cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genetic architecture of a complex ecological trait: host plant use in the specialist moth, Heliothis subflexa.

We used genetic mapping to examine the genetic architecture of differences in host plant use between two species of noctuid moths, Heliothis subflexa, a specialist on Physalis spp., and its close relative, the broad generalist H. virescens. We introgressed H. subflexa chromosomes into the H. virescens background and analyzed 1,462 backcross insects. The effects of H. subflexa-origin chromosomes were small when measured as the percent variation explained in backcross populations (0.2 to 5%), but were larger when considered in relation to the interspecific difference explained (1.5 to 165%). Most significant chromosomes had effects on more than one trait, and their effects varied between years, sexes, and genetic backgrounds. Different chromosomes could produce similar phenotypes, suggesting that the same trait might be controlled by different chromosomes in different backcross populations. It appears that many loci of small effect contribute to the use of Physalis by H. subflexa. We hypothesize that behavioral changes may have paved the way for physiological adaptation to Physalis by the generalist ancestor of H. subflexa and H. virescens.
SV119-Gold Nanocage Conjugates: A New Platform for Targeting Cancer Cells via Sigma-2 Receptors

We have functionalized the surface of gold nanocages with SV119, a synthetic small molecule specific to sigma-2 receptors, and then demonstrated the capability of this new class of conjugates for targeting cancer cells.
Petrogenesis and structure of the Buck Creek mafic-ultramafic suite, southern Appalachians: Constraints on ophiolite evolution and emplacement in collisional orogens

Integration of detailed field, petrological, structural, and geochemical observations of the Buck Creek mafic-ultramafic suite, which is among the larger southern Appalachian ultramafic exposures, points to an igneous origin as a mid-ocean-ridge cumulate massif, with subsequent emplacement in a deep subduction-zone setting. These results help to clarify the unresolved role of “alpine-type” ultramafic bodies in the southern Appalachians, a problem complicated by their generally small and fragmented nature and by significant tectonic overprinting. As an ophiolite fragment, the Buck Creek rocks are unusual in their preservation of relatively high-pressure, anhydrous conditions, and thus they provide constraints on mechanisms of ophiolite emplacement. Field support for a cumulate origin for the Buck Creek suite includes centimeter- to meter-scale interlayering of dunite, troctolite, anorthosite, and spinel-rich layers, and local gradation between Buck Creek troctolitic rocks and surrounding amphibolites. Relict anorthitic plagioclase, forsteritic olivine, and augitic clinopyroxene define a “cumulate triangle” on an MgO versus Al 2 O 3 diagram: meta-troctolite and meta-dunite compositions define a linear array between olivine and plagioclase compositions, and many amphibolites fall within this triangle, reflecting gabbroic protoliths. The relatively abundant troctolite cumulates, scarce pyroxene in the ultramafic rocks, and the high Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 and low Cr numbers in spinel best match LOT- or L-type (lherzolite) ophiolites, consistent with crystallization in a slow-spreading mid-ocean-ridge setting. Sapphirine-bearing, spinel symplectites in the metatroctolites suggest that Buck Creek rocks remained anhydrous to ~800 °C and ~0.9–1.1 GPa, representing conditions atypical of ophiolite emplacement. Comparisons to the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite and Bergen eclogite suggest rapid subduction of Buck Creek rocks to depths of ~30 km, where partial hydration, perhaps facilitated by pro-grade dehydration reactions in surrounding rocks, caused strain softening that permitted ductile disaggregation and aided in their emplacement into the overlying accretionary complex. Alternatively, emplacement might have resulted from a switch in subduction polarity, with hydration following emplacement. Uplift, shortening, and hydration within the accretionary sequences are responsible for the dominant structural features.
Regulation of Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptor in Adrenal Gland: Role of α1-Adrenoreceptor

Abstract We have previously shown that sodium restriction upregulates the genes encoding angiotensin II receptor (AT 1 ) subtypes, AT 1A and AT 1B , in the adrenal gland and that this upregulation is mediated by activation of the AT 1 receptor. There are multiple interactions between the renin-angiotensin and the adrenergic nervous systems; thus, we conducted the present experiment to investigate whether low sodium-induced upregulation of adrenal AT 1A and AT 1B is modulated by the α 1 -adrenoreceptor. Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and given normal sodium diet (0.5%, NS), NS+prazosin (3.5 μg · kg −1 · min − 1 by osmotic pump), low sodium diet (0.07%, LS), or LS+prazosin. Body weight and mean arterial pressure were not modified over the 2 weeks of treatment ( P >.05). Pressor responses to bolus injection of the α 1 -agonist phenylephrine were inhibited in both prazosin groups, compared with NS and LS rats ( P 1A mRNA, determined by Northern blot analysis, was increased in LS ( P P >.05), compared with NS. Prazosin enhanced the LS-induced increase of AT 1A mRNA ( P 1B mRNA was increased in both LS and NS+prasozin rats, compared with NS rats ( P 1B mRNA ( P 1 -adrenoreceptor results in an enhancement of LS-induced upregulation of adrenal mRNA for AT 1A and AT 1B . These data suggest that the sympathetic nervous system exerts an inhibitory action, via activation of the α 1 -adrenoreceptor, on AT 1A and AT 1B gene expression in the adrenal gland during sodium depletion.
Safe UAV navigation with sensor processing delays in an unknown environment

