cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advantages and Complications of Fisch Partial Mastoidotympanectomy for Tumors of the Retromandibular Fossa and Poststyloid Space.

Objective This study aims to characterize a single surgeon's experience with resection of tumors of the retromandibular fossa and poststyloid space utilizing the Fisch partial mastoidotympanectomy (FPMT) technique of partial temporal bone resection. Design Retrospective review. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Seven patients who underwent tumor resection with FPMT. Main Outcome Measures Complications. Results Six males and one female underwent FPMT, with ages ranging from 44 to 79 years. The facial nerve was sacrificed in six cases, no cases were converted to more extensive temporal bone resection procedures, and no postoperative hearing loss occurred. The only intraoperative complication experienced was a violation of the external auditory canal in four cases, which resulted in postoperative wound healing issues in two cases. Conclusions FPMT allows for the release of tumors of the poststyloid space and retromandibular fossa without compromise of hearing status. Preservation of external auditory canal soft tissues is challenging, and the violation is experienced relatively frequently due to shearing forces during soft tissue retraction. When encountered, robust repair of defects is encouraged to prevent further wound healing complications.
Nonmammalian Models in Toxicology Screening

With the advent of industrialization around the world, increasing numbers of chemicals are being produced at an alarming rate before undergoing appropriate safety testing. One of the solutions to overcome this problem has been testing chemicals for toxicological effects in mammalian species such as rodents and primates. A major hurdle with the use of mammalian models is the time and cost it takes to complete toxicity testing. Therefore, it is practically impossible to cover the virtually limitless number of chemicals that require toxicity testing using mammalian models. Nonmammalian species such as the nematode worm, fruit fly, zebrafish, and others have been proposed as viable alternatives because of their usability in terms of providing fast and cost-effective assays that are comparable to those of the mammalian species. Each of these species has a relatively small life span, is cheap and easy to maintain in the laboratory, and offers endpoints for which assays can be automated to achieve high throughput capabilities. Here we compare the three most common nonmammalian model species for their use in screening for toxicological effects of different chemicals.
Assessment of cost drivers and cost variation for lumbar interbody fusion procedures using the Value Driven Outcomes database

OBJECTIVEEfforts to examine the value of care—combining both costs and quality—are gaining importance in the current health care climate. This thrust is particularly evident in treating common spinal disease where both incidences and costs are generally high and practice patterns are variable. It is often challenging to obtain direct surgical costs for these analyses, which hinders the understanding of cost drivers and cost variation. Using a novel tool, the authors sought to understand the costs of posterior lumbar arthrodesis with interbody devices.METHODSThe Value Driven Outcomes (VDO) database at the University of Utah was used to evaluate the care of patients who underwent open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS), 1- and 2-level lumbar spine fusion (Current Procedural Terminology code 22263). Patients treated from January 2012 through June 2017 were included.RESULTSA total of 276 patients (mean age 58.9 ± 12.4 years) were identified; 46.7% of patients were men. Most patients (82.2%) underwent 1-level...
The Impossible Craft of Nation-Building in Postcolonial Cameroon

Fonkoue uses Cameroon as a point of reference to explore the arduous path of nation-building in postcolonial Africa. Placing colonial heritage at the center of his investigation, he contends that insofar as the nascent state is heir to the colonial state, it has been, from its inception, ill equipped and fundamentally unable to forge a national sentiment, foster a national community and be the catalyst for development that it set out to be. Analyzing the impasse of nation-building in the aftermath of colonization, Fonkoue argues that despite the recent commemorations of half a century of independence across the continent, nation-building still does not seem to have a compass. Drawing on history, development studies and theories of institutions, he concludes that when the original project of nation-building runs aground the state turns inward and becomes an end in itself.
Rapidly Growing Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Presenting as an Irreducible Umbilical Hernia

Hernia sacs are a common anatomic pathology specimen, which rarely contain malignancy. We present a case of rapidly growing pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which initially presented as metastasis to an umbilical hernia sac. The patient was a 55-year-old male with a two-year history of umbilical hernia. Two months prior to herniorrhaphy, the hernia became painful and the patient experienced nausea and weight loss. The gross examination did not reveal distinct lesions. Microscopically, the hernia sac was diffusely infiltrated by moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, which was positive for CK7 and pancytokeratin and negative for TTF-1, CK20, PSA, and CDX2. Clinical laboratory tests found elevated levels of CA 19-9 and CEA. Computed tomography scan with intravenous contrast showed a 5 cm ill-defined and hypoattenuating mass involving the pancreatic tail and body, as well as numerous ill-defined lesions in the liver and peritoneal carcinomatosis. The patient had an earlier noncontrast computed tomography scan four months prior to the surgery, which did not detect any lesions in the abdomen. This case highlights the importance of intravenous contrast with computed tomography for the evaluation of pancreatic lesions and also emphasizes the importance of thorough histologic evaluation of hernia sacs for the detection of occult malignancy.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Juvenile Hormone in Manduca sexta

