cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo simulations of elemental imaging using the neutron-associated particle technique.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to develop and employ a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation model of associated particle neutron elemental imaging (APNEI) in order to determine the three-dimensional (3D) imaging resolution of such a system by examining relevant physical and technological parameters and to thereby begin to explore the range of clinical applicability of APNEI to fields such as medical diagnostics, intervention, and etiological research. METHODS The presented APNEI model was defined in MCNP by a Gaussian-distributed and isotropic surface source emitting deuterium + deuterium (DD) neutrons, iron as the target element, nine iron-containing voxels (1 cm3 volume each) arranged in a 3-by-3 array as the interrogated volume of interest, and finally, by high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray detectors anterior and posterior to the 9-voxel array. The MCNP f8 pulse height tally was employed in conjunction with the PTRAC particle tracking function to not only determine the signal acquired from iron inelastic scatter gamma-rays but also to quantitate each of the nine target voxels' contribution to the overall iron signal - each detected iron inelastic scatter gamma-ray being traced to the source neutron which incited its emission. RESULTS With the spatial, vector, and timing information of the series of events for each relevant neutron history as collected by PTRAC, realistic grayscale images of the distribution of iron concentration in the 9-voxel array were simulated in both the projective and depth dimensions. With an overall 225 ps timing resolution, 6.25 mm2 imaging plate pixels assumed to have well localized scintillation, and a DD neutron, Gaussian-distributed source spot with a diameter of 2 mm, projective and depth resolutions of < 1 cm and <3 cm are achievable, respectively, for iron-containing voxels on the order of 1,000 ppm Fe. CONCLUSIONS The imaging resolution offered by APNEI of target elements such as iron lends itself to potential applications in disease diagnosis and treatment planning (high resolution) as well as to ordnance and contraband detection (low resolution). However, experimental study beyond simulation is required to optimize the layout and electronic configuration of APNEI system components - including realistic shielding and phantom materials - for background signal reduction in order to accurately determine the detection limits and spatial resolution of iron and other elements of interest on a case-by-case basis.
Properties of coupled-cluster equations originating in excitation sub-algebras

In this paper, we discuss properties of single-reference coupled cluster (CC) equations associated with the existence of sub-algebras of excitations that allow one to represent CC equations in a hybrid fashion where the cluster amplitudes associated with these sub-algebras can be obtained by solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem. For closed-shell formulations analyzed in this paper, the hybrid representation of CC equations provides a natural way for extending active-space and seniority number concepts to provide an accurate description of electron correlation effects. Moreover, a new representation can be utilized to re-define iterative algorithms used to solve CC equations, especially for tough cases defined by the presence of strong static and dynamical correlation effects. We will also explore invariance properties associated with excitation sub-algebras to define a new class of CC approximations referred to in this paper as the sub-algebra-flow-based CC methods. We illustrate the performance o...
Experiential and Transformative Learning Through Community Service in China

According to the statistics from the Institute of International Education (2015), from 2003/04 to 2013/14, of the total US students studying abroad, the percentage of those in semester-long programs decreased from 38.1% to 31.9%, and participants in year-long programs also dropped from 6% to 2.9%. By contrast, the number of students in various short-term programs increased. For instance, participants in summer term programs grew from 37% to 38.1%; more sub-divided models were offered for students to experience learning abroad.
The Mathematics of F.W. Gehring

By widespread consensus, the modern theory of quasiconformal mappings had its birth in a 1954 Journal D’Analyse article of Lars Ahlfors that presented the first systematic treatment of various definitions for quasiconformal mappings in the correct generality; i.e., with no a priori smoothness imposed on the mappings Before the Ahlfors paper, authors had largely elected to side-step the smoothness issue by considering quasiconformality only within the category of diffeomorphism. From the seeds planted by Ahlfors in that paper have developed three main ways of introducing quasiconformal mappings in the setting of Euclidean n-space, giving rise to the so-called metric, analytic and geometric definitions. (We refer the reader to Vaisala ‘s article in this volume for further details on this subject.) The metric definition, which indeed makes sense for homeomorphisms between arbitrary metric spaces, stipulates uniform control over the infinitesimal distortion of spheres. It is arguably the most natural of the three definitions — and usually the easiest to verify in practice — but would appear, on the surface, to be less restrictive than either the analytic or the geometric definition. It was an open problem throughout most of the 1950s whether a homeomorphism between plane domains that satisfied the conditions of the metric definition would meet the requirements of the other two, seemingly stronger, definitions. In his first paper dealing with quasiconformal mappings [13], Gehring settled this question in the affirmative. The ingenious methods he pioneered in that paper remained for many years the only route to deriving regularity properties of quasiconformal mappings starting from minimal smoothness assumptions. They played a crucial part, for example, in Mostow’s work on the rigidity of hyperbolic space forms. More importantly as far as the present narrative is concerned, [13] was the public announcement of Fred’s baptism into the quasiconformal persuasion.
An Overview of Methods for Identification of E. coli O157:H7

