cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience with the Suite distributed object model

The Suite operating system is an extension of Unix that supports distributed, persistent, multiuser, and protected objects. The Suite object layer is used to create novel classes of interactive applications not found in traditional systems. These applications can be divided into loosely-coupled applications that is, applications consisting of components that execute in different address spaces residing possibly on different hosts and executing possibly on behalf of different users; and collaborative applications, that is, applications that allow multiple users interacting possibly from different workstations to share results in realtime. The design and implementation of some of the applications developed using Suite are outlined, and the positive and negative consequences of integrating objects with a conventional system are discussed. >
Community Reciprocity in the Work of African‐American Teachers

The scholarship on historical and contemporary African‐American teachers highlights the emphasis on community connections in their work. As such, the scholarship portrays African‐American teachers almost exclusively as givers without fully considering what teachers derive from community connections. This paper describes a qualitative study in which intergenerational African‐American teachers illustrate the dual nature of community connections and the ways in which constructs of community informed their work. Three distinct points along the professional spectrum—entry, career development, and long‐term career trajectories—illuminate the ways in which community reciprocity impacts and informs the teachers under study. Study findings elucidated a communal reciprocity in that community connections influenced professional entry contributed to feelings of personal and professional self‐worth and impacted long‐term career goals.
Solution of large dense transportation problems using a parallel primal algorithm

We implemented a version of primal transportation algorithm on a 14 processor BBN Butterfly computer and solved a variety of large, fully dense, randomly generated transportation and assignment problems ranging in size up to m = n = 3000. The algorithm alternates between a search and pivot phase. Processors independently locate possible pivots by concurrently searching the reduced cost matrix. Pivots are then performed sequentially by all processors. This parallelization strategy is justified since we have found that the search phase of the algorithm becomes the dominant activity with increasing problem size. The parallel algorithm has the added advantage of being easy to implement. A speedup of approximately 7 was obtained on large problems. The empirical difficulty of solving an n x n transportation problem was proportional to n^a where a varied between 2.0 and 2.2 with increasing shipping amounts.
Temporal resolution enhancement in compressed video sequences

Compressed video may possess a number of artifacts, both spatial and temporal. Spatial compression artifacts arise as a result of quantization of the transform-domain coefficients, and are often manifested as blocking and ringing artifacts. Temporal limitations in compressed video occur when the encoder, in an effort to reduce bandwidth, drops frames. Omitting frames decreases the reconstructed frame rate, which can cause motion to appear jerky and uneven. This paper discusses a method to increase the frame rate of video compressed with the DCT by inserting images between received frames of the sequence. The Bayesian formulation of the restoration prevents spatial compression artifacts in the received frames from propagating to the reconstructed frames.
Longitudinal wave scattering from a partially bonded fiber

Abstract Analytical and numerical results are presented for in-plane longitudinal wave pulse scattering from a partially bonded circular fiber. The debonding is assumed to be a curved interface crack with non-contacting faces. The problem is cast in terms of the unknown stresses on the neck joining the fiber and matrix, which are found by solving a truncated set of equations in the frequency domain. Computations for both the scattering cross-sections and the dynamic stress intensity factors on the crack tips show that a strong rattling resonance occurs at a very low frequency when the neck becomes sufficiently small in extent. Transient responses are obtained for pulse incidence through the use of an inverse Fourier transform on the corresponding time harmonic solutions. Based upon the numerical results, it is suggested that the presence of the low frequency resonance may provide a feasible way to experimentally determine the extent of fiber debonding.
Fearful Symmetry: Subversion of Asymmetric Division in Cancer Development and Progression

Asymmetric division is an evolutionarily conserved process that generates daughter cells with different fates through the unequal partitioning of fate determinants. While asymmetric division is critically important in generating diversity during development, its dysregulation can also promote oncogenesis. In particular, signals that shift the normal balance of symmetric and asymmetric division can lead to a differentiation arrest and trigger cancer progression. Here, we discuss the studies that have provided increasing support for this idea. Beginning with original work carried out in Drosophila, we trace more recent work in mammalian systems that suggest that the subversion of asymmetric division can contribute significantly to the development and progression of both hematologic malignancies and solid cancers.
User costs in pavement construction and rehabilitation alternative evaluation

The decision-making processes used by many state transportation agencies in US and Canada for selecting a strategy for pavement rehabilitation primarily depend on initial construction and maintenance costs for identifying the most economically efficient pavement rehabilitation alternative. While this approach is appropriate for optimally allocating increasingly limited funds in the face of increasing investment backlog, it is not economically efficient because it does not account for user costs. Despite a significant body of research, the state transportation agencies are hesitant to include user costs in their pavement life-cycle cost analysis processes because of a lack of availability of standard method of calculating user costs. This article presents the results of a study conducted to review the pavement alternative selection processes used by the Ohio Department of Transportation and recommend ways to include user costs in the decision-making process. Incorporating user costs in the decision-making ...
Electron Transfer. 141. Reactions of Indium(I) with Transition Metal Center Oxidants1