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have received wide spread attention in recent years. Several applications require these vehicles to travel in a partially known or unknown environment. The objective of this paper is to develop control strategies that help in keeping the UAV 'safe'. Safety implies that the UAVs are not damaged or destroyed during the mission. We formulate the problem, provide approximation results and show how this strategy can be coupled with other known path planning algorithms.
The long-term evaluation of tracheostomy in the management of severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective To determine the long-term success and morbidity of tracheostomies for patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Study Design A retrospective study of patients who have undergone tracheostomy for documented obstructive sleep apnea at Hennepin County Medical Center since 1979. Methods Retrospective chart review of all tracheostomy patients operated January 1, 1979, to June 30, 1999, were evaluated. Follow-up data from patient records, death certificates, and DMV. Results Seventy-nine patients (70 men and 9 women; age range, 25–70 y; mean age, 47 y) received tracheostomies at a regional sleep disorder center. Respiratory distress index ranged from 45 to 146 (mean value, 81). Tracheostomy eliminated obstructive sleep apnea in all cases. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 20 years (mean period, 8.3 y). In all, 16 patients had decannulation (range, 2 mo to 13 y): 5 of the patients chose continuous positive airway pressure, 3 grew intolerant of their tracheostomy, 3 had obstructive sleep apnea fully resolve after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, 3 unknown diagnosis for decannulation, 2 had significant weight loss. Morbidity seen within the first year was primarily limited to granulation tissue, infection, and stoma revision. Fourteen deaths were identified. Average age at time of death was 62 years. Five deaths were cardiopulmonary related, four were from cancer, two were from postoperative complications of unrelated surgery, and one was from aspiration. Tracheostomy-related mortality included one postoperative myocardial infarction and one tracheal-innominate fistula. Conclusion Severe obstructive sleep apnea and its comorbid conditions are effectively treated in the long term with tracheostomy. Initial management of more frequent complication is well tolerated. Significant morbidity and mortality are low. Chances of obstructive sleep apnea resolution allowing decannulation remain poor.
Lying-on position of total skin electron therapy

Purpose: A technique for whole-body electron therapy with the patient in a lying position has been developed. This technique allows Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET) for those patients who were previously unable to be treated in a conventional standing position. Methods and Materials: This study was carried out on a Varian 2100C linear accelerator with a 6 MeV high dose rate electron beam. The collimator was open to a width of 36 x 36 cm. There were two main procedures, with six dual-field techniques: 1) two static AP/PA vertical dual fields (VDF): the patient laid on the floor transversely under the collimator when the gantry was in a vertical position. A 0.6 cm acrylic board was placed 15 cm away from the patient, then the gantry was rotated 25° clockwise and counterclockwise to treat the patient in the supine and prone positions, respectively. 2) Four oblique junction fields (OJF): the patient laid on the floor in a prone and supine position parallel to the wave guide at (227 - body thickness x tan 60°) cm away from the vertical axis of the gantry, then the gantry was rotated 60° toward the patient. A 0.6 cm acrylic board was placed 15 cm away from the patient perpendicular to the beam. The patient was move along the field central axis. It allowed the patient's body to be within the 160 cm effective treatment profile. When the patient's body axis move 5° toward the lateral side of the field central axis, we could obtain a better dose distribution in the vertex of the scalp and the soles of the feet. The angle of the VDF was measured by chamber detectors to obtain the effective treatment profile. Likewise, the optimal profile for the OJF was determined by the same procedures. The Rando phantom was used to measure the superficial dose of the body. Results: The dimension of effective treatment profile for the VDF was 188 x 72 cm at 87% dose level. For the OJF, we had to move the patient along the field central axis to obtain the effective treatment profile in a 180 x 85 cm dimension at a 87% dose level. The vertex and sole dose measured in this setup was in the range of 80-88%. Conclusions: The empirical data showed that the lying-an position for TSET was technically feasible. The dose distribution in the body surface was also compatible with the Stanford staling technique. The nonambulatory skin malignancy patient can be treated in a comfortable and reproducible position.
DOES THE PRESENCE OF BARRED OWLS SUPPRESS THE CALLING BEHAVIOR OF SPOTTED OWLS

