cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decapitation Improves Detection of Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is often used to detect microorganisms, pathogens, or both, including the reproductive parasite Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), in mosquitoes. Natural populations of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes are infected with one or more strains of W. pipientis, and crosses between mosquitoes harboring different Wolbachia strains provide one of the best-known examples of cytoplasmic incompatibililty (CI). When we used PCR to monitor Wolbachia in the Buckeye strain of Culex pipiens, and in a Wolbachia-cured sister colony obtained by tetracycline treatment, we noted false negative PCR reactions with DNA samples from infected mosquitoes; these results were inconsistent with direct microscopic observation of Wolbachia-like particles in gonads dissected from mosquitoes in the same population. Assays with diluted template often improved detection of positive samples, suggesting that DNA prepared from whole mosquitoes contained an inhibitor of the PCR reaction. We reconciled discrepancies between PCR and microscopy by systematic measurement of the PCR reaction in the presence of an internal standard. Mosquito decapitation before DNA extraction restored the reliability of the PCR reaction, allowing accurate determination of Wolbachia infection status in infected and tetracycline-cured mosquito populations, consistent with microscopic examination. Using PCR primers based on the Tr1 gene, we confirmed that the Wolbachia infection in the Buckeye strain of Culex pipiens belongs to the genotype designated wPip1. Finally, to explore more widely the distribution of PCR inhibitors, we demonstrated that DNA isolated from the cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.); the beetle, Tenebrio molitor L.; the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; and the mosquito, Anopheles punctipennis Say also contained PCR inhibitors. These results underscore the importance of measuring the presence of inhibitors in PCR templates by using a known positive standard, and provide an approach that will facilitate use of PCR to monitor environmental samples of mosquitoes that harbor endosymbionts or pathogenic organisms.
12.1: Color Breakup Suppression in FieldSequential Five‐PrimaryColor LCDs

We propose a method to reduce the color breakup CBU of a colorsequential LCD by using fiveprimary LEDs. Keeping the same subframe rate as threeprimary LCDs, we can suppress CBU by utilizing proper color sequence and weighting ratios. Its color gamut is 140% NTSC and white brightness increased by ∼13%, as compared to that of threeprimary.
Measuring just noticeable differences for haptic force feedback: implications for rehabilitation

Describes preliminary work in the use of a virtual environment to derive just noticeable differences (JNDs) for force. Specifically, we look for thresholds of force sensitivity so that we may ultimately construct therapeutic force feedback distortions that stay below these thresholds. Initially, we have concentrated on JNDs as they are applied to the index finger; preliminary data in healthy individuals shows an average JND of approximately 100%. More significantly, the data indicate that visual feedback distortions in a virtual environment can be created to encourage increased force productions by up to 100%, and that this can be done without a patient's awareness.
Reexamining Context and Same-Sex Marriage: The Effect of Demography on Public Support for Same-Sex Relationship Recognition

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people reside in practically every geographic region in the United States, with substantial variation regarding what proportion of that region is populated with LGB people. Given this variation, I analyze whether denser LGB congressional districts have an effect on individuals’ views on relationship recognition rights for same-sex couples. LGB population density could have two potential effects: normalizing contact or contextual threat. I find that as the LGB population density in legislative districts increases, so too does the probability of individuals supporting relationship rights for same-sex couples. As the results indicate, context does not increase threat.
Glocalization in Website Writing: The Case of MNsure and Imagined/Actual Audiences

Abstract Glocalization is an approach that considers audience expectations related to both local and global concerns. As websites become increasingly complex, glocalization requires closer attention to the needs of multiple and layered audiences. This case study uses a glocal perspective to examine one website that represents different audience groups that might wish to purchase health insurance in Minnesota as mandated by the Affordable Care Act (2010). In this case, attention to actual audiences was just as critical as attention to imagined audiences. Usability methods including personas, site visits, and usability testing—in combination with dimensions of difference—are mentioned as ways to anticipate glocal audience needs.
Genotoxicity and repair of modified DNA bases

