discusses certain very simple theorem-proving ideas such as the way to apply a theorem as a rewrite rule and the way to keep track of what assumptions govern a subformula of a formula by writing, as a recursive function in theory, a decision procedure for the propositional calculus. The chapter presents a few proof techniques by proving that the decision procedure is well defined, recognizes only and all the tautologies. It presents a procedure for deciding whether an expression is a tautology. The chapter uses a set of terms constructed entirely from variables, T, F, and the function symbol IF. Such terms are called propositional IF-expressions, for example, ( IF A B C ), (IF T F (IF A B C )), and (IF (IF P Q F) (IF P T Q) T).
Releasing Hormones and Sexual Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role and sexual behavior of releasing hormones. The role of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in activating mating behavior was examined in estrone (E)-primed ovariectomized (OVX) and normal proestrous female rats (4-day cycles) as well as in testosterone proprionate (TP)-primed castrated and intact male rats. Research on the subject of releasing factors has focused principally on the elucidation of (1) their chemical structure, (2) the neural and pharmacological determinants of their “release mechanism”, and (3) their involvement in the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Hypothalamic control over anterior pituitary function is thought to be mediated by the action of hypophyseotropic hormones—for example, the releasing and inhibiting factors. At first glance, the possibility of an interaction between LHRH and sexual receptivity appears quite unlikely. In most species that show spontaneous ovulatory cycles, the period of behavioral estrus coincides with the ovulatory period; that is, a period of sexual receptivity ensues shortly following the time of preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) release.
Using Patient Safety Reporting Systems to Understand the Clinical Learning Environment: A Content Analysis

Objective To examine patient safety event reporting behavior by trainees caring for surgical patients compared to other clinicians. Design Qualitative analysis of a patient safety event reporting system comparing reports entered by trainees to those entered by attending physicians and nurses. Categorical data associated with reports were compared, and free-text event descriptions underwent content analysis focusing on themes related to report completeness and report focus. Setting The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, an academic tertiary care hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Participants All patient safety event reports related to surgical patients from a 6-month period (July-December 2016). Results One thousand four hundred twenty-three reports were entered by trainees (T), attendings (A), and nurses (N). Trainees had a lower number of reports entered per reporter compared to nurses (T median [IQR]: 1 [1-2], N: 2 [1-3]), and the highest percentage of reports entered anonymously for any group (T: 28.7%, N: 9.9%, A: 4.6%). The overall distribution of event location and event type differed significantly between groups (p Conclusions Surgical trainees report a wide variety of issues in the perioperative, floor, and ICU settings. Their reports often include more details than those entered by other clinicians, but feature higher rates of anonymous reporting and use of blame language. Analysis of patient safety event reports by trainees compared with other healthcare professionals can reveal important insights into the clinical learning environment and areas for safety improvement.
Newton's graphical method for central force orbits

In the Principia, Book 1, Proposition 1, Newton gave a geometrical proof of angular momentum conservation for central forces. A geometrical construction associated with this proof provides a very efficient graphical method to obtain approximate orbital curves for such forces that can be traced with a ruler and a pencil. Newton's geometrical construction also satisfies a discrete form of energy conservation and it is time reversal invariant. An algorithm corresponding to this construction provides an efficient and stable numerical method to integrate the equations of motion of classical mechanics. In the past, this algorithm has been rediscovered several times without recognizing its connection to Newton's geometrical construction.
Research Ethics, Governance, and the Future

Human resource development (HRD) scholars and professionals must follow research ethics, assist with governance within their organizations, and prepare for the future. Understanding Institutional Review Board (IRB) polices and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requirements and exhibiting research ethics are vital to the career success of HRD scholars and professionals. They must practice and teach appropriate research ethics. Governance is an area where HRD scholars and professionals have growth potential. HRD scholars and practitioners must continuously examine interventions that could reduce the negative effects of unethical behavior in the workplace and accentuate the positive effects of HRD related interventions. They must provide readily available solutions as leaders and employees continuously face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. As future trends continue with artificial intelligence and robotics in the workplace, HRD scholars and professionals must assist organization leaders as they develop ethical and legal policies to address these changes.
Diversification and Firm Value: Reconciling Theories

