cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression and anxiety symptoms across pregnancy and the postpartum in low-income Black and Latina women

Underserved women of color experience high rates of perinatal affective disorders, but most research to date on the natural history of these disorders has been conducted on White women. The present study investigated longitudinal changes in anxiety and depression in a sample of perinatal non-Hispanic Black and Latina women. Categorical (yes/no) measures of positive anxiety and depression screens, as well as total symptom scores, were measured longitudinally across the perinatal period in 178 women (115 non-Hispanic Black, 63 Latina) using the CAT-MH™, a computerized adaptive test. Time (up to 4 visits) and race/ethnicity effects were assessed in linear mixed effects models. Rates of positive anxiety screenings were 13.6%, 3.2%, 8.5%, and 0% in Latina women and 2.6%, 4.2%, 6.1%, and 5.8% in non-Hispanic Black women in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, and postpartum, respectively. Rates of positive anxiety screenings overall were highest in the first trimester (OR = 0.20; 95% CI 0.04–0.98), and there was a significant time-by-race/ethnicity interaction for positive anxiety screens (OR = 8.88; 95% CI 1.42–55.51), as positive screens were most frequent in the first trimester and sharply declined for Latina women, while rates were relatively consistent across the perinatal period in non-Hispanic Black women. Rates of positive depression screens did not change over time, but there was a trend (OR = 1.93; 95% CI 0.93–4.03) for a time-by-race/ethnicity interaction in a direction similar to that seen for anxiety. The odds of positive anxiety screens vary by race/ethnicity and trimester, suggesting that anxiety screening and anxiety interventions may be most resourcefully used in the first trimester for Latina women in particular.
The stability of visual perspective and vividness during mental time travel.

Abstract When remembering or imagining, people can experience an event from their own eyes, or as an outside observer, with differing levels of vividness. The perspective from, and vividness with, which a person remembers or imagines has been related to numerous individual difference characteristics. These findings require that phenomenology during mental time travel be trait-like—that people consistently experience similar perspectives and levels of vividness. This assumption remains untested. Across two studies (combined N = 295), we examined the stability of visual perspective and vividness across multiple trials and timepoints. Perspective and vividness showed weak within-session stability when reported across just a few trials but showed strong within-session stability when sufficient trials were collected. Importantly, both visual perspective and vividness demonstrated good-to-excellent across-session stability across different delay intervals (two days to six weeks). Overall, our results suggest that people dependably experience similar visual phenomenology across occurrences of mental time travel.
Disparities in Same-Day Diagnostic Imaging in Breast Cancer Screening: Impact of an Immediate-Read Screening Mammography Program Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The need for second visits between screening mammograms and diagnostic imaging contributes to disparities in the time to breast cancer diagnosis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented an immediate-read screening mammography program to reduce patient visits and decrease time to diagnostic imaging. Objective: To measure the impact of an immediate-read screening program, with focus on disparities in sameday diagnostic imaging after abnormal screening mammograms. Methods: In May 2020, we implemented an immediate-read screening program whereby a dedicated breast imaging radiologist interprets all screening mammograms in real-time; patients receive results before discharge, and efforts are made to perform any recommended diagnostic imaging during the visit (performed by different radiologists). We retrospectively identified screening mammograms performed from 6/1/2019-10/31/2019 (pre-implementation) or 6/1/2020-10/31/2020 (post-implementation). Patient characteristics were recorded from the electronic medical record. Multivariable logistic regression models incorporating patient age, race and ethnicity, language, and insurance type were estimated to identify factors associated with same-day diagnostic imaging. Screening metrics were compared between periods. Results: A total of 8,222 pre-implementation and 7,235 post-implementation screening examinations were included; 521 and 359 patients had abnormal screening examinations, respectively. A total of 14.8% and 60.7% of patients, respectively, had same-day diagnostic imaging after abnormal screening mammograms. Pre-implementation, patients with other races had significantly lower odds than White patients of same-day diagnostic imaging after abnormal screening examinations (adjusted odds ratio: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.86; p=.03). Post-implementation, odds of same-day diagnostic imaging was not significantly different between patients with other races and White patients (adjusted odds ratio: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.71; p=.80). Post-implementation, patients with and without same-day diagnostic imaging after abnormal screening mammograms showed no significant difference in race and ethnicity (p>.05). Abnormal interpretation rate was significantly lower post-implementation than pre-implementation (5.0% vs 6.3%, respectively; p .05) in cancer detection rate or PPV1. Conclusion: The immediate-read screening mammography program reduced prior racial and ethnic disparities in same-day diagnostic imaging after abnormal screening mammograms. Clinical Impact: An immediate-read screening program provides a new paradigm for improved screening mammography workflow that allows more rapid diagnostic workup with reduced care disparities.
Inflammation and cancer

