cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical analysis of II–VI alloys and structures for tandem PV

This study focuses on the development of an optical property database through spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis of II–VI polycrystalline alloy thin films for tandem photovoltaics. The materials of interest for the active layer components in this application include top cell Cd 1-x Mg x Te and bottom cell Hg x Cd 1-x Te. Such materials are being explored for use in current-matching two-terminal -- as well as four-terminal -- device configurations. With complete optical properties tabulated for the alloys and for the other device components, including transparent back contacts of doped ZnTe for the top cells and transparent interconnect junctions of In 2 O 3 :Sn between cells, tandem designs can be developed that not only optimize thicknesses of the components but also minimize optical losses to ensure highest performance. Initial quantum efficiency simulations have been performed in this study that exemplify this strategy.
Optimization method for permanent-magnet structures

A nonlinear optimization method useful for designing permanent-magnet structures is presented. The method determines an optimal arrangement of magnetic material so that the magnitude of the remanence is spatially uniform and the field generated by the magnet satisfies a set of prescribed linear constraints. In addition, it is shown how to impose auxiliary conditions on the remanence in order to simplify a magnet's fabrication. A uniform magnitude of the remanence is necessary if a magnet is to be constructed out of a single type of magnetic material.
ACTH-Induced Renal Glomerular Disease in Intact, Adrenalectomized and Castrate Male Mice.∗:

SummaryIn 3 experiments of balanced design the ability of ACTH to produce renal glomerular disease in intact and adrenalectomized male mice was determined. The effects of castration on ACTH-induced glomerulnephritis were studied and the disease in males and females compared. Adrenalectomized mice were given 35 or 50 μg of hydrocortisone-acetate daily. Four units of ACTH daily for 10 days was used. ACTH-induced glomerular lesions exhibit marked increases in intercapillary mesangial material and deposition of intensely PAS+ material in the mesangial matrix and axial capillaries, and peripheralization and ballooning of capillaries. Four I.U. of ACTH daily induced the severest glomerular disease in non-adrenalectomized males, less in adrenalectomized mice and was unaffected by the presence or absence of the testes. ACTH affected the glomeruli of intact and adrenalectomized male and female mice similarly with respect to control values. Two preparations of ACTH, one assaying 60-80 and the other 110 I.U. per mg,...
On certain nets of plane curves

1. The plane quartic curves which pass through twelve fixed points g, of which no three lie on a straight line, no six on a conic and no ten on a cubic, form a net of quartics represented by the equation
Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen: Variations Within Individuals, Between Sexes, and Within Populations Raised on Monotonous Diets

Abstract The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen of seven bones from each of three rabbits raised on a monotonous diet, and of two bones from each of eight female and seven male mink raised on another monotonous diet, were determined. The ranges of δ13C values and δ15N values were 0·5‰ and 0·6‰ for the rabbit bones and 1·0‰ and 1·4‰ for the mink bones. Uncertainties in the δ13C and δ15N values for prehistoric human diets estimated from the isotopic composition of collagen from the small numbers of bones which are typically available for analysis, and thus likely to be of the order of ±1‰.
Coordinated Genome-Wide Modifications within Proximal Promoter Cis-regulatory Elements during Vertebrate Evolution

There often exists a ‘‘one-to-many’’ relationship between a transcription factor and a multitude of binding sites throughout the genome. It is commonly assumed that transcription factor binding motifs remain largely static over the course of evolution because changes in binding specificity can alter the interactions with potentially hundreds of sites across the genome. Focusing on regulatory motifs overrepresented at specific locations within or near the promoter, we find that a surprisingly large number of cis-regulatory elements have been subject to coordinated genome-wide modifications during vertebrate evolution, such that the motif frequency changes on a single branch of vertebrate phylogeny. This was found to be the case even between closely related mammal species, with nearly a third of all location-specific consensus motifs exhibiting significant modifications within the human or mouse lineage since their divergence. Many of these modifications are likely to be compensatory changes throughout the genome following changes in protein factor binding affinities, whereas others may be due to changes in mutation rates or effective population size. The likelihood that this happened many times during vertebrate evolution highlights the need to examine additional taxa and to understand the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of protein–DNA interactions.
The Influence of Mucus Microstructure and Rheology in Helicobacter pylori Infection.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), has evolved to survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach and colonize on the epithelial surface of the gastric mucosa. Its pathogenic effects are well known to cause gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In order to infect the stomach and establish colonies on the mucus epithelial surface, the bacterium has to move across the gel-like gastric mucus lining of the stomach under acidic conditions. In this review we address the question of how the bacterium gets past the protective mucus barrier from a biophysical perspective. We begin by reviewing the molecular structure of gastric mucin and discuss the current state of understanding concerning mucin polymerization and low pH induced gelation. We then focus on the viscoelasticity of mucin in view of its relevance to the transport of particles and bacteria across mucus, the key first step in H. pylori infection. The second part of the review focuses on the motility of H. pylori in mucin solutions and gels, and how infection with H. pylori in turn impacts the viscoelastic properties of mucin. We present recent microscopic results tracking the motion of H. pylori in mucin solutions and gels. We then discuss how the biochemical strategy of urea hydrolysis required for survival in the acid is also relevant to the mechanism that enables flagella driven swimming across the mucus gel layer. Other aspects of the influence of H. pylori infection such as, altering gastric mucin expression, its rate of production and its composition, and the influence of mucin on factors controlling H. pylori virulence and proliferation are briefly discussed with references to relevant literature.
Nurses' visual scanning patterns during the medication administration process

