cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct?

Objective The recommendation to perform a perimortem cesarean delivery within 4 minutes of maternal cardiac arrest was introduced in 1986. This recommendation was based on the assumptions that cardiopulmonary resuscitation is ineffective in the third trimester because of aortocaval compression, and that fetal and perhaps maternal outcomes would be optimized by timely delivery. Our objective was to review the outcomes of perimortem cesarean deliveries to attempt to validate those assumptions. Study design Ovid MEDLINE searches using maternal mortality, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, perimortem cesarean delivery, heart attack, and cardiac arrest from 1985 until 2004. Citations from bibliographies of identified publications were perused and cross-referenced for other potential articles. Case reports were included for analysis when mothers had complete cardiopulmonary arrest, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation had been initiated before cesarean delivery. Results There were 38 cases of perimortem cesarean delivery identified; 34 infants survived (3 sets of twins, 1 set of triplets); 4 other infants survived initially, but died several days after the deliveries from complications of prematurity and anoxia. Of the 34 infants (25-42 weeks' gestation), time of delivery after maternal cardiac arrest was available for 25. Eleven infants were delivered within 5 minutes, 4 were delivered from 6 to 10 minutes, 2 were delivered from 11 to 15 minutes, and 7 were delivered more than 15 minutes. Of 20 perimortem cesarean deliveries with potentially resuscitatable causes, 13 mothers were resuscitated and discharged from the hospital in good condition. One other mother was successfully resuscitated after the delivery, but died within 24 hours from complications related to her amniotic fluid embolism. In 12 of 18 reports that documented hemodynamic status, cesarean delivery preceded return of maternal pulse and blood pressure, often in a dramatic fashion. Eight other cases noted improvement in maternal status. Importantly, in no case was there deterioration of the maternal condition with the cesarean delivery. We wish to emphasize the large selection bias in this data. Conclusion Published reports from 20 years support, but fall far from proving, that perimortem cesarean delivery within 4 minutes of maternal cardiac arrest improves maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Segmental expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 and sst2 in tubules and glomeruli of human kidney

Somatostatin is known to modulate mesangial and tubular cell function and growth, but the somatostatin receptor (sst) subtypes responsible for these effects have not been defined. There are at leas...
The Case for Timing-Centric Distributed Software Invited Paper

This paper makes the case that the time is right to introduce temporal semantics into programming models for cyber-physical systems. Specifically, we argue for a programming model called PTIDES that provides a coordination language rooted in discreteevent semantics, supported by a lightweight runtime framework and tools for verifying concurrent software components. PTIDES leverages recent innovations in network time synchronization to deliver distributed real-time systems with determinate concurrent semantics, decentralized and robust control, and the potential for rigorous schedulability analysis.
Massive neutrino interactions in dense matter

Abstract A massive neutrino can interact coherently with background matter to produce a photon. The process resembles neutrino decay but occurs only in matter (DIM). We calculate the rates for this process. In a thermal medium, DIM acts to bring into equilibrium the neutrino flavor before the neutrino four-momentum is thermalized.
Recombination-Dependent Mutation in Escherichia coli Occurs in Stationary Phase

“ADAPTIVE” or “stationary-phase” mutation occurs in apparently stationary-phase populations of cells, over time, after exposure to a nonlethal selection. In one assay system, Escherichia coli with an amber mutation in lacZ forms Lac+ colonies over time when plated on medium with lactose as
Spinal Motor Patterns in the Turtlea

: Rhythmic alternation between ipsilateral hip flexors and extensors occurs during the normal pattern of fictive rostral scratching in response to unilateral midbody stimulation in D3-end turtles (complete spinal transection posterior to the forelimb enlargement). Unilateral midbody stimulation evokes rhythmic bursts of ipsilateral hip flexor activity with no hip extensor activity in D3-end turtles with D6-D7 contralateral hemisection (transverse hemisection anterior to the hindlimb enlargement). Bilateral midbody stimulation in these turtles evokes reconstruction of rhythmic alternation between intact side hip flexors and extensors. These normal motor patterns in response to two-site stimulation are reconstructed because one-site stimulation in this preparation activates only hip flexor rhythms (J. Neurosci. 18: 467). Hip flexor rhythms can therefore occur without hip extensor activation. This supports the concept that reciprocal inhibition between flexor and extensor interneurons is not required for flexor motor rhythm generation. Reciprocal inhibition, when present, also contributes to rhythmicity (J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3479; see also Currie and Gonsalves, this volume). Both mechanisms for rhythmicity are included in the Grillner unit burst generator model: hip flexor unit burst generators may be rhythmogenic in the absence of hip extensor activity and reciprocal inhibition contributes to rhythmogenesis. Contralateral midbody stimulation assisted in the activation of ipsilateral hip extensor rhythmicity during reconstructed rostral scratching. This result provides additional support for the hypothesis that a bilateral shared core of hip interneuronal circuitry plays a critical role in the generation of the normal pattern of fictive rostral scratching (J. Neurosci. 15: 4343).
HbA1c and all-cause mortality risk among patients with type 2 diabetes

