cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection against d-amphetamine toxicity

Abstract The efficacy of diazepam, haloperidol, propranolol, and yohimbine in antagonizing the toxic manifestations of d-amphetamine were studied in rats. In the control group of animals given 75 mg/kg intraperitoneal (ip) d-amphetamine, 95% developed seizures, and 100% died in mean times of 12.6 ± 1.0 and 50.1 ± 5.9 minutes, respectively. Significant protection against d-amphetamine-induced death was afforded by pretreatment with haloperidol (1.0 to 20.0 mg/kg) or propranolol (20.0 to 30.0 mg/kg). Diazepam (5.0 to 10.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the incidence of clinically overt seizures but offered no protection against death. Yohimbine (2.5 to 10.0 mg/kg) was ineffective in preventing either seizures or death. When haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) was administered in combination with diazepam (2.0 mg/kg), the incidence of death was no different than if haloperidol were given alone. In combination, haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) and propranolol (10.0 mg/kg) reduced death more than either agent alone. These data support a protective role of haloperidol or propranolol in the treatment of d-amphetamine intoxication and show no protection with diazepam or yoshimbine.
Sequential removal of monosaccharides from the reducing end of oligosaccharides. I. A reaction between hydrazine and sugars having a glycosidic substituent on a carbon atom adjacent to the carbonyl group

Abstract Hydrazine reacts smoothly with sugars having a glycosidic substituent when the glycosyl moiety is located on a carbon atom adjacent to an aldehyde or keto group, resulting in cleavage of the glycosidic linkage. In excess hydrazine, the released glycoside forms a hydrazone from which the reducing sugar may be recovered in high yields.
The dissociation energy of the gaseous methanol-diethyl ether complex

Abstract The hydrogen bonded hydroxyl absorption of the gaseous methanol-diethyl ether complex is centered at 3558 cm −1 . The dissociation energy of this complex was found to be 4.7 ± 0.7 kcal per mole.
An interoceptive neuroanatomical perspective on feelings, energy, and effort

A homeostatic energy model of awareness proposes that the anterior insular cortex engenders feelings that provide an amodal valuation of homeostatic energy utilization in an opponent, bivalent emotional control system. Feelings are the "common currency" which enable optimal utilization in the physical and mental behavior of a highly social primate. This model offers a different perspective.
REASONABLE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS AS A MORAL CRITERION IN THE WESTERN JUST WAR TRADITION

Abstract Finding the western just war criterion of reasonable chance of success to be a contribution to ethical decision making about armed conflict requires dealing with a number of critiques. Specifying ‘probability’ rather than the alternatives ‘hope’ or ‘chance’, and raising standards of evidence involved, makes the term less vague. Expanding the concept of ‘success’ to include morally defensible aims that can be achieved without military victory enriches the understanding of the moral relationship between ends and means in armed conflict. Asking decision makers to accept moral responsibility for the costs of possible failure is a unique contribution to the just war criteria. The enriched concept of reasonable probability of success thus offers morally significant insights to prewar jus ad bellum decisions, and can benefit ethical decision-making about whether to continue once fighting has begun.
Developmental Control of Foraging and Social Behavior by the Drosophila Neuropeptide Y-like System

Animals display stereotyped behavioral modifications during development, but little is known about how genes and neural circuits are regulated to turn on/off behaviors. Here we report that Drosophila neuropeptide F (dNPF), a human NPY homolog, coordinates larval behavioral changes during development. The brain expression of npf is high in larvae attracted to food, whereas its downregulation coincides with the onset of behaviors of older larvae, including food aversion, hypermobility, and cooperative burrowing. Loss of dNPF signaling in young transgenic larvae led to the premature display of behavioral phenotypes associated with older larvae. Conversely, dNPF overexpression in older larvae prolonged feeding, and suppressed hypermobility and cooperative burrowing behaviors. The dNPF system provides a new paradigm for studying the central control of cooperative behavior.
Cell-cell interactions determine the dorsoventral axis in embryos of an equally cleaving opisthobranch mollusc

Abstract Dorsoventral polarity in molluscan embryos can arise by two distinct mechanisms, where the mechanism employed is strongly correlated with the cleavage pattern of the early embryo. In species with unequal cleavage, the dorsal lineage, or “D quadrant”, is determined in a cell-autonomous manner by the inheritance of cytoplasmic determinants. However, in gastropod molluscs with equal cleavage, cell-cell interactions are required to specify the fate of the dorsal blastomere. During the fifth cleavage interval in equally cleaving embryos, one of the vegetal macromeres makes exclusive contacts with the animal micromeres, and this macromere will give rise to the mesodermal precursor cell at the next division, thereby identifying the dorsal quadrant. This study examines D-quadrant determination in an equally cleaving species from a group of previously uninvestigated gastropods, the subclass Opisthobranchia. Blastomere ablation experiments were performed on embryos of Haminoea callidegenita to (i) determine the developmental potential of macromeres before and after fifth cleavage, and (ii) examine the role of micromere-macromere interactions in the establishment of bilateral symmetry. The results suggest that the macromeres are developmentally equivalent prior to fifth cleavage, but become nonequivalent soon afterward. The dorsoventral axis corresponds to the displacement of the micromeres over one macromere early in the fifth cleavage interval. This unusual cellular topology is hypothesized to result from constraints imposed on micromere-macromere interactions in an embryo that develops from a large egg and forms a stereoblastula (no cleavage cavity). Ablation of the entire first quartet of micromeres results in embryos which remain radially symmetrical in the vegetal hemisphere, indicating that micromere-macromere interactions are required for the elaboration of bilateral symmetry properties. Therefore, inductive interactions between cells may represent a general strategy for dorsoventral axis determination in equally cleaving gastropods.
The effect of pH on the rate of surface tension lowering

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of surface tension lowering of 0.005 N sodium myristate, a hydrolyzable anionic surface-active agent, increases with increasing pH. 2. 2. The rate of surface tension lowering of 0.01 N dodecylamine hydrochloride, a hydrolyzable cationic surface-active agent, decreases with increasing pH. 3. 3. The rate of surface tension lowering for 0.005 N sodium dodecyl sulfate, a surfactant which does not hydrolyze, is independent of pH.
Topiramate loading for refractory status epilepticus in children

Summary: Purpose: To describe three cases of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) in children responsive to topiramate (TPM). Methods: Patients with SE refractory to therapeutic doses of at least two antiepileptic medications were given TPM, 10 mg/kg/d, for 2 consecutive days, followed by maintenance doses of 5 mg/kg/d. Results: This protocol has been used in three cases of RSE at our institution. In each case, SE was aborted within 21 h of the initial dose of TPM. Two patients avoided pharmacologic coma, and one was rapidly weaned from continuous benzodiazepine infusion. Conclusions: Our experience indicates that TPM loading can be effective in the treatment of RSE in children.
Complications in Immunosuppressive Therapy of Liver Transplant Recipients

Background In liver transplantation (LT), modern immunosuppressive protocol is focused on early corticosteroid (CS) weaning. The aim of the study was to investigate all early transplant-related complications using Clavien grading system, in order to identify a significant relation in two homogenous groups of consecutive liver transplanted patients, only different for steroid avoidance in immunosuppressive regimen. Materials and Methods One group was treated with a tacrolimus-based CS-free immunosuppressive protocol, the other one underwent tacrolimus plus low dose CS therapy. The preoperative continuous variables analyzed were age, gender, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and the pre-allocation score for predicting survival following liver transplantation (P-SOFT). Results There were 39 patients in Group A (CS free) (37.9%), and 64 patients in Group B (CS on board) (62.1%). No statistically significant differences between the two groups were detected regarding the incidence and Clavien grade of complications ( P = 0.116). No significant relation was revealed between Clavien rate of complications and tacrolimus-based CS-free immunosuppressive protocol, comparing the two subgroup of patient with P-SOFT score P = 0.193). This association was noted comparing the two subgroups on tacrolimus plus low dose CS regimen ( P = 0.013). Conclusion In this series, the use of CS in sick patient is associated with higher morbidity identified by the Clavien classification.
Supremal and maximal sublanguages arising in supervisor synthesis problems with partial observations

The paper studies in a unified manner both the class of closed, (Σu,N)-invariant, and (M, N)-recognizable sublanguages and the class of closed, (Σu,N)-invariant, and (M, Σc,N)-controllable sublanguages of a given languageL that arise in supervisor synthesis problems of discrete event dynamical systems with partial observations. The supremal element of the former class is often too restrictive, and it is natural to study maximal elements of the latter class. A procedure which computes such a maximal element as a limit of a decreasing sequence of sublanguages ofL is presented. Each term of the sequence is shown to be regular if a slightly modified procedure is used.
Heterogeneity in mammotrophs prepared from diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactinomas.

Pituitary glands from ovariectomized F-344 rats bearing diethylstilbestrol-containing capsules for 70–100 days were dissociated and separated into three size classes by unit gravity sedimentation. The average percentage of large mammotrophs in fraction I was 86 ± (SE) 2%, the percentage of intermediate-sized mammotrophs in fraction II was 86 ± 4%, and the percentage of small mammotrophs in fraction III was 72 ± 3%. By electron microscopy, cells in fractions I and II contained cytoplasmic secretory granules, whereas those in fraction III were either sparsely granulated or agranular. Cells retained their morphology after culture. Biological (B) and immunological (I) assays of PRL released into the medium after 24-h culture both showed that fraction I and II cells released more hormone than fraction III cells. The B/I ratios of released PRL were consistently greater than 1. Analysis of the separated mammotrophs by flow cytometry indicated major differences in light scatter profiles, both before and after cul...
Lifetime-predictions of a glass-ceramic with machined flaws

A dynamic fatigue study was performed on a Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramic to assess its susceptibility to delayed failure and to compare the results with those from a previous study. Fracture mechanics techniques were used to analyse the results for the purpose of making lifetime predictions. The material strength and lifetime was seen to increase due to the removal of residual stress through grinding and polishing. Influence on time-to-failure is addressed for the case with and without residual stress present.
Librarian Participation in Expanding the Pool of Potential Medical Students

This article reports on the results of an exploratory survey to determine if librarians actively participate in medical school student recruiting programs. It looks specifically at what librarians are doing to assist with recruitment and what biomedical career resources their libraries offer. The survey link was e-mailed to all U.S. medical school library directors, who were asked to forward it to the appropriate librarian. Out of 113 medical schools, 68 (60%) responded to most questions. Forty-three (86%) of 50 item respondents do participate in such activities, and 29 (67%) of 43 item respondents have been doing so for more than five years. Thirty-two (64%) of 50 item respondents provide resources on biomedical careers in the libraries.
On the myth of believing that globalization is a myth: or the effects of misdirected responses on obsolescing an emergent substantive discourse

Abstract The December 2003 special issue of the Journal of International Management sought to initiate a dialogue on globalization and the role of the global corporation ( Bird and Stevens, 2003 ). We attempt to carry that dialogue forward by responding to several objections that were raised by critics in that issue. Their comments prompted us to take a fresh look at our own perspective, as well as to critically examine theirs. In so doing, we find not only persuasive evidence that globalization is very much alive and well, but we also find that caution is warranted if readers wish to avoid misdirected responses that would otherwise obsolesce an emerging substantive discourse on the phenomenon of globalization. We are encouraged that the special issue has stimulated continued dialogue and invite others to join the conversation on this important phenomenon of globalization.
Prognostic indications for Hürthle cell cancer.

Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) has been reported to have variable clinical behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the important prognostic factors in patients with HCC. It was a retrospective investigation of 33 patients with HCC treated in our institution from 1976 to 2002. The average age of our 33 patients with HCC was 55.2 years (range 20–82 years; 23 women, 10 men). Fifteen patients (45.5%) presented with a T2 tumor, 7 (21.2%) with a T3 tumor, and 8 (24.2%) with a T4 tumor; the tumor stage was unknown in three patients. Coexisting papillary carcinoma occurred in six patients (18%), 9% of whom presented with metastatic disease. Twelve patients (36.4%) had metastases, four of whom (12.2%) had persistent HCC, and 8 (24.2%) developed recurrent HCC (range 1–9 years). Eight of these twelve patients (66.7%) died from the HCC. The average follow-up time was 5.5 years (range 1–16 years). Altogether, 3 of 23 women and 5 of 10 men died from their HCC (p < 0.05). Of the 22 patients with T2-T3 tumors, 5 (22.7%) developed metastases and 1 patient died; 5 of 8 patients (62.5%) with T4 tumors developed metastases and died (p < 0.01). Patients who were treated by less than total thyroidectomy had a worse prognosis by univariate analysis (p < 0.01) but not by multivariate analysis. Survival time for patients with persistent disease was shorter than for those with recurrent disease (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis, however, revealed no difference for extent of operation or those with persistent and recurrent disease. The cause-specific survivals were 74% and 49% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Disease-free survivals were 65.0% and 40.5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Our findings show that gender and stage of disease influence the prognosis of patients with HCC.
Phenomenological dynamics of XY spin glasses.

We extend our previous (microscopic) study of the macroscopic dynamics of planar spin glasses to the case where the system has a remanent magnetization. In addition to employing, as macroscopic variables, the magnetization normal to the easy plane and the rotation angle about the axis normal to the easy plane, we utilize the result that random microscopic anisotropy which is bilinear in the spins leads to an in-plane macroscopic anisotropy with uniaxial symmetry. The present work is more phenomenological than the previous study, but as a consequence it is simpler to make predictions which are directly applicable to experiment. The zero-wave-vector mode, which involves the macroscopic variables identified above, is found to be field dependent when the static field is in the easy plane, so that it should be amenable to ESR measurements. (This mode can be described as a ``longitudinal'' mode, in the language of Heisenberg spin glasses.) As the measuring field is rotated in the plane, the resonance develops a complex angular dependence. This work also considers relaxation effects associated with the above macroscopic variables. Furthermore, since the in-plane macroscopic anisotropy is not fixed to the lattice, it is susceptible to change; we have, in addition, studied this slow anisotropy motion.
Stabilization of friable sandstone surfaces in a desiccating, wind-abraded environment of south-central Utah by rock surface microorganisms

Abstract Wind abrasion has resulted in a number of interesting geologic features on the Colorado Plateau. Among these features is a wind-abraded groove and associated weathering pit located in south-central Utah. The groove has formed on the Navajo Sandstone which is friable and erodible due to the sparse interstitial clay and silica that cements the grains of quartz and feldspar. Examination of the groove suggests that the rock surfaces are temporarily stabilized through microbial growth via the formation of extracellular polymeric substances as well as filamentous growth by rock surface microorganisms. This contributes to the development of a durable surface crust that retards erosion by wind and water. Stabilization is evident by the pattern of undercut flutes found on sandstone surfaces inhabited by microorganisms and the absence of undercutting on surfaces not visibly inhabited by microbes. Culturing of the microbial consortium from the sandstone surface on loose sand allowed us to determine that the microbial community provides a resistance to a penetration force of 526 dynes cm−2. These findings appear to contradict the conventional geological and biological wisdom that microorganisms greatly accelerate the weathering of rock and therefore render the rock more susceptible to erosional agents.
Characterization of GABAergic seizure regulation in the midline thalamus.

This study characterized the role of GABA in the central medial intralaminar nucleus on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol given systemically. Injections of the direct selective GABAA agonist, piperidine-4-sulfonic acid or the indirect GABAA agonists, flurazepam and pentobarbital, in this region depressed arousal and facilitated myoclonic and clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol but only caused slight inhibition of tonic seizures. In contrast the GABAB agonist (−)baclofen facilitated all three types of seizures. Recording after injection of piperidine-4-sulfonic acid and (−)baclofen revealed marked suppression and slowing of thalamic and cortical electrical activity. Thalamic injections of the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline methiodide, had opposite behavioral effects, causing hyperactivity and episodes of violent running, not accompanied by EEG discharges. When pentylenetetrazol was infused concommitantly there was marked facilitation of the tonic seizures, which occurred without preceding myoclonic of clonic seizures, or EEG spikes. These results demonstrate that GABA-mediated neurotransmission in the central medial intralaminar nucleus can control the threshold of seizures and that GABA agonists and antagonists have opposite effects. It is suggested that the central medial intralaminar nucleus is not a site of origination or spread of seizures, but controls seizures indirectly by regulating the excitability of other structures and that different synaptic mechanisms and anatomical connections mediate effects on different types of seizures.
Model studies directed toward the boron neutron-capture therapy of cancer: boron delivery to murine tumors with liposomes.

Abstract The successful treatment of cancer by boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) requires the selective concentration of boron-10 within malignant tumors. The potential of liposomes to deliver boron-rich compounds to tumors has been assessed by the examination of the biodistribution of boron delivered by liposomes in tumor-bearing mice. Small unilamellar vesicles with mean diameters of 70 nm or less, composed of a pure synthetic phospholipid (distearoyl phosphatidylcholine) and cholesterol, have been found to stably encapsulate high concentrations of water-soluble ionic boron compounds. The hydrolytically stable borane anions B10H10(2-), B12H11SH2-, B20H17OH4-, B20H19(3-), and the normal form and photoisomer of B20H18(2-) were encapsulated in liposomes as their soluble sodium salts. The tissue concentration of boron in tumor-bearing mice was measured at several time points over 48 h after i.v. injection of emulsions of liposomes containing the borane anions. Although the boron compounds used do not exhibit an affinity for tumors and are normally rapidly cleared from the body, liposomes were observed to selectively deliver the borane anions to tumors. The highest tumor concentrations achieved reached the therapeutic range (greater than 15 micrograms of boron per g of tumor) while maintaining high tumor-boron/blood-boron ratios (greater than 3). The most favorable results were obtained with the two isomers of B20H18(2-). These boron compounds have the capability to react with intracellular components after they have been deposited within tumor cells by the liposome, thereby preventing the borane ion from being released into blood.
The Adolescent Addict The Progression of Youth Through the Drug Culture

Forty-seven patients who were physically addicted to opiates completed extensive questionnaires. Among the observations was that the typical heroin addict starts with glue sniffing and taking cough medicines in early adolescence; later takes amphetamines, barbiturates, and mari juana; and finally uses heroin. Younger addicts use a greater variety of drugs than older ones, and start out on glue far more frequently.
Zebrafish as a Biological System for Identifying and Validating Therapeutic Targets and Compounds

Pancreatic cancer is a great oncologic challenge. Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular genetics for transformation of pancreatic epithelia into pre-malignant neoplasia and eventually invasive carcinoma. In spite of these advances, effective treatment is still lacking, and the prognosis of most patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer is dismal. Molecularly targeted agents show great potential for improving treatment in pancreatic cancer cells and animal models. However, translation of the preclinical studies into clinically useful drugs with meaningful benefits for the patients remains to be accomplished. Development of zebrafish models and application of innovative techniques will enable drug discovery for pancreatic cancer in a whole organism. The established models including wild-type zebrafish larvae, germ-line mutants, transgenics, and xenografts can be utilized to identify the genetic pathways and their interactions that control exocrine pancreatic development and cancer. Combined application of chemical genetic screens with radiographic imaging, nanoparticulate systems, and bioinformatics in the zebrafish models is expected to facilitate identification of drugs that specifically target the signaling networks in pancreatic cancer stem cells, and validation of candidate therapeutics by real-time monitoring of tumor growth. Ultimately, a systems-biology approach that applies the various techniques to the zebrafish models is predicted to lead to discovery of efficacious and safe drugs toward the goal of targeted and personalized therapy in pancreatic cancer.
Recovering imprecise transactions with real-time constraints

In real-time database systems, a transaction may not have enough time to complete. In such cases, partial, or imprecise, results can still be produced. The authors have proposed an imprecise result mechanism for producing partial results, which is used to implement timing error recovery in real-time database systems. They also present a model of real-time systems that distinguishes the external data consistency from the internal data consistency maintained by non-real-time systems. Providing a timely response may require sacrificing internal consistency. The authors discuss three examples that have different requirements of data consistency and present algorithms for implementing them. >
Animal Models of Hypertension

Based upon the number of articles published each year the various animal models of hypertension are probably the most popular disease model used in cardiovascular research. The sheer volume of research accomplished demonstrates the potential usefulness of such a research tool. For example a Medline search of articles published between Jan., 1990 and Sept., 1993 found 26 articles dealing with renovascular hypertension in dogs, 206 in rats, 1 in cats, 15 in rabbits and 2 in swine.
Role of Adjuvant Therapy in Surgically Resected Colorectal Carcinoma

An important advance in cancer treatment has been made in recent years with the finding that adjuvant therapy can significantly improve the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. In patients with resected lymph node-positive colon carcinomas (TNM stage 3), adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and levamisole produced an unequivocal survival advantage that established this combination as the standard of clinical practice. Given that biochemical modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin can increase response rates in advanced disease, this combination is undergoing evaluation as an adjuvant treatment. Preliminary results indicate that 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin are effective in reducing disease relapse; however, the effect of this regimen on patient survival rates awaits extended follow-up. In the treatment of stages 2 and 3 rectal cancer, significant reductions in local recurrence and death rates have been achieved with the combination of 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Immunologic approaches and newer chemotherapeutic agents may further improve patient outcome and are under investigation, as are efforts to reduce the toxic effects of cancer chemotherapy. Increased understanding of the biology of these diseases is likely to yield prognostic markers capable of identifying subgroups of earlier stage patients at high risk of disease relapse who may also benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Peter Comestor, Biblical Paraphrase, and the Medieval Popular Bible

The Bible in the Middle Ages, much like the Bible today, consisted for the laity not of a set of texts within a canon but of those stories which, partly because of their liturgical significance and partly because of their picturesque and memorable qualities, formed a provisional "Bible" in the popular imagination. Even relatively devout and educated moderns may be surprised by what is, and what is not, biblical. The medieval popular Bible took shape within an encyclopedic tradition largely responsible for the variety of materials now associated with the Bible. Prior to and even after full-scale Reformation translations, biblical material was disseminated in the vernaculars through sermons, homilies, commentaries, universal histories, picture Bibles, the drama, and a large corpus of biblical paraphrases. Each of those literary forms owes debts to the others, but a significant influence on them all, and especially those produced in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century France and England, is Peter Comestor's Historia scholastica (c. 1170). Peter produced the Historia as a biblical abridgment and gloss for students at the cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris. Translated into every major western European vernacular, it became a widespread resource for biblical material until the Reformation. Because of its comprehensive assembly of apocryphal and legendary elements, and because of its frequent translation and paraphrase, the Historia was the single most important medium through which a popular Bible took shape, from the thirteenth into the fifteenth century, in France, England, and elsewhere. The Historia received papal approval at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. The general chapter of the Dominican order meeting at Paris in 1228 stipulated
The Bias of Intrafirm Trade in the Linder Trade Model

Linder's thesis (1961) explaining trade among industrialized partners does not account for trade within the multinational firm. By law, intrafirm trade is counted in aggregate trade statistics used to test Linder's thesis. The volume and geography of that trade introduce a bias into those tests. This article reviews Linder in terms of intrafirm trade, briefly documenting the influence and geography of intrafirm trade. It goes on to demonstrate that intrafirm trade should be treated as an endogenous variable, and tests an amended Linder model of trade. Results from estimations of bilateral flows in four manufacturing sectors strongly support Linder's thesis.
HIT: a versatile proteomics platform for multianalyte phenotyping of cytokines, intracellular proteins and surface molecules

We have developed a multianalyte fluid-phase protein array technology termed high-throughput immunophenotyping using transcription (HIT). This method employs a panel of monoclonal antibodies, each tagged with a unique oligonucleotide sequence that serves as a molecular bar code. After staining a sample, T7 polymerase amplifies the tags, which are then hybridized to a DNA microarray for indirect measurement of each analyte. Although there are many potential applications for this technology, here we report its suitability for profiling cytokines, intracellular molecules and cell surface markers. Using HIT, we profiled 90 surface markers on human naive T helper cells activated in vitro. The markers identified in this screen are consistent with previously described activation markers and were validated by flow cytometry. Additionally, a HIT screen of surface markers expressed on T helper cells activated in the presence of transforming growth factor-β identified downregulation of CD26 in these cells. HIT arrays are an ideal platform for rapidly identifying markers for further characterization and therapeutic intervention.
Water dispersal of vegetative bulbils of the invasive exotic Dioscorea oppositifolia L. in southern Illinois1

Abstract Thomas, J. R., D. J. Gibson (Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509), and B.A. Middleton (National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA 70506) . Water dispersal of vegetative bulbils of the invasive exotic Dioscorea oppositifolia L. in southern Illinois. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 187–196. 2005.—Riparian corridors promote dispersal of several species of exotic invasives worldwide. Dispersal plays a role in the colonization of exotic invasive species into new areas and this study was conducted to determine if the invasiveness of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. (Chinese yam) is facilitated by secondary dispersal of vegetative diaspores (bulbils) by water. Since seed production of this plant has not been observed in the United States, bulbils represent the only means of dispersal to new habitats. Dispersal was monitored by placing aquatic traps, tethered bulbils, and painted bulbil caches in a tributary of Drury Creek, Giant City State Park, Illinois. Result...
QT Prolongation and Development of Torsades de Pointes with the Concomitant Administration of Oral Erythromycin Base and Quinidine

Torsades de pointes is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized by marked QT prolongation on the electrocardiogram. It can be induced by both antiarrhythmic and nonantiarrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine and erythromycin. No extensive literature documents an interaction between quinidine and erythromycin when the agents are administered orally. A 95-year-old man received oral quinidine and erythromycin for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and community-acquired pneumonia. He developed torsades de pointes and subsequently cardiac arrest. Since erythromycin and quinidine are known to cause arrhythmias individually, caution and close monitoring are necessary when the drugs are administered concomitantly.
Sedimentary structure in gray kaolins of Georgia

One Tertiary and two Cretaceous gray kaolin sites in Georgia were examined using X-ray radiography of core sections to determine the processes of formation of the deposits. The Tertiary kaolin was oxidized in the upper 3 m of the deposit and reduced below that point. The two Cretaceous kaolins were reduced from the top of the deposit to an abrupt boundary with oxidized red kaolin below. Radiography of the first Cretaceous core revealed thin laminar bedding in the gray kaolin and in the underlying red kaolin. The laminae continue without interruption across the gray kaolin/red kaolin boundary. The laminae were not visible in the gray kaolin except in radiographs. Sedimentary bedding was not observed visually or radiographically at the Tertiary site nor in sections of the core from the second Cretaceous site where kaolinite was recrystallized to large vermiforms. The original sedimentary structure in the first Cretaceous kaolin was preserved possibly due to the inhibition of kaolinite recrystallization by a higher organic matter content. Recrystallization of kaolinite and iron compounds may have destroyed sedimentary structures in part or all of the other two kaolin cores. It is hypothesized that the first Cretaceous physical and biological mixing. The same hypothesis may apply to the other two kaolins but recrystallization after deposition has destroyed sedimentary structures.
Wonderlic, race, and the NFL draft.

Extending the work of Berri and Simmons on the National Football League (NFL) player draft and the Scouting Combine, the authors use the Wonderlic cognitive ability test to test one implication of a simple Phelps model of statistical discrimination in the NFL draft. The authors treat Wonderlic scores as a noisy signal of a player’s adaptability to the NFL game that may be more informative for White players than it is for Black players. The authors find that Wonderlic scores are important in explaining relative draft position for quarterbacks, offensive linemen, and tight ends. At the same time, the authors find limited evidence to support statistical discrimination based on Wonderlic scores.
The Contribution of Foreign Language Study to Mastery of the Vernacular1

Author's Summary— The belief that foreign language study contributes to a mastery of the mother tongue has not been conclusively substantiated by experimental data. If a better understanding and a more accurate use of English is a desirable objective of foreign language study, further investigation should be carried on to determine how and to what extent this contribution is made, and how methods and texts may realize this objective more effectively.)
Cholera, travel, and infection control.

Recent outbreaks of cholera in South America and a handful of imported cases in the United States have transformed the disease from a third-world curiosity to an important issue for our daily American newspapers. Although cholera often is considered one of the classic plagues of humankind, we now know that the disease can be contained with modern sanitation and that, with proper hydration, mortality rates are less than 1%. The role of epidemiologists and infection control practitioners should be to provide information, reassure the public, and prevent harmful attempts at infection control based on “cholera hysteria.”It is surprising to realize that cholera is a relative newcomer to the global pestilence scene. In fact, pandemics were not reported before the 18th century..’ As cholera spread from Asia to Europe, panic outran the disease and was exacerbated by futile attempts to limit the epidemic. Cholera victims were placed in strict quarantine, and their houses were burned. In some instances, military troops encircled towns or fortified borders in a vain attempt to confine the disease. Public officials would deny that cholera had invaded their cities until the graveyards were filled with indisputable evidence. In the early 1800s, during the height of the epidemic in the United States, 1,000 people died daily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, alone.2 Virtually all those deaths could have been prevented with proper rehydration and replacement of electrolytes.
New algebraic tools for classical geometry

Classical geometry has emerged from efforts to codify perception of space and motion. With roots in ancient times, the great flowering of classical geometry was in the 19th century, when Euclidean, non-Euclidean and projective geometries were given precise mathematical formulations and the rich properties of geometric objects were explored. Though fundamental ideas of classical geometry are permanently imbedded and broadly applied in mathematics and physics, the subject itself has practically disappeared from the modern mathematics curriculum. Many of its results have been consigned to the seldom-visited museum of mathematics history, in part, because they are expressed in splintered and arcane language. To make them readily accessible and useful, they need to be reexamined and integrated into a coherent mathematical system.
A Study of the Role of Single Node Mutation in Genetic Programming

In this paper we examine the effects of single node mutations on trees evolved via genetic programming. The results show that neutral mutations are less likely for nodes nearer the root and that as evolution proceeds neutral mutations of nodes near the root are progressively less likely.
Toward a Participatory Geographic Information Science

GIS has long been touted as a “decision support system” (Cowen 1988). Consequently, research about participatory, spatial decision making is at the core of participatory geographic information science (PGIScience) and participatory geographic information systems (PGISystems). Two research questions underpin our overall research agenda. First, “How is GIS software with integrated decision support techniques used within group decision processes to address complex geographic problems?” Second, “How can we improve our research studies about participatory geographic decision support to contribute to geographic information science?” This overview provides a glimpse about both.
Floer Field Philosophy

Floer field theory is a construction principle for example, 3-manifold invariants via decomposition in a bordism category and a functor to the symplectic category, and is conjectured to have natural four-dimensional extensions. This survey provides an introduction to the categorical language for the construction and extension principles and provides the basic intuition for two gauge theoretic examples which conceptually frame Atiyah–Floer type conjectures in Donaldson theory as well as the relations of Heegaard Floer homology to Seiberg–Witten theory.
Formate Metabolism in Shewanella oneidensis Generates Proton Motive Force and Prevents Growth without an Electron Acceptor

ABSTRACT Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is a facultative anaerobe that thrives in redox-stratified environments due to its ability to utilize a wide array of terminal electron acceptors. Conversely, the electron donors utilized by S. oneidensis are more limited and include products of primary fermentation such as lactate, pyruvate, formate, and hydrogen. Lactate, pyruvate, and hydrogen metabolisms in S. oneidensis have been described previously, but little is known about the role of formate oxidation in the ecophysiology of these bacteria. Formate is produced by S. oneidensis through pyruvate formate lyase during anaerobic growth on carbon sources that enter metabolism at or above the level of pyruvate, and the genome contains three gene clusters predicted to encode three complete formate dehydrogenase complexes. To determine the contribution of each complex to formate metabolism, strains lacking one, two, or all three annotated formate dehydrogenase gene clusters were generated and examined for growth rates and yields on a variety of carbon sources. Here, we report that formate oxidation contributes to both the growth rate and yield of S. oneidensis through the generation of proton motive force. Exogenous formate also greatly accelerated growth on N-acetylglucosamine, a carbon source normally utilized very slowly by S. oneidensis under anaerobic conditions. Surprisingly, deletion of all three formate dehydrogenase gene clusters enabled growth of S. oneidensis using pyruvate in the absence of a terminal electron acceptor, a mode of growth never before observed in these bacteria. Our results demonstrate that formate oxidation is a fundamental strategy under anaerobic conditions for energy conservation in S. oneidensis. IMPORTANCEShewanella species have garnered interest in biotechnology applications for their ability to respire extracellular terminal electron acceptors, such as insoluble iron oxides and electrodes. While much effort has gone into studying the proteins for extracellular electron transport, how electrons generated through the oxidation of organic carbon sources enter this pathway remains understudied. Here, we quantify the role of formate oxidation in the anaerobic physiology of Shewanella oneidensis. Formate oxidation contributes to both the growth rate and yield on a variety of carbon sources through the generation of proton motive force. Advances in our understanding of the anaerobic metabolism of S. oneidensis are important for our ability to utilize and engineer this organism for applications in bioenergy, biocatalysis, and bioremediation.
Stable, metastable, and kinetically trapped amyloid aggregate phases.

Self-assembly of proteins into amyloid fibrils plays a key role in a multitude of human disorders that range from Alzheimer’s disease to type II diabetes. Compact oligomeric species, observed early during amyloid formation, are reported as the molecular entities responsible for the toxic effects of amyloid self-assembly. However, the relation between early-stage oligomeric aggregates and late-stage rigid fibrils, which are the hallmark structure of amyloid plaques, has remained unclear. We show that these different structures occupy well-defined regions in a peculiar phase diagram. Lysozyme amyloid oligomers and their curvilinear fibrils only form after they cross a salt and protein concentration-dependent threshold. We also determine a boundary for the onset of amyloid oligomer precipitation. The oligomeric aggregates are structurally distinct from rigid fibrils and are metastable against nucleation and growth of rigid fibrils. These experimentally determined boundaries match well with colloidal model pr...
Comparing Different Sensemaking Approaches for Large-Scale Ideation

Large-scale idea generation platforms often expose ideators to previous ideas. However, research suggests people generate better ideas if they see abstracted solution paths (e.g., descriptions of solution approaches generated through human sensemaking) rather than being inundated with all prior ideas. Automated and semi-automated methods can also offer interpretations of earlier ideas. To benefit from sensemaking in practice with limited resources, ideation platform developers need to weigh the cost-quality tradeoffs of different methods for surfacing solution paths. To explore this, we conducted an online study where 245 participants generated ideas for two problems in one of five conditions: 1) no stimuli, 2) exposure to all prior ideas, or solution paths extracted from prior ideas using 3) a fully automated workflow, 4) a hybrid human-machine approach, and 5) a fully manual approach. Contrary to expectations, human-generated paths did not improve ideation (as meas-ured by fluency and breadth of ideation) over simply showing all ideas. Machine-generated paths sometimes significantly improved fluency and breadth of ideation over no ideas (although at some cost to idea quality). These findings suggest that automated sensemaking can improve idea generation, but we need more research to understand the value of human sensemaking for crowd ideation.
Resurfacing the genital area.

Trauma, acute or chronic infections, premalignant or malignant conditions, and burns can cause structural loss in the genital area. Full thickness, split-skin, and dermal grafts are useful for repair. In addition, a number of axial and myocutaneous flaps that can be used for closure are within reach of the genital area. Important applications for microvascular flaps will probably be found in the future.
Successful Management of Bilateral Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis by Bilateral Partial Nephrectomy

Bilateral xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare condition with 7 previously reported cases, all of which required dialysis and/or resulted in death of the patient. We report a case in which bilateral partial nephrectomy was performed successfully for bilateral xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The etiology, symptomatology, radiographic findings and treatment of this rare inflammatory condition are discussed with a brief review of the previously reported cases.
Towards a Lifecycle Information Framework and Technology in Manufacturing

Industry has been chasing the dream of integrating and linking data across the product lifecycle and enterprises for decades. However, industry has been challenged by the fact that the context in which data is used varies based on the function / role in the product lifecycle that is interacting with the data. Holistically, the data across the product lifecycle must be considered an unstructured data-set because multiple data repositories and domain-specific schema exist in each phase of the lifecycle. This paper explores a concept called the Lifecycle Information Framework and Technology (LIFT). LIFT is a conceptual framework for lifecycle information management and the integration of emerging and existing technologies, which together form the basis of a research agenda for dynamic information modeling in support of digital-data curation and reuse in manufacturing. This paper provides a discussion of the existing technologies and activities that the LIFT concept leverages. Also, the paper describes the motivation for applying such work to the domain of manufacturing. Then, the LIFT concept is discussed in detail, while underlying technologies are further examined and a use case is detailed. Lastly, potential impacts are explored.
Dual therapeutic functions of F-5 fragment in burn wounds: preventing wound progression and promoting wound healing in pigs

Burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity including prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability. Currently there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved burn therapeutics. A clinical distinction of burn injuries from other acute wounds is the event of the so-called secondary burn wound progression within the first week of the injury, in which a burn expands horizontally and vertically from its initial boundary to a larger area. Therefore, an effective therapeutics for burns should show dual abilities to prevent the burn wound progression and thereafter promote burn wound healing. Herein we report that topically applied F-5 fragment of heat shock protein-90α is a dual functional agent to promote burn wound healing in pigs. First, F-5 prevents burn wound progression by protecting the surrounding cells from undergoing heat-induced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis with increased Akt activation. Accordingly, F-5–treated burn and excision wounds show a marked decline in inflammation. Thereafter, F-5 accelerates burn wound healing by stimulating the keratinocyte migration-led reepithelialization, leading to wound closure. This study addresses a topical agent that is capable of preventing burn wound progression and accelerating burn wound healing.