cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable and nonmetabolizable C-glycosylphosphonyl analogs of 5-phosphorylribose 1-α-diphosphate that act as inhibitors of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase

Abstract Phosphonate analogs of 5-phosphorylribose 1-α-diphosphate (PRPP), in which the anomeric oxygen has been replaced by carbon ( C -glycoside analogs), have been prepared in multistep syntheses. The exact “ribosyl” analog could not be elaborated from the 3,4-isopropylidene precursor, 9 , owing to attack of the 3-OH onto the phosphonyl phosphorus under conditions for removal of the blocking group. Nevertheless, this isopropylidene derivative is a competitive inhibitor ( K i K m (PRPP) = 16.4 ), with respect to PRPP, of yeast orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. This result indicates that the enzyme can accommodate a good deal of bulk at the corresponding 2- and 3-hydroxyl groups of PRPP. The “α-arabinosyl” analog, 15 , was successfully synthesized with ultimate stereospecificity that results from the preferential hydrolysis of the “β-anomer” in the same fashion as for the hydrolysis of 9 . This α-arabinosyl analog is also a competent competitive inhibitor of yeast orotate phosphoribosyltransferase ( K i K m (PRPP) = 54 ). Both compounds are considerably more stable than PRPP both chemically and biochemically.
Same as it ever was? Continuity and change in the international monetary system

ABSTRACTFor at least a decade, many have argued that the predominance of the dollar as the world's currency will gradually erode, and give way to a more multipolar international monetary order. The four papers in this special issue challenge this conventional wisdom, and hold that the hegemony of the dollar remains irresistible and unchallenged. Looking carefully at available evidence, each paper argues forcefully that the dollar remains predominant, and that expectations of its decline are greatly exaggerated. Nevertheless, although the dollar stands unrivaled at the moment, the pillars of support that have historically sustained its hegemony are eroding. Three warning signs loom especially large: regarding the trajectory of American power and international influence, the role of international politics in shaping the international monetary order, and the outcomes generated by the U.S. political system. Each of these should give pause about the sustainability of unrivaled dollar hegemony indefinitely into...
Coherent and optimal control of adiabatic motion of ions in a trap

Small anharmonicity, created along the axial direction of the trap, allows controlling the motional states of ions adiabatically using electric fields. In this paper several important aspects of this control scheme are explored theoretically. The pulses for various state transformations, including universal quantum gates, are derived using the optimal control theory. They exhibit simple shapes and other favorable properties, which indicate a promising route for practical implementation.
Trusted Information Sources Used During and After Superstorm Sandy: TV and Radio were Used More Often than Social Media

Health and safety professionals and the public are interested in the best methods of providing timely information about disasters. The objective of this study was to examine information sources used for Superstorm Sandy with respect to the storm, evacuation routes, shelters, safety, and health issues. Respondents in central New Jersey and Jersey shore communities were differentially impacted by the storm. Jersey shore respondents had higher evacuation rates (47% vs. 13%), higher flood waters in homes, longer power outages (average 23 vs. 6 d), and longer periods without Internet (29 vs. 6 d). Electricity outages disrupted both sources and receivers of communication. Both groups obtained most of their information regarding safety from television, radio, friends, and Web/e-mail. Information sources on health varied by location, with central Jersey respondents using mainly TV and the Web, and Jersey shore respondents obtaining health information from the radio and TV (before the storm). For information on ev...
Density of Sodium Chloride The Atomic Weight of Fluorine by Combination of Crystal Density and X-Ray Data

The densities of carefully purified crystals of sodium chloride have been determined by the method of "crystal flotation" in pure ethylene dibromide. The results yield ${d}_{27.634\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}}=2.16165\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00002\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{ml}},$ which reduces to ${d}_{20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}=2.16366\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00003\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{ml}}.$It is found that six successive precipitations of NaCl in the manner employed by Richards and Wells in their determination of the atomic weights of sodium and of chlorine are required to effect purification to constant density (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} about ${4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ g/ml), and also that exposure to air produces surface contamination sufficient to cause erratic changes in apparent density that may amount to as much as ${5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ g/ml within a few minutes. Combination of our value for ${d}_{\mathrm{NaCl}}$ with that of C. A. Hutchison and H. L. Johnston for ${d}_{\mathrm{LiF}}$ and with Straumanis, Ievins, and Karlsons' value for the lattice constant of LiF relative to the Siegbahn value for NaCl yields 0.443640\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000025 for the ratio of the molecular weights of LiF and NaCl, respectively. With the adoption of 22.997 (International Atomic Weight Committee) for the atomic weight of sodium, this ratio yields 18.994\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 for the atomic weight of F. With the adoption of 22.994 (Birge) for sodium, the F atomic weight comes out 18.992. Either of these figures is in reasonable agreement with the value 22.995\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002, based on densities and lattice constants of fluorite and calcite, and with the gas density determinations for compounds of F, but are somewhat lower than the mass spectrograph value of 18.999\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 for ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$. It appears that the determination of relative molecular weights by combination of x-ray and density data are as reliable, in favorable cases, as by other standard atomic weight methods. In calcite, fluorite, and rock salt crystals, used to obtain the data underlying these computations, there is no evidence of any appreciable influence of "crystal mosaic" patterns which Zwicky thought might influence crystal densities by as much as 1 percent.
Without the ‘ism: thoughts about equity and social justice in music education

