cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A temporary general equilibrium model with endogenous money for economic policy analysis in Sudan

The question of what policy options Sudan can choose to emerge from its current economic crisis of persistent inflation, unsustainable external and internal imbalances, and negative growth in real output is addressed in this study. An empirical general equilibrium model is constructed, validated and used to research the nature, causes and possible remedies for the economic problems of Sudan. The model is based on the multi-sector Walrasian equilibrium structure. Keynsian macro-features recognizing short-run adjustment dynamics, sticky prices and an endogenous monetary mechanism are also incorporated. The model allows for less than perfect flexibility in some markets such as the foreign exchange and domestic capital markets due to price rigidities. Partial adjustment in some agricultural sectors where supply lags exist are also modelled. The economy is disaggregated into 16 sectors. Detailed supply and demand specifications are given for each sector in the model. The general price level together with other nominal and real flows are endogenously determined in this model;Econometric methods are used to estimate the model parameters. This provided superior statistical basis for model predictions over calibration. A jacobian algorithm (GAMS/MINOS) is employed to solve the model for equilibrium in the product market. Validation and policy analysis are conducted using dynamic simulation. The model showed powerful performance in recovering the historical path of the economy;Policy experiments indicated that the economy is non-responsive to movements in nominal interest rates as the domestic credit market is highly controlled. Removal of the institutional rigidities in the domestic capital market is therefore necessary for effective monetary control and efficient allocation of capital resources in Sudan. Simulation results also provided further empirical support to the argument that expansionary fiscal and monetary policies have worked against stabilization and economic recovery in Sudan. The thesis objecting to removal of indirect taxation for budgetary reasons is challenged by the tax policy experiment results. The results of the six policy experiments suggested that for positive growth and improved performance of the Sudan economy, monetary control and minimal indirect taxation are required to support exchange rate adjustments.
The Regulation of Reputational Information

This essay considers the role of reputational information in our marketplace. It explains how well-functioning marketplaces depend on the vibrant flow of accurate reputational information, and how misdirected regulation of reputational information could harm marketplace mechanisms. It then explores some challenges created by the existing regulation of reputational information and identifies some regulatory options for the future.
Water Resource Management in Response to El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Droughts and Floods

Ensuring the continued availability of freshwater will present major social, economic, political, and environmental challenges in the twenty-first century. Water is a most fundamental resource, essential to basic human survival and development. A large number of transnational river basins depend upon this precious commodity, and the shared utilization of this water can serve as a point of conflict, or cooperation, between the countries that jointly exploit them. One such transnational river basin is the Santa Cruz River Basin, shared by the state of Arizona in the United States and the Mexican state of Sonora.
A qualitative analysis of ubiquitous regulatory motifs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic networks

Abstract This work examines bistability and multistability within a Recurrent Neural Network model (RNN) for a 2-node and 3-node system under many different regulation scenarios. We determine parameter regions where there is bistability, multistability, or other stable modes in the expression states of the systems described by this network model. Our results show that although bistability can be generated with autoregulation it is also the case that both autorepression or no autoregulation can yield bistability as long as a sigmoidal behavior is present. Additionally, our results show the importance of considering more than a single connection when inferring a network as the observed biological result is averaged over many outcomes, which has implications for many algorithms that infer gene regulatory networks using the RNN models.
Nonlinear scalar multipoint boundary value problems at resonance

In this work we provide conditions for the existence of solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems of the form y(t+n)+an−1(t)y(t+n−1)+⋯a0(t)y(t)=g(t,y(t+m−1)) subject to ∑j=1nbij(0)y(j−1)+∑j=1n...
46th United States of America Mathematical Olympiad and 8th United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad

(2017). 46th United States of America Mathematical Olympiad and 8th United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 311-319.
Abstract 033: Directly Measured Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Small Dense LDL-Cholesterol Concentrations Associate With Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Data From the Women’s Health Study

Background: Elevated triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and small dense LDL (sdLDL) levels are hallmarks of atherogenic dyslipidemia and the cholesterol content of these particles is hypothesize...
Magnetic resonance elastography of the lungs: A repeatability and reproducibility study.

