cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compassion Inequities and Opioid Dependence: A Matched Case-Control Analysis of Inpatient Pain Management for Patients With a History of Opioid Use Disorder Hospitalized for Cancer-Related Pain.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) The casualties suffered during the opioid epidemic galvanized the development of guidelines intended to reduce inappropriate opioid prescribing. Although acute cancer-related pain was excluded from these recommendations, studies have demonstrated reduced opioid prescribing for cancer patients in recent years, even those hospitalized with advanced disease. It's unclear how the stigma of opioid use disorder (OUD) may further affect inpatient pain management (PM) for patients with advanced cancer. We performed a matched case-control analysis to test the hypothesis that patients with a history of OUD would receive lower quality care for acute cancer-related pain compared to those with no history of OUD. MATERIALS/METHODS Charts from 105 patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer and a documented history of OUD admitted to a single institution from 2015-2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Hospitalizations were excluded if patients refused opioid treatment or did not have acutely worsening cancer pain on admission. Forty hospitalizations met inclusion criteria. Each hospitalization was matched in a 1:1 ratio by patient age, gender, smoking/alcohol use, and disease extent. Home milligram morphine equivalent per day (MME/day) was calculated from the patient's home medication list at the time of admission. Admission MME/day refers to the average administered MME/day over the course of hospitalization, or if PM specialty was consulted, the average MME/day prior to PM consult. Post-consult MME/day refers to the average MME/day given after PM consult. Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed for statistical comparison. RESULTS A total of 80 hospitalizations (40:40) were matched for 25 patients with a history of OUD and 31 patients with no history of OUD. The median age was 37.5 years (IQR 35-53.8). Cancer was locally advanced for 30% of admissions and metastatic or relapsed for 70% of admissions. The median overall survival was 3.2 months (95% CI 1.91-5.209, P = 0.13) and was not statistically significant between groups. Patients with OUD had a significantly lower median change from home to admission MME/day compared to controls (-3 vs. 37, P < 0.01) and were more likely to have decreased or no change in admission MME/day (OR 7.9, 95% CI 2.8-22.2, P < 0.01) regardless of whether OUD was in documented remission. Similarly, the median change from home to discharge MME/day was lower for patients with OUD (0 vs. 55, P < 0.01). For patients with PM consult, the change from home MME/day to post-consult MME/day did not differ compared to matched controls (26.7 vs 37.5 MME/day, P = .82). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the stigma of opioid dependence impedes the delivery of compassionate care. Stigma-reduction strategies and early involvement of pain specialists are critical for improving the quality of care for patients with advanced cancer.
An exploration of flashbulb memory

Flashbulb memory (e.g., memory of one's personal situation in relation to an extraordinary event, such as a surprise marriage proposal) has yet to be closely studied by consumer researchers, and its underlying processes remain a subject of ongoing investigation. These memories can be vivid and confidently held for years after the inciting event, and when maintained as such, they appear to often include information about brands and products that were present during the original action. Maintenance of flashbulb memories depends on engagement in extensive rehearsal over time, and this is enabled by oral but not written sharing of the episode.
Derivation and application of unit cost expressions perturbed by design changes

Learning curves have been used extensively to predict future costs in the airframe and other industries. This paper deals with the effect of perturbations induced by design changes on the learning curves. Equations that are developed and applied make it possible to predict future costs accurately in a perturbed environment. The formulations can be used effectively in EDP programs.
Antiviral regulation in porcine monocytic cells at different activation states (INC8P.430)

Many pandemic viruses are monocytotropic, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which directly infects subsets of macrophages and DCs and interferes in antiviral responses. To study antiviral responses in PRRSV-infected monocytic cells, we characterized inflammatory cytokine responses and genome-wide profiled signature genes to investigate response pathways in uninfected and PRRSV-infected monocytic cells at different activation states. Our findings showed suppressed interferon (IFN) production in macrophages at non-antiviral states and an arrest of lipid metabolic pathways in macrophages at antiviral states. Importantly, porcine monocytic cells at different activation states were susceptible to PRRSV and responded to viral infection differently. Based on gene ontology analysis, two approaches were used: 1) pharmaceutical modulation of cellular lipid metabolism and 2) in situ PRRSV replication-competent expression of IFN-α; both approaches significantly suppressed exogenous viral infection in monocytic cells. In particular, the engineered IFN-expressing PRRSV strain eliminated exogenous virus infection and sustained cell viability at 4 days post infection in macrophages. These findings suggest an intricate interaction of viral infection with activation status of porcine monocytic cells. An understanding and integration of antiviral infection with activation status of monocytic cells may provide a means of potentiating antiviral immunity.
Return of the lost letter: Experimental framing does not enhance altruism in an everyday context

