cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberia's War Recurrence: Grievance over Greed

Scholars of peacebuilding are increasingly moving beyond questions of how to reach negotiated settlements to how an apparently stable postwar peace can be consolidated. Liberia offers a good case study, as its civil war of 1990–96 seemed to have concluded with an internationally supported election in 1997 and the withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces. Yet it experienced renewed warfare involving many of the same actors by 2000. What explains the failure of Liberia's peace? Recent research on civil wars has emphasized the causal role of poverty, natural resource dependency, and weak state institutions. Although Liberia reflects many of these factors, I argue here that grievance and exclusionary behavior underlie Liberia's civil war recurrence. These findings suggest that national actors and international peacebuilders should focus strategies on addressing postwar elected governments’ exclusionary conduct toward former enemies.
Revisiting health and mental health linkages: a policy whose time has come ... again.

This review and policy analysis examines the connection between physical and mental health. The review includes an analysis of individual diagnoses of physical and mental illness and training issues for both health and mental health professionals. A summary of earlier efforts to link health and mental health services includes a brief history of federal involvement and evaluation of linkage efforts. Linkage examples from a rural context are described briefly. Barriers to successful linkages are discussed with some suggestions for overcoming these obstacles. Policy recommendations for encouraging and establishing health and mental health linkages are presented.
Negative Beliefs as a Moderator of the Intention–Behavior Relationship: Decisions to Use Performance‐Enhancing Substances

The theory of reasoned action framework was used to examine performance-enhancing substance use among a sample of college athletes in a prospective longitudinal design. Results indicate that attitudes and subjective norms predicted intention to use the substances, and these intentions predicted actual substance use 6 weeks later. A statistically significant interaction emerged between negative beliefs and intentions predicting behavior such that as negative beliefs grew increasingly negative, the intention–behavior relationship became stronger. Practical and theoretical implications of the influence of negative information on the intention–behavior relationship are discussed.
X-ray scattering and thermal analysis study of the effects of molecular weight on phase structure in blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) with polycarbonate

Blends of Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, with Polycarbonate, PC, were studied for a range of molecular weights and blend compositions. Blends were available in PBT/PC compositions 80/20 and 40/60, and with Mw designated by H (high) or L (low). Samples were prepared by melt crystallization, or by cold crystallization following a rapid quench from the melt. Addition of PC reduces the crystallization kinetics of PBT so that the resulting crystals are more perfect than those which form in the homopolymer. Degree of crystallinity of the blends followed the rank ordering: L/L > L/H > H/L = H/H. The glass transition behavior was investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). All blends exhibited two glass transitions at intermediate temperatures between the Tgs of the homopolymers, indicating existence of a PBT-rich phase and a PC-rich phase. Blends L/L were most, and H/H the least, miscible. Small-angle X-ray scattering was performed at room temperature on cold crystallized blends, or at elevated temperature during melt crystallization. The long period was consistently larger, and the linear stack crystallinity was consistently smaller, in blends L/L or H/L. These results indicate that in blends containing low Mw PC, there is more PC located within the PBT-rich phase. The long period was consistently smaller in cold crystallized samples, while the linear stack crystallinity was nearly the same, regardless of melt or cold crystallization treatment. Reduction of the average long period in cold crystallized samples could result from crystallization of PBT within the PC-rich phase. This is consistent with thermal analysis results, which indicate that cold crystallized samples have greater overall crystallinity than melt crystallized samples. A hypothetical liquid phase diagram is presented to explain the differences between melt and cold crystallized blends. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How urgent is medical care cost containment

Abstract This paper argues that the standard, normative, static economic model brings out an element of truth that a proportion of medical expenditure in both the U.S. and Japan is inefficient. Yet the static analysis leads to the misleading inference that the rate of growth is seriously distorted. Discussing welfare loss in a dynamic context is very essential.
DNA Mismatch Repair: The Hands of a Genome Guardian

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is initiated when the MutS protein recognizes damaged DNA. Crystal structures of MutS bound to mispaired and unpaired DNA show how MutS distinguishes damaged from undamaged DNA and explain how a broad variety of DNA mismatch lesions can be detected. The structures suggest mechanisms for the ATP-induced structural regulation of multistep DNA repair processes.
Regional Trends in Sulfate Wet Deposition

Abstract I propose a multiple time series model for data from a network of monitoring stations that have both temporal and spatial correlation. The model includes a separate mean and trend for each monitoring station and obtains spatial estimates of mean and trend by smoothing the observed values over a rectangular grid using a discrete smoothing prior. Smoothing parameters and covariance estimates can be chosen subjectively or selected using indirect generalized cross-validation. The gridded values and their standard errors can be used for several purposes, including inference on regional means or trends and improving monitoring networks via station rearrangement.
Intravenous Hemostat: Nanotechnology to Halt Bleeding

