cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Satellite and Digital Radio Telemetry to Estimate Space and Habitat Use of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Massachusetts, USA

Abstract. The use of digital VHF telemetry is expanding as a lightweight alternative to satellite-based technologies for tracking bird movements, though few studies have compared how they perform. During 2013, satellite telemetry and digital VHF telemetry were compared for estimating the length of stay and home ranges of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) on their breeding grounds in Massachusetts, USA. American Oystercatchers (n = 5) were captured at their nest sites and tagged with a 9.5-g solar-powered satellite transmitter and a 1.0-g digitally coded VHF transmitter, and tracked using the Argos satellite system, an array of eight automated radio telemetry stations, and periodic land-based and aerial telemetry surveys. Estimates of mean minimum length of stay in the study area were slightly longer for satellite telemetry at 118 ± 12 days vs. digital VHF telemetry at 108 ± 11 days. Size estimates of mean (± SE) fixed kernel 95% utilization distributions were similar for satellite telemetry (...
Sense of Belonging and Youth Suicidal Behaviors: What Do Communities and Schools Have to Do with It?

ABSTRACTSituating Thomas Joiner’s concept of belonging within an ecological perspective, this study examined the associations between school and community belonging and suicidal ideation and attempts among high school students. The study used data from the 2013 Texas Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 2,560). Results demonstrated that community belonging reduced the odds of youth suicidal behaviors. School bullying, feeling unsafe at school, and being threatened or injured at a school increased the odds of suicidal behaviors. Findings suggest that fostering safe and inclusive environments and strengthening youth’s experiences of school and community belonging may reduce suicidal behaviors in high school youth.
The impact of speed and bias on the cognitive processes of experts and novices in medical image decision-making

Training individuals to make accurate decisions from medical images is a critical component of education in diagnostic pathology. We describe a joint experimental and computational modeling approach to examine the similarities and differences in the cognitive processes of novice participants and experienced participants (pathology residents and pathology faculty) in cancer cell image identification. For this study we collected a bank of hundreds of digital images that were identified by cell type and classified by difficulty by a panel of expert hematopathologists. The key manipulations in our study included examining the speed-accuracy tradeoff as well as the impact of prior expectations on decisions. In addition, our study examined individual differences in decision-making by comparing task performance to domain general visual ability (as measured using the Novel Object Memory Test (NOMT) (Richler et al. Cognition 166:42–55, 2017). Using signal detection theory and the diffusion decision model (DDM), we found many similarities between experts and novices in our task. While experts tended to have better discriminability, the two groups responded similarly to time pressure (i.e., reduced caution under speed instructions in the DDM) and to the introduction of a probabilistic cue (i.e., increased response bias in the DDM). These results have important implications for training in this area as well as using novice participants in research on medical image perception and decision-making.
Prions of Yeast: Genetic Evidence that the Non-Mendelian Elements, [PSI] and [URE3] Are Altered Self-Replicating Forms of Sup35p and Ure2p, Respectively

The word “prion”means infectious protein, an altered form of a cellular protein which may have lost its normal function, but has acquired the ability to convert the normal form of the protein into the same altered (prion) form. The yeast non-Mendelian genetic elements, [PSI] and [URE3], can be understood if they are viewed as prions arising from the normal proteins, Sup35p and Ure2p, respectively. Both [PSI] and [URE3] are a) reversibly curable, b) induced to arise by overproduction of the corresponding normal protein and c) depend upon their normal form chromosomal gene (SUP35 and URE2) for propagation and yet confer on the cell the same dominant phenotype as does a recessive mutation in this corresponding normal form chromosomal gene. Our ‘yeast prion hypotheses’ have now been supported by biochemical data indicating that Sup35p is altered in [PSI] strains and Ure2p is altered in [URE3] strains. We have defined a prion-inducing domain of Ure2p, an asparagine — rich N-terminal region which mediates the prion alteration in cis and in trans.
The evaluation of maize genotypes for potential use in cellulosic ethanol production

Corn cobs are a promising feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production, but little is known about dry matter and ethanol yields of corn cobs. This study was conducted to determine yield and quality characteristics of corn cobs and to make predictions of potential ethanol yields. Fifty diverse maize genotypes were evaluated for cob yield and analyzed for cob quality traits in three replications of a randomized complete block experiment, over two years and two central Iowa locations. Quality traits included cellulose (ADF-ADL), hemicellulose (NDF-ADF) and lignin (ADL). From these quality traits, estimates of pentose and hexose sugars were calculated, which were used to estimate theoretical ethanol potential (l t) (TEP). On average, the hybrids yielded 1.3 t ha of cob dry matter, ranging from 0.8 t ha to 1.8 t ha of cob dry matter. Cobs accounted for 14%, 17%, and 8% of the total ear, total nongrain above ground biomass, and total dry matter portions of the plant, respectively. Significant differences among hybrids were found for agronomic and compositional traits. Average TEP was 609 l t, ranging from 588 to 627 l t. Theoretical ethanol yields (TEY) were calculated by multiplying cob yields (t ha) and TEP (l t). Average TEY from cobs was calculated at 789 l ha, ranging from 469 to 1103 l ha over all genotypes. Theoretical ethanol yield and grain yield were highly correlated with cob yield (r = 0.996 and r = 0.662). Therefore, selecting for higher cob yields, through selection of higher grain yielding genotypes should also result in the best hybrids for cellulosic ethanol production.
P03 : Structural heart disease predicts success rates of pulmonary vein isolation with the cryoballoon catheter