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 SY35-2 The correlation between DNA damage and human disease is well established, but the relationship between specific DNA lesions and the endpoints of mutation and death has only recently begun to unfold. DNA oxidation or alkylation by way of oxygen and nitrogen free radicals and small DNA alkylating agents, respectively, lead to a complex array of DNA lesions. Chemical synthesis tools have been applied to synthesize oligonucleotides containing such DNA lesions, and those modified oligonucleotides have been inserted site-specifically into the genomes of viruses. Reduction in progeny after passage through cells is a measure of genotoxicity, and the appearance of base changes reflects the mutagenic potential of a specific lesion. The mutagenic potential of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) has been well described in the literature. This base, however, because of its low oxidation potential, can give rise to a host of other DNA lesions, the mutagenic potentials of which are unknown. We have investigated the biological effects of DNA genomes that contain the 8-oxoG oxidation products guanidinohyndantoin (Gh), and the two stable stereoisomers of spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp1 and Sp2). In addition we have completed genetic analyses of genomes containing urea, cyanuric acid (CA), oxaluric acid (OA), oxazalone (Oz) and imidazalone (Iz). Gh was easily bypassed in vivo and gave rise almost exclusively to G to C transversions. The stereoisomers Sp1 and Sp2 were, in comparison, much stronger blocks to DNA polymerase extension, and caused a mixture of G to T and G to C transversions. The CA, OA, Oz and Iz lesions were reasonably well bypassed (∼50%) by polymerases in vivo, but they strongly induced G to T mutations. All observed mutation frequencies were at least an order of magnitude higher than that caused by 8-oxoG. Were these lesions to be formed in vivo, our data show that they are absolutely miscoding, and may be refractory to repair after translesion synthesis. In other studies, the role of the DNA repair protein, AlkB, was evaluated against genomes containing single alkyl-DNA adducts. In AlkB-minus E. coli, 1-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 3-ethylcytosine, and 3-methylthymine were moderately to strongly mutagenic. 1-Methyladenine was genotoxic but not a strongly mutagenic lesion. The mutagenicity of the alkyl adenines and cytosines was abrogated in cells expressing AlkB. 3-Methylthymine was a partial substrate. All of the lesions were good blocks to replication in AlkB deficient cells. The 1-methyladenine and the alkylated cytosine blockades were removed in AlkB proficient cells. 3-Methylthymine was not a good in vivo substrate for AlkB. These data establish a minimum range of substrates of AlkB in vivo and help to define the structural features in a modified DNA base that makes it a good or bad substrate. The anticipated relationship between spontaneous DNA damage and disease will be discussed.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome: Pharmacologic strategies for the mother and infant

Opioid use in pregnancy has increased dramatically over the past decade. Since prenatal opioid use is associated with numerous obstetrical and neonatal complications, this now has become a major public health problem. In particular, in utero opioid exposure can result in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) which is a serious condition characterized by central nervous system hyperirritability and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The present review seeks to define current practices regarding the approach to the pregnant mother and neonate with prenatal opiate exposure. Although the cornerstone of prenatal management of opioid dependence is opioid maintenance therapy, the ideal agent has yet to be definitively established. Pharmacologic management of NAS is also highly variable and may include an opioid, barbiturate, and/or α-agonist. Genetic factors appear to be associated with the incidence and severity of NAS. Establishing pharmacogenetic risk factors for the development of NAS has the potential for creating opportunities for "personalized genomic medicine" and novel, individualized therapeutic interventions.
Electric Control of Exchange Bias Training

Voltage-controlled exchange bias training and tunability are introduced. Isothermal voltage pulses are used to reverse the antiferromagnetic order parameter of magnetoelectric Cr(2)O(3), and thus continuously tune the exchange bias of an adjacent CoPd film. Voltage-controlled exchange bias training is initialized by tuning the antiferromagnetic interface into a nonequilibrium state incommensurate with the underlying bulk. Interpretation of these hitherto unreported effects contributes to new understanding in electrically controlled magnetism.
Miro1 is Dispensable for Calcium-Mediated Inhibition of Mitochondrial Movement

Miro1 and 2 are (Rhot1 and 2) are two highly similar GTPases that are bound to the surface of mitochondria and possess EF-hand calcium binding motifs. Several groups have reported that Miro is involved in mitochondrial motility and inheritance, and particularly its calcium regulation, but the roles of the two isoforms have not been established. Genetic deletion of Miro1 in mouse is lethal at birth (Nguyen et al., 2014) and fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Miro1 KO embryos show abnormal mitochondrial distribution, but the calcium-dependent inhibition of motility is unaffected and the respiratory and calcium buffering capacities are normal. Neuron-specific knockout of Miro1 leads to progressive deficits of upper motor neuron function, however mitochondria in processes of cortical neurons from Miro1 KO and wild-type embryos showed comparable calcium-sensitive motility inhibition. While no significant increase in Miro2 protein was observed in Miro1 KO MEFs, these data raise two possibilities: Miro1 and 2 are interchangeable with regard to calcium regulation of mitochondrial motility or Miro2 is the key player in this regard. To finally resolve this question, we are in the process of generating Miro2 KO and Miro1/2 KO cell lines.
Effect of chemical form of orally administered 65 Zn on absorption and metabolism in cattle.

