cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Fitness Knowledge Learning in Physical Education: Seeking a Common Ground.

Motivation to learn is a disposition developed through exposure to learning opportunities. Guided by the expectancy-value theory of Eccles and Wigfield (1995), this study examined the extent to which expectancy belief and task value influenced elementary school students’ physical activity and knowledge learning in physical education (PE). Students (N = 753) from 15 US public schools contributed student-level and class-level data. With a 2-level design, the data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Physical activity (t = 3.18; p < .01) positively predicted fitness knowledge. Attainment value (i.e. perception of importance) as the only expectancy-value construct, significantly predicted fitness knowledge (t = 3.07; p < .01), when physical activity was held constant. As the physical activity intensity increased, the positive prediction of attainment value to knowledge attenuated and then turned negative (t = –3.10; p < .01). The study indicated that although a physically-active context helps students to make sense of fitness knowledge, a vigorous context shifts their motivation away from cognitive learning, toward physical participation. To resolve the difficulty of attaining learning objectives both physically and cognitively, PE teachers may want to maintain an active learning context with moderate physical intensity. Future research should address the effect of learner motivation on dual or multiple learning outcomes in PE.
The big accelerator in the sky

The positron, the antimatter counterpart of the electron, was discovered on 2 August 1932, dramatically and unexpectedly confirming Dirac's new quantum theory of the electron. The positron in question was created by a cosmic ray which happened to end its wanderings around the Galaxy in the Caltech cloud chamber of Carl Anderson. Astrophysical objects, which have been accelerating particles for much longer and to much higher energies than have terrestrial physicists, can be astonishingly efficient. Near the centre of our Galaxy, some object (or objects) can, when it chooses, create 10^(10) tonnes of positrons per second, with very little waste heat. The positrons, of rest-mass energy 511 keV, annihilate with the electrons they meet, often releasing a pair of 511-keV γ-rays. The 20-year search for the source of these positrons takes an unexpected turn on page 215 of this issue.
A wireless quiz system using low power microcontrollers

One of the many important parts of any multi-participant quiz game show is the Player Selection System. All participating groups are equipped with a selection button placed in front of them which can be used by them to give a response. The Player Selection System determines the group that gives the first response. Many of these systems used today are wired systems that consume a considerable amount of power. This paper describes an easily installable, expandable robust wireless quiz system using a low battery-powered microcontroller interfaced with a RF wireless transmitter.
Heredity, environment, and cranial form: A reanalysis of Boas's immigrant data

Franz Boas's classic study, Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, is a landmark in the history of anthro- pology. More than any single study, it undermined racial typology in physical anthropology and helped turn the tide against early-20th- century scientific racism. In 1928, Boas responded to critics of the immigrant study by publishing the raw data set as Materials for the Study of Inheritance in Man, Here we present a reanalysis of that long-neglected data set. Using methods that were unavailable to Boas, we test his main conclusion that cranial form changed in response to environmental influences within a single generation of Euro- pean immigrants to the United States. In general, we conclude that Boas got it right. However, we demonstrate that modern analytical methods provide stronger support for Boas's conclusion than did the tools at his disposal. We suggest future areas of research for this historically important data set. (Keywords: Franz Boas, cranial form, immigrant study, heredity, environment)
Issues in the haptic display of tool use

Our group is interested in using haptic display for training tool use. Applications include training doctors to use tools during surgery, and training astronauts to use tools during EVA. This paper describes some of the challenges of creating realistic haptic perceptions of tool use. Many of these challenges stem from the importance of unilateral constraints during tool use. Unilateral constraints occur whenever rigid bodies collide, resisting the interpenetration of the bodies, but not holding the bodies together. To identify unilateral constraints, a tool/environment simulation must perform collision detection. To respond properly to a collision, the simulation must estimate the forces that ensue, and integrate the equations of motion. All of these computations must occur in real time, and the simulation as a whole must be stable (to ensure the user's safety). Approaches to these problems are described.
Expression profiling in vivo demonstrates rapid changes in lung microRNA levels following lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation but not in the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids

At present, nothing is known of the role of miRNAs in the immune response in vivo despite the fact that inflammation is thought to underlie multiple acute and chronic diseases. In these circumstances, patients are commonly treated with corticosteroids such as dexamethasone. To address this question, we have examined the differential expression of 104 miRNAs using real-time PCR during the innate immune response in mouse lung following exposure to aerosilised lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Following challenge, we observed rapid and transient increase in both the mean (4.3-fold) and individual levels of miRNA expression (46 miRNAs) which peaked at 3 hrs. Crucially, this increase was correlated with a reduction in the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, suggesting a potential role for miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine production. Examination of the individual miRNA expression profiles showed time dependent increases in miR-21, -25, -27b, -100, 140, -142-3p, -181c, 187, -194, -214, -223 and -224. Corticosteroid studies showed that pre-treatment with dexamethasone at concentrations that inhibited TNF-α production, had no effect either alone or upon the LPS-induced miRNA expression profile. We have shown that the LPS-induced innate immune response is associated with widespread, rapid and transient increases in miRNA expression in the mouse lung and we speculate that these changes might be involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response. In contrast, the lack of effect of dexamethasone in either control or challenged animals implies that the actions of glucocorticoids per se are not mediated through changes in miRNAs expression and that LPS-induced increases in miRNA expression are not mediated via classical inflammatory transcription factors.
Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights

Over the last three decades, the prevailing view of information technology strategy has been that it is a functional-level strategy that must be aligned with the firm's chosen business strategy. Even within this so-called alignment view, business strategy directed IT strategy. During the last decade, the business infrastructure has become digital with increased interconnections among products, processes, and services. Across many firms spanning different industries and sectors, digital technologies (viewed as combinations of information, computing, communication, and connectivity technologies) are fundamentally transforming business strategies, business processes, firm capabilities, products and services, and key interfirm relationships in extended business networks. Accordingly, we argue that the time is right to rethink the role of IT strategy, from that of a functional-level strategy--aligned but essentially always subordinate to business strategy--to one that reflects a fusion between IT strategy and business strategy. This fusion is herein termed digital business strategy. We identify four key themes to guide our thinking on digital business strategy and help provide a framework to define the next generation of insights. The four themes are (1) the scope of digital business strategy, (2) the scale of digital business strategy, (3) the speed of digital business strategy, and (4) the sources of business value creation and capture in digital business strategy. After elaborating on each of these four themes, we discuss the success metrics and potential performance implications from pursuing a digital business strategy. We also show how the papers in the special issue shed light on digital strategies and offer directions to advance insights and shape future research.
Politerapia antipsicótica en una unidad de hospitalización psiquiátrica

Resumen Introduccion La asociacion de antipsicoticos es frecuente en la practica clinica a pesar de no estar sustentada por la evidencia cientifica. Existen pocos datos sobre estos patrones de uso a nivel hospitalario en Espana, que consideramos necesarios en la elaboracion de indicadores de calidad asistencial. Objetivo Recoger informacion sobre la prescripcion de antipsicoticos en una unidad de hospitalizacion psiquiatrica. Metodos Se trata de un estudio observacional retrospectivo, en el que se incluyen los pacientes ingresados en tratamiento con farmacos antipsicoticos durante el ano 2006. Resultados Se reviso a 136 pacientes con una edad media de 38 anos y una estancia media de 22 dias. Los antipsicoticos se emplearon fundamentalmente en el tratamiento esquizofrenico (44,9%). Al inicio del ingreso, los antipsicoticos atipicos (AA) (de 2. a o 3. a generacion) fueron los mas utilizados en monoterapia (41,2%), la combinacion de dos o mas antipsicoticos se utilizo en un 43% de los pacientes y el uso de medicacion adicional (no antipsicoticos) fue muy elevada (84,6%). En el momento del alta, los resultados son similares, destacando el incremento en la combinacion de un AA con farmacos de liberacion prolongada (de un 2–11%). Conclusiones Los AA se consolidan como la primera opcion terapeutica, confirmandose asimismo el fenomeno de la polifarmacia en el tratamiento de las psicosis. El diseno del estudio no permite establecer relaciones direccionales, pero si algunas tendencias, como la posibilidad de que la polifarmacia sea mas frecuente en pacientes esquizofrenicos y con los antipsicoticos de deposito.
Flexible Depth of Field Photography

The range of scene depths that appear focused in an image is known as the depth of field (DOF). Conventional cameras are limited by a fundamental trade-off between depth of field and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For a dark scene, the aperture of the lens must be opened up to maintain SNR, which causes the DOF to reduce. Also, today's cameras have DOFs that correspond to a single slab that is perpendicular to the optical axis. In this paper, we present an imaging system that enables one to control the DOF in new and powerful ways. Our approach is to vary the position and/or orientation of the image detector, during the integration time of a single photograph. Even when the detector motion is very small (tens of microns), a large range of scene depths (several meters) is captured both in and out of focus. Our prototype camera uses a micro-actuator to translate the detector along the optical axis during image integration. Using this device, we demonstrate three applications of flexible DOF. First, we describe extended DOF, where a large depth range is captured with a very wide aperture (low noise) but with nearly depth-independent defocus blur. Applying deconvolution to a captured image gives an image with extended DOF and yet high SNR. Next, we show the capture of images with discontinuous DOFs. For instance, near and far objects can be imaged with sharpness while objects in between are severely blurred. Finally, we show that our camera can capture images with tilted DOFs (Scheimpflug imaging) without tilting the image detector. We believe flexible DOF imaging can open a new creative dimension in photography and lead to new capabilities in scientific imaging, vision, and graphics.
AACSB Accreditation: Towards Assurance of Learning Best Practices for the 5th Year Maintenance Report

