cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPETITION FOR MATES AND PREDOMINANT JUVENILE MALE DISPERSAL IN MAMMALS

Competition among males for mates may partially explain the predominant dispersal of juvenile male California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). I tested the generality of this hypo- thesis by comparing dispersal patterns in many species of mammals. In most polygynous and promiscu- ous species of mammals, juvenile males are the predominant dispersers. In most monogamous species of mammals, juvenile males and juvenile females are predominant dispersers with little distinction as to sex. While many factors may influence dispersal, achieving outcrossing and advantages in competition for mates are most likely to explain predominant dispersal by juvenile males in many mammal species. On the average, juvenile survival might be greatest in the natal area, especially if dispersal is risky. Juveniles that remain in the natal area, however, may be likely to compete for resources (and eventually mates) with related individuals. Thus there may be evolutionary incentives for some juveniles to disperse, and compete (and mate) with unrelated individuals. Which juveniles disperse may depend on the particular benefits of dispersal. Natural selection might favour dispersal by juvenile California ground squirrels, Spermo- philus beecheyi, if they gain some advantage in competition for environmental resources, in achieving outcrossing, or in competition for mates (Dobson 1979). In juvenile California ground squirrels nearly all males, but few females, disperse from the natal area (Fitch 1948). Juvenile male ground squirrels may dis- perse primarily in order to outcross (Dobson 1979). Dispersers that successfully outcross might avoid inbreeding depression (e.g. Packer 1979; Pusey 1980), or find mates with especially com- patible genotypes. The promotion ofoutcrossing, however, could be accomplished equally well if juvenile females dispersed and juvenile males remained sedentary. Why do males, rather than females disperse? I will attempt to anwer this question by re-examining hypotheses that might explain the evolved tendency for juvenile male dispersal.
Enhanced mental performance at higher body temperature

most of us have had the remarkable experience of performing several mental tasks very well during slight fever or while body temperature rises unexpectedly during jet lag. This may not simply be a misperception related to the fever process or desynchrony, as pointed out by Wright and colleagues ([13
Insulin lispro versus regular insulin in children with type 1 diabetes on twice daily insulin.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of insulin lispro with regular insulin in 5- to 10-yr-old prepubertal children on twice daily insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-five children (16 M, 19 F) completed an open-label randomised crossover study, with each child receiving insulin lispro for 3 months and regular insulin for 3 months in addition to their intermediate-acting insulin. Families were instructed to give regular insulin 30 min before meals and insulin lispro immediately before meals. Glycaemic control was monitored by eight-point blood glucose profiles and six weekly hemoglobin A1cs (HbA1cs) and the frequency and severity of hypoglycaemia was documented. RESULTS: The endpoint HbA1c after 3 months on insulin lispro (8.33%, SD+/-0.89) was not significantly different to that on regular insulin (8.14%, SD+/-0.77). No significant differences were found in blood glucose levels before or after meals, 2-h postprandial glucose excursions or in blood glucose levels before bed between the treatments. However, blood glucose levels at 3 am were significantly lower on regular insulin than on insulin lispro (mean difference -2.35 mmol/L (95%CI: -3.98, -0.72, p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The main advantage of insulin lispro in children on twice daily insulin was found to be its greater convenience, this being achieved without a deterioration in glycaemic control. The higher 3 am blood glucose levels in those on insulin lispro could translate to reduced nocturnal hypoglycaemia in some individuals.
The emergence and interpretation of probability in Bohmian mechanics

A persistent question about the deBroglie–Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics concerns the understanding of Born’s rule in the theory. Where do the quantum mechanical probabilities come from? How are they to be interpreted? These are the problems of emergence and interpretation. In more than 50 years no consensus regarding the answers has been achieved. Indeed, mirroring the foundational disputes in statistical mechanics, the answers to each question are surprisingly diverse. This paper is an opinionated survey of this literature. While acknowledging the pros and cons of various positions, it defends particular answers to how the probabilities emerge from Bohmian mechanics and how they ought to be interpreted.
Transurethral incision of prostate (TUIP): 646 cases in 15 years--a chronological appraisal.

