cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACTORS OF RESISTANCE TO HETEROPLASTIC TISSUE-GRAFTING : STUDIES IN TISSUE SPECIFICITY. III.

It has been shown that the chick embryo offers suitable conditions for the growth of implanted tissues, whether these be embryonic or adult, of the same species or a foreign one. The chick at about the time of hatching develops a defensive mechanism against the tissue of foreign species. This resistance can be supplied to the embryo in the early stages if grafts of adult spleen or bone marrow are implanted. Under these conditions the embryo exhibits the same resistance to foreign tissue as does the adult, and presents the same histological manifestations about the graft. Furthermore, the same tissues, spleen and bone marrow, when grafted into an embryo with an established and growing rat tumor, bring about a retrogression and absorption of the foreign tissue. Other adult tissues do not supply this power to the embryo.
Why veterinary medicine and veterinary medical education needs an accurate census of companion animals by household for the United States.

Just how many veterinarians need to be trained for companion-animal care in the United States? One might answer, ‘‘Enough but not too many’’; but how many are enough? The answer to that question clearly depends on how many companion animals there are in the United States, and that is the problem. No one knows just howmany companion animals there are in the United States, and until we do know, it is nearly impossible to predict just how many companionanimal veterinarians we should be educating. Knowing the total number of companion animals in the United States would be a very helpful start. Taking the data further and matching the pet population to the demographics of the pet-owning human population would provide even more constructive information upon which to build a plan of care and, from there, a plan for educating the number of companion-animal veterinarians that is truly needed and for determining the varying nature of their expertise.
ABELIZED VIRASORO OPERATORS, GEOMETRY AND THE STRING VERTEX OPERATOR

In this article, we review recent work on constrained Hamiltonian systems with infinite-dimensional constraint algebras. The work is based on an extension of the constraint algebra to include subsidiary (gauge-fixing) constraints and a central element, forming a larger, closed algebra. This extension leads to several immediate results, at both a practical and a conceptual level: 1) A simple method is found for abelizing the original constraints. 2) This leads naturally to a “generalized vielbein” relating Abelian and non-Abelian quantities. 3) The vielbein apparatus makes transparent the full global symmetry of the extended phase space associated with the Batalin, Fradkin and Vilkovisky formalism. An interesting duality also arises between quantities with “Abelian” and “non-Abelian” indices. String theory provides the most important and straightforward application of these general methods. For this special case, one finds that the vielbeins are the Fourier components of the string vertex operator. The vertex operator describes the physical process of photon emission, and determines the physical modes of the string by way of the DDF operators. Due to the relation between the vertex operator and the vielbein, the dual abelized Virasoro operators simplify the usual discussion of the physical Fock space. The correspondence between these two fundamental objects, the vertex and the vielbein, thus provides a geometric understanding of the usual algebraic approach to string theory.
An interpolation theorem for holomorphic automorphisms of C n

We construct automorphisms ofCnwhich map certain discrete sequences one onto another with prescribed finite jet at each point, thus solving a general Mittag-Leffler interpolation problem for automorphisms. Under certain circumstances, this can be done while also approximating a given automorphism on a compact set.
2-Deoxyglucose transport by the frog sartorius: Effects of electrical stimulation and N-carbobenzoxy-glycyl-l-phenylalaninamide

Abstract 1. 1. Studies characterizing glucose transport in the frog sartorius were performed. 2. 2. For nonstimulated and stimulated muscles, intracellular 2-deoxyglucose exceeded 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate at 15 min, showed little further increase, and was maintained below the extracellular concentration for 2 hr. 3. 3. Accumulated 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate did not inhibit glucose transport. 4. 4. Unlike in adipocytes, basal and stimulated 2-deoxyglucose transport showed no difference in sensitivity to N -carbobenzoxy-glycyl- l -phenylalaninamide. 5. 5. Phenylarsine oxide blocked contraction-enhanced 2-deoxyglucose uptake. 6. 6. These results suggest that the glucose transporter of the sartorius exhibits auto-regulation, and that basal transport is not regulated by the same process as in adipocytes.
Broad coverage automatic morphological segmentation of German words

A system for the automatic segmentation of German words into morphs was developed. The main linguistic knowledge sources used by the system are a word syntax and a morph dictionary. The syntax is written in the formalism of right linear regular grammars and comprises approximately 1, 400 rules describing the set of those sequences of morph classes which underlie syntactically well formed words. The morph dictionary contains almost 11, 000 morphs. Each morph is assigned to up to 6 morph classes. - Statistical evaluations with 6000 text words showed that more than 99% of the segmented words got a correct segmentation.
LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES: POPULATION STUDIES

