cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5G Mobile Broadband: Spectrum Challenges for Rural Regions

Wireless technologies offer potential advantages for extending broadband to rural regions because they do not require costly extension of optical fiber that requires trenching through difficult terrain that could include mountains, deserts, roadless expanses, and/or permafrost in the far North. Also usage is shifting from fixed to mobile, even in rural areas, as smart phones and other “smart” devices are becoming increasingly popular, and operators strive to provide additional bandwidth to cope with demand. Wireless 5G (fifth generation) is currently considered the most promising technology to address the explosive growth in demand not only for consumer services but for public safety, remote monitoring, logistics, and other applications. Mobile 5G technology promises greatly increased bandwidth for mobile devices and potentially for other broadband services. Yet 5G presents challenges that may not only make it difficult to offer in rural areas, but may hinder the availability of other more cost-effective wireless solutions. This paper examines the challenges of extending broadband to rural and remote regions, particularly as posed by 5G technology in terms of installation cost, availability of spectrum, and other factors that may influence availability and affordability of broadband in rural regions. It reviews proposals to transfer spectrum currently used for fixed terrestrial and satellite broadband to 5G, and implications for service availability, quality, and pricing. It also examines implications for existing community and rural WISPs (wireless internet service providers) and other entrepreneurs and organizations that may want to offer broadband in rural areas. These issues are addressed through analysis of policy drivers to expedite investment in 5G (e.g. to keep up with other countries implementing 5G and to take advantage of purported economic benefits of 5G) and the resulting rush to reallocate spectrum for 5G. It includes a case study of current Canadian government efforts to reallocate spectrum for 5G from fixed satellite services, still critical for provision of communication services in the far North, as an example of how 5G spectrum policies may affect rural communities and small service providers. The paper proposes criteria for reallocating rural spectrum that would not endanger current broadband delivery to rural and remote regions. It concludes with lessons from the case study and recommendations for policy makers facing the challenges of formulating policies for 5G within a context of commitments to provide universal access to broadband, including in rural unserved and underserved regions.
Social Organization and Innovation

Why does social organization happen by itself? Why does it evolve as the movement of the members of the society increases? Why does the organization become more hierarchical, with greater nonuniformity in the distribution of movement over the inhabited territory when the size of the society increases? These questions are answered from physics. Key is the idea that the phenomenon of social organization is rooted in the universal physics phenomenon of economies of scale in the presence of freedom to change. The physics is crucial because people believe that human life is too complicated to be predictable. The phenomenon of joining (organization) is illustrated with two highly dissimilar models, one without people (river basins) and the other with people (the distribution of heated water over human settlements). Any society tries to control inequality because it is good for the peace, the life, and the persistence of society. The message from physics is that to eliminate inequality is impossible. Inequality happens even when the natural hierarchical channels are destroyed and replaced with an artificial one-size design everywhere. The “equals” who are positioned close to the point source or sink are the huge beneficiaries. The spreading of innovation events over the populated territory is a very subtle way to control inequality. Every individual is better off knowing the difference between the possible and the impossible: the difference is explored further in Chap. 10.
Preliminary Exterior Design and Hydrodynamic Evaluation of a Small-Scale Underwater Glider

Autonomous underwater gliders (AUGs) use complex control algorithms to navigate that balance power consumption and adherence to mission parameters. Testing of these algorithms on large scale gliders, such as Deepglider and Seaglider, requires deployments that can be labor and time intensive. We examine the feasibility of using a small-scale glider as a test platform to replicate flight dynamics of traditional gliders. In particular, in this paper, we are demonstrating the experimental determination of the coefficients of lift and drag as parameters in the glider's hydrodynamic model using three different regression methods.
Electrical Grid Smart Cable Detach Mechanism and Emergency Communication Network

Recent hurricane catastrophes and the rapid increases of hurricane activity across the world has exposed the inadequacies of current emergency grid recovery strategies. In this paper, a proof-of-concept system was built to introduce, motivate and validate the idea of a cable detach mechanism that protects electrical poles by detaching the cables from the pole when excess physical stress is present on the lines. In said event an ad-hoc network is deployed and serves as a means for communications to first responders in the event of cellular tower failures. The benefits of the smart detach cable system include increased grid resiliency, reduced grid recovery time and costs, improved sensing of grid state, and rapid maintenance deployment. The system was built and modeled as a small-scale, one line, power grid. The modeled system demonstrated and confirmed some of the clear benefits of the proposed detach mechanism and communication network.
In-Medium Jet Modification Measured by PHENIX Via Two-Particle Correlations and High p T Hadrons in A + A Collisions

