cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF MADRID: STRATIFICATION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

This paper examines the characteristics of residential zones in Madrid, Spain. The primary difference between zones is found to lie in a new bourgeoisie life-style dimension. Working women are found to be the best indicator of this dimension, which also involves servants, natives of Madrid and high degrees of literacy. Fertility-related considerations, however, are unrelated to working women, and this is explained as due to the availability of domestic help and “women-oriented” working arrangements. Fertility and socioeconomic status are found to be interrelated and constitute a second dimension of residential segregation. In conclusion, Madrid is examined in relation to both more and less industrialized cities, leading to a further modification of social area theory contentions concerning the ecology of stratification in developing cities.
Evaluation of an anion-exchange membrane for extracting plant available phosphorus in soils

Abstract Anion‐exchange resins (AER) have been used to determine plant available phosphorus (P) since the fifties and their results have shown strong relationships with plant growth and P uptake irrespective of soil properties. However, this procedure is still not widely used by laboratories because of difficulties in handling resin beads under routine conditions. New kinds and different shapes of resins are being produced each with specific characteristics that must be evaluated before use in laboratory procedures. Thus the objective of this work was to evaluate an AER manufactured in membranes reinforced with a Modacrylic fabric. These anion‐exchange membrane (AEM) sheets are commercially available, making them suitable for soil testing. The membranes were cut in pieces (1.0×7.5 cm) identified as AEM‐strips. The AEM‐strips were soaked in 0.5M HCl for a few days and transferred, after being rinsed with deionized water (DI), to 0.5M NaHCO3 to convert them to HCO3 ‐ form. The AEM‐strips and resin beads in ...
Cysteine proteinase inhibitors and bleomycin-sensitive and -resistant cells

Abstract We have isolated a new human head and neck carcinoma cell line (C-10E) that is highiy resistant to BLM (40-fold) when compared to the parental (A-253) cell line. Consonant with BLM resistance in the C-10E cell line, we found that this cell line accumulated 2- to 3-fold less BLM A2 than A-253 cells. Kinetic analyses of BLM A2 association revealed a decreased Vmax for C-10E cells with little change in Ka. Furthermore, the BLM-resistant cell line (C-10E) metabolized BLM A2 to a greater extent than its sensitive counterpart (A-253). Thus, compared to A-253 cells, the C-10E cells exhibited both decreased cellular association and increased metabolism ofBLM. Synergistic cytotoxicity was seen when BLM was combined with either E-64 or leupeptin, cysteine proteinase inhibitors known to block BLM metabolism in vitro. E-64 inhibited the metabolism of BLM A2 in both C-10E and A-253 cells, and cellular accumulation of radiolabeled BLM A2 was increased by leupeptin or E-64 in only A-253 cells. These results suggest that both inhibition of drug metabolism and increased drug accumulation contribute to this synergism.
Representation of mineral chemical analyses in 11-dimensional space Part 1, feldspars

The optimum representation of a mineral chemical analysis, Б, in terms of n molecular end members, āj;, requires that: a. xj≥0 for all j, where xj are the amounts of the āj. b. the error, Δ¯Б−AE−1Б*, between the observed and computed chemical analysis be a minimum. A is the matrix whose columns are the āj, E−1 is the inverse of any nxn matrix from A, and Б* is the vector, formed from Б, whose components correspond to the rows of E. An expression of 120 feldspar analyses from Deer et al. (1963) in terms of xAn, xAb, and xOr shows systematic excesses and deficiencies in ΔSiO2 and ΔAl2O3 above that expected from analytical error. The laws of material balance are more closely obeyed if either Ca21AlSi3O8 for ΔSiO2(+) or NaAlSiO4 for ΔSiO2 (−) is added to the basis A for the calculation of X¯. Most major chemical variations within the feldspar group are expressed in terms of the 11 oxides SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, BaO, SrO, CaO, Na2O, K2O2 and H2O. Granting this assumption, the total error, Δ¯, for a given Б is minimized when the feldspar composition space is represented by an 11×10 matrix A and x¯ is computed using some 10×10 matrix from A. It is concluded that feldspar chemical analyses cannot be represented graphically without considerable distortion or loss of generality.
Biochemistry of imaginal discs: Retrospect and prospect

Abstract In this review the current status of biochemical research on the development of imaginal discs is discussed, with particular emphasis on comparing and contrasting results from the Lepidoptera and Diptera. Acknowledging the considerable amount of evidence compiled to date regarding differential gene activity in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone, extensions of these analyses to specific gene products with known or presumed functions is proposed. In addition, new methodologies are presented which should facilitate future studies.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Characterization of Graphene–Cellulose Nanocomposites

