cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic study on the effect of histidine position and fragment ion size on the formation of bn ions

Abstract In this study, we utilized gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to examine the effect of: (i) histidine (His) amino acid position and (ii) fragment ion size on the structures of b n ( n = 4–7) ions generated from nozzle-skimmer fragmentation. Both H/D exchange patterns and semi-log temporal plots of histidine-containing b n fragment ions generated from seven isobaric model heptapeptides { i.e. , ( His )AAAAAA-NH 2 , A( His )AAAAA-NH 2 , AA( His )AAAA-NH 2 , AAA( His )AAA-NH 2 , AAAA( His )AA-NH 2 , AAAAA( His )A-NH 2 , and AAAAAA( His )-NH 2 } suggested the presence of at least two structures for all b fragment ions: “fast” and “slow” H/D-exchanging ion populations. The observed H/D exchange rate constants (for disappearance of isolated 12 C all or D 0 ) for b 4 + and b 5 + fragments were higher than those observed for b 7 + fragment ions, suggesting more compact and/or stable structures for b 7 + fragment ions. Among the studied histidine-containing b n + fragments, b 4 + and b 5 + showed the most variation in H/D exchange reactivity as a function of histidine position in the original peptide sequence. Ion mobility arrival time distributions (ATDs) for histidine-containing b 5 + fragments from AA( His )AAAA-NH 2 , AAA( His )AAA-NH 2 , and AAAA( His )AA-NH 2 showed two ion populations. H/D exchange and ion mobility results both imply the potential presence of a mixture of compact and open structures for b 5 + . ATDs for b 4 + fragments generated from A( His )AAAAA-NH 2 and AA( His )AAAA-NH 2 (compared to ATDs of the other model heptapeptides) suggest the appearance or increase in the percentage of a more compact ion population. ATDs of histidine-containing b 6 + and b 7 + fragments varied significantly as a function of histidine position in the original heptapeptides.
Mechanism of Diffusion of Copper in Germanium

To explain the rapid diffusivity of copper in germanium and its dependence on structure, it is proposed that the copper be dissolved in two states, interstitial and substitutional. It is deduced that in the interstitial state the solubility of copper is about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ times less and the diffusivity many orders of magnitude greater than in the substitutional state. Conversion from the interstitial to the substitutional state is effected by lattice vacancies which are generated at free surfaces and dislocations; this accounts for the structure dependence of the diffusivity observed by Tweet and Gallagher.
Perfect Rings: A Local Approach

ABSTRACT We analyze how the left perfect condition on a ring A (not necessarily with identity) relates to the left perfect condition on unital subrings of the form eAe (where e is idempotent). We then use this analysis to examine a class of graded left perfect rings.
The intelligence cycle: a differentiated perspective on information processing

This brief position paper presents a framework for mapping computer-based information aids onto the mental activities involved in the full problem-solving process. It argues that these activities are best described in terms of operators---the verbs and commands that the individual uses in a particular stage of the Intelligence Cycle.The cycle begins with Discovery, the recognition of some signal requiring response. Discovery filters data into information and mainly involves operators that attenuate or amplify data: "alert", "keep track of" (amplification) and "summarize", "report averages" (attenuation). Few computer tools support amplification. The second stage, Interpretation is one where the machine generally outperforms the human mind, especially in inference and statistical analysis. Examples of operators for this stage are "compare", "review" and "suggest." The final stage, Analysis, is strongly supported by management science, especially through optimization models; typical operators are "test the impact of" and "evaluate."None of our current tools supports the full Intelligence cycle. The position paper suggests that the development of a science of information-processing must both identify the cognitive operators underlying the activities within the cycle and match the technical building blocks to them.
Near-circularity of the error curve in complex Chebyshev approximation

Abstract Let f(z) be analytic on the unit disk, and let p ∗ (z) be the best (Chebyshev) polynomial approximation to f(z) on the disk of degree at most n. It is observed that in typical problems the “error curve,” the image of the unit circle under (f − p ∗ )(z) , often approximates to a startling degree a perfect circle with winding number n + 1. This phenomenon is approached by consideration of related problems whose error curves are exactly circular, making use of a classical theorem of Caratheodory and Fejer. This leads to a technique for calculating approximations in one step that are roughly as close to best as the best approximation error curve is close to circular, and hence to strong theorems on near-circularity as the radius of the domain shrinks to 0 or as n increases to ∞. As a computational example, very tight bounds are given for approximation of ez on the unit disk. The generality of the near-circularity phenomenon (more general domains, rational approximation) is discussed.
Common features of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens.

