cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relaxation time is monotone in temperature in the mean-field Ising model

In this note we consider the Glauber dynamics for the mean-field Ising model, when all couplings are equal and the external field is uniform. It is proved that the relaxation time of the dynamics is monotonically decreasing in temperature.
Penrose matching rules from realistic potentials in a model system

We exhibit a toy model of a binary decagonal quasicrystal of composition Al80.1 Co19.9–closely related to actual structures–in which realistic pair potentials yield a ground state which appears to perfectly implement Penrose's matching rules, for Hexagon–Boat–Star (HBS) tiles of edge 2.45 A. The second minimum of the potentials is crucial for this result.
Elastic-plastic behavior of coldworked holes

The objective of this paper is to describe a four-stage analytical procedure used to determine the crack-growth response for coldworked open holes, and holes filled with neat- and interference-fit fasteners. The methodology utilizes an elastic-plast ic finite element analysis program to determine residual stress states. A crack-growth procedure, modified to include the residual stresses, is used to evaluate the coldworking process. Consideration is given to the effects of various degrees of coldworking, interference levels, short-edge margins, and magnitudes of compressive overloads on the residual stresses. For those conditions involving compressive overloads applied to coldworked neat- and interference-fit fasteners, further consideration is given to the effects of slip vs no-slip condition's at the fastener-sheet interface. A comparison of results between analysis and test data is presented for the crack-growth response of coldworked open-hole specimens. Nomenclature - crack length = diameter of hole prior to coldworking = expanded diameter of hole = residual diameter of hole (after coldworking) = diameter of fastener = edge distance from hole center = material constant, Eq. (2) = vector of constraint forces, Eq. (4) = measure of coldwork (percentage), Eq. (3) = stiffness matrices, Eqs. (4) and (5), respectively = stress intensity factors, Eqs. (1) and (2) = residual stress distribution, Eq. (2) = vector of forces for remote loads, Eq. (7) = plastic residual load vector, Eqs. (4) and (5), respectively - stress ratio (min/max) = vector of independent nodal displacements, Eq. (4) = vector of residual nodal displacements, Eq. (5) = distance along crackline, Eq. (2) = range of stress intensity = displacement profile along crack surface, Eq. (2)
Controlling polar molecules in optical lattices

We theoretically investigate the interaction of polar molecules with optical lattices and microwave fields. We demonstrate the existence of frequency windows in the optical domain where the complex internal structure of the molecule does not influence the trapping potential of the lattice. In such frequency windows the Franck-Condon factors are so small that near-resonant interaction of vibrational levels of the molecule with the lattice fields have a negligible contribution to the polarizability, and light-induced decoherences are kept to a minimum. In addition, we show that microwave fields can induce a tunable dipole-dipole interaction between ground-state rotationally symmetric (J=0) molecules. A combination of a carefully chosen lattice frequency and microwave-controlled interaction between molecules will enable trapping of polar molecules in a lattice and possibly realize molecular quantum logic gates. Our results are based on ab initio relativistic electronic structure calculations of the polar KRb and RbCs molecules combined with calculations of their rovibrational motion.
Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Objective To analyze the morphologic features and vasculature of the choroid in healthy eyes using spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Cross-sectional retrospective review. Participants Forty-two healthy subjects (42 eyes) with no ocular disease who underwent high-definition scanning with Cirrus high-definition OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) at the New England Eye Center, Boston, Massachusetts, between November 2009 and September 2010. Methods The SD OCT images were evaluated for morphologic features of the choroid, including the shape of the choroid–scleral border, location of the thickest point of choroid, and regions of focal choroidal thinning. Total choroidal thickness and large choroidal vessel layer thickness were measured by 2 independent observers experienced in analyzing OCT images using the Cirrus linear measurement tool at the fovea, 750 μm nasal and temporal to the fovea. Custom software was used to calculate the ratio of choroidal stroma to the choroidal vessel lumen. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative assessment of the choroidal morphologic features, quantitative analysis of choroidal vasculature, and use of novel automated software to determine the ratio of choroidal stromal area to the area of choroidal vessel lumen. Results The 42 subjects had a mean age of 51.6 years. All subjects (100%) had a so-called bowl or convex shape to the choroid–sclera junction, and the thickest point of the choroid was under the fovea in 88.0% of the subjects. The mean choroidal thickness was 256.8±75.8 μm, mean thickness of the large choroidal vessel layer was 204.3±65.9 μm, and that of the medium choroidal vessel layer–choriocapillaris layer was 52.9±20.6 μm beneath the fovea. The ratio of large choroidal vessel layer thickness to the total choroidal thickness beneath the fovea was 0.7±0.06. The software-generated ratio of choroidal stromal area to the choroidal vessel lumen area was 0.27±0.08, suggesting that choroidal vessel lumen forms a greater proportion of the choroid than the choroidal stroma in healthy eyes. Conclusions This is the first study to describe the morphologic features and vasculature of the choroid in healthy eyes from 1-line raster scans obtained using SD OCT. The method described holds promise and has immediate clinical usefulness in recognizing subtle changes in choroidal morphologic features and the role of choroidal angiopathy in various disease states that, in the future, may inform new treatment methods. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Near-Optimal Encoding for Sigma-Delta Quantization of Finite Frame Expansions