Aqueous solutions of the hypovalent state In(I) reduce a series of complexes of Fe(III) and selected derivatives of Ir(IV), Cr(V), Pt(IV), Ag(III), and Ni(IV). All reactions yield In(III). Ions der...
Canada's Capital Inflow, 1946-53

SINCE the end of World War II, Canada has undergone a period of rapid economic development which has been accompanied by a rising inflow of private long-term capital from the United States. Over much of the period, and especially since the introduction of a fluctuating exchange rate in October 1950, there have also been important movements of short-term funds. Canadian experience with both types of foreign capital has been extensive enough to be of general interest as an illustration of the conditions which attract foreign capital, and of the impact of that capital on the domestic economy as well as on the payments position and exchange rate policy. Between 1946 and 1953 the net inflow of private capital into Canada amounted to about $1,540 million, plus over $1,200 million in reinvested profits.' Virtually the whole of these receipts originated in the United States, and the gross value of U.S. long-term holdings rose from $5,000 million in 1946 to $8,600 million in 1953. Holdings by overseas countries rose meanwhile by $500 million, to $2,600 million, entirely as a result of reinvested profits. Long-term receipts from the United States, apart from reinvested profits, consisted principally of direct investment by U.S. business firms in affiliated Canadian companies or branches. Before 1951 direct investment receipts were largely offset by net redemptions of portfolio securities; since that year, however, there have also been important net receipts from the proceeds of new issues. The wartime inflow of short-term funds came to an end in 1946, and transactions thereafter were light through 1949. Since then, short-term capital movements have been more volatile, first reinforcing and then neutralizing the longterm flow. In 1950, the expectation of an appreciation of the Canadian dollar led to an inflow of $770 million. The movement reversed itself after the middle of 1951, and in 1952 there was an outflow ($600 million), which continued, though on a much reduced scale, through 1953. The postwar inflow of long-term capital has coincided, like capital receipts in earlier years, with a period of heavy domestic investment. However, external receipts of new long-term capital were equivalent to
Isogeometric spline forests

In this paper we present isogeometric spline forests. An isogeometric spline forest is a hierarchical spline representation capable of representing surfaces or volumes of arbitrarily complex geometry and topological genus. Spline forests can accomodate arbitrary degree and smoothness in the underlying hierarchical basis as well as non-uniform knot interval configurations. We describe adaptive h-refinement and coarsening algorithms for isogeometric spline forests and develop a Bezier extraction framework which provides a simple and efficient single level finite element description of the complex multi-level, unstructured hierarchical spline basis. We then demonstrate the potential of spline forests as a basis for analysis in the context of transient advection–diffusion problems where fully integrated adaptivity is demonstrated for the first time in an isogeometric simulation. In all cases, the adaptive process remains local (even in the case of moving fronts) and preserves exact geometry at the coarsest level of the discretization. The accuracy and robustness of the approach is demonstrated in all cases.
Multiple equilibria in a stochastic implementation of DICE with abrupt climate change

Abstract Integrated assessment modeling of global climate change has focused primarily on gradually occurring changes in the climate system. However, atmospheric and earth scientists have become increasingly concerned that the climate system may be subject to abrupt, discontinuous changes on short time scales, and that anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions could trigger such shifts. Incorporating this type of climate dynamics into economic or integrated assessment models can result in model non-convexity and multiple equilibria, and thus complicate policy analysis relative to models with unique, globally optimal policies. Using a version of the Nordhaus DICE model amended in previous research by Keller et al. (2004) [Keller, Klaus, Benjamin M. Bolker, David F. Bradford, 2004. Uncertain climate thresholds and optimal economic growth. Journal of environmental economics and management 48 (1), 723–741], in conjunction with a stochastic global optimization algorithm, we generate “level sets” of solutions, which helps identify multiple equilibria resulting from the potential abrupt cessation of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation. We discuss the implications of this model geometry for formulating greenhouse-gas abatement policy under uncertainty and suggest that this general approach may be useful for addressing a wide range of model non-convexities including those related to endogenous technological change.
Why is the bishops' letter on the U.S. economy so unconvincing?

