cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate melting curves up to Earth's transition zone pressures with implications for the deep carbon cycle

Abstract Melting of carbonated eclogite or peridotite in the mantle influences the Earth's deep volatile cycles and bears on the long-term evolution of the atmosphere. Existing data on the melting curves of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are limited to 7 GPa and therefore do not allow a full understanding of carbon storage and cycling in deep Earth. We determined the melting curves of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 to the pressures of Earth's transition zone using a multi-anvil apparatus. Melting was detected in situ by monitoring a steep and large increase in ionic conductivity, or inferred from sunken platinum markers in recovered samples. The melting point of CaCO3 rises from 1870 K at 3 GPa to ∼2000 K at 6 GPa and then stays within 50 K of 2000 K between 6 and 21 GPa. In contrast, the melting point of Na2CO3 increases continuously from ∼1123 K at 3 GPa to ∼1950 K at 17 GPa. A pre-melting peak in the alternating current through solid CaCO3 is attributed to the transition from aragonite to calcite V. Accordingly the calcite V-aragonite-liquid invariant point is placed at 13 ± 1 GPa and 1970 ± 40 K , with the Clapeyron slope of the calcite V to aragonite transition constrained at ∼70 K/GPa. The experiments on CaCO3 suggest a slight decrease in the melting temperature from 8 to 13 GPa, followed by a slight increase from 14 to 21 GPa. The negative melting slope is consistent with the prediction from our ab initio simulations that the liquid may be more compressible and become denser than calcite V at sufficiently high pressure. The positive melting slope at higher pressures is supported by the ab initio prediction that aragonite is denser than the liquid at pressures up to 30 GPa. At transition zone pressures the melting points of CaCO3 are comparable to that of Na2CO3 but nearly 400 K and 500 K lower than that of MgCO3. The fusible nature of compressed CaCO3 may be partially responsible for the majority of carbonatitic melts found on Earth's surface being highly calcic. It also provides a plausible explanation for low-degree melts of carbonated silicate rocks being particularly calcic at these depths. The melting curves of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 overlap with the estimated ocean-island geotherm at transition zone pressures, indicating that carbonatitic melt is readily generated from multi-component carbonate systems in the transition zone. The occurrence of such melt between the 410 and 660 km depths may facilitate the formation of ultradeep diamonds, produce low-velocity regions within the transition zone, and create a barrier to carbonate subduction into the lower mantle.
Simulome: a genome sequence and variant simulator.

Summary: Simulome provides a powerful and easy to use tool for creating prokaryotic pseudo-genomes. It provides options that can be used in combination to create mutated variants of the simulated genome, which allows for controlled testing of specific genomic conditions. Simulome can be used in combination with real reads generated from next-generation sequencing platforms, or with simulated reads. Availability and Implementation: Simulome is available for download at https://github.com/price0416/Simulome and is free for use under the MIT license. Contact: cgibas@uncc.edu or price0416@gmail.com
Tadpole begging reveals high quality.

Parents can benefit from allocating limited resources nonrandomly among offspring, and offspring solicitation (i.e. begging) is often hypothesized to evolve because it contains information valuable to choosy parents. We tested the predictions of three 'honest begging' hypotheses - Signal of Need, Signal of Quality and Signal of Hunger - in the tadpoles of a terrestrial frog (Oophaga pumilio). In this frog, mothers provision tadpoles with trophic eggs, and when mothers visit, tadpoles perform a putative begging signal by stiffening their bodies and vibrating rapidly. We assessed the information content of intense tadpole begging with an experimental manipulation of tadpole condition (need/quality) and food deprivation (hunger). This experiment revealed patterns consistent with the Signal of Quality hypothesis and directly counter to predictions of Signal of Need and Signal of Hunger. Begging effort and performance were higher in more developed and higher condition tadpoles and declined with food deprivation. Free-living mothers were unlikely to feed tadpoles of a nonbegging species experimentally cross-fostered with their own, and allocated larger meals to more developed tadpoles and those that vibrated at higher speed. Mother O. pumilio favour their high-quality young, and because their concurrent offspring are reared in separate nurseries, must do so by making active allocation decisions. Our results suggest that these maternal choices are based at least in part on offspring signals, indicating that offspring solicitation can evolve to signal high quality.
Recent progress in atomic layer epitaxy

Atomic layer epitaxy continues to emerge as a promising epitaxial technique when atomic layer thickness control is required in semiconductors device structures. However, ALE still faces several problems such as low growth rate, relatively high carbon background and difficulties in growing high bandgap ternary alloys. This paper will outline recent progress in these areas illustrated by the state-of-art devices recently grown by the ALE technique.
Metaphyseal Sleeves and Cones in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

