cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initiation of cholinesterase inhibitors in an inpatient setting

We examined initiation of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) to determine whether ChEIs were being newly prescribed without sufficient evaluation for dementia and/or delirium and to explore whether there are differences in outcomes, such as mortality, hospital readmission rates, and duration of hospitalization, between patients newly started on ChEI and those who continued such medications prior to admission. Patients hospitalized in fiscal year 2008 and prescribed ChEI were identified. We reviewed electronic medical records. Of 282 patients, 15.6% (44) were new-starts and 84.4% (238) were continuations. Median length of stay was 16 days in new-starts versus 6 days in continuations (P < .05). Of new-starts, 38.6% were also treated of infection. Chart review additionally suggested possible treatment of delirium by initiation of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics in 11.4% and 22.7% of new-starts, respectively. We observed a substantive practice of initiating ChEIs in hospitalized elderly patients at risk of ...
Low-dimensional representation of vowels based on all-pole modeling in the psychophysical domain

Abstract A novel speech analysis method which uses several established psychoacoustic concepts is applied to the analysis of vowels. This perceptually based linear predictive analysis (PLP) models the auditory spectrum by the spectrum of the low-order all-pole model. The auditory spectrum is derived from the speech waveform by critical-band filtering, equal-loudness curve pre-emphasis, and intensity-loudness root compression. We demonstrate through analysis of both natural and synthetic speech that psychoacoustic concepts of spectral auditory integration in vowel perception, namely the F 1, F 2′ concept of Carlson and Fant and the 3.5 Bark auditory integration concept of Chistovich, are well modeled by the PLP method. A complete speech analysis-synthesis system based on the PLP method is also described in the paper.
Versatile models of systems using map queueing networks

Analyzing the performance impact of temporal dependent workloads on hardware and software systems is a challenging task that yet must be addressed to enhance performance of real applications. For instance, existing matrix-analytic queueing models can capture temporal dependence only in systems that can be described by one or two queues, but the capacity planning of real multi-tier architectures requires larger models with arbitrary topology. To address the lack of a proper modeling technique for systems subject to temporal dependent workloads, we introduce a class of closed queueing networks where service times can have non-exponential distribution and accurately approximate temporal dependent features such as short or long range dependence. We describe these service processes using Markovian arrival processes (MAPs), which include the popular Markov-modulated Poisson processes (MMPPs) as special cases. Using a linear programming approach, we obtain for MAP closed networks tight upper and lower bounds for arbitrary performance indexes (e.g., throughput, response time, utilization). Numerical experiments indicate that our bounds achieve a mean accuracy error of 2% and promote our modeling approach for the accurate performance analysis of real multi-tier architectures.
Electronic monitoring of medication adherence in skin disease: results of a pilot study.

Abstract Background Traditional medication adherence monitoring for topical medication use in dermatology relies heavily on measures of self-reporting and ointment tube weight, which are susceptible to various biases. Methods We first assessed the feasibility of using medication electronic monitoring system caps with cream, ointment, and gel formulations. We then performed a pilot study using 10 patients given a diagnosis of psoriasis with a weekly follow-up visit. Topical salicylic acid 6% was supplied to patients in medication jars with caps that recorded the opening and closing of the bottles, without patient knowledge. Results Medication electronic monitoring system cap monitors accurately recorded the opening and closing of bottles of topical agents. Patients overreported adherence in patient logs, and there was greater detection of missed doses using electronic monitors than self-reporting through patient log (relative risk=6.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 34.09). Conclusion Electronic monitoring shows promise as a more accurate form of measuring treatment adherence to topical medication regimens.
Designing Authentication Protocols: Trends and Issues

The vulnerability and importance of computers, robots, internet etc, demand the employment of exceedingly reliable methods in the design of secure systems. Security protocols are one of the most important design parameters. History has proven security protocols to be vulnerable even after they enjoyed circumspect design and meticulous review by experts. Plethora of formal systems exist in order to verify a security protocol. We posit that understanding the subtle issues in security protocols is important when designing a formal framework. In particular, we discuss authentication protocols. We mention their characteristics and point out important design features that a security protocol designer should focus in the design process. We also describe the notion of a penetrator and specify his characteristics. Our purpose is to emphasize the design criteria of an authentication protocol, clarify some subtleties, and give suggestions and pointers that may become helpful in the field of design and verification of cryptographic protocols.
Culture, Prevention, and the Politics of Disparities