Debate surrounds interpretation of prosocial behavior in experimental games. Skeptics of the thesis that evolution produced a propensity for noncontingent altruism speculate that such results reflect the presence of information suggesting reputational consequences, including awareness that one is participating in an experiment. To examine the effects on prosocial behavior of awareness that research is being conducted, return rates were measured on ‘lost’ envelopes, some of which carried the message that they were dropped as part of an investigation. Return rates were not enhanced by such messages, indicating that awareness that one is in an experiment does not increase prosocial behavior.
Initial detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in serum in normal human gestation

Abstract Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with a radioimmunoassay system that specifically measures this hormone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in serum samples obtained daily from 3 women from about 10 to 30 days after the last menses in the cycle of conception. With the specific assay, it was found that HCG was initially detected from 1 to 3 days earlier than the first observable increase in radioimmunoassayable HCG-LH. HCG was detected initially in the peripheral serum 8 days after ovulation, soon after implantation.
E-money and E-commerce: Two Alternative Views of Future Innovations

This paper first provides an overview of developments in e-money and e-commerce. It then explores research on the economics of innovation to put these changes into a broader context. Lastly, the paper explores the potential implications of market structure changes in banking and commerce for the evolution of e-money.
Sudan Debt Dynamics: Status Quo, Southern Secession, Debt Division, and Oil - A Financial Framework for the Future

The people of Southern Sudan are scheduled to vote in a referendum on whether to remain unified with the central government in Khartoum or break away to form a new, fully independent country. While the Khartoum government remains committed to a unified Sudan, all indications suggest that the Southern Sudanese will vote for secession by an overwhelming majority. Khartoum‘s willingness to accept the potential losses remains unclear. Many suspect that its ultimate actions will depend, at least in part, upon the resolution of key outstanding issues, such as oil and debt. This paper contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of Sudan‘s $35 billion in external debt obligations – both for a unified Sudan and a possible Southern secession. First, it examines Sudan‘s existing debt dynamics and the potential eligibility for traditional debt relief and multilateral debt relief initiatives. Second, it outlines potential options for dividing Sudan‘s external debt obligations in the event of a Southern secession. Third, it estimates external indebtedness ratios under each debt division scenario and the potential relevance of traditional debt relief treatments. Lastly, the paper provides an indicative road map for clearing Sudan‘s loan arrears of $30 billion and potentially securing comprehensive debt relief in the future.
Derived Conditional Position Discrimination in Individuals Without Naming Skills

Derived conditional discrimination was evaluated in 2 men with mental retardation whose language was limited to gestural requests. In each conditional-discrimination task, sample stimuli were arbitrary visual forms and comparison stimuli were black squares presented in 2 of the 4 corners of a computer screen. Subjects learned to select 1 position (P1) in the presence of 2 different samples (A1 and 81), and to select a different position (P2) in the presence of another 2 samples (A2 and 82). Next, new position responses (P3 and P4) were taught in the presence of A 1 and A2, respectively. Tests then showed that the 81 and 82 sample stimuli controlled selection of P3 and P4, respectively. The data for 1 subject provided strong evidence for derived conditional responding, while the data for the other were suggestive. This is 1 of a very few studies of derived conditional discrimination in individuals without naming skills.
Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure

Much of our knowledge of the electronic properties of actinides in solutions and solids is obtained from optical spectroscopy. One of the features that sets actinide spectra apart from those of other elements in the periodic table, aside from the lanthanide series, is that their f-orbitals can be considered both as containing optically active electrons and as belonging to the core of inner shells. As a result of this dominant characteristic, the spectra of these elements, particularly of the lower valence states, are moderately insensitive to changes in the ionic environment. Although ion–ligand interactions shift and split the energy levels of the f-orbitals, the scale of this crystal–field splitting is generally smaller than the intra-ionic Coulomb interaction and spin–orbit coupling. The relative insensitivity of these f-electrons to external forces also means that for these elements there is a close connection between energy levels in compounds and those in gaseous free atoms and ions. Table 18.1 lists the scales of various mechanisms of electronic interactions that will be discussed in this chapter through analysis and modeling of the optical spectra of the various valence states of actinide ions in solutions and compounds.
The influence of a DDGS diet on the development and oviposition rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is used in livestock feeds and finishing diets to replace maize or other grains. As more of this product is available to the feed industry, the effect it might have on the vulnerability of animal feed to insect infestation is unknown. This research focused on the influence of old generation DDGS as food and oviposition resource of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in contrast with a traditional a flour (90%)/yeast (10%) diet. Larval development was significantly faster Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} Keywords: DDGS, Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , Oviposition, Development
The psychologic aspects of pediatric practice. II. Masturbation.

