cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fat Digestion by Lingual Lipase: Mechanism of Lipolysis in the Stomach and Upper Small Intestine

Ten to 30% of dietary fat is hydrolyzed in the stomach by lingual lipase, an enzyme secreted from lingual serous glands. We investigated the substrate specificity of this enzyme as well as the potential of lingual lipase to act in the upper small intestine i.e., in the presence of bile salts and lecithin. The data presented show that partially purified preparations of rat lingual lipase and the lipase in gastric aspirates of newborn infants have identical substrate specificity: medium-chain triglycerides were hydrolyzed at rates 5-8-fold higher than long-chain triglycerides; the rat and human enzymes do not hydrolyze the ester bond of lecithin or cholesteryl-ester. In contrast to pancreatic lipase, the hydrolysis of triglycerides by lingual lipase is not inhibited by lecithin. But, similar to pancreatic lipase the activity of lingual lipase is inhibited by bile salts, the extent of inhibition varying with its nature and concentration. This inactivation is not prevented by colipase but is partially averted by lipids and protein, suggesting that lingual lipase can remain active in the duodenum. The pH optimum of the enzyme (2.2-6.5 in the rat and 3.5-6.0 in human gastric aspirates) is compatible with continued activity in the upper small intestine, especially during the neonatal period, when the luminal pH is under 6.5. The marked variation in lipase activity levels in gastric aspirates of newborn infants is probably due to individual variations in enzyme amounts. The characteristics of the lipase are however identical in infants with low, intermediate or high activity levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Determination of wear metals in oil using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry

Abstract Trace elements in oil can be determined by adsorption of the oil sample onto magnesium oxide followed by thermal degradation of the organic material. The resulting powder is easily pressed into a pellet suitable for x-ray spectrometric analysis. The lower limit of detection depends upon the trace impurities in the magnesium oxide and is a few μg g −1 for most elements determined.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O‐desmethyl‐tramadol, in cats

Tramadol is an analgesic agent and is used in dogs and cats. Tramadol exerts its action through interactions with opioid, serotonin and adrenergic receptors. The opioid effect of tramadol is believed to be, at least in part, related to its metabolite, O-desmethyl-tramadol. The pharmacokinetics of tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol were examined after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of tramadol to six cats. A two-compartment model (with first-order absorption in the central compartment for the oral administration) with elimination from the central compartment best described the disposition of tramadol in cats. After i.v. administration, the apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state, the clearance, and the terminal half-life (mean +/- SEM) were 1553+/-118 mL/kg, 3103+/-132 mL/kg, 20.8+/-3.2 mL/min/kg, and 134+/-18 min, respectively. Systemic availability and terminal half-life after oral administration were 93+/-7% and 204+/-8 min, respectively. O-desmethyl-tramadol rapidly appeared in plasma following tramadol administration and had terminal half-lives of 261+/-28 and 289+/-19 min after i.v. and oral tramadol administration, respectively. The rate of formation of O-desmethyl-tramadol estimated from a model including both tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol was 0.014+/-0.003/min and 0.004+/-0.0008/min after i.v. and oral tramadol administration, respectively.
Stochastic pert networks: OP diagrams, critical paths and the project completion time

Abstract Fisher and Goldstein [5–7] have recently derived closed form expressions for the expectation, variance and distribution of the project completion time of stochastic PERT networks when the durations of the tasks in the network can be written as mutually independent, probability mixtures of general-gamma [8] random variables (a more general result is described in [9]). In this article, it is shown that their methods can also be used to obtain the probability that a particular path in the PERT network is critical [6]. One possible criticism of their approach is that computation of both the probability that a particular path is critical and the summary characteristics of the reaction time distribution require the translation of a PERT network into an OP (Order-of-ftocessing) diagram. Currently, this translation can only be done manually, a very laborious process for even moderately complex networks. In this article, an algorithm is developed which can be used to generate the OP diagram for a given PERT network. The algorithm has been implemented in FORTRAN. Once the OP diagram is constructed, computation of both the probability that a particular path is critical and the expectation, variance and distribution of the project completion time requires only simple matrix operations when the durations of the tasks in the network are mutually independent probability mixtures of general-gamma random variables. More complex calculations are required when other distributions of the task durations are involved.
Cross-National Perspectives on Early Adolescence Implications and Strategies for Public Health Prevention and Interventions

The current special issue brings together intriguing and important cross-country comparisons of issues pertinent to early adolescence that can inform the design and implementation of broader and relevant public health prevention strategies. The findings illustrate the importance of cross-country analyses for better understanding a range of health-related factors, including risk behaviors, mental health concerns, life satisfaction, and parent–child communication and relationships. The findings also underscore the convergence across countries and cultures of risk and protective factors as well as their associations with adverse health outcomes. Taken as a whole, the findings demonstrate that there are different unmet needs among girls and boys. As such, the findings stress the importance of providing youth with targeted prevention approaches and also, where feasible, sex-specific prevention and intervention strategies to direct scarce resources where they are most urgently needed.
Degradation of soluble collagen by ozone or hydroxyl radicals

