cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactate Clearance Time and Concentration Linked to Morbidity and Death in Cardiac Surgical Patients

Background Early predictors of morbidity after cardiac operations are lacking. Elevated lactate concentrations in the immediate postoperative period reflect unmet metabolic demand and may be associated with outcome. This study examined the association between early plasma lactate concentrations and outcome after cardiac operations. Methods As a retrospective cohort investigation, patient information was obtained from the Cardiovascular Information and the Anesthesiology Institute's patient registries. Inclusion criteria were all adult cardiac surgical patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting or valve procedures, or coronary artery bypass grafting with a valve procedure, from January 1, 2008, to August 7, 2008 (arterial lactate values were added to the patient registry beginning January 1, 2008). Results Lactate concentrations during the initial 12 postoperative hours of a patient's stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit were averaged (mean lactate concentration), and linear regression concentrations over time were used to predict when the lactate concentration would reach 1.5 mmol/L in individual patients (predicted lactate clearance time). We also considered the product of the mean and clearance (product value). Predicted lactate clearance time, mean lactate concentration, and product value were associated with any type of reoperation, death, and a set of composite outcomes ( p Conclusions Predicted lactate clearance time, mean lactate concentration, and product value are each associated with death, any type of reoperation, and a set of composite outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve operations, or both. Product value provided the best early prognostic guidance in individual patients.
Frameworks and indicators for assessing progress in integrated coastal management initiatives

The fundamental purpose of all integrated coastal management (ICM) initiatives is to maintain, restore or improve specified qualities of coastal ecosystems and their associated human societies. A defining feature of ICM is that it addresses needs for both development and conservation in geographically specific places—be they a single community, an estuary or the coast of an entire nation. The times required to achieve these fundamental goals at significant spatial scales far exceed those of the usual 4–6-year project, the dominant ICM modality in developing nations. This paper offers two simple, but elastic frameworks for assessing progress over the extended time periods involved. The first is the four Orders of Outcomes that grouptogether the sequences of institutional, behavioral and social/ environmental changes that can lead to more sustainable forms of coastal development. The second framework is a version of the more familiar ICM policy cycle. These conceptually simple frameworks are making it possible to unbundle and organize into consistent formats the usually implicit assumptions that underpin project and program designs and then group activities and outcomes along a critical path that leads—or is presumed to lead—to the desired outcomes. Each stepin the ICM p cycle and each Order of Outcomes suggest the indicators by which progress and learning can be assessed. The application of these frameworks to a diversity of ICM initiatives is proving useful in assessing progress across portfolios of ICM initiatives, extracting good practices and teasing out how different governance contexts effect the forces that shape the evolution of ICM initiatives. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Interactive and probabilistic proof-checking

Abstract The notion of efficient proof-checking has always been central to complexity theory, and it gave rise to the definition of the class NP. In the last 15 years there has been a number of exciting, unexpected and deep developments in complexity theory that exploited the notion of randomized and interactive proof-checking. Results developed along this line of research have diverse and powerful applications in complexity theory, cryptography, and the theory of approximation algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper we survey the main lines of developments in interactive and probabilistic proof-checking, with an emphasis on open questions.
Nitric oxide and pregnancy

We have hypothesized that an alteration in the production of endothelium-dependent factors by sex hormones is a potential unifying mechanism for both the decreased arterial contractility and the redistribution of cardiac output characteristic of normal pregnancy. Thus, the effect of pregnancy/ estradiol on any one vascular bed will reflect the number and distribution of estrogen receptors. In this article, we review what is known about the effects of pregnancy and estrogen on nitric oxide synthase. Pregnancy increases Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity early in gestation. The timing of the increase parallels the increase in plasma estradiol concentration. The increase in maternal brain NOS during pregnancy is blocked by tamoxifen. cGMP content increases along a similar time course in most but not all tissues. The changes in cGMP more closely approximate the changes in blood flow during pregnancy. This suggests that multiple elements of the NO:cGMP pathway are altered by pregnancy. It also shows that cGMP content cannot always be used as a surrogate for NOS activity. Estradiol, but not progesterone or testosterone, increases CA(2+)-dependent NOS activity. NO accounts for some, but not all of the pregnancy-associated changes in maternal arterial contractile response. It is not involved in uterine quiescence. Nitric oxide synthase is developmentally regulated in the fetus and is likely important in regulating the distribution of fetal blood flow.
A Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Against a Newly Discovered Basement Membrane Component, the Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Antigen

