cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Troponin I isoform expression is developmentally regulated in differentiating embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes.

We studied troponin I (TnI) isoform expression in the mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell model of cardiogenesis as an essential first step to understanding the relationship between TnI isoform transitions and myofibrillar function. Cultures of differentiating ES cells were grown on coverslips to permit microscopic inspection of foci of spontaneously contracting cardiac myocytes developing in culture. TnI expression was followed over time to test whether the cardiac myocytes undergo the developmental pattern of expression characteristic of vertebrate cardiogenesis, in which slow skeletal TnI (ssTnI) is expressed initially, followed by induction of cardiac (cTnI) isoform expression. Cardiac TnI expression was examined using the cardiac-specific, monoclonal TI-1 antibody (Ab) while all striated muscle TnI isoforms were detected using the monoclonal TI-4 Ab. Cardiac-specific TnI expression was detected in only 8% (8/96) of foci contracting less than 5 days while TI-4 positive staining was present in 95% (71/73) of foci. These results indicate that other striated muscle TnI isoforms were being expressed in most of the TI-4 positive staining foci. The proportion of contracting foci expressing the cardiac isoform increased steadily over time, such that 100% of foci contracting more than 20 days (13/13) stained positive with the TI-1 Ab. Dual labeling experiments with both TI-1 and TI-4 anti-TnI Abs in the same culture confirmed that within each foci, the area expressing cTnI increased with the days of spontaneous contraction. Western blot analysis of micro-dissected ES cell-derived cardiac myocytes confirmed that TI-4 immunostaining at early developmental time points represented ssTnI, and not the fast skeletal TnI isoform. We conclude that ES cell-derived cardiac myocytes display the developmental induction of cardiac TnI expression characteristic of vertebrate cardiac development. Thus, this model should be useful for studying the regulation and functional significance of TnI isoform expression during in vitro cardiogenesis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurements of plasma density profiles driven by p-polarized microwaves

Abstract For supersonic plasma flow velocities, instead of the usual shelf-step profile seen for subsonic flow, an overdense bump and cavity is observed. The profile is stable for long times (t > 3 × 102 ωpi−1) even for moderate power microwaves ( υ 0 υ e ∼ 0.3 ).
Spatial patterns of human gene frequencies in Europe.

The aims of this study of spatial patterns of human gene frequencies in Europe are twofold. One is to present new methodology developed for the analysis of such data. The other is to report on the diversity of spatial patterns observed in Europe and their interpretation as evidence of population processes. Spatial variation in 59 allele and haplotype frequencies (26 genetic systems) for polymorphisms in blood antigens, enzymes, and proteins is analyzed for an aggregate of 3,384 localities, using homogeneity tests, one-dimensional and directional spatial correlograms, and SYMAP interpolated surfaces. The data matrices are reduced to reveal the principal patterns by clustering techniques. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) There is significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among the localities for all but one genetic system. 2) There are significant spatial patterns for most allele frequencies. 3) There is a substantial minority of clinal patterns in these populations. Clinal trends are found more frequently in HLA alleles than for other variables. North-south and northwest-southwest gradients predominate. 4) There is a strong decline in overall genetic similarity with geographic distance for most variables. 5) There are few, if any, appreciable correlations in pairs of allele frequencies over the continent, and there is little interesting correlation structure in the resulting correlation matrix. 6) Few spatial correlograms are markedly similar to each other, yet they form well-defined clusters. Spatial variation patterns, therefore, differ among allele frequencies. Patterns of human gene frequencies in modern Europe are diverse and complex. No single model suffices for interpretation of the observed genetic structure. Some clinal patterns reported here support the Neolithic demicexpansion hypothesis, others suggest latitudinal selection. Most of the clinal patterns are in HLA alleles, but there is also evidence from ABO for east-west migration diffusion. The majority of patterns are patchy, consistent with hypotheses of isolation by distance or of settlement of genetically differing, subsequently expanding ethnic groups. While undoubtedly there has been an ongoing stochastic process of differentiation consistent with the isolationby-distance model, this has not obscured the directional patterns caused by migration (demic diffusion), and has perhaps only reinforced the contribution from settlement of ethnic units to patterns of genetic variation. However, the impact of the latter is most difficult to discern and requires further methodological developments.
Dynamic spectrum access and management [Dynamic Spectrum Management]

