cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy requirements for selected crop production implements

Abstract Specific energy requirements of eight implements were evaluated as crop production practices were performed. Tractor instrumentation which measured engine speed, ground speed, fuel consumption, and draft was used to collect data for up to nine combinations of gear selection and engine speed while other operating parameters were maintained as consistent as possible. The equipment was operated on Tunica clay (Vertic Haplaquept) and Dundee very fine sandy loam (Aeric Ochraqualfs). Results demonstrated the validity of the ‘shift-up throttle-back’ concept with potential fuel savings of 20–30%. Fuel consumption data revealed that 45–60% of the fuel consumed was required to propel the tractor. Average draft, drawbar power, and specific energy requirements were presented for performing crop production practices throughout the crop season. Draft from the disk bedders responded to ground speed similarly to the disk plow response given by ASAE Data D230.4. A general relationship between net fuel consumption and draft for all implements and for all operating conditions experienced during the study was demonstrated.
Boundary conditions for small displacements in a magnetic field

When mechanical displacements occur in the presence of a magnetic field, the movement of the material boundaries causes a change in the field throughout the system. In a linear perturbation analysis, the effect of small boundary displacements can be duplicated by leaving the material undisturbed and introducing instead a combination of currents an~l magnetic charges on the boundary surfaces. The specific nature of these sources is eml~odied in two boundary conditions which must be satisfied by the perturbation magnetic field. These relations are derived for both smoothly deformed surfaces and sharp edges. Since these expressions directly equate perturbation quantities, their use bypasses the error-prone lineaxization process.
Limitations on the determination of deposition velocities

It is shown that the constant flux condition necessary for the proper measurement of deposition velocities by gradient methods may not be realized close to localized sources. Measurements in this area may lead to erroneous values of Ν d , as is evident from an examination of solutions for a simple advection-diffusion model.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of duodenal high grade neuroendocrine carcinoma underlying a villous adenoma: Report of a case

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a reliable and accurate method for the diagnosis of submucosal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. We report the cytopathologic findings of a case of duodenal high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma in a 68-year-old woman who presented with melena and marked anemia, 45 years after kidney transplantation. Imaging studies performed in the work-up of melena showed a duodenal mass, which on endoscopy proved to be an exophytic, villous duodenal lesion, 3 cm from the ampulla. Forceps biopsy of the exophytic lesion showed a villous adenoma. Endoscopic ultrasound additionally revealed an underlying submucosal lesion and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of this submucosal mass and of the enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes was diagnostic of a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. The aspirates showed abundant cellularity with tumor cells arranged in sheets and occasional loose clusters. The neoplastic cells had a moderate amount of pale cytoplasm and large round to oval hyperchromatic nuclei with focally prominent nucleoli. Mitoses, apoptotic bodies and necrotic debris were also present. The tumor cells were strongly and diffusely positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, synaptophysin and chromogranin and showed a very high proliferative fraction on Ki67 staining, supporting the diagnosis of a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. This is to our knowledge the first case of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the duodenum diagnosed by EUS-FNA. This case also emphasizes the diagnostic value of EUS-FNA sampling of the submucosal and intramural component of villous tumors of the gastrointestinal tract when mucosal forceps biopsies show only benign findings.
Centrosome positioning and primary cilia assembly orchestrate neuronal development

Establishment of axon and dendrite polarity, migration to a desired location in the developing brain, and establishment of proper synaptic connections are essential processes during neuronal development. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern these processes are under intensive investigation. The function of the centrosome in neuronal development has been examined and discussed in few recent studies that underscore the fundamental role of the centrosome in brain development. Clusters of emerging studies have shown that centrosome positioning tightly regulates neuronal development, leading to the segregation of cell factors, directed neurite differentiation, neuronal migration, and synaptic integration. Furthermore, cilia, that arise from the axoneme, a modified centriole, are emerging as new regulatory modules in neuronal development in conjunction with the centrosome. In this review, we focus on summarizing and discussing recent studies on centrosome positioning during neuronal development and also highlight recent findings on the role of cilia in brain development. We further discuss shared molecular signaling pathways that might regulate both centrosome and cilia associated signaling in neuronal development. Furthermore, molecular determinants such as DISC1 and LKB1 have been recently demonstrated to be crucial regulators of various aspects of neuronal development. Strikingly, these determinants might exert their function, at least in part, via the regulation of centrosome and cilia associated signaling and serve as a link between these two signaling centers. We thus include an overview of these molecular determinants.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Donor–Acceptor Complexes of Ethylene with Molecular and Atomic Iodine

