cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemostatic Changes in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Sepsis

Sepsis is a frequent source of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The goal of this case control study was to measure hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. Blood was collected within 24 hours of admission from 20 dogs that fulfilled the criteria for sepsis. Sepsis was defined as histologic or microbiological confirmation of infection and 2 or more of the following criteria: hypo- or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, or leukopenia, leukocytosis, or > 3% bands. Culture and sensitivities were performed on appropriate samples from all septic dogs. Twenty-eight control dogs were enrolled on the basis of normal results of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemistry, and coagulation profile. Plasma samples were analyzed for prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP), D-dimer (DD) concentrations, antithrombin (AT) activity, and protein C (PC) activity. Data were compared between groups by chi-square or independent t-tests. PC (P < .001) and AT (P < .001) activities were significantly lower in dogs with sepsis compared to controls. Dogs with sepsis had significantly higher PT (P = .007), PTT (P = .005), D-dimer (P = .005), and FDP (P = .001) compared to controls. Platelet counts were not significantly different between groups. Ten of the 20 septic dogs (50%) died, but no association was identified between any of the measured variables and outcome. These findings are consistent with previous studies in animals with experimentally induced disease and in clinical studies of humans. On the basis of these results, further investigation of the role of AT and PC in canine sepsis is warranted.
Potential relaxation instability and ion acoustic waves in a single-ended Q-machine plasma with negative ions

Abstract The potential relaxation instability (PRI) is excited when the cold endplate of a single-ended Q-machine is biased positively. If a sufficient concentration of negative ions (SF - 6 ) is present, the PRI is eliminated and the current-driven ions acoustic (IA) instability is observed. As the negative ion concentration is increased, the frequency of the IA waves increases, and the critical electron drift needed for their excitation decreases.
In vivo secretion and association of clusterin (SGP-2) in luminal fluid with spermatozoa in the rat testis and epididymis.

Clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein-2) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by rat Sertoli cells. An antigenically similar form is synthesized and secreted by the epididymis. The goal of this study was to define the epididymal regions in which clusterin is present and the regions in which clusterin is secreted and interacts with developing spermatozoa. Seminiferous tubule (STF), caput, corpus, and cauda fluids were collected by micropuncture and/or microperfusion and two-dimensional Western blot analysis was performed with a polyclonal antibody directed against Sertoli cell clusterin. Clusterin was found in both STF and epididymal fluid. STF contained predominantly the clusterin heavy chain (45 kd); however, a 70 Kd heterodimer was present under nonreducing conditions. Two subunits of clusterin with lower molecular weights (41 kd, heavy chain; 32 kd, light chain) and higher isoelectric points were present in the luminal fluid of all epididymal regions. The intraluminal levels of the heavy and light chains decreased from caput to cauda. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins secreted directly into the epididymal liminal fluid revealed that clusterin was secreted by caput epithelium and not by the corpus and cauda epithelium. Western blots of membrane extracts from testicular, caput, and cauda spermatozoa revealed that testicular clusterin was associated with testicular sperm and epididymal clusterin with predominantly caput sperm. Our findings suggest that clusterin is secreted into the caput epididymal lumen, where it binds to sperm and then dissociates from sperm to be endocytosed by cells of the distal epididymal epithelium.
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (PECAM-1/CD31): A Multifunctional Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule.

PECAM-1/CD31 is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily found on platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells, where it concentrates at cell-cell borders. It has been shown to both mediate cell-cell adhesion through homophilic and heterophilic interactions and to transduce intracellular signals that upregulate the function of integrins on leukocytes. Its cellular distribution and ability to mediate adhesive and signaling phenomena suggested that PECAM-1 was a multifunctional vascular cell adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte-endothelial and endothelial-endothelial interactions. These initial suggestions have been largely confirmed as recent studies have implicated PECAM-1 in the inflammatory process and in the formation of blood vessels. As our understanding of the molecular and functional properties of PECAM-1 grows, new insights will be gained that may have therapeutic implications for cardiovascular development and disease. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:203-210). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
Anxiety in Patients With Pheochromocytomas

• Anxiety has been considered an important clinical feature of patients with pheochromocytomas. We studied 17 patients with active pheochromocytoma to determine whether they experienced anxiety that met criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , third edition, for either panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Fifty-two patients with primary anxiety disorders were used as a comparison group. Six patients with pheochromocytomas had norepinephrine-secreting tumors and 11 had mixed-secretion tumors, with elevated levels of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. None of the 17 patients described the severe apprehension or fear characteristic of panic attacks and none described agoraphobia. One patient received a diagnosis of possible panic disorder, two met criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, and two met criteria for major depressive episode. Thus, the elevated levels of catecholamines secreted by pheochromocytomas are not sufficient to elicit an anxiety disorder. ( Arch Intern Med 1985;145:248-252)
Elevated serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with systemic immune–based rheumatic diseases

