cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treinamento resistido e aeróbio promovem regularização nos ní­veis pressóricos em um indiví­duo sedentário e hipertenso

Introducao: A hipertensao hoje e um dos grandes problemas na populacao mundial. Segundo dados, o Brasil nao foge i regra, tendo um alto i­ndice de mortalidade, acidentes cardiovasculares, circulatorios, arritmias cardi­acas e paradas cardi­acas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo e apresentar um caso de de reducao e estabilizacao dos ni­veis pressoricos, antropometricos e bioqui­micos em um indivi­duo sedentario e hipertenso dependente de farmacos, utilizando exerci­cios resistidos, aerobios moderados e de alta intensidade, combinados em circuitos. Material e metodos: Foi selecionado um cliente de 58 anos, do sexo masculino, sedentario, pesando 93,1 kg, com estatura de 176 cm. A frequencia cardi­aca era de 88 bpm, pressao arterial de 160/110 mmHg sendo classificado como hipertenso severo. Foram avaliadas as medidas antropometricas a pressao arterial por 6 dias, sempre no mesmo horario e condicoes semelhantes. Resultados: O cliente exibiu alteracoes em ni­vel considerado excelente em termos de medidas antropometricas e bioqui­micas, da mesma maneira que foi para a pressao arterial. Discussao: Os exerci­cios resistidos, alem de promoverem a recuperacao e desenvolvimento da massa muscular no ini­cio do trabalho, causaram hipertensao induzida em um curto peri­odo de tempo, ou seja, apenas na execucao do exerci­cio. Isto esta associado aos exerci­cios aerobios que, de continuo, podem ter volumes maiores no trabalho, induzindo a hipotensao por exerci­cio por modular os componentes fisiologicos responsaveis pelos ni­veis pressoricos. Conclusao: Um trabalho bem elaborado e supervisionado por especialista pode exercer resultados mais do que satisfatorios em indivi­duos sedentarios que tenham alguma patologia associada e tenham receio de praticar atividades fi­sicas e mudar seu estilo de vida.Palavras-chave: exerci­cios resistidos, aerobio, hipertensao arterial.
Critical Terms for the Study of Africa: edited by Gaurav Gajanan Desai and Adeline Marie Masquelier, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2018, 410 pp.

Gaurav Desai and Adeline Masquelier’s Critical Terms for the Study of Africa is a weighty tome. Not physically. It is in fact tidy, even concise, at 410 pages of print large enough to be visible ev...
Optimal Life-Cycle Resilience Enhancement of Aging Power Distribution Systems: A MINLP-Based Preventive Maintenance Planning

Power distribution systems in the US are commonly supported by wood utility poles. These assets require regular maintenance to enhance the reliability of power delivery to support many dependent functions of the society. Limitations in budget, however, warrant efficient allocation of limited resources based on optimal preventive maintenance plans. A few studies have developed risk-based metrics to support risk-informed decision making in preventive maintenance planning for power distribution systems. However, integration of risk-based metrics and optimization for enhancing the life-cycle resilience of distribution systems has not been explored. To address this gap, this paper proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to maximize the life-cycle resilience of aging power distribution systems subject to multi-occurrences of hurricane events using an optimal risk-based maintenance planning. For this purpose, a risk-based index called the Expected Outages is proposed and integrated into the optimization problem to minimize the total expected number of power outages in the entire planning horizon. Various uncertainties in the performance of poles under stochastic occurrences of hazards are taken into account through advanced fragility models and an efficient recursive formulation that models the uncertainty of precedent pole failures. The proposed approach is applied to a large, realistic power distribution system for long-term maintenance planning given a total budget limit and different levels of periodic budget constraints. The resulting optimization problems are solved through the branch and bound algorithm. Results indicate that applying the presented methodology leads to a significant enhancement of the life-cycle resilience of distribution systems compared to the commonly implemented strength-based maintenance strategy set by National Electric Safety Code.
A BlackCrit Re/Imagining of Urban Schooling Social Education Through Black Youth Enactments of Black Storywork:

This article highlights the organizing role of Blackness and anti-Blackness in the social worlds of nine Black adolescents at an urban high school. Outside and within urban schooling, Black youth u...
Inheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Production of Corn from CI2.