Building upon our recent studies of radical addition pathways following excitation of the I2 chromophore in the donor–acceptor complex of ethylene and I2 (C2H4···I2), in this article, we extend our studies to examine photoinduced electron transfer. Thus, irradiation into the intense charge-transfer band of the complex (λmax = 247 nm) gave rise to a band at 366 nm that is assigned to the bridged ethylene–I radical complex on the basis of our prior work. The formation of the radical complex is explained by a mechanism that involves rapid back electron transfer leading to I–I bond fission. Excitation into the charge-transfer band of the radical complex led to regeneration of the parent complex and the formation of the final photoproduct, anti- and gauche-1,2-diiodoethane, which confirms that the reaction proceeds ultimately by a radical addition mechanism. This finding is contrasted with our previous study of the C2H4···Br2 complex, where CT excitation led to only one product, anti-1,2-dibromoethane, a resul...
Modeling seepage into heated waste emplacement tunnels in unsaturated fractured rock

Predicting the amount of water that may seep into waste emplacement tunnels (drifts) is important for assessing the performance of the proposed geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The repository will be located in thick, partially saturated fractured tuff that-for the first several hundred years after emplacement-will be heated to above-boiling temperatures as a result of heat generation from the decay of radioactive waste. Heating of rock water to above-boiling conditions induces water saturation changes and perturbs water fluxes that affect the potential for water seepage into drifts. In this paper, we describe numerical analyses of the coupled thermal-hydrological (TH) processes in the vicinity of waste emplacement drifts, evaluate the potential of seepage during the heating phase of the repository, and discuss the implications for the performance of the site. In addition to the capillary barrier at the rock-drift interface-independent of the thermal conditions-a second barrier exists to downward percolation at above-boiling conditions. This barrier is caused by vaporization of water in the fractured rock overlying the repository. A TOUGH2 dual-permeability simulation model was developed to analyze the combined effect of these two barriers; it accounts for all relevant TH processes in response to heating, while incorporating the capillary barrier condition at the drift wall. Model results are presented for a variety of simulation cases that cover the expected variability and uncertainty of relevant rock properties and boundary conditions.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding of acetic acid in carbon tetrachloride and benzene

Abstract The hydrogen bonding dimerization of acetic acid in anhydrous CCl 4 and benzene solutions at 25° has been investigated by a dilution calorimetric technique. The calorimetric data are analyzed in terms of relative apparent molar enthalpies, Φ L . The values of Φ L are shown to be consistent with the monomer—dimer model. The results lead to the following values of the equilibrium constant (molar concentrations) and standard enthalpy for formation of dimers from monomers: in CCl 4 , K 2 = 900 (±100) and Δ H ° 2 = −8.1 (±0.2)kcal/mole of dimer; in benzene, K 2 =270 (±50) and Δ H ° 2 = −7.4 (±0.2) kcal/mole of dimer.
Nonlinear energy and enstrophy transfers in a realistically stratified ocean

Abstract We discuss the nonlinear transfers possible in a quasigeostrophic fluid with a basic stratification taken from oceanic data. The energy and enstrophy conservation laws imply a cascade of energy to larger total scale (including both the horizontal scale, defined as wavelength/2π, and the deformation radius of the vertical mode). The triplet interactions among components with various horizontal scales and vertical structures, represented by the vertical mode numbers, are considered in detail for exchanges involving the barotropic and first three baroclinic modes. The initial transfer rates from one component into the other two are estimated and the most rapid transfers described as a function of the initial scale and mode number. These results suggest that barotropic motions will cascade to larger-scale barotropic motions, first baroclinic small-scale motions will transfer to first baroclinic larger scales, and first baroclinic large-scale motions will cascade to barotropic and first baroclinic motions at the deformation scale. Second and third mode motions prefer to transfer energy into small-scale (second or third mode deformation radius) first and third baroclinic mode motions.We also show the relationship of these triplet interactions to Rossby wave instabilities and resonant triads. For the latter motions, the weakness of the nonlinearity adds additional constraints which impty that the motions will tend to become zonal.
Toxic side effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

