cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source and Channel Coding for Correlated Sources Over Multiuser Channels

Source and channel coding over multiuser channels in which receivers have access to correlated source side information are considered. For several multiuser channel models necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal separation of the source and channel codes are obtained. In particular, the multiple-access channel, the compound multiple-access channel, the interference channel, and the two-way channel with correlated sources and correlated receiver side information are considered, and the optimality of separation is shown to hold for certain source and side information structures. Interestingly, the optimal separate source and channel codes identified for these models are not necessarily the optimal codes for the underlying source coding or the channel coding problems. In other words, while separation of the source and channel codes is optimal, the nature of these optimal codes is impacted by the joint design criterion.
Respiratory Related Evoked Responses to Graduated Pressure Pulses using Wavelet Transform Methods

In this study, the respiratory related evoked responses (RREPs) from ten normal subjects in response to brief varying pressure pulses at —6, —10 and —17cm H2O with a duration of 200 ms were recorded to investigate how mid-latency cortical evoked potentials measured on the scalp are affected in response to pressure pulses of varying magnitude at the mouth. Wavelet decomposition was performed for eight frequency scales in time for the RREPs. The RREPs at each wavelet scale were enhanced by eliminating the wavelet coefficients due to the artifacts and noise. After denoising, the third (125–250 Hz), fourth (62.5–125 Hz), fifth (31.25–62.5 Hz) and sixth (15.62–31.25 Hz) wavelet scales were quantified using the global field power estimates which serve to reduce the contamination by facial electromyogram responses evoked by the pressure stimulus. Our results show that the estimates of the global field power (GFP) at the third, fourth and fifth wavelet scales between 25 and 100 ms poststimulus were significantly increased when the pressure pulse was increased from —6 to —17cm H2O. On average, the total GFP from all scales, summed over the period 30–90 ms poststimulus, doubled from baseline with the —6 and —17 H2O stimulus, and increased linearly by 40% between —6 and —17 H2O. This supports the use of the GFP as an index of respiratory mechanoreceptor input to the central nervous system. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Split tendon transfers for the correction of spastic varus foot deformity: a case series study

Background Overactivity of anterior and/or posterior tibial tendon may be a causative factor of spastic varus foot deformity. The prevalence of their dysfunction has been reported with not well defined results. Although gait analysis and dynamic electromyography provide useful information for the assessment of the patients, they are not available in every hospital. The purpose of the current study is to identify the causative muscle producing the deformity and apply the most suitable technique for its correction.
Biomechanical and Histologic Assessment of a Controlled Muscle Strain Injury Treated with Piroxicam

This study was designed to observe the effect of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory piroxicam on a controlled muscle strain injury in the rabbit model. The tibialis anterior tendons of 90 New Zealand White rabbits were detached at their distal insertions, and the right tendon was stretched to the yield point of the deformation curve. One group of 50 rabbits received piroxicam treatment and the others received no treatment. At 1, 2, 4, and 7 days the parameters of muscle function, tensile strength, and histology were examined. Muscle contractile force was significantly greater in the piroxicam-treated group at Day 1, but no difference was noted at any other time period. Tensile strength was not significantly different at any time period in either group. Histology revealed delayed degradation of damaged tissue and slowed regeneration of muscle tissue at the injury site in the piroxicam-treated group. Piroxicam and other anti-inflammatories are frequently given to athletes being treated for muscle strain injuries to control pain through their effect on the inflammatory process. This study demonstrates that piroxicam does not adversely influence the recovery of contractile and tensile strength in a followup period of 1 week. Therefore, antiinflammatory treatment may be beneficial early in the course of muscle injury.
Identification of the Total Peripheral Resistance Baroreflex Impulse Response from Spontaneous Hemodynamic Variability: Validation by Chronic Arterial Baroreceptor Denervation

We have previously proposed a technique for estimating the static gain values and impulse response of the arterial and cardiopulmonary total peripheral resistance (TPR) baroreflex by mathematical analysis of beat-to-beat fluctuations in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume. In this study, we evaluated the technique with respect to spontaneous hemodynamic variability measured from seven conscious dogs before and after chronic arterial baroreceptor denervation. Our results show that the technique correctly predicted the alterations in TPR baroreflex functioning that are known to occur following the baroreceptor denervation.
Use of Lagrangian statistics to describe slurry transport

