cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of modular regularization methods for the BDF2 time discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations∗

We consider an uncoupled, modular regularization algorithm for approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations. The method is: Step 1.1: Advance the NSE one time step, Step 1.1: Regularize to obtain the approximation at the new time level. Previous analysis of this approach has been for specific time stepping methods in Step 1.1 and simple stabilizations in Step 1.1. In this report we extend the mathematical support for uncoupled, modular stabilization to (i) the more complex and better performing BDF2 time discretization in Step 1.1, and (ii) more general (linear or nonlinear) regularization operators in Step 1.1. We give a complete stability analysis, derive conditions on the Step 1.1 regularization operator for which the combination has good stabilization effects, characterize the numerical dissipation induced by Step 1.1, prove an asymptotic error estimate incorporating the numerical error of the method used in Step 1.1 and the regularizations consistency error in Step 1.1 and provide numerical tests.
Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. II. Subacute and chronic toxicity.

Abstract The subacute and/or chronic toxicity of 48 food flavourings was studied in rats. The toxicity of five of these flavourings (coumarin, 6-methylcoumarin, dihydrocoumarin, methyl salicylate and safrole) was also studied in dogs. A summary of the studies is presented. The loss of 21 flavourings from laboratory animal diets during a 7-day period was also determined.
ACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL EPIDEMOLYTIC TOXIN ON MOUSE SKIN IN ORGAN CULTURE

Summary.— Changes similar to those of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (T.E.N.) have been produced in organ cultures of infant mouse skin maintained in a chemically defined medium with added staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin.
Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women

Human phthalate exposure is ubiquitous, but little is known regarding predictors of urinary phthalate levels. To explore this, 50 pregnant women aged 18-38 years completed two questionnaires on potential phthalate exposures and provided a first morning void. Urine samples were analyzed for 12 phthalate metabolites. Associations with questionnaire items were evaluated via Wilcoxon tests and t-tests, and r-squared values were calculated in multiple linear regression models. Few measured factors were statistically significantly associated with phthalate levels. Individuals who used nail polish had higher levels of mono-butyl phthalate (P=0.048) than non-users. Mono-benzyl phthalate levels were higher among women who used eye makeup (P=0.034) or used makeup on a regular basis (P=0.004). Women who used cologne or perfume had higher levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites. Household products, home flooring or paneling, and other personal care products were also associated with urinary phthalates. The proportion of variance in metabolite concentrations explained by questionnaire items ranged between 0.31 for mono-ethyl phthalate and 0.42 for mono-n-methyl phthalate. Although personal care product use may be an important predictor of urinary phthalate levels, most of the variability in phthalate exposure was not captured by our relatively comprehensive set of questionnaire items.
Bacterial nonhomologous end joining ligases preferentially seal breaks with a 3'-OH monoribonucleotide.

Many bacterial species have a nonhomologous end joining system of DNA repair driven by dedicated DNA ligases (LigD and LigC). LigD is a multifunctional enzyme composed of a ligase domain fused to two other catalytic modules: a polymerase that preferentially adds ribonucleotides to double-strand break ends and a phosphoesterase that trims 3′-oligoribonucleotide tracts until only a single 3′-ribonucleotide remains. LigD and LigC have a feeble capacity to seal 3′-OH/5′-PO4 DNA nicks. Here, we report that nick sealing by LigD and LigC enzymes is stimulated by the presence of a single ribonucleotide at the broken 3′-OH end. The ribonucleotide effect on LigD and LigC is specific for the 3′-terminal nucleotide and is either diminished or abolished when additional vicinal ribonucleotides are present. No such 3′-ribonucleotide effect is observed for bacterial LigA or Chlorella virus ligase. We found that in vitro repair of a double-strand break by Pseudomonas LigD requires the polymerase module and results in incorporation of an alkali-labile ribonucleotide at the repair junction. These results illuminate an underlying logic for the domain organization of LigD, whereby the polymerase and phosphoesterase domains can heal the broken 3′-end to generate the monoribonucleotide terminus favored by the nonhomologous end joining ligases.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS FOR TB : KEEP DOING WHAT YOU'VE ALWAYS DONE, AND YOU'LL GET WHAT YOU ALWAYS GOT

The most important part of tuberculosis (TB) infection control is getting the patient into the isolation room. Once a patient is in a room that has negative air flow and at least six air changes per hour, it probably doesn't matter much if the healthcare worker wears a fit-checked National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved mask or what wavelength the light is. What happens when we fail to isolate a patient with TB? At the least, an unisolated patient launches a costly and timeconsuming exposure investigation and, at the very worst, the patient transmits a fatal infection. Menzies and colleagues' recently summarized a number of reports on occupational exposure to TB. In a wide range of hospital situations, the diagnosis of TB was missed on admission 40% to 50% of the time. Delays before isolation averaged 6 days, resulting in the exposure of 27 to 188 healthcare workers and tuberculin skin-test conversions in anywhere from 14% to 55% of exposed employees. Transmission to other patients is less easy to quantify, but we know it
A knowledge environment for the biodiversity and ecological sciences