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a pragmatic view of music education—one that considers the presence or absence of music instruction in US schools, the quality of that instruction, and the opportunities for professional growth available to music teachers in those schools—is a necessary part of discussions related to social justice and equity in music education. The results of a 1999–2000 survey administered by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the US Department of Education serve as the basis for this discussion of the distribution of music education ‘goods and services’ for students in US schools. Inconsistencies between the statistical ‘micro’ view and other ‘macro’ views, ranging from qualitative research to anecdotal evidence collected in casual conversations, suggest that those concerned with social justice and equity in music education must learn to move ‘back and forth’ between the policy-oriented macro view and the situation-specific micro view.
Cognitive and behavioral deficits in premature graduates of intensive care

The survival rates of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, including those born at the cutting limits of viability, continue to improve. It has become increasingly apparent, as follow-up has extended into school age and young adulthood, that a large number of such infants are exhibiting neurobehavioral problems. It is estimated that the academic achievement of approximately 30% to 50% is in the subnormal range, fewer graduate from high school, 20% to 30% exhibit the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and approximately 25% to 30% are affected by psychiatric disorders at adolescence. This has occurred at a time when there has been a concomitant reduction in the occurrence of known neonatal neurosonographic correlates of adverse outcome (ie, severe intraventricular hemorrhage). Potential contributing factors include the inherent vulnerability of the premature brain during a critical period of development, numerous medical problems and treatment strategies specific to prematurity, and stressful environmental conditions. This article focuses on the pathogenesis and potential clinical and stressful environmental factors that are predisposing to long-term neurobehavioral problems in VLBW infants in the absence of overt neurosonographic abnormalities.
12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid reduces prostacyclin production by endothelial cells.

Abstract 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), a lipoxygenase product released by activated platelets and macrophages, reduced prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) formation in bovine aortic endothelial cultures by as much as 70%. Maximal inhibition required 1 to 2 h to occur and after 2 hr, a concentration of 1 μM 12-HETE produced 80% of the maximum inhibitory effect. 5-HETE and 15-HETE also inhibited PGI 2 formation. The inhibition was not specific for PGI 2 ; 12-HETE reduced the formation of all of the radioactive eicosanoids synthesized from [1- 14 C]arachidonic acid by human umbilical vein endothelial cultures. Inhibition occurred in the human cultures when PGI 2 formation was elicited with arachidonic acid, ionophore A23187 or thrombin. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to HETEs may compromise the antithrombotic and vasodilator properties of the endothelium by reducing its capacity to produce eicosanoids, including PGI 2 .
Genetic cause of X-linked Alport syndrome in a family of domestic dogs.

Alport syndrome is a hereditary disease of type IV (basement membrane) collagens that occurs spontaneously in humans and dogs. In the human, X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) is caused by mutations in COL4A5, resulting in absence of type IV collagen α5 chains from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of affected individuals. The consequence of this defect is progressive renal failure, for which the only available treatments are dialysis and transplantation. Recent studies support the prospect of gene transfer therapy for Alport syndrome, but further development of required technologies and demonstration of safety and efficacy must be accomplished in a suitable animal model. We previously identified and have propagated a family of mixed-breed dogs with an inherited nephropathy that exhibits the clinical, immunohistochemical, pathological, and ultrastructural features of human XLAS. To identify the causative mutation, COL4A5 cDNAs from normal and affected dogs were sequenced in their entirety. Sequence analyses revealed a 10-bp deletion in exon 9 of affected dogs. This deletion causes a frame-shift that results in a premature stop codon in exon 10. Characterization of the causative mutation was followed by development of an allele-specific test for identification of dogs in this kindred that are destined to develop XLAS.
The story in the floors: Chemical signatures of ancient and modern Maya activities at Aguateca, Guatemala

