cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental Leave Policies and Pediatric Trainees in the United States

Background:The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that each residency program should have a clearly delineated, written policy for parental leave. Parental leave has important implications for trainees’ ability to achieve their breastfeeding goals.Objective:This study aimed to measure the knowledge and awareness among members of the AAP Section on Medical Students, Residents, and Fellowship Trainees (SOMSRFT) regarding parental leave.Methods:An online survey was emailed to SOMSRFT members in June 2013. Quantitative data are presented as percentage of respondents. Awareness of leave policies was analyzed based on having children and the sex of respondents.Results:Nine hundred twenty-seven members responded to the survey. Among those with children, 40% needed to extend the duration of their training in order to have longer maternity leave, 44% of whom did so in order to breastfeed longer. Thirty percent of respondents did not know if their program had a written, accessible policy for parental leave...
Mastication and the Postorbital Ligament: Dynamic Strain in Soft Tissues

Although the FEED database focuses on muscle activity patterns, it is equally suitable for other physiological recording and especially for synthesizing different types of information. The present contribution addresses the interaction between muscle activity and ligamentary stretch during mastication. The postorbital ligament is the thickened edge of a septum dividing the orbital contents from the temporal fossa and is continuous with the temporal fascia. As a tensile element, this fascial complex could support the zygomatic arch against the pull of the masseter muscle. An ossified postorbital bar has evolved repeatedly in mammals, enabling resistance to compression and shear in addition to tension. Although such ossification clearly reinforces the skull against muscle pull, the most accepted explanation is that it helps isolate the orbital contents from contractions of the temporalis muscle. However, it has never been demonstrated that the contraction of jaw muscles deforms the unossified ligament. We examined linear deformation of the postorbital ligament in minipigs, Sus scrofa, along with electromyography of the jaw muscles and an assessment of changes in pressure and shape in the temporalis. During chewing, the ligament elongated (average 0.9%, maximum 2.8%) in synchrony with the contraction of the elevator muscles of the jaw. Although the temporalis bulged outward and created substantial pressure against the braincase, the superficial fibers usually retracted caudally, away from the postorbital ligament. In anesthetized animals, stimulating either the temporalis or the masseter muscle in isolation usually elongated the ligament (average 0.4-0.7%). These results confirm that contraction of the masticatory muscles can potentially distort the orbital contents and further suggest that the postorbital ligament does function as a tension member resisting the pull of the masseter on the zygomatic arch.
The Development of Psychology in the Individual

The process of psychology taking form in and taking on the form of sociotechnological relations is perhaps most observable in the child’s ontogenetic development. The utter dependence of the infant upon a social environment makes early development a microcosm of the social formation of mind. Ontogeny also reveals the relation of psychology to biology, and the individual to society. The clarity with which all of these relationships are manifested in a given individual made developmental psychology the favorite topic of Vygotsky and his colleagues. Comparing periods of a child’s life offered a perfect complement to phylogenetic comparisons of species and historical comparisons of adults.
Factor Analysis of Motor Aptitude of Preadolescent Boys

Abstract The application of factor analysis with varimax orthogonal rotation was used to extract five factors from the intercorrelations of 25 items which authorities claim measure motor aptitude. The factors underlying the 25 items utilized in the study seemed to permit the following names: speed, growth and maturity classification, kinesthetic memory of the arms, body balance on objects, and body balance on the floor (not on objects).
Interpreting heterogeneous coefficient spatial autoregressive panel models

We consider interpretation of estimates from the heterogeneous coefficient spatial autoregressive panel model of Aquaro et al. (2015) and derive partial derivatives (marginal effects) for this model, an issue not discussed in Aquaro et al. (2015). We show how these differ from a conventional spatial autoregressive panel model.
National Collective Action and Economic Performance: A Review Article

This review article summarizes and criticizes two recent books by Peter J. Katzenstein and one by John Zysman on politics, industrial policy, and political economic performance in postwar industrialized capitalist democracies. Drawing some elements from these books and forging others from their criticism, the paper proposes a preliminary framework for the study of political economic policy and performance that stresses structures of interests, of state organization, and of interrelations among these.
PROBLEMS IN STACK SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT

Though many techniques for monitoring particulates have been studied in great detail under laboratory conditions, the application to field situations of these techniques has often been difficult. This paper describes the attempts to use cascade impactors for manual fractional efficiency and optical and beta gauging for instrumental particle sizing. Though each technique seemed to be ideally suited to particle measurement, the many different problems presented by industrial gas streams and the solutions used to overcome them are described. Particle bounce and reentrainment was the first problem encountered with the impactors and was quickly followed by substrate material selection due to reaction with gaseous components. Instrumental problems have centered on getting sensors to perform in the hostile stack environment and on making reasonable compromises necessary to apply these techniques to real stack environments.
Contrast media for fluoroscopic examinations of the GI and GU tracts: current challenges and recommendations

