cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. A randomized study of two intensive regimens.

From April, 1979 to November, 1981, 293 patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) were entered on a randomized, controlled study comparing the two induction regimens of high-dose CAV (HD-CAV) (cyclophosphamide [CTX] 1200 mg/m2, doxorubicin [ADR] 70 mg/m2 and vincristine [VCR] 1 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 21) versus, conventional-dose CAV + VP-16 (etoposide) (CAV-VP) (CTX 1000 mg/m2, ADR 40 mg/m2, VCR 1 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 21 with VP-16 100 mg/m2 on days 1-3, and 21-23). Responding and stable patients were continued on conventional-dose CAV for 5 consolidation courses. Prophylactic brain irradiation delivered after the first consolidation course in responders was optional. Patients were included in the study if they had extensive disease (i.e., beyond one hemithorax), no prior chemotherapy, or radiotherapy and performance status of 50 or above. After 2 induction courses, 215 cases are evaluable. Of these, 76 of 106 (72%) patients treated with HD-CAV have responded (greater than 50% regression), including 13 complete responders (CRs) versus 80 of 108 (74%) patients on CAV-VP, including 15 CRs. Of the 130 evaluable patients who have completed consolidation (HD-CAV, 65; CAV-VP, 65), an additional 22 patients achieved CR (HD-CAV, 12; CAV-VP, 10) for an overall CR rate of 24%. Median duration of remission was 33.6 weeks for HD-CAV and 35.6 weeks for CAV-VP (P = 0.61). Median duration of complete response for HD-CAV was 33.8 weeks and for CAV-VP 36.7 weeks (P = 0.81). Survival curves were similar for the two regimens, with medians of 42.1 weeks for HD-CAV and 42.3 weeks for CAV-VP (P = 0.35). Survival correlated with performance status and quality of response. As anticipated, the major toxicity for both induction regimens was leukopenia. During induction, granulocyte nadirs of less than 500/mm3 occurred in 81% of patients on HD-CAV and 77% of patients on CAV-VP. Thus, dose intensification appears to produce high response rates and modest complete response rates in extensive SCLC, but it does not appear to improve materially survival compared to prior reports of conventional-dose therapy.
Experimental Determination of Stress Intensity Factor Distributions in Engineering Problems

Following a brief introduction of the concept of stress intensity factor from fracture mechanics and the frozen stress method from photoelasticity, an algorithm is developed from fracture mechanics equations and the stress-optic law for converting stress fringe measurements into a form useful for determining the stress intensity factor. This algorithm covers all three local modes of deformation and is used to analyse frozen stress slices along the border of cracks to obtain distributions for stress intensity factors K1 , K2 and K3 . The use of the method is illustrated by three examples from practical engineering problems and results are compared with the literature where possible.
Stained glass as a model for consciousness

Contemporary phenomenal externalists are motivated to a large extent by the transparency of experience and by the related doctrine of representationalism. On their own, however, transparency and representationalism do not suffice to establish externalism. Hence we should hesitate to dismiss phenomenal internalism, a view shared by many generations of competent philosophers. Rather, we should keep both our options open, internalism and externalism. It is hard, however, to see how to keep open the internalist option, for although transparency and representationalism have not yet definitively established externalism, they have indeed made it quite intuitive. Internalism, by comparison, comes across at first sight as antiquated and ridden with difficulties. This is why I propose the Stained Glass model of consciousness. I do so with the following two aims: first, to make internalism intuitive in the age of transparency, and second, to show how to resist the many recent anti-internalist arguments. In particula...
A mixed-enhanced strain method: Part II: Geometrically nonlinear problems

Abstract In Part 1 of this paper we presented a mixed-enhanced approach to formulating elements for application to geometrically linear problems. In the present work we consider an extension to the geometrically nonlinear case. A mixed deformation gradient is presented and enhancements developed, resulting in a formulation which produces coarse mesh accuracy in bending dominated problems and locking-free response in the near incompressible limit. As in Part 1, variational stress recovery is permissible, due to the mixed fields present. Representative simulations illustrate the performance of the formulation in the setting of incompressible hyperelasticity.
Energy Transfers between Crystals and Adsorbed Dyes. I. Desensitization

The electron affinities of several desensitizing dyes have been measured and found to lie in the neighborhood of 3.5 ev, and it seems unlikely that the dye can compete with sensitivity specks for electrons at equilibrium. The dyes produced a desensitization of photoconductivity in cadmium sulfide films, indicating that they can serve as surface electron traps. A mechanism of desensitization is suggested according to which the photoelectrons are loosely bound by one or several dye molecules seriatim, in consequence of which their times of arrival at the sensitivity speck are spread out over a long enough period so that the factors which contribute to the instability of the latent image become effective, and the sensitivity is thereby reduced.
The electron spin distribution in nitrosylhemoglobin

