cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor-dielectric interfacial study using spectral-spatial photocurrent probes and 1/f noise probe in organic field effect transistors

Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) are sensitive to the chemistry of the gate dielectric/semiconductor boundary both during and after fabrication. In particular, surface states can be introduced on polymer gate dielectrics that shift the threshold voltage if the dielectric layer is exposed to oxidizing agents prior to semiconductor deposition. To understand the interfacial properties can not only benefit practical applications but also further the understanding of transport mechanism in OFETs. Photocurrent and noise probes are well suited for investigating the properties of such process-induced interface trap states thanks to their high sensitivity to the electronic transport processes in the material. We have measured and analyzed the gate bias dependence of the photocurrent in pentacene organic field effect transistors which have been doped using a UV-ozone treatment and compared these to the response of identical devices produced in an oxygen and ozone free environment. The wavelength dependent photocurrent spectrum shows new photocurrent peaks in oxygen doped samples in the range of 350 nm to 450 nm, which corresponds to energy transitions (2.66 eV, 2.76 eV, 2.95 eV, 3.15 eV) larger than the pentacene HOMO-LUMO gap. The acceptor-like states generated by UV treatment of the dielectric layer, although outside the HOMO-LUMO gap, can free some holes into the accumulated charge pool and thus change the threshold voltage. We have also characterized the dependence of $1/f$ noise on the drain current in control OFETs fabricated with no air exposure and those whose dielectric has been exposed to UV-ozone. The noise in control devices is proportional to $I_{D}⁁{2}$, while noise in UV-exposed devices is proportional to $I_{D}$. This difference indicates that in the UV-exposed devices, noise is generated by acceptor-like states introduced into the HOMO, while in the control devices, interface states within the HOMO-LUMO gap are the dominant noise source. Under 405nm illumination, the change in 1/f noise is proportional to the change in I_{D} for both devices implying that no additional noise-generation sites are created in the empty states which have donated charge to the channel. Spatially localized photocurrent is futher utilized to study mobility variance along the channel and preliminary results are presented.
The State of Deseret: The Creation of the Mormon Landscape in the Western U.S.

When Brigham Young and other pioneer settlers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints came to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, it was virtually untouched by humans. It did not take long, however, for the leadership to lay out a city and locate their future temple. In this paper we illustrate the historical engineering of the Mormon landscape. The current spatial organization and religious building program of the Church both inside and outside of the Mountain West attest to the Church’s ongoing efforts to shape the social and cultural landscape of its people.
Targeting MYC Dependence by Metabolic Inhibitors in Cancer

Abstract:MYC is a critical growth regulatory gene that is commonly overexpressed in a wide range of cancers. Therapeutic targeting of MYC transcriptional activity has long been a goal, but it has been difficult to achieve with drugs that directly block its DNA-binding ability. Additional approaches that exploit oncogene addiction are promising strategies against MYC-driven cancers. Also, drugs that target metabolic regulatory pathways and enzymes have potential for indirectly reducing MYC levels. Glucose metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, which can be targeted by multiple agents, promote cell growth and MYC expression. Likewise, modulation of the signaling pathways and protein synthesis regulated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) can also be an effective route for suppressing MYC translation. Furthermore, recent data suggest that metabolism of nucleotides, fatty acids and glutamine are exploited to alter MYC levels. Combination therapies offer potential new approaches to overcome metabolic plasticity caused by single agents. Although potential toxicities must be carefully controlled, new inhibitors currently being tested in clinical trials offer significant promise. Therefore, as both a downstream target of metabolism and an upstream regulator, MYC is a prominent central regulator of cancer metabolism. Exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities of MYC-driven cancers is an emerging research area with translational potential.
Effect of magnetic fields on thermal conductivity in a ferromagnetic packed bed

Abstract Parameters like solid particle conductivity, shape, size, contraction/expansion and porosity along with saturating fluid conductivity and pressure are important parameters when studying effective thermal conductivity of a porous bed. This paper introduces a novel heat transfer enhancement method for ferromagnetic material particle beds by exposing them to an external magnetic field. Two materials were experimentally studied: magnetite (Fe3O4) and iron filings (random composition of iron oxides). A series of twelve trials were performed using different magnetic field configurations and intensities. The magnetic fields which were used include non-uniform, semi-homogeneous and non-homogeneous fields which formed by four different magnet configurations with magnetic intensities from 819 Gauss to 4667 Gauss. In all the cases it is shown that applying magnetic fields increases the heat transfer rate in particle beds. The improvement rate is 7–15% for most cases studied. However, the configuration and intensity of the field determined the extent of improvement while non-homogeneous fields produced the greater effect.
Post Hoc Analysis of Passive Cavitation Imaging for Classification of Histotripsy-Induced Liquefaction in Vitro

