cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Depositors Punish Banks for 'Bad' Behavior? Market Discipline in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico

A study of the banking industries of Argentina, Chile, and Mexico in the 1980s and 1990s finds that across countries and across deposit insurance schemes, market discipline exists even among small insured depositors - who punish risky banks by withdrawing their deposits. Bank fundamentals are at least as important as other factors affecting deposit behavior. Peria and Schmukler examine the banking industries of Argentina, Chile, and Mexico to see if market discipline existed there in the 1980s and 1990s. Using a set of bank panel data, they test for the presence of market discipline by studying whether depositors punish risky banks by withdrawing their deposits. They find that across countries and across deposit insurance schemes, market discipline exists even among small insured depositors-who punish risky banks by withdrawing their deposits. Standardized coefficients and variance decomposition of deposits indicate that bank fundamentals are at least as important as other factors affecting deposits. GMM estimates confirm that the results are robust to the potential endo-geneity of bank fundamentals. This paper - a joint product of Finance, Development Research Group and the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and Carribean Region - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to study banking issues affecting developing countries. The study was funded by the LAC Regional Studies Program and by the Bank's Research Support Budget under research project Deposit Insurance Design and Use (RPO 682-90). The authors may be contacted at mmartinezperia@worldbank.org or sschmukler@worldbank.org.
A symbolic labelled transition system for coinductive subtyping of F/sub /spl mu//spl les// types

F/sub /spl les// is a typed /spl lambda/-calculus with subtyping and bounded polymorphism. Type checking for F/sub /spl les// is known to be undecidable, because the subtyping relation on types is undecidable. F/sub /spl mu//spl les// is an extension of F/sub /spl les// with recursive types. In this paper, we show how symbolic labelled transition system techniques from concurrency theory can be used to reason about subtyping for F/sub /spl mu//spl les//. We provide a symbolic labelled transition system for F/sub /spl mu//spl les// types, together with an appropriate notion of simulation, which coincides with the existing co-inductive definition of subtyping. We then provide a 'simulation up to' technique for proving subtyping, for which there is a simple model-checking algorithm. The algorithm is more powerful than the usual one for F/sub /spl les//, e.g. it terminates on G. Ghelli's (1995) canonical example of non-termination.
Calcium regulation of neurite elongation and growth cone motility

Neurite outgrowth from isolated, identified molluscan (Helisoma trivolvis) neurons in culture can be suppressed by neurotransmitters and electrical activity, both of which increase intraneuronal Ca2+ levels (Haydon et al., 1984; Cohan et al., 1986, 1987). We explored the possibility of a causal relationship between Ca2+ influx from the cell exterior and neurite outgrowth using a spectrum of pharmacological manipulations known to affect transmembrane Ca2+ flux. Ca2+ ionophore A23187, an agent expected to increase Ca2+ influx, suppressed both elongation and motile growth cone structures (i.e., filopodia and lamellipodia) in a dose-dependent (10(8)-10(6) M) and reversible manner. Furthermore, high concentrations of Ca2+ channel blockers (La3+, Cd2+, Co2+; e.g., 10(-4) M La3+) suppressed both elongation and growth cone movements. These data support previous experiments, which indicated that neurite outgrowth is dependent upon a specific range of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations (Connor, 1986; Cohan et al., 1987). However, tests of the dose-dependency of the effects of Ca2+ channel blockers on outgrowth revealed that specific, low concentrations of Ca2+ channel blockers (e.g., 10(-5) M La3+) caused, simultaneously, a reduction of growth cone filopodia and an acceleration of elongation. Consistent with the results using low levels of Ca2+ channel blockers, reduced extracellular Ca2+-stimulated neurite elongation while suppressing growth cone motility. Finally, neurotransmitter regulation of neurite outgrowth was shown to require influx of extracellular Ca2+; serotonin inhibition of neuron B19 was prevented by La3+ (10(-5) M) or by incubation in a reduced Ca2+ environment. Taken together, these results indicate that there are optimum levels of Ca2+ influx that promote normal neurite elongation and growth cone movements; these 2 components of outgrowth appear to have differential sensitivities to Ca2+.
3-D modeling and finite element analysis of the tibia

A 3-D solid model of the human tibia and the fibula was constructed using magnetic resonance imaging and solid modeling software. A finite element analysis of the tibia was conducted to evaluate stresses developed in the tibia under static loads and to study the effect of varying material properties on these stresses. Loading conditions and material properties used were taken from literature. Two finite element models were taken into consideration. A model of the tibial post up to a length of 130 mm was studied to compare results to previous literature and a model of the whole tibia under similar loading conditions was analyzed. Maximum stresses developed for cancellous bone were within ultimate stress values and a tendency of the cancellous bone to distribute stresses to regions of compact or cortical bone was observed. >
Sentinel node biopsy as an alternative to elective neck dissection for staging of early oral carcinoma