In spite of the fact that masturbation involves almost all human beings in every culture, comparatively little has been written on the subject. Until very recently masturbation was defined in the medical literature as a sexual perversion and a damaging activity to be prohibited at all costs. In the beliefs of certain religious faiths masturbation is considered a sin. The evolution of masturbatory activity as observed from infancy through adolescence is presented. Masturbation can be understood as a "discharge phenomenon" undertaken to relieve a state of tension existing in the human body. As the child develops he is normally subjected to increased tensions due to restrictions and frustrations forced upon him by the family and culture. Being permitted no normal outlet, he resorts to the release he has known from infancy, and has the fantasy that certain forbidden or temporarily impossible wishes take place. The feelings of guilt, increased by parental attitudes, are associated with a fear of having damaged their sexual organs and a fear of consequent ill health. Excessive masturbation as defined, must be viewed as a symptom of the child9s unhappiness or emotional instability. The role of the pediatrician is to explain ordinary masturbation to the parent as a normal physiologic function. When the physician is presented with the problem of a child with excessive masturbation he should attempt to detect factors responsible for an emotional upset.
Relativistic calculations of magnetic resonance parameters: background and some recent developments.

This article outlines some basic concepts of relativistic quantum chemistry and recent developments of relativistic methods for the calculation of the molecular properties that define the basic parameters of magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques, i.e. nuclear magnetic resonance shielding, indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling and electric field gradients (nuclear quadrupole coupling), as well as with electron paramagnetic resonance g -factors and electron–nucleus hyperfine coupling. Density functional theory (DFT) has been very successful in molecular property calculations, despite a number of problems related to approximations in the functionals. In particular, for heavy-element systems, the large electron count and the need for a relativistic treatment often render the application of correlated wave function ab initio methods impracticable. Selected applications of DFT in relativistic calculation of magnetic resonance parameters are reviewed.
Ventricular tachycardia induction: comparison of triple extrastimuli with an abrupt change in ventricular drive cycle length.

Abstract This study compares two stimulation protocols in 47 patients not inducible with double extrastimuli administered during two paced cycle lengths at the right ventricular apex. Method I uses triple extrastimuli; method II, an abrupt short-to-long change in cycle length, single and double extrastimuli. Clinical arrhythmias included sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (11 patients; group I); nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (27; group II); and no documented ventricular arrhythmia (9; group III). Together, methods I and II rendered 21 of 47 patients inducible; seven were inducible by both methods. No group III patient became inducible. The two techniques were equally likely to produce tachycardias in groups I and II; to induce rapid, pleomorphic, or sustained tachycardias, and tachycardias > 10 beats. Since both methods can be applied at the right ventricular apex and increase sensitivity without producing tachycardia in patients with a low suspicion for ventricular arrhythmias, they may facilitate serial drug testing with an indwelling catheter, reducing the need for left-sided studies.
Picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy on 132-hydroxy-bacteriopheophorbide-methylester (0H-BPME) molecules in solution and embedded in mixed Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Transient absorption spectroscopy was carried out on OH-BPME in methanol and on multilayer mixed OH-BPME/behenic acid Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films after resonant excitation of the S 2 state by 17 ps single pulses. The time dependences of saturable absorption of the S 0 –S 2 and S 0 –S 1 transitions and of the Stokes shifted transient amplification of the probe photons are investigated. From the latter a lifetime of the S 1 state of 1.7 ns and from the first and ISC quantum efficiency of 0.5 are obtained on OH-BPME in methanol, which is supported by the strong induced absorption band observed around 600 nm caused by triplet-triplet absorption processes. In comparison to the saturable absorption a delayed starting of the transient amplification is observed speaking for a relatively long lifetime of the molecules in the S 2 state. The spectra of the LB films are dominated by aggregates of OH-BPME caused by the high package density. An excitation induced decrease of the absorption coefficient at the S 0 –S 1 transition of the aggregate at 815 nm is observed with a very short decay time of 85 ps.
Extending the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to short-wave infrared radiation (SWIR) (1- to 2.5-μm)

