cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ice crystal surface roughness and air bubble inclusions on cirrus cloud radiative properties from remote sensing perspective

Abstract We study the combined effects of surface roughness and inhomogeneity on the optical scattering properties of ice crystals and explore the consequent implications to remote sensing of cirrus cloud properties. Specifically, surface roughness and inhomogeneity are added to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) collection 6 (MC6) cirrus cloud particle habit model. Light scattering properties of the new habit model are simulated using a modified version of the Improved Geometric Optics Method (IGOM). Both inhomogeneity and surface roughness affect the single scattering properties significantly. In visible bands, inhomogeneity and surface roughness both tend to smooth the phase function and eliminate halos and the backscattering peak. The asymmetry parameter varies with the degree of surface roughness following a U shape - decreases and then increases - with a minimum at around 0.15, whereas it decreases monotonically with the air bubble volume fraction. Air bubble inclusions significantly increase phase matrix element - P 12 for scattering angles between 20°–120°, whereas surface roughness has a much weaker effect, increasing - P 12 slightly from 60°–120°. Radiative transfer simulations and cirrus cloud property retrievals are conducted by including both the factors. In terms of surface roughness and air bubble volume fraction, retrievals of cirrus cloud optical thickness or the asymmetry parameter using solar bands show similar patterns of variation. Polarimetric simulations using the MC6 cirrus cloud particle habit model are shown to be more consistent with observations when both surface roughness and inhomogeneity are simultaneously considered.
Step-free GaN surfaces grown by confined-area metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

A two-step homoepitaxial growth process producing step-free surfaces on low dislocation density, Ga-polar ammonothermal GaN single crystals is described. Growth is conducted under very low supersaturation conditions where adatom incorporation occurs predominantly at step edges, and lateral growth is strongly preferred. The achievable step-free area is limited by the substrate dislocation density. For ammonothermal crystals with an average dislocation density of ∼1 × 104 cm−2, step-free mesas up to 200 × 200 μm2 in size are achieved. These remarkable surfaces create a unique opportunity to study the effect of steps on the properties and performance of semiconductor heterostructures.
Effect of Smart Infusion Pumps on Medication Errors Related to Infusion Device Programming

Errors related to the administration of medication delivery are less common than those that occur during the ordering phase.2 However, traditional medication delivery systems have fewer safeguards ...
Interleaflet interaction and asymmetry in phase separated lipid bilayers: molecular dynamics simulations.

In order to investigate experimentally inaccessible, molecular-level detail regarding interleaflet interaction in membranes, we have run an extensive series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of phase separated lipid bilayers. The simulations are motivated by differences in lipid and cholesterol composition in the inner and outer leaflets of biological membranes. Over the past several years, this phenomenon has inspired a series of experiments in model membrane systems which have explored the effects of lipid compositional asymmetry in the two leaflets. The simulations are directed at understanding one potential consequence of compositional asymmetry, that being regions of bilayers where liquid-ordered (L o ) domains in one leaflet are opposite liquid-disordered (L d ) domains in the other leaflet (phase asymmetry). The simulated bilayers are of two sorts: 1) Compositionally symmetric leaflets where each of the two leaflets contains an identical, phase separated (L o /L d ) mixture of cholesterol, saturated and unsaturated phospholipid; and 2) Compositionally asymmetric leaflets, where one leaflet contains a phase separated (L o /L d ) mixture while the other contains only unsaturated lipid, which on its own would be in the L d phase. In addition, we have run simulations where the lengths of the saturated lipid chains as well as the mole ratios of the three lipid components are varied. Collectively, we report on three types of interleaflet coupling within a bilayer. First, we show the effects of compositional asymmetry on acyl chain tilt and order, lipid rotational dynamics, and lateral diffusion in regions of leaflets that are opposite L o domains. Second, we show substantial effects of compositional asymmetry on local bilayer curvature, with the conclusion that phase separated leaflets resist curvature, while inducing large degrees of curvature in an opposing L d leaflet. Finally, in compositionally symmetric, phase separated bilayers, we find phase asymmetry (domain antiregistration) between the two leaflets occurs as a consequence of mismatched acyl chain-lengths in the saturated and unsaturated lipids.
THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL DEFORMATION ON THE VELOCITY OF CRITICALLY REFRACTED SHEAR WAVES IN RAILROAD RAIL

The velocities of critically refracted shear (SV) waves were obtained for a collection of railroad rail. This wave propagates almost entirely in the deformed, cold-worked zone at the upper rail surface. These velocities showed significant differences for the new rail as compared to the used rail. Moreover, they showed a velocity decrease from the new rail to the heavily deformed, used rail that could be fitted to a Weibull distribution. This yielded a mathematical model for the velocity decrease. In some cases, the model showed characteristics similar to that of a Rayleigh distribution. Differences were found between the control-cooled rail and non-control-cooled rail data sets, suggesting a difference in the manner of deformation for the rail manufactured by the two processes.
A Sociological Inquiry into “Arbitrary” Assigned Age Resettlement and Integration. A Case of the South Sudanese “Lost Boys” in the Greater Kansas City