Lagrangian statistics are explored as a means of describing the transport of solids in a turbulently flowing liquid. The essential feature of the approach is to represent the concentration field as resulting from a distribution of sources of particles. It is argued that this provides a better framework to understand the physics than the Eulerian analysis currently being used. Fully developed concentration fields are calculated, using the assumptions of homogeneous turbulence and plug flow. It is found that the configuration of solids and the suspended load depend primarily on the ratio of the settling velocity to the friction velocity, which is a measure of the relative importance of turbulence and of settling in depositing particles. The analysis emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the mechanism and the rate of entrainment of particles into a turbulently flowing liquid.
Viscoelastic property measurement in thin tissue constructs using ultrasound

We present a dual-element concave ultrasound transducer system for generating and tracking of localized tissue displacements in thin tissue constructs on rigid substrates. The system is comprised of a highly focused PZT-4 5-MHz acoustic radiation force (ARF) transducer and a confocal 25-MHz polyvinylidene fluoride imaging transducer. This allows for the generation of measurable displacements in tissue samples on rigid substrates with thickness values down to 500 mum. Impulse-like and longer duration sine-modulated ARF pulses are possible with intermittent M-mode data acquisition for displacement tracking. The operations of the ARF and imaging transducers are strictly synchronized using an integrated system for arbitrary waveform generation and data capture with a shared timebase. This allows for virtually jitter-free pulse-echo data well suited for correlation-based speckle tracking. With this technique we could faithfully capture the entire dynamics of the tissue axial deformation at pulse-repetition frequency values up to 10 kHz. Spatio-temporal maps of tissue displacements in response to a variety of modulated ARF beams were produced in tissue-mimicking elastography phantoms on rigid substrates. The frequency response was measured for phantoms with different modulus and thickness values. The frequency response exhibited resonant behavior with the resonance frequency being inversely proportional to the sample thickness. This resonant behavior can be used in obtaining high-contrast imaging using magnitude and phase response to sinusoidally modulated ARF beams. Furthermore, a second order forced harmonic oscillator (FHO) model was shown to capture this resonant behavior. Based on the FHO model, we used the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for tracking the apparent modulus and viscosity of samples subjected to dc and sinusoidally modulated ARF. The results show that the stiffness (apparent modulus) term in the FHO is largely time- invariant and can be estimated robustly using the EKF. On the other hand, the damping (apparent viscosity) is time varying. These findings were confirmed by comparing the magnitude response of the FHO (with parameters obtained using the EKF) with the measured ones for different thin tissue constructs.
Low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Effects on cognition and mood

To examine how a low-carbohydrate diet affects cognitive performance, women participated in one of two weight-loss diet regimens. Participants self-selected a low-carbohydrate (n=9) or a reduced-calorie balanced diet similar to that recommended by the American Dietetic Association (ADA diet) (n=10). Seventy-two hours before beginning their diets and then 48 h, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after starting, participants completed a battery of cognitive tasks assessing visuospatial memory, vigilance attention, memory span, a food-related paired-associates a food Stroop, and the Profile of Moods Scale (POMS) to assess subjective mood. Results showed that during complete withdrawal of dietary carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate dieters performed worse on memory-based tasks than ADA dieters. These impairments were ameliorated after reintroduction of carbohydrates. Low-carbohydrate dieters reported less confusion (POMS) and responded faster during an attention vigilance task (CPT) than ADA dieters. Hunger ratings did not differ between the two diet conditions. The present data show memory impairments during low-carbohydrate diets at a point when available glycogen stores would be at their lowest. A commonly held explanation based on preoccupation with food would not account for these findings. The results also suggest better vigilance attention and reduced self-reported confusion while on the low-carbohydrate diet, although not tied to a specific time point during the diet. Taken together the results suggest that weight-loss diet regimens differentially impact cognitive behavior.
An improved wideband PLL with adaptive frequency response that tracks the reference

This paper describes a self-tuning 3/sup rd/ order type III phase-locked-loop (PLL) with the frequency control implemented in 3 parallel paths. The crucial elements that allow frequency response tracking are a triple control voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a frequency to current (F2I) converter, and a switched capacitor loop filter. Near constant VCO gain over process variations, in addition to compensation for feedback ratio variation, near constant F2I gain over process variations and switched cap filters synchronized to the reference allows tailoring the open loop frequency response to track the reference. A high speed locking technique is employed which significantly reduces acquisition time in low bandwidth cases. This PLL was fabricated in a 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS logic process.
Developing an Instrument to Measure Heart Failure Disease Management Program Intensity and Complexity

