cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Chinese Trade Policy on Automobile Assembly and Parts

This paper analyzes the economic effects of content-based import tariffs China imposed on imported auto parts. While China's policy penalized any firm that assembled cars with less than 60% Chinese content, the policy was most likely to affect foreign-affiliated firms who were more likely to exceed the content ceiling. To assess whether foreign-affiliated firms differentially changed their input sourcing this paper uses Chinese product trade data for 1997--2009 which report trade transactions by firm ownership type. Compared with import transactions for other firms, the data show that foreign-affiliated firms appear to have mitigated the effects of the policy by reducing import transaction prices, and by reducing their import quantities on the extensive margin. While China's content-based auto import trade policy was repealed in 2009 after China lost its dispute case at the WTO, the extraordinary growth in China's global export of auto parts since 2005 suggests that China's short term trade policy may have contributed to enduring effects in global supply chains. (JEL codes: F1 and F2) Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Ifo Institute, Munich. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Synthesis and characterization of cis-dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with sterically bulky tripodal tetradentate ligands

Abstract A new series of sterically bulky tripodal tetradentate ligands have been synthesized. The ligands were found to react readily with MoO 2 (acac) 2 in absolute methanol to yield the corresponding cis - dioxoMo(VI) complexes. These complexes were characterized by IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Cyclic voltammetry was performed in DMF and CH 2 Cl 2 . In CH 2 Cl 2 the ease of reduction was found to decrease in the order MoO 2 [L NO 2 (SCH 3 )]> MoO 2 [L NO 2 (OCH 3 )]> MoO 2 [L NO 2 (N(CH 3 ) 2 )]. The CV results are consistent with that expected for a S,O,N substitution pattern.
Advance Disclosure of Insider Trading

Using a strategic rational expectations equilibrium framework, we show that forcing a well-informed insider to disclose her trades in advance tends to increase welfare for both the insider and less-informed outsiders. Advance disclosure generates price risk for the insider, and to mitigate this risk, the insider trades less aggressively on her private information. Consequently, outsiders face lower adverse selection costs, which improves risk sharing and increases welfare. The drop in trading aggressiveness also causes market efficiency to decline. Furthermore, pretrade disclosure encourages excessive risk taking but may either encourage or discourage managerial effort.
Directions of Particle Physics

Particle physics as a subdiscipline in physics owes its origin to E. Lawrence for its experimental aspect, and to H. Yukawa for its theoretical aspect. The significance of their contributions lies not only in the particular work they did, but more importantly, in the fact that each established a basic methodology for the particle physicists to follow. These methodologies have turned out to be so powerful and fruitful that we are still following them. On the experimental side, this is most evident in the current activities going on at various accelerator laboratories all over the world. Their particle energies are now reaching a million times that of Lawrence's first cyclotron. The purpose of my talk, however, is to concentrate on the theoretical side. In an attempt to understand the properties of nuclei with their two mysterious types of interactions, the strong and the weak, he unwittingly, so to speak, hit the tip of an iceberg which was to become the whole discipline of particle physics. I doubt that Yukawa himself, when he hypothesized his meson in 1935, would have anticipated the proliferation of elementary particles we have discovered since then. It seems to me that Yukawa's approach had a heuristic and phenomenological tone. Because of this nature, it served as a useful guiding principle to explore uncharted and ever surprising new worlds, just as Lawrence's cyclotron and its descendants served as useful experimental tools to go with it. Yukawa's approach had both conservative and radical sides. He was conservative in the sense that he pursued the logical consequences of relativistic quantum field theory (which was in its infancy at that time) rather than vaguely anticipating a more radical solution of the problem of nuclear forces, a belief often held by his contemporaries. But he was radical in the sense that he did not hesitate to speculate on the existence of new elementary particles which had not been seen. According to him, his meson had not been seen in everyday life, not only because it had a large mass, but also because it was unstable. Strong binding and weak instability are the two peculiar features of nuclei, but one might feel uneasy to accept the notion of an unstable but elementary particle unless one has a pragmatic mind, as did Yukawa and, before him, Fermi. It is a notion we have come to accept without understanding its deep reasons even now. At any rate, Yukawa solved the problem of nuclear forces by dividing it in two inherently different parts : the theoretical framework in which to decribe nature, and the substantive question of what entities exist to be described. In the former, he embraced the basic tenets of the relativistic quantum field theory in spite of its imperfec-
Experimental Constraints on Ureilite Petrogenesis