Quality of care is important in health care systems, and reducing medication errors is an effective approach to improve health care quality because medication errors are not rare and can cause adverse patient outcomes. Current researchers have adopted contextual, macro level methods to study the medication administration process, but the association between cognitive factors and the nurses' abilities to identify medication errors remains unclear. We used visual scanning patterns to study how nurses complete the medication administration process. In our study, we focused on a specific type of visual scanning pattern: nurses' two fixation scanpaths. We sought to find links between whether nurses identifies a patient identification error while administering a medication and their two fixation scanpaths. The data used in this study was collected in an experiment conducted at a Western Massachusetts hospital. Nurse participants wore an eye tracking device to record their eye movements while they performed a simulated medication administration process. We coded the eye tracking videos and analyzed the generated sequence data based on whether nurses identified a patient identification error during the process. We found that two fixation scanpaths are different between the two groups of nurses, those who identified the error and who did not. This finding may have implications for the design of medication administration protocol development.
Error Probability for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access Communications--Part I: Upper and Lower Bounds

Upper and lower bounds on the average probability of error are obtained for direct-sequence spread-spectrum multipleaccess communications systems with additive white Gaussian noise channels. The bounds, which are developed from convexity properties of the error probability function, are valid for systems in which the maximum multiple-access interference does not exceed the desired signal and the signature sequence period is equal to the duration of the data pulse. The tightness of the bounds is examined for systems with a small number of simultaneously active transmitters. This is accomplished by comparisons of the upper and lower bounds for several values of the system parameters. The bounds are also compared with an approximation based on the signal-to-noise ratio and with the Chernoff upper bound.
Compensation for Research-Related Injuries Involving Human Participants

Compensation for research-related injuries involving human participants has emerged as an indeterminate area in the bioethics arena. Although present guidelines require that institutions provide adequate assurances regarding compensation for research-related injuries, the specifics of what the assurances should consist of are unclear. For instance, important factors including which injuries are covered and who is responsible for payment are determined on an institutional basis. Further, there is no predetermined consensual language that qualifies as sufficient. Accordingly, institutions are left with little guidance in formulating their individual compensation policies. And, as one might imagine, various types of policies have emerged. Utilizing an empirical approach, this paper highlights recent developments in the realm of compensation for research-related injuries, identifies and analyzes current applications of compensation policies and recommends appropriate language for varying degrees of compensation.
Real alerts and artifact classification in archived multi-signal vital sign monitoring data: implications for mining big data.

Huge hospital information system databases can be mined for knowledge discovery and decision support, but artifact in stored non-invasive vital sign (VS) high-frequency data streams limits its use. We used machine-learning (ML) algorithms trained on expert-labeled VS data streams to automatically classify VS alerts as real or artifact, thereby “cleaning” such data for future modeling. 634 admissions to a step-down unit had recorded continuous noninvasive VS monitoring data [heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) at 1/20 Hz, and noninvasive oscillometric blood pressure (BP)]. Time data were across stability thresholds defined VS event epochs. Data were divided Block 1 as the ML training/cross-validation set and Block 2 the test set. Expert clinicians annotated Block 1 events as perceived real or artifact. After feature extraction, ML algorithms were trained to create and validate models automatically classifying events as real or artifact. The models were then tested on Block 2. Block 1 yielded 812 VS events, with 214 (26 %) judged by experts as artifact (RR 43 %, SpO2 40 %, BP 15 %, HR 2 %). ML algorithms applied to the Block 1 training/cross-validation set (tenfold cross-validation) gave area under the curve (AUC) scores of 0.97 RR, 0.91 BP and 0.76 SpO2. Performance when applied to Block 2 test data was AUC 0.94 RR, 0.84 BP and 0.72 SpO2. ML-defined algorithms applied to archived multi-signal continuous VS monitoring data allowed accurate automated classification of VS alerts as real or artifact, and could support data mining for future model building.
Accurate 3D Nanoscale Imaging of Dipole-like Emitters

Engineered point spread functions and modern image processing enable optical microscopes to measure the 3D position and orientation of single molecules with nanoscale precision and accuracy. Recent developments in methodologies and applications are discussed.
Blood Losses in Experimental Intestinal Strangulations and Their Relationship to Degree of Shock and Death.

