cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridged polysilsesquioxanes: A molecular based approach for the synthesis of functional hybrid materials

Bridged polysilsesquioxanes (BPS) are a family of hybrid organic-inorganic materials prepared by sol-gel polymerization of molecular building blocks that contain a variable organic component and at least two trifunctional silyl groups. The resulting xerogels and aerogels have physical and mechanical properties that are strongly influenced by the organic bridging group. This talk focuses on the synthesis of functional bridged polysilsesquioxanes. Incorporation of functional groups that respond to chemical, photochemical, or thermal stimuli can provide handles for modifying bulk morphology and/or provide function. These materials can find use as ion exchange media, chromatographic stationary phases, photoresists and high capacity selective chemical absorbents.
The equations of quantum feedback control in the regime of good control

We derive the equations of motion describing the feedback control of quantum systemsin the regime of "good control", in which the control is sufficient to keep the systemclose to the desired state. One can view this regime as the quantum equivalent ofthe "linearized" regime for feedback control of classical nonlinear systems. Strikingly,while the dynamics of a single qubit in this regime is indeed linear, that of all largersystems remains nonlinear, in contrast to the classical case. As a first application ofthese equations, we determine the steady-state performance of feedback protocols for asingle qubit that use unbiased measurements.
High-Powered Jobs: Can Contraception Technology Explain Trends in Women's Occupational Choice?

The rate at which young women enter managerial /professional occupations began to rise steadily in the early1960s, when oral contraceptives first became available in the US. The fact that young mothers are comparatively rare in these occupations suggests that the advent of more effective contraception may have played an important role in the occupational trend. This paper develops a lifecycle model of contraception, abortion and occupational choice and calibrates the steady state to household survey data on contraception,pregnancy and fertility histories by occupation for the 1990s. Computational experiments are used to measure how much of the trends in occupation , women's LFP and the gender wage gap could be explained by the changes in birth-control technologies since 1960.
Assessing the distributional impact of public policy

Economic development necessarily changes the welfare of socioeconomic groups to various degrees, depending on differences in their social arrangements. The challenge for policymakers is to select the changes that will be most socially desirable. The author demonstrates the usefulness of distributional analysis for social evaluation and, more specifically, for welfare evaluation, using data from the 1994 Integrated Household Survey in Guinea. Because the international community has declared poverty eradication a fundamental objective of development, the author uses a poverty-focused approach to social evaluation based on the maximum principle. This principle offers a unifying framework for analyzing the socioeconomic impact of public policy by using a wide variety of evaluation functions, inequality indicators (like the extended Gini coefficient), and poverty indices (such as Sen's index and the members of the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family). The author also examines, within the context of commodity taxation, how to identify socially desirable policy options using both the dominance criterion and abbreviated social welfare functions. He includes computer routines for calculating various welfare indices and for plotting the relevant concentration curves.
Lead With Cash: Cash Flow For Corporate Renewal

Introduction Part I: Lead with Cash: Achieve Great Results by Identifying the Right Target Name the Team Cash and More CashA" Rationalize Costs Focusing on Cash Make Product Decisions Based on Cash Set Strategy with Cash Change the Culture to One Based on Cash Designing Cash Flow into Systems Creating Cash with Optimal Pricing Decisions Rethinking Capital Budgeting The Impact of Leverage: Examining Private Equity Part II: Cash Flow Basics Working Capital and Cash Flow The Statement of Cash Flows: Six Red Flags Cash Flow Details Part III: Reflections from Turnaround and Crisis Managers Biographies of Contributors.
Global War on Terrorism and Prosecution of Terror Suspects: Select Cases and Implications for International Law, Politics, and Security

The focus of this article is on the methods employed to confront terror suspects and terror facilitators. The objective is to raise questions about the policies that the United States have adopted in conducting the war on terrorism and study its implications for international law and security. It is to examine whether the overzealousness in the execution of this war on terror has generated some unintended consequences for international law and complicated the global judicial architecture in ways that are not conducive to the democratic propagation of human rights
Bayesian learning of joint distributions of objects

There is increasing interest in broad application areas in defining flexible joint models for data having a variety of measurement scales, while also allowing data of complex types, such as functions, images and documents. We consider a general framework for nonparametric Bayes joint modeling through mixture models that incorporate dependence across data types through a joint mixing measure. The mixing measure is assigned a novel infinite tensor factorization (ITF) prior that allows flexible dependence in cluster allocation across data types. The ITF prior is formulated as a tensor product of stick-breaking processes. Focusing on a convenient special case corresponding to a Parafac factorization, we provide basic theory justifying the flexibility of the proposed prior and resulting asymptotic properties. Focusing on ITF mixtures of product kernels, we develop a new Gibbs sampling algorithm for routine implementation relying on slice sampling. The methods are compared with alternative joint mixture models based on Dirichlet processes and related approaches through simulations and real data applications.
Accidental trauma complicating pregnancy and delivery.