Background Several prospective studies have evaluated the association between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and death risk among diabetic patients. However, the results have been inconsistent.
Nuclear morphometry accurately predicts recurrence in clinically localized renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Despite careful clinical staging, as many as 30 percent of patients with pathologically, specimen-confined renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have unpredictable recurrence following surgery. Present pathologic and clinical staging systems cannot accurately predict those patients with high risk of disease recurrence from those who are cured by surgery alone. Advances in immunotherapy including gene therapy for RCC have dictated the need to identify RCC patients for adjuvant therapy protocols who have a high probability of recurrence following nephrectomy. Nuclear morphometric techniques developed at our institution have predicted prognosis for a variety of genitourinary tumors; it was used to predict recurrence among patients undergoing nephrectomy for localized RCC. This report is a retrospective study of 26 patients with RCC of similar age, stage (pT1–pT3), and grade. Fifteen were free of disease at a mean of 75.2 months, and 11 had distant disease recurrence at a mean of 27.1 months. Statistical analysis of a variety of nuclear shape descriptors accurately separated this group of patients based on disease recurrence. No nuclear shape descriptor predicted disease recurrence when nuclei within the region of the tumor with the highest grade were analyzed. However, the range of nuclear ellipticity (p = 0.007) best predicted disease recurrence when nuclei were selected in a random fashion. Multivariate analysis of the four best shape descriptors better predicted disease recurrence (p = 0.002) with a sensitivity of 73 percent and specificity of 100 percent. These results are encouraging and suggest that this technique might be used in identifying patients for adjuvant gene therapy.
Air-stable supported membranes for single-cell cytometry on PDMS microchips.

Protein-reinforced supported bilayer membranes (rSBMs) composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), biotin–PE and Neutravidin were used to coat hybrid microchips composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass. Since the coatings required a freshly oxidized, hydrophilic substrate, a novel method to rapidly connect reservoirs using plasma oxidation was first developed and found to support up to 5.2 N cm−2 (1.5 N) pull-off force. rSBMs were then assembled in the oxidized hydrophilic channels. The electroosmotic mobility (µeo) of rSBM-coated channels was measured over a 3 h time to evaluate the stability of the coatings for microchip electrophoresis. rSBM-coated microchips with a simple cross-design had excellent properties for microchip separations, yielding efficiencies of up to 700 000 plates m−1 for fluorescent dyes and peptides. The separation performance of rSBM and PC-coated channels was evaluated after repeatedly drying and rehydrating the channels. The separation efficiency of fluorescein on PC-coated devices decreased by 40% after one dehydration cycle and nearly 75% after 3 cycles. In contrast for rSBM-coated devices there was no significant change in the fluorescein efficiency until the third cycle (10% decreased efficiency). rSBM-coated channels were also markedly more stable when placed in a dehydrated state during long-term storage compared to PC-coated channels, and showed reduced chip failure and no reduction in performance for up to one month of dehydrated storage. Finally, rSBM-coated devices were used to perform single-cell cytometry. Microchips that had been dehydrated, stored two weeks, and rehydrated prior to use demonstrated similar performance to newly coated devices for the separation of fluorescein and carboxyfluorescein from single cells. Thus rSBM-coated devices were rugged withstanding electric fields, prolonged storage under dehydrated conditions, and biofouling by cellular constituents while maintaining excellent separation performance.
Hopping Transport and Voltage Induced Metal-Insulator Transition in Polythiophene Field Effect Transistors

We have studied the carrier transport in regio-regular polythiophene field effect transistors (FETs) by four-probe measurements of the steady-state channel conductance from room temperature to 4.2 K. At high gate voltage (constant total carrier density, n = 5×1012 cm−2) and at low temperatures, we demonstrate that the gate voltage and source-drain voltage combine to induce the insulator-to-metal transition. In the insulating regime, the carrier transport is well described by phonon assisted hopping in a disordered Fermi Glass (with Coulomb interactions between the hopping charge carrier and the charge left behind). At the highest gate voltages and at sufficiently high source-drain voltages, the data imply a zero-temperature transition from disordered insulator to metal.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Woody Plant Establishment in Michigan Old Fields

Abstract We investigated temporal and spatial patterns of woody plant establishment in the first 7 y of succession in southwest Michigan old fields. From the 2nd to the 7th y following agricultural abandonment we conducted annual demographic surveys of woody plants and mapped all stems in six 10 × 20 m permanent grids to measure temporal and spatial patterns of woody stem emergence, mortality, density and species richness. Woody plant succession was characterized by increases in the emergence, density and richness of woody species over time and a shift from early dominance by wind-dispersed species to later dominance by bird-dispersed species. The increase in abundance of bird-dispersed stems reflects both clonal reproduction by the dominant bird-dispersed species, Rhus typhina, and establishment from seed by a variety of other bird-dispersed species. Wind and bird-dispersed species differed in spatial pattern within the grids. Wind-dispersed species were distributed at random and bird-dispersed species w...
Burrows of the sagebrush vole ( Lemmiscus curtatus ) in southeastern Idaho