SummaryData are submitted on 38 animals in which 4 types of strangulation obstruction were produced and followed until death ensued in 3 of the 4 groups. In Group 11, the strangulated loops were resected before death, at a time when the animals appeared moribund.In the first 2 groups in which the veins were occluded, the arteries were patent or only partially occluded. In these groups the animals apparently died from loss of blood into the bowel and peritoneal cavity. In the last 2 groups in which the arterial occlusion was complete the animals lived about 4 times as long, and undoubtedly died from factors other than the loss of whole blood. Just what caused death in these last 2 groups we are unable to say at this time.
Replication Rhumba & Translation Tango: Active Learning Exercises for Introductory Biology

Active learning exercises can help students understand and remember complex, three-dimensional processes. By modeling molecular processes with their bodies, students gain an appreciation for the three-dimensional nature of these processes and the physical sequence of events that constitute them. The exercises presented here focus on DNA replication and the translation of mRNA into amino acid sequences, multistep processes that require specific series of events. The exercises help students appreciate the spatial and temporal frameworks of these essential cellular functions. They can be incorporated into classes when these concepts are introduced or used as review exercises for exams.
Endoventricular purse-string reconstruction technique:early and long term results

Objective:To reconstruct left ventricle with a modified technique in patients with left ventricular aneurysm and evaluate early and long term results.Methods:In 1995 we initiated to use a no-patch technique in patients with dyskinetic left ventricular aneurysm.A total of 145 patients underwent left ventricular reconstruction with this technique from Nov.1995 to Dec.2005 and were followed up successfully.Risk factors for early mortality were analyzed by bivariate analyses.Cox's proportional hazard model was used to calculate risk factors for all cause death and readmission.Kaplan-Meier curve was employed to analyze long term survival and readmission-free survival.Results:One week after operation,the left atrial diameter and left ventricular end diastolic diameter decreased.At the same time,left ventricular ejection fraction increased.The early mortality was 2.8%;the long term mortality was 11.0%.During the follow-up period,the rate of readmission was 27.6%.Survival analysis exhibiting the probability of survival at one,five years after operation was 95% and 86%.The probability of readmission-free survival at one and five years after operation was 87% and 60%,respectively.Conclusion:This technique of left ventricular reconstruction without patch is an effective and concise procedure which can achieve satisfying early and long term results in patients with left ventricular aneurysm.
Prothrombin, thromboplastin, Ac-globulin and platelet accelerator: quantitative interrelationships.

Activators of purified prothrombin may be divided into two groups: those which have thromboplastin activity, and those which have accelerator or thromboplastin co-factor activity. The two kinds of activators work together to convert prothrombin rapidly. Alone they are not very effective. Experimentally, either thromboplastin or accelerator activity can be made the limiting factor in thrombin formation. Then, by increasing the concentration of the essential activator, the rate of prothrombin conversion is increased. The thrombin yield is at first increased, but later it is independent of activator concentration. This basic relationship describing rate and quantity of thrombin yield applies to thromboplastin, plasma Ac-globulin, serum Ac-globulin and very probably to platelet accelerator. When both activators are present in limited quantity the rate of prothrombin conversion can be increased by adding either thromboplastin or accelerator. Under those conditions they are quantitatively interchangeable.
Reduction of Microorganisms on Beef Surfaces Utilizing Electricity.

The effects of continuous electrical current, pulsed electrical current, and voltage level on aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and Salmonella typhimurium on top round beef steaks were examined. Electrical stimulation (620 v) for 20 and 60 s decreased (P<.05) coliform bacteria counts by an average of 81% (0.7 log CFU/cm 2 ) compared to untreated steaks. Compared to non-sprayed steaks, coliform counts were lower (P<.05) for steaks to which 3 ml of sterile deionized water was applied before electrical stimulation. Steaks subjected to 3, 6, 12 and 24 pulses (400 v/2.5 cm) reduced (P<.05) S. typhimurium counts compared to those on untreated steaks. A voltage level of 1,200 v/2.5 cm reduced (P<.05) the numbers of S. typhimurium by 82% compared to steaks that received no electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation reduces numbers of bacteria present on beef surfaces
Ponticulocarpus, a new cornute-grade stylophoran from the Middle Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah

Four specimens of a new cornute-grade stylophoran Ponticulocarpus robisoni new genus and species are described from the Spence Shale of northern Utah. Ponticulocarpus has wide and thin spinal and glossal processes interpreted as a mechanism for snowshoeing in a soft substrate. The presence of a posterior bar across the inferior posterior lobe, and two small bridges connecting the left adoral to M′2 on the superior face and connecting M1 to M3 on the inferior face are unique in cornute-grade stylophorans. The posterior bar may be homologous with the posterior marginals M′5 and M6 of other cornute-grade stylophorans, and an opening of the most posterior portion of the theca may have resulted in the development of the digital and glossal processes from marginals.
Causes of false-negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma in urine cytology

Introduction The Paris System for classifying urine cytology emphasizes identification of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). The causes of false-negative urine cytologies (UC) within this system are not well described. Material and Methods We identified 660 cases between 2005 and 2013 with both UC and subsequent cystoscopic biopsies. UC were classified as either Negative for HGUC or “Abnormal” (“Atypical”, “Suspicious”, and “Malignant”). Apparent false-negative cases were reviewed in a nonblinded fashion by two cytopathologists and two subspecialized genitourinary pathologists. Results A total of 199 of the 660 cases (30%) were histologically diagnosed as HGUC. The UC were “Abnormal” in 170/199 cases (sensitivity/specificity of 86%/71%). Twenty four apparent false negative cases were available for retrospective review. Five of 24 (21%) cystoscopic biopsies were found not to be HGUC on review (one false positive and four low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC on review). Of the remaining 19 UC, 7 (29%) cytology samples were found to be truly negative on review, 11 (46%) were found to be Atypical, and 1 (4%) suspicious. Of the 12 UC that were at least “Atypical” with histologic HGUC on review: six misses (half) were attributed to obscuring inflammation/blood, four to poor preservation, eight to paucity of abnormal cells, and 1 case to interpretive error; many cases demonstrated overlapping reasons. Conclusion About one fifth of apparent false negative diagnoses for HGUC can be because of overdiagnosis of HGUC by surgical pathologists. If poor preservation or obscured samples are called nondiagnostic, the sensitivity/specificity of UC for HGUC can be as high as 94%/71%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:994–999. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An NAD+-dependent transcriptional program governs self-renewal and radiation resistance in glioblastoma

Accumulating evidence suggests cancer cells exhibit a dependency on metabolic pathways regulated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Nevertheless, how the regulation of this metabolic cofactor interfaces with signal transduction networks remains poorly understood in glioblastoma. Here, we report nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting step in NAD+ synthesis, is highly expressed in glioblastoma tumors and patient-derived glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). High NAMPT expression in tumors correlates with decreased patient survival. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of NAMPT decreased NAD+ levels and GSC self-renewal capacity, and NAMPT knockdown inhibited the in vivo tumorigenicity of GSCs. Regulatory network analysis of RNA sequencing data using GSCs treated with NAMPT inhibitor identified transcription factor E2F2 as the center of a transcriptional hub in the NAD+-dependent network. Accordingly, we demonstrate E2F2 is required for GSC self-renewal. Downstream, E2F2 drives the transcription of members of the inhibitor of differentiation (ID) helix-loop-helix gene family. Finally, we find NAMPT mediates GSC radiation resistance. The identification of a NAMPT-E2F2-ID axis establishes a link between NAD+ metabolism and a self-renewal transcriptional program in glioblastoma, with therapeutic implications for this formidable cancer.
Evaluation of General Characteristics of Local Isolates Helicobacter pylori Bacterium that Causing Acute and Hemorrhage Peptic Ulcer in Adults

This study was amid to isolate, identify and study the genomic profile of hemorrhage and acute peptic ulcer infections by Helicobacter pylori bacterium in patients at the age (40- 60 year). Two techniques for identification of the infection by H. pylori were used, invasive and non invasive. Blood and faeces specimens were examined directly in hospital for specific antibody and antigen detection. One hundred and twenty biopsies specimens were used for the fast urea tests and. A new medium (ZAN-1) was prepared also other types of media were modified to be suitable for bacterial growth and isolation. Virulent factors such as time of color change in the fast urea solution by urease activity and ammonia production were studied, also specific shape was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Other tests such as lecithinase test, oxidase, catalase and blood hemolysis were done for identification of this bacterium. Two isolates were selected to represent the hemorrhage and acute infections. Hemorrhage isolate exhibited different characters especially in blood hemolysis and lecithinase activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that acute isolate is more resistant than hemorrhage. The results of genomic profile indicated the absence of the plasmids and the virulent factors were of chromosomal source.
Efficient facial expression recognition using adaboost and haar cascade classifiers

Image processing frameworks are focusing towards the use of computer vision techniques in human PC collaboration and feeling investigation through a space mapping between the constant feeling and an arrangement of discrete feeling classes. While accomplishing great execution, the most productive component space and characterization system for Face Expression Recognition (FER) stay obscure because of absence of correlation study. The Adaboost Algorithm is quickly clarified and executed in our program. This study enhances the acknowledgment exactness and the execution time of facial expression recognition framework.
Antibribery efforts in Brazil.

