cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton and 13C NMR spectra of substituted methyl cyanopropionates: Effects of molecular asymmetry

The proton NMR spectra at 220 MHz of two series of substituted cyanopropionates, have been investigated. In addition the 13C spectra at 15 MHz of the series I were also studied. In I, where the R groups are diastereotopic, differences are observed in the proton chemical shifts of the CH3 groups in R for R = CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7, n-C4H9, n-C5H11 and n-C6H13. In II [R′ = n-C3H7, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH(CH3)2 and C(CH3)3] diastereoisomers are found with substantial differences in chemical shifts between corresponding protons. Coupling constants are interpreted in terms of conformational preferences for certain molecules in both series.
Implications of a single mobile computing device

This paper explores some of the implications of having a single platform that suffices for all of the mobile computing needs of an individual. It examines a mobile computing scenario from the perspective of designing the user interface software, and potential reliability and security issues.
Social Support and Self-Concept in Relation to Peer Victimization and Peer Aggression

Peer victimization is an enduring problem in schools (Wang, Iannotti, & Nansel, 2009). The current study focused on relations among two ecological variables that may be related to involvement in peer victimization: self-concept and social support. The main goal of this study was to investigate relations among social support, self-concept, and involvement in peer victimization (both as a victim and aggressor). The sample included 251 students in Grades 3–5. There was a significant negative relation between social support and peer victimization (β = –.22, p < .05) as well as a significant, negative relation between self-concept and peer victimization (β = –.24, p < .05). For peer aggression, there was a significant negative relation between social support and peer aggression (β = –.49, p < .001) as well as a significant, positive relation between self-concept and peer aggression (β = .23, p < .05).
Borohydride reduction of substituted isopropylidene methylenemalonates

Abstract Knoevenagel-type products derived from Meldrum's Acid are readily reduced by sodium borohydride to give monosubstituted isopropylidene malonates in high yield.
Super-SILAC for tumors and tissues

The super-SILAC approach facilitates the quantitative analysis of human tumor tissue proteomes.
Peripheral B‐cell maturation: the intersection of selection and homeostasis

B cells complete maturation after migrating to the periphery, where they transit several intermediate developmental stages prior to recruitment into the long-lived primary pool. Because B-lineage commitment is not regulated by peripheral pool size and most peripheral B cells are quiescent, the primary factors governing steady-state numbers are the proportion of immature B cells surviving transit through later developmental stages and the longevity of mature B cells themselves. Substantial evidence indicates that the B-cell receptor (BCR) plays an essential role in all these processes, but recent findings suggest a central role for the recently described tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member, B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS). Signaling through one of the BLyS receptors, BLyS receptor 3 (BR3), controls B-cell numbers in two ways: by varying the proportion of cells that complete transitional B-cell development and by serving as the primary determinant of mature B-cell longevity. The recent discovery that BCR signaling is selectively coupled to BR3 expression in a developmentally regulated fashion links BCR- and BLyS-mediated events, suggesting that specificity-based selection and survival may be mechanistically similar processes.
Subjective and hormonal effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans

Rationale. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used phenethylamine. Reports have described the effects of MDMA in a controlled laboratory setting, but the full range of effects of MDMA in humans is still not completely characterized.
Immune conflicts in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

In this chapter, we have reviewed the immunopathology of LCMV disease and the possible mechanisms involved. While much of what has been learned about LCMV immunopathology is unique to this system, many of the basic principles can be used to increase our understanding of viral immunopathology in other systems. For example, knowledge of the immune mechanisms mediating LCMV hepatitis may provide insights into understanding and managing infections such as chronic active hepatitis B. Chronic active hepatitis B is likely immune mediated, given that the majority of chronic hepatitis B carriers do not have ongoing liver inflammation. As monoclonal antibody and cytokine immunotherapy becomes increasingly available, development of successful treatment modalities will depend upon a greater understanding of the effector arms of the immune system mediating hepatitis B liver damage. Immune-complex disease similar to that seen in LCMV carrier mice has been seen in other chronic viral infections. These include chronic hepatitis B, HIV, and lactate dehydrogenase virus in mice [13, 18, 44, 47, 54, 61]. Therapy of most immunecomplex disease has focused on treatment of the underlying disease or attending to the disease complications, such as end-stage nephritis. Studies of LCMV immunecomplex glomerulohephritis have shown that the disease severity varies depending on the genetic background of the host. Understanding the host factors involved in the development of immune-complex disease may provide insight into identifying those at risk and intervening prior to the development of the disease. Perhaps the most intriguing and challenging aspects of the study of LCMV immunopathology is its possible implications for better understanding infection with HIV. During HIV infection, as CD4 numbers decline, CD8+ CTL activity is lost and virus levels increase. As was seen during clearance of a chronic LCMV infection, the presence of CD4+ cells may be crucial in controlling viral spread through sustaining viral-specific CD8+ CTL activity. Infection of mice with the macrophage-tropic strain LCMV clone 13 results in immune suppression and susceptiblity to opportunistic infection with H. capsulatum. Studies of the mechanisms leading to susceptabilty to histoplasmosis may have implications for AIDS, since in endemic areas, disseminated histoplasmosis is a frequently seen complication in AIDS. Thus, studies of LCMV immunopathology serve to not only expand our knowledge of viral immunopathology in general, but also have practical implications for understanding and treating human disease.
Family segregating for multiple alleles of cholinesterase: a laboratory study

