cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of the tosyl arginine esterase activity from the factor X activating enzyme of Russell's Viper venom

Abstract The coagulant protein activity and the N-p- toluenesulfonyl- l -arginine methyl ester hydrolase activity present in the “coagulant protein” preparation of Vipera russelli have been separated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The coagulant protein activity is not inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate or phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, whereas the ester hydrolase is inhibited by both of these reagents. These experiments indicate that the coagulant and ester hydrolase activities are catalyzed by separate proteins.
Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of LRRK2 G2019S Patients with PD

The objective of this study is to describe the neuropathologic findings in three LRRK2 G2019S carriers with Parkinson's disease (PD). We cross-referenced a list of 956 PD individuals that had been previously genotyped in clinical studies at Columbia University, with 282 subjects with a parkinsonian syndrome who came to autopsy in our brain bank since 1991. We found three autopsies of G2019S mutation carriers. Pathological analyses of the samples were blind to the genetic findings. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of the three patients. All three had a clinical and pathological diagnosis of PD. Cognitive impairment was a late feature in two out of three patients. Cortical involvement varied significantly: one had diffuse Lewy body (LB) pathology, tau inclusions, and amyloid pathology consistent with advanced Alzheimer's disease; one had diffuse cortical LB; and one had only brainstem predominant LB pathology. Cognitive impairment may be a long-term complication in G2019S mutation carriers. However, the extent of cortical involvement is variable. Larger longitudinal follow-up of LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers is required to assess for risk factors for cortical involvement and dementia.
Predicting clinical visual acuity of presbyopia treatments.

PURPOSE To predict the potential clinical visual acuity of different presbyopia treatments. METHODS The defocus transfer function (DTF) is a mathematical technique for simultaneously illustrating the optical transfer function for all levels of defocus. Through-focus clinical visual acuity measurements were superimposed onto the DTF to determine the corresponding retinal contrast and map out a modulation threshold curve. The process is performed for an apodized diffractive and a zonal refractive intraocular lens, as well as an opaque annular ring implant that extends depth of focus. RESULTS Clinical visual acuity measurements appear to track contours on the DTF. The elevation of these contours changes as a function of spatial frequency, with the general trend being that for higher spatial frequencies, more retinal contrast is needed to achieve a given level of visual acuity. The presence of these contours suggests a minimum level of retinal contrast is needed to achieve a given visual acuity, and if this threshold is exceeded, the presbyopia treatment can provide the corresponding acuity clinically. CONCLUSIONS The DTF provides a global view of ocular performance for all object distances. The disparate technologies investigated all gave similar modulation threshold curves. These results suggest that the modulation threshold curve can be used to predict potential visual acuity of other multifocal lens designs and methods for treating presbyopia.
Conversion from data-driven to synchronous execution in loop programs

Conversion algorithms are presented that would enable programmers to write programs in a high-level, data flow language and then run those programs on a synchronous machine. A model of interprocess communication systems is developed in which both data-driven and synchronous execution modes are represented. Balancing equations are used to characterize a subclass of parallel programs, called loop programs, for which conversions are possible. We show that all loop programs having the finite buffer property can be converted into synchronous mode. Finally two algorithms for the conversion of loop programs are presented and discussed.
Developmental and nutritional regulation of the messenger RNAs for fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and albumin in the livers of embryonic and newly-hatched chicks

The mRNAs for fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme were almost undetectable in total RNA extracted from the livers of 16-day old chick embryos. Both mRNAs increased in abundance between the 16th day of incubation and the day of hatching. In neonates, fatty acid synthase mRNA level was dependent on nutritional status, increasing slowly if the chicks were starved and rapidly if they were fed. The abundance of malic enzyme mRNA decreased in starved neonatal chicks and increased in fed ones. When neonates were first fed and then starved, starvation caused a large decrease in the abundance of both mRNAs. Conversely, feeding, after a period of starvation, resulted in a substantial increase in both mRNAs. The relative abundances of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme mRNAs correlated positively with relative rates of enzyme synthesis. Thus, nutritional and hormonal regulation of the synthesis of these two ‘lipogenic’ enzymes is exerted primarily at a pre-translational level. The abundance of albumin mRNA decreased significantly between the 16th day of incubation and the day of hatching but did not change thereafter in fed or starved chicks. The relative stability of albumin mRNA levels after hatching attests to the selectivity of the nutritional regulation of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme mRNAs. The decrease in albumin mRNA which occurred between 16 days of incubation and hatching contrasts with the increase in albumin mRNA sequences which occurred during late gestation in the fetal rat (20). High levels of albumin in the chick embryo may be related to the lack of an analogue of mammalian alpha-fetoprotein in birds.
Thermal Stability of Titanium Dioxide

