cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Path Growing Approach to Optical Virtual Network Embedding in SLICE Networks

Network virtualization (NV) is considered to be a promising solution to address the ossification of the current Internet infrastructure. With the recent advancements in optical virtualization, network virtualization can be further extended to virtualization-enabled optical substrate networks that supply connectivity-as-a-service . This integration of NV and optical virtualization is referred to as optical-based network virtualization in this work, which warrants a future-proof Internet that is not only technology-friendly (i.e, due to the service and hardware decoupling in NV) but also bandwidth-abundant (i.e., with optical networking). In optical-based network virtualization, it remains to resolve the classic virtual network embedding (VNE) problem (i.e., a NP-Complete problem) with the extra dimension of complexity from physical characteristics of the specific type of optical network (e.g., WDM or SLICE). In this work, we study this variant of the VNE problem, namely Optical Virtual Network Embedding (OVNE), in SLICE-based network virtualization. We avoid addressing the OVNE problem with simple add-on constraints to VNE but address it with two strategies: first, exploring the OVNE problem structure at different granular of network elements (e.g., path-channel and channel graph) to mitigate the complexity; second, designing a path growing process that solves the OVNE model with substantially reduced variables. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared to other representative path-based schemes with demonstrated improvements. The proposed approach can also obtain near-optimal solution to the OVNE problem with guaranteed closeness to the optimal solution.
Canyons and Volcanoes: The Effects of Radiation on the Chest Wall

Abstract Tumors involving the sternum often require complete removal of the bony structure to achieve cure and prevent recurrence. The type and extent of reconstruction must be carefully selected. Full-thickness sternal defects often necessitate semirigid or rigid biocompatible prostheses and carefully transposed myocutaneous flaps. Superimposed infection on radiation-induced cancer or osteoradionecrosis involving the sternum is also observed, and optimal treatment relies on an experienced multidisciplinary team. We report the successful management of two cases of sternal involvement after radiation: a canyon-like lesion and a volcano-like lesion.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Species-Spanning Pathology

Abstract Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a leading cause of sudden death among athletes and young adults is not uniquely human. 1 The disorder has been diagnosed in a wide range of other mammalian species and is seen with some frequency in certain domestic animals (Figure 1). 2-16 The clinical characteristics, natural history and therapeutic interventions are similar across species. Comparative genomic analyses point to overlapping genetic basis for the disorder in humans and other animals, in particular certain domestic cat breeds. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Increased knowledge exchange between the fields of human and veterinary cardiology can expand how HCM is understood, treated, and potentially prevented across the tree of life.
Evidence-Based Policymaking: What Human Service Agencies Can Learn from Implementation Science and Integrated Data Systems.

The evidence-based policymaking movement compels government leaders and agencies to rely on the best available research evidence to inform policy and program decisions, yet how to do this effectively remains a challenge. This paper demonstrates how the core concepts from two emerging fields—Implementation Science (IS) and Integrated Data Systems (IDS)—can help human service agencies and their partners realize the aims of the evidence-based policymaking movement. An IS lens can help agencies address the role of context when implementing evidence-based practices, complement other quality and process improvement efforts, simultaneously study implementation and effectiveness outcomes, and guide de-implementation of ineffective policies. The IDS approach offers governance frameworks to support ethical and legal data use, provides high-quality administrative data for in-house analyses, and allows for more time-sensitive analyses of pressing agency needs. Ultimately, IS and IDS can support human service agencies in more efficiently using government resources to deliver the best available programs and policies to the communities they serve. Although this paper focuses on examples within the United States context, key concepts and guidance are intended to be broadly applicable across geographies, given that IS, IDS, and the evidence-based policymaking movement are globally relevant.
Psychosocial moderators of polygenic risk for suicidal ideation: Results from a 7-year population-based, prospective cohort study of U.S. veterans.

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) may help inform the etiology of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In this study, we evaluated whether a suicidality PRS derived from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of suicidality from the UK Biobank (N = 122,935) predicted suicidal ideation (SI) in a 7-year population-based, prospective cohort of European-American US veterans (N = 1326). Results revealed that 8.8% (n = 115) of veterans developed new-onset SI, 4.0% (n = 52) had chronic SI, 3.4% (n = 31) had remitted SI, and 83.8% (n = 1128) denied SI over the study period. Suicidality PRSstandardized was positively associated with chronic SI (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 4.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-20.48) and new-onset SI (RRR = 2.97, 95%CI = 1.22-7.23), and negatively associated with remitted SI (RRR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.60). Among veterans with higher suicidality PRS, those with higher baseline dispositional optimism had a lower likelihood of chronic SI (RRR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49-0.91) and higher likelihood of remitted SI (RRR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.18-3.31). Among veterans with higher suicidality PRS, those with higher baseline levels of social support were less likely to develop new-onset SI (RRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.99). These interaction effects were enriched for genes implicated in neuron recognition and development, while the PRS main effect was enriched for genes involved in mannosylation. Collectively, results of this study suggest that suicidality PRS is linked prospectively to symptomatic courses of SI, and that dispositional optimism and social support moderate these associations. Interventions targeting these modifiable psychosocial factors may help mitigate risk of SI in veterans with high polygenic risk for suicidality.
Person-Centered and Contextualized Diagnosis in Mental Health

