cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a new scale of regularity spaces with applications to Euler's equations

We introduce a new ladder of function spaces which is shown to fill in the gap between the weak L p∞ spaces and the larger Morrey spaces, M p . Our motivation for introducing these new spaces, denoted by ∨ pq ,i s to gain more accurate information on (compact) embeddings of Morrey spaces in appropriate Sobolev spaces. It is here that the secondary parameter q (and a further logarithmic refinement parameter α, denoted by ∨ pq (log ∨) α )g ives a finer scaling, which allows us to make the subtle distinctions necessary for embedding in spaces with a fixed order of smoothness. We utilize an H −1 -stability criterion which we have recently introduced (Lopes Filho M C, Nussenzveig Lopes H J and Tadmor E 2001 Approximate solution of the incompressible Euler equations with no concentrations Ann. Insitut H Poincar´ e C 17 371–412), in order to study the strong convergence of approximate Euler solutions. We show how the new refined scale of spaces, ∨ pq (log ∨) α , enables us to approach the borderline cases which separate between H −1 -compactness and the phenomena of concentration–cancellation. Expressed in terms of their ∨ pq (log ∨) α bounds, these borderline cases are shown to be intimately related to uniform bounds of the total (Coulomb) energy and the related vorticity configuration. AMS classification scheme numbers: 35Q30, 76B03, 42B35
Energy Efficient Geographical Load Balancing via Dynamic Deferral of Workload

With the increasing popularity of Cloud computing and Mobile computing, individuals, enterprises and research centers have started outsourcing their IT and computational needs to on-demand cloud services. Recently geographical load balancing techniques have been suggested for data centers hosting cloud computation in order to reduce energy cost by exploiting the electricity price differences across regions. However, these algorithms do not draw distinction among diverse requirements for responsiveness across various workloads. In this paper, we use the flexibility from the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to differentiate among workloads under bounded latency requirements and propose a novel approach for cost savings for geographical load balancing. We investigate how much workload to be executed in each data center and how much workload to be delayed and migrated to other data centers for energy saving while meeting deadlines. We present an offline formulation for geographical load balancing problem with dynamic deferral and give online algorithms to determine the assignment of workload to the data centers and the migration of workload between data centers in order to adapt with dynamic electricity price changes. We compare our algorithms with the greedy approach and show that significant cost savings can be achieved by migration of workload and dynamic deferral with future electricity price prediction. We validate our algorithms on MapReduce traces and show that geographic load balancing with dynamic deferral can provide 20-30% cost-savings.
Is the U.S. Private Education Sector Infected by Baumol’s Cost Disease? Evidence from the 50 States

High and rising costs characterize the private education industry in the United States. This paper tests if Baumol’s cost disease of the service sector can explain some of the growth of private education spending. An empirical strategy developed by Hartwig (2008) and Colombier (2010) and a panel data set of all U.S. states over the period from 1980 to 2009 are used in the empirical analysis. The empirical results indicate that Baumol’s cost disease does infect the private education industry in the United States. The results are reasonably robust with respect to state- and time-fixed effects, two-stage least squares estimation, individual state time trends, and a variety of potentially important covariates.
Mortality postponed and the unmasking of age-dependent non-fatal conditions

Mortality occurs at older ages in our growing and salubrious population. At present, fewer than 20% of all deaths, in Sweden, occur before age 65 with 18% of the Swedish population 65 and over. In the United States, 24% of deaths occur before age 65 with only 12% of the population age 65 and over. All countries in the developed world will have approximately 20% of their populations age 65 and over by about 2020. At that time, the percentage of deaths occurring prior to age 65 should range from 14%–16%. Thus future gains in morbidity and mortality will be influenced, to a lesser extent, by events prior to age 65 and prevention and health promotion strategies post age 65 become increasingly important. Active life expectancy, a developing concept, refers to the years lived in good health with no functional limitations. The period after active life expectancy consists of years of compromised health and well being. At present, each year gained of active life expectancy incurs almost four years of compromised health. A group of age-dependent non-fatal conditions are largely responsible for increased prevalence of social and physical deficits with age. These include dementia, osteoarthritis, diminished hearing and visual acuity, incontinence, depression, widowhood, isolation and institutionalization. Age-specific incidence of most of these conditions is unknown. There is little evidence, however, that adding years to life has postponed their age at onset. For these conditions, postponement is the major mechanism of prevention. We are attempting to construct time trends concerning the age-specific incidence and the ability to postpone age-dependent conditions. Unless we succeed in delaying onset, morbidity will inevitably expand as longevity increases. (Aging 2:283-289,1990)
Nanoscale Electronic Inhomogeneity in In2Se3 Nanoribbons Revealed by Microwave Impedance Microscopy

