cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Solution Composition on the Physical Characteristics of Aerosols Produced by Nebulization

It has been confirmed that the size distribution of the analyte contained in an aqueous aerosol is affected by the chemical composition of the solution nebulized. The present work has shown that the addition of sodium to copper solutions shifts the aerodynamic and physical size distributions for the copper upward, while the sodium size distributions remain relatively constant. Examination of solid aerosols produced by flash evaporation of aqueous droplets has indicated that the particles tend to be hollow spheres which may encapsulate smaller spheres, as has been observed for particles emitted from combustion sources. The possible significance of droplet evaporation during aerosol transport is examined and judged to be a plausible and at least partial cause of the effects observed.
Q-Method Extended Kalman Filter

A new algorithm is proposed that smoothly incorporates the nonlinear estimation of the attitude quaternion using Davenport’s q-method and the estimation of nonattitude states through an extended Kalman filter. The new algorithm is compared to an existing one and the various similarities and differences are discussed. The validity of the proposed approach is confirmed by numerical simulations.
An iterative strategy for language learning

Abstract One of the major challenges of language acquisition is the fact that the auditory signal received by a child underdetermines the structural description of the utterance. This paper approaches the problem by capitalizing on the optimizing structure of Optimality Theory. The learner uses a hypothesized grammar to make a best guess at the full structural description of an observed overt form, filling in the hidden structure not apparent. The learner uses it to modify their grammar, despite the fact that the full description is based in part on the previous (most likely wrong) grammar. The claim is that the learner can go back and forth between estimating the hidden structure and estimating the grammar, eventually converging on the correct grammar. The results of some simulations are presented in support of the claim.
Functional Expression in Yeast of the Human Secretory Pathway Ca2+, Mn2+-ATPase Defective in Hailey-Hailey Disease

Abstract The discovery and biochemical characterization of the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase, PMR1, inSaccharomyces cerevisiae, has paved the way for identification of PMR1 homologues in many species including rat,Caenorhabditis elegans, and Homo sapiens. In yeast, PMR1 has been shown to function as a high affinity Ca2+/Mn2+ pump and has been localized to the Golgi compartment where it is important for protein sorting, processing, and glycosylation. However, little is known about PMR1 homologues in higher organisms. Loss of one functional allele of the human gene, hSPCA1, has been linked to Hailey-Hailey disease, characterized by skin ulceration and improper keratinocyte adhesion. We demonstrate that expression of hSPCA1 in yeast fully complementspmr1 phenotypes of hypersensitivity to Ca2+chelators and Mn2+ toxicity. Similar to PMR1, epitope-tagged hSPCA1 also resides in the Golgi when expressed in yeast or in chinese hamster ovary cells. 45Ca2+transport by hSPCA1 into isolated yeast Golgi vesicles shows an apparent Ca2+ affinity of 0.26 μm, is inhibitable by Mn2+, but is thapsigargin-insensitive. In contrast, heterologous expression of vertebrate sarcoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases in yeast complement the Ca2+- but not Mn2+-related phenotypes of the pmr1-null strain, suggesting that high affinity Mn2+ transport is a unique feature of the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPases.
Vitamin C--effects on the Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase complexes of several tissues.

Abstract The effects of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate on the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) preparations of several tissues were studied. Both compounds inhibited the ATPase activities of the preparations obtained from the brains of rat, guinea pig and beef; but they did not affect the enzyme activities of the rat kidney, rat heart, beef heart and human red cells. Both ascorbate and dehydroascorbate produced half-maximal inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase and the K+-dependent phosphatase activities of the rat brain enzyme at a concentration of 5 × 10−5 M. Maximum inhibition was obtained at 0.5 mM. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of the vitamin with those of ouabain and oligomycin indicated qualitative differences between the nature of the interactions of these inhibitors with the enzyme complex. The inhibited enzyme, obtained by preincubation with the vitamin, could not be reactivated by washing. Presence of histidine and EDTA did not prevent the inhibitory effects of the vitamin. Of the several simple lactones that were tested, only angelicalactone proved to be an inhibitor of the enzyme. These studies suggest a possible role of vitamin C in the control of active transports of Na+ and K+ in certain tissues.
Ray tracing on distributed memory parallel systems

Among the many techniques in computer graphics, ray tracing is prized because it can render realistic images, albeit at great computational expense. In this note we explore the performance of several approaches to ray tracing on a distributed memory parallel system. A set of performance instrumentation tools and their associated visualization software are used to identify the underlying causes of performance differences.
“A certainty of honor”: The eulogies of Adlai Stevenson

While Ambassador to the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson eulogized four exceptional world citizens—Dag Hammarskjold, Eleanor Roosevelt, John Kennedy, and Winston Churchill. Stevenson responded to the rhetorical situation of which he became a Part by producing eulogies which were succinct, poetic, and universal.
ALLOCATION OF ATTENTION TO SECOND LANGUAGE FORM AND MEANING Issues of Think-Alouds and Depth of Processing