The mechanical properties of graphene-cellulose (GC) nanocomposites are investigated using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations in this work. The influences of graphene concentrations, aspect ratios, and agglomeration on elastic constants and interfacial properties are reported. A polymer consistent force field (pcff) was used in the analysis. The GC nanocomposites system underwent NVT (constant number of atoms, volume, and temperature) and NPT (constant number of atoms, pressure, and temperature) ensemble with an applied uniform strain during the MD simulations. The stress-strain responses were evaluated for both randomly dispersed and stacked GC unit cell in order to study the effects of graphene concentrations, aspect ratio, and agglomeration on Young's modulus. The results indicate that Young's modulus of neat cellulose may be enhanced by incorporating graphene in the GC nanocomposites. It is observed that dispersed graphene shows a comparatively higher Young's modulus than the same with agglomerated graphene. The cohesive and pullout forces versus displacement data are reported under normal and shear modes. It is seen that both cohesive and pullout forces are enhanced for GC specimens with higher graphene aspect ratios due to enlarged surface/interfacial area. The MD simulation results show reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CO-CONTRACTION IN OPTIMIZATION MODELS

The effect of co-contraction of antagonist muscles on spinal compression force is estimated using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (K-K-T) multipliers. Co-contraction is modelled as an incremental increase in the lower bounds on the allowable muscle forces in an optimization model formation. The K-K-T multipliers associated with each lower bound provide an estimate of the partial derivate of the optimal objective function value with respect to a change in the lower bound. A model whose objective function is spinal compression force is analyzed to estimate the effect of co-contraction on spinal compression force. While the effect depends on the specific muscle and task under consideration, the marginal effect of co-contraction on spinal compression force can be as high as 5.52 N additional spinal compression force for every additional N of muscle force. Paradoxically, the co-contraction may slightly decrease predicted spinal compression in special circumstances.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. I. A survey of possible animal sources

1. Lipids were extracted from various tissues of lambs, hogs, and cattle, and the content of tetraenoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic acids were determined upon the lipids. 2. Reproductive and glandular tissue lipids have the highest contents of polyunsaturated acids. Lamb testes lipid, containing 15.6% hexaenoic acid, was found to be the richest source of this acid. It also contains 10.3% arachidonic acid. The most practical sources for isolation of these acids from the point of view of availability as well as content are beef testes lipid and hog brain lipid for hexaenoic acid and hog liver lipid for arachidonic acid. 3. Extraction by saponification of the entire tissue generally increases yield of total fatty acids above the yield of lipid obtained by ethanol extraction, but the total acids obtained have generally lower content of hexaenoic acid. Ethanol extraction is preferred. No lipid was extractable from dehydrated blood.
An inexpensive suspended sediment sampler

This inexpensive and simply operated device can be employed whenever nearly simultaneous samples in a vertical water column are required. This design also allows for the detection of relatively high frequency concentrations of suspended sediment. The sampler has been successfully used in overwash studies at Assateague Island, Maryland, and is presently being employed at Fire Island, New York, for swash research. It is envisioned that this device would have application to other scientific fields for collections of water or sediment samples under similar conditions and data constraints.
Synthesis and characterization of two new bulky tris(mercaptoimidazolyl)borate ligands and their zinc and cadmium complexes

Abstract The sodium salts of the tris(2-mercapto-1-benzylimidazolyl)borate [TmBz]− and tris(2-mercapto-1-p-tolylimidazolyl)borate [Tmp-Tol]− anions have been readily prepared in very good yield from NaBH4 and 2-mercapto-1-benzylimidazole or 2-mercapto-1-p-tolylimidazole, respectively. These new monoanionic tripodal sulfur-donor ligands have been used to prepare the Group 12 derivatives (TmR)MBr (M=Zn, Cd; R=Bz, p-Tol), all of which have been characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and, in the case of both benzyl-substituted derivatives, single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Load-flow fractals draw clues to erratic behaviour

Fractal images have been discovered in many areas of science and engineering in the past two decades, so it is not surprising that they have also appeared in power system literature. This article provides a brief introduction to fractals and presents some fractal patterns produced by Newton-Raphson load-flow calculations for a small power system. If we imagine performing load-flow calculations from a dense grid of initial conditions, the region of initial conditions that converge to a particular equilibrium point using the Newton-Raphson method is seen to have a fractal boundary.
Differential decline in behavioral performance of Drosophila melanogaster with age

