cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of background noise on cortical encoding of speech in autism spectrum disorders.

This study provides new evidence of deficient auditory cortical processing of speech in noise in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Speech-evoked responses (~100–300 ms) in quiet and background noise were evaluated in typically-developing (TD) children and children with ASD. ASD responses showed delayed timing (both conditions) and reduced amplitudes (quiet) compared to TD responses. As expected, TD responses in noise were delayed and reduced compared to quiet responses. However, minimal quiet-to-noise response differences were found in children with ASD, presumably because quiet responses were already severely degraded. Moreover, ASD quiet responses resembled TD noise responses, implying that children with ASD process speech in quiet only as well as TD children do in background noise.
The nature and grounds of Xunzi's disagreement with Mencius

Abstract This, paper argues that the debate between Mencius and Xunzi, as to whether human nature is intrinsically good or evil, represents not so much a disagreement as to the empirical facts of human nature as a disagreement over the nature of morality. Specifically, it argues that Mencius holds a virtue‐theoretic conception of morality while Xunzi subscribes to a rule‐based conception of morality. These differences in their conceptions of morality lead the two philosophers to radically different evaluations of human nature although they are in substantial agreement as to the empirical facts of human nature.
LEACHING OF HEAVY METALS FROM CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE (CCA) TREATED WOOD AFTER DISPOSAL

Wood treated by preservatives is commonly found in solid waste. Among the different types of preserved wood, chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood recently has received much attention due to the scale of usage and its significant role in soil and water contamination. As the ash of CCA treated wood would be hazardous if the wood were to be incinerated, this is not a good alternative, and the best available disposal method is thus landfilling in the US, Canada and Australia. Leaching of the metals from preserved wood that is disposed in unlined landfills for construction debris pollutes the soil and water environments. Several factors affecting leaching of the metals from wood, including pH of the leachant, temperature, the duration of leaching and the type of leachant, were investigated. These factors affect each of the metals, chromium, copper and arsenic, differently. A comparison of these effects on each metal was performed. The results of the experiments showed that the pH of the leachants has a significant effect on the leaching process, and sulfuric acid (pH 3) is the most effective leachant compared to nitric and acetic acid (pH 3-4-5). The amounts of leached chromium, copper and arsenic by sulfuric acid (pH 3) during 15 days were, respectively, 0.2, 0.14 and 0.15 mg more than leachates by nitric acid (pH 5) on the basis of 1g of wood (initial contents of 1.03 mg, 0.42 g and 0.8 mg per g of wood). Most of the leaching occurs in the first 5 days, and the rate of leaching decreases significantly after 5 days. Increasing temperature increases the amount of leached metals, and arsenic is the least resistant metal to the leaching when the temperature increases. Increasing the temperature from 15 degrees C to 35 degrees C during 15 days increases the amount of leached chromium, copper and arsenic by acetic acid at pH 5 by about 0.1, 0.4 and 1.2mg per g of wood, respectively.
Conditional value-at-risk model for hazardous materials transportation

This paper investigates how the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) can be used to mitigate risk in hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation. Routing hazmat must consider accident probabilities and accident consequences that depend on the hazmat types and route choices. This paper proposes a new method for mitigating risk based on CVaR measure. While the CVaR model is popularly used in financial portfolio optimization problems, its application in hazmat transportation is new. A computational method for determining the optimal CVaR route is proposed and illustrated by a case study in the road network surrounding Albany, NY.
Turning off neurotransmitters

The historic discovery that the catecholamine neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are inactivated through their reuptake by presynaptic nerve terminals provided new insights into neurotransmitter action and paved the way for the development of modern antidepressant drugs.
ETHNOGRAPHY IN THE WAY OF THEORY

In this article, I return to my engagements with people in the field not only to address the specific circumstances and trajectories I encountered there, but to make a case for allowing our engagement with Others to determine the course of our thinking about them and to reflect more broadly upon the agonistic and reflexive relations between anthropology and philosophy. I do so in order to suggest that through ethnographic rendering, people's own theorizing of their conditions may leak into, animate, and challenge present-day regimes of veridiction, including philosophical universals and anthropological subjugation to philosophy. I am interested in how ethnographic realities find their way into theoretical work. Using the mutual influence between Pierre Clastres and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari as a case study, I argue against reducing ethnography to proto-philosophy. The relationship, in fact, may be more productively seen as one of creative tension and cross-pollination. This sense of ethnography in the way of (instead of to) theory—like art—aims at keeping interrelatedness, precariousness, curiosity, and unfinishedness in focus. In resisting synthetic ends and making openings rather than absolute truths, ethnographic practice allows for an emancipatory reflexivity and for a more empowering critique of the rationalities, interventions, and moral issues of our times. I conclude with a literal return to the field and reflect on how the story of lives continues.
Intravenous immunoglobulin-induced hemolytic anemia after thoracoscopic thymectomy for myasthenia gravis