Histotripsy utilizes focused ultrasound to generate bubble clouds for transcutaneous tissue liquefaction. Bubble activity maps are under development to provide image guidance and monitor treatment progress. The aim of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of using plane wave B-mode and passive cavitation images to be used as binary classifiers of histotripsy-induced liquefaction. Prostate tissue phantoms were exposed to histotripsy pulses over a range of pulse durations (5– $20~\mu \text{s}$ ) and peak negative pressures (12–23 MPa). Acoustic emissions were recorded during the insonation and beamformed to form passive cavitation images. Plane wave B-mode images were acquired following the insonation to detect the hyperechoic bubble cloud. Phantom samples were sectioned and stained to delineate the liquefaction zone. Correlation between passive cavitation and plane wave B-mode images and the liquefaction zone was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Liquefaction of the phantom was observed for all the insonation conditions. The area under the ROC (0.94 versus 0.82), accuracy (0.90 versus 0.83), and sensitivity (0.81 versus 0.49) was greater for passive cavitation images relative to B-mode images ( ${p} ) along the azimuth of the liquefaction zone. The specificity was greater than 0.9 for both imaging modalities. These results demonstrate a stronger correlation between histotripsy-induced liquefaction and passive cavitation imaging compared with the plane wave B-mode imaging, albeit with limited passive cavitation image range resolution.
TCT-199 Acute Kidney Recovery in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) after TAVR is associated with increased mortality. As significant hemodynamic improvement may occur with relief of aortic stenosis, we hypothesized that TAVR patients may demonstrate the opposite phenomena: Acute Kidney Recovery (AKR). We studied the incidence and
Abstract 20279: Signalosomes Orchestrate Ouabain-Induced Intracellular Inotropic Signaling

Introduction: Receptor-mediated, intracellular signaling leading to cardioprotection and inotropy is orchestrated by signalosome. The caveolar vesicles bud off the plasma membrane, move to mitochon...
A cross-sectional study examining associations between substance use frequency, problematic use and STIs among youth living with HIV.

Objectives This study sought to examine the prevalence of STIs and whether substance use frequency and/or problematic use—specifically alcohol, marijuana and other drugs—was associated with having an STI diagnosis among youth living with HIV (YLWH) Methods A sample of 823 YLWH were recruited at 14 adolescent HIV clinics through the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV Interventions. Study staff abstracted STI data from medical records for up to 26 weeks prior to participants’ completing a cross-sectional survey including the ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), which measures substance use frequency and consequences. Results Almost one-third of youth had been diagnosed with an STI (30.5%) at the time of their baseline assessment. In multivariable analyses, those who engaged in weekly or greater marijuana use (adjusted OR (AOR)=10.66, 95% CI: 4.39 to 25.87, P Conclusions Study findings underscore the need to investigate the role of greater frequency of marijuana use and problematic alcohol use in STI incidence among YLWH. Given the associations between both substance use frequency and problematic use in STI diagnoses among YLWH seen in HIV care settings, clinicians should use validated substance use screening tools which capture both frequencies and consequences in order to identify YLWH who may need further evaluation and treatment.
Culture and Birth Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Literature.

Introduction: Almost 830 women die daily in childbirth with 550 of those deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. This region has the highest maternal mortality rates in the world with 546 deaths per 100,000 live births. Research must focus on understanding cultural beliefs and practices to improve maternal health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence of relevant cultural beliefs and the impact on birth outcomes for women in sub-Saharan Africa. Method: Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, the literature focused on 25 articles that defined, directly or indirectly, associations of cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways to pregnancy and birth from the perspective of women of childbearing age. Results: Three relevant categories emerged from the literature: birth outcomes, maternal care-seeking, and maternal culture care. Discussion: Women’s voices and an understanding of cultural constructs of care are required to encourage the use ...
Preparing students for the first AP computer science principles exam: the perspective of CS teachers

This research presentation reports on a case study examining the teaching practices of seven high school computer science (CS) teachers from schools located across the Western New York (WNY) area. The interviews focused on the challenges and successes of teachers as they prepare students to take the first Advanced Placement CS Principles (AP CSP) exam which was offered in 2017. Each of the teachers in this study participated in the Computer Science for High Schools (CS4HS) professional development workshops that were offered at Buffalo State College [1]; the workshops, which were funded by Google, were designed to acquaint participants with CS Principles curricula [2]. Four of the teachers in the study teach in public high schools, three others teach in private schools, including one teacher working in an all-girls school. The experiences of the teachers ranged from five to fifteen years of K-12 classroom instruction; the teachers also brought rich backgrounds to their classes, with initial content specializations ranging from technology to science and mathematics. The perspectives of the teachers, particularly given the broad range of schools they represent, provide particularly poignant insights into the challenges and successes these teachers faced. The teachers share both their strategies as well as the personal reflection on the success of those strategies. The experiences and insights of the teachers selected for this project will inform those teachers and schools who are starting, or beginning to explore, the implementation of the AP CS Principles course. Follow-up interviews are planned to further document successful implementation strategies for CS courses.
Curriculum and Poststructuralist Theory