Normal aging is typically accompanied by deficits in behavioral performance, independent of overt pathology. In contrast, some behaviors remain relatively unchanged with age, but the reason(s) they remain intact are not known. Here we compare the relative impact of age on a battery of standard behavioral tests using the model genetic organism Drosophila melanogaster. Consistent with previous reports, learning, locomotion, geotaxis and phototaxis show a dramatic and progressive decline beginning at 1-2 weeks of age. In contrast, using two independent behavioral assays, we observe little or no decline in the flies' ability to escape potentially threatening stimuli. Using the assay with the most rapid decline, geotaxis, we observe a delay in functional aging in a long-lived mutant of the Ecdysone Receptor. We discuss the use of Drosophila genetics to investigate the differential decline in behavioral capacity.
A liquid-crystal-tunable-filter-based multispectral imaging system for prediction of apple fruit firmness

Firmness of apple fruit is an important quality attribute, which varies greatly in the same lot of fruit due to such factors as climatic condition, cultural practice, harvest time or maturity level, and postharvest handling and storage. This research developed a compact multispectral imaging system with a low cost digital camera and a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), and proposed a modified Lorentzian distribution (MLD) function to describe scattering profiles acquired from Red Delicious apples. The LCTF, which allows for the rapid, vibration-less selection of any wavelength in the visible/near-infrared range, was used to find optimal wavelengths over the spectral region between 650 nm and 1,000 nm for predicting apple fruit firmness. Radial scattering profiles were described accurately by the MLD function with four profile parameters for wavelengths between 650 nm and 1000 nm at an interval of 10 nm. Multi-linear regression (MLR) and cross-validation were performed on relating MLD parameters to fruit firmness. The prediction model gave good firmness predictions with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82 and the standard error of validation (SEV) of 6.64 N, which were considerably better than those obtained with visible/near-infrared spectroscopy.
High throughput integration of optoelectronics devices for biochip fluorescent detection

Miniaturized, portable and robust sensing systems are required for the development of integrated biological analysis systems and their application to clinical diagnostics. This work uses vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), optical emission filters and PIN photodetectors to realize monolithically integrated, near infrared, fluorescence detection systems. The integration of these micro technologies with biochip applications will drastically reduce cost and allow for parallel sensing architectures, which is particularly useful for flow channel arrays such as in capillary array electrophoresis. This paper focuses on the fabrication of integrated fluorescence sensors. Fabrication procedures have been developed to realize intracavity contacted VCSELs and low noise photodetectors, such as selective AlGaAs wet etching and via planarization. A reflow process with positive photoresist has been developed to provide via electrical contacts and to optically isolate the photodetector from the light source. Three-dimensional microstructures can be simply made by this reflow technique. Optical simulations predict that a detection sensitivity lower than 10000 molecules per 104μm2 sample area. Single molecule detection may be possible in certain sensing architectures.
On estimating the mean of the selected normal population in two-stage adaptive designs

Abstract Adaptive design is widely used in clinical trials. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the mean of the selected normal population in two-stage adaptive designs. Under the LINEX and L2 loss functions, admissibility and minimax results are derived for some location invariant estimators of the selected normal mean. The naive sample mean estimator is shown to be inadmissible under the LINEX loss function and to be not minimax under both loss functions.
Forward velocity effects on under-the-wing externally blown flap noise

Noise tests were conducted with small-scale models of externally blown-flap powered-lift systems that were subjected to simulated takeoff and landing free-stream velocities by placing the nozzle-wing models in a free jet. The nozzle configurations consisted of a conical and an 8-tube mixer nozzle. The results show that the free-stream velocity attenuates the noise from the various configurations, with the amount of attenuation depending on the flap setting. More attenuation was obtained with a flap setting of 20 degrees than with a flap setting of 60 degrees. The dynamic effect on the total attenuation caused by aircraft motion is also discussed.
Brightness contribution of zodiacal dust along the line of sight in and out of the ecliptic plane and in the F-corona

Abstract Model calculations are used to determine the location of interplanetary dust particles that contribute most of the brightness of the zodiacal light as seen from Earth, in and out of the ecliptic plane and in the F-corona. It is found that as one observes in Increasing ecliptic latitude (β), the distance to the Earth decreases for dust contributing equal fractions to the line-of-sight brightness. This and other results will help in the analysis of: (1) structures in the observed brightness of the zodiacal light, (2) bands such as those observed by IRAS, (3) temporal variations in the brightness of the zodiacal light, (4) observations of the photometric axis, and (5) past and future observations of the F-corona.
Metabolism of estradiol and estrone in organ cultures of dorsolateral and ventral prostate of untreated and sex hormone-implanted rats