SummaryAbsorption and metabolism of 65Zn in the natural chemical form of forage and as 65ZnCl2 were studied in Holstein calves following single tracer oral doses. Chemical form did not affect 65Zn excretion or total retention but 65Zn was higher in calves given 65Zn as forage in metabolically more active tissues (liver, spleen, heart, lungs, duodenum, and small intestines, p < .05). Thus, chemical form of 65Zn dose affected tissue distribution but not absorption. It is theorized that 65Zn in the two chemical forms was metabolized differently after absorption due to different 65Zn-ligand combinations being transported from the intestine to the tissues.
Influence of plant age, disease incubation time, and host plant resistance on Verticillium wilt symptom expression in lucerne (Medicago sativa)

The most economical means to control Verticillium wilt in lucerne, caused by Verticillium albo-atrum, is through resistant cultivars. Most Verticillium wilt resistance evaluations use some form of root-cut-soak inoculation procedure. In Trial 1, three lucerne cultivars were inoculated at eight plant ages and plant symptoms were scored at ten successive weekly intervals. Trial 2 consisted of two cultivars inoculated at ten plant ages and symptoms were evaluated at eight weekly intervals. In an experiment to study the genetics of resistance to this pathogen, four plants showing no visual symptoms were selected from each of four germplasms. The selected populations were crossed in diallel fashion. The population crosses plus the parents were evaluated for resistance to V. albo-atrum. Results from Trial 1 and Trial 2 showed disease severity increased with increasing inoculation age and with increasing scoring age. Cultivar symptom expression interacted with inoculation age, but not with scoring age. The diallel analysis supported resistance to Verticillium wilt being conferred by additive gene action, as heterosis was not detected and general combining ability mean square was 3.75 times larger than the specific combining ability mean square.
Thoughts and exploration to construct the mode of continuing medical education in specialized hospital

Continuing medical education mode is under the guidance of certain education thought and specific target, around the specific theme of teaching activities, to form a relatively stable, systematic and the oretical model of teaching. Constructing reasonable model of continuing medical education will help to integrate and make effective use of teaching resource, environment and conditions, to provide optimal talent cultivation. This article try to discuss the continuing medical education mode of Fuwai Hospital in three aspects, the construction of curriculum system, teaching material construction and teaching staff construction.
The Internet Addiction Problem Research and Analysis in Information Age

In the 21st century,fueled by the increasing development of internet information in China,the Chinese internet user are gradually widespread.China internet user has reached 2.53 billion by the end of June 30,2008.As internet brings many positive effects in our life,more negative side effects are apparent as well,especially to the young users.This paper conducted a thorough comparison on I-AD problem between China and U.S.,identified the seriousness of IAD problem in China,analyzed the reasons for the root cause and provided the recommendations on how to minimize/resolve the IAD problem.
Serendipity and structured research in drug discovery.

There has been considerable discussion for many years concerning the necessary elements within an industrial pharmaceutical research complex which are favorable and conducive to innovative drug discovery. In the early days of the industry — from after World War II until 1962 — this subject was hardly discussed. A great number of new products were brought to the market place each year and research and development costs were relatively low while profits were more than satisfactory. However, since that time for a number of reasons which have already been enumerated in several other reviews, the cost of new drug research and development has increased exponentially and the number of new products coming to market each year has been abysmally low. As a result of pressure on both sides of the fulcrum, the cost to discover and bring to market a new drug in the United States at this writing approximates $ 80,000,000 and surely will rise to $ 100,000,000 by the end of the decade. If commercially successful products are not realized over a period of time, it becomes obvious that the profit picture deterioates, the equity of a company suffers, and management begins to consider various courses of action. This can take many forms, some of which are to change the organizational structure, alter the research targets, dismiss research personnel, bring in new leadership, evaluate what is being done, how it is done, and if satisfied leave it alone; if not, then seek to strengthen the weak links and move forward from there.
High-Yield Birth-Cohort Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Linkage to Care among Underserved African Americans, Atlanta, Georgia, 2012–2013

Objective.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disproportionately affects certain populations, including those born between 1945 and 1965 (i.e., baby boomers) and African Americans. As part of the Hep...
The Consumer’s Point of View

As discussed in Chapter 1, there are a number of factors that affect adults’ attitudes toward children’s rights. Questions of what really constitutes “rights” to which children are entitled aside, those attitudes probably will reflect the rights that are finally fulfilled for children. In practical terms, adults decide the degree of autonomy that children may exercise and the adequacy of conditions for self-actualization to which they are exposed. Nonetheless, questions remain concerning what children themselves think about their rights. One of the reasons that the child advocacy movement’s goals have been so variously defined is that those goals have represented the opinions of adults of different ideologies about what they believe to be important to children. Child advocates may assume the same paternalism as ostensibly less child-oriented adults. It is interesting that, prior to the research reported in this chapter, no one had bothered to ask children about their views of their rights.
Black American Women and the Gift of Embodied Spirituality