As the number of primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) increases, revision procedures are also projected to significantly increase. Bone defects are frequently encountered in revision surgery. Oftentimes, these defects exceed those anticipated and can be addressed through the use of metaphyseal sleeves and cones. Biomaterials, whether porous titanium or tantalum, aid in the success of revision TKAs by promoting osseointegration and providing structural stability for the implants. Indications for metaphyseal sleeves include patients with small bone defects typically categorized as Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) Type 1 or 2A. Metaphyseal cones are used in patients with larger bone defects typically categorized as AORI Type 2B or 3. Sleeves are usually linked to one particular prosthesis, whereas cones are manufactured by a number of companies, come in many shapes and sizes, and are implanted separate from the final prosthesis implantation. The short- and midterm data on both have been promising.
Administrative ironies and DHS performance reporting

Objectivism is the critical lens used to view organizational communication of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Government Performance Results Modernization Act of 2010 changed requirements for such communication by mandating that agencies like DHS emphasize performance goals and targets to be achieved in the upcoming years in their performance reporting. Interpretivism is the sense-making lens used to view changes in performance reporting. This study focuses on performance target reductions, new performance measures, and retired performance measures documented in a DHS annual report. Nineteen performance measures were selected and discussed from empirical interpretivist and institutional interpretivist lenses. When intepretivism cannot match what is reported with what would appear to be logical, administrative ironies are established.
Peer Smoking and Smoking-related Beliefs Among College Students in Bangladesh.

Objectives Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh. Methods College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017. Results First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking. Conclusions Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals' social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals' social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.
High spatial resolution scanning for experimental room-acoustic measurements in scale models

This paper presents an experimental study of low frequency behavior of sound propagation in acoustically coupled volumes. The experiments are carried out in an eighth-scale model of two coupled volumes with an automated high spatial-resolution scanning system. Both sound pressure and three-dimensional sound intensities are automatically measured in terms of room impulse responses at each scanning positions over densely defined two-dimensional grids covering the entire areas of the two coupled rooms that enable the analysis and visualization of sound energy and sound energy flows. Through these measurements, and with the aid of a predictive computational model, this paper will discuss low frequency modal behaviors of sound energy flows within one of two coupled volumes. As such, the distribution of potential and kinetic energies, as well as that of active and reactive sound intensities within the coupled space will be separately analyzed. The distributions of intensity vector fields are compared through computational simulation. Consequently, a discussion on possible discrepancies in modal distributions between the computational and experimental results rounds off this paper.
Cotton Effects and Conformation of Nonhelical Proteins

A few remarks must be made regarding the terminology. First, the term “non-helical” is used for convenience only; in several cases, a very low helix content has been found by X-ray diffraction beside the β structures and nonperiodic arrangements. Second, the use of the term “globular” does not mean that the macromolecules are ideal spheres. In reality, their shapes differ from spherical, e.g. the lysozyme molecules are kidney-shaped. Highly asymmetric shapes can be detected by various methods, such as viscosity, birefringence of flow, light scattering etc. [Tanford, 1961; Jirgensons 1962 (3)].
Culture in Our Midst

This paper seeks to rebut the claim that the substantive criminal law is a-cultural. Far too often, decision-makers in the criminal justice system disregard the evidence and defenses raised by individuals from minority cultures on the grounds that such evidence and claims are irrelevant to the determination of guilt. What they fail to recognize is that the definitions of elements, of offenses and of defenses are all constructs of the dominant Anglo-American culture. This paper examines in detail three existing doctrines in substantive criminal law to demonstrate this point: the deadly defense of habitation, the growing rejection of the rule of retreat in deadly self-defense and the deadly defense against forcible rape. Failure to admit the cultural origins of the penal law results in the dangerous imposition of values of the dominant culture upon all individuals under the guise of universal legal norms. It is only in recognizing the substantial influence of the dominant culture on the substance of our criminal laws that we can begin to craft a more fair and just law for a multicultural society.
Condensed Matter Biophysics: Structure and Dynamics of Large Biomolecules

A variety of experiments, probing both static and dynamic properties of compact globular proteins such as myoglobin1–3, has provided evidence that the protein undergoes something resembling a glass transition at sufficiently low temperature, typically around 200°K. More precisely, myoglobin and several other proteins (hemoglobin, calmodulin) behave as if they possess a large number of conformational substates (CS) about a more or less fixed tertiary structure. These substates are separated by barriers whose energy scale is typically of order 200°K, the freezing temperature. Two questions which immediately come to mind are: 1. To what extent is the transition driven by the solvent, and to what extent is it a consequence of the internal structure of the protein itself? 2. How relevant are the low temperature (i.e., glassy) properties of the protein at higher, physiological temperatures?
Who’s to Bless and Who’s to Blame