Burrows of the sagebrush vole (Lemmiscus curtatus) were analyzed by injecting them with expanding polyurethane foam. Average mean depth +/- 1 SE of four burrows was 12.5 +/- 2.6 cm. Tunnels were wider than high and flat on the bottom. Three of four burrows were nearly linear, with an average of five entrances. Burrows usually contained one nest made of Artemisia tridentat bark. No middens or communal nests were found. The burrow structure in sagebrush habitat suggests that sagebrush voles occur singly or in pairs rather than in colonies.
HIV-1 Vpr- and Reverse Transcription-Induced Apoptosis in Resting Peripheral Blood CD4 T Cells and Protection by Common Gamma-Chain Cytokines

ABSTRACT HIV-1 infection leads to the progressive depletion of the CD4 T cell compartment by various known and unknown mechanisms. In vivo, HIV-1 infects both activated and resting CD4 T cells, but in vitro, in the absence of any stimuli, resting CD4 T cells from peripheral blood are resistant to infection. This resistance is generally attributed to an intracellular environment that does not efficiently support processes such as reverse transcription (RT), resulting in abortive infection. Here, we show that in vitro HIV-1 infection of resting CD4 T cells induces substantial cell death, leading to abortive infection. In vivo, however, various microenvironmental stimuli in lymphoid and mucosal tissues provide support for HIV-1 replication. For example, common gamma-chain cytokines (CGCC), such as interleukin-7 (IL-7), render resting CD4 T cells permissible to HIV-1 infection without inducing T cell activation. Here, we find that CGCC primarily allow productive infection by preventing HIV-1 triggering of apoptosis, as evidenced by early release of cytochrome c and caspase 3/7 activation. Cell death is triggered both by products of reverse transcription and by virion-borne Vpr protein, and CGCC block both mechanisms. When HIV-1 RT efficiency was enhanced by SIVmac239 Vpx protein, cell death was still observed, indicating that the speed of reverse transcription and the efficiency of its completion contributed little to HIV-1-induced cell death in this system. These results show that a major restriction on HIV-1 infection in resting CD4 T cells resides in the capacity of these cells to survive the early steps of HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE A major consequence of HIV-1 infection is the destruction of CD4 T cells. Here, we show that delivery of virion-associated Vpr protein and the process of reverse transcription are each sufficient to trigger apoptosis of resting CD4 T cells isolated from peripheral blood. While these 2 mechanisms have been previously described in various cell types, we show for the first time their concerted effect in inducing resting CD4 T cell depletion. Importantly, we found that cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-4, which are particularly active in sites of HIV-1 replication, protect resting CD4 T cells from these cytopathic effects and, primarily through this protection, rather than through enhancement of specific replicative steps, they promote productive infection. This study provides important new insights for the understanding of the early steps of HIV-1 infection and T cell depletion.
Cognitive Difficulties in Struggling Comprehenders and Their Relation to Reading Comprehension: A Comparison of Group Selection and Regression-Based Models

Difficulties suppressing previously encountered, but currently irrelevant information from working memory characterize less skilled comprehenders in studies in which they are matched to skilled comprehenders on word decoding and nonverbal IQ. These "extreme" group designs are associated with several methodological issues. When sample size permits, regression approaches permit a more accurate estimation of effects. Using data for students in grades 6 to 12 (n = 766), regression techniques assessed the significance and size of the relation of suppression to reading comprehension across the distribution of comprehension skill. After accounting for decoding efficiency and nonverbal IQ, suppression, measured by performance on a verbal proactive interference task, accounted for a small amount of significant unique variance in comprehension (less than 1%). A comparison of suppression in less skilled comprehenders matched to more skilled comprehenders (48 per group) on age, word reading efficiency and nonverbal IQ did not show significant group differences in suppression. The implications of the findings for theories of reading comprehension and for informing comprehension assessment and intervention are discussed.
Molecular Biologic Techniques: Applications to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

Most of the nosocomial infections detected in the United States have bacterial origins. Various molecular biologic techniques are helpful in determining the epidemiologic origin of these infections. Several molecular methods used to analyze the chromosomal and plasmid DNA of various bacteria are reviewed.
Type 1 Deiodinase Regulates ApoA-I Gene Expression and ApoA-I Synthesis Independent of Thyroid Hormone Signaling

