cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Barriers to Adoption of the Safer Illinois App: A Human-Centered Approach

COVID apps are being quickly rolled out worldwide by governments and private institutions to mitigate the pandemic. This research aimed to understand the behavioral and attitudinal barriers to the widespread adoption of the Safer in Illinois app among community stakeholders at a Big Ten public university in the Midwest. Using a Human Centered Design (HCD) approach, 25 campus members were interviewed to explore (1) issues around privacy and security of data, (2) institutional trust, and (3) community norms. Interviews were conducted during Summer 2020 and were analyzed to develop recommendations for the app development team and key university administrators. Such recommendations included (1) effective and trauma-informed communication by the university about Fall 2020 reopening and the data management and privacy features of the app, (2) incorporating mental health features and an anti-racist training on the app, and (3) address technological inequities and racial health disparities around COVID-19 as an institutional policy.
Spray Characteristics of Standard and Alternative Aviation Fuels at Cold-start Conditions

The spray characteristics of standard and alternative aviation fuels created by a hybrid pressure-swirl airblast (HPSA) atomizer were investigated at conditions corresponding to engine cold start f...
Model studies directed to the synthesis of cucurbitacin I C/D rings

Abstract Herein, we detail a synthetic strategy toward the C/D rings of cucurbitacin I, a naturally occurring triterpenoid. This route utilized ring-opening/ring-closing metathesis of a norbornene derivative for the formation of the C/D ring advanced intermediates, allowing for stereocontrol of the chiral centers.
Coherent combining of fiber lasers

It seems straightforward to combine the latest high power fiber lasers together to scale up power. Yet every approach, including HRL's self-organization architecture, has proved more challenging than expected at high power. In practice power scaling elicits several undesirable phenomena whose consequences inhibit coherent combining. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), for example, can together turn the relatively benign power fluctuations associated with mode beating into fiber-damaging pulses. Coherence and polarization integrity are inevitably impaired by glass-related nonlinear index changes (n2). HRL has demonstrated two to four lasers coherently combined to the 200 Watt level, using free space coupling with beamsplitters. In addition, nine independent lasers were locked in an all-fiber coupler
Measuring ruggedness in fitness landscapes

How important are interactions among mutations for adaptation? Obviously, no gene functions in isolation, but it is possible that assuming that mutations have independent effects could still give a good prediction for how adaptation proceeds. In PNAS, Nahum et al. (1) use an elegant combination of simulations and experiments with Escherichia coli to show that even in adaptation over the course of a few weeks involving only a handful of mutations, interactions among those mutations can have very large effects. The authors detect these effects using a clever indirect method based on the effect of spatial mixing on the evolution of their experimental populations. Interactions among mutations are typically visualized using the “fitness landscape” metaphor introduced by Sewall Wright (2), which analogizes contours of organismal fitness with the contours of physical topography. Most commonly, the horizontal axes of the landscape represent the space of possible genotypes with the height of the landscape representing the fitness of the corresponding genotype (3, 4) (Fig. 1). The ruggedness of the fitness landscape is a measure of the prevalence of fitness interactions among genes: in smooth landscapes with a single peak, each mutation has a fixed effect on fitness (Fig. 1 A ), whereas in rugged landscapes with multiple peaks (Fig. 1 B ), the effect of each mutation can depend on the other mutations an individual has. Fig. 1. Fitness landscapes. The horizontal axes represent the space of different combinations of genotypes, and the vertical axis is individual fitness as a function of genotype. ( A ) Smooth fitness landscape with a single peak and no fitness interactions among genes. Different evolutionary trajectories lead to the same peak. ( B ) Rugged fitness landscape with multiple peaks and pervasive interactions among genes. Different evolutionary trajectories can reach different peaks even from the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jvancleve{at}uky.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Bevacizumab-induced hypertension is a predictive marker for improved outcomes in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab.

BACKGROUND Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and is approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Previous authors have reported differential response to bevacizumab on an individual basis. Bevacizumab-induced hypertension is a well-documented side effect, and some reports have suggested this occurrence to be related to treatment outcome in other cancers. In the current study, the authors analyzed patients with recurrent GBM who were treated with bevacizumab based on whether the patients developed drug-induced hypertension. METHODS All patients with GBM treated within the Emory Healthcare system from 2007 through 2012 were reviewed. A total of 82 patients were identified who received bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent GBM and were included in the current study. Patients were classified as normotensive or hypertensive depending on whether hypertension developed that was attributable to therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were graphed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards method. RESULTS The median follow-up was 19.7 months. Of the 82 patients with recurrent GBM who were treated with bevacizumab, 30 developed drug-induced hypertension. The median time to the development of hypertension was 21 days. The median PFS for the normotensive and hypertensive groups were 2.5 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.6-3.0 months) and 6.7 months (95% CI, 4.6-10.0 months), respectively (P<.001). The median OS times for the normotensive and hypertensive groups were 4.9 months (95% CI, 4.4-6.8 months) and 11.7 months (95% CI, 9.0-20.5 months), respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with recurrent GBM who developed bevacizumab-induced hypertension demonstrated significantly better PFS and OS compared with normotensive individuals. Bevacizumab-induced hypertension may be a physiologic marker of outcome in patients with recurrent GBM. Cancer 2015;121:1456–1462. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Portraits Of One-To-One Learning Environments In A New Learning Ecology

