cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained frontal midline theta enhancements during effortful listening track working memory demands.

Abstract Recent studies demonstrate that frontal midline theta power (4–8 Hz) enhancements in the electroencephalogram (EEG) relate to effortful listening. It has been proposed that these enhancements reflect working memory demands. Here, the need to retain auditory information in working memory was manipulated in a 2-interval 2-alternative forced-choice delayed pitch discrimination task (“Which interval contained the higher pitch?”). On each trial, two square wave stimuli differing in pitch at an individual's ∼70.7% correct threshold were separated by a 3-second ISI. In a ‘Roving’ condition, the lowest pitch stimulus was randomly selected on each trial (uniform distribution from 840 to 1160 Hz). In a ‘Fixed’ condition, the lowest pitch was always 979 Hz. Critically, the ‘Fixed’ condition allowed one to know the correct response immediately following the first stimulus (e.g., if the first stimulus is 979 Hz, the second must be higher). In contrast, the ‘Roving’ condition required retention of the first tone for comparison to the second. Frontal midline theta enhancements during the ISI were only observed for the ‘Roving’ condition. Alpha (8–13 Hz) enhancements were apparent during the ISI, but did not differ significantly between conditions. Since conditions were matched for accuracy at threshold, results suggest that frontal midline theta enhancements will not always accompany difficult listening. Mixed results in the literature regarding frontal midline theta enhancements may be related to differences between tasks in regards to working memory demands. Alpha enhancements may reflect task general effortful listening processes.
Using creative exhaustion to foster idea generation

Numerous studies have shown the value of introducing cognitive supports to encourage the development of creative ability, and researchers have developed a variety of methods to aid in generating ideas. However, design students often struggle to explore more ideas after their initial ideas are exhausted. In this study, an empirically validated tool for idea generation, called Design Heuristics, was introduced as a means of productively pushing past creative exhaustion in an industrial design course at a large Midwestern university. Students worked on a simple design task on their own, generating an average of 6.1 concepts in a 30-min session; then, after 10 min of instruction on the Design Heuristics tool, students generated an average of 2.8 additional concepts for the same task using Design Heuristics for an additional 30 min. The concepts created in this second session using Design Heuristics were rated as higher in novelty, specificity and relevance. These results suggest that students benefit from introducing support tools following a period of working on their own ideas. Once their own ideas are exhausted, students may be more open to using and learning from support tools, and these tools may support skill development while producing higher quality outcomes.
Emergence of Simpler Untested Derived Stimulus Relations in Extinction: Implications for Understanding Derived Relational Learning

The purpose of the present research was to clarify further the necessary and sufficient conditions that establish derived stimulus relations. Under more complex conditions (i.e., training involving four, four-member stimulus classes), past research has demonstrated that untested stimulus relations did not emerge when recently trained relational responding was extinguished. The present research examined whether such emergence was more likely under less complex conditions. In experiment 1, untested equivalence relations emerged in extinction using a training structure with three, three-member classes. In experiment 2, untested symmetrical relations emerged in extinction using a training structure with four, four-member classes. The necessary and sufficient conditions that establish derived stimulus classes seem to depend on environmental complexity. Presented are the implications of these findings for conceptualizing derived relational responding as a generalized, or higher-order, response class.
Comparing Completion Agendas at Community Colleges and Global Counterparts

Currently, no other institutional type is found in as many countries as the community college and its global counterpart. It is known that they vary substantially in their organizational structure, their mission, and even their curriculum. The common thread, however, is that these institutions offer a more advanced curriculum than secondary schools and serve as a local and often lower cost pathway that gives options for university overflow for adult learners, displaced workers, lifelong learners, workforce learners, developmental learners, and nontraditional learners. These institutions are known by several names including colleges of further education, community colleges, polytechnic, technical colleges, and TAFE (technical and further education).
SPIRIT advance care planning intervention in early stage dementias: An NIH stage I behavioral intervention development trial

Abstract People in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are encouraged to engage in advance care planning (ACP) while they are still competent to appoint a surrogate decision maker and meaningfully participate in ACP discussions with the surrogate. In this NIH Stage I behavioral intervention development trial, we will adapt and test an efficacious ACP intervention, SPIRIT (Sharing Patient's Illness Representation to Increase Trust), with people with mild dementia and their surrogates to promote open, honest discussions while such discussions about end-of-life care are possible. We will first adapt SPIRIT (in person) to target people with mild dementia and their surrogates through a process of modification-pretesting-refinement using stakeholders (persons with mild dementia, family caregivers, and clinicians) and experts, including adapting the delivery mode to interactive web-based videoconference format (SPIRIT-remote). Then in a 3-group RCT with 120 patient-surrogate dyads, we will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of SPIRIT in-person and SPIRIT remote, and preliminary efficacy of SPIRIT compared to usual care on preparedness outcomes for end-of-life decision making (dyad congruence on goals of care, patient decisional conflict, and surrogate decision-making confidence) shortly after the intervention. This Stage I research of SPIRIT will generate valuable insights regarding how to improve ACP for people with mild dementia who will progress to an advanced stage of the disease in the foreseeable future. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03311711, Registered 10/12/2017
Erythroclasia and Bilirubin Metabolism

