cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Non-Negative Estimators for the Model With a Common Mean

Recently C. R. Rao (1984) suggested two modifications to the MINQUE, called MINQUE(S.D.) and MINQUE(C.P.), for estimating the variance components in a linear model. These modifications provide non-negative estimates unlike the MINQUE. In this article we shall compare the performance of these two estimators with some of the other existing modifications of MINQUE in terms of standard criteria such as the mean squared error and total squared bias.
Electrochemical oxidation of hydurilic acid

Abstract Hydurilic acid, 1,1′-dimethylhydurilic acid and 1,1′,3,3′-tetramethylhydrurilic acid are electrochemically oxidized at the pyrolytic graphite electrode by way of two principla voltammetric oxidation peaks. The first, least positive peak (peak I a ) is due to a quasireversible 2 e electrode reaction to give dehydrohydurilic acid. The latter species then rapidly undergoes a pseudo first order chemical reaction to form 5-hydroxyhydurilic acid. The mechanism of the e.c. electrode reaction has been confirmed by double potential step chronoamperometry. Rate constants for the initial electron transfer and follow-up chemical reaction have been measured. The more positive voltammetric peak (peak II a ) appears to proceed by a 4 e -2H + oxidation of hydurilic acid to give a dication which then undergoes nucleophilic attack by water and/or chloride ion to give 5,5′-dichlorohydurilic acid, alloxantin and 5-chloro-5′-hydroxyhydurilic acid. Further decomposition and electrochemical oxidation of the decomposition products results in formation of alloxan, 5,5′-dichlorobarbituric acid and some additional 5,5′-dichlorohydurilic acid.
EMI Noise Testing and Diagnosis for PV Inverter

In this paper, a new method is proposed to test the conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise of photovoltaic invert based on analysis the internal structure and measuring principle of artificial mains network, meanwhile, the power line radiated EMI noise of photovoltaic can also be estimated by CM noise current using current probe and CM noise extraction network. The experiment result show that the conducted EMI noise and radiated EMI noise of photovoltaic inverter can be test more reasonable by this method.
Key Steps of the cis-Platin-DNA Interaction: Density Functional Theory-Based Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We present a fully ab initio molecular dynamics study of the interaction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-platin) with water and with a model for the DNA adduct in water. Calculations use the Car−Parrinello method, which is based on density-functional theory with gradient-corrected functionals. Structural, electronic, and dynamical properties are determined for cis-platin and for the monoaquo complex in water. The mechanism of the first step of the cis-platin hydrolysis, namely, the Cl−H2O substitution reaction, is characterized. The free-energy barrier, calculated at room temperature via constrained molecular dynamics simulations, compares remarkably well with the value obtained in several independent experiments. As a model for the simulation of the drug−DNA interaction, the GpG cross-link adduct is considered. Results are reported for the structural and vibrational properties in the aqueuos solution and compared with experiment whenever possible. An attempt to characterize the final step of the...
Trial by Pancake: Confessions in Child-Feeding

This reflective essay focuses on the experiences of my foodie family and son, who, from the age of eighteen months, chose to eat a very selective diet. Specifically, the article explores the ways in which the desire to share what we enjoy with our children can conflict the parental responsibility of supporting children nutritionally and emotionally through the minefield of control that is the family table. I review child-feeding manuals as well as the literature on picky eaters and super tasters, and recount my experience with nutritionists and medical doctors. In discussing my personal situation and how what a child eats does and does not matter, I expose family tensions and expectations relating to child-feeding.
The effect of streptozotocin and a high-fat diet on BOP-induced tumors in the pancreas and in the submandibular gland of hamsters bearing transplants of homologous islets

The effect of a high-fat diet (HF) and streptozotocin (STZ) was investigated in the rapid cancer induction model developed in our laboratories. Syrian golden hamsters bearing homologous islets transplanted in their right submandibular gland (SMG) received a HF or a low-fat diet (LF). Half of the animals from each dietary group received STZ (HF-STZ and LF-STZ groups) and the other half did not (HF and LF groups). One week later, all hamsters were treated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) weekly for 3 weeks and the experiment was terminated 12 weeks after the last BOP injection. Pancreatic lesions were found in many hamsters, with a lower incidence in the LF-STZ group (13%) than in other groups (35-45%). A HF diet counteracted the inhibitory effect of STZ on pancreatic tumor induction by yet unknown mechanisms. SMG tumors, all ductal-type adenocarcinomas, developed in all groups and the incidence was lowest in the HF group (6%) compared to the LF group (15%), LF-STZ group (17%) and HF-STZ group (18%). However, the difference was not statistically significant. It was concluded that a HF diet counteracts the inhibitory effect of STZ on BOP-induced pancreatic lesions but has no effect on the induction of tumors in the SMG. STZ pretreatment does not influence tumor induction of the SMG of these hamster.
REMOTE SEMIQUANTITATIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW TRANSPORT IMAGING USING MICROENDOSCOPIC PROBES