Recently it has been estimated that the annual cost of diseases caused by the waterborne pathogens Legionella pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is $500 million. For the period 2001–2012, the estimated cost of hospital admissions for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, the majority caused by M. avium, was almost $1 billion. These three waterborne opportunistic pathogens are normal inhabitants of drinking water—not contaminants—that share a number of key characteristics that predispose them to survival, persistence, and growth in drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing. Herein, I list and describe these shared characteristics that include: disinfectant-resistance, biofilm-formation, growth in amoebae, growth at low organic carbon concentrations (oligotrophic), and growth under conditions of stagnation. This review is intended to increase awareness of OPPPs, identify emerging OPPPs, and challenge the drinking water industry to develop novel approaches toward their control.
Protein kinase C-α activation promotes recovery of mitochondrial function and cell survival following oxidant injury in renal cells

We demonstrated that nonselective PKC activation promotes mitochondrial function in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) following toxicant injury. However, the specific PKC isozyme mediating this e...
The Anatomy of Network Failure

This article develops and defends a theory of “network failure” analogous to more familiar theories of organizational and market failure already prevalent in the literature on economic governance. It theorizes those failures not as the simple absence of network governance, but rather as a situation in which transactional conditions for network desirability obtain but network governance is impeded either by ignorance or opportunism, or by a combination of the two. It depicts network failures as continuous rather than discrete outcomes, shows that they have more than one cause, and pays particular attention to two undertheorized—if not undiscovered—types of network failure (i.e., involution and contested collaboration). It thereby contributes to the development of sociology's toolkit for theorizing networks that are “neither market nor hierarchy.”
Education, bioMEMS and the medical microdevice revolution

It is with great honor that I have accepted this opportunity to address the emerging field of biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS), the science of medical microdevices, and to reflec...
The role of adhesion molecules in the development of autoimmune arthritis.

Abbreviations used in this paper: APC: antigen presenting cell; HCAM: hyaluronate cell adhesion molecule; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IFNr: interferon gamma; LFA-1: leukocyte function-associated molecule-l ; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IL-1: interleukin-1; PECAM: platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule; PG: proteoglycan; Pgp-1: phagocyte glycoprotein-1; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; TNFa: tumour necrosis factor alpha; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; VLA: very late activation antigen. Adhesion Molecules in the Rheumatoid Joint The adhesion of lymphocytes to blood vessels and their subsequent extravasation into various tissues are mediated by multiple cellular interactions. Different mechanisms govern lymphocyte traffic to the lymphoid organs and to non-lymphoid tissue compartments and these mechanisms are even more complex during inflammation. One of the distinct tissue compartments is the synovial membrane which is the prominent site of inflammation in autoimmune arthritides such as human rheumatoid arthritis @A). In non-inflakmatory conditions, lymphocytes enter the synovial tissue in low numbers, providing normal immune surveillance. However, during inflammation there is an enhanced influx of lymphocytes and other leukocytes into the synovial membrane (1-4). It is hypothesised that the increased adhesiveness of the synovial tissue may play a critical role in the retention of inflammatory cells in the joints. It has been shown that, besides blood vessels, synovial lining cells and fibroblasts also express adhesion molecules as ligands for leukocytes (5-10). There are three major classes of adhesion molecules present in the synovial tissue: selectins, integrins and the members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins (for review, see refs. (2,ll)). Selectins mediate the initial attachment of leukocytes to the vessel wall (12). L- and P-selectins are expressed by leukocytes, endothelial cells and synovid lining cells in both inflamed and non-inflamed synovium, however, only E (endothelid)-selectin has been shown to be upregulated in rheumatoid synovial endothelium (9) (Table I). The firm attachment of the leukocytes and their subsequent migration across the vessel wall are regulated by com
Differentiation of Brain Angiotensin Type 1a and 1b Receptor mRNAs: A Specific Effect of Dehydration

The objective was to examine the effect of dehydration on the expression of the angiotensin type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor subtype mRNAs in mice by using an in situ hybridization method. The method used free-floating brain sections with 35 S-labeled probes specific for the untranslated 5′ (AT 1a ) and 3′ (AT 1b ) regions. AT 1a and AT 1b mRNA levels in the subfornical organ (SFO) and anterior third ventricle (AV3V) were quantified by using a phosphor-imaging system. Emulsion autoradiography with cresyl violet counterstaining was used to show cellular expression. Adult male C57BL mice (25 to 30 g) were given water ad libitum or were deprived of water for 48 hours. Dehydration produced increases in plasma osmolality (349±6 versus 314±4 mOsm/kg) and hematocrit (58±2% versus 47±1%). In situ hybridization showed that there was expression of AT 1a and of AT 1b mRNA in SFO and AV3V. Dehydration produced an increase in AT 1a mRNA in both regions, with no changes noted for AT 1b . AT 1a mRNA was increased in the AV3V region from 0.3±0.2 to 0.7±0.2 μCi/g and in the SFO from 0.6±0.3 to 1.0±0.2 μCi/g. These results provide information regarding the localization and physiological importance of a subset of angiotensin receptors that are important in volume and blood pressure regulation. AT 1a and AT 1b mRNAs showed a similar pattern of expression in rostral forebrain osmosensitive regions. However, osmotic/volume stimulation with dehydration produced specific activation of AT 1a receptors. This verifies the role of AT 1a receptors in volume regulation but raises a question concerning the physiological role of the AT 1b subtype.
The Liaison Psychiatrist in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation: An Overview

