cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Survivors

The number of survivors of pediatric cancers in the US and worldwide has grown significantly over the last half century, largely due to the development of increasingly effective treatments. With the improved survival in this population has come a growing recognition of treatment-related late effects. These late effects confer an increased rate of mortality as well as morbidity in the form of chronic health conditions. This chapter summarizes common long-term and late effects from cancer therapy and important considerations any provider should be aware of when caring for survivors of childhood and adolescent cancers.
ANCF Tetrahedral Solid Element Using Shape Functions Based on Cartesian Coordinates

This paper introduces a new solid, four-node, fully parameterized, tetrahedron element. The tetrahedron element is based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulations in which the absolute position vector and three slope vectors are considered nodal coordinates. The linear transformation of the shape functions from the tetrahedron coordinates to Cartesian coordinates leads to very stiff elements. On the other hand, the nonlinear transformation from tetrahedron coordinates to Cartesian coordinates is very complicated. Therefore, the use of the barycentric coordinates was bypassed and the Cartesian coordinates were used to define the cubic polynomial shape functions. The volumetric integration of the mass matrix, elastic force and gravity force was performed using the trapezoidal rule. It is easily shown that the resulting element satisfies the conformity conditions. The numerical results show that the proposed element does not suffer from Poisson locking. Furthermore, the numerical results show that comparing to fully parametrized brick elements, the proposed element experiences poor convergency and excessive computational time.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Biocorona Formation

The development and advancement of nanomedicine has opened up many exciting, new applications of nanoparticles such as sensing, imaging, delivery, and therapy. However, their ability to readily enter cells and organelles that allow these nanomedical applications also opens up the possibility of unintended adverse nanotoxicity. The interaction between nanoparticles and biomolecules results in biocorona formation on the nanoparticle surface that is very different from adsorption of biomolecules on a flat surface. It remains a great challenge to understand the applications and risks associated with nanoparticles being in contact with biological systems beyond experimental methods that have limited resolution of the interactions and conformational changes involved. Recently, biomolecule-nanoparticle molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are becoming a viable approach for a detailed view of biocorona formation. In this review, we present the advantages and challenges of several MD simulation approaches for the study of biomolecule-nanoparticle interactions. In particular, we argue for the development of GPU-optimized MD simulations as a critical step in the study of biocorona formation. We discuss recent successes on how integrated computational and experimental studies are important to establish how the structure and functions of biomolecules are affected by nanoparticle interactions with the biomolecules.
Nuclear Envelope Rupture Is Enhanced by Loss of p53 or Rb

The mammalian nuclear envelope (NE) forms a stable physical barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, normally breaking down only during mitosis. However, spontaneous transient NE rupture in interphase can occur when NE integrity is compromised, such as when the nucleus experiences mechanical stress. For instance, deficiencies in the nuclear lamins and their associated proteins can cause NE rupture that is promoted by forces exerted by actin filaments. NE rupture can allow cytoplasmic nucleases to access chromatin, potentially compromising genome integrity. Importantly, spontaneous NE rupture was noted in several human cancer cell lines, but the cause of this defect is not known. Here, we investigated the mechanistic contributions of two major tumor suppressors, p53 (TP53) and Rb (RB1), to the repression of NE rupture. NE rupture was induced in normal human epithelial RPE-1 cells upon impairment of either Rb or p53 achieved by shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. NE rupture did not involve diminished expression of NE components or greater cell motility. However, cells that underwent NE rupture displayed a larger nuclear projection area. In conclusion, the data indicate that NE rupture in cancer cells is likely due to loss of either the Rb or the p53 pathway.Implications: These findings imply that tumor suppression by Rb and p53 includes the ability to prevent NE rupture, thereby protecting against genome alterations. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1579-86. ©2017 AACR.
A macroscopically nondestructive method for characterizing surface mechanical properties of polymeric coatings under accelerated weathering

The surface of coatings and plastics is the first target in any degradation process initiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation or mechanical stress (via scratch and abrasion). Surface damage can lead to changes in optical, morphological, and mechanical properties and can result in pathways for ingress of moisture and corrosive agents. Current test methods for monitoring performance of protective coatings focus on chemical properties and optical properties, such as color and gloss measurements, or invasive tests such as abrasion and cross-cut adhesion. In this study, a macroscopically nondestructive performance protocol using nanoindentation metrology via a well-controlled scratch test was applied to evaluate the scratch resistance and monitor the surface mechanical property changes in a protective coating under accelerated weathering. Polyurethane (PU) coatings with different polyol compositions were chosen for this study. Coating specimens were exposed to high-intensity UV radiation at 55°C and 75% RH conditions. Exposed specimens were removed at specified UV exposure times for surface modulus/hardness and scratch resistance characterization via nanoindentation and scratch test. The effect of polyol type and UV radiation dose on the scratch damage (scratch morphology) was investigated and correlated with the surface hardness and modulus of the materials.
Developmental genetics in a complex adaptive structure, the weevil rostrum

