cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child well-being: A systematic review of the literature

A systematic review the child well-beingliterature in English was conducted withsearches in five databases to assess thecurrent state of child well-being research andanswer the following questions: (1) How is childwell-being defined? (2) What are the domains ofchild well-being? (3) What are the indicators ofchild well-being? and (4) How is childwell-being measured? This review updates andexpands a previous review of the childwell-being literature spanning 1974–1992. Results indicate that well-being is a commonlyused but inconsistently defined term frequentlyincluded in the study of child development. There are five distinct domains of childwell-being: physical, psychological, cognitive,social, and economic. Positive indicators areused more often in the physical, cognitive,social, and economic domains, while morenegative or deficit indicators are used in thepsychological domain. There is littleagreement in the research literature on how tobest measure child well-being.
The Future of Cometary Plasma Research

Advances in the acquisition and analysis of cometary data are reviewed with attention given to current research and projects under development. The need for supplementing the present cometary data is underscored by discussing observational missions from the ground and earth orbit such as the Giotto Extended Mission and the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby. The interpretation of Comet Halley data is characterized as advanced with respect to both complete observational data and sophisticated modeling.
Role of knot (kn) in Wing Patterning in Drosophila

We have undertaken a genetic analysis of new strong alleles of knot (kn). The original kn1 mutation causes an alteration of wing patterning similar to that associated with mutations of fused (fu), an apparent fusion of veins 3 and 4 in the wing. However, unlike fu, strong kn mutations do not affect embryonic segmentation and indicate that kn is not a component of a general Hh (Hedgehog)-signaling pathway. Instead we find that kn has a specific role in those cells of the wing imaginal disc that are subject to ptc-mediated Hh-signaling. Our results suggest a model for patterning the medial portion of the Drosophila wing, whereby the separation of veins 3 and 4 is maintained by kn activation in the intervening region in response to Hh-signaling across the adjacent anterior-posterior compartment boundary.
Tunable and rapid self-assembly of block copolymers using mixed solvent vapors.

Pattern generation of well-controlled block copolymers (BCPs) with a high Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) is important for applications in sub-20 nm nanolithography. We used mixed solvents of dimethylformamide (DMF) and toluene to control the morphology as well as the time to achieve the targeted morphology via self-assembly of BCPs. By precisely controlling the volume ratio of DMF and toluene, well-ordered line, honeycomb, circular hole, and lamellar nanostructures were obtained from a cylinder-forming poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) BCP with high χ. Furthermore, a well-aligned 12 nm line pattern was successfully achieved in the guiding template within one minute using the mixed solvents. This practical method may also be applicable to self-assembly of other BCPs, providing more opportunities for the next-generation sub-10 nm lithography applications.
China's Rise and the West's Bias

Until the publication of David Kang’s China Rising, China’s rise was greeted with apprehension, alarm, and even outright antagonism by much of Western academia, including general international relations (IR) theorists and China studies scholars. Kang proffers a “puzzle”: why has the rapid rise of China not led to a balancing backlash by other Asian nations? Kang’s answer is to “de-Orientalize”1 China as it was: a big power but also a nice one.
Thyroid Hormone Replacement and Growth of Children with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Diabetes

Growth potential among people with Type 1 diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism may be significantly reduced. Growth was evaluated in 25 children with diabetes who had thyromegaly and elevated thyrotrophin (TSH) levels. All patients appeared clinically euthyroid except for four with short stature. Basal growth rate was significantly lower (p less than 0.005) in Group 1 (TSH greater than 50 mU l-1) and Group 2 (TSH level 10.1-50 mU l-1) than in patients with TSH levels between 5 and 10 mU l-1 (Group 3) or control diabetic children. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in Group 1 than in Groups 2 or 3. Significant improvement in growth velocity after thyroxine treatment was observed in Group 1 patients compared with those in Groups 2 or 3 (p less than 0.05). More prepubertal test children demonstrated improved growth after beginning thyroxine compared with matched diabetic controls (p less than 0.02). Postpubertal subjects treated with thyroxine did not show significant differences in growth velocity compared with controls. Z-scores for height were not different (p greater than 0.05; ANOVA) between control and test patients for any of the groups. Early detection of subclinical hypothyroidism by thyromegaly, reduced growth velocity, and elevated TSH levels, with institution of thyroxine treatment, can improve growth in prepubertal diabetic children.
Nonlinear Signal Analysis: Time-Frequency Perspectives

Recently, there has been growing utilization of time-frequency transformations for the analysis and interpretation of nonlinear and nonstationary signals in a broad spectrum of science and engineering applications. The continuous wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition in tandem with Hilbert transform have been commonly utilized in such applications, with varying success. This study evaluates the performance of the two approaches in the analysis of a variety of classical nonlinear signals, underscoring a fundamental difference between the two approaches: the instantaneous frequency derived from the Hilbert transform characterizes subcyclic and supercyclic nonlinearities simultaneously, while wavelet-based instantaneous frequency captures supercyclic nonlinearities with a comple- mentary measure of instantaneous bandwidth characterizing subcyclic nonlinearities. This study demonstrates that not only is the spectral content of the wavelet instantaneous bandwidth measure consistent with that of the Hilbert instantaneous frequency, but in the case of the Rossler system, produces identical oscillatory signature.
PMU-based model-free approach for short term voltage stability monitoring