Background We report the outcome of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for staging the neck in a consecutive cohort of 34 patients with T1/2 clinically N0 oral carcinoma. Methods SNB was performed along with resection of primary tumor. Neck dissection was reserved for failure of SNB or pathologically positive sentinel nodes (pN+). Results Sentinel node identification was successful in 32 of 34 patients (94%); 2 patients with unsuccessful SNB underwent immediate neck dissection. Seven patients (21%) were pN+, 6 by SNB and 1 by elective neck dissection (END). Among 29 patients who were pN0 on SNB, nodal recurrence developed in 2 patients; both were surgically salvaged. Local failure developed in 1 patient. Two-year overall and disease-free survival was 87% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion Successful eradication of lymphatic metastasis noted in this study suggests that SNB may be a safe alternative to END for neck staging in patients with early oral carcinoma. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 241–246, 2014
The least cardinal for which the Baire category theorem fails

The least cardinal for which the Baire category theorem fails is equal to the least cardinal for which a Ramseyan theorem fails. The Baire category theorem states that the real line is not the union of countably many meager (also known as first category) sets. Let cov(M) denote the least cardinal number such that there are that many first category subsets of the real line whose union is the entire real line. Then cov(M) is the least cardinal number for which the Baire category theorem fails. This cardinal number, defined in terms of topological notions, appears in many different guises in combinatorial set theory. A long list of diverse guises of this cardinal number is already general knowledge for set theorists; Galvin gave a game-theoretic version (part of which is published in [4], and part of which is unpublished—however, see [8]), A. W. Miller gave a characterization in terms of sequences of positive integers [6], which was later given an elegant improvement by Bartoszynski [1]. It is also known to be the least cardinal number such that there is a set of real numbers of that cardinality which does not have Rothberger’s property C′′. A set X of real numbers has property C′′ if, for every sequence (Un : n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) of open covers of X , there is a sequence (Un : n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) such that, for each n, Un ∈ Un and {Un : n = 1, 2, 3, . . .} is a cover for X . It seems that for the purposes of applications of set theory to other areas of mathematics, it would be useful to have as many non-trivial characterizations of this cardinal number as possible. In this paper we give a few more equivalent forms of this cardinal number. To explain some of our results, we need some terminology which is well-known in other contexts. Let κ be an infinite cardinal number which will be fixed for the duration of the paper. A collection of subsets of κ is said to be a cover of κ if its union is equal to κ. We shall be interested in countable covers of κ. A cover of κ is said to be an ω-cover if it is countably infinite, κ itself is not a member of the cover, and if there is for every finite subset of κ an element of this cover which contains it. We shall let the symbol Ω denote the collection of ω-covers of κ. Borrowing from Ramsey theory (see Section 8 of [3]), we shall use the symbol
E7(7) symmetry and finiteness of \mathcal{N} = {8} supergravity

We study $ \mathcal{N} = {8} $ supergravity deformed by the presence of the candidate counterterms. We show that even though they are invariant under undeformed E 7(7), all of the candidate counterterms violate the deformed E 7(7) current conservation. The same conclusion follows from the uniqueness of the Lorentz and SU(8) covariant, E 7(7) invariant unitarity constraint expressing the 56-dimensional E 7(7) doublet via 28 independent vectors, in agreement with the $ \frac{{{E_{7(7)}}}}{{{\text{SU}}\left( {8} \right)}} $ coset space geometry. Therefore E 7(7) duality predicts the all-loop UV finiteness of perturbative $ \mathcal{N} = 8 $ supergravity.
Exfoliation of the β-adrenergic receptor and the regulatory components of adenylate cyclase by cultured rat glioma C6 cells

Cultured rat glioma C6 cells exfoliate membrane vesicles which have been termed 'exosomes' into the culture medium. The exosomes contained both stimulatory and inhibitory GTP-binding components of adenylate cyclase (the stimulatory, Gs, and the inhibitory, Gi, regulatory components) and beta-adrenergic receptors but were devoid of adenylate cyclase activity. It was therefore apparent that the catalytic component of adenylate cyclase was either not exfoliated or was inactivated during the exfoliation process. The presence of Gs or Gi in the exosomes was detected by ADP ribosylation using [alpha-32P]NAD in the presence of cholera or pertussis toxins, respectively. The exosomal concentration of each of the two components was estimated to be about one fifth of that of the cell membrane when expressed on a per mg protein basis. Exosomal Gs was almost as active as the membrane-derived Gs in its ability to reconstitute NaF- and guanine nucleotide-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes of S49 cyc- cells, which lack a functional Gs. The ability of exosomal Gs to reconstitute isoproterenol-stimulated activity, however, was much lower than that of membrane Gs. The density of beta-adrenergic receptors in the exosomes was much less than that found in the membranes. Although the exosomal receptors bound the antagonist iodocyanopindolol with the same affinity as receptors from the cell membrane, the affinity for the agonist isoproterenol was 13- to 18-fold lower in the exosomes. In addition, this affinity was not modulated by GTP in the exosomes. Thus, exfoliated beta-adrenergic receptors seem to be impaired in their ability to couple to and activate Gs. This was directly tested by coupling the receptors to a foreign adenylate cyclase using membrane fusion. The fusates were then assayed for agonist-stimulated activity. While significant stimulation of the acceptor adenylate cyclase was obtained using C6 membrane receptors, the exosomal receptors were completely inactive. Thus during exfoliation, there appear to be changes in the components of the beta-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase that results in a nonfunctional system in the exosomes.
Influence of Surgical Technique on the Results of Pulmonary Reimplantation

