cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chatter detection in turning using persistent homology

Abstract This paper describes a new approach for ascertaining the stability of stochastic dynamical systems in their parameter space by examining their time series using topological data analysis (TDA). We illustrate the approach using a nonlinear delayed model that describes the tool oscillations due to self-excited vibrations in turning. Each time series is generated using the Euler-Maruyama method and a corresponding point cloud is obtained using the Takens embedding. The point cloud can then be analyzed using a tool from TDA known as persistent homology. The results of this study show that the described approach can be used for analyzing datasets of delay dynamical systems generated both from numerical simulation and experimental data. The contributions of this paper include presenting for the first time a topological approach for investigating the stability of a class of nonlinear stochastic delay equations, and introducing a new application of TDA to machining processes.
Distinct Assembly Profiles of HLA-B Molecules

MHC class I polymorphisms are known to influence outcomes in a number of infectious diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. Human MHC class I H chains are encoded by the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes. These genes are highly polymorphic, with the HLA-B locus being the most variable. Each HLA class I protein binds to a distinct set of peptide Ags, which are presented to CD8(+) T cells. HLA-disease associations have been shown in some cases to link to the peptide-binding characteristics of individual HLA class I molecules. In this study, we show that polymorphisms at the HLA-B locus profoundly influence the assembly characteristics of HLA-B molecules and the stabilities of their peptide-deficient forms. In particular, dependence on the assembly factor tapasin is highly variable, with frequent occurrence of strongly tapasin-dependent or independent allotypes. Several polymorphic HLA-B residues located near the C-terminal end of the peptide are key determinants of tapasin-independent assembly. In vitro refolded forms of tapasin-independent allotypes assemble more readily with peptides compared to tapasin-dependent allotypes that belong to the same supertype, and, during refolding, reduced aggregation of tapasin-independent allotypes is observed. Paradoxically, in HIV-infected individuals, greater tapasin-independent HLA-B assembly confers more rapid progression to death, consistent with previous findings that some HLA-B allotypes shown to be tapasin independent are associated with rapid progression to multiple AIDS outcomes. Together, these findings demonstrate significant variations in the assembly of HLA-B molecules and indicate influences of HLA-B-folding patterns upon infectious disease outcomes.
Critical Concerns When Incorporating Telepractice in Outpatient Settings and Private Practice.

Abstract Objective: Technology continuously advances with new innovations and the evolution of existing devices, requiring health service providers to adapt and keep up with these changes in order to provide optimal services to their patients. Expertise limited to a single technological modality or device will quickly become outdated as new revisions, updates, and alternatives are released into the marketplace. Methods: This article presents several of the critical concerns and issues practitioners must consider when evaluating their current and future uses of technology within their provision of outpatient or private practice services, particularly as it relates to direct care. Current literature and use of key telepractice resources, such as those from the American Telemedicine Association and the American Psychological Association, are presented, to provide practitioners with advanced knowledge and considerations for evaluating technology within their own practice settings. Results: Practitioners can b...
Inhibition of spinal constitutive NOS-2 by 1400W attenuates tissue injury and inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and spinal p38 activation.

Nitric oxide (NO) and its synthesizing enzymes, including NO synthase-2 (NOS-2, also called inducible NOS, iNOS), have been implicated in spinal nociception. 1400W is a highly selective NOS-2 inhibitor, as compared with either NOS-1 (neuronal NOS, nNOS) or NOS-3 (endothelial NOS). Here we examined the anti-nociceptive effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of 1400W in two experimental models of hyperalgesia (formalin and carrageenan models), in addition to the effect of 1400W on stimulation-induced activation of spinal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38). IT treatment of rats with 1400W produced a dose-dependent inhibition of paw formalin-induced phase II flinches, and attenuated carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, IT injection of a selective inhibitor of NOS-1, nNOS inhibitor-I, had no effect in either model. Furthermore, 1400W at a dose that suppressed formalin-induced flinching behavior also blocked formalin-evoked p38 phosphorylation (activation) in the spinal cord, while nNOS inhibitor-I displayed no activity. The prompt effects of IT 1400W suggest involvement of constitutively expressed NOS-2 in spinal nociception. The NOS-2 protein in rat spinal cords was undetectable by Western blotting. However, when the protein was immunoprecipitated prior to Western blotting, NOS-2-immunoreactive bands were detected in the tissues, including naive spinal cords. The presence of constitutive spinal NOS-2 was further confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, the present studies suggest that constitutively expressed spinal NOS-2 mediates tissue injury and inflammation-induced hyperalgesia, and that activation of p38 is one of the downstream factors in NO-mediated signaling in the initial processing of spinal nociception.
Repeated nicotine administration robustly increases bPiDDB inhibitory potency at α6β2-containing nicotinic receptors mediating nicotine-evoked dopamine release