Abstract Soil chemical analysis has been one of the most active and promising areas among the recent innovations in household archaeology. Ancient inhabitants unintentionally left chemical imprints of daily activities, providing important clues as to past practices and space use, which are difficult to judge from artifactual data alone. Soil chemical testing in the Maya region is particularly promising given the highly calcareous nature of the soils derived from the carbonate geology of the region, as calcium ions and soil alkalinity render phosphorous, iron, and other metallic ions insoluble. This paper reports the results of soil chemical analysis of modern and ancient residential structures at the archaeological park of Aguateca, Guatemala. An ethnoarchaeological study of the guards’ living quarters and archaeological data from rapidly abandoned Classic-period residences provided opportunities to refine an understanding of the relationship between human activities and soil chemical signatures. Both cases exhibited good correlations of high phosphorous concentrations in soils with food processing, consumption, and disposal. High levels of heavy metals in the modern structures probably derived from the filing of machetes and the disposal of flashlight batteries, whereas the use of mineral pigments and craft activities appear to have contributed to the concentrations of these elements in archaeological contexts.
Inter-Observer Agreement on the Diagnosis of Neurocardiogenic Injury Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neurocardiogenic injury results from increased sympathetic nervous system activation following acute brain injury. No diagnostic criteria for neurocardiogenic injury exist, and agreement has not been tested. We investigated the agreement by neurointensivists for the presence of neurocardiogenic injury on routine cardiac studies. Six neurointensivists rated 100 consecutive cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) for the presence of neurocardiogenic injury. A fixed-panel design was employed for the agreement among the whole cohort, as well as stratified by modified Fisher Scale (mFs), Hunt and Hess grade, gender, and the presence of elevated cardiac enzymes. Overall percent agreement, paired agreement, and agreement above change (Fleiss’ Kappa) were calculated. Overall percent agreement between groups was compared using Chi square tests. Six raters completed the survey for a total 600 responses. Overall percent agreement was 79.3 %, and agreement among cases at least one rater thought had neurocardiogenic injury was 66.5 % (paired agreement). Fleiss’ Kappa was 0.66 (95 % CI, 0.1–0.71; p < 0.0001), indicating substantial agreement above chance. Similarly, on subgroup analysis, significant agreement beyond chance was seen in all groups (p < 0.001). Overall percent agreement was significantly better among mFs 3–4 compared to mFs ≤ 2 (81.3 vs. 63.6 %; p = 0.018) and among cases with positive cTI (96.9 vs. 70.1 %; p ≤ 0.001). Overall, we demonstrated substantial agreement for the presence of neurocardiogenic injury on early cardiac studies following aSAH. However, inter-observer variability increased when evaluating patients without the objective finding of elevated cTI and among those with lower clinical and radiographic grades.
Simultaneous Ammonia and Toluene Decomposition on Tungsten-Based Catalysts for Hot Gas Cleanup

The current paper reports the results of a study of the simultaneous decomposition of NH3 and toluene on sulfur tolerant nonconventional tungsten-based catalysts [tungsten carbide (WC) and tungstated zirconia (WZ)] at temperatures <750 °C in the presence of H2, CO, CO2, and H2O, such as it would be present in hot gas cleanup following biomass gasification. Toluene was chosen as a model compound to represent tars. The effects of addition of each gasification gas component on the activities of WC and WZ for NH3 and toluene decomposition were investigated. The NH3 and toluene decomposition reactions were conducted at typical hot gas cleanup conditions of 700 °C and 1 atm. In the absence of gasification gases, low activities were observed for toluene decomposition on WC and WZ while complete conversion of 4000 ppm of NH3 was observed at space velocities of 5 800 000 and 385 000 h−1 for WC and WZ, respectively. The presence of H2, CO, CO2, and H2O had a somewhat negative impact on the high activities of WC and...
ACTIVITY OF CATALASE IN THE RED CELL.

Summary The activity of catalase (H2O2:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) in the horse erythrocyte and its ability to protect haemoglobin against oxidation by peroxide have been studied. Both catalase and haemoglobin are shielded by a permeability barrier in the intact cell, presumably the red-cell membrane. Once H2O2 has penetrated this barrier it reacts with haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and catalase at the same rates as when it reacts with the same substances isolated in vitro. Catalase in the intact red cell is fully active both catalatically and peroxidatically and shows a normal sensitivity to inhibitors. It is capable of destroying between 99.0 and 99.9% of H2O2 entering the cell. Under the present conditions the role of catalase in protecting haemoglobin from oxidation to methaemoglobin was found to be much greater than that of glutathione peroxidase. The consequences of the present findings for the problems of the physiological role and evolution of catalase are discussed.
The time-symmetric initial value problem for a homogeneous, anisotropic, empty, closed universe, using Regge calculus

Models for a homogeneous, anisotropic, empty, closed universe at a particular moment of time are constructed from sets of empty tetrahedra. It is shown using Regge calculus that only two such models have a moment of time symmetry.
Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks

High-throughput techniques are leading to an explosive growth in the size of biological databases and creating the opportunity to revolutionize our understanding of life and disease. Interpretation of these data remains, however, a major scientific challenge. Here, we propose a methodology that enables us to extract and display information contained in complex networks1,2,3. Specifically, we demonstrate that we can find functional modules4,5 in complex networks, and classify nodes into universal roles according to their pattern of intra- and inter-module connections. The method thus yields a ‘cartographic representation’ of complex networks. Metabolic networks6,7,8 are among the most challenging biological networks and, arguably, the ones with most potential for immediate applicability9. We use our method to analyse the metabolic networks of twelve organisms from three different superkingdoms. We find that, typically, 80% of the nodes are only connected to other nodes within their respective modules, and that nodes with different roles are affected by different evolutionary constraints and pressures. Remarkably, we find that metabolites that participate in only a few reactions but that connect different modules are more conserved than hubs whose links are mostly within a single module.
Pelvic pathology after hysterectomy a pictorial essay

Hysterectomy, one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures, leads to characteristic changes in the appearance of the pelvis on imaging studies. Women who have had a hysterectomy are often at risk for several complications, both benign and malignant, that are frequently evaluated with cross-sectional imaging. This pictorial essay explores the appearance of the normal pelvis after hysterectomy as well as the many complications that can occur, stressing the appropriate utilization of such studies and correlation with clinical history to aid in patient management.
Further studies on the nature of the components in serum which inhibit mouse bone collagenase

Horse serum prepared free of trypsin inhibitors by passing it through a column of insolubilized trypsin (trypsin covalently bound to Sepharose 4B) no longer inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity. Of the various serum fractions tested, only two (beta-lipoprotein, which is a rich source of alpha-2-macroglobulin, and alpha-globulin) significantly inhibited mouse bone collagenase activity. Only the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction of horse serum chromatographed on Bio-gel P-150 inhibited both mouse bone collagenase activity and trypsin activity. The alpha-1-antitrypsin fraction did not inhibit mouse bone collagenase activity, but did inhibit trypsin activity. Affinity chromatography of horse serum on Sepharose 4B to which trypsin had been covalently bound revealed inhibitory activity towards both trypsin and mouse bone collagenase in the fraction containing alpha-2-macroglobulin. The results suggest that the component in serum which inhibits mouse bone collagenase activity may be identical with the trypsin inhibitor present in the alpha-2-macroglobulin fraction. Serum and mouse bone collagenase chromatographed on the Bio-gel column did not bind together and the collagenase emerged at its own elution volume without loss of enzymatic activity. This suggests that an enzyme inhibitor complex (if it exists) is easily dissociable. Similar results to those above were obtained using mouse serum.
Aeroelastic Airfoil with Free Play at Angle of Attack with Gust Excitation

A theoretical and experimental aeroelastic study of a typical airfoil section with control surface free play for nonzero angle of attack in low subsonic flow is presented. The study includes the flutter and limit cycle oscillation behavior and also the linear and nonlinear aeroelastic responses excited by periodic gust loads. The theoretical approach uses Peters's finite state airloads model. The experimental investigation has been carried out in the Duke University wind tunnel using a rotating slotted cylinder gust generator. The theoretical and experimental results show that the self-excited aeroelastic limit cycle oscillation is sensitive to the effect of initial pitch angle. For the gust response, the effect of initial pitch angle is smaller for the plunge and pitch responses and is larger for the flap response. The fair to good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment verifies that the present analytical approach has reasonable accuracy and good computational efficiency for nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis of such systems.
Evaporative heat and mass transfer from the free surface of a liquid wicked into a bed of spheres

Evaporation of ethanol from square packed arrays of 3.95 mm diameter copper spheres in a transparent, enclosed chamber is investigated. The enclosure ensures that relatively saturated vapor conditions exist near the free surface. The desired heat flux is imposed on the copper substrate upon which the copper spheres are mounted, and the liquid level in the bed is maintained by wicking from a continuous supply of liquid provided by a syringe pump. Transparent windows in the enclosure allow for visualization of the evaporating liquid meniscus shape, which is recorded for different liquid feeding rates and heat fluxes. Experimentally measured meniscus profiles are compared to analytical results based on surface-energy minimization. A meniscus microregion is defined from the contact line to the length where the liquid thickness reaches 10 μm. An approximate kinetic theory-based analysis estimates that up to ∼55% of the total meniscus mass transfer occurs in this microregion.
"Growing" Measures for Monitoring Progress in Early Childhood Education: A Research and Development Process for Individual Growth and Development Indicators

General outcome measurement has emerged as a "best practice" and empirically validated set of procedures for assessing the academic and behavioral development of children and youth, particularly in...
VCSEL tolerance to optical feedback