In this paper we investigate encoding the bit-stream resulting from coarse Sigma-Delta quantization of finite frame expansions (i.e., overdetermined representations) of vectors. We show that for a wide range of finite-frames, including random frames and piecewise smooth frames, there exists a simple encoding algorithm—acting only on the Sigma-Delta bit stream—and an associated decoding algorithm that together yield an approximation error which decays exponentially in the number of bits used. The encoding strategy consists of applying a discrete random operator to the Sigma-Delta bit stream and assigning a binary codeword to the result. The reconstruction procedure is essentially linear and equivalent to solving a least squares minimization problem.
Mapping the QCD phase diagram

Abstract The QCD vacuum in which we live, which has the familiar hadrons as its excitations, is but one phase of QCD, and far from the simplest one at that. One way to better understand this phase and the nonperturbative dynamics of QCD more generally is to study other phases and the transitions between phases. We are engaged in a voyage of exploration, mapping the QCD phase diagram as a function of temperature T and baryon number chemical potential μ. Because of asymptotic freedom, the high temperature and high baryon density phases of QCD are more simply and more appropriately described in terms of quarks and gluons as degrees of freedom, rather than hadrons. The chiral symmetry breaking condensate which characterizes the vacuum phase melts away. At high densities, quarks form Cooper pairs and new condensates develop. The formation of such superconducting phases [1–4] requires only weak attractive interactions; these phases may nevertheless break chiral symmetry [5] and have excitations which are indistinguishable from those in a confined phase [5–8]. These cold dense quark matter phases may arise in the centers of neutron stars; mapping this region of the phase diagram will require an interplay between theory and neutron star phenomenology. The goal of the experimental heavy ion physics program is to explore and map the higher temperature regions of the diagram. Recent theoretical developments suggest that a key qualitative feature, namely a critical point which in a sense defines the landscape to be mapped, may be within reach of discovery and analysis by the CERN SPS, if data is taken at several different energies [9,10]. The discovery of the critical point would in a stroke transform the map of the QCD phase diagram which we sketch below from one based only on reasonable inference from universality, lattice gauge theory and models into one with a solid experimental basis.
Oligozoospermia Induced by Exogenous Testosterone is Associated With Normal Functioning Residual Spermatozoa

Objective: To determine the functional capacity of residual spermatozoa in semen samples from normal men with T enanthate-induced oligozoospermia. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Academic research center. Patient(s): Twelve healthy men were studied while participating in a multicenter T enanthate contraceptive efficacy study. Data were analyzed from only eight subjects, whose sperm concentrations were between 1.3 and 10 × 10 6 /mL at the suppression phase. Intervention(s): Testosterone enanthate (200 mg) was administered IM weekly during the suppression and treatment (efficacy) phases (total 15 months). Main Outcome Measure(s): Sperm function tests (stimulated acrosome reaction, sperm hyperactivation [HA], and zona-free hamster oocyte penetration tests) were performed during the pretreatment, suppression (usually after 6 to 10 weeks of treatment, when sperm concentration was anticipated to decrease to 6 /mL), and recovery phases. Studies were not done during the contraceptive efficacy phase because only one of the subjects was not azoospermic. Result(s): Mean sperm concentration was reduced but sperm motility, motility characteristics, and morphology were not affected by T enanthate treatment. The residual spermatozoa in the ejaculate could acrosome react, exhibited normal HA, and maintained the capacity to penetrate and fuse with the oocyte. Conclusion(s): Suppression of spermatogenesis to moderate oligozoospermia ( 6 /mL) with exogenous T enanthate administration was not associated with impaired sperm function of the residual spermatozoa. The study did not exclude the possibility that disorders of sperm function might occur when spermatogenesis is suppressed further to very severe oligozoospermia ( 6 /mL), commonly observed in hormonal male contraceptive clinical trials.
Global classical solutions of the Boltzmann equation without angular cut-off

This work proves the global stability of the Boltzmann equation (1872) with the physical collision kernels derived by Maxwell in 1866 for the full range of inverse-power intermolecular potentials, $r^{-(p-1)}$ with $p>2$, for initial perturbations of the Maxwellian equilibrium states, as announced in \cite{gsNonCutA}. We more generally cover collision kernels with parameters $s\in (0,1)$ and $\gamma$ satisfying $\gamma > -n$ in arbitrary dimensions $\mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{R}^n$ with $n\ge 2$. Moreover, we prove rapid convergence as predicted by the celebrated Boltzmann $H$-theorem. When $\gamma \ge -2s$, we have exponential time decay to the Maxwellian equilibrium states. When $\gamma <-2s$, our solutions decay polynomially fast in time with any rate. These results are completely constructive. Additionally, we prove sharp constructive upper and lower bounds for the linearized collision operator in terms of a geometric fractional Sobolev norm; we thus observe that a spectral gap exists only when $\gamma \ge -2s$, as conjectured in Mouhot-Strain \cite{MR2322149}. It will be observed that this fundamental equation, derived by both Boltzmann and Maxwell, grants a basic example where a range of geometric fractional derivatives occur in a physical model of the natural world. Our methods provide a new understanding of the grazing collisions in the Boltzmann theory.
X-Ray Flares from Markarian 501

