cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer imaging: what the next decade holds.

Prostate carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second most common cause of male cancer death in the USA [1]. Autopsy and early observational studies have shown that approximately one out of three men above the age of 50 years has histologic evidence of prostate carcinoma. While a portion of these tumors may be very aggressive and lethal, others are possibly clinically insignificant [2]. Identifying the lethal form of this tumor remains a challenge in this heterogeneous malignancy. The clinical presentation of prostate cancer may range from an asymptomatic condition to a rapidly progressive systemic illness. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening has resulted in earlier detection and a downstaging of prostate cancer at diagnosis. At the same time, the commonly used PSA cutoff of 2.5 ng/ml, used by urologists for biopsy, also leads to a significant number of unnecessary biopsies, leading to over diagnosis and overtreatment of indolent disease [3]. Thus far, imaging has only played a relatively small role in the management of localized prostate cancer. The current standard imaging techniques, such as transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), MRI, computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine studies, are not able to detect early disease, and only provide limited information for tumor, node, metastasis staging [4]. However, the role of imaging in patients with prostate cancer is evolving. New techniques are under investigation, either alone or combined with standard imaging techniques. TRUS is usually used to guide biopsies and to place brachytherapy seeds, but it does not reliably differentiate healthy from malignant prostate gland tissue. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler imaging, intermittent harmonic imaging and contrast-enhanced flash-replenishment imaging are now combined with standard TRUS. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound takes advantage of an increased density of micro vasculature in cancerous tissue compared with benign prostate tissue. Using micro bubble contrast agents, which diffuse into microvessels, this technique selectively enhances areas with increased vascularity. However, because of the relatively large size of microbubbles (~5–10 μm), leakage into the tumor cannot be well visualized and enhancement can also be due to benign conditions, such as prostatitis [5]. In a recent study of 114 patients with elevated PSA levels and previous negative biopsy contrast-enhanced advanced dynamic flow, Tina Islam
A microstructural examination of the mechanical response of FeCrNi alloys irradiated at 365°C using isotopic tailoring to produce different He/dpa ratios

Abstract A series of model Fe15Cr x Ni y P alloys with x = 25 or 45 and y = 0.001 or 0.04 wt.% were examined following irradiation to 10.3 dpa at 365°C. These alloys were irradiated both doped and undoped with the 59 Ni isotope to produce two levels of He generation during irradiation. This latter variable produced average He/dpa values of approximately 1 and 16 appm He/dpa in the undoped and doped cases, respectively. Microscopy examination indicates that the major influence of a high He/dpa ratio is to induce a higher void number density and a lower average void size than in identical alloy conditions with low He/dpa. The total swelling is not substantially affected, however. Compositional and thermal-mechanical treatment variables were found to influence the swelling behavior as much as the He production rate. However, in all cases the swelling was low, and irradiation-induced microstructures were similar regardless of starting condition. This convergence in microstructure is reflected in the mechanical properties where similar room temperature tensile properties were measured on irradiated specimens regardless of material starting condition.
Relative precipitation rates of aragonite and Mg calcite from seawater: Temperature or carbonate ion control?

The temperature and degree of carbonate mineral supersaturation (CO3−2 ion concentration) of seawater are the two most likely controlling variables on the compositions of recent marine carbonate cements. The relative importance of these variables is difficult to assess in nature because they have similar trends with depth (0–1500 m) and latitude in modern oceans. We carried out laboratory experiments to investigate the relative growth rates of calcite, Mg calcite, and aragonite in seawater as functions of both temperature (5, 25, and 37 °C) and of carbonate ion concentration (2.5 to 15 times supersaturated with respect to calcite). The precipitation rates of aragonite relative to those of calcite increase strongly with increasing temperature and are not affected greatly by changes in saturation state. At 5 °C, calcite precipitation rates are nearly equivalent to those of aragonite, regardless of the degree of saturation. At both 25 and 37 °C, aragonite precipitation rates are much more rapid than those of calcite (up to a factor of 4), except at very low saturation states. Calcite compositions vary from less than 5 mol% MgCO3 at 5 °C to 14 mol% MgCO3 at 37 °C. Our results suggest that the well-documented shift toward precipitation of lower mol% Mg calcite and the decrease in abundance of aragonite cements with increasing oceanic depth and latitude can be attributed largely to lower temperatures.
Comparison of Thallium-201 Resting Redistribution With Technetium-99m–Sestamibi Uptake and Functional Response to Dobutamine for Assessment of Myocardial Viability