This study determined the types and magnitude of gene action, estimated heritabilities, and predicted gain from selection for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production in the cross of resistant corn inbred CI2 to susceptible inbred B73 in 1998 and 1999. The warm, dry summer of 1998 favored aflatoxin production, whereas the conditions of 1999 did not. Resistance to ear rot was mainly controlled by additive gene action. Aflatoxin values were analyzed by individual years (environments) because of the highly significant generation x environment interaction. Resistance to aflatoxin production was mainly controlled by epistasis in 1998 and by additive gene action in 1999. Heritabilities for ear rot and aflatoxin production were higher in the F 3 generation than in the BCP 1 -selfed generation. In 1998, Spearman's correlation coefficients between Aspergillus ear rot ratings and aflatoxin values for the F 3 and the BCP 1 -selfed families were not significant (P > 0.05). In 1999, both were highly significant (P < 0.01), but low at 0.41 and 0.17 for the F3 and BCP 1 -selfed generations, respectively. We found that CI2 is not an acceptable source of resistance due to lower heritabilities and disease resistance compared to other sources of resistance.
Rethinking patient–provider care through visual communication:

The case study presented in this article developed an improved intervention for visually communicating with persons diagnosed with a communication disorder known as aphasia. The Visual Interactive ...
Consistent Transport Transient Solvers of the High-Fidelity Transport Code PROTEUS-MOC

This paper presents the three new pin-resolved transient solvers of PROTEUS-MOC developed in a consistent way to the latest steady-state solver. A new transient fixed source problem (TFSP) solver w...
Using Cognitive Interviewing Methodology to Define Acculturation Among Asian American Women

Introduction: Berry acculturation model (BAM) includes five measurement components. Current instruments do not examine all five components. This study's aim was to complete cognitive interviews with Asian American college-aged women using two frequently used measures and investigate whether all five BAM's components of acculturation are included. Methodology: This is a qualitative study using in-depth semistructured cognitive interviewing. Data were collected until saturation was reached (n = 20). Content analysis was completed. Results: Two themes emerged: Components of acculturation and survey structure. All components of BAM were evident in the data. The women agreed that physical, biological, cultural, and social relationships are important aspects of acculturation. The psychological component emerged as women discussed intergenerational conflicts related to acculturation. Discussion: Future research includes psychometric testing of a new acculturation instrument that incorporates all five components of BAM. A valid, comprehensive measure is needed to understand how AA women adapt to mainstream culture.
God and the illegal alien: United States immigration law and a theology of politics

Robert Heimburger’s God and the Illegal Alien: United States Immigration Law and a Theology of Politics narrates the legal history of U.S. immigration and provides Christian theological assessment ...
“I Don't See Color”: Characterizing Players’ Racial Attitudes and Experiences via an Anti-Bias Simulation Videogame

Videogames and learning/training applications that address racial discrimination have risen in popularity recently, coinciding with the rapid development of the field of serious (or impact) games [1, 2]. While there has been much focus on understanding the efficacy of these systems as interventions to reduce racial bias, there has been less attention paid to how individuals’ prior physical-world racial attitudes influence their experiences of such games about racial issues. Toward addressing this gap, the study presented here examines the relationships between PreK-12 educators’ colorblind racial attitudes and their game experience and narrative interpretations in narrative videogame modeling racial and ethnic socialization called Passage Home. Passage Home embeds a novel computational model and simulation informed by the Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory (RECAST) [3] to simulate a discriminatory racial encounter in a classroom setting. The system serves as a tool for assessing players’ racial and ethnic socialization (RES) experiences to support interventions for learning about racial bias. This paper presents the results of a user study deploying Passage Home with PreK-12 educators. Analysis revealed that players’ colorblind racial attitudes and ethnic identity were related to their in-game racial appraisal and feelings of competence, negative affect, and empathy in the game. Given the prevalence of colorblind racial ideology across racial and ethnic groups in the United States [4, 5], we propose an initial typology of players’ colorblind racial attitudes emerging from this analysis to aid in the future development of serious game interventions addressing racial discrimination.
The Right to Armed Self-Defense in Light of Law Enforcement Abdication

This article defends the position that the right of armed self-defense remains important today, in particular in light of the civil unrest of the Summer of 2020. The article proceeds in three parts. The first part will summarize arguments from various prominent commentators that the right to self-defense with firearms is anachronistic in the contemporary United States. These critics argue that Americans can and should rely solely on their local professional police force to protect them. The second part of the article will focus on how this argument has been undermined by recent events. This part documents in great detail the failures of law enforcement in reaction to looting, rioting, and other forms of illegal behavior that threatened the well-being of the public. First, many police departments received implicit or explicit orders from their political supervisors to “stand down.” Second, in many instances, the police themselves were unwilling or unable to combat lawless behavior. If police consistently fail to enforce law and order, the argument against the individual right to bear arms for self-defense purposes significantly weakens. Finally, the last part of the article will discuss examples of individuals and groups of citizens using firearms in self-defense during the recent unrest in the absence of effective law enforcement. Some of these episodes are open to criticism, whether on the grounds that one believes that it’s never worth using or even threatening to use deadly force to defend property, or because the line between justified self-defense and unjustified vigilantism is not always a clear one. Nevertheless, if law enforcement is unwilling or unable to preserve basic law and order, it’s both inevitable that citizens will try to fill the breach, and desirable that law-abiding individuals should be given the means to do so.
Camping, glamping, and coronavirus in the United States.