The Science Environment for Ecological Knowledge (SEEK) is a knowledge environment that is being developed to address many of the current challenges associated with data accessibility and integration in the biodiversity and ecological sciences. The SEEK information technology infrastructure encompasses three integrated systems: (1) EcoGrid--an open architecture for data access; (2) a Semantic Mediation System based on domain-specific ontologies; and (3) an Analysis and Modeling System that supports semantically integrated analytical workflows. Multidisciplinary scientists and programmers from multiple institutions comprise the core development team. SEEK design and development are informed by three multidisciplinary teams of scientists organized in Working Groups. The Biodiversity and Ecological Analysis and Modeling Working Group informs development through evaluation of SEEK efficacy in addressing biodiversity and ecological questions. The Knowledge Representation Working Group provides knowledge representation requirements from the domain sciences and develops the corresponding knowledge representations (ontologies) to support the assembly of analytical workflows in the Analysis and Modeling System, and the intelligent data and service discovery in the EcoGrid. A Biological Classification and Nomenclature Working Group investigates solutions to mediating among multiple taxonomies for naming organisms. A multifaceted education, outreach and training program ensures that the SEEK research products, software, and information technology infrastructure optimally benefit the target communities.
Optical pulse propagation in metal nanoparticle chain waveguides

Finite-difference time-domain simulations show direct evidence of optical pulse propagation below the diffraction limit of light along linear arrays of spherical noble metal nanoparticles with group velocities up to 0.06c. The calculated dispersion relation and group velocities correlate remarkably well with predictions from a simple point-dipole model. A change in particle shape to spheroidal particles shows up to a threefold increase in group velocity. Pulses with transverse polarization are shown to propagate with negative phase velocities antiparallel to the energy flow.
Crack-induced anisotropy models in The Geysers geothermal field

SUMMARY High quality observations of shear-wave anisotropy in the shallow crust have allowed us to detect subsurface crack systems in the NW and the SE Geysers geothermal fields, CA. Shear-wave splitting (SWS) parameters, fast shear-wave polarizations (φ) and time delays (δt), are highly sensitive to the anisotropic fabric of the medium through which shear-waves propagate and constitute the basic dataset to invert for 3-D crack geometry and crack density in the subsurface. Variation and asymmetry patterns in φ and δt observations, plotted in equal-area projections as a function of ray azimuth and incident angle, are essential in the determination of crack strike and dip, crack aspect ratio, and crack density. Inversion results show that the most common patterns of fracture-induced anisotropy in the NW Geysers can be simulated by horizontally transversely isotropic (HTI) media or rocks with vertical (to steeply-dipping) systems of parallel cracks which strike subparallel to the N-to-NE direction of maximum compressive stress. On the other hand, modelled fracture systems in the SE Geysers strike both NE and NW. Percentages of shear-wave velocity anisotropy average about 4 per cent in The Geysers. Deviations from horizontal transverse isotropy conditions are modelled with non-vertically dipping crack systems or with intersecting crack systems. The discussion of specific inversion examples exposes problems related to seismic ray coverage within the shear-wave window, non-uniqueness of crack-induced anisotropy models, and complementarity between polarization and time delay data.
Adapting Discriminative Reranking to Grounded Language Learning

We adapt discriminative reranking to improve the performance of grounded language acquisition, specifically the task of learning to follow navigation instructions from observation. Unlike conventional reranking used in syntactic and semantic parsing, gold-standard reference trees are not naturally available in a grounded setting. Instead, we show how the weak supervision of response feedback (e.g. successful task completion) can be used as an alternative, experimentally demonstrating that its performance is comparable to training on gold-standard parse trees.
Evaluation of a wireless wearable tongue–computer interface by individuals with high-level spinal cord injuries

The tongue drive system (TDS) is an unobtrusive, minimally invasive, wearable and wireless tongue–computer interface (TCI), which can infer its users' intentions, represented in their volitional tongue movements, by detecting the position of a small permanent magnetic tracer attached to the users' tongues. Any specific tongue movements can be translated into user-defined commands and used to access and control various devices in the users' environments. The latest external TDS (eTDS) prototype is built on a wireless headphone and interfaced to a laptop PC and a powered wheelchair. Using customized sensor signal processing algorithms and graphical user interface, the eTDS performance was evaluated by 13 naive subjects with high-level spinal cord injuries (C2–C5) at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, GA. Results of the human trial show that an average information transfer rate of 95 bits/min was achieved for computer access with 82% accuracy. This information transfer rate is about two times higher than the EEG-based BCIs that are tested on human subjects. It was also demonstrated that the subjects had immediate and full control over the powered wheelchair to the extent that they were able to perform complex wheelchair navigation tasks, such as driving through an obstacle course.
Exposure to a high fat diet during the perinatal period alters vagal motoneurone excitability, even in the absence of obesity.

