cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of noise-parameter measurement strategies: Simulation results for amplifiers

A previously developed simulator for noise-parameter measurements has been used in an extensive investigation and comparison of different measurement strategies for measuring the noise parameters of low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). This paper summarizes the methodology and reports the salient results of that investigation. The simulator is based on a Monte Carlo program for noise-parameter uncertainties and enables us to compare the uncertainties (both type A and type B) obtained with a given set of input terminations. We focus on results that do not depend (or depend only weakly) on details of the device under test (DUT). One noteworthy result is the marked improvement in the noise-parameter measurement uncertainties when a matched, cold (i.e., well below ambient noise temperature) source is included in the set of input terminations.
The welfare costs of worker displacement

Abstract Recent work has documented the large persistent earnings losses associated with the displacement of high tenure workers. In this paper, we assess the welfare costs of this risk, assuming that workers do not have access to insurance markets. We find that the cost is substantial, on the same order of magnitude as the cost associated with unemployment risk. We also argue that long duration unemployment insurance is likely to exacerbate this cost, and that government-financed severance payments are a far more effective way of dealing with the displacement risk
Interim analysis of a phase II study of induction weekly paclitaxel/carboplatin regimens followed by maintenance weekly paclitaxel for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract This multi-institutional randomized phase II study was designed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of three different weekly paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) and carboplatin schedules in patients with advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. The second part of the trial evaluated the role of maintenance weekly paclitaxel for those with response or stable disease after 16 weeks of initial treatment. Patients in arm 1 received paclitaxel 100 mg/m2/wk for 3 weeks along with carboplatin (area under the curve of 6) on day 1 every 4 weeks. The treatment in arm 2 was the same as in arm 1 except that carboplatin was also administered weekly (area under the curve of 2) for 3 weeks. Patients in arm 3 received paclitaxel 150 mg/m2/wk and carboplatin (area under the curve of 2 per week) during the second 8-week cycle. The total duration of this initial therapy was 16 weeks. All regimens were well tolerated. Arm I has the best therapeutic index and will exceed the median survival seen in previous phase III trials with traditional schedules of paclitaxel and carboplatin.
Cloning of a Higher-Plant Plastid [omega]-6 Fatty Acid Desaturase cDNA and Its Expression in a Cyanobacterium

Oligomers based on amino acids conserved between known plant [omega]-3 and cyanobacterium [omega]-6 fatty acid desaturases were used to screen an Arabidopsis cDNA library for related sequences. An identified clone encoding a novel desaturase-like polypeptide was used to isolate its homologs from Glycine max and Brassica napus. The plant deduced amino acid sequences showed less than 27% similarity to known plant [omega]-6 and [omega]-3 desaturases but more than 48% similarity to cyanobacterial [omega]-6 desaturase, and they contained putative plastid transit sequences. Thus, we deduce that the plant cDNAs encode the plastid [omega]-6 desaturase. The identity was supported by expression of the B. napus cDNA cyanobacterium. Synechococcus transformed with a chimeric gene that contains a prokaryotic promoter fused to the rapeseed cDNA encoding all but the first 73 amino acids partially converted its oleic acid fatty acid to linoleic acid, and the 16:1(9c) fatty acid was converted primarily to 16:2(9c,12) in vivo. Thus, the plant [omega]-6 desaturase, which utilizes 16:1(7c) in plants, can utilize 16:1(9c) in the cyanobacterium. The plastid and cytosolic homologs of plant [omega]-6 desaturases are much more distantly related than those of [omega]-3 desaturases.
Commensal Bacteroides Species Induce Colitis in Host-Genotype-Specific Fashion in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The intestinal microbiota is important for induction of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is associated with complex shifts in microbiota composition, but it is unclear whether specific bacterial subsets induce IBD and, if so, whether their proportions in the microbiota are altered during disease. Here, we fulfilled Koch's postulates in host-genotype-specific fashion using a mouse model of IBD with human-relevant disease-susceptibility mutations. From screening experiments we isolated common commensal Bacteroides species, introduced them into antibiotic-pretreated mice, and quantitatively reisolated them in culture. The bacteria colonized IBD-susceptible and -nonsusceptible mice equivalently, but induced disease exclusively in susceptible animals. Conversely, commensal Enterobacteriaceae were >100-fold enriched during spontaneous disease, but an Enterobacteriaceae isolate failed to induce disease in antibiotic-pretreated mice despite robust colonization. We thus demonstrate that IBD-associated microbiota alterations do not necessarily reflect underlying disease etiology. These findings establish important experimental criteria and a conceptual framework for understanding microbial contributions to IBD.
Nutrition education needs and services among American Indians participating in a federal food assistance program

