cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dating an Exotic Marine Shell from a Potential Clovis Cache: A Tale of Assemblage Drift in the Franey Cache from Western Nebraska

The Franey collection is a possible Clovis cache from Nebraska consisting of lithic artifacts and a marine shell. AMS radiocarbon dating of the shell indicates the assemblage is either mixed or not Clovis. We argue for mixing and discuss processes of assemblage drift and implications for Franey and other caches.
Misplaced marketing: Why television is the “wrong” environment for public service advertising campaigns

Notes that research has shown that advertising efforts to promote social causes rarely reach meaningful levels of effectiveness. Points out that while the media provide the right emotional climate for advertising messages that encourage consumption, it follows that the media provide the wrong environment for messages that discourage consumption or other behaviors. Concludes that money spent might best be redirected to other prevention efforts that more directly accompish the social progam’s goals.
Cloning of NruI and Sbo13I restriction and modification sstems in E. coli and amino acid sequence comparison of M.NruI and M.Sbo13I with other amino-methyltransferases.

NruI and Sbo13I are restriction enzyme isoschizomers with the same recognition sequence 5' TCG↓CGA 3' (cleavage as indicated↓). Here we report the cloning of NruI and Sbo13I restriction-modification (R-M) systems in E. coli. The NruI restriction endonuclease gene (nruIR) was cloned by PCR and inverse PCR using primers designed from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The NruI methylase gene (nruIM) was derived by inverse PCR walking. The amino acid sequences of NruI endonuclease and methylase are very similar to the Sbo13I R-M system which has been cloned and expressed in E. coli by phage selection of a plasmid DNA library. Dot blot analysis using rabbit polyclonal antibodies to N6mA- or N4mC-modified DNA indicated that M.NruI is possibly a N6mA-type amino-methyltransferase that most likely modifies the external A in the 5' TCGCGA 3' sequence. M.Sbo13I, however, is implicated as a probable N4mC-type methylase since plasmid carrying sbo13IM gene is not restricted by Mrr endonuclease and Sbo13I digestion is not blocked by Dam methylation of the overlapping site. The amino acid sequence of M.NruI and M.Sbo13I did not show significant sequence similarity to many known amino-methyltransferases in the α, β, and γ groups, except to a few putative methylases in sequenced microbial genomes. The order of the conserved amino acid motifs (blocks) in M.NruI/M.Sbo13I is similar to the γ. group amino-methyltranferases, but with two distinct features: In motif IV, the sequence is DPPY instead of NPPY; there are two additional conserved motifs, IVa and Xa as extension of motifs IV and X, in this family of enzymes. We propose that M.NruI and M.Sbo13I form a subgroup in the γ group of amino-methyltransferases.
Traumatic hemorrhagic cholecystitis with hematemesis and shock as the presenting symptoms

Abstract A case of injury to the gallbladder resulting in repeated hemorrhages into the intestine by way of the cystic and common duct, with hematemesis, is described. An indurated, ecchymotic area on the superior wall of the ampulla of the gallbladder, which presumably represented the partially healed site of the hemorrhage was found at operation. An indefinite indurated area in the liver adjacent to the gallbladder was found, but from this data the diagnosis of a laceration of the liver with hemorrhage scarcely seemed justified. The fact that cholecystostomy, with relief of distention in the gallbladder resulted in cessation of the hemorrhage, offers additional evidence that the site of the bleeding was in the gallbladder.
Theory of depolarization of Raman scattering in crystals

The use of Stokes parameters to describe, classically, a beam of partially polarized light will be reviewed. Chandrasekharan [1] has discussed the relevant scattering matrix for the Stokes parameters for the Raman effect in cubic crystals. His theory is essentially classical, and uses the phenomenological, symmetry-determined Raman tensors for Raman active modes in cubic crystals to determine the scattering matrix. Quantum mechanically, the Stokes parameters should be considered as Stokes operators (analogous to angular momentum operators). The problem of Raman scattering depolarization will be formulated quantum mechanically in terms of the expectation values of the Stokes operators, before and after scattering. Recent progress in obtaining the density matrix of scattered light in order to perform the quantum calculation will be discussed. The formulation of Raman scattering in the other paper by the present author, at this conference (p. 736), may be used to solve this problem by explicity exhibiting spin variables in the appropriate hamiltonians.
Reversibility of Effects: Overview and Reproductive Systems

AbstractRecovery from adverse noncancer health effects may occur in some circumstances after cessation of exposure or after adaptation to continuing low-dose exposure. In this overview, factors that influence the reversibility of toxic effects of environmental chemicals are presented, using examples derived from toxicity to the reproductive system. Aspects that must be considered include exposure scenario, stage of the life cycle at which exposure occurs, and the nature of the toxicity. Selected categories of reproductive effects are considered briefly with respect to potential for recovery. Finally, the incorporation of reversibility into risk assessments is discussed
Coevolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Coevolutionary Avalanches