A mouse monoclonal antibody, H3a, directed against the newly described epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) antigen was obtained using hybridoma techniques. The distribution of the monoclonal antibody is identical to that of the polyclonal serum antibody of patients with ERA. By immunofluorescence, a linear band is seen at the dermal-epidermal junction and, by immunoelectron microscopy, immune reaction products are present in the lamina densa and sublamina densa regions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western immunoblot analysis shows that the monoclonal antibody recognizes 290 and 145 kilodalton proteins present in the immunizing junctional extract, identical with the newly discovered ERA antigen. This monoclonal antibody should be useful in the further isolation and characterization of the EBA antigen.
Anger, Hostility, and Aggression as Predictors of Persistent Smoking During Pregnancy

Objective:We examined the role of anger, hostility, and aggression, in addition to depression and stress, in predicting persistent smoking during pregnancy in a low-income sample.Method:The sample consisted of 270 pregnant women (189 smokers, 81 nonsmokers) recruited into a prospective study of prenatal cigarette exposure in the first trimester. Persistent pregnancy smoking was defined as self-reporting daily smoking in at least two trimesters, a positive salivary cotinine level in at least two trimesters, or infant meconium positive for nicotine and/ or its metabolites.Results:Persistent smokers reported higher prenatal stress and negative affect symptoms (depression, anger, hostility, aggression) than nonpersistent smokers or nonsmokers. However, in the context of model testing, maternal anger, hostility, and aggression each accounted for unique variance in persistent smoking, whereas symptoms of depression and stress did not.Conclusions:To date, interventions for pregnant low-income smokers have been l...
Psychometric Properties of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), including its internal consistency, sensitivity to age and education effects, pattern of change scores, convergent validity and predictive utility. Age and education effects and stability were assessed in a sample of 280 cognitively normal persons over age 55. All other features were assessed in a sample of 274 persons with cognitive impairment, including 221 newly diagnosed dementia patients and 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment. Both samples were drawn from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry. Within the normal sample, Pearson correlation coefficients for DRS Total score with age, education and intelligence were all significant, p < .0001; MAYO Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) shared approximately 20% variance with DRS Total score. Internal consistency was greater than .7 for Construction, Conceptualization, Memory, and Total score, greater than .65 for Attention and less than .5 for Initiation and Perseveration. DRS subscale scores for Memory, Attention, and Conceptualization were significantly correlated with appropriate indices from the WAIS-R or Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, as assessed in the Mayo Older Americans Normative Studies, providing convergent validity for these DRS scales. Importantly, proportional hazards modeling revealed initial DRS Total score to be a significant predictor of longitudinal institutionalization and mortality outcomes.
Management of cutaneous symptoms.

Objective: To provide a review of the problems of malignant skin lesions, skin changes associated with cancer therapy, and required nursing care. Data sources: Published articles and book chapters that pertain to skin, malignant skin lesions, cutaneous toxicity from cancer therapy, pressure ulcers, and nursing care. Conclusions: Cutaneous symptoms as a result of the disease process or its treatment (chemotherapy, cytokines, radiation) interfere with optimal functioning and quality of life. The management and nursing care of malignant skin lesions, hyperpigmentation, changes in sensation, hypersensitivity reactions, acral erythema, erythema, desquamation, and pressure ulcers provide major treatment challenges for the oncology nurse. Implications for nursing practice: Skilled assessment, prevention, intervention, and evaluation of skin problems can reduce the difficulties patients and family members encounter with cutaneous symptoms and promote self-care and optimal functioning.
Phonon contributions to the entropies of hP24 and fcc Co3V

Inelastic neutron-scattering spectra and neutron-diffraction patterns were measured on the alloy Co3V at temperatures from 1073-1513 K, where the hP24 (ordered hexagonal) and fee structures are the equilibrium states of the alloy. Phonon density of states (DOS) curves were calculated from the inelastic-scattering spectra, allowing estimates of the vibrational entropy in the harmonic and quasiharmonic approximations. The vibrational entropy of the hP24-fcc phase transition at 1323 K was found to be 0.07k(B)/atom. The anharmonic contributions to the entropy over a temperature range of 100 K were comparable to the vibrational entropy of this phase transition. The anharmonic softening of the phonon DOS was only slightly larger for the hP24 than the fee phase, however, so the anharmonic effects contribute only slightly to the difference in entropy of the two phases. The simple Gruneisen approximation was inadequate for predicting the thermal softening of the phonon DOS.
Persistence of multipotential progenitors in the juvenile rat subventricular zone

The juvenile subventricular zone (SVZ) normally produces oligodendrocytes. To determine whether juvenile SVZ cells are lineage-restricted or whether they remain multipotential, we labeled SVZ cells and characterized their progeny after 1 week in vitro using cell morphology and antigen expression. Heterogeneous clones comprised of retrovirally labeled neurons and astrocytes or astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were observed, as well as homogeneous clones of neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Large type-1 astrocyte clones were most common, and mixed oligodendrocyte/type-1-astrocyte clusters represented 15% of the total clusters. Twenty five percent of the total clusters contained at least 1 immature neuron. Of 128 clones, 6–10% contained neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. From these results we conclude that the juvenile SVZ is a mixture of lineage-restricted, bipotential and multipotential neural progenitors.
Cooperative regulatory events and Foxp3 expression