In this paper, I set up a two-industry equilibrium model and use structural estimation to study corporate diversification decisions. The results show that whether there is a diversification discount or premium depends on key factors including the transferability of firms' management ability, the volatility of acquirer firms' investment, the level of acquirer firms’ financial constraints and the inefficiency of internal capital market. My model predicts that related diversifications are more beneficial than unrelated ones because they are more cost-efficient ex post, firms in these diversifications are more productive ex ante, and the internal capital market is more polluted in unrelated businesses. In addition, the model demonstrates that firms signal outside investors that they are the good performers by diversify into a highly competitive industry. When a positive (or negative) demand shock strikes, it is the good firms who are the first movers responding to the shock. They get to exploit the better opportunities given their existing producing advantages.
Structural Empiricism, Again

As is well known, there are two crucial arguments in the realism debate. According to the no-miracles argument, it would be a miracle if our best scientific theories – namely, those which successfully predict novel phenomena – were not true (or approximately true). So, we should take theories that yield novel predictions as being true or, at least, approximately so. Clearly, considerations of this sort are raised to support realism. On the other hand, according to the pessimist meta-induction, many of our best-confirmed theories have turned out to be false. So, how can we guarantee that current theories are true? Considerations such as these, in turn, are meant to provide support for anti-realism.
Treatment-as-Usual for Child Physical Abuse in Community Mental Health Centers: Therapist Characteristics, Client Profiles, and Therapy Processes:

There is a growing emphasis on utilizing evidence-based treatments in community settings; yet little is known about treatment practices in usual care. The first aim of this study sought to describe...
Improving Transitions of Care for Healthy Adolescents and Young Adults.

OBJECTIVES To explore the gaps in care within the transition process from pediatric to adult medicine for healthy and noncomplex adolescents and young adults and to highlight the importance of identifying and adapting interventions to improve transitions for this population. METHODS Three researchers independently completed searches in PubMed, PsychINFO, and CINAHL Complete. The review used the following inclusion criteria: English-language original research articles published between January 2007 and January 2018 involving care transitions for male and female patients ages 13 to 24 years with diagnoses that may be managed only by a primary care provider. Studies were excluded if they were reviews or commentaries, included only specialist providers, or primarily investigated children with special healthcare needs. The articles selected based on these inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as those identified through review of references of included articles and known articles not found through those searches, were analyzed for suitability. RESULTS Nine studies were included in the review. Limited consensus existed on how transitions of care should be approached for healthy and noncomplex adolescents, despite the 2002, 2011, and 2018 policy statements and clinical reports providing guidelines on transition processes. Perceptions about when to initiate the process, what to discuss about transitions, and how to approach those conversations varied among providers. CONCLUSIONS The literature is limited regarding transitions of care from pediatric to adult medicine for healthy and noncomplex adolescents and young adults. Areas for intervention were identified from these studies and have yet to be explored. Additional research is needed to overcome transition obstacles and to tailor interventions to help healthy and noncomplex adolescents and young adults at this vulnerable time of their lives.
trans-2-(Azaarylsulfanyl)cyclohexanol derivatives as potential pH-triggered conformational switches

A series of trans-2-(azaarylsulfanyl)cyclohexanol derivatives, structurally similar to previously studied trans-2-amino-cyclohexanols, were synthesized through epoxide ring opening under basic conditions with sodium tetraborate as a catalyst. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate the conformational equilibrium in various solvents and its acid-induced change due to stabilization of the conformer with the azaarylsulfanyl and hydroxy groups in equatorial position by an intramolecular hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions.
Association of vitamin D intake with decreased risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis.

89Background: There is a lack of predictive markers informing on the risk of colitis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The aim of this study was to identify potential fa...
Systolic Lidar-based Fuzzy Logic System for border Monitoring using FPGA

The protection of sensitive facilities or international borders using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become one of the important topics nowadays. One of the efficient techniques which could guarantee a high precision capabilities of event detection is to depend on Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) as the Artificial Intelligence(AI)-based processing algorithm, in addition to use the Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) as the hardware platform due to its reconfigurability and high-speed processing power that it could provide. In this paper, we designed a systolic-based FLS architecture using VHDL based on the validated MATLAB model. The proposed systolic FLS architecture has been designed to be interfaced with a TFmini Plus Lidar Sensor Lidar sensor and a MaxSonar ultrasonic sensor using the Intel Altera OpenVINO FPGA kit. The proposed systolic FLS processing core achieved a processing computational speed of 3.085 GOPS at maximum operating frequency of 181.55 MHz, while draining only 29.09 mW as a core dynamic thermal power dissipation loss and only about 12.98 mW as a I/O thermal power dissipation loss.
Surface diffusion manifestation in electrodeposition of metal anodes