In 1997, Brazil signed the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions. Since then, the country has been working diligently to enact legislation to fight bribery in international business and has subjected itself to the peer review process of the Working Group of the OECD Convention. Despite significant strides, there’s still a long way to go. Large protests in 2014 and 2015 against government corruption throughout Brazil added visibility and a sense of urgency to the country’s antibribery efforts, while a recent corruption case involving Brazil’s own national oil company Petrobas underscores that work remains in implementing and, more importantly, enforcing antibribery laws.
Functionalization of peptide nucleolipid bioconjugates and their structure anti-cancer activity relationship studies

Abstract In the search for more potent peptide-based anti-cancer conjugates the generation of new, functionally diverse nucleolipid derived D-(KLAKLAK)2-AK sequences has enabled a structure and anti-cancer activity relationship study. A reductive amination approach was key for the synthesis of alkylamine, diamine and polyamine derived nucleolipids as well as those incorporating heterocyclic functionality. The carboxy-derived nucleolipids were then coupled to the C-terminus of the D-(KLAKLAK)2-AK killer peptide sequence and produced with and without the FITC fluorophore for investigating biological activity in cancer cells. The amphiphilic, α-helical peptide-nucleolipid bioconjugates were found to exhibit variable effects on the viability of MM.1S cells, with the histamine derived nucleolipid peptide bioconjugate displaying the most significant anti-cancer effects. Thus, functionally diverse nucleolipids have been developed to fine-tune the structure and anti-cancer properties of killer peptide sequences, such as D-(KLAKLAK)2-AK.
Abstract 4402: CHTM1, a novel protein linked to cellular metabolism and human malignancy

Several lines of emerging evidence indicate that alterations in metabolism are linked to pathogenesis of human malignancies. However, more studies are needed to completely understand the link between tumorigenesis and metabolism. In this context, we have characterized a novel protein named CHTM1 (Coiled-coil Helix Tumor and Metabolism 1) that appears to be associated with cancer and cellular metabolism. Per our findings, CHTM1 was present in cytosol as well as mitochondria. CHTM1 knockdown in human cancer cell lines caused oxidative stress, and decrease in cellular oxygen consumption and mitochondrial ATP levels, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. In view of the importance of mitochondria to nutrient stress, the effect of CHTM1 deficiency on human cancer cells in glucose-deprived conditions was also analyzed. The results indicated that CHTM1-deficient cells became more sensitive to glucose deprivation and exhibited altered cellular metabolism involving down regulation of PKC-CREB-PGC1 alpha signaling events. CHTM1 expression was also found to be increased in patient samples representing breast, colon and lung cancers when compared to their respective matching normal tissues. Based on our findings, we propose CHTM1 to be a valuable tumor marker that can also be developed as a target for novel therapeutics particularly those that exploit cellular metabolism to mediate their effects. Citation Format: Mansi Babbar, Ying Huang, M Saeed Sheikh. CHTM1, a novel protein linked to cellular metabolism and human malignancy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4402. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4402
Debating Sex and Gender in Eighteenth-Century Spain

Eighteenth-century debates continue to set the terms of modern day discussions on how 'nature and nurture' shape sex and gender. Current dialogues - from the tension between 'real' and 'ideal' bodies, to how nature and society shape sexual difference - date back to the early modern period. Debating Sex and Gender is an innovative study of the creation of a two-sex model of human sexuality based on different genitalia within Spain, reflecting the enlightened quest to promote social reproduction and stability. Drawing on primary sources such as medical treatises and legal literature, Vicente traces the lives of individuals whose ambiguous sex and gender made them examples for physicians, legislators and educators for how nature, family upbringing, education, and the social environment shaped an individual's sex. This book brings together insights from the histories of sexuality, medicine and the law to shed new light on this timely and important field of study.
Deep Invasion Ecology and the Assembly of Communities in Historical Time

