cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of FPAA Technology for Emulation of Multiscale Power System Dynamics in Smart Grids

In this paper, the authors address computational issues associated with implementation of VLSI technologies-specifically, the utilization of field programmable analog array (FPAA) technology to analyze the steady-state as well dynamic behavior of nonlinear, multiscale power systems. Emphasis is placed on the following issues: adaptation of FPAA hardware for power flow analyses, design and construction of physical prototype, optimal hardware scaling, and application of emulation to transient fault analyses.
Hopewell geometric earthworks: a case study in the referential and experiential meaning of monuments

Abstract Archaeological landscapes with dispersed settlements often contain widely spaced, morphologically similar, non-residential monuments (e.g., Neolithic megaliths and enclosures, Eastern Woodlands conical burial mounds, Southwestern great kivas, and Hopewell geometric earthworks). These monuments are commonly interpreted as “village surrogates,” places at which members of a local, dispersed community gathered to express and reproduce social ties. Some applications of the village surrogate model have privileged referential meaning (what a monument symbolized) at the expense of experiential meaning (how monuments were experienced), obscuring important variability in relationships between monuments and use-groups. Focusing on a cluster of five likely contemporary Hopewell geometric earthworks in south-central Ohio, this paper emphasizes that the construction of monuments in dispersed settings was not always experienced as the aggregation of autonomous, isomorphic communities. An analysis of labor involved in earthwork construction demonstrates that in the Hopewell case, a very widely dispersed population, not exclusively affiliated with individual monuments, gathered repeatedly to build a related set of ceremonial centers. Parallels with the Chaco Phenomenon of northwest New Mexico are explored, and the importance of distinguishing between referential and experiential meaning in the broader study of prehistoric monuments is discussed.
Bycatch of wintering common and red-throated loons in gillnets off the USA Atlantic coast, 1996-2007.

Common loons Gavia immer and red-throated loons G. stellata winter along the USA Atlantic coast, where fisheries observers have documented interactions with commercial fishing oper- ations, largely coastal gillnets. The red-throated loon is a conservation priority for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, so interest lies in gauging fisheries bycatch relative to population levels. Gillnet fish- eries observer data from 1996 to 2007 were used in developing generalized linear models to predict common and red-throated loon bycatch rates and investigate gear characteristics associated with high bycatch rates. The predicted bycatch rates were applied to commercial gillnet effort data to estimate total bycatch during this time period. Bycatch was then compared to a potential biological removal (PBR) measure that was calculated from limited demographic parameters. Factors most commonly associated with the bycatch rates were bottom depth and sea surface temperature. Common loon bycatch rates were higher for strings without spacing between nets versus strings with spacing, and for strings that fished ≥24 h versus strings that fished <24 h. Average annual bycatch was 74 (95% CI: 29-189) common loons in the Northeast, and 477 (370-615) common loons and 897 (620-1297) red- throated loons in the Mid-Atlantic. The average red-throated loon bycatch reached about 60% of the PBR measure. This estimated level of bycatch emphasizes that the red-throated loon is a conservation priority, especially considering the unknown level of bycatch in non-oceanic coastal gillnet fisheries and uncertain demographic parameters.
Investigation of cowl vent slots for supercritical stability enhancement in dual-mode ramjet inlets

THE supercritical stability margin of inward-turning scoop inlets applicable to dual-mode ramjet engines has been greatly enhanced by the incorporation of a series of cowl vent slots just downstream of the inlet throat. Data has been obtained over a range of Mach number, angle of attack, and roll angle, using two single-module inlet models. A data base has been established to characterize the effect of varying available slot spill area on the stable operating range of the inlet and on the maximum inlet air capture and pressure recovery.
Spatial Response to Major Volcanic Events in or about AD 536, 934 and 1258: Frost Rings and Other Dendrochronological Evidence from Mongolia and Northern Siberia: Comment on R. B. Stothers, ‘Volcanic Dry Fogs, Climate Cooling, and Plague Pandemics in Europe and the Middle East’ (Climatic Change, 42, 1999)

Hypothesized large-scale climatic extremes require verification from distantregions in order toconfirm the magnitude and timing of such events. Three of the most massivehypothesized volcanic events of the past two millennia, occurring in or aboutAD 536, 934 and1258, had profound climatic and demographic repercussions over much of Europe,the MiddleEast, and other areas, according to historical accounts recently described inStothers (1998, 1999,2000) as well as other research. Here we report on frost ring and otherdendrochronologicalevidence derived from a 1738-year tree-ring chronology from Mongolia andmillennial-scaletree-ring data from northern Siberia which demonstrate that these three eventsmay have alsoimpacted conditions in these distant regions.
The delta opioid receptor 1 is expressed by proliferating bile ductules in rats with cholestasis: Implications for the study of liver regeneration and malignant transformation of biliary epithelium

