cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity and antigenic reactivity of a carrier-free synthetic peptide complex derived from a 70-kDa Plasmodium falciparum exoantigen.

A 70-kDaPlasmodium falciparum exoantigen was purified from supernatant fluids of continuous in vitroP. falciparum cultures using sequential cation-exchange and high performance liquid chromatographic procedures. The purified protein was then digested with chymotrypsin and amino-acid sequences were determined for the resulting fragments. Four peptides (termed C2, C3, C5, and C10) were subsequently selected for synthesis based on their predictability for antigenic sites. The peptides were effectively used as a synthetic immunogen (SPf70) when they had been copolymerized with glutaraldehyde in the absence of a carrier. When given with Freund's adjuvant, the synthetic peptide complex was found to be highly immunogenic in rabbits. Serologic reactivity to the peptide complex and peptides C2 and C5 was uniformly high, followed by the responses to peptides C3 and C10. Peptide antigenicity was also assessed with human anti-P. falciparum sera from malaria-endemic regions of Uganda and Venezuela. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data showed that anti-P. falciparum antibodies were specific for and reactive to the peptides. The specificity of the rabbit anti-SPf70 antibodies forP. falciparum antigen was shown by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled proteins and by immunoblotting. Herein we describe the peptide sequences of a 70-kDaP. falciparum exoantigen (Pf70) that, when synthesized and constructed as a copolymer (SPf70), are capable of inducing the formation of antibodies that are reactive with the native malarial protein. The high immunogenicity and antigenic reactivity of SPf70 indicate the potential use of this synthetic peptide polymer as an immunogen and a diagnostic reagent.
POLY-PARA-XYLELENE: ITS CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION IN COATING TECHNOLOGY.

The chemistry of p-xylelene and of its analogues has been reviewed. Its modes of formation and polymerization to poly-p-xylelene have been described, and the initiation and hypothetical termination steps have been discussed. The reactions taking place in the gas phase and in the deposited film are contrasted with those taking place in solutions. The problems of crystallization of the polymer simultaneously proceeding with its growth have been stressed. Finally, the properties of poly-p-xylelenes and their application in the coating industry have been described in some detail, emphasizing the special advantages of gas-deposition leading directly to a solid and coherent film. Some future fields of application of this technique have been outlined.
Computational Analysis of Fluidic Compression in Supersonic Flowfields

A technique is introduced in which a supersonic flow is compressed in a supersonic inlet by a high pressure jet. This fluidic compression technique is analyzed in the present work using computational techniques. It is shown that by adjusting the pressure of the compression jet, the flow can be kept near design conditions in a fixed-geometry configuration. Results show that this method increases the minimum flowpath area, maintains shock-onlip over a range of Mach numbers, and reduces shock wave/boundary layer interactions. The potential advantages include lower spillage at low Mach numbers, reduced tendency to unstart, and the ability to have near-design operation over a wide range of flight Mach numbers without resorting to variable-geometry machinery. In addition, for combined-cycle engines it yields a low-blockage ftowpath for ejector and ramjet modes while maintaining high compression in scramjet mode. Global analysis is used to provide qualitative performance estimates. Grid doubling is used to analyze spatial resolution.
An Investigation of Evaporation, Boiling, and Heat Transport Performance in Pulstating Heat Pipe

Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a latest development in heat pipe technology. In this paper, evaporation and boiling phenomena are investigated, and liquid heat transport performance in a PHP is measured at different fill ratio as well. The observation results show that phase change in the evaporator may occur by two different mechanisms: 1) evaporation and boiling in thin liquid film on the evaporator wall, 2) generation and collapse of tiny bubbles suspended in the liquid slug. Meanwhile, the temperature measurement indicates that temperature gradient between the evaporator and the condenser is related to liquid latent heat, density, viscosity, and mass filled in.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Gap junctions occur in vertebrate renal proximal tubule cells.

Renal proximal tubular cells are known to be electrically coupled (1) . In other tissues, three types of specialized junctions have been implicated in intercellular ionic communication : septate desmosomes (2), gap junctions (3, 4), and tight junctions (5, 6) . Of these, only the tight junction has been previously identified in kidney tubular epithelium (7) and, therefore, has been thought to be the site of electrical coupling in this tissue . In this report, we describe the occurrence of gap junctions in the proximal tubule cells of rabbit, fish, and monkey.
Lysine-81 and threonine-82 on maize β-glucosidase isozyme Glu1 are the key amino acids involved in β-glucosidase aggregating factor binding.