This article addresses a subject that is ripe for application and is approaching necessity for the continued expansive growth in the use of wireless for broadband multimedia communications. If we carry on business as usual in broadcast, public service and paid auctions in assigning spectrum without regard to actual empirical full time use, we will find that there will be starvation alongside the well fed with lots of usable capacity lying follow. At the same time, there will be a sharp deceleration in innovation for new and useful wireless services due to the shortage of interference-free radio spectrum in which these new services would operate. Something needs to be done to encourage more efficient use of total aggregate spectrum, developing the methods to do this in an equitable manner and within a market-based price-cost structure that is also sound scientifically and technologically. The landscape of emerging spectral access technologies, described here, promises to change from a clear channels paradigm to a more contentious environment, allowing users to coexist without major conflict. This will require a transformation of the technology as well as the spectrum management community. A key objective of this review is to show that there are many approaches to spectral access methods as well as different implementations underway. We review coexistence and cooperation, spectrum access, management, and control techniques, and provide a perspective on techniques and technologies that will enable the next generation of spectral-efficient communications.
Spectroscopic studies of polyaniline in solution and in spin-cast films

Abstract Absorption spectra are presented for polyaniline in dilute solution in concentrated sulfuric acid and in the form of spin-cast films (spun from sulfuric acid solution and subsequently washed with water). The results from samples prepared with different molecular weights and with different degrees of protonation (in the case of the films) are compared. For the emeraldine salt, we observed three absorption features, at 1.0 eV (with a tail extending deep into the infrared), 1.5 eV and 3.0 eV. The relative intensities of the 1.0 and 1.5 eV absorptions are strongly dependent on both the molecular weight and the protonation level, with important differences for the solid film and the solution spectra. The results imply that the 1.0 eV absorption is the principal signature of the intrachain (free carrier) excitations, and that the 1.5 eV absorption arises from interchain excitation. A method to prepare stable fully oxidized polyaniline in concentrated sulfuric acid is presented; the spectrum of the charged bipolaron lattice of fully oxidized polyaniline exhibits a strong absorption band centered at 2.2 eV and a weaker absorption at 4 eV. The available data provide the basis for an understanding of the electronic structure of the four principal forms of polyaniline: the fully reduced leucoemeraldine, the emeraldine base, the oxidized and fully protonated emeraldine salt, and the fully oxidized bipolaron lattice.
Turbomachinery characteristics of Brayton-cycle space-power-generation systems

This paper presents the results of an analytical study of turbomachinery requirements and configurations for Brayton-cycle space-power systems. Basic turbomachinery requirements are defined and typical effects of such system design parameters as power, temperature, pressure and working fluid on turbomachinery geometry and performance are explored. Typical turbomachinery configurations are then presented for systems with power outputs of 10, 100 and 1000 kw.Copyright © 1964 by ASME
Development of a sequential injection system in the capillary format for determinations of the IpaC protein

Abstract A sequential injection (SI) system in the capillary format is reported for protein concentration determinations employing sample volumes in the microliter to nanoliter range. By incorporating a programmable syringe pump and computer control over the selection valve and data acquisition system, the invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC) protein concentration in a purified sample was determined. Results of flow rate, temperature, and injection studies are presented. Replicate measurements of a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard resulted in a relative standard deviation in peak area of 3.1%. In addition, protein concentrations as low as 5 × 10 −6 M were determined in less than 3 min. This system was subsequently applied to the determination of a real IpaC sample using multiple standard additions. The error in the determination, relative to a spectrophotometric method of determination, was 7.1%. The total sample consumption for the calibration and unknown concentration determination was 60 μl.
The concept of coherent resonances in the nuclear motion of bimolecular collisions: femtosecond probing and the classical picture

In this Letter, we report studies of coherent resonances in the course of a single bimolecular collision on the femtosecond timescale. A classical picture is presented with molecular dynamics simulations. The observed persistence of coherence elucidates the origin of the very limited spreading of the wavepacket and the crucial role of selective probing of a limited range of impact parameters. The study of this three-body system (iodine and argon) at room temperature is important for the mechanism of resonances and caging with implications for the condensed phase.
Volume loss and tectonic flattening strain in granitic mylonites from the Blue Ridge province, central Appalachians

Abstract Granitic mylonites from the Blue Ridge province in the central Appalachians demonstrate the contribution of various deformation mechanisms to the strain geometry that developed during greenschist facies deformation in thrust-related shear zones. Strain accumulated through cataclasis in feldspar, crystal plastic processes in quartz, and a significant contribution of pressure solution in both feldspar and quartz. Strain analysis was performed using R f / φ f techniques on quartz grain shapes and by measuring stretched and boudinaged feldspars. Petrographic and geochemical evidence indicates that deformation ranged from isovolumetric to upwards of 60% bulk-rock volume loss. Quartz and feldspar strain values plot within the field of apparent flattening. Feldspars in both XZ and YZ sections are boudinaged and separated by transverse veins and record a true tectonic flattening strain. Strain data indicate that the bulk deformation path in shear zones throughout the Blue Ridge province significantly deviated from plane strain.
Dynamics of metabolic compensation and hematological changes in chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos exposed to hypercapnia with varying oxygen.

