cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineral compostition of Atriplex hymenelytra growing in the northern Mojave Desert

Fifty samples of Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Wats, were collected from several different locations in southern Nevada and California to test variability in mineral composition. Only Na, V, P. Ca, Mg, Mn, and Sr in the samples appeared to represent a uniform population resulting in normal curves for frequency distribution. Even so, about 40 percent of the variance for these elements was due to location. All elements differed enough with location so that no element really represented a uniform population. The coefficient of variation for most elements was over 40 percent and one was over 100 percent. The proportion of variance due to analytical variation averaged 16.2 ± 13.1 percent (standard deviation), that due to location was 43.0 ± 13.4 percent, and that due to variation of plants within location was 40.7 ± 13.0 percent.
Parenting styles moderate how parent and adolescent beliefs shape each other's eating and physical activity: Dyadic evidence from a cross-sectional, U.S. National Survey

Abstract Psychological theories of health behavior focus on intrapersonal influences on behavior. Greater attention to interpersonal effects and the relational contexts that regulate them has the potential to improve theory, and offer innovative strategies for intervention. This research takes a dyadic approach to understanding how parent and adolescent beliefs influence each other's health behaviors, and how the relationship context of parent-adolescent dyads moderates these effects. Using the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study (FLASHE), we analyze responses from 1717 parent-adolescent dyads from across the U.S., and explore a dyadic extension to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). We evaluate how parenting styles that characterize each parent-adolescent dyad moderate the degree to which parents' and adolescents' own attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are associated with the other person's behaviors across four domains: fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food and sugary drinks consumption, engagement in physical activity, and engagement in screen time sedentary behaviors. We find that the association between parents' attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their adolescent's eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. However, we also find that the association between adolescents' attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control and their parent's eating behavior tends to be stronger when parents have an authoritative parenting style. These findings show the importance of context in evaluating interpersonal influence, and hold implications for health-relevant interventions.
Adolescence as a Sensitive Period for the Development of Personality Disorder

Over the last 15 years, controversy over the construct of adolescent personality disorder has largely been laid to rest because of accumulating empirical evidence in support of its construct validity. In this article, four conclusions that can be drawn from recent literature on borderline disorder in adolescents are discussed, with the ultimate goal of building an argument to support the idea that adolescence is a sensitive period for the development of personality disorder.
Ontology-based semantic mapping of chemical toxicities

This study was undertaken to evaluate the use of ontology-based semantic mapping (OS-Mapping) in chemical toxicity assessment. Nineteen chemical-species phenotypic profiles (CSPPs) were constructed by ontologically annotating the toxicity responses reported in more than seven hundred published studies of ten chemicals on six vertebrate species. The CSPPs were semantically compared to more than 29,000 publicly available phenotypic profiles of genes, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, and diseases based on a cross-species phenotype ontology. OS-Mapping was shown to differentiate chemical toxicities among themselves as well as within and across species. It also revealed cases of chemical by species interactions. In addition to confirming similar MOAs (mechanisms of action) for a few chemicals, OS-Mapping also generated novel insights into the MOAs underlying some seemingly different, yet phenotypically similar, classes of chemicals. The nature of a unified cross-species phenotype ontology and its representation of diverse knowledge domains allowed the construction of a complete phenotypic continuum for the 17α-ethynylestradiol_fathead minnow across the biological levels of organization, which complemented a similar one derived from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database but based primarily on 17α-ethynylestradiol-induced molecular phenotypes. Overall, OS-Mapping has been demonstrated to offer a powerful approach to help bridge the gap between the molecular and non-molecular phenotypes of chemicals characterized by using high throughput or traditional omics methods and their apical endpoints of greater regulatory relevance, which are typically phenotypes found at the higher levels of biological organization. OS-Mapping also enables comparative toxicity assessment among chemicals, both within and across species. Furthermore, the semantic analysis of phenotypes can reveal additional novel MOAs for some well-known chemicals and discover candidate MOAs for chemicals that are less molecularly characterized. A full phenotypic continuum based on OS-Mapping will also be conducive to the future development of adverse outcome pathways. As phenomics continues to advance and the ontological annotation of literature becomes more automated, the power of OS-Mapping will be further enhanced.
How is gentrification associated with changes in the academic performance of neighborhood schools

Abstract City governments have increasingly looked to urban development strategies such as gentrification to address social problems, including low academic performance in grade schools. Several studies have discussed changes in neighborhood schools associated with gentrification, but the only study to examine this question with a large sample of schools found gentrification was not associated with school level performance on standardized assessments. The current study contributes to this research by examining the relationship of gentrification with school level performance on Grade 3 and Grade 8 English Language Arts and Mathematics assessments in New York City. Results of multilevel analyses indicate schools located in neighborhoods that experienced greater rates of gentrification were significantly more likely to see gains in Grade 3 ELA proficiency and declines in Grade 8 Math proficiency. These results indicate the association of gentrification with changes in neighborhood schools may not be uniform across cities or academic subject areas.
Pleasure in parenting and father-child attachment security