In certain maize genotypes (nulls), beta-glucosidase specifically interacts with a chimeric lectin called beta-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF), resulting in high molecular weight complexes. Previously, we showed that three regions (S1-T29, E50-N127, and F466-A512) on the maize beta-glucosidase isozyme Glu1 are involved in interaction and aggregation with BGAF. Recently, we found that the peptide span I72-T82 within E50-N127 is essential and sufficient for BGAF binding, whereas the S1-T29 and F466-A512 regions are required for formation of large complexes. To define the contribution of individual amino acids in the above three regions to BGAF binding, we constructed mutant beta-glucosidases based on sequence differences between maize beta-glucosidase and sorghum beta-glucosidase (dhurrinase 2, Dhr2), which does not bind BGAF. Binding was evaluated by gel-shift assay and affinity by frontal affinity chromatography (FAC). In the gel-shift assay, Glu1 mutants K81E and T82Y failed to bind BGAF, and their FAC profiles were essentially similar to that of Dhr2, indicating that these two amino acids within the I72-T82 region are important for BGAF binding. Substitution of N481 with E (as in Dhr2) lowered affinity for BGAF, whereas none of the mutations in the S1-T29 region showed any effect on BGAF binding. To further confirm the importance of K81 and T82 for BGAF binding, we produced a number of Dhr2 mutants, and the results showed that all four amino acids (I72, N75, K81, and T82) that differ between Glu1 and Dhr2 in the peptide span I72-T82 are required to impart BGAF-binding ability to Dhr2.
Comparison of Impella and intra-aortic balloon pump in high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: Vascular complications and incidence of bleeding

Objective: Compare vascular complications and incidence of bleeding of Impella 2.5 and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).Background: Large arterial sheath size for device insertion is associated with vascular and/or bleeding complications; gastrointestinal bleeding may also occur with anti-coagulation use.Methods: Patients with an acute coronary syndrome receiving Impella 2.5 or IABP during high-risk PCI were studied (13 Impella; 62 IABP). Vascular complications and incidence of bleeding were compared.Results: Post-procedure hematocrit was similar between groups. Blood transfusion occurred in 38.4% and 32.2% of patients in the Impella and IABP groups, respectively (P = NS); 65.3%, 30.7% and 3.8% of bleeding were due to vascular access site/procedure related, gastrointestinal and genitourinary, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference in vascular complications between the Impella and IABP groups (15.3% and 6.4% of patients, respecti...
Automatic development tools in software engineering courses

Discusses the role of automatic software development tools in graduate software engineering courses. The basic requirements for such tools, from the industry perspective, are presented, followed by the selection of tools meeting a comprehensive set of criteria in four process-related dimensions: internal, vertical, horizontal and diagonal. Typical software development projects for student teams used in the Software Engineering Program at the University of Central Florida are presented, involving the following four software tools: SES/workbench, ObjecTime Developer, iLogix Rhapsody and Gensym G2.
Analysis of Accident-Reduction Factors on California State Highways

Accident reduction factors (ARFs) are mechanisms that the California Department of Transportation employs in calculating Traffic Safety Index values, which are used to prioritize safety-improvement projects on California state highways. Many factors that affect motorist safety have changed over the nearly 30 years in which ARFs have been used in the Traffic Safety Index Program. It is therefore appropriate to review and update, as needed, these accident-reduction factors. The research focused on four accident-reduction factors that are currently in use (rumble-strip installation, shoulder widening, superelevation correction, and curve correction). An accident-reduction factor was developed for a fifth treatment category (wet-pavement treatments). Data were gathered for all projects proposed for funding in the state of California's Safety Improvement Program from 1985 through 1995. Projects completed from 1988 through 1992 were considered for inclusion in a before-and-after study that employed empirical Ba...
Estimation of both the potency and efficacy of α7 nAChR agonists from single-concentration responses

Abstract The assessment of functional properties is a crucial step in the screening of potential new drug candidates. The development of moderate to high throughput electrophysiological recording systems such as OpusXpress (Molecular Devices) has facilitated the process of testing new drugs to a large degree. However, while the simple screening of multiple drugs at a single concentration identifies “hits” and “misses”, the generation of full concentration–response studies is still a bottleneck in drug development. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor displays a unique concentration dependence of response kinetics which permits estimates of EC 50 and I max values for experimental drugs to be generated from single-concentration responses. This method is based on the analysis of 13 different concentration–response studies utilizing either human or rat α7 nAChR. Each experimental response was first normalized to an ACh control, and then a transformation of the pooled data was generated which, based on the relationship between the net charge and peak current to their respective EC 50 values defined the “functional concentration” (the test concentration relative to the EC 50 for the given agonist). At low functional concentrations, net charge is large relative to peak current amplitude and at higher functional concentration this relationship reverses. For any single-concentration response, the ratio of net charge to peak current can be used to estimate functional concentration. Efficacy can then be estimated by comparing the observed (net charge) response to the expected value for a full agonist at the estimated functional concentration. This extended analysis, combined with automated recording methods, should greatly increase the efficiency with which promising new drug candidates can be characterized.
Pancreatic Cancer Biomarkers and Their Implication in Cancer Diagnosis and Epidemiology