Abstract Extensive evidence supports the concept that chronic inflammation increases cancer risk. Inflammatory responses play critical roles at multiple stages of tumor development, including initiation, promotion, invasion, and metastasis. Inflammation also affects immune surveillance and the immune response to therapy. Immune cells that infiltrate tumors engage in an extensive and dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells and some of the molecular events that mediate this cell-to-cell communication are now better understood. This chapter focuses on the tumor-promoting role of immune and inflammatory responses and draw parallels between tumor-promoting inflammation and “normal” functions of inflammation in tissue regeneration and host defense. Moreover, we discuss the key roles and timing of inflammatory action in cancer, describe the sources of inflammation-initiating stimuli, and outline underlying mechanisms of how inflammation can promote cancer at the various stages of tumor evolution.
The Gifting Logos: Expertise in the Digital Commons: by E. Johanna Hartelius, U of California P, 2020, 226 pp., $34.95 (paperback). ISBN: 978-0-52-033964-4

E. Johanna Hartelius’s monograph, The Gifting Logos: Expertise in the Digital Commons, teems with insights and provocations about the ways that the discourses of the digital commons are anchored in...
Impact of time between diagnosis to treatment in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

There is a paucity of data describing the effect of time interval between diagnosis and surgery for Acute Type A Aortic Dissection. We describe our 8-year experience and investigate the impact of time interval between symptom onset, diagnosis and surgery on outcomes. Retrospective single-center study utilizing our Society of Thoracic Surgeons registry and patient records. Subjects were grouped by time interval between radiographic diagnosis and surgical treatment: Group A (0–4 h), Group B (4.1–8 h), Group C (8.1–12 h), and Group D (12.1 + h). Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with mortality and outcomes. 164 patients were included. Overall mortality was 21.3%. Group C had the greatest intervals between symptom onset to diagnosis to surgery, and also the highest mortality (66.7%). Preoperative tamponade, cardiac arrest, malperfusion, elevated creatinine, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and blood transfusions were associated with increased mortality, while distance of referring hospital was not. Time intervals between symptom onset, diagnosis and surgery have a significant effect on mortality. Surgery performed 8–12 h after diagnosis carries the highest mortality, which may be exacerbated by longer interval since symptom onset. Time-dependent effects should be considered when determining optimal strategy especially if inter-facility transfer is necessary.
Händigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter: Untersuchungen an 574 3–6 jährigen knaben unter besonderer berücksichtigung der geschlechtsspezifität

Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten die Auspragung der Handigkeit bei 574 gesunden Knaben im Alter von 30–72 Monaten unter Heranziehung von 19 Subtests. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden fur jeden Einzelprobanden zusammengefaβt und daraus eine Einordnung in die Untergruppen extreme Linkshander, maβige Linkshander, Ambidexter, maβige Rechtshander und extreme Rechtshander getroffen. Die Probanden wurden in 4 Altersstufen eingeteilt, die ermittelten Gruppen statistisch verglichen. Vergleiche wurden auch angestellt mit den Ergebnissen von Passian et al. [14] bei 30–72 Monate alten Madchen, die unter gleichen Bedingungen gewonnen worden waren. Weitere Berucksichtigung fand, welche Methoden im einzelnen zu dem Gesamteindruck der Handigkeit beigetragen haben. Auch bei den Knaben ergab sich eine gewisse Altersabhangigkeit der Auspragung der extremen Rechtshandigkeit und der Ambidextrie. Diese ist jedoch nur zwischen den Altersstufen I (30–41 Monate alt) und II (42–53 Monate alt), bzw. I und III (54–65 Monate alt) bzw. I and IV (66–72 Monate alt) bei extremer Rechtshandigkeit signifikant. Wir fuhrten die nur geringen Unterschiede vor allem zwischen den Altersstufen III and IV auf die bekannte “Oszillation” der Handigkeit kurz vor Schulbeginn zuruck. Es fanden sich weiter signifikante und hochsignifikante Geschlechtsunterschiede hinsichtlivh der Ambidextrie und der Rechtshandigkeit. Die Zahl der Linkshander ist demgegenuber nicht nur in allen Altersstufen annabernd gleich groβ—sondern auch bei beiden Geschlechtern. Die Abhangigkeit der Einordnung in die Handigkeitsgruppen von den angewandten Methoden ist deutlich. Wir vermuten, daβ die Geschlechtsunterschiede—bei der Methodenabhangigkeit, mit der sie festgestellt wurden—zumeist nivht Zeichen einer biologischen Ungleichmaβigkeit der Geschlechter sind. Wir glauben vielmehr, daβ sich hier schon die unterschiedlichen soziolulturellen Bedingungen bemerkbar machen. Unsere Untersuchungen sprechen wiederum fur die weitgehend soziokulturelle Bedingtheit der Auspragung der Handigkeit bei den meisten Menschen. Allerdings scheint diese bei Knaben schon vielfach vor dem 30. Lebensmonat erfolgt zu sein.
Inversion theory and conformal mapping