Depression, anxiety and fear of recurrence following myocardial infarction often lead to disability in excess of actual cardiac impairment in a large number of patients. The high social, economic and emotional cost of psychogenic cardiac invalidism has stimulated the development of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs throughout the country. The liaison psychiatrist can play a critical role in the rehabilitation effort. This paper describes the psychological impact of the rehabilitation process in combating psychogenic cardiac disability. The conflicts of the post-infarction patient and their management by the rehabilitation team are presented from the perspective of the team psychiatrist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation as described is a productive area for psychiatric liaison, through individual consultation, group therapy sessions and team meetings which address the psychosocial issues of convalescence.
Advanced UUV technology

Provides an overview of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) developments in such technology areas as propulsion, precise navigation, acoustic communication, low-speed vehicle control, stealth, robotics, and mission control, and concentrates on developments and demonstrations in these areas by the Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division, Newport, RI, and its co-development partners. UUV technologies that are discussed include both thermal and electric propulsion systems capable of very long endurance; both traditional and non-traditional navigation technologies, with traditional navigation encompassing improved inertial navigation, Doppler velocity sonar, and data fusion, and non-traditional techniques including terrain following, geophysical, and magnetic lines of position; acoustic underwater communications technologies that feature a high data rate and low bit error rate using channel equalization techniques; low-speed hydrodynamic control that employs an adaptive, nonlinear controller; and finally, command and control systems that utilize an intelligent controller with such capabilities as planning, replanning, and fault tolerance. >
A review of ancient Egyptian pigments and cosmetics

The pigments used by the ancient Egyptians constitute the most diverse pigment palette of the ancient world. This review discusses the pigments and binders which were used, arranged principally in terms of the colours themselves, namely, the white, green, grey, black, brown, blue, red, orange, and yellow pigments. The chemical identity of these pigments is discussed with some details regarding the artefacts or time periods from which the pigment concerned has been identified. Combinations of pigments were used for creating some colours, especially: greens, pinks, blues, yellows, and a variety of pale hues by mixing primary colours with a white addition, such as calcite. The identification of ancient Egyptian pigments is often aggravated by chemical interactions between pigment and binder media, or between the pigment and environmental pollutants, or both. The nature of the binders and varnishes used in ancient Egypt is briefly discussed. The identification of green pigments from ancient Egypt is often dif...
Phosphatidic acid modulation of Kv channel voltage sensor function

The electrical signals that carry information through the nervous system rely on positively charged potassium ions moving in and out of neurons. These ions move through proteins called voltage-gated potassium channels that are embedded in the plasma membrane that surrounds the neurons. The potassium channels contain pores that can be opened and closed to control the movement of the potassium ions. The main factor that controls the opening and closing of these channels—a process known as ‘gating’—is the voltage across the membrane. However, the channels can also be controlled by proteins, or by other molecules. The plasma membrane is made of several different types of molecules called phospholipids. Some of these phospholipids are known to be involved in gating potassium channels, but the roles of other phospholipids remain unclear. To investigate the role of a phospholipid called phosphatidic acid, Hite et al. placed potassium ion channels in artificial plasma membranes. These experiments revealed that phosphatidic acid alters the gating of potassium ion channels in two ways. The first way is generic: the negative charge in phosphatidic acid shifts the membrane voltage. The second way is specific to phosphatidic acid: the end of the molecule with the negative charge interacts with the part of the potassium channel that senses changes in voltage to keep the pore closed. The next challenge is to understand how neurons shift their phosphatidic acid levels to regulate their electrical activity.
Anisotropic Thermal Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites via the Photothermal Effect of Gold Nanorods

By embedding metal nanoparticles within polymeric materials, selective thermal polymer processing can be accomplished via irradiation with light resonant with the nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance due to the photothermal effect of the nanoparticles which efficiently transforms light into heat. The wavelength and polarization sensitivity of photothermal heating from embedded gold nanorods is used to selectively process a collection of polymeric nanofibers, completely melting those fibers lying along a chosen direction while leaving the remaining material largely unheated and unaffected. Fluorescence-based temperature and viscosity sensing was employed to confirm the presence of heating and melting in selected fibers and its absence in counter-aligned fibers. Such tunable specificity in processing a subset of a sample, while the remainder is unchanged, cannot easily be achieved through conventional heating techniques.
Contraction mapping: an important property in adaptive filters

Shows that many adaptive filters used for system identification are contraction mappings. Applying deterministic methods the authors give conditions under which algorithms, like least mean square, normalized least mean square, modified least mean square with delayed update, modified filtered-X least mean square, affine projection, and recursive least square are a contraction mapping contracting. Based on this result, the authors investigate the algorithms' convergence rate for initialization phase and tracking. >
Low level architecture for the new eave vehicle