The various components of the RES comprise the principal if not the only graveyard for senescent normal erythrocytes, and a number of its structural features are especially suited for this function. Nevertheless, the principal determinants of the duration of the erythrocyte life span are the intrinsic biochemical and biophysical properties of the erythrocytes. Thus, there is an interplay between erythrocytes which have undergone subtle changes in their properties during aging and a sensitive and highly selective system of erythroclasia; this interaction determines the site, timing, and mechanisms of erythrocyte destruction.
Design of electrodes for stimulation and recording

This review describes the fundamental principles of electrode design for neural stimulation and recording and how these principles can be used to advance the efficacy of neural prostheses. In the first section, we cover the design of stimulation electrodes and how they can be made more efficient by consuming less power, more selective by reducing coactivation of nontarget elements, and less damaging to the tissue and residing neurons during stimulation. In the second section, we cover recording electrodes and how they can be more discriminating in what they record, less prone to electrical noise, and less damaging to the neural tissue. The chapter ends with a brief overview of prospective future directions in electrode design.
Semiconductor Laser Operation

In the previous chapter, we talked about the ideal properties of semiconductors and semiconductor quantum wells, including density of states, population statistics, and optical gain, and develop expressions for these that are based on ideal models. In this chapter, we will take a step back to see how optical gain and current injection interacts with the cavity and photon density to realize lasing. Finally, we present a simple rate equation model and examine it to see how laser properties such as threshold and slope are predicted. The predictions from the rate equation model are related to the measurements which can be made on these devices to determine fundamental properties of laser material and structure, including internal quantum efficiency and transparency current.
Critical Values For The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Statistic

This table contains critical values and probabilities for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Statistic T+; n is the sample size, c1 and C2 are defined by P(T+ ≤ c1) = α and P(T+ ≥ C2) = α.
Nutraceuticals in Preventive Oncology: Chemical Biology and Translational Pharmaceutical Science

Cancer poses a major health problem worldwide. Although remarkable progress has been made in basic, clinical, and translational cancer researches in the last several decades, the treatment outcome for most human cancers is still disappointing. It is widely accepted that cancer is a preventable disease, but the evidence-based cancer prevention approach is still lacking. Natural products with a broad spectrum of biodiversity and chemical structures represent a rich source for the development of novel cancer therapeutic and preventive agents. This chapter focuses on the recent advances in researches on the mechanism of action of natural bioactive components, their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics, their novel cancer targets, and the implication in preventive oncology. The recent rapid progress made in molecular and cell biology, genetics and genomics, and translational medicine provides a better understanding of mechanisms of action and structure–activity relationships of natural products. We provide several examples, such as ginsenosides, curcumin, and genistein, to illustrate the importance of translational research and challenges in preventive oncology.
From Surfaces to Interfaces: Ambient Pressure XPS and Beyond

The rapidly increasing field of surfaces under ambient conditions of temperature, and pressure in gas and liquid environments, reflects the importance of understanding surface properties in conditions closer to practical situations. This has been enabled by the emergence in the last two decades of a number of new techniques, both spectroscopy and microscopy, that can deliver atomic scale information with the required surface/interface sensitivity. Here we present a short review of recent advances to illustrate the novel understanding derived from the use of new techniques focusing on the gas–solid interface, where two barriers have been bridged: the pressure gap, and the temperature gap. The later gap is very important when dealing with weakly bound molecules, where only by the presence of gas at a suitable pressure can a measurable coverage of adsorbed molecules be achieved. The temperature gap manifests also in the removal of kinetic barriers. Future developments to continue extending the range of pressures are also mentioned. Finally, new challenges that appear, both from X-ray and electron-induced damage to the sample, and from contamination under high pressure of desired gases, while maintaining very low pressures of undesirable ones.
Donor-Site-Related Mechanical Symptoms Following Osteochondral Autograft Transfer: A Case Report.

