cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic behavior of supercritical extraction of kerogen from shale

A model is presented for the supercritical reaction-extraction of a solid component from a bed of porous particles through which the solvent flows. Accounted for are reaction at an intraparticle position, pore diffusion, interphase mass and heat transfer, and flow in a differential reactor. The behavior of the bed is dynamic since both temperature and concentration of extractable solid vary with time. The model is compared with experimental data for the extraction with toluene of kerogen from a bed of Colorado shale particles. Curves of effluent bitumen concentration vs. time were measured and fitted with predicted curves to evaluate three parameters: preexponential factor and activation energy for the conversion of insoluble kerogen to soluble bitumen, and the diffusivity of toluene at the critical point. The predicted curves agreed well with the experimental results and gave reasonable values for the parameters. Rates of reaction-extraction as well as extraction curves exhibited a sharp dip as the reactor was heated through the critical temperature.
Tip-to-tail scramjet simulation with plasma-assisted control

A prominent pacing item in the quest for sustained hypersonic flight, and affordable access-to-space capability, is the development of an efficient air-breathing propulsion system. Key barriers of fluid dynamic origin includes, high thermal loads, shock/boundary layer interactions (SBLI) and fuel-air mixing at high-speeds, among other, all of which significantly degrade propulsion efficiency. One approach towards alleviating or eliminating these and other problems, and to provide a crucial energy management function, is to employ electromagnetic fields to control the relatively high temperature, low pressure environment encountered in proposed flight envelopes. To this end, several aspects of magnetogasdynamic (MGD) assisted scramjet flowpaths have been simulated using three-dimensional, integrated, multidisciplinary models requiring the large-scale resources available through the High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP). In this paper, we describe the complex flow field encountered in a scramjet and its control at various electromagnetic parameters. Among the key conclusions derived from these high-fidelity simulations are the limiting nature of separation and vortical structure formation on MGD generator operation and the deleterious effects of Hall currents, which induce nonintuitive system level asymmetries. Efforts have also focused on obtaining computationally intensive first-principles solutions for various high-temperature effects where phenomenological models have failed. Results from one of these, the modeling of detailed state-to-state kinetics of oxygen and nitrogen mixtures, is described, with emphasis on the derived insight into the phenomenon of vibrational freezing in nozzles, which is a key factor in loss of scramjet propulsion efficiency.
The Prevalence of Abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Asymptomatic Knees With Correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Arthroscopic Findings in Symptomatic Knees

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging scans of the knees of asymptomatic subjects. A prospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging to arthroscopic findings in symptomatic knees was also performed. The prevalence of meniscal tears found in asymptomatic knees was 5.6% (medial meniscus, 1.9%; lateral meniscus, 3.7%). Other abnormal findings included a prevalence of 1.9% for degenerative changes of the medial femoral condyle and 3.7% both for ganglion cysts and patellofemoral joint articular cartilage degenerative changes. There was also a prevalence of 24.1% of Grade II signal changes of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Statistical comparison of our results to previous studies revealed that the magnetic resonance imaging scan readings on the asymptomatic knees in this study were accurate and lesions were correctly identified. We recommend that clinicians match clinical signs and symptoms with magnetic resonance imaging findings before instituting surgical treatment because of a 5.6% prevalence of meniscal tears in the asymptomatic population. The significance of the high percentage of posterior horn medial meniscal Grade II signal changes is unknown.
Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change The World. Wagner, T (2012)

Wagner, T. (2012). Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World. New York, NY: Scribner (270 pp., cloth, ISBN 978-1-4516-1149-6) Tony Wagner is an Innovative Education ...
Transformation of numerical algorithms for data-flow processing

The application of data-driven principles of execution to several numerically intensive computations is described. The fast Fourier transform, the bitonic sort method, the LU decomposition algorithm and matrix multiplication have been chosen since they are representative of a large class of algorithms and provide good benchmarks for the evaluation of the performance of data-flow systems. First, a high-level data-flow language (SISAL) is used to express the algorithms involved. Then the transformation between the high-level program and the low-level data-flow mechanisms is demonstrated, using general methods of translation applied to a number of high-level program constructs. Particular attention is given to the issue of structure-handling. The MIT tagged-token data-flow architecture has been simulated and provides the basis for a performance analysis of the translation methods. >
6-Methoxy-N-alkyl Isatin Acylhydrazone Derivatives as a Novel Series of Potent Selective Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Inverse Agonists: Design, Synthesis, and Binding Mode Prediction