The aims of the present study were twofold. The study addressed the issues of simultaneous attention to form and meaning in second language (L2) written input and reactivity of think-alouds. Specifically, the study examined the comprehension of L2 learners of Spanish who either attended to lexical or grammatical forms while reading for meaning or read for meaning alone. Learners completed these tasks while either thinking aloud or not. Results indicated only a minimal effect for thinking aloud that did not appear to compromise the internal validity of the study. Additionally, results showed that attending to grammatical or lexical form while reading for meaning did not affect comprehension. Indeed, learners who processed these forms more deeply evidenced greater comprehension. These findings are considered in light of methodological issues and the larger issue of simultaneous attention to form and meaning in a L2.
Introduction to the special series: The person and marriage: Attending to individual and dyadic concerns

The purpose of this series is to explore the complex interaction between individual and relationship functioning. Many individuals seeking psychotherapy present with individual diagnosable conditions. Yet they live in larger social units, one of the most important of which for many adults is marriage. Should these persons be treated in individual therapy, or should the partner be included in some manner in order to take important contextual and environmental factors into account? On the other hand, the majority of couples seeking marital therapy present to clinics with one or both persons having individual diagnosable disorders as well. How are such couples to be assisted? Is some form of marital therapy the intervention of choice, is individual therapy most appropriate, or should the two be combined in some manner? Finally, if marital therapy is the treatment of choice in any of these or other circumstances, what is the most effective way to promote change and/or acceptance from the individual partners? These are the issues addressed in this special series. Four of the five papers deal with individual psychopathology within the context of marriage. Two focus on depression and marriage; one evaluates the role of marriage in anxiety disorders; and another reviews the treatment of alcoholism within a marital context. The final paper addresses new ways to promote involvement of the individuals in marital interventions with the goal of increasing treatment effectiveness and maintenance.
Addressing the Global Water and Environment Crises through Integrated Approaches to the Management of Land, Water and Ecological Resources

Abstract As the world approaches the 30-year anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and prepares to review progress made in the decade since Dublin and Rio, we are confronted with results that are mostly disappointing. When it comes to addressing the water resources crisis, the 1990s may well be remembered as a decade of debate rather than action. Recent assessments suggest a doubling to almost two-thirds of the world's population experiencing some water stress by 2025 and increased demands to withdraw more water for a new “green revolution” for irrigated agriculture. Both of these will accelerate environmental degradation to a new crisis level while the existing degradation that resulted from the first “green revolution” still awaits remedial action both in the North as well as in the South. It is now clear that the global water crisis and the global environment crisis are linked and are being exacerbated by unprecedented global pressure resulting from over-consumption, populati...
Endocytosis of colloidal gold by pulmonary macrophages.

Pulmonary macrophages ingest particles deposited onto lung surfaces from inhaled air. We describe an in vitro assay which examines the ability of these cells to ingest colloidal gold (198-Aulabelled). This system presents particles to the macrophage at a rate greater than possible when using larger beads. Macrophages were lavaged from Syrian golden hamster lungs, and aliquots of cells were incubated in suspension with colloidal gold in concentrations from 0.1 to 10.0 μg/ml. Cell-associated particles were separated from free particles by filtration. Uptake of gold was linear in time, and endocytosis as a function of particle concentration followed saturation kinetics with Vmax = 53 part/cell/min and KM = 4.1 part/pl. Electron microscopy showed gold internalized as individual particles within small vesicles, and incubation with trypsin (0.5%) failed to release the gold. Endocytosis was inhibited by incubation at 0 °C and by the addition of sodium azide, dinitrophenol, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetic acid, cytochalasin B (CB), and colchicine. For this incubation system, we calculated the number of collisions between cells and colloidal gold (30 nm) as compared with cells and large particles (3 μm latex). The collision rate of 3 μm latex beads with cells is nearly equal to the measured uptake rate. Hence endocytosis of large particles in suspension may be limited by presentation of particles to cells and not macrophage ability. However, for colloidal gold, the number of collisions exceeds the uptake rate by two orders of magnitude, suggesting that here the endocytic capacity of the cells is rate-limiting.
Natural weathering of coal

Abstract The effects of weathering on the mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, moisture content, and low-temperature ash mineralogy of the low volatile bituminous, Lower Mississippian Price Formation coals of southwest Virginia were determined on samples from depth profiles of three weathered coal beds. The results show that the outermost ≈50 cm of each seam is intensely weathered showing humic acid formation, higher moisture content and physical disintegration. Beyond this depth (which corresponds to the average frost depth of this area), the amount of weathering decreases sharply. Freezing and thawing appear to be important in weathering the outermost zone, and, together with wetting and drying, disintegrate the coal creating reactive surfaces that oxidize readily. Reflectance values from weathered coal were found to be reliable indicators of rank if measurements were taken away from identifiable weathering features. The low-temperature ash mineralogy (silicates) showed no change with weathering.
Maternal and sibling factors induce dormancy in dimorphic seed pairs of Aegilops triuncialis