A model for person-centered and contextualized diagnosis of mental health [person-centered integrative diagnosis (PID)] is presented in this chapter within the larger framework of person-centered psychiatry and medicine. As the authors note, this is a departure from the prevalent disease-centered model—a departure predicated on both ethical and scientific grounds—representing a more sophisticated, comprehensive, and diagnostically valid evolution of the multiaxial approach found in DSM-III and IV. Among the cardinal features of PID are: diagnosis of a person’s whole health (both ill and positive health); considering diagnosis as both a formulation and an interactive process among clinicians, patients, and families; and the use of categories, dimensions, and narratives as descriptive tools. Its multilevel informational structure encompasses health status, health contributors, and health experience and expectations, integrating standardized and idiographic components. The chapter traces the history and methodological basis for the development of PID, as well as offering an example of the PID approach in the Latin American Guide of Psychiatric Diagnosis. It then shows how this model can be applied to produce a comprehensive diagnostic formulation and discusses the implications of such an approach for advancing effective and interdisciplinary mental health care.
Egg Consumption in Adult Women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2010)

To provide supporting data for the development of an intervention to increase egg consumption in low-income women, we analyzed a subset of women (age 18+) from NHANES. Food codes were used to characterize egg consumers based on the form of eggs consumed either as eaten alone or as a major ingredient. Women consuming very small amounts of egg (e.g. baked goods) were considered non-consumers. All data were analyzed using appropriate survey weights and procedures in SAS Ver 9.3. Eggs eaten alone or as a major ingredient are consumed by 1.4% of adult women. Logistic regression models showed that body weight status, race/ethnicity and age were predictors of egg consumption. Obese women were more likely to consume eggs than lean women (OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.66-0.88); Mexican-American women were more likely to consume eggs than Non-Hispanic White women (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.08-1.87). College graduates were more likely to be non-consumers than high school graduates (OR 1.33, 95%CI 1.03-1.73). Income was not a significant ...
Social Motive Expectations and the Concession Timing Effect

It has been shown that concession timing can influence a negotiator's satisfaction with and judgment of the negotiation partner, the quality of the object, and the agreed upon price (Kwon & Weingart, 2004). Study 1 tested whether the concession timing effect holds when a negotiator believes the other party is cooperatively oriented. The results suggest that a negotiator's belief about the other party's cooperative social motive overrides the concession timing effect. Specifically, if the other party was believed to be cooperative, negotiators did not feel dissatisfied with the outcome or the negotiating partner and did not evaluate the value of the object as being low, even when the other party made early concessions. Study 2 examined the interaction effects of concession timing and cooperative expectations in a more general setting (i.e., a negotiation between friends or between strangers) and investigated the mechanisms through which cooperative expectations override the concession timing effect. Results showed that trust between negotiators and negotiation scripts both played a role.
Flow fields in soap films: Relating viscosity and film thickness.

We follow the diffusive motion of colloidal particles in soap films with varying $h/d$, where $h$ is the thickness of the film and $d$ is the diameter of the particles. The hydrodynamics of these films are determined by looking at the correlated motion of pairs of particles as a function of separation $R$. The Trapeznikov approximation [A. A. Trapeznikov, Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity (Butterworths, London, 1957), p. 242] is used to model soap films as an effective two-dimensional (2D) fluid in contact with bulk air phases. The flow fields determined from correlated particle motions show excellent agreement with what is expected for the theory of 2D fluids for all our films where $0.6\ensuremath{\le}h/d\ensuremath{\le}14.3$, with the 2D shear viscosity matching that predicted by Trapeznikov. However, the parameters of these flow fields change markedly for thick films $(h/dg7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)$. Our results indicate that three-dimensional effects become important for these thicker films, despite the flow fields still having a 2D character.
The Correlation of Interstellar Reddening and Lα Absorption

For 61 stars whose interstellar Lα absorption was observed by OAO-2, the average relation of H i column density to B-V color excess is equal to 5 × 1021 atoms cm-2 mag-1. For a recent dust grain model this value implies that the density ratio ≈ 100. A good correlation was found for deviations in the measurements of N HI and E(B-V) from their mean values expected over the distances to the different stars, indicating an association of H i gas with dust.
Far-infrared spectra of ring compounds The ring-puckering potential of thietanone-3

