cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changelings: Transformative Perceptions of San José’s Street Children, 1965-1981

Between 1965 and 1981, Costa Ricans changed their perceptions of which characteristics they thought defined appropriate urban childhoods. By 1981, the model of a modern, urban Costa Rican child was that of a child who attended school, did not work on the streets, and played in specifically designated places. Children who did not fit this mold began, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, to be viewed as dangerous to society and as evidencing social pathology. Whereas children who worked on the streets during the 1960s were considered part of the urban landscape, and their childhoods, though difficult, were not perceived as deviant, these same children, two decades later, were viewed as marginal and problematic. To trace this change, this article focuses on the changing perceptions about children on the streets that writers for and public contributors to La Nacion, one of the preeminent Costa Rican newspapers, show during the sixteen-year period under analysis.
Transportation costs and trade clusters: Some empirical evidence from U.S. customs districts

Abstract This paper assesses the impact on transportation costs of the mix of goods imported from Canada into the United States. The analysis focuses on merchandise imports processed through eight U.S. customs districts over 1990–2013. The extent to which transportation costs are influenced by the nature of “trade clusters” is examined for various factors that may give rise to trade cluster effects. A trade cluster is defined as a geographical concentration of traded commodities that are in the same industry or in closely related industries. Trade clusters may exist in groups of distinct industries if some other factor provides positive spillover effects in trade. The paper first presents and discusses the average costs of transporting imports for each of eight sample customs districts. These estimates of transportation costs are derived from documents that require importers to report the value of imports and the cost of freight and insurance. Next, measures of concentration and similarity such as Herfindahl-Hirschman and Grubel-Lloyd indices are constructed and related to trade clusters. These measures are used in fixed-effects regressions for transportation costs, and the results suggest that trade cluster effects matter. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications that follow from the regression findings.
Pulse-mode temperature sensing with langasite SAW devices

Wired and wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors with langasite Euler angle (0, 138.5, 27) and (0, 138.5, 117) were fabricated for the purpose of temperature and gas sensing in high temperature combustion process. Their temperature responses were measured in pulse mode both wired to a high-temperature cable and in wireless mode attached to a dipole antenna. The observed surface acoustic wave velocity monotonically decreases above 200 °C with multiple reflections observable in wired measurements up to 900 °C and in wireless mode up to 700 °C. Temperature resolution better than ± 0.5 C was achieved for wired and wireless measurements from 200 °C to 600 °C.
Eicosanoid production by a differentiated canine colonic epithelial cell line, VNCC.

Abstract Background/Aims: The lack of pure, proliferative, but not transformed intestinal epithelial cells has impeded progress in understanding their role in chronic intestinal inflammation. To clarify that role, the present study characterized the epithelial cell line VNCC, derived from normal adult dog distal colon. Methods: Cells were cultured on plastic and permeable supports for analysis of eicosanoid production (by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography) and transport characteristics (by Ussing chamber short-circuit determinations). Results: In culture, VNCC formed confluent monolayers and domes, suggesting formation of tight junctions and active solute absorption. When cultured on permeable supports, VNCC developed modest, but variable, transepithelial resistances (563 ± 94 Ω/cm 2 ) with a spontaneous short-circuit current of 5.0 ± 0.4 μA/ cm 2 . Forskolin caused a prolonged increase in the short-circuit current, inhibited by amiloride but not bumetanide, suggesting that VNCC display 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated sodium absorption. VNCC incubated with arachidonic acid released a variety of eicosanoids including 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F 1α , PGE 2 , thromboxane B 2 , and PGF 2α , but no hydroxyarachidonate metabolites. Bradykinin stimulated VNCC eicosanoid release. Conclusions: The ability of VNCC to divide and differentiate in culture, to form polarized monolayers capable of active sodium absorption, and to respond to inflammatory mediators with eicosanoid release makes them a unique tool for the study of the interactions of inflammation on colonocyte function.
Learning, Culture, and Learning Culture:

Though adults have long faced the experience of learning to function in new cultural contexts, very little is understood about the processes of this sort of learning. This paper approaches learning culture from the position that cultural knowledge is best understood in terms of situated cognition. Contexts do not simply provide useful information in support of thinking and learning, but are inseparable from cognitive processes. Viewing culture in this way carries specific implications for understanding how a new culture is learned and how it might be taught. In particular, processes of learning culture can be seen to parallel processes of gaining practitioner knowledge, while processes of teaching culture can be modeled on the notion of cognitive apprenticeship.
Robotic Weightlifting: Straight-Line Programs

