cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol-induced increases in extracellular dopamine are blunted in brain-derived neurotrophic factor heterozygous mice

Drugs of abuse like ethanol have the ability to stimulate forebrain dopaminergic pathways. Although the positive reinforcing properties of abused substances are largely attributed to their effects on dopamine transmission, alcohol addiction involves complex interactions between numerous molecular mediators. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is suggested to have a protective role in regulating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of an acute, systemic injection of ethanol (2 g/kg) on BDNF protein levels and extracellular dopamine concentrations, measured by in vivo microdialysis, in the caudate-putamen of wildtype and heterozygous BDNF mice. In both genotypes, the peak increase in extracellular dopamine following ethanol coincided temporally with a decrease in BDNF protein levels following a similar ethanol treatment. Moreover, the effect of ethanol to increase extracellular dopamine was blunted in heterozygous BDNF mice compared to wildtype mice. While the magnitude of decrease in BDNF protein induced by ethanol was similar between genotypes (two-fold), ethanol treatment induced significantly lower BDNF protein levels in heterozygous BDNF mice overall. These findings suggest the effects of ethanol are influenced by an interaction between BDNF and dopamine transmission, which may relate to the pathway through which BDNF regulates ethanol intake.
Evidence for non-thermalized vibrationally excited molecule production during azomethane pyrolysis in methane desorption from Cu(001)

Abstract A Cu(001) surface was exposed to products of an azomethane pyrolysis doser at varying temperatures. In addition to methyl radical adsorption, for certain doser conditions one or more doser emergent species can undergo an activated adsorption on the copper face. Directly after exposures, temperature programmed desorption between 170 K and 500 K was used to indicate the relative concentrations of adsorbed atomic hydrogen and methyl species, and thermally induced surface reactions. Two methane desorption features were invariably observed, indicating the presence of adsorbed methyl groups (CH 3 ) and transient adsorbed atomic hydrogen. The deduced relative surface concentrations levels of both H and CH 3 depend on the total exposures and the operating temperatures of the azomethane pyrolysis doser. The initial H concentrations apparent at surface temperatures between 275 K and 375 K are shown to arise from defect-related methyl decomposition and, at high operating doser temperatures, from the initial adsorption of one or more activated Cu incident species. It is proposed that the distributions of vibrational energies of emergent molecular hydrogen or methane species from higher temperature dosers are non-thermal. Hence, with doser temperatures of 800 °C or above, the effects of subsequent dissociative molecular adsorption on the copper surface can dominate over Cu defect chemistries.
When organizational justice and the self-concept meet: Consequences for the organization and its members ☆

Abstract In two studies, we examined the joint effects of employed participants’ self-concept levels and perceptions of fairness on organizational attitudes and citizenship behavior intentions. We examined the effects of chronic self-concept activation in Study 1, whereas we primed the working self-concept in Study 2. Combining the results of both studies, we found support for our hypotheses that particular self-concept levels and organizational justice dimensions interact to predict various work-related outcomes. Specifically, we observed interactions between the relational self-concept and interactional justice, and between the collective self-concept and procedural justice, such that the justice–outcome relationships were stronger for those experiencing higher activation on the relevant self-concept level. Thus, as hypothesized, justice information is weighted differently depending on the particular level of self-concept that is active. In addition, interesting direct effects of employees’ self-concepts were also observed. We discuss the implications of these findings and the importance of considering the self-concept in conjunction with organizational justice.
Victim-Blaming and the “Looping” Effect of Social Policy: The Case of Physician Maldistribution and Underserved Rural Communities

Ryan's (1971) description of the ideology of “victim-blaming” is briefly reviewed. It is then shown how this strategy for obscuring the causes of a social problem is used against rural, medically underserved communities by health care provider and planning interest groups to “explain” critical shortages of physicians in their areas. In addition to lending further support for the existence of this ideology, a “looping” effect of social policy designed to deal with physician maldistribution is identified. It is argued that this can be viewed as analytically distinct from the ideology itself and that it serves the purpose of further obscuring the larger structural sources of the social problem.
Linking public health agencies and hospitals for improved emergency preparedness: North Carolina's public health epidemiologist program