Driven by interactions due to the charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom, nanoscale inhomogeneity has emerged as a new theme for materials with novel properties near multiphase boundaries. As vividly demonstrated in complex metal oxides (see refs 1-5) and chalcogenides (see refs 6 and 7), these microscopic phases are of great scientific and technological importance for research in high-temperature superconductors (see refs 1 and 2), colossal magnetoresistance effect (see ref 4), phase-change memories (see refs 5 and 6), and domain switching operations (see refs 7-9). Direct imaging on dielectric properties of these local phases, however, presents a big challenge for existing scanning probe techniques. Here, we report the observation of electronic inhomogeneity in indium selenide (In(2)Se(3)) nanoribbons (see ref 10) by near-field scanning microwave impedance microscopy (see refs 11-13). Multiple phases with local resistivity spanning 6 orders of magnitude are identified as the coexistence of superlattice, simple hexagonal lattice and amorphous structures with approximately 100 nm inhomogeneous length scale, consistent with high-resolution transmission electron microscope studies. The atomic-force-microscope-compatible microwave probe is able to perform a quantitative subsurface electrical study in a noninvasive manner. Finally, the phase change memory function in In(2)Se(3) nanoribbon devices can be locally recorded with big signals of opposite signs.
Anomalous diffusion on the Hanoi networks

Diffusion is modeled on the recently proposed Hanoi networks by studying the mean-square displacement of random walks with time, r2~t2/dw. It is found that diffusion —the quintessential mode of transport throughout Nature— proceeds faster than ordinary, in one case with an exact, anomalous exponent dw=2- log2()=1.30576... . It is an instance of a physical exponent containing the "golden ratio" that is intimately related to Fibonacci sequences and since Euclid's time has been found to be fundamental throughout geometry, architecture, art, and Nature itself. It originates from a singular renormalization group fixed point with a subtle boundary layer, for whose resolution is the main protagonist. The origin of this rare singularity is easily understood in terms of the physics of the process. Yet, the connection between network geometry and the emergence of in this context remains elusive. These results provide an accurate test of recently proposed universal scaling forms for first passage times.
Physical effects of infrared quark eigenmodes in LQCD

A truncated determinant algorithm is used to study the physical effects of the quark eigenmodes associated with eigenvalues below 300 MeV. This initial study focuses on coarse lattices (with O(a{sup 2}) improved gauge action), light internal quark masses and large physical volumes. Four bellweather full QCD processes are discussed: topological charge distributions, the eta prime propagator, string breaking as observed in the static energy and the rho decay into two pions.
A symmetry principle for topological quantum order

Abstract We present a unifying framework to study physical systems which exhibit topological quantum order (TQO). The major guiding principle behind our approach is that of symmetries and entanglement. These symmetries may be actual symmetries of the Hamiltonian characterizing the system, or emergent symmetries. To this end, we introduce the concept of low-dimensional Gauge-like symmetries (GLSs), and the physical conservation laws (including topological terms, fractionalization, and the absence of quasi-particle excitations) which emerge from them. We prove then sufficient conditions for TQO at both zero and finite temperatures. The physical engine for TQO are topological defects associated with the restoration of GLSs. These defects propagate freely through the system and enforce TQO. Our results are strongest for gapped systems with continuous GLSs. At zero temperature, selection rules associated with the GLSs enable us to systematically construct general states with TQO; these selection rules do not rely on the existence of a finite gap between the ground states to all other excited states. Indices associated with these symmetries correspond to different topological sectors. All currently known examples of TQO display GLSs. Other systems exhibiting such symmetries include Hamiltonians depicting orbital-dependent spin-exchange and Jahn–Teller effects in transition metal orbital compounds, short-range frustrated Klein spin models, and p+ip superconducting arrays. The symmetry based framework discussed herein allows us to go beyond standard topological field theories and systematically engineer new physical models with finite temperature TQO (both Abelian and non-Abelian). Furthermore, we analyze the insufficiency of entanglement entropy (we introduce SU ( N ) Klein models on small world networks to make the argument even sharper), spectral structures, maximal string correlators, and fractionalization in establishing TQO. We show that Kitaev’s Toric code model and Wen’s plaquette model are equivalent and reduce, by a duality mapping, to an Ising chain, demonstrating that despite the spectral gap in these systems the toric operator expectation values may vanish once thermal fluctuations are present. This illustrates the fact that the quantum states themselves in a particular (operator language) representation encode TQO and that the duality mappings, being non-local in the original representation, disentangle the order. We present a general algorithm for the construction of long-range string and brane orders in general systems with entangled ground states; this algorithm relies on general ground states selection rules and becomes of the broadest applicability in gapped systems in arbitrary dimensions. We exactly recast some known non-local string correlators in terms of local correlation functions. We discuss relations to problems in graph theory.
Optimal station-change maneuver for geostationary satellites using constant low thrust