The following article is a response to Adams's (2007 [this issue]) and Griffin and Miller's (2007 [this issue]) reactions to the Major Contribution articles presented on Culturally Relevant Prevention. Each reaction article identifies important implications for engaging in culturally relevant prevention efforts that are relevant to developing this line of research in the future and integrating such work into our training programs. In particular, the importance of defining culture carefully and the politics of disparities are further discussed in this response article. In addition, the importance of learning from other disciplines how to integrate prevention practice and research into counseling psychology training is discussed.
Heavy Metal Transport CPx‐ATPases from the Thermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus

PIB-type ATPases transport diverse heavy metals (Cu(+), Ag(+), Cu(2+). Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+), Co(2+)) across membranes. Toward understanding their mechanisms of metal selectivity, we are studying thermophilic archaeal PIB-type ATPases. Like other PIB ATPases, these are characterized by the presence of a cation binding CPX sequence in their 6th transmembrane segment and by cytoplasmic N-terminus metal binding domains (N-MBDs). CopA and CopB from the thermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The resulting proteins were purified in a soluble active form. Typical yields were in the order of 3-5 mg of pure protein per liter of bacterial culture. Both enzymes showed maximum activity at 75-85 degrees C. CopA was activated by Ag(+)>Cu(+) while CopB was activated by Cu(2+)>Ag(+)>Cu(+). The differences in enzyme selectivity can be explained by different consensus sequences in the transmembrane cation binding domain (CopA: CPC, CopB: CPH). Mutagenesis studies show that the cysteines in the transmembrane CPC site of CopA are necessary for enzyme function, while those in the N-MBD (CXXC), although not essential, are required for maximum enzyme activity. Different from CopA, CopB has a His-rich N-MBD. Removal of this domain reduced enzyme activity without affecting enzyme selectivity. These studies show that these enzymes are an excellent system for structural functional studies directed to explain the mechanisms of metal selectivity by PIB ATPases.
The complement system: an unexpected role in synaptic pruning during development and disease.

An unexpected role for the classical complement cascade in the elimination of central nervous system (CNS) synapses has recently been discovered. Complement proteins are localized to developing CNS synapses during periods of active synapse elimination and are required for normal brain wiring. The function of complement proteins in the brain appears analogous to their function in the immune system: clearance of cellular material that has been tagged for elimination. Similarly, synapses tagged with complement proteins may be eliminated by microglial cells expressing complement receptors. In addition, developing astrocytes release signals that induce the expression of complement components in the CNS. In the mature brain, early synapse loss is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Complement proteins are profoundly upregulated in many CNS diseases prior to signs of neuron loss, suggesting a reactivation of similar developmental mechanisms of complementmediated synapse elimination potentially driving disease progression.
Can Physiology Zap Therapeutic Sweet Spots in Hypertension

See related article, pp 1485–1490 Resistant hypertension is a vexing medical problem. It is defined as poorly controlled blood pressure in spite of treatment with optimal doses of ≥3 different classes of drugs.1 In this context, the archetypical patient with resistant hypertension is an obese person in late middle age who might or might not have coexisting diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and mildly impaired ventricular function or diastolic dysfunction. A blood pressure value of 150 to 160/95 mm Hg or greater would not be uncommon, and such a value puts these individuals at markedly increased risk for heart attack and stroke. So, the question is what to do about these difficult-to-treat patients? Although many of these patients might respond to truly intensive multimodal lifestyle modification, this has been difficult to implement in a widespread way in real populations.2 Our obesogenic modern world is also a blood pressure raising one. In this context, device therapy, most notably catheter-based renal denervation (also called renal nerve ablation), has moved to fill this therapeutic breach.3 There are 2 basic theories about how renal denervation …
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nsp15 Protein Is an Endoribonuclease That Prefers Manganese as a Cofactor

Nonstructural protein 15 (Nsp15) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) produced in Escherichia coli has endoribonuclease activity that preferentially cleaved 5′ of uridylates of RNAs. Blocking either the 5′ or 3′ terminus did not affect cleavage. Double- and single-stranded RNAs were both substrates for Nsp15 but with different kinetics for cleavage. Mn2+ at 2 to 10 mM was needed for optimal endoribonuclease activity, but Mg2+ and several other divalent metals were capable of supporting only a low level of activity. Concentrations of Mn2+ needed for endoribonuclease activity induced significant conformation change(s) in the protein, as measured by changes in tryptophan fluorescence. A similar endoribonucleolytic activity was detected for the orthologous protein from another coronavirus, demonstrating that the endoribonuclease activity of Nsp15 may be common to coronaviruses. This work presents an initial biochemical characterization of a novel coronavirus endoribonuclease.
‘Lies, damned lies, and statistics’: pharmaceutical, device, and academic enterprises ‘in the dock’