1. A family segregating for four alleles (usual, silent, fluoride and dibucaine resistent) of pseudocholinesterase was examined intensively by various laboratory methods. 2. The parameters examined were the serum enzymes' response to ionic strength and to differential inhibition using chloride, fluoride and dibucaine. Substrates used were acetyl, butyryl and benzoylcholine. 3. Correlation analyses of the data and ratios of the data were performed. A genotype is presented that assigns the family in accordance with the measured parameters.
Patterns in Stream Fish Assemblage Structure and Function Associated With a PCB Gradient

Stream fish assemblage structure and function were examined for significant response along a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) gradient from two PCB-contaminated streams (Clear Creek and Richland Creek watershed) at three locations and a control stream (Little Indian Creek), Indiana, USA. Fish were sampled in the summer months of 1995 and from 1999 to 2002. 51 fish assemblage attributes—including structure (i.e., fish composition) and function (i.e., trophic, reproductive, condition guilds), biomass, and index of biotic integrity (IBI) metric scores—were evaluated for significance according to an increasing PCB gradient. Eight biomass attributes of fish assemblages decreased with increasing PCB concentration: number of species biomass, number of sunfish biomass, percent sunfish biomass, number of sucker biomass, percent sucker biomass, biomass of sensitive species, percent sensitive species biomass, and percent carnivore biomass. Three biomass attributes increased with PCB concentration: percent minnow biomass, percent pioneer species biomass, and percent tolerant species biomass. Seven species composition and relative abundance characters decreased with increasing PCB concentration: number of species; number of darter, madtom, and sculpin; number of darter; number of sunfish; number of sucker; number of sensitive species; and percent individuals as carnivores. Percent individuals as pioneer species increased with increasing PCB concentration. Two IBI metrics, percent individuals as headwater species and number of minnow species, increased as PCB concentrations increased, whereas number of sucker species and percent individuals as pioneer species decreased with increasing PCB concentration class. We observed a direct response between decreased relative abundance and biomass of carnivores and increased relative abundance minnows as the PCB gradient increased. Total IBI score did not detect subtle changes to the fish community that were observed along a PCB gradient, whereas diagnostic analysis of the individual metrics did.
Staff meetings: an opportunity for accelerated training of employees

This article describes how the author incorporated accelerated training techniques into weekly staff meetings, which speeded up staff training, made the training more effective, and improved morale. Before incorporating these techniques, the author found it difficult to get staff to come to the weekly team meetings, and found it hard to keep their attention. After the change the meetings became enjoyable and productive. Based on research on accelerated training, the author designed a new model for weekly training meetings that met diverse learning styles, engaged the learners’ whole brain, learning styles, methods of reception and intelligences. The model made training exciting, fun and engaging; and appealed to learners’ preferred styles of reception, organization and expression.
Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity

S. Cuomo, Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. xi + 212 pp. £45.00/$85.00. ISBN-13 978-0-5218-10739. Serafina Cuomo's book provides a mu...
Using transaction-level data to diagnose knowledge gaps and misconceptions

The role of assessment in learning is to evaluate student comprehension and ability. Assessment instruments often function at the task level. What is rarely considered is the process students go through to reach the final solution. This often allows knowledge component gaps and misconceptions to go undetected. This research identified higher levels of knowledge component gaps and misunderstandings when assessing transaction-level knowledge component data than task-level final solution data. Final solution data showed little evidence that students had any misunderstanding or knowledge gaps about the use of absolute references. However, when analyzing these data at the transaction level we found evidence that far more students struggled than the analysis of the final solutions suggested.
Pixel-planes 4: a summary

We describe the current state of the Pixel-planes research project, whose goal is to develop powerful raster graphics systems for the next generation of workstations, The first full-scale prototype has been in regular use in our department's computer graphics laboratory since its first demonstration at SIGGRAPH '86, more than a year ago, We describe the final hardware configuration of the prototype system, filling in some of the engineering details heretofore unpublished, Next we outline the programming environment for the machine and summarize the major algorithms that have been developed, Finally we discuss our progress towards a new generation of the Pixel-planes architecture, Pixel planes 5.
Benefits of implicit redundant genetic algorithms for structural damage detection in noisy environments