The molecular mechanisms that control Treg and TH17 development and the precise role of transforming growth factor-β in this process are complex and imperfectly understood. New findings indicate that the helix-loop-helix proteins E2A and Id3 are also critically involved in some of these processes.
Review: Analogies Between Trophoblastic and Malignant Cells

PROBLEM: The question of how trophoblastic and malignant cells evade immunologic recognition and rejection by their host was studied. METHOD OF STUDY: A literature review was conducted. RESULTS: Trophoblastic and malignant cells share a number of similarities. These include a lack of major histocompatibility complex antigen expression, resistance to lysis by natural killer cells, T-helper cell-2 (TH2)-biased response, prostaglandin E production, and response to transforming growth factor beta. In addition, the analogies between trophoblastic and malignant cells extend into immunotherapy in which anti-idiotype therapy has a viable role in the prevention of pregnancy loss and the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Trophoblastic and malignant cells use a number of similar mechanisms to resist rejection by their host. By using similar strategies these cells are able to successfully co-exist in an immunologically hostile environment.
The origin of language: More words needed

Dunbar's idea that neocortex size limits the number of relationships beings may be able to maintain is an engaging hypothesis for cognitive psychologists interested in a limited capacity model. It is suggested that the thesis would have been enhanced had the author considered the concept of peers as part of an information processing scheme.
An alternative derivation of the 4×4 propagation matrix formalism

Abstract We present an alternative derivation for the Berreman 4×4 propagation matrix by first transforming the 4×1 generalized field vector to a new 4×1 field vector satisfying wave equations with a diagonal differential wave matrix. Thus one is able to obtain the normal independent modes of the medium. Two forms for the propagation matrix for the generalized field vector are then obtained and agree with the results that were obtained with Berreman's method [D.W. Berreman, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62 (1972) 502].
Predictors of injection drug use cessation and relapse in a prospective cohort of young injection drug users in San Francisco, CA (UFO Study).

Background Studies of injection drug use cessation have largely sampled adults in drug treatment settings. Little is known about injection cessation and relapse among young injection drug users (IDU) in the community.
In vitro potency assays for nonreplicating veterinary vaccines: comparison to in vivo assays and considerations in assay development

Abstract Each finished batch or serial of veterinary vaccine must be potency tested to assure the quality of marketed product. The potency assay must be correlated to efficacy in the target species. Potency assays of nonreplicating vaccines have traditionally measured the immune response to the vaccine in host or laboratory animals by serology or protection from challenge. Such tests are expensive, time-consuming, and raise animal welfare concerns. As disease agent protective antigens are desribed, in vitro techniques for quantitating them can be applied to vaccine potency measurement. However, in many cases the immunological adjuvants critical to the efficacy of the biological interfere with in vitro antigen quantitation techniques. The development of techniques that remove or compensate for the effect of adjuvants on the assays, sham vaccines containing no antigen, reference preparations containing a proven protective immunogen dose, characterization of the immunological reactants, and appropriate design and data analysis have contributed to the development of rapid, reproducible, humane, and relatively inexpensive in vitro potency assays to be used in the evaluation of veterinary biologicals.
A material cost-minimization analysis for hernia repairs and minor procedures during a surgical mission in the Dominican Republic

Expenditures on material supplies and medications constitute the greatest per capita costs for surgical missions. We hypothesized that supply acquisition at non-profit organization (NPO) costs would lead to significant cost-savings compared with supply acquisition at US academic institution costs from the provider perspective for hernia repairs and minor procedures during a surgical mission in the Dominican Republic. Items acquired for a surgical mission were uniquely QR-coded for accurate consumption accounting. Both NPO and US academic institution unit costs were associated with each item in an electronic inventory system. Medication doses were recorded and QR codes for consumed items were scanned into a record for each sampled procedure. Mean material costs and cost-savings ± SDs were calculated in US dollars for each procedure type. Cost-minimization analyses between the NPO and the US academic institution platforms for each procedure type ensued using a two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs test with α = 0.05. Item utilization analyses generated lists of most frequently used materials by procedure type. The mean cost-savings of supply acquisition at NPO costs for each procedure type were as follows: $482.86 ± $683.79 for unilateral inguinal hernia repair (n = 13); $332.46 ± $184.09 for bilateral inguinal hernia repair (n = 3); $127.26 ± $13.18 for hydrocelectomy (n = 9); $232.92 ± $56.49 for femoral hernia repair (n = 3); $120.90 ± $30.51 for umbilical hernia repair (n = 8); $36.59 ± $17.76 for minor procedures (n = 26); and $120.66 ± $14.61 for pediatric inguinal hernia repair (n = 7). Supply acquisition at NPO costs leads to significant cost-savings compared with supply acquisition at US academic institution costs from the provider perspective for inguinal hernia repair, hydrocelectomy, umbilical hernia repair, minor procedures, and pediatric inguinal hernia repair during a surgical mission in the Dominican Republic. Item utilization analysis can generate minimum-necessary material lists for each procedure type to reproduce cost-savings for subsequent missions.
Antibiotic-resistantArthrobacter sp. andPseudomonas sp. responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama after herbage removal