Following the successful elucidation of the structure of the Cecropia hormone by Roller et al. (1967), experiments designed to explore the mode of synthesis of this molecule in insects were immediately initiated. Much progress in our understanding of juvenile hormone biosynthesis has come from studies with excised corpora allata maintained in tissue culture supplemented with isotopically labeled precursors (Judy et al. 1973; Schooley et al. 1973; Pratt and Tobe, 1974; Tobe and Pratt, 1974a,b; Jennings et al. 1975). It was demonstrated that corpora allata in organ culture were capable of de novo synthesis of the hormones from small precursors such as acetate, propionate and methionine. Thus, the construction of the carbon chain, as well as its final modification into the epoxy sesquiterpene ester are metabolic properties of this gland.
Vascularizing engineered tissues for in vivo and in vitro applications

Abstract: Engineering human tissues to enhance, replace or simulate physiological function has enormous potential to significantly impact human healthcare. A fundamental feature of human tissue is a vascular supply. The creation of a living dynamic circulation has proved to be a significant challenge. The past decade has brought several new approaches to create a vascular supply for three-dimensional human tissues for both in vitro and in vivo applications. However, future challenges remain, and new innovation in the areas of cell sourcing, the extracellular matrix, and controlling the immune response will be required to fully harness the potential of tissue engineering.
Appropriate timing of surveillance intervals with whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT following treatment for sinonasal malignancies.

Abstract Purpose To assess the ideal timing of posttreatment whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT examination as routine surveillance to determine local recurrence (R), lymph node metastasis (LM), and distant metastasis (DM) of sinonasal malignancies and to investigate the effect of 18F-FDG PET/CT on survival. Methods An overall 80 patients who had undergone a total of 197 posttreatment whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations for sinonasal malignancy were retrospectively examined after institutional review board approval. Patients were grouped regarding the time intervals ( 18 months) after the conclusion of treatment. Differences in diagnostic accuracy due to different follow-up intervals were calculated by receiver operator curves (ROC) and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the prognostic value of surveillance 18F-FDG PET/CT. Results Considering the time intervals of posttreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT scans, the negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations to predict overall recurrence in 1–3 months (100 and 100%, respectively) and >18 months (100 and 95%, respectively) were higher than for recurrence detection in Conclusions Whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT is capable of identifying recurrences following treatment, using an optimal time interval for scanning of 1–3 months and >18 months after therapy.
The Metabolic Differential Diagnosis of Chronic FPIES

The food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) presents with vomiting, lethargy, and diarrhea, often with such severity that emergency medical attention is sought. This clinical presentation has significant overlap with that of intoxication-type inborn errors of metabolism. Indeed, there are multiple reports of FPIES being confused with inborn errors of metabolism, and vice versa. In this chapter, you will learn the basic principles of metabolic disease, suggestive clinical and historical signs in metabolic disease, the appropriate workup when metabolic disease is suspected, and similarities and differences between FPIES and metabolic disorders. Understanding how inborn errors of metabolism can mimic FPIES, and vice versa, is crucial in clinical medicine. Early diagnosis and treatment of both inborn errors of metabolism and FPIES can be life-saving, and in the case of metabolic disorders, delayed diagnosis can result in long-term consequences for the affected patient, as well as family members, who are at risk of inheriting the same metabolic disease. This chapter does not serve as a comprehensive review of the inborn errors of metabolism; instead, it focuses primarily on the overlap between inborn errors of metabolism and FPIES and the diagnostic approach to such cases.
Atypical presentation of lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: a case report.

Background Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIAS) is a common finding on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Occasionally, the appearance of LHIAS is atypical and multimodality imaging is helpful to make the diagnosis. We present a case of atypical LHIAS to highlight the potential aetiologies for an interatrial septal mass and review features on multimodality imaging that help decrease uncertainty and establish a diagnosis. Case summary A 64-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease with multiple percutaneous coronary interventions presented to the emergency room with chest pain. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a homogenous echo-dense, intracardiac mass present within the interatrial septum. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the chest showed a homogenous mass similar in radiodensity to extracardiac and pericardial fat. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) confirmed LHIAS by homogenous signal that was nulled on fat suppression images. Discussion This case highlights that while most LHIAS has the standard 'dumbbell' appearance on TTE, there are instances where it can appear more like an adherent mass prompting a wider differential. Unenhanced CT of the heart can be used to confirm LHIAS by the presence of low attenuation values for tissue. Alternatively, CMR can be used for tissue characterization and confirmation of LHIAS. Precontrast T2/T1-weighted CMR images with steady-state free precession show high signal intensity in the area of LHIAS and produce a black/hypointense boundary effect between fat and myocardium. A multimodality approach is crucial in arriving at the appropriate diagnosis using the tissue characterization capabilities of CT and CMR.
The effect of rare-earth dopants on the texturing of alumina under high-strength magnetic field