In sharp contrast with the normal adult liver, the fetal human and rat livers and the liver of rats with cholestasis secondary to bile duct resection express the preproenkephalin mRNA, which codes for the endogenous opioid peptide Met-enkephalin. Furthermore, Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity is detected in hepatocytes and in proliferating bile ductules in the cholestatic rat liver. These data suggest that in cholestasis endogenous opioids may have a local effect in the cholestatic liver. As endogenous opioids exert their effect by binding to opioid receptors, the presence of opioid receptors in the cholestatic livers would support the hypothesis that Met-enkephalin plays a role in situ. Preliminary data presented in this manuscript reveals the expression of the delta opioid receptor in the liver of rats with cholestasis. This finding suggests that there is a scenario in which Met-enkephalin can bind to opioid receptors in the liver in cholestasis to exert a local effect. In vivo studies in this model of cholestasis with the use of opioid agonist and antagonist will shed light on the possible role of opioidergic regulation of liver regeneration. Studies on the effect of opiate antagonists on the evolution of cholestasis in this animal model may provide insight into the mechanisms of liver regeneration. In addition, as some conditions associated with cholestasis and bile ductular proliferation can be complicated by malignancy, the expression of the delta opioid receptor in malignant tumors of the biliary tree merits research.
Direct and mediated associations between P300 amplitude in childhood and substance use disorders outcome in young adulthood.

Background Attenuated amplitude of the P300 wave has been frequently documented in youths at high risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). This investigation had two aims: 1) determine whether P300 amplitude in late childhood is a predictor of SUD outcome by age 19; and 2) evaluate whether neurobehavior disinhibition (ND) mediates this association. Methods Boys (aged 10–12) were recruited through proband biological fathers with either a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of SUD (N = 67) or no adult psychiatric disorder (N = 94). P300 amplitude was recorded during an auditory oddball task. Neurobehavior disinhibition was evaluated using tests of executive cognitive function, behavior undercontrol, and emotion dysregulation. The relationship is assessed using multiple and logistic regressions. Results Substance use disorder by age 19 was significantly predicted by P300 amplitude (odds ratio [OR] = .958; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .918–.999; Wald χ 2 = 3.992; df=1; p=.045) and ND score (OR = 1.060; 95% CI=1.023–1.098; Wald χ 2 = 10.267; df=1; p=.0014) measured at age 10 to 12. P300 amplitude also significantly correlated with ND severity (β = -.217; t=-2.412; df=6,160; p=.017). Low P300 amplitudes were observed in children who succumbed to SUD by age 19. Conclusions These results indicate that ND mediates the association between attenuated P300 amplitude in childhood and SUD at age 19; however, P300 amplitude is not a specific childhood marker of SUD.
Primary human endothelial cells secrete agents that reduce responsiveness to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).

The plasma level of LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) (200–600 nM) is well within the range that promotes proliferation and migration of vascular ECs (endothelial cells), yet vessels are quiescent and stable. In this report, we considered one explanation for this paradox: that ECs secrete agents that attenuate responsiveness to LPA. Indeed, we observed that CM (conditioned medium) from confluent, quiescent cultures of primary HUVECs (human umbilical vein ECs) contained an agent that inhibited LPA-mediated signalling events and cellular responses. The putative inhibitor, which we tentatively call ILMR (inhibitor of LPA-mediated responsiveness) seemed to act on cells (instead of at the level of LPA) by suppressing the ability of LPA receptor 1 to signal. The amount and/or activity of ILMR was regulated by growth factors; exposing HUVECs to VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), but not bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), reduced the amount and/or activity of ILMR in CM. We conclude that in addition to promoting angiogenesis directly, VEGF-A can also act indirectly by modulating the bioactivity of angiomodulators such as LPA.
Revisiting Oceanic Acoustic Gravity Surface Waves

The reintroduction of compressibility into the equations for surface gravity waves can permit mixed acoustic‐ gravity modes that are periodic in the vertical as well as horizontal directions. These modes interact with the bottom even in deep water, so bottom motion can excite them. Because they propagate rapidly, it has been suggested they may be useful as precursors of tsunamis. Here the equations are revisited, and, using some robust approximations, some physical understanding and interpretation of the phenomena are presented. It is posed that these new modes can alternatively be thought of as acoustic modes slightly modified by a gravity wave boundary condition at the surface, rather than as surface waves dramatically modified by compressibility. Their potential use is not diminished; indeed, this alternative perspective should help make implementation more practical.
Use of Restricted Item Response Models for Examining Item Difficulty Ordering and Slope Uniformity