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity, measured with 4-methyl-umbelliferyl oleate as substrate, is present in high concentration in lymphocytes and monocytes, but not in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood samples by modification of the Ficoll-Isopaque method of B8yum (Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. 97, 1968). More than 300 random samples were obtained; LAL and acid β-galactosidase (GAL) were assayed and their specific activities, as well as the LAL/GAL ratio, were determined. There was an approximately continuous unimodal distribution of LAL, GAL and LAL/GAL among males and females, blacks and whites. There were no significant sex differences for any of the measurements, nor was there a significant difference in GAL activity between blacks and whites. However, blacks appeared to have higher lymphocyte LAL activity than whites. This difference was most readily seen in the first decade of life. In this age group, the LAL/GAL ratio among blacks was nearly twice that for whites. Studies of LAL activity among families are underway. (Supported in part by NIH grant HL 18723-01; National Foundation grant 6-80 and AHA grant 76-768).
Determination of lead in soil

The analytical determination of lead in soil is discussed with particular reference to emission spectrographic and atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. The problems associated with the two techniques are discussed, and accuracy and precision data are presented. Data indicating that the titanium-to-lead concentration ratio can be used to differentiate between lead-contaminated and noncontaminated soils are presented.
A Review of the Fourteenth International Conference on Machine Learning

We briefly review each paper of the Fourteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, along with some general observations on the conference as a whole. The major topics of papers include data reduction, feature selection, ensembles of classifiers, natural language learning, text categorization, inductive logic programming, stochastic models, and reinforcement learning.
Thioamides: Minimalist Chromophores for Monitoring Protein Conformation

We have recently shown that the thioamide - a single-atom substitution of the peptide backbone - can be used as a probe to monitor structural changes in proteins by quenching fluorophores, including the natural amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine, and several unnatural amino acids. We have developed methods for incorporating the thioamides into full-sized proteins by chemically synthesizing peptides containing the thioamides, and ligating them to proteins expressed in E. coli cells. Donor fluorophores can be incorporated into the cellularly-expressed fragment using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis or post-expression labeling, so that double-labeled proteins can be generated with a minimum of unnecessary peptide synthesis. Development of these methods allows us to begin study of the role of protein motion in processes such as cell signaling and amyloid diseases.
DNA sequencing: Read with quantum mechanics.

Electron tunnelling can be used to selectively identify the basic constituents of DNA, indicating that the approach could be used to efficiently read a DNA sequence.
Prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplantation: A randomized trial comparing a combination of ganciclovir and acyclovir to acyclovir

Background The optimal prophylactic regimen to prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in orthotopic liver-transplant patients remains to be established. We tested whether a combination of intravenous ganciclovir (GCV) followed by high dosages of oral acyclovir (ACV) for 4 months provided a higher degree of protection from CMV than oral ACV alone. Methods One hundred sixty-seven liver-transplant recipients were randomized to receive 120 days of antiviral treatment starting at the time of transplantation consisting of either ACV 800 mg orally four times daily (n=84) or 14 days of GCV 5 mg/kg intravenously every 12 hr followed by oral ACV 800 mg four times daily (n=83). Prospective laboratory and clinical surveillance was performed to determine primary endpoints (onset of CMV infection and CMV disease) and secondary endpoints (rates of fungal and bacterial infection, allograft rejection, and survival after transplantation). One-year event rates are presented as cumulative percentages. Results During the first year after transplantation, CMV infection developed in 57% of patients treated with ACV and in 37% of patients treated with GCV + ACV (P=0.001). CMV disease developed in 23% of patients treated with ACV and in 11% of patients treated with GCV + ACV (P=0.03). In seronegative recipients of allografts from CMV-seropositive donors (D+/R-), CMV disease developed in 58% of patients treated with ACV and in 25% of patients treated with GCV + ACV (P=0.04). In the D+/R- group, 54% of patients treated with ACV and 17% of patients treated with GCV + ACV developed infection with Candida albicans (P=0.05). Conclusions Prophylaxis of CMV infection in liver-transplant patients with 14 days of intravenous GCV followed by high-dosage oral ACV is more effective than high-dosage oral ACV alone at reducing CMV infection and disease, even for patients in the D+/R- CMV serological group.
Strategy use and challenges of ecological design in landscape architecture