An electric propulsion system supplying constant low thrust can perform station-change maneuvers for geostationary orbits with significantly lower fuel costs than conventional propulsion systems. Using traditional optimalcontrol techniques, this paper develops a thrust-angle profile that improves upon the tangential-thrust profile originally suggested by Edelbaum for this problem. The optimal-control method ensures that the final orbit has zero eccentricity while achieving a rate of relocation that is essentially identical to the rate achieved by the tangentialthrust method. This reduction in eccentricity eliminates daily oscillations in the station of the relocated satellite. The proposed method generates the optimal-control profile using a spherical gravitational model with constant thrust and constant mass flow rate to describe the dynamics during the transfer. Simulations show that the eccentricity buildup depends on the level of acceleration, and that it can be reduced by up to three orders in magnitude using one common electric propulsion system. A comparison of station-change maneuvers using electric propulsion systems versus conventional chemical propulsion systems is included to emphasize the stationing flexibility that would be available to communications satellites using an electric propulsion system.
Security through amnesia: a software-based solution to the cold boot attack on disk encryption

Disk encryption has become an important security measure for a multitude of clients, including governments, corporations, activists, security-conscious professionals, and privacy-conscious individuals. Unfortunately, recent research has discovered an effective side channel attack against any disk mounted by a running machine [23]. This attack, known as the cold boot attack, is effective against any mounted volume using state-of-the-art disk encryption, is relatively simple to perform for an attacker with even rudimentary technical knowledge and training, and is applicable to exactly the scenario against which disk encryption is primarily supposed to defend: an adversary with physical access. While there has been some previous work in defending against this attack [27], the only currently available solution suffers from the twin problems of disabling access to the SSE registers and supporting only a single encrypted volume, hindering its usefulness for such common encryption scenarios as data and swap partitions encrypted with different keys (the swap key being a randomly generated throw-away key). We present Loop-Amnesia, a kernel-based disk encryption mechanism implementing a novel technique to eliminate vulnerability to the cold boot attack. We contribute a novel technique for shielding multiple encryption keys from RAM and a mechanism for storing encryption keys inside the CPU that does not interfere with the use of SSE. We offer theoretical justification of Loop-Amnesia's invulnerability to the attack, verify that our implementation is not vulnerable in practice, and present measurements showing our impact on I/O accesses to the encrypted disk is limited to a slowdown of approximately 2x. Loop-Amnesia is written for x86-64, but our technique is applicable to other register-based architectures. We base our work on loop-AES, a state-of-the-art open source disk encryption package for Linux.
Investigating the Dearomative Rearrangement of Biaryl Phosphine-Ligated Pd(II) Complexes

A series of monoligated L·PdII(Ar)X complexes (L = dialkyl biaryl phosphine) have been prepared and studied in an effort to better understand an unusual dearomative rearrangement previously documented in these systems. Experimental and theoretical evidence suggest a concerted process involving the unprecedented PdII-mediated insertion of an aryl group into an unactivated arene.
Polynomial splittings of Casson-Gordon invariants

A knot is called slice if it is the boundary of a locally flat 2-dimensional disk in the 4-dimensional ball. Two knots are called concordant if the connected sum of one and the mirror image of the other is slice. The set of concordance classes of knots forms an abelian group under connected sum, called the knot concordance group. Casson-Gordon invariants detect whether a knot is slice or not. There is a polynomial associated to a knot, called the Alexander polynomial. In the first half of this thesis we prove that Casson-Gordon invariants of the connected sum of two knots split when the Alexander polynomials of the knots are relatively prime. An important source of examples in knot theory comes from the families of knots called twisted doubles. It was unknown if these families are linearly independent in the knot concordance group. As an application of the splitting of Casson-Gordon invariants, we show that all but finitely many twisted doubles in each family are linearly independent in the knot concordance group. In the second half of this thesis we investigate double concordance classes. A knot is called doubly slice if it is the slice of some smooth unknotted 2-sphere in the 4sphere. Corresponding to double slice knots there is a group, the double concordance group. It has been known that every double concordance class contains a prime knot. We give a new and simple proof of this.
A two-step mimic for direct, asymmetric bromonium- and chloronium-induced polyene cyclizations

Abstract Although direct, asymmetric, halonium-induced cyclizations have proven difficult to achieve in the absence of enzymes, this report provides a two-step alternative based on reacting polyenes with chiral mercury(II) complexes to afford a number of polycyclic organomercurials that can be subsequently converted, with retention, into their corresponding chlorine, bromine, and iodine derivatives in good yield and enantioselectivity. A five-step asymmetric total synthesis of the natural product 4-isocymobarbatol is also described.
CHIRICO - A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPUTERIZATION OF MEDICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

