cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘I have been trying very hard to be powerful “nice” …’: the correspondence of Sister M. De Sales (Brennan) during the American Civil War

Roman Catholic Irish nuns formed a large part of the American Civil War nursing experience in both the North and the South. In fact, when Confederate President Robert E. Lee beseeched the assistance of Irish-born Patrick Lynch, then Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina, to provide nurses for his hospitals, Roman Catholic sisters from a local convent were pressed into service. Sister M. De Sales (Brennan), born in County Kilkenny, Ireland, became instrumental in establishing two hospitals in the Virginias. During the war years she penned over 1000 pages of letters to him. Initially, the paper provides an overview of the cultural milieu and medical knowledge that existed prior to the onset of the conflict. Attending to soldiers whose wounds changed both the nature of medicine and the approach to it, women willing to move beyond the confines of predominantly private and family-oriented care assisted on battlefields and in field hospitals of various kinds. In these settings, widows, adventure seekers, good-he...
Slow dynamics at the smeared phase transition of randomly layered magnets

We investigate a model for randomly layered magnets, viz., a three-dimensional Ising model with planar defects. The magnetic phase transition in this system is smeared because static long-range order can develop on isolated rare spatial regions. Here, we report large-scale kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamical behavior close to the smeared phase transition, which we characterize by the spin (time) autocorrelation function. In the paramagnetic phase, its behavior is dominated by Griffiths effects similar to those in magnets with point defects. In the tail region of the smeared transition the dynamics is even slower: the autocorrelation function decays like a stretched exponential at intermediate times before approaching the exponentially small asymptotic value following a power law at late times. Our Monte Carlo results are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions based on optimal fluctuation theory.
Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities associated with positive semidefinite matrices

Abstract Using a quasilinear representation for unitarily invariant norms, we prove a basic inequality: Let A= L X X ∗ M be positive semidefinite, where X∈Mm,n. Then |||X| p || 2 ⩽‖L p ‖ ‖M p ‖ for all p>0 and all unitarily invariant norms ‖·‖. We show how several inequalities of Cauchy-schwarz type follow from this bound and obtain a partial analog of our results for lp norms.
A thematic approach to the analysis of the task‐oriented, small group

The thematic analysis of discussion provides insight into the task process by describing themes in terms of their relationship to the task, duration of discussion, and contributing group member.
Silicon Etching Mechanisms - Doping Effect

Etch rates of heavily doped silicon films (n- and p-type) and undoped polysilicon film were studied during plasma etching and also during reactive ion etching in a CF4/O2 plasma. The etch rate of undoped Si was lower than the n+ Si etch rate, but higher than the p+ Si etch rate, when the RF inductive heating by the eddy current was minimized by using thermal backing to the water-cooled electrode. The thermal activation energy for spontaneous chemical etching was measured to be 0.10 eV, independent of the doping characteristics. This doping effect may be explained by the opposite polarity of the space charge present in the depletion layer of n+ Si and p+ Si during reactive plasma etching.
Distributed training: the MSU computer laboratory departmental trainer program's second year

With the advent of microcomputers, distributed computing is here to stay. With distributed computing comes distributed expertise; people must learn to run their own computing centers, no matter what the size of the computers. In trying to deal with increased demands for training in a limited-resource environment, we have taken the natural step of distributing the responsibility for the training. With appropriate training materials, a person who knows how to use a program can lead someone else through the process of learning. The training materials must be sufficiently detailed to include training on all major features of the software that people regularly use and include conceptual material that takes the place of lectures. The commitment to distributed training must be real. Sufficient staff must be devoted to developing training materials because the materials must continue to evolve with the software it teaches and new materials must be created to meet the demands for training on new software.
Structure of Overfire Soot in Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flames at Long Residence Times

Abstract The structure of soot was investigated within the fuel-lean (overfire) region of overventilated buoyant turbulent diffusion flames burning in still air. The study was limited to the long residence time regime where characteristic flame residence times are roughly more than an order of magnitude longer than the laminar smoke point residence time and soot generation factors (the mass of soot emitted per unit mass of fuel carbon burned) are relatively independent of flame residence times. Both gaseous and liquid fuels were used to provide a range of H/C ratios (1–2.7) and fuel types (alkynes, alkenes, alkanes, aromatics, and alcohols) as follows: toluene, acetylene, benzene, propylene, ethylene, n -heptane, propane, and isopropanol. Measurements included transmission electron microscopy to find primary particle diameters, the number of primary particles per aggregate and aggregate geometrical and fractal dimensions. The results show that the structure of soot varies with fuel type but is relatively independent of both position in the overfire region and flame residence time for the long residence time regime. Mean primary particle diameters were 30–51 nm and the mean number of primary particles per aggregate were 255–552, with the larger values associated with the more heavily sooting fuels. Aggregate fractal dimensions, however, were less dependent on fuel type, only varying in the range 1.70–1.79. The structure measurements are used to estimate the optical properties of overfire soot, based on a recent approximate theory for polydisperse aggregates, finding significant differences between aggregate and Rayleigh scattering properties in the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum, even though the primary particles are well within the Rayleigh scattering regime.
Effect of estrogen and androgen upon uptake of glycine-C14 by rat uteri in vitro: lack of concentration dependence.