Abstract Despite growing interest, rhetoric and research on ecological design in landscape architecture, practitioners in the US are not implementing as many ecological design strategies as might be expected. To better understand this phenomenon, the Green Building Practice Survey (GBPS) was carried out among landscape architects practicing varying degrees of ecological design to determine: (1) the frequency of use of common ecological design landscape strategies; (2) the obstacles and challenges that contribute to non-use; (3) significant characteristics of the firms; and (4) methods of project delivery. Phase I of the Green Building Practice Study, an online survey undertaken in association with the American Society of Landscape Architects, measured ecological design strategy use, identified unique characteristics of US ecological design practice in landscape architecture, and quantitatively revealed many challenges and constraints that practitioners face as they try to implement strategies. Phase II of the study, discussed in a separate publication, targeted a representative sample of 44 respondents with standard-questionnaire phone interviews to elucidate methods and techniques of ecological design practice. The study revealed high-frequency use of native plants, local materials, and site protection strategies; while use of green roofs, on-site wastewater treatment and material life-cycle analysis was quite low among the respondents. Commonly cited challenges were: issues of cost; lack of information, testing and data on performance of strategies; time available for research; and resistance by project stakeholders, other consultants and code officials. The results of this study highlight a strong need for research demonstrating the economic and performance advantages of ecological design; strengthened information dissemination forums for practitioners; and marketing and education efforts directed to all project stakeholders. This paper will present the survey results, relate them to similar studies in allied fields, discuss strategy use and challenges within the framework of Classical Diffusion Theory, and identify opportunities and forums where the challenges might be addressed.
Perioperative antibiotic use of dermatologic surgeons in 2012.

Background Recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery have been established, but there is variability in perioperative antibiotic use of dermatologists. Authoritative guidelines have shifted away from routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis because there is no conclusive evidence that antibiotic use reduces risk of infective endocarditis or prosthetic joint infection. Objective To determine current practices of perioperative antibiotic use of Mohs-trained surgeons and to compare patterns of use with updated administration guidelines. Methods and Materials A survey was sent to American College of Mohs Surgery members in 2012. The main outcome measures were survey responses relating to demographic characteristics, experience with postoperative infection, familiarity with antibiotic guidelines, perioperative antibiotic practices, attitudes regarding antibiotic use, and antibiotic selection. Results Most survey respondents are familiar with the Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Dermatologic Surgery Advisory Statement 2008, but respondents give antibiotics for more indications than are recommended. Although not recommended, a high percentage reported giving antibiotics to patients at high risk of infective endocarditis or joint infection even when surgery does not breach oral mucosa or involve infected skin. Conclusion Dermatologic surgeons overuse perioperative antibiotics for prevention of surgical site infection, infective endocarditis, and prosthetic joint infection based on current recommendations.
Direct Combined ab Initio/Transition State Theory Study of the Kinetics of the Abstraction Reactions of Halogenated Methanes with Hydrogen Atoms

Theoretical calculations were carried out on the H-, Cl-, and F-atom abstraction reactions from a series of seven substituted halogenated methanes (CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, CHF3, CHF2Cl, and CHFCl2 )b y H atom attacks. Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequency calculations were performed using unrestricted Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (UMP2) with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Single-point energy calculations were performed with the highly correlated ab initio coupled cluster method in the space of single, double and triple (pertubatively) electron excitations CCSD(T) using the 6-311 ++G(3df,3pd) basis set. Canonical transition-state theory with a simple tunneling correction was used to predict the rate constants as a function of temperature (700-2500 K), and three-parameter Arrhenius expressions were obtained by fitting to the computed rate constants for elementary channels and overall reaction.
Career opportunity and organizational attachment in a blue-collar unionized environment

Abstract Organizations and the larger socio-economic environment have always presented the context in which careers unfold and evolve over time. One notable change is that promotion opportunities have been drastically reduced as organizations flatten their hierarchies and restructure. Reduced commitment by both organizations and their members are increasingly characteristic of the emerging employment relationship. This study investigated an alternative to mobility opportunity in a blue-collar unionized sample and finds that perceived role enhancement opportunity (i.e., expanding task complexity and more autonomy in the near future) related positively to attitudinal outcomes historically associated with promotion opportunity (i.e., organizational commitment, work involvement, and career opportunity satisfaction) and, in fact, explained more criterion variance. This was especially true of incumbents with two or less years of position tenure.
THE EXCHANGEABILITY OF HEDONIC PROPERTY PRICE STUDIES

. Observations drawn from multiple markets are essential to the construction of indices of housing costs and to measures of demand for housing attributes. It is not evident when multiple markets exist or whether such markets exist for some attributes but not for others. We test for multiple markets by using Bayesian methods to assess the transferability (random exchangeability) of entire hedonic price expressions from one site and time to another, the transferability of hedonic price functions for particular attributes, and the degrees of similarity that hedonic price functions must have in order to be transferable. In our illustrations, price functions for structural housing attributes are generally transferable; prices for neighborhood attributes are not. Therefore, in our illustrations, the desired price indices and demand functions should be estimable for neighborhood attributes, but not for structural ones.
Undergraduate Research Groups: Two Models:

Research suggests that participation in out-of-class research projects is a valuable experience for undergraduate psychology students. At many academic institutions, however, limited resources and ...
Dietary and Genetic Obesity Promote Liver Inflammation and Tumorigenesis by Enhancing IL-6 and TNF Expression