Aim To retrospectively evaluate clinical predictors of successful ablation of atrial fibrillation following pulmonary vein isolation using the Medtronic Arctic Front Cryoballoon catheter. Background Cryoablation is an effective technique for the treatment of AF. Long-term data measuring the rates of recurrence and symptom reduction is lacking. Methods 73 patients undergoing cryoablation for symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF using the Arctic Front Cardiac CryoAblation balloon catheter (Medtronic, Inc.) were retrospectively examined. One patient had a repeat procedure for a total of 74. Patient characteristics, AF type, recurrence of AF, symptomatic reduction, and the presence of structural heart disease was recorded. Recurrence of AF was measured at 6 and 12 months. Methods of monitoring included EKG, mobile cardiac telemetry (MCT), holter monitor, and implantable devices such as internal loop recorders, pacemakers, and implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. The presence of structural heart disease was defined as a left atrial diameter >4.0 cm and/or ejection fraction (EF) Results A total of 74 procedures were performed from October 2011 through April 2013. Diaphragmatic palsy occurred in 1 patient, leading to an incomplete ablation procedure with immediate failure. At 6 months 84.2% of patients were free of recurrent atrial fibrillation. At 12 months, 65.2% of patients were free of recurrent atrial fibrillation. There was no difference in success rates between men and women. The presence of structural heart disease was a significant predictor of long-term success. In patients with structurally normal hearts, success rates were 93.3% and 77.8% at 6 and 12 months. In patients with structural heart disease, success rates at 6 and 12 months were 70.6% and 45.5%, respectively. Patients with structural heart disease had a mean left atrial diameter of 4.79 cm with an EF of 38.8%. Patients without structural heart disease had a mean left atrial diameter of 3.36 cm with an EF of 57.2%. The type of AF also influenced outcomes at the 6-month follow-up, with procedural success in 90% of those with paroxysmal AF and 62.5% of those with persistent AF. This pattern was not seen at 12-month follow-up, with success rates of 64.7% and 66.7% in those with paroxysmal and persistent AF, respectively. Conclusion Cryoablation serves as an alternative approach for the treatment of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation with high rates of immediate success and low rates of recurrence. Success rates are highest in those with paroxysmal AF without a history of structural heart disease.
Stellar Models of ε Eridani Constrained by Stellar Seismology

Because Epsilon Eridani (Z = 0.013) appears about 0.2 mag above the Z = 0.02 zero-age main sequence, zero-age models of Epsilon Eridani must be evolved off the ZAMS to ages much older than its rapid rotation and high chromospheric activity suggests. To resolve this conflict we propose that either Epsilon Eridani is part of a binary system or that its metal content has been underestimated. To test these hypotheses we use not only the stellar constraints of luminosity and effective temperature but also impose that the characteristic frequency spacing of the oscillation spectra of the models match the value observed by Noyes et al (1984).
In vivo measurement of lipofuscin in Stargardt's disease--Fundus flavimaculatus.

Purpose. Several histopathologic studies have concluded that Stargardt's disease (Fundus flavimaculatus) is associated with abnormally high levels of lipofuscin-like material in the retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this material has the same fluorescence characteristics as lipofuscin in vivo and whether noninvasive measurements identify a significant elevation in this material. Methods. Five patients with autosomal recessive Stargardt's disease were included in this study, as were 45 healthy controls. All patients had the angiographic dark choroid sign. The intensity and emission spectra of lipofuscin fluorescence were measured by noninvasive fundus spectrophotometry at 7° temporal to the fovea. Results. The fluorescence intensities in the five patients with Stargardt's disease were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those observed in normal subjects of the same age. The emission spectra in the patients are similar in shape to those measured in normals, but flecks appear to shift the spectra toward shorter wavelengths. Conclusions. The spectral characteristics of the fluorophore observed in patients with Stargardt's disease are consistent with those of retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin. These patients have abnormally high levels of lipofuscin, confirming previous histopathologic observations. Noninvasive retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin measurements may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of Stargardt's disease-F. flavimaculatus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ; 36 :2327-2331.
Life After Boards

The contract needs to be examined carefully, so it is prudent to hire a contract lawyer before you sign it
Algorithms for the Detection and Compensation Interferance of Magnetic Field Measurement

The work presents the problem of interference and calibration of the magnetic field sensor during the execution of tasks by unmanned aircraft, algorithm for magnetometer calibration and detection of the occurrence of magnetic field interference.
Factors Associated with Effective use of Export Assistance