Abstract 1. 1. Fifty-three instances of trauma in pregnancy and 23 of preconceptional trauma have been presented. 2. 2. There were 30 auto vehicle accidents, 5 penetrating wounds of the uterus (3 gunshot and 2 knife), 13 falls, and 3 severe beatings in pregnancy. 3. 3. The effect of pelvic fracture on pregnancy and delivery was reviewed. Thirteen pelvic fractures occurred during pregnancy and 22 prior to pregnancy. 4. 4. Six penetrating wounds of the gravid uterus were studied. One gunshot wound of the uterus which occurred prior to pregnancy was reported. 5. 5. Blunt abdominal trauma produced rupture of abdominal viscera in 5 women and placental separation in 2. No ruptured uteri were observed from blunt trauma. 6. 6. Fetal trauma was observed in 5 patients, and placental injury in 3. 7. 7. There were 2 maternal and 12 fetal deaths. 8. 8. Reference is given to the legal aspects of fetal injury in utero.
A HOL theory of euclidean space

We describe a formalization of the elementary algebra, topology and analysis of finite-dimensional Euclidean space in the HOL Light theorem prover. (Euclidean space is ${\mathbb R}^{N}$ with the usual notion of distance.) A notable feature is that the HOL type system is used to encode the dimension N in a simple and useful way, even though HOL does not permit dependent types. In the resulting theory the HOL type system, far from getting in the way, naturally imposes the correct dimensional constraints, e.g. checking compatibility in matrix multiplication. Among the interesting later developments of the theory are a partial decision procedure for the theory of vector spaces (based on a more general algorithm due to Solovay) and a formal proof of various classic theorems of topology and analysis for arbitrary N-dimensional Euclidean space, e.g. Brouwer's fixpoint theorem and the differentiability of inverse functions.
Solving Infinite Horizon Growth Models with an Environmental Sector

This paper concerns computational models in environmental economics and policy, particularly so-called integrated assessment models. For the most part, such models are simply extensions of standard neoclassical growth models, extended by including the environment and pollution generation. We review the structure of integrated assessment models, distinguishing between finite horizon and infinite horizon models, both deterministic and stochastic. We present a new solution algorithm for infinite horizon integrated assessment models, relying on a neural net approximation of the value function within an iterative version of the Bellman equation.
Asymptotic Expansion for Layer Solutions of a Singularly Perturbed Reaction-Diffusion System

For a singularly perturbed n-dimensional system of reaction– diffusion equations, assuming that the 0th order solutions possess boundary and internal layers and are stable in each regular and singular region, we construct matched asymptotic expansions for formal solutions in all the regular, boundary, internal and initial layers to any desired order in . The formal solution shows that there is an invariant manifold of wave-front-like solutions that attracts other nearby solutions. We also give conditions for the wave-front-like solutions to converge slowly to stationary solutions on that manifold.
Learning what works in its from non-traditional randomized controlled trial data

The well established, gold standard approach to finding out what works in education research is to run a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using a standard pre-test and post-test design. RCTs have been used in the intelligent tutoring community for decades to determine which questions and tutorial feedback work best. Practically speaking, however, ITS creators need to make decisions on what content to deploy without the luxury of running an RCT. Additionally, most log data produced by an ITS is not in a form that can be evaluated for learning effectiveness with traditional methods. As a result, there is much data produced by tutoring systems that we as education researchers would like to be learning from but are not. In prior work we introduced one approach to this problem: a Bayesian knowledge tracing derived method that could analyze the log data of a tutoring system to determine which items were most effective lbr learning among a set of items of the same skill. The method was validated by way of simulations. In the current work we further evaluate this method and introduce a second, learning gain, analysis method for comparison. These methods were applied to 11 experiment datasets that investigated the effectiveness of various forms of tutorial help in a web-based math tutoring system. We found that the tutorial help chosen by the Bayesian method as having the highest rate of learning agreed with the learning gain analysis in 10 out of 11 of the experiments. An additional simulation study is presented comparing the statistical power of each method given different sample sizes. The practical impact of this work is an abundance of knowledge about what works that can now be learned from the thousands of experimental designs intrinsic in datasets of tutoring systems that assign items or feedback conditions in an individually-randomized order.
Characteristic factors for commuting actions of amenable groups

We describe characteristic factors for certain averages arising from commuting actions of locally compact second-countable amenable groups. Under some ergodicity assumptions, we use these factors to prove a form of multiple recurrence for three such actions.
Host Country Welfare Effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Imports: An Application to the Processed Food Industry

In case of tariff-induced capital inflow, growth might be immiserizing, under certain assumptions for the host country. Higher levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) might be associated with higher wages and employment levels in a host country, justifying the forbearance of some countries to the immiserizing effects of FDI.
Appearance, inferences about credit quality and learning