The 5Th Year Maintenance Report is the singular most important document for schools seeking to maintain accreditation with and by AACSB International — The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. All 655 AACSB accredited business programs in 44 countries as of July 2012 will submit such a report at some 5-year interval in order to maintain AACSB accreditation. The Assurance of Learning (AoL) Standards (15 through 21) are critical to this AACSB process. This paper is based largely on the experience of one AACSB-accredited College of Business in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) in the U.S.A. The school has held continuous AACSB accreditation since 1976 at the undergraduate business level, and since 1981 at the MBA level. As its notable contribution, the paper advances some best practices by asking and addressing four key AoL questions, namely: (a) On curriculum development, what major curricula revisions have occurred since the school’s 2008 successful maintenance review? What factors led to these revisions? (b) On assessment tools and procedures: what are the learning goals for each undergraduate and graduate program, including the online and satellite versions of these programs? (c) What AoL results and outcomes have been used to demonstrate progress towards achievement of the school’s mission as part of the “Closing the Loop” AoL continuous improvement paradigm? (d) What is the role of indirect assessments in the accreditation process?
A Unifying Hypothesis on the Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the fundamental scientific issues concerning the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) should focus on the search for mechanisms of cell dysfunction and selective neuronal loss. It is now well established that the structural and functional changes in neurons occur in specific regions of the AD brain.
Measurement of the 235U Neutron-Induced Fission Cross Section at 14.1 MeV

The /sup 235/U neutron-induced fission cross section was measured at a neutron energy of 14.1 MeV using the time-correlated associated-particle technique with the /sup 3/H(d,..cap alpha..)n reaction at the National Bureau of Standards 3-MV Van de Graaff Laboratory. The areal density and total mass of the /sup 235/U deposits were measured relative to the standard /sup 235/U reference deposit (Los Alamos National Laboratory Spare Number 1) using thermal-neutron-induced fission counting. The total mass was also determined from the alpha-particle decay rate. The measured /sup 235/U cross section at 14.1 + or - 0.1 MeV is 2.080 + or - 0.030 b where the uncertainty i one standard deviation. This value agrees within 1% with other recent measurements using this technique and with the ENDF/B-V evaluation.
Rock’n America: A Social and Cultural History

Rock’n America: A Social and Cultural History is a comprehensive narrative of the history of rock music from its beginnings in the early 1950s to the present day. The book looks, reads, and is orga...
Neuroprotectin D1 Attenuates Epileptogenesis (IN5-1.001)

Objective: We determined the role of NPD1 in the development of recurrent seizures in a post status epilepticus model of epileptogenesis. Background Epileptogenesis involves neuroinflammatory signaling that contributes to synaptic activity dysfunction that leads to neuronal network rearrangement and fosters recurrent seizures. Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) a derivative of the omega 3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, limits seizures susceptibility and induces neuroprotection after brain injury. Design/Methods: Multi-microelectrodes were implanted in the dorsal hippocampus in adult male mice after status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine. NPD1 or Vehicle was administered systemically during the 5 days after SE. Local field potentials and spike units from hippocampal regions were recorded using data acquisition systems at different time points. Time-dependent changes of the oscillatory activity of hippocampal networks were analyzed, including interictal spikes (IS), microseizures, high frequency oscillations, and spike unit activity. Recurrent seizure activity was video-recorded during the 3 weeks after SE. Brains were dissected and dendrites of principal cells from hippocampal regions were analyzed using Golgi staining. Results: Microseizures were observed during epileptogenesis in different hippocampal layers at frequencies of 4-8 microseizures/min. Frequencies above 150 Hz (high-frequency oscillations; HFOs) were observed in all hippocampal fields but were increased only in the dentate gyrus. The interictal period showed burst-like neuronal activity with a prolonged period of inactivity (a sustained firing pattern in control animals) and were correlated with a loss of dendritic spines. NPD1-treated mice had less recurrent seizure frequency and duration. During epileptogenesis, NPD1 attenuates pathological HFO and microseizures, and increases the power of theta activity. Conclusions: We suggest that microseizures are modifications of the existent neuronal network within inter-connected microdomains, and bursting neurons could act as a kindling-like mechanism that synchronizes HFOs with other microdomains. The NPD1 bioactivity in epileptogenesis suggests protection of neuronal circuitry at the post synaptic levels. Supported by: NIH P20RR016816. Disclosure: Dr. Musto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khoobehi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Walker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bazan has nothing to disclose.
Hollow cocoon-like hematite mesoparticles of nanoparticle aggregates: Structural evolution and superior performances in lithium ion batteries