Objective To determine whether serum levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) are elevated in patients with systemic immune–based rheumatic diseases and correlate with serum Ig levels and/or autoantibody titers. Methods Sera from 185 patients with various systemic immune–based rheumatic diseases (95 with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], 67 with rheumatoid arthritis [RA], 23 with other diagnoses) were assayed for BLyS and Ig. In 7 patients who required arthrocentesis of a swollen knee, coincident serum and synovial fluid samples were assayed for BLyS. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for elevated autoantibody titers and proteinuria within a 1-month period before or after collection of sera for BLyS and Ig determination. Sera concurrently collected from 48 normal healthy subjects served as controls. Results Serum BLyS levels were elevated in 38 of 185 patients (21%) and correlated significantly with serum IgG levels. Serum BLyS levels did not correlate with the patients' age, sex, race, or medications, but correlated positively with anti–double-stranded DNA antibody titers among SLE patients and with rheumatoid factor titers among seropositive RA patients. In contrast, serum BLyS levels correlated inversely with nephrotic-range proteinuria among SLE patients. In every case tested, BLyS levels in clinically inflamed synovial fluids were greater than those in simultaneously obtained sera. Conclusion BLyS may be an important factor in driving polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated autoantibody titers in patients with systemic immune–based rheumatic diseases. Local production of BLyS in the joints may contribute to joint pathology. Patients with elevated serum BLyS levels may be ideal candidates for therapeutic targeting of BLyS.
Structural principles in non-oxide chalcogenide glasses. Site speciation in the system PAsSe as investigated by high-speed 31P MAS-NMR

Abstract The locals structure of phosphorousarsenicselenium glasses of composition (P1−xAsx)1−ySey was investigated by high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) 31P NMR. At sufficiently high spinning speeds, PSe 3 2 and Se = PSe 3 2 units yield well-separated resonance lines, whose integrals provide that detailed phosphorous speciation in these glasses as a function of composition. The microstructure of PSe glasses is retained upon successive substitution of P by As up to substitution levels of x = 0.5. This substitution enhances the tendency of P to be four-coordinate, and indicates, that the site speciations of P and As differ. The results are quantitatively explained in terms of a liquid equilibrium reaction between different short-range-order environments according to: RSe 3 2 + [ Se n ] 1 n √ Se = RSe 3 2 ( R = P, As ) , assuming that arsenic substitutes exclusively for three-coordinate P atoms. In the range 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.5, this process is characterized by a universal equilibrium constant of 0.80 (mole fraction)−1 reflecting the thermodynamic equivalence of AsSe 3 2 and PSe 3 2 groups. Thus, the inability of As to form four-coordinate species is compensated by a higher degree of conversion of the P atoms, such that the resulting glass contains an approximately constant fraction of four-coordinated species.
Visualizing the dynamics around the rule-evidence interface in legal reasoning

This paper presents a visual framework for modelling complex legal reasoning—reasoning that integrates legal rules and policies with expert and non-expert evidence. The framework is based on a many-valued, predicate, default logic. The paper first visualizes the two sides of the rule-evidence interface: rule-based deductions and evidence evaluation. It then explores ways to visualize several dynamics around that interface, including dynamics concerning evidentiary relevance, findings of fact, process decision making about motions, policy-based reasoning about rules and relevant-factor reasoning. The paper then concludes with visualizing dynamics across multiple cases and briefly discusses one pathway by which new legal rules might emerge from the factfinding process. The paper therefore presents a visual working environment for people who litigate or decide actual cases, who study judicial or administrative reasoning or who teach law.
Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Perimenopausal Depression

The menopause transition is associated with a two to fourfold increased risk in major depressive disorder (MDD) and clinical elevations in depressive symptoms. While the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this increased risk remain uncertain, ovarian hormone fluctuation is believed to play a role. To the extent that this is the case, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), through its hormone-stabilizing effects, represents a viable antidepressant treatment. The current review summarizes the most recent literature evaluating the efficacy of HRT in treating MDD in peri- and postmenopausal women. In addition, to provide a clinical context in which to interpret this research, the endocrinology and clinical phenomenology related to depression with onset in the menopause transition (D-MT) are discussed. The available evidence suggests that HRT, specifically involving estrogen delivered through a skin patch, is a promising intervention in the treatment of D-MT. However, HRT of any form is an ineffective antidepressant in women who are well into the postmenopausal period.
Recent advances in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy.