The rostrum of weevils (Curculionidae) is a novel, complex, adaptive structure that has enabled this huge beetle radiation to feed on and oviposit in a wide spectrum of plant hosts, correlated with diverse life histories and tremendous disparity in rostrum forms. In order to understand the development and evolution of this structure, transcriptomes were produced in de novo assemblies from the developing pre-pupal head tissues of two distantly related curculionids, the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which have highly divergent rostra. While there are challenges in assessing differences among transcriptomes and in relative gene expression from divergent taxa, tests for differential expression patterns of transcripts yielded lists of candidate genes to examine in future work. RNA interference was performed with S. oryzae for functional insight into the Hox gene Sex combs reduced. Scr has a conserved function in labial and prothoracic identities, but it also demonstrates a novel role in reduction of ventral head structures, namely the gula, submentum, and associated sulci, in weevils. Ultimately, this study makes strides towards elucidating how the weevil rostrum initially formed and the profound phenotypic diversity it has acquired throughout the curculionoid lineages. It furthermore initiates a better understanding of the genetic framework that permitted the diversification of such an immense lineage as the weevils.
A Multi-Moment Sectional Method (MMSM) for tracking the soot Number Density Function

Abstract A new Multi-Moment Sectional Method (MMSM) is proposed for tracking the evolution of the soot Number Density Function (NDF). Unlike conventional sectional methods, in MMSM, multiple statistical moments are solved within each section, and the size distribution within each section is reconstructed from a polynomial profile or, for the last section, an exponential profile. MMSM can be reduced to a method of moments with a single section to minimize the computational cost and reduced to a sectional method when the number of moments per section is one. The MMSM approach is combined with a detailed univariate soot model and applied to the computation of the soot NDF in an ethylene laminar premixed flame. Compared to a pure sectional method, MMSM is shown to achieve a higher rate of convergence for the predicted total number density and particle size distribution.
On 3D Anisotropic Local Remeshing for Surface, Volume and Boundary Layers

A simple strategy for generating anisotropic meshes is introduced. The approach belongs to the class of metric-based mesh adaptation procedures where a field of metric tensors governs the adaptation. This development is motivated by the need of generating anisotropic meshes for complex geometries and complex flows. The procedure may be used advantageously for cases where global remeshing techniques become either unfeasible or unreliable. Each of the local operations used is checked in a variety of ways by taking into account both the volume and the surface mesh. This strategy is illustrated with surface mesh adaptation and with the generation of meshes suited for boundary layers analysis.
Mapping medical vocabularies to the Unified Medical Language System.

Abstract This paper presents our work in automated mapping of medical vocabularies to the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). We used the UMLS Knowledge Source (KS) tool to map terms from several sources to UMLS Metathesaurus concepts. We compared performance of the KS tools with our own Minimal Representable Units Method (MRUM). The KS tools were able to map terms from 13% to 54% of the time, depending on the term set and the KS options used. Our MRUM method mapped between 96% and 99% of the terms. Based on our experience, we believe that questions remain about the best method by which the UMLS can be used to achieve automated term translation.
Die Erforschung des Raumes

Erst vor kurzem ist die Erforschung des Raumes bis zum Reich der Spiralnebel vorgedrungen. Dieser Vorstos in bisher unbekannte Gebiete ist nur mit Hilfe der grosen Teleskope moglich gewesen. Der beobachtbare Raumteil des Universums ist nun umrissen — auch ist seine Erforschung schon zu einem gewissen Abschlus gekommen. Die folgenden Kapitel sind Berichte uber verschiedene Stufen dieser Raumforschung.
Consumers’ relationships with brands

Contemporary research on consumer–brand bonds has moved beyond founding notions of loyalty and commitment and the marriage metaphor that encompasses them to explore diversity in brand relationships and the rules that govern them. Research shows that strong, positive relationships are less frequent than anticipated and that all brand relationships carry risks — for consumers and for brands. On the brand side of the relationship equation, anthropomorphism has emerged as a key condition for processes governing human interactions to transfer to brands. On the person side, attachment styles affect brand relationships through compensatory, self-signaling, and assimilative mechanisms. Future research informs pointed critiques about brand relationships and the dynamics that govern their development.
Cognitive Rehabilitation During the Industrialization of Rehabilitation

A maxim is a simple, universally accepted truth. For example, in medicine there is a maxim: “Above all do no harm”; in economics: “There is no free lunch”; in literature: “In the beginning was the word”; and in rehabilitation one might say: “Do what you have to do to optimize the functioning of the patient,” with a proviso of “Do not violate the other maxims.” If one does no harm, tries to make a citizen with a handicap a productive taxpayer or relieve someone of a burden that hopefully can be translated in economic terms, and writes a clean report to a third-party payer, then all participants will be happy: the patient, the sponsoring agency, and the provider of services. But if one should stray from any one of these maxims, then one of the parties in rehabilitation will be offended and trouble follows.
Perioperative Considerations of Kawasaki Disease

