cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health monitoring of civil infrastructures

Reliable health monitoring, including nondestructive evaluation, is an essential part of the feedback and monitoring system for infrastructures. The goal of this paper is to provide a summary of recent research activities that will act as a catalyst to expand interest in the development of new health monitoring technologies. The paper describes the motivation for developing innovative tools for monitoring the health of the USA's infrastructure. An overview of initiatives sponsored by the National Science Foundation to develop new technologies is presented. The paper includes a review of the state-of-the-art stress-wave methods for the evaluation of structural materials and pavements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Finally, efforts at the Federal Highway Administration to develop new technologies for the assessment of the nearly 500 000 bridges along the USA's roads and highways are described.
Auto bias control technique for optical 16-QAM transmitter with asymmetric bias dithering

ABC (Auto Bias Control) technique for QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) transmitter is demonstrated. 16-QAM (10G baud) is generated and controlled using a single IQ modulator and asymmetric bias dithering technique. Measured penalty is 0.3 dB.
Superconductivity at disordered interfaces

Abstract The increase of the superconducting transition temperature Tc due to the tunneling of conduction electrons into negative-U centers at a disordered metal-semiconductor interface is calculated. The strong dependence of the experimental increase of Tc on the Fermi energy of the metal is accounted for by the polaronic reduction of the tunneling matrix elements. The latter reduction is dynamically suppressed by the decreasing lifetime of the localized state as EF increases. The theoretical enhancement is sufficiently strong to explain the increase of Tc observed in eutectic alloys.
A Framework for Quantifying the Degeneracies of Exoplanet Interior Compositions

Several transiting super-Earths are expected to be discovered in the coming few years. While tools to model the interior structure of transiting planets exist, inferences about the composition are fraught with ambiguities. We present a framework to quantify how much we can robustly infer about super-Earth and Neptune-size exoplanet interiors from radius and mass measurements. We introduce quaternary diagrams to illustrate the range of possible interior compositions for planets with four layers (iron core, silicate mantles, water layers, and H/He envelopes). We apply our model to CoRoT-7b, GJ 436b, and HAT-P-11b. Interpretation of planets with H/He envelopes is limited by the model uncertainty in the interior temperature, while for CoRoT-7b observational uncertainties dominate. We further find that our planet interior model sharpens the observational constraints on CoRoT-7b's mass and radius, assuming the planet does not contain significant amounts of water or gas. We show that the strength of the limits that can be placed on a super-Earth's composition depends on the planet's density; for similar observational uncertainties, high-density super-Mercuries allow the tightest composition constraints. Finally, we describe how techniques from Bayesian statistics can be used to take into account in a formal way the combined contributions of both theoretical and observational uncertainties to ambiguities in a planet's interior composition. On the whole, with only a mass and radius measurement an exact interior composition cannot be inferred for an exoplanet because the problem is highly underconstrained. Detailed quantitative ranges of plausible compositions, however, can be found.
Chemical reactivity of ultracold polar molecules: investigation of H + HCl and H + DCl collisions

Quantum scattering calculations are reported for the $\mbox{H} + \mbox{HCl}(v,j = 0)$ and $\mbox{H} + \mbox{DCl}(v,j = 0)$ collisions for vibrational levels v = 0-2 of the diatoms. Calculations were performed for incident kinetic energies in the range $10^{-7}{-}10^{-1} \mbox{eV}$ , for total angular momentum J = 0 and s-wave scattering in the entrance channel of the collisions. Cross-sections and rate coefficients are characterized by resonance structures due to quasibound states associated with the formation of the H $\cdots$ HCl and H $\cdots$ DCl van der Waals complexes in the incident channel. For the $\mbox{H} + \mbox{HCl}(v,j = 0)$ collision for v = 1,2, reactive scattering leading to $\mbox{H}_2$ formation is found to dominate over non-reactive vibrational quenching in the ultracold regime. Vibrational excitation of HCl from v = 0 to v = 2 increases the zero-temperature limiting rate coefficient by about 8 orders of magnitude.
Effect of noise on excursions to and back from infinity

Abstract The effect of additive white noise on a model for bursting behavior in large aspect-ratio binary fluid convection is considered. Such bursts are present in systems with nearly square symmetry and are the result of heteroclinic cycles involving infinite amplitude states created when the square symmetry is broken. A combination of numerical results and analytical arguments shows how even a very small amount of noise can have a very large effect on the amplitudes of successive bursts. Large enough noise can also affect the physical manifestations of the bursts. Finally, it is shown that related bursts may occur when white noise is added to the normal form equations for the Hopf bifurcation with exact square symmetry.
Probability-based decision making for automated highway driving