This article demonstrates the utility of restricted item response models for examining item difficulty ordering and slope uniformity for an item set that reflects varying cognitive processes. Twelve sets of paired algebra word problems were developed to systematically reflect various types of cognitive processes required for successful performance. This resulted in a total of 24 items. They reflected distance-rate–time (DRT), interest, and area problems. Hypotheses concerning difficulty ordering and slope uniformity for the items were tested by constraining item difficulty and discrimination parameters in hierarchical item response models. The first set of model comparisons tested the equality of the discrimination and difficulty parameters for each set of paired items. The second set of model comparisons examined slope uniformity within the complex DRT problems. The third set of model comparisons examined whether the familiarity of the story context affected item difficulty for two types of complex DRT problems. The last set of model comparisons tested the hypothesized difficulty ordering of the items.
Behavioral evaluation of exhibit modifications designed to accommodate an aged diana monkey

Modifications in a zoo exhibit were made to increase the arboreality of an aged female diana monkey, and to increase her use of the central portion of the exhibit where a new food shelf had been added. Branches, which formed ramps to this shelf, also were added. Following these changes, the aged female's arboreality increased slightly, and her use of the central portion of the exhibit increased significantly. Changes in habitat use following these modifications also were noted in the other two diana monkeys in the group. These results suggest that zoo habitats can be made more usable for individuals whose behavioral capabilities might be limited due to age or physical disability.
The Kovel Doctrine: Issues And The Perils Of Discovery

To what extent are accountant work product and communications subject to discovery? Defining the parameters of this decision has significant stakes for both accountants and their clientele. This article seeks to examine an aspect of this issue by focusing on certain issues and cases concerning what has come to be known as the Kovel doctrine. Where this doctrine is applicable it can help protect certain communications and work product from disclosure. Where assertion of the doctrine fails there is an increased vulnerability to discovery, further litigation and risk to finances and reputation.
Surprise-enhanced and technology-mediated learning: a two-country study

We develop a theoretical model of surprise-enhanced technology-mediated learning (STL) that builds on evolutionary biological ideas. The model predicts that in technology-mediated learning tasks made up of several discrete learning modules, the presence of a simulated surprise event eliciting negative emotions immediately before a discrete learning module will lead to enhanced learning associated with the module. An experiment involving 617 participants in two countries, USA and Mexico, is used to test the STL model. The participants reviewed six Web-based learning modules about terms used in international trade transactions and then took a test on what they had learned. Data from three experimental conditions were contrasted: two treatment and one control conditions. The two treatment conditions incorporated negative surprises in the form of Web-based screens immediately before Module 4. The surprise screens showed a snake in attack position and a computer malfunction warning, and were absent in the control condition. The participants in both surprise conditions performed significantly better than those in the control condition for Module 4. The learning enhancements were virtually the same regardless of country and type of surprise stimulus (snake attack or computer malfunction screen).
The influence of nonconscious processes on perceptions of downsizing and terminations

Although social and cognitive psychologists have developed a large body of research on priming and other nonconscious processes, relatively little research has focused on how these issues influence organizationally relevant phenomena. The current research sought to partially fill this void by examining the influence of nonconscious processes on perceptions of organizational downsizing. In three studies, individuals were primed with traits of self-reliance or employer-reliance either supraliminally (Study 1) or subliminally (Studies 2 and 3). Studies 1 and 2 found that individuals primed with self-reliance had less negative views of downsizing. Experiment 3 found that those primed with self-reliance reported greater perceptions of fair treatment, respect for their boss, and decreased levels of anger in response to a termination scenario. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Somalia Before the Fall

(1994). Somalia Before the Fall. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des etudes africaines: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 123-126.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE POLARIS FAULT USING LIDAR AND SHALLOW GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Dam Safety Assurance Program, Martis Creek Dam near Truckee, CA, is under evaluation for earthquake and seepage hazards. The investigations to date have included LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and a wide range of geophysical surveys. The LiDAR data led to the discovery of an important and previously unknown fault tracing very near and possibly under Martis Creek Dam. The geophysical surveys of the dam foundation area confirm evidence of the fault in the area.
Linking Nonprofit Capacity to Effectiveness in the New Public Management Era: The Case of Community Action Agencies:

Nonprofits in the 21 st century find they must not only do more with less but also function in a highly accountable manner. The emergence of New Public Management (NPM), with its emphasis on accountability concerns and sound management techniques, encourages nonprofit organizations to increasingly emu late the practices of their private-sector coun terparts (Light 2000). Ryan (1999, 128) con tends that "nonprofits are now forced to reexamine their reasons for existing in light of a market that rewards discipline and per formance and emphasizes organizational ca pacity rather than for-profit or nonprofit status and mission." Yet, despite the current wave of managerial reform, not all scholars are convinced that NPM offers the appropri ate philosophical underpinning for the non profit sector. Indeed, some consider the entre preneurial, rational choice focus of NPM as a potential threat to the broader democratic process and the public's best interests (Cook 1998; Kelly 1998; Terry 1998). Caught in the wave of reform, nonprofits today must not only grapple with the demands and effects of managerial innovations but also cope with devolution, downsizing, and out sourcing. The convergence of welfare policy devolution, NPM, and the independent sector creates a unique environment in which to study nonprofit capacity, effectiveness, and advocacy. Using a multidimensional approach, this study examines the linkages between nonprofit capacity and program effectiveness within the current environment of NPM. The
Tubulin Content and Assembly States in Guinea Pig Mammary Gland during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Weaning

AbstractThe microtubule (MT) protein, tubulin, was measured in mammary gland biopsies from 23 guinea pigs averaging four samples per animal from about 20 days antepartum through weaning. [3H]Colchicine binding assays were carried out on supernatants from tissues homogenized sequentially in MT-stabilizing and MT-depolymerizing buffers which yielded estimates, respectively, of free (S-1) and microtubular (S-2) tubulin as well as total tubulin (S-1 + S-2). There is almost a threefold increase in total tubulin which begins about 20 days antepartum and reaches a peak by 11 to 15 days postpartum. There is an initial increase in free tubulin, also beginning about 20 days antepartum; however, about 1 week before birth, free tubulin levels off and microtubular tubulin begins to increase, reaching a peak in midlactation after a sevenfold increase from pregnancy and then declining at weaning. The results show that free tubulin is synthesized in late pregnancy and then converted to the assembled (microtubular) state,...
A Review of The Ecology of Spirituality by Lucy Bregman

Upon completion of The Ecology of Spirituality: Meanings, Virtues, and Practices in a PostReligious Age (Bregman 2014), and eager to talk about it, I shared the book with a friend, a life coach with a spiritual bent who walked away from institutional religion years ago and aligned himself with Ken Wilber’s Integral Theory and other formulations of postmodern spirituality critiqued by the author. My friend called Lucy Bregman’s book Ba lesson in humility and a revelation,^ saying, BThe uncovering/revealing of assumptions in my spiritual thinking and functioning doesn’t tweak my path, it wrenches it. This book is a kick-ass corrective and substantiation of my own explorations and practices.^ A spirited conversation ensued. We use the term Bspirituality^ for everything today, both within and outside of religious contexts. The personal identifier Bspiritual but not religious^ commonly implies that one has kept all the deep, personal, and beautiful elements of religion but left behind the dogma and fundamentalist rules of the institution. In The Ecology of Spirituality, Bregman explores how spirituality has evolved as a concept and challenges the ways it is being used by a wide variety of individuals and groups, including corporations, associations, and religious organizations. Her goal is an Bunglowing analysis^ for the purpose of understanding this ill-defined concept, now promoted as a cure for so many personal and societal problems. She argues that many North Americans are very comfortable with the term Bspirituality,^ despite its ambiguity, because of its positive connotations, and she calls out the use of the word by those who are Blargely clueless about its intellectual antecedents or implications^ (p. 4). Bregman wants people to clarify and to understand what is actually meant when Bspirituality^ is talked about and applied in so many diverse ways, and she is concerned that its uncritical and unexplored use will end up leaving a legacy of Bmush and confusion^ (p. 5). Bregman first traces the origins of the numerous (92 and still counting) definitions of spirituality. She frames her exploration in the intellectual ecologies of psychology, religious studies, and the sociology of religion, defining ecologies as the Benvironment and configuration of interacting species^ (p. 61). In the second section, she explores three Bniches^ where spirituality is being called on today to solve very real problems: health care, the workplace, and recreation. Pastoral Psychol (2015) 64:903–905 DOI 10.1007/s11089-015-0662-4
SU-F-T-231: Improving the Efficiency of a Radiotherapy Peer-Review System for Quality Assurance