A flexible microscope is configured, evaluated, and employed in the noninvasive investigation of fluid transport in a tissuelike model or porous, fibrous matrix. A simple optical configuration that employs microendoscopic probes, an objective lens, and a commercial CCD for detection, produces resolution performance in the range of 25 to 40 line pairs/mm (lp/mm). Remote, time-sequenced imaging is shown to be possible using this moderate resolution flexible microscope. The microendoscopes employed are 1 to 3 m in length and range in outer diameter from 1.5 to 2.5 mm; some contain a working lumen for the introduction of a tool or a fluid at the site of investigation. Target lighting is accomplished by an integral fiber bundle built into the endoscope and supplied from an external xenon discharge lamp. This instrumentation is combined with specialized image processing for quantitative, time-sequenced imaging of marker dye transport on a tissuelike model substrate. Quantitative absorbance imaging is accomplished by calibrating response for marker dye standards on the test substrate and correlating camera pixel grayscale values to solute concentration. The quantitative mapping (concentration versus time and position) of fluid transport is used to evaluate convective versus diffusive flow.
Effect of Iron on the Transport of Citrate into the Xylem of Soybeans and Tomatoes

Iron transport in soybeans (Glycine max [L] Merr.) and tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) is controlled by factors that are altered manyfold as the plant experiences an iron stress (deficiency). Depending on their response to an Fe stress, plants in this study are classed (a) Fe-inefficient or (b) Fe-efficient. The Fe-efficient plants transport more Fe and concomitantly more citrate than the Fe-inefficient plants.An available supply of Fe added to the plant root will facilitate the release of citrate to the stem exudate in both soybeans and tomatoes. Also, when the iron supply is decreased by trapping Fe(2+) at the root, Fe transport decreases with a concomitant decrease of citrate in the stem exudate. Factors other than citrate appear to affect movement of Fe from the external solution into root cells where Fe is chelated with citrate and moves thereafter as Fe citrate. This makes some of the citrate that is transported in the stem exudate dependent on the amount of Fe made available at the root.
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: (Childhood epileptic encephalopathy)

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a childhood epileptic encephalopathy characterized by an electroclinical triad of generalized slow spike wave (SSW) activity in the EEG, multiple types of epileptic seizures, and slow mental development. It is usually subdivided into symptomatic and cryptogenic types, the latter accounting for at least one fourth of all patients. Symptomatic cases are due to diverse cerebral conditions, which are usually bilateral, diffuse, or multifocal, involving cerebral gray matter. Twenty percent of all patients with LGS have prior infantile spasms with hypsarrythmia. The characteristic interictal EEG pattern of LGS is 1.5 to 2.5 Hz SSW activity, which is bilaterally synchronous, dominant over the frontocentral regions, and usually symmetric. There are varying degrees of slowing of the background. Sleep discloses paroxysms of generalized fast (10 to 25 Hz) rhythmic activity.
Early-Maturing Soybean Cropping System: II. Growth and Development Responses to Environmental Conditions

Production of early-planted, early-maturing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars has gained popularity in the southeastern USA in recent years, primarily as a drought-avoidance mechanism. In seasons with adequate rainfall, however, early planting of such cultivars may not be essential for competitive yields. Our objective was to identify key environmental constraints to the growth and development of early-maturing soybean in the southern region. Soybean cultivars from Maturity Groups (MG) 00 through IV were planted in late April, mid-May, early June, and late June in 1990 through 1993 in 0.38-m rows on a well-drained Maury silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf). Canopy closure, plant height, and plant mass per unit area were recorded at both R1 and R5. In addition, crop growth rate from R1 to R5 was calculated. Cool vegetative-stage temperatures suppressed vegetative growth, particularly of early-maturing cultivars and for early planting dates. Crop growth rate during pod-set was not consistently associated with yield. Canopy closure at R1 of early-maturing cultivars was more responsive to delayed planting than was that of later maturing cultivars. Across years and planting dates, canopy closure at R5 of MG 00 to I cultivars generally fell below 90%, while that of MG II to IV cultivars generally exceeded 90%. Early planting may be a disadvantage for early-maturing cultivars in seasons with favorable rainfall patterns, particularly if canopy development is inhibited by cool temperatures during vegetative growth. If moisture is not limiting, delayed planting of early-maturing cultivars may be advantageous. Contribution from the Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn. as Journal Article no. 95-06-085. Research funded in part by the Kentucky Soybean Promotion Board.
Contributions of Econometrics to Public Policy Analysis in the Information Age

In this paper we model U.S. economic growth over the next 25 years. Despite the anticipated aging of the population, moderate population growth will provide growing supplies of labor well into the 21st century. Improvements in labor quality due to education and experience will also continue for some time, but will eventually disappear. Productivity growth for the U.S. economy will be below long-term historical averages, but labor-using technical change will be a stimulus for growth of labor demand. Year-to-year changes in economic activity will be primarily the consequence of capital accumulation. However, the driving forces of economic growth over the long term will be demography and technology.
Derived moment rotation curves for double framing angles

