cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Time Domain Electromagnetic Migration Using Integral Transformation

SUMMARY The method of time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) migration is used for fast imaging of subsurface geoelectrical structures. The computation of the migration field is based on downward extrapolation of the observed field in reverse time. In this paper we examine an effective method of EM migration based on the operator of an integral transformation in the spatial-temporal domain. The migration conductivity image is constructed using the convolution of the background and migration fields. We demonstrate in this paper that the method of EM migration can be effectively used for interpretation of multitransient electromagnetic (MTEM) data.
Structural Transformation in Cubic Zirconia

The structure of CaO-stabilized cubic zirconia has been investigated by X-ray diffraction at high temperatures and pressures up to 1000°C and ∼35 GPa, using a diamond-anvil cell interfaced with aYAG laser heating system. At ∼1000°C and 15 GPa, the cubic phase transforms directly into an orthorhombic phase with the PbCl2 structure. This high-pressure phase is quenchable. The zero-pressure lattice parameters are a=0.3327±0.0004 nm, b=0.5566±0.0003 nm, and c =0.6487±0.0005 nm, the volume change being 10.5%.
Reply to “Mistaken Identity of Brucella Infection”

The letter of Yang et al. ([1][1]) is an interesting account of the continuing issues associated with the misidentification of Brucella species by the current commercial identification systems. As mentioned in the letter, we experienced similar issues with the commercial bacterial identification
A gene encoding the tryptophan synthase beta subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abstract The DNA sequence of a tryptophan synthase gene and the flanking 5' and 3' regions has been determined for Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequence encodes only the beta subunit domain, indicating that alpha and beta subunits are specified by separate genes. The gene contains four introns and encodes 470 amino acid residues. The plant amino acid sequence is highly conserved with respect to corresponding microbial sequences. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence is characteristic of chloroplast transit peptides. Identity of the sequences of the genomic exons and a cDNA clone and the presence of cellular RNA corresponding in size and 5' sequence to the gene indicate that the gene is expressed. Analysis of Arabidopsis genomic DNA suggests the presence of a second gene for the beta subunit.
Policy fundamentals, interest rates differential, and expected devaluation in the presence of an active crawling peg system

Abstract One of the most interesting theoretical issues that comes up from the analysis of the tablita period in the Southern Cone economies—Argentina, Chile and Uruguay—is the interpretation of why interest rates on domestic currency loans were much higher than the rate on foreign currency loans adjusted for devaluation of the domestic currency, even though the rate of devaluation was set by the monetary authorities six months ahead and published in a little table ( tablita ). This was particularly puzzling in the case of Uruguay which had practically perfect capital mobility. We show that the reason rational economic agents were willing to pay high domestic interest rates rather than borrowing in foreign currency was that they realized that policy fundamentals were inconsistent with the sustainability of the exchange rate policy. Using data for Uruguay we show that a second systematic component of expectations of devaluation is what we call ‘the policy risk factor’ and modeled as a function of the fiscal and monetary variables. (JEL 41, 31).
Mosquito Biting Behavior: Statistical Power and Sources of Variation in Toxicity and Repellent Bioassays

Compounds thought to be effective against mosquitoes as either 'insecticides' or 'repellents' have recently been shown to contain properties of both, or possess other behavior-modifying actions. Prompted in part by these reports, we conducted posterior analyses of our data to examine some interrelated statistical issues inherent in our bioassay system. Using a modified KD (1) our bioassay system has more statistical power to determine a compound's toxicity than its repellent qualities, (2) day-to-day variability is large and needs to be accommodated in analyses; there are other, potentially even larger sources of variability (e.g., mosquito heterogeneity) which invalidate statistical tests that are based on the assumption of binomially or multinomially distributed data (e.g., chi2 tests), and (3) unlike biting mosquitoes exposed to DEET, the proportions of biting mosquitoes exposed to alphacypermethrin are unrelated to the proportions of concurrently tested biting controls, even after adjusting for daily variation in toxicity. Thus, there is a clear behavioral indicator in this bioassay system that the 'repellency' of DEET (a presumed repellent) differs in a fundamental way from that of alphacypermethrin (a presumed toxicant), which may allow the differentiation between classes of compounds based on biting behavior alone.
Methodological challenges surrounding direct-to-consumer advertising research—The measurement conundrum

