cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2113: Androgen receptor splice variants activating the full-length receptor in mediating resistance to androgen-directed therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Androgen deprivation therapy, which disrupts androgen receptor (AR) signaling through androgen ablation or AR antagonists, is the first-line treatment for disseminated prostate cancer. While this regimen is effective initially, progression to the presently incurable and lethal stage, termed castration-resistant prostate cancer, invariably occurs. Upregulation of constitutively-active AR splice variants (AR-Vs) has been implicated in AR-driven tumor progression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. To date, functional studies of AR-Vs have been focused mainly on their ability to regulate gene expression independent of the full-length AR (AR-FL). Here, we showed that AR-V7 and ARv567es, two major AR-Vs, both facilitated AR-FL nuclear translocation in the absence of androgen and mitigated the ability of the antiandrogen enzalutamide to inhibit AR-FL nuclear trafficking. AR-V bound to the promoter of its specific target without AR-FL, but when dimerized with AR-FL, co-occupied the promoter of canonical AR target with AR-FL in a mutually-dependent manner. AR-V expression attenuated both androgen and enzalutamide modulation of AR-FL activity/cell growth, and mitigated the in vivo antitumor efficacy of enzalutamide. Furthermore, AR-V levels were upregulated in xenograft tumors that had acquired enzalutamide resistance. Collectively, this study highlights a dual function of AR-Vs in mediating castration resistance. In addition to trans-activating target genes independent of AR-FL, AR-Vs can serve as a “rheostat” to control the response of AR-FL to androgen-directed therapy via activating AR-FL in an androgen-independent manner. The findings shed new insights into the mechanisms of AR-V-mediated castration resistance and have significant therapeutic implications. Citation Format: Yanfeng Qi, Bo Cao, Guanyi Zhang, Duo Xu, Zhiyong Guo, Zhenggang Xiong, Stephen Plymate, Oliver Sartor, Haitao Zhang, Yan Dong. Androgen receptor splice variants activating the full-length receptor in mediating resistance to androgen-directed therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2113. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2113
Analysis of swept volume via Lie groups and differential equations

The development of useful mathematical techniques for an alyzing swept volumes, together with efficient means of im plementing these methods to produce serviceable models, has important applications to numerically controlled (NC) machin ing, robotics, and motion planning, as well as other areas of automation. In this article a novel approach to swept volumes is delineated—one that fully exploits the intrinsic geometric and group theoretical structure of Euclidean motions in or der to formulate the problem in the context of Lie groups and differential equations.Precise definitions of sweep and swept volume are given that lead naturally to an associated ordinary differential equation. This sweep differential equation is then shown to be related to the Lie group structure of Euclidean motions and to generate trajectories that completely determine the geometry of swept volumes.It is demonstrated that the notion of a sweep differential equation leads to criteria that provide useful insights concern ing the geo...
An RNA-protein contact determined by 5-bromouridine substitution, photocrosslinking and sequencing.

Abstract An analogue of the replicase translational operator of bacteriophage R17, that contains a 5-bromouridine at position -5 (RNA 1), complexes with a dimer of the coat protein and photocrosslinks to the coat protein in high yield upon excitation at 308 nm with a xenon chloride excimer laser. Tryptic digestion of the crosslinked nucleoprotein complex followed by Edman degradation of the tryptic fragment bearing the RNA indicates crosslinking to tyrosine 85 of the coat protein. A control experiment with a Tyr 85 to Ser 85 variant coat protein showed binding but no photocrosslinking at saturating protein concentration. This is consistent with the observation from model compound studies of preferential photocrosslinking of BrU to the electron rich aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine with 308 nm excitation.
Starting Values for EM Estimation of Latent Class Joint Model

Latent class model is one of the important latent variable methods for joint modeling longitudinal and survival data. Latent class joint model can handle underlying heterogeneous population, discover subpopulation structure, and incorporate correlated non normally distributed outcomes. The maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in latent class joint model are generally obtained by the EM algorithm. Finding the starting values is one of the major issues to implement the EM algorithm successfully. In this article, initial value formulas are provided, a simulation study is conducted to show that the proposed starting values perform very well, and two illustrative examples are presented.
Electrodeposition of Silver from Sulfate, Nitrate, Fluoborate and Fluoride Solutions

