cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of diesel fuel by chemical separation combined with capillary gas chromatography (GC) isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).

Abstract The purpose of this study was to perform a preliminary investigation of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of diesel fuels to evaluate whether the technique could distinguish diesel samples from different sources/locations. The ability to differentiate or correlate diesel samples could be valuable for discovering fuel tax evasion schemes or for environmental forensic studies. Two urea adduction-based techniques were used to isolate the n -alkanes from the fuel. Both carbon isotope ratio ( δ 13 C) and hydrogen isotope ratio ( δ D) values for the n -alkanes were then determined by CSIA in each sample. The samples investigated had δ 13 C values that ranged from −30.1‰ to −26.8‰, whereas δ D values ranged from −83‰ to −156‰. Plots of δ D versus δ 13 C with sample n -alkane points connected in order of increasing carbon number gave well-separated clusters with characteristic shapes for each sample. Principal components analysis (PCA) with δ 13 C, δ D, or combined δ 13 C and δ D data was applied to extract the maximum information content. PCA scores plots could clearly differentiate the samples, thereby demonstrating the potential of this approach for distinguishing (e.g., fingerprinting) fuel samples using δ 13 C and δ D values.
Motivating participation by displaying the value of contribution

One of the important challenges faced by designers of online communities is eliciting sufficent contributions from community members. Users in online communities may have difficulty either in finding opportunities to add value, or in understanding the value of their contributions to the community. Various social science theories suggest that showing users different perspectives on the value they add to the community will lead to differing amounts of contribution. The present study investigates a design augmentation for an existing community Web site that could benefit from additional contribution. The augmented interface includes individualized opportunities for contribution and an estimate of the value of each contribution to the community. The value is computed in one of four different ways: (1) value to self; (2) value to a small group the user has affinity with; (3) value to a small group the user does not have affinity with; and (4) value to the entire user community. The study compares the effectiveness of the different notions of value to 160 community members.
Modeling and Interpretation of Beamforming Gain and Diversity Gain for Underwater Acoustic Communications

Output signal-to-noise ratios for a multichannel decision feedback equalizer were measured from experimental BPSK data as a function of the receiver spacing, number of receivers used, and array aperture and reported in a paper in OCEANS 2005 by the author. This paper discusses the theory and reports numerical modeling results to compare with the data.
Understanding premature sexual maturation

Abstract Premature sexual maturation is a general term encompassing precocious puberty as well as several normal variants in both boys and girls. It is important to be able to determine the specific cause in order to formulate an appropriate plan of management. This review aims to describe the signs and symptoms of each variant, decide on the investigations needed to diagnose specific conditions and their cause, as the type of treatment has to be tailored to each individual condition. The primary goal of this article is to make the reader familiar with the concept of sexual precocity as well as the commonly encountered variants to enable him to differentiate between them and instigate appropriate management. Early sexual maturation causes a lot of anxiety to both parents and children and management is aimed at allaying that anxiety, addressing psychosocial implications and preventing further advancement of secondary sexual characteristics without compromising adult height as far as possible.
On cullen numbers

A table of Karst which gives the factorizations ofC n =n2 n +1 is completed ton=101.
Summary international symposium on computer assisted decision support and database management in anesthesia, intensive care, and cardio-pulmonary medicine

The above identified international symposium was held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands from September 6 through 9, 1988. More than 250 representatives from the academic and the vendor communities of Europe and the United States participated in an enlightening four-day interchange of ideas. The academic community was composed of members from three societies. The Society for Computers in Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Computing in Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, and the international Academy of Physicians and Scientists in Clinical Monitoring and Computing.
A preschool language tutoring project: Family support—the essential factor

The purpose of this study was to determine whether intensive tutoring of language-deficient preschool children, ages 3 1/2 to 5, could improve their language skills. Children identified as language-deficient were tested and then randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. Undergraduate students majoring in elementary education and speech therapy served as language tutors. They worked with individual children in the experimental group in varied appropriate language activities and skills. Some children in the study came from familial environments that affected the completion of the study as planned. Nineteen children were posttested, and unexpected differences were found between the experimental and the control groups. By the time the study was completed, however, sociological aspects had assumed more importance than the original purpose of the language study.
Differential selectivity of CIITA promoter activation by IFN-γ and IRF-1 in astrocytes and macrophages: CIITA promoter activation is not affected by TNF-α

During demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), locally elevated cytokine levels may induce upregulation of MHC class II molecules on otherwise low expressing or negative cell types such as microglia and astrocytes, since IFN-gamma has been shown to induce MHC class II expression on these cell types in vitro. While many transcription factors are involved with MHC class II expression, only the class II transactivator (CIITA) is tightly coordinated with IFN-gamma-inducibility. Control of CIITA gene expression is complex, involving four distinct promoters, two of which (promoters III and IV) are IFN-gamma-inducible in certain cell types. Here we demonstrate that IFN-gamma treatment of rat astrocytes induces only CIITA promoter IV activity in contrast to the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 that uses both IFN-gamma-inducible promoters. In contrast to previously published reports, promoter IV activation is completely dependent upon an intact interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) but not STAT binding site using promoter constructs specifically mutated at these positions. Importantly, while TNF-alpha is able to synergize with IFN-gamma to increase astrocyte MHC class II expression in vitro, we show that treatment of rat astrocytes with TNF-alpha has no effect on CIITA promoter activity. These data demonstrate that TNF-alpha augments MHC class II expression through a mechanism downstream or independent of CIITA induction.
Effect of PAG and matrix structure on PAG acid generation behavior under UV and high-energy radiation exposure

Chemically amplified resists (CAR) have successfully facilitated the development of deep ultra-violet (DUV) and 193 nm lithography techniques for more than two decades due to their acid-catalyzed deprotection scheme that enhances their photospeed. This acid-catalyzed mechanism provides a method for amplifying the initial chemical reactions caused by interaction of radiation with the resist film, thus making each interaction event between radiation and resist more productive. However, when switching from low energy photolysis to high energy radiolysis, changes in the manner in which the radiation interacts with the resist material can alter the acid generation efficiency and mechanism of PAG excitation. In high energy radiation cases where the radiation energy exceeds the ionization potential of the PAG and the polymer resin, the radiation absorption in the resist film becomes non-selective. The ratio of PAG excited by direct excitation as compared to polymer or matrix sensitization pathways can shift heavily in favor of matrix sensitization in such high energy exposure cases. Such sensitization pathways may become a potential method for enhancing resist sensitivity under high energy radiation through careful selection of matrix and PAG materials. A better understanding and study the efficiency of acid generation through direct and indirect PAG excitation pathways and the effect of PAG and matrix structure on these pathways would be extremely valuable for the design of future high sensitivity resist materials. In this work, the acid generation of typical ionic (onium salt) and non-ionic PAGs under DUV (248 nm) and electron-beam exposure in polymer film have been studied. The effect of PAG type and structure on its acid generation under photolysis and radiolysis has been determined. The effect of polymer resin structure on PAG photoacid generation under photolysis and radiolysis has also been investigated. Concepts for PAG and polymer design for producing enhanced sensitivity resists for excitational and ionizational exposure is discussed.
Assessment Information for Predicting Upcoming Change in Language Production

Initial language assessments are used not only to determine the presence of a language problem and establish eligibility for intervention, but also to provide information about a child’s readiness ...
Sustainability analysis of groundwater resources in a coastal aquifer, Alabama

Fort Morgan Peninsula is an attached portion of a dynamic barrier complex in the northern Gulf of Mexico and is a large tourist area that brings in a significant amount of revenue for Alabama. Many of the hotels and tourist attractions depend on the groundwater as their water supply. The over-withdrawal of groundwater and saltwater intrustion will have a negative impact on the ecology, tourism and economy if groundwater resources are not properly monitored and managed. In this study a calibrated groundwater flow model was used to analyze the sustainability of groundwater resources at Fort Morgan Peninsula. Detailed flow budgets were prepared to check the various components of inflow and outflow under different water use and climatic conditions. The results indicated the locations where groundwater was over-pumped and subjected to saltwater intrusion, or will be subjected to saltwater intrusion under a range of projected water use and climatic conditions.
The action of black widow spider venom on cholinergic mechanisms in synaptosomal preparations of rat brain cortices

Abstract The neurochemical activity of black widow spider venom (BWSV) was investigated using a synaptosomal preparation (P2) of rat cerebral cortices. In a P2 preparation pre-incubated with [3H]-choline in order to label acetylcholine (ACh), BWSV caused a marked release of radioactive ACh which was calcium independent. The onset of the action of BWSV was very rapid, i.e. in a 20 sec incubation it caused a release of the transmitter. BWSV was also shown to be a potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for choline, producing about 50% inhibition at a concentration of 3.75 μg protein/m1. These findings explain in the observed electrophysiological effects of the venom.
Death in aftercare