Abstract The novel nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonist, N , N ′-dodecane-1,12-diyl- bis -3-picolinium dibromide (bPiDDB), and its chemically reduced analog, r-bPiDDB, potently inhibit nicotine-evoked dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices. Since tobacco smokers self-administer nicotine repeatedly, animal models incorporating repeated nicotine treatment allow for mechanistic evaluation of therapeutic candidates following neuroadaptive changes. The current study determined the ability of bPiDDB, r-bPiDDB and α-conotoxin MII (α-CtxMII), a peptide antagonist selective for α6β2-containing nAChRs, to inhibit nicotine-evoked [ 3 H]DA release from striatal slices from rats repeatedly administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg for 10 days) or saline (control). Concomitant exposure to maximally effective concentrations of r-bPiDDB (1 nM) and α-CtxMII (1 nM) resulted in inhibition of nicotine-evoked [ 3 H]DA release no greater than that produced by either antagonist alone, suggesting that r-bPiDDB inhibits α6β2-containing nAChRs. Repeated nicotine treatment increased locomotor activity, demonstrating behavioral sensitization. Concentration–response curves for nicotine-evoked [ 3 H]DA release were not different between nicotine-treated and control groups. Maximal inhibition for α-CtxMII was greater following repeated nicotine compared to control ( I max = 90% vs. 62%), with no change in potency. bPiDDB was 3-orders of magnitude more potent in inhibiting nicotine-evoked [ 3 H]DA release in nicotine-treated rats compared to control rats (IC 50 = 5 pM vs. 6 nM), with no change in maximal inhibition. Neither a shift to the left in the concentration response nor a change in maximal inhibition was observed for r-bPiDDB following repeated nicotine. Thus, repeated nicotine treatment may differentially regulate the stoichiometry, conformation and/or composition of α6β2-containing nAChRs mediating nicotine-evoked striatal DA release. Therefore, bPiDDB and r-bPiDDB appear to target different α6β2-containing nAChR subtypes.
Extent of disease and practice patterns for medullary thyroid cancer.

Background There have been significant improvements in the management of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and consensus treatment guidelines have been established by numerous international and national societies. It is unclear if the advances in diagnosis and treatment of MTC have led to earlier diagnosis and more complete initial treatment of patients with MTC. Study design Patients with MTC (n=1,070) were identified in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 12 population-based cancer registries between 1973 and 2000. Four equal-time quartiles (group I=1973 to 1979, group II=1980 to 1986, group III=1987 to 1993, and group IV=1994 to 2000) were compared for changes in demographics, extent of disease, and treatment. Results Mean tumor size was significantly larger in 1988 than in 1989 through 2000 (p=0.044), but there was no significant trend toward smaller tumor size. The number of patients having total or near total thyroidectomy increased significantly in the latter two quartiles (p Conclusions There was no significant trend toward earlier stage of disease at diagnosis and treatment and no significant increase in the survival of patients with MTC during a 28-year period. A high proportion of patients continue to receive less than optimal initial surgical treatment.
A computer program for performing meta-analyses when the outcome variable is dichotomous: relevance to neuropsychology and biomedical research

Abstract The research clinical neuropsychologist is increasingly faced with the critical challenge of deciding whether the corpus of data in a given area of inquiry does or does not produce consistent or replicable findings. For our focus of interest, the most general case involves any clinical problem that can be cast into a 2 × 2 or fourfold table. One specific class of relevant queries would address those studies focusing on the efficacy of two forms of treatment (A or B) on the outcome (success, failure) of a specific type of brain injury. A second class would involve the effects of two treatments on the outcome (positive, negative) of specific types of neuropsychological disorders. This report describes a computer program that performs appropriate meta-analyses by providing statistics of choice that vary according to both the number of studies comprising the meta-analytic research endeavor and to the sample sizes within each study of focus.
Attributions of Highly Identified Sports Spectators

Abstract Previous research examining the tendency for sports spectators to internalize team successes while externalizing team failures has been inconsistent. Several studies have found support for this success/failure attributional bias, but others have not. The current study tested the hypothesis that the success/failure bias would be found among American spectators who were high in identification with a target team but that spectators low in identification would be only minimally biased in their attributions concerning competition outcome. The results of a study testing 90 basketball fans varying in degree of identification supported the hypothesis.
The visibility of Wikipedia in scholarly publications

Publications in the Institute of Scientific Information’s (ISI, currently Thomson Reuters) Web of Science (WoS) and Elsevier’s Scopus databases were utilized to collect data about Wikipedia research and citations to Wikipedia . The growth of publications on Wikipedia research, the most active researchers, their associated institutions, academic fields and their geographic distribution are treated in this paper. The impact and influence of Wikipedia were identified, utilizing cited work found in (WoS) and Scopus . Additionally, leading authors, affiliated institutions, countries, academic fields, and publications that frequently cite Wikipedia are identified.
Self-sensing and self-actuation response of carbon nanotube composites

