cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood hypergraphs of bipartite graphs

Matrix symmetrization and several related problems have an extensive literature, with a recurring ambiguity regarding their complexity and relation to graph isomorphism. We present a short survey of these problems to clarify their status. In particular, we recall results from the literature showing that matrix symmetrization is in fact NP-hard; furthermore, it is equivalent with the problem of recognizing whether a hypergraph can be realized as the neighborhood hypergraph of a graph. There are several variants of the latter problem corresponding to the concepts of open, closed, or mixed neighborhoods. While all these variants are NP-hard in general, one of them restricted to the bipartite graphs is known to be equivalent with graph isomorphism. Extending this result, we consider several other variants of the bipartite neighborhood recognition problem and show that they all are either polynomial-time solvable, or equivalent with graph isomorphism. Also, we study uniqueness of neighborhood realizations of hypergraphs and show that, in general, for all variants of the problem, a realization may be not unique. However, we prove uniqueness in two special cases: for the open and closed neighborhood hypergraphs of the bipartite graphs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 58: 69–95, 2008
25-Year summary of US malpractice claims for diagnostic errors 1986–2010: an analysis from the National Practitioner Data Bank

Background We sought to characterise the frequency, health outcomes and economic consequences of diagnostic errors in the USA through analysis of closed, paid malpractice claims. Methods We analysed diagnosis-related claims from the National Practitioner Data Bank (1986–2010). We describe error type, outcome severity and payments (in 2011 US dollars), comparing diagnostic errors to other malpractice allegation groups and inpatient to outpatient within diagnostic errors. Results We analysed 350 706 paid claims. Diagnostic errors (n=100 249) were the leading type (28.6%) and accounted for the highest proportion of total payments (35.2%). The most frequent outcomes were death, significant permanent injury, major permanent injury and minor permanent injury. Diagnostic errors more often resulted in death than other allegation groups (40.9% vs 23.9%, p<0.001) and were the leading cause of claims-associated death and disability. More diagnostic error claims were outpatient than inpatient (68.8% vs 31.2%, p<0.001), but inpatient diagnostic errors were more likely to be lethal (48.4% vs 36.9%, p<0.001). The inflation-adjusted, 25-year sum of diagnosis-related payments was US$38.8 billion (mean per-claim payout US$386 849; median US$213 250; IQR US$74 545–484 500). Per-claim payments for permanent, serious morbidity that was ‘quadriplegic, brain damage, lifelong care’ (4.5%; mean US$808 591; median US$564 300), ‘major’ (13.3%; mean US$568 599; median US$355 350), or ‘significant’ (16.9%; mean US$419 711; median US$269 255) exceeded those where the outcome was death (40.9%; mean US$390 186; median US$251 745). Conclusions Among malpractice claims, diagnostic errors appear to be the most common, most costly and most dangerous of medical mistakes. We found roughly equal numbers of lethal and non-lethal errors in our analysis, suggesting that the public health burden of diagnostic errors could be twice that previously estimated. Healthcare stakeholders should consider diagnostic safety a critical health policy issue.
Reduced leu operon expression in a miaA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella typhimurium miaA mutants lacking the tRNA base modification cis-2-methylthioribosylzeatin (ms2io6A) were examined and found to be sensitive to a variety of chemical oxidants and unable to grow aerobically at 42 degrees C in a defined medium. Leucine supplementation suppressed both of these phenotypes, suggesting that leucine synthesis was defective. Intracellular levels of leucine decreased 40-fold in mutant strains after a shift from 30 to 42 degrees C during growth, and expression of a leu-lacZ transcriptional fusion ceased. Steady-state levels of leu mRNA were also significantly reduced during growth at elevated temperatures. Failure of miaA mutant leu-lacZ expression to be fully derepressed during L-leucine limitation at 30 degrees C and suppression of the miaA mutation by a mutation in the S. typhimurium leu attenuator suggests that translational control of the transcription termination mechanism regulating leu expression is defective. Since the S. typhimurium miaA mutation was also suppressed by the Escherichia coli leu operon in trans, phenotypic differences between E. coli and S. typhimurium miaA mutants may result from a difference between their respective leu operons. Images
Defect Tolerance of QCA Tiles

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the promising technologies for nanoscale implementation. The operation of QCA systems is based on a new paradigm generally referred to as processing-by-wire (PBW). This paper analyzes the defect tolerance properties of PBW when tiles are employed using molecular QCA cells. Based on a 3 times 3 QCA block, with different input/output arrangements, different tiles are analyzed and simulated using a coherence vector engine. The functional characterization and polarization level of these tiles for undeposited cell defects are reported. It is shown that novel features of PBW are possible due to spatial redundancy and QCA tiles are robust and inherently defect tolerant
ARSL: A Language for Authorization Rule Specification in Software Security