ABSTRACT Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness that primarily affects young children. Coronary arteritis is an important clinical feature of KD because it is associated with aneurysms and thromboembolic events that can lead to ischemic heart disease, sudden death, and congestive heart failure. KD involvement in multiple organ systems provides a potentially challenging dilemma for clinicians. Methods: This review discusses the pathogenesis of the disease, including diagnosis, clinical features, and treatments. An additional focus is the development of strategies for the successful surgical management of patients with a KD history, emphasizing the preoperative assessment and the operative arena. Conclusion: Although treatments for KD are largely standardized, patients with the disease who require surgical interventions must be properly assessed to determine the degree of pathogenesis, especially the extent of cardiac involvement.
Factors to Consider in Cartilage Treatment Associated With Patellar Instability: Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy and Soft Tissue Management

Concomitant cartilage injury is commonly associated with patellofemoral instability. While nonoperative treatment remains the gold standard for first-time dislocators, there has been an increased trend toward addressing patellar instability when symptomatic cartilage disease is present. Both osseous distal realignment and soft tissue reconstructions have demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes; however, surgeons must be aware of the relevant aspects of evaluation and surgical indications for the various procedures. Assessment of tubercle lateralization with the tibial tubercle-to-trochlear groove and tibial tubercle posterior cruciate ligament distances, axial alignment of the patella with the patellar tilt, and underlying trochlear dysplasia are critical in determining the appropriate treatment options to address patellar instability. The purpose of this article was to review the relevant evaluation and surgical indications for cartilage surgeons treating patellofemoral instability.
An Investigation on the Leakage Flow and Instantaneous Tooth Space Pressure in External Gear Machines

External gear machines (EGMs) are used in a variety of industries ranging from fluid power machinery to fluid transport system and fuel injection applications. To gain understanding of the performance and dynamic characteristics of operation of these units, several simulation tools have been developed in past. Some of these tools are based on lumped parameter approaches, which are useful for fast design studies and optimizations. However, most of these models are based on “a priori” assumptions, particularly as concerns the flow regime of the leakage flows. Internal leakages not only determine the volumetric efficiency of an EGM, they also affect the actual pressure loading on the gears. A simple Iaminar flow assumption is usually considered for the leakage flow at the tooth tip of the gears, but as this paper will show, for certain EGMs this hypothesis is not valid, and effects of turbulence at the tooth tip are observed. The goal of this paper is to propose a methodology for fast lumped parameter approaches to model the tooth tip leakage flow in EGMs, applicable for a broad range of operating conditions. The proposed model considers the occurrence of turbulent flow conditions as well as the entrance pressure drop, with considerations based on existing published work and CFD simulations. In order to show realistic simulation, the proposed model is implemented within the HYdraulic GEar machines Simulator (HYGESim), developed by the authors’ team over the past years. The proposed model is then used to study the tooth space volume pressurization and leakage flow on a reference pump working with Jet A-l fuel, showing the importance of the proposed modeling approach.
Religion–state relations and public opinion: norms, institutions and social consensus

Are levels of religion–state regulation associated with cross-national variation in attitudes related to the place of religion in public life? Data sources measuring both the institutional relation...
Optimal Approach to Load Progressions during Strength Training in Older Adults

ABSTRACTProgressive resistance training (RT) is one of the most effective interventions for reducing age-related deficits in muscle mass and functional capacity.PurposeTo compare four approaches to load progressions in RT for older adults to determine if an optimal method exists.MethodsEighty-two he
Correlation of salivary and nasal lavage pepsin with MII‐pH testing

OBJECTIVES Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common upper airway disease. Salivary pepsin is a proposed marker for LPR; however, the optimal time for collection of specimens for pepsin detection and pepsin's presence in the oral and nasal secretions relative to concurrent multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring are unknown. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control study with an experimental design. METHODS Patients undergoing MII-pH testing for evaluation of LPR and asymptomatic control subjects were selected. Nasal lavage and saliva samples were collected in the clinic prior to MII-pH probe placement. Additional saliva samples were obtained an hour after each meal and upon waking the following morning. Nasal lavage and salivary pepsin were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Twenty-six patients undergoing MII-pH testing and 13 reflux-free control patients were enrolled. Salivary pepsin was detected in 11 of 26 patients with suspected LPR and 0 of 13 controls. Pepsin was most frequently detected in the specimen provided upon waking at an average concentration of 186.9 ng/mL. A significant correlation was observed between salivary pepsin in waking samples to MII-pH measurements, including reflux bolus duration, and proximal and distal recumbent reflux episodes (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was also observed between salivary pepsin upon waking or sinus lavage and reflux symptom index (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pepsin in salivary and nasal lavage samples demonstrated an association with MII-pH-documented LPR. Pepsin detection was most frequent in morning samples, supporting use of morning salivary pepsin levels as a potential noninvasive technique for LPR diagnosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 130:961-966, 2020.
Hamiltonicity in Semi-Regular Tessellation Dual Graphs.

