cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SENSITIVITY TO VERB PHRASE GRAMMATICALITY BY CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

Summary.-8 preschoolers with specific language impairment (age range = 44-58 mo.) and 8 language-matched, typically developing toddlers (22-29 mo.) participated in a verb comprehension task to investigate sensitivity to auxiliary is in four contexts -grammatical (Who is pushing?), omitted (Who pushifzg?), ungrammatical (Who tn pushing?), and nonsense (Who id pushing?). Analysis yielded a significant interaction: children with specific language impairment had the lowest comprehension in the ungrammatical context and typically developing children had the highest. Perhaps children with specific language impairment, but not younger typically developing children, were sensitive to grammatical co-occurrences. One explanation is that knowledge of morphosyntax exceeded production for children with specific language impairment. Moreover, typically developing children may have ignored morpheme anomalies, perhaps benefitting from other input cues or flexible sentence processing.
Distortion-Controlled Reactivity and Molecular Dynamics of Dehydro-Diels–Alder Reactions

We report density functional theory (M06-2X) studies of a series of dehydro-Diels–Alder (DDA) reactions. For these and the parent reaction, the stepwise mechanisms have similar barriers, whereas the barriers of the concerted mechanisms differ significantly. The reactivity of DDA reactions is controlled by distortion energy. The concerted and stepwise mechanisms of the hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction are competitive with activation barriers of ∼36 kcal/mol. This is because a large distortion energy (∼43 kcal/mol) is required to achieve the concerted transition state geometry. MD simulations reveal that productive concerted trajectories display a strong angle bending oscillation (∼25° oscillation amplitude), while the stepwise trajectories show only a chaotic pattern and less pronounced bending vibrations.
Attractive Female Romantic Partners Provide a Proxy for Unobservable Male Qualities: The When and Why Behind Human Female Mate Choice Copying

Previous research indicates that women find men more desirable when they appear to be desired by other women than in the absence of such cues—an effect referred to as female mate choice copying. Fe...
An IgM Lambda Monoclonal Antibody in a Patient with Anti-Pr Cold Agglutinin Causing Erythrocyte Agglutination and Catastrophic Thrombosis

Erythrocyte agglutination causing microvascular occlusion is a rare albeit clinically significant event. This is seen in cold agglutinin disease and in cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. We studied a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, characterized by massive hemolysis and the presence of both an anti-Pr antibody and a cold hemagglutinin. In addition, he suffered from catastrophic mesenteric ischemia necessitating surgical resection and extensive and multiple ischemia strokes. His surgical specimens, including colon, ileum and gall bladder, were studied with informed consent. Eluate from his agglutinated erythrocytes showed that he had an IgM lambda monoclonal antibody against the Pr antigen. The patient’s peripheral blood showed extensive erythrocyte agglutination that was worse at cold temperatures. H&E staining of the colon and ileum showed ischemia and necrosis with widespread microvascular occlusion caused by agglutinated erythrocytes. To characterize the intravascular agglutinated erythrocytes, immunoperoxidase staining was done and positive for IgM and lambda light chain and negative for IgG and kappa light chain. We thus concluded that the cold agglutinin on the intravascular agglutinated erythrocytes was an IgM lambda. To investigate why the circulating agglutinated erythrocytes resulted in widespread microvascular occlusion, we studied adhesive molecules including CD 62E (E-selectin), CD62P (P-selectin), CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD 106 (VCAM-1) and found all of them expressed on the agglutinated erythrocytes within the occluded vessels and on the endothelial cells of the involved vessels. The data suggests that the endothelial cells were activated at the site of vascular occlusion, thereby promoting adhesion of the agglutinated erythrocytes to the vascular endothelium.
Towards a Comparable Cross-Sector Risk Analysis: RAMCAP Revisited

The search for a uniform risk analysis approach for critical infrastructures has prompted a reexamination of the Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection (RAMCAP) methodology to see if it can accommodate emerging threats from climate change, aging infrastructure and cyber attacks. This chapter examines the challenges involved in taking a site-specific formulation and turning it into a general model capable of analyzing performance under a full range of simulated conditions. The AWWA J100-10 standard provides the blueprint for a basic RAMCAP model that calculates risk as an attenuation of consequences via probability estimates of vulnerability, threat, resilience and countermeasures. The RAMCAP model was subjected to varying scenario loads in deterministic simulations that examined all hypothetical conditions and probabilistic simulations that examined likely conditions. RAMCAP performance was measured by the average net benefit and represented by the distribution of component values. Contrary to expectations, RAMCAP performance did not improve as the number of scenarios increased in the simulations. The methods and results of this study may hold implications for other critical infrastructure risk methodologies that are based on consequence, threat and vulnerability.
Chapter 6 – Quality of Life, Generalization, and Social Validity

