cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
455. Safety of Vaccination to Treat Cocaine Addiction with Capsid Proteins from a Disrupted Adenovirus Conjugated to a Cocaine Analog

Cocaine is a highly addictive drug with significant social, societal, economic and medical impact, yet there are no effective therapies for cocaine addiction. An anti-cocaine vaccine that could evoke antibodies to bind the drug and prevent its transfer across the blood-brain barrier to its cognate CNS receptors is a promising strategy for treatment of cocaine addiction. In preclinical studies, an anti-cocaine vaccine (dAd5GNE) consisting of a disrupted E1- E3- serotype 5 adenovirus covalently conjugated to the cocaine analog GNE evoked high-titers of anti-cocaine antibodies that blocked cocaine from reaching the central nervous system of mice, rats and monkeys, abrogating cocaine-induced behaviors. The objective of this study was to ascertain if vaccination of a clinical grade dAd5GNE formulated in Adjuplex™ adjuvant administered to mice and non-human primates (NHPs) could be achieved with a safety profile acceptable to move this therapy to humans. Age-matched Balb/c mice (n=48 male, n=48 female for each group) were vaccinated monthly with a vehicle control, Adjuplex™ alone or dAd5GNE, (0.4 or 4 mg) + Adjuplex™. At 1, 5, 13 and 26 wk, evaluation of gross and histopathology, complete blood count, and serum chemistry were performed in a blinded fashion. No significant differences between Adjuplex™ control- and vaccine-treated groups were observed and no adverse effects could be attributed to the vaccine. Some histiocytic inflammatory infiltrates at the site of injection were observed in mice for which doses of Adjuplex™ were >150-fold the weight-adjusted human dose. African green monkeys vaccinated monthly with Adjuplex™ formulated dAd5GNE (50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg), or adjuvant control (n=2 male, n=2 female for each group) were evaluated for standard general safety parameters plus heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature over the course of 6 months. To reflect the use of the vaccine in cocaine addict populations, all NHPs were challenged with cocaine (1 mg/kg, intravenous) on each of the 3 days leading up to sacrifice with vital signs monitored for 30 min following each challenge. Examination of the brain, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, mediastinal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, popliteal lymph nodes, inguinal lymph node, pericardium, aorta, thymus, diaphragm, salivary gland, gall bladder, stomach, mesenteric adipose tissue, adrenals, trachea, esophagus, urinary bladder, sternum, eye, cervical spinal cord, pituitary, sciatic nerve, skin, quadriceps revealed no adverse effects related to the intramuscular administration of dAd5GNE in mice or NHPs. Unlike the murine study, no untoward effects associated with the adjuvant were observed at the site of injection. This safety profile suggests that vaccination with dAd5GNE meets the criteria to proceed to clinical trial.
Program Evaluation Interest and Skills of School Counselors.

School counselors participated in a study examining their program evaluation interest and skills. Findings suggest that school counselors understand the importance of program evaluation, yet they may lack the skills and confidence to successfully engage in program evaluation activities. Professional development training may be an important method for helping today's school counselors develop skills and confidence in program evaluation. This article presents implications for school counselor training and practice and recommendations for future research.
The Intentionality of Psychologically Pure Consciousness

In Chapter Three of my study of Husserl’s phenomenological account of intentionality, I will be concerned with bringing into relief the phenomenally peculiar non-positing, but nevertheless “objectivating” intentionality of psychologically pure consciousness. Husserl’s account of the “absolute being” of this intentionality is in my view importent for the following reason. The uncovering of this psychologically pure phenomenological residuum emerges in his analyses as the requisite for uncovering the horizonal intentionality of worldly apperception. I will try to show that it is the mundane efficacy of the non-actional intentionality of the latter which Husserl finds needs to be bracketed and suspended in order to effect the phenomenological reduction of psychologically pure consciousness to transcendentally pure consciousness. My discussion of the world phenomenon and its non-actional intentionality is intended then to prepare the way for the discussion, in Chapter Four, of precisely what it is in this state of affairs that leads him to formulate and execute the transcendental reduction.
Best strategies to recruit and enroll elderly Blacks into clinical and biomedical research