This study investigates the integration process of the Sudanese “Lost Boys” living in the greater Kansas City area. The “Lost Boys” are Sudanese refugees who relocated to the United States assisted by the US government as a result of intensely bloody and protracted warfare in their home country then known as Sudan (now South Sudan). The purpose of this study, in which data was collected from 40 “Boys” participating in the study, is to find integration experiences of these “Boys” in the greater Kansas area after resettlement in 2000. The specific goal of the study is to understand the degree of integration achieved by each participant during his 14-plus years living in the US. The study uses semi-structured interviews to assess the degree of integration. An adjunct inquiry explores what factors played a key role in enhancing or hindering their adjustment into American mainstream society.
A path-dependence perspective on the adoption of Internet of Things: Evidence from early adopters of smart and connected sensors in the United States

Abstract As an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart and connected sensors are emerging information and communication technologies that collect and transmit real-time data from various urban domains to inform decision-making. While smart sensors and IoT technologies have great potential to transform public service provision, their adoption in the public sector seems to be slow and incremental. Using cross-sectional data of 65 large and mid-sized cities in the United States, we examine what affects local governments' adoption of smart and connected sensors. We propose a path-dependence explanation for the incremental adoption and test if a local government's sensor adoption behavior is shaped by its existing policy priorities and managerial practices in related fields. Our results show that local governments' early adoption of smart sensors is likely to stem from their needs in specific policy domains. We also find that a local government's historical paths on urban sustainability and data-driven decision-making practices can predict its trajectory of sensor deployment, in terms of the scope and the integration of smart sensors across different urban domains. Surprisingly, a local government's e-government progressiveness is not a significant predictor. Our results confirm the incremental change in smart sensor adoption and provide implications for local governments' IoT planning.
Business recovery from Hurricane Harvey

Abstract This paper examines factors that affected the progress of post-disaster business recovery in South Texas of the United States using survey and field data collected up to one year after Hurricane Harvey struck the region. Property damage affected the way businesses financed their rebuilding efforts and thus their ability to resume operation after a temporary closure. Local chamber members and women were more likely to reopen their businesses within six months after Harvey, but such demographic effects diminished another six months later. Other than property damage, loss of employees posted a challenge for affected businesses to recover.
Optically Controlled Optical Modulator using a Self-Assembled 2D Plasmonic Crystal

The surface plasmon enhanced transmission of light though a plasmonic crystal provides a novel approach for fabricating an optical modulator. The extraordinary transmission passing though these patterned metallic films is very sensitive to the surface dielectric environment. In this study, hexagonal lattice plasmonic crystals were fabricated with a self-assembly technique. Arrays of gold nano-holes or bumps with 500/600 nm periodicity were used to test the sensitivity of plasmon resonance wavelength for liquids and polymers with different dielectric constants. A nonlinear optical polymer P3HT coated onto the plasmonic crystal and pumped with 475 nm laser was found to modulate the transmission of a normally incident red light at 670 nm.
Perioperative Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Transfusion in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown in both orthopedic and general surgery literature to be associated with an increased risk of blood loss, and this is thought to occur via diminished platelet serotonin reuptake and subsequent decline in platelet aggregation potential. In this study, we aim at quantifying the effect of treatment with SSRIs on blood loss and transfusion rates following total hip (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods THA (4485) and TKA (5584) cases from January 2013 to December 2017 at the investigating institution were queried and analyzed separately from an institutional database. Patients were stratified by utilization of an SSRI at the time of surgery. Patient demographics, baseline coagulopathy, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin, transfusion, and length of stay were obtained to compare the 2 cohorts. Results The transfusion rate for SSRI users was 3.9% in the TKA group and 8.5% in the THA group. After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, presence of coagulopathy, procedure (THA vs TKA), and SSRI status, SSRI utilization was significantly associated with increased blood loss (P Conclusion SSRI utilization was associated with increased perioperative blood loss and predictive of transfusion risk, particularly with THA. This represents an important factor that may be modified in the setting of total joint arthroplasty but further work will be necessary to study potential alternative medications for depression in the perioperative phase.
Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Anemia is one of the most common complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). As kidney disease advances, the incidence and prevalence of anemia increases. Anemia of CKD is multifactorial in etiology. The most common causes are erythropoietin deficiency, iron deficiency, and inflammation. Observational studies have suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal complications, lower quality of life, and higher mortality as being associated with a lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. However, large randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that normalization of Hb concentration with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) is associated with either no benefit or an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and/or death, due to either the high Hb, the higher ESA doses needed to achieve this, or both. Contemporary approaches to anemia management embrace individualized therapy aimed at minimizing transfusions and use of the lowest possible dose of ESA together with treatment of iron deficiency and inflammation.
Semi-transparent organic solar cells for greenhouse application (Conference Presentation)