Abstract Modern studies on the mortality risk of persons with psychiatric illness have viewed the problem from a variety of different perspectives. Shinozaki 1 found the death rate among inpatients in a group of Japanese mental hospitals to be seven times the death rate of the general population. Other studies have identified persons at the time of hospital admission or discharge and presented mortality data on follow-up. Affleck et al. 2 after 12 years, found an average annual mortality more than three times greater than the general population for schizophrenic women. Zitrin et al. 3 noted a death rate double the expected rate among 867 persons discharged from the psychiatric unit of New York's Bellevue Hospital and followed-up at 2 years. Tsuang and Woolson 4 report increased mortality risk after four decades of follow-up in Iowa. The mortality risk varied with decade of follow-up, sex, and diagnosis but was highest for schizophrenics in the first decade of follow-up. Mortality rates among mixed groups of inpatients and outpatients are also reported. Babigian and Odoroff 5 found the relative risk of death for persons seeking psychiatric care in Monroe County, New York to be 2.5 to 3 times greater than that of the general population. Innes and Miller 6 found an overall death rate twice the expected rate for a group of inpatients and outpatients at 5-year follow-up in Scotland. Rorsman 7 noted a death rate approximately 1.6 times the expected rate for a group of mainly nonpsychotic inpatients and outpatients in Sweden. Two studies, Sims 8 and Keehn et al. 9 report excess mortality among patients with exclusively nonpsychotic diagnoses. A single known study, Claghorn and Kinross-Wright 10 found no increased mortality among a group of psychiatric patients followed-up for 2 1 2 years.
Multi-scale characterization of swine femoral cortical bone

Abstract Multi-scale experimental work was carried out to characterize cortical bone as a heterogeneous material with hierarchical structure, which spans from nanoscale (mineralized collagen fibril), sub-microscale (single lamella), microscale (lamellar structures), to mesoscale (cortical bone) levels. Sections from femoral cortical bone from 6, 12, and 42 months old swines were studied to quantify the age-related changes in bone structure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties. The structural changes with age from sub-microscale to mesoscale levels were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography. The chemical compositions at mesoscale were studied by ash content method and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and at microscale by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. The mechanical properties at mesoscale were measured by tensile testing, and elastic modulus and hardness at sub-microscale were obtained using nanoindentation. The experimental results showed age-related changes in the structure and chemical composition of cortical bone. Lamellar bone was a prevalent structure in 6 months and 12 months old animals, resorption sites were most pronounced in 6 months old animals, while secondary osteons were the dominant features in 42 months old animals. Mineral content and mineral-to-organic ratio increased with age. The structural and chemical changes with age corresponded to an increase in local elastic modulus, and overall elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength as bone matured.
The microwave spectrum and skeletal torsion of 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane☆

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane was measured in the region from 12.4 to 26.5 GHz. Vibrational satellites for eleven states of the skeletal torsion were observed and measured. Vibrational transition frequencies were obtained from the solid-phase laser Raman spectrum and also by microwave intensity measurements. From these data the quantitative form of the potential function for the skeletal vibration was determined to be V ( X ) = 7.47(−0.702 X 2 + X 4 ) cm −1 . The barrier height is calculated to be 0.920 ± 0.20 cm −1 . As this is well below the energy of the v = 0 state, the molecule exists in the untwisted ( C 3 v ) configuration.
Lifetime measurements in C I, C II and C III

Abstract Radiative lifetimes have been obtained by the beam-foil method for twelve excited terms in C I–C III. CO + beams with energies between 250 and 1000 keV, incident on 5 μg/cm 2 carbon foils, were used to excite the terms. Systematic errors due to blends and uncertain cascade analyses were avoided by making measurements at several beam energies, and on more than one decay channel. Where comparison with previously published data is possible, agreement is generally within 10%.
Space, Water, Memory: Slavery and Beaufort, South Carolina

This article explores the tension between place, space, and memory as they relate to the trans-Atlantic slave trade and are enacted in the arena of tourism. Tourism seeks to produce an appealing, easily narrativized experience that distinguishes one locale from another, thereby attracting tourist dollars, but that project is destabilized when visitors choose to remember outside normative categories. This article scrutinizes three performances on display over the Memorial Day weekend in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 2004: the Gullah Festival’s final ceremony of ancestral remembrance, the historical map offered visitors, and the parade and memorial service sponsored by the city on Memorial Day. At issue are questions of the performance of locality or a regional, black diaspora identity (Gullah-Geechee) in problematic relationship to an American identity. The waterside Gullah ceremony locates participants in a particular place while also inviting them to the undefined space connecting the living and the depar...
Enhancement of In Vitro Capillary Tube Formation by Substrate Nanotopography.