In 2003, 11 public health epidemiologists were placed in North Carolina's largest hospitals to enhance communication between public health agencies and healthcare systems for improved emergency preparedness. We describe the specific services public health epidemiologists provide to local health departments, the North Carolina Division of Public Health, and the hospitals in which they are based, and assess the value of these services to stakeholders. We surveyed and/or interviewed public health epidemiologists, communicable disease nurses based at local health departments, North Carolina Division of Public Health staff, and public health epidemiologists' hospital supervisors to 1) elicit the services provided by public health epidemiologists in daily practice and during emergencies and 2) examine the value of these services. Interviews were transcribed and imported into ATLAS.ti for coding and analysis. Descriptive analyses were performed on quantitative survey data. Public health epidemiologists conduct syndromic surveillance of community-acquired infections and potential bioterrorism events, assist local health departments and the North Carolina Division of Public Health with public health investigations, educate clinicians on diseases of public health importance, and enhance communication between hospitals and public health agencies. Stakeholders place on a high value on the unique services provided by public health epidemiologists. Public health epidemiologists effectively link public health agencies and hospitals to enhance syndromic surveillance, communicable disease management, and public health emergency preparedness and response. This comprehensive description of the program and its value to stakeholders, both in routine daily practice and in responding to a major public health emergency, can inform other states that may wish to establish a similar program as part of their larger public health emergency preparedness and response system.
Civic education in research universities: leaders or followers?

Purpose – Research‐intensive universities have special challenges in providing their students with civic education, particularly education that is rooted in the curriculum. Their efforts are important to the overall effort to promote education “for the common good” at colleges and universities because of their stature within the higher education community. This paper aims to address the particular needs and challenges of research universities in fostering civic education and strengthening their leadership contributions.Design/methodology/approach – This article provides a snapshot of how 15 American research university campuses, which are part of a “learning community”, approach their goal of educating their students to promote the common good. Based on survey self‐reports conducted in the spring of 2009, it documents their civic education work.Findings – The survey confirms, while research universities are being creative and assertive in expanding their civic education work, there is ample room to extend...
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) surface modification by deep UV (172 nm) irradiation

Abstract The prospects of obtaining desired surface-mediated characteristics while retaining bulk-mediated physical properties and avoiding potential environmental issues with wet chemical technology lends considerable appeal to photochemical approaches. We investigated the response of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to 172 nm UV from a xenon excimer lamp in the absence of oxygen, using XPS, ToF/SIMS, and AFM. The main effects are increasing loss of a CO moiety and carboxylic acid production without effect on topography upto a total fluence of 16 J/cm 2 . Above this level no further change in surface chemistry was evident, but surfaces became rougher, suggesting the onset of etching.
Implementation of Speech Recognition in a Community-based Radiology Practice: Effect on Report Turnaround Times

Purpose Large academic practices have reported important benefits with the implementation of speech recognition software (SRS). However, the applicability of these results has been questioned in the community hospital setting because of major differences in workflow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of SRS on radiology report turnaround times (TATs) at a community-based hospital practice with no radiology training program. The secondary goal was to evaluate the impact of SRS on radiologist productivity. Methods SRS was implemented at a 150-bed community hospital between May 2011 and July 2011. Radiology report TATs and normalized radiologist productivity were determined during 5 months before and after SRS implementation. Median and 80th and 95th percentile report TATs were compared between the preimplementation and postimplementation periods. The trend in productivity was also assessed. Results Median and 80th and 95th percentile report TATs decreased multiple-fold between the preimplementation and postimplementation periods (median, from 24 to 1 hour; 80th percentile, from 60 to 10 hours; 95th percentile, from 165 to 33 hours; P Conclusions The implementation of SRS was associated with 24-fold improvement in the median radiology report TAT in a community hospital setting with no radiology trainees. Improvements were obtained without affecting normalized radiologist productivity.
CHEMOKINES, SPHINGOSINE-1-PHOSPHATE, AND CELL MIGRATION IN SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

▪ Abstract Secondary lymphoid organs serve as hubs for the adaptive immune system, bringing together antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes. Two families of G protein–coupled receptors play essential roles in lymphocyte migration through these organs: chemokine receptors and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Chemokines expressed by lymphoid stromal cells guide lymphocyte and dendritic cell movements during antigen surveillance and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. S1P receptor-1 is required for lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs and is downregulated by the immunosuppressive drug FTY720. Here, we review the steps associated with the initiation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs, highlighting the roles of chemokines and S1P.
Stem cell metabolism in tissue development and aging