Abstract Tension and compression force-deformation data obtained from laboratory tests of angle segments are used to generate moment-rotation curves for bolted double framing angle connections. These force-deformation and moment-rotation curves are analytically described by a four parameter formula which provides the basis for the analytical connection model. This connection model consists of a rigid bar and nonlinear springs representing the angle segments in either tension or compression. Design curves giving the four parameters of the moment-rotation curves are generated. These parameters are primarily a function of the angle thickness, gage length of the angle legs in flexure and the number of bolts in the connection. Comparison of these derived moment-rotation curves are made with published results of full scale tests.
A neoadjuvant biochemotherapy approach to stage III melanoma; analysis of surgical outcomes

Aims: Completion lymph node dissection (CLND) and adjuvant therapy are recommended for node-positive melanoma patients. We sought to analyze our institution’s experience with neoadjuvant biochemotherapy in stage III patients. Methods: Clinical information was extracted from a retrospective database on stage III melanoma patients. Eligible patients received two cycles of biochemotherapy prior to their CLND. Results: There were 153 patients available for analysis. The average tumor depth was 2.5 mm. More than half of all patients presented with sentinel lymph node-positive disease. Surgical complications occurred in 23% of patients. Patients who experienced an adverse event during their neoadjuvant therapy had a worse overall survival when compared with those who did not (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our data suggest that aggressive neoadjuvant treatment prior to CLND does not impact surgical complications. Our surgical outcomes are similar to the current literature when adjuvant therapy is used in stage III mel...
Near-resonant vibration-rotation energy transfer in atom-diatom collisions. Ar-OH(A2Σ+)

Abstract Cross sections and rate constants for the inelastic collision. OH(A 2 Σ + ,ν=1, j =15) + Ar → OH(A 2 Σ + ,ν=0, j =20) + Ar, have been calculated in the infinite-order sudden (IOS) and distorted-wave (DW) approximations. The results agree well with experiment.
Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopic studies on buried heterogeneous biointerfaces

A sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational micro-spectroscopy system was developed to examine buried heterogeneous biointerfaces. A compact optical microscope was constructed with total-internal reflection (TIR) SFG geometry to monitor the tightly focused SFG laser spots on interfaces, providing the capability of selectively probing different regions on heterogeneous biointerfaces. The TIR configuration ensures and enhances the SFG signal generated only from the sample/substrate interfacial area. As an example for possible applications in biointerfaces studies, the system was used to probe and compare buried interfacial structures of different biological samples attached to underwater surfaces. We studied the interface of a single mouse oocyte on a silica prism to demonstrate the feasibility of tracing and studying a single live cell and substrate interface using SFG. We also examined the interface between a marine mussel adhesive plaque and a CaF2 substrate, showing the removal of interface-bonded water molecules. This work also paves the way for future integration of other microscopic techniques such as TIR-fluorescence microscopy or nonlinear optical imaging with SFG spectroscopy for multimodal surface or interface studies.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with HCV cirrhosis.

Objectives An increased ammonia level of gut bacterial origin is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and constipation is a frequent precipitant of hepatic coma. Because diabetes mellitus (DM) may be associated with delayed gastrointestinal transit, we speculated that its presence in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis would predispose to and exacerbate HE. Methods Sixty-five patients (50 men, 15 women) with HCV-related cirrhosis attending a liver transplantation clinic were assessed for severity of liver disease and presence of DM in a cross-sectional study. A modified Child-Pugh score that excluded HE was calculated. Frequency and severity of HE (absent, mild, and severe) in diabetic and nondiabetic patients were assessed. Clinical severity of cirrhosis and results of neuropsychometric testing in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with mild and severe HE were compared. Results Fifty-four patients (83%) had HE (33 mild, 21 severe). Twenty patients (31%) had DM. HE was present in 19 (95%) patients with diabetes and 35 (78%) patients without diabetes (p = 0.087). Severity of HE was greater in diabetic (35% mild, 60% severe) than in nondiabetic patients (58% mild, 20% severe) (p = 0.007). In both the mild and severe HE categories, severity of liver disease in diabetic patients was otherwise milder than in the nondiabetic patients. Conclusions Diabetic patients with HCV cirrhosis have more severe HE. Diabetic patients have severe HE at earlier stages of biochemical decompensation and portal hypertension compared with nondiabetic patients.
Commentary on Practice Guidelines