Abstract The use of magnetic fields in ceramic processing has been of interest recently for tailoring the microstructural grain alignment of ceramics in order to improve mechanical, optical, and other properties. However, a number of challenges exist, including the low magnetic response of most ceramic materials (e.g. alumina), and the lack of low viscosity bulk casting systems available for forming ceramics in a magnetic field. In this work, the low magnetic response of alumina was addressed by adding small amounts (~0.04 atom%) of various rare-earth dopants to phase-pure α-alumina to enhance the response of the bulk material, as supported by previous predictive modeling. After identifying the dopant with the highest magnetic response according to a novel, average facial angle alignment metric, a low-viscosity colloidal casting system, based on a single organic additive was selected to allow for the sintering of formed green bodies. This novel process was used to cast bulk ceramic parts under a magnetic field. The effect of magnetic alignment both in the green state and after sintering was investigated. It was found that both erbium and ytterbium improved the magnetic response of alumina, and that the alignment achieved in the green state was maintained through the sintering process, despite removal from the magnetic field.
Performance of the HWRF Rapid Intensification Analog Ensemble (HWRF RI-AnEn) during the 2017 and 2018 HFIP Real-Time Demonstrations

AbstractThe performance of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model Rapid Intensification Analog Ensemble (RI-AnEn) is evaluated for real-time forecasts made during the National ...
Internal Control Weaknesses and the Demand for Financial Skills: Evidence from U.S. Job Postings

Ineffective internal controls over financial reporting often relates to a lack of qualified personnel with sufficient accounting and technical expertise. In this study, we examine whether firms respond to internal control failures by increasing their demand for specific accounting and finance skills. Using unique data containing an extensive collection of job postings, we document significant increases in firms’ demand for employees with financial skills following the disclosure of an internal control weakness. This demand effect is more pronounced among jobs requiring accounting skills or accounting software knowledge, but also extends to non-accounting personnel that interface with accounting functions, suggesting an important role for all firm personnel in remediating internal control failures. We also find that increased financial skill demand is associated with a higher likelihood of internal control remediation, especially for firms with restatements. We also provide additional evidence consistent with increased financial skill demand relating to the disclosure of a material weaknesses rather than a proactive firm response to internal control issues. Overall, our findings shed new light on how firms internally respond to ineffective internal controls by increasing their demand for financial skills in their workforce.
Advancing teacher preparation through ethnic studies: portraits of Filipino American self-identified male teachers

At once a political and cultural intervention, Ethnic Studies as a field sought to create an education whereby students’ knowledges and experiences were valued. While research demonstrating how Eth...
Providing Patient Mobilization With a Mobility Technician Improves Staff Efficiency and Constrains Cost in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Mobility technicians (MTs) demonstrate value in constraining the cost of total joint replacement procedures. MTs are certified medical assistants with specialized ambulation/gait training who work under the direction of the nursing staff to meet patient mobilization demands in hospital wards. This study analyzed their impact on primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods Data were retrospectively reviewed from both the time before and the time after MTs were introduced to the hospital for demographic information (ie, age, gender, race, and payer) and clinical measures (ie, length of stay and discharge disposition). The control group was treated and mobilized according to standard physical therapy and nursing staff protocols. Study group subjects had access to the MTs at the direction of their registered nurse. Included subjects underwent a primary THA procedure for arthritic conditions or hip fractures, or for conversion from a previous hip surgery. Excluded were subjects who underwent procedures for revision, bilateral, or hip resurfacing procedures. Results The study and control groups included 542 and 1297 subjects, respectively. They shared a median length of stay of 2 days (P = .121). More study group subjects were discharged home than were their control group counterparts (91.51%-87.43%, P = .012). Cost analysis revealed an annual savings of $119,794.50 in total first post-acute care (ie, the period spent at a patient’s initial discharge disposition level) costs to the institution. Therefore, MTs would need to successfully treat only 5 patients annually to recoup a savings equivalent to their salary. Conclusion MTs support the recovery of THA patients in the hospital, in turn optimizing their discharge disposition. Institutions may experience a financial benefit in a bundled payment system, in which avoiding costly rehab facilities may result in savings over the episode.
A practical training program for fluid milk defect judging should focus on initial training of panelists.

