cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Substance to Symbol: Head Start and the Change from Modern to Postmodern Presidents

This paper examines several trends in presidential politics during the 1960s and early 1970s that together indicate a significant change in the way presidents engage public policy. By comparing the actions of the Johnson and Nixon administrations on Project Head Start, we see the emergence of an approach to public policy leadership that sees public policy as less a function of substantive achievement than a mechanism to pursue larger political objectives of presidents.
Integrated semiconductor fluorescence sensor for portable bio-medical diagnostics

A VCSEL, PIN photodiode and emission filter are monolithically integrated to create a near IR fluorescence sensor. High power VCSEL operation, low detector dark current, and high linearity photodetection are demonstrated, suitable for portable biomedical diagnostic systems.
16. “Learning by Doing” in a Graduate Course in Human Development and Family Studies: Service Learning Utilizing an Evaluation Project

The purpose of this paper is to share our experiences involving a creative approach to service learning that was implemented in a Human Development and Family Studies graduate course. In our departmental pursuit of evolving scholarship and promoting scholarly teaching and learning (Kopera-Frye, Hilton, & Cavote, 2003), this course represents an example of how one can promote higher-level learning among our future professionals. This service learning approach utilized in this particular course focuses on needs assessment and program evaluation, a direction not usually found in typical service learning projects that involve a social volunteerism approach. By discussing the theoretical basis for the project, course format, and providing some qualitative/evaluative data, we will contribute to the knowledge base on innovative ways to promote scholarly learning. Challenges and issues that need to be anticipated before designing this type of service learning experience will be highlighted.
Eosinophilic granuloma of the sacrum treated with radiation therapy: a case report

Abstract Background Context Eosinophilic granulomas (EGs) of the sacrum have been reported in fewer than 10 patients. Treatment algorithms for these tumors remain poorly defined; there are no reports of treating solitary sacral EG with radiation therapy (RT). Purpose This study aimed to describe the presentation, treatment, and outcome of sacral EG in an adult patient with intractable pain and radiculopathy, treated in a novel fashion with RT. Study Design/Setting The study design was a case report from a tertiary cancer referral center. Methods Patient records, imaging, and pathology were reviewed. Results A 35-year-old man received 20 Gy of radiation to his S1 EG lesion. He subsequently developed vertebra plana of S1 causing symptomatic L5–S1 stenosis, but 15 months after RT treatment was free of pain or tumor recurrence. Conclusion Radiation therapy is an effective treatment option for sacral EG causing severe axial pain and neural impingement.
Spreading of X‐chromosome inactivation

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammals has evolved to functionally compensate for the apparent dosage imbalance of X-linked genes between males and females. XCI is believed to occur in three stages: initiation, spreading, and maintenance; the mechanism by which inactivation spreads from the X-inactivation center is perhaps the least understood of these processes. Analysis of X;autosome translocations indicate that the inactivation of genes on the inactive X (Xi) is capable of spreading into translocated autosomal DNA, although in a more discontinuous and variable fashion, suggesting that there are X chromosome–specific features that may facilitate efficient spreading of inactivation on the X. Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between certain repetitive DNA elements and the spreading of XCI, suggesting that these sequences may, in conjunction with Xist RNA, mediate the spreading of XCI. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the spreading mechanism of XCI. Keywords: X-chromosome inactivation; spreading of inactivation; L1 elements; Xist; translocation; chromatin remodeling
Effects of viral pneumonia on lung macrophage lysosomal enzymes

During viral pneumonitis in mice, lung fluid protein and free lysosomal enzyme activity are increased while macrophage lysosomal enzymes are decreased.
Pathways Forward in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention One and a Half Years After Publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guidelines

The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines represent an important step forward in the risk assessment and management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Differentiated risk prediction equations for women and black individuals were developed, and convenient 10-year and lifetime risk assessment tools were provided, facilitating their implementation. Lifestyle modification was portrayed as the foundation of preventive therapy. In addition, based on high-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials, statins were prioritized as the first lipid-lowering pharmacologic treatment, and a shared decision-making model between the physician and the patient was emphasized as a key feature of personalized care. After publication of the guidelines, however, important limitations were also identified. This resulted in a constructive scientific debate yielding valuable insights into potential opportunities to refine recommendations, fill gaps in guidance, and better harmonize recommendations within and outside the United States. The latter point deserves emphasis because when guidelines are in disagreement, this may result in nonaction on the part of professional caregivers or nonadherence by patients. In this review, we discuss the key scientific literature relevant to the guidelines published in the year and a half after their release. We aim to provide cohesive, evidence-based views that may offer pathways forward in cardiovascular disease prevention toward greater consensus and benefit the practice of clinical medicine.
Indeterminate Markov systems

