cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome and Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms.

Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition that is associated with fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts, renal cysts, and renal cancer. There have been few reports in the literature of intracranial vascular pathology in patients with BHD syndrome, and intracranial vascular pathology is currently not a part of the diagnostic criteria. Given the rarity of this disease, there has not been enough evidence for a definitive link between BHD syndrome and intracranial vascular abnormalities. We present a case of a patient with BHD syndrome and multiple cerebral aneurysms.
Darboux coordinates for symplectic groupoid and cluster algebras

Using Fock--Goncharov higher Teichmuller space variables we derive Darboux coordinate representation for entries of general symplectic leaves of the $\mathcal A_n$ groupoid of upper-triangular matrices and, in a more general setting, of higher-dimensional symplectic leaves for algebras governed by the reflection equation with the trigonometric $R$-matrix. The obtained results are in a perfect agreement with the previously obtained Poisson and quantum representations of groupoid variables for $\mathcal A_3$ and $\mathcal A_4$ in terms of geodesic functions for Riemann surfaces with holes. We represent braid-group transformations for $\mathcal A_n$ via sequences of cluster mutations in the special $\mathbb A_n$-quiver. We prove the groupoid relations for quantum transport matrices and, as a byproduct, obtain the Goldman bracket in the semiclassical limit.
The Case of the Cognitive (Opti)miser: Electrophysiological Correlates of Working Memory Maintenance Predict Demand Avoidance.

People are often considered cognitive misers. When given a free choice between two tasks, people tend to choose tasks requiring less cognitive effort. Such demand avoidance (DA) is associated with ...
Invited article by M. Gidea Extreme events and emergency scales

An event is extreme if its magnitude exceeds the threshold. A choice of a threshold is subject to uncertainty caused by a method, the size of available data, a hypothesis on statistics, etc. We assess the degree of uncertainty by the Shannon's entropy calculated on the probability that the threshold changes at any given time. If the amount of data is not sufficient, an observer is in the state of Lewis Carroll's Red Queen who said "When you say hill, I could show you hills, in comparison with which you'd call that a valley". If we have enough data, the uncertainty curve peaks at two values clearly separating the magnitudes of events into three emergency scales: subcritical, critical, and extreme. Our approach to defining the emergency scale is validated by 39 years of Standard and Poor's 500 (S&P500) historical data.
Populations of Small Mammals, Tallgrass Prairie and Prescribed Fire: A Fire-Reversal Experiment

We sampled small mammals in burned and unburned tallgrass prairie by using three sites in each of two contiguous ungrazed experimental fire-reversal treatments during 1999-2010. One of the experimental treatments (001A to R20A) had been burned in spring for >20 years and then was switched to an unburned research treatment after the spring fire in 2000. In contrast, the other treatment (020A to R01A) had been left unburned for 20 of 29 years before it was switched to an annually burned treatment beginning with the prescribed fire in spring 2001. Overall, we recorded 11 species of rodents and two of shrews for a total of 2,444 individuals. The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was the most abundant species followed by the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) and deer mouse (P. maniculatus). Of the seven common species (>25 individuals), six were strongly associated with one of the treatments, and several species showed positive associations with some part of the landscape within each treatment. Furthermore, white-footed mice, deer mice, prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis) and Elliot's short-tailed shrews (Blarina hylophaga) showed significant temporal patterns of abundance in either R01A or R20A in one or both seasons (autumn or spring). Our study also supports a very important conservation message. That is, the white-footed mouse (a woodland species) and the hispid cotton rat (a colonizing species) were more numerically dominant than the most common rodent, the deer mouse, (a native prairie species) throughout the 10-year study. These observations demonstrate that areas not burned frequently allow encroachment by shrubs and then trees, which subsequently allow the white-footed mouse and hispid cotton rat to expand into these areas. Conversely, the stoppage of frequent fires ultimately degrades the mosaic of prairie habitats for native prairie small mammals [such as the deer mouse, prairie vole and western and plains harvest mice (R. montanus)] and these species move out as shrubs and trees become common. Visual observations indicate that the latter (degradation of native tallgrass prairie) occurs much more rapidly (potentially within a decade) than the restoration of native tallgrass prairie by the elimination of shrubs and trees by annual burning (potentially 50 or more years).
The Racial Legacy of the Enlightenment: Early Vocal Instruction, Music Appreciation, and Multiculturalism

This chapter examines the roots of multiculturalism in music education through a discussion of Enlightenment philosophy, anthropology, and ethnography. The discussion weaves two centuries of music education history together to demonstrate the persistence of eighteenth-century notions of race, ethnicity, and nationality in music education. Enlightenment thinking in music education generated a manifold of musical works and teaching methods while creating images of the United States as homogeneously white.
Tradeoffs in Sentence Selection Techniques for Open-Domain Question Answering.