It is demonstrated that optical feedback in singlemode VCSELs only induces a reasonable power penalty when the modulation speed is below the resonance frequency, thus enabling low-cost implementation for VCSELs without optical isolators.
Evaluation of pressure ulcer prevalence rates for hospice patients post-implementation of pressure ulcer protocols

Hospice patients may be particularly at risk for pressure ulcer development due to several factors. Identifying populations at risk for pressure ulcer development, such as hospice patients, and providing prevention and risk protocols for these populations can substantially reduce the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers. However, are hospice patients prone for skin break-down despite prevention and treatment efforts? This study examines the prevalence of pressure ulcers in hospice patients following the implementation of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment protocols. Levine’s theory of conservation of structural integrity formed the theoretical frame work for this descriptive study. A midwestern hospital-based hospice agency was the site for this study. All patients 18 years of age and older were included in the study. Pressure ulcer prevalence audits were done at four, eight, 12, and 18 months after protocols were outlined by the hospice staff Results of the audits revealed prevalence rates of...
Atomic absorption study of lead release from lead crystal: Computer-assisted data analysis

Abstract Two samples of lead crystal ware were found to release lead in substantial concentrations into vinegar stored in the containers. Although both cruets would technically meet FDA safety guidelines, the fact that such vessels are frequently used for long term storage would still result in their posing a potential health hazard. The phenomenon of acid hardening of the glass was observed, and markedly lowered the rate of lead release. Such acid hardening is recommended as a means of reducing hazard due to the leaching of lead. The two vessels were quite dissimilar in their susceptibilities to attack by acid. One vessel was found to be less resistant to acid attack in its deeper layers, while an opposite trend was evidenced for the other. The heretofore unknown phenomenon of “half-concentration” was discovered. Computer analysis of the data generated reliable mathematical models for the lead release process.
Absolute Temperature Scale between 4.2° and 5.2°K

The vapor pressure of helium has been determined between 4.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 5.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using a constant volume gas thermometer. An equation is proposed which fits the experimental data closely, and gives temperatures which differ by a maximum of 0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the currently accepted values. The reliability of the value of the boiling point of helium and the thermodynamic consistency of the properties of liquid helium near the boiling point are discussed.
Light trapping limits in plasmonic solar cells: an analytical investigation

We analytically investigate the light trapping performance in plasmonic solar cells with Si/metallic structures. We consider absorption enhancements for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at planar Si/metal interfaces and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) for metallic spheres in a Si matrix. We discover that the enhancement factors at Si/metal interfaces are not bound to the conventional Lambertian limit, and strong absorption can be achieved around plasmonic resonant frequencies. In addition, those enhancements are greatly reduced as the fields decay away from the Si/metal interfaces. Therefore, localized plasmonic resonances can be used as efficient light trapping schemes for ultrathin Si solar cells (< 50 nm), while photonic guided mode enhancement is more appropriate for thicker films.
Microscopic theory of polymer-mediated interactions between spherical particles

We develop an analytic integral equation theory for treating polymer-induced effects on the structure and thermodynamics of dilute suspensions of hard spheres. Results are presented for the potential of mean force, free energy of insertion per particle into a polymer solution, and the second virial coefficient between spheres. The theory makes predictions for all size ratios between the spheres and the polymer coil dimension. Based on the Percus–Yevick (PY) closure, the attractive polymer-induced depletion interaction is predicted to be too weak under athermal conditions to induce a negative value for the second virial coefficient, B2cc, between spheres in the colloidal limit when the spheres are much larger than the coil size. A nonmonotonic dependence of the second virial coefficient on polymer concentration occurs for small enough particles, with the largest polymer-mediated attractions and most negative B2cc occurring near the dilute–semidilute crossover concentration. Predictions for the polymer-medi...
Enhancement of flow-induced motion of rigid circular cylinder on springs by localized surface roughness at 3×104≤Re≤1.2×105

Abstract Passive turbulence control (PTC) in the form of selectively distributed surface roughness is applied on a rigid circular cylinder on two end-springs. The cylinder is placed perpendicular to a uniform steady flow and the cylinder response is measured experimentally for 3×104≤Re≤1.2×105 and broad ranges of the main PTC parameters. PTC consists of two roughness strips placed parallel to the cylinder axis and symmetrically to the flow with thickness on the order of the boundary layer thickness. Different flow-induced motion (FIM) is observed depending primarily on the circumferential location of the two strips. FIM enhancement is studied in this paper in the soft galloping and the two hard galloping zones identified in the PTC-to-FIM Map. In galloping, amplitudes of oscillation reach 2.9 times the cylinder diameter limited only by the free-surface and bottom-boundary effects of the experimental facility. The galloping range follows the VIV range thus expanding dramatically the FIM range. Enhancement of FIM is needed to convert more hydrokinetic energy to mechanical and subsequently to electrical energy over broad velocity range. Use of laser broad field-of-view visualization reveals very different vortex structures between VIV and galloping confirming the fundamentally different driving mechanism of these two FIM kinds.
Effects of Recorded Models on Novice Teachers' Rehearsal Verbalizations, Evaluations, and Conducting.