Industrial robots are widely used to perform repetitive tasks on assembly lines. They look nothing like the popular conception of robots, which is to say that they look nothing like people. The animatronics industry, however, deliberately produces robots that resemble humans. Such robots are commonly seen at large amusement parks, and have even been used as advertising gimmicks at trade shows. In this chapter we will consider a problem that might arise in designing a robot that can enter weightlifting competitions.
Neurophysiological Analysis of Visual Syntax in Design

Creative design activities in the development of software-intensive systems involve the wide use of visual tools, such as flowcharts and UML diagrams. In this research-in-progress paper, we explore the potential of eye fixation related potential (EFRP) as a method to assess the efficacy of visual notations used to build and evaluate IT artifacts. Drawing on past work in the areas of visual syntax and semantics, we ask whether selection of visual forms is a significant predictor of design artifact quality and utility. In particular, we propose a study that combines the use of EEG and EFRP methods to analyze the neurophysiological correlates of how designers employ visual syntax in the development of IT artifacts for software-intensive systems. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.
Privacy in Mobile Devices

The mobile ecosystem is a collection of network operators, application developers, users, law makers, and associated technologies and policies. This collection provides the most prominent personal computing environment of the day. As application designers continue to innovate in this ecosystem, users are becoming more and more tempted to provide service providers access to their personal data. This chapter provides an overview of data collection, data leakage and data interception methods in mobile devices that make the user’s personal data susceptible to unwanted access. This brings forth the issue of privacy of the user whose private data is now open for analysis by unknown individuals, businesses with which the user has no trust relationship, and the prying eyes of monitoring agencies. It is hoped that awareness efforts and novel technologies will help eliminate the issue. We discuss how mobile application developers can follow best practices to control personal data collection, the options that users have to control how applications access their data, and novel privacy preserving architectures for mobile applications. Nonetheless, the challenges ahead of us are overwhelming, and call for another collective endeavor to prevent the mobile device from transforming into the tool that dissolved all notions of privacy in modern society.
Holographic Surface Gratings in Photorefractive Materials

Existence of surface gratings associated with volume gratings in a photorefractive material is proved by analyzing reflected diffraction orders of an incident reading beam. A novel technique is used to numerically eliminate the Fabry-Perot effect from the diffracted orders.
Mercury distribution across 14 U.S. forests. Part II: Patterns of methyl mercury concentrations and areal mass of total and methyl mercury.

This study characterized distribution patterns of monomethyl mercury (MeHg) and areal mass of total mercury (THg) and MeHg across U.S. upland forests. MeHg concentrations increased from surface lit...
The Ocean Observing System for Tropical Cyclone Intensification Forecasts and Studies

(1) NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA, Gustavo.Goni@noaa.gov, Sim.Aberson@noaa.gov, Rick.Lumpkin@noaa.gov, George.Halliwell@noaa.gov, (2) NOAA Regional and Mesoscale Meteorology Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Mark.DeMaria@noaa.gov, Knaff@cira.colostate.edu (3) Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA, USA, sampson@nrlmry.navy.mil (4) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA, jprice@whoi.edu (5) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Camp Spring, MD, USA, Avichal.Mehra@noaa.gov (6) University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, RI, USA, iginis@gso.uri.edu (7) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, iilin@as.ntu.edu.tw (8) Center for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Australia, P.Sandery@bom.gov.au (9) Mercator Ocean, Ramonville St. Agne, France, silvana.buarque@mercator-ocean.fr (10) Oceanography Division, National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India, mmali@nrsa.gov.in (11) University of Miami, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Francis.Bringas@noaa.gov (12) NOAA Tropical Prediction Center, Miami, FL, USA, Chris.Lauer@noaa.gov (13) Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA, echassignet@coaps.fsu.edu (14) Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique, amavume@gmail.com (15) National Typhoon Center/KMA, Jeju, South Korea, krkang@kma.go.kr
KINETIC STUDY OF THE VASIMR THRUSTER OPERATIONAL REGIMES

A few different fully kinetic models for the numerical analysis of rarified gas and collisional plasma inside high Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR){' are proposed. Gas and plasma flows are described using time-dependent non-linear kinetic equations, accounting for various collisional processes in the volume and at the material walls in the presence of external magnetic and self-consistent electrical fields and sheaths. An additional zero dimensional power and particle balance model is considered as well. The latter includes 13 ordinary non-linear equations with relevant boundary conditions. This relatively simple model is coupled to a semi-analytical hybrid mixed-collisional pipe flow model taken in the ID approximation . The numerical results from all the models are benchmarked against current VX-10 data for hydrogen (deuterium) and helium discharges, as given by langmuir plasma probes and retarded probe analyzers. The numerical data is also used to explain some of the experimental observations. The model is applied to predict helicon plasma source performance in space, including next step VF-10 configuration. Some structural modifications of the thruster are proposed.
Nonlinearity of a Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Revealed by the Mechanical Susceptibility