This is the fourth chapter in the section on client variables, values, and preferences. Social validity reflects whether or not a treatment is viewed as fair and appropriate. A treatment cannot be socially valid if it fails to lead to meaningful outcomes. This chapter examines quality of life and generalization in relation to social validity. Specifically, evidence-based practitioners should prioritize treatments based on the client’s quality of life. In addition, generalization represents a significant problem for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. It is hard to argue that socially meaningful outcomes have resulted from treatment when clients cannot use a new skill or manage their behavior under relevant real-world conditions. In addition to planning for generalization after a treatment is selected, evidence-based practitioners can select treatments that are more likely to lead to generalization of new academic, social communication, and behavioral self-regulation skills.
Health Extension and Clinical and Translational Science: An Innovative Strategy for Community Engagement.

Health Extension Regional Officers (HEROs) through the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (UNMHSC) help to facilitate university-community engagement throughout New Mexico. HEROs, based in communities across the state, link priority community health needs with university resources in education, service, and research. Researchers9 studies are usually aligned with federal funding priorities rather than with health priorities expressed by communities. To help overcome this misalignment, the UNM Clinical and Translational Science Center (CTSC) provides partial funding for HEROs to bridge the divide between research priorities of UNMHSC and health priorities of the state9s communities. A bidirectional partnership between HEROs and CTSC researchers was established, which led to: 1) increased community engaged studies through the CTSC, 2) the HERO model itself as a subject of research, 3) a HERO-driven increase in local capacity in scholarship and grant writing, and 4) development of training modules for investigators and community stakeholders on community-engaged research. As a result, 5 grants were submitted, 4 of which were funded, totaling $7,409,002.00, and 3 research articles were published. Health extension can serve as a university-funded, community-based bridge between community health needs and Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) research capacity, opening avenues for translational research.
Identifying the Sources of Agglomeration Benefits within China's Economic and Development Zones

This paper examines the ability of place-based policies in China to foster agglomeration economies via Marshallian-based externalities that are expected to arise due to the reduction in transports costs associated with supplier-buyer linkages, labor pooling and knowledge spillovers. Empirically, I measure and quantify the relative contribution of each Marshallian source to the productivity of Chinese firms located in areas with and without economic and development zones (EDZs). I deal with the identification problem by exploiting temporal variations in the designation of EDZs, and matching techniques combined with a differencein- differences estimation approach. The results show that EDZ policy improves firm performance by fostering externalities that arise from each Marshallian channel, especially customer-buyer linkages. Moreover, EDZs that are designed to promote global-local linkages are more successful at moderating these agglomeration forces compared to those designed to promote domestic high-tech industries.
Design and testing of FERVOR: FlexiblE and reconfigurable voxel-based robot

We propose a flexible, reconfigurable robot which achieves rectilinear locomotion by coupling structural deformation and directional friction promoting a locomotion strategy ideal for traversing narrow channels. The robot uses two linear actuators to generate structural waves, which propagate through the robot lifting and changing the direction of motion of the contact points (feet) between the robot and ground. The reconfigurations of the robot allow different structural waveforms to alter the robot's gait. The paper describes the modular lattice structure used to build the robot; the finite element modeling approach used to understand the structural deformation induced by the linear actuators as well as the experimental validation of the prototype robot.
Physician peer group characteristics and timeliness of breast cancer surgery

Purpose Little is known about how the structure of interdisciplinary groups of physicians affects the timeliness of breast cancer surgery their patients receive. We used social network methods to examine variation in surgical delay across physician peer groups and the association of this delay with group characteristics.
Norms from the periphery: tracing the rise of the common but differentiated principle in international environmental politics

Over the last three decades, constructivist scholars of international relations have created a rich body of literature on the influence of global norms. Until recently, the vast majority of that wo...
The Neurobiology of Reward: Understanding Circuitry in the Brain that Shapes Our Behavior

Species evolution has been fueled by the development of brain neurocircuitry and physical attributes to compete for food, partners and environmental niches. This neurocircuitry that was designed to respond to natural rewards has been the subject of considerable research effort given its importance to motivational behavior. Reward-related behaviors arc determined by a complex array of variables including how good we feel, how much we like or want a reward, competition with other rewards, reaction to the absence of a reward, societal values and accessibility to the reward—responses regulated by current and past experiences interacting with our genetic makeup. Understanding the neurobiology of hedonic tone (how good we feel) and the circuitry behind reward-motivated actions (how they are acquired, retained and regulated), particularly in contrast to habitual actions is essential, particularly as these are activities that substance abuse has provided an unfortunate model.
An autonomous cooperative system for material handling applications

