cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Randomized Trials of Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Studies in Primary Care

The field of consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry has developed a variety of research interventions to try to improve the recognition and treatment of mental disorders in primnary care. The authors review the results of three generations of randomnized trials of mental health imiterventions developed by C-L psychiatrists. In general, these trials have been more successful in improving detection of mental illness and increasing the application of mental health treatments by primary care physicians than in chnging patient outcomes. The results of these randomized trials are interpreted by using models developed in the health services field.
Demethylation of trimethadione and metharbital by rat liver microsomal enzymes: Substrate concentration-yield relationships and competition between substrates☆

Abstract A study has been made of the relationship between substrate concentration and yield and of competition between substances in the demethylation of trimethadione (3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione) and metharbital (5,5-diethyl-1-methyl barbituric acid) by microsomal enzymes of rat liver. The syntheses of trimethadione-14C and metharbital-14C for use as substrates are described. Trimethadione has a much lower affinity for the demethylating enzyme or enzymes than has metharbital. Each of the two substrates has an inhibitory effect on the demethylation of the other. 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO), the product of dimethylation of trimethadione, has an inhibitory effect about equal to that of trimethadione on the demethylation of metharbital. DMO also inhibits the demethylation of trimethadione.
Availability of Alternatives and the Processing of Scalar Implicatures: A Visual World Eye-tracking Study.

Two visual world experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a "gumball paradigm." On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with orange and blue gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs dropped to the lower chamber, creating a contrast between a partitioned set of gumballs of one color and an unpartitioned set of the other. Participants then evaluated spoken statements, such as "You got some of the blue gumballs." Experiment 1 investigated the time course of the pragmatic enrichment from some to not all when the only utterance alternatives available to refer to the different sets were some and all. In Experiment 2, the number terms two, three, four, and five were also included in the set of alternatives. Scalar implicatures were delayed relative to the interpretation of literal statements with all only when number terms were available. The results are interpreted as evidence for a constraint-based account of scalar implicature processing.
Consumer decision making within a goal‐driven framework

Research and theory in consumer decision making has been dominated by a perspective that assumes that a consumer knows what product category he or she needs. This limited view has resulted in equating consumer decisions with brand choice. The purpose of this article is to provide a framework for considering a wider range of consumer decision-making processes by linking them to different goals that consumers might pursue. A hierarchical goal structure consisting of four levels of goals; abstract principles or values, action programs, more concrete product acquisition, and brand acquisition goals, is proposed as the theoretical construct which ties together a wide range of consumer decision making phenomena. An experiment in which consumers think out loud in contemplating two levels of more familiar or unfamiliar goals reveals that their thoughts are constrained by the proposed goal hierarchy. The goals provide a useful framework for understanding decision-making processes involving product level consideration, set generation, and the evaluation of those self-generated sets. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transport characteristics of peptides and peptidomimetics: I. N‐methylated peptides as substrates for the oligopeptide transporter and P‐glycoprotein in the intestinal mucosa

Peptides and peptidomimetics often exhibit poor oral bioavailability due to their metabolic instability and low permeation across the intestinal mucosa. N-Methylation has been used successfully in peptide-based drug design in an attempt to improve the metabolic stability of a peptide-based lead compound. However, the effect of N-methylation on the absorption of peptides through the intestinal mucosa is not well understood, particularly when transporters, i.e. the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), modulate the passive diffusion of these types of molecules. To examine this, terminally free and terminally modified (N-acetylated and C-amidated) analogs of H-Ala-Phe-Ala-OH with N-methyl groups on either the Ala-Phe or Phe-Ala peptide bond were synthesized. Transport studies using Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa, showed that N-methylation of the Ala-Phe peptide bond of H-Ala-Phe-Ala-OH stabilized the molecule to protease degradation, and the resulting analog exhibited significant substrate activity for OPT. However, N-methylation of the Phe-Ala peptide bond of H-Ala-Phe-Ala-OH did not stabilize the molecule to protease degradation, and the substrate activity of the resulting molecule for OPT could not be determined. Interestingly, N-methylation of the Phe-Ala peptide bond of the terminally modified tripeptide Ac-Ala-Phe-Ala-NH2 decreased the substrate activity of the molecule for the efflux transporter P-gp. In contrast, N-methylation of the Ala-Phe peptide bond of the terminally modified tripeptide Ac-Ala-Phe-Ala-NH2 increased the substrate activity of the molecule for P-gp.
Just a spoonful of sugar helps the blood pressure go up.