This research reports on four teachers in a new learning ecology prompted by one-to-one computing. The new learning ecology involves a set of unique conditions for teaching and learning including: (a) immediate and constant access to information; (b) intensity, relevance and personalization of learning; (c) highly developed student dispositions; and (d) highly developed teacher capacities. The study utilizes a multi-case method approach with four high school core subject classes, including data from classroom observations, interviews, and teacher materials. The findings suggest that teachers searched for ways to situate one-to-one computing in their teaching through a variety of negotiated actions: (a) incorporating the computer as an ancillary tool, (b) supporting existing pedagogical strategies, and (c) establishing the computer as a hub for learning activities. Additionally, important consistencies regarding the nature of the learning ecology emerged in the classrooms. These findings are an initial attempt to create a robust theoretical frame for one-to-one computing within a new learning ecology.
SEDs at Los Alamos: A Personal Memoir

I have written this personal memoir approximately 55 years after the events I describe. It is based almost exclusively on memory, since apart from the diary I kept while on Tinian, I have few documents concerning it. It covers my service in the U.S. Army's Special Engineering Detachment (SED) in Oak Ridge and Los Alamos in 1944–45, on Tinian island, the launching pad for the bombing raids on Japan, in the summer and fall of 1945, and my return to Los Alamos until my discharge in January 1946.
Racial Disparity in the Frequency of PTEN Mutations, but not Microsatellite Instability, in Advanced Endometrial Cancers

Survival of African Americans with endometrial cancer is significantly worse than that of whites. Mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and microsatellite instability occur in some endometrial cancers, and they are associated with favorable prognostic features. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a racial disparity in the frequency of these molecular alterations that contributes to differences in outcome in advanced endometrial cancer. We screened 140 stage III/IV endometrial adenocarcinomas (78 Caucasian, 62 African American) for mutations in the PTEN gene. Paired DNA samples were available in 100 cases and were analyzed for microsatellite instability using three polymorphic markers. African-American women had cancers with significantly higher stage and grade that were more often nonendometrioid. In addition, median survival of African Americans (1.0 years) was worse than that of whites (2.5 years; P = 0.02). PTEN mutation was seen in 20 of 140 (14%) cancers and was associated with endometrioid histology and more favorable survival. The frequency of PTEN mutations was significantly higher in whites (17 of 78; 22%) than in African Americans (3 of 62; 5%; P = 0.006). Microsatellite instability was found in 15% of cancers, exclusively in endometrioid cases, and was associated with favorable survival ( P = 0.01). There was no racial difference in the frequency of microsatellite instability. We conclude that mutation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene is associated with favorable survival in advanced endometrial cancer and is 4-fold more frequent in Caucasians relative to African Americans. This suggests that differences in the frequency of PTEN mutations contribute to the racial disparity in endometrial cancer survival.
Crystallographic evidence for Tyr 157 functioning as the active site base in human UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose during normal galactose metabolism. In humans, deficiencies in this enzyme lead to the complex disorder referred to as epimerase-deficiency galactosemia. Here, we describe the high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures of human epimerase in the resting state (i.e., with bound NAD(+)) and in a ternary complex with bound NADH and UDP-glucose. Those amino acid side chains responsible for anchoring the NAD(+) to the protein include Asp 33, Asn 37, Asp 66, Tyr 157, and Lys 161. The glucosyl group of the substrate is bound to the protein via the side-chain carboxamide groups of Asn 187 and Asn 207. Additionally, O(gamma) of Ser 132 and O(eta) of Tyr 157 lie within 2.4 and 3.1 A, respectively, of the 4'-hydroxyl group of the sugar. Comparison of the polypeptide chains for the resting enzyme and for the protein with bound NADH and UDP-glucose demonstrates that the major conformational changes which occur upon substrate binding are limited primarily to the regions defined by Glu 199 to Asp 240 and Gly 274 to Tyr 308. Additionally, this investigation reveals for the first time that a conserved tyrosine, namely Tyr 157, is in the proper position to interact directly with the 4'-hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate and to thus serve as the active-site base. A low barrier hydrogen bond between the 4'-hydroxyl group of the sugar and O(gamma) of Ser 132 facilitates proton transfer from the sugar 4'-hydroxyl group to O(eta) of Tyr 157.
New Hyperkahler Metrics and New Supermultiplets