Semi-transparent Organic Solar Cells for Greenhouse Application Yuan Xiong1*, Eshwar Ravishankar2, Jennifer Swift3, Harald Ade1*, Ronald Booth2, Melodi Charles4, Reece Henry1, Brendan O’Connor2, Jeromy James Rech5, Carole Saravitz3, Heike Sederoff4, Long Ye1, Wei You5 1. Department of Physics, Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 3. Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 4. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 5. Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA E-mail: yxiong8@ncsu.edu; hwade@ncsu.edu Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) show great potential in building-integrated photovoltaics due to the advantages in solution processability, flexibility, and transparency. Herein, we present a systematic study on the application of high-performance ST-OSC filters in a greenhouse by utilizing three representative systems with different spectral responses, namely, FTAZ:PC71BM[1], FTAZ:IT-M[2, 3], and PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F[4]. Specifically, the cultivation of red leaf lettuce is conducted in a controlled environment growth chamber, which is possible to duplicate any climate, and under different ST-OSC filters. In principle, the ST-OSCs absorb a portion of the solar spectrum for power generation and lettuce utilizes the penetrated light for photosynthesis. Furthermore, we quantitatively investigate the leaf area and number profiles, plant biomass, and photosynthetic rate under the as-prepared ST-OSC filters treatments. On the base of statistical analysis after the growth cycle, we can identify the best ST-OSC for plant growth. These results thus pave the way to integrate ST-OSCs with greenhouses. [1] S. C. Price, A. C. Stuart, L. Yang, H. Zhou, W. You, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011, 133, 4625. [2] L. Ye, Y. Xiong, Q. Zhang, S. Li, C. Wang, Z. Jiang, J. Hou, W. You, H. Ade, Advanced Materials 2018, 30, 1705485. [3] Y. Xiong, L. Ye, A. Gadisa, Q. Zhang, J. J. Rech, W. You, H. Ade, Advanced Functional Materials 2019, 29, 1806262. [4] X. Song, N. Gasparini, L. Ye, H. Yao, J. Hou, H. Ade, D. Baran, ACS Energy Letters 2018, 3, 669.
Growth modeling to evaluate alternative cultivation strategies to enhance national microalgal biomass production

Abstract We present a model-based assessment of alternative cultivation strategies for open pond algal biomass production within the conterminous United States (CONUS). Our assessment focuses on two basic cultivation strategies: (1) seasonal rotation of three representative freshwater algal strains that are well suited for warm weather, cold weather, and all-season diverse weather conditions, respectively; and (2) variation between three pond water depths (15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm). The enhanced Biomass Assessment Tool (BAT) is applied on a site-specific, hourly basis at 5832 North American Land Data Assimilation System Phase 2 1/8° meteorological model grid cells over a 30-year period (1980–2009) to evaluate the operational strategies. Recognizing that resource management decisions may also consider scales beyond the individual site, we also conduct a regional assessment focused on seven representative climate zones in the CONUS. Results demonstrate that the spatial variability of algal productivity is largely affected by the strain-specific growth response to light and temperature that vary significantly by climate zone and latitude. With a limited set of alternative cultivation strategies, the BAT identified the best-performing combination of cultivation strategies on a site-specific basis that considerably enhances national annual biomass productivity. In particular, the appropriate choice of seasonal strain rotation can significantly dampen climate-driven seasonal and spatial variability in algal productivity over the CONUS.
Tight Bounds for a Class of Data-Driven Distributionally Robust Risk Measures

This paper expands the notion of robust moment problems to incorporate distributional ambiguity using Wasserstein distance as the ambiguity measure. The classical Chebyshev-Cantelli (zeroth partial moment) inequalities, Scarf and Lo (first partial moment) bounds, and semideviation (second partial moment) in one dimension are investigated. The infinite dimensional primal problems are formulated and the simpler finite dimensional dual problems are derived. A principal motivating question is how does data-driven distributional ambiguity affect the moment bounds. Towards answering this question, some theory is developed and computational experiments are conducted for specific problem instances in inventory control and portfolio management. Finally some open questions and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal centers (GCs). Increasing evidence suggests that Tfh cells are a heterogeneous population that generates cytokine-skewed immune responses – a reflection of the microenvironment during differentiation. This has important ramifications for Tfh-mediated B cell help. Because Tfh subsets can have opposing effects on GC B cell responses, we discuss current findings regarding the differentiation and functions of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in modulating GC B cell differentiation. Antibodies are important weapons against infectious diseases but can also be pathogenic mediators in some autoimmune conditions. Since cytokine-skewed Tfh cells can influence the magnitude and quality of the humoral response, we address the roles of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in disease.
Racially Charged: The Impact of Ambivalent Sexism on Black and White Women Arrested for Prostitution

