cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cometary cloud in the solar system and the Résibois-Prigogine singular invariants of motion

A relation between nonintegrability of nonlinear dynamical systems with a continuous Fourier spectrum and irreversibility is investigated in terms of the Liealgebraic formalism. Resibois and Prigogine's singular invariants of motion play an essential role. As an application of the formalism, we solve the restricted three-body problem for the case of nearly parabolic motion of the third body. This gives a model of the motion of a comet in the solar system. The results indicate that there is (deterministic) chaos in the motion of a comet in a nearly parabolic orbit. A possible physical implication of the chaotic motion is the existence of a cometary cloud surrounding the solar system. The theoretical results are compared with numerical results, and show good agreement.
Congenital duodenal atresia

Summary Two cases of complete atresia of the second portion of the duodenum and one of partial atresia of the duodenum occurred within a six-month period at Children's Hospital. The condition is common enough to warrant its consideration in the differential diagnosis of conditions causing vomiting in early infancy, and it would appear likely that similar cases have been treated at this and other institutions without being recognized. The diagnosis is easily established by the history, x-ray examination, and examination of the meconium. Treatment consists of immediate surgical intervention, which has proved successful in about two-thirds of the cases reported recently. Gavage should not be instituted in infants with persistent vomiting from birth without definitely ruling out intestinal obstruction.
Perosis, or Deforming Leg Weakness, in the Chicken

Abstract THE purpose of this paper is to present some of the results of a study of a particular type of leg weakness which occurs among young chickens reared in confinement, and which is neither cured nor prevented by including as much as two or three percent of high-grade cod liver oil in their diet. T he D evelopment of P erosis Before presenting the experimental results, a brief description of the condition and its development will be given. The first readily noticeable symptom of perosis is a tendency on the part of the chick to rest for long periods of time in a squatting position. If its metatarsal-tibia joints are carefully examined, a slight puffiness may be observed. Within a few days the joints become appreciably enlarged and very frequently the skin covering them has a bluish-green cast which, apparently, is caused by small hemorrhages in the underlying tissues. This condition has been . . .
JUDGMENTS OF TRUTH BY PARTICIPANTS IN COLLECTIVE CONTROVERSY

This study uses the Oklahoma battle over prohibition repeal in 1959 to investigate the ways in which participants assessed the truth of conflicting statements of fact. How were such assessments related to the stand taken by the person's reference group? How did the degree of a person's involvement in the controversy affect the assessment? In making judgments participants on both sides followed common psychological principles, which are carefully explained. Dr. Sherif is Research Associate at the Institute of Group Relations at the University of Oklahoma, and Visiting Associate Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University for 1965-1966. Dr. Jackman is Professor of Sociology at California State College at Hayward.
A simple proof of the GHS and further inequalities

We formulate and prove a general set of correlation inequalities for spin — 1/2 Ising ferromagnets with pair interactions. One of these is the Griffiths-Hurst-Sherman inequality. The proof is obtained using Gaussian random variables.
PACEMAKER USE IN PATIENTS WITH TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS IN THAOS: THE TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS SURVEY

Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis can result in restrictive cardiomyopathy with heart failure as well as conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias. Since cardiac involvement is variable and in part dependent on mutation, we sought to determine the factors associated with pacemaker use in the global
A Novel Pressure Indicator for Continuous Flow PCR Chip Using Micro Molded PDMS Pillar Arrays

DNA amplification is one of the most routine experiments carried out in biological laboratories. Continuous flow PCR chip releases biologists from their laborious exercises. The use of such chip is, however, hindered by costly expense of the syringe pump, which is used to maintain a constant flow rate. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel pressure indicator which makes up an in-line flow sensor in a continuous flow PCR chip. The pressure of PCR channel is achieved from pattern change in fabricated microstructures, and converted to volume flow rate. A polymeric PCR chip with such pressure indicators is presented. With a much less expense as compared to its conventional peers, this indicator has a wide potential for the use in the laboratories which runs daily activities like sequencing or mutagenesis.
Damaged Right Internal Jugular Venous Catheter Status After Cox Maze IV Procedure

The Cox-Maze IV (CM-IV) procedure was introduced as a modification of the Cox-Maze III by using a bipolar radiofrequency clamp to replicate the majority of the long linear cut and sew lesions. The CM-IV maintained excellent success rates with low complication, and there are no reports of device-related complication in the literature. In this article, we present a patient who underwent aortic valve replacement with a concomitant CM-IV procedure. There was difficulty removing the right internal jugular catheter during the postoperative course, with evidence of catheter fracture on chest radiograph. Upon catheter removal by Interventional Radiology, the distal segment had sustained a radiofrequency burn strike that had melted the involved segment with significant loss of catheter integrity. Of the several events that have occurred in our high volume Maze program, this resulted in changing the anesthesia protocol by using shorter catheters that will be less likely to become caught in the jaws of the bipolar clamp during the performance of the intercaval line of the CM-IV.
Moduli space and phase structure of heterotic strings in two dimensions

We explore the moduli space of heterotic strings in two dimensions. In doing so, we introduce new lines of compactified theories with Spin(24) gauge symmetry and discuss compactifications with Wilson lines. The phase structure of $d=2$ heterotic string theory is examined by classifying the hypersurfaces in moduli space which support massless quanta or discrete states. Finally, we compute the torus amplitude over much of the moduli space.
The RU 486 story: the French experience.