This chapter examines the construction of human trafficking as a problem by asking how subjects are made intelligible and practices made possible through the predominantly evangelical Christian religious abolitionist discourse. This chapter discusses the core tenets of the religious movement, considers its recent connections to US political life, and assesses evangelical influences on anti-trafficking advocacy. The chapter then argues that religious abolitionism is deeply shaped by (1) evangelical Christian styles of rhetoric and justification, (2) evangelicals’ emphasis on the struggle between good and evil, (3) the principle of imago Dei, and (4) evangelical beliefs regarding sexuality. This chapter compares the approach of abolitionists who see trafficking as a problem revolving around the international prostitution of women and children with those who ground a comparatively broader understanding in anti-slavery campaigns. The chapter concludes that the articulation of human trafficking to slavery creates space within abolitionist discourse for reconceptualizing human trafficking.
Occupational Therapy Programming Facilitates Goal Attainment in a Community Work Rehabilitation Setting

An occupational therapy program for participants with mental health challenges, a history of serious mental illness, recovering from substance use disorders, on parole/probation, and/or experiencing homelessness was implemented in a community work rehabilitation setting. The impact of occupational therapy interventions focused on stress and anger management, sleep hygiene, anxiety and depression management, relapse prevention for addiction, vocational and academic skill building, money management, healthy eating, and relationship and leisure skill development. Participant satisfaction and performance scores regarding individual goal setting and attainment was collected and analyzed via retrospective review of pre/post outcome scores (n = 44) obtained through the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Results indicated significant differences (p < .05) from baseline to end of the program, with high effect sizes (d = 1.79–1.94). End of program participant satisfaction and performance scores were highly correlated (r = .88, p < .00), indicating those who were highly satisfied reported greater performance scores. Post discharge narrative participant responses also support COPM outcomes. Findings suggest community-based occupational therapy may improve individual performance and satisfaction in daily activities while enhancing participation in tasks that are healthy and significant to the person.
Ipilimumab and Nivolumab induced steroid-refractory colitis treated with infliximab: A case report

Ipilimumab and Nivolumab induced steroid-refractory colitis treated with infliximab: A case report
Context-awareness in wearable and ubiquitous computing

A common focus shared by researchers in mobile, ubiquitous and wearable computing is the attempt to break away from the traditional desktop computing paradigm. Computational services need to become as mobile as their users. Whether that service mobility is achieved by equipping the user with computational power or by instrumenting the environment, all services need to be extended to take advantage of the constantly changing context in which they are accessed. This paper will report on work carried out by the Future Computing Environments Group at Georgia Tech to provide infrastructure for context-aware computing. We will describe some of the fundamental issues involved in contextaware computing, solutions we have generated to provide a flexible infrastructure and several applications that take advantage of context awareness to allow freedom from traditional desktop computing.
Iterative navigation of multipole diagnostic catheters to locate repeating-pattern atrial fibrillation drivers.

INTRODUCTION Targeting repeating-pattern atrial fibrillation (AF) sources (reentry or focal drivers) can help in patient-specific ablation therapy for AF; however, the development of reliable and accurate tools for locating such sources remains a major challenge. We describe iterative catheter navigation (ICAN) algorithm to locate AF drivers using a conventional circular Lasso catheter. METHODS AND RESULTS At each step, the algorithm analyzes 10 bipolar electrograms recoded at a given catheter location and the history of previous catheter movements to determine if the source is inside the catheter loop. If not, it calculates new coordinates and selects a new position for the catheter. The process continues until a source is located. The algorithm was evaluated in a computer model of atrial tissue with various degrees of fibrosis under a broad range of arrhythmia scenarios. The latter included slow and fast reentry, macroreentry, figure-of-eight reentry, and fibrillatory conduction. Depending on the initial distance of the catheter from the source and scenario, it took about 3 to 16 steps to localize an AF source. In 94% of cases, the identified location was within 4 mm from the source, independently of the initial position of the catheter. The algorithm worked equally well in the presence of patchy fibrosis, low-voltage areas, fragmented electrograms, and dominant-frequency gradients. CONCLUSIONS AF repeating-pattern sources can be localized using circular catheters without the need to map the entire tissue. The proposed algorithm has the potential to become a useful tool for patient-specific ablation of AF sources located outside the pulmonary veins.
Mathematical description of eukaryotic chromosome replication.