KB/EAVE (Knowledge-Based/Experimental Autonomous Vehicle) is a third generation autonomous untethered submersible utilizing state-of-the-art processors, operating systems, sensors, and artifical intelligence concepts. Two such vehicles have been designed and fabricated and are currently undergoing laboratory and field tests (Figure 1). They have the capability to communicate and cooperate with each other as well as plan and replan their missions in real time if circumstances and events so dictate. The KB/EAVE vehicle architecture can be divided into two components called high level and low level (Figure 2). The high level architecture described in "A Blackboard Based System for Context Mission Planning in An Autonomous Vehicle" by S. Chappell in these proceedings includes: Data Assessment, Situation Assessment, Supervisor and Guidance. The low level architecture includes Effector Manager, Sensor Manager, and System Monitor. This paper will describe the low level architecture, the interaction between the high level and low level architecture, as well as a description of vehicle capabilities.
Relationship between financial impact and coverage of drugs in Australia.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between the financial impact of a new drug and the recommendation for reimbursement by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). Methods: Data in the PBAC summary database were abstracted for decisions made between July 2005 and November 2009. Financial impact—the upper bound of the values presented in the PBAC summary database—was categorized as ≤A$0, >A$0 up to A$10 million, A$10 million up to A$30 million, and >A$30 million per year. Descriptive, logistic, survival, and recursive partitioning decision analyses were used to estimate the relationship between the financial impact of a new drug indication and the recommendation for reimbursement. Multivariable analyses controlled for other clinical and economic variables, including cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Results: Financial impact was a significant predictor of the recommendation for reimbursement. In the logistic analysis, the odds ratios of reimbursement for drug submissions with financial impacts ≥A$10 million to ≥A$30 million or >A$0 to <A$10 million compared with ≤A$0 were 0.12 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–0.51) and 0.16 (95 percent CI: 0.04–0.60), respectively. In the recursive partition decision analysis, the first split of the data was for submissions with a positive financial impact compared with those with a zero or negative financial impact. Conclusions: In Australia, financial impact on the drug budget is an important determinant of whether a new drug is recommended for reimbursement when cost-effectiveness estimates and other clinical and economic variables are controlled.
A parallel algorithm for the symmetric eigenvalue problem

A description is given of the authors' experiences in implementing a divide-and-conquer-type parallel algorithm due to J.J. Cuppen (1981) on the Alliant multivector processor. An analysis of the algorithm and its implementation on the Alliant multivector processor are presented. To promote portability of parallel algorithms across various architectures, J.J. Dongarra and D.C. Sorenson (1987) recently developed a tool called SCHEDULE. Results obtained with and without SCHEDULE are compared. >
Episodic nocturnal wandering and complex visual hallucination. A case with long-term follow-up

Episodic nocturnal wandering is rare and thought to be an atypical form of nocturnal epilepsy which is responsive to anticonvulsant therapy. We report a case of adult-onset episodic sleep-walking and daytime complex visual hallucination. Ambulatory EEG recordings suggested that both events were ictal phenomenon. Interictal sphenoidal EEG and SPECT studies revealed an epileptogenic focus in the left anterior temporal lobe. During the nocturnal wanderings, the patient had bizarre but non-violent behaviour, and was at risk of minor or severe injury to himself. Both events were completely controlled by carbamazepine for a follow-up period of 8 years. The present case further supports the notion that episodic nocturnal wandering represents an unusual type of nocturnal complex partial seizures.
Acidic fibroblast growth factor overexpression partially protects 3T3 fibroblasts from apoptosis induced by synthetic retinoid CD437

Retinoids are proapoptotic compounds with therapeutic potential for treating cancer. We evaluated the apoptotic effect of the novel retinoid CD437, and particularly its relationship to Akt and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). We hypothesized that the novel synthetic retinoid CD437 would exert its apoptotic effect by reducing the activity of Akt. We further hypothesized that aFGF would protect against CD437 apoptosis by preserving the activity of Akt. Initially we demonstrated that CD437 produces apoptotic cell death in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, and that this effect is attenuated in fibroblasts transfected to express aFGF. Next we assessed Akt activity and showed that phospho-Akt is significantly reduced in 3T3 cells exposed to CD437. We showed that this effect is less pronounced in aFGF transfected 3T3 cells. Furthermore, we observed that the addition of exogenous aFGF to 3T3 cells significantly increases Akt phosphorylation. These findings tend to confirm our hypothesis that reduction in Akt activation is a mechanism involved in the apoptotic effect of the retinoid CD437, and that preservation of Akt phosphorylation occurs in response to aFGF and appears to explain the partially protective effect of aFGF for 3T3 cells vis a vis CD437.
Money and Output Viewed Through a Rolling Window