Background 201Tl scintigraphy is useful for determination of viability in patients with coronary artery disease and depressed left ventricular function. Whether 99mTc sestamibi is adequate for viability detection remains controversial. The primary goal of this study was to compare 99mTc-sestamibi uptake with 201Tl uptake in canine models of sustained low flow and regional asynergy for determination of viability. A secondary objective was to compare myocardial uptake of these tracers with the functional response to low-dose dobutamine. Methods and Results In protocol 1, 14 open-chested, anesthetized dogs with a 50% reduction in resting left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) flow underwent 1 hour of transient LAD occlusion followed by reperfusion through the severe stenosis. Then 1.0 mCi of 201Tl was injected, and serial imaging was performed 5 minutes and 2 hours later. After acquisition of the delayed 201Tl image, 10 mCi of 99mTc sestamibi was injected, and imaging was repeated 45 minutes later. N...
Effects of halogenated pyrimidines on the growth of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract The inhibition of TMV formation and the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into viral RNA occurs in Phlox drummondi as well as in the Turkish tobacco host. The inhibitory action of 5-fluorouracil on the formation of TMV in isolated leaf disks of Turkish tobacco plants is dependent on the time interval which has elapsed between infection and exposure to 5-fluorouracil. 5-fluoroorotic acid, 5-fluoruoridine, and 2-thio-5-fluorouracil are also inhibitors of the formation of TMV, and the first two compounds also lead to the formation of viral nucleic acid which contains 5-fluorouracil. Uridine will reverse the action of 5-fluorouracil, while thymidine is without effect. Halogenated pyramidines, which inhibit the formation of DNA in other systems, have little effect on the formation of TMV.
Genetic heterogeneity among uterine leiomyomata: insights into malignant progression

Uterine leiomyomata (UL), also known as fibroids, are the most common pelvic tumors in women of reproductive age and are the primary indication for hysterectomy in the USA. Many lines of evidence indicate a strong genetic component to the development of these tumors. In fact, ∼40% of UL have non-random, tumor-specific chromosome abnormalities which have allowed classification into well-defined subgroups (deletion of portions of 7q, trisomy 12 or rearrangements of 12q15, 6p21 or 10q22) as well as identification of candidate genes for UL predisposition. Although benign, UL have been linked to malignancy through two genomic regions on chromosome 1. Mutation of fumarate hydratase (FH) at 1q43 is known to cause the Mendelian syndromes of multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata (MCL) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), and recently, FH mutations have been detected in some non-syndromic UL. In addition, transcriptional profiling suggests that loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 in cellular leiomyomata, an uncommon histological variant of UL, may account in part for the presumed yet rare malignant transformation of UL to uterine leiomyosarcoma.
A conservative finite difference scheme for Poisson---Nernst---Planck equations

A macroscopic model to describe the dynamics of ion transport in ion channels is the Poisson---Nernst---Planck (PNP) equations. In this paper, we develop a finite-difference method for solving PNP equations, second-order accurate in both space and time. We use the physical parameters specifically suited toward the modeling of ion channels. We present a simple iterative scheme to solve the system of nonlinear equations resulting from discretizing the equations implicitly in time, which is demonstrated to converge in a few iterations. We place emphasis on ensuring numerical methods to have the same physical properties that the PNP equations themselves also possess, namely conservation of total ions, correct rates of energy dissipation, and positivity of the ion concentrations. We describe in detail an approach to derive a finite-difference method that preserves the total concentration of ions exactly in time. In addition, we find a set of sufficient conditions on the step sizes of the numerical method that assure positivity of the ion concentrations. Further, we illustrate that, using realistic values of the physical parameters, the conservation property is critical in obtaining correct numerical solutions over long time scales.
A thermodynamic based higher-order gradient theory for size dependent plasticity

A physically motivated and thermodynamically consistent formulation of small strain higher-order gradient plasticity theory is presented. Based on dislocation mechanics interpretations, gradients of variables associated with kinematic and isotropic hardenings are introduced. This framework is a two non-local parameter framework that takes into consideration large variations in the plastic strain tensor and large variations in the plasticity history variable; the equivalent (effective) plastic strain. The presence of plastic strain gradients is motivated by the evolution of dislocation density tensor that results from non-vanishing net Burgers vector and, hence, incorporating additional kinematic hardening (anisotropy) effects through lattice incompatibility. The presence of gradients in the effective (scalar) plastic strain is motivated by the accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations and, hence, incorporating additional isotropic hardening effects (i.e. strengthening). It is demonstrated that the non-local yield condition, flow rule, and non-zero microscopic boundary conditions can be derived directly from the principle of virtual power. It is also shown that the local Clausius–Duhem inequality does not hold for gradient-dependent material and, therefore, a non-local form should be adopted. The non-local Clausius–Duhem inequality has an additional term that results from microstructural long-range energy interchanges between the material points within the body. A detailed discussion on the physics and the application of proper microscopic boundary conditions, either on free surfaces, clamped surfaces, or intermediate constrained surfaces, is presented. It is shown that there is a close connection between interface/surface energy of an interface or free surface and the microscopic boundary conditions in terms of microtraction stresses. Some generalities and utility of this theory are discussed and comparisons with other gradient theories are given. Applications of the proposed theory for size effects in thin films are presented.
TEXTURE AND CRYSTALLIZATION CONTROL IN RAISINS