The key to the creation of flexible automation is to use inherent redundancy in the capabilities of the system being controlled. This requires the control system to be continuously self-configurable under varying conditions. The ability of the control system to react to and predict changes will ultimately determine the economic viability of that system. In this paper, an Autonomous Cooperative System to control material handling systems is presented. Important components of the material handling system are combined with intelligence and autonomy rules to flexibly control the operations of the physical equipment. Control is carried out while the overall operation of the system is optimized through cooperation among the controlled sections. The operation of the material handling system is observed during conditions of equipment and product changes. The results from simulation show how an Autonomous Cooperative System can be used to reduce the impact of changes in material handling applications.
Decision difficulty in bundle choice : the role of complexity, uniqueness, and similarity

"Digital convergence" and "bundled services" are key characteristics of the current marketing environment. Bundles of disparate services such as telecommunications and energy-related offerings are becoming commonplace. The challenge for service providers is to determine how to configure packages that best meet customers' needs. One approach is to create a menu of bundles that makes the choice task easy for the consumers. Based on the literature on multi-attribute decision making, and using both qualitative methods (focus groups) and quantitative methods (surveys administered to households), they investigate the impact of three variables on perceived decision difficulty in bundle choice: (1) bundle size (the number of services in each bundle), (2) the number of unique services between competing bundles, and (3) the perceived similarity between the competing bundles. This study finds that (1) larger bundles make decisions more difficult, (2) more unique (and fewer common) services between competing bundles increases decision difficulty for small (two-service) bundles (but interestingly not for large bundles), and (3) similar bundles of similar services present a more difficult choice compared to dissimilar bundles. These findings suggest that firms need to manage the number and nature of services they put together in bundles, as well as how they present the bundles in the marketplace (e.g., highlighting the differences across bundles and making them less similar to each other).
Discussion of Ramanna and Roychowdhury (2010): Elections and Discretionary Accruals: Evidence from 2004

Ramanna and Roychowdhury (2010) advance two interesting questions about the determinants of accounting discretion: Do firms use accounting discretion to mitigate the potential economic consequences of negative publicity? And, do firms’ political connections provide an additional motivation to use accounting discretion in the face of negative publicity? They explore the hypothesis that politically-connected firms become a liability to election candidates when voters discover that the firms have engaged in outsourcing jobs, and that firms attempt to mitigate the effects of negative publicity by managing earnings downward to lower their perceived profitability. Within a sample of politically-connected firms, the authors find that firms receiving greater negative publicity about job outsourcing are more likely to use negative accounting discretion. Although the authors emphasize the importance of firms’ political connections, the influence of negative publicity on accounting discretion more generally may well be the aspect of the paper with broadest interest to accounting researchers.
Hydrocephalus Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Acute hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a commonly encountered neurosurgical entity, occurring in up to two-thirds of patients. Clinical symptoms and radiographic findings consistent with hydrocephalus in the acute setting of SAH can typically be temporarily managed with an external ventricular drain (EVD). Numerous risk factors predictive of the need for permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion have been identified, including temporary ventriculostomy, SAH severity, age, and in-hospital complications. Nonetheless, following the initial acute phase of SAH, placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt may be warranted if there is evidence of neurologic or radiographic decline with ventriculostomy challenge and is typically required in 20–50% of patients. Among patients that are successfully discharged without permanent CSF diversion, delayed development of chronic hydrocephalus occurs in 5% of patients and close follow-up for the initial year is recommended. Despite the severe nature of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, proper surveillance and management of this complication of SAH can ameliorate potential neurologic sequelae.
Smoothed Online Convex Optimization via Online Balanced Descent

We study smoothed online convex optimization, a version of online convex optimization where the learner incurs a penalty for changing her actions between rounds. Given a Ω(pd) lower bound on the competitive ratio of any online algorithm, where d is the dimension of the action space, we ask under what conditions this bound can be beaten. We introduce a novel algorithmic framework for this problem, Online Balanced Descent (OBD), which works by iteratively projecting the previous point onto a carefully chosen level set of the current cost function so as to balance the switching costs and hitting costs. We demonstrate the generality of the OBD framework by showing how, with different choices of "balance," OBD can improve upon state-of-theart performance guarantees for both competitive ratio and regret; in particular, OBD is the first algorithm to achieve a dimension-free competitive ratio, 3 + O(1/α), for locally polyhedral costs, where - measures the "steepness" of the costs. We also prove bounds on the dynamic regret of OBD when the balance is performed in the dual space that are dimension-free and imply that OBD has sublinear static regret.
Women in Management: A Framework for Sustainable Work–Life Integration