This paper shows NP-completeness for finding Hamiltonian cycles in induced subgraphs of the dual graphs of semi-regular tessilations. It also shows NP-hardness for a new, wide class of graphs called augmented square grids. This work follows up on prior studies of the complexity of finding Hamiltonian cycles in regular and semi-regular grid graphs.
Quantitative systems toxicology (QST) reproduces species differences in PF-04895162 liver safety due to combined mitochondrial and bile acid toxicity.

Many compounds that appear promising in preclinical species, fail in human clinical trials due to safety concerns. The FDA has strongly encouraged the application of modeling in drug development to improve product safety. This study illustrates how DILIsym, a computational representation of liver injury, was able to reproduce species differences in liver toxicity due to PF-04895162 (ICA-105665). PF-04895162, a drug in development for the treatment of epilepsy, was terminated after transaminase elevations were observed in healthy volunteers (NCT01691274). Liver safety concerns had not been raised in preclinical safety studies. DILIsym, which integrates in vitro data on mechanisms of hepatotoxicity with predicted in vivo liver exposure, reproduced clinical hepatotoxicity and the absence of hepatotoxicity observed in the rat. Simulated differences were multifactorial. Simulated liver exposure was greater in humans than rats. The simulated human hepatotoxicity was demonstrated to be due to the interaction between mitochondrial toxicity and bile acid transporter inhibition; elimination of either mechanism from the simulations abrogated injury. The bile acid contribution occurred despite the fact that the IC50 for bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition by PF-04895162 was higher (311 µmol/L) than that has been generally thought to contribute to hepatotoxicity. Modeling even higher PF-04895162 liver exposures than were measured in the rat safety studies aggravated mitochondrial toxicity but did not result in rat hepatotoxicity due to insufficient accumulation of cytotoxic bile acid species. This investigative study highlights the potential for combined in vitro and computational screening methods to identify latent hepatotoxic risks and paves the way for similar and prospective studies.
Brooding Concurrently and Prospectively Links Trait Positive and Negative Affect to Depressive Symptoms.

Recent theory and evidence support an integrated affective-cognitive model of adolescent depressive symptoms in which temperament predicts the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (ER) s...
Silylpalladium Cations Enable the Cleavage of Nitrile C–CN Bonds

The stoichiometric addition of aryl and alkyl nitriles to the silylpalladium cation [(PCy3)2Pd–SiMe2Et+]­[(C6F5)4B–] (1) resulted in the cleavage of the nitrile C–CN bond and the formation of palladium–aryl and palladium–alkyl cations. Low-temperature experiments support a mechanism where silylpalladium cation 1 transfers silylium to nitrile, generating a silylnitrilium cation and the reduced, zerovalent complex Pd­(PCy3)2. These two intermediates readily recombine at low temperatures to generate palladium–(N-silyl)­iminoacyl complexes, which upon warming can undergo aryl/alkyl group migration from the iminoacyl ligand to the metal. Additional experiments show that palladium–(N-silyl)­iminoacyl cations are potent sources of silylium, capable of cleaving the methyl C–O bond of an ether, while DFT calculations confirm the electrophilicity of the silyl moiety.
Virtual Reality (VR) Content Is the New Reality for Destination Marketing Organizations: Investigating the Role of VR as a Destination Branding Tactic: An Abstract

Destination marketing organizations spend millions of dollars annually to entice consumers to visit the destination represented. Due to increased competition and market globalization, marketers are adopting innovative branding strategies and tactics to emphasize unique qualities of a destination. One such innovative branding tactic is the use of virtual reality as a marketing communication medium (MCM). Scholars and marketing managers have yet to examine the role of this MCM despite destination leaders believing VR is impacting “all aspects of the destination organization.” As such, this research implements a two-phase pretest–posttest experimental design tested via multi-group structural equation modelling to examine the impact of VR on visit intention and the formation of (a) destination image (DI), (b) destination personality (DP), and (c) attitude.
Endless dispossession: the Charrua re-emergence in Uruguay in the light of settler colonialism

In a country like Uruguay, that imagines itself as a ‘country without Indians’, the emergence of groups of activists who claim to be of indigenous descent has provoked a series of reactions that co...
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cage Retrieval for the Treatment of Pseudarthrosis After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Single-Institution Case Series.