UNLABELLED Hyperinsulinemia-induced hypoglycemia is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in adults, children, and infants. Our understanding of the disorders responsible for this type of hypoglycemia has been increasing due to the recent discoveries in the molecular and biochemical regulation of insulin secretion. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of disorders that cause hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. We highlight the distinction between the diffuse and focal forms of the disease, especially the promising results with (18)F-L-dopa positive emission tomography (PET) scanning for preoperative localization and distinction to guide the extent of surgical removal of pancreatic tissue that may result in cure rather than persistence of disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSION Despite all these discoveries, much remains to be learned, as currently about one third of infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia have no identifiable cause.
Axiomatic design and concurrent engineering

Abstract The ability to utilize concurrent engineering fully as a strategy for achieving shorter time to market, reduced development costs, and higher-quality products depends on an ability to communicate design decisions and to coordinate the creative process among diverse disciplines. To date, the use of concurrent engineering has dealt mainly with redefining organizational structures. However, there is a lack of a systematic framework for conducting group design activities, and basic principles for decision making. In addition, the information necessary to design and manufacture a quality product is constantly evolving with new market opportunities, and a comprehensive database is too large for human designers to handle efficiently. The paper presents the concept of axiomatic design as a framework for concurrent engineering. It is based on two design axioms that provide basic principles for decision making. The axiomatic approach discussed in this paper also provides a theoretical framework for introducing the computer as a design assistant, and an architecture for a computational design environment is presented. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the data model that is central to the computational environment.
Raw wafer material control to eliminate low yield

In the modern VLSI manufacture, the quality of the silicon raw wafer can not be over-emphasized in multilevel integration circuit manufacture. The silicon raw wafers induced low yield issue including particles, contamination residue and IDDQ failure are found in production lots. All these low yield issues are caused by the worse raw wafer vendor hard laser mark. The raw wafer vendor hard laser mark done by the raw wafer supplier on the wafer shows the ingot batch, the substrate type and the supplier company. When the silicon raw wafers are processed in production from wafer start, the worse vendor laser mark will induced some contamination from different process stage and be resulted in low yield issue. After improving the vendor laser mark process in laser mark procedure as well as method, all the low yield issues were recovered.
Fluctuations of fractional charge in soliton anti-soliton systems☆

Abstract The total charge in a soliton-anti-soliton system has integer eigenvalues. However, when soliton-induced charge fractionization occurs, it is possible to make a Bogoliubov transformation on the eigenstates of the total charge, so that in the limit of infinite soliton anti-soliton separation., the transformed states become eigenstates of a charge operator suitably localized at the soliton. In the limit, the localized charge operator has fractional eigenvalues, without fluctuations.
Correlations between the Quick Test Forms 1 and 3 and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for children and youth with learning problems.

The Quick Test, Forms 1 and 3 and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 94 children and youth (58 boys and 36 girls) who were referred to a clinic for suspected learning problems. Chronological ages for the sample ranged from 7–4 to 14–5, with a mean of 12–8. Analysis showed no significant differences between the means of the boys and girls on the scores of Quick Test 1 and 3. A pervasive pattern of strong positive correlations was found between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Quick Test, Forms 1 and 3; and between the two forms of the Quick Test. The findings indicate that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence as well as being very stable even with populations whose intelligence test performance is often highly variable.
A note on the Halley method in Banach spaces

Abstract We provide a convergence theorem under the usual Ostrowski–Kantorovich conditions for an equivalent form of the Halley method in Banach spaces. The best possible upper error bound for the method is obtained. Some applications to the solution of quadratic operator equations are provided.
Spectral quality equation relating collection parameters to object/anomaly detection performance

As hyperspectral remote sensing technology migrates into operational systems, there is an urgent need to understand the phenomenology associated with the collection parameters and how they relate to the quality of the information extracted from the spectral data for different applications. If such relationships can be established, data collection requirements and tasking strategies can then be formulated for these applications. This paper describes a functional expression or spectral quality equation that has been established for object/anomaly detection in the reflective region (0.4 to 2.5 microns) of the spectrum. This spectral quality equation relates the collection parameters (i.e. spatial resolution, spectral resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and scene complexity) to the probability of correct detection (Pd) for object/anomaly detection at a given probability of false alarms (Pfa). Follow-on work will be performed to establish a spectral quality equation for material identification.
Relationships between multiple births and autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities: Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring (ADDM) network-2002 surveillance year