Germination and emergence are stimulated by environmental cues, but strongly influenced by maternal controls. However, traits related to seed dispersal may have important influences on germination as well. For example, the “sibling rivalry” hypothesis suggests that germination may be inhibited when sibling seeds remain within a single dispersal unit. These two influences on germination suggest different, and possibly conflicting, evolutionary strategies for optimizing individual fitness. Using an invasive annual grass that produces dispersal units with dimorphic seeds, I found significant reductions in seedling emergence that suggested the presence of both strong maternal and sibling influences on the germination of the smaller seed of dimorphic pairs. Both influences were capable of nearly complete germination suppression of the small seed, but there was no strong evidence for a hierarchy among the two factors. The maternal effect is consistent with a bet-hedging strategy for survival in variable environments where resource availability can be unpredictable, but the sibling effect likely represents a mechanism for reducing competition between closely related individuals, particularly under conditions of resource limitation.
Scavenging of Urban Pollutants by Thunderstorm Rainfall: Numerical Experimentation

Abstract Rainfall collected for the squall line case of 21 August 1972 in the St. Louis area has been analyzed for certain pollutants known to be present in urban air. To aid in the interpretation of these measurements a two-dimensional time-dependent squall line model is utilized to approximate the internal air flow and rainwater distribution within the storm. At a particular time when a typical mature circulation is present, a steady state is assumed and a pollutant plume with dimensions and concentrations characteristic of the St. Louis urban plume is allowed to interact with the model thunderstorm circulation. The study focuses upon the effect of internal storm motion upon precipitation scavenging and treats microphysical processes in a relatively simple manner. Two extreme situations are considered: 1) the pollutant does not interact with the water substance in the storm, but is merely redistributed by the storm circulation; and 2) all pollutant enters into cloud-water immediately upon entering the c...
Gender Role Identity and Attitudes Toward Feminism

In this study we examined relationships among gender role identity, support for feminism, nontraditional gender roles, and willingness to consider oneself a feminist in a sample of college students (N=301). For female participants, we found positive relationships among higher masculinity on the PAQ (Personal Attributes Questionnaire), nontraditional attitudes toward gender roles, and the combined SRAI (Sex Role Attitudinal Inventory). A negative correlation was also found between lower scores on the PAQ masculinity–femininity index and the combined SRAI in women. For male participants, we found positive relationships among high femininity on the SIS (Sexual Identity Scale), willingness to consider oneself a feminist, positive attitudes toward the women's movement, and the combined SRAI. We also found a negative relationship between high masculinity on the PAQ and willingness to consider oneself a feminist in men. The implications of these findings for the feminist movement are discussed.
The East Pacific Rise and its flanks 8 18° N: History of segmentation, propagation and spreading direction based on SeaMARC II and Sea Beam studies

SeaMARC II and Sea Beam bathymetric data are combined to create a chart of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 8°N to 18°N reaching at least 1 Ma onto the rise flanks in most places. Based on these data as well as SeaMARC II side scan sonar mosaics we offer the following observations and conclusions. The EPR is segmented by ridge axis discontinuities such that the average segment lengths in the area are 360 km for first-order segments, 140 km for second-order segments, 52 km for third-order segments, and 13 km for fourth-order segments. All three first-order discontinuities are transform faults. Where the rise axis is a bathymetric high, second-order discontinuities are overlapping spreading centers (OSCs), usually with a distinctive 3:1 overlap to offset ratio. The off-axis discordant zones created by the OSCs are V-shaped in plan view indicating along axis migration at rates of 40–100 mm yr−1. The discordant zones consist of discrete abandoned ridge tips and overlap basins within a broad wake of anomalously deep bathymetry and high crustal magnetization. The discordant zones indicate that OSCs have commenced at different times and have migrated in different directions. This rules out any linkage between OSCs and a hot spot reference frame. The spacing of abandoned ridges indicates a recurrence interval for ridge abandonment of 20,000–200,000 yrs for OSCs with an average interval of approximately 100,000 yrs. Where the rise axis is a bathymetric low, the only second-order discontinuity mapped is a right-stepping jog in the axial rift valley. The discordant zone consists of a V-shaped wake of elongated deeps and interlocking ridges, similar to the wakes of second-order discontinuities on slow-spreading ridges. At the second-order segment level, long segments tend to lengthen at the expense of neighboring shorter segments. This can be understood if segments can be approximated by cracks, because the propagation force at a crack tip is directly proportional to crack length.
Cross-sectional estimation of a simultaneous model of tenure choice and housing services demand

Abstract In this paper we analyze the demand for housing services, integrating into a single analysis a systematic treatment of several important conceptual and empirical issues. Our three major objectives are to (1) evaluate the empirical importance of the simultaneity between the tenure choice and consumption level decisions; (2) analyze the relationship between household type and housing demand; and (3) present new estimates of the parameters of housing demand which are based on detailed microdata. In the process, we derive and estimate overall income and price demand elasticities which incorporate the impacts of income and price on both the tenure choice and consumption level decisions.
Mode of action of antiprotozoan agents. Electron transfer and oxy radicals.