Blood loss is the major cause of death in both civilian and battlefield traumas. Methods to staunch bleeding include pressure dressings and absorbent materials. For example, QuikClot effectively halts bleeding by absorbing large quantities of fluid and concentrating platelets to augment clotting, but these treatments are limited to compressible and exposed wounds. An ideal treatment would halt bleeding only at the injury site, be stable at room temperature, be administered easily, and work effectively for internal injuries. We have developed synthetic platelets based on Arg-Gly-Asp functionalized nanoparticles, which halve bleeding time after intravenous administration in a rat model of major trauma. The effects of these synthetic platelets surpass other treatments, including recombinant factor VIIa, which is used clinically for uncontrolled bleeding. Synthetic platelets were cleared within 24 hours at a dose of 20 mg/ml, and no complications were seen out to 7 days after infusion, the longest time point studied. These synthetic platelets may be useful for early intervention in trauma and demonstrate the role that nanotechnology can have in addressing unmet medical needs.
The quantitative bioassay of nerve growth factor: use of frozen ‘primed’ PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

A quantitative bioassay for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been previously described which employs PC13 rat pheochromocytoma cells. The basis of this assay is that rapid neurite regeneration by PC12 cells pretreated ('primed') with NGF for at least a week is quantitatively related to the amount of NGF present in the culture medium. The present experiments demonstrate that NGF-pretreated PC12 cells retain their priming for over a year when appropriately frozen and stored and that such frozen cells can be employed for the quantitative bioassay of NGF. The major advantage of this assay is that large numbers of cells can be primed at a time (in suspension culture) and stored in aliquots until future use. The newly described bioassay employs the frozen primed cells essentially as reagents and avoids the need to have freshly primed cultures on hand.
WE-D-BRB-04: An Evaluation Study of Treatment Planning of Brain Tumor Using Implanted Neutron Brachytherapy and Compared with Photon IMRT

Purpose: The objective of this study is to perform a plan evaluation using Californium‐252 neutronbrachytherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas and compare the neutronbrachytherapy planning with photonIMRT planning. Materials/Methods: After a phase I trial of neutronbrachytherapy (Cf‐252 implant) for the treatment of malignant gliomas, there is renewed interest to evaluate the effectiveness of radiation therapy using neutronbrachytherapy compared with photonIMRT. Here we performed a dosimetric comparison of two treatment plans based on the same patient using equivalent prescribed dose. Isodose lines and dose volume histogram of braintumor and adjacent critical structures were used for plan evaluation. Dose of neutronbrachytherapy was calculated using CT‐converted Monte Carlo model and simulated by Monte Carlo code MCNPX. The tissue component of Monte Carlo model was adapted from the sectioned images of human cadavers of the Visible Human Project of NLM. Dose of IMRT plan was calculated using Pinnacle3 TPS. A relative biological effectiveness of 6 was used to determine the neutron equivalent dose (ncGy) for central nervous system (CNS) tissues. An equivalent dose of 6000 cGy was prescribed for both the IMRT plan and the neutronbrachytherapy plan. Results: The targets were well covered by the 95% isodose line in both IMRT and neutronbrachytherapy plans. Comparing the IMRT and Cf‐252 neutronbrachytherapy, the mean dose was 6102 cGy and 6708 ncGy for target, 403 cGy and 177 ncGy for brainstem, 1022 cGy and 311 cGy for chiasm, 311 cGy and 275 ncGy for pituitary, and 705 cGy and 420 ncGy for brain, respectively. Conclusions: Cf‐252 Brachytherapy provided conformal dose distribution to the braintumor and reduced the dose to the surrounding critical organs compared to IMRT. The implanted Cf‐252 source provides high dose to braintumor and reduces the radiation exposure of normal brain.
Regulation of alkaline phosphatase and alpha2(I) procollagen synthesis during early intramembranous bone formation in the rat mandible

Abstract We have studied intramembranous bone formation in the developing rat mandible. In this system discrete developmental stages can be readily distinguished: mesenchymal condensation, osteoid deposition, and mineralization. In mandibles of 14-day rat embryos avascular condensed mesenchymal cells can be discerned in a region lateral to Meckel's cartilage and anterior to the first molar bud. In 18-day embryos primary bone structures with mineral deposition are evident, and at 2 days postnatally the mandible is extensively mineralized. In the developing mandible we investigated the pattern of bone/liver/kidney/placenta (BLKP) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alpha2(I) procollagen expression in the differentiating osteoblasts. The level of ALP activity in loose mesenchymal tissue is close to background levels. In contrast, the condensed mesenchymal cells in 14-day embryos, which will subsequently form bone, display intense ALP activity prior to discernible osteoid or mineral deposition. ALP activity in the condensed mesenchymal cells can be inhibited by levami-sole, indicating activity of the BLKP gene product. We could not detect a corresponding increase in transcript level for either ALP or alpha2(I) in the condensed mes-enchyme in 14-day embryo using in situ hybridization, probably due to low message abundance. At 18 days, cells throughout the developing mandible express ALP activity, and intense in situ hybridization to BLKP ALP probes is evident in cells lining the developing bone trabeculae. Alpha2(I) procollagen transcripts have accumulated in cells of the developing mandibular bone, but are not specifically localized to osteoblastic cells. Our results demonstrate that ALP activity is a very early marker of differentiation of cells of the osteogenic lineage, since a marked increase in ALP enzyme activity is clearly detectable in condensed mesenchymal cells prior to osteoid or mineral deposition. In contrast, Wright and Leblond [39], using the same model system and immunohistochemistry, could not localize type I collagen to preosteoblastic cells surrounding the developing bone trabeculae, and demonstrated localization of type I collagen to osteoblasts bordering developing trabeculae, indicating a substantial increase in type I collagen expression (at least at the protein level) during preosteoblast to osteoblast differentiation. These results indicate a discrete pattern of regulation for both the ALP and alpha2(I) genes during osteogenic differentiation, which may involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation.
Aristotle on Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law