A robust structural damage detection method that can handle noisy frequency response function information is discussed. The inherent unstructured nature of damage detection problems is exploited by applying an implicit redundant representation (IRR) genetic algorithm. The unbraced frame structure results obtained show that the IRR GA is less sensitive to noise than a SGA.
Control of Pore Size and Morphology in Collagen Microspheres

Collagen microspheres are used to immobilize mammalian and hybridoma cells in commercial cell culture in a continuous fluidized bed bioreactor. One advantage of this technology is the high cell densities and the resulting high reactor volume productivity. Cell densities have exceeded 108 cells per milliliter of reactor volume in steady state culture of CHO cells. The microsphere is manufactured in a multi-stage batch process that initially involves pretreating insoluble, Type I bovine hide collagen to remove fats, triglycerides and any soluble compounds. The collagen fibers are then milled and dispersed in an acid solution. Water to collagen ratios of 500/1, mass basis, have been achieved. Stainless steel weighting material is blended in the collagen dispersion in order to control the specific gravity. The dispersion is cast into droplets which are in turn frozen, thermally soaked, lyophilized, fractionated by terminal velocity, crosslinked and finally sterilized. The morphology and pore size are created during the soaking phase, wherein the completely frozen collagen dispersion is partially melted to provide a mobile phase for the collagen fibrils to rearrange. In their dispersed form, collagen fibrils have additional uses in separation and purification due to the ability to precisely control the swelling and collapsing by pH, surface area and concentration.
Estimating the Errors Remaining in a Data Set: Techniques for Quality Control

Abstract This article presents two methods of quantifying the adequacy with which research data have been checked in the process of quality control. In the duplicate performance method, the data operation is carried out twice, independently, and the results are compared; the remaining errors in the data set can be estimated thereby and a confidence limit can be obtained. In the known errors method, the supervisor purposely introduces into a data set known errors similar in form to suspected unknown errors. Then a staff member checks the file; the results yield the number of known errors found and the number of unknown errors found. The method, like the duplicate performance method, allows the accuracy of both workers to be quantified and allows an estimate, with a confidence limit, of the number of as-yet-unfound errors still lurking in the data set.
STRUCTURE OF COLUMELLA CELLS IN PRIMARY AND LATERAL ROOTS OF HELIANTHUS ANNUVS (COMPOSITAE)

Summary Primary and lateral roots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were fixed in situ and the ultrastructures of their columella cells determined using stereology. The relative volumes of cellular components and the distribution of organelles in columella cells of primary and lateral roots were not significantly different. All organelles were distributed asymmetrically in columella cells of both types of roots. Nuclei tended to be located in the upper third of the cells, while vacuoles tended to be located in the middle third. Amyloplasts, dictyosomes and mitochondria were most frequent in the lower third of columella cells in both types of roots. These results suggest that the differential responses to gravity of primary and lateral roots of H. annuus are probably due to factors other than the ultrastructures of their columella cells.
FIELD STUDY AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SLACK‐WATER BUILDUP OF A POLLUTANT IN A TIDAL RIVER1

The accumulation of a pollutant in the vicinity of an outfall during slack-water periods in a tidal river was studied through a field investigation and a mathematical model. A diffuser was installed across the main channel of the Yaquina River about 35 km from the mouth at Newport, Oregon. Rhodamine- was injected at a constant rate for 10 hr and over 400 water samples were taken. The data indicate a significant buildup during periods of slack water. A one-dimensional, time dependent, finite-difference model dcvelopcd for the field study simulated average trends reasonably well, but calculated peak values were consistently lower than field observations. Concentration profiles from the model wcrc sensitive to the dispersion coefficient and the grid parameters when large concentration gradients were present.
The early solar system and the rotation of the Sun

In most discussions of the formation of the Solar System, the early Sun is assumed to have possessed the bulk of the angular momentum of the system, and a closely surrounding disc of gas was spun out, which, through magnetic coupling, acquired a progressively larger proportion of the total angular momentum. There are difficulties with this model in accounting for the inclined axis of the Sun, the magnitude of the magnetic coupling required, and the nucleogenetic variations recently observed in the Solar System. Another possibility exists, namely that of a slowly contracting disc of interstellar material, leading to the formation of both a central star and a protoplanetary disc. In this model one can better account for the tilt of the Sun’s axis and the lack of mixing necessary to account for the nucleogenetic evidence. The low angular momentum of the Sun and of other low mass stars is then seen as resulting from a slow build-up as a degenerate dwarf, acquiring orbital material at a low specific angular momentum. When the internal temperature reaches the threshold for hydrogen burning, the star expands to the Main Sequence and is now a slow rotator. More massive stars would spin quickly because they had to acquire orbiting material after the expansion, and therefore at a high specific angular momentum. A process of gradual inward spiralling may also allow materials derived from different sources to accumulate into solid bodies, and be placed on a great variety of orbits in the outer reaches of the system, setting up the cometary cloud of uneven nucleogenetic composition.
Patterns of care for early stage bladder cancer