Purpose: To improve the efficiency of a radiotherapy peer-review system using a commercially available software application for plan quality evaluation and documentation. Methods: A commercial application, FullAccess (Radialogica LLC, Version 1.4.4), was implemented in a Citrix platform for peer-review process and patient documentation. This application can display images, isodose lines, and dose-volume histograms and create plan reports for peer-review process. Dose metrics in the report can also be benchmarked for plan quality evaluation. Site-specific templates were generated based on departmental treatment planning policies and procedures for each disease site, which generally follow RTOG protocols as well as published prospective clinical trial data, including both conventional fractionation and hypo-fractionation schema. Once a plan is ready for review, the planner exports the plan to FullAccess, applies the site-specific template, and presents the report for plan review. The plan is still reviewed in the treatment planning system, as that is the legal record. Upon physician's approval of a plan, the plan is packaged for peer review with the plan report and dose metrics are saved to the database. Results: The reports show dose metrics of PTVs and critical organs for the plans and also indicate whether or not the metrics are within tolerance. Graphical results with green, yellow, and red lights are displayed of whether planning objectives have been met. In addition, benchmarking statistics are collected to see where the current plan falls compared to all historical plans on each metric. All physicians in peer review can easily verify constraints by these reports. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the improvement in a radiotherapy peer-review system, which allows physicians to easily verify planning constraints for different disease sites and fractionation schema, allows for standardization in the clinic to ensure that departmental policies are maintained, and builds a comprehensive database for potential clinical outcome evaluation.
Models and Diagrams within the Cognitive Field

My objective in this paper is to argue that research on modeling within science and technology should be cautious about approaching models in isolation but should regard them as part of a complex, generative field. While there certainly may be rhetorical purposes for isolating a particular model to bring into relief a particular “way of seeing” in the history of science, caution is essential if such a presentation of models doesn’t become more a caricature of science. The plethora of books representing the history of science through a series of icons or great figures is an example. Others examples can be found in the misleading assimilation of Kuhn’s idea of paradigms (Hoyningen-Huene,1993;Nersessian,1998).After making several brief comments about model-based reasoning, I will notice what might he learned from reading about the generative cognitive field in which models emerge. I will conclude my comments by making several comments on the relation between models and diagrams.
Sex or sexuality? Analyzing the division of labor and travel in gay, lesbian, and straight households

Abstract People make tradeoffs between paid and unpaid labor, and in straight households women typically do the lion’s share of unpaid labor, including household-serving travel. Nearly all of the previous research on this topic is limited to married heterosexual households with children, a surprisingly small and shrinking portion of the population. Using pooled data from the 2003–12 American Time Use Surveys, we explore how household-serving labor and travel vary across household types in the U.S. We examine the paid and unpaid labor tradeoffs made by partnered same-sex couples with and without children, and find that their division of paid and unpaid labor, as well as household-serving travel such as chauffeuring children, occupies a statistical middle ground between straight men and women. This suggests that the gendered nature of paid and unpaid work and travel is muted in the absence of a two-sex household structure, though some gendered differences persist.
STEM Faculty as Learners in Pedagogical Reform and the Role of Research Articles as Professional Development Opportunities

Discipline-based education research (DBER) publications are opportunities for professional development around science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education reform. Learning theory tells us these publications could be more impactful if authors, reviewers, and editors pay greater attention to linking principles and practice. This approach, which considers faculty as learners and STEM education reform as content, has the potential to better support faculty members because it promotes a deeper understanding of the reasons why a pedagogical change is effective. This depth of understanding is necessary for faculty members to successfully transfer new knowledge to their own contexts. A challenge ahead for the emergent learning sciences is to better integrate findings from across sister disciplines; DBER reports can take a step in that direction while improving their usefulness for instructors.
Serologic screening for genital herpes: An updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force

Importance Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. Vertical transmission of HSV can lead to fetal morbidity and mortality. Objective To assess the evidence on serologic screening and preventive interventions for genital HSV infection in asymptomatic adults and adolescents to support the US Preventive Services Task Force for an updated recommendation statement. Data Sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and trial registries through March 31, 2016. Surveillance for new evidence in targeted publications was conducted through October 31, 2016. Study Selection English-language randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing screening with no screening in persons without past or current symptoms of genital herpes; studies evaluating accuracy and harms of serologic screening tests for HSV-2; RCTs assessing preventive interventions in asymptomatic persons seropositive for HSV-2. Data Extraction and Synthesis Dual review of abstracts, full-text articles, and study quality; pooled sensitivities and specificities of screening tests using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis when at least 3 similar studies were available. Main Outcomes and Measures Accuracy of screening tests, benefits of screening, harms of screening, reduction in genital herpes outbreaks. Results A total of 17 studies (n = 9736 participants; range, 24-3290) in 19 publications were included. No RCTs compared screening with no screening. Most studies of the accuracy of screening tests were from populations with high HSV-2 prevalence (greater than 40% based on Western blot). Pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of the most commonly used test at the manufacturer’s cutpoint were 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%) and 81% (95% CI, 68%-90%), respectively (10 studies; n = 6537). At higher cutpoints, pooled estimates were 95% (95% CI, 91%-97%) and 89% (95% CI, 82%-93%), respectively (7 studies; n = 5516). Use of this test at the manufacturer’s cutpoint in a population of 100 000 with a prevalence of HSV-2 of 16% (the seroprevalence in US adults with unknown symptom status) would result in 15 840 true-positive results and 15 960 false-positive results (positive predictive value, 50%). Serologic screening for genital herpes was associated with psychosocial harms, including distress and anxiety related to positive test results. Four RCTs compared preventive medications with placebo, 2 in nonpregnant asymptomatic adults who were HSV-2 seropositive and 2 in HSV-2–serodiscordant couples. Results in both populations were heterogeneous and inconsistent. Conclusions and Relevance Serologic screening for genital herpes is associated with a high rate of false-positive test results and potential psychosocial harms. Evidence from RCTs does not establish whether preventive antiviral medication for asymptomatic HSV-2 infection has benefit.
Appreciative Inquiry: Discovering the Best in People and Organizations