The widely-quoted ‘Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics’ refers to the influence numerical data has in our everyday lives, as well as on policy makers of all disciplines. It has been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Disraeli, but probably originated from others[1]. While numerical data and meaningful information derived are critical in any research enterprise, they are also subject to error, both unintended and fraudulent. Recently, two widely-circulated articles in prominent lay journals [1, 2] have called attention to these concerns, and it behooves all of us in the academic and clinical practice communities, along with the pharmaceutical and medical device industries to review the issues and strive to correct whatever deficiencies exist. This is a daunting task. However, it is an effort we owe our patients in providing them with safe and effective care. Public trust depends on integrity and objectivity of all the players, a goal remaining for the future! However, the immediate priorities are erroneous reporting related to funding pressures and the pursuit of statistical significance (p
Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Localizes in Human Atheroma and Regulates Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression

Background—Recent evidence has implicated Chlamydia pneumoniae in the aggravation of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which this agent affects atherogenesis remain poorly understood. Chlamydiae produce large amounts of heat shock protein 60 (HSP 60) during chronic, persistent infections, and C pneumoniae localizes predominantly within plaque macrophages. Several studies have furnished evidence that endogenous (human) HSP 60 may play a role in atherogenesis. We tested here the hypothesis that atheroma contains chlamydial HSP 60 and that this bacterial product might stimulate macrophage functions considered relevant to atherosclerosis and its complications, such as production of proinflammatory cytokines as tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results—Surgical specimens of human carotid atherosclerotic arteries (n=19) and normal arterial wall samples (n=7, 2 carotid arteries and 5 aortas) were tested immunohistochemically for the presence of...
Is equal moral consideration really compatible with unequal moral status

The issue of moral considerability, or how much moral importance a being's interests deserve, is one of the most important in animal ethics. Some leading theorists--most notably David DeGrazia--have argued that a principle of "equal moral consideration" is compatible with "unequal moral status." Such a position would reconcile the egalitarian force of equal consideration with more stringent obligations to humans than animals. The article presents arguments that equal consideration is not compatible with unequal moral status, thereby forcing those who would justify significantly different moral protections for humans and animals to argue for unequal consideration.
The Gap in Total Quality: A Commentary

Using the routine work conversations from Fairhurst, an analysis of the jargon and themes of the total quality (TQ) and high commitment work systems (HCWS) visions was conducted. The juxtaposition of the linguistic references of both visions revealed a gap in TQ. In this commentary, we explore the implications of this gap and how it may be related to organizational change.
Crystal cookery – using high-throughput technologies and the grocery store as a teaching tool

Crystallography is a multidisciplinary field that links divergent areas of mathematics, science and engineering to provide knowledge of life on an atomic scale. Crystal growth, a key component of the field, is an ideal vehicle for education. Crystallization has been used with a `grocery store chemistry' approach and linked to high-throughput remote-access screening technologies. This approach provides an educational opportunity that can effectively teach the scientific method, readily accommodate different levels of educational experience, and reach any student with access to a grocery store, a post office and the internet. This paper describes the formation of the program through the students who helped develop and prototype the procedures. A summary is presented of the analysis and preliminary results and a description given of how the program could be linked with other aspects of crystallography. This approach has the potential to bridge the gap between students in remote locations and with limited funding, and access to scientific resources, providing students with an international-level research experience.
Architectonics, rhetoric, and poetics in the bakhtin school’s early phenomenological and sociological texts

Bakhtin's work from the late 1920s and 1930s on the novel has been the principal source for critical discussion of his views of rhetoric and poetics—a discussion in which both arts are deprecated—but his early phenomenological work on architectonics and Voloshinov's early sociological work provide alternative sources that offer fresh terms for rethinking these discursive practices. The phenomenological works permit us to reconceptualize rhetoric as the primary discourse of active evaluative being-in-the-world and poetry as an imitation of that discourse that makes it available for aesthetic contemplation. The sociological work preserves the relation of speaker/agent to the other that the phenomenological work emphasizes and adds to it a relation of speaker to listener. The translation of the phenomenological terms to a sociological register brings the theory closer to life and history.
Design of Efficient LightPipes for Illumination by an Analytical Approach.

