cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of successful treatment on the emotional and physiological response to carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with panic disorder.

Background A number of studies have shown that patients with panic disorder are more likely to have panic attacks during carbon dioxide inhalation than are normal comparison subjects. Some studies have shown that antipanic medications can reduce the anxiogenic response to carbon dioxide, but none have shown if this is the case for cognitive behavioral therapy or if successful treatment reduces the respiratory physiologic response to carbon dioxide. Methods Twenty-five patients with panic disorder and 13 normal comparison subjects underwent baseline testing with 5% and 7% carbon dioxide inhalation. The patients were then retested after at least 12 weeks of treatment with either antipanic medication or cognitive behavioral therapy. Comparison subjects were retested after a similar interval. Results Successful treatment resulted in lower panic rates, and reduced anxiogenic response. Treatment had no effect, however, on the respiratory physiologic response. Conclusions There is dissociation in treatment response between the subjective and objective responses to carbon dioxide inhalation in panic disorder patients, with the former but not the latter showing positive change. We hypothesize that the strengthening of higher cortical control over subcortical fear-related structures, whether via medication or cognitive behavioral therapy treatment, results in less anxiety and fear in response to provoked symptoms reminiscent of naturally occurring panic.
Computer simulation of vacancy migration in a fcc tilt boundary

Abstract Vacancy jumps in a bicrystal model of Σ = 5 (36.9°) [001] tilt boundary in aluminum have been observed at temperatures between 700 and 800 K by means of molecular dynamics simulation. Preliminary results indicated considerable structure dependence and yielded an activation energy for vacancy migration of 0.38 eV. In contrast to a previous study of vacancy migration in a bcc tilt boundary, thermal activation of a boundary interstitial by Frenkel pair production was not observed.
Identification and assessment of a small, geologically localized radon hot spot

Abstract A small, geologically localized radon hot spot known as the Rincon Shale Formation has been identified in Santa Barbara, California. Surveys which sample randomly chosen homes at the county level have failed to identify this hot spot. Stratified sampling according to geologic province identified the high radon potential region. Detailed analysis of aerial photographs show that approximately 5% of the homes in the county are affected by the hot spot. Because the outcroppings of the formation do not conform with administrative boundaries, such as county, city or postal code, identification by random sampling of the hot spot is difficult. More than 70% of homes on the hot spot are predicted to exceed 4 p Ci/L(150 Bq/m 3 ) in standardized screening tests. The indoor radon concentrations for homes on the hot spot (geometric mean 8.4 pCi/L = 310 Bq/m 3 ) are an order of magnitude greater than California levels (geometric mean 0.7 pCi/L = 26 Bq/m 3 ). Indoor radon data which diverge from the usual lognormal pattern at high magnitudes may indicate the presence of a radon-prone subpopulation. Of standard statistical measures, the geometric standard deviation is the most sensitive to the presence of a radon hot spot.
Semi-active and passive control of the phase I linear base-isolated benchmark building model

In this paper various semi-active control strategies and linear passive dampers are applied to the benchmark building model to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing response quantities of the building subject to prescribed earthquakes. These control strategies include: semi-active continuous pulse friction (SACPF) controller, semi-active discontinuous pulse friction (SADPF) controller, linear passive viscous (LPV) damper, smooth boundary layer semi-active friction (SBLSAF) controller, resetting semi-active stiffness damper (RSASD) and visco-elastic friction (VEF) damper. Both SACPF and SADPF controllers are designed by using the augmented structure-pulse filter model recently proposed. Extensive simulation results indicate that all these controllers are very effective in mitigating the base displacements. For different controllers, a reduction in the base displacement may result in an increase of other quantities, e.g. the base and superstructure shears, inter-storey drifts and floor accelerations, during some earthquakes. Average results of the performance indices J1–J5 indicate that various semi-active friction controllers, including SACPF, SADPF, SBLSAF and VEF, are most effective followed by the RSASD and the sample semi-active controller. Overall, SACPF and SADPF controllers have better capability of reducing all response quantities compared with other semi-active controllers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confirmation of improved local-regional control with altered fractionation in head and neck cancer.

It is a notable achievement for all those concerned with Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 90-03 that this four-arm clinical trial of altered fractionation has been completed successfully. It is the largest randomized trial of altered fractionation in radiotherapy alone for head and neck cancer ever conducted. Included were patients with Stage III or IV but M0 squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, or Stage II–IV carcinoma of the base of tongue or hypopharynx. The first report of the basic outcomes is published concisely and clearly in the present issue (Fu, Pajak, Trotti, et al.). Forty-five radiation oncology centers entered 1113 patients of whom 1073 were analyzable. Median follow-up was 41 months for patients alive, and a minimum of 23 months for all, which has been shown to be adequate for estimating long-term local-regional control (LRC) in head and neck cancer. The four arms have generated interest for some years:
Modular Arithmetic Analyses for RSA Cryptosystem