Background— Comparing disease management programs and their effects is difficult because of wide variability in program intensity and complexity. The purpose of this effort was to develop an instrument that can be used to describe the intensity and complexity of heart failure (HF) disease management programs. Methods and Results— Specific composition criteria were taken from the American Heart Association (AHA) taxonomy of disease management and hierarchically scored to allow users to describe the intensity and complexity of the domains and subdomains of HF disease management programs. The HF Disease Management Scoring Instrument (HF-DMSI) incorporates 6 of the 8 domains from the taxonomy: recipient, intervention content, delivery personnel, method of communication, intensity/complexity, and environment. The 3 intervention content subdomains (education/counseling, medication management, and peer support) are described separately. In this first test of the HF-DMSI, overall intensity (measured as duration) and complexity were rated using an ordinal scoring system. Possible scores reflect a clinical rationale and differ by category, with zero given only if the element could potentially be missing (eg, surveillance by remote monitoring). Content validity was evident as the instrument matches the existing AHA taxonomy. After revision and refinement, 2 authors obtained an inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient score of 0.918 (confidence interval, 0.880 to 0.944, P <0.001) in their rating of 12 studies. The areas with most variability among programs were delivery personnel and method of communication. Conclusions— The HF-DMSI is useful for describing the intensity and complexity of HF disease management programs.
Registration based cortical thickness measurement

Cortical thickness is an important biomarker for image-based studies of the brain. A diffeomorphic registration based cortical thickness (DiReCT) measure is introduced where a continuous one-to-one correspondence between the gray matter-white matter interface and the estimated gray matter-cerebrospinal fluid interface is given by a diffeomorphic mapping in the image space. Thickness is then defined in terms of a distance measure between the interfaces of this sheet like structure. This technique also provides a natural way to compute continuous estimates of thickness within buried sulci by preventing opposing gray matter banks from intersecting. In addition, the proposed method incorporates neuroanatomical constraints on thickness values as part of the mapping process. Evaluation of this method is presented on synthetic images. As an application to brain images, a longitudinal study of thickness change in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum disorder is reported.
On the duality of Gaussian multiple-access and broadcast channels

We define a duality between Gaussian multiple-access channels (MACs) and Gaussian broadcast channels (BCs). The dual channels we consider have the same channel gains and the same noise power at all receivers. We show that the capacity region of the BC (both constant and fading) can be written in terms of the capacity region of the dual MAC, and vice versa. We can use this result to find the capacity region of the MAC if the capacity region of only the BC is known, and vice versa. For fading channels we show duality under ergodic capacity, but duality also holds for different capacity definitions for fading channels such as outage capacity and minimum-rate capacity. Using duality, many results known for only one of the two channels can be extended to the dual channel as well.
Pragmatics, "Situated" Language, and Business Communication.

The first part of this article identifies several variables from speech act theory and conversation analysis that might be applied to the study of business com munication. Recent work on politeness (by R. Lakoff, and Brown and Levinson) is found to be particularly relevant and useful. The second part of the article presents an exploratory study that examines several business let ters in order to see how principles derived from linguistic studies of politeness might advance the methodology used in business-communication research. The study indicates that theoretical work on politeness provides useful tools for analysing written discourse in business environments.
An ab initio thermodynamics study of cobalt surface phases under ethanol steam reforming conditions

Co-based materials have emerged as promising ethanol steam reforming (ESR) catalysts in recent years. Both Co0 (Co metal) and Co2+ (CoO oxide) states were found to exist in the catalyst under reaction conditions and contribute to the catalytic activity, although their separate roles are still not fully understood. Density function theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to explore possible surface configurations based on the (100) and (111) facets of CoO. Ab initio atomistic thermodynamics was then applied to study the relative stability of various surface structures of Co0/Co2+ under ESR reaction conditions where H2O and H2 are the most abundant components in the gas phase. Based on the surface phase diagrams of CoO(100), CoO(111), and the general Co0/Co2+ catalyst, we found that the clean CoO(100) and OH*-covered CoO(111) are the most stable Co2+ surface configurations under ESR reaction conditions. We also suggest that a reducible support may be important in stabilizing Co2+ surfaces against reduction into metallic Co surfaces. The stable surface configurations of CoO identified in this paper can guide future DFT studies on the ESR catalytic activity of Co2+.
Museums as urban catalysts: The role of urban design in flagship cultural development

A long-held urban redevelopment strategy has been the investment in flagship cultural projects—large-scale, iconic museums and arts centres that are intended to enhance the city image while catalyzing private sector investment and attracting tourists to the surrounding area. This paper concentrates on an aspect of the flagship cultural strategy that has received surprisingly little focused attention—the role that urban design and context play in realizing project outcomes. The analysis concentrates on two established flagship museums in Los Angeles and San Jose, California. The research demonstrates that certain urban design characteristics can negatively affect the ability of a project to attract visitors and generate commercial activity. However, at the same time, factors beyond the local context may be an overriding factor in project outcomes thus calling into question the concept of cultural catalyst.
Normal saline i.v. fluid load decreases uterine activity in active labour.