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry data were obtained for most of the main classes of antiprotozoan agents, specifically, nitroheterocyles, quinones, metal complexes and derivatives, iminium-type ions, and azo compounds. The reductions were generally reversible in the range of −0.3 to −0.9 V. Catalytic production of oxidative pressure from redox cycling involving oxygen is believed to be an important mode of action by the medicinal agents. Literature data contribute support.
Pediatric Acute Liver Failure and Immune Dysregulation

Apreviously healthy 2-year-old girl was taken to a communityhospitalwith anacuteonsetof jaundice overa several-day period. Her initial exam was remarkable for mild hepatomegaly. There was no splenomegaly or history of fever. Screening laboratory tests revealed elevated aminotransferase levels, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and thrombocytopenia. Her international normalized ratio was normal. An evaluation for causes of acute hepatitis revealed negative viral studies and a nondetectable serum acetaminophen level; negative serum antinuclear antibody, anti–smooth muscle antibody, and anti–liver/kidney microsomal antibody; and normal serum immunoglobulin level. Because of thrombocytopenia in the setting of hepatitis, she was evaluated for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). This evaluation demonstrated normal fasting serum triglyceride levels, an elevated serum ferritin level of 616 ng/ mL, and a low-normal serum fibrinogen level of 167 mg/dL. Serum soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level was markedly elevated at 9998 U/mL. Bone marrow biopsy showed no evidence of hemophagocytosis. Liver biopsy showed lobular and sinusoidal lymphocytic inflammation but no hemophagocytosis. Although the patient had an elevated serum ferritin, and an elevated sIL-2R level, she did not fulfill the criteria for HLH according to recent
Synthesis of 4,7,9-trimethyl-2H-thieno[3,2-g]-1-benzopyran-2-one. A psoralen isostere

The title compound, an isostere of 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen, was prepared in good yield from 7-[(2-bromo-allyl)thio]-4,8-dimethylcoumarin via a thio-Claisen rearrangement. The structure of the final product was determined by proton nmr decoupling experiments.
OO overkill: when simple is better than not

Object oriented design patterns as popularized in [GHJV95] are intended to solve common programming problems and to assist the programmer in designing and developing robust systems. As first year courses increasingly emphasize object orientation, knowledge of design patterns and when to use them becomes an important component of the first year curriculum. Recent literature has focused on introducing the patterns to computer science educators, but not on the situations and contexts in which the patterns are appropriate. Design patterns and object orientation are parts of a methodology that scales to large systems. In this paper we show that these concepts do not always scale down. We analyze examples from current literature that would be simpler without patterns, and provide examples of when the same design patterns do make design and programs simpler.
The Erdos-Ko-Rado theorem for small families

Abstract Let t be a fixed positive integer and c a real constant, 0 1 2 . We prove that for n sufficiently large each family A of cn-element subsets of [n] having | A | = n contains a t-intersecting subfamily A ′ ⊆ A with | A ′|>/ cn(1 − o(1)).
Engineering human glycoprotein hormone superactive analogues

We report the generation of superactive analogues of human glycoprotein hormones, with potential applications in thyroid and reproductive disorders. Current biological and structural data were used to rationalize mutagenesis. The 11–20 region in the α-subunit with a cluster of lysine residues forms a previously unrecognized domain critical for receptor binding and signal transduction, as well as an important motif in the evolution of glycoprotein hormone activities. The gradual elimination of basic residues in the α-subunit coincided with the evolutionary divergence of the hominids from the Old World monkeys. By selective reconstitution of certain critical residues present in homologous nonhuman hormones we have developed human thyroid stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotropin analogues with substantial increases in receptor binding affinity and bioactivity, thus providing a paradigm for the design of novel therapeutic protein analogues.
Growth and Chemical Properties of Layered, Binary Mixed Oxides: NO on MgO−NiO and CaO−NiO

The growth mode of layered, binary mixed oxides consisting of NiO, MgO, and CaO has been studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), and NO temperature-programmed desorption (NO-TPD). The NiO/MgO layered system shows greater long-range order relative to NiO/CaO. The superior wetting found for NiO/MgO compared to NiO/CaO is likely due to the close lattice match of NiO/MgO, in contrast to NiO/CaO. The influence of MgO and CaO on NO adsorption on NiO has been studied using TPD and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and correlated with the growth mode of the corresponding layered oxide system. A long-range, substrate-mediated interaction has been found between NO and coadsorbed MgO (or CaO) on the NiO(100)/Mo(100) surface.
Women in Labor: Mothers, Medicine, and Occupational Health in the United States, 1890–1980 . By Allison L. Hepler. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000. Pp. xii, 177. $18.95, paper.