Motivated by the recent discovery of a hierarchical X-ray flaring phenomenon in Mrk 421, we conducted a systematic search for X-ray flares from Mrk 501, another well-known TeV blazar, by making use of the rich RXTE archival database. We detected flares over a wide range of timescales, from months down to minutes, as in the case of Mrk 421. However, the flares do not seem to occur nearly as frequently in Mrk 501 as in Mrk 421 on any of the timescales. The flaring hierarchy also seems apparent in Mrk 501, suggesting that it might be common among TeV blazars. The results seem to imply a scale-invariant physical origin of the flares (large or small). The X-ray spectrum of the source shows a general trend of hardening toward the peak of long-duration flares, with indication of spectral hysteresis, which is often seen in TeV blazars. However, the data are not of sufficient quality to allow us to draw definitive conclusions about spectral variability associated with more rapid but weaker flares. We critically examine a reported subhour X-ray flare from Mrk 501, in light of intense background-flaring activity at the time of the observation, and concluded that the flare is likely an artifact. On the other hand, we did identify a rapid X-ray flare that appears to be real. It lasted only for about 15 minutes, during which the flux of the source varied by about 30%. Substructures are apparent in its profile, implying variabilities on even shorter timescales. Such rapid variabilities of Mrk 501 place severe constraints on the physical properties of the flaring region in the jet, and the constraints have serious implications for the emission models proposed for TeV blazars.
Quality choice and vertical integration

Abstract We show that, despite coordination in the quality level of the components that they provide, independent vertically-related (disintegrated) monopolists will provide products of lower quality level than a sole integrated monopolist. Further, the integrated monopolist achieves higher market coverage, higher consumer surplus, and higher profits. We establish these results for any distribution of preferences in the standard model of quality differentiation. Despite the lower quality, we also show that, for a wide class of cost functions, price will be higher in a market of independent vertically-related monopolists. All results are the effects of the interaction of double-marginalization, occurring in the market of independent monopolists, with the choice of quality.
Shadowing and absorption effects on J/{psi} production in dA collisions

We study medium modifications of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production in cold nuclear media in deuterium-nucleus collisions. We discuss several parametrizations of the modifications of the parton densities in the nucleus, known as shadowing, an initial-state effect. We also include absorption of the produced $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ by nucleons, a final-state effect. Both spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous shadowing and absorption are considered. We use the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions as a centrality measure. Results are presented for d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{S}_{NN}}=200 \mathrm{GeV}$ and for d+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{S}_{NN}}=6.2 \mathrm{TeV}$. To contrast the centrality dependence in pA and $dA$ collisions, we also present p+Pb results at $\sqrt{{S}_{NN}}=8.8 \mathrm{TeV}$.
Quark-antiquark bound states in the relativistic spectator formalism

The original model of $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}$ states, developed by Gross and Milana, which uses the relativistic spectator (Gross) equations to give a manifestly covariant description of confinement in Minkowski space that is consistent with chiral symmetry, is improved and extended. These improvements include (i) derivation of the normalization condition for the relativistic wave functions, (ii) proof that confinement automatically prohibits decays by implying the vanishing of the vertex function when both quarks are on shell, (iii) extension of the model to the strange quark sector and to sectors with unequal quark masses, (iv) removal of unphysical singularities associated with the confining interaction, and (v) inclusion of a realistic one-gluon-exchange interaction. We use phenomenological quark mass functions to build chiral symmetry into the theory and to explain the connection between the current quark and constituent quark masses. We obtain reasonable results for pions and kaons, establishing that the formalism, designed to work well in the heavy quark sectors, can also be extended to the light quark sector.
Mn14Al56+xGe3-x (x = 0−0.6): A New Intermetallic Phase Containing Unprecedented “Half-Broken” Mackay Icosahedra as Building Units

The new Mn14Al56+xGe3-x (x = 0−0.6) compounds of a new structure type have been synthesized and characterized by physical property measurements and electronic structure calculations. In contrast to their well-known silicon analogues, their unique structure (P3) exhibits unprecedented partially destroyed Mackay icosahedra that retain the icosahedral symmetry only in half of the individual polyhedra. The electronic band-structure analysis indicates that the chemical bonding in the structure is still optimized despite the destruction of the Mackay icosahedra and that a further valence electron concentration (VEC) optimization is achieved by the partial occupation of aluminum on a germanium site. The electronic band-structure calculation results were in agreement with the poor metallicity observed for the samples. While the Mn14Al56Ge3 is metallic, the resistivity of Mn14Al56.6Ge2.4 shows a minimum around 20 K and a maximum around 100 K. Both of the samples are Pauli-paramagnetic with an additional small Cur...
EXPONENTIAL DURATION: A MORE ACCURATE ESTIMATION OF INTEREST RATE RISK