This study was designed to observe the effects of i.v. fluid infusion on uterine activity during normal labour in women receiving an extradural block. Thirty-four women in spontaneous labour at term gestation were allocated randomly and prospectively to one of three i.v. pre-extradural fluid load groups: group A, no fluid load; group B, normal saline 500 ml; and group C, normal saline 1000 ml. Continuous internal measurement of uterine activity was observed before, during and after fluid infusion and extradural block. In groups A and B, uterine activity did not change. In group C, uterine activity decreased after infusion of saline (P
Learning in Groups: A Comparison of Study Groups and T Groups.

Two different theories and techniques of group training, the T Group and the study group, have been described as facilitating learning about behavior in the small-group setting. These approaches arise out of different traditions and tend to view the same behaviors from disparate perspectives. This paper focuses on a comparison of the two models, with special attention to the ways in which authority and peer relations are viewed. The need for theoretical and technical amalgamation to advance our understanding of group phenomena is stressed.
Ad.Egr-TNF and Local Ionizing Radiation Suppress Metastases by Interferon-β-Dependent Activation of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cells

Ad.Egr-TNF is a radioinducible adenovector currently in phase 3 trials for inoperable pancreatic cancer. The combination of Ad.Egr-TNF and ionizing radiation (IR) contributes to local tumor control through the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, clinical and preclinical studies with Ad.Egr-TNF/IR have suggested that this local approach suppresses the growth of distant metastatic disease; however, the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain unclear. These studies have been performed in wild-type (WT) and TNFR1,2−/− mice to assess the role of TNFα-induced signaling in the suppression of draining lymph node (DLN) metastases. The results demonstrate that production of TNFα in the tumor microenvironment induces expression of interferon (IFNβ). In turn, IFNβ stimulates the production of chemokines that recruit CD8+ T cells to the tumor. The results further demonstrate that activation of tumor antigen–specific CD8+ CTLs contributes to local antitumor activity and suppression of DLN metastases. These findings support a model in which treatment of tumors with Ad.Egr-TNF and IR is mediated by local and distant immune-mediated antitumor effects that suppress the development of metastases.
Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Review

PET/MR is a hybrid imaging technology with the potential to combine the molecular and functional information of PET with the soft-tissue contrast of MR. Herein we review the technical features and challenges of putting these different technologies together. We emphasize the conceptual to make the material accessible to a wide audience. We begin by reviewing PET/CT, a more mature multi-modality imaging technology, to provide a basis for comparison to the history of PET/MR development. We discuss the motivation and challenges of PET/MR and different approaches that have been used to meet the challenges. We conclude with a speculation about the future of this exciting imaging method.
The clinical use of diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) in the treatment and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias

Abstract The use of intravenous diphenylhydantoin (5 mg. per kilogram) in the treatment and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias was studied. In the treatment of arrhythmias caused by digitalis, diphenylhydantoin restored 6 of 11 atrial arrhythmias to sinus rhythm and 21 of 24 ventricular arrhythmias responded. In patients whose arrhythmias were not digitalis-induced, only one of 20 patients with atrial and 5 of 16 with ventricular arrhythmias responded. Diphenylhydantoin significantly improved the cardiac rhythm in 10 of 12 patients with ventricular arrhythmias which were unresponsive to procaine amide. In 12 patients, atrial or ventricular arrhythmias developed either during digitalization or maintenance digitalis. In these patients, diphenylhydantoin was given immediately prior to DC cardioversion. In all cases, DC countershock produced sinus rhythm with no immediate postshock arrhythmias. Diphenylhydantoin was given to 11 patients prior to cyclopropane anesthesia. Ten of the 11 patients had no arrhythmias during the anesthetic, whereas only one of 9 patients in the control group was free of arrhythmias. Diphenylhydantoin restored sinus rhythm in 8 patients who developed ventricular arrhythmias during the administration of various anesthetics, but had no effect in 2 patients with atrial arrhythmias. Side effects due to diphenylhydantoin were minor and transient and no deaths occurred. It is concluded that with slow administration and careful electrocardiographic and blood pressure monitoring, diphenylhydantoin is a safe and valuable agent in both the treatment and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias.
Systematic Approach for Optimizing Complex Mining Tasks on Multiple Databases

Many real world applications involve not just a single dataset, but a view of multiple datasets. These datasets may be collected from different sources and/or at different time instances. In such scenarios, comparing patterns or features from different datasets and understanding their relationships can be an extremely important part of the KDD process. This paper considers the problem of optimizing a mining task over multiple datasets, when it has been expressed using a highlevel interface. Specifically, we make the following contributions: 1) We present an SQL-based mechanism for querying frequent patterns across multiple datasets, and establish an algebra for these queries. 2) We develop a systematic method for enumerating query plans and present several algorithms for finding optimized query plan which reduce execution costs. 3) We evaluate our algorithms on real and synthetic datasets, and show up to an order of magnitude performance improvement
Involvement of prostanoids in cigarette smoking-induced pathophysiological effects in the lung.