Key points Obesity is recognized as being multifactorial in origin, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The perinatal period is known to be critically important in the development of neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis and the integration of autonomic reflexes. Diet-induced obesity alters the biophysical, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal neurocircuits regulating upper gastrointestinal tract functions, including satiety. Less information is available, however, regarding the effects of a high fat diet (HFD) itself on the properties of vagal neurocircuits. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to a HFD during the perinatal period alters the electrophysiological, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal efferent motoneurones innervating the stomach. Our data indicate that perinatal HFD decreases the excitability of gastric-projecting dorsal motor nucleus neurones and dysregulates neurotransmitter release from synaptic inputs and that these alterations occur prior to the development of obesity. These findings represent the first direct evidence that exposure to a HFD modulates the processing of central vagal neurocircuits even in the absence of obesity. Abstract The perinatal period is critically important to the development of autonomic neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis. Vagal neurocircuits are vital to the regulation of upper gastrointestinal functions, including satiety. Diet-induced obesity modulates the excitability and responsiveness of both peripheral vagal afferents and central vagal efferents but less information is available regarding the effects of diet per se on vagal neurocircuit functions. The aims of this study were to investigate whether perinatal exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) dysregulated dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones, prior to the development of obesity. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from gastric-projecting DMV neurones in thin brainstem slices from rats that were exposed to either a control diet or HFD from pregnancy day 13. Our data demonstrate that following perinatal HFD: (i) DMV neurones had decreased excitability and input resistance with a reduced ability to fire action potentials; (ii) the proportion of DMV neurones excited by cholecystokinin (CCK) was unaltered but the proportion of neurones in which CCK increased excitatory glutamatergic synaptic inputs was reduced; (iii) the tonic activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors on inhibitory nerve terminals was attenuated, allowing modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission; and (iv) the size and dendritic arborization of gastric-projecting DMV neurones was increased. These results suggest that perinatal HFD exposure compromises the excitability and responsiveness of gastric-projecting DMV neurones, even in the absence of obesity, suggesting that attenuation of vago-vagal reflex signalling may precede the development of obesity.
Effects of symbol transition density on the performance of the data transition tracking loop at low signal-to-noise ratios

Effects of the data transition variation on the performance of the digital data transition tracking loop (DTTL) symbol synchronizer are addressed for symbol SNRs and window sizes of interest. The data transition variation will affect the DTTL performance by introducing an additional timing jitter which results in additional receiver loss. Numerical and simulation results for both tracking and acquisition are presented.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for treatment of renal carcinoma

The case of a 67-year-old woman with multiple medical problems who presented for resection of a metastatic renal cell carcinoma involving the posterior fossa, is presented. Anesthetic management of the patient, who suffered metastasis to the brain, and who required deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, is discussed.
Spin-Orbit Secondary Resonance Dynamics of Enceladus

For Enceladus the frequency of small-amplitude oscillations about the synchronous rotation state is approximately one-third the orbital frequency. Near this commensurability a period-three bifurcation occurs; on a surface of section a period-three chain of secondary islands appears near the synchronous island center. Forced libration in this resonance may be large and would imply large tidal heating. This paper explores the possibility that Enceladus is or once was locked in this period-three librational resonance, and that the observed resurfacing of Enceladus is a consequence.
Viscosities of unsaturated polyester resins: Combining effects of prepolymer structure, resin composition, and temperature

The effects of temperatures, styrene concentration, and molecular composition of unsat-urated polyester (UP) prepolymers on the viscosity of UP-styrene systems are studied. The viscosity of UP resins follows the Arrhenius-type expression with resin temperature as well as with the styrene molar fraction of the resin. The two Arrhenius correlations can be combined into a simple dual-Arrhenius equation by combination rule. This dual-Arrhenius equation comprises pseudo viscosity parameters of styrene monomer and UP prepolymer, respectively. The pseudo viscosity parameters of styrene monomer are experimentally found constant; while those of UP prepolymer seem to be number-average molecular weight correlated rather than weight-average molecular weight correlated. The UP prepolymers having different molecular structures show different pseudo viscosity parameters due to their own molecular interaction parameters. The pseudo viscosity parameters of UP'prepolymers should be determined experimentally for the time being. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Academic Correlates of Marijuana Usage in Adolescence A Study of a Cohort Under Treatment