This book presents a realistic perspective on the paradoxes employees face when navigating work and personal responsibilities for career success. The author answers the critical question of how to achieve sustainable and rewarding work–life integration from a perspective of "both/and" rather than "either/or." While most books focus on a fragmented, hyper-effective view of women and leadership, this book advances the need for an integrated approach. Its Competing Values Framework acts as an organizing model that aligns personal competency with organizational capability, helping readers to identify important leadership roles and competencies, break societal barriers, and choose the right set of behaviors to fit their personal and professional goals. In-chapter text boxes provide personal insight from real employees both entering and established in leadership positions, offering a varied perspective on the challenges and resolutions available to women in management. As men become more engaged with their families, they too will find this book a useful tool. Students in diversity management, women and management, career development, leadership, and organizational behavior classes will benefit from this realistic and sustainable alternative to the "have it all" model.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Overview of Dementia

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by decline from baseline in cognitive function and/or behavior and comportment. The decline typically begins insidiously (although many patients or their family members will point to one key event when they first “knew something was wrong”), and changes are progressive. The etiology of the decline is neurodegeneration, with the exact pathological substrate often only determinable after death, via brain autopsy and microscopic examination. Clinically, it is important to remember that the conferral of a diagnosis of a specific type of dementia, for example, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is only a “probable” or “possible” diagnosis (McKhann et al., Alzheimers Dement 7(3):263–269, 2011). Another key clinical requirement for the diagnosis of dementia is that the decline in thinking or behavior must be sufficient to have caused losses in an individual’s independence for daily living—the determination of which can range from the obvious, “My wife now takes care of the appointments, medications, finances, and driving,” to the less obvious, “My wife keeps our calendar, occasionally reminds me to take my medications, and my son, the accountant, does our taxes … I’m a great driver—I haven’t had any accidents or tickets.”
Trends and issues in multimedia learning research in 1996–2016: A bibliometric analysis

Abstract Parallel to the recent advancements in information and communications technologies, research on multimedia learning has generated a number of theories and empirical findings. Numerous trends and issues have emerged, showing the complex and dynamic nature of multimedia learning and the associated scholarship. To provide a comprehensive knowledge map and an overview of recent research on multimedia learning, 411 peer-reviewed articles from 1996 to 2016 were analyzed to describe the empirical work in multimedia learning. A bibliometric approach was applied to reveal the most common keywords and terms and their interactions via co-word analysis. The results showed that cognitive load is the highest co-occurred keyword and that animation provided the highest number of co-occurrence relationships with other keywords in our sample. Five clusters of research trends were identified: theoretical foundations of multimedia learning, representations and principles, instructional design and individual differences, motivation and metacognition, and video and hypermedia. Despite the high co-occurrence of the terms “memory”, “working memory”, and “cognitive load”, only a few studies examined the role of individual differences in cognition such as working memory capacity in multimedia learning. The multimedia learning principles most commonly discussed in the last two decades of research are redundancy, contiguity, and coherence. Thus, more research should be conducted to empirically test the many other principles recently discussed in the Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning and address the issue of individual differences in attention and cognition during learning with multimedia.
Disorders of Hemostasis

Preoperative identification and management of hemostatic disorders minimizes bleeding complications from surgery. Taking a history is the most important part of assessing a patient’s perioperative bleeding risk, followed by lab testing if indicated. Management of specific disorders such as von Willebrand disease, hemophilia, and vitamin K deficiency in the perioperative period requires specific lab monitoring and product administration.
Modeling Urban Mobility Networks Using Constrained Labeled Sequences

Models of urban mobility patterns are key inputs to urban analytics, e.g., planning the transportation infrastructure. Typically, only limited data about mobility is available, due to privacy and data collection challenges. Here, we study the problem of reconstructing mobility traces for all individuals from flow measurements on transportation network links. We formalize this as the constrained label sequence problem (denoted by CLS). CLS is the problem of constructing labeled sequences with constraints that correspond to flows. The proposed formulation is quite general and allows us to consider bounds on the total flow through a set of links, instead of an individual link.
Antenna Design and Prelaunch Performance of a Low-Cost 118.75 GHz Temperature Sounding CubeSat Radiometer With 3-D-Printed Corrugated Feed and Offset Reflector Optics