Since it was first recognized as a pathogen in 1982, E. coli O157:H7 has caused numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases of foodborne illness, which sometimes resulted in death. The devastation that can be caused by this microorganism has driven the development of improved methods for its detection and identification in foods in recent years. This overview describes various methods currently in use for analysis of food for E. coli 0157:H7; it is not a comprehensive review, but is categorical, describing the various methods by type. Other reviews of methods for E. coli 0157:H7 have also been published.1,2,3
Nursing Issues Related to Post-Transplant Patients and Their Families

1 Transplant patients are at risk for developing post-transplant psychiatric problems, most commonly delirium, depression, and anxiety. 2 Transplantation imposes a significant impact on patients, as well as family members. Therefore, the psychological needs of the family unit should be addressed. 3 The advanced practice nurse (APN) functioning as a clinician, educator, consultant, or researcher has the knowledge and clinical skills to provide continuity of care for patients and family members during the transplant process.
Propagation of a stable gaseous detonation in a circular arc configuration

Abstract We examine numerically the effect that detonation wavefront curvature has on gaseous detonation cellular structure in a circular arc geometry with rigid walls. For the model considered, a planar detonation is weakly unstable. The detonation curvature is induced by diffraction and flow divergence as the wave sweeps around the arc. We examine the effect of arc thickness, inner arc radius and activation energy on the cellular pattern. A combination of pseudo-Schlieren, pseudo-soot foil records and detonation shock and sonic flow loci are used to explore the observed detonation structures. We find that for sufficiently wide arcs, the detonation wavefront curvature renders the detonation hydrodynamically stable, i.e. laminar flow with no cells. The stable configuration consists of a broadly curved wave originating from the inner arc surface, which is typically connected to the outer arc boundary by a stable Mach stem. The stable detonation is driven by a small region of subsonic flow attached to the inner arc surface, outside of which the flow is supersonic. The initiation dynamics of a stable propagating wave case are explored. The evolution dynamics between an unstable (cellular) and stable arc thickness are also examined. Smaller inner arc radii and lower activation energies increase the range of stable solutions.
Demonstration of Tunable Optical Single-Sideband Generation of 20-Gbit/s OOK and PAM4 Data Channels

A tunable optical single-sideband generation using optical frequency combs and nonlinear wave-mixing is experimentally demonstrated for 20-Gbit/s OOK and PAM4 channels. The system performance is investigated by tuning the number and spacing of comb lines.
Nonlinear statistical data assimilation for HVC$$_{\mathrm{RA}}$$RA neurons in the avian song system

With the goal of building a model of the HVC nucleus in the avian song system, we discuss in detail a model of HVC$$_{\mathrm{RA}}$$RA projection neurons comprised of a somatic compartment with fast Na$$^+$$+ and K$$^+$$+ currents and a dendritic compartment with slower Ca$$^{2+}$$2+ dynamics. We show this model qualitatively exhibits many observed electrophysiological behaviors. We then show in numerical procedures how one can design and analyze feasible laboratory experiments that allow the estimation of all of the many parameters and unmeasured dynamical variables, given observations of the somatic voltage $$V_\mathrm{s}(t)$$Vs(t) alone. A key to this procedure is to initially estimate the slow dynamics associated with Ca, blocking the fast Na and K variations, and then with the Ca parameters fixed estimate the fast Na and K dynamics. This separation of time scales provides a numerically robust method for completing the full neuron model, and the efficacy of the method is tested by prediction when observations are complete. The simulation provides a framework for the slice preparation experiments and illustrates the use of data assimilation methods for the design of those experiments.
Rapid and Inexpensive Preparation of Genome-Wide Nucleosome Footprints from Model and Non-Model Organisms