Metal anode-based battery systems have been deemed indispensable towards energy storage renaissance engendering extensive research into strategies countering dendritic growth of metal electrodeposition. Fundamentally, the morphological evolution of a material is uniquely characterized by the heights of its self-diffusion barrier across multiple pathways. Herein, based on a coarse-grained kinetic Monte Carlo method, we derive insights into the nucleation and growth of metallic electrodeposits in liquid electrolytes, governed by surface self-diffusion characteristics cognizant of the diverse diffusion routes including terrace, away from step and interlayer pathways. We deconvolve the roles played by each of these surface diffusion mechanisms in conjunction with the electrochemical reaction rate on the deposition morphology regime (film vs. mossy vs. fractal). We identify interlayer diffusion as the predominant morphology-determining mechanism; dendrite-free deposition even at moderate current rates constrains this diffusion barrier to an upper limit. Additionally, we highlight subtle features amidst the realm of the morphological growth assortment that connect to the cell's electrochemical performance. Finally, we delineate morphological features of Li, Na, Mg and Al based on their respective surface diffusion barriers and applied overpotentials, and provide a baseline for the interpretation of experimental observations. This fundamental study sheds light on the mesoscale underpinnings of morphological variances in mono-valent and multi-valent metal electrodeposition.
The past, present, and future of measurement and methods in marketing analysis

The field of marketing has made significant strides over the past 50 years in understanding how methodological choices affect the validity of conclusions drawn from our research. This paper highlights some of these and is organized as follows: We first summarize essential concepts about measurement and the role of cumulating knowledge, then highlight data and analysis methods in terms of their past, present, and future. Lastly, we provide specific examples of the evolution of work on segmentation and brand equity. With relatively well-established methods for measuring constructs, analysis methods have evolved substantially. There have been significant changes in what is seen as the best way to analyze individual studies as well as accumulate knowledge across them via meta-analysis. Collaborations between academia and business can move marketing research forward. These will require the tradeoffs between model prediction and interpretation, and a balance between large-scale use of data and privacy concerns.
Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of gout.

Gout is a disease in which the metabolic condition hyperuricemia leads to the formation of monosodium urate crystals, which provoke acute and chronic inflammatory responses through activation of the innate immune system. Recent advances in our knowledge of gout pathogenesis have emphasized the role of the kidneys in urate handling, the evolutionary loss of uricase as a necessary precondition for hyperuricemia, and the central role of IL-1s in the pathogenesis of gouty inflammation. These, and other advances, have shaped our current strategies for managing gout. Here, we review the most current, evidence-based gout management approaches, including treating acute flares, addressing gout through the long-term regulation of serum urate, and prophylaxis against gouty flares during urate lowering.
Use of a Novel Sanitizer To Inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium and Spoilage Microorganisms during Flume Washing of Diced Tomatoes.

ABSTRACT As demand for fresh-cut produce increases, minimizing the risk of salmonellosis becomes critical for the produce industry. Sanitizers are routinely used during commercial flume washing of fresh-cut produce to minimize cross-contamination from the wash water. This study assessed the efficacy of a novel sanitizer blend consisting of peracetic acid (PAA; OxypHresh 15) with a sulfuric acid-surfactant (SS) antimicrobial (PAA-SS; ProduceShield Plus) against Salmonella during simulated commercial washing of diced tomatoes. Triplicate 9.1-kg batches of Roma tomatoes were dip inoculated in a two-strain avirulent Salmonella cocktail (Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 and MHM112) to achieve 5 to 6 log CFU per tomato and air dried for 2 h. After mechanical dicing, the tomatoes were washed in a pilot-scale processing line for 60 s with or without an added organic load in 90 ppm of PAA-SS (pH 1.8), SS at pH 1.8, 90 ppm of PAA, 5 or 10 ppm of free chlorine or sanitizer-free water as the control. Overall, PAA-SS (1.75 ± 0.75 log CFU/g) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more effective than water (0.69 ± 0.42 log CFU/g), chlorine (0.35 ± 0.36 log CFU/g), or SS (0.36 ± 0.19 log CFU/g) in reducing Salmonella. After washing for 20 s, PAA-SS was the only sanitizer to show a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction (1.93 ±0.59 log CFU/g) in Salmonella. All wash water samples were negative for Salmonella, except for 5 and 10 ppm of chlorine and the water control. Using PAA-SS with an organic load, yeast and mold populations were below the limit of detection (1.40 log CFU/g) and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower on diced tomatoes after 14 days of refrigerated storage compared with the other treatments (8.37 ± 0.08 log CFU/g), with SS at pH 1.8 (3.91 ± 0.93 log CFU/g) most effective against yeast and mold in the absence of an organic load. On the basis of these findings, the safety and shelf life of commercially washed diced tomatoes can be improved with PAA-SS. HIGHLIGHTS
Individual and Geographic Variation in Driver's License Suspensions: Evidence of Disparities by Race, Ethnicity and Income.