The left lung was reimplanted in 94 mongrel dogs with an operative mortality rate of 36 percent. Avoidable technical factors were found to be responsible not only for the majority of operative deaths but also for the defective anastomoses in 45 of the 60 surviving animals. Narrowing of the vascular anastomoses was related to suture technique and accounted for the minority of complications. Bronchial necrosis and its sequelae were the predominant causes of a defective reimplanted lung and could be minimizd by maintaining a long proximal bronchial stump with an intact blood supply. The use of interrupted sutures to approximate the cartilaginous portions of the bronchus proved to be superior to a continuous suture technique.
Identifying Influencers in Online Social Networks: The Role of Tie Strength

Online social networks (OSNs) are quickly becoming a key component of the Internet. With their widespread acceptance among the general public and the tremendous amount time that users spend on them, OSNs provide great potentials for marketing, especially viral marketing, in which marketing messages are spread among consumers via the word-of-mouth process. A critical task in viral marketing is influencer identification, i.e. finding a group of consumers as the initial receivers of a marketing message. Using agent-based modeling, this paper examines the effectiveness of tie strength as a criterion for influencer identification on OSNs. Results show that identifying influencers by the number of strong connections that a user has is superior to doing so by the total number of connections when the strength of strong connections is relatively high compared to that of weak connections or there is a relatively high percentage of strong connections between users. Implications of the results are discussed.
Development and validation of brief content scales for the psychological screening inventory-2†

This article describes the development of 21 brief content (BC) scales to supplement the existing scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory-2 (PSI-2), and three validity studies to support their use for both the PSI-2 and the original PSI. The BC scales comprise groups of four or more items that are statistically homogeneous in content and are replicated across three data sets: PSI and PSI-2 normative data and a PSI-based group of forensic respondents. Concurrent validity was shown in correlations with the following: (a) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) basic clinical scales, Content scales, PSY-5 scales, and Restructured Clinical (RC) scales; (b) family/friend observer ratings; and (c) therapist ratings in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. Consistent with the purpose of the PSI/PSI-2, the BC scales are intended to provide additional screening information and not a comprehensive representation of psychopathology.
Proteases from mouse submaxillary gland

Abstract Two proteases (“A” and “D”) from mouse submaxillary gland have been isolated in high purity. At pH 8.5 “D” is more negative than “A” and is also smaller. Amino acid composition differs only in 6 constituents. “D” is activated 100–300% when acting on tosyl arginine methyl esther by tosyl arginine and all α-amino acids. Both enzymes have a strong preference for arginyl bonds.
A Case Study of the Costs of Quality: Water Utilities

Abstract:Cost of Quality has long been applied to manufacturing entities only. This research expands on that effort and applies the COQ methodologies to water utilities. Three water utilities were chosen for the initial study—El Paso, Lubbock, and San Antonio, Texas. A Prevention, Appraisal, and Failure Cost Compendium was developed to assist in categorizing costs. The study used manufacturing meta-analysis COQ percentages as a basis for comparison with water utility organizations. Three water utilities—El Paso Water Utility (EWU), Lubbock Water Utility (LWU), and San Antonio Water System (SAWS), were chosen to be included in this study because they represented three different populations, three different water source combinations, and three different county water usages. Using non-parametric statistics between manufacturing organizations and water utility organizations, the results show that prevention, failure, and total COQ are statistically different, yet appraisal costs are the same. A sensitivity an...
A Turbulence Dissipation Model for Particle Laden Flow

A dissipation transport equation for the carrier phase turbulence in particle-laden flow is derived from fundamental principles. The equation is obtained by volume averaging, which inherently includes the effects of the particle surfaces. Three additional terms appear that reveal the effect of the particles; these terms are evaluated using Stokes drag law. Two of the terms reduce to zero and only one term remains which is identified as the production of dissipation due to the particles. The dissipation equation is then applied to cases where particles generate homogeneous turbulence, and experimental data are used to evaluate the empirical coefficients. The ratio of the coefficient of the production of dissipation (due to the presence of particles) to the coefficient of the dissipation of dissipation is found to correlate well with the relative Reynolds number. V C 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 55: 1416–1425, 2009
A fluorescence study of A23187 interaction with phospholipid vesicles.