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA(Received 13 March 2012; revised manuscript received 15 October 2012; published 11 February 2013)The voltage-gated potassium channel from Aeropyrum pernix operates by coupling the voltage-drivenmotion of a charged group of amino acids to the opening and closing of the pore. In this experiment, wedrive this charged group with an ac ﬁeld and observe the effect on the gating. The measurements fordifferent frequencies and amplitudes of the forcing reveal an essential nonlinearity in the mechanicalbehavior of the molecule. Within a continuum-mechanics description, we extract the effective dissipationparameter for this conformational motion and ﬁnd 0:2g=s, similar to recent nanorheologymeasurements on the conformational motion of an enzyme.
The FFOCI and Other Measures and Models of OCPD

The Five Factor Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) was developed in part to facilitate a shift from the categorical classification of personality disorder to a dimensional trait model, more specifically, the five-factor model (FFM). Questions though have been raised as to whether obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) can be understood as a maladaptive variant of FFM conscientiousness. The present study provides a further validation of the FFOCI, emphasizing in particular its association with FFM conscientiousness, as well as comparing alternative measures and models of OCPD. A total of 380 undergraduates (obtained in two samples of 274 and 106), including 146 oversampled for OCPD traits (93 for the first sample and 53 for the second), completed the FFOCI, measures of general personality, OCPD trait scales, and alternative measures of OCPD. Results supported the validity of the FFOCI as a measure of OCPD and maladaptive variants of FFM traits, as well as identifying substantive differences among the alternative measures of OCPD, particularly with respect to their relationship with FFM conscientiousness, antagonism, and introversion.
Migration, Remittances and Monetization of Farm Labor in Subsistence Sending Areas

Obtaining the labor necessary to perform household agricultural tasks in contexts with periods of intense labor demand can be a challenge. The challenge is especially pronounced in Northeast Thailand where biophysical conditions constrain the possibilities for labor reduction, while still maintaining productivity, and demographic changes in the supply of laborers place some households in a particular bind. Out-migration is hypothesized to impact the household's decision to grow rice and method of acquiring the necessary labor. Out-migration influences these decisions through lost labor and migrant remittances. These relationships are used to help explain the rapid monetization of agricultural labor in a region of Northeastern Thailand over the period 1994 to 2000. I find that remittances are related to the monetization of agricultural labor, likely through allowing households to escape labor constraints by paying non-household laborers in cash. No such support is found for a pure labor-loss effect driving monetization.
General Capacity Region for the Fully Connected Three-Node Packet Erasure Network

This paper studies the capacity region when three nodes $ \{ \mathsf {1}, \mathsf {2}, \mathsf {3}\}$ communicate with each other by sending packets through unreliable wireless medium. For each time slot, with some probabilities a packet sent by node $i$ may be received by both of the other nodes $j$ and $k$ ; received only by node $j$ (or node $k$ ); or received by neither node. Interference is avoided by enforcing that at most one node can transmit in each time slot. We assume that node $i$ can always reach node $j$ , possibly with the help of the third node $k$ , for any $i \neq j$ pairs (thus the term fully connected). One notable example of this model is any CSMA-based Wi-Fi network with three nodes within the hearing range of each other.
Ex vivo ovine model for suspension microlaryngoscopy training.

Objective: To develop an ovine model for teaching suspension laryngoscopy and phonosurgery. Methods: The head and neck from 10 pre-pubescent sheep were harvested following humane euthanasia at the end of an in vivo protocol. No live animals were used in this study. The tissues were saline-perfused and refrigerated for 1–5 days. Suspension laryngoscopy was performed using adolescent Parsons and adult Kantor-Berci laryngoscopes suspended with a Benjamin-Parsons laryngoscope holder. Visualisation was achieved with 0° and 30° telescopes, and a three-chip camera and video system. Shapshay-Ossoff microlaryngeal instruments were used for endolaryngeal dissection. Results: Experienced laryngologists led a second year medical student through several procedures including injection laryngoplasty, hydrodissection and incision, endolaryngeal suturing, and partial cordectomy. Despite expected anatomical differences, the model proved highly realistic for suspension microlaryngoscopy. Conclusion: The sheep head and neck model provides an inexpensive, safe model for developing skills in suspension laryngoscopy and basic phonosurgery.
A novel combination of two minimally invasive surgical techniques in the management of refractory radiation necrosis: Technical note.