We present new constructions of hyperkahler metrics along with the three new classes ofN=4 supermultiplets that they derive from. Further, we provide a general setting for understanding the constructions and give a detailed description of the multiplets inN=2 andN=4 superspace.
An Investigation of the Heteroepitaxial Growth of Beta—silicon Carbide Thin Filmson Silicon Substrates

High purity β—SiC films have been epitaxially grown on Si (100) and off-axis Si (100) substrates. Conventional chemical vapor deposition at 1633K and 1 atm using SiH4 and C2H4 reactants in an H2 carrier gas was employed for this growth. Large differences in lattice parameter and thermal coefficients of expansion between the film and the substrate were partially compensated for by growing aninitial “conversion layer.” Plan view and cross—sectional transmission electron microscopy were utilized to study the conversion layer and the defects present in the films. A high density of stacking faults and dislocations were present in allthe films grown on Si, however, antiphase boundaries were eliminated when certain off—axis Si (100) substrates were employed. The effects of misorientation angle and substrate preannealing were investigated. The electrical properties of the β-SiC films were also studied using differential capacitance—voltage and Hall effect measurements as well as the I—V characteristics of Au—β—SiC Schottky diodes. It was found that the elimination of antiphase boundaries reduced leakage current but did not significantly effect carrier concentration or Hall electron mobility. Finally, the I—V characteristics of a Metal—Semiconductor—Field—Effect—Transistor (MESFET) have been evaluated for a β—SiC filmon an on—axis Si (100) substrate.
Specific binding of [3H]heparin to human carcinoma SW-13 and other mammalian cells.

Abstract This study reports on the specific binding of [ 3 H ]heparin to human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line SW-13. Heparin binding to SW-13 cells is specific, saturable, and time- and temperature-dependent with maximum binding occurring between 90 and 120 min at 22 °C. Scatchard analysis revealed two classes of binding sites. The apparent Kd for high-affinity receptors is 2.14 × 10−8 M with 1.48 × 106 sites per cells. Six other tested mammalian cell lines also have specific binding sites for heparin.
The Sinking State of Public Colleges of Education: Lessons Learned Without Lifeboats

The bow of the flagship is beginning to tip. Unless teacher educators can prove that their graduates are effective classroom teachers, they will not stay afloat in the ocean of accountability that has already encumbered U.S. public schools. In this article one consortium of teacher education leaders' and researchers' nascent efforts to research the worth of the state's public colleges of education are presented. Described are their journey, the distance covered, and the icebergs, so to speak, they have hit. Due to the vastness of this statewide effort, the lessons learned may help inform others as they too embark on similar journeys.
Dissolution finger growth in variable aperture fractures: Role of the tip‐region flow field

[1] We present high-resolution computations to demonstrate the influence of the tip-region flow field on dissolution finger morphology in variable aperture fractures. Linear fingers are observed for small values ( about 25 × 25 correlation lengths.
Topological w∞ and WN gravities from flat SL(∞,R) connections

Abstract The theory of flat SL (N, R ) connections has been proposed as a definition of topological WN gravity. By taking a certain contraction of this algebra in the N → ∞ limit, we use this description to construct a free-field realisation of topological w∞ gravity. The resulting theory an be truncated to obtain topological WN gravity for arbitrary N.
Age of three dipteran hosts as a factor governing the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae.

Abstract The age of three adult dipteran hosts was tested as a factor governing the virulence of two fungal pathogens. The subjects tested were 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-day-old animals. The age of the house fly, Musca domestica, the age of the black blowfly, Phormia regina, and the age of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua, do not significantly affect the virulence of either Beauveria bassiana or Metarrhizium anisopliae. B. bassiana kills M. domestica and P. regina more quickly than does M. anisopliae, but B. bassiana and M. anisopliae kill H. antiqua at the same rate. The ages of all three flies had no significant effect on average death time after inoculation with either pathogen.
A new Carlowrightia (Acanthaceae) from South America

Current research by the junior author on the Acanthaceae treatment for the Flora of Ecuador has resulted in the recognition of a new generic record and an undescribed species from Ecuador. Carlowrightia ecuadoriana from prov. Guayas, is described, illustrated and compared with its closest relatives in Mexico and the adjacent United States.
Relationships Between Orientation of the Blastocyst During Implantation, Position of the Chorioallantoic Placenta, and Vascularization of the Uterus in the Noctilionoid BatsCarollia perspicillataandNoctiliosp.