Abstract We examine the extent to which fluctuations in the money stock anticipate (or Granger cause) fluctuations in real output using a variety of rolling window and increasing window estimation techniques. Various models are considered using simple sum as well as Divisia measures of M 1 and M 2, income, prices, and both the T-bill rate and the commercial paper rate. Findings indicate that the relation between income, money, prices, and interest rates is stable, as long as sufficient data are used, and that there is cointegration among the variables considered, although cointegration spaces become very difficult to estimate precisely when smaller windows of data are used. Further, both M 1 and M 2 are shown to be important predictors of income for the entire period from 1960:2–1996:3, based on modified versions of what we term the ‘most damaging’ specifications from Friedman and Kuttner (1993) and Thoma (1994) . Our new evidence is based in part on a rather novel model selection approach to examining the relationship between money and income. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range

In 1985, the authors reported the development of a semiempirical dielectric model for soils, covering the frequency range between 1.4 and 18 GHz. The model provides expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the relative dielectric constant of a soil medium in terms of the soil's textural composition (sand, silt, and clay fractions), the bulk density and volumetric moisture content of the soil, and the dielectric constant of water at the specified microwave frequency and physical temperature. This communication provides similar expressions for the 0.3-1.3-GHz range. Upon comparing experimental results measured in this study with predictions based on the semiempirical model, it was found that the model underpredicts the real part of the dielectric constant for high-moisture cases and underestimates the imaginary part for all soils and moisture conditions. A small linear adjustment has been introduced to correct the expression for the real part and a new equation was generated for the effective conductivity to correct the expression for the imaginary part. In addition, dielectric measurements were made to evaluate the dependence of the dielectric constant on clay type. The results show significant variations for the real part and large variations for the imaginary part among soils with the same clay fractions but with clays of different specific surface areas. >
Electrical properties of fluorinated gel electrolytes using conducting solution and its application to secondary battery

The lithium ionic electrolytes of fluorinated gel materials have been found to show high ionic conductivity. We proposed the application to a lithium ion secondary battery using this gel electrolyte. Non-crosslinked fluorinated gel materials were prepared by reacting fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with 2-acrylamid-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) oligomer, or 2-glucosyloxyyethyl methacrylate (GEMA) oligomer containing fluoroalkylated end-capped units {[-RF-(AMPS)q]p-}. Three kinds of lithium salts [LiBF/sub 6/, LiCF/sub 3/SO/sub 3/, and LiN(CF/sub 3/-SO/sub 2/)/sub 2/] were used for ionic electrolyte of fluorinated gel materials. The ionic conductivity of gel electrolytes depended on the oligomer materials, the lithium salts and its concentration. The conductivity of fluoroalkylated gel electrolyte using GEMA oligomer was larger than AMPS oligomer. When the lithium salts were LiN(CF/sub 3/SO/sub 2/)/sub 2/ and concentration of 5.3 mmol/g in the case of GEMA gel electrolytes, the conductivity was 4.5 /spl times/ 10/sup -3/ S/cm. However, the highest conductivity was obtained for AMPS gel electrolyte produced by ionic solution. The conductivity was 1.2 /spl times/ 10/sup -2/ S/cm, We also measured the charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium ion secondary batteries that were fabricated by a constitution of carbon negative electrode, fluorinated gel electrolyte with LiN(CF/sub 3/SO/sub 2/)/sub 2/ and positive electrode of LiCoO/sub 2/.
Distributed estimators for nonlinear systems

A nonlinear distributed estimation problem is solved by using reduced-order local models. Using local models with lower dimensions than the observed process model will lessen the local processors' complexities or computational loads. Fusion algorithms that combine local densities to construct the centralized density of a nonlinear random process are presented. The local densities are generated at each measurement time and communicated to a coordinator. The models used to produce these densities are reduced-order valid models. The validity of the local models guarantees that the coordinator reconstructs exactly the centralized density function. >
Crisis in real-time software

The shortfall in the ability to produce credible real-time systems and software has become critical. The number of major civilian and military systems that have suffered expensive delays, failures, and functionality shortcomings is already large, and it is growing. Without a dramatically better scientific basis for designing and constructing real-time systems, massive expense will be incurred to build ill-functioning real-time systems. It is argued that there is an absolute need to invest in basic research on proof techniques, program semantics, scheduling theory, dependability, state-space modeling, and other approaches that offer the promise of being able to create a scientific basis for real-time system specification and construction. Currently known techniques appear to be incapable of dealing effectively with the state-space explosion problem. New basic insights and breakthroughs are essential. >
Cost-effective method for identification of dimorphic fungi.