Summary— Transurethral incision of the prostate was performed on 646 patients in 15 years. This operation is offered as a surgical cure for bladder outlet obstruction in men of all ages and different sized prostates. In large glands TUIP may not be desirable. Deep incisions cause surgical and sexual complications and may fuse by adhesions. In matched cases this method provided better results and fewer complications than the standard transurethral resection.
Benzodifuran and benzodithiophene donor-acceptor polymers for bulk heterojunction solar cells

Four new donor–acceptor copolymers were synthesized by using benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran as donors and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene was used as the acceptor building block. A systematic study was performed to determine the influence of the combinations of different heteroatoms in the donor–acceptor copolymer. In bulk heterojunction solar cells, the polymer with all furan building blocks in the electron donating units, poly[(4,8-bis(5-dodecyl-2-furanyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-2-yl)-alt-(2-ethyl-1-(3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl)-1-hexanone)] (P4) (Mn = 66.7 kDa), achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 5.23%.
Complementary error bounds for foolproof finite element mesh generation

Abstract The use of complementary variational principles in finite element analysis is examined. It is shown that complementary finite element solutions provide an element by element measure of the accuracy of the solution. By solving a problem repeatedly, beginning with a coarse mesh and refining those elements having the largest errors, an automatic, foolproof finite element mesh generation procedure is developed. Finite element solutions obtained by the new procedure have the property that the finest elements are concentrated in regions of greatest need while large elements are found in less important regions. A computer program which implements the new algorithm is described and examples of finite element solutions generated by the program are presented.
Neonatal Dietary Cholesterol and Alleles of Cholesterol 7-α Hydroxylase Affect Piglet Cerebrum Weight, Cholesterol Concentration, and Behavior

This experiment was designed to test the effect of polymorphism in the cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7) gene locus and dietary cholesterol (C) on cerebrum C in neonatal pigs fed sow's milk formulas. Thirty-six pigs (18 male and 18 female) genetically selected for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma total C were weaned at 24-36 h after birth and assigned in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 diets (0 or 0.5% C), 2 sexes, and 2 genotypes (HG and LG). Individually housed pigs consumed diets ad libitum for 42 d. Open-field behavior was tested at wk 2 and 4. All pigs were killed at 42 d of age, the cerebrum was weighed, and C content and concentration measured. All data were analyzed by general linear model ANOVA. Cerebrum weight was greater in HG than LG pigs (P < 0.03) but was not affected by diet or sex. Pigs fed C tended to have a higher cerebrum C concentration than those deprived (P = 0.12). At 2 wk, LG pigs explored a novel open-field environment less often (P < 0.001) than did HG pigs. At 4 wk, some LG pigs explored the open field but fewer (P < 0.001) vs. HG pigs retreated back to the safe area. There were no genotype x diet, genotype x sex, or diet x sex interactions affecting cerebrum weight, or C content or concentration. Polymorphism in the CYP7 gene locus affected cerebrum weight and behavior and dietary C tended to increase cerebrum C concentration in neonatal pigs. These findings in neonatal pigs have considerable potential importance in human infant nutrition and behavioral development.
Coherently combining high gain antennas

Coherently combining large, high gain antennas is one means to achieve the performance of a much larger antenna. The requirements for coherent combining are reviewed and a novel means of implementing the coherent combining is described.
Managing Inquiry-Based Science: Challenges in Enacting Complex Science Instruction in Elementary and Middle School Classrooms.

Effectively enacting inquiry-based science instruction entails considerable changes in classroom management practices. In this article, we describe five interconnected management areas that need to be addressed when managing an inquiry-oriented K-8 science classroom. We introduce a pyramid model as a framework for thinking about these management areas and present a brief review of what the research literature says about each area. We propose that enacting inquiry-based instruction requires a different kind of approach to classroom management that takes into account the close-knit relationship between management and instruction. This perspective recognizes the pervasive nature of managing the classroom for inquiry learning.
Electronic structure and fragmentation properties of (Fe4S4(SEt)4−x(SSEt)x) 2−

Abstract A limited exposure of (n-Bu4N)2[Fe4S4(SEt)4] solutions in acetonitrile to air was found to produce a new series of [4Fe–4S] cluster complexes, [Fe4S4(SEt)4−x(SSEt)x]2− (x = 1–4), with the original –SEt ligands substituted by –SSEt di-sulfide ligands, which were formed due to partial decomposition of the [4Fe–4S] core in parent [Fe4S4(SEt)4]2−. The products were first observed in the experiments with an ESI-ion Trap-TOF mass spectrometer and were further identified using high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. Photoelectron spectra of the [Fe4S4(SEt)4−x(SSEt)x]2− dianions revealed that the –SSEt coordination induced little change in the electronic structure of the [4Fe–4S] cluster, but the electron binding energies of [Fe4S4(SEt)4−x(SSEt)x]2− increased from 0.52 to 0.73 eV with increase in x from 0 to 4, suggesting a greater electron withdrawing ability of –SSEt than –SEt. In high resolution MS/MS experiments on [Fe4S4(SEt)3(SSEt)]2−/1−, clusters with both charge states yielded fragment [Fe4S4(SEt)3]−, suggesting that –SSEt could be lost either as a negatively charged ion SSEt− from the doubly charged precursor, or as a radical SSEt from the singly charged species. The biological implication of the interaction between [Fe4S4(SEt)4]2− and O2 is discussed in comparison to the air exposure of [4Fe–4S] proteins to the air.
EMG profiles of knee joint musculature during walking: Changes induced by anterior cruciate ligament deficiency

A tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disrupts the delicate balance of static stabilizers of the knee, leading to significant alterations in joint kinematics. Little is known about the dynamic compensatory responses of the patient to these kinematic alterations. This lack of quantitative information on the muscle synergy patterns has limited the surgeon's ability to evaluate various operative and rehabilitative techniques. Twelve subjects with documented ACL deficiency for at least 1 year and 15 normal participants were studied. Each subject was asked to walk at free and fast speeds on a 12 m walkway. The right and left foot contact patterns and the linear envelopes from the surface electromyogram (EMG) patterns of the gastrocnemius, medial and lateral hamstrings, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis were measured. Significant differences were found in the muscle synergy patterns during walking. During the swing-to-stance transition, the ACL-deficient subjects showed significantly less activity in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles and more activity in the biceps femoris than in the normal group. During early swing, the vastus lateralis is more active than normal, and during midstance and terminal stance, the hamstrings appear to be less active than normal subjects. These dynamic compensatory mechanisms suggest that use of the hamstring tendons in reconstructive procedures may alter important compensatory mechanisms about the knee joint. Application of dynamic EMG techniques to the study of reconstructive procedures should provide additional information that will assist the clinician in the rational choice of a surgical procedure.
Wavelet approximation of deterministic and random signals: convergence properties and rates

The multiresolution decomposition of deterministic and random signals and the resulting approximation at increasingly finer resolution is examined. Specifically, an nth-order expansion is developed for the error in the wavelet approximation at resolution 2/sup -l/ of deterministic and random signals. The deterministic signals are assumed to have n continuous derivatives, while the random signals are only assumed to have a correlation function with continuous nth-order derivatives off the diagonal-a very mild assumption. For deterministic signals square integrable over the entire real line, for stationary random signals over finite intervals, and for nonstationary random signals with finite mean energy over the entire real line, the smoothness of the scale function can be matched with the signal smoothness to substantially improve the quality of the approximation. In sharp contrast, this is feasible only in special cases for nonstationary random signals over finite intervals and for deterministic signals which are only locally square integrable. >
Non-equilibrium plasma in liquid water -dynamics of generation and quenching

In most cases, the electric breakdown of liquids is initiated by the application of high electric field on the electrode, followed by rapid propagation and branching of plasma channels. Typically plasma is only considered to exist through the ionization of gases and typical production of plasmas in liquids has generated bubbles through heating or via cavitation and sustains the plasmas within those bubbles. The question appears: is it possible to ionize the liquid without cracking and voids formation?
SK3-1C, a Dominant-negative Suppressor of SKCa and IKCa Channels

Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, products of the SK1-SK3 genes, regulate membrane excitability both within and outside the nervous system. We report the characterization of a SK3 variant (SK3-1C) that differs from SK3 by utilizing an alternative first exon (exon 1C) in place of exon 1A used by SK3, but is otherwise identical to SK3. Quantitative RT-PCR detected abundant expression of SK3-1C transcripts in human lymphoid tissues, skeletal muscle, trachea, and salivary gland but not the nervous system. SK3-1C did not produce functional channels when expressed alone in mammalian cells, but suppressed SK1, SK2, SK3, and IKCa1 channels, but not BKCa or KV channels. Confocal microscopy revealed that SK3-1C sequestered SK3 protein intracellularly. Dominant-inhibitory activity of SK3-1C was not due to a nonspecific calmodulin sponge effect since overexpression of calmodulin did not reverse SK3-1C-mediated intracellular trapping of SK3 protein, and calmodulin-Ca2+-dependent inactivation of CaV channels was not affected by SK3-1C overexpression. Deletion analysis identified a dominant-inhibitory segment in the SK3-1C C terminus that resembles tetramerization-coiled-coiled domains reported to enhance tetramer stability and selectivity of multimerization of many K+ channels. SK3-1C may therefore suppress calmodulin-gated SKCa/IKCa channels by trapping these channel proteins intracellularly via subunit interactions mediated by the dominant-inhibitory segment and thereby reduce functional channel expression on the cell surface. Such family-wide dominant-negative suppression by SK3-1C provides a powerful mechanism to titrate membrane excitability and is a useful approach to define the functional in vivo role of these channels in diverse tissues by their targeted silencing.
The effect of heat treatment and particle size of bran on mineral absorption in rats

