cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation

Explicitly, humans can distinguish their own attitudes from evaluations possessed by others. Implicitly, the viability of a distinction between attitudes and evaluative knowledge is less clear. We investigated relations between explicit attitudes, cultural knowledge and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In seven studies (158 samples, N� 107,709), the IAT was reliably and variably related to explicit attitudes, and explicit attitudes accounted for the relationship between the IAT and cultural knowledge. We suggest that people do not have introspective access to the associations formed via experience in a culture. Ownership of mental associations is established by presence in mind and influence on thinking, feeling and doing. Regardless of origin, associations are influential depending on their availability, accessibility, salience, and applicability. Distinguishing associations as ‘‘not mine’’ is a self-regulatory act and contributes to the distinction between explicit evaluation, where such acts are routine, and implicit evaluation, where they are not. There is little debate over the source of intentional thoughts and actions. Intended acts are products of the self via psychological mechanisms like goals, attitudes, and beliefs. But what of thoughts and actions that are unintended? In one sense, it is a tautology to say that the activities of a brain and mind belong to the individual taking residence in that brain. In another sense, the question highlights potential confusion over the proper attribution when intentions and actions are dissociated. A committed egalitarian may find her- or himself prejudging a Hispanic job applicant as unqualified. The thoughts may be distressing as inconsistent with her or his self-concept, ideology, and honest attitudes toward Hispanics. What then is the source of the prejudgement*to whom does it belong?
PRODUCTION OF PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS FROM STEM CELLS

Diabetes remains a major burden. More than 200 million people are affected worldwide, which represents 6% of the population. The success achieved over the last decade with islet transplantation suggests that diabetes can be cured by the replenishment of deficient beta cells. These observations are proof-of-concept and have intensified interest in treating diabetes not only by cell transplantation but also by stem cells. Regeneration of beta cells from stem and progenitor cells is an attractive method to restore islet cell mass. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells have been identified, and the formation of new beta cells from pancreatic duct, acinar and liver cells is an active area of investigation. Protocols for the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells based on normal developmental processes have generated beta-like cells that produce high levels of insulin, even though at low efficiency and without full responsiveness to extracellular levels of glucose. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can also yield insulin-producing cells following similar approaches. Some agents including glucagon-like peptide-1/exendin-4 can stimulate the regeneration of beta cells in vivo as well as in vitro. Overexpression of embryonic transcription factors in stem cells could efficiently induce their differentiation into insulin-expressing cells. Recent progress in the search for new sources of beta cells has opened up several possibilities for the development of new treatments for diabetes.
Substrate Recognition by RNA 5-Methyluridine Methyltransferases and Pseudouridine Synthases: A Structural Perspective

Through all kingdoms of life RNAs are modified as, or after, they are synthesized. The types and sites of modification are often conserved, implying conservation of function. Many of these modifications are located at key functional regions of the ribosome or other RNAs. The enzymes that carry out the modifications exhibit unique or limited multisite specificity. Substrate recognition by RNA-modifying enzymes is more challenging than for DNA-modifying enzymes, because the complex tertiary folds of RNA often prevent direct read out of the target sequence. In some cases, there is no consensus target sequence for the multiple substrates of an RNA-modifying enzyme beyond the target base itself. A challenge for biologists is to determine how anRNA-modifying enzyme selects the correct segment from a large folded or partially folded RNA and then recognizes a single target base in the segment without relying exclusively on sequence. Several crystal structures of RNA-modifying enzymes with and without substrate bound have recently been determined. These structures are beginning to “decode” the basis for selectivity of enzymes for the many different states and folds of RNA. We focus on two of the classes of RNA-modifying enzymes for which mechanisms of substrate recognition are understood to some degree. These are the 5-methyluridine (m5U)2methyltransferases (MTases) and the pseudouridine synthases ( synthases). These families catalyze some of the most common modifications of the more than 100 different types of posttranscriptional modification seen in RNA. Each modification is evoked at a particular stage in RNA folding suggesting that the determinants of selectivity often involve unique three-dimensional folded structures. In some cases a fragment of the physiological substrate, for example an isolated RNA stem-loop, can act as substrate; in others only folded or partially folded ribosome or full tRNA suffices. Both of these classes of RNA-modifying enzymes use covalent addition of anucleophilic sidechain (CysorAsp) to initiate thechemicalmodificationof uridine. Syntheticminimal substrates containing 5-fluorouridine at the target site, when reacted with the proteins, yield covalent protein-substrate analog complexes, providing an effective means to crystallize enzyme-RNA complexes.
Identifying Medication Targets for Psychostimulant Addiction: Unraveling the Dopamine D3 Receptor Hypothesis

The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagonists and partial agonists have shown especially promising results in rodent models of relapse-like behavior, including stress-, drug-, and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, to date, translation to human studies has been limited. Herein, we present an overview and illustrate some of the pitfalls and challenges of developing novel D3R-selective compounds toward clinical utility, especially for treatment of cocaine abuse. Future research and development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists for substance abuse remains critically important but will also require further evaluation and development of translational animal models to determine the best time in the addicti...
Development of a 12 element annular array transducer for realtime ultrasound imaging.