Since dorsolateral but not ventral prostate undergoes estrogen-induced dysplasia in the androgen-supported Noble rat in 16 weeks, we studied estrogen metabolism by these tissues from untreated and sex hormone-implanted animals. We incubated 8.5 nM [6,7-3H]-labeled estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) for 21 hours in serum-free, prostate-lobe cultures and 8.5 nM [2-3H]E2 with explants from untreated rats and animals treated with testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or E2 plus testosterone. Untreated rat ventral prostate metabolized 3.7 times as much E2 to E1 as dorsolateral prostate, whereas the latter tissue converted 2.5 times as much E1 to E2 as the former. After dorsolateral prostate culture with 8.5 nM [6,7-3H]-labeled E2 or E1, 0.6 M KCl-extracted, Sephadex G25-excluded nuclear protein bound preponderantly E2, whereas the counterpart nuclear protein fraction from ventral prostate explants incubated with E2 bound substrate and E1 almost equally. The combination sex hormone treatment decreased E2 metabolism and increased its uptake by the dysplastic dorsolateral prostate. Implantation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, but not of testosterone, also decreased E2 metabolism to E1 by dorsolateral prostate cultures. Treatments with E2 plus testosterone and with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone changed E2 uptake/E1 retention in dorsolateral prostate explants from 2.4 to 7.4 and 8.5, respectively. C-2 tritium release marking the 2,3-catechol estrogen pathway was greater for ventral than dorsolateral prostate, but was unaffected by the sex hormone treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relationship between the expression of differentiation‐specific keratins 1 and 10 and cell proliferation in epidermal tumors

In normal epidermis, the expression of keratins 1 and 10 is associated with the loss of proliferative capacity and the onset of terminal differentiation. Keratins 1 (K1) and 10 (K10) are commonly expressed in the differentiating layer of benign tumors, but are lost during progression from the benign to the malignant state in skin carcinogenesis. Active gene constructs of mouse K1 and K10 were introduced into papilloma and carcinoma cell lines derived from keratinocytes to analyze the consequences of the expression of these keratins on the organization of the endogenous cytoskeletal network and on the mitotic activity of the recipient cells. Exogenous K1 integrated into the preexisting keratin K5/K14 network of both SLC-1 carcinoma and 308 papilloma cells. The formation of a recombinant cytoskeleton was more restricted for K10 than for K1 and appeared to be related to a requirement for cessation of cell division before K10 could integrate. The integration of exogenous K1 filaments into the endogenous keratin network was compatible with sustained proliferation of SLC-1 carcinoma cells in vitro. However, the exogenous gene was not expressed in tumor grafts in vivo. In contrast, stable K1 or K10 transfectants could not be selected in 308 cells, suggesting that benign tumor cells expressing suprabasal keratins cannot sustain proliferation. Published 1992 Wiley-liss. Inc.
Synthesis and preliminary pharmacology of 2‐aminophenol derivatives

A number of 2-aminophenol derivatives have been prepared which, upon gross pharmacologic screening, were found to stimulate the central nervous system, while several compounds exhibited possible psychosomimetic activity.
Fertility of rabbit sperm exposed in vitro to cadmium and lead

The heavy metals Cd2+ and Pb2+ have been associated with male reproductive toxicology, including possible inhibition of sperm undergoing hyperactivated motility, indicative of capacitation. The objective of the present study was to test fertility of rabbit sperm exposed to Cd2+ or Pb2+ in vitro, followed by insemination of superovulated does. Semen was washed to remove seminal plasma and minimize possible binding of the heavy metals by proteins. Only 400,000 treated or control sperm were inseminated as a sensitive test of treatment, and the time sperm resided in the female before possible fertilization was varied by inseminating from 0 to 12 h after ovulating the does. Only 6 of 22 males tested showed appreciable spontaneous hyperactivation and neither Cd2+ nor Pb2+ affected hyperactivation, or presumably associated capacitation. Sperm from four of these six males were used to inseminate 66 rabbits, and 1483 oocytes and embryos were collected about 27 h later. No effect of 0.1 mM Cd2+ on fertilizing ability of sperm was found (75% fertilization with control sperm and 78% with treated sperm). With 0.025 mM Pb2+ the fertilization rate in pregnant does only was 82% for controls and lower (68%) with treated sperm. These tested concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ are much higher than reported concentrations in semen of exposed workers.
Chaos and structures in the magnetosphere

Abstract The nonlinear plasma transport mechanisms that control the collisionless heating in the Earth's magnetosphere and the onset of geomagnetic substorms are reviewed. In the high-pressure plasma trapped in the reversed magnetic field loops on the nightside of the magnetosphere, the key issue of the role of the ion orbital chaos as the mechanism for the plasma sheet energization is examined. The energization rate is governed by a collisionless conductance and the solar wind driven dawn-to-dusk electric field. The low-frequency response function is derived and the fluctuation dissipation theorem is given for the system. Returning to the global picture the collisionless energization rate from the transport physics is the basis for a low-dimensional energy-momentum-conserving dynamical model of magnetospheric substorms.
Adipose tissue extracellular matrix and vascular abnormalities in obesity and insulin resistance.

