cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of OH(ad) formation by reaction between H2O and O(ad) on Ag(110)

Abstract TDS (thermal desorption spectroscopy), LEED (low energy electron diffraction) and ESDIAD (electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution) have been used to characterize hydroxyl groups formed by the reaction of oxygen and water on Ag(110). The maximum OH(ad) coverage is obtained for an oxygen coverage θox ⋍ 0.25. The ESDIAD results indicate that hydroxyl formation occurs at 80 K. and that the OH(ad) axis is inclined towards the [001] and [00 1 ] azimuthal directions. The oxygen-induced (n × 1) LEED patterns disappear when OH(ad) is formed at 80 K. At ∼ 200 K the OH(ad) layer becomes ordered and (1 × m) patterns (m = 2, 3), consistent with the OH(ad) coverage, are observed. It is concluded from these results that hydroxyl formation on Ag(110) is accompanied by large translations of O(ad) and OH(ad) along troughs and across ridges.
Mitochondrial metabolism following bilateral cerebral ischemia in the gerbil

Following periods of bilateral cerebral ischemia in urethane-anesthetized Mongolian gerbils, the metabolism of isolated brain mitochondria was assessed in an in vitro oxygenated medium in the presence of the substrates glutamate-malate. Mitochondria from both control and ischemic brains were well coupled. Urethane-anesthetized controls showed an early mild depression and a subsequent enhancement of State 3 respiration (ADP present) relative to awake controls. Respiratory activity in State 3, calculated per mol of cytochrome oxidase, was first depressed below control values following 60 minutes of ischemia; and a further decline, to 46 to 58% of control values, followed 90 to 120 minutes of ischemia. Mitochondrial calcium ion accumulation was depressed by ischemia of 2 hours in moribund animals. In contrast, a significant degree of cerebral edema was observed with ischemia of only 30 minutes' duration. Respiration of brain mitochondria appears relatively resistant to irreversible impairment following cerebral ischemia.
Ex vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to atherosclerotic rabbit aortic rings improves relaxations to acetylcholine

Abstract Cholesterol feeding results in impaired endothelium dependent vasorelaxation. The role of nitric oxide in this process is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in cholesterol-induced vasomotor dysfunction by examining the effect of overexpression of eNOS in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta on vascular reactivity. Vascular rings from the thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbits were exposed ex vivo either to an adenoviral vector encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase (AdeNOS) or Escherichia coli β Galactosidase (Ad β Gal). Transgene expression was examined by histochemistry for β galactosidase, immunohistochemistry for eNOS and cyclic GMP measurements and vasomotor studies were performed. Transgene expression was found to localize to the endothelium and adventitia. cGMP levels were significantly greater in AdeNOS compared to Ad β Gal transduced rings. Acetylcholine mediated relaxation was significantly impaired in cholesterol fed rabbits and was markedly improved by overexpression of eNOS. These results suggest that reduced NO bioavailability observed in cholesterol-induced vascular dysfunction can be partially overcome by eNOS gene transfer.
Weight Change After Globus Pallidus Internus or Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia

Background: Weight gain has been described in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients after subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Ob
Physical activity levels among adult computer users

As computer use becomes prevalent at work and in leisure pursuits it presents a potential barrier to regular physical activity. However an individual's confidence in overcoming such barriers may moderate the relationship between computer use and physical activity levels. This study examined the associations among computer use, self-efficacy in overcoming barriers to exercise, and physical activity levels among adult computer users. Participants (N=615) were recruited through national email and newsletters announcements, and completed standardized self-report questionnaires online. Computer use was not associated with meeting physical activity guidelines (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=0.63-1.00, n.s.). Among leisure computer users, the moderate efficacy group (AOR=3.72, 95% CI=1.59-8.69) and the high efficacy group (AOR=5.31, 95% CI=2.37-11.91) had higher odds of meeting physical activity guidelines compared to the low efficacy group. Among the work related computer users, the high efficacy group (AOR=2.83, 95% CI=1.18-6.77) had higher odds of meeting physical activity guidelines than the low efficacy group. These results suggest that barriers posed by high levels of computer use are surmountable. Efforts to increase efficacy in overcoming barriers to exercise may be more practical and have a greater impact on physical activity levels than trying to decrease computer use among adults.
Approximate solutions of heat conduction in snow with linear variation of thermal conductivity

Abstract The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) * is extended to the case of variable properties media such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. Comparison of temperature distribution from HBIM, AHBIM and the extension of the analytical solution of Jaeger ** was given for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, for small value of time (τ), results agree quite well with the analytical solution but as τ increases, the difference becomes more pronounced. It was found that AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result especially when the value of η is small. For specific property function of F(η)=eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results were compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method and was found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical especially for large values of τ.
The future of hydroponics as a research and plant production method 1