Moving away from technical–rational emphases in curriculum development, where curriculum is conceived as predetermined content that is covered in linear and accumulative ways, those involved in curriculum studies and practices, who work from poststructuralist perspectives, assume the curriculum to be political and discursive creations. Addressing issues of power, these scholars, teachers, and curriculum developers examine not only what and whose determinations and creations of knowledge count, but also how and under what conditions particular discourses come to shape what gets constructed as curriculum. They study what and how cultural and social customs constitute, reproduce, or call into question what is generally assumed to be educational content, how and in what sequences it supposedly might be learned, and how these processes, in turn, partially compose educational identities and practices.
Prospects for Rational Assembly of Composite Polyoxometalates

The directed synthesis of large inorganic polyoxometalates with specific structural and stereochemical features remains an elusive but not unattainable goal. We have shown that opportunities exist for straightforward assembly of stable or metastable polyoxometalate subunits using principles of both coordination chemistry and organic synthesis. Among the many advantages offered by such synthetic approaches is the generation of chiral structures for molecular recognition and catalytic selectivity that we are currently pursuing.
Maurice Natanson (1924–1996)

Natanson devoted most of his aesthetic writings to linking phenomenology with literature. He distinguishes the philosophy of literature from philosophy in literature. The former explores literature’s categories in relationship to the being of the artwork, and addresses such issues as the ontological status of a literary microcosm, the truth of art works; and the strata of meaning and their interaction—as did roman ingarden in the formal aesthetics of The Literary Work of Art (1973). Philosophy in literature, by contrast, makes explicit the philosophical achievement of an already realized literary work. Self-admittedly inclined to this task, Natanson the existentialist turned to literary experience to reconstruct it, not thereby diluting “real” philosophy, but extending it (Natanson 1962: 87, 98–99, 123; 1996: 8–9).
Mission Formulation and Implementation

In previous chapters we’ve come to know what an interplanetary flight involves, and how the science instruments and experiments address specific question. This chapter introduces a sense of what it takes to formulate and implement such an interplanetary mission. We’ll list the major milestones involved, and illustrate a few of them with examples. In part, we’ll follow some of the ultimate results of the AO quoted above.
Is the G20, Like the G7, an Endangered Species?

ABSTRACTThe G20 will meet for its thirteenth summit at the end of 2018. This article contextualises the G20 within a changing global political economy and examines challenges and changes: the rise ...
Habitat Characteristics in Created Vernal Pools Impact Spotted Salamander Water-Borne Corticosterone Levels

Spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) require vernal pools for breeding habitat. Limited protection and preservation of vernal pools makes suitable habitat creation important. Differences in corticosterone levels, a hormone associated with growth, development, and stress in amphibians, could indicate population health and habitat quality. Our objective was to determine if habitat characteristics in created vernal pools influence corticosterone levels of spotted salamander larvae. In May and June of 2015 and 2016, we sampled water-borne corticosterone levels of larval spotted salamanders in 34 created vernal pools constructed 1–5 years earlier. Using multiple regression, we determined the best model predicting corticosterone levels included larval total length, pool-water temperature, year sampled, and pool diameter. Pool-water pH, depth, and age; percent cover; and predator presence were not significant predictors. Annual variation in corticosterone levels and habitat characteristics, and positive associations with water temperature and salamander body size highlighted the importance of controlling for external influences. The negative association between pool diameter and corticosterone indicated that larvae in larger pools (up to 12.75-m maximum diameter) were less stressed and potentially healthier. These results indicate that pool diameter contributes to habitat quality and may be important when constructing vernal pools for spotted salamanders.
THE THERMAL ISOMERIZATION OF 6‐DIFLUOROMETHYLENEBICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐2‐ENE

Abstract The thermal isomerization of 6-difluoromethylenebicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene proceeds via two competing 1,3-sigmatropic processes, with an E a nearly identical to that of the hydrocarbon.
Does Activity of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Vary between Human-Hunted Areas and Refugia?