This paper discusses indeterminate Markov systems and how bounds on their solution sets can be computed.
Rapid axonal transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoproteins in the goldfish optic system

After an intraocular injection of [3H]fucose, labeled glycoproteins are rapidly transported to the goldfish optic tectum at a rate of 70–80 mm/day at 21 °C. A small amount of TCA-soluble metarial is also transported. Slow transport of labeled glycoproteins was not detected. Most of the transported glycoproteins are bound to sedimentable subcellular particles. Synthesis of the transported glycoproteins is prevented when retinal protein synthesis is inhibited with acetyxycycholheximide. These findings agree with the results of previous studies with labeled glucosamine, which suggested that carbohydrates are incorporated into glycoproteins in the nerve cell body and then transported to the axons and endings. [3H]Fucose produces a relatively long-lived pool of labeled precursor in the retina; more than half of the transported labeled glycoprotein in the tectum 24 h after a [3H]fucose injection is synthesized later than 6 h after the injection.
Shell formation by capsid protein of f2 bacteriophage.

Abstract The solution conditions necessary for the aggregation of the coat protein of f2 bacteriophage into virus sized shells in the absence of RNA have been investigated. There is a broad pH optimum between 5.5 and 7.0, and as expected the aggregation is strongly concentration dependent. The shells form only below 25 °C, but do so rapidly at these temperatures. Ionic strength is important in the formation of shells, and the species of ions are crucial. The presence of RNA promotes shell formation under conditions where shells normally will not form spontaneously. The stability of shells once formed is quite great, and in fact may be equivalent to the stability of whole phage. Using these data and other information, a structure for shells and phage has been proposed.
An evaluation of television broadcast satellite systems.

TV broadcast satellite system operating with modified home receivers or special receivers, evaluating technological and cost factors
Efficient electrocatalyst assemblies for proton and oxygen reduction: the electrosynthesis and characterization of polypyrrole films containing nanodispersed platinum particles

Polypyrrole films containing nanometer-sized platinum particles (ppy/Pt) were electrosynthesized at glassy carbon and gold electrode surfaces. This was done either by voltammetric cycling between +0.95 and −0.80 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/sat. KCl) or via a potential step technique in solutions containing colloidal platinum particles. A chloroplatinate medium with a citrate reducing/protection agent was employed for generating the colloids. An “electrotrapping” mechanism is proposed wherein the (negatively charged) platinum colloidal particles form a three-dimensional array within a growing polypyrrole matrix. The growth of the ppy/Pt films was studied by combined voltammetry—electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry. Quantitative analyses of these data afforded estimates of the platinum loading within the ppy matrix and the polymerization efficiency. The former are compared with assays via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ppy/Pt films exhibited high catalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and O2 reduction. The enhanced activity is attributed to the fine (nanometer-size range) dispersion of the platinum catalyst particles within the ppy matrix. Comparisons with bulk platinum and platinum electrodeposited on the surface of ppy films are provided. Thus, for the HER at a potential of −400 mV (vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE)), the ppy/Pt samples show comparable catalytic activity with bulk platinum and an order of magnitude rate enhancement relative to the surface platinum(0)/ppy case. Correspondingly, the rate enhancement does not saturate with increasing film thickness for our ppy/Pt samples. This behavior contrasts with that characteristic of surface-confined catalyst situations. That the platinum particles within the ppy matrix truly are in the catalytically useful nanometer range ( ⩽ 10 nm) is demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy data.
Modified Incidental Teaching Sessions A Procedure for Parents to Increase Spontaneous Speech in Their Children with Autism

In this study, traditional incidental teaching was modified and a new naturalized parent training speech program, modified incidental teaching sessions (MITS), was designed. We then compared the efficacy of MITS with traditional incidental teaching and discrete trial. Using a multiple baseline design across and within children, with an alternating treatments design, we examined both the acquisition and, more importantly, generalization of target phrases for MITS as well as the comparison methods. Parents of three children with autism were trained to deliver MITS, traditional discrete trial, and incidental teaching in their home. Results indicated that MITS led to acquisition for all children, whereas only one child acquired the behavior with traditional incidental teaching, and two children acquired the behavior with discrete trial. Importantly, MITS also led to the generalization of target phrases, whereas no children generalized the target phrases with the incidental teaching and discrete trial conditio...
P1 and P3 optimization of novel bicycloproline P2 bearing tetrapeptidyl α-ketoamide based HCV protease inhibitors