(1982). The future of hydroponics as a research and plant production method. Journal of Plant Nutrition: Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 1031-1038.
Gender stereotypes in the expression and perception of vocal affect

This study examined the perception and expression of vocal affect for behavioral evidence of gender stereotypes. Subjects were 97% Caucasian and were asked to either identify or rate the effectiveness of vocal affect portrayals for 5 emotions (fear, anger, happiness, sadness, and neutral) as portrayed by 3 female and 3 male actors reading 2 stories with nonemotional word content. The results revealed that female judges identified fear, happiness, and sadness better than males. Male actors' portrayals were identified better than female actors' portrayals of anger and fear. Female actors received higher identification rates than male actors for portrayals of happiness. Partial support for the general hypothesis that there is behavioral evidence of stereotypic gender differences for vocal affect was obtained.
Targeting Dietary Vitamin D Intakes and Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Healthy Infants

Vitamin D nutrition has become one of the most widely discussed issues in modern medicine. Ongoing research has challenged traditional views of the role of vitamin D as limited to bone health. A large number of recent studies have raised compelling and as yet unanswered questions about optimal dietary intakes and outcomes related to vitamin D. In infants and small children, it is well recognized that a severe deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets and related serious health problems including hypocalcemia, but little is known about other outcomes that are not related to bone or calcium.
Experimental and clinical studies of intraoperative radiation therapy.

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an innovative treatment modality that has recently been given considerable attention as an approach toward controlling various locally advanced cancers. IORT involves surgical extirpation or debulking of the malignant lesion and the delivery of a large single dose of radiation to the tumor bed or to residual disease. This strategy allows for a theoretical enhancement of the therapeutic effect of radiation for three reasons: (1) the biologic effectiveness of a single large radiation dose is higher than for the same dose given in a fractionated regimen; (2) the dose of radiation is precisely given to the area at greatest risk of tumor recurrence (or persistence); and (3) irradiation of dose-limiting normal tissues may be avoided by operative mobilization of the tissues from the treatment volume by customized lead shielding of anatomically fixed structures or by judicious choice of electron beam energies or use of a bolus to limit dose to deep structures. Electrons are generally used for IORT because of sharp dose falloff. This avoids potential toxic effects to normal structures that may lie deep to the treatment volume. Conventional external beam photon radiation therapy (EBRT) allows less accurate tumor volume delineation (even with sophisticated treatment planning technique) and dose limitations necessitated by normal tissues incidentally in the treatment volume. A considerable amount of experimental and clinical data are available on the acute and late effects of IORT on normal tissues. Dose tolerances of many organs have been described in large animal models, and clinical toxicities are evident in several trials. Clinical IORT treatments are provided in more than 250 U.S. and foreign centers at the present time. Given the current interest in IORT, this monograph will review IORT methods and experimental and clinical results with emphasis on its present and future role for locally advanced cancers.
Safety standards and measurement techniques for high intensity light sources.

Abstract Any analysis of the retinal hazards of ophthalmic instrumentation based on criteria derived from current standards which implicitly assume large eye movements and smaller pupil sizes than are present in many diagnostic and therapeutic situations requires some care in application. Simple measurements of the optical power from a source with the calculation of the total retinal irradiance are not sufficient for hazard evaluation. Thorough and reliable hazard analysis requires knowledge not only of the spectral irradiance and the imaging conditions, but also some quantitative assessment of any pathological changes possibly producing unusual susceptibility in the patient's eyes.
Normal arterial oxygen saturation with the ear oximeter in patients with leukemia and leukocytosis

Leukemic patients with severe leukocytosis experience a spurious lowering of the arterial oxygen tension if the arterial blood samples are not immediately analyzed. Arterial oxygen tensions were measured in three patients with acute leukemia; actual oxygen saturation was simultaneously measured with an ear oximeter. Blood gases demonstrated significant arterial hypoxemia even with immediate blood gas analysis in all patients. The ear oximeter in two patients revealed a relatively normal oxygen saturation while there was a simultaneous decrease in the calculated oxygen saturation. With reduction of the leukocyte count following chemotherapy in one patient, the calculated arterial oxygen saturation and the ear oximetry reading approximated one another. The ear oximeter is of value in the assessment of the true oxygenation status of patients who have leukemia and severe leukocytosis.
Raising the Bar for Asthma Care in the Emergency Department

