cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High accuracy ab initio potential energy surface for the H2O–H van der Waals dimer

A representation of the three-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) of the H2O–H van der Waals dimer is presented. The H2O molecule is treated as a rigid body held at its experimentally determined equilibrium geometry, with the OH bond length set to 1.809 650 34 a0 and the HOH bond angle set to 1.824 044 93 radians. Ab initio calculations are carried out at the coupled-cluster single, double, and perturbative triple level, with scalar relativistic effects included using the second-order Douglas–Kroll–Hess approximation. The ab initio calculations employ the aug-cc-pVnZ-DK series of basis sets (n = D, T, Q), which are recontracted versions of the aug-cc-pVnZ basis sets that are appropriate for relativistic calculations. The counterpoise method is used to reduce the basis set superposition error; in addition, results obtained using the aug-cc-pVTZ-DK and aug-cc-pVQZ-DK basis sets were extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. The PES is based on calculations carried out at 1054 symmetry-unique H2O–H geometries for which the distance R between the H-atom and the H2O center of mass ranges from R = 2.5–9.0 A. The reproduction of the PES along the orientational degrees of freedom was performed using Lebedev quadrature and an expansion in spherical harmonics. The mean absolute error of the reproduced PES is <0.02 cm−1 for R ≥ 3.0 A and <0.21 cm−1 for R between 2.5 and 3.0 A. The global minimum for the CBS PES is a coplanar H2O–H geometry, with R = 3.41 A, in which the angle formed between the H2O C2 symmetry axis and the H-atom is 122.25°; the CBS binding energy for this geometry is 61.297 cm−1. In addition, by utilizing the symmetry of the H2O molecule, the spherical harmonic expansion was simplified with no loss in accuracy and a speedup of ∼1.8 was achieved. The reproduced PES can be used in future molecular dynamics simulations.
Climate change assessment: seasonal and annual temperature analysis trends in the Sardinia region (Italy)

Climate change is expected to have an impact on temperature variability and lead to a substantial increase in temperature values. This is particularly important in some areas, such as the Mediterranean region that has been identified as one of the most responsive regions to climate change. In this paper, the temporal tendencies of seasonal and annual temperature data were analysed in the Sardinia Island (Italy) by applying two non-parametric tests for trend detection to 48 temperature series in a 30-year period (1982–2011). As a result, an opposite trend behaviour between maximum and minimum temperatures has been detected. As regards the maximum seasonal temperature data, a marked positive trend has been detected in all the seasons, with the exception of winter, and especially in spring with about 58% of the station showing increasing values. Conversely, a predominant negative trend characterized the minimum seasonal temperature data, especially in autumn when 50% of the series showed this tendency. The results of this study can increase the knowledge and the ability of policymakers to make strategic decisions.
Litigating Federal Health Care Legislation and Interstices of Procedure

Although much has been written on the constitutionally of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, both before and after the Supreme Court decided National Fed. of Indep. Business v. Sebelius, 132 S.Ct. 2566 (2012), much less scholarly attention has focused on the procedural aspects of the litigation including jurisdiction, standing, ripeness, and severability. These procedural issues were the focus of the University of Richmond Law Review Symposium held in November 2011. The papers from that symposium highlighted several important themes including judicial restraint and the role of states as litigants.
Assessment of Evidence in University Students' Scientific Writing.

The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to examine uses of evidence inuniversity students' writing of scientific argument. The study was conducted in anintroductory level oceanography course in a large public university. In this course students draw on large-scale geological data sets provided by an interactive CD-ROM,`Our Dynamic Planet' (Prothero 1995), to write a scientific technical paper. We examined the uses of evidence in two ways. First, we conducted interviews with undergraduate oceanography students n = 9, non-oceanography undergraduate students n = 8 , and course instructors n = 4 to assess the differences in interpretation of uses of scientific evidence for high ranked and low ranked student papers from a previous academic year. Second, we applied our proposed argumentation analysis to student writing to examine the formulation of evidence in these high and low ranked papers. We draw on these findings to discuss ways of teaching students the construction of argument in scientific writing.
Interfacing a fluid code (Induct95) with a particle code (PDP1) to obtain ion energy distributions in inductive and capacitive discharges

Summary form only given, as follows. Our goal is to obtain the ion angular and energy distributions at the wafer of inductive and capacitive discharges. To do this on a standard uniform mesh with particle codes alone would be impractical because of the long time scale nature of the problem (i.e., 10/sup 6/ time steps). A solution is to use a fluid code to simulate the bulk source region, while using a particle-in-cell code to simulate the sheath region. Induct95 is a 2d fluid code which call simulate inductive and capacitive discharges. Though it does not resolve the sheath region near the wafer, it provides diagnostics for the collisional bulk plasma (i.e., potentials, temperatures, fluxes, etc.) Also, fluid codes converge to equilibrium much faster than particle codes in collisional regimes. PDP1 is a 1d3v particle-in-cell code which can simulate rf discharges. It can resolve the sheath region and obtain the ion angular and energy distributions at the wafer target. The overall running time is expected to be that of the fluid code.
"Controlling" Securities Fraud: Proposed Liability Standards for Controlling Persons Under the 1933 and 1934 Securities Acts