Current methods in open-domain question answering (QA) usually employ a pipeline of first retrieving relevant documents, then applying strong reading comprehension (RC) models to that retrieved text. However, modern RC models are complex and expensive to run, so techniques to prune the space of retrieved text are critical to allow this approach to scale. In this paper, we focus on approaches which apply an intermediate sentence selection step to address this issue, and investigate the best practices for this approach. We describe two groups of models for sentence selection: QA-based approaches, which run a full-fledged QA system to identify answer candidates, and retrieval-based models, which find parts of each passage specifically related to each question. We examine trade-offs between processing speed and task performance in these two approaches, and demonstrate an ensemble module that represents a hybrid of the two. From experiments on Open-SQuAD and TriviaQA, we show that very lightweight QA models can do well at this task, but retrieval-based models are faster still. An ensemble module we describe balances between the two and generalizes well cross-domain.
mRNA expression in low grade serous ovarian cancer: Results of a nanoString assay in a diverse population

Abstract Objective Mutations in the MAP kinase pathway (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF) are common in low grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC). The effect of these and other mutations on RNA transcription in this disease is poorly understood. Our objective was to describe patterns of somatic mutations and gene transcription in a racially diverse population with LGSOC. Methods Utilizing an institutional tumor registry, patients with LGSOC were identified and charts were reviewed. RNA was extracted from available tumor tissue. Commercial tumor profiling results were analyzed with PanCancer pathway nanoString mRNA expression data. Along with nanoString n-Solver software, Chi-squared, Fishers Exact, and Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analysis, with significance set at p Results 39 patients were identified—20% Black, 43% Hispanic, and 36% non-Hispanic White. 18 patients had commercial somatic DNA test results, and 23 had available tumor tissue for RNA extraction and nanoString analysis. The most common somatic alterations identified was KRAS (11 patients, 61%), followed by ERCC1 and TUBB3 (9 each, 50%). KRAS mutations were less common in smokers (14.3% vs 90.9%, p = 0.002). RNA expression analysis demonstrated a greater than two-fold decrease in expression of HRAS in tumors from older patients (p = 0.04), and a greater than two-fold decrease in the expression of HRAS in recurrent tumors (p = 0.007). No significant differences were seen in somatic testing results, RNA expression analysis, or progression free survival between different racial and ethnic cohorts. Conclusions Somatic deficiencies in ERCC1, TUBB3, and KRAS are common in LGSOC in a population of minority patients. HRAS demonstrates decreased expression in tumors from older patients and recurrent tumors.
PERSONAL FACTORS AND THEIR PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION

Motivation / Background: A broad and common understanding of the nature of Personal Factors is deemed to be necessary to gain and assess a comprehensive perspective regarding an individual’s health condition and accurately allocate social and medical benefits and interventions. Personal Factors have an impact on the functioning of individuals as facilitators or barriers. They play an essential role in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). To date, the World Health Organisation has not classified Personal Factors for global use. Method: A consensus group representing a broad spectrum of medical and social security professionals, research societies together with representatives of self-help organisations developed and published a proposal to classify relevant Personal Factors. Results: To face ongoing discussions misunderstandings are addressed, critics and suggestions balanced and positions created with pointed explanations and supplemented literature. Core messages summarise each position in a condensed form. Conclusions: Personal Factors may exert a powerful influence on the goal definition, goal achievement and type, complexity and length of necessary medical, social or rehabilitation benefits. Transparency, explicitness, fairness (standardisation) and the possibility for well-founded claims comprise additional arguments for reporting Personal Factors. They may be crucial to reach the goal of the highest degree of participation considering individual resources.
Bell inequalities for entangled qubits: quantitative tests of quantum character and nonlocality on quantum computers.