Abstract Objectives Numerous studies have focused on the impact of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising on consumer behavior and health outcomes. These studies have used various approaches to assess exposure to prescription drug advertising and to measure the subsequent effects of such advertisements. The objectives of this article are to (1) discuss measurement challenges involved in DTC advertising research, (2) summarize measurement approaches commonly identified in the literature, and (3) discuss contamination, time to action, and endogeneity as specific problems in measurement design and application. Methods We conducted a review of the professional literature to identify illustrative approaches to advertising measurement. Specifically, our review of the literature focused on measurement of DTC advertising exposure and effect. We used the hierarchy-of-effects model to guide our discussion of processing and communication effects. Other effects were characterized as target audience action, sales, market share, and profit. Results Overall, existing studies have used a variety of approaches to measure advertising exposure and effect, yet the ability of measures to produce a valid and reliable understanding of the effects of DTC advertising can be improved. Our review provides a framework for conceptualizing DTC measurement, and can be used to identify gaps in the literature not sufficiently addressed by existing measures. Conclusions Researchers should continue to explore correlations between exposure and effect of DTC advertising, but are obliged to improve and validate measurement in this area.
TECHNOLOGIES OF TIME: CALENDRICS AND COMMONERS IN POSTCLASSIC MEXICO

This article explores how the 260-day divinatory calendar changed over the course of Mesoamerican history. I begin with a description of the day-count in an ethnographic context, twentieth-century highland Guatemala. I then examine the day-count as recorded in sixteenth-century historical documents from central Mexico. Ceramic motifs on Early-Middle Postclassic period pottery from Xaltocan, Mexico, guide an examination of the day-count in the eleventh through sixteenth centuries. This study concludes that despite its reputation as an exclusively elite institution, the fonalpohualli has served commoner purposes for at least a millennium. Commoners were more knowledgeable and more active agents regarding cosmology than most Mesoamericanists have previously believed. This study concludes that comparative historical analysis, that is, the systematic search for differences, as well as similarities, in the ethnographic, ethnohistorical, and archaeological records, enhances the contributions of ethnography and ethnohistory to Mesoamerican archaeology.
Electric field characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy with individualized current amplitude: A preclinical study

This study examines the characteristics of the electric field induced in the brain by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with individualized current amplitude. The electric field induced by bilateral (BL), bifrontal (BF), right unilateral (RUL), and frontomedial (FM) ECT electrode configurations was computed in anatomically realistic finite element models of four nonhuman primates (NHPs). We generated maps of the electric field strength relative to an empirical neural activation threshold, and determined the stimulation strength and focality at fixed current amplitude and at individualized current amplitudes corresponding to seizure threshold (ST) measured in the anesthetized NHPs. The results show less variation in brain volume stimulated above threshold with individualized current amplitudes (16-36%) compared to fixed current amplitude (30-62%). Further, the stimulated brain volume at amplitude-titrated ST is substantially lower than that for ECT with conventional fixed current amplitudes. Thus individualizing the ECT stimulus current could compensate for individual anatomical variability and result in more focal and uniform electric field exposure across different subjects compared to the standard clinical practice of using high, fixed current for all patients.
Semantic Priming of Familiar Songs

We explored the functional organization of semantic memory for music by comparing priming across familiar songs both within modalities (Experiment 1, tune to tune; Experiment 3, category label to lyrics) and across modalities (Experiment 2, category label to tune; Experiment 4, tune to lyrics). Participants judged whether or not the target tune or lyrics were real (akin to lexical decision tasks). We found significant priming, analogous to linguistic associative-priming effects, in reaction times for related primes as compared to unrelated primes, but primarily for within-modality comparisons. Reaction times to tunes (e.g., “Silent Night”) were faster following related tunes (“Deck the Hall”) than following unrelated tunes (“God Bless America”). However, a category label (e.g., Christmas) did not prime tunes from within that category. Lyrics were primed by a related category label, but not by a related tune. These results support the conceptual organization of music in semantic memory, but with potentially weaker associations across modalities.
Clustered Adaptive Rate Limiting: Defeating Denial-of-Sleep Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

The potential for wide-spread use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in military monitoring, homeland security, and other areas continues to expand. There are, however, security concerns that must be addressed before this potential is realized. One threat to WSNs is the denial-of-sleep attack, a particular type of denial-of-service attack that rapidly drains sensor node batteries by keeping radios active when they should be sleeping to conserve energy. Simple denial-of-sleep attacks involving unauthenticated or replayed packets are difficult to distinguish from bursty data and can force network devices to incorrectly remain in receive mode. This research introduces Clustered Adaptive Rate Limiting, or CARL, a rate limiting approach based on current host-based intrusion detection techniques that is designed to defeat denial-of-sleep attacks. We use simulation to examine tradeoffs and to demonstrate the potential benefits of the CARL mechanism. Providing support for adaptive rate-limiting at the MAC layer, especially in networks that might encounter bursty data, is essential if WSN are to achieve their full potential for mission-critical applications.
Radioactive tracers in hydrologic studies