Vorres and Dutton1 and Vorres and Donohue2 have recently described the preparation and crystal structure of titanium dioxide. Its decomposition in dry and moist air and dry nitrogen has been determined as part of our investigations of the thermal decomposition of some inorganic fluorides.
Characterization of Ceramic Batch Via Capillary Rheometry

Rheological testing has been developed to predict the extrudability of ceramic pastes. Inorganic batches containing cellulosic binders were mixed in a twin screw extruder prior to characterization in a capillary rheometer. Various die lengths were used to separate viscosity from wall slip parameters. A power law model was fit to the paste viscosity. The wall shear stress, assuming 100% slip, was a linear function of the wall velocity. The resulting rheological models were used in fluid flow finite element analysis for determination of extrusion pressure, and the evaluation of binders.
Conditional artificial dielectrics: optically controlled microstrip structures

Artificial dielectric materials are dielectrics in which other dielectrics or conductors are embedded to achieve different, effective dielectric properties. In the experiment, transmission lines embedded with suspended GaAs crystallites were used. The effective dielectric constant was changing upon illuminating the strip-line with light.
Are intramolecularly stabilized compounds of aluminum suitable structural models of the SN2 transition state? Molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-OC6H4-2-OMe)]2

Abstract The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of [( t Bu) 2 Al(μ-OC 6 H 4 -2-OMe)] 2 , when combined with the previously reported methyl, ethyl and iso -butyl analogs, allows for the structural comparison of the homologous series [R 2 Al(μ-OC 6 H 4 -2-OMe)] 2 with the ideal structural changes that occur during the S N 2-like cleavage of an aluminum alkoxide dimer with an intramolecular Lewis base. Ab initio calculations on the model system, [H 2 Al(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 OH)] 2 , confirm that in the absence of steric effects, intramolecularly stabilized compounds of aluminum are suitable structural models of the S N 2 transition state. However, real compounds are not good models since the bond distances are controlled by the steric bulk of the alkyl substituents on adjacent aluminum centers rather than the extent of coordination of the fifth ligand.
BILATERAL BRACHIAL ARTERY FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA

Fibromuscular dysplasia is a nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory vascular disease that usually involves medium- and small-sized arteries. It is most commonly observed in the renal, carotid, and intracerebral arteries, although it has been reported in other arterial beds. The most common form is characterized by medial fibrosis, with or without smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, which can result in luminal narrowing and turbulent flow. There is often a secondary aneurysmal degeneration of the artery, which may or may not be associated with thrombosis or obstruction of flow. This accounts for the typical “string-of-beads” appearance seen on arteriography. We describe a patient who presented with ischemia of the right hand secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia of the brachial artery. Subsequent studies also demonstrated fibromuscular dysplasia in the other brachial artery as well as mild involvement of the right renal artery. The patient was treated on the symptomatic side with dilatation of proximal lesions, resection of the thrombosed segment, and reconstruction with a reversed saphenous vein graft. Distal pulses were fully restored postoperatively. Pathologic examination confirmed the arteriographic and clinical diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia. The salient features of this case are reviewed in addition to the other cases reported in the literature.
Gain reduction due to betatron oscillations in a free electron laser

Abstract We use a dispersion relation, derived from the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, to study the effect of betatron oscillations on the gain of a guided mode in a free electron laser, operating in the high-gain regime before saturation.
A new form of long QT syndrome associated with syndactyly

Abstract Objectives . The purpose of this study was to characterize a possible association between long QT syndrome and syndactyly. Background . Long QT syndrome causes syncope and sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias. Syndactyly is a developmental disorder that causes webbing of the hands and feet. Both disorders can be inherited as isolated, autosomal dominant traits, but an association between them has not been established. Methods . We identified three children with long QT syndrome, atrioventricular (AV) block and simple syndactyly. Phenotypic and laboratory data were obtained from families, attending physicians and medical records. Results . All patients had bilateral cutaneous syndactyly and were diagnosed with long QT syndrome within the 1st 2 years of life. Structural heart disease, particularly a patent ductus arteriosus, was present in all three patients. Analysis of electrocardiograms showed marked prolongation of the QT intervals with rate-corrected QT intervals of 633, 628 and 680 ms, respectively. Transient AV block was also noted. Two of the three children died suddenly despite treatment with beta-adrenergic blocking agents and permanent pacing. Conclusions . We postulate that these children have a new form of long QT syndrome associated with syndactyly and a high risk of sudden death. The association of syndactyly with long QT syndrome may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying both disorders. Patients with syndactyly should be evaluated for the presence of long QT syndrome, and if it is found, aggressive treatment may be warranted.
Opposing effects of striatonigral feedback pathways on midbrain dopamine cell activity