This Student Note investigates the history and intent underlying the controlling person liability provisions of the 1933 and 1934 Securities Act. It notes that courts have adopted a ranges of standards for holding controlling persons liability, but whichever standard is chosen – that standard is applied to both Acts. This note argues that courts should impose unique liability standards for each statute in order to fully realize Congress' purpose in adopting the laws.
Differential regulation of macrophage phenotype by mature and pro-nerve growth factor

To characterize the role of neurotrophin receptors on macrophages, we investigated the ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its precursor, proNGF, to regulate human macrophage phenotype. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) and TrkA were concentrated within overlapping domains on membrane ruffles. NGF stimulation of macrophages increased membrane ruffling, calcium spiking, phagocytosis and growth factor secretion. In contrast, proNGF induced podosome formation, increased migration, suppressed calcium spikes and increased neurotoxin secretion. These results demonstrate opposing roles of NGF and proNGF in macrophage regulation providing new avenues for pharmacological intervention during neuroinflammation.
NCCN Guidelines Implementation in the Multidisciplinary Merkel Cell Carcinoma Program at the University of Michigan

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare malignancy of the skin, and prospective randomized clinical studies on management and treatment are very limited. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for MCC provide up-to-date, best evidence-based, and consensus-driven management pathways with the purpose of providing best care and outcomes. Multidisciplinary management with consensus treatment recommendations to individualize patient care within the framework of these guidelines is optimal. The University of Michigan multidisciplinary MCC program uses NCCN Guidelines in the management and treatment of its patients. This article discusses 4 patient presentations to highlight the implementation of the NCCN Guidelines for MCC at the University of Michigan.
The Very Idea of Computer Self-Knowledge and Self-Deception

Do computers have beliefs? I argue that anyone who answers in the affirmative holds a view that is incompatible with what I shall call the commonsense approach to the propositional attitudes. My claims shall be two. First,the commonsense view places important constraints on what can be acknowledged as a case of having a belief. Second, computers – at least those for which having a belief would be conceived as having a sentence in a belief box – fail to satisfy some of these constraints. This second claim can best be brought out in the context of an examination of the idea of computer self-knowledge and self-deception, but the conclusion is perfectly general: the idea that computers are believers, like the idea that computers could have self-knowledge or be self-deceived, is incompatible with the commonsense view. The significance of the argument lies in the choice it forces on us: whether to revise our notion of belief so as to accommodate the claim that computers are believers, or to give up on that claim so as to preserve our pretheoretic notion of the attitudes. We cannot have it both ways.
Primary versus delayed-primary neurorrhaphy in rat sciatic nerve

INTRODUCTION The histological aspects of nerve degeneration and regeneration have been extensively studied by light and electron microscopy and the results have been reviewed by several authors [5, 7, 11, 171. Despite the large volume of literature on regeneration, however, the timing of nerve repairs continues to be controversial. Grabb has demonstrated that primary is superior to secondary repair in monkeys [4]; Ducker advocates nerve repair after a 2to 3-wk delay; and Millesi’s report on nerve grafting has altered many neurorrhaphy principles [7]. In an attempt to assess differences between primary and delayed-primary neurorrhaphy, an experiment in which the timing of neurorrhaphy is the only major variable has been designed.
Reactively evaporated titanium nitride resistors for microcircuits

Abstract This paper describes a method of fabrication and electrical properties of titanium thin-film resistors. The TiN x and Al films are deposited over the entire substrate and this is followed by the sequential generation of the patterns for the conductive and the resistive films by the usual photolithographic technique. The reactively evaporated resistors have an average resistivity of 300 micro-Ω-cm and TCR values of −80 to +30 ppm/°C for substrate temperatures ranging from 250 to 400°C during deposition at an ambient nitrogen pressure of 6 × 10 −5 torr. Accelerated oven aging tests indicate that the stability is better than about 3 per cent at an oven temperature of 250°C after 100 hr for films having a sheet resistance of 50 Ω/p[ without prestabilization. The technique of thin-film fabrication established in this work appears to have a potential in the realization of high reliability resistors for routine production of thin-film microcircuits.
The Basic Attractor of the Viscous Moore-Greitzer Equation

The basic attractor of a nonlinear partial differential equation is the part of the global attractor that attracts a prevalent set in phase space. We give a qualitative description of stall, which is a component of the basic attractor of the viscous Moore-Greitzer equation. The basic attractor can contain more than one stall component. The existence of these components is proven and their stability explored. Numerical results are presented, showing the shape and evolution of stall cells over large parameter regions.
The effective cone of the Kontsevich moduli space