The export sector has been the highlight of recent U.S. economic performance, underscoring the importance of exporting as a strategic choice in the internationalization of the firm. However, firms ...
Dynamics of bimeron skyrmions in easy-plane magnets induced by a spin supercurrent

We theoretically study the interaction of an isolated bimeron skyrmion in quasi-two-dimensional easy-plane magnets with a surrounding spin superfluid associated with spontaneously broken U(1) spin-rotational symmetry, revealing that skyrmion energy depends on the local spin current flowing in its background. The finding leads us to propose to manipulate a skyrmion energy landscape via a spin supercurrent, which can be controlled nonlocally by varying the magnitudes of spin-current injection and ejection through the boundaries. Two exemplary cases are discussed: a steady-state motion of a skyrmion induced by a uniform force and a skyrmion motion localized along a one-dimensional racetrack. We envision that a skyrmion interacting with a spin superfluid can serve as a robust pointlike information carrier that can be operated with minimal dissipation.
Lessons from the exponential growth of refactoring research in the last decade

In the last decade refactoring research has seen exponential growth. I will attempt to map this vast landscape and the advances that the community has made by answering questions such as who does what, when, where, why, and how. I will muse on some of the factors contributing to the growth of the field (e.g., refactoring the definition of refactoring to include other artifacts besides source code), the adoption of research into industry, and the lessons that we learned along this journey. This talk will present the value of prioritizing the important tasks, yet often the difficult ones. Several cases studies will show that everything worth doing is uphill all the way. This will inspire and equip you so that you can make a difference, with people who make a difference, at a time when it makes a difference.
Recent developments in the management of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection

Abstract Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile is responsible for a substantial burden of nosocomial infection. Recurrent C. difficile infection (rCDI) remains a concern due to its high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Despite the updated 2017 IDSA C. difficile treatment guidelines, there remains a lack of well-studied preventive control measures and treatment modalities for rCDI. There are ongoing efforts to develop novel therapies, such as new antibiotics with a lesser impact on gut microbiota and more targeted therapies, such as bacteriotherapy. This mini review highlights key rCDI management updates, preventive measures and ongoing research on novel treatment strategies including bacteriotherapy.
Stage-specific conditional survival among young versus older adults with colorectal cancer in the United States, 2004-2010.

257Background: Conditional survival (CS) is a relevant prognostic measure for cancer survivors and physicians and may be particularly important for young adult patients with CRC (colorectal cancer)...
Immigration and Entrepreneurship: The Role of Enclaves

Immigration is a major force driving entrepreneurial dynamics that affect economic growth. In investigating the impact of immigration on entrepreneurship, this study focuses on how the presence of enclaves alters this relationship. I examine the impact of Polish immigration to Great Britain by exploiting the unprecedented migration wave caused by the European Union enlargement and by using a novel dataset on incorporations. The results indicate that immigration increases immigrant entrepreneurship, but this does not hold in existing immigrant enclaves. I also find that the blocked labor market in non-enclave areas encourages the birth of lower-quality, necessity-based firms.
Trust and Confidence in Police Officers and the Institution of Policing: The Views of African Americans in the American South:

The relationship between the police and African Americans has been beset by a lack of trust for decades. Improving this relationship is important to scholars, practitioners, and citizens; as a resu...
Mortality and Development of Cancer in Lung Transplant Recipients with Advanced Age

Purpose The lung transplant recipient population has become older over the last 10 years. The impact of an aging population on post-operative outcomes, post-transplant survival, and frequency of cancer is not well described. Methods We conducted a single center retrospective cohort study of transplant patients between January 2010 and March 2019. We collected baseline characteristics, early post-operative outcomes, post-transplant survival, and time to malignancy. We divided our cohort by age Results 603 patients underwent transplant from 2010- 2019, of whom 470 were less than 65 years of age. Patients ≥ 65 had lower LAS at transplant (47.6 vs 50.9) and decreased post-transplant survival (HR 1.45, 95%CI: 1.06-1.97, p=0.019). One-year survival was similar, 92.4% vs 89.3% for age ≥ 65 and Conclusion Lung transplantation is a viable treatment for patients over 65 with similar early post-transplantation outcomes and a modest reduction in five-year survival. There was an increased risk of skin cancer in adults over 65, and may be an increased risk of all cancers in adults over 65.
Hand reanimation

Brachial plexus disruption, major traumatic amputations, and Volkmann’s contracture are all devastating injuries that present difficult reconstructive challenges. Advances in our understanding of nerve injury, regeneration, and refinement of microsurgical techniques have given rise to a number of therapeutic avenues over the last 4 decades. Hand reanimation aims to provide strength, stability, and mobility to a sensate hand. How this is achieved depends on a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which in turn dictates what surgical modalities are suitable. Common to all reanimation procedures is the need to ensure full passive range of motion of the target joints prior to definitive surgery. Hand therapy is essential to prevent deleterious sequelae of injury, and to maximize rehabilitation following surgical reconstruction. Options for reanimation include nerve repair, nerve grafting, nerve transfer, tendon transfer, and free functioning muscle transfer.
“We're Still Here”: A Photovoice Study of Mothers' Perspectives 6 Years after the Flint Michigan Water Contamination Event

Purpose: This study explored the lived experiences of pregnant and parenting women after the water contamination event in Flint, Michigan (Flint Water Contamination Event [FWCE]), by helping them v...
Persistence and metabolism of the diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole in tomato plants.