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic airway diseases (e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis, etc), which lead to morbidity and mortality in millions of smokers. Although the etiology of these smoking-related airway diseases is not completely understood, there is little doubt that chronic airway inflammation induced by cigarette smoke inhalation plays a critical part in causing the progressive pathological changes in lung structures and functions. Among the various inflammatory mediators endogenously released in the airways and lungs, increasing evidence has revealed the involvement of prostanoids in producing both acute and chronic pathophysiological effects of cigarette smoke on the respiratory tract. In this review, we have attempted to focus specifically on recent findings of elevated bioactivity of these autocoids caused by cigarette smoke inhalation and the resulting alteration of physiological functions of various target cells in the airways.
Exploring Wolfram’s Notion of Computational Irreducibility with a Two-Dimensional Cellular Automaton

The notion of computational irreducibility says that a problem is computationally irreducible when the only way to solve it is to traverse a trajectory through a state space step by step using no shortcut. In this paper, we will explore this notion by addressing whether computational irreducibility is a consequence of how a particular problem is represented. To do so, we will examine two versions of a given game that are isomorphic representations of both the play space and the transition rules underlying the game. We will then develop a third isomorph of the play space with transition rules that seem to only be determined in a computationally irreducible manner. As a consequence, it would seem that representing the play space differently in the third isomorph introduces computational irreducibility into the game where it was previously lacking. If so, we will have shown that, in some cases at least, computational irreducibility depends on the representation of a given problem.
A closed-form algorithm for covariance-constrained optimal estimation

This dissertation describes a new method which results in a closed-form solution for constrained optimal state estimation and system identification of discretely measured dynamic systems, and illustrates the method for simple examples. This post-experiment optimal state estimation method is especially appropriate in the presence of significant model error and/or significant measurement error. The new approach is robust in the presence of significant measurement noise and capable of estimating accurate states, by incorporating the known statistical characteristics of the noisy measurements as constraints. The determination of the optimal state estimates is derived from a minimization of a cost functional subject to differential equation constraints and statistical constraints of the noisy measurements. Estimation of the state and the dynamic model error are obtained as part of the solution of a jump discontinuous two-point boundary value problem associated with the algorithm. The resulting state estimates are continuous and optimal in a global sense. The dynamic model error terms to be identified are assumed unknown and may take any form (including nonlinear). The new method presented in this dissertation provides a way of obtaining a closed-form solution for determining optimal state estimation with incorporation of the average variance of the discrete state measurement as a constraint in the presence of significant error in the assumed (nominal) model. The weight matrix in the Minimum Model Error algorithm is eliminated since the constraints are incorporated in the problem and satisfied as part of the solution. This new constrained approach greatly improves computational speed and results in an exact analytical enforcement of the covariance constraint.
Innovative 3D Structures Utilizing Wafer Level Fan-Out (WLFO) Technology

The tremendous growth in the mobile handset, tablet, and networking markets has been fueled by consumer demand for increased mobility, functionality, and ease of use. This, in turn, has been driving an increase in functional convergence and 3D integration of IC devices, resulting in the need for more complex and sophisticated packaging techniques. A variety of advanced IC interconnect technologies are addressing this growing need, such as Thru Silicon Via (TSV), Chip-on Chip (CoC), and Package-on-Package (PoP). In particular, the emerging Wafer Level Fan-Out (WLFO) technology provides unique and innovative extensions into the 3D packaging realm. Wafer Level Fan-Out is a package technology designed to provide increased I/O density within a reduced footprint and profile for low density single & multi-die applications at a lower cost. The improved design capability of WLFO is due, in part, to the fine feature capabilities associated with wafer level packaging. This can allow much more aggressive design rules...
[11C]Ascorbic and [11C]dehydroascorbic acid, an endogenous redox pair for sensing reactive oxygen species using positron emission tomography

Here we report the radiosynthesis of an endogenous redox pair, [11C]ascorbic acid ([11C]VitC) and [11C]dehydroascorbic acid ([11C]DHA), the reduced and oxidized forms of vitamin C, and their application to ROS sensing. These results provide the basis for in vivo detection of ROS using positron emission tomography (PET).
How culture works