Upon protracted storage of raisins a crystalline material can develop on their surface, especially at higher moisture levels. A method of controlling this formation was developed, which consisted of subjecting the raisins to a mild heat-treatment. This heat-treatment procedure also had a tenderizing effect on raisins, making them noticably softer. Other factors were studied that affected raisin texture during storage with bran-flakes. Raisin desiccation rate was found to be affected by storage temperature, pressure and coatings. Paraffin coating had the most pronounced effect. Protein coatings of solubilized soy protein or egg albumen followed by heat-denaturation also significantly reduced moisture loss from raisins stored with bran flakes.
Layered Coding for Interference Channels With Partial Transmitter Side Information

A two-user interference channel is considered where each transmitter has access to a part of the information intended to the other destination. A primary objective is to maximize the information rates, by exploring the cooperation between the transmitters for interference mitigation, based on the partial side information. It is clear that full cooperation between the transmitters is not possible since each transmitter has only a part of the side information. With this insight, several “layered coding” schemes, consisting of binning and superposition at different stages, are developed. These schemes are are carefully built on coding strategies for the classical interference channel and node cooperation mechanisms. In particular, two layered coding schemes, which are based on a combination of MIMO broadcast coding and the Han-Kobayashi (HK) coding, are thoroughly studied : The first one, namely layered coding with binning, makes heavy use of the Gelfand-Pinsker binning and the HK coding and the second one, namely layered superposition coding, involves superposition coding over different tiers. Rate regions corresponding to the proposed schemes are derived. Then the application of these coding schemes are illustrated for the Gaussian case and numerical results corroborate that the proposed layered coding schemes yield substantial gains at high SNR.
Applications of Altered States of Consciousness in Daily Life

First, I discuss the importance of recognizing different states of consciousness. Knowing how these states differ from each other and recognizing their specific qualities determines their use, increases our self-knowledge, balances our behavior and adjusts our course of action. Second, 1 report on workshops conducted in the United States, Russia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The examples illustrate the nature of material retrieved during different states of consciousness. Third, I evaluate the respective techniques which can be used to access different states of consciousness and show how they can be applied to everyday life.
A fluid membrane-based soluble ligand-display system for live-cell assays.

Cell communication modulates numerous biological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, motility, invasion and differentiation. Correspondingly, there has been significant interest in the development of surface display strategies for the presentation of signaling molecules to living cells. This effort has primarily focused on naturally surface-bound ligands, such as extracellular matrix components and cell membranes. Soluble ligands (e.g. growth factors and cytokines) play an important role in intercellular communications, and their display in a surface-bound format would be of great utility in the design of array-based live cell assays. Recently, several cell microarray systems that display cDNA, RNAi, or small molecules in a surface array format were proven to be useful in accelerating high-throughput functional genetic studies and screening therapeutic agents. These surface display methods provide a flexible platform for the systematic, combinatorial investigation of genes and small molecules affecting cellular processes and phenotypes of interest. In an analogous sense, it would be an important advance if one could display soluble signaling ligands in a surface assay format that allows for systematic, patterned presentation of soluble ligands to live cells. Such a technique would make it possible to examine cellular phenotypes of interest in a parallel format with soluble signaling ligands as one of the display parameters. Herein we report a ligand-modified fluid supported lipid bilayer (SLB) assay system that can be used to functionally display soluble ligands to cells in situ (Figure 1A). By displaying soluble ligands on a SLB surface, both solution behavior (the ability to become locally enriched by reaction-diffusion processes) and solid behavior (the ability to control the spatial location of the ligands in an open system) could be combined. The method reported herein benefits from the naturally fluid state of the supported membrane, which allows surface-linked ligands to diffuse freely in two dimensions. Ligands can become reorganized beneath cells, by reaction-diffusion processes, and may also adopt spatial configurations reflecting those of their cognate receptors on the cell surface (Figure 1B). This provides a significant benefit over conventional cell signaling and culturing systems that present inflexible distributions of signaling molecules. In this study, we observe marked differences in the response of cells to membrane surface displayed soluble ligands as a function of membrane fluidity. Tethering of soluble signaling molecules to fluid supported membranes opens up opportunities to use already developed membrane fabrication technologies to present soluble components within a surface array format.
Patterns of Meaning in the Social Entrepreneurship Literature: A Research Platform