We introduce a broadened framework to study aspects of coevolution based on the NK class of statistical models of rugged fitness landscapes. In these models the fitness contribution of each of N genes in a genotype depends epistatically on K other genes. Increasing epistatic interactions increases the rugged multipeaked character of the fitness landscape. Coevolution is thought of, at the lowest level, as a coupling of landscapes such that adaptive moves by one player deform the landscapes of its immediate partners. In these models we are able to tune the ruggedness of landscapes, how richly intercoupled any two landscapes are, and how many other players interact with each player. All these properties profoundly alter the character of the coevolutionary dynamics. In particular, these parameters govern how readily coevolving ecosystems achieve Nash equilibria, how stable to perturbations such equilibria are, and the sustained mean fitness of coevolving partners. In turn, this raises the possibility that an evolutionary metadynamics due to natural selection may sculpt landscapes and their couplings to achieve coevolutionary systems able to coadapt well. The results suggest that sustained fitness is optimized when landscape ruggedness relative to couplings between landscapes is tuned such that Nash equilibria just tenuously form across the ecosystem. In this poised state, coevolutionary avalanches appear to propagate on all length scales in a power law distribution. Such avalanches may be related to the distribution of small and large extinction events in the record.
Maternal vegan diet causing a serious infantile neurological disorder due to vitamin B12 deficiency

We present a 9-month-old exclusively breastfed baby of a strict vegetarian mother who had excluded all animal proteins from her diet. The patient's symptoms included dystrophy, weakness, muscular atrophy, loss of tendon reflexes, psychomotor regression and haematological abnormalities. Biochemical investigations revealed severe methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria in the patient, slight methylmalonic aciduria in the mother and low concentrations of serum vitamin B12 in both patient and mother.
Optical constants of concentrated aqueous ammonium sulfate.

Using experimental data obtained from applying spectroscopy to a 39-wt-% aqueous ammonium sulfate solution, it is shown that, even though specific aerosol optical constants appear quite accurate, spectral variations may exist as functions of material composition or concentration or both. Prudent users of optical constant data must then include liberal data error estimates when performing calculations or in interpreting spectroscopic surveys of collected aerosol material.
Single-molecule mountains yield nanoscale cell images

Methods to simultaneously localize the positions of multiple single fluorophores by precisely determining their individual positions are now yielding impressive gains in fluorescence microscopy resolution.
Osteoporosis disease management for fragility fracture patients: New understandings based on three years' experience with an osteoporosis care service

Objective To review the 3-year performance of an established osteoporosis care service and consider further improvements in an effort to reduce fragility fractures. Methods Osteoporosis care has been coordinated for all willing and able patients with orthopedic fragility fractures in our health system by a nurse and medical director since 2003, using a guideline-based care algorithm and task management software. Patients were followed by telephone for 2 years to monitor their status and optimize adherence to treatment. Demographics, management recommendations, clinical data, and adherence to treatment were reviewed for the 2003–2005 patient population. Results Of 1,019 patients with fragility fractures, 61% underwent osteoporosis evaluation and treatment. The remainder included 15% who refused to participate and 24% who were unable to participate for various logistical and health reasons. More patients age >80 years were unwilling or unable to participate. Bone densities (dual x-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) were normal, low, or osteoporotic in 24%, 55%, and 21% of patients, respectively, and 60% of the osteoporotic group had ≥1 abnormal metabolic bone laboratory result. Only 17% of the total reported a previous fracture, and 47% had ever undergone DXA. Few experienced bone loss, a new fracture, or bisphosphonate intolerance during treatment. Conclusion An osteoporosis care service has coordinated care for every willing and able fragility fracture patient with positive outcomes. In addition, the results suggest a high priority for earlier proactive diagnosis and intervention of the at-risk population if fractures are to be reduced.
Dynamic contact mechanics on the tibial plateau of the human knee during activities of daily living

Despite significant advances in scaffold design, manufacture, and development, it remains unclear what forces these scaffolds must withstand when implanted into the heavily loaded environment of the knee joint. The objective of this study was to fully quantify the dynamic contact mechanics across the tibial plateau of the human knee joint during gait and stair climbing. Our model consisted of a modified Stanmore knee simulator (to apply multi-directional dynamic forces), a two-camera motion capture system (to record joint kinematics), an electronic sensor (to record contact stresses on the tibial plateau), and a suite of post-processing algorithms. During gait, peak contact stresses on the medial plateau occurred in areas of cartilage–cartilage contact; while during stair climb, peak contact stresses were located in the posterior aspect of the plateau, under the meniscus. On the lateral plateau, during gait and in early stair-climb, peak contact stresses occurred under the meniscus, while in late stair-climb, peak contact stresses were experienced in the zone of cartilage–cartilage contact. At 45% of the gait cycle, and 20% and 48% of the stair-climb cycle, peak stresses were simultaneously experienced on both the medial and lateral compartment, suggesting that these phases of loading warrant particular consideration in any simulation intended to evaluate scaffold performance. Our study suggests that in order to design a scaffold capable of restoring ‘normal’ contact mechanics to the injured knees, the mechanics of the intended site of implantation should be taken into account in any pre-clinical testing regime.
Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects: Another Look:

This study was concerned with the problem of disclosure of deception procedures by debriefed undergraduate subjects. A peer-counseling experimental situation using a deception procedure was used in the study. Subjects (229 males and 296 females) who had been debriefed and asked not to disclose any information about the research were contacted by telephone. The findings suggest that subjects who agreed to maintain confidentiality tended less frequently to disclose information than control subjects. The sex of the subject was not associated with the disclosure of information. Finally, the sex of the caller was not related to the revealing of information.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF PYROLYSIS MECHANISMS OF PYRROLE

Heavy fuels such as coal and coal-derived liquids consist of a complex mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The combustion of these fuels, used as an energy source in many power plants, results in the formation of many nitrogen oxides (NO{sub x}). Density functional theory and ab initio calculations were carried out to investigate the pyrolysis mechanisms of pyrrole. All equilibrium and transition state structures of the proposed reaction channels were fully optimized by the density functional B3LYP method using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Relative energies were evaluated at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. In addition to the mechanism proposed in experimental studies, alternative unimolecular pathways for the formation of cis-crotonitrile and allyl cyanide, major nitrogen-containing isomerization products, were proposed and investigated. The results suggest that a mechanism proposed in the present study is more likely responsible for the formation of allyl cyanide. For the formation of cis-crotonitrile, a mechanism proposed in the present study should also be competitive, especially under low-pressure conditions. Although extensive calculations were carried out, the authors failed to identify a unimolecular decomposition pathway generating HCN, another major nitrogen-containing pyrolysis product, with an activation barrier close to the experimentalmore » value.« less
Nanogap experiments for laser cooling: a progress report

One of the challenges of laser cooling a semiconductor is the typically high index of refraction (greater than 3), which limits efficient light output of the upconverted photon. This challenge is proposed to be met with a novel concept of coupling the photon out via a thin, thermally insulating vacuum gap that allows light to pass efficiently by frustrated total internal reflection. This study has the goal of producing a test structure that allows investigation of heat transport across a 'nanogap' consisting of a thin film supported over a substrate by an array of nanometer-sized posts. The nanogap is fabricated monolithically by first creating a film of SiO 2 on a silicon substrate, lithographically defining holes in the SiO 2 , and covering this structure including the holes with silicon. Selective lateral etching will then remove the SiO 2 , leaving behind a thin gap between two Si layers spaced apart by nanometer-scale Si posts. Demonstration of this final step by successfully undercutting the a-Si upper layer due to the hydrophobic nature of silicon and the slow etch rate of buffered oxide etch in the small gap has proved to be problematic. Arriving at a feasible solution to this conundrum is the current objective of this project in order to begin investigating the thermal conductivity properties of the structure.
Progression of polycystic kidney disease in a kidney transplant.

A 62-year-old man presented with complaints of abdominal pain for ~1 week. Further evaluation by computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a large, polycystic kidney located in the left pelvis (Figure 1).
Advanced aviation concepts via simulation: techniques to enhance performance of an existing aviation simulation

Facing a need to run large scenarios on aviation models more quickly than the one to two days currently required, the MITRE Corporation undertook an effort to reduce the execution time of one such simulation. Time and cost constraints prohibited a major rewrite of the almost one million existing lines of code, so only solutions requiring minimal changes to the code base were considered. This paper describes the approaches taken to increase the speed of the original sequential simulation by employing more efficient algorithms and parallel processing technology. Specifically, an implementation of a new technique for parallel proximity detection provided an 80% reduction in the time spent checking for conflicts. In addition, implementation of a thread pool that enables the movement of multiple aircraft in parallel resulted in a 10%-15% reduction in the overall execution time of the simulation. In this paper we report on the design of these techniques and how they were implemented in the simulation.
Diffusion of DNA in Nanoslits

We observed the free diffusion of individual 10 kbp, (1/2)λ (24.2 kbp), and λ (48.5 kbp) double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules in fused-silica nanoslits with depths from 541 to 24 nm using epifluorescence video microscopy. Diffusivity, D, scaled with nanoslit depth, h, according to D ∝ hα, where α was 0.47 ± 0.05, 0.51 ± 0.06, and 0.47 ± 0.05 for 10 kbp, (1/2)λ, and λ DNA, respectively, in disagreement with the value of two-thirds predicted by blob theory. We observed no change in scaling behavior for h less than the persistence length of DNA, as predicted by reflecting rod theory. The scaling of D with DNA length, N, followed D ∝ N−1, indicating hydrodynamic screening in accordance with Rouse dynamics. Our results establish these scaling exponents for smaller h and greater DNA confinement than previous studies.
Personal hostility and international aggression