The existence of a striatonigral GABAergic pathway has been well established both anatomically and biochemically. During intracellular recording from identified DA neurons in vivo, stimulation of the striatum (100 microA, 50 microseconds pulses) elicits an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and a rebound depolarization. The IPSP is a short latency (1.8-2.2 ms) conductance increase to chloride, since: the reversal potential is near the chloride reversal potential reported for other cells (-68 mV); intracellular chloride injection progressively reverses the IPSP into a depolarization with a similar time course; and the response of DA cells to systemic injection of the chloride channel blocker, picrotoxin, also exhibits a similar reversal potential. In contrast, during extracellular recording, stimulation of the striatum at low levels of intensity (e.g. 20 microA at 10 Hz) increases the firing rate of DA cells. Stimulation of the striatum will, in addition, elicit IPSPs in a subclass of substantia nigra zona reticulata neurons at the same latency as the IPSPs triggered in DA cells. These IPSPs also reverse with intracellular chloride injection. However, their amplitude is larger and their duration longer than observed in DA cells, and there is no depolarizing rebound. The late component of the IPSP in the zona reticulata neurons corresponds temporally to the rebound depolarization seen in DA cells in response to striatal stimulation. In addition, when recorded extracellularly, striatal stimulation will inhibit the firing of this class of zona reticulata interneurons at the same stimulation parameters that will excite DA cells. These data suggest that striatal cells may send branched fast-conducting GABAergic projections to zona reticulata cells and DA cells. Furthermore, low levels of striatal stimulation can excite DA cells by preferentially inhibiting interneurons in the zona reticulata which are more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of GABA than are DA neurons.
Collaborative Institutions in an Ecology of Games

This article seeks to improve our understanding of policy institutions and cooperation by adapting Long's (1958)analysis of the ecology of games to the context of collaborative land use and transportation planning in California. The traditional institutional rational choice analysis argues that collaborative institutions reduce the transaction costs of cooperation among multiple policy actors. The ecology of games framework extends IRC by emphasizing the consequences of multiple institutions and identifies several reasons why collaborative institutions may actually reduce the amount of cooperation in existing policy venues. Analyses of survey data from policy actors in five California regions demonstrate that higher levels of cooperation in collaborative institutions are associated with lower levels of cooperation in other land-use and transportation planning institutions.
SU-GG-T-469: Geometric Uncertainty Evalution of Proton Beam Delivery

Purpose: To develop a method to measure the agreement between the isocenters of a proton beam and the x‐ray system used to position the patient. X‐ray portal images are performed for the setup and all proton beams. The isocenter of proton beams can vary with rotation of couch, gantry and MLC and differ from X‐ray isocenter. Couch corrections are determined for each gantry angle to maintain the concentricity with the proton beam and the virtual crosshair of the x‐ray system is adjusted with gantry angle before initial clinical use to account for the change. Method and Material: A 50.8‐mm diameter steel ball is placed at the isocenter and aligned with the 50.8‐mm sphere target exported from the Eclipse treatment planning system to Medcom's X‐ray acquisition system at the setup and different gantry angles. Variation of the metal ball from the spherical target at different gantry, MLC rotation and couch angles is quantified by delivering star pattern treatment plans that have 10‐mm width. Both MatrixX and films are used with Omnipro IMRT software. Different levels of isodose are used for the best recognition of metal ball and star patterns. The asymmetric magnitude is reported for the symmetric fields after centering the metal ball or elliptical beam center of star patterns. Results: When metal ball is aligned with virtual crosshair at setup position, up to 2 mm variation of isocenter is reported by both the X‐ray portal images and proton star patterns for the rotation of couch, gantry and MLC. When the metal ball is corrected with X‐ray virtual crosshair at different angles, the variation of proton beam isocenter is reduced to below 1 mm. Conclusion: A method is established to measure the concentricity of proton beams with X‐ray portal images and rotation of couch, gantry and MLC.
The influence of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate on the bohr effect of sulfhemoglobin

Summary Using a pH titration method we have observed the ligation Bohr effect in sulfhemoglobin and find that it is increased upon the addition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. These results indicate that sulfhemoglobin undergoes a quaternary structure change upon ligation.
Bacterial succession within an ephemeral hypereutrophic Mojave Desert playa Lake.

