cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Falling through the cracks: just how much “history” is history?

As academic programs grow increasingly interdisciplinary, a library may fail to acquire some works of importance to a discipline, simply because the books have been classified in an area outside a selector’s purview. To gain a perspective on the issue of interdisciplinary gaps in the collection, the authors researched the case of American and British History. Book reviews published in four major history journals for 1978, 1988 and 1998 were examined, and a classification was assigned to each reviewed work per the LC classification scheme. The resulting data confirm that more than half of the works that historians generally consult tend to be outside the traditional “history” LC call numbers. While each institution is unique in its organization and collecting interests, various ways to resolve the issue are discussed. This kind of analysis could be used to justify funding for interdisciplinary purchases.
Dynamics of water interacting with interfaces, molecules, and ions.

Water is a critical component of many chemical processes, in fields as diverse as biology and geology. Water in chemical, biological, and other systems frequently occurs in very crowded situations: the confined water must interact with a variety of interfaces and molecular groups, often on a characteristic length scale of nanometers. Water’s behavior in diverse environments is an important contributor to the functioning of chemical systems. In biology, water is found in cells, where it hydrates membranes and large biomolecules. In geology, interfacial water molecules can control ion adsorption and mineral dissolution. Embedded water molecules can change the structure of zeolites. In chemistry, water is an important polar solvent that is often in contact with interfaces, for example, in ion-exchange resin systems.Water is a very small molecule; its unusual properties for its size are attributable to the formation of extended hydrogen bond networks. A water molecule is similar in mass and volume to methane,...
Fatty Acid Δ5-Desaturase mRNA Is Regulated by Dietary Vitamin A and Exogenous Retinoic Acid in Liver of Adult Rats

Abstract Δ 5 -Desaturase (D5D) catalyzes the Δ 5,6 desaturation of dietary essential fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series. By subtraction hybridization of vitamin A (VA)-deficient and control rat liver cDNA libraries, we isolated a 106-bp cDNA fragment that proved to be homologous to human liver D5D cDNA and used it as a probe to analyze rat D5D mRNA and clone the rat full-length cDNA. Δ 5 -Desaturase mRNA was threefold more abundant in liver from VA-deficient rats than in liver from VA-sufficient rats and was expressed dose dependently when dietary VA was varied (VA marginal > control > VA supplemented). Treatment of VA-deficient rats with all- trans -retinoic acid lowered the level of expression of D5D mRNA toward that of VA-sufficient rats. The 3413-bp full-length D5D cDNA cloned from rat liver contains an open reading frame of 447 amino acid residues sharing 92% similarity with its human counterpart. Expression of this cDNA in HEK293T cells incubated with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3, n-6) resulted in a significantly increased ratio of the product, arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6), to substrate in cell lipid extracts. Δ 5 -Desaturase mRNA is expressed in relatively high abundance in rat adrenal gland and mammary tissue and moderately in liver, kidney, lung, spleen, thymus, brain, and eye. The regulation of D5D by VA could be important for growth and development, and reproduction, as well as in the control of inflammation.
Knowledge of Results and Signal Salience Modify Vigilance Performance and Cerebral Hemovelocity

Transcranial Doppler sonography was used to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (hemovelocity, CBFV) from the left and right middle cerebral arteries during the performance of a 30-min simulated air-traffic control task in which knowledge of results (KR) and signal salience were manipulated. Critical signals were situations in which the simulated aircraft were on a potential collision course. Findings show that overall signal detection and CBFV both declined over time. While performance was more stable over time in the KR condition, performance declined in the no-KR condition. In addition, the initial level and temporal decline in CBFV were both greater for the KR condition than the no-KR condition. Results are interpreted in terms of the motivational effects induced by feedback and a resource model of vigilance. Language: en
Chronic Vasodilation Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) Expression during Microvascular Remodeling in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Objective:The process of microvessel growth and remodeling depends on the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in a specific spatial pattern of expression. This study characterizes the spatial distribution of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression during microvascular remodeling in the rat spinotrapezius muscle. Methods:Female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) were administered the α1-adrenergic blocker prazosin for 7 days to induce chronic vasodilation and associated increases in capillary and arteriolar density. MMP-9 expression was analyzed by Western blotting analysis of microdissected regions of muscle and immunolabeling of muscle sections. Results:Capillary density expressed as both capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/F) and capillaries per mm2increased significantly (p< 0.01) due to prazosin administration. Western blotting on microdissected regions of spinotrapezius muscle showed that there was an increase in MMP-9 expression in prazosin-treated animals. Additionally, the Western blots showed a pr...
Modeling and Control Design for Performance Management of Web Servers Via an LPV Approach

