cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hurrell Froude and the Reformers

‘No portion of our annals’, Macaulay wrote in 1828, ‘has been more perplexed and misrepresented by writers of different parties than the history of the Reformation’. In the early years of the nineteenth century, when polemicists turned to history more often than to philosophy or theology, the Reformation was the subject most littered with the pamphlets of partisan debate. Macaulay could have cited numerous examples. Joseph Milner's popular History of the Church of Christ (1794–1809) set the Reformation in sharp contrast to the ‘Dark Ages’ when only occasional gleams of evangelical light could be detected, thus providing the Evangelical party with a historic lineage; Robert Sou they, in his Book of the Church (1824), presented a lightly-veiled argument for the retention of the existing order of Church and State as established in the sixteenth century; and in 1824 William Cobbett began the first of his sixteen weekly instalments on a history of the Protestant Reformation in England and Ireland, in order to call attention to the plight of labourers in the British Isles. In the history of the Reformation, duly manipulated (‘rightly interpreted’), men found precedents for their own positions and refutation of their opponents' arguments.
Improved care of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in two academic emergency departments

Background Although several chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) practice guidelines have been published, there is sparse data on the actual emergency department (ED) management of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD).
Image precision silhouette edges

Finding and displaying silhouette edges is important in applications ranging from computer vision to nonphotorealistic rendering. To render visible silhouette edges of a polygonal object in a scene from a given viewpoint, we must first find all silhouette edges, i.e. boundaries between adjacent front facing and back-facing surfaces. This is followed by solving the partial visibility problem so that only those parts of silhouette edges, which are not occluded by interior of any front facing surface, are rendered. The scene may optionally be rendered with a lighting model. This paper describes a simple general-purpose method to combine all three operations for any scene composed of objects that can be scan-converted. Using a depth buffer, the rendering process computes the intersection of adjacent front facing and back-facing surfaces in image space at interactive rates. All operations are performed in image-precision and hence special care is taken for the limited numerical precision of the depth buffer. A solution is suggested using view- dependent modification of polygonal objects. The method does not require any preprocessing or adjacency information and hence is applicable for dynamic scenes. Our method is based on the observation that only two sets of primitives are needed to compute silhouette edges, the first and second layer of polygons from a given viewpoint. In other words, these include the visible polygons and the layer just behind them which may be either front facing or back facing. Intersection of these two sets gives silhouette edges. In this paper we propose a method specifically for polygonal models but it can be extended to models in any representation for which these two layers or their intersection can be computed. In the proposed method the two nearest layers and their intersection are computed in real time in image precision. The method is robust, general purpose and easy to implement. No pre-processing or adjacency information is required. This allows use of silhouette edges in dynamic scenes, models with changing topology or in models with different levels of detail using traditional polygon rendering pipeline. We also describe how this method can be used to create interesting effects.
Managing corporate citizenship: a new tool for companies

In today's global economic downturn, identifying a company's strengths and weaknesses for better aligning resources and strategies, is becoming more important than ever. Organizations that look at corporate citizenship as a critical part of business for providing new market opportunities, reducing risk, or improving reputation, are making greater efforts to assess their strengths and weaknesses to better prioritize resources and actions. Having the appropriate tools with which to do so is vital. This paper discusses the challenges of corporate citizenship management and outlines key findings and lessons learned from piloting a new assessment tool for companies. It presents two examples of how companies have used the tool to advance their corporate citizenship efforts. Finally, it summarizes key findings about ‘gaps’ and ‘strengths’ in corporate citizenship management today and provides recommendations for further research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Neurodegenerative diseases: G-quadruplex poses quadruple threat.

Multiplication of repetitive DNA sequences is often the cause of neurodegenerative diseases. A four-stranded structure has been found to form in one such expansion in the gene C9orf72, altering gene function in four ways. See Article p.195 Repeat expansions — mutations in which extra copies of tandemly repeated DNA sequence are generated — underlie more than 40 genetic diseases, which typically lead to neurological and neuromuscular problems. The C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion has been identified as a cause for both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Normal C9orf72 contains up to 25 repeats, whereas those in afflicted individuals can have thousands. This study suggests that a gain in RNA toxicity underlies C9orf72-linked pathology in ALS/FTD. Transcribed C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeats are shown to bind to specific ribonucleoproteins, such as nucleolin, in a conformation-dependent manner; as a result nucleolin is mislocalized and functionally impaired, leading to nucleolar stress.
Mevalonate metabolism in pregnant rats