The use of radioactive tracers to study phenomena in hydrology that have not previously been easily amenable to investigation is proceeding at a rapid pace. A group of experiments was carried out in lakes and reservoirs in Massachusetts to determine eddy diffusion coefficients. The average eddy diffusion coefficient divided by the radius of the eddy was found to be 0.09 ft/sec. A group of experiments to determine the average velocity of streams and the dilution in streams by use of radioactive tracers was then performed. The diffusion coefficients found in the test of the streams were compared with the theoretical diffusion coefficients of G. I. Taylor for straight pipes and found to be larger due to the increased dispersion caused by bends and obstructions in the stream. A mathematical formulation for general use in determining dilution and dispersion in rivers and streams by radioactive tracers was established. A correction is made for the absorption and decay of the isotope depending upon its chemical and nuclear properties. Work is under way at Harvard University to delineate further the absorption coefficients of important isotopes under various conditions leading to a better determination of the eddy diffusion coefficient.
LIMB: A Mini-Borer for Sampling Small-Diameter Trees

The dimensions, manufacture and application of a mini-borer to take 3-mm cores are described. This new instrument seems particularly well-suited to determining ages of saplings in situations where collection of cross-sections and coring with standard increment borers are too destructive, and where node-counting may not be sufficiently accurate. The design has resulted in trouble-free use in the field, and the mini-cores can be stored in the straws, and mounted and sanded in the core mounts used for collections of the standard 4–5-mm increment cores.
Adaptive Immune Responses Mediated by Natural Killer Cells

Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive responses to a previously encountered challenge are qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinct from those elicited by a primary encounter. Besides this capacity to acquire long-lived memory, the second cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is antigen specificity. It has been generally believed that only T and B cells can develop antigen-specific immunologic memory, because these lymphocytes uniquely express recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins, which are necessary for somatic rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments to assemble diverse antigen-specific receptors. However, recent work has uncovered discrete subsets of murine natural killer (NK) cells capable of mediating long-lived, antigen-specific recall responses to a variety of hapten-based contact sensitizers. These NK cells appear to use distinct, RAG-independent mechanisms to generate antigen specificity. Murine NK cells have also recently been shown to develop memory upon viral infection. Here, we review recent evidence indicating that at least some NK cells are capable of mediating what appears to be adaptive immunity and discuss potential mechanisms that may contribute to RAG-independent generation of antigenic diversity and longevity.
An approach to achieve ride-through of an adjustable speed drive with flyback converter modules powered by super capacitors

Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) under short-term power interruptions (STPIs) can interrupt a critical process. In this paper an approach to provide ride-through with flyback converter modules (FBCMs) powered by super capacitors is explored. The proposed approach is modular and facilitates additional modules to be added to suit higher voltage/power ratings. Both unidirectional and bidirectional flyback DC/DC converter topologies are examined. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
Breaking the delay-bandwidth limit in a photonic structure

Storing light on-chip, which requires that the speed of light be significantly slowed down, is crucial for enabling photonic circuits on-chip. Ultraslow propagation1,2,3 and even stopping4,5 of light have been demonstrated using the electromagnetically induced transparency effect in atomic systems1,3,4,5 and the coherent population oscillation effect in solid-state systems2. The wavelengths and bandwidths of light in such devices are tightly constrained by the property of the material absorption lines, which limits their application in information technologies. Various slow-light devices based on photonic structures have also been demonstrated6,7,8,9,10; however, these devices suffer a fundamental trade-off between the transmission bandwidth and the optical delay. It has been shown theoretically11,12,13 that stopping light on-chip and thereby breaking the fundamental link between the delay and the bandwidth can be achieved by ultrafast tuning of photonic structures. Using this mechanism, here we report the first demonstration of storing light using photonic structures on-chip, with storage times longer than the bandwidth-determined photon lifetime of the static device. The release time of the pulse is externally controlled.
Population genetic analysis of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius; Asteraceae) reveals a Near Eastern origin and five centers of diversity.

Analyses of genetic variation in crop gene pools are a powerful tool for investigating the origin and early evolution of crop lineages. Such analyses also have the potential to identify unique genetic resources for continued crop improvement. The oilseed crop saffl ower ( Carthamus tinctorius ) is believed to have been domesticated in the Fertile Crescent region, but up to 10 geographic centers of similarity throughout the world have been proposed based on morphology. Nuclear microsatellite analysis of accessions from each of the 10 proposed centers of similarity, as well as individuals of the progenitor species, suggested the presence of fi ve genetic clusters (1, Europe; 2, Turkey – Iran – Iraq – Afghanistan; 3, Israel – Jordan – Syria; 4, Egypt – Ethiopia; and 5, the Far East – India – Pakistan). North American accessions, products of a secondary introduction from the native range, suggest that a subset of the native accessions harbor unique genetic diversity that could be useful in future breeding efforts. Overall, a Near Eastern origin of saffl ower was confi rmed based on the genetic similarity between the progenitor and the Near Eastern saffl ower accessions, as well as previous archaeological fi nds. Genetic differentiation between geographical clusters of accessions is evident, although not to the degree proposed based on morphology.
Real-Time Simulation of 4D Lung Tumor Radiotherapy Using a Breathing Model