There is increasing interest in using wide-area standoff airborne hyperspectral sensors to detect potential targets at large oblique viewing angles. Under such conditions, the intervening atmosphere between the targets and the imager can attenuate and alter the detected signal. To help compensate for the reduced signal for long range viewing, recent efforts have focused on using hyperspectral sensors to collect imagery derived from short wave radiation SWIR (1-2.5 μm) rather than the more standard visible-near infrared radiation Vis-NIR (0.4-1.0 μm). However, unlike imagery collected using Vis-NIR, there is currently a relative dearth of analytical and classification algorithms that only use SWIR. To enhance the ability to detect spectral features confined to the SWIR regime, this study has examined extracting vegetation features in the SWIR. Visible-near infrared hyperspectral imagery has successfully extracted vegetation within a scene through computation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The Visible NDVI computes a normalized difference of two bands corresponding to the chlorophyll absorption (0.67 μm) and IR edge (0.80 μm). This work extended and examined schemes for extracting vegetation within SWIR imagery. Specifically, this study examined the HYDICE data collect (0.4-2.5 μm) and the visible NDVI was used as the standard for determining the vegetation within the scene. A SWIR derived NDVI was generated using pairs of SWIR bands (1.08, 1.46 μm), (1.08, 1.57 μm), (1.08, 1.66 μm), and (1,08, 2.18 μm). All SWIR paired bands exhibited large (> 0.92) correlation coefficients with the Vis-NIR NDVI. Vis-NIR NDVI preferentially detects the greenest vegetation but the SWIR NDVI tends to favor vegetation residing in shadows. Water has large SWIR NDVI but has low reflectance throughout the SWIR. By setting a threshold, water can be eliminated from consideration and only vegetation is detected. In addition, minimizing the mean squared error between the visible and SWIR imagery can generate a suitable linear combination of all suitable bands involving SWIR wavelengths that exclude the atmospheric absorption. Using the high number of SWIR bands approach yields even larger correlation (>0.99) with visible NDVI. However, the specific coefficients used in the linear combination approach, varies from scene to scene. Therefore, using a fixed set of coefficients yields small correlation coefficient with visible NDVI.
Contact angles of submillimeter particles: connecting wettability to nanoscale surface topography.

A method is presented for the measurement of contact angles of particles in the size range 100−1000 μm, using an optical microscope. This method is used to characterize the wettability of polyethylene particles produced in a gas-phase polymerization process. The as-polymerized particles are shown to be significantly more hydrophobic than melt-processed polyethylene materials. The surface structure of the particles is examined with scanning electron microscopy, and the increased hydrophobicity of the as-polymerized particles is attributed to the nanoscale texture of the particle surfaces.
Two-photon-absorption spectrum of poly(di- n -hexylsilane) films

Two-photon-absorption (TPA) spectra of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) (PDHS) films are obtained from 605 to 410 nm at 295 and 11 K, where the intensity is an order of magnitude higher. A strong TPA band is found above 5 eV and interpreted in terms of interacting \ensuremath{\sigma} electrons in a Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) model. PPP models for (Si${)}_{\mathit{n}}$ chains relate the excitonic (one-photon) absorption at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$=3.4 in PDHS to the 4.2-eV TPA at the alternation gap and the high-energy TPA derived from two-electron excitations at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$. The smaller alternation gap in \ensuremath{\pi}-conjugated polymers and their intense TPA above ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ also indicate correlated states and differ qualitatively from single-particle descriptions.
Defining the nucleotide binding sites of P2Y receptors using rhodopsin-based homology modeling

Ongoing efforts to model P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides, i.e., endogenous ADP, ATP, UDP, UTP, and UDP-glucose, were summarized and correlated for the eight known subtypes. The rhodopsin-based homology modeling of the P2Y receptors is supported by a growing body of site-directed mutagenesis data, mainly for P2Y1 receptors. By comparing molecular models of the P2Y receptors, it was concluded that nucleotide binding could occur in the upper part of the helical bundle, with the ribose moiety accommodated between transmembrane domain (TM) 3 and TM7. The nucleobase was oriented towards TM1, TM2, and TM7, in the direction of the extracellular side of the receptor. The phosphate chain was oriented towards TM6, in the direction of the extracellular loops (ELs), and was coordinated by three critical cationic residues. In particular, in the P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptors the nucleotide ligands had very similar positions. ADP in the P2Y12 receptor was located deeper inside the receptor in comparison to other subtypes, and the uridine moiety of UDP-glucose in the P2Y14 receptor was located even deeper and shifted toward TM7. In general, these findings are in agreement with the proposed binding site of small molecules to other class A GPCRs.
A uniqueness theorem for determining conductivity from overspecified boundary data

On cherche les coefficients inconnus k(u) dans l'equation elliptique non lineaire ⊇•(k(u)⊇u)=f(x,y), (x,y)∈Ω ou u(x,y) est soumise a des conditions aux limites de Dirichlet et de Neumann sur la frontiere de Ω
The future of intelligence research

Abstract Future direction in research in huma intelligence, like any other area of research, are difficult to predict. However, tendencies in current research suggest several future trends. Research in human intelligence will use larger numbers of subjects. An appreciation of reliability will continue to grow. Research will continue to become more theoretically based and the biological basis of behavior will increasingly constrain theory.
Broadband CO(2) Laser Coupling Modulation.

