cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transatlantic retailing: The Franco‐Mexican business model of fin‐de‐siècle department stores in Mexico City

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the origins and the business model of department stores in Mexico between 1891 and 1910. Design/methodology/approach – Primary and secondary source material support an historical and comparative study of retailing and marketing evolution in a market on the global periphery. Findings – This paper finds that Mexico's vanguard position in establishing the first purpose‐built department stores in Latin America is closely linked to the strong presence of an immigrant entrepreneurial class from the Barcelonnette region of France in the retailing and textile manufacturing sectors. Mexican department stores followed Parisian models, policies, and innovations closely, yet accommodated local customs and conditions. The stores served as showcases for the success of the national government's economic and cultural modernization program and as cultural primers for Mexican consumers. Originality/value – Scholarly work on department stores, consumerism, and the influential French community in Mexico is extremely limited, especially so in English. This is the first work that brings these together and analyzes them within – and in relation to – the context of Mexico's rapid modernization during the era of President Porfirio Diaz from 1876 to 1911. It also undermines the notion that the USA is the first and most influential foreign influence on modern Mexican consumer culture.
The presence of an event in the narrated situation affects its availability to the comprehender.

Narrative descriptions of events often depart from how these events would have occurred in “real time.” For example, narratives often contain time shifts in which events that are irrelevant to the plot are omitted. Zwaan (1996) has shown that these time shifts may affect on-line comprehension. Specifically, they are associated with increases in processing load and a deactivation of previous information. The experiments in the present article show that the situation is more complex. Specifically, there is only a deactivation of previous events if they are not assumed to be ongoing after a time shift. Furthermore, explicit discontinuations of events, as inhe stopped walking also lead to deactivations when compared with explicit continuations and resumptions.
Salinity tolerance of the tidepool shrimp palaemon ritteri holmes

Abstract 1. The lower incipient lethal salinity for non-moulting Palaemon ritteri is 10% at 20°C. 2. The upper incipient lethal salinity for non-moulting P. ritteri is 47·5% at 20°C. 3. Recently moulted P. ritteri are unable to tolerate salinities of 15, 20 or 40%. 4. Present salinities in some coastal environments of the northern Gulf of California are close to the upper lethal salinity for moulting P. ritteri. 5. Brine effluents from a proposed nuclear desalting plant may cause local salinity conditions in excess of the upper incipient lethal salinity for P. ritteri.
An analytical and experimental investigation of high-pressure catalytic steam reforming of ethanol in a hydrogen selective membrane reactor

Abstract The objective of this work was to explore the benefits of high-pressure steam reforming of ethanol for the production of hydrogen needed to refuel the high-pressure tanks of fuel cell (polymer electrolyte) vehicles. This paper reports on the potential efficiency benefits and challenges of pressurized reforming and options for dealing with the challenges; it reports the results from experiments in a micro-reactor, followed by a modeling study of the reactor to project the dependence of the hydrogen yields on process parameters. The experiments were conducted in the range of approximately 7–70 atm, 600–750 °C, steam-to-carbon molar ratios of 3–12, and gas hourly space velocities of 8500–83,000 per hour. By placing a hydrogen-transporting palladium-alloy membrane within the catalyst zone, this study quantified the beneficial effect of hydrogen extraction from the reforming zone. The model was used to explore the parameter space to define the reactor and conditions that would be needed to approach the efficiency targets for distributed hydrogen production plants. The results indicate that the tested catalyst was sufficiently active, and the hydrogen yield achieved with the experimental membrane reactor was limited by the low hydrogen flux of the tested membrane. The reactor model predicts that a membrane with at least 20 times higher flux than currently evaluated would be sufficient to generate hydrogen yields to match efficiency targets of 72%.
Ovarian function after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata: assessment with use of serum follicle stimulating hormone assay.

PURPOSE To determine if uterine artery embolization (UAE) for leiomyomata causes a change in ovarian function as measured by serial basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-three patients undergoing UAE for symptomatic leiomyomata had blood samples obtained on day 3 of a menstrual cycle before UAE and on day 3 during menstrual cycles 3 and 6 months after treatment. Analysis of variance was used to detect differences in FSH levels among age groups at each interval. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine if individual mean change occurred for the group as a whole and for each age group. Onset of new menopausal symptoms was compared between groups with use of the x 2 test. RESULTS There was no significant change in basal FSH levels for the group as a whole ( P = .16), but there was a statistically significant difference when age groups were compared ( P = .03). Individual change of >2 SD from baseline mean FSH level occurred at 6 months in seven patients, all 45–50 years of age. Four of these patients (15% of patients over age 44) had FSH levels increase to more than 20 IU/L. x 2 analysis did not reveal any difference among the groups studied in the onset of menopausal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Most patients had no change in ovarian function as measured by basal FSH after UAE. For patients aged 45 or older, there is approximately a 15% chance of an increase in basal FSH into the perimenopausal range.
Release of daptomycin from polymethylmethacrylate beads in a continuous flow chamber