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Biomarkers are needed to detect this cancer early during the disease development and for screening populations to identify those who are at risk. In cancer, “biomarker” refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker might be either a molecule secreted by a tumor or it can be a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, glycomic, and imaging biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. A number of potential biomarkers have been identified for pancreatic cancer. These markers can be assayed in non-invasively collected biofluids. These biomarkers need analytical and clinical validation so that they can be used for the purpose of screening and diagnosing pancreatic cancer and determining disease prognosis. In this article, the latest developments in pancreatic cancer biomarkers are discussed.
Cardioprotection induced by cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2 is mediated by the MAPK cascade.

Our laboratory showed previously that cardiac-specific overexpression of FGF-2 [FGF-2 transgenic (Tg)] results in increased recovery of contractile function and decreased infarct size after ischemi...
Studies on the reliability of mass x-ray surveys.

1. The reliability of surveys may be measured in various ways. Such tests require careful re-check of all films made, plus adequate statistical study. They should disclose the percentage of “positives” detected, and of “negatives” correctly identified.
Transition to a periodic regime in mixed convection in a square cavity

This work describes the transition from a steady, laminar regime to a periodic regime in an air-filled, two-dimensional cavity subjected to localized heating. The interaction of the buoyancy induced flow with a cold air stream that flows through leads to steady flow and thermal fields only for values of the Grashof number that are lower then a certain critical value Gr cr . As Gr cr is exceeded, an unstable situation arises and, after an initial transient, the results show a very regular, periodic, almost sinusoidal behavior. Similar previous works on natural convective flows in cavities have discovered such a periodic behavior, as a form of travelling wave instability, having the characteristics of a Hopf bifurcation. The present problem is also governed by the Reynolds number and its effect on the results is studied as well. The observed instability was found to be of thermal origin.
Smoking and Periodontal Disease: A Review of the Literature

The literature related to smoking and periodontal disease is reviewed. The effects of smoking on oral hygiene, gingivitis, necrotizing gingivitis, periodontitis, bacteria and the host's response are presented. From this review it is apparent that while the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease needs further study, smoking is detrimental to periodontal health as it worsens the oral hygiene status and depresses the host's defense posture.
Complexity in salt marsh circulation for a semienclosed basin

The fine details of overmarsh circulation remain largely unexplored and yet they are typically assumed to control many attributes of salt marsh material cycling, transport, and accretion. We characterized the spatial and temporal variability in overmarsh circulation at a 2 km2 Georgia, USA, salt marsh using field observations, dye tracer, and numerical simulations. The marsh bathymetry was created with a high-precision Global Positioning System survey that details the geomorphic structure of intertidal creeks and salt marsh platform features greater than about 1 m in width. We assessed flow path dynamics at four spatial scales ranging from 1 m to 1000 m. Results show the development and decay of simultaneous flow divergence and convergence, concentrated flow and large-scale rotational flow, and strong differences between flood and ebb pathways. This current complexity is set by submergence and emergence of subtle salt marsh platform geomorphic structure, and it highlights the role of topography in system-wide flow processes.
Dirichlet branes, homological mirror symmetry, and stability

We discuss some mathematical conjectures which have come out of the study of Dirichlet branes in superstring theory, focusing on the case of supersymmetric branes in Calabi-Yau compactification. This has led to the formulation of a notion of stability for objects in a derived category, contact with Kontsevich’s homological mirror symmetry conjecture, and “physics proofs” for many of the subsequent conjectures based on it, such as the representation of Calabi-Yau monodromy by autoequivalences of the derived category.
Adaptive reduction‐based AMG

SUMMARY With the ubiquity of large-scale computing resources has come significant attention to practical details of fast algorithms for the numerical solution of partial dierential equations. Included in this group are the class of multigrid and algebraic multigrid algorithms that are eective solvers for many of the large matrix problems arising from the discretization of elliptic operators. Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is especially eective for many problems with discontinuous coecients, discretized on unstructured grids, or over complex geometries. While much eort has been invested in improving the practical performance of AMG, little theoretical understanding of this performance has emerged. This paper presents a two-level convergence theory for a reduction-based variant of AMG, called AMGr, which is particularly appropriate for linear systems that have M-matrix-like properties. For situations where less is known about the problem matrix, an adaptive version of AMGr that automatically determines the form of the reduction needed by the AMGr process is proposed. The adaptive cycle is shown, in both theory and practice, to yield an eective AMGr algorithm. Copyright c 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron deficiency and infant development