In many consumer electronics computation problem, the modular exponentiation is a common operation for scrambling secret data and is used by several public-key cryptosystems, such as the RSA method. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed, which combines binary exponentiation method, the common-multiplicand multiplication (CMM) method, and the signed-digit recoding (SDR) method for fast modular exponentiation consumer electronics application.
Sacral chordoma with unusual posterior radiographic presentation

Chordoma is a malignant neoplasm believed to arise from notochordal remnants. It is most often found in the midline of the sacrococcygeal region (50%), skull base (35%), and the mobile spine (15%). When present in the sacral region, chordomas most often grow anteriorly. We present an unusual case of sacral chordoma with posterior extension.
MICROHETEROGENEITY OF BRAIN CYTOPLASMIC AND SYNAPTOPLASMIC ACTINS

— Actin present in whole rat brain cytoplasm and in synaptosomes was purified by DNase I affinity chromatography. By use of two-dimensional gels and one-dimensional isoelectric focusing gels, brain actin was shown to be composed of two isomeric forms. By comparison with muscle actins, brain actins were identified as the β and γ isomers. Muscle type α actin is not present in brain. Synaptosomal protein with high affinity for DNase I is primarily composed of β and γ actin, however, two minor synaptosomal proteins, S1 and S2, with similar DNase I affinity were also isolated. S11 and S2 have the same apparent molecular weight as whole brain actin, are more acidic than the major actin forms and are distinct from a actin. Relative to β and γ actin, the content of S1 and S2 is 3-fOld greater in synaptosomes when compared to similar non-synaptosomal species. The results demonstrate heterogeneity of brain actins and compartmentalization of brain proteins with high affinity for DNase I at the synapse. It was also shown that tubulin has selective affinity for the DNase I-actin complex.
Interaction of talin with actin: sensitive modulation of filament crosslinking activity

Talin is an adhesion plaque protein believed important in linking actin filaments to the plasma membrane. The nature of a direct talin-actin interaction, however, is complex and has remained unclear. We have systematically characterized the effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and protein molar ratio on the interaction between highly purified talin and actin. The ability of talin to increase viscosity of F-actin at 25 degrees C and low ionic strength increased with decreasing pH from 7.3 to 6.4 and increasing molar ratio of talin to actin. At pH 6.4 and low ionic strength, talin could extensively crosslink actin filaments into ordered bundles as shown by negative staining and could cosediment with F-actin at molar ratios as high as one talin to two actin monomers. Talin crosslinked prepolymerized actin filaments to a similar extent as actin filaments polymerized in its presence. The 190-kDa calpain-generated proteolytic fragment of talin bound poorly to actin under conditions favorable for intact talin, but was able to crosslink actin filaments at a lower pH. Increasing the ionic strength within a relatively narrow range significantly decreased ability of talin to bind to actin, regardless of pH. The effects of pH and ionic strength on the talin-actin interaction were rapid and reversible. Low-shear-viscosity studies revealed a strong temperature dependence in the talin-actin interaction with significant crosslinking activity at physiological-like ionic conditions and temperature (37 degrees C). Our results consistently demonstrated that talin crosslinks actin filaments and that this direct interaction is highly sensitive to, and dependent upon, ionic conditions and temperature.
Levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny

Molecular data are widely used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species, and these phylogenies are often used as the basis for inferences about the history of evolutionary change in other nonmolecular characters. This approach is an appropriate and powerful one in many circumstances. But when several lineages diverge over a relatively short period of time, the assumption that a molecular (gene) tree will always be a valid basis for such inferences may not hold. Empirical evidence from humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals indicates that the relationships among molecular divergence, morphological differentiation, and the origin of reproductive isolation between diverging lineages are complex. The simple dichotomously branching trees that result from molecular systematic studies of Homo, Gorilla, and Pan may be a misleading basis for reconstructions of evolutionary change in nonmolecular characters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluoxetine increases norepinephrine release in rat hypothalamus as measured by tissue levels of MHPG-SO4 and microdialysis in conscious rats.

The selective serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (10mg/kg i.p.) increased tissue levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) in rat hypothalamus, indicating an increased release of norepinephrine. Microdialysis studies in conscious rats showed that fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the hypothalamus. In contrast, desipramine (10mg/kg i.p.) increased extracellular concentration of norepinephrine but not serotonin in the hypothalamus. Consistent with its mechanism of being a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, local perfusion of fluoxetine (10μM) caused a 7-fold increase in hypothalamic extracellular serotonin and a small non-significant increase in extracellular norepinephrine. The subsequent systemic injection of fluoxetine (10mg/kg s.c.) after local perfusion caused a 3-fold increase in extracellular norepinephrine, indicating that fluoxetine's action leading to an increase in extracellular norepinephrine was not occurring in the terminal areas of the hypothalamus but elsewhere in the brain, possibly cell bodies in the locus coeruleus.
Diphenhydramine as an adjunct to sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study

Diphenhydramine as an adjunct to sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study
Probing ligand effects on the redox energies of [4Fe-4S] clusters using broken-symmetry density functional theory.

