cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cdk5 controls IL-2 gene expression via repression of the mSin3a-HDAC complex (IRM6P.719)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a unique member of a family of serine/threonine cyclin-dependent protein kinases. We previously demonstrated disruption of Cdk5 gene expression in mice impairs T-cell function and ameliorates T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Here, we show Cdk5 modulates gene expression during T-cell activation by impairing the repression of gene transcription by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). This effect is mediated through a direct phosphorylation of the mSin3a protein by Cdk5, which prevents the accumulation of the mSin3a protein and the formation of a functional mSin3a/HDAC1 complex during T cell activation. Disruption of Cdk5 activity in T-cells enhances HDAC activity and binding of the HDAC1/mSin3a complex to the IL-2 promoter, ultimately leading to suppression of IL-2 expression. These data point to essential roles for Cdk5 in regulating gene expression in T-cells and transcriptional regulation by the co-repressor mSin3a.
The Saga of History 492: The Transformation of Working-Class History in One Classroom

Journals, conference panels, and on-line newsgroups are filled these days with talk of a crisis (or backlash or decline) in labour and working-class history.1 This loss of confidence is sometimes linked to the rise of new theories or forms of analysis such as critical race theory, gender analysis, or postmodernism; or to the decline of Communism, Marxist theory, or the organized labour movement. Such scholarly discussions are worthy and can tell us a lot about the writing of working-class history, but we wonder what is going on in labour history classrooms amidst this crisis? How has the teaching of working-class history changed over the past two decades? What are we trying to do in our courses on working-class history? What does this tell us about who “labour historians” are, what they do, and why anyone else should pay attention? We offer “the saga of History 492” not as a firm answer to these questions, but rather as an effort to open a more self-conscious discussion of the relationship between the re-conceptualization and rewriting of working-class history
paradox and learning: implications from paradoxical psychotherapy and zen buddhism for mathematical inquiry with paradoxes

This paper argues that paradox offers an ideal didactic context for open-ended group discussion, for the intensive practice of reasoning, acquiring dispositions critical for mathematical thinking, and higher order learning. In order to characterize the full pedagogical range of paradox, I offer a short overview of the effects of paradox, followed by a discussion of some parallels between the use of paradox in paradoxical psychotherapy and the use of the koan in Zen Buddhist spiritual training. Reasoning with paradoxes in a community of mathematical inquiry is interpreted as a comparative if not isomorphic pedagogical and cognitive phenomenon. Finally, some broad implications are drawn for mathematical inquiry with paradoxes.
Regional variation in Brassica nigra and other weedy crucifers for disease reaction to Alternaria brassicicola and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

For Brassica crop breeders, weedy crucifers are potential sources of disease resistance and other useful traits. However, few species have been evaluated or are well represented in germplasm collections. In this study, we evaluated 24 Eurasian crucifer species for disease reaction to North American isolates of the crop pathogens A. brassicicola and X. campestris pv. campestris. The test array comprised 190 entries (genebank accessions and weed populations), including 108 B. nigra entries from four geographic regions and 34 entries of Camelina sativa. Disease reaction was highly variable between species and within some species. Reaction to A. brassicicola was variable between entries of C. sativa, a species reported as highly resistant to Alternaria pathogens. In B. nigra, disease reaction was variable between geographic regions and between entries within some regions. Most of the B. nigra entries rated as disease resistant were weed populations from North America, but disease reaction was not related to the geographic distance between these populations. In summary, disease reaction to two crop pathogens was variable in crucifer weed taxa, including species considered to contain little genetic variation. We identified entries with promising levels of disease resistance and highlighted the potential value of weedy crucifer genetic resources.
'Girls Gone Wild' and Rape Law: Revising the Contractual Concept of Consent & Ensuring an Unbiased Application of 'Reasonable Doubt' When the Victim is Non-Traditional

This article, entitled “Girls Gone Wild” and Rape Law: Revising Contractual Concept of Consent and Ensuring an Unbiased Application of "Reasonable Doubt” When the Victim Is Non-Traditional (American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law, Volume 17, Number 1, 2009), argues that the traditional contractual standard for consent applied in rape cases is erroneous and particularly harmful to non-traditional rape victims. It, therefore, proposes a change to what is coined by the author as a “continuum-based” standard of consent. Courts’ treatment of non-traditional rape victims when applying the traditional contractual consent standard perpetuates gender biases that nullify the very purpose of the rape shield laws. These decisions are full of sexist assumptions and inferences about the victim’s sexual behavior, which courts use to justify their decisions to allow evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct. This type of evidence unfailingly permeates the jury’s decision as to whether or not the alleged victim’s behavior and past acts are worthy of protection.
Composting or stockpiling of feedlot manure in Nebraska: Nutrient concentration and mass balance1

