cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theory of developmental change in quantitative phenotypes applied to cognitive development

A model is presented for the changes in familial resemblance as a function of age. The model allows for separate developmental components of genetic and environmental effects and for the influence of earlier phenotypic values on current measurements. Genetic and environmental effects may be specific to occasions or constant over time. Expected covariances are derived within individuals and between relatives measured at different ages. Parameter substitution shows that models with different assumptions about the mechanism of development yield different predictions for temporal changes in family resemblance. The application of the model is illustrated by the analysis of published longitudinal data on cognitive development. The data suggest that the continuity of cognitive performance over time and the increase in heritability with age reflect the cumulative long-term effects of a single set of genes expressed throughout development. The quality of the shared environment changes from family to family over time but appears to exercise a long-term effect on cognitive development.
Multi-Factored Assessment for the Handicapped.

Procedures to assure that testing and evaluation materials and procedures utilized for the purposes of evaluation and placement of handicapped children will be selected and administered so as not to be racially or culturally discriminatory. Such materials and procedures shall be provided and administered in the child's native language or mode of communication, unless it is clearly not feasible to do so, and no single procedure shall be the sole criteria for determining an appropriate educational program for a child.
Controlled integration of gold nanoparticles and organic fluorophores using synthetically modified MS2 viral capsids.

The placement of fluorophores in close proximity to metal nanoparticle surfaces is proposed to enhance several photophysical properties of the dyes, potentially leading to improved quantum yields and decreased photobleaching. It is difficult in practice, however, to establish and maintain the nanoscale distances that are required to maximize these effects. The type of metal, size, and shape of the nanoparticle, the physical distance separating the metal nanoparticle from the organic dye, and the spectral properties of the fluorophore itself are all proposed to influence the quantum yield and lifetime. This results in a complex behavior that can lead to either enhanced or quenched fluorescence in different contexts. In this report, we describe a well-defined system that can be used to explore these effects, while physically preventing the fluorophores from contacting the nanoparticle surfaces. The basis of this system is the spherical protein capsid of bacteriophage MS2, which was used to house gold partic...
Gasification of carbon by CO2: a transient kinetics experiment

A transient kinetic technique was used to measure the intrinsic rate constant k2 of the reaction C(O) → CO + Cf, where Cf is an available site and C(O) is an occupied site. It was found that k2 = 1011.6 ± 2.3 exp[ −(225 000 ± 39000)/RT]min−1. Two systems were studied, one using an uncatalysed carbon, the other a Ca-catalysed carbon. The gasification rates for these two systems differed by a factor of 100, yet they yielded the same k2. This strongly supports the contention that Ca catalyses the system by increasing the number of active sites.
Job Creation and the Knowledge Economy: Lessons From North Carolina's Life Science Manufacturing Initiative:

Knowledge-intensive industries are expected to provide long-term economic prosperity for their host regions. The question persists whether these industries can also generate quality, stable jobs for a wide range of workers in these regions, particularly those with limited academic training. This article examines North Carolina's effort to respond to this challenge by integrating workforce and economic development functions in an effort to anchor life science manufacturing establishments in the state. By coordinating training, recruitment, and research activities, state agencies are influencing the location and employment strategies of life sciences firms in ways that are helping to foster a more socially inclusive transition to the knowledge economy.
Neurodevelopmental impairment: Predictors of its impact on the families of extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months

Effects on a family of a child with chronic illness have been described. The Impact on Family Scale (IOF) was developed to measure these effects. The impact of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with neurodevelopmental impairment on families is unknown. This study determined IOF scores for families of ELBW infants with increasing degree of impairment at 18 months and identified factors that increase vulnerability to impact. A total of 3,849 ELBW infant survivors born at the 16 centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network between January 1993 and February 2001 were assessed at 18 to 22 months. Infants were divided into four groups by degree of impairment. IOF scores were analyzed by impairment group. Multivariate analyses assessed effects of impairment, social/demographic factors, unmet service needs, and resource utilization on the IOF. A total of 1,624 (42.2%) infants had moderate/severe impairment. Increasing severity of impairment was associated with higher IOF scores. Severity of impairment contributed 6% of variance to the IOF scores. Twenty-one percent of variance was contributed by additional medical needs, low socioeconomic status (SES), and lack of social support. Although increasing severity of impairment impacts families of ELBW infants, significantly more impact is contributed by additional medical needs, low SES, and lack of social support.
LATERAL PLANTAR NEUROPATHY

We report 8 cases of lateral plantar neuropathy (LPN). All had sensory impairment over the territory of the lateral plantar nerve. Near-nerve needle sensory nerve conduction study (NCS) of the plantar nerves showed abnormality confined to the lateral plantar nerve, confirming LPN. The most common cause for LPN was trauma and the most common site of injury was at the passage of the lateral plantar nerve through the abductor tunnel at the instep of the foot.
EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES IN THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION

ABSTRACT Research on the diffusion of innovation has postulated three empirical regularities—the S-curve for diffusion in a temporal context, the neighborhood effect for diffusion in a spatial context, and the hierarchy or short circuit effect for diffusion in the context of a central place system. This paper reviews the evidence for each regularity, considers the consistency of each, and presents an explanation for these regularities taken together that appears more useful for future research than previously posited explanations. Our paradigm focuses upon 1) the distinction between innovation diffusion agencies and adopters themselves, 2) the relationship between the marketing surface viewed by diffusion agencies and the resistance surface offered by potential adopters, and 3) the sequence of communication systems associated with different stages of the diffusion process. By focusing upon behavioral aspects of diffusion rather than upon rigidly defined structural aspects, the consistency of each regulari...
Parallel image reconstruction for 3D positron emission tomography from incomplete 2D projection data

The problem of excessive computational time in 3D Positron Emission Tomography (3D PET) reconstruction is defined, and we present an approach for solving this problem through the construction of an inexpensive parallel processing system and the adoption of the FAVOR algorithm. Currently, the 3D reconstruction of the 610 images of a total body procedure would require 80 hours and the 3D reconstruction of the 620 images of a dynamic study would require 110 hours. An inexpensive parallel processing system for 3D PET reconstruction is constructed from the integration of board level products from multiple vendors. The system achieves its computational performance through the use of 6U VME four i860 processor boards, the processor boards from five manufacturers are discussed from our perspective. The new 3D PET reconstruction algorithm FAVOR, FAst VOlume Reconstructor, that promises a substantial speed improvement is adopted. Preliminary results from parallelizing FAVOR are utilized in formulating architectural improvements for this problem. In summary, we are addressing the problem of excessive computational time in 3D PET image reconstruction, through the construction of an inexpensive parallel processing system and the parallelization of a 3D reconstruction algorithm that uses the incomplete data set that is produced by current PET systems.
The role of angiotensin, AT1 and AT2 receptors in the pressor, drinking and vasopressin responses to central angiotensin.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) given centrally produces an increase in blood pressure and motivation to drink. The physiological mechanisms that mediate the pressor response include release of vasopressin (AVP) and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Using 2 new Ang II receptor antagonists, we were able to investigate the role of AT1 or AT2 receptors in mediating these effects. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated in the lateral ventricle and 5 days later catheterized in the carotid artery for blood pressure measurements. All experiments were carried out in conscious rats. Three treatments were given intraventricularly (i.v.t.), in 2 μl artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) at 30 min intervals: (1) 50 ng Ang II, (2) 0.7 μg AT1 antagonist Losartan or 7.0 μg AT2 antagonist PD123177, followed by 50 ng Ang II, and (3) 50 ng Ang II, to test for recovery. Blood pressure and drinking measurements were recorded. Also, blood samples for assay of AVP were drawn at 1 or 3 min post-injection in 2 separate groups of rats. We found that both Losartan and PD123177 significantly reduced release of AVP to Ang II 1 min post-injection. Losartan significantly blocked the pressor response (P < 0.001), while PD123177 had no significant effect. Drinking was also antagonized by Losartan (P < 0.05) and reduced (n.s.) by PD123177. The results suggest that the pressor response to Ang II (i.v.t.) is predominantly AT1 mediated, while the drinking and AVP responses may be mediated by both receptor subtypes.
Continued evaluation of the effects of a sclerosing agent on odontogenesis.

Abstract The effects of sodium tetradecyl sulfate on odontogenesis have been studied in a monkey sacrificed 3 years 2 months after the first injection of this sclerosing agent.
Properties and Transforming Activities of Two Plasmids in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Two plasmids from group B streptococcus were introduced into pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) and examined for copy number, stability, and some features of the process by which they transform pneumococcal recipients. The 3.6 Mdal pMV158 (tet) was present at a minimum of 12 to 16 copies per chromosome and was never observed to be cured. The 20 Mdal pIP501 (cat erm) had a minimum copy number of 3 to 4 per chromosome and was lost spontaneously at a frequency near 0.03 per division. The presence of novobiocin increased this frequency 2 to 3-fold. Competence for chromosomal transformation and the membrane endonuclease needed for normal DNA entry were required for plasmid transformation. Plasmid transformants segregated transformed cells one generation ahead of chromosomal transformants. Both single and multiple hit components of the transformation reaction kinetics were observed, but the latter could not be seen in the presence of competing chromosomal DNA. The majority of the transforming activity behaved as covalently closed circular DNA in dye-buoyancy gradients. Although most of the activity for both plasmids sedimented in sucrose gradients more rapidly than did monomeric closed circular DNA, a significant fraction was found at a position suggesting that it may have been due to monomeric plasmids.
Measurement of Attenuation with Airborne and Ground-Based Radar in Convective Storms Over Land and Its Microphysical Implications