Since the 1970s, the prevalence of multiple births (MBs) in the United States has increased significantly. This has been attributed, in large part, to iatrogenic MBs resulting from infertility treatments that include ovulation stimulation. A past study has indicated that children from MBs have an increased prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). Other studies also have suggested an association between MBs and intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs); however, results have been inconsistent. From the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, a surveillance project among several US populations, we obtained MB estimates among children born in 1994 and classified by 8 years of age as having: an ASD (n=1,626 total children from 11 sites; 50 born as part of an MB); CP (n=302 total children from 3 sites; 25 born as part of an MB); or ID (n=1,195 total children from 3 sites; 45 born as part of an MB). All three MB estimates were notably higher than age-adjusted expected estimates of naturally conceived MBs derived from 1971 US natality data. However, when MB estimates from the ADDM Network were compared with expected MB estimates derived from 1994 natality data for the states corresponding to the relevant ADDM Network sites, we observed no association with ASDs (observed/expected=1.08 [0.78-1.38]), a moderate, but not statistically significant association with ID (observed/expected=1.34 [0.95-1.73]), and a strong association with CP (observed/expected=2.96 [1.80-4.12]). Further investigation of specific types of MBs (natural vs. iatrogenic) is warranted.
Fermi-level pinning and growth characteristics of Au on InP(111)

Abstract Atomically clean phosphorus-enriched InP( 1 1 1 ) surfaces have been produced by argon sputtering and subsequent annealing in a phosphorus ambient. Pinning of the surface Fermi level at a position 1.10 eV above the valence band maximum has been observed on clean, well-annealed InP( 1 1 1 ). In addition, a range of surface Fermi levels from 0.70 to 1.10 eV above the valence band maximum has been observed for various InP( 1 1 1 ) surfaces as a function of annealing temperature and degree of stoichiometry. For a well-annealed InP( 1 1 1 ) surface, the Fermi level position after gold deposition appears to saturate at a position 0.70 eV above the valence band maximum. We interpret these results in terms of multiple defect levels in the bandgap. Observations of In4d and Au4f photoemession peaks demonstrate both the dissociation of InP and intermixing between gold and the substrate. Photoemission of adsorbed xenon further indicates that intermixing occurs without formation of Au clusters.
Use of intrinsic thumb muscles may help to improve lateral pinch function restored by tendon transfer

Background For surgical reconstruction of lateral pinch following tetraplegia, the function of the paralyzed flexor pollicis longus is commonly restored. The purpose of this study was to investigate if one of the intrinsic muscles could generate a more suitably directed thumb-tip force during lateral pinch than that of flexor pollicis longus. Methods Endpoint force resulting from 10 N applied to each thumb muscle was measured in eleven upper extremity cadaveric specimens. We utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha=0.05) to determine whether thumb-tip forces of intrinsic muscles were less directed toward the base of the thumb, i.e., proximally directed, than the thumb-tip force produced by flexor pollicis longus. Additionally, a biomechanical model was used to assess the effect of an increase in tendon force on intrinsic muscle endpoint forces. Findings All of the intrinsic muscles produced thumb-tip force vectors, ranging from 127 degrees to 156 degrees , that were significantly (P Interpretation This study suggests the possibility of using an intrinsic muscle, e.g., the flexor pollicis brevis (ulnar head), instead of flexor pollicis longus, to produce a more advantageously directed thumb-tip force during lateral pinch in the surgically-reconstructed tetraplegic thumb and thus potentially enhance function.
Contributions and Challenges in the Design of Production Systems

Abstract A revolution has occurred over the past hundred years in the variety of products available to improve our personal and professional lives. While new scientific discoveries enabled conceptualization of these products, it has been the innovations in operations that have made these products widely available and affordable to an increasing number of individuals. These innovations have been led by industrial engineering and operations research. In this talk we discuss the major innovations that have led to economic development and improved quality of life and then address the remaining challenges for production systems researchers. While basic procedures such as process mapping and standards are mentioned, focus will be on deterministic and probabilistic, descriptive and prescriptive, mathematical and computational models as well as new paradigms in system design. While these efforts have been highly successful we will look at some of the key technical and socio-technical issues that remain unsolved providing ample challenges and opportunities for production system researchers.
Flotation of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate salts from their saturated brines