Vascular engineering remains a key thrust in advancing the field of tissue engineering of highly vascularized, complex, metabolic organs. A wide variety of strategies have been employed to control the formation of organized vascular structures in vitro and in vivo. Some of these methods include, but are not limited to, controlled growth factor delivery,[1] filamentous scaffold geometry,[2] protein micropatterning,[3] and enhanced scaffold biomaterials.[4] Many of these approaches are motivated by biomimicry of the in vivo microenvironment. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, both in vitro and in vivo, provide mammalian cells with biophysical cues including specific surface chemistry and rich three-dimensional surface topography[5] with features on the nanometer length scale.[6] ECM substrates provide chemical and physical external cues that dictate a variety of cell responses. Therefore, it is not only the milieu of soluble, diffusible factors, but also the adhesive, mechanical interactions with scaffolding materials, both natural and synthetic, that control select cell functions including cell attachment, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and regulation of genes.[7–9] We hypothesized that physical features on nanofabricated substrates could promote the organization of endothelial cell lineages into well-defined vascular structures in vitro by inducing the contact guidance phenomenon, which is known to affect the morphology of endothelial cells.[10–12]We found that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) responded to ridge-groove grating of 1200 nm in period and 600 nm in depth through alignment, elongation, reduced proliferation, and enhanced migration. Although endothelial- specific markers were not significantly altered, EPCs cultured on substrate nanotopography formed supercellular band structures after 6 d. Furthermore, an in vitro Matrigel assay led to enhanced capillary tube formation and organization.
Evidence for disgust sensitivity mediating the sex differences found in blood-injection-injury phobia and spider phobia

Abstract Due primarily to high prevalence rates and the potential debilitating effects of specific fears, additional research is needed to examine potential causal factors of specific phobias. Studies have consistently found positive associations among disgust sensitivity (DS) and both blood-injection-injury (BII) and spider fears. Additionally, women, compared to men, consistently report elevated levels of DS and specific fears. Consequently, previous researchers have suggested that DS serves as an influential mediator of the sex differences in several specific phobias. As such, the current study’s aim was to evaluate the potential role of DS as a mediator of the sex differences in BII and spider fears, while controlling for spurious factors (i.e., trait anxiety and negative affect). Using an undergraduate sample (N = 179), the mediation test results provide strong evidence indicating that DS, independent of trait anxiety and negative affect, is a potent mediator of the sex differences in BII and spider fears. The current results implicate DS as a potential diathesis/maintenance factor for BII fears and spider fears, and suggest consideration of individually tailored treatment protocols aimed at the amelioration of salient emotion dimensions.
Heteroatomic substitution in aromatic σ biradicals: the six pyridynes

Abstract Interactions between the nitrogen lone pair and the biradical centers are weak in 3,4- and 3,5-pyridyne, but can be large enough in the remaining pyridynes (where at least one radical site is adjacent to nitrogen) to change singlet–triplet splittings by up to 19.6 kcal/mol compared to the corresponding benzynes. Singlet pyridynes having one dehydro site at the 2-position are stabilized relative to analogous benzynes because of increased contributions from zwitterionic resonance structures; this stabilization is not available to the triplets. Singlet–triplet splittings in the pyridynes and 1 H hyperfine couplings in the pyridyl radicals are well correlated.
THE RESHETIKHIN-TURAEV REPRESENTATION OF THE MAPPING CLASS GROUP AT THE SIXTH ROOT OF UNITY

The quantum group construction of Reshetikhin and Turaev provides representations of the mapping class group, indexed by an integer parameter r. This paper presents computations of these representations when r=6, and analyzes their relationship to other topological invariants. It is shown that in genus 2, the representation splits into two summands. The first summand factors through the mapping class group action on the first homology of the surface with Z/3Z coefficients, while the second summand can be analyzed via its restriction to the subgroup of the mapping class group which is normally generated by the sixth power of a Dehn twist on a nonseparating curve. This analysis reveals a connection to the homology intersection pairing on the surface, and also yields information about the kernel and image of the representation. It is also shown that the representation yields a family of 2-dimensional nonabelian representations of the Torelli group. This paper continues the program established by the author in [Wr] to relate the Reshetikhin-Turaev representations at specific roots of unity to classical invariants.
Quantitative Determination of Carbohydrates in Ice Cream by Paper Chromatography

Summary Sugars in ice cream were separated by descending: paper chromatography, using an irrigation solvent system consisting of n -butanol :ethanol :water (2:1:1 v/v). Paper strips containing the resolved sugars were eluted with water. Quantitative determinations were performed photometrically on aliquots of eluates reacted with anthrone reagent. No preliminary treatment of the ice cream was necessary except dilution with water. The following sugars could be resolved on a single chromatographic strip: fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, and higher sugars. Four sugars, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose, formed distinct spots when an ice cream containing corn syrup was analyzed. Recoveries ranging from 93 to 104% and averaging close to 100% indicate a fair degree of reliability of the technique.
Exceptional Ground Motions Recorded during the 26 April 2008 Mw 5.0 Earthquake in Mogul, Nevada