A 24-year-old woman underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy for Osserman IIB myasthenia gravis (MG). In preparation for thymectomy, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was administered 1 week before the surgical procedure. After uneventful thoracoscopic thymectomy, the postoperative hemoglobin value decreased from 12.1 mg/dL to 8.2 mg/dL. A diagnosis of IVIG-associated hemolytic anemia was made based on a peripheral smear with numerous spherocytes, a positive direct antiglobulin test result, and increased reticulocyte count. Hemoglobin levels after IVIG administration should be monitored closely before and after elective surgical procedures to identify severe anemia. Transfusion of type-matched blood should be avoided and risk factors understood.
Integrin and Growth Factor Receptor Crosstalk

Crosstalk between integrins and growth factor receptors are an important signaling mechanism to provide specificity during normal development and pathological processes in vascular biology. Evidence from several model systems demonstrates the physiological importance of the coordination of signals from growth factors and the extracellular matrix to support cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vivo. Several examples of crosstalk between these two important classes of receptors indicate that integrin ligation is required for growth factor-induced biological processes. Furthermore, integrins can directly associate with growth factor receptors, thereby regulating the capacity of integrin/growth factor receptor complexes to propagate downstream signaling. Recent data suggest that antagonists of alpha(v) integrins can provide a therapeutic benefit in human cancer patients, whereas knockout mice lacking specific integrins can provide an interesting insight into the role of integrins during development. This review will focus on the biological importance of integrin and growth factor receptor crosstalk that occurs during cell growth, migration, and invasion as well as in endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
High-sensitivity, single-beam n(2) measurements.

We present a simple yet highly sensitive single-beam experimental technique for the determination of both the sign and magnitude of n2. The sample is moved along the z direction of a focused Gaussian beam while the repetitively pulsed laser energy is held fixed. The resultant plot of transmittance through an aperture in the far field yields a dispersion-shaped curve from which n2 is easily calculated. A transmittance change of 1% corresponds to a phase distortion of ≃ λ/250. We demonstrate this method on several materials using both CO2 and Nd:YAG laser pulses.
Accuracy of Ultrasonography Performed by Critical Care Physicians for the Diagnosis of DVT

Background DVT is common among critically ill patients. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for patient care. We assessed the accuracy and timeliness of intensivist-performed compression ultrasonography studies (IP-CUS) for proximal lower extremity DVT (PLEDVT) by comparing results with the formal vascular study (FVS) performed by ultrasonography technicians and interpreted by radiologists. Methods We conducted a multicenter, retrospective review of IP-CUS examinations performed in an ICU by pulmonary and critical care fellows and attending physicians. Patients suspected of having DVT underwent IP-CUS, using a standard two-dimensional compression ultrasonography protocol for the diagnosis of PLEDVT. The IP-CUS data were collected prospectively as part of a quality-improvement initiative. The IP-CUS interpretation was recorded and timed at the end of the examination on a standardized report form. An FVS was then ordered, and the FVS result was used as the criterion standard for calculating sensitivity and specificity. Time delays between the IP-CUS and FVS were recorded. Results A total of 128 IP-CUS were compared with an FVS. Eighty-one percent of the IP-CUS were performed by fellows with Conclusions Rapid and accurate diagnosis of proximal lower extremity DVT can be achieved by intensivists performing compression ultrasonography at the bedside.
Daily exercise enhances acetylcholine-induced dilation in mesenteric and hindlimb vasculature of hypertensive rats.

The effect of daily spontaneous running (DSR) on endothelial function was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Following 8-
Police Information Technology: Assessing the Effects of Computerization on Urban Police Functions

Municipal police agencies are major users of information technology, and much remains to be learned about the effects of computerization on police operations. This article examines computerization in 188 municipal police agencies in 1993 in cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Relationships among computer hardware, police-file computerization, and police functions are examined. Cities are categorized as low, medium, and high levels of computerization to uncover differences in expenditures and police-officer allocation. Personal computers and mainframes supported file computerization of management and administration, throughput, and crime evidence. Management and administration files influenced computerization of police functions, particularly for management and crime solutions. Highly computerized cities reported larger shares of employees in technical positions, spent more per capita, and reported fewer officers per capita than cities with lower computerization levels. These relationships held after controlling for independent influences such as density, fiscal capacity, crime levels, and population.
Hepatoma presenting as a right atrial mass

pericarditis as the first manifestation of AIDS in the course of a disseminated tuberculosis. Even with the serious immunosuppressed state of these patients, the standard treatment is usually successful and at this moment (11 months from the begining of the treatment) there is no evidence of tuberculosis in our patient. We have recently described 12 patients with tuberculosis and infection by human immunodeficiency virus; among them only two patients showed a typical pattern of a reactivation disease; the remaining patients showed an atypical pattern.6 Cardiac manifestations in AIDS are very unu5ud and limited to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, focal metastatic involvement by Kaposi’s sarcoma, or congestive cardiomyopathy probably of viral origin.6 Cardiologists should be aware that AIDS may start with cardiac involvement within the context of a systemic disease.
The Conversational Role of Electronic Guidebooks