The fluorescence of the ionophore A23187 has been monitored in suspensions of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles. Both the protonated form of A23187 and the Ca/sup 2 +/ complex exhibit fluorescence enhancement when extracted into a hydrophobic environment. Measurements of fluorescence intensity versus lipid concentration were thus used to establish lower limits to the lipid/water partition coefficients. Values obtained in this way were greater than or equal to50 ml water/mg phosphatidylcholine. Quenching of A23187 fluorescence by the spin labels 5NMS (methyl ester of 5-nitroxyl stearate), 12NMS, 16NMS, and TEMPO stearamide in EYPC and DPPC vesicles was also investigated. In EYPC all the labels yielded fairly linear Stern-Volmer plots, with TEMPO stearamide quenching about half as strong as the other probes. Quenching in DPPC was generally much stronger than in EYPC, but 12 NMS and 16NMS gave hyperbolic Stern-Volmer plots, apparently due to clustering of the labels. In all the cases the protonated form of A23187 was quenched approximately twice as efficiently as the Ca/sup 2 +/ complex, possibly due to a longer fluorescence lifetime for the former. Calculations based on measured spectral properties were performed which indicate that the Forster transfer mechanism extends the nitroxides' quenchingmore » range to approximately 10 angstrom.« less
Enhanced thermal transport at covalently functionalized carbon nanotube array interfaces

It has been more than a decade since the experimental demonstration that the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes can exceed that of diamond, which has the highest thermal conductivity among naturally occurring materials. In spite of tremendous promise as a thermal material, results have been disappointing for practical thermal systems and applications based on nanotubes. The main culprit for the dramatic shortfall in the performance of nanotubes in practical systems is high thermal interface resistance between them and other components because of weak adhesion at the interface. Here we report a sixfold reduction in the thermal interface resistance between metal surfaces and vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotube arrays by bridging the interface with short, covalently bonded organic molecules. These results are also significant for single and multilayer graphene applications, since graphene faces similar limitations in practical systems.
The EBR-II X501 Minor Actinide Burning Experiment

Abstract The X501 experiment was conducted in EBR-II as part of the integral fast reactor (IFR) program to demonstrate minor actinide (MA) burning through the use of a homogeneous recycle scheme. Renewed interest in the behavior of MA’s during fuel irradiation has prompted further examination of existing X501 data, and generation of new data where needed in support of the US waste transmutation effort. The X501 experiment is one of the few MA-bearing fuel irradiation tests conducted worldwide and knowledge can be gained by understanding the changes in fuel behavior due to addition of MA’s. Of primary interest are the affect of the MA’s on fuel-cladding-chemical-interaction, and the redistribution behavior of americium. The quantity of helium gas release from the fuel and any effects of helium on fuel performance are also of interest. This paper provides a summary of the X501 fabrication, characterization, irradiation, and postirradiation examination.
Effects of Iejimalide B, a marine macrolide, on growth and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines

Iejimalide B, a marine macrolide, causes growth inhibition in a variety of cancer cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. We have investigated theeffectsofIejimalide Boncellcycle kineticsandapoptosisinthep53 " /AR " LNCaPandp53 # /AR # PC-3prostatecancercelllines.Iejimalide B, has a dose and time dependent effect on cell number (as measured by crystal violet assay) in both cell lines. In LNCaP cells Iejimalide B induces a dose dependent G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis at 48 h (as measured by Apo-BrdU staining). In contrast, Iejimalide B initially induces G0/G1 arrest followed by S phase arrest but does not induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells. qPCR and Western analysis suggests that Iejimalide B modulates the steady state level of many gene products associated with cell cycle (including cyclins D, E, and B and p21 waf1/cip1 ) and cell death (including survivin, p21B and BNIP3L) in LNCaP cells. In PC-3 cells Iejimalide B induces the expression of p21 waf1/cip1 , down regulates the expression of cyclin A, and does not modulate the expression of the genes associated with cell death. Comparison of the effects of Iejimalide B on the two cell lines suggests that Iejimalide B induces cell cycle arrest by two different mechanisms and that the induction of apoptosis in
The 2012 AHS/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines.