Abstract Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into nucleosomes, the smallest repeating unit of chromatin. The positions of nucleosomes determine the relative accessibility of genomic DNA. Several protocols exist for mapping nucleosome positions in eukaryotic genomes in order to study the relationship between chromatin structure and DNA-dependent processes. These nucleosome mapping protocols can be laborious and, at minimum, require two to three days to isolate nucleosome-protected DNA fragments. We have developed a streamlined protocol for mapping nucleosomes from S. cerevisiae liquid culture or from patches on solid agar. This method isolates nucleosome-sized footprints in three hours using 1.5 ml tubes with minimal chemical waste. We validate that these footprints match those produced by previously published methods and we demonstrate that our protocol works for N. crassa and S. pombe. A slightly modified protocol can be used for isolation of nucleosome-protected DNA fragments from a variety of wild fungal specimens thereby providing a simple, easily multiplexed and unified strategy to map nucleosome positions in model and non-model fungi. Finally, we demonstrate recovery of nucleosome footprints from the diploid myeloid leukemia cell line PLB-985 in less than three hours using an abbreviated version of the same protocol. With reduced volume and incubation times and a streamlined workflow, the described method should be compatible with high-throughput, automated creation of MNase-seq libraries. We believe this simple validated method for rapidly producing sequencing-ready nucleosome footprints from a variety of organisms will make nucleosome mapping studies widely accessible to researchers globally.
Identification of a predominant cognitive phenotype in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background and purpose Cognitive impairment occurs frequently in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the prevalence and clinical characteristics of cognitive MS phenotype are not well established. The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical course and neurocognitive impairment of patients with MS meeting an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)-defined cognitive phenotype. Methods A total of 2302 patients from the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis at Brigham and Women's Hospital (CLIMB) study were studied. Predominant cognitive MS phenotype was defined as EDSS Cerebral Functional System (FS) subscore ≥3 and remaining EDSS FS subscores ≤2 on at least one clinical visit. Demographic/clinical characteristics, phenotype stability and neurocognitive domain impairment of these subjects were assessed. Results A total of 60 of 2302 (2.6%) patients (age 52.8 ± 10.8 years, 68% female, 82% relapsing MS) met criteria for phenotype designation. A total of 29 of 60 (48%) were designated within 10 years of their presenting MS symptom. The mean cohort annualized relapse rate was 0.38 and EDSS score at last clinical assessment was 3.2 ± 1.3. Cognitive phenotype status was poorly sustained, with only 27% of subjects maintaining Cerebral FS score ≥2 throughout all follow-up. However, predominant cognitive phenotype subjects with clinical neuropsychiatric testing [n = 39/60 (65%)] frequently had cognitive impairment (1.5 SD below mean) in ≥1 domain [n = 30/39 (77%) of subjects] affecting memory, attention/executive function and processing speed. A total of 11 of 39 (28%) patients had severe-range cognitive impairment (3.0 SD below mean). Cognitive phenotype designation was associated with low rate of employment at last clinical assessment. Conclusion Predominant cognitive MS phenotype is rare, although an EDSS-based definition identifies patients with multidomain cognitive impairment and may serve as a practical screen for identification of patients who might warrant close monitoring of neurocognitive status.
“Katz activities of daily living disability in older cancer survivors by age, stage, and cancer type”

The purpose of this study was to describe ADL impairments using the Katz ADL Index by cancer type, stage, and age in older cancer survivors. Cross-sectional data from cohorts 9-14 (year 2006-2013) of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results national cancer registry and Medicare Health Outcomes Survey linkage were used to describe ADL performance using the Katz ADL Index. Mean Katz scores and frequency of ADL disability were reported across cancer types for all eight cancers (colon, lung, breast, prostate, bladder, kidney, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, uterine) and by stage and age for the four large cancers (colon, lung, breast, prostate). In this sample of 6,973 cancer survivors, ADL deficits were the greatest in uterine cancer survivors (μ = 4.72, SD = 1.44). When considering age, Katz scores were most impaired in breast (μ = 3.90, SD = 1.93) and prostate survivors (μ = 4.35, SD = 1.84) age > 85 years. When considering stage, Katz scores were most impaired in stage four survivors of prostate (μ = 4.14, SD = 1.82) or breast (μ = 4.43, SD = 2.05) cancer. Across all cancer types and age groups, with the exception of stage 4 prostate cancer, ADL deficits were consistently impaired in the same order, from most impaired to least: continence, transfers, bathing, dressing, toileting, and, lastly, feeding. Screening for ADL impairments is needed for older cancer survivors as Katz ADL disability differs by cancer type, stage, and age with greater impairment with advanced age and stage. Interventions to address ADL limitations should be considered for older cancer survivors.
How do Retirees’ Spending Patterns Change over Time?

Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS), we examine spending behavior of older Americans for the 50–64, 65–74, and 75-or-older age groups between 2005 and 2017, biennially. Average annual total spending is lower for households in older age groups compared with those in younger age groups. Housing is the largest spending category for every age group, and in all survey years studied except 2017, the median share of households’ budgets allocated to housing expenses was smaller for older households. On average, households spent less on food as they grew older, and the average dollar amount spent on work-related expenses such as transportation and clothing declined by age. The average amount spent on entertainment declined by age, and older households allocated a larger share of their budgets to gifts and contributions. The share of health care costs in households’ budgets increased with age. However, the average annual share of health costs for the 65–74 and 75-or-older age groups declined after 2007, the year after Medicare Part D went into effect. Across all age groups, for low-income households, a larger share of expenses was spent on housing and food compared with high-income households. This increased spending on necessities was offset by a reduction in the average share of spending on entertainment and gifts and contributions. Median total income was lower for households in older age groups. In addition, they had higher median spending-to-income ratios than younger age groups. The fraction of households who spent more than their income increased with age. However, the average amount overspent was lower for older age groups compared with younger age groups. Median non-housing wealth increased with age but leveled off and even declined as households reached ages 75 or older. In addition, it was much lower for households with deficits — those who have spent more than their income — than for households without deficits.
SLC6A14 and SLC38A5 Drive the Glutaminolysis and Serine-Glycine-One-Carbon Pathways in Cancer.