Abstract This study presents data on the nutrition education needs and services among a nationally representative sample of American Indians participating in the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) during September 1989. A multi-stage, stratified sample design was utilized, and 757 FDPIR households completed interviews. Three focus groups, composed of FDPIR household members responsible for food selection and preparation, also were conducted. Over half of all households participating in the program had at least one adult with one or more nutrition-related health problems, and more than one out of four households had at least one member who was supposed to be on a special diet. FDPIR Program Directors and focus group participants independently identified these same health problems as issues of importance to their reservations. However, focus group participants demonstrated misconceptions about diet and health, a lack of information related to improving dietary habits, frustration in changing dietary practices, and a need for more health and nutrition education. The 30 local FDPIR programs included in this study allocated an average of 5% of their administrative funds to nutrition education. Over 25% of the programs reported no nutrition education budget. Nineteen programs reported nutrition education personnel expenditures. With few exceptions, these staff had little or no formal training in either health or nutrition. The focus of nutrition education activities usually was limited to distributing commodity recipes and cookbooks, and demonstrating how to prepare foods. The nutrition education needs identified in this article go beyond the scope of FDPIR nutrition education services being provided or required by Federal regulations. Federal and tribal program changes are necessary to ensure that adequate nutrition education services are available through FDPIR.
Imaging of vascular remodeling after simulated thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair

Objective A better understanding of the response of the spinal cord blood supply to segmental artery (SA) sacrifice should help minimize the risk of paraplegia after both open and endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic (TAA) aneurysms. Methods Twelve female juvenile Yorkshire pigs were randomized into 3 groups and perfused with a barium–latex solution. Pigs in group 1 (control) had infusion without previous intervention. Pigs in group 2 were infused 48 hours after ligation of all SAs (T4-L5) and those in group 3 at 120 hours after ligation. Postmortem computed tomographic scanning of the entire pig enabled overall comparisons and measurement of vessel diameters in the spinal cord circulation. Results We ligated 14.5 ± 0.8 SAs: all filled retrograde to the ligature. Paraplegia occurred in 38% of operated pigs. A significant increase in the mean diameter of the anterior spinal artery (ASA) was evident after SA sacrifice ( P Conclusions Remodeling of the spinal cord blood supply—including dilatation of the ASA and proliferation of small collateral vessels—is evident at 48 and 120 hours after extensive SA sacrifice. It is likely that exploitation of this process will prove valuable in the quest to eliminate paraplegia after TAA aneurysm repair.
Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra in sputtered a -Si:H

We report measurements of the time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of sputtered $a$-Si:H. The dependence of ${E}_{p}$, the peak energy of the luminescence spectrum, on time for 10 ns $t0.1$ ms, is discussed for samples produced under different conditions and characterized by other property measurements. A feature in ${E}_{p}(t)$ for 10 ns $t$0.5 $\ensuremath{\mu}s$ is observed and attributed to an electron-hole Coulomb contribution. The excitation energy dependence of ${E}_{p}(t)$ is also measured and discussed.
The constraints of Hume's naturalism

It was exactly 100 years ago that Norman Kemp Smith (or Smith as he then called himself) published a two-part article in Mind called 'The Naturalism of Hume'(Smith 1905). It gave the outlines of a new understanding of what Smith saw as the enduring significance of Hume's philosophy. And it amounted to a defence of Hume against what was then the dominant and largely unsympathetic interpretation. That view was perhaps best represented by the detailed exposition and unrelenting attack of Green. Green had called Hume many things,1 but never a naturalist. According to Green, Hume's philosophical achievement was completely negative: he explicitly reduced the already unbelievable conceptions of thought and experience to be found in Locke and Berkeley to their absurd and paradoxical consequences. He showed only that on that basis we can know nothing of any external world of connected, enduring bodies or events or processes, and nothing of any thinking, active beings, even including ourselves. We can have no reason to believe in any such things; there is nothing to be found in any world we can make sense of beyond the momentary impressions and ideas that pass fleetingly into and out of our awareness. Green was one of the two editors of what for many years was the standard edition of Hume's collected philosophical works. In the long introduction he wrote to those works Green launched an uncompromising diatribe against everything he took Hume to believe. Why Green thought anyone would ever want to read the volumes he had so laboriosly edited if he was right about what they contain is a question he did not try to answer. An answer of sorts was given sixty years after Green, still very much in the same spirit, by Prichard of Oxford, who said:
HBCI: human-building-computer interaction