IN A recent report (1) dealing with the effect of testosterone propionate (T.P.) upon incorporation of labeled glycine into mouse kidney slices, data were presented showing that the effect of T.P. appeared to depend upon the concentration of glycine in the incubation medium. Thus, treatment of female A/Jax mice with 1 mg. T.P./day for 2 days resulted in an apparent increase of 35–70% in incorporation rate when the concentration of glycine in the medium was 1.0 mM or lower; when the concentration of the latter was increased to 5 mM or more, the difference between incorporation rates for control and treated animals was less than 20%. These facts were interpreted as indicating that T.P. acts, in part at least, by facilitating the intracellular accumulation of glycine. The incorporation of radio-glycine into proteins of surviving segments of rat uteri has been shown to be substantially increased by the administration of testosterone (2) as well as estradiol (2, 3). Simultaneous administration of both hormones...
Working to Place Family at the Center of Life: Dual-Earner and Single-Parent Strategies

There are two basic types of work-family strategies: workplace-based strategies and family-centered strategies. In the past, attention has been placed mostly on work policies. This article focuses on members of dual-earner and single-parent families who have actively placed family at the center of their lives. The strategies they adopt depend upon their position in the labor market as well as marital status. Some dual-earner families jointly calculate scheduling and job trajectories while utilizing benefits from both of their employees; others reluctantly coparent because of underemployment. Single mothers who have professional or technical skills try to make special accommodations with bosses or they become contract workers, while less skilled single mothers need benefits in order not to have to work several jobs. In addition, some single mothers have developed extensive networks and advocate for more community support of child rearing. Most working parents committed to keeping their families at the cent...
Peak and decline in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence at old ages

BACKGROUND: Cancer incidence and mortality increase with age through much of adulthood, but earlier work has found that these rates decline among the very elderly. To compare incidence and mortality at the oldest ages, the authors investigated both in the same large population, which comprised 9.5% of the United States in 2000. The authors also report age-specific prevalence among the elderly, which has received little attention. METHODS: Twenty-three cancer types were studied in men, and 24 cancer types were studied in women. Patient records were obtained from the SEER 9 cancer registries, and population figures were taken from the 2000 US Census. The authors explored the reliability of census data on the oldest old, which has been questioned. RESULTS: Age-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality results are presented for the years 1998 to 2002. Incidence and mortality usually decreased or plateaued at very old ages. Prevalence usually decreased swiftly at ages >90 years. When there was statistical power, incidence normally peaked between ages 75 years and 90 years, dropping abruptly afterward. With several large exceptions, peak incidence and mortality coincided within ±5 years. Both rates often trended toward zero among centenarians, who may be asymptomatic or insusceptible. CONCLUSIONS: The current results were found to be consistent with autopsy and survival studies. Most age-specific models of carcinogenesis are based on cancer rate data for ages <85 years. The authors argue that these models could not fit the current results without fundamental modification and outline biologic mechanisms for such modification, mostly cellular and tissue senescence. They also recommend caution to researchers who use census data on the very elderly. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of the internal crazes in notched SAN

Crazing in styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) under a triaxial stress state was examined. The damage zone that formed ahead of a semicircular notch under slow tensile loading consisted of two kinds of crazes: internal notch crazes that grew out from the notch root and discontinuous surface crazes. Examination of the damage zone in the optical and scanning electron microscopes revealed that the internal notch crazes sometimes extended through most of the thickness but never penetrated the free surfaces, whereas the surface crazes penetrated about 10–50 μm inward from the surface. Initially, the internal craze tips defined a crescent-shaped zone. The plane strain elastic stress distribution at the zone boundary satisfied a constant mean stress condition, and the critical mean stress for craze tip growth was determined to be about 35 MPa. This value varied slightly for different resins but was independent of thickness. Propagation of the internal notch crazes occurred in a straight line parallel to the minor principal stress vector at the point of origin on the notch surface, whereas the surface crazes followed the minor principal stress trajectories. The presence of the internal notch crazes resulted in significant stress redistribution, the stress redistribution was described quantitatively using both the deviation of the craze trajectory from the minor principal stress trajectory, and the deviation of the zone shape from the critical elastic mean stress condition.
Surface-emitting second-harmonic generation in a semiconductor vertical resonator