The effect of heat treatment of bran on the true zinc absorption was measured using an isotope-dilution technique. A bran-based breakfast cereal (heated to 204 degrees for 40 min during manufacture) was incorporated into a semi-synthetic diet at a level of 180 g/kg. A parallel diet was formulated containing an identical weight of untreated bran from the same source plus other ingredients used to make the cereal. 2. Young male Wistar rats (mean weight 80 g) were injected intramuscularly with 65Zn to label body Zn. They were given the heat-treated- and untreated-bran diets for 9 d. During the last 6 d of this period Zn intakes and faecal and urinary Zn were measured in order to calculate apparent Zn retention. True Zn retention was measured by taking into account losses of Zn of endogenous origin (labelled with 65Zn), by measuring faecal and urinary radioactivity of endogenous origin. 3. Heat treatment of bran removed approximately one-third of the phytate, but this was not enough to improve Zn absorption from the diet. True Zn retention measured by isotope dilution was significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than apparent Zn retention measured by the conventional balance technique. 4. The hypothesis that a reduction in particle size of bran would improve mineral availability was tested by feeding coarse and milled bran (100 mg/kg diet) in a semi-synthetic diet to rats and measuring true Fe and apparent Zn absorptions. The importance of phytate was also investigated by feeding a diet containing dephytinized bran. 5. Male Wistar rats (mean weight 172 g) were given diets containing coarse, milled or dephytinized bran for 9 d. Fe and Zn intakes were measured and faeces and urine collected for Fe and Zn analysis. 6. Rhe mean (+/- SE) particle size of the bran was reduced on milling from 3.5 (+/- 1.8) to 0.2-0.5 mm. There were no differences in the fraction of Fe retained between the three groups. Particle size had a small effect on Zn retention which was marginally higher in rats on the milled-bran diet (0.126 (+/- 0.023)) than in those on the coarse-bran diet (0.087 (+/- 0.012)). Total removal of phytate had a greater effect and apparent Zn retention from the dephytinized-bran diet was significantly higher (0.182 (+/- 0.027), P less than 0.001).
An analysis: hyperglycemic intensive care patients need continuous glucose monitoring-easier said than done.

Experts and agencies increasingly advocate tight glycemic control (TGC) using intensive intravenous insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Questions remain about the “best” glucose goal, the universal benefit of TGC in the heterogeneous adult intensive care unit (ICU) population, and concerns about the underrecognized incidence of hypoglycemia and its neuropsychological sequelae. TGC is time-consuming for ICU staff, and pathophysiologic, technical, and personnel factors impact the accuracy of point-of-care glucose monitoring. TGC in the ICU requires safe, accurate, robust, rapid, and continuous glucose measurements (CGM) that lack interference from drugs or other substances. Establishment of reliable CGM may provide the foundation for a closed loop, microprocessed system resulting in an artificial islet cell. This commentary focuses on reports from two respected groups on the potential use of CGM devices in the critically ill. It emphasizes the challenges of applying this technology in the ICU and looks to future refinements to address them.
An architecture for wide-area mobile Internet access

A number of wide-area mobile data networking technologies are in use or emerging. This paper addresses the issue of provisioning Internet access services seamlessly over different mobile networking technologies. To this end, an architecture based on the interworking of mobile-IP with existing and emerging mobile data services is presented. As a specific example, the interworking of mobile-IP with wireless ATM networking technology is examined.
The statewide burden of obesity, smoking, low income and chronic diseases in the United States.

Background We developed an estimation equation of EuroQol EQ-5D index scores from the Healthy Days measures of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for use in burden of disease and cost-effectiveness studies in population subgroups. This study estimated EQ-5D scores, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) for the USA and the individual states. Methods We estimated the EQ-5D scores for respondents from the 2000–2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We calculated QALYs and QALE lost to morbidity due to obesity/overweight, smoking, low income and chronic diseases. Results The mean EQ-5D score for US adults was 0.870. The mean scores ranged from 0.826 (West Virginia) to 0.902 (Hawaii). Smoking contributed from 5.6 (Utah) to 12.3 (Kentucky) percent, obesity/overweight 5.4 (South Dakota) to 13.8 (Louisiana) percent, low income 16.6 (Hawaii) to 39.9 (South Carolina) percent and chronic diseases 8.7 (Minnesota) to 22.9 (Tennessee) percent of explainable QALYs lost. These risks contributed the greatest proportion of explainable QALYs and QALE lost in Kentucky, Tennessee and South Carolina. Conclusions We estimated the burden of disease contributed by selected risk factors. Currently, such data are unavailable but are needed to set
On the Relationship between Calculations and Measurements of the Free Volume of Grain Boundaries

Grain boundary free volume, simply defined as the difference between the volume of a bicrystal and that of a single crystal containing an equal number of atoms, provides a good measure of average grain boundary coordination. Free volume is useful because (a) computer calculations suggest that the grain boundary free volume scales with the grain boundary energy and (b) experimental measurement of free volume may be relatively easier and more direct than that of grain boundary energy. The objective of this paper is to compare the predictions from computer models of grain boundary free volume with experimental measurements.
Stochastic optimal power flow: formulation and solution