Traditional approaches to problem-solving basically focus on what is wrong in a given situation and proceed to “fix” it with all the analytical tools available. We have seen that such approaches can never take us beyond the confines of the dark past. For achieving quantum breakthroughs, we need clear, bright images of the future. We need to create a field of infinite possibilities. Appreciative inquiry is about tapping into the river of positive possibilities, a way of harnessing the untapped creative energies of people and organizations.
Investigating fuel-cell transport limitations using hydrogen limiting current

Reducing mass-transport losses in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is essential to increase their power density and reduce overall stack cost. At the same time, cost also motivates the reduction in expensive precious-metal catalysts, which results in higher local transport losses in the catalyst layers. In this paper, we use a hydrogen-pump limiting-current setup to explore the gas-phase transport losses through PEFC catalyst layers and various gas-diffusion and microporous layers. It is shown that the effective diffusivity in the gas-diffusion layers is a strong function of liquid saturation. In addition, it is shown how the catalyst layer unexpectedly contributes significantly to the overall measured transport resistance. This is especially true for low catalyst loadings. It is also shown how the various losses can be separated into different mechanisms including diffusional processes and mass-dependent and independent ones, where the data suggests that a large part of the transport resistance in catalyst layers cannot be attributed to a gas-phase diffusional process. The technique is promising for deconvoluting transport losses in PEFCs.
Unrestrained Curling in Concrete with Fine Lightweight Aggregates

AbstractCurling of concrete pavements and slabs because of moisture gradients has been documented for many years. Over the past 20 years, significant research has demonstrated the benefits of addin...
Subjective Cognitive Complaints, Psychosocial Factors, and Nursing Work Function in Nurses Providing Direct Patient Care

Aims The aim of this study was to examine relationships among subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial factors and nursing work function in nurses providing direct patient care. Background Cognitive functioning is a critical component for nurses in the assurance of error prevention, identification and correction when caring for patients. Negative changes in nurses' cognitive and psychosocial functioning can adversely affect nursing care and patient outcomes. Design A descriptive correlational design with stratified random sampling. Method The sample included 96 nurses from the major geographic regions of the United States. Over 9 months in 2016-2017, data were collected using a web-based survey. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships among subjective cognitive complaints, psychosocial factors and nursing work function. Results Overall, participants reported minimal work function impairment and low levels of subjective cognitive complaints, depression and stress. In multivariate analyses, depression was not associated with nurses' work function. However, perceived stress and subjective concerns about cognitive function were associated with greater impairment of work function. Conclusion Nurses experiencing subjective cognitive complaints should be encouraged to address personal and environmental factors that are associated with their cognitive status. Additionally, stress reduction in nurses should be a high priority as a potential intervention to promote optimal functioning of nurses providing direct patient care. Healthcare institutions should integrate individual and institutional strategies to reduce factors contributing to workplace stress.
What is the Required Reperfusion Period for Assessment of Myocardial Infarct Size Using Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Staining in the Rat

Measurements of infarct size by use of tripenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) is a widely accepted method used to delineate the extent of myocardial necrosis following coronary occlusion and reperfusion in various animal experiments. There is controversy, however, regarding the optimal reperfusion time for estimating the maximally infarcted area by TTC staining in the rat. We tested six different reperfusion times following 90 minutes of regional myocardial ischemia. Group 1 had 5 minutes of reperfusion (n=6), group 2 had 30 minutes of reperfusion (n=6), group 3 had 1 hour of reperfusion (n=6), group 4 had 2 hours of reperfusion (n=6), group 5 had 3 hours of reperfusion (n=6), group 6 had 4.5 hours of reperfusion (n=6). Risk areas, measured by the use of blue dye, were similar among the 6 study groups. Infarct size as a percent of risk area was 57±11% in group 1, 74±7% in group 2, 61±9% in group 3, 71±5% in group 4, 70±5% in group 5, and 64±9% in group 6 (x±standard error [SE]). There was no signifcant difference in infarct size between the groups. However, prior to 60 minutes of reperfusion, patches of pink and white areas were observed within the risk regions, indicating a more difficult assessment of proper delineation of outer regions of necrotic tissue. For acute assessment of infarct size, reperfusion for 60 minutes or more is optimal because the infarct does appear homogeneous at that time and does not become larger with longer reperfusion periods.
In Defense of Judicial Empathy