This paper evaluates the rhetoric of the U.S. bishops' pastoral letter on the U.S. economy from two perspectives. Is the letter convincing? Does it conform to the “conversational norms of civilization?” The paper argues that the bishops' letter fails by both standards because it ignores serious research on the U.S. economy, it misstates important facts about the economy, and it sneers at professional economists. The paper concludes that the bishops' letter will not be convincing to well informed readers.
Acute Kidney Injury Due to Intravenous Bleach Injection

Introduction Sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in bleach, a ubiquitous household disinfectant, and has known toxicities depending on route of exposure and amount. Acute kidney injury due to sodium hypochlorite exposure has never been reported. Patients that did develop nephrotoxicity following bleach exposure did so due to development of other risk factors for kidney injury such as volume depletion or sepsis.
A methodology for programming scalable architectures

Abstract In scalable concurrent architectures, the performance of a parallel algorithm depends on the resource management policies used. Such policies determine, for example, how data is partitioned and distributed and how processes are scheduled. In particular, the performance of a parallel algorithm obtained by using a particular policy can be affected by increasing the size of the architecture or the input. In order to support scalability, we are developing a methodology for modular specification of partition and distribution strategies (PDSs). As a consequence, a PDS may be changed without modifying the code specifying the logic of a parallel algorithm. We illustrate our methodology for parallel algorithms that use dynamic data structures.
Development of an Improved High Cycle Fatigue Criterion

An integrated computational-experimental approach for prediction of total fatigue life applied to a uniaxial stress state is developed. The approach consists of the following elements: (1) development of a vibration based fatigue testing procedure to achieve low cost bending fatigue experiments and (2) development of a life prediction and estimation implementation scheme for calculating effective fatigue cycles. A series of fully reversed bending fatigue tests were carried out using a vibration-based testing procedure to investigate the effects of bending stress on fatigue limit. The results indicate that the fatigue limit for 6061-T6 aluminum is approximately 20% higher than the respective limit in fully reversed tension-compression (axial). To validate the experimental observations and further evaluate the possibility of prediction of fatigue life, an improved high cycle fatigue criterion has been developed, which allows one to systematically determine the fatigue life based on the amount of energy loss per fatigue cycle. A comparison between the prediction and the experimental results was conducted and shows that the criterion is capable of providing accurate fatigue life prediction.
Person-in-Environment Transitions Theoretical and Methodological Approaches

Four theoretical perspectives-role theory, family theory, person/life span theory, and a holistic, developmental, systems-oriented theory-that examine critical person-in-environment transitions thr...
Expression of HLA-B27 in transgenic mice is controlled by the H-2D gene(s).

The HLA-B27 transgene was introduced into mice of the B10 background with various H-2 haplotypes. High levels of B27 antigen were detected on the surface of peripheral-blood lymphocytes from mice homozygous for the H-2b, H-2f, H-2s, H-2p, H-2r and H-2k haplotypes. In contrast, cell-surface expression of B27 was decreased in mice homozygous for the H-2d, H-2q and H-2v haplotypes. Only minimal levels of B27 could be detected on cells from B10.RKDB (KkSkDdLb) mice, indicating that the H-2D region of the H-2d haplotype appears to interfere with B27 expression. To try to determine the specific area of the H-2D genes affecting B27 expression, the B27 transgene was introduced into B10.D2-dml and BALB/c-dm2 mice. Expression was normal in the dm2 animals which have only one functional gene, Dd, in the H-2D region. High levels of B27 expression were observed in the dml animals. These mice also have only one functional H-2D gene, but it is a hybrid gene formed by the fusion of the 5' part of the Dd gene and the 3' part of the Ld gene. Thus, low expression of B27 is controlled by gene(s) mapping between H-2D and H-2L.
Processing radio PSAs: production pacing, arousing content, and age.

This experiment uses the limited capacity model of mediated message processing (LC3MP) to investigate the effects of production pacing and arousing content in radio public service announcements (PSAs) on the emotional and cognitive responses of college-age and tween (9–12-year-olds) participants. The LC3MP predicts that both arousing content and production pacing should increase emotional arousal, physiological arousal, cognitive effort, and encoding up to the point of cognitive overload after which cognitive effort and encoding should decrease. Results showed that, as expected, arousing content did increase emotional arousal and cognitive effort for both tweens and college students, though the effect was larger for college students. For production pacing, however, the results were less clear cut. First, it was found that for radio PSAs pacing increased arousal for calm messages only. Further, the effects of production pacing on cognitive effort were larger for tweens and were experienced primarily during...
Validating Surrogate Measures of Psychological Constructs: The Application of Construct Equivalence to Archival Data

Archival data present opportunities to test important research questions. Unfortunately, archival data do not always include validated measures of the psychological constructs that may be of interest to researchers. In this article, the authors describe how the construct equivalence approach can be applied to organizational archival data to derive and empirically validate surrogate measures of psychological constructs. A step-by-step explanation of how to validate such measures, which includes the use of confirmatory factor analysis to examine the data from a multitrait-multimethod perspective, is described. This approach facilitates the use of organizational archives for research purposes.
Equation of state for rotating nuclei at finite temperature

Abstract The equation of state ω ( T , I ) is derived for temperatures in the range0 ⩽ T ⩽ 0.5 MeV and spins in the range 0 ⩽ I ⩽ 24. It is demonstrated that if the yrast line backbends, then the equation of state contains a critical point at temperature T c , and that backbending disappears for T > T c .
Adhesion Between Similar and Dissimilar Thin-Walled Micro-Structures