Because daptomycin is active against Gram-positive cocci, it may be useful in the treatment and prevention of bone and joint infections when incorporated into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The release kinetics of daptomycin from PMMA were studied in a continuous flow chamber designed to simulate in vivo conditions. Three-millimeter beads containing 2.5%, 7.5%, and 15.0% daptomycin (weight daptomycin per weight PMMA) were individually placed in a chamber with 1 mL Krebs Ringer buffer flowing at 1 mL/hour. The majority of daptomycin was released in the first 24 hours. The mean peak concentrations were 13.4, 62.3, and 146.7 microg/mL; the mean AUC0-infinity were 30, 272, and 1204 h x microg/mL; and the mean percentages of daptomycin released were 6%, 18%, and 42% for the beads containing 2.5%, 7.5%, and 15.0% daptomycin, respectively. Daptomycin is released from PMMA in a continuous flow chamber at a rate similar to that previously determined by our laboratory for vancomycin.
Role of dust devils and orbital precession in closing the Martian dust cycle

[1] We use a general circulation model to simulate the role of dust devils on the Martian dust cycle as a function of orbital precession. We focus specifically on the two most recent epochs of 22,500 and 72,500 years ago when perihelion occurred near northern summer solstice. We find that dust devils dominate the dust cycle at these times and that while orbital precession does modulate the exchange of dust between the hemispheres, the integrated effect is a net transfer of dust from north to south. The low thermal inertia continents of Tharsis, Arabia, and Elysium are the main regions that contribute to the net loss in the Northern Hemisphere and this loss is primarily due to dust devils. These results suggests that the dust cycle is closed on time scales longer than those associated with orbital precession (∼50,000 years) and that obliquity variations must also play an important role in the long-term dust cycle.
Contributions of IBM to laser science: 1960 to the present

IBM's role in the discovery of new lasers and in the development of their scientific potential is described. A brief survey is presented of laser-related projects conducted within IBM's Research Division laboratories at Yorktown Heights, NY, San Jose, CA, and Zurich, Switzerland.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH RISK INFANTS

The importance of social environment on infant development was prospectively studied. Social worker assessment (SWA) and a psychosocial inventory (PSI) were administered before discharge to mothers of 138 ill newborns: 93 patients with no neurological disorder (group I) and 45 with intraventricular hemorrhage (group II). The PSI included a summary psychosocial score (PSS) and subscores measuring stress, support systems, parenting skills, psychological profile, child abuse potential (CAP) and pregnancy attitudes (PA) (Altemeier 1979, others). Testing was done at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Abnormal neurodevelopment was defined as Bayley indices <69, failure on Denver Development testing or major neurological abnormality.
Mentoring in Higher Education Should be the Norm to Assure Success: Lessons Learned from the Faculty Mentoring Program, West Chester University, 2008–2011

Despite a wealth of qualitative and quantitative data regarding the positive effects of higher education mentoring programs on faculty satisfaction, retention, tenure, and promotion, mentoring programs are not widespread. The authors examine evaluative data from the first four years of the Faculty Mentoring Program at West Chester University. Of the mentors and mentees who filled out evaluation surveys, 100% recommend the program to colleagues and the majority felt the program should become part of the culture and expectations at the university. Common themes emerged from content analysis of qualitative data: (a) centrality of relationship; (b) mentoring for planning and prioritizing career goals; (c) acquiring new skills; and (d) time and scheduling challenges.
Some approaches to modeling phase change in freezing solis

Abstract Phase change effects associated with freezing soils dominate the thermal state of the soil regime. Furthermore, freezing of soil water influences the soil moisture regime by providing a moisture sink which tends to draw mobile soil moisture to freezing fronts. Consequently, it is critical to general purpose models that soil water phase change effects and the interrelated problem of estimating the moisture sink effects (i.e., conversion of liquid water to ice) be accurately modeled. The choice of such a model will not only influence the precision of simulated temperatures and water contents in a freezing soil, but also have a significant impact on computational efficiency. A review of several current models that assume unfrozen water content is functionally related to subfreezing temperatures indicate that within a freezing soil the soil water flow model and heat transport model parameters are restricted in spatial gradients according to the spatial gradient of modeled unfrozen water content. A freezing soil model based on the concept of isothermal phase change of soil water is proposed as an alternative approach.
Effects of vagal afferents on laryngeal responses to hypercapnia and Hypoxia

Abstract The effects of hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia on the respiratory movements of the vocal cords were assessed in anesthetized cats before and after bilateral vagotomy. In vagally intact animals, these stimuli lowered laryngeal airflow resistance by increasing both inspiratory and expiratory vocal cord abduction through activation of the posterior crioarytenod (PCA) muscle. Vagotomy had little effect on the laryngeal response to hypercapnia, but led to an increase in experatory laryngeal resistance during hypoxia owing to a decrease in expiratory PCA activity. Caroterial NaCN injection caused a similar increase in expiratory laryngeal resistance vagotomy, suggesting that the response to hypoxia was due to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. The laryngeal responses to both hypoxia and NaCN were abolished by carotid sinus nerve section. The results indicate that afferent from central and peripheral chemoreceptors has different effects on the activity of motoneurons governing vocal cord movements during expiration. Vagal afferent serves to maintain the patency of the laryngeal airway during hypoxia.
Are Persons Low in Self-Control Rational and Deterrable?