We describe an electronic guidebook prototype and report on a study of its use in a historic house. Visitors were given a choice of information delivery modes, and generally preferred audio played through speakers. In this delivery mode, visitors assigned the electronic guidebook a conversational role, e.g., it was granted turns in conversation, it introduced topics of conversation, and visitors responded to it verbally. We illustrate the integration of the guidebook into natural conversation by showing that discourse with the electronic guidebook followed the conversational structure of storytelling. We also demonstrate that visitors coordinated object choice and physical positioning to ensure that the electronic guidebooks played a role in their conversations. Because the visitors integrated the electronic guidebooks in their existing conversations with their companions, they achieved social interactions with each other that were more fulfilling than those that occur with other presentation methods such as traditional headphone audio tours.
An ExBox [2]catenane

A donor–acceptor [2]catenane, in which an extended tetracationic cyclophane is mechanically interlocked by a porphyrin-containing macrocycle, was synthesised using a template-directed protocol and alkene metathesis as the ring-closing step. In the ground state of this [2]catenane, the porphyrin ring resides inside the cavity of the cyclophane on account of favourable charge-transfer interactions between the electron-rich porphyrin and the electron-deficient cyclophane. The [2]catenane can act as a push-button molecular switch where the co-conformations of the [2]catenane can be controlled either chemically or electrochemically. Addition of acid protonates the porphyrin ring and a relative circumrotational motion of the macrocycle positions the charged porphyrin ring outside the cavity of the cyclophane. The switch can be reset to its ground-state co-conformation by the addition of base. Electrochemical reduction of the extended bipyridinium units of the cyclophane decreases the strength of the donor–acceptor interactions in the [2]catenane, leading to a loss of recognition between the mechanically interlocked rings. The chemical and electrochemical switching mechanisms are both reversible.
Configuration of 2-Hydroxyputrescine

Abstract S-(+)-2-hydroxyputrescine·2HCl and R-(-)-2-hydroxy-putrescine·2HCl were synthesized from S-(-)- and R-(+)-hydroxysuccinamide, respectively. Their specific rotations were determined to be [α]25°d = +3.21 ± 0.06° and -3.3° (c = 5%, H2O), respectively. The naturally occurring polyamine isolated from Pseudomonas (Kim) appears to be S-2-hydroxyputrescine since the specific rotation of its dihydrochloride corresponds closely to that of the synthesized S-(+)-2-hydroxyputrescine dihydrochloride.
Catheterization and angioplasty of the nonopacified peripheral autogenous vein bypass graft.

• Nonopacified lower extremity vein bypass grafts may not be thrombosed. Catheterization of these grafts should be performed whenever possible. If graft patency is demonstrated, vein graft angioplasty may restore flow without fibrinolytic therapy. In two cases of nonthrombosed nonopacified grafts, graft patency was demonstrated by catheterization of the grafts, and normal blood flow was restored by percutaneous transluminal agnioplasty. (Arch Surg1988;123:1009-1012)
Drug information quality assurance program used to appraise students' performance

A quality assurance program developed for a drug information service was used to objectively measure the performance of doctor of pharmacy degree students on rotation in the service. Two five-point rating scales based on objective criteria were developed so that judgmental and nonjudgmental drug information responses could be evaluated separately. Preceptors used the scales to evaluate 30 randomly selected responses from each of 22 Pharm.D. students (15 responses from midrotation and 15 from the end of the rotation). Written responses were also evaluated on a five-point scale by the requesters. In all of the evaluations, a score of 5 was excellent and a score of 1 was unacceptable. The preceptors assigned a score of 5 to 52.3% of the 660 responses evaluated, 4 to 29.1%, 3 to 12.9%, 2 to 4.5%, and 1 to 1.2%. No significant difference was found based on the academic quarter during which the rotation took place. The difference in scores between judgmental and nonjudgmental responses was not significant. End-of-rotation scores tended to be higher than midrotation scores, although the difference was not significant. Testing for interrater reliability revealed moderate agreement between raters. Requesters gave mean scores higher than 4 for accuracy, completeness, objectivity, and usefulness of the written responses. Timeliness scores were significantly lower but still acceptable. A drug information quality assurance program provided a structured, objective means of evaluating student performance.
Mechanosensitive Pelvic Nerve Afferent Fibers Innervating the Colon of the Rat are Polymodal in Character