Observations by the airborne X-band Doppler radar (EDOP) and the NCAR S-band polarimetric (S-Pol) radar from two field experiments are used to evaluate the surface reference technique (SRT) for measuring the path integrated attenuation (PIA) and to study attenuation in deep convective storms. The EDOP, flying at an altitude of 20 km, uses a nadir beam and a forward pointing beam. It is found that over land, the surface scattering cross-section is highly variable at nadir incidence but relatively stable at forward incidence. It is concluded that measurement by the forward beam provides a viable technique for measuring PIA using the SRT. Vertical profiles of peak attenuation coefficient are derived in two deep convective storms by the dual-wavelength method. Using the measured Doppler velocity, the reflectivities at the two wavelengths, the differential reflectivity and the estimated attenuation coefficients, it is shown that: supercooled drops and (dry) ice particles probably co-existed above the melting level in regions of updraft, that water-coated partially melted ice particles probably contributed to high attenuation below the melting level.
Correlation effects in the capacitance of a gated carbon nanotube

For a capacitor made of a semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) suspended above a metallic gate, Coulomb correlations between individual electrons can lead to a capacitance that is much larger than the geometric capacitance. We argue that when the average spacing ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ between electrons within the low-density one-dimensional electron gas (1DEG) in the CNT is larger than the physical separation $d$ between the CNT and the gate, the enhancement of capacitance is expected to be big. A recent experiment [J. Waissman et al., Nature Nanotechnol. 8, 569 (2013)], however, has observed no obvious increase of capacitance even at very low electron density. We show that this smaller capacitance can be understood as the result of the confining potential produced by the potential difference between the source/drain electrodes and the gate, which compresses the 1DEG when the electron number decreases. We suggest that by profiling the potential with the help of multiple split gates, one can return to the case of a uniform 1DEG with anomalously large capacitance.
Velocity distributions and volume flow rates in the nip and translational regions of a co-rotating, self-wiping, twin-screw extruder

Abstract Velocity measurements were carried out in the nip and translational regions of a co-rotating, self-wiping, twin-screw extruder using laser Doppler anemometry. Significantly higher values of axial and tangential velocity components were measured in the nip region, indicating that the fluid accelerated as it moved through the nip. The local volume flow rates in the nip and translational regions were calculated from the measured velocity field. The volume flow rate in the nip was about four times higher than that in the translational region, indicating the positive displacement character of the nip region. The total volume flow rate calculated over the entire cross-section of the extruder was in agreement with the experimentally measured volume flow rate.
Technology for the high-volume manufacturing of integrated surface-micromachined accelerometer products

Since the inception of silicon surface micromachining more than fifteen years ago, the technology has successfully emerged from academic research and has found practical applications in many high-volume sensor products. The integration of on-chip electronics, in particular, represents the highest level of technological accomplishment to date in surface micromachining technology. The integrated approach offers tremendous performance enhancements while presenting numerous challenges to actual production implementation. This paper uses the Analog Devices accelerometer product series as an example to review the integrated surface micromachining technology and the practical solutions to overcome many of its challenges for high-volume manufacturing.
CMOS-based monitoring of contact events up to 4 MHz in ohmic RF MEMS switches

This paper presents an ultra-low power, fully electronic methodology for real-time monitoring of the contact events of ohmic RF MEMS switches. The measurement is based on a resistive readout circuit composed of 67 transistors with a 105 µm × 105 µm footprint. This is coupled with a novel implementation of a single-crystal silicon switch capable of operating from DC- 40 GHz. The CMOS readout electronics tap the RF circuitry through two 1.6 kΩ resistors that add negligible insertion loss to the switch. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that timing information for the switch contact behavior is accurately measured for all consecutive bounce events that occur during the time it takes for the switch to come to a fully closed state (25–30 µs). A simple one-dimensional contact model agrees to within 10–20% with the measured landing times. In addition, a finite contact duration of 2–3 µs for each landing is accurately captured experimentally. This demonstrates the potential of this technique to real-time on-chip dynamic monitoring of contacts for packaged RF MEMS switches through their entire lifetime and after their integration in the final system.
"Mesenchymal" chondrosarcoma, a rare malignant chondroid tumor usually primary in bone. Report of a case arising in extraskeletal soft tissue.