ABSTRACT The sensory quality of fluid milk is of great importance to processors and consumers. Defects in the expected odor, flavor, or body of the product can affect consumer attitudes toward the product and, ultimately, willingness to purchase the product. Although many methods of sensory evaluation have been developed, defect judging is one particular method that has been used for decades in the dairy industry for evaluating fluid milk. Defect judging is a technique whereby panelists are trained to recognize and rate a standard set of fluid milk defects that originate from various sources (e.g., microbial spoilage). This technique is primarily used in processing facilities where identification of sensory defects can alert personnel to potential quality control issues in raw material quality, processing, or good manufacturing practices. In 2014–2016, a preliminary study of defective milk judging screening and training was conducted by the Milk Quality Improvement Program at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY). The study, which included 37 staff and students from the Cornell community, used prescreenings for common odors and basic tastes, followed by uniform training to select, initially train, and retrain defect judges of unflavored high temperature, short time fluid milk. Significant improvements were seen in correct identification of defect attributes following initial training for all defect attributes, with the exception of fruity/fermented. However, following retraining, significant improvements were observed in only 2 defect attributes: cooked and milk carton. These results demonstrate that initial training is important for panelists to correctly identify fluid milk defect attributes, but that subsequent retraining should be tailored toward specific attributes. This study provides a resource for dairy industry stakeholders to use to develop relevant and efficient training methods for fluid milk defect judging panels.
The Triumph of Novelty over Experience? Social Policy Responses to Demographic Crises in Hungary and Poland since EU Enlargement:

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot.During the past two decade...
Efficacy and safety of a specific commercial high-protein meal-replacement product line in weight management: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Protein is suggested to be the nutrient providing the most satiety and is frequently used in meal-replacement products to achieve weight loss. Commercial products such as Herbalife high-protein (HP...
Stacking disease resistance and mineral biofortification in cassava varieties to enhance yields and consumer health.

Delivering the benefits of agricultural biotechnology to smallholder farmers requires that resources be directed towards staple food crops. To achieve effect at scale, beneficial traits must be integrated into multiple, elite farmer-preferred varieties with relevance across geographical regions. The staple root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) is consumed for dietary calories by more than 800 million people, but its tuberous roots provide insufficient iron and zinc to meet nutritional needs. In Africa, cassava yields are furthermore limited by the virus diseases, cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). In this study, we strove to develop cassava displaying high-level resistance to CBSD and CMD to attain food and economic security for cassava farmers, along with biofortified levels of iron and zinc to enhance consumer health. RNAi-mediated technology was used to achieve resistance to CBSD in two East African and one Nigerian farmer-preferred cultivars that harboured resistance to CMD. The Nigerian cvs. TMS 95/0505 and TMS 91/02324 were modified with T-DNA imparting resistance to CBSD, along with AtIRT1 (major iron transporter) and AtFER1 (ferritin) transgenes to achieve nutritionally significant levels of iron and zinc in cassava storage roots (145 and 40 µg/g dry weight, respectively). The inherent resistance to CMD was maintained in all four disease resistant and mineral enhanced cassava cultivars described here, demonstrating that this technique could be deployed across multiple farmer-preferred varieties to benefit the food and nutritional security of consumers in Africa.
Abstract P740: Late Effects of Bilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis in an Aged Mouse Model

Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) or global hypoperfusion is an experimental model of vascular dementia known to effect cognition. Chronic global hypoperfusion increases astrogliosis within ...
SL-RPL: Stability-Aware Load Balancing for RPL

The Internet of Things (IoT) is exponentially growing and requires reliable and efficient protocols to grow with it. Routing Protocol for LLN (RPL) is designed to meet the different requirements of IoT. However, RPL does not support load balancing. Without a proper load balancing mechanism, IoT devices may experience severe congestion problem, resulting in packet loss and delay. However, when using congestion-aware routing metrics to achieve load balancing, frequent parent switching may occur, which can induce instability in IoT networks. In this project, we propose a stability-aware load balancing method for RPL. We evaluate the improved performance of our solution in simulations. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed method can significantly improve the stability and performance of RP.
Non-equilibrium criticality and efficient exploration of glassy landscapes with memory dynamics

Spin glasses are notoriously difficult to study both analytically and numerically due to the presence of frustration and metastability. Their highly non-convex landscapes require collective updates to explore efficiently. Currently, most state-of-the-art algorithms rely on stochastic spin clusters to perform non-local updates, but such "cluster algorithms" lack general efficiency. Here, we introduce a non-equilibrium approach for simulating spin glasses based on classical dynamics with memory. By simulating various classes of 3d spin glasses (Edwards-Anderson, partially-frustrated, and fully-frustrated models), we find that memory dynamically promotes critical spin clusters during time evolution, in a self-organizing manner. This facilitates an efficient exploration of the low-temperature phases of spin glasses.
EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES ON HYPOXIA-INDUCED ERYTHROPOIETIN PRODUCTION