Su, X. and G. F. Gebhart. Mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat are polymodal in character. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 00–00, 1998. This report describes the chem...
Clubs, Parties, Factions

Historical debate over the political clubs of the French Revolution over the past two centuries has turned on the question of whether factionalism grew out of their democratic principles or from external circumstances. This chapter suggests that neither ideology nor circumstances can fully account for this radicalization. Instead, the conditions of a ‘weak state’ must be addressed. When authorities were unable or unwilling to implement legislation or to respond to demands coming from society, the clubs often intervened, militating for action to be taken. Tax collection and the crisis of subsistence constituted two crucial issues that the state failed to managed. The clubs, which were divided on these issues, found themselves debating them in a context in which no legal limits on slander (another state weakness) existed. Unchecked calumny poisoned intra and inter-club relations and contributed to factionalism.
Genetic counseling and cascade genetic testing in Lynch syndrome.

Lynch syndrome is the most common cause of inherited colorectal and endometrial cancers. Individuals with Lynch syndrome have a 10–80 % lifetime risk for colorectal cancer and a 15–60 % lifetime risk for endometrial cancer. Both cancers are preventable through chemoprevention, intensive cancer surveillance, and risk-reducing surgery options. Efforts to identify as many individuals with Lynch syndrome as possible will prevent cancers and save lives. This includes the traditional cancer genetic counseling model whereby individuals with and without cancer are evaluated for a possible Lynch syndrome diagnosis based on their personal and family history of colon polyps and cancers. It also includes universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome whereby all individuals with colorectal or endometrial cancer are screened for tumor features of Lynch syndrome at the time of diagnosis. Those with tumors suspicious for Lynch syndrome are referred for cancer genetic counseling regardless of their family history of cancer. This two approaches must be maximized to attain high patient reach. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, cascade testing among the at-risk relatives of those diagnosed with Lynch syndrome is critically important to maximize the diagnosis of individuals with Lynch syndrome. In fact, the cost-effectiveness of universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome relies entirely on counseling and testing as many at-risk individuals as possible since young unaffected individuals stand to benefit the most from an early diagnosis of Lynch syndrome. This approach must be optimized to achieve high family reach. It will take a concerted effort from patients, clinicians and public health officials to improve current approaches to the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome and the prevention and treatment of Lynch syndrome-associated cancer but these lessons can be applied to other conditions as the ultimate example of personalized medicine.
KRAKEN: Kinematically Roving Autonomously Kontrolled Electro-Nautic

KRAKEN, the Kinematically Roving Autonomously Kontrolled Electro-Nautic, is an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) designed by a team of undergraduate aerospace engineering students at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The vehicle is designed to compete in the 11 th Annual AUV student competition, which is sponsored by AUVSI (the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International). The vehicle incorporates Vortex Ring Thrusters (VRTs) 1 , which are bio-inspired thrusters previously designed by Professor Mohseni and his graduate students at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The VRTs, which mimic the propulsive mechanism of squids, can propel the vehicle laterally and allow it to execute zero-radius yaw rotation while maintaining a low external profile with minimal drag. While many competitors use box-shaped designs as a result of their inherit advantages in low speed maneuvering, these vehicles are limited to short duration and distance missions which require a support ship. KRAKEN is a torpedo-shaped vehicle without control surfaces that can move at high speeds while still being able to execute precise maneuvers with the VRTs. This combination of abilities is desirable in AUV networks as it enables rapid deployment and precise maneuvering for autonomous missions such as mine finding, pipeline inspections, and scientific research. In addition to the thrusters, the vehicle has a suite of onboard sensors to determine its relative position, velocity, and attitude. This information is used in conjunction with a customized image recognition system to autonomously traverse an underwater course designed to exercise the novel technologies and abilities of the vehicle. An embedded LabVIEW system processes this information and provides autonomy and closed-loop feedback control capabilities. The design phase of this vehicle was completed in the fall of 2007. Fabrication and testing are currently underway, and the current vehicle design is scheduled to be completed in May 2008.
Approaches to the Cutting Stock Problem

Abstract In this paper, we survey various approaches to the cutting stock problem; available computational experience is discussed. The intention is to synthesize the considerable work that has been done on this problem. The different approaches studied will include column generation, zero-one programming, combinatorial heuristics, and subgradient optimization. Applications to related combinatorial optimization problems are mentioned.
Auditing Inequity Teaching Aspiring Administrators to Be Social Justice Leaders