Abstract The first evidence of jet quenching was observed at RHIC via suppression of single high pT hadron RAA and the disappearance of the away-side jet peak in two-particle correlations. Since then, hadron RAA and two-particle correlations continue to be useful probes of the QGP in heavy ion collisions, since the particles involved are fragments of the jets produced in the initial hard scattering. PHENIX recently improved the width measurements extracted from π0-hadron correlations after removing the higher order flow terms in the underlying event subtraction. Measurements of the away-side jet correlated with high pT neutral pions show an increase in low pT particle production at wide angles consistent with theoretical expectations for energy loss. The system size dependence of energy loss is further investigated at PHENIX by measuring the absolute yield and RAA for various hadron species at high pT in several collision systems including U + U and Cu + Au. These proceedings will present the newest PHENIX RAA and two-particle correlation measurements and their role in our understanding of jet quenching and medium response in heavy ion collisions.
Total War and Limited Government: The German Catholic Debate at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age

The chapter recovers the debate among German Catholics over North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO’s) introduction of tactical nuclear weapons into the new West German army (Bundeswehr). Young Catholic scholars Ernst-Wolfgang Bockenforde and Robert Spaemann forcefully opposed nuclear weaponry in debate with German theologian Gustav Gundlach. The arguments turned chiefly on natural law and papal authority, less so on theology. The chapter reconstructs the argument and recasts it in terms of political theology, a category that seems well suited for thinking about an issue of such gravity and finality (nuclear apocalypse being the ultimate Schmittian exception) and which the authors knew but avoided because of its discrediting under Nazism. The birth of a critical political theology in the 1960s enabled thinking about creation and divine sovereignty that could argue the case and exploit Catholicism’s global standing without lapsing into pre-critical biblical interpretation and philosophical methods ill-equipped to think about nuclear war.
Blink Rate Patterns Provide a Reliable Measure of Individual Engagement with Scene Content

Eye-blinking has emerged as a promising means of measuring viewer engagement with visual content. This method capitalizes on the fact that although we remain largely unaware of our eye-blinking in everyday situations, eye-blinks are inhibited at precise moments in time so as to minimize the loss of visual information that occurs during a blink. Probabilistically, the more important the visual information is to the viewer, the more likely he or she will be to inhibit blinking. In the present study, viewer engagement was experimentally manipulated in order to: (1) replicate past studies suggesting that a group of viewers will blink less often when watching content that they perceive as more important or relevant; (2) test the reliability of the measure by investigating constraints on the timescale over which blink rate patterns can be used to accurately quantify viewer engagement; and (3) examine whether blink rate patterns can be used to quantify what an individual – as opposed to a group of viewers—perceives as engaging. Results demonstrate that blink rate patterns can be used to measure changes in individual and group engagement that unfold over relatively short (1 second) and long (60 second) timescales. However, for individuals with lower blink rates, blink rate patterns may provide less optimal measures when engagement shifts rapidly (at intervals of 1 second or less). Findings support the use of eye-blink measures in future studies investigating a person’s subjective perception of how engaging a stimulus is.
COVID-19 impact on early career investigators: a call for action.

The COVID-19 pandemic has broadly impacted biomedical research and health care. Here we discuss current challenges for the cancer research community as they apply to early career investigators (ECIs). We propose a series of collaborative initiatives aimed to sustain ECIs and preserve and accelerate the ability to innovate with long-lasting impact.
Waking the Dead: An Empirical Analysis of Revival of Wills

The problem of revival arises when a testator executes a first will, subsequently executes a second will that functions to revoke the first one by subsequent executed writing, and then later revokes the second will by act. Does this sequence of events reinstate the first will (“revival”) or leave the testator intestate (“anti-revival”)? Most states, together with the Uniform Probate Code, create either a conclusive or rebuttable presumption of anti-revival. This Article argues that, as a matter of policy, lawmakers should impose whichever presumption most testators would assume to apply, in order to minimize the risk of error. The Article presents evidence from an electronic survey finding that around seventy-five percent of respondents believe that this scenario would result in the revival of their first wills. This evidence indicates that a presumption of revival would correspond with popular assumptions and should replace the prevailing presumption of anti-revival. The Article further argues that the presumption should be rebuttable, in order to maintain consistency with other elements of the law of will revocation. Finally, the Article explores the significance of the lopsidedness of the data and applies Bayesian probability theory to suggest the possibility of imposing a clear-and-convincing evidence standard when a “supermajoritarian” default is discovered to exist — a contribution to default rule theory.
Evolution of drug-eluting biomedical implants for sustained drug delivery