The glutaminolysis and serine–glycine–one-carbon pathways represent metabolic reactions that are reprogramed and upregulated in cancer; these pathways are involved in supporting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Glutaminolysis participates in the production of lactate, an oncometabolite, and also in anabolic reactions leading to the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. The serine–glycine–one-carbon pathway is involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and the control of the epigenetic signature (DNA methylation, histone methylation) in cancer cells. Methionine is obligatory for most of the methyl-transfer reactions in the form of S-adenosylmethionine; here, too, the serine–glycine–one-carbon pathway is necessary for the resynthesis of methionine following the methyl-transfer reaction. Glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine are obligatory to fuel these metabolic pathways. The first three amino acids can be synthesized endogenously to some extent, but the need for these amino acids in cancer cells is so high that they also have to be acquired from extracellular sources. Methionine is an essential amino acid, thus making it necessary for cancer cells to acquire this amino acid solely from the extracellular milieu. Cancer cells upregulate specific amino acid transporters to meet this increased demand for these four amino acids. SLC6A14 and SLC38A5 are the two transporters that are upregulated in a variety of cancers to mediate the influx of glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine into cancer cells. SLC6A14 is a Na+/Cl− -coupled transporter for multiple amino acids, including these four amino acids. In contrast, SLC38A5 is a Na+-coupled transporter with rather restricted specificity towards glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine. Both transporters exhibit unique functional features that are ideal for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. As such, these two amino acid transporters play a critical role in promoting the survival and growth of cancer cells and hence represent novel, hitherto largely unexplored, targets for cancer therapy.
Evaluation of Finite-State Dynamic Inflow for Rotors

In an effort to evaluate the accuracy of the finite-state dynamic inflow of Peters and He (“Finite State Induced Flow Models Part II: Three-Dimensional Rotor Disk,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 32, No...
Using Serde to Serialize and Deserialize DIS PDUs

Serialization is the process of translating a data structure into a format that can be stored and/or transmitted, and then subsequently reconstructed at a later time to create an identical clone of the original. The use of data serialization assures data objects can be transmitted, stored, and reliably reconstructed across differing computer architectures, even with different data type sizes or endianness, with no additional effort.Serializing the data in an architecture-independent format prevents the problems of byte ordering, memory layout, or representing data structures in different programming languages. This is especially important in the context of live, virtual, and constructive (LVC) simulation environments where multiple geographically separated computers, each with many independent threads, are connected and must communicate with as little latency as possible to remain near "real-time" like in terms of responsiveness.In this paper, we demonstrate the use of Serde, a Rust-based systems programming language crate, to serialize and deserialize IEEE standard Distribute Interactive Simulation (DIS) Protocol Data Units (PDUs) to support DIS-based network interoperability. The results show that Serde is an efficient mechanism for serialization/deserialization when using the inherently safe Rust programming language.
Overcoming Barriers to Radiation Oncology Access in Low-Resource Settings in the United States.

Abstract Providing high-quality radiation therapy in medically underserved, low-resource environments can be challenging in the United States. During the American Society of Radiation Oncology 2020 Annual Meeting, the American Society for Radiation Oncology Committee on Health Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion hosted 4 radiation oncologists from both academic and community practices in an educational session. Speakers discussed creative ways to overcome barriers to equitable cancer care and outcomes for their vulnerable patient populations in both rural and urban settings. Successful tactics have included applying for state-sponsored grants, lobbying hospital leadership for equipment upgrades, implementing quality improvement programs specifically targeting the needs of the patient population, studying novel hypofractionation schedules, monitoring toxicities using wearable devices, and expanding transportation options.
A Multicommodity Flow Formulation and Edge Exchange Heuristic Embedded in Cross Decomposition for Solving Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree Problem

This chapter presents a new mathematical formulation, which is based on multicommodity flow, for a classical capacitated minimum spanning tree problem. It also demonstrates the performance of Van Roy’s cross decomposition algorithm for solving the capacitated minimum spanning tree can be significantly improved by incorporating an edge exchange heuristic algorithm at a tremendous saving in the computational effort. The results also reveal that the proposed algorithm is very competitive with Lagrangian original algorithm in terms of solution quality. The use of the new formulation and the proposed algorithm which take better advantage of the problem structure, especially that of the dual subproblem, provide a large potential for improvement.
Hesitation: Impulsivity and Reflection