BACKGROUND: Early stage bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variable risk of progression and mortality. Uncertainty surrounding the optimal care for these patients may result in a mismatch between disease risk and treatment intensity. METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results-Medicare data, we identified patients diagnosed with early stage bladder cancer (n = 24,980) between 1993 and 2002. We measured patients' treatment intensity by totaling all Medicare payments made for bladder cancer in the 2 years after diagnosis. Using multiple logistic regression, we assessed relationships between clinical characteristics and treatment intensity. Finally, we determined the extent to which a patient's disease risk matched with their treatment intensity. RESULTS: The average per capita expenditures increased from $6,936 to $7,642 over the study period (10.2% increase; P < .01). This increase was driven by greater use of intravesical therapy (2.6 vs 3.7 instillations per capita, P < .01) and physician office visits (3.0 vs 4.8 visits per capita, P < .01). Generally, treatment intensity was appropriately aligned with many clinical characteristics, including age, comorbidity, tumor stage, and grade. However, treatment intensity matched disease risk for only 55% and 49% of the lowest and highest risk patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The initial treatment intensity of early stage bladder cancer is increasing, primarily through greater use of intravesical therapy and office visits. Treatment intensity matches disease risk for many, but up to 1 in 5 patients may receive too much or too little care, suggesting opportunities for improvement. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Demand elasticities for Internet services

Noting the phenomenal growth of the Internet during the last few years, the spectacular nature of the information technology revolution represented by it, and lack of direct studies of demand for Internet services, this paper makes a beginning toward providing price- and income-elasticity estimates by using a simple model and cross-country OECD data for the year 2000. Seven main points are noted. First, the demand seems price-inelastic in all variants estimated by us. Second, the income elasticity appears to be unity or larger, indicating Internet services may not constitute a ‘necessity’. Third, the absolute price elasticity seems lower, particularly for the broader price measure, in the group of users than for subscribers. Fourth, the income elasticity also seems smaller for users than for subscribers. Fifth, the income-elasticity estimates suggest that measures to encourage Internet usage through subscriptions might not seem equity enhancing, but encouragement of usage through increased access to non-s...
Conceptual Metaphors as Interpretive Tools in Qualitative Research: A Re-Examination of College Students' Diversity Discussions

In this contribution to the growing literature on conceptual metaphor as a fruitful heuristic for qualitative analysis, the authors re-analyzed transcripts of college student discussions of problematic situations involving cultural diversity and interpersonal conflict. The authors show how they identified metaphorical linguistic expressions and from them derived three conceptual metaphors (life is a journey, the problem is a barrier/maze, and the self is divided) that in turn formed patterns or constellations of meanings in students’ problem-solving strategies. As an interpretive tool, conceptual metaphors link certain isolated individual metaphors to these larger patterns of meaning, including ideological frameworks readily available in US culture. Key Words: Conceptual Metaphor, Metaphor Analysis, Qualitative Data Analysis, Political Worldviews, Cultural Diversity, and College Students “She is kind of stuck. … She should stand up to him,” a student’s description of a problem at the beginning of the semester. The same student’s description of a problem at the end of the semester,
Endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy: early clinical results.

Abstract Purpose The benefits of minimally invasive surgery have been well documented. The purpose of this report was to present early results in a series of patients who had endoscopic mandibular orthognathic surgery. Patients and methods This is a retrospective evaluation of 14 patients who underwent endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy and rigid fixation for the treatment of mandibular prognathism (n = 9), malocclusion secondary to trauma (n = 3), or other pathology (n = 2). A 1.5-cm incision was made directly below the mandibular angle. The dissection was continued bluntly to the masseter muscle, which was incised using a needlepoint electrocautery. Then, with endoscopic elevators, an optical cavity was created for insertion of a Hopkins endoscope and visualization of the ramus/condyle unit. Anatomic landmarks were identified and the operation carried out with specially designed endoscopic equipment. Preoperative (T0), postoperative (T1), and follow-up (T2) clinical examinations; lateral cephalograms; and panoramic radiographs were used to evaluate the outcomes. Results The procedures performed included: vertical ramus osteotomy (n = 13 patients, 23 sides) and condylectomy plus vertical ramus osteotomy (n = 1 patient, 1 side). Mean operating time was 37 minutes per side. One patient had temporary marginal mandibular nerve weakness. The occlusal result was as planned in all cases. Panoramic radiographs documented postoperative ramus/condyle unit position and lateral cephalograms documented mandibular position. Conclusions The results of this case series indicate that endoscopic vertical ramus osteotomy with rigid fixation is feasible for correction of a variety of mandibular deformities.
On innovation, and building and sustaining a successful career in research