Real-time, rule-based guidance systems for autonomous vehicles on limited-access highways are investigated. The goal of these systems is to plan trajectories that are safe, while satisfying the driver's requests based on stochastic information about the vehicle state and the surrounding traffic. A rule-based system is used for high-level planning. Given a stochastic model of the traffic situation driven by current measurements, the probable evolution of traffic and the best trajectory to follow are predicted. Simulation results assess the impact of uncertain knowledge of traffic on the performance of the guidance system, showing that uncertainty can and must be taken into account. >
Plasma-filled dielectric Cherenkov maser

The effect of a background plasma on a dielectric Cherenkov maser is examined by solving the linearized, beam-plasma, dielectric-lined waveguide dispersion relation. The results indicate that introduction of the background plasma can produce a higher spatial growth rate for the beam-waveguide instability and can reduce the electric field at the dielectric surface when compared to the system with no background plasma present. It is also found that for some sets of waveguide parameters, the TM/sub 0n/ electromagnetic modes can propagate frequencies that are below the background plasma frequency in the system. These modes have a finite off frequency and are different from the Trivelpiece-Gould modes for the system. >
The Social Ecology of Red-Light Districts: A Comparison of Antwerp and Brussels

Research on modern red-light districts (RLDs) is deficient in some key respects. Centered largely on street prostitution zones and nations where prostitution is illegal, this literature gives insufficient attention to settings where RLDs consist of a cluster of indoor venues that are legal and regulated by the authorities. Using classic Chicago School research on vice districts as a point of departure, this article examines the physical structure and social organization of red-light zones in two Belgian cities: Antwerp and Brussels. The comparative analysis identifies major differences in the social ecology of the two settings. Differences are explained by the distinctive ways in which each municipal government manages its respective RLD, which are related to the contrasting social backgrounds and political capital of the population residing in the vicinity of each district. Policy implications are briefly discussed.
Run-Time Performance Optimization of an FPGA-Based Deduction Engine for SAT Solvers

FPGAs are a promising technology for accelerating SAT solvers. Besides their high density, fine granularity, and massive parallelism, FPGAs provide the opportunity for run-time customization of the hardware based on the given SAT instance. In this paper, a parallel deduction engine is proposed for backtrack search algorithms. The performance of the deduction engine is critical to the over-all performance of the algorithm since, for any moderate SAT instance, millions of implications are derived.We propose a novel approach in which, p, the amount of parallelization of the engine is fine-tuned during problem solving in order to optimize performance. Not only the hardware is initially customized based on the input instance, but it is also dynamically modified in terms of p based on the knowledge gained during solving the SAT instance. Compared with conventional deduction engines that correspond to p = 1, we demonstrate speedups in the range of 2.87 - 5.44 for several SAT instances.
Vanishing integrals for Hall–Littlewood polynomials

It is well known that if one integrates a Schur function indexed by a partition λ over the symplectic (resp. orthogonal) group, the integral vanishes unless all parts of λ have even multiplicity (resp. all parts of λ are even). In a recent paper of Rains and Vazirani, Macdonald polynomial generalizations of these identities and several others were developed and proved using Hecke algebra techniques. However, at q = 0 (the Hall–Littlewood level), these approaches do not work, although one can obtain the results by taking the appropriate limit. In this paper, we develop a direct approach for dealing with this special case. This technique allows us to prove some identities that were not amenable to the Hecke algebra approach. Moreover, we are able to generalize some of the identities by introducing extra parameters. This leads us to a finite-dimensional analog of a recent result of Warnaar, which uses the Rogers–Szegő polynomials to unify some existing summation type formulas for Hall–Littlewood functions.
Tree codes and a conjecture on exponential sums

We propose a new conjecture on some exponential sums. These particular sums have not apparently been considered in the literature. Subject to the conjecture we obtain the first effective construction of asymptotically good tree codes. The available numerical evidence is consistent with the conjecture and is sufficient to certify codes for significant-length communications.
A dynamic stochastic analysis of international patent application and renewal processes

Abstract This paper formulates a dynamic stochastic model to examine the joint patent application and renewal behaviors under an international patent-protection regime. The framework makes it possible to utilize both the cross-sectional (multi-country application) and the time-series (patent renewal) dimensions of available international patenting data to estimate the private value of patent protection, and allows us to distinguish more aspects of patent returns. The evolution dynamics of the value of European patents in pharmaceutical and electronics industries are examined. Estimation results indicate that pharmaceutical patents are endowed with higher initial returns, thus their owners tend to seek patent protection in more countries than electronics patent holders. However, pharmaceutical patents become obsolete at a much faster pace than electronics patents, and consequently they have lower renewal rates and shorter lives.
Semantics for Digital Engineering Archives Supporting Engineering Design Education