Abstract Mevalonate is converted to cholesterol by the sterol pathway or can be oxidized to CO2 by the shunt pathway; the kidneys are the chief site of mevalonate metabolism in both pathways. Recently, a major sex difference in circulating mevalonate metabolism has been observed in rats and in humans; in rats, females oxidized mevalonate to CO2 at twice the rate of the males, but males converted mevalonate to cholesterol to a greater extent than did females. Sex hormones are believed to mediate these sex differences in mevalonate metabolism. In rats and humans, the hypercholesterolemia associated with pregnancy begins in the second trimester and reaches a maximum at term. The present study was undertaken to determine if alterations in the metabolism of circulating mevalonate occur during pregnancy. In 12-day pregnant animals, the metabolism of circulating mevalonate by the shunt pathway was increased (116 nmole mevalonate converted to CO2 versus 94.6 nmole in control animals), whereas in the 18-day pregnant animals the shunt pathway was decreased below control values (72.9 nmole). Associated with this decrease in circulating mevalonate metabolism by the shunt pathway in the 18-day pregnant animals was an increase in the synthesis of nonsaponifiable lipids in the liver (26.8 versus 21.5 nmole of mevalonate incorporated). These changes correlated with the period of maximal hypercholesterolemia in pregnant rats. The increase in circulating mevalonate metabolism by the shunt pathway in 12-day pregnant animals was accompanied by a decrease in total body nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis (259.3 nmole of mevalonate converted by controls versus 235.1 nmole by 12-day pregnant rats). Renal sterol synthesis from circulating mevalonate was unaffected by pregnancy. The fetuses and placentas of the 12-day and 18-day pregnant animals converted circulating mevalonate to nonsaponifiable lipids, primarily cholesterol, indicating that maternal circulating mevalonate serves as a source of cholesterol for the fetus and the placenta. This study demonstrates that the metabolism of circulating mevalonate is influenced by pregnancy and that circulating maternal mevalonate is a precursor of fetal and placental cholesterol.
Who cares? assessing generosity and gender equality in parental leave policy designs in 21 countries:

Summary Parental leave laws can support new parents in two complementary ways: by offering jobprotected leave and by offering financial support during that leave. This study assesses the design of parental leave policies operating in 21 high-income countries. Specifically, the study analyzes how these countries vary with respect to the generosity of their parental leave policies; the extent to which their policy designs are gender egalitarian; and the ways in which these two crucial dimensions are inter-related. The study finds that public policies in all 21 study countries protect at least one parent’s job for a period of weeks, months, or years following the birth or adoption of a child. The availability and generosity of wage replacement varies widely, as does the gendered nature of policy designs. Four countries stand out as having policies that are both generous and gender egalitarian: Finland, Norway, Sweden and – unexpectedly – Greece.
CHRONOLOGICAL PRACTICES AND POSSIBILITIES IN THE URBAN WORLD

This two-part article documents a modern-day missions movement that began in the early 1980s in the Philippines and continues globally to the present. Part 1 lays out the beginning of the movement under the leadership of Trevor McIlwain of New Tribes Mission on the island of Palawan in the Philippines. The Chronological Bible Teaching program, a seven-phase program that moves seamlessly from evangelism to church multiplication, was birthed. Many other agencies soon began to pick up the model. But this Bible story based curricula would not remain solely in the countryside among illiterate and semi-literate tribal peoples for long. Part 2, available on “Missiology on-line,” continues the fast-paced development of the movement. The Southern Baptist’s Foreign Mission Board (presently International Mission Board) soon picked up the curricula for use in tribal and rural areas but eventually found herself facilitating its use among those residing in the city. These two articles document the movement as the chronological communication of the gospel moves from the country to the city.
An overview of the role of iron in T cell activation

Iron, an essential growth trace element, is required for proliferation of all living cells, including T lymphocytes. Many, though not all, immune responses require lymphocyte proliferation. Iron deficiency, a worldwide public health problem for children and for women of childbearing age, is associated with impaired lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens and cell-mediated immunity. However, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Our data on certain early key events in the T cell activation pathways, obtained from iron-deficient murine splenic T lymphocytes, show reductions in hydrolysis of cell membrane phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate, protein kinase C activation, and interleukin-2 secretion. Although the expression of CD3 molecule (a component of the T cell-receptor/CD3 complex, required for T cell activation) is not decreased by iron deficiency in splenocytes and thymocytes, the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule, CD28, is. Iron-deficiency increases the percentage of CD3+/CD28− thymocytes but decreases that of CD3−/CD28+ cells. Iron deficiency and iron chelation by deferoxamine decrease CD28 fluorescence intensity but tends to increase that of CD3. Progression of activated spleen cells through the cell cycle (Go/G1, S, G2/M phases) is also altered by iron deficiency independently of differences in the percentages of CD3+ T cells between groups, probably through impaired transition of G1 to S phase. Data suggest that the role of iron in T cell proliferation is not limited to the regulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity, but also involves other steps in the T cell activation pathways. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:219–225, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On completing the degrees of freedom characterization of MIMO interference networks with No CSIT