In most eutherian mammals, the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst assumes an almost constantly specific orientation to the uterus at the time of implantation, and this is usually correlated with subsequent positioning of the fetal membranes and chorioallantoic placenta. Although these relationships tend to be conserved between closely related species, this is not the case in the noctilionoid bats. In Carollia perspicillata, which has a simplex uterus, the ICM of the single blastocyst becomes oriented towards the uterotubal junction on the side of ovulation, and the discoidal placenta develops in a fundic position. In Noctilio sp., which have partially bicornuate uteri, the ICM becomes oriented instead towards an endometrial ridge that runs along the antimesometrial to lateral side of the gravid horn. As development proceeds, however, the blastocyst rotates almost 180°, and the discoidal placenta eventually assumes a mesometrial to lateral position. In these species, implantation and subsequent development of the discoidal placenta clearly seem to be targeting major maternal vessels supplying the uterus, rather than exhibiting a consistent pattern of orientation relative to its mesenteric attachments. This permits their chorioallantoic placentae to develop a dual maternal blood supply that may be essential for the development of relatively large, precocious infants.
Microdroplets for integrated high-sensitivity biosensors

The detection of single bacterial cells and novel absorbing labels has been demonstrated through optical resonances in microdroplets. The setup enables high throughput detection of single Escherichia coli (E. Coli) cells without any direct labeling although Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was used as the signal transduction mechanism. A micro droplet acts as an optical cavity that supports Morphology Dependent Resonances (MDRs) at wavelengths where the droplet circumference is an integer multiple of the emission wavelength. The cells inside the droplet have a direct effect on the fluorescence lasing spectrum of R6G fluorescence by means of scattering and local refractive index change. The change in the lasing spectrum can be observed at the concentrations where each droplet has as little as one cell. C 60 fluorescence quenching has also been demonstrated in microdroplets. R6G in ethanol (10μM) was used for the fluorescence spectrum measurements. Quenching of the optical resonances was observed when C 60 dissolved in ethanol was mixed with the R6G-Ethanol solution. Quenching can be observed at C 60 concentrations of 1 μM in the final solution. The background signal was also checked by repeating the experiment with only R6G and only C 60 in the solvent, assuring that the signal reduction was due to the addition of C 60 in to the solution. This quenching mechanism may have many applications in multiplexing in bioassays.
Which is the optimal testing method for identifying an AV delay that allows intrinsic conduction

It is desirable to maintain normal, conducted ventricular activation in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers and preserved atrioventricular (AV) conduction. The shortest AV delay resulting in consistent ventricular inhibition (avoiding ventricular pseudofusion) was determined by a conventional incremental (inside-out) technique vs the alternate decremental (outside-in) technique in 20 such patients. Determinations were made in VDD mode in 20 patients and DDD mode (approximately 10 beats/min faster than the intrinsic rate) in 19. In VDD mode, the shortest AV delay avoiding ventricular pseudofusion was never found during inside-out testing. It was identical with both methods in 10 patients (50%), and shorter by 10-80 ms (mean 20 +/- 20 ms) with the outside-in method in the remaining 10 (P = 0.004). In DDD mode, the shortest AV delay resulting in consistent ventricular inhibition was found only once during inside-out testing. It was the same with both methods in 13 patients (68%), and shorter by 10-20 ms (mean 14 +/- 5 ms) with the outside-in method in the remaining 5 (26%, P = 0.18; Fisher's exact test). The shortest sensed AV delay preventing ventricular pseudofusion is most likely to be found with a decremental method (outside-in). In rare patients, it identifies AV delays resulting in inhibition, while ventricular pacing persists at longer programmable AV delays with the conventional inside-out approach.
Convolution and deconvolution of nonideal tracer response data with application to three-phase packed-beds

Abstract Two methods are presented for evaluation of model parameters from nonideal tracer responses that represent convolution of the unit impulse response of the system under investigation and the response of other components. Both methods rely on time domain matching of experimental and model predicted curves. The first one relies on obtaining the unit impulse response of the system by deconvolution from the overall response. This method does not require an a priori model for the system, but its numerical implementation is possible only when an appropriate filter is used to reduce random noise which is present in the data to acceptable levels. Parameters are estimated by matching the deconvoluted unit impulse response to the model predicted one. Application of the fast Fourier transform and proper selection of regularization parameters in the implementation of this method are also described. The second method convolutes the model unit response with the response of other components to obtain the overall system response. Parameters are estimated by matching the overall system response to the experimental one. Interpretation of nonideal pulse tracer response data from a laboratory trickle-bed reactor is also performed to illustrate both methods.
Electrosonic Spray Ionization. A Gentle Technique for Generating Folded Proteins and Protein Complexes in the Gas Phase and for Studying Ion−Molecule Reactions at Atmospheric Pressure

Electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI), a variant on electrospray ionization (ESI), employs a traditional micro ESI source with supersonic nebulizing gas. The high linear velocity of the nebulizing gas provides efficient pneumatic spraying of the charged liquid sample. The variable electrostatic potential can be tuned to allow efficient and gentle ionization. This ionization method is successfully applied to aqueous solutions of various proteins at neutral pH, and its performance is compared to that of the nanospray and micro ESI techniques. Evidence for efficient desolvation during ESSI is provided by the fact that the peak widths for various multiply charged protein ions are an order of magnitude narrower than those for nanospray. Narrow charge-state distributions compared to other ESI techniques are observed also; for most of the proteins studied, more than 90% of the protein ions can be accumulated in one charge state using ESSI when optimizing conditions. The fact that the abundant charge state is norm...
The non-linear evolution of Stokes waves in deep water

