cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Junction Field Effect Transistors for Nanoelectronics

The gate leakage currents of MOSFETs increase exponentially with downward scaling, while the gate currents of enhancement-mode JFETs for complementary logic decrease with scaling. In principle, a crossover point could exist below which the JFET may be the preferred device for some large-scale ICs. This paper first examines the crossover point with a simple scaling analysis that suggests it lies in the neighborhood of a 25 nm gate length, depending on the supply voltages and the gate insulator used for the MOSFET. Other JFET electrical properties compare favorably with those of MOSFETs and exhibit similar scaling behaviors. Numerical simulations of a simple 25 nm gate length JFET show electrical properties better than the conservative scaling analysis and comparable to reported 25 nm MOSFETs, with, for example, a gate current density of 12 A/cm2 at 0.7 V and a drain current on-to-off ratio of 3.5times103. A self-aligned polycrystalline silicon gate and some straightforward performance enhancements proposed for the 25 nm device may allow it essentially to stand in for the geometrically similar 25 nm MOSFET in some circumstances. Additional device engineering outlined in this paper should further allow the silicon JFET to scale down to 10 nm gate lengths, where source-drain tunneling becomes important. Ten-nanometer-scale JFETs share many of the fabrication challenges of corresponding MOSFETs, and many of the well-developed concepts for MOSFETs, such as double gates and strain engineering, should be easily adapted to JFETs. These devices also lend themselves to a subsequent transition to III-V semiconductors-for heterostructures, performance increases, and scaling below 10 nm-without the oxide interface problems MOSFETs would face. Overall, JFETs appear to be of interest for the next one to two silicon technology nodes, and perhaps beyond.
The Barrnett-Seligman sulfhydryl reaction for plant meristems.

Onion root tip meristems, fixed in 14 different fixatives representing ingredients and mixtures used in plant cytology, were tested with the Barrnett and Seligman histochemical procedure for protein-bound sulfhydryl groups. The relative intensity of staining was measured photometrically and the distribution of stain after each type of fixation described. Measurements indicated that conditions governing the staining of SH and S—S are not fully predictable; for example, fixation in saturated HgCl2 enhances staining although inhibition was expected through mercaptide formation. Specificity of the reaction was further checked by treating fixed sections with known SH reagents. Partial blocking by such reagents as p-chloromercuribenzoate, and N-ethyl maleimide is apparently reversed by lengthy incubation in the 2,2'-dihydroxy-6,6-dinaphthyl-disulfide (DDD) reagent. Sulfhydryl oxidizing agents such as I-KI or chromic acid were either ineffective in blocking or could be reversed. For this reason and because previ...
A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior: A Critique and Extension:

The study of firm-level entrepreneurship Is fast becoming a central Issue In the literature. Research on the topicshows Increased vitality and rigor. Recently, Covin and Slevin (1991) have suggested an Integrative model that explains the association between a company's entrepreneurial posture and Its external environment, strategy, Internal factors, and organizational performance. This article highlights several areas wherethe Covin-Slevin model should be revised and extended to better capture the nature of entrepreneurial behavior as well as Its antecedents and consequences.
Osteopenia in the men of a Veterans Administration nursing home

We measured by photon absorptiometry the bone density at six sites in 65 nursing home men aged 57-85 y and in 25 independent community men aged 57-80 y. Aver- age bone density in the community men ranged from 97% to 105% of age-matched normal men. In the nursing home men these values ranged from 7 1% to 92% of age-matched normal men (p < 0.05 for comparison with the community men). About 50% of the nursing home men but none of the community men had a value < 70% of age-matched normal men at one or more sites. Among the institutionalized men bone densities at all six sites (in g/cm2) were significantly (p < 0.05) and directly correlated with body weight but were not significantly correlated with height, age, principal or secondary diagnoses, continuing medications, or func- tional level. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;5 I :100-6.
Anatomy of coronary arteries in univentricular hearts and its surgical implications.

Abstract The coronary arterial anatomy in 26 univentricular hearts, its relation to the morphologic characteristics of the ventricles and rudimentary chambers, and its surgical implications were analyzed. All of the hearts except two had been operated on; 18 had septation with or without an extracardiac conduit and 6 had had palliative procedures. Twenty-one univentricular hearts with a left ventricular type main chamber had an anterior outlet chamber (17 left-sided subaortic, 3 right-sided subaortic and 1 right-sided subpulmonary). Right and left delimiting arteries outlined the outlet chamber in 16 hearts (76 percent). In 20 of the 21 hearts, large delimiting parallel branches of the right coronary artery coursed over the anterior wall of the heart; 13 of these vessels had been injured surgically with resultant ischemic myocardial necrosis. Five univentricular hearts did not have an outlet chamber; two had a left ventricular type main chamber and three had a morphologically right ventricular main chamber. Three of the five hearts had rudimentary pouches, located anteriorly in one and posteriorly in two. The two rudimentary pouches lying posteriorly were not outlined by delimiting arteries. Two of the five univentricular hearts without an outlet chamber also had injured coronary arteries. Thus, the identification of outlet chambers and rudimentary pouches in univentricular hearts is facilitated by the determination of coronary anatomy. The presence of major delimiting parallel branches over the usually favored ventriculotomy sites renders them vulnerable to surgical injury; such mishaps occurred in 15 of the 24 hearts that had either corrective or palliative operations.
Maternal Relationships and Nonresidential Father Visitation of Children Born outside of Marriage

Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 781), I examined how father visitation for children born outside of marriage is affected by subsequent maternal relationship formation, focusing on the timing, type, and stability of maternal relationships. Results showed that fathers were most likely to have not seen their child at all when mothers formed a new relationship early in the child's life, especially if the new relationship was coresidential and the partner engaged in activities with the child. Fathers who initially visited their child were more likely to stop visiting their child if an initially unpartnered mother became partnered. Frequency of visitation was not as strongly affected as whether visitation occurred at all.
Sex differences in response to reduced nicotine content cigarettes.

Abstract Background When switching from usual brand cigarettes, very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes lead to a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked, toxicant exposure, withdrawal symptoms and dependence. One area that has been relatively unexplored is what factors might moderate the effects of VLNC cigarettes. This exploratory analysis focuses on sex differences in responses to VLNC cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy. Methods An exploratory secondary analysis of a randomized trial of 235 participants (58% female, mean age 47 years) comparing a) 0.05–0.09 mg nicotine yield cigarettes; b) 21 mg nicotine patch and 3) 0.05–0.09 nicotine yield cigarettes with 21 mg nicotine patch was conducted. We focused on sex differences in product use, and impact of products on withdrawal response from usual brand cigarettes and abstinence by randomized group. Results The combination of VLNC cigarettes and nicotine patch was more effective in reducing use of VLNC cigarettes and withdrawal symptoms among males than females, whereas females were equally responsive to VLNC cigarettes with and without the nicotine patch. Females were more likely to quit smoking than males when assigned to either of the conditions that incorporated the VLNC cigarettes; however, males were more likely to quit smoking in the nicotine patch alone condition than females. Conclusion Sex of the smoker may be an important determinant for effects of VLNC cigarettes and nicotine patch. Future large randomized trials to confirm these results are needed.
A clusterwise linear regression model of alumni giving

We present a clusterwise regression model to analyse alumni contributions to a private, PhD-granting university in the Midwestern USA. The model provides a framework to simultaneously segment a population, and to explain the effect of various factors on the mean annual value of donations. We contribute a different approach to marketing studies in the university fundraising context, where segmentation is often based on intuitive, albeit possibly biased criteria. Instead, in clusterwise regression, individuals are assigned to segments with the objective of maximising the within-segment variation explained by a set of regression models. Our main finding is that individuals in different segments display systematic, but unobserved differences in their responses, i.e., the coefficients in the segment-level regression models exhibit differences in their magnitude, sign and level of significance. We discuss how characterising such differences can support tailored solicitation strategies.
The exact slow-fast decomposition of the algebraic Ricatti equation of singularly perturbed systems

The algebraic Riccati equation for singularly perturbed control systems is completely and exactly decomposed into two reduced-order algebraic Riccati equations corresponding to the slow and fast time scales. The pure-slow and pure-fast algebraic Riccati equations are asymmetric ones, but their O( epsilon ) perturbations are symmetric. It is shown that the Newton method is very efficient for solving the obtained asymmetric algebraic Riccati equations. The method presented is very suitable for parallel computations. Due to the complete and exact decomposition of the Riccati equation, this procedure might produce new insight into the two-time-scale optimal filtering and control problems. >
The XTREAM multimedia system

This paper presents the architecture and implementation of XTREAM, a high-performance streaming multimedia system. XTREAM is supported by its three core components: IO scheduler, request handler, and admission controller. Via extensive experiments, we show that, thanks to these core components, XTREAM can achieve a low response time as well as high throughput and high-quality service to simultaneous clients.
Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-1 Attenuates Cold-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