Web services constitute an important part of distributed applications, providing flexibility in the development of distributed applications. One of the key challenges in Web Service security is to determine whether an authenticated user has access to only those services for which he has authorization. Since all authorization patterns for accessing resources cannot be anticipated and hence the access rules cannot be defined beforehand, implementing authorization becomes a concern. This paper describes an approach aimed at a more generalized and reusable solution which provides the flexibility to handle authorization rule updates in real time. The authorization framework is complemented by ARSL (Authorization Rule Specification Language), which is based on predicate logic.
Regulation of Enzymes in situ

For an accurate understanding of metabolic regulation at the enzyme level it is important to ascertain to what extent mechanisms of modulation of enzyme activity observed in vitro can have a physiologically significant counterpart in vivo. As an approximation to this ultimate goal we have recently succeeded in revealing the activity of phosphofructokinase in E. coli by a toluene-freezing permeabilization treatment that makes the enzyme directly accessible to external substrates and other small molecules while leaving it within a damaged cell membrane (or at least within the cell wall), conditions which we call in situ. The permeabilization method has also been adapted to yeast.
Sleep Medicine Certification and Accreditation

Sleep-disorders medicine is undergoing substantial evolution in terms of testing and therapy. In order to ensure that the providers of care for patients with sleep disorders provide quality and safe care, various types of individual certification and sleep-disorders-center accreditation programs have been developed. These programs should help to ensure optimal patient care.
COMPACT HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

ABSTRACTNoise is an ongoing concern in the fluid power industry. A great deal of research has been invested in reducing flow pulsations in hydraulic systems, from design modifications to adding noise control components. The physical principles of noise reduction are the same as for air, however, the much higher sound speed of hydraulic fluid makes creating compact noise control devices difficult. This paper introduces a Helmholtz resonator design that uses a compliant, voided urethane lining to increase the apparent volume of the device. The addition of the lining permits much smaller physical sizes for the same resonance frequency. Specifically, the design presented here has a total volume of 0.31 L and generates 20 dB of transmission loss at a resonance frequency of 37 Hz when the hydraulic system is pressurized at 2.07 MPa. At this pressure, it has a total volume that is two orders of magnitude smaller than a similar, unlined device of the same resonance frequency. Experimental data is presented that d...
Evaluation of Western Yellowstriped Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a Pest of Lentils

Laboratory, greenhouse, and field feeding tests to determine the nature and amount of damage to lentils, Lens culinaris Medik., caused by larvae of Spodoptera praefica (Grote) revealed an interrelationship between larval stage, pod maturity, and the damage that occurred. As much as 85% loss in yield occurred when the larvae fed upon the pods or cut through the pedicels. This caused pod loss, the principle damage incurred by the plant. Larvae did not feed upon the foliage of lentils. Under field conditions, larvae occur primarily on weed hosts and move to lentils only when weeds senesce with maturity or desiccate after soil moisture declines. A population of one larva per 1,000 cm2 on lentils with green pods caused ca. 10% crop loss.
A Test of Effectiveness of Courseware in a College Biology Class

At Colorado State University we designed an experiment wherein approximately half of a class of 184 students in a semester, first-year biology class was placed in a traditional hands-on, experienti...
GENETIC, ACCLIMATIZATION, AND ONTOGENETIC EFFECTS ON HABITAT SELECTION BEHAVIOR IN DAPHNIA PULICARIA.

Daphnia pulicaria from three different populations were observed to express within-population variation in habitat-choice behavior in field assays. Individuals from different habitats (i.e., lake depths) were isolated and cultured as clonal lines under standard conditions. Habitat choices by clonal descendants were then estimated in the field, using replicate experimental columns. There was significant heritable and ontogenetic variation in habitat choice, but the heritable effect was small relative to the phenotypic variation of the original isolates. In a second set of experiments, D. pulicaria that were acclimatized to different habitats showed a strong tendency to choose the habitat to which they had been acclimatized. These data suggest that a given genotype can use a wide range of habitats, given appropriate acclimatization. Although genetic variation is significant, we hypothesize that natural selection on correlated ecological traits is more likely to maintain patterns of genotypic segregation among habitats in Daphnia.
Amylase in fallopian tubes.