President Obama has repeatedly stated that he views a capacity for empathy as an essential attribute of a good judge. And conservatives have heaped mountains of scorn upon him for saying so — accusing him of expressing open contempt for the rule of law. To date, the debate has been surprisingly one-sided. One federal judge has recently noted that “President Obama’s statement that judges should have ‘empathy’ was met with strong criticism from his opponents and uncomfortable silence from his supporters.” This Article seeks to offer a sustained defense of the President’s call for empathy in judging. Its argument is neither grounded in extralegal, touchy-feely notions of humanity and compassion nor based on some sort of radical vision of wealth redistribution through activist courts. Nor does it spring from a post-Realist rejection of “law” as a legitimate constraining force on judges. Quite to the contrary, the argument is grounded in a firm commitment to the rule of law and a deep-seated appreciation of — rather than rejection of — legal doctrine. Legal doctrine is permeated with reasonableness and balancing tests and other doctrinal mechanisms that cannot possibly be employed effectively unless judges are able to gain an empathic appreciation of the case from the perspective of all of the litigants. A judge can neither craft nor employ legal doctrine competently if she is not willing and able to understand the perspectives of, and the burdens upon, all of the parties. A judge who believes in the popular portrait of judges as umpires, and who rejects as illegitimate calls for judicial empathy, will fail to realize that, while she thinks that she is simply calling objective balls and strikes, she is in fact unwittingly giving disproportionate weight in her doctrinal calculus to the interests of those whose perspectives come most naturally to her. By contrast, a judge who has a talent for empathy and makes a conscious effort to empathize with all parties will not subconsciously undervalue the interests of those whose perspectives she does not instinctively appreciate. As such, far from being the enemy of judicial neutrality, empathy is in fact necessary to impartial judging.
Evaluation of a Filtration/Dispersion Method for Enumeration of Particle-associated Escherichia coli

The transport processes of microorganisms in storm-generated flows have not been clearly elucidated, limiting the ability of computational models to effectively design and evaluate watershed remediation plans. Although several studies have identified association with particulates as a critical factor in predicting microbial transport and fate, no generally accepted method exists for the identification of the planktonic and particle-associated fractions of microorganisms in water samples. In this study, a filtration/dispersion method proposed for quantification of these fractions was verified using laboratory-composed samples of bovine Escherichia coli and sterile topsoil. A statistical experimental design allowed quantification of potential sources of experimental error (e.g., filter retention, die-off), although no significant sources of methodological error were identified. On average, 78% of E. coli cells were particle associated after 1 h of contact time. Further application of the method was illustrated by an isotherm experiment examining the association of a bovine strain of E. coli with sterile topsoil. Further examination of this method in laboratory or field-based studies of microbial partitioning between the planktonic and particulate phases in surface runoff appears justified.
Siccar Point and Teaching the History of Geology

The concept of the rock cycle and the “indefinite” length of geologic time were outlined first by James Hutton before he had ever seen an unconformity. Hutton drew general support of his theory fro...
Towards The Knowledge-Based Economy

In the future, the economies that perform the best will be those whose governments help develop and manage their knowledge assets most effectively for innovation. Technology policy will thus need to revert to innovation policy that will be much more technology-user centered and demand based than technology policy has been until now. As such, innovation policy must also be better integrated with general economic policies that affect incentives to innovate, policies that shape the regulatory and institutional environment in which innovation takes place, and policies that provide appropriate safety nets for the parts of the population that fail to follow the ever increasing pace of change.
Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in the Lower Respiratory Tract: A Cytopathologist's Perspective

Context.— Respiratory cytology continues to play an important role in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. Prompt, accurate diagnosis of causative organisms is of paramount importan...
Challenges to decentralisation in Ghana: where do citizens seek assistance?

Decentralisation in Ghana, and across sub-Saharan Africa, faces a number of challenges to successful local governance provision because there are a number of formal and informal actors to choose fr...
Ivabradine in Catecholamine-Induced Tachycardia in a Patient with Paraganglioma.