Abstract ABSTRACT Barred Owls (Strix varia) have expanded their range throughout the ranges of Northern (Strix occidentalis caurina) and California Spotted Owls (S. o. occidentalis). Field observations have suggested that Barred Owls may be behaviorally dominant to Spotted Owls. Therefore, we conducted a test of behavioral dominance by assessing responsiveness of Spotted Owls to conspecific calls when they were in the simulated presence (i.e., imitation of Barred Owl vocalizations) of a Barred Owl. We hypothesized that Spotted Owls would be less likely to respond to conspecific calls in areas where Barred Owls were common. We used a binary 2 × 2 crossover experimental design to examine male Spotted Owl responses at 10 territories randomly selected within two study areas that differed in abundance of Barred Owls. We also conducted a quasi experiment at four study areas using response data from any Spotted Owl (male or female) detected following exposure to Barred Owl calls. We inferred from the crossover e...
VEGETATION PATTERNS IN A CALCAREOUS SLOPING FEN OF SOUTHWESTERN MASSACHUSETTS, USA

Calcareous sloping fens are minerotrophic wetland systems that are well known for their high species richness, but little is known about the local processes that govern the spatial patterns of species distribution within these communities. This study was undertaken to document vegetative patterns and to quantify community differences within one such calcareous wetland. A 250-m transect was established along a topographic/hydrologic gradient that intersected several visually distinctive, predominantly herbaceous, wetland plant communities. Vegetation composition was surveyed in July and August 1997 using a non-random, centralized sampling approach. Three 15-m2 sampling plots were established for each of four stations along the transect. Vegetation within each 15-m2 sampling plot was surveyed using fifteen contiguous 1-m2 quadrat frames with visual estimates of cover determined for each species. One hundred thirty taxa were indentified within the 180 m2 area sampled. Average species richness values ranged from 61 to 76 species per 15-m2 sampling plot, with high spatial turn-over of species among plots. Indicator Species Analysis identified taxa with concentrated abundance and fidelity within particular sampling stations. Data for the 15-m2 plots were analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling that produced ordinations suggesting strong environmental gradients across the site. General community composition was similar to the Carex interior-C. leptalea-C. flava association described by Motzkin and consisten with other calcareous sloping fen communities described in the literature for the southern New England region.
Effects of encoding strategy on long-term memory for odours

The effects of various encoding tasks on long-term recognition of odours were examined. Different groups of subjects were instructed (a) to form visual images of the source of the odour, (b) to generate the name of the odour and provide a dictionary-like definition, or (c) to describe a life episode of which the odour reminded them. A no-strategy control was simply told to try to remember the odours for a subsequent recognition test. One week later, subjects performed a yes–no recognition test for the odours. The second and third groups displayed significantly higher recognition than the controls. The visual imagery group did not differ significantly from the control group. The results seem to be accounted for best by dual coding theory.
Surveillance of fetal lung lesions using the congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume ratio: Natural history and outcomes

OBJECTIVES The congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume ratio (CVR) is a widely used sonographic measure of relative mass size in fetuses with lung malformations. The purposes of this study were to examine serial CVR measurements to understand longitudinal growth patterns and to determine correlation with postnatal imaging. METHODS An institutional review board-approved retrospective review was performed on fetuses referred for an echogenic lung malformation between 2002 and 2014. For each fetus, the CVR was prospectively calculated using 2D ultrasound and followed with advancing gestation. RESULTS Based on 40 fetuses, the mean initial CVR was 0.51 ± 0.07 at 20.5 ± 0.3 weeks of gestation. The CVR increased after 24 weeks of gestation (p = 0.0014), peaking at a CVR of 0.96 ± 0.11 at 25.5 ± 0.05 weeks, followed by a significant decrease in the CVR to 0.43 ± 0.07 prior to term (p < 0.0001). However, approximately one third showed no appreciable increase in size. The mean CVR was significantly correlated with postnatal chest computed tomography (CT) size dimensions (p = 0.0032) and likelihood for lung resection (p = 0.0055). CONCLUSIONS Fetal lung malformations tend to follow one of two distinct growth patterns, characterized by either (1) a maximal CVR between 25 and 26 weeks of gestation or (2) minimal change in relative growth. The mean CVR correlates with postnatal CT size and operative management.
Rulemaking in the Ages of Globalization and Information: What America Can Learn from Europe, and Vice Versa

This paper stems from a project on European Union Administrative Law undertaken by the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice. It explores the generation of normative texts by the Commission of the European Union, its executive body, from the perspective of Americans familiar with notice and comment rulemaking. Legislative drafting (an exclusive responsibility of the Commission), subordinate measures corresponding to American rules and regulations, and soft law generated by the Commission are all considered. In creating legislative proposals, the Commission uses techniques quite like American rulemaking, but with consultative practices (including electronic consultations) that seem more conducive to dialogue, and less open to simple grass-roots lobbying efforts. Soft law processes are also often highly consultative. But subsidiary legislation (rules and regulations, in American parlance) are generated following procedures considerably less transparent and open to public input, such as comitology, than one finds here.
“We call it put him away” Contemporary Delaware burial practices and NAGPRA