Abstract The flotation behavior of sodium carbonates and sodium bicarbonate has been studied with dodecyl amine hydrochloride (DAH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as part of a research program to evaluate the potential of flotation technology for use in the trona industry. Laboratory microflotation experiments generally show that flotation of sodium carbonate salts is possible at least to some extent with cationic (DAH) and anionic (SDS) collectors if the salt is thermodynamically stable under the prevailing experimental conditions. Anhydrous sodium carbonate does not float at any collector concentration because of its instability at the temperatures considered. Sodium carbonate monohydrate can be floated to completion with DAH and SDS at temperatures higher than 40 °C where it is thermodynamically stable but not at lower temperatures. Sodium carbonate decahydrate is difficult to float (30% yield) even at room temperature where it is thermodynamically stable. Even modest flotation of decahydrate is not possible for temperatures exceeding 32 °C under which conditions the decahydrate salt becomes unstable. In general, the sodium carbonate salts are difficult to float even when they are thermodynamically stable because of their strong water structure making influence. In contrast, strong and complete flotation of sodium bicarbonate can be achieved with both DAH and SDS at all temperatures. Such a flotation response was expected since sodium bicarbonate is stable at these temperatures and since the sodium bicarbonate salt does not promote the formation of water structure. Addition of sodium carbonate to the saturated bicarbonate solution, however, destroys the flotation of sodium bicarbonate completely. It is evident that the amount of sodium carbonate in the saturated solution is a most important parameter which controls the flotation response of sodium bicarbonate. Finally trona, sodium sesquicarbonate, the double salt of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, was found not to float at room temperature with either the DAH or SDS collectors. These flotation results are discussed with regard to interfacial water structure as influenced by salt properties.
Vitamin D3 from rat skins irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet light

Vitamin D 3 was isolated and identified from intact rat skins subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. The addition of [1,2- 3 H]vitamin D 3 (sp act 19 Ci/mmol) allowed us a means of following the vitamin through chromatography and of computing recoveries. Structural identification of vitamin D 3 was provided by the ultraviolet absorption spectrum, by mass spectrometry and by comigration of the ultraviolet absorbing peak with [1,2- 3 H]vitamin D 3 in several chromatographic systems. After correcting for recoveries, a yield of 320 ng of vitamin D 3 per gram of rat skin was computed. No vitamin D 2 could be detected. In a control isolation from skins receiving no ultraviolet light, no vitamin D could be detected. However, the ultraviolet absorption of the control sample at 264 nm indicated that less than 40 ng of vitamin D per gram of skin could have been present. It has therefore been unequivocally demonstrated that vitamin D 3 is produced upon ultraviolet irradiation of skin.
Trauma, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, dietary supplements, illicit steroid use and a questionable malignant hyperthermia reaction.

Background Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle calcium regulation associated primarily, but not exclusively, with mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. Associated environmental factors, however, may also be important for expression of the syndrome. Methods and results A 24-yr-old trauma patient developed a fulminant MH crisis after a 3 minute exposure to sevoflurane. A thorough evaluation of underlying co-morbidities revealed a number of environmental factors that could have altered skeletal muscle calcium regulation, and may have potentially influenced the effects of volatile inhaled anesthetics. Since MH is a syndrome characterized by abnormal skeletal muscle calcium regulation, other factors that alter calcium homeostasis may exacerbate the impact of inhaled MH-triggering drugs. Conclusions While a thorough history of MH episodes in a proband and family is emphasized as part of a complete preanesthetic evaluation, obtaining a history of other environmental entities that may alter calcium regulation may be equally important to knowing the family history.
A Skeptic's View of Patron-Driven Acquisitions: Is it Time to ask the Tough Questions?

Academic librarians have embraced patron-driven acquisitions (PDA) without asking the tough, critical questions about the literature that champions it, which often stretches the boundaries of logical analysis in its conclusions. Realizing what is at stake, in this article the authors ask the skeptical questions that should be considered before buying into the idea of PDA as the panacea for all circulation and budget ills. The goal of the authors is to foster pause for thought and to cause academic librarians to read more carefully the literature for its logical lapses. Since no true dialogue on PDA seems to exist, this is offered as a starting point.
The Network Structure Of Social Capital

ABSTRACT This is a review of argument and evidence on the connection between social networks and social capital. My summary points are three: (1) Research and theory will better cumulate across studies if we focus on the network mechanisms responsible for social capital effects rather than trying to integrate across metaphors of social capital loosely tied to distant empirical indicators. (2) There is an impressive diversity of empirical evidence showing that social capital is more a function of brokerage across structural holes than closure within a network, but there are contingency factors. (3) The two leading network mechanisms can be brought together in a productive way within a more general model of social capital. Structural holes are the source of value added, but network closure can be essential to realizing the value buried in the holes.
Measurements of densities and dielectric constants of liquid propane from 90 to 300 K at pressures to 35 MPa

Abstract Results of density and dielectric-constant measurements on compressed liquid normal butane at temperatures from 140 to 300 K and pressures to 36 MPa are reported. Simultaneous measurements of these properties were carried out using a magnetic-suspension densimeter and a concentric-cylinder capacitor. Also presented are computed values of the Clausius-Mossotti function.
Chronic Eccentric Cycling Improves Quadriceps Muscle Structure and Maximum Cycling Power