In this paper we prove that the cone of effective divisors on the Kontsevich moduli spaces of stable maps, , stabilize when . We give a complete characterization of the effective divisors on . They are non-negative linear combinations of boundary divisors and the divisor of maps with degenerate image.
Multi-color quantum dot stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (qSTORM)

ABSTRACT Although Single Molecule Localization (SML) techniques have pushed the resolution of fluorescence microscopy beyond the diffraction limit, the accuracy of SML has been limited by the brightness of the fluorophores. The introduction of Quantum Dots (QD) for SML promises to ove rcome this barrier, and the QD Blueing technique provides a novel approach to SML microscopy. QDs have a higher qua ntum yield and absorption cross-section, making them brighter, thereby providing a higher accuracy of localization. The blue ing technique is also fa ster and more quantitative than other SML techniques such as dS TORM. The initial bleaching step required by dSTORM is not necessary and each QD is imaged only once as its emission spectrum moves through the blueing window in contrast to dSTORM where the same molecule might be imaged multiple times. Single color QD Blueing has been demonstrated. However in biological imaging, multi-color imaging is essential for understanding the samples under study. Here we introduce two color super-resolution microscopy using QD Blueing on biological sample s. We demonstrate simultaneous imaging of microtubules and mitochondria in HepG2 cells with a localization accuracy of 40nm. We further show how QD Blueing can be optimized through the control of the sample mounting medium. Keywords: quantum dots, fluorescence microscopy, superresolution imaging, single molecule localization, adaptive optics, bioimaging
Inner sphere and outer sphere electron transfer reactions in atom transfer radical polymerization

The participation of electron transfer (ET) processes in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is discussed. Inner sphere electron transfer process (atom transfer) is the inherent part of ATRP. It includes the homolytic cleavage of C-halogen bond in dormant macromolecular alkyl halides species by the Cu(I) activator with the rate constant kact≈100±1 M−1s−1. This process is reversible and the deactivation of growing radicals by X-Cu(II) species is very fast with the rate constant of deactivation kact≈107±1 M−1s−1. However, in addition to the atom transfer process (inner sphere ET), outer sphere ET may also occur. Growing radicals can either be oxidized by Cu(II) species to carbocations or reduced by Cu(I) species to carbanions. These reactions were observed in the polymerization of p-methoxystyrene and initiation with 2-bromomalonates, respectively. In order to avoid these side reactions the catalyst structure should be fine tuned for the particular monomer and the range of targeted molecular weights. In addition, some side reactions can be avoided by slow addition of initiator (e.g. for benzhydryl halides), catalyst (for malonates and CCl4 as initiators) and by reducing polymerization temperature.
Association between ABCB1 genotype and seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy.

Background Medically refractory seizures are an important problem in both humans and dogs with epilepsy. Altered expression of ABCB1, the gene encoding for p-glycoprotein (PGP), has been proposed to play a role in drug-resistant epilepsy. Hypothesis Heterogeneity of the ABCB1 gene is associated with seizure outcome in dogs with epilepsy. Animals Twenty-nine Collies with epilepsy being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Methods Prospective and retrospective cohort study. Dogs were classified as having a good outcome (≤1 seizure/month, no cluster seizures) or a poor outcome (>1 seizure/month, with or without cluster seizures) based on owner-completed questionnaire. Serum AED concentrations were measured, and ABCB1 genotyping was performed on buccal tissue samples. Association analyses were performed for genotype and seizure outcome, number of AEDs administered, serum AED concentrations, and incidence of adverse effects. Results Fourteen dogs of 29 (48%) were homozygous for the ABCB1-1∆ mutation (M/M), 11 dogs (38%) were heterozygous (M/N), and 4 dogs (14%) had the wild-type genotype (N/N). Dogs with the M/M genotype were significantly more likely to have fewer seizures and have less AED-related sedation than M/N or N/N dogs (P = .003 and P = .001, respectively). Serum phenobarbital and bromide concentrations did not differ between groups, but the M/N and N/N groups received a larger number of AEDs than the M/M group (P = .014). Conclusions and Clinical Importance ABCB1 genotype is associated with seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy. This cannot be attributed to differences in PGP function, but might be because of intrinsic variations in seizure severity among phenotypes.
CMOS/SOS LSI For Real-Time Signal Processing