Abstract While the recent proliferation of ultrasound scanners based on annular array transducers has attracted widespread attention, very little published information is available on the physics, design criteria, and signal processing aspects of these instruments. In this paper, the first of a two part report, we describe the development and characterization of an annular array transducer for realtime medical imaging. Theoretical modeling of the pulsed fields of annular arrays is used to study and optimize array parameters. The factors which affect resolution and contrast in imaging—beam width, sidelobe levels, number of annuli, depth of field, and delay quantization—are discussed. A 12 element, 4.5 MHz, 30 mm design is adopted. Theoretical predictions showed excellent agreement with device measurements over a range of ƒ-numbers (local/length/diameter) from ƒ/1 to ƒ/6.7 (30 to 200 mm range). Focusing to ƒf/1 is an important advance in the state-of-the-art. A two transmit zone, dynamic receive configuration of array operation to exploit the ƒ/1 focusing ability is proposed for realtime imaging.
Factors Affecting Chloride Content and Relationship of Chloride, Protein, and Solids-Not-Fat in Guernsey Milk

Abstract A total of 725 milk samples from 133 Guernsey cows was analyzed for their content of chloride, total protein, milk fat, and solids-not-fat. The chloride content increased as lactation and age advanced. Weighted means for chloride content were 0.079 ± 0.0004 for first and second lactations combined, 0.102 ± 0.0016 for third and fourth lactations, and 0.116 ± 0.0020 for fifth to eleventh lactations. The changes, with a trend upward in chloride content, from the first to the tenth month of lactation in each group, respectively, were 0.074 to 0.085, 0.080 to 0.128, and 0.096 to 0.136%. The protein and solids-not-fat content also increased as the lactation period progressed. Seasonal trends were more evident in total protein and solids-not-fat percentage than in chloride content. Total protein was relatively more important than chloride content as a possibility to use for improving the accuracy of lactometric determination for solids-not-fat.
The use of traditional plant medicines for non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in south Texas

The use of traditional plant medicines, as well as the factors associated with their use, were documented in 662 outpatients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus enrolled at six primary care clinics in South Texas. Forty-nine percent of the patients reported using alternative treatments for their diabetes, which included 61 different traditional plant medicines. The four most commonly reported were nopal (Opuntia streptacantha) or the prickly pear cactus, chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), mispero (Eriobotrya japonica) or loquat, and savila (Aloe vera). Logistic regression was used to develop a multivariate model which indicated that alternative medicine use is positively associated with age and diabetes-related ‘hassles’, and was more likely among border residents and individuals who were born in Mexico. Disease severity was not associated with the use of alternative treatments when controlling for other variables. Users of alternative treatments also appeared just as likely to adhere to orthodox biomedical treatment recommendations as non-users. While preliminary reports in the literature suggest that some of the identified plants have hypoglycaemic properties, information is limited or nonexistent for many of the other plants. Given their preponderance in this region, some of these plants should be targeted for further investigation to document their efficacy or to screen for toxicity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Racism, Institutional Agency, and Disrespect

In recent work, Joshua Glasgow has offered a definition of racism that is supposed to put to rest the debates between cognitive, behavioral, attitudinal, and institutionalist definitions. The key to such a definition, he argues, is the idea of disrespect. He claims: “φ is racist if and only if φ is disrespectful toward members of racialized group R as Rs.” While this definition may capture an important commonality among cognitive, behavioral, and attitudinal accounts of racism, I argue that his attempt to expand the definition to cover institutional or “structural” racism is less persuasive. Alternatively, I argue that structural racism must be understood in terms of injustice rather than disrespect. This involves giving a fuller account of how institutions are related to the beliefs, actions, and intentions of individuals, and thus how they can come to embody a certain kind of agency. In contemporary race theory and recent social and political philosophy generally, the proper understanding of racism has been a matter of significant contention. On the one hand, racism has been variously conceived in terms of belief, behavior, volition, and psychosexual aversion, just to name some of the main candidates. What these conceptions share, despite their differences, is that they attempt to explain and understand the racism of individuals. In this sense, one might consider them micro-analyses of racism. On the other hand, racism has been understood in structural or institutional terms 1 , as a system of power that disadvantages some to the benefit of others. These conceptions attempt to explain the racism of social structures and institutions rather than individuals. In this sense then, one might consider them macro-analyses of racism. However, far from the image of complementary perspectives that the language of ‘micro’ and ‘macro-analyses’ suggests, these two perspectives are often understood as competing conceptions, not least because the two approaches lend themselves to different conceptual frameworks and methodologies; individualist approaches tend to favor moral, ethical, or psychological methods, and structuralist approaches tend to favor socio-political and economic methods. Typically then, each approach will attempt to show how the other is derivative: institutions are
Relaxing the convergence conditions for Newton-like methods