â¢Camping-an accommodation and form of recreation-is an understudied tourism sector.â¢The influence of COVID-19 on future camping consideration was explored.â¢Recent United States-based leisure travelers were surveyed about COVID-19 (nâ¯=â¯2685).â¢Camping experience and social distance are related to tent camping and glamping.â¢Scale of COVID-19 influences tent camping and glamping consideration.
Experimental and numerical study of gas diffusion and sorption kinetics in ultratight rocks

Abstract Mass transport in ultratight rocks is markedly different from that in typical permeable rocks due to the presence of nano-scale pores and a dual-storage mechanism in terms of free and adsorbed gas. This work provides a quantitative analysis of gas transport behavior in ultratight rocks by utilizing X-ray computed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and numerical modeling. We conducted X-ray micro-CT core-scale experiments using high-attenuation xenon (Xe) and Marcellus shale sample to obtain temporal and spatial Xe density maps from a series of micro-CT images. We present a dual-mechanism numerical model to analyze the sorption and diffusion phenomena observed in the experiment. The numerical model considers both bulk and surface diffusion by coupling of a diffusion-based equation for free-gas transport with a surface-diffusion equation for the sorbed phase. A sorption kinetic model quantifies mass transfer between the free- and sorbed-phase. The governing equations are solved simultaneously using finite element methods. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results reveal that sorption is a non-equilibrium process in ultratight rocks and surface diffusion significantly contributes to total mass transport through nanopores. Further, results show that sorbed-phase transport a nonlinear phenomenon given the dependence of surface diffusion coefficient on concentration. Resulting transport-related parameters, such as bulk and surface diffusion coefficients and sorption rate constants, which are estimated from history matching, are consistent with literature data.
Melting the ice: arctic tourists’ epiphanies and connections to wildlife

A key outcome for ecotourism is providing conservation benefits. These benefits are of particular concern when experiences include wildlife. One mechanism for delivering conservation benefits is to...
Movement Patterns as Enrichment: Exploratory Canine-Drone Interaction Pilot Study

Outdoor enrichment has a variety of potential uses for increasing physical activity and strengthening companion animal bonds. In this pilot protocol, we aim to explore a species-centric evaluation of drone flying patterns and distances for enrichment purposes. This includes presenting participants with introductory and training phases to encourage positive familiarization before evaluating flight patterns, with the ability to walk away at any time. Sessions will be repeated within participants to explore any novelty or familiarization effects, as well as collect guardian perceptions of impact. From this pilot, we aim to explore our evaluation methods, characterize pet guardian perspectives, and narrow preferred movement patterns and distances for a future deploy.
Ocular elongation and retraction in foveated reptiles

Background Pronounced asymmetric changes in ocular globe size during eye development have been observed in a number of species ranging from humans to lizards. In contrast, largely symmetric changes in globe size have been described for other species like rodents. We propose that asymmetric changes in the three-dimensional structure of the developing eye correlate with the types of retinal remodeling needed to produce areas of high photoreceptor density. To test this idea, we systematically examined three-dimensional aspects of globe size as a function of eye development in the bifoveated brown anole, Anolis sagrei. Results During embryonic development, the anole eye undergoes dynamic changes in ocular shape. Initially spherical, the eye elongates in the presumptive foveal regions of the retina and then proceeds through a period of retraction that returns the eye to its spherical shape. During this period of retraction, pit formation and photoreceptor cell packing are observed. We found a similar pattern of elongation and retraction associated with the single fovea of the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Conclusions These results, together with those reported for other foveated species, support the idea that areas of high photoreceptor packing occur in regions where the ocular globe asymmetrically elongates and retracts during development.
Innovation in Resident Core Oncology Education: Switching from an Inpatient Ward Rotation to a Hybrid Model of Inpatient Consultations and Outpatient Clinics.