One of the significant challenges facing radiologists who perform and interpret studies of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems have been periodic interruptions in the availability of barium and iodinated contrast media specially formulated for gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) studies. These interruptions are due to the US Food and Drug Administration's recent requirement for more stringent documentation of the safety and efficacy of contrast media and the consolidation among contrast manufacturers. Therefore, radiologists may be required to recommend an alternative means of evaluation, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance, or endoscopy, or they may need to substitute a different formulation of a contrast agent not specifically developed for GI or GU use, for example the utilization of an agent designed and marketed for vascular use. This article reviews the current status of fluoroscopic contrast media, and provides suggestions and recommendations for the optimal and alternative use of contrast media formulations.
Development of a Self-Starting Microwave Motor*

AbstractTwo types of double-coil-two-antenna micro-wave motors and a two-double-coil-four-antenna microwave motor were constructed as part of an effort to develop an efficient self-starting microwave motor. Self-starting in these motors was accomplished by the use of an increased number of rotor coil-antenna pairs, non-symmetric dc. magnetic and microwave electromagnetic fields and an increased operating power level.
A Study of the Use of a Reflective Activity to Improve Students' Software Design Capabilities

This paper contains a description of a follow-on to a pilot study in which students performed reflective activities as part of the design process in an advanced programming course. Students produced an initial design for their programs that was due within a week after the program was assigned. Along with their projects, students submitted a document reflecting the final design and an analysis of the changes between them. Requirements for the analysis were made more explicit than those in the pilot study. The format of the document was specified and the task was described to the students as a technical writing activity. Results of the work are reported and a comparison with prior work that did not have a specified structure for the student analysis are described.
Controlled Design and Fabrication of SERS–SEF Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Nanoprobe Applications: Morphology-Dependent SERS Phenomena

Dual-mode surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)–surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) composite nanoparticles have been developed for possible use as oil reservoir tracers. These composite nanoparticles are composed of metal Ag nanostructured cores, specific dye molecules, and a SiO2 shell coating. Herein, we show that the embedded dye molecules are detectable by both Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies and yield dramatically enhanced detectability due to strong SERS–SEF phenomena with limits of detection (LOD) as low as 1 ppb by fluorescence spectroscopy and 10 ppb by Raman spectroscopy. To determine the optimal structures for signal enhancement for both SERS and SEF, we show how these phenomena are significantly affected by morphologies of the composite nanoparticles. The aggregation status of metal dots and the distance between the metal and dye probe molecules are the crucial factors for enhancement of SERS and SEF signals. Through well-controlled one-pot reactions in microemulsion media, composite...
Probabilistic prediction of mixed mode fracture initiation and trajectory under random stresses

Methods are developed for estimating crack trajectory and the probability of crack initiation in mixed mode fracture. The analysis is based on a computer program for deterministic fracture mechanics analysis (FRANC) and modern methods of structural reliability.
GIANT AGGLUTINATED FORAMINIFERIDS FROM FRANCISCAN TURBIDITES AT REDWOOD CREEK NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA. WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BATHYSIPHON

The Franciscan Central Belt is a Late Mesozoic terrane composed of dislocated submarine fan deposits, splinters of oceanic crustic and blocks of "exotic" lithologies (e.g. glauciphane schist) of incertain origin, which are all texronically mixed in a muddy melange matrix.
“In Case of Emergency, Break-Open Glass”: The IMF’s “New” Institutional View, Financial Instability, and Financing Development Processes:

After the North Atlantic Financial Crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) shifted towards a greater acceptance of capital controls (what it calls capital flow management measures) for regulating international capital flows with the publication of its “New” Institutional View. This begs the question of what such a change means for developing economies; specifically, whether the new framework addresses the needs they have for producing financial stability. That is the topic examined in this paper.
Identifying and Examining School Approaches to Family Engagement Within Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports

The purpose of this study was to identify and examine how schools implementing schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) were engaging families in their Tier I PBIS systems. In addition, reported implementation of practices and the availability of resources were examined in relation to fidelity of PBIS implementation. Participants included PBIS Leadership team representatives from 302 schools across three states. Findings revealed the most common ways in which schools (a) communicated with families about their PBIS systems, (b) worked with families to support PBIS at school, (c) supported family use of PBIS at home, and (d) built partnerships to support PBIS. Finally, communicating with families about PBIS and supporting families to help their child follow school expectations were related to fidelity of PBIS implementation. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Developmental Care in the Nursery