The two-user multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) interference and cognitive radio channels are studied under the assumption of no channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) from the degrees of freedom (DoF) region perspective. With M i and N i denoting the number of antennas at transmitter i and receiver i respectively, the DoF region of the MIMO interference channel was recently characterized by Huang et al., Zhu and Guo, and by the authors of this paper for all values of the 4-tuple (M 1 ,M 2 ,N 1 ,N 2 ), except when min(M 1 ,N 1 ) > N 2 > M 2 (or min(M 2 ,N 2 ) > N 1 > M 1 ). This latter case was solved more recently by Zhu and Guo, who provided a tight outer-bound. Here, a simpler and more widely applicable proof of that outer-bound is given based on the idea of interference localization. Using it, the DoF region is also established for the class of MIMO cognitive radio channels (under certain restrictions on the fading distributions) when min(M 1 + M 2 ,N 1 ) > N 2 > M 2 (with the second transmitter cognitive) - the only class for which the inner and outer bounds previously obtained by the authors were not tight.
Hemosiderin laden macrophages and hemosiderin within follicular cells distinguish benign follicular lesions from follicular neoplasms.

Background: Published criteria to distinguish benign colloid nodules from follicular neoplasms emphasize only three interdependent features: size of follicles, amount of colloid, and cellularity. There is a need for the validation of other independent criteria. Methods: This study quantified the significance of cystic change, defined as presence of macrophages, and the presence of hemosiderin in either the macrophages or follicular cells. The cohort consisted of 165 patients with fine needle aspiration (FNA) and histologic follow-up of either goiter (101), follicular adenoma (47), or follicular carcinoma (17). Papillary thyroid carcinomas and Hurthle cell neoplasms were excluded from the cohort, because these categories are known to show cystic change and hemosiderin. FNAs were reviewed blindly with the most cellular slide scored for the presence of macrophages and/or hemosiderin. Results: Hemosiderin within macrophages were seen in 67% (68 of 101) of the goiters and only 6% (four of 64) of follicular neoplasms ( P <.0001). All four follicular neoplasms with hemosiderin in macrophages were adenomas. Three of these four had equivocal features of a benign colloid nodule histologically. None of the 17 follicular carcinomas had hemosiderin in macrophages ( P <.12). Macrophages without hemosiderin also strongly distinguished goiters from neoplasms (83% vs 17%) but appears less useful as a criterion since macrophages were present within 3 of 17 follicular carcinomas. Hemosiderin within follicular epithelial cells was present in 18% (18 of 101) of goiters, whereas none of the 64 follicular neoplasms had intraepithelial hemosiderin ( P <.0003). Conclusions: If papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hurthle cell neoplasm are ruled out, our findings indicate that the presence of hemosiderin virtually excludes a clinically significant follicular neoplasm.
Phage-bacteria network analysis and its implication for the understanding of coral disease.

Summary Multiple studies have explored microbial shifts in dis- eased or stressed corals; however, little is known about bacteriophage interactions with microbes in this context. This study characterized microbial 16S rRNA amplicons and phage metagenomes associated with Montastraea annularis corals during a concur- rent white plague disease outbreak and bleaching event. Phage consortia differed between bleached and diseased tissues. Phages in the family Inoviridae were elevated in diseased or healthy tissues com- pared with bleached portions of diseased tissues. Microbial communities also differed between dis- eased and bleached corals. Bacteria in the orders Rhodobacterales and Campylobacterales were increased while Kiloniellales was decreased in dis- eased compared with other tissues. A network of phage-bacteria interactions was constructed of all phage strains and 11 bacterial genera that differed across health states. Phage-bacteria interactions varied in specificity: phages interacted with one to eight bacterial hosts while bacteria interacted with up to 59 phages. Six phages were identified that interacted exclusively with Rhodobacterales and Campylobacterales. These results suggest that phages have a role in controlling stress-associated bacteria, and that networks can be utilized to select potential phages for mitigating detrimental bacterial growth in phage therapy applications.
Missing out on the biology of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission

Although unprotected heterosexual intercourse is recognized as the primary mechanism sustaining the global spread of HIV-1, many fundamental details surrounding transmission and establishment of primary HIV-1 infection remain unresolved. Unprotected intercourse induces widespread changes in female reproductive tissues linked to immediate removal of excess spermatozoa and preparation of the uterus for implantation. Concurrently, contact with semen may transiently increase susceptibility to HIV-1 by perturbing mucosal barrier function and triggering localized inflammation. In this manner, infectious HIV-1 in semen becomes an adventitious traveler on the pathway leading to normal human reproduction. This review summarizes key elements of male-to-female HIV-1 transmission and presents a rationalization for human-based studies to illuminate the biology of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission.
Solution chemistry, mass transfer, and the approach to chemical equilibrium in porous carbonate rocks and sediments