Based on a set of modulation equations derived in a previous paper, the nonlinear evolution of wave envelope in deep water is studied numerically. It is found that the wave envelope tends to disintegrate to multiple groups of waves each of which approaches a stable permanent envelope representing dynamical equilibrium between the amplitude dispersion and the frequency dispersion. Qualitative agreement with the experimental measurements of Feir (1967) is also observed.
Clinicocytopathologic correlation in an atypical presentation of lymphadenopathy with review of literature.

Objectives: To present a clinicocytopathologic correlation of an atypical case of cat scratch disease (CSD) involving retroperitoneal lymph nodes, with emphasis on communication between service teams for managing lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. We consider clinical and cytologic differential diagnoses and review the literature on atypical cases of CSD, with emphasis on abdominal presentation and cytologic findings. Methods: Clinical services met with the cytology service to review clinical and pathologic features. Literature was reviewed via PubMed search (Harbor-UCLA subscriptions). Immunohistochemistry and Steiner silver stains were performed by Harbor-UCLA Department of Pathology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG and IgM Bartonella henselae titers were carried out by Quest Nichols Institute. Results: Fine-needle aspirate Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou smears and H&E-stained cell block showed abundant histiocytes, monocytoid B cells, and numerous neutrophils associated with necrosis corresponding to a late stage of CSD infection. Silver stain was positive for clumps of pleomorphic organisms. IgM and IgG antibody titers were elevated. Conclusions: The cytologic findings of CSD in an atypical abdominal presentation are similar to those of a classic presentation. Laboratory workup for atypical CSD should include at least two other modalities aside from cytomorphologic features. Close clinical and cytologic correlation avoided potentially unnecessary and harmful surgery and enabled timely treatment.
Purification of sea urchin sperm bindin by DEAE-cellulose chromatography

A procedure for purifying bindin from sperm of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratusis presented in detail. The impure bindin, dissolved in 4 m urea, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.6, is adsorbed to deae-cellulose and eluted with 4 M urea, 650 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.6. The purified bindin is not contaminated with tubulin or histone HI. a precipitate of this deae-purified bindin, made by dialysis into Ca2+-free seawater and natural seawater, is a species-specific agglutinin of unfertilized eggs. This method of obtaining consistently pure preparations of bindin will aid in the analysis of its role in fertilization.
On the integration of row and column uncertainty in robust linear programming

The usual formulation of a linear program is max $$c\cdot x{:}Ax \le b, x \ge 0$$c·x:Ax≤b,xź0. The core part of this linear program is the $$A$$A matrix since the columns define the variables and the rows define the constraints. The $$A$$A matrix is constructed by populating columns or populating rows, or some of both, depending on the nature of the data and how it is collected. This paper addresses the construction of the $$A$$A matrix and solution procedures when there are separate data sources for the columns and for the rows and, moreover, the data is uncertain. The $$A$$A matrices which are "realizable" are only those which are considered possible from both sources. These realizable matrices then form an uncertainty set $$U$$U for a robust linear program. We show how to formulate and solve linear programs which provide lower and upper bounds to the robust linear program defined by $$U$$U. We also show how to use ordinary linear programming duality to share and divide the "credit/responsibility" of the optimal value of the robust linear program between the two alternative data sources.
Determination of Surface Heat Flux in the Burning Zone During Wind-Aided Flame Spread Using Burned PMMA Samples

Abstract An expression is obtained which provides the net surface heat flux in the burning zone during wind-aided flame spread. The expression uses the final thickness of the burned sample to calculate the net heat flux. It was found that the net surface heat flux in the burning zone increases with the increase in free stream velocity and decreases with the streamwise distance.
Relationship Between Age of Hens, Egg Specific Gravity, and Time of Day to Pimpling of Eggshells

Abstract Eggs were collected on January 17 from nine flocks in which the age of hens varied from 23 to 71 weeks. Again on April 11 eggs were collected from seven of these flocks. The severity of pimpling was scored for each individual egg using 11 points hedonic scale, and then the specific gravity was determined. Pimpling scores increased as the flock aged when eggs were collected on January 17. A trend was again noted for increased pimpling score when the eggs were collected on April 11. However, the increase in pimpling scores for the 13 week period was not nearly as great as the increase caused by age difference on January 17. A significant negative correlation was found between pimple scores and egg specific gravity. A slight numerical decrease in pimpling was observed with eggs laid in the afternoon when compared to those laid in the morning.
Genetic variability and the inheritance of resistance to cedar‐apple rust in apple