In this issue of Pediatrics, Drs Kramer and Shapiro review the practice guideline published in Pediatrics in July 1993.1 The guideline addressed two patient populations with fever without source (FWS): 1) infants 0 to 90 days of age with a temperature ≥38.0°C, and 2) infants and children 3 to 36 months of age with a temperature ≥39.0°C. The first group was essentially stratified into two populations: 1a) infants <28 days, and 1b) infants 28 to 90 days of age. It was the panel's intention to follow the lead of Dr Keith Powell and his colleagues, and try to reduce the number of tests and unnecessary hospitalizations in young febrile infants by screening with “low-risk” clinical and laboratory criteria. Recent studies support this approach and suggest that the low-risk criteria may be used in younger children as well. Therefore, the definition of group 1a may need to be changed to 0 to 7 days of age.2 Kramer and Shapiro do not comment on the recommendations for young infants but take exception with the recommendations for children 3 to 36 months of age. They “believe that the use of the guideline may do more harm than good” but present no evidence to support their belief. Some of their statements are correct: 1) there is little data to suggest that practicing physicians are …
Community-Engaged Research: A Path for Occupational Science in the Changing University Landscape

In this paper, we highlight community-engaged research (CER) as an anchor for occupational science within the shifting American academy. Specific changes in the relationship of research funding, university priorities, and the discipline's aims provide a rich context for discussion. We define CER along a continuum and note its relation to current research approaches and funding priorities. We discuss the benefits and barriers of CER, focusing particularly on forces that drive and legitimize academic disciplines and their research. We suggest that recent developments in American higher education create a space for occupational science to produce legitimate, important, and interdisciplinary CER. Taking a cue from anthropology, we consider the ways in which occupational science may be “in use” within and outside academe via CER and chart a possible future path for the American arm of the discipline. We culminate by posing questions to continue this important discussion.
Bilateral autologous breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps: Review of a single surgeon's early experience.

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the early experience of a single surgeon just out of training, including preoperative conditioning, surgical approach, and outcomes in bilateral deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 54 consecutive patients who underwent 108 DIEP flap breast reconstructions performed by a single surgeon over an initial 2.5-year period. Results: There was 100% overall flap survival. The unplanned reoperation rate was 7.6% (n = 4). Minor complications including nonoperative infection, minor wound dehiscence, and donor site seroma occurred in 26% of patients (n = 14). Significant late complications were abdominal wall bulge (n = 1) and fat necrosis < 10% of volume (n = 1). Tissue expander explantation due to infection occurred in 25% of attempted staged patients (two of eight); this did not seem to compromise their oncologic treatment or final reconstruction outcome. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the efficacy of the DIEP flap for bilateral autologous breast reconstruction in the immediate, staged, and delayed settings. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
A perfusion study of the effect of stanniectomy on the net influx of calcium 45 across an isolated eel gill

The effect of stanniectomy on the net influx of calcium 45 across the gill membrane was investigated using an isolated individual gill perfusion preparation. Two weeks post-operatively the gills from stanniectomized eels displayed a considerably higher net calcium uptake relative to the gills from mock-operated eels. This finding supports the suggestion that the characteristic hypercalcemic response to stanniectomy is due, at least in part, to an increase in branchial calcium uptake.
The role of phenylalanine at position 6 in glucagon's mechanism of biological action: Multiple replacement analogues of glucagon

Extensive evidence gathered from structure-activity relationship analysis has identified and confirmed specific positions in the glucagon sequence that are important either for binding to its receptor or for signal transduction. Fifteen glucagon analogues have been designed and synthesized by incorporating structural changes in the N-terminal region of glucagon, in particular histidine-1, phenylalanine-6, and aspartic acid-9. This investigation was conducted to study the role of phenylalanine at position 6 on the glucagon mechanism of action. These glucagon analogues have been made by either deleting or substituting hydrophobic groups, hydrophilic groups, aromatic amino acids, or a D-phenylalanine residue at this position. The structures of the new analogues are as follows: [des-His1, des-Phe6, Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (1); [des-His1,Ala6,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (2); [des-His1,Tyr6,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (3); [des-His1,Trp6,Glu9]-glucagon-NH2 (4); [des-His1,D-Phe6,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (5); [des-His1,Nle6,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (6); [des-His1,Asp6,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (7); [des-His1,des-Gly4,Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (8); [desPhe6,-Glu9]glucagon-NH2 (9); [des-Phe6]glucagon-NH2 (10); [des-His1, des-Phe6]glucagon-NH2 (11); [des-His1, des-Phe6,Glu9]glucagon (12); [des-Phe6,Glu9]glucagon (13); [des-Phe6]glucagon (14); and [des-His1, des-Phe6]glucagon (15). The receptor binding potencies IC50 values are 48 (1), 126 (2), 40 (3), 19 (4), 100 (5), 48 (6), 2000 (7), 52 (8), 113 (9), 512 (10), 128 (11), 1000 (12), 2000 (13), 500 (14), and 200 nM (15). All analogues were found to be antagonists unable to activate the adenylate cyclase system even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M except for analogues 6 and 8, which were found to be weak partial agonists/partial antagonists with maximum stimulation between 6-12%. In competitive inhibition experiments, all the analogues caused a right shift of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase dose-response curve. The pA2 values were 8.20 (1), 6.40 (2), 6.20 (3), 6.25 (4), 6.30 (5), 6.30 (7), 6.05 (8), 6.20 (9), 6.30 (10), 6.25 (11), 6.10 (12), 6.20 (13), 6.20 (14), and 6.35 (15).
Sacred Voice, Profane Sight: The Senses, Cosmology, and Epistemology in Early Islamic History