Collagen exposed to ozone or hydroxyl radicals was degraded in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This degradation was inhibited by free radical scavengers. Furthermore, lower levels of these oxidants did not degrade the molecule, but caused it to become susceptible to proteolytic degradation. We suggest an alternative mechanism by which oxygen-derived free radicals participate in the destruction of extracellular matrix observed during acute lung injury by oxidant gas, in addition to the commonly accepted proteinase-antiproteinase theory of lung injury.
TRIB1, chromosome 8 and the regulation of blood lipids

found 95 loci significantly associated with at least one plasma lipid trait [7]. Many of these associations are mapped in or near genes with described functions in lipid metabolism and, in some cases, genes responsible for relatively rare Mendelian lipid disorders. These findings provide strong evidence for the validity of the GWAS approach. More excitingly, some of the newly discovered variants lie in genomic regions containing genes for which there is no existing evidence for a role in lipid metabolism. These loci offer the chance to broaden our understanding of lipid metabolism by discovering new modulator genes and ultimately hold the potential to yield new drug targets for the treatment of lipid disorders. At present, there is active debate as to whether new GWAS loci can fulfill these promises. Critics have questioned the scientific value of the GWAS approach and its capability to identify biologically relevant disease genes, since the identified loci have modest predictive power and explain only a small fraction of the heritability [9,10]. However, publication of the first studies tying novel genes from GWAS loci to functions in lipid metabolism [11–13] gives confidence that one can expect significant advances in lipid biology based on GWAS discoveries. In the following sections, we will take on the example of TRIB1 to illustrate how GWAS have led to the discovery of a novel regulator of lipoprotein metabolism.
Plant Gametes Do Fertilization with a Twist

A new generation in eukaryotes begins with fusion between sperm and egg, but we know little about the mechanisms involved. Sperm-egg interactions have been studied most thoroughly in animals, but on page 1093 of this issue, Sprunck et al. ( 1 ) have pushed our understanding of gamete interactions in plants to the head of the model organisms class. They discovered that plants do the fertilization dance similarly to animals, but with a twist. In animals, the egg remains quiescent until fused with the sperm, but in Arabidopsis the egg leads. The egg cell responds to sperm discharged from a newly arrived pollen tube by secreting a cloud of sperm-activating proteins. The aroused sperm redistributes a previously cryptic putative membrane fusogen to its plasma membrane to prepare for fusion.
What minority journalists identify as constraints to full newsroom equality

This article identifies and analyzes discriminatory practices minority journalists said they experienced after they were hired. For African American journalists, discrimination was perceived as resulting from lower performance expectations by their white colleagues, particularly when whites assume they were hired primarily to fill racial or ethnic quotas. Hispanic American journalists complained of being pigeonholed into Hispanic‐specific assignments, or of being asked to perform mundane Spanish translations. All forms of discrimination identified were said to lower job satisfaction and morale, and to inhibit minority journalists from effectively manipulating the newsgate to further racial and ethnic equality in their communities.
Diabetes: Does lactate sustain brain metabolism during hypoglycaemia?

At very low glucose levels, the cognitive function of patients with diabetes mellitus and recurrent iatrogenic hypoglycaemia is often better than that of hypoglycaemia-naive individuals. A new study shows that the brain adapts to recurrent hypoglycaemia by increasing uptake of glucose and lactate, with preferential shuttling of glucose to neurons.
Excursion of prime wrist tendons

To allow continuous and simultaneous measurements of tendon excursion and joint rotation angles, we developed a system using an electric potentiometer and an electromagnetic tracking device. Instantaneous moment arms of each tendon could then be calculated on the basis of the slope of the curve between tendon excursion and joint angular displacement. Five prime wrist motor tendons were studied on freshly frozen cadavers. Calculated tendon moment arms were found to be consistent throughout a full range of flexion-extension wrist motion and radioulnar deviation and corresponded closely to the anatomic location and orientation of the tendons. The flexor carpi ulnaris tendon provided the largest moment contribution to the wrist joint. Forearm rotation did not affect the function of the wrist tendon except for the extensor carpi ulnaris. During flexion-extension motion, the excursion of the extensor carpi ulnaris decreased significantly from 10 to 4 mm, with the forearm in neutral and pronated positions. During radioulnar deviation, the excursion of the extensor carpi ulnaris increased from 14 to 17 mm with the forearm in supinated and pronated positions.
A method for measuring optical properties of semitransparent materials at high temperatures

On decrit une methode pour la determination des proprietes optiques, de l'indice de refraction et du coefficient d'extinction de materiaux semitransparents non diffusants a partir de mesures de 2 proprietes radiatives independantes
Quantitative evaluation of factors influencing the repeatability of SD-OCT thickness measurements in the rat.