While much has been written about preparing educational leaders to lead for social justice, much less has been written about how to do so. This study is one of the first to analyze the reflections and written assignments of aspiring administrators to determine what they are currently thinking about poverty, race/ethnicity, and social justice leadership and how that thinking is shaped throughout one course. Results indicate that students were variable in their individual reflections, but that assignments, which required them to analyze the inequities in their schools and develop an implementation plan, led all of these aspiring administrators to seek to redress those inequities. The article discusses implications for other programs, which prepare educational leaders.
Perspective taking and member‐to‐group generalization of implicit racial attitudes: The role of target prototypicality

Actively considering an individual outgroup member's thoughts, feelings, and other subjective experiences —perspective taking— can improve attitudes toward that person's group. Here, we tested whether such member-to-group generalization of implicit racial attitudes is more likely when perspective-taking targets are viewed as prototypical of their racial group. Results supported a gendered-race-prototype hypothesis: The positive effect of perspective taking on implicit attitudes toward Black people and Asian people, respectively, was stronger when the perspective-taking target was a Black man or Asian woman (gender–race prototypical) versus a Black woman or Asian man (gender–race nonprototypical). These findings identify a boundary condition under which perspective taking may not improve intergroup attitudes and add to a growing literature on social cognition at the intersection of multiple social categories.
Building Envelope Pressure Manipulation for Streamlined High-Rise Buildings

AbstractMethods of manipulating building envelope wind pressure distributions for application in the natural ventilation of high-rise buildings are presented using computer simulation methods. CFD was used to simulate the external flow while the multi-zone method was used to compute the flow distribution in the building interior. First, a 2–D CFD study was conducted to explore various techniques of manipulating the building envelope wind pressure distribution. This study indicated that the use of externally mounted flow-resistance devices is an effective method of manipulating the wind pressure distribution. It was demonstrated that this technique is well suited for application to buildings of streamlined cross-section (e.g. elliptical plan form). Next, a 3–D CFD study was conducted in order to investigate the performance of the flow resistance device concept applied to a full-scale building. The results indicated that it is possible to significantly alter the pressure distributions at different heights o...
Machine Learning Based Localization

A vast majority of localization techniques proposed for sensor networks are based on triangulation methods in Euclidean geometry. They utilize the geometrical properties of the sensor network to infer the sensor locations. A fundamentally different approach is presented in this chapter. This approach is based on machine learning, in which we work directly on the natural (non-Euclidean) coordinate systems provided by the sensor devices. The known locations of a few nodes in the network and the sensor readings can be exploited to construct signalstrength or hop-count based function spaces that are useful for learning unknown sensor locations, as well as other extrinsic quantities of interest. We discuss the applicability of two learning methods: the classification method and the regression method. We show that these methods are especially suitable for target tracking applications.
Colorado: A Historical Atlas. By Thomas J. Noel

Colorado: A Historical Atlas . By Thomas J. Noel. Cartography by Carol Zuber-Mallison. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xii + 356 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, table, bibliographical essay, index. $39.95.) Two decades ago, a scholar known to many in the Centennial State as “Dr. Colorado” (Thomas J. Noel, professor of history at the University of Colorado at Denver) collected an impressive amount of data, maps, charts, and narratives about the history of America’s thirty-third state. Now comes a magisterial update that reflects not only the growth of Colorado by 80 percent in those years (to 5.3 million people) … Michael.welsh{at}unco.edu
Predicted Chemical Activation Rate Constants for HO2 + CH2NH: The Dominant Role of a Hydrogen-Bonded Pre-reactive Complex.

The reaction of methanimine (CH2NH) with the hydroperoxy (HO2) radical has been investigated by using a combination of ab initio and density functional theory (CCSD(T)/CBSB7//B3LYP+Dispersion/CBSB7) and master equation calculations based on transition state theory (TST). Variational TST was used to compute both canonical (CVTST) and microcanonical (μVTST) rate constants for barrierless reactions. The title reaction starts with the reversible formation of a cyclic prereactive complex (PRC) that is bound by ∼11 kcal/mol and contains hydrogen bonds to both nitrogen and oxygen. The reaction path for the entrance channel was investigated by a series of constrained optimizations, which showed that the reaction is barrierless (i.e., no intrinsic energy barrier along the path). However, the variations in the potential energy, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants reveal that the two hydrogen bonds are formed sequentially, producing two reaction flux bottlenecks (i.e., two transition states) along the ...
Social surplus determines cooperation rates in the one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma

Abstract We provide evidence on how cooperation rates vary across payoff parameters in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), using four one-shot games that differ only in the payoffs from mutual cooperation. In our experiment, participants play only the PD game, and play the game once and only once, so there are no potential confounds or methodological issues. Our results show that higher monetary payoffs from cooperation are associated with substantially higher cooperation rates, which increase monotonically from 23% to 60%. Participants' beliefs about cooperation rates track closely actual cooperation rates: higher cooperation is expected from others when mutual cooperation payoffs are higher. This is true also for participants who, in a follow-up experiment, only make guesses about the choices of others.
Intra-Articular Knee Injections Before Total Knee Arthroplasty: Outcomes and Complication Rates.