Abstract Background: Minimally-invasive approaches are attractive alternative to standard craniotomy for large intracranial tumors with potentially lesser morbidity. In this report, we describe a sequential combination of two minimally-invasive surgical techniques to treat a large intracranial tumor. Clinical presentation: A 49 year-old woman presented with a history of breast cancer and large left parietal metastasis with significant perilesional edema. This was initially managed by whole brain radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient underwent laser ablation of the tumor followed by internal tumor debulking using an exoscopic-assisted tubular retractor system. Post-operative MRI showed gross total coverage of the tumor by laser ablation and alleviation of mass effect. The patient recovered well and discharged on second postoperative day. Conclusion: The minimally-invasive combination of laser ablation followed by internal debulking using a tubular retractor device could be done safely and effectively as a minimally invasive alternative to standard craniotomy for large intracranial tumors.
A Retrospective Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Age on CNS Vital Signs Scores in High-School Athletes

Current recommendations for concussion management acknowledge the importance of objective assessments of neuropsychological (NP) ability, and computerized NP assessments have been widely integrated into the concussion management protocols of high schools. The optimal intervals for baseline test administration in high-school athletes are currently uncertain. The ability to accurately detect subtle NP deficits is particularly important for high-school athletes, in which concussions are increasingly recognized for adverse effects to the developing brain. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of change in neurocognitive test performance, as well as changes in different domains of NP functioning over time. Baseline computerized NP assessments were conducted at six high schools over 4 academic years using CNS Vital Signs, a battery consisting of seven well-established NP tests. Data were retrospectively examined for age differences in both cross-sectional (n = 3015) and longitudinal (n = 1221) analyses. Moderate changes were observed across several NP domains over time (Cohen’s d = 0.39–0.61), with the largest improvements observed in executive functioning (mean improvement 5.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.41–6.14, p < 0.001), psychomotor speed (mean improvement 4.59, 95% CI 3.97–5.22, p < 0.001), cognitive flexibility (mean improvement 5.11, 95% CI 4.76–5.45, p < 0.001), and reaction time (mean improvement −12.44 ms, 95% CI −10.10 to −14.78, p < 0.001). Improvements in NP performance were most pronounced between the freshman and senior years. There is an appreciable change that occurs each year of high school in one or more domains of an NP battery, with executive functioning indicating the greatest magnitude of change. Females performed better relative to males across all time points though males exhibited more substantial improvement over time.
The promises and perils of real-time holographic display

Real time holographic display has been a long-term goal for many display engineers. The promise of true 3D display with accommodation and motion parallax as well as stereopsis is compelling; the daunting challenges involved in realizing such a display include a very high resolution display which scales radically with field-of-view and viewing zone size. Computation, bandwidth, and the requirement for coherent light are also significant challenges. Progress since the 1960s has been slow, but conceptual breakthroughs and the development of enabling technology have finally enabled significant demonstrations of some applications.
Scabies masquerading as bullous pemphigoid: scabies surrepticius

Scabies, a parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is diagnosed by observing either the mite, its ova, or its excrement. The mite tracts, known as burrows and a characteristic presentation of the pruritic condition, are typically found on the web spaces between the fingers. Other cutaneous lesions include excoriated papules, pustules, and vesicles. However, atypical clinical variants of scabies, such as bullous, crusted, hidden, incognito, nodular, and scalp forms of the parasitic infestation, mimic the morphologic features of other non-parasitic dermatoses. A 76-year-old man presented with pruritic blisters and urticarial plaques that demonstrated not only pathology changes, but direct immunofluorescence also showed findings of bullous pemphigoid. His condition improved, but did not resolve, with topical corticosteroid cream for the management of the primary autoimmune blistering disorder. When other family members subsequently developed scabies, the correct diagnosis for his condition, bullous scabies, was established by demonstrating mites, ova, and scybala on a mineral oil preparation from a skin scraping of a newly appearing burrow. Bullous scabies can masquerade not only clinically, but also both pathologically and immunologically as bullous pemphigoid. Scabies serrupticius is introduced as a unifying term to designate all of the non-classic presentations of S. scabiei mite infestation.
Excavating Legacy: Community archaeology at a Japanese American World War II incarceration site

This article discusses the ongoing public archaeology programme at Manzanar National Historic Site (NHS), a unit of the US National Park Service (NPS). Unlike archaeological projects rooted in acad...
Effect of dissolved oxygen on the grain size of annealed pure copper and Cu-Al alloys

The grain growth restraint which occurs far in advance of the aluminum oxide front during the internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloys is shown to be a result of oxygen in solid solution. Studies show that oxygen in solid solution in pure copper restrains grain growth.
Charity: An Intellectual History

This chapter traces the intellectual history of charity from ancient times to modernity and beyond. The chapter examines the opinions on charity that existed in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Greek city-states, ancient China and the Hindu texts, the Old and New Testaments, the philosophers of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and the classical and neoclassical economists. The chapter highlights the great transformation that occurred over time in the intellectual view of charity, and its implications with respect to poverty in society.
Measuring and Mitigating Unintended Bias in Text Classification

