cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forearm pain associated with loose radial head prostheses.

Background After post-traumatic radial head replacement, pain caused by a loose prosthesis might incorrectly be assumed to be post-traumatic. Reliable guidelines for diagnosing a symptomatic loose radial head prosthesis are lacking. We noted that pain from a loose stem within the proximal radius may present as proximal radial forearm pain. Methods The medical records and radiographs of 14 consecutive cases (13 patients) with proximal radial forearm pain associated with a loose radial head prosthesis were reviewed retrospectively. The indication for revision surgery was painful loosening of the prosthesis within the canal of the proximal radius in 7 patients (8 cases) and pain without preoperative confirmation of the loosening in 2 patients (2 cases). Various prosthetic designs had been used in the primary operations. Results In 12 of 14 cases, the loosening was evident radiographically, but in 2 the only indication of a loose prosthesis (confirmed surgically) was proximal radial forearm pain. One patient was lost to follow-up. Revision or prosthetic removal eliminated the pain in 7 of 9 cases and decreased it in 1. One patient with moderate pain had an arthritic elbow and had no significant lasting relief from surgery. Follow-up averaged 27 months. Conclusion The presence of proximal radial forearm pain in a patient with a radial head prosthesis is an indicator of symptomatic mechanical loosening. If the prosthesis has a textured surface for bone ingrowth, and was inserted without cement, we now consider this a strong indicator of loosening, even in the absence of radiographic signs.
Active control of visual sensor for navigation and guidance

This paper addresses the problem of on-board estimation of the state and/or the velocity components of an unknown leader by open-loop control of a single camera installed on the follower aircraft. Unlike the conventional pan-tilt gimbal rigidly mounted onboard, a custom-built stabilized platform can allow for an additional translational degree of freedom to the existing pan-tilt capability. The only information about the unknown leader is deduced from its bearing and subtended angles in the image plane of the camera. An adaptive estimation algorithm is applied to estimate the state vector and the geometric parameters of the unknown object from visual measurements outside the flight control loop of the follower aircraft. Asymptotic convergence of the estimated parameters to the true ones is proven and shown to be independent of the flight controller. The estimated parameters can be used in the guidance law of the follower aircraft without any modifications to it. The main benefit of the proposed paradigm is in this decoupling of estimation from control.
Endovascular bi-ventricular pacing-defibrillator placement using a trans-atrial approach

Venous access for pectoral pacemaker and defibrillator lead placement can be compromised by venous occlusion due to previous pacing leads, access ports for medications such as chemotherapy, dialysis access, and other causes. On rare occasion, a femoral access is utilized for device placement. We report here a patient without venous access to the heart from either above or below due to retroperitoneal fibrosis. A bi-ventricular pacing-defibrillator was placed using a direct trans-atrial approach with good results. This minimally invasive approach to device placement may be useful in patients with poor venous access and avoids the placement of epicardial hardware.
AC conductance measurement and analysis of the conduction processes in HfOx based resistive switching memory

Impedance spectroscopy and AC conductance measurement were performed on HfOx based resistive switching memory. The fβ-like AC conductance is observable above a corner frequency for high resistance state (HRS). The index β is about 2 and is independent of DC bias or resistance value of different HRSs, suggesting that electron hopping between the nearest neighbor traps within the conductive filaments (CFs) is responsible for the measured AC conductance. The corner frequency shows up in a lower frequency regime for a higher HRS, indicating that a larger tunneling gap is formed between the electrode and the residual CFs.
Genetic control of chicken heterophil function in advanced intercross lines: associations with novel and with known Salmonella resistance loci and a likely mechanism for cell death in extracellular trap production

Heterophils, the avian polymorphonuclear leukocyte and the counterpart of mammalian neutrophils, generate the primary innate response to pathogens in chickens. Heterophil performance against pathogens is associated with host disease resistance, and heterophil gene expression and function are under genetic control. To characterize the genomic basis of heterophil function, heterophils from F13 advanced intercross chicken lines (broiler × Leghorn and broiler × Fayoumi) were assayed for phagocytosis and killing of Salmonella enteritidis, oxidative burst, and extracellular trap production. A whole-genome association analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms at 57,636 loci identified genomic locations controlling these functional phenotypes. Genomic analysis revealed a significant association of extracellular trap production with the SAL1 locus and the SLC11A1 gene, which have both been previously associated with resistance to S. enteritidis. Fine mapping supports SIVA1 as a candidate gene controlling SAL1-mediated resistance and indicates that the proposed cell-death mechanism associated with extracellular trap production, ETosis, likely functions through the CD27/Siva-1-mediated apoptotic pathway. The SLC11A1 gene was also associated with phagocytosis of S. enteritidis, suggesting that the Slc11a1 protein may play an additional role in immune response beyond depleting metal ions to inhibit intracellular bacterial growth. A region of chromosome 6 with no characterized genes was also associated with extracellular trap production. Further characterization of these novel genes in chickens and other species is needed to understand their role in polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and host resistance to disease.
Plasma nitrite flux predicts exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease after 3months of exercise training