Epidemiological studies indicate that overweight and obesity are associated with increased cancer risk. To study how obesity augments cancer risk and development, we focused on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the common form of liver cancer whose occurrence and progression are the most strongly affected by obesity among all cancers. We now demonstrate that either dietary or genetic obesity is a potent bona fide liver tumor promoter in mice. Obesity-promoted HCC development was dependent on enhanced production of the tumor-promoting cytokines IL-6 and TNF, which cause hepatic inflammation and activation of the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3. The chronic inflammatory response caused by obesity and enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF may also increase the risk of other cancers.
Cellular Membrane Tether (Nanotube) Retraction, Mobility, and Coalescence

During leukocyte rolling on the endothelium, membrane tethers (nanotubes)are extracted simultaneously from both leukocytes and endothelial cells because of the force imposed by the blood flow. Tether extraction has been shown to stabilize leukocyte rolling by increasing the lifetime of the adhesive selectin-ligand bonds that mediate leukocyte rolling. Over the past two decades, tether extraction has been studied extensively, both experimentally and theoretically. In contrast, much less is known about tether retraction. Tether retraction may occur in several occasions. For example, upon the breakage of the selectin-ligand bonds during leukocyte rolling, extracted tethers may retract back to the cells. In addition, during simultaneous tether extraction (two tethers, one from a leukocyte and the other from an endothelial cell, linked in series by receptor-ligand bonds), one tether will retract when the pulling force falls below the larger threshold force. In this work, with the micro-cantilever technique where latex beads affixed on silicon cantilevers were used as the force transducer, we extracted tethers either perpendicular or tangential to the neutrophil surface. Little movement of the tether-cell junction was observed during tangential tether extraction and no coalescence was observed during multiple tether extraction. Following adhesion rupture, spontaneous tether retraction was visualized by membrane staining, which revealed two phases: one was fast and exponential, whereas the other was slow and linear. Both phases can be reproduced with a mechanical model, showing that the first phase was dominated by elastic deformation recovery and the latter slow phase was driven by the far-field membrane tension on the cell body and the membrane-cytoskeleton adhesion. These results show for the first time how neutrophil tethers shorten upon instantaneous force removal and illustrate further how membrane tethers contribute to neutrophil rolling stability during the inflammatory response.
Mesangial cell, glomerular and renal vascular responses to endothelin in the rat kidney. Elucidation of signal transduction pathways.

We investigated the actions of endothelin in anesthetized rats and cultured mesangial cells. Intravenous infusion of endothelin (10 pmol/min) decreased renal blood flow by 44% at 20 min without changing arterial pressure, which subsequently rose significantly from 124 +/- 3 to 133 +/- 4 mmHg over 60 min. Micropuncture during the nonhypertensive period revealed increases in afferent (65%) and efferent (82%) arteriolar resistances, thereby reducing nephron plasma flow rate. The glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) fell from 0.097 +/- 0.035 to 0.031 +/- 0.011 nl/(s.mmHg) as did single nephron filtration rate (41 +/- 3 to 19 +/- 3 nl/min). Addition of 5 nM endothelin to mesangial cells plated on a silicone rubber substrate increased the intensity and number of tension-generated wrinkles, and caused their reappearance in forskolin prerelaxed cells. 20-30 s following exposure of fura-2 loaded mesangial cells to 10 nM endothelin, single cell intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca]i) increased from a mean baseline value of 66 +/- 11 (SE) to a peak of 684 +/- 250 nM (P less than 0.05) followed by a sustained elevation at 145 +/- 42 nM. Anion exchange HPLC revealed rapid (15 s) and dose-dependent stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) generation following exposure of [3H]myoinositol preloaded mesangial cells to 10-100 nM endothelin. Endothelin also led to intracellular alkalinization of 2'7'-bis(2-carboxy-ethyl)-5(and-6)carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)-loaded mesangial cells and its addition was associated with dramatic augmentation of mitogenic activity. Thus, endothelin exerts potent constrictor effects on renal arterioles which precede its systemic hypertensive action. It lowers Kf and contracts mesangial cells, likely through stimulation of IP3 generation and elevation of [Ca]i. It is a potent mesangial cell mitogen. These studies define functional responses and signal transduction pathways for endothelin in the rat kidney and propose a potential role for this peptide in the control of mesangial cell function, glomerular filtration rate, and renal vascular tone.
Direct electrophysiological measurement of attentional templates in visual working memory.