Recent advances in metabolomics and computational analysis have deepened our appreciation for the role of specific metabolic pathways in dictating cell fate. Once thought to be a mere consequence of the state of a cell, metabolism is now known to play a pivotal role in dictating whether a cell proliferates, differentiates or remains quiescent. Here, we review recent studies of metabolism in stem cells that have revealed a shift in the balance between glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress during the maturation of adult stem cells, and during the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. These insights promise to inform strategies for the directed differentiation of stem cells and to offer the potential for novel metabolic or pharmacological therapies to enhance regeneration and the treatment of degenerative disease.
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonates (age less than 29 days) and occurs in 0.2% to 0.5% of neonates undergoing evaluation for serious bacterial illness in the emergency department. This article reviews the clinical features, diagnosis, and recommended treatment of neonatal HSV. The 3 clinical classifications of neonatal HSV infection are described and include: disseminated, central nervous system, and skin, eye, or mouth diseases. A comprehensive medical evaluation is described for the neonate with suspected HSV, including tests to identify the virus and to classify neonates accurately, because treatment and prognosis differ between disease classifications. Also presented are current recommendations for treatment of acute illness with parenteral acyclovir, as well as long-term oral acyclovir after acute illness. Current evidence and expert opinions are presented regarding the initiation of empiric HSV treatment for neonates undergoing serious bacterial illness evaluation.
NRC associateship awards

Approximately 250 new full-time associateships will be awarded in 1983 for research in the earth sciences, environmental sciences, physical sciences, space sciences, life sciences, chemistry, engineering, and mathematics in the 1983 Research Associateship Awards Programs sponsored by the National Research Council (NRC). The programs provide Ph.D. scientists and engineers of unusual promise and ability with opportunities for research on problems largely of their own choosing, yet compatible with the research interests of the supporting laboratory. Awards are made in most programs for a year with possible extensions through a second year. Senior applicants who have held the doctorate for at least 5 years may request shorter tenures. In a few programs, initial awards are made for 2 years with a possible third year of contractual support at an academic institution.
The Adolescent Suicide Problem.

The suicide rate of young people in the United States rose 237 percent between 1960 and 1980. This paper addresses three related issues. First, is this change an epidemic or an artifact? Second, what is there about adolescence as a life-stage in modern society that makes it stressful, even suicide producing? Finally, what are the distinctive traits of the lifestyles or careers of a random sample of young Chicago suicides?
FIELDWORK ON LAW

▪ Abstract Based on a review of field-based scholarship on law published in English in 2004 and 2005, this review focuses on themes most strongly emergent across the disciplines of law and the social sciences: state regulation of the private sector, rights (individual rights, indigenous rights, and human rights), and security. These developing areas of field research show the impact of neoliberalism on the social fields of law, an impact intensified by the war on terror. They also point to fresh theoretical horizons in relation to issues of identity, hegemony, and the discursivity of state power. Although disciplines retain their distinctive questions and approaches, they reveal common attention to discourse and practice—particularly in relation to critical events in the war on terror and new forms of executive power, especially in the United States. Current literature thus points not only to new terrain for field research on law, but also, correspondingly, to the changing nature of the field itself as a ...
SMN transcript stability: could modulation of messenger RNA degradation provide a novel therapy for spinal muscular atrophy?

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy is caused by deletion or muta- tion of the survival motor neuron 1 gene, SMN1. Rentention of a nearly identical copy gene, SMN2, enables survival but is unable to fully compensate for the loss of SMN1. The SMN1 and SMN2 genes differ by a single nucleotide that results in alternative splic- ing of SMN2 exon 7 due to the disruption of a binding site for an essential splicing factor. This alternatively spliced form encodes a partially functional truncated protein. Because SMN2 is present in patients with spinal muscular atrophy, it is an ideal therapeutic target. Some of the current approaches to increase SMN protein levels are aimed at increasing the transcription from SMN2 or at preventing exon 7 skipping. One area that has yet to be investi- gated is the stability of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) tran- scripts produced from SMN2. We postulated that transcripts derived from SMN2 may be less stable because alternative splicing, recruitment of RNA-binding proteins, and alteration of stop codons have been associated with changes in rates of mes- senger RNA decay; these features are all characteristic of SMN2. Accordingly, transcript degradation was examined within primary fibroblast cells that exclusively contained SMN1 or SMN2 by treating cultures with a transcriptional inhibitor to observe mes- senger RNA stability. The results indicate that SMN transcript instability does not play a role in the disease mechanism, sug- gesting that therapeutic modulation of messenger RNA degrada- tion would not target a molecular defect in patients with spinal muscular atrophy, although it could provide general benefits by increasing total pools of SMN2 transcripts.
THROMBOCYTHEMIA IN THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER OF DOWN'S SYNDROME

A patient with Down9s syndrome and associated myeloproliferative disease is described. The patient had the unique finding of increased platelet number and size. This finding adds further support to Ross9s hypothesis of the existence of ineffective regulation of production and maturation of bone marrow elements in association with Down9s syndrome.
Persistence of Hypertriglyceridemic Effect of Low-Fat High-Carbohydrate Diets in NIDDM Patients