This experimental study explores the petrogenesis of ureilites by a partial melting/smelting process. Experiments have been performed over temperature (1150-1280 C), pressure (5-12.5 MPa), and low oxygen fugacity (graphite-CO gas) conditions appropriate for a hypothetical ureilite parent body approximately 200 km in size. Experimental and modeling results indicate that a partial melting/smelting model of ureilite petrogenesis can explain many of the unique characteristics displayed by this meteorite group. Compositional information preserved in the pigeonite-olivine ureilites was used to estimate the composition of melts in equilibrium with the ureilites. The results of 20 experiments saturated with olivine, pyroxene, metal, and liquid with appropriate ureilite compositions are used to calibrate the phase coefficients and pressure-temperature dependence of the smelting reaction. The calibrated coefficients are used to model the behavior of a hypothetical residue that is experiencing fractional smelting. The residue is initially olivine-rich and smelting progressively depletes the olivine content and enriches the pyroxene and metal contents of the residues. The modeled residue composition at 1260 C best reproduces the trend of ureilite bulk compositions. The model results also indicate that as a ureilite residue undergoes isothermal decompression smelting over a range of temperatures, Ca/Al values and Cr203 contents are enriched at lower temperatures (below about 1240 C) and tend to decrease at higher temperatures. Therefore, fractional smelting can account for the high Ca/A1 and Cr203 wt% values observed in ureilites. We propose that ureilites were generated from an olivine-rich, cpx-bearing residue. Smelting began when the residue was partially melted and contained liquid, olivine, and carbon. These residues experienced varying degrees of fractional smelting to produce the compositional variability observed within the pigeonite-bearing ureilites. Variations in mineral composition, modal proportions, and isotopic signatures are best described by heterogeneous accretion of the ureilite parent body followed by minimal and variable degrees of igneous processing.
Expert opinion regarding indications for coronary angiography before noncardiac surgery

Whether to perform coronary angiography on the basis of preoperative noninvasive cardiac testing remains a difficult decision. We hypothesized that there are noninvasive test results for which experts have general agreement about the indication for preoperative coronary angiography. We asked 30 experts (24 in specific diagnostic tests and six in clinical cardiology) to comment on statements regarding hypothetical noninvasive test results. There was agreement that catheterization should be performed for (1) exercise electrocardiographic ischemia with a blood pressure drop > 10 mm Hg, (2) stress perfusion scan reversibility in one half or more of single-photon emission computed tomographic slices, and (3) stress echo ischemia in more than five segments, two or more coronary artery zones, or four left anterior descending coronary artery segments. Therefore coronary angiography should be performed for results of noninvasive tests that indicate large zones of myocardial ischemia and not for limited ischemia or test abnormalities without other significant findings.
The Large‐Area, Solution‐Based Deposition of Single‐Crystal Organic Semiconductors

Although solution processing has been hailed as a more industrially relevant route for the deposition of organic semiconductors to be used in devices, the quality and performance of solution-deposited thin films of these materials have not been able to reach that of vapor-grown single crystals until recently. Single crystals and single-crystalline films benefit from the absence of grain boundaries and the reduction of crystalline defects that impede effective charge transport through the solid. Although solution-phase deposition techniques for high-quality single-crystal growth have been reported, high-throughput, large-area deposition methods for single-crystalline films remain challenging. However, a shift toward this direction has emerged in recent years and has produced a diversity of techniques to grow, deposit, and pattern organic semiconductor single crystals and thin films. In this review, we survey the physical basis for a variety of solution-based single-crystal growth and deposition methods and discuss their advantages and shortcomings in the hopes of inspiring new ways to approach these challenges.
Tridentate SCS Palladium(II) Complexes: New, Highly Stable, Recyclable Catalysts for the Heck Reaction

A new pincer-type SCS ligand containing Pd(II) is a simple, robust catalyst for Heck chemistry using a variety of alkene acceptors and aryl iodides. It is less active with aryl bromides. While certain palladium(II) species insert slowly into the aryl C−H bond of an unsubstituted version of this ligand, the introduction of activating groups into the 5 position of the aromatic ring readily allows quantitative metal insertion. These ligands were synthesized and attached to soluble polymers by simple modification of inexpensive starting materials. For example, both 5-oxy and 5-amido SCS ligands were successfully appended to 5000 Mn poly(ethylene glycol) via ether or amide linkages, respectively. Both the 5-oxo and 5-amido complexes are active as Heck catalysts in DMF solution in air. The PEG-bound 5-amido-SCS−Pd complex was recycled via solvent precipitation three times with no observed catalyst deactivation. While the 5-amido-SCS−Pd complexes are very robust, their 5-oxo counterparts decompose slowly under c...
Convenient preparation of 9-cis-retinoic acid

9-cis-Retinoic Acid was prepared in 5% yield by photoisomerization of all-trans-retinoic acid and simple recrystallization of the resulting isomeric mixture.
SHG investigation of ferroelectricity, domain orientations, and phases of monolithic PVDF thin films

Second harmonic generation (SHG) laser spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a powerful, sensitive, and non-destructive analytical technique to study crystalline phases, domain structures, and molecular dipole orientations of ferroelectric polymeric thin films such as PVDF. While other spectroscopic techniques, such as WXRD and FTIR, do provide valuable information on the crystalline phases, they are not sensitive enough to provide the detailed information at molecular levels and properties at interfaces. The current study of single layered PVDF polymer has also shown that SHG can be further developed into an in-situ, sensitive and quantitative tool to study ferroelectric polymeric thin film structures. In combination, SHG and electric field induced SHG (EFISH) techniques will allow us to interrogate multilayered structures layer-by-layer, the effects of physical confinement and interfacial physics.
The physical and photometric properties of high-redshift galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations

We study the physical and photometric properties of galaxies at z = 4 in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of a ΛCDM universe. We focus on galaxies satisfying the ``B dropout" criteria of the Great Observatories Origins DEEP Survey (GOODS). Our simulations predict that high-redshift galaxies show strong correlations in star formation rate (SFR) versus stellar mass, and weaker correlations versus environment and age, such that B dropouts are predicted to be the most massive, most rapidly star-forming galaxies at z = 4, living preferentially in dense regions. The simulated rest-frame UV luminosity function (LF) and integrated luminosity density are in broad agreement with observations at z ~ 4. The predicted faint-end slope is intrinsically steep but becomes shallower and is in reasonable agreement with data once GOODS selection criteria are imposed. At the bright end, there may be a modest excess of bright, rapidly star-forming galaxies. The predicted rest-frame optical LF is approximately 1 mag brighter than the rest-frame UV LF. We predict that GOODS B dropouts represent less than 50% of the total stellar mass density formed in galaxies more massive than log(M*/M☉) > 8.7 by z = 4, mainly because of brightness limits in the HST ACS bands. Most of these results are somewhat sensitive to the effects of dust extinction. On average, simulated B dropouts are less metal enriched than observed low-redshift galaxies of similar stellar mass by ≈0.6 dex. Two simulated B dropouts exhibit SFRs exceeding 1000 M☉ yr-1, similar to observed submillimeter galaxies. These galaxies are quite massive but are not undergoing starbursts; their SFRs only mildly exceed (by ~2-3 times) the SFRs that would be expected for their stellar mass. Finally, the overall distribution of dust reddening and mean stellar age may be constrained from color-color plots although the specific value for each galaxy cannot.
Productivity and Welfare

Technical change is generally characterized by a rate and biases, both evaluated for given producer prices. This paper examines the potential discrepancy between this rate and the corresponding rate of consumer welfare change as measured by Allais distributable surplus. We postulate a general equilibrium context with various market failures (taxes, quotas, imperfect competition, and “poorly priced” commodities), and use comparative statics to express the rate of welfare change in terms of the rate and biases of the technical change. An elementary simulation model of a taxed economy suggests that the rate of welfare change may differ from the rate of technical change by as much as 50% under plausible circumstances.
Roundness Properties of Groups

Roundness of metric spaces was introduced by Per Enflo as a tool to study uniform structures of linear topological spaces. The present paper investigates geometric and topological properties detected by the roundness of general metric spaces. In particular, we show that geodesic spaces of roundness 2 are contractible, and that a compact Riemannian manifold with roundness >1 must be simply connected. We then focus our investigation on Cayley graphs of finitely generated groups. One of our main results is that every Cayley graph of a free Abelian group on ⩾ 2 generators has roundness =1. We show that if a group has no Cayley graph of roundness =1, then it must be a torsion group with every element of order 2,3,5, or 7
The Quantum Theory of the Dielectric Constant of Hydrogen Chloride and Similar Gases

The quantum theory of diatomic dipoles.---Using the treatment of Pauli, an expression for the dielectric constant of a diatomic dipole gas is obtained, in which half-quantum numbers are used. It is shown that for cases of practical interest the approximation suggested by Pauli is not valid; hence numerical values of the temperature-function $C$ have been calculated and tabulated.Application to experimental measurements.---The theory has been applied in the interpretation of Zahn's measurements of the dielectric constants of the hydrogen halides. The electric moments of molecules of hydrogen chloride, bromide, and iodide were found to be 0.3316, 0.252, and 0.146\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ cgsu respectively; i.e., only about one-third of the values given on the basis of the classical theory. Moreover, the values 0.00077 and 0.00102 for $4\ensuremath{\pi}{N}_{0}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for hydrogen chloride and bromide, in which $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the coefficient of induced polarization, are shown to be in better agreement with measurements of indices of refraction than are the classical theory values. A discussion is given of possible inaccuracies in the theory, of the choice of quantum numbers, and of the possibility of weak quantization.
Synthesis of tryptophol and O-acetyltryptophol from tryptophan by Ceratocystis fagacearum

Abstract Tryptophol (TOL) and O -acetyltryptophol ( O AcTOL) were identified as tryptophan metabolites of C. fagacearum ; O AcTOL was the only metabo
Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic Aryltriazole‐3‐Thione Compounds

Abstract A new synthetic protocol has been developed to provide entry into a series of novel tricyclic aryltriazole‐3‐thiones analogs. The classical reaction conditions of subjecting an arylhydrazide with thiophosgene to form the thioisocyanate intermediate and ultimately the corresponding aryltriazole‐3‐thione framework were not successful. However, using a combination of carbon disulfide and 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) to form the thioisocyanate intermediate was found to produce the novel tricyclic aryltriazole‐3‐thiones (5, 8a–c) in good yield.
Information Complexity of Quantum Gates