Abstract Two electron spin distribution models for the FeNO in nitrosylhemoglobulin determined from the experimentally measured anisotropic 14N hyperfine interaction on the NO nitrogen atom are examined. In both models about one-half of the spin resides in the NO 2pπ* orbitals and one-half in the Fe 3d orbitals. One principal hyperfine axis lies within about one degree of the NO direction. In the first model the fractions in the π*y, π*z, and dyz′ and dz,2 orbitals are 0.18, 0.34, 0.10 and 0.38, respectively. In the second model the contribution of the Fe dx′z′ orbital is considered in place of the small, out-of-plane dyz, contribution and the fractions are 0.18, 0.35, 0.24 and 0.23 for π*y, π*z, dx′z′ and dz′2, respectively. The second distribution is primarily in orbitals symmetric (sigma) with respect to the FeNO plane and provides for good directivity between the nitrogen 2pz and iron d orbitals.
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the determination of fibronectin levels in plasma.

Abstract Fibronectin, iodinated in the absence of urea using lactoperoxidase coupled to Sepharose 4B, retained antigenic and biological activity. Utilizing the labeled protein, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the determination of the fibronectin concentration in plasma was developed. The radioimmunoassay is rapid, uses small amounts of antibody, and obviates the need for a second antibody. It also facilitates the handling of large sample numbers. The mean plasma fibronectin level in normal individuals was 557 ± 102 μg/ml, approximately 70% higher than values obtained by other procedures.
Guanosine 5'-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) induced calcium release in human platelets is mediated by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate.

Abstract Guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) and its nonhydrolyzable analogs, such as guanosine 5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS), induce several responses in platelets including secretion, production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular sites. Because IP3 is well established as a second messenger in mobilizing Ca2+ from intracellular stores it has been generally assumed that Ca2+ release by GTP/GTPγS in platelets is mediated by IP3. However, studies in neuronal, hepatic and smooth muscle cells have suggested that IP3 and GTP/GTPγS activate Ca2+ release by distinct mechanisms and that IP3-independent mechanisms mediate GTP/GTPγS-induced Ca2+ release. In several tissues heparin inhibits binding of IP3 and blocks IP3-stimulated Ca2+ release in a competitive and specific manner. In the present studies, IP3 and GTPγS induced Ca2+ release and their relationship was examined in human platelets using heparin as a probe. In saponin permeabilized platelets, IP3 (0.05-5 μM) induced a prompt, dose-dependent release of Ca2+ (EC50 0.5 μM). GTPγS (1–50 μM) released Ca2+ in a dose-dependant manner with EC50 of 2 μM but with a time lag of 30–90 seconds. Exposure of platelets to 1 μM IP3 following a submaximal response with GTPγS (1 μM) resulted in a further increase in Ca2+ release but no further increase was noted on adding 1 μM IP3 following a maximal response with GTPγS (10 μM); similar findings were noted on reversing the order of addition of GTPγS and IP3 suggesting that these effectors release Ca2+ from the same source. IP3 (0.5 μM) induced Ca2+ release was blocked by low molecular weight (4000–6000) heparin (IC50 30 μg/ml). More importantly, heparin abolished GTPγS (2.5 μM) induced Ca2+ release (IC50 10 μg/ml). These results indicate that, in contrast to the findings in some other cells, in human platelets GTPγS-induced Ca2+ release is mediated largely by a mechanism involving IP3.
Fixed bed desorption behavior of gases with nonlinear equilibria: Part II. Dilute, multicomponent, isothermal systems

Generalized depletion curves for desorption (and Corresponding breakthrough curves for adsorption) were calculated for systems characterized by the Langmuir-type multicomponent equilibrium equation and controlled by the film type rate model. In contrast with adsorption where the nonkey (or less strongly adsorbed) component curves display overshoots above feed concentration, in desorption the key component depletion curves exhibit the instabilities in the form of inflections and curvatures. As in the one component case, the differences in the depletion and breakthrough curves may be related to the rate phenomena. The undulations in the key component depletion curves may be characterized by derivatives of the rate data. The major significance of these instabilities is to elongate the depletion curves, which in turn requires the expenditure of added effort during regeneration. Process modifications are indicated, which could suppress the instabilities. The predicted trends were confirmed by experimental depletion curves.
Raising in Irish and the Projection Principle

This paper provides a new analysis of an exceptional raising construction in Modern Irish, and examines its consequences for two putative principles of Universal Grammar (UG): (i) Chomsky's (1981) Projection Principle, which excludes nonthematic complement positions, and (ii) Chomsky's (1986a) Uniformity Condition, which excludes nonthematic inherent Case assignment. McCloskey (1984) argues that the Irish raising construction involves NP-movement to a VP-internal position, contrary to the Projection Principle. The new analysis proposed here claims that it really involves movement (of an inherently Case-marked NP) to subject position, and thus poses no problem for the Projection Principle. However, this analysis does pose a direct challenge to the Uniformity Condition, since it involves a verb assigning inherent Case to an NP that it does not theta-mark. The paper proposes a new theory of inherent Case assignment that allows for the possibility of the Irish construction, but is sufficiently restrictive so as to account for the rarity of nonthematic inherent Case assignment.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy studies of nitrogen adsorption on W(100)