Asthma remains a significant public health problem in the United States. The most recent national estimates indicate that there were 1.8 million asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits and 439,000 asthma hospitalizations in 2010. These persistently high morbidity figures may reflect trends in increasing asthma prevalence as well as inadequate control of chronic asthma. To reduce the societal burden, clearly we need to do a better job of preventing and managing asthma exacerbations. EDs are an importance venue for asthma care because they provide around-the-clock care and are often the last resort for minority and uninsured patients with asthma. But how well are patients with asthma exacerbations managed in the ED? As outlined in the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3 (NAEPP EPR3) guidelines sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), management of asthma exacerbation in the ED includes several key components, such as peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurement, inhaled short-acting b-agonists, anticholinergics, and systemic corticosteroids. The extent to which these guidelinerecommended care processes are followed in the real world is of great interest to many stakeholders, including patients, clinicians, health insurers, quality improvement organizations, researchers, and policy makers. In fact, tracking the real-world effectiveness of interventions is one of the central goals of comparative effectiveness research in asthma. In this context, 2 studies have examined the quality of care for adults with asthma exacerbations and found that, overall, patients received approximately 50%70% of recommended care processes in the outpatient or ED setting. The adherence to guidelines seems to be better (>80%) among children with asthma exacerbations in acute care settings. In this issue of the JACI: In Practice, Hasegawa et al examined the quality of care in 1380 adults who presented to 23 Japanese EDs with acute asthma. By abstracting available data from medical records, they showed that overall concordance with NIH asthma guidelines was approximately 72%, with low use of PEF measurement (9%), anticholinergics (2%), and systemic
Analysis of protein dimerization and ligand binding of orphan receptor HNF4α

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha) (NR2A1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, binds DNA exclusively as a homodimer even though it is very similar in amino acid sequence to retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), which heterodimerizes readily with other receptors. Here, experimental analysis of residues involved in protein dimerization and studies on a reported ligand for HNF4alpha are combined with a structural model of the HNF4alpha ligand-binding domain (LBD) (residues 137 to 384). When K300 (in helix 9) and E327 (in helix 10) of HNF4alpha1 were converted to the analogous residues in RXRalpha (E390 and K417, respectively) the resulting construct did not heterodimerize with the wild-type HNF4alpha, although it was still able to form homodimers and bind DNA. Furthermore, the double mutant did not heterodimerize with RXR or RAR but was still able to dimerize in solution with an HNF4alpha construct truncated at amino acid residue 268. This suggests that the charge compatibility between helices 9 and 10 is necessary, but not sufficient, to determine dimerization partners, and that additional residues in the HNF4alpha LBD are also important in dimerization. The structural model of the HNF4alpha LBD and an amino acid sequence alignment of helices 9 and 10 in various HNF4 and other receptor genes indicates that a K(X)(26)E motif can be used to identify HNF4 genes from other organisms and that a (E/D(X)(26-29)K/R) motif can be used to predict heterodimerization of many, but not all, receptors with RXR. In vitro analysis of another HNF4alpha mutant construct indicates that helix 10 also plays a structural role in the conformational integrity of HNF4alpha. The structural model and experimental analysis indicate that fatty acyl CoA thioesters, the proposed HNF4alpha ligands, are not good candidates for a traditional ligand for HNF4alpha. Finally, these results provide insight into the mechanism of action of naturally occurring mutations in the human HNF4alpha gene found in patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young 1 (MODY1).
The matrix Gla protein gene is a marker of the chondrogenesis cell lineage during mouse development

Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is, along with osteocalcin, a skeletal member of the family of extracellular mineral-binding Gla proteins. Although the precise function of these proteins remains obscure, circumstantial evidence suggests that they play a role in endochondral ossification. As a first step toward understanding MGP function we have performed a preliminary characterization of its promoter element and studied the developmental pattern of expression of this gene. DNA transfection experiments indicate that the mouse MGP promoter functions better in cells expressing the MGP gene than in cells that do not express the gene. During mouse development, MGP gene expression is detectable as early as day 10.5 of embryonic development (E10.5), before any skeletal structures are identifiable. In situ hybridization analysis shows that MGP mRNA is initially present at the mesenchymal epithelial interphase in lung and limb buds. As development proceeds, MGP gene is predominantly expressed in cells of the chondrocytic lineage in areas that will undergo endochondral ossification as well as in areas that will remain cartilaginous, such as the trachea and bronchi. In growth plate cartilage, MGP mRNA is present in resting, proliferative, and late hypertrophic chondrocytes. Surprisingly, MGP mRNA is absent from the early hypertrophic chondrocytes and from the osteoblasts. Finally, the MGP gene is expressed at a lower level in kidney medulla and uterus smooth muscle but not in brain, spleen, or heart during development. This study demonstrates that during development MGP gene expression occurs early and is predominant at the epithelial mesenchymal interfaces, principally of lung and limb buds, and in cells of the chondrocytic lineage. This finding raises the intriguing possibility that MGP may play distinct roles during embryogenesis and in the adult organism.
Efficient Sensing Matters a Lot for Large-Scale Batteries