The stochastic optimal power flow (OPF) problem is formulated to solve the optimal dispatch problem with consideration of uncertainties in electric power systems. In this paper we explore this problem in detail. Different forms of linear stochastic OPF problems have been derived with different uncertainties in electric power systems. Also, we discuss the computation issues related to large power systems and its possible applications in a deregulated power market.
The metabolic response of pteropods to acidification reflects natural CO 2 -exposure in oxygen minimum zones

Abstract. Shelled pteropods (Thecosomata) are a group of holoplanktonic mollusks that are believed to be especially sensitive to ocean acidification because their aragonitic shells are highly soluble. Despite this concern, there is very little known about the physiological response of these animals to conditions of elevated carbon dioxide. This study examines the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of five pteropod species, collected from tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (0.10%, 1000 ppm). Our results show that pteropods that naturally migrate into oxygen minimum zones, such as Hyalocylis striata, Clio pyramidata, Cavolinia longirostris and Creseis virgula, were not affected by carbon dioxide at the levels and duration tested. Diacria quadridentata, which does not migrate, responds to high carbon dioxide conditions with reduced oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. This indicates that the natural chemical environment of individual species may influence their resilience to ocean acidification.
A homogenization method for thermomechanical continua using extensive physical quantities

This article proposes a continuum thermomechanical homogenization method inspired by the Irving–Kirkwood procedure relating the atomistic equations of motion to the balance laws of continuum mechanics. This method yields expressions for the macroscopic stress and heat flux in terms of microscopic kinematic and kinetic quantities. The resulting equation for macroscopic stress affords a rational comparison with the widely used Hill–Mandel stress-deformation condition, while the one for heat flux reduces, under certain assumptions, to a Hill–Mandel-like condition involving heat flux and the gradient of temperature.
Variations in Levels of Transaminases and Lactic Dehydrogenase in Bank Blood

Results of the assay of transaminases and lactic dehydrogenase in blood, proposed as a screening procedure for subclinical hepatitis in blood donors, show that the method of sampling influences the analytic results. Determinations of GOT and GPT may prove useful if made on specimens separated from cells soon after collection. Plasma in contact with cells from blood preserved in acid citrate dextrose solution appears to yield good results up to 21 days. Lactic-dehydrogenase levels are of limited value for this screening.
Effects of synthesis conditions on dimensions, structure, and oxygen content of photocatalytically active titania nanotubes

In this study, we report a method for the formation and characterization of aligned arrays of amorphous titania nanotubes by anodic oxidation in thin titanium films on SiO2 substrates using fluoride-containing electrolytes. Trends in titania nanotube geometries as a function of synthesis conditions were established. A titania nanotube array surface area of approximately 178 m2/g is reported. The titania nanotubes transitioned to the rutile crystal structure when heated in air at 530 °C–705 °C. The degradation of methylene blue under UV light showed that lower fluoride concentrations in the synthesis electrolyte result in higher photocatalytic activity of the titania nanotubes. These results indicate that the synthesis conditions affect the oxygen content of amorphous nanotubes, which determines their physical and chemical properties.
Testing interaction effects of the dimensions of market orientation on marketing program creativity

Abstract Despite the plethora of research on market orientation, our understanding of how different dimensions of market orientation interact with each other in generating new intelligence for marketing programs is limited. In this paper, we develop and test a model that examines the interaction effects of the three dimensions of market orientation—customer orientation, competitor orientation, and cross-functional integration—on generation of marketing program creativity, composed of novelty and meaningfulness dimensions. In empirically testing such effects, we illustrate how to use two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation. We find significant positive interaction effects between customer orientation and competitor orientation and between competitor orientation and cross-functional integration in predicting marketing program novelty. We also find that competitor orientation and cross-functional integration significantly and positively interact with each other in improving marketing program meaningfulness. Our empirical results provide implications and directions for market orientation research.
Informed consent: Timely issues from the past. Factors motivating patients with advanced cancer to participate in phase II trials

e20669 Background: The current regulatory burden is well intentioned, but hampers both the conduct and recruitment to clinical trials. What factors actually motivate patients to become research subjects? After “informed consent” is obtained, what is the subject's understanding of the study, and its risks and benefits? Methods: In 1973 data were collected on the factors motivating 50 consecutive patients with advanced cancer to participate in Phase II trials. The data had not been previously analyzed. Now, 35 years later, the data obtained seem surprisingly current. These patients were interviewed a few days after obtaining “informed consent”. The 60 minute interviews were semi-structured, and included the factors motivating participation, the purpose of the trial, potential side effects, and treatment options. Results: Patients seldom expressed a single reason for participation. The motivating factors fell into 5 categories. (1) Hope that the new treatment would help control their disease; expressed by al...
Status of the CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter

A novel approach named Particle Flow Algorithms is proposed to measure the jets of the hadronic decays of electroweak bosons in a future lepton collider with 3–4% resolution. The Particle Flow Algorithms attempt to measure each particle in a hadronic jet individually, using the detector subsystem providing the best energy/momentum resolution. In this paradigm, the role of the hadronic calorimeter is to measure the neutral hadron component of the hadronic jets. In this context, the CALICE Collaboration developed the Digital Hadron Calorimeter, which uses Resistive Plate Chambers as active media. The 1-bit resolution (digital) readout of 1 × 1 cm2 pads achieves a world record in the number of readout channels already at the prototyping stage. Here we report on the status of the Digital Hadron Calorimeter with results from several Fermilab test beam campaigns with an emphasis on the intricate calibration procedures.
Crack Formation and Propagation

After Griffith's explanation of the decrease in the strength of a loaded material containing a disbonded area (a crack), it took about another quarter century before “Fracture Mechanics” as an engineering discipline became established. At that time it was the catastrophic failure of the Liberty ships and the basic contributions by Irwin2 that created a high interest in the quantification of the process by which a crack will grow. A series of accidents involving bridges, pressure vessels, generator rotors, aircraft, etc., contributed greatly — not only to further research but also to the opinion that cracks are basically “bad” and should be avoided under all circumstances.I started to become acquainted with cracks in the early 1970s. The U.S. Air. Force had recently lost a few F-lll aircraft in southeast Asia due to wing-box cracking. In reaction, the Air Force decided that the new bomber, the B1, should be designed according to fatigue and fracture criteria. Since the materials were specified mostly by metallurgical engineers, they had to become concerned with the effects, for example, of the materials' microstructures on fatigue and crack propagation. At the same time, the interest in crack formation began to evolve.Furthermore, the capabilities for quantitative nondestructive evaluation of a structure in service increased sharply since it was realized that we have to live with cracks and that not all cracks are necessarily “bad.”
Satellite Formation Control using Differential Drag

The ability to operate in formations is a great advantage of small satellites as many small satellites can be built and launched for the cost of one large satellite. Formation operations are valuable because they allow for an observational resolution in time and space not possible with a single large satellite. However, traditional methods of formation control generally rely on thrusters which often consume significant power and are difficult and expensive to include on small satellites such as CubeSats. This paper discusses a thrusterfree means of controlling the in-track separations between satellites in a formation. Below about 700 km, aerodynamic forces can be harnessed to establish and maintain satellite formations. Through orientation changes, the drag forces experienced by satellites can be varied. Because orbit energy is reduced by an amount equal to the magnitude of the work done by the aerodynamic drag force, a satellite with greater drag will experience a decrease in semi-major axis and travel more quickly than a satellite initially in an identical orbit but with less drag. The effects of aerodynamic drag on satellite separation over time were analyzed and equations were derived governing satellite formation dynamics in the presence of drag. Simulations were conducted using AGI’s Systems Toolkit (STK) controlled by a MATLAB script. These simulations modeled the general case of elliptical orbits and included factors such as J2 effects, a non-standard atmosphere, non-standard drag coefficients, solar pressure, and third body gravitational forces that are difficult to model analytically. Simulation results verified the analytical solutions and indicated that formation control using aerodynamic forces was indeed feasible and practical for many missions. At altitudes between 700 km and 500 km, maneuver completion times were reasonable for many scientific missions but still long enough for satellite orientation changes to be commanded entirely from the ground based on observed satellite behavior.
Georgia pyrenomycetes I

This fungus consists of a flat, irregular thin black stroma, with projecting perithecia, growing over rough bark of oak. The ascospores are brown and elliptical, typical of the Xylariaceae. The position in Anithostoma, as in Ellis & Everhart (1. c.), is untenable as the concept of the latter consists of perithecia pustulate or effused, sunken in the matrix within a valsoid or eutypoid stroma; and a superficial or erumpent stroma entirely of fungous tissue as in the above fungus falls within Hypoxylon. On Quercus sp., Clarke and Rabun Counties.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Injury in Emergency Departments in Feixi County

Objective To understand the characteristics of injuries in patient visited in a emergency department in hospital, and then provide the basis for evidence-based strategic planning and evaluation in injury prevention and control.Methods 3 hospitals were sampled by stratified sampling, and the data of all injured patients visited the 3 hospitals in 2005 were analyzed.Results During the study period, 3009 injured patients were collected. The ratio of male to female was 1.84:1. The average age was (34.8 18) .The rank of the injured patient's occupations was: farmer (48.16%), student (20.97%) and worker (12.33%). Most injures occurred in highway/street, home and workplace, and in 9~10AM and 2~3 PM. The cause of injures were fall (28.05%) and traffic injury (26.79%) and blunt force (21.07%). Unintentional injured patients composed of 81.79% of all cases.Conclusions The traffic injury, child injury and occupation injury were the priority areas in injury prevention and control.
43. Calmodulin regulating calcium sensitivity of Na channels