Hunting by humans impacts behaviors of targeted species, similar to what is observed in other predator-prey systems. Managed wildlife areas commonly have refuges where hunting is prohibited. Deer (family Cervidae) are commonly hunted species and their behavior might differ between such refuges and areas outside refuges where deer hunting is permitted. We predicted that white-tailed deer detections would be higher in refuges than in hunted areas as populations seek refugia from hunting, and that detections would be greatest at night in hunted vs. refuge areas. Using camera traps in refuge and hunted areas on two public wildlife areas in eastern Kansas, we calculated detections of individual deer per hour and categorized days into four time periods (dawn, day, dusk, night). Detection rates of deer overall (sexes pooled) did not vary significantly between refuges and hunted areas. Unexpectedly, male detection rates were higher in hunted areas than refuges. Differences in deer detection rates among time periods were marginally significant for deer overall with detection rates being higher during dawn than daytime, apparently driven by activity of females (as males showed no significant pattern). Sizes of the refuges in our study might not have been large enough to negate the effects of hunting pressure on deer behavior. Despite standardization of habitat characteristics, habitat differences between refuge and hunted areas may have also affected deer behavior. It is also possible that hunting pressure during our study (18 October – 15 November 2018) was not high enough to alter deer behavior. Future study is warranted to account for these variables.
A Comparison of Metaphor Modality and Appeals in the Context of Skin Cancer Prevention

Health communication experts continually seek out effective strategies to strengthen persuasive campaigns. While there is evidence that verbal metaphors can improve persuasion, little attention has been given to the potential of visual metaphors to enhance health communication effects. To fill this gap, an experiment was conducted to test the effects of metaphor modality (visual vs. verbal) and type of fear appeal used (death-based or appearance-based) on skin protection intentions. Additionally, the moderating role of an individual characteristic (need for cognition), and the mediating role of two processing outcomes (message elaboration and perceived message effectiveness) were examined. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between the main effects of metaphor modality and type of fear appeal, but these message features interacted making the death-based fear appeal the most effective strategy. Need for cognition directly affected perceptions of effectiveness but did not affect skin protection intentions nor message elaboration. Of the two message processing outcomes examined, only perceived message effectiveness mediated the relationship between metaphor modality and skin protection intentions. Theoretical explanations and practical implications are discussed.
Authority beyond institutions: the expert’s multivocal process of gaining and sustaining authoritativeness

After briefly examining how expert authority has been constructed through an “associative” perspective, which privileges institutional relationships, I argue for the complimentary adoption of an “enactive” perspective, which centers on how experts demonstrate and earn authority with individual clients and communities. I synthesize scholarship revealing the uses of communication in expert–client relationships to argue that an enactive perspective allows for the study of how experts use “reiterative multivocality” to demonstrate to clients that they possess expert knowledge that is tailored to their interests, stakes, and values. Reiterative multivocality is the process of reaffirming, in different voices and formats, terms and symbols considered centrally important by other experts at the time. It allows experts to communicate authoritativeness through reiterating signs that reflect the collective’s efforts to maintain authority in response to shifts in client expectations. I focus on the case of expert authoritativeness in medicine, examining how it is constructed and maintained. The article argues that authority is not rooted solely in institutions but is developed and maintained by individual experts and clients, and that the language and processes used in the construction of authoritativeness is of central importance to sociologists. I expand upon the implications of both perspectives for method.
Smoke Screens: An Initial Analysis of the Coronavirus Lawsuits in the United States Against China and the World Health Organization

In this short essay we provide a preliminary analysis of the lawsuits filed by Missouri against China, and New York against the World Health Organization over the COVID-19 pandemic. We also situate the lawsuits against the expanding coronavirus-related misinformation “epidemic.”
A control oriented reduced order electrochemical model considering variable diffusivity of lithium ions in solid

Abstract Recently, reduced order electrochemical models (ROMs) have been obtained more attention by industries for real-time applications. Its computational efficiency is maximized by regarding particles in electrodes as an equivalent single particle, named ROM-Single Particle Model (SPM). However, the model has a major drawback in the inaccuracy of the predicted terminal voltage, particularly at high currents. Therefore, an advanced ROM-SPM considering variable diffusivity (VD) of lithium ions in solid is proposed that significantly improves the accuracy of the terminal voltage, named as ROM-SPMVD. The model is firstly developed, and the sensitivity analysis of the parameters is performed, which reveals that the diffusivity of lithium ions in solid of cathode (Ds,p) is strongly sensitive and identifiable. Next, the relationship between the Ds,p and state of charge (SOC) and temperature is determined by a newly developed nondestructive method. Finally, the ROM-SPMVD is validated against experimental data of a pouch type lithium ion energy cell at different current profiles and at different temperatures. Results show that consideration of variable Ds,p leads to a significant improvement in the accuracy of the ROM-SPM at high currents while maintaining the reduced computational time. The voltage error of ROM-SPMVD is reduced up to 79% compared with that of ROM-SPM.
Vote-from-Home? Evaluation Framework for Election Security on Remote Voting in Response to COVID-19 (preprint)