The application of coupling modulation is described for achieving a 110-MHz bandwidth using CO2 lasers and GaAs electrooptic crystals. Coupling modulation is a technique that has no bandwidth limitations and allows the modulation bandwidth to exceed that of the laser resonator.
Developing a Framework for Assessing Responsible Conduct of Research Education Programs

Education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) in the United States has evolved over the past decade from targeting trainees to including educational efforts aimed at faculty and staff. In addition RCR education has become more focused as federal agencies have moved to recommend specific content and to mandate education in certain areas. RCR education has therefore become a research-compliance issue necessitating the development of policies and the commitment of resources to develop or expand systems for educating faculty and staff and for assuring compliance. These changes implied the need to develop a program evaluation model that could be applied to institutional RCR education programs, which were expected to differ from traditional academic credit-bearing courses targeting trainees. Information gleaned from the examination of corporate compliance models was analyzed in order to create a program evaluation module that could be used to document and assess educational programs focused on teaching RCR. A programmed series of questions for each of the nine RCR content areas identified by the United States Office of Research Integrity was created based on a performance-monitoring evaluation model. The questions focus on educational goals, resources provided to support the educational efforts, educational content, content delivery, educational outcomes, compliance requirements and feedback. Answers collected in response to the questions could be used to both document and continually improve the quality of RCR educational programs through on-going formative assessment and feedback.
Film: Black agency in the Amistad uprising: Or, you've taken our cinque and gone

Schindler, Morphed into John Quincy Adams, Rescues Africans‐A Retrograde Film Denies Black Agency and Intelligence, Misses What Really Happened, and Returns to the Conservative Themes of the Fifties; with an Account of What Really Happened, and a Few Words Ahout Abolitionists as Fanatics
Total knee arthroplasty: Limb length discrepancy and functional outcome.

Background: Limb length discrepancy and its effects on patient function have been discussed in depth in the literature with respect to hip arthroplasty but there are few studies that have examined the effect on function of limb length discrepency following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to determine whether limb length discrepancy after TKA in patients with bilateral osteoarthritis of knee with varus deformity affects functional outcome. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients with bilateral osteoarthritis of knee with varus deformity, who were operated for total knee arthroplasty from 1996 to 2008, were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups. Thirty patients (mean age 64 years) were operated for unilateral TKA and thirty patients (mean age 65.8 years) were operated for bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Six patients underwent staged surgery and were included in both groups as the time interval between the two surgeries was more than the minimum 6-month follow-up period specified for inclusion in the study. The limb length discrepancy was measured and statistically correlated with the functional component of the Knee Society Score. Result: In the unilateral group (n=30), the mean limb length discrepancy was 1.53 cm (range: 0-3 cm) and the mean functional score was 73 (range: 45-100). In the bilateral group (n=30), the mean limb length discrepancy was 0.5 cm (range: 0-2 cm) and the mean functional score was 80.67 (range: 0-100). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between limb length discrepancy and functional score in the unilateral group (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = −0.52, P =0.006), while no statistically significant correlation was found in the bilateral group (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = −0.141, P =0.458). Conclusion: Limb length discrepancy affects functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty, especially so in patients of bilateral osteoarthritis with varus deformity undergoing surgery of only one knee.
Dislocation–stacking fault tetrahedron interaction: what can we learn from atomic-scale modelling ☆

Abstract The high number density of stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs) observed in irradiated fcc metals suggests that they should contribute to radiation-induced hardening and, therefore, taken into account when estimating mechanical properties changes of irradiated materials. The central issue is describing the individual interaction between a moving dislocation and an SFT, which is characterized by a very fine size scale, ∼100 nm. This scale is amenable to both in situ TEM experiments and large-scale atomic modelling. In this paper we present results of an atomistic simulation of dislocation–SFT interactions using molecular dynamics (MD). The results are compared with observations from in situ deformation experiments. It is demonstrated that in some cases the simulations and experimental observations are quite similar, suggesting a reasonable interpretation of experimental observations.
Surface hydride formation on a metal oxide surface: the interaction of atomic hydrogen with Cu2O(100)

Abstract The interaction of hydrogen with the Cu2O(100)Cu+ surface has been investigated. No H2 uptake is observed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Thus, the adsorption of atomic hydrogen was studied by predissociating H2 (D2) with a Pt filament. Surface reduction to produce water is not the primary reaction pathway for adsorbed hydrogen under UHV conditions; H2 (D2) is the primary desorption product observed by TDS in a 30:1 ratio with water. Photoemission results indicate a rehybridization of the cation electronic states following atomic hydrogen adsorption, which suggests a direct interaction with surface cations to form hydride surface moieties (i.e., Cu+H). An adsorbate-induced surface reconstruction is also observed, which lifts the (3 2 × 2 ) R 45° clean surface reconstruction to give a (1 × 1) surface periodicity more characteristic of a simple termination of the bulk. Adsorbed hydrogen is thought to cap the vacant coordination sites on the surface cations.
Cultural effects on accounting practices and investment decisions