Interest in an oncology career has decreased among internal medicine residents completing an inpatient hematology-oncology rotation. Over years, our institutional data at Indiana University School of Medicine reflected lower satisfaction with the oncology inpatient ward rotation as compared to other rotations. We hypothesized that a switch from an inpatient ward rotation to a hybrid model of inpatient consultations and outpatient clinics would improve resident satisfaction with their educational experience in oncology. Over the 6-month periods preceding and following the change in rotation format, residents were asked to complete anonymous rotation evaluations and rate their experiences on a 5-point Likert scale (poor 1 to excellent 5). Areas assessed included patient load, educational value of patient mix, quality of didactics and teaching, quality of patient care delivery, adequacy of time for reading, and overall rotation quality. The hybrid oncology rotation was rated as significantly superior to the traditional ward format in six out of eight areas including patient load, educational value of patient mix, time for study, teaching quality, relevance of material, and overall rating. Improvements in the perceived quality of patient care delivery (p = 0.139) and quality of didactics (p = 0.058) were also observed without reaching statistical significance. The balance of inpatient and outpatient experiences with the hybrid rotation was highly rated (4.5 ± 0.5). The implementation of a hybrid oncology rotation was associated with perceived improvement in educational value, patient mix, and time for reflection and study without apparent compromise in the quality of patient care delivery.
Clarifying Progress on the Genomic Landscape of Actinic Keratosis.

Most cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) arise from actinic keratoses (AKs), making these premalignant lesions attractive targets for therapeutic intervention before transformation. In a new article of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Thomson et al. (2021) characterize the genetic alterations in AKs and identify significantly mutated drivers associated with risk factors such as UVR or azathioprine along with signaling pathways that may regulate the progression from AK to cSCC.
Introduction to a symposium on political apologies

World history has long confirmed Thucydides’ observation that “the strong do what they will and the weak suffer what they must.” Yet, starting more than a quarter century ago, the “strong” began to...
Employment Policy: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract Because employment and unemployment are fundamental issues in social welfare, it is useful for social workers to become knowledgeable of various employment policy options and their impacts. To facilitate this process in social work education, this paper presents a conceptual framework which identifies and interrelates a broad range of employment policy options. The framework can be used (1) to clarify types of unemployment, (2) to identify public and private roles in employment policy, (3) to discuss the history and diversity of employment policy options, (4) to identify current policy emphases and new policy proposals, and (5) to describe potential social work roles in employment policy implementation.
From Cigarettes to Alcohol: The Next Step in Hedonic Product Liability?

While generally courts seem to have stopped and in many cases reversed the expansion of product liability, cigarette litigation is one of the few areas where there are signs of expanding tort liability. Cochran looks at the similarities between cigarettes and alcohol in considering whether alcohol manufacturers may be the next target of product liability lawsuits. The similarities between cigarettes and alcohol are numerous. Both are hedonic products, or products whose primary purpose is to provide pleasure. They are also both dangerous to users and bystanders, and society as a whole. Currently, many of the costs created by hedonic products are borne by society as a whole. By courts imposing liability on these products, the risk would be distributed, costs internalized, and corrective justice served. Cochran shows that there is an emerging right of bystanders to recover from manufacturers when injured by a dangerous hedonic product such as tobacco or alcohol. He argues that manufacturers and consumers of these products should not benefit from the products at the expense of injured bystanders. Imposing liability would spread the risk of bystander injury to all users of the product.
Electrical environment within the silicon-on-insulator MOSFET structure

In this presentation, we present a comparative study of the SOI based transistors structures and their simulated electrical responses. Efforts are made to document how the active silicon dimension affects the internal environment of MOSFET. Shrinkage of the channel dimension nonlinearly affects the device parameters. The drain-gate coupling and the subthreshold values are also affected by the reduction of the channel length. Simulations are made on silicon-on-insulator PMOS MOSFET structure of different channel length.
Uteroplacental blood flow. The story of decidualization, menstruation, and trophoblast invasion

Sexual reproduction in the ocean necessitates only the combination of gametes, followed by absorption of nutrients and oxygen from the surrounding watery medium. As life moved from the sea to the land, reproductive strategies required compensation for the loss of this aquatic environment. For mammals and a few other animals, the solution to this problem was the development of the placenta, the means by which the fetus extracts nutrients from its environment. As the animals that used the placenta evolved from small rodent-like creatures with short gestations to larger animals with prolonged gestations, the demands of the developing fetus grew. Whereas the placenta of the fetal pig, with a gestational period of a little less than 4 months, can extract sufficient nutrients from the mother by simple diffusion across the uterus to the placenta, the human fetus needs a far more complex uteroplacental relationship. Several evolutionary solutions to the increased demands of fetuses can be observed. 1 One approach was a larger placenta. For example, the chinchilla has a neonatal:placental weight ratio of 30:1, whereas the human has a 6:1 ratio. Another means to greater nutritional support for the fetus was to increase the surface area of contact between fetal circulation in the placenta and maternal circulation. The pig fetus has a diffuse placenta that makes contact with the mother’s uterus by a simple folded contact. The human placenta, on the other hand, has a complex villous structure, similar to the sea anemone’s tentacles waving in the sea, that greatly increases the contact surface area between the mother’s blood space and the fetal circulation. Despite this increased fetal-maternal contact, the system is still rather inefficient. We can quantify this by considering the amount of oxygen in the maternal blood that enters the human placenta and the amount of oxygen in the fetal blood that leaves the placenta. Maternal blood has a pO2 of around 100, whereas the pO2 of umbilical vein blood is around 35 to 40. This represents an efficiency of only 35 to 40%. Therefore, it also became necessary to greatly increase the flow of maternal blood into the intervillous space during pregnancy. 2,3 Without this increased maternal blood flow, preterm birth and fetal loss occur. 4 One of two mechanisms can increase maternal flow: increased total body blood flow or increased blood flow to the placental bed through the uterine spiral arteries. For the human, evolution has selected the latter mechanism, limiting the overall systemic effects that increased total body blood flow would produce.
Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults with Diabetes