This article describes the design and prelaunch performance of the antenna subsystem of the low-cost 118.75 GHz temperature sounding radiometer payload used in the PolarCube and GEMS-IOD 3U CubeSat missions. Radiometric sounding measurements used for providing data for weather prediction are strongly affected by the main beam, ohmic, and spillover efficiencies of the optics, as well as by inhomogeneities in the scene and background radiation fields. The interpretation of radiometric data is affected by the accuracy with which these antenna efficiencies can be determined, particularly for radiometers that do not permit full main beam external calibration. To this end, an HE11 mode full wave Fourier–Bessel electromagnetic field analysis was developed for determination of an optimal feed horn and reflector geometry such that the main beam and spillover efficiencies of the system are maximized, and these and the antenna phase center location that maximizes phase efficiency are precisely known. The efficacy of employing a sub-millimeter wave 3-D-printed corrugated conical horn operable between 110 and 127 GHz as the feed for an offset paraboloidal reflector due to its very low cost and rapid manufacturability is also addressed. Horn measurements indicate a reflection coefficient below −15 dB and far-field radiation patterns that compare closely to simulation. Although there is some asymmetry in the horn pattern, the average main beam efficiency is 89% for a main reflector subtending a 16° half-angle. Initial performance obtained from airborne measurements over Antarctica on the NASA DC-8 during Operation IceBridge in Oct–Nov 2016 suggests a well-focused scanning antenna subsystem. After final payload assembly, the antenna’s 3 dB beamwidth extracted from a bridge-scan field experiment was broader by ~ 0.1° compared with the idealized simulated pattern.
Characterizing the impact of thermal gels on isotachophoresis in microfluidic devices

Thermally reversible Pluronic gels have been employed as separation matrices in microfluidic devices in the analysis of biological macromolecules. The phase of these gels can be tuned between liquid and solid states using temperature to vary fluidic resistance and alter peak resolution. Although separations in thermal gels have been characterized, their effect on isotachophoresis has not. This study used fluorescein as a model analyte to evaluate isotachophoretic preconcentration as a function of thermal polymer concentration and temperature. Results demonstrated that increasing polymer concentration in microfluidic channels increased the apparent analyte concentration. A critical minimum of 10% (w/v) Pluronic was required to achieve efficient preconcentration with maximum focusing occurring in 20 and 25% polymer gels. Temperature of the thermal gel also impacted analyte focusing. Most efficient focusing was achieved at 25°C with diminishing analyte accumulation at higher and lower temperatures. Under optimal conditions, isotachophoretic preconcentration increased an additional threefold simply by including thermal gels in the system. This approach can be readily implemented in other applications to increase detection sensitivity and measure low-concentration analytes within simple microfluidic devices.
Disrupting flight increases sleep and identifies a novel sleep-promoting pathway in Drosophila

Sleep is plastic and is influenced by ecological factors and environmental changes. The mechanisms underlying sleep plasticity are not well understood. We show that manipulations that impair flight in Drosophila increase sleep as a form of sleep plasticity. We disrupted flight by blocking the wing-expansion program, genetically disrupting flight, and by mechanical wing perturbations. We defined a new sleep regulatory circuit starting with specific wing sensory neurons, their target projection neurons in the ventral nerve cord, and the neurons they connect to in the central brain. In addition, we identified a critical neuropeptide (burs) and its receptor (rickets) that link wing expansion and sleep. Disrupting flight activates these sleep-promoting projection neurons, as indicated by increased cytosolic calcium levels, and stably increases the number of synapses in their axonal projections. These data reveal an unexpected role for flight in regulating sleep and provide new insight into how sensory processing controls sleep need.
Inflammatory and insulinemic dietary patterns: Influence on circulating biomarkers and prostate cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer (PLCO) cohort.

e17561Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is common in countries with affluent dietary patterns and represents a heterogeneous collection of subtypes with varying behavior. Reductionist strategies fo...
Predictive Factors and Strategies to Prevent the Development of Type 2 Endoleaks following Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Type 2 endoleaks are a potential complication of endovascular aortic repair for abdominal aortic aneurysms. They are caused by vessels that have been excluded from the aorta lumen, but may still fill the aneurysm sac due to collateral filling. Type 2 endoleaks may lead to increased morbidity and need for additional procedures. Being able to identify patients at risk for Type 2 endoleaks and prevent them is important for any physician who is performing endovascular aortic repair.
The Nature of Mathematics and Its Impact on K-12 Education

What is the nature of mathematics and what should students learn about it? This chapter will contrast the fallibilist and absolutist perspectives to provide an elaboration of the nature of mathematics. Three aspects of the nature of mathematics are identified that K-12 math students should become familiar with. First, they should understand mathematics is a way of knowing. Second, they should recognize that mathematics is tentative, because claims in mathematics are based on assumptions made. Third, mathematics is a creative endeavor. Examples of how each of these three aspects connect to the work of K-12 teachers are described, and considerations for how the nature of mathematics connects to nature of STEM are discussed.
Diverse perspectives on hospitalisation events among people with dementia: protocol for a multisite qualitative study.