From the time of the Qur'anic revelation (ca. 609–632 ce) up to the mid 11th century a problematic methodology of knowledge transmission dominated the discursive practices of early Muslim scholars. The methodology capitalized almost exclusively on isnad and narration for the transmission of the prophetic tradition despite widespread literacy in the urban centers of the Islamic world. The methodology was puzzling even for those scholars who practiced it as they offered different speculations about its origins. Finding their accounts wanting I proceed to propose an account for this methodology in terms of interpretive schemas that consist of three models: senso-somatic, cosmological, and epistemological. I show that the first model is composed of two sub-models: a dominant audiocentric model and a recessive ocularcentric model. I also show that the cosmological model is composed of two sub-models: the world of absence and the world of presence. The epistemological model is a propositional model parasitic on the first two models. The proposed analysis explicates these models to demonstrate two points: (1) the intra-model hierarchical structure and inter-models congruence and (2) the motivational force of these models in the persistence of the problematic methodology for more than three centuries despite extensive literacy.
Cerebrovascular events in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program

T HIS ARTICLE focuses on the 5-year occurrence of fatal and nonfatal stroke in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) Stepped Care (SC) and Referred Care (RC) hypertensive participants. A number of clinical trials of hypertension have reported reductions in fatal and nonfatal stroke in hypertensive patients receiving antihypertensive treatment.‘” This was true in the HDFP also, where the dramatic effect of SC therapy provided by the special hypertension clinics was observed in the reduction of 5-year fatal and nonfatal stroke as compared with RC, where less aggressive antihypertensive treatment was provided by community sources.
Gain comparison for periodically delta-doped p-Ge structures with vertical and in-plane transport

Calculated terahertz gain for periodically delta-doped p-Ge films with vertical and in-plane transport and an orthogonal magnetic field are compared. Gain as a function of structure period, doping concentration, field strength, and temperature is calculated using distributions determined from Monte Carlo simulations. Both transport schemes achieve spatial separation of light holes from impurity layers and the majority of heavy holes, which significantly increases light hole lifetime and gain compared with bulk p-Ge lasers. For in-plane transport, an optimum doping period of 1-2 μm and a 10-fold increase in gain over bulk p-Ge are found. For vertical transport, the optimum period is 300-400 nm, and the gain increase found of 3-5 times bulk values is more modest. However, it is found that gain can persist to higher temperatures (up to 77 K) for vertical transport, while the in-plane transport scheme appears limited to 30-40 K.
Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis superimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

Background and objectives: Pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis (PNCGN) superimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS) is a rare occurrence. Only limited data on this dual glomerulopathy are available. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Twenty-three cases of PNCGN superimposed on DGS were identified from the archives of the Renal Pathology Laboratory of Columbia University. The clinical features, pathologic findings, and outcomes are described. Results: The majority of patients were white, elderly, and had longstanding diabetes. Patients presented with acute renal failure and an active urine sediment. Antinuclear cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) testing was positive by indirect immunofluorescence in 18 of 22 patients. Sixteen patients had a P-ANCA pattern, 9 of whom underwent further testing and were found to be MPO-ANCA positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among the two patients with C-ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed in one and revealed PR3-ANCA. Eight patients had extrarenal manifestations of vasculitis, including 6 with pulmonary hemorrhage. At the time of presentation and renal biopsy, 11 patients required hemodialysis. The mean percentages of glomeruli with cellular crescents, fibrous crescents, and necrosis were 24.9, 8.4, and 12.9, respectively. Most patients were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. At a mean follow-up of 14.6 mo (available in 21 patients), 8 patients had died and 8 of the remaining 13 patients had reached end-stage renal disease. Correlates of end-stage renal disease were hemodialysis at presentation and the degree of DGS. Conclusions: PNCGN may occur superimposed on DGS. The prognosis for this dual glomerulopathy is dismal despite aggressive therapy.
Small‐Group Research in Social Psychology: Topics and Trends over Time

Research on small groups has a long history within social psychology. Unfortunately, interest in studying social processes within small groups has diminished over time despite predictions of its resurgence. Moreland, Hogg, and Hains (1994) computed an index of interest in small groups in the major social psychology journals between 1975 and 1993, finding an increase in the mid 1980s and early 1990s. This increase was due largely to the influence of European and social cognition approaches, which do not focus on intragroup processes. We replicated their procedures through 2006 and found that these trends have persisted. Over half of the group-related research published from 1975 to 2006 involved intergroup relations (e.g., social identity, stereotyping), whereas other topic areas (i.e., group composition, structure, performance, conflict, and ecology) that involve intragroup processes were largely ignored. The implications of these trends for the fields of small groups and social psychology are discussed.
An average enumeration method of hyperspectral imaging data for quantitative evaluation of medical device surface contamination