We present the concept of principal sections of a lightpipe to analyze the propagation of light through the lightpipe by total internal reflection. Only the principal sections determine the acceptance angle and thus help in the identification of regions where the leakage occurs first. Use of principal sections for analysis leads to a significant reduction in the design effort. We present an analysis of several commonly used lightpipe configurations, e.g., straight and single circular bend, and different cross sections, e.g., elliptical and rectangular. This analysis leads to the maximization of throughput and transfer efficiency. The uniformity characteristics of elementary configurations and scaling factors for a lightpipe with a single circular bend are also discussed.
AP1000 Plant CILC/CIPS Risk Assessment Using Advanced TH Methodology

Similar to many existing Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR), the AP1000® cores will undergo sub-cooled nucleate boiling in the upper grid spans of some fuel assemblies at normal operating conditions. Sub-cooled nucleate boiling may increase crud deposits on the fuel cladding surface which may increase the risk of Crud Induced Power Shift (CIPS) and/or Crud Induced Localized Corrosion (CILC). A CIPS/CILC risk assessment has been performed to support the AP1000 fuel assembly design finalization.In this paper, the advanced thermal-hydraulic (TH) methodology used in the AP1000 plant CIPS/CILC risk assessments are summarized and discussed, and the relationship between the CIPS/CILC mechanisms, fuel reliability, and plant operating conditions is also presented. Finally, acceptable AP1000 core CIPS/CILC risk assessment results are summarized and suggestions that specifically target reducing CIPS/CILC risks for AP1000 plants are described.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cooperative jamming via spectrum leasing

Secure communication rates can be facilitated or enhanced via deployment of cooperative jammers in a multi-terminal environment. Such an approach typically assumes dedicated and/or altruistic jamming nodes, investing their resources for the good of the whole system. In this paper, we demonstrate that jammers can be recruited to provide significant improvements of secrecy rates even when this assumption is alleviated. A game-theoretic framework is proposed where a source node, towards the maximization of its secrecy rate, utilizes the jamming services from a set of non-altruistic nodes, compensating them with a fraction of its bandwidth for transmission of their user data. With the goal of maximizing their user-data transmission rate priced by the invested power, potential cooperative jammers will provide the jamming/transmitting power that is generally proportional to the amount of leased bandwidth. Elaborating initially on a single-jammer scenario, interaction between the source and a cooperative jammer is modeled as the Stackelberg leader-follower game. The scheme is further extended to involve multiple potential jammers, applying competition mechanisms such as the auctioning and power control game, while maintaining the Stackelberg framework.
Thermal acclimation effects differ between voluntary, maximum, and critical swimming velocities in two cyprinid fishes.

Abstract Temperature acclimation may be a critical component of the locomotor physiology and ecology of ectothermic animals, particularly those living in eurythermal environments. Several studies of fish report striking acclimation of biochemical and kinetic properties in isolated muscle. However, the relatively few studies of whole‐animal performance report variable acclimation responses. We test the hypothesis that different types of whole‐animal locomotion will respond differently to temperature acclimation, probably due to divergent physiological bases of locomotion. We studied two cyprinid fishes, tinfoil barbs (Puntius schwanenfeldii) and river barbels (Barbus barbus). Study fish were acclimated to either cold or warm temperatures for at least 6 wk and then assayed at four test temperatures for three types of swimming performance. We measured voluntary swimming velocity to estimate routine locomotor behavior, maximum fast start velocity to estimate anaerobic capacity, and critical swimming velocity ...
Molecular anatomy of a speckle

Direct localization of specific genes, RNAs, and proteins has allowed the dissection of individual nuclear speckles in relation to the molecular biology of gene expression. Nuclear speckles (aka SC35 domains) are essentially ubiquitous structures enriched for most pre-mRNA metabolic factors, yet their relationship to gene expression has been poorly understood. Analyses of specific genes and their spliced or mature mRNA strongly support that SC35 domains are hubs of activity, not stores of inert factors detached from gene expression. We propose that SC35 domains are hubs that spatially link expression of specific pre-mRNAs to rapid recycling of copious RNA metabolic complexes, thereby facilitating expression of many highly active genes. In addition to increasing the efficiency of each step, sequential steps in gene expression are structurally integrated at each SC35 domain, consistent with other evidence that the biochemical machineries for transcription, splicing, and mRNA export are coupled. Transcription and splicing are subcompartmentalized at the periphery, with largely spliced mRNA entering the domain prior to export. In addition, new findings presented here begin to illuminate the structural underpinnings of a speckle by defining specific perturbations of phosphorylation that promote disassembly or assembly of an SC35 domain in relation to other components. Results thus far are consistent with the SC35 spliceosome assembly factor as an integral structural component. Conditions that disperse SC35 also disperse poly(A) RNA, whereas the splicing factor ASF/SF2 can be dispersed under conditions in which SC35 or SRm300 remain as intact components of a core domain.
INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY ORDER AND DURATIONS USING BOTH STRATIGRAPHY AND CLADISTICS IN A FOSSIL LINEAGE (BRYOZOA: PERONOPORA)