Background The treatment of pseudarthrosis after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) can be challenging, particularly when anterior column reconstruction is required. There are limited data on TLIF cage removal through an anterior approach. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) as a treatment for pseudarthrosis after TLIF. Methods ALIFs performed at a single academic medical center were reviewed to identify cases performed for the treatment of pseudarthrosis after TLIF. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, perioperative complications, and 1-yr radiographic data were collected. Results A total of 84 patients were identified with mean age of 59 yr and 37 women (44.0%). A total of 16 patients (19.0%) underwent removal of 2 interbody cages for a total of 99 implants removed with distribution as follows: 1 L2/3 (0.9%), 6 L3/4 (5.7%), 37 L4/5 (41.5%), and 55 L5/S1 (51.9%). There were 2 intraoperative venous injuries (2.4%) and postoperative complications were as follows: 7 ileus (8.3%), 5 wound-related (6.0%), 1 rectus hematoma (1.1%), and 12 medical complications (14.3%), including 6 pulmonary (7.1%), 3 cardiac (3.6%), and 6 urinary tract infections (7.1%). Among 58 patients with at least 1-yr follow-up, 56 (96.6%) had solid fusion. There were 5 cases of subsidence (6.0%), none of which required surgical revision. Two patients (2.4%) required additional surgery at the level of ALIF for pseudarthrosis. Conclusion ALIF is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of TLIF cage pseudarthrosis with a favorable risk profile.
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Bipolar transistors implemented in silicon (Si) have for decades played an important role in high-performance electronic circuits. Heterostructure technology allows the juxtaposition of materials of different composition within a single device that facilitates in the formation of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This in turn provided a major new opportunity for device optimization, and propelled bipolar technology to new performance heights.. Most HBT work has been carried out with npn transistors. For improved circuit flexibility, it is desirable to combine these monolithically with other structuressuch as heterostructure field effect transistors (HFET), pnp transistors, resonant tunnel diodes, lasers, photo detectors, and optical modulators. There have already been significant efforts in co-integration through fabrication processes using multiple epitaxial growths. There are good prospects for the implementation of high-performance pnp transistors along with npn 's. This makes possible a variety of analog circuit design approaches that use Si technology, beyond this, there is the prospect of both complementary logic circuits that minimize static power dissipation and complementary push–pull microwave power amplifiers that have excellent efficiency and good linearity. This chapter discusses the principles and practice of HBTs, with primary focus on implementations in III–V materials and on recent research directions. The chapter also describes the characteristics of the HBTs fabricated in Si-Ge technology.
Resonance energy transfer mediated by a chiral molecule.

The problem of resonant energy transfer (RET) between an electric dipole donor, D, and an electric dipole acceptor, A, mediated by a passive, chiral third-body, T, is considered within the framework of molecular quantum electrodynamics theory. To account for the optical activity of the mediator, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole coupling terms are included in addition to the leading electric dipole interaction term. Fourth-order diagrammatic time-dependent perturbation theory is used to obtain the matrix element. It is found that the Fermi golden rule rate depends on pure multipole moment polarizabilities and susceptibilities of T, as well as on various mixed electric and magnetic multipole moment response functions. The handedness of T manifests through mixed electric–magnetic dipole and mixed electric dipole–quadrupole polarizabilities, which affect the rate and, respectively, require the use of fourth-rank and sixth-rank Cartesian tensor averages over T, yielding non-vanishing isotropic rate formulae applicable to a chiral fluid medium. Terms of a similar order of magnitude proportional to the product of electric dipole polarizability and either magnetic dipole susceptibility or electric quadrupole polarizability of T are also computed for oriented and freely tumbling molecules. Migration rates dependent upon the product of the pure electric dipole or magnetic dipole polarizability with the mixed electric–magnetic or electric dipole–quadrupole analogs, which require fourth- and fifth-rank Cartesian tensor averaging, vanish for randomly oriented systems. Asymptotically limiting rate expressions are also evaluated. Insight is gained into RET occurring in complex media.
Addressing Biotechnological Pollutants

This chapter provides a scientific approach to current and future environmental problems caused or exacerbated by biotechnologies. Proven engineering interventions were formerly considered to be sanitary engineering practices but presently fall under the category of environmental engineering. Unique challenges are presented by biotechnologies that were not ordinarily found in environmental engineering practice earlier. Proper design and implementation of environmental sampling and monitoring programs need to be considered, based on the sound application of physical, chemical, and biological processes. It is essential to achieve feasible and representative data to support risk assessment and other environmental decision-making. With intervention at the source of contamination, a source of biological or chemical agent must be known and properly characterized. The intervention must minimize or eliminate risks to public health and the environment by utilizing technologies that are economically acceptable and based on applicable scientific principles and sound engineering designs.
The Case for Closing of the Hospitals

The hospital as a form of treatment for the severely ill psychiatric patient is always expensive and inefficient, frequently antitherapeutic, and never the treatment of choice.
A Little Theory is a Dangerous Thing: The Myth of Adjudicative Retroactivity

The article analyzes the question of the retroactive effect of judicial decisions. It surveys the history of retroactivity doctrine to demonstrate that the current approach to retroactivity jurisprudence is a consequence of the Warren Court's adoption of the principle that parties should be governed by the law in effect at the time of their actions. This principle leads to a theoretical framework that suffers from serious difficulties. In particular, it is unable to distinguish between cases presented on direct and collateral review, and consequently unable to reach a satisfactory treatment of habeas petitions based on changes in law. The article recommends a return to the earlier jurisprudence under which courts decided cases based on the best current understanding of the law, and demonstrates that this approach provides a sound basis for retroactivity.
Hemagglutinin mutations related to antigenic variation in H1 swine influenza viruses.