The physical and chemical processes that tend to promote an approach to equilibrium between an aqueous solution and one or more minerals in a carbonate system include dispersion, convection, and chemical reactions. When the spatial dependence of ionic constituents is examined from the point of view of these processes, the results show that the distance to attainment of saturation with respect to an individual mineral increases with increasing rates of dispersion and velocity of ground water and decreases with increasing rates of reaction. When all the concentration gradients approach zero, the resulting concentration is demonstrated to be a weighted average of the saturation concentrations for the individual minerals. The qualitative aspects of the predicted concentration behavior are in agreement with both field and experimental observations.
Case Report: Nonfracture-Associated Fatal Fat Embolism in a Case of Child Abuse

Fatal fat embolism is usually thought of as a sequel to long-bone fracture, although cases secondary to soft tissue injury and atraumatic conditions have been infrequently reported. In this case of a two-year-old child-abuse victim who sustained multiple blunt traumatic injuries without skeletal fractures, pulmonary and systemic (brain and kidney) fat emboli were identified. At autopsy, all thoracic and abdominal viscera were intact; cranial contents exhibited only diffuse symmetrical petechial hemorrhages of the white matter. Because of the severe and widespread nature of soft tissue hemorrhage, and the absence of a grossly discernible cause of death, fat embolism was suspected. Using a combination of frozen section with oil red O staining and formalin-fixed osmium stained tissues, the immediate cause of death was determined to be diffuse fat embolism. Review of the literature reveals a pathophysiologic basis for fat embolism in the absence of fracture, both as a consequence of an acute increase in local pressure at the site of trauma and an alteration of the emulsification of blood lipids during shock. In light of these findings, we present this case to remind the forensic science community to consider fat embolism as the cause of death in cases of blunt-force injury without fracture. Language: en
Novel method to transform ZnO nanorods into interlaced tattered nanosheets by changing the target inclination angle

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by liquid-phase pulse laser ablation of a Zn foil target immersed in deionized water. Nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses of 532 nm were applied to the Zn foil target at a perpendicular and inclined (θ = 45°) angles. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that both cases feature a ZnO nanostructure with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and that the particle size increases with the inclined target angle. Field emission scanning electron microscopy results of a colloidal drop cast on a glass substrate showed the ZnO has a nanorod structure in the case of a perpendicular target angle and an interlaced tattered nanosheet structure in the case of an inclined target angle. Photoluminescence spectra showed emission peaks in the UV, violet, blue, and green spectral regions, which correspond to excitonic and various defects resulting in an enhancement of emissions at inclined target angle.
Hearing the Word and Seeing the Light: Voice and Vision in Acts

The theme of sight plays a central role throughout the book of Acts. While some scholars have identiﬁed this theme, especially with respect to visions, they typically overlook the intersection of sight and audition. This article argues that Luke pairs seeing with hearing and emphasizes the sense of hearing to an even greater degree. The article ﬁrst addresses sight and visions in Acts and then focuses on Stephen’s vision in Acts 7. This is the one vision in Acts that does not involve divinely bestowed words, yet it still betrays Luke’s preference for hearing – and speaking – God’s word. The article then explores key themes that emerge from Stephen’s vision regarding the visual and verbal modes of perception in Acts as a whole. Overall, Luke’s emphasis on the spoken ‘word’ reﬂects his reliance on Jewish scriptural traditions that likewise highlight listening as a key epistemological posture.
Three-dimensional flutter solution of aircraft wings composed of advanced composite materials

A powerful solution methodology enabling one to derive the 3-D flutter solution of aircraft wings composed of advanced composite materials is presented. In this context, a refined structural model for aircraft wings incorporating the effects of warping inhibition, transverse shear flexibility and anisotropy is used. Based on this model the flutter instability of both straight and swept wing aircraft is considered.
Microbialite elongation by means of coalescence: an example from the middle Furongian (upper Cambrian) Notch Peak Formation of western Utah