This work provides quantitative tests of the extent of violation of two inequalities applicable to qubits coupled into Bell states, using IBM's publicly accessible quantum computers. Violations of the inequalities are well established. Our purpose is not to test the inequalities, but rather to determine how well quantum mechanical predictions can be reproduced on quantum computers, given their current fault rates. We present results for the spin projections of two entangled qubits, along three axes A, B, and C, with a fixed angle θ between A and B and a range of angles θ′ between B and C. For any classical object that can be characterized by three observables with two possible values, inequalities govern relationships among the probabilities of outcomes for the observables, taken pairwise. From set theory, these inequalities must be satisfied by all such classical objects; but quantum systems may violate the inequalities. We have detected clear-cut violations of one inequality in runs on IBM's publicly accessible quantum computers. The Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality governs a linear combination S of expectation values of products of spin projections, taken pairwise. Finding S > 2 rules out local, hidden variable theories for entangled quantum systems. We obtained values of S greater than 2 in our runs prior to error mitigation. To reduce the quantitative errors, we used a modification of the error-mitigation procedure in the IBM documentation. We prepared a pair of qubits in the state |00〉, found the probabilities to observe the states |00〉, |01〉, |10〉, and |11〉 in multiple runs, and used that information to construct the first column of an error matrix M. We repeated this procedure for states prepared as |01〉, |10〉, and |11〉 to construct the full matrix M, whose inverse is the filtering matrix. After applying filtering matrices to our averaged outcomes, we have found good quantitative agreement between the quantum computer output and the quantum mechanical predictions for the extent of violation of both inequalities as functions of θ′.
Mortality Risk Assessment in COVID-19 Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Abstract Background A life-threatening complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) refractory to conventional management. Venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (VV-ECMO) is used to support patients with ARDS in whom conventional management fails. Scoring systems to predict mortality in VV-ECMO remain unvalidated in COVID-19 ARDS. This report describes a large single-center experience with VV-ECMO in COVID-19 and assesses the utility of standard risk calculators. Methods A retrospective review of a prospective database of all patients with COVID-19 who underwent VV-ECMO cannulation between March 15 and June 27, 2020 at a single academic center was performed. Demographic, clinical, and ECMO characteristics were collected. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; survivor and nonsurvivor cohorts were compared by using univariate and bivariate analyses. Results Forty patients who had COVID-19 and underwent ECMO were identified. Of the 33 patients (82.5%) in whom ECMO had been discontinued at the time of analysis, 18 patients (54.5%) survived to hospital discharge, and 15 (45.5%) died during ECMO. Nonsurvivors presented with a statistically significant higher Prediction of Survival on ECMO Therapy (PRESET)-Score (mean ± SD, 8.33 ± 0.8 vs 6.17 ± 1.8; P = .001). The PRESET score demonstrated accurate mortality prediction. All patients with a PRESET-Score of 6 or lowers survived, and a score of 7 or higher was associated with a dramatic increase in mortality. Conclusions These results suggest that favorable outcomes are possible in patients with COVID-19 who undergo ECMO at high-volume centers. This study demonstrated an association between the PRESET-Score and survival in patients with COVID-19 who underwent VV-ECMO. Standard risk calculators may aid in appropriate selection of patients with COVID-19 ARDS for ECMO.
Public Investors, Private Funds, and State Law

Public pension plans in the United States invest hundreds of billions of dollars in private funds. As pension underfunding problems have deepened across the nation in recent years, public plans have dramatically increased their exposure to these lightly-regulated vehicles. This has raised concerns about whether the trustees and officials running state and local plans—often targets of academic criticism for poor management practices—adequately protect pension interests when they invest in this market. This Article considers the role of state law in this new era of massive investment by public plans in private funds. State pension law has historically focused primarily on the internal governance of public plans by imposing fiduciary duties on plan trustees and officials and setting up guardrails on the decisions that they make. However, after controversial practices in private funds were exposed in the mid-2010s, the California state legislature moved in a more aggressive direction by directly regulating certain terms in the private fund contracts entered into by California public plans. This approach, which many states took steps to follow or seriously considered following, focused on fee transparency concerns, but it could easily be expanded to regulate any aspect of private fund contracts. After identifying some of the distinctive challenges associated with this approach, I argue that state efforts to regulate private fund contracts directly have limited potential to compensate for ineffective governance within public plans. Challenges include the fact that states lack direct authority over private fund managers, widespread discriminatory treatment of private fund investors through “side letters,” diversity in the size of public plans in each state, and volatility in the fundraising market for private funds, among others. In light of these and other challenges, I also argue that the explosive growth of public pension investment in private funds calls into question some of the basic assumptions on which private fund policy has long been based, raising important questions for federal securities law.
Clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of nocardioform placentitis in the mare.