We offer an inductive meta-analysis of the social entrepreneurship literature. Methodologically, we illustrate the usefulness of network and semantic network analysis in identifying and interpreting the concepts that provide coherence to a largely conceptual and analytic scholarly literature, or indeed any set of texts. The result of this rigorous approach is an orderly mapping of a conceptual framework for understanding social entrepreneurship, including unifying themes, areas of contention and promising avenues for future research.
Viscoelastic behavior of concentrated oil solutions of sulfonated polymers. V. Effect of metal stearate plasticizers

Linear viscoelastic studies of concentrated blend solutions of metal neutralized sulfonated elastomers and low molecular weight metal stearate plasticizers are presented. The data of the magnesium and zinc salts of sulfonated EPDM polymer solutions in 100 N oil solvent as a function of magnesium and zinc stearate polar plasticizers show that addition of the latter species into the ionomeric elastomer solutions enhances their low temperature relaxation spectrum. The changes in properties are directly related to the enhancement of ionic interactions and filler effects of the plasticizers. At high temperatures, the zinc stearate molecules behave more as a conventional plasticizer. For ionomeric associating polymers, the phenomenon appears to be quite general in nature. The enhancement in properties is found to be a function of the counterion structure on the ionomer and stearate. In the case of these solution blends, the studies confirm that an ion-exchange process can occur, especially at high temperatures, resulting in the counterion on the stearate moieties “exchanging” ionic sites on the ionomer. Apparently, this process proceeds quite slowly at low temperatures. However, it is clear from these measurements that the incorporation of metal stearates into the ionomeric solution changes the network structure at both low and high temperatures.
Path Dependency and Patterns of Collective Action: Space, Place, and Agency in Long Beach, California, 1900–1960

Drawing on the insights of the geography, structural, and social movement literature this study analyzes the interactive effects of structure, space, place, and agency on patterns of collective action in Long Beach, California. Long Beach and Los Angeles occupy the same regional landscape with similar economies, yet the logic of collective action varies considerably. It is argued that preceding 1960, pro-business elites in Long Beach allied with their Los Angeles counterparts to spatially restrict labor organizing and foster patterns of noncontiguous interdependencies within and among labor and community groups. Through violence, cultural references, local and extralocal political policies, and regional coalition building before 1960, the Long Beach ruling elites fragmented the labor and community sector and inhibited the emergence of an organizational infrastructure necessary to foster community-based change after 1960. The legacies of this period are reflected in a fragmented labor and community sector ...
Efficient and Linear Amplification of Spectrally Confined Pulsed AM Radar Signals

This letter presents a pulsed high-efficiency power amplifier with increased spectral purity obtained by supply modulation of the pulse envelope. The PA operates at 2.14 GHz with 78% efficiency at 6 W peak power, and with 66.4% average efficiency over a 14.7 μs pulse with a 4.1 dB PAR shaped by a 90% efficient resonant-pulse envelope supply modulator. For PARs greater than 4.1 dB, the signal envelope can be split between the supply modulator and the PA drive, with up to 25% improvement in composite efficiency.
Land use and land cover change in the greater yellowstone ecosystem: 1975-1995

Shifts in the demographic and economic character of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are driving patterns of land cover and land use change in the region. Such changes may have important consequences for ecosystem functioning. The objective of this paper is to quantify the trajectories and rates of change in land cover and use across the GYE for the period 1975-1995 using satellite imagery. Spectral and geographic variables were used as inputs to classification tree regression analysis (CART) to find ''rules'' which defined land use and land cover classes on the landscape. The resulting CART functions were used to map land cover and land use across seven Landsat TM scenes for 1995. We then used a thresholding technique to identify locations that differed in spectral properties between the 1995 and 1985 time periods. These ''changed'' locations were classified using CART functions derived from spectral and geographic data from 1985. This was similarly done for the year 1975 based on Landsat MSS data. Differences between the 1975, 1985, and 1995 maps were considered change in land cover and use. We calibrated and tested the accuracy of our models using data acquired through manual interpretation of aerial photos. Elevation and vegetative indices derived from the remotely sensed satellite imagery explained the most variance in the land use and land cover classes (i.e., defined the ''rules'' most often). Overall accuracies from our study were good, ranging from 94% at the coarsest level of detail to 74% at the finest. The largest changes over the study period were the increases in burned, urban, and mixed conifer-herbaceous classes and decreases in woody deciduous, mixed woody deciduous-herbaceous, and conifer habitats. These changes have important implications for ecological function and biodiversity. The expansion of mixed conifer classes may increase fuel loads and enhance risk to the growing number of rural homes. The reduction of woody deciduous cover types is likely reducing population sizes for the numerous plant and animal species that specialize on this habitat type. Some of these species are also negatively influenced by the increase of rural homes in and near woody deciduous habitats.
ABUNDANCES IN SUPERNOVAE