Case A 37-year-old woman presented with repetitive catching of the right knee 4 weeks after implantation of a 2-plug osteochondral autograft into the medial femoral condyle. The workup indicated that the symptoms were secondary to patellar engagement with the donor sites of the lateral aspect of the trochlea. She subsequently underwent osteochondral allograft implantation, resulting in painless, full range of motion with complete resolution of the mechanical symptoms. Conclusion It is important to consider donor-site morbidity following osteochondral autograft implantation, especially in patients with a relatively narrow distal aspect of the femur. Implantation of osteochondral allograft plugs in the symptomatic donor site is a feasible management option for this rarely reported complication.
“She Is My Roommate”: Why and How Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals Deceive Friends About Their Sexual Orientation

This chapter explores why and how lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals deceive friends about their sexual orientation. Quantitative and qualitative data from 87 participants showed that individual and friend characteristics (e.g., age, gender, sexual orientation, attitude toward homosexuality) and cognitive appraisals of coming out conversations (e.g., fear of negative consequences and communication efficacy) appeared to determine LGB individuals’ decision to deceive. Sexual minority individuals mostly used three deception strategies: passive (i.e., keeping silent and letting friends assume heterosexuality), active (i.e., talking about heterosexual topics around friends), and interactive (i.e., directly interacting with persons of the opposite sex). LGB individuals in same-sex romantic relationships also utilized avoidance or denial (e.g., avoiding social events where romantic partners are invited, denying that they are in a relationship) and naming (e.g., referring to a romantic partner as a “roommate”) to deceive friends about their sexual orientations. Deception motivations and strategies are discussed in light of past studies on relational development and maintenance. Directions for future research on sexual orientation deception are also discussed.
"Walking on Eggshells": Traversing the Emotional and Meaning Making Processes Surrounding Hurtful Course Evaluations.

Instructors often struggle with how to make sense of and handle hurtful student course evaluation comments. These comments can be difficult to resolve when they move from constructive course critic...
Surgical Therapy for Glaucoma

The goal of treating patients with glaucoma is the successful control of intraocular pressure (IOP). This is most commonly accomplished through medical therapy. However, when medical management fails, or is not practical, glaucoma surgery is indicated. Medical and surgical therapies cannot restore established optic nerve damage due to glaucoma, but treatments, either medical or surgical, reduce the absolute risk of progression by slowing and/or delaying visual field loss. Surgical treatments are often safe and are effective.
A Multiperiod Optimization-Based Metric of Grid Resilience

In this work, we present a multiperiod-optimization-based metric for grid resilience to a given contingency. This metric is computed from the solution of a multi-period optimal power flow problem and, as a byproduct, precomputes the optimal emergency generator response. Through numerical experiments we show that this metric improves with increased ramping capacity. With our StructJuMP/PIPS-NLP modeling and solver stack we demonstrate that, for networks up to 9241 buses this metric is computable in a time consistent with planning analyses, and for the 118 bus case, in a time compatible with a real time computation of optimal emergency generator response.
4.13 – Deep Earthquakes

Below the Earth's crust, earthquakes delineate subducting lithosphere down to nearly 700 km depth. Many properties of deep earthquakes are similar to those of shallow events, for example, their primarily double-couple nature and frequency–magnitude statistics. The most obvious difference lies in the much lower rates of seismicity and aftershock occurrence for earthquakes deeper than 70 km. As with shallow earthquakes, the rupture process is highly variable. Stress drops and rupture velocities differ subtly, rather than markedly, from those of shallow events. Some properties, including aftershock productivity, rupture duration, and complexity, although highly variable, appear to change systematically with depth, undergoing abrupt changes near 550 km depth. The inferred thermal state of subducting slabs suggests that temperature controls the location of seismicity in different ways above and below about 350 km depth. A consideration of stress in subducting slabs points toward multiple sources of stress heterogeneity and indicates that the stress drops of most deep earthquakes are incomplete. Spatial structures delineated by earthquakes in subducting slabs include double seismic zones, large shear zones, repeating earthquakes, outboard earthquakes, and remnant slabs. A number of physical mechanisms to generate deep earthquakes have been proposed, including dehydration embrittlement, transformational faulting, and thermal shear instability. Above about 350 km, accumulating evidence supports dehydration embrittlement on both reactivated and new faults as a plausible mechanism to generate intermediate-depth seismicity. Below 350 km, it is not clear how earthquakes are generated. There is some evidence that more than one mechanism operates to generate seismicity below ~ 350 km.
A tool for abstracting relevant classes of concepts: the Common Ancestry Summarizer.

Controlled Medical Terminologies (CMTs) are indispensable tools for present medical information systems and medical informatics researches. Concept-oriented architecture and multiple-hierarchy have been accepted as two of the desiderata of contemporary CMTs. A common problem for informaticians working with class-based methods for terminologies is to find the Most Relevant Common Ancestor (MRCA) for a group of concepts, the common ancestor which has the closest semantic distance to all the given concepts. Finding an ancestor concept to summarize a group of concepts is required to map concepts from the knowledgebase to those of appropriate granularity in CMTs. However, manually exploring the hierarchical relationships and determining the MRCA are daunting tasks due to the massive size, the multiple hierarchies and in some case the cycles of the hierarchical networks of terminologies. In our study, we developed a web-based visualization tool, the Common Ancestry Summarizer (CAS), that graphically displays the hierarchical relations of multiple concepts within CMTs, and also assist users to identify the MRCA of these concepts by identifying the Lowest Common Ancestors (LCAs). The CAS has been shown useful in organizing classes for the controlled terms used in clinical guidelines (e.g. “the bottom-up method”).
Corrigendum to: "Relative merits and limiting factors for x-ray and electron microscopy of thick, hydrated organic materials" [Ultramicroscopy 184 (2018) 293-309].