We experimentally demonstrate a 240-fold increase in the efficiency of an AlGaAs/AlAs surface-emitting second-harmonic generation device by embedding the waveguide core in a monolithic vertical resonant cavity. Calculations indicate that conversion efficiencies of several percent per watt for second-harmonic generation of green or blue light may be expected in an optimized semiconductor resonant vertical-cavity surface emitter.
Walking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss

Abstract purpose: To determine if walking, independently of other types of physical activity, influences bone density and rates of bone loss from the lumbar spine and whole body. patients and methods: Healthy, white, post-menopausal women (n = 239) participating in a 1-year, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation were studied. Bone densities of the lumbar spine and whole body were measured semiannually by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Current and historical participation in outdoor walking and other leisure-time physical activities was assessed by questionnaire. results: Women who walk more than 7.5 miles per week had higher mean bone density of the whole body and of the legs and trunk regions of the body than women who walk less than 1 mile per week. The current level of walking activity was reflective of lifelong walking habits. The number of miles walked per week was also correlated with longitudinal rates of change in bone density at the legs (r p = 0.16, p=0.03). conclusions: Healthy postmenopausal women who walk approximately 1 mile each day have higher whole-body bone density than women who walk shorter distances. Walking is also effective in slowing the rate of bone loss from the legs. These results strongly support the widely held belief that walking is a beneficial form of physical activity for maintaining skeletal integrity.
Retractable loop-gap resonators for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging with in situ irradiation capabilities

A retractable split-top loop-gap resonator for both continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of small animals with open, clam shell style design to allow convenient access to the sample for in situ animal irradiation is described. The resonator can be either rigidly attached to the animal support bed or floated independently from the bed to avoid communication of the mechanical vibrations of the bed to the resonator. Multiple split-top resonators for different animal sizes were built and tested. The characteristics of split-top resonators are comparable with those of loop-gap resonators used previously. The imaging experiments that involved the sham animal irradiation between pairs of images demonstrated very good maintenance of animal position between images. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 39B: 167–172, 2011
Heat-shock response in Archaea

The Archaea are one of the three phylogenetic domains into which all organisms have been classified, and include extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles and methanogens. Some of these organisms inhabit inhospitable environments on Earth, and thus have evolved stress responses to cope with the extremes of heat, pH and salinity that they encounter. Although the archaeal stress or heat-shock response bears some similarity to the heat-shock responses of other organisms, it possesses some unique features. A better understanding of this response would facilitate its exploitation in the biotechnological industries; for example, in engineering cells that exhibit an improved ability to withstand, or recover from, stress.
Global conservation priorities

The following is an overview of the June 1998 Issues in International Conservation, which was inadvertently omitted from that issue. The editorial staff regrets this oversight.
Organometallic chemistry of metal surfaces ‐ ultra high vacuum studies

The effect of one type of molecule on another for chemisorption states on a platinum (111) surface is described. This effect was assayed from chemical displacement and thermal desorption experiments. Molecules studied in this fashion included CH3CN, CH3NC, C5H5N, P(CH3)3, CO, PF3, C6H6, and C2H4. The chemistry of Pt(111) is generally distinct from that of Ni(111) in both a qualitative and quantitative fashion.
Maintaining stability in the presence of nuclear proliferation in the Asia‐pacific region

At present, there exists clandestine proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Asia‐Pacific region. The nuclear proliferation may alter or even upset the current regional balance of power and disrupt the stability of the region. It may also lead to new military conflicts. During a regional conflict, one nuclear threshold state may use nuclear weapons against its adversary. Under these circumstances, the international community should devote its best efforts to eliminating the nuclear proliferation in the region. Before that final goal is reached, states in the region should seek to maintain the strategic stability of the region in the presence of nuclear proliferation. In order to achieve that objective, the Asia‐Pacific region should set up a model including multilateral security mechanisms and bilateral confidence‐ and security‐building measures.
Field-portable wide-field microscopy of dense samples using multi-height pixel super-resolution based lensfree imaging