This paper presents a control-theoretic approach to the performance management of Internet Web servers to meet service-level agreements. In particular, a CPU frequency management problem is studied to provide response time guarantees with minimal energy cost. It is argued that linear time-invariant modeling and control may not be sufficient for the system to adapt to dynamically varying load conditions. Instead, a Linear-parameter-varying (LPV) approach is presented in this paper, where workload arrival and service parameters are chosen as scheduling parameters to characterize time-varying operating conditions. Modeling the performance management of a Web server as an LPV system has been extensively discussed in this paper; we have derived first-principles models based on analyzing transient and steady-state queueing dynamics as well as empirical models using system identification algorithms. LPV-Hinfin controllers are then designed for the derived LPV system models. Using real Web server workloads, the performance of LPV control compares favorably to various linear control designs and a design based on the conventional queueing theory. The proposed LPV modeling and control framework can be generalized to incorporate more sophisticated workload models and more complicated server environments. In addition, due to the LPV nature of Web systems with respect to load conditions, the proposed approach can be applied to a variety of resource management problems and used for middleware designs
Effect of Rater Nationality on the Relationships among Ratee Task, Contextual, and Counterproductive Behaviors and Salary Estimates

This study examined the moderating effect of rater nationality on the relationships among ratee task, contextual, and counterproductive behaviors, and rater salary estimates gauging the dollar value of overall job performance. As hypothesized, rater nationality had a significant moderating effect, such that the Lebanese sample showed stronger relationships between each of the three types of job performance and their dollar value estimates than did the American sample. In other words, results indicated that Lebanese participants made stronger salary differentiations among the different levels of task, contextual, and counterproductive performance. These results seem to suggest that Lebanese participants provided salary estimates using more of an equity approach, whereas American participants provided salary estimates using more of an equality approach. Results contribute to the growing evidence that national culture is important in evaluating job performance.
RESISTANCE TO SUDDEN TEMPERATURE CHANGE OF SOME BODIES OF THE SYSTEM TALC‐CLAY‐MULLITE*

Several bodies capable of being processed by thc usual manufacturing methods, with varying talc, clay, and mullite content, were studied to determine their relative resistance to thermal shock. These bodies were fired a t various temperatures and submitted to quenching and transverse strength tests.
Do Hispanic and Asian Adolescents Practice Panethnicity in Friendship Choices

Objectives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we investigate whether Asian and Latino youth value racial boundaries more than ethnic boundaries. We evaluate the relative preferences of same-ethnic, same-race (but different-ethnic), and different-race friends. Methods. We use multilevel multinomial logistic regression models to examine the odds of choosing same-ethnic, different-ethnic (but same-race), and different-race friends net of the opportunity to interact. Results. We find strong effects of school racial and ethnic composition, immigrant status, and parental education on the likelihood of crossing boundaries in the selection of friends. In addition, we develop a new scale of panethnicity and find substantial ethnic group variation in panethnic sentiment. Conclusion. We find an overwhelming preference for same-ethnic peers over same-race (different-ethnic) and different-race peers.
An operant discrimination task allowing variability of reinforced response patterning.

Abstract Five pigeons were trained to perform a discrimination task allowing variability of reinforced response patterning. The task consisted of moving a stimulus light within an 4×4 matrix of lights from the top left position to the bottom right position by pecking on two keys in succession in order to obtain a reinforcement. A peck on one key moved the light one position to the right and a peck on the other key moved it one position down. After preliminary training on alternating fixed-ratio 3 schedules of reinforcement, the birds could peck on either key in any order, but more than three responses on a key resulted in a blackout followed by the return of the stimulus light to the start position. Results indicate that initially the birds used a wide variety of response patterns to obtain reinforcement, but with continued practice, response patterns became more stereotyped.
Serum magnesium and protein concentrations during the first five years of insulin‐dependent diabetes in children

Thirty-four children were followed up prospectively for 5 years from the onset of diabetes regarding serum magnesium, zinc and some proteins. Serum magnesium decreased to significantly lower values (0.76 +/- 0.05 mmol l-1) than those in matched controls after 2 and 5 years, with the lowest mean values in diabetic girls. Serum zinc concentration was higher in the diabetic group than in the control children, and again the diabetic girls differed most from the controls. Serum prealbumin was significantly lower in the diabetic patients after 2 and 5 years than in the controls. Serum albumin was also slightly reduced in the diabetic patients, while orosomucoid was normal. These data indicate chronic magnesium deficiency and insufficient liver synthesis of certain serum proteins in diabetic children.
Protein Folding in the Cell: Challenges and Progress