Reasoning by analogy is man's most favored and least trusted logical tool. Without it he would be seriously hampered in his search for explanations of human behavior, yet with it he has committed some of his most noteworthy scientific blunders. The perils of reasoning by analogy have been catalogued with such devastating care in the education of most thinkers that they have had to choose from among three alternatives if they are loath to abandon this fascinating form of logic. First, they can continue the practice of this arcane art in the privacy of their own minds and display the outcome of such thought to the public while maintaining strict secrecy regarding the process by which it was achieved. Second, they can boldly display their predilection and admit their addiction to all forms
Long-term tillage effects on soil metolachlor sorption and desorption behavior

Abstract Sorption and desorption are two important processes that influence the amount of pesticides retained by soils. However, the detailed sorption mechanisms as influenced by soil tillage management are unclear. This study examined the sorption and desorption characteristics of metolachlor [2-chloro- N -(2-ethyl-6-methyphenyl)- N -(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide] using the soil samples collected from the long-term conservation tillage (CnT) and conventional tillage (CT) research plots established in 1979 in Darlinton, SC. Humic acid (HA) and humin were extracted from the soils and used in the sorption experiments along with the whole soil samples. The sorption experiments were conducted using a batch-equilibration method. Three sequential desorption rinses were carried out following the sorption experiments. By comparing metolachlor sorption and desorption results we observed hysteresis for all soil samples and their organic matter fractions. Sorption nonlinearity ( N ) and hysteresis were dependent on the structure and composition of soil organic matter (SOM), e.g., Freundlich isotherm exponents ( N ) of HA and humin from CnT were higher than those of CT treatment, which may be related to high aromaticity of SOM fractions in CT treatment. Sorption capacity ( K ′ f ) was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. These results show that long-term tillage management can greatly affect metolachlor sorption and desorption behavior probably by qualitative differences in the structural characteristics of the humic substances.
Visualization of Long Human Telomere Mimics by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging

Study of long single-stranded telomeric DNA is important for a variety of basic science and biotechnological applications, yet few methods exist for synthesis and visualization of single copies of this DNA in solution at biologically relevant length scales necessary for assessment of heterogeneity in its structure and behavior. We have synthesized kilobase-long single-stranded human telomere mimics in situ by rolling circle replication (RCR) on a microscope coverslip surface and visualized individual strands by staining with SYBR Gold. Under buffer flow, differential extensibility and varying morphology of these long telomere-mimicking DNA sequences were observed at the single-molecule level in real time. Using this procedure, we detected striking differences in the extensibility of individual RCR products based on the human G-rich telomeric sequence in the presence and absence of short, complementary single-stranded oligonucleotides. We also apply this new mode of single-stranded DNA characterization to probe the interaction of kilobase-length telomere mimics with the small-molecule G-quadruplex-binding agent TMPyP4.
Cesaro means in thermoelasticity of dipolar bodies

Our study is concerned with the thermoelasticity of dipolar bodies. We prove that the Cesaro means of the kinetic and strain energies of a solution with finite energy become asymptotically equal as time tends to infinity.
IGF‐1 increases laminin, cyclin D1, and P21Cip1 expression in glomerular mesangial cells: An investigation of the intracellular signaling pathway and cell‐cycle progression

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is accumulated in the diabetic kidney and is considered to be involved in the development of glomerular sclerosis. Here, we investigate IGF-1 regulation of laminin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) component, and cyclin D1 and p21Cip1, cell-cycle progression factor, expressions in glomerular mesangial cells. We show that IGF-1 increases the level of laminin γ1 and β1 subunits ∼1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. IGF-1 also stimulates protein kinase Akt/PKB phosphorylation at Thr 308, which correlates with its activity, up to 24 h. The Akt activation is coupled with Ser 9 phosphorylation of its downstream target, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β), which inhibits its kinase activity. Laminin β1 is reduced significantly (P < 0.03) by inhibitors of Akt and p38MAPK whereas laminin γ1 is not affected. Surprisingly, IGF-1 activates the expression of both cyclin D1 and cell-cycle arrest factor, p21Cip1 parallely. Pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin by cyclosporin A blocks IGF-1-induced cyclin D1 and p21Cip1expression significantly (P < 0.05). IGF-1 enhances cellular metabolic activity and viability of rat mesangial cells; however, they are arrested at the G1 phase of cell cycle as revealed by the FACS analysis. These results indicate that IGF-1 mediates mesangial cell-cycle progression, hypertrophy, and ECM protein synthesis. The Akt/GSK-3β, p38MAPK, and calcineurin pathways may play an important role in IGF-1 signaling, cell-cycle regulation, and matrix gene expression in mesangial cells leading to the development of diabetic glomerulopathy. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 208–220, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Placebo treatment in acute stroke trials : benefit or harm to patients?