Introduction People living with dementia (PLWD) are more likely to experience hospitalisation events (hospitalisation, rehospitalisation) than those without dementia. Many hospitalisation events, particularly rehospitalisation within 30 days of discharge, are thought to be avoidable. Yet our understanding of dementia-specific risk and protective factors surrounding avoidable hospitalisation is limited to specific intersetting transitions and predominantly clinician perspectives. Broader insights are needed to design accessible and effective solutions for reducing avoidable hospitalisations. We have designed the Stakeholders Understanding of Prevention Protection and Opportunities to Reduce HospiTalizations (SUPPORT) Study to address these gaps. The objectives of the SUPPORT Study are to elicit and examine family caregiver, community and hospital providers’ perspectives on avoidable hospitalisation events among PLWD, and to identify opportunities for effective prevention. Methods and analysis We will conduct a multisite, descriptive qualitative study to interview around 100 family caregivers, community and hospital providers. We will identify and sample from regions and communities with higher socio-contextual disadvantage and hospital utilisation, and will aim to recruit individuals representing diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. Interviews will follow a descriptive qualitative design in conjunction with constant comparison techniques to sample divergent situations and events. We will employ a range of analytical approaches to address specific research questions including thematic (inductive and deductive), comparative and dimensional analysis. Interviews will be conducted individually or in focus groups and follow a semistructured interview guide. Ethics and dissemination The study is approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Institutional Review Board. Informed consent procedures will incorporate steps to evaluate capacity to provide informed consent in the event that participants express concerns with thinking or memory or demonstrate challenges recalling study details during the consent process to ensure capacity to consent to participation. A series of publicly available reports, seminars and symposia will be undertaken in collaboration with collaborating organisation partners.
Targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore for neuroprotection in a piglet model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) causes significant morbidity despite treatment with therapeutic hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction may drive the mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death, thereby making mitochondria prime targets for neuroprotection. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is one such target within mitochondria. In adult animal models, mPTP inhibition is neuroprotective. However, evidence for mPTP inhibition in neonatal models of neurologic disease is less certain. We tested the therapeutic efficacy of the mPTP small molecule inhibitor GNX-4728 and examined the developmental presence of brain mPTP proteins for drug targeting in a neonatal piglet model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Male neonatal piglets were randomized to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) or sham procedure with GNX-4728 (15 mg/kg, IV) or vehicle (saline/cyclodextrin/DMSO, IV). GNX-4728 was administered as a single dose within 5 min after resuscitation from bradycardic arrest. Normal, ischemic, and injured neurons were counted in putamen and somatosensory cortex using hematoxylin and eosin staining. In separate neonatal and juvenile pigs, western blots of putamen mitochondrial-enriched fractions were used to evaluate mitochondrial integrity and the presence of mPTP proteins. We found that a single dose of GNX-4728 did not protect putamen and cortical neurons from cell death after HI. However, loss of mitochondrial matrix integrity occurred within 6h after HI, and while mPTP components are present in the neonatal brain their levels were significantly different compared to that of a mature juvenile brain. Thus, the neonatal brain mPTP may not be a good target for current neurotherapeutic drugs that are developed based on adult mitochondria.
131 Equine assisted psychotherapy and learning as an effective complementary form of substance use disorder treatment for college-age young adults in a residential treatment program

The young adult population in the United States has faced a substance use disorder (SUD) epidemic with significant increases recently due to the stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic. Relapse has been prevalent within this population due to ineffectiveness of traditional intervention strategies, and thus, non-traditional treatment options have been a growing trend for SUD treatment in young adults. In particular, equine assisted psychotherapy and learning (EAPL) has been documented as a successful complementary treatment strategy for mental health conditions in young adults but research concerning the use of EAPL in residential treatment programs for SUD is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of EAPL in a residential treatment program for developing an emotionally safe environment for learning for college-age young adults with SUD. Participants were college-age young adults (ages 18–25 years) that were in a substance abuse residential treatment program with an EAPL onsite program. Participants (n = 61) received weekly equine therapy sessions during their stay at a residential facility and were assessed at the beginning and end of their treatment program using the following 3 assessment methods: a self-reporting emotional safety survey, an equine knowledge exam, and an instructor-based equine physical skill evaluation. t-tests were performed comparing the scores for the assessments at the beginning and end of the treatment program. Total scores for emotional safety (t (58) = 2.36, P = 0.02), equine knowledge (t (58) = −2.53, P = 0.01), and physical skills (t (63) = −8.91, P = 0.00) showed a significant improvement by the end of the program. These results suggest EAPL can be an effectual complementary form of SUD therapy for developing an emotional safety environment for learning in a college-age young adult residential addiction treatment program. These young adults not only felt emotionally safe, but were able to develop their knowledge and skills in equine while going through SUD treatment. EAPL may offer an avenue for creating an emotionally safe environment for learning for other mental health conditions for young adults within a residential treatment program.
Do Credit Rating Agencies Care about Climate Risk