In 1985 approximately 120,000 American high school seniors smoked marijuana daily. We interviewed 35 middle-class, cannabis-dependent adolescents with a mean age of 16 years who were patients in a drug treatment program. The patients also completed a lengthy self-assessment questionnaire designed to elicit information on drug-related problems. Our results show that family harmony, school attendance, and school achievement deteriorated once these young people began to use marijuana at least 4 days a week. The following behaviors were noted: remaining away from home without permission or parental knowledge for at least 7 consecutive days (29%), a D or F grade average on the last report card before they entered the drug treatment program (43%), involvement in a motor vehicle accident when the driver was under the influence of marijuana (26%), suicide attempts (20%), and convincing a "marijuana-naive" younger sibling to smoke the drug (20%). Despite such seemingly apparent signs of possible drug use by these 35 adolescents, a mean time of 12 months elapsed before parents suspected their children of marijuana abuse. In many cases mental health professionals consulted by a number of the children when they were using drugs were likewise unaware of the marijuana abuse.
Further Work on the Prediction of Northeast Brazil Rainfall Anomalies

Abstract This study expands our earlier climate prediction work for Brazil's Nordeste to develop methods of forecasting the March–June precipitation with differing lead times by exploring the potential of various data sources and options of information extraction. Observations include indices of Nordeste rainfall, an index of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific, and the fields of meridional wind component and SST in the tropical Atlantic. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to construct indices of the meridional wind component and SST. These series formed the input to stepwise multiple regression models, an experimental neural network model, as well as to linear discriminant analysis. The dependent dataset 1921–57 (excluding 1943–47) was used for the method development, while the independent dataset 1958–89 was reserved for prediction. Of primary interest is the prediction of March–June rainfall from information through January. A new SST dataset with improved qual...
Carbon Monoxide Production as a Measurement of Heme Catabolism

During the Second World War, Sweden was obliged to use producer gas in place of gasoline for automobile propulsion, and many cases of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning resulted. While studying CO levels in blood and expired air in affected and control patients, Sjostrand noted that CO was produced endogenously in normal subjects, and that subjects with increased heme turnover showed increased CO production. These early studies, which have been summarized elsewhere (1) suggested that 1 mole of CO was produced for each mole of heme degraded in vitro and in vivo. Twenty years later, investigators at the University of Pennsylvania were able to confirm and amplify Sjostrand’s original observations in a large series of publications. Over the past 10 years, additional laboratories have become interested in the measurement of endogenous CO production. While, in general, measurement of endogenous CO production is still a research procedure not available outside large teaching institutions, it has become recognized as perhaps the most accurate measure of heme catabolism now available. Coburn has recently reviewed the progress and significance of research in endogenous CO production (2).
Evaluating Rainwater Harvesting System for School Buildings

Freshwater is becoming limited as our climate and weather pattern changes. In this study, a rainwater harvesting system was evaluated for collecting and utilizing rainwater for uses in non-potable purposes. Water-Balance was carried out for two design scenarios: Single tank and double tank, for irrigation in all main fields (202,724 ft2). The irrigation demand for the entire field was estimated to be about 1.08 million gallons on average after analyzing 14 years of data (2000-13). Installing a single tank of 210,000 gallon capacity was found to reduce the demand by 23%, whereas double tank installation was found to reduce the demand by about 10% on an annual basis. For these demand, irrigation needs has to depend on other sources such as city water supply or school’s retention pond. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that the system will have estimated initial cost of $85,000 (single tank installation). The corresponding annualized cost of ownership is $5,215 while projected savings on annual water bills is $6,079. The system could be paid off early, resulting in savings of about $45,000 for the life of the system. The system was found to benefit financially while contributing to the environment by conserving the freshwater from non-potable use and reducing hydrologic footprint by harvesting the stormwater runoff.
Forage Intake and Performance by Beef Heifers Grazing Cool-Season Pasture Supplemented with De-Oiled Rice Bran or Corn

The effects of de-oiled rice bran (DORB) and/or corn supplementation on forage intake and performance by replacement beef heifers grazing winter-annual pasture was evaluated in two trials. In Trial 1, 60 crossbred heifers (189 ± 3.8 kg) were randomly assigned to one of six 5.1-ha pastures. Treatments included one of the following: 1) DORB, 2) 1:1 (wt:wt) DORB plus corn (DORB + C), or 3) corn; all were fed at 1% BW (DM basis). Heifer BW and ADG did not differ (P=0.30) among treatments on any date. In addition, breeding date (calving date - 283 d) was not affected by treatment (P=0.64). In Trial 2, 12 crossbred heifers (234 ± 5.7 kg) were used to determine the effects of the supplements on forage intake and digestibility. The treatments were the same as Trial 1 plus a fourth non-supplemented control. Predicted forage OM intake was greatest for heifers on the control treatment (6.0 kg/d) and the corn treatment (5.6 kg/d) and was least (P<0.05) for heifers on the DORB + C (4.0 kg/d) and DORB (3.9 kg/d) treatments. Forage OM digestibility was less (P<0.05) for heifers fed the corn treatment compared with those fed the control, DORB + C, and DORB treatments (68.0, 77.1, 73.1, and 75.6%, respectively). Total digestible OM intake was greatest (P<0.05) for heifers fed the corn treatment (5.7 kg/d) and least for heifers fed the DORB treatment (3.9 kg/d). Supplement effects on forage OM intake and digestibility did not fully explain the similarities in performance. Based on these results, the effect of supplementing forages with DORB warrants further investigation.
Ejektor-Kältekreislauf der nächsten Generation für Pkw-Klimaanlagen