Innovation and the generation of new knowledge are fundamental research goals. As such, proficiency in these areas is essential to becoming a successful researcher. Yet, although a principal goal of graduate school is to train students to become effective researchers, innovation is seldom explicitly discussed. The goal of this article is to fill this gap. Specifically, I provide some insights into the process of innovation and suggest activities that may help to increase one's capacity for innovative thought, and ultimately, help build a successful, sustained career in research.
Identification of three transcriptional regulatory elements in the rat mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor-encoding gene

Abstract The sequence upstream from the first exon in the rat mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor-encoding gene ( MBR ) was analyzed for transcriptional promoter activity by three techniques: promoter deletion analysis in vectors containing the gene cat encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) and DNase I protection assay. All three methods are in uniformity with the identification of at least three regulatory elements corresponding to locations -51/-33, -26//-249 and -555/-526. The most distal and proximal domains are positive-acting, whereas the element at -267/-249 acts in a negative manner. The positive-acting -51/-33 element contains the middle of three consensus Sp1-recognition sequences found in this region of the gene. Binding of Y1 cell nuclear protein to a DNA fragment corresponding to this region of the gene is competed by a synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide bearing the consensus Sp1-binding site sequence. These studies provide the first reported functional evidence localizing transcriptional elements of MBR .
On the elgenvectors of Schur's matrix

Abstract A basis of eigenvectors is given for the matrix U = (e2πimn/q), (1 ≤ m, n ≤ q). The eigenvectors arise from the characters on the reduced residue class group (mod q).
Scent of a Woman Men’s Testosterone Responses to Olfactory Ovulation Cues

Adaptationist models of human mating provide a useful framework for identifying subtle, biologically based mechanisms influencing cross-gender social interaction. In line with this framework, the current studies examined the extent to which olfactory cues to female ovulation—scents of women at the peak of their reproductive fertility—influence endocrinological responses in men. Men in the current studies smelled T-shirts worn by women near ovulation or far from ovulation (Studies 1 and 2) or control T-shirts not worn by anyone (Study 2). Men exposed to the scent of an ovulating woman subsequently displayed higher levels of testosterone than did men exposed to the scent of a nonovulating woman or a control scent. Hence, olfactory cues signaling women’s levels of reproductive fertility were associated with specific endocrinological responses in men—responses that have been linked to sexual behavior and the initiation of romantic courtship.
Long-lost relative claims orphan gene: oskar in a wasp

“To us as embyrologists and men the formation of an embryo has appeared to be everything, the history of the germ cells a secondary item of no particular moment. Nature, on the other hand, reverses the relative importance of the two, setting the germ-cells in the place of honour, as linking the remote past with the distant future.” In 1902, the vertebrate embryologist James Beard wrote these words in his monograph on germ cells in the skate Raja batis [1]. Over 110 years later, germ line specification and development are indeed major areas of investigation in the fields of developmental biology and evolution. August Weismann's description of the germ line as containing “unalterable accessory idioplasm” [2] may sound suspiciously mythical to modern readers. Nevertheless, we now know that in some animals, a special cytoplasm containing conserved gene products is indeed transmitted from oocyte to embryonic germ cells, and again to oocytes in the next generation. This “germ plasm” is necessary and sufficient for germ cell formation, and its molecular basis is best understood in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Germ plasm in some form has been described in oocytes and embryos of most “higher insects” (Holometabola: e.g., flies, wasps, and butterflies) as well as in other animals such as frogs and fish. However, in “lower insects” (Hemimetabola: e.g., grasshoppers, mayflies, and cockroaches) and in most other animals, nothing like germ plasm or inherited germ line determinants have been reported. In mice, the best studied example of such cases, inductive signals from specific somatic cells cause neighbouring cells to adopt germ cell fate. Comparative analyses suggest that most animals may use inductive signaling rather than germ plasm to specify germ cells, including animals branching close to the base of the animal tree (e.g., sponges and cnidarians). This has led to the hypothesis that the ancestral mechanism for animal germ cell specification may have been based on inductive signaling, meaning that germ plasm-driven mechanisms would have evolved independently several times in animal radiation [3]. How such a novel mechanism could have evolved remains unclear. In a recent paper [4], Jeremy Lynch and colleagues provide evidence that a critical component of germ plasm in insects is more ancient than previously thought, and that the driving force for this novel mechanism was the evolution of a novel gene.
Carrot-Eaters and Creature-Believers: The Effects of Lexicalization on Children's Inferences About Social Categories