Abstract The hemagglutinin (HA) of a recent swine influenza virus, A/Sw/IN/1726/88 (H1N1), was shown previously to have four antigenic sites, as determined from analysis of monoclonal antibody (MAb)-selected escape mutants. To define the HA mutations related to these antigenic sites, we cloned and sequenced the HA genes amplified by polymerase chain reaction of parent virus and MAb-selected escape mutants. The genetic data indicated the presence of four amino acid changes. After alignment with the three-dimensional structure of H3 HA, three changes were located on the distal tip of the HA, and the fourth was located within the loop on the HA. We then compared our antigenic sites, as defined by the changed amino acids, with the well-defined sites on the H1 HA of A/PR/8/34. The four amino acid residues corresponded with three antigenic sites on the HA of A/PR/8/34. This finding, in conjunction with our previous antigenic data, indicated that two of the four antigenic sites were overlapping. In addition, our previous studies indicated that one MAb-selected mutant and a recent, naturally occurring swine isolate reacted similarly with the MAb panel. However, their amino acid changes were different and also distant on the primary sequence but close topographically. This finding indicates that changes outside the antigenic site may also affect the site. A comparison of the HA amino acid sequences of early and recent swine isolates showed striking conservation of genetic sequences as well as of the antigenic sites. Thus, swine influenza viruses evolve more slowly than human viruses, possibly because they are not subjected to the same degree of immune selection.
Robust model-based fault detection and isolation for nonlinear processes using sliding modes

SUMMARY This paper proposes a robust fault detection and isolation system for nonlinear processes that can be formulated as differential algebraic equations. For open-loop stable or closed-loop stabilized systems that operate under strict nonlinear detectability conditions, a methodology to design a nonlinear state estimator based on sliding mode theory was proposed. The extended observer can handle both parameter estimation and parameters with uncertainties. As a result, the state estimator is able to follow the faulty system, detecting faults by examining changes in the controlled outputs with respect to setpoint and then probing variations in the parameters estimated. Once the fault has occurred, the isolation mechanism uses the information provided from the state estimator, generated from recovery actions in the presence of a fault. These differences from normal operation trends can be derived through statistical analysis and then can be used to identify faults. A steam generator system was used to validate this approach, where process faults were considered. The proposed robust fault detection and isolation method shows significant advantages when applied to nonlinear model systems with parameter uncertainties or with complex nonlinearities. The complex nonlinearities can be simplified with algebraic nonlinear functions that have bounded uncertainties in their parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an efficiently cleaved, bioactive, highly pure FLAG-tagged recombinant human Mullerian Inhibiting Substance

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS), a member of the TGF-β family, causes regression of the Mullerian duct in male embryos, after binding to Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Receptor II (MISRII). It has also been extensively demonstrated that it can inhibit proliferation of various cancer cell lines such as ovarian, prostate, and breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Hence, the availability of a recombinant, epitope tagged, bioactive MIS is important for the selection of patients for treatment and for probing novel molecular targets for MIS in various tissues. To this end, we have expressed a recombinant, internally FLAG-tagged form of hMIS with the tag (DYKDDDDK) immediately after the cleavage site (427–428) of MIS at the C-terminus with a modified dibasic cleavage motif sequence. We show that this construct results in a highly pure, endogenously processed (cleaved) FLAG MIS, that causes complete regression of the Mullerian Duct in an organ culture assay. In addition, purified FLAG MIS was able to bind and affinity purify both transfected and endogenous MIS type II receptor. The availability of this fully functional, epitope tagged form of MIS should facilitate scale-up for preclinical and clinical use and should also be used for the study of MIS binding proteins and for tracking in pharmacokinetic studies.
The occurrence of a rapid ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation as a paradoxical manifestation of digitalis intoxication.