This paper considers the realizability of quantum gates from the perspective of information complexity. Since the gate is a physical device that must be controlled classically, it is subject to random error. We define the complexity of gate operation in terms of the difference between the entropy of the variables associated with initial and final states of the computation. We argue that the gate operations are irreversible if there is a difference in the accuracy associated with input and output variables. It is shown that under some conditions the gate operation may be associated with unbounded entropy, implying impossibility of implementation.
From T-Mazes to Labyrinths: Learning from Model-Based Feedback

Many organizational actions need not have any immediate or direct payoff consequence but set the stage for subsequent actions that bring the organization toward some actual payoff. Learning in such settings poses the challenge of credit assignment (Minsky 1961), that is, how to assign credit for the overall outcome of a sequence of actions to each of the antecedent actions. To explore the process of learning in such contexts, we create a formal model in which the actors develop a mental model of the value of stage-setting actions as a complex problem-solving task is repeated. Partial knowledge, either of particular states in the problem space or inefficient and circuitous routines through the space, is shown to be quite valuable. Because of the interdependence of intelligent action when a sequence of actions must be identified, however, organizational knowledge is relatively fragile. As a consequence, while turnover may stimulate search and have largely benign implications in less interdependent task settings, it is very destructive of the organization's near-term performance when the learning problem requires a complementarity among the actors' knowledge.
Geometric Lower Bounds for Parametric Matroid Optimization

We relate the sequence of minimum bases of a matroid with linearly varying weights to three problems from combinatorial geometry: k -sets, lower envelopes of line segments, and convex polygons in line arrangements. Using these relations we show new lower bounds on the number of base changes in such sequences: Ω(nr 1/3 ) for a general n -element matroid with rank r , and Ω(mα(n)) for the special case of parametric graph minimum spanning trees. The only previous lower bound was Ω(n log r) for uniform matroids; upper bounds of O(mn 1/2 ) for arbitrary matroids and O(mn 1/2 / log * n) for uniform matroids were also known.
OXYGEN METALLICITY DETERMINATIONS FROM OPTICAL EMISSION LINES IN EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

We measured the oxygen abundances of the warm (T {approx} 10{sup 4} K) phase of gas in seven early-type galaxies through long-slit observations. A template spectra was constructed from galaxies void of warm gas and subtracted from the emission-line galaxies, allowing for a clean measurement of the nebular lines. The ratios of the emission lines are consistent with photoionization, which likely originates from the ultraviolet flux of postasymototic giant branch stars. We employ H II region photoionization models to determine a mean oxygen metallicity of 1.01 {+-} 0.50 solar for the warm interstellar medium (ISM) in this sample. This warm ISM 0.5-1.5 solar metallicity is consistent with modern determinations of the metallicity in the hot (T {approx} 10{sup 6}-10{sup 7} K) ISM and the upper range of this warm ISM metallicity is consistent with stellar population metallicity determinations. A solar metallicity of the warm ISM favors an internal origin for the warm ISM such as asymptotic giant branch mass loss within the galaxy.
Bound states of strings and p-branes

Abstract The recent discovery of an explicit conformal field theory description of Type II p-branes makes it possible to investigate the existence of bound states of such objects. In particular, it is possible with reasonable precision to verify the prediction that the Type IIB superstring in ten dimensions has a family of soliton and bound state strings permuted by SL(2, Z ) . The space-time coordinates enter tantalizingly in the formalism as non-commuting matrices.
From SO/Sp instantons to W-algebra blocks

We study instanton partition functions for \( \mathcal{N} = 2 \) superconformal Sp(1) and SO(4) gauge theories. We find that they agree with the corresponding U(2) instanton partitions functions only after a non-trivial mapping of the microscopic gauge couplings, since the instanton counting involves different renormalization schemes. Geometrically, this mapping relates the Gaiotto curves of the different realizations as double coverings. We then formulate an AGT-type correspondence between Sp(1)/SO(4) instanton partition functions and chiral blocks with an underlying \( \mathcal{W}\left( {2,2} \right) \)-algebra symmetry. This form of the correspondence eliminates the need to divide out extra U(1) factors. Finally, to check this correspondence for linear quivers, we compute expressions for the Sp(1) × SO(4) half-bifundamental.
Track damage and erosion of insulators by ion-induced electronic processes

Track damage and the associated ejection of atoms and molecules from insulators, which occur as a result of ion-induced electronic excitation, are of interest both in their own right and because of the mechanisms through which the energy in the excited electrons is transformed into atomic motion. In this paper an overview is given of the phenomena that are observed. We show that there is a remarkable similarity between the damage profile along the ion's track in the solid and the yield of ejected atoms at the energy that corresponds to each point on the track. It is also seen that the density of extended defects (or, correspondingly, the ejected particle yield) appears to have a “universal” form that is weakly dependent on the type of material. In the model presented this is a consequence of the inner-shell ionization of light elements in the solid by the incident ion; the resulting Auger decay produces an intense ionization spike that locally triggers the track formation/erosion process. This model allows the estimation of erosion yields/damage profiles for different ions and materials.
Secure neighbor discovery through overhearing in static multihop wireless networks