Lung diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, from which four million people die annually. Lung diseases are associated with changes in the mechanical properties of the lungs. Several studies have shown the feasibility of using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) to quantify the lungs' shear stiffness. The aim of this study is to investigate the reproducibility and repeatability of lung MRE, and its shear stiffness measurements, obtained using a modified spin echo-echo planar imaging (SE-EPI) MRE sequence. In this study, 21 healthy volunteers were scanned twice by repositioning the volunteers to image right lung both at residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) to assess the reproducibility of lung shear stiffness measurements. Additionally, 19 out of the 21 volunteers were scanned immediately without moving the volunteers to test the repeatability of the modified SE-EPI MRE sequence. A paired t-test was performed to determine the significant difference between stiffness measurements obtained at RV and TLC. Concordance correlation and Bland-Altman's analysis were performed to determine the reproducibility and repeatability of the SE-EPI MRE-derived shear stiffness measurements. The SE-EPI MRE sequence is highly repeatable with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.95 at RV and 0.96 at TLC. Similarly, the stiffness measurements obtained across all volunteers were highly reproducible with a CCC of 0.95 at RV and 0.92 at TLC. The mean shear stiffness of the lung at RV was 0.93 ± 0.22 kPa and at TLC was 1.41 ± 0.41 kPa. TLC showed a significantly higher mean shear stiffness (P = 0.0004) compared with RV. Lung MRE stiffness measurements obtained using the SE-EPI sequence were reproducible and repeatable, both at RV and TLC. Lung shear stiffness changes across respiratory cycle with significantly higher stiffness at TLC than RV.
A class of second-order McKean–Vlasov stochastic evolution equations driven by fractional Brownian motion and Poisson jumps

Abstract This paper focuses on a class of second-order McKean–Vlasov stochastic evolution equations driven by a fractional Brownian motion and Poisson jumps. Specifically, we allow nonlinearities and the jump term to depend not only of the state of the solution, but also on the corresponding probability law of the state. The global existence and uniqueness of mild solutions is established under various growth conditions, and a related stability result is discussed. An example is presented to illustrate the applicability of the theory.
Boundaries of Authority: An introduction:

This is the Introduction to the symposium on A. John Simmons, Boundaries of Authority (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). The Symposium contains articles by David Miller, Cara Nine, and Anna S...
Twenty Years of Optical Frequency Combs: Science, Technology and Applications

Optical frequency combs provide the means to seamlessly unite the electromagnetic spectrum, from the RF through the XUV. This tutorial with provide an overview of frequency comb science, technology and applications.
Parameter analysis of the PDE model

Abstract The steady state value r ( r g , t → ∞ ) is of particular interest in determining whether antibiotic resistant bacteria, and more generally, antimicrobial resistant microbes, have a positive persistent population, even when starting from homogeneous ICs. In this chapter, parameters in the PDE model of Chapter 4 are varied systematically to study the steady state values of resistant pathogens. In summary, the steady state antibiotic resistant bacteria is the same as for the ODE model of Chapters 1 , 2 , 3 . That is, the algebraic condition of Chapter 3 for ODEs also applies to the PDE model of Chapters 4 , 5.
Guiding Development Work Across a Software Ecosystem by Visualizing Usage Data.

Software is increasingly produced in the form of ecosystems, collections of interdependent components maintained by a distributed community. These ecosystems act as network organizations, not markets, and thus often lack actionable price-like signals about how the software is used and what impact it has. We introduce a tool, the Scientific Software Network Map, that collects and displays summarized usage data tailored to the needs of actors in software ecosystems. We performed a contextualized walkthrough of the Map with producers and stewards in six scientific software ecosystems that use the R language. We found that they work to maximize diversity rather than quantity of uses, and to minimize coordination costs. We also found that summarized usage data would be useful for justifying ecosystem work to funding agencies; and we discovered a variety of more granular usage needs that would help in adding or maintaining features.
Survival analysis methods for analysis of hospitalization data: Application to COVID-19 patient hospitalization experience

During most of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic gave rise to considerable and growing numbers of hospitalizations across most of the U.S. Typical COVID-19 hospitalization data, including length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) use, mechanical ventilation (Vent), and in-hospital mortality provide clearly interpretable health care endpoints that can be compared across population strata. They capture the resources consumed for the care of COVID-19 patients, and analysis of these endpoints can be used for resource planning at the local level. Yet, hospitalization data embody novel features that require careful statistical treatment to be useful in this context. Specifically, statistical models must meet three goals: (i) They should mesh with and inform mathematical epidemiologic or agent-based models of the COVID-19 experience in the population. (ii) They need to handle administrative censoring of hospitalization experience when data are extracted and downloaded for a given patient before that patients hospitalization experience has terminated. And, (iii) models need to handle risks for competing events, the occurrence of one blocking the possibility of the other(s). For example, live discharge from the hospital "competes with" (i.e., blocks) in-hospital mortality. We have adapted approaches from the survival analysis literature to address these challenges in order to better understand and quantify the population experience in hospital with respect to length of stay, ICU, Vent use and so on. Using hospitalization data from a large U.S. metropolitan region, in this report, we show how standard techniques from survival analysis can be brought to bear to address these challenges and yield interpretable results. In the breakout/discussion, we will discuss formulation, estimation and inference, and interpretation of competing risks models.
Para un archivo abyecto de lo cubano en dos cuentos de Virgilio Pinera: Una lectura de “El album” (1944) y “La cara” (1956) desde Kristeva y Derrida