While thoroughly endearing, Mary Poppins isn’t a doctor, and her medical advice is highly suspect. Hypertension, both as a primary phenomenon and as a component of the metabolic syndrome, has been ...
Calculated signal-to-noise ratio of MRI detected with SQUIDs and Faraday detectors in fields from 10 μT to 1.5 T

We examine the calculated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achievable with different MRI detection modalities in precession fields ranging from 10 microT to 1.5 T. In particular, we compare traditional Faraday detectors with both tuned and untuned detectors based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). We derive general expressions for the magnetic field noise due to the samples and the detectors, and then calculate the SNR achievable for a specific geometry with each modality with and without prepolarization. We show that each of the three modalities is superior in one of the three field ranges. SQUID-based detection is superior to conventional Faraday detection for MRI in precession fields below 250 mT for a 65 mm diameter surface coil placed a distance of 25 mm from the voxel of interest embedded in a cylinder of tissue 50 mm tall and of radius 50 mm. This crossover field, however, is sensitive to the geometry.
Efficient Tracking in a Network of Sleepy Sensors

We study the problem of tracking an object that is moving randomly through a dense network of wireless sensors. We assume that each sensor has a limited range for detecting the presence of the object, and that the network is sufficiently dense so that the sensors cover the area of interest. In order to conserve energy the sensors may be put into a sleep mode with a timer that determines the sleep duration. We assume that a sensor that is asleep cannot be communicated with or woken up. Thus the sleep duration needs to be determined at the time the sensor goes to sleep based on all the information available to the sensor. The objective is to track the location of the object to within the accuracy of the range of the sensor. However, having sleeping sensors in the network could result in tracking errors, and hence there is a tradeoff between the energy savings and the tracking error that results from the sleeping actions at the sensors. We consider the design of sleeping policies that optimize this tradeoff.
Planning English referring expressions

Abstract This paper describes a theory of language generation based on planning. To illustrate the theory, the problem of planning referring expressions is examined in detail. A theory based on planning makes it possible for one to account for noun phrases that refer, that inform the hearer of additional information, and that are coordinated with the speaker's physical actions to clarify his communicative intent. The theory is embodied in a computer system called kamp , which plans both physical and linguistic actions, given a high-level description of the speaker's goals.
The ALS Gun Electronics system

The ALS Gun Electronics system has been designed to accommodate the gun with a custom made socket and a high speed electronics circuit which is capable of producing single and multiple electron bunches with time-jitters measured at better than 50 ps. The system generates the gated RF signal at ground level before sending it up to the 120 kV-biased gun deck via a fiber optic cable. The current pulse width as a function of grid bias, using an Eimac 8847A planar triode simulating an electron gun, was measured to show the relationship between the two parameters. >
A laser-based people tracker

Describes a method for real-time tracking of people in everyday environments, using multiple planar laser range-finders. People tracking is a well-studied problem in machine vision; we adapt some of those methods to laser range-finders. We group range measurements into entities such as blobs and objects, and use a Kalman filter to estimate trajectories for these objects. The filter is able to generate smooth trajectories, even when objects are occluded. The paper presents our evaluation of the tracker's performance in a series of four experiments.
Joseph Margolis, John Rawls, and the Mentally Retarded

In his paper [6], Joseph Margolis criticizes the attempt to use universal moral principles to understand the moral status of the mentally retarded. In doing so, Margolis has made an important contribution to our appreciation of the difficulties of moral reasoning. A candid appraisal of the capacities of ethics to deliver generally successful moral arguments leads to the conclusion that they are extremely limited. Moreover, when such arguments are delivered, they often support positions we may not have wished in the beginning to embrace. Also, the more one looks, the more complicated things are shown to be. Intellectual honesty will require acknowledging the weaknesses, accepting the inescapable conclusions, and living with the complexities, no matter how painful these may be. It would be much simpler if one could straightforwardly harness a major intellectual account, such as that of John Rawls, to the service of the establishment of the rights of the mentally retarded [8].
EHV AC Parallel Transmission Line Calculations with Application to the Near Resonance Problem

The use of shunt reactors with EHV transmission lines has introduced new problems, one of which is induction of high voltages on a de-energized circuit of two parallel lines. This paper presents the matrix equations used in developing a digital computer program which takes into account the effects of electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, distributed lines, and transposition. The computer program may also be used to calculate the effects of shunt reactors, series capacitors, and loads. The equations can be adapted to a wide range of applications, although the examples for this paper have been limited to the near resonance problem of parallel transmission lines.
Optical and Magneto-optical modeling of Ultra-thin Film Multilayers

A Method for calculation of the optical and magneto-optical response of multilayered structures in which the layers are atomically thick is presented. The method can be used to calculate the response of any flim which has arbitrary compositional varaiation in the direction normal to the film plane as well. Calculations are presented for Tb/Co compositionally modulated alloys.
Evolving complete robots with CPPN-NEAT: the utility of recurrent connections