Many scholars investigating sexism distinguish between two related, but distinct, forms of sexism aimed at women: hostile sexism and benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996). These sexist beliefs can seem contradictory, with hostile sexism (HS) reflecting more contempt for women and benevolent sexism (BS) offering protection and care to women, but both serve to maintain the gender status hierarchy. However, these concepts may have been created based on the white feminine ideal and may not apply to women of color. For example, expectations about female sexual purity may be different across race and may lead to differential treatment of women who violate purity norms. In the current research, participants (N = 410) read a news article about a black or white woman arrested for prostitution, and answered questions about convicting, punishing, and helping the woman. Participants high in HS and high in BS were more likely to convict and punish the sex worker than those low in HS and BS, but HS and BS did not interact with race when predicting conviction and punishment. For helping those high in HS were less likely to recommend immediate interventions and those high in BS were more likely to recommend dependency-oriented interventions, but none of the two-way interactions with sexism and race was significant. It is possible that sex work is such a strong violation of the female purity norm that punishment of women who violate this norm does not vary based on the characteristics of the woman but more intersectional research on race and sexism is needed.
Intraventricular Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Shunt Dependency in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients With Cast Ventricles.

BACKGROUND Patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are at higher risk of hydrocephalus requiring an external ventricular drain and long-term ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration in patients with ventricular casting due to IVH reduces shunt dependence. METHODS Patients from the Post-Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (PBRAT) database treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) from August 1, 2010, to July 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with and without IVH were compared. A second analysis compared IVH patients with and without ventricular casting. A third analysis compared patients with ventricular casting with and without intraventricular tPA treatment. The primary outcome was chronic hydrocephalus requiring permanent shunt placement. RESULTS Of 806 patients hospitalized with aSAH, 561 (69.6%) had IVH. IVH was associated with a higher incidence of shunt placement (25.7% vs 4.1%, P < .001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, IVH was independently associated with increased likelihood of shunt placement (odds ratio [OR]: 7.8, 95% CI: 3.8-16.2, P < .001). Generalized ventricular casting was present in 80 (14.3%) patients with IVH. In a propensity-score adjusted analysis, generalized ventricular casting was an independent predictor of shunt placement (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.8-4.9, P < .001) in patients with IVH. Twenty-one patients with ventricular casting received intraventricular tPA. These patients were significantly less likely to require a shunt (OR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.010-0.93, P = .04). CONCLUSION Ventricular casting in aSAH patients was associated with an increased risk of chronic hydrocephalus and shunt dependency. However, this risk decreased with the administration of intraventricular tPA.
Pre-clinical breast cancer therapeutic response monitoring using harmonic motion imaging and functional ultrasound

In addition to anatomical changes, mechanical properties and vascularization of breast tumors also alter in response to chemotherapeutic treatment. Early detection of non-responders to the treatment is critical for starting new chemotherapeutic regimens for improved tumor therapeutic response and overall survival of the patient. In this study, we used harmonic motion imaging which is an ultrasound elasticity imaging technique to monitor chemotherapy-induced stiffness changes of breast tumors in a xenograft mouse model. Alterations in tumor vasculature and angiogenesis were measured using functional ultrasound imaging that maps microvasculature with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Preliminary results indicate the potential for combination of HMI and fUS for breast tumor chemotherapeutic response prediction and monitoring.
Differential requirement for IRF4 in CD8+ T cell responses to acute versus chronic LCMV infection (IRM4P.498)

The magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response to acute infection is regulated by the strength of TCR signaling. A key component to this is the level of expression of the transcription factor IRF4, which controls CD8+ T cell expansion in a dose-dependent manner. During an acute response to LCMV-Armstrong, a modest reduction in IRF4 levels, such as that achieved by a haplo-deficiency at the irf4 locus, leads to a 2-4 fold reduction in the number of LCMV specific CD8+ T cells without impacting viral clearance (RN manuscript submitted). These data indicate that acute LCMV infections are associated with an expansion of cognate CD8+ T cells that is in excess of that needed to clear the virus. In contrast, during LCMV-clone 13 infection, the modestly-reduced CD8+ T cell response of irf4+/- T cells fails to control the infection, resulting in long-term viral persistence. In this system, loss of one allele of irf4 results in reduced CD8+ T cell function, increased exhaustion due to loss of PD1 low Tbet high precursors, and less weight loss than in LCMV-clone 13-infected WT mice. These data indicate differential requirements for high levels of IRF4 in generating functional CD8+ T cell responses capable of clearing acute versus chronic virus infections.
Why QBism Is Not the Copenhagen Interpretation and What John Bell Might Have Thought of It

Christopher Fuchs and Rudiger Schack have developed a way of understanding science, which, among other things, resolves many of the conceptual puzzles of quantum mechanics that have vexed people for the past nine decades. They call it QBism. I speculate on how John Bell might have reacted to QBism, and I explain the many ways in which QBism differs importantly from the orthodox ways of thinking about quantum mechanics associated with the term “Copenhagen interpretation.”
Glucocorticoid receptor in human placenta: Studies of concentration and functional differences of preterm and term tissue