espanolEl presente trabajo estudia el proceso de archivamiento de lo cubano en dos cuentos de Virgilio Pinera: “El album” (1944) y “La cara” (1956), publicados en su coleccion Cuentos frios (1956) en Buenos Aires. Aunque la critica frecuentemente asume que la literatura de Virgilio Pinera evade temas politicos y sociales, demostraremos, en estos dos cuentos, como Pinera demuestra su interes por abordar lo que ha sido expulsado de la idea prevalente de lo cubano, aquello que ha sido pasado por alto. Estudiamos el metodo literario de acercamiento a la realidad senalado por Pinera en “El album” y “La cara,” valiendonos de la idea de archivo desarrollada por Jacques Derrida y de lo abyecto por Julia Kristeva. EnglishThis paper studies the process of archiving Cubanness in two stories by Virgilio Pinera: “El Album” (1944) and “La Cara” (1956), published in his collection Cuentos frios (1956) in Buenos Aires. Although it has been largely agreed that Pinera’s literature avoids tackling political and social issues, I demonstrate how, in these two stories, Pinera addresses that which has been expelled from prevailing ideas of Cubanness—that which has been overlooked. I study the literary method of approaching reality in “El Album” and “La Cara,” drawing on Jacques Derrida’s idea of the archive and Julia Kristeva’s notion of the abject.
Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathy

Recent prospective studies of hospital-acquired acute renal failure have revealed it to be a serious illness.1,2The development of hospital-acquired acute renal failure is associated with a sixfold increase in risk of dying. In fact, patients who develop an elevation of serum creatinine concentration greater than 3 mg/dl have a mortality rate of 64%. Development of this condition also has a marked impact on the length of stay of a patient in hospital. One recent report demonstrated that the development of acute renal failure increased a patient’s length of stay in the hospital an average of 13–23 days. The most common etiologies of hospital-acquired acute renal failure include aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, radiocontrast exposure, volume depletion, and septic shock. These etiologies highlight the role of both toxic and ischemic processes in clinically relevant acute renal failure. Prevention of hospital-acquired acute renal failure is, therefore, critically important, not only to diminish the mortality rate associated with this disease process, but also to limit the cost of hospital care. For example, a carefully done retrospective analysis of 1756 patients receiving aminoglycosides was undertaken to determine the economic impact of aminoglycoside associated nephrotoxicity.3 An incidence rate of 7% in these patients was identified for aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity. In this study, the additional cost of treating this complication in these patients totaled approximately $2500 per episode.
Salicylhydroxamic acid inhibits myeloperoxidase activity.

Salicylhydroxamic and benzohydroxamic acids were found to bind to the resting state of myeloperoxidase and inhibit ligand binding to the heme iron. An ionizable group on the enzyme with pKa = 4 affects salicylhydroxamic acid binding; binding occurs when this group is not protonated. The binding of the heme iron ligands (e.g. cyanide, nitrite, and chloride) is probably controlled by the same ionizable group. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the salicylhydroxamic acid-myeloperoxidase complex is about 2 x 10(-6) M, and the association rate constant is 7.4 x 10(6) M-1.s-1. Salicylhydroxamic acid serves as a donor to the higher oxidation state of myeloperoxidase and thereby inhibits guaiacol oxidation. Salicylhydroxamic acid was also found to bind to intestinal peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. Salicylhydroxamic acid binding to all three mammalian peroxidases was about 3 orders of magnitude stronger than benzohydroxamic acid binding. We conclude that the salicylhydroxamic and benzohydroxamic acids bind in the distal heme cavity of these peroxidases and interact with the heme ligand binding site.
High Pressure Materials Research: Novel Extended Phases of Molecular Triatomics

Application of high pressure significantly alters the interatomic distance and thus the nature of intermolecular interaction, chemical bonding, molecular configuration, crystal structure, and stability of solid [1]. With modern advances in high-pressure technologies [2], it is feasible to achieve a large (often up to a several-fold) compression of lattice, at which condition material can be easily forced into a new physical and chemical configuration [3]. The high-pressure thus offers enhanced opportunities to discover new phases, both stable and metastable ones, and to tune exotic properties in a wide-range of atomistic length scale, substantially greater than (often being several orders of) those achieved by other thermal (varying temperatures) and chemical (varying composition or making alloys) means. Simple molecular solids like H{sub 2}, C, CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, CO, NH{sub 3}, and CH{sub 4} are bounded by strong covalent intramolecular bonds, yet relatively weak intermolecular bonds of van der Waals and/or hydrogen bonds. The weak intermolecular bonds make these solids highly compressible (i.e., low bulk moduli typically less than 10 GPa), while the strong covalent bonds make them chemically inert at least initially at low pressures. Carbon-carbon single bonds, carbon-oxygen double bonds and nitrogen-nitrogen triple bonds, for example, are among the strongest. These molecular forms are, thus, often considered to remain stable in an extended region of high pressures and high temperatures. High stabilities of these covalent molecules are also the basis of which their mixtures are often presumed to be the major detonation products of energetic materials as well as the major constituents of giant planets. However, their physical/chemical stabilities are not truly understood at those extreme pressure-temperature conditions. In fact, an increasing amount of experimental evidences contradict the assumed stability of these materials at high pressures and temperatures.
EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE FLAVORING COMPONENTS OF MAPLE SIRUP

