cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On basal slip and basal twinning in sapphire (α-Al2O3)—I. Basal slip revisited

Abstract The motion of partial dislocations (b = 1/3 [011¯0〉 and 1/3 [101¯0〉) uvtw〉 refers to the direction [uvtw] and the two equivalent directions related by the 3-fold rotational symmetry about [0001]. 1/3 〈112¯0〉) in sapphire (α-Al2O3 is analysed. Crystallographic arguments suggest that the basal slip plane should be a plane passing through the normally-vacant octahedral sites defined by the anion sublattice. This definition of the basal slip plane implies that half of the cations lying between two adjacent anion layers are above and the other half are below the slip plane. The stacking faults that would be created by the motion of a dissociated basal dislocation differs in structure and energy, depending on whether the 1/3 [101¯0〉 partial is leading or trailing. Thus, the motion of a 1/3 [101¯0〉 partial in its favorable (lower energy) direction creates a stacking fault with a stacking sequence in which the cations are in a localized twin symmetry, whereas the motion of a 1/3 [101¯0〉 partial in its unfavorable (higher energy) direction is “forbidden”. Furthermore, the motion of a 1/3 [101¯0〉 partial in its favorable direction can take place without the need for synchroshear.
A rabbit model of lower eyelid fibrosis.

PURPOSE To create and validate a new model of lower eyelid fibrosis in Dutch-belted rabbits. METHODS Five Dutch-belted rabbits were injected with a transcutaneous 1-ml injection of standard 95% ethanol alcohol just inferior to the eyelid margin of one lower eyelid. A control injection of 1 ml of balanced saline solution was given to the opposite eyelid. A small tattoo was placed on the skin overlying the inferior orbital rim and used as a measuring point of reference in relation to the lower eyelid margin. Analysis was twofold: eyelid measurements were made over 8 weeks to determine the presence of eyelid shortening, and a histopathologic analysis was performed. RESULTS Mean lower eyelid shortening was greater in the ethanol alcohol intervention eyelids than the control group (-3.4 mm +/- 1.67 mm vs. 0.5 mm +/- 0.71 mm, p = 0.01). Histopathologic analysis revealed extensive fibrosis in the ethanol alcohol invention eyelids compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol alcohol induces eyelid fibrosis and lower eyelid shortening. This may be a useful model in the future testing of novel surgical or pharmacologic treatments.
Chelators in cupressaceae as iron transport agents for Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Strains of Salmonella typhimurium which are unable to synthesize their own iron transport agents and require an erogenous chelator were used to examine extracts of the wood of species of Cupressaceae for the presence of iron chelators. Wood from 19 species of five genera were examined and all were found to contain substances that would function as iron transport agents for S. typhimurium . The biological activity of most of these species could be explained by the known presence and activity of the thujaplicins. Juniperus virginiana and J. occidentalis were found to contain a non-tropolone substance that functioned as chelators in S. typhimurium . The tropolone nootkatin from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis was ineffective as an iron transport agent.
Properties of Soluble and Bound Protein Kinases Isolated from Swine Kidney

Several protein kinases which catalyze the phosphorylation of glyeogen synthetase, histones, protamine and proteins present in isolated plasma membranes, microsomes and nuclei have been extensively purified from swine kidney homogenates. About 60% of the protein kinase activity in kidney was recovered in the soluble 100000 × g supernatant fraction following differential centrifugation. The remaining 40% of the activity was found to be associated with the plasma membrane, nuclear and microsomal subcellular fractions. The activity of the protein kinases which were bound to the particulate structures was not enhanced by adenosine 3′:5′ -mono-phosphate (cyclic AMP) when kidney glycogen synthetase or histone was used as the protein substrate, however the rate of phosphorylation of these substrates by the soluble enzymes was increased 50 to 100% by the addition of 0.5 μM cyclic AMP. The bound protein kinase activity was dissociated from the particulate structures by treatment with 0.7 M NaCl. The soluble and bound protein kinase were purified by a procedure involving treatment with alumina Cγ, adsorption to calcium phosphate gel, and chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose. Both protein kinase preparations were separated into two fractions by the last procedure and their elution profiles were very similar. The apparent Km for ATP in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2 varied from 5 to 9 μM When either glycogen synthetase or histone was the substrate. All four preparations showed a very broad specificity for protein substrates. They phosphorylated histones, protamine, casein and glycogen synthetases. The molecular weight of the four kidney protein kinase preparations calculated from data obtained by sucrose-density centrifugation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was 170000 ± 10000. Upon polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecylsulfate all of the samples showed two major components. The kinetic properties of the bound form of protein kinase was examined with a sonicated preparation of kidney plasma membranes. The molecular weight of the active fragment was greater than 1000000. Proteins present in the membrane were labeled with 32P when the preparation was incubated with magnesium ion and [γ-32P] ATP. This preparation also phosphorylated glycogen synthetase and histone. However, the apparent Km of the bound form of the enzyme for ATP was 2.8 mM when glycogen synthetase was used as the protein substrate.
Select-Bagging: Effectively Combining Gene Selection and Bagging for Balanced Bioinformatics Data