Due to increasing globalisation, accounting practices and individual investment decisions are no longer constrained by national borders. However, we believe individual practices and decisions are constrained by societal culture due to its impact on the development and setting of national accounting standards, the application of those standards by local businesses to create information and investors' interpretation of information provided by local businesses. We propose a framework to examine these effects and suggest future research directions.
Essential role of endogenous estrogen in directly stimulating mammary growth demonstrated by implants containing pure antiestrogens.

The mammogenic actions of estrogen, although undisputed, lack definition due to uncertainties concerning the relative importance of systemic vs. local actions of the hormone. In addition to its well known, indirect effects on mammary tissue through pituitary intermediaries such as PRL and GH, recent evidence points to, but does not prove, direct estrogen action on mammary targets. The ability of exogenous estrogen to directly and locally stimulate mammary growth in vivo was previously shown in endocrine-ablated animals using small plastic pellets containing estradiol. The more important question of whether the direct action of endogenous estrogen is required for normal mammary growth and morphogenesis in the endocrine-intact animal is now investigated using direct-acting, slow-release plastic implants containing pure antiestrogens (antiestrogens with no estrogenic properties) inserted into the growth region of mammary glands. Local growth inhibition only in the immediate vicinity of the implants and not i...
Access is the killer application

Abstract The exploration of networked resources usually emphasizes the transition of scholarly information and libraries to the electronic medium. To that extent, thinking about what the networked medium means is framed in the context of the print world which we all understand. Many, perhaps most, of the attempts to build “digital libraries” draw on these analogies and this is to be expected. On the other hand, it is highly likely that this thinking about “transition” is itself transitional and merely looks at the past as a way to conceptualize the future. At the same time Peter Lyman makes the case that such thinking limits the vision of the future in ways that may have negative effects because they constrain the opportunities in the new networked medium—CBL, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Metal cluster topology. 5. Infinite delocalization in one and two dimensions: Lanthanide and early transition metal halide clusters built from fused octahedra

Abstract This paper shows how graph theory derived models for metal cluster bonding can be extended to infinite one-dimensional chains and infinite two-dimensional sheets of fused metal octahedra using lanthanide and early transition metal halide clusters as examples. Discrete octahedral metal clusters have the following skeletal bonding topologies distinguished by their electron counts: (1) twelve edge-localized two-center bonds as in the Mo6(μ3-X)8L64+ clusters; (2) eight face-localized three-center bonds as in the Nb6(μ2-X12)L62+ clusters; (3) globally delocalized bonding with six two-center bonds delocalized in the surface of the octahedron and one six-center core bond as in not only the octahedral boranes, carboranes, and metal carbonyl clusters (e.g., Rh6(CO)16) but also the zirconium octahedron clusters with light interstitial atoms such as Zr6Cl12Be, Zr6Cl13Be−, Zr,6Cl13B, Zr6Cl14B−, Zr6Cl15B2−, Zr6Cl14C, and Zr6Cl15N having the general formula Zr6(μ2-Cl)12ECln-12z+ where z = 10 - n + pE being the number of valence electrons of the neutral interstitial atom E. The inifinite one-dimensional chains of fused octahedra in Gd2Cl3 as well as the infinite two-dimensional sheets of fused octahedra in the zirconium monohalides have electron and orbital counts corresponding to six-center core bonds in each octahedral cavity and multicenter bonds in the two tetrahedral cavities for each octahedral cavity. A similar bonding model for bulk metals leads to the prediction of maximum heats of atomization for the group of 6 metals in accord with experimental observations for the 5d transition series and in only slight disagreement with the experimental maximum heats of atomization of the group 5 metals for the 3d and 4d transition series.
Recurrent neural network generates a basis for sensory image cancellation

This study investigates the temporal dynamics of recurrent layers and their relevance to storage of temporal information. A recurrent layer is shown to generate a dynamical basis that allows cancellation of predictable sensory images via and adaptive mechanism based on spike-timing dependent plasticity.
First day serum creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in high-risk infants.