ABSTRACT— Portions of a distinctively flavored commercial maple sirup were heated by autoclaving at 15 psig (250°F) for 1.5 and 4 hr. A GLC flavor profile of the treated and untreated sirups showed that 25 components in their flavor fractions changed in relative amounts. In the light colored original sirup, acetol and compounds related to lignin (vanillin, syringaldehyde, dihydroconiferyl alcohol) predominated. As the sirup was heated, carbohydrate breakdown products began to appear and then to predominate (acetol, furanones, cyclotene, and HMF). As the carbohydrate degradation products increased the sirup darkened in color and became acrid in flavor; at this point vanillin began to decrease. From this preliminary study it would seem possible, after identifying all the compounds in the profile, to produce various levels of different flavor in maple sirup by a regulated heat process. The need is indicated for a complete study of the production of maple flavorants by heat, starting with a flavorless sap concentrate.
Blind spots and pop-up spots: A feminist exploration into the discourses of do-it-yourself (DIY) urbanism:

This paper is a theoretical exploration of dominant conceptualisations of do-it-yourself urbanism, which draws from and contributes to feminist inquiries into urban planning and policies. Do-it-you...
From One Extreme to the Other: Negative Evaluation Anxiety and Disordered Eating as Candidates for the Extreme Female Brain

Simon Baron-Cohen pioneered the idea that different brain types evolved to process information in gender specific ways. Here we expand this approach to looking at eating disorders as a byproduct of the extreme female brain. The incidence of eating disorders is higher among females, and recent findings show that hormones may play a role in eating disorders. We present new evidence from four studies that both an empathizing bias and hyper-mentalizing (as measures of the extreme female brain; EFB) are related to disordered eating and negative evaluation anxiety in women. We also advance the novel hypothesis that concerns about animal welfare (a unique expression of the EFB) may account for the relationship between vegetarianism and eating disorders.
Signaling Inositol Polyphosphate-5-phosphatase CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVITY AND EFFECT OF GRB2 ASSOCIATION

An inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (SIP-110) that binds the SH3 domains of the adaptor protein GRB2 was produced in Sf9 cells and characterized. SIP-110 binds to GRB2 in vitro with a stoichiometry of 1 mol of GRB2/0.7 mol of SIP-110. GRB2 binding does not affect enzyme activity implying that GRB2 serves mainly to localize SIP-110 within cells. SIP-110 hydrolyses inositol (Ins)(1,3,4,5)P4 to Ins(1,3,4)P3. The enzyme does not hydrolyze Ins(1,4,5)P3 that is a substrate for previously described 5-phosphatases nor does it hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)(4,5)P2. SIP-110 also hydrolyzed PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 to PtdIns(3,4)P2 as did recombinant forms of two other 5-phosphatases designated as inositol polyphosphate-5- phosphatase II, and OCRL (the protein that is mutated in oculocerebrorenal syndrome). The inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase enzyme family now is represented by at least 9 distinct genes and includes enzymes that fall into 4 subfamilies based on their activities toward various 5-phosphatase substrates.
A Semi-automatic Approach to Composite Web Services Discovery, Description and Invocation

With the popularity of the Web services technology, more and more software systemsâ€™ functionalities become available by being published and registered as Web services. Registered Web services need to be dynamically combined to form â€œcomposite servicesâ€ when individual â€œsimple servicesâ€ fail to meet service requestorsâ€™ complex service needs. In this article, we propose a semi-automatic approach to composite Web services discovery, description and invocation. We present an intelligent registry with constraint matching capabilities to support composite service discovery and description. It provides a user interface to interactively compose a service request. It then uses a semi-automatic mechanism and a search algorithm to construct a composite service template that satisfies the request. The operations of the template are bound to registered service operations by constraint matching subsequently. The resulting composite service is specified in the Web Services Flow Language. A composite service processor is designed to execute composite services by invoking the component service operations of various service providers.
SOCIAL DISCLOSURE, ATTESTATION AND THE SINGLE AUDIT ACT☆

Abstract The Single Audit Act may be a step that leads to more social disclosure providing that those involved do not just take it literally. However, there is a fear that aspects of the Act that deal with social problems will be dealt with perfunctorily
Sulfur-induced mobilization of Au surface atoms on Au(1 1 1) studied by real-time STM