This paper extends prior work using Compositional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPNs) as a generative encoding for the purpose of simultaneously evolving robot morphology and control. A method is presented for translating CPPNs into complete robots including their physical topologies, sensor placements, and embedded, closed-loop, neural network control policies. It is shown that this method can evolve robots for a given task. Additionally it is demonstrated how the performance of evolved robots can be significantly improved by allowing recurrent connections within the underlying CPPNs. The resulting robots are analyzed in the hopes of answering why these recurrent connections prove to be so beneficial in this domain. Several hypotheses are discussed, some of which are refuted from the available data while others will require further examination.
Constructing Colonial Dharma: A Chronicle of Emergent Hinduism, 1830–1831

L'article est consacre au journal bengalais Samacar Candrika de 1830 a 1831 qui montre l'emergence de l'hindouisme populaire moderne et qui donnait des reponses hindoues orthodoxes au monotheisme hindou rationnel du Brahmo Samaj et aux missionnaires protestants. L'A. montre le role joue par les hindous dans la construction de l'hindouisme, construction souvent associee par les chercheurs aux orientalistes et aux missionnaires.
STUDY OF RUT-DEPTH MEASUREMENTS

Results obtained with the rut bar were compared with those obtained with other devices, and it was determined why the rut-bar measurements are different from field observations. Also, because it would be beneficial if the cause of the rutting could be identified from the shapes of the profiles collected by next-generation rut-bar vehicles, it was determined whether this is possible. Trenching data were collected for 10 different pavements located in Texas. Rut depths were measured with several devices before a trench was cut across the traffic lane. Careful measurement of each pavement layer was done to determine the amount of rutting in each layer. Although there may be 50 mm of rutting as measured with a straightedge, the rut bar sometimes measured no rutting. The rut bar yielded zero rut depth in 10 percent of cases in which ruts were deeper than 16 mm. This is mainly due to limitations of the current rut-bar setup, specifically, the sensor spacing and rut-bar length. A profile alone is still not adequ...
Decoupled stability analysis of large scale power systems using manifold approach

Large scale power systems can be decomposed into areas each consisting of tightly coupled machines connected to other areas through weak connections. This kind of decomposition preserves the network structure and offers possibilities in developing reduced-order models and simplified direct stability analysis. Time scale separation is inherent in this decomposition. This paper investigates the use of slow and fast energy functions for the stability analysis of two-time-scale systems. We show rigorously the existence of a slow manifold and use this manifold for calculating slow energy in the system to any desired degree of accuracy. When the mode of instability is between areas (i.e., slow) it is shown that the slow energy accurately predicts the critical clearing time.
Motion Planning for an Autonomous Compactor in a Waste Landfill Site

: This paper describes the algorithms and detailed path-planning methodologies developed to enable autonomous spreading and compaction processes in a waste landfilling operation. A given landfill site is spatially decomposed into cells using a recursive spatial decomposition technique. The cell size is determined using a probabilistic model for waste generation. Variation in the amount of waste generated on a given day is handled by a further spatial decomposition of a cell into monominoes. The recursive spatial decomposition processes of a landfill site into cells and each cell into monominoes are accomplished by employing a variant of quadtree data structure. A three-dimensional path plan for an autonomous compactor that considers a variable working gradient in the range of 3:1 to 2:1 is generated for a pair of monominoes. Automatic location of the working place for a compactor is accomplished by a recursive traversal of the quadtree structure. The algorithms have been implemented using a computer-graphic functional interface standard with C-program binding.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early gene expression is required for the induction of apoptosis in human epithelial HEp-2 cells.

Wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces apoptosis in human epithelial HEp-2 cells, but infected cell proteins produced later in infection block the process from killing the cells. Thus, HSV-1 infection in the presence of the translational inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) results in apoptosis. Our specific goal was to gain insight as to the viral feature(s) responsible for triggering apoptosis during HSV-1 infection. We now report the following. (i) No viral protein synthesis or death factor processing was detected after infection with HSV-1(HFEMtsB7) at 39.5°C; this mutant virus does not inject its virion DNA into the nucleus at this nonpermissive temperature. (ii) No death factor processing or apoptotic morphological changes were detected following infection with UV-irradiated, replication-defective viruses possessing transcriptionally active incoming VP16. (iii) Addition of the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D prevented death factor processing upon infection with the apoptotic, ICP27-deletion virus HSV-1(vBSΔ27). (iv) Apoptotic morphologies and death factor processing were not observed following infection with HSV-1(d109), a green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant virus possessing deletions of all five immediate-early (IE) (or α) genes. (v) Finally, complete death factor processing was observed upon infection with the VP16 transactivation domain-mutant HSV-1(V422) in the presence of CHX. Based on these findings, we conclude that (vi) the expression of HSV-1 α/IE genes is required for the viral induction of apoptosis and (vii) the transactivation activity of VP16 is not necessary for this induction.
Diffusions on Manifolds Arising from Controllable Systems