A large-scale battery pack that consists of hundreds or thousands of battery cells must be carefully monitored. Due to the divergence of cell characteristics, every cell should be monitored periodically and accurately. There are two important issues in monitoring large-scale packs. First, sensing the health condition of battery cells must be timely to capture the turning point at which the battery condition abruptly changes. Failure to capture such an important event can cause irreversible damage to the battery, especially when its State-of-Charge (SoC) is very low. Second, the more the hardware components are used, the higher the failure rate the system will suffer. The frequency of monitoring battery cells, thus, should be adjustable to the underlying load demand, considering the fact that a low load demand has a minute impact on the battery condition. We propose to address these issues via an adaptive monitoring architecture, called AdMon. AdMon lowers the sensing latency effectively, making it effective to enhance the tolerance of physical cell failures. AdMon consists of sensing, path-switching, and computing systems. The sensing system collects data from a battery-cell array. The path-switching system effectively connects a specific sensor and a micro-controller that is part of the computing system. The path-switching system is characterized by three exclusive types of topology: n-tree-based, cascaded, and parallel. The computing system is synergistically combined with the other two systems while three policies specified in the computing system are applied. The AdMon architecture is shown to outperform a non-adaptive monitoring system with respect to the battery life by 67%.
On the Diurnal Variation of Ultra-Short Wave Wireless Transmission

An interpretation of ultra-short wave wireless phenomena is given which indicates that the maximum number of electrons per c.c. in the atmospheric ionized layer is of the order 10 5 to 10 6 .
Placement of Multi-Granular Optical Cross-Connects in WDM Networks

This paper exploits the factors such as traffic pattern, topology, and nodal architecture that make waveband switching more efficient than wavelength switching, which leads to the proposed new MG-OXC architecture and non-uniform MG-OXC placement scheme.
Self‐Assembled Magnetic Bead Biosensor for Measuring Bacterial Growth and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

As indicated by leading healthcare agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the rising antibiotic resistance of bacteria is one of the major concerns of modern healthcare, and the development of novel growth-based rapid diagnostics is a key in addressing this problem.[1,2] A common growth-based test used to help guide therapy is the antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). Faster AST testing can lead to reduced inappropriate antibiotic use, decreased health care costs, and reduced prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.[3,4] To address this problem our group has been developing asynchronous magnetic bead rotation (AMBR) biosensors that have been used to detect the growth of individual bacterial cells.[5] Here, we introduce a radically new type of AMBR sensor that detects bacterial growth-based on the rotation of a cluster of magnetic microparticles formed through self-assembly. Using these self-assembled AMBR biosensors, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate was measured. While detection of the presence of pathogens is a widely covered topic in research and assay development, here we focus on demonstrating that AMBR can be used to perform AST testing. A new method for detecting the rotation of AMBR biosensors is also described, which hass enabled validation of a multi-well prototype for rapid observation of bacterial growth.
Microstructured silicon created with a nanosecond neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser

We produce microstructured silicon using frequency doubled, nanosecond Nd:YAG pulses in SF6 gas. The micro-penitentes formed are up to 20 μm tall with a sulfur concentration of 0.5% near the surface. The infrared absorption is increased to near unity and extends well below the original bandgap far into the infrared. These data are similar to results reported by others using more complicated and less economical femtosecond titanium sapphire and picosecond and nanosecond excimer lasers.
Slow coherency-based islanding

This paper provides the analytical basis for an application of slow coherency theory to the design of an islanding scheme, which is employed as an important part of a corrective control strategy to deal with large disturbances. The analysis is conducted under varying networks conditions and loading conditions. The results indicate that the slow coherency based grouping is almost insensitive to locations and severity of the initial faults. However, because of the loosely coherent generators and physical constraints the islands formed change slightly based on location and severity of the disturbance, and loading conditions. A detailed description of the procedure to form the islands after having determined the grouping of generators using slow coherency is presented. The verification of the islanding scheme is proven with simulations on a 179-bus, 29-generator test system.
Role of biomarkers in identifying and understanding environmentally induced disease

Establishing associations between environmental agents and disease presents challenges to both epidemiologists and toxicologists, particularly in cases of complex gene-environment interactions and when there is a long latency between exposure and disease. Biologic markers, physiological signals that reflect exposure, early cellular response, or inherent or acquired susceptibilities, provide a new strategy for resolving some of these problems. Biomarker research assumes that toxicant-induced diseases are progressive and that injury proceeds from entry of the toxicant into target cells, which induces subcellular biochemical events, to cell- and organ-level events that eventually induce irreversible or persistent organism dysfunction. The epidemiologic value of a biomarker lies in its ability to predict backward toward exposure and forward toward risk of clinical outcome, which is largely unknown. Research in mechanistic toxicology will advance the range of useful biomarkers in epidemiology and clinical medicine.
ASSESSING AND ACHIEVING DIVERSITY OF PARTICIPATION IN THE GRANT‐INSPIRED COMMUNITY‐BASED PUBLIC HEALTH COALITION