Local as well as semilocal convergence theorems for Newton-like methods have been given by us and other authors [1]—[8] using various Lipschitz type conditions on the operators involved. Here we relax these conditions by introducing weaker center-Lipschitz type conditions. This way we can cover a wider range of problems than before in the semilocal case, where as in the local case a larger convergence radius can be obtained in some cases.
Can optical imaging assist in characterization of the onset of angiogenesis in developing hepatic metastases in mice livers

Optical imaging currently can be used to characterize some of the early steps in the angiogenic pathway in vivo in animals. Liu and Matsui have provided valuable information in regard to the sequential changes in the origin and nature of newly formed blood vessels during progressive stages of growth of hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. The short-term challenge is to image cellular events that precede visible vessel formation and that occur during drug-induced vascular regression.
Ethics of risk analysis and regulatory review: From bio- to nanotechnology

Risk analysis and regulatory systems are usually evaluated according to utilitarian frameworks, as they are viewed to operate “objectively” by considering the health, environmental, and economic impacts of technological applications. Yet, the estimation of impacts during risk analysis and the decisions in regulatory review are affected by value choices of actors and stakeholders; attention to principles such as autonomy, justice, and integrity; and power relationships. In this article, case studies of biotechnology are used to illustrate how non-utilitarian principles are prominent in risk analysis and regulatory review and to argue that these relationships should be carefully considered as we consider nanotechnology oversight systems for its products. We argue that there are not distinct separations between “science-based” review systems, in which evaluations of the consequences of technological products are primarily considered, and principles of integrity, justice, non-maleficence, and autonomy. It should further be expected that, given research into fair treatment during decision-making processes, attention to ethics will affect how citizens assess emerging technologies. Finally, a more holistic approach for evaluating oversight systems for the products of nanotechnology is suggested, one which does not draw a sharp distinction between risk analysis, regulation, and respect for non-utilitarian values.
Facts and fictions about the analytic hierarchy process

Despite the many books and journal articles that have appeared about the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), some important misconceptions about AHP remain. This paper discusses issues which underlie these misconceptions, including the cause and significance of ''rank reversals,'' situations allowing or preventing rank reversals, the constraint of a 9 point scale, the roles of redundancy, intransitivities, and inconsistencies, the accommodation of objectivity and uncertainty, the similarities of AHP and Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), and opportunities to combine MCDM methodologies in real world decisions.
Maturation‐dependent changes in the regulation of liver‐specific gene expression in embryonal versus adult primary liver cultures

During rat liver development, which starts on day 10 of embryogenesis (E10), and until E15, all parenchymal cells are thought to be a homogeneous population of bipotential progenitors, able to give rise to both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells. We established primary liver cultures from embryonic livers at various developmental stages, from E14 to neonates, as well as adult rats. Gene expression and regulation by three known differentiating agents, heparin, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium butyrate, were examined in these primary cultures. Alpha-fetoprotein (α-FP), albumin, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and glutathione-S-transferase-P (Yp) were expressed by cultured liver cells through fetal development, whereas insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF II) receptor, expressed in fetal parenchymal cells, was not present in cultured neonatal cells. Heparin increased α-FP levels in fetal liver cells, but not in cells obtained after birth. The expression of GGT and Yp was coordinately regulated. The two genes were up-regulated by sodium butyrate and down-regulated by DMSO in cultured liver cells from all embryonal ages tested. However, the regulation of these two genes by sodium butyrate and DMSO was not apparent in neonatal and adult liver cultures. Sodium butyrate increased α-FP and albumin mRNA expression in E14 and E15 cells, but not in E16, neonatal or adult cultures, and its addition caused heterogenous expression of albumin. We conclude that the regulation of gene expression in primary liver cultures by the three agents tested is altered after birth. In fetal cells, sodium butyrate serves as a strong general differentiation agent, increasing expression of sets of genes characteristic for both hepatocytes and bile duct cells. By contrast, DMSO suppresses sets of genes expressed in bile-duct cells, e.g. GGT, Yp, and cytokeratin 19 (CK19).
Translocation pathways in the petioles and stem between source and sink leaves of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.