Abstract With the aim of discovering potent and selective HCV protease inhibitors, we synthesized and evaluated a series of 1a based tetrapeptidyl ketoamides with additional modification(s) at P1′, P1, and P3 positions. As a result of this effort, we found that replacement of the P3 valine with tert-leucine resulted in the discovery of a series of inhibitors (e.g., 3a, 3c, and 4c) endowed with improved enzyme and/or cellular activity relative to 1a. When dosed to F-344 rats orally at 50 mg/kg, 3a achieved 2.5× higher liver and plasma exposure in comparison to that detected with 1a.
Antioxidants for retarding hydrothermal oxidation of polyphenylenesulfide coatings in geothermal environments

Abstract Tetrakis [methylene (3,5,-di- t -butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)] methane (TMBHM) antioxidant was used to markedly retard the rate of hydrothermal oxidation of polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) thermoplastic proposed as anti-corrosion and -fouling coatings to carbon steel substrates in geothermal environments at temperatures up to 200°C. A phenolic hydrogen donor within TMBHM acted to trap the free sulfur and aryl radicals generated by hydrothermal degradation of PPS during a period of the oxidative induction, thereby terminating the propagation of oxidation in the PPS. Thus, TMBHM-modified PPS coatings after exposure to a low pH (∼1.6) brine at 200°C still maintained properties that met the following two criteria for the corrosion-preventing barriers: one was a lower susceptibility to moisture due to low surface energy; and the other was related to the high pore resistance, R p , of >10 6 Ω cm 2 .
Design Of A Freeze-Frame Coder

Design of a freeze -frame coderShrikant AcharyaCirrus Logic, Inc., 1463 Centre Pointe Drive, Milpitas, CA 95035AbstractA design of a freeze frame coder is presented. It is a considerable departure fromnormal full motion teleconferencing coders, as unlike the latter, freeze frame coders areless complicated due to the non -real time processing of the images. Typically, freezeframe coders find application in archival storage of images, freeze frame teleconferencing,
Impaired Rate of Left Ventricular Filling in Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis and Valvular Aortic Stenosis

In order to determine whether there is any interference with left atrial emptying or left ventricular filling in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and aortic stenosis, the fall in pressure (y descent) of the left atrial v wave following the opening of the mitral valve was analyzed in 27 patients with IHSS and in 22 patients with valvular aortic stenosis, and the results were compared to those for 13 normal subjects and 24 patients with mitral stenosis. The y descent in 0.1 sec and the mean rate of the y descent, as well as the maximum rate of decline, were reduced in all three groups of patients, as compared to those of the normal group. The changes in IHSS were more marked than those occurring in patients with aortic stenosis or mitral stenosis. These findings in patients with IHSS and valvular aortic stenosis appear to result from reduced left ventricular compliance. It is concluded that there is an impairment of left ventricular filling in IHSS and that obstruction to ventricular inflow, as well as to outflow, contributes to the hemodynamic changes in this condition.
Rapid, sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector

A simple gas chromatographic method for determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector is described. Concentrations of both drugs as low as 10 ng per ml plasma were measured. The precision and accuracy of the method are within acceptable limits.
On the design of scheduling algorithms for end-to-end backlog minimization in multi-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we study the problem of link scheduling for multi-hop wireless networks with per-flow delay constraints. Specifically, we are interested in algorithms that maximize the asymptotic decay-rate of the probability with which the maximum end-to-end backlog among all flows exceeds a threshold, as the threshold becomes large. We provide both positive and negative results in this direction. By minimizing the drift of the maximum end-to-end backlog in the converge-cast on a tree, we design an algorithm, Largest-Weight-First(LWF), that achieves the optimal asymptotic decay-rate for the overflow probability of the maximum end-to-end backlog as the threshold becomes large. However, such a drift minimization algorithm may not exist for general networks. We provide an example in which no algorithm can minimize the drift of the maximum end-to-end backlog. Finally, we simulate the LWF algorithm together with a well known algorithm (the back-pressure algorithm) and a large-deviations optimal algorithm in terms of the sum-queue (the P-TREE algorithm) in converge-cast networks. Our simulation shows that our algorithm significantly performs better not only in terms of asymptotic decay-rate, but also in terms of the actual overflow probability.
A multicrystal detection system for localization and measurement of photon emitters without external collimation

Abstract This paper describes the design and preliminary testing of a photon detecting system which will yield, simultaneously, information proportional to both the magnitude, and the coordinate location in space, of the source of the gamma and/or X-rays impinging on its detection elements. The operating principle of the detector system, “active collimation”, results from the use of pulse-shape discrimination between three different crystal elements [NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na)] and allows spatial resolution ( X , Y and Z axes) without the use of separate collimating devices.
Potential Mortality Effects of Off-Highway Vehicles on the Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard ( Phrynosoma mcallii ): A Manipulative Experiment