SummaryAmylase levels in the Fallopian tubes of the human, cow, rabbit and sheep are greater than the corresponding serum levels, hence amylase must be produced in the tubes of these animals. Amylase is also found in the Fallopian tubes of the rat, dog, hog, guinea pig, cat and monkey but in lower concentrations than the corresponding sera. High levels of amylase are found in the fluids from cysts associated with human Fallopian tubes.
Shipping route choice across geographies: Coastal vs. landlocked countries

This paper investigates how geography and transportation costs influence the decisions by shippers of which port of export to use. Using a large sample of disaggregated shipments originating from several countries in Europe, we show that European logistics networks exhibit a low level of international integration that affects shipping route choice. Furthermore, we find significant differences in shipping behaviors across landlocked and coastal countries, with shippers in landlocked countries avoiding long land transportation, crossing borders readily, and placing more value on transportation infrastructure. These findings have implications in designing port competitiveness strategies and economic development policies in landlocked countries.
Processing and properties of 15-70 MHz 1-3 PZT fiber/polymer composites

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of fine scale piezoelectric composites with 1–3 connectivity using fibers derived from a metal alkoxide sol-gel process. Using this technique, pure thickness mode resonance for this type of composite has been increased from 15 MHz up to 70 MHz by maintaining pillar aspect ratio requirements. Piezoceramic fibers of Nb or La modified lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were produced with final diameters ranging from 15 to 50 µm.
An improved particle swarm optimization to handle constrained optimal problems

In this paper, constrained optimal problems are solved using particle swarm optimization. Owing to constrained conditions, searching space is not bulgy and particles are easy to be limited to local optimal. In view of chaos variables with a trait of random strolling, an improvement method is proposed, which is based on the variance of the population's fitness to mute. This improved method is of strong ability to avoid being trapped in later local minima and keep early fast speed. Through testing,this improved method proves feasible.
Design and Optimization of Power Quality Online Monitoring Database

Recently, online monitoring has become the main trend of power quality monitoring. As the pivot between front-end visit and underlying data, the database plays an important role in the power quality online monitoring system. With the data race up heavily, the database has become the bottleneck of the whole system, and it has severely affected the systemic user experience. This paper analyzes the features of the power quality online monitoring system and the database, then it designs database model. On the base of the analysis and the design, a series of optimized operations, such as the table partitioning, the buffer pools scheduling, the cross-platform migration of database and the row compression etc, are entered into force to the database model. Through elaborate design and optimization, the database performance has been enhanced obviously in all aspects and greatly improved the user experience.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Land Use on Reducing Personal Vehicle Miles of Travel: Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis in Austin, Texas

While voluminous empirical studies have examined the impact of land use on travel behavior, few have relied on longitudinal data and an analytical approach. With data from two activity travel surveys (1997 and 2006) conducted in Austin, Texas, this paper develops a longitudinal multilevel model for estimating the change in the effect of land use on vehicle miles of travel (VMT) over time and the long-range land use effect on VMT reduction. Results suggest that the influences of land use mixture and street density on VMT would vary between 2 years. The effects of VMT reduction on land use policies by raising population and street densities are salient in the short run but insignificant in the long run, whereas those of mixed-use policies are even larger in the long run. These findings validate the importance of longitudinal data and analysis in land use–travel studies and suggest that the short-run elasticity of land use derived from cross-sectional analyses may be inappropriate for assessing the long-run ...
A bio-inspired hybrid nanosack for graft vascularization at the omentum

Abstract For three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds, the major challenges of hydrogels are poor mechanical integrity and difficulty in handling during implantation. In contrast, electrospun scaffolds provide tunable mechanical properties and high porosity; but, are limited in cell encapsulation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a “hybrid nanosack” by combination of a peptide amphiphile (PA) nanomatrix gel and an electrospun poly (e-caprolactone) (ePCL) nanofiber sheet with porous crater-like structures. This hybrid nanosack design synergistically possessed the characteristics of both approaches. In this study, the hybrid nanosack was applied to enhance local angiogenesis in the omentum, which is required of tissue engineering scaffolds for graft survival. The ePCL sheet with porous crater-like structures improved cell and blood vessel penetration through the hybrid nanosack. The hybrid nanosack also provided multi-stage fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) release kinetics for stimulating local angiogenesis. The hybrid nanosack was implanted into rat omentum for 14 days and vascularization was analyzed by micro-CT and immunohistochemistry; the data clearly demonstrated that both FGF-2 delivery and porous crater-like structures work synergistically to enhance blood vessel formation within the hybrid nanosack. Therefore, the hybrid nanosack will provide a new strategy for engineering scaffolds to achieve graft survival in the omentum by stimulating local vascularization, thus overcoming the limitations of current strategies. Statement of Significance For three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds, the major challenges of hydrogels are poor mechanical integrity and difficulty in handling during implantation. In contrast, electrospun scaffolds provide tunable mechanical properties and high porosity; but, are limited in cell encapsulation. To overcome these limitations, we developed a “hybrid nanosack” by combination of a peptide amphiphile (PA) nanomatrix gel and an electrospun poly (e-caprolactone) (ePCL) nanofiber sheet with porous crater-like structures. This design synergistically possessed the characteristics of both approaches. In this study, the hybrid nanosack was applied to enhance local angiogenesis in the omentum, which is required of tissue engineering scaffolds for graft survival. The hybrid nanosack was implanted into rat omentum for 14 days and vascularization was analyzed by micro-CT and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrate that both FGF-2 delivery and porous crater-like structures work synergistically to enhance blood vessel formation within the hybrid nanosack. Therefore, the hybrid nanosack will provide a new strategy for engineering scaffolds to achieve graft survival in the omentum by stimulating local vascularization, thus overcoming the limitations of current strategies.
Interactive Historical Vignettes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the role of the nature of science in contemporary science teaching. A major component of science education reform is teaching the nature of science. If teachers are to actualize the reform goals, they must understand not only what scientists know, but also how science works. They ought to use research-tested instructional tools appropriate for this new task. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) proposes that scientific enterprise may be best illustrated by using historical examples of exceptional significance in the development of science. The imagination of research design and the excitement of discovery are also diminished by science teachers who offer mindless, step-by-step, failure-free laboratory activities that are intended to verify the lectures of the teachers. The science education literature has established the need for development of curriculum materials to facilitate the balanced inclusion of histories of science in existing science courses for non-science majors in order to teach the nature of science.
Gödel vs. aristotle: Algorithmic complexity, models of the Mind, and top representations