Abstract Glucocorticoids have been suspected of being a factor in premature parturition. This study identifies and characterizes a glucocorticoid receptor in human placentas at various gestational ages. Placental segments in culture translocate 3 H-labeled steroid to the nucleus. Scatchard analysis of placental cytosol reveals a relatively high-affinity (dissociation constant=10 −8 ) and low-capacity binding of dexamethasone to a protein. An 8S-to-4S shift with low-to-high salt treatments is shown by sucrose density gradient analysis. The binding protein is precipitated by 35% ammonium sulfate. This ammonium sulfate fraction of cytosol displays a steroid specificity and a capacity of the receptor to bind to nuclear acceptor sites in cell-free assays. Thus, the presence of a glucocorticoid receptor is supported. A sevenfold to twelvefold increase in concentration of receptor was found between samples of placental tissue from the first and second trimesters; no significant difference was detected between the second and third trimesters. The capacities of the "receptors" from mature and premature placental tissues to bind to chromatin were not markedly different; thus, the biologic activities of the receptors among the different trimesters appear equivalent. The placenta thus appears to be a target tissue for glucocorticoids. The pronounced differences in receptor concentrations in placentas from different trimesters may reflect differential responsiveness of the organ to the systemic steroid.
Thai's invaluable memory celebrated via global memory net

In this digital era, the mode of universal access for information seeking and knowledge acquisition differs greatly from the traditional ways. We have witnessed the exciting convergence of content, technology, and global collaboration in the development of digital libraries, which has offered us unbounded opportunities for dynamic information access and delivery. This author has experienced much of the transformations from analog to digital in the last two decades through her own R&D activities – from the creation of interactive videodiscs and multimedia CDs on the First Emperor of China's terracotta warriors and horses in the 1980s and 1990s to leading a current international digital library project, Global Memory Net (GMNet), supported by the US National Science Foundation. In presenting her vision for linking world digital resources together for universal access, she will share with the audience the latest development of Global Memory Net In honor of H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn at the special occasion of her 50th Birthday. The invaluable images of H.R.H. Princess and the Royal Family, as well as some of the most attractive sites of Thailand, such as the Grand Palace, etc. are included in GMNet as a part of the rare Thai Memory.
Basic statistical methods and models for the sciences

INTRODUCTION Scientific Method The Aims of Medicine, Science, and Engineering The Roles of Models and Data Deterministic and Statistical Models Probability Theory and Computer Simulation Definition: Monte Carlo Simulation CLASSES OF MODELS AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE Statistical Models - the Frequency Interpretation Some Useful Statistical Models Narrowing Down the Class of Potential Models SAMPLING AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Representative and Random Samples Descriptive Statistics of Location Descriptive Statistics of Variability Other Descriptive Statistics SURVEY OF BASIC PROBABILITY Introduction Probability and its Basic Rules Discrete Uniform Models and Counting Conditional Probability Statistical Independence Systematic Approach to Probability Problems Random Variables, Expectation and Variance The Central Limit Theorem and its Applications INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL ESTIMATION Methods of Estimation Distribution of Sample Percentiles Adequacy of Estimators Confidence Limits and Confidence Intervals Confidence Limits and Interval for Binomial p Comparing Estimators The Bootstrap TESTING HYPOTHESES Introduction Some Commonly Used Statistical Tests Types I and II Errors and (Discriminating) Power The Simulation Approach to Estimating Power Some Final Issues and Comments BASIC REGRESSION AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Introduction Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression The Analysis of Variance EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY SELECTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS INDEX
Auscultatory and intra-arterial pressure: A comparison in children with special reference to cuff width

Summary Simultaneous observations of direct and auscultatory blood pressure measurements were made in 128 children. The data indicate that the appropriate cuff width increases with increasing age. In general, a 5 cm. cuff should be used for children less than 5 years of age; a 7 cm. cuff for children 5 to 8 years of age; a 9.5 cm. cuff for children 8 to 14 years of age; and a 12 cm. cuff for children 14 years of age or over.
On the Design of a Pipelined/Systolic Finite Element System.

Abstract A parallel finite element system is suggested based on the idea of pipelining the computations corresponding to the different finite elements. The systolic architecture is used extensively in the design to satisfy a regular and smooth flow of data in the pipe. Also a node numbering algorithm is developed in order to allow for the application of a frontal technique in the solution of the linear system of equations resulting from the analysis.
IDENTITY AND BOND THEORIES TO UNDERSTAND DESIGN DECISIONS FOR ONLINE COMMUNITIES.