Abstract An unusually shallow swarm of earthquakes in Mogul, a suburb in west Reno, Nevada, started 28 February 2008 and continued for several months. Temporary instruments in the epicentral region constrained event depths and locations and provided onscale recordings of the strong ground motions and supplemented a network of over 21 permanent Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) strong-motion stations deployed throughout the metropolitan Reno area. By the end of August, the swarm had produced over 200 earthquakes with magnitude ( M L ) greater than 2.0. The largest earthquake in the sequence occurred at 06:40 UTC on 26 April 2008 (11:40 p.m. on 25 April local time), with magnitude M L 4.7, M w 5.0, and a hypocentral depth of about 3.1 km. In the M w 5.0 mainshock, mean-horizontal peak ground acceleration exceeded 0.6 g at three stations. The strongest peak vector acceleration was 1164 cm/sec 2 , or about 1.19 g , at the station MOGL (∼0.4 km from the epicenter) at a frequency of about 3 Hz. The mean-horizontal peak velocity exceeded 12 cm/sec at the four nearest stations, and the peak vector velocity at the strongest was 54 cm/sec. The duration of the strongest shaking was about 2 sec at these stations. The observed peak accelerations and peak velocities decreased more rapidly with distance than predicted, to values below the median predictions at most stations in the Reno metropolitan area. The shallow source depth is, to some degree, a likely contributing factor to these unusual observations. The motions in the residential neighborhood near the epicenter are significantly greater than the seismic forces required by the 1985 Uniform Building Code Zone 3 that was in effect when the Mogul neighborhood was developed, but damage to the wood-frame structures in the neighborhood was minimal.
Development of dynamic mechanical methods to characterize the cure state of phenolic resole resins

We are interested in using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to measure the degree of cure achieved by aqueous phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resole resins as a result of previous exposures to various temperature-humidity-time regimes. We developed procedures that permit the obtaining of data that properly characterize and quantify the DMA behavior of these aqueous systems. Particularly important factors are substrate selection, sample clamping geometry, and sample humidification prior to analysis. In this report, we illustrate the problems encountered and the steps that we adopted to resolve them. We also present preliminary DMA data that illustrate some approaches for measuring the degree of cure achieved during previous resin exposures. One especially promising approach employs the area under the tan delta curve during isothermal scanning as an inverse measure of precure. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition of greige cotton nonwoven fabric treated with diammonium phosphate

Abstract This study showed that greige cotton nonwoven fabric can effectively be flame retardant by applying the phosphorus of diammonium phosphate (DAP) as low as 0.8 wt% with the addition of urea. At such a low content of phosphorus, the char length and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were continuously decreased and increased, respectively, as the concentration of urea increased. The effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition of flame retardant greige cotton nonwoven fabric was investigated by thermogravimetry, ATR-FTIR, XRD, 1 H → 13 C CP/MAS NMR, and SEM. The results indicated that, upon heating, urea not only facilitated the phosphorylation reaction of DAP but also introduced carbamate groups into cellulose to decrease the degree of crystallinity prior to the decomposition of the crystalline cellulose. Compared with DAP treatment alone, the addition of urea accelerated the decomposition of glycosyl units, which resulted in a slight increase of weight loss and decrease of char yield. The char morphology observed after LOI tests indicates that urea released nonflammable gases, which blew the carboneous char layer to protect the underlying substrate.
Regulation of anti‐apoptotic BCL2‐proteins by non‐canonical interactions: The next step forward or two steps back?

All aspects of cellular biology affect the process of regulated cell death, or apoptosis, and disruption of this process is a causative event in many diseases. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of all pathways that regulate apoptosis would increase our knowledge of basic cellular functions, as well as the etiologies of many diseases. In turn, we may be able to use this knowledge to better treat patients with diseases, including cancer. Although the basic signaling pathway that regulates apoptosis has been known for over 10 years, we still have much to learn about the upstream signaling components that can directly regulate the core apoptosis machinery. The focus of this review will be to direct attention to non-canonical regulators of the BCL2-family of proteins, especially our void of understanding of such interactions, and the controversy that surrounds some such interactions.
Toward the Rapid Characterization of the Built Environment within the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Soft Classification Strategy

Rapidly increasing human populations and spreading cities and suburbs are a common phenomenon throughout the United States. Urban spread, and the desire to leave the subdivision for a more natural setting in the country, create both opportunities and challenges for natural resource managers in the path of urban expansion. Perhaps no challenge is as great as those related to wildfire risk within the lands describing the urban-wildland interface. The need to gain a better understanding of the wildland-urban interface (WUI) is critical to policymakers charged with risk-reduction responsibilities. In this paper a soft classification approach based on Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence was employed with data derived from the Landsat TM system to improve the problem of WUI characterization. A 6,000 km2 study area encompassing seven counties in southeastern Ohio was selected to evaluate the applicability of the Dempster-Shafer classification for WUI characterization. Results of this study demonstrate that the De...
Influence of interface roughness on dynamic shear behavior in jointed rock