This article introduces the challenge of digital preservation in the area of engineering design and manufacturing and presents a methodology to apply knowledge representation and semantic techniques to develop Digital Engineering Archives. This work is part of an ongoing, multiuniversity, effort to create cyber infrastructure-based engineering repositories for undergraduates (CIBER-U) to support engineering design education. The technical approach is to use knowledge representation techniques to create formal models of engineering data elements, workﬂows and processes. With these formal engineering knowledge and processes can be captured and preserved with some guarantee of long-term interpretability. The article presents examples of how the techniques can be used to encode speciﬁc engineering information packages and workﬂows. These techniques are being integrated into a semantic wiki that supports the CIBER-U engineering education activities across nine universities and involving over 3500 students since 2006.
Lines Missing Every Random Point

We prove that there is, in every direction in Euclidean space, a line that misses every computably random point. We also prove that there exist, in every direction in Euclidean space, arbitrarily long line segments missing every double exponential time random point.
A Mechanistic Dichotomy Leading to a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed cis‐Addition for Stereoselective Formation of (Z)‐Vinyl Bromides

Either trans- or cis-haloalkylation is possible through a three-component coupling [Eq. (1)]. The cis-bromoruthenation of an alkyne by lithium bromide and [CpRu(CH(3)CN)(3)]PF(6), catalyzed by SnBr(4), gives (Z)-vinyl bromides with high chemoselectivity. The degree of control over the sterochemistry raises intriguing mechanistic questions as well as offering practical synthetic utility.
Remote sensing of dipole rings

Historical satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) data are reanalyzed with a zebra color palette and a thermal separatrix method. The new results from this reanalysis are as follows: (a) thirteen observational sequences of six rings from the Gulf Stream and the Brazil Current, which have historically been interpreted as solitary vortices or monopoles are shown to have a dipolar character; (b) some of these dipole rings have been observed in the open ocean, thereby eliminating the possibility that they are sustained by topographic interactions with the continental slope; (c) whether interacting with other features or evolving as isolated circulations, dipoles are seen to rotate within a relatively narrow range of approximately 4-8/spl deg/ day/sup -1/ (interacting) and 10-15/spl deg/ day-1 (isolated); and (d) feature tracking delineates energetic fluid in both vortices and eliminates the possibility of interpreting dipole rings as transient features produced by active monopoles and patches of entrained fluid.
Kinetics of CH radical reactions with N2O, SO2, OCS, CS2, and SF6

Pulsed laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is utilized to measure absolute rate constants of CH radical reactions as a function of temperature and pressure. Multiphoton dissociation of CHBr3 at 266 nm is employed for the generation of CH (X2Π) radicals. The CH radical relative concentration is monitored by exciting fluorescence on the R1(2) line of the (A2Δ – X2Π) transition at 429.8 nm. A resistively heated cell allows temperature studies to be performed from room temperature to ≈670 K. The following Arrhenius equations are derived: With the exception of SF6, the reactions of sulfur containing species proceed at rates that are near the theoretical gas kinetic collision frequency. Additionally, these reactions all have activation energies that are near zero or slightly negative. These observations are consistent with an insertion-decomposition mechanism being dominant under these conditions.
A TALE OF TWO ANOMALIES: DEPLETION, DISPERSION, AND THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE STELLAR LITHIUM SPREAD AND INFLATED RADII ON THE PRE-MAIN SEQUENCE

We investigate lithium depletion in standard stellar models (SSMs) and main sequence (MS) open clusters, and explore the origin of the Li dispersion in young, cool stars of equal mass, age and composition. We rst demonstrate that SSMs accurately predict the Li abundances of solar analogs at the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) within theoretical uncertainties. We then measure the rate of MS Li depletion by removing the [Fe/H]-dependent ZAMS Li pattern from three well-studied clusters, and comparing the detrended data. MS depletion is found to be mass dependent, in the sense of more depletion at low mass. A dispersion in Li abundance at xed Te is nearly universal, and sets in by 200 Myr. We discuss mass and age dispersion trends, and the pattern is mixed. We argue that metallicity impacts the ZAMS Li pattern, in agreement with theoretical expectations but contrary to the ndings of some previous studies, and suggest Li as a test of cluster metallicity. Finally, we argue that a radius dispersion in stars of xed mass and age, during the epoch of pre-MS Li destruction, is responsible for the spread in Li abundances and the correlation between rotation and Li in young cool stars, most well known in the Pleiades. We calculate stellar models, inated to match observed radius anomalies in magnetically active systems, and the resulting range of Li abundances reproduces the observed patterns of young clusters. We discuss ramications for pre-MS evolutionary tracks and age measurements of young clusters, and suggest an observational test. Subject headings:
Marijuana and the Assassins, an etymological investigation.