We introduce and illustrate a new approach to measuring and mitigating unintended bias in machine learning models. Our definition of unintended bias is parameterized by a test set and a subset of input features. We illustrate how this can be used to evaluate text classifiers using a synthetic test set and a public corpus of comments annotated for toxicity from Wikipedia Talk pages. We also demonstrate how imbalances in training data can lead to unintended bias in the resulting models, and therefore potentially unfair applications. We use a set of common demographic identity terms as the subset of input features on which we measure bias. This technique permits analysis in the common scenario where demographic information on authors and readers is unavailable, so that bias mitigation must focus on the content of the text itself. The mitigation method we introduce is an unsupervised approach based on balancing the training dataset. We demonstrate that this approach reduces the unintended bias without compromising overall model quality.
Relationship conflict in construction management: Performance and productivity problem

AbstractPerformance and productivity in construction management are essential for schedule and profit considerations, but are often diminished by conflict. Task conflict provides incentive for deci...
Recent Advances in Toll Like Receptor-Targeting Glycoconjugate Vaccines

Many malignant cell surface carbohydrates resulting from abnormal glycosylation patterns of certain diseases can serve as antigens for the development of vaccines against these diseases. However, carbohydrate antigens are usually poorly immunogenic by themselves, thus they need to be covalently coupled with immunologically active carrier molecules to be functional. The most well established and commonly used carriers are proteins. In recent years, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to formulate glycoconjugate vaccines has gained significant attention because TLR ligands can serve not only as carrier molecules but also as built-in adjuvants to form fully synthetic and self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines, which have several advantages over carbohydrate-protein conjugates and formulated mixtures with external adjuvants. This article reviews recent progresses in the development of conjugate vaccines based on TLR ligands. Two major classes of TLR ligands, lipopeptides and lipid A derivatives will be covered with more focus on monophosohoryl lipid A (MPLA) and related analogs, which are TLR4 ligands demonstrated to be able to provoke T cell-dependent, adaptive immune responses. Corresponding conjugate vaccines have shown promising application potentials to multiple diseases including cancer.
Effects of Constitutive Parameters on Shear Band Formation in Granular Soils

This paper presents an analysis of the effects of constitutive response on bifurcation and shear band formation in granular soils. A simple elastoplastic constitutive model for biaxial loading condition is introduced which adequately captures the monotonic response of granular soils particularly the variation of dilatancy and mobilized friction with shear deformation. Using the constitutive model, a strain localization criterion expressed in terms of constitutive parameters is developed. Both the model and the strain localization criterion are verified against experimental data. The model and the bifurcation criterion are then applied in a parametric study to determine the sensitivity of strain localization in granular soils to constitutive parameters. Strain localization is analyzed in terms of Vermeer’s compliance approach which is re-derived and generalized in this paper.
Surgical Intervention of a Nonunion Navicular Stress Fracture in a Collegiate Soccer Player: An Exploration Clinical CASE Report

The following case presents an 18-year-old male collegiate soccer player 11 months after initial injury, who was previously diagnosed with and treated for a navicular stress fracture. Unlike most patients who are treated conservatively, he presented with lingering symptoms that had not resolved after the standard course of treatment. After 11 months, the athlete then underwent further testing to reveal a navicular stress fracture with nonunion due to avascular necrosis. Open reduction internal fixation was performed 17 months after the initial injury to stabilize the midfoot. This case presents many unique components, including the presentation of the injury, the unsuccessful course of initial treatment, and the complications that arose from it.
A Population-Based Twin Study of Childhood Irritability and Internalizing Syndromes

Childhood irritability exhibits significant theoretical and empirical associations with depression and anxiety syndromes. The current study used the twin design to parse genetic and environmental contributions to these relationships. Children ages 9-14 from 374 twin pairs were assessed for irritability and symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, panic, social phobia, and separation anxiety using dimensional self-report instruments. Multivariate structural equation modeling decomposed the correlations between these syndromes into genetic and environmental components to examine shared and specific risk domains. Irritability had significant associations with each internalizing symptom domain. Genetic contributions to irritability are moderately correlated with genetic risk for symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety with weaker overlap with the other anxiety syndromes. Familial and specific environmental risk factors explained covariation among syndromes and indicated potential syndrome-specific risk. There is substantial overlap among the genetic and environmental factors that influence individual differences in irritability and those that increase liability for depression and anxiety symptoms in children. These findings deepen the current understanding of childhood internalizing risk factors and provide important implications for syndrome prediction and susceptibility gene discovery efforts.
Marketing communication in beer industry in the Czech Republic with respect to minibreweries