This article poses a question on whether the remote voting by online or vote-by-mail is trustworthy under the COVID-19 pandemic situation. One of the worldwide efforts to contain the virus was to work-from-home and restriction orders. Besides, because of the human contact is critical in the dissemination of the virus, possibilities of alternative methods of voting such as online voting, blockchain voting, vote-by-mail are proposed. In light of such a situation, the article proposes a framework to evaluate the election security of remote voting methods. Further, the article provides a case of best practice for election administration from the case of the Republic of Korea. Based off of the assessment results from the proposed evaluation framework, the article provides modest suggestions and policy implications to the election administrators.
Understanding the impact of heterogeneous rider preferences on a shared autonomous vehicle system

Abstract In a ride pooling system, riders may have varied behaviors in seeking pooled or non-pooled rides. It is important to understand the effect of these rider behaviors on the system performance in order to formulate policies to guide ride pooling implementation. Existing literature modeling ride pooling systems using agent-based models only considers the extreme cases in which riders either all participate or not participate in pooling. However, the pooling behaviors could be more complex. This study segments the rides in the system into five types (non-pooling only, non-pooling preferred, indifferent, pooling preferred, and pooling only). We use an agent-based model to simulate these preferences in a system of pooled autonomous vehicles. We use mixture experiments to vary the proportion of riders within these five types and build models to study the interactions among the rider types in terms of the system’s service quality and environmental performance. The results show that higher service level is achieved when all riders in the system are open to pooling, with 30% of pooling only riders and 70% of pooling preferred or indifferent riders providing the maximum value. The results can help formulate incentives and policies to promote ride pooling participation to improve ride pooling system performance.
Barriers to identifying and obtaining CME: a national survey of physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants.

CPD educators and CME providers would benefit from further insight regarding barriers and supports in obtaining CME, including sources of information about CME. To address this gap, we sought to explore challenges that clinicians encounter as they seek CME, and time and monetary support allotted for CME. In August 2018, we surveyed licensed US clinicians (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants), sampling 100 respondents each of family medicine physicians, internal medicine and hospitalist physicians, medicine specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants (1895 invited, 500 [26.3%] responded). The Internet-based questionnaire addressed barriers to obtaining CME, sources of CME information, and time and monetary support for CME. The most often-selected barriers were expense (338/500 [68%]) and travel time (N = 286 [57%]). The source of information about CME activities most commonly selected was online search (N = 348 [70%]). Direct email, professional associations, direct mail, and journals were also each selected by > 50% of respondents. Most respondents reported receiving 1–6 days (N = 301 [60%]) and $1000–$5000 (n = 263 [53%]) per year to use in CME activities. Most (> 70%) also reported no change in time or monetary support over the past 24 months. We found few significant differences in responses across clinician type or age group. In open-ended responses, respondents suggested eight ways to enhance CME: optimize location, reduce cost, publicize effectively, offer more courses and content, allow flexibility, ensure accessibility, make content clinically relevant, and encourage application. Clinicians report that expense and travel time are the biggest barriers to CME. Time and money support is limited, and not increasing. Online search and email are the most frequently-used sources of information about CME. Those who organize and market CME should explore options that reduce barriers of time and money, and creatively use online tools to publicize new offerings.
Disaster preparedness among women with a recent live birth in Hawaii, a cross-sectional study, results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2016

Abstract Objectives This study examines emergency preparedness behaviors among women with a recent live birth in Hawaii. Methods Using the 2016 Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey we estimated weighted prevalence of eight preparedness behaviors. Results Among 1010 respondents (weighted response rate=56.3%), 79.3% reported at least one preparedness behavior and 11.2% performed all eight behaviors. The prevalence of women with a recent live birth in Hawaii reporting preparedness behaviors includes: 63.0% (95% CI: 58.7-67.1%) having enough supplies at home for at least seven days, 41.3% (95% CI: 37.1-45.6%) having an evacuation plan for their child(ren), 38.7% (95% CI: 34.5, 43.0) having methods to keep in touch, 37.8% (95% CI: 33.7, 42.1) having an emergency meeting place, 36.6% (95% CI: 32.6, 40.9) having an evacuation plan to leave home, 34.9% (95% CI: 30.9, 39.2) having emergencies supplies to take with if they have to leave quickly, 31.8% (95% CI: 27.9, 36.0) having copies of important documents, 31.6% (95% CI: 27.7, 35.8) having practiced what to do. Conclusion One in ten women practiced all eight behaviors indicating more awareness efforts are needed among this at-risk population in Hawaii. Hawaii can measure the effect of interventions to increase preparedness by tracking this question over time. Significance “What is already known on this subject?” Preparedness is associated with reduced vulnerability, and postpartum women are considered an at-risk population in the post-disaster period with special clinical needs. One prior study has assessed disaster preparedness among postpartum women. “What this study adds?” This is the first study to describe a methodology to analyze the eight-part PRAMS emergency preparedness question. Among recently postpartum women in Hawaii, about 80% practiced at least one of eight emergency preparedness measures assessed and about 10% practiced all behaviors.
Video: Trading Volatility