Abstract During follow-on calculations, we found a few minor errors in our previous publication [Ultramicroscopy184, 293–309 (2018); doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.10.003]. We present here the necessary corrections. The full revised manuscript, with the corrected parts indicated in blue color text, is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10069 .
Clinical Implementation of Preoperative Short-Course Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy for Patients With Rectal Cancer.

Abstract Purpose For treatment of rectal cancer, pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBS-PT) may reduce radiation exposure to normal tissues compared with 3-dimensional conformal photon radiation therapy (3DCRT) or volumetric modulated arc photon radiation therapy (VMAT). The purpose of this study was to report the clinical implementation and dosimetric analysis of preoperative short-course PBS-PT for rectal cancer. Methods and Materials Eleven patients with stage IIA-IVB rectal cancer received preoperative short-course (25 Gy in 5 fx) PBS-PT between 2018 and 2019 preceding curative-intent total mesorectal excision. PBS-PT plans were generated using single-field optimization with 2 posterior-oblique fields. Verification computed tomography scans were performed on the first 3 days of treatment. Each patient had a backup 3DCRT and VMAT plan. Results Clinical target volume coverage was similar between PBS-PT, 3DCRT, and VMAT. PBS-PT had statistically significant reductions in dose to the small bowel, large bowel, bladder, and femoral heads across multiple dosimetric parameters. All patients completed PBS-PT as planned without need for replanning. All computed tomography verification scans demonstrated good target coverage with clinical target volume V100 > 95%. Conclusions Preoperative short-course PBS-PT has been successfully implemented and offers a significant reduction of dose to normal tissues. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate if dosimetric advantages translate into clinical benefit.
Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counter-Terrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans

This study considers the circumstances under which members of the Muslim American community voluntarily cooperate with police efforts to combat terrorism. Cooperation is defined to include both a general receptivity toward helping the police in anti-terror work, and the specific willingness to alert police to terror related risks in a community. Two perspectives on why people cooperate with law enforcement, both developed with reference to general policing, are compared in the context of anti-terror policing and specifically among members of the Muslim American community. The first is instrumental. It suggests that people cooperate because they see tangible benefits that outweigh any costs. The second perspective is normative. It posits that people respond to their belief that police are a legitimate authority. On this view legitimacy is linked to the fairness and procedural justice of police procedures. Data from a study involving interviews with Muslim Americans in New York City between March and June 2009 strongly support the normative model by finding that the procedural justice of police activities is the primary factor shaping legitimacy and cooperation with the police.
Electron ratcheting in self-assembled soft matter.

Ratcheted multi-step hopping electron transfer systems can plausibly produce directional charge transport over very large distances without requiring a source–drain voltage bias. We examine molecular strategies to realize ratcheted charge transport based on multi-step charge hopping, and we illustrate two ratcheting mechanisms with examples based on DNA structures. The charge transport times and currents that may be generated in these assemblies are also estimated using kinetic simulations. The first ratcheting mechanism described for nanoscale systems requires local electric fields on the 109 V/m scale to realize nearly 100% population transport. The second ratcheting mechanism for even larger systems, based on electrochemical gating, is estimated to generate currents as large as 0.1 pA for DNA structures that are a few μm in length with a gate voltage of about 5 V, a magnitude comparable to currents measured in DNA wires at the nanoscale when a source–drain voltage bias of similar magnitude is applied, suggesting an approach to considerably extend the distance range over which DNA charge transport devices may operate.
Spectroscopic studies of rat mast cells, mouse mastocytoma cells, and compound 48/80-II. The synthesis and some binding properties of spin-labeled 48/80.

