cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic Scattering of Low Speed Electrons from a Copper Single Crystal

The energy distribution of inelastically scattered electrons from a (100) face of a copper single crystal has been investigated by the electrostatic deflection method. Using normal incidence of the primary electrons, observations were made in the neighborhood of two strong diffraction peaks in the (100) azimuth, one at 59.5-ev primary energy and colatitude angle 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and one at 114.5 ev and 40.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Discrete loss peaks were observed at about 3.0-, 6.0-, 12.3-, and 20.0-ev energy loss with the intensities depending on both primary energy and colatitude angle. An excess of inelastic scattering occurs near the elastically scattered diffraction beams so that maxima are observed in the curves giving the intensity of inelastic scattering as a function of primary energy for constant values of energy loss. Near the 59.5-ev diffraction beam the maxima of the curves for different values of energy loss occur at a constant value of primary energy. This suggests that the inelastic scattering takes place after diffraction, but the fact that the maxima occur at 56 ev instead of 59.5 ev is not understood. For inelastic scattering near the 114.5-ev diffraction beam the results are complex but are approximately explained by assuming (1) inelastic background scattering followed by diffraction, for energy losses below 10 ev, (2) the same as (1) plus diffraction followed by inelastic background scattering, for energy losses above 10 ev. Possible reasons are given for the fact that the maxima for the latter process occur 3.5 ev above the energy for the diffraction maximum.
Cases of pediatric ingestion of celecoxib reported to Texas poison control centers in 2000-2007.

Little data exist regarding pediatric celecoxib ingestions. This study described the pattern of pediatric celecoxib ingestions reported to poison control centers. Cases were isolated celecoxib ingestions by patients aged 0–5 years during 2000–2007 reported to Texas poison control centers. The distribution of cases was described with respect to demographic and clinical factors. Of the 177 total patients, dose ingested in milligrams was reported for 92 patients. Mean reported dose was 305.5 mg (range 10–2300 mg). Of those 92 cases, distribution by management site was 89.1% on site, 6.5% already at/en route to healthcare facility and 4.3% referred to healthcare facility. Final medical outcome was no effect for 95.7% cases and minor effect for 4.3% cases. Specific clinical effects reported (in only one case each) were rash, abdominal pain, vomiting, agitation/irritability, and drowsiness. All of the pediatric celecoxib ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers resulted in no or minor effect.
Long-term biological variation in cardiac troponin I

Abstract Objectives To determine the long-term biological variation (BV) of cardiac troponin I. Design and methods Three samples separated by a mean of 8.7 ± 2.8 months from 17 patients seen in an outpatient clinic. Tropoinin I was measured using a high sensitivity assay from Singulex, Inc. Results The long-term analytical, intra-assay and total variation were 15.2%, 27.9%, and 70.9%, respectively. The index of individuality (II) was 0.45, and the reference change value was + 98% and − 50%, respectively. Conclusion The BV over 9 months was comparable to previously published results over 2 months using the same testing methodology. The II indicates that reference range values are of less value than serial testing.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors derived from food proteins

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) acts in blood pressure regulation, converting angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and inactivating the vasodilator bradykinin to raise blood pressure. Various synthetic ACE inhibitors are currently in use as antihypertensive agents. Recently, ACE-inhibitory peptides have been isolated from enzymatic digests of food proteins. The possible roles of these food-derived ACE inhibitors are discussed.
Railroad classification yard throughput: The case of multistage triangular sorting☆

Abstract Procedures for improving the efficiency of classification yard operations are studied in this paper. Multistage sorting strategies make efficient use of land and tracks. Equations are derived giving the service time per car and space requirements of three multistage sorting strategies: the sorting-by-block, the sorting-by-train, and the triangular sorting strategies. Exact service time formulas are given for the first two strategies, and an approximation is given for the last strategy. The approximation, when compared with exact calculations, proved to be quite robust. Errors were on the order of one percent. Sensitivity analysis showed that the formulas are accurate when assumptions used in the approximations are not satisfied. A surprising finding was that the triangular sorting strategy, which allows many more classifications on a given set of tracks than the other two, does not require significantly greater service time in flat yards. Presently, the triangular strategy is not widely used in the U.S., in preference for the sorting-by-block strategy.
Brain norepinephrine changes with simulated weightlessness and relation to exercise training.