Plasma nitrite is a major oxidation product of nitric oxide. It has also recently been suggested to perform an endocrine-like function as a nitric oxide donor in hypoxic tissues, allowing vasodilation. Exercise performance is limited in peripheral arterial disease because of an inadequate blood supply to working tissues. We hypothesized that exercise training in peripheral arterial disease subjects will improve “plasma nitrite flux” and endothelial function, to accompany increased exercise performance. Peripheral arterial disease subjects were tested at baseline and after 3 months supervised or home exercise training. Venous blood (arm) was drawn at rest and 10 min after a maximal graded treadmill test. Samples were added to heparin and centrifuged and plasma was snap-frozen for analysis by reductive chemiluminescence. Brachial artery endothelial function was measured in response to a hyperemic stimulus (flow-mediated dilation). At 3 months the peripheral arterial disease–supervised exercise group showed increases in claudication onset pain time (+ 138 s, p ≤ 0.05), peak walking time (+ 260 s, p ≤ 0.01), VO2peak (1.3 ml/kg/min, p ≤ 0.05), brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (+ 2%, p ≤ 0.05), and plasma nitrite flux (+ 33% p ≤ 0.05). There were no changes in the peripheral arterial disease–home exercise group. The change in plasma nitrite flux predicted the change in claudication onset pain (r2 = 0.59, p ≤ 0.01). These findings suggest that changes in plasma nitrite are related to endothelial function and predict exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease.
The effect of Medicaid formularies on the availability of new drugs.

This study expands our previous work on the availability of new drug introductions to poor patients in states in the USA with restrictive Medicaid formularies. In particular. it focuses on the experience of 9 states over the period 1979 to 1985. In these states. a typical new drug took 20 months after FDA approval to gain acceptance onto the Medicaid formulary. New drug introductions were available to Medicaid patients less than 40% of the time during their first 4 years of market life. Restrictions on availability also extended to drugs ranked high in terms of both therapeutic and commercial importance. There was substantial variation observed across states and therapeutic categories. While formularies are prohibited under legislation recently enacted by the US Congress. state governments may attempt to continue to restrict access to expensive new medicines through prior approval systems. This is an issue that warrants future attention and study.
Do HTML tags flag semantic content

HTML tags are designed to support only the display of Web page content, but the study quantifies their feasibility as proxies for semantic content as well. More specifically, the author examined a number of Web pages to try to quantify whether, consciously or otherwise, authors use headings or the highlighted text accompanying a link to indicate the subject matter of the corresponding page. The investigations focused on empirically evaluating the feasibility of using key Web page elements as proxies to indicate page contents. Additionally, the author compared text retrieval by keyword. The author describes the methods he used and summarizes results. The empirical results suggest that text in HTML headings and in anchor texts is useful for indicating Web page content for logic programming.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXXVIII. Diels‐Alder reactions of thienopyridine sulfones. Part 2

Thieno[3,2-b]pyridine 1,1-dioxide (2) undergoes Diels-Alder condensation with the dienophiles cyclopentadiene, anthracene, and naphthacene in a manner analogous to its isomer thieno[2,3-b]pyridine 1,1-dioxide (1). Compound 2 dimerizes in refluxing xylene with the loss of sulfur dioxide plus either the loss or transfer of hydrogen to give a small yield (ca. 2%) of pyrido[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-f]quinoline 7,7-dioxide (7) and its 5,6-dihydro derivative 12. Formation of 7 and 12 are compared and contrasted with products reported from dimerization of 1 and of benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide and its derivatives.
Operating system directions for the next Millennium

We believe it is time to reexamine the operating system's role in computing. Operating systems exist to create an environment in which compelling applications come to life. They do that by providing abstractions built on the services provided by hardware. We argue that advances in hardware and networking technology enable a new kind of operating system to support tomorrow's applications. Such an operating system would raise the level of abstraction for developers and users, so that individual computers, file systems, and networks become unimportant to most computations in the same way that processor registers, disk sectors, and physical pages are today.
Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants

Background: Research in humans and animal models suggests that acceptance of solid foods by infants during weaning is enhanced by early experiences with flavor variety. Objective: We tested the hypotheses that the acceptance of novel foods by formula-fed infants could be facilitated by providing the infants with a variety of flavors at the time when beikost is first introduced and that, contrary to medical lore, infants who had previously consumed fruit would be less likely to reject vegetables when first introduced than would infants without such an experience. Design: The infants’ acceptance of a novel vegetable (pureed carrot) and a novel meat (pureed chicken) was evaluated after a 9-d exposure period in 3 groups of infants, some of whom had previously consumed fruit. During the home-exposure period, one group was fed only carrots, the target vegetable; a second group was fed only potatoes, a vegetable that differed in flavor from carrots; and a third group was fed a variety of vegetables that did not include carrots. Results: Infants fed either carrots or a variety of vegetables, but not those fed potatoes, ate significantly more of the carrots after the exposure period. Exposure to a variety of vegetables also facilitated the acceptance of the novel food, pureed chicken, and daily experience with fruit enhanced the infants’ initial acceptance of carrots. Conclusion: These findings are the first experimental evidence to indicate that exposure to a variety of flavors enhances acceptance of novel foods in human infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:1080‐5.
An end-to-end approach to schedule tasks with shared resources in multiprocessor systems

We propose an end-to-end approach to scheduling tasks that share resources in a multiprocessor or distributed systems. In our approach, each task is mapped into a chain of subtasks, depending on its resource accesses. After each subtask is assigned a proper priority, its worst-case response time can be bounded. Consequently the worst-case response time of each task can be obtained and the schedulability of each task can be verified by comparing the worst-case response time with its relative deadline. >
The International Ban on Ivory Sales and its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Africa

continent's overall population of elephants increased after the ban, but an analysis of elephant population data from 1979 to 2007found that some of the 37 countries in Africa with elephants continued to lose substantial numbers of them. This pattern is largely explained by the presence of unregulated domestic ivory markets in and near countries with declines in elephant populations. worth millions of pounds per year, with operations stretching around the world. This illegal trade in wildlife presents a threat to many rare species and thus to biodiversity and, for that reason, has increasingly attracted the attention of conservation agencies (Rice 2008). During the past 40 years, these agencies have exerted pressure on national governments and international agencies to tighten laws and increase legal penalties for wildlife crimes. Many countries employ forestry and fisheries officers to enforce the laws and have created specialized law enforcement and customs units to arrest traffickers and confiscate the plants and animals they hold. These efforts sometimes lead to violence. For example, national park rangers in some African countries have engaged in armed conflict with poachers, with many killed on either side, in order to protect the animals and safeguard tourism.
MIMO-CDMA systems: signature and beamformer design with various levels of feedback

We investigate the signature and beamformer design problem for the uplink of multiple-input multiple-output code-division multiple-access (MIMO-CDMA) systems with the sum capacity and the systemwide mean-square error (MSE) as performance metrics. We first construct iterative algorithms to find the jointly optimum temporal signatures and transmit beamformers under the assumption of perfect temporal signature and transmit beamforming feedback. Next, motivated by the need to reduce the amount of feedback, we present a low-complexity sequential orthogonal temporal signature assignment algorithm for given transmit beamformers. Our approach is based on minimizing the difference between the performance of the MIMO-CDMA system and the described upper bounds at each signature assignment step. We next note that the transmit beamformers can be shaped depending on the channel state information (CSI) available at the transmitter. We investigate the cases of various levels of available feedback resulting in different beamformer structures and present a joint orthogonal temporal signature assignment and beamforming algorithm. We observe that as the available feedback level is increased, the performance of the joint signature and beamformer assignment algorithm approaches the performance upper bounds. In particular, we observe that a substantial performance gain is obtained when the individual channel state information is available at the transmitter side
Uterus didelphys and longitudinal vaginal septum coincident with an obstructive transverse vaginal septum

A wide variety of Mullerian anomalies has been described in the literature. Various combinations of anomalies may coexist in a single subject. Precise identification of the various components of the anomaly is paramount in choosing and planning the appropriate conservative and surgical treatment. In this report, we present a rare case of combined vertical fusion and transverse canalization defects in a single subject. A review of the literature along with an overview of the pertinent embryologic processes and management concepts for such cases are presented.
Shape Description by Region Analysis

One approach to shape analysis is to perform certain measurements directly on a region or object. Quantities like width, elongation, ratio of perimeter square over area, etc., have all been used as shape descriptors. In general, these convey only gross information and they are inadequate for subtler distinctions, like separating a printed “f” from a “t”. An alternative approach is to check the occurrence of certain simple configurations on the input picture. The two characters “f” and “t” could be distinguished from others by the occurrence of a short arc and from each other by the location and orientation of that arc. This “mask matching” may be generalized to the evaluation of weighted integrals over the whole picture. A rigorous way of doing this is offered by the method of moments which is described in the next section.
Purification and Expression of the Tf190 Adhesin in Tritrichomonas foetus

Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus and characterized by early embryo loss. The mechanism of this loss is not known, although the parasite is known to cause inflammation and to have the ability to kill host cells by a contact-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. Antibody specific for a 190,000-Da surface complex (Tf190) was previously shown to inhibit this adhesion. In this study we used immunoaffinity chromatography to purify Tf190 from T. foetus in order to analyze its composition and examine its expression. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified Tf190 followed by silver staining revealed three components of Tf190. Western blotting and antibody-binding experiments showed that the 140- and 60-kDa bands were immunogenic. By using a battery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) periodate-sensitive epitopes were identified on Tf190, suggesting that these epitopes contained carbohydrate structures. Analyses of affinity-purified Tf190 by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of the monosaccharides and lipids known to be prominent constituents of the lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of T. foetus. Flow cytometry experiments on several isolates of T. foetus with Tf190-specific antibodies revealed that Tf190 was present on subpopulations of all isolates but that not all epitopes were present on every isolate. This pattern of reactivities on the different parasite isolates was confirmed by Western blots of whole-parasite extracts probed with MAbs and antiserum. These results suggest that although variation in the expression of epitopes of Tf190 occurs in different strains of T. foetus, the Tf190 adhesion complex is widespread in different populations of the parasite. The data further suggest that immunogenic structures, important in the adhesion of T. foetus to mammalian cells, are located in the LPG-like component of Tf190.
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography guided photodynamic therapy for choroidal hemangioma: a case report

Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas are vascular tumors associated with secondary changes in the overlying retinal pigment epithelium and neuro-sensory retina. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, a recent advancement in fundus imaging techniques provides high resolution images of the retina. We describe spectral domain Optical coherence tomography findings in a case of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma which was successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. A 41-year-old white male presented with decreased vision in his right eye. Fundus evaluation showed findings consistent with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed a large serous retinal detachment overlying the tumor with an intact photoreceptor layer. The patient underwent photodynamic therapy and a repeat tomography scan confirmed the resolution of serous detachment with return of normal foveal contour. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an emerging modality in imaging of the retina and reveals ultrastructural changes occurring in various retina pathologies. In this case report we illustrate the use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography for the first time to document retinal changes overlying a choroidal hemangioma and its role as a non-invasive tool in planning the treatment and prognosticating the final visual outcome following treatment for circumscribed subfoveal choroidal hemangiomas.
Pseudolinearization on controlled invariant submanifolds

We extend the original notion of pseudolinearization on equilibrium submanifolds to general controlled invariant submanifolds for nonlinear systems. This extension is motivated by nonlinear tracking and regulation problems in which the control objective is to stabilize any nominal trajectory in the submanifold. A pseudolinearizing transformation renders linearizations about nominal trajectories in the submanifold trajectory-independent so that local stabilization to the submanifold can be achieved using linear time-invariant control laws. Necessary and sufficient conditions for pseudolinearization via static state feedback and coordinate change are derived which are weaker than those for exact feedback linearization. The study of a class of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems provides valuable insight into the nonlinear problem.
Lipid abnormalities associated with protease inhibitors.

Treatment for HIV infection in the past 3 years has significantly improved the prognosis of people infected with HIV. Protease inhibitors have played a critical role in this improved prognosis. Recent findings indicate, however, that protease inhibitors may cause significant alterations in lipid metabolism. This study reviewed the incidence of lipid abnormalities associated with the use of three different protease inhibitor therapies and identified that 56% of those who were assessed had abnormal elevated lipids. Following initiation of the protease inhibitor, a significant increase in cholesterol was found in 80% of the patients on norvir/saquinavir, 51% of patients on indinavir, and 47% of patients on nelfinavir. These lipid alterations have added a new and unexpected health risk for HIVinfected persons. The risks of therapy with protease inhibitors may have a greater life-threatening potential than the disease itself. This article will review the published findings suggestive of protease inhibitor hyperlipidemia and will highlight the findings of these events in a clinical setting. The purpose of this article is to alert the nursing community of this potential serious side effect and to make recommendations that may be put into practice so that complications may be reduced.
Violations of Monotonicity and Contextual Effects in Choice-Based Certainty Equivalents

This article investigates choices between gambles and amounts of money to explore two issues in decision making First, in recent studies, judgments of the values of gambles violated monotonicity (dominance), yet choices between the same gambles satisfied monotonicity, producing reversals of preference This experiment tested whether certainty equivalents based on choices between gambles and money would violate monotonicity Results indicated that these choices violated monotonicity in the same way as had Judgments Second, this experiment investigated whether the certainty equivalent of a gamble would depend on the distribution of amounts offered for comparison It was found that certainty equivalents based on choices depended on the context in the same fashion as psychophysical comparisons Apparently, paradoxes of behavioral decision making are not eliminated by using choices instead of judgments to investigate human preferences
The blood volume in the lower extremities. A technique for its determination utilizing Cr-51 tagged red cells.

