cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing VDEPT for DT-diaphorase (NQO1) using an AAV vector plasmid.

Abstract Purpose: One enzyme/prodrug combination that has the potential to be used in virally directed enzyme/prodrug therapy (VDEPT) is the obligate 2-electron reducing enzyme, DT-diaphorase (NQO1), with bioreductive agents such as EO9. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this enzyme, as well as the reporter molecule, green fluorescent protein (GFP), could be expressed from a single dicistronic unit under control of the CMV promoter in an adeno-associated virus (AAV) background. Methods: The human ovarian tumor cell line, SAU, and the mouse sarcoma cell line, KHT/iv, were studied due to their low level of NQO1 expression. These cells were transfected with pTRUF3-NQO1 using a liposome-mediated protocol. Results: The results indicate that this construct has the ability to increase the total protein level of NQO1 by 66-fold in SAU and 102-fold in KHT/iv after 24 h. Furthermore, the level of NQO1 activity in SAU increased from undetectable levels to ∼200 nmol/min/mg, and the NQO1 activity in KHT/iv increased ∼10-fold following transfection. Expression of the GFP reporter was readily detectable in both cell types using FACS analysis. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that this proviral AAV vector plasmid will allow for the production of a recombinant AAV, which can coordinately express the enzyme NQO1 and the GFP reporter for use in vivo in VDEPT studies with various bioreductive agents which are substrates for NQO1.
A NEW EVAPORIMETER FOR USE IN FOREST STUDIES

Abstract SYNOPSIS This article treats of the subject of evaporation or transpiration from plants, of the factors which influence it, and of the conditions which must be met before water losses from plants can be approximately determined through instrumental evaporation. It is pointed out that the “evaporation stress” or tendency to evaporate, is produced by a different combination of factors in each body from which evaporation may occur. Because of the fact that the vaporizing process in leaves takes place on the surface of moist cell walls which are not directly exposed to the moving air, the theory would lead us to expect that the effect of wind would be greatly minimized in evaporation from leaves, the rate of diffusion of the vapor being almost completely controlled by vapor pressures in the leaf (inter-cellular) spaces. On the other hand, the leaf is admirably adapted fro absorbing the sun rays of all wave lengths; hence evaporation from leaves will be more directly controlled by the supply of radian...
THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF HIGH‐SPEED METALLIC JETS*

Using a Kerr cell camera at exposure times of ½ microsecond, the authors have obtained visible-light photographs of the metallic jets squirted from the lined conical cavities of high-explosive charges. Since these jets travel at nearly meteoritic velocities, their front ends are heated to incandescence and vaporized. This paper presents a number of photographs of such jets traveling thru air, water, steel, glass, and plexiglas.
A transformation that will circumvent the problem of autocorrelation in an error-component model

Abstract This paper derives a simple transformation which will transform serially correlated error-components disturbances into spherical disturbances. Although Ω and Ω−1 are well known in the literature [see Lillard and Willis (1978)], the derivation of Ω −1 2 has many advantages: (i) It transforms GLS into a WLS procedure and, therefore, simplifies the computation. (ii) It provides natural estimates of the variance components. (iii) The transformation obtained can be easily extended to handle more general error processes on the remainder disturbances. This is illustrated for the AR(1) model, AR(2) model, and the specialized AR(4) model for quarterly data. Also, for the AR(1) model, this transformation is extended to handle alternative assumptions on the initial observation. This paper also shows that Breusch's (1987) results on maximum-likelihood estimation for the random error-component model extend to the case of serial correlation in the remainder term. This suggests an iterative GLS procedure for obtaining the maximum-likelihood estimates.
Physiological and Environmental Requirements for Poplar (Populus deltoides) Bark Storage Protein Degradation

In poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh), a 32-kD bark storage protein (BSP) accumulates in the bark during autumn and winter and declines during spring shoot growth. We investigated the physiological and environmental factors necessary for the degradation of poplar BSP. Poplar plants were exposed to short-day (SD) photoperiods for either 28 or 49 d. Plants exposed to short days for 28 d formed a terminal bud but were not dormant, whereas exposure to short days for 49 d induced bud dormancy. BSP accumulated in bark of plants exposed to both SD treatments. The level of BSP declined rapidly when nondormant plants were returned to long days. BSP levels did not decline in dormant plants that were exposed to long-day (LD) conditions. If dormant plants were first treated with either low temperatures (0[deg]C for 28 d) or with 0.5 M H2CN2 to overcome dormancy and then returned to long days, the level of BSP declined. Removal of buds from non-dormant or dormant plants in which dormancy had been overcome inhibited the degradation of BSP in LD conditions. BSP mRNA levels rapidly declined in plants exposed to long days, irrespective of the dormancy status of the plants or the presence or absence of buds. These results indicate that the buds of poplars are somehow able to communicate with bark storage sites and regulate poplar BSP degradation. These results further support an association of BSP mRNA levels with photoperiod because short days stimulate BSP mRNA accumulation, whereas long days result in a decline of BSP mRNA abundance.
Analysis of a short, porous, flexible journal bearing

