cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reality and future scenarios of commercial building energy consumption in China

Abstract While China's 11th Five-Year Plan called for a reduction of energy intensity by 2010, whether and how the energy consumption trend can be changed in a short time has been hotly debated. This research intends to evaluate the impact of a variety of scenarios of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, energy elasticity and energy-efficiency improvement on energy consumption in commercial buildings in China using a detailed China End-Use Energy Model. China's official energy statistics have limited information on energy demand by end-use. This is a particularly pertinent issue for building energy consumption. The authors have applied reasoned judgments, based on experience of working on Chinese efficiency standards and energy-related programs, to present a realistic interpretation of the current energy data. The bottom-up approach allows detailed consideration of end-use intensity, equipment efficiency, etc., thus facilitating assessment of potential impacts of specific policy and technology changes on building energy use. The results suggest that: (1) commercial energy consumption in China's current statistics is underestimated by about 44%, and the fuel mix is misleading; (2) energy-efficiency improvements will not be sufficient to offset the strong increase in end-use penetration and intensity in commercial buildings; (3) energy intensity (particularly electricity) in commercial buildings will increase; (4) different GDP growth and elasticity scenarios could lead to a wide range of floor area growth trajectories, and therefore, significantly impact energy consumption in commercial buildings.
Race and sex differences in the identification of candidates for renal transplantation.

The availability of renal transplantation to individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an issue of considerable concern. The role of age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, illness severity, and comorbidity in determining access to this therapy remains unclear. We examined the influence of these factors on transplant candidacy in 8,315 patients receiving dialysis treatment for ESRD in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. We found important race-sex differences in the likelihood of being identified as a transplant candidate. These differences persisted after adjustment for other patient characteristics, including illness severity and certain comorbid conditions. Characteristics found to be positively associated with candidacy included age less than 30 years ( P P = 0.004), and employment status ( P = 0.006). Characteristics and comorbid conditions that were negatively associated with candidacy included 8 years or less of formal education ( P = 0.001), cancer ( P = 0.0006), visual impairment ( P = 0.006), congestive heart failure ( P = 0.008), and peripheral vascular disease ( P = 0.01). Compared with white males, after adjustment for these factors, the likelihood (95% confidence interval) of being identified as a transplant candidate was: white females, 0.88 (0.65 to 1.18); black males, 0.77 (0.59 to 0.99); and black females, 0.66 (0.51 to 0.87). We conclude that although socioeconomic and medical factors are strongly associated with transplant candidacy, these associations do not adequately explain the observed race-sex differences in transplant candidacy status.
Generalized dimers and their Stokes-variable dynamics

In the present work, we generalize the setting of dimers with potential gain and loss which have been extensively considered recently in -symmetric contexts. We consider a pair of waveguides which are evanescently coupled but may also be coupled in a way inducing gain/loss and may additionally possess onsite gain and loss, as well as (possibly non-uniform) nonlinearity. We identify (and where appropriate review from earlier work) a plethora of interesting dynamical scenarios ranging from the existence of stable and unstable fixed points and integrable dynamics, to the emergence of pitchfork or Hopf bifurcations and the generation of additional fixed points and limit cycles, respectively, as well as the potential deviation of trajectories to infinity. Thus, a catalogue of a large number of possible cases is given and their respective settings physically justified (where appropriate).
Associative processing for general purpose computers through the use of modified memories

The concept of the content-addressable memory has been a popular one for study in recent years, but relatively few real systems have used content-addressable memories successfully. This has been partly for economic reasons---the cost of early designs of content-addressable memories has been very high---and partly because it is a difficult problem to embed a content-addressable memory into a processing system to increase system effectiveness for a large class of problems.
The use and abuse of the hedging effectiveness measure

Abstract Ederington (1979) proposed an effectiveness measure for futures hedging. Since then, this measure has been widely adopted in the literature to compare different hedge ratios against the OLS (ordinary least squares) hedge ratio. This note attempts to demonstrate this application is inappropriate. Ederington hedging effectiveness is only useful for measuring the risk reduction effect of the OLS hedge ratio. It does not apply to other hedge ratios and therefore should not serve as a criterion to compare different hedge strategies against the OLS strategy. A strict application of this measure almost always leads to an incorrect conclusion stating that the OLS hedge ratio is the best hedging strategy.
Transport of charged particles in the heliosphere: Theory

Abstract Diffusion theory has proven enormously successful in explaining a wide range of cosmic ray phenomena, but a satisfactory explanation of how energetic charged particles are scattered in collisionless plasma (such as the solar wind) has remained elusive. This article summarizes recent advances in this field that have resulted from the use of more realistic models of magnetic turbulence in space. A special emphasis is placed on the strong influence turbulence geometry exerts on diffusion both parallel and perpendicular to the large-scale magnetic field.
Why Do Option Introductions Depress Stock Prices? A Study of Diminishing Short Sale Constraints