At least since John Locke, writers have pitted power against lawfulness, championing the rule of law for its protection of the political order against both popular and governmental overreaching. Aristotle is often cited as the source of this opposition between power and lawfulness insofar as he takes law to constrain the overreaching characteristic of human nature, the rule of law to exemplify reason’s moderation of desire, and the constitution to be the source of the rule of law. Offering an interpretation of Aristotle which challenges the opposition between reason and desire driving most formulations of the rule of law, this Article argues that Aristotle understands the rule of law as itself a practice of political power, issuing from practical wisdom, which combines reason and desire. Treating the rule of law, in this way, as the rule of men as well raises the possibility that the question of political authority, at the heart of debates about constitutionalism, is at the same time a question of political authorship and accountability — accountability to, and of, both a regime and a people.
Red shiner invasion and hybridization with blacktail shiner in the upper Coosa River, USA

Human disturbance increases the invasibility of lotic ecosystems and the likelihood of hybridization between invasive and native species. We investigated whether disturbance contributed to the invasion of red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and their hybridization with native blacktail shiner (C. venusta stigmatura) in the Upper Coosa River System (UCRS). Historical records indicated that red shiners and hybrids rapidly dispersed in the UCRS via large, mainstem rivers since the mid to late 1990s. We measured the occurrence and abundance of parental species and hybrids near tributary-mainstem confluences and characterized populations at these incipient contact zones by examining variation across morphological traits and molecular markers. Red shiners represented only 1.2% of total catch in tributaries yet introgression was widespread with hybrids accounting for 34% of total catch. Occurrence of red shiners and hybrids was highly correlated with occurrence of blacktail shiners, indicating that streams with native populations are preferentially colonized early in the invasion and that hybridization is a key process in the establishment of red shiners and their genome in new habitats. Tributary invasion was driven by post-F1 hybrids with proportionately greater genomic contributions from blacktail shiner. Occurrence of red shiners and hybrids and the relative abundance of hybrids significantly increased with measures of human disturbance including turbidity, catchment agricultural land use, and low dissolved oxygen concentration. Red shiners are a significant threat to Southeast Cyprinella diversity, given that 41% of these species hybridize with red shiner, that five southeastern drainages are invaded, and that these drainages are increasingly disturbed by urbanization.
Analysis of current-voltage characteristics of fully depleted SOI MOSFETs

Abstract An analytic model for fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is derived. In the model, the inversion charge density is related to the front surface potential by the theorems developed for bulk and SOI MOSFETs. The model, which is valid for back surface depletion and accumulation, describes correctly the threshold voltage, the drain current, and the small signal parameters in all regions of operation. The charge-sheet model and strong-inversion assumption are contained and considered approximations in this model.
Variational solutions to stresses in cracked cross-ply laminates under bending

Abstract Approximate analytical solutions based on a variational approach are presented for stresses in two cross-ply laminates, [90 m /0 n ] s and [0 m /90 n ] s , with matrix cracks in the 90° layers, subjected to bending. The analysis assumes a plane stress state in longitudinal sections of the laminate and accounts for the lack of symmetry caused by partially closed crack planes or by cracks present on one side of the laminate mid-plane. Comparisons with finite element analysis for laminates of glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy show that the stress components in the cracked layers in the regions of interest are in good agreement with analytical results. The model is therefore suitable for predicting matrix crack multiplication in addition to estimating the residual flexural stiffness. The results obtained show that the transverse normal stress at the 0/90 interface is compressive for [0/90] s laminate, while this stress is tensile in regions of the interface closer to the crack for the [90/0] s laminate. Thus the analysis suggests that delamination is possible under bending in the [90/0] s laminate.
La formation dans l’enseignement de la psychologie pour les étudiants de cycle supérieur : les compétences essentielles pour les nouveaux enseignants☆