It is hard to imagine a more extreme contrast than that between the dilute solutions used for in vitro studies of protein folding and the crowded, compartmentalized, sticky, spatially inhomogeneous interior of a cell. This review highlights recent research exploring protein folding in the cell with a focus on issues that are generally not relevant to in vitro studies of protein folding, such as macromolecular crowding, hindered diffusion, cotranslational folding, molecular chaperones, and evolutionary pressures. The technical obstacles that must be overcome to characterize protein folding in the cell are driving methodological advances, and we draw attention to several examples, such as fluorescence imaging of folding in cells and genetic screens for in-cell stability.
Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides

We report the demonstration of distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a first-order grating fabricated via a lateral corrugation in a double-sided metal ridge waveguide. The phase of the facet reflection was precisely set by lithographically defined facets by dry etching. Single-mode emission was observed at low to moderate injection currents, although multimode emission was observed far beyond threshold owing to spatial hole burning. Finite-element simulations were used to calculate the modal and threshold characteristics for these devices, with results in good agreement with experiments.
Phospholipase A2 in Eicosanoid Generation

Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acyl bond of phospholipids, liberating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids (for a review see Reference 1). Its presence in pancreatic juices and in cobra venom was discovered around the beginning of the twentieth century (for a review see Reference 2). The role of these secreted PLA 2 s in digestion and envenomization has since been well documented. Evidence began to appear in the last several decades that PLA 2 s are also present in most types of cells and that they are involved in many different cellular functions including general lipid metabolism and membrane homeostasis. During this same period the view of phospholipids has also changed. What were once considered the inert building blocks of cellular membranes are now known to be important metabolic entities. Phospholipids and their metabolites are involved in a large number of important cellular control systems. This discovery has elevated PLA 2 s from being simple maintenance enzymes to being important players in such crucial systems as signal transduction and eicosanoid production. Through these systems, the actions of PLA 2 s affect a wide range of human physiological functions and diseases including asthma and allergy, the initiation and maintenance of parturition, blood clotting, atherosclerosis, sepsis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis and other inflammatory diseases (for a review see Reference 3). The development of PLA 2 inhibitors is being vigorously pursued. A drug that modulates PLA 2 activity would have a large number of potential uses, especially as a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent (for a review see Reference 4). Such an inhibitor could supplement the current armament of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and new cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors being developed to block prostaglandin biosynthesis and the multitude of approaches (for a review see Reference 5) currently being explored for the inhibition of enzymes responsible for leukotriene biosynthesis and leukotriene receptor antagonists as illustrated in Figure 1.
The Persistence of Politics: The Impact of the Cold War on Anglo-American Writings on the Spanish Civil War

The purpose of this essay is twofold. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it seeks to identify the debates and trends in Spanish Civil War historiography in the United States and Great Britain which developed during key phases of the Cold War between 1947 and 1959. Second, it considers the extent to which the ideological preoccupations of the Cold War were transmitted to Civil War studies and thereby contributed to the ongoing politicization of the subject. Implicit in this analysis is the argument that most contemporary academics make the mistake of reading anti-communist perspectives found in writings on the Spanish Civil War as products of a monolithic Cold War mentality. To achieve a more nuanced understanding of the political dimension of the Civil War, this essay will focus on representative examples of Anglo-American writings critical of the communists which fall into distinct genres.
Effect of a Positive Reminiscing Intervention on Affect, Expectancy, and Performance

The effects of a positive reminiscing intervention were examined in 60 females who ranged in age from 60 to 98 yr. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The subjects...
The temperature of ingested water: Preference for cold water as an associative response

Rats were found to prefer 12° over 36° C water when their choice was restricted to those temperatures, but no clear preference was shown between water of 12° and 24°C or 24° and 36°C. The hypothesis that preference for cooler water is based on the animals’ history of drinking cooler water is supported by a successful shift to preferring 36°C water after restricted exposure to that temperature for 15 days.
The Dangers from Limited Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride

(1980). The Dangers from Limited Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 177-188.
Damage detection using self-powered wireless sensor data: An evolutionary approach

Abstract A major limitation in implementation of self-powered wireless sensors pertains to considerable loss of the sensed information. Consequently, interpretation of the limited but valued data generated by the self-powered wireless sensing technology becomes a challenging problem. To tackle this issue, this study presents an evolutionary computational approach for structural damage detection using the self-powered wireless sensor data. The proposed data interpretation system is based on the integration of a robust evolutionary technique, called gene expression programming (GEP), and finite element (FE) method. Several damage indicator variables are extracted upon the simulation of the compressed data stored in memory chips of self-powered sensors. For the analysis, the complicated case of gusset plate of bridge is considered. Different damage scenarios are introduced to the plate and for each scenario and sensor configuration, a damage detection model is derived. Bases on a logistic regression analysis, probabilities are assigned to each model to find the most probable damage state. The damage detection models are presented as MATLAB and Visual Basic codes for further analysis. An uncertainty analysis is performed through the contamination of the damage indicator features with different noise levels. The results indicate that the proposed method is efficiently capable of detecting different damage states in spite of high-level noise contamination.
Analyzing the Stability Properties of Kaleidocycles