A critical component of – and a limitation on – interpreting community structure is a detailed understanding of the ecological and evolutionary history of the assemblage of species in question. There are thus compelling reasons to understand, and seek to measure, how communities have changed over both evolutionary (geological) and ecological (historical) time. Vast waves of change have swept across the Earth in the past one to two millennia as waves of humans invaded across the planet in sequential episodes of exploration, colonization, and urbanization. As an expected and inexorable result of human activity, alterations in biodiversity have impacted terrestrial, freshwater, and marine communities. These alterations include the addition of species (invasions), the deletion of species (extinctions), and altered population dynamics (such as decreasing or increasing the abundance of a species, or altering genetic structure). In even seemingly “pristine” areas – such as wave-exposed high-energy rocky intertidal shores – it is no longer tenable to assume that communities and ecosystems have remained unaltered, in part because of supply-side impacts – impacts that are the indirect cascades of human activity originating outside of the area in question (e.g., Butman et al. 1995; Chap. 7, Johnston et al.). Three (among a number of) reasons drive the interest to understand the first of these alterations – the role of invasions in historical time:
Complement protein C1q modulates lipoprotein metabolism in macrophage foam cells

In the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged, modified, low density lipoproteins (LDL), which accumulate in lipid droplets or defective lysosomes, generating macrophage foam cells which contribute to plaque instability and rupture. C1q, the recognition component of the classical complement cascade, opsonizes modified forms of LDL such as oxidized LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages. C1q has been shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo and shown to improve macrophage foam cell survival in vitro. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that plays a role in cellular survival and is an important process in many phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that C1q modulates macrophage lysosomal maturation during ingestion of oxLDL and increases autophagy in an atheroprotective manner to improve macrophage survival. Levels of autophagy initiation and elongation proteins, Beclin 1 and Atg5, are not modulated by C1q, but levels of autophagosome-associated proteins, LC3B-II and p62, were increased in immunoblot. Quantitative PCR revealed that the increase in p62 protein levels was not due to an increase in transcription. Immunofluorescence microscopy verified that the increase in LC3B and p62 by C1q resulted in an increase in autophagosome formation during oxLDL clearance. TEM verified the formation of double membrane vesicles. C1q also increased lysosomal acidification in macrophages during ingestion of oxLDL. These atheroprotective alterations to lipoprotein metabolism may be important in slowing disease progression, and provide insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.
The effects of two assistive technologies on reading comprehension accuracy and rate

This study compared the effectiveness of two assistive technologies to accommodate the word reading skills of four middle school students with reading learning disabilities. Kurzweil 3000 is a continuous text-to-speech (TTS) computer software program that allows students to follow along on a computer monitor while passages are read aloud. A reading pen is a discontinuous TTS assistive technology (AT) device that allows students to scan and hear selected words read aloud. An adapted alternating treatments design was implemented to compare the effects of listening-while-reading using continuous TTS AT, discontinuous TTS AT, and silently reading without accommodation on reading comprehension accuracy and rate. Results indicate that in three of the four participants, continuous TTS technology led to the greatest improvements in both comprehension accuracy and rate when compared to silent reading with effect sizes reaching 0.70 and 0.99, respectively. The fourth participant demonstrated the highest comprehension accuracy and rate in the discontinuous TTS condition. The discontinuous TTS condition led to the lowest comprehension rates across all four students. Additionally, participants generally found the continuous TTS AT to be the more acceptable of the two accommodations. Discussion focuses on possible theoretical explanations for the results and implications for future research.
Morphological Control of InxGa1–xP Nanocrystals Synthesized in a Nonthermal Plasma

We explore the growth of InxGa1–xP nanocrystals (x = 1, InP; x = 0, GaP; and 1 > x > 0, alloys) in a nonthermal plasma. By tuning the reactor conditions, we gain control over the morphology of the final product, producing either 10 nm diameter hollow nanocrystals or smaller 3 nm solid nanocrystals. We observe the gas-phase chemistry in the plasma reactor using plasma emission spectroscopy to understand the growth mechanism of the hollow versus solid morphology. We also connect this plasma chemistry to the subsequent native surface chemistry of the nanocrystals, which is dominated by the presence of both dative- and lattice-bound phosphine species. The dative phosphines react readily with oleylamine in an L-type ligand exchange reaction, evolving phosphines and allowing the particles to be dispersed in nonpolar solvents. Subsequent treatment by HF causes the solid InP1.5 and In0.5Ga0.5P1.3 to become photoluminescent, whereas the hollow particles remain nonemissive.
Structure, Organization, and Development of the Mucosal Immune System of the Respiratory Tract

Abstract The respiratory tract is served by a variety of lymphoid tissues, including the tonsils, adenoids, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), as well as the lymph nodes that drain the upper and lower respiratory tract. Each of these tissues uses unique mechanisms to acquire antigens and respond to pathogens in the local environment and supports immune responses that are tailored to protect those locations. This chapter will review the important features of NALT and BALT and define how these tissues contribute to immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
Intelligence and Personality