Resume Quelles competences pedagogiques sont necessaires pour les nouveaux enseignants demarrant leur carriere dans l’enseignement superieur ? Quatre-vingt-douze membres du corps enseignant (M = 41,3 ans, 68 % de femmes, 90,2 % de blancs, 91 % nes aux Etats-Unis) et 64 etudiants de cycle superieur (M = 28,3 ans, 83 % de femmes, 87,5 % de blancs et 81 % nes aux Etats-Unis) ont liste les trois competences qu’ils estiment indispensables pour reussir en tant qu’enseignant lors d’un cours. Malgre les differences concernant l’experience en enseignement, les etudiants du troisieme cycle et les membres du corps enseignant mettaient la priorite sur les competences « de survie » : la prise de parole en public, l’organisation, et la maitrise du contenu. Des differences notables sont toutefois a souligner : les membres du corps enseignant avaient plus tendance a rajouter la reflexion autour de l’enseignement a la liste alors que les etudiants du troisieme cycle avaient tendance a souligner la gestion de la classe et l’aisance concernant l’utilisation de la technologie. Les membres du corps enseignant preferaient aussi les methodes de formation plus informelles (e.g., l’autoreflexion, le mentorat), alors que les etudiants de troisieme cycle preferaient les methodes de formation plus formelles (e.g., pratique/experience, seminaire/atelier). Les recommandations pour les programmes de formation a l’enseignement superieur s’interessent tout particulierement aux competences de bas et de haut niveau, dans une volonte d’incorporer des methodes de formation formelles et informelles.
Solid-phase extraction of long-chain fatty acids from aqueous solution

Abstract Microbially derived long-chain free fatty acids are useful precursors for biofuel production. However, effective and biocompatible methods for their separation from aqueous solutions do not presently exist. The overall and relative efficacy of several commercially available hydrophobic, anion exchange, and mixed-mode adsorbents for the recovery of laurate, a model 12-carbon saturated fatty acid, was compared according to both equilibrium and kinetic studies. Mixed-mode adsorbents exhibited the greatest adsorption capacity and affinity, with Amberlite IRA-402 able to adsorb up to 430 g-laurate/kg. Meanwhile, the anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-67 adsorbed up to 426 g-laurate/kg, while the hydrophobic resin Dowex Optipore L-493 adsorbed a maximum of only 106 g-laurate/kg. Polymer gel adsorbents, which display the greatest aqueous swelling, achieved the fastest rates of laurate recovery. Adsorption kinetics were well represented by a pore-diffusion model for all adsorbents. Estimated pore diffusion coefficients were as high as 7.2 × 10 −10 m 2 /s for Amberlite IRA-402.
Coping Skills Development: A New Service for Elderly Clients.

This paper describes a model project that has been developed to teach effective coping skills to the aged. A coping skills program (1) fosters a supportive atmosphere where participants can share feelings and learn to cope with crisis situations; (2) provides extensive information about transitions common to the older adult; and (3) provides experiential processes that focus on personal problem solving and personal coping strategies. Recommendations are made for further research in this area.
Impact Event at the Permian-Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes

The Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) event, which occurred about 251.4 million years ago, is marked by the most severe mass extinction in the geologic record. Recent studies of some PTB sites indicate that the extinctions occurred very abruptly, consistent with a catastrophic, possibly extraterrestrial, cause. Fullerenes (C60 to C200) from sediments at the PTB contain trapped helium and argon with isotope ratios similar to the planetary component of carbonaceous chondrites. These data imply that an impact event (asteroidal or cometary) accompanied the extinction, as was the case for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event about 65 million years ago.
Intra-Industry Heterogeneity and the Great Depression: The American Motor Vehicles Industry, 1929–1935

Reliance on a “representative firm” approach in studying industrial behavior during the Great Depression obscures economically interesting patterns. A newly discovered data source lets us form and study an establishment-level panel dataset on the motor vehicles industry, one of the largest in 1929. Substantial intraindustry heterogeneity led to large composition effects in employment, output, and productivity: the large number of plants that shut down were unlike the continuing ones. Oddly, output does not seem to have shifted among continuing producers to the relatively low-cost ones. Reconciling these should illuminate links between industrial organization and macroeconomics.
The Role of Platelet Administration in a Blood Transfusion Service

Platelet transfusions are used with increased frequency in the medical or surgical management of patients with hematological and neoplastic disorders. The safety and value of such transfusions were demonstrated in aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenias of congenital, auto-immune or infectious origin, massive transfusion syndrome, Thai hemorrhagic fever, leukomas and generalized neoplasias with thrombocytopenia. Intensive chemotherapy or ionizing radiation can be given beyond the limitations imposed by depressed thrombocytogenesis when platelet transfusions are available. The procurement and administration of platelets on a routine basis have modified the operation and the role of blood banks and transfusion services in centers of investigative hematology and cancer chemotherapy. These services are becoming an essential facility for advancing the management of the above disorders.
Tricuspid valve repair: Durability and risk factors for failure