We shall consider the relationships between a control system, on a connected real-analytic manifold M, $$ \dot x = {X_0}x + {u_1}(t){X_1}x + \ldots + {u_r}(t){X_r}x $$ (1) and a corresponding stochastic differential equation $$ dx = Lxdt + \sum _1^r {X_i}x d{w_i}(t), $$ (2) where $$ L = {X_0} + (1/2) \sum _1^r x_i^2; $$ the Xi are real-analytic vector fields (differential operators), the ui are piecewise real-analytic controls, and w1, … , wr are independent Wiener processes.
Mutation of a Conserved Proline Disrupts the Retinal-Binding Pocket of the X-linked Cone Opsins

Purpose: To test the effects of disruption of a conserved proline in the green cone opsin molecule on light-activated isomerization, transducin activation, protein accumulation, glycosylation, and transport. Methods: Stable cell lines were established by transfecting EBNA-293 cells with a plasmid containing wild-type or mutant (P307L) green opsin cDNA molecules. The proteins were induced by culturing the cells in the presence of CdCl2 and analyzed by spectra, transducin activation, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Results: The P307L mutation diminished ability of the visual pigment to absorb light at the appropriate wavelength and to activate transducin. Protein glycosylation and transport to the cell membrane were unaffected. Although there was some diminution in the accumulation of the opsin, this was insufficient to account for the observed effect. Conclusions: Like rhodopsin, the formation of the cone opsins visual pigments is dependent on the binding of retinal into a hydrophobic pocket that is formed by the second and fourth transmembranous loops. Disruption of a conserved proline near the retinal binding site represents a cause of color vision deficiency that is unrelated to spectral shifts of the photopigment.
The Gender Mix at the Upper Staff Levels in Public Accounting: A Baseline Evaluation

This research examines differences in the gender mix at the upper staff levels in national accounting firms. The data for this research are from 494 managers and seniors (204 females and 290 males) from five Big Six accounting firms. While most comparisons involve entry-level and partner promotion statistics, this research introduces Lifestyle Preferences (i.e., the balance between career and family) as a retention factor. The examination presents an explanation for shifts in the gender mix using research from both within and outside of accounting. The research also follows the original sample for five years to examine the retention rates of males and females. These results indicate that the profession has retained a larger than expected percentage of females at the manager staff levels.
A Comparison of Models for Measuring Achievement

The preceding chapters have presented, in some detail, a diversity of methods for dealing with items and tests. Though computers play an undeniable role, the focus has been on multiplechoice tests which could be given in paper-and-pencil format. This chapter will also observe this limitation. In what follows, we build a framework within which the models for measuring achievement presented in the earlier chapters will be contrasted. A summary of this comparison will be presented in the form of practical guidance for constructing and using tests.
Abstract A036: Anti-PD1 therapy and CD8 T cell invigoration in metastatic melanoma

Antibodies targeting the PD-1 pathway can reverse T cell exhaustion resulting in re-invigoration of immune responses. Anti-PD1 therapies such as pembrolizumab have been shown to be efficacious across a broad range of human cancers including melanoma with clinical responses correlating with immune changes in the tumor microenvironment. However, our understanding of the immune mechanism of anti-PD1 therapy in humans remains incomplete. Specifically, there is relatively little information about changes in the differentiation, activation and reversal of exhaustion in peripheral blood CD8 T cells and correlation with clinical outcome. We collected peripheral blood at serial time points before and after pembrolizumab therapy on 39 consecutive patients with Stage IV melanoma and analyzed changes in T cell subsets and differentiation using 16 parameter flow cytometry. Here we show that pembrolizumab treatment results in increases in the peripheral blood CD8/Treg ratio, as well as invigoration of CD8 T cells. Focusing on key CD8 T cell subsets expressing combinations of T-bet, Eomes, PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors has allowed greater focus on populations responding to re-invigoration by pembrolizumab treatment. This invigoration can be demonstrated by upregulation of granzyme B (GzmB) and Ki67 in key CD8 T cell subsets. An early increase in GzmB+Ki67+ cells translates into a later increase in GzmB+ cells suggesting an early wave of proliferation giving rise to a pool of re-invigorated CD8 T cells. T cell subsets that express markers of exhaustion including T-bet, Eomes, and inhibitory receptors may represent populations that are invigorated by anti-PD1 therapy. These changes may also correlate with clinical outcomes and therefore may be useful as a biomarker of response. These results show that T cell responses to pembrolizumab treatment can be tracked in an easily accessible peripheral blood compartment during therapy. The kinetics of immune response in key CD8 T cell subsets may inform us of optimal treatment duration as well as the nature and timing of cancer response to therapy. Citation Format: Alexander Huang, Wei Xu, Shannon Harmon, Felix Quagliarello, Ramin Herati, Kristen Pauken, Bertram Bengsch, Lynn Schuchter, Ravi Amaravadi, Suzanne McGettigan, Tara Gangadhar, John Wherry. Anti-PD1 therapy and CD8 T cell invigoration in metastatic melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A036.
Preliminary study on population density of ticks in Pingdingshan city in 2011-2012