An interlock/friction model is used to predict the behavior of natural jointed rock specimens subject to static normal stress and dynamic shear. The friction part of the model is based on the simple Coulomb friction formulation. The interlock part of the model is shown to be related to the degree of interface matching that is present between two surfaces of a jointed rock pair. The interlock/friction model adequately predicts the offset phenomenon in the hysteresis results of well-matched jointed rocks. The offset phenomenon is recognized as an increase in shear stress required for shear displacement away from the naturally-aligned rock positions and a decrease in shear stress upon shear displacement back toward the naturally-aligned location. The parameters of the interlock/friction model are shown to be empirically related to rock interface roughness properties. Prediction of the shear stress vs shear displacement hysteresis including the offset phenomenon is possible for welded tuff specimen pairs using the measured interface roughness amplitude and the interface coherence between jointed rocks. Model parameters were verified by an experiment on molded mortar specimens. The data from the mortar specimens indicate that the empirically determined relations may be valid for jointed rock pairs that have dramatically different strength properties than welded tuff.
The impact of interactional impediments on social anxiety and self-presentation

Abstract Pairs of subjects classified as high or low in dispositional social anxiousness interacted in the presence of noise that they believed would or would not interfere with their ability to interact and form accurate impressions of one another. As predicted by the self-presentational theory of social anxiety, subjects were less aroused (as measured by changes in pulse rates) when they were told that the noise would interfere with their conversation than when they believed it would not, and this effect was strongest for dispositionally socially anxious subjects. Presumably, knowing that other interactants might attribute their social difficulties to the distracting noise reduced self-presentational concerns and social anxiety. Believing that the noise was interpersonally debilitating also eliminated dispositional differences between high and low socially anxious subjects' self-presentations to their conversation partners following the interaction.
Multiple time scales and pressure forcing in discontinuous Galerkin approximations to layered ocean models

This paper addresses some issues involving the application of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods to ocean circulation models having a generalized vertical coordinate. These issues include the following. (1) Determine the pressure forcing at cell edges, where the dependent variables can be discontinuous. In principle, this could be accomplished by solving a Riemann problem for the full system, but some ideas related to barotropic-baroclinic time splitting can be used to reduce the Riemann problem to a much simpler system of lower dimension. Such splittings were originally developed in order to address the multiple time scales that are present in the system. (2) Adapt the general idea of barotropic-baroclinic splitting to a DG implementation. A significant step is enforcing consistency between the numerical solution of the layer equations and the numerical solution of the vertically-integrated barotropic equations. The method used here has the effect of introducing a type of time filtering into the forcing for the layer equations, which are solved with a long time step. (3) Test these ideas in a model problem involving geostrophic adjustment in a multi-layer fluid. In certain situations, the DG formulation can give significantly better results than those obtained with a standard finite difference formulation.
Amino groups-based polymers for CO 2 detection; A comparison between two sensing mechanism models

Two CO 2 sensing mechanisms, based on the Hard Soft Acids Bases (HSAB) and Bronsted-Lowry theories, are discussed and compared. They are evaluated by selecting amino groups-based coating layers, which are deposited on Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices for CO 2 detection. Experimentally measured CO 2 sensitivities of different coating layers, such as polyallylamine (PAA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), nanocomposite matrix based on PAA-aminocarbon nanotubes and PEI-aminocarbon nanotubes, emeraldine, 4-sulfocalix[4]arene-doped polyaniline, matrix based emeraldine and carbonic anhydrase (PACA) are compared and evaluated according to their corresponding sensing mechanism.
Clergy divorce and remarriage

The incidence of clergy divorce and remarriage requires a rethinking of the church's position when the divine intent for marriage is not fulfilled. A ministry to clergy couples and families marked by truth and grace can lead to a restoration of persons and an effecting of constructive ministries for clergy who have themselves been restored.
Diffraction profile analysis for epitaxial growth on fcc(100) substrates: diffusionless models

Abstract We develop a kinematic theory to determine surface-sensitive diffracted intensity profiles for epitaxial growth on fcc(100) substrates. On such surfaces, atoms adsorb in fourfold hollow sites (thereby continuing the fcc lattice) rather than in on-top sites (which would create a simple cubic lattice). In a kinematic theory, the “scattering units” are most appropriately taken as vertical columns of atoms, and multiple-scattering between these is ignored. For fcc growth, the tops of these columns are exposed to various degrees, so differing scattering factors are naturally assigned. For systems with weak short-range order, this produces significant differences from behavior analyzed previously for simple cubic geometries. For example, layer-by-layer growth with random partially filled layers yields diffracted intensities with vanishing Bragg intensities at non-half-monolayer coverages and non-uniform background profiles. Our focus is on the determination of the diffuse background profile for two models of epitaxial growth at low temperatures where thermal diffusion is inoperative. Our calculations agree well with experimental LEED data for Pd/Pd(100) and Pt/Pd(100), though some unresolved questions remain.
HER2 Phosphorylates and Destabilizes Pro-Apoptotic PUMA, Leading to Antagonized Apoptosis in Cancer Cells