Methodologies based on an elaboration of the Knowledge Acquisition and Design Structuring (KADS) philosophy were developed and a suite of tools based on this methodology was implemented. The tools implement object oriented support at the domain-layer, Bayesian reasoning combined with a Bayesian compatible version of “fuzzy sets“ to support the inference-layer, and mechanisms for knowledge level task control to support both the task-level and strategic-level. These tools were built for the task of computerizing medical practice guidelines. The tools were successfully applied to two practice guidelines, one selected by symptom (Febrile Neutropenia) and the other by drug class (CSF).
Polar substitutions in the benzenesulfonamide ring of celecoxib afford a potent 1,5-diarylpyrazole class of COX-2 inhibitors ☆

Abstract Several chemical modifications in the N1-benzenesulfonamide ring of celecoxib are presented. The series with a hydroxymethyl group adjacent to the sulfonamide was found to be the most potent modification that yielded many compounds selectively active against COX-2 enzyme in vitro.
Synthesis and characterization of an open framework vanadium silicate (VSH-16Na)

Abstract A new sodium vanadium(III) silicate, Na3V(Si4O11)·H2O (VSH-16Na1) has been synthesized hydrothermally and its structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a=7.524(1) A, b=8.755(2) A, c=9.055(2) A, α=62.486(3)°, β=83.998(3)°, γ=88.692(3)°, V=525.9(2) A3, and Z=2. The [SiO4] tetrahedra share corners with each other to form unbranched [Si8O22]12− double chains. These chains are connected by isolated [VO6] octahedra to form an open framework structure with eight-ring channels. The magnetic susceptibility data show Curie–Weiss behavior down to 5 K and are consistent with the trivalent state of the vanadium atoms.
A linear, robust and convergent interpolatory algorithm for quantifying model uncertainties

Abstract This paper presents a linear, interpolatory, convergent uncertainty estimation scheme which is robust in the face of disturbance. The idea is that by simply changing from Lagrange interpolation to Hermite interpolation an effective scheme is derived for estimation of uncertainty. It is shown that the proposed scheme has the advantage that in the face of corrupted data, the error in the derived uncertainty bound is independent of the degree of the approximating polynomial, i.e. if ϵ denotes the maximum magnitude of the disturbance, then the maximum possible error in the uncertainty bound is ϵ.
Why we couldn't use numerical libraries for PETSc

This paper discusses difficulties that show up when attempting to use numerical software in complex applications.
Flutter of Supercavitating Hydrofoils-Comparison of Theory and Experiment

Unsteady flow due to harmonic oscillations of a two-dimensional supercavitating flat-plate hydrofoil in a free jet of finite width has been analyzed using first-order perturbation theory. The hydrodynamic loading coefficients thus obtained were used to study the hydroelastic instabilities: flutter and divergence. In conjunction with the analytical work, an experimental program was carried out using a free-jet water tunnel. Special attention was given to the influence of the free surfaces and the point of separation on the critical flutter speed. With proper interpretation of the location of the separation point near the leading edge, the theory and the experimental data were shown to be in fairly good agreement.
3D-Pharmacophores of Flavonoid Binding at the Benzodiazepine GABAA Receptor Site Using 4D-QSAR Analysis

4D-QSAR analysis was applied to a training set of 38 flavonoids where affinity constants, Ki, to the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor site, BzR, were determined. It was found that the −logKi values of...
Return to play following metacarpal fractures in football players

BackgroundMetacarpal fractures are common in football players and lead to time away from competition, but current operative treatment data is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine demographics and outcomes of football players who underwent operative fixation for metacarpal fractures.MethodsRetrospective review from 2009 to 2012 of any football player surgically treated at one institution for a metacarpal fracture. Charts were reviewed for player position, level of competition, mechanism of injury, return to play, postoperative bracing, and re-fracture event. Current information was obtained via phone interviews with the patient and their athletic trainers. Fractures were classified by radiographic analysis.ResultsTwenty injuries in ten high school players, nine college players, and one recreational player were identified. The most common injured position was wide receiver (six cases) followed by defensive back (five cases). Most injuries occurred through player-to-player contact (12 cases). Th...
Can a few fanatics influence the opinion of a large segment of a society

Models that provide insight into how extreme positions regarding any social phenomenon may spread in a society or at the global scale are of great current interest. A realistic model must account for the fact that globalization, internet, and other means of mass communications have given rise to scale-free networks of interactions between people. We propose a novel model which takes into account the nature of the interactions network, and provides some key insights into this phenomenon. These include, (1) the existence of a fundamental difference between a hierarchical network whereby people are influenced by those that are higher in the hierarchy but not by those below them, and a symmetrical network where person-on-person influence works mutually, and (2) that a few “fanatics” can influence a large fraction of the population either temporarily (in the hierarchical networks) or permanently (in symmetrical networks). Even if the “fanatics” disappear, the population may still remain susceptible to the positions originally advocated by them. The model is, however, general and applicable to any phenomenon for which there is a degree of enthusiasm or susceptibility to in the population.
Reverberation Effects on Directionality and Response of Stationary Monopole and Dipole Sources in a Wind Tunnel