Bioinformatics datasets have historically been difficult to work with. However, within machine learning, there is a potentially effective tool to combat such problems: ensemble learning. Ensemble learning generates a series of models and combines their results to make a single decision. This process has the benefit of utilizing the power of multiple models but the overhead of having to compute the multiple models. Thus, we must ask whether the benefits outweigh the detriments. In this study, we seek to determine if the ensemble learning technique Select-Bagging improves classification results over feature selection on the training dataset followed by classification (denoted as FS-Classifier in this work) on a series of balanced bioinformatics datasets. We test the two approaches with two filter-based feature rankers, four feature subset sizes and the Naive Bayes classifier. Our results show that Select-Bagging clearly outperforms FS-Classifier for nearly all scenarios. Subsequent statistical analysis shows that the increase in performance generated by Select-Bagging is statistically significantly better than FS-Classifier. Therefore, we can state that the inclusion of Select-Bagging is beneficial to the classification performance of models built on high-dimensional and balanced bioinformatics datasets and should be implemented. To our knowledge this is the first study which looks at the effectiveness of bagging in conjunction with internal feature selection for balanced bioinformatics datasets.
The experience of Therapeutic Touch in the lives of five postpartum women.

PURPOSE To examine the experience of therapeutic touch in the lives of postpartum women. METHODS Qualitative study of five postpartum women who participated in therapeutic touch for 2 months during home visits that focused on postpartum issues and concerns. The visits were audiotaped and transcribed. Data were coded and classified; linkages between categories were sought. RESULTS Five themes or essences of the experience emerged: Feeling Relaxed, Feeling Open, Feeling Cared For, Feeling Connected, and Feeling Skeptical. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The women and the researcher experienced many positive emotions during the home visits. Although it is unknown whether it was the visit, the interaction, or the therapeutic touch that helped the women feel cared for, the experience of participating in therapeutic touch seemed to add a dimension of mutual caring that added a special and unique quality to the home visit.
The compression modulus of nuclear matter

Abstract The compression modulus of nuclear matter is determined from Fermi liquid parameters and the Landau sum rule to be K ⩽ 106 MeV . This is only about half of the commonly accepted value.
Digi-code - a micro computer program to digitize two dimensional figures and convert the data to CNC (Computer Numerical Control) program

Abstract Engraving or machining free-form non mathematically defined shapes can be a complex task. “Digi-code” is a program to read and interpret coordinate location data describing parts or shape outlines. The coordinate data is converted directly to NC (Numerical Control) code to control a CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine tool. This paper describes a technique to digitize contoured shapes and process the data directly to machine control code.
Appropriate Animal Models for Clinical Studies

Results from experiments with animal models can provide useful information relevant to human diet studies. They may indicate approximate levels of supplementation required to see an effect on the end-point measure of interest. They also allow investigation of metabolic responses that require invasive tissue sampling inappropriate for human studies. Animal studies carry the advantages of cost-effectiveness, speed, and control of potential confounding variables. However, results from animal studies cannot be directly extrapolated to clinical trials due to the absence of potential nutrient interactions, environmental stimuli, and learned food preferences and aversions that are experienced by human subjects.
Keratocyte loss after different methods of de-epithelialization.

Purpose: To evaluate the response of corneal stromal cells to different types of superficial injury. Methods: Twenty-two rabbits were randomized into five groups of four (with 2 untreated controls), and their corneas de-epithelialized (1) with a blunt instrument alone; (2) with an instrument and application of 100% ethanol, 0.5% proparacaine, or 4% cocaine; or (3) with the excimer laser. Twenty-four hours after surgery, the eyes were enucleated, and histologic changes were quantitated. Results: All the methods of de-epithelialization used resulted in a decrease in the number of keratocytes relative to the control numbers ( P = 0.0001). There is a significantly greater decrease in keratocyte counts with 0.5% proparacaine and 100% ethanol when compared with eyes injured by mechanical means, with 4% cocaine, or with the excimer laser ( P = 0.009). All treatment groups showed more polymorphonuclear leukocytes than did controls ( P P Conclusions: All methods of de-epithelialization produced a significant decrease in rabbit cornea stromal keratocytes 24 hours after injury, associated with acute inflammation. Thus, it may be appropriate to avoid using chemicals, or if chemicals are used, to at least avoid using 100% ethanol. The applicability of these findings to humans has not yet been established.
PCJM2: A program for the axiomatic conjoint measurement analysis of polynomial composition rules