The focus of Stephanie Mitchem’s work is Black American spirituality, especially that of black women’s embodied spirituality. Mitchem locates her study within the interdisciplinary approach of Religious Studies, allowing that it provides a space to explore the multi-faceted dimensions of the “crafting” of identity today, specifically by black American women. She pays attention to the dynamics of gender, race, and class, reflecting on the diverse experiences of different social groups as they respond to centuries of colonialism and marginalization.
Hybrid Transient Energy Function-Based Real-Time Optimal Wide-Area Damping Controller

This paper presents a real-time wide-area damping controller design based on a hybrid intelligent and direct method to improve the power system transient stability. The algorithm applied as a nonlinear optimal wide-area damping controller monitors the oscillations in the system and optimally augments the local excitation system of the synchronous generators. First, energy functions and Prony analysis techniques are used to identify these local or interarea oscillations and develop stability or damping performance index at a given time. Second, artificial neural networks are deployed to learn the dynamics of the system and energy functions based on supervised learning to construct an optimal control design. Then, using online reinforcement learning the quadratic objective function based on the stability index is estimated and optimized forward-in-time. Results on the IEEE 68-bus in Power System Toolbox and HYPERSIM real-time simulator show better transient and damping response when compared to conventional schemes and local power system stabilizers.
Evaluation of hand forces during a joint-protection strategy for women with hand osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether a joint-protection strategy changes the mechanics of opening a sealed jar. METHOD Thirty-one adult women with hand osteoarthritis attempted to open a "sealed" jar instrument when using and not using nonskid material. Grip force, torque, success, and pain were recorded for each trial. RESULTS Participants used less grip force when twisting with their left hand. The greatest torque and success, yet the least amount of grip force across time, and pain was noted when the left hand turned the lid, the jar was held vertically, the right hand supported the base, and nonskid material was used. CONCLUSION Women with hand osteoarthritis should be educated to consider the hand they use and their approach when opening sealed jars. Use of nonskid material without additional reasoning may increase load on arthritic joints, pain, and dysfunction. Additional research on task kinematics and the kinetics of the stabilizing hand is needed.
Effectiveness of Single Dilation with Maloney Dilator versus Endoscopic Rupture of Schatzki's Ring Using Biopsy Forceps

Current recommendations for treatment of patients with symptomatic Schatzki's ring are based on anecdotal experience or uncontrolled studies. Maloney dilation is the gold standard. We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the use of a single 52-Fr Maloney dilation versus four quadrant biopsy of Schatzki's ring for relief of dysphagia. The subjects answered standardized dysphagia-related questions on a scale of 0–5 (0 = no dysphagia; 5 = cannot handle secretions). To account for modifications in diet and eating habits, subjects answered 11 question to arrive at a eating/diet score. Patients with Schatzki's ring were randomized into one of the two protocols. Group 1 underwent endoscopic biopsies of the ring, one biopsy in each quadrant. In group 2, the endoscope was taken out, and a single 52-Fr Maloney dilation was performed. Twenty-six patients participated in the study and were followed for up to 15 months. There was no significant difference in age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol abuse, or medication intake between the two groups. Dysphagia score improved by 91% in both groups at three months and 84% and 85% at 12 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The eating/diet habit score improved by 78% in both groups. There was one failure in each group, and one recurrence at six months in the dilation group. Fifty-five percent of dilation group and 100% of biopsy group described the procedure as easy. There was no difference in the amount of sedatives used during the procedure or the acid blockers after the procedure. In patients undergoing endoscopy, the superior cost/safety profile of endoscopic biopsy makes it a preferred choice for treatment of Schatzki's ring over bougienage.
An Economic Model for Investing in SO x Control Technology Development

Abstract The model estimates, subject to restrictions, the functional relationship between national sulfur dioxide discharges and investment in control technology development. Control technology development may be accelerated by increased investment. Both optimal and sub-optimal solutions are calculated for an example problem. A general computing method is provided
An algorithm for enlarging the region of attraction using trajectory reversing

Trajectory reversing is a method commonly used for estimating the region of attraction of stabilized equilibria. Using a discrete set of points obtained by trajectory reversing, this paper presents an algorithm for estimation and mathematical representation of the region of attraction using convex hulls. Several two-dimensional examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the algorithm. The method provides larger estimates compared to that obtained by existing algorithms but its main advantage lies in its applicability to higher-order systems. The mathematical representation of the region of attraction is useful in applying the Impulse Manifold Method, which was developed for stabilization of equilibria of underacuated systems from configurations lying outside their region of attraction. The region of attraction of the pendubot upright equilibrium is estimated to demonstrate the applicability of our algorithm to higher-order systems and illustrate the usefulness of the Impulse Manifold Method through simulations.
Dialkyltriazaniumsalze, 4. Mitt.: Die Chloraminierung von sekundären aliphatischen Aminen

Die Chloraminierung von sekundaren aliphatischen Aminen in Gegenwart von NH3 fuhrt zu 2,2-Dialkyltriazaniumchloriden. Auf diese Weise konnte das schon bekannte 2,2-Dimethyl- und 2,2-Diathyltriazaniumchlorid sowie die noch unbekannten Verbindungen [(C3H7)2N3H4]+Cl−, [(C4H9)2N3H4]+Cl− und das 2-Methyl-2-benzyltriazaniumchlorid aus den entsprechenden sekundaren Aminen dargestellt werden.
Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy Following Pembrolizumab.