Abstract Placentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse and contributes to roughly 19% of all abortions in the United States. A type of placental infection, nocardioform placentitis (NP) is associated with gram-positive branching actinomycetes localized within the ventral body of the feto-maternal interface to create a lymphoplasmacytic mucoid lesion. While the etiology of this disease is poorly described, this placental infection continues to cause episodic abortions in addition to weak and/or growth retarded neonates. The goal of the present study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of pregnancies associated with a nocardioform-affected placenta and make inferences into the epidemiology of this elusive disease. To do so, 264 mares were enrolled in the study, with 145 as having suspected disease (n = 145; NP) either based on pregnancy-related complications or postpartum placental evaluation, while an additional 119 were enrolled as healthy pregnancies (n = 119; CON). Following diagnosis as either NP or CON based on gross and histopathology at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, information was gathered on the mares and neonates for comparisons between diseased and healthy pregnancies. Clinically, a significant portion of diseased mares had clinical indications of NP, including premature mammary gland development, thickening of the placenta noted on transrectal ultrasonography, and separation between the chorioallantois and endometrium noted on abdominal ultrasonography, while vulvar discharge was not commonly noted. Additionally, NP was correlated with increased mare age, decreased gestational length, and decreased neonatal weight, although neonatal IgG and WBC were comparable to CON. Incidence of NP was not correlated with last breeding date, pre- and post-breeding therapeutics, parity, prophylactic medications, or housing. Additionally, NP did not affect postpartum fertility. While NP was associated with a poor neonatal outcome (abortion and/or growth retarded neonate), this did not appear to be influenced by the bacteria isolated (Amycolatopsis spp. vs. Crossiella equi), and mares diagnosed with NP do not appear to be infectious to other pregnant mares nor have repetitive years of the disease. Interestingly, lesion size was positively correlated with last breeding date, as mares bred later in the breeding season correlating with a larger placental lesion. In conclusion, while the etiology of NP continues to elude researchers, the epidemiology of this disease has gained clarity, providing inferences into the management of suspect mares.
Antibody-Hapten Reaction Kinetics: A Comparison of Hapten Interactions with IgG and Fab Preparations

Association and dissociation kinetics for the interaction of hapten with both IgG and Fab preparations from a high affinity rabbit antiserum were determined by recently described techniques by using dextran-coated charcoal for rapid separation of free and antibody-bound hapten. The association and dissociation rate constants were determined for the interactions of 3H-ouabain with an IgG preparation, an Fab preparation obtained by treatment of IgG with papain followed by Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, and a mixture containing approximately equal concentrations of Fab and IgG-binding sites. These data were then analyzed for evidence of cooperativity of the two binding sites of IgG. Association rate constants for interactions of IgG and Fab with 3H-ouabain were not significantly different [3.43 ± 0.29 (S.D.) × 106 M-1 sec-1 and 3.36 ± 0.26 × 106 M-1 sec-1, respectively]. Dissociation data revealed no significant difference in dissociation kinetics between preparations of IgG, Fab fragments, or a mixture of the two containing approximately equal concentrations of binding sites. The ratios of association and dissociation rate constants were in satisfactory agreement with average intrinsic association constants determined under equilibrium conditions. The results are interpreted as showing no demonstrable cooperativity between the two binding sites of the IgG preparation under study in its interaction with the hapten 3H-ouabain.
Abstract 18085: Heart Healthy Living: A community Based, Culturally Sensitive Cardiovascular Disease Education Program for Chinese Women at Roxbury Tenants of Harvard

Background: Acculturation is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and risk factors among Chinese immigrants into Western societies. There is a paucity in community-based health interventions targeted towards Chinese immigrants, and a growing need to develop such programs among this rapidly expanding population. We adapted the Heart Healthy Living (HHL) seminar series, a tailored health, nutrition, and physical activity education program, to address the challenges that Chinese immigrants face. Methods: HHL is a six week culturally suitable CV health program targeted towards Chinese women residing at Roxbury Tenants of Harvard (RTH). Each session was held in Chinese and consisted of an interactive lecture component on CVD prevention, followed by an exercise activity. Each participant completed a validated Heart Disease Knowledge Questionnaire (HDKQ) both pre- and post-seminar series, in addition to blood pressure, weight, height, and waist circumference measurements at each t...
Dark matter in nuclear physics

Author(s): Fuller, George; Hime, Andrew; Henning, Reyco; Kinion, Darin; Klein, Spencer; Profumo, Stefano; Ramsey-Musolf, Michael; Stokstad, Robert | Abstract: This White Paper was prepared for the Nuclear Science Town Meeting on "Neutrinos, Neutrons and Fundamental Symmetries, held in Chicago on Jan. 17-19, 2007.
Fuel/time optimal control of the benchmark two-mass/spring system

Design of fuel/time optimal control of the benchmark two-mass/spring system is addressed in the frequency domain. The optimal control profile is represented as the output of a time-delay filter, where the amplitude of the time-delayed signals are constrained to satisfy the control bounds. The time-delays of the filter are determined by solving a parameter optimization problem which minimizes a weighted fuel/time cost function subject to the constraint that the time-delay filter cancel all the poles of the system and the control profile satisfies the rigid body boundary conditions. It is shown that three control structures exist. A three switch profile corresponding to the time-optimal control problem which changes to a six switch profile corresponding to a cost function that includes a small weight on the fuel. As the weight on the fuel increases beyond a critical value, the control profile changes to a two switch profile. The value of the critical weight that represents the transition of the control profile from a 6 switch to a 2 switch control profile is determined.
Relationship between Pedestrian Headform Tests and Injury and Fatality Rates in Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Crashes in the United States