The eighteenth case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is presented and the literature is reviewed. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a distinct entity and differs from the usual variety of chondrosarcoma by its extremely unfavorable course, its predilection for the flat bones and its relatively frequent origin in extraskeletal tissues. The unique histopathologic features of this neoplasm are described and its accurate differentiation from neoplasms with which it may be confused is discussed. Because of its lethal nature, initial radical resection, if technically feasible, is believed to be justified.
Pilot study of gefitinib and fulvestrant in the treatment of post-menopausal women with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Introduction Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has been detected in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and tumor specimens. The ER down-regulator, fulvestrant, blocked estradiol-stimulation of tumor growth and gene transcription in NSCLC preclinical models and showed additive effects with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib. The safety and tolerability of combination therapy with the EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib, and fulvestrant was explored. Methods Post-menopausal women with advanced NSCLC received gefitinib 250 mg po daily and fulvestrant 250 mg IM monthly. Results Twenty-two patients were enrolled. Eight patients had adenocarcinoma, six NSCLC-NOS, four squamous cell, and four BAC. Seven patients were never-smokers. Eight patients received ≥2 lines of prior chemotherapy, six received one prior chemotherapy, and eight were treatment-naive. One patient experienced grade 4 dyspnea possibly related to treatment; all other grade 3/4 toxicities were unrelated to treatment. Twenty patients were evaluable for response: three partial responses (PRs) were confirmed (response rate of 15%, 95% CI: 5–36%). The median progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and estimated 1-year OS were 12 weeks (3–112 weeks), 38.5 weeks (7–135 weeks), and 41% (95% CI: 20–62%), respectively. Survival outcomes did not differ by prior lines of therapy. A subset analysis revealed that OS in the eight patients whose tumors exhibited at least 60% ERβ nuclear IHC staining measured 65.5 weeks, while that of the five patients with ERβ staining of less than 60% was 21 weeks. One patient with bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and a PR had an EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21. There was no correlation between ERβ IHC expression and histology or smoking history. Conclusions Combination therapy with gefitinib and fulvestrant in this population was well tolerated and demonstrated disease activity.
Thermal stabilities of polyanilines

Abstract Thermal stabilities of chemically synthesized polyaniline insulating and conducting forms which are doped with external and internal dopants have been studied by thermogravity (TG). The insulating forms have higher stability than their corresponding conducting forms. Polyaniline doped externally by HCl shows two major weight losses: The first loss is assignedto removal of water and dopant, and the second one is attributed to the decomposition of the backbone. Polyaniline doped internally by -SO3H only shows one major weight loss up to 600 °C; the doping level is stabilized by -SO3H covalently bonded ob the backbone. Preliminary data suggest that the covalently bonded sulfonic groups on the polyaniline chain increase the stability of polyaniline backbone for both conducting and insulating forms.
Phenobarbital modifies seizure‐related brain injury in the developing brain

To investigate the potential role of drug therapy in preventing or exacerbating seizure-related brain injury in the prepubescent brain, we administered kainic acid to rats at postnatal day 35. Therapy with daily phenobarbital was started directly before or 1 day after kainic acid was administered, and was continued through postnatal day 153. Rats receiving phenobarbital had therapeutic concentrations during most of the 24-hour dosing period, but also experienced supratherapeutic peak concentrations. The animals were subsequently tested using the water maze (a measure of visuospatial memory), open field (a measure of activity level), and handling tests (a measure of emotionality). The frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures was monitored during and after phenobarbital therapy. Kainic acid resulted in status epilepticus on postnatal day 35 in all the rats that received it but those receiving phenobarbital first manifested a shorter and less severe status epilepticus as compared to the rats given kainic acid alone. Rats starting phenobarbital immediately before kainic acid was administered did not differ from control rats on behavioral testing and had no subsequent spontaneous recurrent seizures and no histological lesions. Rats receiving kainic acid alone performed significantly poorer than did control rats in the water maze, were more aggressive, had histological lesions, and manifested spontaneous recurrent seizures. As compared to the group treated only with kainic acid, rats receiving kainic acid followed by phenobarbital at postnatal days 36 to 153 manifested similar aggressiveness and histological lesions, similar frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures after phenobarbital taper, and even greater disturbances in memory, learning, and activity level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The new microelectronic processing technology: a review of the state-of-the-art

This paper discusses advances in the lithographic process. Emphasis will be on resist modelling, developing, and removal methods. Next, the various dry etching techniques are presented. The rest of the paper discusses processing advances outside the category of dry processing. This includes lift-off patterning, ion implantation techniques, laser annealing, RF annealing, and plasma deposition.
A Comparison of Eimeria Oocysts Isolated from Litter and Fecal Samples from Broiler Houses at Two Farms with Different Management Schemes During One Growout