Buildings account for a large portion of the world's total delivered energy consumption. With smartphones becoming increasingly ubiquitous and sensor networks growing more mature, buildings can provide personalized and context-aware services to an occupant while minimizing energy consumption. This paper proposes the architecture of a Human-Building-Computer Interaction system that connects the building to its occupants by bridging the gap between the digital and physical worlds. We present our instantiation of an HBCI system, which is composed of an Android mobile application, a number of RESTful services in the cloud, and physical objects co-located with QR tags. We show that, with this system, a user can increase personal comfort within a building while reducing energy usage.
Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from several Drosophila species.

This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) fromDrosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (α-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from aD. melanogaster line carrying the α-GpdhS allele at the α-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult α-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain α-GPDH protein fromD. melanogaster (two lines),D. hydei, D. immigrans, andD. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities betweenD. melanogaster α-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
IFNγ mediates DUOX2 expression via a STAT-independent signaling pathway

The biological roles of the dual oxidases, DUOX1 and DUOX2, are dependent upon the tissue in which they are expressed. However, the mechanisms that control DUOX expression in these tissues are largely unexplored. Given the known role of DUOX for host defense in the gut and respiratory tract, we characterized potential mechanisms that control DUOX2 expression in response to interferon gamma (IFNγ) in respiratory tract epithelium. We discovered that IFNγ-mediated DUOX2 expression was regulated by a STAT-independent, JAK-independent pathway. These data provide insights into a novel IFNγ signaling pathway with potential importance for regulation of host defense responses.
Adding machines and endpoints

Abstract In this paper we consider continuous maps on graphs. We give sufficient conditions for a point in the inverse limit space to be a local endpoint in terms of the dynamics of f . In particular we explore the relationship between the existence of adding machine dynamics and local endpoints.
Gravel sources of knappable alibates silicified dolomite

Alibates silicified dolomite is one of the principal knappable lithic materials indigenous to the Southern High Plains. Prehistorically, this material was extensively quarried along the Canadian River in Potter County, Texas. Some of these quarries are preserved in what is now the Alibates National Monument. Archaeologists working in Oklahoma traditionally interpret artifacts of Alibates silicified dolomite as evidence for long distance trade. However, a survey of three transects across the Canadian's valley in western Oklahoma reveals the persistent, but minor, presence of Alibates clasts in gravel deposits. Thirty-nine gravel exposures yielded 1365 clasts of the dolomite. The abundance, size, shape, and knappability of this material is comparable to most flakes and implements found on western Oklahoma archaeological sites, especially those of prehistoric and protohistoric Plains Villagers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE EFFECTS OF CHLOROFORM TOXICITY ON METHANE FERMENTATION

Abstract The methanogenic phase of anaerobic digestion is often considered to be the most sensitive step in the overall process. Chloroform, a model industrial toxicant was assayed with methane fermentation, acetate enrichment cultures. Commonly, microbial toxicity response studies have observed the toxicity response over a relatively short time span, on the order of a few hours or days. In addition, cessation of observed cell function has often been assumed to be equated with death of the cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity response under various conditions over prolonged periods, on the order of months, with major emphasis on the recovery pattern. The following parameters were observed: concentration of toxicant, solids retention time, biomass concentration, toxicant exposure time, cell age, toxicant administration pattern and temperature. The methane fermentation culture was able to acclimate to the presence of chloroform while fermenting acetate to methane. Inhibition of unacclimated cultures was noted at 0.5 mg l −1 , but with acclimation 15 mg l −1 could be tolerated. There was a clear correlation between dose and inhibition. Recovery from inhibition was a function of SRT and biomass concentration. Younger cells were more resistant than older cells. The duration of chloroform exposure was directly related to the degree of residual inhibition. Reduced temperature delayed recovery of gas production from slug doses of chloroform. Radio tagged chloroform studies indicated that recovery of methane production occurred due to acclimation of the methanogens to the presence of chloroform and not from the disappearance of chloroform by microbial degradation.
Assessing fundamentals in every course through mastery learning

We are all accustomed to periodic summative testing for achievement, but in this chapter the importance of requiring mastery of fundamentals as the baseline for evaluation, regardless of the level of the class involved, is discussed.
Lithium-induced changes in the plasma and pituitary levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in rats