Abstract Objectives To compare durability of tricuspid valve annuloplasty techniques, identify risk factors for repair failure, and characterize survival, reoperation, and functional class of surviving patients. Methods From 1990 to 1999, 790 patients (mean age 65 ± 12 years, 51% New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, and mean right ventricular systolic pressure 56 ± 18 mm Hg) underwent tricuspid valve annuloplasty for functional regurgitation using 4 techniques: Carpentier-Edwards semi-rigid ring, Cosgrove-Edwards flexible band, De Vega procedure, and customized semicircular Peri-Guard annuloplasty. Of these patients, 89% had concomitant mitral valve surgery. A total of 2245 follow-up transthoracic echocardiograms were retrieved. Tricuspid regurgitation was analyzed, and risk factors for worsening regurgitation were identified, by multivariable ordinal longitudinal methods. Results Tricuspid regurgitation 1 week after annuloplasty was 3+ or 4+ in 14% of patients. Regurgitation severity was stable across time with the Carpentier-Edwards ring ( P = .7), increased slowly with the Cosgrove-Edwards band ( P = .05), and rose more rapidly with the De Vega ( P = .002) and Peri-Guard ( P = .0009) procedures. Risk factors for worsening regurgitation included higher preoperative regurgitation grade, poor left ventricular function, permanent pacemaker, and repair type other than ring annuloplasty. Right ventricular systolic pressure, ring size, preoperative New York Heart Association functional class, and concomitant surgery were not risk factors. Tricuspid reoperation was rare (3% at 8 years), and hospital mortality after reoperation was 37%. Conclusions Tricuspid valve annuloplasty did not consistently eliminate functional regurgitation, and across time regurgitation increased importantly after Peri-Guard and De Vega annuloplasties. Therefore, these repair techniques should be abandoned, and transtricuspid pacing leads should be replaced with epicardial leads.
Control of Baculovirus Polyhedrin Gene Expression by Very Late Factor 1

vlf-1 is a baculovirus gene that regulates very late gene expression (J. R. McLachlin and L. K. Miller, J. Virol., 68, 7746-7756, 1994) and also plays a crucial role in the replication of the budded form of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) (S. Yang and L. K. Miller, "Expression and mutational analysis of the baculovirus very late factor 1 (vlf-1) gene." Virology, 245, 99-109, 1998). To examine the influence of vlf-1 expression on baculovirus infection, we constructed recombinant viruses that expressed only low levels of VLF-1 and recombinants with vlf-1 under the control of different promoters. Viruses with mutant alleles of vlf-1 that produced low levels of VLF-1 replicated the budded form of the virus normally but produced no occlusion bodies. Thus, a higher concentration of VLF-1 was needed to activate very late gene expression than was needed to support budded virus production. By altering the level and/or timing of vlf-1 expression, the timing of polyhedrin gene (polh) expression, which normally occurs very late in infection, could be advanced or delayed. Early overexpression of vlf-1 increased the level of expression from the polh promoter but caused premature cellular disintegration. The data indicate that VLF-1 is the limiting factor in very late gene expression and that the level of VLF-1 controls the onset of occlusion.
Three kinematic representations for modeling of highly flexible beams and their applications

Presented here are three kinematic representations of large rotations for accurate modeling of highly flexible beam-like structures undergoing arbitrarily large three-dimensional elastic deformation and/or rigid-body motion. Different methods of modeling torsional deformation result in different beam theories with different mathematical characteristics. Each of these three geometrically exact beam theories fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities and initial curvatures by using Jaumann strains, exact coordinate transformations, and orthogonal virtual rotations. The derivations are presented in detail, a finite element formulation is included, fully nonlinear governing equations and boundary conditions are presented, and the corresponding form for numerically exact analysis using multiple shooting methods is also derived. These theories are compared in terms of their appropriate application areas, possible singular problems, and easiness for use in modeling and analysis of multibody systems. Nonlinear finite element analysis of a rotating beam and nonlinear multiple shooting analysis of a torsional bar are performed to demonstrate the capability and accuracy of these beam theories.
Successful ECT in Long-Term Care Residents

Introduction Depression is common in long-term care (LTC) residents and causes increased mortality and morbidity. Treatment resistance or intolerance to antidepressants is not unusual. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective alternative for older community-dwelling residents but has not been well studied in LTC residents. Methods A retrospective chart review was made of all LTC residents who received ECT from a single academic 538-bed facility over a 3-year period. Demographic information, severity of medical illness as measured by the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), psychiatric diagnosis, earlier psychotropic drug trials, and MMSE before and after ECT were collected. ECT therapy was reviewed for number and types of treatments and complications. Outcome after ECT was rated with the Clinical Global Impression of Change scale (CGI). Results Thirteen patients (4 men, 9 women), mean age 81 years (range: 65–95), received ECT. All had a diagnosis of major depression, and 10 had associated psychotic features. All patients received at least two psychotropic agents before receiving ECT (range: 2–11). Patients also had significant medical comorbidity, with a mean (CIRS-G) of 19.7 (range: 14–27). On average, patients received 5.7 ECT treatments in the hospital (range: 3–10), and 9 of 13 patients received bilateral stimuli. Nine patients (69%) were rated as improved, two (15%) were clinically unchanged, and two (15%) were rated as worse. Complications included transient atrial fibrillation in one patient, posttreatment headache in one patient, and delirium in one patient. Five patients had transient cognitive decline as measured by the MMSE, but all recovered fully by 1 month. Conclusions ECT was a safe and effective treatment modality in this population of LTC residents with a significant medical comorbidity. 69% of patients exhibited clinical improvement despite previous medication resistance. Careful monitoring for delirium in this population is essential to prevent more protracted posttreatment confusion.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GLOMERULITIS