Objective—Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) are reduced in individuals with defective insulin signaling. Initial studies using liver-specific insulin receptor (InsR) knockout mice identified reduced expression of type 1 deiodinase (Dio1) as a potentially novel link between defective hepatic insulin signaling and reduced expression of the ApoA-I gene. Our objective was to examine the regulation of ApoA-I expression by Dio1. Approach and Results—Acute inactivation of InsR by adenoviral delivery of Cre recombinase to InsR floxed mice reduced HDL-C and expression of both ApoA-I and Dio1. Overexpression of Dio1 in InsR knockout mice restored HDL-C and ApoA-I levels and increased the expression of ApoA-I. Dio1 knockout mice had low expression of ApoA-I and reduced serum levels of HDL-C and ApoA-I. Treatment of C57BL/6J mice with antisense to Dio1 reduced ApoA-I mRNA, HDL-C, and serum ApoA-I. Hepatic 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine content was normal or elevate...
Effects of Hubei Rubus chingii Hu Leaf on Serum Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemia Rats and Human Adults

Objective: To study the effect of Hubei Rubus chingii Hu leaf on serum lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats and adults. Methods: In hyperlipidemia animal models, according to the serum TC, TG and HDL-C concentrations levels, 50 rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, hyperlipidemia model group, and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg bw dose groups. Control group was fed with basic feed and other groups were fed with high percent lipid feed. Dose groups were ingested with Rubus chingii Hu water soluble extract for 30 days, and control and model groups ingested with water, then the serum TC, TG and HDL- C concentrations were determined. In human intervention trials, 112 hyperlipidemia adult volunteers were selected and ran- domly divided into two groups, namely experiment group and control group, according to their serum TC, TG levels, age, gender and diet etc. Experiment adults group were given Rubus chingii Hu leaf drinking in the dose of 3 times per day and 2g per time without changing daily custom and diet, while control group adults were not given any intervention trematmeat. 30 days later, serum TC, TG and HDL-C levels were determined. Results: In animal study, compared with control, serum TC, TG levels of 1.0, 2.0 g/kg bw dose of Rubus chingii Hu leaf groups decrease significantly (p0.05) after 30 days of treatments. At the end of human trial, comparison with control, serum TC, TG levels of experiment groups decrease significantly(p0.05). whereas the rate of effective lowering lipid level is 80.4% in experiment group at the end of trials. Conclusion: Hubei Rabus chingii Hu leaves show significant effects of decceasing regulating serum lipid levels in rats and human adults as well.
Motor-based treatment with and without ultrasound feedback for residual speech-sound errors.

Background There is a need to develop effective interventions and to compare the efficacy of different interventions for children with residual speech-sound errors (RSSEs). Rhotics (the r-family of sounds) are frequently in error American English-speaking children with RSSEs and are commonly targeted in treatment. One treatment approach involves the use of ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue. Aims Although prior studies have shown that children with RSSEs acquire rhotics and generalize to untrained words with ultrasound visual feedback treatment, predictions from schema-based motor learning theory suggest that visual feedback might impede generalization. Therefore, the primary aim was to compare the generalization of rhotics treated with and without ultrasound in children with RSSEs. Methods & Procedures Twelve children aged 10–16 years with RSSEs affecting rhotics participated in a multiple-baseline single-case design with two treatment phases. For each participant, rhotics in one syllable position were treated for 7 h-long sessions with ultrasound visual feedback and rhotics in a different syllable position were treated without ultrasound in a second treatment phase. The order of treatment conditions was counterbalanced across participants. A treatment framework incorporating the principles of motor learning through chaining procedures was implemented across both treatment phases; thus the primary distinction between conditions was the use of ultrasound visual feedback. Outcomes & Results On average, both treatments resulted in an approximately 30% increase in accuracy of untreated words in seven sessions. However, variability in response suggested some children showed a preferential response to one treatment over another, some responded well to both interventions, and some responded minimally to both interventions. Conclusions & Implications Motor-based treatment with and without ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue may aid in speech-sound acquisition for children with RSSEs. Both approaches may be viable options for some children. Future research is necessary to determine which children are the best candidates for interventions with and without ultrasound visual feedback.
“Maybe Yes, Maybe No?”: Testing the Indirect Relationship of News Use through Ambivalence and Strength of Policy Position on Public Engagement with Climate Change

This article uses a national online survey to examine whether political ideology moderates the indirect relationship of conservative and nonconservative media use through intra-attitudinal consistency (i.e., ambivalence) and strength of policy position (i.e., how strongly people support or oppose mitigation policies) on intention to take political action regarding the issue of climate change. Results show that conservative media use increases intention to take political action through our two intervening variables among conservatives and moderates and decreases engagement through the same variables among liberals. Our results also showed similar findings in the opposite direction for nonconservative media.
Re-encounter with history, 1990–2002