Streptomycin-resistant Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were isolated from semi-arid grassland soil and their relative responses in the rhizosphere of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) subjected to herbage removal were evaluated. Using plants grown in normal soil, the two bacteria showed differential responses to herbage removal, which were most marked in the rhizoplane, where the Pseudomonas showed a two-log unit increase over a 60 hour period, while Arthrobacter, in contrast, exhibited a one-log unit decrease in viable counts for at least 48 hours after defoliation, responses which are similar to those observed in root exudate medium experiments by earlier workers. These results suggest that the rhizoplane may be a critical environment for interaction of these two types of microorganisms, and that sequential responses of the root-associated soil microorganisms may occur after herbage removal from this important rangeland plant. These responses are most likely associated with increased exudate release following herbage removal, which has been best documented using blue grama grown under sterile conditions.
Existence of weak solutions for impulsive p-Laplacian problem with superlinear impulses

Using the critical point theory we are going to prove the existence of one and then of many weak solutions under subtle conditions for impulsive p-Laplacian problem. The novice lies in the fact that we do not restrict ourselves to sublinear impulses. We also prove existence of at least one non-positive and one non-negative solution, when p=2.
Nutritional and management methods to decrease nitrogen losses from beef feedlots.

Nitrogen losses from open beef feedlots are a concern. Methods that decrease volatilization losses will lead to greater manure N, which is likely to be beneficial in open lot beef operations. Twelve or more pens were dedicated to N research whereby N intake, retention, and excretion were quantified and a mass balance conducted using manure, runoff, soil balance, and loss quantities. The objective was to decrease N volatilization losses or increase manure N or both. Dietary CP affects N excretion and N volatilization losses. Four experiments across 2 yr compared industry average CP (13%) to diets that were phase-fed to not exceed protein requirements (12.1 to 10.9%). Phase-fed cattle excreted 12 to 21% less N (P 0.35) compared with cattle fed 13% CP. Feeding less protein did not affect manure N, indicating manure N from open lots is related to other factors. A series of experiments evaluated increasing OM on the pen surface to increase N in manure. Feeding less digestible diets using fiber increased manure N (P 0.30) manure N or volatilization losses during 2 summer experiments. Adding bedding (i.e., OM) increased manure N in the winter as well. Another method evaluated was increasing pen cleaning frequency, which decreased N volatilization losses by 19 to 44% and increased manure N by 26 to 41% across 3 experiments. Other methods, such as acidifying manure by manipulating dietary cation anion difference, clinoptilite zeolite clay addition, and feeding different amounts of by-products had variable impacts on N volatilization losses. No treatments markedly affected runoff N, which is <5% of excreted N. Dietary protein affects N volatilization losses but not manure N. Other factors, such as OM on the pen surface, affect manure N. Cleaning manure frequently, which decreases exposure of manure N to air, decreases volatilization losses. Treatments should be evaluated across seasons due to seasonal effects.
The geography of party replacement in Italy, 1987-1996

Abstract With the disappearance of the two largest political parties and the emergence of several new ones over the last decade, a new electoral map of Italy has emerged. We explore how these ongoing changes to party politics in Italy were manifest spatially between 1987 and 1996. In particular, the geographical aspects of party replacement are examined in central and northern Italy. First, the parties that have succeeded the Italian Communist Party (PCI) are examined in Tuscany, where the Italian left has historically enjoyed high levels of electoral support. Second, we look at how the regionalist Northern League has replaced the Christian Democratic Party (DC) in the Veneto. Exploratory spatial data analyses (ESDA), and in particular, local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA), indicate that the processes and patterns of replacement are more complex than the simple substitution of one party with another in both of these regions, and illustrate the need to frame geographically electoral change in Italy.
Ab initio simulation on the mechanism of proton transport in water