Traditional methods to identify dimorphic fungi dictate that the mold be converted to the yeast phase at 35 to 37°C. We present a time- and cost-saving method of confirming the identification of a dimorph by using special stains to demonstrate the yeast phase directly growing in the original clinical specimens.
Female Adnexal Tumors of Probable Wolffian Origin with a Biphasic Histologic Growth Pattern and Positive for C-kit

Abstract Female Adnexal Tumor of Probable Wolffian Origin (FATWO) is believed to be derived from the mesonephric (Wolffian) remnants commonly located in the broad ligament. Here we report a case of FATWO with unique histologic growth pattern. The tumor has a solid growth pattern with both epithelioid and spindle cell components. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed tumor cells to be diffusely positive for Estrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PR). The epithelioid areas were positive for AE1/3, CK-7 and CAM 5.2. The spindle cell areas were positive for Vimentin and CD10. The tumor cells were negative for Inhibin, CK20, P53, CA125, CD99, Calretenin and CK5/6. Interestingly, the tumor cells are positive for C-kit, which provides additional evidence for possible therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, the frequency of c-kit expression in this tumor and its relevance to therapeutic efficacy using TKI for the recurrent and metastatic tumor are unknown and merit further study.
Design and Performance Analysis of an Automated 10-Channel Solar Radiometer Instrument

An automated multichannel solar radiometer has been designed and fabricated by the Atmospheric Remote Sensing Laboratory at The University of Arizona. The automated radiometer has 10 separate silicon-photodiodebased channels that allow near-simultaneous solar spectral measurements through narrow bandpass filters (approximately 10 nm) from the visible to near-IR regions. The photodiode detectors are temperature stabilized using a heating temperature controller circuit. The instrument is pointed toward the sun via an autotracking system that actively tracks the sun with a 60.058 tracking accuracy. The instrument can continuously collect data for about 22 h at once per minute sample rate. This paper presents instrument design features as well as some performance and experimental results for the automated solar radiometer.
Subcutaneous Port Malfunction: A Retrospective Comparison Between Internal Jugular and Subclavian Vein Access

Abstract Purpose To evaluate malfunction rates of subcutaneous chest ports placed via the internal jugular and subclavian veins. Analysis and preventive measures to reduce the risk of complication between the 2 sites of venous access will be discussed. Methodology Retrospective review of 114 patients with malfunctioning subcutaneous port-a-catheters was performed. Of those 114 patients, 77 had venous access via a subclavian approach, whereas the remaining 37 had internal jugular vein access. Port insertion placement was evaluated and analysis of the malfunction rate was performed. Results There were 36 patients with 38 subcutaneous port malfunctions from internal jugular vein access. Thirty-four of 38 complications (89%) were not related to insertion and 4 out of 38 (11%) were related to vascular access approach. Seventy-seven patients with malfunctioning subcutaneous ports placed via the subclavian vein had a total of 127 complications. Twenty-eight of 127 complications (22%) were not related to insertion and 99 out of 127 (78%) of the complications were directly related to venous access approach. Conclusions Subcutaneous port placement complications can be avoided by measuring the length of the port catheter under fluoroscopic guidance and positioning the tip within 2 cm of the cavoatrial junction. Also, the jugular vein should be the first site for access unless patient circumstances do not permit this approach.
Patient with trisomy 9p and a hypoplastic left heart with a tricentric chromosome 9

We present a patient with a hypoplastic left heart (HLH), dislocations of the hips and knees, and minor dysmorphic features, who had an abnormal karyotype that resulted in trisomy for 9p and a portion of 9q: 46,((, dic(or tri?)(9)(9pter --> 9q34::9q21 --> 9pter).ish(WCP9++).ish(D9Z5X4 +/+++). The derivative chromosome consisted of an additional copy of the proximal q arm and p arm attached to 9qter in an inverted fashion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a chromosome 9 beta-satellite probe revealed three signals on the abnormal chromosome 9, suggesting the presence of 3 pericentromeric regions on the der(9). The 9q subtelomere was present on both the normal and derivative chromosome 9, suggesting that very little material, if any, is deleted.
Ni/S/Cl systematics and the origin of impact‐melt glasses in Martian meteorite Elephant Moraine 79001

Martian meteorite Elephant Moraine A79001 (EET 79001) has received considerable attention for the unusual composition of its shock melt glass, particularly its enrichment in sulfur relative to the host shergottite. It has been hypothesized that Martian regolith was incorporated into the melt or, conversely, that the S-enrichment stems from preferential melting of sulfide minerals in the host rock during shock. We present results from an electron microprobe study of EET 79001 including robust measurements of major and trace elements in the shock melt glass (S, Cl, Ni, Co, V, and Sc) and minerals in the host rock (Ni, Co, and V). We find that both S and major element abundances can be reconciled with previous hypotheses of regolith incorporation and/or excess sulfide melt. However, trace element characteristics of the shock melt glass, particularly Ni and Cl abundances relative to S, cannot be explained either by the incorporation of regolith or sulfide minerals. We therefore propose an alternative hypothesis whereby, prior to shock melting, portions of EET 79001 experienced acid-sulfate leaching of the mesostasis, possibly groundmass feldspar, and olivine, producing Al-sulfates that were later incorporated into the shock melt, which then quenched to glass. Such activity in the Martian near-surface is supported by observations from the Mars Exploration Rovers and laboratory experiments. Our preimpact alteration model, accompanied by the preferential survival of olivine and excess melting of feldspar during impact, explains the measured trace element abundances better than either the regolith incorporation or excess sulfide melting hypothesis does.
Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole Suspension in Lung Transplant Patients with and without Cystic Fibrosis