Robert Whaley, widely recognized for his expertise in derivative contract valuation, risk management, and market operation, discusses volatility, volatility indexes, and why volatility matters.
The Effects of Reionization on Lyman-alpha Galaxy Surveys

Searches for Lyman-alpha emission lines are among the most effective ways to identify high-redshift galaxies. They are particularly interesting because they probe not only the galaxies themselves but also the ionization state of the intergalactic medium (IGM). The observed line strengths depend on the amount by which each photon is able to redshift away from line center before encountering neutral gas and hence on the size distribution of HII regions surrounding the sources. Here, we use an analytic model of that size distribution to study the effects of reionization on the luminosity function of Lyman-alpha emitters and their observed spatial distribution. Our model includes the clustering of high-redshift galaxies and thus contains ionized bubbles much larger than those expected around isolated galaxies. As a result, Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies remain visible earlier in reionization: we expect the number counts to decline by only a factor ~2 (or 10) when the mean ionized fraction falls to x_i~0.75 (or 0.5) in the simplest model. Moreover, the absorption is not uniform across the sky: galaxies remain visible only if they sit inside large bubbles, which become increasingly rare as x_i decreases. Thus, the size distribution also affects the apparent clustering of Lyman-alpha selected galaxies. On large scales, it traces that of the large bubbles, which in our model are more biased than the galaxies. On small scales, the clustering increases rapidly as x_i decreases because large HII regions surround strong galaxy overdensities, so a survey automatically selects only those galaxies with neighbours. The transition between these two regimes occurs at the characteristic bubble size. Hence, large Lyman-alpha galaxy surveys have the potential to measure directly the size distribution of HII regions during reionization.
Encountering Dispersive Clays on Soil Conservation Service projects in Oklahoma

Dispersive clays occur frequently in nature, possessing properties detrimental to agronomic tillage practices and to engineering structures such as dams, terraces, channels, etc. Surface erosion occurs readily, since the fines are easily detached and suspended in runoff water. Where water can enter cracks in dispersive clays, subsurface erosion usually develops rapidly and extensively in areas of strong relief under favorable climatic conditions. For many years, the Soil Conservation Service has relied upon the Laboratory Dispersion Test as the benchmark for identification of these problem clays. Improved sampling techniques and the supplementary use of two field identification tests have been extremely helpful in recent years, particularly in embankment zoning. Liming the surface layers of dispersed clay embankments has provided a satisfactory means for stabilization. Three lime-treatment jobs have not been damaged in seven years. Aluminum sulfate is being evaluated on a field trial basis.
On uniform approximation by rational functions with an application to chordal cluster sets

For a closed and bounded set E in the complex plane, let A ( E ) denote the collection of all functions continuous on E and analytic on E° , its interior; let R ( E ) denote the collection of all functions which are uniform limits on E of rational functions with poles outside E . Then let A denote the collection of all closed, bounded sets for which A ( E ) = R ( E ). The purpose of this paper is to formulate a condition on a set, which is essentially of a geometric nature, in order that the set belong to A . Then using approximation techniques, we shall construct a meromorphic function having a certain boundary behavior on a perfect set; this answers a question raised in [1].
Cerebrospinal Lipodystrophy in Swine A New Disease Model in Comparative Pathology

Spontaneous lipidosis of the central nervous system of two Yorkshire swine is reported. The presence of membranous cytoplasmic neuronal inclusions similar to those reported in Tay-Sach's disease in...
Does haptic robot-assisted total hip arthroplasty better restore native acetabular and femoral anatomy?

Background The objective was to evaluate whether total hip arthroplasty (THA) using haptic robot assistance restores hip geometry better than the free-hand technique. Methods Twelve robot-assisted and 14 free-hand unilateral THA patients underwent CT scan for three-dimensional (3D) hip models. The anteversion, inclination and hip joint centre locations of the native and implanted hips in each patient were quantified and compared. Results Significant increase of combined anteversion by 19.1 ± 11.7° and 23.5 ± 23.6° and decrease of cup inclination by 16.5 ± 6.0° and 10.2 ± 6.8° were observed in the robot-assisted and the free-hand THAs, respectively. Less variation in the difference of the component orientations (max 11.1 vs 18.3°) and the femoral head centre (max 4.5 vs 6.3 mm) were found in the robot-assisted group. Conclusion This study demonstrated that neither robot-assisted nor free-hand THAs had fully restored native hip geometry. However, the higher precision of the robot-assisted THA suggested that it has potential utility in restoring the native hip geometry. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Variant of Newton's Method for the Computation of Traveling Waves of Bistable Differential-Difference Equations