Abstract In wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks, neighbor discovery is one of the first steps performed by a node upon deployment and disrupting it adversely affects a number of routing, MAC, topology discovery and intrusion detection protocols. It is especially harmful when an adversary can convince nodes that it is a legitimate neighbor, which it can do easily and without the use of cryptographic primitives. In this paper, we develop a secure neighbor discovery protocol, SEDINE, for static multihop wireless networks. We prove that, in the absence of packet losses, without using any centralized trusted node or specialized hardware, SEDINE prevents any node, legitimate or malicious, from being incorrectly added to the neighbor list of another legitimate node that is not within its transmission range. We provide simulation results to demonstrate the efficacy of SEDINE, in the presence of packet losses.
Parity-time optical metamaterials

Exploration of the interplay between gain and loss in optical metamaterials can lead to novel device functionalities. Here we demonstrate a single-mode laser with unique cavity mode manipulation capability based on thresholdless parity-time symmetry breaking.
Catalytic enantioselective Michael additions to unsaturated ester derivatives using chiral copper(II) Lewis acid complexes.

Chiral Cu(II) bisoxazoline (box) Lewis acids have been developed as catalysts of the Michael addition of enolsilanes to unsaturated ester derivatives. While enantioselection is stereoregular, the sense of diastereoselection is directly related to thioester enolsilane geometry: (E) enolsilanes give anti adducts and (Z) enolsilanes afford syn adducts. The size of the enolsilane alkylthio substituent directly impacts the magnitude of diastereoselection.
Semisynthetic Derivatives of Sesquiterpene Lactones by Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of the α-Methylene-γ-lactone Substructure

The palladium-catalyzed arylation of different α-methylene-γ-lactone-containing sesquiterpene lactones was shown to produce E-olefin coupling products selectively in moderate to excellent yields. Biological evaluation of these semisynthetic sesquiterpene lactone derivatives in HeLa cells showed interesting antiproliferative profiles and provided initial structure−activity data.
CO2/oxalate cathodes as safe and efficient alternatives in high energy density metal–air type rechargeable batteries

We present theoretical analysis on why and how rechargeable metal–air type batteries can be made significantly safer and more practical by utilizing CO2/oxalate conversions instead of O2/peroxide or O2/hydroxide ones, in the positive electrode. Metal–air batteries, such as the Li–air one, may have very large energy densities, comparable to that of gasoline, theoretically allowing for long range all-electric vehicles. There are, however, still significant challenges, especially related to the safety of their underlying chemistries, the robustness of their recharging and the need of supplying high purity O2 from air to the battery. We point out that the CO2/oxalate reversible electrochemical conversion is a viable alternative of the O2-based ones, allowing for similarly high energy density and almost identical voltage, while being much safer through the elimination of aggressive oxidant peroxides and the use of thermally stable, non-oxidative and environmentally benign oxalates instead.
Gamma-Ray Bursts Have Millisecond Variability

We have performed searches for isolated flares and for steady flickering in the initial ~1 s of gamma-ray burst light curves on the microsecond to millisecond timescales. Two bursts among our sample of 20 revealed four isolated flares with timescales from 256 to 2048 μs. A wavelet analysis for our sample showed low-level flickering for all bursts on timescales from 256 μs to 33 ms, with the majority of bursts containing rise times faster than 4 ms and 30% having rise times faster than 1 ms. These results show that millisecond variability is common in classical bursts and not some exceptional activity by a possibly separate class of bursts. These fast rise times can be used to place the following severe limits on burst models. (1) The characteristic thickness of the energy generation region must be less than 1200 km along the line of sight. (2) The angular size of the gamma-ray emission region as subtended from the central source must be less than 42''. (3) The expanding ejecta must have a range of Lorentz factors along a radius line with a dispersion of less than roughly 2%. (4) Within the external shock scenario, the characteristic dimension of the impacted cloud must be smaller than 16 AU on average. (5) Within the collimated jet scenario, the collimation angle must be smaller than 42''.
The Infrared Absorption of Ice