Southern California desert public lands receive especially high levels of off-highway recreation due to large population centers nearby and popular riding environments such as sand dunes. Controversy has developed over the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii), previously a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Some evidence suggests lower lizard abundance in areas of higher recreational use than in areas with low or no use. We designed a manipulative experiment to ensure maximum inference in evaluating the direct impact of recreational riding of off-highway vehicles on lizards. Thirty-six lizards, in situ, were treated with an off-highway vehicle treatment during hibernation season in three treatment groups: high impact, low impact, and control. Treatments consisted of timed riding by off-highway vehicles. In all treatment groups survival was 100%, despite hibernation of lizards at very shallow depths. Consequently, indirect effects of off-highway vehicles deserve increased attention. The relative importance of direct versus indirect (i.e., degradation of lizard habitat) impacts caused by off-highway vehicles remains unknown. These indirect effects may include the altering of vegetation, substrate, and prey. We recommend that a manipulative approach be adopted to investigate these possibilities.
A asynchronous MAC layer channel selection scheme for multichannel ad hoc networks

Several MAC layer channel selection algorithms have been proposed for multi-channel ad hoc networks. These schemes engage in parallel data transmission on non-overlapping channels in the ISM band to achieve higher throughput in the network. However, most of these schemes either require multiple radio interfaces or tight clock synchronization for optimal performance. In this paper, we present a novel MAC layer channel selection algorithm for a multi-channel ad hoc network. The novelty of our scheme lies in the fact that it is both asynchronous and requires only a single radio interface. We compare the performance of our protocol to similar existing protocols and demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme through simulation results.
Rise of the Graphics Processor

The modern graphics processing unit (GPU) is the result of 40 years of evolution of hardware to accelerate graphics processing operations. It represents the convergence of support for multiple market segments: computer-aided design, medical imaging, digital content creation, document and presentation applications, and entertainment applications. The exceptional performance characteristics of the GPU make it an attractive target for other application domains. We examine some of this evolution, look at the structure of a modern GPU, and discuss how graphics processing exploits this structure and how nongraphical applications can take advantage of this capability. We discuss some of the technical and market issues around broader adoption of this technology.
The synthesis of metacycloprodigionsin

Abstract Metacycloprodigiosin 1, a tripyrrole pigment isolated from Streptomyces longisporus ruber, has been synthesized by condensation of the meta-fused pyrrole 2, prepared from cyclododecanone, with the known methoxybipyrrole aldehyde precursor 3.
NONLINEAR CHEMICAL PLUME DETECTION USING KERNEL-BASED MATCHED SUBSPACE DETECTORS

In this paper, we compare several detection algorithms that are based on spectral matched (subspace) filters. Nonlinear (kernel) versions of these spectral matched (subspace) detectors are also discussed and their performance is compared with the linear versions. These kernel-based detectors exploit the nonlinear correlations between the spectral bands that are ignored by the conventional detectors. Several well-known matched detectors, such as matched subspace detector, orthogonal subspace detector, spectral matched filter and adaptive subspace detector (adaptive cosine estimator) are extended to their corresponding kernel versions by using the idea of kernel-based learning theory. In kernel-based detection algorithms the data is implicitly mapped into a high dimensional kernel feature space by a nonlinear mapping which is associated with a kernel function. The detection algorithm is then derived in the feature space which is kernelized in terms of the kernel functions in order to avoid explicit computation in the high dimensional feature space. Experimental results based on simulated toy-examples and real hyperspectral imagery shows that the kernel versions of these detectors outperform the conventional linear detectors.
Separation of conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters by silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography in semi-preparative mode.

Abstract Silver-ion HPLC (Ag-HPLC) has been utilized to separate a variety of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by configuration, location or number of olefinic or acetylenic bonds. Two analytical Ag-HPLC columns connected in series and an isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile (ACN) in hexane were used to fractionate 10–15 mg samples of a mixture of two deuterium-labeled isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (Z9,E11- and Z9,Z11-octadecadienoic acid-17,17,18,18-d4). “Baseline” (>95%) resolution of the two isomers, which decreased with increasing weights of sample injected, was maintained by careful adjustment of the percentage of ACN in the ACN/hexane solvent system. Chemical purities of the isolated FAME were >96%.
Stochastic extremum seeking with applications to mobile sensor networks

In this paper the extremum seeking algorithm with sinusoidal perturbation has been modified and extended in two ways: a) the amplitudes of the perturbation signals, as well as the gain of the integrator block, are time varying and tend to zero at a pre-specified rate; b) the output of the system is corrupted with measurement noise. Local convergence to the extremal point, with probability one and in the mean square sense, has been proved. Also, it has been shown how the proposed algorithm can be applied to mobile sensor networks as a tool for achieving the optimal observation positions. The proposed algorithms have been illustrated through several simulations.
Hydrogen transport by dislocations