By extrapolating information from existing research and observing previous assumptions regarding the structure of the Na Channel, this experiment was conducted under the hypothesis that the Na Channel is in part regulated by the calmodulin protein, as a result proving calcium sensitivity of the Na Channel. Furthermore, we assume that there is a one to one stoichiometry between the Na Channel and the Calmodulin. There has been extensive research into the functionality and structure of sodium ion channels (Na channels), as several diseases are associated with the lack of regulation of sodium ions, that is caused by the disfunction of these Na channels. However, one highly controversial matter in the field is the importance of the protein calmodulin (CaM) and calcium in Na channel function. Calmodulin is a protein that is well known for its role as a calcium binding messenger protein, and that association is believed to play an indirect role in regulating the Na channel through the Na channel’s supposed calcium sensitivity. While there are proponents for both sides, there has been relatively little research that provides strong evidence for either case. In this experiment, the effect of calmodulin on NaV 1.5 is tested by preparing a set of cardiac cells (of the human specie) with the NaV 1.5 C-Termini and CaM protein, which were then to be placed in solutions with varying concentrations of calcium. We took special care to test multiple concentrations of calcium, as previous studies have tested very low concentrations, with Manu Ben-Johny’s team from the John Hopkins laboratory in particular testing up to a meager 50 micromolar, despite producing a well-respected paper (By comparison, the average Na channel can naturally sustain a concentration of almost 1-2 millimolar and on some occasions, reaching even higher concentrations). After using light scattering and observing the signals given off by the calcium interacting with these Nav1.5/CaM complexes across the varying calcium concentrations, the overall pattern indicated that there was a one to one stoichiometry between calmodulin and Nav 1.5. More importantly, it indicated calcium sensitivity of the Na channel. With this research, a definitive answer has been drawn regarding the importance of calmodulin in calcium modulation in Na channels. Not only does this have the effect of creating a foundation for further research into the structure and function of Na channels, but it also gives deep insight into fundamental functions of the channel that can play a major role into the creation of drugs to treat the many cardiac diseases associated with dysfunction of the channel.
Lessons learned from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry (PCMR) Study Group

Cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder of the heart muscle, affecting 1.13 cases per 100,000 children, from birth to 18 years of age. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart transplantation in children over the age of 1. The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry funded in 1994 by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was established to examine the epidemiology of the disease in children below 18 years of age. More than 3500 children across the United States and Canada have been enrolled in the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry, which has followed-up these patients until death, heart transplantation, or loss to follow-up. The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry has provided the most in-depth illustration of this disease regarding its aetiology, clinical course, associated risk factors, and patient outcomes. Data from the registry have helped in guiding the clinical management of cardiomyopathy in children under 18 years of age; however, questions still remain regarding the most clinically effective diagnostic and treatment approaches for these patients. Future directions of the registry include the use of next-generation whole-exome sequencing and cardiac biomarkers to identify aetiology-specific treatments and improve diagnostic strategies. This article provides a brief synopsis of the work carried out by the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry since its inception, including the current knowledge on the aetiologies, outcomes, and treatments of cardiomyopathy in children.
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE : A REVIEW OF CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

As the population of the United States ages, the prevalence of dementia is increasing. Among dementing illnesses, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is by far the most common and increasingly can be diagnosed accurately by informant-based clinical methods alone. Symptomatic therapies are now available for the treatment of the cognitive symptoms of AD, and more drugs are in development. Noncognitive aspects of dementia include behavioral complications, safety and security issues, advance directives, and caregiver burden. These should be addressed and appropriately managed by physicians. An expanded role for primary care physicians is anticipated for the assessment and management of AD.
What Is a Good Question

Antoine Gombaud had one and Pascal answered it. Fermat had one and Wiles answered it. Erdős had many and Carl Pomerance, at JMM15, shared the story of his collaboration with Erdős. Good questions can get many people hooked. Good questions are not always formulated by an experienced mathematician, sometimes they come from students. We discuss how we use good questions to get students interested in mathematics and how requesting students to formulate mathematical questions promotes learning.
Precision grasping of a prosthetic hand based on virtual spring damper hypothesis

A control strategy for achieving object precision grasping by a prosthetic hand is proposed. The control strategy is based on defining virtual spring-damper between two finger tips and damping force at each finger joint. It is shown that the proposed control strategy provides a satisfactory performance in precision grasping of a prosthetic hand, without the need for additional complexity regarding equations for inverse kinematics, or inverse dynamics, and the information on tactile or force sensing or even object shape.
In This Together: Doing and Undoing Inequality and Social Class Divides