We develop a new method to estimate the interest rate risk of an asset. This method is based on modified duration and is always more accurate than traditional estimation with modified duration. The estimates by this method are close to estimates using traditional duration plus convexity when interest rates decrease. If interest rates rise, investors will suffer larger value declines than predicted by traditional duration plus convexity estimate. The new method avoids this undesirable value overestimation and provides an estimate slightly below the true value. For risk-averse investors, overestimation of value declines is more desirable and conservative. 2005 The Southern Finance Association and the Southwestern Finance Association.
Intramolecular isotopic effect in the pyrolysis of ethyl‐2d1 chloride

The thermal decomposition of deuterated ethyl chloride CH2DCH2Cl was studied in a static system in the pressure range of 0.1–26 torr, and the Arrhenius expression for the overall decomposition at the high-pressure limit and in the temperature range of 670–1100 K was found to be The intramolecular isotopic effects were first examined in the pressure range of 0.1–26 torr at 837 K, and the branching ratio kH/kD was found to decrease with increasing pressure. The RRKM-theory calculations describe the experimental data well. The intramolecular isotopic effect was also examined in the temperature range of 728–926 K, and the branching ratio at the high pressure limit was given by the expression when kH and kD are the rate constants for the HCl and DCl channels of elimination. The Arrhenius A factors obtained at the high-pressure limit together with the temperature-dependent expression of the branching ratio provided additional experimental data for an assignment (fine-tuned) of the vibrational frequencies of both activated complexes involved in the thermal decomposition of CH2DCH2Cl. The evaluated vibrational frequencies were then used in the RRKM calculations describing the pressure dependence of the intramolecular isotopic effect. The RRKM calculations and the experimental data were in good agreement, supporting the choice of vibrational frequencies for both the activated complexes as well as the transition-state model.
K3 surfaces via almost-primes

Based on the result on derived categories on K3 surfaces due to Mukai and Orlov and the result concerning almost-prime numbers due to Iwaniec, we remark the following fact: For any given positive integer N, there are N (mutually non-isomorphic) projective complex K3 surfaces such that their Picard lattices are not isomorphic but their transcendental lattices are Hodge isometric, or equivalently, their derived categories are mutually equivalent. After reviewing some finiteness result, we also give an explicit formula for the cardinality of the isomorphism classes of projective K3 surfaces having derived categories equivalent to the one of X with Picard number 1 in terms of the degree of X.
Silyl Ketene Imines: Highly Versatile Nucleophiles for Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis

This Minireview provides an overview on the development of silyl ketene imines and their recent applications in catalytic, enantioselective reactions. The unique structure of the ketene imine allows a diverse range of reactivity patterns and provides solutions to existing challenges in the enantioselective construction of quaternary stereogenic carbon centers and cross-benzoin adducts. A variety of reactions for which silyl ketene imines have been applied are presented with an overall goal of inspiring new uses for these underutilized nucleophiles.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO FR-900482 VIA RING FORMING METATHESIS

Abstract The viability of the key step in our approach to the novel alkaloid FR-900482 ( 1 ) has been verified by the ring forming metathesis of 6 to give 7 .
Nonperturbative aspects of the quark - photon vertex

The electromagnetic interaction with quarks is investigated through a relativistic, electromagnetic gauge-invariant treatment. Gluon dressing of the quark-photon vertex and the quark self-energy functions is described by the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation in the ladder approximation and the Schwinger-Dyson equation in the rainbow approximation, respectively. Results for the calculation of the quark-photon vertex are presented in both the timelike and spacelike regions of photon momentum squared; however, emphasis is placed on the spacelike region relevant to electron scattering. The treatment presented here simultaneously addresses the role of dynamically generated qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} vector bound states and the approach to asymptotic behavior. The resulting description is therefore applicable over the entire range of momentum transfers available in electron scattering experiments. Input parameters are limited to the model gluon two-point function, which is chosen to reflect confinement and asymptotic freedom, and are largely constrained by the obtained bound-state spectrum.
Signal Amplification by Allosteric Catalysis

In this article we unify a series of recent studies on bio- and chemosensors under a single signaling strategy: signal amplification by allosteric catalysis (SAAC). The SAAC strategy mimics biological signal transduction processes, where molecular recognition between an external signal and a protein receptor is allosterically transduced into catalytically amplified chemical information (usually second messengers). Several recent biosensing and chemosensing studies apply this nature-inspired strategy by using engineered allosteric enzymes, ribozymes, or regulatable organic catalysts. The factors pertinent to achieving high sensitivity and specificity in SAAC strategies are analyzed. The authors believe that these early studies from a variety of research groups have opened up a new venue for the development of sensing technologies where molecular recognition and catalysis can be coupled for practical purposes.
Differences in trunk kinematics and ground reaction forces between older and younger adults during lifting