In this study, the authors investigated effects of aural model—supported rehearsal preparation on selected behavioral and evaluative elements of novice teachers’ rehearsals. Sixteen preservice music teachers conducted high school bands in four 15-minute rehearsals (two rehearsals on two different pieces).To prepare for their rehearsals on one piece, participants were given only the conductor score, while for the other piece, they were given both a score and a recorded model of the piece on an audio compact disc.Video recordings of all 64 rehearsals were systematically observed for teachers’ verbalizations across several musical and teaching variables. Participants also completed post-rehearsal evaluations of their teaching and of the ensemble’s playing. Differences between conditions were small, with teachers’ verbalizations reflecting a proportionally greater concern for accuracy in the model-supported condition. Evaluations of rehearsals were less self-directed and were more critical of the ensemble, a ...
“It’s Sort of My Calling”: The Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility of Latino Immigrant-Origin Young Adults

The aim of this study was to describe civic patterns of engagement of Latino first- and secondgeneration (immigrant-origin) young adults and to provide insights into what differentiates these patterns. Based on 58 in-depth interviews with 18- to 25-year-olds of Dominican, Mexican, and Central American origin, the authors first established variations in different levels of civic engagement profiles. The authors then analyzed the characteristics that distinguish these civic profiles, considering demographic variables (generation, gender, education level, and undocumented status) as well as motivations for civic engagement. Two thirds of first- and second-generation participants were actively engaged, though variations in patterns emerged across civic profiles; undocumented status appeared a particularly salient driver of engagement. The authors found that rather than being instrumentally and individually motivated, Latino immigrant-origin young adults were primarily motivated to be civically engaged by soci...
Immunotherapy as an adjunct to surgery in the treatment of cancer.

A review of results obtained from numerous clinical trials of immunotherapy for various histological types of cancer serves to emphasize the many discrepancies in the various protocols. Even so, adjuvant immunotherapy in both man and animals has been shown to be relatively nontoxic and to have systemic activity. Definitive results must await long-term follow-up of patients, although in general some therapeutic benefit has been obtained by patients with melanoma and by selected patients with carcinoma of the lung. Adjuvant immunotherapy trials for other types of cancer are still in the preliminary phases. Because therapeutic benefit has not been definitely established, this treatment must be considered highly experimental. Clearly, adjuvant immunotherapy in its present form is not a panacea, but when criteria for methodology, immunologic agents, route, and schedule of administration have been thoroughly identified, it may prove to be a most beneficial adjunctive treatment for selected patients with cancer.
Human albumin solders for clinical application during laser tissue welding

Background and Objective Fifty percent human albumin solder significantly improves weld strength when compared to lower concentrations [Wright et al., ASLMS meeting, April, 1995]. We developed a method for preparing 50% human albumin that may be considered compatible for clinical applications. Study Design/Materials and Methods Fifty percent human albumin solder was prepared from 25% commercially available human albumin using a lyophilization technique. Assessment of sterility, viscosity, pH, and peak absorption wavelength were performed. Results This report describes the metrology used to prepare a 50% human albumin solder that is compatible with clinical use. Maintenance of the structural integrity of the albumin was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conclusion This solder preparation can be used alone or with the addition of exogenous chromophores. The final product is sterile, incorporates viral free protocols, maintains high viscosity, and can be applied easily during open or laparoscopic procedures. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Behind closed doors: Sex bias at professional and managerial levels

U.S. companies have made important strides in combating sex discrimination in the workplace over the last two decades, but more subtle forms of sex bias still exist, often in decisions and behaviors that occur behind closed doors. This paper focuses on sex bias at professional and managerial levels. It explores sources of sex bias in the informal culture, selection and recruitment, task assignment, performance appraisal, promotion, and salary allocation, and then suggests action steps to help reduce sex bias in each of these areas.
Scaling down the European model of agriculture: the case of the Rural Environmental Protection Scheme in Ireland

Recent reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy have led to much discussion of the European multifunctional model of agriculture in both policy and academic circles. Accordingly, European agriculture provides numerous social and environmental benefits and as a result should be supported through a system of payments which directly target those benefits. The agri-environmental measures specified under pillar II of the Common Agricultural Policy are supposed to exemplify the multifunctional model of agriculture, and the macro-level debates surrounding the introduction and evolution of these measures have been the subject of much scholarly research. However, very little research has been conducted into how the actors responsible for implementing these measures at the local level react to the macro-level definitions and interpretations of agri-environmental problems and their solution. This article examines the specific case of the Rural Environmental Protection Scheme in Ireland, focusing on how this scheme is viewed by diverse actors (farmers, government officials, and environmentalists) in the environmentally sensitive area known as the Burren, how these views complement or contradict the narrative of multifunctional agriculture promoted at the EU level of governance, and how this narrative is mediated by a national agri-environmental policy community. Results suggest the need to consider how policy narratives and instruments prominent at the macro-global level of governance enter into the life-worlds, cultures, and ecologies of a variety of actors at the national and local levels of governance, and in the process are reinterpreted, resisted, and transformed.
Educational Standards in the 50 States: 1990.

