cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Syndrome Exacerbates Inflammation and Bone Loss in Periodontitis

Clinical studies have shown that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk of developing periodontitis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Since it is known that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways play a crucial role in periodontitis, we hypothesized that MetS enhances LPS-induced periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss. In this study, we induced MetS in C57BL/6 mice by feeding them high-fat diet (HFD), and we induced periodontitis by periodontal injection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LPS. We found that mice fed a HFD had significantly increased body weight, plasma lipids, insulin, and insulin resistance when compared with mice fed regular chow, indicating that the mice developed MetS. We also found that a HFD markedly increased LPS-induced alveolar bone loss, osteoclastogenesis, and inflammatory infiltration. Analysis of gene expression in periodontal tissue revealed that HFD and LPS injection cooperatively stimulated expression of cytokines that are known to be involved in periodontal tissue inflammation and osteoclastogenesis-such as interleukin 6, monocyte-chemotactic protein 1, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. To further understand the potential mechanisms involved in MetS-boosted tissue inflammation, our in vitro studies showed that palmitic acid-the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA) and the major SFA in the HFD used in our animal study-potently enhanced LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression in macrophages. In sum, this study demonstrated that MetS was associated with increased periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss in an LPS-induced periodontitis animal model. This study also suggests that SFA palmitic acid may play an important role in MetS-associated periodontitis by enhancing LPS-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.
Choleriform Syndrome and Production of Labile Enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like Antigen by Species of Salmonella infantis and Salmonella haardt Isolated from the Same Patient

Isolates of Salmonella infantis from the stool and blood and an isolate of Salmonella haardt from the stool of a patient with choleriform diarrhea produced labile enterotoxin (CT/LT1)-like antigen. Genetic and molecular experiments indicated that the production of CT/LT1-like antigen was chromosomally encoded.
NEONATAL PERFORATED APPENDICITIS

Appendicitis is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen in children and adults but very rare in infants and neonates. Nonspecific clinical features and low index of suspicion make its diagnosis and management challenging which may result in high chances of complications like perforation and peritonitis thus increasing the morbidity and mortality. Appendicular perforation leading to peritonitis is a life threatening condition in neonates [1-3]. We are presenting a case of neonatal appendicular perforation leading to peritonitis.
Corrigendum to: “Functions of myosin light chain-2 (MYL2) in cardiac muscle and disease” [Gene 569 (2015) 14-20]

The authors regret reporting the incorrect size of MLC2v in the mouse in Figure 1 (see below). Figure 1
Gender, Age, and Comorbidity Status Predict Improved Survival with Adjuvant Chemotherapy Following Lobectomy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancers Larger than 4 cm

To identify pretreatment prognostic factors associated with improved outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors larger than 4 cm receiving adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery versus surgery alone. Information was collected from the National Cancer Data Base on adults diagnosed with NSCLC who underwent lobectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for pathologic T2 tumors measuring at least 4 cm, with no lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. The data were analyzed using model-based recursive partitioning for survival. Patients who underwent chemotherapy following surgery experienced a survival benefit compared with patients who were treated with surgery alone (5-year survival of 66 vs. 49 %, p 72 with a CD score = 0 (5-year survival: 53 vs. 56 %, p = 0.57), and women >72 with a CD score ≥1 (5-year survival: 40 vs. 56 %, p = 0.04). By contrast, all groups of men identified by recursive partitioning analysis demonstrated improved survivals with adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy appears to increase survival for patients with resected NSCLC tumors larger than 4 cm. Women with NSCLC experience improved survival relative to men regardless of treatment. However, there are certain groups of women over 65 years old who do not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
Incidence and Factors Associated With Hospital Readmission After Pulmonary Lobectomy

Background Readmission rates after major procedures are used to benchmark quality of care. We sought to identify readmission diagnoses and factors associated with readmission in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy. Methods Analyzing the State Inpatient Databases (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project), we reviewed all lobectomies performed from 2009 to 2011 in California, Florida, and New York. The group was subdivided into open (OL) versus minimally invasive lobectomy (MIL; thoracoscopic/robotic). We used unique identifiers to determine 30- and 90-day readmission rates and diagnoses and performed regression analysis to determine factors associated with readmission. Results A total of 22,647 lobectomies were identified (58.8% OL vs 41.2% MIL; median age, 68 years; median length of stay, 6 days). Most patients (59.8%) had routine discharge home (home health care, 29.4%; transfer to other facility, 8.8%; mortality, 1.9%). The 30-day readmission rate was 11.5% (OL 12.0% vs MIL 10.8%, p = 0.01), while the 90-day readmission rate was 19.8% (OL 21.1% vs MIL 17.9%, p 0.001). The most common readmission diagnoses were pulmonary (24.1%), cardiovascular (16.3%), and complications related to surgical/medical procedures (15.1%). Preoperative factors associated with readmission included male gender (odds ratio, 1.19), Medicaid payer (odds ratio, 1.29), and several individual comorbidities. Surgical approach and postoperative complications were not independently associated with readmission. Conclusions Readmission is a frequent event after pulmonary lobectomy and is strongly associated with preoperative demographic factors and comorbidities. Resources and services should be directed to patients at risk for readmission and multicomponent care pathways developed that may circumvent the need for repeat hospitalization.
Induced-anxiety differentially disrupts working memory in generalized anxiety disorder.

Anxiety is characterized by a bias towards threatening information, anxious apprehension, and disrupted concentration. Previous research in healthy subjects suggests that working memory (WM) is disrupted by induced anxiety, but that increased task-demand reduces anxiety and WM is preserved. However, it is unknown if patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can similarly normalize their performance on difficult WM tasks while reducing their anxiety. Increased threat-related bias and impoverished top-down control in trait anxiety suggests that patients may not reap the same cognitive and emotional benefits from demanding tasks that those low in anxiety. Here we examine this possibility using a WM task of varying difficulty. GAD patients (N = 30) and healthy controls (N = 30) performed an n-back task (no-load, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back) while at risk for shock (threat) or safe from shock (safe). Anxiety was measured via startle reflex and self-report. As predicted, healthy controls’ performance was impaired under threat during low-load tasks and facilitated during high-load tasks. In contrast, GAD patients’ performance was impaired under threat regardless of WM load. Anxiety was reduced as cognitive load increased in both groups. The divergence of emotion regulation (reduction) and performance (persistent impairment) in the patient but not the control group, suggests that different top-down mechanisms may be operating to reduce anxiety. Continued WM disruption in patients indicates that attentional resources are allocated to emotion regulation instead of goal-directed behavior. Implications for our understanding of cognitive disruption in patients, and related therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Abstract 223: Non-Cardiac Comorbidities in Predictive Models for Valvular Heart Disease Interventions

Background: Interventions for patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) now include both surgical and percutaneous procedures. As a result, treatments are being offered to increasingly complex patients with a significant burden of non-cardiac comorbid conditions. There is a major gap in our understanding of how various comorbidities relate to prognosis following interventions for VHD. Here we describe how comorbidities are handled in clinical predictive models for patients undergoing interventions for VHD. Methods: We queried the Tufts Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Clinical Prediction Model (CPM) Registry to identify de novo CPMs for patients undergoing VHD interventions. We systematically extracted information on the non-cardiac comorbidities contained in the CPMs and also measures of model performance. Results: From January 1990- May 2012 there were 12 CPMs predicting measures of morbidity or mortality for patients undergoing interventions for VHD. There were 2 CPMs predicting outcomes for isolated aortic valve replacement, 3 CPMs predicting outcomes for isolated mitral valve surgery, and 7 models predicting outcomes for a combination of valve surgery subtypes. Ten out of twelve (83%) of the CPMs for patients undergoing interventions for VHD predicted mortality. The median number of non-cardiac comorbidities included in the CPMs was 4 (range 0-7). All of the CPMs predicting mortality included at least 1 comorbid condition. The top 3 most common comorbidities included in these CPMs were, renal dysfunction (10/12, 83%), prior CVA (7/12, 58%) and measures of BMI/BSA (7/12, 58%). Diabetes was present in only 25% (3/12) of the models and chronic lung disease in only 17% (2/12). Conclusions: Non-cardiac comorbidities are frequently found in CPMs predicting morbidity and mortality following interventions for VHD. There is significant variation in the number and type of specific comorbid conditions included in these CPMs. More work is needed to understand the directionality, magnitude, and consistency of effect of these non-cardiac comorbid conditions for patients undergoing interventions for VHD. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Isolation and characterization of glucosylsphingosine from Gaucher's spleen

Glucosylsphingosine has been isolated for the first time as a natural constituent from Gaucher's spleen. On thin-layer chromatography, it migrates with authentic glucosylsphingosine, yielding a positive color reaction with ninhydrin for the amino group and with alpha-naphthol-sulfuric acid for the carbohydrate residue. N-Acylation with palmitic acid gave rise to glucosylceramide, which was cleaved by purified glucosylceramide: beta-glucosidase to ceramide. Gas-liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl derivative showed a retention time similar to authentic glucosylsphingosine. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives after methanolysis revealed the presence of only glucose and C(18)-sphingosine. Mass spectral data further supported the structural identity with glucosylsphingosine.
THE THEORETICAL FORMULA OF MTF_i FOR THE LINEAR CCD ARRAY IN THE PUSHBROOM MODE

According to the original definition of MTF, a theoretical formula of the ntegration modulation transfer function for the linear CCD array in the pushbroom mode is derived.
Meta-analysis of the main risk factors on hepatitis B in Chinese people

Objective:To study the main risk factors on hepatitis B in Chinese people.Methods:Appling the Meta-analysis to systematically analyze the reference about the risk factors on hepatitis B in China during 1994 to 2008.Results:Eleven articles dealing about the risk factors on hepatitis B were searched.Incorporated by fixed effect model or random effect model after the heterogeneity tests,the OR of 10 risk factors were without vaccination history of hepatitis B virus vaccine 7.82,hepatitis B family history 6.94,history of injection 4.33,razor shared 3.58,contact with hepatitis B patients 3.49,history of eat outside 2.85,blood transfusion 2.36,traumatic treatment for beauty 2.22,oral treatment 2.12,history of surgical operation 2.10.Conclusions:Without vaccination history of hepatitis B virus vaccine,hepatitis B family history,history of injection,razor shared,contact with hepatitis B patients,history of eat outside,blood transfusion,traumatic treatment for beauty,oral treatment,history of surgical operation should be the risk factors of hepatitis B in Chinese people.
Recursive Band Processing of Automatic Target Generation Process for Finding Unsupervised Targets in Hyperspectral Imagery

Automatic target generation process (ATGP) has been widely used for unsupervised target detection. However, as designed, it detects targets using full-band information. Unfortunately, on many occasions, various targets can be detected using varying bands, and ATGP can only provide one-shot target detection with all bands being used. This paper develops a new approach which can implement ATGP bandwise in a progressive manner, called progressive band processing of ATGP (PBP-ATGP) so that ATGP can be carried out band by band. Since PBP-ATGP must repeatedly implement orthogonal projections, recursive equations are further derived for PBP-ATGP, to be called recursive band processing of ATGP (RBP-ATGP) which can implement PBP-ATGP recursively. As a result, many advantages can be benefited from RBP-ATGP. Most importantly, RBP-ATGP can generate 3-D interband progressive profiles from band to band that can be used for progressive target detection, a task for which no target detection techniques using full-band information can provide.
The Asymptotic Mesh Independence Principle

We present a new asymptotic mesh independence principle of Newton’s method for discretized nonlinear operator equations. Our hypotheses are weaker than in earlier studies such as [1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Exploring heterogeneity and correlates of depressive symptoms in the Women and Their Children's Health (WaTCH) Study.

Abstract Introduction Oil spill exposures are associated with increased levels of depression, which is often measured using continuous scores or dichotomous cut points on screening tools in population-based studies. Latent profile analysis can overcome analytic limitations such as 1) masking of heterogeneity in outcomes among people within dichotomous categories and 2) loss of information about symptom patterns among those with the same continuous score. This study examined variation in depressive symptoms and assessed the associations between depressive symptomatology and oil spill exposure, socioeconomic risk factors, and social capital. Methods Between 2012 and 2014, we interviewed 2852 women in southeastern Louisiana. We performed latent profile analysis then tested the adjusted associations between sociodemographic characteristics, oil spill exposure and latent class membership. Results Results indicated a three-class solution in which classes varied by symptom severity as the best fit. The strongest associations were among women with the most severe depressive symptoms, who were less educated, were more economically vulnerable, and had the least social support compared to women with no depressive symptoms. Limitations This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and the self-reported nature of exposures and depressive symptoms, but results are consistent with prior literature. Conclusions Our results support the conventional use of screening tools to estimate depressive symptomatology. Nevertheless, the identification of subgroups within study participants highlights an important finding: the subgroups were comprised of characteristically different women with varying levels of depressive symptoms, a discovery that would have been overlooked if the CES-D was used conventionally.
Becoming a College Student: An Empirical Phenomenological Analysis of First Generation College Students

ABSTRACTThis article is an empirical phenomenological examination of the perceived security that first generation college students have in their identity as college students. First generation college students (FGCS) have been defined as students whose parents or guardians have not completed a 2- or 4-year postsecondary degree. Previous research (Davis, 2010; Peteet, Montgomery, & Weekes, 2015; Ward, Siegel, & Davenport, 2012) suggests that FGCS have a particularly difficult time finding confidence in their identities as college students, and that this exacerbates the difficulties that they face as students. The imposter phenomenon (IP) is the deep conviction that one is not good enough to deserve the title, responsibility, recognition, or job that one has (Clance, 1985). IP has been tied to FGCS both theoretically (Davis, 2010) and empirically (Peteet et al., 2015). This study examines the experience of overcoming IP by asking seven self-identified FGCS to describe the experience of recognizing their own ...
Adaptive rate control with chip discrimination in UWB networks

A fundamental concern of any ad-hoc network is the mitigation of potential near/far power disparities that can occur anytime a node is communicating with a distant node in the presence of very close interfering transmitters. In this paper, we present a technique for adjusting the number of chips/bit to maximize throughput in such poor near/far power ratio environments. The technique leverages information derived from our chip discrimination approach, and also exploits the low duty cycle nature of ultra-wideband (UWB) radio. We present this simple method for detection of near pulse interference and develop it as one component for a peer-to-peer MAC layer protocol, to effect more efficient transmission rate control using only locally derived input. We demonstrate the efficacy of the technique using simulation in bursty, pulse limited environments. The technique provides improved throughput compared to fixed parameter links and equivalent theoretical M|D|1 queues.
Fluorescence‐based lateral flow assays for rapid oral fluid roadside detection of cannabis use

With the recent worldwide changes in the legalization of marijuana, there is a significant need for rapid, roadside screening test for driving under the influence of drugs. A robust, sensitive, lateral flow assay has been developed to detect recent use via oral-fluid testing for Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This proof-of-concept assay uses a fluorescent-based immunoassay detection of polymeric beads, conjugated to antibodies against native THC. The fluorescent technique allows for significantly lower limits of detection and higher precision determination of recent marijuana use without the use of urine or blood sampling-thus allowing for roadside identification. Detection levels of 0.01 ng/mL were distinguished from background and the lower limit of quantification was determined to approach 1 ng/mL.
Clinical Profiles of Young Adults With Juvenile-Onset Fibromyalgia With and Without a History of Trauma.

Objective To examine the differential presentation(s) of psychological and health-related outcomes in young adults with juvenile-onset fibromyalgia (FM) with and without a history of trauma, compared to healthy controls. Methods In total, 110 participants (86 with juvenile-onset FM and 24 healthy controls, with a mean age of 23.4 years) completed a structured clinical interview to assess for trauma and psychological comorbidities, as well as self-report questionnaires on pain, physical functioning, and health care utilization. Results Of the juvenile-onset FM participants, 37% (n = 32) reported a history of trauma. Three group comparisons (i.e., juvenile-onset FM with trauma versus juvenile-onset FM with no trauma versus healthy controls) revealed that juvenile-onset FM participants significantly differed from healthy controls on all psychological and health-related outcomes. Further, although juvenile-onset FM participants with and without a history of trauma did not significantly differ on pain and physical functioning, juvenile-onset FM participants with a history of trauma were significantly more likely to have psychological comorbidities. Conclusion This is the first controlled study to examine the differential outcomes between juvenile-onset FM participants with and without a history of trauma. Group comparisons between juvenile-onset FM participants and healthy controls were consistent with previous research. Further, our findings indicate that juvenile-onset FM participants with a history of trauma experience greater psychological, but not physical, impairment than juvenile-onset FM participants without a history of trauma.
Comparison of Pre-and Post-Irradiation Low-Frequency Noise Spectra of Midwave Infrared nBn Detectors With Superlattice Absorbers

Noise spectra of type-II strained layer superlattice midwave infrared photodetectors were compared pre- and post-irradiation by a proton fluence of $\mathrm {7.5\times 10^{11}~ cm^{-2}}$ [total ionizing dose equivalent of 100 krad (Si)] and related to the shot noise limit at biases ranging from +200 to −800 mV and temperatures of 130 and 160 K. Pre-irradiation dark current at 130 K was 7.5X Rule ’07 and increased to 59X Rule ’07 after irradiation. The pre-irradiation noise spectra were within one order of magnitude of the shot noise prediction, while post-irradiation noise spectra were close to two orders higher, indicating the introduction of nonshot-like noise sources.
Neutron decay of 10Li produced by fragmentation.

The neutron decay of [sup 10]Li, produced in the reaction of 80 MeV/nucleon [sup 18]O + [sup nat]C, was studied by the coincidence detection of neutrons and [sup 9]Li nuclei in a collinear geometry. An analysis of the relative velocity spectrum indicates the presence of a [sup 10]Li state which decays by very low energy neutron emission. This state corresponds to either the ground state of [sup 10]Li, in which case it is probably an [ital s]-wave resonance, or an excited state at [ital E][sub [ital x]][approx]2.5 MeV.
Facebook: The Use of Social Media to Engage Parents in a Preschool Obesity Prevention Curriculum.

Abstract Objective This study investigated the use of Facebook to deliver health-related education materials to augment a preschool classroom-based obesity prevention curriculum. Design Cross-sectional, mixed methods (descriptive and interviews). Setting Head Start classrooms administered by 2 large agencies (1 rural and 1 urban). Participants Convenience sample of parents in 13 classrooms (cohort 1, 3 classrooms; cohort 2, 10 classrooms). Intervention Delivery of nutrition education curriculum content using social media (Facebook). Variables Measured Qualitative interviews assessed barriers and facilitators to Facebook use. Parent views, likes, and comments were measured to reflect parent engagement with Facebook. Analysis Content analyses (qualitative data) and descriptive statistics (quantitative data). Results Family access (views) and interaction (comments and likes) with the posts varied based on type and content of posts. Rural families were more active. Barriers to parental Facebook engagement included a desire to see more posts from classroom teachers, lack of time, and misunderstanding about privacy protections. Facilitators of parental Facebook engagement included perceived utility of the content and social support. Conclusions and Implications Facebook was found to be a feasible platform to provide nutrition education and facilitated varying levels of parental engagement. Lessons learned and implications for prevention and intervention programming are offered.
The ethical implications of altering public sector accountability models: The case of the Atlanta cheating scandal

ABSTRACTOutcome based policies promote the use performance accountability models. However, the impact these policies have on the ethical culture of public sector organizations has not been adequate...
Thermodynamics of Intermolecular Self-Association of Hydrogen Bonding Solutes by Titration Calorimetry

The hydrogen bond has been the object of extensive interest in the past few decades. In particular, the study of dilute solutions of hydrogen bonding solutes has made possible an increased understanding of the nature of the hydrogen bond. The tendency of many such solutes to self-associate intermolecularly has permitted systematic investigations of the effects of solvents and substi-tuents on the strength of the self-association interaction, thereby contributing to the understanding of the theory of hydrogen bonding.
Emergence of norms through social learning

Behavioral norms are key ingredients that allow agent coordination where societal laws do not sufficiently constrain agent behaviors. Whereas social laws need to be enforced in a top-down manner, norms evolve in a bottom-up manner and are typically more self-enforcing. While effective norms can significantly enhance performance of individual agents and agent societies, there has been little work in multiagent systems on the formation of social norms. We propose a model that supports the emergence of social norms via learning from interaction experiences. In our model, individual agents repeatedly interact with other agents in the society over instances of a given scenario. Each interaction is framed as a stage game. An agent learns its policy to play the game over repeated interactions with multiple agents. We term this mode of learning social learning, which is distinct from an agent learning from repeated interactions against the same player. We are particularly interested in situations where multiple action combinations yield the same optimal payoff. The key research question is to find out if the entire population learns to converge to a consistent norm. In addition to studying such emergence of social norms among homogeneous learners via social learning, we study the effects of heterogeneous learners, population size, multiple social groups, etc.
Geometry and Reconstruction from Symmetry

In Chapter 6 we have illustrated how prior assumptions on the scene can be exploited to simplify, or in some case enable, the reconstruction of camera pose and calibration. For instance, the presence of parallel lines and right angles in the scene allows one to upgrade the projective reconstruction to affine and even Euclidean. In this chapter, we generalize these concepts to the case where the scene contains objects that are symmetric. While we will make this notion precise shortly, the intuitive terms of “regular structures,” (deterministic) “patterns,” “tiles,” etc. can all be understood in terms of symmetries (Figure 10.1).
The Surface amd Bulk Oxidation States of MoO3 During the Partial Oxidation of Methanol

During methanol oxidation on pure molybdenum oxide, the degree of reduction is strongly dependent on the methanol to oxygen ratio. The reaction below 380°C is governed by the electronic state on the surface, not by the bulk. Methanol and oxygen seem to chemisorb on different faces of catalyst to lead the redox mechanism. The existence of a space-charge layer developed by ionosorbed oxygen is a characteristic during the reaction.
Shifts of Energy Levels with Pressure

As we have indicated in the introduction, a common effect of pressure is to shift the energy of one type of orbital with respect to another. Usually one measures the shift by optical absorption although other techniques, such as Mossbauer resonance, may give useful information. In this chapter we describe a variety of such shifts: relatively localized transitions such as those involving the d electrons of transition metals; excitations involving color centers in alkali halide crystals, or π electrons in aromatic hydrocarbon crystals; charge transfer between donors and acceptors in molecular complexes or between ligand and metal in transition metal complexes; and finally, excitations from the valence band to the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors. In the following chapters we discuss orbital energy shifts which lead specifically to new ground states in a variety of systems.
Communities and Other Social Actors: Rethinking Commodities and Consumption in Global Historical Archaeology

The relationships between people and commodities, and the processes through which goods are entangled with people's lives can be better understood with a focus on the community. The concept of community offers a way to understand the entanglement of individuals and small groups with global processes. In addition, a focus on the community allows historical archaeologists a scale of analysis to consider the links between people, communities, and global networks of exchange, as commodities are exchanged in and out of local, regional, or global arenas.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality in Adolescents Using e-Cigarettes and Marijuana: A Secondary Data Analysis From the Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Objectives E-cigarette use has increased dramatically among adolescents in the past 5 years alongside a steady increase in daily use of marijuana. This period coincides with a historic rise in depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents. In this study, we describe the associations between e-cigarette and marijuana use and depressive symptoms and suicidality in a large nationally representative sample of high school students. Methods We used data from the 2 most recent waves (2015 and 2017) of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Our sample (n = 26,821) included only participants with complete information for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and exposure to e-cigarettes and marijuana (89.5% of survey respondents). We performed multivariate logistic regressions to explore the associations between single or dual use of e-cigarette and marijuana and depressive and suicidal symptoms in the past year adjusting for relevant confounders. Results E-cigarette-only use was reported in 9.1% of participants, marijuana-only use in 9.7%, and dual e-cigarette/marijuana use in 10.2%. E-cigarette-only use (vs no use) was associated with increased odds of reporting suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]:1.23, 95% CI 1.03-1.47) and depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.19-1.57), which was also observed with marijuana-only use (AOR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.04-1.50 and AOR: 1.49, 95% CI 1.27-1.75) and dual use (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54 and AOR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.88). Conclusions Youth with single and dual e-cigarette and marijuana use had increased odds of reporting depressive symptoms and suicidality compared to youth who denied use. There is a need for effective prevention and intervention strategies to help mitigate adverse mental health outcomes in this population.
Pathobiology of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a restrictive lung disease with severe hypoxemia and often hypercarbia. ARDS is caused by direct (alveolar epithelial) and indirect (endothelial) injuries and is conceptually divided into three phases: acute, fibroproliferative, and repair. Diffuse disruption of the alveolar epithelial-endothelial barrier (diffuse alveolar damage) resulting in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is the main pathologic finding. The primary pathobiological mechanisms are reduction in alveolar fluid clearance, decreased production and inactivation of surfactant, inflammation, apoptosis, and coagulopathy. With multiple causes and pathobiologic mechanisms, resolving the initial injury and restoring normal lung architecture and function are complex processes that have been difficult to model experimentally. Furthermore, regulation of normal postnatal lung development overlaps with many of the pathways of the acute and repair phases of ARDS, making extrapolation of knowledge gained from adult clinical and laboratory models to children challenging.
Intercostal Nerve Block

This chapter summarizes the anatomy and sonoanatomy of the intercostal space. There is a detailed discussion of patient selection and the procedure including cryotherapy. A summary of intercostal nerve blocks utilizing ultrasound, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), radiofrequency ablation, and alcohol neurolysis is included. Finally, the adverse effect of pneumothorax is briefly discussed.
Practical SERS method for assessment of the washing durability of textiles containing silver nanoparticles

The popular use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the production of commercial odor-control and antibacterial textile products has raised questions about their washing durability. Poor durability not only deteriorates product performance but also results in unknown amounts of Ag NPs leaching into sewage- and water-treatment systems. Therefore, it is necessary to have a quick and easy method for detecting Ag NPs in washing solutions for assessment of washing durability. In this study, we have developed a practical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for measuring the concentrations of Ag NPs in water and a detergent solution. To improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of SERS signals from the complexation of an indicator molecule (ferric dimethyl-dithiocarbamate, in this study) with NPs, the “coffee ring effect” was utilized. The active SERS “hot spots” in the aggregated NPs along the coffee ring effectively intensified the signature SERS response, even with NPs of about 10 nm in diameter and a concentration as low as 0.01 mg L−1. The linear relationships between SERS intensity and Ag NP concentration (R2 > 0.99) successfully quantified the amount of Ag NPs released from Ag NP-treated cotton fabrics during washing as well as other Ag speciation formed in a detergent solution.
Fall migration of radio-tagged Broad-winged Hawks (Buteo platypterus) in California

Little is known about migration patterns of Broad-winged Hawks (Buteo platypterus) in the western United States apart from small numbers that have been recorded at migration monitoring sites. To better understand their movements in coastal California, we radio-tracked 5 juveniles (1 in 1994, and 4 from 2012 to 2015) during fall migration from the Marin Headlands (near San Francisco) to the US–Mexico border. One hawk died near the Headlands within 2–3 d of release and the other 4 crossed into Baja California in 4–6 flight days with no stopovers beyond the Headlands. Daily straight-line flight distances ranged from about 110 to 265 km (mean = 189 ± 47 km SD). Migration began 2.5–3 h after sunrise and ended a similar amount of time before sunset. Flight paths along mountain ranges, and radio signal patterns, indicated slope-soaring was a primary strategy. The detailed flight paths we identified will be helpful to better evaluate proposed renewable energy facilities, given their current rapid development and potential for killing birds. More study is needed to determine complete migration routes and breeding and wintering grounds of Broad-winged Hawks on the Pacific coast.
Measurement methods of tire/road noise

Abstract When a new tire is under development, engineers often need to ensure that the new tire meets the design objectives and targets. One of these design objectives is tire NVH performance that needs to be evaluated after each design stage. In the past decade, with the advances of virtual modeling and testing, some of the physical tests have been partially replaced by these virtual simulations. A complete replacement is not possible at this stage, because virtual evaluation of the NVH performance requires complicated multiphysics simulations. Due to the complexity of these simulation tools for analyzing acoustics and vibrations, evaluating and testing the physical tires is still essential and popular in the industry. The physical tests range from the indoor component level tests in laboratory to the outdoor full vehicle system level tests in proving ground. The main objective of indoor tests is to understand the impact of tire–wheel system on structural borne noise transmission and airborne noise radiation at the component level. The outdoor vehicle level tests share the same objective but at the system level. In this chapter, different indoor and outdoor tests developed over years and used by industry and academia to evaluate tire noise and vibration performance in regard to their generation and transmission are presented.
A novel subset of follicular helper-like MAIT cells has capacity for B cell help and antibody production in the mucosa.

Abstract Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that aid in protection against bacterial pathogens at mucosal surfaces via release of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. Recent evidence suggests MAIT cells are capable of providing B cell help. In this study, we describe a previously unreported population of CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh)-like MAIT cells, MAITfh, that have the capacity to provide B cell help within mucosal lymphoid organs. MAITfh cells are preferentially located near germinal centers in human tonsils and express the classical Tfh-associated transcription factor, B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), co-stimulatory markers, inducible T cell costimulatory (ICOS) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), and cytokines, interleukin (IL)-21. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of MAIT cells to provide B cell help in vivo following mucosal challenge with Vibrio cholerae. Specifically, we show that adoptive transfer of MAIT cells into αβ T cell-deficient mice promoted B cell differentiation and increased serum V. cholerae-specific IgA responses. Our data demonstrate the capacity of MAIT cells to participate in adaptive immune responses, and suggest that MAIT cells may be potential targets for mucosal vaccines. One Sentence Summary We identified and characterized a novel subset of T follicular helper-like MAIT (MAITfh) cells that has the capacity to provide B cell help, and show the sufficiency of MAIT cells to promote production of pathogen-specific IgA antibodies and B cell differentiation in mucosal challenge.
What Owners Want and Government Do: Evidence From the Oregon Experiment

In 2004, Oregonians decisively approved Ballot Measure 37. The measure answered the calls of critics of contemporary takings jurisprudence by requiring either compensation for losses caused by land use restrictions imposed after acquisition of the property or waivers of the restrictions. Three years later, voters acted to repeal most of Measure 37 by an even greater margin. Together the birth, brief life, and rapid demise of Measure 37 comprise an unusual natural experiment in property law. The results of this experiment go to the heart of debates about regulatory takings in property law and policy. First, the Oregon experience resulted in a sea change in owners’ understandings of property rights. The 2004 vote reflected the popular understanding of land use restrictions as invasions of property rights. Faced with effective repeal of those restrictions, as reflected in passionate testimony before the Oregon legislature, Oregonians came to see the regulations as in fact the source of the property rights upon which they depended. In effect Measure 37 brought the background government and community support on which property rights depend into the foreground of owners’ consciousness. Second, government responses to Measure 37 challenged arguments that compensation will dispel the fiscal illusion under which governments operate and result in more efficient regulation. Rather than weigh costs and benefits, in all but one of thousands of cases, state and local governments waived regulatory restrictions rather than compensate. These decisions were made without analysis of the benefits of the regulations waived, and despite predictably negative economic results. Finally, the thousands of claims and research catalyzed by these claims complicated questions of the compensation to which owners are entitled as a matter of fairness. In many cases, owners demanded compensation although their properties had already multiplied many times in value
Convergence: Lactosylceramide-Centric Signaling Pathways Induce Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Other Phenotypic Outcomes.

Lactosylceramide (LacCer), also known as CD17/CDw17, is a member of a large family of small molecular weight compounds known as glycosphingolipids. It plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, primarily by way of serving as a precursor to the majority of its higher homolog sub-families such as gangliosides, sulfatides, fucosylated-glycosphingolipids and complex neutral glycosphingolipids—some of which confer “second-messenger” and receptor functions. LacCer is an integral component of the “lipid rafts,” serving as a conduit to transduce external stimuli into multiple phenotypes, which may contribute to mortality and morbidity in man and in mouse models of human disease. LacCer is synthesized by the action of LacCer synthase (β-1,4 galactosyltransferase), which transfers galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to glucosylceramide (GlcCer). The convergence of multiple physiologically relevant external stimuli/agonists—platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stress, cigarette smoke/nicotine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and in particular, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)—on β-1,4 galactosyltransferase results in its phosphorylation or activation, via a “turn-key” reaction, generating LacCer. This newly synthesized LacCer activates NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dihydrogen phosphate) oxidase to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a highly “oxidative stress” environment, which trigger a cascade of signaling molecules and pathways and initiate diverse phenotypes like inflammation and atherosclerosis. For instance, LacCer activates an enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which cleaves arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine. In turn, arachidonic acid serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and prostaglandin, which transduce a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation—a major phenotype underscoring the initiation and progression of several debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Our aim here is to present an updated account of studies made in the field of LacCer metabolism and signaling using multiple animal models of human disease, human tissue, and cell-based studies. These advancements have led us to propose that previously unrelated phenotypes converge in a LacCer-centric manner. This LacCer synthase/LacCer-induced “oxidative stress” environment contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, skin conditions, hair greying, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, targeting LacCer synthase may well be the answer to remedy these pathologies.
Negative transfer in implicit differentiation

Abstract This is a follow-up study that explores if there are any common patterns among the cases of negative transfer in the participants’ answers on implicit differentiation problems using the multiple case study methodology. The data was collected from eighty-one undergraduate students who were in STEM majors in a university in the Midwest. The participants’ answers indicated three main sources of negative transfer including 1) trigonometric identity, 2) u, v substitution technique of integration by parts, and 3) partial derivative. There were also other cases of negative transfer that applied improper concepts or the mixture of negative transfer and failed positive transfer. The findings and the limitation of this study suggest directions of potential future studies.
Antibody Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults With Hematologic Malignant Disease.

This retrospective case series study examines immune response of adults with hematologic malignant disease who were vaccinated with 1 of 3 FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines between February and April of 2021.
Isotretinoin and neuropsychiatric side effects: Continued vigilance is needed

Abstract Background Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid, marketed under the names Accutane, Roaccutane, and others) is an effective treatment for acne that has been on the market for over 30 years, although reports of neuropsychiatric side effects continue to be reported. Isotretinoin is an isomer of the active form of Vitamin A, 13-trans-retinoic acid, which has known psychiatric side effects when given in excessive doses, and is part of the family of compounds called retinoids, which have multiple functions in the central nervous system. Methods The literature was reviewed in pubmed and psychinfo for research related to isotretinoin and neuropsychiatric side effects including depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide, mania, anxiety, impulsivity, emotional lability, violence, aggression, and psychosis. Results Multiple case series have shown that successful treatment of acne with isotretinoin results in improvements in measures of quality of life and self esteem However, studies show individual cases of clinically significant depression and other neuropsychiatric events that, although not common, are persistent in the literature. Since the original cases of depression were reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration, numerous cases have been reported to regulatory agencies in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, Canada, and other countries, making isotretinoin one of the top five medications in the world associated with depression and other neuropsychiatric side effects. Clinicians are advised to warn patients of the risks of neuropsychiatric side effects with isotretinoin which may arise from the medication itself, and not just as a side effect of acne or youth.
Clactonian and Acheulian Industries in Britain—their chronology and significance

Three sites are considered, where controlled archaeological excavations have been conducted of levels containing both Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries in primary contexts. The sites are Clactonon-Sea, Essex; Hoxne, Suffolk; and Swanscombe, Kent. All are on the fringes or just within the area covered by the till of the Anglian Stage. The sedimentary record at each of these sites is complex, and it is stressed that at none of them can it be certain that there is a complete record of any one period of time; in fact, discontinuities can be demonstrated. In spite of this it seems likely that the three sequences do overlap in time somewhere and correlations are possible. The Anglian till is used as a marker horizon and the pollen profile of the Hoxnian interglacial is regarded as the best available method for correlating some of the post-Anglian deposits at all three sites. The pollen profile at Clacton has been equated with that from Hoxne, and if this is accepted, it raises important archaeological implications concerning the relationship of the Clactonian and Acheulian industries. The conclusion is that the Clactonian has a long history, dating back in time to the latter part of the Anglian, and continued to at least the Early-temperate zone of the Hoxnian, Ho. IIb. Both the Acheulian and Clactonian industries were produced by people with preference for occupying river, marsh or lake environments. The Acheulian first appears at Hoxne in zone Ho. IIc, close in time to the Clactonian. Coupled with the disappearance from the archaeological record of the Clactonian after this period, it is suggested that there may have been territorial infringements to cause this disappearance. New evidence from Hoxne also demonstrates that different traditions of hand-axe manufacture existed side by side in Britain during the Hoxnian and Wolstonian stages. The Swanscombe sequence cannot be fitted with much certainty into the framework suggested by Clacton and Hoxne, but new pollen evidence from the Lower Loam suggests that either the Lower Gravel and Lower Loam are pre-Hoxnian, or the Middle Gravels belong to the Wolstonian.