A central issue in understanding redox properties of iron−sulfur proteins is determining the factors that tune the reduction potentials of the Fe−S clusters. Recently, Solomon and coworkers have shown that the Fe−S bond covalency of protein analogs measured by %L, the percent ligand character of the Fe 3d orbitals, from ligand K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) correlates with the electrochemical redox potentials. Also, Wang and coworkers have measured electron detachment energies for iron−sulfur clusters without environmental perturbations by gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). Here the correlations of the ligand character with redox energy and %L character are examined in [Fe4S4L4]2− clusters with different ligands by broken symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) calculations using the B3LYP functional together with PES and XAS experimental results. These gas-phase studies assess ligand effects independently of environmental perturbations and thus provide essential information for c...
A low-frequency variant at 8q24.21 is strongly associated with risk of oligodendroglial tumors and astrocytomas with IDH1 or IDH2 mutation

Robert Jenkins and colleagues report fine mapping of the glioma risk region at 8q24.21. They identify a new low-frequency variant in the region that is strongly associated with risk of oligodendroglial tumors and astrocytomas with IDH1 or IDH2 mutation.
Radiation-associated cerebral blindness

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a case of blindness caused by a white-matter injury after whole brain irradiation for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: Case report. We performed comprehensive serial neuro-ophthalmologic examinations. RESULTS: Four to 5 months after resection of renal cell metastasis in the left occipital cortex, interleukin-2 therapy, and whole brain irradiation with 3,000 cGy plus a 1,500-cGy boost to the posterior third of the brain, the patient developed a progressive decline in visual acuity in both eyes to hand motions. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed signal abnormalities without mass effect in the white matter of the parietal and occipital lobes bilaterally, including the optic radiations. CONCLUSION: This case is a unique example of cortical blindness secondary to radiation injury in the occipital lobes and optic radiations.
Progress in the study of optical and related properties of SiC since 1992

Abstract A selected review is given of some of the advances made in the understanding of the optical and related properties of SiC during the years 1992–1996. Areas which are briefly covered are ultraviolet reflectivity and band structure, phonon replicas and the positions in k -space of the conduction band minima, cyclotron resonance and effective masses, pressure dependence of the electronic energy gap, electronic Raman scattering in heavily doped SiC, acceptors and donors, transition metals, thermoluminescence, porous SiC, and erbium-implanted 3C, 4H, 6H and 15R SiC.
Magnetic World: The Historiography of an Inherently Complex Science, Geomagnetism, in The 20th Century

The 20th century witnessed a succession of remarkable developments in the history of geomagnetic research. After 1900, geomagnetic researchers increased their activity as they adopted theories by C. F. Gauss and J. C. Maxwell and developed means to bridge the gulf between these theories and masses of data of global phenomena. This paper outlines three main streams in 20th-century geomagnetic research: investigations of processes deep inside the Earth that produce the main geomagnetic field, examinations of crustal magnetism, and research into processes on the edge of space, where Earth's magnetic field interacts with the interplanetary environment. This discussion places these research streams in the historiographic context of disciplinary specialization and transformation. In the early 20th century, geomagnetic researchers thought of their domain as all of Earth's magnetic and electric phenomena. In mid-century, however, many researchers began to narrow their gaze to one problem area or another. This specialization contributed to a period of dramatic developments in the latter half of the century: geodynamo theory, paleomagnetic evidence of plate tectonics, computer modeling of magnetic reversals, and discovery of the solar wind, radiation belts, and magnetic substorms. But there was more to this period than simple specialization. As researchers gradually shifted their research programs, their methods, instruments, and theories moved from one program to another, researchers sometimes going with them. Chameleons and opportunists frequently left one research program for another, more promising one. This paper closes with a discussion of the possibility of "re-connection" among these specializations, as researchers have begun once again to communicate across inter-field lines.
Clostridium difficile infection after lung transplantation: are we really doing everything possible?

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is now the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea in the hospitalized population (1% to 2%). The change in epidemiology of CDI has been dramatic in recent years with an increasing incidence and severity in several countries according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)—in fact, the CDC has described CDI as a “global health challenge.” Over the past decade, solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTr) have been identified as a high-risk group. The incidence of CDI in SOTr ranges from 2% to 30%, depending on the organ type, with the greatest incidence in lung transplant recipients (LTr; 7% to 31%). An alarmingly high associated mortality of CDI in LTr (odds ratio 3.02, 95% confidence interval 2.71 to 3.36, p o 0.001) was demonstrated using multivariable regression analysis in a multi-institutional database of 449,000 SOTr with a 2.7% incidence of CDI. Gunderson and colleagues linked early CDI with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in a single-center study; however, other outcome data, specifically in LTr with CDI, are currently lacking. After transplantation, diarrhea is a common non-specific symptom that can be caused by various etiologies, including medications and infection. If CDI is the cause, rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by prompt initiation of effective infection control and treatment measures is paramount to its eradication in LTr. In this issue of the journal, Lee and colleagues report on the impact of CDI on LTr in the largest single-center analysis to date. Again, an alarmingly high mortality was found to be associated with CDI in LTr in their study. Mortality correlated with early (o6 months) and late (46 months) CDI. The entire LTr cohort received prophylactic antibiotics, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and immunosuppression as common denomi-
Electrical transport measurements under pressure for BaFe2As2 compounds doped with Co, Cr, or Sn