Abstract In the Ordovician bryozoan genus, Peronopora, stratigraphic occurrences and cladistic branching order are significantly correlated, indicating sequential development of both patterns in geological time. Five species have stratigraphic first appearances in the exact order predicted by cladistics, but eleven species require downward-range extensions to match cladistic order. Reduced major-axis regression-based corrections and ghost range extensions represent two alternative modifications of first appearance data, with the latter more strongly supported by stratigraphic congruence indices. Tests of the robustness of observed first appearances, based on the density of sampled horizons and magnitudes of stratigraphic gaps, support the probabilistic appearance of descendant species stratigraphically above their putative ancestors in eight of fifteen ancestor-descendant pairs. A 24 m sampling gap occurs below the base of the Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone, a unit marking the first appearances...
A unified approach to reduce SOC test data volume, scan power and testing time

We present a test resource partitioning (TRP) technique that simultaneously reduces test data volume, test application time, and scan power. The proposed approach is based on the use of alternating run-length codes for test data compression. We present a formal analysis of the amount of data compression obtained using alternating run-length codes. We show that a careful mapping of the don't-cares in precomputed test sets to 1's and 0's leads to significant savings in peak and average power, without requiring either a slower scan clock or blocking logic in the scan cells. We present a rigorous analysis to show that the proposed TRP technique reduces testing time compared to a conventional scan-based scheme. We also improve upon prior work on run-length coding by showing that test sets that minimize switching activity during scan shifting can be more efficiently compressed using alternating run-length codes. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS89 benchmarks and an IBM production circuit show that reduced test data volume, test application time, and low power-scan testing can indeed be achieved in all cases.
Acceleration of polarized proton in high energy accelerators

The understanding of polarized proton acceleration in the high energy accelerator is reviewed. In high energy accelerators, snakes are needed to preserve polarization. The author analyzes the effects of snake resonances, snake imperfections, and overlapping resonances on spin depolarization. He discusses results of snake experiments at the IUCF (Indiana University Cyclotron Facility) cooler ring. The snake can be overcome by various kinds of spin depolarization resonances. These experiments pointed out that a partial snake can be used to cure the imperfection resonances in low to medium energy accelerators. >
Quantum interference in polyenes

The explicit form of the zeroth Green's function in the Huckel model, approximated by the negative of the inverse of the Huckel matrix, has direct quantum interference consequences for molecular conductance. We derive a set of rules for transmission between two electrodes attached to a polyene, when the molecule is extended by an even number of carbons at either end (transmission unchanged) or by an odd number of carbons at both ends (transmission turned on or annihilated). These prescriptions for the occurrence of quantum interference lead to an unexpected consequence for switches which realize such extension through electrocyclic reactions: for some specific attachment modes the chemically closed ring will be the ON position of the switch. Normally the signs of the entries of the Green's function matrix are assumed to have no physical significance; however, we show that the signs may have observable consequences. In particular, in the case of multiple probe attachments – if coherence in probe connections can be arranged – in some cases new destructive interference results, while in others one may have constructive interference. One such case may already exist in the literature.
Unsupervised segmentation of conversational transcripts

Contact centers provide dialog-based support to organizations to address various customer-related issues. We have observed that calls at contact centers mostly follow well-defined patterns. Such call flows could specify how an agent should proceed in a call, handle objections, persuade customers, follow compliance issues, etc., and could also help to structure the operational process of call handling. Automatically identifying such patterns in terms of distinct segments from a collection of transcripts of conversations would improve productivity of agents as well as enable easy verification of whether calls comply with guidelines. Call transcripts from call centers typically tend to be noisy owing to the noise arising from agent-caller distractions, and errors introduced by the speech recognition engine. Such noise makes classical text segmentation algorithms such as TextTiling, which work on each transcript in isolation, very inappropriate. But such noise effects become statistically insignificant over a corpus of similar calls. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to segment conversational transcripts in an unsupervised way utilizing corpus level information of similar call transcripts. We show that our approach outperforms the classical TextTiling algorithm and also describes ways to improve the segmentation using limited supervision. We discuss various ways of evaluating such an algorithm. We apply the proposed algorithm to a corpus of transcripts of calls from a car reservation call center and evaluate it using various evaluation measures. We apply segmentation to the problem of automatically checking the compliance of agents and show that our segmentation algorithm considerably improves the precision. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Wavelet-based linear system modeling and adaptive filtering