Classical inversion theory in the plane Linear fractional transformations Advanced calculus and conformal maps Conformal maps in the plane Conformal maps in Euclidean space The classical proof of Liouville's theorem When does inversion preserve convexity? Bibliography Index.
Psychological adjustment during Army basic training

ABSTRACT This study evaluated changes in depression, anxiety, and stress during Army basic training. During week 1 of training, 139 soldiers from two companies volunteered for participation. In week 8, 93 soldiers were available for retesting. Selfreports of depressive symptoms and perceptions of stressfulness at both assessments fell within the normative range for nonclinical samples, whereas endorsement of anxiety symptoms remained slightly elevated, in the mild range. Women endorsed higher levels of anxiety (F = 8.87, p < 0.01) than did men. No gender or ethnicity differences were noted for changes in psychological distress over time. Regression analyses showed that subjects with the highest levels of initial distress on the anxiety, depression, and stress measures had the most change at the end of 8 weeks of training (r values between 0.61 and 0.39; all p < 0.01). Results suggest that initial levels of psychological distress are slightly elevated for anxiety but most individuals adapt to the stress of...
Frontier America's health system challenges and population health outcomes.

Purpose The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to examine and compare the county-level characteristics including demographic factors, health system factors, and population health outcomes of frontier and nonfrontier counties in the United States. All counties in the United States were studied using the merged County Health Rankings 2011 and the Area Resource File 2009 databases. Of a total of 3,141 counties in the County Health Rankings 2011 database, 438 were identified as frontier counties using the conventional definition of fewer than 7 persons per square mile. Findings Frontier counties were found to have a significantly higher proportion of elderly, Hispanic, and Native American residents than nonfrontier counties. Frontier counties have lower household income and lower levels of illiteracy. Frontier counties also have significantly fewer primary care physicians and higher uninsurance rates. Although frontier counties have a lower percentage of ZIP codes with healthy food and recreational facilities, the incidence of obesity is lower in frontier areas. Conclusions Empirical literature on the population health outcomes and health system factors of frontier areas is limited. Frontier communities in the United States face significant challenges in terms of having populations with a higher need for primary care such as the elderly and poor. In addition, they face access barriers due to geographic remoteness. The availability of reliable data on population outcomes will enable policy makers to monitor the health status of frontier populations and to design solutions to the access issues that these populations face.
Catalytic dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes by POCOP-supported palladium complexes

A (POCOP)-supported palladium complex was used to catalyse the dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes to form alkynylboronates. Competing hydrogenation reactions could be mitigated through the use of additives such as phosphines or elemental mercury.
Left ventricular function by pressure-volume loop analysis before and after percutaneous repair of large atrial septal defects.

Aim The intent of the present study was to evaluate changes in ventricular function with percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD), as it is associated with alterations in ventricular loading and function. Transcatheter occlusion of ASD imparts acute changes in volume loading of the left ventricle (LV) that obscures measurement of ventricular function by load-dependent indices. To differentiate between changes in ventricular loading and function, load-independent indices of ventricular function must be utilized. Methods During transcatheter occlusion of ASD, subjects underwent measurement of LV pressure and volume by the conductance catheter method. Load-dependent indices of ventricular function included: systolic and diastolic pressures, +dP/dtmax, and −dP/dtmax. Load-independent indices included: elastance and tau, the preload-independent time constant ofisovolumic relaxation. To obtain elastance, afterload was augmented by phenylephrine bolus pre- and post-device occlusion. Results In total, 29 patients (age 2–79 years) underwent ASD device occlusion (device size 12–38 mm, median 28 mm). Load-dependent indices were obtained in all, and satisfactory pressure-volume loops in 11. At baseline, LV end-diastolic pressure was 5–23 mmHg (13 ± 5 mmHg) and tau was 31 ± 6 ms. Postclosure of the ASD, LV systolic and diastolic pressures rose by 10 ± 11 mmHg and 5 ± 3 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05), and +dP/dtmax rose from 1,288 ± 313 mmHg/sec to 1,415 ± 465 mmHg/sec (P < 0.05), but −dP/dtmax was unchanged. Elastance significantly improved (9.4 ± 8.3 mmHg/mL vs. 13.0 ± 7.3 mmHg/mL, P < 0.05) and tau was unchanged. Conclusions Transcatheter occlusion of ASD is associated with acute improvement in load-independent indices of systolic function in this cohort, without significant worsening of the preload-independent index of diastolic function. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:204–211)
Quantitative evaluation of the impact of cloud transmittance and cloud velocity on the accuracy of short-term DNI forecasts