We investigate the in-plane resistivity of single crystalline samples of Ba(Fe1 − xCox)2As2 (x = 0.038, 0.047, 0.074, 0.1 and 0.114), Ba(Fe0.973Cr0.027)2As2 and slightly tin-doped BaFe2As2 under various pressures up to 7.5 GPa, in order to establish temperature–pressure, T(P), phase diagrams and to compare the influence of pressure and doping on superconductivity. At ambient pressure, cobalt doping is known to lead to a decrease in the combined magnetic and structural transition temperature T0. Likewise, an increase of pressure tends to have the same effect for Ba(Fe1 − xCox)2As2 for the various values of x. As was seen in the T(P) phase diagram of BaFe2As2, a superconducting dome is observed for Ba(Fe1 − xCox)2As2 samples with the dome shifted to lower temperatures and pressures with increased cobalt doping levels. A very different behaviour is noticed for Ba(Fe0.973Cr0.027)2As2 and the slightly tin-doped BaFe2As2 with the decrease of T0 being close to linear down to 2 K, and no obvious sign of superconductivity in the pressure range investigated.
Compendium of redundancy removal processes

Redundancy removal processes, classification and nomenclature compared by plotting compression ratio vs rms error and stressing ZVA process
Endobronchial brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma

Abstract Local recurrence of lung cancer after high dose irradiation poses a difficult management problem. Three patients have been treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center and Veterans Administration Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky with a combination of low dose external irradiation and endobronchial brachytherapy with satisfactory palliative results. Simple techniques for transbronchoscopic implantation or insertion of afterloading tubes are described.
Memory retrieval in noise and psychophysiological response in the young and old.

Both noise and aging induce changes in memory performance that have been attributed to physiological overarousal. The aim of the current experiment was to examine variation in performance due to noise and aging and to determine if this variation was related to variation in general arousal or, alternatively, to changes in processes specifically required by memory retrieval. The cardiovascular responses of young and old men (n=30) were compared during a memory retrieval task performed in acoustic noise. Noise (90dBA) and old age independently increased the number of associatively cued recall errors relative to orthographically cued recall errors. Despite the change in errors, changes in general arousal were not observed in response to noise in either young or old volunteers. The task sequence induced consistent cardiac and vascular responses which were related to attention and rehearsal requirements, and also to performance. This suggests that task processing induces supportive physiological changes rather than that physiological change (arousal) constrains performance. Noise and age may alter physiological change independently by altering task processing and requirements for physiological support.
Composites of Bubble Encapsulated Silver or Gold Spheres in Oxide Glasses

Bubble-encapsulated silver or gold spheres ranging in size from less than 1 to about 500 μm in diameter can be prepared in quenched oxide glasses. High metal concentrations (> 1% Ag2O, Au2O3, etc. equivalent), imperfect batch mixing and melting procedures, and melt viscosities between 10 and 5000 poise, all favour metal sphere formation over either complete agglomeration or colloidal dispersion. The release of the latent heat of fusion when the metal freezes can, apparently, expand either small amounts of residual gases or the small void created by metal solidification to form a bubble. Rapid quenching appears to freeze the bubble. In contrast, subsequent slow cooling below the melting point of the metal may allow each bubble to collapse around its sphere.
Hysteria as feminist protest: Dora, Cixous, Acker

(1994). Hysteria as feminist protest: Dora, Cixous, Acker. Women's Studies: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 231-255.
Ethics Content in Introductory Accounting Textbooks: An Analysis and Review

Abstract In 1992 the AECC stated that students in introductory accounting should acquire an understanding of the importance of ethics. However, a majority of accounting educators (McNair & Milam, 1993) identified “a lack of teaching materials” as a major obstacle to integrating ethics in undergraduate accounting instruction. In this study, we investigated the extent of ethics coverage, in the form of discussion and provision of related assignments, in 24 introductory accounting textbooks. Our results show significant variation in ethics content among the texts, but that some are available that provide substantial coverage of ethics. These data should enable accounting educators to make more informed textbook adoption decisions.
The effect of matrix microstructure on cyclic response and fatigue behavior of particle-reinforced 2219 aluminum: Part II. Behavior at 150 °C