Context: Insulin resistance is associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and hypoxia in adipose tissue. Objective: This study was intended to better characterize the extracellular matrix (ECM) and vascularity of insulin-resistant adipose tissue. Design: Adipose expression of collagens, elastin, and angiogenic factors was assessed using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in abdominal sc adipose tissue. Adipocyte-macrophage coculture experiments examined the effects of polarized macrophages on adipose ECM gene expression, and the effects of collagens were measured in an angiogenesis assay. Participants and Setting: A total of 74 nondiabetic subjects participated at a University Clinical Research Center. Interventions: Interventions included baseline adipose biopsy and measurement of insulin sensitivity. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included characterization of vascularity and ECM in adipose tissue. Results: CD31 (an endothelial marker) mRNA showed no significant correlation with body m...
Decision support for choosing ventilation operation strategy in hospital isolation rooms: A multi-criterion assessment under uncertainty

Abstract Guidelines for isolation rooms in hospitals require keeping these rooms at a negative pressure differential, but the guidelines do not suggest a particular ventilation strategy for how to meet this requirement. In principle, one strategy could use variable air volume (VAV). However, VAV boxes are often set to deliver constant air volume (CAV), perhaps due to a lack of confidence in the controllability of the VAV. In this paper, an adaptive VAV operation is introduced in response to a concern that the current operation is not adequate, as it leads to excessive fan energy consumption. The adaptive VAV temporarily increases the volume offset before the door is opened, and thus induces a higher negative pressure differential. Otherwise the negative pressure differential is kept at an acceptable minimum. This paper evaluates the current practice of the VAV being set to CAV in comparison to the adaptive VAV operation, which will help the facility manager make a decision. A rationale of ventilation operation is chosen by a set of objective performance evaluation criteria: normalized energy consumption, potential exposure to contamination, and thermal comfort. Analysis results show that the two operation modes do not exhibit noticeable differences in their ability to control the spread of contaminants or in their maintenance of thermal comfort. However, the adaptive VAV mode consumes significantly less energy. As transitioning between low and high pressure differentials of the adaptive VAV may result in momentary contamination exposure, caregivers can be asked to pause at the door until the required negative pressure differential is achieved in order to secure a safe transition. As this new process requires a change of the protocol for caregivers in isolation rooms, an additional performance aspect concerning potential loss of care time is incorporated into the decision analysis. A Bayesian decision theory is applied to support multi-criteria decision-making. A decision model is developed that considers stakeholders' different preferences for performance, and risk attitudes are compiled in terms of utility. Case studies emphasize that the ultimate decision should be reached based on multi-criteria comparisons of building environmental and organizational outcomes in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner. Due to the uncertainty of the performance model and the decision model, however, the choosing the decision model without accounting for uncertainty may not be always warranted; in particular, when utilities of decision options do not exhibit significant differences over the utility of the chosen decision option. Besides uncertainty analysis, this study also emphasizes an importance of significant difference testing for decision alternatives as key supplemental measures for the decision support framework under uncertainty.
Retrognostics: Reverse Quality Management

This paper points out that a great reduction of time and cost is possible by introducing PHM technology and by measuring quality from the viewpoint of the customer. Up to now, quality has been measured for verification at each manufacturing process unit to secure the quality of a final product required by design specifications. Therefore, it is nothing other than producer’s quality. But if customer’s quality or customer’s satifaction is fed back more straightforwardly, most of such verification procedures can be eliminated. This quality management is reversed from the traditional one, which is one way from upstream to downstream processes and is very much producer-centric. PHM technology plays a very important role for feeding back customer’s expectations and such a pattern classification mthods as Mahalanobis-Taguchi System will serve for realizing such a truly customer-driven quality management.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Steadily running self-focusing streams