SYNOPSISThe absorption of ice is dependent upon the direction of the plane of polarization for the near infrared region. Crystals were cut with the optic axis parallel to the surface. Plane polarized radiation was allowed to fall upon the crystal and the per cent transmission determined. The crystal was set in three positions: first, so that the transmitted radiation constituted the ordinary ray, second, so that the transmitted radiation constituted the extraordinary ray, third, so that the incident energy was about equally divided into two rays. For the first position, with a thickness of 5mm, absorption bands were observed at the following wavelengths with the corresponding per cent transmission: .81μ—55 per cent, .92μ—54 per cent 1.06μ—46 per cent, 1.29μ—27 per cent. For the second position the values were: .79μ—93 per cent, .89μ—94 per cent, 1.02μ—93 per cent, 1.26μ—57 per cent. For the third position the transmission curve fell between that of the first and second positions and showed both sets of bands. The region from 1.4μ to 1.7μ was studied by using a specimen 1 mm thick. The position of maximum absorption was located at 1.5μ. The incident energy was unpolarized.
Compression of samplable sources

We study the compression of polynomially samplable sources. In particular, we give efficient prefix-free compression and decompression algorithms for three classes of such sources (whose support is a subset of {0, 1}n). 1. We show how to compress sources X samplable by logspace machines to expected length H(X) + O(1). Our next results concern flat sources whose support is in P. 2. If H(X) ≤ k = n-O(log n), we show how to compress to expected length k + polylog(n-k). 3. If the support of X is the witness set for a self-reducible NP relation, then we show how to compress to expected length H(X)+5.
Thermal transport from a heated moving surface

Transfert de chaleur ayant lieu dans un processus ou une longue bande de materiau se deplace de facon continue apres etre sortie d'un four
The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams

We present new evolution sequences for very low mass stars, brown dwarfs, and giant planets and use them to explore a variety of influences on the evolution of these objects. While the predicted adiabatic evolution of luminosity with time is very similar to results of previous work, the remaining disagreements reveal the magnitude of current uncertainty in brown dwarf evolution theory. We discuss the sources of those differences and argue for the importance of the surface boundary condition provided by atmosphere models including clouds. The L- to T-type ultracool dwarf transition can be accommodated within the Ackerman and Marley cloud model by varying the cloud sedimentation parameter. We develop a simple model for the evolution across the L/T transition. By combining the evolution calculation and our atmosphere models, we generate colors and magnitudes of synthetic populations of ultracool dwarfs in the field and in Galactic clusters. We focus on near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and on the nature of the "second parameter" that is responsible for the scatter of colors along the Teff sequence. Instead of a single second parameter we find that variations in metallicity and cloud parameters, unresolved binaries, and possibly a relatively young population all play a role in defining the spread of brown dwarfs along the cooling sequence. We also find that the transition from cloudy L dwarfs to cloudless T dwarfs slows down the evolution and causes a pileup of substellar objects in the transition region, in contradiction with previous studies. However, the same model is applied to the Pleiades brown dwarf sequence with less success. Taken at face value, the present Pleiades data suggest that the L/T transition occurs at lower Teff for lower gravity objects, such as those found in young Galactic clusters. The simulated populations of brown dwarfs also reveal that the phase of deuterium burning produces a distinctive feature in CMDs that should be detectable in ~50-100 Myr old clusters.
DFBAlab: a fast and reliable MATLAB code for dynamic flux balance analysis.

Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (DFBA) is a dynamic simulation framework for biochemical processes. DFBA can be performed using different approaches such as static optimization (SOA), dynamic optimization (DOA), and direct approaches (DA). Few existing simulators address the theoretical and practical challenges of nonunique exchange fluxes or infeasible linear programs (LPs). Both are common sources of failure and inefficiencies for these simulators. DFBAlab, a MATLAB-based simulator that uses the LP feasibility problem to obtain an extended system and lexicographic optimization to yield unique exchange fluxes, is presented. DFBAlab is able to simulate complex dynamic cultures with multiple species rapidly and reliably, including differential-algebraic equation (DAE) systems. In addition, DFBAlab’s running time scales linearly with the number of species models. Three examples are presented where the performance of COBRA, DyMMM and DFBAlab are compared. Lexicographic optimization is used to determine unique exchange fluxes which are necessary for a well-defined dynamic system. DFBAlab does not fail during numerical integration due to infeasible LPs. The extended system obtained through the LP feasibility problem in DFBAlab provides a penalty function that can be used in optimization algorithms.
Dust stratification in young circumstellar disks

We present high-resolution infrared spectra of four YSOs (T Tau N, T Tau S, RNO 91, and HL Tau). The spectra exhibit narrow absorption lines of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O, as well as broad emission lines of gas-phase 12CO. The narrow absorption lines of CO are shown to originate from the colder circumstellar gas. We find that the line-of-sight gas column densities resulting from the CO absorption lines are much higher than expected for the measured extinction for each source and suggest the gas/dust ratio is measuring the dust settling and/or grain coagulation in these extended disks. We provide a model of turbulence, dust settling, and grain growth to explain the results.
The effects of the minimum wage in Brazil on the distribution of family incomes: 1996–2001