Abstract This article generalizes the very well-known Michell-Ocvirk short-bearing theory to take into account both porosity and flexibility of the bearing. The oil is assumed to be isoviscous, and pressure distributions are obtained for several eccentricity ratios and values of parameters involving porosity, bearing dimensions and speed.
Free Energies of Dielectrics

We compute the real-time maximal and minimum free energies in linear dielectrics. These arise as solutions to classical Riemann-Hilbert problems. Connections to slow and fast light and to the real-time thermodynamics of dielectrics are made.
Folding and mixing in the Birkhoff-Shaw chaotic attractor

Abstract Some new visualization techniques are employed to elucidate the folding topology of the Birkhoff-Shaw chaotic attractor and the mixing action of trajectories wandering across its spirally wing-beak structure.
The Space of Maximal Complete Subgraphs of a Graph

: M(G) is the set of all maximal complete subgraphs of a graph G with a topology as a subset of the power set 2G. We characterize those Hausdorff spaces homeomorphic to M(G) for some graph G and call such spaces graph spaces. It follows from this characterization that every completely metrizable, zero dimensional space is a graph space. We characterize those graphs G for which M(L(G)) is compact, where L(G) is the line graph of G. It is also shown that the topological product of graph spaces is a graph space.
Insight into the copper coordination environment in the prion protein through density functional theory calculations of EPR parameters

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of Cu(II) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters for the octarepeat unit of the prion protein were conducted. Model complexes were constructed and optimized using the crystal structure of the octarepeat unit of the prion protein. Copper g and A tensors and nitrogen hyperfine and quadrupole coupling constants were calculated using DFT. Solvent effects were incorporated using the conductor-like screening model as well as through the inclusion of explicit water molecules. Calculations using the model with an additional axial water molecule added to the coordination sphere of the Cu(II) metal center give the best qualitative agreement for the copper g and A tensors. The S-band experimental EPR spectra were interpreted in light of the DFT calculations of the directly coordinated nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants which indicate that the three directly coordinated nitrogen atoms in the octarepeat unit are not equivalent. These results demonstrate that DFT calculations of EPR parameters can provide important insight with respect to the structural interpretation of experimental EPR data.
A Computer Model Of Music Recognition

Human-like recognition of sounds by computer is an important element in the overall effort to make computers more interactive and communi-cative with the outside world. In a typical application sound is first con­verted into the required digital form for computer processing. Next, the digitized sound waves are automatically analyzed by special computer programs to identify the contents of the sounds. These analysis programs can therefore produce data suitable for later general-purpose digital computer programs that do not know or care that the input data was originally in sound form.
Does marijuana use have residual adverse effects on self-reported health measures, socio-demographics and quality of life? A monozygotic co-twin control study in men.

ABSTRACT Aims To assess the effects of former heavy marijuana use on selected aspects of health. Design A monozygotic co-twin control design was used to compare the health of former heavy marijuana using male monozygotic twins to that of their co-twins who never used marijuana significantly. Setting In-person survey and questionnaires. Participants Fifty-six marijuana use discordant monozygotic twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. Measurements Current socio-demographic characteristics; current nicotine and alcohol use; life-time nicotine and alcohol abuse/dependence; past 5-year physical and mental health services utilization; and health-related quality of life. Findings The mean number of days on which the marijuana user twin used marijuana in his life-time was 1085, while the non-marijuana user used marijuana a maximum of 5 days. Marijuana was last used a mean of 20 years previously. No significant differences were found between the former marijuana user twins and their siblings for current socio-demographic characteristics; current nicotine or alcohol use; life-time nicotine or alcohol abuse/dependence; past 5-year out-patient or emergency room visits, hospitalizations or medication use for medical problems; past 5-year mental health out-patient use or hospitalizations; or health-related quality of life. Conclusions Previous heavy marijuana use a mean of 20 years earlier by a group of men who reported no other significant illicit drug use does not appear to be associated with adverse socio-demographic, physical or mental health adverse effects. The conclusions of the study are limited by possible participation and recall biases, relatively small sample size and the absence of a physical health examination.
Mispredicting the Endowment Effect: Underestimation of Owners’ Selling Prices by Buyer’s Agents

People tend to value objects more simply because they own them. Prior research indicates that people underestimate the impact of this endowment effect on both their own and other people’s preferences.We show that underestimating the endowment effect and hence owners’ selling prices can lead to suboptimal behavior in settings with economic consequences. Subjects acting as “buyer’s agents” made suboptimally lowoffers for an owner’s commodity. Although buyer’s agents learned to make increasingly optimal (i.e., higher) offers over repeated interactions with an initial commodity, this learning did not generalize to interactions with a new commodity.
Automatic variable classification for COBOL programs