Clarification Routes and Measurement Culture and Society Personality Other Persons Situations Desirability and Value Training Appendix Recommended Readings Bibliography Index
Number and numbers

Number Must Be Thought. I Genealogies: Frege, Dedekind, Peano, Cantor. 1 Greek Number and Modern Number. 2 Frege. 3 Additional Note on a Contemporary Usage of Frege. 4 Dedekind. 5 Peano. 6 Cantor: 'Well-Orderedness' and the Ordinals. II Concepts: Natural Multiplicities. 7 Transitive Multiplicities. 8 Von Neumann Ordinals. 9 Succession and Limit. The Infinite. 10 Recurrence, or Induction. 11 Natural Whole Numbers. III Ontology of Number: Definition, Order, Cuts, Types. 12 The Concept of Number: An Evental Nomination Additional Notes On Sets Of Ordinals. 13 Difference and Order of Numbers. 14 The Concept of Sub-Number. 15 Cuts: The Fundamental Theorem. 16 The Numberless Enchantment of the Place of Number. IV Operational Dimensions. 17 Natural Interlude. 18 Algebra of Numbers. 19 In Conclusion: From Number to Trans-Being. Index.
The advanced technology development center (ATDC)

NASA is building the Advanced Technology Development Center (ATDC) to provide a 'national resource' for the research, development, demonstration, testing, and qualification of Spaceport and Range Technologies. The ATDC will be located at Space Launch Complex 20 (SLC-20) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida. SLC-20 currently provides a processing and launch capability for small-scale rockets; this capability will be augmented with additional ATDC facilities to provide a comprehensive and integrated in situ environment. Examples of Spaceport Technologies that will be supported by ATDC infrastructure include densified cryogenic systems, intelligent automated umbilicals, integrated vehicle health management systems, next-generation safety systems, and advanced range systems. The ATDC can be thought of as a prototype spaceport where industry, government, and academia, in partnership, can work together to improve safety of future space initiatives. The ATDC is being deployed in five separate phases. Major ATDC facilities will include a Liquid Oxygen Area; a Liquid Hydrogen Area, a Liquid Nitrogen Area, and a multipurpose Launch Mount; 'Iron Rocket' Test Demonstrator; a Processing Facility with a Checkout and Control System; and Future Infrastructure Developments. Initial ATDC development will be completed in 2006.
Acrodynia: A note on the pathologic physiology

Summary The data herein reviewed support the suggestion that the manifestations of acrodynia are dependent upon a diffuse disorder of the central nervous system with associated involvement of the autonomic nervous system. The mechanism by which the symptoms and physical signs of acrodynia are produced is, in large measure, traceable to a diffuse stimulation of the autonomic nervous system with involvement and overactivity not only of the sympathetic but also of the parasympathetic divisions of this system.
The texas breast screening project: Part i. mammographie and clinical results

The 1987 Texas Breast Screening Project was designed to educate women about the benefits and safety of mammographic screening. During the 2-week promotion, 109,339 women called toll-free telephone numbers to inquire about the program, and 64,459 (65%) of 99,650 eligible callers had $50 mammograms at 306 participating community radiology centers. Biopsies were obtained for 1,122 women (1.7% of those screened), and the ratio of benign to malignant biopsy results was 4.2:1. Among the women having biopsies, 214 cancers were found (3.3 cancers per 1,000 women screened). Forty-seven percent of the tumors were not palpable, 80% were smaller than 2 cm, and 72% were clinicopathologic stage 0 or I. These results show that women will respond to an invitation to attend mammographic screening, and that community radiology centers can detect large numbers of early, curable breast cancers.
Coseismic and postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake constrained by GRACE gravimetry

[1] Spaceborne gravimetry data from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) are processed using spatio-spectral Slepian localization analysis enabling the high-resolution detection of permanent gravity change associated with both coseismic and postseismic deformation resulting from the great 11 March 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The GRACE observations are then used in a geophysical inversion to estimate a new slip model containing both coseismic slip and after-slip. The GRACE estimated moment for the total slip, up to the end of July 2011 is estimated as (4.59 ± 0.49) × 1022 N m, equivalent to a composite Mw of 9.07 ± 0.65. If the moment for the Tohoku-Oki main shock is assumed to be 3.8 × 1022 N m, the contribution from the after-slip is estimated to be 3.0 × 1021–12.8 × 1021 N m, in good agreement with a postseismic slip model inverted from GPS data. We conclude that GRACE data provide an independent constraint to quantify co- and post-seismic deformation for the Tohoku-Oki event.
Extending the path for efficient extreme ultraviolet sources for advanced nanolithography