Abstract The Brazilian economy has long relied on the minimum wage, having first implemented a minimum in 1940. Shortly after taking office in 2003, Brazil's President raised the minimum wage by 20% and promised to double the value of the minimum wage before his term ends in 2006. The usual rationale for minimum wage increases is to bring about beneficial changes in the income distribution, by raising incomes of poor and low-income families. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of the minimum wage in Brazil in bringing about these changes in the income distribution. We examine data drawn from Brazil's major metropolitan areas, studying the years after Brazil's hyper-inflation ended. The estimates provide no evidence that minimum wages in Brazil lift family incomes at the lower points of the income distribution; if anything some of the evidence points to adverse effects on lower-income families.
Dynamic Parameter Array System (DPA)

This paper describes software which provides a means of sharing data among tasks and of accessing and altering dynamically the values of parameters in an executing task. The parameters reside in an RSX-l1M memory management region or a VMS global section. The data may be accessed and altered by any task attaching the region. An interactive task is described which allows the user read/write access to the parameters from the keyboard. Keyboard commands can be used to make a disk file copy of values in the region, to initialize the values from a disk file, to examine and modify values, and to define synonyms for parameters. User-callable subroutines which create, attach, and map the region are also described.
The structure of multinational activity: evidence from Germany

Recent empirical studies of the determinants of multinational activity across countries have found overwhelming support for a horizontal rather than a vertical model of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The majority of these studies use data either originating in or targeted at the US. This article presents evidence from a dataset of German inward and outward FDI. The dataset is similar in scope to the widely used US Bureau of Economic Analysis data, making the results comparable to those from previous studies. In addition, a new empirical specification is employed that avoids some of the problems that have plagued these studies. The results provide little indication of vertical multinationals. FDI happens largely between similarly endowed countries. Multinational firms originate in skilled-labour abundant countries, although the evidence is mixed on whether they are also small. A novel result is that German firms invest disproportionately in other European countries, while the reverse is not true.
The L^2-cohomology of a bounded smooth Stein Domain is not necessarily Hausdorff

We give an example of a pseudoconvex domain in a complex manifold whose \(L^2\)-Dolbeault cohomology is non-Hausdorff, yet the domain is Stein. The domain is a smoothly bounded Levi-flat domain in a two complex-dimensional compact complex manifold. The domain is biholomorphic to a product domain in \({\mathbb {C}}^2\), hence Stein. This implies that for \(q>0\), the usual Dolbeault cohomology with respect to smooth forms vanishes in degree \((p,q)\). But the \(L^2\)-Cauchy–Riemann operator on the domain does not have closed range on \((2,1)\)-forms and consequently its \(L^2\)-Dolbeault cohomology is not Hausdorff.
The Spin of the Black Hole in the Soft X-ray Transient A0620--00

During its year-long outburst in 1975-76, the transient source A0620-00 reached an intensity of 50 Crab, an all-time record for any X-ray binary. The source has been quiescent since then. We have recently determined accurate values for the black hole (BH) mass, orbital inclination angle, and distance. Building on these results, we have measured the radius of the inner edge of the accretion disk around the BH primary by fitting its thermal continuum spectrum to our version of the relativistic Novikov-Thorne thin-disk model. We have thereby estimated the spin of the BH. Although our spin estimate depends on a single high-quality spectrum, which was obtained in 1975 by OSO-8, we are confident of our result because of the consistent values of the inner-disk radius that we have obtained for hundreds of observations of other sources: H1743-322, XTE J1550-564, and notably LMC X-3. We have determined the dimensionless spin parameter of the BH to be a * = 0.12 ± 0.19, with a * – 0.59 at the 3σ level of confidence. This result takes into account all sources of observational and model-parameter uncertainties. Despite the low spin, the intensity and properties of the radio counterpart, both in outburst and quiescence, attest to the presence of a strong jet. If jets are driven by BH spin, then current models indicate that jet power should be a steeply increasing function of a *. Consequently, the low spin of A0620-00 suggests that its jet may be disk driven.
Functional Improvement Among Short-Stay Nursing Home Residents in the MDS 3.0

Objectives To examine the completeness of the activities of daily living (ADL) items on admission and discharge assessments and the improvement in ADL performance among short-stay residents in the newly adopted Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0.
Integrated Colours of Milky Way Globular Clusters and Horizontal Branch Morphology

Broadband colours are often used as metallicity proxies in the study of extragalactic globular clusters. A common concern is the effect of variations in horizontal branch (HB) morphology – the second-parameter effect – on such colours. We have used UBVI, Washington, and DDO photometry for a compilation of over 80 Milky Way globular clusters to address this question. Our method is to fit linear relations between colour and [Fe/H], and study the correlations between the residuals about these fits and two quantitative measures of HB morphology. While there is a significant HB effect seen in U – B, for the commonly used colours B – V, V – I, and C – T1, the deviations from the baseline colour-[Fe/H] relations are less strongly related to HB morphology. There may be weak signatures in B –V and C –T1, but these are at the limit of observational uncertainties. The results may favour the use of B –I in studies of extragalactic globular clusters, especially when its high [Fe/H]-sensitivity is considered. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lick Indices in the Thin and Thick Disks of Edge-On Disk Galaxies