Early studies find that option introductions tend to raise the price of underlying stocks. More recent research indicates that post-1980 option introductions are associated with negative abnormal returns in underlying stocks. Other studies document increased short sale activities following option listing. This paper provides evidence that the documented abnormal returns and changes in short interest around option listings are consistent with the mitigation of short sale constraints resulting from the option introduction, and that both the abnormal returns and short interest changes around listing dates can be predicted using ex ante characteristics of the underlying stock.
Perspective on engineering transition-metal oxides

Engineering transition-metal oxides depends on understanding a few general concepts. Three of these are discussed: (1) orbital mixing and the roles of cation-d/O-2p covalent bonding as distinct fro...
String Theory as a Universal Language

This article, based on the Klein lecture, contains some new results and new speculations on various topics. They include discussion of open strings in the AdS space, unusual features of D-branes, conformal gauge theories in higher dimensions. We also comment on the infrared screening of the cosmological constant and on the ''brane worlds.''
The synthesis of new bis/mono fluorinated sultones and their derivatives

Abstract The fluorinated bis/mono β-sultones, [CF2( O)CF(S O2)CF2]2 and CF2CF(CF2)2CF( SO 2 )CF 2 (O) , 1 and 2 are formed via the reaction of sulfur trioxide with 1,5-perfluorohexadiene. In the presence of NaF, 2 and 1 rearranged to give the isomeric products, CF2CF(CF2)2CF(SO2F)C(O)F and [FC(O)CF(SO2F)CF2]2, Respectively. New sulfonyl fluoride esters have been prepared from allyl alcohol and the sultones 1 and 2 ; polymerization of these esters has also been achieved.
Lumbar extraforaminal decompression: A technical note and retrospective study looking at potential complications as an outpatient procedure.

Background Lumbar disc herniation and stenosis that results in compression of a nerve root lateral to the foramen is defined as extraforaminal. In recent years the recognition of such pathology has increased with technology and greater awareness. Various approaches and techniques have been developed for extraforaminal decompression in the lumbar region. The purpose of this study was two fold: 1) Determine the safety of treating patients operatively via a paramedian muscle splitting approach on an outpatient basis, and 2) Highlight the technical aspects of the approach to the extraforaminal region.
Parametric study of large nuclear surface effects machines

Nuclear powered surface effects machine performance estimates, calculating reactor power and payload fraction for various clearance heights, gross weights and velocities
Ultra-luminous sources in nearby galaxies

Abstract This paper presents an update of what we have learned in the last year about the ULX phenomenon. New results are presented on radio emission from Holmberg II and a review is given on the recent X-ray data on timing and spectra. The new X-ray spectroscopic and optical imaging survey of nearby ULX with XMM allows us, for the first time, to place the average properties of these objects on a statistical basis. Direct examination of the sites of ULXs in nearby galaxies shows that ∼1/3 of them are not in or near star forming regions, indicating that a substantial fraction of ULX are not directly associated with young star formation. There are two ULX which have been identified with B stars as the optical counterparts on the basis of optical spectroscopy. Radio imaging of the Holmberg II ULX shows that it lies in a luminous extended radio source and that the radio emission is not beamed. A statistical study of ULX spectra in nearby galaxies shows that the ratio of ‘high state’ to ‘low state’ ULXs is ∼1:1 and that the high state objects, in general, are best fit with low temperature black bodies with a steep power law index. The objects with high state spectra are systematically more luminous than the objects with low state spectra consistent with the hypothesis that both are drawn from a population which shows state changes similar to those of black holes in the Milky Way. If this is true then the masses implied for the objects with the low state spectra are greater than 50 M ⊙ .
Mode Recognition in UV Resonance Raman Spectra of Imidazole: Histidine Monitoring in Proteins

The imidazole side-chains of histidine residues perform key roles in proteins, and spectroscopic markers are of great interest. The imidazole Raman spectrum is subject to resonance enhancement at UV wavelengths, and a number of UVRR markers of structure have been investigated. We report a systematic experimental and computational study of imidazole UVRR spectra, which elucidates the band pattern, and the effects of protonation and deprotonation, of H/D exchange, of metal complexation, and of addition of a methyl substituent, modeling histidine itself. A consistent assignment scheme is proposed, which permits tracking of the bands through these chemical variations. The intensities are dominated by normal mode contributions from stretching of the strongest ring bonds, C(2)N and C(4)C(5), consistent with enhancement via resonance with a dominant imidazole π-π* transition.
Splitting for rare event simulation : A large deviation approach to design and analysis