(1970). Marijuana and the Assassins– An Etymological Investigation. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 747-755.
A notion of passivity gain and a generalization of the "secant condition" for stability

The secant condition plays a useful role in stability studies, especially for biological models. This paper provides a generalization of that condition to nonlinear passive systems. A "secant gain" is introduced, which combines gain and phase information for each of the cascaded subsystems.
Diffuse wave density and directionality in anisotropic solids

Several general results are derived for diffuse waves in anisotropic solids, including concise expressions for the modal density per unit volume d(ω), and for the participation factor matrix G. The latter is a second-order tensor which describes the orientational distribution of diffuse wave or reverberant energy, and reduces to the identity I under isotropy. Calculations of G for a variety of example materials show significant deviation from I even under moderate levels of anisotropy.
Xtoys: Cellular automata on xwindows

Xtoys is a collection of xwindow programs for demonstrating simulations of various statistical models. Included are xising, for the two dimensional Ising model, xpotts, for the q-state Potts model, xautomalab, for a fairly general class of totalistic cellular automata, xsand, for the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfield model of self organized criticality, and xfires, a simple forest fire simulation. The programs should compile on any machine supporting xwindows.
Research Note: Integrative Ties as an Approach to Managing Organizational Conflict

This research note highlights the importance of integrative bonds as a means of managing organizational conflict. Drawing on Gamson and Modigliani's (1963) theory on integrative ties, the author argues for this approach to be considered in the future as an alternative but complementary approach to managing conflict in organizations.
Using Continued Fractions to Compute Iwasawa Lambda Invariants of Imaginary Quadratic Number Fields

Let be a prime such that and has class number 1. Then Hirzebruch and Zagier noticed that the class number of can be expressed as where the are partial quotients in the “minus” continued fraction expansion . For an odd prime , we prove an analogous formula using these which computes the sum of Iwasawa lambda invariants of and . In the case that is inert in , the formula pleasantly simplifies under some additional technical assumptions.
Generalized Cohomologies and Supersymmetry

We show that the complex cohomologies of Bott, Chern, and Aeppli and the symplectic cohomologies of Tseng and Yau arise in the context of type II string theory. Specifically, they can be used to count a subset of scalar moduli fields in Minkowski compactification with RR fluxes in the presence of either O5/D5 or O6/D6 brane sources, respectively. Further, we introduce a new set of cohomologies within the generalized complex geometry framework which interpolate between these known complex and symplectic cohomologies. The generalized complex cohomologies play the analogous role for counting massless fields for a general supersymmetric Minkowski type II compactification with Ramond–Ramond flux.
Synthetically Tailored Excited States: Phosphorescent, Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes and Their Applications

Phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes are being widely explored for their utility in diverse photophysical applications. The performance of these materials in such roles depends heavily on their excited-state properties, which can be tuned through ligand and substituent effects. This concept article focuses on methods for synthetically tailoring the properties of bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) materials, and explores the factors governing the nature of their lowest excited state.
The Dollar Exposure of Japanese Companies

The bulk of Japanese exports and imports are denominated in U.S. dollars rather than Japan's local currency, the yen. The consequences of dollar invoicing depend importantly on the extent to which Japanese companies hedge their dollar exposures. If they fully hedge their dollar exposures, then the choice of invoicing currency will not influence the yen profits of Japanese companies. This paper examines the degree to which Japanese companies hedge by estimating their exposure to movements in the dollar. Using Japanese stock market data and an international version of the CAPM model I estimate the extent to which Japanese company returns are correlated with changes in the yen–dollar exchange rate. The results suggest many Japanese companies are indeed exposed to yen–dollar movements and that dollar appreciations generally are positively correlated with firm returns. Since over the period 1984 to 1995, the dollar depreciated by 36% relative to the yen, it follows that the values of Japanese companies fell as a consequence of their dollar exposure.J. Japan. Int. Econ.Dec. 1998,12(4), pp. 388–405. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1220.Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers F31, G12, F23.
Chemomechanics with molecular force probes

Chemomechanics is an emerging area at the interface of chemistry, materials sci- ence, physics, and biology that aims at quantitative understanding of reaction dynamics in multiscale phenomena. These are characterized by correlated directional motion at multiple length scales—from molecular to macroscopic. Examples include reactions in stressed ma- terials, in shear flows, and at propagating interfaces, the operation of motor proteins, ion pumps, and actuating polymers, and mechanosensing. To explain the up to 10 15 -fold varia- tions in reaction rates in multiscale phenomena—which are incompatible within the standard models of chemical kinetics—chemomechanics relies on the concept of molecular restoring force. Molecular force probes are inert molecules that allow incremental variations in restor- ing forces of diverse reactive moieties over hundreds of piconewtons (pN). Extending beyond the classical studies of reactions of strained molecules, molecular force probes enable exper- imental explorations of how reaction rates and restoring forces are related. In this review, we will describe the utility of one such probe—stiff stilbene. Various reactive moieties were in- corporated in inert linkers that constrained stiff stilbene to highly strained macrocycles. Such series provided the first direct experimental validation of the most popular chemomechanical model, demonstrated its predictive capabilities, and illustrated the diversity of relationships between reaction rates and forces.
Laser diagnostics of H - formation in a magnetic multicusp ion source