Developing efficient light sources for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is one of the most important problems of high volume manufacturing (HVM) of the next generation computer chips. Critical components of this technology are continued to face challenges in the demanding performance for HVM. Current investigations of EUV and beyond EUV (BEUV) community are focused on the dual-pulse laser produced plasma (LPP) using droplets of mass-limited targets. Two main objectives as well as challenges in the optimization of these light sources are related to enhancement of the conversion efficiency (CE) of the source and increase components lifetime of the collector optical system. These require significant experimental and computer simulation efforts. These requirements call for fine detail analysis of various plasma physics processes involved in laser target interactions and their effects on source optimization. We continued to enhance our comprehensive HEIGHTS simulation package and upgrade our CMUXE laboratories to study and optimize the efficiency of LPP sources. Integrated modeling and experimental research were done to both benchmark simulation results and to make projections and realistic predictions of the development path for powerful EUVL devices for HVM requirements. We continued the detail analysis of dual-pulse laser systems using various laser wavelengths and delay times between the two pulses. We showed that the efficiency of EUV sources can be improved utilizing the higher harmonics of Nd:YAG laser for the prepulse and the first harmonics for the main pulse, while still having lower efficiency than the combination involving CO2 laser in the range of parameters studied in this case. The differences in optimization process as well as in the source characteristics for two combinations of laser wavelengths were analyzed based on details of atomic and hydrodynamics processes during the evolving plasma plumes.
Bureaucracy and Student Performance in US Public Schools

This paper tests the hypothesis that monopoly power of school districts allows bureaucratic expansion and fosters poor academic performance in the public school system in California. Evidence indicates that monopoly power is positively associated with employment of administrators and teachers, and therefore supports the bureaucratic expansion hypothesis. While numbers of teachers do not influence performance measures, numbers of administrators are shown to positively affect performance - results that suggest that too many teachers, but too few administrators, are employed. While bureaucracy theory may explain the resource misallocation, other reasons might include rising public pressures on hiring teachers over administrators, spending equalization policies, and the weak California economy in the period under investigation.
Dopamine D1 receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase, not phospholipase C, in the nucleus accumbens promotes maternal behavior onset in rats

Abstract A body of evidence supports the idea that the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system modulates the natural increase in responsiveness female rats show toward offspring (biological or foster) at birth. In the absence of the full hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and birth, female rats do not show immediate responsiveness toward foster offspring. Activation of the mesolimbic DA system can produce an immediate onset of maternal behavior in these females. For example, female rats that are hysterectomized and ovariectomized on day 15 of pregnancy (15HO) and presented with pups 48 hours later normally show maternal behavior after 2–3 days of pup exposure, but will show maternal behavior on day 0 of testing after microinjection of the DA D1 receptor agonist, SKF 38393, into the nucleus accumbens (NA) at the time of pup presentation. DA D1 receptor stimulation is known to activate cAMP intracellular signaling cascades via its stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). However, some DA D1 receptors are also linked to phospholipase C (PLC) and are capable of activating phosphatidylinositol signaling cascades. SKF 38393 stimulates both types of D1 receptors. Here we provide evidence that the facilitatory effects of DA D1 receptor stimulation in the NA on maternal behavior are mediated by AC-linked DA D1 receptors. By examining the effects of intra-NA application of SKF 83822, a drug which selectively binds DA D1–AC receptors, or SKF 83959, a drug which selectively activates D1–PLC-linked receptors, we find that only SKF 83822 facilitates maternal behavior onset.
Adenosine deaminase gene amplification in deoxycoformycin-resistant mammalian cells.

Abstract Deoxycoformycin (dCF)-resistant mutants of rat hepatoma, mouse LMTK − , and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been isolated and shown to overproduce adenosine deaminase (ADA). The overproduction of ADA was found to be due to ADA-gene amplification in rat and mouse cells but not in CHO cells. Deoxycoformycin-resistant rat hepatoma cells have large HSRs (homogeneously staining regions), mouse cells carry DMs (Double minutes), and CHO cells do not appear to have any gross chromosomal anomalies. When dCF-resistant rat hepatoma and mouse cells are selected by increasing the concentration of the inhibitor in small increments, there is a good correlation between the increase in ADA gene copy number and the increase in the level of expression of ADA, suggesting that all of the amplified genes are equally active in the expression of ADA.
TheChallenger launch decision: case and teaching note

The following is a brief reconstruction of the major events preceding the launch of the Space Shuttle Challengeron January 28th, 1986, based upon testimony offered at the hearings of the Presidential Commission (1986).
The body of Charlie Brown’s teacher: What instructors should know about constructing digital subjectivities