We report the facile, fast, and template-free preparation of hollow α-Fe2O3 with unique cocoon-like structure by a one-pot hydrothermal method without any surfactants in a short reaction time of 3 h only. In contrast, typical hydrothermal methods to prepare inorganic hollow structures require 24 h or a few days. Templates and/or surfactants are typically used. The hollow α-Fe2O3 nanococoon was thoroughly characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ex situ analysis of a series of samples prepared at different reaction times clearly revealed the structural evolution and possible formation mechanism. Superior electrochemical performance in terms of cyclability, specific capacity, and high rate was achieved, which could be attributed to its unique hollow cocoon-like structure. Structural stability was revealed by analyzing the samples after 120 charge-discharge cycles. The unusual structural stability of the hollow α-Fe2O3 nanococoons after 120 cycles, which is rarely observed for transition metal oxides of particle aggregates, will guarantee further research investigation. Experimental evidence further demonstrated that hollow nanococoons exceed solid nanococoons in reversible lithium-ion storage.
Phage display for identification of serum biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background The extent and severity of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can be difficult to determine with current diagnostic methods. To address this, there has been increased interest in developing biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis, determination of injury severity, evaluation of recovery and therapeutic efficacy, and prediction of outcomes. Several promising serum TBI biomarkers have been identified using hypothesis-driven approaches, largely examining proteins that are abundant in neurons and non-neural cells in the CNS. New method An unbiased approach, phage display, was used to identify serum TBI biomarkers. In this proof-of-concept study, mice received a TBI using the controlled cortical impact model of TBI (1 mm injury depth, 3.5 m/s velocity) and phage display was utilized to identify putative serum biomarkers at 6 h postinjury. Results An engineered phage which preferentially bound to injured serum was sequenced to identify the 12-mer ‘recognizer’ peptide expressed on the coat protein. Following synthesis of the recognizer peptide, pull down, and mass spectrometry analysis, the target protein was identified as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Comparison with existing methods and conclusions GFAP has previously been identified as a promising TBI biomarker. The results provide proof of concept regarding the ability of phage display to identify TBI serum biomarkers. This methodology is currently being applied to serum biomarkers of mild TBI.
Aesthetic aspects of hand surgery. Microsurgical approach with multiple free tissue transfers. 1981.

SUMMARY This case highlights the advantages of microsurgical technique in hand reconstruction. It illustrates the use of two microvascular groin flaps, a large toe transplant, multiple vein grafts, and multiple segmental nerve grafts utilizing microsurgical techniques in order to restore function and aesthetic appearance to a severely injured and useless hand.
Experimental and computational determination of the hydrodynamics of mini vessel dissolution testing systems

Mini vessel dissolution testing systems consist of a small-scale 100-mL vessel with a small paddle impeller, similar to the USP Apparatus 2, and are typically utilized when only small amounts of drug product are available during drug development. Despite their common industrial use, mini vessels have received little attention in the literature. Here, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to predict velocity profiles, flow patterns, and strain rate distribution in a mini vessel at different agitation speeds. These results were compared with experimental velocity measurements obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Substantial agreement was observed between CFD results and PIV data. The flow is strongly dominated by the tangential velocity component. Secondary flows consist of vertical upper and lower recirculation loops above and below the impeller. A low recirculation zone was observed in the lower part of the vessel. The radial and axial velocities in the region just below the impeller are very small especially in the innermost core zone below the paddle, where tablet dissolution occurs. Increasing agitation speed reduces the radius of this zone, which is always present at any speed, and only modestly increases the tangential flow intensity, with significant implication for dissolution testing in mini vessels.
Associations between chlorophyll a and various microcystin-LR health advisory concentrations

Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cHABs) are associated with a wide range of adverse health effects that stem mostly from the presence of cyanotoxins. To help protect against these impacts, several health advisory levels have been set for some toxins. In particular, one of the more common toxins, microcystin-LR, has several advisory levels set for drinking water and recreational use. However, compared to other water quality measures, field measurements of microcystin-LR are not commonly available due to cost and advanced understanding required to interpret results. Addressing these issues will take time and resources. Thus, there is utility in finding indicators of microcystin-LR that are already widely available, can be estimated quickly and in situ , and used as a first defense against high concentrations of microcystin-LR. Chlorophyll a is commonly measured, can be estimated in situ , and has been shown to be positively associated with microcystin-LR. In this paper, we use this association to provide estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations that are indicative of a higher probability of exceeding select health advisory concentrations for microcystin-LR. Using the 2007 National Lakes Assessment and a conditional probability approach, we identify chlorophyll a concentrations that are more likely than not to be associated with an exceedance of a microcystin-LR health advisory level. We look at the recent US EPA health advisories for drinking water as well as the World Health Organization levels for drinking water and recreational use and identify a range of chlorophyll a thresholds. A 50% chance of exceeding one of the microcystin-LR advisory concentrations of 0.3, 1, 1.6, and 2 g/L is associated with chlorophyll a concentration thresholds of 23.4, 67.0, 83.5, and 105.8, respectively. When managing for these various microcystin-LR levels, exceeding these reported chlorophyll a concentrations should be a trigger for further testing and possible management action.
Design-by-Contract for Web Services

Unlike software components operating within an enterprise, the Web services model establishes a loosely coupled relationship between a service producer and a service consumer. Service consumers have little control over services that they employ within their applications. A service is hosted on its provider’s server and is invoked remotely by a consumer over the Web. In such settings, it is important to establish a contract between the service provider and the service consumer. The contract establishes a set of obligations and expectations. These obligations can be functional, specifying the service operations in terms of its pre/postconditions. They can also be non-functional pertaining to legal, security, availability and performance aspects.
Salesperson ambidexterity and customer satisfaction: examining the role of customer demandingness, adaptive selling, and role conflict

This research investigates the effects of sales-service ambidexterity on salesperson role perceptions, behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Using a business-to-business, salesperson-customer sample, we build and test a model which highlights both the positive and negative consequences of this simultaneous goal pursuit. Specifically, while sales-service ambidexterity positively impacts adaptive selling behaviors, it also increases perceptions of role conflict among salespeople. Customer demandingness moderates these relationships. Taken together, the results provide insights for firms on how to manage their sales force to optimize both sales and service outcomes based on characteristics of their salespeople and customers.
A validated clinical MRI injury scoring system in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Deep nuclear gray matter injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We previously published a qualitative MRI injury scoring system utilizing serial T1-weighted, T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), weighted for deep nuclear gray matter injury. To establish the validity of the MRI scoring system with neurodevelopmental outcome at 18-24 months. MRI scans from neonates with moderate to severe HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia were evaluated. Signal abnormality was scored on T1-weighted, T2-weighted and DWI sequences and assessed using an established system in five regions: (a) subcortical: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen, thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule; (b) white matter; (c) cortex, (d) cerebellum and (e) brainstem. MRI injury was graded as none, mild, moderate or severe. Inter-rater reliability was tested on a subset of scans by two independent and blinded neuroradiologists. Surviving infants underwent the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III) at 18-24 months. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression. Fifty-seven eligible neonates underwent at least one MRI scan in the first 2 weeks of life. Mean postnatal age at scan 1 was 4±2 days in 50/57 (88%) neonates and 48/54 (89%) surviving infants underwent scan 2 at 10±2 days. In 54/57 (95%) survivors, higher MRI injury grades were significantly associated with worse outcomes in the cognitive, motor and language domains of the Bayley-III. A qualitative MRI injury scoring system weighted for deep nuclear gray matter injury is a significant predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at 18–24 months in neonates with HIE.
Climate-Agriculture-Modeling and Decision Tool (CAMDT): A software framework for climate risk management in agriculture

Seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) have received a lot of attention for climate risk management in agriculture. The question is, how can we use SCFs for informing decisions in agriculture? SCFs are provided in formats not so conducive for decision-making. The commonly issued tercile probabilities of most likely rainfall categories i.e., below normal (BN), near normal (NN) and above normal (AN), are not easy to translate into metrics useful for decision support. Linking SCF with crop models is one way that can produce useful information for supporting strategic and tactical decisions in crop production e.g., crop choices, management practices, insurance, etc. Here, we developed a decision support system (DSS) tool, Climate-Agriculture-Modeling and Decision Tool (CAMDT), that aims to facilitate translations of probabilistic SCFs to crop responses that can help decision makers adjust crop and water management practices that may improve outcomes given the expected climatic condition of the growing season.
Journal Impact: Brave New World

The InCitesTM Journal Citation Reports® (JCR), a product of Clarivate Analytics, was released recently for the citation year 2016. We were pleased to see that The Plant Cell 2-year and 5-year journal impact factors (JIFs) rose slightly compared with 2015, to values of nearly 8.7 and 10.0,
The geography of project finance in U.S. electricity generation