The populations of ground electronic state atomic hydrogen and ground electronic state, vibrationally, rotationally excited hydrogen molecules in a negative hydrogen ion source discharge have been measured using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser absorption spectroscopy. Vibrational states up to v=8 and rotational levels as high as J=15 have been measured. The measurements have been made under a range of discharge conditions. The complete vibrational population distribution for v=8, J=1 has been obtained. The vibrational distribution appears to be thermalized and does not exhibit a plateau at the higher vibrational levels, like most models of the system. In contrast, the high rotational states are populated suprathermally. These determinations indicate that rotationally excited molecules may play an important role in the production of H/sup -/ in these sources. >
Is credit status a good signal of productivity

In this article, the author uses a unique identification strategy along with credit proxy variables in a national data set to test whether credit status reveals information about an employee’s char...
Eulerian quasisymmetric functions

We introduce a family of quasisymmetric functions called Eulerian quasisymmetric functions, which specialize to enu- merators for the joint distribution of the permutation statistics, major index and excedance number on permutations of fixed cycle type. This family is analogous to a family of quasisymmetric func- tions that Gessel and Reutenauer used to study the joint distribu- tion of major index and descent number on permutations of fixed cycle type. Our central result is a formula for the generating func- tion for the Eulerian quasisymmetric functions, which specializes to a new and surprising q-analog of a classical formula of Euler for the exponential generating function of the Eulerian polynomials. This q-analog computes the joint distribution of excedance number and major index, the only of the four important Euler-Mahonian distributions that had not yet been computed. Our study of the Eulerian quasisymmetric functions also yields results that include the descent statistic and refine results of Gessel and Reutenauer. We also obtain q-analogs, (q,p)-analogs and quasisymmetric func- tion analogs of classical results on the symmetry and unimodality of the Eulerian polynomials. Our Eulerian quasisymmetric functions refine symmetric functions that have occurred in various represen- tation theoretic and enumerative contexts including MacMahon's study of multiset derangements, work of Procesi and Stanley on toric varieties of Coxeter complexes, Stanley's work on chromatic symmetric functions, and the work of the authors on the homology of a certain poset introduced by Bjorner and Welker.
A finite calculus approach to Ehrhart polynomials

A rational polytope is the convex hull of a finite set of points in ${\Bbb R}^d$ with rational coordinates. Given a rational polytope ${\cal P} \subseteq {\Bbb R}^d$, Ehrhart proved that, for $t\in{\Bbb Z}_{\ge 0}$, the function $\#(t{\cal P} \cap {\Bbb Z}^d)$ agrees with a quasi-polynomial $L_{\cal P}(t)$, called the Ehrhart quasi-polynomial. The Ehrhart quasi-polynomial can be regarded as a discrete version of the volume of a polytope. We use that analogy to derive a new proof of Ehrhart's theorem. This proof also allows us to quickly prove two other facts about Ehrhart quasi-polynomials: McMullen's theorem about the periodicity of the individual coefficients of the quasi-polynomial and the Ehrhart–Macdonald theorem on reciprocity.
The Elasticity of Taxable Income over the 1980s and 1990s

Taxable (and broad) income elasticities are estimated using tax return data from 1979 to 2001. Data from the Continuous Work History Survey (CWHS) yield an estimated taxable income elasticity for the 1990s that is about half the corresponding 1980s estimate. Estimates from the full Statistics of Income, which heavily oversamples high–income filers, generally confirm the CWHS results. More sophisticated income control brings the estimates for the two decades closer together—to 0.40 for the 1980s and 0.26 for the 1990s. Work by Kopczuk (2005) implies that the narrowing of the tax base since 1986 could account for 14 to 29 percent of the remaining difference.
Foreign direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronics industries: results from a survey of multinational firms

Summary form only given. This paper examines motives, location characteristics, inter-temporal characteristics and modes of entry for foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development (R&D). The paper is based on a detailed empirical survey of laboratory sites established by 32 large multinational companies. The sample consists of 10 US firms, 12 Japanese firms and 10 European firms. 19 out of the 32 firms are Fortune Global 100 firms and thus among the largest in their industry. The empirical survey consisted of extensive archival research, a questionnaire survey and at least 2 interviews with senior executives in each company. Through this approach it was possible to establish a detailed history for each of 238 R&D sites established by these 32 firms. The data set on which the paper is based is one of the largest of its kind. The paper uses tabulation devices as well as statistical tests to describe and evaluate various aspects of FDI in R&D. Findings are compared to results obtained by other researchers and differences and similarities are discussed. The paper finds that FDI in R&D has risen considerably over the last 40 years and that firms invest primarily in industrialized countries. We also find that firms invest in R&D sites abroad for two reasons, either in order to acquire new knowledge and augment the firm's home base or in order to apply existing knowledge to local markets and manufacturing facilities and thus to exploit the firm's knowledge base.
Association of induction of labor and uterine rupture in women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean: a survival analysis.