Although low-fat high-carbohydrate diets are recommended for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in an effort to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the results of short-term studies have shown that these diets can lead to changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated with an increased risk of CAD. This study has extended these earlier observations by determining the metabolic effects of such diets over a longer period in these patients. The comparison diets contained either 40 or 60% of the total calories as carbohydrates, with reciprocal changes in fat content from 40 to 20% consumed in random order for 6 wk in a crossover experimental design. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat and the total cholesterol intake were held constant in the two diets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly (P less than .001) elevated throughout the day when patients consumed the 60% carbohydrate diet, and 24-h urinary glucose excretion more than doubled (0.8 vs. 1.8 mol/24 h). Fasting plasma total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased by 30% (P less than .001) after 1 wk on the 60% carbohydrate diet, and the magnitude of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia persisted unchanged throughout the 6-wk study period. Total plasma cholesterol concentrations were similar after both diets. However, VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-chol) was significantly increased, whereas both low-density lipoprotein (LDL-) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-) chol concentrations were significantly decreased after consumption of the 60% carbohydrate diet. Consequently, neither total-chol-to-HDL-chol nor LDL-chol-to-HDL-chol ratios changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Improved Models of Distortion Cost for Statistical Machine Translation

The distortion cost function used in Moses-style machine translation systems has two flaws. First, it does not estimate the future cost of known required moves, thus increasing search errors. Second, all distortion is penalized linearly, even when appropriate re-orderings are performed. Because the cost function does not effectively constrain search, translation quality decreases at higher distortion limits, which are often needed when translating between languages of different typologies such as Arabic and English. To address these problems, we introduce a method for estimating future linear distortion cost, and a new discriminative distortion model that predicts word movement during translation. In combination, these extensions give a statistically significant improvement over a baseline distortion parameterization. When we triple the distortion limit, our model achieves a +2.32 BLEU average gain over Moses.
The Need for Reflexivity in Public Administration

In this article, the authors argue the need to go beyond the idea of reflective public administration to reflexive public administration. They explore the meaning of reflexivity, in particular self...
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF READING INTERVENTIONS: GENERALIZATION ACROSS INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES, TIME, AND PASSAGES

This study examined the generalized effects of three treatment conditions (performance based, skill based, and a combination of the two) on oral reading fluency by an elementary school student. Results indicated equal effectiveness of all treatments, maintenance, and possible evidence of generalization across passages.
Relationship of lycopene intake and consumption of tomato products to incident CVD.

Evidence for cardioprotective effects of lycopene is inconsistent. Studies of circulating lycopene generally report inverse associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but studies based on lycopene intake do not. The failure of the dietary studies to support the findings based on biomarkers may be due in part to misclassification of lycopene intakes. To address this potential misclassification, we used repeated measures of intake obtained over 10 years to characterize the relation between lycopene intake and incidence of CVD (n=314), coronary heart disease (CHD, n=171) and stroke (n=99) in the Framingham Offspring Study. Hazards ratios (HR) for incident outcomes were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models using logarithmically transformed lycopene intake adjusted for CVD risk factors and correlates of lycopene intake. HRs were interpreted as the increased risk for a 2.7-fold difference in lycopene intake, a difference approximately equal to its inter-quartile range. Using an average of three intake measures with a 9 year follow-up, lycopene intake was inversely associated with CVD incidence (hazards ratio (HR): 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.98). Using an average of two intake measures and 11 years of follow-up, lycopene intake was inversely associated with CHD incidence (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.94). Lycopene intake was unrelated to stroke incidence. Our study of lycopene intake and CVD provides supporting evidence for an inverse association between lycopene and CVD risk but additional research is needed to determine if lycopene or other components of tomatoes, the major dietary source of lycopene, are responsible for the observed association.
Re-examining Legislative Committee Representativeness in the States.

I re-examine theories of legislative committee organization by using simulation to assess how representative state legislative committees are of their parent bodies. I find that clearly unrepresentative committees are rare and concentrated in a few chambers. I also find that comparing committee and chamber medians leads to very different conclusions about representativeness than does comparing means. My findings tend to confirm the informational model of committees and disconfirm the partisan model, but they cannot directly address the distributive model.
A physical model of axonal elongation: force, viscosity, and adhesions govern the mode of outgrowth.