I think you are a bit confused, Heredia. Who isn't confused in these times? – Ramon Diaz Eterovic, El ojo del alma (2001). Friend of the elves, 1990–94 The coalition that assumed power in March 1990 would elect two further presidents over the next decade: the Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei, and, following him, the Socialist Ricardo Lagos. While these Concertacion governments had to operate within the constraints inherited from the Pinochet regime (the 1980 constitution and the economic “model”), they strove very hard to modify its legacies. The first Concertacion president, the septuagenarian Patricio Aylwin, was the first in Chile's history to have an English surname – an ancient one, with the prime meaning of “friend of the elves,” or the subsidiary meaning of “good friend.” The elves, albeit creatures of Nordic rather than Latin mythology, may possibly have given him some help. It is tempting to compare him, despite definite differences of demeanor, with the emollient nineteenth-century president Jose Joaquin Perez. His task was in some ways similar, in some ways more daunting. Aylwin's clear head, his patience, his negotiating talent, his mildly ironic smile – these assets were invaluable to the country as it took its first steps back to what Aylwin himself, in his moving televised address on New Year's Eve 1990, termed Chile's “re-encounter” with its history.
The changing natural history of COPD: summary from the American Thoracic Society Meeting 2016.

Notable Harvard professor and expert in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Dr. Bartolome Celli delivered a historical review about the origins of COPD and its natural history. In the historical perspective, Dr. Celli reminded the audience of the importance of respiration, commenting that respiration is the essence of life and that death is defined in part by the absence of respiration. During a 72-year lifespan it is estimated that a human breathes 223 million liters of air.
Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nature of fear; reviews the historical origins of fear appeals; and describes the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Fear is one of the basic human emotions. The elicitation of fear may occur following the appraisal of a threatening situation or stimulus with or without an individual's conscious intention or awareness. Fear may be expressed physiologically (as arousal), through language behavior (verbal self-reports), or through overt acts (facial expressions). According to the EPPM, fear-arousing messages may initiate two appraisals—(1) appraisal of the threat and (2) appraisal of the efficacy of the recommended response. These appraisals, in turn, produce one of three responses to the message: no response, acceptance, or rejection. Specifically, individuals first appraise the severity of the threat and their susceptibility to the threat in an additive manner when exposed to a fear appeal. Individual differences, such as worldviews, trait variables, or prior experiences do not directly influence outcomes, according to the EPPM. Instead, individual differences are posited to influence perceptions of threat and efficacy only, which then influence outcomes.
First Descriptions of Clinical Syndromes

This chapter includes 15 clinical syndromes seen in acute neurologic conditions. The origin of the eponyms is discussed. These acute disorders range from comatose states to acute disorders of the spine and peripheral nervous system.
Autism Link to Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Antibody in Pregnancy Likely To Be Spurious

We are writing to express our concerns regarding the publication of the article entitled "Maternal Immunoreactivity to Herpes Simplex Virus 2 and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Male Offspring" ([1][1]). First, a correlation between new herpes simplex virus (HSV) acquisition, or HSV
Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency and Migraine Response to Supplementation

The prevalence of coenzyme Q10 (CoQIO) deficiency and effectiveness of CoQIO supplements in treatment of migraine were assessed in a study at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, OH.
Do women leaders promote positive change? Analyzing the effect of gender on business practices and diversity initiatives

While most scholarship on gender leadership diversity and organizational outcomes considers the impact of board composition on firm performance, we consider the impact of women CEOs and board members together on a range of organizational outcomes. We test three competing theoretical perspectives related to gender in organizations: gender difference, homophily, and diversity. We rely on a unique data set of CEO characteristics, board composition and firm outcomes of all Fortune 500 companies from 2001 to 2010. We find that firms with women CEOs or gender diverse boards are associated with stronger business and equity practices. We also find that gender diverse leadership teams demonstrate stronger business and equity outcomes than teams characterized by gender homophily.
Learning the structure of mixed initiative dialogues using a corpus of annotated conversations 1.

This paper reports an ongoing effort to derive linear discourse structures from a corpus of telephone conversations. First, we would like to determine how reliably human annotators can tag discourse segments in dialogues. Second, we begin to investigate how to build machine models for performing this annotation task. To carry out our research, we use a corpus of transcribed and annotated human-human dialogues in a specific information retrieval domain (Movie theater schedules). We conducted an experiment in which 25 different dialogues have each been annotated by at least seven different people. We found that the average precision and recall among annotators in placing segment boundaries is 84.3%, and in assigning segment purpose labels is 80.1%. A simple discourse segment parser based on finite state machines is able to cover 56% of the same dialogues. When the finite state grammar is able to analyse a dialogue, it agrees with human annotators in placing segment boundaries with 59.4% precision and 66.4% recall, and it agrees in segment label accuracy at the 59% level.
RAIK: Regional analysis with geodata and crowdsourcing to infer key performance indicators