The 150 °C cyclic response of peak-aged and overaged 2219/TiC/15p and 2219 Al was examined using fully reversed plastic strain-controlled testing. The cyclic response of peak-aged and overaged particle-reinforced materials showed extensive cyclic softening. This softening began at the commencement of cycling and continued until failure. At a plastic strain below 5 × 103, the unreinforced materials did not show evidence of cyclic softening until approximately 30 pct of the life was consumed. In addition, the degree of cyclic softening (†σ) was significantly lower in the unreinforced microstructures. The cyclic softening in both reinforced and unreinforced materials was attributed to the decomposition of the θ′ strengthening precipitates. The extent of the precipitate decomposition was much greater in the composite materials due to the increased levels of local plastic strain in the matrix caused by constrained deformation near the TiC particles.
Dilated cardiomyopathy with increased SR Ca2+ loading preceded by a hypercontractile state and diastolic failure in the α1CTG mouse

Mice over-expressing the α1−subunit (pore) of the L-type Ca2+ channel (α1CTG) by 4months (mo) of age exhibit an enlarged heart, hypertrophied myocytes, increased Ca2+ current and Ca2+ transient amplitude, but a normal SR Ca2+ load. With advancing age (8–11 mo), some mice demonstrate advanced hypertrophy but are not in congestive heart failure (NFTG), while others evolve to frank dilated congestive heart failure (FTG). We demonstrate that older NFTG myocytes exhibit a hypercontractile state over a wide range of stimulation frequencies, but maintain a normal SR Ca2+ load compared to age matched non-transgenic (NTG) myocytes. However, at high stimulation rates (2–4 Hz) signs of diastolic contractile failure appear in NFTG cells. The evolution of frank congestive failure in FTG is accompanied by a further increase in heart mass and myocyte size, and phospholamban and ryanodine receptor protein levels and phosphorylation become reduced. In FTG, the SR Ca2+ load increases and Ca2+ release following excitation, increases further. An enhanced NCX function in FTG, as reflected by an accelerated relaxation of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient, is insufficient to maintain a normal diastolic Ca2+ during high rates of stimulation. Although a high SR Ca2+ release following excitation is maintained, the hypercontractile state is not maintained at high rates of stimulation, and signs of both systolic and diastolic contractile failure appear. Thus, the dilated cardiomyopathy that evolves in this mouse model exhibits signs of both systolic and diastolic failure, but not a deficient SR Ca2+ loading or release, as occurs in some other cardiomyopathic models.
Electric dichroism studies: Interaction of trifluoroacetic acid with poly(gamma;‐benzyl L‐glutamate)

Electric dichroism studies on poly(γ-benxyl L-glutamate) show that the addition of small amounts (up to 5%) of trifluoroacetic acid causes complete disappearance of dichroism in contrast to the electric birefringence, which drops to an observable plateau at 20% of its initial value. This loss of dichroism cannot be explained simply by a decrease in the effective dipole moment of the benzyl ester side chains, and the nature of this interaction is explored by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectral studies. Theories of the helix-coil transition which require an initial protonation of the helix backbone to form a more flexible rod consisting of helical segments interrupted by regions of random coil are shown to be inadequate to describe the changes in poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) effected by small amounts of trifluoroacetic acid. Rather, trifluoroacetic acid in small amounts interacts with the ester carbonyl oxygen in the side chain, either by hydrogen bonding or protonation, before there is evidence of any effect on the backbone or of loss of helix content.
Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a nondrug reinforcer in rats

Nine groups of rats self-administered intravenously-delivered cocaine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) during 24-h sessions contingent upon lever-press responses under a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule. Three other groups of rats responded on tongue-operated drinking devices for deliveries (0.01 ml) of a solution of glucose and saccharin (G+S). There were an additional three groups that initially self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg), and later saline replaced cocaine and extinction behavior was allowed to stabilize. All 15 groups of rats were injected twice daily for 5 days with one of three doses of buprenorphine (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg). Buprenorphine decreased cocaine self-administration, but the effect of the highest dose was only slightly greater than that of the lowest dose tested. Cocaine infusions were reduced on the first day of treatment, but they increased over the next 4 days of buprenorphine injections. Buprenorphine decreased G+S intake during the last 2 or 3 days of injections. When buprenorphine treatment was terminated, G+S intake decreased even further. These lower rates of intake persisted for at least 5 days, and they returned to baseline by 2 weeks. Saline self-administration was decreased by buprenorphine in all saline extinction groups. Food intake was not altered by buprenorphine in the groups self-administering IV cocaine or saline; however, food intake was reduced in the G+S groups. Water intake increased during buprenorphine treatment in some of the cocaine groups but not in the G+S groups. Responding on the inactive lever was not altered by buprenorphine during cocaine or G+S self-administration, but it decreased in the saline extinction group. These data indicate that buprenorphine is effective in reducing cocaine reinforced behavior, but it also produced decrements in behavior rewarded by nondrug substances.
Herbicidal effects on water uptake of seeds of selected weed species.