PURPOSE. To quantify repeatability and reproducibility of thickness measurements and the effects of realignment and image quality on measurements of retinal thickness from optical coherence tomographic (OCT) imaging in the rat eye. METHODS. Retinal imaging was performed in 16 Brown Norway rats (n ¼ 16 eyes; ¯ ¼ 372 g). Precision metrics: 95% limits of agreement (LoA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the coefficient of variation (CV), were calculated using manual and combined manual þ automated realignment procedures for nerve fiber and retinal ganglion cell layer (NFL/GCL), NFL/GCL and inner plexiform layer (NFL/GCL þ IPL), and total retina thicknesses (excluding blood vessels). The influence of image quality on NFL thickness measurement was assessed by comparing high- and low-quality image data (real and simulated) from the rat as well as clinical data. RESULTS. Mean NFL/GCL thickness was 26 6 3 lm, NFL/GCL þ IPL thickness was 70 6 3 lm, and total retinal thickness was 192 6 7 lm. Thickness difference between imaging sessions for NFL/GCL was 1 lm (95% LoA: � 4t o 3lm; ICC ¼ 0.82; CV ¼ 4.7%), for NFL/GCL þ IPL was 0 lm (95% LoA: � 4t o 4lm; ICC ¼ 0.88; CV ¼ 1.4%), and total retinal thickness was 1 lm (95% LoA: � 3t o 4lm; ICC ¼ 0.97; CV ¼ 0.7%). Thickness differences were similar between realignment procedures (NFL/GCL: P ¼ 0.43; NFL/GCL þ IPL: P ¼ 0.33; total retina: P ¼ 0.62). Although NFL thickness measurements increased slightly in low-quality rat images (4 lm; P ¼ 0.04), this was not true with clinical images (1.4 lm; P ¼ 0.36). CONCLUSIONS. Precision of retinal layer thickness estimation from OCT imaging is excellent when manual and automated realignment procedures are combined, but may still be influenced by image quality and segmentation methods. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:8378–8385) DOI:
Hysteretic Behavior of the Site-Diluted Ising Antiferromagnet in Uniform Applied Fields

We report a Monte Carlo study of the hysteretic behavior of the site-diluted Ising antiferromagnet on a simple-cubic lattice. States found by reducing the magnetic field from an initial value in the paramagnetic phase show no long-range antiferromagnetic order, whereas states found by increasing the magnetic field from an initially ordered state do show long-range order until the field is increased to a critical value. These ‘‘increasing-field’’ states are presumably nearly representative of true thermodynamic equilibrium. This hysteretic behavior is due to metastable interfaces which are formed when the field is decreased from the paramagnetic phase. To see the physical origin of the formation of the metastable interfaces, we do computer experiments for the dynamics of initially flat interfaces with and without uniform applied fields. From this result, we show that metastable interfaces are formed, because even a small uniform applied field roughens the interface.
Induction of interferon-β and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNAs by interleukin 6 during differentiation of murine myeloid cells

Interleukin 6 (IL 6) induces differentiation of murine myelomonocytic leukemia (M1) cells into mature macrophages. This process is monitored by the sequential appearance of surface markers, induction of intracellular enzymes, and changes in morphology as the cells progress from blast cells to mature macrophages. Differentiation is also associated with growth arrest and accumulation of the differentiating cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is known to be involved in the growth arrest of M1 cells by inducing 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-AS). We therefore analyzed whether IL 6 has the potential to trigger the full differentiation program directly or whether its effect on M1 cells is mediated through IFN-beta or through the activation of genes that are typically induced by IFN-beta. We first tested whether IL 6 could induce IFN-beta mRNA. Using a reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction procedure, we found that IFN-beta mRNA was induced by IL 6. By Northern analysis we determined that IL 6 also caused a significant increase in 2',5'-AS gene expression. IL 6, however, induced the expression of two mRNA species (1.7 and 2.4 kb), whereas IFN-beta mainly induced the expression of the 1.7-kb species. Enhancement of 2',5'-AS gene expression by IL 6 was observed even when protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide. Furthermore, IL 6-induced growth arrest of M1 cells was not inhibited by anti-IFN-beta antibodies. Thus induction of 2',5'-AS gene expression is a primary response to IL-6 and not secondary to the induction of IFN-beta.
Why Can’t We See Hydrogen in X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy?