Plant uptake and metabolism of pesticides are complex and dynamic processes, which contribute to the overall toxicity of the pesticides. We investigated the metabolic fate of cyantraniliprole, a new diamide class of insecticide, during various growth stages of tomato. Cyantraniliprole was the major residue in leaves, flowers, and fruits, with the relative metabolite-to-parent ratios maintained at < 10% up to 28 days after treatment (DAT). Mature leaves contained consistently higher residues of cyantraniliprole than young leaves throughout the study. Flowers contained the highest cyantraniliprole residues up to 21 DAT, then gradually decreased. Immature green fruits had the highest cyantraniliprole residues (5.3 ± 0.7 ng/g; 42 DAT), and decreased toward red ripening stages (1.4 ± 0.2 ng/g; 84 DAT). Metabolism of cyantraniliprole primarily occurred in the foliage, where 21 metabolites were tentatively identified. Flowers and fruits contained 14 and four of these metabolites, respectively. Major transformation pathways were characterized by ring closure, followed by N-demethylation, and glycosylation. Additionally, plant metabolism of cyantraniliprole was also associated with several minor phase-I, phase-II, and breakdown metabolites. The occurrence of these metabolites in plants varied as a function of tissue types and their developmental stages. Our study highlights a tissue-specific biotransformation and accumulation of metabolites of cyantraniliprole in tomato.
An Introduction to Sediment Records of Biomass Burning

Biomass burning has become recognized as a key element of global change. Best estimates of current and past emissions suggest fire now profoundly affects atmospheric chemistry, the carbon cycle, and climate and may have done so for millions of years. Literature values place carbon sequestration during biomass burning in excess of 20% of the total anthropogenic C releases to the atmosphere, which, failing oxidative losses, would tie up the globe’s surface C in less than 106 yr (Goldberg 1985). And the relative importance of biomass burning may have been greater in the past, before large increases in fossil fuel combustion (Clark et al. 1996). The potential importance of these burning rates for biodiversity, C and O cycles, air quality, and climate have impressed a diverse community of ecologists and atmospheric chemists and served as a theme for a recent Dahlem workshop some of us organized on biomass burning (Crutzen and Goldammer 1993). That workshop together with subsequent discussions identified key challenges that require multidisciplinary efforts i) to better characterize combustion products that occur in sediments, including char, soot/fly ash, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s), ii) to calibrate these constituents against atmospheric measurements from wildland and prescribed fire emissions, and iii) to estimate the spatial and temporal patterns in combustion emissions at scales of individual burns to the globe.
Internal Directional Structures and Shape of Sedimentary Bodies

Internal directional structures and the shapes of most, if not all, sedimentary deposits are the joint response to the depositing medium, especially its prevailing direction of transport.
Radical Chemistry in the Human Gut: Discovery of Choline Trimethylamine-Lyase

The collection of microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract, our gut microbiota, has an extensive set of metabolic capabilities that directly impact human health. Our research se...
Course and Treatment of Buprenorphine/Naloxone Withdrawal: An Analysis of Case Reports

Currently published information on buprenorphine-naloxone withdrawal recommends a gradually decreasing dosage over weeks to months. In this case report, abrupt cessation of buprenorphine/naloxone at various doses, and after variable durations of treatment, resulted in mild opiate withdrawal lasting over approximately 1-2 days that did not require additional opioid medication or only specific symptom-relieving, non-opioid, medications. Lengthy withdrawal regimens might prolong withdrawal symptoms unnecessarily, perhaps increasing the risk of re-addiction. Controlled studies of buprenorphine/naloxone withdrawal regimens over varying time frames would help to illuminate the most effective means of opioid discontinuation and inform clinical care.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division and Primary Job Title of Athletic Trainers and Their Job Satisfaction or Intention to Leave Athletic Training

Context: Membership in the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) has declined in recent years, generating much debate about professional commitment. Objective: To compare the contributing ...
The translation inhibitor silvestrol exhibits direct anti-tumor activity while preserving innate and adaptive immunity against EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disease