Appearance and personal characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity and the way a person presents himself have been shown to play a role in many economic exchanges. Various explanations have been proposed for this finding, ranging from "statistical discrimination", where such variables are surrogates for unobservable characteristics related to the quality of the counterparty, to "taste-based discrimination", where one or both parties experience disutility from interacting with people belonging to certain groups. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literatures in this area and investigates whether individuals update their beliefs and attitudes toward such characteristics after they learn about outcomes.
Partitioned Tensor Products and Their Spectra

A pleasant family of graphs defined by Godsil and McKay is shown to have easily computed eigenvalues in many cases.
Some complexity considerations in the combination of belief networks

One topic that is likely to attract an increasing amount of attention within the Knowledge-base systems resesearch community is the coordination of information provided by multiple experts. We envision a situation in which several experts independently encode information as belief networks. A potential user must then coordinate the conclusions and recommendations of these networks to derive some sort of consensus. One approach to such a consensus is the fusion of the contributed networks into a single, consensus model prior to the consideration of any case-specific data (specific observations, test results). This approach requires two types of combination procedures, one for probabilities, and one for graphs. Since the combination of probabilities is relatively well understood, the key barriers to this approach lie in the realm of graph theory. This paper provides formal definitions of some of the operations necessary to effect the necessary graphical combinations, and provides complexity analyses of these procedures. The paper's key result is that most of these operations are NP- hard, and its primary message is that the derivation of "good" consensus networks must be done heuristically.
Nutritional Concerns of Women

Women's Health and Nutrition Research: U.S. Govermental Interests, N.B. Cummings Major Diet Related Risk Factors for Women, S.H. Mitmesser and P. Carr New! Gender, Culture, and Nutrition, C.M. Cook and R.M. Cook New! Nutritional Needs of Female Adolescents, J. Stang and R. Hayes-Bohn Premenstrual Syndrome - Nutritional Implications, J.S. Ruud and B. Taub-Dix Nutritional Guidelines during Pregnancy and Lactation, Y. Cartwright and M. Story Hormonal Oral Contraception and Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals, P.G. Masse and C.C. Tranchant New! Menopause and Nutrition, J.C. Lovejoy and M. Hamilton Older Women: Nutritional Considerations, H. Smiciklas-Wright, J.H. Ledikwe, G.L. Jensen, and J.M. Friedman Eating Disorders: Metabolic Complications and Therapy, K.K. Hill, D.B. Hill, L. Gaetke, M.P. McClain, and C.J. McClain Nutritional Anemias, L.M. Bodnar, K.S. Scanlon, and M.E. Cogswell Diet and Osteoporosis, J.J.B. Anderson Nutritional Issues of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, D. Klimis-Zacas, A.Z. Kalea, and I. Wolinsky New! Diabetes - A Women's Disease? C.D. Berdanier New! Nutrition in Musculoskeletal and Rheumatic Diseases, T.O. Utset New! Thyroid Hormones in Health and Disease, C. Berdanier Nutritional Factors in Women's Cancers: Breast, Cervical, Endometrial and Ovarian, B.C. Pence New! Women and Weight: A Model-Based Perspective, E.S. Parham and A.A. White Nutritional Concerns of Female Recreational Athletes, G.R. Jackson New! Nutrition and Vegetarianism, S. Rajaram, P.A. Dyett, and J. Sabate Nutrition Issues of Women in the Armed Forces, N. King, C.Baker-Fulco, and E.W. Askew
Compact range property and operators on C^*-algebras

We prove that a Banach space E has the compact range property (CRP) if and only if, for any given C*-algebra A, every absolutely summing operator from A into E is compact. Related results for p-summing operators (0 < p < 1) are also discussed as well as operators on non-commutative Llspaces and C*-summing operators.
The Relative Performance of In-Sample and Out-of-Sample Hedging Effectiveness Indicators

Hedging effectiveness is the proportion of price risk removed through hedging. Empirical hedging studies typically estimate a set of risk minimizing hedge ratios, estimate the hedging effectiveness statistic, apply the estimated hedge ratios to a second group of data, and examine the robustness of the hedging strategy by comparing the hedging effectiveness for this "out-of-sample" period to the "in-sample" period. This study focuses on the statistical properties of the in-sample and out-of-sample hedging effectiveness estimators. Through mathematical and simulation analysis we determine the following: (a) the R2 for the hedge ratio regression will generally overstate the amount of price risk reduction that can be achieved by hedging, (b) the properly computed hedging effectiveness in the hedge ratio regression will also generally overstate the true amount of risk reduction that can be achieved, (c) hedging effectiveness estimated in the out-of-sample period will generally understate the true amount of risk reduction that can be achieved, (d) for equal numbers of observations, the overstatement in (b) is less that the understatement in (c), (e) both errors decline as more observations are used, and (f) the most accurate approach is to use all of the available data to estimate the hedge ratio and effectiveness and to not hold any data back for hedge strategy validation. If structural change in the hedge ratio model is suspected, tests for parameter equality have a better statistical foundation that do tests of hedging effectiveness equality.
The Right to Risk