Ephemerally wet playas are conspicuous features of arid landscapes worldwide; however, they have not been well studied as habitats for microorganisms. We tracked the geochemistry and microbial community in Silver Lake playa, California, over one flooding/desiccation cycle following the unusually wet winter of 2004–2005. Over the course of the study, total dissolved solids increased by ∽10-fold and pH increased by nearly one unit. As the lake contracted and temperatures increased over the summer, a moderately dense planktonic population of ∽1 × 106 cells ml−1 of culturable heterotrophs was replaced by a dense population of more than 1 × 109 cells ml−1, which appears to be the highest concentration of culturable planktonic heterotrophs reported in any natural aquatic ecosystem. This correlated with a dramatic depletion of nitrate as well as changes in the microbial community, as assessed by small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of bacterial isolates and uncultivated clones. Isolates from the early-phase flooded playa were primarily Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, yet clone libraries were dominated by Betaproteobacteria and yet uncultivated Actinobacteria. Isolates from the late-flooded phase ecosystem were predominantly Proteobacteria, particularly alkalitolerant isolates of Rhodobaca, Porphyrobacter, Hydrogenophaga, Alishwenella, and relatives of Thauera; however, clone libraries were composed almost entirely of Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria). A sample taken after the playa surface was completely desiccated contained diverse culturable Actinobacteria typically isolated from soils. In total, 205 isolates and 166 clones represented 82 and 44 species-level groups, respectively, including a wide diversity of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria.
Microcalcification detectability in tomosynthesis

Microcalcifications (MCs) are an important early sign of breast cancer. In conventional mammography, MC detectability is limited primarily due to quantum noise. In tomosynthesis, a dose comparable to that delivered in one projection mammogram is divided across a number of projection views (typically ranging between 10 and 30). This potentially will reduce the detectability of MCs, if detector noise is not very low. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between MC detectability in the projection views and in the reconstructed image. The effect of angular range and number of angles on detectability will also be evaluated for an ideal detector. Microcalcification detectability is shown to be greater in the sinogram than in the reconstructed images. Further, the detectability is reduced when the MC is located far from the center of the breast. Also, the detectability in the projection images is dependent on the projection angle.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoprenylated coumarins as potential anti-pancreatic cancer agents

A series of isoprenylated coumarins has been designed, synthesized, and evaluated against human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line PANC-1 under nutrient-rich and nutrient-deprived conditions. The compounds described investigate the effect of isoprenyl chain length and positioning on cell growth inhibition. The majority of these compounds displayed cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells selectively in the absence of essential amino acids, glucose, and serum, and showed no cytotoxicity under nutrient-rich conditions. In this study, compound 6 exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity with an LC50 value of 4μM and induced apoptosis-like morphological changes in PANC-1 cells after a 24-h incubation. The evaluated structure-activity relationships show that substitution at the 6-position and the presence of a farnesyl isoprenyl tail are important structural features for enhanced preferential cytotoxicity. These findings provide important information to designing other structural analogues for potential application as novel pancreatic antitumor agents.
Effect of chewable fluoride tablets on dental caries in schoolchildren: results after six years of use

Acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablets were chewed by schoolchildren. Children who chewed one tablet a day showed little difference in incidence of caries than those who chewed two tablets a day. Two groups of children, initially in the first and second grades, chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet containing 1 mg of fluoride either once or twice a day in school. A control group of children followed the procedure once a day using a placebo tablet. An evaluation after six years of treatments showed that both the once-a-day and the twice-a-day procedures with fluoride tablets effectively reduced the incidence of dental caries.
Changes in local S4 environment provide a voltage-sensing mechanism for mammalian hyperpolarization-activated HCN channels

The positively charged S4 transmembrane segment of voltage-gated channels is thought to function as the voltage sensor by moving charge through the membrane electric field in response to depolarization. Here we studied S4 movements in the mammalian HCN pacemaker channels. Unlike most voltage-gated channel family members that are activated by depolarization, HCN channels are activated by hyperpolarization. We determined the reactivity of the charged sulfhydryl-modifying reagent, MTSET, with substituted cysteine (Cys) residues along the HCN1 S4 segment. Using an HCN1 channel engineered to be MTS resistant except for the chosen S4 Cys substitution, we determined the reactivity of 12 S4 residues to external or internal MTSET application in either the closed or open state of the channel. Cys substitutions in the NH2-terminal half of S4 only reacted with external MTSET; the rates of reactivity were rapid, regardless of whether the channel was open or closed. In contrast, Cys substitutions in the COOH-terminal half of S4 selectively reacted with internal MTSET when the channel was open. In the open state, the boundary between externally and internally accessible residues was remarkably narrow (∼3 residues). This suggests that S4 lies in a water-filled gating canal with a very narrow barrier between the external and internal solutions, similar to depolarization-gated channels. However, the pattern of reactivity is incompatible with either classical gating models, which postulate a large translational or rotational movement of S4 within a gating canal, or with a recent model in which S4 forms a peripheral voltage-sensing paddle (with S3b) that moves within the lipid bilayer (the KvAP model). Rather, we suggest that voltage sensing is due to a rearrangement in transmembrane segments surrounding S4, leading to a collapse of an internal gating canal upon channel closure that alters the shape of the membrane field around a relatively static S4 segment.
Anemia lessens and its prevention with recombinant human erythropoietin worsens glomerular injury and hypertension in rats with reduced renal mass.