1. Both focal and diffuse glomerulitis has been produced in rabbits by the injection directly into the left renal artery of suspensions of heat killed hemolytic streptococci. 2. Similar lesions in the glomeruli could not be obtained by the injection of suspensions of bismuth oxychloride into the left renal artery of normal rabbits. 3. The acute glomerulitis occurred in only about one-half of the rabbits employed for the experiments. 4. Glomerulitis was observed much more frequently in rabbits in which an acute localized streptococcus infection had been produced by the intracutaneous injection of living hemolytic streptococci, than in normal rabbits. The occurrence of acute glomerulitis was usually associated with a well marked skin reaction to the filtrates of hemolytic streptococci.
PREVALENCE OF OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT PRIOR STROKE UNDERGOING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY FOR SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and severity of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in 64 men and 38 women (mean age 71 9 years) with previous stroke and in 102 age- and gender-matched patients with similar coronary risk factors without previous stroke who underwent coronary angiography for chest pain. Obstructive CAD was present in 100 of 102 patients (98%) with previous stroke and in 84 of 102 (82%) patients without previous stroke (p <0.001). Obstructive 3-vessel CAD was present in 56 of 102 patients (55%) with previous stroke and in 35 of 102 patients (34%) without previous stroke (p <0.005). The prevalence of 2-vessel CAD and of 1-vessel CAD was not significantly different between patients with and without previous stroke. In conclusion, patients with previous stroke have a significantly higher prevalence of obstructive CAD and of obstructive 3-vessel CAD than ageand gender-matched patients with similar coronary risk factors without previous stroke who undergo coronary angiography for chest pain. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2007;100:960‐961)
Auricular Reconstruction: Selected Single-Stage Techniques

Selected single-stage techniques for reconstruction of the auricle are reviewed, and clinical examples of some of these techniques are illustrated.
Computation of hyperbolic equations on complicated domains with patched and overset Chebyshev grids

A patched/overset grid strategy that allows hyperbolic partial differential equations to be solved in complicated geometries with Chebyshev spectral collocation is presented. Unlike similar approaches used with finite difference methods, the spectral method defines how interpolations should be carried out. The result is an approach that retains spectral accuracy. Numerical experiments are performed on both one and two-dimensional examples.
Intermolecular bonding and lattice dynamics of Se and Te

Vibrational modes of trigonal Se and Te are analyzed to determine the character of the interchain (secondary) forces. The dispersion of low-frequency modes clearly demonstrates the directional (covalent) character of these forces. The interference of secondary interactions with the intrachain (primary) bonding is evidenced by the anomalous softening of the zone-center ${A}_{1}$ mode relative to other modes and to corresponding modes in other molecular forms of these elements. The nature of and trends in the forces are consistent with electronic calculations and may be interpreted as aspects of a metal-insulator transition.
The effects of intracoronary adenosine on preconditioning during coronary angioplasty

There is evidence that the first balloon inflation during coronary angioplasty provides a preconditioning stimulus leading to decreased ischemia during subsequent balloon inflations. Endogenous adenosine release may play a role in ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, intracoronary adenosine administration prior to the first balloon inflation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) might modify the preconditioning response to the first balloon inflation. Forty-one patients underwent double-blind randomization to treatment with 100 mcg of intracoronary adenosine or placebo prior to coronary angioplasty. Twenty patients (11 adenosine, 9 placebo) had complete resolution of ischemia between inflations allowing comparison between the first and second inflation. An angioplasty guidewire was used to obtain an intracoronary electrocardiogram. The mean reduction in ST elevation during the second inflation compared with the first was 4.8 mm in the placebo group and -0.8 in the adenosine group (p < 0.05 placebo vs. adenosine). Seven of 9 placebo patients had a decrease in ischemia during the second inflation compared with the first, while only 2 of 11 adenosine patients showed a reduction. It was concluded that (1) the first inflation during PTCA is a preconditioning stimulus leading to a decrease in ischemia during later inflations, and (2) intracoronary adenosine administration prior to PTCA modifies the preconditioning effect of the first inflation. These data suggest that adenosine plays a role in ischemic preconditioning in humans.
Parameter space visualizer: an interactive parameter selection interface for iterative CT reconstruction algorithms