The possibility of electrodepositing silver in a form suitable for electroplating purposes from silver sulfate, nitrate, fluoborate and fluoride solutions has been studied. Owing to the simple‐immersion deposition of silver from these solutions upon copper, mercury, brass and nickel, adherent deposits were obtained only upon silver. Relatively compact deposits of silver were obtained upon silver deposited from an argento‐cyanide solution, from silver sulfate solutions containing boric acid or ferric sulfate, silver nitrate solutions containing boric acid., silver fluoborate solutions and silver fluoride solutions. However, these solutions showed a great tendency to yield treed deposits, and the conditions under which deposits free from trees could be obtained were limited. All the compact deposits were decidedly crystalline, and while they might be of use in the electrorefining of silver, as a means of obtaining dense silver deposits instead of the loose crystals given by the nitrate solution, they offer no serious competition to the usual argento‐cyanide solution for the electroplating of silver, unless considerable improvement can be made, for example, by the use of "addition agents." A further difficulty in the way of the use of these baths for silver deposition is the unsatisfactory corrosion of the anodes.
Túmulos of Colonial Peru

Funeral books describing the exequias commemorating the death of important persons are the chief source of this study of the tumulos of colonial Peru. Existing copies of these rare imprints with wr...
Cross-Generational Attributions concerning Locus of Control Beliefs

Age differences and attributions of age differences in locus of control orientation were examined for college students and older adults. Self-ratings and ratings of the other group by sixty college students and ninety-seven older adults were measured using Rotter's locus of control items in a Likert format. Findings showed that both age groups misattributed levels of control orientation to the other group when compared to that group's self-ratings. Older adults endorsed more internal beliefs than did college students. College students viewed older adults as more external than older adults viewed themselves, while older adults viewed college students as more internal than students' self-ratings indicated. The common perception in gerontological literature that older adults are particularly external in their locus of control beliefs may represent an erroneous attribution rather than self-reported beliefs.
Attributed Motivations for Feminism as a Function of Occupation, Marital Status, and Age.

Male and female undergraduates were given brief biographical descriptions of women which varied in occupation (housewife, secretary, lawyer), marital status, and age. They were also given a list of possible reasons why each woman was a feminist and asked to evaluate the strength of each of these reasons on a 7-point scale. It was hypothesized that more positive reasons for being a feminist would be attributed to lawyers, to married rather than single women, and to younger rather than older women. Analyses of the ratings on each reason indicated that, with but a single exception, the lawyer was seen as being more motivated by positive reasons than were secretaries or housewives. Although age and marital status appeared in a number of significant interactions, the hypotheses concerning these variables were not directly supported and must be interpreted along with other factors.
An Advanced Generation of Adenoviral Vectors Selectively Enhances Gene Transfer for Ovarian Cancer Gene Therapy Approaches

Abstract Objective. We hypothesized that incorporation of an integrin binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptide to the HI loop of the adenovirus fiber knob would allow enhanced, coxsackie-adenovirus receptor-independent gene transfer by modified Ad vector in the context of ovarian cancer. Methods. Ovarian cancer cell lines, primary ovarian cancer cells, primary tumor explants, and mesothelial tissue were transfected with luciferase encoding adenovirus (AdCMVLuc) or a genetically modified adenovirus (Ad5lucRGD) which contained an RGD motif within the HI loop of the knob. The luciferase activity was measured and the transduction efficiencies of both viruses were compared. Results. In all established ovarian cell lines and primary tumor cell samples there was dramatically augmented gene transfer observed with the Ad5lucRGD compared to AdCMVLuc. The enhanced gene transfer in ovarian cancer cell lines ranged from 2.5- to 471.6-fold, in ascites samples from 26.1- to 64.0-fold, and in tumor explants from 1.6- to 11.1-fold. Although gene transfer to normal mesothelial tissue was slightly augmented by RGD retargeting, the level of gene transfer was much lower than that seen in ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that genetically altered adenoviruses with modified tropism are capable of more efficient gene transfer in the context of ovarian cancer. The higher level of transfer with respect to peritoneal mesothelium can be exploited to enhance the therapeutic index of interventions using adenoviral vectors. Studies are warranted, therefore, to determine the in vivo utility of this targeted vector approach in the context of gene therapeutic strategies for cancer of the ovary.
Liquid ion exchangers for chromatography of steroidal glucosiduronic acids and other polar compounds.