Recently, we discovered and reported a series of N-alkyl isatin acylhydrazone derivatives that are potent CB2 agonists. Here, we describe a novel series of selective CB2 inverse agonists resulting from introduction of a methoxy moiety in position 6 of the isatin scaffold. These novel 6-methoxy-N-alkyl isatin acylhydrazone derivatives exhibited high CB2 functional activity and selectivity at human CB2. Compound 16 (MDA77) had high activity (EC(50) = 5.82 nM) at CB2 and no activity at CB1. Compound 15 (MDA55) (K(i) = 89.9 nM, EC(50) = 88.2 nM at CB2) inhibited the effect of compound 1 (MDA7), a selective CB2 agonist, in an animal model of neuropathic pain. The molecular modeling study presented here represents a first study of CB2 based on the structure of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. A ligand-based homology model of the CB2 binding site was developed, and on the basis of our results, we propose a general binding mode for this class of inverse agonists with CB2.
THE RELATIVE STABILITIES OF BASE PAIR STACKING INTERACTIONS AND SINGLE MISMATCHES IN LONG RNA MEASURED BY TEMPERATURE GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

The thermal stability of RNA duplexes differing by a single base pair (bp) substitution or mismatch were investigated by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). All base pair substitutions and mismatches were examined at six sites, and limited changes were investigated at three other sites. DNA templates for in vitro transcription were generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Transcribed forward and reverse single stranded RNAs were annealed to form 345 bp dupex RNA. Solution melting curves of selected RNAs were in good agreement with the predicted three step transitions. Parallel TGGE was used to determine the relative stabilities of the RNAs, and perpendicular TGGE was employed to obtain mobility transitions and midpoint transition temperatures (Tμ) of the RNAs' first melting domain. The gel solvent included formamide and urea. The Tμ values of the first melting domain were influenced by the identity of the base pair substitution or mismatch as well as by the site's neighboring base pa...
Factors Influencing HLA Sensitization in Implantable LVAD Recipients

Abstract Background . Patients bridged to transplantation (TX) with the implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may be at increased risk for the development of panel-reactive antibodies (PRA) during support. Methods . To investigate that, we evaluated 60 patients who received the HeartMate LVAD at our institution, of whom 53 had PRA results available for analysis. T lymphocyte PRA levels were examined before LVAD, at the peak PRA level during LVAD support (PEAK), and just before TX. A PRA level more than 10% was considered indicative of sensitization against HLA antigens. Results . The only factor that had a significant effect on PRA levels before LVAD was patient's sex (1.3% for men versus 7.4% for women; p = 0.005). During LVAD support, peak PRA levels increased significantly and the sex-associated differences were no longer evident (33.3% men, 34.3% women; not significant). At the time of TX, PRAs decreased to 10.9% (men) and 7.0% (women) (not significant). We examined the influence of blood products received before TX on PRA levels. Patients who received less than the median number of total units ( p = 0.01) and TX PRA values (3.5% versus 22.1%; p = 0.02) than those receiving more than the median (>median). When examined by the type of blood product, only the number of platelet transfusions significantly increased the peak PRA ( median: 46.9%; p = 0.03). Patients who received blood that was leukocyte-depleted tended to have lower TX PRA levels (2.9%) compared with those who did not (13.9%, p = 0.18). Forty-two patients were successfully bridged to TX, with three early and two late deaths after TX. Whereas 39 patients received transplants without intervention, 3 were treated by plasmapheresis with a 77% reduction in their HLA antibody levels at TX as measured by flow cytometry. Conclusions . Patients with the implantable LVAD are at significant risk for the development of anti-HLA antibodies during support. Although this sensitization is often transient, intervention using plasmapheresis may be useful for some patients.
Action of TFII-I outside the nucleus as an inhibitor of agonist-induced calcium entry.

TFII-I is a transcription factor and a target of phosphorylation by Bruton9s tyrosine kinase. In humans, deletions spanning the TFII-I locus are associated with a cognitive defect, the Williams-Beuren cognitive profile. We report an unanticipated role of TFII-I outside the nucleus as a negative regulator of agonist-induced calcium entry (ACE) that suppresses surface accumulation of TRPC3 (transient receptor potential C3) channels. Inhibition of ACE by TFII-I requires phosphotyrosine residues that engage the SH2 (Src-homology 2) domains of phospholipase C–g (PLC-g) and an interrupted, pleckstrin homology (PH)–like domain that binds the split PH domain of PLC-g. Our observations suggest a model in which TFII-I suppresses ACE by competing with TRPC3 for binding to PLC-g.
Bass Instincts, 1946-1955; Still Crying in the Chapel, 1948-1962; Allen Toussaint -- Everything I Do Gonh Be Funky: The Hit Songs and Productions, 1957-1978; Finger Poppin’ and Stompin’ Feet: 20 Classic Allen Toussaint Productions for Minit Records, 1960-1962; The Allen Toussaint Touch: 22 Classic Recordings Produced by the Legendary New Orleans Soul Man