Chronic exposure to cold caused pulmonary arterial hypertension (cold-induced pulmonary hypertension [CIPH]) and increased phosphodiesterase-1C (PDE-1C) expression in pulmonary arteries (PAs) in rats. The purpose of this study is to investigate a hypothesis that inhibition of PDE-1 would decrease inflammatory infiltrates and superoxide production leading to attenuation of CIPH. Three groups of male rats were exposed to moderate cold (5±1°C) continuously, whereas 3 groups were maintained at room temperature (23.5±1°C, warm; 6 rats/group). After 8-week exposure to cold, 3 groups in each temperature condition received continuous intravenous infusion of 8-isobutyl-methylxanthine (8-IBMX) (PDE-1 inhibitor), apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) or vehicle, respectively, for 1 week. Cold exposure significantly increased right-ventricular systolic pressure compared with warm groups (33.8±3.2 versus 18.6±0.3 mm Hg), indicating that animals developed CIPH. Notably, treatment with 8-IBMX significantly attenuated the cold-induced increase in right ventricular pressure (23.5±1.8 mm Hg). Cold exposure also caused right-ventricular hypertrophy, whereas 8-IBMX reversed cold-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Cold exposure increased PDE-1C protein expression, macrophage infiltration, NADPH oxidase activity, and superoxide production in PAs and resulted in PA remodeling. 8-IBMX abolished cold-induced upregulation of PDE-1C in PAs. Interestingly, inhibition of PDE-1 eliminated cold-induced macrophage infiltration, NADPH oxidase activation, and superoxide production in PAs and reversed PA remodeling. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin abolished cold-induced superoxide production and attenuated CIPH and PA remodeling. In conclusion, inhibition of PDE-1 attenuated CIPH and reversed cold-induced PA remodeling by suppressing macrophage infiltration and superoxide production, suggesting that upregulation of PDE-1C expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of CIPH.
Racial disparities in surgical care and outcomes in the United States: a comprehensive review of patient, provider, and systemic factors.

It is well known that there are significant racial disparities in health care outcomes, including surgery. However, the mechanisms that lead to these disparities are still not fully understood. In this comprehensive review of the currently published surgical disparity literature in the United States, we assess racial disparities in outcomes after surgical procedures, focusing on patient, provider, and systemic factors. The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched with the keywords: healthcare disparities AND surgery AND outcome AND US. Only primary research articles published between April 1990 and December 2011 were included in the study. Studies analyzing surgical patients of all ages and assessing the endpoints of mortality, morbidity, or the likelihood of receiving surgical therapy were included. A total of 88 articles met the inclusion criteria. This evidence-based review was compiled in a systematic manner, relying on retrospective, cross-sectional, case-control, and prospective studies in the absence of Class I studies. The review found that patient factors such as insurance status and socioeconomic status (SES) need to be further explored, as studies indicated only a premature understanding of the relationship between racial disparities and SES. Provider factors such as differences in surgery rates and treatment by low volume or low quality surgeons also appear to play a role in minority outcome disparities. Finally, systemic factors such as access to care, hospital volume, and hospital patient population have been shown to contribute to disparities, with research consistently demonstrating that equal access to care mitigates outcome disparities.
Across-site patterns of modulation detection in listeners with cochlear implants.

In modern cochlear implants, much of the information required for recognition of important sounds is conveyed by temporal modulation of the charge per phase in interleaved trains of electrical pulses. In this study, modulation detection thresholds (MDTs) were used to assess listeners’ abilities to detect sinusoidal modulation of charge per phase at each available stimulation site in their 22-electrode implants. Fourteen subjects were tested. MDTs were found to be highly variable across stimulation sites in most listeners. The across-site patterns of MDTs differed considerably from subject to subject. The subject-specific patterns of across-site variability of MDTs suggest that peripheral site-specific characteristics, such as electrode placement and the number and condition of surviving neurons, play a primary role in determining modulation sensitivity. Across-site patterns of detection thresholds (T levels), maximum comfortable loudness levels (C levels) and dynamic ranges (DRs) were not consistently correlated with across-site patterns of MDTs within subjects, indicating that the mechanisms underlying across-site variation in these measures differed from those underlying across-site variation in MDTs. MDTs sampled from multiple sites in a listener’s electrode array might be useful for diagnosing across-subject differences in speech recognition with cochlear implants and for guiding strategies to improve the individual’s perception.
An equivalence between sparse approximation and support vector machines

In the first part of this paper we show a similarity between the principle of Structural Risk Minimization Principle (SRM) (Vapnik, 1982) and the idea of Sparse Approximation, as defined in (Chen, Donoho and Saunders, 1995) and Olshausen and Field (1996). Then we focus on two specific (approximate) implementations of SRM and Sparse Approximation, which have been used to solve the problem of function approximation. For SRM we consider the Support Vector Machine technique proposed by V. Vapnik and his team at AT\&T Bell Labs, and for Sparse Approximation we consider a modification of the Basis Pursuit De-Noising algorithm proposed by Chen, Donoho and Saunders (1995). We show that, under certain conditions, these two techniques are equivalent: they give the same solution and they require the solution of the same quadratic programming problem.
Key management for simultaneous join/leave in secure multicast

In this paper, we address the problem of key update for secure group communication. We focus on the case where multiple requests for join or leave are received within short intervals of time. We have shown that there exists an optimal tree structure that minimizes the communication complexity of the key update. We introduce and compare several algorithms for simultaneous key update, efficient tree construction, and tree adaptation to variable requests load.
Reflections on Italian Nationalism and Fascism: Essays for Alexander De Grand