Serum creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) on the 1st day of life was measured by radioimmunoassay in 37 very low birth weight (VLBW) infats, 14 severely asphyxiated infants and 24 controls. The 31 survivors from the two high-risk groups were followed up for 12 months or more. VLBW non-survivors (n=14) had significantly higher mean CK-BB levels than survivors (n=23), (P<0.05). However, if only survivors were considered, CK-BB was a poor discriminator of outcome in either study group. First day serum CK-BB is not a useful predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome in surviving high-risk infants.
The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males.

Eleven previously sedentary adult males, serving as the experimental (EXP) group [mean (SE) age 36.6 (1.7) years, body mass 87.2 (4.3) kg, body mass index, BMI, 28.4 (1.5) kg·m–2] participated in a 16-week supervised exercise program (3 days·week–1, 30 min·day–1, at ≅80% of heart rate reserve) to determine the temporal effects of a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise program on heart rate variability (HRV). Five sedentary males [mean (SD) age 36.6 (4.2 )years, body mass 83.8 (6.6) kg, BMI 22.8 (1.7) kg·m–2] served as non-exercising controls (CON). HRV was measured every 4 weeks from a resting electrocardiogram obtained while subjects paced their breathing at 10 breaths·min–1 (0.167 Hz). The time-domain measures of HRV recorded were the proportion of adjacent intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50), the root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), and the standard deviation of the resting interbeat interval. The frequency-domain measures recorded were high (HF) and low (LF) frequency oscillations, as determined using the fast Fourier transform technique. Aerobic capacity (i.e., peak oxygen uptake) increased by 13.8% in EXP (P<0.001), but did not change in CON. Resting heart rate did not change in either EXP or CON. In EXP, pNN50 at week 12 (P<0.01), rMSSD at weeks 12 (P<0.01) and 16 (P=0.05), and HF power at weeks 12 (P<0.01) and 16 (P=0.05) were elevated above baseline. Time- and frequency-domain measures of HRV remained unchanged in CON. It is concluded that a moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise program produces increases in time- and frequency-domain measures of HRV within 12 weeks.
Persistence in Ozone Scaling under the Hurst Exponent as an Indicator of the Relative Rates of Chemistry and Fluid Mechanical Mixing in the Stratosphere

The observed self-affine fractal behavior of ozone, wind, and temperature in the stratosphere is used to produce an indication of the rate of occurrence of chemistry relative to that of fluid mixing which, unlike the usual method, is independent of an assumed mechanism sequence of elementary chemical steps followed by application of the law of mass action to obtain differential equations describing the temporal and spatial evolution of the reacting gases. Rather, the occurrence of chemistry is deduced from the scaling of the observed variability; it is applied empirically to deduce the presence of chemical processes that are faster than fluid mechanical mixing above an altitude of 19 km during a balloon flight, and in the Antarctic spring, Arctic summer, and Arctic winter during high altitude aircraft flights. The method should apply to any volume of reacting molecules to which the equations of fluid motion apply and for which measurements can be made over a range of scales.
Stigma of a Label: Educational Expectations for High School Students Labeled with Learning Disabilities.

Poorer outcomes for youth labeled with learning disabilities (LDs) are often attributed to the student’s own deficiencies or cumulative disadvantage; but the more troubling possibility is that special education placement limits rather than expands these students’ opportunities. Labeling theory partially attributes the poorer outcomes of labeled persons to stigma related to labels. This study uses data on approximately 11,740 adolescents and their schools from the Education Longitudinal Survey of 2002 to determine if stigma influences teachers’ and parents’ educational expectations for students labeled with LDs and labeled adolescents’ expectations for themselves. Supporting the predictions of labeling theory, teachers and parents are more likely to perceive disabilities in, and hold lower educational expectations for labeled adolescents than for similarly achieving and behaving adolescents not labeled with disabilities. The negative effect of being labeled with LDs on adolescents’ educational expectations...
Comparison of the structure of a Mississippian and a Holocene pen shell assemblage

Benthic assemblages associated with pen shells (Pelecypoda: Pinnidae) in a Holocene back-barrier marine environment and in an exposure of Mississippian rocks that are inferred to be back-barrier marine deposits, appear to have more structural similarities than differences, despite their separation by over 300 million years and dominance by organisms that are not closely related taxonomically. Both of the studied assemblages occur in fine-grained, calcareous siliciclastic deposits. Excluding the pen shells, each assemblage is dominated by three species, all of which are epibenthic suspension feeders in the Mississippian association, while two of the three are epibenthic suspension feeders in the Holocene association. However, the Mississippian dominants are free-lying or byssally attached, while one of the two epibenthic dominants in the Holocene association is cemented (Crassostrea) and the other is an intermittent swimmer (Aequipecten). The Holocene assemblage has a substantially higher proportion of shallow burrowers than did the Mississippian assemblage, which may be a contributing cause of the differences in life habits of the dominant species, inasmuch as mobile and cemented epibenthic organisms are less likely to be disturbed by churning of surficial sediment by shallow burrowers than are free-lying organisms. Within the Holocene study site, pen shells are found only in marine grass beds. The Mississippian pen shells are associated with a conspicuously increased abundance of erect bryozoan fragments and also with a higher species richness than associated beds within the measured stratigraphic section. It is inferred that the erect bryozoans baffled currents, thereby reducing flow velocity and increasing the availability of microenvironments, in much the same way as modern sea-grass patches that contain pen shells.
Endograft use in the femoral and popliteal arteries.