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, maintained under a controlled photoperiod of LD 14:10 (white lights on at 06:00 h, CST), were injected with lithium chloride and changes in the levels of plasma and pituitary homogenates of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) were examined to evaluate the effects of this anti-manic drug on reproductive function. Two groups of rats were injected with lithium chloride intraperitoneally, twice daily at 09:00 and 16:00 h, for 2 and 7 days at a dosage of 2.5 meq/Kg body weight. Plasma and pituitary levels of LH, FSH and PRL were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of LH were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased after 2 days of lithium treatment. In contrast, a significant (P less than 0.005) reduction in plasma levels of LH was evident when lithium injections were continued for 7 days. The plasma levels of FSH remained unaffected by lithium treatment by either time period. Lithium administered for 2 days did not bring about any significant alteration in the plasma levels of PRL, although there was a significant (P less than 0.002) reduction in plasma PRL levels after 7 days treatment. The concentrations of pituitary LH, FSH and PRL remained unchanged after 2 and 7 days of lithium treatment.
Relationship between histopathology and in vitro clonogenicity in breast cancer.

The human tumor clonogenic assay was used to culture 268 primary and metastatic breast cancer samples. Cultures of 181 specimens were prepared in the double-layer agar system and 87 in a modified system utilizing a liquid upper layer. Successful growth (>5 colonies) was 53% for the agar 2-layer method and 68% for the modified system. Three morphologically distinct colony types were observed: Type I — small, dark, compact colonies; Type II — clear colonies; and Type III — mixed colonies of Types I and II. In 73 cases the histologic slides of the original tumor specimens were reviewed, and the histopathological findings correlated with the clonogenicity of the specimens. There was a significant positive relationship between the degree of differen-tiation and focal microscopic tumor necrosis in the original specimen and its subsequent clonogenicity. However, other histologic parameters did not show any relationship with clonogenicity.
Destination Shakespeare: The Stratford Shakespeare Festival 2010

Review of Shakespeare's The Tempest (directed by Des McAnuff for the Stratford Shakespeare Festival) at the Festival Theatre, Stratford, Ontario, 29 July 2010 Review of Shakespeare's As You Like It...
Refugees, forced displacement, and war.

Women make up high proportions of refugee and internally displaced populations, and they suffer unique consequences of war and conflict because of gender-based violence, discrimination, and caretaking roles. Refugee women are especially vulnerable to infectious disease, as well as threats to their mental health and physical safety.
Comparison of neurogenesis and cell replacement in the hamster olfactory system with and without a target (olfactory bulb)

The olfactory sensory neurons are unique in the vertebrate nervous system in that they are replaced following experimentally induced degeneration. Unilateral removal of the olfactory bulb in hamster results in degeneration of all mature receptor neurons followed by a neurogenesis and partial replacement of the receptor cell population. To determine if full recovery requires the presence of normal target tissue, a study of sensory neuron replacement was made following a nerve transection procedure, which leaves the olfactory bulb (target) intact. A comparison of quantitative measurements of cell number and thickness in the sensory epithelium showed that the presence of the target tissue alone did not result in improved recovery. One possible explanation is that complete recovery requires that axons of newly formed receptors must first re-establish synaptic contact with the olfactory bulb. To test this possibility, it will be necessary to include longer postoperative recovery times than those used in the present study.
Release of iron by human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Retinal pigment epithelial cells, which form one aspect of the blood-retinal barrier, take up iron in association with transferrin by a typical receptor-mediated mechanism (Hunt et al., 1989. J. Cell Sci. 92:655-666). This iron is dissociated from transferrin in a low pH environment and uptake is sensitive to agents that inhibit endosomal acidification. The dissociated iron enters the cytoplasm as a low molecular weight (less than 10 kD) component and subsequently binds to ferritin. No evidence for recycling of iron in association with transferrin was found. Nevertheless, much of the iron that is taken up is recycled to the extracellular medium, primarily from the low molecular weight pool. This release of iron is not sensitive to inhibitors of energy production or of vesicular acidification but is increased up to a maximum of about 40% of the total 55Fe incorporated when cells are incubated with serum or the medium is changed. When a short loading time for 55Fe from 55Fe-transferrin is used (i.e., when the low molecular weight pool is proportionately larger), a much larger fraction of the cell-associated radiolabel is released than when longer loading times are used. The data suggest that a releasable intracellular iron pool is in equilibrium with the externalized material. The released iron may be separated into a high and a low molecular weight component. The former is similar on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to ferritin although it cannot be immune precipitated by anti-ferritin antibodies. The low molecular weight 55Fe which is heterogeneous in nature can be bound by external apo-transferrin and may represent a form that can be taken up by cells beyond the blood-retinal barrier.
2010 AGA Presidential Address