Seeds of yellow foxtail, johnsongrass, pigweed and quackgrass were investigated to determine the effects of certain herbicides on water uptake by these species. Seeds of johnsongrass showed slight increase in water uptake over the 20-h period when treated with 1, 5, 10, and 500 mg/1 of 2,4-D. Tordon caused a most pronounced increase in water uptake at 0.1 and 1 mg/l as compared with the controls. Johnsongrass gave indications of either increases or decreases in water uptake when treated with herbicides during the 20-h period, but showed no effects during the 10-h period. Dormant seeds of yellow foxtail indicated an enhancement in water uptake at all 2,4-D concentrations during the 20 h period. The effects which the different herbicides had upon the uptake of water in yellow foxtail seeds seemed to be directly proportional to increase in imbibition time. In all cases, more water was imbibed after 20 h over that observed at 10 h. During the 10-h imbibition period, pigweed seeds treated with 2,4-D was noted to have a slight stimulating effect on water uptake at all concentrations employed except 5 mg/l, which indicated a depressing effect. It was also observed that 2,4-D caused a significant stimulating effect on water uptake of pigweed seeds over the 20-h period as compared with the controls. A stimulation in the total quantity of water imbibed after 20 h was noted at dacthal concentrations below 100 mg/l whereas at the 500 mg/l, a slight depression in water imbibition was observed. At dalapon concentrations of 1 to 100 mg/l, a marked stimulation in total water imbibed by quackgrass seeds was shown during the 10-h period.
Response of cells to inhibition of synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein☆

Abstract Fundamental to our eventual understanding of the cellular biochemistry of disease is a knowledge of how different cells react to discrete and selected biochemical lesions. This presentation is restricted to an analysis of the response patterns of some cells in the intact animal to the inhibition of the synthesis of three major macromolecules —protein, RNA and DNA. Proliferating cells respond to inhibition of protein synthesis by interruption of the cell cycle early in the G-2 phase, resulting in complete disappearance of all mitotic figures without cell death. In the liver, the major superficial response is accumulation of triglyceride (fatty liver) due to the interference, with the triglyceride-secretory function of the liver. Two patterns of response to inhibition of RNA synthesis have been observed—a rapid dissociation of nucleolar components, with a slower disaggregation of free polysomes (liver) due to inhibitors that interact primarily with DNA and a progressive fragmentation of the nucleolus with wide scattering of fragments in the nucleus, seen with inhibitors that do not act via DNA. It is considered that the first pattern may be the result of a triggering of RNA breakdown. It is generally considered that interference with DNA synthesis leads to cell death. However, recent evidence indicates that protein synthesis is essential for cell damage induced by DNA inhibitors, thus suggesting that the relation between DNA and cell death is an indirect one.
Principles of surgical technique in the treatment of carcinoma of the large bowel

The principles of surgical technique for the operative management of colon cancer are described. With the background of the evolution of anastomotic alternatives, the methods for reestablishing intestinal continuity and the approach to the treatment of complicated presentations of colonic cancer are reviewed. While one may construe this paper to have a certain author bias, I have tried to present diverse options where pertinent, but there should be little question as to where my opinion lies.
LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE DIABETIC RAT MODEL-A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS

As the initial step in a study to investigate the interactions of gonadal steroids and free radicals on diabetic complications we compared methods for the measurement of MDA in plasma of control and diabetic rats. We compared the method of HPLC with fluorimetric detection(Annals Clinical Biochemistry 28 : 504. 1991)with fluorimetric determination of malondialdehyde using diethylthiobarbituric acid (DETBA)(Clinical Chemistry 37:1273, 1991). This method has been reported as being more sensitive and specific than previous MDA assays and less cumbersome that HPLC techniques. Five week old previously castrated Sprague Dawley rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin. At 30 days tail vein bleeds were done for HBAIC and plasma MDA(measured by HPLC and DETBA methods). The results are as follows (mean±SD, *p<.005, **p<0.03, ***p<0.001):
BEDVH-A method for evaluating biologically effective dose volume histograms: application to eye plaque brachytherapy implants.