Eimeria oocyst populations were monitored in broiler houses on two farms during a growout and prior to the placement of new chicks on the same litter. Numbers of oocysts in litter were enumerated at Weeks 0, 5, 6, 7, and 9 and in feces at Weeks 5,6, and 7 in broiler houses with different management practices (both farms had identical coccidiostat programs but Farm A had a history of poor performance whereas Farm B had excellent performance records). On Farm A the number of oocysts in litter increased (P < .05) at the time of slaughter (Week 7) and placement of a subsequent flock (Week 9) when compared with Day 0. The number of oocysts in feces on Farm A also increased (P < .05) from Week 5 to 7. On Farm B there were no differences in numbers of oocysts in litter or feces over time. Farm B had (P < .05) lower numbers of oocysts in litter than Farm A at Week 7. The number of oocysts in feces from Farm B were consistently lower (P < .05) than Farm A at Weeks 5, 6, and 7. There were no differences in the species of Eimeria in litter between farms; however, there were differences in the species composition over time. Small (Eimeria mitis) and medium (primarily Eimeria acervulina) oocysts increased significantly over time, whereas the large oocysts (Eimeria tenella and Eimeria brunetti) and Eimeria maxima did not change over time. An increase (P < .05) in large oocysts was observed in fecal samples from Farm A over time.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of agoraphobia: paradoxical intention vs self-statement training.

Abstract Twenty-six agoraphobics were randomly assigned to either Paradoxical Intention (PI) or Self-Statement Training (SST) which consisted of 12 weekly 90-min group sessions with 4–5 patients per group. Major assessments were carried out at pre-treatment, 6th week and 12th week of treatment, and at 1- and 6-month follow-ups. Measures included clinical ratings of severity of condition, phobia, anxiety and depression. Furthermore, a behavioral test was administered during which changes in subjective units of discomfort and cognitions were assessed. The results indicated statistically-significant improvement over time with both treatments. ANCOVAs performed revealed superior effects on several agoraphobia measures for the PI condition at post-treatment. However, by the 6-month follow-up assessment, the groups were equivalent due to marked improvement during the follow-up phase in the SST condition. Cognitive changes were marked by a decrease in self-defeating statements without concomitant increase in coping statements. These results and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Rehearsal strategy as a function of recall expectation

The subjects were divided into three groups with respect to their expectations concerning a recall task given after the final trial of the usual STM distractor procedure. Group 1 were told only that they would have to recall during each trial's recall interval, thus did not expect to have to recall again. Group 2 were told that they would have to recall all the words presented in the experiment at the end of the last trial, in addition to the trial-by-trial recall. Group 3 were told only that they would have to recall after all words had been presented and they sat passively through the presentation trials. In addition to their recall expectations, half of the subjects in each group received a 2-s presentation and half received a 5-s presentation interval. It was found that the length of the presentation interval had an effect on the number of words recalled at the end of all trials, but recall expectancy did not. However, expectancy did determine the rehearsal strategies of subjects and hence the serial ...
Treatment Strategies in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis and Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Data now suggest that current strategies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should focus on early identification and diagnosis, followed by early initiation of DMARD therapy. Initiation of treatment in early RA—ideally, less than 3–6 months after symptom onset—improves the success of achieving disease remission and reduces joint damage and disability. While the optimal treatment regimen in early RA is unclear, use of initial DMARD mono- or combination therapy with prompt escalation to achieve low disease activity or remission is an appropriate approach. Ultimately, the goal of RA management should be the prevention of inflammatory joint disease and, thereby, prevention of disability. To date, studies have shown that pharmacologic interventions can delay progression from undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis to classifiable RA. However, further investigation is needed to identify asymptomatic individuals at high risk for future RA and to intervene early enough in the pathogenesis of RA to prevent progression to clinical disease.
The date and authorship of Robert Grosseteste's Rules for Household and Estate Management

Grosseteste's Rules is canonically dated 1240–2 arguing thus: the countess of Lincoln, for whom the work was written, was a widow since only widows needed a manual concerning matters not pertinent to married noble women. The one widowed countess of Lincoln during Grosseteste's episcopate (1235–53) was widowed in 1240 and remarried in 1242. Given, however, the activities of married noblewomen, and the appearance of other unmarried countesses of Lincoln during Grosseteste's pontificate, the treatise is datable only to 1235–53. Pace& Dr. Dorothea Oschinsky, Grosseteste also had the capacity to write the Rules, and so presumably wrote it.
Multilayer Thermionic Refrigeration

A new method of refrigeration is proposed. Efficient cooling is obtained by thermionic emission of electrons over Schottky barriers between metals and semiconductors. Since the barriers have to be thin, each barrier can have only a small temperature difference $(\ensuremath{\sim}1\mathrm{K})$. Macroscopic cooling is obtained with a multilayer device. The same device is also an efficient generator of electrical power. A complete analytic theory is provided.
Interfacing the System Evaluation Method LSP with E-commerce Web Sites

For many people faced with a tough purchasing decision, the research tool of choice is a web browser. Search engines solve the general problem of finding relevant data, however it is up to the user to sort, filter, and evaluate it. Decision support methods such as LSP can turn raw data into formal evaluations, but they are generally disconnected from the Web - the most up-to-date, widely-used, and convenient source of data available. This paper demonstrates how LSP can be connected to the Web, so that live data from e-commerce web sites can be used in consumer-oriented system evaluations.
An assessment of the behavior of the population structure parameter, θ, at the CODIS loci

Abstract The population structure parameter, θ, is important in the calculation of forensic DNA match probabilities. In this work, we use the Phase I HapMap dataset to examine the behavior of θ in chromosomal regions containing CODIS loci. This data supports the premise that the same value of θ can be used for all CODIS loci, but suggests that some CODIS loci, most noticeably vWA and D13S317, may occur in genomic regions where natural selection may be causing violations from the usually adopted neutral model.
Surface complexation modeling of Hg(II) adsorption at the goethite/water interface using the charge distribution multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) model.