This article examines how language affects children's inferences about novel social categories. We hypothesized that lexicalization (using a noun label to refer to someone who possesses a certain property) would influence children's inferences about other people. Specifically, we hypothesized that when a property is lexicalized, it is thought to be more stable over time and over contexts. One hundred fifteen children (5- and 7-year-olds) learned about a characteristic of a hypothetical person (e.g., “Rose eats a lot of carrots”). Half the children were told a noun label for each character (e.g., “She is a carrot-eater”), whereas half heard a verbal predicate (e.g., “She eats carrots whenever she can”). The children judged characteristics as significantly more stable over time and over contexts when the characteristics were referred to by a noun than when they were referred to by a verbal predicate. Lexicalization (in the form of a noun) provides important information to children regarding the stability of...
Algorithms for simulation of three-dimensional etching

A three-dimensional optical lithography simulator has been developed based on a new ray-string algorithm for dissolution etch-front advancement. In developing the new algorithm, performance studies of cell, string and ray algorithms were carried out in two dimensions. A key finding was that a recursive ray method for the calculation of the surface-advancement vector produced numerically stable and highly accurate results. The optimum algorithm was found to be one that combines the recursive-ray method with the string approach, in which etch-rate-dependent rays are used to advance the points, segments and triangles which make up the etching boundary. This algorithm has been implemented in 3-D in the C programming language, using a linked-list data structure to represent the etching boundary mesh. Recursive time-step selection, mesh modification, and clipping and delooping of the etch boundary surface have been implemented. The 3-D ray-string etch simulator has been coupled to 2-D imaging and 3-D resist-exposure simulators to form SAMPLE-3D, a complete fast and accurate 3-D photolithography simulator. The complete simulator has been used to investigate various issues in 3-D lithographic pattern transfer. >
High-Q Solenoidal Inductive Elements

A solenoid-like magnetic-storage element embedded in high-resistivity silicon is presented that maintains well-defined signal and signal return-paths. By not being focused on creating a lumped inductor equivalent, the design space is opened up. At 5 GHz an effective inductance of 1.9 nH with a Q of 30 increasing to a 10.6 nH inductance with a Q of 11 were achieved.
Influence of maturation and growth on cefetamet pivoxil pharmacokinetics: rational dosing for infants.

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) cefetamet and the bioavailability of oral cefetamet pivoxil in infants aged 3.5 to 17.3 months who were hospitalized for urological surgery were characterized. The absorption of cefetamet pivoxil administered in a syrup formulation was 38 +/- 19% (n = 5) for infants, which was comparable to values observed for children and adults. The plasma half-life of i.v. cefetamet was 3.03 +/- 0.96 h (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 20) in the infants. This was not different from the value observed for normal adult subjects but was longer than that reported for children aged 3 to 12 years. Urinary recovery of cefetamet after i.v. administration to infants was 63.4 +/- 17.7% (n = 16), which was less than the 80% recovery found in older children and adults. The steady-state volume of distribution was 399 +/- 116 ml/kg of body weight. It was comparable in size and showed the same dependence on body weight as it did in children and adults. The mean systemic clearance per kilogram of body weight in the infants was lower than that in children and adults, apparently because of immaturity of clearance processes. A model that accounted for maturation and growth with increasing age was developed for the clearance. On the basis of this model, the clearance capacity increased from birth to 5 years by a factor of 4.5 because of maturation. Maturation progressed exponentially, with a half-life of 14 months. This model was used to develop dosing regimen guidelines for pediatric patients aged 3.5 months and older.
A brief introduction to comparative librarianship

La bibliotheconomie comparee est la science qui etudie le developpement des bibliotheques en relation avec les facteurs exterieurs: conditions historiques, geographiques, politiques, sociales ou culturelles. Les buts, les methodologies et les terrains d'application de cette discipline sont brievement presentes
Evidence for two-dimensional ising structure in atomic nuclei

Although the unpaired nucleons in an atomic nucleus exhibit pronounced shell-model-like behavior, the situation with respect to the paired-off « core region » nucleons is considerably more abscure. Several recent « multi-α knockout » and « quasi-fission » experiments indicate that nucleon clustering is prevalent throughout the core region of the nucleus; this same conclusion is suggested by nuclear-binding-energy systematics, by the evidence for a « neutron halo » in heavy nuclei and by the magnetic-moment systematics of low-mass odd-A nuclei. A number of arguments suggests, in turn, that this nucleon clustering is not spherical or spheroidal in shape, as has generally been assumed, but instead is in the form of two-dimensional Ising-like layers, with the layers arrayed perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the nucleus. The effects of this two-dimensional layering are observed most clearly in low-energy-induced fission, where nuclei with an even (odd) number of Ising laysers fission symmetrically (asymmetrically). This picture of the nucleus gives an immediate quantitative explanation for the observed asymmetry in the fission of uranium, and also for the transition from symmetric to asymmetric and back to symmetric fission as the atomic number of the fissioning nucleus increases fromA=197 up toA=258. These results suggest that, in the shell model formulation of the atomic nucleus, the basis states for the paired-off nucleon core region should be modified so as to contain laminar nucleon cluster correlations.
Fixtureless Robotic Assembly Workcell