In this paper, we present a real-time simulation and visualization framework that models a deformable surface lung model with tumor, simulates the tumor motion and predicts the amount of radiation doses that would be deposited in the moving lung tumor during the actual delivery of radiation. The model takes as input a subject-specific 4D Computed Tomography (4D CT) of lungs and computes a deformable lung surface model by estimating the deformation properties of the surface model using an inverse dynamics approach. Once computed, the deformable model is used to simulate and visualize lung tumor motion that would occur during radiation therapy accounting for variations in the breathing pattern. A radiation treatment plan for the lung tumor is developed using one of the 4D CT phases. During the simulation of radiation delivery, the dose on the lung tumor is computed for each beam independently.
Response to: Gregson S, Gonese E, Hallett TB et al. HIV decline in Zimbabwe due to reductions in risky sex? Evidence from a comprehensive epidemiological review

The authors of this article1 review several sexual behaviour surveys from Zimbabwe and ask whether the declines in HIV prevalence seen in that country between 1997 and 2007 are attributable to behavioural change. They conclude that declines in the fraction of men and women with casual—or ‘non-regular’—partners, combined with high rates of condom use in casual sex are at least partly responsible for this favourable trend. We wonder why there is no mention of the dramatic decline in the fraction of people with ‘concurrent’ or overlapping relationships observed in the Manicaland study—one of the main studies discussed in this review. Manicaland, Eastern Zimbabwe, is home to one of the best studied longitudinal open HIV cohorts in Southern Africa. Gregson and colleagues have been following this cohort for many years, and in 2006, they reported that between the late 1990s and the early 2000s, the fraction of men and women with concurrent partnerships on the day they were interviewed fell from 18.6 to 11.0% and from 2.2 to 1.3%, respectively.2 This represents a decline of ~41% for both sexes over a ~3-year period. If concurrent partnerships were more frequent before the late 1990s, the decline since the start of the epidemic would be even greater. This is important because there is growing empirical and theoretical evidence that HIV rates are high in Southern Africa not because casual sex is particularly common there, but because people in this region are more likely than people in other world regions to have a small number of (typically two) regular ongoing or ‘concurrent’ partnerships at a time.3 Studies show that small changes in the fraction of people with concurrent partnerships can have powerful effects on the transmission and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections like HIV.4–6 This makes the steep decline in concurrency seen in the Manicaland cohort a strong candidate for explaining the decline in HIV incidence that occurred in this region during that time. Ultimately, a network modelling study would be needed to determine the relative contributions of reductions in concurrency, reductions in casual sex and increases in condom use to the Zimbabwe HIV decline. The remarkable decline in concurrency in Manicaland is reported only in the supplementary online material of Gregson et al.’s 2006 paper. Neither that article nor this one mentions it in the main text. This is odd given the growing interest in examining the empirical evidence for the concurrency hypothesis. We are curious whether the other studies reviewed in this article also have data on concurrency that has not been reported.
Amputation: Preoperative Psychological Preparation

More than 90 percent of all amputations are now due to the complications of chronic disease. Because most amputations can be anticipated, the preoperative period allows the opportunity for psychological preparation of the patient. This article highlights the important contribution family physicians can make before patients undergo amputation. Common patient reactions before and after amputation are reviewed, and an illustrative case is described. Our experience and review of the literature suggest that psychological intervention during the preoperative period is associated with a less complicated postoperative adjustment and grieving experience. The family physician can promote patient adjustment by providing accurate information, eliciting unspoken fears, and encouraging the involvement of the patient's family. By emphasizing the patient's enduring characteristics and his or her past coping ability, we believe that family physicians can lessen the psychological distress of amputation and facilitate adaptation.
Mitigating the compiler optimization phase-ordering problem using machine learning

Today's compilers have a plethora of optimizations to choose from, and the correct choice of optimizations can have a significant impact on the performance of the code being optimized. Furthermore, choosing the correct order in which to apply those optimizations has been a long standing problem in compilation research. Each of these optimizations interacts with the code and in turn with all other optimizations in complicated ways. Traditional compilers typically apply the same set of optimization in a fixed order to all functions in a program, without regard the code being optimized.Understanding the interactions of optimizations is very important in determining a good solution to the phase-ordering problem. This paper develops a new approach that automatically selects good optimization orderings on a per method basis within a dynamic compiler. Our approach formulates the phase-ordering problem as a Markov process and uses a characterization of the current state of the code being optimized to creating a better solution to the phase ordering problem. Our technique uses neuro-evolution to construct an artificial neural network that is capable of predicting beneficial optimization ordering for a piece of code that is being optimized. We implemented our technique in Jikes RVM and achieved significant improvements on a set of standard Java benchmarks over a well-engineered fixed order.
Studies on transformations of Hemophilus influenzae. III. The genotypes and phenotypic patterns of three streptomycin-resistant mutants.