Pembrolizumab is a checkpoint inhibitor targeting the programmed cell death 1 receptor of lymphocytes and is used in the treatment of solid tumours including melanoma. The authors report a 64-year-...
Applicability of 3-D Scanning Technology for Section Loss Assessment in Corroded Steel Beams:

Corrosion at beam ends is one of the most widespread causes of damage in steel bridges. Accurate determination of the level of section loss caused by corrosion damage is critical for estimating the...
Exploring the Provider Preferences of Multiracial Patients.

Background:Patient–provider race concordance has been argued as one way to improve patient–provider communication, patient satisfaction, and even patient outcomes. However, much of this literature ...
Affirmative Intervention to Reduce Stereotype Threat Bias: Experimental Evidence from a Community College.

At all levels of education, the racial achievement gap in performance between Black and Latino students and their White peers stubbornly persists. While the causes of this gap are numerous and inte...
Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes

Megaloblastic anemia causes macrocytic anemia from ineffective red blood cell production and intramedullary hemolysis. The most common causes are folate (vitamin B9) deficiency and cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Megaloblastic anemia can be diagnosed based on characteristic morphologic and laboratory findings. However, other benign and neoplastic diseases need to be considered, particularly in severe cases. Therapy involves treating the underlying cause-eg, with vitamin supplementation in cases of deficiency, or with discontinuation of a suspected medication.
Conspicuous candidate alleles point to cis-regulatory divergence underlying rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes

Abstract Developing a mechanistic understanding of genetic variation contributing to variation in complex craniofacial traits is a major goal of both basic and translational research. Investigating closely related species that evolved divergent feeding morphology is a powerful approach to identify genetic variation underlying natural and clinical variation in human craniofacial phenotypes. We combined whole-genome resequencing of 258 individuals with 50 transcriptomes to identify candidate cis-acting genetic variation influencing rapidly evolving craniofacial phenotypes within an adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes. This radiation consists of a dietary generalist species and two derived trophic niche specialists – a molluscivore and a scale-eating species. Despite extensive morphological divergence, these species only diverged 10 kya and produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory. Out of 9.3 million genome-wide SNPs and 80,012 structural variants, we found very few alleles fixed between species – only 157 SNPs and 87 deletions. Comparing gene expression across 38 purebred F1 offspring sampled at three early developmental stages, we identified 17 fixed variants within 10 kb of 12 genes that were highly differentially expressed between species. By measuring allele-specific expression in F1 hybrids from multiple crosses, we found strong evidence for two cis-regulatory alleles affecting expression divergence of two genes with putative effects on skeletal development (dync2li1 and pycr3). These results suggest that SNPs and structural variants contribute to the evolution of novel traits and highlight the utility of the San Salvador pupfish system as an evolutionary model for craniofacial development.
Anemia and Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease

Background CKD progression can be a cause and potentially a consequence of anemia. Previous studies suggesting that anemia is associated with CKD progression have not used methodologic approaches to address time-dependent confounding. Methods We evaluated the association of anemia (defined using World Health Organization criteria of hemoglobin Results Among 3919 participants, 1859 (47%) had anemia at baseline. Over median follow-up of 7.8 years, we observed 1010 ESKD events and 994 deaths. In multivariable analyses, individuals with anemia had higher risk for ESKD compared with those without (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.11). In stratified analyses, the increased risk for incident ESKD with anemia was observed in males (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.53 to 3.02) but not females (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.78). The association between anemia and ESKD was significant among all racial/ethnic groups except non-Hispanic blacks (non-Hispanic white, HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.53 to 3.06; Hispanic, HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.51; others, HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.16 to 7.44; non-Hispanic black, HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.95 to 2.02). There was no association between anemia and all-cause death. Conclusions In this cohort, anemia was independently associated with increased risk for incident ESKD. Future work is needed to evaluate the mechanisms by which anemia leads to CKD progression as well as the effect of novel therapeutic agents to treat anemia.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Is Potentially Lifesaving in Treating COVID-19

Aviptadil, a synthetic form of human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) has been granted FDA Fast Track Designation for the treatment of Critical COVID-19 with
Health Versus the Economy Amid COVID-19: What Do People Value More?