Description. This program is designed to discriminate between the additive [A + P + U], the distributive [(A +P)U] , and the dual-distributive [AP + U] poly­ nomial composition rules using the axiomatic tests of the algorithm described by Krantz and Tversky (1971). This revised version of the original PCJM program (Ullrich & Cummins, 1973) incorporates several substantial additions to the original routine. New additions include an option to assist in assessing "signed" cases, the ability to work with multiple entries per cell, provisions for handling missing data, and the inclusion of a count of the number of times a particular cell is involved in a violation of each of the axiomatic tests. The input consists of the number of levels of each of the three variables and a matrix of the data obtained from the factorial combinations of the three variables. The program is broken down into a number of subroutines, which analyze the data for the diagnostic tests of independence of each variable from the other two and of double cancellation and joint independence for all pairs of variables. Two additional subroutines analyze the data for distributive cancellation and dual­ distributive cancellation with respect to the odd variable, which is specified upon input. The output consists of (1) the matrix of the input data with the variables A, P, and U identified and printed; (2) the total number of configurations of the data for which the conditions for the tests of inde­ pendence, double cancellation, and joint independence are satisfied in each dimension or pair of dimensions; (3) the total number of tests for the odd variable on distributive cancellation and dual-distributive cancella­ tion; and (4) the specific configurations representing failures of any particular test up to a user-specified maximum number, as well as the total number of failures. In addition, (5) a matrix listing the number of times each cell was involved in a violation is printed for each test. This is particularly useful in the identifi­ cation of one or more "bad" data points. The number of levels of each of the three variables is limited only by the time necessary to analyze the data and the storage capacity of the particular machine. As currently dimensioned, this limit is a 6 by 6 by 6 matrix.
Maintenance of the Midtropospheric North African Summer Circulation: Saharan High and African Easterly Jet

Abstract The conspicuous feature of the midtropospheric North African summer circulation is the Saharan high surrounded on its southern rim by the African easterly jet (AEJ). Like a major monsoon circulation, the Saharan high is juxtaposed with the North African divergent center to the east and the eastern Atlantic convergent center to the west. Different from a major monsoon circulation, these pronounced midtropospheric circulation components are overlaid by the western part of the Tibetan high. Because of the unique roles played by the Saharan high and the African easterly jet in the North African summer circulation, an effort is made to explore maintenance mechanisms of these two midtropospheric circulation elements. Major findings of this effort are summarized as follows: In terms of the velocity potential maintenance equation, it is shown that the North African divergent center over the Chad–Sudan region is maintained by the vertical differential heating established by the Saharan thermal-low heating...
The generalized evolutionary spectrum

Evolutionary spectral theory defines a decomposition of signal energy jointly over time and frequency by assuming that processes are composed of sinusoidal components with time-dependent amplitudes. We expand this theory by allowing time variations in the frequency of the sinusoidal components. Examples are presented illustrating the advantages of this generalization.
Research Issues in Aging Studies Associated with SCI

There are many research issues associated with the scientific study of aging in the general population that also relate to the study of aging with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the recognition of these issues has been limited in SCI aging research. These issues, which include era and survivor effects, have implications for design, analysis, and interpretation of SCI aging research, which, in turn, have implications for planning, policy, and development of long- and short-term clinical intervention strategies. Several factors specifically relate to SCI that have implications for design, analysis, and interpretation of SCI aging research. These include duration of injury, age at injury, and neurological impairment or level and completeness of injury.
FORUM: THREE STEPS OF HOMOLOGY ASSESSMENT

Abstract In 1991 de Pinna (Cladistics 7: 367–394) coined the term primary homology as the putative homology statements prior to tree reconstruction. However, some confusion still exists regarding the conjectural nature of homology and to the analysis of DNA sequences. By dividing de Pinna's term primary homology into topographical identity and character state identity, we emphasize the sequential refinement of putative homology statements. We discuss the problem of transformational versus taxic homology and explain the application of our terms to DNA sequence data.
A continuously distributed dislocation model for fatigue cracks in anisotropic crystalline materials

Abstract An elastic-plastic crack model is developed for anisotropic crystalline materials exhibiting elastic-perfect plastic behavior, using the continuously distributed dislocation theory (CDDT). The crack and its associated plastic zone are represented by an inverted pile-up of dislocations. The plastic zone size, the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the energy release rate of the crack are obtained in closed forms, in a fashion similar to the Bilby–Cottrell–Swinden–Dugdale model for isotropic materials, but in terms of material constants that are orientation dependent. Application of the model to the case of small-scale yielding, e.g., long fatigue cracks in Ni-base single crystal superalloys, is discussed.
Venous injury during lymphadenectomy: management without laparotomy

During robotically-assisted pelvic lymphadenectomy, four venous injuries occurred that did not resolve with pressure. After the application of tightly woven, oxidized regenerated cellulose and a fibrin sealant, all four venotomies were hemostatic. There were no sequelae.
Substituted anilines: The tug-of-war between pyramidalization and resonance inside and outside of crystal cavities