Ground based sky imaging and irradiance sensors are used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of cloud transmittance and cloud velocity on the accuracy of short-term direct normal irradiance (DNI) forecasts. Eight representative partly-cloudy days are used as an evaluation dataset. Results show that incorporating real-time sky and cloud transmittances as inputs reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of forecasts of both the Deterministic model (Det) (16.3%∼ 17.8% reduction) and the multi-layer perceptron network model (MLP) (0.8% ∼ 6.2% reduction). Four computer vision methods: the particle image velocimetry method, the optical flow method, the x-correlation method and the scale-invariant feature transform method have accuracies of 83.9%, 83.5%, 79.2% and 60.9% in deriving cloud velocity, with respect to manual detection. Analysis also shows that the cloud velocity has significant impact on the accuracy of DNI forecasts: underestimating the cloud velocity magnitude by 50% results in 30.2% (Det) and 24.2% (MLP) increase of forecast RMSE; a 50% overestimate results in 7.0% (Det) and 8.4% (MLP) increase of RMSE; a ±30∘ deviation of cloud velocity direction increases the forecast RMSE by 6.2% (Det) and 6.6% (MLP).
Random error and undercounting in birth defects surveillance data: implications for inference.

BACKGROUND: There has been an ongoing debate among birth defects investigators about whether or not to publish estimates of rates of birth defects with confidence intervals to allow for comparisons of rates across regions and time. A major impediment in resolving this debate has been the lack of a framework for quantifying uncertainties in the data that can be applied uniformly to birth defects surveillance programs. This report presents an overview of random error and ascertainment bias in birth defects surveillance data, and of the implications of these errors for estimation and comparisons of birth defects rates. METHODS: We consider when confidence intervals can be used as part of a strategy to make inference on rates, as well as ratios of or differences between two rates. Worth noting is that confidence intervals only address random error in the data. In the presence of undercounting of cases, estimation of rates and confidence intervals requires knowledge or an estimate of the extent of underascertainment. Rate estimates and confidence intervals that ignore such bias can be misleading. However, if it is reasonable to assume that the ascertainment bias is constant over time (or across regions), then it is possible to make valid comparisons of rates over time (or across regions) using ratio or difference estimators, even when lack of knowledge of the extent of undercounting makes estimating the absolute rate and its confidence interval problematic. Finally, sensitivity analyses can use confidence limits to determine the difference in ascertainment bias necessary to explain an apparent difference in rates. CONCLUSION: Because birth defects surveillance systems have evolved in the absence of agreed upon standards to guide the process, it is difficult to determine the extent to which the variability in rates of birth defects across programs or over time is real or due to differences in surveillance methods. Efforts to develop standards for birth defects surveillance may help to minimize the variability in prevalence of birth defects due to differences in case ascertainment methods and allow for evaluations of real temporal and spatial variations in environmental effects. In the meantime, if comparisons of rates need to be made to address public health concerns, it would be prudent to conduct only such comparisons between regions or across time when the degree of case ascertainment can be assumed to be relatively constant across regions and time. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:610 – 616, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Stability of numerical simulations of dendritic solidification

Novel developments in the numerical simulation of diffusion limited dendritic growth are discussed in the context of two-dimensional simulations of solidification of pure substances and of binary alloys. The three most important numerical difficulties encountered in the simulations of dendritic growth of binary alloys are discussed: 1) the need to accurately calculate the position and velocity of the interface as part of the solution; 2) the disparity of length scales between the thermal diffusion length and the solute diffusion length; and 3) the instability of the solid-liquid interface, particularly at high concentrations of solute. Dealing with the third difficulty constitutes the main objective of this paper. The stability of calculations is studied using the continuity condition on the heat flux across the interface and numerical simulations. The latter are used to assess the current modeling capabilities and the hurdles faced to produce more powerful simulators.
Colostomy in trauma surgery: friend or foe?

Abstract Twenty-five patients underwent a colostomy that came to closure. There were eight blunt, 15 penetrating and two impaling injuries. Colostomy-related complications occurred in four patients; two wound infections, one stoma prolapse, one loop obstruction. Closure was performed during a second hospital stay after a standard mechanical bowel preparation and enteral and parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotics perioperatively. The procedure performed by board certified/eligible surgeons, lasted an average of 2.5–3h. Incisional hernias occurred as the only complication in two patients. For certain injuries of the colon, rectum and perineum, diverting colostomy is still the procedure of choice. It can be performed without significant additional morbidity. Subsequent closure in experienced hands does not carry a significant complication rate.
Accumulation, speciation, and coordination of arsenic in an inbred line and a wild type cultivar of the desert plant species Chilopsis linearis (Desert willow).

Abstract This study investigated the absorption of arsenic (As), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) in the desert plant Chilopsis linearis (Desert willow) . A comparison between an inbred line (red flowered) and wild type (white flowered) plants was performed to look for differential responses to As treatment. One month old seedlings were treated for 7 days with arsenate (As 2 O 5 , As V ) at 0, 20, and 40 mg As V L −1 . Results from the ICP-OES analysis showed that at 20 mg As V L −1 , red flowered plants had 280 ± 11 and 98 ± 7 mg As kg −1 dry wt in roots and stems, respectively, while white flowered plants had 196 ± 30 and 103 ± 13 mg As kg −1 dry wt for roots and stems. At this treatment level, the concentration of As in leaves was below detection limits for both plants. In red flowered plants treated with 40 mg As V L −1 , As was at 290 ± 77 and 151 ± 60 mg As kg −1 in roots and stems, respectively, and not detected in leaves, whereas white flowered plants had 406 ± 36, 213 ± 12, and 177 ± 40 mg As kg −1 in roots, stems, and leaves. The concentration of S increased in all As treated plants, while the concentration of P decreased in roots and stems of both types of plants and in leaves of red flowered plants. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses demonstrated partial reduction of arsenate to arsenite in the form of As-(SX) 3 species in both types of plants.
Organizational/Memory Tools: A Technique for Improving Problem Solving Skills.