In this paper, we propose a model-free approach for short term voltage stability monitoring of power system. Our data-driven approach makes use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) data to generate the stability certificate for verifying the voltage stability. We employ Lyapunov exponent, a stability tool adapted from ergodic theory of dynamical system, to generate the stability certificate. The time-series voltage data from PMU is used for the online computation of Lyapunov exponent. The proposed method can not only be used to determine the voltage stability of the entire system but can also be used to determine stability/instability contribution of individual buses to the overall system stability. Simulation results are presented on WSCC nine bus system using different load models.
Cretaceous paleogeography of Antarctica

Abstract During the Early Cretaceous, Antarctica formed the center piece of a large landmass extending from South America across the southern latitudes to Australasia. The eastern sector of this austral landmass was dominated by broad craton consisting of East Antarctica and Australasia. The western sector which was composed of the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America consisted of a magmatic arc along a zone of subduction extending along the southeastern Pacific. West Antarctica from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to East Antarctica consisted of several crustal blocks that are believed to have formed a land bridge between the magmatic arc and the craton. Marie Byrd Land and New Zealand which were probably connected across the Campbell Plateau underwent a period of intense orogenic activity during the Early Cretaceous which was followed by an extended period of quiescence and erosion. The Late Cretaceous heralded the final breakup of the southern continents and isolation of Antarctica. Although rifting between Australia and Antarctica began in the Jurassic and continued throughout the Cretaceous, the final separation of Australia probably did not occur until the late Eocene. Paleontologic and geophysical evidence indicate that New Zealand became isolated from Antarctica prior to the end of the Cretaceous. Controversy exists as to the relationship of the Antarctic Peninsula with southern South America during the Late Cretaceous. Paleontologic data clearly shows that the plates were adjacent with active migration of terrestrial faunas taking place. Although faunal interchange between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula ceased during the Early Tertiary with the development of a shallow seaway, complete separation of the two plates did not occur until development of deep sea conditions developed in the Middle Tertiary.
The constitutional control of intelligence

(1986). The constitutional control of intelligence. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 255-271.
Nonlinearity of a Generic Variance–Mean Equation for Stored-Grain Insect Sampling Data

Equations predicting the variance for a mean insect density have been widely used to calculate the precision of density estimates. Traditionally, the logarithm of the variance is regressed against the logarithm of the mean giving a linear equation. We fit a single nonlinear variance-mean regression equation to 4 stored-product insect sampling data sets. This generic nonlinear regression equation described the stored-product insect sampling data for 25 additional studies, 3 different sampling methods, and the 6 most commonly encountered species. The asymptotic slope of this generic nonlinear regression equation increased with insect density, and at mean densities of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 insects per sample unit was 1.06, 1.32, 1.64, 2.05, and 2.55, respectively. This density-dependent change in the asymptotic slope explains the differences among studies in the slopes of linear regression equations. We generated a similar regression equation by randomly assigning insects to sampling units to simulate random dispersal of insects in a grain mass. This suggests that the observed insect sampling distributions could be the result of random dispersal, and that the mechanism underlying the regression equation is fairly general. Compared with the predictions of the generic nonlinear regression equation, the linear regression equation overpredicted the 95% CL within the 0.3-3 insects per sample unit density range, and underpredicted them at higher or lower insect densities. This generic nonlinear regression equation can be used to calculate the precision of mean insect density estimates over a 0.025-100 insects per sample unit density range and thus reduce the cost of developing new sampling programs.
Amino acid activation in hog pancreas.

Abstract Crude extracts of hog pancreas “activated” tyrosine and tryptophan, as measured by hydroxamide formation and amino acid-dependent incorporation of P-P into ATP. Other amino acids showed only slight activities. The tyrosine and tryptophan enzymes were partially separated by pH fractionation, and a tyrosine enzyme free of tryptophan activity was obtained.13 Tyrosine “activation” require ad low level of K ion and was inhibited by other univalent cations, while tryptophan activity (hydroxamide assay only) was stimulated slightly in the presence of both KCl and NaCl. With the tyrosine enzyme the rate of P-P exchange was 3–4 times the rate of hydroxamide formation. Corresponding activities for tryptophan were equal.14 A discussion of the implications of these results in connection with the mechanism of the primary and later steps in “activation” has been presented.
Extrahepatic biliary atresia demonstrates abnormal persistence of HES1 protein in neonatal biliary epithelium: an immunohistochemical study.