Progressive Era reformers believed that women workers needed to be protected from the hazards of industry because women were mothers. These reformers defined motherhood broadly, maintaining that a mother's duties included caring for and rearing children and maintaining safe, moral, and healthy households. Maximum-hours limits and prohibitions on night work were intended to protect working women from being too fatigued to perform these duties. In Muller v. Oregon , the U.S. Supreme Court upheld gender-specific protection laws, justifying the state's role in this arena by asserting it was in the public interest “to preserve the strength and vigor of the race” (p. 23).
Modulation of VEGF-induced retinal vascular permeability by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ.

Purpose Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced retinal vascular permeability contributes to diabetic macular edema (DME), a serious vision-threatening condition. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) antagonist/reverse agonist, GSK0660, inhibits VEGF-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell (HRMEC) proliferation, tubulogenesis, and oxygen-induced retinal vasculopathy in newborn rats. These VEGF-induced HRMEC behaviors and VEGF-induced disruption of endothelial cell junctional complexes may well share molecular signaling events. Thus, we sought to examine the role of PPARβ/δ in VEGF-induced retinal hyperpermeability. Methods Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were performed on HRMEC monolayers to assess permeability. Claudin-1/Claudin-5 localization in HRMEC monolayers was determined by immunocytochemistry. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (Erk 1/2) phosphorylation, VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and R2 were assayed by Western blot analysis. Expression of VEGFR1 and R2 was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Last, retinal vascular permeability was assayed in vivo by Evans blue extravasation. Results Human retinal microvascular endothelial cell monolayers treated with VEGF for 24 hours showed decreased TEER values that were completely reversed by the highest concentration of GSK0660 (10 μM) and PPARβ/δ-directed siRNA (20 μM). In HRMEC treated with VEGF, GSK0660 stabilized tight-junctions as evidenced by Claudin-1 staining, reduced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and reduced VEGFR1/2 expression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ siRNA had a similar effect on VEGFR expression and Claudin-1, supporting the specificity of GSK0660 in our experiments. Last, GSK0660 significantly inhibited VEGF-induced retinal vascular permeability and reduced retinal VEGFR1and R2 levels in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions These data suggest a protective effect for PPARβ/δ antagonism against VEGF-induced vascular permeability, possibly through reduced VEGFR expression. Therefore, antagonism/reverse agonism of PPARβ/δ siRNA may represent a novel therapeutic methodology against retinal hyperpermeability and is worthy of future investigation.
A Quantitative Framework to Evaluate Modeling of Cortical Development by Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells have been adopted to model a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions in vitro. However, how well such models correspond to in vivo brain has not been evaluated in an unbiased, comprehensive manner. We used transcriptomic analyses to compare in vitro systems to developing human fetal brain and observed strong conservation of in vivo gene expression and network architecture in differentiating primary human neural progenitor cells (phNPCs). Conserved modules are enriched in genes associated with ASD, supporting the utility of phNPCs for studying neuropsychiatric disease. We also developed and validated a machine learning approach called CoNTExT that identifies the developmental maturity and regional identity of in vitro models. We observed strong differences between in vitro models, including hiPSC-derived neural progenitors from multiple laboratories. This work provides a systems biology framework for evaluating in vitro systems and supports their value in studying the molecular mechanisms of human neurodevelopmental disease.
The process of discovery: Mendeleev and the periodic law

(1974). The process of discovery: Mendeleev and the periodic law. Annals of Science: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 181-204.
Integration of Dietitian Services in a Hospital-Based Pediatric Home Health Care Department

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe how limited dietitian hours can be used to provide nutrition services for the hospital's Home Health Care patients Since July 1994 a dietitian liaison from the hospital's Nutrition Department has been a member of the Home Health Care (HHC) team. This dietitian acts as a resource to HHC staff and organizes weekly patient case conferences for enteral and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) patients. The dietitian liaison also assisted HHC in the development of a nutrition screening assessment used prior to hospital discharge. Weekly case conferences include the dietitian liaison, a HHC nursing supervisor or metabolic nurse, and a HHC pharmacist. Each person gathers information from appropriate primary care providers and the family, before a round table style discussion and documentation process. Patients are systematically reviewed so that all enteral feeding patients are discussed at least every 6 months and all TPN patients at least every month. Because of the dietitian's involvement, the HHC Department has been able to meet and exceed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards. Prior to this program, only about 75% (57/73) of the HHC patients receiving enteral feedings and/or TPN had any involvement with a dietitian, even on an inconsistent basis. As a result of the case conferences, patients have been identified who appear to be using less product than prescribed, HHC services have been terminated or nursing visits restarted in a more timely manner, and complete nutrition reassessments have been initiated to ensure that the patient continues to receive the desired intake. When HHC field nurses were surveyed in March 1996, all nurses responding indicated they had consulted with a hospital dietitian in the past 6 months. These nurses also indicated an interest in written guidelines or periodic inservices on nutrition related topics. A repeat survey of the nurses a year later and documentation of patients identified for further nutrition consultation are tools for evaluating how well the dietitian is used as a resource within the HHC Department.
Abstracting meaning from complex information (gist reasoning) in adult traumatic brain injury