Abstract Introduction Although access to a motor vehicle is essential for pursuing social and economic opportunity and ensuring health and well-being, states have increasingly used driver's license suspensions as a means of compelling compliance with a variety of laws and regulations unrelated to driving, including failure to pay a fine or appear in court. Little known about the population of suspended drivers and what geographic resources may be available to them to help mitigate the impact of a suspension. Methods Using data from the New Jersey Safety Health Outcomes (NJ-SHO) data warehouse 2004–2018, we compared characteristics of suspended drivers, their residential census tract, as well as access to public transportation and jobs, by reason for the suspension (driving or non-driving related). In addition, we examined trends in the incidence and prevalence of driving- and non-driving-related suspensions by sub-type over time. Results We found that the vast majority (91%) of license suspensions were for non-driving-related events, with the most common reason for a suspension being failure to pay a fine. Compared to drivers with a driving-related suspension or no suspension, non-driving-related suspended drivers lived in census tracts with a lower household median income, higher proportion of black and Hispanic residents and higher unemployment rates, but also better walkability scores and better access to public transportation and jobs. Conclusions Our study contributes to a growing literature that shows, despite public perception that they are meant to address traffic safety, the majority of suspensions are for non-driving-related events. Further, these non-driving-related suspensions are most common in low-income communities and communities with a high-proportion of black and Hispanic residents. Although non-driving-related suspensions are also concentrated in communities with better access to public transportation and nearby jobs, additional work is needed to determine what effect this has for the social and economic well-being of suspended drivers.
What Do You See? The Supreme Court Decision in PICS and the Resegregation of Two Southern School Districts

Background/ContextIn June 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to prohibit student assignment on the basis of race. In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (hereafte...
Mechanisms of resistance to docetaxel in human breast cancer cell lines

1214 We derived taxane-resistant variants from four human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-549, MDA-MB-231 and T-47D) by continuous exposure to docetaxel. Rt-PCR assays indicated that 4/4 of these variants were positive for the multidrug resistance gene MDR1. Expression of its gene product, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), was confirmed in each by immunoblotting with the monoclonal antibody C219 and by FACS analysis using UIC2/Texas Red staining. MDR1-positive variants accumulated less rhodamine 123 (Rh123) by FACS, but incubation with the P-gp inhibitor PSC 833 (PSC) corrected these to wild-type levels. Further, PSC co-incubation completely restored the sensitivity to known P-gp substrates using the MTT colorimetric cell proliferation assay. In order to study non-MDR1 mechanisms of taxane resistance, we derived another set of variants by co-selecting with docetaxel in the presence of PSC. Rt-PCR assays indicated that all of these docetaxel-PSC variants were negative for MDR1 following 35 cycles of amplification. These variants were negative for P-gp by immunoblotting, and they accumulated equivalent levels of Rh123 relative to wild-type cell lines by FACS. We screened all docetaxel variants and found no mutations in the taxane cellular target, the Class I β-tubulin isoform (M40), by sequencing PCR-amplified products. PSC suppresses the MDR1 resistance phenotype following taxane selection, and the resistance observed is unlikely to be due to transporter-mediated mechanisms. Genomic profiling of all taxane variants by high-density microarrays is on-going to identify candidate genes which may determine docetaxel sensitivity in breast cancer cell lines. Supported by a grant from Aventis Pharmaceuticals.
Psychotherapy Integration with Character Disorders

The psychotherapy of character and personality disorders has received an exceptional amount of attention in the last two decades. The tenacity, pervasiveness, and severity of this type of psychopathology make it particularly difficult to approach in any narrow or traditional manner. We will present a model for understanding and treating character pathology that is derived from psychodynamic theories, but that integrates concepts and techniques from cognitive and behavior therapies.
Multi-Dimensional Feature Merger for Question Answering

In this paper, we introduce new features for question-answering systems. These features are inspired by the fact that justification of the correct answer (out of many candidate answers) may be present in multiple passages. Our features attempt to combine evidence from multiple passages retrieved for a candidate answer. We present results on two data-sets: Jeopardy! and Doctor’s Dilemma. In both data-sets, our features are ranked highest in correlation with gold class (in the training data) and significantly improve the performance of our existing QA system, Watson.
Gene therapy outpaces haplo for SCID-X1.