Abstract Maintenance of nervous system function during periods of a deconditioning syndrome is important to prevent diminished psychological/behavioral, and physiological function observed during periods of bed rest, physical inactivity, and weightlessness. A main neurotransmitter is norepinephrine (NE), and its regulation yields insight into nervous system function. This research tested the hypotheses that, 1) deconditioning syndrome induced by simulated weightlessness of 9 days via the head-down tilt (HDT) model results in a blunted noradrenergic turnover rate in selected brain tissue and, 2) that exercise training acts as a countermeasure for these changes in noradrenergic activity. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (3 months, n = 60) were divided into either a HDT (HDT, n = 20), cage control (CAGE-CN, n = 20) or an exercise trained HDT (HDT-EX, n = 20) group. Each group was further subdivided into a saline ( n = 10) or alpha-methyl-tyrosine (AM, n = 10) (200 mg/kg) injected subgroup. Animals in the HDT groups were tail suspended in a 30° head-down tilt position for 9 days. Norepinephrine turnover was determined 3 h following administration of saline or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. The NE turnover rate (ng gm −1 ·h −1 ) for the CN, HDT, and HDT-EX groups, respectively, were as follows: locus coeruleus, 63 ± 33, *134 ± 65, 85 ± 61; hypothalamus, 195 ± 50, *47 ± 47; *93 ± 34; cerebellum, 10 ± 18, *65 ± 15, *53 ± 19; cerebral cortex, 6 ± 20, *28 ± 15, *68 ± 22. (*Denotes significant difference from the control group at the p ⩽ 0.05 level of significance; +denotes significant difference from the HDT group at the p ⩽ 0.05 level of significance.) These findings suggest that: 1) norepinephrine turnover rate adapts in a tissue-specific manner following a 9-day tail suspension, 2) increased norepinephrine turnover rates and norepinephrine tissue content in the HDT group are consistent with neural adaptation to a chronic stress response.
Above- and Belowground Net Primary Production in a Temperate Mixed Deciduous Forest

Our current ability to detect and predict changes in forest ecosystem productivity is constrained by several limitations. These include a poor understanding of belowground productivity, the short duration of most analyses, and a need for greater examination of species- or community-specific variability in productivity studies. We quantified aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) over 3 years (1999–2001), and both belowground NPP (BNPP) and total NPP over 2 years (2000–2001) in both mesic and xeric site community types of the mixed mesophytic forest of southeastern Kentucky to examine landscape variability in productivity and its relation with soil resource [water and nitrogen (N)] availability. Across sites, ANPP was significantly correlated with N availability (R2 = 0.58, P = 0.028) while BNPP was best predicted by soil moisture content (R2 = 0.72, P = 0.008). Because of these offsetting patterns, total NPP was unrelated to either soil resource. Interannual variability in growing season precipitation during the study resulted in a 50% decline in mesic site litter production, possibly due to a lag effect following a moderate drought year in 1999. As a result, ANPP in mesic sites declined 27% in 2000 compared to 1999, while xeric sites had no aboveground production differences related to precipitation variability. If global climate change produces more frequent occurrences of drought, then the response of mesic sites to prolonged moisture deficiency and the consequences of shifting carbon (C) allocation on C storage will become important questions.
The Arts in Nazi Germany: A Silent Debate

Joan Clinefelter, Artists for the Reich: Culture and Race from Weimar to Nazi Germany (Oxford: Berg, 2005), 182 pp., $24.95 (pb), ISBN 1845202015. Richard Etlin, ed., Art, Culture, and Media under the Third Reich (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 384 pp., $29.00 (pb), ISBN 0226220877. Eric Michaud, The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany, trans. Janet Lloyd (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 276 pp., $25.95 (pb), ISBN 0804743274. Peter Paret, An Artist against the Third Reich: Ernst Barlach, 1933-1938 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 191 pp., ?25.00 (hb), ISBN 052182138X. Frederick Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (London: Hutchinson, 2002), 488 pp., X25-00 (hb), ISBN 0091793947.
Effects of channel incision on base flow stream habitats and fishes

Channel incision is a widespread phenomenon that results in stream and riparian habitat degradation. Fishes and physical habitat variables were sampled at base flow from three incised stream channels and one reference stream in northwest Mississippi, USA, to quantify incision effects on fish habitat and provide a basis for habitat rehabilitation planning and design. Incised channels were sampled in spring and autumn; the reference channel was sampled only in the autumn. Incised channel habitat quality was inferior to the reference channel despite the presence of structures designed to restore channel stability. Incised channels had physical habitat diversity levels similar to a nonincised reference channel, but contained fewer types of habitat. At base flow, incised channels were dominated by shallow, sandy habitats, moderate to high mean local Froude numbers, and had relatively little organic debris in their beds. In contrast, the reference stream had greater mean water depth, contained more woody debris, and provided more deep pool habitat. Fish assemblages in incised channels were composed of smaller fishes representing fewer species relative to the reference site. Fish species richness was directly proportional to the mean local Froude number, an indicator of the availability of pool habitat.
View specification and manipulation for a semantic data model

Abstract Semantic data models are increasing in popularity and use, but they are also becoming increasingly complex and difficult to manage. In this paper we extend the definition of a semantic data model to give users the power to specify and manipulate views. Our model supports both high-level object-class views and high-level relationship-set views. To define these views, we extend the traditional method of view definition (through query formulation) to also include view definition by a dominant object class, by an independent object class, and by a relational object class. A set of operators to specify and manipulate views is also defined. These operators allow a user to create and destroy views, implode and explode views, hide and expose semantic-model elements. We also provide algorithms to extract an instance graph for a high-level object in a semantic-model view and to transform a semantic-model view hierarchy into an equivalent atomic model. Implications and applications of views in our model are also discussed.
Prognostic factors in patients with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with chemoradiation.