We have measured Lick index equivalent widths to derive luminosity weighted stellar ages and metallicities for thin- and thick-disk-dominated regions of nine edge-on disk galaxies with the ARC 3.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. In all cases, the thick disks are confirmed to be old stellar populations, with typical ages between 4 and 10 Gyr. The thin disks are uniformly younger than the thick disks, and show strong radial age gradients, with the outer regions of the disks being younger than 1 Gyr. We do not detect any significant metallicity differences or α-element enhancement in the thick-disk stars compared to the thin disk, due to the insensitivity of the Lick indices to these differences at low metallicity. We compare these results to thick disks measured in other systems and to predictions from thick-disk formation models.
Rigidity of trivial actions of abelian-by-cyclic groups

Let Γ A denote the abelian-by-cyclic group associated to an integer-valued, non-singular matrix A. We show that if A has no eigenvalues of modulus one, then there are no faithful C 1 perturbations of the trivial action τ: Γ A → Diff 1 (M), where M is a compact manifold.
‘Double dipping’: the combined effects of social security and civil service pensions on employee retirement

We consider the retirement behavior of civilian employees of the United States government. Unlike previous studies, this investigation is based upon a data set containing fairly complete and accurate information about the Social Security and employer-provided pensions for which employees are (or ultimately will be) eligible. These data permit us to specify the financial aspects of individual retirement decisions with a reasonable degree of precision. A large fraction of civil service pensioners is eligible to receive Social Security benefits because a part of their working careers was spent in Social-Security-covered employment. The prevalence of double pension coverage among government employees has raised serious equity questions about the treatment of civil servants by Social Security, and these questions have led to various suggestions for pension reform. Partly, the reform proposals have been put forward due to the perceived unfairness of "double dipping" which arises from the double pension coverage of government employees. Our analysis finds: (1) Both the amount of a Federal pension entitlement and the expected wait until the pension commences affect the timing of retirement from the Federal service. (2) The rate of anticipated wage growth significantly affects individual decisions to remain in Federal employment. (3) Workers who are eligible to ultimately receive Social Security in some cases show a different pattern of retirement than do workers not vested in Social Security. However, our analysis does not reveal any massive shift of Federal workers into Social-Security-covered employment in order to benefit from the "tilt" in the Social Security formula.
Cyclization of 1-Bromo-2,7- and 1-Bromo-2,8-Enynes Mediated by Indium

The cyclization of 1-bromo-2,7- and 1-bromo-2,8-enynes mediated by indium in DMF produced five- and six-membered cyclic compounds. Although KI was a necessary additive in the cyclization of terminal 1-bromo-2,7-enynes to give the desired products at 25 °C, reactions of terminal 1-bromo-2,8-enynes and internal 1-bromo-2,7-enynes with indium proceeded at 100 °C in DMF without KI. After cyclizations, subsequent cross-coupling reaction and iodolysis increase the usefulness of this reaction.
Acylation of activated aromatic substrates under mild conditions with (RCO)2O/Me2S/BF3

Abstract An efficient procedure for acylation and perfluoroacylation of activated aromatic substrates under mild conditions using the system (RCO) 2 O/Me 2 S/BF 3 in CH 2 Cl 2 is described. It is believed that dimethylacylsulfonium salts, RCOSMe 2 +RCO 2 BF 3− , are the active acylating agents.
SOLITARY DOMAIN WALLS AT FIRST-ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS WITH THREE-FOLD SYMMETRY BREAKING : STATICS AND DYNAMICS

Abstract We analyze the static and dynamic properties of solitary wave solutions of nonintegrable coupled nonlinear wave equations resulting from a model Ginzburg-Landau Lagrangian describing a complex scalar field in one space and one time dimension, in the presence of three-fold phase anisotropy in the local energy density. Such a model may describe a first-order transition from a high-temperature parent phase into any of three variants. The first-order transition temperature is at the border point between two topologically different classes of domain walls, which also have different time dependence: Below the transition temperature the domain walls are of travelling type, whereas above they are oscillatory multi-soliton arrays. This model reduces to the Φ4 model for a unique temperature above (below) which the physical system can (cannot) be switched from one variant phase to another by means of soliton-antisoliton collisions. The stability properties of the stationary solitary domain walls are also investigated.
Universal Similarity in the Wakes of Stationary and Vibrating Bluff Structures

A universal wake Strouhal number, St * = f s d′/U b , has been proposed and is based upon the Strouhal frequency f s of the incident flow, the measured wake width d' at the end of the vortex formation region, and the mean velocity U b at the edge of the separated boundary layer. This universal parameter collapses the characteristic wake scales for bluff bodies onto a single curve over the entire range of subcritical and transcritical wake Reynolds numbers Re * . The pressure drag, vortex shedding frequency and base pressure are related through a dependence between St C D , the product of the Strouhal number and drag coefficient, and the base pressure parameter K. There is a general collapse of the data up to K = 2, which is the upper limit thus far for bluff body flows.