Strongly elongate microbialites having axial ratios greater than 4:1 and sometimes exceeding 10:1, are currently forming in modern, shallow-subtidal to intertidal environments. Construction of these elongate forms is greatly dependent on hydrodynamics, microbially influenced trapping and binding of sediment, and/or precipitation of peloidal cement, and intertidally generated abrasion and mechanical scour over sheet-like microbial mats. Some of these processes, however, are inadequate for explaining the construction of strongly elongate structures in deep-subtidal or wave-restricted environments. Since elongate morphogenesis is an important factor in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, ancient examples of elongate-related growth sequences should be documented and compared with modern analogues. This paper explores such a growth sequence from a 13-m-thick, middle Furongian (upper Cambrian) microbialite bed in western Utah that records a morphological succession of deep, subtidal microbialites in vertical section over a large geographical area. Microbialites change from round, decimeter-sized forms to large, elongate structures many meters in length, reverting back to round, centimeter-sized shapes at the top of the bed. We suggest that these elongate microbialites formed as a result of coalescence, a process known to produce compound microbialite structures in shallow water, but seldom explored as a key factor in the elongation of deep, subtidal forms that grew in ancient environments.
Application and Combined Compensating Control of Multi-shunt Active Power Filter

As large capacity active power filter(APF)is hard to put into practical use,truncating current limiting compensating was advanced to guarantee feasibility and security of combined running of APFs according to reference current. On this basis the parameters of the output filter design and multi-active power filter application of practical engineering problems were researched. Through two shunt active power filters operation,the control strategy and the feasibility of system design are verified.
Testicular temperature-labile cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Relationship to isoenzymes from other tissues, correlation with spermatogenesis, and inhibition by physiological concentrations of divalent cations

Temperature-labile cholesterol ester hydrolase (TLCEH) was purified 2,000-fold from rat testis cytosol using sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing chromatography. the purified enzyme, which exhibited a single silver-stained band (66 kDa) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was inhibited 89% by the elevation of the temperature from 32 to 37 degrees C and 65% by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. Its amino acid composition and amino-terminal sequence differed markedly from those of isoenzymes from other tissues, although 6 of 20 residues were conserved. Polyclonal antibodies raised to TLCEH exhibited no cross-immunoreactivity with cytosolic proteins from other rat tissues and inhibited 70% of testis cytosolic CEH. Western blot analysis demonstrated a high correlation between immunoreactive protein and catalytic activity in the testis during maturation of the rat, with a marked increase at the onset of spermatogenesis. TLCEH was inhibited by physiological levels of Cu2+ (I50 = 0.60 microM) and Zn2+ (I50 = 0.75 microM) and by Cd2+ (I50 = 0.15 microM) but not by 0.5-5 mM Mn2+.
New Public Management Regime and Quality in Higher Education

A spectre has been haunting the public administration of Western countries –the spectre of New Public Management. This has been all too visible for quite a while, and it coincides with the increasi ...
Abstract 4276: Cystathionine-β-synthase overexpression increases cell proliferation, migration, bioenergetics and tumorigenesis in a non-tumorigenic colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line

Introduction: We recently described overexpression of the enzyme, cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in human CRC (but not normal colonic mucosa) produces endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) increasing tumor bioenergetics, cell proliferation, invasion, migration and promotes tumor angiogenesis. Its role in the progression of a colorectal adenoma to carcinoma remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CBS overexpression in a non-tumorigenic human CRC cell line (NCM356) is sufficient to increase cell proliferation, migration, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Methods: NCM356-p (parental) are non-tumorigenic when xenografted into athymic nude mice and express low levels of endogenous CBS, similar to normal colonic mucosa. RNASeq analysis determined mutation status. NCM-p were transduced with a lentiviral vector containing a CBS cDNA (NCM-C) or vector (NCM-v). H 2 S production was visualized with a fluorescent probe, 7-azido-4-methylcoumarine (AzMC). Cell proliferation rates where determined with a Coulter Counter. Cell migration and invasion assay were performed in Boyden chambers with NIH3T3 conditioned media (CM) as a chemoattractant. Anchorage-independent growth was assessed by soft-agar assay. Cellular bioenergetics was assessed using Oxygraph-O2K respirometer chamber. Tumorigenesis and metastasis were assessed injecting cells subcutaneously and orthotopically into nude mice, respectively. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) was used to inhibit CBS activity. Statistical significance (p≤0.05) set using ANOVA or non-parametric Student t-test. Results: CBS overepression and H 2 S production was verified by Western blot and AzMC fluorescence in the NCM-C cells. CBS overexpression demonstrated significantly increased proliferation rate (p −1 ·mg −1 , -p v -C p 2 S production. Our data supports the importance of CBS/H 2 S axis in the adenoma to carcinoma sequence. Citation Format: John R. Zatarain, Ches’Nique M. Phillips, Michael E. Nicholls, Paul Johnson, Steven G. Widen, Thomas G. Wood, Nadiya Druzhyna, Bartosz Szczesny, Craig Porter, Katalin Modis, Csaba Szabo, Celia Chao, Mark R. Hellmich. Cystathionine-β-synthase overexpression increases cell proliferation, migration, bioenergetics and tumorigenesis in a non-tumorigenic colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4276.
Momentum of superconducting electrons and the explanation of the Meissner effect