Abstract Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is an important cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. It is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis, requiring early surgical intervention to control morbidity and mortality. The exact pathogenesis of this disorder is not known, although genetic, infectious, toxic, and/or environmental factors are thought to play a role in the causation. The Notch signaling pathway plays diverse and critical roles in development of extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree. The HES family of bHLH proteins is involved in downstream signaling in the Notch pathway. We demonstrate that HES1, a principal member of this family, is normally expressed in the nuclei of human biliary epithelial cells up to 16 weeks of gestation, but not in later gestation or in the neonatal period. On the contrary, in EHBA, there is anomalous persistence of this protein for up to 3 months of postnatal life. We suggest that aberrant HES1 expression in EHBA may represent a compensatory f...
Exceptionally effective catalysis of cyclopropanation reactions by the hexarhodium carbonyl cluster

Abstract Hexadecacarbonylhexarhodium exhibits exceptional activity as a cyclopropanation catalyst in reactions between ethyl diazoacetate and alkenes that are remarkably free of competing processes.
Refolding of a Recombinant Collagen-Targeted TGF-β2 Fusion Protein Expressed inEscherichia coli

In this study, a tripartite transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta2) fusion protein bearing an N-terminal purification tag and an auxiliary collagen binding decapeptide has been constructed and expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli. The resulting recombinant protein accumulates in an insoluble and biologically inactive inclusion-body complex. The insoluble protein was solubilized in guanidine hydrochloride and a Ni-chelating affinity column was utilized to isolate the 13.5-kDa TGF-beta2 fusion protein, which was then refolded into its native conformation under controlled redox conditions. The formation of native homodimers was monitored by nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gradient gels and the bioactivity determined by a quantitative TGF-beta assay system using mink lung epithelial cells transfected with a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter/luciferase reporter plasmid. To optimize yields, renaturation conditions including denaturants, limiting protein concentrations, redox ratios, dialysis conditions, and refolding kinetics were studied and monitored by bioactivity. These studies demonstrate that recombinant TGF-beta2 fusion proteins can be produced in E. coli and renatured into biologically active homodimers. Furthermore, they confirm that the auxiliary collagen binding domain effectively targets the recombinant growth factor to type I collagen. Taken together, these studies advance the technology necessary to generate large quantities of targeted TGF-beta fusion proteins for specific biomedical applications.
Computer-simulation study of the conduction processes in lightly doped polyacetylene films

A computer-simulation model is used to study the interfiber and the intrafiber conduction processes for lightly doped trans-polyacetylene. The dc conductivity is determined for various morphologies of the film, and a relationship between the dc conductivity of a fiber and that of the film is established. The complex conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) is calculated in the frequency range 1 Hz to 1 MHz for various temperatures. The results are compared with the experimental data.
N-Glycosylation as a biochemical basis for virulence in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis

Abstract Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis grown in vitro under different conditions showed variable degrees of virulence, as determined quantitatively by the size of the lesions and the number of intracellular parasites produced in mice and in cultured macrophages, respectively. Promastigotes newly transformed from amastigotes gave the highest degree of virulence, which decreased progressively with periods of their continuous in vitro cultivation. This loss of virulence was prevented by making virulent wildtype promastigotes resistant to tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N -acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase in the dolichol pathway of protein glycosylation. In the wildtype cells, the progressive loss of virulence during a period of two years was marked by a gradual decrease in the activity of the glycosyltransferase, incorporation of 2- d -[ 3 H]mannose and the expression of a surface glycoprotein (gp63). Virulent and avirulent wildtype cells differed in these activities by 3–4 fold. In contrast, during equivalent periods of in vitro cultivation, tunicamycin-resistant cells were found to consistently maintain the biochemical phenotypes of the virulent wildtype, except for a disproportional elevation of the glycosyltransferase activity. Thus, only a portion of the over-produced enzyme is relevant to leishmanial virulence in the drug-resistant variants. The bulk of its activity in these cells serves to overcome the inhibitory effect of tunicamycin responsible for their resistance to this drug, as shown previously. A role of N -glycosylation in leishmanial virulence is now indicated by studying cells of this phenotype selected by two independent methods. It is inferred that leishmanial virulence may be regulated by the level of the glycosyltransferases for N -glycosylation of proteins, e.g. gp63 in relation to their expression as virulent determinants.
Gravity-model errors in mobile inertial-navigation systems

A high-accuracy inertial-navigation system (INS) is to be used to navigate a land-mobile Vehicle travelling at about 30 knots, Over time periods of 2-4 h or less. Important sources of navigation error are the errors in modeling the anomalous gravity forces acting on the vehicle. To obtain acceptable performance, the INS must be accurately compensated in real time for the anomalous gravity. A significant reduction in the growth of navigation errors can be obtained by stopping the vehicle periodically and processing zero-velocity updates in an on-board navigation filter. The land-navigation system design considerations that affect the growth of navigation error due to the gravity-model errors are examined here. These include the grid-spacing of the data base used to derive the real-time gravity compensation, the use of odometer and zero-sideslip measurement data for in-transit INS updating, and the frequency and accuracy of the at-rest zero-velocity updates which are the key to high-accuracy land navigation.
A dynamic scaling based control redesign procedure for uncertain nonlinear systems with input unmodeled dynamics