It has been shown that iron-deficient anemic infants are not as successful in tests of mental and motor development as their iron-sufficient age-matched counterparts. A recent study has confirmed that iron intervention can reverse developmental delays, while placebo-treated anemic infants showed no such improvement. The etiology of the developmental delay and its effect on later performance remain to be elucidated.
Lightpath routing for maximum reliability in optical mesh networks

We consider the problem of maximizing the reliability of connections in optical mesh networks against simultaneous failures of multiple fiber links that belong to a shared-risk link group (SRLG). We study the single-lightpath, parallel-lightpaths, and lightpath protection problems for connections between two end nodes, as well as the lightpath-ring problems for connections of three or more end nodes. We first study the special problems where all SRLGs have the same failure probability. In these problems, every SRLG is represented by a distinct color and every fiber link is associated with one or more colors, depending on the SRLGs to which the link belongs. We formulate the problems as minimum-color lightpath problems. By minimizing the number of colors on the lightpaths, the failure probability of the lightpaths can be minimized. We prove the problems to be NP-hard. We then extend the results to the general problems where the failure probabilities of the SRLGs may differ. Heuristic algorithms are proposed for larger instances of the problems, and the heuristics are evaluated through simulations.
Evaluation of a 4‐h static copper sulphate treatment against experimental infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The efficacy of copper sulphate (CuSO4) against the early stages of an experimental acute infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was evaluated. Fish were challenged, by waterborne exposure to F. columnare in an ultra-low flow-through water delivery system, and treated with CuSO4 at 4.2 and 2.1 mg L−1 at 5.5 h post challenge for 4 h. Bacterial challenged non-treated fish acted as a positive control and non-challenged non-treated fish acted as a negative control. Fish challenged with F. columnare and treated with CuSO4 at 4.2 and 2.1 mg L−1 post challenge had mortalities of 6.4% and 18.3%, respectively, compared with the positive control, which had 90.2% mortality. The mortality of challenged fish treated with CuSO4 at 4.2 and 2.1 mg L−1 was significantly different from the positive control. There was no significant difference between the mortalities of the 4.2 and 2.1 mg L−1 treatments. The results suggest that CuSO4 has clear therapeutic value against columnaris infections.
A Hidden Markov Model approach to variation among sites in rate of evolution.

The method of Hidden Markov Models is used to allow for unequal and unknown evolutionary rates at different sites in molecular sequences. Rates of evolution at different sites are assumed to be drawn from a set of possible rates, with a finite number of possibilities. The overall likelihood of phylogeny is calculated as a sum of terms, each term being the probability of the data given a particular assignment of rates to sites, times the prior probability of that particular combination of rates. The probabilities of different rate combinations are specified by a stationary Markov chain that assigns rate categories to sites. While there will be a very large number of possible ways of assigning rates to sites, a simple recursive algorithm allows the contributions to the likelihood from all possible combinations of rates to be summed, in a time proportional to the number of different rates at a single site. Thus with three rates, the effort involved is no greater than three times that for a single rate. This “Hidden Markov Model” method allows for rates to differ between sites and for correlations between the rates of neighboring sites. By summing over all possibilities it does not require us to know the rates at individual sites. However, it does not allow for correlation of rates at nonadjacent sites, nor does it allow for a continuous distribution of rates over sites. It is shown how to use the Newton-Raphson method to estimate branch lengths of a phylogeny and to infer from a phylogeny what assignment of rates to sites has the largest posterior probability. An example is given using phemoglobin DNA sequences in eight mammal species; the regions of high and low evolutionary rates are inferred and also the average length of patches of similar rates.
Re-Evaluating The Underlying Premises Of Free Market Privatization In Current Dispensation