Microautoradiography was used to follow the translocation pathways of 14C-labeled photosynthate from mature source leaves, through the stem, to immature sink leaves three nodes above. Translocation occurred in specific bundles of the midveins and petioles of both the source and sink leaves and in the interjacent internodes. When each of six major veins in the lamina of an exporting leaf was independently spot-fed 14CO2, label was exported through specific bundles in the petiole associated with that vein. When the whole lamina of a mature source leaf was fed 14CO2, export occurred through all bundles of the lamina, but acropetal export in the stem was confined to bundles serving certain immature sink leaves. Cross-transfer occurred within the stem via phloem bridges. Leaves approaching maturity translocated photosynthate bidirectionally in adjacent subsidiary bundles of the petiole. That is, petiolar bundles serving the lamina apex were exporting unlabeled photosynthate while those serving the lamina base were simultaneously importing labeled photosynthate. The petioles and midveins of maturing leaves were strong sinks for photosynthate, which was diverted from the export front to differentiating structural tissues. The data support the idea of bidirectional transport in adjacent bundles of the petiole and possibly in adjacent sieve tubes within an individual bundle.
Two-axis solar tracking accomplished through small lateral translations

High-concentration solar-power optics require precise two-axis tracking. The planar micro-optic solar concentrator uses a lenslet array over a planar waveguide with small reflective facets at the focal point of each lenslet to couple incident light into the waveguide. The concentrator can use conventional tracking, tilting the entire assembly, but the system geometry also allows tracking by small lateral translation of the lenslet relative to the waveguide. Here, we experimentally demonstrate such microtracking with the existing concentrator optics and present optimized optical designs for systems with higher efficiency and angle range.
BAG3 facilitates the clearance of endogenous tau in primary neurons

Tau is a microtubule associated protein that is found primarily in neurons, and in pathologic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) it accumulates and contributes to the disease process. Because tau plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of AD and other tauopathies, and in AD mouse models reducing tau levels improves outcomes, approaches that facilitate tau clearance are being considered as therapeutic strategies. However, fundamental to the development of such interventions is a clearer understanding of the mechanisms that regulate tau clearance. Here, we report a novel mechanism of tau degradation mediated by the co-chaperone BAG3. BAG3 has been shown to be an essential component of a complex that targets substrates to the autophagy pathway for degradation. In rat primary neurons, activation of autophagy by inhibition of proteasome activity or treatment with trehalose resulted in significant decreases in tau and phospho-tau levels. These treatments also induced an upregulation of BAG3. Proteasome inhibition activated JNK, which was responsible for the upregulation of BAG3 and increased tau clearance. Inhibiting JNK or knocking down BAG3 blocked the proteasome inhibition-induced decreases in tau. Further, BAG3 overexpression alone resulted in significant decreases in tau and phospho-tau levels in neurons. These results indicate that BAG3 plays a critical role in regulating the levels of tau in neurons, and interventions that increase BAG3 levels could provide a therapeutic approach in the treatment of AD.
The age incidence and climatic variations in the manifestations of so-called rheumatic fever in white children

Summary 1. During a ten-year period the admission rate for rheumatic fever in white children of all ages to the Children's Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, was 1.79 per cent. In children between the ages of three and thirteen years the admission rate was 2.51 per cent. 2. In 90 of the 122 rheumatic fever patients in whom past histories were obtained, 53 per cent were known to have had heart disease before admission to the hospital, 32 per cent arthritis, 18 per cent chorea. 3. Of the 122 rheumatic fever patients a diagnosis of cardiac disease was made in 83.6 per cent, arthritis 19.6 per cent, chorea 15.5 per cent. 4. Of the 102 cardiac cases, there was definite hypertrophy of the heart in 60.8 per cent, and decompensation in 23.5 per cent. The mortality for cardiac disease in the hospital was 10.8 per cent. 5. Of the rheumatic fever patients 24.6 per cent had the tonsils and adenoids removed before admission to the hospital, in 75.4 per cent the tonsils and adenoids had not been removed. 6. Dental extraction was recommended in 37 per cent of the choreic cases, and dental attention or extraction in 22 per cent of the nonchoreic cases. 7. In Birmingham, Alabama, rheumatic fever is largely a disease primarily of the heart. The condition is characterized by an insidious onset, the cardiac involvement is out of proportion to the severity of arthritis and chorea. 8. In a comparison between children of the same age, with rheumatic infections in Birmingham, Alabama, and in New York City, it was found. a. Apparently children develop rheumatic infections and the cardiac complications associated with the condition at an earlier age in Birmingham than in New York City. b. The incidence of arthritis was 46 per cent greater in New York City than in Birmingham. c. The incidence of chorea was 26 per cent greater in New York City than in Birmingham. d. The incidence of cardiac disease was 4 per cent greater in Birmingham than in New York City. e. The incidence of cardiac disease alone was 52 per cent greater in Birmingham than in New York City.
The Solid State Structure of [B10H11]- and Its Dynamic NMR Spectra in Solution