Abstract In day 15 chicken embryos, we determined the time course responses of acid–base balance and hematological respiratory variables during 24 h exposure to 15, 20, 40 or 90% O 2 , in the presence of 5% CO 2 . Hypercapnic respiratory acidosis was initially (2 h) only slightly (∼20%) compensated by metabolic alkalosis in normoxic/hyperoxic embryos. After 6 h, respiratory acidosis was partially (∼40–50%) compensated not only in normoxic/hyperoxic embryos, but also in hypoxic embryos. However, partial metabolic compensation in 15% O 2 could not be preserved after 24 h. Preservation of metabolic compensation required oxygen concentration ([O 2 ]) above 20%, but the magnitude of partial metabolic compensation was unrelated to [O 2 ]. Hematocrit (Hct), together with mean corpuscular volume (MCV), markedly increased in hypercapnic hypoxia, and was maintained at 24 h due to a subsequent increase in red blood cell concentration ([RBC]). In contrast, Hct, together with MCV, decreased in hypercapnic normoxia/hyperoxia accompanied by a subsequent decrease in [RBC] at 24 h. Regulation of variables takes place similarly irrespective of environmental [O 2 ] above 20%, matching acid–base regulation.
Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Poly(amidoamine) Core−Shell Tecto(dendrimers) Using Carbon Nanoprobes

Carbon nanoprobes were utilized in tapping mode atomic force microscopy investigations to highlight the topographic differences between poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, two-dimensional arrays of PAMAM dendrimers, and PAMAM core−shell tecto(dendrimers). The PAMAM core−shell tecto(dendrimers) used for this study consist of a shell of generation five (G5) dendrimers covalently linked to a G7 core. The volumes measured for the PAMAM core−shell tecto(dendrimers) suggest a 75−100% saturation of shell G5 dendrimers about the G7 core. This compares favorably with theoretical predictions that 12 G5 dendrimers should pack to form a shell about a G7 core. The effect of different imaging substrates was also explored. Tecto(dendrimers) imaged on hydrophobic surfaces experience a 6-fold increase in maximum peak height and a 3-fold decrease in diameter as compared to those imaged on mica. Measured volume is invariant.
Maternal Nutrition and Epigenetic Perturbation: Modeling Trends to Translation

Maternal nutrition plays an essential role in offspring health and development. Critical stages include: (1) preconception, affecting oocyte development and uterine environment preparation; (2) gestation, affecting uterine environment and placental nutrient transfer and (3) postnatal, through lactation. It remains debatable which stage is most important, but arguably, the most complex cellular events occur during gestation. During this time, embryo development requires a well orchestrated and tightly regulated cascade of genetic, molecular and biochemical events. Among these are epigenetic events necessary for gene expression regulation. These produce heritable yet often reversible states established based on transcriptional needs of the cell. A growing body of research highlights the role of maternal nutrition in determining epigenetic states important for pre- and postnatal development. Here, we discuss recent findings addressing epigenetic response to nutrition with relevance to developmental origins of phenotypic outcome.
Taste neophobia and palatability: the pleasure of drinking

Taste neophobia is manifested behaviorally as lower intake of a novel, potentially dangerous tastant relative to the same tastant when it is perceived as safe and familiar. To further characterize this phenomenon, microstructural analysis of lick patterns was used to track the transition from novel to familiar for three tastants: saccharin, quinine and Polycose. The results revealed that in addition to an increase in the amount consumed (for saccharin and quinine but not Polycose), cluster size (an index of palatability) became larger as familiarity with the benign tastants increased. The current finding suggests that the pleasure of drinking increases as the novel, potentially dangerous tastant becomes accepted as safe.
The Acne Flow Form

Most problems in keeping good records on acne patients can be overcome by using an acne flow form. When properly designed, this form provides a rapid but accurate method of entering and retrieving information and evaluating progress. Each dermatologist can easily and inexpensively produce his own form. An example is presented and helpful suggestions are made on the design and use of an acne flow form.
Communists on Campus: Race, Politics, and the Public University in Sixties North Carolina