Abstract Compound 48/80 has been spin labeled (SL-48/80), purified and its interaction with mastocytoma cells studied. The labeled drug was similar to the unlabeled compound with regard to biological activity and binding to biological membranes. The electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) spectra of membrane bound SL-48/80 were indicative of a bound probe in an environment which is more restricted than that of bound stearic acid spin labels, since the low field extremum was broad and the high field extremum was not discernible. Although ferricyanide ions broadened the E.S.R. signal of free SL-48/80, this agent did not affect the spectrum of SL-48/80 bound to mastocytoma cells. This would suggest that SL-48/80 binds in a region of the cell that is not in contact with the extracellular aqueous environment. Competition studies showed that SL-48/80 could be displaced by high concentrations of unlabeled 48/80 and polymyxin B.
The Agency of Iroquois Women through Corn Production

Native American tribes often used food as a means of currency. Surpluses of food were often bartered with other tribes for food items or supplies. The most popular food that was bartered and traded was corn. Among the Iroquois, it was the woman’s responsibility to grow, harvest, and prepare the corn for both food and ceremonial services for the tribe and trade with others. This paper focuses on the importance of Iroquois women, with particular emphasis on the Mohawk and Seneca tribes. It will explain their role in farming the corn and how they gained agency within their tribes because of their responsibility for tending to the corn crops, an important commodity to the tribe. It will also briefly touch upon the ways that their creation myth was tied to Iroquois views of women and corn. This paper will analyze the firsthand accounts of Father Joseph Lafitau, Henry Hudson, and General John Sullivan. It will also utilize the works of scholars such as of Daniel K. Onion, John P. Hart, Judith K. Brown, Sara Henry Stites, and Arthur C. Parker to link the responsibility of women in corn production to the privileges they received in the tribe and their agency in Iroquois society.
From Vermont to Mississippi: Race and Cash Welfare

This Article's primary objective is to assess empirically the influence of race on the provision of cash assistance to the poor. Specifically, I attempt to demonstrate that state choices in the distribution of cash assistance are motivated by the relative number of African American welfare families present in states. For instance, I employ a typical form of statistical analysis, multivariate analysis, which allows one to test the impact of several variables on the choices states make in administering welfare programs under TANF. I find that states with a relatively large number of African American welfare families dole out less in cash assistance than others, all else being equal. Thereafter, I attempt to explain why the proportion of African American welfare families influences state-cash assistance programs. I suggest, first, that the differential treatment may be the upshot of the political economy of state governments, as explicated by Sheryl Cashin and others. In this view, African Americans, particularly poor African Americans, vote less and, as a result, exert little influence on state legislatures. I argue, next, that there is a long history of discrimination of African Americans in social welfare programs, which informs current patterns and processes.
Curtailing Ecosystem Exportation: Ecosystem Services As a Basis to Reconsider the Merits of Export-Driven Agriculture in Economies Highly Dependent on Agricultural Exports

This essay explores the impact of export-driven agricultural policies on the governance of natural capital. Many developing countries have adopted trade liberalization policies that encourage the intensive production of export commodities such as coffee, tea, flowers, and green beans. The primary focus of such policies is maximizing agricultural productivity and global competitiveness, which have been identified as critical factors in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty. When viewed from the perspective of ecosystem services, however, export-driven trade policies are problematic. Export-driven agricultural trade policies leave no incentive to preserve the natural capital upon which the very success of such trade policies is predicated. This essay argues that export-driven agricultural trade policies do not take into account their impact on ecosystem services. Yet, ecosystems provide critical services such as clean and ample water supplies, biodiversity, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and carbon sequestration. These services are critical to the success of export driven agriculture. In fact, where ecosystem processes fail or are otherwise interrupted, man-made substitutes must be put in place at a substantial cost. In order for developing countries to maximize productivity, this essay argues that export-led trade policies must be sustainable and as such incorporate the need to sustain the productivity of natural capital.
Phospho-MED1-enhanced UBE2C locus looping drives castration-resistant prostate cancer growth

The UBE2C oncogene is overexpressed in many types of solid tumours including the lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The underlying mechanisms causing UBE2C gene overexpression in CRPC are not fully understood. Here, we show that CRPC-specific enhancers drive UBE2C overexpression in both AR-negative and -positive CRPC cells. We further show that co-activator MED1 recruitment to the UBE2C enhancers is required for long-range UBE2C enhancer/promoter interactions. Importantly, we find that the molecular mechanism underlying MED1-mediated chromatin looping involves PI3K/AKT phosphorylated MED1-mediated recruitment of FoxA1, RNA polymerase II and TATA binding protein and their subsequent interactions at the UBE2C locus. MED1 phosphorylation leads to UBE2C locus looping, UBE2C gene expression and cell growth. Our results not only define a causal role of a post-translational modification (phosphorylation) of a co-activator (MED1) in forming or sustaining an active chromatin structure, but also suggest that development of specific therapies for CRPC should take account of targeting phosphorylated MED1.
Tripyrrindione as a Redox‐Active Ligand: Palladium(II) Coordination in Three Redox States

The tripyrrin-1,14-dione scaffold of urinary pigment uroerythrin coordinates divalent palladium as a planar tridentate ligand. Spectroscopic, structural and computational investigations reveal that the tripyrrindione ligand binds as a dianionic radical, and the resulting complex is stable at room temperature. One-electron oxidation and reduction reactions do not alter the planar coordination sphere of palladium(II) and lead to the isolation of two additional complexes presenting different redox states of the ligand framework. Unaffected by stability problems common to tripyrrolic fragments, the tripyrrindione ligand offers a robust platform for ligand-based redox chemistry.
Observation of a constant average angular momentum for fusion at sub-barrier energies.