A novel boundary condition is introduced to calculate the adhesion of similar and dissimilar thin-walled microstructures. By casting the energy release rate for debonding in terms of a discontinuity in bending curvature at the contact boundary, it is possible to study such systems using conventional plate theory. This result is of particular importance in modeling the aggregation of heterogeneous carbon-nano-tubes or spherical cells, where the contacting microstructures have a different radius and/or bending stiffness.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Adrenal-preserving minimally invasive surgery: the role of laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy, cryosurgery, and radiofrequency ablation of the adrenal gland

Adrenalectomy has become the standard of care for the management of hormonally active adrenal masses. Various surgical therapies have been proposed to excise completely or destroy these adrenal lesions, which may be benign or malignant. New minimally invasive, adrenal-sparing procedures have recently been introduced, among them laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy, cryosurgery, and radiofrequency ablation. These procedures focus on reducing patient morbidity and hastening postoperative recovery while preserving normal adrenal tissue. However, questions remain about the risks and benefits associated with routine application of minimally invasive therapies for adrenal-sparing surgery in terms of complete tumor extirpation. Clearly, more experience and longer follow-up is necessary to validate these procedures. Herein we describe the surgical techniques and early results of treatment with adrenal-sparing surgery.
Simultaneous Genetic Evaluation of Sires and Cows for a Large Population of Dairy Cattle

A strategy for simultaneous sire and cow evaluation of genetic merit was implemented. First lactation records of 1,074,971 Holstein cows in 20,065 herds were included. After inclusion of ancestors, there were 1,741,356 equations: 1,505,938 cow, 229,394 herd-year-season, 6000 sire, and 24 genetic group equations. All known genetic relationships among animals were considered. Genetic group coefficients were assigned based on animals that had one or more parents unidentified. Mixed model equations from an animal model were transformed to solve for total additive genetic merit. The coefficient matrix was sparse with .00039% nonzero elements. Equations were blocked by herds. A final block included sires, groups, and cows that had no daughters or records. Effects of herd-year-season were solved last within each herd. All herd blocks were solved before sire equations. A form of block iteration with successive overrelaxation was used to obtain solutions. A total of 30 rounds were completed. Number of iterations per round for herd blocks decreased from an average of 4.93 in round 1 to the minimum allowed, 3.00, in round 30. The correlation between Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparisons and sire solutions from this study stabilized at .94. At round 30, 96.4, 95.2, 99.4, and 75.0% of solutions for cow, sire, herd-year-season, and group effects changed less than 4.54 kg from the previous round.
Action spectra for phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Hordeum vulgare

Abstract 5-Day-old etiolated barley shoots were illuminated with monochromatic light (10 nm bandpass) and assayed for PAL 5 hr later. Action spectra for enhance
Tolerance of twenty‐four hour paclitaxel and carboplatin as first‐line therapy in ovarian, peritoneal and fallopian tube carcinoma

. Rose PG, Fusco N, Fluellen L, Rodriguiz M. Tolerance of twenty-four hour paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in ovarian, peritoneal and fallopian tube carcinoma. A combination of a platinum and taxane are accepted as standard first-line therapy for ovarian cancer. However, both 24-h paclitaxel and cisplatin and 3-h paclitaxel and carboplatin have significant neurotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to determine the toxicity of 24-h paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy. Ovarian, peritoneal, and fallopian tubal carcinoma patients treated with 24-h paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy were retrospectively reviewed. Paclitaxel was administered at a dose of 135 mg/m2 as a 24-h infusion followed by carboplatin at an AUC of 5 every 21 days. Toxicity was graded according to NCI Common Toxicity Scale. Fourteen patients with ovarian, peritoneal or tubal carcinoma were studied. Twelve were treated primarily with paclitaxel and carboplatin and two were originally treated with paclitaxel and cisplatin for two cycles but switched to paclitaxel and carboplatin for severe cisplatin-associated toxicities. A total of 86 courses were administered (median 6, range 1–9). Hematologic toxicity was the principal toxicity with neutropenic fever occurring in 8 patients (57%). The duration of neutropenia was brief and no septic deaths occurred. Following paclitaxel dose reduction to 110 mg/m2 neutropenic sepsis did not recur except in one patient with recurrent C. difficile colitis. The two patients who switched from paclitaxel/cisplatin to paclitaxel/carboplatin reported better tolerance of the chemotherapy regimen. Among the 13 patients with ovarian and peritoneal carcinoma 100% achieved a clinical complete response. Although associated with a high incidence of neutropenia, this regimen had rare severe or chronic toxicities in particular neurotoxicity and a high response rate.
Usefulness of an implantable antitachycardia pacemaker system for supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia

Abstract The Cordis Omni-Orthocor® model 234A, an implantable antitachycardia system, was evaluated in 13 patients. Two patients had recurrent sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and 11 had ventricular tachycardia (VT). The system was used for SVT or VT termination (group 1: SVT, 2 patients; VT, 4 patients) or for demand pacing and noninvasive electrophysiologic studies for tachycardia induction and serial electrophysiologic testing alone (group 2: VT, 7 patients). The overdriver was used successfully in 4 of 6 patients in group 1 for repeated tachycardia termination (SVT and VT) during a mean follow-up period of 18 months. One patient had 1 sustained VT episode unresponsive to pacing and 1 patient had no recurrence of tachycardia. Tachycardia termination zones varied when using the system in 2 patients receiving long-term amiodarone therapy. Eighteen noninvasive electrophysiologic studies for serial drug testing were performed, 4 in group 1 and 14 in group 2. Clinical tachycardia was induced and successfully terminated by use of the overdriver in 12 studies. It is concluded that implantable antitachycardia systems can be used successfully for noninvasive tachycardia induction and termination and for reliable serial electrophysiologic studies. Such systems provide improved patient safety and acceptability and are reasonable in cost.
Practical management of coagulopathy associated with warfarin

When choosing a management strategy for a patient who is being treated with a vitamin K antagonist and presents with an INR outside the therapeutic range, consider the risk of both bleeding and thrombosis
High performance iodine frequency reference for tests of the LISA laser system

Forthcoming space missions like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) or the Space-Time Asymmetry Research (STAR) project call for optical frequency references with high frequency stability better than 10-14 at averaging times longer than 1000 s. Since Nd:YAG lasers are planned to be used on these missions, new interest has arisen in the frequency stabilization of Nd:YAG lasers to hyperfine transitions in molecular iodine. Iodine stabilized lasers offer an absolute optical frequency reference with high frequency stability and low sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and magnetic fields in relative simple setups. Here we present our iodine frequency standard using modulation transfer spectroscopy with a multi-pass iodine cell showing a frequency stability of 1·10-14 at 1 s averaging time.
Winter Field Trials of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Salmonids

The antimicrobial enrofloxacin (Baytril®, Bayer) was evaluated under field conditions in the winter months for treatment of clinical Aeromonas salmonicida infections in salmonids by feeding medicated diets. Two trials in which lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were treated with enrofloxacin at 10mg/kg per d for 10d resulted in reduced mortalities when compared to non-medicated controls. A third trial in which Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were treated required 20d for the fish to consume the 10d medicated ration, due to poor feeding. This resulted in an effective dose of 5mg/kg per d for 20d. In spite of the lower feeding activity, a reduction in mortalities in medicated fish was observed. Tissue concentrations of drug were in excess of minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug for the A. salmonicida isolates tested.
Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on Dreaming and the brain

Definitions of dreaming are not required to map formal features of mental activity onto brain measures. While dreaming occurs during all stages of sleep, intense dreaming is largely confined to REM. Forebrain structures and many neurotransmitters can contribute to sleep and dreaming without negating brainstem and aminergic-cholinergic control mechanisms. Reductionism is essential to science and AIM has considerable heuristic value. Recent findings support sleep's role in learning and memory. Emerging technologies may address long-standing issues in sleep and dream research.
Order statistics for the two-level eight-run saturated-unreplicated fractional-factorial screening: corrections for asymmetry in the three- and four-factor multi-contrasting

The eight-run, two-level, seven-factor saturated-unreplicated orthogonal array has been analysed previously by pure distribution-free multi-comparison tests. It has been found in this work that there is asymmetry for two particular reference cumulative distribution functions relating to three- and four-factor contrasting. Both of these groups are separated into two distribution families, one containing 28 members and the other seven members. However, it is stressed that the corrections proposed in this work does not essentially alter the statistical behaviour of previous results when considering the cut-off points in terms of composite rank-sums for the typical statistical significance levels of 0.1 and 0.05, respectively.
Nuclear Matrix Elements in the Beta Decay of Sb 124

It is demonstrated that an unambiguous determination of nuclear matrix elements in a nonurique beta transition as in Sb/sup 124/ is possible on the basis of precise beta - gamma directional and beta -- gamma circular polarization correlation measurements, if the beta transition shows appreciable deviation from the xi approximation. (C.J.G.)
Limitations of quenching as a method of fluorometric analysis of non-fluorescent analytes

Abstract It is shown that diffusional quenching of ordinary fluorophores (with decay times no longer than several tens of nanoseconds), a process employed in many fluorescence optical sensors, is rather insensitive as a analytical method having limits of detection no better than about 10 −4 M. Longer lived luminophores, such as lanthanides, actinides and phosphorophores, however, can be quenched with substantially lower detection limits for the quencher. Static quenching, on the other hand, is limited by the thermodynamic strength of the complex(es) formed between the fluorophore and quencher rather than by the decay time of the fluorophore and the diffusibility of the quencher and can be quite sensitive as an analytical method for the quencher.
In vivo phosphorylation of enolase fromEscherichia coli