Aufgrund des steigenden Bedarfs an energiesparenden Technologien entwickelt Denso effiziente Klimaanlagen. Eine der neu entwickelten Technologien ist der Ejektor-Kaltekreislauf. Der Ejektor ist eine Dampfstrahlpumpe, die Expansionsenergie in Druckenergie umwandelt und somit eine Reduzierung der Verdichterleistung bewirkt. Beim herkommlichen Kaltekreislauf geht diese Energie verloren. Denso setzt diese Technologie mit einem Verdampfer, der in den Ejektor integriert ist, erstmals in einer Klimaanlage ein.
Effects of television commercial repetition, receiver knowledge, and commercial length: A test of the two-factor model.

The authors review the two-factor elaboration model of message repetition effects and report a study of the model's applicability to new product advertising. The study findings do not support the h...
Characteristics of Transient Deployment of Delta Wing Actuators inside a Boundary Layer: An Experimental and Computational Study

Delta wing actuators hinged at the wall beneath a flow have been deployed inside in the flow with an angular velocity between 10 and 100 rad/s. The transient flow field has been simulated experimentally in a low speed wind tunnel and computationally by using CFD with moving boundaries capabilities. The results indicated that all lift and drag force coefficients during the transient deployment are different than the corresponding coefficients under stationary conditions at the same deployment angle. These dynamic effects depend on the Strouhal number which can be considered as the ratio the Stokes to Reynolds number of the flow. It was found that these effects are augmented with increasing Strouhal number and decrease with increasing boundary layer thickness. Reasonable agreement has been found between computational and experimental data. Nomenclature ar = Radial acceleration at = Tangential acceleration CD = Drag force coefficient in the x direction CL = Lift force coefficient in the y direction Re = Reynolds number, Re=U0h/ν dt = time step St = ωh 2 /ν, Stokes number
A Case of Sleep Apnea Syndrome due to Primary Hypothyroidism

Sleep Apnea Syndrome is characterized by hypersomnolence, snoring, and sleep apnea. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include apathy, somnolence, lethargy, personality change, and intellectual deterioration and may be related to hypothyroid-related sleep disorders. Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea may be observed in hypothyroidism. A 60-yr-old man was admitted due to hypersomnolence, snoring and generalized edema. Polysomnogram showed obstructive pattern of sleep apnea syndrome. Neck CT scan revealed narrowing of upper airway which is consistent with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Physical examination and hormonal study also disclosed the evidence of hypothyroidism. We report a case of sleep apnea syndrome due to primary hypothyroidism with review of literatures.
Future directions in endometriosis research

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent condition that affects 5 million American women; however, its etiology is not fully understood. The development of the baboon model of endometriosis provides an extremely powerful tool to investigate the development and progression of endometriosis from the early invasive phase to the advanced established disease. The inflammatory reaction that occurs in the peritoneal cavity at the site of endometriotic lesions does not clear the refluxed endometrial fragments. Moreover, this reaction appears to promote the survival of the tissue and the development of the disease. Exploration of the interactions between peritoneal macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and endometrial cells will determine whether their ability to scavenge and induce apoptosis is altered. Determining the mechanism(s) that induces the expression of estrogen and its receptor (ERbeta) is crucial to our understanding of the progression of the disease. The effects of ERbeta activation in endometriotic lesions should be investigated. It is important to determine the effects of estrogen on the function of the immune cells, either directly or indirectly. Finally, determining the effect of events at sites of ectopic endometrium on the eutopic endometrium may elucidate the mechanism(s) of infertility associated with endometriosis.
Freezing Stress, Osmotic Strain, and their Viscoelastic Coupling

This paper attempts to explain why, against seemingly overwhelming odds, certain organisms can tolerate freezing to low temperatures, why some attempts to imitate this in nontolerant organisms have been partially successful, and why narrowly constrained rates of drying, cooling and heating are critical to that success. Below the ice point, temperature lowering reduces the vapour pressure of water, and the semipermeability of membranes imposes a large mechanical or ‘osmotic’ stress on cells which undergo a deformation, or strain, borne principally by the cytoskeleton. Nonetheless, even lethal stresses can have their effects deferred for minutes or even hours, providing a ‘window’ for cryopreservation. We propose that because the connection between stress and strain is not elastic but viscoelastic, the strain is spread over time and its intensity diluted. Beyond limits of time and intensity, relaxation in the cytoskeleton will become irreversible. We offer an Avrami model in which an Arrhenius expression models the temperature effect and elastic moduli supply an activation energy, to provide a rational basis for the development of cryopreservation techniques.
Comparing Matrix Decomposition Methods for Meta-Analysis and Reconstruction of Cognitive Neuroscience Results