>60000 women in France have received RU 486 and a prostaglandin to induce abortion. In the late 1980s clinical researchers assessed the safety and effectiveness of 600 mg of oral RU 486 in 2040 French women. 2 days later health workers either injected 0.25-0.5mg of sulprostone or inserted a 1mg vaginal suppository of gemeprost in 1964 women who had not yet aborted. 96% experienced complete abortions. Physicians needed to conduct either a vacuum aspiration of dilation and curettage on the other 4%. RU 486 was most successful with 0.5mg of sulprostone but these women also experienced considerable vaginal bleeding and pain. Overall uterine bleeding occurred for 8.9 days. The researchers recommended that adequate medical facilities be accessible to women using this method. Mild side effects were nausea vomiting and diarrhea. Efficacy and safety matched those of other early abortion methods. In April 1991 a grand multiparous women who smoked heavily and received RU 486 and a prostaglandin died--the 1st reported RU 486 related death. RU 486 may be able to treat fibroids endometriosis premenstrual syndrome meningioma hypertension adrenal cancer glaucoma some forms of Cushings syndrome and breast cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration forbade the commercial import of RU 486 in 1989 even though it deemed RU 486 safe and effective. FDA considered the antiabortion view of the Bush Administration when making this decision. It made this decision despite the fact that abortion was still legal. RU 486 should be available soon for use as an abortifacient in the UK the Netherlands Sweden Norway Denmark and Finland. These countries do not intent providing it to US women however. Further the manufacturer is not willing to provide it to US researchers because it is afraid of antiabortion repercussions which may jeopardize WHOs approval of RU 486.
Genetic and epigenetic mosaicism in cancer precursor tissues.

: The concept of field effects in cancer is old, but recent molecular data have substantiated it. Clones of cells that carry well-defined genetic or epigenetic aberrations, but which have not yet acquired the morphological hallmarks of neoplasia, have been documented in the precursor tissues of some of the most common pediatric and adult malignancies. Here I review this evidence, focusing on loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and gain of DNA methylation.
Interactive Focus Group Interviewing: A Qualitative Research Method in Early Intervention

Focus group interviewing is an interactive method of conducting qualitative research that has several potential applications in early intervention. This article discusses qualitative inquiry and su...
Adaptive high resolution MIMO radar with unitary waveform matrix scheduling

In this paper, we present a method of detecting the range and Doppler phase of a point target using multiple antennas. As a key illustrative example, we consider a 4 × 4 system employing a unitary matrix waveform set, e.g., formed from Golay complementary sequences. When a non-negligible Doppler shift is induced by the target motion, the waveform matrix formed from the complementary sequences is no longer unitary, resulting in significantly degraded target range estimates. To solve this problem, a novel Doppler estimation and compensation scheme based on a clever application of DFT is developed that provides notable improvements, both in detection performance, and processing times. We present means to adaptively control the transmitted waveforms to further enhance the system performance. Proof-of-concept simulations are presented verifying the efficacy of the proposed Doppler compensation and estimation technique for our unitary waveform matrix designs.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Rapid Arrhythmogenic Action of Bisphenol A in Female Rat Hearts

Previously we showed that bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptor, rapidly altered Ca(2+) handling and promoted arrhythmias in female rat hearts. The underlying molecular mechanism was not known. Here we examined the cardiac-specific signaling mechanism mediating the rapid impact of low-dose BPA in female rat ventricular myocytes. We showed that protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) signaling pathways are the two major pathways activated by BPA. Exposure to 1 nM BPA rapidly increased production of cAMP and rapidly but transiently increased the phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptors by PKA but not by CAMKII. BPA also rapidly increased the phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLN), a key regulator protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) reuptake, by CAMKII but not PKA. The increase in CAMKII phosphorylation of PLN was mediated by phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release, likely from the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) storage. These two pathways are likely localized, impacting only their respective target proteins. The rapid impacts of BPA on ryanodine receptors and PLN phosphorylation were mediated by estrogen receptor-β but not estrogen receptor-α. BPA's rapid signaling in cardiac myocytes did not involve activation of ERK1/2. Functional analysis showed that PKA but not CAMKII activation contributed to BPA-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) leak, and both PKA and CAMKII were necessary contributors to the stimulatory effect of BPA on arrhythmogenesis. These results provide mechanistic insight into BPA's rapid proarrhythmic actions in female cardiac myocytes and contribute to the assessment of the consequence and potential cardiac toxicity of BPA exposure.
Fatty acid composition of monkey milk lipids