The major metabolic route for the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate is from 2-phosphoglycerate catalyzed by the enzyme enolase (EC 4.2.1.11). Enolase occurs at the converging point between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and may be an important regulatory enzyme. Growth ofEscherichia coli JA 200 pLC 11-8 to stationary phase in low-phosphate medium containing32P-orthophosphate and glucose as the carbon source resulted in incorporation of label into the enzyme. In vivo labeling of enolase was demonstrated by immunoaffinity chromatography of the labeled crude extract. In addition,32P-enolase was identified with sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analysis, followed by autoradiography.
An aerothermochemical analysis of solid propellant combustion.

Steady-state combustion of solid double-base and monopropellant rockets is investigated analytically. The nonlinear differential equations describing the motion of a laminar twodimensional, compressible, chemically reacting viscous fluid are intimately coupled with the one-dimensional heat conduction equation of a burning solid propellant, and the one-dimensional, compressible, inviscid flow of combustion products through the central core of the propellant grain. Applying numerical methods and using realistic rocket conditions as input yielded the result that calculated propellant burning rates and wall temperatures fall within the range of previously obtained experimental values. In addition, a study of the effect of various parameters on the combustion process showed that 1) the chemical reaction rate and heat of combustion have the greatest effect on the heat flux to the propellant; 2) the axial gas velocity has the greatest effect on the propellant surface shear stress; 3) the activation energy in the pyrolysis rate expression together with the chemical reaction rate have the greatest effect on the propellant burning rate; and 4) the gas-phase specific heat at constant pressure, the frequency factor in the pyrolysis rate expression, and the propellant heat of decomposition have only a secondary influence on the combustion process.
The Role of the Pediatric Disposable End-Tidal CO2 Detector in Endotracheal Intubation in Newborns. 1605

45 newborns (450-4620 gms) who needed endotracheal intubation were included in a prospective study to test the role of a disposable pediatric entotracheal CO2 detector (Pedi-Cap) in verifying endotracheal tube position. Of the 45 babies 24 (53.3%) were intubated in the delivery room and 21 (46.7%) in the NICU. The Pedi-Cap color indicator correlated with the clinical evaluation and X-ray finding of proper intubation in 30 out of 33 patients (sensitivity 91%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 80%). There were three false negative results in patients with severe cardiorespiratory depression. The Pedi-Cap color indicator correlated with the clinical evaluation for the Et-tube being in the esophagus in 12 out of 12 patients (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were all 100%). The time required to determine the tube position by clinical evaluation was 0-90 seconds (Mean 39.7 sec. SD±15.3). The time required with the disposable Et-CO2 detector was 4-12 seconds (Mean=8.1 sec. SD±2.9). (p<0.001). The use of disposable pediatric entotracheal CO2 detector significantly reduces the time spent in verifying the endotracheal tube position (trachea vs. esophagus) in newborns including premature babies with body weight <1000 grams. This is of particular benefit to the babies who are erroneously intubated in the esophagus because using the device allows much faster detection of this problem and much earlier reintubation.
Regulatory T-cell stability and plasticity in mucosal and systemic immune systems

Regulatory T cells (Treg) express the forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) transcription factor and suppress pathological immune responses against self and foreign antigens, including commensal microorganisms. Foxp3 has been proposed as a master key regulator for Treg, required for their differentiation, maintenance, and suppressive functions. Two types of Treg have been defined. Natural Treg (nTreg) are usually considered to be a separate sublineage arising during thymus differentiation. Induced Treg (iTreg) originate upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in the presence of tumor growth factor β. Although under homeostatic conditions most Treg in the periphery are nTreg, special immune challenges in the intestine promote more frequently the generation of iTreg. Furthermore, recent observations have challenged the notion that Treg are a stable sublineage, and they suggest that, particularly under lymphopenic and/or inflammatory conditions, Treg may lose Foxp3 and/or acquire diverse effector functions, especially in the intestine, which may contribute to uncontrolled inflammation.
Numerical Simulation and Parametric Study of Heat-Driven Self-Cooling of Electronic Devices

A heat-driven self-cooling system could potentially utilize the heat dissipated from a device to power a thermo-electric generator (TEG) which could then provide power to run a cooling system. In this paper, numerical simulation and parametric analysis of the geometrical parameters (such as fin density and height) and system parameters are conducted to better understand the performance of the self-cooling system within wide ranges. The study showed further decrease in device temperature could be achieved by using shunt operation instead of direct contact between the device and the TEG module. The use of TEG cascades could also help improve the decrease in power generation as a result of shunt arrangement.
Endotoxemia in human septic shock.