"These are interesting times in which we live" is an addage we have all heard oft repeated, but it has never been more true than in the technology explosion presently permeating the semiconductor industry. Rapid advances in processing, photolithography, and computeraided design (CAD) techniques are making possible semiconductor devices with performance characteristics heretofore considered impossible. This paper reviews some of the outstanding performance characteristics achieved with silicon-gate complementary-MOS (CMOS) fabricated on a sapphire substrate (CMOS/SOS). Three CMOS/SOS LSI devices, recently developed at the Electronics Research Center, are reviewed to demonstrate the strengths of the Rockwell technology. A 12-bit analog/digital (A/D) converter device(1) highlights the analog capabilities of the 4-micron technology. High-speed digital characteristics of the 3-micron technology are demonstrated by a CMOS/SOS frequency synthesizer.( 293) Tight packaging densities (1 square mil per transistor), high speed (800 picoseconds), low-power (0.2 picojoules) characteristics provided by the 2- micron technology are demonstrated by the Viterbi LSI device.( 4) CAD capability( S) greatly facilitating LSI design, analysis, layout and layout verification is also discussed briefly. Finally, the plans for both production and continued development of the CMOS/SOS technology are presented.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attitudes Toward Making Babies … With a Deceased Partner's Cryopreserved Gametes

A multiple segment factorial vignette was used with a probability sample of 857 U.S. households to assess the effects of contextual variables on attitudes toward posthumous reproduction using the cryopreserved gametes of a deceased partner. Attitudes were affected in predictable directions by marital status, gender of the deceased individual, disposition of the deceased's parents, and the deceased's wishes. In addition, respondents who identified more closely with their chosen religion tended to perceive posthumous conception as less appropriate and those who had never had children attributed a greater degree of obligation to assist on the part of medical professionals.
Tyrosine phosphorylation as a marker for aberrantly regulated growth-promoting pathways in cell lines derived from head and neck malignancies.

We have utilized a broad approach to address whether tyrosine kinases and the growth pathways they regulate might be functionally aberrant in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract. This strategy involved assaying for evidence of tyrosine kinase action in lysates of cell lines representing SCC. Our findings revealed a spectrum of elevated tyrosine phosphorylation in SCC lines ranging from less than 2-fold to more than 10-fold above that of control human epidermal keratinocytes. Thus the ability to regulate growth and other pathways controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation was impaired in all the 19 lines examined. Assessment of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) revealed that its activity was elevated above normal in 14 of the 19 cell lines examined, suggesting that at least a portion of the increased tyrosine phosphorylation observed could be attributed to excessive EGF receptor activity. Our findings provide functional evidence that growth pathways are aberrantly regulated in cell lines representing SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The “common sense” of the nonprofit hospital tax exemption: A policy analysis

Although rarely discussed prior to the 1985 Utah Supreme Court ruling against Intermountain Health Care Inc., the question of whether to grant tax exemptions to nonprofit hospitals is currently being debated by federal, state, and local legislators, and by the courts. Changes to current policy seem likely. This policy analysis: (1) presents the historical and legal background; (2) examines the economic, political, and organizational implications of current tax-exemption policy; and (3) offers three alternatives to this current policy. The analysis indicates that the current policy provides little incentive for nonprofit hospitals to make contributions of charity care. Of the alternatives, eliminating the exemption is not politically feasible at this time; regulating hospital operations and outputs portends an implementation nightmare; and tying tax subsidy levels to output levels of charity care--perhaps the strongest and most efficient incentive--would require an unlikely political consensus on what constitute valid and reliable measures of charity care. If there is a movement toward subsidies, then linking subsidy amounts to levels of charity care will depend on whether policy analysts can design satisfactory empirical measures. With the advent of universal health coverage, the demand for charity care will decrease. The problem for tax-exempt hospitals will then become justifying the exemption by demonstrating the extent to which they generate community benefits at no or reduced cost to society.
Zebra patterns in fly embryos: Activation of stripes or repression of interstripes?

Like Gould's zebra, the striped embryo can be viewed as a pattern of both interstripe repression and stripe activation. A growing body of evidence suggests that both processes are at work in regulating pair-rule gene expression. Certain genes, such as ftz, are largely negatively regulated in the interstripes through proximal upstream elements by the striped expression of other pair-rule genes, while others, such as hairy and eve, are largely regulated through distal upstream elements by the aperiodic gap genes (Figure 7). Different gap proteins control different subsets of stripes and interstripes. Combinations of gap proteins regulate transcription by binding to far upstream elements that contain different numbers and types of binding sites.
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE PHYLOGENY AND RANDOM OUTGROUPS

— When divergent taxa are used to root networks, it is assumed that the character stales in the outgroup have historical similarity to those in the ingroup. Yet, if the data are nucleic acid sequences, the character stales shared by a divergent outgroup may be based not on history but on random similarity. A simple procedure is proposed to test this possibility. In the absence of an appropriate outgroup, root position can be estimated with the use of an asymmetrical character transformation matrix. If the matrix is sufficiently biased, it can supply the polarity information usually derived from an outgroup. This outgroup test and rooting procedure are demonstrated with ADH sequences from the genus Drosophila.
Architectural enhancements in Stratix-III™ and Stratix-IV™