Abstract Although scholars from multiple fields, including rhetoric and composition, have studied and theorized how computer users can construct empowered subject positions with digital writing technologies, we have yet to articulate a rhetorical process for composing digital subjectivities. Past work has presented some unrealistic expectations related to digital empowerment and subjectivity. As compositionists and as digital rhetoricians, we need to develop and articulate rhetorical strategies that may lead to instructor empowerment. Here I examine rhetorical situations experienced by instructors, and I explore how they might use writing technologies to rhetorically position themselves in the classroom. To not only successfully revise their subjectivity, but also to teach students how to compose digital subjectivities, instructors should consider the ideologies that define the rhetorical situation, their knowledge of the technologies, and the ideologies that the computer industries have written into the technology.
Quantitation of the sensory response in bacterial chemotaxis

A quantitative assay for the stimulus-response relationship in bacterial chemotaxis has been developed by measurement of tumble frequency. Application of the assay has shown an additive relationship between changes in receptor occupancy and recovery times. Tumble suppression is related to the change in receptor occupancy and not to its rate of change. The results can be explained in terms of varying levels of a tumble regulator.
“Secret” Casualties: Images of Injury and Death in the Iraq War Across Media Platforms

This study examined more than 2,500 war images from U.S. television news, newspapers, news magazines, and online news sites during the first five weeks of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and found that only 10% showed injury or death. The paper analyzes which media platforms were most willing to show casualties and offers insights on when journalists should use gruesome war images or keep them secret.
Evidence for interspecific transfer of the transposable element mariner between Drosophila and Zaprionus.

The transposable element mariner occurs widely in themelanogaster species group ofDrosophila. However, in drosophilids outside of themelanogaster species group, sequences showing strong DNA hybridization with mariner are found only in the genusZaprionus. the mariner sequence obtained fromZaprionus tuberculatus is 97% identical with that fromDrosophila mauritiana, a member of themelanogaster species subgroup, whereas a mariner sequence isolated fromDrosophila tsacasi is only 92% identical with that fromD. mauritiana. BecauseD. tsacasi is much more closely related toD. mauritiana than isZaprionus, the presence of mariner inZaprionus may result from horizontal transfer. In order to confirm lack of a close phylogenetic relationship between the genusZaprionus and themelanogaster species group, we compared the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) sequences among these species. The results show that the coding region of Adh is only 82% identical betweenZ. tuberculatus andD. mauritiana, as compared with 90% identical betweenD. tsacasi andD. mauritiana. Furthermore, the mariner gene phylogeny obtained by maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses is discordant with the species phylogeny estimated by using the Adh genes. The only inconsistency in the mariner gene phylogeny is in the placement of theZaprionus mariner sequence, which clusters with mariner fromDrosophila teissieri andDrosophila yakuba in themelanogaster species subgroup. These results strongly suggest horizontal transfer.
New perspectives on flux pinning in niobium-titanium composite superconductors

Abstract The critical current densities of a Nb-46.5 wt% Ti multifilamentary composite given various combinations of heat treatments have been measured. Transmission electron microscopy has been performed on the wires at various stages in the fabrication so that the changes in flux pinning behavior produced by processing can be related to the microstructure. Models are proposed to explain the mechanisms of flux pinning due to the microstructures produced by final size heat treatments and by heat treatments followed by additional drawing. The microstructures produced by a single heat treatment at final size are sufficiently simple that a grain boundary flux pinning force can be derived. This pinning force is found to vary by more than a factor of three depending on the heat treatment. This result is also found to hold for the earlier data on Neal et al. [Acta metall. 19, 143 (1971)]. We conclude that the flux pinning of Nb-Ti alloys is not well-described by an inverse grain size dependence except under very restricted circumstances.
Catching up with the technological frontier:Micro-level evidence on growth and convergence

In this article we study how firm heterogeneity influences productivity catching up using plant-level data from Mexico. The article addresses three issues: first, it evaluates the process of convergence towards the global versus the local technological frontier in a middle-income country such as Mexico. Second, it systematically evaluates the role of technological efforts in determining the speed of convergence towards each of these technological frontiers. Third, it assesses the role of openness and trade integration in determining the speed of convergence and presents a horse race between integration and technological effort in explaining the determinants of heterogeneity in influencing the process of convergence toward both the domestic and the global technological frontier. Our results suggest that building firm-level technological capabilities is important for catching up with the global frontier. A policy focused on trade alone will facilitate convergence towards the best technological practices available locally, but it will fall short of encouraging convergence with the global frontier. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
At the limit of nondispersive micro- and nanofocusing mirror optics