Investigators examined correlates of depressive symptoms within a sample of older adults with diabetes. Participants completed a structured telephone interview with measures including depressive symptoms, health conditions, cognitive function, and diabetes distress. Correlations and hierarchical linear regression models were utilized to examine bivariate and covariate-adjusted correlates of depressive symptoms. The sample included 246 community-dwelling adults with diabetes (≥65 years old). In bivariate analyses, African Americans, individuals with specific health issues (neuropathy, stroke, respiratory issues, arthritis, and cardiac issues), and those with higher levels of diabetes distress reported more depressive symptoms. Older age, higher education, more income, and better cognitive function were inversely associated with depressive symptoms. In the final covariate-adjusted regression model, stroke (B = .22, p < .001), cognitive function (B = −.14, p < .01), and higher levels of diabetes-related distress (B = .49, p < .001) each were uniquely associated with more depressive symptoms. Diabetes distress partially mediated the associations between cardiac issues and depressive symptoms and between cognitive function and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that interventions targeted at helping older adults manage their diabetes-related distress and reducing the likelihood of experiencing additional health complications may reduce depressive symptoms within this population.
Measurement of the f/sub +/ form factor in K/sup 0//sub L/. -->. pi. /sup + -/e/sup - +/v decays using a large hydrogen bubble chamber

The decay K/sup 0//sub L/ ..-->.. ..pi..e..nu.. was studied in an experiment using the Argonne 12-ft bubble chamber exposed to a K/sup 0//sub L/ beam of momentum 550 +- 35 MeV/c. Use of the monochromatic beam and the large chamber volume allowed the selection of about 12 000 K/sup 0//sub e/3 events, containing a small ((5.3 +- 0.5) %) and well understood background from K/sup 0//sub mu3/ decay. The main feature of this experiment is the good acceptance over the Dalitz plot which minimizes possible systematic errors in the determination of the vector form factor f/sub +/(q/sup 2/). We find that the data are adequately described by a linear q/sup 2/ parameterization, f/sub +/(q/sup 2/) = f/sub +/(0)(1 + lambda/sub +/q/sup 2// m/sub ..pi..//sup 2/), with the slope parameter lambda/sub +/ = 0.028 +- 0.004 before radiative corrections are made. Direct application of radiative corrections, as calculated by Ginsberg, yields lambda/sub +/ = 0.025 +- 0.005. Our result is in good agreement with other recent experiments and with the assumption of K* (890) dominance.
Moral Relativism and Moral Expressivism

Though moral relativism has had its supporters over the years, it is not a dominant position in philosophy. I will argue here, though, that the view is an attractive position. It evades some hardcore challenges that face absolutism, and it is reconcilable with an appealing emotivist approach to moral attitudes. In previous work, I have offered considerations in favor of a version of moral relativism that I call “perspectivalism.” These considerations are primarily grounded in linguistic data. Here I offer a self-standing argument for perspectivalism. I begin with an argument against moral absolutism. I then argue that moral terms, such as ‘wrong’ and ‘right’, require for their application that the moral judge instantiate particular affective states, and I use this claim to provide further defense of moral relativism.
A contribution to the study of diffusion of neutral particles through pores

Diffusion through a flat pore into a large open region is proportional to the linear dimension of the pore and not to its area. This was first explained by Brown and Escombe (1900) for a circular pore and is here generalized, by means of a dimensional argument, to include any type of regular opening. The problem is further generalized to include diffusion through pores of finite thickness, finite distance apart, and into finite regions. Since this problem cannot be solved exactly, an approximation method is introduced. Reasons for the credibility of the approximation are presented. It is then shown, by means of the approximation method, that the diffusive flow through a pore is equal to the total concentration difference divided by the resistance of the system. The resistance, in turn, is the sum of the resistances of all portions of the system, each of which is calculated. The result is compared with results which have been calculated exactly for limiting cases and found to agree very well. The results are then applied to a standard method of computing pore size in membranes, and it is shown that the correction factor is negligible.
``Plastic'' infrared polarizers from uniaxially oriented polyaniline blends