Literature describing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) generally assumes that the reader will understand why the method cannot detect hydrogen atoms. On the other hand, students struggle finding the answer even after extensive literature search and reading.
The Effect of Presentation Rate on Serial Memory in Young Children With Specific Language Impairment

The study examined the serial memory ability of a group of preschool children with specific language impairment (SLI) who were compared to age and language control groups. The children were asked t...
Development ofEimeria dispersa Tyzzer, 1929, from bobwhite quail (Colinis virginianus), in bovine kidney cell cultures

The development ofEimeria dispersa Tyzzer, a parasite of bobwhite quail, in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures was investigated. Excysted sporozoites were inoculated into Leighton tubes containing cell monolayers on glass coverglasses and maintained in minimum essential medium supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. Sporozoites became intracellular within 2 h. Sporozoite-shaped schizonts, schizonts with developing merozoites, and mature first-generation schizonts were seen 24 h postinoculation. Intracellular first-generation merozoites, second-generation trophozoites, and early second-generation schizonts containing two nuclei were first observed 72 h postinoculation. Second-generation schizonts containing developing merozoites as well as mature second-generation schizonts were first seen 96h postinoculation. Gametogony was not observed.
The role of immunohistochemistry in distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma in pleural effusion

Background Distinguishing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from malignant mesothelioma (MM) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) in pleural effusions may be particularly challenging by routine cytologic stains. We explored the utility of using a panel of six antibodies to differentiate SCC from MM and ADC. Design 33 cases of pleural cytologic preparations retrieved from our archives consisted of 9 cases of SCC, 12 cases of epithelial MM, and 12 cases of adenocarcinoma of lung. Cell blocks were prepared by the thrombin clot technique followed by formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding. Tissue sections of 4 μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the immunoperoxidase method visualized by the biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase system. The antibodies used were cytokeratins (CAM 5.2, K903, and CK 5/6), cell membrane glycoproteins (CEA and Ber-EP4), and calretinin. In all cases, the reactivity pattern was graded on a sliding scale from 0 to 4+ according to the percentage of reactive cells. Results SCC was positive for K903 (100%), CK 5/6 (89%), CAM 5.2 (78%), and CEA (22%), and negative for Ber-EP4 (100%) and calretinin (100%). MM was positive for calretinin (100%), CAM 5.2 (100%), K903 (92%), CK 5/6 (92%), and negative for CEA (100%) and Ber-EP4 (100%). ADC was positive for CAM 5.2 (100%), CEA (83%), and Ber-EP4 (83%), and negative for calretinin (100%), K903 (92%) and CK 5/6 (92%). Conclusions Our studies confirm the role of the above panel of antibodies in distinguishing among these malignancies. Positive staining for K903, CK 5/6, and CAM 5.2 separated SCC and MM from ADC. Positive staining for calretinin separated MM from SCC and ADC. Positive staining for glycoproteins and predominantly negative staining for CK 5/6, K903 and calretinin separated ADC from SCC and MM.
The beginning of Oulipo? An attempt to rediscover a movement

This article addresses recent criticism of the French literary movement Oulipo, demonstrating that such criticism is partly grounded in the tendency for scholars and even Oulipo members themselves to interpret early poetic forms of the group, for example, Raymond Queneau's A Hundred Thousand Billion Poems, through the theory of textual generation through strict constraint developed significantly later in the group's history. The article posits that, when duly analysed, these early forms run counter to the later notion of textual generation, align in a certain way with contemporary ‘Uncreative Writing’, and open new possibilities for rethinking the contemporary significance of the Oulipo and questioning the postmodern poetic project generally.
Transient behaviour of the single loop solute cycling model of the renal medulla

Transient solutions are developed for the buildup of a concentration gradient in the single loop solute cycling model of the renal medulla. The “pump” from ascending limb to descending limb is considered in both unsaturated and completely saturated modes of operation. Both analytic solutions and semianalytic solutions obtained from inverting Laplace transforms are considered. The classic representation of concentration buildup by the multiplication process is compared with calculated profiles. The “single effect” is found to vary both in time and space.
ADMINISTRATORS' RATINGS OF COMPETENCIES FOR AN UNDERGRADUATE MUSIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

The purpose of this study was to develop ratings by National Association of Schools of Music member institutions of competencies for an undergraduate curriculum in music education. Competencies were limited to the cognitive aspects of basic musicianship, applied music, and music education methods. Competencies in general education, professional education (including student teaching), music ensembles, and competencies in the affective and psychomotor domains were excluded. Testing conditions and criteria also were excluded. A questionnaire composed of 99 competencies was mailed to each of the NASM schools believed to offer undergraduate degrees in music education. The respondents were asked to indicate their opinion of the value of each competency by rating it on a scale from one (low) to five (high). The result of the study is a list of 84 competencies with a mean rating of 3.5 or higher.
Nonlinear system identification of a lower limb model by Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Networks

This paper presents the identification of a simulated nonlinear system that represents the dynamical mechanism of the human lower limb. The study and application of this model may have a relevant importance in the research area of rehabilitation of patients suffering from any kind of paralysis of their lower limbs. Here, a Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Network (FWNN) is used to identify the lower limb model under study. In order to evaluate the FWNN model, it was validated in two distinct situations. Firstly it was considered that the original model does not suffer any modification in its parameters and, in the second case, the viscous coefficient was reduced. In this way, it was possible to analyze the FWNN model robustness in terms of this parameter change. The performance of the FWNN was also compared with other two neural network structures: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Wavelet Neural Network (WNN).
Spin Waves in Thin Films; Dipolar Effects