Developmental care (DC) is a caregiving philosophy that focuses on minimizing stress and maximizing developmental opportunities for NICU infants and their families. The goal is to provide individualized, family-centered care in order to optimize immediate and long-term infant health and developmental outcomes. Developmental care guides broad NICU practices and policies. From daily bedside routines such as feeding and positioning to comprehensive protocols for staff training or environmental design, the approach considers the potential impact of every experience upon a developing, fragile infant. This chapter provides an overview of what is known about developmental care: the theoretical foundation; the core constructs that guide implementation; the strengths and limitations of current, common DC practices; and the existing evidence that supports or refutes these widely embraced principles.
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome and Vasovagal Syncope: A Hidden Case of Obstructive Cardiomyopathy without Severe Septal Hypertrophy

A 36-year-old female with symptoms of orthostatic intolerance and syncope was diagnosed with vasovagal syncope on a tilt table test and with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) after a repeat tilt table test. However, an echocardiogram at our institution revealed obstructive cardiomyopathy without severe septal hypertrophy, with a striking increase in left ventricular outflow tract gradient from 7 mmHg at rest to 75 mmHg during Valsalva, with a septal thickness of only 1.3 cm. Cardiac MRI showed an apically displaced multiheaded posteromedial papillary muscle with suggestion of aberrant chordal attachments to the anterior mitral leaflet contributing to systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. She underwent surgery with reorientation of the posterior medial papillary muscle head, resection of the tethering secondary chordae to the A1 segment of the mitral valve, chordal shortening and tacking of the chordae to the A1 and A2 segments of the mitral valve, and gentle septal myectomy. After surgery, she had significant improvement in her prior symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of obstructive cardiomyopathy without severe septal hypertrophy with abnormalities in papillary muscle and chordal attachment, in a patient diagnosed with vasovagal syncope and POTS.
Explanation of Anxiety Tension States

The purpose of this informal talk, as the title implies, is to explain to patients, their spouses, relatives, or close friends in small group sessions, the nature of their anxiety tension state. A brief review of anatomy is presented to better understand the symptoms. The most common symptoms will be enumerated. Next, the normal function of the autonomic (or automatic) nervous system will be explained. This then is contrasted with the malfunction of this nervous system resulting in muscular tightness, which directly causes most of the symptoms of neuromuscular tension. Finally, relaxation lessons are described using the Jacobson techniques as modified by the late Dr. Henry Dixon, the former professor of psychiatry of the University of Oregon. This method of explanation was mostly learned and copied in large part by me from Dr. Dixon. These relaxation lessons are used as an adjunct for teaching patients to get the feel of tight muscles, in contrast with letting go and being at ease. Other suggestions for treatment and coping are then made. Between each of the four parts of the talk, we stop and allow questions and comments by the patients or their relatives so that the usual group session lasts approximately one hour.
Association of SSR and Candidate Gene Markers with Genetic Variations in Summer Heat and Drought Performance for Creeping Bentgrass

Identification of molecular markers linked to physiological traits for stress tolerance is important for understanding the underlying genetics and breeding for improving plant stress tolerance. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate genotypic variations in a population of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) germplasm for summer performance and drought tolerance under field conditions, and to validate candidate gene and quantitative trait locus (QTL) markers associated with physiological traits for stress tolerance in two locations differing in climate conditions. The trials were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in field plots covered under automatic rainout shelters in Georgia and New Jersey. Phenotypic and physiological traits, including visual turf quality ratings, membrane stability, chlorophyll content, normalized difference vegetative index, and leaf water content, were evaluated for heat tolerance during summer months and for drought tolerance. Using association analysis, phenotypic and physiological traits were measured to confirm linkage to 29 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and five candidate gene markers. Significant associations between traits and markers were found for 24 of the 34 molecular markers for the bentgrass population exposed to summer heat stress or drought stress. Those markers with significant associations may be useful in marker-assisted selection and understanding how specific genetic regions influence abiotic stress tolerance in creeping bentgrass.
Brain permeant and impermeant inhibitors of fatty-acid amide hydrolase synergize with the opioid analgesic morphine to suppress chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception without enhancing effects of morphine on gastrointestinal transit