Particle splitting methods are considered for the estimation of rare events. The probability of interest is that a Markov process first enters a set B before another set A, and it is assumed that this probability satisfies a large deviation scaling. A notion of subsolution is defined for the related calculus of variations problem, and two main results are proved under mild conditions. The first is that the number of particles generated by the algorithm grows subexponentially if and only if a certain scalar multiple of the importance function is a subsolution. The second is that, under the same condition, the variance of the algorithm is characterized (asymptotically) in terms of the subsolution. The design of asymptotically optimal schemes is discussed, and numerical examples are presented.
Color Categories Are Not Arbitrary

Recent, well-controlled studies in cross-language color naming and cross-language tests of color memory and learning have made important contributions to our understanding of which aspects of cross-language color naming and nonverbal response to colors may and may not be attributed to pan-human properties of color appearance. Valuable as these results are, some studies have led to more relativistic conclusions than their results justify. In particular, these conclusions ignore the issue of whether there exists across languages a statistical tendency toward basing color terminology systems on black, white, and the four Hering opponent hues.
Nonlinear Terahertz Metamaterials via Field-Enhanced Carrier Dynamics in GaAs

We demonstrate nonlinear metamaterial split ring resonators (SRRs) on GaAs at terahertz frequencies. For SRRs on doped GaAs films, incident terahertz radiation with peak fields of ~20-160 kV/cm drives intervalley scattering. This reduces the carrier mobility and enhances the SRR LC response due to a conductivity decrease in the doped thin film. Above ~160 kV/cm, electric field enhancement within the SRR gaps leads to efficient impact ionization, increasing the carrier density and the conductivity which, in turn, suppresses the SRR resonance. We demonstrate an increase of up to 10 orders of magnitude in the carrier density in the SRR gaps on semi-insulating GaAs. Furthermore, we show that the effective permittivity can be swept from negative to positive values with an increasing terahertz field strength in the impact ionization regime, enabling new possibilities for nonlinear metamaterials.
The perceived usefulness of different sources of traffic information to trucking operations

Abstract Managers in charge of the California operations of nearly 1200 trucking companies were asked their opinions regarding how useful various sources of traffic information are to their dispatchers and to their drivers. They were also asked to evaluate the usefulness of improved traveler information systems. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis was used to link company characteristics and perceptions of the value of the sources. Results showed that evaluations of sources such as Internet traffic information, in-vehicle navigation systems, and area-wide dedicated highway advisory radio are primarily related to the location of operations, whether a trucking operation is private or for-hire, the average length of the company's load moves, and the provision of intermodal services.
Higgs Boson Production at Hadron Colliders in NNLO QCD

Abstract We compute the total cross-section for direct Higgs boson production in hadron collisions at NNLO in perturbative QCD. A new technique which allows us to perform an algorithmic evaluation of inclusive phase-space integrals is introduced, based on the Cutkosky rules, integration by parts and the differential equation method for computing master integrals. Finally, we discuss the numerical impact of the O (α s 2 ) QCD corrections to the Higgs boson production cross-section at the LHC and the Tevatron.
Ball Motion and Sliding Friction in an Arched Outer Race Ball Bearing

The motion of the ball and sliding friction in an arched outer-race ball bearing under thrust load is analyzed. Fatigue life evaluations were made. The analysis is applied to a 150-millimeter-bore ball bearing. The results indicated that for high-speed light-load applications the arched bearing has significant improvement in fatigue life over that of a conventional bearing. An arching of 0.254 mm (0.01 in.) was found to be optimal. Also, for an arched bearing a considerable amount of spinning occurs at the outer-race contacts.
Current Transport Mechanisms in CuIn1−xGaxSe2 and CIS Thin-Film Solar Cells on Flexible Stainless Steel Substrates

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells on thin film stainless steel substrates were evaluated by current-voltage-temperature (IVT) from 150K-350K to determine current transport mechanisms. Both dark and photo data at reverse and low forward voltages exhibited tunneling-like behavior. At intermediate forward voltages, diffusion or thermionic emission are suggested by an ideality factor close to 1.0. At higher currents and voltages there is a trend towards recombination or space change limited behavior.
Sound propagation simulations using lattice gas methods

A new lattice gas model for one-dimensional sound propagation has been recently proposed by the authors. In this paper, its extension to a sound propagation model in a two-dimensional square lattice is discussed. A variation on standard splitting methods is used to extend the formulation developed for the one-dimensional model to obtain a two-dimensional model. In arbitrary directions of propagation the method is at least second-order accurate. However, the accuracy is greatly increased for narrow angle propagation along the coordinate axes.
Spinning charged solutions in 2+1 dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity

Abstract We report a new class of rotating charged solutions in 2+1 dimensions. These solutions are obtained for Einstein–Maxwell gravity coupled to a dilaton field in which the electromagnetic fields are selfdual. The mass and the angular momentum of the solutions computed at spatial infinity are finite. The class of solutions considered here have naked singularities and are asymptotically flat.
COAT: COnstraint-based anonymization of transactions