A technique for the determination of the total blood volume in the lower extremities has been presented. The average blood volume of a single normal lower extremity was found to be 9.3 x 100/95 per cent (± 3 per cent) of the total blood volume.
Does prostate growth confound prostate specific antigen velocity? Data from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging.

Purpose: Although prostate specific antigen velocity was proposed to increase the specificity of prostate specific antigen-based screening, there are little published data on the effect of differential prostate growth on prostate specific antigen velocity. If a patient presents with rising prostate specific antigen over a year or more, it would be useful to know whether such a change in prostate specific antigen could be explained by prostate growth. Thus, we investigated the relationship between changes in prostate size and prostate specific antigen changes in a large cohort of men without prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We identified 242 men without prostate cancer from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had 2 or greater serial pelvic magnetic resonance imaging studies and contemporaneous prostate specific antigen measurements. In this population we used the t test, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis to examine the relationship between prostate specific antigen changes a...
Pervasive persistent identification for information centric networking

Identification is central to information or content centric networking, in order to enable referencing and access to the information objects. In this work we focus on identifiers and the identification system as a target of a design process, because without careful attention to the identifiers themselves and the approaches to selecting, assigning and using them, they may not meet their design goals. The paper begins with an examination of key issues central to the design of an identification system. With those in mind, we discuss the objectives of pervasiveness and persistence as requirements for identification in an information centric networking (ICN) approach. These lead to a set of design four goals: longevity, scalability, evolvability and security. We apply two key design principles, layering and modularity, to derive our design for the Pervasive Persistent Identification System or PPInS for information centric networking. The contributions of this work include (1) the design issues for identification systems, (2) analysis of goals and key design criteria for identification in an ICN approach, and (3) a principled design of PPInS.
The Value of User Image In Quelling Aberrant Consumer Behavior

Shoplifting has reached epidemic proportions. Traditional approaches to keeping this behavior under control have met with limited success. This article explores the use of user image to decrease shoplifting. The analysis supports the approach. If the image of the “typical shoplifter” is made more negative, individuals anxious to disassociate themselves with the negative image will be less likely to shoplift.
Drug Synergism: Its Detection and Applications

Two drugs that produce overtly similar effects will sometimes produce exaggerated or diminished effects when used concurrently. A quantitative assessment is necessary to distinguish these cases from simply additive action. This distinction is based on the classic pharmacologic definition of additivity that, briefly stated, means that each constituent contributes to the effect in accord with its own potency. Accordingly, the relative potency of the agents, not necessarily constant at all effect levels, allows a calculation using dose pairs to determine the equivalent of either agent and the effect by using the equivalent in the dose-response relation of the reference compound. The calculation is aided by a popular graph (isobologram) that provides a visual assessment of the interaction but also requires independent statistical analysis. The latter can be accomplished from calculations that use the total dose in a fixed-ratio combination along with the calculated additive total dose for the same effect. Different methods may be used, and each is applicable to experiments in which a single drug is given at two different sites. When departures from additivity are found, whether in "two-drug" or "two-site" experiments, the information is useful in designing new experiments for illuminating mechanisms. Several examples, mainly from analgesic drug studies, illustrate this application. Even when a single drug (or site) is used, its introduction places it in potential contact with a myriad of chemicals already in the system, a fact that underscores the importance of this topic in other areas of biological investigation.
Abstract W P265: Utilization of Comprehensive Stroke Center Resources by Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly devastating condition that often prompts transfer to a Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) in anticipation of need for higher level of care, including neurointensive care unit (NICU) monitoring, neurosurgical intervention, or enrollment in clinical trials. We hypothesized that transferred ICH patients would utilize CSC-specific resources to a greater extent than directly admitted patients. Methods: From a prospectively-collected stroke registry, we reviewed all spontaneous, primary ICH patients from March 2011 to March 2012, comparing those who were transferred with those who directly presented to the CSC. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients in each group who utilized at least one of these resources: NICU, neurosurgical intervention, or clinical trial enrollment. Results: We reviewed 362 patients, 210 (58%) of whom were transferred. A lower proportion of transferred patients (79.1%) used CSC-specific resources compared to those directly admitted (88.2%; Table 1). Fewer transferred patients required neurosurgical intervention or were enrolled in clinical trials. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who used NICU resources, though transferred patients had a significantly lower median NICU length of stay. Conclusions: Transferred ICH patients used fewer CSC-specific resources than directly admitted patients. This suggests that not all ICH patients require transfer to a tertiary care center. Further investigation is needed to identify the patients who are most likely to use higher level resources and would benefit from being transferred to a CSC. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Identification of Flights for Cost-Efficient Climate Impact Reduction