BACKGROUND. Although patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) have an extremely poor prognosis, they are a heterogeneous group. Prognostic factors are inadequately defined for disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with LAPC who are receiving chemoradiation, so more definitive prognostic factors would be very useful for designing clinical trials. METHODS. Between December 1993 and July 2005, 247 patients with nonmetastatic LAPC were treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Tex) with concurrent chemoradiation (CRT). Median radiation dose was 30 Gy (range, 15–52.2 Gy). Radiosensitizers included 5-fluorouracil (54%), gemcitabine (33%), and capecitabine (13%). Actuarial univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS. Median follow-up was 4.3 months (range, 1–63 months). Median disease-free survival and overall survival were 4.2 months and 8.5 months, respectively. On univariate analysis, prognostic factors for improved disease-free survival were a Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) status of >80 (P 80 and was 3.9 months among those with a KPS score of ≤80. On univariate analysis, prognostic factors for improved overall survival were an Hgb level of ≥12 (P = .02), KPS>80 (P < .001), and <5% weight loss (P = .03). On multivariate analysis, Hgb and KPS were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS. In the current study, KPS score was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival among patients treated with chemoradiation for LAPC. The pretreatment Hgb level was an additional independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Textual Sequence and Second-Language Comprehension.

This paper reports research into the interactive roles played in verbal comprehension processes by the sequence of textual elements, text-specific prior knowledge, and levels of language proficiency. Four cloze tests were administered to undergraduate (n=246) and graduate (n=240) native speakers of English and to undergraduate nonnative (n=238) speakers at three universities in northeast Texas. One test passage was a set of descriptive facts with very little linear connectivity. A second test was based on the chronological account of a psychological experiment. The third and fourth tests were scrambled versions of the first two. Prior to the administration of the tests, half of the subjects were allowed to read the entire intact sequentially ordered text before completing the cloze test derived from it. For the native speakers who read the simple collection of facts, textual sequence and topic-specific prior knowledge did not contribute significantly to comprehension; however, for all subjects who read the chronological account, variation in the text's naturally occurring sequence and the interaction of that sequencing with the reader's access to topic-specific prior knowledge were important factors in comprehension. Moreover, proficient nonnative speakers were significantly more able to capitalize on recently acquired topic-specific prior knowledge, especially when the cloze task that they were given was presented in its normal sequence. This findings are interpreted as evidence of nonnative textboundness.
Proleader and antitrailer information distortion and their effects on choice and postchoice memory

Abstract In four experiments involving choices between apartments, we decomposed predecisional information distortion into positive distortion of information about the tentatively leading alternative and negative distortion of information about the trailing alternative(s). Proleader and antitrailer distortion were roughly symmetric, with similar magnitudes in all but one test. Additionally, proleader and antitrailer distortion predicted choice with similar coefficients in all but one test. Distortion predicted choice when we used participants’ own “true” preferences as the baseline for assessing distortion and when we considered only identical information items that did not distinguish between apartments (“true” preferences cancel out for such items). Finally, predecisional distortion of apartments’ attributes predicted participants’ postdecision memories for those attributes, with positive and negative distortions predicting corresponding memory errors. This effect appears to reflect the predecisional encoding of information about the leading and trailing alternatives rather than a response bias or other postdecision process favoring the chosen alternative.
Translating Models of Antisocial Behavioral Development Into Efficacious Intervention Policy to Prevent Adolescent Violence

Adolescent chronic antisocial behavior is costly but concentrated in a relatively small number of individuals. The search for effective preventive interventions draws from empirical findings of three kinds of gene-by-environment interactions: (1) parenting behaviors mute the impact of genes; (2) genes alter the impact of traumatic environmental experiences such as physical abuse and peer social rejection; and (3) individuals and environments influence each other in a dynamic developmental cascade. Thus, environmental interventions that focus on high-risk youth may prove effective. The Fast Track intervention and randomized controlled trial are described. The intervention is a 10-year series of efforts to produce proximal change in parenting, peer relations, social cognition, and academic performance in order to lead to distal prevention of adolescent conduct disorder. Findings indicate that conduct disorder cases can be prevented, but only in the highest risk group of children. Implications for policy are discussed.
Graded amplification of the Na, K‐ATPase across a subclonal series: Effects on membrane physiology