In the field of drug delivery, the most commonly used treatments have traditionally been systemically delivered using oral or intravenous administration. The problems associated with this type of delivery is that the drug concentration is controlled by first pass metabolism, and therefore may not always remain within the therapeutic window. Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are an excellent alternative to traditional delivery because they offer the ability to precisely control the drug release, deliver drugs locally to the target tissue, and avoid the toxic side effects often experienced with systemic administration. Since the creation of the first FDA-approved IDDS in 1990, there has been a surge in research devoted to fabricating and testing novel IDDS formulations. The versatility of these systems is evident when looking at the various biomedical applications that utilize IDDSs. This review provides an overview of the history of IDDSs, with examples of the different types of IDDS formulations, as well as looking at current and future biomedical applications for such systems. Though there are still obstacles that need to be overcome, ever-emerging new technologies are making the manufacturing of IDDSs a rewarding therapeutic endeavor with potential for further improvements.
Lessons Learned Piloting an EMI Support Course at a Southern Brazilian University

While the literature on English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has seen steady growth over the last two decades, the topic of pre- and in-service teacher education for EMI has received relatively little attention—a situation that is even more marked within the context of Brazilian higher education. Responding to this gap with a practice-oriented contribution, this paper distills some of the major insights gained from piloting an EMI support course at a private university in the south of Brazil. The paper is organized around five themes, or ‘lessons learned,’ which represent the most salient takeaways from the piloting experience. These lessons intersect with some of the most pressing issues faced by researchers, practitioners, and policymakers involved with EMI in higher education contexts. By aligning theoretical and practical concerns, the paper seeks to establish an agenda for further investigation into EMI teacher education—especially within the Brazilian context.
Innovative social work field placements in public libraries

While the collaborative trend among professional social workers and librarians has accumulated much-deserved attention for several years, literature about social work students partnering with publi...
Bioinspired photocatalytic hedgehog coating for super liquid repellency

Super liquid repellency towards highly wetting liquids is of great interest for fundamental research and practical applications. Superomniphobic coatings have been made by forming re-entrant or doubly re-entrant morphologies that result in contact angles above 150° and contact angle hysteresis below 10°. While existing superomniphobic coatings rely on stringed nanoparticles to make re-entrant geometries, we show that a new type of superomniphobic surface is made by microscale hedgehog particles that combine the features of springtail inspired re-entrant microspheres with cicada wing inspired nanoneedles. Such a bioinspired hedgehog coating shows super liquid repellency from water to low surface tension liquids like dodecane with a surface tension of 25.3 mN m−1. The hedgehog particles provide re-entrant structures and the nanoneedles minimize the local liquid–solid adhesion due to the presence of air gaps. Moreover, we use a one-step approach to make scalable titanium dioxide hedgehog coatings with photocatalytic properties. Thus, the photocatalytic hedgehog coating can be easily converted to slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces under ultraviolet illumination in one-step. Such a photocatalytically activated slippery surface shows an ultralow contact angle hysteresis (≤1°) to highly wetting fluids with surface tensions as low as 16 mN m−1.
An Order-Optimal Adaptive Test Plan for Noisy Group Testing Under Unknown Noise Models

We consider the problem of noisy group testing where the test results are corrupted by noise with an unknown distribution. We propose an adaptive test plan consisting of a hierarchy of biased random walks guided by a local sequential test which together lend adaptivity and agnosticism to the unknown noise model. We show that the proposed test plan is order optimal in both the population size and the error rate.
Hereditary alpha tryptasemia is not associated with specific clinical phenotypes.

Background Hereditary alpha tryptasemia (HαT) is found in approximately 7% of the population. Associations with a variety of clinical symptoms including gastric reflux, joint hypermobility, dysautonomia, flushing and pruritus, and hymenoptera allergy have variably been described in prior reports. However, our understanding of this genetic trait is limited by a paucity of published studies, referral bias, and conflicting findings at clinical presentation. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical phenotype of HαT in a random biorepository population and in patients with and without mastocytosis referred to the allergy clinic. Methods Tryptase copy number allele was assessed using digital droplet PCR. Participants with or without HαT were interviewed and examined by a clinician and surveyed regarding their medical history and symptomology. Results HαT was identified in 7.5% of the random biorepository samples and in 18% of patients with mastocytosis. There was no difference in the clinical symptomology or medical history of individuals with HαT compared to controls. Average baseline serum tryptase was higher in individuals with HαT compared to controls, but there was no difference in urinary mast cell activation products. Conclusions Elevated baseline serum tryptase was the only consistent phenotypic marker for HαT in this study. There was a higher frequency of HαT in patients with mastocytosis than in the general population.
Exploring smart wearables through the lens of reactance theory: Linking values, social influence, and status quo