Public efforts to battle COVID-19 have been portrayed as a trade-off between health and the economy. We investigate how the U.S. general public prioritizes the health and the income dimensions amid COVID-19 using an incentivized instrument with real monetary consequences. Specifically, participants have to divide monetary contributions between two charitable organizations representing either the health or the income dimension. An overwhelming majority of participants supports both dimensions, with higher monetary contributions to the health dimension (56%) compared to income (44%), but the difference is not large. Only a small fraction of respondents contributes exclusively to the health (10%) or income (5%) dimensions. This finding is important since the course of COVID-19 will be shaped by the policies governments implement and how the general public reacts to these policies.
Remembering Brian McNair: 10 December 1959–5 September 2020

A staunch liberal and self-confessed progressive, Brian McNair made important contributions to media and cultural studies. He was a prolific author and curious researcher who worked across several ...
City Websites and Accidental Strategy in Local Economic Development

This study adds to the burgeoning literature on e-governance and e-government by investigating the extent that city websites are used strategically to promote economic growth. Research based on content analysis suggests little strategic use. However, there is a paucity of research on the attitudes and intent of city officials themselves. Content analysis may not reveal the full extent of strategic efforts. The question remains: Do cities use their website in a strategic manner, particularly related to economic growth? To answer this, we used results of a survey of city managers in the state of Texas. Findings indicate a strategic element, but one that is underdeveloped, underutilized, and not fully recognized by city leaders. The extent that city websites are used for strategic purposes to facilitate economic growth may best be characterized as the result of an “accidental strategy” rather than as the result of deliberate decisions.
Unpacking the Convoluted History of the Automobile Exception

For over seven decades, the United States Supreme Court has limited the scope of the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception to permit only warrantless searches of vehicles and their containers. Against that precedent, the American Law Institute adopted Section 260.3 of the Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure in 1975. Section 260.3 permitted police officers to not only conduct warrantless searches of vehicles, but also vehicle occupants when the search of the vehicle failed to turn up evidence of a crime. As of 2019, only one state in the country maintains Section 260.3 as a rule or statute of criminal procedure. That state is Arkansas. Arkansas adopted Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 14.1, governing warrantless vehicle searches, in 1976. Like Section 260.3, Rule 14.1 permits the warrantless search of a vehicle occupant—in addition to the vehicle itself. This Article demonstrates that Rule 14.1 deviates from the Supreme Court’s narrow construction and interpretation of the automobile exception. It does so by providing a chronological history of the automobile exception and summarizing the modern Supreme Court’s application of the same. At its core, the Supreme Court’s Fourth Amendment jurisprudence reflects that the automobile exception does not justify the warrantless search of a vehicle occupant. Because Rule 14.1—Arkansas’s expansive approach to warrantless vehicle searches—deviates from that approach, it is unconstitutional and must be significantly amended.
Carbon dioxide and nitrogen reduction reactions using 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and carbide/nitride (MXene) catalysts

Improving the carbon dioxide and nitrogen reduction reactions (CO2RR and NRR) can reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions while selectively producing chemicals needed for the fuel, plastic, and chemical industries. Efficient CO2RR can be used to replace fossil fuels as well as repurpose captured CO2, while new NRR pathways can be used to supplement or replace the energy intensive Haber–Bosch process for NH3 generation with no CO2 emissions. Therefore, this review article focuses on (photo)electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and N2 molecules into useful products, such as carbon monoxide, methanol, formic acid, and ammonia, using 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes). These highly tunable 2D catalysts will be evaluated for their ability to selectively and efficiently undergo CO2RR and NRR by controlling defects, phases, edge sites, interfaces, and functional groups. We first address the CO2RR and NRR challenges, with a particular focus on theoretical mechanisms and minimum energy pathways. We follow this discussion with a detailed review of state-of-the-art 2D TMDC and MXene experimental catalysts for CO2RR and NRR (photo)electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reactions, and then address areas of opportunity for these catalytic reactions.
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Prostate Cancer among African Americans, African Immigrants and Caribbean Immigrants.

Black men have the highest rate of prostate cancer (PCa) morbidity and mortality in the US, and often receive delayed and/or poorer-quality treatment. This inequity has led many to turn to complementary and alternative medicine/therapies (CAM). However, little is known about the use of these therapies within the Black community. The purpose of this study was to describe types of CAM therapies used, and the reasons behind their use for overall health and PCa treatment and prevention among three groups of Black males, namely African Americans, Caribbean Immigrants and African Immigrants. This study used a mixed-methods design with a quantitative phase (n = 575) followed by a qualitative phase (n = 61) with participants recruited from various parts of the country. Results revealed differences among subgroups in CAM use for overall health and PCa, as well as differences in the types of CAM therapies used and differences in the reasons behind their use. The findings of this study reveal a prevalence of CAM use for overall health and PCa within three different groups of Black men and identifies the specific CAM used. There were significant differences in the types of CAM used by each subgroup for both overall health and PCa. This study also shows that there is value in looking at Black subgroups distinctively, for their rates of CAM use and reasons for use, are distinctly different.
Power-Dependent Photoluminescence Efficiency in Manganese-Doped 2D Hybrid Perovskite Nanoplatelets.