Abstract Hypothesis Previous attempts to describe Hg(II) adsorption onto mineral surfaces using surface complexation models (SCMs) have proven unsuccessful and/or require the use of hypothetical surface species. Given that metal ion adsorption at the mineral–water interface is greatly influenced by mineral surface heterogeneity and the presence of competing adsorbates in solution, it stands to reason that estimating the crystal face composition (CFC) of the mineral surface and the extent of carbonate contamination in the experimental system will improve SCM predictions. Experiments The Charge Distribution Multi-Site Complexation (CD-MUSIC) model was used to simulate experimental Hg(II) adsorption data, collected on the iron hydroxide mineral goethite, in the presence and absence of competing adsorbates and complexing ligands as a function of pH and ionic strength. The CFC of each goethite sample studied was predicted using a newly discovered relationship between goethite’s proton reactive site density (NH) and specific surface area (SSA). Carbonate’s presence in the experimental systems was determined utilizing a novel methodology developed in this work. Findings The CD-MUSIC model developed in this study accurately predicted Hg(II) adsorption onto goethite over the entire range of experimental conditions investigated while only employing surface species consistent with spectroscopic evidence.
Effects of yohimbine and naltrexone in counteraction of the morphine Straub tail and the amphetamine-potentiated morphine Straub tail in mice.

Abstract The alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, yohimbine, prevented the production of the morphine Straub tail reaction in mice, although on a mg dose basis it was only about 1 400 as potent as the narcotic antagonist naltrexone by subcutaneous injection. Likewise, yohimbine prevented the potentiation of the morphine Straub tail reaction by amphetamine, being about 1 170 as active as naltrexone. Preliminary studies with another alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, indicated that it also inhibited the production of the Straub tail reaction by morphine, although it appeared to be somewhat weaker than yohimbine in this respect. These results suggest the involvement of alpha-adrenergic mechanisms in the production of the morphine Straub tail reaction and in the potentiation of the morphine Straub tail reaction by amphetamine.
The Wickelgren Power Law and the Ebbinghaus Savings Function

Wayne Wickelgren, who died on November 2, 2005, after a longbattle with Lou Gehrig’s disease, studied the time course offorgetting more assiduously and more effectively than anyonesince Hermann Ebbinghaus. In a classic article, Wickelgren(1974) derived an equation that is remarkable in several re-spects, including in its ability to characterize the famous Eb-binghaus (1885/1913) savings function. Under typical conditions,Wickelgren’s power law reduces tom ¼ lð1 þbtÞ
Tuned mass dampers for response control of torsional buildings

This paper presents an approach for optimum design of tuned mass dampers for response control of torsional building systems subjected to bi-directional seismic inputs. Four dampers with fourteen distinct design parameters, installed in pairs along two orthogonal directions, are optimally designed. A genetic algorithm is used to search for the optimum parameter values for the four dampers. This approach is quite versatile as it can be used with different design criteria and definitions of seismic inputs. It usually provides a globally optimum solution. Several optimal design criteria, expressed in terms of performance functions that depend on the structural response, are used. Several sets of numerical results for a torsional system excited by random and response spectrum models of seismic inputs are presented to show the effectiveness of the optimum designs in reducing the system response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical evaluation of students of nursing: a step toward quality nursing practice.

The methodology described in this manuscript was developed during the period that the Albright College Nursing Program was supported in part by Public Health Service Training Grant Number D10 NU 00609 from the Division of Nursing.
Lithographic patterning on polydimethylsiloxane surfaces using polydimethylglutarimide

We present a method for high fidelity lithographic patterning on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces employing traditional cleanroom equipment and commercially available materials that overcomes previous problems in PDMS processing. To illustrate this method, an electrostatically actuated microfluidic pump and rectangular diffraction gratings were fabricated on PDMS.
Comparative Performance of Optical-Radar Detection Techniques

The statistical performances of energy- and heterodyne-detection techniques in pulsed optical radar applications are compared. The results show that, under conditions frequently encountered in practice, energy-detection can provide the better target-detection capability, in spite of the far greater complexity of the heterodyne receiver. The velocity-measurement capability of an energy-detection system can also be superior from the point of view of the error probabilities achieved. The advantages of the more complex and critical heterodyne technique lie in its vastly superior velocity-resolution capability and in its superior performance in very noisy environments.
Ecological correlates of trap response of a Neotropical forest rodent, Proechimys semispinosus