To evaluate the incidence, pattern and clinical importance of endotoxemia in septic shock, frequent, serial endotoxin determinations were made prospectively in patients with shock. Detectable endotoxin occurred in 43 of 100 patients with septic shock, but in only one often patients with shock due to nonseptic causes. During septic shock, endotoxemia frequently occurred in the absence of Gram-negative bacteremia. Using a logistic regression model, multiple organ failure occurred 10.3 times more frequently and depression of left ventricular ejection fraction (≤45 percent) 4.8 times more frequently in endotoxemic patients. In patients with positive blood cultures, endotoxemia was associated with a high mortality. We conclude that endotoxemia occurs frequently in septic shock and is associated with severe manifestations of this syndrome, including cardiac depression and multiple organ failure. This study suggests that endotoxin is an important mediator of septic shock and supports efforts to develop anti-endotoxin therapies for treating patients with this disease. (Chest 1991; 99:169–75)
Importance of Assessing Population-Level Impact of Catch-and-Release Mortality

Many studies have measured the mortality of fish that are recreationally caught and released (i.e., catch-and-release [CR] mortality); however, little work has explored methods to understand the cu...
Models of Stochastic, Spatially Varying Stress in the Crust Compatible with Focal-Mechanism Data, and How Stress Inversions Can Be Biased toward the Stress Rate

Evidence suggests that slip in earthquakes and the resultant stress changes are spatially heterogeneous. If crustal stress from past earthquakes is spatially heterogeneous, then earthquake focal mechanisms should also be spatially variable. We describe the statistical attributes of simulated earthquake catalogs, including hypocenters and focal mechanisms, for a spatially 3D, time-varying model of the crustal stress tensor with stochastic spatial variations. It is assumed that temporal variations in stress are spatially smooth and are primarily caused by plate tectonics. Spatial variations in stress are assumed to be the result of past earthquakes and are independent of time for periods between major earthquakes. It is further assumed that heterogeneous stress can be modeled as a stochastic process that is specified by an autocorrelation function. Synthetic catalogs of earthquake hypocenters and their associated focal mechanisms are produced by identifying the locations and times at which the second deviatoric stress invariant exceeds a specified limit. The model produces a seismicity catalog that is spatially biased. The only points in the grid that exceed the failure stress are those where the heterogeneous stress is approximately aligned with the stress rate. This bias results in a focal-mechanism catalog that appears less heterogeneous than the underlying stress orientations. Comparison of synthetic focal-mechanism catalogs with catalogs of real earthquakes suggests that stress in the crust is heterogeneous. Stochastic parameters are estimated which generate distance dependent spatial variations in focal mechanisms similar to those reported by Hardebeck (2006) for southern California.
Inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis by juglone and 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine.

Inhibition by juglone (5-hydroxy-l,4-naphthoquinone) of choline acetyltransferase [ChAt; acetyl-CoA: choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)] of rabbit brain was noncompetitive for choline and not reversible by dialysis. When acetyl-CoA and juglone were mixed together before the addition of ChAt, inhibition was competitive with respect to acetyl-CoA: when juglone was preincubated with the enzyme, inhibition was mixed competitive and noncompetitive. The effects in vivo of juglone and 4-(l-naphthylvinyl) pyridine (NVP) were determined in brains of mice sacrificed by microwave radiation. Changes in the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine were assessed by measuring the amount of choline-methyl[3H] converted to acetylcholine in the brains of mice 30 sec after the intravenous administration of the isotope. Administration of two doses of juglone (2 mg/kg. 1 hr apart) increased the concentrations of both endogenous and radioactive choline in brain, but had no effect on either the rate of synthesis or the concentration of acetylcholine. These results suggest that juglone, when administered to animals, does not inhibit brain ChAt. On the other hand, administration of two doses of 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine (100 mg/kg, i.p., 1 hr apart) did inhibit the synthesis of acetylcholine, but had no effect on the concentration of either choline or acetylcholine in brain. This latter finding indicates that inhibition of ChAt can occur in vivo without causing a reduction in the concentration of acetylcholine.
Dissolved and particulate carbohydrates in contrasting marine sediments