Treatment options for patients with Epstein-Barr Virus-driven lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-LPD) are limited. Chemo-immunotherapeutic approaches often lead to immune suppression, risk of lethal infection and EBV reactivation, thus it is essential to identify agents that can deliver direct anti-tumor activity while preserving innate and adaptive host immune surveillance. Silvestrol possesses direct anti-tumor activity in multiple hematologic malignancies while causing minimal toxicity to normal mononuclear cells. However, the effects of silvestrol on immune function have not been described. We utilized in vitro and in vivo models of EBV-LPD to simultaneously examine the impact of silvestrol on both tumor and normal immune function. We show that silvestrol induces direct anti-tumor activity against EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), with growth inhibition, decreased expression of the EBV oncogene latent membrane protein-1, and inhibition of the downstream AKT, STAT1 and STAT3 signaling pathways. Silvestrol promoted potent indirect anti-tumor effects by preserving expansion of innate and EBV antigen-specific adaptive immune effector subsets capable of effective clearance of LCL tumor targets in autologous co-cultures. In an animal model of spontaneous EBV-LPD, silvestrol demonstrated significant therapeutic activity dependent on the presence of CD8-positive T-cells. These findings establish a novel immune-sparing activity of silvestrol, justifying further exploration in patients with EBV-positive malignancies.
Are eating disorder prevention programs effective.

Abstract Reference Citation: Cororve Fingeret M, Warren CS, Cepeda-Benito A, Gleaves DH. Eating disorder prevention research: a meta-analysis. Eat Disord. 2006;14(3):191–213. Clinical Questions: (1...
Effect of imperfect beam modulation in neutron time of flight spectroscopy using mechanical correlation choppers

Abstract We discuss the effects of imperfect pseudorandom chopping of a neutron beam arising from practical limitations on achievable chopper perfection. It is known that imperfect modulation produces anomalous structure in decorrelated time of flight data. A method is presented for removing such anomalous structure through use of a suitably derived inverse sequence for decorrelation. An example using actual time of flight data is presented.
Isolated Operator Binding and Ligand Response Domains of the TyrR Protein of Haemophilus influenzae Associate to Reconstitute Functional Repressor

Abstract Highly purified preparations of the TyrR protein of Haemophilus influenzae Rd undergo specific and limited proteolytic cleavage during storage at 4 °C to generate two fragments of 28 and 8 kDa. Under nondenaturing conditions, the two fragments remain tightly associated. Nicked TyrR is identical to full-length TyrR in its operator binding characteristics. The 8-kDa fragment containing amino acid residues 258–318 was separated from the 28-kDa fragment (residues 1–257) by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of 4 m urea. Upon renaturation, this fragment bound to operator with an affinity similar to that of full-length TyrR but was unresponsive to ligands that normally modulate operator binding (γ-S-ATP and l-tyrosine). It was not possible to renature the urea-treated 28-kDa fragment. Highly purified soluble preparations of truncated TyrR containing residues 1–257 were obtained after the overexpression of a shortened form of the tyrR gene via a specific plasmid construct. By several criteria, this species had native secondary and tertiary structure. The 28-kDa fragment was unable to bind to operator but could reconstitute nicked TyrR when added to the renatured 8-kDa fragment, as shown by physical properties and responsiveness to cofactors in operator binding. When either the 28- or 8-kDa species was expressed in vivo, there was no detectable operator binding, as evaluated using a lacZreporter system driven by the repressible aroFpromoter. When the two fragments were co-expressed in a common cytoplasm, an operator-binding species was formed, as demonstrated through partial restoration of repression capability.
Nature of the Spearpoints observed during the Combustion of Zirconium Droplets

PHOTOGRAPHIC time exposures of rapidly moving metal droplets which are burning luminously in a gaseous oxidizer often exhibit curious spearpoints. These streak images: (1) become less intense and gradually narrower; (2) suddenly intensify and broaden; (3) finally narrow again as they gradually extinguish altogether. The overall photographic trace resembles a pointed spear, hence the name.
ESPSearch: a program for finding exact sequences and patterns in DNA, RNA, or protein.

ESPSearch is a computer program for rapidly identifying nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of any length within any source sequence from promoters to entire genomes to protein libraries. ESPSearc...
Vision and the skin camouflage reactions of Ambystoma larvae: the effects of eye transplants and brain lesions

Abstract Salamander larvae typically adapt their dermal melanophores to achieve camouflage, and it has been known for some time that removal of the eyes abolishes the response. Here we survey the contribution of the optic system to the bright and dark camouflage reactions and report that: (1) the stimulus depends on an interaction between the direct and reflected light; (2) an eye mounted atop the head and oriented vertically tended not to support camouflage, even though the animal responded to visual cues and learned a vision-dependent task; (3) deviating the transplanted eye off the vertical axis enhanced the recovery of camouflage reactions; (4) amputating or reorienting the telencephalon, epithalamus, pretectum or tectum did not abolish either camouflage reaction whereas lesions of the ventral optic pathway blocked brightening; (5) transection near the midbrain-hindbrain junction — well posterior to known optic terminals — retarded the dark reaction; (6) when the latter lesion was combined with disconnection of the telencephalon and epithalamus, contrary to predictions from the lesions executed separately, the animals lost the bright reaction; (7) the hypophysis is necessary for darkening, but the organ supported this reaction even though detatched, displaced or reoriented; and (8) the pineal body was not essential for the grosser aspects of camouflage in Ambystoma larvae but may play an adjunctive role in fine tuning.
Activation of serum complement leads to inhibition of ascorbic acid transport.