A kinetic model is presented for the transport of hydrogen, as Cottrell atmospheres on dislocation, at a rate appreciably in excess of that for lattice diffusion. The particular destinations for the hydrogen which are modeled here are ductile fracture initiation sites such as inclusions and microvoids. The functional predictions of the mechanism are shown to be consistent with available experimental evidence on ductile fracture behavior in the presence of hydrogen.
Assessing a smoking cessation intervention involving groups, incentives, and self-help manuals

A media-based worksite smoking cessation program was evaluated. Participants in each worksite received a television program and one of three conditions: 1) self-help manuals alone, 2) self-help manuals and incentives, or 3) maintenance manuals, incentives, support groups, and cognitive behavioral strategies for quitting smoking. During the 6 months following the initial media and group meeting intervention phase, 14 booster meetings were held for participants who had received support groups. The quit-rate among participants who received manuals, incentives, and groups was significantly higher than the quit rate among participants who received the manuals and incentives, or just the manuals. The results indicate that the combination of cognitive behavioral techniques and social support may represent an effective worksite smoking cessation intervention. The significant effect of the group condition 12 months following initial quit efforts is particularly promising.
Ferment in the family tree

In 1953, botanist Jonathan D. Sauer suggested that our initial motivation to cultivate cereals was not for flour or bread, but for beer (1). The implications of this idea—that a preference for dietary ethanol, or alcohol, sparked the Neolithic Revolution (2)—are profound. No stage of human evolution has left a larger global footprint than the domestication of plants, animals, and landscapes (3). However, there is scant evidence of directed fermentation before the onset of the Neolithic, approximately 10,000 B.C.E. (4). The earliest archaeological evidence of alcohol is associated with the cultivation (5) and initial domestication (6) of cereals during the early Neolithic (Fig. 1), which suggests that fermentation was the happy outcome, rather than the cause, of grain storage and consumption.
The development of fractional calculus 1695–1900

Abstract This paper describes an example of mathematical growth from scholarly curiousity to application. The contributions of Liouville, Riemann, and Laurent to the field of fractional operators are discussed. Motivation for the writing of this paper is based on the statement by Harold T. Davis [1927]: “The great elegance that can be secured by the proper use of fractional operators and the power they have in simplifying the solution of complicated functional equations should more than justify a more general recognition and use.”
Current capabilities of a low inductance Marx generator for driving a high power microwave source

The electrical characteristics and current capabilities of a low inductance Marx generator used to drive a high power microwave (HPM) source are described. The operating frequency of many HPM sources is dependent upon various characteristics of the input voltage pulse from the pulsed power generator. Texas Tech University has developed an 8 stage, 80 J Marx generator used to drive HPM sources at repetition rates up to 500 Hz. The Marx generator is constructed using pulse forming networks rather than discrete capacitors. Experimental efforts have shown stable frequency operation of a virtual cathode oscillator (Vircator) source using a low energy, PFN Marx. Efforts were taken to reduce parasitic inductance of the PFN Marx resulting in a voltage pulse with a risetime less than 25ns with 50ns FWHM. Additionally, efforts were taken to improve impedance matching between the PFN Marx and the vircator load. This article presents experimental results of an 80 J Marx at voltages ranging from 150 kV to 250 kV operating in burst mode. Voltage and current waveforms from the Marx are shown as well as some typical results of compact sealed tube vircator operation.
Two independent order parameters for superconducting UPt3

Abstract The H-T phase diagram of UPt3, with the vector nature of H kept in mind, severely constraints Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theories. For H|c, it cannot be explained by the popular two-component vector order parameter model. Among two independent like-parity order parameters, only the case where one behaves as an A and the other as a B representation of D6h (the point group of UPt3) is allowed. This model is studied with special emphasis on the possible two-order-parameter flux lattices and possible transitions between them, and shown to compare fairly with experiment.
Geographic effect on racial blood pressure differences in adolescents

Standardized blood pressure measurements were obtained in populations of high school students in Washington, D.C. and in Bourbon County, Kentucky, a rural community. In Washington, mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the prevalence of high systolic blood pressure were greater in blacks than whites (P < 0.003), and among blacks the height of the blood pressure was associated with socio-economic status. In Bourbon County, there were no racial blood pressure differences, and mean SBP of both white and black Kentucky adolescents were higher than those of black Washington adolescents (P < 0.03). These observations suggest that environmental factors, including geographic differences, contribute to racial blood pressure differences in adolescents.
The Effects of Praise and Reproof on the Performance of Middle Aged and Older Subjects

Aged (n=33) and middle-aged (n-33) Ss were compared on a digit symbol substitution task under three conditions of verbal feedback incentive: praise, reproof, and neutral comment. Elderly Ss appeared to show decrement while middle-aged Ss showed increment under the censure condition. Elderly Ss showed early gains with praise but these were not significantly sustained through later trials as compared to controls. An analysis of “fast” and “slow” responders suggested that the fast-responding aged showed greatest decrement with censure while the middle-aged slow responders showed a tendency toward an increment with censure.
Influence of an Indigestible Material on Energy Excretion by Roosters and on True Metabolizable Energy of Corn