Thirteen apple cultivars and selections were evaluated in a greenhouse for their reaction to cedar-apple rust inoculation Five of the cultivars selections developed aecial lesions on their leaves whereas the sixth cultivar Jonathan, showed only pycnial lesions. The responses of the remaining seven resistant cultivars selections ranged from a lack of any visible symptoms to the presence of discrete flecks or continuous chlorotic mottles Quantitative parameters were used for statistical analysis; these included the highest number of pycnial lesions on a leaf/plant (N). the largest diameter of pycnial lesions on any leaf/plant (D)), and the calculated infection rating (IR = ND). Significant differences were observed among cultivars selections for variables N. D. and IR. Segregation ratios among progenies derived from 16 controlled crosses indicated that resistance to cedar-apple rust was conditioned by two major genes, and both were required in dominant form to confer resistance. However, in three crosses the dual-gene hypothesis was inadequate to explain the reaction of seedlings.
Plant water deficit effects on Aroostook County potato yields over 30 years 1

We estimated potential irrigation requirements for potato production in Aroostook County, Maine. These requirements were computed from a Plant Water Deficit (PWD) index based on readily available streamflow and climatic parameters. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) figures for specified time periods were assumed to equal the differences between rainfall and runoff. Runoff was computed from differences between streamflow and baseflow for the Aroostook River. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) was computed by the Thomthwaite method. The PWD was established as the difference between PET and AET. The yearly PWD index was then equal to the accumulation of 5-day average values for the PET-AET for each of 30 years of data. Similar computations were made for 10-and 20-day intervals. A yearly temperature index based on Growing Degree Day (GDD) units was also computed. Potato yields were then compared to PWD and GDD values. Results show PWD figures ranging from 11.74 cm to 25.78 cm. There was a highly significant negative correlation existing between PWD and potato yield.
Working harder with the out-group: The impact of social category diversity on motivation gains

This paper examines the influence that social category diversity (i.e., working with an in-group or out-group member) has on individual levels of motivation. The results of two experiments provide evidence that individuals increase their effort more when being outperformed by an out-group instead of an in-group member (Experiment 1), but only when the potential for social comparison is present (Experiment 2). We discuss the implications of this research for understanding how and why social category diversity may impact individual levels of motivation.
Computational analysis of mannerism gestures

Humans perform various gestures in everyday life. While some of these gestures are typically well understood amongst a community (such as "hello" and "goodbye"), many gestures and movement are typical of an individual's style, body language or mannerisms. Examples of such gestures include the manner is which a person laughs, hand gestures used to converse or the manner in which a person performs a dance sequence. Individuals possess a large vocabulary of mannerism gestures. Conventional modeling of gestures as a series of poses for the purpose of automatically recognizing gestures is inadequate for modeling mannerism gestures. In this paper we propose a novel method to model mannerism gestures. Gestures are modeled as a sequence of events that take place within the segments and the joints of the human body. Each gesture is then represented in an event-driven coupled hidden Markov model (HMM) as a sequence of events, occurring in the various segments and joints. The inherent advantage of using an event-driven coupled-HMM (instead of a pose-driven HMM) is that there is no need to add states to represent more complex gestures or increase the states for addition of another individual. When this model was tested on a library of 185 gestures, created by 7 subjects, the algorithm achieved an average recognition accuracy of 90.2%.
Validation of a computational docking methodology to identify the non-covalent binding site of ligands to DNA

Despite the biomedical consequences of carcinogen–DNA interactions and the potential of DNA as a drug target in medicinal chemistry, only a small number of studies have validated or used docking methods for the prediction of the physical binding of small molecules to DNA. Knowledge of the DNA-physically-bound ligand geometry can lead to the elucidation of the molecular-level mechanism of drugs as well as predicting the subsequent chemical interactions that lead to DNA damage from carcinogens. We sought to validate AutoDock 4.2, a docking method that includes a physics-based free energy function and a Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm, for the prediction of ligand geometries upon physical binding to DNA. We performed simulations by systematically changing the length of the search process for a comprehensive set of 32 ligand–DNA molecular systems with different physico-chemical properties, and we used a free-energy-based convergence criterion to terminate our simulations. For 11 out of 28 molecular systems for which convergence was achieved, the lowest binding free energy geometries were within 2 A of the experimentally determined geometry. Considering all predicted sites with free energy changes within 20% of the lowest binding free energy site, we found a site within 2 A of the experimentally determined geometry for 24 out of the 28 systems. However, the predicted hydrogen bonding interactions were different for most molecular systems compared to the same interactions in the experimentally determined geometry. We discuss reasons for the successes and failures, implications, and the importance of ensuring an adequate search in docking calculations. Overall, we concluded that AutoDock 4.2 can be used to predict the non-covalent binding geometry of a small molecule to DNA with some limitations.
Seasonal flowering of Dendrobium ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’ in Hawaii