ABSTRACT When feedlot pens are scraped in the spring and summer, manure is often stored before land application can occur in the fall. Manure stockpiled or composted was evaluated for nutrient losses in 2 experiments for 104 (Exp. 1) and 111 d (Exp. 2). Stockpiles (n = 2 in Exp. 1 and n = 3 in Exp. 2) and compost windrows (n = 6 in Exp. 1 and n = 4 in Exp. 2) were constructed with feedlot manure scraped from pens and sampled upon construction and throughout the storage period. In Exp. 1, N loss was 3 times greater (P
A Poetics of Place: The 2nd Annual Poetry Section of CRSW

An editorial about the intersection of rural experience and human services in the poems selected for the poetry section of Contemporary Rural Social Work.
Comparing and Optimizing Nitrate Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Pt Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Anion Exchange Resins

This research work was carried out for the removal of nitrate from raw water for a drinking water supply. Nitrate is a widespread ground water contaminant. Methodology employed in this study included adsorption on metal based nanoparticles and ion exchange using anionic resins. Fe/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared in the laboratory, by the reduction of their respective salts using sodium borohydride. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray florescence techniques were utilized for characterization of bimetallic Fe/Pt nanoparticles. Optimum dose, pH, temperature, and contact time were determined for removal through batch tests, both for metal based nanoparticles and anionic exchange resin. Adsorption data fitted well the Langmuir isotherm and conformed to the pseudofirst-order kinetic model. Results indicated 97&#x25; reduction in nitrate by 0.25&#x2009;mg/L of Fe/Pt nanoparticles at pH 7 and 83&#x25; reduction in nitrate was observed using 0.50&#x2009;mg/L anionic exchange resins at pH 4 and contact time of one hour. Overall, Fe/Pt bimetallic nanoparticles demonstrated greater removal efficiency due to the small particle size, extremely large surface area (627&#x2009;m2/g), and high adsorption capacity.
2 P 3/2 : 2 P 1/2 partial photoionization cross-section ratios in the rare gases

The $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}:^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ partial photoionization cross-section ratios have been measured for the rare gases in the ionization continuum and within resonance structure. The wavelength range for this study was from the $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ ionization threshold to 304 \AA{}. The ratio of the cross sections was found to be constant over this wavelength range, yielding ratios of 1.54, 1.77, 1.93, and 2.18 for Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne, respectively. Within resonances, the ratio changed dramatically. Results are illustrated for xenon.
Semantic effects in transfer

Eighty sixth-grade Ss, split into five independent groups, learned two PA lists of 12 noun pairs each. Two groups performed under traditional transfer conditions with lists conforming to a negative transfer paradigm, A-B, A-C, or to a reference paradigm A-B, C-D. Two other groups learned the same lists under a syntactic PA method where the pairs were embedded in sentences. A fifth group performed in an A-B, As-C paradigm where the items of A-B, A-C were embedded in sentences that changed the meaning of the stimulus terms. The results showed that negative transfer is significantly reduced when items are placed in sentences. Also, the specific effects associated with A-B, As-C showed marked negative transfer on the first trial of List 2 learning.
Circadian rhythm of covalent modifications in liver DNA

32P-postlabeling analysis recently revealed that in addition to 5-methylcytosine, mammalian DNA contains covalently modified nucleotides of unknown structures and functions termed I-compounds whose levels increase with age. I-compound levels, in addition, depend on species, strain, sex, tissue, and diet and are generally lowered by carcinogen exposure. As shown here, levels of several non-polar I-compounds in liver DNA of untreated male C3H mice were elevated 2 to 8.5 times at 1800 h and 2400 h as compared to 0600 h and 1200 h, while polar I-compounds and persistent carcinogen-DNA adducts induced by safrole were unaffected by time of day. In liver DNA of male F-344 rats 4 non-polar I-compounds and 4 polar I-compounds showed significant circadian rhythm at 2000 h compared to 0800 h. This novel circadian variation of DNA structure implies mechanisms precisely regulating I-compound levels in vivo and may conceivably be linked to diurnal differences of DNA synthesis and gene expression.
ϵ-Caprolactam as a Donor Ligand for Lanthanide Halides: Formation of Cationic [Ln(C6H11NO)6Cl]2+ and [Ln(C6H11NO)4Cl2]+ Complexes

Examination of the coordination chemistry of ϵ-caprolactam with lanthanide trichlorides reveals that cationic ϵ-caprolactam-solvated complexes of two types can be obtained from acetonitrile depending on the size of the metal. The larger lanthanides Ce, Nd, Pr, and Sm form capped octahedral dications, [Ln(C6H11NO)6Cl]+2, with the chloride ligand in the capping position. The smaller metals Eu, Gd, and Ho form trans-octahedral monocations [Ln(C6H11NO)4Cl2]+. Chloride ions are the counteranions in both cases.
ALHACEN’S APPROACH TO ‘‘ALHAZEN’S PROBLEM’’