The DNA genome must be completely duplicated with exquisite accuracy before a cell divides. The origin of replication (the place replication starts) is a single unique DNA sequence in a bacterial genome (1). By contrast, eukaryotic chromosomes have numerous initiation start sites, but these sites are not defined by a particular sequence and they change location in each cell cycle (2, 3). How such a vital process as DNA replication is orchestrated in seemingly random fashion is a mystery. In PNAS, Kelly and Callegari (4) devise a simple mathematical model that largely describes global chromosome replication dynamics in the fission yeast Saccharomyces pombe , using extensive global datasets from Kaykov and Nurse (5) and from Daigaku et al. (6) of the Carr laboratory. Kelly and Callegari’s model requires few parameters and assumes that selection of initiation sites is stochastic. Their mathematical modeling depends on two main features: ( i ) AT-rich DNA to which the S. pombe origin recognition complex (ORC) binds, and ( ii ) DNA that is outside transcription units. The ability to describe the global landscape of replication over the S. pombe genome gives hope that the approach may apply to higher eukaryotes such as ourselves. The quest to identify replication origin sequences in eukaryotes has a long and torturous history (3). Over three decades, many laboratories have tried to locate the elusive origin sequence in mammals, but this has often led to conflicting conclusions and hotly debated results. A main region of study was the 55-kb intergenic region between the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and 2BE2121 loci of Chinese hamster ovary cells, a region that amplifies in response to methotrexate treatment (7). Dissection of this initiation region mostly resulted in less and less frequent initiations, although a few regions appeared to hold promise, including a region as small as 500 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: odonnel{at}rockefeller.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Mindfulness Training for Social Service Providers in Hawaii: Context and Considerations

Few studies exploring outcomes for mindfulness training have specifically focused on social service providers such as case managers, juvenile justice (probation/parole) officers, family court liais...
Dynamic Measurement of Nanoflows: Analysis and Theory of an Optofluidic Flowmeter.

Scientists must overcome fundamental measurement problems if microfluidic devices are to become reliable and commercially viable. In particular, microfluidic devices require precise control over operating conditions such as flow-rate, υυ , which is difficult to measure continuously and in situ. Given the small scales involved, state-of-the-art approaches generally require accurate models to infer υυ on the basis of indirect measurements. However, such methods necessarily introduce model-form errors that dominate at the nL/min scale being targeted by the community. To address these problems, we develop a robust and largely assumption-free scaling method that relates the fluorescence efficiency I of fluorophores to υυ through a dosage parameter ξ, which depends on the flow rate and laser power. Notably, we show that this scaling relationship emerges as a universal feature from a general class of partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the experimental setup, which consists of an excitation beam and fluorescence detector. As a result, our approach avoids uncertainties associated with most modeling assumptions, e.g. the exact system geometry, the flow profile, the physics of fluorescence, etc. Moreover, the corresponding measurements remain valid down to the scale of 10 nL/min, with some devices potentially capable of reaching 1 nL/min. As an added benefit, the measurement procedure is mathematically simple, requiring a few trivial computations, as opposed to the full solution of a PDE. To support these claims, we discuss and quantify uncertainties associated with our method and present experimental results that confirm its validity.
X-MANN: A Crossbar based Architecture for Memory Augmented Neural Networks

Memory Augmented Neural Networks (MANNs) enhance a deep neural network with an external differentiable memory, enabling them to perform complex tasks well beyond the capabilities of conventional deep neural networks. We identify a unique challenge that arises in MANNs due to soft reads and writes to the differentiable memory, each of which requires access to all the memory locations. This characteristic of MANN workloads severely limits the performance of MANNs on CPUs, GPUs, and classical neural network accelerators. We present the first effort to design a hardware architecture that improves the efficiency of MANNs. Leveraging the intrinsic ability of resistive crossbars to efficiently realize in-memory computations, we propose X-MANN, a memory-centric crossbar-based architecture that is specialized to match the compute characteristics observed in MANNs. We design a transposable crossbar processing unit that can efficiently perform the different computational kernels of MANNs. To improve performance of soft writes in X-MANN, we propose an incremental write mechanism that leverages the characteristics of soft write operations. We develop an architectural simulator for X-MANN that utilizes array-level timing and power models of resistive crossbars calibrated from SPICE simulations. Across a suite of MANN benchmarks, X-MANN achieves 23.7×-45.7× speedup and 75.1×-267.1× reduction in energy over state-of-the-art GPU implementations.
Connecting the Rule of Recognition and Intentionalist Interpretation: An Essay in Honor of Richard Kay

This article, written in honor of Rick Kay and his distinguished career, addresses two areas of mutual interest: the foundations of legal systems and legal interpretation as a quest for lawmakers’ intended meanings. I attempt to show how these two topics are connected.
Dysphagia: How to Recognize and Narrow the Differential