Abstract Many of the solvent systems which are commonly used to chromatograph corticosteroids can be used to chromatograph the corresponding glucosiduronic acids if the mobile phase is made about 0.1 M with tetraheptylammonium chloride and the stationary phase is made about 0.1 M with potassium chloride. The rates of movement of the glucosiduronates relative to one another are different in the various solvent systems which are described.
Intimate migrations: gender, family, and illegality among transnational Mexicans

DEBORAH A. BOEHM, 2012, New York: New York University Press, 178 pp, ISBN 978-0-8147-8983-4, $49.00 (hardback) The concept of transnationalism gets invoked so frequently in migration studies today ...
Altered lymphocyte markers and blastogenic responses associated with 24 hour delay in processing of blood samples

Abstract Lymphocytes separated from fresb heparinized blood or from blood stored 24 h at room temperature were tested for E rosettes, EAC rosettes, and blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin. Compared to lymphocytes from fresh blood, lymphocytes from 24 h stored blood contained a lower percentage of E rosette-positive cells, a higher percentage of E rosette-negative EAC rosette-negative null cells, and manifested a decreased blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin. Fewer viable mononuclear cells were recovered by Ficoll-Hypaque separation from stored blood than from fresh blood. These findings suggest that storage-related changes may occur in T cells which cause a selective loss of such cells during Ficoll-Hypaque separation. A delay in processing of blood samples may therefore yield results of lymphocyte marker and functional assays which give the false impression of a decrease in T cells and an increase in null cells.
New approach to great-vessel reconstruction in transposition complexes with interrupted aortic arch

Interrupted aortic arch can be associated with transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and with the Taussig-Bing anomaly. This usually results in a marked disparity between the hypoplastic ascending aorta and the dilated main pulmonary artery. Currently, standard arterial switch and arch repair is a widely applied approach to the surgical management of these lesions. Though the morphology of the great vessels in these lesions does not preclude this approach, the great-vessel mismatch can result in difficulties at and beyond the proximal neo-aortic to ascending aortic suture line that cause excessive bleeding, obstruction, tension, distortion, and the need of patch augmentation of the ascending aorta or arch with nonviable material. We present an alternative surgical approach used in 2 patients, 1 with Taussig-Bing anomaly and interrupted aortic arch and the other with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and interrupted aortic arch, that greatly simplifies the reconstruction of the neo-aorta and repair of the interrupted arch and avoids these potential hazards.
THE CUTOFF BENEFIT-COST RATIO SHOULD EXCEED ONE

Abstract The engineering economics textbook rule of accepting all projects with a benefit-cost ratio in excess of one worth fails to consider the bias introduced from there being typically more poor projects than good projects. Bayesian statistics provides an analytical solution to the problem of combining prior information with an engineer's estimates. With all distributions normal, the posterior mean (to be used for decision making) becomes a weighted average of the prior mean, and the mean derived from the engineer's estimates, A simple formula provides the optimal cut-off benefit-cost ratio. This value typically exceeds the textbook's unity cut-off benefit-cost ratio.
An eclectic history of peripheral nerve surgery

It is hard to decide where history stops and contemporary development of peripheral nerve surgery begins. This article provides an eclectic view of the history of peripheral nerve surgery. In trying to keep the story moving, the publications of many authors have been omitted. For this, we are sorry. We have also stopped short of reporting the contemporary history of molecular biology as applied to peripheral nerve regeneration. The future of peripheral nerve repairs lies in our understanding of the molecular cascades that stimulate axon growth and guide the axon to its proper destination. We hope that this review shows the reader that researchers who got us where we are traveled a road filled with erroneous dogma, bad advice,and misleading data. We believe that the lessons learned from those who brought us back to the right path are applicable to many disciplines.
Barriers and dispersal surfaces in minimum-time interception

Minimum time interception of a target moving in a horizontal plane is analyzed as a one-player differential game. Dispersal points and points on the barrier are located for a class of pursuit evasion and interception problems. These points are determined by constructing cross sections of the isochrones and hence obtaining the barrier, dispersal, and control level surfaces. The game solution maps the controls as a function of the state within the capture region.
Dual-detector polarimetry for compensation of motion artifact in a glucose sensing system

Much work has been done to make the optical measurement of glucose concentrations in the aqueous humor a feasible, non- invasive, alternative for the blood finger stick, method currently used by people with diabetes mellitus. Recent work has demonstrated that the time lag between blood and aqueous humor glucose levels is within five minutes but there is still work to be done in overcoming the confounding effects of changing birefringence, due to motion artifact, on the detected glucose signal during in-vivo measurements. To address this issue, we designed and implemented a dual orthogonal polarization detection system. We present promising preliminary results that indicate that this method, with some slight modifications and optimization of our system, has the potential to extract glucose concentration information from a birefringent sample in the presence of motion artifact.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A study of microwave radiation leakage from microwave ovens.