The following is an edited reprint of the Presidential Address delivered by Gail A. Hecht, MD, MS, during the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Plenary Session at Digestive Disease Week.
Effect of Pyramidal Tract Activity on Dorsal Column Nuclei

The response of single units in cuneate and gracile nuclei to cutaneous stimulation can be modified by prior stimulation of the motor cortex of the cat. Both excitation and inhibition of these neurons can be effected via the pyramidal tract.
A mathematical model of gas exchange in an intravenous membrane oxygenator.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pulmonary edemic condition which reduces respiratory exchange in 150,000 people per year in the United States. The currently available therapies of mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are associated with high mortality rates, so intravenous oxygenation represents an attractive, alternative support modality. We are developing an intravenous membrane oxygenator (IMO) device intended to provide 50% of basal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements for ARDS patients. A unique aspect of the IMO is its use of an integral balloon to provide active mixing. This paper describes a mathematical model which was developed to quantify and optimize the gas exchange performance of the IMO. The model focuses on balloon activated mixing, uses a lumped compartment approach, and approximates the blood-side mass transfer coefficients with cross-flow correlations. IMO gas exchange was simulated in water and blood, for a variety of device geometries and balloon pulsation rates. The modeling predicts the following: (1) gas exchange efficiency is reduced by a buildup of oxygen in the fluid near the fibers; (2) the IMO gas exchange rate in blood is normally about twice that in water under comparable conditions; (3) a balloon diameter of about 1.5 cm leads to optimal gas exchange performance; and (4) in vivo positioning can affect gas exchange rates. The numerically predicted gas transfer rates correlate closely with those experimentally measured in vitro for current IMO prototypes. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Scent of a fly

Sexual courtship is a highly ritualized behavior in many animals. Recent work in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has illuminated how the pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate modulates sexual behavior in the fly. Chemosensory receptors and a sexually dimorphic circuit activated by this pheromone have been identified. This minireview highlights recent advances in the field of fly courtship.
Lead-Iron Phosphate Glass: A Stable Storage Medium for High-Level Nuclear Waste

Results are presented which show that lead-iron phosphate glasses are a promising new waste form for the safe immobilization of both high-level defense and high-level commercial radioactive waste. Relative to the borosilicate nuclear waste glasses that are currently the "reference" waste form for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste, lead-iron phosphate glasses have several distinct advantages: (i) an aqueous corrosion rate that is about 1000 times lower, (ii) a processing temperature that is 100 degrees to 250 degrees C lower, and (iii) a much lower melt viscosity in the temperature range from 800 degrees to 1000 degrees C. Most significantly, the lead-iron phosphate waste form can be processed using a technology similar to that developed for borosilicate nuclear waste glasses.
Estimation of Surface Temperature in Remote Pollution Measurement Experiments.

A simple algorithm has been developed for estimating the actual surface temperature by applying corrections to the effective brightness temperature measured by radiometers mounted on remote sensing platforms. Corrections to effective brightness temperature are computed using an accurate radiative transfer model for the 'basic atmosphere' and several modifications of this caused by deviations of the various atmospheric and surface parameters from their base model values. Model calculations are employed to establish simple analytical relations between the deviations of these parameters and the additional temperature corrections required to compensate for them. Effects of simultaneous variation of two parameters are also examined. Use of these analytical relations instead of detailed radiative transfer calculations for routine data analysis results in a severalfold reduction in computation costs.
Biomechanical assessment of regenerate integrity in irradiated mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

Background: The role of mandibular distraction osteogenesis for reconstructing mandibular defects following radiation therapy depends on the quality of attenuated bone healing in the regenerate. This study investigated the regenerate properties after radiation therapy using yield and breaking load. The authors hypothesized that both would be significantly reduced in mandibular distraction osteogenesis following radiation therapy compared with mandibular distraction osteogenesis alone. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left mandibular fractionated 36-Gy preoperative external beam radiation therapy and then 2 weeks of recovery (n = 7) or no radiation therapy (n = 10) before surgery. External fixators were secured and unilateral osteotomies were created behind the third molar, followed by 4 days of latency and then mandibular distraction osteogenesis: 0.3 mm every 12 hours for 8 days (5.1 mm) and 4 weeks of consolidation. Unoperated controls received no radiation therapy (n = 13). Mandibles were tension tested at 0.5 mm/second to failure, and yield and breaking load were determined. Results: There was a significantly lower breaking load for mandibular distraction osteogenesis following radiation therapy compared with mandibular distraction osteogenesis, alone, but there was no significant difference in yield between the groups. Both groups had significantly lower breaking load and yield when compared with unoperated controls. Conclusions: The lowered breaking load in mandibular distraction osteogenesis following radiation therapy reflects the reduced biomechanical quality of the regenerate, despite evidence of radiographic union. These data show that radiographic union is not an adequate outcome measure for regenerate healing and support the need to define quantitative bone-healing metrics in mandibular distraction osteogenesis following radiation therapy before implementation in head and neck reconstruction.
Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck with distant metastasis at presentation.