We report a field-portable lensfree microscope that can image dense and connected specimens with sub-micron resolution over a large field-of-view of ∼30 mm2 (i.e., ∼6.4 mm × ∼4.6 mm) using pixel super-resolution and iterative phase recovery techniques. Weighing ∼122 grams with dimensions of 4 cm × 4 cm × 15 cm, this microscope records lensfree in-line holograms of specimens onto an opto-electronic sensor-array using partially coherent illumination. To reconstruct the phase and amplitude images of dense samples (with >0.3 billion pixels in each image, i.e., >0.6 billion pixels total), we employ a multi-height imaging approach, where by using a mechanical interface the sensor-to-sample distance is dynamically changed by random discrete steps of e.g., ∼10 to 80 μm. By digitally propagating back and forth between these multi-height super-resolved holograms (corresponding to typically 2–5 planes), phase and amplitude images of dense samples can be recovered without the need for any spatial masks or filtering. We demonstrate the performance of this field-portable multi-height lensfree microscope by imaging Papanicolaou smears (also known as Pap tests). Our results reveal the promising potential of this multi-height lensfree computational microscopy platform for e.g., pathology needs in resource limited settings.
Simulation of the Krebs cycle and closely related metabolism in perfused rat liver. II. Properties of the model

Abstract A model of the Krebs cycle and related metabolism in perfused rat livers has been analyzed by computer-based techniques, primarily determination of how one variable changes with another and how one variable correlates with another. A generalized system property is that within the physiological range nearly all important system parameters can be changed, smoothly but sensitively and stably, by appropriate changes of control parameters. The most important enzyme under these conditions is pyruvate carboxylase; the most important control parameters (in order of decreasing importance), are the oxaloacetate level, the acetyl CoA level and rate of fatty acid feedin, the pyridine nucleotide redox level (both of which exert their action by modifying oxaloacetate level), the state of nitrogenous metabolism (which greatly affects the correlation of variables), and the adenine nucleotide ratio. The existence of a strongly coordinated fatty acid input pathway is suggested. A number of proposed controls are found of limited or no significance. Possible extensions of the model and the techniques are discussed. It has been possible to reconcile apparently contradictory experimental observations (in different strains of rats) as to whether oleate administered to perfused livers stimulates gluconeogenesis by showing that the model simulates both behaviors by a moderate and plausible change in one parameter.
Women Speak(ing): Forty Years of Feminist Contributions to Rhetoric and an Agenda for Feminist Rhetorical Studies

This essay assesses feminist contributions to the field of rhetoric by examining how feminism reframed scholarly approaches to rhetoric. Two feminist methodologies, “writing women in” to rhetorical canons and “challenging rhetorical standards” are presented as primary feminist arguments in the field of rhetoric. Through this framework, the contributions of feminist rhetoric to communication are highlighted, and an agenda for future avenues of research is suggested, including the incorporation of power feminism through the use of intentional ambiguity, expansions of inter-rhetorical reflexivity in feminist work, and strategies for alliance building in classrooms and scholarly/social communities.
Application of flourescent particle imaging to measuring flow in complex media

Abstract The development of flourescence-based experimental techniques that can be used to obtain quantitative information about the flow of fluids through porous media is reported. Flow information is obtained by illuminating a two-dimensional slice of refractive index matched model of a porous medium with a planar laser beam. The flowing liquid phase is seeded with 10-μm diameter flourescent particles, and time-sequenced photographs of the illuminated plane provide quantitative information about the velocity of the flowing liquid. The method provides simultaneous measurements of point level and spatially averaged velocity vectors within the interstitial spaces of the medium. Porosity and preliminary tracer concentration measurements were made in a similar manner with the use of a flourescent dye. The use of flourescence, spectral filtering and refractive index matching permits a unique application of particle and tracer imaging to the study of flow in porous systems. The results from this technique compare favorably with the expected macroscopically derived results; the significance of these results and methodology is that they provide experimental verification of fundamental multi-phase transport equations. The application of this technique might be extended to experimental studies of flow in optically transparent models of biological, chemical and physical systems.
Pulmonary edema in coronary-artery disease without cardiomegaly. Paradox of the stiff heart.