Abstract Background The relationship between intra-articular injections and complication rates after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. This study's purpose was to determine the relationship between the number and timing of intra-articular injections with complications and outcomes after TKA from a single surgeon's database. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a series of 442 patients who underwent primary TKA from 2008-2015. Patient demographics, comorbidities, number and timing of ipsilateral intra-articular injections, and preoperative and postoperative functional outcome scores were recorded. Complications and infection rates at a minimum of 12-month follow-up were compared between patients who received 3 or less preoperative injections and those who received 4 or greater before TKA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for complications and poor short-term outcomes after TKA. Results Of the 442 patients enrolled in the study, 390 patients (90%) received an ipsilateral injection before TKA. Patients receiving 4 or more injections (175 patients, 40%) did not have a difference in complication rate (14% vs 17%, P = .346), poor functional outcomes (6% vs 9%, P = .299), or infection rate (2% vs 4%, P = .286). When controlling for confounding variables, intra-articular corticosteroid, viscosupplementation, and any injection within 90 days were not associated with an increase in complications, infection, or poor functional outcomes after TKA (all P > .05). Conclusion Our data suggest that there is no relationship between timing and number of intra-articular injections with complication rate, infection, or poor short-term functional outcomes. Further larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Design of a lightweight, tethered, torque-controlled knee exoskeleton

Lower-limb exoskeletons show promise for improving gait rehabilitation for those with chronic gait abnormalities due to injury, stroke or other illness. We designed and built a tethered knee exoskeleton with a strong lightweight frame and comfortable, four-point contact with the leg. The device is structurally compliant in select directions, instrumented to measure joint angle and applied torque, and is lightweight (0.76 kg). The exoskeleton is actuated by two off-board motors. Closed loop torque control is achieved using classical proportional feedback control with damping injection in conjunction with iterative learning. We tested torque measurement accuracy and found root mean squared (RMS) error of 0.8 Nm with a max load of 62.2 Nm. Bandwidth was measured to be phase limited at 45 Hz when tested on a rigid test stand and 23 Hz when tested on a person's leg. During bandwidth tests peak extension torques were measured up to 50 Nm. Torque tracking was tested during walking on a treadmill at 1.25 m/s with peak flexion torques of 30 Nm. RMS torque tracking error averaged over a hundred steps was 0.91 Nm. We intend to use this knee exoskeleton to investigate robotic assistance strategies to improve gait rehabilitation and enhance human athletic ability.
On multi-point gas injection to form an air layer for frictional drag reduction

Abstract Air layer drag reduction has been shown to be a feasible drag reducing technique at the laboratory and at full ship scales. In most studies, the air layers have been generated via gas injection from two-dimensional spanwise slots. However, given ship's structural considerations, it would be preferable to use discrete holes. The present study expands on the work on single orifice gas injection to multi-hole injection. When compared with slot injection, multi-point injection lead to a reduced range of gas fluxes that formed an air layer. Gas injected from a series of discrete holes can exhibit complex flow patterns, including roll-up into the core of liquid vortices that form as part of the process of injecting gas into the liquid boundary layer. The finite span and length of the model utilized for the present experiments was modest. It remains to be shown if a larger model with similar scaled up geometry (and with more beanwise holes) would enable the formation of a stable air layer with a gas flux per unit span that is similar to that required for slot injection. Nevertheless, the results presented here illustrate the complexity associated with gas injection through multiple perforations in a hull.
Abstract 14704: Sudden Cardiac Arrest Subjects Presenting with Shockable versus Non-Shockable Rhythms are not Distinguishable on Detailed Autopsy

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) presenting with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or asystole have a significantly higher mortality than ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT). We hypothesized that divergent etiologies would be identified during detailed post-mortem examination. Methods: Cases of out-of-hospital SCA (age ≥18 years) with detailed autopsy were identified from an ongoing population-based study in Northwest US. SCA cases are enrolled in the study after review of available medical records and circumstance of arrest followed by a process of in-house adjudication. Autopsy findings were evaluated by type of presenting arrhythmia: VF/VT, PEA and asystole. Pearson’s x 2 tests and analysis of variance were used for univariate comparisons. Results: From a total of 1695 SCA cases enrolled 2002-2012 there were 188 (11%) cases with detailed autopsy (mean age 46±12 years, 78% male). VF/VT was the presenting arrhythmia in 51%, PEA in 14% and asystole in 35% of cases. Patients with the three presenting arrhythmias were similar in age, arrest location, bystander CPR and response time (p≥0.12). VF/VT cases were more likely to be male and have a witnessed arrest (p Conclusion: In sudden deaths with a cardiac etiology, mechanisms of manifestation with shockable vs. non-shockable rhythms will require further detailed investigation.
Dynamic model of cable-conduit actuation for interaction with non-passive environments