Patterns of trap response in the Central Anmerican spiny rat (Proechirnys seniispitioslis), a frugivorous forest rodent, were examined in relation to age, sex, density and resource abundance. Populations on four small islands (designated nunmbers 4, 8, 14, anid 52) in Gatuni Lake (central Panama) were sampled by live-trapping for four nights every month for four years. Trappability was calculated as the proportion of all individuals known to be alive that were actually captured. Mean body mass at first capture was within the range of subadult body masses and differed among islands but not between sexes. Trappabilities summed over the entire study were generally low and differed among islands and age classes (juveniles, subadults and adults) and between sexes. In general, adults were more trappable than juveniles and subadults, and fenmales (particularly adults) were more trappable than males. Trappability and the nunmber of captures per individual varied seasonally and were generally greatest during December and January. Monthly estimates of these two variables were examined for autocorrelation, and the order of the autoregressive error model was determined separately for each island population. The arcsine of trappability anid the number of captures per individual were regressed on log,0 densities of spiny rats and of fruiting trees and lianias after controlling for autocorrelation. Both trappability indices were negatively related to the density of fruiting trees and lianas on islands 8 and 14, indicating that spiny rats may be seasonally food-stressed. The number of captures per individual was related positively to the density of spiny rats on island 52 and negatively on island 8. Results indicate that spiny rat populations must be sampled with greater intensity and duration than temperate forest rodenits.
SU-E-J-260: Dose Recomputation Versus Dose Deformation for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Lung Tumors: A Dosimetric Study

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy between recomputed dose and deformed dose for stereotactic body radiation therapy in lung tumors. Methods: Two non-small-cell lung cancer patients were analyzed in this study, both of whom underwent 4D-CT and breath-hold CT imaging. Treatment planning was performed using the breath-hold CT images for the dose calculation and the 4D-CT images for determining internal target volumes. 4D-CT images were reconstructed with ten breathing amplitude for each patient. Maximum tumor motion was 13 mm for patient 1, and 7 mm for patient 2. The delivered dose was calculated using the 4D-CT images and using the same planning parameters as for the breath-hold CT. The deformed dose was computed by deforming the planning dose using the deformable image registration between each binned CT and the breath-hold CT. Results: For patient 1, the difference between recomputed dose and deformed mean lung dose (MLD) ranged from 11.3%(0.5 Gy) to 1.1%(0.06 Gy), mean tumor dose (MTD) ranged from 0.4%(0.19 Gy) to −1.3%(−0.6 Gy), lung V20 ranged from +0.74% to −0.33%. The differences in all three dosimetric criteria remain relatively invariant to target motion. For patient 2, V20 ranged from +0.42% to −2.41%, MLD ranged from −0.2%(−0.05 Gy) to −10.4%(−2.12 Gy), and MTD ranged from −0.5%(−0.31 Gy) to −5.3%(−3.24 Gy). The difference between recomputed dose and deformed dose shows strong correlation with tumor motion in all three dosimetric measurements. Conclusion: The correlation between dosimetric criteria and tumor motion is patient-specific, depending on the tumor locations, motion pattern, and deformable image registration accuracy. Deformed dose can be a good approximation for recalculated dose when tumor motion is small. This research is supported by Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc and Iowa Center for Research By Undergraduates
Osanai Kaoru's Dilemma: “Amateurism by Professionals” in Modern Japanese Theatre

In Tokyo in 1909, Osanai Kaoru staged Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman, thereby launching the Japanese modern theatre, shingeki, New Theatre. But many of Kaoru's actors were kabuki-the "old theatre." The implications of a new, art theatre performed by traditional actors until now has not been thoroughly analyzed.What were Osanai's "contradictory" ideas about "professional amateurism"? How did modernity cause epistemological tensions in modern Japanese theatre?
Enzymes of ammonia assimilation in legume nodules: A comparison between ureide‐ and amide‐transporting plants

Levels of amide and ureide biogenic enzymes were compared in the plant cytosol fractions of root nodules from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr., cv. Williams), pintobean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) and Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Frost). Enzymes of purine oxidation were found to be present in significant quantities only in ureide-transporting pintobean and soybean nodules. The levels of these enzymes were low in lupin, but this amide-exporter had significantly higher levels of asparagine synthetase. Enzymes of de novo purine biosynthesis and glycine biosynthesis were present at higher levels in pintobean and soybean, consistent with a role for de novo purine biosynthesis in ureide biogenesis. The low levels of these enzymes in lupin are consistent with a role in general purine and amino acid metabolism in these nodules, not directly related to the synthesis of transport compounds for fixed atmospheric nitrogen. Amino acid concentrations in soybean, pintobean and lupin nodules reflected the metabolic differences between amide and ureide plants. The comparative data presented are consistent with a pathway of ureide biogenesis using glutamine, glutamate and aspartate synthesized via reactions catalyzed by glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and aspartate aminotransferase in the de novo synthesis of purines followed by oxidation of these purines to produce the ureides allantoin and allantoic acid.
Heats of adsorption of Pb on pristine and electron-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) by microcalorimetry