In this issue of Blood, Touzot et al1 report that autologous gene therapy/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for infants with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (SCID-X1) lacking a matched sibling donor may have better outcomes than haploidentical (haplo) HSCT. Because gene therapy represents an autologous transplant, it obviates immune suppression before and after transplant, eliminates risks of graft versus host disease (GVHD), and, as the authors report, led to faster immunological reconstitution after transplant than did haplo transplant.
Black Sea nitrogen cycling and the preservation of phytoplankton δ15N signals during the Holocene

[1] The stable isotopic compositions of bulk, clay-bound, organic, and compound-specific nitrogen were determined for mid to late Holocene Black Sea sediments from a set of box and gravity cores. The data demonstrate that cyanobacterial N2fixation provided ∼55% of phytoplankton-derived N preserved in the top 1–2 cm of the sediments. Prior to widespread agricultural and industrial development in the catchment, N2fixation was more prominent, providing 70–80% of phytoplankton N. Organic and clay-bound nitrogen fractions record different down-coreδ15N trends that reflect phytoplankton and detrital sources, respectively, and in samples with low organic matter content, the clay-bound fraction comprises up to 38% of bulk nitrogen. Compared with bulk samples, pyropheophytina (Pphe a), which is a chlorophyll a (Chl a) degradation product, provides a more accurate record of changing phytoplankton δ15N values during the Holocene. An examination of the δ15NPphe a values in light of published and new estimates of the isotopic difference between biomass and Chl a suggests that most of the preserved Pphe a was derived from eukaryotic algae, not cyanobacteria. We infer from these data that cyanobacterial biomass is rapidly recycled in the photic zone, with 15N-depleted NH4+ released during heterotrophy and assimilated by other phytoplankton. A conceptual model for N2 fixation in the Black Sea is presented, drawing upon water column nutrient and hydrographic data as well as regional climate variability to explain the proposed temporal variability in N2 fixation.
Women academic leaders in a Latin American university: Reconciling the paradoxes of professional lives*

This study used interviews with 18 women in positions of academic leadership at the University of Costa Rica to explore such questions as (1) why do women seem to have success attaining positions? (2) how did these women get to their current positions? (3) what obstacles did they meet along the way and what facilitated their journey? (4) what is the relationship of machmismo and institutional culture to women's professional choices and lives? A secondary purpose of the study was to provide insight into the lives of professional Latin American women, about which little is known. Traditional Western theories used to explain women's careers lead to the conclusion that Costa Rican women are oppressed and discriminated against in their quest for academic careers. An intepretivist framework focusing on the meaning women give to their lives suggests a different conclusion. Comparing themselves to women in the larger society, academic women described themselves as leading privileged lives in which rules are gender blind and women can achieve through hard work and dedication.
Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing

This volume contains the 36 regular papers and 22 brief announcements presented at the 24th ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, held from July 17th through 20th in Las Vegas, Nevada. The contributed papers were selected from 160 submissions to the regular-paper track and 46 submissions to the brief-announcement track (including some papers submitted to both tracks). In addition, 4 poster presentations were accepted to appear at the conference. These poster presentations do not appear in this volume.Selection of papers was done by the committee after extensive electronic discussions and several conference calls. This process would not have been possible without substantial support in reading and reviewing papers by numerous external reviewers, whose contributions are acknowledge later in this volume. The submission and selection of papers was further supported by a conference management system generously hosted by HP Labs and administered by Marcos Aguilera, who made numerous improvements to the software to support PODC's particular needs.Though all submissions were carefully read and evaluated, the papers were not formally refereed. It is expected that many of these papers will appear in more polished form in refereed journals. In keeping with the tradition of previous years, a selection of papers have been invited to appear in a special issue of Distributed Computing dedicated to PODC 2005.
Bhattacharyya and Expected Likelihood Kernels

We introduce a new class of kernels between distributions. These induce a kernel on the input space between data points by associating to each datum a generative model fit to the data point individually. The kernel is then computed by integrating the product of the two generative models corresponding to two data points. This kernel permits discriminative estimation via, for instance, support vector machines, while exploiting the properties, assumptions, and invariances inherent in the choice of generative model. It satisfies Mercer’s condition and can be computed in closed form for a large class of models, including exponential family models, mixtures, hidden Markov models and Bayesian networks. For other models the kernel can be approximated by sampling methods. Experiments are shown for multinomial models in text classification and for hidden Markov models for protein sequence classification.
Evolution of the Luminosity Function of Quasars