An anthropologist might find the question bizarre, one that by the asking reveals a fundamental misunderstanding. Culture is not something that works or fails to work. It is not something imposed on or done to a person; it is constitutive of the person. It is the precondition and the condition of human-ness. The meanings people incorporate in their lives are not separate from their activities; activities are made of meanings. Culture, as Clifford Geertz says, "is not a power, something to which social events, behaviors, institutions, or processes can be causally attributed; it is a context, something within which they can be intelligibly that is, thickly described."' Insofar as this is true, the question of the "impact" of culture is not answerable because culture is not separable from social structure, economics, politics, and other features of human activity.
Enzymatically Digested Animal Protein as a Source of Protein for Weanling Pigs

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of an enzymatically digested animal protein (EDAP) as a source of protein for weanling pigs. In each experiment, treatments were replicated with four (Experiments 1 and 2) or seven (Experiment 3) pens of three to five pigs each. Each experiment lasted 3 to 4 wk for the combined Phase I (1.5% Lys in Experiments 1 and 2, 1.6% Lys in Experiment 3) and Phase II (1.3% Lys) periods. In Experiments 1 (6.7 kg; 23 d of age) and 2 (6.1 kg; 22 d of age), pigs were fed one of the following Phase I diets: 1) basal (B) diet containing corn, soybean meal (SBM), whey, fish meal, and blood cells (AP-301 G; American Protein Corporation, Ames, IA); 2) B + 4% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP); or 3) B + 2% SDAP + 2% EDAP (SDAP + EDAP). In Phase II, the dietary groups from Phase I were divided into two subsequent groups. One group received a diet containing corn, SBM, whey, fish meal, and 2% blood cells, and the second group received the same diet with 2% EDAP, resulting in six treatments for Phase II and overall periods. In Experiment 1, ADG and ADFI were increased (P 0.10) ADG, ADFI, or the ratio of gain to feed. Also, Phase I diets did not affect (P>0.10) growth performance during Phase II. Overall, ADG (P 0.10) by diet, but ADFI was increased (P 0.10) by the addition of 2% EDAP or 2% blood cells. In summary, pigs fed SDAP + EDAP perform equally well compared with those fed B + SDAP.
Diuretics in the Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis

Publisher Summary After correcting the underlying cause, the initial goal in the treatment of metabolic alkalosis is to remove those factors that are responsible for maintaining the alkalosis. In some circumstances, diuretic therapy may be the preferred method of achieving this goal. When utilizing this approach, however, one needs to consider carefully both the types of diuretic to be used, as well as the underlying condition that gave rise to the metabolic alkalosis. On the other hand, the potassium sparing diuretics are well suited to treating metabolic alkalosis that occurs in the setting of primary increases in mineralocorticoid activity. As a result, it is of paramount importance to be able to distinguish between those causes of metabolic alkalosis in which diuretic therapy is contraindicated and those conditions in which diuretics may be of clinical benefit. This chapter briefly reviews the pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosis and presents a categorization of clinical syndromes associated with metabolic alkalosis. It also focuses on those conditions in which diuretic therapy has proven to be of therapeutic benefit.
Nutritional systems biology to elucidate adaptations in lactation physiology of dairy cows

A fuller understanding of the complexity of physiologic and metabolic adaptations experienced by the modern high-producing dairy cow during the transition into lactation unavoidably requires application of systems biology, i.e. a way to systematically study the biological interactions within the cow using a method of integration instead of reduction. The use of high-throughput technologies, i.e. “omics,” along with bioinformatics are ideal for uncovering pathways, regulatory networks, and structural organization within and between tissues (e.g. adipose and liver, skeletal muscle and adipose, gut microorganisms and epithelia). The integration of this information results in a more holistic appreciation of how the cow functions, particularly when used within a framework encompassing nutrition as a tool for optimizing the ability to adapt to lactation without compromising health. This chapter first outlines the current state of biological knowledge on five key areas identified as crucial for achieving marked gains in productivity. After a brief description of high-throughput technologies, we discuss breakthroughs in knowledge at the tissue, cell, and rumen level. Major topics include regulation of feed intake, immune function, fat deposition, and the rumen microbiota. The goal is to provide specific examples of how genome-enabled approaches have been used to advance our understanding of tissue and cell function, and microbiota adaptations to dietary changes during the transition into lactation. The available research illustrates how a more widespread application of systems biology in ruminant nutrition will, in the medium-to-long-term, enable scientists to design functional diets that enhance dairy cow productivity and health based on exploiting the plasticity of the rumen microbial ecosystem along with the cow’s full genetic potential.
Examining the link between nonmedical use of sedatives, tranquilizers, and pain relievers with dispositions toward impulsivity among college students