A general method of determining the nature of the genotypes in mutants of transformable bacteria with similar phenotypes is discussed. The method is used to identify the genotypic patterns of three mutants of Hemophilus influenzae which are resistant to different levels of streptomycin. A mutant resistant to 700 µg per ml of the antibiotic was found to be made up of two unlinked, independent loci—presumably on different molecules of transforming DNA. These loci, when in separate cells, render them resistant to maximum levels of 10 and 100 µg per ml streptomycin respectively and are therefore designated as Sm10 and Sm100. When they enter the same cell they produce a resistance up to 700 µg per ml streptomycin, so the cells are noted as Sm700. This multiplicative action is more easily visualized as due to two independent processes of combating the antibiotic which enhance each other rather than two identical processes.
Block data decomposition for data-parallel programming on a heterogeneous workstation network

The authors present a block data decomposition algorithm for two-dimensional grid problems. Their method includes local balancing to accommodate heterogeneous processors, and they characterize the conditions that must be met for their partitioning strategy to be of value. While they concentrate on the workstation network model of parallel processing because of its high communication costs and inherent heterogeneity, their method is applicable to other parallel architectures. >
Sleep Extension Normalizes ERP of Waking Auditory Sensory Gating in Healthy Habitually Short Sleeping Individuals

Chronic sleep loss has been associated with increased daytime sleepiness, as well as impairments in memory and attentional processes. In the present study, we evaluated the neuronal changes of a pre-attentive process of wake auditory sensory gating, measured by brain event-related potential (ERP) – P50 in eight normal sleepers (NS) (habitual total sleep time (TST) 7 h 32 m) vs. eight chronic short sleeping individuals (SS) (habitual TST ≤6 h). To evaluate the effect of sleep extension on sensory gating, the extended sleep condition was performed in chronic short sleeping individuals. Thus, one week of time in bed (6 h 11 m) corresponding to habitual short sleep (hSS), and one week of extended time (∼ 8 h 25 m) in bed corresponding to extended sleep (eSS), were counterbalanced in the SS group. The gating ERP assessment was performed on the last day after each sleep condition week (normal sleep and habitual short and extended sleep), and was separated by one week with habitual total sleep time and monitored by a sleep diary. We found that amplitude of gating was lower in SS group compared to that in NS group (0.3 µV vs. 1.2 µV, at Cz electrode respectively). The results of the group × laterality interaction showed that the reduction of gating amplitude in the SS group was due to lower amplitude over the left hemisphere and central-midline sites relative to that in the NS group. After sleep extension the amplitude of gating increased in chronic short sleeping individuals relative to their habitual short sleep condition. The sleep condition × frontality interaction analysis confirmed that sleep extension significantly increased the amplitude of gating over frontal and central brain areas compared to parietal brain areas.
Assessment of Stocking Catchable-Size Channel Catfish in the Buffalo River, Arkansas

Abstract Food habits, dispersal, growth, and relative contribution to the population were assessed for catchable-size channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked in the Buffalo River, Arkansas. Although channel catfish are a well-studied species, little published information exists on poststocking performance, especially for hatchery-reared fish released into flowing waters. To assess these variables, 3,600 marked fish were released into upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river in September 1991. Of the 94 recaptures, 76% moved downstream (>2 km), 20% were recaptured within 2 km of the original stocking location, and 4% moved upstream. Diet analysis indicated that stocked catfish fed very little during their first 6 weeks in the river. However, by the following year, stocked catfish were observed to consume a wide variety of natural food items. Stocked fish grew an average of 96 mm in length and 310 g in weight after 300 d in the river. Catfish stocked in the river continued to exhibit rapid growth r...
Flexural Torsional Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe

Theoretical work on flexural torsional guided waves in pipe is presented along with angular profile experimental justification. Combined with previous work on flexural longitudinal modes and axisymmetric longitudinal and torsional modes, this work now forms a framework of nonuxisymmetric guided wave mechanics in pipe. Pipe inspection experiments are also carried out by flexural torsional. wave focusing to demonstrate the advantages of the focusing technique.
Smoking and alcohol consumption in early pregnancy

SummaryIn a survey of 319 women in early pregnancy 68.6 per cent did not smoke, including 7.5 per cent discontinuing during the pregnancy. Forty-five per cent did not drink alcohol, only 11.2 per cent having been 'habitual non-drinkers' before. Many women seem to be heeding advice on tobacco and alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
A reliable technique of nuclear transplantation for immature mammalian oocytes