The luminosity function of quasars shows a strong dependence on redshift. We discuss alternate descriptions of this evolution. Density evolution is assumption-free if the density variation with red-shift is also allowed to be a function of absolute magnitude. Luminosity evolution and, in particular, pure luminosity evolution make a priori assumptions about the shape of the luminosity function. We illustrate the derivation of density evolution and its strong dependence on optical luminosity. We discuss work by Schmidt and Green (1985) on X-ray counts of quasars and the need for negative X-ray luminosity evolution to explain the counts and the low average redshift of X-ray quasars. As a consequence the quasar contribution to the 2 keV X-ray background is only around 8–13%. The evolution of active galactic nuclei of lower optical luminosity is tightly constrained by the observed X-ray background.
Hypervariable regions, idiotypy, and the antibody-combining site.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and role of the variable regions of the immunoglobulins (Ig) molecules. Based on amino acid sequence data, hypervariable regions make up a significant part of the variable regions, occupy relatively constant locations in a variety of Ig molecules even from different species, and appear to be intimately associated with the antibody-combining site. In addition, the idiotypic determinants that mark the antigenic individuality of particular Ig molecules are based on the properties of some or all of the hypervariable regions. In contrast, outside the hypervariable regions there is a considerable invariance of sequence, and these invariant sections occur in approximately the same position in Igs of different V region subgroups. The polymeric Ig molecules are intriguing, because one of them, IgM, is structurally the most complex, phylogenetically the most primitive, and ontogenetically the earliest of the Ig molecules. The other polymeric Ig molecule, IgA, evolved relatively recently but retained that portion of the IgM Fc sequences responsible for polymerization and, in addition, developed a mechanism for transport across epithelial cells. The most detailed view of the molecular orientation of the immunoglobulin V region, which is consistent with the known serological and immunochemical data is obtained by X-ray diffraction analyses.
Major Ions in Seawater

Seawater contains all of the natural elements. However, its composition is dominated by relatively few ionic species. These species, which comprise >99.8% of the mass of the total dissolved salts in the ocean, are known as the major ions and are defined as dissolved species having a concentration in seawater of >1 mg kg−1 (1 ppm). Na+ and Cl− alone account for 86% of all dissolved chemical species in seawater. The source of Cl−, and most anions in seawater, is outgassing of the Earth's interior, or volcanic emissions. The majority of the major cations are derived from the effects of continental weathering and are delivered to the ocean via rivers. The gross composition of seawater is the result of the partitioning of elements between continental rock and seawater over geologic time. The major ions represent the more soluble elements, which have preferentially partitioned into seawater. Keywords: seawater; outgassing; volcanic emissions; constant proportions; residence time; seawater changes; sea spray; reverse weathering; hydrothermal circulation
Species-specific oligonucleotide probes for rRNA of Clostridium difficile and related species.

Abstract The large copy number of rRNA makes it an appealing target for oligonucleotide probes designed to identify microorganisms. Given that nucleotide sequences in rRNA are known to reflect phylogeny, species-specific rRNA probes should be feasible if the sequences found in closely related species are different. We sequenced portions of the 16S rRNA of three closely related clostridia found in the human colonic microflora: Clostridium bifermentans, C. sordellii, and C. difficile. The rRNAs of these three species showed 97 to 98% sequence similarity. Five oligonucleotide probes complementary to unique segments of the sequences were end labeled with 32P and hybridized on a nylon filter to the immobilized rRNA of each clostridium. Each probe efficiently hybridized only to the rRNA of the species to which it was directed. Complementary probes emitted a signal that exceeded by a factor of 100 to 1,000 the signal of probes that mismatched the target rRNA by 2 to 5 bases. Even a 1-base difference in rRNA sequence allowed a clear distinction between species. A systematic approach can efficiently yield taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes directed at rRNA.
A Simple Method for Extraction and Quantitation of 14C-Labeled Compounds from Blood

This note describes a simple heat clot-extraction procedure for separation of water soluble 14C-labeled compounds of low molecular weight from serum-in a form sufficiently pure to enumerate in a gas-flow counter. Data obtained with glucose-1- 14C and uric acid-1-14C are presented. Similar results have been obtained with 14C-labeled galactose, allantoin, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and leucine.