Abstract The results of infra-inguinal intervention for atherosclerotic occlusive disease have not changed dramatically in the last 15 years despite the advent of many different designs of uncovered stents. "Plain old balloon angioplasty" remains the treatment of choice for short lesions ( 5 cm have remained poor in most series. Although there are no endografts currently approved for arterial use by the FDA, expanded polytetraflouroethylene (ePTFE) covered endoprostheses are available and their use in the femoropopliteal arteries can dramatically improve the results of endovascular treatment for longer lesions and allow one to treat vascular ruptures and aneurysms. In this article, we will review the published results for the use of endografts in the femoropopliteal arteries and describe what we believe to be the current indications for their use.
Cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages treated with oxidized low density lipoprotein

The ability of CuSO4- and hypochlorite-oxidized LDL to promote cholesterol accumulation in macrophages was examined. Both CuSO4- and hypochlorite-oxidized LDL were rapidly metabolized by mouse peritoneal macrophages to a level approximately 10 times that observed for native LDL and both modified lipoproteins increased the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. However when each modified lipoprotein was incubated with macrophages for 40h, only hypochlorite-oxidized LDL produced significant accumulation of cholesteryl esters, with levels approaching 85 micrograms/mg cell protein. This finding was verified by nile red staining. The cholesteryl ester content of cupric sulfate-modified LDL was found to be significantly decreased when compared to either native or hypochlorite-modified LDL promotes massive cholesteryl ester accumulation because the cholesteryl ester content of the LDL particle is preserved.
Computerized clinical decision support improves warfarin management and decreases recurrent venous thromboembolism.

Background:An explicit approach to warfarin dose adjustment using computerized clinical decision support (CDS) improves warfarin management. We report metrics of quality for warfarin management before and after implementation of CDS in a large health care system.Methods:A total of 2591 chronically anticoagulated patients were eligible for inclusion. We compared interpatient time in therapeutic range (TTR) and international normalized ratio (INR) variability before and after implementation of CDS. We report outcomes of major bleeding, thrombosis, and health care utilization.Results:Implementation of CDS significantly improved TTR (from 63.99% to 65.13%; P = .04) and reduced out-of-range INRs (from 42.39% to 39.97%; P < .001). Venous thromboembolism (relative risk [RR] 0.41; P < .001) emergency department utilization (RR 0.62; P < .001), and hospitalization (RR 0.62; P < .001) were reduced after CDS implementation. Major hemorrhage was more frequent after CDS implementation (RR 1.42; P = .01).Conclusion:The...
COVE: A Visual Environment for Multidisciplinary Ocean Science Collaboration

Advances in cyber infrastructure for virtual observatories are poised to allow scientists from disparate fields to conduct experiments together, monitor large collections of instruments, and explore extensive archives of observed and simulated data. Such systems, however, focus on the ‘plumbing’ and frequently ignore the critical importance of rich, 3D interactive visualization, asset management, and collaboration necessary for interdisciplinary communication. The NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is typical of modern observatory-oriented projects–its goal is to transform ocean science from an expeditionary science to an observatory science. This paper explores the design of an interactive tool to support this new way of conducting ocean science. Working directly with teams of scientists, we designed and deployed the Collaborative Ocean Visualization Environment (COVE). We then carried out three field evaluations of COVE: a multi-month deployment with the scientists and engineers of an observatory design team and two deployments at sea as the primary planning and collaboration platform on expeditionary cruises to map observatory sites and study geothermal vents.
Fine-scale motion in the central Orion nebula

The inner region of M42 has been mapped in the O III N1 forbidden line at an unprecedented combination of velocity and spatial resolution and photometric accuracy. Three separate velocity systems along the line of sight are identified. Differential mass flow is present in two of these systems. All three systems show random fluctuations in velocity well above their measurement errors. The point-by-point velocities are used to determine the diagnostic statistical parameter, the structure function. The random motions show correlation with spatial separation, as expected for turbulence; but comparison with the predictions of classical theory for nebular turbulence shows poor agreement. If Kolmogorov (1941, 1942) theory applies, then the energy must be input at many scales.