Chalke and Ertl (1965) were the first to report evoked-potential correlates of intelligence. They compared the latencies of visually-evoked responses, recorded from bipolar leads placed over the left motor area, in three groups of subjects: 33 students with superior IQ’s; 11 subjects with IQ’s in the “low-average” range; and 4 mental retardates with IQ’s ranging from 50 to 65. Three of the five latencies measured (peaks at 142 to 374 msec) yielded significant differences between the groups; the less intelligent subjects had longer latencies. Although their findings are of great interest, they are subject to criticism on several grounds. The retardate group was small. Age was poorly controlled and sex not stated. The averaging technique was somewhat unorthodox, as was lead placement. However, Chalke and Ertl noted that the latency measurements obtained with their technique agreed well with those obtained with a digital averager, and they selected their lead placement with the idea of “maximizing the input—output delay and thus to enhance the possibility of actually measuring central processing time.”
Flood Damage-Frequency Analysis of an Urbanizing Watershed

The impact of urbanization resulted in serious flooding problems in the Beargrass Creek basin, which lies principally in the City of Louisville, Kentucky. The watershed is 60.9 square miles in size with the South Fork and Middle Fork as the two principal streams draining into the Ohio River. In order to mitigate the damage due to flooding, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District undertook a study in 1973 to evaluate the existing and future flood damage potential in the watershed. Using the Clarks Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph approach and the rainfall events associated with the maximum annual flood events over the period of record (1941–1973), a flood-frequency analysis was carried out for both the present (1973) and future conditions (1990). Future flood conditions were simulated using projected Unit Hydrograph parameters and the historical rainfall record. The year 1990 was selected since the watershed is expected to be completely urbanized by that time. Backwater profiles were developed using Army Corps of Engineers HEC-2 program in order to establish flood elevation-frequency curves in selected reaches. Using this information, flood damage-frequency curves, both under existing and projected conditions, were derived.
Taking Play Seriously: Videogames, Play, and Mimesis through Plato’s Laws and Republic

In the final exchange of the first book of Plato’s Laws, the Athenian Stranger advances a claim that the best way to test the souls of individual is by observing them at play. The centrality of play for the education of citizens is at the heart of Plato’s final work. And yet, even with such a strong claim at the outset of the dialogue, the role of play is far from settled in the dialogue itself. There is an ongoing tension between ideas of playfulness and seriousness that complicate exactly what the Athenian Stranger might mean when he turns our attention several times to the importance of games and play throughout the dialogue. The image that we get of the relationship between videogames, play, and the political community becomes even blurrier when we consider the relationship between play and mimesis, a concept with its own fraught position in the work of Plato (particularly the Republic). Nevertheless, bringing together a conceptual understanding of both play and mimesis is precisely what I propose in this paper in order to clarify the concerns about videogames that we have heard publicly expressed since the end of the 20th century. Although I adopt the lens of trying to make sense of contemporary calls for censorship of videogames in the context of American public discourse, the primary focus of this paper is furthering our understanding of the political relevance of games and play. In what follows, with the help of Plato throughout, I look to first articulate an understanding of the importance of the relationship between games, play, and the political community; then, I elaborate on the problems and benefits inherent to that relationship for the individual and the political community; finally, I suggest how that relationship might be modified with the increased structure to the mimetic qualities of contemporary videogames by positing that videogames exist as highly-structured mimetic play.
Management of Stage T1 Superficial Bladder Cancer with Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy

We reviewed our results with 86 patients who had a pretreatment history of a stage T1 tumor. All patients were treated with transurethral resection of all visible tumor followed by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and many patients received additional maintenance therapy. Local recurrences were treated with repeat transurethral resection followed by additional BCG. Median followup was 59 months, with a range of 9 to 149 months. Overall, 78 of 86 patients (91%) were free of tumor recurrence with BCG therapy. This result includes 69% of the patients who responded to the initial transurethral resection and intravesical BCG, and 22% who ceased having tumors after additional treatments for local recurrences. Only 7% of the patients had progression to stage T2 tumors after BCG therapy. Grade of the stage T1 tumor, concurrent carcinoma in situ and tumor multiplicity before BCG did not predict tumor recurrence or progression. Of patients with recurrences after BCG therapy, those with stage T1 tumors had a higher rate of progression compared to those with stage Ta tumors but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.086). These data clearly support the efficacy of transurethral resection plus intravesical BCG immunotherapy in the treatment of stage T1 tumors as well as in the prevention of disease progression.
Theories of Rules, Sets, and Classes

In this chapter we will discuss Feferman’s theories of rules and classes, and some variants of them invented by the author. These theories are based on the theory EON described in Chap. VI. We add to EON a unary predicate S(x) to denote, as in IZF, “x is a set”. This does not mean, however, that we have the same notion of “set” in mind as when formulating IZF. Feferman deliberately used the words “classification” or “class” instead; the difference between “class” and “set” will be discussed below. Given the formal set-up just described, the question that has to be answered is What are appropriate set-existence axioms?
Surgical Management of Advanced Kidney Cancer: The Role of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Lymphadenectomy.