Transplanting a germinal vesicle (GV) to another enucleated oocyte provides a possible way to avoid age-related aneuploidy in metaphase II (MII) oocytes from older women. This study was conducted to examine the efficiency of each step of nuclear transplantation as reflected in the survival and maturation capacity of immature mouse oocytes subjected to this procedure. GV stage oocytes were retrieved from unstimulated ovaries. A GV removed with a small amount of cytoplasm (karyoplast) was transferred subzonally into a previously enucleated oocyte, which was then exposed to direct current to promote fusion. Such reconstituted oocytes were placed in culture to allow maturation, and some that had extruded a first polar body were fixed and processed for chromosome analysis. Each step of nuclear transplantation - survival, enucleation, grafting, and reconstitution - was successful in >90%, with the overall efficiency of reconstitution being 80%. The observation of normal karyotypes confirmed that the procedure did not increase chromosomal aneuploidy. An electrolytic medium, revealed to be superior for the reconstitution procedure, also allowed haploidization of the transplanted nucleus. These findings suggest that this technique can be applied to study the effects of a 'younger' woman's ooplasm on the disjunction of an 'older' woman's chromosomes during meiosis I.
Problem Recognition: the Synergy of a Multi-Method Approach

Problem recognition is the first step in the consumer decision making process. Yet very little is known about what triggers problem recognition or how to measure it. This paper reviews two different conceptualizations of problem recognition, suggests that a synthesis of the two approaches would provide a fuller understanding of problem recognition than either approach taken alone, and provides a preliminary empirical test of the synthesized approach.
School victims and crime reporting

The current study addresses whether school-related factors, such as the presence of security personnel, affect students' reporting of school violent crimes to police or nonpolice authorities. Data from the School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey are used to assess such possible relationships. Current results revealed (a) limited variation in reporting from 1999 to 2007, and (b) limited evidence to suggest that school-related factors condition the decision to report. However, the authors did find that while the presence of security personnel at school reduced the odds of a school crime being reported to any official (school or police), such a presence increased the likelihood of police involvement when the victimization was reported.
OXYGEN-UPTAKE STUDIES ON GLUCOSE- GROWN AND FATTY-ACID-EXPOSED FUNGUS CELLS'

The chain length of saturated fatty acids has been associated with their effect on the growth and respiration of Spicaria violacea. The C2-C7 and C,,-C,8 acids stimulate, and Cs-C,, acids inhibit, 02 uptake by this organism (Johnson, 1957). With the exception of myristate (C14), the acids which stimulate 02 uptake are those which provide for growth (Johnson, 1958), and those which inhibit 02 uptake are those which provide unsatisfactory substrates for the mold. Studies to date (Stokoe, 1928; Thaler et al., 1939; Mukherjee, 1952; Melnick et al., 1954) tend to indicate that a p-oxidation pathway is involved in fatty-acid degradation by molds. This mechanism, originally proposed by Knoop (1905), considered that fatty-acid oxidation proceeds through the formation of a 3-keto acid, which is then oxidized at the carbonyl group to the acid with two carbon atoms less, the two-carbon fragment usually being identified with acetic acid. Hence, the metabolism of stearic acid (C,,) would proceed to a C,, (palmitic acid) intermediate, then through successive stages to C,,, C12, C10, C, Co, etc. If the enzymes involved were adaptive enzymes, data testing the occurrence of the suggested pathway could be obtained using the technique of simultaneous adaptation developed by Stanier (1947), as Silliker and Rittenberg (1951) have previously done with certain bacterial forms. The present paper reports an investigation initiated along these lines. The data obtained indicate that constitutive rather than
ESIM SOFTWARE FOR WEB-ENABLED DISTRIBUTED ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION

eSim is an approach to achieve a distributed analysis and simulation capability using the Internet. eSim provides the distributed analysis capability via a general purpose simulation Web server. With eSim, any simulation can be executed, input parameters entered, and results viewed either in text format, graphically or via animation from a standard Web browser. Additional software and modifications to existing simulations are not required. eSim1 provides the capability for "man-in-theloop" distributed simulation by adding an interactive feature to eSim. With eSim\ the user can change simulation parameters while the simulation is executing, and observe the corresponding change in response from the Web browser window. It also provides the capability to run the simulation in real-time mode. Examples are presented to illustrate eSim and eSim1 features and capabilities. The eSim homepage can be accessed at http://www.jsc.draper.com/esim which hosts various examples of Web enabled simulations.
Study on the Legal Problems of the Part-time Job Protection for the College Students

At present, going out to do part-time jobs for college students is becoming more and more popular. But because of their special status in the labor law, their rights and interests have always been infringed. From the perspective of labor laws and regulations, the author concluded that the part-time college students faced the legal difficulties such as the lack of specialized laws and regulations and not clear relationship between them and employers, and suggested that they should be written into the scope of labor law, the administrative rules should be regulated and specific measures must be taken to protect their rights and interests.
Program for the education and enrichment of relational skills: Parental outcomes with an ADHD sample