An ethnographic approach for documenting the funerary nature of museum objects is offered to complement existing practices for documenting collections under Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. This approach draws on the Delaware Tribe’s work to identify funerary objects affiliated with the Delaware, which indicated that a cemetery, and not simply the graves within it, met the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act definition for a burial site. This approach also revealed that a funerary object would be all the items that were found in association with human remains and/or were recovered from the fill and surface of each individual grave. Using such an approach requires ongoing consultation and engagement with potentially affiliated tribes during the documentation process and will likely result in producing alternative perspectives for documenting collections. Although a more time-intensive approach, it is one that holds greater potential for interpreting the mortuary in...
Quarter Watt Output at 1.3µm From a Praseodymium Doped Fluoride Fibre Amplifier Pumped with a Diode-Pumped Nd:YLF Laser

The fact that most terrestrial optical fibre communications systems installed around the world today operate at 1.3µm means that a practical fibre amplifier operating in this window is of key strategic importance. The primary contender to provide amplification within this window is the praseodymium doped fluoride fibre amplifier(PDFFA). To date high gains (>30dB) and high saturated output powers ( >200mW)[1] have been achieved but have required the use of large- frame ion lasers as primary optical pump sources. The main difficulty in using semiconductor laser diodes as a pump source is the very high level of pump power needed in this comparatively low efficiency system. One approach that has proved successful in erbium doped fibre power amplifiers is to use a solid state crystal laser to convert the large, but spatially incoherent output from 800nm semiconductor laser diode bars into a TEM00 output which can then be efficiently coupled into the doped fibre[2].
Modeling of Shape Memory Alloy Micro-Actuators for Space Applications

or martensite twin reorientation (MTR) has been identified as a potential agency to drive actuation schemes since discovery. The impetus of this investigation is the utility of the MTR subroutine to predict the transient response of a one-time shape memory alloy micro-actuator. The overall goal of this study is to optimize this system by actuation power profile for energy consumption and overshoot minimization employing a control function. In this paper, the MTR subroutine is used in conjunction with a simpler Ritz-approximation-based model to investigate the system response to a number of power profiles. Results from this ongoing study show the full MTR subroutine and finite element model can be used to ”calibrate” the simpler Ritz model to optimize a feedback controller for overshoot and speed of response. Additional pertinent insights arising from the two sets of simulations are discussed. Nomenclature
Mimetic failure: Politics, prayer and possession

In the micro-politics of community and neighborhood practice, formal Muslim prayer (namaz) frequently becomes juxtaposed to trance, possession or other dissociative states of consciousness. In the latter states, a subject becomes overwhelmed by an encounter with otherness and reacts on the basis of an economy of affect. In India such affective encounters are traditionally articulated allegorically in cultural forms that actively negotiate alterity. Specifically, the afflicted are considered “possessed” (hajri) and ritual specialists apply means of exorcism by naming the afflicting agent that has caused the disturbance. What happens, however, when a subject is overwhelmed by an encounter with an other, yet remains without any means to account for this experience? What happens when particular responses to feeling overwhelmed are no longer available or legitimate? Through ethnographic accounts of encounters, this paper first explicates encounters involving an overwhelming experience with difference in Africa...
Validation of a measure of motivations for alcohol use.

A group of 51 alcoholics was compared with and found to differ from three other groups (188 enlisted Army personnel, 88 college students, and 199 high school students) on a measure of motivations for drinking. The magnitude and direction of the differences found tend to provide support for the validity of the motivations measure.
Synthesis of Tetraphenyl-Substituted [12]Cycloparaphenylene: Toward a Rationally Designed Ultrashort Carbon Nanotube

The first phenyl-substituted [n]cycloparaphenylene (1) has been synthesized. The preparation of this structure addresses several challenges toward a more elaborate phenyl-substituted [n]cycloparaphenylene (2), a molecule that may lead to the homogeneous synthesis of armchair carbon nanotubes.
Fault Analysis and Improvement Project of Main Parts on Roadheader

Introduces the main structure and operation principle. The common faults of the main parts are discussed. It makes careful analysis on cause of the faults. And the improvement project is proposed by the using condition.The foundation is established to design,manufacture and application and maintenance for the roadheader.
Surveillance for adverse events following immunization in Dongtai,Jiangsu,2008- 2013