There has been an increase in the use of microwave ovens for cooking foods. Their use results in a considerable reduction in cooking time over conventional ovens. A study was made of 187 commercial use ovens to determine the extent of leakage of microwave radiation. Twenty percent were found to leak 10 or more mw/cm2 within two inches at the perimeter of the closed oven door. There is concern about this leakage, particularly because of the increased use of these ovens in the home. There is a need for an improved door design to minimize leakage. Improved safety interlocks are needed also in some models to assure cut off of microwave radiation while the door is being opened.
Embolization of hemorrhaging rectus sheath hematoma.

A75-year-old man with multiple myeloma and history of pulmonary embolism on warfarin anticoagulation presented with three days of worsening abdominal pain after a fall. His exam demonstrated a tender, unilateral abdominal mass that remained palpable with tensing of the rectus sheath (Fothergill’s sign).1 Initial hemoglobin was 5.7 g/dL, platelets 47,000/mm3, and INR 1.74. Computed tomography revealed a large right-sided rectus sheath hematoma (Figs. ​(Figs.1A,1A, ​,B).B). Blood products were administered and anticoagulation was reversed. However, repeat hemoglobin was 4.9 g/dL. Emergent angiography identified a hemorrhaging branch of the right inferior epigastric artery (Fig. ​(Fig.1C,1C, black arrowhead and inset). One linear and two short coils were deployed achieving hemostasis (Fig. ​(Fig.1D,1D, white arrowheads). Surgical evacuation was performed three days later due to overlying skin necrosis. He recovered without further incident and was discharged without anticoagulation. Figure 1. Embolization of a large rectus sheath hematoma. Rectus sheath hematoma is an uncommon complication of anticoagulant therapy and usually self-tamponades. Conservative management includes anticoagulant reversal, fluids, and transfusion, if needed. Invasive measures are indicated if bleeding persists and compromises hemodynamic stability. Historically, surgical evacuation with vessel ligation was performed; however, percutaneous arterial embolization is a safe, effective, and less invasive alternative.2
On the relation between charge-density susceptibility, scattering functions, and Van Der Waals forces

Abstract An expression is derived for the charge-density susceptibility, or nonlocal polarizability, relating it to a generalized dynamic form factor for incoherent scattering. It is shown that for large momentum and energy transfers, the susceptibility assumes a form closely related to the Compton profile in X-ray scattering. Under closure, in which a mean excitation energy is assumed, the charge-density susceptibility takes on a form which is proportional to a generalized incoherent scattering function; for uncorrelated wavefunctions the latter can be expressed entirely in terms of static form factors. As an illustrative example, the charge-density susceptibility of He is calculated within the closure approximation and applied to the interaction between two He atoms. The second order dispersion energy so obtained is compared with other theoretical and experimental potential energy curves, and the results are discussed.
Adaptation to low photon flux densities in Protogonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata, with reference to chloroplast photomorphogenesis

Changes in cellular chlorophyll content, cell volume, and light scatter of a New England red tide dinoflagellate, Protogonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata (clone GT-429), cultured in various light regimes are reported. Individual cells were analyzed, using flow cytometry and compared to traditional bulk measurements. Compared to high photon flux densities (182 μEin m-2 s-1), changes were measured that reflected increased chlorophyll fluorescence and increased cell volume at reducec photon flux densities when cell division was sustained, and increased flourescence and decreased cell volume when cell division ceased. These optical changes were accompanied by conformational changes in the chloroplasts. We found no change in photosynthetic carboxylating enzyme activities. We suggest that this photomorphogenesis of the chloroplasts at low photon flux densities may be an indication of stress and survival vs adaptive value to these persistent cells.
Abnormalities in hypothalamic and neurohypophysial vasopressin content are not a consequence of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