Previous work indicated that using ordered subsets (OS-SIRT) for iterative CT can optimize the reconstruction performance once optimal settings for parameters such as number of subsets and relaxation factor have been identified. However, recent work also indicated that the optimal settings have dependent relations with regards to the quality of the projection data (such as SNR-level), which are hard to obtain a-priori. In addition, users may also have preferences in trading off between the dependent parameters, such as reconstruction speed and quality, which makes these (independent) parameters even more difficult to determine in an automated manner. Therefore, we devise an effective parameter space navigation interface allowing users to interactively assist parameter selection for iterative CT reconstruction algorithms (here for OS-SIRT). It is based on a 2D scatter plot with six display modes to show different features of the reconstruction results based on the user preferences. It also enables a dynamic visualization by gradual parameter alteration for illustrating the rate of impact of a given parameter constellation. Finally, we note the generality of our approach, which could be applied to assist any parameter selection related systems.
Consistency, Redundancy, and Implied Equalities in Linear Systems

Systems of linear inequalities have been studied for more than a century, but many of the results were developed during the early years of linear programming (1950''s). New developments in linear programming plus interests in artificial intelligence have recently produced new results. One question is that of consistency: Does there exist a solution to satisfy all linear relations simultaneously? If so, are some of the relations redundant - that is, implied by the others? Are there implied equalities - that is, does some (weak) inequalities have to hold with equality in every feasible solution? This paper brings together the main theorems that address these questions, unifies the framework, and presents some new results.
Effects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity

People vary in how they perceive emotionally ambiguous events: For example, anxious individuals are particularly likely to interpret emotional ambiguity in a threatening way. Experimental studies have shown that such processing styles are malleable, and when modified can lead to corresponding changes in emotional reactivity. The methods used to modify processing and to assess subsequent changes in emotional reactivity are described and theoretical accounts of the mechanism underlying such changes are discussed. Recent application of related methods to modifying clinical problems demonstrates their utility, but beyond such practical applications, the approach provides new ways of probing the nature of the relationship between cognition and emotion.
FLOW MICROCALORIMETRY AND SALI STUDIES OF THE ASPHALT/AGGREGATE INTERFACE

ABSTRACT Sorption flow microcalorimetry methods were developed for measuring the amounts and heats of adsorption and desorption at the asphalt-aggregate interface. Model studies of the amounts and heats of phenylsulfoxide sorption on SHRP aggregates RH-greywacke and RC-McAdams limestone indicated strong and irreversible bonding of a large fraction of adsorbed phenylsulfoxide that resisted displacement by cyclohexane and water. In addition, the microcalorimetry results indicated that intermolccular interactions between adsorbed phenylsulfoxide molecules were very strong at submonolayer coverages. This suggests that phenylsulfoxide adsorbs with the sulfoxide directly attached and oriented perpendicular to the surface with strong face-to-face interactions of the phenyl groups. Similar experiments conducted on the sorption of SHRP asphalts AAD-1 and AAM-1 from solution on the RC and RH aggregates indicated significant differences in the sorption of these four asphalt-aggregate pairs. Similar to phenylsulfoxid...
Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton Fibers: Effect of Flash Heating on Endotoxin Content, Fiber Physical Properties, and Processability:

Raw cotton fiber was heated by three processes ( metal plates, forced draft laboratory oven, and gas-fired pilot plant dryer) to compare their effect on endotoxin content of the fiber. To achieve about 90% reduction in endotoxin content, it was necessary to treat the cotton between the metal plates for 120 seconds at 215°C (419°F), in the forced draft oven for 60 seconds at 250°C (482°F), or in the pilot plant dryer for 15- 20 seconds at 250°-255°C (500°F). Fabric could be knit from heated cotton despite reductions in fiber bundle tenacity and elongation and yarn tenacity caused by the heat treatment. Heat-induced discoloration could be eliminated by a desize / scour / bleach treatment of fabric knit from heated cotton.
Computational EST database analysis identifies a novel member of the neuropoietic cytokine family.

Abstract A novel member of the neuropoietic cytokine family has been cloned and the protein expressed and characterized. In an effort to identify novel secreted proteins, an algorithm incorporating neural network algorithms was applied to a large EST database. A full-length clone was identified that is 1710 bp in length and has a single open reading frame of 225 amino acids. This new cytokine is most homologous to cardiotrophin-1, having a similarity and an identity of 46 and 29%, respectively, and therefore we have named it cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC). Northern hybridization analysis identified a 1.4-kb messenger RNA that is highly expressed in spleen and peripheral leukocytes. Purified recombinant CLC induced the activation of NFκB and SRE reporter constructs in the TF-1, U937, and M1 cell lines. Furthermore, the signal transduction pathway for CLC was characterized in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC and found to involve tyrosine phosphorylation of gp130 and STAT-1.
Combined effects of folivory and neighbor plants on Cirsium altissimum (tall thistle) rosette performance