Abstract The global asymptotic stabilization problem for a general class of uncertain nonlinear systems with dynamic input uncertainties (input unmodeled dynamics) is considered. The system structure addressed in this paper is comprised of a nominal system (which can have a general nonlinear dynamics structure and is assumed to have a nominal control law to stabilize the nominal system) and an appended input unmodeled dynamics. The proposed approach is based on a control redesign utilizing the nominal control law and incorporating a singular-perturbation-like dynamic system extension along with a dynamic scaling to address the dynamic input uncertainties. The control input uncertainty structure is modeled through an uncertain non-affine function of the control input and the unmeasured state of an uncertain input unmodeled dynamics subsystem. The proposed control redesign approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems including triangular as well as non-triangular system structures as long as a set of structural and inequality conditions on the system dynamics are satisfied and provides a global robust output-feedback stabilizing controller.
Early reactions to frustration: developmental trends in anger, individual response styles, and caregiving risk implications in infancy.

PROBLEM. In an effort to examine early negative emotional response patterns, infant responses to frustration were studied with specific regard to anger. METHODS. Forty infants, 7–9 months (n = 20) and 12–14 months (n = 20) old, were observed in laboratory play situations. Infant affective response as well as maternal behavior were observed. Maternal interviews assessed maternal impressions of infant behavior and affect. FINDINGS. Findings revealed increased displays of anger in older infants, evidence of cognitive-affective linkages in response, and individual differences in emotional response style and maternal-infant processes. CONCLUSIONS. Findings relate to the emergence and interplay of negative emotional response, maternal-infant patterns, and socioemotional risk.
Optical detection of special nuclear materials: an alternative approach for standoff and remote sensing

Termed Special Nuclear Material (SNM) by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, fissile materials, such as 235 U and 239 Pu, are the primary components used to construct modem nuclear weapons. Detecting the clandestine presence of SNM represents an important capability for Homeland Security. An ideal SNM sensor must be able to detect fissile materials present at ppb levels, be able to distinguish between the source of the detected fissile material, i.e., 235 U, 239 Pu, 233 U, or other fission source, and be able to perform the discrimination in near real time. A sensor with such capabilities would provide not only rapid identification of a threat but, ultimately, information on the potential source of the threat. For example, current detection schemes for monitoring clandestine nuclear testing and nuclear fuel reprocessing to provide weapons grade fissile material rely largely on passive air sampling combined with a subsequent instrumental analysis or some type of wet chemical analysis of the collected material. It would be highly useful to have a noncontact method of measuring isotopes capable of providing forensic information rapidly at ppb levels of detection. Here we compare the use of Kr, Xe and I as "canary" species for distinguishing between 235 U and 239 Pu fission sources by spectroscopic methods.
The development of a hydroid colony

Abstract The development of pattern has been analyzed in asexual Cordylophora colonies growing under a single set of standard conditions. For the analysis, a colony is considered to be composed of a series of tubes of uniform diameter. On the basis of positional and developmental criteria, these tubes are of three types: stolon tubes, upright tubes, and branch tubes. All types of tubes grow at constant rates once they reach a certain length. However the relative rates for the three types of tubes are different; stolons grow at about twice the rate of uprights, and uprights grow more rapidly than branches. A model was developed integrating the relative growth rates and patterning of the tubes to describe the development of a single stolon (Fig. 10); by following the development of individual young colonies this model was shown to be correct. The linear growth of tubes posed a paradox, since the number of hydranths in an entire colony, as well as the mass and total tube length, had been found to increase exponentially. The model of colony development does not predict exponential growth. Colonies were shown to achieve exponential growth by the addition of secondary stolons at appropriate time intervals. The analysis of colony development poses specific questions for the study of pattern formation.
Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers – United States, 2002–2004 and 2008–2010

Abstract Background Heroin use and overdose deaths have increased in recent years. Emerging information suggests this is the result of increases in nonmedical use of opioid pain relievers and nonmedical users transitioning to heroin use. Understanding this relationship is critically important for the development of public health interventions. Methods Combined data from the 2002–2004 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health were compared to the 2008–2010 surveys to examine patterns of heroin use and risk behaviors among past year nonmedical users of opioid pain relievers. Results Between 2002–2004 and 2008–2010, past year heroin use increased among people reporting past year nonmedical use (PYNMU) of opioid pain relievers (p Conclusions Heroin use among nonmedical users of opioid pain relievers increased between 2002–2004 and 2008–2010, with most reporting nonmedical use of opioid pain relievers before initiating heroin. Interventions to prevent nonmedical use of these drugs are needed and should focus on high-risk groups such as frequent nonmedical users of opioids.
Region VIII Problem Oil Pit Effort

ABSTRACT Improper construction and operation of open oil pits used by the oil and gas exploration and production industries result in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of mammals and millions of ...
High-resolution EUS in children with eosinophilic "allergic" esophagitis.