We investigate whether credit rating agencies incorporate climate risk in their rating models. As climate risk is not well defined, we implement several identification strategies using a sample of U.S. cities whose creditworthiness should vary with climate risk–related disruptions to their local economies. We study the relation between cities’ credit ratings and sea level rise exposures, examine how this relation changes over time, compare the credit ratings of coastal and noncoastal cities, and run difference-in-difference tests around events that raise awareness about climate risk. We also use cities’ exposures to wildfires as a proxy for climate risk. The results suggest that climate risk is not a significant factor in cities’ credit ratings. We find similar results using a climate risk proxy that varies within cities. Cities’ endogenous responses to climate risk (e.g., reducing leverage or increasing infrastructure spending) cannot explain these insignificant findings.
Strain gauging for on-orbit figure monitoring of adjustable X-ray optics: systems analyses

Adjustable X-ray optics represent a potential mirror technology for the NASA Lynx X-ray observatory mission concept. Adjustable optics employ an integrated micron-thick piezoelectric film deposited on the convex side of silicon Wolter-type mirror segments. Discrete, independently addressable electrodes on the convex surface form individual actuators; the applied voltages are used to correct the shape of the mirror segments for figure errors resulting from a change in thermal environment, epoxy creep, or failure of an epoxy bond. On-orbit correction requires a metrology system to provide real-time feedback of mirror figure. We are examining the use of deposited semiconductor strain gauges to monitor mirror mechanical strains and surface temperatures. To establish requirements for monitoring we modeled a variety of thermal and mechanical disturbances to a mirror segment such as might occur on-orbit or from launch. Models are described and resulting requirements and performance discussed.
Mood Disorders and Christianity

Spirituality is a crucial perspective by which to understand the mood disorders as disorders of meaning-making and hope. Christianity is distinctive for its emphasis on sin and grace and the relational aspect of alienation and reconciliation with God. In this chapter, we explore the complex relationship between Christianity and mood disorders. We will review whether Christian belief seems to protect, exacerbate, or improve mood disorders. We will also examine the role of guilt and religious experience and how they may complicate the presentations of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. We discuss the Catholic traditions of acedia and “dark night of the soul” and how these might help distinguish between spiritual states and psychopathology. Lastly, we discuss the importance of Christianity in coping with mood disorders themselves.
OPTICAL AND THERMAL RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS RELATED TO MICRO/NANOTECHNOLOGY

Abstract Optical and radiative properties of semiconductor materials and structures are often critical to the functionality and performance of many devices, such as semiconductor lasers, radiation detectors, tunable optical filters, waveguides, solar cells, selective emitters and absorbers, etc. This chapter reviews the optical and thermal radiative properties of semiconductor materials related to the recent technological advancements that are playing a vital role in the integrated-circuit manufacturing, optoelectronics, and radiative energy conversion devices. Some fundamental aspects related to important micro/nanoscale processes in semiconductor optoelectronics are presented. These include the electronic band structure, energy gap, interband and intraband transitions, free-carrier absorption, optical and acoustic phonons, and the effects of impurities and temperature. Theoretical and experimental studies on the radiative properties of thin films and multilayer systems, rough surfaces, and nanostructured surfaces are summarized. Quantum confinement in nanomaterials is described, followed by a review of the radiative properties of photonic crystals and porous silicon. Potential applications and future developments are outlined.
Interaction of Design and Control: Optimization with Dynamic Models