Background and Purpose —Some stroke patients and their families express reservations about participating in trials of experimental therapies for acute stroke. Among many reasons given for this is the concern that by participating, patients may be deprived of some component of routine care. We sought to determine the effect on outcome of participating in a clinical stroke trial while being treated with placebo. Methods —Prospective clinical information was collected for all patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke between July 1995 and July 1996. A subgroup of these patients was enrolled in a clinical trial of acute stroke therapy and had been randomly assigned to the placebo group. The control group was selected from concurrent stroke patients who were not enrolled in any clinical trial. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was performed on admission and on day 7 after admission. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was also performed at discharge. Stroke severity was classified as “severe” if NIHSS was ≥9 or GOS ≥3. Group comparisons were performed with χ2 tests. Results —One hundred twenty-six patients were evaluated. Forty-seven were placebo patients, and 79 were selected as control subjects. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to age, sex, hematocrit, blood glucose level, history of hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or initial NIHSS. In addition, there was no difference between groups in terms of the frequency of baseline stroke subtype. Among our controls, 55 patients (70%) were on antithrombotic treatment during hospitalization, whereas none of our placebo patients were on any antithrombotic treatment. For the GOS at follow-up, a good outcome was attained by 76% of the control subjects and 72% of placebo patients (not significant). A severe NIHSS (>9) at follow-up, however, was documented in 15% of controls and 59% of placebo patients ( P <0.001). There was a trend toward a higher (“worse”) mean follow-up NIHSS among placebo patients (mean NIHSS, 11) versus controls (mean NIHSS, 6) ( P =0.09). Conclusions —Patients enrolled in the placebo arms of some acute clinical stroke trials have similar functional outcomes but more severe neurological deficits at 1 week than did a control group. These findings might be partially explained by the withholding of antithrombotic medication and the exclusion criteria inherent in most trials. Vigilance is required to ensure that all patients participating in stroke studies be guaranteed optimal known medical therapy.
Proton Induced Characteristic X-Ray Radiography

A new accelerator-based technique for measuring the densities of rapidly changing multiphase media, characteristic x-ray radiography (CXR), has been developed. It has been successfully tested in a particularly violent regime, the interior of a discharging firearm, where it has produced the first quantitative measurements of the propellant's density. The method is based upon a timewise continuous determination of the attenuation that an energetically well-defined flux of x-rays experiences as it traverses the media. The ARRADCOM-BRL apparatus obtains the required x-rays by impacting a beam of 2.35 MeV protons upon a metal foil; a process that copiously produces only brems-strahlung-free x-ray line spectra that are characteristic of the metal. The x-rays enter and exit the firearm via beryllium windows mounted diametrically across the weapon's bore. When the weapon discharges the propellant intercepts the transiting x-ray flux causing correspondingly attenuated output currents in a scintillator/photomultiplier type detector. The present method has several important advantages. The well-defined line spectrum of x-rays simplifies the relation between transmission and density to an easily calculated exponential function of the propellant's atomic composition, the weapon's geometry, and the x-ray energy. The results are insensitive to the detailed chemistry and phase of the propellant. Furthermore, by merely changing the proton's target material, one may select the x-ray energy that will optimize the sensitivity and minimize errors for the specific conditions under study. Density measurements now underway are producing results with time resolutions of a few tens of microseconds.
A Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Approach to Map Gene Deletions in the Drosophila Genome

We report the application of TaqMan quantitative PCR (QPCR) to map Drosophila chromosome deficiencies by discrimination of twofold copy number differences. For a model system, we used this technology to confirm the X chromosomal mapping of Dspt6 given the autosomal mapping of Dspt4. We then used this technique on both preexisting deletion mutant flies and flies that we generated with deletions to demonstrate the presence or absence of Dspt6, Dspt4, and swa in various deletion mutant flies. In contrast with in situ hybridization studies, QPCR both vitiates the need to do these more intricate studies, and it is more accurate as the site of deletion can be known down to the 10(2)-bp level. We then successfully applied the technique to the analysis of transcription, demonstrating that the amount of Dspt6 or Dspt4 transcriptional product depended directly on the dosage of the Dspt6 or Dspt4 gene, respectively. The rapidity and precision of this method demonstrates its applicability in Drosophila genetics, the rapid and accurate mapping of Drosophila deletion mutants.
Information costs, agglomeration economies and the location of foreign direct investment in China1

He C. (2002) Information costs, agglomeration economies and the location of foreign direct investment in China, Reg. Studies 36, 1029–1036. Foreign investors suffer from adverse information asymmetry and face internal and external uncertainties in host economies. Better access to information and a variety of agglomeration economies could attenuate the disadvantages that foreign investors encounter. Statistical results strongly buttress the argument that foreign investors are inclined to favour such locations that could minimize information costs and offer a variety of agglomeration economies. Theoretical and policy implications and further research directions are discussed at the end. 1 This paper was presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Sept. 13–16, 2000, Arcata, CA.
10-Year Research Update Review: The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: I. Methods and Public Health Burden