The aircraft-induced climate impact has drawn attention in recent years. Aviation operations affect the environment mainly through the release of carbon-dioxide, nitrogen-oxides, and by the formation of contrails. Recent research has shown that altering trajectories can reduce aviation environmental cost by reducing Absolute Global Temperature Change Potential, a climate assessment metric that adapts a linear system for modeling the global temperature response to aviation emissions and contrails. However, these methods will increase fuel consumption that leads to higher fuel costs imposed on airlines. The goal of this work is to identify ights for which the environmental cost of climate impact reduction outweighs the increase in operational cost on an individual aircraft basis. Environmental cost is quanti ed using the monetary social cost of carbon. The increase in operational cost is considering cost of additional fuel usage only. For this paper, an algorithm has been developed that modi es the trajectories of ights to evaluate the e ect of environ- mental cost and operational cost of ights in the United States National Airspace System. The algorithm identi es ights for which the environmental cost of climate impact can be reduced and modi es their trajectories to achieve maximum environmental net bene t, which is the di erence between reduction in environmental cost and additional operational cost. The result shows on a selected day, 16% of the ights among eight major airlines, or 2,043 ights, can achieve environmental net bene t using weather forecast data, resulting in net bene t of around $500,000. The result also suggests that the long-haul ights would be better candidates for cost-ecient climate impact reduction than the short haul ights. The algorithm will help to identify the characteristics of ights that are capable of applying cost-ecient climate impact reduction strategy.
European Strains of CL. Botulinum. XXXVI

American workers who have studied the various strains of CI. botulinum and CI. parabotulinum isolated from foods, soil, etc., have frequently doubted the purity of their strains since the cultural and biochemical findings did not correspond to the original description of Van Ermengem. There exists no doubt that the European strains of botulinus differ fundamentally from those studied in the United States, since the organisms found by Romer, Ornstein, Semerau and Noack, Bitter, Bourmer and Doetsch,1 always described as nonproteolytic and non-putrefactive organisms, were readily identified with the Van Ermengem bacillus. Unfortunately these cultures are not available for comparison. However, a culture which most nearly represents the original Bacillus botulinus was, according to Bengtson and independent studies of the writers, first described by the Medical Research Committee of Great Britain2 as Lister culture 94.3 This organism is unquestionably a species of the Van Ermengem group of microorganisms. In fact, as a result of certain inquiries and comparisons the senior author considers the Lister culture 94 to be a transplant of the strain originally isolated by Ornstein4 in 1913. It will be remembered that this microbe was serologically identical with the Van Ermengem type. However, since Kendall, Day and Walker 5 secured with the aid of the one cell technic from six proteolytic American cultures several strains which behaved biochemically like the Van Ermengem type, there exists the remote possibility that the Lister strain no. 94 is merely a variant gradually developed in the test tube from an ovolytic and sarcolytic strain. Thus one felt the need of a comparative study of
Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Peritoneal Fluid and Macrophage-Conditioned Media of Women With Endometriosis

PROBLEM: The presence of the various cytokines in human peritoneal fluid has been incompletely evaluated. Changes in cytokine levels may be related to activation of peritoneal macrophages, development of endometriosis, and infertility. This study assesses peritoneal fluid levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and peritoneal macrophage production of IL-6, in women with and without endometriosis. METHOD: Peritoneal fluid was obtained from 62 women at the time of diagnostic or operative laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecologic disease. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated, cultured for 24 h, and the culture media collected. IFN-γ and IL-6 levels in peritoneal fluid samples and macrophage conditioned media were determined by commercial ELISA. RESULTS: IL-6 was significantly higher in the macrophage conditioned media of women with endometriosis as compared with controls. IL-6 levels were fourfold higher in early stage endometriosis (P < 0.05) and eightfold higher in advanced endometriosis. There were no significant differences between groups in the peritoneal fluid levels of IL-6 or IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal macrophage IL-6 secretion is increased in women with endometriosis, and appears to correlate with disease stage. IFN-γ does not appear to be responsible for the activation of macrophages in women with endometriosis.
Effect of orally administered proteolytic enzymes on carbon tetrachloride induced granuloma pouch.