The effects of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on erythropoietin (Epo) production in Hep3B cells were examined. The addition of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or TNF-alpha resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of hypoxia-induced Epo production by as much as 89%. IL-1 beta was the most effective cytokine tested, demonstrating half-maximal inhibition at 0.4 U/mL compared with 1.0 and 10.0 U/mL for IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha, respectively. TGF-beta also inhibited hypoxia-induced Epo production, but only by as much as 56%. In contrast to IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, the addition of IL-6 to hypoxic Hep3B cells resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of hypoxia-induced Epo production by as much as 81%. However, IL-6 did not stimulate Epo synthesis in the absence of hypoxia, and was thus synergistic with hypoxia in inducing Epo production. Combinations of IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were found to be additive in their effects on hypoxia-induced Epo production. By Northern blot analysis, Epo messenger RNA levels in Hep3B cells grown in 1% O2 were decreased when concurrently exposed to either IL-1 alpha or TNF-alpha. The effects that IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 have on hypoxia-induced Epo production may provide new insights into the signal transduction pathway by which hypoxia leads to changes in gene expression. In addition, the effects of these inflammatory cytokines on hypoxia-induced Epo production in vitro suggest that in various inflammatory disorders these cytokines may affect Epo production in vivo and may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease.
Best Care Anywhere: Why VA Healthcare Would Work Better for Everyone, 3rd ed.

Full Disclosure: This is a biased review. As a retired U.S. Army colonel and a physician who has practiced in Army, University and VA hospitals as well as in private practice, and who was the chair...
Conservative Optical Logic Devices: COLD

Publisher Summary Conservative optical logic devices (COLD) aim at satisfying needs in niche markets. Where it is applicable, it has uniquely wonderful properties. This chapter describes COLD. Many integrated optical devices on silicon substrates have been developed and many more are being developed that combine small optical components on the same substrate as the electronics that operate them—a kind of best of both worlds approach. Those devices can be used for COLD. The most powerful COLD approach involves a digital light deflector (DLD). It can be made conservative, because it can build the DLD out of conservative operations, such as the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The chapter focuses on the great deal of work on finding non-Boolean logics more amenable to COLD.
Prenatal Diagnosis for Sickle Cell Diseasea

Prenatal diagnoses for sickle cell disease in the United States and Canada numbered at least 1065 through the end of 1987. The 272 prenatal diagnoses in the United States in 1987 constituted only about 4.1% of the estimated pregnancies at risk. The termination rate for diagnosed fetuses was 39% for sickle cell anemia and 23% for hemoglobin SC disease. Prenatal hemoglobinopathy screening programs should not be judged solely on the number of terminations for affected fetuses. Other benefits are reassurance for couples shown to have an unaffected fetus and, for couples shown to have an affected fetus, preparation for the birth of a child requiring special care and information relevant to future childbearing.
Importance of anaerobic superoxide dismutase synthesis in facilitating outgrowth of Escherichia coli upon entry into an aerobic habitat.

Abstract The manganese-containing isozyme of superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is synthesized by Escherichia coli only during aerobiosis, in accordance with the fact that superoxide can be formed only in aerobic environments. In contrast, E. coli continues to synthesize the iron-containing isozyme (FeSOD) even in the absence of oxygen. A strain devoid of FeSOD exhibited no deficits during either anaerobic or continuously aerobic growth, but its growth lagged for 2 h during the transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis. Complementation of this defect with heterologous SODs established that anaerobic SOD synthesis per se is necessary to permit a smooth transition to aerobiosis. The growth deficit was eliminated by supplementation of the medium with branched-chain amino acids, indicating that the growth interruption was due to the established sensitivity of dihydroxyacid dehydratase to endogenous superoxide. Components of the anaerobic respiratory chain rapidly generated superoxide when exposed to oxygen in vitro, suggesting that this transition may be a period of acute oxidative stress. These results show that facultative bacteria must preemptively synthesize SOD during anaerobiosis in preparation for reaeration. The data suggest that evolution has chosen FeSOD for this function because of the relative availability of iron, in comparison to manganese, during anaerobiosis.
Training Consistent Components of Tasks: Developing an Instructional System Based on Automatic/Controlled Processing Principles

The research evaluated the effectiveness of rule-based versus single-step (non-rule-based) approaches to training skills in a classroom setting. Trainees received three days of either rule-based or single-step instruction on base-5 arithmetic skills. Achievement tests were administered after each instructional unit, and trainees' self-assessment of learning was also measured. The trainees' ability to transfer the classroom instruction to a speed-stressed verification task (determining the correctness of equations) was assessed. After rule-based instruction trainees were better able to assess their readiness for promotion to a higher level of instruction. The rule-based instruction also facilitated transfer to the verification task. The implications of automatic/controlled processing theory for providing theoretical and practical underpinnings for the development of instructional systems design are discussed.
Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of hantaviral sequences amplified from archival tissues of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae) captured in the eastern United States.