The results of 2,256 neuroimaging experiments were an- alyzed using singular value decomposition (SVD) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to extract pat- terns in the data. To evaluate the techniques’ efficacy at capturing regularities in the data, one positive and one negative result from each of 100 random experi- ments were treated as missing, and the values were it- eratively reconstructed using each technique for dimen- sionality reduction. Under the best conditions, preci- sion and recall of roughly 78% was achieved for each method. Weighting the domain matrix and area matrix to have equal first eigenvalues before combining them, a technique known as blending, significantly improved re- sults for both methods. While using unnormalized data appeared to produce a peak in results for 10-15 dimen- sions, normalizing to take into account variation in the popularity of experiment types removed the effect. The basis vectors produced by each method do not support the idea that current cognitive ontologies map well to individual brain areas.
Politics and Governance Reconfigured: The Case of the European Union and Ethiopia

One of the major sources of transfers, flows and mobility from the North to the South, and especially, to Africa has been related to democratic discourses and ideas materialized into institutions, governance programs, etc. One recent instrument of this so called transfer is rarely studied: electoral observation missions. Though increasingly important, they embody this idea that models of government can circulate and be applied universally. The European Union established itself as a leader in this field, especially linking its electoral assistance to human rights issues and a set of standard practices. However, applied to the Ethiopian case, this reveals that such a foreign policy instrument actually becomes a battleground where power relationships are (re)constituted. The Ethiopian government indeed uses it as a tool to reinforce its authority and control over its own form of development, embodied in a unique mix of revolutionary democracy and developmental state. It questions then the fluidity of political ideas and ideals while at the same time revealing its multidirectional movement, as it informs both the Ethiopian government and the European Union who has in turn to adapt its own tools. But moreover it tells us how ideas which circulate are also reappropriated by national actors who then shape state/society relationships accordingly.
Rapid Injection of Tracers

Two methods of administration of labeled hormones are commonly used in tracer experiments: infusion at a constant rate or rapid injection of a single dose. The infusion method is discussed in Chapter 2 where formulas to calculate rates are derived by solving linear algebraic equations that relate these rates to specific activities measured at the isotopic steady state. The second method is now considered in which a bolus of tracers is administered and specific activities are measured at various intervals following the injection.
Survival and susceptibility of Burkholderia cepacia complex in chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chloride.

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) includes opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that have occasionally been recovered from various pharmaceutical products, including antiseptics and disinfectants. Plausible reasons for the contamination include intrinsic sources, such as inadequate process controls, especially for water or equipment used during product manufacture, or extrinsic sources, such as improper handling and dilution or distribution in contaminated containers. Because the survival of BCC in antiseptics is a concern to the public health and pharmaceutical industry, we determined minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 36 BCC strains against the antiseptics, following exposure to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) solutions (1–500 µg/ml for each chemical). Susceptibility to CHX and BZK varied across the BCC strains and was recorded as mean 90.3 and 111.1 µg/ml, respectively, at initial inoculation, which was significantly higher than the 46.4 and 61.1 µg/ml levels measured for BCC incubated in water for 40 days. After determining antiseptic MICs of individual BCC strains, BCC recovery was measured on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), Reasoner’s Second Agar (R2A) and diluted preparations of these media under their sub-MICs. The survival of BCC was monitored for 14 days (336 h) in sub-MICs diluted to less than their antiseptic susceptible concentration value. Diluted TSA and R2A media exhibited greater efficiency of recovery for most BCC strains from the CHX and BZK solutions than full strength TSA or R2A. For BCC survival in antiseptic solutions, the cell number of BCC decreased rapidly within the first 20 min in both antiseptics, but after this, recovery remained constant in CHX and increased in BZK over the 14 day incubation period. The results indicate that BCC in water can remain viable with low susceptibility to antiseptics for 14 days, which suggests the necessity for improved detection methods and control measures to monitor BCC contamination in pharmaceutical products.
The Evolution of the Designations: Regional Science, Regional Science Association and the Field of Regional Science