(Received 2 Jmuur.v 1963) ONE would be hard put to predict that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) would exhibit toxicity at any but very high doses if judgment were to be made on the basis of lethality studies in animals. Numerous toxicity studies were carried out before the material was used in humans. These studies indicated a wide spread between the recommended therapeutic dose of 50 mg per kg per day and the LDso dose which was found to vary from 500 mg to 7000 mg per kg depending on the species, route and mode of administration [l]. Similarly, metabolic studies did not lead one to suppose that the drug would be acutely toxic at levels approaching therapeutic usage, since these studies showed that the compound was not metabolized but was excreted rapidly and virtually completely within a short time [2, 31. Very early in the investigation of the toxicological and pharmacological properties of the compound it was demonstrated that tetany and convulsions could be induced in animals by the rapid administration of the sodium salt of EDTA and that serum calcium ion levels could be lowered and symptoms of hypocalcemia produced in man at will with similar treatment [4, 51. It was found that development of these phenomena depended, as might have been expected, entirely on the rate of administration of the drug. As a rule of thumb, it is generally accepted that rates of infusion below 20 mg per min will not produce symptoms. With this information so well established one would not expect that the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia would be observed as a side effect of a therapeutic regimen employing NaEDTA. The metal binding properties of the compound did, however, lead to the expectation that prolonged administration could result in trace metal depletion which in time would become manifest in signs and symptoms. Toxic side effects developing on this basis were anticipated. Now after approximately 10 years of clinical use in hundreds of cases, there is an opportunity to learn to what extent trace metal depletion did occur and what this has meant in terms of the well-being of patients. Actually, a number of toxic side effects have shown up but these are not clearly explicable by trace metal depletion. Trace metal depletion. Notwithstanding the interest in trace metal excretion associated with administration of chelating compounds, there are surprisingly few clinical investigations reported in which trace metal excretion was studied during treatment. PERRY and SCHROEDER [6] followed trace metal urinary excretion in patients who were given prolonged courses of EDTA. The urinary excretion levels of 13 metals : manganese, molybdenum, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, vanadium, lead, tin, nickel, titanium, cadmium and silver were determined before, during, and after
Enhancement of the electronic contribution to the low-temperature specific heat of an Fe/Cr magnetic multilayer

We measured the low-temperature specific heat of a sputtered $({\mathrm{Fe}}_{23\AA{}}/{\mathrm{Cr}}_{12\AA{}}{)}_{33}$ magnetic multilayer, as well as separate 1000 \AA{} thick Fe and Cr films. Magnetoresistance and magnetization measurements on the multilayer demonstrated antiparallel coupling between the Fe layers. Using microcalorimeters made in our group, we measured the specific heat for $4lTl30 \mathrm{K}$ and in magnetic fields up to 8 T for the multilayer. The low-temperature electronic specific heat coefficient of the multilayer in the temperature range $4lTl14 \mathrm{K}$ is ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{ML}}=8.4 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}}^{2}\mathrm{mol}.$ This is significantly larger than that measured for the Fe or Cr films (5.4 and 3.5 ${\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{K}}^{2}\mathrm{mol},$ respectively). No magnetic field dependence of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{ML}}$ was observed up to 8 T. These results can be explained by a softening of the phonon modes observed in the same data and the presence of an Fe-Cr alloy phase at the interfaces. 75.70 (magnetic multilayer) and 75.40 (specific heat of magnetic materials).
Correlation functions for nematic liquid crystals

We show that the correlation functions of a system of hard ellipsoids whose axes are constrained to be parallel are simply related to the corresponding functions of a hard sphere fluid with the same packing fraction. The existence of simple, accurate approximations for the latter system make the oriented ellipsoid fluid a suitable ‘reference system’ for the nematically ordered phase of liquid crystals and other orientationally ordered molecular fluids such as polar fluids in an external field. The properties of such fluids, with a given angular distribution f(ω), may then be obtained via ‘standard’ perturbation theory. Methods for obtaining f(ω) near the perfectly ordered state are discussed.
Influence of crystallography upon critical nucleus shapes and kinetics of homogeneous F.C.C.-F.C.C. nucleation—II. The non-classical regime

Abstract In a previous paper, the shape of the critical nucleus and its influence upon nucleation kinetics were studied at near zero supersaturation, i.e. in the classical nucleation regime, using a discrete lattice plane model of the coherent interphase boundary energy. In order to extend these studies to higher supersaturations, a discrete lattice point model, based on a formalism developed by Cook, de Fontaine and Hilliard, is employed in the present paper and applied to homogeneous nucleation of coherent f.c.c. precipitates in an f.c.c. matrix. Concentration profiles and free energies of formation of critical nuclei are calculated from this model as a function of temperature and supersaturation and compared with results obtained from the Cahn-Hilliard continuum non-classical model and the previously used discrete lattice plane classical model. As predicted in effect by Cahn and Hilliard, the three models converge at very low supersaturations, and the continuum and the discrete lattice point (but not the classical discrete lattice plane) models also do so near the spinodal. Thus the most important differences between the continuum and the discrete lattice point models develop at intermediate supersaturations. The main advantages of the discrete lattice point model are that it allows the influence of crystalline anisotropy to be taken into account, permits treatment of arbitrarily steep variations in composition and provides a more convenient milieu for the incorporation of volume strain energy, as is done in the next paper in this series.
Phase relations to 3 kbar in the systems edenite + H2O and edenite + excess quartz + H2O