The structure of [PPh3(benzyl)][B10H11] was determined at −123 °C and 24 °C by single-crystal X-ray analyses. The B10 core of [B10H11]- is similar in shape to that of [B10H10]2-. The 11th H atom asymmetrically caps a polar face of the cluster and shows no tendency for disorder in the solid state. Variable temperature multinuclear NMR studies shed light on the dynamic nature of [B10H11]- in solution. In addition to the fluxionality of the cluster H atoms, the boron cage is fluxional at moderate temperatures, in contrast to [B10H10]2-. Multiple exchange processes are believed to take place as a function of temperature. Results of ab initio calculations are presented. Crystal data: [PPh3(benzyl)][B10H11] at −123 °C, P21/c, a = 9.988(2) A, b = 18.860(2) A, c = 15.072(2) A, β = 107.916(8)°, V = 2701.5(7) A3, Z = 4; [PPh3(benzyl)][B10H11] at 24 °C, P21/c, a = 10.067(5) A, b = 19.009(9) A, c = 15.247(7) A, β = 107.952(9)°, V = 2775(2) A3, Z = 4.
Faith and Collaboration: A Qualitative Analysis of Faith-Based Social Service Programs in Organizational Relationships

As faith-based organizations and congregations are increasingly relied upon for social service provision in the United States, the collaborative relationships formed for human service purposes regularly include one or more faith-related organizations. Despite the growing attention on faith-based organizations and their history of participation in social service delivery, research concerning their interaction with others in the public and private sectors remains quite sparse. This article describes the findings of a qualitative post hoc analysis of a national study examining fifteen diverse faith-based social service programs. Findings emerged in three categories: partners, purposes, and relationships.
A phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of oxaliplatin in combination with gemcitabine in carcinoma of unknown primary.

Background Preclinical and clinical data suggest synergy for gemcitabine and oxaliplatin. These agents were tested in several known cancers that also comprise the common carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) subtypes; namely, lung and pancreaticobiliary profiles.
Assessment of climate change impact on Eastern Washington agriculture

An assessment of the potential impact of climate change and the concurrent increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration on eastern Washington State agriculture was conducted. Climate projections from four selected general circulation models (GCM) were chosen, and the assessment included the crops with larger economic value for the state (apples, potatoes, and wheat). To evaluate crop performance, a cropping system simulation model (CropSyst) was utilized using historical and future climate sequences. Crops were assumed to receive adequate water (irrigated crops), nutrients, and control of weeds, pests and diseases. Results project that the impact of climate change on eastern Washington agriculture will be generally mild in the short term (i.e., next two decades), but increasingly detrimental with time (potential yield losses reaching 25% for some crops by the end of the century). However, CO2 elevation is expected to provide significant mitigation, and in fact result in yield gains for some crops. The combination of increased CO2 and adaptive management may result in yield benefits for all crops. One limitation of the study is that water supply was assumed sufficient for irrigated crops, but other studies suggest that it may decrease in many locations due to climate change.
Ubiquitin-like proteins and their roles in archaea

This review highlights the finding that ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins of archaea (termed SAMPs) function not only as sulfur carriers but also as protein modifiers. UbaA (an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme homolog of archaea) is required for the SAMPs to be covalently attached to proteins. The SAMPs and UbaA are also needed to form sulfur-containing biomolecules (e.g., thiolated tRNA and molybdenum cofactor). These findings provide a new perspective on how Ubl proteins can serve as both sulfur carriers and protein modifiers in the absence of canonical E2 ubiquitin conjugating or E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme homologs.
Rate-distortion theory and application

The theoretical minimum channel capacity required to transmit a given source at a given average distortion level is discussed. The limitations and applications of the theory are reviewed with particular emphasis on the use of the results for guiding practical system design and for bounding system performance. Applications are oriented toward video sources.
The Reverse-Flow Facial Artery Buccinator Flap for Skull Base Reconstruction: Key Anatomical and Technical Considerations.

Objective To highlight key anatomical and technical considerations for facial artery identification, and harvest and transposition of the facial artery buccinator (FAB) flap to facilitate its future use in anterior skull base reconstruction. Only a few studies have evaluated the reverse-flow FAB flap for skull base defects. Design Eight FAB flaps were raised in four cadaveric heads and divided into thirds; the facial artery's course at the superior and inferior borders of the flap was measured noting in which incisional third of the flap it laid. The flap's reach to the anterior cranial fossa, sella turcica, clival recess, and contralateral cribriform plate were studied. A clinical case and operative video are also presented. Results The facial artery had a near vertical course and stayed with the middle (⅝) or posterior third (⅜) of the flap in the inferior and superior incisions. Seven of eight flaps covered the sellar/planar regions. Only four of eight flaps covered the contralateral cribriform region. Lastly, none reached the middle third of the clivus. Conclusions The FAB flap requires an understanding of the facial artery's course, generally seen in the middle third of the flap, and is an appropriate alternative for sellar/planar and ipsilateral cribriform defects.
SU‐GG‐J‐105: An Analysis of CyberKnife Prediction Accuracy