Kaleidocycles are continuously rotating n-jointed linkages. We consider a certain class of six-jointed kaleidocycles which have a spring at each joint. For this class of kaleidocycles, stored energy varies throughout the rotation process in a nonconstant, cyclic pattern. The purpose of this paper is to model and provide an analysis of the stored energy of a kaleidocycle throughout its motion. In particular, we will solve analytically for the number of stable equilibrium states for any kaleidocycle in this class.
Social Preferences in Primates

Publisher Summary To investigate the nature of social preferences in primates, researchers have recently devised a series of experiments in which animals are presented with opportunities to provide benefits to others at little or no cost to themselves. The choices that they make in these experiments provide insight about their social preferences. Although the discrepancy between the results obtained in experiments that were designed to examine chimps' social preferences may seem like an unfortunate complication, it provides with an important opportunity. If one can work out the reasons why the results of these experiments differ, one may gain deeper insights about the complexity and nature of chimps' social preferences. For example, the presence of food rewards might compete with selfish motives about food. If that is the case, then the chimps who were indifferent in the Silk/Jensen/Vonk experiments might behave prosocially in the protocol used by Warneken and his colleagues, and vice versa.
The European Union’s Democratic Deficit: Diagnoses, Prognoses, and Reforms

The literature on the democratic legitimacy of the European Union (EU) has produced important works of scholarship, yet basic questions about EU democracy remain fundamentally contested, in terms of both the diagnosis of the problem and reforms proposed to address it. This paper aims to systematize that debate, analyzing and critiquing the various diagnoses and prognoses put forward by some of the leading students of the EU’s democratic legitimacy. The paper is divided into two sections, distinguishing the diagnosis of the problem of democratic accountability of IOs - whether there is a crisis of democratic legitimacy, and if so, what is its nature - from the prognosis, namely the prospect for reforms proposed by various analysts to make IOs in some way more accountable. In terms of diagnosis, I analyze and critique three ideal-typical diagnoses of the EU’s democratic deficit, which identify the EU alternatively as irredeemably undemocratic, as democratically legitimate, or potentially democratic subject to various institutional or other reforms. Second, at the level of prognosis, I review three commonplace sets of proposals that have been put forward to enhance EU democracy - proposals that I call parliamentarization, deliberation, and constitutionalization - and I assess the prospects for each of these approaches for their promise in the EU context and beyond.
Comparison of Aero-Optical Measurements from the Flight Test of Full and Hemispherical Turrets on the Airborne Aero-Optics Laboratory

The optical environment around both a hemisphere-on-cylinder turret and a hemisphereonly turret with flat and conformal windows was characterized at both subsonic and transonic speeds. Data was taken from Mach 0.4 to 0.65 at altitudes from 15,000 ft to 30,000 ft to analyze scaling laws, with a focus on Mach numbers of 0.5 and 0.65. A 25 kHz ShackHartmann wavefront sensor was used to measure the optical aberrations around the turret. Data were primarily collected while the two planes slewed by, giving statistics at several azimuthal/elevation angles with additional data taken at fixed angles. Additionally, dynamics of a local shock appearing on the conformal-window turret at the transonic Mach number are presented and discussed.
Ionic Models for YBa2 Cu3 O7

Simple ionic models are applied to YBa2 Cu3 O7. It is found that additional forces are needed to constrain the barium and the planar coordinated copper atoms to be stable in their observed positions. These additional forces are compared to forces calculated from first principles. It is observed that the restoring forces are small for motion of the “in chain” oxygen atoms perpendicular to the chains.
Metastases to the Eye from Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractTwo patients with eye metastases from widely disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are described. Factors relating to patient survival and the rate of metastases of transitional cell malignancies are discussed.
Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in men without complaints of erectile dysfunction using a new quantitative analysis software

AbstractNocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity data were collected during 3 successive nights of home monitoring from 44 men screened for normal sexual functioning. The subjects were well distributed during the interval with an age of 31 to 81 years. Penile brachial indexes, biothesiometry measures and testosterone levels were evaluated. Two new time-intensity measures of tumescence (tumescence activity units) and rigidity (rigidity activity units) were used to summarize erectile activity. A high correlation (r > 0.84, p < 0.001) was found between these summary parameters. It was observed that at least 2 nights of monitoring were required to characterize a subject adequately because some men had single nights with no measurable erectile activity. There were low correlations among penile brachial index, biothesiometry and testosterone outcomes, and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity measurements. There was a decrease in measurements of tip rigidity with increasing subject age (r = −0.238, p <0.05) ...
Phosphine EB and CB Values