When we look for our children on the playground, internal representations of these important targets must guide our search through the cluttered and chaotic scene. Several theories of attention propose that we hold target representations (i.e., attentional templates) in visual working memory (VWM) to control perceptual attention (Bundesen, Habekost, & Kyllingsbaek, 2005; Desimone & Duncan, 1995). Although this is a foundational theoretical assumption, there is no direct electrophysiological evidence from humans supporting this proposal and recordings from monkeys have yielded mixed results (Chelazzi, Miller, Duncan, & Desimone, 1993, 2001; Kusunoki, Sigala, Gaffan, & Duncan, 2009). This makes it difficult to rule out the classic hypothesis that visual search may operate like a prepared reflex, unguided by VWM representations (Logan, 1978). In the present study, we tested the attentional-template hypothesis by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from subjects while they searched for targets in complex scenes. On each trial, subjects saw a target-cue array followed by a complex search array (see Figure 1A). We focused our analyses on the ERPs following the cue to determine whether the contralateral-delay activity (CDA) was present. The CDA indexes the maintenance of representations in VWM (e.g., Vogel & Machizawa, 2004), thus providing an ideal tool for testing the hypothesis that we maintain attentional templates in VWM during search. That is, unlike imaging studies demonstrating how brain areas modulate under different task demands (e.g., Soto, Humphreys, & Rotshtein, 2007), we can use the CDA component to definitely show that the same VWM mechanisms relied upon in explicit-memory tasks are engaged in maintaining attentional templates. If templates are maintained in VWM, then we should observe a cue-elicited CDA that continues until search is performed. Furthermore, if the cue-elicited CDA directly measures the attentional template, then CDA amplitude measured prior to the search task should predict subsequent performance. Figure 1 The stimuli, ERP findings, and relationship between the ERPs and behavior. A) Example of the stimulus sequence and the grand-average waveforms from electrodes T5/6, where the effect was maximal, contralateral (red) and ipsilateral (black) to the location ...
Communication based logic partitioning

The problem of partitioning, or decomposing a combinational logic specification is addressed. This method operates on the logic specification before the synthesis and mapping steps have been performed. This allows good circuit decomposition and the logic as needed. The main goal of the algorithm is to minimize the number of pins needed to implement the resulting partitions. This is accomplished by adding logic to reduce the number of pins, and by minimizing the number of pins required for inter-partition communication by encoding the signals that flow between partitions. Algorithms are implemented by the use of binary decision diagrams. >
Patient-Reported Outcomes and Survivorship in Radiation Oncology: Overcoming the Cons

Purpose Although patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have become a key component of clinical oncology trials, many challenges exist regarding their optimal application. The goal of this article is to methodically review these barriers and suggest strategies to overcome them. This review will primarily focus on radiation oncology examples, will address issues regarding the “why, how, and what” of PROs, and will provide strategies for difficult problems such as methods for reducing missing data. This review will also address cancer survivorship because it closely relates to PROs. Methods Key articles focusing on PROs, quality of life, and survivorship issues in oncology trials are highlighted, with an emphasis on radiation oncology clinical trials. Publications and Web sites of various governmental and regulatory agencies are also reviewed. Results The study of PROs in clinical oncology trials has become well established. There are guidelines provided by organizations such as the US Food and Drug Administration that clearly indicate the importance of and methodology for studying PROs. Clinical trials in oncology have repeatedly demonstrated the value of studying PROs and suggested ways to overcome some of the key challenges. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) has led some of these efforts, and their contributions are highlighted. The current state of cancer survivorship guidelines is also discussed. Conclusion The study of PROs presents significant benefits in understanding and treating toxicities and enhancing quality of life; however, challenges remain. Strategies are presented to overcome these hurdles, which will ultimately improve cancer survivorship. J Clin Oncol 32:2920-2927. © 2014 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Perturbing thermodynamically unfeasible metabolic networks

Reactions within the cell should satisfy the law of mass conservation and the second law of thermodynamics. Networks of reactions violating any of these laws are unphysical and cannot occur in nature. In this paper we describe a technique that perturbs an unfeasible network to produce a metabolic network that satisfies the two fundamental laws. This algorithm has been applied to study the metabolic pathways of E. coli.
Re-evaluation of the benefits of postoxidation annealing on sub-100 /spl Aring/ gate oxide quality

The effects of postoxidation annealing (POA) on thin gate oxide quality are evaluated in two different MOS integration schemes. One scheme involves a high temperature backend step consisting of a 20-s 1065/spl deg/C rapid thermal anneal after gate polysilicon deposition. The second involves a much lower temperature backend step consisting of a 20-s 800-850/spl deg/C rapid thermal anneal. It is demonstrated that although the POA significantly improves dielectric properties such as charge to breakdown and interface hardness at very low backend temperatures, it does little to improve such properties at high backend temperatures. Given that typical semiconductor processes often include thermal steps that exceed gate oxidation temperatures, it may be possible to eliminate POA with no adverse effects. Eliminating POA can in turn reduce processing time and further reduce total thermal budget.
Platelets and atherogenesis