Abstract The infrared spectrum of thietanone-3 was recorded in the spectral range 30–230 cm −1 and a detailed study of the anharmonic ring-puckering vibration carried out. For the series of ten Q branches observed, extending from 75 to 53 cm −1 , the best least-squares-fitted potential was found to be V ( x ) in cm −1 = 0.670 × 10 4 x 2 + 0.119 × 10 6 x 4 , where x is the usual ring-puckering coordinate in A. This potential implies a planar ring structure.
Dimensional Analysis of the Flare Distribution Problem

Dimensional analysis is used to derive the distribution of solar flare energies,p(ɛ) = Aɛ-3/2, in accordance with recent observational and numerical results. Several other scalings, notably ɛ ∼ τ fl 2 , where τfl is the flare duration, are obtained as well.
Why Master Teachers Do What They Do

Review of the book:┬a ΓC£Those Who Can: Why Master Teachers Do What They Do.ΓC¥ By Neil Bright. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013. ISBN: 978-1475801453.┬a Do What They Do, master teacher, administrator, and curriculum developer Neil Bright distills the secrets of effective teaching into fifteen ΓC£practicesΓC¥ that he describes using clear language and extensive support from research literature.
An Efficient Anonymity Protocol for Grid Computing

As grid computing scales up in size and diversity, anonymous communications will be desirable, and sometimes vital, for certain applications. However, existing anonymity protocols, when being applied to grid applications, either dramatically degrade system efficiency or cause severe performance bottlenecks. We found that a distributed and highly efficient anonymity protocol can be designed if one considers the existing trust in grids. We have designed such a protocol based on controlled anonymity, which maintains an entity's anonymity against untrustable entities. To our best knowledge, this protocol is the first one of its kind. Using the existing methods from anonymity studies, we quantitatively analyze the degree of anonymity that could be offered by this protocol, and use a simulator to confirm its efficiency advantage over the existing protocols.
Neuromonitoring changes in pediatric spinal deformity surgery: a single-institution experience.

Object Intraoperative monitoring of the spinal cord has become the standard of care during surgery for pediatric spinal deformity correction. The use of both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials has dramatically increased the sensitivity and specificity of detecting intraoperative neurophysiological changes to the spinal cord, which assists in the intraoperative decision-making process. The authors report on a large, single-center experience with neuromonitoring changes and outline the surgical management of patients who experience significant neuromonitoring changes during spinal deformity correction surgery. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective review of all cases involving pediatric patients who underwent spinal deformity correction surgery at Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, between January 2007 and March 2010. Five hundred nineteen consecutive cases were reviewed in which neuromonitoring was used, with 47 cases being identified as having significant changes in somatosensory...
Titanium Catalysts with Ancillary Phenoxyketimine Ligands for Living Ethylene Polymerization

New titanium catalysts with ancillary, non-fluorinated phenoxyketimine ligands have been synthesized and found to be active for living ethylene polymerization.
Kennelly uses complex quantities to simplify AC analysis

Reproduction d'une communication parue en 1893 dans le Bulletin de l'Institut Americain des Ingenieurs Electriciens, due a Kennelly, et traitant du probleme de l'Impedance en Electricite. Kennelly montre que l'analyse des courants alternatifs peut apparaitre «difficile quand elle est etudiee avec precision et de facon absolue mais que, grâce a l'emploi du concept de l'impedance et de grandeurs complexes, «la theorie du fonctionnement des courants alternatifs peut etre rendue aussi simple que celle des courants continus». L'impact le plus important de cette communication fut qu'elle stimula Charles P. Steinmetz pour developper systematiquement l'utilisation des grandeurs complexes dans l'analyse des courants alternatifs
THE SHASTA-ACHOMAWI: A NEW LINGUISTIC STOCK, WITH FOUR NEW DIALECTS

Until quite recently, the extent of the area in northern California and southern Oregon formerly occupied by Indians of the Shasta, or Sastean, stock has been regarded as definitely determined. The area was supposed to be limited to the region along Klamath river from the mouth of Scott river up as far as Bogus creek, including the watershed of the two largest southern tributaries of the Klamath in this portion of its coursethe Scott and Shasta rivers. The stock was also supposed to have extended northward across the Siskiyou mountains into Oregon, but how far this extension penetrated beyond the mountains was rather uncertain. There were in addition vague statements as to the early occupancy by the Shasta of the extreme upper course of Salmon river. In working with this stock in 19oo, and again in 1902,1 more definite information was procured by the writer in regard to the Oregonian extension of the stock. It appears that the Shasta formerly extended northward up the valleys of Cottonwood and Jenny creeks, and occupied the entire valley of Stewart river to its mouth. From here they controlled the area along Rogue river, above the mouth of the Stewart, to Little Butte creek, as well as the basin of the latter stream which heads near the base of Mt Pitt. In addition to obtaining the above particulars, vague rumors were heard of an earlier extension of the stock both to the south into the Sacramento-McCloud drainage area, and to the west toward the Salmon. It was not, however, till the season of 1903 that, acting on the suggestions made by Dr A. L. Kroeber and Dr P. E. Goddard, of the University of California, who had been carrying on work among the Hupa and neighboring tribes, I went to the Forks of Salmon in search of what Dr Goddard had thought
Competition between single and double electron transfer in collisions of doubly charged molecular pyrrole ions with neutral pyrrole molecules