ACUTE pulmonary edema usually is accompanied by cardiomegaly unless it is of noncardiac origin, or occurs in special cases of heart failure1,2 such as restrictive cardiomyopathy, mitral stenosis, a...
An intra-chip free-space optical interconnect

Continued device scaling enables microprocessors and other systems-on-chip (SoCs) to increase their performance, functionality, and hence, complexity. Simultaneously, relentless scaling, if uncompensated, degrades the performance and signal integrity of on-chip metal interconnects. These systems have therefore become increasingly communications-limited. The communications-centric nature of future high performance computing devices demands a fundamental change in intra- and inter-chip interconnect technologies. Optical interconnect is a promising long term solution. However, while significant progress in optical signaling has been made in recent years, networking issues for on-chip optical interconnect still require much investigation. Taking the underlying optical signaling systems as a drop-in replacement for conventional electrical signaling while maintaining conventional packet-switching architectures is unlikely to realize the full potential of optical interconnects. In this paper, we propose and study the design of a fully distributed interconnect architecture based on free-space optics. The architecture leverages a suite of newly-developed or emerging devices, circuits, and optics technologies. The interconnect avoids packet relay altogether, offers an ultra-low transmission latency and scalable bandwidth, and provides fresh opportunities for coherency substrate designs and optimizations.
Growth and tissue composition of rice grown in soil treated with inorganic copper, nickel, and arsenic

Abstract Arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) are known to be toxic to plants. To evaluate their two and three way interaction effects on growth and tissue composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a short‐term greenhouse experiment was conducted. Four levels of As, three levels of Cu, and three levels of Ni were added to soil, alone and in all possible combinations, in a completely randomized block design. The biomass and Cu, Ni, and As concentrations of both shoots and roots were determined after rice was grown under flooded conditions for 57 days. As indicated by the analysis of variance, both shoot and root biomass were significantly decreased by the application of Ni, Cu, and As. Over the ranges of metal application rates used in this study, the effects of Ni, Cu, and As on the growth of rice plants were not independent of each other. In terms of toxicity to rice, a synergistic interaction existed between Cu and Ni while those between Ni and As, and Cu and As were antagonistic. A quadratic polynom...
The incidence of cytomegaloviruria and postmortem cytomegalic inclusions in children with acute leukemia

Summary Attempts were made to detect cytomegaloviruria in 97 children with acute leukemia. Two of these patients (2 per cent) yielded cytomegalovirus, whereas none of 50 control patients yielded cytomegalovirus. Review of autopsy material from 82 leukemic children revealed 2 cases (3 per cent) with disseminated cytomegalic inclusions. These studies demonstrate the infrequent ocurrence of cytomegalovirus infection in children with leukemia in the population studied. The incidence was too low to have a meaningful correlation with their clinical state; however, both patients with cytomegaloviruria were receiving immuno suppressive therapy and had neutropenia.
Instruction Prefetching of Systems Codes with Layout Optimized for Reduced Cache Misses

High-performing on-chip instruction caches are crucial to keep fast processors busy. Unfortunately, while on-chip caches are usually successful at intercepting instruction fetches in loop-intensive engineering codes, they are less able to do so in large systems codes. To improve the performance of the latter codes, the compiler can be used to lay out the code in memory for reduced cache conflicts. Interestingly, such an operation leaves the code in a state that can be exploited by a new type of instruction prefetching: guarded sequential prefetching.The idea is that the compiler leaves hints in the code as to how the code was laid out. Then, at run time, the prefetching hardware detects these hints and uses them to prefetch more effectively. This scheme can be implemented very cheaply: one bit encoded in control transfer instructions and a prefetch module that requires minor extensions to existing next-line sequential prefetchers. Furthermore, the scheme can be turned off and on at run time with the toggling of a bit in the TLB. The scheme is evaluated with simulations using complete traces from a 4-processor machine. Overall, for 16-Kbyte primary instruction caches, guarded sequential prefetching removes, on average, 66% of the instruction misses remaining in an operating system with an optimized layout, speeding up the operating system by 10%. Moreover, the scheme is more cost-effective and robust than existing sequential prefetching techniques.
Management of neutropenic fever during a transition from traditional hematology/oncology service to hospitalist care