The Ravens, featuring Jimmy Ricks, 2013Bob Fisher (comp.)2 CDs, Jasmine JASCD 247Still Crying in the Chapel, 1948–1962Sonny Til and the OriolesBob Fisher (comp.)2 CDs, Jasmine JASCD 246The Mills Br...
Disruptions and halo currents in Alcator C-Mod

Disruptions in Alcator C-Mod can generate large eddy currents in the highly conducting vacuum vessel and internal structures, including a significant poloidal component due to halo currents. In order to understand better the stresses arising from the resulting J*B forces, Alcator C-Mod has been fitted with a comprehensive set of sensors to measure the spatial distribution and temporal behaviour of the halo currents. It is found that they are toroidally asymmetric, with a typical peaking factor of 2. The asymmetric pattern usually rotates toroidally at a few kilohertz, thus ruling out first wall non-uniformities as the cause of the asymmetry. Analysis of the information compiled in the C-Mod disruption database indicates that the maximum halo current during a disruption scales roughly as either Ip2/Bphi or Ip/q95, but that there is a large amount of variation that is not yet understood
Reagents for investigating MAPK signalling in model yeast species

Here we present a set of resources (bacterial expression plasmids and antibodies) for the interrogation of proteins involved in yeast MAPK signalling. We constructed bacterial protein expression plasmids for 25 proteins involved in MAPK signalling in budding yeast. From these constructs we expressed and purified proteins and generated rabbit polyclonal antibodies against 13 proteins in the pheromone MAPK pathway. We verified the specificity of the antibodies and employed them to follow pathway proteins in cells stimulated with pheromone. We show that these reagents can be used to detect pheromone-induced post-translational modifications and changes in the oligomeric state of pathway proteins. In addition to recognizing their target proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these antibodies allow the detection of predicted orthologues in the distant evolutionary relatives Kluyveromyces lactis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. These antibodies are new tools for investigating MAPK signalling in model yeast species and may be useful for studying MAPK signalling in higher eukaryotes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic Differential for Third through Fifth Grade Students

A semantic differential attitude scale was administered to 238 third through fifth grade students in an individualized instructional program. None of the students had any difficulty using the instrument with the directions provided. Coefficient alpha reliabilities ranged from .86 to .92 for the nine basic scales. There was little difference in the reliability between the grades. The scale was again, 7 mo. later, administered to the same students to assess the long-term stability of the scale and students' attitudes. The coefficients ranged from .35 to .44 for those scales expected to have some consistency while it was near zero for those scales not expected to maintain consistency. Properly constructed and presented, the semantic differential is both usable and internally reliable with students as young as third grade. Selected questions show reasonable long-term stability.
An investigation of buckling of steel cylinders with circular reinforced cutouts

Abstract The effect of the use of the ‘area replacement method’ (ARM) of reinforcing around circular penetrations in a cylindrical shell on the buckling strength of that shell under a uniform axial compressive loading condition is studied both experimentally and analytically. In shells that are of such quality that the penetration reduces the buckling strength, the use of the ARM will increase the buckling strength of the shell, but will not increase it to the unpenetrated valve. In any case, the conservative ‘knockdown’ factors suggested for buckling design by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code should ensure an adequate margin to failure under this loading condition.
Design of a frequency domain instrument for simultaneous optical tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of small animals

We present a design for frequency domain instrument that allows for simultaneous gathering of magnetic resonance and diffuse optical tomographic imaging data. This small animal imaging system combines the high anatomical resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the high temporal resolution and physiological information provided by diffuse optical tomography (DOT). The DOT hardware comprises laser diodes and an intensified CCD camera, which are modulated up to 1 GHz by radio frequency (RF) signal generators. An optical imaging head is designed to fit inside the 4 cm inner diameter of a 9.4 T MRI system. Graded index fibers are used to transfer light between the optical hardware and the imaging head within the RF coil. Fiducial markers are integrated into the imaging head to allow the determination of the positions of the source and detector fibers on the MR images and to permit co-registration of MR and optical tomographic images. Detector fibers are arranged compactly and focused through a camera lens onto the photocathode of the intensified CCD camera.
Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics over a Pinus taeda plantation: Results from the CELTIC experiment