We have generated a series of clonally related cell lines which differ in the level of amplified expression of the Na,K-ATPase. These lines, originally derived from the ouabain resistant HeLa variant C+, expressed different numbers of binding sites for the Na,K-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, ranging from 2.9 X 10(6)/cell to 11.8 X 10(6)/cell. Amplification of the genes for both subunits of the enzyme was also seen but was not strictly correlated with level of expression. The influxes of histidine and tetraphenylphosphonium were measured across a series, including HeLa S3 and revertants, expressing from 0.74 X 10(6) to 10.5 X 10(6) ouabain-binding sites per cell. Tetraphenylphosphonium influx rate, presumed to be a function of membrane potential, varied linearly with ouabain binding site number, while histidine influx varied with the log of ouabain binding site number. Our results suggest that membrane potential increases in a simple fashion across our series of amplified lines. However, histidine influx was unaffected by treatments which cause membrane depolarization and a decrease in tetraphenylphosphonium influx rate. We propose that increasing histidine influx rates across our amplified series reflects exchange acceleration of L system transport due to increased intracellular pools of L system reactive amino acids. The Na,K-ATPase is ultimately responsible for most active transport across the plasma membrane. The consistent, graded physiological alterations seen across this series of closely related lines, chosen for graded enzyme expression, demonstrate the value of this novel genetic approach to the study of the energization of membrane transport.
Another Look at the Results of the JUPITER Trial

Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) was a placebo-controlled trial undertaken on "apparently healthy" subjects selected primarily on the basis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations >or=2.0 mg/L. JUPITER showed that rosuvastatin reduced the incidence of cardiac events compared to a control group. The study population (median age 66 years) included men and women with the metabolic syndrome (about 41%), median blood pressures in the prehypertensive range, current smoking (about 15%), median body mass indexes higher than normal, and Framingham 10-year risk >10% (about 50%). The presence of these risk factors indicates that a significant proportion of subjects were not "healthy" and warranted aggressive management under current guidelines, without the measurement of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Furthermore, 145 mm Hg and would have merited treatment for hypertension. It is likely that many of the participants did not receive care consistent with current standards. Thus, the benefit of statin therapy would have been more difficult to demonstrate if standard therapeutic recommendations had been followed. In conclusion, these considerations cast doubt on the contention that statin therapy should be initiated in apparently healthy individuals on the basis of elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels.
Nuclear dynamics and intensity interferometry

Abstract The present status of the use of two-particle intensity interferometry as a diagnostic tool to study the dynamics of intermediate energy heavy ion collisions is examined. Calculations for the two-proton correlation function are presented and compared to experiment. These calculations are based on the nuclear Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport theory. At heavy ion beam energies around 100 MeV per nucleon it is found that there is only a weak sensitivity of the results on the nuclear compressibility, but a strong dependence on the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section.
High-speed vascular dynamics of the hemodynamic response

Abstract While a range of cellular mechanisms have been proposed to underlie control of neurovascular coupling, a comprehensive, reconciliatory model has yet to be determined. To fit with such a model, it is essential that candidate mechanisms exhibit reaction times, spatial ranges, and speeds of propagation that are consistent with the vascular manifestations of the ‘hemodynamic response’. Understanding these vascular dynamics is therefore a critical step towards developing a robust model of neurovascular coupling. In this study, we utilize high-speed optical imaging of exposed rodent somatosensory cortex to explore and characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface vessels during functional hyperemia. Our high-speed, high-resolution optical imaging approach allows us to study the hemodynamic response independently in individual vessels, and in discrete regions of the parenchyma with enough resolution to precisely characterize subtle spatial and temporal features of the response. Specifically, we explore when and where the first hemodynamic changes occur in response to stimuli, the direction and speed at which these changes propagate in arterioles and regions of the parenchyma, and the relative timing at which each of these compartments returns to its original baseline state. From these results, we are able to conclude that the hemodynamic response appears to initiate in the parenchyma and then spreads rapidly to surface arterioles. Following the initial onset we find evidence that the response spreads spatially outwards via the dilation of targeted arterioles. This propagation of vasodilation is independent of the direction of blood flow within each arteriole. We also find evidence of a decay phase that acts with a more uniform spatial dependence, rather than along targeted vessels, causing the periphery of the responding region to return to baseline first. We hypothesize that different underlying cellular mechanisms/signaling pathways are responsible for the response initiation and the response decay. Our results advance the fundamental understanding of the hemodynamic response, as well as our ability to evaluate potential cellular mechanisms for their involvement in neurovascular coupling.
Centers of a dendroid

A bottleneck in a dendroid is a continuum that intersects every arc con- necting two non-empty open sets. Piotr Minc proved that every dendroid contains a point, which we call a center, contained in arbitrarily small bottlenecks. We study the effect that the set of centers in a dendroid has on its structure. We find that the set of centers is arc connected, that a dendroid with only one center has uncountably many arc components in the complement of the center, and that, in this case, every open set intersects uncount- ably many of these arc components. Moreover, we find that a map from one dendroid to another preserves the center structure if each point inverse has at most countably many components.
The quantitative relation between sensory cell loss and hearing thresholds