Changing dielectric properties of an elastically deformed solid material is called dielectrostriction. This physical response enables a concept of self-sensing in dielectric materials such as polymers and polymeric composites. In addition, dielectrostriction response is governed by same material parameters as the electrostriction effect which is suitable for self-actuation applications. Designed planar capacitor sensor is employed for monitoring dielectrostriction effect without mechanical contact with a loaded specimen. Such sensor can also be arranged in a rosette to directly obtain the principal values of the stress/strain and the principal directions. This study investigates dielectrostriction and electrostriction effects in carbon nanotube (CNT) composites. Preliminary results show tenfold increase in dielectrostriction response of nanocomposites having 2 vol. % of randomly distributed CNTs. Current study targets CNT composites having microstructure modified using applied electric field for optimizing sensing and actuation performances.
Histone Hyperacetylation in the Coding Region of Chromatin Undergoing Transcription in SV40 Minichromosomes Is a Dynamic Process Regulated Directly by the Presence of RNA Polymerase II

SV40 chromosomes undergoing transcription operationally defined by the presence of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) were immune-selected with antibody to RNAPII and subjected to secondary chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies to hyperacetylated or unacetylated H4 or H3. Immune selection fragmentation and immunoprecipitation was used to determine the hyperacetylation status of histones independent of the location of the RNAPII and Re chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to determine their hyperacetylation status when associated with RNAPII. While hyperacetylated H4 and H3 were found in the coding regions regardless of the location of RNAPII, unacetylated H4 and H3 were found only at sites lacking RNAPII. The absence of unacetylated H4 and H3 at sites containing RNAPII was correlated with the specific association of the histone acetyl transferase p300 with the RNAPII. In contrast, the presence of unacetylated H4 and H3 at sites lacking RNAPII was shown to result from the action of a histone deacetylase based upon the effects of the inhibitor sodium butyrate. These results suggest that the extent of hyperacetylation of H4 and H3 during transcription alternates between hyperacetylation directed by an RNAPII associated histone acetyl transferase and deacetylation directed by a histone deacetylase at other sites.
External Costs of Aquaculture Production in West Virginia

Temperate hill-lands of the U.S.A. such as those in West Virginia are areas from which increasing output of farm-raised fish may be possible. However, the downstream economic impacts of current and projected future effluent as a result of aquaculture production have not been extensively studied. Using an externality framework and a combination of primary and secondary data, this study determines pollution prevention costs (PPC), and downstream pollution damage costs resulting from fish farm wastewater effluent measured as willingness to pay (WTP) for restoring water quality. PPC is estimated at $0.11 per kg of trout produced (which would add 6% to private production cost), and WTP is estimated at $0.49 per kg of trout produced (representing 25% of private production cost) at current production and price levels. This study shows that installation of filtration units is a low-cost (less than 6% of total cost) and an effective technology for controlling pollution at the source. Internalizing external costs (adding this 6% to private production costs) is one strategy that could contribute to sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
A Parameter-Sensitive Frequency-Assignment Method (PSFAM)

A summary is given of a computer model based upon an equation for the minimum-acceptable interference distance. It forms the basis for a geometry-and equipment-parameter-sensitive frequency-assignment method.
PUBLIC POLICY EFFECTS ON NET URBAN MIGRATION1

The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of net migration into and out of large [U.S.] cities during the decade of the 1970s. A mix of service public policy ecological and economic variables was investigated to determine which of these factors were most closely related to these recent patterns of urban migration. The results of multiple regression analysis suggest that "policy variables (such as per capita taxes per capita fire expenditures and per capita police expenditures) are indeed useful correlates of migration." (EXCERPT)
More graph comparison techniques on mind maps to provide students with feedback

One of the limiting aspects in education research is the techniques available for determining if a student has learned something. In this work, the goal is to extend our exploration of how mind maps can be automatically analyzed using their graph properties to reflect student learning. In particular, a set of student mind maps are created three times during a class in both 2011 and 2012 on digital system design using a common technical vocabulary. These mind maps are analyzed by extracting graph metrics by comparison with a criterion mind map, which is an expert created mind map. The metrics are derived from traditional graph metrics (average degree and graph density), three sets of difference metrics analyzed with a internally created tool, and a graph metric invented for comparing proteins. The results of this exploratory analysis is that five of the six metrics can be used to evaluate if a student is learning and connecting the vocabulary in a given subject over time. Additionally, these five metrics are correlated to one another. This result is promising, but we emphasize that these metrics do not correlate directly to class performance based on student grades over the course, and therefore, the current goal for this measurement technique is to be used to provide the student with automated feedback on their mind maps as related to the technical vocabulary of a course. This work extends our original work by increasing the number of graph metrics that are used to automatically analyze student maps to a criterion map. The idea is to find a number of graph metrics that can then be combined to help analyze a students mind map and provide them with useful feedback. Even though our results show that compare 5 metrics and each metric can be used to observe student improvement, each of these metrics differs in how the metric can be interpreted and related to the process of learning. Therefore, our goal is to find a number of these metrics so that they can be combined to provide the student with a variety of feedback results to help them understand their errors in terms of the structure of their mind map.
AMINOPHYLLINE STIMULATES PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS BY FETAL RAT LUNG IN ORGAN CULTURE