Dans le livre V du De aspectibus - version latine medievale du Kitāb al-Manāzir d'Ibn al-Haytham -, Alhazen entreprend de determiner en quel point precis se reflechit un rayon de lumiere issu d'un point donne et vu en un point donne, dans le cas de divers miroirs, parties de surfaces de revolution tant convexes que concaves. Dans le cas particulier des miroirs spheriques convexes ou concaves, divers penseurs du XVII e siecle, et tout particulierement Christian Huygens, se sont penches sur ce probleme, devenu celebre sous le nom de "probleme d'Alhazen". Comparee a celle de Huygens ou de mathematiciens posterieurs, la (ou les) solution d'Alhazen a ce probleme serait, selon les normes actuelles, defectueuse. Mon propos dans cet article est de montrer en la reconstruisant, qu'en realite l'approche d'Alhazen a ce probleme, loin d'etre en quelque facon defectueuse, est remarquablement ingenieuse et elegante dans sa simplicite conceptuelle.
SU-FF-T-278: Is Monte Carlo Calculation Necessary for Prostate Patients with Hip Prostheses?

Purpose: To determine whether Monte Carlo calculation should be used for all IMRT patients with metal implants by comparing the dose distributions from two commercial dose calculation engines for patients with hip prostheses undergoing concurrent treatment of prostate and pelvic lymph nodes. Method and Materials:IMRTtreatment plans from four patients with hip prostheses, including two patients with bilateral prostheses, were optimized using the Corvus planning system, which calculates dose using a finite size pencil‐beam algorithm with an equivalent path‐length correction to account for tissue heterogeneities. The plans were subsequently calculated with Monte Carlo (Peregrine) for another final dose calculation. All plans were normalized and assessed based on changes in dose coverage. Results: For patients with bilateral prostheses, the dose to 95% (D95) decreased 8.7% for the prostate when calculated with Peregrine, with a corresponding decrease of 9.5% for the lymph nodes. For patients with a unilateral prosthesis, the D95 decreased 8.2% for the prostate, and 7.9% for the lymph nodes. The percentage decreases in the D5 and D20 for the bladder were 8.2% and 9.0%, and 7.3% and 8.2% for the rectum, respectively, for patients with bilateral prostheses. For patients with a unilateral prosthesis, the D5 and D20 were 13.9% and 11.0% lower for the bladder and 7.8% and 8.8% lower for the rectum, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that IMRT plans for patients with extensive tissue heterogeneities can produce very different dose distributions, depending on the dose calculation engine used. Future studies will investigate whether the discrepancies are due to the dose calculation algorithms, or to the tissue heterogeneity correction methods. In addition, a third dose calculation engine (Pinnacle), which uses a superposition‐convolution algorithm, will be included, and phantom measurement studies will be conducted. Conflict of Interest: This research is supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
Fluorescein Angiography in Eales' Disease

The cause of retinal vasculature periphlebitis is not known, but probably constitutes a local manifestation of a systemic or general­ ized disease; inflammatory, vascular, endo­ crine and hematologie disorders have been suggested as factors in its pathogenicity." Initially, vascular periphlebitis is charac­ terized by a slight localized peripheral edema of the retina which, at first, may involve only the small vascular branches of the pe­ riphery of the retina, but later spreads to in­ volvement of the larger veins. The next stage of the disease is characterized by new vessel formation and hemorrhage, mainly as the result of thrombosis and rupture of the affected retinal veins. These new vessels' are at first thin and capillary-like. Later, they increase to form bundles and plexuses of various shape under the posterior surface of the vitreous cavity. When these penetrate into the vitreous body, the result is retinitis proliferans, the final stage of the disease. In this stage, retinal detachment may occur sec­ ondary to the traction which is exercized by these pathologic elements.
Differentiated Th1 autoreactive effector cells can induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the absence of IL-12 and CD40/CD40L interactions

Abstract IL-12 plays a critical role in the priming of Th1 responses to bacterial/parasitic antigens and autoantigens. Several studies have demonstrated a dependency on CD40/CD40L interactions and IL-12 for maintenance of both antibacterial/parasitic and autoreactive Th1 cells in vivo. However, it is still unclear if fully differentiated Th1 effectors require continued stimulation by IL-12. We demonstrate that the proliferative response and IFN-γ production by a fully differentiated T cell line specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are completely independent of IL-12 and CD40/CD40L interactions. The capacity of this line to adoptively transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is also independent of IL-12 and CD40/CD40L. These results have important implications regarding the therapeutic usefulness of blockade of IL-12 or the CD40/CD40L pathway for treatment of autoimmune disease.
HIV Testing among Detained Youth.