Whether the axonal framework is stationary or moves is a central debate in cell biology. To better understand this problem, we developed a mathematical model that incorporates force generation at the growth cone, the viscoelastic properties of the axon, and adhesions between the axon and substrate. Using force-calibrated needles to apply and measure forces at the growth cone, we used docked mitochondria as markers to monitor movement of the axonal framework. We found coherent axonal transport that decreased away from the growth cone. Based on the velocity profiles of movement and the force applied at the growth cone, and by varying the attachment of the axonal shaft to the coverslip, we estimate values for the axial viscosity of the axon (3 × 106 ± 2.4 × 106 Pa·s) and the friction coefficient for laminin/polyornithine-based adhesions along the axon (9.6 × 103 ± 7.5 × 103 Pa·s). Our model suggests that whether axons elongate by tip growth or stretching depends on the level of force generation at the growth cone, the viscosity of the axon, and the level of adhesions along the axon.
Estuarine Recruitment, Growth, and First‐Year Survival of Juvenile Red Drum in North Carolina

Abstract For many marine and estuarine fishes, there is growing evidence that processes occurring during the juvenile life stage can contribute to determining the relative success of recruitment of annual cohorts into the fishery. We studied two consecutive annual cohorts of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus from estuarine arrival through age 1 in two estuarine systems of southeastern North Carolina. For age-0 cohorts, relative abundance generally peaked in mid to late fall, and fish were present in shallow-water habitats through December before presumably moving to deeper waters during winter. Reappearance of red drum in shallow-water habitats during spring occurred between late March and late April depending on spring warming rates. Considerable differences in relative abundance of age-0 red drum were observed between estuaries; such differences may be related to variations in estuarine hydrology and flushing rates, which probably affect larval delivery and distribution. Otolith-derived hatch date d...
Modulation characteristics of InP-based MQW lasers: the impact of biaxial compressive and tensile strain

Summary form only given. The authors relate observed modulation characteristics of strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As-InP (0.33 >
Geographic variation in Internet connectivity

This paper presents a measure of Internet "connectivity" (number of connected companies per capita) normalized by the economic "size" of areas in the United States. We use cross sectional variation in connectivity to test some hypotheses about technology adoption. We find that areas in the South and Midwest have below average connectivity. Connectivity is also related to the living "attractiveness" of an area.
Ovulation and Egg Formation in the Beltsville Small White Turkey

Abstract DATA on the average egg formation and ovulation times in the chicken were reported by Warren and Scott (1935). Data on the average egg formation time in the turkey were reported by Asmundson (1939); however, he made no mention of ovulation time. The present study was undertaken to ascertain when ovulation occurred in relation to oviposition and the length of time the egg was in each part of the oviduct of the Beltsville Small White turkey hen. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Thirty (30) Beltsville Small White (BSW) turkey hens were placed in individual cages at 20 weeks of age. All hens were given feed and water ad libitum. Individual oviposition times of each egg were kept throughout the experimental period. After the clutch sequence was established, the hens were sacrificed by injecting 15 cc. of air into the heart. The times of sacrifice were 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours,…
An Expanded Research Agenda for Music Education

In the conduct of any research, the critical question is “Does the proposed study address an important issue?” Importance is a human construct, a fact understood by critical theorists although not always used by them in establishing priorities, as their agenda sets its own levels of precedence. In all academic research the range of topics is wide, as is the weight of the questions selected; however, the issues that are seriously addressed and carefully pursued are more restricted. The range of research topics conducted in music education is wide; the range of issues seriously addressed and disseminated is more restricted. In music education, the issues are at the practical and theoretical level and seldom address the larger issues in education and the political framework that supports education. This chapter is organized to offer one strategy for broadening the questions addressed in music education research, that strategy being to consider the ideas from critical theory. I focus on research policy (which uses many of the strategies of research in philosophy) and use visual arts as my example of policy issues, those that arise when a discipline attempts to broaden its purview in line with constructivism1 and critical theory. Some of the questions considered here require reflective thinking, on which critical theory lays some stress. However, reflective thinking by itself is not research; whereas the focus of research is on knowledge and the focus of reflective thinking is on interpretation of knowledge. Critical theorists attempt to affect political decisions at the highest level while simultaneously seeking to get their message to those not being well served by agencies charged with providing support. Are these concerns simply too big for us to have any effect? The critical theorist offers hope though encouraging unity and action. Critical theory lends its importance to the research community in its central tenet of skepticism of all positivist results. It not only asks what difference a change will make, but also asks why we are doing what we’re doing. Language can be limiting. In research and philosophy, close attention must be paid to the words used; how the words are used focuses the mind. Careful use of words assists the
The Federal Emergency Management Agency: Floods, Failures, and Federalism