Abstract Carbonaceous particles smaller than 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) were collected in July, 2003 over a Loblolly Pine plantation at Duke Forest, NC during the Chemical Emission, Loss, Transformation and Interactions within Canopies (CELTIC) field study. Organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon in PM2.5 ranged from 1.4–6.3 and 0.08–0.41 μg C m−3, respectively, and concentrations measured above and below the pine canopy were in good agreement. Ambient OC was lower ( 3 μg C m−3) during warm humid periods. Radiocarbon analysis indicates that on average 83% (range 78–91%) of the PM2.5 carbon was derived from contemporary (biogenic VOC and biomass burning) sources. This is higher than previous estimates from urban and suburban sites, and in good agreement with recently published data from other rural sites throughout the U.S. The estimates of contemporary PM2.5 carbon may represent a lower limit for this site since the sampler was located above the center of a 30 meter diameter plot fumigated with 200 ppm CO2 derived from fossil carbon sources. However, this effect is likely to be negligible. The regression relationship between OC/EC ratios and percent biogenic carbon in aerosol is very similar to those observed in recent summertime data from Tennessee and Florida. However, our values for both OC/EC and percent biogenic carbon are higher than those observed in the latter studies, likely due to the more rural character of the site. Simple box model estimates indicate that biogenic VOC (BVOC) emissions measured at the site provide sufficient reactive carbon sources to account for the observed levels of aerosol biogenic carbon. The magnitude and temporal pattern in the box model secondary organic aerosol estimates correlate well with the ambient aerosol carbon measurements. The model estimates of the relative contribution of isoprene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene oxidation to PM2.5 carbon are in reasonable agreement with a study recently conducted at a nearby site where aerosol tracers of these compounds were quantitatively analyzed in ambient PM2.5. Pinic acid concentrations in the below-canopy PM2.5 during CELTIC (from another recently published study) similarly suggest a significant contribution of α-pinene oxidation to PM2.5 carbon. The biomass burning tracers potassium and levoglucosan yielded fire contribution estimates to PM2.5 consistent with their respective published emission factors. These estimates indicate that biomass burning accounted for 1 to 5% (0.015 to 0.30 μg C m−3) of the PM2.5 carbon during CELTIC.
Chemoreception and the role of proteins: A comparative study

1. 1. Biological fluids and extracts from eight species of marine animals were fractionated to determine the nature of the major stimulants of the proboscis search reaction in Nassarius obsoletus. 2. 2. In fluids and extracts from scallop, clam, blue crab and three species of fishes, the major response-inducers were macromolecules with properties consistent with proteins and peptides. This is confirmatory of previous results obtained with human serum albumin and a glycoprotein isolated from oyster. 3. 3. In shrimp extract, the major stimulants appear not to be proteins but are low molecular weight substances (<700).
Integrity Bases for Vectors — The Crystal Classes

In a previous paper (Smith, Smith & Rivlin (1963)), irreducible integrity bases for a symmetric three-dimensional tensor and absolute vector under the transformation groups describing each of the 32 crystal symmetries have been obtained and their minimality demonstrated. In the present paper, rather similar methods are used to determine irreducible integrity bases for an arbitrary number of absolute vectors under the transformation groups describing 31 of the 32 crystal symmetries. The remaining crystal class, which is the gyroidal class in the cubic system, has so far proven intractable for technical reasons although the methods used for the four classes of the cubic system, for which irreducible integrity bases have been found, are in principle applicable.
Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming

New analyses are presented addressing the global impacts of recent climate change on phenology of plant and animal species. A meta-analysis spanning 203 species was conducted on published datasets from the northern hemisphere. Phenological response was examined with respect to two factors: distribution of species across latitudes and taxonomic affiliation or functional grouping of target species. Amphibians had a significantly stronger shift toward earlier breeding than all other taxonomic/functional groups, advancing more than twice as fast as trees, birds and butterflies. In turn, butterfly emergence or migratory arrival showed three times stronger advancement than the first flowering of herbs, perhaps portending increasing asynchrony in insect‐plant interactions. Response was significantly stronger at higher latitudes where warming has been stronger, but latitude explained o4% of the variation. Despite expectation, latitude was not yet an important predictor of climate change impacts on phenology. The only two previously published estimates of the magnitude of global response are quite different: 2.3 and 5.1daysdecade 1 advancement. The scientific community has assumed this difference to be real and has attempted to explain it in terms of biologically relevant phenomena: specifically, differences in distribution of data across latitudes, taxa or time periods. Here, these and other possibilities are explored. All analyses indicate that the difference in estimated response is primarily due to differences between the studies in criteria for incorporating data. It is a clear and automatic consequence of the exclusion by one study of data on ‘stable’ (nonresponsive) species. Once this is accounted for, the two studies support each other, generating similar conclusions despite analyzing substantially nonoverlapping datasets. Analyses here on a new expanded dataset estimate an overall spring advancement across the northern hemisphere of 2.8daysdecade 1 . This is the first quantitative analysis showing that data-sampling methodologies significantly impact global (synthetic) estimates of magnitude of global warming response.
Open-field luminance and 'septal hyper-emotionality.