ABSTRACTThe goal of the current study was to examine the effect of the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®), a 14-week parent-assisted friendship-building program for adolescents with ADHD, on parental functioning, quality of the parent-adolescent relationship, and family functioning. Participants included 25 parents of adolescents with ADHD. Families completed PEERS®. Measures of parenting stress, parental efficacy, parent-adolescent communication, parent-adolescent involvement, causal attributions for negative social interactions, and family chaos were completed by parents at pre- and post-treatment. Parents demonstrated statistically significant improvements in parenting stress and parent-adolescent communication and marginally statistically significant improvement in parental efficacy. Parents also demonstrated reliable change in parenting stress, parent-adolescent communication, parent-adolescent involvement, and family chaos. Overall, these findings demonstrate the ...
Noteworthy Literature published in 2017 for Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists

The year 2017 was a year dominated by large-scale clinical studies reporting the outcome of various interventions in cardiac surgery and heart failure (HF) patients, relevant to all cardiothoracic anesthesiologists. Among them were studies investigating the addition of levosimendan, an alternative inotropic agent, to standard management of patients with HF undergoing cardiac surgery. Also, corticosteroids have been used for various purposes in cardiac patients. Here, a new study reports the effect of high-dose methylprednisolone on recovery and delirium. Furthermore, with increasing evidence that transfusions increase morbidity and mortality, a publication reports the use of rotational thromboelastometry to reduce transfusion requirements. In addition, several randomized controlled multicenter studies report the outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac procedures: surgical versus transcatheter aortic valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients and the use of centrifugal-flow versus axial-flow left-ventricular devices in patients with HF. These studies demonstrate the dynamic and ever-evolving state of perioperative cardiovascular medicine and show us the direction of future developments.
Oral Supplementation with Omega3 Fatty Acids Inhibits NFkB Activation In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells.

Abstract Abstract 4607 Introduction: Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) is a critical transcription factor involved in the growth and survival of CLL cells. NFkB is recognized as an important target for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of various malignancies. In vitro and in experimental animal models, OMEGA-3 fatty acid (O3FA) supplementation has been shown to inhibit NFkB activity. Patients and Methods: Patients with early stage CLL (Rai stages 0-II) who required no therapy, where accrued to this phase I-II trial. O3FA supplements were given for a total of 12 months at doses ranging from 2250 mg (EPA plus DHA), escalated to 4500 mg and 6750 mg per day as tolerated. NFkB activity was measured in peripheral blood samples after separation of mononuclear cell by gradient centrifugation and expressed as luminescence units/μ g of protein. Baseline and multiple serial samples were obtained during the study period. In-vitro cytotoxicity assays to doxorubicin were conducted using standard LD50 methods. Compliance was monitored by analysis of red cell and lymphocyte membrane lipid composition by gas chromatography. Results: Fifteen patients have been accrued to the trial, 8 of them have currently completed the planned 12 months of the study period. No significant clinical changes in disease activity were noted. O3FA was well tolerated. Supplementation resulted in a dose-dependent increase of O3FA composition of red cell and lymphocyte membranes in a dose dependent manner. At baseline, CLL patients had NFkB above the range observed in normal controls (2.05 × 104 to 2.32 × 105 NFkB lum units/μ g). The median value in CLL patients at baseline was 11.60 × 106 NFkB lum units/μ g (range 0.9 × 105 to 23.12 × 106). Among 5 patients with the highest baseline levels of NFkB, a decrease in NFkB activity ranging from 0.02 to 0.19 of the baseline value, was noted at the 2 higher doses of O3FA supplementation. Similar results were seen in patients with relatively lower levels of baseline NFkB activity (0.9 × 105 to 2.96 × 106 lum units/μ g). In vitro, significant doxorubicin cytotoxicity (>50%) was noted in samples obtained during supplementation, at μ gM concentrations which produced no detectable cell kill in baseline samples. Conclusions: O3FA supplementation resulted in significant inhibition of NFkB activity in leukemic cells from patients with CLL. In-vitro, after O3FA supplementation CLL cells became more sensitive to doxorubicin. Preliminary analysis of whole genome micro arrays revealed significant down-regulation of multiple genes associated with O3FA supplementation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Brontë Cabinet: Three Lives in Nine Objects. By DeborahLutz. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2015. Pp. xi, 310. $16.95.) : Book Review

The author of this book sets out to interpret the lives of the Bronte siblings through an extensive evaluation of the belongings they left behind, many of which have developed hagiographic qualitie...
Dependence of hot electron transfer on surface coverage and adsorbate species at semiconductor–molecule interfaces