Opioid-based therapies remain a mainstay for chronic pain management, but unwanted side effects limit therapeutic use. We compared efficacies of brain-permeant and -impermeant inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in suppressing neuropathic pain induced by the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel. Paclitaxel produced mechanical and cold allodynia without altering nestlet shredding or marble burying behaviors. We compared FAAH inhibitors that differ in their ability to penetrate the central nervous system for antiallodynic efficacy, pharmacological specificity, and synergism with the opioid analgesic morphine. (3'-(aminocarbonyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]- 3-yl)-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597), a brain-permeant FAAH inhibitor, attenuated paclitaxel-induced allodynia via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) mechanisms. URB937, a brain-impermeant FAAH inhibitor, suppressed paclitaxel-induced allodynia through a CB1 mechanism only. 5-[4-(4-cyano-1-butyn-1-yl)phenyl]-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(1,1-dioxido-4-thiomorpholinyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM6545), a peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist, fully reversed the antiallodynic efficacy of N-cyclohexyl-carbamic acid, 3'-(aminocarbonyl)-6-hydroxy[1,1'- biphenyl]-3-yl ester (URB937) but only partially reversed that of URB597. Thus, URB937 suppressed paclitaxel-induced allodynia through a mechanism that was dependent upon peripheral CB1 receptor activation only. Antiallodynic effects of both FAAH inhibitors were reversed by N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251). Antiallodynic effects of URB597, but not URB937, were reversed by 6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)methanone (AM630). Isobolographic analysis revealed synergistic interactions between morphine and either URB597 or URB937 in reducing paclitaxel-induced allodynia. A leftward shift in the dose-response curve of morphine antinociception was observed when morphine was coadministered with either URB597 or URB937, consistent with morphine sparing. However, neither URB937 nor URB597 enhanced morphine-induced deficits in colonic transit. Thus, our findings suggest that FAAH inhibition may represent a therapeutic avenue to reduce the overall amount of opioid needed for treating neuropathic pain with potential to reduce unwanted side effects that accompany opioid administration.
A Stochastic Approach to Maximal Output Admissible Sets and Reference Governors

This paper presents a stochastic approach to Reference Governors (RG) and Maximal Output Admissible Sets (MAS) using chance constraints. In order to construct a stochastic robustly invariant MAS (SR-MAS), we extend the earlier ideas in the literature to Lyapunov stable systems with output constraints. Formal proofs for important properties such as positive invariance and finite determinism of SR-MAS are provided. It is shown that the SR-MAS is less conservative than the deterministic approach. An algorithm is provided to compute the SR-MAS in finite time. Finally, we present a stochastic RG formulation, which leverages the SR-MAS. The main results are illustrated with a numerical simulation of a mass-spring-damper model with constraints imposed over the control signal and output.
Stressor interactions in freshwater habitats: Effects of cold water exposure and food limitation on early-life growth and upper thermal tolerance in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

Author(s): Rodgers, EM; Todgham, AE; Connon, RE; Fangue, NA | Abstract: Limited food availability and altered thermal regimes (e.g. cold water releases from dams) are two common stressors threatening the persistence of fishes inhabiting anthropogenically disturbed freshwater systems. Yet, the combined effects of these stressors remain poorly characterised. To remedy this, we examined the isolated and combined effects of low temperature exposure and food restriction on specific growth rate (SGR, % body mass/day) and upper thermal tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTMax) in larval white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus [Acipenseridae], 32ndays post-hatch, body mass: 0.25n±n0.03ng, meann±nstandard deviation). A 2n×n2 factorial design was implemented with fish exposed to one of two ecologically-relevant acclimation temperatures (cold exposure: 11°C or a control temperature: 18°C) and one of two food restriction treatments designed to emulate observed declines in food availability (100% or 40% optimal feed rate) for 6nweeks (N: 3 replicate tanks/treatment, 50 fish/tank). Specific growth rate was affected by both low temperature exposure and food restriction in isolation; low temperature exposure reduced SGR by 56.5% and food restriction reduced SGR by 30.6%. Simultaneous exposure to low temperature and food restriction resulted in a greater but less than additive reduction in SGR (80.6%), indicating that the stressors interacted antagonistically. Critical thermal maxima were c. 2°C higher in 18°C-acclimated fish (CTMaxn=n30.7n±n0.4°C, meann±nstandard error) compared to 11°C-acclimated fish (CTMaxn=n28.6n±n0.2°C, meann±nstandard error); however, CTMax was independent of food restriction in both 11°C- and 18°C-acclimated fish. These data highlight the unpredictability of stressor interactions and may guide holistic conservation strategies, which target co-occurring stressors in freshwater habitats.
Hybrid land use regression modeling for estimating spatio-temporal exposures to PM2.5, BC, and metal components across a metropolitan area of complex terrain and industrial sources.