Analytical solutions for the three dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation with flow in a hardwall rectangular wind tunnel and in the free field are presented for a stationary monopole noise source. Dipole noise sources are calculated by combining two monopoles 180 deg out of phase. Numerical calculations for the modal content, spectral response and directivity for both monopole and dipole sources are presented. In addition, the effect of tunnel alterations, such as the addition of a mounting plate, on the tunnels reverberant response are considered. In the frequency range of practical importance for the turboprop response, important features of the free field directivity can be approximated in a hardwall wind tunnel with flow if the major lobe of the noise source is not directed upstream. However, for an omnidirectional source, such as a monopole, the hardwall wind tunnel and free field response are not comparable.
Faces and fitness: attractive evolutionary relationship or ugly hypothesis?

In recent years, various studies have attempted to understand human evolution by examining relationships between athletic performance or physical fitness and facial attractiveness. Over a wide range of five homogeneous groups (n = 327), there is an approximate 3% shared variance between facial attractiveness and athletic performance or physical fitness (95% CI = 0.5–8%, p = 0.002). Further, studies relating human performance and attractiveness often have major methodological limitations that limit their generalizability. Thus, despite statistical significance, the association between facial attractiveness and human performance has questionable biological importance. Here, we present a critique of these studies and provide recommendations to improve the quality of future research in this realm.
Head Start at Ages 3 and 4 Versus Head Start Followed by State Pre-K: Which Is More Effective?

As policy-makers contemplate expanding preschool opportunities for low-income children, one possibility is to fund two, rather than one year of Head Start for children at ages 3 and 4. Another option is to offer one year of Head Start followed by one year of pre-k. We ask which of these options is more effective. We use data from the Oklahoma pre-k study to examine these two 'pathways' into kindergarten using regression discontinuity to estimate the effects of each age-4 program, and propensity score weighting to address selection. We find that children attending Head Start at age 3 develop stronger pre-reading skills in a high quality pre-kindergarten at age 4 compared with attending Head Start at age 4. Pre-k and Head Start were not differentially linked to improvements in children's pre-writing skills or pre-math skills. This suggests that some impacts of early learning programs may be related to the sequencing of learning experiences to more academic programming.
A PERSPECTIVE ON UNSTRUCTURED GRID FLOW SOLVERS

This survey paper assesses the status of compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes solvers on unstructured grids. Different spatial and temporal discretization options for steady and unsteady flows are discussed. The integration of these components into an overall framework to solve practical problems is addressed. Issues such as grid adaptation, higher order methods, hybrid discretizations and parallel computing are briefly discussed. Finally, some outstanding issues and future research directions are presented.
Tree preserving embedding

Visualization techniques for complex data are a workhorse of modern scientific pursuits. The goal of visualization is to embed high-dimensional data in a low-dimensional space while preserving structure in the data relevant to exploratory data analysis such as clusters. However, existing visualization methods often either fail to separate clusters due to the crowding problem or can only separate clusters at a single resolution. Here, we develop a new approach to visualization, tree preserving embedding (TPE). Our approach uses the topological notion of connectedness to separate clusters at all resolutions. We provide a formal guarantee of cluster separation for our approach that holds for finite samples. Our approach requires no parameters and can handle general types of data, making it easy to use in practice.
Simple Virtual Channel Allocation for High-Throughput and High-Frequency On-Chip Routers

Packet-switched network-on-chip (NoC) has provided a scalable solution to the communications for tiled multicore processors. However, the virtual channel (VC) buffers in the NoC consume significant dynamic and leakage power. To improve the energy efficiency of the router design, it is advantageous to use small buffer sizes while still maintaining throughput of the network. This article proposes two new virtual channel allocation (VA) mechanisms, termed fixed VC assignment with dynamic VC allocation (FVADA) and adjustable VC assignment with dynamic VC allocation (AVADA). VCs are designated to output ports and allocated to packets according to such assignment. This can help to reduce the head-of-line blocking. Such VC-output port assignment can also be adjusted dynamically to accommodate traffic changes. Simulation results show that both mechanisms can improve network throughput by 41p on average. Real traffic evaluation shows a network latency reduction of up to 66p. In addition, AVADA can outperform the baseline in throughput with only half of the buffer size. Finally, we are able to achieve comparable or better throughput than a previous dynamic VC allocator while reducing its critical path delay by 57p. Hence, the proposed VA mechanisms are suitable for low-power, high-throughput, and high-frequency NoC designs.
Search Market Equilibrium, Bilateral Heterogeneity, and Repeat Purchases