SummaryTwo host responses developed in rats 24 hours after CCI4 injections sub-cutaneously: (1) tense, ballooned-out granu-lomas; (2) dense leucocytic invasion, edema and necrosis of cutaneous muscle. These responses were inhibited, or significantly modified, in rats receiving SK-P or trypsin orally. Epsilon aminocaproic acid blocked the anti-inflammatory and granuloma-inhibiting effects of trypsin or SK-P. Papain, bromelain, chy-motrypsin and Aspergillus protease were inactive. The important implications of the data are: (1) that orally administered trypsin or SK-P is active in modifying the inflammatory response to CC14, and (2) that the action of these substances is related to their enzymatic activity.
Does Target Object Processing Affect Reaction Times in Simple Detection Spatial Cueing Tasks

The current study tested the effect of varying target type and target set size during simple detection versions of Posner's exogenous spatial cueing task. The four target conditions consisted of a single letter, a single number, one of four possible letters, or one of four possible numbers. Responses were faster for numbers than for letters, but only when the cue-target lag was short, the target set included more than one potential number, and the cue and target appeared in different locations. These findings suggest that even during detection tasks, responses are influenced by the object features of the target. Methodological implications for spatial cueing studies and other types of visual perception research were discussed.
Comments on the Doorway State in Pb 206

The neutron capture cross section of $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma})$ has been measured with high resolution at the Oak Ridge electron linear accelerator. The capture results show that the reported ${s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ doorway in $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ is not observed in the photon channel.
Epidemiological Analysis on Epidemic Situation of Hand-foot-mouth Disease in Linying County in 2010

[Objective]By analyzing epidemic situation of hand-foot-mouth disease in Linying county in 2010,to study the epidemic law of hand-foot-mouth disease in this county,and provide the scientific basis for making relevant prevention and control strategy. [Methods]With the case data from National Disease Supervision Information Management System,the epidemiological analysis was performed in epidemic data of hand-foot-mouth disease cases diagnosed and reported by all medical institutions in Linying county and other medical institutions. [Results]From January to December 2010,908 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease were reported in Linying county,and the reported incidence was 124.38/lakh.There were 46 severe cases and no death case.Most of cases occurred from March to June,April was the peak season,and case number decreased in July.It occurred more among male than female.86.12% of patients were children aged 1~4 years old,and the case number of 1 year old group was the largest. [Conclusion]From the three links of infectious diseases spread,strengthening the propaganda of knowledge and improving the health consciousness of parents and teachers is the key to effective control of epidemic situation.
Influence of Flow Characteristic Curve of DEH Valve on Unit Coordination Control

Two power plants encountered thermal parameters fluctuation during the coordination control,the reasons for thermal parameters fluctuation are analyzed,according to digital electro-hydraulic control system(DEH),the obvious difference between characteristic curve of valve and the fact has large influence on unit coordination control,even induce the coordination control can't be implemented,in the end the resolvent is given.
Large solitary osteochondroma of the thoracic spine: Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Spinal osteochondromas are typically benign tumors, but patients may present with myelopathy and neurologic deficits if there is tumor encroachment within the spinal canal. CASE DESCRIPTION We report here a case of a large solitary osteochondroma originating from the posterior vertebral body of T9 causing spinal cord compression and myelopathy. A 17-year-old man presented with 3 months of bilateral feet numbness and gait difficulty. Imaging demonstrated a large left-sided 5.9 cm × 5.0 cm × 5.4 cm osseous mass arising from the T9 vertebra consistent with an osteochondroma. He underwent bilateral costotransversectomies, and a left two-level lateral extracavitary approach for three partial corpectomies to both safely decompress the spinal canal as well as obtain a gross total resection of the tumor. Use of the O-arm intraoperative stereotactic computed tomographic navigation system assisted in delineating the osseous portions of the tumor for surgical removal. He experienced complete neurologic recovery after operative intervention. CONCLUSION Careful surgical planning is needed to determine the best approach for spinal cord decompression and resection of this tumor, especially taking into account the bony elements from which it arises. We present this case, to highlight the feasibility of a single-stage posterior approach to the ventral thoracic spine for the resection of a large solitary thoracic osteochondroma causing cord compression.
Effects of IGF-I on renal function in patients with chronic renal failure

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been shown to increase glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in rats and humans with normal renal function. However, rats with reduced renal function are resistant to these effects. To determine whether IGF-I affects glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in humans with reduced renal function, we administered recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) to patients with moderate chronic renal failure. Four patients whose baseline inulin clearances were 21.9, 23.2, 34.9, and 55.1 ml.min-1.1.73 m-2 were placed on a 1 g.kg-1.day-1 protein diet and studied over a 10-day period (0-10). On days 4-7, 100 micrograms/kg of rhIGF-I was subcutaneously administered twice daily to the patients. The effects of rhIGF-I on levels of circulating IGF-I, inulin clearance, p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, kidney volume, plasma glucose, plasma and urine calcium and phosphate, and urine sodium and protein were determined. Administration of rhIGF-I increased levels of circulat...
The influence of the Great Falls Tectonic Zone on the thrust sheet geometry of the southern Sawtooth Range, Montana, USA