Abstract Open-field activity of septal lesioned and operated control rats was measured under three levels of illumination. While control animals showed a steady decline in activity across days in all light conditions, septal lesioned rats initially had, and maintained, higher levels of activity for five days in both the bright and dim conditions. Only in red light was there any evidence of the control animals being more active than the lesioned subjects. This relative suppression of lesioned animals was very transient. These results are discussed in terms of the relative activating effects of light on septal and control animals. Data is also presented which indicates that heat has a suppressing effect on both control and lesioned animals.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR THE EVALUATION OF HEADACHES

Headaches are one of the most common symptoms that neurologists evaluate. Although most are caused by primary headcache disorders, the differential diagnosis is one of the longest in all of medicine, with over 300 different types and causes51122(Table 1). The cause or type of most headaches can be determined by a careful history supplemented by a general and neurologic examination. The classification system of the International Headache Society51 is helpful in providing standarized diagnostic criteria that may be more reliable and valid than prior formal or informal criteria.109
Galactose-Imines in the staudinger reaction

Abstract Staudinger reaction of imines 1 and 2 derived from galactose with a variety of acid chlorides resulted in the formation of two β-lactams with cis configuration, typically in a 60:40 ratio and in good yields. The β-lactams were separated and the absolute stereochemistry of the diastereoisomers was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis and correlation of their 1 H-NMR data.
Simple formulas to determine optimal subclavian central venous catheter tip placement in infants and children

Abstract Background/Purpose Optimal central venous catheter (CVC) tip location is necessary to decrease the incidence of complications related to their use. We sought to create a practical method to reliably predict the length of catheter to insert into the subclavian vein during CVC placement in children. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 727 chest radiographs of children who underwent either left or right subclavian CVC placement. We measured the distance from the subclavian entry site to the to the right atrium/superior vena cava (RA/SVC) junction, following the catheter's course. We analyzed the relationship between that length and patient characteristics, including: age, gender, height, weight and body surface area (BSA). Results Two derived formulas using the BSA best correlated with the optimal subclavian CVC length. For the left subclavian vein approach, the optimal catheter length was 6.5*BSA+7cm, and for the right subclavian vein approach it was 5*BSA+6. The use of these formulas correlated in CVC tip placement in a clinically proper location in 92.9% of smaller children and in 95.7% of larger children. Conclusion The optimal length of central venous catheter to insert into the subclavian vein may be determined through the use of a simple formula using the BSA.
Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis.

A large body of research has demonstrated that affective disorders are characterized by attentional biases for emotional stimuli. However, this research relies heavily on manual reaction time (RT) measures that cannot fully delineate the time course and components of attentional bias. Eye tracking technology, which allows relatively direct and continuous measurement of overt visual attention, may provide an important supplement to RT measures. This article reviews eye tracking research on anxiety and depression, evaluating the experimental paradigms and eye movement indicators used to study attentional biases. Also included is a meta-analysis of extant eye tracking research (33 experiments; N = 1579) on both anxiety and depression. Relative to controls, anxious individuals showed increased vigilance for threat during free viewing and visual search, and showed difficulty disengaging from threat in visual search tasks, but not during free viewing. In contrast, depressed individuals were not characterized by vigilance for threat during free viewing, but were characterized by reduced orienting to positive stimuli, as well as reduced maintenance of gaze on positive stimuli and increased maintenance of gaze on dysphoric stimuli. Implications of these findings for theoretical accounts of attentional bias in anxiety and depression are discussed, and avenues for future research using eye-tracking technology are outlined.
Listening to Paulo Freire: Breaking the Silence

This piece draws on Freire’s work and the experience of reading it in order to elaborate some working ideas to be developed as a rereading of Paulo Freire’s scholarship as a whole. The point of vie...
Using bookmark visualizations for self-reflection and navigation

Web users have been employing numerous methods for recalling websites. Bookmarks have been around for some time, but the usefulness of such a system has been under question. The lack of intuitive organization in web browsers forces users to make arbitrary choices on where to store bookmarks. As a result, bookmarks are often lost, never to be used again. These web pages a user bookmarks can say a lot about the user, though. A person's personality is reflected by the web pages a user visits and deems important enough to bookmark. By taking the user's bookmarks along with one's browser history and visualizing them, the user is able to notice things about oneself that he or she did not notice before. In this paper, we describe the iteration of a tool that visualizes all of user's bookmarks. We conclude with areas for future work.
MENC 2000 National Biennial In-Service Conference: A Content Analysis.