Brains learn much better than computers. But why? Is there a fundamental reason behind computers being slow learners? Often slow learning is described as computational complexity. This paper discusses that complexity of algorithms is as fundamental as Godelian incompleteness of logic. Although the Godel's theory is well recognized, its significance for engineering and modeling of the mind has not been appreciated. The mind-brain overcomes this fundamental difficulty, why computers cannot? I emphasize here that the reason is logical bases of machine learning. Aristotle explained that mind is not logical. The paper discusses that most neural networks and fuzzy systems require logical steps. A “nonlogical” mathematical theory overcoming computational complexity is described. It turns out to closely follow Aristotle's ideas. The new theory explains contents of the highest representations in the mind hierarchy, and related aesthetic emotions revealing the nature of the beautiful and the meaning of life. I discuss how it is possible that a non-logical mathematical technique can be computable, the function of logic in the mind, its relation to consciousness, and difficulties of understanding unconscious mechanisms.
Phase II study of dovitinib (TKI258) in patients with progressive metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma.

6021 Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon malignancy of secretory glands for which there is no standard systemic therapy. At least 90% of ACC tumors carry a t(6;9)(q22–23;p23–2...
What Art Thinks

This chapter explores Gilles Deleuze’s conceptualization of a “new image of thought” as a pre-subjective and non-representational process of thinking. As such, thinking is relocated outside the subject, thus reframing thinking not as the sole possession of a thinking subject, but as an emergent event occurring as a consequence of a “shock” that compels thought. Such a concept locates thoughts’ origins in the genetic conditions of experience. This chapter explores the consequences of Deleuze’s “new image of thought” as it pertains to understanding, creating, and teaching art.
Incorporating reaction-rate dependence in reaction-front models of wellbore-cement/carbonated-brine systems

Abstract Contact between wellbore cement and carbonated brine produces reaction zones that alter the cement's chemical composition and its mechanical properties. The reaction zones have profound implications on the ability of wellbore cement to serve as a seal to prevent the flow of carbonated brine. Under certain circumstances, the reactions may cause resealing of leakage pathways within the cement or at cement-interfaces; either due to fracture closure in response to mechanical weakening or due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate within the fracture. In prior work, we showed how mechanical sealing can be simulated using a diffusion-controlled reaction-front model that links the growth of the cement reaction zones to the mechanical response of the fracture. Here, we describe how such models may be extended to account for the effects of the calcite reaction-rate. We discuss how the relative rates of reaction and diffusion within the cement affect the precipitation of calcium carbonate within narrow leakage pathways, and how such behavior relates to the formation of characteristic reaction modes in the direction of flow. In addition, we compare the relative impact of precipitation and mechanical deformation on fracture sealing for a range of flow conditions and fracture apertures. We conclude by considering how the prior leaching of calcium from cement may influence the sealing behavior of fractures, and the implication of prior leaching on the ability of laboratory tests to predict long-term sealing.
Awareness of Language: Some Evidence from what Children Say and Do

Children begin to reflect on certain properties of language at an early age. They comment on their own growing linguistic abilities--for example, When I was a little girl I could go ‘geek-geek’ like that. But now I can go ‘This is a chair’,“ from a child aged 2;10 (Limber, 1973). They reject wrong pronunciations--for example, when a child teased his younger brother by mimicking his pronunciation of merry-go-round, “mewwy-go-wound,” the younger brother firmly corrected him, “No, you don’t say it wight” (Maccoby & Bee, 1965). And they comment on how others, usually younger children, speak--for example, a five-year old, hearing his brother pronounce spoon, asked their mother, “Why does he say coom?” (Weir, 1966, p. 164).
Neoliberalized) Collaborative Turn and Art Education