Background. Current literature reports widely different rates of distant metastasis at presentation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to determine the rate of and risk factors for distant metastasis. Methods. We identified patients with SCCHN diagnosed between 1988 and 2003. The rate of distant metastasis was determined and then stratified by tumor site, size, and nodal status. To evaluate the contribution of each individual factor, both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results. Among 73,247 patients identified, 2066 patients (2.82%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.70–2.94%) had distant metastasis. Independent risk factors for distant metastasis included primary site, nodal status, tumor size, age, and race. Conclusions. In SCCHN, there is a relationship between the risk of distant metastasis and tumor site, size, and nodal status. This information can be used to guide the evaluation and treatment of SCCHN. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Nonsymmetric P2/P2' cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship, bioavailability, and resistance profile of monoindazole-substituted P2 analogues.

Using the structural information gathered from the X-ray structures of various cyclic urea/HIVPR complexes, we designed and synthesized many nonsymmetrical P2/P2‘-substituted cyclic urea analogues....
Prenatal Maternal Anxiety and Depression Predict Negative Behavioral Reactivity in Infancy

The effects of maternal antenatal and postnatal anxiety and depression on infant negative behavioral reactivity were examined in a sample of 22 mother-infant pairs. Maternal anxiety and depression were assessed by standardized measures during the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Infant negative behavioral responses to novelty were assessed using a previously validated measure at 4 months of age. Maternal anxiety and depression during the prenatal, but not the postnatal period, were related to infant negative behavioral reactivity to novelty. These data illustrate that prenatal maternal psychological state can exert persisting influences on human infant behavior.
Tribological Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene

The friction and wear properties of unmodified ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were investigated experimentally. Disks of semicrystalline UHMWPE were slid against polished CoCrWNi pins in bovine serum at ranges of contact pressure and sliding speed typical of those encountered in total joint replacements. The coefficient of friction was monitored continuously during testing, and the wear rate was determined from surface profilometry measurements of worn disk surfaces accounting for strain relaxation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrated that surface deterioration comprises adhesion, third-body abrasion by polyethylene wear debris, and delamination wear. The contribution of these mechanisms to the overall wear rate and the formation of wear debris depends predominantly on the contact pressure and secondarily on the sliding speed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) yielded new insight into the evolution of the microstructure morphology of UHMWPE during sliding. Cross sections parallel to the wear tracks obtained from various depths were analyzed with the TEM to develop a spatial mapping of the subsurface microstructure as a function of contact pressure. Alignment of crystalline regions (lamellae) in the polyethylene microstructure parallel to the sliding surface was found to occur during sliding even at relatively low contact pressures. SEM observations suggested that the highly oriented microstructure is the precursor to delamination wear, leading to the formation of wear particles larger than those produced by adhesion and third-body abrasion at the contact interface.
Neurophysiology models-Where do they get us

Various aspects of motor control have been a popular subject for modeling, at least since the time of Leonardo da Vinci. Today, as the tools are developing for accomplishing meaningful models of motor control, the factors that determine the effectiveness of these models are probably more political than technical. Some new and older representation of muscle in motor control and experimental results will be used to illustrate problems of too much or too little modeling. Implications with respect to current legislative activity will be suggested.
Operative treatment of sterility

Abstract Pregnancy has occurred following operative reconstructive, or plastic procedures on the oviducts which have been described in detail. Although the incidence has been only 30 per cent in my clinical series and 50 per cent in my private practice, it is a marked improvement over previous end results. The possibility of increasing the percentage of incidence of pregnancies will most probably follow other modifications or improvements in surgical technique. In 1932 there were 77 per cent successful results based on the patency of the oviducts, as compared to 90 per cent obtained in a more recent series. Although the incidence of pregnancy is low, plastic reconstruction of the occluded tube has prevented castration and invalidism besides retaining the normal menstrual function and endocrine balance.
Age and hormonal effects on sweet taste and preference.