This study investigated an alternative to traditional computer-based instruction in problem solving. The computer presented an organizational/memory tool as an aid to a student's own strategies rather than direct instruction in specific strategies. Our goals were: 1) to determine whether students would use the tool and 2) whether and how locus of control would affect use of the tool and problem-solving performance. Our four experimental conditions varied in the locus of control of the tool and in the availability of informational feedback, from total computer control with feedback to total learner control without feedback. Results showed that learners diduseorganizational/memory tools when not required to do so and that tools were most effective in the learner control with feedback condition. Instructional treatment affected learners' perception of the role of the computer and of the value of the tool. Results indicated the need to adaptively decrease feedback, and to adapt instructional techniques as lea...
The family of bone morphogenetic proteins

The family of bone morphogenetic proteins. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted signaling molecules belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of growth factors. The first BMPs were originally identified by their ability to induce ectopic bone formation when implanted under the skin of rodents. In this ectopic overexpression assay, there was a recapitulation of all the events occurring during skeletogenesis. This latter aspect indicated that these molecules could play important roles during development. More than 30 BMPs have been identified to date. The study of their expression pattern as well as the analysis of spontaneously mutated or genetically depleted mice have demonstrated a much broader range of function. These activities are mainly localized at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, including but not restricted to the skeleton. This review presents our current knowledge about the functions of BMPs during skeleton development as well as in many other biologic processes.
Vulnerabilities of ISPs

The evolution of networks and the exponential increase of subscribers on the Internet have toughened the role of Internet service providers (ISPs). The widely held assumption, however, that Internet providers are responsible for the security of the networks they interconnect is not correct; consequently, intrusions take place all the time and no ISP is held accountable for the damage. The article discusses the different security attacks to which ISPs are vulnerable and what steps can be taken to reduce the risks. ISPs are not accountable for the security failures caused by severe holes opened by their clients, though sometimes the blame falls on them. In the years to come, ISPs will provide even more services to their clients, including security solutions, either by leasing equipment or remotely maintaining, their configurations, or both. Legal fights, when damage does occur, will probably occur as well.
DNA Mismatch Repair in Prostate Cancer

Identification of germline mutations associated with cancer susceptibility has led to the rational development of screening protocols and prevention strategies for patients with heritable syndromes or those at increased risk for developing cancer. As reported in Journal of Clinical Oncology, Raymond et al investigated several generations of a large cohort of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) mutation–positive Lynch syndrome families and discovered an increased risk of prostate cancer in the 4,127 male carriers evaluated, at a rate two-fold higher than that in the general population and slightly higher in those younger than 60 years of age. These findings not only have important clinical implications for screening but also highlight the role of DNA MMR in tumorigenesis. Normal cells rely on DNA repair processes to correct biosynthetic errors that occur during replication. Six MMR proteins are required for proper nucleotide mismatch repair: MSH2, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2, MSH6, and MLH3. These proteins function coordinately within biochemical complexes to recognize and repair single base-base mismatches or defective insertion-deletion loops (Fig 1A). Lynch syndrome is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by single-allele germline mutations of an MMR gene, most commonly MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2. By definition, these germline mutations are present in all cells of affected patients; however, a second allelic hit in somatic cells within a particular tissue type (through mutation, loss of heterozygosity, or epigenetic
Neural network architecture for form and motion perception (Abstract Only)

Evidence is given for a new neural network theory of biological motion perception, a motion boundary contour system. This theory clarifies why parallel streams V1 yields V2 and V1 yields MT exist for static form and motion form processing among the areas V1, V2, and MT of visual cortex. The motion boundary contour system consists of several parallel copies, such that each copy is activated by a different range of receptive field sizes. Each copy is further subdivided into two hierarchically organized subsystems: a motion oriented contrast (MOC) filter, for preprocessing moving images; and a cooperative-competitive feedback (CC) loop, for generating emergent boundary segmentations of the filtered signals. The present work uses the MOC filter to explain a variety of classical and recent data about short-range and long- range apparent motion percepts that have not yet been explained by alternative models. These data include split motion; reverse-contrast gamma motion; delta motion; visual inertia; group motion in response to a reverse-contrast Ternus display at short interstimulus intervals; speed- up of motion velocity as interflash distance increases or flash duration decreases; dependence of the transition from element motion to group motion on stimulus duration and size; various classical dependencies between flash duration, spatial separation, interstimulus interval, and motion threshold known as Korte''s Laws; and dependence of motion strength on stimulus orientation and spatial frequency. These results supplement earlier explanations by the model of apparent motion data that other models have not explained; a recent proposed solution of the global aperture problem including explanations of motion capture and induced motion; an explanation of how parallel cortical systems for static form perception and motion form perception may develop, including a demonstration that these parallel systems are variations on a common cortical design; an explanation of why the geometries of static form and motion form differ, in particular why opposite orientations differ by 90 degree(s), whereas opposite directions differ by 180 degree(s), and why a cortical stream V1 yields V2 yields MT is needed; and a summary of how the main properties of other motion perception models can be assimilated into different parts of the motion boundary contour system design.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transfusion medicine service policies for recombinant factor VIIa administration.

Recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) has been approved for treatment of bleeding in hemophilia patients with inhibitors. It has also been successfully used in nonhemophilia patients with acquired antibodies against FVIII (acquired hemophilia). Pharmacological doses of rFVIIa have been found to enhance the thrombin generation on already activated platelets and, therefore, may also likely be of benefit in providing hemostasis in other situations characterized by profuse bleeding and impaired thrombin generation,1 such as patients with thrombocytopenia and in those with functional platelet defects.2,3 Additionally, it has been used successfully in a variety of less well-characterized bleeding situations,4–7 as well as in patients with impaired liver function.8,9 To date, case reports, anecdotal experience, and limited clinical trials describe these uses; data from randomized clinical trials are limited. Because of the recent trends in rFVIIa usage in non-approved settings among physicians from various disciplines, significant concerns about its safety, efficacy, and costs have arisen. Additionally, dosing of rFVIIa for these potentially broad clinical applications is not standardized. Currently, the decision on when and where to use rFVIIa for patients with uncontrolled bleeding continues to be one that must be made by individual physicians, assisted by their hospital pharmacotherapeutics and transfusion committees.10
A reaction-transport model for calcite precipitation and evaluation of infiltration fluxes in unsaturated fractured rock

Abstract The percolation flux in the unsaturated zone (UZ) is an important parameter addressed in site characterization and flow and transport modeling of the potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV, USA. The US Geological Survey (USGS) has documented hydrogenic calcite abundances in fractures and lithophysal cavities at Yucca Mountain to provide constraints on percolation fluxes in the UZ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between percolation flux and measured calcite abundances using reactive transport modeling. Our model considers the following essential factors affecting calcite precipitation: (1) infiltration, (2) the ambient geothermal gradient, (3) gaseous CO 2 diffusive transport and partitioning in liquid and gas phases, (4) fracture–matrix interaction for water flow and chemical constituents, and (5) water–rock interaction. Over a bounding range of 2–20 mm/year infiltration rate, the simulated calcite distributions capture the trend in calcite abundances measured in a deep borehole (WT-24) by the USGS. The calcite is found predominantly in fractures in the welded tuffs, which is also captured by the model simulations. Simulations showed that from about 2 to 6 mm/year, the amount of calcite precipitated in the welded Topopah Spring tuff is sensitive to the infiltration rate. This dependence decreases at higher infiltration rates owing to a modification of the geothermal gradient from the increased percolation flux. The model also confirms the conceptual model for higher percolation fluxes in the fractures compared to the matrix in the welded units, and the significant contribution of Ca from water–rock interaction. This study indicates that reactive transport modeling of calcite deposition can yield important constraints on the unsaturated zone infiltration-percolation flux and provide useful insight into processes such as fracture–matrix interaction as well as conditions and parameters controlling calcite deposition.
Perfluoroalkylpolyethers: A New Class of Synthetic Lubricants

The physical and chemical properties of a new class of synthetic lubricants, the perfluoroalkylpolyether oils and the polytetrufluoroethylene‐thickened greases made from these oils, are described in some detail. The properties which make these products of interest as lubricants for use under severe conditions are shown to be I) excellent thermal and oxidative stability, 2) extreme inertness to many reactive chemicals, 3) broad liquid range and good viscosity‐temperature characteristics, 4) complete nonflammability, 5) good lubricating qualities, 6) compatibility with most elastomers and metals at suitable operating temperatures and 7) insolubility in most common solvents. The commercial process used in the production of these lubricants is described. The oils are disclosed to be fluorine end capped polymers of hexafluoropropylene epoxide having number average molecular weights of from 2000 to 7500, and the preferred thickener for the greases is disclosed to be a telomer of tetrafluoroethylene having a molecular weight of 20,000 to 30,000. A number of the commercial uses of these oils and greases, sold by Du Pont under the trade‐name Krytox®, are described including specific examples of instances where their performance far exceeded that of other available lubricants. Some uses in the space and aircraft industries are also discussed.
Plato's Critique of Hedonism in the Philebus