Ascorbic acid is transported into 3T6 fibroblasts by a carrier-mediated, energy-de- pendent saturable active process with a K, of 1 12 pM and V,,, of 158 pmole/min/mg protein. The transport is dependent on extracellular Na' concentration which reduces the K,,,. It was recently observed in this laboratory that bovine serum contained a heat-labile factor which, after interaction with bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides), inhibited ascorbic acid transport (J. J. Alleo and H. Padh, Proc SOC Exp Biol Med 179: 128-1 3 1, 1985). We report here that the inhibition of ascorbic acid transport by endotoxin is mediated by the activation of serum complement. This was done by examining the activation of complement by other activators like zymosan and immunocomplexes (e.g., albumin and antibodies to albumin). Ascorbate transport was inhibited by the mixture of unheated serum and the activators. No inhibition was observed with serum devoid of C3 (component 3 of the complement). When C3-deficient serum was reconstituted by the addition of purified C3, the endotoxin-induced inhibition of ascorbate transport was restored. The implication of these findings is that in spite of a normal intake and blood level of the vitamin, tissues may not be getting adequate vitamin C during disease states when the complement in serum is activated. In other words, what may be considered an adequate intake of vitamin C under health conditions may not be adequate under disease conditions. o 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Pharmacokinetic and electroencephalographic study of intravenous diazepam, midazolam, and placebo

Eleven healthy volunteers received a single intravenous dose of diazepam (0.15 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and placebo by 1-minute infusion in a double-blind, three-way crossover study. Plasma concentrations were measured during 24 hours after dosage, and the electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum was simultaneously computed by fast-Fourier transform to determine the percentage of total EEG amplitude occurring in the 13 to 30 Hz range. Both diazepam and midazolam had large volumes of distribution (1.2 and 2.3 L/kg, respectively), but diazepam's half-life was considerably longer (33 versus 2.8 hours) and its metabolic clearance lower (0.5 versus 11.0 ml/min kg) than those of midazolam. EEG changes were maximal at the end of the diazepam infusion and 5 to 10 minutes after midazolam infusion. Percent 13 to 30 Hz activity remained significantly above baseline until 5 hours for diazepam but only until 2 hours for midazolam. For both drugs, EEG effects were indistinguishable from baseline by 6 to 8 hours, suggesting that distribution contributes importantly to terminating pharmacodynamic action. The relationship of EEG change to plasma drug concentration indicated an apparent EC50 value of 269 ng/ml for diazepam as opposed to 35 ng/ml for midazolam. However, Emax values were similar for both drugs (+19.4% and +21.3%, respectively).
Branching patterns of hippocampal neurons of human fetus during dendritic differentiation

Abstract Branch and fission angles of hippocampal pyramidal neurons from two human fetal brain specimens were investigated. A computer microscope was utilized to collect and reconstruct three-dimensional data representing neuronal structures as they appear in Golgi-impregnated tissue. The data suggest that neuronal processes, in particular dendrites, undergo a partial collapse of their angles of branching at bifurcation points (nodes) during the phase of maximum dendritic differentiation in the normally maturing human hippocampus (18 to 33 weeks gestational age). Data are also presented concerning the distribution of nodes about the soma location which should assist in the formulation of probabilistic descriptions of axonal and dendritic branching patterns in human cortical neurons.
Metallic Nanowires From Carbon Nanotube Building Blocks: The Effect of Atomic Defects on the Nanotube Influencing Nanowire Growth

Manipulation and control of matter at the nano- and atomic level are crucial for the success of nano-scale sensors and actuators. The ability to control and synthesize multilayer structures using carbon nanotubes that will enable to build electronic devices within a nanotube is still in its infancy. In this paper, we present results on selective electric field assisted deposition of metals on carbon nanotubes realizing metallic nanowire structures. Silver and platinum nanowires has been fabricated using this approach due to its applications in chemical sensing sensing as catalytic materials to sniff toxic agents and in the area of biomedical nanotechnology for construction of artificial muscles. The electric field assisted technique allows the deposition of metals with high degree of selectivity on carbon nanotubes by manipulating the charges on the surface of the nanotubes. The thickness and the growth of the nanowires was altered by inducing defects on the initial surface of the nanotubes that affected the local current densities and electrochemical reduction of silver and platinum on those defect sites. SEM and TEM investigations revealed silver and platinum nanowires between 10 nm-100 nm in diameter. Relatively higher metal deposition was achieved in defect related sites or places where the nanotubes criss-crossed each other, due to the high current densities in these sites. The present technique is versatile and enables the fabrication of host of different types of metallic and semiconduting nanowires using carbon nanotube templates for nanoelectronics and myriad of sensor applications. Further, nanowires can also serve as model systems for studying quantum size effects in these dimensions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Residual stress analysis of thick film systems by the incremental hole-drilling method