HER2 is overexpressed in 15–20% of breast cancers. HER2 overexpression is known to reduce apoptosis but the underlying mechanisms for this association remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms for HER2-mediated survival, we investigated the relationship between HER2 and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a potent apoptosis inducer. Our results showed that HER2 interacts with PUMA, which was independent of HER2 activation. In addition, we observed that HER2 interacted with PUMA in both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial compartments. We next examined whether HER2 phosphorylates PUMA. Notably, PUMA tyrosine phosphorylation has never been reported. Using an intracellular assay, we found PUMA to be phosphorylated in breast cancer cells with activated HER2. Via cell-free HER2 kinase assay, we observed that PUMA was directly phosphorylated by HER2. Activation of HER2 decreased PUMA protein half-life. To identify which of the three tyrosines within PUMA are targeted by HER2, we generated three PUMA non-phosphorylation mutants each with a single Tyr→Phe substitution. Results indicated that each PUMA single mutant had lost some, but not all phosphorylation by HER2 indicating that HER2 targets all three tyrosines. Consequently, we created an additional PUMA mutant with all three tyrosines mutated (TM-PUMA) that could not be phosphorylated by HER2. Importantly, TM-PUMA was found to have a longer half-life than PUMA. An inverse association was observed between HER2 and PUMA in 93 invasive breast carcinoma samples. We further found that TM-PUMA suppressed growth of breast cancer cells to a greater degree than PUMA. Also, TM-PUMA had a stronger propensity to induce apoptosis than PUMA. Together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that PUMA can be tyrosine phosphorylated and that HER2-mediated phosphorylation destabilizes PUMA protein. The HER2-PUMA interplay represents a novel mechanism by which PUMA is regulated and a new molecular basis for HER2-mediated growth and survival of cancer cells.
Computer-aided detection of microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT): a multichannel signal detection approach on projection views

DBT is one of the promising imaging modalities that may improve the sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer detection. We are developing a computer-aided detection (CADe) system for clustered microcalcifications (MC) in DBT. A data set of two-view DBTs from 42 breasts was collected with a GE prototype system. We investigated a 2D approach to MC detection using projection view (PV) images rather than reconstructed 3D DBT volume. Our 2D approach consisted of two major stages: 1) detecting individual MC candidates on each PV, and 2) correlating the MC candidates from the different PVs and detecting clusters in the breast volume. With the MC candidates detected by prescreening on PVs, a trained multi-channel (MCH) filter bank was used to extract signal response from each MC candidate. A ray-tracing process was performed to fuse the MCH responses and localize the MC candidates in 3D using the geometrical information of the DBT system. Potential MC clusters were then identified by dynamic clustering of the MCs in 3D. A two-fold cross-validation method was used to train and test the CADe system. The detection performance of clustered MCs was assessed by free receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. It was found that the CADe system achieved a case-based sensitivity of 90% at an average false positive rate of 2.1 clusters per DBT volume. Our study demonstrated that the CADe system using 2D MCH filter bank is promising for detection of clustered MCs in DBT.
A phosphatase activity and a synaptic vesicle antigen in multivesicular bodies of frog retinal photoreceptor terminals

Previous work has suggested that multivesicular bodies participate in endocytosis and membrane cycling at nerve terminals, including the presynaptic terminals of retinal photoreceptors. We now have found that multivesicular bodies located in the presynaptic terminals of photoreceptors in retinae ofRana pipiens show reaction product in preparations incubated to demonstrate phosphatase activity at pH 5, using cytidine monophosphate as the substrate. Evidently, multivesicular bodies in photoreceptors can possess at least some hydrolytic enzymes during their sojourn in the terminals. We have also found that the multivesicular bodies in frog retinal photoreceptor terminals stain, immunocytochemically, for the presence of SV2, an antigen of synaptic vesicles. This observation supports the suggestion that, along with the extensive, repeated reuse of membrane components for synaptic vesicle recycling, there is some incorporation of the components into structures that are potentially degradative.
SU-D-BRD-07: Automatic Patient Data Audit and Plan Quality Check to Support ARIA and Eclipse