Background Historically, Blacks have been disproportionately underrepresented in clinical trials. Outcomes associated with low Blacks' participation in research include poor understanding of the predictors and treatment of the disease, increasing health disparities, poor health equity, and suboptimal wellness of the nation as a whole. To address this gap in research participation, we analyzed our recruitment data to identify the most effective strategies for enrolling older Blacks in clinical trials. Methods Data used in these analyses were obtained from 3,266 potential volunteers, ages 50 or older, who completed a Mini-Mental State Exam as part of recruitment and screening for various clinical studies on Alzheimer's disease. In order to determine the most effective strategies for engaging Blacks in clinical research, we used tests of proportion to assess significant differences in recruitment sources, counts, and percentages for optimal recruitment strategies by gender. Finally, we employed regression analyses to confirm our findings. Results Of the total 3,266 screened, 2,830 Black volunteers were identified for further analysis. Overall, more women than men (73.8% vs 26.2%) participated in our recruitment activities. However, a significantly higher proportion of men than women were engaged through family (3.86% vs 1.30%, p=0.0004) and referral sources (5.89% vs 2.59%, p=0.0005). Compared to other sources for recruitment, we encountered a higher proportion of volunteers at health fairs (42.95%), and through advertisements (14.97%). In our sample, years of education and age did not appear to influence the likelihood of an encounter, screening, and potential participation. Conclusion Our findings indicate Black men and women in our sample were predominantly recruited from health fairs and through advertisements tailored to their health needs and interests. Conversely, we mostly engaged Black men through family referrals and persons known to them, indicating a need for trust in their decision to engage study personnel and/or participate in clinical trials.
Open Drain Bank Stabilization Before and After Construction

Bank instability and erosion during and after construction of open agricultural drains in cohesionless soil is a serious problem in many parts of the world.
Structure of Molecular-Sized Ru3Sn3 Clusters on a SiO2 Film on Mo(112)

Triangular Ru3Sn3 clusters have been deposited on an ultra thin film of SiO2 on a Mo(112) surface from the cluster complex Ru3(CO)9(μ-SnPh2)3, were fixed by heating to 450 K under vacuum, and were then imaged by high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. The clusters are preferentially oriented along the SiO4 chains and lie on top of a SiO4 group with attachments to neighboring SiO4 chains. At 700 K, the clusters migrate across the surface to step edges where fragmentation and agglomeration processes occur.
Basic Operant Procedures

In this chapter, we shall focus on techniques derived from the principles of operant conditioning. The operant conditioning model has been useful in the development of a wide range of clinically relevant procedures, some of which are described in later chapters. In the present chapter, techniques that are based on the operant conditioning model and that are useful for introducing new behaviors into a child’s behavioral repertoire will be examined. Most of these operant procedures have come to be grouped under the common label of “contingency management procedures” since they involve the selective manipulation of antecedent and consequent events. In this and the following chapter the labels “operant procedures” and “contingency management procedures” will be used interchangeably.
The Cartographic Discovery of the Great Lakes Snowbelts

As an elaboration of efforts to map winter precipitation, snow cartography in the United States reflects the need for multiple years of standardized measurements, the uneven development of the measurement network, and perhaps the delayed recognition of “unmelted” snow as a hindrance to mobility. The first systematic maps of snow climatology did not appear until 1894, in the Atlas supplement to Mark Harrington’s Rainfall and Snow of the United States. A single Atlas sheet titled “Snowfall, in inches” was based on fewer than 100 stations. None of its eight small maps, each covering a single month from October through May, clearly delineates the Great Lakes snowbelts. Between 1912 and 1914 Harvard graduate student Charles Franklin Brooks, who wrote a doctoral dissertation on the geography of snowfall in the eastern United States, produced a series of comparatively detailed snowfall maps. Subsequent refinements reflect an enhanced data-collection network, a longer period of record, and a wider range of snow-related map themes. Extension of coverage to the western third of the country, where annual snowfall rates vary widely over short distances, dampened detail for the East when isoline intervals were held constant across the map—a cartographic “hushing” if not a full “silence.” A conceptual bifurcation is apparent in the latter decades of the twentieth century, with the emergence of probabilistic maps based on a trove of temporal data as well as increased use of single-storm maps based on numerical simulation, dynamic radar, and satellite imagery to better understand and predict lake-effect snowstorms.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the acute manifestation of a chronic progressive disease of the cerebral vessels [1]. Rarely, the underlying vessel disease can be a vascular malformation. However, for patients over the age of 55 years, the overwhelming majority of ICH cases occur in the presence of cerebral small vessel disease [2]. ICH is routinely classified according to the region of the brain in which it occurs: the thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum (“deep” or “nonlobar” ICH), or at the junction of the cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter (“lobar” ICH). Pathological studies demonstrate that ICH location frequently correlates with different underlying small vessel diseases. For example, while chronic hypertension has long been recognized as the leading cause of deep ICH, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has been recognized as a leading cause of lobar (ICH) [3–7].
MU: a development environment for prospective reasoning systems

We describe a style of problem solving, prospective reasoning, and a development environment, MU, for building prospective reasoning systems. Prospective reasoning is a form of planning in which knowledge of the state of the world and the effects of actions is incomplete. We illustrate one implementation of prospective reasoning in MU with examples from medical diagnosis.
Low cholesterol efflux capacity and abnormal lipoprotein particles in youth with type 1 diabetes: a case control study