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are important measures of the quality of service in cellular networks. There are multiple efforts by cellular carriers and 5G standardization to leverage the KPIs to minimize drive tests (MDT) and self-organize the network for optimal performance via user feedback. Such an approach accounts for user devices in the field of their operation according to their normal usage and circumvents a number of costs (e.g., manpower, equipment) traditionally covered by the carrier, either directly or through a third party. In this paper, we build a Regional Analysis to Infer KPIs (RAIK) framework to establish a relationship between geographical data and user data using crowdsourced measurements. To do so, we use a neural network and crowdsourced data obtained by user equipment (UE) to predict the KPIs in terms of the reference signal's received power (RSRP) and path loss estimation. Since these KPIs are a function of terrain type, we provide a two-layer coverage map by overlaying a performance layer on a 3-dimensional geographical map. As a result, we can efficiently use crowdsourced data (to not overextend user bandwidth and battery) and infer KPIs in areas where measurements have not or can not be performed. For example, we show that RAIK can use only geographical information to predict the KPIs in areas that lack signal quality data with a negligible mean squared error, a seven-fold reduction in error from state-of-the-art solutions.
Influence of intravitreal injections of HPMPC and related nucleoside analogues on intraocular pressure in guinea pig eyes.

Purpose Cidofovir (HPMPC) is a potent long-acting anticytomegalovirus agent. In humans, its dose-limiting intravitreal toxicity results in the lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP). The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of HPMPC and various acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogues when administered intravitreally in guinea pig eyes and to establish the structural and functional relation of these compounds in connection with their effects on the ciliary body and retina. Methods Ninety-six guinea pig eyes were injected with various doses of HPMPC and ANP analogues. Results Severe lowering of IOP with structural alterations of the ciliary body was observed when doses were administered that achieved final intravitreal concentrations greater than 25 microg/ml HPMPC, 200 microg/ml cyclic HPMPC (cHPMPC), 25 microg/ml (S)-HPMPA, and 625 microg/ml PMEG. Concentrations of 25 microg/ml HPMPC, 200 microg/ml cHPMPC or less, and all concentrations of (R)-HPMPA, HPMPU, PMEA, PMEC, PMEDAP, (R)-PMPA, and (S)-PMPA did not lower IOP significantly, nor did they cause significant histologic changes. Conclusions Of the HPMP series, the cyclic analogue of HPMPC (cHPMPC) and HPMPC are the least toxic of the compounds that show potent anti-human cytomegalovirus activity (HCMV). PMEG, the most potent anti-HCMV compound of the PME series, is toxic at higher doses. Further evaluation of lower doses is needed. Compounds of the PMP series are not toxic, but they show no anti-HCMV activities. The IOP-lowering effect of these compounds appears to be associated with an effect on the ciliary body.
Hormonal control of hepatic lipogenesis.

Hepatic lipogenesis is subject to both fine (short-term) and coarse (long-term) control mechanisms. Coarse control, i.e., adaptive change in enzyme quantity, is recognized as being important for nutritional and hormonal control of lipogenesis (for reviews see Gibson, Lyons, Scott, and Muto, 1972; Goodridge, 1975; Lakshmanan, Nepokroeff, and Porter, 1972; Numa and Yamashita, 1974). Hepatic enzymes of lipogenesis which appear to respond to this mode of regulation include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4. 1.2), fatty acid synthetase system, stearyl CoA desaturase system, glucokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.2), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.49), pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40), phosphofructokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.11), and the citrate cleavage enzyme (E.G. 4.1.3.8), and malic enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.38).
Stochastic function theory

The main aim of this chapter is to study in some detail certain technical problems arising in the treatment of continuous parameter stochastic processes. The concepts of separability and measurability are introduced and analyzed for general classes of processes. This can be done abstractly and more rapidly through the use of lifting theory and a brief discussion of the lifting theorem is included. The existence of separable and measurable modifications under various conditions is established. We illustrate these results by proving some stochastic function theoretical results, including Kolmogorov’s criterion for sample path continuity. Then we present some convergence theorems for continuous parameter martingales, under certain Vitali conditions. As an adjunct we include a general result on the existence of projective limits of projective systems of conditional probability measures, generalizing the classical case of Tulcea’s theorem. This work prepares for many refinements of martingale theory, with stopping times to be treated in the next chapter.
Experimental investigation on attachment properties of dry adhesives used in climbing robots

Mobile climbing robots commonly use magnets or active suction as their adhesive elements, but dry elastomer adhesives and particularly bio-inspired patterned elastomer adhesives are an area of increasing interest in robotics research. However, these patterned elastomer adhesives are not widely available. As a result, the authors propose the use of a commercially-available micro suction tape known as Regabond-S as the adhesion mechanism for climbing robots. In order to be useful in design, the performance of the adhesive must be understood. The authors propose a model for micro suction tapes that relates preloading with the maximum sustainable adhesion. The model suggests that the adhesion comes from a combination of van der Waals and suction forces, and its performance falls between unpatterned and patterned elastomers. The model is then experimentally verified and compared with other elastomer adhesives on acrylic, brushed aluminium, and steel surfaces. These results are then demonstrated on a track-based climbing mobile robot.
Functional Outcomes Following Treatment for Clubfoot: Ten-Year Follow-up

Background:The purpose of this study was to assess function, at the age of 10 years, of children initially treated nonoperatively for clubfoot with either the Ponseti or French physiotherapy program and to compare outcomes in feet that had undergone only nonoperative treatment with those that requir
SR-mitochondria communication in adult cardiomyocytes: A close relationship where the Ca2+ has a lot to say.