Publishing transactional data about individuals in an anonymous form is increasingly required by organizations. Recent approaches ensure that potentially identifying information cannot be used to link published transactions to individuals’ identities. However, these approaches are inadequate to anonymize data that is both protected and practically useful in applications because they incorporate coarse privacy requirements, do not integrate utility requirements, and tend to explore a small portion of the solution space. In this paper, we propose the first approach for anonymizing transactional data under application-specific privacy and utility requirements. We model such requirements as constraints, investigate how these constraints can be specified, and propose COnstraint-based Anonymization of Transactions, an algorithm that anonymizes transactions using a flexible anonymization scheme to meet the specified constraints. Experiments with benchmark datasets verify that COAT significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art algorithm in terms of data utility, while being comparable in terms of efficiency. Our approach is also shown to be effective in preserving both privacy and utility in a real-world scenario that requires disseminating patients’ information.
Instrumentation for fission fragment energy correlation experiments

Abstract Experiments have been performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in which the kinetic energies of correlated fragment pairs from thermal- and resonance-neutron-induced fission have been measured. In addition, a three-parameter ternary fission experiments has been performed in which the energies of correlated fragments were measured in coincidence with the energy of a third emitted particle, usually a longrange alpha particle. The detectors were large-area silicon surface barrier detectors. The instrumentation associated with these experiments is discussed in detail. The complete system is described, with attention given to the problems of background reduction (fast-coincidence requirements), stability, linearity and resolution. Particular attention is given to the reduction of spectrum distortion by pile-up pulses, e.g., alpha-on-fission pile-up within the amplifier resolving time. Methods and limitations of pile-up detection are discussed. A new method for inspection and removal of pile-up pulses, which may be useful in a wide variety of applications, is presented.
The individualistic ethic and the design of organizations

The self-psychology theories used as motivational tools in work organizations during the past 20 years have collided with a confluence of societal changes. The individual has been enticed by more freedom in the work organization and an increasing array of life choices in a pluralistic society. At the same time, the economic environment has become hostile, threatening to limit the individual's choices. The confluence of expanding social choice and contracting economic resources has made it difficult for many individuals to make life choices that may lead to personal self-fulfillment. As a result, employees may most need and most appreciate order and predictability from their work organizations at the very time when more flexible work organization structures are most needed for the wave of new products and production technologies that need to be explored and developed. Hope for a resolution to this dilemma may be found in strengthening society's more durable social institutions, such as the family, organized religion, and the local community. If individuals can find the stability their lives need in these institutions, they may respond better to change, challenge, and freedom in the work organization.
Weak-lensing peak finding: Estimators, filters, and biases

Large catalogs of shear-selected peaks have recently become a reality. In order to properly interpret the abundance and properties of these peaks, it is necessary to take into account the effects of the clustering of source galaxies, among themselves and with the lens. In addition, the preferred selection of magnified galaxies in a flux- and size-limited sample leads to fluctuations in the apparent source density that correlate with the lensing field. In this paper, we investigate these issues for two different choices of shear estimators that are commonly in use today: globally normalized and locally normalized estimators. While in principle equivalent, in practice these estimators respond differently to systematic effects such as magnification and cluster member dilution. Furthermore, we find that the answer to the question of which estimator is statistically superior depends on the specific shape of the filter employed for peak finding; suboptimal choices of the estimator+filter combination can result in a suppression of the number of high peaks by orders of magnitude. Magnification and size bias generally act to increase the signal-to-noise ν of shear peaks; for high peaks the boost can be as large as Δν ≈ 1-2. Due to the steepness of the peak abundance function, these boosts can result in a significant increase in the observed abundance of shear peaks. A companion paper investigates these same issues within the context of stacked weak-lensing mass estimates.
Lignin‐Augmented Water Electrolysis

Hydrogen production from lignin dissolved in 1 M NaOH was observed at high faradaic efficiencies for experiments conducted at constant electrode potentials using Pt mesh electrodes. The rates of reaction were found to increase with temperature and applied electrode potential. An activation energy of 7.6 Kcal/mol for the process is estimated. The influence of the amount of lignin dissolved in the electrolyte on the anodic current is also determined. Cyclic voltammetry performed on lignin solutions resulted in identification of one anodic and two cathodic peaks
'Giant' multishell CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots with suppressed blinking: Novel fluorescent probes for real-time detection of single- molecule events