Abstract Vibrational excitations of nitrogen on W(100) are investigated over the 100–300 K temperature range using elastic and inelastic electron scattering. New vibrational modes of nitrogen are identified that require different mode assignments from previous work. Experimental evidence for a molecular precursor to the atomic β 2 phase of adsorbed nitrogen is presented. Coverage dependent studies of vibrational modes suggests conversion between two different molecular surface phases and between atomic and molecular phases. A new ordered nitrogen phase characterized by a (4 × 1) LEED pattern is observed. The new phase appears to consist of orthogonal domains of p(4 × 1) symmetry that contain atomic nitrogen at the four fold sites (the β 2 atomic phase) with additional bridge-bonded nitrogen atoms in the unit cell.
Buoyant Rectangular Surface Thermal Plumes

Abstract A near-field integral model of a buoyant surface thermal plume entering a crossflow is developed which includes the effects of buoyancy through the empirical assumption that the slope of the plume thermocline is proportional to the local plume depth times the local plume excess temperature and inversely proportional to the initial plume internal Froude number, Fr o . The model is compared with laboratory data taken by Kuhlman and Prahl (1974), and field data taken by Frigo and Frye (1972). Data generally agree well with the model using single values of the empirical constants in the theory, varying only the initial internal Froude number, Fr o , and the crossflow-to-initia1-plume-velocity ratio, R, to match the data values. Matching is achieved for distances along the plume center line of approximately 20 initial plume widths for the laboratory data and 50 widths for the field data.
Intramolecular and Environmental Contributions to Electrode Half-Reaction Entropies of M(tacn)23+/2+ (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru; tacn = 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane) Redox Couples

Electrode half-reaction entropies, ΔS°rc, are measured as a function of solvent and electrolyte type and concentration for four M(tacn)23+/2+ (M = Fe, Ni, Co, Ru; tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) redox couples that experience different amounts of structural change in conjunction with electron transfer. Metal dependent values of ΔS°rc are observed for these couples and are shown to arise primarily from vibrational and electronic contributions to intramolecular entropy. Vibrational terms become important when frequencies are small and change significantly with a change in oxidation state, as occurs when an increase in number of antibonding electrons weakens metal−ligand bonds upon reduction. Entropy measurements are referenced to the Ru3+/2+ couple, which is characterized by small inner-shell reorganization. Experimentally, mean values of Δ(ΔS°rc)M-Ru = 27 (7), 30 (6), and 69 (14) J mol-1 K-1 obtained from data in seven solvents are observed for M = Fe, Ni, and Co, respectively. The computed sums of vibratio...
A Littelmann-type formula for Duistermaat-Heckman measures

Given a compact Hamiltonian T-manifold M, some component of whose moment map is a Palais-Smale Morse function, we give a formula for the Duistermaat-Heckman measure (the Fourier transform of the equivariant symplectic volume) as a sum of volumes of simplices. Unlike previous formulae for this measure, this sum has only positive terms. In the case of M a flag manifold, our results are an asymptotic version of Littelmann's multiplicity result in representation theory [9].
Primary photochemistry in the facultative green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus.

The mechanism of primary photochemistry has been investigated in purified cytoplasmic membranes and isolated reaction centers of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Redox titrations on the cytoplasmic membranes indicate that the midpoint redox potential of P870, the primary electron donor bacteriochlorophyll, is +362 mV. An early electron acceptor, presumably menaquinone has Em 8.1 = −50 mV, and a tightly bound photooxidizable cytochrome c554 has Em 8.1 = +245 mV. The isolated reaction center has a bacteriochlorophyll to bacteriopheophytin ratio of 0.94:1. A two-quinone acceptor system is present, and is inhibited by o-phenanthroline. Picosecond transient absorption and kinetic measurements indicate the bacteriopheophytin and bacteriochlorophyll form an earlier electron acceptor complex.
Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in dogs with congestive heart failure.

Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with endothelial dysfunction in people and in dogs with experimentally induced CHF, but this is not well characterized in dogs with naturally occurring CHF. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate endothelial function via assessment of reactive hyperemia (RH) in healthy dogs and dogs with CHF, and to assess for relationships with plasma biomarkers of vascular function and clinical markers of disease severity. Animals Twenty client-owned animals with CHF due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (n = 15) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5) and 17 healthy control dogs. Methods Prospective case-controlled observational study. Dogs underwent blood sampling, echocardiography, and Doppler assessment of brachial artery velocity (VTI) at baseline and during reactive hyperemia (RH-VTI). RH-VTIs between control dogs and dogs with CHF were compared, and the relationships between RH-VTI, clinical parameters, and plasma biomarkers were assessed. Results Dogs with CHF (96.5 ± 51.7%) had an attenuated % increase in VTI during RH compared to healthy controls (134.8 ± 58.7%; P = .04). Increasing ISACHC class (R2 = 0.24; P = .004), plasma NT-proBNP (R2 = 0.15; P = .03) and CRP (R2 = 0.2; P = .02) were associated with reduced RH-VTI. Increased plasma CRP, NOx, and NT-proBNP concentrations were found in dogs with CHF (P < .02 for all). No differences were detected in other plasma markers. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with CHF have an attenuated RH response, and increased plasma CRP and NOx concentrations. Doppler assessment of RH velocity could represent a novel noninvasive method of evaluating endothelial function in the dog.
Arterial thromboembolism in cats: Acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases

Records of 127 cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) were reviewed. Abyssinian, Birman, Ragdoll, and male cats were overrepresented. Tachypnea (91%), hypothermia (66%), and absent limb motor function (66%) were common. Of 90 cats with diagnostics performed, underlying diseases were hyperthyroidism (12), cardiomyopathy (dilated [8], unclassified [33], hypertrophic obstructive [5], hypertrophic [19]), neoplasia (6), other (4), and none (3). Common abnormalities were left atrial enlargement (93%), congestive heart failure (CHF, 44%), and arrhythmias (44%). Of cats without CHF, 89% were tachypneic. Common biochemical abnormalities were hyperglycemia, azotemia, and abnormally high serum concentrations of muscle enzymes. Of 87 cats treated for acute limb ATE, 39 (45%) survived to be discharged. Significant differences were found between survivors and nonsurvivors for temperature (P or = 40 mg/cat q72h) and cats receiving low-dose aspirin (5 mg/cat q72h). Adverse effects were less frequent and milder for the lower dosage.
Remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD)-contaminated soil by Phragmites australis and rhizosphere bacteria

Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of citric acid (CA) and rhizosphere bacteria on metal uptake in Phragmites australis cultured in a spiked acid mine drainage (AMD) soil. Rhizosphere iron-oxidizing bacteria (Fe(II)OB) enhanced the formation of Fe plaque on roots, which decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn. CA inhibited the growth of Fe(II)OB, decreased the formation of metal plaque, raised the metal mobility in soil, and increased the accumulation of metals in all tissues of the reeds. The higher the CA dosage, the more metals accumulated into reeds. The total amount of metals in reeds increased from 7.8 ± 0.5 × 10(-6) mol plant(-1) (Mn), 1.4 ± 0.1 × 10(-3) mol plant(-1) (Fe), and 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10(-4) mol plant(-1) (Al) in spiked soil without CA to 22.2 ± 0.5 × 10(-6) mol plant(-1) (Mn), 3.5 ± 0.06 × 10(-3) mol plant(-1) (Fe), and 5.0 ± 0.2 × 10(-4) mol plant(-1) (Al) in soil added with 33.616 g C6H8O7·H2O for per kilogram soil. CA could be effective at enhancing the phytoremediation of metals from AMD-contaminated soil.
Subordinate reproduction in dwarf mongooses

Abstract Abstract. Dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula, are group-living carnivores in which the oldest male and female dominate reproduction, while subordinates tolerate reproductive suppression and provide care for the offspring of the oldest pair. Subordinates of both sexes, however, mate and subordinate females occasionally become pregnant. In addition, a model of 'power-sharing' in social groups (Vehrencamp 1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 667-682) predicts that dominant individuals should cede some fitness to subordinates, particularly older, higher-ranking individuals not closely related to the dominants, in order to retain them within the group. Human multilocus probes (Jeffreys' 33.15 and 33.6) were used to 'fingerprint' dwarf mongooses from nine different packs in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The results demonstrate that subordinates of both sexes obtain direct fitness: 24% of young had subordinate fathers, while 15% had subordinate mothers. Multiple paternity can occur within a single female's litter. Those subordinates that reproduced were of high social rank and tended to be distantly related to the same-sex dominant, as predicted by Vehrencamp's model. The number of yearlings produced by subordinate females was similar to that predicted by the model. Subordinate males father a relatively high proportion of offspring given their frequency of mating, while subordinate females mate relatively more often than they produce offspring, consistent with previously inferred differences between the mechanisms of male and female reproductive suppression (Creel et al. 1992, Anim. Behav., 43, 231-245). Even though DNA analyses indicate that subordinates produced a substantial proportion of young born in this population, the magnitude of direct fitness obtained by subordinates was still low compared with the magnitude of indirect fitness obtained by helping.
Haptoglobin Enhances Cardiac Transplant Rejection