Momentum and energy conservation are fundamental tenets of physics, which valid physical theories have to satisfy. In the reversible transformation between superconducting and normal phases in the presence of a magnetic field, the mechanical momentum of the supercurrent has to be transferred to the body as a whole and vice versa, the kinetic energy of the supercurrent stays in the electronic degrees of freedom, and no energy is dissipated nor entropy is generated in the process. We argue on general grounds that to explain these processes it is necessary that the electromagnetic field mediates the transfer of momentum between electrons and the body as a whole, and this requires that when the phase boundary between normal and superconducting phases is displaced, a flow and counterflow of charge occurs in a direction perpendicular to the phase boundary. This flow and counterflow does not occur according to the conventional BCS-London theory of superconductivity, therefore we argue that within BCS-London theory the Meissner transition is a ``forbidden transition.'' Furthermore, to explain the phase transformation in a way that is consistent with the experimental observations, requires that (i) the wave function and charge distribution of superconducting electrons near the phase boundary extend into the normal phase, and (ii) that the charge carriers in the normal state have holelike character. The conventional theory of superconductivity does not have these physical elements, the theory of hole superconductivity does.
Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola.

There is an ongoing threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases that could be caused by influenza, Ebola or other emerging viruses. It will be difficult and costly to develop new drugs that target each of these viruses. Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been effective in treating patients with sepsis, pneumonia and influenza, and a statin/ARB combination appeared to dramatically reduce mortality during the recent Ebola outbreak. These drugs target (among other things) the endothelial dysfunction found in all of these diseases. Most scientists work on new drugs that target viruses, and few accept the idea of treating the host response with generic drugs. A great deal of research will be needed to show conclusively that these drugs work, and this will require the support of public agencies and foundations. Investigators in developing countries should take an active role in this research. If the next Public Health Emergency of International Concern is caused by an emerging virus, a “top down” approach to developing specific new drug treatments is unlikely to be effective. However, a “bottom up” approach to treatment that targets the host response to these viruses by using widely available and inexpensive generic drugs could reduce mortality in any country with a basic health care system. In doing so, it would make an immeasurable contribution to global equity and global security.
Cardiovascular effects of hallucinogens, neurolept analgesic/anesthetic combinations and steroid anesthetics

In recent years there has been an upsurge in the use of dissociative analgesics (hallucinogens) and various neurolept analgesic/anesthetic or sedative combinations. Some of this popularity is spillover from human medicine, where, for a variety of reasons, so-called “balanced anesthesia/analgesia” is increasingly popular. In veterinary medicine and in biomedical research, the dissociative anesthetic agents are popular because they usually do not require an intravenous injection and render the animal semiconscious or unconscious with a large safety factor and very little skill needed. These advantages are especially important when working with primates but are useful for other species as well. Some combinations of these agents seem to offer great advantages in the study of the cardiovascular system.
REIT Unit Investment Trusts and Fund Manager Skill

This study examines fund manager skill using a sample of Real Estate Investment Trust Unit Investment Trusts (REIT UITs). It also investigates how REIT UIT performance compares to investing in REIT mutual funds. Are REIT UIT fund managers able to select REITs that deliver superior performance? Using a hand-collected sample of REIT UITs from May 2009 to July 2015, this study finds that REIT UITs do not deliver statistically significant positive alpha. This result is consistent with the Comer and Rodriguez (2015) finding for a sample of diversified UITs, but counter to the Cici et al. (2011) finding of positive alpha for REIT mutual fund managers. This is the first paper to investigate fund manager stock selection skill in REIT UITs.
Why Wounds Need to Be Débrided

A number of factors are responsible for the great advances in burn care over the past 25 years. Aggressive fluid resuscitation followed by eschar excision and rapid wound closure are the clinical principles of modern burn care. The physiological state of burn patients improves rapidly after debridement and wound closure. Also, in the long run, the severity of scarring is reduced with early grafting. The disruption of the remodeling phase of wound repair seems to be related to the proliferative phase of repair and the cause for hypertrophic scarring. A therapy which optimizes the acute inflammatory response after burns promotes optimal wound closure and repair. The elimination of devitalized tissue in the wound bed creates an opportunity for the optimal inflammatory response to continue the promotion of the proliferate phase. Especially in patients with severe burn wounds, the removal of eschar by enzymatic debridement to promote rapid wound closure is cost-effective and reduces the added trauma of a surgical procedure and blood transfusions.
Large Arachnoid Cyst

A 27-year-old man presented with a first seizure. Imaging revealed a very large arachnoid cyst.
Low-Flow Vascular Malformations