Summary Two schedules of radiophosphorus administration have been used to prepare thrombocytopenic rabbits for the purpose of uncovering a possible role for platelets in the encrustation phase of cholesterol atheromatosis. The group that was less vigorously treated with 32 P had no deaths from infection, and achieved chronic halving of the platelet count. The latter apparently had no effect on the degree or distribution of cholesterol deposits on the aorta. However, a platelet count of 300,000/mm 3 certainly is not at a thrombocytopenic level and may, in fact, be at the lower end of a "permissive" range for cholesterol deposition. With the heavier dose schedule of 32 P the platelets were reduced to one-fourth of normal, and this appeared to have an ameliorating effect on the development of aortic atheromatosis. A heavy mortality from infection, undoubtedly the result of an excessive reduction of granulocytes, could have biased the statistical analysis in favor of the observed results. Nevertheless, the findings are encouraging because they seem to be complementary to previous work in our laboratory, which showed that cholesterol atheromatosis in the rabbit may be enhanced in a setting of chronic thrombocytosis. Development of a pharmacologic agent which selectively reduces the platelet count is necessary in order to test the validity of these observations.
The Association between Benzodiazepine Use and Depression Outcomes in Older Veterans

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are commonly prescribed to older adults with depression, but it is unknown whether they improve antidepressant (AD) adherence or depressive symptoms. We followed 297 older veterans diagnosed with depression and provided a new AD medication prospectively for 4 months. Data include validated self-report measures and VA pharmacy records. At initial assessment, 20.5% of participants were prescribed a BZD. Those with a BZD prescription at baseline were significantly more likely than those without to have a personality disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or other anxiety disorder, and higher depressive symptom and anxiety symptom scale scores on average. In adjusted regressions, BZD use was not significantly associated with AD adherence, any improvement in depressive symptoms, or a 50% reduction in depressive symptoms. Our results suggest BZD use concurrent with AD treatment does not significantly improve depressive outcomes in older veterans.
Mothers' retrospective reports in child-rearing research.

One of the most commonly used sources of child-rearing research is the mother's retrospective report. This study compared mothers' current reports on their children's development with records of earlier reports made by the mothers to their pediatrician at the time of the unfolding of their children's development. Mothers' reports were found to be quite unreliable in some areas and quite reliable in others.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

White matter tracts of the brain allow neurons and neuronal networks to communicate and function with high efficiency. The aim of this review is to briefly introduce diffusion tensor imaging methods that examine white matter tracts and then to give an overview of the studies that have investigated white matter integrity in the brains of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). From the 48 studies we reviewed, persons with ASD tended to have decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity in white matter tracts spanning many regions of the brain but most consistently in regions such as the corpus callosum, cingulum, and aspects of the temporal lobe. This decrease in fractional anisotropy was often accompanied by increased radial diffusivity. Additionally, the review suggests possible atypical lateralization in some white matter tracts of the brain and a possible atypical developmental trajectory of white matter microstructure in persons with ASD. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Sleeping sickness epidemics and colonial responses in East and Central Africa, 1900-1940.

In the early 20th centu- ry, major epidemics of trypanoso- miasis (sleeping sickness) broke out in East and Central Africa. The European colonial powers that controlled this area reacted by sending scientific missions to study the disease, establishing schools of tropical medicine, testing drugs, and instituting measures to eradi- cate the epidemic. Several very distinct approaches were taken to this end. German efforts focused on developing and testing new drugs, but were hampered by a lack of personnel. The British approach was to remove the inhabitants from infested areas and eliminate tsetse flies, the vectors of the disease. The French and Belgian approach was medical rather than environmental; they isolated the sick and injected them with drugs in order to eliminate the trypano- somes from the population. The Portuguese combined both medi- cal and environmental approaches successfully on one small island.
Nonstandard PL Embeddings in Codimension Two

This paper will explore the following question: If K is a compact k-polyhedron and M is a PL m-manifold, under which cases will the embedded polyhedra have regular neighborhoods which are not homeomorphic? An important topological question, raised by W.S. Massey in 1959, asks whether the normal vector bundle of a compact, orientable, differentiable, k-manifold is determined by the embedding, or is it intrinsically determined by the manifold itself [Mas59]. Definition. [Rol76] An m-manifold M is a metric space in which each point x ∈M has a neighborhood homeomorphic to R or R+. Those points which have neighborhoods homeomorphic to R comprise the interior of M (denoted M , while the points with neighborhoods homeomorphic to R+ comprise the boundary of M (denoted ∂M). Definition. [Kaw96] A simplicial complex is a set K of simplices in R which satisfies the following conditions: 1. For each pair A1, A2 ∈ K, the intersection A1 ∩ A2 is a face of A1 and of A2 (unless it is ∅). 2. All faces of each A ∈ K are contained in K. 3. For each A ∈ K, there are finitely many elements of K meeting A.
Characterization and modeling of a microfluidic dielectrophoresis filter for biological species