Dissolved and particulate carbohydrates were examined in contrasting Chesapeake Bay (estuarine) and mid-Atlantic shelf/slope break (continental margin) sediments. Particulate carbohydrates (PCHOs) rep- resented ;5-9% of the total sediment particulate organic carbon (POC), and PCHO remineralization appeared to be a similar fraction of total sediment carbon oxidation (or C ox). When these results are compared with results from other coastal sediments and a pelagic turbidite, PCHO remineralization (as a percentage of C ox) did not vary by more than a factor of ;2-3 over a 3- 4 order of magnitude range in Cox values. The causes of this are not well understood, but may be related to specific effects associated with the remineralization of highly altered organic matter mixtures under aerobic conditions. Dissolved carbohydrates (DCHOs) in these sediment pore waters ranged from ;30 to 400 mM, increased with depth in a manner similar to total DOC, and represented ;10 to 55% of pore water DOC. In Chesapeake Bay sediments this percentage decreased with sediment depth, while in these continental margin sediments it was constant (upper 30 cm). Of the DCHOs in these pore waters ;30 to 50% could be identified as individual aldoses (monomeric neutral sugars), and total aldose yields (individual aldoses as a percentage of total DOC) were higher in these continental margin sediment pore waters (.9%) than they were in the estuarine sediment pore waters (,5%). A comparison of DCHO and PCHO concentrations in these sediments indicates that their concentrations are uncoupled, and that pore water DCHO concentrations are primarily controlled by sediment remineralization processes. Pore water DCHOs appeared to be preferentially found in the high molecular weight (HMW) DOC pool, and likely occur as some of the initial HMW intermediates produced and consumed during sediment POC remineralization. These results also support past suggestions about the differing controls on carbon remineralization processes in continental margin versus estuarine sediments. Copyright © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd
Quantitative auger electron analysis of homogeneous binary alloys: Chromium in gold

Abstract Quantitative Auger electron analysis of Cr/Au alloys with up to 20% Cr has been accomplished. The surface composition of scribed areas were compared to bulk compositions and it was shown that corrections for variation of density, escape depth, and electron backscattering must be included; these corrections change the measured surface Cr concentrations by approximately 15%. Alloy sputter yield ratios have been calculated from surface concentrations after sputtering with Ar or Ne (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 keV). The sputter yield ratio of Cr to Au was 0.5 at 1% Cr (significant preferred sputtering) but was near unity at 20% Cr (no preferred sputtering). The sputter yield ratio was nearly independent of ion species and ion energy. The 2 keV argon ion sputter yields for pure Cr and Au were determined to be 2.0 and 7.9 atoms/ion, respectively. However, the 2 keV argon ion sputter yield for Au in the alloys drops rapidly from 7.9 atoms/ion for pure Au, to 5 atoms/ion at 10–20% Cr. The sputter yield for Cr in alloys (5 atoms/ion) is relatively independent of composition and is 2.5 times higher than the yield of pure Cr. No simple model is known by which pure elements sputter yields could be used to predict alloy sputtering behavior.
Heritability of Packed Red Blood Cell Volume in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract Although a heritability estimate for hemoglobin content of chickens has been published (Lepore, 1965), there is no estimate for the heritability of packed red blood cell volume (PCV) for chickens. The purpose of this report is to provide an estimate of the heritability of this trait. METHODS Five hundred pedigreed chicks, representing all 60 sire families of the Athens-Canadian randombred population were brooded using standard management practices for a two-week period. At two weeks of age, duplicate hematocrit samples were obtained for each bird by the microhematacrit method (Johnson, 1955). The average PCV was used in calculation of the heritability coefficient by the method of King and Henderson (1954). Sire families with fewer than three individuals were not used in calculation of the heritability. RESULTS The average PCV (%) of the two-week old birds was 31.1 ± 2.1, with a range of 28.2 to 33.2 for sire families. Individual PCV …
Effects of chronic oral quinidine on left ventricular performance.

Abstract We studied the effects of 10 to 14 days of oral quinidine administration (200 mg every 8 hrs) on left ventricular (LV) dP dt max and shortening fraction (%ΔD) in seve preinstrumented consclous dogs in the resting state, during atrial pacing at 120 bpm, and during an acute pressure load produced by intravenous phenylephrine. Dogs were studied before, during, and after oral quinidine administration with control measurements varying by 0.05) before or during quinidine, respectively. During atrial pacing LV dP dt increased similarly during the control and quinidine periods (+ 13 and + 11%), and %ΔD decreased equally (−26% and −21%) during phenylephrine infusion off and on quinidine. Thus chronic oral quinidine administration in clinically therapeutic doses (serum quinidine levels 2.3 to 7.5 μg/ml) produced no depression in LV performance at rest or during an acute pressure load.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND POLITICAL CORRELATES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR POVERTY

The effects of sociodemographic and political variables on causal attribution for poverty were measured among college students using the LOGIT form of the general logistic regression. Consistent wi...
Standardization of ATE timing accuracy specifications

A common, comprehensive definition of overall timing accuracy discussed is feasible and would be beneficial to ATE (automatic test equipment) manufacturers and users. can accuracy database derived from common definitions of timing accuracy can provide additional benefits beyond the bottom-line accuracy summary. A strong industry need to standardize the definition of ATE overall timing accuracy is emphasized. The definition must be comprehensive, general, and based on NBS traceability. The challenge will be to develop a standard specification that is applicable in the general case. This task may be simplified by developing separate standards for major classes of testers. >