Abstract Cross-sections have been determined for one- and two-electron transfer channels in the collisions of keV gas-phase doubly charged pyrrole ions with pyrrole molecules. Measured single and double electron transfer total cross-sections approximate 45 A2 and 15 A2, respectively. A combination of symmetric resonance charge exchange and multistate curve-crossing models has been invoked to describe these reactions.
Nitrogen mineralization from different crop residues in the pacific northwest irrigated potato cropping systems

Abstract Transformation of organic nitrogen (N) in soil organic matter, and in crop residues, into inorganic forms (defined as N mineralization) allows N to be available to crop plants and/or subject to leaching losses. Estimation of N contribution from crop residues can help finetune fertilizer N application to minimize leaching losses. In potato production systems, wheat, field corn, sweet corn, and alfalfa are used as rotation crops. Nitrogen mineralized from these residues contributes to N supply for the subsequent crop in rotation. In irrigated production systems in the Pacific Northwest, the research indicated that the annual amount of N mineralized from soil organic matter and crop residue accounts for an annual average of 85, 83,75,59, and 44mg.kg−1 for sweet corn, alfalfa, field corn, wheat, and potato residues, respectively. The mineralized N during the May through August period accounted for 44 to 58% of total annual N mineralization for the crop residues. This period represents the ideal tempe...
Relationships between androgens, serotonin gene expression and innervation in male macaques.

Androgen administration to castrated individuals was purported to decrease activity in the serotonin system. However, we found that androgen administration to castrated male macaques increased fenfluramine-induced serotonin release as reflected by increased prolactin secretion. In this study, we sought to define the effects of androgens and aromatase inhibition on serotonin-related gene expression in the dorsal raphe, as well as serotonergic innervation of the LC. Male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were castrated for 5-7 months and then treated for 3 months with (1) placebo, (2) testosterone (T), (3) dihydrotestosterone (DHT; non-aromatizable androgen) and ATD (steroidal aromatase inhibitor), or (4) Flutamide (FLUT; androgen antagonist) and ATD (n=5/group). This study reports the expression of serotonin-related genes: tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and the serotonin 1A autoreceptor (5HT1A) using digoxigenin-ISH and image analysis. To examine the production of serotonin and the serotonergic innervation of a target area underlying arousal and vigilance, we measured the serotonin axon density entering the LC with ICC and image analysis. TPH2 and SERT expression were significantly elevated in T- and DHT + ATD-treated groups over placebo- and FLUT + ATD-treated groups in the dorsal raphe (p placebo > DHT + ATD = FLUT + ATD treatments. Comparatively, T- and DHT + ATD-treated groups had elevated TPH2 and SERT gene expression, but the DHT + ATD group had markedly suppressed serotonin axon density relative to the T-treated group. Further comparison with previously published data indicated that TPH2 and SERT expression reflected yawning and basal prolactin secretion. The serotonin axon density in the LC agreed with the area under the fenfluramine-stimulated prolactin curve, providing a morphological basis for the pharmacological results. This suggested that androgen activity increased TPH2 and SERT gene expression but, aromatase activity, and neural production of estradiol (E), may subserve axonal serotonin and determination of the compartment acted upon by fenfluramine. In summary, androgens stimulated serotonin-related gene expression, but aromatase inhibition dissociated gene expression from the serotonin innervation of the LC terminal field and fenfluramine-stimulated prolactin secretion.
Mechanism for fetal hemoglobin induction by histone deacetylase inhibitors involves γ-globin activation by CREB1 and ATF-2

The histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDA-CIs) butyrate and trichostatin A activate γ-globin expression via a p38 mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanism. We hypothesized that down-stream effectors of p38 MAPK, namely activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) and cyclic AMP response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB), are intimately involved in fetal hemoglobin induction by these agents. In this study, we observed increased ATF-2 and CREB1 phosphorylation mediated by the HDACIs in K562 cells, in conjunction with histone H4 hyperacetylation. Moreover, enhanced DNA-protein interactions occurred in the CRE in the Gγ-globin promoter (G-CRE) in vitro after drug treatments; subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed ATF-2 and CREB1 binding to the G-CRE in vivo. Enforced expression of ATF-2 and CREB produced Gγ-promoter trans-activation which was abolished by a 2-base pair mutation in the putative G-CRE. The data presented herein demonstrate that γ-gene induction by butyrate and trichostatin A involves ATF-2 and CREB1 activation via p38 MAPK signaling.
Carcinoids, atypical carcinoids, and small-cell carcinomas of the lung: Differential diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens

The acceptance of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnostic work-up of pulmonary masses has resulted in an increased number of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung first encountered as aspiration cytology specimens. The accurate cytologic identification of these neuroendocrine neoplasms is important in that they have relatively specific clinical and prognostic features in contrast to nonneuroendocrine neoplasms. We report on the cytologic features of 46 primary pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms initially encountered on fine-needle aspiration biopsies. The neoplasms are separated into three distinct cytologic groups, including the typical carcinoid (13 cases), the atypical carcinoid (3 cases), and small-cell carcinomas (30 cases). The clinical features of all cases--and histologic findings when they were available--are also considered. Finally, a detailed cytologic description of the three groups of neuroendocrine neoplasms is presented with emphasis on differential diagnosis including nonneuroendocrine pulmonary neoplasms.
3D effective field theory for finite temperature scalar electrodynamics

The effective field theory approach to high temperature field theory can be used to study the phase transition in theories with spontaneously broken symmetry. I construct a sequence of two effective three-dimensional field theories which are valid on successively longer distance scales for a specific model: $N$ charged scalars coupled to a $U(1)$ gauge field. The resulting effective Lagrangian can be used to investigate the phase transition, in particular the order of the phase transition as a function of $N,$ using lattice simulations.
Analysis and design of carbon nanotube based field effect transistors for nano infrared sensors

It has been demonstrated that carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) is a promising device to improve the performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) infrared (IR) sensors by modulating the doping level of the CNT channel. However, how to optimize the performance of the CNTFET based IR sensor is not well understood. In particularly, there was limited study on the design of transistor's gate structure, which determines its energy band profile. In order to improve our understating of its detection mechanism and guide for an optimized design, a multi-gate CNTFET was fabricated, which can control the doping level of the source, drain and nanotube channel independently. Photovoltaic characteristics were observed in bias dependent measurement by varying the intensity of incident IR source. In addition, the polarization dependent measurement was conducted, the detector showed clearly polarization anisotropy, and highest photocurrent was obtained when the polarization is parallel to the nanotube. Its temporal photocurrent responses using different gates were investigated. The results showed that photocurrent had similar photo-responses by applying voltages to the gates at different positions, implying the sensor design can be simplified into a single gate.
Pulmonary artery banding before Norwood procedure

Described here is the use of bilateral pulmonary artery banding as a means to achieve effective restoration of adequate systemic blood flow before a Norwood procedure in two newborns with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who presented after birth with a severe imbalance of Qp/Qs and multiorgan system dysfunction despite usual pharmacologic and ventilatory strategies.
PSYCHOTHERAPY AS A METHOD OF SCIENCE

A measure, tool, or method is not adjudged scientific on the basis of the results it produces, but, rather, on the rationale for its use. Nonetheless, in the eyes of many, this has not been true regarding psychotherapy. There is a growing body of literature dealing with the experimental evaluation of the process and efficacy of psychotherapy, such as may be found in the recent monograph published by the A.P.A. ( 1757), and in such review articles as that by Auld and Murray (1755). However, in spite of this fairly extensive and intensive research, the ghost of skepticism, as embodied in the paper by Eysenck ( 1952 ), the inability of some to differentiate the tenets of psychotherapy from those of magic, and the general difficulty in communicating the facts about psychotherapy, the method itself is often considered unscientific and unworthy of research endeavors. The present thesis is a reiteration of an old theme, uiz., that psychotherapy is, in fact, a legitimate method of the science of psychology, whether or not we fully understand the process or know how to utilize it effectively. Such an hypothesis is intrinsic to any systematic presentation of a theory and practice of psychotherapy. However, one may only find the statement without the concomitant attempt to demonstrate the tenability of the thesis. This paper constitutes an attempt to fill such a lacuna. The proof of the contention that psychotherapy is a legitimate tool of science might begin with the statement that it is scientific because it is used by, among others, scientists and in scientific inquiry. This, however, is the weakest argument in that it may be criticized on the basis of being tautological. The most potent argument is that psychotherapy adheres to the traditional methods of science, uiz., observation, description, prediction, and control. Observation, on which data for all scientific investigation is based, is the first task of the therapist. He must utilize standard observations in order to learn the nature of the patient's difficulty. The therapist must observe the patient under controlled conditions in order to be able to describe how he characteristically deals with the ordinary needs and affects of human life which, for the patient, are being gratified in ways not conducive to intra- and interpersonal adjustment. Once the scientist (in this instance, the therapist) has made sufficient observations, he may set up hypotheses regarding the meaning of these data. On the basis of the hypotheses, he then attempts to predict the nature of subsequent phenomena (in this instance, the ideas, feelings, and behavior of the patient) and observes whether his predictions are correct or not.
Past Leaded Gasoline Emissions as a Nonpoint Source Tracer in Riparian Systems: A Study of River Inputs to San Francisco Bay