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) have increased mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Risk factors for CVD include an elevation of LDL (LDLp) and small HDL (sHDLp) particles, and a decrease in reverse cholesterol transport i.e. HDL-cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). Our objective was to compare lipoprotein particles and CEC between T1DM and healthy controls (HC) and to explore the associations between NMR lipid particles and cholesterol efflux. 78 patients with T1DM and 59 HC underwent fasting lipoprotein profile testing by NMR and measurements of CEC by cell-based method. The associations between NMR lipid particles with CEC were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models. Youth with T1DM had higher total LDLp 724 [(563–985) vs 622 (476–794) nmol/L (P = 0.011)] (Maahs et al. in Circulation 130(17):1532–58, 2014; Shah et al. in Pediatr Diabetes 16(5):367–74, 2015), sHDLp [11.20 (5.7–15.3) vs 7.0 (3.2–13.1) μmol/L (P = 0.021)], and lower medium HDLp [11.20 (8.5–14.5) vs 12.3 (9–19.4), (P = 0.049)] and lower CEC (0.98 ± 0.11% vs 1.05 ± 0.15%, P = 0.003) compared to HC. Moreover, CEC correlated with sHDLp (β = − 0.28, P = 0.045) and large HDLp (β = 0.46, P < 0.001) independent of age, sex, ethnicity, BMIz, HbA1c, hsCRP and total HDLp in the diabetic cohort. Youth with T1DM demonstrated a more atherogenic profile including higher sHDL and LDLp and lower CEC. Future efforts should focus on considering adding lipoprotein particles and CEC in CVD risk stratification of youth with T1DM. Trial registration Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT02275091
Economic conditions and sleep

This paper uses the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2015 to analyze the effect of economic conditions on sleep duration. Prior work has found that increases in the employment rate cause sleep duration of individuals to fall. No previous research considers that weekday sleep behavior and weekend sleep behavior may be differentially related to economic conditions. Estimates suggest that weekday sleep duration is indeed countercylical whereas weekend sleep duration is procyclical. Results are driven by individuals most susceptible to economic fluctuations: minorities, single adults, and individuals with less education. Differential results concerning economic conditions and sleep by day type may be one mechanism for which to expect economic conditions to impact other sleep-related outcomes diversely depending on day of the week.
Special education: assumptions, techniques, and evaluative criteria.

Current conceptions about the nature of educational exceptionality are examined. These very different conceptions have formed the basis for three types of remedial approaches to the same manifest educational handicaps. In some instances these recommended approaches are either theoretically or practically incompatible. Criteria for the evaluation of the effects of remediation are seen to vary in terms of the generality or specificity of the outcome and the temporal interval between the remedial effort and the desired effect.
Developing precipitation- and groundwater-corrected stream temperature models to improve brook charr management amid climate change

Conserving coldwater stream ecosystems in a warming world requires understanding how water temperature changes will affect the sustainability of coldwater fish populations such as brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). To date, many models for predicting stream temperature have either assumed spatially uniform (inaccurate) air-stream temperature relationships or required expensive measurement of hydrometeorological drivers (e.g., solar radiation, convection) in a manner impractical for fisheries management. Hence, we developed an accurate, cost-effective, management-relevant modeling approach for projecting how changes in air temperature, precipitation, and groundwater inputs will affect coldwater stream temperatures and brook charr survival and growth in Michigan, USA. Precipitation- and groundwater-corrected models predicted stream temperatures more accurately than air-stream temperature models. Projected stream warming intensified in proportion to simulated air temperature warming and was most extreme in surface runoff-dominated streams with limited groundwater-driven thermal buffering. However, groundwater-dominated streams will not invariably provide sufficient coldwater habitats for brook charr survival and growth if groundwater temperatures increase or groundwater inputs decline due to reduced precipitation. Amid resource limitations, fisheries managers can use the stream temperature modeling approach described herein to predict effects of climate change on brook charr survival and growth and take actions to facilitate their sustainability in riverine systems.
On the effects of spatial and spectral resolution on spatial-spectral target detection in SHARE 2012 and Bobcat 2013 hyperspectral imagery

ABSTRACT Previous work with the Bobcat 2013 data set 1 showed that spatial-spectral feature extraction on visible to nearinfrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imagery (HSI) led to better target detection and discrimination than spectral-only techniques; however, the aforementioned study could not consider the possible bene ts of the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) portion of the spectrum due to data limitations. In addition, the spatial resolution of theBobcat 2013 imagery was xed at 8cm without exploring lower spatial resolutions. In this work, we evaluatethe tradeo s in spatial and spectral resolution and spectral coverage between for a common set of targets interms of their e ects on spatial-spectral target detection performance. We show that for our spatial-spectraltarget detection scheme and data sets, the adaptive cosine estimator (ACE) applied to S-DAISY and pseudoZernike moment (PZM) spatial-spectral features can distinguish between targets better than ACE applied onlyto the spectral imagery. In particular, S-DAISY operating on bands uniformly selected from the SWIR portionof ProSpecTIR-VS sensor imagery in conjunction with bands closely corresponding to the Airborne Real-timeCueing Hyperspectral Reconnaissance (ARCHER) sensor's VNIR bands (80 total) led to the best overall averageperfomance in both target detection and discrimination.Keywords: hyperspectral imagery, spatial-spectral feature extraction, feature-level fusion, spatial resolution,spectral resolution
Distributions of the Pelagic Holothurian Pelagothuria in the Central Pacific Ocean as Observed by Remotely-Operated Vehicle Surveys