Abstract Efficient rehybridization at nitrogen provides a convenient conceptual framework for rationalizing structural and electronic effects in substituted anilines. Computations predict that a subtle balance between hybridization and conjugation in substituted anilines is easily perturbed by remote substitution. Rehybridization correlates with electronegativity of substituents as predicted by the Bent’s rule even though the substitution is not direct but mediated by an aromatic system. Use of the σ − Hammett parameters significantly improves the description of substituent effects. Limitations of X-ray crystallography in studies of subtle electronic structure effects are shown through comparison of computational geometries with crystallographic data which illustrates how supramolecular forces associated with the crystal packing mask intrinsic electronic preferences.
Twenty-five year review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a burn center

The incidence ofPseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia was examined in 5,882 burn patients consecutively admitted over a 25-year period to one burn center. The population examined had an average burn size of 33.8 % of the body surface and an average age of 26.3 years.Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia occurred in 540 patients. These patients had an average burn size of 54.2 % and average age of 28 years. Mortality was 77 %. Bacteremia with other organisms occurred during hospitalization of all but 128 of the 540 patients. Comparison of predicted mortality based on burn size and age to observed mortality showedPseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia to be associated with a 28 % increase in mortality. Examination of mortality as a function of time showed no significant change over the 25-year period. The incidence ofPseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and infection was examined in 400 recently admitted burn patients. Colonization occurred in 107 and 34 infections were recorded in 27 of the colonized patients.
Photothermal and photoacoustic Raman cytometry in vitro and in vivo.

An integrated Raman-based cytometry was developed with photothermal (PT) and photoacoustic (PA) detection of Raman-induced thermal and acoustic signals in biological samples with Raman-active vibrational modes. The two-frequency, spatially and temporally overlapping pump–Stokes excitation in counterpropagating geometry was provided by a nanosecond tunable (420–2300 nm) optical parametric oscillator and a Raman shifter (639 nm) pumped by a double-pulsed Q-switched Nd:YAG laser using microscopic and fiberoptic delivery of laser radiation. The PA and PT Raman detection and imaging technique was tested in vitro with benzene, acetone, olive oil, carbon nanotubes, chylomicron phantom, and cancer cells, and in vivo in single adipocytes in mouse mesentery model. The integration of linear and nonlinear PA and PT Raman scanning and flow cytometry has the potential to enhance its chemical specificity and sensitivity including nanobubble-based amplification (up to 10- fold) for detection of absorbing and nonabsorbing targets that are important for both basic and clinically relevant studies of lymph and blood biochemistry, cancer, and fat distribution at the single-cell level.
Characteristics of Sublingual Glands from Young Adult and Aged Rats

Descriptive biochemical characteristics of aqueous extracts from young adult and aged male and female rat sublingual glands, have been examined. No change in gland protein or DNA content was observed with increased age. The concentrations of sialic acids and neutral sugars, in gland extracts, from aged rats of both sexes, were increased 25–50% compared to their young adult counterparts. No consistent difference in any individual protein species, resolved by 3.75% and 10% acrylamide gel/SDS electrophoresis, was found.
Miniature fiber acoustic sensors using a photonic-crystal membrane

Abstract This paper discusses recent developments in fiber acoustic sensors utilizing a miniature Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer fabricated at the tip of a fiber. The FP is made of a high-reflectivity photonic-crystal membrane placed ∼30 μm from the reflective end of a single-mode fiber. When exposed to an acoustic wave the compliant membrane vibrates, and this vibration is detected as a modulation of the optical power reflected by the FP. The interferometer is enclosed in a sensor head designed, with the assistance of an electro-mechanical model, to minimize squeezed-film damping of the thin air gap between the reflectors and obtain a good acoustic response. The sensor head is fabricated out of silica elements and assembled with silicate bonding to minimize thermal expansion and ensure thermal stability. In the first sensor of this type the reflector at the fiber tip is a gold coating. It exhibits an average minimum detectable pressure (MDP) of 33 μPa/√Hz (1–30 kHz), a high thermal stability, and a weak polarization dependence. The second sensor incorporates several improvements, including a larger membrane for increased vibration amplitude, and higher reflectivity mirrors (PC and fiber tip) for increased displacement sensitivity. Its measured response is flat between ∼600 Hz and 20 kHz, with a normalized sensitivity as high as ∼0.17 Pa −1 . Between 1 kHz and 30 kHz its average MDP is ∼2.6 μPa/√Hz, the lowest reported value for a fiber acoustic sensor this small. These results demonstrate the promising potential of this class of stable and compact optical sensors for highly sensitive detection in the audible range.
Radiolabeling of serotonergic ligands with tritium and iodine-125

The labeling of serotonergic ligands with tritium and iodine-125 over the past thirty years is reviewed.
An interactive visual analytics system for bridge management

Bridges deteriorate over their life cycles and require continuous maintenance to ensure their structural integrity, and in turn, the safety of the public. Maintaining bridges is a multi-faceted operation that requires both domain knowledge and analytics techniques over large data sources. Although most existing bridge management systems (BMS) are very efficient at data storage, they are not as effective at providing analytical capabilities or as flexible at supporting different inspection technologies. In this paper, we present a visual analytics system that extends the capability of current BMSs. Based on a nation-wide survey and our interviews with bridge managers, we designed our system to be customizable so that it can provide interactive exploration, information correlation, and domainoriented data analysis. When tested by bridge managers of the U.S. Department of Transportation, we validated that our system provides bridge managers with the necessary features for performing in-depth analysis of bridges from a variety of perspectives that are in accordance to their typical workflow.
Increase of sialyltransferase activity in the small intestine following thermal injury in rats.