Developing a molecular-level understanding of how a hot electron transfer process can be enhanced at semiconductor-molecule interfaces is central to advancing various future technologies. Using first-principles quantum dynamics simulations, we investigate how surface coverage and molecular adsorbate species influence the hot electron transfer at semiconductor-molecule interfaces. Counterintuitively, hot electron transfer from the semiconductor to molecules was found to be lessened with increased surface coverage because the inter-molecular interaction changes nonadiabatic couplings across the semiconductor and adsorbed molecules. The adsorbate molecular species itself was found to be an important factor in hot electron transfer not simply because of the energy level alignments at the interface, but also because the transfer is quite sensitive to nonadiabatic couplings. Our work shows that relatively minor variations of the couplings could lead to significant changes in hot electron transfer characteristics at semiconductor-molecule interfaces. Controlling nonadiabatic couplings must be part of developing a molecular-level "design principle" for enhancing hot electron transfer in addition to the well-recognized importance of energy level alignments.
Improvement in Vernier acuity in adults with amblyopia. Practice makes better.

Purpose To determine the nature and limits of visual improvement through repetitive practice in human adults with naturally occurring amblyopia. Methods A key measure the authors used was a psychophysical estimate of Vernier acuity; persons with amblyopia have marked deficits in Vernier acuity that are highly correlated with their loss of Snellen acuity. The experiment consisted of three phases: pretraining measurements of Vernier acuity and a second task (either line-detection thresholds or Snellen acuity) in each eye with the lines at two orientations; a training phase in which observers repetitively trained on the Vernier task at a specific line orientation until each had completed 4000 to 5000 trials; and posttraining measurements (identical to those in the first phase). Two groups of amblyopic observers were tested: novice observers (n = 6), who had no experience in making psychophysical judgments with their amblyopic eyes, and experienced observers (n = 5), who had previous experience in making Vernier judgments with their amblyopic eyes (with the lines at a different orientation) using the signal-detection methodology. Results The authors found that strong and significant improvement in Vernier acuity occurs in the trained orientation in all observers. Learning was generally strongest at the trained orientation but may partially have been transferred to other orientations (n = 4). Significant learning was transferred partially to the other eye (at the trained orientation) in two observers with anisometropic amblyopia. Improvement in Vernier acuity did not transfer to an untrained detection task. In two observers, the improvement in Vernier acuity was accompanied by a commensurate improvement in Snellen acuity. Conclusions Some adults with amblyopia retain a significant degree of neural plasticity. Although several observers (primarily novices) showed evidence of generalized learning, several amblyopic patients showed evidence for improvement that was orientation and task specific. In this latter group of observers, the improvement appeared to reflect alterations that were, at least in part, in early neural processes that were orientation specific and were localized beyond the site of convergence of the two eyes.
Interest Assessment in an International Context

The assessment of interests has served as the cornerstone for the field of vocational psychology, especially in the United States, for the better part of a century. Interests have served as crucial information in helping individuals learn about themselves, the world of work, and making occupational and educational decisions. At least with respect to the United States, the assessment of interests has been very well done and rivals assessment in most any area of psychology (Fouad, 1999). Given this, it is not uncommon for these interest instruments to be used in other cultures. While such applications can be cost effective, such applications can also be invalid (e.g., see chapter 26). Care must be taken to thoroughly evaluate any application. In this chapter the focus will be on interest assessment in cross cultural contexts by reviewing the issues involved in cross cultural assessment generally and then apply this to interest assessment specifically. In the framework of this contribution the terms cross-cultural and international are used interchangeably but it is recognised that cultures can often be more specific than nationalities. Examples are the separate ethnic cultures found within the United States. So the discussion is not limited, nor should it be, by examining only national differences and similarities.
Wage Gap Profiles of a New Group of Asian Immigrants: Effects of Larger Inflows

This paper presents wage-gap profiles of a rapidly growing group of "new" Asian immigrants from countries that were under-represented in the US until 1965. Entry-level wages and assimilation rates fall across cohorts. However the wage gap versus natives widens for all new Asian cohorts after the second decade of stay, which is not seen for other immigrant groups. I use an impact of immigration argument to investigate the difference in curvature. If occupations are imperfect substitutes, and natives and immigrants are worse substitutes than entrant and established immigrants within occupations, then the comparatively larger increases in occupation-specific new Asian inflows have a more negative impact on wages of new Asians, compared to other groups. The explanation is studied in a nested CES framework. Elasticity parameters are estimated using cross-metropolitan variations in occupational and immigrant labor supply. The paper follows Card (2009) to create an instrument for regional labor supplies. Finally, to assess the power of this explanation, I also use model estimates from 1990 to predict the wage gap between natives and new Asians in 2000 which can be attributed to competition from increased supply of substitutes. For each occupation, the model predicts a wage gap that is larger than the real gap - the difference arises from gains in quality in the 1990s made possible by an immigration policy that favored high-skill labor.