As already noted, the group of regional researchers who came together in 1950 and earlier years were primarily regional economists. The signal December 1950 meeting was in effect an appendage to the annual convention of the American Economics Association. Only a few geographers, engineers and city planners were present. Then the major concerns of the group were: (1) increasing the stock of available relevant data; (2) improved data processing; and (3) identifying types of meaningful regions for which to attack diverse regional problems. The first major group effort (unsuccessful) was concentrated on having the Social Science Research Council support a Committee on Regional Economic Studies. All the members of the Working Committee set up for this purpose were economists.
Whither the good wife? 2016 presidential candidate spouses in the gendered spaces of contemporary politics

ABSTRACTThe rhetorical maneuvers of Heidi Cruz, Jane Sanders, Columba Bush, Melania Trump, and Bill Clinton in the preprimary phase of the 2016 race serve as entry points for a critical inquiry into the current cultural state of “the good wife” and the rhetorical implications of this role. The presences and absences of these four female spouses in the initial phases of their husbands’ campaigns reveal the power of the cultural scripts that functionally silence aberrant wives, while the case of Bill Clinton exposes the masculinist ideology that defines the proper role for this prospective “first gentleman” and the corresponding rhetorical traps that constrain Hillary Clinton. This essay demonstrates how the hegemonic values, ideals, and myths that define “the good wife” intersect with rhetorics of nativism, classism, and sexuality to constitute powerful boundaries governing speech and silence.
The Bariatric Challenge

Obesity is a common condition and surgery is often the only recourse to correct the problem. Obesity presents the anesthesia provider with special problems including establishment of an airway and potential complications from positioning.
Semantically Rich, Oblivious Access Control Using ABAC for Secure Cloud Storage

Securing their critical documents on the cloud from data threats is a major challenge faced by organizations today. Controlling and limiting access to such documents requires a robust and trustworthy access control mechanism. In this paper, we propose a semantically rich access control system that employs an access broker module to evaluate access decisions based on rules generated using the organizations confidentiality policies. The proposed system analyzes the multi-valued attributes of the user making the request and the requested document that is stored on a cloud service platform, before making an access decision. Furthermore, our system guarantees an end-to-end oblivious data transaction between the organization and the cloud service provider using oblivious storage techniques. Thus, an organization can use our system to secure their documents as well as obscure their access pattern details from an untrusted cloud service provider.
Perceived color of undoped electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers

This work reveals influence of electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile–N,N-dimethylformamide solution of different concentrations on nanofiber web color parameters, molecular structure, and heat stability. It is found that fiber diameters depend on concentration through the power law relationship; however, the medium concentration-based web is characterized by a green–yellow hue, representative of the chromophore color; while, the solvent-rich and solvent-poor solution-based webs give rise to Stokes shifts and ultraviolet-blue emission bands, attributed to fluorescence. The chromophore structure, present in the neat powder, undergoes changes as a result of electrospinning reflected by the enamine-to-ketonitrile conversion and the fraction of CN conjugation. Blue-shifting of the CN conjugation is indicative of a reduction of the π-electron system, which is coincident with the decreased color saturation value but observed only in the nanofibers prepared from the medium concentration solution. A decrease in the glass transition and an increase in cyclization temperatures also support these findings. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017.
Abstract P476: 8-Aminoguanosine Exerts Diuretic and Natriuretic Activity via Conversion to 8-Aminoguanine

We previously reported that 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine are potent and efficacious K + -sparing diuretics/natriuretics that may represent a new class of antihypertensive drugs. Moreover, because these compounds are endogenous, they may have physiological roles. It is possible that the diuretic/natriuretic activity of 8-aminoguanosine is mediated mostly via conversion to 8-aminoguanine. To test this concept, we conducted 3 protocols in anesthetized rats. The 1 st protocol demonstrated that at 85 to 115 min post intravenous administration, both 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine (33.5 μmol/kg) significantly increased urine volume [ml/min: 8-aminoguanosine from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 0.9 ± 0.1 (mean ± SEM; n=7); 8-aminoguanine from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 1.5 ± 0.2 (n=8)] and sodium excretion (μmol/min: 8-aminoguanosine from 12 ± 6 to 109 ± 21; 8-aminoguanine from 18 ± 8 to 216 ± 31). The 2 nd protocol showed that intrarenal artery infusions of 8-aminoguanosine (from 0.1 to 1 μmol/kg/min) did not affect urine volume or sodium excretion in either the ipsilateral or contralateral kidney. In contrast, intrarenal artery infusions of 8-aminoguanine significantly increased ipsilateral (but not contralateral) urine volume [at 1 μmol/kg/min from 0.2 ± 0.02 to 0.7 ± 0.1 (n=17)] and sodium excretion (from 24 ± 4 to 216 ± 31). In a 3 rd protocol we administered 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine intravenously (33.5 μmol/kg) and measured renal interstitial (medulla) levels of 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine using microdialysis combined with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Intravenous administration of 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine similarly increased renal interstitial levels of 8-aminoguanine [ng/ml; 8-aminoguanosine from 4 ± 1 to 1025 ± 393 (n=6), and 8-aminoguanine from 2 ± 1 to 1069 ± 407 (n=6)]. Neither 8-aminoguanosine nor 8-aminoguanine affected renal interstitial levels of 8-aminoguanosine. Together these data clearly show that the renal effects of 8-aminoguanosine are not direct, but require conversion in the systemic circulation to 8-aminoguanine. If 8-aminoguanosine is physiologically important it should be viewed as a “pro-hormone.” As a pharmacological agent, it is best described as a “pro-drug.”
Measuring Borrelia burgdorferi Motility and Chemotaxis