On the basis of experimental data obtained from 420 noise-exposed animals (chinchilla), the amount of sensory cell loss has been quantitatively related to the amount of permanent threshold shift at eight audiometric test frequencies between 0.125 and 16 kHz. The noise exposures, which varied extensively in spectrum, intensity and duration, produced permanent threshold shifts that ranged from 0 to 70 dB across a broad range of test frequencies. These data show: (1) consistent outer hair cell losses with less than 5 dB permanent threshold shifts (PTS) across all the test frequencies; (2) the first approximately 30 dB of PTS is established by losses of primarily outer hair cells; (3) in regions of the cochlea that transduce frequencies higher than or equal to 2 kHz, the three rows of outer hair cells show the same degree of loss for a given PTS, while in the 0.5 to 1.0 kHz region of the cochlea, the third row of outer hair cells (OHC) consistently shows less loss than do rows one and two; (4) appreciable inner hair cell (IHC) loss does not begin to appear until PTS exceeds approximately 30 dB; (5) in the virtual absence of OHC, hearing thresholds are least sensitive to IHC loss in the octave band centered at 4 kHz, i.e., the 4 kHz region can be as functional as other areas of the cochlea in spite of a greater amount of damage. The quantitative relation between cell loss and PTS varies as a function of test frequency in an orderly fashion.
Microelectrode study of stress‐generated potentials obtained from uniform and nonuniform compression of human bone

By use of a previously developed microelectrode technique, the effect of nonuniform stresses on the stress-generated potentials (SGP) in bone were studied to a resolution of 5 micrometers. Comparison was made between uniformly and nonuniformly applied compression of human cortical bone. It was found that the radial electric fields for osteons in a specimen under uniform compression were equivalent, and such specimens possessed no macroscopic SGP; for nonuniform compression, the electric fields of osteons differed, and a macroscopic SGP was measured. The magnitude of the macroscopic SGP thus appears to be dependent upon local stress differences and, hence, on the SGP of local regions.
Tectonically induced deformation of deep-sea sediments off Washington and northern Oregon: Mechanical consolidation

Abstract Convergent motion of the North American and Juan de Fuca plates has resulted in deformation of Cascadia Basin sediments and accretion of these deposits to the North American continental margin. The accreted deposits, which occur as anticlinal ridges and thrust blocks, constitute the lower continental slope or borderland off Washington and northern Oregon. Over the past 2.0 m.y., approximately 30 km of this deformed material has been added to the lower slope, removing undeformed deposits from Cascadia Basin at a rate of 2.3–2.9 cm/yr. Near-surface sediments involved in this accretionary process are mechanically consolidated: mudstones dredged from the lower slope exhibit physical properties (water contents, 20–47%; void ratios, 0.4–1.2; preconsolidation pressures, 0.8–8.2 MPa) which differ significantly from properties of similar, but undeformed sediments (water contents, 50–250%; void ratios, 1.1–1.9). While some consolidation may be attributable to prior burial ( MPa ) or carbonate precipitation, neither mechanism can wholly account for the values observed. It appears that most of the consolidation has occurred in response to tectonically induced overpressures. Initial consolidation occurs rapidly across a narrow ( km ) front, defined by the base of the continental slope. Further consolidation and dewatering appears to take place, at a much reduced rate, over the entire width of the lower slope. Development of foliation is nearly ubiquitous in the deformed mudstones. This property limits the strength of the deposits (shear strengths, 90–416 kPa) and movement along these planes probably accommodates much of the strain after initial consolidation. The physical properties characteristic of Washington—Oregon deformed sediments may represent limiting values for mechanical consolidation of near-surface terrigenous sediments under horizontal stress.
The lattice of faces of a finite dimensional cone

In recent years the classical Perron-Frobenius theory has been extended to matrices which leave invariant a cone in the finite dimensional real space V. Here we shall be concerned with the geometry of those cones which are suitable for Perron-Frobenius theory. l Although there is an extensive theory dealing with the lattice of faces of a polyhedral convex set, our work is of a different spirit, especially as parts of it extend to cones which are not polyhedral.
An Analytical and Experimental Assessment of a Diffuser Flow Phenomenon as a Precursor to Stall

The paper describes an experimental and analytical study on the vaneless diffuser downstream of a high flow coefficient, high inlet relative Mach number centrifugal impeller. The diffuser flowfield exhibited a unique behavior in which the low momentum zone typically found along the shroud side of a centrifugal compressor diffuser suddenly shifted to the hub side of the diffuser just prior to the onset of diffuser rotating stall. The phenomenon was observed in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses conducted as well as in the experimental data obtained during stage validation testing. A review of the analytical and test results suggested that the phenomenon was at least partially attributable to the level of diffusion in the vaneless diffuser. Modifications made to reduce the diffusion rate were shown by CFD analysis to move the onset of the unusual shift of low momentum flow to a much lower flow rate. The modifications also increased the efficiency of the overall stage by 1.2%.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Kynurenine localization in the egg of Drosophila melanogaster.