Abstract The influence of an indigestible and noncombustible material, silica gel (SG), on the excretion of energy by roosters and on the true metabolizable energy (TME) of corn was determined. Energy excretion by fasted roosters increased linearly with each increment of SG force-fed. The equation, energy excreted (kcal/24 hr) = 9.87 + (.47 × g SG) described this effect of SG. The data also showed that 24 hr was insufficient time for SG to completely clear the digestive tract, irrespective of amount force-fed. The TME of corn was 4.05 kcal/g dry matter when the grain was force-fed alone to roosters. When corn was force-fed in mixtures containing increasing proportions of SG, the TME of corn decreased with each increment of SG in the mixture. It was concluded that the extra energy excreted as a consequence of the presence of SG in mixtures with corn caused an underestimation of corn's TME. The regression coefficient relating energy excretion to amount of SG force-fed in the previous trial was used to correct energy excretion by roosters fed corn-SG mixtures, and corrected TME's for corn were calculated. The average corrected TME of corn was 3.97 kcal/g dry matter. These data illustrated that an indigestible material passing through the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken changed the amount of fecal metabolic energy excreted and, consequently, influenced the TME value of companion feedstuffs when the conventional TME assay procedure was used.
The hardness and strength of metal tribofilms: An apparent contradiction between nanoindentation and pillar compression

Abstract After sliding contact of a hard spherical counterface on a metal surface, the resulting wear scar possesses a complex microstructure consisting of dislocations, dislocation cells, ultrafine or nanocrystalline grains, and material that has undergone dynamic recovery. There remains a controversy as to the mechanical properties of the tribolayer formed in this wear scar. To investigate the properties of this thin layer of damaged material in single crystal nickel, we employed two complementary techniques: pillar compression and nanoindentation. In both techniques, the tests were tailored to characterize the near surface properties associated with the top 500 nm of material, where the wear-induced damage was most extensive. Pillar compression indicated that the worn material was substantially softer than neighboring unworn base metal. However, nanoindentation showed that the wear track was substantially harder than the base metal. These apparently contradictory results are explained on the basis of source limited deformation. The worn pillars are softer than unworn pillars due to a pre-straining effect: undefected pillars are nearly free of dislocations, whereas worn pillars have pre-existing dislocations built in. Nanoindentation in worn material behaves harder than unworn single crystal nickel due to source length reduction from the fine-grained wear structure.
Joint bit allocation analysis for video streaming over networks

In this paper, a joint bit allocation analysis for rate control in video streaming over networks is presented. In our previous works, we proposed two simple, yet efficient, methods to reduce video quality variations, through adaptive target bits estimation control and active frame skipping, so that a near constant video quality can be achieved. Adaptive target bits estimation control scheme is finer and more efficient than active frame skipping scheme, which proactively skips some simple frames to avoid forced frame skipping for high motion frames. Both methods were implemented individually and jointly on H.264 coder and their performances for a variety of video sequences and bit rates were compared. An analytic solution for joint bit allocation in favour of adaptive target bit estimation scheme is derived.
Effects of positive and negative reinforcement on daily living skills in chronic psychiatric patients in community residences

The effects of contingent positive and negative reinforcement on adaptive behavior and mood were examined in a sample of 36 chronic, psychiatric outpatients. Group 1 received contingent positive token reinforcement to improve daily living skills, group 2 received a negative reinforcement procedure based on removal of free-tokens, and group 3 was a no-treatment control. Subjects were assessed via a weekly daily living checklist and were pre- and posttested on the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Significant differences were found between the control and treatment groups on both total activities of daily living and among five individual targeted behaviors. Mood states did not differ among the groups, which indicates benign effects of negative reinforcement. The findings of this study are relevant to the treatment of the serious and persistently mentally ill.
Missteps on the Road to Scientific Utopia

The publication process for communicating science in psychology is the single most frustrating aspect of my life as a scientist. At the same time, it is the most generous of enterprises and the mos...
Modulation of immunity and viral-host interactions by alcohol

This manuscript represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2001 RSA Meeting in Montreal, Canada. The organizers/chairs were Gyongyi Szabo and Geoffrey M. Thiele. The presentations were (1) Introduction, by Gyongyi Szabo; (2) Chemokine dysregulation after acute ethanol exposure, by Elizabeth J. Kovacs; (3) Chemokine production and innate immunity in the livers of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Macaca mulatta following chronic alcohol administration, by Abraham P. Bautista; (4) Influence of ethanol consumption on the severity and progression of hepatitis associated with cytomegalovirus infection, by Laura Sosa and Thomas R. Jerrells; (5) Scavenger receptor involvement in the immune response to the metabolites of chronic ethanol ingestion, by Geoffrey M. Thiele; and (6) Mechanisms of impaired accessory cell functions due to alcohol exposure and hepatitis C infection, by Gyongyi Szabo.
Blunt hepatic and splenic trauma: where have all the surgeons gone?