The cross sections for the fusion reaction $^{128}\mathrm{Te}(^{12}\mathrm{C}, 3n)^{137}\mathrm{Ce}$ were measured from ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=34.5 \mathrm{to} 50$ MeV by observing the decay of the ground (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$, ${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}=9.0$ h) and isomeric (${\frac{11}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 34.4 h) states in $^{137}\mathrm{Ce}$. The isomer ratio decreases rapidly from a value of \ensuremath{\simeq}34 at 47 MeV to an essentially constant value of \ensuremath{\simeq}1.5 below 38 MeV. This confirms the prediction of an approximately constant value for the average angular momentum for fusion of heavy ions at energies well below the fusion barrier.
Frequency of Alcohol-Impaired Driving in New York State

Objective: Establishing an estimate of how many New Yorkers drink and drive and how often and determining what would influence drinking drivers to change their behavior. Methods: A random-digit-dialing telephone survey was conducted with 865 New York drivers ages 18 or older with a response rate of 86 percent. Focus groups with New York State convicted drinking drivers were held in 18 communities throughout the state. Results: An estimated 1.7 million drivers generate an estimated 31 million incidents of drinking and driving on New York's roadways each year. The probability of being arrested is approximately one out of 500 or .002. Information gathered from the focus groups indicates that the perception of risk of arrest for driving while intoxicated (DWI) is low, the penalties and sanctions are too lenient for both first-time and repeat offenders, treatment (if appropriate) should be mandatory, and public information and education efforts need to be changed. Conclusion: Although New York State has reduce...
Scirpentriol Toxicity in Young Broiler Chickens

Scirpentriol (STO) (3 alpha,4 beta,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9- ene), the parent alcohol of the family of acetylated scirpenol mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species, has been implicated in mixed toxicoses of animals, but there is not a general description of its toxicity in chickens. Dietary STO (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 micrograms/g feed) was fed to four groups of 10 male day-old broiler chickens for 3 wk. The minimum effective dose (MED) for reducing growth rate significantly (P less than .05) was 4 micrograms/g. The same MED was found for increased serum alkaline phosphatase and relative weight of the gizzard. Unlike literature reports for two other trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), STO impaired feed conversion efficiency but did not alter spleen or pancreas size. The MED of STO for decreases in serum lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase was 8 micrograms/g, but the MED for decreased serum albumin and total proteins and regression of the bursa of Fabricius was 16 micrograms/g. Serum sodium, potassium, and calcium were not altered at the highest dose, 32 micrograms/g, but serum phosphate, uric acid, and cholesterol were decreased by 32 micrograms/g. Serum chloride was increased slightly but significantly (P less than .05) at 16 and 32 micrograms/g. Based on these results, STO toxicosis of chickens can be differentiated from those of T-2 toxin and DAS and its toxicity appears sufficient to warrant further attention.
Water column 230Th systematics in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and implications for sediment focusing

230 Th and 232 Th) abstract In an effort to investigate the cause of higher-than-expected sediment inventories of 230 Th in the Panama Basin, thorium isotopes were measured in eight deep-water casts within the Guatemala, Panama, and Peru Basins along a meridional transect at � 861W between 6.51N and 8.51S. Dissolved 230 Th concentrations increase linearly from the surface to 1000 m at each transect station. Below 1000 m, the deep waters of the Panama Basin show the highest deficit ( � 50%) of 230 Th assuming a reversible exchange of 230 Th between dissolved and sinking particulate matter, and in comparison with the globally averaged water-column 230 Th. Peru Basin waters have a larger range of dissolved 230 Th concentrations (7.9-16.5 fg/kg) than that within Panama Basin waters (5.7-7.1 fg/kg). There is a progressive decrease in average dissolved deep-water (41000 m) 230 Th concentrations from the southernmost sites in the Peru Basin toward the Panama Basin. We suggest that intense scavenging by upwelling-derived-productivity near the equator (7 21) and resuspension of ubiquitous Mn-rich particulates in Panama Basin sediments are the primary causes of the significant south-to-north lateral gradient in deep-water dissolved 230 Th. Although 230 Th from Peru Basin waters may be transported and then scavenged and ultimately buried in the Panama Basin, our calculations suggest that the quantity of advected 230 Th is relatively small (between 15% and 30% of the total 230 Th being produced within water column of the Panama Basin itself). Panama Basin sediment focusing factors greater than 1.3 cannot be explained by lateral export and excess scavenging of water column 230 Th. Dissolved 232 Th concentra- tions, in addition to being the lowest reported so far in the literature, fall within a very narrow range (6-26 pg/kg), and are generally invariable with depth. This invariability suggests the dissolution of dust in surface waters as a likely sole source of dissolved 232 Th for the entire water column.
Locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