Hormonal variation affects bitter taste; bitterness varies with the menstrual cycle, rises in early pregnancy and falls after menopause. Less is known about hormonal effects on sweet taste, but we observed that sweetness varies more among pre-menopausal women than among men, which suggests variation with the menstrual cycle (SSIB, 1997). Here we expand that observation to sweet taste and food/beverage hedonics across the lifespan. Attendees at lectures (N=4212, ages 18–90) rated the sweetness of a piece of candy and the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) using the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS); variability was assessed from the regression of sweetness on bitterness, thereby accounting for effects of taster status. Although the sweetness of the candy did not change with age, sweetness ratings were more variable for women of child-bearing age than for same-aged men. Attendees also rated their liking for 26 foods and beverages (including sugar) on a hedonic version of the gLMS that assesses liking for foods in the context of all hedonic experience. Liking for sugar (and for sweets in general) declined with age, with women showing more rapid decline. However, ratings for high-fat foods rose with age for both sexes. The maximum, minimum and average hedonic ratings from each age cohort provide an estimate of how food palatability changes over time. The maximum rating did not change with age, but the minimum and average ratings rose. This generalized increase in food liking may contribute to the increase in body mass observed with advancing age (DC 00283).
Quantum optics and atomic physics using plasmonics

The large field intensities and tight field confinements that are readily achievable using nanoscale plasmonic devices offer intriguing new tools for use in quantum optics, single-photon nonlinear optics, and atomic physics. We discuss several methods in which plasmonics can be used to enable the coherent manipulation of single photons and strong nonlinear interactions between them.
Coaxial nozzle for control of particle morphology in precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent

A coaxial nozzle was developed to achieve further control over the morphology of microparticles precipitated from solution by carbon dioxide as a compressed fluid antisolvent. The polymer solution was sprayed through the core of the nozzle and CO2 through the annulus. For the coaxial nozzle versus a standard nozzle, polystyrene and poly(L-lactic acid) particles can be larger by a factor of 3–8 with less flocculation. A reduction in the Weber number reduces atomization and larger droplets are formed in the jet, delaying precipitation. However, because of the much higher Reynolds number for the high velocity CO2, the mass transfer in the suspension outside of the jet is faster leading to less flocculation and agglomeration. For polyacrylonitrile, the delayed precipitation produces a transition from highly oriented microfibrils to microparticles. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2105–2118, 1997
Optical measurement of LIGA milliengine performance

Understanding the parameters that affect the performance of milliscale and microscale actuators is essential to the development of optimized designs and fabrication processes, as well as the qualification of devices for commercial applications. This paper discusses the development of optical techniques for motion measurements of LIGA fabricated milliengines. LIGA processing permits the fabrication of precision millimeter-sized machine elements that cannot be fabricated by conventional miniature machining techniques because of their small feature sizes. In addition, tolerances of 1 part in 10{sup 3} to 10{sup 4} may be maintained in millimeter sized components with this processing technique. Optical techniques offer a convenient means for measuring long term statistical performance data and transient responses needed to optimize designs and manufacturing techniques. Optical techniques can also be used to provide feedback signals needed for control and sensing of the state of the machine. Optical probe concepts and experimental data obtained using a milliengine developed at Sandia National Laboratories are presented.
California arrowhead is a weak competitor in water-seeded rice

Abstract California arrowhead is a broadleaf weed widespread in water-seeded rice. Bensulfuron is the only herbicide currently available for use throughout the California rice growing region that provides complete control of California arrowhead; however, resistance to bensulfuron has been detected in California arrowhead and in several other weed species. Growers have herbicide alternatives for weed species other than California arrowhead but continue to use bensulfuron year after year for control because they believe California arrowhead reduces rice yields. However, damage thresholds have not been determined for this weed, and the crop may be able to tolerate relatively high California arrowhead densities. In this work, the damage thresholds for California arrowhead were determined in field and greenhouse experiments. Water-seeded rice was grown in mixture with California arrowhead in a 1992 greenhouse experiment and in field experiments in 1992 and 1998. Rice tiller density and grain yields were not a...
The Language of Apocalypse