The S and M segments of a hantavirus, enzymatically amplified from tissues of Cloudland deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae) captured during 1985 in West Virginia, diverged from strains of Four Corners virus from the southwestern United States by more than 16% and 6% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this virus strain (designated Monogahela) forms a possible evolutionary link between the Four Corners and New York hantaviruses.
Pacifism for Nonpacifists

L'A. met en doute la possibilite d'une reconciliation entre le pacifisme et la theorie de la guerre juste proposee par J. Sterba a partir de la substitution du modele pacifiste (peacemaking) au modele belliciste (war-making) de l'activite philosophique. Examinant la distinction entre les formes absolues et conditionnelles du pacificisme et du bellicisme, ainsi que la distinction entre leurs consequences intentionnelles et leurs consequences prevues, l'A. montre que la seule possibilite de reconciliation reside dans les valeurs de la societe democratique liberale
Field methods for rapidly characterizing paint waste during bridge rehabilitation

For Department of Transportation (DOT) agencies, bridge rehabilitation involving paint removal results in waste that is often managed as hazardous. Hence, an approach that provides field characterization of the waste classification would be beneficial. In this study, an analysis of variables critical to the leaching process was conducted to develop a predictive tool for waste classification. This approach first involved identifying mechanistic processes that control leaching. Because steel grit is used to remove paint, elevated iron concentrations remain in the paint waste. As such, iron oxide coatings provide an important surface for metal adsorption. The diffuse layer model was invoked (logKMe=4.65 for Pb and logKMe=2.11 for Cr), where 90% of the data were captured within the 95% confidence level. Based on an understanding of mechanistic processes along with principal component analysis (PCA) of data obtained from field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF), statistically-based models for leaching from paint waste were developed. Modeling resulted in 96% of the data falling within the 95% confidence level for Pb (R(2) 0.6-0.9, p ⩽ 0.04), Ba (R(2) 0.5-0.7, p ⩽ 0.1), and Zn (R(2) 0.6-0.7, p ⩽ 0.08). However, the regression model obtained for Cr leaching was not significant (R(2) 0.3-0.5, p ⩽ 0.75). The results of this work may assist DOT agencies with applying a predictive tool in the field that addresses the mobility of trace metals as well as disposal and management of paint waste during bridge rehabilitation.
Chern numbers hiding in time-of-flight images

We present a technique for detecting topological invariants---Chern numbers---from time-of-flight images of ultracold atoms. We show that the Chern numbers of integer quantum Hall states of lattice fermions leave their fingerprints in the atoms' momentum distribution. We analytically demonstrate that the number of local maxima in the momentum distribution is equal to the Chern number in two limiting cases, for large hopping anisotropy and in the continuum limit. In addition, our numerical simulations beyond these two limits show that these local maxima persist for a range of parameters. Thus, an everyday observable in cold atom experiments can serve as a useful tool to characterize and visualize quantum states with nontrivial topology.
Late Holocene estuarine–inner shelf interactions; is there evidence of an estuarine retreat path for Tampa Bay, Florida?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if and how a large, modern estuarine system, situated in the middle of an ancient carbonate platform, has affected its adjacent inner shelf both in the past during the last, post-glacial sea-level rise and during the present. An additional purpose was to determine if and how this inner shelf seaward of a major estuary differed from the inner shelves located just to the north and south but seaward of barrier-island shorelines. Through side-scan sonar mosaicking, bathymetric studies, and ground-truthing using surface grab samples as well as diver observations, two large submarine sand plains were mapped – one being the modern ebb-tidal delta and the other interpreted to be a relict ebb-tidal delta formed earlier in the Holocene. The most seaward portion of the inner shelf studied consists of a field of lobate, bathymetrically elevated, fine-sand accumulations, which were interpreted to be sediment-starved 3D dunes surrounded by small 2D dunes composed of coarse molluscan shell gravel. Additionally, exposed limestone hardbottoms supporting living benthic communities were found as well. This modern shelf sedimentary environment is situated on a large, buried shelf valley, which extends eastward beneath the modern Tampa Bay estuary. These observations plus the absence of an incised shelf valley having surficial bathymetric expression, and the absence of sand bodies normally associated with back-tracking estuarine systems indicate that there was no cross-shelf estuarine retreat path formed during the last rise in sea level. Instead, the modern Tampa Bay formed within a mid-platform, low-relief depression, which was flooded by rising marine waters late in the Holocene. With continued sea-level rise in the late Holocene, this early embayment was translated eastward or landward to its present position, whereby a larger ebb-tidal delta prograded out onto the inner shelf. Extensive linear sand ridges, common to the inner shelves to the north and south, did not form in this shelf province because it was a low-energy, open embayment lacking the wave climate and nearshore zone necessary to create such sand bodies. The distribution of bedforms on the inner shelf and the absence of seaward-oriented 2D dunes on the modern ebb-tidal delta indicate that the modern estuarine system has had little effect on its adjacent inner shelf.
Interface Relaxation Methods for Elliptic Differential Equations