Microfabricated interdigitated electrode array is a convenient form of electrode geometry for dielectrophoretic trapping of particles and biological entities such as cells and bacteria within microfluidic biochips. We present experimental results and finite element modeling of the holding forces for both positive and negative dielectrophoretic traps on microfabricated interdigitated electrodes within a microfluidic biochip fabricated in silicon with a 12-/spl mu/m-deep chamber. Anodic bonding was used to close the channels with a glass cover. An Experimental protocol was then used to measure the voltages necessary to capture different particles (polystyrene beads, yeast cells, spores and bacteria) against destabilizing fluid flows at a given frequency. The experimental results and those from modeling are found to be in close agreement, validating our ability to model the dielectrophoretic filter for bacteria, spores, yeast cells, and polystyrene beads. This knowledge can be very useful in designing and operating a dielectrophoretic barrier or filter to sort and select particles entering the microfluidic devices for further analysis.
RAIM and GIC working together: the ultimate solution to the GPS integrity problem

GPS integrity has been studied intensively during the past few years. Two rather distinct approaches to the problem have evolved during this period: (1) Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) and (2) the ground monitoring approach or GPS Integrity Channel (GIC). By and large, these have been considered as competing schemes thus far, but this need not be the case. Quite to the contrary, the two methods are complementary, and they can and should work together to provide the ultimate solution to the GPS integrity problem. The GIC scheme proposed by the GIC Working Group of RTCA Special Committee-159 will provide the user with integrity information via two geostationary satellites. It is suggested here that the GIC system should be designed such that the user will be able to range on the geostationary satellites, as well as receive integrity information from them. The additional ranging capability will then enhance RAIM and make it possible to have RAIM available 100 percent of the time.
Empirical evidence in the study of labor markets: Opportunities and challenges for a new household survey

Many of the key issues confronting modern societies are closely tied to labor market outcomes: What factors contribute to the persistence of poverty and deprivation? Why does long-term unemployment damage re-entry prospects into labor markets? Along which dimensions is economic inequality increasing, and to what extent should we be concerned about these trends? To what degree is inequality transmitted within families across generations? Why does race play such an important role in economic success in the U.S.? How are male-female differences in economic outcomes shifting over time? In this essay we suggest that a well-designed survey that follows individuals within households over a long horizon is crucial for sorting some facets of these questions. We provide some thoughts about how a future household survey should be designed for the purpose facilitating high-value research in empirical labor economics.
Peritoneal dialysis clearance can replace residual renal function.

ObjectiveThere is controversy whether increasing peritoneal clearance effectively substitutes for declining residual renal function. We studied the impact of renal and peritoneal clearances on outc...
Developing a Projective Drawing Test: Experiences with the Face Stimulus Assessment (FSA)

To illustrate the process of developing a projective drawing test, this paper describes the experience of creating and working with the Face Stimulus Assessment (FSA). This tool comprises a series of three stimulus images: Picture 1 consists of a standardized image of a human face; Picture 2 contains an outline of the face only; and Picture 3 is a blank page. Six samples of the FSA completed by clients with multiple disabilities (including communication disorders and autism) are presented. As the FSA is a work in progress and has yet to be established as a valid and reliable assessment, implications for further research are also discussed.
Risk Factors by Gender for Children with ADHD

Investigators at University of Western Australia conducted a population-based, case-control study of maternal, pregnancy, and newborn risk factors by gender for children prescribed stimulant medication for treatment of ADHD.
What is Biocorrosion

Microorganisms growing on surfaces perform a variety of metabolic reactions, the products of which may promote the deterioration of the underlying substratum. These reactions refer to biocorrosion when the substratum consists of a metal or metal alloy. The effect of corrosive microbial products on an underlying metal surface is exacerbated when their concentrations are permitted to increase to high levels as may occur when the microorganisms grow on the surface in a biofilm. The biofilm contains exopolymers which impede the diffusion of solutes and gases between the surface and the bulk aqueous phase. The biofilm also permits the development of highly structured microbial communi-ties on the surface. The various species are able to collectively carry out metabolic activities that are potentially more corrosive to the underlying surface than could be achieved by a single species acting alone. These features of sessile microbial growth represent important prerequisites of biocorrosion.
Antibodies to total brain gangliosides: titer and specificity of antisera.

Our sustained studies of the immunological activity of lipidsl,2 led to the important generalization that such activity was intimately related to glycosphingolipid structures. We therefore had an early interest in the immunological activity of gangliosides and an early appreciation that they exhibited only weak immunogenic properties, much weaker than those of neutral glycosphingolipids.
Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of barley sperm