Milk from 6 species of monkeys contained 2.2–8.5% total lipids, and 11.5–16.5% total solids. The fatty acid composition of the milks, as determined by an improved gas liquid chromatographic techniques, was generally similar among the six species. The predominant fatty acids (by wt) were capric (7.5–14.6%), palmitic (19.4–23.3%), oleic (22.4–30.3%), and linoleic (13.6–15.2%). Small amounts of butyric (0.1–1.2%) and caproic (0.5–0.8%) acids were present in all samples. The averaged data were compared with the fatty acid compositions of primate and cow milks. Milks of the nonhuman primates contained less myristic, but more caprylic and capric acids, than did human or cows' milk.
Does Wage Persistence Matter for Employment Fluctuations? Evidence from Displaced Workers

Previous literature has found that tight labor market conditions dur - ing a job raise wages. Using the Displaced Worker Survey from 1984 to 2006, we show that wage gains associated with good labor mar - ket conditions disappear at job loss. We also find that workers with higher wages due to tight past labor market conditions face higher risk of layoff. These findings suggest an important role of persistent rigidities in the wage setting process that are related to layoff deci- sions. This supports the notion that downward rigid employment contracts help explain the Shimer (2005) "puzzle" of low wage rela- tive to employment fluctuations. (JEL J31, J41, J63)
Angiotropic large-cell lymphoma with peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle involvement: Early diagnosis and treatment

Angiotropic large-cell lymphoma is a disorder characterized by an intravascular proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells. We present a patient with polyradiculoneuropathy, myelopathy, and myopathy diagnosed by peripheral nerve and muscle biopsy, who was treated and remains in stable neurologic condition.
Laboratory-frame and rotating-frame ion trajectories in ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The magnitude of the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) time-domain signal detected from the oscillating differential charge induced on opposed detector electrodes depends on the number, ICR orbital and magnetron radii, and phase coherence of the trapped ions. In this paper, we present analytical solutions for the motion of magnetically confined ions of arbitrary initial position, velocity and phase during and after excitation by a spatially uniform oscillatory electric field. Resonant and non-resonant single-frequency and frequency-sweep (chirp) excitation are treated. Spatial coherence may then be incorporated by analyzing the ion ensemble into ion packets, such that ions in each packet share a common ICR orbit center. We find that resonant (single-frequency or frequency-sweep) electric field excitation not only increases the ICR orbital radius, but also induces an oscillating (for linearly polarized excitation) or rotating (for circularly polarized excitation) shift in the center of the ion cyclotron orbit of the ion packet (i.e. the magnetron radius). The amplitude of the r.f.-induced oscillating or rotating magnetron radius increases directly with ion mass-to-charge ratio and r.f. electric field amplitude. Optimal excitation for high mass ions should therefore be conducted with low magnitude long-duration excitation rather than a short high magnitude “rectangular” (or “burst” or “impulse”) waveform. None of the above excitation waveforms changes the initial spatial distribution of the ion packet: in particular, off-resonance single-frequency excitation results in oscillatory variation in ICR orbital radius, but does not induce any net spatial synchronization in the ion packet. Finally, ion trajectories during on- and off-resonance single-frequency excitation are displayed in the usual fixed laboratory coordinate frame as well as in a coordinate frame rotating about the z-axis at the ICR orbital frequency of that ion. Phase coherence and shifts in the center of the ICR orbit are much more easily visualized in the new rotating-frame representation.
Outer membrane phospholipase a dimer stability does not correlate to occluded surface area.

Despite the key roles of oligomeric membrane proteins (MPs) in many known cellular pathways, the principles governing their oligomer stability are not well-understood. Previous work with the α-heli...
Invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit.

Objective:To review epidemiologic trends, advances in diagnosis and susceptibility testing, therapeutic options and guidelines, and management strategies for invasive candidiasis as relevant to the intensive care unit physician.Data Sources, Study Selection, Data Extraction, Data Synthesis:Nonstruct
Nonblocking Operation of Asymmetrical Clos Networks

In this paper, we study the nonblocking operation of asymmetrical three-stage Clos networks. We consider a control algorithm for operating the. asymmetrical Clos networks in the nonblocking mode. We derive sufficient conditions under which these networks are nonblocking for this control algorithm. Further, we provide results on the number of faults tolerated by the algorithm in the nonblocking mode of operation. We next design a different control algorithm for nonblocking operation of asymmetrical Clos networks. Using simulation results, the new control algorithm is shown to perform better than the previous one in terms of network utilization, blocking probability and fault-tolerance.
Not-so-Secret Identities

The author relates stories about security and identity issues and how they relate to the Internet.
Cycloheptaamylose as a model for starch in the pyrolysis of polysaccharides