ABSTRACTThis study examined relations between father-child attachment security and both paternal sensitivity and fathers’ pleasure in parenting. At 12 months of age sensitivity was coded from fathe...
Faith and Learning in Action: Christian Faith and Service- Learning in a Graduate-Level Blended Classroom

AbstractService-learning (SL) is proven to have positive effects on student learning outcomes, critical thinking skills, student empathy, personal and interpersonal development, cultural awareness,...
The 2-fusion system of an almost simple group

Abstract We show that, under suitable local constraints, the 2-fusion system of an almost simple finite group is almost simple.
An Assay to Study Intra-Chromosomal Deletions in Yeast

An accurate DNA damage response pathway is critical for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Repair may occur by homologous recombination, of which many different sub-pathways have been identified. Some recombination pathways are conservative, meaning that the chromosome sequences are preserved, and others are non-conservative, leading to some alteration of the DNA sequence. We describe an in vivo genetic assay to study non-conservative intra-chromosomal deletions at regions of non-tandem direct repeats in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This assay can be used to study both spontaneous breaks arising during DNA replication and induced double-strand breaks created with the S. cerevisiae homothallic endonuclease (HO). The preliminary genetic validation of this assay shows that spontaneous breaks require rad52+ but not rad51+, while induced breaks require both genes, in agreement with previous studies. This assay will be useful in the field of DNA damage repair for studying mechanisms of intra-chromosomal deletions.
Consideration of pelvic floor myofascial release for overactive bladder.

Abstract Introduction Physical therapy has been shown to be effective for women with overactive bladder (OAB). We report on our experience with pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) with or without myofascial release as treatment for women with symptoms of urinary urgency or urge incontinence. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review, of patients who presented to our tertiary care Urogynecology practice. These women were evaluated and treated between August 2016 and December 2016. We abstracted for symptoms as per history of present illness and the pelvic floor muscle examination. PFPT progress notes were reviewed to determine whether patients received myofascial release techniques, or if therapy was limited to behavioral interventions and urge suppression techniques. We recorded the number of PFPT sessions attended, and whether the patient reported improvement. Results 77 patients with symptoms of OAB met inclusion criteria and initiated PFPT. Myofascial tenderness of the pelvic floor muscles was found in 56.5% of patients. PFPT was limited to behavioral and urge suppression in 18 patients, while 59 patients received myofascial release techniques. Improvement was reported by 71.4% (n = 55/77) of patients. Improvement increased with number of sessions attended: 1–2: 6% (1/17), 3–5: 94% (16/17), 6–8: 91% (29/32), and >8: 80% (9/11) improved, respectively (p Conclusions The data support the inclusion of myofascial release during pelvic floor physical therapy for overactive bladder. At least three sessions of PFPT are necessary for patient reported improvement.
“Habermasville”: Police–Community Intersections and Communicative Rationality

Police–community relations in the United States are seeing a crisis of trust and legitimacy. Minorities disproportionally experience police contact, and recent shootings of unarmed persons raise co...
Measuring the properties of reionized bubbles with resolved Lyα spectra

Identifying and characterising reionised bubbles enables us to track both their size distribution, which depends on the primary ionising sources, and the relationship between reionisation and galaxy evolution. We demonstrate that spectrally resolved $z\gtrsim6$ Lyman-alpha (Ly$\alpha$) emission can constrain properties of reionised regions. Specifically, the distant from a source to a neutral region sets the minimum observable Ly$\alpha$ velocity offset from systemic. Detection of flux on the blue side of the Ly$\alpha$ resonance implies the source resides in a large, sufficiently ionised region that photons can escape without significant resonant absorption, and thus constrains both the sizes of and the residual neutral fractions within ionised bubbles. We estimate the extent of the region around galaxies which is optically thin to blue Ly$\alpha$ photons, analogous to quasar proximity zones, as a function of the source's ionising photon output and surrounding gas density. This optically thin region is typically $\lesssim 0.3$ pMpc in radius (allowing transmission of flux $\gtrsim -250$ km s$^{-1}$), $\lesssim 20$% of the distance to the neutral region. In a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the $z\approx6.6$ galaxy COLA1 -- with a blue Ly$\alpha$ peak -- likely resides in an ionised region $>0.7$ pMpc, with residual neutral fraction $ 0.50$), relatively steep UV slope ($\beta < -1.79$), and low line-of-sight gas density ($\sim0.5\times$ the cosmic mean), suggesting it is a rare, underdense line-of-sight.
Binge-Eating Disorder: Unanswered Questions