Abstract Chronic renal disease is frequently characterized by anemia, which may modify systemic and renal hemodynamics. In adult Munich-Wistar rats, the mild anemia (hematocrit, approximately equal to 42 vol/dl) that accompanies five-sixths nephrectomy was either made more severe (approximately equal to 30 vol/dl) by feeding a low iron diet or prevented (approximately equal to 50 vol/dl) by administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEpo). In functional studies performed 4 weeks after renal ablation, untreated rats exhibited mild anemia with systemic hypertension and elevation of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate due to glomerular capillary hyperperfusion and hypertension. Preventing anemia with r-HuEpo worsened systemic and glomerular hypertension, effects largely obviated by induction of more marked anemia with the low iron diet. Untreated rats followed for 6 weeks postablation exhibited progressive proteinuria and sclerosis involving 12% of glomeruli, contrasted with 33% in rats given r-HuEpo. Even after 12 weeks, sclerosis involved only 6% of glomeruli in rats with more severe anemia but progressed to 30% in untreated rats. Thus, anemia limits systemic and glomerular hypertension and glomerular injury, whereas its prevention by r-HuEpo severely accelerates hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in this model. These results suggest that anemia is a hemodynamically favorable adaptation to chronic renal disease and that its overly vigorous correction may have adverse renal hemodynamic and structural consequences.
The Hemodynamic Effects of Treatment with Interleukin-2 and Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells

Abstract Study Objective:To determine the hemodynamic alterations occurring during therapy with the maximally tolerated doses of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Design:Case ser...
Locations for South Asian diasporas

▪ Abstract This review explores the cultural consequences of migrations from the Indian subcontinent for interdisciplinary inquiries into difference and belonging. It poses the question of whether the constructed term South Asian can adequately bridge the divide between more internationalist conceptions of diaspora and nationalist accounts of racial and ethnic formation, and if so, whether it creates new epistemologies for the consideration of migration in highly globalized political and economic arrangements. In arguing that multiple formations of nationality take place in diasporic culture, this review also intervenes in debates in anthropology about the geographical and conceptual boundaries of community. Finally, in suggesting that gender, sexuality, and generation might profoundly fissure South Asian and other diasporas, the article raises the question of the implicit limits of any category of location or identity.
Mesodermal metamerism in the teleost, Oryzias latipes (the medaka).

Previous studies of the metameric pattern in mesodermal tissues of chick, mouse, turtle, and amphibian embryos have indicated that segmental characteristics exist along the entire length of the embryo. This paper describes this phenomenon in a fish embryo, for some differences in the cranial segmental plan exist between the anamniote and the amniote embryos hitherto studied. Embryos of the cyprinodont, Oryzias latipes, were fixed at various times, then examined by means of stereo scanning electron microscopy. As in other vertebrate embryos, the first indication of mesodermal metamerism in this fish embryo is the occurrence of somitomeres, which are orderly, tandemly arranged units of uncondensed mesenchymal cells in the paraxial mesoderm. As many as ten somitomeres can be observed caudal to the last formed somite to the elongating tail region. In addition, 7 somitomeres are present rostral to the first definitive somite, which is segment number eight. As in other vertebrate embryos examined, somitomeres in Oryzias embryos are circular, bilaminar arrays of paraxial mesoderm that form before any indications of segmentation can be seen with the light microscope. In the trunk region these mesodermal units condense to give rise to definitive somites, but in the head they eventually disperse. Despite a fundamentally different mode of gastrulation and a relatively small number of cells in the newly formed somitomeres, cranial segmentation in Oryzias embryos was found to be more similar in number to the metameric pattern of the embryos of the bird, reptile, and mammal than to the situation found in the two amphibians studied thus far.
mefE Is Necessary for the Erythromycin-Resistant M Phenotype in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Recently, it was shown that a significant number of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes strains contain a determinant that mediates resistance via a putative efflux pump. The gene encoding the erythromycin-resistant determinant was cloned and sequenced from three strains of S. pneumoniae bearing the M phenotype (macrolide resistant but clindamycin and streptogramin B susceptible). The DNA sequences of mefE were nearly identical, with only 2-nucleotide differences between genes from any two strains. When the mefE sequences were compared to the mefA sequence from S. pyogenes, the two genes were found to be closely related (90% identity). Strains of S. pneumoniae were constructed to confirm that mefE is necessary to confer erythromycin resistance and to explore the substrate specificity of the pump; no substrates other than 14- and 15-membered macrolides were identified.
Intentional communication acts expressed by children with severe disabilities in high-rate contexts.