This report describes state educational standards in effect for the 1989–90 school year and is the third report in a series that has tracked state standards since 1984–85. The first part of the report summarizes state educational standards for the 1989–90 school year and the changes that took place across the states between 1984–85 and 1989–90. The second part of the report contains individual profiles of each of the 50 states. These profiles present more detailed information on student standards (testing, high school graduation requirements, attendance, and other policies); teacher standards (teacher preparation, certification and relicensing, and staff development); school and school district standards (minimum length of the school year and school day, and curriculum requirements); and public school choice programs.
Ranking and unranking of B-trees

Abstract Algorithms are presented for the ranking, unranking, and generation of all B -trees of order m with n leaves. The algorithms take time proportional to the sizes of their output. It is shown how a search graph can be constructed to aid in the ranking and unranking of B -trees.
The diabetic foot examination: A positive step in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers and amputation

This paper proposes to introduce a method of performing the diabetic foot examination through introduction of a modified version of the cardinal techniques of examination (inspection, palpation, peripheral vascular or neurologic assessment, and auscultation), more consistent with the sequence taught in physical diagnosis classes in medical schools. The modified sequence should reduce physician time while improving efficiency and effectiveness, utilizing a physical examination sequence model with which the physicians are familiar and can easily adopt and apply in a consistent manner. Regardless of the technique employed, this paper hopes to remind primary care providers of the importance of incorporating a diabetic foot examination or screening tool as part of their practice.
Haemolysis in vivo by therapeutic intensities of ultrasound

Abstract Therapeutic intensities of MHz ultrasound directed at the upper abdominal area of rats in vivo resulted in damage to the circulating red blood cells. This damage was detected as free haemoglobin in the plasma as well as microspheres and spherocytic cell fragments which are characteristically produced when blood is heated to more than 49°C. The magnitude of this effect increased with increasing frequency of the ultrasound and was dependent upon the time-averaged intensity, even when the ultrasound was delivered as bursts of high spatial peak intensities. Thermal lesions were found above 10 W/cm 2 SP at 1 MHz and above 3 W/cm 2 SP at 3.4 MHz. These results show that the observed blood cell damage is primarily a thermal effect which occurs as the blood perfuses anatomical structures which are being heated by the ultrasound beam.
Effects of cephalic hypotension, hypertension, and barbiturates on fetal cerebral flood flow and metabolism.

The effect of altered perfusion pressure (cephalic arterial pressure minus sagittal venous pressure) on cerebral blood flow was examined in chronically catheterized fetal sheep under ganglionic blockade. Perfusion pressure was decreased by partial inflation of a brachiocephalic artery occluder and increased by an intravenous angiotensin II infusion. Cerebral flood flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. On average, 45% ± 3% (SEM) reductions in perfusion pressure were accompanied by 49% ± 4% decreases in cerebral blood flow. Increases in perfusion pressure of 42% ± 3% were associated with 45% ± 7% increments in cerebral flood flow. The cerebral oxygen consumption was not significantly altered in either case. We also investigated the effect of pentobarbital on fetal cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebral blood flow at normal and at altered perfusion pressure. At normal perfusion pressure pentobarbital caused a 27% ± 5% decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption that was associated with a 44% ± 4% decrement in cerebral blood flow and a slight widening of the arteriovenous oxygen content gradient. In this hypometabolic cerebral state, alterations in perfusion pressure were again accompanied by proportional changes in cerebral blood flow. Both perfusion pressure and the cerebral oxygen consumption appear to be important determinants of fetal cerebral blood flow.
Nondestructive determination of lead-210 and radium-226 in sediments by direct photon analysis

A method is described for the non-destructive determination of210Pb and226Ra in sediments. The procedure is based on the direct counting of the 46.5-keV γ-ray of210Pb and the 351.9-keV γ-emission of214Pb. The self-absorption of the 46.5-KeV γ-ray is corrected using a technique involving direct gamma transmission measurements on sample and efficiency calibration standard. Several reference materials when assayed by the described method yielded results in general agreement with the certified values. The application of the method is illustrated through the analysis of the excess210Pb profile of a Lake Ontario sediment core.
Treating the Brain Deep Down: Brain surgery for anorexia nervosa?