Abstract We develop a general model of search market equilibrium with heterogeneous buyers and sellers. This framework unifies previous models with one-sided heterogeneity and clarifies many of their special properties. It easily accounts for price dispersion, active search, and the matching of buyer and seller types. It also extends to repeat purchases, once we embed it into a dynamic game with incomplete information. We formalize the inferences and strategies underlying equilibria where firms charge constant prices and customers patronize them loyally. We establish a general correspondence between such equilibria and single purchase markets. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D83, L13.
Lending credence: motivation, trust, and organic certification

The information asymmetries inherent in credence goods have typically led economists to conclude these markets require well-defined quality standards and third-party verification that producers are meeting those standards. Nonetheless, many producers of credence goods appear to be opting out of certification. Why? This paper builds in previous research and develops a theoretical framework to think about how producers’ motivation and relationships with consumers affect the necessity and effectiveness of certification. I find the degree to which a consumer trusts the producer of a credence good and the certification standard that governs it and the degree to which the producer is motivated to produce a good of a certain quality both have important effects on certification-based regulation.
Measuring the Unequal Implications of One Size Fits All Regulation

We study the implications to consumers of simple one size fits all regulation when consumer tastes are heterogeneous. In particular we focus on spirit sales in the state of Pennsylvania where the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board administers the sales of spirits and is mandated to charge a uniform 30% markup on all products. We show that consumer tastes vary systematically with demographics and use an estimated discrete choice model of demand for spirits to assess the implications of this simple regulatory policy on different consumer groups. We find the current regulation results in the implicit taxation of high-income and educated households by raising the prices of spirits they prefer (vodka and whiskey) while lowering the price of products favored by low-income and minority households (gin and rum). We identify more sophisticated pricing regulations which increase total welfare, though the resulting transfer of surplus across demographic groups makes them politically infeasible.
H2A.Z.1 Monoubiquitylation Antagonizes BRD2 to Maintain Poised Chromatin in ESCs

Histone variant H2A.Z occupies the promoters of active and poised, bivalent genes in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to regulate developmental programs, yet how it contributes to these contrasting states is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the function of H2A.Z.1 monoubiquitylation (H2A.Z.1ub) by mutation of the PRC1 target residues (H2A.Z.1(K3R3)). We show that H2A.Z.1(K3R3) is properly incorporated at target promoters in murine ESCs (mESCs), but loss of monoubiquitylation leads to de-repression of bivalent genes, loss of Polycomb binding, and faulty lineage commitment. Using quantitative proteomics, we find that tandem bromodomain proteins, including the BET family member BRD2, are enriched in H2A.Z.1 chromatin. We further show that BRD2 is gained at de-repressed promoters in H2A.Z.1(K3R3) mESCs, whereas BRD2 inhibition restores gene silencing at these sites. Together, our study reveals an antagonistic relationship between H2A.Z.1ub and BRD2 to regulate the transcriptional balance at bivalent genes to enable proper execution of developmental programs.
Practical regioselective halogenation of vinylogous esters: synthesis of differentiated mono-haloresorcinols and polyhalogenated resorcinols

Abstract A practical and efficient method for the direct, regioselective conversion of vinylogous esters to haloresorcinols is reported. Control of the reaction conditions enables synthesis of either the 4- or 6-haloresorcinol isomers from a common precursor with excellent regiocontrol and high yield. The generality and functional group tolerance of this novel protocol is demonstrated. The utility of this methodology to access polyhaloresorcinols is also reported. These methods create useful functionalized building blocks for further synthetic applications.
Inferring Price Information from Mortgage Payment Behavior: a Latent Index Approach

Existing price indices are based on real estate sales. This approach encounters problems when (1) sales are infrequent or (2) when these differ systematically from the overall market (selection bias). Relative to the number of properties sold on the market, a much greater number of properties have borrowers who need to make monthly mortgage payment decisions. Therefore, each month borrowers cast a vote of confidence or no confidence in their price relative to the loan balance. Based on this behavior, we invert the relation between mortgage performance and prices to derive a latent price index. Using a large sample of individual mortgages across the 10 cities investigated, the latent index in each city has a high correlation with the respective Case-Shiller index. In addition, the latent index is partially explained by the housing expectations (derived from futures on the respective Case-Shiller index) which indicates that it is not a purely reactive measure. Overall the results show that the latent index has potential to boost information resources for tracking the important real estate sector.
Introducing Raman Spectroscopy of Crystalline Solids in the Undergraduate Curriculum

We describe an experiment designed as an upper level physics laboratory that introduces students to Raman Scattering of electronic materials and research methodology. This experiment is an effective approach in demonstrating the relationship between the Raman intensity of the scattered light from crystals and symmetry dependent Raman selection rules. In our measurements we alter the angle between the crystal axis and the polarization of the incident laser beam by Si (100) sample rotation. The three dimensional plot of the intensity profile versus the theoretical model is used to distinguish differences between various crystal planes of the same electronic sample. This experiment will combine optical analysis with materials aspects of electronic materials.
The cultural and political economy of drug prohibition