This article explores motivation for coalition participation alongside perceptions of diversity of participation as revealed through observation and interviews with members and leaders of five grant-inspired community-based public health coalitions in Kentucky and in Florida. Coalition members and former members were asked about the expectations that led to their initial coalition participation, as well as about expectations for ongoing participation as coalition goals and outcomes have become more, or less, clear. Roads to coalition membership were found to be largely a function of existing professional networks, and thus a challenge to diverse participation. There is remarkable similarity by sector (e.g., social services sector, business sector), however, in factors promoting ongoing coalition participation. These factors include knowledge of coalition goals, benefit to self, agency or business, and effective leadership. These commonalities might be used to promote diverse coalition membership. Members and former members were also asked to share their thoughts on the diversity of their coalition's membership, noting possible reasons for membership omissions. These reasons reveal patterns of perceived apathy and frustration with coalition effectiveness, but also effective strategies for maximizing diversity of coalition participation. The article concludes with suggested expansions to Community Coalition Action Theory and a discussion of avenues for anthropological support of coalition practice.
Bacterial endosymbioses in Solemya (Mollusca: Bivalvia)--model systems for studies of symbiont-host adaptation.

Endosymbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and marine invertebrates are remarkable biological adaptations to life in sulfide-rich environments. In these mutualistic associations, sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria living directly within host cells both aid in the detoxification of toxic sulfide and fix carbon to support the metabolic needs of the host. Though best described for deep-sea vents and cold seeps, these symbioses are ubiquitous in shallow-water reducing environments. Indeed, considerable insight into sulfur-oxidizing endosymbioses in general comes from detailed studies of shallow-water protobranch clams in the genus Solemya. This review highlights the impressive body of work characterizing bacterial symbiosis in Solemya species, all of which are presumed to harbor endosymbionts. In particular, studies of the coastal Atlantic species Solemya velum and its larger Pacific congener Solemya reidi are the foundation for our understanding of the metabolism and physiology of marine bivalve symbioses, which are now known to occur in five families. Solemya velum, in particular, is an excellent model organism for symbiosis research. This clam can be collected easily from coastal eelgrass beds and maintained in laboratory aquaria for extended periods. In addition, the genome of the S. velum symbiont is currently being sequenced. The integration of genomic data with additional experimental analyses will help reveal the molecular basis of the symbiont–host interaction in Solemya, thereby complementing the wide array of research programs aimed at better understanding the diverse relationships between bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
Tumor extracellular pH as a prognostic factor in thermoradiotherapy

Abstract Purpose: Tumor extracellular pH measurements in 26 human tumors were evaluated for the purpose of prognostic indication of response to thermoradiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Twenty-six patients (10 male, 16 female; mean age 62 years, range 18–89) were treated with external microwave hyperthermia (915 MHz) combined with radiation therapy. Tumor histologies included: 46% adenocarcinoma, 38% squamous cell carcinoma, 12% soft tissue sarcoma, and 4% malignant melanoma. The mean tumor depth was 1.6 ± 0.2 cm (range 0.4–3 cm) and the mean tumor volume was 73 ± 11 cm 3 (range 1–192 cm 3 ). The mean radiation dose administered concurrently with hyperthermia was 39 ± 1 Gy (range 24–60 Gy, median of 40 Gy), in 15 fractions (range 8–25), over 32 elapsed days (range 15–43). The mean number of hyperthermia sessions administered was 5.4 ± 0.5 (range 2–10). A battery operated pH meter and combination 21 ga recessed glass, beveled needle microelectrodes were used for tumor pH measurements. Calibration in pH buffers was performed before and after each pH measurement. The needle microelectrodes were 2.5 cm in length. Result: A complete response (CR) was obtained in 20 of 26 patients (77%) and a partial response in six (23%). The mean extracellular tumor pH was 6.88 ± 0.09 in CR patients while it was 7.24 ± 0.09 in noncompletely responding (NCR) patients ( p = 0.08). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of obtaining a complete response was influenced by the tumor volume ( p = 0.02), tumor depth (p = 0.05), and extracellular tumor pH ( p = 0.08). Lesions in the pH range of 6.00–6.40 and lesions in the pH range of 6.41–6.80 exhibited a CR rate of 100%, while those lesions in the pH range of 6.81–7.20 exhibited a CR of 90% and those in the pH range of 7.21–7.52 exhibited a CR of 50% ( p = 0.002). In lesions with depth p = 0.02). In small tumors, that is, ≤ 20 cm 3 , tumor pH increased with volume; whereas in larger tumors, that is, > 20 cm, tumor pH decreased as a function of tumor volume. Conclusion: Tumor extracellular pH may be useful as a prognostic indicator of tumor response to thermoradiotherapy.
Realizing the open-closed principle

The first principle in developing large software systems is the open-closed principle (OCP). This principle seems asking for two conflict goals. How to realize the principle in the real software practice? What are the enabling technologies that can be used to implement the principle? This paper uses a case study to demonstrate the importance of the principle, the design methodology for realizing the principle, and its enabling technologies.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonists Modulate Immunostimulated Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein through Regulation of β-Secretase