Abstract The interaction of sulfur with gold surfaces has attracted considerable interest due to numerous technological applications such as the formation of self-assembled monolayers and as a chemical sensor. Here, we report on the interaction of sulfur with Au(1 1 1) at two different temperatures (300 K and 420 K) studied by real-time scanning tunnelling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. In the low coverage regime ( R 30° sulfur adlayer develops as the coverage reaches ∼0.3 ML. At higher S coverages (>0.3 ML) gold surface atoms are removed from regular terrace sites and incorporated into a growing gold sulfide phase. At 300 K this process leads to the formation of a rough pit and mound surface morphology. This gold sulfide exhibits short-range order and an incommensurate, long-range ordered AuS phase develops upon annealing at 450–525 K. In contrast, formation of an ordered AuS phase via rapid step-retraction rather than etch pit formation is observed during S-interaction with Au(1 1 1) surfaces at 420 K. Our results shed new light on the S–Au(1 1 1) interaction.
The accumulation of versican in the nodules of benign prostatic hyperplasia

BACKGROUND Proteoglycans, a complex group of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, are elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Versican is a stromal proteoglycan present in prostate tissue. Versican expression is elevated in tissues with increased proliferation. Based on these observations, we determined the extent and distribution of versican expression in prostates with BPH. METHODS The involvement of versican in BPH nodules was compared with levels in non-nodular transition (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ) tissues from 18 human prostate glands using immunohistochemistry, Northern blots and/or QRTPCR to localize versican and quantify versican mRNA transcript levels, and Western blots to assess gene product levels. RESULTS Increased versican immunoreactivity was observed in the stroma of BPH nodules. Higher steady state levels of versican variants V0, V1, and V3 mRNA transcript and gene product were detected in the nodular tissues than in the non-nodular TZ or PZ parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that versican may play a role in nodule formation in BPH. Prostate 69: 149–158, 2009. © 2008 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Extended x-ray-absorption and electron-energy-loss fine-structure studies of the local atomic structure of amorphous unhydrogenated and hydrogenated silicon carbide.

Extended x-ray-absorption (EXAFS) and electron-energy-loss fine-structure (EXELFS) measurements have been performed on amorphous unhydrogenated silicon carbide, a-SiC, and amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide, a-SiC:H. Two hydrogenated samples with hydrogen concentrations corresponding, respectively, to H flows of 4 sccm (20% of argon flow) and 8 sccm (40% of argon flow) during the reactive sputtering process, were analyzed (sccm denotes standard cubic centimeters per minute at STP). It is found that short-range order (SRO), consisting of the same tetrahedrally coordinated units present in cubic crystalline c-SiC (zinc-blende structure), where a Si atom is surrounded by nearly four C atoms and vice versa, does exist in all the amorphous samples. This SRO, however, is detected only at a level of the first C and Si coordination shells in a-SiC and a-SiC:H. The structural disorder of the first Si and C coordination shells in all forms of amorphous SiC is somewhat greater than c-SiC, and it decreases appreciably as hydrogen is added. The a-SiC sample exhibits large Si and C coordination numbers, almost identical to c-SiC, a low atomic density, and virtually the same Si-C bond length as c-SiC. These results indicate that a relatively small concentration of large voids exist in a highly disordered a-SiC matrix. The a-SiC:H samples, on the other hand, exhibit a decrease in the C coordination number relative to a-SiC, which is independent of H concentration, low Si and C atomic densities, comparable to a-SiC, and virtually the same Si coordination number as a-SiC. These EXAFS-EXELFS results are consistent with a model where part of the H is substituting for Si in the local tetrahedra surrounding C atoms, while the rest is located inside internal voids in the a-SiC:H samples. The surface of the voids is composed of C atoms which have at least one bond to H, and of Si atoms. Finally, a straightforward computational procedure is applied to estimate the size of these voids. It is found that their average size \ensuremath{\ge}21 A\r{}, thus excluding the possibility that the voids might be point defects.
Prediction of No-Load Flux Density Distribution in Permanent Magnet Machines

Both the average output torque as well as the output torque pulsations of permanent magnet (PM) motors depend on the air gap flux density waveform produced by the magnets. An analytical model is presented, which uses the two-dimensional field theory in polar coordinates to determine the flux density waveforms at the stator and rotor surfaces of PM machines and also the amount of magnetic flux entering these surfaces. The analysis is valid for dc as well as for synchronous brushless motors with magnets which are magnetized in either the radial or the parallel direction. The results obtained by the model are verified by comparison with results obtained by finite-element analysis as well as with test results.
Particle-particle hole-hole ring diagrams and softening of the nuclear matter equation of state

Abstract Nuclear matter isotherms are calculated with the particle-particle hole-hole ring diagrams of the thermodynamic potential included to all orders. A modified Gogny interaction is employed. The resulting isotherms are found to be significantly different from the corresponding HF ones, the former being very much softer. The compression modulus given by our ring-diagram calculation is about 154 MeV. The inclusion of te rearrangement potential due to the ring diagrams plays a crucial role in the present calculation. We evaluate the ring diagrams by way of a finite-temperature RPA equation and there appears to be some definite correlation between the complex eigenvalue of this equation and nuclear matter instability ( d p d ρ .
Turbulence Characteristics in a Rushton Stirring Vessel: A Numerical Investigation