Abstract The heat of adsorption and sticking probability were measured for Pb gas atoms adsorbing onto clean poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and electron-irradiated PMMA. The Pb atoms interact very weakly with the outgassed pristine PMMA surface, with a sticking probability of 0.02 ± 0.02. They deposit a heat into the PMMA of 12.7 ± 0.7 kJ/mol of dosed Pb, independent of Pb exposure up to 10 ML. This is slightly less than would be expected even if no Pb atoms stuck to the PMMA, but if they completely thermally accommodated to the substrate temperature during their collision with the surface. This proves that thermal accommodation is incomplete, highlighting the weakness of the Pb–PMMA interaction. Damaging the PMMA surface with electrons causes an increase in reactivity with Pb, as shown by increases in the initial heat of adsorption up to 134.0 ± 0.7 kJ/mol and the initial sticking probability up to 0.51 ± 0.01. These both increase with increasing coverage toward the values expected for Pb adsorption onto a bulk Pb surface with coverage dependences suggesting that metal islands nucleate at electron-induced defects, and grow into large 3D islands of low number density. This is the first calorimetric measurement of any metal adsorption energy onto any polymer surface wherein the sticking probability of the metal also was measured. The PMMA film was spin coated directly onto the heat detector, a pyroelectric polymer foil (polyvinylidene fluoride—PVDF) precoated on both sides with thin metal electrodes. It provides a detector sensitivity of ∼450 V/J with a pulse-to-pulse standard deviation of 1.2 kJ/mol and absolute accuracy within 2%.
Dislocation-Based Plasticity for Impact Loading in Solids

In this paper, a dislocation-based plasticity model is formulated in the framework of continuum mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics for solids under high strain rates. Specifically, the formation of a dislocation network behind the shock front, associated plastic flow, resulting heating due to plastic work, and evolution of the morphology of the polycrystalline structure are modeled. The associated changes of dynamic strength or yield stress with the increasing shock strength due to nucleation of dislocations at the shock front are modeled. The microstructural characteristics of the dislocation network are modeled by selected internal state variables. The irreversible nonequilibrium processes at high strain rates are modeled by selected nonequilibrium state variables and their evolution equations. The results clearly show the increased localized heating due to increased dynamic strength and the associated plastic flow.
An Empirical Analysis of Test Oracle Strategies for Model-Based Testing

Model-based testing is a technique to design abstract tests from models that partially describe the system's behaviour. Abstract tests are transformed into concrete tests, which include test input values, expected outputs, and test oracles. Although test oracles require significant investment and are crucial to the success of the testing, we have few empirical results about how to write them. With the same test inputs, test oracles that check more of the program state have the potential to reveal more failures, but may also cost more to design and create. This research defines six new test oracle strategies that check different parts of the program state different numbers of times. The experiment compared the six test oracle strategies with two baseline test oracle strategies. The null test oracle strategy just checks whether the program crashes and the state invariant test oracle strategy checks the state invariants in the model. The paper presents five main findings. (1) Testers should check more of the program state than just runtime exceptions. (2) Test oracle strategies that check more program states do not always reveal more failures than strategies that check fewer states. (3) Test oracle strategies that check program states multiple times are slightly more effective than strategies that check the same states just once. (4) Edge-pair coverage did not detect more failures than edge coverage with the same test oracle strategy. (5) If state machine diagrams are used to generate tests, checking state invariants is a reasonably effective low cost approach. In summary, the state invariant test oracle strategy is recommended for testers who do not have enough time. Otherwise, testers should check state invariants, outputs, and parameter objects.
Of Babies and Bathwater: Reduction in Perceptual Science. Review of Toward a New Behaviorism: The Case against Perceptual Reductionism, by W. R. Uttal

Abstract William R. Utall is an experimental psychologist who currently is Professor of Engineering at Arizona State University. He received his Ph.D. in 1957 from Ohio State University and has been on the staff of the IBM Watson Research Center, Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, and Program Director at the Naval Ocean Systems Center in Hawaii. Professor Utall has written more than 15 books and 125 articles. Stephen E. Palmer received his Ph.D. in psychology from University of California at San Diego in 1975 under the direction of Donald A. Norman and David E. Rumelhart. Since then he has been a member of the Psychology Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He has also been the Director of the Institute for Cognitive Studies and Director of the undergraduate major in cognitive science at Berkeley for the past 10 years. A member of the Society of Experimental Psychologists and a former editor of Cognitive Psychology , he is the author of Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology , a comprehensive resource and textbook about vision (MIT Press, 1999).