Purpose: To evaluate the prediction model used by the CyberKnife radiation therapy system in marginal terms. Method and Materials: The CyberKnife uses an online prediction model to improve radiation delivery. Modeler points indicate the tracked position of the tumor and Predictor points predict the position ≈115 ms in the future. The discrepancy between Predictor points and their corresponding Modeler points was investigated. For 100 data sets from 23 de‐identified lung patients, margins were determined in each anatomic direction about the Predictor points so as to minimally increase coverage to an arbitrary percentage of Modeler points. Each data set had about 30 minutes of motion data, of which about 10 minutes constituted treatment time; only these 10 minutes were used in the analysis. The frequencies of margin sizes were analyzed and truncated Gaussian normal functions were fit to each direction's distribution. The standard deviation of each Gaussian distribution was then used to describe the necessary margin expansions in each signed dimension in order to achieve the desired coverage. In this study 95% coverage was compared to 99% coverage. Results: Considering the magnitude of 2 from the mean of the Gaussian in each signed dimension, the margin expansions needed for 95% coverage were 1.2 mm in the lateral directions and 1.7 mm in the AP directions. For the SI directions the fit was poor; but empirically, the expansions were 3.5 mm. For 99% coverage, the AP margin was 3.6 mm and the lateral margin was 2.9 mm. The SI margins for 99% coverage were highly variable. Conclusion: The Predictor points follow the Modeler points closely. Margins were found in each clinical direction that would provide 95% coverage for 95% of the fractions reviewed in this study. Similar margins were found in two clinical directions for 99% coverage in 95% of fractions.
On certain homomorphisms of restriction algebras of symmetric sets

LetG be a locally compact abelian group and Γ its dual group. For any closedH ⊆G denote the algebra of restrictions toH of Fourier transforms of functions inL 1(Γ) byA(H). This paper considers certain Cantor like sets inR and ΠZ m(j) and gives some necessary algebraic criterion fornatural isomorphisms of their restriction algebras.
Early Aggressive Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus May Prevent Disease Progression

Purpose: When not recognized and treated aggressively, lichen sclerosus may progress and cause debilitating symptoms. It also may result in significant morbidity in patients undergoing treatment for urethral strictures because unrecognized, it may result in rapid and severe recurrence after surgical treatment. We present our experience treating patients with lichen sclerosus in an equal access health care system.Materials and Methods: We performed an institutional review board approved retrospective review of all adult men with lichen sclerosus treated at our institution during a 10-year period. We analyzed all patients diagnosed with lichen sclerosus, and recorded patient demographics and therapies. We recorded characteristics of the disease process including external and internal manifestations. We also recorded the various treatments, and whether the patients experienced recurrence.Results: A total of 43 patients were diagnosed with lichen sclerosus during the review period. Of those patients presentin...
No evidence of memory function during anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane with close control of hypnotic state

Background: The authors previously demonstrated memory function during apparently adequate general anesthesia in trauma patients. Hypnotic state fluctuations, stress, and variable amnesic qualities of commonly used anesthetics could account for this effect. Methods: The authors replicated the trauma investigation in 90 elective surgical patients to enable anesthetic titration to a bispectral index value of 50-55 during auditory presentation of word stimuli. Patients were randomly assigned to maintenance with propofol (n = 48) or isoflurane (n = 42). Before surgery, state anxiety and trait anxiety were assessed using self-report measures. Postoperative memory assessment relied on the process dissociation procedure using a word stem completion task. Results: There were no differences between groups for relevant demographic, preoperative, or supplemental drug variables. Ninety-eight percent of words were presented within a bispectral index range of 40-60, with values averaging 48.8 (SD = 5.7) during word presentation. Neither the process dissociation procedure nor standard measures of conscious recall and recognition memory showed evidence of explicit or implicit memory. Preoperative stress levels did not correlate with postoperative memory test scores in either study group. Conclusions: In contrast to the results of their previous study, the authors found no evidence of memory function with close control of hypnotic state. This suggests that hypnotic state fluctuations are important to memory activation under anesthesia. Other variables may contribute to preserved memory function as well. Propofol and isoflurane block memory equally well during adequate anesthesia.
Uptake of vanadium by the ascidian Ascidia ceratodes

Abstract 1. The incorporation of vanadium from seawater into the plasma and blood cells of the phlebobranch ascidian Ascidia ceratodes has been investigated using the radioisotope 48 V. 2. There are two paths by which vanadium enters the blood cells. One path, I, involves direct uptake from the plasma by the blood cells. 3. The other path, II, results in the long-term incorporation in the blood cells. 4. Possible mechanisms for II are: (a) the slow loss from remote sites into the plasma and then direct incorporation into blood cells or (b) incorporation during blood-cell production and development. 5. Studies of the exchange of 48 V between labelled plasma and unlabelled blood cells show that plasma and plasma simulants with in vitro added vanadium (V) are not good models for the in vivo uptake of vanadium by blood cells from plasma.
Interleukin‐1α, ‐6, and ‐8 decrease Cdc42 activity resulting in loss of articular chondrocyte phenotype

Small GTPase proteins mediate changes in cellular morphology and other cellular functions. The aim of this study was to examine signaling of the small GTPase Cdc42 by stimulating chondrocytes grown in monolayer with long- (96 h) or short- (2 and 30 min) term exposure to interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, or IL-8. Quantitative PCR was used to determine changes in collagen type IIB (COL2A1), aggrecan (AGG), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) gene expression after prolonged cytokine exposure. Effects of short-term treatment with IL-α, IL-6, or IL-8 on endogenous GTP-bound Cdc42 levels were assessed using an affinity assay, and on actin filament organization using confocal microscopy. Cytokine treatments significantly decreased COL2A1 and AGG expression and increased MMP-13 expression. Short exposure to IL-1α, IL-6, or IL-8 decreased endogenous GTP-Cdc42 and increased stress fibers, which were reversed with cytochalasin D treatment. These results show that IL-mediated Cdc42 signaling modifies chondrocyte phenotype and morphology. This may lend insight into the altered chondrocyte phenotype in catabolic conditions such as osteoarthritis. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:246–251, 2012
Two analogue attempts to harness the negative coverant effect.

Abstract Homme (1965) has suggested that subjects who reinforce lowly probable coverants (covert operants) which are incompatible with certain personal problems (e.g., obesity, smoking, depression) will consequently modify their maladaptive behavior. Thus, if one wanted to lose weight one might attempt to increase the frequency of specific thoughts, images, reflections, etc. which interfere with his overeating habits. In this instance, ‘negative’ coverants might include images of one's body bulging out of bathing suit or thoughts about an obesity-related coronary attack. Since the operant of looking at a reflected object in a mirror is analogous to the coverant of imagining the object in one's mind, support for the assumption of coverant incompatibility was recently displayed in a study which found almost nonoverlapping distributions of the amount of time obese and properly proportioned individuals are willing to spend in naive self-observation (Horan, 1974). Thus, negative coverants are in fact lowly probable. Furthermore, they need not be especially horrifying, but simply indicative of the status quo . It remained to be tested, however, whether or not this potentially powerful effect could be harnessed. That is, will the reflected image of one's obese body (or the analogous experience of negative coverants) produce a decrease in the amount of food typically consumed in a given situation?
The language development of a group of triplets.

(1946). The Language Development of a Group of Triplets. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 181-188.
Bowl climbing: The logic of religious question rivalry

La question centrale de l'article consiste a savoir ce que nous pouvons apprendre des perspectives de dialogue religieux et interreligieux en interpretant le pluralisme religieux comme une divergence non seulement de croyance mais aussi de questionnement. Plusieurs questions qui sont traitees par l'A. interviennent: Quelles sont les questions qui forment la partie la plus importante de la vie religieuse? Quelle peut etre la motivation de quelqu'un qui se pose en rival? Quels sont les roles de la piete et de la foi dans le domaine religieux?
Confidence intervals for effect sizes: compliance and clinical significance in the Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology.

Objective In 2005, the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (JCCP) became the first American Psychological Association (APA) journal to require statistical measures of clinical significance, plus effect sizes (ESs) and associated confidence intervals (CIs), for primary outcomes (La Greca, 2005). As this represents the single largest editorial effort to improve statistical reporting practices in any APA journal in at least a decade, in this article we investigate the efficacy of that change. Method All intervention studies published in JCCP in 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008 were reviewed. Each article was coded for method of clinical significance, type of ES, and type of associated CI, broken down by statistical test (F, t, chi-square, r/R(2), and multivariate modeling). Results By 2008, clinical significance compliance was 75% (up from 31%), with 94% of studies reporting some measure of ES (reporting improved for individual statistical tests ranging from eta(2) = .05 to .17, with reasonable CIs). Reporting of CIs for ESs also improved, although only to 40%. Also, the vast majority of reported CIs used approximations, which become progressively less accurate for smaller sample sizes and larger ESs (cf. Algina & Kessleman, 2003). Conclusions Changes are near asymptote for ESs and clinical significance, but CIs lag behind. As CIs for ESs are required for primary outcomes, we show how to compute CIs for the vast majority of ESs reported in JCCP, with an example of how to use CIs for ESs as a method to assess clinical significance.
Africa and the American West