Minibreweries are a specific group on the Czech beer market and they communicate with their customers mostly via their product – the beer. Their main asset is uniqueness and locality. Presentation of these breweries is mostly realized by financially less difficult methods. The present text deals with the problems of marketing communication of minibreweries with respect to the techniques used. Data collection was performed via electronic questionnaire in January 2017. The researched sample consisted of 350 minibreweries as of 31st December 2016. Recoverability of the questionnaires was 41% (145 minibreweries). The aim of the research was to find out, with the help of descriptive statistic methods, which marketing tools are used by minibreweries. The results confirm that, for marketing communication, minibreweries use mostly low-cost techniques such as own web pages, which are used by 90% of the researched minibreweries, social sites by 84% of respondents, and through the renown of the minibrewery by 80% of respondents. Furthermore there are tools to be used to differentiate the product, such as labels (in 90% of respondents), glasses and beer coasters (in 85% of respondents), the least used kind of these tools being the advertisement in the national broadcast transmission (in 4% of respondents) and in the news (in 8% of respondents).
Desirability of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory items for women and men: A comparison between African Americans and European Americans

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is a widely used instrument for measuring gender role perceptions, but questions have been raised regarding whether its items reflect contemporary views on gender. A recent study (Holt & Ellis, 1998) revalidated all but 2 of the 40 adjectives included in the masculine and feminine BSRI indices for a predominantly European American undergraduate sample in a rural Southern town. We examined whether European Americans in a different geographical area and 2 samples of African Americans would show similar findings. Study participants were recruited in undergraduate management courses in 2 universities and included 62 European American women, 69 European American men, 40 African American women, and 31 African American men in a large Northeastern city and 56 African American women and 33 African American men in a small Southern city. Findings indicated that European American men in the urban Northeast and African American men in the South gave the most traditional ratings, whereas European American women in the urban Northeast expressed the most liberal views. European American women considered only 4 of the 40 BSRI items to be differentially desirable for women and men, a considerable departure from the findings of Holt and Ellis (1998) as well as Bem (1974).
The Origin of Soil Moisture Evaporation “Regimes”

AbstractEvaporation plays an extremely important role in determining summertime surface temperature variability over land. Observations show the relationship between evaporation and soil moisture g...
Exercise experiences among persons with multiple sclerosis living in the southeast of the United States

Purpose: Exercise is one of the best behavioral approaches for improving health and wellbeing among persons with multiple sclerosis. The environment is a key influencer regarding engagement in this health enhancing activity among those with multiple sclerosis, yet existing research has often been restricted amongst Caucasian samples residing in the midwest and northwest of the United States, Europe and New Zealand. This study explored experiences of exercise among persons with multiple sclerosis from the southeast of the United States.Materials and methods: We interviewed 32 persons with multiple sclerosis from the southeast of the United States regarding exercise experiences, and then undertook an inductive, semantic thematic analysis.Results: The racially diverse sample of persons with multiple sclerosis in the southeast of the United States permitted a crafting of five themes that reflected lived experiences of exercise; (i) exercise is a therapeutic strategy, (ii) facilitators of exercise, (iii) barriers of exercise, (iv) ineffective exercise promotion, and (v) necessities for improved exercise promotion.Conclusion: Experiences of exercise in multiple sclerosis are transferable up to a point, but exercise interventions should be contextually specific depending on the geographic area and culture of persons with multiple sclerosis.Implications for RehabilitationExercise is one of the only strategies that improves symptoms of multiple sclerosis and improves quality of life.Cultural and geographic climate may significantly influence exercise experiences, and subsequent engagement of exercise among persons with multiple sclerosis.Practitioners working with persons with MS in the southeast of the US should consider designing exercise programs that take into account the oppressive climate of this area.Persons' with MS cultural and geographic backgrounds should be considered when designing exercise programs to ensure more individualized and appropriate application.
Perspectives on the relationship between materials chemistry and roll-to-roll electrode manufacturing for high-energy lithium-ion batteries

Abstract As lithium-ion battery (LIB) active material and cell manufacturing costs continue to drop with wider adoption of electric vehicles, electrode and cell processing costs remain too high in terms of reaching the ultimate U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cell cost target of $80/kWh. This paper primarily covers major materials chemistry advancements made over the last 10 ​years ​at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in the space of advanced manufacturing science for LIBs with the aim of simultaneously meeting the ultimate cost target, 500 ​Wh/kg gravimetric energy density, 10-15-min fast charge times, and 1000 deep discharge cycles. Aqueous electrode processing with a variety of active anode and cathode materials is now a standard procedure at the DOE Battery Manufacturing R&D Facility at ORNL (BMF), including the latest processes developed for Ni-rich cathodes. New results on cobalt-free LiNi0.8Fe0.1Al0.1O2 (NFA 811) are also included and discussed in an electrode processing advantage context. In addition, colloidal processing advancements have been made for Si/C composite anodes for achieving >600 ​mA ​h/g capacities. Optimization of electrode coating parameters and drying protocols have been completed, which has elucidated how key processing variables need to be changed when parameters such as slurry solids loading, solvent type, and wet electrode thickness are changed. ORNL has also increased the line speeds at which thick cathodes can be processed using ultra-fast electron beam (EB) curing and substantially decreased formation cycling times to
O04.2 Phylogenomic analysis reveals persistence of neisseria gonorrhoeae clades with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins

Background The emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) cefixime and ceftriaxone has raised concerns over a future of untreatable gonorrhea. In 2015, a treatment regimen consisting of ceftriaxone and azithromycin were recommended to assist in delaying the further selection of resistant strains, including those with elevated cephalosporin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (ESCem). Recently, we conducted a retrospective study to assess the genetic relatedness of isolates in the United States from 2006–2017, and describe the emergence and dissemination of ESCem lineages over time. Methods We examined the genomes of 637 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), including 317 isolates with elevated cefixime MICs (CFXem; MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/mL), 96 isolates with elevated ceftriaxone MICs (CROem; MIC ≥ 0.125 μg/mL), and 224 accompanying cephalosporin-susceptible isolates matched by region and collection date. We generated a core-genome SNP phylogeny, and examined the distribution of antimicrobial determinants known to be associated with cephalosporin resistance. Results The majority of gonococcal isolates with elevated MICs to either cephalosporin or both (n = 337) possessed the mosaic penA XXXIV allele (cefixime: 87%, 276/317, P Conclusion The prevalence of mosaic penA XXXIV alleles was highest among gonococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility to ESCs over a 12-year period. Genomic methods can aid in efforts to monitor antimicrobial resistance markers of concern and ultimately slow the emergence and spread of circulating ESCem strains. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Comparison of methods to predict feed intake and residual feed intake using behavioral and metabolite data in addition to classical performance variables.

ABSTRACT Predicting dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency by leveraging the use of data streams available on farm could aid efforts to improve the feed efficiency of dairy cattle. Residual feed intake (RFI) is the difference between predicted and observed feed intake after accounting for body size, body weight change, and milk production, making it a valuable metric for feed efficiency research. Our objective was to develop and evaluate DMI and RFI prediction models using multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares regression, artificial neural networks, and stacked ensembles using different combinations of cow descriptive, performance, sensor-derived behavioral (SMARTBOW; Zoetis), and blood metabolite data. Data were collected from mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 124; 102 multiparous, 22 primiparous) split equally between 2 replicates of 45-d duration with ad libitum access to feed. Within each predictive approach, 4 data streams were added in sequence: dataset M (week of lactation, parity, milk yield, and milk components), dataset MB (dataset M plus body condition score and metabolic body weight), dataset MBS (dataset MB plus sensor-derived behavioral variables), and dataset MBSP (dataset MBS plus physiological blood metabolites). The combination of 4 datasets and 4 analytical approaches resulted in 16 analyses of DMI and RFI, using variables averaged within cow across the study period. Additional models using weekly averaged data within cow and study were built using all predictive approaches for datasets M, MB, and MBS. Model performance was assessed using the coefficient of determination, concordance correlation coefficient, and root mean square error of prediction. Predictive models of DMI performed similarly across all approaches, and models using dataset MBS had the greatest model performance. The best approach–dataset combination was MLR–dataset MBS, although several models performed similarly. Weekly DMI models had the greatest performance with MLR and partial least squares regression approaches. Dataset MBS models had incrementally better performance than datasets MB and M. Within each approach–dataset combination, models with DMI averaged over the study period had slightly greater model performance than DMI averaged weekly. Predictive performance of all RFI models was poor, but slight improvements when using MLR applied to dataset MBS suggest that rumination and activity behaviors may explain some of the variation in RFI. Overall, similar performance of MLR, compared with machine learning techniques, indicates MLR may be sufficient to predict DMI. The improvement in model performance with each additional data stream supports the idea of integrating data streams to improve model predictions and farm management decisions.
Manufacturing Induced Bending Stresses: Glass-Glass vs. Glass-Backsheet

The architecture of a photovoltaic module directly influences its mechanical stability, affecting cell crack propagation and contributing to the existence and distribution of stresses. Herein, we evaluate cell deflection using X-Ray Topography (XRT) and compare resulting stresses using both thin-plate theory and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Countering the common belief, we show that glass/glass module architectures exhibit higher bending induced cell stresses during module fabrication. These residual stresses superimpose with stresses experienced in the field and may lead to more frequent cell breakage.
The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701. By Jon Parmenter