(1978). The Right to Risk. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, Including Leisure Today, pp. 47-48.
Distinct roles for p53 transactivation and repression in preventing UCN-01-mediated abrogation of DNA damage-induced arrest at S and G2 cell cycle checkpoints

4424 The topoisomerase I inhibitor SN38 blocks cell cycle progression primarily in S and G2 in a p53-independent manner. The Chk1 inhibitor 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) abrogates this arrest preferentially in p53-defective cells, driving them through a lethal mitosis. The precise mechanism by which p53 contributes to the maintenance of S and G2 arrest is not well understood. To investigate the role of p53 in checkpoint regulation, we previously generated the MCF10A/EB cell line by expressing the p53 tetramerization domain in the p53 wildtype MCF10A breast cell line. Both cell lines arrest in S and G2 in response to SN38, p53 accumulates and is phosphorylated on Ser15 and Ser20, but p21waf1 only increases in the MCF10A cells. Upon addition of UCN-01, the MCF10A cells remain arrested in S phase while the MCF10A/EB cells abrogate S but not G2 arrest. The failure to abrogate G2 arrest is attributed to the repression of cyclin B suggesting that the p53 repressor function is retained. To further investigate the impact of p53 on checkpoint regulation, we have now generated MCF10A/Δp53 cells in which p53 is repressed by siRNA. These cells also arrest in S and G2 in response to SN38 treatment, but upon addition of UCN-01, they abrogate both S and G2 arrest. The cells accumulate cyclin B indicating that the p53 repressor function is lost. These results confirm the role of p53 in protecting cells from checkpoint inhibitors. To determine whether the effects seen in the MCF10A/EB cells are due to clonal variation, we generated multiple independent cell lines expressing the p53 tetramerization domain. These cells also arrested in S and G2 in response to SN38 treatment and had attenuated induction of p21. In response to UCN-01, variable responses were observed with some lines abrogating only S phase arrest while others abrogated S and G2 arrest. These differences may be due to varying levels of expression of the transgene. While the consensus sequence for p53-mediated induction contains a repeated element in a head-to-tail orientation, the cyclin B promoter contains a repeated element in a head-to-head orientation. Chk1 is also repressed in a p53-dependent manner, and its promoter contains only a single head-to-head element. These novel elements are unlikely to bind tetramers, but may instead bind dimers. It is possible that low levels of the transfected tetramerization domain may prevent formation of tetramers and thereby inhibit p53-mediated induction, but still permit dimerization and thereby repression of certain genes. High levels of the transgene may also prevent dimerization and thereby overcome p53-mediated repression. This possibility is consistent with the observed results and is currently under further investigation.
A WHALE OF A GOOD TIME: EXPLORING FLEXIBILITY IN THE RECREATION DEMAND MODEL

This research seeks to produce more robust, less biased estimates from the two-constraint recreation demand model by applying globally flexible estimation techniques to travel cost data for California whale watching trips. While locally flexible functional forms do improve upon previously used restrictive forms imposed for estimation of travel cost models, specification errors occur unless the chosen form happens to coincide with the true unknown underlying form. A globally flexible functional form can consistently approximate the true function and its derivatives for all points in the sample range. This paper seeks to reduce specification error and improve accuracy of estimates from the two-constraint recreation demand model by using a globally flexible functional form. The empirical model is based on a construction by Chalfant (1987), which combines Deaton and Muellbauer's AIDS model with the Fourier flexible form of Gallant. The resulting functional form preserves the aggregation properties of the PIGLOG class of preferences while approximating the true function within an arbitrary degree of precision. A comparison of model estimation results shows that the locally flexible AIDS model results in specification error. Further research of an extension of the model, which combines travel cost data with contingent valuation responses to hypothetical population enhancements, is briefly discussed.
Mathematical Biology, Overview

Mathematical biology has become a flourishing field in which real mathematics combines with real biology. The most distinctive contribution of mathematics to biology lies, not in simulation, but in proving theorems about models that, although simplified, are biologically adequate. Five examples are selected as examples; illustrating diverse ways that mathematical reasoning can enhance our understanding of biological systems. Keywords: mathematical biology; neuronal oscillations; mutation; genetic polymorphisms; epidemics; chaos; aortic valve; DNA topology
Three legal frameworks for regulating genetic technology.