The administration of aminophylline to fetal rabbits has been shown to stimulate lung phospholipid synthesis. We have examined the influence of aminophylline on phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SPH) synthesis in fetal rat lung in organ culture. Control cultures were grown in F12 medium without added serum. As indicated below, exposure to 1.0 mM aminophylline for 48 hours resulted in a significant increase in the incorporation of choline into both PC and SPH in explants of 19 day lung. Activity is expressed as pinoles incorporated/mg protein/hour. Less stimulation was observed when explants from 20 or 21 day fetuses were used (term is 22 days). Exposure to 0.2mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP also resulted in an increase in both PC and SPH synthesis suggesting that the aminophylline effect was mediated by cyclic AMP. There was no change in the degree of saturation of the PC synthesized. The activities of choline kinase (1125 pmole/mg/min) and cholinephosphotransferase (1319 pmole/mg/min) were not significantly changed by aminophylline. Since exposure to aminophylline results in increased synthesis of both PC and SPH, it appears that aminophylline induces a nonspecific stimulation of phospholipid synthesis in fetal rat lung. Supported by USPHS grant no. HL 19752.
Terminal amino-acid analysis of vasculokinase-activated fibrin.

IN recent experiments in this laboratory, a substance has been demonstrated in human aortae which is capable of coagulating fibrinogen independently of thrombin1. This factor, vasculokinase, appears to have no esterase, amidase or gelatinase activity. Nevertheless, its capability of catalysing fibrinogen to fibrin suggests that it may be a proteolytic enzyme. In previous experiments by Lorand and Middlebrook2, it has been shown that the N-terminal amino-acids of the fibrin monomer catalysed by thrombin are tyrosine and glycine. It has been suggested that there is a specific peptide site in the fibrinogen molecule which must be split in order for the monomers to polymerize3–4.
Steps and Missteps in the Linguistic Dating of Biblical Hebrew

The hotly contested debate over the dating of biblical literature has now spread to the field of linguistics, and this collection of essays arises out of the debate. In editing this volume, Ian Young tried to craft a book that will gener ate light and not merely heat. The volume raises questions about assumptions and methodology that can serve to refine our methodologies and arguments. The book is separated into two parts with introductory and concluding re flections by the editor. The first part includes essays that support the tradi tional separation between Standard (i.e., pre-exilic) and Late (i.e., post-exilic) Biblical Hebrew. An essay by Mats Eskhult highlights the importance of loanwords for dating texts, especially noting the pattern of loanwords "fits into the political history of Ancient Israel, as described in the biblical texts" (p. 22). Avi Hurvitz revisits the problem of Aramaisms, which are often em ployed in the late dating of biblical texts. He points out that Aramaisms result from literary genre, literary technique, and regional-dialectal variation as well as diachronic developments; and, Hurvitz offers methodological nuance to the variety of dialectal and rhetorical purposes that Aramaic serves in biblical lit erature. Gary Rendsburg takes Hurvitz's methodological observations and applies them to particular biblical texts. Frank Polak's essay is among the more innovative, incorporating sociolin guistics into the methodological discussion. Using sociolinguistic observations about the differences between oral and written language (e.g., frequency of subordination, use of construct phrases, noun-verb ratios), Polak can quantita tively distinguish between literature that is oral-rhythmic (which can be asso ciated with the storyteller) and complex-nominal (which can be associated with the chancellery). These differences in style may have diachronic implica tions, although we should not think of them in strictly diachronic terms. Richard Wright's essay argues for lingering northern Israelite linguistic in fluence in late Biblical Hebrew. He takes Cyrus Gordon's classic article on
Photostimulated fos-like immunoreactivity in tuberal hypothalamus of photosensitive vs. photorefractory turkey hens.