We describe x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror designs with the potential to produce hard x-ray beams of 40 nm or smaller. The x-ray quality mirrors required to achieve the desired performance can be fabricated by differential deposition on ultra-smooth surfaces, or by differential polishing. Various mirror systems designed for nanofocusing to ~40 nm and below are compared. The performance limits of total-external-reflection mirrors are compared with the limits of multilayer mirrors that can potentially focus to an even smaller spot size. The advantages of side-by-side Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors are evaluated and more advanced, four-mirror systems with significantly greater geometrical demagnification are discussed. These systems can potentially reach 5 - 20 nm focal spot sizes for multilayer and total-external-reflection optics respectively.
An assessment of the role of cytoplasmic-genetic systems in hybrid wheat production

F ollowing early Japanese research on cytoplasmic male sterility in the 1950s, Wilson and Ross (1962a) established the existence of usable male sterility (CMS) in wheat from the interaction of the common wheat nucleus with Trtttcum timopheevi cytoplasm. Shortly thereafter, Schmidt et al. (1962) and Wilson and Ross (1962b) found that they could restore fertility to the "Bison" CMS line by crossing it with a T. timopheevi bread ~,,heat derivative. This prompted extensive research into hybrid wheat in the United States, and in several other countries. Twenty years of hybrid wheat research have resulted in considerable genetic progress. During the first decade of hybrid wheat research, efforts were directed largely toward perfecting the system, and the two major difficulties encountered were those of securing adequate male-fertdlty restoration and demonstrating standard heterosis for grain yield. During the second decade of research considerable progress has been made in improving male fertility restoration and, as breeders have broadened their germplasm pools, improved levels of heterosls have been obtained. Commercial wheat hybrids have been marketed in the United States since 1974, but acreages have remained limited. Considerable attention is now focussed on improving the economics of hybrid seed production and in utilizing techniques that will enable hybrid wheat to stay ahead of the genetic gains being made by conventional breeding procedures. This article provides a brief assessment of some of the problems encountered and progress made in using a cytoplasmic-genetic system, and some future trends are examined.
Patient-physician e-mail: an opportunity to transform pediatric health care delivery.

Objective The objectives of this study were to assess the patterns of patients who use a patient-physician e-mail service, measure physician time required to answer a patient question via e-mail compared with that via telephone, and determine the satisfaction of families who are provided e-mail access to their child's rheumatologist. Methods A consecutive series of patients' families were offered e-mail access during a 2-year period. Data regarding patient e-mail use were collected, including urgency of message, subject matter, message volume, and time of day of messaging. The duration of the pediatric rheumatologist's e-mail interactions and telephone interactions with patients was measured using a stopwatch. After 1 year of enrollment in the patient-physician e-mail service, families were mailed a 12-item satisfaction survey regarding their e-mail experience. Results A total of 306 of 328 families who were offered patient-physician e-mail access enrolled, and 121 used the service. The patients sent 40% of their e-mails outside business hours. Messages that were urgent (notification of disease flare, notification of new symptoms, or parent expectation of same-day response) made up 5.7% of the e-mails sent to the physician. Messages that required emergent attention made up 0.002% of the e-mails to the physician. Answering patient questions by e-mail was 57% faster than using the telephone for the physician. The physician received 1.2 e-mails per day from patients. The families who responded to the survey agreed that patient-physician e-mail increased access to the physician and improved the quality of care. The families did not find that patient-physician e-mail distanced them from their child's doctor. Conclusions Patient-physician e-mail is a service that patients will use given the opportunity. The e-mail service enables physicians to answer medical questions with less time spent compared with telephone messaging. In our experience in an academic pediatric subspecialty practice, patients reported enhanced communication and access with the e-mail service.
Imaging of subacute blood-brain barrier disruption after methadone overdose.

BACKGROUND Methadone intoxication can cause respiratory depression, leading to hypoxia with subsequent coma and death. Delayed postanoxic leukoencephalopathy (DAL) has been reported with intoxication by carbon monoxide, narcotics, and other toxins. OBJECTIVE To investigate the metabolic derangement of the white matter (WM) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) after DAL caused by methadone overdose. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Case report of 2 patients with DAL after a single dose of “diverted” methadone used for pain control. RESULTS In both cases brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed initial extensive bilateral restricted diffusion lesions within the WM. Follow-up MRI using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) showed markedly lower N-acetylaspartate and higher choline within the WM. BBB permeability, calculated by Patlak graphical analysis of MRI T1 data obtained after contrast agent injection, showed disruption of the BBB within the WM lesions, which persisted longer than a year in 1 patient. Neuropsychological evaluation showed executive dysfunction in both patients. After 1 year, one patient recovered whereas the second remained impaired. CONCLUSIONS Methadone overdose can cause DAL with profound disturbances of neural metabolism and the BBB. The time course of these disturbances can be monitored with MR methods.