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are common among lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Posaconazole is an important antifungal agent for both prophylaxis and treatment of IFIs; however, detailed pharmacokinetic data are limited among LTRs, particularly those with cystic fibrosis (CF). Our objective was to conduct a pharmacokinetic study of posaconazole oral suspension among LTRs, with particular attention to patients with CF. We enrolled 20 LTRs, 7 with CF and 13 with other underlying lung diseases. Average daily doses in CF and non-CF patients were 829 and 862 mg, respectively. After ≥5 days of treatment, only 4 patients had average plasma concentrations of >0.7 μg/ml. Average steady-state plasma concentrations were 61% lower in CF patients (0.233 μg/ml) than in non-CF LTRs (0.594 μg/ml; P = 0.03). The average dose-normalized plasma area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were also lower in CF (0.007 h·μg/ml) than in non-CF LTRs (0.02 h·μg/ml; P = 0.02). The weight-normalized apparent oral clearance values were 2.51 and 0.74 liters/h/kg among CF and non-CF LTRs, respectively (P = 0.005). Despite significant interpatient variability, plasma trough concentrations were strongly correlated with posaconazole AUC across all LTRs (r(2) = 0.95, P < 0.0001). Taken together, our study highlights a critical need to incorporate new formulations of posaconazole into prophylaxis and treatment strategies for LTRs, particularly those with CF. Future pharmacokinetic studies of both tablet and intravenous formulations must consider LTR-specific factors and incorporate a therapeutic drug monitoring plan in this patient population.
Analysis and discussion of master plan of Taiwan farmers pioneer park:a case study of Xianyou and Zhangping

This paper summarizes the planning content of "Master Plan of Xianyou Taiwan farmers Pioneer Park" and "Master Plan of Zhangping(Yongfu) Taiwan farmers Pioneer Park",analyzes the features of the master plans of these two Taiwan farmers pioneer parks including implementing the relevant policies,highlighting the cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan,optimizing the industrial structure and focusing on function layout.On those bases,policy recommendations such as,regulating the park planning system,strengthening land use planning,constructing the evaluation system for park planning,and paying attention to the market analysis,are proposed to further improve the master plan of Taiwan farmers pioneer park.
CD275-Independent IL-17–Producing T Follicular Helper–like Cells in Lymphopenic Autoimmune-Prone Mice

T cells undergo homeostatic expansion and acquire an activated phenotype in lymphopenic microenvironments. Restoration of normal lymphocyte numbers typically re-establishes normal homeostasis, and proinflammatory cytokine production returns to baseline. Mice deficient in guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 exhibit dysregulated homeostatic expansion, which manifests as lymphoproliferative disease with autoantibody production. Our previous work revealed that autoreactive B cells lacking RasGRP1 break tolerance early during development, as well as during germinal center responses, suggesting that T cell-independent and T cell-dependent mechanisms are responsible. Examination of whether a particular T cell subset is involved in the breach of B cell tolerance revealed increased Th17 cells in Rasgrp1-deficient mice relative to control mice. Rasgrp1-deficient mice lacking IL-17R had fewer germinal centers, and germinal centers that formed contained fewer autoreactive B cells, suggesting that IL-17 signaling is required for a break in B cell tolerance in germinal centers. Interestingly, a fraction of Th17 cells from Rasgrp1-deficient mice were CXCR5(+) and upregulated levels of CD278 coordinate with their appearance in germinal centers, all attributes of T follicular helper cells (Tfh17). To determine whether CD278-CD275 interactions were required for the development of Tfh17 cells and for autoantibody, Rasgrp1-deficient mice were crossed with CD275-deficient mice. Surprisingly, mice deficient in RasGRP1 and CD275 formed Tfh17 cells and germinal centers and produced similar titers of autoantibodies as mice deficient in only RasGRP1. Therefore, these studies suggest that requirements for Tfh cell development change in lymphopenia-associated autoimmune settings.
The Satellite Range Scheduling Problem

Existing literature has provided several different suboptimal algorithms for the Satellite Range Scheduling problem. The authors present a precise mathematical definition of the problem, and provide a detailed classification of different variants of the problem. Compared to previous publications by the authors, this chapter provides better definitions of a number of the classification terms, additional examples for illustrating the mathematical model, and new results on the complexity of some of the variants of the problem. (This research was performed while the author held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).)
Circumventing structural uncertainty: A Bayesian perspective on nonlinear forecasting for ecology