Pelagothuria is the only known genus of holothurian that is holopelagic. There is thought to be only one species, Pelagothuria natatrix, and little is known about their abundance and distribution throughout the global ocean. Most documented observations of Pelagothuria are in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, an ecoregion with a shallow thermocline and low dissolved oxygen concentrations, suggesting that Pelagothuria may be associated with oxygen minimum zone regions. During the spring 2017 NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Mountains in the Deep Expedition, scientists onboard the ship and participating through telepresence noted seeing an exceptional number of Pelagothuria during ROV dives conducted at sites along a transit from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Honolulu, Hawaii. Video from all dives was later reviewed using the video replay and annotation tool SeaTube and Pelagothuria were seen at 9 of the 12 ROV dive sites explored. A total of 97 occurrences of Pelagothuria were observed in depths ranging from 196 to 4440 m, temperatures of 1.3 to 15.4 °C, salinities of 34.5 to 35.2, and oxygen concentrations of 0.17 to 3.77 mg L-1. The vertical distribution of Pelagothuria averaged 865 m depth, and their observations occurred at means of 5.24 °C, 34.56, 1.71 mg L-1 for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, respectively. Results suggest that the horizontal distributions of Pelagothuria may extend to the Equatorial Pacific region, and the relatively high occurrence of Pelagothuria in oxygen minimum zones indicates they may be particularly hypoxia-tolerant. In the absence of repeat or long-term observations, it is not possible to discern whether this phenomenon was a bloom or a persistent feature of the area. The recent strong El Nino event and anomalously warm conditions throughout much of the Pacific could have provided conditions favorable to a Pelagothuria bloom, however the high abundances of the organism seen on a nearby 2015 expedition suggest that this may be a persistent feature. The water column in this region has never before been explored with ROVs, and this study demonstrated use of an archived and publicly-accessible exploratory dataset to make novel discoveries.
Examining the Impact of Divestment from Fossil Fuels on University Endowments

Between 2011 and 2018, 35 American universities and colleges divested, either partially or completely, their endowments from fossil-fuel holdings, marking a shift toward sustainability in university endowment investment. However, the decision by these universities to divest was often marred by controversy, owing to conflicts between student- and faculty-led coalitions and the university board. Principally, endowment fiduciaries are averse to divestment decisions because they think that it will hurt the endowment's value, but this concern, motivated by a narrow interpretation of fiduciary law, can be empirically examined. To date, the academic study of the effect of divestment on endowment values has focused on the top university endowments and has produced mixed results. Our study is different from the extant but limited literature in this area in that we examine holistically the impact of total or partial divestment on endowment values for all universities as well as a select group of institutions that are illustrative of their peers by endowment size. More importantly, we evaluate the assumption that divestment does injury to endowment values through legal and empirical lenses. Results from our difference-in-differences analyses of the effect of full and partial divestment suggest that either form of divestment does not yield discernible consequences--either positive or negative--for endowment values, at statistically significant levels. However, we do find evidence that divestment improved the value for three of four universities that we examined through synthetic control analysis, with the greatest increase in value at a university with a very large endowment (Stanford University) and modest increases at two universities with mid-sized and large endowments, respectively (University of Dayton and Syracuse University). Thus, the negative consequences of divestment may be overstated in the near-term. This challenges the assumption that divestment yields negative returns to endowments and cracks open the door for endowment fiduciaries to divest without violating duties of loyalty and prudence. We hope that this study both grounds and advances the debate about endowment divestment with empirical evidence and a reasoned discussion of its costs and benefits.
Low-Frequency Protein Motions Coupled to Catalytic Sites

This review examines low-frequency vibrational modes of proteins and their coupling to enzyme catalytic sites. That protein motions are critical to enzyme function is clear, but the kinds of motion...
On the thresholds of vortex visualisation methods

Since the discovery of vortex structures in turbulence, research in the area of vortex visualisation methods has been of interest. The prevalent Galilean invariant visualisation methods, like Q, La...
An honest look at hybrid theories of pleasure