Background.— Updated guidelines for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine have been issued by the American Headache Society (AHS) and the American Academy of Neurology (AAN). We summarize key 2012 guideline recommendations and changes from previous guidelines. We review the characteristics, methods, consistency, and quality of the AHS/AAN guidelines in comparison with recently issued guidelines from other specialty societies. Methods.— To accomplish this, we reviewed the AHS/AAN guidelines and identified comparable recent guidelines through a systematic MEDLINE search. We extracted key data, and summarized and compared the key recommendations and assessed quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation-II (AGREE-II) tool. We identified 2 additional recent guidelines for migraine prevention from the Canadian Headache Society and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. All of the guidelines used structured methods to locate evidence and linked recommendations with assessment of the evidence, but they varied in the methods used to derive recommendations from that evidence. Results.— Overall, the 3 guidelines were consistent in their recommendations of treatments for first-line use. All rated topiramate, divalproex/sodium valproate, propranolol, and metoprolol as having the highest level of evidence. In contrast, recommendations diverged substantially for gabapentin and feverfew. The overall quality of the guidelines ranged from 2 to 6 out of 7 on the AGREE-II tool. Conclusion.— The AHS/AAN and Canadian guidelines are recommended for use on the basis of the AGREE-II quality assessment. Recommendations for the future development of clinical practice guidelines in migraine are provided. In particular, efforts should be made to ensure that guidelines are regularly updated and that guideline developers strive to locate and incorporate unpublished clinical trial evidence.
FORMAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION IMPACT RESEARCH

FORMAL PROBLEMS IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Christian Werner University of California, I. Irvine Introduction The subject of this paper is the e m p i r i c a l , inductive approach as a method of determining quantitatively the influence which a transportation s y s - tem e x e r c i s e s on its environment. P r o b l e m s r e f e r r i n g s t r i c t l y to methods of st at i s t i cal analysis have been omitted; they are sufficiently c o v e r e d in t ex t - books on this subject. F u r t h e r m o r e , a specific form of impact, namely, the feedback on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m , has not been dealt with. Since some of the m o r e important r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m s have not been t r e a t e d p r o p e r l y or not at all in the impact l i t e r a t u r e , this paper contains t r i v i a l statements in places. Its r e s u l t s are e s s e n t i a l l y crude and p r e l i m i n a r y , but they do provide some f o r m a l organization and suggest improvements of the s c a r c e body of inductive impact r e s e a r c h methods so far available. Transportation impact r e s e a r c h is commonly considered as the study of the effect which transportation phenomena e x e r c i s e on other things. Hence, the raw m a t e r i a l of such a study consists of the description of transportation features and p r o c e s s e s as well as the environment with which they interact. The final goal is the description and explanation of these interactions. Both transportation and environmental phenomena can best be described with the concept of the property space to which the dimensions of space and time are added. Thus, the input information of a transportation impact study can be organized according to the dimensions of space, time and the various p r o p e r - ties (variables). The second step will then be concerned with the determination of interrelationships between transportation and environmental v a r i a b l e s in space and time. If, in addition, the impact study is to develop predictive power, the final section has to be concerned with the extrapolation of the variables and their interrelationships over the dimensions of time, space, and property scales. II. The Variables Since r e a l world phenomena usually display a large degree of complexity, the t e r m variable should be used only for their one-dimensional p r o p e r t i e s . T h e r e is no t h e o r e t i c a l way to d e t e r m i n e always in advance, which t r a n s p o r t a - tion v a r i a b l e s e x e r c i s e influence on their environment, and which en v i r o n m en - tal v a r i a b l e s will be affected. The selection of v a r i a b l e s will t h e r e f o r e be 1The support of the Department of Transportation, F e d e r a l Railroad Administration (Contract Nr. 7-35524), Washington, D. C., is gratefully acknowledged.
Long-term outcomes from a prospective trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy for low-risk prostate cancer.

Purpose Hypofractionated radiotherapy has an intrinsically different normal tissue and tumor radiobiology. The results of a prospective trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer with long-term patient-reported toxicity and tumor control rates are presented. Methods and Materials From 2003 through 2009, 67 patients with clinically localized low-risk prostate cancer were enrolled. Treatment consisted of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions using SBRT with the CyberKnife as the delivery technology. No patient received hormone therapy. Patient self-reported bladder and rectal toxicities were graded on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale (RTOG). Results Median follow-up was 2.7 years. There were no grade 4 toxicities. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 3, 2, and 1 bladder toxicities were seen in 3% (2 patients), 5% (3 patients), and 23% (13 patients) respectively. Dysuria exacerbated by urologic instrumentation accounted for both patients with Grade 3 toxicity. Urinary incontinence, complete obstruction, or persistent hematuria was not observed. Rectal Grade 3, 2, and 1 toxicities were seen in 0, 2% (1 patient), and 12.5% (7 patients), respectively. Persistent rectal bleeding was not observed. Low-grade toxicities were substantially less frequent with QOD vs. QD dose regimen ( p = 0.001 for gastrointestinal and p = 0.007 for genitourinary). There were two prostate-specific antigen (PSA), biopsy-proven failures with negative metastatic workup. Median PSA at follow-up was 0.5 ± 0.72 ng/mL. The 4-year Kaplan-Meier PSA relapse-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 85%–102%). Conclusion Significant late bladder and rectal toxicities from SBRT for prostate cancer are infrequent. PSA relapse-free survival compares favorably with other definitive treatments. The current evidence supports consideration of stereotactic body radiotherapy among the therapeutic options for localized prostate cancer.
Developmental History of U.S. State Department Office of Drug Demand Reduction's International Training

ABSTRACT The development of the drug overuse and addiction treatment models in the United States has an enormous impact on the adoption of similar activities throughout the world. The increased globalization of substance abuse attracted treatment practitioners from Europe to the U.S. to examine the implementation of therapeutic community and other models as viable treatment approaches for substance abusers, eventually leading to adoption of these models not only in Europe, but also in Latin America and Southeast Asia. This article discusses the acceptance of the therapeutic community and other models across the globe, and the technical assistance and training efforts to assist these countries in implementing such models in the context of a study to evaluate the drug treatment and aftercare efforts sponsored by the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL).
Smoking-cessation interventions for U.S. young adults: a systematic review.