Gist reasoning (abstracting meaning from complex information) was compared between adults with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI, n = 30) at least one year post injury and healthy adults (n = 40). The study also examined the contribution of executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and switching) and memory (immediate recall and memory for facts) to gist reasoning. The correspondence between gist reasoning and daily function was also examined in the TBI group. Results indicated that the TBI group performed significantly lower than the control group on gist reasoning, even after adjusting for executive functions and memory. Executive function composite was positively associated with gist reasoning (p < .001). Additionally, performance on gist reasoning significantly predicted daily function in the TBI group beyond the predictive ability of executive function alone (p = .011). Synthesizing and abstracting meaning(s) from information (i.e., gist reasoning) could provide an informative index into higher order cognition and daily functionality.
Synthesis of YbBr2 and YbCl2 and an x-ray diffraction study of the system YbBr2YbCl2

Abstract Ytterbium dichloride was prepared in pure form by the oxidation of elemental ytterbium by ZnCl2 with subsequent removal of the zinc impurities by sublimation. Ytterbium dibromide in the orthorhombic SrI2-type structural form was prepared in a sealed tantalum container by reduction of the tribromide with elemental ytterbium at a temperature not exceeding 960°C for 15 min. The dihalides, mixed intimately in appropriate molar ratios in a glove-box and contained in pyrolytic graphite boats, were melted under vacuum. These two halides form a solid solution with the SrI2-type structure. Lattice parameters are reported as a function of composition.
High resolution NMR spectroscopy of rat brain in vivo through indirect zero-quantum-coherence detection

The time evolution of zero-quantum-coherences (ZQCs) is insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity. Using a 2D indirect ZQC detection method it is shown that high-resolution 1H NMR spectra can be obtained from rat brain in vivo at 11.74 T that are immune to magnetic field inhomogeneity. Simulations based on the density matrix formalism, as well as in vitro measurements are used to demonstrate the features of 2D ZQC NMR spectra. Unique spectral information which is normally not directly available from regular 1H NMR spectra can be extracted and used for compound identification or improved prior knowledge during spectral fitting.
Family configurations and child-care patterns: Families with two or more preschool-age children

Objectives. This article examines the extent to which mothers must find child-care arrangements for more than one preschool child and, when they do, the strategies they adopt to juggle their work and family roles. Methods. We use national data from numerous studies with information on fertility and child care among employed mothers with children. Results. We find that it is a common life-course experience for mothers to need child care for two or more preschool-age children. Employed mothers’ preferred strategy for child care for their multiple preschool-age children is to place all preschoolers in the same type of arrangement, choosing parental care more often and center care less often than employed mothers with one preschooler. Conclusions. Previous child-care research has ignored the complexities parents face when they must make child-care decisions about all their preschool-age children simultaneously. Child-care decisions need to be studied within the family and household context.
The primary aerobic biodegradation of gasoline hydrocarbons.

We describe the primary aerobic biodegradation of an unleaded, unoxygenated, regular gasoline by inocula from unacclimated fresh and sea water, and from a domestic sewage treatment plant. Biodegradation was rapid and complete in all inocula, with an overall median “half-life”, at ∼70 ppm gasoline and low levels of inorganic nutrients, of 5 days. The biodegradation of 131 individual hydrocarbons in the gasoline followed a relatively consistent pattern. The larger n-alkanes and iso-alkanes, and simple and alkylated aromatic compounds were the most readily degraded compounds, followed by the smaller n-alkanes and iso-alkanes and the naphthenes. The last compounds to be degraded were butane, iso-butane, and 2,2-dimethylbutane, but even these disappeared with an apparent half-life of <30 days. The fact that the aqueous concentration of many of the individual components was in the sub ppb level is a remarkable demonstration of the ability of unadapted indigenous aerobic microorganisms to respond to and effectiv...
Estimation of progesterone in biological tissues and fluids from pregnant women by double isotope derivative assay

Abstract A double isotope derivative method has been used for the estimation of progesterone content of tissues and fluids obtained from pregnant women. Progesterone levels are reported for placenta, fetal membranes, myometrium, amniotic fluid and peripheral plasma collected by cesarean section during late gestation. Analyses of progesterone levels in peripheral plasma collected at intervals during 24 hours near term are reported which show no variations in these levels greater than the error of the method. Analyses of peripheral plasma progesterone levels in pregnant women coincident with the course of hypertonic saline-induced abortion are reported. These show significant decreases in progesterone levels (33%) between the time of injection and the onset of clinical labor and a further drop (11%) between the initiation of labor and delivery. The association of fetal death in utero with a lowering of progesterone in peripheral plasma is made which correlated with the length of fetal demise.
Slow developing demersal embryos and larvae of the antarctic sea star Odontaster validus