Dysphagia is a common symptom that results in difficulty with one of life’s essential functions, eating. Causes of dysphagia are extremely variable including rare neurologic diseases, esophageal motility disorders, as well as malignancy. Narrowing down the differential for dysphagia first begins with separating the symptoms into either oropharyngeal dysphagia or esophageal dysphagia and mechanical, motility, or sensory causes. Beyond this, there are certain details in the patient’s clinical and medical history that may help lead to the underlying diagnosis. These key points have been studied and published as detailed in this chapter. Additionally, patient-reported outcome measures are instrumental in helping assess disease response to treatment. These have been well studied in esophageal cancer, mechanical and neuromyogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia, achalasia, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
Entanglement of Formation

At least three distinct information-theoretic measures of quantum entanglement have been proposed in recent years. This paper highlights one of them, the entanglement of formation, as well as a related quantity called the tangle. The tangle can be used to express a simple law of entanglement, limiting the extent to which a single qubit may be simultaneously entangled with each of two other qubits.
The Feedback Cycle: Lessons Learned With Video Annotation Software During Student Teaching:

Video annotation software (VAS) programs, such as GoReact, allow users to provide synchronized feedback in a video recording. This report examines the integration of VAS into a student teaching int...
Traditional Medicines in a Global Economy: Resource Sustainability and Resilience in the Traditional Tibetan Medical Practice of Ingredient Substitution

I discuss the long-standing practice of ingredient substitution in traditional Tibetan medicine as an adaptive resource management strategy that has enabled resilience in the larger socio-ecological world of medicinal resources, cultural knowledge, and ecological stewardship. Given that there are increasing pressures on and threats to the natural resources utilized in Tibetan (and other) traditional medicines, this flexible strategy should be supported and further accommodated in the growing industry of medicine production. Current industrialized pharmaceutical standardization suffers from a rigidity that partially threatens a sustainable resource management strategy. The theoretical orientation I utilize draws from Resilience Theory literature and discusses adaptive cycles, panarchy, and rigidity traps in the sphere of traditional Tibetan medical knowledge, medicine production, and resource management.
Theory of dissipation pathways in open quantum systems

We introduce a simple and effective method to decompose the energy dissipation in the dynamics of open quantum systems into contributions due to individual bath components. The method is based on a vibronic extension of the Forster resonance energy transfer theory that enables quantifying the energy dissipated by specific bath degrees of freedom. Its accuracy is determined by benchmarking against mixed quantum–classical simulations that reveal that the method provides a semi-quantitative frequency-dependent decomposition of the overall dissipation. The utility of the method is illustrated by using a model donor–acceptor pair interacting to a thermal harmonic bath with different coupling strengths. The method can be used to identify the key features of a bath that leads to energy dissipation as required to develop a deep understanding of the dynamics of open quantum systems and to engineer environments with desired dissipative features.
Association between menstrual bleeding and blood cadmium concentrations

Background/Aim: Menstrual blood loss is a substantial contributor to body iron deficiency. When body iron stores are low, metal ion transporters in the gut are upregulated to increase intestinal ab...
LON DELETION IMPAIRS PERSISTER CELL RESUSCITATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Bacterial persisters are non-growing cells that are highly tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics. However, this tolerance is reversible and not mediated by heritable genetic changes. Lon, an ATP-dependent protease, has repeatedly been shown to play a critical role in fluoroquinolone persistence. Although lon deletion ({Delta}lon) is thought to kill persister cells via accumulation of the cell division inhibitor protein SulA, the exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that Lon is an important regulatory protein for the resuscitation of the fluoroquinolone persisters in Escherichia coli, and lon deletion impairs the ability of persister cells to form colonies during recovery, without killing these cells, through a sulA- and ftsZ-dependent mechanism. Notably, this observed non-culturable state of antibiotic-tolerant {Delta}lon cells is transient, as environmental conditions, such as starvation, can restore their culturability. Our data further indicate that starvation-induced SulA degradation or expression of Lon during recovery facilitates Z-ring formation in {Delta}lon persisters. Calculating the ratio of the cell length (L in {micro}m) to the number of Z-rings (Z) for each ofloxacin-treated intact cell analyzed has revealed a strong correlation between persister resuscitation and calculated L/Z values, which represents a potential biomarker for {Delta}lon persisters that are transitioning to the normal cell state under the conditions studied here.
IMPORTANCE OF MOVEMENT FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Research continues to point to the importance of movement in the growth and development of young children. The recent months of the pandemic and quarantine have increased the concern over movement’s connection to childhood development. This article shines a light on some of the research that substantiates the need for consistent commitment to developmentally appropriate movement for young children. Article visualizations:
Disability in the Ottoman Arab World, 1500-1800