The acute phase protein response following inflammation is associated with an increased total protein-bound carbohydrate content in plasma in the form of glycoproteins. Glycosyltransferases in liver may serve as a regulator of this increased glycosylation activity in the plasma and may also serve as a marker for the acute phase response. Sialyltransferase is an example of a glycosyltransferases in which sialic acid is transferred to oligosaccarides of glycopeptides in the Golgi prior to glycopeptide secretion. In this study, sialyltransferase activities were determined in plasma, liver, and intestinal mucosa following a standardized 25% body surface area thermal injury in the rat. A statistically significant increase in sialyltransferase activity was found in liver and small intestine which were maximal at 24 hours after the injury. These increased sialyltransferase activities were accompanied by a statistically significant 2 to 4 fold elevation in plasma sialyltransferase activity at 24 hours. The plasma and liver elevations in these activities were similar to elevations seen in other models of acute inflammation using turpentine injections and bacterial infections. The increased sialyltransferase activity within the rat intestine was comparable to increases in intestinal sialyltransferase activity following colchicine treatment and may represent a similar mechanism(s).
The UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH in lipid A biosynthesis utilizes Mn2+ cluster for catalysis.

In Escherichia coli and the majority of β- and γ-proteobacteria, the fourth step of lipid A biosynthesis, i.e. cleavage of the pyrophosphate group of UDP-2,3-diacyl-GlcN, is carried out by LpxH. LpxH has been previously suggested to contain signature motifs found in the calcineurin-like phosphoesterase (CLP) family of metalloenzymes; however, it cleaves a pyrophosphate bond instead of a phosphoester bond, and its substrate contains nucleoside diphosphate moieties more common to the Nudix family rather than to the CLP family. Furthermore, the extent of biochemical data fails to demonstrate a significant level of metal activation in enzymatic assays, which is inconsistent with the behavior of a metalloenzyme. Here, we report cloning, purification, and detailed enzymatic characterization of Haemophilus influenzae LpxH (HiLpxH). HiLpxH shows over 600-fold stimulation of hydrolase activity in the presence of Mn2+. EPR studies reveal the presence of a Mn2+ cluster in LpxH. Finally, point mutants of residues in the conserved metal-binding motifs of the CLP family greatly inhibit HiLpxH activity, highlighting their importance in enzyme function. Contrary to previous analyses of LpxH, we find HiLpxH does not obey surface dilution kinetics. Overall, our work unambiguously establishes LpxH as a calcineurin-like phosphoesterase containing a Mn2+ cluster coordinated by conserved residues. These results set the scene for further structural investigation of the enzyme and for design of novel antibiotics targeting lipid A biosynthesis. Background: LpxH is a novel pyrophosphate hydrolase in lipid A biosynthesis. Results: Enzymatic and EPR studies reveal a catalytically important Mn2+ cluster within LpxH. Conclusion: LpxH is a Mn2+-dependent lipid A enzyme with an active site similar to calcineurin-like phosphatases, not Nudix family hydrolases. Significance: Unmasking the true nature of LpxH catalysis represents an important step toward structural characterization and development of antibiotics.
Determinants of Readability of Financial Reports of U.S.-Listed Asian Companies

In this paper, I investigate the impact of secrecy, ownership dispersion and profitability on the readability of annual reports of U.S.–listed Asian companies. This is perhaps the first paper to examine the effect on readability of cross-listed Asian companies. I use a measure of secrecy developed in Hope at al. (2008) to study its effect on readability. The sample of this paper consists of all 68 Asian companies from nine countries listed on NYSE/NASDAQ, that are registered and reporting with the SEC. The univariate and multivariate analyses show that companies whose domestic culture is more secretive are providing less readable financial statements. This result is robust to sensitivity tests. This is an interesting and important result in line with the efforts being made to have convergence in the International accounting area. This is despite the fact that a large number of these companies are using IFRS and U.S. GAAP to prepare their financial statements. The results also show that companies with higher ownership dispersion are providing more readable annual reports. The results fail to reject the hypothesis related to the effect of profitability. Finally, the results show that larger sample companies are providing more difficult to read financial statements. These results have important implications for international investors and global standard-setting bodies.
Spin-matrix polynomial development of the Hamiltonian for a free particle of arbitrary spin and mass.