Age-related changes in trunk kinematics in lifting have received little attention despite a documented increased risk of musculoskeletal injury with age. This study examined the responses in trunk kinematics and ground reaction forces of older and younger subjects during lifting. Ten older (55-63 years) and ten younger (19-29 years) adults performed lifting tasks in six different conditions. A lumbar motion monitor was used to measure the subjects' trunk kinematics and a force platform was used to measure the ground reaction forces during the lifting motion. The results of this study showed that age had a significant (p less than or equal 0.05) effect on the transverse plane (axial twisting) trunk kinematics variables (peak velocity and peak acceleration) but did not affect ground reaction forces or other trunk kinematics variables. The peak transverse velocity was 40% lower and peak transverse acceleration was 30% lower in the older subjects as compared to the younger subjects. Relevance to industry: This study presents the postural adaptation of older subjects to dynamic lifting tasks. Results can be used to understand the risks of older work population in manual material handling tasks. Language: en
Provisioning link layer proportional service differentiation in wireless networks with smart antennas

In this paper, we present a collision free MAC protocol for wireless networks with smart antennas that provides proportional service differentiation to various classes of traffic based on their respective bandwidth demand. The proposed protocol works for diverse physical parameters such as number of interfaces at each node, number of communication frequencies, and antenna beamwidth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that provides link layer differentiated services for wireless networks with smart antennas and explores the influence of the physical parameters and network topology on the performance of the MAC layer.
On primitive ideals

We extend two well-known results on primitive ideals in enveloping algebras of semisimple Lie algebras, the Irreducibility theorem for associated varieties and Duflo theorem on primitive ideals, to much wider classes of algebras. Our general version of the Irreducibility Theorem says that if A is a positively filtered associative algebra such that gr A is a commutative Poisson algebra with finitely many symplectic leaves, then the associated variety of any primitive ideal in A is the closure of a single connected symplectic leaf. Our general version of the Duflo theorem says that if A is an algebra with a “triangular structure”, see § 2, then any primitive ideal in A is the annihilator of a simple highest weight module. Applications to symplectic reflection algebras and Cherednik algebras are discussed.
Relative Expected Instantaneous Loss Bounds

In the literature a number of relative loss bounds have been shown for on-line learning algorithms. Here the relative loss is the total loss of the on-line algorithm in all trials minus the total loss of the best comparator that is chosen off-line. However, for many applications instantaneous loss bounds are more interesting where the learner first sees a batch of examples and then uses these examples to make a prediction on a new instance. We show relative expected instantaneous loss bounds for the case when the examples are i.i.d. with an unknown distribution. We bound the expected loss of the algorithm on the last example minus the expected loss of the best comparator on a random example. In particular, we study linear regression and density estimation problems and show how the leave-one-out loss can be used to prove instantaneous loss bounds for these cases. For linear regression we use an algorithm that is similar to a new on-line learning algorithm developed by Vovk. Recently a large number of relative total loss bounds have been shown that have the form O(lnT), where T is the number of trials/examples. Standard conversions of on-line algorithms to batch algorithms result in relative expected instantaneous loss bounds of the form O(lnTT). Our methods lead to O(1T) upper bounds. In many cases we give tight lower bounds.
A doubly distributed genetic algorithm for network coding

We present a genetic algorithm which is distributed in two novel ways: along genotype and temporal axes. Our algorithm first distributes, for every member of the population, a subset of the genotype to each network node, rather thana subset of the population to each. This genotype distribution is shown to offer a significant gain in running time. Then, for efficient use of the computational resources in the network, our algorithm divides the candidate solutions intopipelined sets and thus the distribution is in the temporal domain, rather that in the spatial domain. This temporal distribution may lead to temporal inconsistency in selection and replacement, however our experiments yield better efficiency in terms of the time to convergence without incurring significant penalties.
Uroplakin II Gene is Expressed in Transitional Cell Carcinoma but Not in Bilharzial Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Alternative Pathways of Bladder Epithelial Differentiation and Tumor Formation

Uroplakins (UPs) are integral membrane proteins that are synthesized as the major differentiation products of mammalian urothelium. We have cloned the human UP-II gene and localized it on chromosome 11q23. A survey of 50 transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) revealed a UP-II polymorphism but no tumor-specific mutations. Immunohistochemical staining using rabbit antisera against a synthetic peptide of UP-II and against total UPs showed UP reactivity in 39.5% (17 of 43 cases) of conventional TCCs, 12.8% (5 of 39) of bilharzial-related TCCs, and 2.7% (1 of 36) of bilharzial-related squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The finding that fewer bilharzial TCCs express UPs than conventional TCCs (12.8 versus 40%) raised the possibility that the former are heterogeneous, expressing SCC features to varying degrees. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that urothelium can undergo at least three pathways of differentiation: ( a ) urothelium-type pathway; ( b ) epidermis-type pathway; and ( c ) glandular-type pathway, characterized by the production of UPs, K1/K10 keratins, and secreted glycoproteins, respectively. Vitamin A deficiency and mesenchymal factors may play a role in determining the relative contributions of these pathways to urothelial differentiation as well as to the formation of TCC, SCC, and adenocarcinoma, or a mixture thereof.
Quality-of-life factors in adolescent inflammatory bowel disease