The purpose of this study was to identify the rates of communication expressed by 17 children with severe disabilities in high-rate school contexts while piloting a new coding system for intentiona...
Test Compaction for Transition Faults under Transparent-Scan

Transparent-scan was proposed as an approach to test generation and test compaction for scan circuits. Its effectiveness was demonstrated earlier in reducing the test application time for stuck-at faults. We show that similar advantages exist when considering transition faults. We first show that a test sequence under the transparent-scan approach can imitate the application of broadside tests for transition faults. Test compaction can proceed similar to stuck-at faults by omitting test vectors from the test sequence. A new approach for enhancing test compaction is also described, whereby additional broadside tests are embedded in the transparent-scan sequence without increasing its length or reducing its fault coverage.
On technical progress and the boundary of non-traded goods

Abstract We use a Ricardian model with continuum of goods to study the effect of technical progress on the endogenously determined ranges of non-traded, exported, and imported goods. We show that if technical progress is unbiased (biased toward the goods that a country has more comparative advantage), the range of non-traded goods increases (decreases).
Similar Acoustic Structure and Behavioural Context of Vocalizations Produced by Male and Female California Mice in the Wild

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are an important part of multimodal communication in mice; however, nothing is known about the behavioural context of USV production by individual mice in the wild. Using remote-sensing methods we recorded USVs from individual adult free-living Peromyscus californicus. Because adult male and female P. californicus share duties in rearing offspring and defending territories, we predicted that male and female P. californicus would produce USVs in similar behavioural contexts and with similar spectral and temporal characteristics. We found that adult male and female P. californicus produced USVs, with the most common motifs being one-, two- and three-syllable vocalizations. USVs of males and females did not differ significantly in type or number, or in spectral or temporal characteristics. Peromyscus californicus produced USVs when alone and when they were with another mouse, and the three-syllable vocalization (3SV) motif, which has a relatively long first syllable, was more likely to be produced in the presence of another mouse than when a mouse was alone. The likelihood of vocalizing and the spectral and temporal characteristics of vocalizations did not differ when an individual was producing a USV in the presence of a mate or nonmate. Males and females produced USVs in the same behavioural contexts. Thus, as with other behaviours associated with parenting and territorial defence in P. californicus, USVs of males and females are produced in similar behavioural contexts and have similar spectral and temporal characteristics.
The Devolution of Peru’s Sendero Luminoso: From Hybrid Maoists to Narco‐Traffickers?

This History Compass article examines the ideological transformation of Peru’s Sendero Luminoso insurgency from its immediate origins in the 1960s in the remote province of Ayacucho to its devolution to small armed bands of drug traffickers in the nation’s remote central Andean regions. Originally, Sendero claimed allegiance to the peasant-based Marxism of Jose Carlos Mariategui, the founder of Peru’s Socialist Party. In reality, however, much of its ideology and revolutionary strategy was based on Maoist theory. As, Sendero’s Maoism was largely based on its leader’s experience in China in the mid-1960s, the party felt compelled to rabidly defend ‘orthodox’ Maoism as China moved away this ideology in the late 1970s. Maoism with a Peruvian radical stamp, nevertheless, failed to win over the peasantry in the 1980s. Sendero’s leadership then violated basic Maoist strategy and began an urban terror campaign which exposed its leadership to eventual capture in late 1992. Since then, Sendero has survived only as a force fortified by drug revenues and isolated by rugged mountain terrain. We can only speculate about its future. But an estimated 66,000 deaths caused by its insurgency are stark evidence of its destructive potential.
Clinical and research challenges in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

The European Society of Cardiology has a comparable organization in the U.S.A. in the American Heart Association, whose first president was Dr Lewis Atterbury Conner. Dr Connor was also the founding editor of the American Heart Journal. His contributions in the early 20th century were as significant as those of any single individual in focusing concerns about the emerging importance of cardiovascular disease. In the inaugural issue of the American Heart Journal of October 1925, Connor penned an editorial in which he stated ‘. . . this newly awakened interest in disorders of the cardiovascular system has led to a realization of the problem of heart diseases as extensive and important public health relations which can no longer be disregarded’. In the 40 years following Connor’s visionary editorial, an epidemic of cardiovascular disease emerged. This epidemic was later blunted, however, by remarkable gains in primary prevention as well as secondary prevention and treatment that have led to unprecedented declines in mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke during the last 35 years in many developed countries. Basic researchers, clinical investigators, epidemiologists and biostatisticians have contributed to a sufficient totality of evidence upon which to base rational clinical decisions and public policy. The European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association and other important organizations, in collaboration with health care providers, have translated research findings into clinical practice and effective public policy. Despite the fact that the remarkable gains in prevention and treatment have led to unprecedented life expectancies in the U.S.A. (76 years) and Europe (73
Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) assessment of endophenotypes for schizophrenia: an introduction to this Special Issue of Schizophrenia Research.