Substitutional metal doping is a powerful strategy for manipulating the emission spectra and excited state dynamics of semiconductor nanomaterials. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of colloidal m...
Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a major cause of allograft injury. In this chapter, we will first review the epidemiology and mechanisms of injury resulting from graft-directed antibodies, their target alloantigens, and methods of their detection. Then the clinical, histological, and serologic features of acute rejection and the available therapeutic options will be discussed. The last section will present the features of chronic AMR.
Antennas and Arrays

This chapter opens with a brief review of some basic considerations of antennas. The main part of the chapter is concerned with the configurations of antennas in interferometers and synthesis arrays. It is convenient to classify array designs as follows: 1. Arrays with nontracking antennas 2. Interferometers and arrays with antennas that track the sidereal motion of a source: Linear arrays Arrays with open-ended arms (crosses, T-shaped arrays, and Y-shaped arrays) Arrays with closed configurations (circles, ellipses, and Reuleaux triangles) VLBI arrays Planar arrays.
Ba(SCN)2(H2O) complex of the cis-syn-cis isomer of 2,5,8,15,18,21-hexaoxatricyclo[20,4,0,09,14]hexacosane(dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6)[Ba(SCN)2(H2O)(C20H36O6)]

The structure of the title compound has been redetermined. Hydrogenation of dibenzo-18-crown-6 yields two conformational isomers which were proposed to be the cis-syn-cis and the cis-trans-cis isomers of dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6. The previous study had established that the title complex contains the ligand which has the cis-syn-cis conformation but had resulted in some inaccurate bond lengths and also in an uncertainty regarding the presence of a water of hydration in the crystal. This study confirmed the report of the general conformation of the complex, resulted in more precise bond lengths and clearly established that a water of hydration was present at the crystal.
The "Bizarre Result": The Alien Tort Statute, The Westfall Act, and the Problem of Wartime Detentions in Ali v. Rumsfeld

On June 21, 2011, in Ali v. Rumsfeld, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that constitutional protections do not apply to noncitizen enemy detainees in a foreign theater of war, and that the Westfall Act immunizes federal employees from suits brought by such detainees under the Alien Tort Statute. This decision adds to the uncertainty about what recourse, if any, noncitizen enemy detainees have for abuses committed by their U.S. military captors.
Electronic Spectroscopy and Excited State Dynamics of Aluminium Atom-Molecule Complexes

There has been considerable interest in the interaction of metal atoms, in both their ground and electronically excited states, with small molecules. In part, this interest stems from a desire to relate properties, such as the electronic absorption spectra, of cryogenic molecular matrices doped with these atoms [1] to the individual 2-body atom-molecule interactions. In our laboratory, we have employed laser fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of weakly bound binary complexes to probe these interactions, as has been done in extensive studies of metal atom-rare gas complexes [2].
Only a River

NATURE'S RIVER Nature's Mississippi River is made of gravity and the dynamic interaction of water and earth and life. Before there were people living along its edge it was running, big and muddy, downhill to the sea. About 15,000 years ago melting glaciers sent a torrent of water down the center of the North American continent in an enormous braided stream, depositing millions of tons of sediment on the val ley floor. Dirt accumulated and eventually blocked the streams, forc ing them to take new paths across older sedimentary deposits and cutting out great fluvial terraces that remain prominent features of the topography. This process of building and cutting continued until glacial runoff at last diminished and the river slowed, becom ing the single wide, meandering stream we know. It carried much more silt than before, in part because it moved more slowly, in part because retreating ice fields exposed more of the continent to ero sion. The river also dropped more sediment along the way, rather than rushing so much of it to the gulf. A giant fan of Pleistocene dirt the size of the state of Louisiana still rests far out on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, a remnant of a lower sea level and the original, faster river. But over the last 10,000 years sediment has piled on the floodplain and the coast near its mouth. The Mississippi Valley is older than the river that runs through it. Two million years ago the American, European, and African continents smashed together, for a geological moment squeezing
Dynamics of flavivirus infection in mosquitoes.