It is a pleasure to present this special issue of The Journal of Modern Italian Studies in honor of Alexander De Grand. Like so many scholars working in modern Italy, we have learned much over the ...
Synthesis of six-step pulsewidth-modulated waveforms with selective harmonic elimination

A method for synthesizing single-phase and three-phase line-to-line PWM (pulse-width modulated) invertor waveforms which possess six-step symmetry is described. The waveforms are characterized by the angles which define the pulses in a 60 degrees basis interval. A spectral analysis is performed to show that the single-phase six-step PWM waveform contains neither even nor triplen harmonics, and to derive the equations for the amplitudes of the fundamental component and the nonzero 6q+or-1 harmonics (q=1,2,3, etc.). A set of M=N+1 of these equations may be solved for the M angles which realize a given fundamental amplitude and eliminate N lower-order odd, nontriplen harmonics. It is found that a fundamental line-to-line amplitude of 1 pu is realizable, permitting 100% utilization of the DC bus voltage. The solution angles vary relatively linearly with respect to the required fundamental amplitude, permitting continuous voltage control and simultaneous harmonic elimination. >
Computation of Inviscid Flow Over Blunt Bodies Having Large Embedded Subsonic Regions

A computer program, HALIS, designed to compute the inviscid flowfield about complex three-dimensional bodies at high angles of attack is described. The HALIS code is shown to accurately define the flowfield about both simple and complex three-dimensional geometries through comparison with experimental data and established numerical procedures. Results of computations of the flowfield about a modified Space Shuttle Orbiter are presented. These solutions cover the first 383 in. of the vehicle for angles of attack of 25-45 deg. Analysis of these computational results shows that the subsonic region on the Shuttle windward surface can be extensive at high angles of attack.
EnLoc: Energy-Efficient Localization for Mobile Phones

A growing number of mobile phone applications utilize physical location to express the context of information. Most of these location-based applications assume GPS capabilities. Unfortunately, GPS incurs an unacceptable energy cost that can reduce the phone's battery life to less than nine hours. Alternate localization technologies, based on WiFi or GSM, improve battery life at the expense of localization accuracy. This paper quantifies this important tradeoff that underlies a range of emerging services. Driven by measurements from Nokia N95 phones, we develop an energy-efficient localization framework called EnLoc. The framework characterizes the optimal localization accuracy for a given energy budget, and develops prediction- based heuristics for real-time use. Evaluation on traces from real users demonstrates the possibility of achieving good localization accuracy for a realistic energy budget.
Studies on the anticoagulant action of heparin, protamine, and Polybrene in the activation of factor IX.

Abstract The polyelectrolytes, heparin, protamime, and Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) inhibit the early stages of blood coagulation in vitro by interfering with the activation of factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component, Christmas factor). Factor IX is activated in the presence of calcium by activated factor XI (activation product), a reaction which is accelerated by thrombin. Protamine prevents this activation by inhibiting the activated XI; heparin does so by being antithrombin; whereas Polybrene acts directly against the inactive IX. This inhibition is probably due to a competitive complex formation inasmuch as the inhibitory action of each can be overcome by increasing the concentration of its antagonist. The inhibitory action of all three is negated once activated IX is formed.
Enhancing the temporal resolution of image sequences capturing evolving weather phenomena

ABSTRACTIn this article, we develop an approach for temporal resolution enhancement of blurry and distorted image sequences capturing evolving weather phenomena. We first enhance the spatial resolution of a sequence of images using an efficient deconvolution method which we showed to reduce image ringing, blurring, and distortion, while sharpening the image and preserving information content. Such methodology is based on current research in sparse optimization and compressed sensing, which lead to unprecedented efficiencies for solving image reconstruction problems. We then consider the evolving sequence to be embedded in a deformable medium, and enhance temporal resolution of a sequence using nonlinear viscous fluid registration model. The physical continuum equation is solved using an efficient multigrid full approximation scheme.
Stare Decisis after Citizens United: When Should Courts Overturn Precedent