Photorefractoriness in commercial turkey hens can be viewed as a failure of previously sexually stimulatory photoperiods to maintain egg production via activation of cGnRH I neurons, but the neural locus of photorefractoriness, i.e., where in the brain failure occurs, is not known. We used a c-fos antiserum that detects c-Fos and Fos-related antigens to characterize Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) as a measure of neuronal activation. FLI was measured in somatically mature, photosensitive hens (held on short photoperiods [8L:16D] for at least 10 weeks) before (non-photostimulated-photosensitive group) and after 48 h of exposure to long photoperiods (16L:8D; photostimulated-photosensitive group). We also measured FLI in hens that had become photorefractory, transferred to short photoperiods for 1 week--an insufficient time period to reverse photorefractoriness--and then exposed to long photoperiods for 48 h (photostimulated-photorefractory group). FLI was nearly absent in the tuberal hypothalamus of non-photostimulated-photosensitive hens but FLI was abundant in photostimulated-photosensitive hens. FLI was greatly reduced (P<0.01) in the rostral tuberal hypothalamus of photostimulated-photorefractory hens. All hens showed variable extra-tuberal FLI in locations associated with stress, e.g., paraventricular nucleus, lateral septal area, and nucleus taenia. Double-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry with c-fos antiserum and anti-Neu-N, a neuron-specific protein, showed that a substantial fraction of tuberal FLI-positive cells in photostimulated-photosensitive hens were neuronal. These results implicate neurons in the rostral tuberal hypothalamus as a potential neural locus of photorefractoriness, as FLI in this region appears coupled with cGnRH I activation in photostimulated-photosensitive but not photostimulated-photorefractory turkey hens.
The age peak in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Exploring the potential relationship with socioeconomic status

BACKGROUND White children have a much higher incidence rate of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) than do African American children. This discrepancy, coupled with the geographic and temporal variations in the incidence of childhood ALL, have led to speculation that factors associated with socioeconomic status (SES) may play an important role in its etiology. Because most of the variation is accounted for by the occurrence of a peak in incidence between the ages of 2 and 5 years, the purpose of this study was to compare the SES of children diagnosed with ALL between the peak ages of 2-5 years with those children diagnosed at other ages (birth-1 year and 6-14 years). METHODS Patients included 4210 children who were diagnosed with ALL between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1991 by a member institution of the Children's Cancer Group or the Pediatric Oncology Group. Of these children, 3614 were white and 596 were African American. The SES of a case was defined as the SES of the child's zip code of residence at the time of diagnosis. Five sociodemographic variable categories for each zip code were obtained from the 1990 U.S. Census including per capita income, number of housing units by household income, number of housing units by level of urbanization, number of persons older than 25 years by educational attainment, and number of persons by occupation. Mean values were compared for white children versus African American children, and peak ages (2-5 years) versus nonpeak ages (birth-1 year and 6-14 years) for both whites and African Americans. In addition, Wilcoxon's rank sum tests were performed. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences between the means in each of the socioeconomic categories when African Americans were compared with whites. However, within race, the means of the SES variables for white children diagnosed during the peak ages (2-5 years) were not significantly different from children diagnosed at other ages (birth-1 year and 6-14 years). Similarly, all but one of the comparisons for African American children yielded nonstatistically significant results. Similar results were obtained from the Wilcoxon's rank sum tests. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis suggest that age differences in childhood ALL incidence may not be solely accounted for by SES differences. Cancer 1997; 79:2045-51. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Impacting Each Other: Reflections on the US-India Relationship

When Rajeshwari Pandharipande kindly asked me to take part in the conference on ‘The Presence of “America” in India’ in 2012, I informed her that neither the American presence in India nor the Indian presence in the USA had been a focus of my study, but she correctly pointed out that I had been looking at India and the USA for a long time. Yet every Indian living in America has been looking at India and the USA for a long time. I have no special expertise on the subject. However, since neither an Indian nor an American is usually reluctant to opine, I offered some broad thoughts, for whatever they are worth. It seems to me that the US presence in India is a good deal stronger than the Indian presence in the USA, even though, as a percentage of the population, persons with Indian passports living in the USA greatly exceed persons with American passports living in India. There is a good deal of overlap. Take the tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of Indians in India who answer the 1-800 calls made from the USA. These hundreds of thousands daily bring an Indian accent to American life and are thus, in some ways, ‘India in America’. But they also cultivate US accents and pass on these accents to their families and neighbours in India, and are therefore part of ‘America in India’. Another case of overlap is provided by the large — and I mean large — number of Study Abroad groups that fly out twice a year from all over the USA to India. My own stay and travelling in the USA has taken me to a number of universities and colleges and to some high schools. I do not know that I have been to a single educational institution without hearing there of a Study Abroad group about to go to or return from India. This immense pool of India-connected American students generates energy both in India and America. Here is a good subject, I think, for research. To make an utterly obvious point, Coke and Pepsi, McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut and the like are far more visible in India than are Indian eateries in the USA, although this could change. After all the British have concluded — after about 250 years of cautious experimentation — that Indian cuisine is not that bad after all. Americans, too, may discover likewise. Who knows? All in all, and maybe not very surprisingly, independent India has taken to American culture — music, food, clothes, style of speech, and so forth — far more readily and swiftly than a subordinate India adopte d
Build it back better: Deconstructing food security for improved measurement and action