Abstract The pyrolysis of cycloheptaamylose has been studied as a model for starch. 1,6-Anhydro-β- d -glucopyranose (levoglucosan, LG, 7) and its furanose isomer are major products from vacuum pyrolysis at 280, 300, and 320°, with combined yields ranging from 38 to 50% of the substrate dependent on temperature. Pyrolysis in methyl sulfoxide at 150° produced LG and glucose as well as gluco-oligosaccharides of d.p. up to 7, with both reducing and 1,6-anhydro end-groups. A mechanism is postulated in which the first step is the heterolytic scission of a glucosidic linkage to form a linear, seven-membered oligosaccharide having a glucosyl cation in place of the reducing end-group. The cation is stabilized either by intramolecular attack of O-6 and the C-1 cation by intermolecular transglycosylation. The former product subsequently yields LG upon scission of a terminal glucoside linkage.
PHOTON ECHO EXPERIMENTS ON 3-3' DIETHYLTHIACARBOCYANINE IN GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS WITH ULTRAFAST LASER PULSES

Photon echo experiments on diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide (DTCI) in dibuthylphthalate (DBP) and glycerol in the glass phase with femtosecond pulses are presented. The PE signal shows nonexponential decays even at low temperatures. This behavior is attributed to the many vibronic resonances of the chromophore/ glass system which can be simultaneously excited by the spectral bandwith of the laser pulses. We are able to extract from the PE decays the contribution of the homogeneous dephasing rate of the 0-0 transition of DTCI up to 20 K in dibutylphthalate and 40 K in glycerol. A beating structure in the echo decay for the system DTCI/DBP is also observed from 8 K up to 180 K (glass transition temperature for DBP). This feature is attributed to an intereference process involving excitation of a vibronic transition of DTCI characterized by a vibrational frequency of 300 cm-1.
Specific heat of thin-film amorphous molybdenum-based alloys.

We have studied the effects of transition-metal (TM) and metalloid (M) substitution in amorphous molybdenum-based TM-M alloys. Absolute-specific-heat measurements of thin-film (approx. 1 ..mu..m thick) samples of Mo-Ge, Mo-Si, and Mo-Ti-Si alloys prepared by magnetron sputtering were made using the relaxation-time-constant method. A comparison of the superconducting transition width made both thermally and electrically indicates that the sample homogeneity is better than 0.1% for length scales greater than the coherence length. Both the electronic density of states and T/sub c/ with increasing metalloid concentration and (Ti)/(Mo) ratio, in agreement with a rigid-band model. We compare our results to current theories relating the electron-phonon coupling constant lambda/sub e/-ph to the electronic density of states.
A note on efficient computation of haplotypes via perfect phylogeny.

The problem of inferring haplotype phase from a population of genotypes has received a lot of attention recently. This is partly due to the observation that there are many regions on human genomic DNA where genetic recombination is rare (Helmuth, 2001; Daly et al., 2001; Stephens et al., 2001; Friss et al., 2001). A Haplotype Map project has been announced by NIH to identify and characterize populations in terms of these haplotypes. Recently, Gusfield introduced the perfect phylogeny haplotyping problem, as an algorithmic implication of the no-recombination in long blocks observation, together with the standard population-genetic assumption of infinite sites. Gusfield's solution based on matroid theory was followed by direct θ(nm2 ) solutions that use simpler techniques (Bafna et al., 2003; Eskin et al., 2003), and also bound the number of solutions to the PPH problem. In this short note, we address two questions that were left open. First, can the algorithms of Bafna et al. (2003) and Eskin et al. (2003)...
Discrimination, Religious Coping, and Tobacco Use Among White, African American, and Mexican American Vocational School Students

This study examined whether religious coping moderates the impact of racial/ethnic discrimination on current (past 30 day) cigarette and cigar/cigarillo use among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 984 technical/vocational school students (47.1% women; mean age = 25 years). Results indicate that discrimination increased the likelihood of current cigarette use among African American students and current cigar/cigarillo use among white and African American students. Positive religious coping decreased the likelihood of cigarette and cigar/cigarillo smoking for white students only. Negative religious coping increased the likelihood of cigarette use for white students and cigar/cigarillo use for white and African American students. Two 2-way interactions indicate that positive and negative religious coping moderate the discrimination–cigarette smoking relationship for African American and Mexican American students, respectively.
Studies of Fusiform Bacilli and Spirochaetes VIII. Their Occurrence in Alveolar Abscesses