Program understanding is crucial during software maintenance. Variable classification has been found to be useful for program understanding. We present an automatic variable classification technique for COBOL programs and how this has been implemented as component of the Data-centered Program Understanding Tool Environment (DPUTE) (J.K. Joiner et al., 1994). We have experimented on both small and large COBOL programs using our tool to determine if our methods are useful for program understanding and software maintenance. >
Maximum n-Gram HMM-based Name Transliteration: Experiment in NEWS 2009 on English-Chinese Corpus

We propose an English-Chinese name transliteration system using a maximum N-gram Hidden Markov Model. To handle special challenges with alphabet-based and character-based language pair, we apply a two-phase transliteration model by building two HMM models, one between English and Chinese Pinyin and another between Chinese Pinyin and Chinese characters. Our model improves traditional HMM by assigning the longest prior translation sequence of syllables the largest weight. In our non-standard runs, we use a Web-mining module to boost the performance by adding online popularity information of candidate translations. The entire model does not rely on any dictionaries and the probability tables are derived merely from training corpus. In participation of NEWS 2009 experiment, our model achieved 0.462 Top-1 accuracy and 0.764 Mean F-score.
Innovative aircraft/ship visual landing aid (VLA) test tool

Stottler Henke has developed VERTICAL (VLA experimental resource for testing innovative configurations and lightings) for the US Navy. This test and design tool is being used to support vertical takeoff and landing/rotorcraft ship visual landing aids (VLA) test and design at the test team members' work area. This effort has been accomplished by utilizing MS Flight Simulator, FSUIPC, C++, and OpenFlight. This paper describes the productized version, whose prototype was originally described in an IEEE Aerospace 2005 paper.
Physical Modeling of Particulate Matter Washout from a Hydrodynamic Separator

AbstractA hydrodynamic separator (HS) is commonly used as a preliminary unit operation for separation of coarser particulate matter (PM) and PM-associated constituents transported by urban rainfall-runoff. Although the small spatial footprint of an HS is advantageous for integration into sewer (storm or combined) or drainage systems, the small footprint also concentrates flow energy. In many HS units, where PM sludge is not isolated or in units that are not maintained (cleaned), washout of previously separated PM sludge can result in a net export of PM. This study analyzes PM washout from a baffled HS as a function of steady-flow rates and particle-size distributions (PSDs) guided by a physical modeling framework utilized for scour certification. The HS hydraulic signature is determined through velocity measurements and a residence time distribution (RTD) analysis. As a function of surface overflow rate (SOR), the predeposited PM washout rate ranges from 0.4 to 13.3 g/min for fine PM (sandy silt, SM <75 ...
The role of extracorporeal photopheresis in chronic graft-versus-host disease

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most important cause of late morbidity and mortality in recipients of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation. Despite increased understanding of biology of chronic GVHD, treatment options remain limited and ineffective. While corticosteroids represent the backbone of initial chronic GVHD treatment, they have significant long-term toxicity and more than half of the patients require second-line therapy. Among the second-line treatments for chronic GVHD, extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most extensively studied modalities. While high quality studies establishing true value of ECP in chronic GVHD patients are lacking, its benefits in chronic GVHD are well documented. Its putative immunomodulatory, but not immunosuppressive, properties represent an attractive alternative to the other strategies leading to global immunosuppression and the resulting risks of opportunistic infections or malignancy relapse.
Carrier Lifetime Measurements in Long-Wave Infrared InAs/GaSb Superlattices Under Low Excitation Conditions

Minority carrier lifetime in long-wave infrared (LWIR) type II InAs/GaSb superlattices was studied using the optical modulation response (OMR) technique in wide ranges of excitation and temperature. The measured carrier lifetime was found to increase superexponentially with decreasing excitation power density below the level of 1 mW/cm2 to 2 mW/cm2. The phenomenon was qualitatively explained by the presence of shallow trapping centers.
Leaf‐to‐aircraft measurements of net CO2 exchange in a sagebrush steppe ecosystem

[1] Measurements of net CO2 flux density (μmol m−2 s−1) from a high elevation, sagebrush steppe community in southeastern Wyoming (USA) were compared quantitatively among four different instrument systems (leaf cuvette and 1 m2 community chamber for gas exchange measurements; tower and aircraft eddy covariance systems) by minimizing spatial and temporal variability. Ground-based flux measurements were recorded at an intensive site located near the midpoint and directly beneath an approximate 20-km flight transect. A high degree of homogeneity in plant species composition, density, cover, and the amount of leaf area per unit ground area, as well as little topographic variability, was measured at the intensive site and along the flight transect. Flux measurements were compared on days with relatively high and low soil moisture availability (predawn plant water potentials >−0.8 MPa and <−2.0 MPa, respectively). Same-day, mean flux values between the four measurement systems (4.0–4.6 μmol m−2 s−1) over identical time intervals (0900–1100 hours) varied by a maximum of ±9% (maximum range 23%). Ground-level measurements taken within ±1 day of flight measurements, varied by a minimum of ±7% (25% maximum range) of aircraft values. This difference increased curvilinearly to a maximum of ±31% (38% maximum range) for a 2-week separation between flight and ground-based measurements. Thus, under near-ideal conditions of topographic and vegetative homogeneity, temporal heterogeneity in the measurement regime of only a few days resulted in greater disparity in measured CO2 flux density than occurred among the four instrument types.
Polarization-division interferometry: Approach for biomedical infrared imaging