The contextual framework or policy orthodoxy persuading the implementation of privatization was the prevalent thinking that economic systems functioned best in a “free market”, with little or no government intervention. In the same vein was the belief that a more productive allocation and rationalization of factors of production will dictate a wholesale transfer from public to private sector of the ownership and control of productive assets, their allocation and pricing, including the residual profits flowing from them. The most effective vehicle for such implementation of free market privatization was adjudged to be unfettered deregulation. To the extent that it enabled the untangling of bureaucratic impediments to the inflow and retention of capital to the countries by way of foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment (PI), including the repatriation of resultant profits, it was a welcome outcome. Unfettered deregulation, as clearly manifested in recent years, particularly in well-known developed economies, appears to have produced an outcome substantially inconsistent with the traditional suppositions, begging the obvious question in the minds of academicians and policymakers alike. Where to, from here? The answer to the apparent conflict and/or contradiction is more urgent in the developing and emerging economies where privatization, and in a broader sense, the ideas and practices based on free market principles and on free market prescriptions have been promoted and sold as sacrosanct, if not necessary for their economic growth and survival. Given the current state of the global financial market which, at best, can be said to be in a state of flux, and the myriads of supposedly economic development initiatives invoking the likes of privatization and deregulation, we are tempted to ask the following questions: Are there any fixes? Could there be better, more accommodating alternative assumption(s), doctrine(s) or paradigm(s)?
New Considerations in Infectious Disease Outbreaks: The Threat of Genetically Modified Microbes

Genetically altered microbes are used widely in the conduct of scientific study and have facilitated the development of new medical therapies, preventive strategies, and diagnostic tools. Unfortunately, such organisms may also cause infectious disease outbreaks as a result of accidental or intentional transmission to humans. The unique microbial properties of genetically altered pathogens and the clinical symptoms exhibited by persons infected with them may impede the usual diagnostic and clinical evaluations or preventive strategies. Practicing physicians and clinicians at microbiology laboratories, who would be the first to observe such infections, must consider the broad clinical possibilities of illnesses caused by deliberately altered microorganisms and the potential difficulty in confirming a diagnosis.
The Cretaceous World

Peter Skelton, ed., 2003, Cambridge University Press, New York, 360 p., (Hardcover, US $110.00, Softcover US $50.00) ISBN: Hardcover: 0-521-83112-1; Softcover; 0-521-53843-2. One of the major transformations in the general thrust of geoscientific research has been an increasing emphasis on global change and its offshoot, Earth systems science. Although the roots of this change—I hesitate to call it a revolution—were laid earlier, this approach to investigating Earth and its processes became prevalent during the 1980s. It offered the geosciences as a whole a common theme around which to concentrate research and to justify increased funding. It also became viewed as a more meaningful approach to introducing and teaching students, especially at the introductory level, about Earth sciences. Initially, the textbooks developed on global change and Earth systems science basically were slightly varied permutations or recasting of existing textbooks, especially those used to teach Historical Geology. We are now in what I consider to be a second phase of this curriculum shift, which is characterized by the appearance of textbooks that focus on more specific elements of global change. The poster child of this change, at least in my eyes, is Ruddiman's (2000) Earth's Climate: Past and Future. As the name implies, this volume focuses on the record of climate variability through geologic time and on how that record has been reconstructed. The Cretaceous World continues this trend—emphasizing depth rather than breadth. As the title alludes, it is focused on a distinct interval of Earth history that represents a drastic contrast to the world today: a world dominated by greenhouse, rather than icehouse, conditions. This volume, edited by Peter Skelton with contributions by his fellow instructors/lecturers at the Open University (Robert Spicer, Simon Kelley, Iain Gilmour), in addition to contributions by the editor, is focused on comparing and contrasting a greenhouse …
A quantitative analysis of beta-adrenergic receptor interactions: resolution of high and low affinity states of the receptor by computer modeling of ligand binding data

The properties of ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor have been studied using a computer modeling technique to analyze data obtained by indirect binding methods. Antagonists are shown to bind to the receptor with one homogeneous state of uniform affinity, while agonists manifest heterogeneous binding. For agonists, two distinct binding states are apparent; one of high and one of low affinity. Affinity states of the receptor are characterized by specific macroscopic dissociation constants, and the proportion of total receptors in each state can be determined. The ability of an agonist to activate adenylate cyclase (intrinsic activity) correlates closely with the amount of high affinity state formed in the presence of the agonist (p
Effect of Excess Dietary Methionine on Rat Pregnancy: Influence on Ovarian Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity

The addition of 4% dl-methionine to a diet of 18% or 12% casein reduced pregnancy maintenance in the rat from 100% to 48% and 5%, respectively. Fetal weight was subnormal. The major influence of methionine was not due to reduced food intake as determined by pair-fed controls but was related to reduced ovarian function. Thus, administration of estrone (0.5 μg) and progesterone (4 mg) on each of days 3 to 20 restored pregnancy to 100% in methionine-fed rats, but fetal weight remained subnormal. Further ovarian Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was subnormal in litter-resorbed, methionine-fed rats. Since adequate amounts of ovarian steroids are required for placenta formation, it is possible that placental development was impaired and served as the cause of fetal wastage in animals consuming excess methionine.
Cervical incompetence. A re-evaluation.