Objective We sought to estimate the risk of uterine rupture associated with labor induction in women attempting trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) accounting for length of labor. Study Design This was a nested case-control study of women attempting TOLAC within a multicenter retrospective cohort study of women with a prior cesarean. Time-to-event analyses were performed with time zero defined as the first cervical exam of 4 cm. Subjects experienced the event (uterine rupture) or were censored (delivered). Results In all, 111 cases of uterine rupture were compared to 607 controls. When accounting for length of labor, the risk of uterine rupture in induced labor was similar to the risk in spontaneous-onset labor (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–2.36). An initial unfavorable cervical exam was associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture compared to spontaneous (hazard ratio, 4.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.82–9.17). Conclusion After accounting for labor duration, induction is not associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture in women undergoing TOLAC.
A Grammar of Papuan Malay

This book presents an in-depth linguistic description of one Papuan Malay variety, based on fifteen hours of recordings of spontaneous narratives and conversations between Papuan Malay speakers. ‘Papuan Malay’ refers to the easternmost varieties of Malay (Austronesian). They are spoken in the coastal areas of West Papua, the western part of the island of New Guinea. The variety described here is spoken along West Papua’s northeast coast. After a general introduction to the language, its setting and its history, this grammar discusses the following topics, building up from smaller grammatical constituents to larger ones: phonology, word formation, noun and prepositional phrases, verbal and nonverbal clauses, non-declarative clauses, and conjunctions and constituent combining. Of special interest to linguists, typologists and Malay specialists are the following in-depth analyses and descriptions: affixation and its productivity across domains of language choice, reduplication and its gesamtbedeutung, personal pronouns and their adnominal uses, demonstratives and locatives and their extended uses, and adnominal possessive relations and their non-canonical uses. This study provides a point of comparison for further studies in other (Papuan) Malay varieties and a starting point for Papuan Malay language development efforts.
Truth induction in young maltreated children: The effects of oath-taking and reassurance on true and false disclosures

Abstract Objective Two studies examined the effects of the oath or reassurance (“truth induction”) on 5- to 7-year-old maltreated children's true and false reports of a minor transgression. Methods In both studies an interviewer elicited a promise to tell the truth, reassured children that they would not get in trouble for disclosing the transgression, or gave no instructions before questioning the child. In Study 1, children were encouraged to play with an attractive toy by a confederate, who then informed them that they might get in trouble for playing. In Study 2, a confederate engaged children in play, but did not play with the attractive toy. Results In Study 1, the oath and reassurance increased disclosure among children who would qualify as competent to take the oath. In Study 2 neither the oath nor reassurance increased false reports among children who would qualify as competent, whether yes/no questions or tag questions were asked. Among non-competent children, reassurance (but not the oath) increased false reports. Children were more likely to accuse the confederate of the transgression than to implicate themselves. Conclusions The results suggest that a promise to tell the truth may increase true disclosures without increasing false allegations. Reassurance that specifically mentions the target activity also increases true disclosures, but may increase acquiescence among some children. Practice implications A child-friendly version of the oath may be a useful addition to child interviews.
Fish schooling as a basis for vertical axis wind turbine farm design.

Most wind farms consist of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) due to the high power coefficient (mechanical power output divided by the power of the free-stream air through the turbine cross-sectional area) of an isolated turbine. However when in close proximity to neighboring turbines, HAWTs suffer from a reduced power coefficient. In contrast, previous research on vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) suggests that closely spaced VAWTs may experience only small decreases (or even increases) in an individual turbine's power coefficient when placed in close proximity to neighbors, thus yielding much higher power outputs for a given area of land. A potential flow model of inter-VAWT interactions is developed to investigate the effect of changes in VAWT spatial arrangement on the array performance coefficient, which compares the expected average power coefficient of turbines in an array to a spatially isolated turbine. A geometric arrangement based on the configuration of shed vortices in the wake of schooling fish is shown to significantly increase the array performance coefficient based upon an array of 16 × 16 wind turbines. The results suggest increases in power output of over one order of magnitude for a given area of land as compared to HAWTs.
Terrace width variations in complex Mercurian craters and the transient strength of cratered Mercurian and Lunar crust