Conventional Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy is not suitable for most biological and biomedical studies because of strong infrared absorption by water. For wavelengths where samples absorb more than one unit of absorbance, most measurements with conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suffer from photometric inaccuracies. However, water is not sensitive to the polarization of the infrared light, but living systems can exhibit differential interaction to the polarized nature of light. In a method where the measured signal directly represents the difference in polarized absorptions, the water component becomes spectrally transparent (although the number of photons reaching the detector is still attenuated by water) and facilitates the measurements appropriate for biological systems. Verification of this principle is reported here for the use of a new mid-infrared polarization-division interferometer developed in our laboratory. With the amide I vibrational band of a nylon-11 film which overlaps with the water absorption band at 1647 cm-1, the associated dichroism is measured in the presence of varying amounts of interfering water absorption. It is found that dichroism can be measured even in the presence of strong interfering absorption from water. This observation suggests that the present method provides a unique approach, as well as the necessary impetus, for initiating biomedical infrared imaging studies.
Plant nucleases. I. Separation and purification of two ribonucleases and one nuclease from corn.

Three enzymes with ribonuclease activity, one of which also had deoxyribonuclease activity, have been isolated and partially purified from corn seeds and seedlings. The purification of Ribonuclease I from mature seed was previously reported. This enzyme has a pH optimum near 5.0, is loosely adsorbed to carboxymethyl-cellulose, and has a molecular weight of 23,000, determined by gel filtration.Ribonuclease II was isolated from the microsomes of corn roots, and was partially purified by gel filtration. It has a pH optimum plateau from 5.4 to 7.0, and molecular weight of 17,000.Nuclease I hydrolyzes both RNA and DNA. It was isolated from the large particles of a corn root homogenate and was partially purified on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column. It has a pH optimum at 6.2 and a molecular weight of 31,000.The relative activities of the 3 enzymes for deoxyribonuclease and at pH 5 and pH 6.2 for ribonuclease may be used to characterize them during purification operations. Assays on homogenates of corn roots, and especially of the root tips, suggested that a fourth enzyme, which possesses deoxyribonuclease activity, is also present.
Lost memory and identity: Philosophical consideration of Korean built heritages

The relationship between the history of a country and its cultural heritage can be the analogy of a memory of a person and his/her face. A person's unconscious daily process of checking the sameness and the change of the face converge on the confirmation of his/her identity. In addition, an actual existence of the physical shape of a visible face not just provides personal identification but also plays a crucial role in identifying other person's identity. While several studies discussed various components that comprise the face of a country, its cultural heritage would be one of the most upfront factors. In this study, among many cultural heritages, built heritage was chosen and considered as the most important factor based on philosophical rationales. Korea is one of the countries who suffered an enormous loss of its landmark built heritages through numerous wars with its neighbors. Thus, current Korean society has a fundamental problem in bridging the perception of cultural identity and a concrete feeling of such an identity. This paper introduces a variety of related cultural heritage studies and then, based on indepth phenomenological background, introduces the current situations of Korean society in terms of its cultural identity in both internal and external views, and the relationship to its lost built heritages in this era of globalization. Finally, recent restoration project for built heritages in Korea including the 3D digital projects, the meaning and the revealed assignments are introduced in this context. In conclusion, this study contributes to the significant implication on the meaning and relationship between the built heritage and national identity in the particular and unique case in the Republic of Korea.
Magnetic annealing of amorphous alloys

Amorphous alloys with nominal composition of Ni 40 Fe 40 P 14 B 6 are shown to respond to annealing in a magnetic field. Coercive forces are reduced by a factor of 10 to 50 during annealing of straight ribbons to values of 0.003 Oe, as low as ever reported for potentially useful materials. Concurrently the ratio of the magnetization in 1 Oe applied field, to saturation, increases from about 0.5 to 0.95. These changes during annealing correlate with measured stress relief changes. It thus appears that most of the strain-magnetostriction contribution to the anisotropy is removed during annealing. Magnetic annealing at temperatures as low as 100°C results in noticeable changes in properties. From measurements transverse to the magneticaliy induced anisotropy axis, the induced anisotropy is calculated to be about 800 ergs/cm3, considerably smaller than obtained in crystalline Ni 50 Fe 50 . This field-induced anisotropy is reversible in direction and magnitude by reheating the sample to its Curie temperature and then cooling in a field. Annealing of 1.5 cm diameter toroids, made from 50 μm thick tapes, increases the initial permeability by more than a factor of 10 and decreases losses by more than a factor of 10. Losses and permeabilities after heat treatment compare favorably to the Permalloys with similar saturation magnetizations.
The division and differentiation of Drosophila cystocytes

Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of he morphogenesis of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster. The study demonstrates that the mitotic products of a single cystoblast generate a branching chain of 16 inter-connected cystocytes. Two specific cystocytes enter meiotic prophase, while the rest become nurse cells. The two pro-oocytes form synaptinemal complexes in their nuclei. However, one of the two cells later switches back into the nurse cell developmental pathway. The elongation of the synaptinemal complexes is described, and estimates are made of the time involved in their formation. These complexes continue to be synthesized long after the DNA replication which gives the oocyte its 4C DNA content. This finding implies that at least some genetic crossing over follows DNA replication. Evidence is presented that cells undergoing crossing over are most efficient in repairing radiation-induced chromosomal breaks. Suggestions are given as to the mechanisms by which (1) cell division is inhibited once 16 cystocytes are formed, (2) the future cleavage planes of cystocytes are programmed, (3) the pro-oocytes are differentiated from nurse cells, and (4) the oocyte is chosen from the twin pro-oocytes. The contrasting behaviors of the oocyte and nurse cell nucleoli are described. During oogenesis nucleolar synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is suppressed in the oocyte and concurrently stimulated in the nurse cells. It follows that the nurse nuclei are the major sources of the prodigious quantities of ribosomes found in the ooplasm of the mature oocyte.
Computers in service to libraries of the future: library requirements

An outstanding computer engineer recently compared libraries to the whaling industry, a relic of the romantic past. As whales disappeared, so will books, he said. We should stop building libraries, store all information on tape and retrieve it through consoles.
Si Nanostructure Fabrication by Ga+ FIB Selective Doping and Anisotropic Etching

A novel fabrication technique involving the use of focused ion beam (FIB) selective implantation to fabricate nanostructures on crystalline Si substrates in conjunction with anisotropic etching is described. Using this maskless & resistless approach, Si nanostructures were fabricated by FIB implantation of Ga+ at doses from 1015 to 1016/cm 2. Wet etching in KOH/IPA does not attack the implanted region, while it removes the underlying Si anisotropically, with a very low etch rate on the {111} planes. The result is a cantilever-like structure whose thickness is dependent on the implantation energy and dose. Pre-etching rapid thermal annealing at 600°C for 30 sec does not prevent structure fabrication and post-etching RTA does not affect the shape of the structures.
Enhancing Interpersonal Skills for Ethnic Diversity in Medical Practice

Minority groups are overrepresented as patients who present with various diseases treated by the medical care system; they are underrepresented as physicians in the same system. In addition, statistical projections consistently predict that there will be increasing proportions of minorities in the student population of higher education as well as in the population at large. Such a scenario suggests that medical education should, at a minimum, prepare students for understanding cultural and ethnic influences of their own health and medical beliefs and
143 CASE PRESENTATION: CASTLEMAN'S DISEASE INVOLVING THE ORBIT

A 27-year-old black female presented with complaints of gradually worsening headaches and right eye pain; no constitutional symptoms. After failure of therapies for migraine headaches, periorbital cellulitis, and depression, she was evaluated by an ophthalmologist, who discovered a mass in the superomedial aspect of the right eye. Prednisone was initiated for presumed scleritis; excisional biopsy revealed a lesion consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes concentrated around vessels without scleral infiltration. “Onion skin” appearance of angiocentric lymphocytes was determined to be consistent with Castleman9s disease, hyaline vascular variant. Metastatic workup including MRI of the brain and CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis was unremarkable. CBC, serum chemistries, renal function, and liver panel were within normal limits. A test for HIV antibody was negative. After complete excision, she was continued on high-dose prednisone with the addition of azathioprine and corticosteroid eye drops. She has responded well to this therapy aside from the expected complications of steroid therapy, including weight gain and hyperglycemia. Discussion Castleman9s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human herpesvirus eight (HHV-8), and malignancies such as lymphoma and Kaposi9s sarcoma. Histological variants include hyaline vascular, plasma cell, and mixed subtypes. Localized disease is unicentric, consisting of a solitary mediastinal mass. Eighty percent of unicentric cases are of hyaline vascular histology. Multicentric disease describes patients with generalized lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms. This variant is frequently associated with an aggressive clinical course, infection with HIV or HHV-8, and plasma cell or mixed histology. Patients who require systemic therapy are generally treated with corticosteroids, steroid-sparing azathioprine or cyclosporine, antiviral agents, or chemotherapy. The various chemotherapy regimens used have included single-agent chlorambucil, vinblastine, rituximab, or etoposide with the multiagent lymphoma regimens CVP or CHOP. A patient with bilateral, orbital, multicentric Castleman9s disease was remitted with rituximab in an earlier report. Surgical excision, radiation therapy with conventional electrons or protons, and systemic chemotherapy are options for treatment, with careful explanation of risks and side effects.
Commissioning Technology of Digital Substations Based on IEC 61850 Standards