In this article, we examine online community design in light of the common identity and common bond theory in social psychology. We review literature on the antecedents and consequences of two type...
Start-Up Delays of Queued Vehicles

Start-up delays of queued vehicles have been studied in past research for evaluation of their impacts on saturation flow rates at downstream traffic signals. A more crucial issue, however, can be the effect of start-up delays of queued vehicles at upstream locations where queued vehicles back up from a traffic signal across a railroad crossing. The relationship between queue start-up delays and track clearance times is important in establishing traffic signal preemption settings. This paper presents models that are developed for prediction of the expected maximum time required to mobilize a queue of any length. The models consider not only the average delay times but also the limiting delay times that are expected to accommodate high proportions of queues. For design convenience, queue lengths are converted into distance from the leading edge of a queue rather than being described only by the number of vehicles in a queue. Because the variations in start-up times, in addition to the average times reported in the literature, are needed, two sets of field studies were used to obtain data for model calibration and to investigate various traffic operation effects. Other factors that might be expected to influence queue start-up times are also analyzed.
Biosynthesis of phenolic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids of peyote

Abstract Data are presented supporting a proposed pathway of biosynthesis of the phenolic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids of peyote from dopamine. It is suggested that meta - O -methylation of dopamine, hydroxylation in the 5-position, para - O -methylation and finally cyclizations yield anhalamine, anhalidine, anhalonidine and pellotine.
Technological Innovation and Employment in Telecommunications

In this paper we examine how the diffusion of technological innovation in the telecommunications industry influences employment levels across occupations and how a firm chooses among alternative personnel mechanisms to reach its target employment levels. We find that technological change has influenced the demand for different types of workers and has centralized office functions. The adjustment patterns to these demand changes differ by the union status, tenure, age, and gender composition of the affected occupations.
The amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal portion of rat and human vitamin D binding protein: Evidence for a high degree of homology between rat and human vitamin D binding protein

Abstract We determined the amino terminal sequence of rat and human vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). The sequences of the two proteins are: Rat VDBP: LeuGluArgGlyArgAspTyrGluLysAspLysValCysGlnGluLeuSerThrLeuGlyLys Human VDBP: LeuGluArgGlyArgAspTyrGluLysAsnLysValCysLysGluPheSerHisLeuGlyLys AspAspPhe GluAspPhe There are 19 matches out of a total of 24 residues sequenced giving a percent match/lenght of 79.2%. Differences in the composition of the two proteins at residue 10, 14, 16, and 22 can be accounted for by single base changes in the the gene for the proteins. The difference (Thr→His) at residue 18 requires a change in two bases in the respective genes. We conclude that the sequence of the amino terminus of rat and human VDBP is similar with a high degree of homology between the two proteins.
Second harmonic generation in centro-symmetric semiconductors

The crystallographic dependence of optical-second-harmonic generation (SHG) in Si and Ge single crystals is obtained with 10 ps pulses at 527 nm and at incident fluences above the threshold for laser melting of the crystal lattice. We find that the experimentally observed dependence of SHG on crystal orientation remains unchanged up to the damage limit. Observed selection rules are analysed in terms of various possible contributions.
An investigation of the effects of a persuasive speech: An application of Piagets developmental theory

An investigation into the responses by fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders to the same persuasive speech established a relationship between their levels of ability and the three stages of cognitive development identified by Piaget. As predicted, the ability to make correct inferences about material in the speech increased with each advancing grade level, while recall scores remained stable in both III‐A and III‐B stages of the Formal Operational Phase. The fifth graders in Piaget's Concrete Operational Phase demonstrated a high degree of source dependency; older students demonstrated increased ability to respond to the content orientation of the speech and to resist attitude change. These findings have curriculum implications for speech communication teachers working with middle school and high school students, and for two‐year and four‐year college teachers who plan subsequent complementary advanced instruction for these students.
COMPLEMENTATION OF DELETION OF THE VACCINIA VIRUS E3L GENE BY THE ESCHERICHIA COLI RNASE III GENE

Abstract This work investigated whether the Escherichia coli RNase III gene, rnc +, could complement vp1080, a mutant vaccinia virus that is deleted of its E3L gene. Like E3L, rnc + codes for a dsRNA binding protein that contains an additional nucleolytic activity. Rnc genes were cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pMTVa − , expressed in COS-1 cells, and shown to be functional. Transient rescue experiments in HeLa cells demonstrated that the cleavage function of the rnc + gene was necessary for full rescue of vp1080. The rnc 70 gene, which encodes a product deficient in catalytic activity but still capable of binding to dsRNA, rescued vp1080 weakly. The rnc 105 gene, which encodes a product that cannot bind or cleave dsRNA, was unable to rescue vp1080. The rnc genes were also inserted into the E3L locus of vp1080. While recombinants containing the rnc + gene or the rnc 70 gene regained the IFN resistance phenotype in RK 13 cells, full host range of vaccinia virus was only restored in the recombinant containing the rnc + gene. Thus, the ability of RNase III to process dsRNA appears to be necessary to restore the host range phenotype. The vp-rnc 105 recombinant behaved similarly to vp1080.
Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase: effect of co-solvent systems.