Hamiltonian for free particle of arbitrary spin and mass formulated in terms of spin matrix polynomials, noting independence of expansion coefficients
Design re-use: where is the productivity going to come from?

Semiconductor process geometries are shrinking and the available silicon capacity is growing at an amazing pace. Consumerization and convergence applications are causing tremendous time to market pressures, resulting in increased product complexity and reduced design cycle times. The gap between what can be built (silicon capacity) and what can be designed is widening. This 'design productivity gap' is causing an industry-wide shift to system-on-a-chip (SOC) design methodology. The corner-stone for success of the SOC methodology is design re-use. The methodology for design re-use will evolve going forward. Huge investments will be made to setup infrastructure and methodologies for creation of re-usable designs and their integration into future products. But, will they deliver the expected productivity gains? This talk presents a progression of re-use methodology alternatives and the key characteristics and productivity impact of each approach.
Child labor and basic education provision in China

Abstract This paper argues that child labor abuse, along with inconsistent commitments to enforce compulsory schooling mandates at the primary level in China, can be traced to those changing economic priorities that have both welcomed foreign investment and have increased social inequality within the country. The exploitation of child labor is one of the dehumanizing trends that define ‘commodity socialism’ in stark terms. Western attitudes and practices have not only encouraged such practices but have legitimized them as well.
The symbolic computation of differential invariants of polynomial vector field systems using trees

aj1 , aj1,j2 , . . . ∈ K. Consider the algebra D of derivations of R. Given a derivation E ∈ D, we are interested in symbolic algorithms for computing its invariants. To be more precise, the action of GL(V ) on V induces an action on the space of coefficients C of the derivations. A polynomial over C is called invariant in case it is invariant under this action. Our approach to computing differential invariants is to define an algebraic structure on the space of rooted, labeled trees T and introduce an algebra ∗For further information, please contact Robert Grossman, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Mail Code 249, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA, 1 312 413 2176, 1 312 996 1491 fax, grossman@uic.edu †This research was supported in part NASA grant NAG2-513 and NSF Grants DMS8904740, IRI 9224605 and CDA 9303433. Part of this work was done while Robert Grossman was visiting the Department of Computer Science at Cornell University.
The effects of concentrated and distributed attention on peripheral acuity

Two experiments studied the peripheral discriminability of a target differing in its line slope (a tilted T) and in its line arrangement (an L) when presented in briefly flashed displays of upright Ts. The results showed that: (a) an L and a tilted T were equal in discriminability when attention was focused or concentrated on one display position, (b) the discriminability of an L decreased while the discriminability of a tilted T was not statistically significantly affected as the number of display positions that attention needed to be paid to increased, and (c) the reaction time to find a disparate tilted T was less than that to find a disparate L. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that, under distributed attention in peripheral vision, the visual system is more sensitive to differences in line slope than to differences in line arrangement The results are discussed in connection with hypotheses of how selective attention affects the discriminability of a target.
Pantethine, a somatostatin depleting agent, increases food intake in rats

During the course of studies of the effects of pantethine, a cysteamine precursor known to deplete tissue concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin, we observed that the subject rats continued to eat despite marked distension of the stomach. To determine whether this effect was caused by drug-altered food intake, we have measured food and water intake in pantethine-injected rats in the fed and fasting state. In three separate experiments, rats allowed free access to food until the morning of study showed significant increased food intake accompanied by an increased stomach content (at 4 hr) of both food and water following the IP injection of pantethine. In one experiment, intake at 3 hours was 0.60 g/100 g b.wt. (pantethine dose 0.74 g/kg b.wt.) and 0.64 g/100 g. b.wt. (pantethine dose 1.47 g/kg b.wt.) compared with 0.24 g/100 g b.wt. in saline-treated animals (p<0.05). In contrast, pantethine, 1.47 g/kg b.wt., when administered to overnight-fasted rats, significantly inhibited food intake (3-hr intake 1.54±0.16 g/100 g b.wt. in rrats injected with pantethine 1.47 g/kg b.wt as compared with 3.3±0.21 g/100 g b.wt. in saline-injected controls). The intake-stimulating effect of pantethine in ad lib-fed rats was not demonstrable when the drug was administered shortly before the “lights out”-induced feeding at night. These findings indicate that pantethine, a cysteamine precursor, stimulates food intake in satiated rats, depending upon the stage of circadian rhythm, but is inhibitory to intake in fasted animals. We postulate that the effects are mediated directly or indirectly through the disinhibition of central appetite-regulating somatostatinergic pathways but, since cysteamine also inhibits dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, an effect on depletion of appetite-regulating central catecholamines cannot be excluded.
Limitations on the Confinement of Food Animals in the United States

Citizen petitions and legislative bills in seven states in the US have established space and movement limitations for selected species of farm animals. These actions show Americans becoming concerned about the humane treatment of confined farm animals, and willing to use governmental intervention to preclude existing confinement practices. The individual state provisions vary, including the coverage of species. All seven states deal with sow-gestation crates, five states address veal calf crates, and two states’ provisions also apply to battery cages used for egg-laying hens. The actions show citizen and legislative opposition to current animal production practices, and suggest a movement to provide better treatment for farm animals. Accompanying the actions are challenges for animal production industries in remaining competitive while meeting social expectations on the ethical treatment of food animals. While the actions are only a small step in addressing welfare issues, they may be the beginning of a significant movement to do more to address human and animal welfare issues.
Phosphatidylcholine acyl unsaturation modulates the decrease in interfacial elasticity induced by cholesterol.