Abstract Background: The pathophysiology of dysphagia associated with eosinophilic esophagitis is unknown. This study investigated possible anatomic alterations in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in comparison with healthy children by using high-resolution EUS to precisely measure individual tissue layers of the esophagus. Methods: Children with eosinophilic esophagitis (n = 11) and control children (n = 8) without esophagitis were prospectively evaluated by high-resolution EUS with a 20-MHz catheter US probe during an endoscopic examination. Real-time measurements of the distal esophagus were obtained including the thickness of the total wall, combined mucosa and submucosa, muscularis propria, and circular muscle. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and control patients for mean values for thickness of the total wall (respectively, 2.8 vs. 2.1 mm; p = 0.004), combined mucosa and submucosa (respectively, 1.6 vs. 1.1 mm; p = 0.001), and muscularis propria (respectively, 1.2 vs. 1.0 mm; p = 0.043). Mean values for circular muscle did not differ between patient groups. Conclusion: High-resolution EUS reveals significant expansion of the esophageal wall and individual tissue layers including the combined mucosa and submucosa, and muscularis propria in children with eosinophilic esophagitis compared with healthy control patients. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:30-6.)
ADENOSINE 5'-PHOSPHOSULFATE KINASE FROM PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM : SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS AT PUTATIVE PHOSPHORYL-ACCEPTING AND ATP P-LOOP RESIDUES

The properties of Penicillium chrysogenum adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase mutated at Ser-107 were examined. Ser-107 is analogous to a serine of the E. coli enzyme that has been shown to serve as an intermediate acceptor in the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to APS. Replacement of Ser-107 with alanine yielded an active enzyme with kinetic characteristics similar to those of wild-type APS kinase. Another mutant form of the enzyme in which Ser-107 was replaced by cysteine was also active. Covalent modification of Cys-107 eliminated catalytic activity, and substrates protected against modification. Mutation of Ser-97, of Ser-99, of Thr-103, of Ser-104 to alanine, or of Tyr-109 to phenylalanine also yielded an active enzyme. The cumulative results indicate that Ser-107 may reside in the substrate binding pocket of fungal APS kinase, but neither it nor any nearby hydroxy amino acid serves as an obligatory phophoryl acceptor in the 3′-phosphoadenylylsulfate synthesis reaction. The results also indicate that the absence of a serine at position 478 in the APS kinase-like C-terminal region of fungal ATP sulfurylase does not account for the lack of APS kinase activity in that enzyme. However, mutating the ATP P-loop residues in APS kinase to those found in the analogous C-terminal region of fungal ATP sulfurylase eliminated enzyme activity.
The thermodynamic effects of protein mutations

Abstract The development of cloning procedures has made possible a rapid increase in the appearance of reports on the thermodynamic effects of mutations in proteins. It will be helpful if the availability of excellent calorimetric instrumentation leads to an increase in the fraction of these studies directed toward the determination of enthalpies and entropies as well as free energies.
Boundary maintenance in support networks

Abstract Most studies of social networks, whether they are viewed as the context of stressful experiences or of supportive interactions, assume fixed network boundaries. This assumption is necessary in order to analyze structural characteristics such as network density. Actual networks, however, change over time and across situations and the assumption of fixed boundaries is inappropriate for processual questions. Examination of such changes reveals limitations in the structural analysis of social networks and points to mechanisms and strategies by which network boundaries are drawn and redrawn.
A computer-integrated rapid-access magnetic tape system with fixed address

This paper describes the internal tape library system planned for the TX-2 computer at Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). One hundred magnetic tape transports will be under the control of a central electronic system; the system will have a storage capacity of 1010 bits and an access time of about 30 seconds. It is particularly well suited for use with a computer of large random-access storage capacity such as TX-2, which has a core memory of 2 1/2 million bits. A simple tape transport having a high-speed search mode with redundant information transfer will make the ultimate library system for a computer, reliable and relatively in-expensive.
Photophysical quenching mediated by guanine groups in pyrenyl-N-alkylbutanoamide end-labeled oligonucleotides