Abstract Land use regression (LUR) modeling has become a common method for predicting pollutant concentrations and assigning exposure estimates in epidemiological studies. However, few LUR models have been developed for metal constituents of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) or have incorporated source-specific dispersion covariates in locations with major point sources. We developed hybrid AERMOD LUR models for PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and steel-related PM2.5 constituents lead, manganese, iron, and zinc, using fine-scale air pollution data from 37 sites across the Pittsburgh area. These models were designed with the aim of developing exposure estimates for time periods of interest in epidemiology studies. We found that the hybrid LUR models explained greater variability in PM2.5 (R2 = 0.79) compared to BC (R2 = 0.59) and metal constituents (R2 = 0.34–0.55). Approximately 70% of variation in PM2.5 was attributable to temporal variance, compared to 36% for BC, and 17–26% for metals. An AERMOD dispersion covariate developed using PM2.5 industrial emissions data for 207 sources was significant in PM2.5 and BC models; all metals models contained a steel mill-specific PM2.5 emissions AERMOD term. Other significant covariates included industrial land use, commercial and industrial land use, percent impervious surface, and summed railroad length.
The Baneberry disaster in review: An interview with case lawyer and author Larry Johns

Abstract Larry Johns, Esquire’s impressive career as a lawyer propelled his involvement in numerous legal battles that centered on exposure to environmental harms. Here, Dr. Stephanie Malin interviews Larry Johns to discuss the accidental Baneberry venting disaster during that underground nuclear test, the subsequent Baneberry legal case and outcomes that ensued, and legacies of nuclear contamination and environmental injustice. The interview focuses on Larry’s twenty-five year battle for justice for two workers impacted by the botched detonation of the Baneberry nuclear test, and what this signifies for other people and communities with their own nuclear legacies. Larry reflects on institutional barriers that limit people’s abilities to access useful and accurate information regarding safety and health risks and the ways that federal denial of negligence – as well as a refusal to acknowledge links between workers’ cancers and exposure to fallout – ultimately shaped the outcomes of this case. This interview reminds us of the important ways that institutions shape environmental risks and (in)equality and how these institutions can be even more accountable for and effective in protecting public health and the environment.
ROCKET: A randomized, multicenter phase 2 study of RRx-001 + irinotecan versus regorafenib in 3rd/4th line colorectal cancer.

3526Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of combination therapy with RRx-001, an aerospace-derived macrophage repolarizing agent with epigenetic and vascular normalizati...
A screening questionnaire for occupational and hobby exposures during pregnancy

BACKGROUND Occupational and environmental exposures during the prenatal period may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and lifelong health effects. Yet, identification and evaluation of these potential hazards is lacking in routine obstetric care. AIMS To assess the feasibility of incorporating a self-administered occupational and environmental exposure questionnaire into obstetric clinics. METHODS A cross-sectional survey assessed prenatal clinic patients at a public hospital who were currently employed and <20 weeks gestation. Questionnaires evaluated job characteristics, workplace and hobby exposures, protective equipment use and symptoms during pregnancy. RESULTS Of 69 participants (96% response rate), 46% were predominantly Spanish-speaking. Primary occupations were caregiver (16%), cleaner (14%) and administrative assistant (14%). Overall, 93% were exposed to a workplace hazard, with most participants reporting physical stressors (82%) or organic solvent exposure (78%). Most women (74%) used some personal protective equipment. Nearly half (54%) reported at least one non-pregnancy symptom, and 52% were referred for follow-up with an occupational medicine practitioner. Household and hobby-related chemical exposures were common in our sample (91%). We observed moderate consistency between job task and chemical use responses: 67-99% of intentionally redundant questions were fully or partially matched. Closed- compared to open-ended activity questions identified a higher proportion of physical stressors (82% versus 12%) and cleaning product (76% versus 30%) exposures. CONCLUSIONS A self-administered questionnaire is an effective screening tool for identifying women with occupational and hobby-related exposures during pregnancy. Consistent incorporation of exposure assessment into prenatal care can improve clinical communications and early interventions for at-risk pregnant women.
Contingency Management in an Introductory Psychology Course for One Thousand Students.

This is a description of an experimental college course designed to develop and demonstrate solutions to four major problems in higher education. These problems are (a) student under-achievement, (b) large student/faculty ratios, (c) the high cost of education, and (d) the common complaint that a liberal education is difficult to achieve and irrelevant to the world of affairs.
Receptor compaction and GTPase movements drive cotranslational protein translocation

Signal recognition particle (SRP) is a universally conserved targeting machine that couples the synthesis of ~30% of the proteome to their proper membrane localization. In eukaryotic cells, SRP recognizes translating ribosomes bearing hydrophobic signal sequences and, through interaction with SRP receptor (SR), delivers them to the Sec61p translocase on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. How SRP ensures efficient and productive initiation of protein translocation at the ER is not well understood. Here, single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrates that cargo-loaded SRP induces a global compaction of SR, driving a >90 A movement of the SRP·SR GTPase complex from the vicinity of the ribosome exit, where it initially assembles, to the distal site of SRP. These rearrangements bring translating ribosomes near the membrane, expose conserved Sec61p docking sites on the ribosome and weaken SRP's interaction with the signal sequence on the nascent polypeptide, thus priming the translating ribosome for engaging the translocation machinery. Disruption of these rearrangements severely impairs cotranslational protein translocation and is the cause of failure in an SRP54 mutant linked to severe congenital neutropenia. Our results demonstrate that multiple largescale molecular motions in the SRP·SR complex are required to drive the transition from protein targeting to translocation; these post-targeting rearrangements provide potential new points for biological regulation as well as disease intervention.
Central Afferents to the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Rats and Mice

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) regulates life-sustaining functions ranging from appetite and digestion to heart rate and breathing. It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top-down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain-wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS-projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express Slc32a1/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral "mind-body" symptoms.
CHAPTER II – Esterases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on esterases, which is an enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water. The esterases are divided into several groups, depending upon the specificity the various enzymes show for the acid or for the alcohol portions of the substrate. Simple esterases are esterases that attack ethyl butyrate strongly, are found in all parts of the animal body, whereas the cholineesterases as enzymes that at optimum conditions hydrolyze acetylcholine more rapidly than they hydrolyze other esters. Nonspecific cholinesterase occurs in various animal tissues such as blood serum, pancreas, and liver. True cholinesterase occurs in red blood cells, in the brain and other nervous tissues, and in other animal tissues. Acetylesterase acts especially upon esters of acetic acid and is found frequently in plants. Unlike cholineesterase, it is not inhibited by serine. Liver also contains an enzyme—apyrase—that acts upon adenosinetriphosphate and liberates much more phosphate than the muscle enzyme does.
An Evaluation of Websites Offering Caregiver Education for Tracheostomy and Home Mechanical Ventilation.

Abstract Background Parental and familial caregivers of a child with a tracheostomy, and possibly home mechanical ventilation (HMV), face the overwhelming task of learning to medically care for their child prior to discharge. Caregivers may cope by seeking health information on the Internet. This is concerning because information found during an Internet search may not be accurate, comprehensive, or up to date. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the quality and content of websites offering information about tracheostomies and HMV using a valid assessment tool. Methods A total of 46 websites were identified for evaluation using the DISCERN instrument for quality and reliability, and the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesh- Kincaid (FK) grade level instruments for readability. Accuracy of content was determined by expert opinion. Findings Few of the websites met the recommended quality and/or readability levels. The websites recommended had a range of DISCERN scores 21–40, adjusted FRE 61–89.1, and adjusted FK 3.4–6.9. Many of the highest quality websites had a readability level at high school or college levels. Discussion The quality and readability of websites offering caregiver education for tracheostomy and HMV are not at a level suitable for caregivers. There was often a mismatch between DISCERN quality and readability. Many high-quality websites would not be easily read and understood by the general lay population. Application to practice DISCERN alone is not sufficient to determine whether a website should be recommended. One should consider reliability, quality, and readability when developing patient education materials, including those on the Internet.
Piezoresistive strain sensors based on psyllium-carbon nanostructure skeletons

Abstract Fabrication of flexible strain sensors incorporating superlight and robust conductive skeletons in a facile and environmentally friendly manner poses a number of processing challenges. Herein, we report a novel, low-density, three-dimensional conductive filler skeleton consisting of natural psyllium and conductive carbon nanostructure (CNS, i.e. branched carbon nanotubes). After infiltration of polydimethylsiloxne (PDMS) into the skeleton, a composite with excellent electrical conductivity and superior piezoresistive sensitivity was obtained. Psyllium assists the formation of a conductive CNS network, thus the composite made by the skeleton exhibits electrical conductivity up to 6.6 S/m for only 0.2 wt% CNS. Skeletons composed with 0.2 wt% CNS and various content of psyllium infiltrated with PDMS have a linearly responsive gauge factor between 2.3 and 4.5. Continuous psyllium- CNS pathways not only enhance electron transport within composites, but the psyllium also provide extra mechanical support to ensure stable and reproducible strain sensing in the composite. Potential applications of the composites as control switches and for motion detection are reported.
Paradigm and Cultural Shifts on Employee Leave and Work-Life Initiatives:

The ProblemPolicies on employee leave and flexible workplace arrangements have not met the needs of employees in achieving work-life balance. Even when such policies do exist, employers are largely...
Recent Proposals to Change the Traditional Military Retirement System to Mirror the Federal Service Retirement: Eroding Discipline and Civil-Military Relations Through Potentially Unlawful and Certainly Questionable Acts

This Article explores the potential immediate and secondary effects of retirement reform on military discipline. Part I of this Article presents the most recent proposal, articulated in 2011 by the Defense Business Board ("DBB"), and analyzes its inherent shortcomings. Part II provides an interlocking broad view analysis as to why the conversion of retirements in a 401(k) model could prove disastrous to discipline. This interlocking analysis addresses: (1) the potential for erosion of the civil-military relationship, (2) the relationship between the Takings Clause12 of the Fifth Amendment and military retirements, (3) the principle of detrimental reliance, and (4) the inapplicability of case law to support the radical alteration scheme for military retirements posed by the DBB. The analysis also addresses the legal impediment of unlawful orders to the proposed scheme. Part III of this Article analyzes two potential direct impacts that would likely undermine discipline through weakening the Uniform Code of Military Justice ("UCMJ"). It must be remembered that military retirements are not true retirements. The receipt of military retirements is the instrument in which the government may recall its veterans to active service in time of national emergency, or for the individualized purpose of bringing a criminal to justice.
Rethinking Geologic Carbon Storage Capacity: An Approach With Practical Considerations

A realistic and practical understanding of storage capacity is essential during the scoping and planning phases of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects. This study developed from the need to redefine carbon storage capacity in a way that it provides CCUS project developers with the information they need, not only on the size of the accessible pore volume they would require, but also –and as importantly- on the rate at which CO2 can be injected into it considering geological, technical, and economic constraints. In this paper, we think of geologic storage capacity as the rate at which CO2 can be technically and economically injected into an accessible pore volume for a period of time constrained by either a maximum injection pressure or a geologic boundary. We applied this concept to a region in the Offshore Northern Gulf of Mexico to understand the opportunities of its oil and gas fields. To estimate the accessible storage capacity we used EASiTool (Enhanced Analytical Simulation Tool) capacity calculator, a closed-form analytical solution in a public Windows application that provides fast, yet reliable estimates in any geologic setting. Results from EASiTool capacity assessments indicate that the total accessible CO2 storage capacity for pure carbon storage (no production) in oil and gas fields within the area of study is up to ~200 MTonnes. This paper illustrates how an average, representative reservoir in the area of study would have an open boundary storage capacity of 2.3 MTonnes, accessible over a period of 8 years at a rate of 0.28 MTonnes/year through one injection well. This carbon storage resource is an attractive complement to the vast storage capacity of the Offshore Northern Gulf of Mexico stratigraphy.
A Simple and Tight Greedy OCRS

In recent years, Contention Resolution Schemes (CRSs), introduced by Chekuri, Vondr\'{a}k, and Zenklusen, have emerged as a general framework for obtaining feasible solutions to combinatorial optimization problems with constraints. The idea is to first solve a continuous relaxation and then round the fractional solution. When one does not have any control on the order of rounding, Online Contention Resolution Schemes (OCRSs) can be used instead, and have been successfully applied in settings such as prophet inequalities and stochastic probing. Intuitively, a greedy OCRS has to decide which elements to include in the integral solution before the online process starts. In this work, we give a simple $1/e$ - selectable greedy single item OCRS, and then proceed to show that it is optimal.
ASPECTS OF SCHOOLING IN EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA

ABSTRACT Divers observed schools of Euphausia superba off the South Shetland Islands and in Gerlache Strait near the Antarctic Peninsula. Euphausiids almost always occurred within the confines of dense schools swimming in one direction. Schools formed an infinite variety of shapes but usually were narrow in at least one dimension, so that individuals within a school were never far from its edge. Schools moved at about 20 cm/s, primarily horizontally, and vertical displacement was always accompanied by much larger horizontal excursions. Opaque, presumably necrotic, euphausiids occurred within schools, indicating that schooling may have epidemiologic disadvantages. Schools exhibited a variety of behavioral responses to potential and actual predators (sea birds and whales). A hypothesis of ontogenetic differences in schooling behavior proposes that juveniles migrate long distances horizontally in search of food over both shallow and deep waters, but that schools of adults spawn in or near deep water so that rapidly sinking eggs are not deposited on the sea bed.
Response Scales and the Measurement of Racial Attitudes: Agree-Disagree Versus Item Specific Formats

Over the past four decades the literature on racial attitudes suggests that negative sentiments are founded less on notions of biological inferiority and more on contemporary concerns related to values, also known as “new racism.” The lot of measures supporting this argument, including the Modern Racism Scale, Symbolic Racism Scale, and Racial Resentment Scale, are each based on response scales using a standard agree-disagree (AD) question format, which makes it easier for individuals to pay less attention to question content, respond to social desirability norms, and strive for cognitive consistency. While popular, AD scales have been shown to produce acquiescence bias and inferior quality data leaving some to suggest that Construct Specific (CS) response options may be more effective. Yet, questions remain regarding the extent to which measures intended to capture newer racism concepts contain systematic measurement error related to the AD format. Using a national random sample of recruited panel members through the Congressional Cooperative Election Study (CCES), we examine response patterns to two similar racial resentment scales, one using AD formatted items another using CS formatted items. We find slightly better scale measurement properties among the AD scale than the CS scale, but roughly equal concurrent validity. We also find a pervasive pattern of acquiescence bias among the AD items, and a few CS items, but only after controlling for education levels; perhaps because of education’s relationship with racial attitudes rather than the AD format per se. The results suggest that AD items are on par or better than CS worded items, and that racial attitudes may hold some protections against problems associated with other topics using AD formatting. Yet, we also conclude CS items might soon find their way into questionnaires measuring racial attitudes.
The polypeptides of adenovirus. VII. Further studies of early polypeptides in vivo and localization of E2 and E2A to the cell plasma membrane.

Abstract At early times, adenovirus-2-infected HeLa cells have been shown to contain four induced polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 70–75,000 (E1), 45–48,000, 19–20,000 (E2), and 10–11,000 (E3). In this communication, a combination of high multiplicity infection, separation of infected cells into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, and high resolution SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has allowed the characterization of three other early species: 42,000 (E1A), 17,000 (E2A) and 14,000 (E2B). In addition, further fractionation of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions revealed an association of E2 and E2A with cell plasma membranes and E3 with nuclear particulate matter. Pulsechase data, behavior of early proteins on SDS-hydroxylapatite columns, and fractionation with ammonium sulfate also have served to further characterize the early proteins. The 45–48K protein was not seen in our system.
Identifiability Problems in the Theory of Competing and Complementary Risks — A Survey

In this expository paper the concepts of competing and complementary risks are defined and a survey of recent results in the area is presented. Identifiability of distributions, both univariate and multivariate, useful in reliability and survival analysis is considered.
A zoomable DBMS for brain structure, function and behavior

We have begun a long-term project to build a new kind of database and its enhanced, supporting database management system (DBMS) for international neuroscience research. Because brain research occurs world-wide, our database will be distributed, encouraging rapid, open dissemination of results to a broad audience of neuroscientists. It will conjoin information and experimental results from many disciplines. We envision a zoomable database of the brain tissue itself, in large part embedded in three dimensions (3D), through which one can “fly.” Within this coarse structure, the database will also organize fine-structural, functional and behavioral data. As often as possible, the database will express experimental data in its purest, least analyzed form, so that expensive raw data can be analyzed and reanalyzed by researchers worldwide.
On Corotating High-Z HI

There is evidence in surveys of HI in the inner Galaxy for gas more than 500 pc from the plane that shares the rotation of material in the plane. The percentage of HI with |z| > 500 pc at the subcentral points rises approximately monotonically from less than 2% at R ≤ 3 kpc to ≳l5% near the solar neighborhood. Some cloudy structure is observed. Some of the high-z gas has a larger velocity dispersion than the HI confined more closely to the plane.
Elkhound: A Fast, Practical GLR Parser Generator

Elkhound is an implementation of the Generalized LR (GLR) parsing algorithm [Tomita86, Rekers92] that allows the user to associate arbitrary C++ code with reduction actions, while retaining full control of sharing and disambiguation. Elkhound specifications are similar to those of YACC for LALR(1) grammar fragments, exposing the details of the GLR reduction process only where the grammar requires it. Further, the algorithm itself can switch on a token-by-token basis between GLR and simple LR, achieving very good performance for unambiguous portions of the input. The resulting system is familiar to even casual users of tools like YACC or Bison, but powerful enough to elegantly handle the dark corners of real-world languages.
Sentinel injuries: subtle findings of physical abuse

Injuries, other than abrasions, are rare in precruising infants. In this population, a history or observation of a sentinel skin injury, intraoral injury, or musculoskeletal injury without a plausible explanation, is concerning for physical abuse. A precruising infant with a sentinel injury should be medically evaluated for occult injury and predisposing medical conditions, as well as reported to authorities for further investigation. Early identification of sentinel injuries and appropriate interventions can prevent further abuse. Language: en
Spatial Phase and the Temporal Structure of the Response to Gratings in V1

Victor, Jonathan D. and Keith P. Purpura. Spatial phase and the temporal structure of the response to gratings in V1. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 554–571, 1998. We recorded single-unit activity of 25 unit...