We propose a quantification method called Mapped Average Principal component analysis Score (MAPS) to enumerate the contamination coverage on common medical device surfaces. The method was adapted from conventional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on non-overlapped regions of a full frame hyperspectral image to resolve the percentage of contamination from the substrate. The concept was proven by using a controlled contamination sample with artificial test soil and color simulating organic mixture, and was further validated using a bacterial system including biofilm on stainless steel surface. We also validate the results of MAPS with other statistical spectral analysis including Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM). The proposed method provides an alternative quantification method for hyperspectral imaging data, which can be easily implemented by basic PCA analysis.
Automotive tire wear as a source for atmospheric OCS and CS2

The emission of CS2, OCS and traces of SO2 from mixtures of fifteen different ground tire treads has been detected in laboratory experiments using gas chromatography/flame photometric detection (GC/FPD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Samples of ground tire particles (60–100 mesh) were flushed at different temperatures using either clean nitrogen gas or a mixture of 100 ppb O3 in N2. CS2 was the dominant sulfur gas detected in all of the experiments. OCS and CS2 emissions increased strongly with temperature and were independent of the presence of O3. In contrast, SO2 was observed only at high ozone levels. It is roughly estimated that tire wear may produce as much as 0.04 ± 0.004 Tg S (OCS) yr−1 or about 6.7% of the total OCS flux into the atmosphere. Therefore, this as yet undescribed automotive source may make a small but significant contribution to the atmospheric OCS budget.
Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?

If any U.S. President is in need of a public image makeover, surely it is Herbert Hoover. Although not considered the nation's worst president, Hoover continues to serve as an object of derision in contemporary debates over economic policy. But is the textbook portrayal of Hoover as an unrelenting conservative historically accurate? A number of scholars assert that Hoover was a progressive president. Given Hoover's status in our political consciousness, the stakes in this debate are significant. Political science can inform this debate with rigorous ideological measurement. I complete a record of Hoover's legislative positions and use W-NOMINATE to estimate Hoover's ideal point relative to the 71st and 72nd Congresses. I demonstrate a design to improve presidential ideal point estimation. The results fill a gap in presidential scholarship, show that Hoover was a conservative Republican, and suggest that efforts to portray Hoover as a progressive leader are misinformed.
Endogenous networks, social games, and evolution

Abstract This paper studies a social game where agents choose their partners as well as their actions. Players interact with direct and indirect neighbors in the endogenous network. We show that the architecture of any nontrivial Nash equilibrium is minimally connected, and equilibrium actions approximate a symmetric equilibrium of the underlying game. We apply the model to analyze stochastic stability in 2 × 2 coordination games. We find that long-run equilibrium selection depends on a trade-off between efficiency and risk dominance due to the presence of scale effects arising from network externalities. Our results suggest a general pattern of equilibrium selection.
On the Estimation of Bid-Ask Spreads: Theory and Evidence

This paper extends the Roll model for implicit bid-ask spreads by incorporating the possi? bility of serial correlation in transaction type. The validity of this formula is examined using intra-day transactions and bid-ask spread data for options traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The results indicate that the model derived here closely esti? mates the effective bid-ask spread in that it explains more than 80 percent of the crosssectional differences in announced bid-ask spreads.
Experimental analysis of a neural system: two modeling approaches.

The retinal neural system in the catfish which transforms light intensity temporal variations into the horizontal cell potential is experimentally analyzed and modeled by two distinct methods. The first method involves testing the system with gaussian white-noisemodulated light intensity and the subsequent derivation of a mathematical model in terms of a Wiener functional series. The second method involves testing of the system by step and sinewave stimuli and the postulation of a set of nonlinear differential equations which are designed to fit these stimulus-response data. In this latter approach, the differential equations describe the usually assumed dynamic behavior of the component subsystems, such as photoreceptor and horizontal cell membranes in terms of properties of membrance resistance and capacitance. The system behavior is found to exhibit certain “small signal” nonlinearities such as dynamic asymmetry in the response as well as certain “large signal” nonlinearities. The two modeling approaches and the resulting models are compared and it is found that the functional model derived from the white-noise experiment, while it does not attempt to describe the underlying system structure as the differential equation does, produced, in general, more satisfactory results as far as the input-output behavior of the system is concerned. It is suggested that combination of the two approaches could be very fruitful in modeling a particular system.
Reneutralization bottleneck in Auger initiated desorption

Abstract The rate of reneutralization of a doubly ionized surface species is shown to be 10–100 times slower than that of a singly ionized one, due to localization and orbital shrinkage effects associated with intra-atomic hole-hole interaction. Thus reneutralization is much less probable in Auger induced desorption than in single-hold initiated desorption.
Angular correlation of cascade gamma rays in 94Nb

Abstract The directional correlation and polarization correlation of the 703-871 keV gamma ray cascade following the decay of 20 000 y 94Nb have been measured. On the basis of these measurements the spin and parity of the 1574 keV level in 94Mo has been determined as 4+.
Mineral contributions to atrazine and alachlor sorption in soil mixtures of variable organic carbon and clay content

Abstract A sediment mixing approach was taken to systematically vary the organic carbon (oc) and clay content (cm) of a suite of organic-poor, clay-rich sediments. Organic carbon content ranged from 3.2% to 0.4% and clay content ranged from 24% to 51%. Atrazine and alachlor were shown to sorb to both natural organic carbon and clay minerals. Partition coefficients to natural organic carbon ( K oc ) were found to be 217 and 412 L/kg organic carbon for atrazine and alachlor, respectively. Partition coefficients to the clay fraction were found to be 3.5 and 4.9 L/kg clay for atrazine and alachlor, respectively. When expressed in terms of surface area, the partition coefficients to clay for atrazine and alachlor were 1.80·10 −5 and 2.51·10 −5 L/m 2 clay, respectively. Critical cm/oc ratios at which mineral phase sorption accounts for 50% of the total are defined. Implications for the modelling of herbicide movement in the subsurface if mineral phase sorption is ignored is discussed.
A novel RF-insensitive EED utilizing an integrated metal-oxide-semiconductor structure

The description and characterization of an electroexplosive device (EED) are presented. The structure is designed, using microelectric fabrication techniques, to be inherently immune to radiofrequency (RF) radiation and also offers protection against stray signals associated with RF-induced arcing. A detailed discussion of the structure, which includes the fundamental mechanisms of operation, fabrication techniques, the device's frequency response and sensitivity to RF-induced arcing, and its compatibility with fire control systems, is provided. Preliminary test results of the prototype device are discussed and show a significant improvement in the system's overall EMI immunity. These results include bench and field measurements of the structure's RF response for frequencies of 10-225 MHz and field measurements of the device's sensitivity to RF-induced arcing. The measurements indicate a significant reduction in real power dissipated by an EED employing the structure over an EED employing a conventional bridgewire (20 dB at 90 MHz). >
Is Now the Time to Add Commodities to Your Portfolio

With the recent increase in equity volatility, commodity investments have garnered significant attention from investors. Previous research has found substantial benefits associated with commodity investments, but there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the consistency and general applicability of those benefits for equity investors. This article provides evidence that helps to resolve some of the uncertainty with regard to commodity investments. Specifically, based on a sample period of 36 years, it shows substantial benefits to commodity investments regardless of the equity style an investor pursues. Obtaining a significant benefit, however, requires a commodity allocation greater than 5%. Interestingly, adding a commodity exposure enhances an equity portfolio’s return only during periods when the Federal Reserve is increasing interest rates, which is consistent with the belief that a major attraction of commodities is that they serve as an inflation hedge. Furthermore, an allocation to commodities in a tactical asset allocation using monetary conditions consistently outperforms both a strategic commodities allocation and an all-equity portfolio.
Finding and making meaning: young children as musical collaborators

Observing young children find and make meaning by manipulating and transforming teacher-presented music material provides a unique lens to view collaborative efforts. Collective music-making reveals the fundamental role of others as children make ‘in-the-moment’ adjustments based on their perception of challenge presented and requisite skill. Combining two theoretical frameworks, flow experience and Vygotskian theory, and analyzing the data visavis event sampling, I examine young music-makers’ interactions in an educational context and how those exchanges influence their learning experiences. Three themes emerge: the power of social influence, the children's transforming behaviors, and the provision of temporal space to explore the music content. Descriptive narratives of 10 musical activities illustrate the children's negotiating strategies and complementary processes. Discovering where to situate themselves and with whom, the 12 children, ranging from 4.3 to 5.9 years old, ‘played off of ’ each other, m...
A direct approach to false discovery rates

Summary. Multiple-hypothesis testing involves guarding against much more complicated errors than single-hypothesis testing. Whereas we typically control the type I error rate for a single-hypothesis test, a compound error rate is controlled for multiple-hypothesis tests. For example, controlling the false discovery rate FDR traditionally involves intricate sequential p-value rejection methods based on the observed data. Whereas a sequential p-value method fixes the error rate and estimates its corresponding rejection region, we propose the opposite approach—we fix the rejection region and then estimate its corresponding error rate. This new approach offers increased applicability, accuracy and power. We apply the methodology to both the positive false discovery rate pFDR and FDR, and provide evidence for its benefits. It is shown that pFDR is probably the quantity of interest over FDR. Also discussed is the calculation of the q-value, the pFDR analogue of the p-value, which eliminates the need to set the error rate beforehand as is traditionally done. Some simple numerical examples are presented that show that this new approach can yield an increase of over eight times in power compared with the Benjamini–Hochberg FDR method.
Using Interval-Based Systems to Measure Behavior in Early Childhood Special Education and Early Intervention.

The purpose of this article is to summarize the current literature on the accuracy and reliability of interval systems using data from previously published experimental studies that used either hum...
Microbial Ecology of the Skin in the Era of Metagenomics and Molecular Microbiology

The skin is the primary physical barrier between the body and the external environment and is also a substrate for the colonization of numerous microbes. Previously, dermatological microbiology research was dominated by culture-based techniques, but significant advances in genomic technologies have enabled the development of less-biased, culture-independent approaches to characterize skin microbial communities. These molecular microbiology approaches illustrate the great diversity of microbiota colonizing the skin and highlight unique features such as site specificity, temporal dynamics, and interpersonal variation. Disruptions in skin commensal microbiota are associated with the progression of many dermatological diseases. A greater understanding of how skin microbes interact with each other and with their host, and how we can therapeutically manipulate those interactions, will provide powerful tools for treating and preventing dermatological disease.
The Role of Marketing in the Corporation: A Perpetual Work in Progress

This study critically examines the widely-held view that the role of marketing in corporations is in decline. Based on interviews and discussions with top marketing executives and chief executive officers from a broad sample of leading U.S. and global corporations, we describe major changes that are occurring in the organization and management of marketing activities in large manufacturing firms and compare these findings with earlier predictions. We find that there is still a wide range of opinion about the meaning of marketing, which increases the difficulty of assessing marketing performance and justifying the support and resources for marketing activities from top managers focused on shortterm financial objectives. At the same time, marketing as a distinct function with its own bureaucratic structure has become a more dispersed set of activities and responsibilities. One result of these developments, contrary to trends that appeared to be emerging in the early 1990's, is that marketing in many firms has "lost a seat at the table" as marketing expenditures have been reduced and marketing activities decentralized. At the same time, marketing in some firms continues to play an influential role in corporate strategy, suggesting a range of possible influence of marketing in the corporation. Marketing's ambiguous position raises significant questions for the future of marketing as management practice and academic discipline.
Does the location of a mutation determine the ability to form amyloid fibrils

We have previously reported studies of fibril formation by a set of protein G B1 domain (β1) variants, with mutations located around the central parallel β-strands. In this study, we designed multiple mutations in the edge strands of β1 to create proteins with a stability range comparable to that of the set of central mutants. All the edge variants are able to form amyloid fibrils when they are incubated at their melting temperatures. This result suggests that overall protein stability is the key determinant for amyloid formation and not the specific location of destabilizing mutations. The edge strand and variants cross-seed with each other and with members of the central variant family. Interesting fibrillar morphology was observed in some cross-seeding cases and its implications for a better understanding of nucleation and elongation events are discussed.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated With Ticlopidine in the Setting of Coronary Artery Stents and Stroke Prevention

Background One of the most unusual causes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a life-threatening disease, is ticlopidine hydrochloride, an antiplatelet agent used to prevent strokes in high-risk populations or following coronary artery stent placement. Recently, Hoffman-LaRoche Pharmaceuticals, following reports of 20 deaths from ticlopidine-associated TTP, updated the information about the hematologic adverse effects of the drug. Objectives To review our recent findings on ticlopidine-associated hematologic toxic effects, which served as the impetus for the revised warnings, and to discuss the implications of these findings. Methods Data were obtained from the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch program, published phase 3 clinical trials and case reports, hematologists, and plasmapheresis centers. Results No cases of TTP have been reported in phase 3 ticlopidine trials. In contrast, postmarketing surveillance has identified serious adverse drug reactions to ticlopidine, resulting in 259 deaths, with TTP accounting for 40 of these deaths. Detailed information was available on 98 cases of ticlopidine-associated TTP. Compared with 42 patients in the coronary artery stent setting, 56 patients with ticlopidine-associated TTP in the stroke prevention setting were more likely to be women (62.5% vs 28.6%; P = .01). Before the onset of TTP in patients receiving stroke prevention therapy and patients with stent placement, ticlopidine had been used for less than 2 weeks in 5.4% and 2.4%, between 2 and 3 weeks in 17.9% and 21.4%, between 3 and 4 weeks in 30.4% and 38.1%, and between 4 and 12 weeks in 46.4% and 38.1%, respectively. Death occurred in almost 60% of all patients not receiving plasmapheresis compared with 21.9% of patients receiving plasmapheresis for stroke prevention and 14.3% of patients receiving plasmapheresis in the stent setting. Conclusions Use of ticlopidine requires frequent physician visits and laboratory tests for at least 3 months in the stroke prevention setting, while, with short-term use in the coronary artery stent setting, adverse events are less likely to occur. These factors, as well as competition from clopidogrel bisulfate, a new antiplatelet agent, potentially limit the feasibility of ticlopidine as a stroke prevention agent, while having less impact on its use following coronary artery stent placement.