This work addresses a question raised by Wright et al. (2004) pertaining to the rationality and deterrability of individuals with low self-control. According to some, all persons are presumed to be equally rational; according others, individuals who possess little self-control, who are impulsive and present-oriented are less likely to be influenced by a perceived risks and costs of punishment; and according to a third group of scholars, those who do possess such self-control/restraint are either not motivated toward offending or are inhibited by moral constraints and are, thus, unresponsive to sanction threats. These rival predictions are examined with the use of self-report survey data on academic dishonesty from a sample of undergraduate college students. Across a tremendous number of models employing a variety of functional forms for the effects of perceived sanction threats, we consistently observed that the effects of perceived sanction threats on college students' self-reported academic dishonesty d...
Knot theory and the heuristics of functional integration

This paper is an exposition of the relationship between the heuristics of Witten’s functional integral and the theory of knots and links in three-dimensional space. c 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
SPAD-chlorophyll response to nitrogen fertilization and evaluation of nitrogen status in dryland and irrigated pumpkins

Field experiments were conducted on a dryland Flanagan loam and on an irrigated Plainfield sand to assess N status in processing pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) using the Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. At each location, five rates of nitrogen (N) (0, 84, 168, 252, and 336 kg ha−1) were applied to three pumpkin cultivars (hybrid ‘698’, hybrid ‘401’, and ‘Libby-Select’), with leaf SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) readings and total N measured at anthesis, early-fruiting, and mid-fruiting stages. Fertilizer N requirements for 90% and 100% yield were estimated at 61 and 191 kg N ha−1 for dryland pumpkins and 148 and 245 kg N ha−1 for irrigated pumpkins, respectively. Cultivar and N rate affected leaf SPAD readings and N concentrations at both locations, with greatest effects on the irrigated sand. For both dryland and irrigated pumpkins, SPAD leaf readings at each sampling date were significantly correlated with both leaf N concentrations and fruit yield, although the relationships were markedly weak...
Two-scale expansion of wave propagation in a random medium

Abstract This paper presents an innovative technique for performing partial inversion of the operator of a wide class of transport-like equations encountered in mathematical physics. This inversion is an alternative to the traditional selective summation technique of the iterated series solution to a corresponding Volterra integral equation. Comparing with the regular iterated series for which the zero-order iterate is the worst approximation, it was computationally found that our zero-order term has an exact high-frequency and acceptable low-frequency content. It is suggested that the first iteration that reflects a single scattering event will compensate for the inaccuracy in the low-frequency region. Thus two terms in the series will be a sufficient approximation for practical purposes, eliminating the need for higher iterations.
Graded channel FET's: Improved linearity and noise figure

The characteristics of GaAs field-effect transistors were examined as a function of the channel doping profile in the direction perpendicular to the surface. Theoretical considerations predict that improved device linearity is expected for channel doping profiles with relatively low carrier concentrations near the surface. These predictions are experimentally confirmed by comparison of GaAs FET's fabricated with uniform (flat) and exponentionally varying (graded) carrier concentrations as a function of depth. In addition, the graded devices are observed to exhibit noise figures approximately 1 dB lower than those of uniformly doped devices of the same geometry.
An examination of the theory of time-slotting

Abstract In an attempt to simplify the application of work measurement data, the technique known as ‘time-slotting’, is used. Time-slotting consists of collecting data in a specified work area, dividing the whole time range into segments, or slots, and letting a single time, in each slot, represent the time standard of all of the jobs whose true standard times fall into the slot. This technique has been widely used in developing time standards for low repetitive tasks, such as in the area of maintenance, where research has been carried out on the behaviour of different methods of designing slotting scales. Nevertheless, there does not appear to be one generally accepted method of designing these time-slotting scales. In this paper the theory of time-slotting is considered in general terms. First the principal errors which may occur in time-slotting are delineated and then the ways in which two of these errors can be determined, a priori, are demonstrated. The effect of variables of the time-slotting scale...
International transmission of US macroeconomic policy and the inflation record of Western Europe