Physical, sensory, and mental impairments can influence an individual's status in society as much as the more familiar categories of gender, class, religion, race, and ethnicity. This was especially true of the early modern Arab Ottoman world, where being judged able or disabled impacted every aspect of a person's life, including performance of religious ritual, marriage, job opportunities, and the ability to buy and sell property. Sara Scalenghe's book is the first on the history of both physical and mental disabilities in the Middle East and North Africa, and the first to examine disability in the non-Western world before the nineteenth century. Unlike previous scholarly works that examine disability as discussed in religious texts such as the Qur'an and the Hadith, this study focuses on representations and classifications of disability and impairment across a wide range of biographical, legal, medical, and divinatory primary sources.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Progression From Short-term to Episodic or Long-term Opioid Prescribing: A Population-Based Study

Abstract Objectives To determine what proportion of a geographically defined population who receive new opioid prescriptions progresses to episodic or long-term patterns of opioid prescribing and to explore the clinical characteristics associated with patterns of opioid prescribing. Patients and Methods Population-based drug prescription records for the population of Olmsted County between January 1 and December 31, 2009, were obtained using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system (N=142,377). All medical records were reviewed for a random sample of 293 patients who had a new ("incident") prescription for an opioid analgesic in 2009. Patients were followed through their medical records for 1 year after their initial prescription date, with patterns of opioid prescribing categorized as short-term, episodic, or long-term. Results Overall, 293 patients received 515 new opioid prescriptions in 2009. Of these, 61 (21%) progressed to an episodic prescribing pattern and 19 (6%) progressed to a long-term prescribing pattern. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, substance abuse was significantly associated ( P P =.03) and substance abuse ( P =.04) were significantly associated with an episodic or long-term prescribing pattern as compared with a short-term prescribing pattern. Conclusion Knowledge of the clinical characteristics associated with the progression of a short-term to an episodic or long-term opioid prescribing pattern could aid in the identification of at-risk patients and provide the basis for developing targeted clinical interventions.
Six-Month Follow-Up of a Community Incentive and Self-Help Alcohol Intervention

Abstract This study determined the six-month effects of a community focused incentive contest and self-help printed materials. Three hundred and fourteen adult drinkers were recruited from two target communities in Northwest Arkansas and randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a contest only, (2) a contest plus “Know When to Say No” self-help booklet, or (3) a delayed contest control. Subjects had to limit their alcohol use to two alcoholic beverages or less a day during the four week contest, to be eligible to win a prize in the contest. The percentage of drinkers successfully limiting their alcohol use was similar at one (33 percent) and six months (34 percent). A significant difference was found across time on the number of drinking days, total number of drinks consumed, and heavy drinking days (p's = .0001), with alcohol use decreasing at postcontest and either leveling off or increasing some-what at six-month follow-up. No significant differences were found between the two groups on alcohol...
Leadership for Successful Inclusive Schools: A Study of Principal Behaviours.

Describes a multiple case analysis of six elementary school principals considered to be successful as leaders of inclusive schools. Analyses the structural and behavioural factors present in six elementary schools considered to have successfully included students with disabilities in regular classroom programmes. Outlines several factors which were found to be common among the principals of the six schools. Each principal: established a system of communication that allowed staff members to disagree with policies and practices and to make recommendations for changes; was actively involved in the IEP development process; was personally involved in dialogue with the parents of students with disabilities; worked with staff to agree collaboratively on a building philosophy of inclusion; established policies for addressing specific discipline issues arising from students with disabilities; followed a personal plan of professional development regarding issues of inclusion; demonstrated skills in data gathering; and demonstrated skills in problem solving.
Predictions of the twelve-dimensional groups and nucleon-nucleon scattering

Predictions of the various twelve-dimensional groups such asSU 12,M 12, $$\bar U_{12} $$ , and of the hybrid coplanar subgroupU 3×U 3 for the vanishing of one of the invariant amplitudes of nucleon-nucleon scattering are compared directly with the values of that invariant amplitude at a large range of energies and angles, as obtained from the energy-dependent modified analysis of nucleon-nucleon scattering data. There is a complete disagreement between the prediction of group theory and the experimental values.
Cys-tRNAPro Editing by Haemophilus influenzae YbaK via a Novel Synthetase·YbaK·tRNA Ternary Complex