The effective cohesion of the cratered region during crater collapse is determined via the widths of slump terraces of complex craters. Terrace widths are measured for complex craters on Mercury; these generally increase outward toward the rim for a given crater, and the width of the outermost major terrace is generally an increasing function of crater diameter. The terrace widths on Mercury and a gravity-driven slump model are used to estimate the strength of the cratered region immediately after impact (about 1-2 MPa). A comparison with the previous study of lunar complex craters by Pearce and Melosh (1986) indicates that the transient strength of cratered Mercurian crust is no greater than that of the moon. The strength estimates vary only slightly with the geometric model used to restore the outermost major terrace to its precollapse configuration and are consistent with independent strength estimates from the simple-to-complex crater depth/diameter transition.
Climate Change Impacts on Residential and Commercial Loads in the Western U.S. Grid

This paper presents a multidisciplinary modeling approach to quickly quantify climate change impacts on energy consumption, peak load, and load composition of residential and commercial buildings. This research focuses on addressing the impact of temperature changes on the building cooling load in ten major cities across the Western United States and Canada. Our results have shown that by the mid-century, building yearly energy consumption and peak load will increase in the Southwest. Moreover, the peak load months will spread out to not only the summer months but also spring and autumn months. The Pacific Northwest will experience more hot days in the summer months. The penetration levels of air-conditioning (a/c) systems in this region are likely to increase significantly over the years. As a result, some locations in the Pacific Northwest may be shifted from winter peaking to summer peaking. Overall, the Western U.S. grid may see more simultaneous peaks across the North and South in summer months. Increased cooling load will result in a significant increase in the motor load, which consumes more reactive power and requires stronger voltage support from the grid. This study suggests an increasing need for the industry to implement new technology to increase the efficiency of temperature-sensitive loads and apply proper protection and control to prevent possible adverse impacts of a/c motor loads.
Adiabatic excitation of longitudinal bunch shape oscillations

By modulating the rf voltage at near twice the synchrotron frequency, the longitudinal bunch shape can be modulated. This method can be used to shorten bunches. We show experimentally that the bunch shape can be modulated while preserving the longitudinal emittance when the rf voltage modulation is turned on adiabatically. Experimental measurements will be presented along with theoretical predictions.
The Dollar and Real Interest Rates

In this paper, we investigate the link between the real foreign exchange value of the dollar and real interest rates since 1979. We argue that it is important to consider the possibility that real exchange rate movements reflect movements of the long-run equilibrium exchange rate as well as real interest differentials. We use a state-space approach to estimate the importance of shifts in the long-run equilibrium exchange rate, the persistence of the ex ante short-term real interest differential, and the effect of this differential on the exchange rate. Using U.S., Canadian, British, German and Japanese data from October 1979 to March 1986, we find that movements in the dollar real exchange rate have been dominated by unanticipated shifts in the expected long-run real exchange rate. Ex ante real interest differentials have not been persistent or variable enough to account for a major part of exchange rate variation. We use Mussa's (1984) rational expectations model of the real exchange rate and the current account to interpret our results.
Cascade Palladium Catalysis: A Predictable and Selectable Regiocontrolled Synthesis of N-Arylbenzimidazoles

By choice: The palladium-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-chloroaryl sulfonates with arylamine and amide nucleophiles provides direct access to N-arylbenzimidazoles. This strategy selectively produces the heterocycles based on chemoselective oxidative addition. 2-Chloroaryl triflates (Tf) produce one regioisomer and the corresponding 2-chloroaryl mesylates (Ms) deliver the other in a selectable manner.
TURNING POINTS IN DEVELOPING ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

The 80 partners from 40 romantic relationships were independently interviewed using the RIT procedure with regard to the turning points of their respective relationships; 26 types of turning points were found, which reduced to 14 supra-types. These supra-types differed in their association with relational commitment, with some events strongly positive, some strongly negative, and others relatively modest in reported change in commitment. About half of the turning points involved explicit metacommunication between the relationship parties, but the likelihood of relationship talk varied by turning point type. About half of the 759 identified turning points were agreed upon by relationship partners, but agreement differed depending on turning point type. Neither partner agreement nor the presence of explicit metacommunication was related to the respondent's current satisfaction with the relationship. However, the proportion of total turning points that were negative correlated negatively with current satisfaction. Two turning point events, Exclusivity and Disengagement, individually differentiated more from less satisfied relationship parties.
Symbolic model checking for real-time systems