Published reports have not investigated the issue of voluntary HIV testing among detained youth, a population disproportionately infected with HIV compared to other adolescent groups. Data were collected from 467 sexually active detained adolescents in Georgia on demographic, environmental, and drug and sexual history variables, to explore differences between those who ever tested for HIV and those who never tested for HIV prior to being detained. Among the total sample, testing was associated with living in a rural area, having received school or community-based sex education classes, causing a pregnancy or having been pregnant, having had an STD diagnosis, and recently having sex with a partner who was high on drugs. However, there were significant gender differences with respect to these findings. Results suggest that a significant number of detained adolescents (especially males) engage in risky sexual behaviors, but have never been tested for HIV. Consequently, strongly promoting HIV testing at detention centers may serve as a significant best baseline care practice for detained youth.
High-temperature thermodynamics of the Hubbard model: An exact numerical solution

A new first-principles method for numerically calculating finite-temperature properties of quantum many-body systems is described. It is used to compute the thermodynamic properties and magnetic correlations of the Hubbard model, with negligible error at temperatures near the bandwidth or above. Results for the half-filled band and a simple cubic or one-dimensional lattice confirm the existence of a high-temperature peak in the specific heat which has been associated with a smooth but rapid change in conductivity. Correlations calculated for the non-half-filled band simple cubic Hubbard model suggest condensation, an entirely unexpected phenomenon whose existence is shown (by unrelated methods) in Paper II.
Contingent means in multi-life models

Multi-life models are useful in actuarial science for studying life contingency. Contingent probabilities are well-understood by most actuaries and are discussed extensively in the existing actuarial literature. However, the mean of a life in a multi-life model involving order of deaths is often found to be rather challenging to interpret by most actuaries who do not understand measure-theoretic probability. Standard textbooks on actuarial science or statistics do not elaborate on the correct interpretation of contingent means, leaving the actuaries at risk of making a blunder. This paper presents the correct interpretation both heuristically and rigorously using a non-measure-theoretic language, so that actuaries will be aware of some common misconceptions and avoid pitfalls in their work. The primary audience of this paper is practicing actuaries, actuarial students and actuarial educators. So we have given several actuarial applications. We hope that applied statisticians also will find this paper useful.
Rubidium vapor laser pumped by two laser diode arrays

Scaling of alkali lasers to higher powers requires using multiple diode lasers for pumping. The first (to our knowledge) results of a cw rubidium laser pumped by two laser diode arrays are presented. A slope efficiency of 53%, total optical efficiency of 46%, and output power of 17 W have been demonstrated.
A comparison of fast chemical kinetic solvers for air quality modeling

Abstract Two methods for solving stiff systems of ordinary differential equations describing nonlinear chemical kinetics in air quality models, namely the hybrid and the quasi-steady state approximation (QSSA) schemes, are compared with respect to their accuracy and computational speed. Their implementation for parallel and vector processing computers is discussed. Tests are conducted using two different photochemical mechanisms. Also, a new test problem is developed to represent various degrees of stiffness encountered in urban and regional air quality simulations. It is concluded that the hybrid scheme is more accurate than the QSSA scheme. Different techniques are considered to eliminate conservation errors and make the solutions more accurate. As for the computational efficiency, the QSSA scheme is approximately two to four times faster than the hybrid scheme.
Patterns of activity in the Mayotte lemur, Lemur fulvus mayottensis

Lemur fulvus mayottensis was observed on the island of Mayotte from January through May 1975 (wet season), and from July through August 1977 (dry season). Study groups were scan-sampled for activity at 5-min intervals, and daily activity patterns were derived from these figures. The daytime activity:rest ratio declined from the wet season (0.52) to the dry (0.40), although a general pattern of early morning and late afternoon activity, with a substantial period of midday rest, was maintained. Such a decline also has been noted for L. f. rufus in Madagascar; in both cases it coincided with an increase in the proportion of leaves in the diet. During the dry season, nocturnal as well as diurnal observations were made; these revealed that at least as much activity occurred at night as during daylight. No appreciable difference existed between night and day in either the type or the intensity of activity, or in the food sources exploited (indeed, the two major feeding bouts began, respectively, before dawn and sunset, and continued after each). Such 24-h activity has not been reported in wild-living primates, and its possible significance is considered.
Patterns of meniscal injury associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in skiers

To determine if the incidence and patterns of meniscal injury associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in skiers are different from those seen in individuals injured in nonskiing athletic activities, we reviewed the records of 150 patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries. All patients had undergone arthroscopic evaluation within 21 days from the time of injury. There were 75 individuals who were injured while skiing and 75 individuals who sustained an injury in some other high-load athletic activity. Associated meniscal injury was documented at the time of arthroscopy and characterized by location, region, zone, depth, shape, size, and stability. Thirty-one of 75 skiers had an associated meniscal injury as compared to 47 of 75 of the nonskiers. This suggested a strong trend of decreased incidence of meniscal injury in the skier group, but the nonskiers had a higher incidence of major meniscal tears that required repair or partial meniscectomy. The location of the meniscal tear was also significantly different. The incidence of isolated lateral meniscal injury in skiers was higher than in nonskiers. There was a strong trend of increased incidence of medial meniscal involvement in the nonskiers than in the skiers. While there was no difference in the zone or region of tear between the two groups, the skier group was more likely to have a longitudinal tear of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. In both groups, lateral meniscal tears were more likely to require conservative treatment or partial meniscectomy while medial meniscal tears were more likely to be repaired than excised.
Prediction of the presence of invasive disease from the measurement of extent of malignant microcalcification on mammography and ductal carcinoma in situ grade at core biopsy