OBJECTIVES: Increasingly, hospitalists across the United States provide primary inpatient care for almost all subspecialty patients, including hematology and medical oncology. Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious condition often seen as a complication of cytotoxic chemotherapy or in patients with underlying bone marrow defects. The purpose of this study was to document the change of inpatient management of a common admission diagnosis during a transition of providers from hematologists/oncologists to the use of hospitalists in a tertiary care medical center, and to compare the appropriateness of treatment and outcomes over a period of 5.5 years of this transition. METHODS: The medical records of all patients with neutropenia at a community-based teaching hospital during a period of conversion from hematologist/oncologist to hospitalist coverage were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with fever and absolute neutrophil counts of less than 500/ microL (.5 x 10(9)/L) on admission were included. Study cases were divided into 3 groups by admission date, roughly demarcating the nascent hospitalist era, the era of transition to hospitalist, and the mature hospitalist era. Management of FN during these eras was compared. RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-nine inpatients were identified as neutropenic. Of these, 184 did not meet case-inclusion criteria. The remaining 215 cases were included in the study. The internal medicine hospitalist service admitted less than 10% of this population in 2003, but by 2007-2008 it admitted over 90%. The use of 4th-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems increased over time (P = .027), and the infectious disease service was consulted more frequently over time (P = .007). Outcomes varied due to changes in underlying disease states, use of hospice services, and changes in the types of patients hospitalized with FN. Morbidity decreased due to the change in the type and nonantibiotic therapy of cases, but inappropriate antimicrobial treatment was unusual, and septic morbidity or mortality related to inappropriate therapy was too rare to compare through these eras. CONCLUSION: Over the 3 eras compared, care of most neutropenic fever patients was transferred from specialists to hospitalists. Care became more uniform, guideline based, and used more infectious disease consultation, and mortality decreased. Complex changes in the types and treatments of cancer, neutropenia therapy, and in the types of patients hospitalized with FN prevent any conclusion of added value for this change in the type of primary provider management.
An evidential reasoning approach to Sarbanes-Oxley mandated internal control risk assessment

Abstract In response to the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 and of the release of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5, this study develops a risk-based evidential reasoning approach for assessing the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting (ICoFR). This approach provides a structured methodology for assessing the effectiveness of ICoFR by considering relevant factors and their interrelationships. The Dempster-Shafer theory of belief functions is utilized for representing risk. First, we develop a generic ICoFR assessment model based upon a Big 4 audit firm's approach and apply it to a real-world example. Then, based on this model, we develop a quantitative representation of various levels of ICoFR effectiveness and related risk-assessment as defined by the PCAOB and contrast these representations with levels implied by Auditing Standard No. 5. In doing so, we demonstrate the potential value of formal risk assessment models in both facilitating the assessment of risks in an individual engagement and in assessing the effects of different regulations.
Feature identification from commercial satellite images for military and homeland security operations in coastal zones

Supporting U.S. military operations and homeland security requirements in and around coastal zones, geospatial intelligence must be quickly integrated by tactical commanders to meet mission demands. Increasingly, unclassified commercial imagery and data acquired from conventional aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles and satellites are being used by military and civilian analysts to populate coastal zone databases. This study assessed the suitability of commercially available satellite images for littoral warfare and homeland security operations. From the study, data that show the probabilities for extracting mandatory shoreline features from various images for maps produced at varying scale is provided. A prioritized list of image resources was also created for use in assisting military and civilian analysts to rapidly collect feature data from commercially available resources.
Solitary ureteral metastases of renal cell carcinoma

Metachronous presentation of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to the ureter is extremely rare. We report a solitary metachronous metastatic RCC in the contralateral ureter 14 months after right radical nephrectomy for Fuhrman grade 2 pT3a clear cell disease after the patient re-presented with gross hematuria. The proximal left ureteral lesion was excised followed by ileal-ureteral interposition. Pathologic examination confirmed metastatic RCC. To date, only 51 cases of metastatic RCC to the ureter have been reported, with only 6 occurring metachronously in the contralateral ureter. Also, we report the presence of focal extramedullary hematopoiesis occurring within this metastatic lesion.
Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury: Role of low molecular weight heparin

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute spinal cord injury. Our preliminary studies indicated that low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was significantly more effective than standard heparin in preventing these complications. We have now extended these studies by screening an additional 122 patients and treating 60 who met predefined criteria with LMWH in a dose of 3,500 anti-Xa U given subcutaneously once daily for 8 weeks. All patients were examined daily at bedside and had regularly scheduled venous ultrasonography; those with abnormalities had confirmatory venography and lung scans. Postmortem examinations were conducted in those who died. Forty completed the trial without incident, 6 had DVT (4 proximal and 2 distal), 1 had a fatal PE, 1 had postoperative bleeding requiring discontinuation of the LMWH, 10 were transferred or discharged, and 2 died of respiratory failure. The percentage of patients free of thrombosis or bleeding after 8 weeks of treatment was 85.9 +/- 5.0% standard error of mean (SEM). Thirty-three patients entered a follow-up observation period of 4 weeks without thromboprophylaxis; 2 weeks into this period 1 had a proximal DVT and 1 had a fatal PE; the course of the remainder was uneventful. We conclude that LMWH compares favorably with standard heparin in preventing venous thromboembolism, and is associated with significantly less bleeding. Eight weeks of prophylaxis seems adequate for most patients.
On routing real-time multicast connections