A proposal was submitted several years ago for an experiment in which a steadily flowing self-focusing stream would be produced and maintained in a closed loop by accelerating particles into that stream, using a new kind of acceleration. This was to be a high current accelerator, as distinguished from the more usual high energy accelerator, and was to be used in exploiting the peculiar properties of self-focusing streams. Later, in 1956, Budker proposed that pulsed selffocusing streams be produced by accelerating very large electron currents in a closed loop in a betatron, pointing out that the motion of the electrons in a selffocusing stream in directions transverse to the axis of the stream would produce radiation which would damp such motion and that such damping would oppose the thermal dispersion of the stream. Any method which depends upon accelerating the electrons after their injection into the stream has one fundamental difficulty: the combined action of the accelerating electric field and the self-magnetic field of the current in the stream excessively drives the electrons toward the axis of the stream. The continued application of the accelerating electric force produces a continually increasing density of electrons with their associated space-charge-neutralizing ions near the axis, and the rate at which energy must be supplied to compensate for the loss of energy of the electrons due to their collisions with the ions increases correspondingly. Budker indicates that this may be "thousands of kilowatts," and that the difficulties are formidable. Further searches for methods of producing and utilizing self-focusing streams have led to the concept of radiative entrapment which should be more readily attainable than the 1953 proposal and which is presented herewith as a revision of that proposal. The advances made in the last few years in the development of electron linear accelerators make it practicable to inject electrons into a guide-field at full energy and thus avoid the excessive pinching down of the stream and the attendant difficulties which result from accelerating the electrons after they have joined the stream. The principal difficulty experienced in the past, in injecting particles into a closed loop orbit for a long enough time to build up the current in the
Cardiac Arrhythmias in Children and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Edward P. Walsh, J. Philip Saul, John K. Triedman, eds. 528 pp. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. $159.00. ISBN 0-397-58744-9 Practical quality is a hallmark bestowed typically on personal amenities and comforts and is an uncommon descriptor for academic texts. It is most appropriate, however, for this compendium edited by Walsh and colleagues, which will likely earn weathered bindings and endure dog-eared pages from usage by most congenital heart disease …
On Being a Good Neighbor, or Things I Learned in the Field

This article explores the possibility of anthropology as Bildung, or self-cultivation. As an educational mode, Bildung is focused on the moral education of students, encouraging them to broaden themselves in their encounters with others. I will discuss this process in terms of a lesson I learned from the highland Maya about being a good neighbor and will demonstrate how neighborliness can offer students a possibility for their own self-cultivation.
The Foster reactance theorem for antennas and radiation Q

The calculation of antenna Q has been an interesting and a controversial topic for years. We first give a rigorous study of antenna Q by introducing a complete description of the complex power balance relation for an antenna system. Using the complex Poynting theorem, we have shown that the antenna is essentially equivalent to a one port lossy network. The Foster reactance theorem is usually stated for a lossless network. The main purpose of this paper is to determine whether the Foster reactance theorem holds for antennas. By making use of a complex frequency domain version of the Poynting theorem, we have shown that the Foster reactance theorem is valid for an antenna. Finally, the Foster reactance theorem for the antenna has been applied to demonstrate the widely held assumption Q/spl ap/1/B, provided Q/spl Gt/1, where B stands for the fractional bandwidth of an arbitrary antenna.
An Evaluation of Lattice Scoring using a Smoothed Estimate of Word Accuracy

This paper describes a novel approach for estimating the best hypothesis of a given word lattice, the hypothesis lattice, using another word lattice, the reference lattice, and its application to large vocabulary automatic speech recognition. This approach selects the word sequence in the hypothesis lattice which maximizes a smoothed estimate of the word accuracy with respect to the reference lattice. It is shown in the paper that two algorithms similar to the Viterbi and the forward-backward algorithms can be used to estimate the hypothesis which approximately maximizes this objective function. We present in this paper two setups to test the performance of our approach. In the first setup, only one lattice is used as both the reference and the hypothesis lattices. In the second setup, two lattices produced by different systems are used to calculate the best hypothesis. In each setup, we test our approach on two Arabic broadcast news speech recognition tasks. Compared to the baseline results, up to 2.1% relative improvement in the word error rate (WER) is obtained by using our approach.
NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED

ABSTRACT Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notificati...
Safety in training and learning in the intensive care unit

Resident and subspecialty fellow trainees in the intensive care unit (ICU) present risks for patient safety because of their inexperience yet offer opportunities to promote safe patient care because of their around-the-clock presence and their involvement in frontline processes of care. Most trainees approach their ICU experiences without previous education in performance improvement or patient safety. This article reviews the barriers that are faced by residents in providing safe patient care and outlines the nature of a patient safety curriculum that could tap the opportunities that are presented by trainees to promote safer patient care.
Potassium-Argon Ages on Lavas of Kohala Volcano, Hawaii

Kohala Mountain is regarded as the oldest volcano on the island of Hawaii. Potassium-argon ages on three lavas of the Hawi Volcanic Series, the youngest sequence of lavas on Kohala, range from 0.14 to 0.20m.y. and indicate that volcanism ceased in the very late Pleistocene.
Inhibition of human breast cancer xenograft growth by cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of cruciferous vegetables such as garden cress, inhibits growth of human breast cancer cell lines in culture. The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo efficacy of BITC against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts. The BITC administration retarded growth of MDA-MB-231 cells subcutaneously implanted in female nude mice without causing weight loss or any other side effects. The BITC-mediated suppression of MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis for Ki-67 expression. Analysis of the vasculature in the tumors from BITC-treated mice indicated smaller vessel area compared with control tumors based on immunohistochemistry for angiogenesis marker CD31. The BITC-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo correlated with downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 protein levels in the tumor. Consistent with these results, BITC treatment suppressed VEGF secretion and VEGF receptor 2 protein levels in cultured MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the BITC-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited reduced capacity for migration compared with vehicle-treated control cells. In contrast to cellular data, BITC administration failed to elicit apoptotic response as judged by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates in vivo anti-cancer efficacy of BITC against MDA-MB-231 xenografts in association with reduced cell proliferation and suppression of neovascularization. These preclinical observations merit clinical investigation to determine efficacy of BITC against human breast cancers.
Torn acetabular labrum in young patients. Arthroscopic diagnosis and management