Little is known about the specific psychosocial factors that influence quality of life in adolescents with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We adapted a model by Garrett and Drossman to assess adolescent adjustment to recent-onset IBD. Thirty adolescent–parent pairs completed a set of standardized questionnaires. The inclusion criteria were adolescents 12–18 years of age with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis of <5 years' duration. Adolescents' health-related quality-of-life scores significantly correlated with satisfaction and degree of closeness with their social support members, such as parents. An unexpected finding was that the adolescents included more extended family than peers in their social support networks. Also of note was that parental coping styles rather than adolescent coping styles significantly correlated with adolescents' quality-of-life health scores. Severity of illness did not correlate with adolescent quality-of-life health scores. There was significant agreement between adolescent and parental quality-of-life health scores and stressful event ratings. Adolescents with recent-onset IBD rely more on family members than their peers for emotional support, and they depend more on their parents' coping skills than their own. These findings may indicate lags in normal adolescent development. Adolescents and parents do communicate and share concerns with each other. Support programs for adolescents with IBD should reinforce existing coping skills and parent–adolescent communication while promoting normative development.
On groups with a class-preserving outer automorphism

Four infinite families of 2-groups are presented, all of whose members possess an outer automorphism that preserves conjugacy classes. The groups in these families are central extensions of their predecessors by a cyclic group of order 2. For each integer r > 1, there is precisely one 2-group of nilpotency class r in each of the four families. All other known families of 2-groups possessing a classpreserving outer automorphism consist entirely of groups of nilpotency class 2.
Information-Geometric Indicators of Chaos in Gaussian Models on Statistical Manifolds of Negative Ricci Curvature

A new information-geometric approach to chaotic dynamics on curved statistical manifolds based on Entropic Dynamics (ED) is proposed. It is shown that the hyperbolicity of a non-maximally symmetric 6N-dimensional statistical manifold ℳs underlying an ED Gaussian model describing an arbitrary system of 3N degrees of freedom leads to linear information-geometric entropy growth and to exponential divergence of the Jacobi vector field intensity, quantum and classical features of chaos respectively.
On strong Menger-connectivity of star graphs

Motivated by parallel routing in networks with faults, we study the following graph theoretical problem. Let G be a graph of minimum vertex degree d. We say that G is strongly Menger-connected if for any copy Gf of G with at most d - 2 nodes removed, every pair of nodes u and v in Gf are connected by min{degf(u), degf(v)} node-disjoint paths in Gf, where degf(u) and degf(v) are the degrees of the nodes u and v in Gf, respectively. We show that the star graphs, which are a recently proposed attractive alternative to the widely used hypercubes as network models, are strongly Menger-connected. An algorithm of optimal running time is developed that constructs the maximum number of node-disjoint paths of nearly optimal length in star graphs with faults.
Synthesis and reactivity of olefin metathesis catalysts bearing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes.

All it's CAACed up to be! Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) can be used as ligands for olefin metathesis catalysis. A dramatic steric effect of the N-aryl group of the CAAC on catalyst activity was observed and utilized to develop a new catalyst with activity comparable to standard commercially available catalysts.
Almost optimal solutions for bin coloring problems

In this paper we study two interesting bin coloring problems: Minimum Bin Coloring Problem (MinBC) and Online Maximum Bin Coloring Problem (OMaxBC), motivated from several applications in networking. For the MinBC problem, we present two near linear time approximation algorithms to achieve almost optimal solutions, i.e., no more than OPT+2 and OPT+1 respectively, where OPT is the optimal solution. For the OMaxBC problem, we first introduce a deterministic 2-competitive greedy algorithm, and then give lower bounds for any deterministic and randomized (against adaptive offline adversary) online algorithms. The lower bounds show that our deterministic algorithm achieves the best possible competitive ratio.
Sand Consolidation Preflush Dynamics

Laboratory testing has demonstrated that for effective sand consolidation, the resin must wet the surface of the sand grains. In those cases where the plastic resins lack this ability, a preflush that preferentially removes water in the presence of oil is essential, particularly when there has been a prior mud acid treatment. Radial field-scale model studies have demonstrated that preflush effectiveness was dependent on preflush volume, viscosity, and sand permeability. These studies showed that an optimum volume of 100 gal/ft was required for an effective preflush.
A Direct Detection of Gas Accretion: The Lyman Limit System in 3C 232