Objective To understand the incidence of adverse events follow ing immunization( AEFI) in Dongtai,Jiangsu province,and evaluate the performance of AEFI surveillance system and vaccination safety. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis w as conducted on the surveillance data of AEFI in Dongtai during 2008- 2013. Results A total of 847 AEFI cases w ere reported,the overall incidence w as 8. 78 per 10 000 doses. The age specific incidence w as16. 39 per 10 000 doses in children aged 1 year and 4. 71 per 10 000 doses in children aged 1 year. The difference w as statistical significant( χ2= 309. 28,P 0. 05). The first 3 vaccines w ith high incidences of AEFI w ere TD( 53. 80 per 10 000 doses),M R( 19. 79 per 10 000 doses),DTa P( 17. 92 per 10 000 doses). Among the AEFI cases,806 w ere mild reactions( 95. 16%),39 w ere serious reactions( 4. 6%). The cases in age group 1 year accounted for 35. 30%and the cases in age group 1 year accounted for 28. 81%. The male to female ratio of cases w as 1. 48∶ 1. Up to 728 cases occurred w ithin days after vaccination( 85. 95%). Conclusion The sensitivity of local AEFI surveillance system w as high,but the surveillance quality still needs to be further improved.
The effect of recent FDA legislation on contraceptive development and safety.

The medical device amendments act of 1976 now requires by law that medical devices with a potential hazard to health or safety are now subject to the same premarket approval and scientific review processes as drugs. Manufacturers of IUDs and new instruments or devices for surgical sterilization will be required to present evidence of their products effectiveness and safety to a U.S. Food and Drug Administration Advisory panel made up of physicians and scoentists from outside the agency. To date the full panel has placed 3 categories of conception control devices into Class 3 which requires premarket approval. These devices are IUDs and their introducers tubal occlusion bands clips and valves and bipolar coagulators. Diaphragms and unipolar endoscopic coagulators were placed in Category 2 which requires standards only. The panel has also placed hysteroscopic devices for female sterilization in an investigational category (Class 3) and has further recommended to the Commissioner that present hysteroscopic devices not be used for sterilization because of their high failure rate. Hazards previously experienced with contraceptive devices and requirements for testing new devices are described.
Modulation of urinary siderophores by the diet, gut microbiota and inflammation in mice

Mammalian siderophores are believed to play a critical role in maintaining iron homeostasis. However, the properties and functions of mammalian siderophores have not been fully clarified. In this study, we have employed Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay which is a well-established method for bacterial siderophores study, to detect and quantify mammalian siderophores in urine samples. Our study demonstrates that siderophores in urine can be altered by diet, gut microbiota and inflammation. C57BL/6 mice, fed on plant-based chow diets which contain numerous phytochemicals, have more siderophores in the urine compared to those fed on purified diets. Urinary siderophores were up-regulated in iron overload conditions, but not altered by other tested nutrients status. Further, germ-free mice displayed 50% reduced urinary siderophores, in comparison to conventional mice, indicating microbiota biotransformation is critical in generating or stimulating host metabolism to create more siderophores. Altered urinary siderophores levels during inflammation suggest that host health conditions influence systemic siderophores level. This is the first report to measure urinary siderophores as a whole, describing how siderophores levels are modulated under different physiological conditions. We believe that our study opens up a new field in mammalian siderophores research and the technique we used in a novel manner has the potential to be applied to clinical purpose.
Matching Graduate Applicants with Faculty Members

Every year, millions of students apply to universities for admission to graduate programs (Master’s and Ph.D.). The applications are individually evaluated and forwarded to appropriate faculty members. Considering human subjectivity and processing latency, this is a highly tedious and time-consuming job that has to be performed every year. In this paper, we propose several information retrieval models aimed at partially or fully automating the task. Applicants are represented by their statements of purpose (SOP), and faculty members are represented by the papers they authored. We extract keywords from papers and SOPs using a state-of-the-art keyword extractor. A detailed exploratory analysis of keywords yields several insights into the contents of SOPs and papers. We report results on several information retrieval models employing keywords and bag-of-words content modeling, with the former offering significantly better results. While we are able to correctly retrieve research areas for a given statement of purpose (F-score of 57.7% at rank 2 and 61.8% at rank 3), the task of matching applicants and faculty members is more difficult, and we are able to achieve an F-measure of 21% at rank 2 and 24% at rank 3, when making a selection among 73 faculty members.
Unpacking the Free-Riding Construct for Organizational Research

Free-riding has been studied extensively in organizational research, yet the assumptions on which it is based on are rarely questioned. Free-riders are team members who receive shared team rewards ...
Inconsistent selection of outcomes and measurement devices found in shoulder arthroplasty research: An analysis of studies on ClinicalTrials.gov