Arthroscopy of the hip revealed a torn acetabular labrum in seven young patients. Three of them had had an acute onset of symptoms during sporting activities. On examination all seven patients had pain on passive flexion and medial rotation of the joint. All but one of the tears were located on the posterosuperior portion of the labrum, and, in the acute cases, vascular dilatation around the tear was observed. In these cases, repeated arthroscopy several months later showed that the vascular changes had disappeared, but the tear was still present. The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of the torn acetabular labrum are discussed.
Long-term subjective functional outcome of surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy for advanced stage oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinoma

Background Although long-term cures have been achieved for locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, there is a paucity of information available regarding patients' perspectives of their functional outcome. Patients and methods Thirty-five long-term survivors free of disease following surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for advanced cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx were sent questionnaires to evaluate their long-term functional outcome after therapy. The questionnaires included a subjective performance status scale that assessed the patient's perceived (1) ability to eat in public, (2) understandability of speech, and (3) normalcy of diet. Twenty-nine of 35 patients participated in this function assessment and are the subjects of this report. Results The mean function scores for all patients were as follows: 72 for eating in public, 69 for understandability of speech, and 58 for normalcy of diet. Functional results were further analyzed by T stage and anatomic subsite. Inferior results were noted with increasing T stage. A two-way analysis of variance showed that this difference was significant even after adjusting for the effect of anatomic subsite ( P = 0.0002, P = 0.018, and P = 0.0018 for the three outcome variables). In addition, patients with base of tongue lesions had a worse functional outcome for both early T stage (T1/T2) and advanced T stage (T3/T4) when compared to other subsites. This difference averaged across T stage was statistically significant for understandability of speech ( P = 0.0019) and normalcy of diet ( P = 0.013), but was not significant for eating in public ( P = 0.16). Conclusions This performance status scale was found to be a useful tool for functional assessment following definitive therapy for advanced stage head and neck carcinomas. These subjective functional scores deteriorated with increasing T stage. In addition, functional scores for oral tongue, floor of mouth, and tonsillar primaries were superior to those for base of tongue lesions. These functional outcome scores are consistent with the extent of surgery required for the base of tongue subsite and are in direct relation to the patients' T stage in this study population.
Anytime, anywhere: modal logics for mobile ambients

The Ambient Calculus is a process calculus where processes may reside within a hierarchy of locations and modify it. The purpose of the calculus is to study mobility, which is seen as the change of spatial configurations over time. In order to describe properties of mobile computations we devise a modal logic that can talk about space as well as time, and that has the Ambient Calculus as a model.
Effect of Forced Molting on Quantity and Quality of Semen in Turkey Breeder Males as Influenced by Diet

Abstract Broad Breasted White turkey males were induced to molt by imposing periods of nonstimulatory light and short periods of water and feed deprival starting at 54 weeks of age. Birds kept under 8 or 10 hours of light per day began to molt within 3 weeks, and most had terminated semen production within 4 weeks. When returned to stimulatory light, the birds began to produce semen within 4 weeks and reached peak production within 10 weeks. However, this level of production was lower than the original level attained as young birds. The recycled males produced approximately 20 percent more semen than the males kept under constant stimulatory light, and the semen from the recycled males contained 1 to 2 billion additional sperm per ml. The percentage of normal sperm decreased with increase in age of birds irrespective of light treatment. A skip-a-day-per-week feeding schedule imposed on all males from 54 to 78 weeks of age had no appreciable effect on body weight or efficiency of feed utilization. Also, imposition of feed and water restrictions had no apparent effect on early termination or recovery of semen production.
Using vector sensors to measure the complex acoustic intensity field