The effects of glycerol and methanol upon beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) were studied. Glycerol was found to be a potent reversible inhibitor of the F1-catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP and ITP. The inhibition of ATP hydrolysis was linear with respect to glycerol concentrations, while that of ITP was not. From the temperature dependence ofVmax for F1-catalyzed ATP and ITP hydrolysis in glycerol or methanol solutions, the energy of activation and the enthalpy of activation were calculated. The inhibitory effect of ADP on F1 hydrolytic activity was studied in three solvent systems (totally aqueous, 20% methanol, and 20% glycerol). Compared to the aqueous system, methanol decreased the potency of ADP as an inhibitor, and glycerol enhanced the potency.
Statistics and politics: The “hispanic issue” in the 1980 census

Based upon documents and interviews, this paper presents an analytical history of interactions between the United States Bureau of the Census and Mexican-American leaders preparatory to the 1980 census. Participants confronted several issues, such as defining Hispanic ethnicity, designing instruments and field procedures, and maximizing public participation. Although census officials and ethnic leaders aimed at getting a “full count,” the former emphasized scientific objectives while the latter emphasized the political.
T-cell antigen receptor binding sites for the microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A.

We have examined the interaction of the microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) with peptides corresponding to overlapping regions of the T-cell antigen receptor beta chain variable region V beta 3. SEA is known to stimulate murine T cells bearing certain V beta elements, among them V beta 3. Five peptides were synthesized representing amino acids 1-24, 20-44, 39-60, 57-77, and 74-95 of V beta 3. We demonstrate here that soluble V beta 3-bearing beta chains can bind to a complex of SEA and major histocompatibility complex class II and that the synthetic peptide V beta 3-(57-77) blocked this interaction. The peptide V beta 3-(57-77) also inhibited SEA-induced interferon-gamma production and SEA-induced proliferation of B10.BR spleen cells. Conversely, the peptide corresponding to amino acids 57-77 of V beta 8.2, a V beta element that is not recognized by SEA, decreased staphylococcal enterotoxin C-2-induced proliferation but did not affect SEA-induced proliferation. The peptide inhibition of SEA-induced function was due at least in part to inhibition of V beta 3-bearing T-cell activity, since the percentage of T cells reactive with an anti-V beta 3 monoclonal antibody was significantly reduced by V beta 3-(57-77). These data suggest that the region of V beta 3 encompassing amino acids 57-77 is an area that displays the appropriate sequence and conformation for binding of the SEA molecule and blocking of the resultant interaction with the T-cell antigen receptor.
Conformational Preferences of Jet-Cooled Melatonin: Probing trans- and cis-Amide Regions of the Potential Energy Surface

The hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indole derivative with a flexible peptide-like side chain attached at the C3 position. Using a combination of two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI), laser-induced fluorescence excitation (LIF), resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy (RIDIRS), fluorescence-dip infrared spectroscopy (FDIRS), and UV−UV hole-burning spectroscopy, the conformational preferences of melatonin in a molecular beam have been determined. Three major trans-amide conformers and two minor cis-amide conformers have been identified in the R2PI spectrum and characterized with RIDIRS and FDIRS. Structural assignments are made using the infrared spectra in concert with density functional theory and localized MP2 calculations. Observation of cis-amide melatonin conformers in the molecular beam, despite the large energy gap (∼3 kcal/mol) between trans- and cis-amides, is striking because there are at least nine lower-energy trans-amide minima that are not detected. The im...
Microstructural Origins of Variability in the Tensile Ductility of Tilt-Pour Permanent Mold Cast Al Alloy at a Warm Temperature

Abstract Light-alloy castings often exhibit variability in the fracture sensitive properties such as ductility that does not necessarily correlate to the global average microstructural parameters such as dendrite cell size and porosity volume fraction in the three-dimensional microstructure. Nonetheless, in numerous such cases, the variability in the fracture sensitive properties does correlate to the variability in the local distributions of microstructural features and processing defects because the fracture path preferentially goes through the regions containing large concentrations of the defects and/or microstructural extrema. This paper presents the results of a detailed quantitative metallography and quantitative fractography based investigation of the relationships between microstructure and variability in uniaxial tensile ductility of the tensile test specimens drawn from very large size Al alloy automotive component castings fabricated using tilt-pour permanent-mold casting process. The percent ...
A Paradigm Shift in Irrigation Management