Swimming plate, cell motion tracking, and capillary tube assays are very useful tools to quantitatively measure bacterial motility and chemotaxis. These methods were modified and applied to study Borrelia burgdorferi motility and chemotaxis. By using these methods, numerous motility and chemotaxis mutants have been characterized and several chemoattractants were identified. With the assistance of these tools, the role of motility and chemotaxis in the pathogenicity of B. burgdorferi has been established. In addition, these tools also facilitate the study of motility and chemotaxis in other spirochetes.
Equilibrium Relations Involving Transition-Metal Oxides at High Temperatures

Equilibrium relations in oxide systems involving transition metals as components are discussed in terms of phase diagrams and thermo-dynamic properties of individual solid-solution phases. It is shown that at high temperatures (~1400°–1700°C) and very low oxygen pressures \(({{P}_{{{{O}_{2}}}}}\sim {{10}^{{ - 10}}} - {{10}^{{ - 13}}}atm)\) the constituent transition-metal ions occur in unusual oxidation states and that, consequently, the chemistry and the phase relations under these conditions differ dramatically from those prevailing in air. Systems containing chromium oxide or titanium oxide are used as examples, and some general conclusions are drawn. Finally, projections of future directions of research in this area are presented.
Anti-Pollution Measures—IMCO Subcommittee on Ship Design and Equipment

A report of proceedings of the international technical group considering features to be incorporated in ships to prevent or mitigate pollution by oil or hazardous chemicals shipped in bulk.
Non-delusional Q-learning and value-iteration

We identify a fundamental source of error in Q-learning and other forms of dynamic programming with function approximation. Delusional bias arises when the approximation architecture limits the class of expressible greedy policies. Since standard Q-updates make globally uncoordinated action choices with respect to the expressible policy class, inconsistent or even conflicting Q-value estimates can result, leading to pathological behaviour such as over/under-estimation, instability and even divergence. To solve this problem, we introduce a new notion of policy consistency and define a local backup process that ensures global consistency through the use of information sets---sets that record constraints on policies consistent with backed-up Q-values. We prove that both the model-based and model-free algorithms using this backup remove delusional bias, yielding the first known algorithms that guarantee optimal results under general conditions. These algorithms furthermore only require polynomially many information sets (from a potentially exponential support). Finally, we suggest other practical heuristics for value-iteration and Q-learning that attempt to reduce delusional bias.
Design of Peptoid-peptide Macrocycles to Inhibit the β-catenin TCF Interaction in Prostate Cancer

New chemical inhibitors of protein-protein interactions are needed to propel advances in molecular pharmacology. Peptoids are peptidomimetic oligomers with the capability to inhibit protein-protein interactions by mimicking protein secondary structure motifs. Here we report the in silico design of a macrocycle primarily composed of peptoid subunits that targets the β-catenin:TCF interaction. The β-catenin:TCF interaction plays a critical role in the Wnt signaling pathway which is over-activated in multiple cancers, including prostate cancer. Using the Rosetta suite of protein design algorithms, we evaluate how different macrocycle structures can bind a pocket on β-catenin that associates with TCF. The in silico designed macrocycles are screened in vitro using luciferase reporters to identify promising compounds. The most active macrocycle inhibits both Wnt and AR-signaling in prostate cancer cell lines, and markedly diminishes their proliferation. In vivo potential is demonstrated through a zebrafish model, in which Wnt signaling is potently inhibited.
Student-Centered Teaching in Paleontology and Geoscience Classrooms

Research on learning and cognition in geoscience education research and other discipline-based education communities suggests that effective instruction should include three key components: (a) activation of students' prior knowledge on the subject, (b) an active learning pedagogy that allows students to address any existing misconceptions and then build a new understanding of the concept, and (c) metacognitive reflections that require students to evaluate their own learning processes during the lesson. This Element provides an overview of the research on student-centered pedagogy in introductory geoscience and paleontology courses and gives examples of these instructional approaches. Student-centered learning shifts the power and attention in a classroom from the instructor to the students. In a student-centered classroom, students are in control of their learning experience and the instructor functions primarily as a guide. Student-centered classrooms trade traditional lecture for conceptually-oriented tasks, collaborative learning activities, new technology, inquiry-based learning, and metacognitive reflection.