A population of seven non-overlapping domain decomposition methods for solving elliptic differential equations are viewed and formulated as iterated interface relaxation procedures. A comprehensive review of the underlying mathematical ideas and the computational characteristics is given. The existing theoretical results are also reviewed and high level descriptions of the various algorithms are presented. The effectiveness of these methods on various differential problems is investigated by presenting and discussing preliminary performance evaluation data.
Glucose transporters and glucose utilization in rat brain after acute ethanol administration.

In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirements as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. In the present study, effects of ethanol on glucose transporters (GLUT) and glucose utilization were examined in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250–300 gms were given either ethanol 3 gm/kg BW or saline IP 4 hrs prior to the animal sacrifice and removal of the cerebral cortical tissue. The cortical plasma membranes analyzed by cytochalasin B binding assay showed a decrease in GLUT number but not in GLUT affinity in the ethanol treated rats as compared to the control rats. The estimated Ro values were 70±8.9 Vs 91±8.9 pmoles/mg protein (p<0.05 N=4) and the estimated Kd values were 0.37±0.03 and 0.28±0.05 μM (p: NS) in ethanol and control experiments respectively. Immunoblots of purified cerebral plasma membranes and low density microsomal fraction showed 17% and 71% decrease for GLUT1 and 54% and 21% (p<0.05 or less; n=6) for GLUT3 respectively in ethanol treated rats than in control animals. Immunofluoresence studies also showed reduction of GLUT1 immunoreactively in choroid plexus and cortical microvessels of ethanol treated rats as compared to control rats. The effect of ethanol on regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (CMRGk) was studied using [6-14C] glucose and showed statistically insignificant decrease in brain glucose, utilization. These data suggest that ethanol invivo decrease GLUT number and protein content in rat cerebral cortex
The 1991 Budget: Fiscal Policy inside the ERM

In the past four years, the economy has been suffering from the problems of excess demand. For as long as demand exceeded potential supply, it was not possible to be optimistic about the economic outlook; either inflation had to take the strain, or the current account had to stay in heavy deficit. The Government attacked this problem mainly by tightening monetary policy from mid-1988 onwards and, by the end of 1990, there were at last signs that the economy had returned to much better balance, with demand no longer substantially higher than potential supply. Unfortunately, there may now be an over-correction of demand, with the downward momentum in the economic system likely to depress activity for some time, and probably to take unemployment to levels which exceed its equilibrium rate. This will bring inflation down on a sustained basis.
The IBM Blue Gene project

This paper provides a short overview of the IBM Blue Gene® project and an introduction to all of the papers in this issue of the IBM Journal of Research and Development.
Five early accounts of phantom limb in context: Paré Descartes, Lemos, Bell, and Mitchell

PHANTOM LIMB WAS described long before American physician and surgeon Silas Weir Mitchell coined the term and drew attention to the disorder in the 1860s. The early descriptions of Ambroise Pare, Rene Descartes, Aaron Lemos, Charles Bell, and then Mitchell of this strange consequence of amputation are presented in historical and cultural context. These five men described phantom limbs for various reasons. They also differed when it came to explaining and dealing with these illusory sensations. The rich history of phantom limbs can begin to be appreciated by viewing the contributions of these individuals in perspective and by realizing that their writings represent only a fraction of what was published about phantom limbs more than 130 years ago.
Toward missile defenses from the sea

Sea‐based contributions to missile defenses should both address the threat from emerging rogue states and maintain strategic stability with former adversaries. For these missions, deploying a small number of sea‐based radars and boost‐phase interceptors makes sense.
L1, N-cadherin, and laminin induce distinct distribution patterns of cytoskeletal elements in growth cones