Two series of pyrenyl-N-alkylbutanoamide end-labeled oligonucleotides have been prepared as models for photophysical quenching along DNA segments. Pyrenebutanoic acid (P) has been attached through 6-aminohexyl or 3-aminopropyl linkers to the 5‘ edge of an oligonucleotide composed of 10 deoxyadenosines (A) and one deoxyguanosine (G) at a defined site along each strand, P−NH−(CH2)3 or 6-5‘-AnGA10-n-3‘ (n = 2−10). The complementary strand is composed of deoxythymidosines (T) and one deoxycytidosine (C) at the corresponding positions required for matched base pairing, 5‘-T10-nCTn-3‘ (n = 2−10). This configuration has allowed us to investigate deoxyguanosine-induced quenching of pyrenebutanoamide fluorescence (through guanine to pyrenebutanoamide electron transfer or nonradiative internal conversion) along oligonucleotides in either single- or double-stranded forms. The observed quenching rates in the (CH2)6-linked series do not depend monotonically on the distance separating the excited pyrenebutanoamide from...
Ethical Principles Associated With the Publication of Research in ASHA’s Scholarly Journals: Importance and Adequacy of Coverage

Purpose The purpose of this 2-part study was to determine the importance of specific topics relating to publication ethics and adequacy of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s (ASHA’s) policies regarding these topics. Method A 56-item Web-based survey was sent to (a) ASHA journal editors, associate editors, and members of the Publications Board (Group 1); (b) authors, reviewers, and members of ASHA’s Board of Ethics (Group 2); and (c) a random sample of the ASHA membership, characterized as journal readers (Group 3). The survey contained 4 questions related to ethical principles associated with the publication of research: (a) In regard to scientific integrity in research publications in general, how important is the issue of [topic]? (b) Should ASHA publication policies address this issue? (c) Do ASHA policies address this issue? (d) If yes, how adequately do ASHA policies address this issue? A second study evaluated the contents of ASHA’s publication policy documents in regard to their cov...
Illegal immigration in an efficiency wage model

Abstract This paper studies illegal immigration using an efficiency wage/dual labor market model. The illegal immigrants are endogenously sorted, completely or incompletely, into secondary labor markets. The effects of immigration on native workers are more complex than in standard models of factor mobility. As illegals first enter the country, natives may gain because the number of primary sector jobs rises. With enough illegals in the country, natives are hurt because the migrants increasingly take those primary sector jobs. Enforcing immigration laws by deporting migrants who work in primary sector jobs is Pareto-superior to other forms of enforcement.
A mammalian homolog of Drosophila melanogaster transcriptional coactivator intersex Is a subunit of the mammalian mediator complex

The multiprotein Mediator complex is a coactivator required for transcriptional activation of RNA polymerase II transcribed genes by DNA binding transcription factors. We previously partially purified a Med8-containing Mediator complex from rat liver nuclei (Brower, C. S., Sato, S., Tomomori-Sato, C., Kamura, T., Pause, A., Stearman, R., Klausner, R. D., Malik, S., Lane, W. S., Sorokina, I., Roeder, R. G., Conaway, J. W., and Conaway, R. C. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 10353–10358). Analysis of proteins present in the most highly enriched Mediator fractions by tandem mass spectrometry led to the identification of several new mammalian Mediator subunits, as well as several potential Mediator subunits. Here we identify one of these proteins, encoded by the previously uncharacterized AK000411 open reading frame, as a new subunit of the mammalian Mediator complex. The AK000411 protein, which we designate hIntersex (human Intersex), shares significant sequence similarity with the Drosophila melanogaster intersex protein, which has functional properties expected of a transcriptional coactivator specific for the Drosophila doublesex transactivator. In addition, we show that hIntersex assembles into a subcomplex with Mediator subunits p28b and TRFP. Taken together, our findings identify a new subunit of the mammalian Mediator and shed new light on the architecture of the mammalian Mediator complex.
Shandyean Satire and the rhetorical arts in eighteenth‐century England

Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy provides historians of rhetoric with an alternative approach to assessing eighteenth‐century theory and practice. This essay examines within the novel two representative orientations as indices of popular attitudes about the art during the early modern era. This interpretation argues that, as a satire on rhetorical pretensions and excess, Tristram Shandy can be considered an important document in the venerable battle between the ancients and the moderns.
Iodophenylsulfonamide fatty acid analogs as potential myocardial imaging agents.

Abstract Two phenylsulfonamide fatty acid analogs were synthesized and radioiodinated as potential myocardial imaging agents that might be taken up in the cells and metabolically trapped. The acids, N -11-( p -iodophenylsulfonamide)-undecanoic acid and N -12-( p -iodophenylsulfonamide)-dodecanoic acid, were radioiodinated by exchange with cupric sulfate catalysis. Tissue distribution studies of the radioiodinated acids were performed in mice. Negligible myocardial uptake and rapid renal excretion of the radio-activity was observed with both compounds. The results suggest that the sulfonamide group perturbs the fatty acids to the extent that myocardial uptake is prevented.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Cardiovascular Diseases