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are multidomain enzymes that often possess two activities to ensure translational accuracy. A synthetic active site catalyzes tRNA aminoacylation, while an editing active site hydrolyzes mischarged tRNAs. Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRS) have been shown to misacylate Cys onto tRNA(Pro), but lack a Cys-specific editing function. The synthetase-like Haemophilus influenzae YbaK protein was recently shown to hydrolyze misacylated Cys-tRNA(Pro) in trans. However, the mechanism of specific substrate selection by this single domain hydrolase is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that YbaK alone appears to lack specific tRNA recognition capabilities. Moreover, YbaK cannot compete for aminoacyl-tRNAs in the presence of elongation factor Tu, suggesting that YbaK acts before release of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the synthetase. In support of this idea, cross-linking studies reveal the formation of binary (ProRS.YbaK) and ternary (ProRS.YbaK.tRNA) complexes. The binding constants for the interaction between ProRS and YbaK are 550 nM and 45 nM in the absence and presence of tRNA(Pro), respectively. These results suggest that the specificity of trans-editing by YbaK is ensured through formation of a novel ProRS.YbaK.tRNA complex.
Pancreatic blood flow in cats with chronic pancreatitis.

Pancreatic blood flow and its relationship to pancreatic interstitial pressure were investigated in a model of chronic pancreatitis in cats using a hydrogen gas-clearance technique with an intraductal electrode. The intraductal technique correlated well with blood flow measurements made using gamma-labeled microspheres (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001). In control cats, the basal blood flow of 69.1 +/- 9.5 mL.min-1.100 g-1 increased by 25% to 86.2 +/- 11 mL.min-1.100 g-1 with secretory stimulation (P less than 0.05). Interstitial pressure was -0.02 +/- 0.3 mm Hg and did not change significantly with stimulation. In cats with chronic pancreatitis, basal interstitial pressure was 1.8 +/- 0.5 mm Hg and basal blood flow 39.9 +/- 4 mL.min-1.100 g-1 (P less than 0.05). Stimulation of the chronic pancreatitis gland increased the pressure to 3.0 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and reduced flow 15% to 34.2 +/- 4 mL.min-1.100 g-1 (P less than 0.05). Papaverine increased blood flow in control and chronic pancreatitis cats without altering tissue pressure, suggesting that despite the reduced basal blood flow, the ability to increase blood flow was preserved in chronic pancreatitis. The increased interstitial pressure associated with secretion appeared to limit the gland's normal hyperemic response in this model of chronic pancreatitis.
Tumor Progression Locus 2 Depletion Inhibits Hepatic Inflammation and Steatosis and Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) is a serine-threonine kinase that functions as a critical regulator of inflammatory pathways and participates in oncogenic events. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease...
Correlation in Excited States of Atoms

Publisher Summary This chapter gives a general overview of current work directed at correlation in excited states, that is, essentially a state-of-the-art summary. It points out some of the specific correlation effects, which have been re-emphasized in recent years, and which significantly affect the spectrum in terms of the energies or f values or both. While some of these are properties of open shell systems, they are often much more critical for excited states. To establish the framework for the ensuing discussion, the chapter provides a brief summary of the correlation problem as it is traditionally understood, setting out the necessary background equations and definitions. A review of the major methods currently being employed to investigate the correlation problem for excited states has also been presented. For the most part they consist of one variant or another of the multi-configuration expansion of the wave function and it is largely in terms of this scheme that particular correlation effects are discussed. Finally, examples of some particular correlation effects that are significant for excited states are described. While excited states primarily from the standpoint of correlation are discussed, the dual aspect of the problem is also emphasized in the chapter.
The lived experience of adherence for patients with heart failure.

Background Nonadherence is the primary cause of hospital readmission for patients with heart failure. While some demographic and social variables are associated with adherence, the identification of these variables does not address the complex problem of adherence. This study explored the lived experience of patients with heart failure as they attempt to adhere to a prescribed regimen of care. Methods Fourteen patients attending an outpatient heart failure clinic after hospital readmission for exacerbation of heart failure symptoms were interviewed. Transcription of the interviews provided data for phenomenological analysis and interpretation. Results Data analysis indicated that within the experience of attempting to adhere to prescribed care regimens, participants' initial acceptance of their diagnosis resulted in a changed self-image. Behaviors appropriate to the new self-image were integrated into the former lifestyle by means of planning and setting routine. Identified themes that influence adherence to the new behaviors included personal beliefs and values, support from significant others and healthcare professionals, unusual circumstances, and temptation overcoming motivation. Conclusions Adherence is primary to the effectiveness of any health regimen. Assessment of personal and circumstantial elements that affect adherence can be useful in developing more effective individualized treatment plans for this population. A closer look at discrete events of nonadherent decision making may indicate effective ways to promote adherence.
Impaired calcium metabolism associated with hypertension in Zucker obese rats