We describe the preparation, characterization, and use of ‘‘plastic’’ infrared polarizers that consist of electrically conductive polyaniline blends with common bulk polymers such as poly(acrylonitrile), polyethylene, and poly(vinylalcohol). It is shown that uniaxially oriented blends of protonated polyaniline in, for example, poly(acrylonitrile) display a polarizing efficiency over the range from 400 to 4000 cm−1 that matches or surpasses that of commercial wire grid polarizers.
A bank of maximum a posteriori estimators for single-sensor range-only target tracking

In this paper, we study estimation consistency of single-sensor target tracking using range-only measurements. We show analytically that the cost function minimized by the iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF) has up to three local minima, which can potentially result in inconsistency or even divergence. To address this issue, we instead propose a bank of maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimators to determine the target state-space trajectory. In particular, we use the local minima of the IEKF cost function at each time step as highly accurate initial hypotheses to start a bank of iterative nonlinear optimizations. Moreover, we employ pruning and marginalization to control computational complexity. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the IEKF, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), the bank of IEKFs, the particle filter (PF), and the standard MAP, both in terms of accuracy and convergence speed.
Transient Waterhammer Force and Pipe Response Using Fluid and Structural Coupling

The problem presented in this report is intended to be instructive. It is designed to be a step by step approach on how pipe response due to waterhammer can be solved using fundamental engineering principles. When fluid accelerates in a piping system, the pipe experience a reaction force that is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the fluid. The relationship between fluid and structural behaviors in this type of problem can be analyzed by the fluid-structure coupling approach. This methodology takes the decoupled fluid force, predicted for a rigid pipe, and applies it to the dry pipe with an added hydraulic mass to obtain the exact coupled pipe motion response. To demonstrate the application of the fluid-structure coupling approach, an analysis of waterhammer effects due to valve closure is performed on a horizontal pipe with elbows attached to two vertical segments at both ends; both instantaneous and ramp-in-time valve closures are modeled. The analysis starts first by determining whether the fluid response corresponds to bulk flow or propagative flow. Then from conservation of mass and momentum equations, employed with the space-time diagram, the transient forcing function on the stationary, rigid horizontal pipe is determined. By modeling the two vertical piping segments as cantilever beams, and adding the appropriate hydraulic mass to the dry pipe, the piping response can be obtained. As a result, the piping response is a function of pipe geometry, initial fluid velocity, mass of pipe and fluid, and pipe stiffness. Given this fluid-structure coupled function, one can predict the maximum deflection of the pipe and the stresses induced on the pipe restraints.© 2003 ASME
Hemorrhages complicating deep pharyngeal infection

Summary Four cases of severe arterial hemorrhage from the pharynx andmiddle ear, arising as a complication of retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal infections, are here reported; all of these patients recovered. There infections originated from upper respiratory or ear infections;all of the four children here reported had previously had their tonsils removed. The erosion and the perforation of the large arteries of the neck by infection in the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces have been discussed. Criteria for the diagnosis of the particular artery involved in thehemorrhage have been enumerated. When the bleeding has been from a branch of the external carotid artery, its ligation has been advised. In three instances of direct perforation of the arterial wall or of false aneurysm of the internal carotid artery, we have successfully ligated the common carotid artery, and in one instance in which perforation occurred in a branch of the external carotid artery, this vessel was also successfully ligated. We have pointed out that this operation, while not without inherentdanger, is imperatively indicated to prevent fatal hemorrhage.
The oxidative addition reaction of some platinum acetylene complexes

Abstract Complexes of the type (PPh 3 ) 2 Pt(acetylene) have been prepared using a variety of mono- and disubstituted acetylenes. Values for the lowering of the IR stretching frequency of the triple bond on coordination have been obtained, and the variation compared down the series of acetylenes. The oxidative addition of strong protonic acids (HX) to these complexes has also been studied, the product being (PPh 3 ) 2 PtX 2 rather than (PPh 3 ) 2 Pt(H)X, which is one found with (PPh 3 ) 4 Pt and (PPh 3 ) 2 Pt (ethylene) with HX. A possible explanation for this change in the course of the reaction is given.
Identifying cis-regulatory sequences by word profile similarity.