The effect of cholesterol on the interfacial elastic packing interactions of various molecular species of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) has been investigated by using a Langmuir-type film balance and analyzing the elastic area compressibility moduli (Cs(-1)) as a function of average cross-sectional molecular area. Emphasis was on the high surface pressure regions (pi > or=30 mN/m) which are thought to mimic biomembrane conditions. Increasing levels of cholesterol generally caused the in-plane elasticity of the mixed monolayers to decrease. Yet, the magnitude of the cholesterol-induced changes was markedly dependent upon PC hydrocarbon structure. Among PC species with a saturated sn-1 chain but different sn-2 chain cis unsaturation levels [e.g., myristate (14:0), oleate (18:1delta9(c), linoleate (18:2delta9,12(c), arachidonate (20:4delta5,8,11,14(c), or docosahexenoate (22:6delta4,7,10,13,16,19(c)], the in-plane elasticity moduli of PC species with higher sn-2 unsaturation levels were less affected by high cholesterol mol fractions (e.g., >30 mol %) than were the more saturated PC species. The largest cholesterol-induced decreases in the in-plane elasticity were observed when both chains of PC were saturated (e.g., di-14:0 PC). When both acyl chains were identically unsaturated, the resulting PCs were 20–25% more elastic in the presence of cholesterol than when their sn-1 chains were long and saturated (e.g., palmitate). The mixing of cholesterol with PC was found to diminish the in-plane elasticity of the films beyond what was predicted from the additive behavior of the individual lipid components apportioned by mole and area fraction. Deviations from additivity were greatest for di-14:0 PC and were least for diarachidonoyl PC and didocosahexenoyl PC. In contrast to Cs(-1) analyses, sterol-induced area condensations were relatively unresponsive to subtle structural differences in the PCs at high surface pressures. Cs(-1) versus average area plots also indicated the presence of cholesterol concentration-dependent, low-pressure (
Correlation of radiotherapeutic parameters and treatment related morbidity--analysis of RTOG Study 77-06

The current report is an updated and detailed analysis of treatment related morbidity in RTOG 77-06, a Phase III randomized study comparing prostatic irradiation versus pelvic irradiation followed by a prostatic boost, in patients with Stage A2 and B carcinoma of the prostate without evidence of nodal involvement. A total of 453 analyzable cases were accrued from 1978 to 1983, when the study was closed. All cases of treatment related morbidity were classified as to severity (using a clinical severity grading system). The data were then correlated with a number of radiotherapeutic parameters including treatment volumes (fields), doses, and techniques. Overall, pelvic irradiation, compared to prostate irradiation only, was not associated with a significantly increased incidence of treatment related morbidity. Within the range of pelvic doses used in this study a significant dose effect could not be detected. Total doses to the prostate of more than 7000 cGy were associated with an increased risk of rectal bleeding. Certain treatment techniques, (AP/PA irradiation of the pelvic lymphatics) were associated with an increased incidence of bowel complications.
Management of premalignant lesions of the larynx

Premalignant lesions of the laryngeal epithelium most commonly involve the glottis. Abnormal appearing mucosal lesions may warrant biopsy for histologic review before an assessment can be made regarding their risk for malignant transformation. Although higher degrees of dysplasia portend a greater chance for malignant transformation, findings of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ should prompt ablative therapy followed by surveillance for recurrence or progression. Risk factor modification remains important not only as a primary prevention strategy, but also to reduce the risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. We review the current evidence pertaining to the work-up and management of premalignant epithelial lesions of the larynx. Surgical excision continues to be the treatment of choice. Alternative therapies like photodynamic therapy and radiation may be employed in selected patients when surgical therapy is not the best option.
Economic growth and institutional change

Economists have recently emphasized the role which institutional change plays in the process of economic growth and development. Focusing on the behavior of the state, effective constraints on the ruling elite are seen as a necessary precursor to successful economic growth. However, it is argued in this paper that causality runs the other way. Rapid growth (even with dictatorial regimes) leads to political development and institutional structures which provide a foundation for successful long‐term growth. It will be further argued that the greatest potential for stimulating political development comes as the result of rapid agricultural growth. The institutional constraints arising out of political development create an environment within which the ruling elite become developmental rather than predatory. The cases of English and Japanese industrialization will be used to illustrate these ideas. The relevance of the analyses for today's developing countries is discussed and illustrated with reference to the African experience.
Irreversible Thermodynamics and Smart Materials Systems Modelling. Example of Magnetic Shape Memory actuators