An interesting finding from eccentric exercise training interventions is the presence of muscle hypertrophy without changes in maximum concentric strength and/or power. The lack of improvements in concentric strength and/or power could be due to long lasting suppressive effects on muscle force production following eccentric training. Thus, improvements in concentric strength and/or power might not be detected until muscle tissue has recovered (e. g., several weeks post-training). We evaluated alterations in muscular structure (rectus-femoris, RF, and vastus lateralis, VL, thickness and pennation angles) and maximum concentric cycling power (Pmax) 1-week following 8-weeks of eccentric cycling training (2×/week; 5–10.5 min; 20–55% of Pmax). Pmax was assessed again at 8-weeks post-training. At 1 week post-training, RF and VL thickness increased by 24±4% and 13±2%, respectively, and RF and VL pennation angles increased by 31±4% and 13±1%, respectively (all P
SDhaP: haplotype assembly for diploids and polyploids via semi-definite programming

The goal of haplotype assembly is to infer haplotypes of an individual from a mixture of sequenced chromosome fragments. Limited lengths of paired-end sequencing reads and inserts render haplotype assembly computationally challenging; in fact, most of the problem formulations are known to be NP-hard. Dimensions (and, therefore, difficulty) of the haplotype assembly problems keep increasing as the sequencing technology advances and the length of reads and inserts grow. The computational challenges are even more pronounced in the case of polyploid haplotypes, whose assembly is considerably more difficult than in the case of diploids. Fast, accurate, and scalable methods for haplotype assembly of diploid and polyploid organisms are needed. We develop a novel framework for diploid/polyploid haplotype assembly from high-throughput sequencing data. The method formulates the haplotype assembly problem as a semi-definite program and exploits its special structure – namely, the low rank of the underlying solution – to solve it rapidly and with high accuracy. The developed framework is applicable to both diploid and polyploid species. The code for SDhaP is freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/sdhap . Extensive benchmarking tests on both real and simulated data show that the proposed algorithms outperform several well-known haplotype assembly methods in terms of either accuracy or speed or both. Useful recommendations for coverages needed to achieve near-optimal solutions are also provided.
Sporulation of Amblyospora (Microspora) in female Culex salinarius : induction by 20-hydroxyecdysone

Amblyospora sp. is a microsporidian parasite which is transovarially transmitted from an infected female Culex salinarius to her progeny. This transmission is dependent on synchronization of sporulation of the parasite and ovarian development of the host, both of which are initiated when the mosquito takes a blood meal. We induced sporulation in the absence of a blood meal and, with or without prior ovariectomy, by injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone, a hormone whose precursor, ecdysone, is produced by the ovaries of blood-fed mosquitoes. Sporulation in response to a blood meal was prevented by ovariectomy of the host prior to blood feeding or by decapitation immediately after feeding.
Effects of lingual gestures on blood flow into the tongue: A pilot study

Abstract: Background. Reduced blood flow has been hypoth-esized to be a major factor in the formation of postradiation fibro-sis. This study examined Doppler ultrasonography as a techniqueto detect changes in blood flow into the tongue during selectedlingual gestures, /t/ and /k/.Methods. Six normal subjects, three young men (mean age,26 years) and three older men (mean age, 66 years) were ex-amined in an upright position using Doppler ultrasound imagingof the external carotid artery just below the lingual artery. Mea-surements were made with a standardized segmentation tech-nique before and after three repetitions of four speech productiongestures /t/ and /k/, each with natural and maximal force.Results. Blood flow peak systole increased significantly afterthe speech gestures (p< .001). Pooled before and after gesturevalues for older subjects were significantly lower than those foryounger subjects (p# .05).Conclusions. Ultrasonography is a clinically useful techniquefor measuring blood flow during a dynamic gesture and may beuseful for measuring effects of tumor treatment and in a lingualexercise program. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck23: 404–408, 2001.Keywords: lingual; blood flow; ultrasound; Doppler; external ca-rotid artery
Three-Pronged Computational Approach to Predict Regulatory Ligands of Cytochrome C Oxidase