Abstract Residual stresses play an important role in coating systems as they determine their properties as well as their life-time behavior. In many industrial applications multi-layer systems are used. This work examines the applicability of the incremental hole drilling method to determine residual stress states in multi-layer coating systems, i.e. in the top-layer, in the interlayer and in the substrate. For this purpose systematic finite element (FE) simulations are carried out. Initially, the interfaces were assumed to be planar and subsequently rough interfaces were considered. The results indicate that thin interlayers with layer thicknesses smaller than 30 μm can be neglected in the evaluation of the measured strain relaxations, since they lead only to a minor stress deviation. In case of larger interlayer thicknesses a case-specific calibration, taking into account the exact build-up of the multilayer system, results in reliable determinations of the residual stress states, in the top-layer, the ...
An analysis of parochialism at the JPE and QJE

Abstract Does a journal affiliated with a particular ideological or political belief, intellectual tradition, or methodological approach have parochial loyalties to their faculty members and doctorates? Examination of articles published in the Journal of Political Economy (affiliated with the University of Chicago) and the Quarterly Journal of Economics (affiliated with Harvard University) in 1990 found that articles by Harvard faculty and their doctorates are not less likely to be selected as lead articles in the JPE and articles by Chicago faculty and their doctorates are not more likely to be selected in the lead position in the JPE. Articles by Harvard faculty and their doctorates are not more likely to be selected in the lead position in the QJE and Chicago faculty and their doctorates are not less likely to have their articles selected in the lead position in the QJE. In addition, articles by authors with parochial connections to the JPE or the QJE do not publish articles of lesser quality. Articles by Harvard faculty and Chicago faculty who publish in the JPE are statistically and numerically of higher quality than authors without such parochial connections and this quality differential does not diminish over time.
Small-scale reforming of diesel and jet fuels to make hydrogen and syngas for fuel cells: A review

Abstract This paper reviews the technological features and challenges of autothermal reforming (ATR) of heavy hydrocarbon fuels for producing hydrogen and syngas onboard to supply fuels to fuel cells for auxiliary power units. A brief introduction at the beginning enumerates the advantages of using heavy hydrocarbon fuels onboard to provide hydrogen or syngas for fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A detailed review of the reforming and processing technologies of diesel and jet fuels is then presented. The advantages of ATR over steam reforming (SR) and partial oxidation reforming (POX) are summarized, and the ATR reaction is analyzed from a thermodynamic point of view. The causes and possible solutions to the major problems existing in ATR reactors, including hot spots, formation of coke, and inhomogeneous mixing of fuel, steam, and air, are reviewed and studied. Designs of ATR reactors are discussed, and three different reactors, one with a fixed bed, one with monoliths, and one with microchannels are investigated. Novel ideas for design and startup strategies for ATR reactors are proposed at the end of the review.
Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation of Guanosine 5‘-Monophosphate

The reactions between aqueous ClO2 and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP) are investigated from pH 5.96 to 8.30. The decay of ClO2 follows mixed first-order and second-order kinetics. The addition of chlorite (0.01-0.05 M) to the reaction mixture suppresses the reaction rate and changes the observed decay of ClO2 to second-order. The reaction rates increase greatly with pH to give oxidized products. The second-order rate constant for the guanosine anion is 4.7 x 10(5 )M-1 s-1 and comprises a mixture of rate constants, k1k2/k-1. The ratio k1/k-1, with a calculated value of 2.4 x 10(-4), corresponds to the reversible reaction between ClO2 and the guanosine anion to generate ClO2- and the guanosyl radical. To determine k1/k-1 and k2, E values for guanosine and ClO2 are used as well as acid dissociation constants for guanosine and its radical. The value of k1 (1.1 x 10(5) M-1 s-1) represents the reaction between ClO2 and the guanosine anion as determined by initial rates. The second-order rate constant k2, with a value of 1.8 x 10(9 )M-1 s-1, represents the reaction between the guanosyl radical with a second molecule of ClO2 to generate a guanosyl-OClO adduct. The consumption of two mol of ClO2 per mol of 5'-GMP corresponds to a four-electron oxidation that gives ClO(2- )in the first step and HOCl in the second step. The 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetylated derivative of guanosine is used to more easily separate guanosine from its ClO2 oxidation products. Imidazolone and monochlorinated imidazolone are identified as products of the reaction between ClO2 and guanosine.
Genetically engineered dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promoters with better PHOX2-binding sites drive significantly enhanced transgene expression in a noradrenergic cell-specific manner

A continuously growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of noradrenergic (NA) neurons is implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of various human diseases such as depression, drug addiction, and autonomic dysfunction. An efficient NA neuron-specific promoter is potentially valuable to investigate the precise role of NA neurons in normal as well as in diseased brain and to treat the associated disorders by gene therapy. In this study, we tested a novel strategy to modify genetically the promoter of the human dopamine β-hydroxylase (hDBH) gene to overcome its inherent weakness while maintaining its cell-type specificity. We optimized the nucleotide sequence motifs of PHOX2-binding sites (PRS2 and PRS3) residing within the hDBH promoter. Optimization of both PRS2 and PRS3 motifs significantly increased their binding affinities to PHOX2A, leading to a dramatic increase in the promoter strength (>20-fold). More importantly, these modifications do not alter the level of transgene expression in non-NA cells either in vitro or in vivo, demonstrating tight cell-type specificity. This work shows that a cellular gene promoter can be genetically modified to strengthen its promoter activity without losing cell-type specificity by optimizing critical cis-regulatory elements. Our genetically engineered promoter may be useful for cell-type-specific gene targeting as well as for generating in vivo animal models with altered gene expression in a specific cell type.
Preventing Congenital Anomalies in Developing Countries

The birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in developing countries is similar to that observed in developed countries. However, the health impact of birth defects is higher because of a lack of adequate services for the care of affected infants and a higher rate of exposures to infections and malnutrition. A number of successful measures for the prevention of congenital anomalies are being taken in a number of developing nations. Primary prevention programs are based on public education about preconceptional and prenatal risks. Prevention based on reproduction options includes teratogen information services and prenatal screening for fetal anomalies. In addition, programs for the detection of congenital malformations at birth, followed by early treatment, are contributing to secondary prevention. Prevention of congenital anomalies in the developing world requires: (a) good epidemiological data on the prevalence and types of birth defects and genetic disorders; (b) educating health professionals in the goals and methods of preventing birth defects at low cost but with high impact, and (c) expansion of family planning and improvement of antenatal care combined with educational campaigns to avoid the risks for birth defects. The basis for public health preventive measures should be the primary health care level. In a sizable proportion of developing countries, the stage is already set for these measures to be implemented. Required are education, political will, and proper organization and allocation of resources.
Clothing and Personal Attractiveness of Adolescents Related to Conformity, to Clothing Mode, Peer Acceptance, and Leadership Potential

The personal attractiveness of 228 high school students and the attractiveness of their clothing, as assessed by college student observers, were related to awareness of, and conformity to, the modal dress, to various types of peer acceptance, to participation in high school ac tivities, and to leadership potential. Significant correlation coefficients indicated that attrac tive students generally wore attractive clothing, and were aware of, and conformed to, the modal dress. The attractive students were also more likely to be accepted by their peers, to be selected for important roles in the high school situation, and to be more active in school ac tivities than students assessed as less attractive.
The Kartell Movement in the German Potash Industry

I. Introductory. The German monopoly of natural resources, 140. — The different salts, 142. — Output and exports, 143. — II. Early agreements, 145. — The first syndicate (1888), 148. — III. The second and third syndicates (1898–1904), 151. — IV. The syndicate of 1904–09, 153. — 0rganization as a stock company; form of management, 156. — Increase in number of mines and difficult allocation of quotas, 158. — The Sollstedt mine and American purchasers, 160. — Continued increase in facilities, 164. — V. Negotiations for renewal, 1908–10, 168. — Failure in 1909, 174. — Contracts by independents with Americans, 175. — Law of 1910, giving imperial control over production and prices, 177. — Syndicate renewed in 1910, 179. — VI. The Potash Controversy between Germany and the United States, 179. — Terms of settlement, 181. — VII. Working of the Potash law of 1910, 182. — No check to increase of mines, 183. — VIII. Conclusion, 186.
EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY PREPARATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATIC DIABETES

WHETHER OR NOT the diabetogenic effects of anterior pituitary preparations and the effect upon growth are related has interested several observers. Shipley and Long (i) and Young (a) found that fractions which had the greatest effect upon growth were also the most diabetogenic. Young (3) considered the possibility that only one pituitary factor is involved, and that the response of the pancreas to it could determine whether nitrogen storage or diabetogenic effects would result. In this connection he cited Mirsky’s experiments (4), which suggest that growth preparations may influence protein metabolism by way of the pancreas. Several studies in this laboratory have dealt with the metabolic effects of anterior pituitary growth preparations in normal, phlorhizinized, and depancreatized bitches. Single large injections were given to fed animals. The normal ones showed only “growth effects,” for example, rise in weight and marked nitrogen storage.
Bowel-Bypass Syndrome Without Bowel Bypass: Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome

• A recurrent, episodic illness that occurs in as many as 20% of patients who undergo ileojejunal bypass surgery for morbid obesity has been well characterized and includes inflammatory cutaneous lesions with a histologic appearance like that of neutrophilic vasculitis, a nondeforming polyarthritis, and other systemic manifestations. Current concepts of pathogenesis center on overgrowth of bacterial flora in the bypassed bowel segment with subsequent development of a circulating immune complex disease. We report, for the first time to our knowledge, an identical clinicopathologic syndrome in four patients who have not had jejunoileal bypass surgery. Each patient, however, had other gastrointestinal disease that we believe predisposed to this syndrome, possibly via circulating immune complexes with bowel-associated antigens. We propose the expanded term,bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome, to incorporate these new cases. We believe that this is not a rare syndrome and that it is easily distinguishable from other types of cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis. (Arch Intern Med1983;143:457-461)