The challenge of measuring food security became increasingly thorny during the 1990s, when the number of conceptual elements proliferated in widely accepted definitions. There have been commendable recent advances in the development of simple, valid measures of “food access”. Yet most users apply single indicators interchangeably and capture only a portion of the full concept. Rather than tackling ‘food insecurity’ as a monolithic concept, food security assessment and action would be more effective if deconstructed into well-defined dimensions beyond the “availability, access, and utilization pillars”. Internationally recognized definitions and ethnographic literature support the isolation of five dimensions: (1) food sufficiency (2) nutrient adequacy (3) cultural acceptability, (4) safety, (5) certainty and stability. This paper traces the evolution of food security concepts and measures up through the first decade of the 21st century, proposes indicators to represent these five dimensions, and highlights areas where the development of new metrics is warranted.
Chemical Constituents from Marine Streptomycete sp. S15

Six known compounds were isolated from fermentation broth extract of the marine Streptomycete sp. S15. Their structures were identified to be cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ser) (1), tryptophan (2), cyclo-(Ala-4-OH-Pro)(3),Linoleic acid (4), anthranilic acid (5) and N-[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl) ethyacetamide (6) by spectral methods. The brine shrimp bioassay showed the mortality rates of Arbutin to brine shrimp are 75.8% at a concentration of 10μg/mL, indicating Arbutin possessed significant toxicity on brine shrimp.
Comparison of seed-derived lines from 'Florigraze' rhizoma perennial peanut

Rhizoma perennial peanut (RPP-Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a high quality, vegetatively propagated, forage legume introduced into southern USA from South America. Information on the performance of seed-derived lines from this germplasm is lacking. This information is needed to help determine the feasibility of establishing a recurrent selection breeding program to improve the performance of this germplasm. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the variation within Florigraze seedling progeny for reproductive and morphological traits, and to identify lines with superior agronomic characteristics. Three hundred naturally occurring seedlings of Florigraze were identified in the field and characterized for traits including floral initiation, growth habit, leaf morphology, main stem height, lateral growth, and plant density. Seven lines were vegetatively increased for forage evaluation. These lines were evaluated for 2 yr at two locations, for dry matter forage yield, forage quality, plant height, lateral growth, and stand density. None of the Florigraze lines flowered earlier than Florigraze and 22% failed to flower in 3 yr of observation. Means of lines for all morphological traits were consistently below the mean of Florigraze plants. None of the seven replicated lines outperformed Florigraze for all forage traits. Some lines were superior for forage yield or crude protein, but not across locations. If the poor performance of seed-derived lines from Florigraze is representative of RPP, then future selection and advancement of this germplasm may be seriously limited.
ReaxFF Reactive Force Field for the Y-Doped BaZrO3 Proton Conductor with Applications to Diffusion Rates for Multigranular Systems

Proton-conducting perovskites such as Y-doped BaZrO3 (BYZ) are promising candidates as electrolytes for a proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) that might permit much lower temperatures (from 400 to 600 °C). However, these materials lead to relatively poor total conductivity (∼10−4 S/cm) because of extremely high grain boundary resistance. In order to provide the basis for improving these materials, we developed the ReaxFF reactive force field to enable molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of proton diffusion in the bulk phase and across grain boundaries of BYZ. This allows us to elucidate the atomistic structural details underlying the origin of this poor grain boundary conductivity and how it is related to the orientation of the grains. The parameters in ReaxFF were based entirely on the results of quantum mechanics (QM) calculations for systems related to BYZ. We apply here the ReaxFF to describe the proton diffusion in crystalline BYZ and across grain boundaries in BYZ. The results are in excellent agreement...
Contrasting effects of location and taste cues in illness-induced aversion.

A social group of 7 male rats living in a large enclosure was given a single association-learning trial consisting of an injection of apomorphine after sampling a saccharin solution in a preferred drinking location. Subsequent 24-hr tests with water alone or with saccharin, demonstrated marked aversion to the saccharin solution but no shift in preference for location. These findings agree with those of Garcia and others that location is not an ecologically important cue in bait shyness.
FIBROUS PROTEIN FROM COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY

A concentrate of whey protein (WPC) was prepared from cottage cheese whey by precipitation with sodium hexametaphosphate. Continuous fibers were spun by extruding a spinning solution into an acetic acid-sodium chloride coagulating bath Spinning solutions consisted of WPC and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate dissolved in water at pH 9.0 containing 0.5% Zmercaptoethanol. Residual detergent was extracted with aqueous acetone, and finished fibers were evaluated for diameter, tensile strength, elongation and rehydration properties. Stretching during formation reduced diameter and improved tensile strength. Single fibers and tows could be handled successfully and maintained their structural integrity during rehydration. Single-step extraction left less than 1% residual detergent.
Public concerns and the public role in siting nuclear and chemical waste facilities