Rationale:Early graft inflammation enhances both acute and chronic rejection of heart transplants, but it is unclear how this inflammation is initiated. Objective:To identify specific inflammatory modulators and determine their underlying molecular mechanisms after cardiac transplantation. Methods and Results:We used a murine heterotopic cardiac transplant model to identify inflammatory modulators of early graft inflammation. Unbiased mass spectrometric analysis of cardiac tissue before and ≤72 hours after transplantation revealed that 22 proteins including haptoglobin, a known antioxidant, are significantly upregulated in our grafts. Through the use of haptoglobin-deficient mice, we show that 80% of haptoglobin-deficient recipients treated with perioperative administration of the costimulatory blocking agent CTLA4 immunoglobulin exhibited >100-day survival of full major histocompatibility complex mismatched allografts, whereas all similarly treated wild-type recipients rejected their transplants by 21 da...
NADPH Oxidase–Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Are Required for Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α–Stimulated Angiogenesis

Objective— Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules during angiogenesis; however, the mechanisms used for such signaling events remain unclear. Stromal cell–derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is one of the most potent angiogenic chemokines. Here, we examined the role of ROS in the regulation of SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis. Approach and Results— Bovine aortic endothelial cells were treated with SDF-1α, and intracellular ROS generation was monitored. SDF-1α treatment induced bovine aortic endothelial cell migration and ROS generation, with the majority of ROS generated by bovine aortic endothelial cells at the leading edge of the migratory cells. Antioxidants and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitors blocked SDF-1α–induced endothelial migration. Furthermore, knockdown of either NOX5 or p22phox (a requisite subunit for NOX1/2/4 activation) significantly impaired endothelial motility and tube formation, suggesting that multiple NOXs regulate SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activity is essential for SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis. Here, we identified that NOX5 is the dominant NOX required for SDF-1α–induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activation and that NOX5 and MAP kinase phosphatase 7 (MKP7; the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 phosphatase) associate with one another but decrease this interaction on SDF-1α treatment. Furthermore, MKP7 activity was inhibited by SDF-1α, and this inhibition was relieved by NOX5 knockdown, indicating that NOX5 promotes c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activation by blocking MKP7 activity. Conclusions— We conclude that NOX is required for SDF-1α signaling and that intracellular redox balance is critical for SDF-1α–induced endothelial migration and angiogenesis.
The role of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies in early detection of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of the INOVA Diagnostics, Inc. QUANTA Lite CCP assays.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and the presence of self-reactive autoantibodies. Since the discovery of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, several assays have been developed to measure these autoantibodies in RA patients. The first-generation kit offered high specificity, but sensitivity was low. The second-generation IgG anti-CCP antibody assay (CCP2) offered the same high specificity, with greatly improved sensitivity for RA. INOVA Diagnostics, Inc. offers, in addition to CCP2, a third-generation assay with higher sensitivity compared with CCP2 and also a combined IgG/IgA anti-CCP antibody assay. Areas covered: The review covers the use of INOVA Diagnostics, Inc. multiple anti-CCP antibody assays in early detection of RA, while also comparing these assays with other commercially available methods of measuring anti-CCP antibodies. While most of the review focuses on the significance of these autoantibodies in ad...
Toxic Factors in Enzymes Used in Laundry Products

Autolyzates of Bacillus subtilis used as enzymes in laundry products contain several potentially toxic substances.
Comparative structural studies of human plasma and amniotic fluid fibronectins.

Summary Human fibronectins from plasma and amniotic fluid were compared in terms of their migrations on SDS and isoelectric focusing gels, immunological reactions, amino acid and carbohydrate compositions, tryptic maps NH 2 -terminal sequence analysis, and methylation analyses. Both plasma and amniotic fluid fibronectins had the following NH 2 -terminal sequence: pGlu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Met-Val-Gln-(Cys)-?-?-Ser-Tyr-Ser. It is concluded that the fibronectins studied have closely similar polypeptide chains, but differ significantly in percent total carbohydrate and the relative amounts and types of sugar linkages. Plasma fibronectin has 4.8% carbohydrate with predominantly 2- and 3,6-linked mannose, 4- and 6-linked galactose, 4-linked N-acetylglucosamine, and terminal sialic acid. Amniotic fibronectin has 6.9% carbohydrate with 2,4-linked mannose in addition to 2- and 3,6-linked mannose, 3- and 4-linked galactose (but no 6-linked galactose), 4-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine, and terminal fucose, galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine in addition to sialic acid.
Determining substrate displacement and cell traction fields—a new approach

This paper presents a new approach for the traction force microscopy (TFM) method which determines traction forces exerted by adherent cells on a thin, elastic polyacrylamide gel embedded with fluorescent microbeads. In this enhanced TFM method, a pattern recognition technique is first applied to match the pair of microbead embedded images before and after deformation, which subsequently provides the displacement field of the elastic substrate. Once the displacement field is obtained, the 3-D finite element method (FEM) is used to compute cell traction forces. The new TFM has been applied to determine traction forces of human tendon fibroblasts. Compared to existing TFM methods, the present method has the following advantages: (1) its displacement field obtained is associated with microbead movements; (2) it considers the finite thickness of the thin polyacrylamide gel and is therefore free from the infinite half-space approximation adopted by existing TFM methods; and (3) its computation procedure for determining cell traction forces is fast.
Sticking fractions of tdμ and ddμ using random-tempered basis sets