George Bernard Shaw once described the Book of Revelation as “a curious record of the visions of a drug addict,” but then modern literati have had a penchant for unkindness when it comes to the language of the Apocalypse. D. H. Lawrence found what he called its “splendiferous imagery” to be “distasteful,” and hailed it “perhaps the most detestable of all these books of the Bible.” Lawrence hated the book so much that he wrote a commentary on it. In his own monumental commentary on the Apocalypse, writing just a decade earlier than Lawrence, fellow Englishman R. H. Charles understood the book to be a product of linguistic incompetence and redactional ineptitude, egregious travesties that remained until modernity, when Charles corrected them with his own heavy-handed redaction and conjectured emendations.
Expansin protein levels decline with the development of mealiness in peaches

Expansin mRNA and protein expression in peaches was examined to investigate the possibility that expansins may be involved in the development of mealy flesh texture. Immunoblot analysis, using an expansin antibody, detected a 27kDa protein corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of expansins in the later stages of ripening but not in fullsize green fruit and indicated that expansin is associated with the progression of ripening in peaches. Peach cultivars ‘O’Henry’ and ‘Summer Lady’ were stored at 5 8C to induce the development of mealiness and individual fruit samples collected periodically to measure mealiness (free water) and provide samples for expansin quantification. Initially, stored fruit were juicy (50/60% free water), but as storage progressed they became visibly mealy at free water percentages of 30% for ‘O’Henry’ and 46% for ‘Summer Lady’. In both cultivars expansin protein abundance decreased as the fruit became mealy. Development of mealiness within individual fruit was often not uniform and lead to the existence of distinct juicy and mealy regions. Immunoblot analysis indicated that mealy regions contained substantially less expansin than juicy regions. Analysis of expansin mRNA abundance using a ripening-related expansin cDNA probe from peach indicated that expansin mRNA expression was also markedly reduced in mealy tissues. The relationship observed in this study between expansin expression and mealiness suggests a possible role for expansin in the development of the disorder. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Bruce Western, Between Class and Market: Postwar Unionization in the Capitalist Democracies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. ix + 230 pp. $45.00 paper.

For a century after 1870, labor unions and working-class political movements grew steadily in virtually all industrialized capitalist economies. By the late 1970s, unions enrolled 40 percent of the total labor force in Germany and New Zealand; 50 percent in Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom; over 60 percent in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, and Norway; and over 80 percent in Finland and Sweden (24). In addition, unions' political allies held important political offices in many of these countries, including control of the government in Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Scandinavia.
Provider recommendation for colorectal cancer screening: examining the role of patients' socioeconomic status and health insurance.

Abstract Background: Provider recommendation for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test has been shown as a strong predictor of patients’ decision to be screened. Evidence of factors associated with provider recommendation remains limited and inconsistent. The present study sought to examine the association between provider recommendation for colorectal cancer screening and patients’ socioeconomic status (SES) and insurance status using national survey data for 2005. Methods: Analyses were based on 2948 adult aged 50 and older who participated in the 2005 Health Information National Trend Survey (HINTS). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine whether the indicators of SES (income and educational level) and insurance status have any impact on provider recommendation. Results: Our study found a strong association between recall of health care provider recommendation and reported recent screening testing after controlling for other patient characteristics. When all the study population were included in the analysis, those who had lower than high school education and high school graduates were less likely to have received provider recommendation than those with higher than high school education (OR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.32–0.73 and OR = 0.60; 95%CI = 0.47–0.78 respectively). Income and insurance were not significant predictors. Education remained significantly associated with provider recommendation when only those who had made one or more medical visits in the past year were included in the analyses. Conclusions: Patient's educational level – but not income or insurance status – was related to provider recommendation for CRC screening. To increase awareness of colorectal cancer risks and the benefit of screening, health care providers need to make a concerted effort to recommend colorectal cancer screening to all relevant patients, regardless of socioeconomic status and other personal characteristics.
Doing what she thinks is best: Maternal psychological wellbeing and attaining desired work situations

In this study we explore the gap between preferred and actual work situations for mothers of young children. We further examine the effects of not meeting desired work situation preferences on mothers’ depression and parenting stress over time. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care (1141 families) our findings indicate up to 71 percent of mothers in this sample did not achieve their preference. After controlling for marital status, ethnicity, education, income-to-needs, perceived costs of employment, and social support, both intra-individual and inter-individual assessments of the gap between a mother’s ideal and actual employment significantly predicted depression across the first three years of parenthood. Mothers’ employment hours and preferences for employment predicted parenting stress, but social support buffered this effect. We tested preliminary distinctions between maternal under-employment and over-employment and discuss implicat...