The concept of “cervical incompetence-late abortion” is neither complex nor mysterious. The cervix is fundamentally a connective tissue structure whose major function is to retain the conceptus within the uterus after 14 weeks' gestation; neither the internal os, isthmus, lower uterine segment nor any other structure is concerned. If the fibrous cervical ring is sufficiently intact when uterine distention begins at about 14 weeks, the pregnancy will continue; if not, abortion follows, the timing varying inversely with the extent of the defect. A classification is presented of the three fundamental types of cervical incompetence, and diagnosis and management are outlined.
Small Scale Thermomechanics in Si with an Account of Surface Stress Measurements

Multiscale experiments and models have repeatedly shown that thermal and mechanical properties of materials are a strong function of the length scale of measurement. This work uses a newly established nanomechanical Raman spectroscopy approach to analyze creep deformation of microscale Si cantilevers as a function of temperature and mechanical strain. This research reports in-situ creep properties of silicon micro-cantilevers in this temperature range under uniaxial compressive stress. The experimental setup consists of micro-scale mechanical loading platform and localized heating module. The results reveal that in the stress range of 50–150 MPa, the strain rate of the silicon cantilever increases linearly as a function of applied stress. The strain rate also increases a function of temperature increase. However, the strain rate increase slows down with increase in temperature. The strain rate of the microscale silicon cantilever (0.2–2.5 × 10−6 s−1) was comparable to literature values for bulk silicon reported in temperature range 1100–1300 °C but with only one tenth of the applied stress level. The relaxation of the near-surface atoms also contributes to the creep of the material. Analyses are also used to establish a surface stress relation in one dimensional nanostructures subjected to mechanical loading at high temperatures.
Dividing the Conquered

When an outside power gains control of a piece of territory, such as in a colonial endeavor or a military occupation, it inherits the burden of managing internal conflict among the groups already residing there. Using a formal model, this paper develops a new theory of how the policies of an extractive outside force affect the occurrence of internal social conflict, and vice versa. When an outside ruler confronts a highly fractionalized society, the most profitable policy is one that maximizes internal conflict and minimizes resistance against external rule. However, the broader analysis does not lend support to the conventional wisdom of “divide and rule.” All else equal, a ruler would rather govern a unified society than a divided one, as internal conflict is economically destructive. Similarly, I find that an outside force has no incentive to create artificial inequality between identical social groups. The results of the model also suggest that harsh extractive policies and violent resistance may be more likely to occur when insurgents are concentrated in a few groups than when they have a broad base. In extensions to the model, I show that natural resource wealth is less valuable than it might appear, and that productive investment can reduce commitment problems that otherwise lead to inefficiently high levels of appropriation. †Senior Research Assistant, Department of Politics, 028 Corwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. Email address: bkenkel@princeton.edu. Date: August 28, 2013. I am grateful to Phil Arena, Jeff Arnold, Cristina Bodea, Rob Carroll, Clifford Carrubba, Tom Dolan, Mark Fey, Hein Goemans, Jeremy Kedziora, Jeff Marshall, Kristopher Ramsay, Miguel Rueda, Curt Signorino, and Matt Testerman for their comments on previous drafts. The errors that remain are, of course, my own. I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Theory and Statistics Research Lab at the University of Rochester during the writing of this paper. 1 DIVIDING THE CONQUERED 2
Consideraciones en torno a la narrativa de Edgardo Rivera Martínez

El presente articulo examina el universo narrativo de Edgardo Rivera Martinez. En las letras peruanas contemporaneas, Rivera Martinez es dueno de un universo ficcional con matices propios en el cual uno de sus ejes centrales plantea la necesidad de un dialogo que permita la creacion de un nuevo mestizaje en la sociedad peruana. La necesidad de este nuevo mestizaje se forja a traves de personajes que se preguntan permanentemente por su identidad y su sentido de pertenencia en el mundo, haciendo evidente la urgencia de una sociedad multicultural donde el mundo andino y el mundo occidental puedan convivir armoniosamente.
Maturity and sexual dimorphism in the skull, mandible, and teeth of the beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris.