The gas added to and removed from galaxies over cosmic time greatly affects their stellar populations and star formation rates. QSO absorption line studies in close QSO/galaxy pairs create a unique opportunity to study the physical conditions and kinematics of this gas. Here we present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of the QSO/galaxy pair, 3C 232/NGC 3067. The quasar spectrum contains a Lyman limit (NHi = 1 × 1020 cm–2) absorption system (LLS) at cz = 1421 km s–1 that is associated with the nearby Sab galaxy NGC 3067. Previous work identifies this absorber as a high-velocity cloud (HVC) in NGC 3067 but the kinematics of the absorbing gas, infalling or outflowing, were uncertain. The HST images presented here establish the orientation of NGC 3067 and so establish that the LLS/HVC is infalling. Using this system as a prototype, we extend these results to higher-z Mgii/LLS to suggest that Mgii/LLSs are a sightline sampling of the so-called ‘cold mode accretion’ (CMA) infalling onto luminous galaxies. To match the observed Mgii absorber statistics, the CMA must be more highly ionised at higher redshifts. The key observations needed to further the study of low-z LLSs is HST UV spectroscopy, for which a new instrument, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, has just been installed greatly enhancing our observational capabilities.
The Bankruptcy Puzzle

Abstract This article offers new evidence on the determinants of U.S. consumer bankruptcy filing rates, which tripled from 1984 to 1991. The run‐up in filing rates does not appear to be a consequence of legal changes since the increase coincided with Bankruptcy Code amendments designed to reduce filing rates by rejecting opportunistic petitions. The run‐up also coincided with a major economic boom and crested with the 1991 recession. However, much of the variation in district filing rates is attributable to differences in social variables, and we suggest that changes in social norms might account for the increased bankruptcy filings. This article is therefore a contribution to social capital explanations of behavior.
NGC 4261 and NGC 4697: Rejuvenated Elliptical Galaxies

Chandra images present evidence of a nonuniform spatial distribution of discrete X-ray sources in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4261. This nonuniform distribution is inconsistent with the optical morphology of NGC 4261 at greater than a 99.9% confidence level. Similar evidence is seen in one more elliptical galaxy (NGC 4697; 98% confidence level) out of five cases we investigated. NGC 4261 and NGC 4697 have old stellar populations (9-15 Gyr) and fine-structure parameters of 1 and 0, respectively, suggesting that no recent merging activity occurred. On the basis of simulations of galaxy interactions, we propose that the X-ray sources responsible for the nonuniform distribution are associated with young stellar populations, related to the rejuvenating fallback of material in tidal tails onto a relaxed merger remnant or to shock-induced star formation along the tidal tails.
Generation of complex Metal Oxides by Aerosol Processes: Superconducting ceramic particles and films

Complex metal oxides, including ferroelectric, ferrimagnetic and superconducting ceramics, have a variety of technologically useful properties that can be exploited for a number of applications. Fabrication of complex metal oxide ceramics with specific properties requires high-purity powders with controlled chemical compositions, size distributions, and morphologies. Powders with these characteristics can be produced by aerosol processes in which fine particles are generated in gaseous flow systems. The particles can also be deposited from the gas phase onto surfaces to form films. This paper will discuss the use of aerosol processes for the generation of complex metal oxide powders. A review of aerosol processes will be presented first, followed by a discussion of the methods used for the generation of superconducting ceramic powders. Examples include the production of YBa2Cu3O7, La1.85Sr0.15CuO4, and Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O powders and films. Emphasis will be placed on defining the conditions required for the generation of chemically homogeneous particles with controlled morphologies.
Quantum inconsistency of Einstein supergravity

We show that N=1, D=4 Einstein-frame supergravity is inconsistent at one loop because of an anomaly in local supersymmetry transformations. A Jacobian must be added to the Einstein-frame Lagrangian to cancel this anomaly. We show how the Jacobian arises from the super-Weyl field redefinition that takes the superspace Lagrangian to the Einstein frame. We present an explicit example which demonstrates that the Jacobian is necessary for one-loop scattering amplitudes to be frame independent.
On percolation and circular Bragg phenomenon in metallic, helicoidally periodic, sculptured thin films

The concept of local homogenization is invoked in the visible and the sub-visible frequency regimes to estimate the permittivity dyadics of a thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic mediums (TFHBMs)~---~a canonical class of sculptured thin films with helicoidally periodic microstructure~---~made of a metal. Examination of the components of the permittivity dyadics, as well as of the co- and the cross-polarized reflectances of axially excited, metallic TFHBM halfspaces, reveals that three different absorbing-dielectric-to-metal transitions will occur as the metallic volumetric fraction is increased, but only two will be optically sensed using normally incident plane waves. The first transition is show to virtually eliminate the circular Bragg phenomenon characteristically displayed by axially excited, dielectric TFHBMs.
Modeling the Variability of the BL Lacertae Object PKS 2155–304