Nuclear and chemical waste facilities can be successfully sited, despitenimby responses, if siting programs account for the sources of public concern. Irrational fear is not the main source; instead, waste managers must deal with perceived inequities in the distribution of benefits and costs, and concern about facility safety. Benefit-cost inequities may be dealt with in part by keeping wastes where they are generated, through political restrictions, or by providing economic compensation and political incentives (for example, a local veto). Assuring people of facility safety includes allowing local control (monitoring, health assessment, regulation), and enhancing trust of facility managers through such means as rectifying past mistakes, individual-oriented education campaigns, and negotiation of compensation packages with local residents. These means should reduce —without eliminating—public opposition to local siting of nuclear and chemical waste facilities.
Precision pooling predicts primate perceptual performance.

Moving stimuli evoke a response from a large number of neurons in cortical area MT. A new study investigates how perceptual decisions may arise from that population response, with important implications for theories of neural coding.
Algorithm 589: SICEDR: A FORTRAN Subroutine for Improving the Accuracy of Computed Matrix Eigenvalues

SICEDR is a FORTRAN subroutine for improving the accuracy of a computed real eigenvalue and improving or computing the associated eigenvector. It is first used to generate information during the determination of the eigenvalues by the Schur decomposition technique. In particular, the Schur decomposition technique results in an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper quasi-triangular matrix T, such that A = QTQ/sup T/. Matrices A, Q, and T and the approximate eigenvalue, say lambda, are then used in the improvement phase. SICEDR uses an iterative method similar to iterative improvement for linear systems to improve the accuracy of lambda and improve or compute the eigenvector x in O(n/sup 2/) work, where n is the order of the matrix A.
Non-stoichiometry and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of CoO

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility χ of several CoO samples has been measured in the temperature range of 4.2–350 K. Below about 140 K, and additional contribution to χ, different for different samples, is observed. It is proposed that this excess susceptibility is due to an uncompensated moment resulting from deviations from stoichimetry. The estimated χ values for a stoichiometric CoO at TN and absolute zero agree with Tachiki's calculations.
The Spin Dependence of the Spatial Size of Fe(II) and of the Structure of Fe(II)-Porphyrins

The question of why the iron displacement out of the porphyrin plane is enhanced in quintet states of singly ligated iron-porphyrin complexes compared to lower spin states and unligated iron-porphyrin is addressed. The spatial size of the Fe2+ atom is analyzed with respect to different spin states, and it is shown that the ion size decreases with increasing spin state for the d6 electronic configuration. This contradicts the common belief that the iron out-of-plane location in the quintet state of ligated Fe(II)-porphyrins is due to an increased required space of the iron within the porphyrin ring. Therefore, the singlet, triplet, and quintet ground states of imidazole-ligated iron-porphyrin have been calculated employing density functional theory, and the relevant molecular orbitals have been analyzed. Additional comparison with the unligated iron-porphyrin molecules reveals that the enhanced doming in the quintet state is the result of a combination of the weakening of the iron-ring nitrogen bonds by oc...
A Serendipitous Synthesis of 8-Dimsyl-2′-deoxyguanosine

Abstract A serendipitous synthesis of 8-dimsyl-dG (2) has been achieved along with the known 8-benzyloxy-dG (3) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 8-bromo-dG (1) with in situ generated dimsyl and benzyloxy sodium. Compound 3 was directly converted into the mutagenic oxidative DNA damage product, 8-oxo-dGTP (4).
Emission of ethanol and monoterpenes by fungal infected lodgepole pine trees

Abstract The boles of lodgepole pine trees (Pinus contorta murrayana) infected with heartwood decay fungi, emitted ethanol, a potential primary attractant for the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), at a higher rate (45.9 μg m−2 day−1) than uninfected trees (19.2 μg m−2 day−1) , on average. The average rate of emission of ethanol by the infected trees was not discernibly different from the average rate of emission of total monoterpenes (32.3 μg m−2 day−1) by these trees. However, the rate of emission of ethanol by uninfected trees exceeded that of total monoterpenes (6.8, μg m−2 day−1), on average. Decay fungi: Perenniporia subacida, Tyromyces sericeomollis and Phellinus pini, were identified in one or more of the decayed trees.
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus: Trends in Prevalence and the Risk Management Approach in Alaskan Sockeye Salmon Culture