Abstract 1. 1. Three patients with long-standing atrial fibrillation were observed to have an increase in ventricular response to atrial fibrillation while taking large doses of digitalis. 2. 2. The increase in rate in each instance followed recent administration of a mercurial diuretic and was thought to be associated with loss of potassium during diuresis. 3. 3. Administration of intravenous potassium resulted in prompt and progressive slowing of the ventricular rate over a 2-hour period. 4. 4. In one case, digoxin given intravenously, after the rate had been slowed with potassium, caused the rate to increase. Additional potassium again effected slowing. 5. 5. The evidence suggests that during atrial fibrillation, digitalis toxicity may be paradoxically manifest by an increase in ventricular response without alteration of the pacemaker mechanism. 6. 6. Since this paradoxical response simulates a classical indication for digitalis, it represents a dangerous paradox if unrecognized as a toxic potential of the cardiac glycosides. 7. 7. This manifestation of toxicity seems prone to occur in patients with refractory congestive failure treated with rigid salt restriction, frequent mercurial diuretics, and large doses of digitalis.
Practical Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl Prodrug Derivatives of Acetaminophen, Theophylline, and 6‐Mercaptopurine

Abstract We report a novel synthesis of N‐alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of acetaminophen, theophylline, and 6‐mercaptopurine by alkylation of the corresponding drug molecule with N‐alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl chlorides in good yield. Most of the alkylating agents were efficiently synthesized by chloromethylation of N‐alkyl carbamic acid alkyl esters, which in turn were made from alkyl amines and alkyl chloroformates. In cases where the alkyl chloroformates were not available, synthesis of N‐alkyl carbamic acid alkyl esters was accomplished by converting an alcohol to a chloroformate or to an activated acylating agent such as acyl imidazoles or p‐nitrophenylcarbonate esters, followed by their reaction with alkyl amines.
A study of the source of virus in the Pholem exudate appearing on leaves of Amscinckia infected with the beet curly top virus

Abstract Leaves of Amsinckia douglasiana discharging phloem exudate after infection with the beet curly top virus (BCTV) were studied with the electron microscope. Infected tissue differed from the noninfected in having much hyperplastic phloem characterized by abnormally high proportion of sieve elements, scarcity of companion cells, degenerating parenchyma cells, and some unusually large intercellular spaces. Many spaces contained amorphous debris. Particles resembling BCTV were discernible within the debris. Such particles were encountered also in the debris trapped between stomatal guard cells. Since the phloem exudate excreted from leaves of BCTV-infected plants contains virus particles, and since the virus is found extremely rarely in sieve elements, we suggest (1) that most of BCTV particles apparently released into intercellular spaces are derived from degenerating parenchyma cells in which the virus had multiplied; (2) that the exudate is derived from sieve elements of the hyper-plastic phloem in which the normal functional control by companion cells is lacking; (3) that the exudate leaks from the nontransporting sieve elements through cell walls into intercellular spaces and carries the virus to the outside. Initially, stomata may serve as exits for the infectious exudate, but subsequently ruptures in the epidermis are involved.
Dysfunction of the pupillary light reflex in experimental autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy.

Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is an antibody-mediated form of severe autonomic failure. AAG is associated with serum antibodies against ganglionic acetycholine receptors (AChR) and appears to result from impaired synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia. The rabbit model of experimental AAG (EAAG), induced by immunization, reproduces the cardinal features of the human disease. Pupillary dysfunction is a prominent and defining feature in both AAG and EAAG. We adapted infrared computer-assisted video pupillometry to record direct pupil light responses in control and EAAG rabbits. Offline analysis algorithms were used to determine latency, velocity and amplitude of the constriction and redilation phases of the light reflex. Following immunization, pupillary abnormalities were the earliest sign of evolving autonomic failure. EAAG rabbits showed significant reduction in velocity and amplitude of pupil constriction while redilation parameters were only mildly affected. Fatigue in pupillary constriction, evidenced by premature redilation of the pupil prior to termination of the light stimulus, was observed only in seropositive rabbits. The severity of pupillary abnormalities was significantly correlated with ganglionic AChR antibody level. In chronic EAAG, treatment with pyridostigmine produced a partial recovery of pupil function. We conclude that pupillometry is a robust and sensitive diagnostic tool to assess autonomic dysfunction, distinguish AAG from other disorders, and assess responses to therapy. In EAAG, pupillary dysfunction is partially reversible, parasympathetic pupil function is more severely compromised than sympathetic function, and fatigue of pupillary constriction may be seen. These characteristic abnormalities of the pupillary light reflex may prove to have diagnostic value.
Solvation and Hydrogen-Bonding Effects on Proton Wires

In this paper, the multiconfigurational molecular dynamics with quantum transitions (MC-MDQT) method is used to simulate the nonequilibrium real-time quantum dynamics of proton transport along water chains in the presence of solvating water molecules. The model system consists of a protonated chain of three water molecules and two additional solvating water molecules hydrogen-bonded to each end of the chain. Nonequilibrium initial configurations are generated with an extra proton stabilized on one end of the water chain, and proton transport along the chain is induced by variations in the hydrogen-bonding distances between the solvating water molecules and the ends of the chain. These simulations indicate that solvation and hydrogen bonding significantly impact the proton-transport process and that quantum effects such as hydrogen tunneling and nonadiabatic transitions play an important role. Moreover, this model system exhibits a wide range of mechanisms, including both concerted and sequential double proton transfer, both strongly and weakly coupled double proton transfer, and both adiabatic and nonadiabatic pathways. The MC-MDQT approach provides a clear physical framework for interpreting and analyzing these different types of mechanisms.
He interaction with Xe and Kr adsorbed on graphite or Ag surfaces