Abstract Ab initio simulations on proton transport in water have been conducted. Using the simulation results together with the experimental data in the literature, currently existing hypotheses, including the one proposed by Agmon [N. Agmon, The Grotthuss mechanism, Chem. Phys. Lett. 244 (5–6) (1995) 456–462], have been examined. Based on the results of the simulations including charge distributions and the movement of the positive charge centers inside the protonated water clusters during the proton diffusion process, one mechanism is found to dominate proton transport in water. The high mobility of protons inside water is mainly due to the high diffusion rate of H 5 O 2 + cations. The diffusion of H 5 O 2 + cations is mainly induced by the thermal movement of water molecules in the second solvation shell of the H 5 O 2 + cations and the Zundel polarization inside the cations. Furthermore, thermal effects play a dominant role during the transport process by affecting the reorientation of water molecules in the neighborhood of the second solvation shell of H 5 O 2 + cations to induce the Zundel polarization and by providing the energy for the cleavage of the hydrogen bond between a water molecule and a newly formed H 5 O 2 + cation. In addition, an external electrical field plays an important role in helping the water molecule reorient and lowering the Zundel polarization energy barrier. Because the weight fraction of H 5 O 2 + cations among the protonated water clusters decreases as the temperature increases, the proposed mechanism is considered to play a dominant role only at temperatures below 672 K.
The impact of organizational memory information systems: the case of product information management systems

The research attempts to determine whether case studies from fieldwork and secondary data on product information management systems (PIMS) map to E.W. Stein and V. Zwass' (1995) framework for an organizational memory information system (OMIS). Overall, we find support for the two layers in the framework, and for organizational effectiveness from an OMIS. The secondary data suggest first and second order measures for future empirical research. The fieldwork data supports the first order measures and second order communication improvements but as yet we cannot find evidence of second order productivity improvements. Furthermore, our data suggests that PIMS implementation problems focus on the user interface, which can be located as points on the framework. These findings increase our understanding of OMIS and suggest improvements in designing PIMS.
Fear and loathing: a meta-analytic review of the specificity of anger in PTSD

The available empirical literature suggests that anger may be characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Meta-analytic strategies were used to evaluate the extent to which the experience of anger is specific to PTSD rather than anxiety disorders in general. Thirty-four anxiety disorder patient samples (n=2,169) from 28 separate studies were included in the analysis. Results yielded a large effect size indicating greater anger difficulties among anxiety disorder patients versus controls. Compared to control samples, a diagnosis of PTSD was associated with significantly greater difficulties with anger than was any other anxiety disorder diagnosis. Other anxiety disorder diagnoses did not differ significantly from each other. However, the specific association between PTSD and anger did vary depending on the anger domain assessed. Difficulties with anger control, anger in, and anger out significantly differentiated PTSD from non-PTSD anxiety disorder samples, whereas difficulties with anger expression, state anger, and trait anger did not. These findings are discussed in the context of future research on the role of anger in PTSD.
Renal acidification in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria

Distal renal tubular acidosis is frequently associated with hypercalciuria. To further investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between the two conditions, we examined 20 children (5 to 18 years of age) with idiopathic hypercalciuria for evidence of renal tubular acidosis. Serum electrolytes and urine citrate levels were normal in all subjects. After a single dose of furosemide, 1 of the 20 subjects did not show a decrease in urine pH 20 mm Hg after urine alkalinization with orally administered acetazolamide, a finding compatible with a rate-dependent distal renal tubular acidosis. These four subjects underwent acute acid loading with arginine hydrochloride. In all four subjects urine pH decreased p =0.003). We conclude that distal acidification abilities seem to be intact in children with hypercalciuria in the absence of nephrolithiasis. We speculate that calcium precipitation may lead to tubular damage, including distal renal tubular acidosis.
The technique and possibilities of astronomical spectrophotometry

Abstract The present capabilities of photographic spectrophotometry are reviewed; with large reflectors and modern optics accurate work on all naked-eye stars is possible. Photo-electric spectral scanning is best suited for low-resolution; image intensification will be needed to avoid losses due to scanning. The technique for theoretical analysis of spectra for the abundances of the elements is briefly discussed. The ability to observe very faint stars with moderately high dispersion at Palomar has opened several new fields of research, especially in the study of the white dwarfs. New results include line profiles as affected by Stark and pressure broadening, and the existence of shells of low-pressure gas around several helium-rich and low-temperature white dwarfs.
Permeability of a Nuclear Membrane: Changes during Normal Development and Changes Induced by Growth Hormone

The ion permeability of the nuclear membrane envelope of salivary gland cells (of the midge Chironomus thummi) undergoes changes during development. Following the early fourth instar stage, permeability falls to about one-fifth of its base value over a period of 3 to 5 days of development of the animal, and then rises again over the next 2 to 4 days. The falling phase of the change can be reproduced within 1 hour by injections of the growth hormone ecdyson.
Language pathway abnormalities in schizophrenia: a review of fMRI and other imaging studies