Abstract With production increases and new affordances offered by wearable devices, it is surprising that individuals resist the adoption and use of smartwatches. This study examines the barriers to smartwatch adoption to understand why individuals avoid smart technologies. To more fully understand this phenomenon, we draw from reactance theory, which suggests that individuals will react against efforts that infringe upon their perceptions of freedom. Specifically, we develop a research model that explores how perceptions of value incongruence and social influence affect perceptions of freedom restriction, affecting perceptions of intrusiveness of the smartwatch and result in status quo behaviors towards the smartwatch. We test this model by surveying individuals who do not own smartwatches about their perceptions. We contribute to research with new applications of reactance theory to explain smartwatch status quo. We offer implications for practitioners on how to mitigate the status quo behaviors towards smartwatches.
A PC–based vehicle powertrain simulation for fuel economy and performance studies

A personal–computer–based vehicle simulation is developed to predict fuel economy. The program, called VPS, can model either steady–state or time–varying driver behaviour, for vehicles with both manual and automatic transmissions. This paper summarizes the governing equations used in the model. Then the different simulation techniques are described, with emphasis on the more complicated time–dependent simulation. The real system used to validate the program is described, and simulation data are compared to the actual test data. Then three simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the utility of VPS as a comparative tool. It is concluded that the program provides good qualitative predictions of vehicle fuel economy and is especially useful for comparing similar components in vehicle drivelines due to the modular form of its input data.
Pharmacotherapy of Primary Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Review of the Literature

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic illness that affects 2-3% of Americans during their lifetime. It is characterized by recurrent obtrusive thoughts (obsessions) that compel patients to perform repetitive behaviors that can be excessively time consuming and cause marked distress. More than 40 controlled trials have been published on the treatment of OCD. Of drugs available to treat the disorder, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are most studied. With SRIs, symptoms improve in 22-62% of patients, but complete remission is rare. An agent is often selected based on side effects and patient tolerance, since SRIs are all equally effective. If no response is seen with average dosages, dosages should be increased to the maximum within 4-8 weeks from starting treatment. In patients with partial response, the dosage should be increased to the maximum by 5-9 weeks. Before determining the effectiveness of therapy, a trial of 8-13 weeks is necessary.
4.2 W Cr/sup 2+/:ZnSe face cooled disk laser

Summary from only given. We have shown that the face-cooled disk laser can effectively reduce thermal effects in Cr/sup 2+/ lasers by demonstrating a 4.2-W, Cr/sup 2+/:ZnSe, face-cooled disk laser with output power limited only by the available pump power. The difficulty of compensating for thermal lensing inside a resonator is traded for the less difficult task of efficiently absorbing the pump laser in a thin laser crystal.
Using systems engineering to reconstruct, analyze And redesign metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the process of using stems engineering to reconstruct, analyze, and redesign metabolism. Systems engineering computational techniques and particularly mathematical programming are increasingly being used to not only optimize metabolism for targeted overproductions but also for streamlining the process of metabolic model creation and curation. Currently, there exists about twenty different microbial and eukaryotic metabolic reconstructions (for example, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis) with many more under development. All of these reconstructions are inherently incomplete with some functionalities missing or erroneously added because of the lack of experimental and/or homology information. This chapter introduces optimization-based procedures (that is., GapFind and GapFill) to identify and eliminate network gaps in these reconstructions. These gaps are manifested as metabolites that are lacking either production and/or consumption pathways. Under steady-state conditions these metabolites form isolated parts of the model that cannot carry any metabolic flow. In addition to connectivity, genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are generally validated by comparing in silico growth predictions for different single gene deletion mutants under different carbon substrates with in vivo growth data. These comparisons results in two types of model-prediction inconsistencies; either the model predicts growth when no growth is observed in the experiment or the model predicts no growth when the experiment reveals growth.
Metabolic inhibitors normalize CD4 T cell metabolism and functions, and reverse disease in a murine model of lupus (THER5P.839)

Autoreactive CD4 T cells are key effectors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Cell metabolism is an important checkpoint for T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. We hypothesized that 1) SLE T cells have metabolic defects that cause abnormal T cell functions; 2) Targeting T cell metabolism may abrogate T cell inflammatory functions and reduce disease symptoms in SLE mice. Metabolism of CD4 T cells from lupus-resistant B6 mice and the congenic lupus model B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) were studied. Here it was observed that compared to B6, CD4 T cells from B6.TC mice have a stronger glycolysis and a higher mitochondrial oxygen consumption, as well as an enhanced mTOR activity. To normalize T cell metabolism in B6.TC mice, we used metformin, which activates the AMPK pathway and inhibits mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and 2-DG, an inhibitor of glycolysis. In vitro, metformin blocks IFNγ production by CD4 T cells and facilitates Treg development. 2-DG also blocks IFNγ production, but only after T cell activation. In vivo, a combined treatment with metformin and 2-DG of B6.TC mice normalized T cell metabolism and reversed disease phenotypes, including T cell activation and autoantibody production. Further, CD4 T cells from SLE patients have an enhanced metabolism as compared to healthy controls, and excessive IFNγ production was significantly reduced by metformin. Our research suggests that T cell metabolism is a novel target for SLE treatment.
Superconvergence of conforming finite element for fourth‐order singularly perturbed problems of reaction diffusion type in 1D