Abstract The interaction between monetary policy, government budget deficits, and inflation is examined for the four largest Western European economies, comprising France, Italy, the United Kingdom and West Germany. In order to assess the possible impact of US macroeconomic policy, past US monetary base growth, deficits and inflation rates are included in the set of explanatory variables for each of the European countries. Empirical results for the 1962:2–1985:4 sample period reveal interplay between domestic monetary and fiscal policy to be augmented by a significant impact of the US variables across all four countries in the sample.
PREPARING TO TESTIFY Rape Survivors Negotiating the Criminal Justice Process

This article is about how rape survivors prepare themselves for courtroom appearances. Through it, the author attempts to take research on rape processing beyond a focus on the affective responses of rape “victims” have to the behavior of legal personnel and toward an investigation of the agency of rape survivors. The study builds on law and society research about lay litigants' efforts to use the U.S. civil court system, linguistic research about witnesses involvement in courtroom interaction, and the existing literature on rape processing. It is based on face-to-face interviews with 32 survivors and 12 courtroom observations. The analysis is inductive; the presentation is ethnographic. The author explicates six types of preparation for court: appearance work, role rehearsal, emotion work, team building, role research, and case enhancement. The author discusses how survivors' perceptions of what the criminal justice process entails are reflected in the different preparation activities, and the author off...
Regulation of isoleucine-valine biosynthesis in an ilvDAC deletion strain of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Studies of isogenic strains of Escherichia coli K-12 with and without the ilvDAC115 deletion described by Kiritani showed that a strain carrying this lesion does not have the ilvA, ilvD or ilvC structural genes but has normal multivalent regulation of the ilvB and ilvE structural genes. It was also shown that the regulatory locus (ilvO) for the ilvADE operon (defined by Ramakrishnan and Adelberg) affects the expression of the ilvB and ilvC structural genes and is located outside of the ilvDAC115 deletion. These experiments demonstrate that there is multivalent control of at least two ilv biosynthetic enzymes in the absence of the ilvA gene product.
Parameterization of Air-Sea Interface Fluxes of Sensible Heat and Moisture by the Bulk Aerodynamic Formulas

Abstract The parameterizations of the sensible heat and moisture fluxes by the bulk aerodynamic formulas are determined from a compilation of existing data, together with some new results. The data set comprised 152 determinations of the sensible heat flux and 30 of the moisture flux from experiments in which the fluxes were measured directly over water with suitable turbulence instrumentation. Least-square-error fits were performed on the data. The moisture flux (and therefore the latent heat flux) is adequately described by the bulk formula with a coefficient of 1.32 × 10−3. The parameterization of the sensible heat flux is complicated, for the data show 1) a small positive heat flux for zero temperature difference between the air and sea surface, 2) the coefficient for stable conditions is smaller than for unstable conditions, and 3) the coefficient appears to increase at high wind speeds, as shown by the data of Smith and Banke (1975). Separate bulk formulas are presented for the sensible heat flux fo...
An Advanced Framework for Improving Situational Awareness in Electric Power Grid Operation

Abstract With the deployment of new smart grid technologies and the penetration of renewable energy in power systems, significant uncertainty and variability is being introduced into power grid operation. Traditionally, the Energy Management System (EMS) operates the power grid in a deterministic mode, and thus will not be sufficient for the future control center in a stochastic environment with faster dynamics. One of the main challenges is to improve situational awareness. This paper reviews the current status of power grid operation and presents a vision of improving wide-area situational awareness for a future control center. An advanced framework, consisting of parallel state estimation, state prediction, parallel contingency selection, parallel contingency analysis, and advanced visual analytics, is proposed to provide capabilities needed for better decision support by utilizing high performance computing (HPC) techniques and advanced visual analytic techniques. Research results are presented to support the proposed vision and framework.
Patterns of Enzyme Ontogeny in Developing Sunfish

Summary Quantitative changes in the activities of twelve different enzymes have been investigated during early development in both the warmouth and the green sunfish. The overall patterns of enzyme ontogeny are quite similar for all enzymes studied in the two species in spite of the fact that the precise quantitative and temporal aspects of enzyme changes are often somewhat different. Thus, enzymes involved in glycolysis, ATP metabolism, and mitochondrial shuttle systems are initially present at relatively low levels at the time of fertilization. The enzymes increase to a maximum activity (per embryo) after hatching when the fry exhibit rhythmic jaw movements, but before they become free-swimming, and subsequently decrease during the latest developmental stages which have been studied. In contrast, the initial changes in enzyme activity, characteristic of embryonic development, represent three distinct patterns. Some enzymes, such as NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, are at nearly undetectable levels at fertilization and begin to increase in activity within hours. This pattern suggests a minimal maternal contribution of enzyme activity to the developing zygote, combined with the initiation of synthesis of new enzyme molecules during the earliest embryonic stages. The activity of pyruvate kinase and of several other enzymes remains essentially constant throughout embryonic development and only begins to increase at about the time of hatching. This pattern is consistent with the persistence of significant amounts of stable enzyme of maternal origin during embryogenesis coupled with the synthesis of new enzyme molecules at hatching. Finally, enzymes such as creatine kinase exhibit marked decreases in activity during early embryonic development and then subsequently increase in activity. Initial rapid turnover of maternally derived enzyme followed by embryonic synthesis of new enzyme molecules appears responsible for this pattern. Studies of malate and lactate dehydrogenase in single embryos reveal that the variance in activity among individuals is much less during the period of early embryonic development than it is after hatching. The elevated heterogeneity coincident with increasing enzyme activity is probably due to asynchrony in the timing of gene activation and/of unequal rates of enzyme realization during post-hatching development.
Bor–Stickstoff-Verbindungen. XVIII. Die Reaktionen von α,ω-Diaminen mit Aminoboranen