Purpose of reviewSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with substantial genetic vulnerability. This review discusses recent neuroimaging studies reporting on impairment in brain functioning relevant to language processing in individuals with schizophrenia and those who are at a genetic risk for
Model predictions of strain and magnetization responses under magneto-thermo-mechanical loading paths in magnetic shape memory alloys

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) have recently drawn considerable research interest due to their ability to produce magnetic field-induced strains (MFIS) , at least one order of magnitude higher than those of ordinary magnetostrictive materials. In the present work microstructure dependence of martensitic phase transformation and reorientation is taken into account by introducing internal variables into the model. The magneto-thermomechanical constitutive equations are derived in a thermodynamic consistent way. A 3-D stress-field-temperature phase diagram is predicted using the model for the case of field induced phase transformation (FIPT).
Single beam stability in PEP and PETRA

Abstract Computer simulation is used to study single beam stability in PEP and PETRA. The inputs to the simulation are parameters which describe the single particle motion and wakefields calculated from radio frequency cavity dimensions. All of the features of the collective effects observed in these two storage rings are also observed in the simulations, and the threshold currents are in reasonable quantitative agreement. Since the necessary inputs would be known during the design phase of a new storage ring, simulations of the ty[e described can be used to evaluate potential beam stability problems.
A tutorial on implementing concurrent engineering in new product development programs

Abstract The ‘concurrent engineering’ approach has radically changed the ways that new products are developed in many firms. However, implementing concurrent engineering has not always proved easy. As the popularity of concurrent engineering has grown and its applications have become more diverse, the core concepts that define concurrent engineering have become more and more vague. In addition, managers have found that different project, company, and industry contexts often necessitate customized approaches to concurrent engineering. This tutorial clarifies the concepts and methods that are central to the concurrent engineering approach. In addition, it examines the need to tailor the elements of concurrent engineering to match specific program priorities and product characteristics. Finally, the tutorial suggests ways that managers can make early concurrent engineering attempts more successful.
RELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE WORTH

Abstract The determination of priorities based on relative rather than absolute worth is sometimes questioned. This is surprising since it is commonly accepted that economic value is dependent on scarcity, and scarcity is by its very nature a relative property. This paper illustrates that when deriving priorities, relative worth is usually more appropriate than absolute worth, even though the results may sometimes seem counterintuitive. This paper also examines problems that can transpire if absolute rather than relative worth is used in situations where additional alternatives are subsequently introduced into an analysis.
Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Symptom Perception and Interpretation

The purpose of the current study was to test the aspects of MacGregor and Fleming's model of symptom reporting and illness interpretation. Participants were randomly assigned to cognitive cue (Chemical or No Chemical), sensory cue (Odor or No Odor), and somatic arousal (Exercise or No Exercise) conditions. The findings suggested that although somatic arousal primarily determines whether one experiences symptoms, and expectations—or one's mental model—determine the nature of the attribution regarding the cause of the symptoms, it appears that both the attribution about the cause of the symptoms and the amount of somatic arousal experienced combine to produce the intensity of negative symptoms.
The neurobiology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.

SummaryOpsoclonus-myoclonus is a pervasive neurological syndrome of children and adults. Although rare, it raises important clinical and neurobiological issues. This article provides an overview of the clinical and laboratory features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of opsoclonus-myo
Damage accumulation and recovery in gold-ion-irradiated barium titanate

Abstract Single-crystal barium titanate (BaTiO3) wafers were irradiated 60° off the surface normal at 170 and 300 K using 1.0 MeV Au2+ ions over a fluence range from 0.03 to 0.19 ions/nm 2 . Disorder on both the Ba and Ti sublattices has been studied in situ using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry along the 〈1 1 0〉 axial direction. At these irradiation temperatures, the temperature dependence of disordering is small. The dose for amorphization under these conditions is on the order of 0.5 dpa, which is 50% of that required to amorphize SrTiO3 under similar conditions. At low damage levels, recovery of disorder is observed at room temperature, suggesting at least one lower temperature recovery stage. For more highly damaged states, two distinct recovery stages have been identified between 420 and 570 K and between 720 and 870 K. The recovery stage between 420 and 570 K is associated with the critical temperature for full amorphization (∼550 K) in BaTiO3. The higher temperature recovery stage is most likely associated with epitaxial recrystallization.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SHEET-IRON GROUND-COAT ENAMELS*

The thermal expansions of sheet-iron ground-coat enamels were determined by use of the interferometer. The results showed that the calculated expansions based on the factors of Mayer and Havas were close to the actual expansions. It was also shown that variations of borax, feldspar, and quartz resulted in a fairly uniform change in the expansion. It was possible to interpolate between values for these constituents. The softening of the enamels in the interferometer test proved to be a characteristic change depending on the fusibility of the enamel. These data showed promise as a test for fusibility.
Candida albicans arthritis in an infant.