The temperature and density in the expanding envelope of a supernova can be derived from spectrophotometry. Once the physical conditions are known, the observed line strengths of emission and absorption features can be used to estimate the abundances of elements in the ejected material. For SN IIs, a consistent model that explains the presence, strengths, and evolution of many spectral features requires about 3 M/sub solar/ of hydrogen in the ejecta and solar abundances of iron, oxygen, magnesium, sodium, and calcium. For SN Is, no such definite model is suggested, but one possibility that accounts for some of the strong emission features observed many months after maximum light is that the ejecta include roughly 1 M/sub solar/ of hydrogen and about 10/sup -2/ M/sub solar/ of once ionized iron. This value is 20 times the mass of iron in the Sun and raises the perennial suggestion that supernovae may have some connection with the formation of elements. 7 references. (BJG)
Lithospheric buoyancy forces in Africa from a thin sheet approach

Many features in rift zones and passive margins have been successfully explained by lithospheric stretching models driven solely by tectonic forces. However, the origin of these forces and whether they are sufficient for amagmatic rifting of an initially thick lithosphere remain open questions. We use a thin sheet approach and the CRUST 2.0 model to compute vertically averaged deviatoric stresses arising from horizontal gradients of gravitational potential energy. Computed deviatoric stress directions agree well with earthquake focal mechanisms and stress indicators from the World Stress Map project. We compare the resulting force per unit length with the integrated strength of the lithosphere in the East African Rift and show that buoyancy forces may account for a significant part of the force budget causing continental rifting but are likely insufficient to rupture an initially thick and cold continental lithosphere. This suggests other processes contribute at a significant level to the force balance driving continental rifting in East Africa.
Efficient Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Replication in Avian Cells Requires a Permissive Factor(s) from Mammalian Cells

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a highly pathogenic human RNA virus whose genome is structurally related to those of plant viroids. Although its spread from cell to cell requires helper functions supplied by hepatitis B virus (HBV), intracellular HDV RNA replication can proceed in the absence of HBV proteins. As HDV encodes no RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the identity of the (presumably cellular) enzyme responsible for this reaction remains unknown. Here we show that, in contrast to mammalian cells, avian cells do not support efficient HDV RNA replication and that this defect cannot be rescued by provision of HDV gene products in trans . Contrary to earlier assertions, this defect is not due to enhanced apoptosis triggered in avian cells by HDV. Fusion of avian cells to mammalian cells rescues HDV replication in avian nuclei, indicating that the nonpermissive phenotype of avian cells is not due to the presence of dominantly acting inhibitors of replication. Rather, avian cells lack one or more essential permissive factors present in mammalian cells. These results set the stage for the identification of such factors and also explain the failure of earlier efforts to transmit HDV infection to avian hosts harboring indigenous hepadnaviruses.
Research on Supply Chain Negotiation under Networked Manufacturing Environment

Negotiation in supply chain management (SCM) under networked manufacturing environment is a complex task. In this paper, a multi-agent negotiation system model is suggested for supply chains, which can adapt to the frequent changes in suppliers, customers, and products. The browser/server (B/S) structure is employed for communication, in which the running regulation of Agent is analyzed and the communication mechanism amount multi-Agent is founded. Mutual contact by means of KQML and circulate mechanism of multi-Agent based on CORBA-Web analyzed. The negotiation protocol and negotiation process are also given. The purpose of the negotiation for agents is to reach mutually beneficial agreements. By negotiation, the members in SCM can integrate and coordinate over the networked manufacturing environment.
Software pipelining: an effective scheduling technique for VLIW machines

This paper shows that software pipelining is an effective and viable scheduling technique for VLIW processors. In software pipelining, iterations of a loop in the source program are continuously initiated at constant intervals, before the preceding iterations complete. The advantage of software pipelining is that optimal performance can be achieved with compact object code.This paper extends previous results of software pipelining in two ways: First, this paper shows that by using an improved algorithm, near-optimal performance can be obtained without specialized hardware. Second, we propose a hierarchical reduction scheme whereby entire control constructs are reduced to an object similar to an operation in a basic block. With this scheme, all innermost loops, including those containing conditional statements, can be software pipelined. It also diminishes the start-up cost of loops with small number of iterations. Hierarchical reduction complements the software pipelining technique, permitting a consistent performance improvement be obtained.The techniques proposed have been validated by an implementation of a compiler for Warp, a systolic array consisting of 10 VLIW processors. This compiler has been used for developing a large number of applications in the areas of image, signal and scientific processing.
Women, Water, Energy: An Ecofeminist Approach