The law uses three frameworks to regulate genetic technology: (1) Individual Rights and Duties; (2) Scientific Regulation by Administrative Agencies; and (3) Legislative Preemption. Each framework is invoked by a different decisionmaker, and each imposes a different level of scrutiny over genetic technology. Actions to enforce Individual Rights and Duties are initiated by individuals. This framework involves the lowest level of government oversight over genetic technology. The core of this approach is to establish legal rights for individual citizens under the traditional sources of law: the common law, specific remedial statutes, and the Constitution. Under this framework people are free to act unless and until they harm others. The law makes no attempt to prevent harm other than to deter it by acknowledging the right of an affected person to sue for damages. Scientific Regulation is conducted by administrative agencies, and results in a higher level of scrutiny over genetic technology. This is currently the most common form of regulating the biotechnology industry in the United States. However, our national experience has not resulted in a very strict level of administrative oversight. Administrative regulations take years to develop, the agencies bear the burden of justifying the regulations in court, and agency policy is subject to reversal by each new Presidential administration. Adding to the difficulty is that administrative agencies in the United States have had to act under existing laws that have not been amended to deal with the novel challenges of genetic technology. The highest level of oversight, Legislative Preemption, is essentially hostile to genetic technology, and would severely restrict the application of this new science. The fundamental precept of this framework is "safety first" - the precautionary principle. Under this regulatory framework the government - usually the legislative branch - forbids or severely limits the development and application of new technology until it is proven safe. But because we do not yet know all of the consequences of genetic technology - because it cannot be proven safe in advance - this type of precautionary legislation often operates as a virtual ban. Each legal framework plays a critical role in regulating genetic technology. Individual rights must be protected, industries must be regulated, and exploitative or dangerous practices banned. Furthermore, observers have identified a number of reforms that should be adopted within each framework. The law must enhance individual autonomy by more clearly recognizing rights to genetic privacy and nondiscrimination. A more comprehensive regulatory framework should be adopted, with stricter controls over the applications of genetic technology, and stronger protections for human safety. Finally, legislative bans should be considered against exploitative and dangerous experiments.
Understanding child labor beyond poverty : the structure of the economy, social norms, and no returns to rural basic education

Child labor is pervasive across sub-Saharan Africa. The common assumption is that monetary poverty is its most important cause. This paper investigates this hypothesis with empirical evidence by exploring structural, geographic, monetary, demographic, cultural, seasonal and school-supply factors simultaneously that can influence child labor. It is a first attempt in the literature to combine quantitative with qualitative methods to identify a broader range of potential factors—on the demand- and supply-side and at the micro and macro levels—for why children work in agrarian economies like Ghana. Interviews with the Minister of Education and with children enrich the multivariate regression results. The multiple sources of child labor appear to include, in particular, the structure of the economy, social norms and no returns to rural basic education. Policy responses are outlined especially on the demand side that are needed to help reduce harmful child labor that affects children's education and later opportunities.
Agricultural Adaptation to a Changing Climate: Economic and Environmental Implications Vary by U.S. Region

Global climate models predict increases over time in average temperature worldwide, with significant impacts on local patterns of temperature and precipitation. The extent to which such changes present a risk to food supplies, farmer livelihoods, and rural communities depends in part on the direction, magnitude, and rate of such changes, but equally importantly on the ability of the agricultural sector to adapt to changing patterns of yield and productivity, production cost, and resource availability. Study findings suggest that, while impacts are highly sensitive to uncertain climate projections, farmers have considerable flexibility to adapt to changes in local weather, resource conditions, and price signals by adjusting crops, rotations, and production practices. Such adaptation, using existing crop production technologies, can partially mitigate the impacts of climate change on national agricultural markets. Adaptive redistribution of production, however, may have significant implications for both regional land use and environmental quality.
Near complete violation of detailed balance in thermal radiation

We introduce general principles for maximally violating detailed balance in thermal radiation. We validate these principles by direct calculations, based on fluctuational electrodynamics, on thermal emitters constructed from magneto-optical photonic crystals.
Optimization with parity constraints: from binary codes to discrete integration

Many probabilistic inference tasks involve summations over exponentially large sets. Recently, it has been shown that these problems can be reduced to solving a polynomial number of MAP inference queries for a model augmented with randomly generated parity constraints. By exploiting a connection with max-likelihood decoding of binary codes, we show that these optimizations are computationally hard. Inspired by iterative message passing decoding algorithms, we propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation for the problem, enhanced with new sparsification techniques to improve decoding performance. By solving the ILP through a sequence of LP relaxations, we get both lower and upper bounds on the partition function, which hold with high probability and are much tighter than those obtained with variational methods.
Measurements of the effects of thermal contact resistance on steady state heat transfer in phosphoric-acid fuel cell stack