It is shown how linear time-varying systems can be modeled in several different ways by discrete-time wavelets or, more generally, by some set of functions. Interpretation of physical meanings, possible efficiency, and other characteristics of the modeling are considered. System identification minimizing the mean square output error is studied. Optimal coefficients and the corresponding minimum mean square error are found, and they are, in general, time varying. Least-mean-square adaptive filtering algorithms are derived for on-line filtering and system Identification. Theoretically and by simulations, the advantages of using wavelet-based filtering are shown: separation of adaptation effects from unknown time-varying system behavior and fast convergence. Adaptive coefficients estimated by a recursive-least-square algorithm can tend toward constants, even in the case of time-varying systems. Time-invariant system identification and adaptive filtering is given as a special case of the general time-varying setting.
QUALITY/CAPACITY SUBSTITUTION IN THE DELIVERY OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE

This paper stresses chronicity as an essential aspect of mental illness, and develops an analysis of the mental health services delivery problem in which chronicity plays a central role. This emphasis leads in turn to a discussion of the importance of "treatment quality" in determining long run health care costs. The paper focusses on two sources of inefficiency in the mental health services system: the possibility that there are local optima in services delivery cost functions, and the fact that separately-managed treatment centers are interdependent because the treatment practices of one affect the patient flows of others. A formal analysis of these problems is provided, supplemented by a simulation model that can provide a much more detailed description of outcomes and costs. Finally, there is a short discussion of the use of subsidization to offset the effects of interdependence. Most of the literature in medical care economics focuses on the provision of episodic medical treat- ment, and not on care for chronic illness. This is a severe limitation in many branches of medicine, but it is particularly restrictive in the analysis of mental health care, for which chronicity is the rule rather than the exception. Moreover, the medical care litera- ture generally presumes the existence of more or less standardized treatment methods (possibly graduated in quality) with known consequences, or at least with known probability distributions defined over possible outcomes. In contrast, diagnosis in mental health areas is often quite uncertain, and treatments for similar disorders vary widely among institutions and among providers with different treatment philosophies. Chronicity imposes special economic burdens on any health care system. In the first place, it limits the potential of insurance for providing private care, because the expenses of future treatments are not insurable risks. In the second place, chronicity limits the private economic capacity of those who are afflicted, particularly in the case of mental illness. Thus, while a network of private and publicly sub- sidized private institutions has developed to meet needs for unanticipated episodic medical care, the chronically mentally ill are treated for the most part in public institutions and at public expense. Because of this, conventional competitive market analyses are probably less relevant to mental health care delivery than are discussions of the managerial problems of providing mental health care in the presence of exogenous demand and considerable uncertainty con- cerning both diagnosis and treatment effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the problem of "quality" of care and its implications for long run cost in the treatment of the chronically mentally ill. The focus is not on any single empirical aspect of mental health care, but is on the general problem of variations in the quality of services and
Phase I Study of the Aurora A Kinase Inhibitor Alisertib in Combination With Irinotecan and Temozolomide for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma: A NANT (New Approaches to Neuroblastoma Therapy) Trial

PurposeAlisertib is an oral Aurora A kinase inhibitor with preclinical activity in neuroblastoma. Irinotecan and temozolomide have activity in patients with advanced neuroblastoma. The goal of this phase I study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of alisertib with irinotecan and temozolomide in this population.Patients and MethodsPatients age 1 to 30 years with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma were eligible. Patients received alisertib tablets at dose levels of 45, 60, and 80 mg/m2 per day on days 1 to 7 along with irinotecan 50 mg/m2 intravenously and temozolomide 100 mg/m2 orally on days 1 to 5. Dose escalation of alisertib followed the rolling six design. Samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic testing were obtained.ResultsTwenty-three patients enrolled, and 22 were eligible and evaluable for dose escalation. A total of 244 courses were administered. The MTD for alisertib was 60 mg/m2, with mandatory myeloid growth factor support and cephalosporin prophylaxis for diarrhea. Th...
Insights into Implementing Research Collaborations between Research-Intensive Universities and Minority-Serving Institutions.