We have calculated the bound-state sticking fractions of the {ital td}{mu} and {ital dd}{mu} molecular ions using basis sets of random-tempered Slater geminal functions. These values show that states with the same angular momentum produce sticking fractions that are almost identical. In addition, we have investigated the effect of different particle masses on the sticking fraction and have computed the energy of the very weakly bound {ital td}{mu}(11) state to an accuracy of 1 {mu}eV.
Involving Husbands in Safe Motherhood: Effects of the SUAMI SIAGA Campaign in Indonesia

Maternal death has implications for the entire family, although few, if any, interventions have addressed the role that the husband could play in his wife's pregnancy and delivery. The Suami SIAGA Campaign in Indonesia was a multi-media entertainment-education intervention, implemented in 1999/2000, that targeted husbands with messages about birth preparedness. The present paper presents the effects of this campaign (1) on the acquisition of new knowledge by husbands about birth preparedness, and (2) on husbands' action toward becoming an alert husband (a Suami SIAGA). When husbands were directly exposed to the messages from the Suami SIAGA campaign, new knowledge gain and birth preparedness activities occurred. However, the interaction of direct exposure to the campaign and the interpersonal communication stimulated by the campaign about Suami SIAGA was an even stronger predictor of knowledge gain and birth preparedness actions. Limitations of the study included post-only measures and a relatively short time period between the intervention and impact evaluation. We suggest that communication campaigns to educate husbands and to stimulate discussion about the innovative concept of birth preparedness may contribute to improved birth outcomes in Indonesia.
Evaluation of different sulfur compounds in the diet of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂)

Abstract A semipurified basal diet with 35% crude protein, 0.38% methionine and 0.13% cystine was supplemented with different sulfur compounds to evaluate their efficacy in satisfying the total sulfur amino acid requirement of sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂). A control diet was supplemented with l -methionine to meet the total sulfur amino acid requirement of sunshine bass, and test diets were supplemented with either dl -methionine, dl -methionine hydroxy analog (MHA), N-acetyl- dl -methionine, taurine or glutathione on an equal-sulfur basis with the control diet. Fingerlings of sunshine bass (mean initial wt ± SD = 11.3 ± 0.1 g) were reared in a brackish water recirculating system, and triplicate groups of fish were fed the different diets twice daily. After 8 weeks of feeding, the greatest weight gain as well as best feed and protein utilization values was observed among fish fed diets containing l -methionine, dl -methionine and N-acetyl- dl -methionine. Glutathione and MHA were about 75% as effective in promoting growth compared with l -methionine, while taurine was totally ineffective. Fish fed glutathione had a significantly greater hepatosomatic index (HSI; liver weight × 100/body weight) and lower intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF ratio; intraperitoneal fat weight × 100/body weight). Plasma methionine level was highest in fish fed dl -methionine. Highest whole-body protein levels were found in fish fed l -methionine, N-acetyl- dl -methionine, and dl -methionine, while the lowest level was in fish fed glutathione. Based on these results, dl -methionine and N-acetyl- dl -methionine were most effective relative to l -methionine in satisfying the sulfur amino acid requirement of sunshine bass.
Report from IUGG Assembly: IAGA session on internal contributions of the ionospheric electrojet

This session was organized by the Interdivisional Working Group on the Relations between the External and Internal Magnetic Variations. Its purpose was to consider the geomagnetic induction problems associated with coastal current channeling effects and with stationary and moving ionospheric current sources whose fields at the earth's surface cannot be modeled properly by plane wave approximations. In past years, induction studies of crustal conductivity properties have largely neglected the effects of irregular current source characteristics. At high latitudes the research efforts in solar terrestrial physics properties seem to have neglected the consideration of geomagnetic data adjustments for induction effects.
Coverage Dependence of CO Surface Diffusion on Pt Nanoparticles - an EC-NMR Study

We have studied the effects of CO surface coverage on the diffusion rates of CO adsorbed on commercial Pt-black in sulfuric acid media by using 13C electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) spectroscopy in the temperature range 253−293 K. The temperature range chosen for these measurements was such that the electrolyte is in a liquid-like and liquid environment. For CO coverage between θ = 1.0 and 0.36, the CO diffusion coefficients (DCO) follow a typical Arrhenius behavior and both the activation energies (Ed) as well as the pre-exponential factors ( ) show CO coverage dependence. For partially CO covered samples, Ed decreases linearly with increasing CO coverage, indicating that the repulsive CO−CO interactions exert a stronger influence on the coverage dependence of the activation energy than does the nature of the CO adlayer structure. On the other hand, shows an exponential decrease with increasing CO coverage, consistent with the free site hopping model [Gomer, R. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1990, 53...
Recovery of Turgor by Wilted, Excised Cabbage Leaves in the Absence of Water Uptake: A New Factor in Drought Acclimation