We consider conforming finite element approximation of fourth-order singularly perturbed problems of reaction diffusion type. We prove superconvergence of standard C1 finite element method of degree p on a modified Shishkin mesh. In particular, a superconvergence error bound of ( N − 1 ln ⁡ ( N + 1 ) ) p in a discrete energy norm is established. The error bound is uniformly valid with respect to the singular perturbation parameter ϵ. Numerical tests indicate that the error estimate is sharp. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 550–566, 2014
Universal Hedging: Optimizing Currency Risk and Reward in International Equity Portfolios

Investors can increase their returns by holding foreign stocks in addition to domestic ones. They can also gain by taking the appropriate amount of exchange risk. But what amount is appropriate? Assume that investors see the world in light of their own consumption goods and count both risk and expected return when figuring their optimum hedges. Assume that they share common views on stocks and currencies and that markets are liquid and there are no barriers to international investing. In this perfect world, it is possible to derive a formula for the optimal hedge ratio. This formula requires three basic inputs—the average across countries of the expected returns on the world market portfolio; the average across countries of the volatility of the world market portfolio; and the average across all pairs of countries of exchange rate volatility. These values can be estimated from historical data. The formula, in turn, gives the circumstances for three rules. (1) Hedge foreign equity. (2) Hedge less than 100 ...
Pediatric Hand Friction Burns from Treadmill Contact

Background Treadmills have become relatively common in American homes. This machine can be dangerous for children because they can sustain friction burns to the hands when the moving treadmill is touched. With aggressive wound care and physical therapy, most of these burns will heal without surgery. However, some patients will require reconstructive surgery to release contractures. We report our experience with a series of patients who suffered friction burns to the hand from contact with a moving treadmill. The purpose of this study is to further understand the incidence and outcomes of this type of injury.
Modulating executive functioning: Trait motivational reactivity and resting HRV

This study assessed relationships among individual differences in trait motivational reactivity, executive functioning, and neurovisceral regulation of emotion and attention indexed via resting heart rate variability (rHRV). We derived predictions regarding these relationships according to neurovisceral neural network theory. Because lower rHRV has been suggested as an endophenotype of less adaptive behaviour, low rHRV individuals were predicted to have high aversive and low appetitive trait motivational reactivity, while high rHRV individuals were predicted to have high reactivity in both appetitive and aversive motivational systems. These predictions were supported. Motivational reactivity also was related to executive functioning deficits, although the pattern of results was not in the predicted direction. Results suggest that trait motivational reactivity scores are related to visceral responses proposed in the neurovisceral integration circuit as well as in the modulation of these responses by higher-order cognitive control systems related to executive function.
Voice Production during a Weightlifting and Support Task

Although effort closure techniques have a long history in the treatment of hypofunctional and psychogenic voice disorders, there have been surprisingly few studies of their specific laryngeal and phon
A Virtual-Time Operating-System Shell For A Hypercube In Robotics Applications

Hypercube multiprocessors possess many attributes advantageous for autonomous, intelligent robots which operate in time-critical fashion in hostile environments. However, their message-passing architecture presents certain dif-ficulties in rapid changes of plans in response to unpredictable events in the environment. The status of a "virtual-time" operating-system shell, providing functions which facilitate such responses, is described.
Morphine-like physical dependence: a pharmacologic method for drug assessment using the rat.

Abstract Rats maintained on various dosage regimens of morphine showed dose related taste aversions to a saccharin solution offered to them upon withdrawal from the drug. Maximal saccharin aversions occurred between 72 and 96 hr after termination of morphine injections, and gradually returned to baseline preference levels after 14 days of morphine abstinence. The results were interpreted as suggesting that the morphine treated animals associated the aversive components of the morphine withdrawal syndrome with saccharin consumption, and manifested conditioned aversions to the saccharin solution which extinguished as the withdrawal syndrome subsided. The findings were further discussed with regard to the potential use of conditioned taste aversions in determining whether test compounds are capable of causing physical dependence in rats.
Evidence for adenylylation/deadenylylation control of the glutamine synthetases of Rhodospirillum tenue and Rhodocyclus purpureus