Growth cones are highly motile extensions of growing neuronal processes that have a well-characterized cytoskeleton, which is necessary for motility and directed growth. In culture, neurons have been observed to extend processes on a variety of substrates made of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) or extracellular matrix molecules (ECM molecules). We have previously shown that retinal ganglion cell (RGC) growth cones exhibit characteristic morphologies dependent on the substrate on which they are grown (Payne et al., 1992: Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 21:65-73). Upon contact with a sharp border between two substrates, the growth cones display rapid changes in morphology (Burden-Gulley et al., 1995: J. Neurosci. 15:4370-4381) that may result from extensive restructuring of the cytoskeleton. In the present study, immunocytochemical methods were used to examine the distribution of three cytoskeletal elements in RGC growth cones growing on L1, N-cadherin, or laminin as well as on dishes coated with alternating lanes of these substrates. Distinct distribution patterns of f-actin, microtubules (MTs), and neurofilaments (NFs) were observed in growth cones growing on individual substrates. At border regions between two substrates, growth cones with extensive lamellipodial contact with the second substrate were observed to have f-actin and MT distribution patterns appropriate for the new substrate encountered. Contact via filopodia alone did not evoke this change. Redistribution of NFs was observed only after the majority of the growth cone had crossed onto the second substrate. These results suggest that actin and MTs, but probably not NFs, are directly influenced by CAMs and ECM molecules to produce changes in growth cone morphology. The distribution of two members of the protein tyrosine kinase family, pp60arc and p59fyn, and phosphorylated tyrosine residues was also examined. No differences were observed in the distribution patterns of the kinases and phosphorylated tyrosine residues in growth cones on any of the substrate molecules tested. In addition, the distribution patterns were unchanged in growth cones that contacted and crossed borders between two substrates. These results suggest that redistribution of pp60arc or p59fyn is not required to produce alterations in growth cone morphology induced by contact with L1, N-cadherin or laminin.
On the solvability of Painlevé II and IV

We introduce a rigorous methodology for studying the Riemann-Hilbert problems associated with certain integrable nonlinear ordinary differential equations. For concreteness we investigate the Painleve II and Painleve IV equations. We show that the Cauchy problems for these equations admit in general global, meromorphic int solutions. Furthermore, for special relations among the monodromy data and fort on Stokes lines, these solutions are bounded for finitet.
BSAP (Pax5)-Importin α1 (Rch1) Interaction Identifies a Nuclear Localization Sequence

BSAP (Pax5) is an essential transcription factor for early B cell and central nervous system development. In later B cell development, BSAP has been implicated in the regulation of 3' Ig enhancers and a number of B cell-specific genes. Previous studies have suggested a role for BSAP-interacting proteins in the regulation of the function of BSAP. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified importin alpha1 (Rch1) as a BSAP-interacting protein. Importin alpha proteins have been shown to escort proteins into the nucleus through interaction with a nuclear localization signal (NLS), composed of short stretches of basic amino acids. A predicted NLS in BSAP (NKRKRDE, located at amino acids 195-201 in the central domain) was confirmed to be essential for interaction with importin alpha1 by the yeast two-hybrid assay. Physical interaction between BSAP and importin alpha1 was detected in vitro by a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assay. The NLS sequence in BSAP conferred nuclear localization to green fluorescent protein (GFP)-BSAP fusion proteins. Although the N-terminal paired (DNA-binding) domain of BSAP also conferred nuclear localization when coupled to green fluorescent protein, this domain did not bind to importin alpha1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. The NLS sequence in the central domain of BSAP binds to the C-terminal 98-amino acid fragment of importin alpha1.
Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound

Significance: Fibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing. Various extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, fibrin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and matricellular proteins, can be considered potent protagonists of fibroblast survival, migration, and metabolism. Recent Advances: Advances in tissue culture, tissue engineering, and ex vivo models have made the examination and precise measurements of ECM components in wound healing possible. Likewise, the development of specific transgenic animal models has created the opportunity to characterize the role of various ECM molecules in healing wounds. In addition, the recent characterization of new ECM molecules, including matricellular proteins, dermatopontin, and FACIT collagens (Fibril-Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple helices), further demonstrates our cursory knowledge of the ECM in coordinated wound healing. Critical Issues: The manipulation and augmentation of ECM components in the healing wound is emerging in patient care, as demonstrated by the use of acellular dermal matrices, tissue scaffolds, and wound dressings or topical products bearing ECM proteins such as collagen, hyaluronan (HA), or elastin. Once thought of as neutral structural proteins, these molecules are now known to directly influence many aspects of cellular wound healing. Future Directions: The role that ECM molecules, such as CCN2, osteopontin, and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine, play in signaling homing of fibroblast progenitor cells to sites of injury invites future research as we continue investigating the heterotopic origin of certain populations of fibroblasts in a healing wound. Likewise, research into differently sized fragments of the same polymeric ECM molecule is warranted as we learn that fragments of molecules such as HA and tenascin-C can have opposing effects on dermal fibroblasts.
Tenant assignment policies with time-dependent priorities

Abstract Public housing authorities require flexible methods for determining how to allocate scarce housing units. Some tenant assignment policies assign applicants using absolute priority structures (for example, emergency versus regular applicants). Other policies utilize mixing ratios to achieve objectives such as racial or social integration of housing projects. In this paper, we develop a class of policies with time-dependent priorities which incorporates the features of both approaches discussed above. We show that time-dependent priorities repair some of the problems associated with fixed priority systems. In addition, we emphasize the ease with which time-dependent priorities can be implemented.