Abstract Smart systems is a very promising technology to design high performance and highly integrated mechatronic devices. Nevertheless, one of the main drawbacks of these devices is the complex non-linear and irreversible behaviour of the active materials at the heart of such systems. To solve these difficulties, this paper presents a thermodynamics based procedure to model more accurately active materials. After a review on energy conversion modelling techniques, the paper extends classical thermodynamics procedure to the case of irreversible processes. The use of internal state variables helps to improve the physical understanding of non-linear and irreversible mechanisms in smart materials. This procedure is applied to Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys actuators and the results are quite encouraging. Modelling methods proposed in this paper improves the understanding of complex active materials for smart systems.
ACTION OF INSULIN UPON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF FASTED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED, DEPANCREATIZED AND NORMAL CHICKENS.

The response to insulin was studied in fasting normal, depancreatized and hypophysectomized Single Comb White Leghorn chickens of both sexes after a fast of 12 hr. Blood sugar determinations were made at intervals for as long as 3 or 7 hr following the intravenous injection of insulin in doses of 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 U/kg. Little differences in the blood sugar curves could be detected among the groups at doses of 0.1 or 1 U/kg. At levels of 5 and 10 U/kg insulin hypersensitivity was manifested in hypophysectomized chickens, as shown by a delay in the return of the blood sugar to pre-injection levels. Depancreatized chickens appeared slightly more sensitive to insulin than normal controls at 10 U/kg. In addition, the ability to maintain blood sugar levels during fasting was impaired in the hypophysectomized group. The results indicate that the removal of the anterior pituitary increases the insulin sensitivity in the chicken, but the increase is much less than that encountered in mammals. (Endocrinology 74: 94...
Medical Education and the Humanities

Excerpt To the editor: Dr. Warren's article, "The Humanities in Medical Education" (1), is valuable for its refutation of misleading beliefs about the relation between undergraduate study of the hu...
Early Identification of Co-Occurring Pain, Depression and Anxiety

BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety frequently co-occur with pain and may affect treatment outcomes. Early identification of these co-occurring psychiatric conditions during routine pain screening may be critical for optimal treatment.
Field & (Data) Stream: A Method for Functional Evolution of the Air Traffic Management Route Availability Planning Tool (RAPT)*

A method coupling field evaluation with operations data analysis is presented as an effective means to functionally evolve a decision support system. The case study used to illustrate this method is the evaluation of the Route Availability Planning Tool (RAPT), a decision support tool to improve departure efficiency in convective weather in New York air traffic facilities. It was only through a combination of quantitative performance data analysis and field observation to identify key elements of the decision making process that the designers were able to determine the most critical departure management decision requiring support, leading to significant improvements in departure efficiency. Language: en
The effect of matongo rock phosphate and urea as compared to di-ammonium phosphate in the composting process and the yield of potatoes in the Mugamba region in Burundi

In the Mugamba region in Burundi, trials at 14 locations on potatoes comparing (i) non-treated compost, (ii) treated compost with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and (iii) treated compost with local phosphoric rock from Matongo (RPM) and urea were installed on Kaolisols. When compared to non-treated compost, significantly higher amounts of DAP and RPM treated composts were harvested. Fertiliser-treated composts showed better C/N ratios, and higher P and N contents than the non-treated compost. Analysis of potato yields using analysis of variance showed a linear response to compost dose but there was no statistical difference between the three forms of compost as indicated by the study of the interactions linear x compost-sources and quadratic x compost-sources, while regression analysis indicated that the response curves for non-treated compost and DAP compost were significantly different, the RPM compost occupying an intermediate position. Using the non-treated compost as a reference, the Relative Agronomic efficiencies of DAP- and RPM-compost, based on the regression coefficients are 146 and 118 respectively. Economic analysis showed higher profits, value/cost (V/C) and better risk factors for the different doses of RPM compost used in this study, when compared to untreated compost. Application of organic matter and lime had a favourable effect on pH, exchangeable Aluminium and P Bray-1 contents of the soils, RPM and DAP-composts behaving in a similar way.
The changing role of U.S.-based MNCs: A financial perspective

An increasing number of US.-based multinational companies have adopted a strategy of “inward-oriented” diversification in the 1980s. This article focuses on the ensuing financial performance of these firms, especially as compared to that of a group of U.S.-based domestic corporations. Specifically, well-known performance and risk measures are applied to a sample of multinational and domestic firms based in the U.S. The data are analyzed over three five-year periods (1979-1983, 1980-1984, and 1981-1985). The overall results, while providing total support for a few of the major issues and lending partial support to the others, seem to indicate that U.S. multinationals may have adopted a successful strategy in response to a changing global economic environment.