Abstract The factors controlling Dendrobium ‘Jaquelyn Thomas’ flowering were evaluated using data collected from an experiment in which flowering observations were made over 5 years. The number of flower spikes per plant increased as plants aged, reaching a maximum at 3–4 years, and then declined. Flowers per spike declined as bud drop increased with aging. Spike length reached a maximum after 3 years and then declined to a length just above that produced by young plants. Bud drop was greatest in the coolest part of the year. The cyclic pattern of flowering with the lowest yield in winter became less pronounced as plants aged. Dendrobium flowering was apparently initiated about 4–5 months before a harvestable spike was produced. A negative correlation existed between daylength 4 months before harvest and spike yield. Minimum temperature in the 5th month before harvest was also significantly ( P = 0.001) and negatively correlated with spike yield per plant, the number of flowers per spike and spike length. Solar radiation 3, 4 and 5 months before harvest was negatively correlated only with spike yield. Spike length was positively, and bud drop negatively, correlated with maximum temperature in the month of harvest. Short days in the 4th month before harvest and low minimum temperature with overcast conditions 5 months before harvest were related to Dendrobium flowering.
THE CORPORATE CONSTITUTIONALISM APPROACH IN FORMULATION OF CSR

The 21st century is the era of the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It is encouraged by the development of the company as a business and societal entities that balances public and private interests. If there is a balance of public and private interests in the company, the application of CSR should be able to accommodate the public interest. But many companies in Indonesia do not involve the community in the formulation of CSR implementation model. This resulted in the implementation of CSR is often not well targeted. In that context, the theory of corporate constitutionalism becomes relevant theory to answer these problems. The theory of corporate constitutionalism put deliberation as one of the principles to achieve the legitimacy of decision-making in the corporation. Through a process of deliberation formulation of CSR model with the community, not just the interests of shareholders that can be accommodated but also the interests of stakeholders. Thus, CSR can actually be instrumental in the global and local challenges.
Emerging implications of nanotechnology on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics

Nanotechnology is multidisciplinary field that involves the design and engineering of objects <500 nanometers (nm) in size. The National Cancer Institute has recognized that nanotechnology offers an extraordinary, paradigm-changing opportunity to make significant advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In the last several decades, nanotechnology has been studied and developed primarily for use in novel drug-delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, gelatin nanoparticles, micelles). A recent explosion in engineering and technology has led to 1) the development of many new nanoscale platforms, including quantum dots, nanoshells, gold nanoparticles, paramagnetic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, and 2) improvements in traditional, lipid-based nanoscale platforms. The emerging implications of these platforms for advances in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics form the basis of this review. A widespread understanding of these new technologies is important, because they currently are being integrated into the clinical practice of oncology.
Passive scalars, three-dimensional volume-preserving maps, and chaos

The dynamics of a medium-sized particle (passive scalar) suspended in a general time-periodic incompressible fluid flow can be described by three-dimensional volume-preserving maps. In this paper, these maps are studied in limiting cases in which some of the variables change very little in each iteration and others change quite a lot. The former are called slow variables or actions, the latter fast variables or angles. The maps are classified by their number of actions. For maps with only one action we find strong evidence for the existence of invariant surfaces that survive the nonlinear perturbation in a KAM-like way. On the other hand, for the two-action case the motion is confined to invariant lines that break for arbitrary small size of the nonlinearity. Instead, we find that adiabatic invariant surfaces emerge and typically intersect the resonance sheet of the fast motion. At these intersections surfaces are locally broken and transitions from one to another can occur. We call this process, which is analogous to Arnold diffusion, singularity-induced diffusion. It is characteristic of two-action maps. In one-action maps, this diffusion is blocked by KAM-like surfaces.
Velocity response curves demonstrate the complexity of modeling entrainable clocks

Circadian clocks are biological oscillators that regulate daily behaviors in organisms across the kingdoms of life. Their rhythms are generated by complex systems, generally involving interlocked regulatory feedback loops. These rhythms are entrained by the daily light/dark cycle, ensuring that the internal clock time is coordinated with the environment. Mathematical models play an important role in understanding how the components work together to function as a clock which can be entrained by light. For a clock to entrain, it must be possible for it to be sped up or slowed down at appropriate times. To understand how biophysical processes affect the speed of the clock, one can compute velocity response curves (VRCs). Here, in a case study involving the fruit fly clock, we demonstrate that VRC analysis provides insight into a clock׳s response to light. We also show that biochemical mechanisms and parameters together determine a model׳s ability to respond realistically to light. The implication is that, if one is developing a model and its current form has an unrealistic response to light, then one must reexamine one׳s model structure, because searching for better parameter values is unlikely to lead to a realistic response to light.
Mass transfer analysis of extraction with a supported polymeric liquid membrane