Abstract Amphiboles approached edenite (NaCa 2 Mg 5 Si 7 AlO 22 (OH) 2 ), richterite (Na 2 CaMg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ), tremolite (□Ca 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ) solid solutions were studied by conventional hydrothermal techniques employing the bulk compositions edenite, and edenite + additional quartz, all with excess H 2 O. For the stoichiometric edenite bulk composition + excess H 2 O, the equilibrium phase assemblage is diopside + Na-phlogopite + forsterite + fluid at, and just above the amphibole high-temperature limit at 850 ± 5°C, 500 bar, and 880 ± 5°C, 1000 bar. The breakdown temperature of sodic phlogopite is 855 ± 3°C at 500 bar, and 890 ± 5°C at 700 bar, producing nepheline + plagioclase (or melt), additional forsterite and fluid. Diopside and Na-phlogopite solid solution coexist over a broad P fluid - T region, even within the amphibole field, where they are associated with an edenite-richterite (-tremolite) solid solution of approximate composition Ed 35 Rc 50 Tr 15 . In the system edenite + 4 quartz + excess H 2 O, nearly pure tremolite and albite coexist stably between 670° and 830°C at 1000 bar and give way to the possibly metastable assemblage diopside + talc + albite below 670°C. In the presence of albite, tremolite reacts to produce diopside + quartz + enstatite + fluid above 830°C at 1000 bar. For the investigated silica-rich bulk composition, amphibole P fluid - T stability is divided by the albite melting curve into a tremolite + albite field, and a tremolite + aqueous melt field. Substantial equilibrium solid solution of tremolite towards edenite or richterite was not observed for silica-excess bulk compositions. Metastable edenite-rich amphiboles initially synthesized change to tremolite with increasing run length in the presence of free SiO 2 . Edenitic amphibole is stable only over a very limited temperature range in silica-undersaturated environments, thus accounting for its rarity in nature. Na-phlogopite solid solutions are also disfavored by high a SiO 2 ; even for nepheline-normative lithologies, a hypothesized rapid low-temperature conversion to vermiculite or smectite could partly explain the scarcity of sodic phlogopite in rocks.
Africa 2060: what could be driving the good news from Africa?

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to better understand the good news coming from Africa and reflect on ideas discussed at the “Africa 2060: Good News from Africa” conference in April 2010 organized by Boston University's Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer‐Range Future.Design/methodology/approach – Africa's performance over the last 50 years has been akin to a roller coaster ride of good news followed by bad news, with the bad news dominating. However since the dawn of the millennium Africa's outlook has increasingly become optimistic. As one looks at Africa's future, several questions emerge: which of these gains can be consolidated? Which of the positive trends will be sustained? Has this recent period of global attention provided the continent with a real institutional scaffolding on which a positive future can be built? And what needs to be done to ensure that the dangers of chronic poverty, conflict, and institutional collapse that still lurk in the shadows will be contained long ...
A feed‐forward equalizer with winner‐take‐all variable gain amplifiers for backplane channels

In this article, a transversal filter with winner-take-all variable gain amplifiers is investigated to improve the performance of a feed-forward equalizer. The proposed equalizer structure with nine gain cells has wide bandwidth and improved voltage headroom, at the same time achieving the low power consumption per gain cell. The proposed equalizer is fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process and shows the successful compensation with 30 and 60 in backplanes with 3 Gbps signal. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2666–2670, 2013
Photofrin Based Photodynamic Therapy and miR-99a Transfection Inhibited FGFR3 and PI3K/Akt Signaling Mechanisms to Control Growth of Human Glioblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in humans. We explored the molecular mechanisms how the efficacy of photofrin based photodynamic therapy (PDT) was enhanced by miR-99a transfection in human glioblastoma cells. Our results showed almost similar uptake of photofrin after 24 h in different glioblastoma cells, but p53 wild-type cells were more sensitive to radiation and photofrin doses than p53 mutant cells. Photofrin based PDT induced apoptosis, inhibited cell invasion, prevented angiogenic network formation, and promoted DNA fragmentation and laddering in U87MG and U118MG cells harvoring p53 wild-type. Western blotting showed that photofrin based PDT was efficient to block the angiogenesis and cell survival pathways. Further, photofrin based PDT followed by miR-99a transfection dramatically increased miR-99a expression and also increased apoptosis in glioblastoma cell cultures and drastically reduced tumor growth in athymic nude mice, due to down regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and PI3K/Akt signaling mechanisms leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Therefore, our results indicated that the anti-tumor effects of photofrin based PDT was strongly augmented by miR-99a overexpression and this novel combination therapeutic strategy could be used for controlling growth of human p53 wild-type glioblastomas both in vitro and in vivo.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Gender Typing: How Different Dimensions are Related to Psychological Adjustment

The benefits versus costs of gender typing are not clear: Is adjustment optimal when people identify and act in strongly gendered ways or when they embrace characteristics of both sexes? Previous findings are inconsistent, in part because they are derived from different conceptualizations of gender typing. A comprehensive understanding of the mental health consequences of gender typing requires recognition of the multidimensionality of gender typing and simultaneous consideration of these dimensions. On the basis of previous work on individual measures, we hypothesized that adjustment would be differentially associated with different aspects of gender typing: positively with sex-congruent gender identity and male-typed personality traits, negatively with rigid gender attitudes, and minimally with female-typed personality traits and gender-typed activity interests. Structural equation models were used to enable testing of all associations simultaneously. Results from a sample of 401 undergraduate students supported our hypotheses. For both women and men, adjustment was positively associated with gender-congruent identity, instrumentality, and flexible gender attitudes, and minimally related to activity interests and expressivity. These findings clarify the mental health benefits and costs of gender typing and highlight the multidimensionality of gender typing.
The microsomal N-demethylation of the stereoisomers of ephedrine.