Objective To understand the population density of ticks in Pingdingshan city,and provide scientific basis for the control and prevention of ticks in this area.Methods Using blanket-dragging method to investigate dissociated ticks,using bodysurface-picking method to investigate parasitic ticks.Results The species composition of ticks in Pingdingshan was Haemaphysalis longicornis.The average density of dissociated ticks and parasitic ticks were 5.93 and 10.19 in Baofeng,3.97 and 10.00 in Wugang,1.89 and 2.83 in Lushan,1.3 and 1.22 in Zhanhe.Conclusion The ticks density in Pingdingshan city is not notable high.We suggest that domestic animal should keep them in captivity,and kill ticks regularly.
Determination of Antimony and Its Compounds in Workplace Air by L-Cysteine-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish a method for determination of antimony in workplace air by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.[Methods]Experiment was carried out according to the requirement of the "Standardization for t Monitoring of Toxic Substances in Workplace Air".[Results]This method was more sensitive in the presence of L-Cysteine.The detection limit of this method reduced to 0.40 μg/L,RSD was 2.0%~4.5%.And the recoveries were in the range of 93.3 %~101.7%.[Conclusion]The method is rapid,sensitive and reproducible.All indexes are in accordance with"Standardization for t Monitoring of Toxic Substances in Workplace Air".It is applicable for the determination of antimony and its compounds in workplace air.
A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay and Sample Preparation Procedure for Sensitive Detection of Xanthomonas fragariae in Strawberry.

Xanthomonas fragariae is a bacterium that causes angular leaf spot of strawberry. Asymptomatic infection is common and contributes to the difficulties in disease management. The aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay as an efficient method for detection of asymptomatic infections of X. fragariae. In addition, a new method of sample preparation was developed that allows sampling of a larger amount of plant tissue, hence increasing the detection rate in real-life samples. The sample preparation procedure includes an overnight incubation of strawberry tissues in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), followed by a quick sample concentration and a boiling step to extract DNA for amplification. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was approximately 2×103 CFU/mL for pure bacteria culture and 300 CFU/mL for bacteria spiked strawberry leaf and petiole samples. LAMP provided a 2–3 fold lower detection limit than the standard qPCR assay but was faster, and more user-friendly. The LAMP assay should serve as a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective tool for detecting asymptomatic infections of X. fragariae in strawberry nursery stock and contribute to improved disease management.
Somatotropin increases protein balance independent of insulin's effects on protein metabolism in growing pigs.

Somatotropin (ST) administration enhances protein deposition and elicits profound metabolic responses, including hyperinsulinemia. To determine whether the anabolic effect of ST is due to hyperinsu...
Phosphorylated-Survivin at Ser81 Induced Protein Kinase A (PKA): A Back Loop

BACKGROUND: Survivin, a bifunctional protein, acts as suppressor of apoptosis and has an essential role in mitosis. Survivin is physically phosphorylated on Thr34, and other important sites such as Thr117, Ser20, Thr48 and Ser81. Our previous report has shown that Ser81 of survivin plays role in cytoprotection. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, all motifs with medium stringency were scanned. We found that site of survivin at Ser81 was correlated to PKA, which is well reported to many cell signal machineries, including cell survival. Therefore, we focused our current investigation in finding possible correlation and interaction between survivin’s Ser81 site and PKA. METHODS: Wild-type survivin (Survivin), antisense survivin (Survivin-AS), mutated-survivin and mutated-survivin Ser81Ala (Survivin-S81A) were constructed. Each retroviral product was produced. Some cell lysates were prepared and immunoprecipitated. For analysis, we performed immunoblotting and PKA’s activity assays. RESULTS: In our current results, phosphorylated-PKA was correlated with survivin. Infection of survivin could lead to acceleration of PKA’s activity in a viral particle dependent manner. This positive back loop induction by survivin was shown to be correlated to Ser81 site, since survivin-mediated PKA activity was not resulted by mutated form of survivin at Ser81 to nonphosphorylatable Ala (S81A). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested a possible back loop of survivin to activate PKA, and Ser81 could be an important site to mediate the survivin-PKA back loop signaling. Survivin-induced activation of PKA might be related to cytoprotection. KEYWORDS: survivin, S81A, L929, PKA
Validation of an Efficient Screening Tool to Identify Low-Income Women at High Risk for Hereditary Breast Cancer