What makes it the case that a given experience is pleasurable? According to the felt-quality theory, each pleasurable experience is pleasurable because of the way that it feels—its “qualitative character” or “felt-quality”. According to the attitudinal theory, each pleasurable experience is pleasurable because the experiencer takes certain attitudes towards it. These two theories of pleasure are typically framed as rivals, but it could be that they are both partly right. It could be that pleasure is partly a matter of felt-quality, and partly a matter of attitudes. It could be that a hybrid theory is true. In this paper, I aim to advance the cause of hybrid theories of pleasure. I do this in two ways. I begin by examining the challenges which motivate the search for a hybrid theory. I call these the HONEST challenges: Heterogeneity, Oppositeness, Normativity, Euthyphro, Separateness, and Togetherness. The first three challenges—HON—are challenges for the felt-quality theory. The second three challenges—EST—are challenges for the attitudinal theory. Having established the HONEST challenges, I then describe and motivate a particular cluster of hybrid theories which I will call dispositional hybrid theories. According to these theories, pleasurable experiences are all and only those experiences which dispose us to desire them in virtue of feeling the way that they do. The dispositional theories deliver on the promise of hybrid theories: because they appeal to both felt-qualities and attitudes, they have the resources to avoid most, if not all, of the HONEST challenges.
FTY720 Regulates Mitochondria Biogenesis in Dendritic Cells to Prevent Kidney Ischemic Reperfusion Injury.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in regulating immune responses of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and strategies to alter DC function may provide new therapeutic opportunities. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) modulates immunity through binding to its receptors (S1P1-5), and protection from kidney IRI occurs in mice treated with S1PR agonist, FTY720 (FTY). We tested if ex vivo propagation of DCs with FTY could be used as cellular therapy to limit the off-target effects associated with systemic FTY administration in kidney IRI. DCs have the ability of regulate innate and adaptive responses and we posited that treatment of DC with FTY may underlie improvements in kidney IRI. Herein, it was observed that treatment of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with FTY induced mitochondrial biogenesis, FTY-treated BMDCs (FTY-DCs) showed significantly higher oxygen consumption rate and ATP production compared to vehicle treated BMDCs (Veh-DCs). Adoptive transfer of FTY-DCs to mice 24 hours before or 4 hours after IRI significantly protected the kidneys from injury compared to mice treated with Veh-DCs. Additionally, allogeneic adoptive transfer of C57BL/6J FTY-DCs into BALB/c mice equally protected the kidneys from IRI. FTY-DCs propagated from S1pr1-deficient DCs derived from CD11cCreS1pr1fl/fl mice as well as blunting mitochondrial oxidation in wildtype (WT) FTY-DCs prior to transfer abrogated the protection observed by FTY-DCs. We queried if DC mitochondrial content alters kidney responses after IRI, a novel but little studied phenomenon shown to be integral to regulation of the immune response. Transfer of mitochondria rich FTY-DCs protects kidneys from IRI as transferred FTY-DCs donated their mitochondria to recipient splenocytes (i.e. macrophages) and prior splenectomy abrogated this protection. Adoptive transfer of FTY-DCs either prior to or after ischemic injury protects kidneys from IRI demonstrating a potent role for donor DC-mitochondria in FTY’s efficacy. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that DCs have the potential to protect against kidney injury by donating mitochondria to splenic macrophages to alter their bioenergetics thus making them anti-inflammatory. In conclusion, the results support that ex vivo FTY720-induction of the regulatory DC phenotype could have therapeutic relevance that can be preventively infused to reduce acute kidney injury.
Comment on “A reference-free clustering method for the analysis of molecular break-junction measurements” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 143102 (2019)]

We validate the utility of machine learning techniques for distinguishing different break junction configurations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the different classes of traces can be mechanistically and independently analyzed, leading to additional physical insight into molecular conductance.
Toward Understanding Stellar Radial Velocity Jitter as a Function of Wavelength: The Sun as a Proxy

Using solar spectral irradiance measurements from the SORCE spacecraft and the F/F' technique, we have estimated the radial velocity (RV) scatter induced on the Sun by stellar activity as a function of wavelength. Our goal was to evaluate the potential advantages of using new near-infrared (NIR) spectrographs to search for low-mass planets around bright F, G, and K stars by beating down activity effects. Unlike M dwarfs, which have higher fluxes and therefore greater RV information content in the NIR, solar-type stars are brightest at visible wavelengths, and, based solely on information content, are better suited to traditional optical RV surveys. However, we find that the F/F' estimated RV noise induced by stellar activity is diminished by up to a factor of four in the NIR versus the visible. Observations with the upcoming future generation of NIR instruments can be a valuable addition to the search for low-mass planets around bright FGK stars in reducing the amount of stellar noise affecting RV measurements.
Thirty-Year Trends in Complications in U.S. Adults With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of and trends in complications among U.S. adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 1,486 nonpregnant adults (aged ≥20 years) with newly diagnosed diabetes (diagnosed within the past 2 years) from the 1988–1994 and 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We estimated trends in albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR RESULTS From 1988–1994 to 2011–2018, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of albuminuria (38.9 to 18.7%, P for trend CONCLUSIONS Over the past three decades, there have been encouraging reductions in albuminuria and risk factor control in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. However, the overall burden of complications around the time of the diagnosis remains high.
Evaluation of the powering modes and geometries of the Liquid Sampling - Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge - Orbitrap system for analytical performance and isotope ratio analysis