The assembly of manufactured products represents an area of increasing interest for the application of robotics and automation. Most applications currently require the construction of special parts feeders and precise fixtures to hold the assembly. These fixtures add cost and lengthen setup times, making the implementation of robotic assembly less attractive, especially for short production runs. Furthermore, robot programming must usually be adjusted to the workspace by trial and error, adding to the development costs.
Wounds Associated with Osseous Sequestration and Penetrating Foreign Bodies

Nonhealing wounds can present a frustrating clinical challenge to the veterinary practitioner. In many cases, healing is delayed by the presence of a foreign body or sequestrum; a review of wounds complicated by the presence of osseous sequestration and penetrating foreign bodies is presented. The typical signs include delayed wound healing and the presence of serous to exudative drainage, which may vary from intermittent to continuous. The use of radiographic or sonographic imaging modalities is often of value in reaching a diagnosis. Removal of the sequestra or foreign body is generally curative.
Dynamic Allostery Mediated by a Conserved Tryptophan in the Tec Family Kinases.

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a Tec family non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in immune signaling and is associated with the immunological disorder X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Our previous findings showed that the Tec kinases are allosterically activated by the adjacent N-terminal linker. A single tryptophan residue in the N-terminal 17-residue linker mediates allosteric activation, and its mutation to alanine leads to the complete loss of activity. Guided by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry results, we have employed Molecular Dynamics simulations, Principal Component Analysis, Community Analysis and measures of node centrality to understand the details of how a single tryptophan mediates allostery in Btk. A specific tryptophan side chain rotamer promotes the functional dynamic allostery by inducing coordinated motions that spread across the kinase domain. Either a shift in the rotamer population, or a loss of the tryptophan side chain by mutation, drastically changes the coordinated motions and dynamically isolates catalytically important regions of the kinase domain. This work also identifies a new set of residues in the Btk kinase domain with high node centrality values indicating their importance in transmission of dynamics essential for kinase activation. Structurally, these node residues appear in both lobes of the kinase domain. In the N-lobe, high centrality residues wrap around the ATP binding pocket connecting previously described Catalytic-spine residues. In the C-lobe, two high centrality node residues connect the base of the R- and C-spines on the αF-helix. We suggest that the bridging residues that connect the catalytic and regulatory architecture within the kinase domain may be a crucial element in transmitting information about regulatory spine assembly to the catalytic machinery of the catalytic spine and active site.
Transgenic Over-Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase III in Cardiac Muscle Demonstrates a Mechanism to Resist Acidosis

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is an abundant protein in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose cells. A cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes conversions between CO2 and HCO3- in regulating intracellular pH, its physiological function in muscle is unclear. Mice lacking CAIII showed lower than wild type intracellular pH in skeletal muscle cells during fatigue treatment. To further understand the role of CAIII in muscle functions and stress adaptation, we developed transgenic mice overexpressing CAIII in the heart under the control of a cloned myosin heavy chain promoter for phenotype comparisons with wild type mouse hearts that are CAIII negative. Three months old transgenic mice showed normal cardiac phenotypes under non-stress conditions. Cardiac function was examined using ex vivo working heart preparations under normal and low pH conditions to investigate CAIII function in pH regulation of cardiac muscle. With equilibration of 5% CO2 generating pH 7.4 in normal Kreb's perfusion buffer, 10% CO2 was used to lower pH to 7.0. Functional data showed that transgenic and wild type hearts had similar pumping functions under normal pH. Perfused with low pH buffer, heart functions of both groups were decreased. In comparison with wild type controls at low pH, CAIII transgenic mouse hearts showed higher left ventricular pressure development and systolic and diastolic velocities under both baseline conditions and increased afterload stress, indicating a better tolerance to acidosis. The results suggest that CAIII may function in compensating for intracellular pH under acidotic conditions, a tractive novel approach to develop new treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.
In situ Analysis of Materials Under Mechanical Stress: A Novel Instrument for Simultaneous Nanoindentation and Raman Spectroscopy