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the lead federal agency for disaster preparedness, response, and relief. FEMA’s budget fluctuates from year to year, but spending has trended sharply upwards in recent decades. The agency spent $22 billion in fiscal 2013 and $10 billion in fiscal 2014.The main activity of FEMA is distributing aid to individuals and state and local governments after natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. In addition, the agency provides ongoing grants to the states for disaster preparedness, and it operates the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).FEMA’s response to some major disasters has been slow, disorganized, and profligate. The agency’s actions have sometimes been harmful, such as when it has blocked the relief efforts of other organizations. FEMA’s dismal response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 dramatized the agency’s bureaucratic dysfunction.FEMA’s grants for disaster preparedness are known for wastefulness. As for the NFIP, its insurance subsidies are spurring development in flood-prone areas, which in turn is increasing the damage caused by floods. The NFIP also encourages an expansion of federal regulatory control over local land-use planning.Federalism is supposed to undergird America’s system of handling disasters, particularly natural disasters. State, local, and private organizations should play the dominant role. Looking at American history, many disasters have generated large outpourings of aid by individuals, businesses, and charitable groups.Today, however, growing federal intervention is undermining the role of private institutions and the states in handling disasters. Policymakers should reverse course and begin cutting FEMA. Ultimately, the agency should be closed down by ending aid programs for disaster preparedness and relief and privatizing flood insurance.
The pathogenicity of mucoid variants of Brucellae for guinea pigs.

The disease produced by parenteral inoculation of brucellae into guinea pigs is usually chronic, retrogressive and rarely fatal. The degree of involvement of the reticulo-endothelial system may be taken as a measurement of the pathogenicity of a culture and may be evaluated, in part, by observation of the gross lesions and the persistence of the organisms in the animal tissues. Although few comprehensive studies have been reported, most workers have considered nonsmooth variants of brucellae to be of relatively low pathogenicity. Henry (1933) found that rough cultures were capable of general distribution in the guinea pig early in infection but incapable of persisting beyond the 5th week. Other workers (Zdrodowski et al, 1930; Marshall and Jared, 1931) reported that a few nonsmooth variant cultures could be recovered from guinea pig tissues as long as 7 and 8 weeks after inoculation, but the majority of cultures studied were eliminated in the first few weeks. Huddleson (1947) re-
Towards an Integrated Photonic LIDAR Chip

We present recent results towards the development of an integrated photonic LIDAR system. Through the use of nanophotonic phased arrays, silicon photonics enables high-speed (>100kHz) beam-steering to be performed without moving parts in the same manner as electronically steerable microwave phased arrays. Already, we have demonstrated the ability to beam-steer over a 51-degree angular range and have separately demonstrated the ability to implement the required LIDAR optical signal processing on-chip and perform basic ranging measurements. Increasingly it is becoming apparent that chip-based LIDAR will become a reality, facilitating high-resolution 3D imaging for applications such as autonomous vehicles. Article not available.
Quarantine treatments : a biological approach to decision-making for selected hosts of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The current criterion for insect quarantine treatments in many countries is the probit 9 (i.e., 99.9968% mortality). This concept is used without due consideration for commodity infestation levels or types (multiple or solitary) or survival on the harvested commodity. Historically, probit 9 was based on security levels required for tropical fruit fly species. However, other quarantined insects such as codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), infest commodities at very low levels; in addition, inherent survival and reproductive potential on these commodities after harvest is quite low. When infestation levels at harvest alone are considered, several of the currently approved quarantine treatments appear to be extremely conservative based on potential for survival and reproduction. Tables are provided showing the probability of a potential mating pair of codling moths occurring in a shipment based on infestation levels, volumes shipped, as well as mortality required, if any, to maintain survival below this level. Systems approaches to quarantine include development of more quantitative biology data, modification of shipment volume, arrival times, and the distribution of the commodity upon arrival. All of these data suggest that quarantine treatment should be based on survival and that, in a number of situations, treatment is not needed at all.
GENETIC AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALCOHOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR

Through selective breeding, rat lines exhibiting high and low alcohol drinking preference have been developed as useful animal models for studying the neurobiological basis of alcohol-seeking behavior. The identified differences between lines in neurotransmitter functioning allows the evaluation of receptor agonist/antagonist compounds that might be efficacious in the treatment of alcohol craving and dependendence.
From Left to Right: European Politics, 1945–1948

When the Second World War drew to a close in Europe in May of 1945, even the victors had little to celebrate. The specter of economic ruin and famine threatened much of the continent. In Great Britain, wartime debts and postwar shortages cut short the victory celebrations. In France, the destruction of large areas of the northeast as well as chaos in internal social and political affairs boded ill for the nation’s future. For the defeated, Germany and Italy, the future seemed even bleaker. In Germany the survivors would have to live with widespread destruction, famine, and an economy that had ground to a halt. Countries that had been caught between the major belligerents, such as Belgium and Holland, had also suffered severely from the war.
Establishment of the indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting the IgG antibody of epidemic encephalitis virus in serum of pigs and its preliminary use