This edited volume, a collection of both theoretical essays and empirical studies, presents an Austrian economics perspective on the role of culture in economic action. The authors illustrate that culture cannot be separated from economic action, but that it is in fact part of all decision-making.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Arylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones via Peptide-Catalyzed Atroposelective Bromination

We report the development of a tertiary amine-containing β-turn peptide that catalyzes the atroposelective bromination of pharmaceutically relevant 3-arylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones (quinazolinones) with high levels of enantioinduction over a broad substrate scope. The structure of the free catalyst and the peptide–substrate complex were explored using X-ray crystallography and 2D-NOESY experiments. Quinazolinone rotational barriers about the chiral anilide axis were also studied using density functional theory calculations and are discussed in light of the high enantioselectivities observed. Mechanistic studies also suggest that the initial bromination event is stereodetermining, and the major monobromide intermediate is an atropisomerically stable, mono-ortho-substituted isomer. The observation of stereoisomerically stable monobromides stimulated the conversion of the tribromide products to other atropisomerically defined products of interest. For example, (1) a dehalogenation Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling se...
LGBT rights in Africa and the discursive role of international human rights law

Much of Africa seems to be riding on a homophobic wave that is being billed as an African resistance to Western attempts to force homosexuality on Africa. However, this Africanisation of homophobia is based on false premises. Pre-colonial Africa entertained a diverse set of ways in which non-heterosexuality and non-heteronormativity were expressed and it was colonialism that introduced the now widespread religious and legal norms that policed sexuality and gender. The current wave of homophobia is also based on Western anti-LGBT rights discourses and in some part is sponsored by Western/American evangelical groups. The article argues that the imposition of an African label on colonial and neo-colonial products needs to be challenged without, however, effectively replacing it with an equally Western construct. The article advocates a grassroots and ground-up approach wherein international law on LGBT rights is used for its discursive value at the societal, national and regional levels. As part of this approach, it is argued that activists should temporarily refrain from bringing LGBT cases to the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights since a detrimental decision, which currently is extremely likely, can cause serious and long-term problems.
Cyclization of η3-benzylpalladium intermediates derived from carbene insertion.

Migratory insertion of benzylidene carbene ligands into arylpalladium(II) species generates η3-benzylpalladium intermediates that can cyclize to generate five- and six-membered rings with new sp3 centers. The reaction tolerates a range of arene functional groups and stabilized enolates. The products generated through this reaction are 1-arylindanes and 1-aryltetralins that are common to a range of natural products.
Catalytic Enantioselective Dihalogenation and the Selective Synthesis of (-)-Deschloromytilipin A and (-)-Danicalipin A.

A titanium-based catalytic enantioselective dichlorination of simple allylic alcohols is described. This dichlorination reaction provides stereoselective access to all common dichloroalcohol building blocks used in syntheses of chlorosulfolipid natural products. An enantioselective synthesis of ent-(−)-deschloromytilipin A and a concise, eight-step synthesis of ent-(−)-danicalipin A are executed and employ the dichlorination reaction as the first step. Extension of this system to enantioselective dibromination and its use in the synthesis of pentabromide stereoarrays relevant to bromosulfolipids is reported. The described dichlorination and dibromination reactions are capable of exerting diastereocontrol in complex settings allowing X-ray crystal structure analysis of natural and unnatural diastereomers of polyhalogenated stereohexads.
Sore Loser Laws and Congressional Polarization

To enhance explanations for party polarization in the U.S. Congress, we focus on an unappreciated legal structure known as the sore loser law. By restricting candidates who lose partisan primaries from subsequently appearing on the general election ballot as independents or as nominees of other parties, these laws give greater control over ballot access to the party bases, thus producing more extreme major party nominees. Using several different measures of candidate and legislator ideology, we find that sore loser laws account for as much as a tenth of the ideological divide between the major parties.
Aerodynamic Comparison of Straight Edge and Swept Edge Wind Turbine Blade