A crystallographically-defined bile acid binding site has been identified in the membrane domain of mammalian and Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c oxidase (RsCcO). Previous studies indicate that several amphipathic molecules including detergents, fatty acids, and porphyrins also bind to this site and alter K-pathway dependent electron transfer between heme cofactors. Current studies are aimed at identifying physiological ligands specific for this site using several computational approaches, including: ROCS comparison of ligand shape and electrostatics, SimSite3D analysis of similarity to ligand binding sites in the Protein Data Bank, and SLIDE screening of small molecules by docking. Together, the results suggest several steroids, adenine and guanine deoxyribonucleotides, NAD+, FAD, and phosphorylated isoprenes as top candidates for interacting at this site, along with bile acids and porphyrins. Deoxyriboside-containing ligands are all predicted to bind to this site by making key protein contacts with Pro315, His96, Ser98, Glu101, and Thr105, as seen in bile acid binding. Invitro oxygen consumption assays support some of these predicted interactions. In the wildtype RsCcO, the steroidal antibiotic fusidic acid and T3 thyroid hormone inhibit the enzyme, while in the RsCcO E101A mutant, fusidic acid has a stimulatory effect and an ATP analog and T3 thyroid hormone inhibit activity. Cytochrome c titration assays indicate that nucleotides also inhibit the E101A mutant enzyme at lower cytochrome c concentrations. The confirmed prediction of new ligands suggests that this three-pronged computational approach may be applied to identify native ligands in sites occupied by detergents or crystallographic additives. (supported by NIH GM26916 to SF-M)
SCIENCE'S CONCEPTION OF HUMAN BEINGS AS A BASIS FOR MORAL THEORY

. Niels Bohr stated, and Werner Heisenberg reiterated, that “in the great drama of existence we ourselves are both actors and spectators.” Their emphasis stems from the fact that the entry of human beings into physics as actors constitutes the most fundamental philosophical departure of twentieth-century basic physics from its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century forerunners. Those earlier theories claimed that our human conscious thoughts are mere witnesses to, or by-products of, essentially mechanically determined brain processes. In stark contrast, certain conscious decisions that are made by human beings, but that are not determined by any known law, statistical or otherwise, enter irreducibly into orthodox contemporary physical theory. These actions are required to counteract effects of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, which ordains that the physically described process of nature, acting alone, produces not a physical world of the kind we experience but rather a continuous smear of potential possible worlds of the kind we know. This contradiction between theory and experience is resolved in orthodox contemporary physical theory by bringing certain effects of our conscious human choices into the dynamics in essentially the way that we intuitively feel that our conscious intentions affect the physical world, namely, via the effects of our intentional efforts on our physically described bodies. The moral implications of this profound change in physics are discussed.
Implementation of attractive dialogues in nutritive analysis and clinical dietetics information systems.

The implementation and evaluation of a system providing both extensive nutritive-analysis calculations and interactive capabilities are described. The extensive calculating ability of the system arose from the historic need for nutrient intake estimates in clinical investigation and nutritional research. The availability of computer-aided instruction (CA1) system software lead to adoption of the interactive style originating at Ohio State University. Capabilities evolved into an extended interactive processor utilizing an extensive data-base. The interactive processor functions either directly, for immediate response, or as a preprocessor for the more extensive processing system. Use of this capability by a dietetics consortium in the Pacific North-west has lead to definitions of effective and desirable styles of interaction by dietitians with a food and nutrient data-base. Hosting the Pilotcai language with a high-level language, SAIL, allowed convenient and flexible dialogue creation as well as computat...
Evidence of the Role of Marketing Arrangements and Valuation Methods in Improving Beef Quality

Low and inconsistent beef quality has been blamed by some for the losses of beef’s share of total meat consumption. Tighter vertical coordination through use of alternative marketing arrangements and more precise price signaling through use of different cattle valuation methods may help improve beef quality because these mechanisms facilitate information exchange enabling producers to respond better to consumer demand. For the congressionally mandated Livestock and Meat Marketing Study, we modeled differences in levels and variances of cattle quality associated with particular marketing arrangements and valuation methods using fed cattle purchase data from 29 large U.S. beef packing plants for October 2002 through March 2005. Results indicate fed cattle procured through marketing agreements and packer ownership had higher and more consistent quality compared to other types of arrangements. Auction market cattle quality was the most inconsistent. Fed cattle valued using carcass weight with a grid were associated with higher and more consistent quality. [EconLit Citation: Q13]. r 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of the timing of postevent information on preschoolers' memories of an event

Few researchers have investigated whether the timing of postevent information affects the accuracy of children's reports of events they have experienced. In this study, four-year-olds dressed up in costumes and had their photographs taken. An unfamiliar adult spoke to the children about the event either a day (immediate condition) or a month (delayed condition) later, providing both accurate and misleading information about the staged event. When questioned five weeks after the event, children in a control group who had not received the review were more inaccurate answering focused questions than children who had been reminded of the event. A review a while after the event but shortly before the interview increased the amount of details recalled and this was not at the expense of accuracy. Misinformation was seldom reported spontaneously, although children in all groups acquiesced to leading questions in line with the misleading suggestions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
An all sky analysis of polarization in the microwave background