The early development of Odontaster validus at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is indirect and includes equal cleavage, a convoluted blastula, a free-swimming coeloblastula, a gastrula, and a feeding bipinnaria larva. Development differs from that of other asteroids in two respects: (1) The developmental rate is extremely slow; blastulae form nearly 2 days after fertilization, gastrulation begins after 7 days, and the bipinnaria develops in about 40 to 55 days. The slow developmental rate appears to be only partly related to the low environmental temperature (-1.5°C). (2) The embryos and larvae are largely demersal. Such behavior may be an adaptation to keep the larvae out of antarctic surface waters, as does brooding in many other polar echinoderms.
Using Classroom Debates in Teaching Developmental Psychology

Classroom debates have been used in a developmental psychology course in order to teach students about controversial issues and to help them improve their thinking and oral communications skills. S...
Ca2+ translocation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Ca2+ uptake into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied at 0°C in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors, conditions that minimized complications caused by sequestration of Ca2+ into organelles or by excretion. Under these conditions Ruthenium Red inhibited Ca2+ uptake, but other previously implicated ions, such as Pi or Mg2+, had no effect. Valinomycin either inhibited or slightly stimulated Ca2+ uptake depending on the presence of excess K+ on the outside or inside of the cell, respectively. Nigericin inhibited Ca2+ transport. Based on these data we propose an electrogenic uptake of Ca2+, possibly via a Ca2+/H+ antiport mechanism. The observation that glucose inhibited Ca2+ uptake suggested that in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells an energy-driven Ca2+ expulsion mechanism is operative, similar to that in erythrocytes. Plasma membrane preparations of ascites tumor cells were found to contain a Ca2+-dependent ATPase. These preparations, when incorporated into liposomes in an inside-out orientation, catalyzed an ATP-dependent uptake of Ca2+.
Flexible product platforms: framework and case study

Customization and market uncertainty require increased functional and physical bandwidth in product platforms. This paper presents a platform design process in response to such future uncertainty. The process consists of seven iterative steps and is applied to an automotive body-in-white where 10 out of 21 components are identified as potential candidates for embedding flexibility. The paper shows how to systematically pinpoint and value flexible elements in platforms. This allows increased product family profit despite uncertain variant demand, and specification changes. We show how embedding flexibility suppresses change propagation and lowers switching costs, despite an increase of 34% in initial investment for equipment and tooling. Monte Carlo simulation results of 12 future scenarios reveal the value of embedding flexibility.
Current Status of Diversity by Race, Hispanic Ethnicity, and Sex in Diagnostic Radiology

Traditionally underrepresented minorities in medicine and females are significantly underrepresented as residents, academic faculty, and practicing physicians, compared with the overall U.S. population and medical school graduates.
Self tuning vector control for induction motors

The authors present a control scheme for adaptively updating the gains in the control loop of a voltage inverter-fed induction motor drive. The method is essentially an implementation of a parallel adaptive model following control (AMFC) system. The reference model is obtained assuming perfect decoupling conditions. The method presented allows simple design and implementation of the AMFC system, and the desired closed-loop performance is achieved under variations of different plant parameters including the rotor resistance. Since the rotor dynamics is included in the model, it describes the transient performance of a closed-loop system. Results of numerical simulations of a self-tuning vector controller using the adaptive model reference techniques are presented. The controller gains are adjusted to accommodate changes in the rotor resistance. The nonzero steady-state error indicates that the PI gains need to be included in the adaptation loop. >
Space interferometry application of laser frequency stabilization with molecular iodine.

A number of planned space interferometry missions, including the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) gravitational wave detector, require a laser system with high-frequency stability over long time scales. A 1064 nm wavelength nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) laser stabilized to a resonant transition in molecular iodine is suitable for these missions, providing high-frequency stability at an absolute reference frequency. The iodine stabilized laser also offers low sensitivity to temperature and alignment fluctuations and allows frequency tuning. We have evaluated the noise performance of a NPRO laser stabilized to iodine using frequency modulation spectroscopy and have found an Allan standard deviation of 10−14 over 100 s. Simplified optical configurations and the radiation hardness of the frequency-doubling crystals have also been investigated.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane)?