The acoustic intensity vector field, defined as the product of pressure particle velocity fields, describes the flow of energy from an acoustic source. Following a brief introduction of acoustic vector sensors, which includes some direct measurements of acoustic intensity, the intensity field is shown to be composed of active and reactive components. Active intensity streamlines depict the time-averaged flow of acoustic energy and reveal characteristics of acoustic propagation including environmental influences. These streamlines do not characterize reactive intensity, which corresponds to the portion of acoustic intensity that time-averages to zero. Reactive intensity is significant in the near-field of a source and in environments where multipath interfere occurs. To examine the interplay between active and reactive acoustic intensity, the acoustic field generated by an airborne source positioned well above a water surface is presented. Acoustic measurements of a passing airplanes, made simultaneously above and below this sea-surface, are used to demonstrate properties of active and reactive intensity, including how reactive intensity can serve as an indicator of source altitude and range.
Effect of History of Alcoholism or Major Depression on Smoking Cessation

The authors examined the influence of a history of alcoholism or major depression on smoking cessation for 220 subjects. The success rate of recovering alcoholics was comparable to that of nonalcoholics, comorbidity of alcoholism and major depression exerted a detrimental effect, and smoking cessation did not precipitate an alcoholic relapse.
BICUSPID VALVE AND ANEURYSM PHENOTYPES: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS

Bicuspid aortic valves (BAV) are associated with poorly characterized aortopathy. Our objectives were to determine if distinct patterns of aortopathy exist and to characterize the association of aortopathy with valve morphology and dysfunction. We analyzed preoperative 3-dimensional computed
Exploring the Crystal Structure Landscape of Olanzapine

An extensive experimental search for solid forms of the antipsychotic compound olanzapine identified 60 distinct solid forms including three nonsolvated polymorphs, 56 crystalline solvates, and an amorphous phase. XPac analysis of the 35 experimental crystal structures (30 from this work and 5 from the CSD) containing olanzapine show that they contain a specific, dispersion-bound, dimer structure which can adopt various arrangements and accommodate diverse solvents to produce structures with a similar moderate packing efficiency to form I. The crystal energy landscape confirms the inability of olanzapine to pack with an efficiency of more than 70 %, explains the role of solvent in stabilizing the solvate structures, and identifies a hypothetical structural type that offers an explanation for the inability to obtain the metastable forms II and III separately. The calculations find that structures that do not contain the observed dimer are thermodynamically feasible, suggesting that kinetic effects are responsible for all the observed structures being based on the dimer. Thus, this extensive screen probably has not found all possible physical forms of olanzapine, and further form diversity could be targeted with a better understanding of the role of kinetics in its crystallization.
Behavioral Mediators of the Human Population Effect on Global Biodiversity Losses

By combining the time depth provided by the fossil and archeological records with contemporary data of global reach, we can begin to dissect out the most relevant factors that threaten the future of all levels of biodiversity on this planet. It is our contention that the size of the human population and the scale of the human endeavor led to a dramatic rise in extinctions over the past 10,000 years. Analyses of contemporary data demonstrate that current species threats are best attributed to variability in species richness, human population density, and agricultural land use. Continued exponential growth in the human population and our resultant environmental dominance, due to cultural development and ecological contingencies, is rapidly leading to a global mass extinction.
Plant–soil feedbacks mediate shrub expansion in declining forests, but only in the right light

Summary 1. Contemporary global change, including the widespread mortality of foundation tree species, is altering ecosystems and plant communities at unprecedented rates. Plant-soil interactions drive myriad community dynamics, and we hypothesized such interactions may be an important driver of succession following the loss of foundation tree species. 2. We examined whether plant-soil biota interactions, in the context of a putatively important light gradient associated with foundation tree decline, mediate the expansion of Rhododendron maximum in southeastern US forests where Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), a dominant foundation tree species, is in decline. Using an 11-month, controlled inoculation experiment paired with Illumina sequencing, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) Relative to conspecific (R. maximum-conditioned) soils, R. maximum seedlings have higher performance in soils conditioned by T. canadensis and lower performance in interspace soils (conditioned by neither T. canadensis nor R. maximum) due to variation in soil fungal biota, and (2) seedling performance is greater in high light versus low light environments (matching environments under infested versus uninfested T. canadensis crowns, respectively). 3. In partial support of the first hypothesis, we found that R. maximum seedling performance was highest in T. canadensis-conditioned and R. maximum-conditioned soils and lowest in interspace soils. Mechanistically, soils conditioned by T. canadensis and R. maximum had more ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi, less saprotrophic fungi, and were less species-rich than interspace soils, and variation in these community traits predicted substantial variation in R. maximum seedling biomass. However, in support of our second hypothesis, soil effects on plant performance were evident in high light only; in low light, soil inoculation did not affect plant performance and plants performed worse on average. 4. Synthesis. Our findings suggest interactions with soil biota act synergistically with altered abiotic environments to mediate species responses to widespread foundation tree mortality, providing evidence for a novel mechanism of plant response to large-scale disturbance. Examining plant-soil interactions in the context of relevant abiotic gradients can therefore enhance our understanding, predictions, and management of community development processes following forest disturbance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.