Introduction Recent evidence suggests a lack of standardization of shoulder arthroplasty outcomes. This issue is a limiting factor in systematic reviews. Core outcome set (COS) methodology could address this problem by delineating a minimum set of outcomes for measurement in all shoulder arthroplasty trials. Methods A ClinicalTrials.gov search yielded 114 results. Eligible trials were coded on the following characteristics: study status, study type, arthroplasty type, sample size, measured outcomes, outcome measurement device, specific metric of measurement, method of aggregation, outcome classification, and adverse events. Results Sixty-six trials underwent data abstraction and data synthesis. Following abstraction, 383 shoulder arthroplasty outcomes were organized into 11 outcome domains. The most commonly reported outcomes were shoulder outcome score (n = 58), pain (n = 33), and quality of life (n = 15). The most common measurement devices were the Constant-Murley Shoulder Outcome Score (n = 38) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score (n = 33). Temporal patterns of outcome use was also found. Conclusion Our study suggests the need for greater standardization of outcomes and instruments. The lack of consistency across trials indicates that developing a core outcome set for shoulder arthroplasty trials would be worthwhile. Such standardization would allow for more effective comparison across studies in systematic reviews, while at the same time consider important outcomes that may be underrepresented otherwise. This review of outcomes provides an evidence-based foundation for the development of a COS for shoulder arthroplasty.
The Unmasking of Balancing and Proportionality Review in U.S. Constitutional Law

U.S. constitutional law is frequently described as formalistic. For example, the U.S. is one of the few nations where originalism is taken seriously as an interpretive method. This method sometimes involves searching through 18th Century American dictionaries to see how key words in the Constitution were defined to answer questions today. Moreover, conservative politicians constantly beat the drum against “judicial activism,” supposedly seeking a strictly construed Constitution. Conservative scholars and judges can be part of this chorus (though sometimes they are the real judicial activists). Alexander Bickel highlighted the “passive virtues.” Herbert Wechsler doubted the correctness of Brown v. Board of Education because it was not based on “neutral principles.” Free speech case law is supposedly categorical, and equality law purportedly depends on three scrutiny levels. Foreign law’s influence is frowned upon by several Justices. And the U.S. Constitution supports individualistic liberty with no affirmative socio-economic rights, only negative civil and political rights, as well as strong principles of state sovereignty. This symposium paper, however, seeks to unmask the flexibility, functionalism and other factors that lie behind this pretense of formalism. Specifically, this paper insists that American constitutional law often is, and should be pragmatic, purpose oriented, and contextual. Facts and evidence should matter, not out of date abstractions. Indeed, many of those who defend the formalist conservative view are actually masking flexible balancing analysis and proportionality review. Moreover, the paper argues that unmasking and openly balancing would make U.S. constitutional law more coherent and enhance the U.S. Supreme Court’s fading reputation.
Environmental Noise, “Adaptation” and Pathological Change

The body is physiologically responsive to stimulation of the auditory nerve by sound even during sleep, under anaesthesia and, indeed, even after the cerebral hemispheres have been removed (1).
The sound-board account of reasoning: A one-system alternative to dual-process theory

In order to explain the effects found in the heuristics and biases literature, dual-process theories of reasoning claim that human reasoning is of two kinds: Type-1 processing is fast, automatic, a...
Opkomst oncologisch bevolkingsonderzoek kan beter

De opkomstcijfers van de oncologische bevolkingsonderzoeken (BVO’s) in de grote steden behoren tot de laagste van Nederland. De grote diversiteit in sociaal-economische en culturele achtergronden van de inwoners speelt hierbij vermoedelijk een rol. Nieuw onderzoek in Den Haag richt zich op de oorzaken en verklaringen van deze verschillen en op de optimalisatie van de bevolkingsonderzoeken.
Before Toasters Rise Up: A View into the Emerging IoT Threat Landscape

The insecurity of smart Internet-connected or so-called “IoT” devices has become more concerning than ever. The existence of botnets exploiting vulnerable, often poorly secured and configured Internet-facing devices has been known for many years. However, the outbreak of several high-profile DDoS attacks sourced by massive IoT botnets, such as Mirai, in late 2016 served as an indication of the potential devastating impact that these vulnerable devices represent. Since then, the volume and sophistication of attacks targeting IoT devices have grown steeply and new botnets now emerge every couple of months. Although a lot of research is being carried out to study new spurs of attacks and malware, we still lack a comprehensive overview of the current state of the IoT thread landscape. In this paper, we present the insights gained from operating low- and high-interaction IoT honeypots for a period of six months. Namely, we see that the diversity and sophistication of IoT botnets are both growing. While Mirai is still a dominating actor, it now has to coexist with other botnets such as Hajime and IoT Reaper. Cybercriminals also appear to be packing their botnets with more and more software vulnerability exploits targeting specific devices to increase their infection rate and win the battle against the other competing botnets. Finally, while the IoT malware ecosystem is currently not as sophisticated as the traditional one, it is rapidly catching up. We thus believe that the security community has the opportunity to learn from passed experience and act proactively upon this emerging threat.
Active Oxygen Defenses

Metabolic defenses against environmental chemical exposures are essential. The cytochrome P450 family of mixed function oxidases play a prominent role transforming lipophilic threats into more water-soluble metabolites that are cleared from the body. The promiscuous heme active site also generates radical oxygen and nitrogen species capable of enhancing defense against infection but also may present a liability in tissue damage. The transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes is complex and coordinated with immune responses. In this way, the metabolic defenses parallel immune defenses as both can recognize and respond to a very large array of foreign chemicals and organisms. Metabolism provides resilience through transcriptional plasticity and metabolites drive downstream transcriptional changes essential for coordinated resilience.
Wireless computer vision using commodity radios