ABSTRACT Objective To review recent progress in child and adolescent psychiatric epidemiology in the area of prevalence and burden. Method The literature published in the past decade was reviewed under two headings: methods and findings. Results Methods for assessing the prevalence and community burden of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders have improved dramatically in the past decade. There are now available a broad range of interviews that generate DSM and ICD diagnoses with good reliability and validity. Clinicians and researchers can choose among interview styles (respondent based, interviewer based, best estimate) and methods of data collection (paper and pencil, computer assisted, interviewer or self-completion) that best meet their needs. Work is also in progress to develop brief screens to identify children in need of more detailed assessment, for use by teachers, pediatricians, and other professionals. The median prevalence estimate of functionally impairing child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is 12%, although the range of estimates is wide. Disorders that often appear first in childhood or adolescence are among those ranked highest in the World Health Organization's estimates of the global burden of disease. Conclusions There is mounting evidence that many, if not most, lifetime psychiatric disorders will first appear in childhood or adolescence. Methods are now available to monitor youths and to make early intervention feasible.
Towards a Holistic Approach to Healthy Diet: Evidence from Iranian Health Perception Study.

Background: The aim of present study was to investigate the relation between the perception of population on healthy diet and lifestyle related behaviors. Methods: As part of national study on Iranian Health Perception, a cross-sectional study was carried out in Iran, 2010. A multistage sampling approach was applied to include a representative sample of population aged between 18 and 65 in the study. To collect data a designed questionnaire was administered. Results: In all 27,883 individuals (50.4% women, 48.8% men) were included in the study. The mean age of participants was 34.6 years (SD = 12.8) and most were married (61%). The findings indicated that Iranian population often pay attention to healthy diet (39.5%), never smoke (74.9%), sometimes were doing exercise (29.5%), felt happy to some extent (39.5%), often care about themselves (47.1%) and rated their health as good (54.5%). Further analysis of the data showed that increased paying attention to healthy diet was associated with reduced smoking, more exercise, more self-care and happiness, and a better self-rated health status. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a healthy diet and other determinants of lifestyle are very integrated into each other. The efforts for changing any components of lifestyle can potentially change all individual related lifestyle behaviors. Indeed, one of effective strategies in fostering healthy diet is fostering other healthy lifestyles. This holistic approach might help decision-makers to design appropriate interventions in order to influence diet behaviors of people.
On Condensation and Evaporation in Turbulence Cloud Parameterizations

Abstract An analysis of the condensation and evaporation processes involved in the classic Sommeria–Deardoff–Mellor turbulence cloud models is presented. A liquid water budget is derived from the diagnostic Gaussian cloud relations. It is found that the adiabatic condensation generated by turbulent eddies at the cloud base and the mean radiative cooling at the cloud top are the two major processes responsible for the condensation in the parameterizations for stratocumulus-topped boundary layers. The evaporation is directly related to the stratification of the boundary layers and the turbulence variability (variance and covariance) of the conserved thermodynamic variables. The evaporation caused by the turbulence variability plays a dominant role at the cloud top. The analysis also shows that the profile of the parameterized liquid water flux is primarily determined by the turbulence-generated condensation and evaporation in the cloud model. This model is also compared with other prognostic cloud schemes.
Effects of prostaglandin F2α dosage of synchronizing ovine estrus using a modified single injection regimen

Two dosages of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) were tested to evaluate their efficacy to synchronize estrus in ewes. A selectively administered single injection regimen was used. A total of 329 Targhee, Suffolk × Targhee and Finn × Targhee ewes 3 to 6 yr of age were allotted within breed type to one of three treatment groups: control, 10 mg PGF or 15 mg PGF. Trials were conducted over a 2-yr period and were replicated twice within each year. In each trial, epididymectomized rams were placed together with the ewes (1 ram:40 ewes) for 2 wk prior to a 35-d breeding exposure. Fertile, semen-tested rams were introduced (1 ram:10 ewes) on Day 1 of the breeding period. All ewes that had not mated by Day 5 received one of the three randomly assigned treatments. Treatment with PGF-10 or PGF-15 increased the percentage of ewes mating (and the percentage of those conceiving) 32 to 56 h following treatment compared with the control ewes (P 0.05), irrespective of breed. A treatment by breed interaction was found: Finn × Targhee ewes treated with PGF-15 had a lower (P 0.05). The cumulative lambing percentage was higher (P<0.01) at 157 d following the introduction of rams for ewes treated with PGF than for the controls. These results indicate that at a dose of 10 or 15 mg i.m. PGF was effective in synchronizing estrus in ewes within 56 h post treatment.
Midfacial Degloving for an Unusual Foreign Body

Foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus are common. Those reported include teeth and their roots, dental impressions, needles, and a spear among others. l They have been introduced either iatrogenically or through facial trauma. In this paper, we describe scissor blades traversing both maxillary sinuses and floor of nose, necessitating wide midfacial exposure for removal. Therefore, we chose a midface degloving approach. Although publications describing this procedure are scarce, various similar accesses to the paranasal areas have been used for years. Sublabial approaches were described originally by Caldwell and Luc in 1893. In 1910, a bilateral sublabial incision was popularized by Halstead for pituitary fossa surgery.z In 1950, Converse began using sublabial incisions combined with transfixion and nasal intercartilaginous incisions to expose the middle third of the face, and this technique was described by Casson et al in 19i’4.3 More recently, Conley in 1979,* and Maniglia in 1986,5 reported their techniques and experience with this approach. Most of the relatively scarce literature compares the midfacial degloving with other methods of providing access to the nose and paranasal structures. Indications have included angiofibromas, inverted papillomas, sinus cysts, adenocystic carcinoma, and other benign and malignant conditions. To our knowledge, the unsurpassed bilateral exposure has not before been required for a foreign body extraction.
Message passing with l1 penalized KL minimization

Bayesian inference is often hampered by large computational expense. As a generalization of belief propagation (BP), expectation propagation (EP) approximates exact Bayesian computation with ecient message passing updates. However, when an approximation family used by EP is far from exact posterior distributions, message passing may lead to poor approximation quality and suer from divergence. To address this issue, we propose an approximate inference method, relaxed expectation propagation (REP), based on a new divergence with al1 penalty. Minimizing this penalized divergence adaptively relaxes EP’s moment matching requirement for message passing. We apply REP to Gaussian process classication and experimental results demonstrate signicant improvement of REP over EP and -divergence based power EP|in terms of algorithmic stability, estimation accuracy and predictive performance. Furthermore, we develop relaxed belief propagation (RBP), a special case of REP, to conduct inference on discrete Markov random elds (MRFs). Our results show improved estimation accuracy of RBP over BP and fractional BP when interactions between MRF nodes are strong.
Prevalence of chronic illnesses and characteristics of chronically ill informal caregivers of persons with dementia

Objectives: to examine the prevalence of and the link of chronic illnesses (CIs) to informal caregivers of persons with dementia (PWDs), as well as to identify characteristics of caregivers with CIs. Methods: the sample included 124 caregivers of PWDs from a caregiver programme of research. Sociodemographic information and caregivers CIs were collected by an in-person interview. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regressions were performed for data analysis. Results: approximately 81.5% (n = 101) of caregivers reported having at least one CI, 60.5% (n = 75) reported two or more CIs. Caregivers with CIs were more likely to be older and unemployed; advanced age and female gender were risk factors for CIs. The link of CIs to caregivers was stronger in younger caregivers but weaker in older caregivers when compared with the general population. Conclusion: targeted interventions based on this study need to be developed to improve the health of caregivers of PWDs.
Reconstruction with callus distraction for nonunion with bone loss and leg shortening caused by suppurative osteomyelitis of the femur

We present a retrospective study of 27 patients treated by callus distraction using a unilateral external fixator of our own design for nonunion with bone loss and shortening of the femur caused by suppurative osteomyelitis. The unilateral external fixator was used either alone or in combination with an intramedullary nail. The mean age of the patients was 13.6 years (8 to 18). The fixator was used alone in 13 patients and with an intramedullary nail in 14. The bone results at a mean follow-up of 88 months (37 to 144) were excellent in 16 patients and good in 11. The functional results were excellent in 18 patients and good in nine. However, four patients still had draining sinuses at the latest follow-up. A residual deformity greater than 7° was present in seven femora, but this did not adversely affect function or require further treatment.
The β-Subunit of the Arabidopsis G Protein Negatively Regulates Auxin-Induced Cell Division and Affects Multiple Developmental Processes

Plant cells respond to low concentrations of auxin by cell expansion, and at a slightly higher concentration, these cells divide. Previous work revealed that null mutants of the α-subunit of a putative heterotrimeric G protein (GPA1) have reduced cell division. Here, we show that this prototypical G protein complex acts mechanistically by controlling auxin sensitivity toward cell division. Loss-of-function G protein mutants have altered auxin-mediated cell division throughout development, especially during the auxin-induced formation of lateral and adventitious root primordia. Ectopic expression of the wild-type Gα-subunit phenocopies the Gβ mutants (auxin hypersensitivity), probably by sequestering the Gβγ-subunits, whereas overexpression of Gβ reduces auxin sensitivity and a constitutively active (Q222L) mutant Gα behaves like the wild type. These data are consistent with a model in which Gβγ acts as a negative regulator of auxin-induced cell division. Accordingly, basal repression of approximately one-third of the identified auxin-regulated genes (47 of 150 upregulated genes among 8300 quantitated) is lost in the Gβ transcript-null mutant. Included among these are genes that encode proteins proposed to control cell division in root primordia formation as well as several novel genes. These results suggest that although auxin-regulated cell division is not coupled directly by a G protein, the Gβ-subunit attenuates this auxin pathway upstream of the control of mRNA steady state levels.
Confidence Bands for a Distribution Function Using the Bootstrap