Die Reaktionen von Aminoboranen mit 1,3-Diaminopropan und 3,3′-Diaminodipropylamin werden beschrieben. Sie bieten leichten Zugang zu Bor-Stickstoff-Kohlenstoff-Heterocyclen und zu Borazolderivaten. Die Reaktionen lassen sich an Hand der ebenen Anordnung einer NBN-Gruppierung diskutieren. The reactions of aminoboranes with 1,3-diaminopropane and 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine are described; they offer ready access to boron-carbon-nitrogen heterocycles and to borazine derivatives. The reaction paths are discussed in terms of the planar arrangement of a NBN grouping.
Helping to Bridge the Digital Divide with Free Software and Services

The growing importance of digital media in citizens' participation in government is a major issue in obtaining government services, elections and campaigning in the 21st century. In order to participate in the consumption and creation of online media, citizens must have access to, and knowledge of, appropriate technology resources. There exists a gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not A gap commonly referred to as the digital divide. While there are many different aspects to the digital divide one of them is access to the software necessary to participate in digital media. A potential solution to the software component of the digital divide is the use of open source software and free online services. Implementing these solutions can play a part in narrowing the digital divide and producing better informed citizens more capable of participating in the modern electoral process.
Crustal control of ridge segmentation inferred from observations of the Reykjanes Ridge

LARGE-AMPLITUDE variations in topography and inferred crustal thickness along the axes of mid-ocean ridges, often referred to as segmentation1, are mainly observed at slow-spreading ridges2–4. This observation has led to the suggestion that mantle processes give rise to segmentation only when spreading rates are low5,6. Here we make the alternative proposal that the development of segmentation is controlled by the temperature of the crust: segmentation cannot develop when the lower crust is hot enough to undergo rapid ductile flow. Thermal models predict that thick crust at a slow-spreading ridge may be as hot as normal-thickness crust along fast-spreading ridges; we accordingly test our hypothesis at a slow-spreading ridge characterized by thick crust—the Reykjanes Ridge. Topography and gravity data along the Reykjanes Ridge axis indeed show an absence of segmentation, suggesting that the thermal state of the crust, rather than any mantle process, controls the development of this structure.
High-stakes math tests: How No Child Left Behind leaves newcomer English language learners behind

The No Child Left Behind Act establishes federal education policy for the United States, with a heavy focus on accountability through high-stakes testing. Provisions specific to English language learners (ELLs) include the mandate for their inclusion in state math tests, even for newcomer students enrolled for less than one year. Most ELLs take their state math tests in English with few, if any, accommodations. This study provides an analysis of this policy through the case of fifth grade newcomer Cambodian students in a Texas middle school. A linguistic analysis reveals that the language demands of the state math test far exceeds the language demand of the math work the students were able to do in school (with assistance). A content analysis of the fourth grade math textbooks used in Cambodia and the Texas school district reveals the American textbook had a much higher degree of alignment with Texas math standards, and far exceeded the Cambodian textbook in terms of depth and breadth of mathematical concepts and math problems for students to practice newly learned concepts. We argue that these analyses provide strong evidence that the Cambodian newcomer students were not afforded an opportunity to learn grade-level content before the test, and that the language demands of the test are beyond reasonable for newcomer students. We conclude with a discussion of implications for needed changes to U.S. federal policy which account for the linguistic demands posed by math tests, and which provide students opportunities to learn expected math content before taking high-stakes tests.
A Basis for Preventive Psychiatry

MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 *Emotionally Disturbed; *Exceptional Child Research; *Intervention; Learning Disabilities; Neurologically Handicapped; *Perceptually Handicapped; Primary Grades; Program Effectiveness; Psychological Evaluation; *Screening Tests Screened for psychiatric, neurologic, perceptual, psychologic, and educational deficits were 168 New York City first graders; and provided was an intervention program for 29 children judged to be perceptually handicapped, Socioeconomic and racial data showed Ss to be 79% white, 12% black, 9% oriental; and 23% of the sample to be from Spanish speaking homes. Intelligence levels followed the average distribution curve. Twelve percent of the children showed symptoms of emotional decompensation, while 25% were considered well adjusted, and the remaining 66% showed mild or moderate symptoms of emotional stress. Seventy to eighty percent of the children had difficulty with finger-gnossis, right-left discrimina.,ion, and synkinesis in the neurological examination. The intervention group was selected by the following criteria: presence of perceptual deviations in spatial and temporal organization, evidence that cerebral dominance for language was not yet established, and poor fine motor coordination. The intervention group tended to cluster in the lower socioeconomic groups; to show some degree of psychiatric impairment and to have low initial reading sccces. Readministration of educational tests at the end of the first grade revealed that the children in the intervention group were ine.;.stinguishable in their reading achievement from the total first grade. The study indicated the effectiveness of integrating the skills of a medical center with those of the public schools. The stay was replicated the following year with similar findings. (D3) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY
A kinetic analysis of distinct reaction pathways in methanol electrocatalysis on Pt(111)

Accumulation of partial decomposition products during methanol electrocatalysis influences both the product distribution and kinetics of reaction. To quantify the catalytic activity of Pt(111) to methanol oxidation, we performed chronoamperometric experiments at 0.6 VRHE for varying durations (0.03–300 s). Subsequently, the coverage of accumulated residue was evaluated from linear sweep voltammetry performed in methanol-free electrolyte. A straightforward mass and charge balance allowed for calculation of the yields of partial and complete oxidation products. From these time-dependent data, we extract kinetic and mechanistic information. In the first 30 ms of reaction, only partial decomposition products form on the surface without significant CO2 production. In contrast, for reaction periods longer than 5 s, CO2 production is greatly favored over residue formation. Time-dependent methanol reaction data and complementary CO oxidation measurements at 0.6 VRHE show that a serial reaction path, involving adsorbed residue, is inadequate to explain the observed rate of CO2 production. As an alternative, we propose a dual path mechanism for methanol electrocatalysis when CO is the most abundant species. We find that a parallel pathway, not involving adsorbed CO, is responsible for the majority (greater than 80%) of CO2 produced. We present quantitative kinetic information regarding the rates of residue accumulation and CO2 production; we also briefly discuss the over-all mechanistic implications of our results for methanol electrocatalysis on Pt(111).
Intracellular distribution and depletion of glutathione in rabbit renal proximal tubules

The intracellular compartmentation of glutathione (GSH) in rabbit renal proximal tubules under various conditions was examined using the digitonin fractionation technique. Tubules with GSH contents similar to those found in vivo (13.4 +/- 0.8 nmol . mg protein-1) and with decreasing amounts of GSH had an apparently constant mitochondrial GSH pool of 1.9 +/- 0.1 nmol . mg protein-1. This renal mitochondrial GSH pool is similar in size to that of hepatic mitochondria and represents 10 to 15 percent of the total cellular GSH. Using phorone and diethyl maleate to decrease tubular GSH concentrations, the cytosolic GSH pool could be depleted without affecting the mitochondrial GSH pool. Depletion of the cytosolic GSH pool and decreases in the mitochondrial pool of up to 42 percent were not associated with mitochondrial dysfunction nor loss of tubular viability.
Achieving normothermia in patients with febrile subarachnoid hemorrhage: feasibility and safety of a novel intravascular cooling catheter.

Introduction: Fever is common and difficult to control in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We have previously shown an inverse relationship between fever and outcome in patients with SAH. Materials/Methods: This was a prospective, single-arm, feasibility trial in which nine patients with SAH underwent temperature management using an intravascular cooling catheter (ICC) to restore and maintain 24 hours of normothermia (36.5°±0.2°C). Enrollment occurred after development of a fever of at least 38.3°C within 7 days of SAH that was refractory to acetaminophen treatment. The ICC was placed at the bedside through an introducer sheath via the femoral vein into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Portable X-ray confirmed placement. Results: Normothermia was achieved in seven of the nine patients treated (78%); it was achieved in 100% of the patients with a 14F catheter (n=4) and in 60% of the patients with a 9F catheter (n=5). The two patients not reaching normothermia were not adequately treated for shivering. All other patients reached normothermia irrespective of intubation status. Overall, normothermia was well tolerated and not discontinued because of discomfort or adverse events. Two incidences of deep vein thrombosis were diagnosis by ultrasound that were not associated with clinical sequelae, and IVC filters were placed. No unanticipated adverse events occurred. Discussion: We have demonstrated that fever can be safely and effectively controlled in patients with SAH for at least 24 hours using an ICC. Future studies are needed to assess the effect of such sustained therapy on outcome in patients with SAH.
A Genome-Wide Over-Expression Screen Identifies Genes Involved in Phagocytosis in the Human Protozoan Parasite, Entamoeba histolytica