This paper describes architectural enhancements in the Stratix-III" and Stratix-IV" FPGA architectures. These architectures feature programmable power management, which allows the power and performance of logic and routing to be varied to minimize total power without any performance loss. This paper describes the technique used for programmable power management, and describes the experimental evaluation that led to the choice of regions in these architectures. The memory architecture is also explored by adding heterogeneous memory mapping to the FPGA Modeling Toolkit, and used to explore LUT based memory structures. The ALM structure provides more inputs than required for a simple 6 LUT, which can be used with simple modifications to efficiently support simple dual-ported LUT based RAM. Replacing the Stratix-II" small memory blocks with LUT RAM and changing the size of other two memories is shown to reduce overall core area across a set of benchmark designs.
Cytokine inhibition of the hepatitis B virus core promoter

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA contains consensus elements for transactivating proteins whose binding activity in other systems is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. Because HBV replicates within an environment of provoked inflammation, we speculated that the HBV core/pregenomic promoter may be regulated by cytokines produced in response to infection. To evaluate this hypothesis, the HBV core/pregenomic (C/P) promoter and associated cis-acting elements were placed upstream of a luciferase-encoding plasmid. This reporter construct was transfected into cytokine-sensitive hepatoma cells permissive for HBV replication, which were exposed to stimulated mononuclear cell-conditioned medium or human recombinant cytokines. Conditioned medium reduced luciferase expression by 80%. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) each reduced luciferase activity by 40%. Combinations of TNF-alpha and interferons mimicked the extent of conditioned medium inhibition. Non-specific effects from diminished cellular viability or growth were not responsible for decreased luciferase activity. Retention of HBV DNA 330 basepairs upstream of the C/P transcription start site was required to maintain the TNF-alpha effect. A 60% reduction in HBV replicative forms within intracellular core particles was demonstrated with TNF-alpha treatment of Hep G2 cells stably transfected with HBV DNA. The inhibitory action of these cytokines implicates a noncytolytic mechanism by which antigen-nonspecific immune responses in part regulate HBV replication in infected hepatocytes. This function may be beneficial in accelerating viral clearance, but in alternative circumstances could contribute to viral persistence by attenuating immunogen recognition.
Process Development for CMOS-MEMS Sensors With Robust Electrically Isolated Bulk Silicon Microstructures

This paper presents a deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE)-based post-CMOS micromachining process that provides robust electrically isolated single-crystal silicon (SCS) microstructures for integrated inertial sensors. Several process issues arise from previously reported three-axis CMOS microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers, including sidewall contaminations of SCS microstructures in plasma etch and a severe silicon undercut caused by overheating of suspended microstructures. Solutions to these issues have been found and are discussed in detail in this paper. In particular, a lumped-element model is developed to estimate the temperature rise on suspended microstructures in a silicon DRIE process. Based on the thermal modeling and experiments, a thick photoresist layer has been used as a thermal path to avoid the severe silicon undercut. The sidewall contamination problem is also eliminated using the modified CMOS-MEMS process. A three-axis accelerometer with a low-noise, low-power on-chip amplifier has been successfully fabricated using the new process. Footing effect was observed on the backside of the sensor microstructure, but it has little effect on the structural integrity and sensitivity of the sensor.
Human NDUFB9 Gene: Genomic Organization and a Possible Candidate Gene Associated with Deafness Disorder Mapped to Chromosome 8q13

Human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1beta-subcomplex, 9 (NDUFB9) is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein with the respiratory electron transport chain. It has been physically mapped to a 1-Mb deletion at chromosome 8q13 which also contains the gene for branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome. BOR syndrome is characterized by branchial and renal abnormalities with hearing impairment. Since several hereditary deafness disorders have been associated with mitochondrial mutations, NDUFB9 was considered a candidate gene for BOR syndrome. Recently, EYA1 gene has been identified in the region which underlies the BOR syndrome but majority of BOR families did not show mutations in the EYA1 gene. Here we have determined the genomic structure of the NDUFB9 gene, including the nucleotide sequence, organization and the boundaries of the four coding exons. PCR primers were designed from the adjacent intron sequences that allow amplification of the four exons that encode the complete open reading frame. To identify whether mutations in NDUFB9 are involved in causing the BOR syndrome, we screened 9 BOR families which did not show mutations in the EYA1 gene by heteroduplex analysis; however, no mutations were found.
Three generations of comparative welfare theory: From convergence to convergence

Abstract There are many theoretical perspectives on the welfare state. These include the Marxist (Offe 1974), social-democratic (Esping-Andersen 1990), citizenship (Marshall 1950), and pluralist approach (Gilbert 1983; Johnson 1987) to name only a few. Two main approaches have been used to organize these theories of the welfare state and locate them within broad analytic frameworks. One method, the typological approach, develops classification systems which conceptualize welfare state theories according to their purpose. This view does not impose any sort of linear or temporal structure on the theories, but groups together those which advance our understanding of the welfare state in similar ways. The second main approach to organizing welfare state theory is a historical-classification based on dominant theoretical orientations. This paper develops a third method for the analytic classification of welfare state theory, which involves a historical-evolutionary approach. This approach rejects the historica...
C-glycosylxanthone and flavonoid variation within the filmy-ferns (hymenophyllaceae)