Stare decisis is an important doctrine with deep roots in the common law. It "promotes the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process." Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827 (1991). Indeed, our interest in the law’s stability and predictability, and the reliance interests produced by judicial decisions, sometimes dictate that incorrect legal rulings be maintained - because the social disruptions from correction outweigh the benefits of reaching better decisions. Still, stare decisis is neither an "inexorable command," Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 577 (2003), nor a "mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision," Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U.S. 106, 119 (1940). Instead it is a prudential policy, one in which courts have to decide, based on factors such as the correctness, antiquity, and workability of the legal regime a precedent created, whether to overturn their earlier rulings. As Chief Justice Roberts put it in his Citizens United concurrence, "abrogating the errant precedent, rather than reaffirming or extending it, might better preserve the law’s coherence and curtail the precedent’s disruptive effects." 130 S. Ct. 876, 921 (2010) (Roberts, C.J., concurring). And so the Court in Citizens United found that both Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652 (1990), and the part of McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003), that relied on it were not worthy of preservation. They created an arbitrary and increasingly irrational campaign finance system that was an aberration of restrictions in a sea of protections for political speech. Moreover, then-Solicitor General Elena Kagan abandoned Austin’s speech-equality rationale during oral argument, undercutting any possible reliance interests. Only by overturning precedent could the Court contribute to the stable and orderly development of the law. This article will explain the role stare decisis played in Citizens United and build on the Chief Justice’s concurrence to describe the current state of the doctrine.
Multisensory Stop Signals Can Reduce the Disinhibiting Effects of Alcohol in Adults

Background Alcohol impairs drinkers' abilities to inhibit inappropriate responses. Certain stimulus conditions have been shown to facilitate behavioral control. Under conditions where individuals are presented with multiple inhibitory signals, the speed and consistency with which they are able to inhibit a response is improved. Recent research has shown that multisensory signals might protect against the disruptive effects of alcohol on mechanisms of behavioral control. This study examined whether multisensory stop signals can be used to improve inhibitory control, possibly by speeding attentional shifts toward inhibitory “stop” signals in the environment. Methods Twenty adult social drinkers performed a modified cued go/no-go task that measured the ability to inhibit prepotent responses following 0.64 g/kg alcohol and placebo. Response targets were presented as unimodal (visual) and as multisensory (visual + aural) stimuli. Results Results showed that during unimodal response target trials, participants made more inhibitory failures under 0.64 g/kg alcohol compared to placebo. During multisensory trials, however, there was no significant effect of alcohol on inhibitory control. Conclusions These findings identify multisensory inhibitory signals as a potentially important environmental factor that can reduce the degree to which alcohol disinhibits behavior possibly by intersensory co-activation between the visual and auditory pathways.
Oral Gingival Cell Cigarette Smoke Exposure Induces Muscle Cell Metabolic Disruption

Cigarette smoke exposure compromises health through damaging multiple physiological systems, including disrupting metabolic function. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of oral gingiva in mediating the deleterious metabolic effects of cigarette smoke exposure on skeletal muscle metabolic function. Using an in vitro conditioned medium cell model, skeletal muscle cells were incubated with medium from gingival cells treated with normal medium or medium containing suspended cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Following incubation of muscle cells with gingival cell conditioned medium, muscle cell mitochondrial respiration and insulin signaling and action were determined as an indication of overall muscle metabolic health. Skeletal muscle cells incubated with conditioned medium of CSE-treated gingival cells had a profound reduction in mitochondrial respiration and respiratory control. Furthermore, skeletal muscle cells had a greatly reduced response in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis. Altogether, these results provide a novel perspective on the mechanism whereby cigarette smoke affects systemic metabolic function. In conclusion, we found that oral gingival cells treated with CSE create an altered milieu that is sufficient to both disrupted skeletal muscle cell mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.
Silica/polyacrylonitrile hybrid nanofiber membrane separators via sol-gel and electrospinning techniques for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Silica/polyacrylonitrile (SiO 2 /PAN) hybrid nanofiber membranes were fabricated by using sol-gel and electrospinning techniques and their electrochemical performance was evaluated for use as separators in lithium-ion batteries. The aim of this study was to design high-performance separator membranes with enhanced electrochemical performance and good thermal stability compared to microporous polyolefin membranes. In this study, SiO 2 nanoparticle content up to 27 wt% was achieved in the membranes by using sol-gel technique. It was found that SiO 2 /PAN hybrid nanofiber membranes had superior electrochemical performance with good thermal stability due to their high SiO 2 content and large porosity. Compared with commercial microporous polyolefin membranes, SiO 2 /PAN hybrid nanofiber membranes had larger liquid electrolyte uptake, higher electrochemical oxidation limit, and lower interfacial resistance with lithium. SiO 2 /PAN hybrid nanofiber membranes with different SiO 2 contents (0, 16, 19 and 27 wt%) were also assembled into lithium/lithium iron phosphate cells, and high cell capacities and good cycling performance were demonstrated at room temperature. In addition, cells using SiO 2 /PAN hybrid nanofiber membranes with high SiO 2 contents showed superior C-rate performance compared to those with low SiO 2 contents and commercial microporous polyolefin membrane.
External and Internal Challenges to the Federal Bargain