This collection demonstrates that the social divides that people construct and the behavioral differences they foster are lawful in their origins and their effects. The articles provide examples of how these social differences can be systematically measured and manipulated in pursuit of a comprehensive science of inequality. In combination, the papers in the volume reveals that 1), an individual is a constituent part of a multilayered dynamic of ideas, institutions, interactions, and individuals that fuels inequality, and 2), that this dynamic could be reverse-engineered to reduce this inequality.
Metabolic PET Imaging in Oncology

OBJECTIVE. In this article, we provide a general overview of how cancer cells subvert critical metabolic pathways to support their growth and unchecked division. Furthermore, we outline how molecular imaging can diagnostically exploit the resulting differences between cancer and normal cells. CONCLUSION. Molecular PET can provide valuable information about the metabolic dysregulation in cancer.
Augmenting a nominal assembly motion plan with a compliant behavior

A methodology is presented whereby a nominal trajectory for an assembly operation, computed from kinematic constraints alone, is augmented with a fine-motion strategy synthesized through uncertainty and force analyses. Insertion clearances and size tolerances are introduced into the assembly part models in parallel with the manual selection of a perturbed nominal trajectory in contact space. The selection of small clearances, and in turn, small insertion angles allows us to linearize contact space about discrete points in the nominal trajectory. Contact states are represented as affine spaces in a generalized C-space of model error and pose variables. The feasibility of proposed command velocities to be executed in the presence of position, control, and model error is determined through an uncertainty analysis technique based on the forward-projection of convex polytopes in contact space. Our approach further the automates the so-called "manual" methods of motion planning with uncertainty.
Learning and Labor

Consider this essay an alternative gateway. In its historically informed version of the University of Illinois' motto, which expresses the intent of the school's founders, learning and labor are recognized for their inherent reciprocity. They are understood to be the necessary elements of any education, whether it is the teaching that makes learning possible, the learning that makes research meaningful, or the sheer institutional support that gives learning and labor a place to be. What follows is the story of our learning to be labor.
Photo Quiz: Fatal Septicemia in an Immunocompromised Patient.

A 65-year-old man was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in 2012 and underwent systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy in 2013, followed by salvage chemotherapy and radiotherapy in 2014 for recurrence of disease. In 2015, he had cyclophosphamide priming for stem cell mobilization via a left
Collaborative Human-Machine Interaction in Mobile Phone Support Centers: A Case Study

Otto is a call center agent designed to help cell phone and mobile provider customers. It has the twin goals of automating call center operations while maintaining a high level of customer satisfaction. It is intended to engage with human users in mixed-initiative dialogs to answer questions, explain procedures, and help with diagnostic troubleshooting. Within the domain of mobile devices, it collaborates with customers on specific tasks but maintains a degree of flexibility and naturalness in the interaction. The development of Otto incorporated aspects of human conversation to improve the quality and likelihood of the success of its interactions.
Piezoelectric MEMS resonant dew point meters

Abstract This work presents a new class of dew point meters using Thin-film Piezoelectric-on-Silicon (TPoS) resonators. The proposed approach utilizes microelectromechanical resonant balances coupled with a cooling element in which a standard chilled surface technique is used to deposit layers of moisture on the resonator surface. Reducing the temperature causes the resonance frequency of the resonator to increase due to its negative temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF). However, when the temperature of the cooled resonator reaches the dew point (DP) of the surrounding environment, a thin layer of frost starts to form on the resonator surface causing an abrupt negative shift in the resonant frequency due to mass-loading. Therefore, the resonance frequency will be at its maximum value when the dew or frost starts to form i.e., at DP. A custommade setup which includes a MEMS dew point sensor head, a dew point generator and a measurement/control/data collection interface is assembled to enable automated measurements. Using the proposed setup, dew points as low as -41 °C i.e., a dry air containing 145 ppmv H2O, are measured with a standard deviation of 0.1 °C. Long-term reliability and accuracy of the sensors presented here are investigated by conducting 35,000 cycles of uninterrupted measurements. The long-term stability, precision, and durability of the presented dew point meters make them suitable solutions for a wide variety of industrial applications.
Scheduling of Community Based Charging Stations with Genetic Algorithms

The paper presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA) scheduling technique for delay tolerant power tasks. The application of the paper is focused on the use case of battery charging of electric vehicles (EVs). A set of charging stations are assumed to be powered by a time varying capacity or by grid imported energy with time varying prices. The objective of the proposed scheduling and optimization technique is to minimize the overall costs of the facility manager who owns the charging stations without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) of the users. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is proposed that can efficiently schedule the time of the initiation of the charging process of each EV together with the preferred charging level. The algorithm explores two charging policies, namely the Net Zero and the Cost Minimization policies and models the QoS as a function of the incomplete or delayed EV charges. The two charging policies are compared to the simplest policy, named as Serve Upon Arrival. It is observed that great cost benefits can be achieved without affecting the overall QoS for the users.