We introduce the design and implementation of BackCam, a low-power wireless camera sensor platform that supports continuous realtime vision applications, all using commodity radios. In the lowest power mode, our camera board consumes only 9.7mW and continuously transmits images for over one month on two AA batteries. We introduce a novel power management system that incorporates input from the camera itself to increase battery life up to 62%. Using images and system metadata as input, we designed a feedback system between the sensor and the gateway. This allows dynamic vision application requirements to be met while consuming as little power as possible. For example, our system can temporarily increase the resolution after an object of interest is detected, then reduce it again after it has disappeared. This increases the accuracy of simplistic facial recognition by at least 25% compared to operating constantly in the lowest power mode. We implement communications using a full-duplex WiFi backscatter radio, ensuring compatibility with commodity WiFi devices. We also designed an efficient data streaming and compression pipeline straight from the camera to the backscatter transmitter, allowing us to minimize latency and avoid expensive memory writes. We deployed BackCam in a real office environment, and as a proof-of-concept, implemented basic realtime face detection and recognition. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Sensor networks.
Eliciting the True Self: The Effects of Doctoral Education on Students’ Implicit Leadership Theories and Authentic Leader Identity Development:

The essence of authentic leadership is alignment of actions with an identity grounded in the “true self.” Theoretically, achieving such alignment requires self-awareness of discrepancies between cu...
Stribeck Curve Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Cartilage and Disc.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases such as osteoarthritis and disc displacement have no permanent treatment options, but lubrication therapies, used in other joints, could be an effective alternative. However, the healthy TMJ contains fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage as is found in other joints. As such, the effect of lubrication therapies in the TMJ is unknown. Additionally, only a few studies have characterized the friction coefficient of the healthy TMJ. Like other cartilaginous tissues, the TMJ condyles and discs are subject to changes in friction coefficient due to fluid pressurization. In addition, the friction coefficient of the TMJ is affected by the sliding direction and anatomic location. However, these previous findings have not been able to identify how all 3 of these parameters (anatomic location, sliding direction, and fluid pressurization) influence changes in friction coefficient. This study used Stribeck curves to identify differences in the friction coefficients of TMJ condyles and discs based on anatomic location, sliding direction, and amount of fluid pressurization (friction mode). Friction coefficients were measured using a cartilage on glass tribometer. Both TMJ condyle and disc friction coefficients were well described by Stribeck curves. These curves changed based on anatomic location, but very few differences in friction coefficients were observed based on sliding direction. TMJ condyles had similar boundary mode and elastoviscous mode friction coefficients to the TMJ disc, and both were lower than hyaline cartilage in other joints. The observed differences here indicate that the surface characteristics of each anatomic region cause differences in friction coefficients.
Aquifer Imaging with Oscillatory Hydraulic Tomography: Application at the Field Scale.

Modeling and laboratory experiments have demonstrated the ability of oscillatory hydraulic tomography (OHT) to characterize heterogeneity in aquifer hydraulic properties. In OHT, a location is stressed via periodic pumping/injection at a set frequency, and the resulting head signal is measured at a number of monitoring locations. The source of oscillations is repeatedly moved, allowing tomographic imaging of aquifer properties. Changing the period of oscillation also results in observations with additional information. In theory, OHT is comparable to other hydraulic tomography methods in that distributed pressure change measurements provide characterization information. In practice, OHT has several benefits including: (1) little to no water injected into or extracted from the aquifer; and (2) an observational signal at a set period that can be easily extracted in the presence of noise. We report the first field application of OHT, carried out at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) using an oscillating signal generator with a very small cycling volume of <2 L, and a period range of 5 to 70 s. For these tests, signals were detected at distances of over 15 m. After processing to extract periodic signal properties, we perform tomography using a frequency-domain numerical model for groundwater flow. In comparing results against prior characterization results from the BHRS, we find moderate to strong positive correlations between K profiles estimated via different methods at multiple wells, with moderate overall correlation between estimated three-dimensional (3D) K volumes.
Effects of fuel reduction timber harvests on forage resources for deer in northeastern Washington