Many distributed real-time applications, such as audio- and video-conferencing, require the network to construct a multicast path (tree) from a sender to multiple receivers. Furthermore, real-time applications have quality-of-service (QoS) requirements (e.g, bandwidth). The objective of the routing protocol is to build a tree that is both feasible (i.e., satisfies the requested QoS) and least costly. The cost of a tree depends on the costs of its links. The cost of a link should reflect the effect of allocating resources to the new connection on existing and future connections. Many studies have proposed multicast algorithms to construct low-cost QoS-constrained trees. However, these studies assume that some cost is given for each link, and they do not examine the effect of the link cost function. In this paper, we examine the effect of various link cost functions on the performance of two classes of multicast routing algorithms under both uniform and skewed real-time workload. We also investigate the impact of inaccurate network state information. Our simulation results show that when network state information is accurate (most up-to-date) at each router, the choice of the link cost function only has a negligible effect, if any, on the routing performance. More interestingly, we find that a link cost function that is more sensitive to load performs better when link state information is relatively accurate, while when link state information is more stale, a link cost function that is less sensitive to load performs better. This is more pronounced under higher load and when multicast groups are more dense.
Cardiorespiratory responses to exercises of equal relative intensity distributed between the upper and lower body

Abstract The principles underlying the cardiorespiratory responses to upper body versus lower body exercise remain unclear. We explored the hypothesis that workloads of the same percentage of maximum strength for a particular part of the body might elicit similar cardiovascular responses. Twelve trained female university rowers (mean±s: age, 22.8±1.3 years; body mass, 66.9±1.8 kg; height, 169±6 cm; body fat, 18±2%; HRpeak, 190±3 beats min-1; VO2, peak, 50.7±2.6 ml kg-1 min-1) performed four 12 min exercise trials on a rowing ergometer. Arm rowing, leg extension and arm rowing + leg extension workloads were set at 20% of the mean of their respective three-repetition maximum (3-RM). The combination of arm rowing and leg extension was also performed in a reciprocal workload fashion; that is, the arm workload was 20% of the mean 3-RM for leg extension, and the leg extension workload was 20% of the mean 3-RM for arm rowing. Analysis of variance and Tukey HSD showed that, although the power output for leg exten...
Access to Physical Therapy Services Among Medically Underserved Adults: A Mixed-Method Study

Background and Objectives This mixed-method case study examined access issues related to physical therapy services among medically underserved adults within an Ohio community. Design Three community health care clinics served as the units of analysis. Methods Eleven health care providers and 110 patients participated in the study, and documents from local, state, and national resources were reviewed. Results Results revealed that structural, utilization of care, and outcome barriers existed. A lack of accessible physical therapy providers for medically underserved adults and a lack of standardized screening or assessment processes to identify physical mobility problems among people with chronic health conditions were found. Inadequate knowledge about the full scope of physical therapist practice existed, which may impede access to those individuals most in need of services. Conclusions Opportunities are present for physical therapist involvement in screening, wellness and prevention, consultation, education, and program development among medically underserved adults. However, challenges exist due to a lack of human and financial resources and the current structure of our health care system, which focuses on acute and chronic care rather than prevention.
Psychodigms of Theory in Personality and Social Psychology

It is the contention of this paper that personality psychology and social psychology have developed different orientations to theory. Pronouncements of crisis emanating from each area are presumed ...
The synthesis of some effective antioxidants and antiseptics

Certain guaiacol derivatives can be readily coupled to yield the corresponding dehydrobicompounds which in turn can be readily converted to the corresponding dehydrobicatechols. Therefore, the following 2,2′,-3,3′-tetrahydroxy biphenyls were synthesized, i.e., 5,5′-dimethyl (I); 5,5′-di-n-propyl (II); 5,5′-di-n-amyl (III); and the methyl (IV), ethyl (V), and normal propyl (VI) esters of the 5,5′-dicarboxy compound. Compounds I, II, and VI exhibited very powerful bacteriostatic activity that was inhibited by blood serum. The alkyl derivatives I, II, and III exhibited marked antioxidant activity in lard when tested by the Swift rapid rancidity method. The esters IV, V, and VI gave poor protection.
Antikörper als Katalysatoren