Pedestrian protection evaluations have been developed to encourage vehicle front-end designs that mitigate the consequences of vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes. The European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) evaluates pedestrian head protection with impacts against vehicle hood, windshield, and A-pillars. The Global Technical Regulation No. 9 (GTR 9), being evaluated for U.S. regulation, limits head protection evaluations to impacts against vehicle hoods. The objective of this study was to compare results from pedestrian head impact testing to the real-world rates of fatal and incapacitating injuries in U.S. pedestrian crashes. Data from police reported pedestrian crashes in 14 states were used to calculate real-world fatal and in- capacitating injury rates for seven 2002-07 small cars. Rates were 2.17-4.04 per 100 pedestrians struck for fatal injuries and 10.45-15.35 for incapacitating injuries. Euro NCAP style pedestrian headform tests were conducted against windshield, A-pillar, and hoods of the study vehicles. When compared with pedestrian injury rates, the vehicles' Euro NCAP scores, ranging 5-10 points, showed strong negative correlations (-0.6) to injury rates, though none were statistically significant. Data from the headform impacts for each of the study vehicles were used to calculate that vehicle's predicted serious injury risk. The predicted risks from both the Euro NCAP and GTR 9 test zones showed high positive correlations with the pedestrian fatal and incapacitating injury rates, though few were statistically significant. Whether vehicle stiffness is evaluated on all components of vehicle front ends (Euro NCAP) or is limited to hoods (GTR 9), softer vehicle components correspond to a lower risk of fatality.
G protein mutations that alter the pheromone response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The GPA1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a G alpha protein that couples the membrane-bound pheromone receptors to downstream elements in the mating response pathway. We have isolated seven mutant alleles of GPA1 that confer pheromone resistance: G50D (a glycine-to-aspartate change at position 50), G322E, G322R, E355K, E364K, G470D, and an E364K-G470D double mutant. All of the mutations lie within large regions that are highly conserved between Gpa1 and four other G alpha proteins; four of the changes are located in domains with proposed functions. On the basis of a gentic analysis, the pheromone-unresponsive GPA1 alleles can be divided into two classes: those that encode constitutively activated proteins and those that encode proteins unable to respond to the upstream signal. Our results support the hypothesis that the activated form of Gpa1 stimulates adaptation to pheromone.
Beyond the defaults: functional response parameter space and ecosystem-level fishing thresholds in dynamic food web model simulations

Dynamic food web models are increasingly used to investigate the ecosystem effects of fishing; however, key unknown functional response parameters describing predator-prey interactions strongly inf...
Imaginative involvement: some characteristics of the highly hypnotizable and the non-hypnotizable.

Abstract Interview material with high and low hypnotic Ss adds to the evidence previously reported that imaginative involvements (such as the savoring of sensory experiences, drama, reading, childhood fantasy, adult fantasy, physical space traveling, mental space traveling, religion, creativity) play a central role as background factors for hypnotic susceptibility. The 42 high Ss had far more imaginative involvement than the 15 low Ss. A relationship between higher hypnotic susceptibility and childhood punishment appears to be mediated via fantasy development. The results are discussed in terms of Sarbins role theory, Gill and Brenmans theory of regression in the service of the ego, and E. R. Hilgards neo-dissociation theory.
Mechanism of ligand substitution on five-coordinate iron and cobalt dithiolene complexes

The kinetics of the substitution reactions of five- coordinate iron and cobalt 1,2-dithiolene complexes M(S2C2(CN)2)2X− (X = a phosphine or phosphite) are reported. The X group is replaced by monodentate and bidentate nucleophiles by a process consisting of both associative and dissociative pathways with the associative pathway predominating. It is shown that a purely dissociative process is definitely excluded. The iron complexes react about ten times faster than the analogous cobalt complexes. The kinetics of the replacement of bidentate groups LL from Fe(S2C2(CN)2)2 (LL)− by P(n-Bu)3 to yield Fe(S2C2(CN)2)2P(n-Bu)3 are also reported. The LL groups are bipyridine, o-phenanthroline, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, and cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene. These reactions proceed by a dissociative process and are orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding cobalt reactions.
On the cooperative red alert exponent for the AWGN-MAC with feedback

We consider communication over the additive white Gaussian noise multiple-access channel with feedback, an average power and a peak energy constraint within an unequal error protection scenario. We would like to design a codebook with a special red alert message that has an extremely small error probability while we keep other error events unlikely. We design this codebook using an offset construction: a fraction of available power is used to implement Ozarow's capacity-achieving scheme while the rest of the power is allocated to increase the reliability of the red alert codeword.
Tritiation of two potent catecholamine beta-adrenergic receptor agonists

The tritiation of the beta-adrenergic catecholamines isoproterenol and hydroxybenzylisoproterenol is described.
Densities of mammals in partially protected areas: the Katavi ecosystem of western Tanzania