The reactivation potential of pre-existing deep-seated structures influences deformation structures produced in subsequent compression. This contribution investigates thrust geometries produced in surface thrust sheets of the Sawtooth Range, Montana, USA, deforming over a previously faulted sedimentary section. Surface thrust fault patterns were picked using existing maps and remote sensing. Thrust location and regional transport direction was also verified in the field. These observations were used to design a series of analogue models, involving deformation of a brittle cover sequence over a lower section with varying numbers of vertical faults. A final model tested the effect of decoupling the upper cover and lower section with a ductile detachment, in a scenario closer to that of the Sawtooth Range. Results demonstrate that complexity in surface thrust sheets can be related to heterogeneity within the lower sedimentary section, even when there is a detachment between this section and the rest of the cover. This complexity is best observed in the map view, as the models do not show the deep-seated faults propagating into the cover. These results were then used to predict specific locations of discrete basement fault strands in the study area, associated with what is generally mapped as the Scapegoat-Bannatyne Trend. The deep-seated faults are more likely to be reactivated as strike-slip features in nature, given the small obliquity between the ENE-directed compression direction and the NE-oriented basement faults. More generally, these results can be used to govern evaluation of thrust belts deforming over faulted basement, and to predict the locations of specific fault strands in a region where this information is unknown.
Conscientization and Third Space A Case Study of Tunisian Activism

This case study examines, Al Bawsala, a nongovernmental organization and a female cyber social activist, Amira Yahyaoui, in the aftermath of Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution through the lens of adult education. The theoretical frameworks of conscientization and third space are employed to describe Yahyaoui’s development of the watchdog political organization, Al Bawsala, for the purpose of democratic learning and popular education in Tunisia. Through interviews with Yahyaoui as well as content analysis of social media platforms used by Al Bawsala, the findings suggest popular education praxis of conscientization and third space are operative and central to Tunisia’s relatively nonviolent path toward democratization after the Arab Spring. The authors further suggest that Al Bawsala’s work is one approach for moving forward in a postrevolution context, and that adult education is central to that process.
Indigenous Medicine Among the Bedouin in the Middle East

Abu-Rabia Aref. 232€95Berghahn Books2015United StatesISBN-13: 078-1-78238-689-6 ![Graphic][1] This book is a blend of history, unorthodox theories and beliefs, and an inside look into Bedouins traditional healing practices during the twentieth century. By profession, the author is an
Phase‐contrast MRI with hybrid one and two‐sided flow‐encoding and velocity spectrum separation

Author(s): Wang, Da; Shao, Jiaxin; Ennis, Daniel B; Hu, Peng | Abstract: PurposeTo develop and evaluate a phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) technique with hybrid one and two-sided flow-encoding and velocity spectrum separation (HOTSPA) for accelerated blood flow and velocity measurement.MethodsIn the HOTSPA technique, the two-sided flow encoding (FE) is used for two FE directions and one-sided is used for the remaining FE direction. Such a temporal modulation of the FE strategy allows for separations of the Fourier velocity spectrum into components for the flow-compensated and the three-directional velocity waveforms, accelerating PC-MRI by encoding three-directional velocities using only two repetition times (TRs) instead of four TRs as in standard PC-MRI. The HOTSPA was evaluated and compared with standard PC-MRI in the common carotid arteries of six healthy volunteers.ResultsTotal volumetric flow and peak velocity measurements based on HOTSPA and the conventional PC-MRI were in good agreement with a bias of -0.005 mL (-0.1% relative bias error) for total volumetric flow and 1.21 cm/s (1.1% relative bias error) for peak velocity, although the total acquisition time was 50% of the conventional PC-MRI.ConclusionThe proposed HOTSPA technique achieved nearly two-fold acceleration of PC-MRI while maintaining accuracy for total volumetric flow and peak velocity quantification by separating the paired acquisitions in the Fourier velocity spectrum domain. Magn Reson Med 78:182-192, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Using the System Usability Scale in a Classification Learning Environment

The System Usability Scale (SUS) has become an industry standard where survey participants are asked to rate ten predefined questions on the scale range of strongly agree to strongly disagree. CIRCLE (Classification, Identification, Retrieval-based Collaborative Learning Environment) is software which lets students learn and gain real time knowledge about classifying objects like plants and animals or rocks and minerals. This paper compares the results obtained by SUS surveys done on CIRCLE in its early and later versions.