In order to determine if the decreased hypothalamic and increased posterior pituitary content of vasopressin (VP) observed previously in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were a secondary consequence of the hypertension, the effect of preventing the development of hypertension on VP content of the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system was evaluated. Two methods for preventing the hypertension were used: (1) chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (oral captopril, 100 mg/kg/day at 4-12 weeks of age); and (2) intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 200 micrograms at 4 and 5 weeks of age). Both of these treatments markedly attenuated the increase in systolic blood pressure in SHRs at 5-11 weeks of age. The captopril-treated rats had a significant elevation in serum renin activity at 12 weeks of age indicating the presence of chronic converting enzyme inhibition, and the 6-OHDA-treatment resulted in a depletion of hypothalamic (86%) and brainstem (76%) norepinephrine content. Hypothalamic VP content was reduced in untreated SHRs compared to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs, P = 0.0015). It was not significantly altered in either strain by the 6-OHDA treatment. Captopril caused a reduction in hypothalamic VP content in both SHRs and WKYs (P less than 0.01). Posterior pituitary VP content was elevated in untreated SHRs compared to WKYs (P less than 0.001), and remained elevated with captopril and 6-OHDA treatments. These data indicate that the abnormalities in VP content in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary of SHRs are not a response to the hypertension. Therefore, they may represent primary abnormalities in the SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recent work in geodetic tape standardization

The invar base-line tapes used by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey are tested at the Bureau of Standards. Since these tapes are used in the fundamental geodetic surveys of this country, including international boundary lines, it is essential that every precaution be used in the standardization. It is now possible to measure the change in the distance between the end graduation lines of such a tape when a small weight is placed on the tape, even if the weight is as small as an ordinary wire paper clip. This effect can be calculated mathematically from the weight of the paper clip and there is agreement between the observations and the calculations to about the one fifty-millionth part of the total length of the tape.
Development and changes of annulate lamellae complexes in rubella virus-infected RK-13 cells

Rabbit kidney cells (RK-13) infected with rubella virus develop, at days 7 and 8, cytoplasmic basophilic inclusions referred to typical complexes of annulate lamellae (AL) and radial cisternae (RC). Beside them are found spherical structures 920 A in diameter. These particles seem to develop from stacks of RC, in which transition stages of this hypothetical process are detectable. These particles cannot be considered AL in cross section. Another type of spherical structure, 1000–2000 A in diameter, is concomitantly present near the above-mentioned figures. They are composed of a central dense core and an enveloping membrane. The occurrence of numerous syncytial cells is also observed. A hypothetical relationship of the development between the two types of particles is given, as well as their relation with rubella virus infection.
Bi3(FeO4)(MoO4)2 and Bi3(GaO4)(MoO4)2 - new compounds with scheelite related structures

Abstract The title compounds have been prepared for the first time. They have monoclinic structures related to the scheelite (CaWO4) structure, and they represent the first example of trivalent cations on tetrahedral sites of the scheelite structure. A superstructure is observed due to an ordering of the cations on the tetrahedral sites.
Effectiveness of Insecticide Applications Timed to Correspond with the Development of Rosy Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Apple

Effectiveness of timing insecticide applications to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis Plantaginea (Passerini), on apple was studied in 1980 and 1981. Applications of insecticide were timed to coincide with D. plantaginea development and tree phenology. Egg hatch occurred each year from the silver tip to centimeter green stage of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. The insecticides chloropyrifos and methidathion provided effective, season-long, control when applied during hatch of overwintering eggs. The addition of 70-second superior oil to the insecticides did not improve (Controlnor was an application of oil alone effective. Application of insecticides after the 1.3-cm green stage, especially contact type insecticides, usually resulted in less effective control and more leaf and fruit damage. Tactics for managing D. plantaginea and the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are discussed.
Evolution of DNA sequences has been retarded in Malagasy primates

It is generally accepted that there are six major groups of living primates: (1) lemurs (including all the primates of Madagascar), (2) lorises (including galago and potto), (3) tarsiers, (4) New World monkeys, (5) Old World monkeys and (6) apes (including man). Tree shrews, once considered to be primates, are now generally recognized as not significantly more closely related to the six groups than other mammals. The first surviving primate lines to diverge from the common primate ancestor are believed to have given rise to one or more of the first three groups. However, the fossil record is insufficient to determine their relative branching order. Furthermore, neither morphological considerations nor studies of protein evolution produce unanimity as to whether tarsiers are more closely related to the prosimians (the lemurs plus lorises) or the simians (the monkeys and apes). In an attempt to resolve these discrepancies, we have measured the DNA sequence difference between several primates. We report here that the evolution of DNA of primates from Madagascar is significantly less than that of all other groups of living primates. This is not expected in the simplest form of the theory of neutral selection and may be important for our understanding of evolution at the molecular level.
Magneto-optic constants of hcp and fcc Co films