Cabbage leaves excised from a fully turgid plant wilt within 20 minutes to 2 hours (depending on plant age) with a loss of about 10% relative water content (RWC). If droughted for 2 to 4 days in a high relative humidity leaf chamber, they may acclimate, recovering their turgor without the absorption of water, in fact at a loss of 15 to 25% RWC. This turgor recovery in the absence of water uptake occurs only if (a) the rate of water loss is slow enough (about 1-5% RWC per day after the first 24 hours drought loss of about 15% RWC), (b) if the leaves are no longer growing actively. Osmotic adjustment accompanies the turgor adjustment, but cannot be the cause in the absence of water uptake. The recovery of turgor by wilted cabbage leaves in the absence of water uptake cannot be explained by (a) transfer of reserve water from apoplast to symplast either from the cell walls or from the vessel lumens by cavitation or (b) metabolic loss of dry matter and gain of water. It can be explained by a contraction of the cell walls around the partially dehydrated protoplasts, until they regain their elastic extensibility. These proposed cell wall changes during drought acclimation are therefore the opposite of those occurring during growth. This hypothesis therefore explains the long recognized inverse relation between growth and acclimation. Two predictions of this hypothesis were tested and substantiated.
Sandra L. Barnes, The Cost of Being Poor: A Comparative Study of Life in Poor Urban Neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005).

Sandra L. Barnes has produced a study of Gary, Indiana, that deserves attention. Gary has suffered extreme economic and social devastation: the population has declined from 175,000 in 1970 to 103,0...
Field investigation of rare-earth metal as a deterrent to spiny dogfish in the Pacific halibut fishery

Abstract Spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) comprise a significant unwanted bycatch on demersal longlines set for halibut, sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria ), and Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) in shelf waters of the east and west coasts of North America. Recently, rare-earth magnets and metals have been shown to have deterrent effects on sharks. These effects are likely the result of magnetic or electric fields created by these materials in seawater, which are sensed and avoided by sharks. Our earlier laboratory studies showed that attack rates by spiny dogfish on baits protected with cerium mischmetal (a rare-earth alloy) were reduced and suggested that this metal might reduce unwanted bycatch of spiny dogfish in setline fishing for Pacific halibut ( Hippoglossus stenolepis ). We conducted a field study near Homer, Alaska in September 2007 with three hook treatments interspersed on 36 longline sets. These included standard circle hooks used in the halibut fishery, hooks with small pieces of cerium mischmetal attached above the hook, and hooks with a similar (but inert) mild steel piece above the hook. Fewer dogfish were caught on hooks with mischmetal than on either of the two other treatments. Reductions in catch of longnose skate ( Raja rhina ) also occurred on hooks protected with mischmetal. However, halibut catch did not increase with protected hooks. Limitations in using mischmetal in commercial operations are expense, hazardous nature, and relatively rapid hydrolysis in seawater.
In search of a solution from the STICH trial.

The landmark STICH (Surgical Treatment of Ischemic Heart Failure) trial was a disappointment—a worthy hypothesis but difficult execution with unrewarding results [(1)][1]. STICH posed 2 fundamental questions: is surgical revascularization for ischemic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection
Remaining Flexible in Old Alliances: Functional Plasticity in Constrained Mutualisms

Central to any beneficial interaction is the capacity of partners to detect and respond to significant changes in the other. Recent studies of microbial mutualists show their close integration with host development, immune responses, and acclimation to a dynamic external environment. While the significance of microbial players is broadly appreciated, we are just beginning to understand the genetic, ecological, and physiological mechanisms that generate variation in symbiont functions, broadly termed “symbiont plasticity” here. Some possible mechanisms include shifts in symbiont community composition, genetic changes via DNA acquisition, gene expression fluctuations, and variation in symbiont densities. In this review, we examine mechanisms for plasticity in the exceptionally stable mutualisms between insects and bacterial endosymbionts. Despite the severe ecological and genomic constraints imposed by their specialized lifestyle, these bacteria retain the capacity to modulate functions depending on the particular requirements of the host. Focusing on the mutualism between Blochmannia and ants, we discuss the roles of gene expression fluctuations and shifts in bacterial densities in generating symbiont plasticity. This symbiont variation is best understood by considering ant colony as the host superorganism. In this eusocial host, the bacteria meet the needs of the colony and not necessarily the individual ants that house them.
Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals.