Congenital vascular malformations (CVM) are a group of unique vascular disorders that can be defined as “diffuse or localized embryologically developed errors of vascular morphogenesis leading to true structural anomalies”. The presence of CVM in the general population is estimated to be around 1.5 %, with no known sex predilection. Venous malformations are the most common type of CVM, and they comprise approximately two-thirds of all CVMs. The diagnosis and treatment of CVM can be complex and challenging. Patients with CVM can easily be misdiagnosed and also mismanaged. Consequently, many patients have been discouraged by the lack of correct diagnosis and proper treatment despite numerous visits to different clinics (from primary care physicians to subspecialists). Moreover, patients with CVM have frequently been left untreated, due to the mistaken presumption that these types of lesions can spontaneously regress, while others were considered too high risk to treat. This chapter discusses CVM: classification, multidisciplinary approach diagnosis, and management.
Optical Waveguide-Based Cellular Assays

Optical waveguides have been widely used to develop a range of biosensing platforms. Among them, resonant waveguide grating (RWG) has found broad applications in monitoring cell phenotypic responses in native cells mostly due to its adoption to microtiter plates, the de facto footprint for drug discovery. This chapter first reviews RWG biosensor configurations and reader systems, followed by a discussion about how to apply them to facilitate drug discovery, elucidate receptor biology, and perform single-cell analysis.
September 2017's Geoeffective Space Weather and Impacts to Caribbean Radio Communications During Hurricane Response

Between 4 and 10 September 2017, multiple solar eruptions occurred from active region AR12673. NOAA and NASA’s well-instrumented spacecraft observed the evolution of these geoeffective events from ...
Patterns of E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: Review of the Impact of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking.

There is concern that e-cigarette use among youth and young adults (YAs) may lead to future cigarette or other combustible tobacco product use. A synthesis of the literature on this topic is needed because existing longitudinal studies are limited in number and not consistent in their conclusions. We conducted a search in PubMed through December 31, 2017 for peer-reviewed studies related to e-cigarette patterns of use. Of 588 relevant studies, 26 had a youth or YA sample, were longitudinal in design, and assessed e-cigarette use at baseline and cigarette smoking at follow-up. Most studies followed a sample over time and compared cigarette smoking at follow-up between baseline e-cigarette users and nonusers. Other studies examined the difference at follow-up in cigarette smoking status among smokers according to e-cigarette use at baseline. Results suggest that, among never smokers, e-cigarette use is associated with the future (6 months to 2.5 years) cigarette trial; however, firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of limitations including small sample size, measurement of experimental use (ie, ever use, past 30-day use) rather than established use, and inadequate controls for potentially confounding variables. Conclusions also cannot be drawn from studies examining the impact of e-cigarette use among smokers due to the limited number of studies and additional limitations. A comprehensive understanding of this literature is needed to inform policy makers and consumers for evidence-based decision-making and to guide future research on e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Implications The present article provides a review of the impact of e-cigarette use on subsequent cigarette smoking among youth and YAs. Studies presented here suggest that e-cigarette use among nonsmokers is associated with subsequent cigarette smoking, but study designs are subject to numerous limitations. Future research should focus on addressing the characteristics that put youth and YAs at the risk of using either product and how appeal and accessibility of these products are related to product use in order to inform future policy-making.
Recent advances in colloidal indium phosphide quantum dot production

The narrow, color-tunable luminescence of quantum dots (QDs) brought them to the forefront of commercial lighting and solar cells. Indium phosphide (InP) QDs emerged as the most promising replacement for cadmium selenide-based QDs for luminescence in the visible range (450–700 nm). Here, we consider areas of QD synthesis most relevant for future advances in InP. Advances in precursor chemistry, namely single-source precursors, facilitate synthesis of materials with more homogeneous properties. These isolable intermediates have atomically precise structure that introduces a scheme for the atom economy in InP QD synthesis. Methods for obtaining luminescent InP QDs are presented with emphasis on shorter reaction times, fewer steps, and less hazardous reagents. With these advances in luminescence quantum yield (QY), minimization of sample heterogeneity, and enhanced stability, emphasis on reproducibility, safety, and other green chemistry principles can be prioritized. The methods reviewed here highlight areas conducive to goals related to material properties and greener synthetic methods.
Post-buckling behavior of continuous, nonconservative elastic systems

The post-buckling behavior and imperfection-sensitivity of conservative elastic systems has been studied extensively. The general theory, which was originated by Koiter, is not applicable if instability is caused by nonconservative forces. In that case, either static or dynamic instability may occur. This paper investigates the case of static (buckling) instability of continuous elastic systems under nonconservative forces. The nonlinear equilibrium equations are analyzed in the neighborhood of a critical point, in order to determine the post-buckling equilibrium paths. The analysis utilizes the adjoint system to the linearized problem. Conservative systems appear as a special case. Two examples are presented to illustrate the results, a cantilever with partial follower load at its tip and a compressed column attached to an elastic foundation.
The Xtrieve Cross-Modal Information Retrieval System