Results from simulations using FLUENT (a commercial CFD package) are compared with Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) for baseline configurations in order to validate and verify the fidelity of the computations. Different turbulent models are used in this study in order to determine which one is the most appropriate. Subsequently a parametric analysis of the flow characteristics as a function of the clearance height of the impeller from the vessel floor is performed. Results are presented along planes normal and parallel to the impeller axis, displaying velocity vector fields and contour plots of vorticity turbulent dissipation and others. Special attention is focused in the neighborhood of the impeller region and the radial jet generated there. The present results provide useful information for the design of the mixing process as well as for more accurate estimations in future work.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Biology of Human Skin Transplanted to the Nude Mouse: I. Response to Agent which Modify Epidermal Proliferation

To accept human skin transplanted to the congenitally athymic (nude) mouse as a system to study human skin and its physiologic and pathologic states, it must be demonstrated that skin so maintained retains its function as a biologic unit. We have found that responses of grafted human skin and nude mouse skin to various agents differ. This difference in response has been utilized to assess barrier function and proliferative capacity of human skin grafts. Human skin grafts undergo a proliferative response when 10 ng of the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is applied. Nudes do not respond to this dose. Increasing the dose to 100 ng of TPA evokes a response in both. However, only in the human skin grafts can this response be blocked with betamethasone valerate (BV). In that human skin grafts do not take on their hosts' responsiveness, and the response of domestic pig skin to these agents before and after grafting is identical, the conclusion is reached that human skin appears to retain its inherent biologic unit function. The data also demonstrate some of the potential of this system to study kinetics of the epidermis of human skin.
Production of cardiac hypertrophy and failure in rabbits with Ameroid clips

Abstract A new technique for producing progressive stenosis of the aorta in rabbits is described. The results indicate a marked hypertrophy is evident 20 to 30 days after surgery with the eventual development of congestive failure.
Effect of Nutrient Restriction on White Leghorns in the Grower and Subsequent Layer Periods

Abstract FEED restriction regimes for flock replacements have been investigated by a number of workers in recent years. In a comprehensive review of the published results, Bletner (1963) made 103 comparisons of pullets full-fed with those subjected to some form of nutrient restriction (limited feeding time, feed intake restriction, incomplete diets, high fiber diets). The most striking difference observed was delayed sexual maturity as a result of nutrient restriction. The review also indicated that (1) delays in sexual maturity of less than 8 days failed to affect the subsequent laying house performance; (2) delays of 8 to 21 days usually improved egg production and egg size; (3) delays of more than 21 days generally improved egg production of heavy breeds, but not Leghorn-type breeds. Denton and Lillie (1959) stated that low-protein diets fed in the grower period had no effect on sexual maturity and the subsequent laying house performance. Conversely, Harms …
Temperature changes between neighboring days and mortality in summer: a distributed lag non-linear time series analysis.

Background Many studies have shown that high temperatures or heat waves were associated with mortality and morbidity. However, few studies have examined whether temperature changes between neighboring days have any significant impact on human health. Method A distributed lag non-linear model was employed to investigate the effect of temperature changes on mortality in summer during 2006–2010 in two subtropical Chinese cities. The temperature change was defined as the difference of the current day’s and the previous day’s mean temperature. Results We found non-linear effects of temperature changes between neighboring days in summer on mortality in both cities. Temperature increase was associated with increased mortality from non-accidental diseases and cardiovascular diseases, while temperature decrease had a protective effect on non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality in both cities. Significant association between temperature changes and respiratory mortality was only found in Guangzhou. Conclusion This study suggests that temperature changes between neighboring days might be an alternative temperature indicator for studying temperature-mortality relationship.
Selection and Characterization of a Breast Cancer Cell Line Resistant to the Antiestrogen LY 117018

We have selected and cloned a stable variant of the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line (LY 2) that is resistant to LY 117018 (LY), a potent antiestrogen that inhibits cell growth at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. The cell line was selected by increasing the concentration of LY in the growth medium in a stepwise manner from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M as the cells become resistant. LY2 has been cloned in soft agar and carried for over 50 passages with no change in resistance. Other antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen and 40-hydroxytamoxifen no longer inhibit cell proliferation of LY 2. The cell line is still responsive to estrogen in a cell proliferation assay, but contains somewhat less estrogen receptors than MCF-7. The cytosolic estrogen receptor sediments to a 4S position on high salt sucrose density gradient centrifugation and is completely shifted to a denser gradient region when the receptor is incubated with a monoclonal antiestrophilin. The nuclear estrogen receptor when covalently labeled with [3H]tamoxifen aziridine has the same mol wt (62,000) in both MCF-7 and LY2 cells, when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In a competitive binding assay, LY 117018 competes for [3H]estradiol binding to its cytosol receptor with the same Ki in both MCF-7 and LY2 cells. When the induction of estrogen-specific proteins was examined, no detectable progesterone receptor could be detected in either estrogen-induced or control LY2 cells, in contrast to MCF-7 cells. However, both 52,000- and 160,000-dalton proteins were estrogen inducible in the medium of LY2 and MCF-7 cells, as measured by labeling with [35S]methionine. The phenotypic stability of the antiestrogen resistance in LY2 cells coupled with the cross-resistance the antiestrogens of widely different structures make this cell line an ideal model system for the study of hormone resistance in human breast cancer. In addition, while the mechanism of resistance is currently not elucidated, the selective loss of estrogen-inducible functions in this cell line may provide powerful clues for future study.
Metribuzin and metabolites in Wisconsin (U.S.A.) well water