Functional genomics and forward genetics seek to assign function to all known genes in a genome. Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite for which forward genetics approaches have not been extensively applied. It is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess, and infection is prevalent in developing countries that cannot prevent its fecal-oral spread. It is responsible for considerable global morbidity and mortality. Given that the E. histolytica genome has been sequenced, it should be possible to apply genomic approaches to discover gene function. We used a genome-wide over-expression screen to uncover genes regulating an important virulence function of E. histolytica, namely phagocytosis. We developed an episomal E. histolytica cDNA over-expression library, transfected the collection of plasmids into trophozoites, and applied a high-throughput screen to identify phagocytosis mutants in the population of over-expressing cells. The screen was based on the phagocytic uptake of human red blood cells loaded with the metabolic toxin, tubercidin. Expression plasmids were isolated from trophozoites that survived exposure to tubercidin-charged erythrocytes (phagocytosis mutants), and the cDNAs were sequenced. We isolated the gene encoding profilin, a well-characterized cytoskeleton-regulating protein with a known role in phagocytosis. This supports the validity of our approach. Furthermore, we assigned a phagocytic role to several genes not previously known to function in this manner. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide forward genetics screen to be applied to this pathogen. The study demonstrates the power of forward genetics in revealing genes regulating virulence in E. histolytica. In addition, the study validates an E. histolytica cDNA over-expression library as a valuable tool for functional genomics.
Patterns of dispersal and larval development of archaeogastropod limpets at hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific

Abstract Patterns of dispersal and larval development were examined in four species of archaeogastropod limpets from hydrothermal vents along the northern East Pacific Rise and Galapagos Rift. Allozyme analysis revealed that recognized subspecies Lepetodrilus elevatus elevatus (McLean) and L. e. galriftensis (McLean), occurred sympatrically along the East Pacific Rise and should be treated as full species. Larval shell characteristics of L. elevatus (s.s.) and L. galriftensis and two other sympatric species, Lepetodrilus pustulosus (McLean) and Eulepetopsis vitrea (McLean), suggest that all four species possess nonplanktotrophic modes of development which may limit long-distance dispersal capabilities. Theoretical considerations suggest that species with limited long-distance dispersal will migrate among habitat islands in a ‘stepping-stone’ fashion, and thus, are expected to exhibit genetic evidence of ‘isolation-by-distance’. Notwithstanding, E. vitrea and L. pustulosus did not exhibit the expected decline in rates of gene flow with increasing geographic distances between localities. Apparently for these two species, modes and rates of dispersal could not be predicted from a knowledge of larval shell morphology. Although L. elevatus and L. galriftensis exhibited trends that may be consistent with ‘isolation-by-distance’, the number of population samples available for this study were inadequate to reject the null hypothesis of genetic structure being independent of geographical distance.
New approach to determining signal reduction in an attenuating inhomogeneous atmosphere

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses an aspect of spatially varying dissipative(extinction) and reflective (backscattering) losses that ultimatelymay allow a relatively quick appraisal of measured data quality, usinga new figure of merit q(x) , after some limited preprocessing. Inorder to do this, the paper presents the exact analytical, closed—form, finite solution for the inversion of the classical first—ordernonlinear Riccati differential equation (RDE) which relates thereflection coefficient (R) and its derivative (dR/dx) to the otherwisearbitrary profiles of the media parameters ( e1(x) = €1(x) - je?(x) in the coefficients of the RDE. This synthesis assumes a deterministic )medium which can be accurately represented by the usual media parameters.1. INTRODUCTIONThis paper discusses the existence of relationships betweendissipative and reflective losses in the inhomogeneous atmosphere andhow they can ultimately be used to establish, to some extent, thequality of data obtained in measuring those losses through a newfigure of merit. It will initially approach the problem at the levelof the lidar and radar range equations and then from Maxwell'sequations. From the latter, a familiar first order Riccati,nonlinear, differential equation for reflection coefficient, forinhomogeneous media and nonuniform waveguiding structures, will be
A Survey of Measures of Capacity Utilization (Mesures de l'utilisation des capacitÃ©s de production) (Estudio de mediciones de utilizaciÃ³n de la capacidad)