Abstract The liquid sampling atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma has shown promise in the fields of optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In terms of mass spectrometry, it has allowed use of instruments normally applied in “organic” mass spectrometry, to be used for elemental/isotopic applications. The LS-APGD/Orbitrap combination is a particularly attractive alternative to traditional elemental MS systems due to its ability to perform ultra-high-resolution analyses, eliminating isobaric interferences which typically require extensive chemical separation prior to analysis. The LS-APGD has the ability to operate using four different powering modes; solution grounded cathode (SGC), solution grounded anode (SGA), solution powered cathode (SPC), and solution powered anode (SPA). To investigate the utility of each powering mode, the elemental responses and isotope ratio performance were assessed for the pertinent operating parameters (discharge current, solution flow rate, gas flow rate, and inter-electrode displacement). Experiments were performed using a 500 ng mL−1 multielement solution containing Rb, Ag, Ba, Tl, and U. Measurements of 235U/238U were performed using a 200 ng mL−1 solution of CRM-129a. Ultimately, it was determined that the SGC mode showed the best performance in terms of elemental intensity, accuracy, and precision for isotope ratio measurements. The optimal electrode configuration consists of the solution electrode in line with the ion-sampling orifice of the MS, with the counter electrode oriented perpendicular to that axis.
In-sensor classification with boosted race trees

When extremely low-energy processing is required, the choice of data representation makes a tremendous difference. Each representation (e.g., frequency domain, residue coded, and log-scale) embodies a different set of tradeoffs based on the algebraic operations that are either easy or hard to perform in that domain. We demonstrate the potential of a novel form of encoding, race logic, in which information is represented as the delay in the arrival of a signal. Under this encoding, the ways in which signal delays interact and interfere with one another define the operation of the system. Observations of the relative delays (for example, the outcome of races between signals) define the output of the computation. Interestingly, completely standard hardware logic elements can be repurposed to this end and the resulting embedded systems have the potential to be extremely energy efficient. To realize this potential in a practical design, we demonstrate two different approaches to the creation of programmable tree-based ensemble classifiers in an extended set of race logic primitives; we explore the trade-offs inherent to their operation across sensor, hardware architecture, and algorithm; and we compare the resulting designs against traditional state-of-the-art hardware techniques.
Common Knowledge on Facebook Communication Networks: Models and Experimental Findings

This paper develops a game-theoretic model of collective action on communication networks based on interactions on Facebook. We characterize the communication patterns that facilitate common knowledge and coordination for two cases in which the network structure is (i) known by everyone, and (ii) locally known. We show theoretically the implications of these two models. We find that when the network structure is globally known, agents must learn each others’ thresholds through maximal, reciprocal paths of distance-2, or through a common neighbor to have common knowledge and participation. When the network structure is locally known, all agents must have at least one outgoing link and all agents must be neighbors. We conduct human subject experiments to identify the effects of both network topology and communication and to test the predictions of these models. Our data reveal that choices are affected by the network structure and they move towards the theoretical predictions with communication.
Structural features of nucleosomes in interphase and metaphase chromosomes.

Summary Structural heterogeneity of nucleosomes in functional chromosomes is unknown. Here, we devise the template-, reference- and selection-free (TRSF) cryo-EM pipeline to simultaneously reconstruct cryo-EM structures of protein complexes from interphase or metaphase chromosomes. The reconstructed interphase and metaphase nucleosome structures are on average indistinguishable from canonical nucleosome structures, despite DNA sequence heterogeneity, cell-cycle-specific posttranslational modifications, and interacting proteins. Nucleosome structures determined by a decoy-classifying method and structure variability analyses reveal the nucleosome structural variations in linker DNA, histone tails, and nucleosome core particle configurations, suggesting that the opening of linker DNA, which is correlated with H2A C-terminal tail positioning, is suppressed in chromosomes. High-resolution (3.4–3.5 A) nucleosome structures indicate DNA-sequence-independent stabilization of superhelical locations ±0–1 and ±3.5–4.5. The linker histone H1.8 preferentially binds to metaphase chromatin, from which chromatosome cryo-EM structures with H1.8 at the on-dyad position are reconstituted. This study presents the structural characteristics of nucleosomes in chromosomes.
Isokinetic and isometric shoulder rotation strength in the protracted position: A reliability study

Scapular position has been hypothesized to influence rotator cuff function, but no current methods exist to reliably measure shoulder rotation strength in different scapular positions. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable technique to measure isokinetic (ISOK) and isometric (ISOM) shoulder rotation strength with the scapula protracted. Ten healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female, ages 20-41) completed two to three ISOM and five ISOK (90 degrees/second) internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) repetitions in a position of scapular protraction with the shoulder abducted 45 degrees in the scapular plane. Subjects returned 24-72 hours later to repeat testing. All torque measurements in the protracted position exhibited excellent intersession reliability (ICCs > 0.97). Shoulder rotational torque can be measured in the protracted scapula position with excellent reliability using the new technique described. Establishing the reliability of the protracted technique is a necessary prerequisite for the completion of future studies examining quantitative differences in rotational torque generation between the neutral and protracted scapula positions in the functional shoulder position of 45 degrees of scapular plane abduction.
The Evolutionary Position of Subfunctionalization, Downgraded