The 413 sessions of the 2000 MENC National Biennial In-Service Conference were classified according to category, which included educational sessions, concerts and sessions that included performances, and general sessions. They were also grouped according to subject areas, including general music, performance, administration, research, technology, industry and exceptionalities. By far the largest proportionate category of sessions was education (65%), followed distantly by sessions including performances (17%). Promotion of industry products dominated, accounting for 29% of all sessions and 40% of the content of educational sessions. Technology sessions represented 25% of all subjects and 71%) of industry sessions. Performance-focused sessions comprised just over 20%). A continuation of trends of high industry representation and increasing technology, along with decreasing performances and performance-oriented sessions, was found. A single session on inclusion resulted in the exceptionalities category form...
Integrative considerations and techniques for quantitative distance learning courses in graduate engineering management education

This presentation details work-in-progress for the development of quantitative and IT related graduate courses for distance learning that are taught concurrently with the schedule of our traditional courses. Development and delivery of courses in a format suitable for a distance learning graduate management engineering program presents many unique challenges. All of our graduate courses require a high degree of class participation, student team interaction and presentations. Engineering graduate course materials must be revised frequently to maintain technical relevance. Some faculty have successfully relied on video recorded lectures to keep students on track with a course organized for distance learning. However, current video technology is not able to represent computer screen images that are recorded from overhead projectors or conventional white board drawings with sufficient detail to present quantitative materials in the same format that is suitable for an in-class room presentation. The need to rapidly and efficiently prepare, revise and capture lecture materials for delivery of highly technical and quantitative courses requires special consideration.
Reflux esophageal stricture--a review of 30 years' experience in children.

Abstract Purpose Strictures of the esophagus in children may have multiple etiologies including congenital, inflammatory, infectious, caustic ingestion, and gastroesophageal reflux (peptic stricture [PS]). Current literature lacks good data documenting long-term outcomes in children. This makes it difficult to counsel some patients about realistic treatment expectations. The objective of this study is to evaluate our institutional experience and define the natural history and treatment outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of clinical data obtained from children who underwent dilation for PS was performed. Results Over the past 30 years, 114 children and adolescents received 486 dilations. The most common indications for stricture dilation were PS (42%) and esophageal atresia (38%). Other lesser indications included congenital, foreign body, corrosive, cancer, radiation, allergic, and infectious. This review focuses on the 48 children with PS. Of the children with PS, a congenital anomaly was identified in 23 children; and 12 had neurologic impairment. Average age at presentation was 10.2 years (range, 0.5-18.3 years). Most patients had had symptoms for many months before diagnosis. Peptic stricture was most common in the lower esophagus (n = 39). However, middle (n = 8) and upper (n = 1) strictures were occasionally identified. Noncompliance with medical therapy was a challenge in 12% (n = 5) of children. Children with a PS received a median of 3 dilations, but a subset of 5 patients with severe strictures underwent up to 48 dilations (range, 1-48). Repeated dilations were required for a median of 20 months (range, 1-242 months). Among patients receiving esophageal dilation for PS, 94% required an antireflux procedure (19% required a second antireflux surgery). A subgroup of patients (n = 10) was identified who required extended dilations, multiple surgeries, and esophageal resection. This subgroup had a significantly longer period of symptomatic disease and increased risk of esophageal resection compared with those patients requiring fewer dilations. Surgical resection of the esophageal stricture was ultimately required in 3 children with PS after failure of more conservative measures. Conclusion Children and adolescents presenting with reflux esophageal stricture (PS) frequently require antireflux surgery, redo antireflux surgery, and multiple dilations for recurrent symptoms. We hope that these data will be of use to the clinician attempting to counsel patients and parents about treatment expectations in this challenging patient population.
U0126 reverses Ki-ras-mediated transformation by blocking both mitogen-activated protein kinase and p70 S6 kinase pathways.