Ivabradine for Tachycardia in Paraganglioma The use of ivabradine, an If current inhibitor, to manage tachycardia and heart failure due to massive catecholamine release in a patient with a metastat...
Conceptualizing Well-Being in Vocational Psychology: A Model of Fulfilling Work:

Following from the strengths-based inclusive theory of work (S-BIT of Work), fulfilling work is a central goal of career and work counseling. However, vocational psychologists have yet to develop a...
The effect of side-chain branch position on the thermal properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes)

Thermomechanical properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) are greatly influenced by both their microstructures and backbone dynamics. In the present work, to investigate the effect of the side-chain branch position on the backbone's mobility and molecular packing structure, four poly (3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl) derivatives (P3ATs) with different side chains, either branched or linear, were synthesized by a quasi-living Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization (KCTP) method. The side-chain branch position greatly influences the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the backbone of P3ATs as well as the melting temperature (Tm), as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. Placing the branching point closer to the conjugated backbone leads to increased backbone Tg and Tm. Also, according to grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) results, branching closer to the backbone causes tighter packing in the side-chain direction. The tighter packing along the side-chain direction coresponds with the higher Tm, which decreases the free volume of the polymer system and subsequently increases the Tg at the same time. This work provides the first in-depth understanding of branch point influences on the thermal properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). It would provide guidance to the future development of side-chain engineering on next-generation CPs with desirable thermomechnical properties for stretchable and wearable electronics.
Identifying candidate reference reaches to assess the physical and biological integrity of wadeable streams in different ecoregions and among stream sizes

Abstract Efforts to quantify disturbances to aquatic systems often use landscape-level metrics, presumably linked to ecological integrity, but fewer studies have directly linked ecological integrity to instream habitat, and applied these results to unsampled stream reaches throughout a landscape. We developed a flexible, quantitative approach that characterizes stream impairment across a landscape and identifies least-disturbed stream reaches to serve as benchmarks for high quality physical habitat and ecological integrity. Fish and macroinvertebrate community characteristics, reach-level physical habitat and water quality metrics were summarized in 891 wadeable stream reaches across two ecoregions in Missouri, USA. The influence of reach and water-quality characteristics as well as landscape-level variables on 7 fish and 3 macroinvertebrate community biological indicator metrics was then modeled using boosted regression trees (BRTs). On average, reach-level models explained more variance (25 and 27% in the two ecoregions examined) in biotic metrics than landscape-level models (18% and 20%). Abiotic and biotic associations differed among ecoregions and stream sizes, however, reach-level habitat (e.g., bankfull width/depth ratio, channel incision height) and water quality (e.g., dissolved oxygen, total chlorophyll) were consistently top predictors. At the landscape scale, fish richness in the agriculturally dominated ecoregion increased with decreased fragmentation/flow modification. Invertebrate metrics in the forested ecoregion showed community degradation apparent with crop coverage as low as 8–10% of the riparian zone, while urban impairment, most notably in the agricultural ecoregion, was best detected using invertebrate indicators of biotic integrity and measures of fish trophic ecology. Relationships among landscape-scale variables and reach characteristics identified as top predictors in BRTs also highlighted potential mechanistic relationships among landscape, habitat, and measures of ecological integrity. Using the results of the landscape-level models, estimates for overall ecological integrity were predicted for over 28,000 stream reaches throughout Missouri, and a total of 1423 candidate reference reaches were identified. The objective approach to characterizing stream impairment developed in this study offers specific advantages, including a reach and landscape-level evaluation of human disturbance as well as an inductive, multi-metric determination of ecological integrity.
Balancing technology and outdoor learning: Implications for early childhood teacher educators

The integration of technology in the classroom has become commonplace in early childhood education; however, promoting outdoor learning is not as emphasized. A wealth of research has documented how...
Flow characterization of compressible biomass particles using multiscale experiments and a hypoplastic model

Abstract Poor flowability of compressible biomass particles poses severe handling challenges in all processes of biorefineries, which results in poor energy-yielding in conversion. This paper presents the characterization of the flow behavior of a widely used compressible biomass material (ground loblolly pine) using a combination of physical characterization and numerical simulation. An advanced hypoplastic model with implementation and validation in Abaqus VUMAT is adopted. A workflow is established to calibrate material parameters directly from index tests, an oedometer test, and a Schulze ring shear test, and indirectly from numerical simulations of those tests. The finite element simulation of axial shear tests and hopper flow tests using the calibrated hypoplastic model is shown to capture key flow attributes, such as the maximum shear stress in shear tests, as well as the mass flow rate and flow pattern in hopper. The results demonstrate that a subset of the laboratory tests needs to allow large strains for adequate characterization of compressible granular flow, and numerical models developed for non-compressible materials can accurately predict the flow behavior of compressible biomass material, even though strain magnitudes are not scaled correctly. This study provides a potent tool to decipher and resolve material handling upsets in biorefineries and other energy industries that utilize forest products.