Observations have been going on in our laboratory for some time upon the distribution of fuso-spirochaete organisms in the body and on lesions in which they are found. As a result of these studies it seemed that inasmuch as one of the most important localities in which these organisms are often found normally is on and about the teeth, and since they are associated with many buccal lesions, it would be reasonable to expect them to occur often and possibly play an important r6le in alveolar lesions, especially the purulent and necrotic ones. We have already shown the significance of these bacteria in a variety of conditions including pulmonary gangrene, buccal lesions, genital lesions, etc. (3), and have called attention to their importance in determining the character of the lesion and to their association with pyogenic bacteria, particularly streptococci. In this paper we wish to emphasize this association of bacteria as a factor in determining the character and progress of lesions of this type in connection with alveolar abscesses. In the literature several papers have appeared on the bacteriology of alveolar abscesses. The first paper of importance is that by Gilmer and Moody (5), who found in a series of some forty cases the Streptococcus, viridans as the predominating organism in the exudate, and which they regard as the chief cause. They also state that "the anaerobic cultures which do contain streptococci are rarely pure. Some contain Bacillus fusiformis in varying numbers, a few of these tubes however have practically pure cultures of fusiform bacilli." They have emphasized (4) also the occurrence of putrefaction processes in alveolar abscesses in association with the activities of pyogenic cocci,
Folding free energy surfaces of three small proteins under crowding: validation of the postprocessing method by direct simulation

We have developed a ‘postprocessing’ method for modeling biochemical processes such as protein folding under crowded conditions (Qin and Zhou 2009 Biophys. J. 97 12–19). In contrast to the direct simulation approach, in which the protein undergoing folding is simulated along with crowders, the postprocessing method requires only the folding simulation without crowders. The influence of the crowders is then obtained by taking conformations from the crowder-free simulation and calculating the free energies of transferring to the crowders. This postprocessing yields the folding free energy surface of the protein under crowding. Here the postprocessing results for the folding of three small proteins under ‘repulsive’ crowding are validated by those obtained previously by the direct simulation approach (Mittal and Best 2010 Biophys. J. 98 315–20). This validation confirms the accuracy of the postprocessing approach and highlights its distinct advantages in modeling biochemical processes under cell-like crowded conditions, such as enabling an atomistic representation of the test proteins.
An Interactional Model for Empowering Women in Supervision.

Gender-related power differences have been observed in supervision. Empowering women involves attending to women's need for connection in interactions. An interactional model for encouraging connected power in supervision is presented.
The causal factor underlying the correlation between psychometric g and scholastic performance

Abstract Structural equation models were fitted to covariances among 9 Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) variables, 11 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) subtest scores, and 3 Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT) scaled scores, administered to a sample of 532 primary school children who participated in the Western Reserve Twin Project. The models were designed to test the hypothesis that factors representing basic cognitive processes, extracted from the nine CAT variables, were the main causal determinants for the observed correlation between psychometric g and scholastic performance, which were represented, respectively, by a general factor extracted from the WISC-R and a factor from the MAT. Structural relations between the CAT factors as the primary independent variables, psychometric g as a secondary independent variable, and scholastic performance as the dependent variables were estimated, and the R2 change indicating the higher-order shared variability between g and scholastic performance was evaluated. After the influence of a CAT general factor was controlled, the WISC-R general factor accounted for about 6% of the variability in the MAT scholastic factor, as opposed to as much as 30% of the zero-order variability shared by the two variables. The results were not seriously affected by the exclusion of nonchronometric measures of the cognitive tasks from the model, suggesting that individual differences in mental speed are a main causal factor underlying the observed correlation between general intelligence and scholastic performance in children between the ages of 6 and 13.
Atomic collisions in solids: Astronomical applications

Airless bodies in space are subject to irradiation with energetic atomic particles, which generate atmospheres by sputtering and alter the surface composition. Astronomical observations with telescopes and space probes continuously provide new data that require new laboratory experiments for their interpretation. Many of these experiments also serve to expand the current frontier of atomic collisions in solids by discovering previously unknown phenomena. Some of the experimental techniques used in these experiments could find applications in other areas of atomic collisions in solids. We present results from our current experimental research program on sputtering and surface modification of ices and minerals and point out opportunities for research in this area.
Kinetic analysis of space-charge wave effects of a helical relativistic electron beam on the cyclotron maser instability

The influence of the longitudinal space-charge waves of a coherently gyrophased, helical relativistic electron beam on the cyclotron maser instability is investigated in a cylindrical waveguide configuration using a three-dimensional kinetic theory. A dispersion relation that includes waveguide effects is used to examine detailed stability properties of the cyclotron maser interaction. It is shown that, in general, the effects of space-charge waves on a coherently gyrophased beam are suppressed in a waveguide geometry in comparison with an ideal one-dimensional cyclotron maser with similar beam parameters.
Discussion of recent papers on carbonated peridotite, bearing on mantle metasomatism and magmatism: an alternative

Abstract The experimental study of Olafsson and Eggler [1] is not inconsistent with the model system CaO MgO SiO 2 CO 2 , if an alternate topology for peridotite-CO 2 H 2 O is considered. Although peridotite-H 2 O CO 2 solidi present barriers to ascent of partially-melted peridotite, solidi should be applied to melts with caution. Melts such as kimberlites plausibly can ascend rapidly through fractures without appreciable reaction with peridotitic wallrocks.
Dual polygonal billiards and necklace dynamics