Background The COGS is a multi-site NIMH-sponsored investigation of the genetic basis of 12 primary and multiple secondary quantitative endophenotypes in schizophrenia.
Self-consistent field theory of a helix traveling wave tube amplifier

A self-consistent relativistic field theory of a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a thin annular beam propagates through a sheath helix enclosed within a loss-free wall. A linear analysis of the interaction is carried out, subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. A detrimental dispersion equation is obtained which implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. The equation is valid for arbitrary azimuthal mode number and is solved numerically for the azimuthally symmetric case. The coupled-wave Pierce theory is recovered in the near-resonant limit. Numerical comparisons between the complete dispersion equation and the Pierce model are described. A discrepancy is found between the Pierce and the field theory even for low currents in the nominally ballistic regime, owing to the dielectric effect of the beam on the helix modes. >
Blind and semi-blind channel equalization using cyclic prefix in multicarrier modulation

Multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques have received much attention due to their application in high speed wired as well as wireless communication systems. Their built-in redundancy (in the form of a cyclic prefix) has been used in various blind and semi-blind techniques for identifying the unknown channel response. In this work, approaches for equalizing the channel, using the structure of the transmitted signal, have been investigated. Taking into account the fact that a training signal is available in most communication systems for identifying and equalizing the channel, a semi-blind equalizer is proposed which combines the information from the training signal and the cyclic prefix for better estimation.
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease and peanut allergy are alternatively associated with IL-5+ and IL-5- Th2 responses

Background Both anaphylactic food allergy and eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders are associated with T H 2 responses and food-specific IgE, yet they have very different clinical presentations. Objective To determine whether the clinical differences between anaphylactic food allergy and eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders are reflected in different T H 2 responses to foods. Methods Subjects with peanut allergy (PA), subjects with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis (AEG), and nonatopic subjects were enrolled. Antigen-specific IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF T-cell responses to peanut, soy, and shrimp were measured by using intracellular cytokine staining and polychromatic flow cytometry. Results Two distinct subpopulations of T H 2 cells were found: IL-5 + T H 2 (IL-4 + , IL-5 + ) and IL-5 – T H 2 (IL-4 + , IL-5 – ) cells. Peanut-specific IL-5 + T H 2 cells were present at a 20-fold greater frequency in AEG versus PA (81 vs 4 per 10 6 CD4 cells; P = .05), whereas there were similar frequencies of IL-5 - T H 2 cells (67 vs 41 per 10 6 ). For all foods, IL-5 + T H 2 cells accounted for a significantly greater fraction of the antigen-specific cells in AEG relative to PA (29% vs 4%; P – T H 2 responses to peanut were highly correlated with peanut-specific IgE ( r = 0.87 vs 0.55, respectively). All subject groups elicited similar very low-magnitude T H 1 responses to food antigens. Conclusion T H 2 responses are composed of 2 subpopulations: IL-5 + T H 2 and IL-5 – T H 2 cells. IL-5 + T H 2 food allergen–specific T cells are singularly associated with AEG, whereas PA is associated with a dominant IL-5 – T H 2 response. These results suggest heterogeneity within the T H 2 cytokine response, with different T H 2 responses alternatively favoring IgE-mediated or eosinophil-dominant immunopathology.
Microsatellites identify depredated waterfowl remains from glaucous gull stomachs

Prey remains can provide valuable sources of information regarding causes of predation and the species composition of a predator's diet. Unfortunately, the highly degraded state of many prey samples from gastrointestinal tracts often precludes unambiguous identification. We describe a procedure by which PCR amplification of taxonomically informative microsatellite loci were used to identify species of waterfowl predated by glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus). We found that one microsatellite locus unambiguously distinguished between species of the subfamily Anserinae (whistling ducks, geese and swans) and those of the subfamily Anatidae (all other ducks). An additional locus distinguished the remains of all geese and swan species known to nest on the Yukon–Kuskokwim delta in western Alaska. The study focused on two waterfowl species which have experienced precipitous declines in population numbers: emperor geese (Chen canagica) and spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri). No evidence of predation on spectacled eiders was observed. Twenty-six percent of all glaucous gull stomachs examined contained the remains of juvenile emperor geese.
The inside story of relationship development: power asymmetry in a buyer-supplier relationship

The objectives of this paper are threefold: first, to explicate the role of power imbalance in buyer?supplier relationships; second, to analyse the inter-relationships among relational constructs from the perspective of both the buyer and supplier and lastly, to identify the benefits to the same. To accomplish these objectives, we identify and integrate variables and justifications from transaction cost economics, relational, and behavioural theories to develop a robust model. We propose that buyer and supplier power determines their respective level of commitment, which in turn, ascertains the level of power imbalance, fostering either arms-length or close relationships. The latter is likely to additionally reduce power imbalance and help partners accumulate trust and intellectual capital within organisations. Trust is posited to further enhance buyer and supplier intellectual capital through long-term relationships. The models of buyer?supplier partnerships presented in this paper add to the prevalent literature and provide further insights for managers.
Maximum pebbling number of graphs of diameter three

Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a graph G, a pebbling move consists of taking two pebbles off some vertex v and putting one of them back on a vertex adjacent to v. A graph is called pebbleable if for each vertex v there is a sequence of pebbling moves that would place at least one pebble on v. The pebbling number of a graph G is the smallest integer m such that G is pebbleable for every configuration of m pebbles on G. We prove that the pebbling number of a graph of diameter 3 on n vertices is no more than (3-2)n + O(1), and, by explicit construction, that the bound is sharp. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
A Critique of the Use of Values Clarification in Environmental Education

During the last five years, many scholars have begun to question the validity of the use of values clarification methodology in environmental education. While the methodology ideally allows student, teacher, and institutional values about the environment to be incorporated in the educational curricula, it is argued that values clarification methodology is theoretically weak. Eight major objections to the use of values clarification methodology in environmental education are summarized. Factors that need to be considered before environmental educators further advocate values clarification methodology as a component of environmental education are discussed. (19 references)
Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Findings in 29 Patients

To identify risk factors for relapse among 309 prospectively identified cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, patients with recurrent S. aureus bacteremia were identified, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on isolates from both episodes. PFGE banding patterns from both isolates were identical in 23 patients, consistent with relapsed infection. Patients with PFGE-confirmed relapse were more likely by both univariate and multivariate analyses to have an indwelling foreign body (odds ratio [OR]=18.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]=7. 6-43.6; P<.001), to have received vancomycin therapy (OR=4.1, 95% CI=1.5-11.6; P=.008), or be hemodialysis-dependent (OR=4.1, 95% CI=1. 8-9.3; P=.002) than patients who did not develop recurrent bacteremia. These results suggest that recurrent episodes of S. aureus bacteremia are primarily relapses and are associated with an indwelling foreign body, receiving vancomycin therapy, and hemodialysis dependence.
Depression and the Suicidal Patient

Depression is the most common psychiatric illness in the general community, with 3% to 4% of depressives dying by suicide today. Studies have shown that depression has considerable morbidity and mortality. This article focuses on depressed patients and their management within the emergency department. Understanding the intricacies of the interview process and identifying which patients need immediate attention are important skills for the emergency physician.
IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF NEOSPORA CANINUM OOCYSTS, CYCLICAL ORAL TRANSMISSION BETWEEN DOGS AND CATTLE, AND IN VITRO ISOLATION FROM OOCYSTS

Scarce information is available about Neospora caninum oocysts and sporozoites, in part because only small numbers of oocysts have typically been produced by experimentally infected dogs. We hypothesized that 1 reason for low experimental production of oocysts is that dogs have been fed tissues from experimentally infected mice instead of tissues from cattle (which are natural intermediate hosts of N. caninum). In this study, 9 dogs were fed tissues from N. caninum–infected calves, and oocyst production was compared with 6 dogs that were fed infected mouse carcasses. The number of oocysts produced by dogs that ingested infected calf tissues (mean = 160,700) was significantly greater (P = 0.03) than the number of oocysts shed by dogs that ingested infected mice (mean = 5,400). The second goal of our experiment was to demonstrate cyclical oral transmission of N. caninum between dogs and cattle. As few as 300 oocysts were used to successfully infect calves, and tissues from these calves induced patent infect...
CDS in Planar Graphs

Although Min-CDS in general graphs is hard to approximate, the restriction to certain special graph classes admits much better approximation results. Min-CDS in planar graphs remains NP-hard even for planar graphs that are regular of degree 4 [57]. The related problem, Min-DS in planar graphs, is also NP-hard even for planar graphs with maximum vertex degree 3 and planar graphs that are regular of degree 4 [57]. It is well known that Min-DS in planar graphs possesses a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) based on the shifting strategy [3]: For any constant e >0, there is a polynomial-time 1+e-approximation algorithm. Thus, it is immediate to conclude that Min-CDS in planar graphs can be approximated within a factor 3+e for any e>0 in polynomial time. However, the degree of the polynomial grows with 1∕e and hence, the approximation scheme is hardly practical.
Integrating service-learning into engineering and computing education

Community Engagement or Service-learning is a rapidly growing pedagogy in higher education and has come under increased visibility within engineering and computing education. It has been cited as a potential tool for increasing student engagement as well as diversity among our engineering, technology and computing student bodies. It also has opportunities to prepare the next generation of professionals, addressing issues including retention, diversity, learning and professional preparation. This workshop will introduce interested faculty, students, administrators and professionals to service-learning models including EPICS and provide resources for participants to implement such programs at their respective institutions.