The influence of the thermal contact resistance on the heat transfer between the electrode plates, and the cooling system plate in a phosphoric-acid fuel-cell stack was experimentally investigated. The investigation was conducted using a set-up that simulates the operating conditions prevailing in a phosphoric acid fuel-cell stack. The fuel-cell cooling system utilized three types of coolants, water, engine oil, and air, to remove excess heat generated in the cell electrode and to maintain a reasonably uniform temperature distribution in the electrode plate. The thermal contact resistance was measured as a function of pressure at the interface between the electrode plate and the cooling system plate. The interface pressure range was from 0 kPa to 3448 kPa, while the Reynolds number for the cooling limits varied from 15 to 79 for oil, 1165 to 6165 for water, and 700 to 6864 for air. Results showed that increasing the interface pressure resulted in a higher heat transfer coefficient.
An Improved Synthesis of 2-(β-Bromoethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, a Useful Methyl Vinyl Ketone Equivalent

Abstract A general method for the formation of β-bromo-ketals, and its application to an improved synthesis of 2-(β-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, a useful methyl vinyl ketone equivalent, in 82% yield, are described.
Las prácticas de "doble rol" en los gobiernos corporativos de empresas chilenas

Este proyecto es una investigacion exploratoria acerca de las malas practicas de los gobiernos corporativos asociadas al «doble rol» que asumen ciertos actores (shareholder o stakeholder) en una empresa privada o publica (total o parcialmente de propiedad del Estado). Se pretende detectar las distintas formas genericas que pueden adoptar estas malas practicas, ademas de explorar las percepciones positivas o negativas que estas generan en los actores del ambito empresarial o institucional chileno. Seguidamente, se examinan las distintas alternativas para enfrentarlas (ya sea disminuyendo su probabilidad de ocurrencia o eliminandolas), con la finalidad de mejorar las practicas de gobierno corporativo en Chile. This project is an exploratory investigation on the malpractices of corporate government associated with the «double role» that some shareholders assume in a private or public company (totally or partially state-owned). We will try to discover the various generic forms that these malpractices adopt, as well as explore the positive or negative perceptions that they generate on the Chilean corporate or institutional shareholders. Next, we will examine various alternatives to confront them (by reducing their occurrence or eliminating them) in order to improve the practices of corporate government in Chile.
Negative-ion states

Negative ions play important roles in many areas of photophysics and photochemistry. Negative ions can be produced directly by photodissociation of molecules through ion-pair production, or indirectly via charge exchange between photoexcited species and electronegative atoms or molecules. The most vivid illustration of the importance of negative ions in photophysics is to be found in the radiation emitted by the sun. The solar spectrum exhibits an intense self-absorption for wavelengths longer than 5000 A. In 1939, Wildt [1] showed that H- might exist in the solar atmosphere in sufficient concentrations to be the main source of opacity in the infrared region of the solar spectrum. In order to explain the absorption over the entire infrared region, it is necessary to take into account both photodetachment of H- and the so-called free-free absorption in which an electron makes a transition between two continuum states in the field of an H atom.
Photoionization Dynamics of Excited Molecular States

Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) utilizes tunable dye lasers to ionize an atom or molecule by first preparing an excited state by multiphoton absorption and then ionizing that state before it can decay. This process is highly selective with respect to both the initial and resonant intermediate states of the target, and it can be extremely sensitive. In addition, the products of the REMPI process can be detected as needed by analyzing the resulting electrons, ions, fluorescence, or by additional REMPI. This points to a number of opportunities for exploring excited state physics and chemistry at the quantum-state-specific level. Here we will first give a brief overview of the large variety of experimental approaches to excited state phenomena made possible by REMPI. Then we will examine in more detail, recent studies of the three photon resonant, four photon (3+1) ionization of H2 via the C 1Πu state. Strong non-Franck-Condon behavior in the photoelectron spectra of this nominally simple Rydberg state has led to the examination of a variety of dynamical mechanisms. Of these, the role of doubly excited autoionizing states now seems decisive. Progress on photoelectron studies of autoionizing states in H2, excited in a (2+1) REMPI process via the E,F 1Σ g + will also be briefly discussed.
Genetics, paleontology, and macroevolution

An engaging area of biology for more than a century, the study of macroevolution continues to offer profound insight into our understanding of the tempo of evolution and of the evolution of biological diversity. What regulates biological diversity and its historical development? Can it be explained by natural selection alone? Has geologic history regulated the tempo of diversification? This expanded and updated second edition offers a comprehensive look at macroevolution and its underpinnings, with a primary emphasis on animal evolution. From a Neodarwinian point of view, it integrates evolutionary processes at all levels to explain the diversity of animal life. It examines a wide range of topics including genetics and speciation, development and evolution, the constructional and functional aspects of form, fossil lineages, and systematics, and it takes a hard look at the Cambrian explosion. Researchers and graduate students will find this book a most comprehensive examination of macroevolution.
Chiral symmetry and the nucleon-nucleon interaction