We study the orbits of the dual billiard map about a polygonal table using the technique of necklace dynamics. Our main result is that for a certain class of tables, called the quasi-rational polygons, the dual billiard orbits are bounded. This implies that for the subset of rational tables (i.e. polygons with rational vertices) the dual billiard orbits are periodic.
Brain Damage in Infant Mice following Oral Intake of Glutamate, Aspartate or Cysteine

STRIKING degenerative changes in the infant mouse retina after subcutaneous treatment with monosodium glutamate (MSG) were reported by Lucas and Newhouse in 19571. Other studies2–6 established that the process of retinal degeneration induced by MSG treatment is a remarkably acute and irreversible form of neuronal pathology. Recently it was found that a similar process of acute neuronal necrosis occurs in several regions of the infant mouse brain after subcutaneous treatment with MSG, and that animals treated with high doses in infancy tend to manifest obesity and neuroendocrine disturbances as adults7,8. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is an area particularly vulnerable to glutamate induced damage in infant animals of several species (mice and rats7, rabbits and chicks and the rhesus monkey9). In mice, which have been studied more extensively for MSG induced disturbances than other species, the infant animal suffered hypothalamic damage from a relatively low subcutaneous dose (0.5 g/kg of body weight)7.
Internships and the individual: Suggestions for implementing (or improving) an internship program

Internship programs may be time consuming to administer, but they do allow students to integrate classroom education with experience‐based learning. Institutions attempting to integrate an internship program into the curriculum, or those refining existing programs, should consider several alternative methods for establishing an effective experience for students.
Medication-induced (analgesic rebound) headache: historical aspects and initial descriptions of the North American experience

A review of the initial descriptions of medication-induced (misuse) headache in the North American literature indicates that this disorder was first identified in the mid-1950s. It was not until the early 1980s that this phenomenon became well established.
Development, institutions and class

Ha-Joon Chang effectively criticizes the mainstream approach to the institutions of development, on theoretical, empirical and historical grounds. He also creates an opening for a different kind of discussion about institutions and development, between heterodox institutional and Marxian economics. But he overlooks the opportunity to analyze the relationship between class and the institutions of development.
Treatment planning in maxillary prognathism

Abstract Mild and moderate cases of maxillary skeletal protrusion should be treated successfully by orthodontic means alone. When there is an extreme anomaly, especially in an adult patient, there are some orthodontists who would say that the case could be treated successfully by orthodontic therapy, while some surgeons would contend that the anomaly could be corrected more successfully by surgery. It is our opinion that these severe cases, if unamenable to orthodontic treatment exclusively, should be treated by a combined orthodontic-surgical approach. Rarely does surgery alone give the same treatment results which either orthodontics or a combined surgical-orthodontic approach can achieve. In this article an attempt has been made to rationalize, from an orthodontic point of view, different treatment plans and different orthodontic concepts to be considered in handling cases of maxillary skeletal protrusion (maxillary prognathism).
An Investigation of Cutaneous Penile Blood Flow Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry

A capillary perfusion monitor was used to determine the flaccid and erect cutaneous penile blood flow in 19 healthy men. A mean value of 41.95 mV was observed from readings in the flaccid state, whereas the mean value in the erec tile state was 306.63 mV in readings at one minute of tumescence. Recordings were also obtained at two, three, and four minutes in 6 subjects, during which a plateau was reached.
Agent Orange and cancer: an overview for clinicians.

Approximately 3 million Americans served in the armed forces in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Some of them (as well as some Vietnamese combatants and civilians, and members of the armed forces of other nations) were exposed to defoliant mixtures, including Agent Orange. Evidence suggests some lasting health effects from these exposures, including certain cancers. This article reviews the evidence on cancer risk after Agent Orange exposure. Data sources include studies of Vietnam veterans, workers occupationally exposed to herbicides or dioxins (since dioxins contaminated the herbicide mixtures used in Vietnam), and Vietnamese populations. The article then reviews clinical issues that arise when caring for cancer patients who may have sustained Agent Orange exposure, or others concerned about such exposure to Agent Orange, such as available benefits programs and sources of information and counseling.
Retinoic Acid Induces Prostatic Bud Formation

Formation of prostatic buds from the urogenital sinus (UGS) to initiate prostate development requires localized action of several morphogenetic factors. This report reveals all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to be a powerful inducer of mouse prostatic budding that is associated with reciprocal changes in expression of two regulators of budding: sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). Localization of retinoid signaling and expression of RA synthesis, metabolism, and receptor genes in the UGS on embryonic days 14.5-17.5 implicate RA in the mechanism of bud initiation. In UGS organ culture, RA increased prostatic budding, increased Shh expression, and decreased Bmp4. Prostatic budding was stimulated in the absence of RA by recombinant SHH, by blocking BMP4 signaling with NOGGIN, or by combined treatment with SHH and NOGGIN in UGS organ culture media. These observations suggest that reciprocal changes in hedgehog and BMP signaling by RA may regulate bud initiation.
Spider Bots: A Low Cost Platform for Testing and Validating Cooperative Control Algorithms