The proclaimed goal of federal systems is an institutionalized balance between national unity and subnational diversity; national unity is maintained and asserted with respect to foreign nations and other major issues whereas subnational diversity is maintained and asserted with respect to the national center or national majority. The drafters of federal constitutions hope to achieve balance as well as intra-federal cooperation by dividing political power territorially between one national government which has authority in one sphere of responsibility involving the entire national territory and several constituent territorial governments which administer their respective areas in another sphere of responsibility. The two territorial jurisdictions are meant to be separate yet interdependent. Such a system can and often does ensure cooperative partnership but obviously it cannot guarantee it. A serious conflict sometimes issues from the very fact that political power has been territorially divided as well as interlocked. Of course, the possibility of either cooperation or conflict characterizes not only federalism but all political systems and institutions invented by men.
Exact wave-function normalization constants for the B/sub 0/ tanhz-U/sub 0/ cosh/sup -/2z and Poeschl-Teller potentials

We obtain, in exact closed form, the wave-function normalization constants for the Schr\"odinger equation with potential $V={B}_{0}tanhz\ensuremath{-}{U}_{0}{cosh}^{\ensuremath{-}2}z$. These constants are derived in terms of a variety of formulations and solutions of the equation. We give discussions of both mathematical aspects and physical motivations of the problem. The main results are gathered in two appendixes. Wave-function normalization constants for the related P\"oschl-Teller potential are given in a third appendix.
E-028 Intracranial Stenting without Angioplasty for Cerebral Aneurysms with Adjacent Vessel Stenoses

Introduction Intracranial stenting is currently not routinely recommended for intracranial stenotic disease based on recent clinical trial results. However, wide-necked cerebral aneurysms with adjacent vascular stenoses may require stent placement to assist with coil embolisation. The safety and efficacy of this approach have not been well studied. Objective We report the outcomes of intracranial stent placement and coiling in patients with wide-necked intracranial aneurysms and associated vessel stenosis. Methods Report of 2 cases with relevant neuroimaging and literature review Results The first female patient presented with dizziness and vertigo, and was found to have an unruptured wide-necked basilar apex aneurysm involving both posterior cerebral artery origins. In addition, there was significant atherosclerotic narrowing of the distal basilar artery, just proximal to the aneurysm. The second female patient initially presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage from a ruptured broad-based posterior communicating artery aneurysm, which was first coil embolised, but later showed recurrence requiring re-treatment. This patient also had moderate adjacent parent vessel stenosis. After a 5-day pretreatment with aspirin and clopidogrel, endovascular coiling was performed with Neuroform stent (Boston Scientific, Fremont, CA) assistance in both cases. The vascular reconstruction device covered the stenotic vessel segments. No balloon angioplasty was performed. We encountered no periprocedural complications. Both patents remained clinically asymptomatic with 6-month follow-up angiograms demonstrating stable aneurysm occlusion and improved vascular stenoses. Conclusion Stent assisted coiling may be a feasible option for wide-necked intracranial aneurysm with associated pre-existing vascular stenoses. In our cases, Neuroform stent placement across the stenotic area was safe without in-stent stenosis, thromboembolism, ischaemia or other adverse event. These results are promising, but a larger cohort is needed to assess long-term outcome. Disclosures G. Toth: None. M. Elgabaly: None. M. Bain: None. F. Hui: None. M. Hussain: None.
An Empirical Study of the Influence of Corporate Governance upon the Risk of Commercial Bank of China

On the basis of annual data of 14 Chinese marketing banks from 2001 to 2010,this article divides China's operating banks into three categories,namely banks with share holding systems,state-owned banks and municipal commercial banks,while the banking risk into credit risk,liquidity risk and market risk.Aiming to establish panel model,it avails of the Eview 6 software to offer an empirical analysis of the influence of company governance upon the risk of China's marketing banks.The result shows that the executive pay presents a negative correlation with banking credit risk,marketing risk and liquidity risk;and that the higher the executive pay the less the banking risk;and that,for shareholding banks and municipal commercial banks,the concentration ratio of stock rights presents a negative correlation to banking credit risk,so the higher the concentration ratio,the less the credit risk;and that for the state-owned banks,the concentration ratio of stock rights presents a positive relation to banking risk,so the higher the concentration ratio the higher the banking risk;and that it is the same case with analysis of scope of board of directors and the risk-taking of the banks,so for the share-holding banks,the scope of the board of directors is negatively related to marketing risk,then the bigger board of directors,the less the marketing risk;and that for the state-owned banks,the scope of board of directors is positively related to marketing risk,so the bigger the board and greater the risk;and that for the municipal commercial banks,the relationship between the scope of the board of directors and the marketing risk is not clearly revealed.
Exocytosis is not involved in activation of Cl- secretion via CFTR in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells.

rapid changes in salt and water movement occur in many epithelial tissues that respond quickly to alterations in overall salt and water balance. For example, the amount of Cl− secreted by the shark rectal gland can vary greatly in response to changes in the external environment ([4][1]). To
What Knapsack of Invisible Privileges Do Muslim ESL* University Students Wish to Possess?