We reported for the first time that key nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD) optical properties-quantum yield, photobleaching and blinking-can be rendered independent of NQD surface chemistry and environment by growth of a very thick, defect-free inorganic shell (Chen, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008). Here, we show the precise shell-thickness dependence of these effects. We demonstrate that 'giant-shell' NQDs can be largely non-blinking for observation times as long as 54 minutes and that on-time fractions are independent of experimental time-resolution from 1-200 ms. These effects are primarily demonstrated on (CdSe)CdS (core)shell NQDs, but we also show that alloyed shells comprising Cd(x)Zn(1-x)S and terminated with a non-cytotoxic ZnS layer exhibit similar properties. The mechanism for suppressed blinking and dramatically enhanced stability is attributed to both effective isolation of the NQD core excitonic wavefunction from the NQD surface, as well as a quasi-Type II electronic structure. The unusual electronic structure provides for effective spatial separation of the electron and hole into the shell and core, respectively, and, thereby, for reduced efficiencies in non-radiative Auger recombination.
Progress in the linear beam dynamics study of ionization cooling channel

Abstract We review recent progresses in the study of linear beam dynamics of the ionization cooling in solenoidal focusing channels. The topics included are: understanding of the solenoidal focusing in the rotating frame; beam parameterization in terms of the envelope functions, emittance, and angular momentum; the coupled equation for emittance and angular momentum in periodic focusing channels; general solution and comparison with simulation; analytic approach for calculating the stability criteria and envelope function in periodic focusing channels.
Reduced Dielectric Screening and Enhanced Energy Transfer in Single- and Few-Layer MoS2

We report highly efficient nonradiative energy transfer from cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots to monolayer and few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The quenching of the donor quantum dot photoluminescence increases as the MoS2 flake thickness decreases with the highest efficiency (>95%) observed for monolayer MoS2. This counterintuitive result arises from reduced dielectric screening in thin layer semiconductors having unusually large permittivity and a strong in-plane transition dipole moment, as found in MoS2. Excitonic energy transfer between a zero-dimensional emitter and a two-dimensional absorber is fundamentally interesting and enables a wide range of applications including broadband optical down-conversion, optical detection, photovoltaic sensitization, and color shifting in light-emitting devices.
Computer-Generated Volume Holograms in the THz

Recent advances in rapid prototyping provide the promise of direct, rapid fabrication of volumetric optical components in the terahertz. We are investigating use of this new technology for fabrication of a Bragg-selective computer-generated volume hologram.
Soft X-ray microscopy of nanomagnetism

Magnetic materials with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers are important for the development of ultrahigh-density magnetic storage and sensor devices. Magnetic microstructure largely determines functionality, and imaging of magnetic domains and magnetization reversal behavior is an outstanding challenge. Magnetic X-ray microscopy makes it possible to investigate magnetization phenomena with elemental specificity and high spatial and temporal resolution.
Indium-mediated asymmetric Barbier-type propargylations: additions to aldehydes and ketones and mechanistic investigation of the organoindium reagents

We report a simple, efficient, and general method for the indium-mediated enantioselective propargylation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under Barbier-type conditions in a one-pot synthesis affording the corresponding chiral alcohol products in very good yield (up to 90%) and enantiomeric excess (up to 95%). The extension of this methodology to ketones demonstrated the need for electrophilic ketones more reactive than acetophenone as the reaction would not proceed with just acetophenone. Using the Lewis acid indium triflate [In(OTf)(3)] induced regioselective formation of the corresponding homoallenic alcohol product from acetophenone. However, this methodology demonstrated excellent chemoselectivity in formation of only the corresponding secondary homopropargylic alcohol product in the presence of a ketone functionality. Investigation of the organoindium intermediates under our reaction conditions shows the formation of allenylindium species, and we suggest that these species contain an indium(III) center. In addition, we have observed the presence of a shiny, indium(0) nugget throughout the reaction, irrespective of the stoichiometry, indicating disproportionation of indium halide byproduct formed during the reaction.
Locating text in complex color images

Abstract There is a substantial interest in retrieving images from a large database using the textual information contained in the images. An algorithm which will automatically locate the textual regions in the input image will facilitate this task; the optical character recognizer can then be applied to only those regions of the image which contain text. We present two methods for automatically locating text in complex color images. The first method segments the image into connected components with uniform color, and uses several heuristics (size, alignment, proximity) to select the components which are likely to contain character(s) belonging to the text. The second method computes the local spatial variation in the gray-scale image, and locates text in regions with high variance. A combination of the two approaches is shown to be more effective than the individual methods. The proposed methods have been used to locate text in compact disc (CD) and book cover images, as well as in the images of traffic scenes captured by a video camera. Initial results are encouraging and suggest that these algorithms can be used in image retrieval applications.
Probing subtle fluorescence dynamics in cellular proteins by streak camera based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

We report the cell biological applications of a recently developed multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system using a streak camera (StreakFLIM). The system was calibrated with standard fluorophore specimens and was shown to have high accuracy and reproducibility. We demonstrate the applicability of this instrument in living cells for measuring the effects of protein targeting and point mutations in the protein sequence, which are not obtainable by conventional intensity-based fluorescence microscopy methods. We discuss the relevance of such time-resolved information in quantitative energy transfer microscopy and in measurement of the parameters that characterize the intracellular physiology.
Copper-catalyzed Ficini [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ynamides.