Long-term treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk for Alzheimer9s disease (AD). To determine the mechanisms by which inflammation affects AD and how NSAIDs protect against it, we stimulated neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with amyloid precursor protein (APP) with proinflammatory cytokines, which increased the secretion of amyloid-β and APP ectodomain. Addition of ibuprofen, indomethacin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists, or cotransfection with PPARγ cDNA reversed this effect. The inhibitory action of ibuprofen and indomethacin was suppressed by PPARγ antagonists. Finally, we observed that the mRNA levels, expression, and enzymatic activity of β-secretase were increased by immunostimulation and normalized by NSAIDs. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines activate β-secretase, and NSAIDs inhibit this effect through PPARγ.
Propylthiouracil Versus Methimazole in Treatment of Graves' Disease During Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the evidence supporting the use of propylthiouracil (PTU) versus methimazole for the treatment of Graves' disease during pregnancy.DATA SOURCES:An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–March 2007). Identified articles were then reviewed for additional sources. Search terms included hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, pregnancy, propylthiouracil, and methimazole.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All clinical trials and case reports that were published in English and reported either subjective or objective outcomes were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Rationale supporting the use of PTU over methimazole in treatment of Graves' disease during pregnancy is limited. Theories suggesting that PTU has less placental transfer to the fetus than methimazole are not supported by current literature. Studies demonstrating a causal relationship between methimazole use during pregnancy and congenital anomalies and/or fetal hypothyroidism do not exist.CONCLUSIONS:The selection ...
Interfollicular Hodgkin lymphoma in children: an uncommon mimicker of reactive lymphadenopathy

Interfollicular Hodgkin lymphoma (IFHL) has been described as a histopathological variant of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) characterized by subtle morphological features that may mimic follicular hyperplas...
Some Effects of Temperature and Competition on the Distribution and Relative Abundance of Aphytis Lingnanensis and A. Chrysomphali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

For the past 10 years 2 insect parasites, Aphytis linyn(ncnsis Compere and A. chrysomiphali (Mercet), have existed in southern California in necjarly identical ecological niches. These 2 species aie ci(,se.y related ectoparasites of the California red scale, ,uonidiella aitrantii (Mask.), one of the most troul)lesome citrus tree pests. This scale species constitutes the only suitable host available to eithk.r parasite in the areas of this study. Both par asites attack the same stages of the host and have very similar life histories and habits. I ndiv idul1.s of the 2 l)arasite species live in the same manner, in the same type of environment, and on identical food, both as larvae and as adults. At low magnification they are readily distinguishable only in the pupal stage; at higher magnification adults can he distinguished by an expert. Aphytis chnvsouiiphlli has heen present in California for ahout 60 years, p)resumahly having been accidentally introduced, directly or indirectly, from the Mediterranean area. It became generally distributed as a parasite of the California red scale in southern California many years ago, hut was much more common in some areas than in others. A pali ntis linynanesis a purposeful introduction from the Orient, was colonized throughout southern California h)y the l)epartment of Biological Control, Citrus lFxperiment Station, Riverside, heginnlling in 1948 in an effort to obtain better l)iological control of the California red scale. Fromn that time to the present these species have been in direct competition wherever they coexist. After colonizing Aphytis lingnanensis in 21 field llots in which A. chrysoniphali already existed, it was found that linynanensis usually became dlominant, sometimes to the point of apparent extermination of chrysonziphali, in a period of from 1 to 4 years (approximately 10 to 40 parasite gen' Paper No. 1181, University of California Citrus Experimellt Station, Riverside, California. 2 Entomologist, Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. 3 Assistant Entomologist, Biological Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Research performed as an International Cooperation Administration Fellow at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. erations) (DeBach 1954). To quote from the same paper:
Entropic Bell inequalities

We derive entropic Bell inequalities from considering entropy Venn diagrams. These entropic inequalities, akin to the Braunstein-Caves inequalities, are violated for a quantum-mechanical Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair, which implies that the conditional entropies of Bell variables must be negative in this case. This suggests that the satisfaction of entropic Bell inequalities is equivalent to the non-negativity of conditional entropies as a necessary condition for separability.
HLA-identical siblings versus haploidentical donors: full match still beats half match

The resurgence of haploidentical donor transplantation over the past decade is a major advance in the field of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Several platforms have been described, such as ex vivo T-cell depletion techniques with positive-CD34+ selection, ‘mega-dose’ of purified CD34+ cells, or selective depletion of T-cells, and T-cell replete approaches that include use of intensified immune suppression or post-transplant high-dose cyclophosphamide.1, 2, 3 It is safe to say that haploidentical transplantation has become a well-accepted alternative donor source, with several studies reporting survival comparable to umbilical cord blood and matched unrelated donors.4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Ongoing clinical trials such as the BMT CTN 1101 (double cord versus haplo) will further clarify where haploidentical donors factor into the donor selection process.
Mitigation of Seismic Risk on Earthen Buildings