Stephanie Vandrick published a piece in the Journal of Language, Identity and Education titled “No ‘Knapsack of Invisible Privilege’ for ESL University Students,” in which she reflected her thought...
Homophobic and transphobic violence against youth: The Jamaican context

Jamaican LGBTI youth face tragic disparities, the level of which warrants immediate legislative attention. Jamaica has been characterized as one of the most homophobic and transphobic societies glo...
Resection of gallbladder remnants after subtotal cholecystectomy: presentation and management.

Abstract Background Subtotal cholecystectomy (SC) involves removal of a portion of the gallbladder typically due to hazardous inflammation. While this technique reliably prevents common bile duct (CBD) injury, future procedures can be required if the gallbladder remnant becomes symptomatic. The morbidity associated with resection of gallbladder remnants in patients that previously underwent SC is reviewed. Methods Records for patients having undergone redo cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder remnants in a tertiary care system from 2013 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Fourteen patients underwent repeat cholecystectomy. Five surgeons dictated the initial procedure as a subtotal cholecystectomy. All patients returned with symptomatic cholelithiasis between zero months and seven years after the index cholecystectomy. Redo cholecystectomy was attempted laparoscopically in two patients but ultimately required an open approach in all. One patient had a recognized CBD injury requiring a hepaticojejunostomy, and a second patient had a minor wound infection. Symptoms resolved in 13/14 patients. Conclusions Redocholecystectomy (RC) for gallbladder remnants has been detailed in case reports, but no sizable North American series have been presented. These results illustrate a drawback to the reconstituting technique of SC. RC effectively resolves symptoms but requires adherence to safe principles of cholecystectomy and is one indication for an open approach.
The Control of Red Cell Production

In the short span of two decades, the process by which red cell production is regulated has, to a large degree, been elucidated.
Relative efficiency of therapeutic donor insemination using a luteinizing hormone monitor

A prospective randomized study was performed to evaluate the use of a urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) detection kit with 1 insemination as compared with 2 alternate day inseminations with timing based on previous cycle length and basal body temperature changes. The study involved 60 patients who underwent a total of 264 therapeutic donor insemination cycles using cryopreserved semen specimens. Patients alternated LH-kit timed cycles with cycles timed by non-LH methods for a total of 6 cycles or until pregnancy was achieved. Fecundability rates were 12.3% for LH-kit cycles and 5.3% for non-LH method cycles. The difference in outcome was not statistically significant. However, when the LH kit plus 1 insemination was compared with 2 inseminations timed by conventional methods, there appeared to be a distinct monetary and time expenditure advantage. These findings suggest that sufficient advantage may be derived from use of an LH kit to recommend its use on a routine basis for the timing of therapeutic donor insemination.
The Production of Temporal Variability in Trace Constituent Concentrations

The production of tracer variability by inertia-gravity waves is contrasted with that due to quasi-geostrophic motions. High frequency variability in ozone in the lower stratosphere is often highly correlated with fluctuations in potential temperature, and can be interpreted as evidence for vertical displacements of material surfaces by inertia gravity waves. Examples are shown from recent aircraft measurements.
Psychophysiological and Behavioral Measurement of Stress

Stress is a pervasive and familiar phenomenon. Because it reflects a biobehavioral pattern that cuts across disease states, settings, and other traditional categories, it has generated an enormous amount of research and theory. Measurement problems, conceptual and operational inconsistencies across studies, and reliance on single-discipline perspectives on stress, however, have hindered our understanding of the stress process and contributed to confusion regarding the stress construct. For example, some studies define stress in terms of events that require change, others as self-reported emotional distress, others as behavioral change, and still others in terms of blood pressure change or hormone levels. Further complicating this picture is the tendency for prior studies to measure stress in only one or two ways, rather than assessing it as a multilevel process. Since the early 1970s, research has approached stress more broadly, examining patterns of response within and across different levels (e. g., Frankenhauser, 1975; Mason, 1975). At the same time, slow conceptual development and inconsistent assessment approaches have led to confusion in the field.
Philip McCord Morse

Philip McCord Morse was a leading American physicist, a World War II (WWII) pioneer in operations research (OR), founding member and first president (1952) of the Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and probably the first person to take steps to ensure that OR and systems analysis should become an academic discipline to improve decision making in private and public institutions, as well as government. He is widely viewed as the father of OR in the U.S. In addition to this enormous accomplishment, he had a distinguished career as a physicist and made major contributions to public policy and society.
Dissemination of Research Reports and Other Publications to Social Workers