Abstract Metribuzin is a commonly used pesticide in Wisconsin and elsewhere, although contamination of groundwater by metribuzin has received little attention. A technique using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography was optimized to allow measurement of metribuzin and its major metabolites—deaminated metribuzin (DA), diketometribuzin (DK) and deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK). Percent recoveries and precision of metribuzin and DA analyses were good. Recoveries and reproducibility of DADK were acceptable (about 65%). However, the recoveries for DK were low (about 35%; the precision of the analysis was good, however). Overall, accuracy and precision were as good as, or better than, reported in the literature. Metribuzin and metribuzin metabolites were found in most of the groundwater samples analyzed from a number of wells located in sandy soil areas of Wisconsin. The parent metribuzin compound was found at concentrations ranging from not detected to 10.2 μg/l, while metabolite concentrations ranged from not detected to nearly 2 μg/l. Metabolites, which have been rarely reported to occur in water, were found in most of the samples even when the parent compound was absent.
Partial characterization of a novel ‘GGA’factor which binds to the osteonectin promoter in bovine bone cells

Abstract Osteonectin (On)/SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is a highly conserved extracellular matrix protein found in bone and other tissues throughout vertebrate evolution. In previous studies, approximately 500 bp of DNA 5' to the transcription start point ( tsp ) and a part of exon 1, including homopurine (R n )/homopyrimidine (Y n )rich sequences (the ‘GGA box’ and its complements), was demonstrated to be important in upregulation of On gene expression in a cell-specific manner. The purpose of this study was to decipher the transcriptional regulation of On through its cis - and trans -acting elements. DNase I footprinting analysis indicated protein binding which may be related to the transcriptional factors, AP2, SP1 and a novel ‘GGA’ factor which binds to the 3' end of the promoter (−286 to + 43 to the ( tsp ). Comparisons of footprinting between nuclear extracts of bone ( On -expressing) cells and Madin and Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) (nonexpressing) cells indicate that ‘GGA’ factor binding to a purine GGGGA/GGArich sequence is cell-type specific and therefore may be involved in the cell-specific expression of this gene. From ultraviolet (UV)-crosslinking experiments, this ‘GGA’ factor was demonstrated to be a single 40-kDa protein.
Recovery of muscovite age gradients by 40Ar/39Ar vacuum furnace step-heating analysis

Abstract 40 Ar/ 39 Ar furnace step heating analysis of 3 size fractions of Crazy Basin muscovite was performed using ‘conventional’ (12 steps) and ‘detailed’ (29 steps) heating schedules. The intracrystalline age gradients previously documented by laser spot ablation analysis were reproduced in the step-heating age spectra. Total gas and plateau ages from ‘conventional’ results correlate positively with grain size indicating that muscovite preserves natural dimensions during sample processing and the crystal size influences argon retention during geologic cooling. Age spectra from ‘detailed’ analyses exhibit incrementally increasing ages over the low-temperature portion of the gas release (first ~ 10%) followed by more gently increasing ages over the remainder of the gas release. The ages in the ‘detailed’ spectra span the range previously documented by laser spot ablation analysis including the core ages reported by Hames and Bowring (1994) indicating the age zonation in the mica crystals was not homogenized during furnace heating. Arrhenius diagrams constructed from the incremental 39Ar release during the ‘detailed’ experiments yield consistent results with those recently reported by Harrison et al. (2009). Interpreting the initial Arrhenius array as subdomains yields domain distribution plots (log r/ro vs. % 39Ar released) exhibiting strong correlation with the shape of the associated age spectra. This correlation supports the assertion that the same process controlling diffusion during geologic cooling is active during vacuum furnace degassing in the laboratory. Therefore, muscovite step-heating data, may afford recovery of thermal histories.
F-box protein FBXL19-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of the receptor for IL-33 limits pulmonary inflammation