Binge-eating disorder (BED) was officially recognized in DSM-5 in 2013 and remains a focus of significant clinical and research interest. This chapter describes several important but unanswered questions about the nature of BED, including how best to understand the disturbances in eating behavior. Laboratory studies during which individuals with BED are asked to engage in binge eating permit objective measurement of eating behavior and have convincingly documented that the binge-eating episodes of individuals with BED are abnormal. Surprisingly, non-binge eating behaviors during laboratory studies also differ from those of comparable controls. In contrast, several studies of eating behavior in nonlaboratory settings using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) suggest that the eating behavior of individuals with BED closely resembles that of individuals without BED. In addition, changes in binge eating are not tightly linked to changes in body weight and the presence of BED is not a robust predictor of response to treatments aimed at weight reduction. This chapter briefly reviews these findings and underscores the importance of addressing the unanswered questions that emerge.
Predicting Attitudes Towards Advertisement Strategy Based on Personality

A theory developed by Myers, Sen, and Alexandrov in 2010 proposes that individuals who possess higher levels of certain personality dimensions will show a more favorable attitude towards different types of advertisement (ad) strategy. This study investigated, via an online survey, relationships between the Big Five personality dimensions and attitudes toward two advertisement strategy clusters: transformational versus informational, and comparative versus non-comparative. Results from a multivariate regression analysis revealed a variety of significant relationships, some of which supported the propositions of the Myers and associates theoretical framework. Individuals scoring high on extraversion favored all types of ad strategy, those scoring high on agreeableness favored both types of informational ads, those scoring high on conscientious favored transformational non-comparative ads, and those scoring high on neuroticism favored informational non-comparative and transformational comparative ads. However, openness was not related to any of the ad strategies. Research should continue to investigate the relationship between the more affective components of the personality dimensions and their relationship with ad strategy. In addition, the creativity and quality of an advertisement could be what attracts individuals with higher levels of openness to experience.
The Consolation of Math in Plague Time

In reflecting about what I might do for the community, for my students, my family, myself, during these pandemic times, I found myself wrestling with preliminary thoughts, working them up into some notes that eventually took the form of an article. When I submitted it to the Mathematical Intelligencer, it was suggested that I also submit an excerpt of it, or a short similar essay, to this volume. I’m very happy to do this!
Simple Interactions: A randomized controlled trial of relational training for adults who work with young people across settings

Research across multiple fields finds that adult-youth relationships are key influencers of development; however, professional learning about relational practice is limited. This suggests the need ...
Collecting Repeated Data Over Time: Applying Experience Sampling Methodology to the Hospitality Management Context:

While organizational and management research has implemented the use of experience sampling methods (ESM), hospitality management research has yet to reap the benefits of this method and design. ES...
"Going Flat" After Mastectomy: Patient-Reported Outcomes by Online Survey.

The Going Flat movement aims to increase awareness and acceptance of mastectomy alone as a viable option for patients. Little is known about motivations and satisfaction with surgical outcomes in this population. An online survey was administered to 931 women who had a history of uni- or bilateral mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer or elevated breast cancer risk without current breast mound reconstruction. Satisfaction with outcome and surgeon support for the patient experience were characterized using 5-level scaled scores. Mastectomy alone was the first choice for 73.7% of the respondents. The top two reasons for going flat were desire for a faster recovery and avoidance of a foreign body placement. Overall, the mean scaled satisfaction score was 3.72 ± 1.17 out of 5. In the multivariable analysis, low level of surgeon support for the decision to go flat was the strongest predictor of a satisfaction score lower than 3 (odds ratio [OR], 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.59–5.72; p < 0.001). Dissatisfaction also was more likely among respondents reporting a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.76–4.27; p < 0.001) and those undergoing a unilateral procedure (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.29–3.09; p = 0.002). Greater satisfaction was associated with receiving adequate information about surgical options (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32–0.69; p < 0.0001) and having a surgeon with a specialized breast surgery practice (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38–0.81; p = 0.002). Most patients undergoing mastectomy alone are satisfied with their surgical outcome. Surgeons may optimize patient experience by recognizing and supporting a patient’s decision to go flat.
Apoptosis and DNA Repair in Irradiated Cerebral Organoids.