Recent data from our laboratory indicate that reduced membrane Ca-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetics may be responsible for increases in intracellular calcium and, consequently, for elevated vascular resistance. Since obesity is frequently associated with hypertension, even before the development of overt diabetes, we evaluated blood pressure and erythrocyte cation levels and membrane Na/K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in Zucker obese rats and their lean controls (n = 10 per group). Intra-arterial blood pressure, determined via a femoral cannula, demonstrated elevated systolic and diastolic pressure in the obese rats (P less than .05). There were no significant differences in Na/K-ATPase between groups, but there was a decrease in Ca-ATPase (P less than .01) in the obese rats and an increase in tissue and cellular calcium content (P less than .05). These data demonstrate a specific impairment in membrane Ca-ATPase activity in obese rats they may have caused the observed increase in cellular calcium and, consequently, increased blood pressure. These phenomena may result from impaired insulin activation of membrane Ca-ATPase in these insulin-resistant animals.
Pharmacologic therapy of dementia with Lewy bodies

As a clinicopathologically defined entity, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has overlapping features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Analogous characteristics of DLB offer a provisional rationale for pharmacologic therapy based on remediating cholinergic and dopaminergic deficits, respectively. However, the distinct clinical manifestations and pathophysiologic substrates of DLB pose unique therapeutic opportunities and challenges. More severe cholinergic deficits in DLB relative to AD support clinical evidence that cholinergic therapy may be particularly beneficial in DLB patients. In contrast, DLB patients are generally more sensitive to the adverse effects of antipsychotic agents, warranting caution in treating visual hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms. Similarly, parkinsonian motor signs in DLB, often manifest as rigidity and bradykinesia, may be less amenable to dopaminergic therapies than in PD. Increasing recognition of DLB as a common form of dementia in the elderly underscores the need for large-scale, placebo-controlled therapeutic trials.
Parkin protects against the toxicity associated with mutant alpha-synuclein: proteasome dysfunction selectively affects catecholaminergic neurons.

One hypothesis for the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is that subsets of neurons are vulnerable to a failure in proteasome-mediated protein turnover. Here we show that overexpression of mutant α-synuclein increases sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors by decreasing proteasome function. Overexpression of parkin decreases sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors in a manner dependent on parkin's ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase activity, and antisense knockdown of parkin increases sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors. Mutant α-synuclein also causes selective toxicity to catecholaminergic neurons in primary midbrain cultures, an effect that can be mimicked by the application of proteasome inhibitors. Parkin is capable of rescuing the toxic effects of mutant α-synuclein or proteasome inhibition in these cells. Therefore, parkin and α-synuclein are linked by common effects on a pathway associated with selective cell death in catecholaminergic neurons.
Neurophysiologic analyses of low- and high-level visual processing in Alzheimer disease

Objective: We developed visual motion evoked potential (EP) measures related to navigational impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD) and have now applied these methods to explore the role of elementary perceptual and attentional mechanisms mediating these effects. Methods: Older adult (OA) control subjects and AD patients underwent visual motion perceptual testing, attentional performance monitoring, and basic neuropsychological and visual assessments. We recorded stationary pattern onset and visual motion onset EPs as well as behavioral event–related potentials during centered visual fixation. Results: Psychophysical assessment demonstrated visual motion perceptual impairments in patients with AD, half of whom also showed low sensitivity in the attentional task. The low sensitivity AD patients had small pattern onset and absent motion onset EPs, whereas the high sensitivity AD patients had large pattern onset EPs and normal motion onset EPs. Conclusions: We conclude that visual evoked potentials (EPs) are abnormal in all patients with Alzheimer disease (AD): Those with small pattern and motion onset EPs may have greater AD pathology in visual cortex, whereas those with larger pattern onset EPs may have greater AD pathology in higher centers. These findings highlight the utility of visual EPs in distinguishing between syndromic variants of AD associated with particular patterns of functional decline.
Spheroids and battered stones in the African Early Stone Age

Abstract Spheroids and battered stones form an integral part of the Acheulean and coeval Developed Oldowan at most African Early Stone Age sites. This was recognized early in the development of prehistoric research on the continent. Their absence from assemblages in the Koobi Fora region east of Lake Turkana is therefore unexpected. A study of the distribution and technology of these pieces was undertaken in an attempt to explain this anomaly. Flaked core artefacts from seven Early Stone Age sites were examined. It was discovered that in the class of pounded and battered artefacts, the raw material selected influenced the final form to a great extent. While there is no real standardization of size, the shape of pieces is constant, regardless of raw material, location or age of the site. Most flaked spheroids represent the extreme end of a range of core tools running from angular to smooth. Their shape is produced by a combination of manufacture and/or use. In addition, natural spherical stones produced by...