We calculate the interaction V(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) between a He atom and a system consisting of a Xe or Kr film adsorbed on either a graphite or a Ag surface. The dominant term in the energy is the sum of pair interactions U(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}-R${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{i}$) with the adatoms; the choice of U(x) is based on gas-phase data. Other contributions arise from the substrate and from three-body interactions. The dependence on coverage is explored. There is also a small temperature dependence originating from the thermally excited adlayer motion. Agreement with bound-state resonance data for the graphite case is excellent. The potential functions should provide a reliable basis for scattering and thermodynamic calculations.
Irreconcilable differences? Strategic innovations for a publicly insured market

Abstract In US political rhetoric, the biotechnology industry is often described as strategic; that is, as crucial to national economic interests. Policies have thus been designed to promote private sector investment in biotechnology R&D and commercialization of biotechnology products. To date, the dominant focus of this activity has been therapeutic biotechnology (i.e., human diagnostics and pharmaceuticals), especially pharmaceuticals. But the US has also designed policies to contain the costs of health care, which includes biotechnology drugs. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the factors that have resulted in contradictory policies impinging on biotechnology. Emphasis is on the United States, because it accounts for the largest public and private sector investment in biotechnology to date. but a similar dilemma faces Europe and Japan. The paper concludes that unless one of three proposed actions is taken, the differences in policies affecting therapeutic biotechnology — to promote and to contain —may indeed be irreconcilable.
Histological and ultrastructural observations of tail bud formation in the chick embryo.

Tail bud formation was studied in chick embryos by light and electron microscopy. The caudal part of the neural groove at stage 11 is flanked by widely separated neural folds and merges posteriorly with the shallow primitive groove. The neural groove and primitive streak partially overlap. The depth of the neural groove gradually decreases antero-posteriorly within this overlap zone while the dorso-ventral thickness of the streak progressively increases. The anterior end of the streak begins to form a spherical accumulation of mesenchymal cells, the incipient tail bud, concomitant with closure of the posterior neuropore. Formation of the posterior body fold results in consolidation of the remainder of the streak into the definitive tail bud. The overlap zone between neural groove and primitive streak is retained as the tail bud forms. Thus the posterior end of the neural tube and anterior end of the tail bud overlap. The latter undergoes cavitation to form the ventral part of the spinal cord within this overlap region. The tail bud is initially continuous with an overlying, flattened layer of ectoderm and an underlying, columnar layer of endoderm. A bilaminar ectodermal epithelium forms directly above the developing neural tube as the dorsal portion of the tail bud undergoes cavitation. Most of the endodermal cells are displaced from the ventral surface of the tail bud by the posterior body fold and condensed into a disk-shaped region which ultimately gives rise to tail gut.
Relation of Pulse Pressure to Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Almost one third of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) will have an abnormal blood pressure response (ABPR) to exercise, and this has been associated with a greater risk of sudden cardiac death. In the present study, we examined the association between the steady (mean arterial pressure) and pulsatile (pulse pressure) blood pressure components as they relate to ABPR in patients with HC (n = 70). All patients completed a standard Bruce protocol during symptom-limited stress testing with concurrent hemodynamic measurements. Pulse pressure (PP) was significantly greater in patients with HC with an ABPR (n = 19) than in the patients with HC without an ABPR to exercise (p <0.05). According to binary logistic regression analysis, PP at rest was a significant predictor of ABPR in patients with HC (p <0.05). Mean arterial pressure was not significantly different between the 2 groups, nor was it a predictor of an ABPR in the presence of HC. Those within the greatest tertile of PP at rest were 4.8 times more likely to have an ABPR than those within the lowest PP tertile (95% confidence interval 1.24 to 18.2, p <0.05). In conclusion, elevations in PP at rest might identify patients with HC at a greater risk of having an ABPR during exercise.
Morphine and human aggression

Twenty-eight male undergraduates received either 45 mg of immediate-release oral morphine tablets or a placebo. Subjects were then given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to an increasingly aggressive bogus opponent during a competitive reaction-time task. Subjects in the morphine condition were more willing to initiate attacks against their opponent than subjects in the placebo condition, and reacted more aggressively at all levels of provocation.
OCLC EUROPE — A STATUS REPORT

OCLC's international Objectives OCLC's international strategies are based upon its assessment of library needs both here and abroad, its experience to date abroad, its new system architecture, new technological developments, and its Charter which reads: