cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Design Practice for Flood Control and Best Management Practices on the Flow-Frequency Curve

Peak-flow attenuation is widely used in urban storm-water systems. Standard practice typically involves peak shaving of postdevelopment flows to predevelopment peak-flow levels for given return interval storms. In most cases, the flow controls target low-frequency events (storms equal to or larger than the 2-year event), but not smaller, higher-frequency events. More recent emphasis on removal of pollutants in urban runoff has targeted control of high-frequency events (smaller than the 2-year storm). The question of how the time history of discharges from these facilities compares with the predevelopment flow regime has not been addressed. This study examines the effects of the state of practice for urban flow control. Performance is judged on how well the postdevelopment flow frequency curve matches the predevelopment curve. Continuous simulation, using 50 years of hourly rainfall records, was performed on two climatically different locales. Detention ponds with a variety of orifices sized for peak-flow control using traditional and innovative methods were examined singly and in conjunction with extended detention best management practices.
The detection of DC arc fault: Experimental study and fault recognition

DC arc fault introduces major safety concerns in a wide variety of power electronic applications. However, the randomness and instability of dc arc makes it difficult to be detected. In this paper, an experimental system to study the characteristics of series dc arc is designed and different tests were conducted in order to determine the influence of different factors to the arc such as gap length, current, etc. During the experiments, the load current was varied from 6 A to 30 A, and dc source voltage was changed from 75 V to 300 V. Also, dc arc test with fixed power supply voltage and load current but changing gap length were conducted to examine the influence of arc length. Based on the experimental results, a primary V-I characteristics study was carried out. Current variation analysis was performed to investigate the pulse patterns of the arc current for detection purposes. High frequency arc impedance under different test conditions was also investigated. Lastly, time frequency analysis was applied to the different arc current signals in order to examine the impacts of factors such as load current, dc bus input voltage to the arc current with respect to frequency domain. The results of this paper provide insights of the dc arc characteristics as well as methods for dc arc fault detection.
Identification of prognostic factors and risk groups in patients found to have nodal metastasis at the time of radical hysterectomy for early-stage squamous carcinoma of the cervix

In a retrospective study conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, the University of Michigan, and the Mayo Clinic, 185 patients with previously untreated FIGO stage IB and IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were found to have nodal metastasis at the time of radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Of these patients, 103 received adjuvant pelvic irradiation. Cancer recurred in 76 patients; the median time to recurrence was 3.1 years. The prognostic significance of patient age, clinical stage, lesion diameter, number and location of nodal metastases, and use of adjuvant radiation therapy was determined by multivariate analysis. Only patient age (P = 0.0006), lesion diameter (P less than 0.0001), and number of nodal metastases (P = 0.0004) were noted to be significant factors in determining overall survival. Rates of recurrence were also related to these factors. Employment of these significant variables led to identification of four risk groups. In general, patients with small cervical lesions (diameter less than 1 cm) and no more than two nodes with metastases fell into the low-risk category; those patients with large cervical lesions (diameter greater than 4 cm) and more than two involved nodes fell into the high-risk category. All other patients were categorized into intermediate-risk groups. Ten-year survival was 92% in the low-risk group (n = 13), 70% in the low-intermediate-risk group (n = 66), 56% in the high-intermediate-risk group (n = 66), and 13% in the high-risk group (n = 20). This risk group classification identifies subgroups of early-stage cervical carcinoma patients found to have nodal metastasis at the time of radical hysterectomy that warrant appropriately selected adjuvant therapy.
Modified fixed analyzer method for polarization mode dispersion measurement - Investigation and comparison with other techniques

In this letter a multi cross-level density analysis procedure is applied to the dependence of the Stokes vector versus wavelength for DGD calculation. The procedure is similar to the procedure used in fixed analyzer method for average DGD calculation, but it provides a reduced uncertainty. The theoretical model and experimental data are presented.
Adaptation to the host environment: regulation of the SPI1 type III secretion system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica invades the intestinal epithelium of the host using a type III secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). The bacteria integrate environmental signals from a variety of global regulatory systems to precisely induce transcription of SPI1. The regulatory circuit converges on expression of HilA, which directly regulates transcription of the SPI1 apparatus genes. Transcription of hilA is controlled by a complex feed-forward loop. Regulatory signals feed into the system through post-transcriptional and post-translational control of HilD, which in turn activates HilC and RtsA. These three regulators act in concert to control hilA transcription. The system acts as a switch, ensuring that SPI1 is fully on at the appropriate time.
Ultrasonic backscatter from cancellous bone: the apparent backscatter transfer function

Ultrasonic backscatter techniques are being developed to detect changes in cancellous bone caused by osteoporosis. Many techniques are based on measurements of the apparent backscatter transfer function (ABTF), which represents the backscattered power from bone corrected for the frequency response of the measurement system. The ABTF is determined from a portion of the backscatter signal selected by an analysis gate of width τw delayed by an amount τd from the start of the signal. The goal of this study was to characterize the ABTF for a wide range of gate delays (1 μs ≤ τd ≤ 6 μs) and gate widths (1 μs ≤ τw ≤ 6 μs). Measurements were performed on 29 specimens of human cancellous bone in the frequency range 1.5 to 6.0 MHz using a broadband 5-MHz transducer. The ABTF was found to be an approximately linear function of frequency for most choices of τd and τw. Changes in τd and τw caused the frequency-averaged ABTF [quantified by apparent integrated backscatter (AIB)] and the frequency dependence of the ABTF [quantified by frequency slope of apparent backscatter (FSAB)] to change by as much as 24.6 dB and 6.7 dB/MHz, respectively. τd strongly influenced the measured values of AIB and FSAB and the correlation of AIB with bone density (−0.95 ≤ R ≤ +0.68). The correlation of FSAB with bone density was influenced less strongly by τd (−0.97 ≤ R ≤ −0.87). τw had a weaker influence than τd on the measured values of AIB and FSAB and the correlation of these parameters with bone density.
Heterogeneous Subjective Moments and Price Dynamics

Differential expectations have long been presumed necessary for the existence of speculative markets. At an empirical level, considerable evidence further suggests that agents may not hold rational expectations. The representative agent hypothesis is disputable on theoretical grounds because it is not consistent with observed trading behavior and the existence of markets. It has been favored in the past due to intractability of aggregation associated with heterogeneity. Now, due to improved computing technology, explicit aggregation problems are becoming tractable. Heterogeneous expectations must be considered seriously in price analysis because they bring our models one step closer to reality.
Using Religion to Promote Corporate Responsibility

Prevailing notions of corporate responsibility and of the role of law in regulating corporations are based on an underlying, but unarticulated, view of the person and the relation between the person and the world. The unarticulated vision is that of an individual independent and separate from others, motivated by self-interest, and possessing an entitlement to all that is in the world. This author proposes here an alternative vision of the person, one rooted in religion, that sees the communion and interrelatedness of all beings and that sees the things of the world not as entitlement, but as gift. This religious view of the person generates a very different notion of an ideal political and economic order and of corporation responsibility and the role of law in regulating corporations. Whether or not one is persuaded by the religious view of the person articulated herein, the discussion serves to illuminate the need to broaden the terms of the debate over the appropriate role of the law in regulating corporations by looking at the unexpressed underpinnings of the political and legal systems within which we operate.
Abstract WMP88: Modified Rehabilitation has Long-Term Impact on Walking for Individuals with a TIA

Background and Purpose: Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) often signal looming health threats. If not addressed, TIAs lead to stroke in over half of individuals. Usual care following a TIA typicall...
Heme oxygenase-1 regulates mitochondrial quality control in the heart

The cardioprotective inducible enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) degrades prooxidant heme into equimolar quantities of carbon monoxide, biliverdin, and iron. We hypothesized that HO-1 mediates cardiac protection, at least in part, by regulating mitochondrial quality control. We treated WT and HO-1 transgenic mice with the known mitochondrial toxin, doxorubicin (DOX). Relative to WT mice, mice globally overexpressing human HO-1 were protected from DOX-induced dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac cytoarchitectural derangement, and infiltration of CD11b+ mononuclear phagocytes. Cardiac-specific overexpression of HO-1 ameliorated DOX-mediated dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as mitochondrial disorganization in the form of mitochondrial fragmentation and increased numbers of damaged mitochondria in autophagic vacuoles. HO-1 overexpression promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating protein expression of NRF1, PGC1α, and TFAM, which was inhibited in WT animals treated with DOX. Concomitantly, HO-1 overexpression inhibited the upregulation of the mitochondrial fission mediator Fis1 and resulted in increased expression of the fusion mediators, Mfn1 and Mfn2. It also prevented dynamic changes in the levels of key mediators of the mitophagy pathway, PINK1 and parkin. Therefore, these findings suggest that HO-1 has a novel role in protecting the heart from oxidative injury by regulating mitochondrial quality control.
Comparative Effectiveness of Infliximab and Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

Background The availability of monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor α has revolutionized management of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. However, limited data exist regarding comparative effectiveness of these agents to inform clinical practice. Methods This study consisted of patients with CD or ulcerative colitis initiation either infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADA) between 1998 and 2010. A validated likelihood of nonresponse classification score using frequency of narrative mentions of relevant symptoms in the electronic health record was applied to assess comparative effectiveness at 1 year. Inflammatory bowel disease-related surgery, hospitalization, and use of steroids were determined during this period. Results Our final cohort included 1060 new initiations of IFX (68% for CD) and 391 of ADA (79% for CD). In CD, the likelihood of nonresponse was higher in ADA than IFX (odds ratio, 1.62 and 95% CI, 1.21-2.17). Similar differences favoring efficacy of IFX were observed for the individual symptoms of diarrhea, pain, bleeding, and fatigue. However, there was no difference in inflammatory bowel disease-related surgery, hospitalizations, or prednisone use within 1 year after initiation of IFX or ADA in CD. There was no difference in narrative or codified outcomes between the 2 agents in ulcerative colitis. Conclusions We identified a modestly higher likelihood of symptomatic nonresponse at 1 year for ADA compared with IFX in patients with CD. However, there were no differences in inflammatory bowel disease-related surgery or hospitalizations, suggesting these treatments are broadly comparable in effectiveness in routine clinical practice.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY ALLELES IN POPULATIONS

The purpose of the present paper is to consider criticisms by P. A. P. Moran (1962) of my analysis (Wright, 1939, 1960) of the statistical consequences of self-incompatibility. Emerson (1939) estimated the number of individuals of Oenothera organensis, a species restricted to a few canyons in the Organ Mountains of New Mexico, as less than 1,000 and very likely less than 500. On finding 37 (later 45) self-incompatibility alleles, he raised the question with me on how so many could be maintained in such a small population. I attempted to find the theoretical number of alleles (n) that would be maintained in equilibrium between loss from accidents of sampling and mutation to new alleles (rate u) at the effective population size N. I was unable to obtain exact formulas reflecting the the peculiar mode of inheritance (failure of pollen tube growth on a style in which either allele was that of the pollen nucleus) but obtained approximate results which seemed adequate from the biological standpoint. Practical difficulties in deciding on what values to assign the parameters in actual cases will not be discussed here. The method that I used was to find approximate expressions for the selective rate of change per generation (Aq) of the frequency (q) of an allele that deviates from an equilibrium value (q), and for the sampling variance (2q ), and substituted these in a formula, +(q), for the steadystate distribution. The probability of loss of an allele in a generation was estimated from the subterminal frequency f( 1/2N) ( = (1/2N)/2N) and was assumed to be
Mergers in Cournot Markets with Environmental Externality and Product Differentiation

Due to the extensive work on why mergers take place our understanding of merger incentives has improved. However, there are not many studies examining how differences in pollution parameters between post- and pre-merger markets affect the attractiveness of merger deals. This study examines conditions under which the attractiveness of a merger deal increases in a Cournot market with product differentiation and environmental externality. Our findings suggest that, (i) the attractiveness of a deal increases as products become more differentiated, (ii) merger deals could result in lower optimal emission tax post-merger, (iii) the attractiveness of a deal is more likely to increase if the merged entity is not too pollution-intensive post-merger relative to its pre-merger pollution intensity; and (iv) when merged entities modify products to be greener, they are more likely to benefit more from the deal if they are not too pollution-intensive.
Subjective intensity: Behavioral laws, numerical representations, and behavioral predictions in Luce’s model of global psychophysics

Abstract This article summarizes the theoretical work of R. Duncan Luce towards a unified psychophysical theory of the percepts of all intensive domains. Also summarized are the empirical evaluations of it carried out to date. The theory is a comprehensive application of axiomatic measurement theory. The approach, mimicking classical static physics, is based on behavioral–and testable–axiomatic invariances that imply a numerical representation (a measurement scale) and its properties. The empirical work involves interpreting the primitives of the theory in a domain and then evaluating the behavioral properties. If supported, the representations follow from the properties, forming a descriptive model for that domain. The theory differs in some details depending on whether percepts involve an interplay between two sensors (2-D) (e.g., two eyes/ears) or just one (1-D). The theory has been substantially evaluated and supported in the 2-D domains of loudness, brightness, and perceived contrast. Empirical work for 1-D domains is less complete. Novel inferences and predictions flow from the theory and several of these, along with empirical work, are summarized.
Electro-Optic THz Sensors

In ultrafast optoelectronic community, different techniques of generation and detection of free-space terahertz pulses have been developed during the last several years. One of these techniques is the use of ZnTe crystal, with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser, to generate THz beam (optical rectification) and to detect the THz beam (Pockels effect). The THz rectified generation and electro-optic detection greatly improve the frequency bandwidth of the THz beam. In this paper, we report the improvements on the performance of free-space electro-optic THz sensors, which is achieved by the use of optimal operation point in nearly zero optical bias geometry and the technique of polarization modulation. Besides, an electro-optic THz streak camera that uses the conventional optical streak camera and an EO modulator as a converter has been developed. Due to the parallel measurement property, this streak camera provides single shot capability.
Increased Ubqln2 expression causes neuron death in transgenic rats

Pathogenic mutation of ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) causes neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. How UBQLN2 mutations cause the diseases is not clear. While over-expression of UBQLN2 with pathogenic mutation causes neuron death in rodent models, deletion of the Ubqln2 in rats has no effect on neuronal function. Previous findings in animal models suggest that UBQLN2 mutations cause the diseases mainly through a gain rather than a loss of functions. To examine whether the toxic gain in UBQLN2 mutation is related to the enhancement of UBQLN2 functions, we created new transgenic rats over-expressing wild-type human UBQLN2. Considering that human UBQLN2 may not function properly in the rat genome, we also created transgenic rats over-expressing rat's own Ubqln2. When over-expressed in rats, both human and rat wild-type Ubqln2 caused neuronal death and spatial learning deficits, the pathologies that were indistinguishable from those observed in mutant UBQLN2 transgenic rats. Over-expressed wild-type UBQLN2 formed protein inclusions attracting the autophagy substrate sequestosome-1 and the proteasome component 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7. These findings suggest that excess UBQLN2 is toxic rather than protective to neurons and that the enhancement of UBQLN2 functions is involved in UBQLN2 pathogenesis. Pathogenic mutation in ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) causes neurodegeneration in ALS and FTLD. Studies in rodent models suggest a gain of toxic function in mutant UBQLN2. We created new transgenic rats as a relevant model and examined whether enhancing wild-type UBQLN2 expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of mutant UBQLN2. We observed that over-expression of human or rat wild-type Ubqln2 caused protein aggregation and neuronal death in transgenic rats. Our findings suggest that excess UBQLN2 is toxic rather than protective to neurons and that uncontrolled enhancement of UBQLN2 function is involved in UBQLN2 pathogenesis. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 159.
The Problem of Patent Underdevelopment

Commentators have long recognized that much of the work of commercializing an invention occurs after a patent is received. They have not recognized, however, that by the time market conditions make commercialization potentially attractive, the remaining patent term might be sufficiently short that a patentee will not develop an invention or will not spend as much on development as if more patent term remained. The concern about patent underdevelopment provides a counterweight to patent prospect theory, which urges that patents be issued relatively early. By insisting on a substantial degree of achievement before patenting, the patent system reduces the risk of patent underdevelopment. Underdevelopment may still be a problem for some inventions, however, for example in the field of genomics. A possible solution is a system of patent extension auctions. A patentee would be allowed to request such an auction, but could win it only by substantially outbidding third parties. Patentees will call for auctions only when the benefits of ownership continuity, and thus of continued patent development, are relatively high.
Proline hydroxylation linked to Akt activation

Prolyl hydroxylases are oxygen-sensing enzymes that regulate the abundance of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)1α and HIF2α, which control the cellular response to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). Three prolyl hydroxylases target the HIFα molecules, EglN1 (PHD2), EglN2 (PHD1), and EglN3 (PHD3) ( 1 ). All three are widely expressed iron (Fe++) and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. When the oxygen tension is normal, they hydroxylate HIF1α and HIF2α. Hydroxylated HIFα molecules are recognized and ubiquitinated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein pVHL ( 1 ), leading to their proteasomal degradation. Inactivation of prolyl hydroxylases during hypoxia results in the stabilization of HIFα molecules. On page 929 of this issue, Guo et al. present evidence that a prolyl hydroxylation-dependent pathway also plays an important role in the regulation of the Akt kinase, which in turn is a key player in oncogenesis ( 2 ).
Price Transparency and Healthcare Cost: An Evaluation of Commercial Price Variation for Obstetrical Services

Price transparency has gained momentum in commercial healthcare markets in an effort to educate consumers and influence purchasing decisions. The presumed outcome is lower healthcare costs to the consumer and reduced variation in service pricing. This research evaluates regional and carrier variation in commercial insurance reimbursement amounts for routine obstetrical (OB) services across Texas. The existence of variation in prices for routine services between carriers and/or regions suggests price transparency may be able to influence healthcare costs through consumer awareness. Four common obstetric procedures are analyzed: vaginal and cesarean delivery, and ultrasound pregnant first trimester and post first trimester. Results from weighted linear mixed models show significant variation in reimbursement amounts across carriers. Regional price variation is significant for vaginal and cesarean delivery; however, both ultrasound procedures show less evidence of regional variation. The potential impact of carrier market share and the concentration of OB providers is evaluated and found to have no significant effect on mean payment for any of the services studied. Reimbursement amounts vary significantly by insurance carrier, irrespective of market share or concentration of OB providers. This suggests price transparency policies may provide the needed impetus for reducing healthcare costs by expanding consumer awareness that encourage prices to regress to the mean.
Quantitative assessment of arm tremor in people with neurological disorders

Abnormal oscillatory movement (i.e. tremor) is usually evaluated with qualitative assessment by clinicians, and quantified with subjective scoring methods. These methods are often inaccurate. We utilized a quantitative and standardized task based on the Fitts' law to assess the performance of arm movement with tremor by controlling a gyration mouse on a computer. The experiment included the center-out tapping (COT) and rectangular track navigation (RTN) tasks. We report the results of a pilot study in which we collected the performance for healthy participants in whom tremor was simulated by imposing oscillatory movements to the arm with a vibration motor. We compared their movement speed and accuracy with and without the artificial “tremor.” We found that the artificial tremor significantly affected the path efficiency for both tasks (COT: 56.8 vs. 46.2%, p < 0.05; RTN: 94.2 vs. 67.4%, p < 0.05), and we were able to distinguish the presence of tremor. From this result, we expect to quantify severity of tremor and the effectiveness therapy for tremor patients.
Transcriptome sequencing study implicates immune-related genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia: new data and a meta-analysis

We undertook an RNA sequencing (RNAseq)-based transcriptomic profiling study on lymphoblastoid cell lines of a European ancestry sample of 529 schizophrenia cases and 660 controls, and found 1058 genes to be differentially expressed by affection status. These differentially expressed genes were enriched for involvement in immunity, especially the 697 genes with higher expression in cases. Comparing the current RNAseq transcriptomic profiling to our previous findings in an array-based study of 268 schizophrenia cases and 446 controls showed a highly significant positive correlation over all genes. Fifteen (18%) of the 84 genes with significant (false discovery rate<0.05) expression differences between cases and controls in the previous study and analyzed here again were differentially expressed by affection status here at a genome-wide significance level (Bonferroni P<0.05 adjusted for 8141 analyzed genes in total, or P<~6.1 × 10-6), all with the same direction of effect, thus providing corroborative evidence despite each sample of fully independent subjects being studied by different technological approaches. Meta-analysis of the RNAseq and array data sets (797 cases and 1106 controls) showed 169 additional genes (besides those found in the primary RNAseq-based analysis) to be differentially expressed, and provided further evidence of immune gene enrichment. In addition to strengthening our previous array-based gene expression differences in schizophrenia cases versus controls and providing transcriptomic support for some genes implicated by other approaches for schizophrenia, our study detected new genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia. We highlight RNAseq-based differential expression of various genes involved in neurodevelopment and/or neuronal function, and discuss caveats of the approach.
Marker-assisted selection and prediction of hybrid performance in maize

In this study, MAS was applied to select the superior individuals from a single-cross hybrid population in maize. The 133 single-crosses, developed by randomly crossing between the recombinant inbred lines of the B73xDe811 (F&?) and Mol7xH99 (Fg (2) selection based on marker scores only (MS); (3) selection based on the combination of marker score and phenotype via selection indices (MPS); and (4) tandem marker scores and phenotypic selection (TMPS). Each was applied in selecting 20 individuals with the best performance for each trait of interest. The results showed that all selection schemes were successful in selecting the superior individuals according to their selection differentials and responses to selection. MS was inferior to PS in most cases. While TMPS and MPS appeared to be as
Drosophila increase exploration after visually detecting predators

Novel stimuli elicit behaviors that are collectively known as specific exploration. These behaviors allow the animal to become more familiar with the novel objects within its environment. Specific exploration is frequently suppressed by defensive reactions to predator cues. Herein, we examine if this suppression occurs in Drosophila melanogaster by measuring the response of these flies to wild harvested predators. The flies used in our experiments have been cultured and had not lived under predator threat for multiple decades. In a circular arena with centrally-caged predators, wild type Drosophila actively avoided the pantropical jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli, and the Texas unicorn mantis, Phyllovates chlorophaena, indicating an innate defensive reaction to these predators. Interestingly, wild type Drosophila males also avoided a centrally-caged mock spider, and the avoidance of the mock spider became exaggerated when it was made to move within the cage. Visually impaired Drosophila failed to detect and avoid the Plexippus paykulli and the moving mock spider, while the broadly anosmic orco2 mutants were fully capable of detecting and avoiding Plexippus paykulli, indicating that these flies principally relied upon vison to perceive the predator stimuli. During early exploration of the arena, exploratory activity increased in the presence of Plexippus paykulli and the moving mock spider. The elevated activity induced by Plexippus paykulli disappeared after the fly had finished exploring, suggesting the flies were capable of habituating the predator cues. Taken together, these results indicate that despite being isolated from predators for decades Drosophila will visually detect these predators, retain innate defensive behaviors, respond by increasing exploratory activity in the arena rather than suppressing activity, and may habituate to normal predator cues.
Mitochondrial DNA restriction map for the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, and occurrence of mitochondrial DNA diversity within highly inbred colonies.

A restriction map has been constructed for Anastrepha suspensa mitochondrial DNA. One HaeIII site was found to be polymorphic among individuals in highly inbred colonies and a feral population. Based on mapping information, the polymorphic site was determined to be in the ATPase 6 gene. Primers TK-J-3804 and C3-N-5460 amplified this region. The amplicon was cut by HaeIII in flies of one haplotype and not cut in flies of the other haplotype. From 30 to 43% of the individual flies studied had this additional HaeIII site. After cloning of the ≈5200 bp XbaI fragment, the two mitotypes were identified. A 988 base fragment, coding for the entire tRNA-Lys(AAG), tRNA-Asp(GAC), and ATPase 8genes, and a partial ATPase 6gene was sequenced Four silent mutations, including the one at the informative site were located. The HaeIII polymorphism and other sequence differences may prove useful as a diagnostic for identification of the origin of introduced fruitflies.
Transluminal washout and debridement of extraluminal contamination as an adjunct to endoscopic defect repair

Background and Aims GI tract perforations and anastomotic dehiscence are increasingly effectively being repaired endoscopically; however, well-known and long-held surgical principles must still be honored. One important principle is that significant extraluminal contamination must be washed out, debrided, and drained in conjunction with repair of the defect if the wound is to effectively heal and resolve. Here we describe the use of endoscopic washout and debridement of extraluminal contamination at the time of luminal defect closure in a 7-patient series at our institution, with video demonstration of 2 patients in the series. Methods We reviewed a series of 7 patients at our institution and provide a video demonstration of the described technique in 2 patients. A 50-year-old man with decompensated liver cirrhosis presented with a large distal esophageal disruption secondary to a severe Minnesota tube injury. Extensive thoracic and mediastinal contamination of solid and liquid debris was removed and washed out endoscopically, followed by esophageal defect repair. Closure of the defect with overlapping, fully covered, esophageal stents sutured in place was successful after attempts at repairing the primary disruption with suturing alone failed. A 49-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and multiple prior surgeries presented with an acute abdomen and sepsis secondary to a fully perforated duodenal ulcer. Extensive endoscopic washout and lavage of the purulent liquid and semiliquid debris covering the liver, stomach, and adjacent structures was performed, followed by closure of the perforation by endoscopic suturing. A percutaneous pigtailed drainage catheter was placed in the extraluminal cavity to facilitate postoperative drainage, followed by placement of a PEG with jejunal extension for enteric exclusion and nutrition. Results The results for all 7 patients were reviewed. The overall rate of technical success, defined as effective repair of the luminal defect and drainage of extraluminal contamination, was 100%. The overall rate of clinical success, defined as clinical recovery and return to the patient's previous state of health, was 86% because 1 patient died because of severe concomitant disease. The length of time from the described procedure to hospital discharge ranged from 8 to 52 days (mean, 27 days). Conclusion Endoscopic washout and debridement can effectively and immediately address extraluminal contamination at the time of endoscopic luminal defect repair in appropriately selected patients. Therefore, it may represent a valuable option to address this clinical situation when a more conventional surgical approach is problematic. A more structured study should be considered for the development and validation of this approach.
Rare case of small intestine bleeding

We present a case of a healthy 59-year-old woman who presented for a capsule endoscopy to evaluate melaena and iron deficiency anaemia. She had previously underwent an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy at an outside institution which were unremarkable. Capsule endoscopy showed an ulcerated, bleeding lesion likely in the duodenum. Differential diagnosis included adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumour, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumour and metastatic disease. A push enteroscopy was performed after which showed an ulcerated mass in the third portion of the duodenum. Biopsies confirmed adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed no signs of distant metastasis and the patient was referred to surgery for evaluation. The patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy, with resection of the mass and negative lymph nodes in all nine that were removed (T3N0). The patient was classified as stage II duodenal adenocarcinoma. Duodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare but clinically significant cause of small bowel bleeding.
Using Bloom's Taxonomy to Write Effective Programming Questions for Autograding Tools

Automated grading has become crucial in supporting large introductory Computer Science courses by assisting instructors in reducing grading time and course costs. However, novice programmers are often frustrated by auto-grading tools as they often provide minimal feedback or the questions are too complex. We propose using Bloom's Taxonomy to gradually increase the complexity of the programming question in an auto-grading tool. The easiest questions are based on Knowledge and Comprehension. Next are questions that require Application and Analysis. The most complex questions require Design and Creativity. We have developed programming questions that fit these categories. For example, for debugging the students have to understand and Analyze code. However, in order to write a program with more complex logic the students have to be Creative. The main goal is to lead novice programmers to learn more effectively and efficiently. In this poster, we present examples of the developed auto-graded programming problems based on Bloom's Taxonomy and the results of a pilot study in a CS-1 non-majors course
A Proposal for Fair Compensation for Research Participants.

The authors of the target articles in this issue add new perspectives to decades-old debates about payment for research participation: Under what particular circumstances is payment coercive? And, ...
Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Present and Future.

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in the signal transduction of the B-cell antigen receptor and other cell surface receptors, both in normal and malignant B lymphocytes. B-cell antigen receptor signaling is activated in secondary lymphatic organs and drives the proliferation of malignant B cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. During the last 10 years, BTK inhibitors (BTKis) are increasingly replacing chemotherapy-based regimen, especially in patients with CLL and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors are particularly active in patients with CLL and MCL, but also received approval for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Current clinical practice is continuous long-term administration of BTKi, which can be complicated by adverse effects or the development of drug resistance. Alternatives to long-term use of BTKi are being developed, such as combination therapies, permitting for limited duration therapy. Second-generation BTKis are under development, which differ from ibrutinib, the first-in-class BTKi, in their specificity for BTK, and therefore may differentiate themselves from ibrutinib in terms of adverse effects or efficacy.
Biology and Biochemistry of Bacterial Proteasomes

Proteasomes are a class of protease that carry out the degradation of a specific set of cellular proteins. While essential for eukaryotic life, proteasomes are found only in a small subset of bacterial species. In this chapter, we present the current knowledge of bacterial proteasomes, detailing the structural features and catalytic activities required to achieve proteasomal proteolysis. We describe the known mechanisms by which substrates are doomed for degradation, and highlight potential non-degradative roles for components of bacterial proteasome systems. Additionally, we highlight several pathways of microbial physiology that rely on proteasome activity. Lastly, we explain the various gaps in our understanding of bacterial proteasome function and emphasize several opportunities for further study.
Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with high in-hospital mortality. However, in cohorts of ARDS patients from the 1990s, patients more commonly died from sepsis or multi-organ failure rather than refractory hypoxemia. Given increased attention to lung-protective ventilation and sepsis treatment in the past 25 years, we hypothesized that causes of death may be different among contemporary cohorts. These differences may provide clinicians with insight into targets for future therapeutic interventions. We identified adult patients hospitalized at a single tertiary care center (2016–2017) with AHRF, defined as PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 while receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for > 12 h, who died during hospitalization. ARDS was adjudicated by multiple physicians using the Berlin definition. Separate abstractors blinded to ARDS status collected data on organ dysfunction and withdrawal of life support using a standardized tool. The primary cause of death was defined as the organ system that most directly contributed to death or withdrawal of life support. We identified 385 decedents with AHRF, of whom 127 (33%) had ARDS. The most common primary causes of death were sepsis (26%), pulmonary dysfunction (22%), and neurologic dysfunction (19%). Multi-organ failure was present in 70% at time of death, most commonly due to sepsis (50% of all patients), and 70% were on significant respiratory support at the time of death. Only 2% of patients had insupportable oxygenation or ventilation. Eighty-five percent died following withdrawal of life support. Patients with ARDS more often had pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death (28% vs 19%; p = 0.04) and were also more likely to die while requiring significant respiratory support (82% vs 64%; p < 0.01). In this contemporary cohort of patients with AHRF, the most common primary causes of death were sepsis and pulmonary dysfunction, but few patients had insupportable oxygenation or ventilation. The vast majority of deaths occurred after withdrawal of life support. ARDS patients were more likely to have pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death and die while requiring significant respiratory support compared to patients without ARDS.
The de-implementation and persistence of low-value HIV prevention interventions in the United States: a cross-sectional study.

As more effective or efficient interventions emerge out of scientific advancement to address a particular public health issue, it may be appropriate to de-implement low-value interventions, or interventions that are less effective or efficient. Furthermore, factors that contribute to appropriate de-implementation are not well identified. We examined the extent to which low-value interventions were de-implemented among public health organizations providing HIV prevention services, as well as explored socio-economic, organizational, and intervention characteristics associated with de-implementation. We conducted an online cross-sectional survey from the fall of 2017 to the spring of 2019 with organizations (N = 188) providing HIV prevention services in the USA. Organizations were recruited from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) website gettested.org from 20 metropolitan statistical areas with the highest HIV incidence. An organization was eligible to participate if the organization had provided at least one of the HIV prevention interventions identified as inefficient by the CDC in the last ten years, and one administrator familiar with HIV prevention programming at the organization was recruited to respond. Complete responses were analyzed to describe intervention de-implementation and identify organizational and intervention characteristics associated with de-implementation using logistic regression. Organizations reported 359 instances of implementing low-value interventions. Out of the low-value interventions implemented, approximately 57% were group, 34% were individual, and 5% were community interventions. Of interventions implemented, 46% had been de-implemented. Although we examined a number of intervention and organizational factors thought to be associated with de-implementation, the only factor statistically associated with de-implementation was organization size, with larger organizations—those with 50+ FTEs—being 3.1 times more likely to de-implement than smaller organizations (95% CI 1.3–7.5). While low-value interventions are frequently de-implemented among HIV prevention organizations, many persisted representing substantial inefficiency in HIV prevention service delivery. Further exploration is needed to understand why organizations may opt to continue low-value interventions and the factors that lead to de-implementation.
"Making Peace with Our Bodies": A Qualitative Analysis of Breast Cancer Survivors' Experiences with Qigong Mind-Body Exercise.

Objectives: Breast cancer treatment leaves breast cancer survivors (BCS) with an array of lasting side effects, including persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP). In this study, we explored the perceptions of BCS with PPSP as they learned Qigong mind-body exercise (QMBE), a multimodal practice rooted in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Methods: Participants included 18 female BCS treated for stage 0-III breast cancer and experiencing PPSP. Participants were taught QMBE over 12 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before and after the intervention. Results: BCS disclosed a disconnect between mind and body that emerged during treatment. They perceived QMBE as moving meditation, which enabled them to reconnect mind and body, lessen their pain, and make peace with their bodies. Conclusion: These women's experiences both inform the promise of integrating QMBE and related mind-body exercise into PPSP clinical practice guidelines and suggest new areas of research regarding the role of multimodal interventions for holistic healing in BCS.
A spontaneous unveiling of bilateral DCIS in an elderly male

The rarity of male breast cancer continues to limit its study despite increasing incidence rates, particularly within the past decade [Speirs V, Shaaban AM. The rising incidence of male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;115:429-30]. Although this trend appears to be substantially documented, male patients with breast cancer have been and continue to be excluded from landmark breast cancer trials. Currently, there are no standardized breast cancer screening protocols in place for men, including those with pathogenic BRCA mutations. As a result, men with breast cancer typically present at a later stage, and on average, 8-10 years later than females [Ruddy KJ, Winer EP. Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Ann Oncol 2013;24:1434-43]. As the incidence of disease continues to rise, the need for algorithmic standardization with regards to screening, diagnosing, treating and managing male breast cancer has become imperative. We report the case of a 71-year-old male who presented with spontaneous bloody nipple discharge and was found to have bilateral ductal carcinoma in situ.
Type 2 innate immunity regulates hair follicle homeostasis to control Demodex pathosymbionts

Abstract Allergic skin diseases are common, but basal roles for type 2 immunity in cutaneous homeostasis are incompletely understood. Here, we show that skin group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are the predominant resident cells that secretes IL-13, which attenuates epithelial cell proliferation during anagen throughout the hair follicle (HF), including in HF stem cells. Although HF are normal in the absence of type 2 immunity, colonization with the commensal mite, Demodex musculi, results in epithelial proliferation and aberrant hair follicle morphology accompanied by loss of stable commensalism with massive infestation and expansion of inflammatory ILC2s and other immune cells. Topical anti-parasitic agents, but not broad-spectrum antibiotics, reversed the phenotype. Commensal Demodex colonization of mammalian hair follicles is ubiquitous, including in humans, revealing an unanticipated role for ILC2s and type 2 immunity for skin homeostasis in the normal environment. One Sentence Summary Dynamic regulation of skin physiology by Type 2 innate immunity regulates healthy commensalism by parasitic Demodex mites.
Vascular KATP channel structural dynamics reveal regulatory mechanism by Mg-nucleotides

ABSTRACT Vascular tone is dependent on smooth muscle KATP channels comprising pore-forming Kir6.1 and regulatory SUR2B subunits, in which mutations cause Cantu syndrome. Unique among KATP isoforms, they lack spontaneous activity and require Mg-nucleotides for activation. Structural mechanisms underlying these properties are unknown. Here, we determined the first cryoEM structures of vascular KATP channels bound to inhibitory ATP and glibenclamide, which differ informatively from similarly determined pancreatic KATP channel isoform (Kir6.2/SUR1). Unlike SUR1, SUR2B subunits adopt distinct rotational “propeller” and “quatrefoil” geometries surrounding their Kir6.1 core. The previously unseen ED-rich linker connecting the two halves of the SUR-ABC core is observed in a quatrefoil-like conformation. MD simulations reveal MgADP-dependent dynamic tripartite interactions between this linker, SUR2B and Kir6.1. The structures captured implicate a progression of intermediate states between MgADP-free inactivated and MgADP-bound activated conformations wherein the ED-rich linker participates as mobile autoinhibitory domain, suggesting a conformational pathway toward KATP channel activation.