To further define the computed tomographic (CT) criteria on which to guide the nonsurgical treatment of adult patients with blunt hepatic injury, the authors retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT scans obtained before surgery during a 35-month period. Blunt hepatic injury was diagnosed in 187 patients, and review revealed 37 patients in whom the liver was the site of sole or principal intraabdominal injury detected with the help of CT before surgery. A CT-based hepatic injury classification system partly derived from similar systems established with surgical assessment was devised to grade the severity of hepatic injury. CT-based injury scores ranging from grade 1 to 5 were compared with the clinical outcome in patients treated surgically and nonsurgically. Thirty-one patients (83.7%) were successfully treated without surgery, and four patients (10.8%) had findings at celiotomy that did not require further surgery. No patient who was initially treated without surgery required delayed celiotomy due to hepatic injury. The results indicate that even major hepatic injury up to and including grade 4 severity assessed with preoperative CT can usually be managed without surgery in hemodynamically stable patients. Nonsurgical management of blunt splenic injury in children is a well-established method to salvage splenic function; however, nonsurgical management of adult blunt splenic trauma remains controversial. To assess the value of preoperative abdominal CT in predicting the outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults, a CT based injury-severity score consisting of four grades was devised and applied in 39 adult patients with blunt splenic injury as the sole or predominant intraperitoneal injury detected with preoperative CT. While patients with high grades of splenic injury generally required early surgery, eight (35%) of 23 patients with initial grade 3 or 4 injury were treated successfully without surgery, and four (29%) of 15 patients with grade 1 or 2 injury initially treated nonsurgically required delayed celiotomy (n = 3) or emergency rehospitalization. Results show that while CT remains an accurate method of identifying and quantifying initial splenic injury, as well as documenting progression or healing of critical injury, CT cannot reliably help predict the outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults. Treatment choices should therefore be based on the hemodynamic status of the patient and results of serial laboratory and bedside assessments.
Effects of chronic ethanol treatment upon rat liver mitochondria

Abstract Liver mitochondria of male Sprague-Dawley rats chronically treated with ethanol showed a similar depression (40–50 per cent) of oxygen uptake under state 4, state 3 and DNP-uncoupled conditions with succinate as substrate. Using β-hydroxybutyrate as the substrate, respiratory rates in states 4 and 3 were depressed, but the rate under DNP-uncoupled conditions was not. ADP: 0 ratios were depressed by 16 per cent with pyruvate but not with succinate. Upon closer examination of the electron transport chain in freeze-thawed mitochondria, several heretofore undetected defects were noted. These include similar depressions (41–46 per cent) in the oxidations of NADH, β-hydroxy-butyrate, malate or glutamate with cytochrome c as electron acceptor. These results suggest that defects do not occur at the level of substrate dehydrogenation but between NADH and cytochrome c . Other defects in the electron transport chain were observed: a 30 per cent decrease in NADH:ferricyanide reductase activity; a 38 per cent decrease in ubiquinone content and a 68 per cent decrease in succinate: cytochrome c reductase activity. However, the last result may not be attributed to effects upon succinic dehydrogenase per se , because succinate: DCIP reductase activity was unaltered. A 59 per cent depression of cytochrome c oxidase activity was also noted and must reflect a 44 per cent decrease in cytochrome aa 3 content, since K m and V max values were identical for control and ethanol-treated animals.
Detection of quantitative trait Loci influencing recombination using recombinant inbred lines.

The genetic basis of variation in recombination in higher plants is polygenic and poorly understood, despite its theoretical and practical importance. Here a method of detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing recombination in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is proposed that relies upon the fact that genotype data within RILs carry the signature of past recombination. Behavior of the segregational genetic variance in numbers of chromosomal crossovers (recombination) over generations is described for self-, full-sib-, and half-sib-generated RILs with no dominance in true crossovers. This genetic variance, which as a fraction of the total phenotypic variance contributes to the statistical power of the method, was asymptotically greatest with half sibbing, less with sibbing, and least with selfing. The statistical power to detect a recombination QTL declined with diminishing QTL effect, genome target size, and marker density. For reasonably tight marker linkage power was greater with less intense inbreeding for later generations and vice versa for early generations. Generational optima for segregation variance and statistical power were found, whose onset and narrowness varied with marker density and mating design, being more pronounced for looser marker linkage. Application of this method to a maize RIL population derived from inbred lines Mo17 and B73 and developed by selfing suggested two putative QTL (LOD > 2.4) affecting certain chromosomes, and using a canonical transformation another putative QTL was detected. However, permutation tests failed to support their presence (experimentwise α = 0.05). Other populations with more statistical power and chosen specifically for recombination QTL segregation would be more effective.
GIXSGUI: a MATLAB toolbox for grazing-incidence X-ray scattering data visualization and reduction, and indexing of buried three-dimensional periodic nanostructured films