The Ficini [2 + 2] cycloaddition using N-sulfonyl-substituted ynamides is described, featuring the utility of CuCl2 and AgSbF6 as catalysts. This work represents the first successful example of ynamides participating in a thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition with enones.
Rheumatic Diseases in the Elderly: Assessing Chronic Pain

This article discusses the assessment of chronic pain in older patients. First, the epidemiology and impact of chronic pain in the elderly are addressed. Next, common barriers to pain assessment are reviewed. An effective approach to pain assessment in the older patient is described, including the important pearls of history-taking and the physical examination, as well as recommendations for the evaluation of functional status and psychosocial well-being. The article concludes with a review of multidimensional and unidimensional pain assessment tools, and a discussion of methods for pain assessment in the cognitively impaired.
Experimental confirmation of cluster-impact fusion.

We have investigated deuteron-deuteron fusion induced by impact of (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O${)}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ and (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O${)}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ clusters with n=1\char21{}150 on deuterated polyethylene targets at energies of 135\char21{}225 keV. Both the energy dependence and magnitude of the fusion yield measured with (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O${)}_{115}^{+}$ clusters confirm the results of Beuhler et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 94, 7665 (1990)]. Furthermore, we have observed that the size dependence of the (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O${)}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ fusion yields measured at the impact energy of 225 keV for small (n10) clusters follow the ``thermonuclear'' model proposed by Carraro et al. [Phys. Rev. A 42, 1379 (1990)] rather than the thick-target model. For ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ and (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O${)}_{2}^{+}$ at 225 keV, the yields roughly agree with the ``knock-on'' model by Carraro et al. No fusion event was observed for (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O${)}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ clusters with n=4\char21{}50; however, n=115 clusters produced an observable fusion rate. The ratio between fusion rates of (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O${)}_{115}^{+}$ and (${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O${)}_{115}^{+}$ is 5%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2%, in close agreement with the result, \ensuremath{\sim}5%, measured by Beuhler et al. at 300 keV.
Points and triangles in the plane and halving planes in space

We prove that for any setS ofn points in the plane andn3?? triangles spanned by the points inS there exists a point (not necessarily inS) contained in at leastn3?3?/(c log5n) of the triangles. This implies that any set ofn points in three-dimensional space defines at most $$\sqrt[3]{{(c/2)}}n^{8/3} \log ^{5/3} n$$ halving planes.
A path: from electroplating through lithographic masks in electronics to LIGA in MEMS

Abstract This paper reviews the historic development of electroplating through lithographic mask technology in IBM starting from the 1960 s to the present day, the influence this technology has had on electronics, and the influence it may have in the future on HI-MEMS. The technology of electroplating through lithographic masks onto thin seed layers was born in electronics in the late 1960 s primarily as a result of a need to produce, using optical lithography, very fine conductors and to pack them into a very small space inside the magnetic thin film head yoke. Shortly thereafter, electroplating through lithographic masks was demonstrated to have application in X-ray mask fabrication, bubble memory and in many electronic devices used in computers. The e-beam lithography and X-ray lithography were in their early stages of invention and laboratory demonstration in the late 1960 s and early 1970 s. Soon after first patterns were generated in PMMA using e-beam and X-rays we have demonstrated that the approach of electroplating through optically produced lithographic masks, when combined with these new lithographic techniques, had an excellent potential for patterns into molds formed by these new lithographic techniques produced extremely high fidelity replicas, not only down to submicron, but all the way into nano dimensions. Because of the excellent collimation and large depth of focus, X-ray lithography particularly produced by synchrotron sources, permits fabrication of extremely high aspect ratio structures in the micron and submicron dimensions. By 1974, electroplating through mask was demonstrated to be the only viable technique which assured sharp vertical edges in X-ray masks, a requirement essential for very high resolution. In this paper we give examples of the early work and show the structures produced using optical, e-beam and X-ray lithography in connection with the use of the electroplating-through-mask-technique of pattern replication. The electroplating through masks not only had a pronounced effect in electronics but it is beginning to have a similar effect in MEMS. Today, X-ray lithography in combination with electroplating is becoming an extremely powerful technique in the fabrication of HI-MEMS devices. Under the name of LIGA, the plating-through-mask process was developed in the 1980 s in KfK, in Germany, in which PMMA is exposed through thick gold masks using synchrotron radiation with an objective to produce 3D molds for subsequent injection molding of low cost copies. © 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
Canonical maps to twisted rings