A sampling of existing methods of measuring capacity utilization for an industry or an economy is described. These methods include several that are based on surveys of businesses and several that infer the utilization from available data on output, employment, capital stock, etc. Alternative methods of measurement do not necessarily employ the same concept of capacity utilization. This finding leads one to expect differences between alternative numerical measures of capacity utilization for a given industry or economy. Data based on alternative measures are presented and discussed for each of nine industrial countries. It is shown that not all differences in measures of capacity can be explained simply in terms of differences in underlying concepts and data construction. /// Cette A©tude dA©crit plusieurs mA©thodes utilisA©es pour A©valuer l'utilisation de la capacitA© de production d'une branche d'activitA© ou d'une A©conomie. Certaines de ces mA©thodes font appel A des enquAates auprA¨s des entreprises, d'autres estiment l'utilisation des capacitA©s de production A partir des chiffres disponibles sur la production, l'emploi, le stock de capital, etc. Ces deux types de mA©thodes ne se rA©fA¨rent pas nA©cessairement au mAame concept d'utilisation de la capacitA© de production. Il faut donc s'attendre A obtenir des A©valuations divergentes que ce soit pour l'utilisation de la capacitA© de production d'une branche ou d'une A©conomie. Les rA©sultats obtenus en appliquant les deux types de mA©thodes prA©cA©dents au cas de neuf pays industrialisA©s sont prA©sentA©s ici et commentA©s. Il ressort que tous les A©carts d'A©valuation de l'utilisation des capacitA©s de production ne peuvent s'expliquer uniquement par les divergences des concepts de base ou des modes d'A©laboration des donnA©es. /// Se describen algunos de los mA©todos que se pueden aplicar para medir la utilizaciA³n de la capacidad de una industria o economA­a. Algunos de estos mA©todos se basan en encuestas de empresas y otros deducen la utilizaciA³n a partir de datos disponibles sobre la producciA³n, el empleo, la masa de capital, etc. MA©todos diferentes de mediciA³n no emplean necesariamente el mismo concepto de utilizaciA³n de la capacidad, en vista de lo cual pueden preverse diferencias entre distintas mediciones numA©ricas de la utilizaciA³n de la capacidad de una determinada industria o economA­a. Se presentan y analizan datos sobre cada uno de nueve paA­ses industriales basados en diversos mA©todos posibles de mediciA³n. Se demuestra que no todas las diferencias de mediciA³n de la capacidad pueden explicarse simplemente en funciA³n de las diferencias de conceptos bAisicos o del modo de construcciA³n de los datos.
Double-contrast examination of the esophagus

A simple technique for double-contrast esophagography is described. The technique involves successive swallows of an excellent coating barium mixture and water to create the double contrast effect. Clinical and radiologic situations in which double-contrast esophagography have proven helpful include: (a) the detection of small esophageal tumors; (b) delineation of the morphologic features of neoplastic and inflammatory disease; and (c) assessment of the total vertical extent of esophageal disease. Accurate and/or confident diagnosis is aided considerably with double-contrast esophagography.
A study of differential fertility in bombay.

This study is based on special tabulations of the “order of pregnancy,” as reported on the birth certificate, according to mother’s age, locality, and religion and father’s state of birth and duration of stay in Bombay, India. The sample consists of 50 percent of the births registered in 1960 in Bombay (where birth registration has a fairly high degree of completeness).
Risk of complication associated with dental implants and implant prostheses is variable

Original Article Goodacre CJ, Bernal G, Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JY. Clinical complications with implants and implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2003 Aug;90(2):121-32. Level of Evidence 3 Purpose To identify the types and incidences of complications that have been reported in conjunction with endosseous root form implants and associated implant prostheses Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic Review
Laser-assisted diskectomy performed by an internist resulting in cauda equina syndrome.

An internist performed percutaneous laser-assisted diskectomie (PLADs) on a patient with a sequestrated disc and stenosis. Subspecialists who perform PLADs should be trained in patient selection and lumbar diskectomy techniques. Chymopapain, percutaneous nucleotome-assisted diskectomy, and PLADs are alternatives to microdiskectomy for the management of lumbar disc herniations. PLADs were performed at the L4-5/L5-S 1 levels in a 38-year-old woman with magnetic resonance (MR)-documented L4-5 stenosis and disc disease. After PLADs, she developed a subacute cauda equina syndrome. Two months later, a neurosurgeon performed an L4-5 coronal hemilaminectomy with diskectomy. Within 6 postoperative weeks, she was neurologically intact. Only specialists trained in the selection, neurodiagnostic, and surgical management of lumbar disc disease should perform PLADs.
Congenital hernia of the cord

Several embryopathies involve umbilicus including midgut herniation, omphaloceles, urachal and vascular anomalies. Although described earlier, hernia into umbilical cord has not found enough mention in the literature. Poor understanding of its clinical characteristics has made to miscategorization of this entity as “omphalocele minor” by many. Some of these undergo spontaneous reduction or epithelialisation if left alone. The present study describes a series of four consecutive cases of this entity and describe their clinical characteristics, associated GI anomalies and possible embryogenesis.
A Simulation Program for Dynamic Infrared (IR) Spectra

A free program for the simulation of dynamic infrared (IR) spectra is presented. The program simulates the spectrum of two exchanging IR peaks based on simple input parameters. Larger systems can be simulated with minor modifications. The program is available as an executable program for PCs or can be run in MATLAB on any operating system. Source code is also provided to encourage computer coding projects based on the program. The program is useful for upper-division undergraduates and demonstrates several important concepts from physical chemistry. Example exercises based on the program are included.