1. In Africa the majority of conservation areas sanction some sort of human activities within their borders but few of them are part of community-based conservation schemes. The effectiveness of these state-owned, partially protected areas in conserving mammalian fauna is largely unknown. 2. Large and medium-sized mammal densities in three different sorts of partially protected area were compared to mammal densities in an adjacent national park in western Tanzania by driving 2953 km of strip transects over a 14-month period. 3. In a Game Controlled Area that permitted temporary settlement, cattle grazing and tourist big game hunting, mammal diversity and mammal densities were relatively high. In a Forest Reserve that permitted limited hardwood extraction and resident hunting, most large species were absent. In a third, Open Area that allowed settlement, cattle grazing, firewood collection and beekeeping activities, mammal diversity and densities were again low but some large ungulates still used the area seasonally. 4. The chief factors responsible for lowered mammal densities outside the Park were illegal hunting, especially in close proximity to town, and to a lesser extent, resident hunting quotas that were too high. 5. These data suggest that state-owned conservation areas permitting human activities within their borders cannot be relied upon as a means of conserving large and middle-sized mammals in Africa. 6. Two methods are being employed to ameliorate this problem in Africa: excluding people from conservation areas while upgrading ground protection effort, and initiation of community-based conservation schemes. As yet, however, very few quantitative data are available to evaluate the efficacy of these methods in enhancing mammal populations.
A characterization of inner product spaces

Abstract In 1935, Jordan and von Neumann characterized inner product spaces as normed linear spaces satisfying the property that in any parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the sides. If the parallelogram is a rectangle, this reduces to the Pythagorean theorem. In 1943, Ficken proved that a normed linear space is an inner product space if, and only if, a reflection about a line in any two-dimensional subspace is an isometric mapping. In 1947, Lorch gave a list of six implications which characterize inner product spaces among normed linear spaces. In this paper, we prove a geometric characterization of inner product spaces which encompasses those already mentioned in the sense that the necessity of each of the previously mentioned characterizations is easily derived from the latter one without employing the inner product. An application to fixed point theorems is given in the last section of the paper.
Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf

Abstract Knebel, H.J., 1981. Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf. Mar. Geol., 42: 349-368. A review of recent data on the velocity of bottom currents, the frequency of bottom-sediment movement, the kinds and amounts of suspended sediments in near-bottom waters, and the acoustic and sedimentary features of subbottom strata indicates that the characteristics of the ubiquitous sand sheet on the Atlantic outer continental shelf of the United States have been controlled by a variety of past and present processes. Although these processes collectively have had a widespread effect on the characteristics of the sand sheet, the relative importance of each process changes geographically. On Georges Bank, late Pleistocene glaciations along with modern tidal currents and the regional circulation pattern have played a dominant role. On the Middle Atlantic shelf, ancestral rivers, former near-shore processes, and modern wind- and wave-generated currents are important factors. On the South Atlantic shelf, the sediments reflect subaerial weathering, erosion or nondeposition over or near hardgrounds, and the production of biogenic carbonate. Other processes such as the movement of water masses, bioturbation, and bottom fishing probably have affected the sediments in all areas. A knowledge of the various factors affecting the sand sheet is fundamental to an understanding of its general geologic history and to the paleoenvironmental interpretation of ancient sand strata.
Observation of Dust Stream Formation Produced by Low Current, High Voltage Cathode Spots

Macro-particle acceleration driven by low current, high voltage cathode spots has been investigated. The phenomenon was observed to occur when nanometer and micrometer-sized particles in the presence of a discharge plasma were exposed to a high voltage pulse. The negative voltage pulse initiates the formation of multiple, high voltage, low current cathode spots which provides the mechanism of actual acceleration of the charged dust particles. Dust streams generated by this process were detected using laser scattering techniques. The particle impact craters observed at the surface of downstream witness badges were documented using SEM and light microscopy.
Pituitary enlargement due to lingual thyroid gland and primary hypothyroidism

Pituitary enlargement can occur as a result of primary hypothyroidism. We present a newborn with pituitary enlargement and congenital hypothyroidism secondary to a lingual thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone therapy caused a regression of pituitary enlargement.
A morphologic mutation in Aspergillus nidulans associated with increased virulence for mice