Background/Aims: We compared the 6-Point Scale, a screening tool to identify low-income women for referral to genetic counseling, with genetic counselors' (GCs')
The Counterculture of American Jewish Education

The rapid pace of change in the broader American culture—spurred on by dramatic innovations in information technology, communication, transportation, scientific development, industry, and connectivity—has brought remarkable change to the American Jewish education landscape. Summer camps, travel, museums, social media, and other informal educational organizations and activities have emerged as a robust counterculture to the prior culture of formal American Jewish schooling. This counterculture, while ostensibly new and anti-establishment, may actually signal a return to the more holistic Jewish educational frameworks of old, whereby Jewish education happens in the course of everyday life experiences at home and in the community, rather than as a separate, cloistered, systematic activity.
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Over the past two decades, the discovery of various antibodies related to autoimmune encephalitis has given us a new insight into pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of these syndromes. That is important since many patients with autoimmune encephalopathy are children and young adults. These patients often respond favorably to immunotherapy. Delay in diagnosis and treatment has been associated with a worse prognosis. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of different syndromes associated with autoimmune encephalitis.
Use of dextran (macrodex) in burns. 2. Clinical evaluation in eight cases.

Abstract Macrodex has been administered to a limited series of burned patients. The correction of existing shock and depletion of blood volume has been satisfactory. No untoward reactions or complications attributable to macrodex have been encountered in these patients. Markedly lowered concentrations of plasma proteins or hemodilution anemias have not been a problem, and a method for determination of serum proteins in the presence of macrodex is presented. Macrodex is recommended primarily for use in the early or shock phase of burns and in conjunction with administration of whole blood. The oral route should be utilized whenever possible for administration of protein supplements and as much of the required electrolyte and other non-colloidal solutions as practicable. Favorable results from the use of macrodex in the treatment of burns, such as are reported herein and by other investigators, should stimulate continued use and evaluation of its merits in large series of burns. Necropsy studies in cases of severe burns in which macrodex was given reveal a singular lack of significant pathologic changes resulting from this plasma volume expander, with the exception of reversible renal changes in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Further investigation of the relationship, if any, between macrodex-induced changes in the convoluted tubules of the kidney and those associated with the syndrome of “lower nephron nephrosis” is desirable.
Energies of Inhomogeneities, Dilute Reinforcements and Cracks

As in the previous chapter, we consider homogeneous inclusions and inhomogeneities in subvolumes \( {\Omega_r} \) of an infinitely extended homogeneous volume \( {\Omega_{{0}}} \) of a comparison medium or ‘matrix’ of stiffness \( {{L}_0} \); the total volume \( \Omega = {\Omega_{{0}}} + {\Omega_r} \). In Sects. 5.1.4 and in 5.2 and 5.3, we examine composite aggregates with dilute reinforcement, which may consist of many distinct inhomogeneities \( {{L}_r} \) in a matrix \( {{L}6557} \), as described in Sect. 4.4. Systems containing cracks are discussed in Sect. 5.4. Loads applied to both single and multiple inhomogeneity systems include displacement or traction fields acting at a remote boundary to generate uniform overall strain or stress, and piecewise uniform, physically based eigenstrains in both matrix and inhomogeneities. Those include thermal and moisture-induced strains, phase transformations, and inelastic strains. Low loading rates causing only small strains are assumed.
Yazidi Women: Healing the Invisible Wounds.