This article presents a scale of σ donor strengths for phosphines. The phosphine parameters, EB and CB, can be used in combination with previously reported parameters for oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donors to measure σ-basicity. The advantages of combining donors from more than one family to analyze reactivity are demonstrated. When substituents are changed in a family of donors, the change in the CB/EB ratio is small and this is shown to lead to limitations in the conclusions that can be drawn from substituent constant correlations. QALE analyses also treat only single families and are subject to the same limitations. The dual parameter EB, CB basicity scale is less reliant upon steric effects than QALE analyses to rationalize trends in the reactivity of phosphines. This leads to an alternative interpretation of a large body of phosphine chemistry. A model is presented to support the idea that the π-acceptor properties of the phosphines decrease regularly as their σ basicity increases. It is shown that ...
SU-F-T-560: Measurement of Dose Blurring Effect Due to Respiratory Motion for Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Using Monte Carlo Based Calculation Algorithm

Purpose: Intra-fractional tumor motion due to respiration may potentially compromise dose delivery for SBRT of lung tumors. Even sufficient margins are used to ensure there is no geometric miss of target volume, there is potential dose blurring effect may present due to motion and could impact the tumor coverage if motions are larger. In this study we investigated dose blurring effect of open fields as well as Lung SBRT patients planned using 2 non-coplanar dynamic conformal arcs(NCDCA) and few conformal beams(CB) calculated with Monte Carlo (MC) based algorithm utilizing phantom with 2D-diode array(MapCheck) and ion-chamber. Methods: SBRT lung patients were planned on Brainlab-iPlan system using 4D-CT scan and ITV were contoured on MIP image set and verified on all breathing phase image sets to account for breathing motion and then 5mm margin was applied to generate PTV. Plans were created using two NCDCA and 4-5 CB 6MV photon calculated using XVMC MC-algorithm. 3 SBRT patients plans were transferred to phantom with MapCheck and 0.125cc ion-chamber inserted in the middle of phantom to calculate dose. Also open field 3×3, 5×5 and 10×10 were calculated on this phantom. Phantom was placed on motion platform with varying motion from 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm with duty cycle of 4 second. Measurements were carried out for open fields as well 3 patients plans at static and various degree of motions. MapCheck planar dose and ion-chamber reading were collected and compared with static measurements and computed values to evaluate the dosimetric effect on tumor coverage due to motion. Results: To eliminate complexity of patients plan 3 simple open fields were also measured to see the dose blurring effect with the introduction of motion. All motion measured ionchamber values were normalized to corresponding static value. For open fields 5×5 and 10×10 normalized central axis ion-chamber values were 1.00 for all motions but for 3×3 they were 1 up to 10mm motion and 0.97 and 0.87 for 20 and 30mm motion respectively. For SBRT plans central axis dose values were within 1% upto 10mm motions but decreased to average of 5% for 20mm and 8% for 30mm motion. Mapcheck comparison with static showed penumbra enlargement due to motion blurring at the edges of the field for 3×3,5×5,10×10 pass rates were 88% to 12%, 100% to 43% and 100% to 63% respectively as motion increased from 5 to 30mm. For SBRT plans MapCheck mean pass rate were decreased from 73.8% to 39.5% as motion increased from 5mm to 30mm. Conclusion: Dose blurring effect has been seen in open fields as well as SBRT lung plans using NCDCA with CB which worsens with increasing respiratory motion and decreasing field size(tumor size). To reduce this effect larger margins and appropriate motion reduction techniques should be utilized.
Pharmacist prescribing within an integrated health system in Washington.

Purpose Pharmacist prescribing as part of a collaborative drug therapy agreement (CDTA) within an integrated health system in Washington is described. Summary Virginia Mason Medical Center (VMMC) in Seattle, Washington, uses a team-based care model with broad-based CDTAs to provide quality patient care. The majority of patients are referred to the pharmacist after a diagnosis has been made and a clinical care plan has been started. The pharmacist manages the patient’s care within his or her scope of practice as defined by state laws and further detailed by VMMC internal protocols. The pharmacist then documents in the electronic medical record the medication plan of care and other standard elements based on provider note templates. Medication prescribing and laboratory test ordering are the responsibilities of the pharmacist, as are any dosage adjustments or interpretations of laboratory test results. For some chronic diseases, the pharmacist may continue to see the patient indefinitely, replacing physician visits (e.g., for warfarin management). In more episodic care, the pharmacist may see the patient, optimize drug therapy, and then transition the patient back to the referring provider (e.g., for hypertension management). Integrating the pharmacist into the team has helped achieve optimal medication outcomes and increased patient satisfaction scores. Conclusion The addition of the pharmacist into a team-based care model using a CDTA helped achieve optimal medication outcomes and increased patient satisfaction scores in an integrated health system. Integration was successful due to the collaborative support from physician leadership and ongoing physician involvement. Hands-on leadership by the pharmacy department and clinic directors and the health system’s adoption of Lean methodology fostered an environment for developing innovative care models.
High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory Hodgkin's disease: analysis of the Stanford University results and prognostic indices.