The bright X-ray-selected BL Lacertae object PKS 2155-304 has been the target of two intense multi-wavelength campaigns in 1991 November and in 1994 May. Although the spectral energy distributions at both epochs were quite similar, the source exhibited two very distinct variability patterns that cannot be easily reconciled with homogeneous one-zone C7 jet models. During the first epoch the variability was almost achromatic in amplitude, with a time lag between X-rays and ultraviolet radiation (UV) of approximately three hours, while during the second epoch the variability amplitude increased as a function of wavelength with the EUV flare peaking approximately one day after the X-ray flare. We model the source using a time-dependent inhomogeneous accelerating jet model. We reproduce the general characteristics of the different variability signatures by assuming that plasma disturbances with different physical properties propagate downstream in an underlying jet characterized by the same set of physical parameters at both epochs. A time delay of approximately one day between the hardening of the UV spectral index and the UV flux present at both epochs is modeled with stochastic fluctuations in the particle acceleration manifested through small variations of the maximum energy of the injected electrons. We predict that similar time delays will be present in future observations even in the absence of strong variability event. We stress the importance of observations at neighboring frequencies as a diagnostic tool for the structure of the quiescent jet in blazars especially in the seemingly dull case in which strong variability is absent.
Commercial Real Estate, Distress and Financial Resolution: Portfolio Lending Versus Securitization

This paper examines the contrasting influence of portfolio lending and securitization in the resolution of distressed commercial real estate. The empirical analysis utilizes a large and unique data set of distressed commercial mortgages. The data set is constructed based on the recent financial crisis and includes portfolio and securitized loans. The main hypotheses address the marginal impact of portfolio versus securitized loans on the likelihood of resolution, resolution outcome, time to resolution and capital recovery rates. Conditional on a loan becoming troubled, we find that distressed commercial real estate loans held in a portfolio are more likely to be resolved and experience higher foreclosure rates compared to those that are securitized. Furthermore, portfolio loans experience shorter time to resolution and higher capital recovery rates when resolution is relatively swift. Our study is intended to contribute to the growing literature on distressed asset resolution and to provide new perspectives on how different lending options impact the financial resolution and workout process in a distressed commercial mortgage market.
The Galaxy Angular Correlation Functions and Power Spectrum from the Two Micron All Sky Survey

We calculate the angular correlation function of galaxies in the Two Micron All Sky Survey. We minimize the possible contamination by stars, dust, seeing, and sky brightness by studying their cross correlation with galaxy density and limiting the galaxy sample accordingly. We measure the correlation function at scales between 1' 25. Our results are in good agreement with other measurements of the angular correlation function. We invert the angular correlation function using singular value decomposition to measure the three-dimensional power spectrum and find that it too is in good agreement with previous measurements. A dip seen in the power spectrum at small wavenumber k is statistically consistent with cold dark matter (CDM) type power spectra. A fit of CDM-type power spectra in the linear regime (k < 0.15 h Mpc-1) gives constraints of Ωmh = 0.13 ± 0.07 and σ8 = 1.0 ± 0.09 for a spectral index of 1.0. This suggests a Ks-band linear bias of 1.1 ± 0.2. These measurements are in good agreement with other measurements of the power spectrum on linear scales. On small scales the power-law shape of our power spectrum is shallower than that derived for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This may imply a biasing for these different galaxies that could be either waveband- or luminosity-dependent. The power spectrum derived here in combination with the results from other surveys can be used to constrain models of galaxy formation.
Analytic domination by fractional powers of a positive operator

was an elliptic operator of order greater than one, while X was a first order operator. Thus condition (i) would seem unnecessarily strong in these circumstances. In the concrete case of a positive self- adjoint elliptic differential operator A on a subset of Rn, Kotake and Narasimhan [5] were able to improve Nelson’s results, and this suggested that perhaps one could obtain analytic domination of X by a fractional power of
Conjugacy Classes and Finite P-Groups

Let G be a finite p-group, where p is a prime number, and a ∈ G. Denote by Cl(a) = {gag−1| g ∈ G} the conjugacy class of a in G. Assume that |Cl(a)| = p n . Then Cl(a) Cl(a−1) = {xy | x ∈ Cl(a), y ∈ Cl(a−1)} is the union of at least n(p − 1) + 1 distinct conjugacy classes of G.
Overlapping labour markets

Abstract Overlapping labour markets arise when some types of workers do not meet employers with some types of jobs. For example, skilled workers could seek high-skill or low-skill jobs, but low skill workers could be limited to low-skill jobs. The paper derives conditions for equilibrium and efficiency, distinguishes reducible from irreducible overlapping labour markets, and describes distributional impacts of proportional demand shifts and technological change. Many labour models incorporate the structure of overlapping labour markets, so that the results have widespread applicability.
Hadronic parity violation

We review the state of hadronic parity violation and propose a program based on an effective field theory potential which can resolve the present confusion.
Symbolic computation with finite biquandles

A method of computing a basis for the second Yang-Baxter cohomology of a finite biquandle with coefficients in Q and Z"p from a matrix presentation of the finite biquandle is described. We also describe a method for computing the Yang-Baxter cocycle invariants of an oriented knot or link represented as a signed Gauss code. We provide a URL for our Maple implementations of these algorithms.