Aim To determine whether the extent of microcalcification and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) grade can be used to accurately predict the presence and size of invasive cancer in cases of malignant microcalcification. Materials and methods Over a 10-year period, 402 cases of malignant microcalcification from an NHS screening programme were analysed. For each case, measurement of mammographic microcalcification extent, DCIS grade, and the presence and size of invasive carcinoma from the excised surgical specimen were recorded. Results The final histological diagnosis was DCIS only in 71% (284/402) and DCIS with a focus of invasive disease in 29% (118/402). The risk of invasive disease increased with increasing size of microcalcification from 20% (27/136) for cluster size less than 11 mm, to 45% (18/40) for cluster size more than 60 mm. The risk of invasive disease also increased with increasing histological grade of DCIS from 13% (4/31) with low-grade DCIS to 36% (86/239) with high-grade DCIS. There were significant associations with the presence of invasive disease for cluster size ( p = 0.0001) and DCIS grade ( p = 0.003), and when using univariate analysis with simple [cluster size ( p = 0.01) and grade ( p = 0.01)] and multiple [cluster size ( p = 0.02) and grade (p = 0.02)] logistic regression, respectively. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test suggests that the multiple logistic regression model has a good fit ( p = 0.99). Conclusion The multidisciplinary team can use these data in individual cases to estimate the risk of invasive cancer and decide whether to carry out an axillary staging procedure.
Paradoxical Increase in Peroxisomal Cyanide-Insensitive Respiration Following Dietary Exposure to WY-14,643 in the Perfused Liver

Abstract WY-14,643, a lipid-lowering drug, increases basal rates of oxygen uptake in perfused livers. Because peroxisomes consume oxygen for H2O2production and are induced by WY-14,643 treatment, it is possible that peroxisomal β-oxidation can account for some of this increase in cellular respiration. Therefore, cyanide, an inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, was infused into livers of WY-14,643-fed rats (0.1% WY-14,643 in laboratory rat chow for 1, 21, and 105 days) to assess peroxisomal cyanide-insensitive respiration. As expected, the addition of cyanide abolished oxygen uptake nearly completely; however, after approximately 20 min oxygen consumption unexpectedly returned to basal levels in 105-day WY-14,643-treated animals but not in untreated controls. Urea synthesis, a process dependent upon ATP, was decreased and remained low during cyanide infusion in livers from both groups, indicating that mitochondria were not responsible for this unusual increase in oxygen uptake in the presence of cyanide. Methanol metabolism, which requires oxygen to form H2O2, was decreased from 37 ± 5 to 6 ± 1 μmol/g/hr in all groups treated with cyanide; however, it was increased significantly about 20 min later to 25 μmol/g/hr in livers from WY-14,643-treated rats, indicating that oxygen for peroxisomal H2O2production is involved in cellular respiration in the presence of cyanide. Fasting abolished the recovery of both oxygen uptake and methanol metabolism in WY-14,643-fed rats, suggesting that ATP for acyl CoA synthetase, an enzyme which metabolizes fatty acids to acyl CoA compounds, is provided by glycolysis. Indeed, oleate significantly increased methanol metabolism in fed control rats from 8 ± 4 to 26 ± 3 μmol/g/hr in the presence of cyanide, indicating that fatty acid supply is necessary for peroxisomal respiration. Taken together, [bnthese experiments demonstrate that when mitochondrial respiration is inhibited, livers from rats fed WY-14,643 chronically have the unique ability of metabolizing fatty acids through the peroxisome using glycolytic ATP.
The experience of fatigue and strategies of self-care among persons with multiple sclerosis.

Fatigue is one of the most common and least understood symptoms of many chronic and disabling conditions. This qualitative study used a convenience sample ( N = 13) of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). A semistructured interview guide was used to elicit a description of the experience of fatigue, its perceived antecedents, and the self-care strategies used to manage it. Data were gathered during two 90 minute interviews. Five themes were identified that describe the experience of fatigue for persons with MS. Categories of self-care strategies included energy conservation, recharge efforts, enhancing resistance to fatigue, and temperature control. Further research is needed to explore the effects of specific interventions in the management of fatigue.
Decentralization and Equity in Public and Nonprofit Sectors

This article examines hypotheses relating equity in service provision to decentralization in the nonprofit sector and to the lessons of the nonprofit experience for an increasingly decentralized public sector The findings indicate a relatively minor current role for nonprofits in distributive activities and significant differences in the generosity levels of communities and the targeting of donor support for charitable services, as opposed to amenity and civic services. The analyses also indicate some relative decline in giving levels in the most generous communities. The findings imply that decentralization of distributive programs to states and communities may be an effective strategy for limiting their scope and cutting back on national commitments to distressed population groups and communities.
The electroencephalogram in transient global amnesia.