One hundred nineteen patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease (HD) received high-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. Three preparatory regimens, selected on the basis of prior therapy and pulmonary status, were employed. Twenty-six patients without a history of prior chest or pelvic irradiation were treated with fractionated total body irradiation, etoposide (VP) 60 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide (Cy) 100 mg/kg. Seventy-four patients received BCNU 15 mg/kg with identical doses of VP and Cy. A group of 19 patients with a limited diffusing capacity or history of pneumonitis received a novel high-dose regimen consisting of CCNU 15 mg/kg, VP 60 mg/kg and Cy 100 mg/kg. Twenty-nine patients (24%) had failed induction therapy and 35 (29%) had progressive HD within 1 year of initial chemotherapy. At 4 years actuarial survival was 52%, event-free survival was 48% and freedom from progression (FFP) was 62%. No significant differences were seen in survival data with the three preparatory regimens. Six patients died within 100 days of transplantation and 5 died at a later date of transplant-related complications. Secondary malignancies have developed in 6 patients, including myelodysplasia/leukemia in four patients and solid tumors in two patients. Regression analysis identified systemic symptoms at relapse, disseminated pulmonary or bone marrow disease at relapse and more than minimal disease at the time of transplantation as significant prognostic factors for overall and event-free survival and FFP. Patients with none of these factors enjoyed an 85% FFP at 4 years compared with 41% for patients with one or more unfavorable prognostic factors (P = .0001). Our results confirm the efficacy of high-dose therapy and autografting in recurrent or refractory HD. Although longer follow-up is necessary to address ultimate cure rates and toxicity, our data indicate that a desire to reduce late effects should drive future research efforts in favorable patients whereas new initiatives are needed for those with less favorable prognoses.
Anisotropic magnetoresistance and piezoelectric effect in GaAs Hall samples

Application of a strong magnetic field perpendicular to a two-dimensional electron system leads to a variety of quantum phases ranging from incompressible quantum Hall liquid to Wigner solid, charge density wave, and exotic non-Abelian states. A few quantum phases seen in past experiments on GaAs Hall samples of electrons show pronounced anisotropic magnetoresistance values at certain weak magnetic fields. We argue that this might be due to the piezoelectric effect that is inherent in a semiconductor host such as GaAs. Such an effect has the potential to create a sufficient in-plane internal strain that will be felt by electrons and will determine the direction of high and low resistance. When Wigner solid, charge density wave, and isotropic liquid phases are very close in energy, the overall stability of the system is very sensitive to local order and, thus, can be strongly influenced even by a weak perturbation such as the piezoelectric-induced effective electron-electron interaction, which is anisotropic. In this work, we argue that an anisotropic interaction potential may stabilize anisotropic liquid phases of electrons even in a strong magnetic field regime where normally one expects to see only isotropic quantum Hall or isotropic Fermi liquid states. We use this approach to support a theoretical framework that envisions the possibility of an anisotropic liquid crystalline state of electrons in the lowest Landau level. In particular, we argue that an anisotropic liquid state of electrons may stabilize in the lowest Landau level close to the liquid-solid transition region at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/6$ for a given anisotropic Coulomb interaction potential. Quantum Monte Carlo simulations for a liquid crystalline state with broken rotational symmetry indicate stability of liquid crystalline order consistent with the existence of an anisotropic liquid state of electrons stabilized by anisotropy at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/6$ of the lowest Landau level.
Addressing Contextual Ambiguity in Entrepreneurship Research

The paper seeks to address the tension between apparently context-free entrepreneurship theories and context-bound and context-laden entrepreneurship practices. Two primary sets of issues are addressed: the meaning and use of context, and how, where, when, why and for whom does one ‘contextualize’. The manner in which entrepreneurship scholars currently treat context is examined to better understand why it continues to be an unresolved issue. Drawing on a cross-disciplinary foundation, a framework is presented for operationalizing context. Ways in which incorporation of context at each step of the research process can enrich current perspectives on entrepreneurship phenomena are explored.
Adaptive Stabilization of One-Parameter Families of Siso Linear Systems