This chapter lays out the broader contexts from which collaboration comes to the foreground at this time and sounds a number of cautions against the collaborative turn as evidenced in the 21st Century Skills, new Finnish National Curriculum Framework, and cultural industries. Collaboration’s promotion is due to post-Fordist labor models and the rise of network structures. Within this nexus, collaboration maintains a democratic aura of a horizontal, decentralized platform for learning and creating that resists and subverts more restrictive vertical power structures. To flesh out these movements, I consider the model of project work within post-Fordist labor along with precarious, post-studio practices associated with the cultural and creative industries. I assert an appeal for the autonomy of collaboration within art education apart from entrepreneurial ends.
Future Work and Open Problems

Although this book has concentrated on the impacts of and solutions to temperature variation, future chip design will require a holistic approach to PVT variation. Process, voltage, and temperature variation each impose fundamental limits on circuit design which are fast approaching and will require a great deal of effort to overcome. The problems arising from the immense integration of nanoscale design will link each type of variation with the others; process variation will result in high-leakage components which will cause extreme local temperature variations; process and temperature variations will affect the amount of current flowing through each device, impacting voltage variations; temperature variation will result in advanced aging and changing process variation profiles, etc.
Mitochondria, oxidative damage and longevity: What can comparative biology teach Us?

The most studied theory of aging is the oxidative stress theory of aging, and evidence supporting or disputing the theory has come primarily from investigations using common model organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, and laboratory rodent models. However, studies using more non-traditional animal models offer an excellent opportunity to critically evaluate different aging hypotheses. The advantage of studying a broader spectrum of species is that one can significantly expand the amount of information obtained on a wide range of biological phenotypes/traits such as life span, body weight, and metabolic rate. In addition, the ultimate validity of a hypothesis/theory can be more critically tested using as many samples, in this case, species as possible. In this chapter we present evidence regarding different aspects of oxidative stress theory of aging with special emphasis on metabolic rate, reactive oxygen species generation, and oxidative damage to macromolecules. The purpose of the chapter is to initiate the integration of current knowledge and also to inspire readers to consider the advantages and power of using a comparative biology approach to study aging.
Second primary cancers in long-term survivors of glioblastoma

Background Overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma (GBM) is poor at an average of 14 to 18 months, and long-term survivors (LTS) of GBM are rare. LTS of GBM, defined as surviving >5 years postdiagnosis, represent only 2% to 10% of all GBM patients. LTS of cancer are at high risk of developing second primary neoplasms. This study looks at occurrences of second primary neoplasms in LTS of GBM. Methods Records from adult patients newly diagnosed with GBM between January 1, 1998 and February 8, 2010, were retrospectively reviewed to identify LTS, defined as patients who survived ≥5 years. We focused on the identification of a new diagnosis of cancer occurring at least 2 years after the initial GBM diagnosis. Results We identified 155 LTS of GBM, with a median OS of 11.0 years (95% CI: 9.0 to 13.1 years) and a median follow-up of 9.6 years (95% CI: 8.7 to 10.7 years). In this cohort of patients, 13 (8.4%) LTS of GBM developed 17 secondary cancers. Eight could potentially be attributed to previous radiation and chemotherapy (skin cancer in radiation field [n = 4], leukemia [n = 2], low-grade glioma [n = 1], and sarcoma of the scalp [n = 1]). The other 9 cases included melanoma (n = 2), prostate cancer (n = 2), bladder cancer (n = 1), endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n = 1), basal cell carcinoma (n = 1), and renal cell carcinoma (n = 1). Conclusions Although second primary cancers are rare in GBM LTS, providers should continue close monitoring with appropriate oncologic care. Moreover, this highlights the need for survivorship care of patients with GBM.
Enhancing Schwann cell migration using concentration gradients of laminin-derived peptides

Neuroregeneration following peripheral nerve injury is largely mediated by Schwann cells (SC), the principal glial cell that supports neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Axonal regeneration in vivo is limited by the extent of SC migration into the gap between the proximal and distal nerve, however, little is known regarding the principal driving forces for SC migration. Engineered microenvironments, such as molecular and protein gradients, play a role in the migration of many cell types, including cancer cells and fibroblasts. However, haptotactic strategies have not been applied widely to SC. Herein, a series of tethered laminin-derived peptides were analyzed for their influence on SC adhesion, proliferation, and alignment. Concentration gradient substrates were fabricated using a controlled vapor deposition method, followed by covalent peptide attachment via a thiol-ene reaction, and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and MALDI-MS imaging. While tethered RGD peptides supported SC adhesion and proliferation, concentration gradients of RGD had little influence on biased SC directional migration. In contrast, YIGSR promoted less SC attachment than RGD, yet YIGSR peptide gradients directed migration with a strong bias to the concentration profile. With YIGSR peptide, overall speed increased with the steepness of the peptide concentration profile. YIGSR gradients had no haptotactic effect on rat dermal fibroblast migration, in contrast to fibroblast migration on RGD gradients. The response of SC to these tethered peptide gradients will guide the development of translationally relevant constructs designed to facilitate endogenous SC infiltration into defects for nerve regeneration.
Using Relational Cultural Theory as a Pedagogical Approach for Counselor Education