How can an ecofeminist perspective help us understand and respond to the problems of water pollution and energy production that we face today? Using contemporary examples ranging from the Arrowhead-Weston Project to Manitoba Hydro, Sumas Energy 2, and the Columbia River dams, this article exposes the corporate appropriations of water power from the people and from the land. Ecofeminism illuminates the way in which gendered, cultural assumptions about water, power, and human relations have led to creating a water-power infrastructure that perpetuates environmental sexism, environmental racism, and environmental classism. As an alternative, an ecofeminist approach to water justice advocates strategies for bringing about an ecological democracy, an ecological economics, and a partnership culture in which water and energy flow freely.
Aseptic necrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a case involving six joints

Aseptic necrosis involving 6 joints (shoulders, hips, one knee and one ankle) is described in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated with systemic corticosteroids. This is the largest number of joints involved by this process in a single case yet reported. Vasculitis, with ischemia of bone, is thought to be the pathogenesis of the necrotic changes observed. Es describite necrosis aseptic afficiente sex articulationes (spald coxas, un genu, un cavilia) in un juvene femina con disseminate lupus erythematose sub therapia a corticosteroides in administration constitutional. Isto es le plus grande numero de articulationes unquam reportate como afficite per iste processo in un caso particular. Vasculitis, con ischemia del ossos, es reguardate como como le mechanismo del pathogenese del alterationes necrotic observate.
Detection of HMGI-C in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients

The human high mobility group (HMG) protein (HMGI-C) belongs to the HMG family of architectural transcription factors which are expressed only during embryonic development, and not in normal adult tissues. Considerable interest has recently been shown in HMGI-C and its expression in a variety of neoplastic tissues, whereas no expression could be found in normal tissue adjacent to the tumour. So far, no data is available on the expression of HMGI-C in the peripheral blood of patients with solid tumours. In this study we analysed the expression of HMGI-C in peripheral blood samples of 61 patients with breast cancer and 35 healthy donors using a haemi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. No HMGI-C could be detected in any of the healthy donors' samples. In the three prognostic groups according to the Nottingham Prognostic Score, the proportion of patients expressing HMGI-C differed significantly (P=0.001). The worse the prognosis was, the more patients expressed HMGI-C. This is the first report on the expression of HMGI-C in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer and our data suggest that this expression is correlated with a poor prognosis.
Locus of Control: A Cross-Cultural Comparison:

This study compared locus of control scores of three samples: 42 boys residing in an orphanage in Mexico, 30 Mexican-American boys, and 30 Anglo-American boys living in a small city in northern California. The mean age of all three groups was 13.0 yr. The Mexican boys were expected to show a more external orientation than the other two groups. The hypothesis was only partially supported, with the difference between the Mexican and Mexican-American subjects statistically significant The former group was more externally oriented. The discussion focused on the effect of life circumstances on locus of control and on parental antecedents, specifically in the area of parental control.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOREDOM PRONENESS AND IMPULSIVITY

As part of a larger investigation, the relationship between boredom proneness and impulsiveness was investigated among 381 undergraduates. A significant positive correlation of .56 obtained between boredom proneness and impulsivity. Significant positive associations were also found between scores on boredom proneness and impulsiveness subscales.
Nonheme Iron and Molybdenum

The electronic structure of the iron in these proteins is the subject of a recent review by Oosterhuis (1974).
Fine-Labor: The Symbiosis between Monetary and Work Sanctions

Monetary sanctions (fines and restitution) and work sanctions are theoretically superior to incarceration: they can deliver deterrence more cheaply, benefit victims tangibly, and promote offender rehabilitation. Yet incarceration remains the dominant punishment in America, even where incapacitation concerns are secondary. This is due in large part to practical drawbacks to the alternatives: monetary sanctions are difficult to enforce and do not seem punitive enough, and unions have successfully lobbied against the competitive threat of convict labor. In a hybrid "fine-labor" system, in which offenders are made to work to pay fines and restitution, the work component could remedy the flaws in monetary sanctions (e.g., by supplying both enforceability and retributive severity) and vice versa (e.g., by incentivizing the victims' rights movement to counter the influence of unions). This Article sketches a model fine-labor system, and addresses potential legal, philosophical, and pragmatic objections to its implementation.
The microbiology of the cystic fibrosis upper and lower airway.