Summary Candida albicans arthritis, preceded by peritonitis and septicaemia arose in an infant following cardiac surgery. Details of the case are described. Diagnosis and management of this condition are discussed.
Quantum Theory of Non-Local Fields. Part I. Free Fields

The possibility of a theory of non-local fields, which is free from the restriction that field quantities are always point functions in the ordinary space, is investigated. Certain types of non-local fields, each satisfying a set of mutually compatible commutation relations, which can be obtained by extending familiar field equations for local fields in conformity with the principle of reciprocity, are considered in detail. Thus a scalar non-local field is obtained, which represents an assembly of particles with the mass, radius and spin 0, provided that the field is quantized according to the procedure similar to the method of second quantization in the usual field theory. Non-local vector and spinor fields corresponding to assemblies of particles with the finite radius and the spins 1 and \(\frac{1}{2}\) respectively are obtained in the similar way.
Limitations of bank-storage model assumptions

Abstract Major alluvial aquifers in the central United States have certain common characteristics. Sediment mean grain size and hydraulic conductivity both increase with depth. Furthermore, most modern major rivers do not fully penetrate the alluvium. Examination of the common bank-storage model assumptions and comparison with major alluvial aquifer hydrogeology indicates that many of these assumptions are questionable, and the resultant models may yield erroneous values. Common assumptions which do not correspond to observed data include the Dupuit-Forchheimer conditions and the assumptions of homogeneity, fully penetrating streams, and solely confined or unconfined systems. The limitations of bank-storage model assumptions must be clearly understood when attempting to understand hydrogeologic processes or in making decisions based on model output.
Effect of electrolyte composition and pH on the particle size distribution of microorganisms and clay minerals as determined by the electrical sensing zone method

Abstract The composition and pH of the suspending electrolyte have been shown to affect the particle size distribution of microbial cells and clay minerals. Aggregation of montmorillonite was increased by trivalent > divalent > monovalent cations. The type of cation present on the clay and in the ambient solution did not significantly influence the particle size distribution of kaolinite or vermiculite-mica. Trivalent cations also caused clumping of bacterial, but not of yeast, cells. HCl caused dispersion of yeast cells, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. The particle size distribution of montmorillonite was narrowest at pH 5–8 and widest at pH 9 and 3. Clumping of bacterial and yeast cells was also greatest at approximately pH 3, and dispersion of bacteria was greatest at pH 2. The electrical sensing zone method can provide information on the surface characteristics of particles, but the effects of the suspending electrolyte on the individual component populations must be considered when using it to study surface interactions between mixed populations.
Work–family enrichment, support, and satisfaction: A test of mediation

The purpose of this paper was to examine the mediating role of work-to-family enrichment (WFE) and family-to-work enrichment (FWE) between supervisor and family support and job and family satisfaction. Two-hundred and fourteen employed adults participated in an online survey. Correlations demonstrated that perceived supervisor and family support were related to all three dimensions of WFE and FWE, and, in turn, job and family satisfaction, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that WFAff (moods generated through involvement at work that impact the family) and WFCap (psychological resources generated at work that impact the family) partially mediated the relationship between supervisor support and job satisfaction. Only FWAff (moods generated through family involvement that impact work) partially mediated the relationship between family support and family satisfaction. This research demonstrates that the different dimensions of enrichment should not be collapsed into an aggregate measure of WFE and FW...
Effect of mean stress (stress ratio) and aging on fatigue-crack growth in a metastable beta titanium alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al

The effect of mean stress, or the stress ratio (R), on the fatigue-crack growth (FCG) behavior of α-aged and ω-aged microstructures of the beta titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al was investigated. While the mean stress had a negligible effect on the FCG behavior of the α-aged microstructure, a strong effect was observed in the ω-aged microstructure. In particular, the values of the threshold stress-intensity range (ΔKth) exhibited a strong dependence on R in the ω-aged microstructure, while this dependence was weak in the α-aged microstructure. These effects seem to arise primarily from fracture-surface roughness-induced crack closure. The crack closure levels for the α-aged microstructure were found to be very low compared to those for the ω-aged microstructure. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies of microstructures and fracture surfaces were performed to gain insight into the deformation characteristics and crack propagation mechanisms, respectively, in these microstructures. The microstructure-induced differences in FCG behavior are rationalized in terms of the effect of aging on slip and crack closure.
Selective photochemistry via adiabatic passage: degenerate product states with different lifetimes.