In the article the authors will discuss core concepts of RCT in greater detail while relating these concepts to the counselor education classroom setting. There are many aspects of the counseling p...
Vignette element analysis for automated generation of vignettes in pharmacy education

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze and describe vignette elements and structure, and resulting difficulty, as a foundation for vignette construction in medical education, and ultimately automated vignette generation. Methods: Sixty-three vignettes representing a variety of disease states were sourced from the Objective Structured Clinical Experiences, published practice literature focused on pharmacy, and other training and assessment environments within the school. Three coders independently coded each vignette to identify underlying elements and structure. A consensus-building process was used by the coders to discuss and reconcile coding differences. Results: The coding process resulted in 36 vignette elements. The most common elements were age (n = 59, 93.6%), gender (n = 57, 90.5%), and medications (n = 54, 85.7%); others included race, medications, and chief complaint. Vignette structures and wording were found to be highly variable, with elements present in different magnitudes (range: 4–18 elements), being used with different descriptors, and given in different sequences. Conclusions: Vignette construction could benefit from further understanding of vignette structures and wording and their influence on the level of difficulty. This undertaking will allow educators to construct better vignettes for teaching and assessment to ensure that student performance accurately represents student knowledge and skills, rather than construct irrelevant variance due to vignette-level inconsistencies in content or structure. The defined elements and structure will also enable a systematic generation of vignettes for further consistency in teaching and assessment.
An Ordinance-Tweet Mining App to Disseminate Urban Policy Knowledge for Smart Governance

This paper focuses on how populations by the use of technology, more specifically an app, can comprehend the enactment of ordinances (local laws) in an urban area along with their public reactions expressed as tweets. Furthermore, they can understand how well the area is developing and enhancing as a Smart City. The main goal of this research is to develop an Ordinance-Tweet Mining App that disseminates the results of analyzing ordinances and tweets about them, especially related to Smart City Characteristics such as Smart Environment, Smart Mobility etc. This app would be beneficial to various users such as environmental scientists, policy makers, city committees as well as the common public in becoming more aware of legislative bodies, and possibly contributing in different aspects to make the urban area improve as a Smart City. This work fits the realm of Smart Governance due to transparency via public involvement.
A study on the lifecycle of flaky tests

During regression testing, developers rely on the pass or fail outcomes of tests to check whether changes broke existing functionality. Thus, flaky tests, which nondeterministically pass or fail on the same code, are problematic because they provide misleading signals during regression testing. Although flaky tests are the focus of several existing studies, none of them study (1) the reoccurrence, runtimes, and time-before-fix of flaky tests, and (2) flaky tests in-depth on proprietary projects. This paper fills this knowledge gap about flaky tests and investigates whether prior categorization work on flaky tests also apply to proprietary projects. Specifically, we study the lifecycle of flaky tests in six large-scale proprietary projects at Microsoft. We find, as in prior work, that asynchronous calls are the leading cause of flaky tests in these Microsoft projects. Therefore, we propose the first automated solution, called Flakiness and Time Balancer (FaTB), to reduce the frequency of flaky-test failures caused by asynchronous calls. Our evaluation of five such flaky tests shows that FaTB can reduce the running times of these tests by up to 78% without empirically affecting the frequency of their flaky-test failures. Lastly, our study finds several cases where developers claim they "fixed" a flaky test but our empirical experiments show that their changes do not fix or reduce these tests' frequency of flaky-test failures. Future studies should be more cautious when basing their results on changes that developers claim to be "fixes".
Equalization control strategy of medium voltage direct hanging energy storage system

The medium voltage direct hanging energy storage system has been widely used in high capacity applications, which gets rid of power frequency transformer and is of high conversion efficiency. This paper introduces the medium voltage direct hanging energy storage system topology scheme. In order to improve the battery life and capacity utilization, the in-phase and inter-phase battery equalization control strategies are studied. Finally, the simulation results on medium voltage direct hanging energy storage system prove the correctness and effectiveness of the equalization control strategy.
Ergodic Learning Algorithms