We consider a variant of Newton's method for solving nonlinear differential-difference equations arising from the traveling wave equations of a large class of nonlinear evolution equations. Building on the Fredholm theory recently developed by Mallet-Paret we prove convergence of the method. The utility of the method is demonstrated with a series of examples.
Collaborative and Iterative Translation: An Alternative Approach to Instrument Translation

The approach most commonly used to check the accuracy of translation is backtranslation. While this helps to ensure a direct or literal translation, it fails to address issues of concept equivalence. Further, if not combined with pre-testing, it fails to address issues of comprehension and meaning to the respondent. The current paper suggests an iterative approach that results in better translations and more reliable and valid results for international marketing research.
Interactions Between Ionized Calcium and Sodium Taurocholate: Bile Salts Are Important Buffers for Prevention of Calcium-Containing Gallstones

Abstract Calcium precipitation in bile is a requisite physicochemical event in the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones that, in turn, may serve as a nucleus for precipitation of cholesterol from its supersaturated state to form cholesterol stones. Using the Ca2+-ion electrode, the interactions of calcium with taurocholate anions were studied at 24°C and pH 7.0 over physiologic concentration ranges (0.5–200 mM) of bile salt (BS) and total calcium (0.15–15 mM). All studies were made at a 0.295 M total ionic strength to minimize possible bile salt effects on Ca2+-activity coefficients. It was found that Ca2+ reacts with free taiurocholate anions to form the free acid salt CaBS+, with a formation constant (K'f) of about 794. In micellar solutions, Ca2+ reacted with two taurocholate anions in the micelle to form the neutral salt Ca(BS)20. The K'f for this reaction was low, about 7.6, or roughly 1/100th that of the free acid salt. Upon further addition of calcium to such micellar solutions, Ca(BS)20 appeared to be converted to a micellar acid salt, CaBS+. In any given solution, therefore, three distinct species could be present: (a) free CaBS+, (b) micellar Ca(BS)20, and (c) micellar CaBS+. In the presence of calcium, there was no "critical micellar concentration" (CMC) for taurocholate, but rather continuous micelle formation along a rectangular hyperbola. Knowledge of overall apparent K'f values, and K'f values for both CABS+ and CA(BS)20 permitted calculation of the relative proportions of free and micellar calcium-taurocholate in any given solution. The term "CMC50" is introduced to indicate that concentration at which 50% of calcium is free and 50% is in micellar form. It is concluded that bile acid anions, both free and micellar, constitute an important potential buffer for intraluminal calcium in the biliary tree and intestine. By thus limiting ambient Ca2+ concentration, bile acid anions may protect against calcium precipitation with various anions in bile such as bilirubinate (pigment gallstones), and may also affect the interactions of calcium within the intestinal lumen (absorption of free fatty acids, oxalate, etc.), as well as mucosal absorption of both Ca2+ and bile acid anions.
Mixing asymmetry in variable density turbulence

Molecular mixing as a consequence of stirring by turbulence is an important process in many practical applications. If the microscopic densities of the fluids participating in the mixing are very different, we refer to such flows as variable density (VD) flows in contrast to the Boussinesq approximation in which the densities are close. In such flows, due to the tight coupling between the density and velocity fields, in addition to the quadratic non-linearities of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, new cubic nonlinearities arise and the velocity field is no longer solenoidal. Many of these flows are driven by acceleration (e.g. gravity in geophysical and astrophysical flows) which, because the density is not uniform, leads to large differential fluid accelerations. If the acceleration is constant and the fluid configuration is unstable (i.e. density gradient points opposite to the body force), a fluid instability is generated in which small perturbations of the initial interface between the two fluids grow, interact nonlinearly, and lead to turbulence. This instability is known as the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability.
Characterization of the Global Stabilizing Substitution A77V and its Role in the Evolution of CTX-M β-lactamases

The widespread use of oxyimino-cephalosporin antibiotics drives the evolution of the CTX-M family of β-lactamases that hydrolyze these drugs and confer antibiotic resistance. Clinically isolated CTX-M enzymes carrying the P167S or D240G active site-associated adaptive mutation have a broadened substrate profile that includes the oxyimino-cephalosporin antibiotic ceftazidime. The D240G substitution is known to reduce the stability of CTX-M-14 β-lactamase, and the P167S substitution is shown here to also destabilize the enzyme. Proteins are marginally stable entities, and second-site mutations that stabilize the enzyme can offset a loss in stability caused by mutations that enhance enzyme activity. Therefore, the evolution of antibiotic resistance enzymes can be dependent on the acquisition of stabilizing mutations. The A77V substitution is present in CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) from a number of clinical isolates, suggesting that it may be important in the evolution of antibiotic resistance in this family of β-lactamases. In this study, the effects of the A77V substitution in the CTX-M-14 model enzyme were characterized with regard to the kinetic parameters for antibiotic hydrolysis as well as enzyme expression levels in vivo and protein stability in vitro. The A77V substitution has little effect on the kinetics of oxyimino-cephalosporin hydrolysis, but it stabilizes the CTX-M enzyme and compensates for the loss of stability resulting from the P167S and D240G mutations. The acquisition of global stabilizing mutations, such as A77V, is an important feature in β-lactamase evolution and a common mechanism in protein evolution.
Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 on Hepatocyte Antioxidative Enzymes:

The physiological decline that occurs in aging is thought to result, in part, from accumulation of oxidative damage generated by reactive oxygen species during normal metabolic processes. Elevated levels of antioxidative enzymes in liver tissues are present in the Ames dwarf, a growth hormone (GH)-deficient mouse that lives more than 1 year longer than wild-type mice from the same line. In contrast, transgenic mice that overexpress GH exhibit depressed hepatic levels of catalase and have significantly shortened life spans. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on antioxidative enzymes in mouse hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were isolated from wild-type mice following perfusion of livers with a collagenase-based buffer. Dispersed cells were plated on Matrigel and treated with rat GH (0.1, 1.0, or 10 microg/ml) or IGF-1 (0.5, 5.0, or 50 nM) for 24 hr. Hepatocytes were recovered and protein was extracted for immunoblotting and enzyme activity assays of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). A 41% and 27% decrease in catalase activity was detected in cells treated with GH, whereas IGF-1 reduced CAT activity levels to a greater extent than GH (P < 0.0001). The activity and protein levels of GPX were also significantly depressed in cells treated with GH, whereas activity alone was decreased in cells treated with IGF-1 (P < 0.04). GH significantly suppressed MnSOD levels by 40% and 66% in 1.0 and 0.1 microg/ml concentrations, respectively. Similarly, IGF-1 decreased MnSOD protein levels (5 nM; P < 0.05). These results suggest that GH and IGF-1 may decrease the ability of hepatocytes to counter oxidative stress. In addition, these experiments provide an explanation for the differing antioxidative defense capacity of GH-deficient versus GH-overexpressing mice, and they suggest that GH is directly involved in antioxidant regulation and the aging process.
A dedicated hadronic B-factory: accelerator considerations

Abstract There is interest in the high-energy physics program at a dedicated hadronic B-factory. After general considerations are explored for such a facility, a potential implementation at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is presented.
A tale of two pills: when culture trumps technology

This article focuses on the birth-control Pill and its benefits for the women who take them. It also discusses the barriers that some women face such as: limited or no access to modern contraceptive methods legality issues and values and attitudes against birth control.
A slowly absorbed gelatin-epinephrine mixture

Abstract 1. 1. The preparation of a 1:500 gelatin-epinephrine mixture is described. 2. 2. This preparation is slowly absorbed, nontoxic, nonantigenic, and readily administered by the patient. 3. 3. A sharp reduction in the daily number of required doses of epinephrine is noted when this preparation is substituted for the aqueous solution. A marked clinical improvement frequently results.
Simultaneous quantification of arachidonic acid metabolites in cultured tumor cells using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A validated method is described for the simultaneous analysis of PGE2, 11-, 12-, and 5-HETEs from cultured cells using HPLC negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This method permits quantification of selected individual arachidonic acid metabolites from cell extracts without derivatization, multiple purification steps, or lengthy separation times required by traditional GC-MS- or HPLC-UV -based methods. Accuracy assessments of values calculated using this method showed deviations from nominal values were < or =15%. An average relative deviation of 7% of mean calculated values was observed for values taken on separate days. The lower limit of detection for all metabolites was 1.3 pg. The method was used to quantify arachidonic acid metabolites present in various cancer cell lines after incubation with arachidonic acid and the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Results showed that the presence of celecoxib in lung cancer A549 cells reduced production of both PGE2 and 11-HETE in a concentration-dependent manner.
Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of the Social Benefits of Lifelong Learnings

This paper systematically identifies the market and non-market returns to education over the life cycle of gruaduates, as well as the social benefits externalities. It considers the most recent developments in the measurement and the valuation of these returns to additions to existing provisions for education and relates them to the costs. This is within the conceptual framework for lifelong learning defined by the graduate's life cycle, given that the capacity of graduates to learn later and to adapt is correlated with their prior schooling. The paper suggests that the capacity to finance lifelong learning depends on the capacity to identify and credibly measure these net social and private benefits, some of which are not well known and about which there is also misinformation. It also concludes that the capacity to finance education depends on political processes, which therefore are analyzed also, and on the capacity to build broad-based coalitions using knowledge about these marginal products.