Abstract The identification and distribution of flavone and flavonol- O -glycosides, C -glycosylflavones and C -glycosylxanthones are fully documented for Hymenophyllum tunbridgense , H. ( Mecodium ) dilatatum , H. ( M. ) recurvatum , Trichomanes ( Didymoglossum ) petersii , T. ( Cardiomanes ) reniforme , and T. ( Polyphlebium ) venosum. A number of novel acetylated and benzoylated C -glycosylxanthones, orientin and isoorientin arabinofuranosides, and tricetin 8- C -glucoside are reported for the first time. This preliminary study suggests that a wide variety of chemotypes is encompassed within this family, and that a thorough chemotaxonomic study should be of considerable value in resolving the much disputed subfamilial taxonomic relationships. The available data do not support the division of the family into the two classic genera Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes .
Ionized gas-solid suspension in an electric field

The present work deals with the interaction of particulate matter with an ionized gas by including an external electric field and non-equilibrium states. A gas-solid suspension was considered as a mixture held close to equilibrium. Microscopically, the mixture was treated, by analogy to the kinetic theory, as an assembly of four kinds of small particles--electrons, ions, atoms and solid particles--interacting with one another. Since the particles gain energy from the applied electric field, it is possible for the four components to exist in a nonequilibrium state, each at a different temperature. For simplicity, in this study we consider only the case where the ions, atoms and solid particles are at the same temperature when an electric field is applied, and the temperature of the electron may be higher than the rest. A model of the interaction between a heavy solid particle and gaseous phase was proposed. According to these mechanisms and assumptions, equations were derived. Let us consider a system where initially neutral micron-sized solid particles are injected into an ionized gas, we shall designate the initial equilibrium number density of gas atoms, ions and electrons by nm m2, and n,s respectively. After the injection of an amount of solid particles, corresponding to a final number density n4, gaseous number densities will become ni, n2 and na to reach a new equilibrium. Furthermore, we shall assume n4 to be small comparing with the total number density, nt. The interaction between a solid particle and a gaseous phase is fairly complicated, however, only the following predominating mechanisms are considered in the analysis of this study: 1. Electrons which are emitted from a solid particle to the gaseous phase due to high temperature are considered as a part of free electrons in the gas-solid suspension system. If the initial charge of a solid particle is z,4, an emitted electron from the solid particle contributes the charge of the particle changing to z,4 ÷ 1. Such emission is known as thermionic emission. 2. Either a free electron or a free ion in the gaseous phase is no longer considered as free when it collides with a solid particle and is absorbed by the solid particle. Each ion or electron captured by the solid particle changes the solid particle charge from z~4 to z~4 q1 or z ~ 4 1 respectively. 3. Neither ionization nor recombination occurs when an atom collides with a solid particle.
Teaching Cardiology to Undergraduate Students

Modern cardiology is based on knowledge derived from several disciplines: Anatomy and embryology, physiology, pathology and bacteriology, pharmacology, physics, roentgenology, physical diagnosis, comparative biology, general medicine and surgery, pediatrics, and therapeutics. Psychiatry in all its aspects, public health, industrial organization, and social service, have multiple problems in common with cardiology. This strict connection between cardiology and allied or parent sciences is demonstrated by a few examples : Conduction disturbances (anatomy) ; complex malformations of the heart (embryology) ; rheumatic fever (bacteriology, immunology, preventive medicine) ; neurocirculatory asthenia (psychiatry). Teaching of cardiology cannot be entirely separated from any of these various contributory disciplines and it could be said that cardiology cuts transversely through all the above mentioned fields.
Effects of amorphous and crystalline nickel sulfide on induction of interferons-α/β and -γ and interleukin-2

Pretreatment of rat spleen cells with crystalline or amorphous nickel sulfide (NiS) did not inhibit induction of interferon-gamma or interleukin-2 by concanavalin A. In contrast, pretreatment of murine L-929 cells with crystalline NiS inhibited severely IFN-alpha/beta induction by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, while amorphous NiS did not show any effect. This difference in the effects of both forms of NiS on the spleen and L-929 cells correlated with the cellular internalization of the compound; L-929 cells actively phagocytosed crystalline NiS while the uptake of amorphous NiS by the same type of cells was minimal. The uptake of both crystalline and amorphous NiS by spleen cells was very low.
Effects of age and macrophage lineage on intracellular survival and cytokine induction after infection with Rhodococcus equi