Abstract Technology costs, state and federal policies and incentives, and local factors such as construction costs and prevailing electricity prices interact to determine the economic favorability of a generation technology in a particular place. To disentangle these factors and better understand how federal policies can make new generation economically viable, we present an integrated multi-technology, state-level project finance model called the Project Finance Mapping Tool and apply it to a variety of policy scenarios.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Persistent and Transient Bovine Mastitis and the Role of Colanic Acid

Escherichia coli is a leading cause of bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle. It is most often transient in nature, causing an infection that lasts 2 to 3 days. However, E. coli has been shown to cause a persistent infection in a minority of cases. Mechanisms that allow for a persistent E. coli infection are not fully understood. The goal of this work was to determine differences between E. coli strains originally isolated from dairy cattle with transient and persistent mastitis. Using RNA sequencing, we show gene expression differences in nearly 200 genes when bacteria from the two clinical phenotypes are compared. We sequenced the genomes of the E. coli strains and report genes unique to the two phenotypes. Differences in the wca operon, which encodes colanic acid, were identified by DNA as well as RNA sequencing and differentiated the two phenotypes. Previous work demonstrated that E. coli strains that cause persistent infections were more motile than those that cause transient infections. Deletion of genes in the wca operon from a persistent-infection strain resulted in a reduction of motility as measured in swimming and swarming assays. Furthermore, colanic acid has been shown to protect bacteria from complement-mediated killing. We show that transient-infection E. coli strains were more sensitive to complement-mediated killing. The deletion of genes from the wca operon caused a persistent-infection E. coli strain to become sensitive to complement-mediated killing. This work identifies important differences between E. coli strains that cause persistent and transient mammary infections in dairy cattle.
Intercalation of imidazolium cations into graphite via ion exchange

Abstract New graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) containing 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium cations (Im1-1-a, a = alkyl length) are obtained from [Na(ethylenediamine)1.0]C15 by cation exchange. Exchange reactions occur rapidly, but require higher temperature than for substituted alkylammoniums. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and structural modeling indicate that [Im1-1-4]C47 is a stage-2 GIC with 0.36 nm monolayer galleries and cations oriented parallel to graphene sheets. [Im1-1-12]C44 is a stage-1 GIC with a gallery expansion of 0.40 nm. The lower sheet charge density for [Im1-1-12]C44 is commensurate with its larger intercalate. Imidazolium cations without alkyl substitution at the imidazolium ring C2 do not form stable GICs by this route.
Defining a conformational ensemble that directs activation of PPARγ

The nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD) is a highly dynamic entity. Crystal structures have defined multiple low-energy LBD structural conformations of the activation function-2 (AF-2) co-regulator-binding surface, yet it remains unclear how ligand binding influences the number and population of conformations within the AF-2 structural ensemble. Here, we present a nuclear receptor co-regulator-binding surface structural ensemble in solution, viewed through the lens of fluorine-19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular simulations, and the response of this ensemble to ligands, co-regulator peptides and heterodimerization. We correlate the composition of this ensemble with function in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) utilizing ligands of diverse efficacy in co-regulator recruitment. While the co-regulator surface of apo PPARγ and partial-agonist-bound PPARγ is characterized by multiple thermodynamically accessible conformations, the full and inverse-agonist-bound PPARγ co-regulator surface is restricted to a few conformations which favor coactivator or corepressor binding, respectively.
Lay Health Advisor Interventions Among Hispanics/Latinos: A Qualitative Systematic Review

Background With an expanding Hispanic/Latino community in the United States, practitioners and researchers working to promote health and prevent disease have relied on lay health advisor (LHA) models to address a variety of health issues. The primary goal of this systematic review was to explore how LHA approaches have been used and evaluated within Hispanic/Latino communities in the U.S. Methods Ten literature databases were searched from their inception through July 2006, using keywords associated with LHA approaches. This review consisted of human studies that included adult Hispanics or Latinos of either gender, were conducted in the U.S., were published in English-language peer-reviewed journals, and contained enough abstractable information. Data abstraction was completed independently by three data abstractors using a standardized abstraction form that collected intervention characteristics and study results. Results A total of 172 studies were identified and 37 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 28 included female LHAs exclusively and five included a small number of male as well as female LHAs. Training for LHAs ranged from 6 to 160 hours. Primary roles of LHAs included: supporting participant recruitment and data collection, serving as health advisors and referral sources, distributing materials, being role models, and advocating on behalf of community members. Fourteen studies found evidence of effectiveness. Conclusions Given the long history of using LHAs as an approach to health promotion and disease prevention and the current emphasis of LHA approaches as a potential solution to health disparities in general, and among Hispanics/Latinos in particular, few rigorous studies have been published that document the effectiveness of LHAs on a variety of public health concerns. A stronger empirical evidence base is clearly needed.
Switching induced oscillations in discrete one-dimensional systems