Papierchromatographische und fluoreszensmikroskopische Untesuchungen von Ovarien der Wildtypen und der Vermilion- und Cinnabar-Mutanten vonDrosophila zeigen, dass sich Kynurenin (der Hauptbestandteil der fluoreszierenden Komponente des Eies) in den proteinhaltigen Dotterschollen des reifenden und des reifen Eies befindet.
False Belief Prediction and Explanation: Which Develops First and Why it Matters

In response to Wimmer and Mayringer's (this issue) report "False belief understanding in young children: Explanations do not develop before predictions", the theoretical importance of the explanation versus prediction issue is expanded and the empirical conclusion of the report is questioned.
Transformation of TNT by Aquatic Plants and Plant Tissue Cultures

The ability of plants to uptake and transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated using the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum, axenic Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures. Studies demonstrate that Myriophyllum, with or without its periphyton, and C. roseus transform TNT. Low concentrations of aminated nitrotoluenes (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene) were observed in the extracellular medium and tissue extracts. Primary products of transformation were not identified, and mineralization was not observed. Mass balances demonstrate that a large percentage of the unknown TNT transformation products were associated with the plant. This fraction could be at least partially recovered from the plant tissue with methanol extraction. A soluble fraction was also present in the medium. The absence of periphyton had little impact on the results observed. Medium concentrations of 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were greater in systems in which the periphyton ...
The Naphthylcarbene Potential Energy Hypersurface

The naphthylcarbene potential energy surface (PES) was examined ab initio, employing self-consistent field (SCF), second-order perturbation theory (MP2), and density functional (Becke3LYP) methods in conjunction with 6-31G*, DZ, DZP, and 6-311+G* basis sets. All stationary structures were characterized by vibrational frequency analyses at the Becke3LYP/6-31G* level; final energies were evaluated at the Becke3LYP/6-311+G*//Becke3LYP/6-31G* + ZPVE level. Cyclobuta[de]naphthalene is the global minimum on this part of the C11H8 PES. Generally, seven-membered benzocarbenes are no minima as they converge to their corresponding allenes. Both 1- and 2-naphthylcarbene have triplet ground states, but the small S−T gaps (ca. 5 kcal mol-1) allow facile rearrangements in the singlet manifold to take place. The triplet rotational barrier for the exo-methylene in 2-naphthylcarbene is relatively small (3.5 kcal mol-1) due to weak π-bonding. At low temperatures, singlet 2-naphthylcarbene equilibrates with 2,3-benzobicyclo...
SELECTED REPORTS: ECG Changes in Hypothermia from Sepsis and Unrelated to Exposure

The patient had classic ECG changes of hypothermia (sinus bradycardia, prolonged PR interval, prolonged QT interval, and Osborn waves). These changes occurred in hypothermia resulting from sepsis, without exposure being a factor. Documentation of Osborn waves in this clinical setting supports the theory that they result as a direct consequence of myocardial cooling.
Gladys Elizabeth Baker, 1908-2007.

Gladys Baker was born in Iowa City, Iowa, on 22 Jul 1908. She was the second daughter of Richard Phillip Baker and Katherine Riedelbauch. Gladys' father was from England and had matriculated simultaneously at Oxford University and University of London, and he graduated from both in 1887. He had come to explore the United States in 1888 and settled in the exciting frontiers of Texas where he taught secondary school and music while reading for the bar. In 1900 he was living in a boardinghouse in Lamar, Missouri, where he was president and science master of Lamar College. Gladys' mother, a daughter of German immigrants and a Lamar College music teacher, was living in the same boardinghouse. They became engaged and both left Lamar College for Anna Illinois Academy in 1901. Richard and Katherine were married 22 Feb 1902 in Glasford, Illinois. Richard developed a business making and marketing three-dimensional mathematical models for use in teaching. His models are in the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. In 1905 he accepted a mathe matics teaching position at the University of Iowa, simultaneously pursuing a mathematics and physics doctorate at the University of Chicago. While at the University of Iowa, he taught mathematics, continued to build mathematical models and pursued his wide ranging interests. Kate cared for their two daughters, kept house, taught music and grew flowers. Gladys and her sister Frances were raised in this sheltered, but intellectually exciting, environment. Gladys recalled that, "There were always music, books and interesting conversations with the family and visitors, all combining to make it a perfect environ ment in which to grow." Frances received her doctorate at the University of Chicago and went on to teach mathematics at Mount Holyoke College and Vassar College where she served as chairwoman of the mathematics department. Gladys graduated from Iowa City High School with honors in 1926. After graduation she and Frances made a grand tour of Europe. Gladys received a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Iowa in 1930 with majors in history and botany and a minor in zoology. She went on to pursue a master's degree from the University of Iowa under the direction of G.W. Martin, mycologist. She completed her master's in 1932 with a major in mycology and a minor in embryology. Her thesis work, a morphological study of myxomycete fructifi
N-Acylhomoserine lactones involved in quorum sensing control the type VI secretion system, biofilm formation, protease production, and in vivo virulence in a clinical isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila

In this study, we delineated the role of N-acylhomoserine lactone(s) (AHLs)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) in the virulence of diarrhoeal isolate SSU of Aeromonas hydrophila by generating a double knockout ΔahyRI mutant. Protease production was substantially reduced in the ΔahyRI mutant when compared with that in the wild-type (WT) strain. Importantly, based on Western blot analysis, the ΔahyRI mutant was unable to secrete type VI secretion system (T6SS)-associated effectors, namely haemolysin coregulated protein and the valine-glycine repeat family of proteins, while significant levels of these effectors were detected in the culture supernatant of the WT A. hydrophila. In contrast, the production and translocation of the type III secretion system (T3SS) effector AexU in human colonic epithelial cells were not affected when the ahyRI genes were deleted. Solid surface-associated biofilm formation was significantly reduced in the ΔahyRI mutant when compared with that in the WT strain, as determined by a crystal violet staining assay. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that the ΔahyRI mutant was also defective in the formation of structured biofilm, as it was less filamentous and produced a distinct exopolysaccharide on its surface when compared with the structured biofilm produced by the WT strain. These effects of AhyRI could be complemented either by expressing the ahyRI genes in trans or by the exogeneous addition of AHLs to the ΔahyRI/ahyR+ complemented strain. In a mouse lethality experiment, 50 % attenuation was observed when we deleted the ahyRI genes from the parental strain of A. hydrophila. Together, our data suggest that AHL-mediated QS modulates the virulence of A. hydrophila SSU by regulating the T6SS, metalloprotease production and biofilm formation.
Lack of Effect on Embryo Mortality and Fry Growth from Adult Coho Salmon Subjected to Electronarcosis Prior to Spawning

AbstractThe use of electronarcosis as a fish immobilization technique has reemerged in recent years. Previous studies have investigated behavioral effects of the technique. But investigations of the physical and physiological effects on fish of electrical immobilization have focused on different electrical waveforms or higher power densities than are used for electronarcosis. This study was designed to determine whether there was a significant negative effect on embryo survival or fry growth among the progeny of adult Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch immobilized by electronarcosis prior to spawning as compared with being immobilized by tricaine methanesulfonate or not being immobilized at all (control). Embryo mortality in family lots ranged from 0.67% to 55.05%, with no statistically significant differences among the treatments and the control. There were significant differences in the size of fry from adults subjected to electronarcosis rather than the other two treatments, but in all cases the fry from...
Probabilistic Estimates of Maximum Seismic Horizontal Ground Acceleration on Rock in Alaska and the Adjacent Continental Shelf

Abstract Estimates of ground motion hazard from earthquakes in Alaska and the adjacent continental shelf indicate that, for all the exposure times considered, the predicted values of peak acceleration are highest in the Gulf of Alaska and near the major active strike‐slip faults of southern Alaska. The evaluations assume a Poisson model of earthquake occurrence and are based on seismic source zones delineated from regional geologic considerations and the historical record of earthquakes. Calculated peak acceleration values for a return period of 100 years range as high as 0.4 g in the Gulf of Alaska sector between Kodiak and Kayak Islands, are about 0.2 g near Anchorage, and 0.1 g near Fairbanks. Values for most of the rest of the state are estimated to be less than .04 g; however, most of the southern Alaska industrial and population base lies within the 0.2 g contour. For a return period of 500 years, peak accelerations are estimated as high as 0.8 g for parts of southeastern Alaska near the Fairweather...
Loss of function tp53 mutations do not accelerate the onset of myc‐induced T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the zebrafish

The TP53 tumour suppressor is activated in response to distinct stimuli, including an ARF-dependent response to oncogene stress and an ATM/ATR-dependent response to DNA damage. In human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), TP53-dependent tumour suppression is typically disabled via biallelic ARF deletions. In murine models, loss of Arf (Cdkn2a) or Tp53 markedly accelerates the onset of Myc-induced lymphoblastic malignancies. In zebrafish, no ARF ortholog has been identified, but the sequence of ARF is very poorly conserved evolutionarily, making it difficult to exclude the presence of a zebrafish ARF ortholog without functional studies. Here we show that tp53 mutations have no significant influence on the onset of myc-induced T-ALL in zebrafish, consistent with the lack of additional effects of Tp53 loss on lymphomagenesis in Arf-deficient mice. By contrast, irradiation leads to complete T-ALL regression in tp53 wild-type but not homozygous mutant zebrafish, indicating that the tp53-dependent DNA damage response is intact. We conclude that tp53 inactivation has no impact on the onset of myc-induced T-ALL in the zebrafish, consistent with the lack of a functional ARF ortholog linking myc-induced oncogene stress to tp53-dependent tumour suppression. Thus, the zebrafish model is well suited to the study of ARF-independent pathways in T-ALL pathobiology.
Viscoelastic solids explain spider web stickiness.