Abstract The N-demethylation of the ephedrine isomers by rabbit liver in vitro was investigated. There are small differences in the apparent K m values for the N-demethylation of these isomers. The rates of microsomal N-demethylation for D(−)-ephedrine and L(+)-pseudoephedrine were 15–31% greater than for L(+)-ephedrine and D(−)-pseudoephedrine.
Ontogenetic adaptation to bipedalism: age changes in femoral to humeral length and strength proportions in humans, with a comparison to baboons

The increase in lower/upper limb bone length and strength proportions in adult humans compared to most other anthropoid primates is commonly viewed as an adaptation to bipedalism. The ontogenetic development of femoral to humeral proportions is examined here using a longitudinal sample of 20 individuals measured radiographically at semiannual or annual intervals from 6 months of age to late adolescence (a subset of the Denver Growth Study sample). Anthropometric data (body weights, muscle breadths) were also available at each examination age. Results show that while femoral/humeral length proportions close to those of adults are already present in human infants, characteristically human femoral/humeral diaphyseal strength proportions only develop after the adoption of bipedalism at about 1 year of age. A rapid increase in femoral/humeral strength occurs between 1 and 3 years, followed by a slow increase until mid-late adolescence, when adult proportions are reached. When age changes in material properties are factored in, femoral strength shows an almost constant relationship to body size (body mass.bone length) after 5 years of age, while humeral strength shows a progressive decline relative to body size. Femoral/humeral length proportions increase slightly throughout growth, with no apparent change in growth trajectory at the initiation of walking, and with a small decline in late adolescence due to later growth in length of the humerus. A sex difference in femoral/humeral strength proportions (females greater) but not length proportions, develops early in childhood. Thus, growth trajectories in length and strength proportions are largely independent, with strength proportions more responsive to actual changes in mechanical loading. A cross-sectional ontogenetic sample of baboons (n=30) illustrates contrasting patterns of growth, with much smaller age changes in proportions, particularly strength proportions, although there is some indication of an adaptation to altered limb loadings early in baboon development.
A Duality Between Forward and Adjoint MPI Communication Routines

In this article, we explore a natural duality that exist between MPI communication routines in parallel programs, and show the ease of its adjoint implementation via pointers.
Robust and efficient motion planning for a planar robot using hybrid control

An existing hybrid control strategy is extended and applied to the control of a novel courier robot based on planar (Sawyer) motor technology augmented with integral sensing. The controller is designed to accommodate actuator limits and the desired motion characteristics, eliminating the need for careful matching of trajectory parameters with controller gains. Controller extensions allow for the unusual actuator constraints of the planar motors and independent adjustment of the parameters for each axis. Simulation results are presented for several cases to demonstrate the diversity of situations within the capability of the controller.
Language as a cause‐effect communication system

Abstract Christopher Gauker has argued that a cause‐effect analysis of the acquisition of communication skills in chimpanzees is adequate to describe the data reported in our work at the Language Research Center. I agree that the cause‐effect approach to language function is the only viable method of analyzing language. Language must be studied as a process that functions to organize behavior between two or more individuals. However, the problem of language understanding is not addressed satisfactorily by the perspective offered by Gauker. Some more recent work, particularly with the pygmy chimpanzee ‘Kanzi’, is now beginning to explicate a cause‐effect analysis of language comprehension. It is argued that in the young chimpanzee, as with children, language comprehension is the driving force underlying the language acquisition process. It is further argued that the transition from comprehension to production is made possible by the capacity for goal‐directed observational imitation.
Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping for optical arbitrary pulse-train generation

We demonstrate optical arbitrary pulse-train generation using spectral line-by-line pulse shaping. The pulse train within each period can be independently controlled as specified.
Moving Beyond Agency: A Review of Gender and Intimate Relationships in Conservative Religions

Studies of gender regimes within conservative religion have often focused on the dynamics of intimate relationships to separately analyze women's agency and men's authority. By bridging studies of men and women in a variety of intimate relationships, this article provides a relational analysis of how gender and religion intersect in daily life. Given the importance of marriage within conservative religions, I first review studies of married women and married men to illustrate the varied ways these institutions intersect. Next, I present findings from the limited but burgeoning scholarship on those who have not yet or cannot live up to the religious goal of heterosexual marriage: unmarried heterosexuals and gay and lesbian relationships.
Peridynamic theory for failure prediction in multilayer thin-film structures of electronic packages

This study presents an application of the peridynamic theory to investigate failure propagation in a multi-layer thin- film structure of electronic packages. A brief description of this non-local theory is presented prior to the statement of the problem. The mathematical description of the theory and its validation by considering a well-known dynamic fracture problem are discussed subsequently. Finally, the crack propagation path in a multilayer thin-film structure predicted by the peridynamic theory was compared against measurements from nanoindentation experiments.
Some monoidal closed categories of stable domains and event structures

This paper introduces the following new constructions on stable domains and event structures: the tensor product; the linear function space; and the exponential. These give rise to a monoidal closed category of dI-domains and to stable event structures, which can be used to interpret intuitionistic linear logic. Finally, the usefulness of the category of stable event structures for modeling concurrency and its relation to other models are discussed.
From Model-Based Parameterizations to Lookup Tables: An EOF Approach

The goal of this study is to transform the Harrington radiation parameterization into a transfer scheme or lookup table, which provides essentially the same output (heating rate profile and short- and longwave fluxes at the surface) at a fraction of the computational cost. The methodology put forth here does not introduce a new parameterization simply derived from the Harrington scheme but, rather, shows that given a generic parameterization it is possible to build an algorithm, largely not based on the physics, that mimics the outcome of the parent parameterization. The core concept is to compute the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of all of the input variables of the parent scheme, run the scheme on the EOFs, and express the output of a generic input sounding exploiting the input–output pairs associated with the EOFs. The weights are based on the difference between the input and EOFs water vapor mixing ratios. A detailed overview of the algorithm and the development of a few transfer schemes are also presented. Results show very good agreement (r 0.91) between the different transfer schemes and the Harrington radiation parameterization with a very significant reduction in computational cost (at least 95%).
Antibacterial activities of gold and silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Background: Diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) have always had a large impact on human health. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used as a surrogate for TB during the development of anti-TB drugs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted great interest in drug development. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of NPs as anti-TB compounds by studying the interacting mechanisms between NPs and bacteria. Results: We investigated effects of gold and silver NPs on BCG and Escherichia coli. Experimentally, particle size and shape were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different concentrations of NPs were applied in bacterial culture. The growth of E. coli was monitored through colony forming units (CFU). The mechanism of interaction between NPs and bacteria was analyzed through bacterial thin sections followed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy. Antibacterial effects on BCG were observed by recording fluorescent protein expression levels. Conclusions: The results suggest NPs have potential applications as anti-TB compounds. The antibacterial effects and mechanism of action for NPs were dependent upon composition and surface modifications.
Economics of climate change under uncertainty : Benefits of flexibility

Abstract The selection of climate policy has to be made in an extremely uncertain environment: both benefits and costs of a particular climate policy are unknown and in the best case could be described by the probability distribution of various outcomes. Dominated in literature, the expected value approach to the cost–benefit analysis of climate policy under uncertainties relies on the aggregated estimation of various outcomes of climate policy weighted and averaged by probabilities. The variance, skewness, and kurtosis are important characteristics of uncertainties but can be easily lost in the process of aggregation. The real option analysis (ROA) explicitly accounts for both the expected value of underling assets and the variance of the expected value (as well as skewness and kurtosis that are important to describe a fat tail phenomenon). In the paper, we propose an application of the real option analysis in order to formulate rules for the selection of a climate policy (emission target) and estimate the economic value of the future flexibility created by interim climate policy, which may be corrected in the future in response to new knowledge that hopefully reduces uncertainties. The initially selected interim policy has an option value and methodology for its valuation presented in the paper.
Multicultural Policy as Social Activism: redefining who 'counts' in multicultural education

Theory and research in multicultural education in the USA has largely focused on curriculum and pedagogical issues, with little attention to the development and implementation of multicultural policy. This case study of multicultural policy in the New York City schools examines the social and political context and the role of community involvement in multicultural policy development during three historical periods: (1) the intercultural education movement of the 1930s and 1940s; (2) the community control movement of the 1960s; and (3) the Children of the Rainbow curriculum controversy in the 1990s. A historical analysis indicates that multicultural policy development has served as a significant organizing tool in the empowerment of community groups who were disenfran chised and marginalized by the school system and a key public arena to 'advance the conversation' about effective educational practices that promote diversity. The article concludes with a synthesis of common principles regarding local multic...
A new initialization technique for VQ codebook design

The generalized Lloyd algorithm plays an important role in the design of vector quantizers (VQ) and in feature clustering for pattern recognition. In the VQ context, this algorithm provides a procedure to iteratively improve a codebook and results in a local minimum which minimizes the average distortion function. We propose an efficient method to obtain a good initial codebook that can accelerate the convergence of the generalized Lloyd algorithm, achieve a better local minimum and also result into lower entropy. Thus, it can achieve an overall better performance since the resulting rate-distortion pair is closer to the rate-distortion function of the input source. >
Get off the bus: sound strategy for injury prevention during a tornado?