Variations in the isotopic composition of lead in 1995−1998 river waters flowing into San Francisco Bay trace the washout of lead deposited in the drainage basin from leaded gasoline combustion. At the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers where they enter the Bay, the isotopic compositions of lead in the waters define a linear trend away from the measured historical compositions of leaded gas in California. The river waters are shifted away from leaded gasoline values and toward an isotopic composition similar to Sierra Nevadan inputs which became the predominant source of sedimentation in San Francisco Bay following the onset of hydraulic gold mining in 1853. Using lead isotopic compositions of hydraulic mine sediments and average leaded gasoline as mixing end members, we calculate that more than 50% of the lead in the present river water originated from leaded gasoline combustion. The strong adsorption of lead (log Kd > 7.4) to particulates appears to limit the flushing of gasoline lead f...
Two-photon spectra of inductively perturbed naphthalenes

Abstract Polarized two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra of naphthalene, 1-fluoro-, 2-fluoro-, 1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-, 1-chloro-, 2-chloro-naphthalene, isoquinoline and its cation in 0.1 or 0.2 M solutions are reported for the range 450–650 nm. With the aid of a new normalizing technique based on frequency doubling by KDP powder, the spectra unequivocally confirm the predictions from alternant hydrocarbon pseudoparity regarding the effect of fluoro and aza substitution on the Lb and La bands.
Thermodynamically constrained averaging theory approach for modeling flow and transport phenomena in porous medium systems: 4. Species transport fundamentals

This work is the fourth in a series of papers on the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) approach for modeling flow and transport phenomena in multiscale porous medium systems. The general TCAT framework and the mathematical foundation presented in previous works are built upon by formulating macroscale models for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and the balance of entropy for a species in a phase volume, interface, and common curve. In addition, classical irreversible thermodynamic relations for species in entities are averaged from the microscale to the macroscale. Finally, we comment on alternative approaches that can be used to connect species and entity conservation equations to a constrained system entropy inequality, which is a key component of the TCAT approach. The formulations detailed in this work can be built upon to develop models for species transport and reactions in a variety of multiphase systems.
The Impact of Surface Integrity by Hard Turning vs. Grinding on Rolling Contact Fatigue

Hard turning and grinding are finishing processes for the manufacture of precision components such as bearings, gears, and cams. However, the effects of distinct surface integrity by hard turning vs. grinding on rolling contact life are poorly understood. Four representative surface types were prepared: as-turned, as-ground, turned and polished, and ground and polished. Surface integrity was characterized by surface topography, microstructure, and micro/nanohardness. Fatigue tests were performed with an acoustic emission sensor and the signal processing software. The amplitude of acoustic emission signal is the most stable and sensitive signal to fatigue failure. The turned surface may have a longer life (>84%) than the ground one with equivalent surface finish.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Growth Model for a Tenured-labor-managed Firm: Reply

In my [1980] paper I attempted to analyze employment decisions of a labor-managed firm within an intertemporal framework. The main contribution of this piece is the distinction between tenured and untenured workers. Unfortunately, as de Meza [1983] correctly points out, my formulation of the problem prevents the existence of an interior steady state solution. Essentially, the fault resides with my assumptions that the production function exhibits decreasing returns and the two types of labor are perfect substitutes. A reformulation of the problem where tenured and untenured workers are imperfect substitutes and the production function displays increasing returns appears to be sufficient to generate results that correspond to the spirit of my earlier model. The distinction between tenured and untenured workers in the context of a labor-managed firm deserves careful examination. Work in this area is only at an initial stage. It is hoped that more researchers will carry forward our understanding of this model. The comment by de Meza will prove important in this process.
Surface normal coupling to multiple-slot and cover-slotted silicon nanocrystalline waveguides and ring resonators

Grating couplers are ideal for coupling into the tightly confined propagation modes of semiconductor waveguides. In addition, nonlinear optics has benefited from the sub-diffraction limit confinement of horizontal slot waveguides. By combining these two advancements, slot-based nonlinear optics with mode areas less than 0.02 μm 2 can become as routine as twisting fiber connectors together. Surface normal fiber alignment to a chip is also highly desirable from time, cost, and manufacturing considerations. To meet these considerable design challenges, a custom genetic algorithm is created which, starting from purely random designs, creates a unique four stage grating coupler for two novel horizontal slot waveguide platforms. For horizontal multiple-slot waveguides filled with silicon nanocrystal, a theoretical fiber-towaveguide coupling efficiency of 68% is obtained. For thin silicon waveguides clad with optically active silicon nanocrystal, known as cover-slot waveguides, a theoretical fiber-to-waveguide coupling efficiency of 47% is obtained, and 1 dB and 3 dB theoretical bandwidths of 70 nm and 150 nm are obtained, respectively. Both waveguide platforms are fabricated from scratch, and their respective on-chip grating couplers are experimentally measured from a standard single mode fiber array that is mounted surface normally. The horizontal multiple-slot grating coupler achieved an experimental 60% coupling efficiency, and the horizontal cover-slot grating coupler achieved an experimental 38.7% coupling efficiency, with an extrapolated 1 dB bandwidth of 66 nm. This report demonstrates the promise of genetic algorithm-based design by reducing to practice the first large bandwidth vertical grating coupler to a novel silicon nanocrystal horizontal cover-slot waveguide.
Comprehensive code verification techniques for finite volume CFD codes