This book develops a new framework for computed synchronization and demonstrates it within the context of several applications. A major contribu­tion of this research is the development of a cross-modal information retrieval (CMIR) system that can serve as a test-bed for application of computed synchro­nization technologies: the Xtrieve cross-modal information retrieval system. Xtrieve provides infrastructure in support of media alignment technologies and is the implementation environment for the solutions presented in Chap­ters 5 and 6. Xtrieve also provides a tool for exploring the use of computed synchronization technologies in information retrieval applications.
Integrated Agroecological Technology Networks for Food, Bioenergy, and Biomaterial Production

This chapter introduces application of ecological technologies to agriculture and natural resources management, agriculture, and bioenergy. The role of industrial ecology in combined food-energy agroecosystems (CFEA) design and evaluation, measuring CFEA performance in a competitive world, participatory action research for CFEA primary data collection, analysis of eco-technologies for Vermont-based CFEA, key aspects of regionally appropriate eco-technologies (material flows, energy flows, ultimate and proximate means, labor issues) are described, along with a CFEA case study on the Burlington area Agro-Eco Park concept.
Effects of Impure Water Sources on the Early-Age Properties of Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) Cement

One of the benefits of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements is that these materials gain strength rapidly, and strength development is often measured in hours instead of days. This property makes these materials desirable for use in temporary, nonreinforced repairs of roadways, airfields, and navigable locks. The rapid repair of these infrastructure elements is critical to transporting supplies into regions devastated by disaster. In these austere environments, potable water may not be available in sufficient quantities to make vital repairs, and the use of impure water in the production of CSA cement–based concrete would be advantageous. However, the hydration products formed by CSA cement are significantly different from those formed by portland cement and may react differently to alkalis, chlorides, sulfates, and other contaminates that these impure water sources may contain. This article investigates the impact of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium chloride and calcium, sodium, and magnesium sulfate on the early-age unconfined compressive strength development of commercially available CSA cement–based concrete. Of these salts, calcium chloride had the greatest effect on early-age concrete properties, retarding unconfined compressive strength development. The strength results obtained from CSA cement–based concrete mixed with these saline solutions are compared with those obtained from potential real-world sources of mixing water, including seawater and greywater.
Biotransformation of lignin: Mechanisms, applications and future work

As one of the most abundant polymers in biosphere, lignin has attracted extensive attention as a kind of promising feedstock for biofuel and bio-based products. However, the utilization of lignin presents various challenges in that its complex composition and structure and high resistance to degradation. Lignin conversion through biological platform harnesses the catalytic power of microorganisms to decompose complex lignin molecules and obtain value-added products through biosynthesis. Given the heterogeneity of lignin, various microbial metabolic pathways are involved in lignin bioconversion processes, which has been characterized in extensive research work. With different types of lignin substrates (e.g., model compounds, technical lignin, and lignocellulosic biomass), several bacterial and fungal species have been proved to own lignin-degrading abilities and accumulate microbial products (e.g., lipid and polyhydroxyalkanoates), while the lignin conversion efficiencies are still relatively low. Genetic and metabolic strategies have been developed to enhance lignin biodegradation by reprogramming microbial metabolism, and diverse products, such as vanillin and dicarboxylic acids were also produced from lignin. This article aims at presenting a comprehensive review on lignin bioconversion including lignin degradation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and applications for the production of value-added bioproducts. Advanced techniques on genetic and metabolic engineering are also covered in the recent development of biological platforms for lignin utilization. To conclude this article, the existing challenges for efficient lignin bioprocessing are analyzed and possible directions for future work are proposed.
The Role of NS5 Protein in Determination of Host Cell Range for Yellow Fever Virus

Yellow fever virus (YFV) tropism is restricted to human and nonhuman primates. The nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) protein of YFV binds to primate signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) and antagonizes interferon (IFN) signaling. However, YFV NS5 is unable to bind mouse STAT2 and antagonize murine IFN signaling. A similar observation has been made with the NS5 protein of both dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). However, the key difference between the NS5 protein of YFV and those of DENV and ZIKV is that YFV NS5 binds human STAT2 in an IFN-dependent manner. In human cells, IFN-I treatment induces K63-linked ubiquitination on lysine (K) 6 of YFV NS5, which is required for binding human STAT2. This IFN-induced ubiquitination of YFV NS5 is absent in murine cells resulting in the lack of binding of YFV NS5 and human STAT2 in murine cells. This highlights the importance of YFV NS5 ubiquitination in determining the host cell range for YFV.