Rhodococcus equi, a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages, causes life-threatening pneumonia in foals and in people with underlying immune deficiencies. As a basis for this study, we hypothesized that macrophage lineage and age would affect intracellular survival of R. equi and cytokine induction after infection. Monocyte-derived and bronchoalveolar macrophages from 10 adult horses and from 10 foals (sampled at 1-3 days, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 5 months of age) were infected ex vivo with virulent R. equi. Intracellular R. equi were quantified and mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was measured. Intracellular replication of R. equi was significantly (P<0.001) greater in bronchoalveolar than in monocyte-derived macrophages, regardless of age. Regardless of the macrophage lineage, replication of R. equi was significantly (P=0.002) higher in 3-month-old foals than in 3-day old foals, 2-week-old foals, 1-month-old foals, and adult horses. Expression of IL-4 mRNA was significantly higher in monocyte-derived macrophages whereas expression of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α was significantly higher in bronchoalveolar macrophages. Induction of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 p40, and IL-8 mRNA in bronchoalveolar macrophages of 1-3-day old foals was significantly higher than in older foals or adult horses. Preferential intracellular survival of R. equi in bronchoalveolar macrophages of juvenile horses may play a role in the pulmonary tropism of the pathogen and in the window of age susceptibility to infection.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Studies of the distribution and metabolism of 5α-[2,4−3H] cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one after intragastric administration to rats

Abstract 5α-[2,4− 3 H]Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one was administered to a series of male Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric intubation in the form of an emulsion in a mixture of triolein, sodium taurocholate, bovine serum albumin, and glucose. [4− 14 C]Cholesterol was similarly administered to a second series of rats. The distribution of 3 H and 14 C was studied at 12 and 48 h after the administration of the sterols. The results demonstrated that the 15-ketosterol is absorbed and metabolized to material with the Chromatographic properties of fatty acid esters of the 15-ketosterol, to cholesterol, and to fatty acid esters of cholesterol. The [ 3 H]cholesterol formed from the 15-ketosterol was characterized by its behavior on silicic acid-Super Cel column chromatography, by the chromatographic behavior of its acetate derivative on alumina-AgNO 3 column chromatography, and by purification by way of its dibromide derivative without significant change in specific activity. The general distribution of 3 H was similar to that of 14 C. No unusual concentration of 3 H in any of the organs studied was observed.
Nucleation controlled phase selection during solidification

An important and long-standing goal in the analysis and modeling of solidification processing is the identification and prediction of microstructural evolution in order to provide a control over solidification structure. The advances towards achieving the goal are significant especially with regard to the role of growth kinetics competition in microstructure selection. At the same time there have been advances in the analysis of the initial phase selection during nucleation that plays a central role in the overall evolution of solidification microstructure. During product phase transitions that develop with changing undercooling level or alloy composition, competitive nucleation can yield mixed phase microstructures of both stable and metastable phases as shown for rapid solidification of eutectic, peritectic and glass forming alloys. At low undercooling the key role of interface catalysis is evident as well as an inhibited growth to allow for the optimization of the nucleation density during grain refining processes. At high undercooling, during crystallization of bulk melts or devitrification of metallic glass, the nucleation onset and the initial phase selection are usually determined by a heterogeneous nucleation on catalytic sites that are developed through either ex situ or in situ processes. The complete analysis of solidification microstructure evolution requires the consideration of the dynamic kinetic competition that is the basis of phase selection transitions.
Interacting Guilds: Moving beyond the Pairwise Perspective on Mutualisms

Abstract: Most textbook treatments imply, and almost all theoretical analyses assume, that mutualistic interactions take place between a single pair of interacting partner species. A major goal of this symposium is to broaden and shift this pairwise perspective and make it concordant with the emerging view that locally exclusive mutualisms between just two species are the exception and that many communities include guilds of mutualistic species on one or both sides of the interaction. Many pollination and seed‐dispersal mutualisms have long been recognized as diffuse, but recent molecular analyses are revealing unrecognized partner diversity in mutualistic interactions previously thought to be locally species specific. Co‐occurring species within a mutualist guild are unlikely to be ecologically equivalent in the way they locate, compete for, and/or reward partners, and so intraguild interactions have the potential to influence population dynamics and patterns of selection in species on both sides of the ...
A low power multi-mode CMOS image sensor with integrated on-chip motion detection

In this paper, we propose a novel low power multimode CMOS smart image sensor node with integrated focal-plane motion detection and video compression. An 80×80 image pixel array is fabricated in 0.5 μm 3M2P standard CMOS technology, occupying 3×3 mm2 silicon area. The proposed imager enables various operational modes, including 1) event generator mode, 2) motion tracking mode and 3) video output mode in full-resolution or compression by region of interest (ROI). An ultra low power focal-plane motion detection block, consisting of analog memory and dual-threshold comparator, is integrated in the pixel-level circuit for on-chip motion detection. A hardware-friendly motion tracking algorithm is developed that indicates ROIs according to a strategy based on the detection results. A 12-bit on-chip, off-array ADC is employed to convert the captured light intensity into digital readouts. In order to further reduce the power consumption, lower image resolution is used under the first two modes. A trade-off analysis between the image resolution and detection accuracy is proposed in this paper. In simulation, the total power consumption is 10μW at a frame rate of 30fps and a supply voltage of 3.3V in motion tracking mode. A compression ratio of 14% and an average PSNR of 42dB is achieved in compressive video output mode.
Left ventricular aneurysm without coronary arterial obstruction or occlusion