Abstract A detailed code verification study of a finite volume Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) code using the Method of Manufactured Solutions is presented. The correctness of the code is verified through order of accuracy testing. Systematic mesh refinement required for order of accuracy testing and the way it is achieved particularly for unstructured meshes is discussed. The verification testing is performed on different mesh types which include triangular and quadrilateral elements in 2D and tetrahedral, prismatic, and hexahedral elements in 3D. The sensitivity of the order of accuracy to both mesh quality and mesh topology is examined. Along with the baseline steady-state governing equations, transport models, turbulence models, boundary conditions, and unsteady flows are verified. A new approach for the combined verification of spatial and temporal terms in the governing equations is developed and assessed.
Discovering actionable patterns in event data

Applications such as those for systems management and intrusion detection employ an automated real-time operation system in which sensor data are collected and processed in real time. Although such a system effectively reduces the need for operation staff, it requires constructing and maintaining correlation rules. Currently, rule construction requires experts to identify problem patterns, a process that is time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose reducing this burden by mining historical data that are readily available. Specifically, we first present efficient algorithms to mine three types of important patterns from historical event data: event bursts, periodic patterns, and mutually dependent patterns. We then discuss a framework for efficiently mining events that have multiple attributes. Last, we present Event Correlation Constructor--a tool that validates and extends correlation knowledge.
Cardiac risk in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: Impact on perioperative and long-term mortality

To identify patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy who are at high risk for cardiac events and death, we studied the course of 614 patients with known risk factors who were entered into our carotid follow-up registry. Patients were divided into two groups, group I with overt coronary disease (prior myocardial infarction, angina, significant electrocardiographic abnormalities) (N = 324) and group II without overt coronary disease (N = 290). Group II patients were subdivided into groups with (IIA) (N = 206) and without (IIB) (N = 84) coronary risk factors (cigarettes, diabetes, or hyperlipidemias). Thirty-day, 5-, 10-, and 15-year life-table survival for the groups was: I = 98.5%, 68.6%, 44.9%, 36.4%, respectively; II = 100%, 86.4%, 72.3%, 54.3%, respectively; IIA = 100%, 84.8%, 66.9%, 41.5%, respectively; IIB = 100%, 90.5%, 87.9%, 87.9%, respectively. Overt coronary disease was associated with diminished 30-day (p = 0.03) and late (p less than 0.0001) survival. Risk factors in the absence of overt disease were not associated with diminished 30-day survival. Late survival up to 3 years from endarterectomy was similar in groups IIA and IIB, but later survival was diminished in group IIA. Myocardial infarction was the most frequent cause of death in all groups. Patients with overt coronary disease are at high risk for late cardiac events and death. Patients without overt disease are at less risk than those with overt disease, and in the absence of overt disease, those without are at less risk than those with risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structural influences on the hydroxyl spectra of barium gallogermanate glasses

Abstract The infrared absorption of hydroxyl in three series of barium gallogermanate glasses — 10 mol% Ga2O3, 60 mol% GeO2, and BaO/Ga2O3 = 1 — have been measured. Four separate bands associated with the OH stretching vibration dominate the absorption spectra of these glasses between 4000 and 1500 cm−1. Two of these bands are attributed to hydroxyl with vibrational frequencies perturbed by hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl and adjacent non-bridging oxygens. The other two bands arise from the vibration of ‘free’ hydroxyl ions associated with either germanium or gallium tetrahedra. Hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl absorptions are present in the spectra of all compositions. This observation leads to a modification of the previously proposed structural model for these glasses. In addition, the relative concentration of various types of hydroxyl is correlated to the changes in structure associated with changes in composition. Specifically, the fraction of hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl increases at the expense of ‘free’ hydroxyl when the number of non-bridging oxygens in the glass increases.
Electron microscopic analysis of articular cartilage proteoglycan degradation by growth plate enzymes

To assess the effect of intracellular growth plate chondrocyte enzymes on proteoglycan structure, we examined enzyme-treated articular cartilage proteoglycans and untreated articular cartilage proteoglycans with the electron microscopic monolayer technique. The untreated proteoglycan monomers ranged in length from less than 20 nm to more than 700 nm, with a mean length of 224.5 +/- 101.6 nm in one experiment and 224.6 +/- 95.7 nm in a second experiment. Incubation with growth plate enzymes reduced proteoglycan monomers to fragments with lengths that varied from less than 5 nm to 143 nm, increased the variability in monomer length, and destroyed proteoglycan aggregates. The enzyme treated monomers had an average length of 29.5 +/- 17.9 nm in one experiment and 35.2 +/- 17.0 nm in a second experiment. The smallest common fragments were 15 nm long and would be expected to contain about 15 glycosaminoglycan chains. This experiment demonstrates that enzymes extracted from growth plate chondrocytes can degrade the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of proteoglycan monomer core proteins, produce a range of monomer fragment sizes with less than 2% of the fragments shorter than 5 nm or longer than 100 nm, increase the variability in monomer length, and degrade proteoglycan aggregates.
Modulation of mammalian cell growth by a choline analog, N-isopropylethanolamine.