Abstract In adult cardiomyocytes, T-tubules, junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR), and mitochondria juxtapose each other and form a unique and highly repetitive functional structure along the cell. The close apposition between jSR and mitochondria creates high Ca2+ microdomains at the contact sites, increasing the efficiency of the excitation-contraction-bioenergetics coupling, where the Ca2+ transfer from SR to mitochondria plays a critical role. The SR-mitochondria contacts are established through protein tethers, with mitofusin 2 the most studied SR-mitochondrial “bridge”, albeit controversial. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is further optimized with the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter preferentially localized in the jSR-mitochondria contact sites and the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger localized away from these sites. Despite all these unique features facilitating the privileged transport of Ca2+ from SR to mitochondria in adult cardiomyocytes, the question remains whether mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations oscillate in synchronicity with cytosolic Ca2+ transients during heartbeats. Proper Ca2+ transfer controls not only the process of mitochondrial bioenergetics, but also of mitochondria-mediated cell death, autophagy/mitophagy, mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and redox signaling, among others. Our review focuses specifically on Ca2+ signaling between SR and mitochondria in adult cardiomyocytes. We discuss the physiological and pathological implications of this SR-mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, research gaps, and future trends.
THE QUADRATIC ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM: A BRIEF REVIEw*

The quadratic assignment problem, its applications, and various exact and inexact procedures for its solution are briefly reviewed. Certain special cases of the one-dimensional module placement problem, itself a special case of the quadratic assignment problem, are surveyed.
Decomposition by film boiling heat transfer of glycerol

Abstract In this paper, a simple method is presented to transform saturated liquid glycerol into a gaseous fuel mixture containing hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6). It is based on glycerol decomposition within the vapor film of the film boiling regime of multiphase heat transfer on a horizontal tube. In film boiling, a thin gas layer of predominantly glycerol vapor surrounds the tube and decomposes as the gases flow in the film under the influence of buoyancy. The decomposition products are removed in the form of bubbles percolating through the liquid pool and their contents are chemically analyzed to determine the decomposition products and their fractional amounts. The glycerol boiling curve and critical heat flux were measured to determine the operational domain for decomposition which is between glycerol's minimum film boiling temperature and an upper value dictated by material considerations of the tube that supports the vapor film. The results show that 95% of the gases produced by decomposition of glycerol are themselves viable as a fuel. Decomposition of glycerol is a multistep process initiated by radical species in the product stream. Key reactions are identified by a sensitivity and pathway analysis. An optimal thermal efficiency and corresponding temperature for conversion corresponding to the experimental design is suggested for conversion by film boiling at atmospheric pressure.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Email

Modern email grew out of a number of older protocols that were often vendor specific. While many early network OS were able to send short messages, almost none were designed to interoperate with all of the products from the same vendor, let alone between different vendors.
Walrusing, whaling and the origins of the Old Bering Sea culture

For a century, archaeologists have puzzled over the enigma of successful whaling unfolding with no predecessors prior to the last two millennia. The emergence of social complexity is linked with th...
After the projects: Public housing redevelopment & the governance of the poorest Americans, by Lawrence J. Vale

HOPE VI is not one program, as many think, but instead takes different forms in cities across America. Lawrence Vale’s After the Projects makes an argument that a complexity of forces creates quite...
Post-PE Management

Much of the focus in the venous thromboembolism (VTE) literature focuses on the care of the hospitalized acute pulmonary embolism (PE) patient. However, the care after hospital discharge is critical. In the post-PE outpatient setting, a number of decisions remain. These involve assessment of symptoms, anticoagulation risk/benefit and dosing, thrombophilia testing, decisions regarding surveillance for recurrent VTE, and ultimately monitoring for chronic thromboembolic disease. Very useful guidelines exist for the acutely ill PE patient but published guidelines and specific protocols for many aspects of post-PE care are lacking. We hope that we can offer a framework for post-discharge PE care by which the outpatient provider can provide a logical approach using the latest available evidence. We believe that the increasing research and published data in the realm of post-PE care mandates the involvement of VTE experts in the regular or at least periodic care of post-PE patients.
Toward a fairer information retrieval system