We have examined the spin-wave eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions for a model ferromagnetic film, in the presence of both exchange and magnetic dipole interactions. A detailed computer study of spin waves in a thirty-layer film is presented for the case where the exchange and dipole interactions are of comparable strength. We discuss in detail both surface and "bulk" modes for this case. Also, the symmetry properties of the eigenvectors are discussed, along with a method for converting certain two-dimensional dipole sums to a rapidly converging form.
These Familiar Things? Witchcraft, War Crimes and Prince Rupert “the Devil”

This review article provides an examination, viewed through the prism of Mark Stoyle's “The Black Legend of Prince Rupert’s Dog,” of the reputation of Prince Rupert of the Rhine during the English Civil War and Restoration. In particular, it focuses upon the injection of violence into civil society by the Prince and his troops; and the manner in which the experience of war re-activated fears and theories of witchcraft, bringing to prominence the figure of the familiar spirit. Through the comparison of recent biographical studies with the primary sources that illuminate and underpin Rupert's career, the Prince emerges as a more equivocal figure but also, arguably, as a far more capable statesman and military commander.
The spinning screen: a movable experience between virtual and real

In screen-based experiences, the screen itself can become the physical device used for interaction. The "move-ability" of the screen affords interactivity between the screen artifact and the viewer and between the virtual and physical spaces. As a movable screen interface, we have created the spinning screen, a two-sided monitor on a revolving base. This interface invites user interaction through the action of spinning the screen to manipulate media content. By allowing viewers to grasp the interplay between visibility and invisibility, the spinning screen can enrich user experiences of virtual imagery through direct tangible interaction in both playful and practical contexts. We describe an art piece and an application for 3D visualization and modeling.
Funding a Collaborative Simulation Center: First Step in Interprofessional Education

Abstract Opened in 2009 following 2 years of planning, the Clinical Simulation Center of Las Vegas is an educational venture among three institutions and two health care professions. Because of trends in health care, interprofessional education has become a shared vision. The center serves as a venue for this type of training as well as research. Extensive planning including the development of a collaborative funding model based on each institution's needs was designed. After 3 years in operation, the center is thriving and the foundation of the funding model remains in place.
Suspended sediment phosphorus composition in tributaries of the Okanagan lakes, B.C.

Abstract The phosphorus composition of suspended sediments transported during snowmelt to the Okanagan lakes averaged 62% apatite P, 16% non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP), and 22% organic P. Based on the average NAIP content, less than 16% of these P inputs were available for algal growth in the lakes. The content of NAIP in some stream suspended sediments was much higher than average, however. Management of the suspended sediment inputs to reduce P loadings will be most effective if applied to those tributaries contributing the most NAIP.
Spectral theory for Borel sets in Rn of finite measure

Abstract Let (Ω, Λ) be a pair of subsets in R n such that Ω has finite, positive Lebesgue measure. The pair is called a spectral pair if the functions e iλ · x , for λ ϵ Λ, form an orthogonal, total family in L 2 (Ω) , i.e., when restricted to Ω. Our present work continues earlier papers on simultaneous diagonalization of vector fields, for the special case when Ω is also assumed open . However, the setting here is more general, and the results are stated in the measure theoretic category . (In considering fundamental domains for lattices, for example, we allow distinct lattice point translates of the domain to overlap on sets of measure zero , rather than the traditional condition of empty overlap.) Two classes of examples of spectral pairs are known, fundamental domains and simple factors . The latter may be identified in terms of a certain finite group action. We show that every spectral pair can be factored (in the sense of Cartesian products) as a product of two pairs of lower dimension where the first factor is a fundamental domain, and the second a simple factor. (The dimensions add.) A simple factor yields in a natural way a finite covering of an associated compact torus; but not every such covering corresponds to a spectral pair. We give a complete spectral characterization of the finite coverings and identify those which correspond to simple factors . The latter identification is phrased in terms of generators and relations for certain C ∗ -algebras which are analogous to (but different from) algebras studied earlier by Cuntz and Arveson.
Normal thyroxine and elevated thyrotropin concentrations: Evolving hypothyroidism or persistent euthyroidism with reset thyrostat