In coming decades, irrigated agriculture will be called upon to produce up to two thirds of the increased food supply needed by an expanding world population. But the increasing dependence on irrigation will coincide with accelerating competition for water and rising concern about the environmental effects of irrigation. These converging pressures will force irrigators to reconsider what is perhaps the most fundamental precept of conventional irrigation practice; that crop water demands should be satisfied in order to achieve maximum crop yields per unit of land. Ultimately, irrigated agriculture will need to adopt a new management paradigm based on an economic objective—the maximization of net benefits—rather than the biological objective of maximizing yields. Irrigation to meet crop water demand is a relatively simple and clearly defined problem with a singular objective. Irrigation to maximize benefits is a substantially more complex and challenging problem. Identifying optimum irrigation strategies wi...
LITHIATIONS OF 1-ALKYL-1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOL-5-YL SILANES: NOVEL ANION-MEDIATED CARBON-TO-CARBON SILICON MIGRATIONS

Abstract The lithiation chemistry of several 1-alkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl silanes has been investigated. Lithiation occurs exclusively on the 1-alkyl group, α to nitrogen, and on warming, an unusual anion-mediated carbon-to-carbon silicon migration occurs giving rise to novel 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl alkyl silanes.
Does comprehension precede production? The development of children's responses to telegraphic sentences of varying grammatical adequacy*

The comprehension ability of 36 children at three stages of telegraphic speech (mean length of utterance 1·45, 2·03, and 2·76 morphemes) was assessed using active behavioural responses to declarative and imperative sentences. Both forms were varied in syntactic and semantic complexity. The responses were scored in terms of objects used by the child, whether or not the child's actions were appropriate, and whether or not appropriate verbalization accompanied the actions. A significant increase in verbal and behavioural appropriateness with age was found for both imperative and declarative forms. Consistent with Shipley, Smith & Gleitman's (1969) results, advanced telegraphic speakers responded most often to adult stimulus forms. However, contrary to Shipley et al.'s findings, all children, even the earliest telegraphic speakers, were more accurate in responding to adult forms than to child forms, suggesting that ability to comprehend adult linguistic forms is present even at the earliest stages of telegraphic speech. The findings imply that re-evaluation of the development of comprehension ability in telegraphic speakers is necessary.
(η1-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)silyl Complexes of Ruthenium. Preparation, Reactivity, and X-ray Crystal Structure of Cp(PMe3)2RuSiCl2(η1-Cp*)

The reaction of Cp(PMe3)2RuCH2SiMe3 (1) with (η1-Cp*)SiHCl2 in refluxing toluene produces silyl Cp(PMe3)2RuSiCl2(η1-Cp*) (2) in good yields; Cp(PMe3)2RuSiCl3 (3) is a minor product of this reaction. The Cp* group in 2 is σ-bound to the silicon and is “static” on the NMR time scale at room temperature. The η1-Cp* configuration in 2 was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. In the structure of 2, a “three-legged piano stool” geometry is observed around ruthenium whereas the silicon adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The η1-Cp* group on silicon is in an anti relationship with one of the phosphines on ruthenium (dihedral angle = 179.5(3)°). Complex 2 exhibits reactions involving chloride substitution, Si−Cp* bond cleavage, and Ru−Si bond cleavage. The reaction of 2 with LiAlH4 produces Cp(PMe3)2RuSiH2(η1-Cp*) (6) in which the η1-Cp* group is more mobile compared to 2. The Si−Cp* bond of 2 is readily cleaved by acid (i.e HCl(g), pyridinium chloride) to give 3 and pentamethylcyclopentadie...
The ELF4–ELF3–LUX complex links the circadian clock to diurnal control of hypocotyl growth

In plants, the circadian clock functions as an endogenous pacemaker that anticipates and responds to a changing environment in order to optimize the timing of physiological and developmental events. Nusinow et al. elucidate the mechanism by which the circadian clock controls growth of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A novel trimeric complex called the evening complex is regulated by the clock and has a peak of expression at dusk. The complex represses the expression of two transcription factors, PIF4 and PIF5, which are part of a light-signalling cascade that controls the timing of plant growth in response to light conditions. The circadian clock is required for adaptive responses to daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions1,2,3. Light and the circadian clock interact to consolidate the phase of hypocotyl cell elongation to peak at dawn under diurnal cycles in Arabidopsis thaliana4,5,6,7. Here we identify a protein complex (called the evening complex)—composed of the proteins encoded by EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), ELF4 and the transcription-factor-encoding gene LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX; also known as PHYTOCLOCK 1)—that directly regulates plant growth8,9,10,11,12. ELF3 is both necessary and sufficient to form a complex between ELF4 and LUX, and the complex is diurnally regulated, peaking at dusk. ELF3, ELF4 and LUX are required for the proper expression of the growth-promoting transcription factors encoded by PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PIF5 (also known as PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 6) under diurnal conditions4,6,13. LUX targets the complex to the promoters of PIF4 and PIF5 in vivo. Mutations in PIF4 and/or PIF5 are epistatic to the loss of the ELF4–ELF3–LUX complex, suggesting that regulation of PIF4 and PIF5 is a crucial function of the complex. Therefore, the evening complex underlies the molecular basis for circadian gating of hypocotyl growth in the early evening.