Abstract We first discuss the construction of bootstrap confidence bands for the distribution function F of a population for simple random sampling but do not assume that F is continuous. The known alternative approach is to use the quantiles from the tabled Kolmogorov distribution. This approach is known to be conservative. It has already been shown in Bickel and Freedman (1981) that the bootstrap confidence band has the correct coverage probability asymptotically. We show by simulation that the bootstrap works well for small samples and outperforms the conservative approach, particularly for distributions that have small carriers. We also investigate the analogous problem of finding bootstrap confidence bands for the distribution function F of a population for a more complicated situation, stratified random sampling. The conservative approach in the previous situation is extended to this case when sampling is with replacement (we expect that it holds for sampling without replacement) and the supports of...
Frontier migration fosters ethos of independence: Deconstructing the climato-economic theory of human culture

Evidence Van de Vliert draws on is more consistent with the idea that settlement in the frontier encourages independent mentality and individualistic social institutions. This cultural system can sometimes flourish, generating both wealth and power, but clearly not always. In our view, wealth is, for the most part, a measure of success of any given cultural group, and climate is important to the extent that it plays a role in creating rugged lands of frontier.
The perceptual significance of inter-subject differences in the directional transfer function (DTF)

The directional acoustics of the pinna, head, and torso, known as the directional transfer function (DTF), provide primary cues for auditory localization. The perceptual significance of intersubject differences in the DTF was investigated using a headphone-delivered simulation of external sound sources. Results reveal that idiosyncratic differences in DTF have no impact on directional hearing. This is tentatively interpreted as evidence that directional cues are contained in temporal rather than spectral attributes of signals. >
Advances in protein complex analysis using mass spectrometry

Proteins often function as components of larger complexes to perform a specific function, and formation of these complexes may be regulated. For example, intracellular signalling events often require transient and/or regulated protein–protein interactions for propagation, and protein binding to a specific DNA sequence, RNA molecule or metabolite is often regulated to modulate a particular cellular function. Thus, characterizing protein complexes can offer important insights into protein function. This review describes recent important advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques for the analysis of protein complexes. Following brief descriptions of how proteins are identified using MS, and general protein complex purification approaches, we address two of the most important issues in these types of studies: specificity and background protein contaminants. Two basic strategies for increasing specificity and decreasing background are presented: whereas (1) tandem affinity purification (TAP) of tagged proteins of interest can dramatically improve the signal-to-noise ratio via the generation of cleaner samples, (2) stable isotopic labelling of proteins may be used to discriminate between contaminants and bona fide binding partners using quantitative MS techniques. Examples, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each approach, are presented.
A Simplified Statistical Model of Turbulent, Chemically Reacting Shear Flows

A turbulence theory has been formulated which describes, in a simplified, tractable manner, the effect of various wavenumber fluctuations on the statistical behavior of the fluid elements containing reactive species. The theory was then employed, as a primary test, to analyze the turbulent Couette flow of a chemically inert fluid. In the analysis, it was shown that the present theory as applied to a chemically inert fluid is self-containi ng up to the dissipation function. An experimental value of dissipation function for a pipe flow, for lack of the same for a Couette flow, was adapted and used in the analysis. A comparison of the present theoretical results with the available experimental data on Couette flow showed a satisfactory agreement between the two. A simple relationship has been derived between the dissipation function and the other variables of the theory which would render the present theory completely self-containing for the chemically inert single-component flow.
Effect of Administration of ACTH on Adrenal Responsiveness of Hypophysectomized Rats

Pretreatment of 24 hr-hypophysectomized rats with intravenous injection of 10 mU of ACTH, 2 hr before testing, was found to increase the adrenal response to subsequent administration of test doses of ACTH. This result served to develop a modification of the ACTH assay method of Lipscomb and Nelson (3). Preliminary evaluation suggests that the modification gives good sensitivity (minimum effective dose, 0.02 mU), precision (λ≃0.2) and a linear dose-response relationship with doses ranging from 0.02 to 0.16 mU of ACTH. Arginine-vasopressin has no influence either given alone or in combination with ACTH. Pharmacological, but not physiological, doses of angiotensin II interfere to some extent with ACTH assay. Blood ACTH levels in rats obtained by the modified Lipscomb-Nelson method agree with those measured by the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method. Possible mechanisms involved in the effect of ACTH pretreatment on adrenal responsiveness are discussed. (Endocrinology 77: 461, 1965)