This chapter presents an analysis of general non-linear reward-penalty ergodic-N R-P E algorithms. The basic property that characterizes this class of algorithms is that all the states under this class of algorithms are non-absorbing. The now classic linear reward-penalty — LER−P algorithm is a special case of this algorithm. It is well known [C1] that this LER−P algorithm is only expedient. Using the theory of Markov processes that evolve by small steps [N14] a variety of characterizations of the process p(k) k ≥ 0 such as the evolution of the mean and variance and in fact its actual sample path behavior are given. As a by-product, it is proved that there exists a proper choice of parameters and functions such that the NER−P algorithm is e-optimal.
The Mangled Extremity: Osseointegration

Patients with amputations often fail to tolerate conventional sockets resulting in complications that cause pain, skin breakdown, and improper prosthesis fit. Osseointegration allows direct attachment of an external prosthesis to the skeleton providing enhanced biomechanical advantage as well as rehabilitation potential to the patient. Multiple percutaneous implant systems exist with varying level of clinical use internationally. The purpose of this chapter is to review the history of osseointegration, osseointegration technique, implant examples, published research, and reported outcomes.
Question Design Affects Students' Sense-Making on Mathematics Word Problems

Mathematics word problems provide students with an opportunity to apply what they are learning in their mathematics classes to the world around them. However, students often neglect their knowledge of the world and provide nonsensical responses (e.g., they may answer that a school needs 12.5 buses for a field trip). This study examined if the question design of word problems affects students' mindset in ways that affect subsequent sense-making. The hypothesis was that rewriting standard word problems to introduce inherent uncertainty about the result would be beneficial to student performance and sense-making because it requires students to reason explicitly about the context described in the problem. Middle school students (N = 229) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. In the standard textbook condition, students solved a set of six word problems taken from current textbooks. In the modified yes/no condition, students solved the same six problems rewritten so the solution helped answer a "yes" or "no" question. In the disfluency control condition, students solved the standard problems each rewritten in a variety of fonts to make them look unusual. After solving the six problems in their assigned condition, all students solved the same three "problematic" problems designed to assess sense-making. Contrary to predictions, results showed that students in the modified yes/no condition solved the fewest problems correctly in their assigned condition problem set. However, consistent with predictions, they subsequently demonstrated more sense-making on the three problematic problems. Results suggest that standard textbook word problems may be able to be rewritten in ways that mitigate a "senseless" mindset.
Tracking skin and immune cell interactions.

The distribution of skin immune cells, namely Langerhans cells (LCs) and dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), is well-documented, but the mechanisms underlying their pattern maintenance remained obscure. A study now finds that LCs maintain their distribution patterns depending upon Rac1 and that the density of LCs and DETCs is regulated by the density of epithelial cells.
IFT-A deficiency in juvenile mice impairs biliary development and exacerbates ADPKD liver disease.

Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterized by the growth of numerous biliary cysts and presents in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), causing significant morbidity. Interestingly, deletion of intraflagellar transport-B (IFT-B) complex genes in adult mouse models of ADPKD attenuates the severity of PKD and PLD. Here we examine the role of deletion of an IFT-A gene, Thm1, in PLD of juvenile and adult Pkd2 conditional knockout mice. Perinatal deletion of Thm1 resulted in disorganized and expanded biliary regions, biliary fibrosis, increased serum bile acids, and a shortened primary cilium on cytokeratin 19+ (CK19+) epithelial cells. In contrast, perinatal deletion of Pkd2 caused PLD, with multiple CK19+ epithelial cell-lined cysts, fibrosis, lengthened primary cilia, and increased Notch and ERK signaling. Perinatal deletion of Thm1 in Pkd2 conditional knockout mice increased hepatomegaly, liver necrosis, as well as serum bilirubin and bile acid levels, indicating enhanced liver disease severity. In contrast to effects in the developing liver, deletion of Thm1 alone in adult mice did not cause a biliary phenotype. Combined deletion of Pkd2 and Thm1 caused variable hepatic cystogenesis at 4 months of age, but differences in hepatic cystogenesis between Pkd2- and Pkd2;Thm1 knockout mice were not observed by 6 months of age. Similar to juvenile PLD, Notch and ERK signaling were increased in adult Pkd2 conditional knockout cyst-lining epithelial cells. Taken together, Thm1 is required for biliary tract development, and proper biliary development restricts PLD severity. Unlike IFT-B genes, Thm1 does not markedly attenuate hepatic cystogenesis, suggesting differences in regulation of signaling and cystogenic processes in the liver by IFT-B and -A. Notably, increased Notch signaling in cyst-lining epithelial cells may indicate that aberrant activation of this pathway promotes hepatic cystogenesis, presenting as a novel potential therapeutic target. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding the discussion on internal management of risk communication: A critique of the current risk communication literature:

The purpose of this paper is to build from the infrastructural approach to risk communication, rethink the internal management of risk communication, and critique the current literature’s discussio...
Abuses of the erotic: militarizing sexuality in the Post-Cold War United States: by Josh Cerretti, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 2019, 218 pp., $45.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4962-0556-8