This paper expounds the basic content of IEC 61850 standards,describes the realization forms and characteristics of common digital substations.It focuses on the discussion about the new commissioning technologies of digital substations based on IEC 61850 standards and introduces the concept of hierarchical commissioning.In addition,the common problems in commissioning are solved and summarized.
Resonant mode for gravitational wave detectors based on atom interferometry

We describe an atom interferometric gravitational wave detector design that can operate in a resonant mode for increased sensitivity. By oscillating the positions of the atomic wave packets, this resonant detection mode allows for coherently enhanced, narrow-band sensitivity at target frequencies. The proposed detector is flexible and can be rapidly switched between broadband and narrow-band detection modes. For instance, a binary discovered in broadband mode can subsequently be studied further as the inspiral evolves by using a tailored narrow-band detector response. In addition to functioning like a lock-in amplifier for astrophysical events, the enhanced sensitivity of the resonant approach also opens up the possibility of searching for important cosmological signals, including the stochastic gravitational wave background produced by inflation. We give an example of detector parameters which would allow detection of inflationary gravitational waves down to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{GW}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ for a two-satellite space-based detector.
Optical Spectroscopy of Rare-Earth Ions in the Solid State

Rare-earth-doped solid-state materials demonstrate extreme importance in numerous scientific and industrial applications ranging from studying fundamental properties of impurity centers in solids, solid-state material properties, up-conversion devices, scintillators, and Faraday rotators to a creation of solid-state lasers. The article presents an introduction to the optical spectroscopy of rare-earth ions in solid-state materials. We start with a description of fundamental optical processes that take place in optical centers in solids. We then describe energy-level diagrams of the rare-earth ions, non-radiative transitions, and absorption and emission properties of rare-earth ions in solids. Finally, we describe the main spectroscopic parameters of the rare-earth ions optical transitions, as well as the main energy transfer mechanisms, and review the main supporting theories.
End-of-Life Patient Simulation: Lessons Learned

Abstract Recent research suggests that nursing education may not adequately prepare nursing students to care for patients at the end of life. This community college program integrated an end-of-life (EOL) simulation into the nursing curriculum as a way to address this deficiency. In our unfolding EOL simulation, several essential elements were incorporated. The first experience with this simulation provided valuable lessons about how to improve our subsequent EOL simulations.
The Internet and Sustainable Development: Communication Dissemination and the Digital Divide

This paper analyzes the state of Internet penetration across the developing world. We examine a variety of socioeconomic, human capital, and media and technology-related measures as they relate to Internet adoption. Results demonstrate that the Internet is not only dependent on economic variables such as spendable income, costs and poverty, but also education, literacy, share of urban population; population growth, and old and new telecommunication measures such as telephone subscriptions, broadband subscriptions and related costs, computer and mobile phone ownership, number of telecommunication secured lines and bits generated, trade matters such as communication services exports, and political environment issues such as political and democratic openness, economic freedom, and freedom of the press. Contrary to earlier research, GDP and English language are not statistically significant variables. Our findings on telecommunication industry competition and literacy run contrary to many earlier studies that find these variables to be unrelated to the Internet.
A genealogy of tropical architecture, colonial networks, nature and technoscience

To reply an adolescent tantrum thrown by the West’s rock star philosopher Slavoj Žižek who was complaining that postcolonial scholars have nothing worthwhile to do other than avenge black people fr...
Of fish and mirrors: Fluoxetine disrupts aggression and learning for social rewards

Aggressive signaling is a key social behavior of male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Successfully establishing a territory and defending it from intruders has direct fitness effects, making Betta splendens a prime model for studies examining the biological underpinnings of aggressive behavior. Current research has outlined serotonin transporter pathways as one key component for the engagement and coordination of aggressive behavior in Betta splendens. Using the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, we examined the impact of 10μmol exposures on associative learning and aggression between mirror and conspecific social reinforcers. Our results provide clear evidence that exposure to fluoxetine reduces aggression and impairs learning independent of social reinforce type. In addition, our results provide support for motor inhibition of aggressive behavior as the main behavioral mechanism of action for fluoxetine. Placed within the broader context of behavioral syndromes, our results, along with others, implicate serotonergic pathways as a key biological correlate of the bold-aggressive phenotype.
Effects of Enhanced Ion/Electron Equilibration Power on CAT-D Tokamak Ignition