Abstract In ecological modeling, seasonality can be represented as an alternation between environmental conditions. We consider a switching strategy that alternates between two undesirable dynamics and find that they can yield a desirable periodic behavior in the case of the Beverton–Holt, Ricker, and modified Ricker maps, which have been extensively used to model ecological populations. For the Ricker and modified Ricker models, we observe coexistence of attractors, which, under the same conditions, define basin of attractions, and the final dynamic behavior depends on the initial conditions.
The number sense is an emergent property of a deep convolutional neural network trained for object recognition

Humans and many non-human animals have the "number sense," an ability to estimate the number of items in a set without counting. This innate sense of number is hypothesized to provide a foundation for more complex numerical and mathematical concepts. Here I investigated whether we also share the number sense with a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) trained for object recognition. These in silico networks have revolutionized machine learning over the last seven years, allowing computers to reach human-level performance on object recognition tasks for the first time. Their architecture is based on the structure of mammalian visual cortex, and after they are trained, they provide a highly predictive model of responses in primate visual cortex, suggesting deep homologies. I found that the DCNN demonstrates three key hallmarks of the number sense. First, some of the units comprising the DCNN (analogous to neurons) are numerosity-selective in that their activity varies with the number but not the size or spacing of elements in a visual array. Second, DCNN discrimination of numerosities very closely follows the empirically validated psychometric functions describing human and animal performance on an ordinal comparison task. Third, numerosities are properly ordered in the representational space of the DCNN. Because the DCNN was not trained to enumerate, I conclude that the number sense is an emergent property of the network, the result of some combination of the network architecture and the constraint to develop the complex representational structure necessary for object recognition. By analogy I conclude that the number sense in animals was not necessarily the result of direct selective pressure to enumerate but might have "come for free" with the evolution of a complex visual system that evolved to identify objects and scenes in the real world.
Ensino de gramática: uma proposta de análise das relações entre partes do texto

This study, based on a functionalist view of language, presents a proposal to analyze the relation of conclusion that is established through the conjunctions so and therefore , in order to offer a contribution that shows the relevance of grammar teaching based on language uses. The results reveal that there are three different functions in the relation of conclusion established through the mentioned conjunctions (conclusion, consequence and summary), different from each other due, notably, to the speaker's communicative intention in the interaction. The research has shown the relevance of observing a linguistic phenomenon from authentic examples of language use, and not just from prototypical clauses found in traditional grammars. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2019.v15n2a21378
Transformative Learning and Inclusion in a Global Social Work Course

As there are many types of global learning experiences for students, understanding best practices is critical in resource allocation and developing competencies. Additionally, diversifying global education is essential in addressing unequal student access and improving cross-cultural competence. This paper describes a short-term international course with graduate students from social work, public health, and nursing. Nine students participated in semi-structured interviews about the impact of the course on their lives. Transformative learning theory emerged as an important pedagogical guide as students described transformations in lifestyle and perspectives that developed through experiential learning. Recommendations for improving learning and increasing cultural and interprofessional learning include having guided group discussions on critical incidents, using a critical reflection process focused on cultural assumptions, and focusing on the psychological, convictional, and behavioral dimensions of learning. Traditionally underrepresented students described barriers related to international study, further emphasizing the importance of encouraging underrepresented students to pursue global opportunities through mentoring, targeted marketing, and making international experiences affordable and logistically feasible. Inclusion of students from different backgrounds in international courses is not only important in promoting social justice, but also enhances cross-cultural skill development and learning.
Attributes Associated with Postdoctoral Fellows and Views of Immigration: A Preliminary Analysis Using the General Social Survey

While research on supporting undocumented immigrants and undocumented students within higher education has examined the opinions of students, faculty, and staff, there is a gap in the literature when it comes to postdoctoral fellows. This study used data from the General Social Survey to examine whether respondents’ attributes,including holding a possible postdoctoral position, predicted views of “illegal” immigration, and whether immigrants should have the same education as Americans. Findings suggested that a combination of respondents’ attributes predicted these views. Results also suggested that the odds of being more supportive of undocumented immigrants were higher for minorities and for non-U.S. citizens. In addition, being anon-U.S. citizen and having a graduate degree each increased the odds that respondents would support immigrant education. This study contributes to the literature on understanding attitudes toward immigration by conducting a preliminary analysis on the views of an overlooked group within the academy: postdoctoral fellows.
Abstract 14990: Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Epicardial Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Epicardial Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: A Diagnostic Dilemma and Challenges in Management

Background: Pulmonary vein stenosis is a dreaded complication of endocardial atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation but rare after epicardial ablation and has not been reported after epicardial left atr...
Factors that hinder or facilitate the continuous pursuit of education, training, and employment among young adults with serious mental health conditions.