The phylogenetically related phototrophic bacteria Rhodospirillum tenue and Rhodocyclus purpureus modulate activity of their glutamine synthetases by adenylylation/deadenylylation. Evidence for covalent modification includes the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on the activity of glutamine synthetase extracted from cells of either species grown on excess ammonia, and the lack of Mg2+ inhibition of activity of the enzyme isolated from N2-(R. tenue) or glutamine (R. purpureus)-grown cells. In addition, snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment of glutamine synthetase from either species grown on excess ammonia relieved Mg2+ inhibition of the enzyme (as measured via the γ-glutamyl transferase assay), and changed the cation specificity from Mn2+ to Mg2+ (in the biosynthetic assay).
Acute respiratory failure: Diagnosis, monitoring techniques, and therapeutics

Abstract Acute respiratory failure is not an uncommon problem of the critically ill neonatal foal. Diagnosis is based on arterial blood gas evidence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, but there are multiple potential causes including airway obstruction, sepsis, cardiac anomaly, poor cardiac output, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, central nervous system disorders, and musculoskeletal problems. Monitoring techniques include arterial blood gas monitoring, pulse oximetry, infrared capnometry, and cardiac output determinations. Management of acute respiratory failure includes treatment of the underlying problem and optimization of ventilatory function.
Clinical Research and Practice with Battered Women: What We Know, What We Need to Know

Studies of treatment efficacy provided by process and outcome research with battered women is much less well developed than research on the treatment of batterers. Although there are more than 16 commonly used models, there is little clinical research that addresses their efficacy. This article gives an overview of the theoretical richness that has evolved over the past 20 years and provides a review of process and outcome research on treatment for battered women. The consequent awareness suggests the need for a more integrated model for clinical practice and research. The themes of this article are threefold: (a) more clinical practice research using a multimethod approach, (b) more explicit focus on women of color and immigrant women, and (c) more theoretical and philosophical integration of treatment approaches. The purpose is to focus attention on the need for an integrated approach to practice and research that will inform and guide practitioners.
A new, high speed, unique switch

An effort was made to devise a new semiconductor switch which has the switching speed of the emitter-open switching, but only requires a standard base drive configuration (see figure 1 for my definition of standard base drive). The result of the research is a new semiconductor switch which achieves higher switching speed than emitter-open switching, lower forward voltage drop (particularly for very high current applications, involving hundreds of amperes), considerably lower cost, and uses more readily available parts. It is free from reverse biased secondary breakdown, a predominant mode of failure of many semiconductor switches.
Proline peptide isomerization and the reactivation of denatured enzymes.

Abstract The kinetics of slow phase reactivation of 11 single chain denatured enzymes containing between 6 and 28 proline residues were each found to be first-order having half-times ranging from 0.15 to 12.1 minutes, respectively, at 25 °C. The reactivation kinetics of selected enzymes are independent of solvent viscosity and give an activation energy of 19 kcal/mol. These results are consistent with the proposal that cis/trans proline isomerization in the denatured state is responsible for the slow phase of enzyme refolding/reactivation and with biosynthetic rates for enzyme production.
Thioketals as Prevulcanization Inhibitors

Abstract Thioketals prepared from active methylene compounds are introduced as a new class of nonthioimide prevulcanization inhibitors and compared to other inhibitors in various accelerator systems. The chemical nature of the inhibition by these thioketals has been examined from the interrelations of chemical structure of the thioketals, 13C chemical shift of the quaternary carbon, rate of reaction with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and scorch delay.
Siphon nipping: Its importance to small fishes and its impact on growth of the bivalve Protothaca staminea (Conrad)

Abstract During four successive experiments spanning 24 months, the bivalve Protothaca staminea (Conrad) grew significantly more at all sizes inside cages that excluded large (> 6 mm) predators and croppers than inside cage controls and uncaged controls in a clean-sand site in Mugu Lagoon, California. For a clam of 2.5 cm initial length, predator and cropper exclusion increased average linear growth to 2.2 times control levels and volumetric growth to 2.5 times control Caging over the same periods had no repeatable effect on Protothaca growth in a muddy-sand site. Laboratory tests of the feeding behavior of Protothaca with and without each of four common consumers suggest that the presence of consumers did not cause sufficient disruption of feeding to produce the growth differences observed in clean sand. However, monthly seining data over 16 months revealed the persistent abundance of three fishes, Leptocottus armatus Girard, Hypsopsetta guttulata (Girard), and Paralichthys californicus (Ayres), containing abundant Protothaca staminea and Macoma spp. siphons in their stomachs. Estimates of habitat-specific intensity of siphon nipping suggest that the rate of cropping per individual Protothaca was 30 to 92% lower in the muddy sand, in part because of a switch to the more abundant deposit-feeding bivalve, Macoma nasuta (Conrad). Thus, habitat-specific cropping differences can explain the between-habitat difference in the response of Protothaca to caging.
Loss of cyclic 3'5'-AMP dependent kinase and reduction of phosphorylase kinase in skeletal muscle of a girl with deactivated phosphorylase and glycogenosis of liver and muscle.