Supported polymeric liquid membranes with polypropylene glycol as the liquid phase were tested for extraction of p-nitrophenol from an aqueous waste stream. Transient experiments with small flat sheet membranes were used to determine the membrane permeability and the diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase. The process was then scaled up using hollow-fiber radial-flow modules, first in the laboratory and then under plant conditions. When boundary layer resistance and membrane accumulation and depletion were allowed for, the results obtained were consistent with predictions based on the data for flat sheets.
Superoxide dismutase 1 with mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis possesses significant activity

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) has been linked to mutations in the homodimeric enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Assay by transient expression in primate cells of six FALS mutant enzymes revealed a continuum of enzymatic activity bounded by the enzyme carrying the mutation Gly-85-->Arg, which was inactive, and mutant enzyme G37R carrying the Gly-37-->Arg change, which retained full specific activity but displayed a 2-fold reduction in polypeptide stability. The G37R mutant displayed similar properties in transformed lymphocytes from an individual heterozygous for the G37R and wild-type SOD1 genes; heterodimeric enzymes composed of mutant and wild-type subunits were detected, but there was no measurable diminution in the stability and activity of the wild-type subunits. Thus, for mutants such as G37R, either surprisingly modest losses in activity (involving only the mutant subunit) can yield motor neuron death, or alternatively, mutant SOD1 may acquire properties that injure motor neurons by one or more mechanisms unrelated to the metabolism of oxygen radicals.
Ligands for EPH‐related tyrosine kinase receptors are developmentally regulated in the CNS

Elk is a member of the eph family of receptor-like tyrosine kinases. Although its function is unknown, elk is postulated to play a role in nervous system development. Using Northern analysis, we examined the developmental regulation of RNAs encoding elk, and several ligands for the eph family of RTKs, the LERKs. Expression of elk, LERK-1, and LERK-2 RNAs is high in all regions examined in the embryonic and postnatal rat brain and decreases to low levels with age. One exception is the adult olfactory bulb which continues to express a moderate level of LERK-2. In contrast, moderate LERK-4 expression was limited to the developing hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These data indicate that elk and some of the LERKs may play a role in nervous system development, maintenance, and/or regeneration. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gas chromatographic and electron spin resonance investigations of gamma-irradiated frog legs

Abstract Several very sensitive techniques to measure radiation-induced products in frog legs were investigated. Presented here are results from the use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and capillary gas chromatography (GC) to measure radiolysis products in γ-irradiated frog legs. When bone is irradiated, a characteristic ESR signal develops and is easily measured. The intensity of the ESR signal is dose-dependent and stable for several months at room temperature. When triglycerides or fatty acids are irradiated, some of the major stable products formed are hydrocarbons with one less carbon than the precursor fatty acids. These hydrocarbons are formed as the result of the loss of CO 2 during various free radical reactions. A capillary GC procedure was developed to monitor the formation of these hydrocarbons in γ-irradiated frog legs. Since frog legs contain large amounts of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, the formation of the hydrocarbons (pentadecane, heptadecane, 8-heptadecene, and 6,9-heptadecadiene, respectively) from the decarboxylation of these fatty acids was monitored. The yields of these hydrocarbons were found to be linear with applied dose. A sample from a lot of imported frog legs that were believed to have been treated with ionizing radiation was also analyzed. The ESR technique, in conjunction with the GC data on the hydrocarbons, appears to be a useful approach for identifying and monitoring frog legs that have been treated with ionizing radiation.
Cubic N -vector model and randomly dilute Ising model in general dimensions

Critical properties of models defined by continuous-spin Landau Hamiltonians of cubic symmetry are calculated as functions of spatial dimensionality, $2.8\ensuremath{\le}d\ensuremath{\le}4$, and number of spin components, $N$. The investigation employs the scaling-field method developed by Golner and Riedel for Wilson's exact momentum-space renormalization-group equation. Fixed points studied include the isotropic and decoupled Ising ($\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\le}Nl\ensuremath{\infty}$), the face-and corner-ordered cubic ($1\ensuremath{\le}Nl\ensuremath{\infty}$), and, via the replica method for $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, the quenched random Ising fixed point. Variations of $N$ and $d$ are used to link the results to exact results or results from other calculational methods, such as $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansions near two and four dimensions. This establishes the consistency of the calculation for three dimensions. Specifically, truncated sets involving seven (twelve) scaling-field equations are derived for the cubic $N$-vector model. A stable random Ising fixed point is found and shown to be distinct from the cubic fixed point and to connect, as a function of $d$, with the Khmelnitskii ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ fixed point. At $d=3$, the short truncation yields $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}0.11$ for the pure Ising and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.09$ for the random Ising fixed point. A search for a random tricritical fixed point was inconclusive. For the $N$-component cubic model, the spin dimensionality ${N}_{c}$, at which the isotropic and cubic fixed points change stability, is determined as a function of $d$. The results support ${N}_{c}g3$ for three dimensions.