The recently published study by Kidd TJ and the ACFBAL study investigators,Pseudomonas aeruginosa genotypes acquired by children with cystic fibrosis by age 5 years S1569-1993, demonstrates that 155 CF children aged ≤5 years who underwent a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) did not demonstrate that oropharyngeal cultures were reliably predictive of the lower airway cultures. Of the paired samples though, 72% were reported to have an indistinguishable ERIC-PCR genotype between the upper and lower airways [1]. In an earlier study, the results shown by Dosanjh A, Lakhani S, Elashoff D, et al. in a study of sinus, endotracheal and sputum sampling performed to identify concordance in microbiology between mid-tracheal, lower airway and sinus samples in the CF population, demonstrated significant correlation between sputum and endotracheal samples (p b 0.008) [2]. The findings of the earlier study and the study by Kidd and colleagues indicate that upper airway colonization may serve as a reservoir of infection for the lung. The BAL findings described by Kidd et al. show that the lower airway infection by Pseudomonas potentially can be distinct from the upper airway Pseudomonas profile. Clinically, all areas of the CF airway including sinus passages should be considered when developing a therapeutic plan.
Maya Settlement and Trade on Ambergris Caye, Belize

Archaeological fieldwork was conducted on Ambergris Caye, Belize, for three years beginning in 1986. Nineteen archaeological sites were identified during survey work. Intensive excavations were conducted at three sites and limited excavation at several others. In addition, a fourth site has been excavated by another party. This data base gives us the opportunity to examine the diachronic and functional variability of the archaeological record.
A Dose of TPP's Medicine: Why U.S. Trade Deals Have Not Exported U.S. Drug Prices

The United States has trade deals with pharmaceutical terms that go beyond the requirements in World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements with 17 countries. Some are more than a decade old, but just two studies have ever assessed how those trade agreements affected prices in practice. This working paper examines a decade’s worth of pharmaceutical sales data for 15 of the 17 countries with recent U.S. trade deals, assessing their drug spending as a share of overall health expenditure, per capita pharmaceutical spending, consumption of medicines, and the market shares devoted to on-patent and generic medicines. For four of these countries, we were able to compare the prices of off-patent originator drugs launched before the U.S. trade deal with the prices of off-patent originator drugs launched after the deal and subject to its expanded exclusivity terms. The results do not match the large claims made for and against these pharmaceutical provisions in U.S. trade deals. More substantial price effects might well arise over a longer time and for certain classes of medicines, but we were unable to find evidence of this starting to occur. This working paper explores the possible explanations for these findings and their implications for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a twelve country trade deal set to go before Congress with pharmaceuticals at the center of the debate over its passage.
ID: 72: INHIBITION OF NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE (NAMPT) ATTENUATES EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Rationale We have previously shown that Nampt, which regulates intracellular NAD levels and cellular redox state, regulates histone deacetylases and inhibits apoptosis, is significantly upregulated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether Nampt+/− mice are protected from hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension (HPH), (2) whether pharmacological inhibition of Nampt could attenuate monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rats. In addition, we hypothesized that Nampt secreted from pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) or overexpressing Nampt in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) may promote PASMC proliferation via upregulation of calcium signaling pathway, which plays a role in cell proliferation and vascular constriction. Methods Nampt+/− mice and their WT siblings (male, 7-wk old) were exposed to a hypoxia chamber with 10% O2 for four weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6 per group) received one dose of MCT (60 mg/kg), IP. They were administrated with FK866 (an inhibitor of Nampt enzymatic activity) (2.5 mg/kg, IP, twice daily for 2wks) two weeks after MCT. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was determined with a pressure transducer catheter. The right ventricle: left ventricle+septum (RV/LV+S) ratio was calculated. In a cell culture model, hPASMCs were stimulated with recombinant Nampt (25 mg/ml) for 6 hrs and 48 hrs. [Ca2+]cyt was measured in PASMC loaded with flura-2/AM (4mM) in a fluorescence microscope and cyclepiazonic acid (CPA, a specific Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor) was used to induce store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In addition, BrdU assays were conducted to examine rNampt or overexpressing Nampt can promote PASMC proliferation or Nampt secreted from PAECs isolated from PAH patients stimulates more PASMC proliferation than from healthy controls. Results Administration of FK866 reversed established PH (RVSP [mm Hg] 19.77±0.80 [control] vs 51.24±4.35 [MCT] vs 34.45±3.49 [MCT+FK866], p Conclusion Inhibition of Nampt attenuates hypoxia-mediated PH in mice or MCT-induced PH in rats. Nampt may play a role in vascular remodeling via regulation of calcium signaling pathway. These data suggest that Nampt inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target for PH.
Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. VII: Pharmacokinetic factors influencing drug therapy in the aged

The pharmacokinetic factors influencing drug therapy in the elderly are reviewed with special attention on dosage regimens. Deterioration in the effectiveness of drug clearance appears to be the principal pharmacokinetic factor that is altered with age. Prolonged half-life and reduced volume of distribution are the primary and secondary causes, respectively, of the altered clearance. Studies relating age to changes in the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, digoxin, quinidine, warfarin, lithium, benzodiazepines, theophylline, cimetidine, phenytoin, and kanamycin are reviewed. Decreased drug clearance in the elderly may merit a compensatory reduction in dosage, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index.
Effects of Clipping and Spraying on Various Homœothermic Responses of Rabbits at an Elevated Environmental Temperature