Abstract This note briefly sketches how one might use hysteresis switching and implicit tuning to realize an adaptive controller capable of stabilizing any member of a one-parameter family of siso linear systems.
Heroin, crack, and AIDS: examining social change within Honolulu, Hawaii's street sex trade

The intent of the research was to conduct a replication study of a previous investigation in order to permit a comparative analysis of some aspects that might permeate overtime from the street sex trade of Honolulu, Hawaii. The design comprised the elements of a (1) longitudinal design, (2) a snowball sampling technique, (3) a survey instrument and (4) ethnographic and field data collection. Data comparison utilized survey interviews obtained from a population immersed in the street sex trade at the same location but from two different points in time. Both studies used Likert scale and semantic differential tests to target the prostitutes' attitudes toward the law, experiences with local social service agencies, and other aspects of the streetwalkers' personal lives. Details included the use of drugs and alcohol, fear of sexually transmitted infections, and experiences with crime and victimization. Increases in highest educational level completed were noted, but decreases in the completion of high school were more significant. Self reported use of narcotics was relatively consistent across the two studies, but an overall decrease in frequency of use was found. The current subjects rated HIV and AIDS their number one personal concern; whereas in 1974, the most commonly chosen concern was being arrested. None of the 1992 subjects reported that they had contracted HIV or the AIDS virus and stated that they preliminary depended on regular military clients for their income. The overall analysis of both samples yielded the epidemiological themes of (1) drug addition, (2) sexual exploitation, and (3) sexually transmitted infections among those within the street sex trade even though the time periods between them had spanned almost over twenty years.
Understanding perceptions of child maltreatment risk: A qualitative study of Early Head Start home visitors

Abstract Infants and toddlers enrolled in Early Head Start are at increased risk for child maltreatment. Within Early Head Start, home visitors are in a unique position to identify the families most likely to experience maltreatment by identifying characteristics and behaviors of children, caregivers, families, and environments that are of concern. However, research has demonstrated that home visitors are often ill-equipped to identify and address risk factors such as parental mental health concerns, substance abuse, and domestic violence. Further, little is known about how home visitors understand and perceive risk for maltreatment and identify vulnerable families. The study sought to identify how Early Head Start home visitors understand maltreatment, perceive risk for maltreatment, and work with families identified as at-risk. Qualitative interviews exploring identification of risk for maltreatment were conducted with fourteen Early Head Start home visitors and supervisors. Results indicate variable understanding of maltreatment. Home visitors identified numerous factors they believe suggest elevated risk for maltreatment and described variable approaches to working with families at risk. Findings provide rich information about the role that home visitors play in maltreatment prevention within Early Head Start. Directions for effectively training home visitors to engage families and deliver program and community-based services in a manner that reduces risk for and prevents maltreatment are discussed.
Lightweight Authentication for Fault-Tolerant Topic-Channels in Ad Hoc Distributed Systems

Many distributed systems assume participants are both performant and secure, characteristics offered by many cloud-based systems. However, scaling distributed techniques down to highly resource-or power-constrained contexts may require alternative approaches. One such context is the deployment of ad hoc distributed systems in insecure or uncontrolled areas, for example during disaster response activities. Providing reliable and secure service is exacerbated by the computational and power constraints imposed on these devices. In this work, we first introduce the concept of on-demand topic-channels. Then, we describe three message authentication protocols which provide secure, authenticated communication between participants and a coordinator, while also providing resilience from adversarial or accidental disruption. We leverage homomorphic hashing primitives to trade message secrecy against communication and computational costs. Finally, we assess these protocols, and show that our hash-based protocols provide significant efficiency improvements over traditional encryption-based approaches.
Health care utilization among children with chronic conditions in military families.

Abstract Background Studies have examined utilization of health care services by civilian children with chronic conditions but not utilization among child dependents of military personnel. Objective To identify children with chronic conditions among military members and retirees and examine their health care utilization and its association with type of condition. Methods We derived our sample from child dependents ages birth to 18 years of military personnel with health care enrollment in FY2011. We defined chronic conditions based on diagnoses and repeated specialty care visits. We accrued one year of health care utilization for each child starting with the date of first diagnosis that qualified (i.e., 2 + visits). Health care utilization measures were any inpatient stay; number of outpatient visits (excluding emergency department [ED] visits), ED visits, and number of psychotropic and non-psychotropic prescriptions. Results Conditions with the highest prevalence were ADHD/conduct disorders (41.2%), other behavioral health (BH) disorders (30.4%), asthma (25.3%) and arthritis (23.8%). Boys and children ages 6–18 were more likely to have BH conditions. Twelve percent had inpatient stays, 63% used the ED, and mean ED visits was 4.6. The mean outpatient visits was 27.9. Utilization was consistently higher for children with both BH and physical health (PH) conditions, children under age 5 (except for number of psychotropic prescriptions), and those enrolled in the military's Extended Health Care Options (ECHO) program. Conclusions Prevalence and utilization findings provide data for future service planning and highlight subgroups of children with chronic conditions who may need better access to supportive military programs.
Potential of Soy Phytochemicals in Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Risk Reduction of Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, in part due to the destruction of cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes exit cell cycle shortly after birth and have limited proliferative/regeneration potential; proliferation being negatively controlled by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Epidemiological studies have shown that soy phytochemicals reduce the CHD risks, whereas whether soy phytochemicals affect cardiomyocyte regeneration has not been determined. This chapter will summarize evidence that soy phytochemicals may circumvent the restricted replication in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting p38 MAPK and reactivating telomerase to slow down heart failure. Understanding soy phytochemical-mediated cardiomyocyte regeneration may lead to diet-based CHD prevention and management strategies.
Studies of Active Carbons of Controlled Structural Properties