Studies of the virulence for inbred mice of a morphologic mutant ofAspergillus nidulans and the morphologically-normal strain from which it was isolated as a spontaneous variant are described. The study demonstrates that the single gene difference known to exist between the two strains is associated with increased virulence. This is the first example of a mutation inA. nidulans associated with increased virulence.
Total lymphoid irradiation-antithymocyte globulin conditioning and allogeneic transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo HCT) is the only curative therapy for the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), but treatment toxicity has been a barrier to its more widespread use. The nonmyeloablative regimen of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) permits the establishment of donor hematopoiesis necessary for the graft-versus-malignancy effect and is protective against acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), but it has minimal direct cytotoxicity against myeloid diseases. We explored the use of TLI-ATG conditioning to treat 61 patients with allo HCT for MDS (n = 32), therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (n = 15), MPN (n = 9), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n = 5). The median age of all patients was 63 years (range, 50 to 73). The cumulative incidence of aGVHD grades II to IV was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4% to 23%) and for grades III to IV, 4% (95% CI, 0 to 9%), and it did not differ between patients who received allografts from related or unrelated donors. The cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 100 days, 12 months, and 36 months was 0%, 7%, and 11%. Overall survival and progression-free survival were 41% (95% CI, 29% to 53%) and 35% (95% CI, 23% to 48%), respectively. The safety and tolerability of TLI-ATG, as exemplified by its low NRM, provides a foundation for further risk-adapted or prophylactic interventions to prevent disease progression.
The effect of hydrothermal processes on midwater phosphorus distributions in the northeast Pacific

Abstract The distributions of dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phosphorus were measured in the region of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to determine the impacts of hydrothermal processes on the phosphorus cycle in the oceans. Significant negative dissolved phosphate anomalies, ranging from 0 to 60 nmol/l, were observed in the water column at depths between 1900 and 2300 db. The largest anomalies (
Physical and functional connection between auxilin and dynamin during endocytosis

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the GTPase dynamin promotes formation of clathrin-coated vesicles, but its mode of action is unresolved. We provide evidence that a switch in three functional states of dynamin (dimers, tetramers, rings/spirals) coordinates its GTPase cycle. Dimers exhibit negative cooperativity whereas tetramers exhibit positive cooperativity with respect to GTP. Our study identifies tetramers as the kinetically most stable GTP-bound conformation of dynamin, which is required to promote further assembly into higher order structures such as rings or spirals. In addition, using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, we show that interactions between dynamin and auxilin in cells are GTP-, endocytosis- and tetramer-dependent. Furthermore, we show that the cochaperone activity of auxilin is required for constriction of clathrin-coated pits, the same early step in endocytosis known to be regulated by the lifetime of dynamin:GTP. Together, our findings support the model that the GTP-bound conformation of dynamin tetramers stimulates formation of constricted coated pits at the plasma membrane by regulating the chaperone activity of hsc70/auxilin.
Compressibility Effects in Electrochemical Machining

Based on bubbly two-phase flow an equation for the speed of sound in the ECM frontal gap is derived, and it is seen that the sonic speed is well within reach of the electrolyte velocities usually encountered in ECM. Thus the Mach number can become equal to one, which represents a choking condition. The practical significance of the choking phenomenon and other compressibility effects are discussed, and experimental data are presented. An explanation for the flow lines or striations frequently observed with radial outflow configurations is also given.
Decreased Hering–Breuer Input-Output Entrainment in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome

Rett syndrome, a severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2), is associated with a highly irregular respiratory pattern including severe upper-airway dysfunction. Recent work suggests that hyperexcitability of the Hering-Breuer reflex (HBR) pathway contributes to respiratory dysrhythmia in Mecp2 mutant mice. To assess how enhanced HBR input impacts respiratory entrainment by sensory afferents in closed-loop in vivo-like conditions, we investigated the input (vagal stimulus trains) – output (phrenic bursting) entrainment via the HBR in wild-type and Mecp2-deficient mice. Using the in situ perfused brainstem preparation, which maintains an intact pontomedullary axis capable of generating an in vivo-like respiratory rhythm in the absence of the HBR, we mimicked the HBR feedback input by stimulating the vagus nerve (at threshold current, 0.5 ms pulse duration, 75 Hz pulse frequency, 100 ms train duration) at an inter-burst frequency matching that of the intrinsic oscillation of the inspiratory motor output of each preparation. Using this approach, we observed significant input-output entrainment in wild-type mice as measured by the maximum of the cross-correlation function, the peak of the instantaneous relative phase distribution, and the mutual information of the instantaneous phases. This entrainment was associated with a reduction in inspiratory duration during feedback stimulation. In contrast, the strength of input-output entrainment was significantly weaker in Mecp2-/+ mice. However, Mecp2-/+ mice also had a reduced inspiratory duration during stimulation, indicating that reflex behavior in the HBR pathway was intact. Together, these observations suggest that the respiratory network compensates for enhanced sensitivity of HBR inputs by reducing HBR input-output entrainment.
The Effect of Psychopathology in Children's Drawing of the Human Figure

(1963). The Effect of Psychopathology in Children's Drawing of the Human Figure. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 273-282.
Descending and ascending chromatography of steroids using thin-layer chromatography sheets