Das unermesliche Bindungsrepertoire des Immunsystems kann ausgenutzt werden, um masgeschneiderte biologische Katalysatoren zu erzeugen. Katalytisch aktive Antikorper, mit denen sich eine Fulle von Reaktionen mit exquisiter Spezifitat ausfuhren lassen, sind nach mehreren Methoden zuganglich. Die Erzeugung und Charakterisierung dieser neuartigen Katalysatoren ermoglicht nicht nur neue Einsichten in die Natur der molekularen Erkennung und der Katalyse selbst, sondern durfte auch einen Anstos zur Entwicklung weiterer neuartiger Katalysatoren fur chemische, biologische und medizinische Anwendungen geben.
The universal nature of biochemistry

People have long speculated about the possibility of life in settings other than Earth. Only in the past few centuries, however, have we been able to conceive of the specific nature of such settings: other planets around our own sun and solar systems similar to our own elsewhere in the physical universe. Speculation on the nature of life elsewhere often has paid little heed to constraints imposed by the nature of biochemistry, however. A century of fanciful science fiction has resulted not only in social enthusiasm for the quest for extraterrestrial life, but also in fanciful notions of the chemical and physical forms that life can take, what the nature of life can be. Since the time of the Viking missions to Mars, in the mid-1970s, our view of life's diversity on Earth has expanded significantly, and we have a better understanding of the extreme conditions that limit life. Consequently, our search for extant life elsewhere in the solar system can now be conducted with broader perspective than before.
Development and characterization of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cholangiocytes

Cholangiocytes are the target of a heterogeneous group of liver diseases known as the cholangiopathies. An evolving understanding of the mechanisms driving biliary development provides the theoretical underpinnings for rational development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cholangiocytes (iDCs). Therefore, the aims of this study were to develop an approach to generate iDCs and to fully characterize the cells in vitro and in vivo. Human iPSC lines were generated by forced expression of the Yamanaka pluripotency factors. We then pursued a stepwise differentiation strategy toward iDCs, using precise temporal exposure to key biliary morphogens, and we characterized the cells, using a variety of morphologic, molecular, cell biologic, functional, and in vivo approaches. Morphology shows a stepwise phenotypic change toward an epithelial monolayer. Molecular analysis during differentiation shows appropriate enrichment in markers of iPSC, definitive endoderm, hepatic specification, hepatic progenitors, and ultimately cholangiocytes. Immunostaining, western blotting, and flow cytometry demonstrate enrichment of multiple functionally relevant biliary proteins. RNA sequencing reveals that the transcriptome moves progressively toward that of human cholangiocytes. iDCs generate intracellular calcium signaling in response to ATP, form intact primary cilia, and self-assemble into duct-like structures in three-dimensional culture. In vivo, the cells engraft within mouse liver, following retrograde intrabiliary infusion. In summary, we have developed a novel approach to generate mature cholangiocytes from iPSCs. In addition to providing a model of biliary differentiation, iDCs represent a platform for in vitro disease modeling, pharmacologic testing, and individualized, cell-based, regenerative therapies for the cholangiopathies.
Mechanical Behavior of Ceramic/SAM Bilayer Coatings

Ceramic/self-assembled monolayer (SAM) bilayer films can provide adequate protection and/or act as a multipurpose coating for microelectronics and MEMS applications, due to synergistic effects of the hybrid film structure. The organic SAM acts as a “template” for the growth of the ceramic film while the hard ceramic can provide protection from environmental and mechanical impact. To process the bilayer films, a low-temperature solution deposition technique (biomimetic process) is employed using phosphonate-based SAM and zirconium oxide precursors. A particulate zirconium oxide film is formed by enhanced hydrolysis of zirconium sulfate solutions in the presence of HCl at about 80°C, and its particle size and thickness effects are discussed. In addition, microstructure and micromechanics involved in the synthesis of both zirconia films and SAM are systematically assessed. Especially, mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and hardness are analyzed using a nanoindenter, as well as with the aid of theoretical models. Further, the substrate effects resulting from a large indentation depth relative to the film thickness are eliminated to obtain the “film-only” properties. This study also highlights the role of compliant SAM layer in forming a strain-tolerant bilayer film.
Effect of isoniazid on vitamin B6 metabolism; its possible significance in producing isoniazid neuritis.

Summary and ConclusionsThe excretion of an excess of vit. B6 has been demonstrated in patients receiving isoniazid, with the irregular appearance of abnormal amounts of xanthurenic acid following a test dose of tryptophane. The effect is more marked in those getting a higher dose of INH. Such laboratory evidence of B6 abnormality provides a cause of peripheral neuritis. Preliminary results suggest that the addition of pyridoxine to the high dose of INH prevents neuritis, which otherwise occurs in 40% of the cases.