Earthen buildings are highly vulnerable to the destructive action of earthquakes, as is tragically revealed by the considerable damage and loss of life that takes place during earthquakes occurring in areas where construction with earth is prevalent. Although many historical earthen monuments have survived strong earthquakes, contemporary vernacular dwellings built with earth have shown extremely poor response in recent earthquakes. Many persons, most of them very poor, have lost their lives due to the collapse of their weak and fragile houses. It is urgent, therefore, to find simple technical solutions to improve the seismic performance of earthen buildings. This paper first describes the seismic response of traditional, unreinforced earthen buildings. It then presents some of the reinforcement techniques developed over more than 35 years of research carried out by the Catholic University of Peru. Finally, it briefly outlines the challenges involved in the dissemination of economical and safe construction techniques, in order to mitigate the risk of earthen buildings in seismic areas.
A Review of: “Michael Barkun. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America.”

If Michael Barkun had endeavored only to document and catalogue wild and untamed strands of modern American conspiracy belief, this book would have still been a massive and worthy undertaking. Yet ...
Results of a Physician and Respiratory Therapist Collaborative Effort to Improve Long-Term Metered-Dose Inhaler Technique in a Pediatric Asthma Clinic

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in therapy, asthma continues to be the chronic condition most responsible for school absenteeism and pediatric hospitalizations. This is especially true for innercity children. We operate an inner-city Pediatric Asthma Compliance and Technique (PACT) clinic in which physicians and respiratory therapists collaborate to improve metered-dose inhaler (MDI) technique and outcomes among asthmatic children. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of our strategy for improving MDI technique and asthma outcomes. METHODS: Children referred to the PACT clinic underwent standardized assessment based on the Expert Panel Guidelines of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Clinicians demonstrated and reinforced correct MDI technique at each visit. Using a standardized format we prospectively collected, at the patient9s first visit (T1) and most recent visit (T2), data on demographics, MDI-technique scores (MDI steps done correctly; scale of 0 – 8), pulmonary function, and asthma severity (NHLBI classification scale: 1 = mild intermittent to 4 = severe persistent). Statistical analyses were performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients who attended the PACT clinic between 1999 and 2002, 15 were excluded from the study because of incomplete data recording. Mean duration from T1 to T2 was 11.8 ± 9.5 months. At T1 and T2, respectively, the mean MDI-technique scores were 53% and 81%, the mean overall asthma severity scores were 2.6 and 2.3, and the mean overall pulmonary function severity scores were 2.4 and 2.1. MDI-technique scores significantly improved between TI and T2 (p CONCLUSION: In our PACT clinic asthmatic children showed sustained improvement in MDI technique, and some of the patients improved in pulmonary function and overall asthma severity score.
Abstract W P23: Predictors of Time From Groin Puncture to Base Catheter Placement

Background and Purpose: Time to reperfusion is recognized as an important predictor of good outcome in endovascular stroke therapy. A significant but unstudied factor in delay to reperfusion is prolonged time from groin puncture to base catheter placement (P2C). The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that influence time from P2C in the cohort of patients in whom procedural steps were collected prospectively. Methods: A prospective analysis of patients who had intra-arterial therapy for acute stroke from August of 2012 to August of 2013 was performed. Following characteristics were collected: baseline clinical demographics, aortic arch types, time from P2C, procedural and clinical outcomes. Results: Data from a total of 143 patients were collected prospectively {median age 69 years; median baseline NIH Stroke Scale 16; occlusion sites: MCA-M1 71%; MCA-M2 13%, ICA-T 6%, basilar artery 10%, tandem occlusion 26%}. Patients were further divided based on their arch type (type 1: 48%, type 2: 33%, type 3: 13%). Majority of the patients were treated with newer mechanical embolectomy devices (manual aspiration +/- stent-retriever 96%). Recanalization rate (TICI 2b or 3) was 90%. The median procedural times were as follow (minutes): time from P2C: 20, time from baseline catheter to reperfusion: 36, median total procedural times: 85. The rate of favorable functional outcomes at 90 days (mRS 0-2) was 45%. Patients with favorable outcomes had shorter P2C (31 min vs. 19 min p=0.02). In a multivariate analysis the predictors of longer P2C were age (OR 1.04, P=0.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.08), vertebrobasilar location (OR 5.4, P=0.027, 95% CI 1.21-24.1), smoking (OR 3.7, P=0.02, 95% 1.2-11.1), and with trend toward significance for hypertension (OR 3.03, P=0.062, 95% 0.94-0.97). Discussion: Shorter P2C is associated with higher rate of favorable outcomes. Independent risk factors associated longer time are age, vertebrobasilar occlusions, active smoking and history of hypertension. Alternative arterial access may be considered in patients who are likely to have longer P2C.
1xN2 wavelength-selective switches with tilted 2D collimator arrays for inter-channel-response suppression

A 1xN2 wavelength-selective switch (WSS) with a 2-axis analog micromirror array and a tilted 2D fiber collimator array has been successfully demonstrated to suppress inter-channel response. 8.2dB suppression is obtained at 20° tilting.
Bernard John Dowling Irwin and the development of the field hospital at Shiloh.