U0126, a recently introduced mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor reversed morphology and inhibited anchorage-independent growth of Ki- ras -transformed rat fibroblasts. Immunoblot analyses with phosphospecific antibodies indicated that in addition to MAPK, U0126 suppressed activation of p70S6K, but not Akt, at concentrations at which it normalized the transformed phenotypes. Another MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059, showed only marginal effects on p70S6K phosphorylation and did not effectively block Ki- ras -induced transformation. However, simultaneous inhibition of the MAPK pathway and the p70S6K pathway by PD98059 in conjunction with the p70S6K inhibitor rapamycin essentially restored the normal phenotype. U0126 or the combination of PD98059 and rapamycin flattened morphology of v- src -transformed cells, but did not reverse anchorage independence, although activation of both MAPK and p70S6K was blocked. The results suggest that normalization of Ki- ras -induced transformed phenotypes by U0126 is a consequence of concurrent inhibition of the MAPK and p70S6K pathways. Intervention of other pathway(s) appears to be required to completely antagonize transformation by v- src . Simultaneous blockade of more than one signal transduction pathway by combining selective inhibitors might be effective in suppressing uncontrolled tumorigenic growth.
Groupoids and computer arithmetic

Overflow detection and overflow recovery imposed no particular requirements on the structure of (X, X 1 &#60; X 1 , f x ). In particular, if f is associative and commutative, overflow recovery is obtainable even if f x is neither associative or commutative.
Controlled Exposure of Healthy Young Volunteers to Ozone Causes Cardiovascular Effects

Background—Recent epidemiology studies have reported associations between short-term ozone exposure and mortality. Such studies have previously reported associations between airborne particulate matter pollution and mortality, and support for a causal relationship has come from controlled-exposure studies that describe pathophysiological mechanisms by which particulate matter could induce acute mortality. In contrast, for ozone, almost no controlled-human-exposure studies have tested whether ozone exposure can modulate the cardiovascular system. Methods and Results—Twenty-three young healthy individuals were exposed in a randomized crossover fashion to clean air and to 0.3-ppm ozone for 2 hours while intermittently exercising. Blood was obtained immediately before exposure, immediately afterward, and the next morning. Continuous Holter monitoring began immediately before exposure and continued for 24 hours. Lung function was performed immediately before and immediately after exposure, and bronchoalveolar ...
Dispensing Biotechnology Products: Handling, Professional Education, and Product Information

Preparation, dispensing, and patient education regarding appropriate use of pharmaceuticals are primarily the responsibility of the pharmacist. Traditionally, parenteral products have been available in ready-to-use containers or required dilution with water or saline prior to use with no other special handling requirements. Hospital pharmacists, in particular, have prepared and dispensed parenteral products for individual patients for many years. While many pharmacists are skilled in handling parenteral products, biotechnology products present additional challenges since they are proteins subject to denaturation and thus require special handling techniques. These challenges will be explained in greater detail in this chapter. Practice issues with biotechnology products may be handled in slightly different ways depending on laws and pharmacy practice standards in each country. This chapter is written primarily from the view of practice in the United States since that is the primary experience of the authors.
Copolymers of tert.‐butyl vinyl ether with maleic or citraconic anhydride

Copolymers of tert-butyl vinyl ether and maleic or citraconic anhydride undergo acidcatalyzed intramolecular rearrangement to poly(carboxy-lactones). The same rearrangement easily occurs thermally with evolution of isobutylene. At higher temperatures above 200°C. carbon dioxide is also given off. When heated, shaped articles of these copolymers soften and then expand markedly as rigid foams develop. Citraconic derivatives are thermally more stable than their maleic analogs. Copolymere aus tert.-Butylvinylather mit Malein- oder Citraconsaure-Anhydrid werden durch saure Katalysatoren zu Poly(carboxy-laktonen) intramolekular umgelagert. Die gleiche Umlagerung erfolgt auch thermisch unter Freisetzung von Isobutylen. Bei Temperaturen uber 200°C wird auserdem Kohlendioxyd freigesetzt. Beim Erhitzen erweichen die aus diesen Polymeren geformten Produkte, und unter Bildung von Hart-Schaumen tritt eine betrachtliche Volumenvergroserung ein. Citraconsaure-Derivate besitzen hohere Thermostabilitat als ihre Maleinsaure-Analoga.
Identification of preoperative risk factors associated with the conversion of laparoscopic to open appendectomies.