The ion to electron temperature ratio (T /SUB i/ /T /SUB e/ ) is a crucial parameter that affects fusion plasma performance, especially for higher temperature advanced fuel operation. An important factor in the determination of T /SUB i/ /T /SUB e/ is the equilibration of energy between ions and electrons. The effect of changes on equilibration rates due to the presence of a magnetic field are considered here. It is found that rates are increased for low beta (about 10%) high temperatures (about 75 keV) Cat-D plasmas, causing a decrease in T /SUB i/ /T /SUB e/ and a corresponding increase in n/tau/ /SUB E/ for ignition of about 75%. This effect is less pronounced for high-beta plasmas. Scaling of the changes in equilibration power with macroscopic quantities are presented.
The Millenials’ war: dilemmas of network dependency in today’s military

ABSTRACTThis work is about how the United States military has become dependent on networked technology. As arguably the largest contributor to national security, it has become so dependent that its chief doctrine integrates networked technology into nearly every specialty, with particularly intense focus on Network Centric Warfare. As the military’s old guard is replaced by the highly technical Millenial Generation, there is cause to pause when assuming this techno-acuity brings nothing but advantage and success. Vulnerabilities stemming from such extensive dependence offer opportunities for exploitation that have not gone unnoticed. The first step to moving forward from this point is to fully understand the extent to which the military has become dependent on computer networks. It might be the Millenials’ war today, but it would be quite unwise for the United States military to think about it and fight it in a purely Millenial way.
Do resilient and sustainable design strategies conflict in commercial buildings? A critical analysis of existing resilient building frameworks and their sustainability implications

Abstract The new challenge of high performance building design demands greater resilience achieved at a minimum environmental cost. However, the integration of sustainability and resilience and the circumstances in which the two are synergistic or antagonistic remains a persistent knowledge gap. The objective of this study was to narrow this gap by reviewing existing resilience frameworks. Seven were identified and four formed the basis of a sustainability evaluation. Eighty-eight strategies were tabulated, reviewed, and categorized into five resilience themes—risk avoidance, passive survivability, durability and longevity, redundant systems, and response and recovery. They were then qualitatively identified as positive, negative, or conditional in terms of sustainability. Four case study design strategies—hydronic radiant flooring, reduced window to wall ratio (WWR), additional thermal mass, and an intermediate mechanical floor—were selected to explore life cycle tradeoffs supported from the literature. Of the 88 strategies, 35 were identified as positive, 14 as negative, and 39 as conditional. Those focused on risk avoidance, passive survivability, and response and recovery were largely conducive to sustainability goals or dependent upon implementation or definition. Conversely, strategies that focused on durability and longevity as well as redundant systems tended to have divergent resilience and sustainability performance. In the case of hydronic radiant flooring, the system’s capacity to reduce the volume of the structure resulted in life cycle savings. Reducing the WWR increases impacts in the product and construction stage with case-specific effects in operational energy. Adding thermal mass results in a tradeoff between the upstream impacts with reduced on-site operational energy use. The intermediate mechanical floor evaluation results in a similar tradeoff, with increases in the product and construction stage and potential for improved energy performance. This qualitative evaluation supports broad conclusions about the sustainability implications of existing resilience frameworks and narrows the knowledge gap regarding the divergent effects of sustainability and resilience. It also lays the groundwork to incorporate quantitative modelling and hazard resistance within life cycle assessment of strategies to produce resilient and sustainable building designs.
Gaps Along the HIV Care Continuum: Findings Among a Population Seeking Sexual Health Care Services in New York City.

BACKGROUND Linkage/relinkage to HIV care for virally unsuppressed people with new sexually transmitted infections is critical for ending the HIV epidemic. We quantified HIV care continuum gaps and viral suppression among HIV-positive patients attending New York City (NYC) sexual health clinics (SHCs). METHODS One thousand six hundred forty-nine HIV-positive patients and a 10% sample of 11,954 patients with unknown HIV status on clinic visit date (DOV) were matched against the NYC HIV registry. Using registry diagnosis dates, we categorized matched HIV-positive patients as "new-positives" (newly diagnosed on DOV), "recent-positives (diagnosed ≤90 days before DOV), "prevalent-positives" (diagnosed >90 days before DOV), and "unknown-positives" (previously diagnosed but status unknown to clinic on DOV). We assessed HIV care continuum outcomes before and after DOV for new-positives, prevalent-positives, and unknown-positives using registry laboratory data. RESULTS In addition to 1626 known HIV-positive patients, 5% of the unknown sample (63/1196) matched to the registry, signifying that approximately 630 additional HIV-positive patients attended SHCs. Of new-positives, 65% were linked to care after DOV. Of prevalent-positives, 66% were in care on DOV; 43% of the out-of-care patients were relinked after DOV. Of unknown-positives, 40% were in care on DOV; 21% of the out-of-care patients relinked after DOV. Viral suppression was achieved by 88% of in-care unknown-positives, 76% in-care prevalent-positives, 50% new-positives, 42% out-of-care prevalent-positives, and 16% out-of-care unknown-positives. CONCLUSIONS Many HIV-positive people, including those with uncontrolled HIV infection, attend SHCs and potentially contribute to HIV spread. However, HIV status often is not known to staff, resulting in missed linkage/relinkage to care opportunities. Better outcomes could be facilitated by real-time ascertainment of HIV status and HIV care status.
PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY | Animal Models of Infant-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy

Infant-onset epileptic encephalopathies are disorders characterized by severe seizures and cognitive regression. Infantile spasms are the most frequent epileptic encephalopathy in the first year of life. Clusters of motor spasms associated with ictal EEG electrodecrement and interictal hypsarrhythmia characterize infantile spasms. There are over 200 known genetic and symptomatic etiologies for infantile spasms, and concepts on pathogenesis range from dysfunctions of brainstem and cortical networks to abnormal hormonal development. Animal models replicate some but not all the clinical features of infantile spasms. Future research directions in this field include creation of better animal models of infantile spasms so that mechanisms of epileptogenesis and novel treatments can be discovered and validated.
Microbial contamination occurring on lamb carcasses processed in the United States.

Lamb carcasses (n = 5,042) were sampled from six major lamb packing facilities in the United States over 3 days during each of two visits (fall or winter, October through February; spring, March through June) in order to develop a microbiological baseline for the incidence (presence or absence) of Salmonella spp. and for populations of Escherichia coli after 24 h of chilling following slaughter. Samples also were analyzed for aerobic plate counts (APC) and total coliform counts (TCC). Additionally, incidence (presence or absence) of Campylobacter jejuni/coli on lamb carcasses (n = 2,226) was determined during the slaughtering process and in the cooler. All samples were obtained by sponge-sampling the muscle-adipose tissue surface of the flank, breast, and leg of lamb carcasses (100 cm2 per site; 300 cm2 total). Incidence of Salmonella spp. in samples collected from chilled carcasses was 1.5% for both seasons combined, with 1.9% and 1.2% of fall or winter and spring samples being positive, respectively. Me...
Activation experiments at TFTR for development of low activation materials for ITER and DEMO

Availability of D-T fusion neutrons at TFTR has offered an opportunity to conduct measurements of both short-lived and long-lived radioactivity of direct interest to ITER and DEMO reactors in a realistic tokamak fusion reactor environment. Materials irradiated, spatial locations, and certain features of activation characteristics at TFTR are described. 6 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
Dietary Supplements: Current Knowledge and Future Frontiers

The evidence base for the use of dietary supplements is well documented for some, such as the essential nutrients, but it is scant for others, such as some designer supplements and botanicals. Popular dietary supplements consumed by older Americans that have national public health recommendations and established guidelines for use include omega-3 fatty acids; the B vitamins, folic acid, vitamins B6, and B12; vitamins D and E; and the minerals, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Dietary supplements not endorsed by national public health recommendations but with a considerable evidence base upon which randomized clinical trials can be planned or guidelines for use might be formulated include coenzyme Q10, creatine, and the botanicals black cohosh, French pine bark, Ginkgo biloba, and saw palmetto. A clinical deficiency of vitamins or minerals, other than iron and possibly vitamin D, is uncommon in the United States, except for certain high-risk groups. In situations when recommended nutrients cannot be obtained by food alone or retained by the body because of impaired absorption or other physiologic limitations, dietary supplements can provide benefit. When taken, multivitamin preparations should include 100% of the daily value for vitamins B12, B6, D, and folic acid.
Histamine-Mediated Emergencies

The wheel and flare of urticaria is the pathognomonic feature of histamine-mediated cutaneous lesions. In fact, urticaria is one of the most common chief complaints encountered by dermatologists. Fortunately, their life-threatening sequelae, namely, anaphylaxis and shock, are exceedingly rare. Understanding the mechanisms through which histamine release occurs and its subsequent physiologic and potentially pathologic impact is vital to our ability to triage and treat appropriately. All dermatologists should be proficient at recognizing and diagnosing both common and unusual histamine-mediated emergencies in order to implement timely and directed therapy that could be potentially lifesaving.
The Biology of Huntington's Chorea

This chapter is an overview of the analysis provided by the diverse disciplines concerned with the biology of Huntington’s chorea, which is documented in a vast literature. It is not a comprehensive treatment, because excellent reviews (some of which are cited) cover many of the individual areas. This review has two goals: (1) to bring into sharp focus those observations that have endured the test of time and shed light on the more general features of the correlations among the clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical-neuropathological observations of Huntington’s chorea, and (2) to call attention to a newer approach—that of cell biology and nutrition of peripheral tissues such as skin fibroblasts—to the analysis of dominantly inherited brain disease. The insights generated by such a strategy regarding potential metabolic pathway abnormalities should be directly testable in HC brain. Ultimately, this type of approach may help solve the fundamental biochemical genetic problem of HC and serve as a model for unraveling the primary metabolic abnormalities of other dominantly inherited diseases.