INTRODUCTION: On 08 May 2003, a tornado categorized as an F-3 on the Fujita Tornado Scale (the "F Scale") struck an Oklahoma City, Oklahoma commuter bus carrying 24 passengers. The driver evacuated several passengers before the tornado struck. The tornado rolled the bus, and pelted it with debris. METHODS: A case-series investigation of tornado-related injuries was conducted among passengers who were evacuated to a ditch and those who remained on the bus when the tornado struck. RESULTS: Nineteen of 24 passengers sought care for injuries at hospital emergency departments (injury rate = 79.2%). While a greater number of passengers who were outside the bus when the tornado struck (11) sought care for injuries than did those who remained on the bus (8); passengers outside of the bus suffered fewer injuries than did those who remained on the bus (median number of injuries 3 versus 4), and their injuries were less severe (median injury severity score (ISS) 1 versus 4). CONCLUSION: For persons caught in motor vehicles during tornado events, this study supports currently accepted recommendations to immediately evacuate and lie in a low-lying area away from motor vehicles if other shelter is unavailable. However, generalizing the experience of bus passengers to automobile drivers might be inappropriate because buses lack the safety features that might protect automobile drivers from tornado-related injuries.
A Trojan-resistant system-on-chip bus architecture

Communications systems are increasingly reliant on system-on-chip (SoC) solutions. As the complexity and size of SoCs continues to grow, so does the risk of “Trojan” attacks, in which an integrated circuit (IC) design is surreptitiously and maliciously altered at some point during the design or manufacturing process. Despite the risks that such an attack entail, relatively little attention has been given in the literature to methods enabling detection of and response to run-time Trojan attacks. In the present paper, we present a Trojan-resistant system bus architecture suitable across a wide range of SoC bus systems. The system detects malicious bus behaviors associated Trojan hardware, protects the system and system bus from them and reports the malicious behaviors to the CPU. We show that use of this bus and associated embedded software is highly effective in reducing IC Trojan vulnerabilities without loss of bus performance.
GPS/INS integration with fault detection and exclusion in shadowed environments

This paper presents a method for GPS/INS operation in shadowed environments such as urban canyons and rural foliage cover. Shadowing causes a combination of multipath and signal attenuation which results in increased uncertainty in the GPS observables and sometimes complete loss of satellite tracking. Environment layout and the line-of-sight vector to the affected satellite determines the degree of shadowing in the range domain. Details are provided for the failure modes and effects in such environments. These results are used in the analysis of a fault detection and exclusion (FDE) algorithm to provide integrity to the GPS observables.
Long-Lasting T Cell-Independent IgG Responses Require MyD88-Mediated Pathways and Are Maintained by High Levels of Virus Persistence

ABSTRACT Many viruses induce acute T cell-independent (TI) B cell responses due to their repetitive epitopes and the induction of innate cytokines. Nevertheless, T cell help is thought necessary for the development of long-lasting antiviral antibody responses in the form of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. We found that T cell-deficient (T cell receptor β and δ chain [TCRβδ] knockout [KO]) mice persistently infected with polyomavirus (PyV) had long-lasting antiviral serum IgG, and we questioned whether they could generate TI B cell memory. TCRβδ KO mice did not form germinal centers after PyV infection, lacked long-lived IgG-secreting plasma cells in bone marrow, and did not have detectable memory B cell responses. Mice deficient in CD4 + T cells had a lower persisting virus load than TCRβδ KO mice, and these mice had short-lived antiviral IgG responses, suggesting that a high virus load is required to activate naive B cells continuously, and maintain the long-lasting serum IgG levels. Developing B cells in bone marrow encounter high levels of viral antigens, which can cross-link both their B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and this dual engagement may lead to a loss of their tolerance. Consistent with this hypothesis, antiviral serum IgG levels were greatly diminished in TCRβδ KO/MyD88 −/− mice. We conclude that high persisting antigen levels and innate signaling can lead to the maintenance of long-lasting IgG responses even in the absence of T cell help. IMPORTANCE Lifelong control of persistent virus infections is essential for host survival. Several members of the polyomavirus family are prevalent in humans, persisting at low levels in most people without clinical manifestations, but causing rare morbidity/mortality in the severely immune compromised. Studying the multiple mechanisms that control viral persistence in a mouse model, we previously found that murine polyomavirus (PyV) induces protective T cell-independent (TI) antiviral IgG. TI antibody (Ab) responses are usually short-lived, but T cell-deficient PyV-infected mice can live for many months. This study investigates how protective IgG is maintained under these circumstances and shows that these mice lack both forms of B cell memory, but they still have sustained antiviral IgG responses if they have high levels of persisting virus and intact MyD88-mediated pathways. These requirements may ensure life-saving protection against pathogens even in the absence of T cells, but they prevent the continuous generation of TI IgG against harmless antigens.
Is Endothelium the Origin of Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Endothelial cells provide the dynamic lining of blood vessels throughout the body and provide many tissue-specific functions, in addition to providing a nonthrombogenic surface for blood cells and conduit for oxygen and nutrient delivery. As might be expected, some endothelial cells are injured or become senescent and are sloughed into the bloodstream, and most circulating endothelial cells display evidence of undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. However, there are rare viable circulating endothelial cells that display properties consistent with those of a progenitor cell for the endothelial lineage. This article reviews historical and current literature to present some evidence that the endothelial lining of blood vessels may serve as a source for rare endothelial colony-forming cells that display clonal proliferative potential, self-renewal, and in vivo vessel forming ability. The article also discusses the current gaps in our knowledge to prove whether the colony-forming cells are in fact derived from vascular endothelium.
Die Grundbegriffe des Wärmeaustausches