If A is a strongly noetherian graded algebra generated in degree one, then there is a canonically constructed graded ring homomorphism from A to a twisted homogeneous coordinate ring , which is surjective in large degree. This result is a key step in the study of projectively simple rings. The proof relies on some results concerning the growth of graded rings which are of independent interest.
Some measurements of achievement orientation

A series of interrelated studies of achievement orientation, stemming from theoretical work by Kluckhohn and Parsons, are compared. It is found that this orientation consists of at least four separate components: (1) “activism” or “mastery”; (2) “trust”; (3) “independence of family”; and (4) “occupational primacy” or “accomplishment.” The first three are positively correlated with one another and with socioeconomic status; the fourth is negatively correlated with the others and with status. The findings are interpreted in the light of theoretical problems about achievement orientation, social mobility, and economic development.
Nonperturbative “lattice perturbation theory”

We discuss a program for replacing standard perturbative methods with Monte Carlo simulations in short distance lattice gauge theory calculations.
Continental Relamination Drives Compositional and Physical- Property Changes in the Lower Crust

A long-standing paradigm for the genesis and evolution of Earth’s continental crust holds that the crust is andesitic and reached this composition in the ‘subduction factory’ by delamination or foundering of a dense, mafic or ultramafic component into the mantle from the base of initially basaltic arc crust. However, the range of suggested compositions for the lower crust and our incomplete understanding of subduction-zone processes render this paradigm non-unique. Recent discoveries from (ultra)highpressure xenoliths and terranes, combined with re-evaluation of methods for inferring lower crustal compositions from seismic velocity data, show that “relamination” of buoyant, subducting continental crust may be an efficient means of altering the composition of the lower crust. Ultrahigh-pressure terranes show that large areas (>60,000 km 2 ) of continental crust are subducted to depths >100 km where they undergo heating to temperatures of 600–1000°C for periods of up to 20 Myr. Xenoliths from the Pamir show that subduction erosion can drag continental rocks to depths >90 km and temperatures of ~1200°C. In both settings, devolatilization and melting transform cold, hydrous, low-density crust into hot, less hydrous residues. Felsic and intermediate rocks attain densities similar to the middle–lower continental crust; buoyancy may drive such rocks to rise through the mantle to pond at the Moho or higher crust levels. The calculated seismic wavespeeds of such material are indistinguishable from the bulk lower crust. Both ultrahigh-pressure continental subduction and subduction erosion operate at rates of 1–1.5 km 3 /yr, such that over the lifetime of Earth either could have led to large-scale ‘continental relamination’, refining the composition and physical properties of the continental lower crust.
Relation of Dominant Problems to Stages of Growth in Technology-Based New Ventures

Two studies investigating the growth patterns of new ventures are presented. In the first study, a stage-of-growth model theorized to apply specifically to technology-based new ventures was develop...
A new organocatalyzed Michael-Michael cascade reaction generates highly substituted fused carbocycles.

While β-ketoesters are useful Michael donors, they were previously ineffective in Michael−Michael cascade reactions using α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in conjunction with diphenylprolinol silyl ether organocatalysts. However, through rational modification of substrates and manipulation of the catalytic cycle, we developed an efficient Michael−Michael cascade reaction using β-ketoesters of type 9. In this transformation, highly substituted fused carbocycles are generated in a single step in up to 87% yield and 99% ee.
Frobenius bimodules between noncommutative spaces

Abstract In this paper we study Frobenius bimodules between noncommutative spaces (quasi-schemes), developing some of their basic properties. If X and Y are spaces, we study those Frobenius X , Y -bimodules X M Y satisfying properties that are natural in the context of noncommutative algebraic geometry, focusing in particular on cartain “local” conditions on M . As applications, we prove decomposition and gluing theorems for those Frobenius bimodules which have good local properties. Additionally, when X and Y are schemes we relate Frobenius X , Y -bimodules to the sheaf X , Y -bimodules introduced by van den Bergh in (J. Algebra 184 (1996) 435–490).
Urban Energy Fluxes in Built-Up Downtown Areas and Variations across the Urban Area, for Use in Dispersion Models

Surface energy fluxes, at averaging times from 10 min to 1 h, are needed as inputs to most state-of-the-art dispersion models. The sensible heat flux is a major priority, because it is combined with the momentum flux to estimate the stability, the wind profile, and the turbulence intensities. Because of recent concerns about dispersion in built-up downtown areas of large cities, there is a need to estimate sensible heatflux in the midst of tall buildings. In this paper, the authors work with some high-quality and relevant but arguably underutilized data. The results of analysis of urban heat flux components from 10 locations in suburban and built-up downtown areas in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment are presented here. At street level in the downtown area, in the midst of tall skyscrapers, the ground heat flux and the sensible heat flux are relatively large and the latent heat flux is relatively small when compared with concurrentfluxesobservedinthe upwindsuburbanareas.Inconfirmation ofmeasurementsin othercities,the sensible heat flux in the downtown area is observed to be slightly positive (10‐20 W m 22 ) at night, indicating nearly neutral or slightly unstable conditions. Also in agreement with observations in other cities is that the ground heat flux in the downtown area has a magnitude that is 3 or 4 times that in suburban or rural areas. These results should permit improved parameterizations of sensible heat fluxes in the urban downtown area with tall buildings.
Modulation of pituitary response to hypothalamic releasing factors.