ABSTRACT The field hospital remains a centerpiece of casualty care evacuation systems, dating back to the Civil War. Dr. Bernard John Dowling Irwin is credited with establishing the first tent field hospital during the battle of Shiloh. However, controversy regarding this claim exists because of the confusing practice of using the term “field hospital” to refer to facilities with different capabilities. By examining the specific levels of care available on the battlefield, I review the evolution of the different types of field hospitals, focusing on the increasingly complex capabilities that evolved in the spring of 1862 in the Western Theater. I conclude that Irwin's hospital was the first practical demonstration that sufficient inpatient care could be provided on the battlefield, eliminating the need to evacuate unstable patients.
Poly(3-dodecylthienylenevinylene)s: Regioregularity and Crystallinity

A series of poly(dodecylthienylenevinylenes), C12-PTVs-a:b, with tunable regioregularity and solubility have been synthesized using two isomeric comonomers with molar ratios from 0:10 to 5:5, and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, absorption spectroscopy, cyclovoltammetry, and X-ray diffraction. For the first time, the aromatic and olefinic 1H NMR peaks of regioregular head–tail Cn-PTVs are clearly assigned. No major difference in XRD peak intensity is observed among regiorandom and fully regioregular C12-PTVs. Voc of C12-PTVs-a:b and PC60BM blend solar cells are in the range of 0.43 to 0.51 V and consistently decrease as regioregularity is reduced. C12-PTV-3:7:PC60BM solar cells give the highest short-circuit current and practically same efficiency as that of C12-PTV-1:9:PC60BM devices. The results suggest a new strategy to enhance processability of optoelectronic polymers without sacrificing their crystallinity and device performance.
Electrochemical study of astaxanthin and astaxanthin n-octanoic monoester and diester: tendency to form radicals.

The carotenoid astaxanthin known for its powerful antioxidant activity was electrochemically investigated along with the synthesized astaxanthin n-octanoic monoester and astaxanthin n-octanoic diester. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) revealed a two-electron transfer oxidation for all three carotenoids with a difference in the two oxidation potentials (ΔE = E20 – E10) slightly increasing from astaxanthin to the monoester to diester. Minimal or no exposure to water prevented the formation of carotenoid neutral radicals from dications and radical cations, causing near absence of the fifth peak in the CVs. This makes the CVs almost reversible and enables a more precise simulation of the redox potentials and the equilibrium constants for the formation of radical cations. The first oxidation potential (E10) of 0.7678, 0.7738, and 0.7753 V versus SCE and the second oxidation potential (E20) of 0.9828, 0.9931, and 0.9966 V versus SCE for astaxanthin, monoester, and diester, respectively, have been standardized to the ...
Imprint lithography with degradable elastomeric polyanhydrides.

A photocurable, degradable polyanhydride cross-linked elastomer that can be used as a stamp in imprint lithography applications has been developed. The degradable stamp materials are based on polyanhydrides synthesized using thiol–ene polymerization. In this study, curing the monomers 4-pentenoic anhydride and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) on a master mold yields low modulus, elastomeric, degradable polyanhydride polymer stamps that are a negative of the master. These stamps can be then used as a sacrificial template during the fabrication of a replica of the master, and can be readily degraded away from the replica using water. The resultant imprinted materials exhibited excellent uniformity over a large area. Compared with other conventional imprint lithography stamp materials, the thiol–ene polymerized polyanhydrides are degradable, master mold safe, show great release properties, have fast cure rates, are relatively low cost, and can be fabricated onto variety of substrates and materials.
Survey Data as Evidence in Trademark Infringement Cases

➤There are still many basic, unresolved issues with respect to the status of survey data as legal evidence. In cases involving unfair trade, particularly alleged trademark infringement, public opin...
Research on Leaching of Calcification Transition Slag of Bastnaesite

The newtechnology of bastnaesite in calcification transition decomposition-acid leaching to extract rare earth was proposed. The pressurized DSC was used to investigate the kinetics of calcification transition slag in acid leaching. The leaching effects of leaching temperature,acid concentration,leaching time,liquid to solid ratio were studied. The results showed that the acid leaching reaction of calcification transition slag can take place at room temperature of 30 ℃,and the apparent activation energy and reaction order are 0. 014 k J / mol and0. 11,respectively. The appropriate strengthening acid leaching conditions are the leaching temperature of 80 ℃,the concentration of hydrochloric acid of 1 mol·L- 1,the leaching time of30 min and the liquid-solid ratio of 15∶ 1.