Abstract The most common cause of left ventricular aneurysm is severe obstruction or occlusion of a major coronary artery. Among the last 2,500 patients studied in our laboratory with selective coronary cinearteriography and left ventriculography, we found 9 with unquestionable evidence of left ventricular aneurysm and no or minimal coronary arterial obstruction. Eight of the nine patients had a history of previous myocardial infarction and classic electrocardiographic changes. We believe that in these patients coronary arterial obstruction had led to the development of left ventricular aneurysm. Later, complete or partial regression of the coronary obstruction ensued, leaving a normal or a minimally compromised vascular lumen.
The pleated sheet: an unusual negative-staining method for transmission electron microscopy of biological macromolecules.

A novel method for preparing negatively stained specimens is described which appears to improve the routine resolution of biological structure in direct images obtained by transmission electron microscopy. In the new method, which we term the pleated sheet technique, macromolecules are adsorbed to a carbon film by the Valentine procedure (R. Valentine, B. Shapiro, and E. Stadtman (1968) Biochemistry, 7, 2143–2152), and the film then carefully pleated while in contact with a 1% uranyl formate solution to trap stain within the folds of pleats. A grid is placed on the compressed film, and film plus grid retrieved with a Saran Wrap drum. Subsequent dehydration produces a filmed grid containing negatively stained macromolecules within the folds of pleated regions and positively stained macromolecules in single sheet regions. The effect of sandwiching sample and stain between carbon layers is to produce exceedingly uniform negative staining so that stain contours more accurately and more reproducibly reflect true molecular contours. Electron micrographs of IgG and IgA molecules prepared by these methods are exhibited that permit unambiguous comparison of structure imaged in the electron microscope against known structures solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Correlation is excellent; the smallest resolvable element in micrographs is an immunoglobulin domain, whose molecular weight is 12 000.
Fracture behavior of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers

The energetics and micromechanisms of fracture in model dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers have been studied. Their fracture toughness values have been quantified under mode 1 loading conditions using both the critical J-integral approach and an essential work-of-fracture method. Additional studies evaluating the effect of specimen geometry are reported. For these studies it was found that center-notched and double edge-notched test geometries were equivalent under J-integral test conditions. The effect of elastomer composition was also studied with regard to fracture resistance. Increasing the weight percentage of both elastomer and processing oil caused a considerable decrease in both the material's resistance to both fracture initiation and fracture propagation. Increasing the molecular weight of the thermoplastic phase caused a smaller reduction in fracture resistance. The phase morphology of one model compound, TPE6114, consists of an isotactic polypropylene-rich matrix containing discrete elastomer-rich domains of a diameter of 1–3 μm. A process zone was associated with fracture in this material. The process zone consists of an array of voids and crazes that were 10–30 μm in diameter, an order of magnitude larger than the elastomer-rich domains. These were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The crazes were found to grow at an angle oblique to the overall crack growth direction. Ruthenium stained SEM samples showed that these crazes and voids occur in both the polypropylene and elastomer domains, and that at least some of the craze fibrils are composed of the elastomeric phase. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 763–770, 2000
TH-D-330A-03: Development of a High Resolution Imaging System for Nuclear Medicine

Purpose: To construct a diagnosticimaging system for nuclear medicine that can generate images with spatial resolutions of 1–2 mm and hence improve the image quality in diagnostic nuclear medicine.Method and Materials:Tumors of 1–2 mm can be detected using photon diffraction to focus the gamma rays emitted by the radiopharmaceutical in the tumor region onto a detector, much like using a magnifying glass to focus sunlight on a small area. The gamma rays from the tumor volume are focused by an array of lenses, each comprised of small copper crystals arranged in concentric rings of increasing diameter. Specific crystalline plane orientations can be used for each ring so that the diffracted gamma rays converge on a small area on a detector's sensitive region. No collimation is needed since each lens in the system will focus one gamma‐ray energy at one time. Results: Preliminary data collected with a prototype lens using Co‐57 and Tc‐99m not only show that photon diffraction is a viable approach to focusing gamma rays, but yielded a spatial resolution of 3 mm. Sensitivity estimates based on these data indicate that a 9‐lens array could detect a 1 μCi spherical source of 0.01cc in volume with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 6‐to‐1. Conclusion: The use of photon diffraction in diagnosticimaging in nuclear medicine is a strong and innovative technique that only this imaging system possesses. Photon diffraction eliminates the need for external collimation, which is the cause of limited sensitivity in gamma and SPECT cameras, because the crystal elements in a lens prevent photons with energies other than the specified energy from reaching a detector. Finally, detection of a tumor site at its inception can allow for earlier initiation of treatment and wider treatment options which can potentially improve the chances of a cure.