A primary factor limiting the development, testing, and validation of decentralized algorithms for large-scale multi-robot teams is the high cost of the available systems. When a successful test necessitates that an algorithm functions on dozens or even hundreds of robots simultaneously, a low price tag on each robot is crucial. This paper presents Spider-Bots, a low cost platform for testing and validating control algorithms for multi-robot swarms. The platform is comprised of centimeter-scale mobile robots that can communicate wirelessly and interact with their environment, along with easy to use software libraries. The resulting platform was validated by testing its ability to execute and record data from three separate algorithms: Set-point navigation, object manipulation, and collision avoidance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Affect and alcohol use: an ecological momentary assessment study of outpatients with borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) affects 1% to 3% of the general population and is a common personality disorder in clinical settings (Lenzenweger, Lane, Loranger, & Kessler, 2007; Trull, Jahng, Tomko, Wood, & Sher, 2010). BPD is frequently comorbid with both Axis I disorders and personality disorders (Skodol et al., 2002). In particular, BPD is highly associated with substance use disorders, especially alcohol use disorders (AUDs; Trull et al., 2000). For example, Trull et al. (in press) estimated that, on average, 16.9% of individuals with an AUD diagnosis also receive a BPD diagnosis, and 45.1% of those with BPD also receive an AUD diagnosis. One prominent theory of the etiology of AUDs may at least partially explain this association (Sher & Grekin, 2007). The use and ultimate abuse of alcohol may represent an attempt to regulate negative emotions (Sher, 1991; Trull et al., 2000). Specifically, those who experience negative emotions more frequently and intensely, and who have trouble regulating these negative emotions, are more prone to develop alcohol use problems. The effects of alcohol may be negatively reinforcing in that alcohol’s anxiolytic properties serve to decrease feelings of negative affect or acute distress (Baker et al., 2004) and provide some temporary relief. In addition, the belief that alcohol will alleviate negative affective states may also be powerful. Alternatively, alcohol may serve as a positive reinforcer by increasing positive mood states (Sher, 1991). BPD is perhaps the prototype of emotional dysregulation (Linehan, 1993; Trull et al., 2000). Emotional dysregulation or affective instability refers to the experience of acute, extreme changes in affect or the experience of aversive affective arousal. Emotional dysregulation involves a heightened emotional sensitivity, greater and more intense emotional reactivity, and a slower return to baseline arousal (Linehan, 1993). Furthermore, emotional dysregulation appears to underlie and drive the core features of this disorder, including affective instability, impulsivity, substance use problems, interpersonal problems, and identity problems (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Trull, Tomko, Brown, & Scheiderer, 2010). Therefore, individuals with BPD seem both biologically and psychologically motivated or predisposed to abuse alcohol (Trull et al., 2000).
The pre-history of urban scaling.

Cities are increasingly the fundamental socio-economic units of human societies worldwide, but we still lack a unified characterization of urbanization that captures the social processes realized by cities across time and space. This is especially important for understanding the role of cities in the history of human civilization and for determining whether studies of ancient cities are relevant for contemporary science and policy. As a step in this direction, we develop a theory of settlement scaling in archaeology, deriving the relationship between population and settled area from a consideration of the interplay between social and infrastructural networks. We then test these models on settlement data from the Pre-Hispanic Basin of Mexico to show that this ancient settlement system displays spatial scaling properties analogous to those observed in modern cities. Our data derive from over 1,500 settlements occupied over two millennia and spanning four major cultural periods characterized by different levels of agricultural productivity, political centralization and market development. We show that, in agreement with theory, total settlement area increases with population size, on average, according to a scale invariant relation with an exponent in the range . As a consequence, we are able to infer aggregate socio-economic properties of ancient societies from archaeological measures of settlement organization. Our findings, from an urban settlement system that evolved independently from its old-world counterparts, suggest that principles of settlement organization are very general and may apply to the entire range of human history.
Methamphetamine induces DNA damage in specific regions of the female rat brain.

Summary Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that has been shown to produce neurotoxicity. Methamphetamine increases the release of dopamine by reversing the direction of monoamine transporter proteins, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species in the brain. In this study, we examined the effect of METH on DNA damage in vivo using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) under two different conditions. Rats treated with multiple doses of METH (10 mg/kg × 4) showed significant levels of DNA damage in the nucleus accumbens and striatum, both dopamine-rich areas. In contrast, a single dose of METH did not lead to significant levels of DNA damage in any of the dopamine-rich brain regions that were tested. Overall, the results of our study demonstrate that METH produces greater oxidative DNA damage in brain areas that receive greater dopamine innervation.
Peripheral neuropathy associated with inhalation of methyl-n-butyl ketone.