Using the formalism of spin-weighted functions we present an all-sky analysis of polarization in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Linear polarization is a second-rank symmetric and traceless tensor, which can be decomposed on a sphere into spin $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ spherical harmonics. These are the analogues of the spherical harmonics used in the temperature maps and obey the same completeness and orthogonality relations. We show that there exist two linear combinations of spin $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ multipole moments which have opposite parities and can be used to fully characterize the statistical properties of polarization in the CMB. Magnetic-type parity combination does not receive contributions from scalar modes and does not cross correlate with either temperature or electric-type parity combination, so there are four different power spectra that fully characterize statistical properties of CMB. We present their explicit expressions for scalar and tensor modes in the form of line of sight integral solution and numerically evaluate them for a representative set of models. These general solutions differ from the expressions obtained previously in the small scale limit both for scalar and tensor modes. A method to generate and analyze all-sky maps of temperature and polarization is given and the optimal estimators for various power spectra and their corresponding variances are discussed.
Returned exchange students: Becoming mediating persons

Abstract This study focuses on what high school exchange students do when they return to the United States rather than on attitude charge. Returnees who had spent 2 months in Japan were asked how, with whom, and how often they shared their Japanese experience, how they dealt with stereotype questions, and in what ways they were currently involved with persons from other cultures. Results show that returnees have limited opportunities to talk about the exchange experience in school, usually deal with stereotype questions by “telling the facts” and “speaking positively,” and often communicate with and help persons of other cultures. The author concludes that returned high school exchange students are becoming mediating persons who act as bridges between cultures and offers suggestions for encouraging returnees in their mediating role.
The Surgical Clerkship and Medical Student Performance in a Standardized Patient Case of Acute Cholecystitis

Background Although an Observed Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been used to evaluate patient interaction and general knowledge competencies of third-year students during their required surgical clerkships, whether surgical clerkship experience predicts satisfactory performance with a surgical patient in an OSCE environment has not been investigated. Objective We hypothesized that completion of the third-year surgery clerkship would improve student ability to diagnose acute cholecystitis and recognize the further need for hospital admission and treatment. Design An observational study design was used to determine student skills in evaluating a simulated surgical patient with abdominal pain from acute cholecystitis. The skills included key data gathering, physical examination, and information-sharing tasks. Setting Tertiary care academic medical center. Participants Performance was compared between a cohort of 101 medical students who had completed the third-year surgical clerkship and 72 who had not. A secondary analysis compared performance for 91 students who had completed their third-year clerkship in sites near the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, and 10 who did so at a regional campus geographically distant from the medical school. Results Of the 173 students who participated in the OSCE, only 42% correctly identified the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, though 71% did suggest the possibility of a biliary process to the standardized patient. Most of the students who identified the condition as acute cholecystitis or gallbladder-related process had completed their third-year surgical clerkship (odds ratio [OR] = 3.26). Students who completed their surgical clerkship were also better able to recommend appropriate treatment for the patient (OR = 2.35), and recommend admission to the hospital or emergency department (OR = 2.00). Approximately one-third (35.3%) of all students documented a positive Murphy’s sign, but only 6.4% identified the triad of leukocytosis, fever, and a Murphy’s sign as diagnostic of acute cholecystitis and the need for surgical intervention. Student performance on the clinical examination did not differ depending on whether the students completed their clerkship at a Bay Area or regional hospital. Conclusions Student recognition of the key physical examination and laboratory findings diagnostic of acute cholecystitis was low, but students were better able to recommend further treatment for a patient with acute cholecystitis after completing the third-year surgical clerkship. Our study reveals areas where surgical educators can improve medical student ability to accurately diagnose acute cholecystitis and evaluate acute abdominal processes.
Measurement and modeling of adaptation to noise in images

— Webster has proposed “that adaptation increases the salience of novel stimuli by partially discounting the ambient background.” This is an excellent, concise, description of the purpose and function of chromatic adaptation in image-reproduction applications. However, Webster was not limiting this proposal to just chromatic adaptation, but rather using it as a general description for all forms of perceptual adaptation. Demonstrations of adaptation to other properties of image displays such as motion, blur, and spatial frequency led the authors to ponder the question of whether observers might adapt to the noise structure in images to enhance the novel stimuli — the systematic image content. This phenomenon, noise adaptation in images, was easily demonstrated, but apparently has not been carefully studied in the past. Psychophysical measurements of noise adaptation in color image perception is described and mathematical prediction of the effect is explored. The results illustrate the hypothesized pattern-dependent adaptation and its prediction through adaptation of a 2-D contrast-sensitivity function in an image-appearance-model-based difference metric.