The American West has traditionally held a special appeal for the imagination of the citizens of the United States because it has come to represent so much for them. Not only has the vast expanse of land lying roughly to the west of the Mississippi River been the home of a number of America's most celebrated figures — Buffalo Bill and Billy the Kid, Sitting Bull and General Custer — and many of the country's national symbols — the six-gun and the Stetson hat, the homesteader and the pioneer, the cowboy and the Indian — but the “ western experience ” itself has also been looked upon as a basic theme in American life. From Frederick Jackson Turner's now-famous essay of 1893, which served to move discussions of Western America into academic circles, to Henry Nash Smith's analysis of 1950, which examined the mythical and symbolic dimensions of America's “ virgin land,” the story of the West has been viewed as one of the most enduring organizing concepts for understanding America's development and the characteristics of its people. While much of this matter is well-known today and common to the study of the United States, it is but little known that the cluster of ideas associated with the American West has also had implications for what might seem, at first mention, a somewhat unlikely place: Africa.
Compulsive consumption behaviours: investigating relationships among binge eating, compulsive clothing buying and fashion orientation

Compulsive buying and binge eating are examples of compulsive consumption behaviours, and for individuals with these behavioural tendencies, appearance and appearance-related products seem to be of paramount importance. The purpose of this research was to determine if bulimic behaviours, fashion interest and the importance of being well dressed had a causal relationship with compulsive clothing buying. Subjects completed a compulsive clothing buying scale, the binging/control subscale of the Bulimia Test-Revised and a fashion orientation scale. A path analysis indicated that binging behaviours and fashion interest significantly predicted compulsive clothing buying, while binging behaviours were not significantly related to fashion interest or the importance of being well dressed. Such findings may suggest that female consumers compulsively buy clothing for different reasons and/or motivations.
Outside Intervention in Monopolistic Price Warfare: The Case of the “Plug War” and the Union Tobacco Company

The now-famous merger movement that highlighted the economic cross-currents of the late nineteenth century created no more controversial enterprise than James B. Duke's American Tobacco Company. From the time of its incorporation in 1890, Duke's firm dominated the cigarette business, for which it is so justly renowned, but this controlling position by no means extended into other branches of the industry, particularly the manufacture and marketing of chewing tobacco, or what was known as plug. Yet with almost ineluctable force, Duke and his associates gradually extended their domination to this segment of the business, albeit by a much more uncertain course that included the “plug war” of the mid-1890s and some questionable securities transactions later on. While Dr. Burns takes no side in the still-simmering controversies of the day, in this essay he examines the historical events through which American Tobacco acquired its dominant position in chewing tobacco; equally important, he brings economic theory and new empirical evidence to bear on the contentious issue of predatory pricing as a strategy of monopolization, and from that emerges his surprising conclusion.
Defective neural development in Drosophila melanogaster embryos deficient for the tip of the X chromosome.

Embryonic phenotypes ofDrosophila melanogaster embryos deficient for regions at the tip of the X chromosome were studied in histological sections.Df(1)svr embryos (deleted for region 1A1 to 1B9–10) were found to be grossly abnormal in central nervous system development. The genetic region deleted inDf(1)svr was dissected into four subsegments using two deficiencies and two duplications that partially overlap withDf(1)svr. This allowed identification of subsegments necessary for neural development. A mutant mapping to one of the subsegments and abnormal in neural development was also analyzed.
Homogeneous designs based on pretreatment information

Information about experimental units is usually available before they are assigned to treatments in agricultural or biological research. Such information, however, is taken into consideration in few available designs, if any. Based on the objective of homogeneity between groups, a new criterion (X- criterion) is suggested for measuring the goodness of allocations or designs. Under certain conditions, the ^.-optimum design is equal to D-optimum and A-optimum designs proposed by Harville (1974a), for a covariance model
Structural alterations of peripheral nerve monogalactosylceramides during development and wallerian degeneration

The structural alterations of monogalactosylceramides in peripheral nerve were investigated during development, nerve fiber degeneration and regeneration. During early development, hydroxy cerebrosides and sulfatides were the main constituents of the monogalactosylceramides of immature rat sciatic endoneurium. The ratio of hydroxy to nonhydroxy cerebrosides decreased rapidly as myelination proceeded but remained fairly constant throughout adulthood. More than 50% of the adult content of endoneurial monogalactosylceramides was achieved before 21 days of age. The long-chain nonhydroxy fatty acids (above C21) had increased from under 20% to over 80% by day 20, while 24h:0 (h, hydroxy) had already reached approximately 50% of hydroxy cerebrosides by day 12. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of endoneurial monogalactosylceramides and fatty acid elongation take place preferentially at the time when peripheral nerve is undergoing active myelination. During Wallerian degeneration, the maximum decrease of monogalactosylceramides was associated temporally with axonal degeneration and demyelination and particularly with myelin conversion to sudanophilic lipids. By the time that nerve fiber regeneration was well established, both the cerebroside and sulfatide contents had returned to near control values. Cerebrosides and long-chain fatty acids (above C21) appear to be the most sensitive to fiber degeneration while fatty acid elongation is selectively increased during nerve regeneration.