Background Recognizing regulatory sequences in genomes is a continuing challenge, despite a wealth of available genomic data and a growing number of experimentally validated examples.
Performance status and cytoreductive nephrectomy: redefining management in patients with poor performance.

BACKGROUND. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 2/3 can quantify cancer patients' well being and may be used to select patients for treatment. The objective of the current study was to investigate the outcomes of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) for patients who have an impaired performance status (ECOG PS 2/3). METHODS. Patients who underwent CN for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between 1989 and 2006 were identified. Patient records were reviewed for age, symptoms, ECOG PS, tumor size, stage, grade, histology, sarcomatoid features, lymph node metastasis, site of metastasis, and the presence of bone metastases (BM) in weight-bearing structures. The relation of ECOG PS to outcome variables was evaluated. RESULTS. Four hundred eighteen patients underwent CN, including 117 patients who had an ECOG PS of 0, 274 patients who had an ECOG PS of 1, and 27 patients who had an ECOG PS of 2/3. Patients who had a worse ECOG PS were younger, had higher tumor classification and grade, and more frequently demonstrated anemia and BM. Only 37.5% of patients who had an ECOG PS of 2/3 experienced an improvement in performance in the postoperative period, and only 57.5% went on to receive systemic therapy, of whom none attained an objective responses. The median disease-specific survival for patients who had an ECOG PS of 0, 1, and 2/3 was 27 months, 13.8 months, and 6.6 months, respectively (P<.001). Patients who had an ECOG PS of 2/3 could be stratified further by the presence or absence of BM into 2 groups (median disease-specific survival: 17.7 months and 2.1 months, respectively; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS. Surgery in patients who have a poor performance may serve a palliative function but should be performed with caution because of the poor outcome of such patients. ECOG PS is influenced strongly by BM. A subset of patients with an ECOG PS of 2/3 that are symptomatic specifically from BM may derive greater benefit from CN than patients who hare symptomatic because of visceral metastases. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
The light and dark sides of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes

The intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that reside within the epithelium of the intestine form one of the main branches of the immune system. As IELs are located at this critical interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, they must balance protective immunity with an ability to safeguard the integrity of the epithelial barrier: failure to do so would compromise homeostasis of the organism. In this Review, we address how the unique development and functions of intestinal IELs allow them to achieve this balance.
Cascading Fermi Resonances and the Soft Mode in Dense Ice

Synchrotron infrared reflectance and absorbance spectroscopy reveals a cascading sequence of pressure-induced Fermi resonances in compressed H{sub 2}O and D{sub 2}O ices up to and through the transition to the symmetric hydrogen-bonded phase. These resonances arise from the extremely large pressure shift of the O-H(D) stretching mode associated with the transition, which causes multiple avoided crossings between this and other infrared-active vibrational states. The highest frequency LO mode has a minimum at the transition, and the LO-TO splitting increases dramatically in the high-pressure phase. Fano-like features are present in absorbance even in the absence of mode coupling. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Evolutionary thinking in microeconomic models: prestige bias and market bubbles

Evolutionary models broadly support a number of social learning strategies likely important in economic behavior. Using a simple model of price dynamics, I show how prestige bias, or copying of famed (and likely successful) individuals, influences price equilibria and investor disposition in a way that exacerbates or creates market bubbles. I discuss how integrating the social learning and demographic forces important in cultural evolution with economic models provides a fruitful line of inquiry into real-world behavior.
New insights into the predictors of left atrial stunning after successful direct-current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter.

Background Direct-current cardioversion (DCCV) of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter commonly causes post-DCCV left atrial (LA) stunning (LAS), which may potentiate thromboembolic complications. Data on LAS determinants are inconclusive. Methods We prospectively evaluated LA and LA appendage function before and immediately after DCCV of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in 59 consecutive patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiographically guided DCCV to determine predictors of post-DCCV LAS. Results After exclusion of patients with pre-DCCV LAS (LA appendage emptying velocity P = .04). At 3.3 years, there was a trend toward a higher arrhythmia recurrence rate in patients with LAS compared with those without (86% vs 53%; P = .063). Conclusion Only mitral E-wave deceleration time was predictive of post-DCCV LAS, which may be a marker of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter recurrence.
On the Artist's Privileged Status

The topic of this paper is one more alluded to than actually studied, both in current philosophy of art and in the theory of criticism. There is a reason for this, which both clarifies the issue and suggests how it is to be approached. To suppose that the person responsible for a work of art has at least something interesting to say about it is only natural, and even commonplace. But granted this, the qualifications to be put on that assumption in individual and particular cases become of much greater interest. The major question would not then be whether or not, in an absolute sense, the artist is in a position to talk definitively about his own work, but rather on what basis or criteria a claim to that effect can be made to rest, and how far it extends in its implications.
Mode transition characteristics and oscillation frequencies in Hall Effect Thrusters