Abstract Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are emerging as the cause of some of the most serious and widespread arthropod-borne viral diseases in the world. Flavivirus outbreaks are influenced by intrinsic (e.g., viral strain, vector competence, host susceptibility) and extrinsic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors that affect mosquito biology in complex ways. The concept of vectorial capacity organizes and integrates these factors, enabling a clearer understanding of their complex interrelationships, how they affect transmission of vector-borne disease, and how they impact human health. This review focuses on the components of vectorial capacity, providing an update on our current understanding of how selected aspects of mosquito biology, such as longevity, feeding behavior, oviposition habits, and nutrition of adult and immature stages, impact flavivirus transmission cycles and human disease. The influence of extrinsic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, seasonal and multiyear weather patterns, and human behavior that affects mosquito biology, and therefore flavivirus transmission, is explored. Mechanisms of flaviviral perpetuation over adverse seasons and years are addressed. This review also discusses vector competence, recent advances in mosquito genetics, and vector control as they relate to flavivirus transmission and human health.
Proton MR spectroscopy in a possible enhancing hamartoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1

A patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 was found to have an enhancing lesion in the cerebellum. Proton MR spectroscopy was performed and showed findings similar to those seen in healthy volunteers. A 3-year follow-up MR study showed the lesion was unchanged. Proton MR spectroscopy might prove useful in the diagnosis of hamartomas.
Imaging the Arctic.

Imaging the Arctic. J. C. H. King and Henrietta Lidchi. eds. London: British Museum Press, 1998. (Also Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998; Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1998.) 256 pages.
Substituting for the state: Institutions and industrial development in eastern Nigeria

Abstract This article examines the recent dynamic industrialization experience in one town, Nnewi, part of eastern Nigeria's “industrial axis.” The article suggests that insights from institutional economics can be used to help explain the case of dynamic industrialization in an unpromising economic environment. Nnewi industrialists have successfully filled the gaps left by failures of both the market and the state. In particular, by using both international linkages and alternative, culturally-based networks, they have reduced information uncertainties and principal-agent problems, lowering the transaction costs faced by other would-be industrialists in Nigeria.
Atomic ensemble and electronic effects in Ag-rich AgPd nanoalloy catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media

The ability to design and characterize uniform, bimetallic alloy nanoparticles, where the less active metal enhances the activity of the more active metal, would be of broad interest in catalysis. Herein, we demonstrate that simultaneous reduction of Ag and Pd precursors provides uniform, Ag-rich AgPd alloy nanoparticles (∼5 nm) with high activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The particles are crystalline and uniformly alloyed, as shown by X-ray diffraction and probe corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The ORR mass activity per total metal was 60% higher for the AgPd2 alloy relative to pure Pd. The mass activities were 2.7 and 3.2 times higher for Ag9Pd (340 mA/mgmetal) and Ag4Pd (598 mA/mgmetal), respectively, than those expected for a linear combination of mass activities of Ag (60 mA/mgAg) and Pd (799 mA/mgPd) particles, based on rotating disk voltammetry. Moreover, these synergy factors reached 5-fold on a Pd mass basis. For silver-rich alloys (Ag≥4Pd),...
Limited effects of six years of fertilization on carbon mineralization dynamics in a Minnesota fen

Peatlands, including fens, are important ecosystems in the context of the global carbon cycle. Future climate change and other anthropogenic activities are likely to increase nutrient loading in many peatland ecosystems and a better understanding of the effects of these nutrients on peatland carbon cycling is necessary. We investigated the effects of six years of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, along with liming, on carbon mineralization dynamics in an intermediate fen in northern Minnesota. Specifically, we measured CO2 and CH4 emission from intact peat cores, as well as CH4 production and CH4 consumption at multiple depths in short-term laboratory incubations. Despite increased nitrogen and phosphorus availability in the upper 5 cm of peat, increased pH, and clear shifts in the vegetation community, fertilization and liming had limited effects on microbial carbon cycling in this fen. Liming reduced the net flux of CO2 approximately 3-fold compared to the control treatment, but liming had no effect on CH4 emissions from intact cores. There were no nutrient effects on CO2 or CH4 emissions from intact cores. In all treatments, rates of CH4 production increased with depth and rates of CH4 consumption were highest near the in situ water-table level. However, nutrient and liming had no effect on rates of CH4 production or CH4 consumption at any depth. Our results suggest that over at least the intermediate term, the microbial communities responsible for soil carbon cycling in this peatland are tolerant to wide ranges of nutrient concentrations and pH levels and may be relatively insensitive to future anthropogenic nutrient stress. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Eleventh-order calculation of Ising-limit Green's functions for scalar quantum field theory in arbitrary space-time dimension D.

This paper extends an earlier high-temperature lattice calculation of the renormalized Green's function of a [ital D]-dimensional Euclidean scalar quantum field theory in the Ising limit. The previous calculation included all graphs through sixth order. Here, we present the results of an eleventh-order calculation. The extrapolation to the continuum limit in the previous calculation was rather clumsy and did not appear to converge when [ital D][gt]2. Here, we present an improved extrapolation which gives uniformly good results for all real values of the dimension between [ital D]=0 and [ital D]=4. We find that the four-point Green's function has the value 0.620[plus minus]0.007 when [ital D]=2 and 0.98[plus minus]0.01 when [ital D]=3 and that the six-point Green's function has the value 0.96[plus minus]0.03 when [ital D]=2 and 1.2[plus minus]0.2 when [ital D]=3.