yThe role of the interventional radiologist (IR) in providing locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has grown substantially in the last 30 years, and especially in the recent decade, because of development of new techniques, improvement in existing devices, and better outcomes. However, a multidisciplinary patient management approach is critical for optimal decisions and care. HCC is usually discovered late in the course of the disease and, in general, has poor prognosis. 1 Surveillance for HCC in high-risk patients and recent improvements in surgical techniques (liver resection and transplantation) have contributed to better survival. 2 However, wide margins and the underlying cirrhosis limit the volume of liver that can be resected. 3–5 Liver transplantation offers an w75% survival rate in early HCC at 5 years, but, if malignant vascular invasion is found in the explant, survival rates decrease significantly. 6–8 Until the introduction of sorafenib (Nexavar, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, Wayne, NJ, USA), no systemic chemotherapy showed significantly increased survival in patients with advanced HCC. 9–11 Sorafenib may be effective in shrinking HCC (Fig. 1) and preventing recurrence after resection or local ablation. 12 External beam radiation has had a limited role in the treatment of HCC because of radiation toxicity to the adjacent normal liver. 13 Because of these limitations and others negative factors such as tumor location, excessive number of lesions, size, presence of portal hypertension, and poor liver function, image-guided locoregional therapies were developed and present several advantages in treating HCC. Image-guided therapies are in 2 main groups: (1) endovascular catheter-based procedures using digital subtraction angiography/fluoroscopy, such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radioembolization; and (2) ultrasound (US)-assisted or computed tomography (CT)–assisted percutaneous ablative procedures, including
COOLING RATE OF AN ACTIVE HAWAIIAN LAVA FLOW FROM NIGHTTIME SPECTRORADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS

A narrow-band spectroradiometer has been used to make nighttime measurements of the Phase 50 eruption of Pu'u O'o, on the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. On February 19, 1992, a GER spectroradiometer was used to determine the cooling rate of an active lava flow. This instrument collects 12-bit data between 0.35 to 3.0 microns at a spectral resolution of 1-5 nm. Thirteen spectra of a single area on a pahoehoe flow field were collected over a 59 minute period (21:27-22:26 HST) from which the cooling of the lava surface has been investigated. A two-component thermal mixing model (Flynn, 1992) applied to data for the flow immediately on emplacement gave a best-fit crustal temperature of 768 C, a hot component at 1150 C, and a hot radiating area of 3.6 percent of the total area. Over a 52-minute period (within the time interval between flow resurfacings) the lava flow crust cooled by 358 to 410 C at a rate that was as high as 15 C/min. The observations have significance both for satellite observations of active volcanoes and for numerical models of the cooling of lava flows during their emplacement.
Lesbian mothers and the motherhood hierarchy.

Societal values determine the appropriateness of motherhood. These values are reflected by a society that believes the married heterosexual woman to be the most appropriate to parent. It is these appropriate mothers who form the apex of a three-tiered hierarchy that consists of women who are defined as (a) most appropriate, (b) moderately appropriate, or (c) least appropriate. This paper explores lesbian motherhood within the social context of American society. The "motherhood hierarchy" is presented as a conceptual framework for viewing lesbian mothers, and evidence from the literature supporting the existence of this hierarchy is integrated throughout the discussion. Special attention is paid to the inappropriate mother, and focus is placed on the antilesbian mythology that supports it.
New laparoscopic retractors

One of the most frustrating problems encountered during diagnostic or operative laparoscopy is the presence of distended loops of large or small bowel or of parts of adjacent or overlying organs. It requires changing the position of the patient and table, and/or tedious pushing or pulling of the bowel or organ out of the operative field. Two new accessory retractors are now available. One expands as a "kite," fits through a 5-mm port, and is reusable. The other is covered with polymeric material, is disposable, inflates to provide a balloon-like atraumatic retraction, and is inserted through a 10-mm cannula.
Relative Injury to Some Cruciferous Oilseeds by the Turnip Aphid

Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) was tested as a pest of 19 species and botanical varieties of cruciferous oilseeds Only PI 171538, an introduction of Brassica napus L., was resistant of the 390 plant introductions and varieties of Brassica spp. screened. Also, no resistance was found in Any introductions of Eruca sativa Mill., Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Raphanus raphanistrum L., R. sativus L. Thalaspi arvense L., or Lepidiurn sativum L. However, Alyssum dasycarpum Steph. ex Willd., was highly resistant and may not be a host. In general, the winged forms of the aphid were most attracted by crucifers on which the rate of reproduction was greatest, but C. sativa was an exception: this species was unattractive to winged aphids, though it was highly susceptible to aphid feeding. A sta tistically significant correlation (r = 0.675 with 47 df) was found between the attractiveness of Cruciferae to winged aphids and the rate of reproduction of the aphids.
Interannual variations in the atmospheric heat budget