Current data from complete eukaryotic genomes indicate that ancestral gene duplications, followed by a mutational process called fractionation, generated profound and orderly changes in gene content. Most of these duplicated genes are removed. At least three hypotheses may explain the exceptional genes retained post-duplication: (1) Gain-of-Function; (2) Subfunctionalization, and (3) Balanced Gene Drive. Each is evaluated as an explanation for gene content data. Subfunctionalization, the most popular explanation, predicts no relationship at all between gene function and post-duplicate retention, and if there were particular sorts of 'subfunctionalizable' genes, these should be over-retained following any sort of duplication. Duplications may be local, segmental or whole genome. Gene content data from three plant genomes, reflecting three independent tetraploidies and many tandem duplications, are not explained by Subfunctionalization. Specifically, genes encoding transcription factors and ribosomal components are significantly over-retained following tetraploidy and under-retained among local duplicates. In addition, transcription factor families in Arabidopsis show a reciprocal relationship when retention is monitored after local duplication versus after tetraploidy; only Balanced Gene Drive predicts reciprocity. Vertebrates also retain genes nonrandomly following tetraploidies, but the data are preliminary. Removing subfunctionalization as the duplicate retention mechanism is of high theoretical importance. It clears the way for 'Mutationist' hypotheses that may help explain baffling adaptations and trends in eukaryotic evolution that have been largely ignored. This essay recognizes the potential evolutionary importance of saltatory chromosomal events that may change gene content - expand gene families - independent of allelic diversity.
From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology

Paleontology has long sat uneasily between the fields of biology and geology, and this lack of a certain place is the more worrying in these days of lean funding, downsizing, and scant positions. T...
Evaluating state revenue forecasting under a flexible loss function

Abstract This paper examines the accuracy of state revenue forecasting under a flexible loss function. Previous research has focused on whether a forecast is rational, meaning that the forecasts are unbiased and the actual forecast errors are uncorrelated with information available at the time of the forecast. These traditional tests assumed that the forecast loss function is quadratic and symmetric. The literature has found that budget forecasts often under-predict revenue and use the available information inefficiently. Using Californian data, I reach the same conclusion using similar tests. However, the rejection of forecast rationality might be the result of an asymmetric loss function. Once the asymmetry of the loss function is taken into account using a flexible loss function, I find evidence that under-forecasting is less costly than over-forecasting California’s revenues. I also find that the forecast errors that take this asymmetry into account are independent of information available at the time of the forecast. These results indicate that a failure to control for possible asymmetry in the loss function in previous work may have produced misleading results.
Calcium (45Ca) uptake inhibition by calcium (Ca2+)‐channel blockers in the presence of two atpase inactivators

Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L.I Moench. cv GP‐10, SC574, SC283, and Funk G522DR] root tips (1 cm) were exposed to a concentration series (mM) of calcium (Ca2+) ion channel blockers (i.e. nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil) in the presence of p‐chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) (1 mM) and ruthenium red (RR) (0.1 mM) at pH 5.5. Calcium (45Ca2+) uptake inhibition by PCMBS and RR were additive. Differences among sorghum cultivars in response to nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem showed populations of ion channels whose receptor sites for the ion channel blockers were significantly different. Therefore, populations of ion channels susceptible to different inhibitors must be extant.
Inactivation of NMDA Receptors by Direct Interaction of Calmodulin with the NR1 Subunit

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain critical for synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. These receptors are Ca2+-permeable glutamate-gated ion channels whose physiological properties are regulated by intracellular Ca2+. We report here the purification of a 20 kDa protein identified as calmodulin that interacts with the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Calmodulin binding to the NR1 subunit is Ca2+ dependent and occurs with homomeric NR1 complexes, heteromeric NR1/NR2 subunit complexes, and NMDA receptors from brain. Furthermore, calmodulin binding to NR1 causes a 4-fold reduction in NMDA channel open probability. These results demonstrate that NMDA receptor function can be regulated by direct binding of calmodulin to the NR1 subunit, and suggest a possible mechanism for activity-dependent feedback inhibition and Ca2+-dependent inactivation of NMDA receptors.
Secondary emissions from subsurface aerated treatment systems. A mathematical attack on the air‐stripping of pollutants from subsurface layers in wastewater‐treatment basins

A material-balance model for an activated sludge treatment system is presented. The equations completely describe the behavior of the aeration basin. There are two main parameters in the equations. The mass transfer between the air stream and the basin contents must be found. Likewise, the rate of biological oxidation of the organic must be determined. Experimental results are reported which were obtained when acrylonitrile was treated in a subsurface activated-sludge apparatus. Included in the study are data for air stripping of acrylonitrile from a sterile biologically inactive system. By solving for the amount of air stripping and liquid concentrations, a direct comparison with experimental data is possible. 7 references, 1 figure, 1 table.
The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylinositol in rat liver microsomes as determined by gas chromatography and 1H-NMR.