The natriuretic peptides are a family of related hormones that play an important role in the homeostasis of cardiovascular system. Serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide have recently emerged as a marker for the diagnosis, prognosis, follow-up, and therapy of patients with heart failure (HF) and other cardiovascular diseases. Its diagnostic role is important in valvular heart diseases, such as in severe aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, and in acute coronary syndromes, right ventricular dysfunction, and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction. The administration of recombinant brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute decompensated HF has been a hot topic for the current clinical practice. Its use in patients with HF has a clinically important intermediate-term benefit without an associated increase in risk. Furthermore, it seems to have an important role in improving the hemodynamic parameters in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to HF and in improving postoperative renal function after coronary artery bypass grafting.
New Treatment Concepts for Gynecologic Pelvic Malignancies: Neoadjuvant Therapies

This article specifically pertains to new ideas and treatments for gynecologic pelvic malignancies, but its underlying substance relates to ‘‘change,’’ and the inherent difficulties in changing [1]. Therefore, this vital fundamental process is first considered. Creating new ideas and re-examining older ideas that lead to improvement—how simple is that? The problem is—it isn’t. The truism holds, ‘‘Change is hard,’’ and yet it’s essential to progress, which benefits all [2]. Even within the ‘‘facts rule’’ domain of science, challenging the status quo is difficult, and not necessarily for reasons that are logical or lofty [3]. Roadblocks to change, often occult, are everywhere, and change-resistant, anachronistic, organizational power structures add to the recalcitrance. Rather than being encouraged, the questioning of current convention can spawn undue costs; and the hallowed halls of academia are not a sanctuary from that counterproductive paradox. These pervasive impediments do not always prevail, however. And, once revealed, the undeniable power of new knowledge slowly transforms even ensconced ideation or, for that matter, the longstanding dogmas of science or medicine. It is true that not all ‘‘seasoned ideas,’’ or their pragmatic representations, should be automatically replaced by something new and shiny (and unproved). Still, no idea, or its embodiment, should be sacrosanct. Instead, if thoughtful consideration suggests an alternative idea that is potentially
An experimental and computational evaluation of the energetics of the isomeric methoxyphenylcarbenes generated in carbon atom reactions.

Carbon atom reactions with anisole and methoxybenzaldehyde demonstrate the reversible ring expansion of methoxyphenylcarbene (CH3O−C6H4−C−H). Trapping with HBF4 yields the methoxytropylium ion, analogous to the well-known reactions of phenylcarbene. For instance, in the reaction of carbon atom with p-methoxybenzaldehyde, which proceeds by deoxygenation of the carbonyl group and formation of the corresponding arylcarbene, the products formed are methoxytropylium fluoroborate, p-methoxytoluene and m-methoxytoluene in yields of 69.4, 7.6, and 22.9%, respectively. Gas-phase density functional theory calculations were also carried out. The observed product yields from the uniquely generated p- and m-methoxyphenylcarbenes are in good agreement with the calculations. In the case of o-methoxyphenylcarbene, however, the calculations indicate that formation of dihydrobenzofuran is the most facile rearrangement on the ground-state singlet surface. In contrast, ring expansion is observed to be the major reaction path...
Host-plant mediated geographic variation in the life history of Platycotis vittata (Homoptera: Membracidae)

. 1 The oak treehopper Platycotis vittata (Fabricius) is bivoltine throughout its range with discrete generations in the early spring and autumn. Females of both generations diapause. 2 Latitudinal variation in the timing of life history exists among four populations of P. vittata along the eastern coastal plain of the United States. 3 We disrupted synchronization between P.vittata life history and host-plant phenology in the springs of 1984 and 1985 by placing southern populations on northern trees with a different phenology. This caused some females to oviposit abnormally in late spring, without entering diapause. The offspring of these females had reduced reproductive success. 4 Winter diapause can be broken by providing females with a newly flushing tree with high levels of amino nitrogen in the sap. Females terminated winter diapause on trees breaking winter dormancy while females on trees still in winter dormancy did not, under identical photoperiod and temperature regimes. 5 The role of host-plant mediated life history variation as a process promoting intraspecific geographic differentiation in the arboreal sap-feeding guild is discussed.
Crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system

Abstract The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors consists of 15 possible dimers whose activity is controlled by a family of inhibitor proteins, known as IκBs. A variety of cellular stimuli, many of them transduced by members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, induce degradation of IκBs to activate an overlapping subset of NF-κB dimers. However, generation and stimulus-responsive activation of NF-κB dimers are intimately linked via various cross-regulatory mechanisms that allow crosstalk between different signaling pathways through the NF-κB signaling system. In this review, we summarize these mechanisms and discuss physiological and pathological consequences of crosstalk between apparently distinct inflammatory and developmental signals. We argue that a systems approach will be valuable for understanding questions of specificity and emergent properties of highly networked cellular signaling systems.
Spatial downscaling of coarse passive radiometer soil moisture using radar, vegetation index and surface temperature