Remote actuation is useful in human-interacting robots to reduce dynamic loading on distal joints. Cable-conduit transmissions, sometimes referred to as Bowden cable or tendon-sheath actuation, are a lightweight option for transferring power to a distal joint from a remotely located actuator. However, the nature of such transmissions causes the system to suffer from diminished efficiency and high reflected impedance as a result of distributed frictional effects between cable and conduit. A dynamic model is useful to produce controllers capable of accurately tracking force or displacement at the system's output. In this paper, we present a new computational model for cable-conduit systems that describes interaction with non-passive environments. Unlike previous models, our model features bi-directional propagation of motion within the cable-conduit system. This allows for simulation of human-interacting systems where both the human and the robot have the capability to impose motion or force. Because of this feature, the developed model is applicable to a wide range of physical systems. The model is validated in a physical prototype through experiments involving physical interaction with a human subject. We show that our model accurately predicts behaviors observed in the experimental system.
Controlling protein function with HCV protease.

Two methods for controlling protein activities with small molecules provide a general solution to a long-standing challenge in mammalian synthetic biology.
Surgical Management of the Patient with an Incidental Asymptomatic Aneurysm

This chapter discusses the surgical management of patients with incidental asymptomatic aneurysm. Aneurysms that are producing symptoms are rapidly expanding, undergoing intraluminal thrombosis, or compressing critical neural structures. Impending stroke, rupture, or neurological disability should prompt immediate intervention, except in the most debilitated patients. It is suggested that totally incidental unruptured aneurysms less than 10 mm in diameter not associated with another symptomatic aneurysm have essentially no risk for future rupture. Surgical experience with unruptured aneurysms demonstrates that size and not location is the main variable predicting the incidence of complications during surgery. Backup strategies are a necessary component of giant aneurysm surgery. Trapping and proximal ligation are usually definitive treatments provided that the patient's collateral circulation can tolerate major vessel occlusion. Patients that harbor lesions where this mode of treatment may be an option should have preoperative evaluation with temporary balloon occlusion to gauge tolerance of trapping or proximal ligation. Temporary balloon occlusion of the parent vessel for preoperative evaluation can yield critical information for intraoperative decision making, especially in cases of giant aneurysms.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Given a continuous dependent variable and a narrowly ranging independent variable, it is generally appropriate to use the analysis of variance to test for a relationship between the two variables. The differences on the independent variable can be based on experimental manipulation or simple classification into distinguishable subgroups. Both the differently treated and differently classified groups are referred to as the different treatments, treatment groups, levels, or treatment levels, all with the same meaning. In defining the independent variable through experimental manipulation, all subjects are randomly selected from the same population, randomly placed into different groups, and then treated differently in the different groups. Within a group, all subjects are treated identically. The different groups are distinguished by different consistent treatments. In using classification as the basis for distinguishing groups on the independent variable, all subjects in all groups are treated identically. However, the subjects in each group are deliberately selected from different subpopulations.
Cultural influences on the neural correlates of intergroup perception

Intergroup biases influence how people engage with members of their ingroup and outgroup. However, less is known about how culture plays a role in the neural mechanisms involved in intergroup perception. In this study, European American and Chinese participants engaged in an emotion perspective-taking task where they viewed images of ingroup and outgroup members while undergoing an fMRI scan. Results revealed culture-specific patterns of neural activation in the fusiform gyrus when perceiving ingroup and outgroup members in emotional contexts: American participants showed greater fusiform activation to the outgroup than ingroup, whereas Chinese participants showed greater fusiform activation to the ingroup than outgroup. Functional connectivity analyses also revealed distinct patterns of neural connectivity between the fusiform and amygdala between cultures. Taken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of the neural correlates involved in intergroup perception and highlight how culture can modulate activation and functional connectivity in the fusiform gyrus.
A Motion Vector Entropy Coding Scheme Based on Motion Field Referencing for Video Compression