We review how nuclear forces emerge from low-energy quantum chromodynamics (QCD) via chiral effective field theory (EFT). During the past two decades, this approach has evolved into a powerful tool to derive nuclear two- and many-body forces in a systematic and model-independent way. We then focus on the nucleon-nucleon (N N) interaction and show in detail how, governed by chiral symmetry, the long- and intermediate-range of the N N potential builds up order by order. We proceed up to sixth order in small momenta, where convergence is achieved. The final result allows for a full assessment of the validity of the chiral EFT approach to the N N interaction.
Periods of mirrors and multiple zeta values

In a recent paper, A. Libgober showed that the multiplicative sequence {Q i (c 1 ,…,c i )} of Chern classes corresponding to the power series Q(z) = Γ(1 + z) -1 appears in a relation between the Chern classes of certain Calabi-Yau manifolds and the periods of their mirrors. We show that the polynomials Q i can be expressed in terms of multiple zeta values.
Random deviates from the DIPOLE distribution

The function subprogram DIPOLE, written by Robert E. Knop of the Physics Department, The Florida State University at Tallahassee FL 32306, returns a random deviate -∞
A PCP characterization of AM

We introduce a 2-round stochastic constraint-satisfaction problem, and show that its approximation version is complete for (the promise version of) the complexity class AM. This gives a "PCP characterization" of AM analogous to the PCP Theorem for NP. Similar characterizations have been given for higher levels of the Polynomial Hierarchy, and for PSPACE; however, we suggest that the result for AM might be of particular significance for attempts to derandomize this class. To test this notion, we pose some hypotheses related to our stochastic CSPs that (in light of our result) would imply collapse results for AM. Unfortunately, the hypotheses may be over-strong, and we present evidence against them. In the process we show that, if some language in NP is hard-on-average against circuits of size 2Ω(n), then there exist "inapproximable-on-average" optimization problems of a particularly elegant form. All our proofs use a powerful form of PCPs known as Probabilistically Checkable Proofs of Proximity, and demonstrate their versatility. We also use known results on randomness-efficient soundness- and hardnessamplification. In particular, we make essential use of the Impagliazzo-Wigderson generator; our analysis relies on a recent Chernoff-type theorem for expander walks.
Localized Structures In Pattern-Forming Systems

A number of mechanisms that lead to the confinement of patterns to a small part of a translationally symmetric pattern-forming system are reviewed: nonadiabatic locking of fronts, global coupling and conservation laws, dispersion, and coupling to additional slow modes via gradients. Various connections with experimental results are made.
Debugging distributed shared memory applications

A debugger is a crucial part of any programming system, and is especially crucial for those supporting a parallel programming paradigm, like OpenMP. A parallel, relaxed-consistency, distributed shared memory (DSM) system presents unique challenges to a debugger for several reasons: 1) the local copies of a given variable are not always consistent between distributed machines, so directly accessing the variable in the local memory by the debugger won't always work as expected; 2) if the DSM and debugger both modify page protections, they will likely interfere with each other; and 3) since a large number of SIGSEGVs occur as part of the normal operation of a DSM program, a program error producing a SIGSEGV may be missed. In this paper, we discuss these problems and propose solutions.
Probabilistic Backpropagation for Scalable Learning of Bayesian Neural Networks

Large multilayer neural networks trained with backpropagation have recently achieved state-of-the-art results in a wide range of problems. However, using backprop for neural net learning still has some disadvantages, e.g., having to tune a large number of hyperparameters to the data, lack of calibrated probabilistic predictions, and a tendency to overfit the training data. In principle, the Bayesian approach to learning neural networks does not have these problems. However, existing Bayesian techniques lack scalability to large dataset and network sizes. In this work we present a novel scalable method for learning Bayesian neural networks, called probabilistic backpropagation (PBP). Similar to classical backpropagation, PBP works by computing a forward propagation of probabilities through the network and then doing a backward computation of gradients. A series of experiments on ten real-world datasets show that PBP is significantly faster than other techniques, while offering competitive predictive abilities. Our experiments also show that PBP provides accurate estimates of the posterior variance on the network weights.
Time-Like Graphical Models

We study continuous processes indexed by a special family of graphs. Processes indexed by vertices of graphs are known as probabilistic graphical models. In 2011, Burdzy and Pal proposed a continuous version of graphical models indexed by graphs with an embedded time structure -- so called time-like graphs. We extend the notion of time-like graphs and find properties of processes indexed by them. In particular, we solve the conjecture of uniqueness of the distribution for the process indexed by graphs with infinite number of vertices. We provide a new result showing the stochastic heat equation as a limit of the sequence of natural Brownian motions on time-like graphs. In addition, our treatment of time-like graphical models reveals connections to Markov random fields, martingales indexed by directed sets and branching Markov processes.
Motion Perception in Glaucoma