Abstract The utility of newly available thin-layer chromatography (TLC) sheets was investigated using both descending and ascending chromatography. This was done for pure steroids and biological extracts. The advantages and disadvantages of these sheets relative to conventional TLC plates are discussed.
Texture evolution of polycrystalline AA 5182 aluminum alloy with an initial {001}〈110〉 texture during rolling

Abstract The texture evolution of polycrystalline AA 5182 aluminum alloy with an initial {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 texture during rolling has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The lattice rotation paths of the {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 orientation and the lattice rotation with true strain were determined and compared with experimental results for single crystals.
The role of the nucleus raphe pontis and the caudate nucleus in alfentanil rigidity in the rat

Attempts to eliminate or reduce the rigidity induced with high-dose narcotic anesthesia in the operating room have been only partially successful. Previous investigations of opioid receptor sites mediating this rigidity have implicated two central regions: the nucleus raphe pontis (NRP) within the reticular formation and the caudate nucleus (CN) within the basal ganglia. The present study used systemically administered alfentanil (ALF), a potent, short-acting fentanyl analog, and intracerebrally infused methylnaloxonium (MN), a quaternary derivative of naloxone, to elucidate further the functional role of the NRP and CN in rigidity. ALF (0.5 mg/kg s.c.) produced a reliable model of rigidity, as documented by gastrocnemius electromyography. The onset of this rigidity was within 60 s of ALF administration, with a total duration of approximately 40-50 min. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of 2.0 or 4.0 micrograms of MN 15 min prior to ALF treatment prevented rigidity, while 0.125 or 0.5 microgram had no significant effect on rigidity. MN injected directly into the NRP at doses as low as 0.125 microgram significantly antagonized ALF-induced rigidity, while injections of MN into the caudate nucleus at doses as high as 4.0 micrograms failed to antagonize ALF-induced rigidity. These observations demonstrate that injection of MN into the NRP is at least 16-fold more effective in blocking ALF-induced rigidity than MN injected into the ventricle and, more importantly, at least 32-fold more effective than MN injected into the CN. The results suggest that the NRP may be an important site for the neural control of muscular rigidity associated with high-dose narcotic administration.
A finite state probabilistic automaton that accepts a context sensitive language that is not context free

It is known that nonregular languages can be accepted by finite state probabilistic automata. For many years it was not known whether a finite state probabilistic automaton existed that would accept a context sensitive language that is not context free. Such a finite state probabilistic automaton is constructed.
Assembled Fourier transform micro-spectrometer

Microassembly process plays a key role in building 3-dimensional heterogeneous microsystems. This paper presents a miniaturized Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) implemented by combining silicon micromachining and microassembly techniques. The FTS is based on a Michelson interferometer where a scanning mirror mechanism creates an interferogram, and the recorded interferogram is converted to a spectrum by Fourier transform. The miniaturized Michelson interferometer is integrated on a microoptical bench, which is fabricated using Deep RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) process on a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer. Key components of the FTS optical bench are a linear translation stage, mechanical assembly sockets, a beam splitter, and assembled mirrors. An electrothermal actuator with stroke amplification mechanisms provides the amplified scanning motion of a scanning mirror. The sockets are female mechanical flexure structures that allow a precise snap-fit assembly with micromachined silicon mirrors. The dimension of the FTS optical bench is 1cm2, and its embedded thermal actuator has a couple of V-beam structures whose beam length is 1mm. The mirrors are Deep RIE micromachined structures with reflection area 500x450μm2 and 750μm long flexure structures for pick & place assembly. The flexure structure allows large deflection so that a microgripper can pick up the mirror by inserting the gripper tip into the structure, and snap-fit assembles it into the mechanical socket of the bench. The linear translation stage generates up to 30μm scanning stroke at 22V input, which corresponds to a spectral resolution of 10nm at 775nm wavelength. While this microassembly method is designed to self-align the mirror in the socket, the mirror slightly tilts after assembly due to the slope of side wall of DRIE processed structures. The measured tilting angles of assembled mirrors range from -2.5° to 0.8° from several assembly trials. The tilting angle combined with beam divergence can cause the loss of power and resolution, spectrum shift and phase error. A He-Ne laser was used as a light source to create interferogram with the assembled microspectrometer. Formation of fringe patterns was successfully conducted with a prototype. Mirrors with a large tilting misalignment resulted in stripe pattern fringes, whereas an improved alignment generated circular pattern fringes. A detector was used to measure light power with respect to input voltage, and the displacement of a scanning mirror was measured and curve-fitted. The relationship between light power changes versus the displacement of a scanning mirror represents interferogram. Spectrum profiles showed a peak around 632nm with FWHM (Full Width Half Magnitude) 25nm approximately. While further research is on going to improve spectrum quality and microassembly technique for the integration of various components with heterogeneous materials and shapes, this approach is expected to facilitate the design and manufacturing of MOEMS from the constraints of micromachining processes.