Purpose/Objective(s) In the treatment of CNS neoplasms, radiation therapy to high biologically effective doses is performed in both fractionated and single fraction schemes. Inevitably, normal CNS tissues are irradiated, leading to both acute and late toxicities, and demanding greater insight into normal tissue effects and development of innovative strategies for radioprotection and mitigation. For this purpose, the cerebral organoid, which recapitulates many cell types and complex architectures of the human brain, is proposed as a model system. The objective of our study was to characterize the response of cerebral organoids to high single fraction doses of photon irradiation in terms of apoptosis, DNA damage, and activation of DNA repair. Materials/Methods Cerebral organoids were prepared from human embryonic stem cells as previously described. CNS tissue differentiation was verified by histopathology. Irradiation of organoids was accomplished using a 160 kV x-ray irradiator. Apoptosis was characterized by immunofluorescence of cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL assay. DNA damage and repair was determined by immunofluorescence of γH2Ax foci and 53BP1. Results While cerebral organoids demonstrated no gross morphologic changes to high single dose radiation up to 40 Gy even when incubated for several months following treatment, individual apoptotic cells were readily apparent at 72 hours after 20 Gy. High levels of γH2Ax foci and 53BP1 were observed within hours. While characterization of the kinetics of DNA repair showed significant resolution of DNA damage foci by 24 hours, many foci persisted at 72 hours alongside activation of apoptotic pathways. Choroid plexus tissue was highly resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Cerebral organoids provide a viable experimental platform to study effects of radiation in normal CNS tissues, and may potentially aid in the development of neuroprotective strategies.
Systematic review of current natural language processing methods and applications in cardiology

Natural language processing (NLP) is a set of automated methods to organise and evaluate the information contained in unstructured clinical notes, which are a rich source of real-world data from clinical care that may be used to improve outcomes and understanding of disease in cardiology. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an understanding of NLP, review how it has been used to date within cardiology and illustrate the opportunities that this approach provides for both research and clinical care. We systematically searched six scholarly databases (ACM Digital Library, Arxiv, Embase, IEEE Explore, PubMed and Scopus) for studies published in 2015-2020 describing the development or application of NLP methods for clinical text focused on cardiac disease. Studies not published in English, lacking a description of NLP methods, non-cardiac focused and duplicates were excluded. Two independent reviewers extracted general study information, clinical details and NLP details and appraised quality using a checklist of quality indicators for NLP studies. We identified 37 studies developing and applying NLP in heart failure, imaging, coronary artery disease, electrophysiology, general cardiology and valvular heart disease. Most studies used NLP to identify patients with a specific diagnosis and extract disease severity using rule-based NLP methods. Some used NLP algorithms to predict clinical outcomes. A major limitation is the inability to aggregate findings across studies due to vastly different NLP methods, evaluation and reporting. This review reveals numerous opportunities for future NLP work in cardiology with more diverse patient samples, cardiac diseases, datasets, methods and applications.
Building Energy Reductions: Windbreak Optimization

Wind tunnel model studies of houses are used to determine how one can best reduce the surface pressure variations from wind and the associated air infiltration, emphasizing the correct placement of suitably modeled coniferous trees. The trees are shown to have energy-saving potential by converting directed kinetic energy of the approaching wind into random turbulent energy by passing the air through tortuous paths in the tree crowns. This reduces the pressure gradients on the windward walls which are a prime region for air infiltration. The most cost- and energy-effective windbreaks are those that selectively protect against the prevailing winter winds, use as few trees as possible, and are placed at least two tree heights upstream. Underpruning and poorly designed openings through the trees, such as driveway access, were shown to enhance air infiltration effects. Using as few as three trees, 3% fuel savings were estimated. When a planting pattern affording general protection was analyzed, it was estimated to achieve higher than 10% savings in energy for heating.
Performance Comparisons of Jet and Mesh Nebulizers Using Different Interfaces in Simulated Spontaneously Breathing Adults and Children

Abstract Background: Different types of nebulizers and interfaces are used for the treatment of adults and children with pulmonary diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of a mesh nebulizer (MN) with a proprietary adapter and a jet nebulizer (JN) under different configurations in adult and pediatric models of spontaneous breathing. We hypothesize that delivery efficiency of JN and MN will differ depending on the interface used during aerosol therapy in simulated spontaneously breathing adult and pediatric models. While we expect that aerosol delivery with JN will be less efficient than MN, we also hypothesize that lung deposition obtained with the adult lung model will be more than that with the pediatric lung model in all conditions tested in this study. Methods: A lung model using a teaching manikin connected to a sinusoidal pump via a collecting filter at the level of the bronchi simulating a spontaneously breathing adult (Vt 500 mL, RR 15 bpm, I:E ratio 1:2) or pediatric p...
A Groupoid of Isomorphic Data Transformations

As a variation on the known theme of Godel numberings, isomorphisms defining data type transformations in a strongly typed functional language are organized as a finite groupoid using a higher order combinator language that unifies popular data types as diverse as natural numbers, finite sequences, digraphs, hypergraphs and finite permutations with more exotic ones like hereditarily finite functions, sets and permutations.
Factors associated with postoperative complications in diabetics after biliary tract surgery

We reviewed all first operations for cholelithiasis at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital from 1973 to 1982 to assess factors associated with postoperative morbidity in diabetics after biliary tract surgery. Diabetics (n = 126) had more frequent postoperative complications (24.6% vs. 12.5%, p less than 0.001) and higher mortality (7.9% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.02) than the nondiabetics (n = 855). Postoperative complications were more frequent in diabetics at both emergency surgery (57.9% vs. 39.1%) and at nonemergency surgery (18.7% vs. 10.2%). Diabetics were older, however, and had more preoperative renal, cardiovascular, and neurologic disease. We used logistic regression analysis to adjust for these differences and to determine independent predictors of postoperative complications. Urgent surgery, operation other than cholecystectomy, cardiovascular disease, and male sex were associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity. Diabetes was associated with an increase in risk that was not statistically significant. We conclude that diabetics have increased morbidity primarily because they are older and have other medical problems. The risk conferred by uncomplicated diabetes is modest, and recommendations for prophylactic surgery in asymptomatic diabetics with gallstones should be reexamined in this light.
Mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene 5' regulatory elements are required for postnatal regulation by raf and Rif

The mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene is expressed at high levels in the yolk sac and fetal liver and at low levels in the fetal gut. AFP synthesis decreases dramatically shortly after birth to low levels that are maintained in the adult liver and gut. AFP expression can be reactivated in the adult liver upon renewed cell proliferation such as during liver regeneration or in hepatocellular carcinomas. Previously, two unlinked genetic loci that modulate postnatal AFP levels were identified. The raf locus controls, at least in part, basal steady-state AFP mRNA levels in adult liver. Rif influences the extent of AFP mRNA induction during liver regeneration. Transgenic mice were used to examine the role of 5' AFP regulatory regions in raf- and Rif-mediated control. A fragment of the AFP 5' region containing enhancer element I, the repressor, and the promoter was linked to the mouse class I H-2Dd structural gene. We demonstrate that this hybrid AFP-Dd transgene is expressed in the appropriate tissues. In addition, it is postnatally repressed and reactivated during liver regeneration in parallel with the endogenous AFP gene. Therefore, proper transcriptional control does not require the AFP structural gene. Furthermore, the AFP 5' control region is sufficient to confer raf and Rif responsiveness to the linked H-2Dd structural gene, suggesting that raf and Rif act at the level of transcriptional initiation.
Guiding principles of USGS methodology for assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources

During the last 30 years, the methodology for assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources used by the Geological Survey has undergone considerable change. This evolution has been based on five major principles. First, the U.S. Geological Survey has responsibility for a wide range of U.S. and world assessments and requires a robust methodology suitable for immaturely explored as well as maturely explored areas. Second, the assessments should be based on as comprehensive a set of geological and exploration history data as possible. Third, the perils of methods that solely use statistical methods without geological analysis are recognized. Fourth, the methodology and course of the assessment should be documented as transparently as possible, within the limits imposed by the inevitable use of subjective judgement. Fifth, the multiple uses of the assessments require a continuing effort to provide the documentation in such ways as to increase utility to the many types of users. Undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources are those recoverable volumes in undiscovered, discrete, conventional structural or stratigraphic traps. The USGS 2000 methodology for these resources is based on a framework of assessing numbers and sizes of undiscovered oil and gas accumulations and the associated risks. The input is standardized on a form termed the Seventh Approximation Data Form for Conventional Assessment Units. Volumes of resource are then calculated using a Monte Carlo program named Emc2, but an alternative analytic (non-Monte Carlo) program named ASSESS also can be used. The resource assessment methodology continues to change. Accumulation-size distributions are being examined to determine how sensitive the results are to size-distribution assumptions. The resource assessment output is changing to provide better applicability for economic analysis. The separate methodology for assessing continuous (unconventional) resources also has been evolving. Further studies of the relationship between geologic models of conventional and continuous resources will likely impact the respective resource assessment methodologies.
Rapid X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Sulfur in Mineralized Rocks from the Bingham Mining District, Utah

Determination of total sulfur by x-ray fluorescence eliminates problems of incomplete oxidation of sulfur or coprecipitation often encountered in gravimetric analyses. Durable pellets are prepared from finely ground sample powders mixed with chromatographic cellulose. X-ray fluorescence total sulfur values compare well with gravimetric sulfur values.
Postischemic hypothermia fails to reduce ischemic injury in gerbil hippocampus.

The objective of this study was to determine whether postischemic hypothermia diminishes ischemic injury in gerbil hippocampus. Cerebral ischemia was produced by occluding both carotid arteries for...
Cyclobuta-dithymidine induction by solar-simulating UV radiation in human skin: II. Individual responses

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine cyclobuta-dithymidine (TOT) photoproduct induction and persistence in human skin exposed in situ to simulated solar UV radiation. Small areas of untanned skin in nineteen individuals were exposed using a solar UV apparatus that simulates both the spectrum and intensity of the UV portion of summer midday sunlight at 39°N latitude. The equivalent of approximately 60 min of sunlight exposure (72KJ/m 2 ) was administered, and TOT photoproducts were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of DNA extracted from skin punch biopsies. Net yields of TOT photoproducts were determined in 10 individuals, with the majority (7 of 10) between 0.02 and 0.12 TOT per kilobase (Kb). The three remaining individuals had higher levels of photoproducts but were not unusually sensitive to solar UV as determined by minimal erythema dose (MED). Percentage loss of TOT photoproducts 4 h after exposure was determined in nine individuals to be 80.2 ±14.0%.
Plasma-induced morphology of beryllium targets exposed in PISCES-B

Abstract The surface morphology that results from exposure of beryllium targets in the PISCES-B linear plasma device to light-ion (D or He) plasma is investigated as a function of the incident ion energy distribution, the incident ion angle with respect to the surface and the temperature of the surface. Nearly identical cone-like surface structures result regardless of the ion energy distribution or the incident angle of the ions. Increasing the target temperature on the other hand decreases the resultant surface roughness. Differences in the shape of the cones that develop on the surface due to either deuterium or helium plasma exposure agree with models of ion surface interactions. Ion trenching at the base of the cones has been observed and may explain the resulting dense array of cones across the surface following high-fluence plasma exposure.
Rapid response gas injection technique

A unique gas injection technique has been developed which has rapid response and is capable of supplying gas flowrates up to 5 kg/s at pressures of 3.45×106 N/m2. Rise times to equilibrium pressure varied from 7 to 15 ms over the operating range. The reliability, excellent repeatibility, and uniform pressure have shown the system to be superior to previously utilized expansion tube gas injection techniques associated with very short duration impulse test facilities. The achievement of precise timing control of the valve opening permitted a complex electronic sequencing of facility events. An additional feature of automatic gas supply shut‐off resulted in significant cost savings when rare gases were used as injectants.
Is “rational choice” the best choice for Robert Bates? An anthropologist's reading of Bates's work

Abstract The paper examines critically the contribution of rational choice and Robert Bates to three areas of interest to anthropologists: individual choice and rationality, institutions and culture. While methodological individualism with its focus on narrow material interests can provide situational logic which illuminates the strategy of actors at a point in time, it is not very successful in depicting the social and cultural dynamics of groups over time. Institutions in all their richness are reduced to sets of rules which are largely used as instrumental means and ends of individuals. Finally Bates presents culture as instrumental signs and signals which reduces a wide range of meanings, motivations and social circumstances to a single register of economic logic or material advantage.
Contingency planning and strategies

This paper will look at contingency planning and how it can help an organization survive an incident or disaster. Contingency planning has four basic aspects: business impact analysis, incident response plan, disaster recovery plan, and business continuity plan. While there may be multiple ways to address each plan, and multiple ways to implement each, each component should be developed fully for maximum effectiveness. Creating a fully-fleshed out contingency plan is difficult and time consuming, and, once created, must be polished to maintain a state of readiness for any situation at any time. A well-made contingency plan can save an organization from going out-of-business should an incident or disaster occur.
Prognostic Role of Troponin T Versus Troponin I in Unstable Angina Pectoris for Cardiac Events With Meta-Analysis Comparing Published Studies

Controversy exists as to the clinical roles and relative specificities of cardiac troponin T or I in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP). We measured troponin T and I levels on admission in 123 patients with UAP. Of the 107 patients with normal creatine kinase during the first 24 hours, troponin T and I were elevated in 14 and 13 patients, respectively. At 30 days, 5 of 14 patients (36%) with elevated troponin T and 3 of 93 patients (3.2%) with normal troponin T had acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR], 16.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4 to 81.5; p <0.001). Of 13 patients with elevated troponin I, 5 patients (39%) and 3 of 94 patients (3.2%) with normal troponin I had acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio, 21.7; 95% CI 4.3 to 110; p <0.001). No deaths occurred within 30 days. Both markers demonstrated equivalent sensitivity (63%) and specificities (troponin T: 91%; troponin I: 92%) for myocardial infarction. Meta-analysis of 12 published troponin T and 9 troponin I studies in patients with UAP produced risk ratios of 4.2 (95% CI 2.7 to 6.4, p <0.001) for troponin I compared with 2.7 (95% CI 2.1 to 3.4, p <0.001) for troponin T. Comparison of the sensitivities and specificities of both markers using summary receiver operating characteristic curves showed no significant difference in their abilities to predict acute myocardial infarction and cardiac death. Troponin T and I show similar prognostic significance for acute myocardial infarction or death in the same patients with UAP. The 2 markers are equally sensitive and specific, as confirmed by meta-analysis, and this supports a role in risk stratification.
Heterogeneity of granules of murine cytolytic T lymphocytes. Isolation of a homogeneous population of dense granules.

Abstract A separation procedure based on Percoll gradient centrifugation is described here that allows enrichment for two main populations of granules, with average densities of 1.05 and 1.1 g/ml. The heavy-density granules, which comprise 5–20% of the total amount of membrane-lytic activity, are morphologically and biochemically more homogeneous than the light-density granules, which are contaminated with other subcellular organelles. A trypsin-like serine esterase activity, used in the past as a granule marker, was mainly found in the free cytosol and in the light-density fractions, while a small portion of this activity was associated with the heavy-density fractions. This enzyme marker is therefore not exclusively associated with granules and should not be used as the only granule marker.
Potential Cost‐Savings and Quality Improvement in Travel Advice for Children and Families from a Centralized Travel Medicine Clinic in a Large Group‐Model Health Maintenance Organization

Background: Cost, as well as accuracy and quality of medical care, is an important factor from the perspective of the health care payer. We evaluated the potential pharmacy cost savings, appropriateness of recommendations, and patient satisfaction associated with a proposed centralized travel medicine service in a large group-model health maintenance organization (HMO). Methods: From computerized pharmacy records, we identified 101 children 18 years of age or younger from six different facilities of Kaiser Permanente in northern California who obtained malaria prophylaxis, typhoid vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine for international travel from their primary care practitioner. We obtained records of all vaccinations and prescriptions provided to each patient and interviewed their parents concerning medical services they received in preparation for travel. We compared what vaccinations and prescriptions were actually given to expert recommendations, and compared total pharmacy costs for actual versus recommended care. Results: Travel advice obtained from primary care practitioners in this system was often inefficient and varied from expert recommendations. Primary care practitioners frequently overestimated risk, leading to unnecessary prescribing, especially of mefloquine and typhoid vaccine. This created potential cost-savings of US $12 per patient (17% of total pharmacy costs per patient). We were unable to quantify additional savings that could result from improved efficiency of providing care. Conclusions: A travel medicine clinic staffed by practitioners who provide expert and current advice may provide savings in pharmaceutical costs as well as improvements in quality of care compared to primary care practitioners without expertise in travel medicine.
The Random Weighted Interval Packing Problem: the Intermediate Density Case

In this problem, we are given N uniformly distributed random intervals of [0, 1]. For each random interval, I, we are given a weight XI. These weights are independent, independent of the intervals, and satisfy PXI ≤ t = tα, where α > 0. A packing of the family is a disjoint set I of these intervals. Its cost is CI = |RI| + ΣI∈IXI|I|, where RI is the part of [0, 1] that is not covered by I. We are interested in the optimal =minimal cost WN among all packings of the random family. We consider the case 1 \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $${\log N^{\xi}\over K \sqrt{N}} \le EW_N \le {K\log N^{\xi}\over \sqrt{N}}.$$ \end{document}
Mounds: Array-Based Concurrent Priority Queues

This paper introduces a concurrent data structure called the mound. The mound is a rooted tree of sorted lists that relies on randomization for balance. It supports O(log(log(N))) insert and O(log(N)) extract Min operations, making it suitable for use as a priority queue. We present two mound algorithms: the first achieves lock freedom via the use of a pure-software double-compare-and-swap (DCAS), and the second uses fine grained locks. Mounds perform well in practice, and support novel operations that we expect to be useful in parallel applications, such as extract Many and probabilistic extract Min.
Mesoscale calculations of the dynamic behavior of a granular ceramic

Abstract Mesoscale calculations have been conducted in order to gain further insight into the dynamic compaction characteristics of granular ceramics. The primary goals of this work are to numerically determine the shock response of granular tungsten carbide and to assess the feasibility of using these results to construct the bulk material Hugoniot. Secondary goals include describing the averaged compaction wave behavior as well as characterizing wave front behavior such as the strain rate versus stress relationship and statistically describing the laterally induced velocity distribution. The mesoscale calculations were able to accurately reproduce the experimentally determined Hugoniot slope but under predicted the zero pressure shock speed by 12%. The averaged compaction wave demonstrated an initial transient stress followed by asymptotic behavior as a function of grain bed distance. The wave front dynamics demonstrate non-Gaussian compaction dynamics in the lateral velocity distribution and a power-law strain rate–stress relationship.
Identifying teachable moments for health behavior counseling in primary care.