Background Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area.
A Global Conservation System for Climate‐Change Adaptation

Climate change has created the need for a new strategic framework for conseruation. This framework needs to include new protectea areas that account for species range shifts ana management that addresses large-scale change across international borders. Actions within the framework must be effective in international waters and across political frontiers and have the ability to accommodate large income and ability-to-pay discrepancies between countries. A global protected-area system responds to these needs. A fully implemented global system of protected areas will help in the transition to a new conservation paradigm robust to climate change and will ensure the integrity of the climate services provided by carbon sequestration from the world's natural habitats. The internationally coordinated response to climate change afforded by such a system could have significant cost savings relative to a system of climate adaptation that unfolds solely at a country level. Implementation of a global system is needed very soon because the effects of climate change on species and ecosystems are already well underway.
Magnetic Characteristics of Hydrogenated Holmium

Various physical and chemical properties of the lanthanide hydrides suggest that they are saline in nature, the hydrogen existing as a negatively charged ion. These properties further suggest that the anionic charge is obtained from the conduction band of the lanthanide and that in the fully hydrogenated metal the conduction band is completely depopulated. Since coupling of the lanthanides occurs via the conduction electrons, this should lead to very considerable suppression of the interactions in the hydrides compared to the element, but an unchanged effective atomic moment. To determine whether this is the case susceptibility measurements have been made on a series of nine Ho-H alloys. These show for the dihydride, which still contains some conduction electrons, a Neel point at around 8°K (instead of 135°K for the element), whereas for the trihydride, which lacks conduction electrons, no Neel point is observed down to 4°K. Susceptibilities of the hydrides above about 15°K obey the Curie-Weiss law with a much smaller Weiss constant than that for elemental holmium. The atomic moment is found, however, to be virtually unaffected by hydrogenation.
A theoretical investigation of shell effects in deep inelastic collisions

The relative importance of three different influences of independent-particle shell structure on the nucleon transport process during heavy-ion collisions are discussed. Results of calculations for the 620-MeV86Kr +197Au system are presented.
Multifaceted dialogue between graft and host in neurotransplantation

Current restorative neurotransplantation research focuses mainly on the potential of the neural graft to replace damaged or missing cell populations and to deliver needed gene products in the form of transgenes. Because of this graft-oriented bias of the procedure, possible dormant regenerative capabilities within the host have been largely underestimated and dismissed as insignificant. This review discusses existing evidence that neural grafts can have stimulating effects on host-intrinsic plasticity that can help regeneration of the mammalian central nervous system. If confirmed, the synergistic interaction between graft and host might substantially enhance our therapeutic possibilities.
Oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin adsorption onto glass and polymer surfaces.

Abstract The adsorption of deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxyHb) and oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) was determined on clean glass, n -pentyl triethoxysilane (NPS)-treated glass, polystyrene (PS), and a polyetherurethane (PEU). The adsorbed amounts range from 0.1 to 0.6 μg/cm 2 for oxyHb and from 0.3 to 0.7 μg/cm 2 for deoxyHb. DeoxyHb adsorbs onto all these surfaces more than oxyHb. The more Hydrophobie the surface, the more adsorption of both deoxy and oxyHb forms. These results suggest the oxyHb and deoxyHb interact differently with the surfaces studied. It is likely that the surface hydrophobicity of Hb plays a major role in Hb adsorption onto surfaces; the deoxyHb surface is more Hydrophobie than the oxyHb surface. The binding sites for Hb adsorption may include the clefts between α 1 , β 1 ,. A surface-induced dimerization mechanism is proposed to explain the adsorption of oxyHb.
Putting Together the Pieces: A Closer Look at the Determinants of Job Performance

A considerable amount of research has been and continues to be conducted concerning the determinants of individual job performance. A number of diverse perspectives have formed the basis of this research, including theories involving general abilities, motivation, feedback, leadership, and group processes. There is clearly a need for an integration of these theoretical perspectives so that researchers can gain a better understanding of the direct and indirect relationships associated with job performance. This article proposes a conceptual framework to guide researchers interested in the causal modeling of job performance.
Three Faces of Identity

We review three traditions in research on identity. The first two traditions, which stress (a) the internalization of social positions and their meanings as part of the self structure and (b) the impact of cultural meanings and social situations on actors' identities, are closely intertwined. The third, the burgeoning literature on collective identity, has developed quite independently of the first two and focuses more on group-level processes. Unlike previous reviews of identity, which have focused on the sources of internalized identity (e.g., role relationship, group membership, or category descriptor), we focus here on the theoretical mechanisms underlying theories of identity. We organize our review by highlighting whether those mechanisms are located in the individual's self-structure, in the situation, or in the larger sociopolitical context. We especially attempt to draw connections between the social psychological literature on identity processes and the distinct, relatively independent literatur...
Modification of Reconciliation Behavior through Social Experience: An Experiment with Two Macaque Species

Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style.
Pedagogical Change and Mourning in Elementary Teacher Education

Learning and mourning both entail renegotiating the sense of self in a changed world. We reflect on the "Science Semester", an inquiry-based course for prospective elementary teachers, by drawing on theories of mourning to address students' resistance to inquiry pedagogies not as deficits in students or curriculum, but as students meaningfully grieving the perceived loss of their good-student selves and dreams of being loving teachers. Questioning the impulse to make learning unproblematic, we consider possibilities for caring and renewal in inquiry pedagogies that elicit deeper inquiries into loss and mourning as conditions of teaching and learning.