The ST2L receptor for interleukin 33 (IL-33) mediates pulmonary inflammation and immune system-related disorders, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. At present, very little is known about the molecular regulation of ST2L expression. Here we found that FBXL19, an 'orphan' member of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, selectively bound to ST2L to mediate its polyubiquitination and elimination in the proteasome. Degradation of ST2L involved phosphorylation of ST2L at Ser442 catalyzed by the kinase GSK3β. Overexpression of FBXL19 abrogated the proapoptotic and inflammatory effects of IL-33 and lessened the severity of lung injury in mouse models of pneumonia. Our results suggest that modulation of the IL-33-ST2L axis by ubiquitin ligases might serve as a unique strategy for lessening pulmonary inflammation.
A comparison of bootstrap methods and an adjusted bootstrap approach for estimating the prediction error in microarray classification

This paper first provides a critical review on some existing methods for estimating the prediction error in classifying microarray data where the number of genes greatly exceeds the number of specimens. Special attention is given to the bootstrap-related methods. When the sample size n is small, we find that all the reviewed methods suffer from either substantial bias or variability. We introduce a repeated leave-one-out bootstrap (RLOOB) method that predicts for each specimen in the sample using bootstrap learning sets of size ln. We then propose an adjusted bootstrap (ABS) method that fits a learning curve to the RLOOB estimates calculated with different bootstrap learning set sizes. The ABS method is robust across the situations we investigate and provides a slightly conservative estimate for the prediction error. Even with small samples, it does not suffer from large upward bias as the leave-one-out bootstrap and the 0.632+ bootstrap, and it does not suffer from large variability as the leave-one-out cross-validation in microarray applications.
Methods of following drug release from controlled release dosage forms

Many new polymeric controlled release drugs delivery systems are currently being marketed. The cornerstone for the development of these new drug presentations is in vitro release testing. This paper outlines the design conditions for such release systems, and factors such as drug solubility, solution diffusivitiy and hydrodynamics, as well as in vitro-in vivo correlations are discussed. The two main approaches to in vitro release system design are then outlined; the closed rotational systems and the open flow systems.
Surface morphologies of homoepitaxial ZnO thin films on non-miscut ZnO substrates

Abstract ZnO thin films were grown on Zn-polar non-miscut ZnO substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). With an electrostatic ion trap applied to the oxygen plasma source, the etching effect by plasma was significantly reduced. Atomically flat surfaces with one monolayer step height along the [0 0 0 1] direction were achieved at a low growth temperature of 610 °C. Good surface morphology with root mean square (RMS) roughness as small as 0.16 nm was achieved. High oxygen plasma power and low Zn flux were necessary to achieve a step-flow growth mode with a homogeneous surface morphology. It was found that the growth rate and surface RMS roughness decreased with increased growth temperature.
E-Approval Plans in Research Libraries

Research libraries have long invested in approval plan services, which offer an economical way to acquire scholarly and scientific publications. Traditional approval plans have evolved and now enable libraries to expand their e-book offerings to better serve researchers. Publishers offer a myriad of e-book purchasing options. These range from individual titles to comprehensive packages allowing libraries to choose publisher-direct (Springer and others) or aggregator (Ebrary, for example) access, but a standard access and pricing model is needed to promote systematic acquisition of e-books. In 2010, Texas A&M University Libraries implemented an e-preferred approval plan. This article will discuss the evaluation process for research libraries migrating to an e-preferred approval plan.
Millisecond autothermal steam reforming of cellulose for synthetic biofuels by reactive flash volatilization

Three biomass-to-liquid process steps (volatilization of cellulose, tar-cleaning of organic products, and water-gas-shift of the gaseous effluent) have been integrated into a single autothermal catalytic reactor for the production of high quality synthesis gas at millisecond residence times (∼30 ms). Particles of cellulose (∼300 μm) were directly impinged upon the hot, catalytic bed of Rh–Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst on 1.3 mm α-Al2O3 spheres in the presence of O2, N2, and steam in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor at 500–1100 °C. Complete conversion to gases was observed for all experimental parameters including N2/O2, S/C, the total flow rate of cellulose, and the fuel-to-oxygen ratio (C/O). The addition of steam increased the selectivity to H2 and decreased the selectivity to CO in agreement with water-gas-shift equilibrium. Optimal conditions produced a clean gaseous effluent which exhibited ∼80% selectivity to H2 at a synthesis gas ratio of H2/CO = 2.3 with no dilution from N2 at a fuel efficiency of ∼75%. Carbon-free processing was explained by relating the domain of experimental parameters to the thermodynamic prediction for the formation of solid carbon, CS.
Regulation of gene expression in the sea urchin embryo

In the undisturbed sea urchin embryo, cleavage of the blastomeres is invariant and gives rise to five polyclonal territories that are each defined by the larval structures to which they give rise, and by unique programmes of gene expression. These territories are the aboral ectoderm, the oral ectoderm, the vegetal plate, the skeletogenic mesenchyme, and the small micromeres. Structural gene markers for four of these territories (all except the small micromeres, which participate in later development) have been cloned and characterized, and the regulatory domains of several of these genes have been mapped to the level of specific protein-binding sites.