To establish an indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA) to detect IgG antibody to Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV)in sera of pigs,the C6/36 cells infected with JEV were used to prepare the cell antigen smears,so as to establish a method of assay to detect the IgG antibody to JEV in sera of pigs as well as to be used in the epidemiological surveys.It was found the positive detection rate of anti JEV-IgG antibodies with antibody titers of more than 1∶200 in serum specimens from 50 cases of sows,55cases of young pigs and 65 cases of hogs were 88.00%,10.91% and 24.62% respectively.It is evident that this specific IFA assay can be used for the epidemiological investigations for the status of JEV infection in pigs.
Psammomatous Cavernous Malformation Presenting as Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Case Illustration and Review of Literature

Background Psammoma bodies (PBs) are whorled, laminated hyaline spherules containing calcium deposits. Intracranially, the presence of PBs is associated with variants of meningioma and pituitary lesions, as well as aging choroid plexus. Limited information exists on their presence in vascular malformation. Results In this report, we describe a case of an adolescent male with drug-resistant epilepsy that was surgically managed at our regional epilepsy center. The epileptogenic focus was determined to be emanating from an indolent right insular lesion. Histopathologic evaluation showed the abundance of intravascular and perivascular PBs. Immunohistochemical evaluation confirmed the vascular origin using vascular markers. The unusual presence of PBs in a vascular lesion was unanticipated. Conclusions Based on our case, we present the clinicoradiologic characteristics, supplemented with intraoperative findings, for this unusual lesion. In addition, because of the unusual presence of PBs in vascular lesions, we provide the findings of a systematic literature review to show the association of PBs with intracranial vascular lesions.
Gene transfer and the prospects for somatic gene therapy.

Advances in molecular biology techniques have led to improved diagnosis and therapy for a wide range of inherited diseases. The use of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer may allow an approach to correction of some fatal inherited diseases of bone marrow cells. This article discusses current research in the use of retrovirus vectors for gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and future applications of this technology for somatic gene therapy.
Hand Postures in Primary and Secondary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: A New Semiological Feature (S52.008)

Objective: We aim to describe hand postures during generalized convulsions in patients with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), localization-related epilepsy (LRE), and non-epileptic attacks (NEA). Background: Classifying epilepsy is largely based on history, MRI and interictal EEG. However, even video-EEG occasionally fails to provide a definitive diagnosis. Reliable semiologic lateralizing signs have been described, but hand and finger posturing has received little attention. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 98 consecutive videos of generalized convulsions in 64 patients admitted to our epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) for diagnostic video-EEG. Demographics were recorded, and hand postures were divided into fanning, fisting, index-finger pointing (IFP), clawing, and flaccid hand. Hand postures were compared between LRE, GGE, and NEA for each stage of the seizure (onset, tonic phase, and clonic phase). A p = <0.05 was significant. Results: The most common posture in LRE was IFP (96.0[percnt]), higher than GGE (56.5[percnt], p = <0.001). and NEA (12.0[percnt], p = <0.001). The most common posture in GGE was fanning (91.3[percnt]) which only occurred during the seizure onset and was more common than LRE onset (42.0[percnt], p = <0.001). All GGE fanning evolved into either fisting (69.6[percnt]) or IFP (30.4[percnt]) during the tonic phase. The most common hand posture in NEA was the flaccid hand posture (56.0[percnt]), higher than GGE (4.3[percnt], p = <0.001) and LRE (20.0[percnt], p = 0.003). The clawing posture occurred exclusively in NEA (12.0[percnt]). Conclusions: Distinct ictal hand and finger posturing is present in GGE, LRE, and NEA. We found a high prevalence of IFP in patients with LRE and some postures are highly suggestive of NEA. Hand postures also commonly change over the course of a seizure. Hand posturing during seizures provides unique information and aids in the differential diagnosis and classification of epilepsy. Disclosure: Dr. Siegel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tatum has received royalty payments from Demos Publishers.
The American Academy of Dramatic Arts

Chapter 7 clarifies the vision of Modern acting formulated by Academy director Charles Jehlinger, who led the school from 1900 to his death in 1952. Known in the 1930s and 1940s as the acting school that launched Spencer Tracy, Lauren Bacall, and other stars, its graduates today include John Cassavetes, Robert Redford, and Jessica Chastain. To illustrate the Modern acting strategies circulated at the Academy, the chapter examines notes from Jehlinger’s classes, material in an acting manual by Academy instructor Aristide D’Angelo, and reports by Academy graduates, who compare Jehlinger’s to Stanislavsky’s approach for many reasons, including both teachers’ emphasis on preparation that allows actors to set aside convention and personal experiences in order to do what the character would do in a specific situation.
Understanding Scientific Uncertainty as a Teaching and Learning Goal