Abstract Fire suppression has increased the canopy cover, stocking density, and fuel loads of dry forests in the inland northwestern United States. These changes not only lead to high-severity, stand-replacing wildfires that may threaten human safety and further alter natural forest communities, but also reduce light transmission to the forest floor, which can limit production of herbaceous and woody understory vegetation that serves as forage for wild ungulates. Therefore, forest managers have implemented fuels reduction treatments that reduce the density of standing trees in mature stands to restore historic conditions, promote healthy forests, and reduce wildfire risk. To test the hypothesis that these treatments also improve the quality and quantity of forage resources for wild ungulates, we measured biomass, plant species composition, and nutritional quality of understory vegetation in 106 untreated and treated 0.5-ha plots that ranged from 1 to 22 years since treatment and 2–100% canopy cover in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the Colville National Forest of northeastern Washington. On average, fuels reduction treatments halved basal area and overstory canopy cover, doubling understory vegetation biomass. The most nutritious plants (i.e., composing suitable biomass) and plants most likely to be consumed by deer (i.e., acceptable biomass) increased with decreasing forest canopy cover, and increased with time since treatment for approximately 14 years post-harvest, but suitable biomass began declining thereafter. Understory plant biomass also responded to a range of site, weather, and environmental variables, especially those influencing moisture gradients. Our results indicate that active management prescriptions intended to reduce fuel loads posed by overstocked conifers can also increase the amount of high quality forage for deer and other wild ungulates, especially when carefully planning the timing, intensity, and rotation schedules of fuels reduction treatments.
Railroad revolution: infrastructural decay and modernization in Argentina

How does modernity arrive and take hold? In this article, I examine efforts by the recent administration of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner to modernize railroad infrastructure in Argentina amidst o...
Role of mitochondrial depolarization and disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice

The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is poorly understood. Here, relationships between mitochondrial depolarization (mtDepo) and mitochondrial homeostasis were studied in a mouse model of NASH. C57BL/6 mice were fed a Western diet (high fat, fructose and cholesterol) for 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months, and livers were harvested for histology and biochemical analysis. Hepatic mtDepo was evaluated by intravital multiphoton microscopy. After Western diet feeding, mixed hepatic micro- and macrovesicular steatosis and leukocyte infiltration occurred at 2 weeks and continued to increase afterwards. ALT release, mild necrosis, apoptosis, and ballooning degeneration were present at 2 and 6 months. Smooth muscle α-actin expression increased at 2 weeks and longer, and increased collagen-I expression and mild fibrosis occurred at 6 months. After feeding Western diet for 2 weeks and longer, mtDepo appeared in 50-70% hepatocytes, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction at an early stage of NASH. mtDepo can initiate mitophagy, and mitophagic markers increased at 2 and 6 months. Concurrently autophagic processing became impaired. Oxidative phosphorylation proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis signals, and proteins associated with mitochondrial fission and fusion decreased after 2 months and longer of Western diet. Proinflammatory and profibrotic signaling (NLRP3 inflammasome activation, expression of IL-1, osteopontin and TGF-β1) also increased in association with mitochondrial stress/dysfunction after Western diet feeding. Taken together, we show that hepatic mtDepo occurs early in mice fed a Western diet, followed by increased mitophagic burden, suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and mitochondrial depletion. These novel mitochondrial alterations in NASH most likely play an important role in promoting steatosis, inflammation, and progression to fibrosis.
Impact of Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis on Perioperative Outcomes Following Major Noncardiac Surgery.

Abstract Objective To compare the incidence of major adverse cardiac events and death among severe aortic stenosis patients with and without aortic valve replacement (AVR) before noncardiac surgery. Patients and Methods We retrospectively evaluated 491 severe aortic stenosis patients undergoing non-emergency/non-urgent elevated-risk noncardiac surgery between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013, including 203 patients (mean age, 74±10 years, 63.5% men) with previous AVR and 288 patients (mean age, 77±12 years, 55.6% men) without prior AVR. Results The incidence of major adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in the AVR group (5.4% vs 20.5%; P Conclusion In patients with severe aortic stenosis, AVR before noncardiac surgery was associated with decreased incidence of heart failure after noncardiac surgery and improved overall survival without differences in 30-day survival, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, or stroke. Preoperative AVR should be considered in symptomatic patients for whom the benefit of AVR is greatest.
Urban tree growth models for two nearby cities show notable differences

Reliable models of urban tree growth over time are useful for selecting appropriate species for available planting sites, anticipating future tree maintenance and removal costs, and quantifying the benefits provided by trees. There is a need to develop growth models for multiple cities within the same climate region to understand the degree of variability for the same species in different cities. In this study, we developed tree growth models for 13 common street tree species in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, based on field data and planting records. These models relate tree age to diameter at breast height. Then we compared the modeled tree growth curves for Cincinnati to analogous models from nearby Indianapolis, Indiana. To estimate how differences in modeled tree growth translate to differences in ecosystem services, we compared annual ecosystem service estimates from Cincinnati and Indianapolis using the i-Tree Eco model. The comparisons showed varying levels of difference between cities; for example, modeled growth curves for Acer platanoides were nearly identical, while models for Pyrus calleryana differed by > 47% over 35 years of growth. These results advance our understanding of urban tree growth rates by comparing models from two nearby cities, and by underscoring the inherent variability in urban tree growth that will drive attendant differences in the ecosystem services provided by trees.