Context Recent data suggest that the onset of cigarette smoking is now more likely during young adulthood than adolescence. Additionally, the landscape of delivering smoking-cessation interventions has changed in the past decade, with the emergence of mobile phone and web-based approaches. The objective of this study is to update a 2010 systematic review of smoking-cessation interventions for U.S. young adults (aged 18-24 years). Evidence acquisition Electronic searches were conducted in CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts to identify eligible interventions from August 31, 2009 through July 17, 2019. Two independent coders critically evaluated the methodology and findings of all retrieved articles. Data analysis was conducted in 2019. Evidence synthesis A total of 17 RCTs and 1 nonrandomized study were added to the original 14 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for this review; these studies varied with respect to sample size, intervention, assessed outcomes, and smoking measures. Of the new studies, 3 increased cessation in the short term, 2 at 6 months, and 1 had short-term effects on cigarette reduction. Pooled analyses supported the use of interventions employing social cognitive theory, quitline counseling, and text message programs for short-term cessation in young adults. Conclusions Of 32 included studies, 9 demonstrated efficacy of smoking cessation or reduction in U.S. young adults. There were no eligible pharmacologic interventions included in this review. Findings support the promise of 3 approaches for young adult cessation not included in the prior review: text message interventions, sustained quit-and-win contests, and multiple behavior interventions.
Rapid anisotropic motion of spin labels. models for motion averaging of the ESR parameters

Abstract A general approach is developed for averaging of the ESR parameters in the rapid motion limit. It is based on the intermediate-field approximation and is independent of the choice of coordinate systems. Specific models treated include rapid rotation about an arbitrary axis, wobble, and limited amplitude oscillations about one axis of a spin label.
Prediction of Octanol−Water Partition Coefficients Using a Group Contribution Solvation Model

Using our recently derived group contribution solvation (GCS) model, we have developed a predictive model for the octanol−water partition coefficient (KOW), the GCSKOW model. In this model KOW is calculated from two molecular structure parameters, which take into account the size and shape effects, and one energy parameter that determines the attractive interactions between the solute and the solvent. On the basis of quantum mechanical studies, we found that for organic solutes with a single strong functional group, all these parameters can be obtained in a group contribution manner. Consequently, we present a database here for various functional group contributions in this new, easy-to-use model. The root-mean-square deviation of the predicted log KOW from the GCSKOW model for 226 solutes is found to be 0.14 (which corresponds to 38% in KOW), which is considerably less than those from the methods of Hansch and Leo (0.18 in log KOW or 51%), KOW−UNIFAC (0.21 or 62%), and LSER (0.23 or 71%).
Sensitivity of Metal Reactivity to Gaseous Impurities in Oxygen Environments

In this note the surface oxidation of a metal particle in an environment of arbitrary oxygen concentration is analyzed, and it is demonstrated that, for a highly-reactive metal, its reactivity indeed increases exponentially with increasing oxygen concentration as the pure oxygen limit of the environment is approached
Determining the occlusal plane with the Camper's plane indicator

Camper's line has been used by many dentists as a reference in determining the plane of occlusion in edentulous patients. This article describes an instrument that provides the dentist with a clear and accurate assessment of the occlusal plane in relation to Camper's line.
Becoming a Fluent Reader: Reading Skill and Prosodic Features in the Oral Reading of Young Readers.

Prosodic reading, or reading with expression, is considered one of the hallmarks of fluent reading. The major purpose of the study was to learn how reading prosody is related to decoding and reading comprehension skills. Suprasegmental features of oral reading were measured in 2nd- and 3rd-grade children (N = 123) and 24 adults. Reading comprehension and word decoding skills were assessed. Children with faster decoding speed made shorter and less variable intersentential pauses, shorter intrasentential pauses, larger sentence-final fundamental frequency (F0) declinations, and better matched the adult prosodic F0 profile. Two structural equation models found evidence of a relationship between decoding speed and reading prosody as well as decoding speed and comprehension. There was only minimal evidence that prosodic reading was an important mediator of reading comprehension skill.
Semi-insulating InP grown by low pressure MOCVD