Complete serial ultrathin sections of seven sperm pairs, computer-assisted measurements of cell, nuclear and organelle surface areas and volumes, and three-dimensional imagery were used to demonstrate that a process of cytoplasm and organelle elimination occurs during sperm maturation in barley. The number of mitochondria per sperm cell is reduced by 50%; sperm cell surface area and volume are reduced by 30% and 51% respectively. Mean volume and surface area per mitochondrion are significantly less in mature sperms. No examples of mitochondrial fusion or degeneration were observed within sperm cells. These data, along with observations of plasma membrane apposition and vesiculation within cytoplasmic extensions containing mitochondria, support the proposition that cytoplasm and organelle loss results primarily from the formation of cytoplasmic projections that are subsequently discarded from the sperm cell body. Comparisons of the quantitative data, including the number of mitochondria, indicate that differences between sperm cells of a pair are absent to very slight. Spatial organization within the pollen grain is such that the mature sperms, as well as the sperms and vegetative nucleus, are not in close proximity.
Region-specific associations of brain glucose metabolism with age and beta-amyloid in normal aging

(ADAS-cog), completed within 14 days of neuroimaging. All images were evaluated applying the same BALI rating schema, to assess lesions in the deepwhitematter, periventricular, basal ganglia and the infratentorial regions, deficits in the cortical gray matter, the extent of dilated small vessels, and global atrophy. Maximum possible BALI1⁄425; higher scores indicate greater damage. Results: The inter-rater agreement rate was consistently high, ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. Under each field-strength and image-type condition, the BALI scores differed significantly between diagnosis (p 0.35, p 0.40, p 0.36, p 3.90, p 3.99, p 0.80). The BALI scores at 1.5T and 3.0Twere significantly correlated, for both T1WI (r1⁄40.94, p 0.95, p<0.001). Conclusions: T1WI and T2WI based BALI scores at 1.5T can be used to capture global brain structural changes and their relations to cognition.
Optical Absorption at Digitally and Continuously Graded Indium Gallium Nitride Schottky Barriers

We present numerical calculations of the optical absorption characteristics of graded Indium Gallium Nitride Schottky Barriers, and study their implications for photovoltaic and photodetector applications. We consider the two cases of digital and continuous grading because of their different effects on the collection of photo-generated carriers due to band discontinuities. Composition grading can achieve desired spectral response between the ranges of 0.7 eV and 3.43 eV afforded by the Indium Gallium Nitride alloy system. The presence of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations in this material system adds bulk and/or interface bound charges in graded layers. This has a non-trivial effect on the band profile seen by the photo-generated carriers. The layer thicknesses needed for optimal absorption characteristics are well above the theoretical critical thickness limits reported in the literature for abrupt heterojunctions. However, experimental data about critical thicknesses is scarce, especially for graded compositions. Therefore, we calculate the characteristics of the Schottky barrier for the case of spontaneous polarization only and also for the case of both spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization assuming no relaxation. The low or even negative Schottky barrier heights at low Gallium composition necessitates the use of high Gallium composition layers next to the metal, in order to suppress the excessive dark currents
The effect of thermal history on interconnect reliability

The reliability of interconnects is strongly affected by their thermal history, including the deposition temperature, the temperature at which patterned films are passivated, and the temperature and cooling rates of the final packaging processes. The thermal history affects the stress, the grain structure, and the distribution of alloy additions, such as Cu. All of these affect the reliability of interconnects, especially as it is limited by electromigration. The post-patterning thermal history is especially important. For example, it is post-patterning annealing which leads to the evolution of electromigration resistant bamboo-microstructures. In Al-Cu alloy interconnects, pre- and post-patterning anneals can also affect the distribution of Cu in solution and in precipitates. This too can affect interconnect reliability. Experiments and modeling concerned with these effects of thermal history will be reviewed and discussed.
Identification of a Sex Pheromone of the Female Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua,

A sex pheromone, isolated from female beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was identified as cis-9,trans-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate.
Impact of recycling on cradle-to-gate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion batteries.

This paper addresses the environmental burdens (energy consumption and air emissions, including greenhouse gases, GHGs) of the material production, assembly, and recycling of automotive lithium-ion batteries in hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and battery electric vehicles (BEV) that use LiMn2O4 cathode material. In this analysis, we calculated the energy consumed and air emissions generated when recovering LiMn2O4, aluminum, and copper in three recycling processes (hydrometallurgical, intermediate physical, and direct physical recycling) and examined the effect(s) of closed-loop recycling on environmental impacts of battery production. We aimed to develop a U.S.-specific analysis of lithium-ion battery production and in particular sought to resolve literature discrepancies concerning energy consumed during battery assembly. Our analysis takes a process-level (versus a top-down) approach. For a battery used in a BEV, we estimated cradle-to-gate energy and GHG emissions of 75 MJ/kg battery and 5.1...
Noise in Si / Si1-xGex n-channel HEMTs and p-channel FETs

A theoretical model to evaluate noise in SiGe/Si based n-channel MODFETs and p-channel MOSFETs is presented. The analysis is based on a self-consistent solution of Schrodinger and Poisson’s equations. In this study, n-channel FETs exhibit a better noise performance than that of p-channel FETs. The influence of device parameters on noise properties for this class of devices are presented.