Abstract A girl with hepatomegaly had increased glycogen and deactivated phosphorylase in liver and muscle. Her muscle homogenate did not activate either its own phosphorylase or rabbit muscle phosphorylase b except at 10 to 20 % of normal rate under conditions where phosphorylase kinase is active without prior phosphorylation by cyclic 3′5′-AMP dependent kinase. The latter enzyme's activity was restored to the girl's muscle homogenate by mouse muscle lacking phosphorylase kinase activity. We conclude that the patient's muscle had (1) no detectable activity of cyclic 3'5'-AMP dependent kinase and (2) reduced activity of phosphorylase kinase. We speculate that (1) might lead to (2) if phosphorylase kinase was less stable in its non-phosphorylated than in its phosphorylated form.
CD54 is a surrogate marker of antigen presenting cell activation.

There is no single universally accepted hallmark of antigen presenting cell (APC) activation. Instead a variety of methods are used to identify APCs and assess their activation state. These activation measures include phenotypic methods [e.g., assessing the increased expression of surface markers such as major histocompatability (MHC) class II] and functional assays (e.g., evaluating the enhanced ability to take up and process antigen, or stimulate naive T cells). Sipuleucel-T is an investigational autologous active cellular immunotherapy product designed to stimulate a T cell immune response against human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), an antigen highly expressed in prostate tissue. Sipuleucel-T consists of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including activated APCs displaying epitopes of PAP. In order to develop a robust reproducible potency assay that is not hampered by MHC restriction we have developed a method to simply assess the biological activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the course of sipuleucel-T characterization, we analyzed various phenotypic and functional parameters to define the activation state of APCs obtained from peripheral blood. Flow cytometric assays revealed that CD54+ cells are responsible for antigen uptake, and that expression of CD54 predominantly localizes to APCs. Costimulation, as measured by an allogeneic mixed lymphocytic reaction (alloMLR) assay, showed that activity was restricted to the CD54+ cell population. Similarly, CD54+ cells harbor all of the PAP-specific antigen presentation activity, as assayed using a PAP-specific HLA-DRbeta1-restricted T cell hybridoma. Finally we show that CD54 expression is substantially and consistently upregulated on APCs during culture with a GM-CSF fusion protein, and that this upregulation activity can be quantified. Thus these data support the use of CD54 upregulation as a surrogate for assessing human APC activation and validates its utility as a potency measure of sipuleucel-T.
Simple linear microstrip array

A new printed array antenna fed by a microstrip transmission line is introduced. The structure is a combination of slot and patch antennas. The array provides a microstrip implementation of a leaky-wave antenna that is simple to design and inexpensive to fabricate.
Patterns of intestinal activity with Meckel's scintigraphy

Three patterns of intestinal activity were noted in a review of 64 patients studied with Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate for suspected Meckel's diverticulum: no bowel activity seen (37.5%), bowel activity visualized after stomach activity (39.1%), and diffuse bowel activity seen simultaneously with stomach activity (23.4%). The latter pattern, which is relatively common, could mask a true Meckel's diverticulum and lead to either a false-negative or indeterminate diagnosis. A series of 10 dogs was also studied to evaluate the effects of fasting and feeding on the intestinal pattern. No definite relationship was observed.
Massive hematuria following percutaneous biopsy of renal allograft: successful control by selective embolization

• We report on a patient who underwent a percutaneous needle biopsy of a renal allograft for evaluation of compromised function. Gross hematuria occurred immediately and persisted for three weeks, interrupted only by long intervals of anuria due to obstruction by a clot. The bleeding was controlled successfully by selective transcatheter embolization with a coil and an absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam). The techniques and complications of allograft biopsy procedures are reviewed, and the management of hematuria occurring after a percutaneous needle biopsy is discussed. A percutaneous needle biopsy is the preferred method of sampling the transplanted kidney, with an adequate specimen obtained in 96% of cases. Hematuria, that has been reported to complicate 7% of percutaneous biopsy procedures, is usually transient, and only rarely is intervention required. Angiographically directed selective embolization is an effective technique for controlling massive or prolonged urinary hemorrhage after renal allograft biopsy. ( Arch Surg 1984;119:1430-1433)
Binding of cytosolic aconitase to the iron responsive element of porcine mitochondrial aconitase mRNA