Abstract Cell membranes and vesicles composed of extracted phospholipids isolated from rats chronically-fed ethanol develop a resistance to disordering by ethanol in vitro (membrane tolerance) and a decreased partitioning of ethanol into the membranes. The anionic lipid phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is the only microsomal phospholipid from the ethanol-fed rats that confers tolerance to vesicles of microsomal phospholipids from control rats in a paradigm where phospholipid classes are sequentially swapped. To investigate the molecular basis of this adaptation, the fatty acid content of microsomal PtdIns extracted from the livers of rats chronically fed ethanol for 5 weeks and their calorically-matched controls was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Chronic ethanol consumption caused an 8.4% decrease in arachidonic acid [[20:4(n−6)], a 20.0% increase in oleic acid [18:1(n−9)] and a 47.1% increase in the quantitatively minor fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid [20:3(n−6)]. 1H-NMR was used to quantitatively assay compositional changes in the Δ5 olefinic moiety of the acyl chains in PtdIns, an approach that should be broadly applicable to other lipid systems. After chronic ethanol feeding PtdIns had decreased Δ5 unsaturates (−7.9% NMR, −8.2% GLC) and a corresponding increase in Δ5 saturates (+5.4% NMR, +5.3% GLC). In the other phospholipids, chronic ethanol feeding caused alterations in the fatty acid compositions specific for each phospholipid. PtdInd was the only microsomal phospholipid that exhibited a significant decrease in both the polyunsaturate pool and the ratio of the total olefinic content to the saturated fatty acid content. The major adaptative response in rat liver microsomal PtdIns to chronic ethanol administration involves a decrease in arachidonic acid [20:4(n−6)], which is partly compensated for by increases in oleic acid [18:1(n−9)] and iecosatrienoic acid [20:3(n−6)], resulting in a depressed unsaturation and polyunsaturation index. The decreased unsaturation at the Δ5 position may have special functional relevance, due tot he proximity of this position to the membrane surface, where ethanol is believed to reside. Whether these acyl changes are merely coincident with, or causative of, membrane tolerance requires further elucidation.
Teaching, Teaching Teaching, and Research on Teaching

Teaching psychology, training graduate students in teaching, and doing research on teaching are interwoven in the author's career. This article reviews significant learning experiences in my career from 1946-1 986. From my experience, I have learned the importance of support from peers for students, prospective teachers, and researchers. I have also learned the importance of thinking about the thoughts and motives of others in teaching, training teachers, and doing research.
Energy-Efficient Bennett Clocking Scheme for Four-State Multiferroic Logic

Nanomagnets with biaxial magnetocrystalline aniso-tropy have four stable magnetization orientations that can encode four-state logic bits (00), (01), (11), and (10). Recently, a four-state nor gate derived from three such nanomagnets, interacting via dipole interaction, was proposed. Here, we devise a Bennett clocking scheme to propagate four-state logic bits unidirectionally between such gates. The nanomagnets are assumed to be made of two-phase strain-coupled magnetostrictive/piezoelectric multiferroic elements, such as nickel and lead zirconate titanate. A small voltage of 200 mV applied across the piezoelectric layer can generate enough mechanical stress in the magnetostrictive layer to rotate its magnetization away from one of the four stable orientations and implement Bennett clocking. We show that a particular sequence of positive and negative voltages will propagate four-state logic bits unidirectionally down a chain of such multiferroic nanomagnets for logic flow.
Surface expression of an accommodation zone within the Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt

The Gebel Gharamul region in the western Gulf of Suez offers an excellent outcrop example of the structural geometries associated with an accommodation zone termination. The surface expression of the accommodation zone is dominated by a basement promontory, which protrudes from the rift shoulder and underlies the junction of oblique ramps from two adjacent half-grabens, both of which face the Gulf of Suez. The southern half-graben represents the breakaway fault of the southwest-dipping tilt-block domain, and the northern half-graben represents the collapse of the upper plate above the northeast-dipping tilt-block domain. Basement and Nubian rocks in the hanging walls above the opposing low-angle detachments on either side of the accommodation zone are broken by gulf-parallel synthetic normal faults and orthogonal transfer faults, which act as block terminations and incrementally accommodate the large-scale rotation and displacement between adjacent blocks. The prerift and synrift stratigraphic succession is draped over this fault template, resulting in a complex and variable distribution of structures, the product of an inhomogeneous stratigraphic succession within an accommodation zone.
Simultaneous brightness contrast as a function of perceptual set

Using the method of constant stimuli, degree of simultaneous brightness contrast was determined for 17 Ss within the context of one of Hering’s standard demonstrations. Of these Ss, 8 were given a “whole-perceiving” and 9 an “analytical” perceptual set. The analytical Ss showed a significantly smaller contrast effect (p=.02, two-tailed test).