Effects of Clipping and Spraying on Various Homœothermic Responses of Rabbits at an Elevated Environmental Temperature
Sar[Dphe 8 ][des-Arg 9 ]Bradykinin

Sar[Dphe8][des-Arg9]BK is a highly selective and potent bradykinin B-1 receptor agonist. Substituting Arg1 with Sar and Phe8 with D-Phe and removing Arg9 makes this peptide less susceptible to metabolic degradation. This long-lasting agonist has been useful in the study of bradykinin B-1 receptors and their antagonists …
Prolactin-induced PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation promotes FAK dephosphorylation, breast cancer cell motility, invasion and metastasis

The serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is an important regulator of cell motility. Both PAK1 and the hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) have been implicated in breast cancer cell motility, however, the exact mechanisms guiding PRL/PAK1 signaling in breast cancer cells have not been fully elucidated. Our lab has previously demonstrated that PRL-activated tyrosine kinase JAK2 phosphorylates PAK1 on tyrosines 153, 201, and 285, and that tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 (pTyr-PAK1) augments migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Here we further investigate the mechanisms by which pTyr-PAK1 enhances breast cancer cell motility in response to PRL. We demonstrate a distinct reduction in PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation in T47D and TMX2-28 breast cancer cells overexpressing wild-type PAK1 (PAK1 WT) when compared to cells overexpressing either GFP or phospho-tyrosine-deficient mutant PAK1 (PAK1 Y3F). Furthermore, pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylates MEK1 on Ser298 resulting in subsequent ERK1/2 activation. PRL-induced FAK auto-phosphorylation is rescued in PAK1 WT cells by inhibiting tyrosine phosphatases and tyrosine phosphatase inhibition abrogates cell motility and invasion in response to PRL. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST rescues FAK auto-phosphorylation in PAK1 WT cells and reduces both cell motility and invasion. Finally, we provide evidence that PRL-induced pTyr-PAK1 stimulates tumor cell metastasis in vivo. These data provide insight into the mechanisms guiding PRL-mediated breast cancer cell motility and invasion and highlight a significant role for pTyr-PAK1 in breast cancer metastasis.
Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster. By Svetlana Alexievich. Trans. Keith Gessen

Svetlana Alexievich, a Belarusian journalist and author of seven books, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize for Literature in recognition of her “polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and coura...
HIV Testing Behaviors Among Latina Women Tested for HIV in Florida, 2012.

Introduction:Latina women in the United States (US) are not only disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but also underuse HIV prevention services, such as HIV t...
Role of Leaders in Fostering Meaningful Collaborations Between Academic Medical Centers and Industry While Also Managing Individual and Institutional Conflicts of Interest

Over at least the past 20 years, putative and real conflicts of interest (COI) at academic medical centers have been featured prominently in the lay press, often with reputational damage to individuals and institutions.1 The heightened focus of concern about alleged financial payments to physicians and academic institutions by pharmaceutical and device companies, coupled with increasing concern by medical students (most notably in the American Medical Student Association scorecard, which gave grades to medical schools ranging from A to F based on how well they performed in avoiding conflicts of interest with the pharmaceutical industry) shone a bright light on individual and institutional integrity.
The Furry Fandom: constructing a costumed society for identity exploration

This paper examines the social-psychological influences of dress within the furry fandom. Using observations, surveys, and interviews at two fur conventions, I explore how individuals’ various identities are developed through costuming. The results reveal a spectrum of identities within the fandom; costuming and “dressing-up” enable individuals to safely explore, express, and negotiate these identities through as-animal performance.
Multi-Source Multi-Target Dictionary Learning for Prediction of Cognitive Decline.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Identifying correct biomarkers may determine pre-symptomatic AD subjects and enable early intervention. Recently, Multi-task sparse feature learning has been successfully applied to many computer vision and biomedical informatics researches. It aims to improve the generalization performance by exploiting the shared features among different tasks. However, most of the existing algorithms are formulated as a supervised learning scheme. Its drawback is with either insufficient feature numbers or missing label information. To address these challenges, we formulate an unsupervised framework for multi-task sparse feature learning based on a novel dictionary learning algorithm. To solve the unsupervised learning problem, we propose a two-stage Multi-Source Multi-Target Dictionary Learning (MMDL) algorithm. In stage 1, we propose a multi-source dictionary learning method to utilize the common and individual sparse features in different time slots. In stage 2, supported by a rigorous theoretical analysis, we develop a multi-task learning method to solve the missing label problem. Empirical studies on an \(N = 3970\) longitudinal brain image data set, which involves 2 sources and 5 targets, demonstrate the improved prediction accuracy and speed efficiency of MMDL in comparison with other state-of-the-art algorithms.