In The Edge of the Woods, Jon Parmenter explores the changing geographies of Iroquois territory from Cartier's arrival to the 1701 Great Peace of Montreal. Previous Iroquois histories, he writes, b...
Blues, Funk, Rhythm and Blues, Soul, Hip Hop, and Rap: A Research and Information Guide

Dedication Introduction Notes on the Literature I. Blues Resources General References Aesthetics and Philosophy Autobiographies and Biographies Collective Biographies Collections of Music Discographies and Listening Guides Fiction Gender Histories and Surveys Regional Studies Global Studies Literature, Criticism, and Lyrics Photography Religion II. Funk, Rhythm and Blues, and Soul Resources General References Autobiographies and Biographies Collective Biographies Discographies and Listening Guides Histories and Surveys Regional Studies Global Studies Photography III. Hip Hop/Rap Resources General References Autobiographies and Biographies Collective Biographies B-Boying/B-Girling Cinema, Journalism, and Media Communication, Language, Poetry, and Text Discographies and Listening Guides DJing and MCing Gender Histories and Surveys A. Regional Studies B. Global Studies Photography Politics Religion Sampling IV. Appendices A. Blues Web Sources and Periodicals General Web Sources for Blues Blues Museums, Foundations, and Societies Web Sources Individual Artist Websites Web Radio for Blues Blues Record Companies Journals, Magazines, and Periodicals B. Funk, Rhythm and Blues, and Soul Music Web Sources and Periodicals General Web Sources for Funk, Rhythm and Blues, and Soul Music Museums and Foundations Web Sources Journals, Magazines, and Periodicals C. Selected Hip Hop and Rap Web Sources, Magazines, and Periodicals General Web Sources for Hip Hop and Rap Journals, Magazines, and Periodicals Index About the Author
Foreign Direct Investment and Uncertainty' Empirical Evidence From Africa

The focus of this paper is to examine the impact of economic and political uncertainty on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to African economies. Flows of manufacturing and non-manufacturing U.S. FDI into a sample of host countries in Africa are analyzed in this study. A generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model is used to generate economic uncertainty indicators of the inflation rate and the real exchange rate. The results of the study show that for aggregate U.S. FDI flow, economic and political uncertainties are not major concerns. However, for U.S. manufacturing and non-manufacturing FDI flows, economic uncertainties are the major impediments only when combined with political instability and external debt burden.
Self‐Serving Bias

How do people explain good and bad outcomes in their lives? People tend to attribute their successes to internal factors but attribute their failures to external factors. That is, people may tout their own ability, effort, or determination when they succeed but point to luck, task difficulty, or other people when they fail. For example, when a student does well in an exam, she may attribute the success to her intelligence or hard work. When she does poorly, on the other hand, she may blame the failure on the teacher's unfair grading or her roommate's party the night before. This asymmetric explanatory pattern is known as the self-serving bias. Keywords: social cognition; attribution theory
Hypermethylation of ribosomal DNA in human breast carcinoma.

We examined the methylation status of the transcribed domain of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in 58 patients with breast cancer. The mean percent of methylation was significantly higher in breast tumours than that of normal control samples (P< 0.0001). This increased rDNA methylation was associated with oestrogen receptor non-expression (P< 0.0273) and with moderately or poorly differentiated tumours as compared to well differentiated tumours (P< 0.0475). Our results suggest that rDNA can be a useful marker for monitoring aberrant methylation during breast tumour progression. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
CHAPTER 35 – Molecular Immunology

The ability of vertebrate animals to resist and overcome disease caused by infectious agents and toxic proteins is provided by the immune system. The immune system comprises specialized tissues, cells, highly specific proteins, and unique genetic mechanisms for creating the many different defenses that the organism requires for combating infectious diseases. The cells and molecules composing the immune system are designed to attack and destroy infectious and foreign substances, but do not under normal circumstances attack the host organism's tissues, cells, or molecules. This ability to discriminate between self and nonself is an essential property of the immune recognition system. Immunity is obtained through reactions of cells and molecules that are components of two distinguishable immune response systems. The first, innate immunity is the simpler of the two systems and remains essentially unchanged upon repeated exposure to an infectious agent or foreign substance. In contrast, the second system, that acquired immunity, is enhanced upon repeated exposure to infectious agents. The memory capacity of acquired immunity enables the immune system to respond more rapidly and more extensively when an infectious agent or foreign substance is encountered a second time, and it is the basis for resistance to organisms previously encountered and explains the effectiveness of vaccination. The first line of defense against infectious agents is provided by the innate immunity of the organism, which is the result of physical barriers such as skin, the cells that line the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and the mucus that these cells secrete.