Two-pulse selective photochemistry that exploits population transfer via adiabatic passage is considered for the case that there are degenerate product states with different lifetimes. As an example, a four-level model system with a complex symmetric Hamiltonian is constructed. Analytical and numerical studies of this model system demonstrate that extensive control over the product branching ratio can be achieved by detuning either the pump pulse or the Stokes pulse while maintaining negligible population in the intermediate state. This control approach represents a significant simplification of both the Kobrak–Rice extended stimulated Raman adiabatic passage scheme and the Chen–Shapiro–Brumer strong-field control scheme.
Control and Characterization of Intramolecular Dynamics with Chirped Femtosecond Three-Pulse Four-Wave Mixing

Experimental control and characterization of intramolecular dynamics are demonstrated with chirped femtosecond three-pulse four-wave mixing (FWM). The two-dimensional (spectrally dispersed and timeresolved) three-pulse FWM signal is shown to contain important information about the population and coherence of the electronic and vibrational states of the system. The experiments are carried out on gas-phase I 2 and the degenerate laser pulses are resonant with the X (ground) to B (excited) electronic transition. In the absence of laser chirp, control over population and coherence transfer is demonstrated by selecting specific pulse sequences. When chirped lasers are used to manipulate the optical phases of the pulses, the two-dimensional data demonstrate the transfer of coherence between the ground and excited states. Positive chirps are also shown to enhance the signal intensity, particularly for bluer wavelengths. A theoretical model based on the multilevel density matrix formalism in the perturbation limit is developed to simulate the data. The model takes into account two vibrational levels in the ground and the excited states, as well as different pulse sequences and laser chirp values. The analytical solution allows us to predict particular pulse sequences that control the final electronic state of the population. In a similar manner, the theory allows us to find critical chirp values that control the transfer of vibrational coherence between the two electronic states. Wave packet calculations are used to illustrate the process that leads to the observation of ground-state dynamics. All the calculations are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The ability to control population and coherence transfer in molecular systems is of great importance in the quest for controlling the outcome of laser-initiated chemical reactions.
PRESERVATION OF CELL CULTURES BY FREEZING IN LIQUID NITROGEN VAPOR.

SummaryNine continuous, 2 diploid and one primary cell line were successfully preserved by freezing in liquid nitrogen vapor at cooling rates of 1.4°C/min to 43°C/min, but poor survival was observed when cells were frozen by immersion directly in liquid nitrogen. The cells were frozen directly in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator by placing the ampuls at different distances below the lip, demonstrating that elaborate and expensive cell preserving equipment is not required. The plating efficiency technique was shown to be the most sensitive indicator of cell damage.
Morphological Plasticity of the Mitotic Apparatus in Plants and Its Developmental Consequences.

More than 100 years after the discovery of mitosis, the role of the mitotic apparatus (MA) in cell and organismal development is still the subject of lively debate (e.g., Kaplan, 1992). The developmental impact of cell division looms perhaps even larger in plants than in other organisms because plant cells are not free to migrate during morphogenesis. Therefore, plants place great stock in modulating division planes to produce new directions for growth (Sinnott, 1960). In addition, precisely placed walls serve to set off unequal compartments that then differentiate in divergent pathways. Thus, although their principal function, partitioning two equal sets of chromosomes to separate cytoplasmic compartments, remains the same, mitosis and cytokinesis assume an additional dimension in plants. Whereas animals also depend on precise division planes (Strome, 1993), the process occupies an especially prominent role in plant development (Gunning, 1982). My main purpose in this review is not to address division plane determination per se but to explore a characteristic of plant mitosis that has received much less attention. The subject of my discussion is the morphological plasticity of the MA, that is, its ability to be tilted, squeezed, or otherwise deformed under the confining influence of the cell wall and still work. Given new information about a number of proteins, we may be on the verge of understanding the molecular basis of mitotic architecture. Furthermore, with a fuller appreciation of mitotic plasticity, division plane determination can be seen from another perspective-that of a mechanism to compensate for MA asymmetry or deformation. During my discussion, I'll also make a brief foray into the evolution of microtubule organization patterns in plants.
Callinus and militia amoris in Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Cleitophon

Right so far as Homer is concerned, and Paulus, a poet of Justinian's court best known for his epic poem (modelled after Homer) composed on the occasion of the rededication of the Church of St Sophia, clearly evokes Callinus. But the commentators have overlooked the pointed use of μχρι(ς) τυος + the present indicative in Achilles Tatius’ τᾰ κατᾰ Λeυκππην κα κλeιοoντα. Examination of the examples there suggests that Achilles Tatius could make greater demands on his readers than is sometimes generally assumed for the Greek novelists.