Abstract The EEG findings during an episode of transient global amnesia in a 74-year-old female are described and the pertinent literature reviewed. The paroxysmal discharges in both temporal regions associated with a unique defect in short-term memory suggest that transient ischemia to tissue supplied by the basilar artery may be responsible for this syndrome.
The Evolution of Schizophrenia: A Model for Selection by Infection, with a Focus on NAD

Schizophrenia is a common, debilitating mental illness that has persisted over the generations. For a disease with a strong genetic component, such prevalence has been difficult to understand in evolutionary terms. A model for its prevalence as a phenotype is presented in this manuscript, based on reports of specific differences in gene expression, metabolite levels and historical epidemiology. The selective force that underlies the proposed model is tuberculosis, a scourge of huge proportions that itself evolved to interact with the human host in a manner ensuring both its long term persistence in the host and its transfer to other carriers prior to the host's unfortunate death. The focal point of the interaction between humans and M. tuberculosis is hypothesized to be the de novo synthesis of NAD via activation of the kynurenine pathway. The strategy that M. tuberculosis employed to circumvent this aspect of the host's response to mycobacterial infection, and how that strategy interacted with a poor diet to force human evolution towards increased risk for schizophrenia, forms the basic premise of this paper. The model has implications for treatment of both diseases and generates hypotheses to be tested.
Particulate matter dynamics in naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) concentrations and ventilation rates, in two naturally ventilated freestall dairy barns, were continuously monitored for two years. The first barn (B1) housed 400 fresh lactating cows, while the second barn (B2) housed 835 non-fresh lactating cows and 15 bulls. The relationships between PM concentrations and accepted governing parameters (environmental conditions and cattle activity) were examined. In comparison with other seasons, PM concentrations were lowest in winter. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations in spring and autumn were relatively higher than those in summer. Overall: the concentrations in the barns and ambient air, for all the PM categories (PM2.5, PM10, and TSP), exhibited non-normal positively skewed distributions, which tended to overestimate mean or average concentrations. Only concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 increased with ambient air temperature (R2 = 0.60–0.82), whereas only concentrations of TSP increased with cattle activity. The mean respective emission rates of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP for the two barns ranged between 1.6–4.0, 11.9–15.0, and 48.7–52.5 g d−1 cow−1, indicating similar emissions from the two barns.
Alternative Male Reproductive Phenotypes Affect Offspring Growth Rates in Chinook Salmon

Abstract Male age at maturity in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is a heritable trait in which the physiological “decision” to mature depends on an individual's exceeding a body size or condition threshold at critical developmental periods. In Chinook salmon, high juvenile growth rates promote the so called “jack” male life history. Jack males mature 1 year earlier than the youngest females in a population and are substantially smaller than older (hereafter, “adult”) males from the same population. We tested the hypothesis that the offspring of jack Chinook salmon males grow faster than the offspring of adult males, consistent with the heritability for age at maturity already demonstrated for this species. We controlled for maternal effects by artificially spawning individual jack and adult males with the same female, incubating the eggs, and testing offspring growth and survival in a common, quasinatural stream environment. Paternal life history had a significant effect on final length and weight...
Adaptation of Team Structure of Trauma Resuscitation Teams

We analyzed the debriefing sessions of real-life trauma resuscitation teams during the most intensive period of resuscitation: the first 30 minutes of patient admission to a trauma center. The debriefing sessions were from participants reviewing their performance in videotaped trauma resuscitation. Nineteen videotaped cases were reviewed in 37 debriefing sessions. Adaptation of team structure was noticed in response to task urgency and criticality, even though there was a preference for teams to maintain a hierarchical structure. We propose a set of archetypes of team structures based on the debriefing session and discuss how the archetypes could be used as a way to capture how teams adapt their structures.
Electrochemical fountain pen nanofabrication of vertically grown platinum nanowires

Local electrochemical deposition of freestanding platinum nanowires was demonstrated with a new approach—electrochemical fountain pen nanofabrication (ec-FPN). The ec-FPN exploits the meniscus formed between an electrolyte-filled nanopipette ('the fountain pen') and a conductive substrate to serve as a confined electrochemical cell for reducing and depositing metal ions. Freestanding Pt nanowires were continuously grown off the substrate by moving the nanopipette away from the substrate while maintaining a stable meniscus between the nanopipette and the nanowire growth front. High quality and high aspect-ratio polycrystalline Pt nanowires with diameter of ~150 nm and length over 30 µm were locally grown with ec-FPN. The ec-FPN technique is shown to be an efficient and clean technique for localized fabrication of a variety of vertically grown metal nanowires and can potentially be used for fabricating freeform 3D nanostructures.
Reply to Discussion of Impact of Information Technology on Public Accounting Firm Productivity

I. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Our research objective is the evaluation of productivity gains following IT implementation. In contrast to prior empirical research on IT productivity that has focused primarily on crosssectional analysis, our time-series research design compares productivity before and after IT investment and facilitates causality inferences. While we are precluded from disclosing the amount of the IT investment in 1998, our DEA estimation results indicate a payback period of less than a year for the 1998 IT investment; the regression estimation is even shorter. Managerial actions leading to value creation need not be the same as actions leading to sustainable competitive advantage. We present the following simple economic analysis of competitive strategy to illustrate that the implementation of the same new IT for all competing firms in an industry can increase the value of all firms (see Banker et al. [1998] for more complex models).
In Vivo Transmission of an IncA/C Plasmid in Escherichia coli Depends on Tetracycline Concentration, and Acquisition of the Plasmid Results in a Variable Cost of Fitness

IncA/C plasmids are broad-host-range plasmids enabling multidrug resistance that have emerged worldwide among bacterial pathogens of humans and animals. Although antibiotic usage is suspected to be a driving force in the emergence of such strains, few studies have examined the impact of different types of antibiotic administration on the selection of plasmid-containing multidrug resistant isolates. In this study, chlortetracycline treatment at different concentrations in pig feed was examined for its impact on selection and dissemination of an IncA/C plasmid introduced orally via a commensal Escherichia coli host. Continuous low-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 50 g per ton had no observable impact on the proportions of IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli from pig feces over the course of 35 days. In contrast, high-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 350 g per ton significantly increased IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli in pig feces (P < 0.001) and increased movement of the IncA/C plasmid to other indigenous E. coli hosts. There was no evidence of conjugal transfer of the IncA/C plasmid to bacterial species other than E. coli. In vitro competition assays demonstrated that bacterial host background substantially impacted the cost of IncA/C plasmid carriage in E. coli and Salmonella. In vitro transfer and selection experiments demonstrated that tetracycline at 32 μg/ml was necessary to enhance IncA/C plasmid conjugative transfer, while subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline in vitro strongly selected for IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli. Together, these experiments improve our knowledge on the impact of differing concentrations of tetracycline on the selection of IncA/C-type plasmids.
GPU-accelerated denoising of 3D magnetic resonance images

The raw computational power of GPU accelerators enables fast denoising of 3D MR images using bilateral filtering, anisotropic diffusion, and non-local means. In practice, applying these filtering operations requires setting multiple parameters. This study was designed to provide better guidance to practitioners for choosing the most appropriate parameters by answering two questions: what parameters yield the best denoising results in practice? And what tuning is necessary to achieve optimal performance on a modern GPU? To answer the first question, we use two different metrics, mean squared error (MSE) and mean structural similarity (MSSIM), to compare denoising quality against a reference image. Surprisingly, the best improvement in structural similarity with the bilateral filter is achieved with a small stencil size that lies within the range of real-time execution on an NVIDIA Tesla M2050 GPU. Moreover, inappropriate choices for parameters, especially scaling parameters, can yield very poor denoising performance. To answer the second question, we perform an autotuning study to empirically determine optimal memory tiling on the GPU. The variation in these results suggests that such tuning is an essential step in achieving real-time performance. These results have important implications for the real-time application of denoising to MR images in clinical settings that require fast turn-around times.
Teaching with Wikis: Toward a Networked Pedagogy

Computers and writing scholarship is increasingly turning towards the network as a potential pedagogical model, one in which writing is intimately connected to its social contexts. The use of wikis in first-year composition classes can support this networked pedagogy. More specifically, due to unique features such as editability and detailed page histories, wikis can challenge a number of traditional pedagogical assumptions about the teaching of writing. This article shows how wikis can challenge assumptions in four categories of interest to composition studies: new media composition, collaborative writing, critical interaction, and online authority. The analysis demonstrates that wikis, while not automatically revolutionary to composition pedagogy, hold significant potential to help facilitate pedagogical changes.
Packet- vs. session-based modeling for intrusion detection systems

In today's interconnected networks, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), encryption devices, firewalls and other hardware and software solutions are critical in providing complete security solutions for corporations and government agencies. Many IDS variants exist which allow security personnel to identify attack network packets primarily through the use of signature detection where the IDS "recognizes" attack packets due to their well-known signatures as those packets cross the network's gateway threshold. However, anomaly-based ID systems identify normal traffic within a network and report abnormal behavior. We report the findings of our research in the area of anomaly-based intrusion detection systems using data-mining techniques to create a decision tree model of our network using the 1999 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation data set. After the model was created, we gathered data from our local campus network and scored the new data through the model using both packet-based and session-based modeling and compare the results.
The Legacy of Child Sexual Abuse