By comparison of the skull, mandible, and teeth of an adult female Mesoplodon densirostris (the only adult female of this species known to science) to those of males, sexual dimorphism is found as follows: 1) the partial but meager filling of the mesorostral groove in the female as opposed to complete filling for 90 per cent of its length in adult males; 2) smaller development of the female rostrum in width and depth, but 3) greater development in length; 4) much smaller development of the female tooth, alveolus, and dental pulpit; and 5) failure of the tooth to erupt in the adult female. Comparison of the skull, mandible, and teeth of the adult female to those of a subadult female revealed the following differences regarded here as potentially developmental: 1) moderate development of the vomer and mesethmoid in the mesorostral groove of the subadult as compared to the extensive thickening of these bones in the adult so as to fill the mesorostral groove proximally; 2) differences in rostral form as revealed by cross-sectional profiles and rostral measurements, probably resulting from development described above; 3) meager development of bony overlays of the maxillary, palatine, and pterygoid in the orbital and auditory regions of the subadult as compared to their extensive development and thickening in the adult which is reflected in 4) the smaller size of the fossae in the orbital region of the adult; 5) rounded posterior profile of the brainease of the subadult compared to its straight, angular character in the adult; 6) greater ize of the temporal fossa in the subadult; 7) open pulp cavity of the tooth of he subadult as compared to its complete closure in the adult. In addition, the ympanic bulla of the subadult is larger relative to skull length than that of the dult, but asymmetry is greater in the adult. The relative anteroposterior position f the maxillary and premaxillary foramina was found to vary in Mesoplodon ensirostris , making it unreliable as a taxonomic character.
Evaluating the role of energetic disorder and thermal activation in exciton transport

Temperature dependent measurements of the exciton diffusion length (LD) are performed for three archetypical small-molecule, organic semiconductors: aluminum tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3), dicyanovinyl-terthiophene (DCV3T), and boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc). The experimental results are well-reproduced with stochastic simulations for LD by accounting for the presence of energetic disorder and thermal activation within both the inhomogeneously broadened density of states and the rate of intermolecular Forster energy transfer, respectively. In turn, activated and non-activated transport regimes can be distinguished, and exciton energy transfer within these materials can be deconvoluted from energetic disorder—providing insight regarding the fundamental parameters limiting LD.
Broward County Female Officers’ Perspective on Job Satisfaction: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Female Officers reported stunning portrayals of high levels of job satisfaction. The four Broward County police officers provided interviews and narrative discussions in which they all spoke about how content they were being police officers. Takedown clips featuring the Police Women of Broward County depict how these women view their jobs and will serve as the data used to develop the study. Keywords: Female Police Officers; perspective, and job satisfaction
TON MARKING TACTICS OF NGV

Most of the oil fields in china have reached the mid-late-stage of production. The obviously decreasing recoverable reserves of the remaining oil and gas, the considerably increasing cost per tone and the dropping of oil price in international markets seriously impact the economic efficiency of the industry. Therefore, what is the much more important to oil fields is to look for new growth point of economy, besides strengthening the control of cost, enhancing investment in science and technology, quickening the modern enterprise system contraction, the future research key point will be quickening up the development of natural gas industry and opening up natural gas market. This article mainly discussed the advantages, marketing tactics and operating ways of NGV. It is pointed out that we should exploit the mutual complementary ability of government behavior and market behavior to develop the market of NGV. As for the operating method, we should have an elaborate division of market and the corresponding target market according to the requirement, types of users, situation of user and characteristics of products. A case study is delivered from oil filed t re development of NGV.
Plasma prostanoids in neonates with pulmonary hypertension treated with conventional therapy and with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Thromboxane may be a mediator of pulmonary hypertension in the neonate. Acute thromboxane-mediated pulmonary hypertension has been described in sheep receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, which raises concerns about a potential thromboxane-mediated exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension in human neonates with severe pulmonary hypertension who are treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We measured plasma levels of thromboxane, prostaglandin F2α, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α in infants with pulmonary hypertension, some of whom were treated medically and some of whom were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Plasma levels of all three prostanoids were elevated in infants with pulmonary hypertension and decreased with time, whether the neonates were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or with medical management alone. In infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, we collected samples simultaneously from preoxygenator sites, postoxygenator sites, and umbilical artery catheter. We could demonstrate no significant difference in plasma prostanoid levels across the oxygenator. In two patients, plasma thromboxane and prostaglandin F2α levels measured shortly after a platelet transfusion were distinctly higher in the umbilical artery catheter than in venous samples.
The surgical treatment of congenital valve disease

The clinical results after surgical treatment of congenital valve disease have improved due to the use of several recently developed techniques. The replacement of tendinous cords using E-PTFE sutures has allowed the indications for the repair of mitral valve prolapse to be extended. The Ross procedure has made it possible to replace the aortic valve associated with small aortic annulus. However, replacement with a prosthetic valve remains the only option if repair is not possible or fails. Prosthetic valve replacement in the pediatric age-group remains challenging in patients with a small valve annulus. A number of techniques can be employed in such cases, including enlargement of the aortic annulus and translocation of the prosthetic valve in the left atrium, although there are limits on the size of the prosthesis. Further improvement of surgical techniques is necessary, along with the development of prosthetic valves using more nearly physiological materials.
Determination of selenium in feeds and premixes: collaborative study