Abstract Background The association between impulsive dispositions and the use of the central nervous system (CNS) depressant alcohol has been examined extensively; however, the links between other depressant use (sedatives, tranquilizers, and pain relievers) and impulsivity have been less studied, and findings have been equivocal. This may be due, in part, to varying operationalizations of “impulsivity,” as well as issues related to the lumping versus splitting of various depressant substances when assessing use. The effect of gender on the impulsivity-depressant use relation has also yielded mixed results and remains understudied. The current study sought to determine whether lumping versus splitting of depressant substances and distinct impulsivity-related dispositions, as well as participant gender, impact the depressant-impulsivity relation. Method Participants were 778 undergraduate students (72% female, 80% White, 23% Hispanic), who completed a battery of self-report assessments online, including the UPPS-P. Results Hierarchical linear models indicated that specific impulsive dispositions differentiated between users and non-users of specific depressant substances, and these relations varied by gender. For example, sensation seeking significantly differentiated between users and non-users of pain relievers for females only, whereas sensation seeking differentiated between users and non-users of tranquilizers among males but not females. Conclusions In addition to informing substance use research practices by providing evidence that lumping of depressant substances leads to loss of vital information, as well as demonstrating nuanced gender differences, findings can also inform screening and personality-targeted treatment practices.
Toward an Online Anomaly Intrusion Detection System Based on Deep Learning

In the past twenty years, progress in intrusion detection has been steady but slow. The biggest challenge is to detect new attacks in real time. In this work, a deep learning approach for anomaly detection using a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) and a deep belief network are implemented. Our method uses a one-hidden layer RBM to perform unsupervised feature reduction. The resultant weights from this RBM are passed to another RBM producing a deep belief network. The pre-trained weights are passed into a fine tuning layer consisting of a Logistic Regression (LR) classifier with multi-class soft-max. We have implemented the deep learning architecture in C++ in Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 and we use the DARPA KDDCUP'99 dataset to evaluate its performance. Our architecture outperforms previous deep learning methods implemented by Li and Salama in both detection speed and accuracy. We achieve a detection rate of 97.9% on the total 10% KDDCUP'99 test dataset. By improving the training process of the simulation, we are also able to produce a low false negative rate of 2.47%. Although the deficiencies in the KDDCUP'99 dataset are well understood, it still presents machine learning approaches for predicting attacks with a reasonable challenge. Our future work will include applying our machine learning strategy to larger and more challenging datasets, which include larger classes of attacks.
The Schröder-Bernstein Theorem

Let A and B be sets. If A ~ B′ ⊂ B, for some B′, then we write A ≤ B. If A ≤ B, but A ≁ B, then we write A < B.
On-Chip Two-Tone Synthesizer Based on a Mixing-FIR Architecture

A low-distortion current-steering two-tone sinusoidal signal synthesizer based on a mixing-finite impulse response (FIR) architecture is proposed. The proposed robust synthesizer adopts only digital blocks. It implements a two-stage cascade FIR harmonic cancellation technique that generates a single tone quasi-sinusoidal waveform and suppress the odd-order harmonics up to the 21st order. Differential-mode circuitry and a 50% duty cycle clock are also utilized to cancel the even-order harmonics. The single-tone signal is further up-converted to the desired local oscillator (LO) frequency band, thereby producing the desired two-tone sinusoidal signals. The proposed synthesizer contains a current mirror array implementing the FIR tap coefficients. Accuracy is enhanced using dynamic element matching. The other building blocks consist of a 24-phase clock generator, a current combiner, and a passive mixer with bootstrapped MOS switches. This two-tone synthesizer can be used to conduct a linearity built-in self-test. It is fabricated in 130-nm standard CMOS technology, occupying a 0.056-mm2 silicon area. Measurement shows better than −68 dBc third-order intermodulation (IM3) below 480-MHz LO frequency without calibration. For the LO frequency <76.8 MHz and the two-tone difference <2 MHz, an IM3 better than −75 dBc can be achieved. The imbalance between the two-tone amplitudes is measured <0.1 dB across the whole frequency range from dc to 1 GHz.
Plasma progesterone levels in normal pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium: II. Clinical data

Abstract One hundred and seventy-two plasma progesterone determinations were performed in normal pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium. One hundred and nineteen of the assays were done on isolated samples; 53 of the assays were done in 11 serial studies. While the concentration of progresterone in peripheral blood increased progressively with advancing pregnancy, no apparent decrease in the hormone level occurred at or near the onset of labor or during its progress. A significant decrease in plasma progesterone one hour after the delivery of the placenta continued to decline to menstrual cycle levels by 72 hours post partum.
Plk1 Phosphorylation of Mre11 Antagonizes the DNA Damage Response