The natural course in subjects manifesting normal serum thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), with an elevated thyrotropin (TSH) level demonstrated two distinct outcomes, one progressing to well defined hypothyroidism as expressed by onset of subnormal T4, T3 and a further rise in TSH and the other remaining in the same state. However, thyroid hormone concentrations at the time of diagnosis fail to distinguish between the two groups. Therefore, we examined the influence of alteration in circulating TSH levels on thyroid gland function at the time of diagnosis in subjects with this syndrome to assess the role of pituitary thyroid axis in these different outcomes. 24 hour 131I thyroidal uptake was determined in 14 men and 3 women manifesting normal T4, T3 and elevated TSH prior to and again after 1) subcutaneous administration of bovine TSH, 10 units daily for 3 days and 2) daily oral administration of L.-triiodothyronine 75 μg for 7 days in a randomized sequence at interval of 4 weeks. Subjects were then followed for up to 16 years to assess the natural course. Basal 24 hour131I uptake values were with-in the normal range (10–35%) in all subjects and increased on TSH administration and declined following LT3 administration. However, in eight subjects, these responses were markedly lower ( 50%) and only one of these became hypothyroid during the follow-up period of 16 years. All subjects with normal T4 and T3 with elevated TSH do not manifest “subclinical or evolving hypothyroidism”. Two distinct populations seem to exist, one with inhibited pituitary thyroid axis progressing to hypothyroidism or true “subclinical hypothyroidism” at the time of diagnosis and the other with normal pituitary thyroid axis, a state of euthyroidism with “reset thyrostat” at a higher TSH concentration, a state probably persisting for their remaining life span.
Percussion treatment for fractures of the leg with delayed union

T HREE cases are presented in which the percussion treatment for deIayed union or non-union of fractures of the Ieg was successfuIIy used after the usua1 forms of paIIiative treatment had faiIed. In each instance the roentgenograms showed a persistence of the fracture Iine with scIerosis of the bone ends. The patients had pain and cIinicaIIy, there was IittIe or moderate motion at the site of fracture. The patient is confined to bed and the fractured part is supported in a pIaster sheI1. Once each day, the plaster she11 is removed, the patient is pIaced on a tabIe with the foot over the edge and the foot and ankIe are supported so that the fractured fragments are in proper alignment. The soIe of the hee1 is tapped or percussed about a hundred times with the uInar border of the hand and with a wrist motion. This procedure constituted the soIe treatment in the 3 cases herein reported and union usuaIIy resuIted in about six weeks.
Measurement of lymphoblastogenic activity from thorium workers.

Mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures obtained from 36 thorium workers was studied to determine whether the response of these cells was affected by the individuals' occupational exposure to alpha irradiation. The standard assay involved incubating 2 X 10(5) lymphocytes per test well for 72 hours in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The results showed that there was a significant decrease in lymphocyte responsiveness of former thorium workers grouped by decade of life when compared with controls of the same decade of life for each mitogen tested with the exceptions of PHA in the 41-50 age group and PWM in the 51-60 age group. We are unable to correlate the decreased response observed with the measured body burdens, external gamma exposure, or thoron exhalation rates in these thorium cases. However, other occupational exposures (i.e., various chemicals used in processing thorium) cannot be eliminated as a possible cause.
Reply to Dr. Adair's Comment

Adairconjecturesthatabiologicalsensorysystem governed by a nonlinear law operating in the chaotic mode could not serve as a model for detection of ultraweak electromagnetic fields because noise considerations would prevent the animal’s central nervous system from recognizing the environmental signal. Fine.LethimaddnoisetotheLorenzsystemweusedas the example that stimulated his conjecture and show that the system would not detect an arbitrarily small input. Until he does so, his conjecture is unproven and the possible applicability of nonlinear chaotic models for sensory perception is not refuted. The model that Adair himself invoked is irrelevant because it is not a nonlinear system operating in the chaotic mode.
Electron microscopy of inertia-friction weldments in a rapidly solidified Al-Fe-Mo-V alloy

The microstructures of inertia-friction weldments in a rapidly solidified, powder metallurgy Al-8.7Fe-2.8Mo-1V alloy were characterized using light and transmission electron microscopy. Extensive plastic deformation at the weld interface during the welding process was shown to fracture and disperse relatively coarse, spherical dispersoids present in the original base-metal microstructure, thereby resulting in a refined dispersoid size in this region. These fine dispersoids promoted an increase in hardness at the weld interface as compared to the unaffected base metal. Local regions of nonuniform interface deformation at the weld outer periphery resulted in a heterogeneous microstructure comprised of adjacent regions of high and low dispersoid density. The dispersoid-lean regions were characterized by appreciably coarsened alpha grains and a hardness well below that of the base metal. The greater extent of dispersoid-lean regions in welds produced with low axial force promoted preferential weld interface failure during three-point bend testing, while the near absence of these regions in welds produced with high axial force promoted failure in the unaffected base metal remote from the weld.
METHODS TO ESTIMATE EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE WATER MANAGEMENT ON ANNUAL NITROGEN LOSSES TO SURFACE WATERS

A method for estimating the effects of drainage water management (DWM) or controlled drainage (CD) on nitrogen (N) losses in drainage water was evaluated using a DRAINMOD simulation analysis. The method assumes that the effect of DWM on N losses is proportional to its effect on drainage volume. The analysis was conducted for a Portsmouth sandy loam (sl) in eastern North Carolina. DRAINMOD-NII simulations predicted that DWM would reduce 35-yr average N losses to surface waters by 37% for continuous corn and 34% for a corn-wheat-soybean rotation. The effectiveness of DWM on reducing annual N losses varied from 18 to 58% over the 35 year period. Results showed that the approximate method could be used to estimate the effect of DWM on annual N loads. The method estimated the annual effect of DWM on N losses within 3 kg/ha of that predicted by DRAINMOD-NII in 18 of 35 years. Over-estimated effects in some years were balanced by under-estimated effects in others, so that the method accurately predicted the effect of DWM in the long run. However, the accuracy of the approximate method is dependent on determining the average flow weighted N concentration of the drainage water. Overall, the approximate method appears to be a promising means of assessing impacts of DWM for purposes of nutrient trading.
Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis by Critical Care Physicians Using Compression Ultrasonography

Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis is a common, serious, often under-recognized diagnosis in the critically ill patient. Its high association with pulmonary embolus necessitates both prompt diagnosis and constant surveillance. Point of care ultrasonography by the treating physician is gaining popularity because of its high accuracy and ease of performance coupled with an immediate response to a question often asked at the bedside. This review will highlight the advantages of compression ultrasonography compared to other diagnostic modalities and gives a practical approach in performing this simple exam by the critical care team.
CONVENIENT AND SIMPLE METHODS FOR THE OBSERVATION OF PHOSPHORESCENCE IN FLUID SOLUTIONS. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL HEAVY ATOM AND MICELLAR EFFECTS

Phosphorescence of organic molecules in ftuid solutions may be conveniently and readily observed under certain conditions. If kp (radiative phosphorescence rate constant) is ~IOs-1, then (in the absence of photoreaction) phosphorescence is observable upon N2 purging. For example, nitrogen purged; acetonitrile solutions of bromo and dibromonaphthalene display readily observable phosphorescence as a result of internal heavy atom enhancement of .p., and kp. External heavy atom enhancement of kp (CH2BrCH2Br solvent) of aromatic hydrocarbons even allows observation of phos- phorescence from these compounds in N2 purged fluid solutions. Although bromonaphthalenes are not significantly phosphorescent in N2 purged aqueous solution, phosphorescence is readily observed in N2 purged detergent (HDTBr, HDTCI, and SDS) solutions above the critical micelle concentration. The general factors which determine whether phosphorescence is "readily" obervable in fluid solution are briefty discussed and the results are interpreted in light of these factors.
Thermal formation of mixed‐metal inorganic complexes at atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric-pressure thermal desorption ionization (APTDI), a new variant on older ionization methods, is employed to generate gas-phase ions from inorganic and organometallic compounds. The method is compared to conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) of these compounds and found in most cases examined to yield simpler mass spectra which are useful in the characterization of the pure compounds. Cluster formation, however, is prominent in these spectra and mixtures of V(IV)O(salen), Ni(II)(salen) and Co(II)(salen) show mixed-metal cluster ions. This makes APTDI a way to prepare gas-phase ions which contain multiple selected metal atoms and ligands. Such mixed-metal complexes can be mass-selected and structurally characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Strong contrasts are evident in the dissociation behavior of homonuclear and heteronuclear metal clusters, the latter showing accompanying redox processes. The chemical reactivity accompanying collision-induced dissociation (CID) of some of the mixed-metal clusters is typified by the protonated species H+[NiVO(salen)], which undergoes a formal oxidation process (hydrogen atom loss) to give the molecular radical cation of Ni(salen). This ionization method may provide a new route to unique inorganic compounds on surfaces through soft landing of appropriate cluster ions. The contrasting behavior of the ESI and APTDI processes is evident in the salens where ESI shows simple Bronsted acid/base chemistry, no mixed-metal clusters and no redox chemistry.
The Role of Trust in the Modern Administrative State An Integrative Model

There is a growing consensus that trust may resolve an enduring tension between political accountability and managerial flexibility in the modern administrative state. This complex issue is dealt w...
Cellular inflammatory responses to direct restorative composite resins

Abstract As a result of shaping, finishing, or removal of dental composite resin restorations, resin particles may become trapped and embedded in oral tissues. However, tissue reactions induced by entrapped composite resin particles have not been thoroughly examined. To assess the soft tissue inflammatory response to composite restorative materials, three commercial dental composite resin suspensions were implanted subcutaneously in rats. Implantation resulted in a granulornatous inflammatory reaction that persisted S weeks after placement. The lesion was characterized by an influx of lymphocytes and the presence of fabroblasts and epithelioid cells. Composite resin particles have the potential to cause persistent inflammation if they are entrapped in oral tissues.
Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act: empirical examination of government-sponsored financial incentives

The Cash for Clunkers program is the popular nickname for the Car Allowance Rebates Program created in the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act of 2009 (CARS). A review of the applied literature on CRM, economic policy, and the newly enacted government program providing financial incentives, national identity programs and an empirical analysis, via a focused, stratified approach to measure personal reactions to government goals and rebates conducted in companies representative of the service industries located in the metropolitan section of Akron, OH. It was found that potential customers are more likely to purchase a vehicle under the CARS program if they had a political view that found it appropriate for government to offer such financial incentives to increase fuel efficiency; however, this was not true for the other reasons, such as to stimulating the automobile industry, helping the environment, and providing for the needy.
TrkB receptor signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarius mediates the food intake-suppressive effects of hindbrain BDNF and leptin