Purpose: To ensure patient safety and treatment quality in RT departments that use Varian ARIA and Eclipse, we developed a computer software system and interface functions that allow previously developed electron chart checking (EcCk) methodologies to support these Varian systems. Methods: ARIA and Eclipse store most patient information in its MSSQL database. We studied the contents in the hundreds database tables and identified the data elements used for patient treatment management and treatment planning. Interface functions were developed in both c-sharp and MATLAB to support data access from ARIA and Eclipse servers using SQL queries. These functions and additional data processing functions allowed the existing rules and logics from EcCk to support ARIA and Eclipse. Dose and structure information are important for plan quality check, however they are not stored in the MSSQL database but as files in Varian private formats, and cannot be processed by external programs. We have therefore implemented a service program, which uses the DB Daemon and File Daemon services on ARIA server to automatically and seamlessly retrieve dose and structure data as DICOM files. This service was designed to 1) consistently monitor the data access requests from EcCk programs, 2) translate the requests for ARIA daemon services to obtain dose and structure DICOM files, and 3) monitor the process and return the obtained DICOM files back to EcCk programs for plan quality check purposes. Results: EcCk, which was previously designed to only support MOSAIQ TMS and Pinnacle TPS, can now support Varian ARIA and Eclipse. The new EcCk software has been tested and worked well in physics new start plan check, IMRT plan integrity and plan quality checks. Conclusion: Methods and computer programs have been implemented to allow EcCk to support Varian ARIA and Eclipse systems. This project was supported by a research grant from Varian Medical System.
Where is the love? A rejoinder by Bonilla-Silva on the Latin Americanization thesis

Abstract In this article I respond to the criticisms and comments of the authors in this symposium on my Latin Americanization of race relations thesis. After I respond to each participant, I attempt to refine and clarify four central aspects of my thesis, namely, the idea of a tri-racial system, the notion of pigmentocracy, the concept of honorary white, and the fractures of this new racial order. I conclude by acknowledging that my ideas are bold and the data for some of my claims somewhat thin, but I also point out that because the racial terrain in the United States is shifting rapidly, new frameworks and ideas are needed to comprehend its new racial reality. Thus, despite the limitations of my thesis, I suggest that it may help analysis to begin thinking anew how race and racism will operate in the 21st century.
Stability of Gravity-Stabilized Drag-Free Satellites

In a drag-free satellite, the relative position sensor null point and the thrustor lines of action will not be coincident with the vehicle mass center. Thus, attitude motion is sensed by the translation control system. The resulting coupling between the attitude and translational motions can cause attitude instabilities in a gravity stabilized drag-free satellite. In some cases the phase shift which degrades the stability is introduced by the orbital dynamics in a unique interaction of the feedback with the passive attitude control and orbital mechanics. Stability relationships derived from small perturbation linear analysis are discussed and compared with results from a nonlinear analog simulation with derived rate translational control.
Understanding the Fate of the Oxyallyl Cation following Nazarov Electrocyclization: Sequential Wagner−Meerwein Migrations and the Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclopentenones

A general reaction sequence is described that involves Nazarov cyclization followed by two sequential Wagner−Meerwein migrations, to afford spirocyclic compounds from divinyl ketones in the presenc...
Patient-centered Radiology

Patient-centered care (ie, care organized around the patient) is a model in which health care providers partner with patients and families to identify and satisfy patients' needs and preferences. In this model, providers respect patients' values and preferences, address their emotional and social needs, and involve them and their families in decision making. Radiologists have traditionally been characterized as "doctor-to-doctor" consultants who are distanced from patients and work within a culture that does not value patient centeredness. As medicine becomes more patient driven and the trajectory of health care is toward increasing patient self-reliance, radiologists must change the perception that they are merely consultants and become more active participants in patient care by embracing greater patient interaction. The traditional business model for radiology practices, which devalues interaction between patients and radiologists, must be transformed into a patient-centered model in which radiologists are reintegrated into direct patient care and imaging processes are reorganized around patients' needs and preferences. Expanding radiology's core assets to include direct patient care may be the most effective deterrent to the threat of commoditization. As the assault on the growth of Medicare spending continues, with medical imaging as a highly visible target, radiologists must adapt to the changing landscape by focusing on their most important consumer: the patient. This may yield substantial benefits in the form of improved quality and patient safety, reduced costs, higher-value care, improved patient outcomes, and greater patient and provider satisfaction.
Journey to the edges: social structures and neural maps of inter-group processes.

This article explores boundaries of the intellectual map of intergroup processes, going to the macro (social structure) boundary and the micro (neural systems) boundary. Both are illustrated by with my own and others’ work on social structures and on neural structures related to intergroup processes. Analyzing the impact of social structures on intergroup processes led to insights about distinct forms of sexism and underlies current work on forms of ageism. The stereotype content model also starts with the social structure of intergroup relations (interdependence and status) and predicts images, emotions, and behaviors. Social structure has much to offer the social psychology of intergroup processes. At the other, less explored boundary, social neuroscience addresses the effects of social contexts on neural systems relevant to intergroup processes. Both social structural and neural analyses circle back to traditional social psychology as converging indicators of intergroup processes.