A total of 17 laboratories participated in a collaborative study for the determination of selenium in feeds and premixes using either a fluorometric or a continuous hydride generation atomic absorption (HGAA) method. Each collaborator analyzed 16 blind duplicate samples of feed and premixes from various feed manufacturers. The amount of Se in these materials ranged from 0.2 to 5500 micrograms/g. Six laboratories used only the fluorometric procedure, 8 laboratories used only the hydride generation atomic absorption procedure, and 3 laboratories used both procedures. One laboratory in the fluorometric study and 3 laboratories in the HGAA study were initially excluded because of invalid data. Poor agreement between the blind duplicates indicated probable sample interchange and/or dilution error. The data from 8 laboratories were submitted to statistical analysis, including data from 2 laboratories participating in both studies. The repeatability standard deviation (RSDr) for samples analyzed by the fluorometric procedure ranged from 5.9 to 33%, and the reproducibility standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 12 to 33%. RSDr for samples analyzed by HGAA ranged from 2.8 to 18%, and RSDR ranged from 4.0 to 36%. Both fluorometric and continuous hydride generation atomic absorption methods for the determination of Se in feeds and premixes have been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Africa: 1500–1914

For the non-African, Africa is the ambiguous continent. Since paleolithic times it has sustained human life; some paleontolo­gists believe it is where human life began. From at least 1500 Africa has been an integral part of world history. Until the nine­teenth century it remained largely divided, diverse, tribal, remote, insular and oriented (where it was oriented to the outside world at all) either towards the Mediterranean or the Indian Ocean.
“White Peril” in the East: The Response of China and Japan

In 1515 a group of Portuguese traders and buccaneers — Arab, Persian, and Indian sea-traders had long preceded them — appeared off the southern Chinese coast. In 1543 a group of Portuguese merchants, bound from Indonesia to China, were blown off course and shipwrecked at Tanegashima, an island off Kyushu, the southern island of Japan. By the mid-sixteenth century, the Chinese government having forbidden its subjects to trade directly with Japan, the Portuguese at Macao on the Chinese coast controlled the carrying trade between China and Japan. By then, the western invasion of eastern Asia by sea was underway.
How planners and stakeholders learn with visualization tools: using learning sciences methods to examine planning processes

Planning researchers traditionally conceptualize learning as cognitive changes in individuals. In this tradition, scholars assess learning with pre- and post-measures of understandings or beliefs. While valuable for documenting individual change, such methods leave unexamined the social processes in which planners think, act, and learn in groups, which often involve the use of technical tools. The present interdisciplinary research program used Learning Sciences research methods, including conversation analysis, interaction analysis, and visualization of discourse codes, to understand how tools like agent-based models and geographic information systems mediate learning in planning groups. The objective was to understand how the use of these tools in participatory planning can help stakeholders learn about complex environmental problems, to make more informed judgments about the future. The paper provides three cases that illustrate the capacity of such research methods to provide insights into planning gr...
Combining imperfect automated annotations of underwater images with human annotations to obtain precise and unbiased population estimates

Abstract Optical methods for surveying populations are becoming increasingly popular. These methods often produce hundreds of thousands to millions of images, making it impractical to analyze all the images manually by human annotators. Computer vision software can rapidly annotate these images, but their error rates are often substantial, vary spatially and are autocorrelated. Hence, population estimates based on the raw computer automated counts can be seriously biased. We evaluated four estimators that combine automated annotations of all the images with manual annotations from a random sample to obtain (approximately) unbiased population estimates, namely: ratio, offset, and linear regression estimators as well as the mean of the manual annotations only. Each of these estimators was applied either globally or locally (i.e., either all data were used or only those near the point in question, to take into account spatial variability and autocorrelation in error rates). We also investigated a simple stratification scheme that splits the images into two strata, based on whether the automated annotator detected no targets or at least one target. The 16 methods resulting from a combination of four estimators, global or local estimation, and one stratum or two strata, were evaluated using simulations and field data. Our results indicated that the probability of a false negative is the key factor determining the best method, regardless of the probability of false positives. Stratification was the most effective method in improving the accuracy and precision of the estimates, provided the false negative rate was not too high. If the probability of false negatives is low, stratified estimation with the local ratio estimator or local regression (essentially geographically weighted regression) is best. If the probability of false negatives is high, no stratification with a simple global linear regression or simply the manual sample mean alone is recommended.
Evolution in Freedom? The Meanings of "Free School" in Chile.

This article examines the background in which enterprises called free schools, as well as complementary educational activities, have taken root in Chile. Two kinds of recently burgeoning free schoo...