Despite the evolution of systemic therapy from the immunotherapy to targeted therapy eras, surgical management remains a mainstay of treatment of patients with locally advanced, lymph node–positive, and distant metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Balancing patient and disease characteristics with the potential morbidity of surgery has gained increasing attention to better define the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy. In this review, we critically evaluate the literature for the potential therapeutic role of cytoreductive nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy in advanced kidney cancer, highlighting current evidence, limitations, and best-management practices. Although retrospective data supported a similar survival benefit for cytoreductive nephrectomy in the targeted therapy era as it did for the initial immunotherapy era (1992 to 2006), level 1 evidence from the randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Importance of Nephrectomy (CARMENA) demonstrated no benefit for intermediate- and poor-risk p...
A Brief History of Mindfulness for Application in Neurology and for Prevention of Burnout. (P5.315)

Objective: A historical study of the background, needs, and evolution of Mindfulness. Background: Understanding evolution is important to understand the real meaning of mindfulness. Confusion exists about what this is and what is the link to a religion, resulting in aversion to the methods. Design/Methods: An extensive modern literature search including English translations of the Pali cannon of Buddhist scripts. Results: Buddha preached mindfulness in India about 25 centuries ago to monks and nuns. The purpose was to lessen suffering by mastering the causes of suffering. The four foundations were body-awareness, sensation-awareness, feeling-awareness and thought awareness. For the first component, a constant awareness of breathing activities was stressed as an essential step. In 1960s, exiled or immigrated Buddhist monks from Tibet and Vietnam, such as Suzuki, Thich Nhat hanh, chogyam Trungpa and Dalai Lama brought mindfulness to America. It was still a religious method. Jon Kabat-Zinn can be regarded as the pioneer for teaching MBSR, without the tinge of religion to students in the University of Massachusetts. Several branches of such training established in various parts of the US owe to the Boston club. MBCT was the creation of three clinical psychologists, Teasdale (Cambridge), Williams (Oxford) and Segal (Canada) based on neuro-scientific theories of Barnard and Teasdale from Cambridge. The methods, well popularized, are now finding their use in patients with chronic pain, depression, anxiety, ALS, Epilepsy and neuromuscular diseases. Mindfulness is in focus for its role in mastering thoughts, improving Emotional Intelligence, improving a sense of well-being and inter-professional relationship, decreasing conflicts. It goes a long way in dwarfing de-personalization which if unabated, paves the road to blocking critical thinking and leading to Burnout. Conclusions: Mindfulness has been delinked with any particular religion. The modern concept is a western one, and is being used with increasing interest by psychologists and neurologists of the day. Study Supported by: None. Disclosure: Dr. Bandyopadhyay has nothing to disclose.
Spectacle Wear in Toddlers: Frequency of Wear and Impact of Treatment on the Child and Family

Purpose We assessed the frequency of spectacle wear and impact of spectacle treatment in toddlers. Methods Children 12 to <36 months old with significant refractive error were provided spectacles. After 12 (±6) weeks, parents reported the frequency of spectacle wear and completed the Amblyopia Treatment Index (ATI, modified for spectacle treatment). Factor analysis assessed usefulness of ATI for spectacle treatment. Spectacle wear and ATI results were compared across age (1- vs. 2-year-olds) and sex. Results Participants were 91 children (60% male; mean age, 22.98 [SD 6.24] months, 41 1- and 50 2-year-olds) prescribed spectacles for astigmatism (92%), hyperopia (9%), or myopia (1%). Reported frequency of wear was low (<2 hours/day) in 41%, moderate in 23% (2 to <6 hours/day), and high (≥6 hours/day) in 36% and did not differ across age or sex. ATI factor analysis identified three subscales: adverse effects, treatment compliance, and perceived benefit. One-year-olds had poorer scores on adverse effects (P = 0.026) and treatment compliance scales (P = 0.049). Low frequency of spectacle wear was associated with poorer scores on treatment compliance (P < 0.001) and perceived benefit scales (P = 0.004). Conclusions Frequency of spectacle wear was not related to age or sex. Younger children may have more difficulty adjusting to treatment. Parents of children with low spectacle wear reported less perceived benefit of treatment. Translational Relevance Data on factors associated with frequency of spectacle wear in toddlers is valuable for parents and clinicians and may lead to methods to improve compliance and reduce the negative impact of treatment.