The effects of estradiol-17beta and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH) on serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied during the menstrual cycle in women and the effects of GRH were studied during the puerperium. 1 group of patients received either intravenous infusions of estradiol for 12 hours in doses comparable to midcycle concentrtions (225pg/ml) or late follicular phase concentrations (150 pg/ml) or intravenous injections for 6 days followed by a single intravenous injection of 50 mcg GRH. Infusion of estradiol markedly auppressed pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness to GRH while the sequence of injections augmented both LA and FSH responsiveness to GRH. The results suggest that estradiol has at least in part a direct effect on the pituitary gland. The effect of estradiol may be dependent on the length of exposure of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to estradiol and the concentrations of the hormone. The gonadotropin response was not augmented until estradiol had been administered at least 3 days prior to GRH administration. In the postpartum women LH responses to GRH prior to the 5th week postpartum were less than during the early follicular phase. During the 2nd month however the gonadotropin responses were as much as 9 times those observed during the follicular phase. The FSH response was also similar but required a shorter period of time; the responses being of the same magnitude by the 3rd week as those in the follicular phase. The results indicate that anovulation during the 1st month postpartum is in part the result of pituitary unresponsiveness to GRH though anovulation in the 2nnd month may involve hypothalamic and/or ovarian factors but not pituitary factors.
Ultrasonic flux imaging in anisotropic solids

A new method is discussed for characterizing acoustic flux propagation in anisotropic media. The technique utilizes a pair of water‐immersion focused acoustic transducers as a point source and point detector. Raster scanning of either the source or detector over a slab‐like specimen of an anisotropic solid produces a transmission pattern that exhibits the anisotropies in acoustic flux previously known as ‘‘phonon focusing.’’ Unlike phonon focusing images, however, the pattern is modulated by ‘‘internal diffraction’’ fringes arising from interference between sheets on the acoustic wave surface. In addition to the diffraction effects, the images reveal interesting critical‐cone structures associated with the water/solid interface. These images may be understood theoretically by taking into account the full anisotropy of the medium, the boundary conditions between the solid and the water, and the pressure fields produced by the immersion transducers. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experiment...
Unusual Electronic and Bonding Properties of the Zintl Phase Ca5Ge3 and Related Compounds. A Theoretical Analysis

Theoretical reasons for metallic behavior among diverse Zintl phases have generally not been pursued at an advanced level. Here, the electronic structure of Ca5Ge3 (Cr5B3 type), which can be formulated (Ca+2)5(Ge2-6)Ge-4 in oxidation states, has been explored comparatively by means of semiempirical and first-principles density functional methods. The FP-APW calculations show that alkaline-earth-metal and germanium orbitals, particularly the d orbitals on the cations and the p-pi orbitals of the halogen-like dimeric Ge2-6, mix considerably to form a conduction band. This covalency perfectly explains the unusual metallic properties of the nominally electron-precise Zintl phase Ca5Ge3 and its numerous relatives. Similar calculational results are obtained for Sr5Ge3, Ba5Ge3, and Ca5Sn3. Cation d orbitals appear to be a common theme among Zintl phases that are also metallic.
The diammoniate of diborane: crystal structure and hydrogen release

[(NH(3))(2)BH(2)](+)[BH(4)](-) is formed from the room temperature decomposition of NH(4)(+)BH(4)(-), via a NH(3)BH(3) intermediate. Its crystal structure has been determined and contains disordered BH(4)(-) ions in 2 distinct sites. Hydrogen release is similar to that from NH(3)BH(3) but with faster kinetics.
Dyadic Myth and Monadic Advantage Conceptualizing the Effect of Democratic Constraints on Trade

How do democratic institutions influence international trade policy? This article highlights conceptual challenges confronting the study of democracy and trade. Using a game theoretic model, I aim to spell out the precise effect of democratic legislative constraints on trade. In contrast to the dyadic argument that legislative constraints enable democracies to better cooperate with each other to liberalize trade, I argue that effective legislative constraints give a democracy a monadic bargaining advantage in international trade negotiations. This advantage is associated with a lower level of trade barriers abroad and a higher level of trade barriers at home. Thus, rather than dyadically cooperative, a democracy may be monadically competitive.