Surface properties of active carbons of controlled structural properties were studied by using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured over the entire range of equilibrium pressures from 10-3 Torr to the saturation pressure. A special emphasis was placed on characterization of these carbons in terms of the adsorption energy distribution (AED) function. In comparison to the pore-size distribution the AED function is more universal because it provides information about global energetic heterogeneity of a porous solid, which arises from both structural and surface heterogeneities. Analysis of the AED functions showed that the carbons studied are, to a great extent, energetically and structurally homogeneous microporous solids.
Regla y lugar: los centros del PPO de Cano Lasso y Campo Baeza y la hibridación tipológica del claustro.

espanolTanto las abadias cistercienses como los edificios del PPO de Vitoria, Salamanca y Pamplona proyectados por Julio Cano Lasso y Alberto Campo Baeza, comparten una caracteristica que los hace muy cercanos a la sensibilidad contemporanea. Su planteamiento de un esquema geometrico de base les permite introducir la caracteristica de la perfectibilidad, de la posible modificacion y ampliacion en el tiempo, sin perder la coherencia, identidad y unidad de partida, a partir del uso de mecanismos de hibridaci´`on tipologica. Son edificios que se presentan como un estado congelado dentro de un proceso evolutivo. Como los cenobios del Medioevo europeo, son organismos perfectamente capaces de absorber, sin modificar su estructura esencial, ampliaciones y reducciones. Son estructuras pensadas para poder mutar sin perder la legibilidad de sus genes tipologicos originales, tanto cuando se construyen en diferentes localizaciones, como cuando una vez construidos, sufren modificaciones o ampliaciones. EnglishBoth the Cistercian abbeys and the buildings of the PPO in Vitoria, Salamanca and Pamplona designed by Julio Cano Lasso and Alberto Campo Baeza, share a characteristic that makes them very close to contemporary sensibility. Their approach to a basic geometric scheme allows them to introduce the characteristic of perfectibility, of possible modification and extension over time, without losing coherence, identity and unity of departure fron the use of typological hybridization mechanisms. They are buildings that present themselves as a frozen state within an evolutionary process. Like the monasteries of the European Middle Ages, they are perfectly capable of absorbing, without changing their essential structure, enlargements and reductions. They are structures designed to be able to mutate without losing the legibility of their original typological genes, both when they are constructed in different locations and when once built, undergo modifications or extensions.
Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Teacher Leadership Behaviors in a Math–Science Partnership Program:

This paper describes the development and validation of a science teacher leadership instrument modeled on the seven domains of the Teacher Leader Model (TLM) Standards (The Teacher Leadership Explo...
Secondary-Sphere Effects in Molecular Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

The generation of fuels and value-added chemicals from carbon dioxide (CO2) using electrocatalysis is a promising approach to the eventual large-scale utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources. To mediate kinetically and thermodynamically challenging transformations of CO2, early reports of molecular catalysts focused primarily on precious metal centers. However, through careful ligand design, earth-abundant first-row transition metals have also demonstrated activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. A particularly effective and promising approach for enhancement of reaction rates and efficiencies of molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction is the modulation of the secondary coordination sphere of the active site. In practice, this has been achieved through the mimicry of enzyme structures: incorporating pendent Bronsted acid/base sites, charged residues, sterically hindered environments, and bimetallic active sites have all proved to be valid strategies for iterative optimization. Herein, the development of secondary-sphere strategies to facilitate rapid and selective CO2 reduction is reviewed with an in-depth examination of the classic [Fe(tetraphenylporphyrin)]+, [Ni(cyclam)]2+, Mn(bpy)(CO)3X, and Re(bpy)(CO)3X (X = solvent or halide) systems, including relevant highlights from other recently developed ligand platforms.