PURPOSE. This study was performed to investigate motion perception in patients with glaucoma. METHODS. A random dot motion test was used to measure three aspects of central motion perception: minimum displacement threshold (Dmin), maximum displacement threshold (Dmax), and coherence threshold (signal to noise). Motion perception was assessed in 15 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, 23 low-risk patients in whom glaucoma was suspected, and 24 age-matched normal subjects. RESULTS. Central motion perception was significantly impaired in patients with glaucoma; in particular, the Dmin was nearly twice that for the normal subjects (glaucoma mean, -0.27 +/- 0.24 log minutes of arc; normal mean, -0.56 +/- 0.13 log minutes of arc; F = 21.79, P < 0.001). Furthermore, Dmin values fell outside the normal range in 10 of the 15 patients with glaucoma, despite normal visual acuity and normal foveal perimetric thresholds. Coherence thresholds and Dmax did not discriminate between patients with glaucoma and normal subjects. Dmin was not correlated with any indices of perimetric sensitivity, and none of the tests of motion perception showed any abnormalities in patients in whom glaucoma was suspected. CONCLUSIONS. Central motion perception can be affected in glaucoma and may reflect preferential damage to larger retinal ganglion cells. Future work will measure Dmin in a larger population of patients with suspected glaucoma and those with glaucoma, and investigate peripheral motion perception in glaucoma.
Stochastic geologic effects on near-field ground motions in alluvium

Analysis of accelerograms recorded at the 20 m range from a buried 5-lb detonation in alluvium revealed wide (as large as 20 dB in the amplitude modulus of the Fourier transform) variations in response for frequencies above 35 Hz. Additional experiments were performed which ruled out source asymmetry or instrumental irregularity as the cause of these variations. The observations suggest that scattering by geologic inhomogeneity is responsible for the frequency-dependent spatial variability in ground motion. A thorough understanding of the physical processes responsible for this variability requires that a quantitative relationship be established between the subsurface material property information and the observed ground motion characteristics. An attempt was made to do this using available standard penetration test data from the test bed where the initial experiment was detonated. Autocorrelations of the blow count data from the standard penetration test were computed and compared with theoretical exponential and Gaussian distributions. The exponential distribution with a scale length between 2.0 and 3.0 m best matches the data. Assuming the Born approximation, a scale length of 2.0 to 3.0 m implies that significant scattering should occur above 10 Hz. The recorded ground motions are, however, coherent out to about 35 Hz, suggesting a scale length on the order of 0.5 to 1.0 m, which is beyond the resolution of the standard penetration test technique. This scale length is, however, not unreasonable in light of the general geologic characteristics of the test area.
Worldline approach to semi-classical conformal blocks

We extend recent results on semi-classical conformal blocks in 2d CFT and their relation to 3D gravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence. We consider four-point functions with two heavy and two light external operators, along with the exchange of a light operator. By explicit computation, we establish precise agreement between these CFT objects and a simple picture of particle worldlines joined by cubic vertices propagating in asymptotically AdS3 geometries (conical defects or BTZ black holes). We provide a simple argument that explains this agreement.
Time domain solutions for a coasting beam with impedance feedback

Time domain solutions for a coasting beam interacting with a longitudinal or transverse impedance are presented. The treatment is limited to first order perturbation theory, but it includes Landau damping. >
Purity of equivalued affine Springer fibers

The affine Springer fiber corresponding to a regular integral equivalued semisimple element admits a paving by vector bundles over Hessenberg varieties and hence its (Borel-Moore) homology is "pure".
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the major salivary glands: A population-level study of 509 cases

Objectives/Hypothesis We sought to better characterize patient, tumor, and long-term survival characteristics of basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCAC) of the major salivary glands with the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Study Design Retrospective database review of the NCDB (1998–2012). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the NCDB for all cases of major salivary gland BCAC with histologic code 8147/3. Relevant demographic, tumor, and survival variables were extracted and analyzed. COX multivariate regression was performed to identify prognosticators. Results Out of 36,224 major salivary gland cancers in the NCDB, we found 509 cases of BCAC (1.4%), 88% of which were in the parotid glands, 11.2% in the submandibular glands, and 0.8% in the sublingual glands. Age at diagnosis ranged from 18 to 92 years (average 64). No gender preference was found (50.7% male). Most tumors were 2 to 4 cm in size (47.3%). Regional (11.9%) and distant metastasis (1.8%) were uncommon. Overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 79% and 62%, respectively. Although numerous variables were found to significantly impact survival on univariate regression analysis, only age ≥ 65 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–4.19; P < 0.001) and high primary tumor (T)-stage (HR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.16–2.95; P = 0.010) remained significant prognosticators in our multivariate model. For high T-stage disease, surgery with radiation had significantly better survival than surgery alone. Conclusion Basal cell adenocarcinoma is a rare salivary malignancy with a good prognosis. Regional and distant metastasis were uncommon. Radiation with surgery may help for higher T-stage disease. Old age and high T-stage were significant predictors of worse survival. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015