Purpose: A method is introduced to examine the influence of implant durationT, radionuclide, and radiobiological parameters on the biologically effective dose (BED) throughout the entire volume of regions of interest for episcleral brachytherapy using available radionuclides. This method is employed to evaluate a particular eye plaque brachytherapy implant in a radiobiological context. Methods: A reference eye geometry and 16 mm COMS eye plaque loaded with103Pd, 125I, or 131Cs sources were examined with dose distributions accounting for plaque heterogeneities. For a standardized 7 day implant, doses to 90% of the tumor volume ( TUMOR D 90 ) and 10% of the organ at risk volumes ( OAR D 10 ) were calculated. The BED equation from Dale and Jones and published α / β and μ parameters were incorporated with dose volume histograms (DVHs) for various T values such as T = 7 days (i.e., TUMOR 7 BED 10 and OAR 7 BED 10 ). By calculating BED throughout the volumes, biologically effective dose volume histograms (BEDVHs) were developed for tumor and OARs. Influence of T, radionuclide choice, and radiobiological parameters on TUMOR BEDVH and OAR BEDVH were examined. The nominal dose was scaled for shorter implants to achieve biological equivalence. Results: TUMOR D 90 values were 102, 112, and 110 Gy for 103Pd, 125I, and 131Cs, respectively. Corresponding TUMOR 7 BED 10 values were 124, 140, and 138 Gy, respectively. As T decreased from 7 to 0.01 days, the isobiologically effective prescription dose decreased by a factor of three. As expected, TUMOR 7 BEDVH did not significantly change as a function of radionuclide half-life but varied by 10% due to radionuclide dose distribution. Variations in reported radiobiological parameters caused TUMOR 7 BED 10 to deviate by up to 46%. Over the range of α OAR / β values, OAR 7 BED 10 varied by up to 41%, 3.1%, and 1.4% for the lens, optic nerve, and lacrimal gland, respectively. Conclusions: BEDVH permits evaluation of the relative biological effectiveness for brachytherapy implants. For eye plaques, TUMOR BEDVH and OAR BEDVH were sensitive to implant duration, which may be manipulated to affect outcomes.
DOWN-REGULATION OF JUVENILE HORMONE ESTERASE AND ARYLPHORIN PRODUCTION IN HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS LARVAE PARASITIZED BY MICROPLITIS CROCEIPES

Previous studies have shown that juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) activity and arylphorin titer were dramatically reduced in the hemolymph of Heliothis virescens larvae parasitized by Microplitis croceipes. Similar changes were observed in calyx fluid-injected or tetratocyte-injected larvae. In this study, we showed that the mRNA levels of both JHE and arylphorin transcripts were reduced significantly in fat body of parasitized larvae compared to those in nonparasitized larvae. The reduction of mRNA level appears to be fat body-specific, because no reduction of arylphorin mRNA level was observed in testes of the same parasitized larvae. Significantly, the mRNA levels of JHE and arylphorin in calyx fluid-injected or teratocyte-injected larvae were not different from those in control larvae, although the activity of JHE and the protein level of arylphorin were substantially lower in the treated larvae. Thus, our data suggest that both suppressed transcription of JHE- and arylphorin-encoding genes and post-transcriptional/translational modification(s) of JHE and arylphorin mRNAs or proteins may be involved in the reduction of JHE and arylphorin levels in parasitized H. virescens larvae. Calyx fluid and teratocytes may negatively regulate JHE and arylphorin levels via a transcriptional/translational mechanism. The factor(s) responsible for the reduction of JHE and arylphorin transcript levels by parasitization appears to be distinct from those induced by injection of calyx fluid or teratocytes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A method of predicting boiling pressure drop for alkali metals

Boiling pressure drop prediction for alkali metal bodies using correlation described by Stone and Damman
An analysis of social style among disparate cultures

Using the Assertiveness‐Responsiveness Measure, scores of Finnish, Japanese, Korean, and American university students were compared. The American scores indicated that they were significantly more assertive than were the participants from the other cultures. The Korean men scored as more responsive than the other men, the American men more assertive, and the American women as more responsive than any of the men and women.
Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction Procedure for Detection of Chicken and Turkey Parvoviruses

Comparative sequence analysis of six independent chicken and turkey parvovirus nonstructural (NS) genes revealed specific genomic regions with 100% nucleotide sequence identity. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with primers targeting these conserved genome sequences proved to be highly specific and sensitive to detecting parvoviruses in experimentally infected chickens. In a nationwide survey, a total of 138 field enteric samples from poultry flocks were tested by PCR for parvovirus presence. Of the tested chicken samples that were collected in 54 farms, 77% showed the presence of parvovirus, while 78% of the turkey samples that were received from 29 farms were parvovirus positive. For the first time, our data clearly demonstrate that parvoviruses are widely distributed in commercial poultry flocks in the United States. The high prevalence of parvovirus infection in birds from enteric disease-affected flocks suggests a potential role of these viruses in the etiology of enteric disease of poultry. Phylogenetic analyses comparing NS gene segments showed that most of the chicken and turkey parvovirus isolates formed separate phylogenetic groups. These findings suggest that the chicken and turkey parvoviruses might have diverged from a common ancestor and have subsequently undergone host-specific adaptation.
Three-way alternating least squares using three-dimensional tensors in MATLAB®