Global health cannot be improved without addressing the plight of the survivors and victims of brutal armed conflicts, especially minorities and marginalized people.
Bordering by Law: The Migration of Law, Crimes, Sovereignty, and the Mail

Law is filled with segmented narratives. The literature mapping the illegalization of the migration of peoples does not reference that many borders have become readily traversable, if not invisible, through the legalization and internationalization of subsidized mail services by cooperative government efforts. And, while the politics of migration are much debated, the post is infrequently acknowledged as either a political or a legal site. I bring together these domains not to equate the migration of persons and families with the movement of objects but rather to clarify how reliant on border crossings we are. My argument is that neither law nor land is readily bordered, and that depending on borders (alien/citizen, federal/state) as justifications for legal rules deflects attention from two major shifts during the last two centuries: one imagining the globe as a “single postal territory” and the other turning migration into a crime. In pursuit of both, governments expanded their repertoires and capacities as providers of services – from forwarding mail to patrolling borders. This century’s questions are whether political will can be marshaled to undo the criminalization of migration and the stigmatization of migrants and to sustain states as central sources of social ordering generating redistributive exchanges respectful of individual liberty and aiming to enhance equality. My aim is to invite attention to the utilities of government and to the project of shifting normalcies so as to probe whether states’ coordination to facilitate movements of persons seeking to cross boundaries could become a taken-for-granted government service, akin to state-subsidized inter-jurisdictional, cooperative postal systems – which are now at risk of becoming historic relics of bygone eras when governments were central.
Biofouling Effects on Corrosion of Stainless Alloys in Seawater

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of how microbial fouling films affect the corrosion behavior of passive metals and alloys in fresh, brackish and sea waters. It has often been reported that microbial films change the open circuit corrosion potential (OCP) of passive metals immersed in natural waters (Mollica and Travis, 1976; Johnsen and Bardal, 1985, 1986; Scotto, et al., 1985; Dexter and Gao, 1988; Gallagher, et al., 1988; Scotto, 1989). The change has usually been in the noble (electropositive) direction, and it has been called, “ennoblement.” The significance of this effect lies in it’s influence on localized corrosion initiation and propagation. In chloride bearing waters, the initiation of pitting and crevice corrosion is statistical, with the probability of initiation increasing directly with chloride ion activity and OCP. Thus, at a given chloride level, the probability of localized corrosion initiation is increased by anything (such as a biofilm and its metabolic products) that causes the OCP to shift in the noble direction.
Mathematics in the Public Mind: The USA

This article discusses different aspects of the effort to raise awareness of mathematics in the United States of America. After sketching the broader national dialogue about the contribution of mathematics and science to the nation’s prosperity and security, the article describes different constituencies that need to be reached and gives examples of ongoing activities and programs to engage them. Finally, the article provides several recommendations.
Comparison of Left Atrial Measurements Using 2- and 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography.

Objectives To assess the correlation between left atrial measurements using 2- and 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Single, tertiary care, academic medical center. Participants The study comprised 63 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Interventions In addition to the standard comprehensive intraoperative transesophageal examination, study images were obtained by designated anesthesiologists from the study team. Measurements and Main Results The 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography views included 4-chamber, 2-chamber, aortic valve short axis, and aortic valve long axis. For the 3-dimensional images, full-volume (90 × 90) data sets were acquired from 4-chamber and aortic valve short-axis views over 4 beats with apnea. Left atrial height, mediolateral length, anteroposterior length, and area were measured in 2- and 3-dimensional images. Left atrial length in the short- and long-axis views of the aortic valve also were measured in 2- and 3-dimensional images. Results indicate that for all patients in this study, the 2- and 3-dimensional measurements correlate well and the 2 observers were in agreement with each other. Conclusions Two- and 3-dimensional measurements of the left atrium correlated well. Measurements made using 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography were subject to similar limitations as those made using 2-dimensional echocardiography. The benefits of 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and multiplanar reconstruction could be expanded by improvements in ultrasound technology and software.
Atypical Response Patterns in Patients Treated With Nivolumab.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of atypical response patterns in oncology patients treated with the programmed cell death protein–1 inhibitor nivolumab. MATERIALS AN...
Dangerous parking deck.

A 53-year-old woman standing next to a car in a parking deck was struck by another car when the driver lost control. The patient’s right knee and leg were crushed between the bumpers of both cars. The patient was ‘fortunate’ in that a Level I trauma center was only six blocks away. On arrival in the trauma room, the patient was awake and alert with a heart rate of 120 beats per minute and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg. The right lower extremity was mangled with a dislocation of the knee, large wound in soft tissue with oozing behind the knee, and disrupted muscles in the exposed posterior compartments. No arterial pulses were present in the right foot, but there was sensation and some weak dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in the ankle joint. The most appropriate first step in the management of this patient in addition to resuscitation is: 1. CT arteriography. 2. Administer unfractionated heparin. 3. Obtain consent for amputation. 4. Move patient to operating room. The patient was moved to the operating room to control bleeding from disrupted soft tissue, assess the magnitude of injuries to the right knee and leg and to obtain X-rays of the same. After preparation of the skin from the umbilicus to the toenails bilaterally, the right foot was placed in a plastic bag to allow for later observation of skin color changes and palpation of pedal pulses. The remainder of both lower extremities was draped in the usual fashion. As there was no major arterial hemorrhage from disrupted soft tissues, X-rays of the right knee and leg were performed. A Grade IIIC open dislocation of the right knee joint was confirmed, and there was a Grade II open transverse fracture of the right tibia, as well. A distal medial right popliteal incision was …
Closed-loop control of gamma oscillations in the amygdala demonstrates their role in spatial memory consolidation.