= oncoming wind speed � = density of air A = swept area of rotor Pmax = maximum power that can be extracted from wind T = thrust force L = lift force Va = apparent wind speed Cl = coefficient of wind � = angle of twist R = radius of rotor r = local radius C = chord length � = tip speed ratio B = number of blades I. Abstract Recently there has been an increase in the demand for the utilization of clean renewable energy sources. This is a direct result of the volatility in oil prices and an increased awareness of human induced climate change. Wind energy has been shown to be one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. With current technology, the low cost of wind energy is competitive with more conventional sources of energy such as coal. Most blades available for commercial grade wind turbines incorporate a straight span wise profile and airfoil shaped cross sections. These blades are found to be very efficient at lower wind speeds in comparison to the potential energy that can be extracted. However as the oncoming wind speed increases the efficiency of the blades decreases as they approaches a stall point. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the blades at higher wind speeds while maintaining efficiency at the lower wind speeds. The design intends to maintain efficiency at lower wind speeds by selecting the appropriate orientation and size of the airfoil cross sections based on a low oncoming wind speed and given constant rotation rate. The blades will be made more efficient at higher wind speeds by implementing a swept blade profile. The torque generated from a blade using only the first optimization technique is compared to that generated from a blade using both techniques as well as that generated by NTK500/41 turbine using LM19.1 blades. Performance will be investigated using the CFD solver FLUENT.
Changes in plasma melanocyte stimulating hormone, ACTH, prolactin, GH, LH, FSH, and thyroid stimulating hormone in response to injection of sulpiride, thyrotropin releasing hormone, or vehicle in insulin sensitive and insensitive mares

Six insulin-sensitive and 6 insulin-insensitive mares were used in a replicated 3 by 3 Latin square design to determine the pituitary hormonal responses (compared with vehicle) to sulpiride and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 2 compounds commonly used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Mares were classified as insulin sensitive or insensitive by their previous glucose responses to direct injection of human recombinant insulin. Treatment days were February 25, 2012, and March 10 and 24, 2012. Treatments were sulpiride (racemic mixture, 0.01 mg/kg BW), TRH (0.002 mg/kg BW), and vehicle (saline, 0.01 mL/kg BW) administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at −10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to treatment injection. Plasma ACTH concentrations were variable and were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection and were greater (P < 0.05) in insulin-insensitive mares than in sensitive mares. Plasma prolactin concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection, and the response was greater (P < 0.05) for sulpiride; no effect of insulin sensitivity was observed. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to TRH injection only and were higher (P < 0.05) in insulin-sensitive mares in almost all time periods. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations varied with time (P < 0.05), particularly in the first week of the experiment, but were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma GH concentrations were affected (P < 0.05) only by day of treatment. The greater MSH responses to sulpiride and TRH in insulin-insensitive mares were similar to, but not as exaggerated as, those observed by others for PPID horses. In addition, the reduced TSH concentrations in insulin-insensitive mares are consistent with our previous observation of elevated plasma triiodothyronine concentrations in hyperleptinemic horses (later shown to be insulin insensitive as well).
Seismic discontinuities beneath the southwestern United States from S receiver functions

Abstract S-receiver functions along the Colorado Plateau-Rio Grande Rift-Great Plains Transect known as LA RISTRA in the southwestern United States have been utilized to map seismic discontinuities beneath this tectonically active region. Individual receiver functions were stacked according to ray piercing points with moveout corrections in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the converted S-to-P phases. A mantle discontinuity, which is interpreted as the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), is observed along the profile with depth ranging from 80 km beneath the Rio Grande Rift (RGR) to 100 km beneath the Great Plains (GP) and 120–180 km beneath the Colorado Plateau (CP). The shallow LAB beneath the Rio Grande Rift is indicative of lithosphere extension and asthenosphere upwarp. The LAB deepens sharply at the RGR-CP and RGR-GP boundaries, providing evidence for edge-driven, small-scale mantle convection beneath LA RISTRA. Two local discontinuities beneath the southeastern Colorado Plateau are imaged at ~ 250 km and ~ 300 km and could be the top and base of the eroded lithosphere, respectively. The S receiver function images suggest that edge-driven, small-scale convection is probably the mantle source for recent extension and uplift in the Rio Grande Rift and the Colorado Plateau.
Astronomy with a mid-infrared echelle spectrograph

Irshell, a mid-infrared echelle spectrograph developed through a collaboration between the University of Texas, the University of California Space Sciences Laboratory, and Hughes Aircraft, has been in regular use for astronomical observations for about five years. It is optimized for high spectral resolution (R∼10,000) observations of narrow spectral regions (Δλ/λ∼1/300) and compact sources (a few arcsec), and is sensitive in the 5–25 μm region. A wide variety of astronomical objects have been studied. Observing techniques have been developed to achieve maximum sensitivity in those observations for which Irshell is best suited and to allow observations of wide spectral regions and extended objects. We discuss the observing techniques and show some of the data obtained.
A New Class of Non-C2-Symmetric Ligands for Oxidative and Redox-Neutral Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations of 1,3-Diketones

We report the discovery, synthesis, and application of a new class of non-C2-symmetric phosphoramidite ligands derived from pyroglutamic acid for use in both oxidative and redox-neutral palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations of 1,3-diketones. The resulting chiral products are typically obtained in high yield with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity.
Intense Field Science in Dielectrics

We discuss fundamental aspects of the interaction intense field with dielectrics that underpin femtosecond laser dielectric modification. We establish that sub-cycle dynamics can be observed in dielectrics, introducing possibilities for attosecond science in solids.