Abstract This paper describes an improved three-way alternating least-squares multivariate curve resolution algorithm that makes use of the recently introduced multi-dimensional arrays of MATLAB®. Multi-dimensional arrays allow for a convenient way to apply chemically sound constraints, such as closure, in the third dimension. The program is designed for kinetic studies on liquid chromatography with diode array detection but can be used for other three-way data analysis. The program is tested with a large number of synthetic data sets and its flexibility is demonstrated, especially when non-trilinear data sets are fit. In this case, the algorithm finds a solution with a better fit than direct trilinear decomposition (DTD). When trilinear data are used, the optimal fit is not as good as when a direct decomposition method is used. Most real data sets, however, have some degree of non-trilinearity. This makes this method a better choice to analyze non-trilinear, three-way data than direct trilinear decomposition.
Comparison of laparoscopic and open gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Abstract Background The role of minimally invasive gastrectomy in the treatment of gastric cancer is not well defined. The aim of the current study was to compare the operative outcomes and adequacy of resection of laparoscopic gastrectomy compared to open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods The clinical course of 15 consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive gastrectomy or esophagogastrectomy for gastric cancer were compared with that of 21 patients who underwent open gastrectomy. Main outcome measures included operative time, blood loss, length of stay, morbidity, 30-day mortality, and adequacy of lymphadenectomy and resection margins. Results There was no conversion to laparotomy in the laparoscopic group. Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (138 mL vs. 357 mL). There was no significant differences in the mean operative time (244 vs. 241 min.), transfusion rate (6% vs. 29%), median length of stay (6 vs. 7 days), morbidity (7% vs. 24%), or number of lymph nodes harvested (15 vs. 14 nodes) between the 2 groups. Resection margins were negative in all patients. There were no leaks and the 30-day mortality was 0 in both groups. Anastomotic strictures were higher in the laparoscopic patients. Conclusion Laparoscopic gastrectomy is feasible and can be performed safely with adequate lymphadenectomy compared with open gastrectomy.
Warm Body Temperature Facilitates Energy Efficient Cortical Action Potentials

The energy efficiency of neural signal transmission is important not only as a limiting factor in brain architecture, but it also influences the interpretation of functional brain imaging signals. Action potential generation in mammalian, versus invertebrate, axons is remarkably energy efficient. Here we demonstrate that this increase in energy efficiency is due largely to a warmer body temperature. Increases in temperature result in an exponential increase in energy efficiency for single action potentials by increasing the rate of Na(+) channel inactivation, resulting in a marked reduction in overlap of the inward Na(+), and outward K(+), currents and a shortening of action potential duration. This increase in single spike efficiency is, however, counterbalanced by a temperature-dependent decrease in the amplitude and duration of the spike afterhyperpolarization, resulting in a nonlinear increase in the spike firing rate, particularly at temperatures above approximately 35°C. Interestingly, the total energy cost, as measured by the multiplication of total Na(+) entry per spike and average firing rate in response to a constant input, reaches a global minimum between 37-42°C. Our results indicate that increases in temperature result in an unexpected increase in energy efficiency, especially near normal body temperature, thus allowing the brain to utilize an energy efficient neural code.
Oxidation of DNA Hairpins by Oxoruthenium(IV): Effects of Sterics and Secondary Structure

The effects of steric hindrance on the oxidation of DNA by polypyridyl oxoruthenium(IV) complexes have been investigated. The complexes oxidize DNA by activation either of the 1‘ ribose C−H bond or by oxo transfer to the guanine nucleobase. A method is presented for determining the relative rates of activation of individual sites from the dependence of the extent of cleavage on the oxidant concentration. This analysis shows that hybridization of the labeled strand to its complement attenuates the rate of oxidation of guanine more effectively than the rate of sugar oxidation. Accordingly, higher ratios of guanine/sugar oxidation are observed in single strands. Among the individual guanine residues, however, the relative reactivities are not altered by hybridization; a similar result is obtained for sugar oxidation. This result implies that sequence-dependent chemical reactivity is partly responsible for the different extents of cleavage observed within the sequence. The ability of hybridization to protect ...
Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Light-Harvesting Arrays from symmetric Perylene-3, 4-dicarboximide Trefoils

Unlike the widely studied perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) dyes, self-assembly of the corresponding perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (PMI) dyes into large arrays and studies of their excited state properties have received far less attention. Two symmetric PMI trefoils were synthesized by connecting the 9-position of the perylene core either directly (1) or through a phenylene linker (2) to the 1,3,5-positions of a central benzene ring. Synchrotron-based small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements in methylcyclohexane show that trefoil 1 self-assembles into cofacial trimers (13) on average, while trefoil 2 forms much larger assemblies that are tridecamers (213) on average. Their photophysics were characterized using steady-state as well as transient absorption and emission spectroscopy. Time-resolved spectroscopy reveals that both 13 and 213 initially form excitonically coupled excited states that subsequently relax to excimer states having 20 and 8.4 ns lifetimes, respectively, which decay to ground-state primarily nonradiatively. The data are consistent with stronger electronic coupling between the PMI molecules in 213 relative to 13.
A completely classical photoelectric effect

Completely classical analysis of the strong-field two-electron photoelectric effect, or non-sequential double ionization (NSDI), gives surprisingly full reproduction of major experimental points. We find that tunnelling is not required for NSDI and that relative phasings of ejected electron jitter motions are intuitively related to ion recoil momentum.
Some Possible Explanations of Sex Differences in Language Development and Disorders

(1953). Some Possible Explanations of Sex Differences in Language Development and Disorders. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 155-160.