Fe-doped semi-insulating InP layers have been successfully grown in a vertical flow, low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LPMOCVD) system, and used as current blocking layers in buried crescent (BC) laser structures emitting at 1.51 µm. Triethylindium ((C2H2)3In), phosphine (PH3) and iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) were used as the reactant gases. Process variables have been identified which produce high resistivity (107 to 108 Ω-cm) InP having featureless surface morphology, and layer thickness and doping uniformity. There is optical and x-ray diffraction evidence for the presence of an unidentified In-Fe-P second phase associated with markedly degraded surface morphology under nonoptimized growth conditions. Early BC lasers incorporating LPMOCVD grown, Fe-doped InP blocking layers have operated CW with threshold currents as low as 12 m A and optical output > 18 mW.
Fundamental Theory of Piezotronics

Due to polarization of ions in crystals with noncentral symmetry, such as ZnO, GaN, and InN, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal when stress is applied. Electronics fabricated using the inner-crystal piezopotential as a gate voltage to tune or control the charge transport behavior across a metal/semiconductor interface or a p-n junction are called piezotronics. This is different from the basic design of complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field-effect transistors and has applications in force and pressure triggered or controlled electronic devices, sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), human-computer interfacing, nanorobotics, and touch-pad technologies. Here, the theory of charge transport in piezotronic devices is investigated. In addition to presenting the formal theoretical frame work, analytical solutions are presented for cases including metal-semiconductor contact and p-n junctions under simplified conditions. Numerical calculations are given for predicting the current-voltage characteristics of a general piezotronic transistor: metal-ZnO nanowire-metal device. This study provides important insight into the working principles and characteristics of piezotronic devices, as well as providing guidance for device design.
Absence of metabolite in the disappearance of nitroglycerin following incubation with red blood cells

Abstract When nitroglycerin was incubated at 37°C with human red blood cells obtained from two subjects and from outdated blood, the rate of loss of nitroglycerin observed was similar to that reported by others. At an initial concentration of 180 ng/ml nitroglycerin the loss followed a first-order process with a half-life of about 10–15 min depending on the source of the cells. Using an assay that could clearly follow the production of the major metabolites, 1,2- and 1,3-dinitroglycerin, it was found that none were present in the medium over the entire course of nitroglycerin loss. This finding shows that the the assumption by other workers, that the loss of nitroglycerin in blood is an enzymatic reaction, is not valid.
The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal: The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate Normals

©2011 American Meteorological Society T he World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and its predecessor, the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), have been coordinating the publication of global climate normals at the monthly scale for about 75 years. Member nations of the IMO/WMO were first mandated to compute climate normals for their respective countries for the 1901–30 period, and are required to update these climate normals every 30 years, resulting in the 1931–60 normals and the 1961–90 normals. Since 1956, the WMO has recommended that each member country recompute their 30-year climate normals every 10 years. Although some member countries do not update their climate normals every decade, for ease of comprehension we hereafter refer to the recommended decadally updated 30-year average as the standard WMO climate normal. Given substantial evidence (e.g., Solomon et al. 2007; Milly et al. 2008) indicating that the stationarity of climate statistics can no longer be (and never should have been) taken for granted, the justification for using a 30-yr normal for describing current and future climate conditions has increasingly been called into question (e.g., the 2007 Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology article by Livezey et al., hereafter referred to as L07). The key problem is that climate normals are calculated retrospectively, but are often utilized prospectively. Specifically, climate normals are calculated using data from a recent 30-yr The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate normals
Rethinkin the Study of Fear Appeals: An Emotional Perspective

A selective review of theories of fear appeals is carried out which concludes that these theories have gradually become divorced from the notion of fear. The forces that motivated that separation are examined and a set of arguments are advanced favoring a reunion of fear with a theory of fear appeals. As a means of achieving that union, emotion theory is reviewed and a set of axioms extracted. The axiomatic framework is then used to demonstrate how an emotional perspective on fear appeals might shed new light on this area of persuasion. Recommendations are offered for future studies of fear appeals.
Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics

Participants playing the computer game Tetris reported intrusive, stereotypical, visual images of the game at sleep onset. Three amnesic patients with extensive bilateral medial temporal lobe damage produced similar hypnagogic reports despite being unable to recall playing the game, suggesting that such imagery may arise without important contribution from the declarative memory system. In addition, control participants reported images from previously played versions of the game, demonstrating that remote memories can influence the images from recent waking experience.
Zinc'ing sensibly: controlling zinc homeostasis at the transcriptional level

Zinc-responsive transcription factors are found in all kingdoms of life and include the transcriptional activators ZntR, SczA, Zap1, bZip19, bZip23, and MTF-1, and transcriptional repressors Zur, AdcR, Loz1, and SmtB. These factors have two defining features; their activity is regulated by zinc and they all play a central role in zinc homeostasis by controlling the expression of genes that directly affect zinc levels or its availability. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms by which each of these factors sense changes in intracellular zinc levels and how they control zinc homeostasis through target gene regulation. Other factors that influence zinc ion sensing are also discussed.
Nitrogen relationships in biological treatment processes—I. Nitrification in the activated sludge process