Keywords: 1,1,1-trichloroethane; methyl chloroform; allergic contact dermatitis; occupational; organic solvents; lumber company; machine cleaning
The Pol-e-Pill Finally Arrives

The global obesity epidemic affects billions of people (1), and, in its wake, a worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes has followed (2,3). Obesity is not only associated with diabetes, of course, but also with the other partners in the X-gang: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (4). As exemplified in an original article in this issue of Diabetes (5), the link between diabetes and obesity continues to be scrutinized in detail. In the wake of this metabolic catastrophe, the ill effects of joint pain, degenerative arthritis, and sleep apnea ensue (6). A ripple of despair similarly washes over the oncology community, who now realize that the global tragedy of obesity claims cancer lives too (7–10). “But how about us?” the immunologists (11) and vascular (4) specialists cry; obesity dulls the body's response to infection, impairs wound healing, and, consequently, diminishes reproductive capacity (12). All of this is important, but none of it matters to Keith Mitchell, who expresses his frustration to his impotent physician, “Doc, I've tried every diet on earth. Why can't you help me?” (13). Keith returns home bereft of hope to later apologize to his children, with whom he is too tired to play (14), and to his wife, whom he feels …
Seismic Moments of the Larger Earthquakes of the Southern California Region

The seismic moment (M_0) of an earthquake is a more consistent and more physical measure of source strength than magnitude (M) or strain release (see pdf for formula), and this measure of source strength is determined for 47 of the larger earthquakes occurring in the Southern California region since 1857. Most of the seismic moments are obtained by conventional seismological means, but a relationship between M_0 and the areal distribution of Intensity VI (A_(VI)) is developed and scaled to estimate M_0 when intensity data are available but instrumental data are not. This relationship is log M_0 = 1.97 log A_(VI) − 2.55. For the region as a whole, earthquakes at the threshold of M_0 ≥ 10^(25), ≥10^(26), and ≥10^(27) dyne-cm have occurred once every 3, 8, and 25 yr, respectively. The spatial occurrence of the five largest earthquakes (M_0 ≥ 1 × 10^(27) dyne-cm) is not limited to a particular geologic province, mode of tectonic accommodation, or geographic locality. It is unlikely that this data set can reliably predict long-term spatial and temporal patterns of the M_0 ≥ 10^(25) dyne-cm seismicity of the Southern California region.
Silibinin prevents ultraviolet B radiation-induced epidermal damages in JB6 cells and mouse skin in a p53-GADD45α-dependent manner

Better preventive strategies are required to reduce ultraviolet (UV)-caused photodamage, the primary etiological factor for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Accordingly, here we examined the preventive efficacy of silibinin against UVB-induced photodamage using mouse epidermal JB6 cells and SKH1 hairless mouse epidermis. In JB6 cells, silibinin pretreatment protected against apoptosis and accelerated the repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) induced by moderate dose of UVB (50 mJ/cm(2)), which we are at risk of daily exposure. Silibinin also reversed UVB-induced S phase arrest, reducing both active DNA synthesizing and inactive S phase populations. In mechanistic studies, UVB-irradiated cells showed a transient upregulation of both phosphorylated (Ser-15 and Ser-392) and total p53, whereas silibinin pretreatment led to a more sustained upregulation and stronger nuclear localization of p53. Silibinin also caused a marked upregulation of GADD45α, a downstream target of p53, implicated in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Importantly, under p53 and GADD45α knockdown conditions, cells were more susceptible to UVB-induced apoptosis without any significant S phase arrest, and protective effects of silibinin were compromised. Similar to the in vitro results, topical application of silibinin prior to or immediately after UVB irradiation resulted in sustained increase in p53 and GADD45α levels and accelerated CPD removal in the epidermis of SKH1 hairless mice. Together, our results show for the first time that p53-mediated GADD45α upregulation is the key mechanism by which silibinin protects against UVB-induced photodamage and provides a strong rationale to investigate silibinin in reducing the risk and/or preventing early onset of NMSC.
Intelligent multi-agent control for integrated building and micro-grid systems

In this paper, a multi-agent based control framework is proposed for energy and comfort management in integrated smart building and micro-grid systems. This micro-grid system operates independently from the power grid, and distributed renewable resources including solar, wind, and batteries supply power to the whole building. A multi-agent control system with particle swarm optimizer (PSO) is developed in this work, which is made up of a central coordinator-agent and multiple local controller-agents. Also several load agents are utilized in emergency situations. Simulation results are presented and discussed. This intelligent control system turns out to be capable of achieving effective energy and comfort management in green building control.
A sampled-data CMOS analog adaptive filter

A fully analog sampled-data CMOS adaptive filter realizing the LMS (least mean squared) adaptation on a four-tap FIR (finite impulse response) filter has been fabricated. The system uses clocked CMOS sampled-data storage, four-quadrant CMOS analog multipliers, and CMOS op amp-based arithmetic modules. For achieving higher output sampling rates and for allowing modularity, a parallel architecture has been used, implementing each filter tap separately instead of using a single time-multiplexed processing unit. The prototype chip was fabricated using double-metal double-poly 2- mu m CMOS P-well technology, occupying an area of 4.0 mm/sup 2/ and using +or-5-V power supplies. >