An instrument that allows the simultaneous measurement of the mechanical deformation and Raman spectra of materials under contact loading is described. The instrument consists of a custom nanoindenter that operates on a laser-scanning Raman microscope.
Unusual histopathology of mucormycosis in acute myelogenous leukemia

Mucormycosis is a mycotic disease caused by certain genera of the class Zygomycetes (order Mucorales). It is usually a rapidly progressive opportunistic infection characterized by vascular invasion, neutrophilic response, and intravascular thromboses. Entomophthoromycosis describes another disease caused by Zycomycetes, but of the order Entophthorales. In contrast to mucormycosis, entomophthoromycosis is not associated with underlying disease. Vascular invasion by the hyphae does not occur, and the hyphae are surrounded by eosinophilic sheathes. These sheathes are regarded as one form of the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. The authors report an unusual case of mucormycosis in a severely pancytopenic patient dying of acute myelogenous leukemia. At autopsy, eosinophilic sheathes with radiating fibrils were seen about intravascular hyphae, simulating entomophthoromycosis. This pseudo-Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon appears to be caused by adsorption of plasma and fibrin to the hyphal walls in the absence of both neutrophilic response and extensive fibrin clotting.
Recent advances in synthesis of benzaldehyde by oxidizing toluene directly

Direct oxidation of toluene is a simple and clean route for manufacture of benzaldehyde. Advances in gas-phase oxidation techniques are focused on development of high- activity and high-selectivity catalyst and enhancing the yield of and selectivity to benzaldehyde. Liquid-phase direct oxidation features feasibility in commercialization, and selection of appropriate catalysts and solvent is the trends in this field.
Evaluation of Percutaneous First Annular Pulley Release: Efficacy and Complications in a Perfused Cadaveric Study

Purpose Trigger finger is the most common entrapment tendinopathy, with a lifetime risk of 2% to 3%. Open surgical release of the flexor tendon sheath is a commonly performed procedure associated with a high rate of success. Despite reported success rates of over 94%, percutaneous trigger finger release (PFTR) remains a controversial procedure because of the risk of iatrogenic digital neurovascular injury. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of traditional percutaneous and ultrasound (US)-guided first annular (A1) pulley releases performed on a perfused cadaveric model. Methods First annular pulley releases were performed percutaneously using an 18-gauge needle in 155 digits (124 fingers and 31 thumbs) of un-embalmed cadavers with restored perfusion. A total of 45 digits were completed with US guidance and 110 digits were completed without it. Each digit was dissected and assessed regarding the amount of release as well as neurovascular, flexor tendon, and A2 pulley injury. Results Overall, 114 A1 pulleys were completely released (74%). There were 38 partial releases (24%) and 3 complete misses (2%). No significant flexor tendon injury was seen. Longitudinal scoring of the flexor tendon was found in 35 fingers (23%). There were no lacerations to digital nerves and one ulnar digital artery was partially lacerated (1%) in a middle finger with a partial flexion contracture that prevented appropriate hyperextension. The ultrasound-assisted and blind PTFR techniques had similar complete pulley release and injury rates. Conclusions Both traditional and US-assisted percutaneous release of the A1 pulley can be performed for all fingers. Perfusion of cadaver digits enhances surgical simulation and evaluation of PTFR beyond those of previous cadaveric studies. The addition of vascular flow to the digits during percutaneous release allows for Doppler flow assessment of the neurovascular bundle and evaluation of vascular injury. Clinical relevance Our cadaveric data align with those of published clinical investigations for percutaneous A1 pulley release.
The effect of epinephrine on adenosine 3', 5'-phosphate levels in the isolated perfused rat heart.

The effect of epinephrine on cyclic AMP levels, phosphorylase activity, glycogen synthetase activity, and myocardial contractility was studied using the isolated perfused working rat heart. A single dose of epinephrine increased the level of cyclic AMP from 0.42 to 1.42 mµmoles/g within 3 sec of its administration, after which it rapidly declined toward the control level. The force of contraction meanwhile rose to 137% of its control value, but did not reach this peak until 20 sec after the injection. The phosphorylase a activity increased from an apparent value of 18.7% of total phosphorylase activity to 66.0%, but required 45 sec to obtain this maximum. No change in the glycogen synthetase activity could be detected. Nethalide blocked the epinephrine-induced rise in the cyclic AMP concentration as well as the inotropic effect. N-Isopropylmethoxamine did not block either of these effects. It was suggested that epinephrine acts first on the membrane adenyl cyclase system to increase the rate of formation of cyclic AMP, which then in turn acts as a second messenger to initiate the inotropic response. It was not possible to elicit a positive inotropic effect with cyclic AMP or several of its derivatives. Evidence was presented to show that cyclic AMP, when added to the perfusate, does not gain access to the intracellular fluid in concentrations comparable to those seen after the administration of epinephrine.