With the increasing popularity and social influence of information retrieval (IR) systems, various studies have raised concerns on the presence of bias in IR and the social responsibilities of IR systems. Techniques for addressing these issues can be classified into pre-processing, in-processing and post-processing. Pre-processing reduces bias in the data that is fed into machine learning models. In-processing encodes fairness constraints as a part of the objective function or learning process. Post-processing operates as a top layer over the trained model to reduce the presentation bias exposed to users. This dissertation explored ways to bring the pre-processing and post-processing approaches, together with the fairness-aware evaluation metrics, into a unified framework as an attempt to break the vicious cycle of bias and improve fairness in IR. We first investigated the existing bias presented in search engine results. Specifically, we focused on the top-k fairness ranking in terms of statistical parity fairness and disparate impact fairness definitions. With Google search and a general purposed text cluster as a lens, we explored several topical diversity fairness ranking strategies to understand the relationship between relevance and fairness in search results. Our experimental results showed that different fairness ranking strategies resulted in distinct utility scores and performed differently with distinct datasets. Second, to further investigate the relationship of data and fairness algorithms, we developed a statistical framework that was able to facilitate various analysis and decision making. Our framework could effectively and efficiently estimate the domain of data and solution space. We derived theoretical expressions to identify the fairness and relevance bounds for data of different distributions, and applied them to both synthetic datasets and real world datasets. We presented a series of use cases to demonstrate how our framework was applied to associate data and provide insights to fairness optimization problems. Third, we proposed an evaluation metric FAIR for the ranking results that encoded fairness, diversity, novelty and relevance. This metric offered a new perspective of evaluating fairness-aware ranking results. Based on this metric, we developed an effective ranking algorithm that jointly optimized for fairness and utility. Our experiments showed that our new metric was able to highlight results that achieved good user utility and fair information exposure at the same time. We showed how FAIR metric related to existing metrics through correlation analysis and case studies, and demonstrated the effectiveness of our FAIR-based algorithm.
Current Trends in Sepsis-Related Mortality in the United States.

Objectives Sepsis is a life-threatening condition and is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. The burden of sepsis-related mortality in the United States in recent years is not well characterized. We sought to describe sepsis-related mortality rates and mortality trends in the United States from 2005 to 2018. Design Retrospective population-based study. Setting We used the Multiple Cause of Death Database available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Patients Decedents with sepsis-related deaths were identified using previously validated International Classification of Diseases codes. Interventions None. Measurements and main results From 2005 to 2018, 6.7% of decedents had a diagnosis of sepsis. The overall sepsis-related mortality rates remained stable in both males (57 deaths per 100,000) and females (45.1 deaths per 100,000) during this period. Compared with Whites, the sepsis-related mortality rates were higher in Blacks (rate ratio = 1.78), Native Americans (rate ratio = 1.43), and Hispanics (rate ratio = 1.04) and were lower in Asians (rate ratio = 0.73). Sepsis-related mortality rates declined in Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians but increased in Whites and Native Americans. The majority of sepsis-related deaths occurred in the hospital. The percentage of deaths in the nursing home decreased, whereas deaths occurring at home and hospice increased. Conclusions From 2005 to 2018, the overall sepsis-related mortality rates were stable, but there were significant racial and gender disparities in mortality trends. Further research is needed to evaluate the genetic and environmental contributors to these differences.
Evaluation of Equitable Racial and Ethnic Representation Among Departmental Chairs in Academic Medicine, 1980-2019.

This cross-sectional study evaluates racial and ethnic representation among departmental chairs and faculty in academic medicine in the US from 1980 to 2019.
Cannabinoids and Cancer Pain

The use of cannabinoids has been on the rise for various indications among cancer patients. As cancer patients are commonly afflicted with the burden of pain, patients and providers are regularly seeking alternative therapies to improve their quality of life and lift the burden of pain. We explore the relevant mechanisms, state of the current literature, clinical considerations, and the future of cannabinoids in cancer pain.
Plastic surgery, fat, and fat plasticity: How adipose tissue changed the landscape of stem cell therapeutics

Abstract This chapter describes the concurrent events of high intensity growth in the fields of tissue engineering and plastic surgery that enabled adipose stem cells to quickly move to the forefront of cell therapy research. While knowledge of adipose-resident progenitor and stem cells has existed for over 50 years, the ability to extract such cells from tissue discarded in bulk from routine clinical procedures facilitated a pace of research and discovery far more robust than for other stem cell populations. Thus, research with ASCs has encompassed a broad spectrum of ideas, scientific approaches, and technologies, and there is significant diversity in perspectives represented in literature. Clinical, scientific, and industry contributors across numerous disciplines have propelled the field forward. Perhaps due to such ease of access to adipose tissue, the field of adipose stem cell therapy has not been without some controversy, and rogue operators have unfortunately brought the safety of ASCs into question and prompted evolution of regulatory guidelines. Despite the advent of marketing claims sometimes getting ahead of the science, the field of adipose stem cells has great promise to improve the care of patients with many disorders. The ability to understand and leverage the biology of cell populations within the ubiquitous adipose depots will continue to drive the development of new diverse therapies based on principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.