Despite the intent of science education reform documents in the USA, science education programs, as practiced, do not reflect the core content standards related to social, cultural, historical, and epistemological aspects of the scientific enterprise or the application of science to societal problems and desires. Instead, current curricula emphasize learning scientific knowledge as facts, concepts, and ideas known with certainty. In this review, I interrogate the current goals for science education in the USA and explore whether and how to teach students the role of uncertainty in scientific knowledge production and application.
Heat/mass transport in shear flow over a reactive surface with inert defects

We study the problem of mass transport to surfaces with heterogeneous reaction rates in the presence of shear flow over these surfaces. The reactions are first order and the heterogeneity is due to the existence of inert regions on the surfaces. Such problems are ubiquitous in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry and even biological mass transport. In these problems, the microscale reaction rate is characterized by a Damkohler number , while the Peclet number is the dimensionless ratio of the bulk shear rate to the inverse diffusion time scale. The area fraction of the reactive region is denoted by . The objective is to calculate the yield of reaction, which is directly related to the mass flux to the reactive region, denoted by the dimensionless Sherwood number . Previously, we used boundary element simulations and examined the case of first-order reactive disks embedded in an inert surface (Shah & Shaqfeh J. Fluid Mech., vol. 782, 2015, pp. 260–299). Various correlations for the Sherwood number as a function of were obtained. In particular, we demonstrated that the ‘method of additive resistances’ provides a good approximation for the Sherwood number for a wide range of values of for . When , the reactive disks are in a close packed configuration where the inert regions are essentially disconnected from each other. In this work, we develop an understanding of the physics when , by examining the inverse problem of inert disks on a reactive surface. We show that the method of resistances approach to obtain the Sherwood number fails in the limit as , i.e. in the dilute limit of periodic inert disks, due to the existence of a surface concentration boundary layer around each disk that scales with ( ). This boundary layer controls the screening length between inert disks and allows us to introduce a new theory, thus providing new correlations for the Sherwood number that are highly accurate in the limit of .
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Implementing Shari’ah Auditing as a Separate Discipline in Bangladeshi Islamic Banks

Almost all the commercial banks in Bangladesh are operating Islamic banking windows throughout the country to attract Muslims (90% of the population). To ensure shariah compliance, Islamic banks in Bangladesh currently use “Internal Shariah Review” which is basically the SSC’s supervision, monitoring and controlling ‘during’ and ‘after’ the banks’ operation. However, It does not cover a thorough and comprehensive audit to examine the transactions after executing the contracts. So, there lies a huge functional gap between shariah compliance and internal shariah review, which is obstructing Muslims from trusting these banks. The purpose of this research was to identify the feasibility of implementing shariah auditing in Bangladeshi Islami banks. This research tries to measure the respondents’ idea about establishing “Shari’ah Audit” as a discipline. It also investigates whether there should be a proper shariah audit side-by-side internal shariah review and how far Shariah audit would be worth implementing. For collecting primary data a survey questionnaire, with both ‘open-ended’ and ‘close-ended’ questions, was designed and distributed among the accounting academicians, audit practitioners and Shari’ah scholars in Bangladesh. A combination of quantitative and qualitative method was used to get the result. Frequency distribution method was used to examine the pattern of the respondents (Positivistic approach) and Hermeneutic approach was used to interpret the views of the respondents. The respondents had varying experience of awareness about shariah auditing. However, most of the respondents opined that shariah auditing should be a separate discipline and there should be a proper shariah audit side-by-side shariah review in the Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Almost all the respondents think that because of the involvement of huge transaction and monitoring costs, Islamic banks in Bangladesh are unwilling to carry out shariah audit instead of or along with shariah review.
Extracellular and Intracellular Cyclophilin A, Native and Post-Translationally Modified, Show Diverse and Specific Pathological Roles in Diseases

CypA (cyclophilin A) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein with peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity. Because of its highly abundant level in the cytoplasm, most studies have focused on the roles of CypA as an intracellular protein. However, emerging evidence suggests an important role for extracellular CypA in the pathogenesis of several diseases through receptor (CD147 or other)-mediated autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss the shared and unique pathological roles of extracellular and intracellular CypA in human cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the evolving role of post-translational modifications of CypA in the pathogenesis of disease is discussed. Finally, recent studies with drugs specific for extracellular CypA show its importance in disease pathogenesis in several animal models and make extracellular CypA a new therapeutic target.
Teacher perceptions of integrating technology in writing

With increasing emphasis by policymakers, there has been an increase in access to technology within schools across the globe. However, recent survey findings suggest that teachers may not be integr...