As a consequence of the complexity of ecosystems and context-dependence of species interactions, structural uncertainty is pervasive in ecological modeling. This is particularly problematic when ecological models are used to make conservation and management plans whose outcomes may depend strongly on model formulation. Nonlinear time series approaches allow us to circumvent this issue by using the observed dynamics of the system to guide policy development. However, these methods typically require long time series from stationary systems, which are rarely available in ecological settings. Here we present a Bayesian approach to nonlinear forecasting based on Gaussian processes that readily integrates information from several short time series and allows for nonstationary dynamics. We demonstrate the utility of our modeling methods on simulated from a wide range of ecological scenarios. We expect that these models will extend the range of ecological systems to which nonlinear forecasting methods can be usefully applied.
A Feminist Theoretical Approach to the Historical Archaeology of Utopian Communities

A feminist approach provides new insights into the significant impacts of utopian gender ideologies and practices on the transformation of American culture from the 19th century into the 20th century. First, the context in which utopian gender ideologies developed is discussed, including married women’s lack of rights and alternative philosophies and ideologies. An archaeological framework is then developed for assessing the major issue of the degree of communalism vs. familism practiced in utopian communities compared with documented ideology. Archaeological data can provide new insights into the degree of material implementation of utopian gender ideologies concerning cooperative housekeeping and related sexual arrangements. Archaeology can also contribute data on the extent of adoption in the wider culture of utopian cooperative housekeeping enterprises and accompanying inventions.
Safe Use of Radioisotopes

The pursuit of scientific knowledge has been considerably advanced by the use of biochemical molecules that incorporate radioisotopes at specific sites. The fate of these labeled molecules, and/or the radiolabeled products that result from biochemical reactions in which the parent molecule was involved, can be traced using a variety of instruments that detect radioactivity. This appendix begins with a discussion of the principles of radioactivity in order to provide the reader/user with knowledge on which to base a common sense approach to the safe use of isotopes. The characteristics of isotopes most commonly used in a molecular biology laboratory are then detailed, as well as the safety precautions and monitoring methods peculiar to each one. Detection and imaging methods used in experimental analysis are reviewed. Finally, an outline of an orderly response to a spill of radioactive material is presented.
On the information capacity of Gaussian channels under small peak power constraints

This paper deals with information capacities of Gaussian channels under small (but nonvanishing) peak power constraints. We prove that, when the peak amplitude is below 1.05, the capacity of the scalar Gaussian channel is achieved by symmetric equiprobable signaling and is equal to at least 80% of the corresponding average-power capacity. The proof uses the identity of Guo, Shamai and Verdu that relates mutual information and minimum mean square error in Gaussian channels, together with several results on the minimax estimation of a bounded parameter in white Gaussian noise. We also give upper and lower bounds on peak-power capacities of vector Gaussian channels whose inputs are constrained to lie in suitably small ellipsoids and show that we can achieve at least 80% of the average-power capacity by having the transmitters use symmetric equiprobable signaling at amplitudes determined from the usual water-filling policy. The 80% figure comes from an upper bound on the ratio of the nonlinear and the linear minimax risks of estimating a bounded parameter in white Gaussian noise.
Differentially Substituted Phenylene-Containing Oligoacene Derivatives

We report the synthesis and characterization of seven new linearly conjugated ladder compounds of the phenylene-containing oligoacene molecule class. Each derivative incorporates a fused four-membered-ring linkage in the acene-like backbone. Crystal packing, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the molecules are described.
Towards modeling factors that enable an attacker

This paper presents an initial baseline model of factors that give rise to an attacker. It explores the impact of successful rate of attack and social learning on the decision to become an attacker. The model utilizes rational choice theory, routine activity theory, social learning theory, and perceived behavioral control from the theory of planned behavior to examine factors that moves an individual from user to attacker. An agent-based model is used to depict the effect of interactions of users and attacks of all users, successful and unsuccessful, have on an individual's decision to become an attacker. Preliminary results suggest that opportunity has a stronger influence than the rate of successful attacks or the size of the associated group.
Estimating posterior image variance with sparsity-based object priors for MRI

Point estimates, such as the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate, are commonly computed in image re- construction tasks. However, such point estimates provide no information about the range of highly probable solutions, namely the uncertainty in the computed estimate. Bayesian inference methods that seek to compute the posterior probability distribution function (PDF) of the object can provide exactly this information, but are generally computationally intractable. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, which avoid explicit posterior computation by directly sampling from the PDF, require considerable expertise to run in a proper way. This work investigates a computationally efficient variational Bayesian inference approach for computing the posterior image variance with application to MRI. The methodology employs a sparse object prior model that is consistent with the model assumed in most sparse reconstruction methods. The posterior variance map generated by the proposed method provides valuable information that reveals how data-acquisition parameters and the specification of the object prior affect the reliability of a reconstructed MAP image. The proposed method is demonstrated by use of computer-simulated MRI data.