Abstract Objective Situations with potential to motivate positive change in unhealthy behavior have been called ‘teachable moments’. Little is known about how they occur in the primary care setting. Methods Cross-sectional observational design. Audio-recordings collected during 811 physician–patient interactions for 28 physicians and their adult patients were analyzed using conversation analysis. Results Teachable moments were observed in 9.8% of the cases, and share three features: (1) the presence of a concern that is salient to the patient that is either obviously relevant to an unhealthy behavior, or through conversation comes to be seen as relevant; (2) a link that is made between the patient's salient concern and a health behavior that attempts to motivate the patient toward change; and (3) a patient response indicating a willingness to discuss and commit to behavior change. Additionally, we describe phenomena related to, but not teachable moments, including teachable moment attempts, missed opportunities, and health behavior advice. Conclusions Success of the teachable moment rests on the physician's ability to identify and explore the salience of patient concerns and recognize opportunities to link them with unhealthy behaviors. Practice implications The skills necessary for accomplishing teachable moments are well within the grasp of primary care physicians.
Children's oral health: the time for change is now.

D uring my tenure as US Surgeon General, it was my privilege to work with leaders in the dental, public health, and research communities to generate Oral Health in America—A Report of the Surgeon General, which we published in 2000. We made several very strong recommendations in the report with the hope that they would stimulate action. Indeed, a Surgeon General’s worst nightmare is to produce a report that just sits on the shelf gathering dust. This special oral health issue of Academic Pediatrics is proof that that has not happened. Not only was there the very important follow-up workshop and conference, The Face of a Child in 2000, and the publication A National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health in 2003, but the intervening years have seen a growing movement to address the oral health needs of children. In particular, the American Academy of Pediatrics held a PEDS21 symposium, Oral Health in the 21st Century, where I spoke, followed by a national oral health summit in November 2008, where experts from leading medical, dental, and other organizations, family advocates, and federal agencies described progress in meeting the recommendations of the 2000 Surgeon General’s Report on oral health. Most importantly, the group discussed strategies to accelerate children’s access to oral health care services in America in light of epidemiologic evidence of increasing dental disease in some of our very youngest children. The papers in this issue summarize the strides that have been made since 2000 but also identify areas where we can—and must—redouble our efforts to assure progress. I commend the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Academic Pediatric Association, their collaborators in the public and private sectors, and the editors of Academic
The link between pensions and retirement timing: Lessons from California teachers

Abstract I exploit a major, unanticipated reform of the California teachers' pension to provide quasi-experimental evidence on the link between pension features and retirement timing. Using two large administrative data sets, I conduct a reduced-form analysis that leverages the nonlinearities in the return to work generated by the pension features and the reform-induced shifts of these nonlinearities for identification. The implied estimates of the elasticity of lifetime labor supply with respect to the return to work are centered around 0.04 in the medium-run and are less than 0.1 in the long-run.
Analyzing the Energetics of Explosive Events Observed by SUMER on SOHO

The SUMER spectrometer on SOHO has obtained numerous observations of optically thin chromosphere-corona transition-region line profiles with high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution. Many of these profiles exhibit asymmetries and broadenings associated with impulsive mass motions (explosive events) in the solar atmosphere. We present here a new method of analyzing non-Gaussian line profiles to calculate the distribution of fluid velocities and hence the associated energy flux. We illustrate this method through a preliminary analysis of explosive event line profiles observed by SUMER. We derive the magnitudes of the energy fluxes directed both toward and away from the observer, and their ("net flux") differences. We also identify and quantify the various components of each (i.e., kinetic, thermal and nonthermal enthalpy, and the high-energy component associated with the skewed tail of the distribution). The global energy contribution of explosive events to the solar atmosphere is then estimated under two different "grouping" assumptions. This preliminary analysis reveals an average net upward energy flux over the entire Sun of 104-105 ergs cm-2 s-1, up to an order of magnitude larger than previous estimates based on characteristic velocities of the fluid. Furthermore, the global estimate for the separate upward- and downward-directed energy fluxes is 105-106 ergs cm-2 s-1, which is comparable to the energy flux required for heating of the quiet corona and indicates that explosive events may indeed have significant implications for the energy balance of the chromosphere and corona.