[1] Interannual variability of the atmospheric heat budget is explored via a new data set of the computed vertically integrated energy transports to examine relationships with other fields. A case study reveals very large monthly divergences of these transports regionally with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the associated changes with the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern, and with the North Atlantic Oscillation. In the tropical Pacific during large El Nino events the anomalous divergence of the atmospheric energy transports exceeds 50 W m−2 over broad regions for several months. Examination of the corresponding top-of-the-atmosphere net radiative fluxes shows that it is primarily the surface fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere that feed the divergent atmospheric transports. A systematic investigation of the covariability of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the divergence of atmospheric energy transport, using singular value decomposition analysis of the temporal covariance, reveals ENSO as dominant in the first two modes, explaining 62% and 12% of the covariance in the Pacific domain and explaining 39.5% and 15.4% globally for the first and second modes, respectively. The first mode is well represented by the time series for the SST index for Nino 3.4 region (170°W–120°W, 5°N–5°S). Regression analysis allows a more complete view of how the SSTs, outgoing longwave radiation, precipitation, diabatic heating, and atmospheric circulation respond with ENSO. The second mode indicates aspects of the systematic evolution of ENSO with time, with strong lead and lag correlations. It primarily reflects differences in the evolution of ENSO across the tropical Pacific from about the dateline to coastal South America. High SSTs associated with warm ENSO events are damped through surface heat fluxes into the atmosphere, which transports the energy into higher latitudes and throughout the tropics, contributing to loss of heat by the ocean, while the cold ENSO events correspond to a recharge phase as heat enters the ocean. Diabatic processes are clearly important within ENSO evolution.
Diversity matters: Dynamic simulation of distributed bacterial states in suspended growth biological wastewater treatment systems

A MATLAB-based program was developed to simulate the distributions of states and behaviors of microbial storage product-accumulating bacteria in suspended growth systems. Currently available computer simulators of these systems predict dynamic behaviors by numerically solving differential biokinetic equations using average, or “lumped” system states (e.g., average microbial storage products concentrations). However, individual bacterial states are expected to diverge from average values, in part because individuals can have different hydrodynamic histories in terms of their residence times in upstream completely mixed flow reactors. The distributed state simulation program presented in this paper (DisSimulator 1.0) tracks individual bacteria as they move through a completely mixed reactor system. The program was evaluated for competition between polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and non-polyphosphate-accumulating heterotrophs in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system for treatment of domestic wastewater. For identical systems and process conditions, simulations accounting for distributed states predicted larger anaerobic and aerobic solids residence time requirements for successful EBPR than did simulations using the lumped approach. One reason for this was that distributed simulations predicted large numbers of the PAOs were essentially inactive due to depleted or maximized storage product contents, while the lumped simulations predicted homogenous, 100% active PAO populations. Characteristic state profile shapes developed rapidly and were stable as total population numbers changed. Lumped state assumptions were demonstrated to produce large errors in predictions of EBPR system performance, and so consideration of distributed states may improve the accuracy of microbial storage products-based process simulations in systems with completely mixed hydrodynamics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemically bonded multifunctional stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography

A new class of stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are described which simulate in their retention chracteristics ion-pair separations. The phases consist of mixtures of chemically dissimilar ligands chemically bonded to silica supports. These phases are largely reversed-phase in nature, but also contain significant ion-exchange properties, at levels similar to those demonstrated to occur in ionpairing. By bonding both ionic and hydrophobic groups in the correct proportions, mixed retention mechanisms are created, resulting in unique selectivities, while retaining the excellent stabilities and efficiencies characteristic of bonded phases. The ratio of hydrophobic to ionic character can be controlled during the synthesis, and is used as a tool to vary the stationary phase, rather than only the mobile phase, to effect the separation desired. The synthesis and behavior of both anionic and cationic/reversed-phase materials are described, and are applied to the simultaneous separation of nucleosides and nucleotides, and to the separation of the catecholamines.
Computational Tests of Quantum Chemical Models for Structures, Vibrational Frequencies, and Heats of Formation of Molecules with Phosphorus and Sulfur Atoms

The Gaussian-n, complete basis set, and Weizmann-1 quantum chemical models for heats of formation are applied to a set of molecules with relevance to the combustion or pyrolysis of chemical warfare materials. Most of these models generate standard deviations from experiment that are less than 2 kcal/mol. The structures and vibrational frequencies that are generated in the course of these calculations are in good agreement with experimental data. Detailed comparisons with respect to structural types indicate that the present computational models are likely to generate useful data for complex models of combustion and pyrolysis of chemical warfare materials.