Video codec exploits the temporal correlations in video signal through block-based motion compensated prediction. The motion vector associated with each prediction unit needs to be coded in the bit-stream. A differential coding scheme that employs the motion information from spatial neighbors and collocated blocks in the reference frames to predict the current motion vector is commonly used. Its efficacy is largely limited to track consistent or slow motion activities. A linear projection model is proposed in this work to create a motion field estimation that is capable to capture motion trajectory with high velocity. The resulting motion field motion vectors (MFMV) are fed into a dynamic motion vector referencing system as candidates in addition to those obtained from the spatial neighboring blocks. It allows the codec to closely track complex motion activities that the spatial neighbors or collocated motion vector referencing system usually fail to keep synchronized with. The MFMV system improves the prediction quality of the motion vectors and substantially reduces the energy in the difference motion vector for entropy coding, which translates into considerable compression performance improvements, especially for video sequences that contain complex motion activities. A number of design considerations to make the computation efficiency in both hardware and software platforms practical for production are discussed.
Spontaneous inferior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula as a cause of severe portal hypertension and cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) fistulas or malformations are extremely rare, with only 36 cases reported. Low incidence and nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms make mesenteric arteriovenous fistulas difficult to diagnose. We describe a case of a primary IMA-IMV fistula. Our patient presented with severe portal hypertension and cardiomyopathy along with robust arteriovenous connections between the IMA and IMV. Arterial embolization in this patient had to be followed by venous embolization for successful resolution of portal hypertension and cardiomyopathy. This case also highlights that close outpatient monitoring for treatment failure and recurrence is necessary for this disease process.
Kinetic Study of Polystyrene Thin Film Depositions by Cationic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Cationic initiated chemical vapor deposition (catCVD) synthesizes high quality polymer thin films. catCVD is nonliving, follows a second order rate law, and has an activation energy on the same order of magnitude as solvent based polymerization.
Comparing information extraction techniques for low-prevalence concepts: The case of insulin rejection by patients.

Abstract Objective To comparatively evaluate a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches for Information Extraction (IE) of low-prevalence concepts in clinical notes on the example of decline of insulin therapy recommendation by patients. Materials and methods We evaluated the accuracy of detection of documentation of decline of insulin therapy by patients using sentence-level naive Bayes, logistic regression and support vector machine (SVM)-based classification (with and without SMOTE oversampling), token-level sequence labelling using conditional random fields (CRFs), uni- and bi-directional recurrent neural network (RNN) models with GRU and LSTM cells, and rule-based detection using Canary platform. All models were trained using the same manually annotated 50,046-document training set and evaluated on the same 1501-document held-out set. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using 10-fold cross-validation. Results At the sentence level, prevalence of documentation of decline of insulin therapy by patients was 0.02% in both training and held-out sets. Naive Bayes and logistic regression models did not achieve F1 score ≥ 0.5 on the training set and were not further evaluated. Among the other models, evaluation against the held-out test set showed that SVM identified decline of insulin therapy by patients with F1 score of 0.61, CRF with F1 of 0.51, RNN with F1 of 0.67 and Canary rule-based model with F1 of 0.97. Conclusions Identification of low-prevalence concepts can present challenges in medical language processing. Rule-based systems that include the designer’s background knowledge of language may be able to achieve higher accuracy under these circumstances.
A New Pathway to University Retention? Identity Fusion With University Predicts Retention Independently of Grades:

Individuals who are "strongly fused" with a group view the group as self-defining. As such, they should be particularly reluctant to leave it. For the first time, we investigate the implications of identity fusion for university retention. We found that students who were strongly fused with their university (+1 SD) were 7-9% points more likely than weakly fused students (-1SD) to remain in school up to a year later. Fusion with university predicted subsequent retention in four samples (N = 3,193) and held while controlling for demographics, personality, prior academic performance, and belonging uncertainty. Interestingly, fusion with university was largely unrelated to grades, suggesting that identity fusion provides a novel pathway to retention independent of established pathways like academic performance. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Representation of Uncertainty in Electric Energy Market Models: Pricing Implication and Formulation

Modern market management systems continue to evolve due to the intentions to improve system security and reliability. This evolution has been leading to a transition of market auction models from a deterministic structure with approximations on the reliability criteria (e.g., acquisition of contingency reserve through proxy reserve policies) to explicit representation of contingencies (e.g., estimation of postcontingency states via participation factors and stochastic programming). This aricle proposes a comprehensive framework to establish various procedures for evaluating: (i) transparency and incentive compatibility of different contingency modeling approaches, and (ii) efficiency of two possible stochastic market designs. First, the concept of securitized locational marginal price is presented to solve the issue of how market participants should be compensated for providing $N-1$ reliability services. Then, pricing implications and settlements of three market models are compared: a deterministic market model with proxy serve policies; state-of-the-art market models with estimated postcontingency states; and (iii) a two-stage stochastic market model. Second, this article evaluates two stochastic market models while accounting for potential adjustments from day-ahead scheduling to real-time operation: (i) minimizing expected operating cost of all $N-1$ scenarios, and (ii) minimizing the base-case (or no contingency) cost. These analyses are conducted on IEEE 118-bus test system.