In his thoroughly researched volume, Abuses of the Erotic, Josh Cerretti argues that the “War on Terror” could not have happened without the “militarization of sexualities” that preceded it in the ...
Bodily Experiences of Illness and Treatment as Information Work: The Case of Chronic Kidney Disease

CSCW has previously investigated the "information work" that patients do in relation to their health, illnesses, and treatments. Our study contributes to this ongoing stream of work by investigating the information work that chronically ill patients do in relation to their physical bodily experiences. We use an interpretivist approach and qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and observations) to examine how patients in a midwestern U.S. city carry out information work related to their bodily experiences of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Our findings highlight four themes related to such work: bodily experiences of CKD; making meaning of bodily experiences through experiential learning; communicating bodily experiences; and attuning daily life around bodily experiences. In so doing, we show how patients continuously engage in information work in relation to their bodily experiences. For example, we found participants experienced physical sensations such as pain, cramping, and extreme fatigue, which elicited complex labor, yet most patients received little education from health care professionals about what bodily sensations they might have and what these physical experiences might mean. While patients and clinicians worked collaboratively to adjust treatment based on bodily information, such collaborative adjustment often did not occur until patients learned to interpret and communicate bodily experiences through a difficult and physically painful "trial and error" learning process. Our empirical insights extend on the literature of information work that chronically ill patients do and inform design of information technologies and care processes for patients with chronic disease.
Advances Toward Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation

A common treatment for advanced stage Parkinsonism is the application of a periodic pulse stimulus to specific regions in the brain, also known as deep brain stimulation (or DBS). Almost immediately following this discovery, the idea of dynamically controlling the apparatus in a “closed-loop” or neuromodulatory capacity using neural activity patterns obtained in “real-time” became a fascination for many researchers in the field. However, the problems associated with the reliability of signal detection criteria, robustness across particular cases, as well as computational aspects, have delayed the practical realization of such a system. This review seeks to present many of the advances made toward closed-loop deep brain stimulation and hopefully provides some insight to further avenues of study toward this end.
Rabbit brain purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Physical and chemical properties. Inhibition studies with aminopterin, folic acid and structurally related compounds.

Abstract Rabbit brain purine nucleoside phosphorylase used in this study was purified 6000-fold to apparent homogeneity and a specific activity or 50 μmol min −1 mg −1 protein. A molecular weight of 70.000 daltons was determined for the native enzyme by gel filtration on Sephadex. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, gave a subunit molecular weight of 34,500 daltons, suggesting that the enzyme is dimeric with, probably, identical subunits. The relationship of the structure of certain biologically active substances to their inhibitory action on the enzyme was examined. Folic acid and the compound d,l -6-methyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine, with similar substituents on their primary ring structure, were competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. The inhibition constants calculated were 3.37 × 10 −5 M for folic acid and 3.80 × 10 −5 m for d,l -6-methyl 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine. Aminopterin and the purine analog 8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, with similar substituents on their primary ring structure, were noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Their respective inhibition constants were 1.50 × 10 −4 and 1.95 × 10 −4 m . Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine, an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, was also examined for inhibitory potency with mammalian purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and was observed to be a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme, with an inhibition constant of 1.90 × 10 −4 m . The Michaelis constant for the substrate guanosine was near 6.0 × 10 −5 m . Physical probe of the nature of the functional groups which participate in enzymic catalysis implicated both histidine and cysteine as the essential catalytic species. Photooxidation studies suggested a pH-dependent sensitivity of an essential catalytic group, and its probable location at the active site.
90 K SUPERCONDUCTING PHASE IN THE R-Tl-Sr-Cu-O SYSTEMS WITH R=RARE EARTHS

We have observed superconductivity at 90 K in the R-Tl-Sr-Cu-O systems with R=rare earths by resistance and ac susceptibility measurements. The 90 K phase (for R=Pr) can be assigned as a tetragonal Tl(Sr, Pr)3Cu2Ox with a unit cell of a=3.8629 ±0.0006 A and c=12.1671±0.0018 A. The formation of the 90 K phase depends on rare earths, nominal compositions, and preparation conditions.
Fluid resistance of composite roughness

A series of flume experiments was conducted to determine the composite resistance of different types of roughness opposing the flow of water through an open channel. Each of the roughness types investigated possessed a distinctive geometrical shape and each type contributed resistance to the flow. The different types of roughness were acting on the same surface and each could be assumed to be uniformly distributed over the surface. The combined or composite resistance was sought in terms of the resistances which the individual roughness types exerted. Within the range of the variables tested, it was found that the total resistance exerted by combined types of roughness is equal to the sum of the resistance forces exerted by each type individually.