Abstract Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic to all tested stocks of anadromous sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in Alaska and was a major cause of failure in the culture of this species until 1981. Since then, the Fisheries Rehabilitation, Enhancement, and Development Division of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game has devised and implemented a strict statewide policy requiring procedures directed towards minimizing losses of sockeye salmon alevins to IHNV. Culture practices under these guidelines have resulted in a steady yearly increase in sockeye salmon production and few fish deaths occurring from IHNV. The statewide IHNV monitoring program for cultured sockeye salmon involves the testing of all brood stocks for virus prevalence and titer. This testing has resulted in the development of a data base on IHNV occurrence in wild and hatchery stocks of sockeye salmon in Alaska during the past 14 years. This data base and data from additional research are being used to examine tre...
Ontogeny of flight in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus: behavior, morphology, and muscle histochemistry

Postnatal changes in wing morphology, flight ability, muscle morphology, and histochemistry were investigated in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. The pectoralis major, acromiodeltoideus, and quadriceps femoris muscles were examined using stains for myofibrillar ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) enzyme reactions. Bats first exhibited spontaneous, drop-evoked flapping behavior at 10 days, short horizontal flight at 17 days, and sustained flight at 24 days of age. Wing loading decreased and aspect ratio increased during postnatal development, each reaching adult range before the onset of sustained flight. Histochemically, fibers from the three muscles were undifferentiated at birth and had lower oxidative and glycolytic capacities compared to other age groups. Cross-sectional areas of fibers from the pectoralis and acromiodeltoideus muscles increased significantly at an age when dropevoked flapping behavior was first observed, suggesting that the neuromuscular mechanism controlling flapping did not develop until this time. Throughout the postnatal growth period, pectoralis and acromiodeltoideus muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area increased significantly. By day 17 the pectoralis muscle had become differentiated in glycolytic capacity, as indicated by the mosaic staining pattern for α-GPDH. By contrast, the quadriceps fibers were relatively large at birth and slowly increased in size during the postnatal period. Fiber differentiation was evident at the time young bats began to fly, as indicated by a mosaic pattern of staining for myosin ATPase. These results indicate that flight muscles (pectoralis and acromiodeltoideus) are less well developed at birth and undergo rapid development just before the onset of flight. By contrast the quadriceps femoris muscle, which is required for postural control, is more developed at birth than the flight muscles and grows more slowly during subsequent development.
Oxidation of phenylpyruvates to aromatic aldehydes and oxalate.

Ewald and Hubener1 have recently described a new method for the determination of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase activity. In their procedure, the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate generated in the transamination reaction was converted on standing in alkali to an unknown ‘chromogen’ absorbing maximally at 331 mµ with ɛ334 mµ = 16,200. The Ewald and Hubener technique represents another report of the oxidative cleavage of phenylpyruvates to aromatic aldehydes and oxalate according to equation (1) and depends on the strong absorption of the phenolate ion of P-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Evidence that less replacement therapy is required for dental extractions in hemophiliacs

The requirements for factor VIII (AHF) or factor IX (PTC) of hemophilic patients undergoing dental extractions were evaluated to determine the minimum effective regimen. Sixteen patients underwent 19 operative procedures. The mean total dose of factor VIII or IX was 45.8 U/kg for 11 procedures with preoperative replacement therapy and 34.5 U/kg for the 8 without. Four patients received no replacement therapy at all. Our results compared favorably to published studies employing factor replacement alone or in combination with antifibrinolytic agents such as epsilon-amino-caproic acid (EACA), with respect to blood products utilized and duration of hospitalization. However, our patients received less factor replacement than usually suggested. General anesthesia with intubation, a common recommendation, was not required in any patients. Dental extractions can be carried out in hemophiliacs using less replacement therapy than currently recommended. In some circumstances, no replacement therapy may be necessary. The reported efficacy of antifibrinolytic agents in reducing the requirement for replacement therapy is difficult to assess because of the relatively large amount of prophylactic factor replacement used in conjunction with these agents.
Adhesion in coking petroleum resids

A laboratory unit consisting of a reactor with loosely fitting rods was used to assess adhesion in coking petroleum resids. The relationship between adhesion and the temperature at which cracked tars are coked was determined. Adhesion as a function of temperature in coking straight-run resids with and without asphaltenes was assessed. The results established the necessity of lowering the rate of heat removal from the coked mass or reducing the intensity of reactor shell interaction with the coke. A criterion was obtained for predicting the intensity of coke interaction with the reactor surface based on the examination of coker feed as a disperse system.
Long-Range Exchange Bias across a Spacer Layer

Ferromagnet (FM)/antiferromagnet (AF) exchange bias, heretofore considered due to nearest-neighbor exchange coupling at the FM/AF interface, has been found to be long range. Using trilayers of FM/spacer/AF with Ag, Au, and Cu as spacer layer materials, the strength of the observed exchange coupling decays exponentially and extends to as much as 50 \AA{}.