Gamma is a ubiquitous brain rhythm hypothesized to support cognitive, perceptual, and mnemonic functions by coordinating neuronal interactions. While much correlational evidence supports this hypothesis, direct experimental tests have been lacking. Since gamma occurs as brief bursts of varying frequencies and durations, most existing approaches to manipulate gamma are either too slow, delivered irrespective of the rhythm’s presence, not spectrally specific, or unsuitable for bidirectional modulation. Here, we overcome these limitations with an approach that accurately detects and modulates endogenous gamma oscillations, using closed-loop signal processing and optogenetic stimulation. We first show that the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) exhibits prominent gamma oscillations during the consolidation of contextual memories. We then boost or diminish gamma during consolidation, in turn enhancing or impairing subsequent memory strength. Overall, our study establishes the role of gamma oscillations in memory consolidation and introduces a versatile method for studying fast network rhythms in vivo. Gamma oscillations have been proposed to underlie many cognitive and memory processes, but it has proven difficult to directly test this by manipulating them. Here, in rats, the authors show that manipulation of gamma oscillations in the amygdala affects memory consolidation.
Impact of timing on salvage radiation therapy adverse events following radical prostatectomy: A secondary analysis of the RTOG 9601 cohort.

Abstract Introduction The use of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is very limited in prostate cancer patients mainly due to concerns for worsening of functional outcomes with early delivery of RT. We sought to test the impact of timing between RP and RT on adverse events rate. Methods Using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9601 trial cohort, we performed post hoc analysis of 760 men with biochemical recurrence after RP, who received subsequent RT. Bowel adverse events (rectal urgency, diarrhea, and hematochezia); bladder adverse events (urinary frequency, dysuria, hematuria, and incontinence); and new onset of erectile dysfunction were documented as acute ( Results The rate of acute bladder, acute bowel, late bladder, late bowel, and late impotence adverse events was, respectively, 49.3%, 60.9%, 61.2%, 48.8%, and 13.6% in patients with a time period between RP and RT ≤ 2.1 years (the median) vs. 47.5%, 63%, 59.1%, 47%, and 14.5% in patients with >2.1 years (all P > 0.5). At multivariable analysis, time from RP to RT was not an independent predictor of acute bladder (odds ratio [OR]: 1.002), acute bowel (OR: 1.024), chronic bladder (OR: 0.976), chronic bowel (OR: 1.023), and late impotence (OR: 1.031) adverse events (all P > 0.4). Conclusions There was no impact of timing between RP and RT on urinary, bowel, and erectile adverse events related to RT. Thus, our RTOG 9601 post hoc analysis challenges the current belief that early postsurgical RT compromises functional outcomes more than late RT and support additional research to evaluate the perceived benefit in terms of adverse effects by prolonging the time between RP and RT.
Interpreting the pharmacoepidemiology literature in obstetrical studies: A guide for clinicians

Many prescribers are knowledgeable about randomized controlled trials (RCT), but are less familiar with pharmacoepidemiology studies; that is, observational studies in which a pharmacologic agent is the exposure of interest. To date, few clinical trials include pregnant women. With the absence of RCT data, prescribers must largely rely on the pharmacoepidemiology literature to guide prescribing decisions for pregnant patients. We describe different types of pharmacoepidemiology studies and present a flowchart and table checklist to support clinicians to assess the quality of, and thus the validity of conclusions from, pharmacoepidemiology studies. We provide illustrative examples of published observational studies examining antidepressant treatment during pregnancy and fetal and infant outcomes.
Chapter 3 – Matrix Multiplication

Publisher Summary Rectangular arrays are a useful notational convenience in recording the results of elementary operations on a set of vectors. These rectangular arrays are specific examples of the more general concept of a matrix over a set ℳ. This chapter presents a definition of the operation of multiplication on matrices with real numbers as elements and establishes the basic properties of this operation. The term matrix of transition applies only to situations involving nonempty finite sets of vectors, and these sets must be ordered. Whenever a set of vectors is listed without indices, it is understood that the index j is to go with the jth vector from the left. Thus, the first vector from the left is to have index 1, the second from the left to have index 2, and so on. The chapter describes the various properties of matrix multiplication and invertible matrices.