With the high demand to build the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce and the disparity of underrepresented minorities in STEM fields, there have been increased educational efforts to diversify STEM fields. This article describes what works in research collaborations between research-intensive universities (RIUs) and minority-serving institutions (MSIs) for increasing the likelihood of pursuing an advanced degree in science, in particular plant breeding. Using a longitudinal case study design, the research collaboration experience is captured from the perspectives of faculty at research-intensive universities and faculty and students from minority-serving institutions through mixed methods, including surveys, interviews, and site visits. All those involved felt the program was valuable and enhanced the experiences of students at the minority-serving institutions by providing research opportunities; however, the intended goal of developing a future pipeline of students into plant breeding was not met. Despite this, the Triticeae Coordinated Agricultural Project (TCAP) research collaborations with the participating MSIs show some promise and there are lessons to be learned for future efforts.
Does the Degree of Consensus on Occupational Status Evaluations Differ by Socioeconomic Stratum? Response to Guppy

Very few persons of high school age ever will become Supreme Court Justices, yet nearly all would agree that Supreme Court Justices have very high occupational prestige. A substantial percentage will become manual laborers, although it is widely agreed that manual labor, while important, carries relatively low occupational prestige. People's entry into occupations is conditioned both by societal allocation mechanisms and by individual aspirations; and the latter have multiple sources, not all of which are closely connected to occupational prestige Jencks). Still, the proposition remains,
A Study on Epidemiology among HCMV Clinical Strains Isolated from Infants

Objective To explore the type of disease and pathogenic character of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) clinical strains isolated from infants of Hunan province.Methods Urine samples from 0～1-year-old infants with clinical symptoms were inoculated into confluent monolayers of human embryonic lung fibroblasts,a total of 29 HCMV were isolated.A comprehensive pathogenic research is conducted according to the diagnosis results including liver function,blood routine and other indicators of the children.The results indicated that HCMV can be isolated from infants with neuron trauma,pneumonia,hepatitis,colonitis and enteritis,lower albuminemia etc.gB gene of 29 isolated HCMV were cloned and its genotyping were analysised.Conclusion The disease type of infant HCMV is extensive and HCMV is precipitating factor of multi-disease.gB genotyping showed that gB-1 was the primary type from HCMV-infected infants in Hunan province.
Education into Humanity

Coming from an Oxford-trained academic and member of an intellectual elite, Locke’s dissent from the conventional norms of educational theory and practice represented yet another aspect of his larger project to redefine acceptable standards of authority in the late seventeenth century, to find a stable basis on which to guide thought and conduct. Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), his principal statement on educational matters, resulted from the confluence of a number of intellectual forces, not the least of which were his previous statements, voiced in the Essay, respecting the origin of ideas and the role of the mind active in the learning process. But equally as important to the development of his educational theory was an acute and prolonged observation of human behaviour in a variety of settings, including formal academic ones. Locke wished to discover the appropriate method of bringing the child into a mature use of reason because he was convinced that only through education would the youngster become a moral agent worthy of salvation. Education alone would make us truly human; it alone would restore the use of mature reason enjoyed by our first parents before the Fall. To leave the child in a state of untutored liberty, he maintained in Two Treatises of Government, was to thrust him out ‘amongst brutes, and abandon him to a state as wretched, and as much beneath that of a Man, as theirs’.1
Regulation of glucokinase in liver.

Publisher Summary Glucokinase is a unique glucose-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) phosphotransferase with adaptive and kinetic properties that endow it with special physiological significance in the utilization of glucose by liver. The existence of a hexokinase with unusual properties was foreshadowed by several features of liver physiology. Glucokinase is unstable, and special precautions are necessary to retain activity. The association of glucokinase with major hepatic functions suggests that this isozyme might be localized in parenchymal cells. Glucokinase activity does not drop to as low a level with glucose deprivation as with insulin deprivation. The specific role of insulin in glucokinase induction is implied by striking inhibitory effects of various glycogenolytic hormones and other agents on the glucokinase response to re-feeding of glucose. From a consideration of all the properties of glucokinase, it can be concluded that it is not involved in the physiological utilization of sugars other than glucose, it is not likely to be affected by physiological concentration variations of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or glucose 6-phosphate; and it is free of allosteric effects. The major factors that determine its activity appear to be the concentration of glucose and the activity level of the enzyme, modulated by prior dietary history and hormonal status.
Standards-based external exams and students’ science-related career expectations: an international perspective

ABSTRACTStudents’ science-related career expectations are important for predicting their future science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related educational and occupational attainments. This study examines the degree to which standards-based external examinations are associated with a student’s propensity for pursuing science-related professional occupations. The science-related fields included in the analysis are mathematics, physical and life science, and engineering/computing. Three-level hierarchical generalized linear models are employed to analyse international survey and student achievement data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The analyses show that students in national education systems that require standards-based external examinations have lower expectations for science-related professional careers than students in the systems that do not use such examinations. This negative association remained constant by gender as well as across levels of scien...
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine Morphology and Outcomes of Hip Arthroscopy in Soccer Athletes: A Comparison to Nonkicking Athletes.