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB receptor signaling contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) control of energy balance. The role of hindbrain BDNF/TrkB receptor signaling in energy balance regulation is examined here. Hindbrain ventricular BDNF suppressed body weight through reductions in overall food intake and meal size and by increasing core temperature. To localize the neurons mediating the energy balance effects of hindbrain ventricle-delivered BDNF, ventricle subthreshold doses were delivered directly to medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS). mNTS BDNF administration reduced food intake significantly, and this effect was blocked by preadministration of a highly selective TrkB receptor antagonist {[N2–2-2-Oxoazepan-3-yl amino]carbonyl phenyl benzo (b)thiophene-2-carboxamide (ANA-12)}, suggesting that TrkB receptor activation mediates hindbrain BDNF's effect on food intake. Because both BDNF and leptin interact with melanocortin signaling to reduce food intake, we also examined whether the intake inhibitory effects of hindbrain leptin involve hindbrain-specific BDNF/TrkB activation. BDNF protein content within the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain was increased significantly by hindbrain leptin delivery. To assess if BDNF/TrkB receptor signaling acts downstream of leptin signaling in the control of energy balance, leptin and ANA-12 were coadministered into the mNTS. Administration of the TrkB receptor antagonist attenuated the intake-suppressive effects of leptin, suggesting that mNTS TrkB receptor activation contributes to the mediation of the anorexigenic effects of hindbrain leptin. Collectively, these results indicate that TrkB-mediated signaling in the mNTS negatively regulates food intake and, in part, the intake inhibitory effects of leptin administered into the NTS.
Chameleon: Application-Level Power Management

In this paper, we present Chameleon an application-level power management approach for reducing energy consumption in mobile processors. By using application domain knowledge, as opposed to OS-level or hardware-level inferred knowledge, Chameleon can substantially reduce CPU energy consumption. By exporting the energy management to user-space, designers can design more flexible and easily portable algorithms and systems, and use multiple energy management policies simultaneously. Specifically, we propose a minimal operating system interface that applications use to obtain global knowledge from the kernel in order to make local decisions. We consider three classes of applications soft real-time, interactive and batch and design user level power management strategies for representative applications such as a movie player, a word processor, a web browser, and a batch compiler. Our experiments show that, compared to the traditional system-wide CPU voltage scaling approaches, Chameleon can achieve up to 32-50% energy savings while delivering comparable or better performance to applications. Similarly, Chameleon extracts 9-41% more energy when compared to Grace OS, which uses some application knowledge but operates within the kernel. Further, Chameleon imposes minimal overhead and is effective at scheduling concurrent applications with diverse energy needs.
The Bias of Bootstrapped Versus Conventional Standard Errors in the General Linear and SUR Models

When estimating the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model in small samples, the bootstrap feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) covariance estimator has been widely advocated as less biased than the conventional FGLS covariance estimator obtained by evaluating the asymptotic covariance matrix. Assuming multivariate normal errors and an unbiased estimator of the error covariance, Eaton proves that the conventional estimator is biased downward for a general SUR model. Ignoring terms O(T–2) for this model, we prove that the bootstrap estimator is also biased downward. However, from these results, the relative magnitude of these two biases is indeterminant in general. By ignoring terms O(T–2) for Zellner's two-equation, orthogonal regressor model with bivariate normal errors, we show that the bias of both estimators is downward and that the bootstrap estimator exhibits a smaller bias than the conventional estimator. Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that, in general, neither estimator uniformly dominates the other.
Spectral Diversity of Fluorescent Proteins from the Anthozoan Corynactis californica

Color morphs of the temperate, nonsymbiotic corallimorpharian Corynactis californica show variation in pigment pattern and coloring. We collected seven distinct color morphs of C. californica from subtidal locations in Monterey Bay, California, and found that tissue– and color–morph-specific expression of at least six different genes is responsible for this variation. Each morph contains at least three to four distinct genetic loci that code for these colors, and one morph contains at least five loci. These genes encode a subfamily of new GFP-like proteins, which fluoresce across the visible spectrum from green to red, while sharing between 75% to 89% pairwise amino-acid identity. Biophysical characterization reveals interesting spectral properties, including a bright yellow protein, an orange protein, and a red protein exhibiting a “fluorescent timer” phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the FP genes from this species evolved together but that diversification of anthozoan fluorescent proteins has taken place outside of phylogenetic constraints, especially within the Corallimorpharia. The discovery of more examples of fluorescent proteins in a non-bioluminescent, nonsymbiotic anthozoan highlights possibilities of adaptive ecological significance unrelated to light regulation for algal symbionts. The patterns and colors of fluorescent proteins in C. californica and similar species may hold meaning for organisms that possess the visual pigments to distinguish them.