Temperaturunterschiede in einem Korper gleichen sich stets im Laufe der Zeit dadurch aus, das Warme von den Stellen hoherer Temperatur nach denen niederer Temperatur abstromt. Dieser Vorgang spielt sich in allen in der Natur vorkommenden Stoffen ab, in festen Korpern wie in Flussigkeiten und Gasen. Die Kenntnis der Gesetzmasigkeiten, nach denen er verlauft, ist fur die gesamte Technik von groser Bedeutung, da wir dadurch die Mittel in die Hand bekommen, den Warmeflus in gewunschter Weise zu steuern. Dabei kann einmal die Aufgabe gestellt sein, die Warmestromung moglichst zu begunstigen. Dies ist beispielsweise bei den Warmeaustauschern der Warme-, Heiz- und Kuhltechnik und der chemischen Industrie der Fall. Auch in den Warmekraftmaschinen tritt diese Aufgabe immer wieder an uns heran. Eine solche Kraftmaschine besteht nach den Lehren der Thermodynamik im Prinzip aus zwei Warmespeichern verschiedener Temperatur, zwischen welche die Arbeit leistende Maschine geschaltet ist. Dabei wechselt haufig der Warmetrager im Laufe des Arbeitsprozesses. Die Warme mus dann mit moglichst kleinem Temperaturgefalle zwischen den einzelnen Warmetragern ausgetauscht werden. Bei der Dampfkraftanlage ist die Warme zunachst an die Rauchgase gebunden. Im Dampfkessel wird sie an den Dampf weitergegeben. Im Kondensator gibt der Dampf seine Warme an das Kuhlwasser ab und im Kuhlturm endlich wird sie an die Luft abgefuhrt. Bei den Verbrennungsmotoren fallt zwar diese Art des Warmeaustausches weg, da die Warme durch Verbrennung unmittelbar in der arbeitleistenden Luft erzeugt und die Abwarme auch gemeinsam mit den Abgasen aus der Maschine ausgestosen wird. Trotzdem ist auch fur den Bau der Verbrennungsmotoren die Beherrschung des Warmeubergangs von groser Bedeutung, denn es mussen hier die Zylinderwandungen durch Kuhlung mit Luft oder Wasser auf Temperaturen gehalten werden, die der Werkstoff noch vertragt. Deshalb ist die zulassige Leistungsabgabe im Zylinder eines Hochleistungsmotors heute sehr wesentlich durch Kuhlprobleme bestimmt. Auch fur Gasturbinen, die in immer starkerem Mase in das Stadium der Betriebsreife kommen, ist die Beherrschung der Warmeubergangsfragen von grundlegender Bedeutung.
Arteriography of the Nutrient Artery and Blood Flow of the Canine Tibia

The blood flow-pressure relationship in the nutrient artery of the canine tibia was measured in twelve dogs. At a mean blood pressure, the flow rate through this artery was estimated to be 1.2 ± 0.2 milliliters per minute in average. Intraosseous arteries and veins were visualized in sequence by the injection of contrast material through the nutrient artery at the estimated normal blood-flow rate.
Conditional Random Fields for Identifying Appropriate Types of Support for Propositions in Online User Comments

Park and Cardie (2014) proposed a novel task of automatically identifying appropriate types of support for propositions comprising online user comments, as an essential step toward automated analysis of the adequacy of supporting information. While multiclass Support Vector Machines (SVMs) proved to work reasonably well, they do not exploit the sequential nature of the problem: For instance, verifiable experiential propositions tend to appear together, because a personal narrative typically spans multiple propositions. According to our experiments, however, Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) degrade the overall performance, and we discuss potential fixes to this problem. Nonetheless, we observe that the F1 score with respect to the unverifiable proposition class is increased. Also, semi-supervised CRFs with posterior regularization trained on 75% labeled training data can closely match the performance of a supervised CRF trained on the same training data with the remaining 25% labeled as well.