No one can claim to have thought seriously about the question “How ought I to live?”, the guiding question of political philosophy, without having confronted the powerful answer to it supplied by hedonism. In thinking about hedonism today, we may begin from that thinker who was both very important to and early in its history: Plato. Of the dialogs that have come down to us as Plato's, only the Philebus takes as its direct aim the examination of pleasure's claim to be the human good. The Philebus culminates in the suggestions that the need for self-awareness or self-knowledge may finally be more fundamental to all human beings (and hence to hedonists) than is even the desire for pleasure, and that the experience of at least some pleasures constitutes a great obstacle to precisely the self-knowledge we seek. The Philebus is important today not only because it contains a searching analysis of hedonism but also because it compels us to raise the crucial question of the precise nature of “the good” with which we are justly most concerned—our own or that of others—a question whose centrality to self-knowledge we are in danger of forgetting.
Psychogenic palatal tremor

We describe a case of psychogenic palatal tremor. The diagnosis was supported by clinical criteria and neurophysiological testing, including frequency analysis and jerk-locked back-averaging. We discuss the differential diagnosis of palatal tremor as well as the role of neurophysiological testing in the diagnosis of psychogenic movement disorders.
Knowledge bases: Integration, verification, and partitioning

Abstract A literature review of three aspects of knowledge base design is presented, namely: knowledge integration, knowledge verification, and knowledge base partitioning.
The Clinical Need for New Antiviral Drugs Directed against Influenza Virus

In this issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases, Ison et al. present data on the emergence of resistance to the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor class of influenza antiviral drugs in immunocompromised hosts [1, 2]. Some patients with severe immunosuppression, such as those undergoing bone marrow or solid-organ transplantation, may have prolonged viral replication or severe lower respiratory tract disease. When administered early in the course of disease, antiviral treatment can be effective at preventing progression to pneumonia and reducing mortality in these patients [3]. Antiviral agents targeting the M2 ion channel (amantadine and rimantadine) or the NA enzyme (oseltamivir and zanamivir) can both be used for influenza A virus infections, whereas only the NA inhibitors are useful against influenza B viruses. NA inhibitors have advantages in pharmacokinetics, frequency of adverse effects, and rates of resistance, compared with M2 inhibitors, but are more costly [4]. Prolonged therapy may be necessary to control
On Not Quite Taking Up the Gauntlet: Reply to Adam Phillips

Muriel Dimen replies to Adam Phillips’s interest in her understanding of psychoanalysis. She focuses on psychoanalysis—its method, thought, and practice—as all interminable, as process, as becoming.
Informatics methodology for the rapid, validated development of clinical research forms in CARRAnet: incorporating user-centered design into the Delphi technique

Purpose CARRAnet is a multicenter and multiple disease national registry in pediatric rheumatology with up to sixty sites participating. The CARRAnet registry is designed as a framework from which to drive clinical research and creation of evidence based treatment protocols. Success of the project relies on the continued participation of the clinical sites. User centered design is an informatics technique for
Hyperfine quantum beats from photolytic orientation and alignment.

Using Doppler-resolved transient frequency modulation absorption spectroscopy, we have measured both alignment and orientation quantum beats arising from nuclear hyperfine depolarization of low rotational levels of CN X2Σ+ photofragments produced in the ultraviolet photodissociation of ICN. Under our conditions of fully resolved fine-structure and completely unresolved hyperfine structure, the observed time evolution is insensitive to the rapid depolarization of angular momentum N that would be observed if the fine-structure components were not resolved. Non-statistical spin-rotation populations of CN photofragments, previously observed only for high rotational states, are now observed even for the lowest rotational states, indicating that the electron can not be considered a spectator spin in the depolarization.
Thyroid activity of the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) using a cannula technique

Abstract Chronically implanted aortic and jugular cannulae were used to study thyroid status in the ground squirrel by a body pool turnover technique. Thyroid secretion rates (TSR) increased after cold exposure, and then began to decline with time in the cold until hibernation. Protein-bound iodine values were unchanged from controls through cold exposure and into hibernation. Binding of l -T3−125I by serum thyroxine-binding proteins increased after cold exposure and was twice the control values during hibernation. It is believed that alterations in thyroxine metabolism begin before hibernation is entered, hence reduction of body temperature is not the only factor involved in reduced thyroid activity.
Reproduction and genetic variation in the deposit-feeding sea star Ctenodiscus crispatus