Spider silk adhesion is reliant on sticky droplets composed of glycoproteins surrounded by an aqueous coat. Sahni and co-workers show that these droplets behave as viscoelastic solids that enable large, rate-dependent adhesive forces capable of trapping fast- and slow-moving prey.
Dark radiation emerging after big bang nucleosynthesis

We show how recent data from observations of the cosmic microwave background may suggest the presence of additional radiation density which appeared after big bang nucleosynthesis. We propose a general scheme by which this radiation could be produced from the decay of nonrelativistic matter, we place constraints on the properties of such matter, and we give specific examples of scenarios in which this general scheme may be realized.
Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Diabetes

Prescribing diets to treat obese patients and to prevent type 2 diabetes poses a challenge to clinicians. Overemphasis on carbohydrate-to-fat ratio, with insufficient attention directed toward diet quality, may partially explain disappointing outcomes with available approaches. The glycemic index (GI) is an alternative system for classifying carbohydrate-containing foods according to postprandial blood glucose responses to portions containing a standard amount of available carbohydrate, thereby providing a measure of carbohydrate quality. Because (31 is based on standardized portions, glycemic load (GL; product of GI and carbohydrate amount) values are used to describe how portions differing in both quality and quantity of carbohydrate affect postprandial glycemia. Plausible physiologic mechanisms link high-GI or -GL meals with disease processes. Selecting carbohydrate sources to reduce dietary GI— either without altering the contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake or in combination with a moderate decrease in carbohydrate consumption— is a promising weight management strategy that can be implemented using a pragmatic approach.
Identification of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Signal Molecules Produced by Nitrosomonas europaea Strain Schmidt

Nitrosomonas europaea strain Schmidt produces at least three acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules: C6-homoserine lactone (HSL), C8-HSL, and C10-HSL. These compounds were identified in extracts of chemostat culture effluent by three independent methods. The concentrations of AHL in effluent were low (0.4 to 2.2 nM) but within the range known to induce AHL-responsive systems. The absence of LuxI and LuxM homologs from the genome of N. europaea strain Schmidt suggested that AHL synthesis occurs by an alternate pathway, possibly mediated by an HdtS homolog. To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first to document the types and levels of AHLs produced by N. europaea.
Value of ancillary studies in fine-needle aspiration biopsy

With growing interest in the application of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in primary diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions, there has been a significant increase in the use of ancillary studies in the aspirated material. To assess the value of such studies, we reviewed 254 morphologically difficult aspiration biopsy cases obtained from different sites that underwent ancillary studies which included microbiology (MC), special stains (SS), immunocytochemistry (ICC), electron microscopy (EM) and flow cytometry (FC). Correlation with available histologic material and/or pertinent clinical information was used as a gold standard. In some cases, more than one ancillary study was performed on a single aspirate. According to the impact of the ancillary studies on the final diagnosis, these studies were divided into three categories : confirmatory/diagnostic (22%), helpful (41%), and non-helpful (37%). Overall, more studies had positive contributory effect to the diagnosis (63%) than those with non-helpful results (37%). Among these adjunct testings, ICC were the most commonly used tests (135/296, 46%), while the EM studies had more positive impact in establishing the diagnosis. These findings emphasize the usefulness of ancillary testings in FNAB and justify the more selective use of these studies in the aspirated material.
Vascular function is impaired early after the initiation of chronic cigarette smoking

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess resistance artery function in short-term chronic cigarette smokers and non-smoking control subjects. Methods Reactive hyperemia was assessed in 19 cigarette smokers (age 23 ± 1 years) and 19 non-smokers (age 23 ± 1 years). Results Cigarette smokers demonstrated a 23% lower peak forearm blood flow response compared with non-smokers (15.81 ± 0.66 vs. 20.58 ± 1.26 mL/min/100 mL, p Conclusions These results indicate that smoking-induced impairments of vascular function occur early after the initiation of chronic cigarette smoking.
Monoclonal Gammopathy Associated with HIV Infection

tients was higher than that expected in the usual population of HIV-infected patients, the data are skewed by the fact that the authors included patients with known malignancy at presentation. The more interesting question relates to the follow-up of these patients over time: will they, in fact, develop B cell malignancies at a rate higher than that expected in the usual population of HIV-infected individuals or higher than that described in the usual population of HIV-uninfected individuals with MGUS? This question cannot yet be answered. It is of interest, however, that 1 individual with MGUS in this study did go on to develop Hodgkin lymphoma, which is also a B cell neoplasm. Nonetheless, the Hodgkin disease was apparently diagnosed after a follow-up duration of only 2 months,