Mode transitions in Hall Effect Thrusters (HETs) provide valuable insight to thruster operation and suggest improved methods for thruster performance characterization. An investigation with a 6-kW HET induced mode transitions by varying magnetic field strength while holding all other operating parameters constant.1 Two distinct modes of operation were identified: a “global” oscillation mode, where the entire discharge channel oscillated in unison; and a “local” oscillation mode, where radial spokes were observed to propagate azimuthally in the E×B direction. These thruster operational modes were characterized using discharge current monitoring, near-field plume probes and ultra-fast, all-light imaging. The criteria for transition from one mode to the other are carefully examined and quantified with a transition region defined where the thruster exhibits both modes of oscillation. An empirical relation is determined between the lower bound of the transition region and the discharge voltage and anode mass flow rate. We call this transition region in thruster parameter space the “transition surface.” Simulations have shown that the transition from local mode to global mode represents destabilization of the ionization front in the discharge channel similar to breathing mode excitation. The azimuthal spoke velocities in local mode are characterized and an empirical dispersion relation is shown that is similar to electrostatic ion cyclotron waves.2 The dispersion relation is compared with different theories in literature for spoke propagation. An equation is derived to relate the global mode oscillation frequency with neutral velocity, ion velocity, and ionization rate where a comparison is made with the simple breathing mode frequency model originally proposed in 1997 and significant differences are observed with the implications discussed. Understanding mode transitions and plasma oscillations are critical to improving HET performance because thrust-to-power and anode efficiency decrease and cross-field electron conductivity increase during transition to global mode.
Income, family structure, and child maltreatment risk

Abstract This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the effects of income, family structure, and public policies on several indicators of child maltreatment. Results suggest that income and family structure affect a family's overall risk of child maltreatment, and that these factors differentially affect various outcome measures. In particular, income impacts routine medical and dental care, the quality of the caregiving environment, and to a lesser extent, spanking behaviors. Single-parent families and families with a biological mother and non-biological father figure tend to have lower quality caregiving environments than mother–father families, and single-mother families with working mothers are at even greater risk of poor caregiving. Finally, this analysis provides some tentative evidence that higher welfare benefits and lower unemployment rates may serve as protective factors for children.
On target for advances in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Comment on Brown et al, page [812][1] FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is proving to be an attractive therapeutic target for a variety of hematologic malignancies including the most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The cure rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic
The diverse chemistry of cytochrome P450 17A1 (P450c17, CYP17A1).

Abstract The steroid hydroxylation and carbon–carbon bond cleavage activities of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) are responsible for the production of glucocorticoids and androgens, respectively. The inhibition of androgen synthesis is an important strategy to treat androgen-dependent prostate cancer. We discuss the different enzymatic activities towards the various substrates of CYP17A1, demonstrating its promiscuity. Additionally, a novel interhelical interaction is proposed between the F–G loop and the B’-helix to explain the 16α-hydroxylase activity of human CYP17A1 with progesterone as the substrate. The techniques used by biochemists to study this important enzyme are also summarized. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
Perinatal bisphenol A exposures increase production of pro-inflammatory mediators in bone marrow-derived mast cells of adult mice

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxide resin that has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis when exposure occurs to the developing fetus. However, few studies have examined the relationship between perinatal BPA exposure and asthma pathogenesis in adulthood. This study used an isogenic mouse model to examine the influence of perinatal BPA exposure via maternal diet on inflammatory mediators associated with asthma in 6-month-old adult offspring by measuring bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) production of lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2), cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and histamine. Global DNA methylation levels in BMMCs from adult offspring were determined to elucidate a potential regulatory mechanism linking perinatal exposure to mast cell phenotype later in life. Four BPA exposure doses were tested: low (50 ng BPA/kg diet, n = 5), medium (50 μg BPA/kg diet, n = 4), high (50 mg BPA/kg diet, n = 4), and control (n = 3). Following BMMC activation, increases in cysteinyl leukotriene (p < 0.01) and TNFα (p < 0.05) production were observed in all BPA-exposure groups, and increases in prostaglandin D2 (p < 0.01) and IL-13 (p < 0.01) production were observed in the high exposure group. Additionally, BMMCs from adult mice in all exposure groups displayed a decrease in global DNA methylation compared to control animals. Thus, perinatal BPA exposure displayed a long-term influence on mast cell-mediated production of pro-inflammatory mediators associated with asthma and global DNA methylation levels, suggesting a potential for mast cell dysregulation, which could affect pulmonary inflammation associated with allergic airway disease into adulthood.