The personal narrative, Cherchez la Femme, Cherchez la Femme: A Paradoxical Response to Trauma by Penelope Hollander, is a poetic and poignant account of one woman’s struggles with the psychological effects and enduring legacy of sexual abuse by her father. She writes of the spectrum of confusing and contradictory affects associated with the experience. She tells us there was a “feeling of genuine pleasure from the perpetrator . . . dad aroused great pleasure in me,” but there were also symptoms of “migraines, vomiting, nervous coughing, choking, and truant absenteeism from school”. She raises one of the enduring questions regarding the sexual molestation of children. “What does it mean to be a victim and survivor of childhood trauma?” In this short commentary, I will present my current understanding of the process, but I will introduce it with two caveats: 1) To paraphrase Tolstoy, each victim is unique in his or her own way; and 2) “It’s not so important that we understand everything clearly but that we clearly understand where the obscurities are” (Freud, 1926). We will see there are a lot of obscurities. The history of society is replete with the multiplicity of ways in which children have been traumatized (Demause, 1991). Finkelhor (1994) has commented on the universality of the sexual maltreatment of children. In a review of 19 countries, he found the rates of child sexual abuse to be generally similar around the world (Finkelhor, 1994). Sexual maltreatment of children usually takes one of three forms: 1) the sexual exploitation of children to gratify one’s own physical sexual needs; 2) the excessive erotization of children through inappropriate sexual stimulation; and, 3) the mortification, vilification, and suppression of the child’s emerging sexuality (Finkelhor, 1991). Although the rates of child sexual abuse in the United States have declined in recent years, nevertheless it is estimated that 12% to 35% of women and 4% to 9% of men have unwanted sexual experiences prior to 18 years of age (Putman, 2003). Sexual abusive behaviors refer to any sexual behavior which occurs: 1) without consent, 2) without equality, or 3) as a result of coercion. Children legally and by definition of their limited cognitive development and experiences in the world are not able to give consent. An understanding of the psychological effects of traumatic childhood sexual abuse requires an understanding of the developing child as well as the centrality of affects associated with childhood sexual abuse. While children are generally exposed to the same traumatic happenings as adults, the trauma occurs in a developing child who is in the midst of elaborating an inner representational world, sensual-sexual motivational Psychiatry 67(3) Fall 2004 217
Molecular doping and tuning threshold voltage in 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene/polymer blend transistors

Precise control of the electrical characteristics of organic field-effect transistors is essential for their use in integrated circuits. In addition to the mobility, the threshold voltage, Vth, is a key parameter to control for proper circuit operation. In this work, we demonstrate the controlled tuning of Vth of solution-processed, small-molecule, organic semiconductor transistors via molecular doping of the solution at multiple different doping levels.
Erythropoietin: Hypothesis of Action Tested by Analog Computer

The action of erythropoietin on the pool of undifferentiated bone marrow cells has been examined with the aid of a model tested with an analog computer. The model is consistent with reported experimental results. The essential aspects of the action are (i) the effect is exerted during the S phase of the cell's cycle; (ii) " effective " erythropoietin is present in the cell only during G1 and part of S; and, (iii) hormone molecules survive in the cell for only a limited time in effective form and require a certain time to assume this form.
Pupillary response to atrial natriuretic factor in rabbits

This study was designed to evaluate the pupillary and intraocular pressure (IOP) response to exogenously administered atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in rabbits. Dose-response studies were conducted by administering intracameral (i.c.) ANF (0.1-5 micrograms). The effect of route of administration was evaluated by administering ANF (5 micrograms/kg) intravenous (i.v.) subcutaneous (s.c.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.). In a final study, normal rabbit serum or ANF antiserum were administered i.c. In all studies, pupillary diameter (PD) and IOP were evaluated. Intracameral administration of ANF (0.1-5 micrograms) produced a significant (P less than 0.01) dose-dependent unilateral miosis without affecting IOP. Peripheral (i.v., s.c., i.p.) administration ANF did not affect PD or IOP. Finally, ANF antiserum did not affect PD significantly. These data suggest that ocular, but not circulating ANF may contribute to regulate pupillary function. The mechanism of the miotic response to ANF probably involves interactions with other autonomic neurotransmitters because immunoneutralization of endogenous ocular ANF was without measurable effect.
Expansion motions in the inner parts of the Galaxy

Expansion motions in inner Galaxy, discussing lower velocity absorption features, mass estimation method and model
Reactive adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on visible light photoactive zinc (hydr)oxide/graphite oxide and zinc (hydr)oxychloride/graphite oxide composites

Abstract Composites of zinc (hydr)oxide and graphite oxide (GO) with 2, 5, and 20 wt.% of the GO component were obtained by precipitating zinc hydroxide from zinc chloride with dispersed GO present in the solution. The materials were evaluated as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide at ambient conditions. The surface properties of the initial and exhausted samples were studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDX, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, potentiometric titration, microcalorimetry, and thermal analysis. The adsorption capacity increases with an increase in the content of GO in the composites studied. The lower adsorption capacities measured for the samples with 2 and 5 wt.% of graphite oxide are linked to the zinc (hydr)oxychlorides phase present in these composites. The heats of H2S adsorption on the zinc (hydr)oxide and its composites were measured in nitrogen and in air flow. The results indicate that highly energetic adsorption centers are formed on the composite surfaces. Exposure to visible light decreases the H2S adsorption capacity. This behavior is linked to photoactivity that leads to the reduction of the composite and formation of sulfur and sulfites/sulfates. These processes involve active centers, OH groups, which react with hydrogen sulfide.