Using brain surgery, specific areas in the brain can be stimulated with electrical impulses to reversibly change their activity and alleviate symptoms related to mental illnesses. This so-called deep brain stimulation and other methodological advances that even more selectively activate specific groups of neurons can give us clues as to what neural circuitry is involved in a particular mental disorder and whether therapeutic activation of these brain areas and neurons may be effective. In "Bedside to Bench", Eric Nestler discusses two trials of individuals with anorexia nervosa in which deep brain stimulation of different brain areas resulted in improvement of behavioral domains associated with the syndrome. The results and potential of this technique in animals and humans may bring us closer to understanding the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa, which still remains a mystery and poses a challenge for treatment. In "Bench to Bedside", Jennifer Warner-Schmidt peruses recent findings that uncover the functional connectivity of brain regions involved in depression and how activation of cortical regions can result in antidepressant effects that can compensate for the malfunction of other brain circuits that results in depression.
Magnetic susceptibility cyclicity and magnetic dissolution in Cretaceous limestones of the southern Alps (Italy)

Sampling of a reversed polarity interval previously reported from limestones of the “Albian” Valle del Mis section (Southern Alps, Italy) indicates that it represents a recording of chron M3 of Barremian age rather than a brief reversed polarity ‘event’ in the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron (K-N). Hysteresis measurements suggest that magnetic susceptibility in these limestones is dominated by the paramagnetic clay fraction. Bulk magnetic susceptibility values exhibit a cyclicity which is correlated with the 100-kyr Milankovitch eccentricity cycle. The stable record of reversed polarity is interrupted at six stratigraphically narrow intervals (< 1 m) by the apparent lack of any mineral having a stable remanent magnetization. I suggest these “paleomagnetic barren” intervals mark selective dissolution of magnetite related to increases in organic carbon. Such dissolution may explain some patterns of magnetization and re-magnetization observed in world-wide carbonates.
Social deficits and interpersonal relationships in autism

In autism, many of the building blocks of interpersonal relationships, such as communication, social cognition, and processing of emotional signals, are impaired. In spite of these deficits, children with autism are able to establish relationships with their parents, siblings, and peers, although these relationships are frequently more limited than those of other children. This paper reviews the literature on the social deficits and interpersonal relationships of autistic individuals, with a focus on the possible impact of the former on the latter. We conclude by suggesting that more information about the effects of social deficits on relationships in autism would expand our view of the disorder and would provide direction for interventions. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:65–72. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Remembering of prose: holistic or piecemeal losses?

Abstract According to B. R. Gomulicki (1956, Acta Psychologica , 12 , 77–94), as passages lengthen, the abstractive process in forgetting results in deletions or “omissions that progress from single adjectives, through short descriptive phrases, to longer phrases which are only incidental to the main theme”. Here, five experiments are reported which test the idea that the unit of omission in longer passages is the phrase rather than the individual word. Analyses of the remembering of words within a phrase, as compared with word pairings drawn from two different phrases, provided evidence on the respective incidences of holistic and independent remembering of words. Independent remembering of words was evident when learners had the contextual support of surrounding text. Holistic remembering, in contrast, was evident primarily when retrieval demands were high and rememberings were scored for gist.
Fiber-optic interferometric point thermometer

Abstract A modulation technique suitable for short optical fiber interferometric sensors is presented. This is a passive technique that makes use of modal properties of highly birefringent fiber to generate quadrature output components. Experimental results are presented for 2 miniature, remote Fabry-Perot interferometers fabricated from 2 different types of highly birefringent fiber using this signal processing method.
Cloud structure and heating rates in the atmosphere of Venus

Ground-based observations and Venera 8 entry-probe measurements are used to infer the vertical distribution of cloud particles in the atmosphere of Venus. In the cloud-top region, from a few millibars to a few hundred millibars pressure, the mixing ratio of cloud particles to gas increases with depth. The visible clouds are diffuse with a scale height about one-half of the gaseous atmosphere. Although the presence of significant vertical structure could escape detection by available observations, the diffuse haze appears to extend over at least 20 km in altitude. The Venera 8 measurements suggest considerable vertical structure in the deep atmosphere. A unique solution for the cloud structure is not possible, but if it is assumed that the cloud optical properties are independent of height, then some characteristics of the relative cloud structure can be deduced. Under this assumption, the results show a maximum cloud density near 40 km, a nearly homogeneous particle mixing in the region from about 40 to 50 km, and a fairly sharp cloud bottom near 30 km. Relative maxima in the cloud density are also implied near 55 and 10 km, but with much greater uncertainty.