The author analyzes the response of social workers to a national materials dissemination effort. The publications advocated program innovations based on research and evaluation of a demonstration project. Questions addressed are: do social workers order material based on their occupational category, and are they more likely to order materials if they also receive personal contact in the form of workshops and consultation. Other findings related to this dissemination of materials effort are also described. Dissemination of research to social work practitioners has become a subject of interest and study to the social work community. As practitioners of an applied science, social workers need the results of research from their own profession and others as a basis for making decisions on practice and program. There is littie evidence, however, that research results as reported in the professional journals are read by those outside academia. 1 The dissemination of information to human service organizations to effect program change requires special techniques and strategies. Several methods of dissemination have been tried, including demonstrations within the human service organization and various combinations of written materials conferences, and on-site consultation.1 Rothman (1980) conceptualized these approaches as being either "high-intensity" or "low-intensity" methods. The former involves personal contact between the disseminating agent and the practitioner, while the latter involves the provision of written materials to a targeted audience. 3 The author expresses her appreciation to David Gillespie, Elizabeth Sirles, and Arthur C. Emlen for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article, and to staff at the Regional Research Institute for Human Services at Portland State University who collected the data on which this study is based.
Combination ART-Induced Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in HIV-1 Transgenic (Tg) Rats: Protection by Mg.

Chronic effects of a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART = tenofovir/emtricitatine + atazanavir/ritonavir) on systemic and cardiac oxidative stress/injury in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats and protection by Mg-supplementation were assessed. cART (low doses) elicited no significant effects in normal rats, but induced time-dependent oxidative/nitrosative stresses: 2.64-fold increased plasma 8-isoprostane, 2.0-fold higher RBC oxidized glutathione (GSSG), 3.2-fold increased plasma 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and 3-fold elevated basal neutrophil superoxide activity in Tg rats. Increased NT staining occurred within cART-treated HIV-Tg hearts, and significant decreases in cardiac systolic and diastolic contractile function occurred at 12 and 18 weeks. HIV-1 expression alone caused modest levels of oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. Significantly, cART caused up to 24% decreases in circulating Mg in HIV-1-Tg rats, associated with elevated renal NT staining, increased creatinine and urea levels, and elevated plasma substance P levels. Strikingly, Mg-supplementation (6-fold) suppressed all oxidative/nitrosative stress indices in the blood, heart and kidney and substantially attenuated contractile dysfunction (>75%) of cART-treated Tg rats. In conclusion, cART caused significant renal and cardiac oxidative/nitrosative stress/injury in Tg-rats, leading to renal Mg wasting and hypomagnesemia, triggering substance P-dependent neurogenic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. These events were effectively attenuated by Mg-supplementation likely due to its substance P-suppressing and Mg’s intrinsic anti-peroxidative/anti-calcium properties.
Teaching NeuroImages: Cerebral liposuction.

A 61-year-old woman showed left hemiplegia and neglect while recovering 6 hours after aortic valve repair. CT showed a hypodense middle cerebral artery segment. CT angiography and CT perfusion (CTP) revealed a carotid terminus occlusion and a large penumbra around a small ischemic core. This prompted cerebral angiography, and embolectomy by Sofia catheter aspiration removed a 1.5-cm piece of adipose tissue, presumably pericardial fat introduced during aortotomy (figure). The neglect, hemianopia, and hemiparesis improved thereafter. This demonstrates a successful fat embolus aspiration to treat stroke after cardiac surgery, and which should be considered if deficits are recognized early and CTP shows significant salvageable tissue.1,2
Three Causes in One: Biological Explanation in Aristotle

Aristotle shifted the discussion from biological motivators to biological activities. His four causes formed a foundation for all explanations. “Material causes” speak to composition; “formal causes” speak to shape, but also interactions with the surrounding world; “efficient causes” speak to external and accidental influences; and “final causes” speak to “that for the sake of which” a thing occurs. When the last three coincide, they can be called a soul. Aristotle used souls to explain the biological activities: nutrition, reproduction, sensation, locomotion, and reason. Although causes, souls, and activities were reimagined in the Middle Ages, they are, in their original forms, surprisingly compatible with scientific accounts.
What do Movements in Financial Traders’ Net Long Positions Reveal About Aggregate Stock Returns?

Abstract Previous financial economics studies have successfully identified the existence of informed trading in futures markets; however, there is no study on the specific type of strategy chosen by informed agents to maximize profits. To fill this gap in the literature, we investigate the importance of movements in futures traders’ net long positions in predicting aggregate equity market returns. This study finds that movements in the net long positions of bond, commodity, and stock futures traders are strong predictors of aggregate stock returns as they outperform a large number of popular return predictors both in and out of sample. In addition, a one-standard-deviation change in futures traders’ net long positions can lead to an increase (decrease) of up to 3.4% (4.12%) in annualized market excess equity returns. The study’s first-order autocorrelation results reveal an absence of persistence in the net long predictors. A vector autoregression decomposition shows that the economic source of financial traders’ net long position predictive power stems predominantly from the discount rate and cash flow channels. Overall, the study finds that financial traders are informed traders who are able to anticipate future aggregate cash flows and associated discount rate news.