The mitotic kinase Plk1 contributes to the DNA damage response (DDR) by targeting multiple factors downstream of the core responder kinase ATM/ATR. In this study, we show that Plk1 also phosphorylates key factors upstream of ATM/ATR and regulates their DDR-related functions. Plk1 phosphorylated Mre11, a component of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex, at serine 649 (S649) during DDR. Phosphorylation of Mre11-S649 by Plk1 primed subsequent CK2-mediated phosphorylation at Mre11-serine 688 (S688). Phosphorylation of Mre11 at S649/S688 inhibited loading of the MRN complex to damaged DNA, leading to both premature DNA damage checkpoint termination and inhibition of DNA repair. Tumors expressing phosphomimetic Mre11 were more sensitive to the PARP inhibitor olaparib, compared to those expressing unphosphorylatable Mre11, suggesting that patients with elevated Plk1 expression might benefit from olaparib treatment.
U.S. drug shortages for medications used in adult critical care (2001-2016).

Abstract Purpose We describe trends in U.S. shortages impacting critical care drugs from 2001 to 2016. Materials and methods Shortages within the scope of critical care were identified using data from the University of Utah Drug Information Services. Shortage characteristics were described using standard descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results Of 1969 shortages reported, 1004 (51%) were for drugs used in critical care. New shortages fell from 2001 to 2004, then increased, peaking in 2011 (116). For critical care shortages, 247 (24.6%) involved drugs used for high acuity conditions. The majority of drugs on shortage were parenteral, (720; 71.7%) and 393 (39.1%) were single source drugs. Alternatives were available for 887 (88.3%) drugs, although 250 (24.9%) alternatives were impacted by shortages. Infectious disease drugs were the most common drugs on shortage, with 200 (19.9%) shortages, with a median duration of 7.7 months (IQR = 2.8–17.3). By the end of the study, 896 (89.2%) shortages were resolved and 108 (10.8%) remained active. The median duration for active shortages was 13.6 months (IQR = 5.8–58.4) while the duration for resolved shortages was 7.2 months (IQR = 2.8–17.3). Conclusions Although the number of new shortages peaked in 2011 and is now declining, there remain a substantial number of active shortages impacting critical care drugs.
Experimental and Analytical Studies of Diaphragm to Shear Wall Connections

Publisher Summary The standard of practice for the lateral analysis and design of light framed timber structures has been changing to more closely consider the effects of wall stiffness in the distribution of forces in a structure. The stiffness of the shear wall system is a function of the sheathing, anchorage, and shear transfer connections. The experimental and analytical program builds on an earlier UC Irvine study that determined that the performance of some diaphragm to shear wall connections exhibited significant deformation within the region between the top plates of a shear wall and the underneath portion of a floor or roof diaphragm. This deformation is quite different depending on the orientation of the floor or roof joists. The 2.44 m x 6.00 m diaphragm to shear wall connection samples are constructed with dimensional lumber joists and oriented strand board sheathing. From these tests the structural characteristics of each connection type were analyzed. The test results show that the stiffness, strength, and degradation characteristics of shear transfer connections vary depending on the type of connector, the direction of flaming, and the existence of additional joist flaming toenails.
RNA editing uridylyltransferases of trypanosomatids.

Abstract Terminal RNA uridylyltransferases (TUTases) catalyze the transfer of UMP residues to the 3′ hydroxyl group of RNA. These enzymes belong to the DNA polymerase β superfamily, which also includes poly(A) polymerases, CCA‐adding enzymes, and other nucleotidyltransferases. Studies of uridylyl insertion/deletion RNA editing in mitochondria of trypanosomatids provided the first examples of biological functions for TUTases: posttranscriptional uridylylation of guide RNAs by R NA e diting T UTase 1 (RET1) and U‐insertion mRNA editing by R NA e diting T UTase 2 (RET2). The editing TUTases are unified by the presence of conserved catalytic and nucleotide base recognition domains, yet differ substantially in auxiliary function‐specific domains, quaternary structure, RNA substrate specificity, and processivity. This chapter describes isolation of TUTases and their complexes from trypanosomatids, methods used for analysis of interactions involving RET1 and RET2, purification of recombinant proteins, and enzyme kinetic assays.
How Reactor Safety is Assured in the United States

This is the first of four lectures* that I will give in this School. The main goal of this talk will be a description of the present system in the United States for assuring the safety of large nuclear power reactors. The second talk will cover risk assessment and its use in reactor safety and regulation. The last two talks will discuss the recent accident at Three Mile Island. This talk will begin with a description of the underlying safety philosophy, including which institutions have the various responsibilities. I will then proceed to discuss how the safety assurance system is implemented, how oversight is accomplished outside of the system itself, and how feedback occurs to improve the system. Finally, some issues and problems with the system will be discussed.