Predicting how herbivory and neighbor plant interactions combine to affect host plants is critical to explaining variation in herbivores’ impact on plant population dynamics. In a field experiment, we asked whether the combined effects of neighbor plants and folivores upon performance of tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum), a monocarpic perennial, can be predicted as the product of their individual effects (i.e., effects of neighbor plants and folivores act independently in suppressing tall thistle performance). Alternately, the combined effects of neighbor plants and folivores might be greater, indicating a synergistic interaction, or less, indicating an antagonistic interaction, than the product of their individual effects. Our experiment involved a neighbor plant clipping treatment and a folivory reduction treatment in a factorial design with manipulations applied to naturally occurring tall thistle rosettes in restored tallgrass prairie. Clipping neighbors at the soil surface within 40 cm of tall thistle rosettes increased light availability to rosettes, rosette growth, and the transition rate of 2007 rosettes to reproductive adults in 2008. Folivores’ and neighbor plants’ effects acted independently upon rosette growth. By contrast, folivory reduced the rate at which 2007 rosettes transitioned to reproductive adults in 2008 only where neighbor plants were unclipped, indicating a possible synergistic interaction of neighbor plants and folivores in suppressing tall thistle performance. Our results suggest that (1) promoting neighbor plant aboveground biomass should suppress rosette-forming weeds, and (2) folivory, which reduces light acquisition by rosettes, may generate synergistic herbivory × neighbor plant interaction effects on rosettes in grasslands, where light often limits rosettes.
The Formation of Methoxy from Methanol on an Oxygen Covered Cu(100) Surface at Temperatures of 90−200 K†

The reaction of methanol with a preoxidized Cu(100) surface in the temperature range of 90−200 K has been studied with reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Methanol is found to form...
Zygomaticofrontal suture defect associated with orbital dermoid cyst

The zygomaticofrontal suture is a strong joint needed for protection of the orbit. During infancy its development can be altered by local mechanical factors which prevent its complete union. The following case report of a man with a slowly growing lesion of the left orbit was found to have a large dermoid cyst communicating with the temporal fossa. Presumably, the presence of choristomatous tissue at the junction of the zygomatic and frontal bones prevented normal closure of the joint during infancy. The computed tomographic findings in this condition are pathognomonic of dermoid cyst.
Margin collapse and slope failure along southwestern Great Bahama Bank

Abstract Steep convex-bankward embayments into carbonate platform margins, often called “scalloped margins”, have been observed in ancient examples and along modern platform of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean region and are interpreted as erosional features produced by large-scale margin failures. Multibeam bathymetry data from the southwestern corner of Great Bahama Bank (GBB) image four margin failures and their associated erosional products. The bankward-convex embayments range in diameter from 3 to 23 km. The largest and southernmost collapse produces a scalloped margin while the other three are not changing the generally linear platform margin. The typical slope angle of the upper slope in this portion of GBB ranges from 20 to 40° with the margin break at ~ 60 to 65 m water depth. But in the four areas of platform margin collapse the slope angle increases and the margin break is shallower. The largest collapse eroded more than 350 m of the bank margin with an estimated ~ 15 km3 of platform margin materials shed onto the adjacent slope. These margin collapses shed large debris blocks to the toe-of-slope and basin floor some tens of kilometers from the platform margin. In the southernmost segment margin collapse is followed by slope failures that produce mass transport complexes (MTC) that litter the lower slope and basin floor. The largest block in one MTC is 2000 × 800 m in dimension and is displaced by 1.2 km. The margin collapses are more common along the southwestern GBB than the northern portions of GBB where large-scale slope failures are more common. This lateral distribution is attributed to the tectonic activity in the vicinity of the Cuban fold and thrust belt. Faults breaking the modern seafloor and Holocene growth strata on the Santaren Anticline document neo-tectonic activity within the belt. Thus, tectonic activity and associated seismic shock might be the primary trigger for the margin collapse and occurrence of the scalloped margin along the Old Bahama Channel.
Fiberscopic Visualization of Total Knee Replacement Contact Kinematics During In Vitro Simulation

Optimization of total knee replacement (TKR) design and wear behavior requires the study of bearing contact mechanics. In this study, a novel fiberscopic imaging method was developed and combined with dynamic TKR simulation to visually quantify dynamic TKR contact areas in vitro. Contact areas between transparent TKR tibial inserts and metallic femoral components were captured using opaque lubricant media and a fiberscopic high-speed video camera within the simulator. Walking and stair descent loading patterns were characterized. Centroid location and contact pathways were calculated to determine pathway velocity and cross-shear characteristics. Overall, contact velocities ranging from 0 to 233mm/sec and crossing angles ranging from near 0 to 90 degrees were found during this study. These results provide a basis for wear testing and cross-shear modeling of TKR materials, leading to more accurate predictions of wear behavior in these implants.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
First principles calculations for ferroelectrics — a vision

The potential for using first principles calculations for ferroelectrics is delineated. Significant insights into the microscopic origins of ferroelectricity are expected. In terms of practical mat...