Purpose To describe the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) morphology and clinical outcomes following arthroscopic surgical decompression in a group of high-level soccer athletes presenting with symptomatic hip impingement when compared with a control group of nonkicking athletes. Methods From 2009 to 2012, we retrospectively reviewed our prospective hip registry for soccer athletes who underwent arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with 2-year follow-up, comparing with a control group of nonkicking athletes. Demographics were collected and radiographic studies (plain radiograph and computed tomographic scan) reviewed for several parameters, including AIIS morphology. Patient-reported outcome scores, including modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) and Sport-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and International Hip Outcome Tool–33 (iHOT-33), were administered preoperatively, at 6 months, and at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. Results Twenty-six soccer players (34 hips) and 87 nonkicking athletes (115) hips were identified. Demographics, including age (19.2 ± 4.1 vs 20.1 ± 3.8 years) and gender distribution (53.8% vs 51.7% male), were similar between the soccer and nonkicking athletes ( P = .288, .849). Eighty-four percent of soccer players demonstrated some abnormality of the AIIS extending to (type II, 52%) or below the anterior acetabular rim (type III, 32%), compared with 52% nonkicking athletes ( P P P = .804; HOS-ADL: 94.1 ± 9.1 vs 92.2 ± 11.1, P = .431; HOS-SSS: 86 ± 17.1 vs 81.3 ± 24.3, P = .362) with the exception of iHOT-33 (81.7 ± 19 vs 70.3 ± 23.6, P = .027). Conclusions High-level soccer players have a significantly higher rate of subspine impingement compared with nonkicking athletes. There should be a high index of suspicion when treating soccer players for FAI, where appropriate recognition and treatment of subspine impingement can yield excellent clinical results. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective case-control study.
Group presence, category labels, and generic statements influence children to treat descriptive group regularities as prescriptive.

Abstract Children use descriptive regularities of social groups (what is) to generate prescriptive judgments (what should be). We examined whether this tendency held when the regularities were introduced through group presence, category labels, or generic statements. Children (ages 4–9 years, N = 203) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions that manipulated how descriptive group regularities were presented: group presence (e.g., “These ones [a group of three individuals] eat this kind of berry”), category labels (e.g., “This [individual] Hibble eats this kind of berry”), generic statements (e.g., [showing an individual] “Hibbles eat this kind of berry”), or control (e.g., “This one [individual] eats this kind of berry”). Then, children saw conforming and non-conforming individuals and were asked to evaluate their behavior. As predicted, children evaluated non-conformity negatively in all conditions except the control condition. Together, these results suggest that minimal perceptual and linguistic cues provoke children to treat social groups as having normative force.
A Strategy to Enhance Student Experiences in Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response: Medical Reserve Corps Nursing Student Summer Externship

Development of the public health nursing workforce is crucial to advancing our nation's health. Many organizations, including the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Health and Human Services, have identified the need for strengthening academia's connection to public health and tailoring experiences to enhance workforce competency. The Oklahoma Medical Reserve Corps (OKMRC) Nursing Student Summer Externship was developed as a strategy to provide nursing students with strengthened knowledge and skills in disaster response through a structured summer volunteer experience with nurse educators within the OKMRC. The Medical Reserve Corps is a national organization with more than 200 000 volunteers dedicated to strengthening public health, improving emergency response capabilities, and building community resiliency. In the summer of 2015, the OKMRC offered a 10-week public health emergency preparedness and response externship pilot program to 8 nursing students. In the summer of 2016, the program expanded to include 3 Oklahoma baccalaureate nursing programs. Students completed trainings and participated in activities designed to provide a broad base of knowledge, an awareness of the local disaster plans, and leadership skills to assist their communities with preparedness and disaster response.
The consumption of patriarchy: commodification to facilitation and reification

AbstractThere is an abundance of research from cultural, critical and feminist criminology that has recognized media as a vehicle to propagate various forms of gender inequality and violence against women. Likewise, there has been extensive research on how childhood products and toys replicate the patriarchal construction of gender. However, these bodies of research have been relatively silent on how the commodification of culture is consumed and reified by the very population it oppresses (i.e. women). Here, we argue that violence against women is commodified and eagerly consumed in an age of neo-liberalism, legitimizing the patriarchal power structures that subordinate women. Our goal is to begin a discussion of female consumption of the commodification that gives consent and facilitates the patriarchal perpetual power system. Using examples from media and the consumer market, we hope to begin a broader discussion of how patriarchy, gender roles and inequality are reinforced through everyday banal consu...