Dix-sept rats sont exposes pendant 6 semaines 5 jours par semaine, 8 h par jour, a une atmosphere contenant soit du methyl-n-butyl ketone seul soit un melange de MnBK et de methyl-ethyl ketone. Tous les rats presenterent une faiblesse musculaire generalisee apres l'inhalation qui dura de quelques h a 24 h avec recuperation motrice totale. En depit de cette apparence normale, l'examen histologique revela une hypertrophie, un ballonement en grains de chapelet, et une degenerescence des axones, associee a une demyelination secondaire, habituellement situee dans la region des nodes de Ranvier. La toxicite du MnBK est prouvee, celle du MEK est encore a l'etude.
Designing and refining schema mappings via data examples

A schema mapping is a specification of the relationship between a source schema and a target schema. Schema mappings are fundamental building blocks in data integration and data exchange and, as such, obtaining the right schema mapping constitutes a major step towards the integration or exchange of data. Up to now, schema mappings have typically been specified manually or have been derived using mapping-design systems that automatically generate a schema mapping from a visual specification of the relationship between two schemas. We present a novel paradigm and develop a system for the interactive design of schema mappings via data examples. Each data example represents a partial specification of the semantics of the desired schema mapping. At the core of our system lies a sound and complete algorithm that, given a finite set of data examples, decides whether or not there exists a GLAV schema mapping (i.e., a schema mapping specified by Global-and-Local-As-View constraints) that "fits" these data examples. If such a fitting GLAV schema mapping exists, then our system constructs the "most general" one. We give a rigorous computational complexity analysis of the underlying decision problem concerning the existence of a fitting GLAV schema mapping, given a set of data examples. Specifically, we prove that this problem is complete for the second level of the polynomial hierarchy, hence, in a precise sense, harder than NP-complete. This worst-case complexity analysis notwithstanding, we conduct an experimental evaluation of our prototype implementation that demonstrates the feasibility of interactively designing schema mappings using data examples. In particular, our experiments show that our system achieves very good performance in real-life scenarios.
Leveraging the Web for automatically generating indexable and browsable keywords for speech files

This paper presents a method for generating indexable and browsable keyword metadata from ASR transcripts by leveraging theWeb. Search engine queries are built from an ASR transcript and used to retrieve similar text from the Web. The keyword meta information embedded in those pages for search engines is then ranked using a mutual information criteria to derive a keyword set. The proposed method is training-free, allows phrase keyword generation, and can generate words that were not spoken in the ASR transcript, alleviating the impact of ASR out-of-vocabulary. Subjective evaluations on technical presentations demonstrate a clear preference for this approach. Additionally an objective measure of keyword generation performance is proposed and shown to be a useful guide for tuning compared to more onerous subjective evaluations.
Teleradiology. Part II. Limitations, risks, and opportunities.

James H. Thrall, MD Teleradiology offers the promise to improve quality of care and quality of service to patients and referring providers while simultaneously improving the efficiency of the health care system and the productivity and quality of work life of radiologists. Hospital-to-home teleradiology is widely used in the United States for off-hours health care coverage (1), and teleradiology has become the basis for the formation of a number of commercial enterprises that provide outsourcing services for image interpretation. The full potential of teleradiology to change paradigms of care is not yet known and likely will require substantial additional experience and experimentation to understand. In the meantime, there are still serious technical and operational limitations that need to be overcome before the advantages of teleradiology can be realized. There is also a daunting series of risks that need to be better understood before the myriad of opportunities associated with teleradiology can be fully explored and beneficially integrated into the health care system and the practice of radiology.
Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) Encephalitis: Case Report and Field Investigation

Baylisascaris procyonis is a common and widespread parasite of raccoons in the United States and Canada. With large raccoon populations occurring in many areas, the potential risk of human infection with B procyonis is high. We report a case of severe raccoon roundworm (B procyonis) encephalitis in a young child to illustrate the unique clinical, diagnostic, and treatment aspects, as well as public health concerns of B procyonis infection. Acute and convalescent serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from the patient were tested for antibodies against B procyonis to assist in documenting infection. An extensive field survey of the patient's residence and the surrounding community was performed to investigate raccoon abundance and to determine the extent of raccoon fecal contamination and B procyonis eggs in the environment. The patient evidenced serologic conversion, and the field investigation demonstrated a raccoon population far in excess of anything previously reported. There was abundant evidence of B procyonis eggs associated with numerous sites of raccoon defecation around the patient's residence and elsewhere in the community. Because B procyonis can produce such severe central nervous system disease in young children, it is important that pediatricians are familiar with this infection. The public should be made aware of the hazards associated with raccoons and B procyonis to hopefully prevent future cases of B procyonis infection.