North Carolina's 1963 speaker ban law declared the state's public college and university campuses off-limits to "known members of the Communist Party" or to anyone who cited the Fifth Amendment in refusing to answer questions posed by any state or federal body. Oddly enough, the law was passed in a state where there had been no known communist activity since the 1950s. Just which "communists" was it attempting to curb? In Communists on Campus, William J. Billingsley bares the truth behind the false image of the speaker ban's ostensible concern. Appearing at a critical moment in North Carolina and U.S. history, the law marked a last-ditch effort by conservative rural politicians to increase their power and quell the demands of the civil rights movement, preventing the feared urban political authority that would accompany desegregation and African American political participation. Questioning the law's discord with North Carolina's progressive reputation, Billingsley also criticizes the school officials who publicly appeared to oppose the speaker ban law but, in reality, questioned both students' rights to political opinions and civil rights legislation. Exposing the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as the main target of the ban, he addresses the law's intent to intimidate state schools into submission to reactionary legislative demands at the expense of the students' political freedom.Contrary to its aims, the speaker ban law spawned a small but powerfully organized student resistance led by the Students for a Democratic Society at the University of North Carolina. The SDS, quickly joined by more traditional student groups, mobilized student "radicals" in a memorable effortto halt this breach of their constitutional rights. Highlighting the crisis point of the civil rights movement in North Carolina, Communists in Carolina exposes the activities and machinations of prominent political and educational figures Allard Lowenstein, Terry Sanford, William Friday, Herbert Aptheker, and Jesse Helms, in an account that epitomizes the social and political upheaval of sixties America.
Working alliance as a mediator of client attachment dimensions and psychotherapy outcome

Studies that employ multidimensional attachment measures to explore the impact of attachment style on psychotherapy process and outcome are virtually absent in the literature. Further, the role of the working (therapeutic) alliance as a mediator of the influence of attachment on treatment outcome has not been formally investigated. In order to address these gaps in the research, archival data from 66 psychotherapy clients treated at a university graduate program training clinic were used to examine the influence of three adult attachment dimensions (Comfort with Closeness, Comfort Depending on Others, and Rejection Anxiety) on the therapeutic alliance and outcome, as well as to assess whether the alliance mediates the relationship between attachment and therapy outcome. Both Comfort with Closeness and Comfort Depending on Others were significantly related to alliance and outcome, whereas Rejection Anxiety was not significantly related to either variable. Alliance was a significant partial mediator of the effect of Comfort with Closeness on outcome. The results suggest that multidimensional measures of attachment capture important influences on alliance and psychotherapy and that Comfort with Closeness promotes successful outcome by virtue of its influence on alliance.
On centralized optimal control

It can be argued that the Holy Grail of control theory is the determination of the optimal feedback control law or simply the feedback control law. This is understandable given the huge success of the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) theory and applications for the past half-century. It is not an exaggeration to say that the entire aerospace industry, from the Apollo moon landing to the latest global positioning system (GPS), owe a debt to this control-theoretic development in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As a result, the curse of dimensionality notwithstanding, finding the optimal control law for more general dynamic systems remains an idealized goal for all problem solvers. We continue to hope that with each advance in computer hardware and mathematical theory, we will move one step closer to this ultimate goal. Efforts such as feedback linearization and multimode adaptive control can be viewed as such successful attempts. It is the thesis of this note to argue that this idealized goal of control theory is somewhat misplaced. We have been seduced by our early successes with the LQG theory and its extensions. The simple but often not emphasized fact is this: It is extremely difficult to specify and impossible to implement a general multivariable function even if the function is known.
Breastfeeding and Migraine Headaches

Migraine headaches affect 19 percent of adult women. A small group of these migraine sufferers also are breastfeeding mothers. Although a correlation has not been documented in the literature, some...
Photoinduced Processes in Heterogeneous Gas−Solid Systems. Temperature Dependence (100−600 K) and Modeling of a Surface Chemical Reaction on Zirconia that Triggers Photophysical Events in the Solid

We report studies on photoinduced processes that take place in gas-solid heterogeneous systems. In particular, we examine the chemical reaction (i.e., chemical relaxation pathway) between hydrogen (or methane) and the surface of ZrO 2 particles which occurs after the solid was preirradiated (vacuo or oxygen) and the intrinsic phosphorescence from zirconia had terminated. Introduction of H 2 yields an after-glow (light pulse referred as photoinduced chesorluminescence, PhICL) that is caused by chemical interaction between the photoactivated surface of the photocatalyst and the H-containing molecules in the heterogeneous gas-solid system. Unlike hydrogen, methane does not yield a detectable PhICL emission. The PhICL emission for hydrogen decays via biphasic kinetics (τ 1 = 0.9 s and τ 2 = 10 s; ambient temperature). Reactions were also investigated in the temperature range of 75-600 K. For a nonpreirradiated surface, the H-containing molecules physisorb with binding energy E p h y s = 33 kJ mol - 1 (0.34 eV) for H 2 and 52 kJ mol - 1 (0.54 eV) for CH 4 . After preirradiation of ZrO 2 , the molecules chemisorb dissociatively yielding free radicals (H_ for H 2 , and CH 3 _ for methane, the other H' is trapped) through an activated process; activation energies E a = 30 kJ mol - 1 (0.31 eV) for H 2 and 32 kJ mol - 1 (0.33 eV) for CH 4 if the process occurs by a Langmuir-type pathway; if the process occurs by an Eley-Rideal mechanism, E a = 41 kJ mol - 1 (0.43 eV) for H 2 and 46 kJ mol - 1 (0.48 eV) for CH 4 . The data were modeled through a sequence of differential equations. A mechanism is proposed that involves shallow traps and deep energy traps for electrons to explain the photophysical events triggered by the surface chemical reaction. In essence, surface chemical reactions cause the release of the energy stored during the preirradiation stage of the solid. This results in photoinduced formation of metastable defects in the solid (e.g., O s - _) together with deep electron traps (F centers) that lead to both chemical and physical relaxation of the system.
Examination of Sulfur-Functionalized, Copper-Doped Iron Nanoparticles for Vapor-Phase Mercury Capture in Entrained-Flow and Fixed-Bed Systems

The use of copper-doped Fe nanoaggregates silanized with organic sulfur as bis-(triethoxy silyl propyl)-tetra sulfide has been investigated for the capture of elemental mercury (Hg0) from the vapor phase for potential power plant applications. Silanization procedures resulted in 70% deposition of the targeted sulfur level, with particles containing approximately 4 wt % S. The addition of copper was found to increase the fixed-bed (total) capacity of this type of sorbent from 170 ± 20 μg Hg·g sorbent-1 with no copper doping to 2730 ± 80 μg Hg·g sorbent-1 at 1.2 wt % Cu. When no S is deposited, the capacity of Fe/Cu nanoaggregates was only 180 μg Hg·g sorbent-1. These findings suggest that a combined Cu−S mechanism is responsible for Hg capture. Moving-bed (injection) testing of the Fe-based sorbents in a simulated flue gas stream showed that the 1.2 wt % Cu sample was able to achieve significant removal of the Hg. At a modest sorbent injection rate of 3.6 × 10-3 g·L-1·h-1, this material showed a steady-sta...
Liquid Solution Thermodynamics in the Alumina-saturated Fe-C-Pb System

The solubility of molten lead in alumina-saturated molten iron-carbon alloys was determined as a function of temperature and carbon content. Lead solubility in these melts decreases with decreasing temperature and carbon content. The results were applied to the unified interaction parameter formalisms of Bale and Pelton to develop expressions for predicting lead solubility in this system as a function of temperature and composition.
Neuromorphic, Digital, and Quantum Computation With Memory Circuit Elements

Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and the class of memory circuit elements - which includes memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems - shows great potential to understand and simulate the associated physical processes. Here, we show that such elements can also be used in electronic schemes mimicking biologically inspired computer architectures, performing digital logic and arithmetic operations, and can expand the capabilities of certain quantum computation schemes. In particular, we will discuss some examples where the concept of memory elements is relevant to the realization of associative memory in neuronal circuits, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) of synapses, and digital and field-programmable quantum computing.
Functional analysis of the rabbit temporomandibular joint using dynamic biplane imaging.

Abstract The dynamic function of the rabbit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was analyzed through non-invasive, three-dimensional skeletal kinematics, providing essential knowledge for understanding normal joint motion. The objective of this study was to evaluate and determine repeatable measurements of rabbit TMJ kinematics. Maximal distances, as well as paths were traced and analyzed for the incisors and for the condyle–fossa relationship. From one rabbit to another, the rotations and translations of both the incisors and the condyle relative to the fossa contained multiple clear, repeatable patterns. The slope of the superior/inferior incisor distance with respect to the rotation about the transverse axis was repeatable to 0.14 mm/deg and the right/left incisor distance with respect to the rotation about the vertical axis was repeatable to 0.03 mm/deg. The slope of the superior/inferior condylar translation with respect to the rotational movement about the transverse axis showed a consistent relationship to within 0.05 mm/deg. The maximal translations of the incisors and condyles were also consistent within and between rabbits. With an understanding of the normal mechanics of the TMJ, kinematics can be used to compare and understand TMJ injury and degeneration models.
Hydrogenation induced deformation mode and thermal conductivity variations in graphene sheets

In this study, we adopt molecular dynamics simulation and first principles theory calculation to investigate the deformation modes of graphene sheets induced by patterned hydrogenation stripes, as well as thermal conductivity variation with respect to the doping density and deformation modes. We demonstrate that the deformation modes can be controlled by the hydrogenation patterning parameters. Both the doping density and morphology contribute to the thermal conductivity variation of the graphene sheet. With the control of hydrogenation patterning parameters, desired deformation modes and thermal conductivity of graphene can be achieved.
Instant Messaging Reference in an Academic Library: A Case Study

Most academic libraries offer some form of digital reference service through e-mail or Web forms. Now many libraries are moving toward an almost-immediate form of digital reference: instant messaging. During the 2000—2001 academic year, the General Libraries of the University at Buffalo conducted a pilot project to assess the feasibility of providing reference through instant messaging. The libraries used the popular “chat room” format and America Online s Instant Messenger software. This article describes the project, its implementation, the software used, staffing issues, and publicity efforts. It also discusses the results of the project in terms of user demographics, satisfaction levels, usage statistics, patron comments, and librarian feedback. Finally, the article offers conclusions about offering instant messaging reference in a large academic library.
The influence of chemotactic factors on neutrophil adhesiveness

The ability of several chemotactic factors to alter polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) adhesiveness to nylon fibers was studied. Partly purified bacterial chemotactic factor, the isolated chemotactic fragment of human C5, and the chemotactic synthetic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, transiently enhanced the nylon fiber adhesiveness of rabbit peritoneal PMSs. The capacity of these chemotactic factors to augment PMN adherence closely paralleled their ability to aggregate PMNs in suspension and to induce neutropenia when infused into rabbits. However, at least a portion of the adhreence-augmenting capacity of these agents was independent of their ability to induce PMN aggregation. Thus, chemotactic factors appear to transiently enhance PMN adhesiveness to a variety of surfaces. This hyper-adhesiveness may underlie the augmented nylon fiber adherence, aggregation, and neutropenia induced by these factors.
Modeling and simulation of chaff cloud with random orientation and distribution

In this paper, modeling and simulation of chaff cloud using fullwave electromagnetic solver is presented. Scattering characteristics of chaff using a cloud of strip dipoles has been studied in presence or large target. The influence of mutual coupling between the dipoles is taken into account. Randomly oriented and distributed chaff cloud is generated using automated script. Both monostatic and bistatic RCS of chaff cloud in presence of 41 meter large aircraft is calculated using Finite Difference Time domain (FDTD) solver of EMPro simulation tool. It has been shown that complicated chaff cloud can be modeled and analyzed without any approximations or simplifications, in a relatively reasonable time, using the electromagnetic Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) solver.
Attachment and detachment of bacteriophage λ DNA in lysogenization and induction

Abstract The experiment reported here traces the fate of bacteriophage λ DNA during lysogenization of Escherichia coli and during subsequent induction of the lysogenized bacteria. Bacteriophage labeled with heavy isotopes and with a host-induced modification property were allowed to infect Hfr H male bacteria under conditions favoring lysogenization. The lysogenized males were mixed with female bacteria, whereupon prophages transferred to the females underwent zygotic induction yielding a progeny of free bacteriophages. Density-gradient analysis and assays on appropriate indicator bacteria showed that a certain proportion of the phages contained host-modified, isotopically labeled DNA chains. This result shows that, during lysogenization of E. coli with bacteriophage λ, at least one of the two polynucleotide chains of an infecting phage chromosome can become attached to the bacterial chromosome as prophage and, upon induction, can be detached and recovered intact in a free phage.
Computational earth system science

Of the many fields of science in which increased numerical simulations and information technology have accelerated recent developments, perhaps none holds more promise than computational earth system science, a field of research within the new science of GeoComplexity.In the past, researchers observed physical and chemical processes to clarify the physics of such natural systems as earthquake faults, the convective engine driving tectonic plates, the evolution of the earth's surface, and the geodynamo deep within the earth's outer core. For example, they devised a variety of observational systems to measure the surface deformation due to earthquakes, to track changes in the earth's magnetic and gravitational fields, to determine hillslope stability, and to quantify the myriad effects of forest fires. They then constructed models to explain the observations and to formulate new hypotheses.
Control of Drug Release Rate by Use of Mixtures of Polycaprolactone and Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Polymers

AbstractChlorpromazine microspheres were prepared by an emulsion solvent evaporation technique using polycaprolactone and cellulose acetate butyrate as the matrix. The fluidity of the polymer solution was easily adjusted by use of mixtures of two polymers and thus provided a practical means to control the microsphere size. The In Vitro release pattern was easily changed by changing the ratios of these two polymers. An increase in polycaprolactone content of the polymer microsphere matrix brought about an increase in the release rate. Drug loading had no predictable effect on the dissolution rate, but smaller microspheres gave more rapid drug release due to the greater surface area.
TYPE AND ORDER CONVEXITY OF MARCINKIEWICZ AND LORENTZ SPACES AND APPLICATIONS

We consider order and type properties of Marcinkiewicz and Lorentz function spaces. We show that if 0 0) if and only if it is finitely representable in the space Lp,∞. We also show in particular that the weak Lorentz space L1,∞ do not have type 1, while a non-normable Lorentz space L1,p has type 1. We present also criteria for upper r-estimate and r-convexity of Marcinkiewicz spaces.
K-vacancy production in high-energy U+U and U+Pb collisions at small impact parameters

Projectile and targetK-vacancy production probabilities in 4.6-, 5.8- and 7.3-MeV/a.m.u. U+U and U+Pb collisions are reported for impact parameters between 10 and 85 fm. These probability measurements are compared with available theory.
INCREASED CEREBROVASCULAR RESISTANCE MEDIATES CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS IN THE RABBIT. † 1105

INCREASED CEREBROVASCULAR RESISTANCE MEDIATES CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS IN THE RABBIT. † 1105
Fragmented QRS on a 12-lead ECG: a predictor of mortality and cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.

Background Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with myocardial scar in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Objective We postulated that fQRS is a predictor of cardiac events and mortality in patients who have known CAD or who are being evaluated for CAD. Methods The cardiac events (myocardial infarction, need for revascularization, or cardiac death) and all-cause mortality were retrospectively reviewed in 998 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 11.9 years, male 967) who underwent nuclear stress test. The fQRS on a 12-lead ECG included various RSR′ patterns (≥1 R′ prime or notching of S wave or R wave) without typical bundle branch block in 2 contiguous leads corresponding to a major coronary artery territory. Results All-cause mortality (93 [34.1%] vs 188 [25.9%]) and cardiac event rate (135 [49.5%] vs 200 [27.6%]) were higher in the fQRS group compared with the non-fQRS group during a mean follow-up of 57 ± 23 months. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significantly lower event-free survival for cardiac events ( P P = .02). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that significant fQRS was an independent significant predictor for cardiac events but not for all-cause mortality. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant difference between fQRS and Q waves groups for cardiac events ( P = .48) and all-cause mortality ( P = .08). Conclusion The fQRS is an independent predictor of cardiac events in patients with CAD. It is associated with significantly lower event-free survival for a cardiac event on long-term follow-up.
Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders: an ethical analysis of current practices

The defining characteristic of a profession - and especially a health-care profession - is that the behaviour of its members is proscribed by a formal code of ethics. The main purpose of such codes is to guide practitioners' interactions with patients, assuring that patient interests are protected. In other words, the ethical code requires practitioners to place their patients' needs for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment ahead of their own needs for income and advancement. The dental profession has a code of ethics that was developed by the American Dental Association many years ago; in most clinical situations, determination of proper behaviour is self-evident. However, the field of temporoman-dibular disorders (TMDs) has been the subject of considerable controversy for over half a century, and many people have argued that this makes it impossible to evaluate various approaches to treatment of TMDs within an ethical framework. In this article, the authors argue that the large volume of scientific evidence in the contemporary TMD literature provides an ethical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with TMDs within a biopsychosocial medical model. They present a summary of the research with contemporary scientific integrity, which has produced that information over a period of many years. Based on that research, they conclude that dentists may provide conservative and reversible treatments that will be successful for most TMDs and in doing so will comply with the profession's code of ethics. Conversely, the authors claim that those dentists who continue to follow the older mechanistic models of TMD aetiology and treatment are not only out of step scientifically, but are placing their patients' welfare at risk by providing unnecessary irreversible bite-changing and jaw-repositioning interventions. Therefore, debate of these issues should not be solely focused on scientific merit, but also upon the compelling ethical obligations that dentists have as a result of the contemporary scientific literature regarding TMDs.
Targeting the RB-pathway in Cancer Therapy

The RB-pathway, consisting of inhibitors and activators of cyclin-dependent kinases, the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB), and the E2F-family of transcription factors, plays critical roles in the regulation of cell cycle progression and cell death. Components of this pathway, particularly p16Ink4a, cyclin D1, and RB, are frequently altered in sporadic human cancers to promote deregulated cellular proliferation. The consistent disruption of the RB-pathway in human cancers raises the possibility of exploiting tumor-specific RB-pathway defects to improve the efficacy of current therapies and to develop new therapeutic strategies. This article discusses how the RB-pathway status impacts the cellular responses to cytotoxic, cytostatic, and hormone therapies, and how the components of the RB-pathway may be directly targeted to treat cancer.
Object Correspondence across Brief Occlusion Is Established on the Basis of both Spatiotemporal and Surface Feature Cues.

The correspondence problem is a classic issue in vision and cognition. Frequent perceptual disruptions, such as saccades and brief occlusion, create gaps in perceptual input. How does the visual system establish correspondence between objects visible before and after the disruption? Current theories hold that object correspondence is established solely on the basis of an object's spatiotemporal properties and that an object's surface feature properties (such as color or shape) are not consulted in correspondence operations. In five experiments, we tested the relative contributions of spatiotemporal and surface feature properties to establishing object correspondence across brief occlusion. Correspondence operations were strongly influenced both by the consistency of an object's spatiotemporal properties across occlusion and by the consistency of an object's surface feature properties across occlusion. These data argue against the claim that spatiotemporal cues dominate the computation of object correspondence. Instead, the visual system consults multiple sources of relevant information to establish continuity across perceptual disruption.
Zonal variations in K+ currents in vestibular crista calyx terminals

We developed a rodent crista slice to investigate regional variations in electrophysiological properties of vestibular afferent terminals. Thin transverse slices of the gerbil crista ampullaris wer...
Perceiving and acting on complex affordances: how children and adults bicycle across two lanes of opposing traffic

This investigation examined how children and adults negotiate a challenging perceptual-motor problem with significant real-world implications-bicycling across two lanes of opposing traffic. Twelve- and 14-year-olds and adults rode a bicycling simulator through an immersive virtual environment. Participants crossed intersections with continuous cross traffic coming from opposing directions. Opportunities for crossing were divided into aligned (far gap opens with or before near gap) and rolling (far gap opens after near gap) gap pairs. Children and adults preferred rolling to aligned gap pairs, though this preference was stronger for adults than for children. Crossing aligned versus rolling gap pairs produced substantial differences in direction of travel, speed of crossing, and timing of entry into the near and far lanes. For both aligned and rolling gap pairs, children demonstrated less skill than adults in coordinating self and object movement. These findings have implications for understanding perception-action-cognition links and for understanding risk factors underlying car-bicycle collisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE CHEMICAL ETCHING PROCESS IN NIOBIUM CAVITIES

Niobium cavity is an important component of the integrated NC/SC high-power linacs. Over the years researchers in several countries have tested various cavity shapes. They concluded that elliptically shaped cells and buffered chemical polishing produce good results. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of chemical etching on the surface quality and to optimize this process. Chemical etching of the inner surface of the cavity is achieved by circulating acid through it. As the acid interacts with the surface, it eliminates imperfections and improves surface quality. During etching, a pipe with baffles is inserted within the cavity to direct the flow along the surfaces. A finite element computational fluid dynamics model is developed for the etching process. The problem is modeled as a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, steady state fluid flow problem. This model is used to evaluate the current etching process. An alternative design with an expanding baffle is proposed. The new design is optimized to improve the chemical etching process. (authors)
The STRIDE weight loss and lifestyle intervention for individuals taking antipsychotic medications: a randomized trial.

Objectives:The STRIDE study assessed whether a lifestyle intervention, tailored for individuals with serious mental illnesses, reduced weight and diabetes risk. The authors hypothesized that the STRIDE intervention would be more effective than usual care in reducing weight and improving glucose metabolism.Method:The study design was a multisite, parallel two-arm randomized controlled trial in community settings and an integrated health plan. Participants who met inclusion criteria were ≥18 years old, were taking antipsychotic agents for ≥30 days, and had a body mass index ≥27. Exclusions were significant cognitive impairment, pregnancy/breastfeeding, recent psychiatric hospitalization, bariatric surgery, cancer, heart attack, or stroke. The intervention emphasized moderate caloric reduction, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, and physical activity. Blinded staff collected data at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.Results:Participants (men, N=56; women, N=144; mean age=47.2 years [SD=...
Drinking experience uncovers genetic influences on alcohol expectancies across adolescence.

Aims: To test whether drinking onset moderates genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in theetiology of alcohol expectancies across adolescence.Design: Longitudinal twin ...
Biomolecular Tuning of Electronic Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes via Antibody Functionalization

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are remarkable solid-state nanomaterials due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties. The electronic properties of nanotubes combined with biological molecules such as proteins could make miniature devices for biological sensing applications. In this paper, the noncovalent interaction of single-wall CNTs with antibodies is presented for its potential applications for detecting overexpressed cell surface receptors in breast cancer cells. The degree of binding of antibodies on CNTs was found to be more than 80% for an extended sampling area by confocal microscopy. The key to achieve such high degree of functionalization is due to the separation of CNTs using surfactants that leads to a high surface area to volume ratio and higher number of active sites for charge transfer that enhance binding. This paper also presents tuning of electronic transport properties of CNTs by monoclonal antibodies that are specific to insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in breast cancer
Correlation between acoustic backscatter variability and tissue damage produced by pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy

Power variability in acoustic backscatter is established as a useful indicator of tissue damage production by pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy. In in vivo experiments, backscatter variability during pulsed therapy exposures and tissue damage resulting from the exposures were determined. Power variability was found to be significantly higher for exposures that produced tissue damage than those that did not produce damage. A threshold criterion was determined that when applied predicted tissue damage with high correlation (>0.95) to the experimental results, despite changes in exposure conditions. This result indicates that dynamic bubble activity is a likely characteristic of therapeutically effective cavitation. Moreover, the findings suggest that changes in acoustic backscatter can be used to develop real-time feedback processes for optimizing cavitational ultrasound therapy.