We tabulate the wavelength dependence of the complex magneto-optic constants for epitaxial fcc (001) and hcp $(11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}00)$ Co films with the magnetization along two different in-plane crystallographic directions. The magneto-optic constants of epitaxial hcp Co films are strongly dependent on crystallographic direction for the same sample, while those of epitaxial fcc Co films are not, as anticipated from the trends in the magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. Our results for (i) the anisotropic magneto-optic constants, (ii) the magnetic anisotropy, and (iii) the indices of refraction, are compared to other studies of Co.
Vascular compliance in blood pressure.

Purpose of review Vascular stiffening is a hallmark of the aging process. Improvements in the methods used to measure central stiffness, particularly applanation tonometry, and their use as therapeutic targets have generated great interest. Recent findings Vascular stiffness is associated with increases in pulse pressure (PP), aortic augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity (PWV). This last has emerged as the gold standard for evaluation of vascular stiffness, as it is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium-channel blockers with or without diuretics are all commonly used to ameliorate vascular stiffness; however, selective β-1 blockers (β-blockers) may actually worsen aortic PP and aortic augmentation index. Summary Serial measurements of vascular stiffness, including PWV, augmentation index, and PP, may be especially beneficial in older patients to supplement brachial blood pressure. At present, given the lack of universally accepted normal values for vascular stiffness as measured by applanation tonometry, serial measurements over time may be more helpful than a single isolated value. In patients with suspected vascular stiffening, therapy should include inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, calcium-channel blockers, and diuretics as needed to normalize blood pressure. β-Blockers should be reserved for patients with a history of myocardial infarction or congestive heart disease. It remains to be established whether β-blockers with vasodilator properties could improve the assessment of vascular compliance.
Electron diffusion, electron attachment, and the aging of negative ions in commercial nitrogen at atmospheric pressure

Abstract A criticism by Loeb and Bradbury of my interpretation of the experimental results of that part of a previous paper which dealt with the aging of negative ions in commercial nitrogen is shown to be invalidated by a mistake in their analysis and by assumptions which do not represent facts with sufficient accuracy. A more extended analysis of the previous work and new evidence which is given confirm the correctness of the former contention that the negative ions in question changed in size with age. The lateral spread, owing to diffusion, of a stream of electrons in this nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, when moving in an electric field of about 100 volts/cm., was found to be very nearly the same as that for positive ions under like conditions. The average energy losses of the electrons at collision with the molecules must therefore have nearly balanced the gains from the electric field and hence were greater than would result from purely elastic collisions. The experimental results indicate that in fields down to at least 20 volts/cm. nearly all of the attachment of electrons to molecules in the gas used occurred close to the place of their liberation.
The alkali metal doping of semiconductors

Abstract The paper describes a method whereby small and accurately known amounts of alkali metals, completely free from oxide, can be used for the doping of semiconductors. This is done by introducing appropriate cations into the surrounding vacuum system by controlled electrolysis of a fused salt.
Interaction of simian virus 40 large T-antigen with cellular DNA polymerase α: studies with various T-antigen mutants of SV40

Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen binds to host cell DNA polymerase α and the T-antigen-DNA polymerase α complex is implicated in the initiation of viral DNA replication. We have examined various SV40 T-antigen mutants to test the correspondence between viral DNA replication and T-antigen-DNA polymerase α complex formation. The various SV40 T-antigen mutants were used to either infect or transfect African green monkey kidney cell line CV-1, and at different time intervals we measured the production of T-antigen and host cell DNA polymerase α by radioimmunoassay, complex formation by a sandwich radioimmunoassay and the amount of viral DNA synthesis by dot-blot hybridization analysis. There was a good correlation between complex formation and viral DNA synthesis in lytic mutants of SV40. Poor complex formation and correspondingly lower DNA synthesis were observed in the non-viable mutants of SV40, even though significant amounts of T-antigen and DNA polymerase α were present. Our results substantiate the earlier findings of T-antigen-DNA polymerase α complex formation and establish the need for formation of this complex in promoting viral DNA synthesis.
Forecasting Network Data: Spatial Interpolation of Traffic Counts from Texas Data