Soil moisture derived from passive microwave radiometers have low spatial resolution due to limitation of antenna size. In the case of many geophysical applications high spatial resolution is desired, examples of these include weather, catchment hydrology and agriculture. In this paper we present two innovative methods to downscale passive soil moisture retrievals using (a) radar backscatter and (b) vegetation index and surface temperature.
Irrigation Methods and Transport of Imazamethabenz-Methyl to Ground Water: Greenfields Bench, Montana

A series of gravel terraces support a shallow aquifer that is the sole source of drinking water for three public water supplies and more than 400 private wells on the Greenfields Bench in west-central Montana. Farming practices on the Greenfields Bench include irrigation of malting barley and the yearly application of herbicides for the control of weeds. The most commonly used herbicide (imazamethabenz-methyl, U.S. trade name Assert®) has been found in the ground water on the Greenfields Bench. An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 to characterize the transport of Assert and its acid metabolite to ground water under three irrigation methods: flood, wheel line sprinkler, and center pivot sprinkler. Results show that Assert concentrations in ground water are controlled by hydraulic loading rates of each irrigation method, Assert persistence in soil, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer, and adsorption/desorption of Assert onto clay particles and organic matter.
Wear detection of candidate MEMS/NEMS lubricant films using atomic force microscopy-based surface potential measurements

The wear of a perfluoropolyether lubricant applied on silicon was investigated using atomic force microscopy-based surface potential measurements. An increase in surface potential is attributed to the change in the work function of silicon after wear and electrostatic charge build-up of debris in the lubricant. Thermally treated coatings containing a mobile lubricant fraction (i.e. partially bonded) were better able to protect silicon from wear compared with the fully bonded and untreated coatings. This enhanced protection is attributed to lubricant replenishment.
Fluid Milk Purchases: A Multivariate Tobit Analysis

We formulate an econometric model of fluid milk expenditures, taking into account two important characteristics: expenditures may be censored at zero and may be interdependent across milk type. Censoring of fluid milk expenditures is addressed with a generalized Tobit system estimator. Interdependence of milk expenditures is examined through a likelihood function with no restrictions on elements of the Engel curve error covariance matrix. Expenditure function parameters are estimated using a March 1991 to March 1992 U.S. consumer panel.
Some Challenges of Integrating Sexual Orientations Into Counselor Training and Research

The field of counseling currently lacks an integrative approach on issues of sexual orientations in training and research. Despite changes in social and political realities and calls within the field for attention to these areas, little response has been forthcoming. Some of the challenges and difficulties involved in integrating sexual orientations into counselor training curricula and research are discussed. Suggestions are presented to help professionals gain a better understanding of sexual orientation issues for research and practice.
Energy transfer between UO22+ and Eu3+ in sol-gel glasses: a spectroscopic investigation

Silica glasses doped with uranyl ions (UO22+) and europium ions (Eu3+) via sol-gel processes have been prepared so that the quenching of the UO22+ emission by Eu3+ in the sol-gel glass could be investigated. The quenching efficiency is found to be much less than that in aqueous solutions. This difference between the quenching efficiencies in the solid sol-gel glass and the liquid solutions can be attributed to that of the mobility of Eu3+ and UO22+ in two systems. A static energy-transfer process is proposed as the dominant mechanism for the quenching of UO22+ emission by Eu3+ in the sol-gel glass.
Intimate partner violence: prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women.

Background Most intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence studies do not examine the relationships between IPV types and the chronicity and severity of abuse. Objectives Delineate prevalence, chronicity, and severity of IPV among adult women. Design Retrospective cohort study conducted by telephone survey. Data were collected in 2003 to 2005 and analyzed contemporaneously. Participants English-speaking women (n =3568) aged 18 to 64 years enrolled in a U.S. health maintenance organization for 3 or more years. Response rate was 56.4%. Main Exposure Physical, psychological, and sexual IPV were assessed using five questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey and ten items from the Women’s Experience with Battering (WEB) scale. Results Most (3429) of the respondents had at least one intimate partnership as an adult. Of these, 14.7% reported IPV of any type in the past 5 years, and 45.1% of abused women experienced more than one type. Prevalence was 7.9% in the past year, while during a woman’s adult lifetime, it was 44.0%. Depending on IPV type, 10.7% to 21.0% were abused by more than one partner; duration was 20 years. IPV rates were higher for younger women, women with lower income and less education, single mothers, and those who had been abused as a child. Conclusions The high prevalence of IPV across women’s lifetimes in the previous 5 years and the previous year are documented. The present investigation provides new information of IPV chronicity, severity, and the overlap of IPV types over a woman’s adult life span.
An Elementary Proof of the Mean Inequalities

In this paper we will extend the well-known chain of inequalities involving the Pythagorean means, namely the harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means to the more refined chain of inequalities by including the logarithmic and identric means using nothing more than basic calculus. Of course, these results are all well-known and several proofs of them and their generalizations have been given. See [1-6] for more information. Our goal here is to present a unified approach and give the proofs as corollaries of one basic theorem.