Abstract We describe finite-state programs over real-numbered time in a guarded-command language with real-valued clocks or, equivalently, as finite automata with real-valued clocks. Model checking answers the question which states of a real-time program satisfy a branching-time specification (given in an extension of CTL with clock variables). We develop an algorithm that computes this set of states symbolically as a fixpoint of a functional on state predicates, without constructing the state space. For this purpose, we introduce a μ-calculus on computation trees over real-numbered time. Unfortunately, many standard program properties, such as response for all nonzeno execution sequences (during which time diverges), cannot be characterized by fixpoints: we show that the expressiveness of the timed μ-calculus is incomparable to the expressiveness of timed CTL. Fortunately, this result does not impair the symbolic verification of "implementable" real-time programs-those whose safety constraints are machine-closed with respect to diverging time and whose fairness constraints are restricted to finite upper bounds on clock values. All timed CTL properties of such programs are shown to be computable as finitely approximable fixpoints in a simple decidable theory.
Polyborane reactions in ionic liquids

In contrast to reactions that have been observed in traditional organic solvents, decaborane olefin-hydroboration and alkyne-insertion reactions proceed in ionic liquid (IL) solvents without the need of a catalyst. These reactions now provide important new, high- yield synthetic pathways to functionalized decaborane and ortho-carborane clusters. As il- lustrated by the synthesis of n-B 18 H 22 , ILs can also provide an inert reaction medium for car- rying out dehydrocondensation reactions leading to higher fused cage compounds.
Convergence of goal-oriented adaptive finite element methods for semilinear problems

In this article we develop a convergence theory for goal-oriented adaptive finite element algorithms designed for a class of second-order semilinear elliptic equations. We briefly discuss the target problem class, and introduce several related approximate dual problems that are crucial to both the analysis as well as to the development of a practical numerical method. We then review some standard facts concerning conforming finite element discretization and error-estimate-driven adaptive finite element methods (AFEM). We include a brief summary of a priori estimates for this class of semilinear problems, and then describe some goal-oriented variations of the standard approach to AFEM. Following the recent approach of Mommer---Stevenson and Holst---Pollock for increasingly general linear problems, we first establish a quasi-error contraction result for the primal problem. We then develop some additional estimates that make it possible to establish contraction of the combined primal-dual quasi-error, and subsequently show convergence with respect to the quantity of interest. Finally, a sequence of numerical experiments are examined and it is observed that the behavior of the implementation follows the predictions of the theory.
GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOW WITH CONTINUOUS ENERGY INJECTION: SIGNATURE OF A HIGHLY MAGNETIZED MILLISECOND PULSAR

We investigate the consequences of a continuously injecting central engine on the gamma-ray burst afterglow emission, focusing more specifically on a highly magnetized millisecond pulsar engine. For initial pulsar parameters within a certain region of the parameter space, the afterglow light curves are predicted to show a distinctive achromatic bump feature, the onset and duration of which range from minutes to months, depending on the pulsar and the fireball parameters. The detection of, or upper limits on, such features would provide constraints on the burst progenitor and on magnetar-like central engine models. An achromatic bump such as that in the GRB 000301C afterglow may be caused by a millisecond pulsar with ms and G. 14 P p 3.4 B p 2.7 # 10 0 p
Who Gets AIDS and How? The Determinants of HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviors in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania

This paper analyzes the determinants of HIV infection and associated sexual behaviors using data from the first five Demographic and Health Surveys to include HIV testing for a representative sample of the adult population. Emerging from a wealth of country relevant results, four important findings can be generalized. First, married women who engage in extra-marital sex are less likely to use condoms than single women when doing so. Second, having been in successive marriages is a significant risk-factor, as evidenced by the results on HIV infection and on sexual behaviors. Contrary to prima facie evidence, education is not associated positively with HIV status. But schooling is one of the most consistent predictors of behavior and knowledge: education predicts protective behaviors like condom use, use of counseling and testing, discussion among spouses and knowledge, but it also predicts a higher level of infidelity and a lower level of abstinence. Finally, male circumcision and female genital mutilation are often associated with sexual behaviors, practices, and knowledge related to AIDS. This might explain why in the analysis in the five countries there is no significant negative association between male circumcision and HIV status, despite recent evidence from a randomized control trial that male circumcision has a protective effect.
Optical "Hyperlens": imaging in the far field beyond the diffraction limit

We propose a system for far field optical imaging below the diffraction limit. As opposed to the "superlens" based on negative index materials, our approach allows image magnification and is robust with respect to material losses.
The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art

Recently, scholars have devoted renewed attention to the role of religion in American life. Thus, it is important that they use the most effective means available to categorize and study religious groups. However, the most widely used classification scheme in survey research (T.W. Smith 1990) does not capture essential differences between American religious traditions and overlooks significant new trends in religious affiliation. We critique this scheme based on its historical, terminological, and taxonomical inaccuracy and offer a new approach that addresses its shortcomings by using denominational affiliation to place respondents into seven categories grounded in the historical development of American religious traditions. Most important, this new scheme yields more meaningful interpretations because the categories refer to concrete religious traditions. Because of increased accuracy in classification, it also improves model fit and reduces measurement error.