Annual average daily traffic (AADT) values have long played an important role in transportation design, operations, planning, and policy making. However, AADT values are almost always rough estimates that are based on the closest short-period traffic counts and are factored by using permanent automatic traffic recorder data. This study develops Kriging-based methods for mining network and count data over time and space. With the use of Texas highway count data, the method forecasts AADT values at locations where no traffic detectors are present. While low-volume road counts remain difficult to predict, available explanatory variables are few, and extremely high-count outlier sites skew predictions in the data set used here, overall AADT-weighted median prediction error is 31% (across all Texas network sites). Here, Kriging performed far better than other options for spatial extrapolation, such as assigning AADT on the basis of a point's nearest sampling site, which yields errors of 80%. Beyond AADT estima...
Perceived Usefulness of Learning Outcomes Predicts Ratings of Departmental Helpfulness

Psychology seniors at a Midwest university reflected on the student learning outcomes (SLOs) for the major. This study examined the relations among students' perceived usefulness of the SLOs, measures of learning, ratings of self-confidence in their knowledge of psychology, and evaluations of the department's helpfulness in students' skill development. Correlations showed few significant relations between usefulness of the SLOs and measures of learning and no relations with ratings of self-confidence. Perceived usefulness of the outcomes was a significant predictor of the department's perceived helpfulness in students' skill development. However, students' perceptions of the department dropped significantly by the end of the capstone course. We discuss implications related to activities teachers might use to enhance learning.
The future of color science

Color science is a unique and stimulating blend of many scientific disciplines. Physicists, physiologists, psychologists, psychophysicists, mathematicians, and chemists have all contributed to our understanding of how we see color. Tools and techniques have been developed to help those who work with color in their everyday lives, whether it be in manufacturing, in design, in communication, or in any other field. Some tools, such as the CIE Standard Observer, were derived from empirical color-matching data but can now be explained, at least approximately, on the basis of our knowledge of the physiology of the visual system. Others, such as most color-difference formulae, are still purely empirical and explanations in terms of the actual functioning of the human visual system are largely unknown. It is likely that improved tools and techniques will come in the future as we increase our knowledge of the visual system and how it works. Such increased knowledge will come most readily if there is more cooperation between the various disciplines and less tendency to think along narrow discipline-limited lines.
Best Efforts vs. Firm Commitment Initial Public Offerings: Evidence on the Market Feedback Theory

This paper documents the differences between best efforts and firm commitment U.S. IPOs and looks for evidence of the Sherman (1992) market feedback theory. A probit model of the contract choice is estimated. Best efforts offerings are shown to be, on average, smaller offerings from smaller, younger companies, many of them start-ups. They have higher average initial returns and a higher variance of initial returns, and they are less likely to include shares sold by insiders. The data is consistent with the implications of the market feedback theory.
Limitations and guidelines for measuring the spectral width of a single pulse of light with a Fabry–Perot interferometer

We present a method of analyzing the output of a single pulse of light from a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). Together with an independent measurement of the pulse width and shape, the analysis enables the determination of the linewidth, TBP, and, consequently, the degree of coherence of the individual light pulses. The analysis presented builds on the method presented by Marzenell et al. [Appl. Phys. B 71, 185-191 (2000)] by analyzing the ring pattern of the FPI.
Nanophotonic quantum phase switch with a single atom

By analogy to transistors in classical electronic circuits, quantum optical switches are important elements of quantum circuits and quantum networks. Operated at the fundamental limit where a single quantum of light or matter controls another field or material system, such a switch may enable applications such as long-distance quantum communication, distributed quantum information processing and metrology, and the exploration of novel quantum states of matter. Here, by strongly coupling a photon to a single atom trapped in the near field of a nanoscale photonic crystal cavity, we realize a system in which a single atom switches the phase of a photon and a single photon modifies the atom's phase. We experimentally demonstrate an atom-induced optical phase shift that is nonlinear at the two-photon level, a photon number router that separates individual photons and photon pairs into different output modes, and a single-photon switch in which a single 'gate' photon controls the propagation of a subsequent probe field. These techniques pave the way to integrated quantum nanophotonic networks involving multiple atomic nodes connected by guided light.
Individual differences in route-learning strategy and associated working memory resources.

Objective: The current investigation examined individual differences in route-learning strategies and their relative demands on visuospatial versus verbal working memory (WM) resources in virtual environments. Background: Learning new routes is a resource-demanding activity that must often be carried out in conjunction with other concurrent tasks. Virtual environments (VEs) are increasingly being used for training and research, pointing to the importance of determining the strategies people use to learn routes in these environments. