cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Agent BW755C on Traumatic and Peritumoral Brain Edema

Recently the role of leukotrienes in the development of brain edema has come under increasing surveillance. BW755C (3-amino-1-[m(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]2-pyrazoline) is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent. BW755C inhibits the synthesis of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes by dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism and is therefore considered to be a superior anti-inflammatory compound over the conventional cyclooxygenase inhibitors (Higgs et al. 1984). BW755C is also known to inhibit lipoxygenase predominantly over cyclooxygenase. In this study we evaluated the effect of BW755C on cold-induced edema and peritumoral edema, in an attempt to determine if leukotrienes could play a role in the development of vasogenic brain edema.
Presidential Leadership in Public Opinion: The Many Meanings of Presidential Leadership

THE UBIQUITY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP IN AMERICAN POLITICS Leadership is an important standard by which presidents and presidential candidates are judged. For example, one voter had this to say about trying to decide whom to vote for in the 2012 presidential election: “What I look for in a candidate … Mostly, I want someone that I trust as a leader” (Appelbaum, March 17, 2012). Richard Wirthlin, who has conducted polls and provided advise for Republican presidential candidates, once asserted that “the single most important value of the American public is respect for strong presidential leadership” (Moore 1995, p. 205). Candidates for the office recognize the importance of leadership to voters in selecting a president. The competing candidates routinely try to convince voters that they will do a better job of providing leadership than their opponent. A major theme of the challengers is that the incumbent does not provide strong leadership, that the incumbent is weak, and that they, the challengers, will do a better job of leading. For instance, during the 2012 presidential election campaign, Mitt Romney, the Republican nominee, continually criticized President Obama for his “appalling lack of leadership” (Memmott, April 4, 2012). On October 22, 2012, during the nationally televised presidential debate in Boca Raton, Florida, Romney stated that “what we need to do with respect to the Middle East is strong, steady leadership, not wrong and reckless leadership that is all over the map.” Although it may be uncomfortable for candidates to tout their leadership qualities, as opposed to attacking their opponents, their allies are often not so reticent in extolling those traits. Romney's vice presidential running mate, Paul Ryan, at the vice presidential debate with Joseph Biden, illustrated Romney's ability to work with others and overcome the high level of partisanship in current politics by pointing to Romney's stint as governor. “Mitt Romney was governor of Massachusetts, where 87 percent of the legislators he served, which were Democrats.
Tau-Proportionate Form of Congeneric Covariance Structure

From the view point of constructing a composite possessing the largest possible common covariability with all of its constituent tests, the concept of the best equi-covariable composite (BEC) has been introduced. When the covariance matrix of the constituent tests are so structured that its row (column) totals are all equal, the corresponding BEC is shown to be reducible to simple aggregated (or averaged) test. Under the purview of congeneric tests, it is shown that there exists a special form termed tau-proportionate congeneric form in which case the simple aggregated (or averaged) test is not only the BEC but also the most reliable composite. Statistical techniques of the estimation of parameters, testing and goodness-of-fit of the such structure are considered with the aid of an illustrative example.
The Effects of Message Framing and Reference Points of Public Service Announcements on Bystander Intervention in College Students’ Binge-Drinking

Binge drinking, a serious social issue, refers to excessive drinking in a short period of time (i.e., five or more alcoholic beverages for men, and four or more for women, in about 2 hours) (Pilling and Brannon 2007, www.cdc.gov). A great deal of social harm and health problems are associated with binge drinking. Besides the diseases caused by excessive drinking (e.g., liver disease, neurological damage), it has been found that there is a high correlation between binge drinking and other risky acts such as drunk driving, unprotected or unplanned sexual activities, and marijuana use (Lee and Bichard 2006, Pilling and Brannon 2007).
Legal and Risk Management Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicne

The integration of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies such as acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine, chiropractic, herbal medicine, massage therapy, and “mind—body” therapies into conventional health care raises important legal and risk management issues for physicians. These include day-to-day questions about how to respond to patient requests for CAM therapies, especially when clinicians disagree with patients on the safety and effectiveness of such care, or when potential adverse interactions with conventional medication are not known or well understood.
Issues of mitigation strategies in augmented system for next generation control room

Past research on augmented systems has been predominately concerned with measuring and classifying an operator’s functional states. Only recently has the field begun researching mitigation strategies. The purpose of this paper is to add further conceptual understanding to mitigation strategies. Based upon the decision making literature, we pose three issues that mitigation strategies need to resolve: the types of decision strategies an operator uses, the structure of the information that an operator processes, and finally, the cue or pattern of cues that the operator relies on in making decisions. These issues are important to ensure that mitigation strategies are congruent to operator’s decision-making behaviors.
Design considerations for optical biosensing(Conference Presentation)

We will present some crucial design consideration for optical imaging/interferometry based biosensors.
Atomistic modeling of nonpolar m -plane InGaN disk-in-wire light emitters

InGaN heterostructures, when grown along the polar c-plane orientation, are prone to large internal polarization fields, which significantly affect their electronic bandstructure and optical properties and result in poor quantum efficiency. In this regard, devices grown in nonpolar crystal orientations (with zero spontaneous polarization) are promising and were reported to exhibit higher efficiency. In this paper, we first present the numerical implementation of wurtzite nonpolar m-plane crystallographic orientation within a 10-band $$sp^{3}s^{*}$$ (with spin) tight-binding formalism as available in the atomistic three-dimensional Nanoelectronic Modeling (NEMO 3-D) toolkit. In conjunction with a TCAD simulator, we then evaluate and compare the performance of $$\hbox {In}_{0.25}\hbox {Ga}_{0.75}\hbox {N/GaN}$$ disk-in-wire light-emitting diodes in c-plane and m-plane crystallographic orientations in terms of polarization fields, electronic bandstructure, interband optical transition rates, and internal quantum efficiency (IQE). In contrast to bulk and quantum well structures m-plane, where the net polarization potential is ideally zero, the disk-in-wire configuration considered in this study exhibits a small internal potential. Overall, the m-plane structure, as compared to the c-plane counterpart, offers higher spontaneous emission rate and IQE as well as an improved efficiency droop characteristic.
Formalization IDEs Integrated with a Verifying Compiler

This demonstration will illustrate both a web- and desktop-based formalization IDE (F-IDE) that are backed by a verifying compiler for the RESOLVE specification and programming language. Each IDE we demo supports construction of mathematical developments, formal interface specifications of generic, object-based concepts, and alternative implementations annotated with internal assertions to enable verification. While the first portion of the demo will illustrate the language and verification in the context of the web-based environment, the second half will demonstrate features of a newer desktop-based IDE that provides additional modern IDE amenities beyond those offered by the web-based version. Each IDE we present integrates feedback for mathematical and programmatic type checking, proving, among others, and permit users to generate and run executable, property-preserving Java.
Discrete relaxation method for contact layer decomposition of DSA with triple patterning

Abstract Block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA) is a simple and promising candidate next-generation device fabrication technology, which is low-cost as complement with multi-patterning for contact layer patterning. In this paper, we consider the contact layer mask and template assignment problem of DSA with triple patterning lithography of general layout. To address this problem, first we construct a weighted conflict grouping graph, in which edges with negative weights are introduced, then a discrete relaxation based mask assignment problem is proposed. The integer linear program (ILP) formulation of the discrete relaxation problem is solved for obtaining a lower bound on the optimal value of this problem. In order to improve the lower bound, some valid inequalities are introduced to prune some poor relaxation solutions. At last, the obtained discrete relaxation solution is transformed to a legal solution of the original problem by solving a template assignment problem on the layout graph, which provides an upper bound on the optimal value of the original problem. Experimental results and comparisons show the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. In addition, under the discrete relaxation theory, the quality of our experimental results can be evaluated by the obtained upper and lower bounds. Specifically, the gap between the obtained upper and lower bounds is 0 for most of the sparse benchmarks, and the average gap is 0.4% for dense benchmarks.
Canopy profile sensitivity on surface layer simulations evaluated by a multiple canopy layer higher order closure land surface model

Abstract The canopy structural and functional impacts on land surface modeling of energy and carbon fluxes were investigated by a series of simulations conducted at AmeriFlux eddy covariance sites. Canopy structures were described by different degrees of complexity of Leaf Area Index (LAI) datasets. The monthly climatological LAI datasets applied in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) were used to represent static ecological conditions. The LAI remotely sensed by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to represent time-varying ecological conditions with natural variability. To investigate the sensitivity of different canopy profile representations, all of these LAI datasets were used to assign the necessary ecological information for single and multiple canopy layer land surface models to simulate a seven-year period across a variety of vegetation covers. The results show that a more realistic canopy profile representation (i.e., multiple layers), both in terms of structural and functional treatments, improves biogeophysical and biogeochemical simulations. The root mean square errors for the simulated evapotranspiration and Net Ecosystem Exchange are reduced by 10% and 15%, respectively when the ecological information is represented by a more realistic time-varying LAI dataset instead of a static LAI dataset with no geographical sensitivity. A land surface model with multiple canopy layers and a realistic ecological dataset, which can better represent ecosystem structural and functional responses to microclimate conditions, is thus recommended for long-term climate projections.
Teaching Child Psychiatrists About Intervention in School Systems

Practice in intervention and consultation with school personnel adds to the Child Psychiatrist’s available skills to assist a crucial agency affecting the mental health of almost all children. The UCLA School Consultation program is described in terms of didactic presentations, weekly seminars and school visitation and observation. The value of the program is supplemented by evaluation from the Child Psychiatrists and contrast with other existing programs.
More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function.

The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria.The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species [ROS], stress, environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic ‘homeostatic rheostat’ works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
A system for discovering regions of interest from trajectory data

We show how to find regions of interest (ROIs) in trajectory databases. ROIs are regions where a large number of moving objects remain for at least a given time interval. Our implementation allows a user to quickly identify ROIs under different parametric definitions without scanning the whole database. We generalize ROIs to be regions of arbitrary shape of some predefined density. We also demonstrate that our methods give meaningful output.
Using Thermal Images and Physiological Features to Model Human Behavior: A Survey

Physiological signals provide a reliable method to identify the physical and mental state of a person at any given point in time. Multiple techniques are used to extract physiological signals from the human body. However, these techniques require contact and cooperation of the individual as well as human effort for connecting the devices and collecting the needed measurement. Thermal imaging provides a non-contact approach for acquiring these signals. New applications are exploring ways to utilize physiological features extracted from thermal images to detect subtle changes in human physiology. In this paper, we provide a review of applications, which propose a variety of innovative techniques to model human behavior by analyzing thermal videos.
Exploring the ns-2 network simulator and the nam network animator

Several methods exist to evaluate the performance of data communication protocols, including live network tests, test-beds, hardware emulation, and mathematical models. Software simulation, however, is often a time efficient and cost effective method, which academic institutions can employ easily, that provides a controlled environment within which undergraduate and graduate students can evaluate quickly computer network performance.
A ferroelectric field effect transistor based synaptic weight cell

Dense analog synaptic crossbar arrays are a promising candidate for neuromorphic hardware accelerators due to the ability to mitigate data movement by performing in-situ vector-matrix products and weight updates within the storage array itself. However, many analog weight storage cells suffer from long latencies or low dynamic ranges, limiting the achievable performance. In this work, we demonstrate that the voltage-controlled partial polarization switching dynamics in ferroelectric-field-effect transistors (FeFET) can be harnessed to enable a 32 state non-volatile analog synaptic weight cell with large dynamic range (67×) and low latency weight updates (50 ns) for an amplitude modulated pulse scheme.
Kinematic Optimization of a Novel Partially Decoupled Three Degree of Freedom Hybrid Wrist Mechanism

This paper discusses the kinematic design and geometric optimization of a novel hybrid three degree-of-freedom (DOF) wrist mechanism. The architecture consists of a one prismatic-revolute-universal linkage and one prismatic-spherical-spherical linkage in parallel with a revolute-universal linkage. This architecture is capable of spherical motion identical to that of a pitch-yaw-roll wrist. Moreover, this mechanism is considered to be partially decoupled, as not all actuators contribute to motion in an arbitrary direction. The forward and inverse kinematics of the parallel 2-DOF mechanism are presented. The 2-DOF mechanism is geometrically optimized over its design parameters to maximize a global transmission index, which measures the motion and torque transmissibility of particular wrist configuration over its workspace. The decoupled nature of the mechanism allows the pitch and yaw mechanism to be optimized separately, greatly reducing the parameter search space and allowing a much larger number of mechanism configurations to be simulated. We leverage this increase in simulated configurations to examine the effect of size constraints on the resulting mechanisms as well.
Distinguishing Comorbidity, Disability, and Frailty.

Over half of the older adults in the USA have multimorbidity, defined broadly as the presence of two or more chronic diseases in an individual. Multimorbidity has significant overlap with disability and frailty. In this review, we broadly review the concepts of multimorbidity, disability, and frailty, as well as their interrelationships, and ability to predict future adverse health outcomes in older adults. Depending on the study, the prevalence of individuals with all three of multimorbidity, disability, and frailty ranges from 2 to 20%. Multimorbidity and patterns of multimorbidity are predictive of functional limitations, disability, health care usage, and mortality. The degree to which multimorbidity predicts these outcomes depends on many factors but partly upon the population examined and the presence of frailty and disability. Multimorbidity is an emerging public health concern that is observed with and predictive of disability and frailty.
Treasures from the Map Room: A Journey through the Bodleian Collections

The Bodleian Library is one of the world’s most famous collections, tracing its origin to 1320. Following the ravages of the Reformation, Sir Thomas Bodley, a scholar, diplomat, and traveler, set a...
Contemporary Chinese Short-Short Stories: A Parallel Text, 《当代中文小小说》, translated and edited by Aili Mu with MikeSmith

This article reviews Contemporary Chinese Short-Short Stories: A Parallel Text 9780231181532
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Workshop on Building analysis datasets and gathering experience returns for security

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 2012 ACM Workshop on Building Analysis Datasets and Gathering Experience Returns for Security -- BADGERS'12. The BADGERS workshop is intended to encourage the development of Internet-scale security-related data collection and analysis initiatives. As such, the workshop is positioned at the confluence of computer security and general purpose large-scale data processing and aims at bringing together researchers, practitioners, system administrators, and security analysts active in the emerging domain of security-related data collection and analysis for Internet-scale computer systems and networks. By giving visibility to existing solutions, the workshop promotes and encourages the better sharing of data and knowledge. I expect that the increasing availability of tools and techniques to process large-scale data (aka "Big Data") will benefit computer security. The call for papers attracted 7 submissions from Asia, Europe, and the United States, each of which received at least three reviews from the program committee. The 4 accepted papers cover a variety of topics, including Internet-wide intrusion detection and vulnerability analysis, probing using darknets, and residential privacy in location-based social networks. In addition, the program includes keynote speeches by Samuel Weber on challenges for Big Data privacy and security and by Peter Mell on Big Data technologies for security research, and two invited talks describing realworld experiences with Big Data in industrial research lab settings. I hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for security researchers and developers.
Dangerous HRI: testing real-world robots has real-world consequences

Robotic rescuers digging through rubble, fire-fighting drones flying over populated areas, robotic servers pouring hot coffee for you, and a nursing robot checking your vitals are all examples of current or near-future situations where humans and robots are expected to interact in a dangerous situation. Dangerous HRI is an as-yet understudied area of the field. We define dangerous HRI as situations where humans experience some amount of risk of bodily harm while interacting with robots. This interaction could take many forms, such as a bystander (e.g. when an autonomous car waits at a crossing for a pedestrian), as a recipient of robotic assistance (rescue robots), or as a teammate (like an autonomous robot working with a SWAT team). To facilitate better study of this area, the Dangerous HRI workshop brings together researchers who perform experiments with some risk of bodily harm to participants and discuss strategies for mitigating this risk while still maintaining validity of the experiment. This workshop does not aim to tackle the general problem of human safety around robots, but instead focused on guidelines for and experience from experimenters.
New candidate loci and marker genes on chromosome 7 for improved chilling tolerance in sorghum

Sorghum is often exposed to suboptimal low temperature stress under field conditions, particularly at the seedling establishment stage. Enhancing chilling tolerance will facilitate earlier planting and so minimize the negative impacts of other stresses experienced at later growth stages. Genome-wide association mapping was performed on a sorghum association panel grown under control (30/20 °C; day/night) and chilling (20/10 °C) conditions. Genomic regions on chromosome 7, controlling the emergence index and seedling (root and shoot) vigor, were associated with increased chilling tolerance but they did not co-localize with undesirable tannin content quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Shoot and root samples from highly contrasting haplotype pairs expressing differential responses to chilling stress were used to identify candidate genes. Three candidate genes (an alpha/beta hydrolase domain protein, a DnaJ/Hsp40 motif-containing protein, and a YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein) were expressed at significantly higher levels under chilling stress in the tolerant haplotype compared with the sensitive haplotype and BTx623. Moreover, two CBF/DREB1A transcription factors on chromosome 2 showed a divergent response to chilling in the contrasting haplotypes. These studies identify haplotype differences on chromosome 7 that modulate chilling tolerance by either regulating CBF or feeding back into this signaling pathway. We have identified new candidate genes that will be useful markers in ongoing efforts to develop tannin-free chilling-tolerant sorghum hybrids.
Principles of rhythmicity emerging from cyanobacteria.

Over the past 25 years the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus has dazzled the circadian rhythms community by revealing in exquisite detail the mechanism of its prokaryotic circadian clock. So many aspects of the timing machinery are surprising that attention has largely centered on the ways in which the cyanobacterial clock is different from the circadian clocks of eukaryotic organisms. Perhaps just as remarkable is the similarity of circadian properties between eukaryotic and prokaryotic species – a testament to the universality of unfaltering daily cues in the environment and shared metabolic needs of biological systems as selective agents over evolutionary time. Like the clocks of animals and plants, the S. elongatus clock supports near-24-h rhythms that persist in constant conditions, entrains to daily cycles of light or temperature, is differentially sensitive to cues at different points in the cycle, and tunes its daily period depending on the intensity of the ambient light environment. Remarkably, it supports these properties with a nanomachine mechanism that is discrete and can be reassembled to function outside of the cell. The lessons learned from the S. elongatus clock underscore the power of genetics to reveal mechanisms whose natures are not known a priori, and speak to the value of collaboration to apply diverse skillsets to solve difficult biological problems.
A Framework of Touchscreen Interaction Design Recommendations for Children (TIDRC): Characterizing the Gap between Research Evidence and Design Practice

HCI researchers have established a number of evidence-based design recommendations for children's touchscreen interfaces based on developmental appropriateness. Yet, these recommendations are scattered within the academic literature and lack a cohesive framework that makes them accessible to app designers. We created a framework of actionable Touchscreen Interaction Design Recommendations for Children (TIDRC, "tide-rock") by conducting a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. We used our TIDRC framework as a lens to empirically evaluate whether these evidence-based design recommendations were implemented within 50 popular iPad apps designed for children. We found a significant gap between research and practice. On average, only 63% of these apps followed design recommendations for meeting children's cognitive (51%), physical (67%), and socio-emotional (72%) needs. We characterize the nature of this gap and discuss opportunities for closing it when designing mobile touchscreen interfaces for children.
Optimal Chernoff and Hoeffding Bounds for Finite State Markov Chains

This paper develops an optimal Chernoff type bound for the probabilities of large deviations of sums $\sum_{k=1}^n f (X_k)$ where $f$ is a real-valued function and $(X_k)_{k \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0}}$ is a finite state Markov chain with an arbitrary initial distribution and an irreducible transition probability matrix satisfying a mild assumption on its positivity pattern, related to the function $f$ being considered. The novelty lies in this being a non-asymptotic finite sample bound. Further, our bound is optimal in the large deviations sense, attaining a constant prefactor and an exponential decay with the optimal large deviations rate. Moreover, through a Pinsker type inequality and a Hoeffding type lemma, we are able to loosen up our Chernoff type bound to a Hoeffding type bound and reveal the sub-Gaussian nature of the sums. Finally, under the same mild assumption on the positivity pattern of the transition probability matrix, we prove a uniform multiplicative ergodic theorem for the exponential family of tilted transition probability matrices corresponding to $f$.
The interactions between respiratory and cardiovascular systems in systolic heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a complex and multifaceted disease. The disease affects multiple organ systems, including the respiratory system. This review provides three unique examples illustrating how t...
Trade-offs between ecosystem services along gradients of tree species diversity and values

Abstract Trade-offs between incommensurable values of services are a challenge to the implementation of the ecosystem services framework. The International Platform of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) recommends pluralistic valuations of ecosystem services that include intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values. To understand how value pluralism may affect trade-offs between ecosystem services, we conducted a study quantifying ecosystem service proxies along a tree species diversity gradient in plantation forests in the coastal Pacific Northwest, USA. Further, we developed four frameworks emphasizing different bundles of ecosystem services based on how the services clumped within a matrix of value types and level of social organization at which benefits are likely to accrue. We then determined tree species compositions that optimized ecosystem services emphasized under the four frameworks. Some ecosystem services responded in sync, but we found trade-offs between provisioning services with primarily instrumental value and cultural services with relational values. Most single ecosystem services were maximized by monocultures. In contrast, high levels of tree species diversity supported the largest variety of value types. We hypothesized that biodiversity may be important not just for increasing ecosystem functions and services, but also for value pluralism.
Cognitive measures lacking in EHR prior to dementia or Alzheimer's disease diagnosis

Introduction The extent that cognitive measures are documented in electronic health records (EHR) is important for quality care and addressing disparities in timely diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Analysis of U.S. EHR data to describe the frequency and factors associated with cognitive measures prior to diagnosis of dementia (N = 111,125) or AD (N = 30,203). Results Only 11% of dementia patients and 24% of AD patients had a cognitive measure documented in the 5 years prior to diagnosis. Black race, older age, non-commercial health insurance, lower mean neighborhood income, greater in-patient stays, and fewer out-patient visits were associated with lacking cognitive measures. Discussion Extensive missing cognitive data and differences in the availability of cognitive measures by race, age, and socioeconomic factors hinder patient care and limit utility of EHR for dementia research. Structured fields and prompts for cognitive data inputs at the point of care may help address these gaps.
A Low-Cost, Open-Sourced Platform for High-Fidelity Characterization of Large WPT Coils

The Mostly Printed Field Characterization System (MPFCS) is an accurate, inexpensive, and open-source platform for high-fidelity, rapid, large volume WPT coil field characterizations that provides a significant reduction in scan duration in comparison to similar simulations.
Simulated annealing approach to solution of multi-objective optimal economic dispatch

An efficient and reliable evolutionary based meta-heuristic approach, termed as simulated annealing, is presented for the solution of optimal economic power dispatch. The generation of electricity from the fossil fuel releases several contaminants, such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. Simulated annealing algorithmic approach to power system optimization, as reported here for a case of economic power dispatch, consists essentially of minimizing the objective function while gradually satisfying the constraint relations. The advantages of the approach in terms simulated annealing algorithmic problem reduction, flexibility and solution methodology are also discussed. In the Multi-objective problem formulation, four important non-commensurable objectives in an electrical thermal power system are considered. These are economy and environmental impacts because of NOx, SO2, CO2 emissions. The feasibility of the proposed method is compared with a simple genetic algorithm is described to multi-objective optimal economic dispatch of electrical power systems.
Consumer acceptance of model soup system with varying levels of herbs and salt.

UNLABELLED Although herbs have been reported as one of the most common saltiness enhancers, few studies have focused on the effect of herbs on reducing added sodium as well as the impact of herbs on consumers' overall liking of foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of varying levels of herbs on reducing added sodium and consumers' overall liking of soups and identify the impact of salt levels on consumers' overall liking of soups. Overall liking of freshly prepared and retorted canned soups with varying levels of herbs was evaluated before and after adding salt by consumers ad libitum until the saltiness of the soup was just about right for them. The results of the study demonstrated that when the perceived herb flavor increased, the amount of salt consumers added to fresh soups decreased (P ≤ 0.006); however, consumers' overall liking decreased (P ≤ 0.013) as well for the highest level of herb tested in the study. Although overall liking of all canned soups was not significantly decreased by herbs, the amount of salt consumers added was also not significantly decreased when herbs were used. Overall liking of all soups significantly increased after more salt was added (P ≤ 0.001), which indicates that salt level was a dominant factor in affecting consumers' overall liking of soups with varying levels of herbs. These findings imply the role of herbs in decreasing salt intake, and the adequate amount of herbs to be added in soup systems. PRACTICAL APPLICATION It is challenging for the food industry to reduce sodium in foods without fully understanding the impact of sodium reduction on sensory properties of foods. Herbs are recommended to use in reducing sodium; however, little has been reported regarding the effect of herbs on sodium reduction and how herbs influence consumers’ acceptance of foods. This study provides findings that herbs may aid in decreasing the amount of salt consumers need to add for freshly prepared soups. It was also found that high levels of herbs may decrease consumers’ overall liking of soups.
Time capsule signature

We introduce a new cryptographic problem called time capsule signature. Time capsule signature is a ‘future signature’ that becomes valid from a specific future time t, when a trusted third party (called Time Server) publishes some trapdoor information associated with the time t. In addition, time capsule signature should satisfy the following properties: If the signer wants, she can make her time capsule signature effective before the pre-defined time t. The recipient of ‘future signature’ can verify right away that the signature will become valid no later than at time t. Time Server need not contact any user at any time, and in fact does not need to know anything about the PKI employed by the users. Signatures completed by the signer before time t are indistinguishable from the ones completed using the Time Server at time t. We provide the rigorous definition of time capsule signature and the generic construction based on another new primitive of independent interest, which we call identity-based trapdoor hard-to-invert relation (ID-THIR). We also show an efficient construction of ID-THIRs (and, hence, time capsule signatures) in the random oracle model, and a less efficient construction in the standard model. If the time t is replaced by a specific event, the concept of time capsule signature can be generalized to event capsule signature.
Simulation of Particle Incorporation during Electrodeposition Process Primary and Secondary Current Distributions

The primary and secondary current distributions for the particle incorporation process during electrocodeposition of a metal film were numerically studied. The growth of an electrodeposited film along the electrode is governed by the local current density that is affected by the presence of a nonconducting particle. It was assumed that the effect of lateral displacement of the fluid between a particle and an electrode is negligible. The level set method was used to track the moving interface as it grows around the particle, and the Laplace equation for the electrical potential was solved by a finite-element method. For a primary current distribution, voids beneath the particle are generated due to the characteristics of the potential distribution, so that the metallic film does not grow along the particle surface. The resistance increment due to the presence of the particle was compared for the cases of stationary and growing metallic films. A small void on top of the particle when incorporated by metal is observed with a secondary current distribution.
Freeze-thaw durability of porous building materials

Water held in the pores of a solid becomes unstable when cooled to temperatures below 0°C. If the conditions permit, the water leaves the pores and ice accumulates outside the system. In case of high cooling rate, high degree of saturation, and long diffusion path, the water cannot reach the external surface and solidifies in a glassy, amorphous state. Mechanical damage occurs only in the latter case. This mechanism is not indigenous to any single type of solid, thus it is applicable to cement paste, stone, and brick, and could be used for increasing the durability of porous materials and for improving test procedures.
Frequency Effects on the Processing of Ambiguous Words in Sentence Contexts

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of ambiguous words that varied in frequency of use of their multiple interpretations. Biasing sentential contexts were used in a cross-m...
The daring doctor

On 10 December 1954, Col. John Stapp shot across the grounds of Holloman Air Force Base on a rocket sled, reaching 639 miles per hour and coming to a complete halt in less than 1.37 seconds. This was not a publicity stunt. Stapp, a biophysicist and medical doctor, was conducting an experiment in the emerging scientific field of biomechanics. In Sonic Wind , author Craig Ryan brings Stapp's death-defying feats to life. Reviewer Lee Vinsel praises the book's smooth prose and Ryan's efforts to humanize Stapp, but questions his portrayal of Stapp as a lone genius.
Mental status testing in the elderly nursing home population.

The clinical utility of selected brief cognitive screening instruments in detecting dementia in an elderly nursing home population was examined. One hundred twenty nursing home residents (mean age 87.9) were administered the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS). The majority of the subjects (75%) were also administered the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Both clinically diagnosed demented (n = 57) and non-demented (n = 63) subjects participated in the study. Dementia was diagnosed in accordance with DSM-III-R criteria by physicians specializing in geriatric medicine. Using standard cutoffs for impairment, the 3MS, MMSE, and DRS achieved high sensitivity (82% to 100%) but low specificity (33% to 52%) in the detection of dementia among nursing home residents. Positive predictive values ranged from 52% to 61%, and negative predictive values from 77% to 100%. Higher age, lower education, and history of depression were significantly associated with misclassification of non-demented elderly subjects. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed optimal classification of dementia with cutoff values of 74 for the 3MS, 22 for the MMSE, and 110 for the DRS. The results suggest that the 3MS, MMSE, and DRS do not differ significantly with respect to classification accuracy of dementia in a nursing home population. Elderly individuals of advanced age (i.e., the oldest-old) with lower education and a history of depression appear at particular risk for dementia misclassification with these instruments. Revised cutoff values for impairment should be employed when these instruments are applied to elderly residents of nursing homes and the oldest-old.
A novel assay of glucuronidation of C- and N-hydroxylated metabolites of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide.

Abstract A method for the assay of glucuronidation of C - and N -hydroxylated metabolites of the carcinogen N -2-fluorenylacetamide is described. The method employs UDP-[U- 14 C]glucuronic acid and Baker C 18 extraction columns for separation of the glucuronides from their aglycones and from the glucuronic acid. The 14 C-labeled glucuronides, generated by rat liver microsomes, are eluted from the columns with 30% (v/v) methanol after prewashing the columns and elution of the radioactivity of 14 C-glucuronic acid with 1 m m ammonium acetate, pH 6.9. The radio-activity of the eluates is measured by scintillation counting. The method is modified for assays of glucuronidation of α-naphthol and p -nitrophenol in that 1 m m phosphoric acid is used instead of 1 m m ammonium acetate, and the method is potentially adaptable to other aglycones. By monitoring radioactivity or uv absorbance of the column eluates, it is shown that all aglycones, except p -nitrophenol, are retained on the columns during elution of their glucuronides with 30% (v/v) methanol and are eluted only when absolute methanol is used. The identity of the glucuronides is shown by their response to hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase in the presence and absence of d -saccharic acid-1,4-lactone and, in some instances, by chromatographic and spectral analyses of the released aglycones.
The relationship between dead arm syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome.

A relationship exists between anterior shoulder subluxation and thoracic outlet syndrome that is responsible for the more florid symptoms of dead arm syndrome (DAS) in some patients. This relationship was demonstrated in eight of 27 patients (30%) in a consecutive series of Bankart operations for tr
Scrub the Hub! catheter needleless port decontamination

T HE central venous catheter (CVC) is an essential tool in the care of critically ill and high-risk intraoperative patients. Catheterrelated bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) related to CVC insertion technique has been greatly reduced by the use of preventive protocols. However, late CR-BSI remains a significant threat to patient safety and healthcare cost containment. Appropriate CVC maintenance may be the most important factor in the prevention of late CR-BSI. Even transient improper CVC maintenance (e.g., with perioperative drug administration) may cause life-threatening CR-BSI. We examined the effect of scrub duration on macroscopic contamination of needleless CVC connector hubs to illustrate the importance of hub cleaning. We applied commercially available fluoresceine-impregnated powder (Brevis Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT) to CVC hubs and subsequently scrubbed the hubs with 70% isopropyl alcohol pads for 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 s. Using ultraviolet light, we exposed residual fluorescent powder on the CVC hub. We found a direct relationship between scrub duration and powder contamination, particularly in areas with complex 3-dimensional topography. The correlation between this finding and the incidence of bacterial contamination is unclear, although Menhay has previously questioned the efficacy of a 3–5 s alcohol scrub for heavily contaminated CVC hubs. Anesthesiologists are encouraged to follow best-practice guidelines for CVC maintenance, including attention to disinfection of CVC hubs with isopropyl alcohol pads before syringe or infusion tubing connection. Future studies are needed to determine whether increasing scrub duration will also reduce bacterial colonization and CR-BSI outcomes.
Clams as Indicators of Strontium-90.

Fresh-water clams concentrate strontium-90 in their shells and may be used as indicators of the Sr 90 contamination of their environment. Analysis of data derived from the specific activity of Sr 90 in shells showed that Sr 90 released to the Tennessee River system remained in solution and that concentrations to a distance of 500 miles from the release site can be predicted on the basis of the dilution of contaminated White Oak Creek water by uncontaminated Clinch-Tennessee River water.
The embryonic development and the thermal effects on the development of the mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni (Girard)

The general development of the mountain whitefish was similar to other whitefishes. Mountain whitefish required more thermal units to reach corresponding stages of the lake whitefish, after the stage when the blastodisc was prominently raised on the yolk. The development process was greatly disrupted and a heavy mortality of eggs occurred when the temperature was raised to 9° C or higher. In hatched larvae abnormalities like monomicrophthalmia, agape jaws, and coloboma occurred when the temperature was raised to 9° C or higher, although the reported optimum temperature for growth of the post yolk sac larvae and juveniles was 9° C-12° C. The late spawned eggs exhibit adaptive mechanisms which enabled them to shorten the incubation time and hatch along with the early spawned eggs, when conditions for survival are at optimum.
When the designer becomes the user: designing a system for therapists by becoming a therapist

In this paper, we present the design process for developing a technology to support therapists for children with autism. To learn about the domain for which we were designing, one researcher became trained as a therapist and worked as one part time for over 10 months. This case study outlines the process by which the researcher was trained, the ways in which it was helpful in the design and evaluation of a technology system, and the aspects of the experience that we feel led to a better and more successful design.
Behavior analysis and education: An unfulfilled dream

This paper presents the author's view of why the promise for education visualized by early behavioral researchers is as yet unrealized. It points out that behavior analysis has had an important impact on special education but has had much less influence on teaching practice in regular classrooms. This is not seen as the fault of educators who have failed to embrace procedures developed by behavior analysts. Rather, the author contends, behavior analysts have failed to develop procedures that fit the ecology of the regular classroom. Those developed often require too much additional effort thereby punishing those who attempt their use. Another factor hindering widespread adoption is that behavior analysts have failed to disseminate their procedures and have not participated widely in undergraduate training of teachers. The paper concludes by noting that our success in special education provides a model for behavior analysts interested in regular education. By developing procedures that result in increased academic performance for entire classrooms without punishing the teachers who implement them, by making those procedures available commercially and by publishing in journals teachers read, and finally by participating more widely in undergraduate training, the unfulfilled dream of what behavior analysis has to offer education can be achieved.
Introduction of a Pediatric Palliative Care Curriculum for Pediatric Residents

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Pediatric Palliative Care Curriculum (PPCC) was introduced as a pilot study in response to the published need for increased pediatric education in end-of-life (EOL) care. The PPCC was designed to better train residents in EOL issues so they could become more comfortable and knowledgeable in caring for children and adolescents with life-threatening illnesses. Method: The PPCC consisted of six hour-long sessions run by a clinical psychologist, a licensed social worker, and faculty with experience in EOL care. The curriculum repeated every 6 weeks for 1 year. Residents in the training program at Stanford University rotating through oncology, pulmonology, and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were invited to attend. Session topics included: (1) personal coping skills, (2) being a caring professional, (3) recognizing cultural and familial differences, (4) pain management, (5) practical issues, and (6) meeting a bereaved parent. Pretest and posttest surveys with five-point Likert s...