The choline analog,N-isopropylethanolamine (IPE), inhibits the growth of both Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 and mouse L-M cells by two kinetically distinct mechanisms; I, a reversible and concentration-dependent reduction in the logarithmic population doubling rate and the saturation density of cultures by low IPE levels in the media; and II, an irreversible and time-dependent killing of cells by high IPE concentrations. Both types of inhibition are independent of media depletion, cell density, or the time of treatment after cell plating; however, the actual IPE concentration that is necessary to elicit Type I or Type II inhibition in each cell line is dependent on the choline level of the media. Ethanolamine, methionine, or betaine have no effect on IPE-induced growth inhibition. From a mutagenized population of CHO-K1 cells we isolated variant cell strains that are resistant to the lethal effect of IPE. It was determined that with both the wild type and variant strains the sensitivity of cells to growth inhibition by IPE (both Type I and Type II) was proportional to the degree by which choline uptake was inhibited by the analog. Retinoic acid, which inhibits the growth of some fibroblast and epithelial cell lines by a concentration-dependent reduction in population doubling rate and saturation density, behaves synergistically with IPE to inhibit the growth of CHO-K1 cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, on the other hand, causes only an additive increase in the growth inhibition of CHO-K1 populations that also are treated with IPE.
Changing Concept on Vascular Malformation: No Longer Enigma

Old Concept There have been numerous documentations on vascular malformations in the medical literatures for centuries, describing only general/natural appearance of this inborn error.1) But the vast majority were simple reports of anecdotal experiences with limited information on the basis of poor investigational methods then; its complicated nature has never been properly explained and often described as a name-based ‘syndrome’ (e.g. Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome) to make it look more enigmatic.2, 3) Following the turn of the last century, however, a good many clinicians challenged to such unique condition of the vascular defects seriously in the middle of much confusion to define its nature. But they were only able to catch a glimpse of thousands faces of this birth defect involving various locations of the vascular system in various conditions, extents, and severities. And it was not possible till lately to draw whole picture with a bird's-eye view due to the limited resource and technology. Its extreme variety of clinical appearance and unpredictable behavior in general with a stigma of recurrence gave such notorious reputation to entire group of vascular malformations as an enigma in modern medicine. This once condemned and abandoned disease4) is now newly defined as congenital vascular malformation (CVM) and this new terminology began to clear much confusion on this unique vascular disorder as a universal language replacing many nosologies.
From interstellar gas to the Earth-Moon system

— This paper reports the current status of my smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of the formation of the Moon. Since the Moon has recently been found to have been formed approximately 50 Ma after the solar nebula itself was formed, I have placed the lunar formation problem in the entire context of the formation and early evolution of the solar nebula. This set of processes remains controversial, and I have outlined what I believe to be the essential physical processes involved. These start with the formation of short-lived (now extinct) radioactive nuclides in a massive supernova. Then follows the probable role of the supernova ejecta in triggering the collapse of a core in a molecular cloud to form the solar nebula, and the injection of the radioactivities into the collapsing cloud core. Most of the solar nebula dissipates to form the Sun, and what remains becomes relatively quiescent. Gas drag acting on interstellar grains and the dustballs formed from them, due both to vertical descent to midplane and inward spiralling in midplane, quickly causes growth of the solid materials to form planetesimals. When these bodies reach the kilometer size range and beyond, gravitational forces dominate the accumulation process. The accumulation of the Earth requires of the order of 108 years. About half-way through that process the giant impact occurs with the next largest accumulating body near the protoearth. I have been simulating the giant impact using SPH with 100 000 particles. The simulations of three of these runs are depicted in detail with a series of color images. It is shown that conventional accumulation simulations that assume Keplerian orbits and that merge bodies upon collision are misleading because they cannot take account of tidal stripping nor of loss and gain of particles during the accumulation. In addition, the large rotational flattening of the protoearth renders the orbital motions nonkeplerian. The simulations that are shown in detail have been followed for just over a week of real time, and in that time the largest accumulating clump has reached about half or more of the mass of the Moon and additional clumps have accumulated into bodies in the range of 1 to 20% of a lunar mass. It is important to note that although these runs have given very promising results, the parameter space that could plausibly be associated with the giant impact is not yet adequately explored.