THE RAPIDLY increasing pollutional loads on our natural waters coupled with increasing water needs for industrial and municipal consumption and recreational use has made nitrogen a major pollutant. When discharged in a sewage effluent, unoxidized nitrogen will exert an oxygen demand as ammonia is oxidized to nitrate. Nitrogen can also be responsible for algal blooms, resulting in undesirable conditions in recreational and potable waters. Of the various methods available for the removal of nitrogen from domestic waste water, it is felt that the biological treatment may prove the most economical and practical solution in many cases. Nitrogen removal by biological means must be considered as two very distinct process steps: the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and the subsequent reduction of nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen gas and other end products. To achieve higher removals of nitrogen by biochemical denitrification at a reasonable economic level, a high nitrification should be achieved. Nitrification is achieved in all the biological treatment units to varying extent depending upon the process variables such as organic loading, pH, mixed liquor suspended solids, dissolved oxygen level, period of aeration, presence of inhibitory substances, temperature, etc. The study reported here deals with: 1. Effect of organic loading and sludge age on nitrification. 2. Effect of C:N ratio on nitrification. 3. Evaluation of nitrification rate constants. 4. Evaluation of the deglee of nitrification of a final effluent fortified with ammonia nitrogen.
High Altitude Router and Relay for Over-the-Horizon Networks

The US Naval Research Laboratory has been working on testing processing and transponded payload configurations for the High Altitude Router and Relay (HARR) project to achieve a viable long range end-to-end mobile ad-hoc wireless network in a tactical environment. HARR has the potential to provide closed network communications and other tactical capabilities between nodes separated by over 200 miles, and at a relatively reduced cost. The system has at least one re-useable relay payload and at least two ground nodes. The relay payloads have the capability to send and receive signals to and from ground nodes as well as to other relay stations. The ground nodes have apparatus for acquiring, tracking, and determining the location of relay stations that are aloft. Our paper describes the integration of various commercial off the shelf (COTS) systems to construct this network, as well as an analysis of collected test data using unicast and multicast transport protocols in an IP based environment.
Aneurysmal bone cyst associated with a dentigerous cyst: report of case

An aneurysmal bone cyst associated with a dentigerous cyst filled the entire maxillary right sinus and corresponding eroding portions. The report discusses the unusual presence of a dentigerous cyst, documentation of an aneurysmal bone cyst associated with a primary lesion, and offers suggestions as to the common pathogenesis of the two lesions.
Thiophilic interaction chromatography of prostate-specific antigen.

Abstract Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protein and complexes of PSA with α 1 -antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) or α 2 -macroglobulin (PSA-A 2 M) prepared in vitro, have strong affinity for different thiophilic gels (T-gel). Free PSA, and these PSA complexes can be isolated due to their affinity for T-gels. The average recovery of PSA from several of the T-gels, based upon ELISA measurements, was 84 to 94%. The data suggest that T-gel affinity can be explored for the purification of free and complexed PSA from various biologic fluids.
Growth and interconnection of pressurized pores in nickel and relation to stress rupture models

Abstract Swelling and gas release were studied using pure nickel as a model metallic system. ‘Green’ powder compacts were sintered in a high pressure argon atmosphere until pores closed and gas was entrapped. When the ambient high pressure was reduced, the compact swelled until pores interconnected and the gas was released. Gas release was detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer system. Microstructure evolution during swelling and gas release was examined by scanning electron microscopy and quantitative microscopy. The pore size and form factor distributions were measured and pores were found to reside primarily at the grain boundaries. For pure nickel, the swelling driving force, DF = p - P - 2γ/r (where p is the internal pore pressure, P is the external pressure, γ is the surface energy and r is the pore radius) may be completely determined using this technique. For low driving forces and high density, a linear relationship was found between the swelling strain-rate and the driving force. At higher driving forces and lower density, a non-linear relationship was found.
Mathematical modeling of boron diffusion from boron oxide glass film sources

Mathematical models are developed to examine two alternative means of boron doping from boron-rich glass films. For the planar source diffusion system, in which boron diffusion and glass film growth occur simultaneously at high temperature (900-1200/sup 0/C), glass film growth rates and the degree of doping achieved are predicted. In most cases, the solubility limit of boron in silicon is attained at the silicon surface. It is found that depletion of the boron source wafers used in this process may be slowed considerably by their removal from the reactor after a short time. Model predictions for an alternative method, in which the glass film is pregrown at low temperature (300/sup 0/C) and the diffusion subsequently performed at high temperature, demonstrate a strong dependence of the boron surface concentration on the initial boron content in the pregrown glass film, for concentrations of boron near the solubility limit. The conditions for which a masking film of SiO/sub 2/ is insufficient to prevent boron diffusion into silicon, known as mask failure, are also predicted by the models.