The gonad index in the deposit-feeding asteroid Ctenodiscus crispatus (Retzius) in the Gulf of Maine (USA) is seasonally less variable than in any other sea star, ranging from 2.99 to 4.98% of dry body weight in females and from 2.28 to 3.42% in males, and varies in concert with, rather than reciprocal to, the pyloric caecum index. Biochemical composition and, hence, caloric content, of the gonads also show little seasonal change, suggesting that reproduction is aseasonal and continuous in this population. Oocyte development is asynchronous, all females having a full size range of oocytes (from less than 30 μm to greater than 400 μm diameter) throughout the year. Seasonally determined size-frequency distributions of juveniles, oocyte cytology and size-frequency distributions, responsiveness of adult females to 1-methyladenine, and oxygen uptake rates indicate that variations in reproductive intensity are superimposed on continuous reproduction, and seem related to changes in phytoplankton production rather than to temperature. The rich neutral lipid content (ca. 50% of total lipid) and large egg size (>400 μm) in the ovaries suggest that development is direct. The population is extremely variable genetically, polymorphism among 13 enzyme-coding genes being 77% and average heterozygosity being 0.174. The reproductive pattern and genetic variation in the eurybathic C. crispatus are similar to those in deep-sea echinoderms. This may be related to the constancy of the population's detrital food source, to small-scale heterogeneity of its physical environment, and to low individual vagility.
Influence of milking three times a day on milk quality.

Lactations were divided into three periods: early ( 1 to 99 d), mid (100 to 199 d), and late (200 to 299 d). One hundred Holsteins were randomly split into four groups that were balanced for parity. Groups 222 and 333 were milked twice and three times a day, respectively, throughout lactation. Group 233 was switched from twice to three times daily milking at 100 d, and group 223 was switched at 200 d. Compared with group 222, milk yield for group 333 increased by 10.4%, and fat and protein yields increased by 4.7 and 7.3%, respectively. Mean milk SCC for all groups was <175,000 cells/ml within each lactation period. The percentage of CP was lower for cows milked three times a day than for cows milked twice a day during each stage of lactation (early, 2.78 and 2.91; mid, 3.08 and 3.19; and late, 3.16 and 3.28, respectively). Casein as a percentage of CP was significantly higher for cows milked three times a day during midlactation. The acid degree values (milliequivalents of FFA/ 100 g of fat) were significantly higher for milk from cows milked three times a day than for cows milked twice a day during early and midlactation, (early, 0.75 and 0.55; mid, 0.82 and 0.61; and late, 0.88 and 0.75, respectively). No differences were detected in milk flavor or plasmin activity because of milking frequency. Casein as a percentage of CP decreased, and plasmin activity increased, as parity and stage of lactation increased.
Running crack in an incident wave field

Steady-state diffraction of stress waves by a semi-infinite running crack is considered in this study. In conjunction with the principle of superposition, an exact solution is obtained by using a method based on the Wiener-Hopf technique. As in the static case, the dynamic stresses possess the familiar inverse square-root singularity at the crack tip. The stress-intensity factors, however, are found to depend on the incident wave length, angle of incidence, Poisson's ratio of the elastic solid and speed of crack propagation. The stress-intensity factor serves as a useful parameter in studying elasto-dynamic crack problems since it can be associated with the rate at which elastic and kinetic energies are released by the crack. Ductile fracture is studied by adapting the Dugdale's hypothesis. The length of the plastic zone is determined and the influence of the speed of crack propagation is displayed graphically.
A new technique for preparation of copper single crystals from the bulk using four points

Abstract A new technique has been developed for preparation of copper single crystals from the bulk without using seeds. In this procedure four tips of a highly recrystallized, polycrystalline, copper rod were used to initiate interfacial growth in four different regions of the melt. During the withdrawal separately formed crystals unite to form a single or a bi-crystal.
A massive early atmosphere on Triton

The idea of an early greenhouse atmosphere for Triton is presented and the conditions under which it may have been sustained are quantified. The volatile content of primordial Triton is modeled, and tidal heating rates are assessed to set bounds on the available energy. The atmospheric model formalism is presented, and it is shown how a massive atmosphere could have been raised by modest tidal heating fluxes. The implications of the model atmospheres for the atmospheric escape rates, the chemical evolution, and the cratering record are addressed.
How prior knowledge affects word identification and comprehension

While prior knowledge of a passage topic is known to facilitate comprehension, little is known about how it affects word identification. We examined oral reading errors in good and poor readers when reading a passage where they either had prior knowledge of the passage topic or did not. Children who had prior knowledge of the topic were matched on decoding skill to children who did not know the topic so that the groups differed only on knowledge of the passage topic. Prior knowledge of the passage topic was found to significantly increase fluency and reduce reading errors, especially errors based on graphic information, in poor readers. Two possible mechanisms of how prior knowledge might operate to facilitate word identification were evaluated using the pattern of error types, as was the relationship of errors to comprehension. Implications of knowledge effects for assessment and educational policy are discussed.
Acute low back pain

Abstract Low back pain is the most commonly encountered musculoskeletal condition in the primary care setting. It can be frustrating to treat because diagnosis is often vague, potential interventions are numerous, and patients often have firm treatment expectations. A rational approach to initial management is described. Spontaneous resolution occurs within 2 to 6 weeks in 85% of cases, but recurrences are common. Careful history and directed examination identifies red flags and informs clinical decision-making regarding the need for more complex diagnostic testing. Multiple conventional and complementary physical medicine options are available for symptom management.