Abstract Our goals were to (1) identify risk factors associated with conversion from laparoscopic to open appendectomies and (2) establish criteria that predict the possibility of conversion to an open technique. We did a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomies during a 5-year period (2004–2008). Preoperative risk factors, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications were compared. We found that of 763 patients who had undergone laparoscopic appendectomy, 44 patients were converted to open technique (conversion rate of 5.8%). For these 44 patients, the male to female ratio was 2 to 1, and the men were older (45 versus 37 years of age, P 5 days as well as a white blood cell count >20,000 were found to have a direct correlation. Incidence of postoperative complications did not increase in conve...
Discursive positioning and planned change in organizations

This study uses discursive positioning theory to explore how planned change messages influence organizational members’ identity and the way they experienced organizational change. Based on an in-depth case study of a home healthcare and hospice organization that engaged in a multiyear planned change process, our analysis suggests that workers experienced salient change messages as constituting unfavorable identities, which were associated with the experiences of violation, recitation, habituation, or reservation. Our study also explores the way discursive and material contexts enabled and constrained the governing board’s change messages as they responded to external and internal audiences. We highlight the importance of viewing messaging as a process of information transfer as well as discursive construction, which has important implications for the way change agents approach issues of sense making, emotionality, resistance, and materiality during planned change processes.
Transition from High School to Adulthood for Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Individuals with ASD do not currently experience the autonomy or independence expected of youth transitioning to adulthood. On the contrary, individuals with ASD continue to be dependent on their families for providing basic needs, financial support, housing, day supervision and support, and companionship. Research has showed that individuals with ASD had poorer outcomes in employment and post-secondary education when compared with the other disability groups. While these reported outcomes portray a bleak picture, there is evidence that individuals with ASD can learn to live, work, and become contributing members of their communities. Thus, it is important to understand how the characteristics of ASD affect the adolescent and the critical components of transition educational programs that result in better outcomes for individuals with ASD. In this chapter, we will review the impact of ASD on the adolescent, specifically as it relates to achieving better outcomes upon transition from high school to higher education and work. Additionally, we will discuss transition to independence in community integration and living as well as collaboration with adult services agencies to provide the necessary supports and services to ensure better outcomes for individuals with ASD.
Molecular Dynamics of Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Support a Two-Signal Co-delivery Mechanism in the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Many current therapies for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result in global immunosuppression, rendering insufficient efficacy with increased risk of adverse side effects. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays, nanomaterials presenting both autoantigen and secondary inhibitory signals on a flexible polymer backbone, are hypothesized to shift the immune response toward selective autoantigenic tolerance to repress autoimmune disease. Two-signal co-delivery of both autoantigen and secondary signal were deemed necessary for therapeutic efficacy against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. Dynamic light scattering and in silico molecular dynamics simulations complemented these studies to illuminate the role of two-signal co-delivery in determining therapeutic potential. Physicochemical characteristics such as particle size and molecular affinity for intermolecular interactions and chain entanglement likely facilitated cotransport of two signals to produce efficacy. ...
A Conceptual Framework for Dynamic Prioritization in Multiple-Task Scenarios:

Prioritizing tasks appropriately is particularly critical when performing multiple tasks concurrently. Although necessary to achieve one's goals or avoid serious consequences, prioritization has not received much attention in the research literature, especially with respect to modeling human performance computationally. A conceptual framework that integrates several motivational theories, empirical studies, and neuroscience research is proposed to guide future studies of dynamic prioritization in multiple-goal contexts. Rooted in control theory, the proposed framework illustrates self-regulation processes in prioritizing tasks and explicitly shows important factors affecting the prioritization process so that empirical results can be integrated into the framework and future studies can be inferred. By illustrating information flow in the self-regulation processes and the brain structures associated with prioritization, the framework should help facilitate development of robust computational models of task...
Assessment of the Degree of Mixedness of Filled Polymers

Abstract For a given compounding application the selection of the type of processing equipment, the geometry and the operating conditions is always an important challenge. The outcome of this selection process significantly affects the economics of the process, as well as the microstructural distributions and hence the ultimate properties of the compound. Here mixing indices, defined on the basis of the statistics of the distributions of the concentrations of a plasticized elastomeric binder and graphite filler, were used to quantitatively characterize and compare the degree of mixedness of products of batch mixing, co-rotating and counter-rotating fully-intermeshing twin screw extrusion processes. Two separate experimental methods, involving the wide-angle x-ray diffraction and thermo gravimetric analyses, were used for the characterization of the mixing indices at two different scales of examination. The mixing indices were sensitive to changes in geometry and operating conditions. The resulting electri...
Metal detecting: An effective tool for archaeological research and community engagement

Although community engagement is an important archaeological goal, working with the avocational metal-detecting community is still under debate. Two North Carolina field school projects successfully integrated avocationalists in their metal detection surveys using two different types of interaction strategies. The first technique was incorporating individual volunteer avocationalists; the second method was working with a single avocational club. Teaming up with the well-established group, as opposed to independent volunteers, offered the best overall research results. At Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, the project survey strategies, built on lessons learned at Troublesome Creek Ironworks, proved to increase artifact recovery by about one-third.