Process design is usually approached by considering the steady-state performance of the process based on an economic objective. Only after the process design is determined are the operability aspects of the process considered. This sequential treatment of the process design problem neglects the fact that the dynamic controllability of the process is an inherent property of its design. This work considers a systematic approach where the interaction between the steady-state design and the dynamic controllability is analyzed by simultaneously considering both economic and controllability criteria. This method follows a process synthesis approach where a process superstructure is used to represent the set of structural alternatives. This superstructure is modeled mathematically by a set of differential and algebraic equations which contains both continuous and integer variables. Two objectives representing the steady-state design and dynamic controllability of the process are considered. The problem formulation thus is a multiobjective Mixed Integer Optimal Control Problem (MIOCP). The multiobjective problem is solved using an ∈-constraint method to determine the noninferior solution set which indicates the trade-offs between the design and controllability of the process. The (MIOCP) is transformed to a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program with Differential and Algebraic Constraints (MINLP/DAE) by applying a control parameterization technique. An algorithm which extends the concepts of MINLP algorithms to handle dynamic systems is presented for the solution of the MINLP/DAE problem. The MINLP/DAE solution algorithm decomposes the problem into a NLP/DAE primal and MILP master problems which provide upper and lower bounds on the solution of the problem. The MINLP/DAE algorithm is implemented in the framework MINOPT which is used as the computational tool for the analysis of the interaction of design and control. The solution of the MINLP/DAE problems is repeated with varying values of ∈ to generated the noninferior solution set. The proposed approach is applied to three design/control examples: a reactor network involving two CSTRs, an ideal binary distillation column, and a reactor/separator/recycle system. The results of these design examples quantitatively illustrate the trade-offs between the steady-state economic and dynamic controllability objectives.
Uncovering Meta-Narratives in Non-Narrative Exposition: New York Times Coverage of Post-Election Protests in Iran

This paper uses the ideas of Paul Ricoeur about narratives and national myths to analyze newsmedia coverage of post-election protest in Iran during summer 2009. The first part of the paper explicates Ricoeur's theory of narratives, which differs from contemporary notions of "frames" and "framing." The paper also discusses Ricoeur's view that narratives never simply express the narrator's thinking but strategically hide an important subset of motivations and beliefs. The second part of the paper looks at New York Times coverage of post-election protest and government repression in Iran, and describes what was represented and what was neglected in the correspondents' reports.
Repeatability of the Glaucoma Hemifield Test in automated perimetry.

Purpose. To examine the concordance of the Glaucoma Hemifield Test and other global visual field indexes between two consecutive automated visual field tests. Methods. Normal subjects, subjects with ocular hypertension, and subjects with glaucoma had two automated visual field tests on the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The Glaucoma Hemifield Test results, mean deviation, and corrected pattern standard deviation of the two consecutive visual field tests were compared. Results. Forty-one normal subjects were tested within 1 and 2 years of each other. Four hundred seven subjects with ocular hypertension and 95 subjects with glaucoma were tested 1 year apart. The proportion of normal subjects who met a criterion for abnormality on two consecutive tests was 2.4%. The proportion of subjects with glaucoma with normal results of two tests was 10.5%. The specificity of automated visual field testing was improved from 80.8% to 89.9%, with a modest loss of sensitivity if two rather than one abnormal test result was required for entry into a clinical trial enrolling patients with glaucomatous field loss. Similarly, specificity increased from 84.2% to 89.5% if two normal tests were required for entry into an ocular hypertensive clinical trial. Among subjects with more closely spaced tests, the agreement between consecutive tests was similar for tests spaced 4 versus 12 months apart. Conclusions. Although there is concordance of Glaucoma Hemifield Test results on consecutive testing, there is enough disagreement to result in improved specificity from the use of a second test in a clinical trial setting. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1658-1664.
On random walks and entropy in diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies of neural tissue

Purpose In diffusion-weighted MRI studies of neural tissue, the classical model assumes the statistical mechanics of Brownian motion and predicts a monoexponential signal decay. However, there have been numerous reports of signal decays that are not monoexponential, particularly in the white matter. Theory We modeled diffusion in neural tissue from the perspective of the continuous time random walk. The characteristic diffusion decay is represented by the Mittag-Leffler function, which relaxes a priori assumptions about the governing statistics. We then used entropy as a measure of the anomalous features for the characteristic function. Methods Diffusion-weighted MRI experiments were performed on a fixed rat brain using an imaging spectrometer at 17.6 T with b-values arrayed up to 25,000 s/mm2. Additionally, we examined the impact of varying either the gradient strength, q, or mixing time, Δ, on the observed diffusion dynamics. Results In white and gray matter regions, the Mittag-Leffler and entropy parameters demonstrated new information regarding subdiffusion and produced different image contrast from that of the classical diffusion coefficient. The choice of weighting on q and Δ produced different image contrast within the regions of interest. Conclusion We propose these parameters have the potential as biomarkers for morphology in neural tissue. Magn Reson Med 71:617–627, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
5.1 – Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, and Oxidative Capacity

This chapter reviews the possible evolution of oxidizing capacity over geologic time, the fundamental chemical reactions involved, and the influences of meteorology and human activity on atmospheric oxidation. The measurement of oxidation rates (i.e., oxidative capacity) and the complex interactive models of chemistry, transport, and human and other biospheric activities that are now being developed to help understand atmospheric oxidation as a key process in the Earth system are also discussed.