GIXSGUI is a MATLAB toolbox that offers both a graphical user interface and script-based access to visualize and process grazing-incidence X-ray scattering data from nanostructures on surfaces and in thin films. It provides routine surface scattering data reduction methods such as geometric correction, one-dimensional intensity linecut, two-dimensional intensity reshaping etc. Three-dimensional indexing is also implemented to determine the space group and lattice parameters of buried organized nanoscopic structures in supported thin films.
Analysis of operational shortfalls at non-towered airports

This paper describes the infrastructural deficiencies at some non-towered airports, identifies the resulting operational impacts, and briefly explores the use of Integrated Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (ICNS) capabilities as an improvement mechanism. The purpose is to inform the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) decisions regarding the creation of a more efficient and streamlined National Airspace System (NAS). The inefficiencies at non-towered airports can be attributed to the coverage gaps in surveillance and communication in the vicinity of the airport that limit the type and number of services that can be provided by Air Traffic Control (ATC). The result is adverse impacts to operations, framed as shortfalls, in the following categories: flight delay, extended flight paths, and safety. A rough order of magnitude estimate is provided in operational terms (e.g., delay minutes, minutes of excess flying time, fatalities) for each shortfall, leveraging current flight data, surveillance data, and safety data. In conclusion, this paper describes the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the analysis and discusses the application of this analysis to non-towered airports throughout the NAS.
Eye movements facilitate stereo-slant discrimination when horizontal disparity is noisy.

Abstract Conditions in which saccadic gaze shifts within planar surfaces facilitate stereo-slant discrimination for slant about the horizontal and vertical axis were investigated. When horizontal disparity noise was added, large gaze shifts in the direction of the slant lowered stereo-slant discrimination thresholds compared to thresholds measured with steady central fixation, whereas eye movements orthogonal to the slant orientation did not lower slant-discrimination thresholds. When no horizontal noise was added, performance was the same with and without gaze shifts. These results suggest that slant is recovered from depth differences between target edges when horizontal disparity signals are variable and that foveal fixation improves the measures of disparity. Eye movements did not lower slant thresholds by providing multiple foveal samples of slant at different target locations that were averaged to reduce disparity noise levels, because eye movements only lowered the thresholds when there was a depth difference between the fixation points. To study which signals for azimuth are used when slant is recovered from the difference in depth between target edges, vertical disparity noise was added and stimulus height was reduced. Both methods elevated slant-discrimination thresholds when horizontal disparity noise was present, suggesting that vertical disparity is used as a cue for azimuth.
Multiple effects of ouabain on BHK cells

Abstract The effects of ouabain on BHK cells have been investigated. Ouabain (4 × 10 −4 M) inhibited growth, reduced the incorporation of 3 H-thymidine and 14 C-amino acids, promoted a loss of cell potassium and gain of sodium, and reduced the membrane potential. Ouabain (1 × 10 −4 M) had very little effect while 2 × 10 −4 M ouabain had an intermediate effect. ATP content was not reduced after 24 h ouabain treatment except at a dose of 10 −3 M. The recovery from ouabain treatment was dependent on the concentration of ouabain and the period of exposure.
A robust, inexpensive filter for blocking UVC radiation in broad-spectrum ‘UVB’ lamps

Accurate studies of the biological effects of UBV radiation require suitable laboratory sources. Lamps labeled as UVB sources often emit UVC radiation that contributes significantly to the levels of DNA damage. The UVC from an unfiltered UVB source produced more pyrimidine dimers in soybean DNA than a lamp filtered by a Pyrex dish that removes wavelengths of < 280 nm. Calculations based on action spectra and on the emission spectra of unfiltered lamps indicate that UVC contributes approximately 13%, 4% and approximately 1% of the total dimers induced in unshielded cells or DNA, alfalfa cotyledons, and human skin, respectively. Further, relative to a Pyrex dish-filtered lamp, an unfiltered lamp would produce approximately 7-, 2.4- or 2.8-fold more dimers in these three biological systems. We report here that a Pyrex dish provides an effective, stable, robust and inexpensive filter for reducing or excluding the contribution of UVC to damage induced by broad-spectrum 'UVB' lamps.