Objective: This study can inform psychiatric rehabilitation practice by describing the patterns of education, training, and employment activities among young adults with serious mental health conditions and identify potentially malleable factors that hinder or facilitate their ability to continuously pursue these activities. Methods: One-time, in-person interviews were conducted with 55 young adults, ages 25-30, with serious mental health conditions in Massachusetts. The life story interview script asked participants about key life and mental health experiences and details about their education, training, and employment experiences. Results: Young adult paths' through post-secondary school, training, and work were often non-linear and included multiple starts and stops. Many young adults reported unsteady and inconsistent patterns of school and work engagement and only half were meaningfully engaged in education, employment, or training at the time of the interview. Employment often included service industry jobs with short tenures and most who had attempted post-secondary college had not obtained a degree. Barriers to continuous pursuit of school, training, or work included stress-induced anxiety or panic, increased symptomatology related to their mental health condition, and interpersonal conflicts. Flexible school, training, and work environments with supportive supervisors helped facilitate the continuous pursuit of these activities. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Psychiatric rehabilitation professionals need to help young adults with serious mental health conditions manage stress and anxiety and periods of increased symptomatology, navigate interpersonal challenges, and advocate for flexible and supportive accommodations. Early and blended education and employment supports would also be beneficial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Rethinking the Global Governance of Migrant Domestic Workers: The Heterodox Case of Informal Filipina Workers in China

The International Labor Organization (ILO)’s agenda for migrant domestic workers promotes formal contracts and special migration programs while almost exclusively associates informality with the harms of human trafficking. This article studies a group of informal Filipina domestic workers in China who are working outside formality yet earning the highest wages and the top-tier working conditions in Asia. Typical labor migration programs (e.g., Singapore) tie the worker’s immigration status to a labor contract and rigidly enforce the contract with immigration law measures. In comparison, the rather uncertain connection between workplace strategies and immigration law enforcement in the informal Chinese market ironically enables workers to renegotiate their jobs after arrival, which significantly enhances their bargaining power inside and outside the workplace household. This case study rebuts the international labor law’s tendency to use formality as a marker for good jobs. Rather, it argues for evaluating the distributional consequences of the legal and nonlegal rules through the lens of workers’ bargaining power. Following this framework, it proposes workers’ access to post-arrival renegotiations as the rule to empower migrant domestic workers.
Audit and Feedback to Surgery Interns and Residents on Prescribing Risk-Appropriate Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of feedback using an emailed scorecard and a web-based dashboard on risk-appropriate VTE prophylaxis prescribing practices among general surgery interns and residents. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting The Johns Hopkins Hospital, an urban academic medical center. Participants All 45 trainees (19 post-graduate year [PGY] 1 interns and 26 PGY-2 to PGY-5 residents) in our general surgery program. Intervention Feedback implementation encompassed three sequential periods: (1) scorecard (July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015); (2) no feedback/wash-in (July 1 through October 31, 2015); and (3) web-based dashboard (November 1, 2015 through June 30, 2016). No feedback served as the baseline period for the intern cohort. The scorecard was a static document showing an individual's compliance with risk-appropriate VTE prophylaxis prescription compared to compliance of their de-identified peers. The web-based dashboard included other information (e.g., patient details for suboptimal prophylaxis orders) besides individual compliance compared to their de-identified peers. Trainees could access the dashboard anytime to view current and historic performance. We sent monthly emails to all trainees for both feedback mechanisms. Main outcome was proportion of patients prescribed risk-appropriate VTE prophylaxis, and mean percentages reported. Results During this study, 4088 VTE prophylaxis orders were placed. Among residents, mean prescription of risk-appropriate prophylaxis was higher in the wash-in (98.4% vs 95.6%, p Conclusions and Relevance Using audit and individualized performance feedback to general surgery trainees through a web-based dashboard improved prescribing of appropriate VTE prophylaxis to a near-perfect performance.
Received support in the aftermath of Hurricane Florence: reciprocal relations among perceived support, community solidarity, and PTSD.

The social support deterioration model (SSDM) posits that individuals who do not receive adequate support following a disaster are vulnerable to losses in community solidarity and perceived support...