Abstract The 5′ end of porcine mitochondrial aconitase mRNA contains an iron responsive element (IRE)-like secondary structure ( T. Dandekar, R. Stripecke, N. K. Gray, B. Goosen, A. Constable, H. E. Johansson, and M. W. Hentze (1991) EMBO J. 10, 1903–1909 ). A protein from a liver extract binds to a mitochondrial aconitase RNA probe and supports the identification of this sequence as an IRE. Purified cytosolic aconitase but not the mitochondrial enzyme binds to this IRE as well as to a ferritin IRE. All forms of cytosolic aconitase, [4Fe4S]enzyme, [3Fe4S] enzyme and apoenzyme bind with similar affinity. A K d of 0.25 n m was calculated for the apoaconitase-IRE interaction from Scatchard analysis. These results support the conclusion that cytosolic aconitase is an IRE-binding protein which may regulate translation of mitochondrial aconitase mRNA.
Magnetic bearing sizing for flexible rotors

Magnetic bearing load capacity in flexible rotor systems must be adequate to accommodate external loads acting on the rotor. The first part of this paper develops the theoretical basis for computing the bearing load capacity requirements of flexible rotors subject to bounded external harmonic loads and strict motion constraints. The second part of this work illustrates the application of the theory to a specific example: a fairly simple three disk flexible rotor subject to mass unbalance loads
You’re Fired: An Empirical Study of the Management and Termination Decisions in Donald Trump’s “The Apprentice”

Donald Trump’s The Apprentice , is an entertaining and educational tool for teaching business and management principles. While, few studies have been conducted on The Apprentice, there have been no prior empirical studies assessing the program as a study for analyzing management decisions. This research attempts to fill that gap. The purpose of this study is to research management decision behavior on The Apprentice. This research was conducted on management students in undergraduate and graduate courses over a two-year period. A sample of ( N = 173 ) participants were used for the study. The participants viewed various episodes of The Apprentice and then answered a questionnaire based on their observations and decisions. The data was collected following the observations and analyzed. The objectives of the analyses were to: (a) measure the participants’ termination decisions; and (b) compare their termination decisions with Trump’s boardroom termination decisions. Three statistical analyses were used: (a) independent sample t -Test, (b) ANOVA, and (c) Pearson correlation. The results indicated that management students agreed with Trump’s termination decisions nearly 47.4% of the time.
A PCA-based similarity measure for multivariate time series

Multivariate time series (MTS) datasets are common in various multimedia, medical and financial applications. We propose a similarity measure for MTS datasets, Eros Extended Frobenius norm), which is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Eros applies PCA to MTS datasets represented as matrices to generate principal components and associated eigenvalues. These principal components and eigenvalues are then used to compare the similarity between MTS matrices. Though Eros in itself does not satisfy the triangle inequality, without which existing multidimensional indexing structures may not be utilized, the lower and upper bounds to satisfy the triangle inequality are obtained. In order to show the validity of Eros for similarity search on MTS datasets, we performed several experiments on three datasets (2 real-world and 1 synthetic). The results show the superiority of our approaches as compared to the traditional similarity measures for MTS datasets, such as Euclidean Distance (ED), Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), Weighted Sum SVD (WSSVD) and PCA similarity factor (SPCA) in precision/recall.
Transient thermal imaging of Si/SiGe superlattice and bulk Si microrefrigerators

In this paper, we present a systematic study of the transient cooling in different Si/SiGe superlattices as well as bulk silicon microrefrigerators. Transient thermoreflectance imaging is used to obtain the temperature map of the device with sub micrometer spatial, 100ns temporal and 0.1C temperature resolution. It is shown that Peltier cooling dominates in the first 10-30 microseconds before Joule heating in the active and buffer layers reach the top surface. The transient characterization shows that at the optimum current for maximum steady-state cooling, the response of bulk silicon cooler is 25% faster than the 3 microns thick superlattice device and that of the 6 microns thick superlattice is 25% slower. However, it is possible to increase the cooling speed by a factor of two or three, down to 3.6 microseconds, by overdriving the current at the expense of the reduced steady-state cooling.
Molecular basis for the influence of muscle length on myocardial performance

According to Starling's law of the heart, the force of contraction during the ejection of blood is a function of the end-diastolic volume. To seek the molecular explanation of this effect, a study was made of the effects of length on Ca2+ sensitivity during tension development by isolated demembranated cardiac muscle in which the cardiac form of troponin C was substituted with skeletal troponin C. The results of troponin C exchange were compared at sarcomere lengths of 1.9 and 2.4 micrometers. Enhancement of the myocardial performance at the stretched length was greatly suppressed with the skeletal troponin C compared with the cardiac troponin C. Thus the troponin C subunit of the troponin complex that regulates the activation of actin filaments has intrinsic molecular properties that influence the length-induced autoregulation of myocardial performance and may be a basis for Starling's law of the heart.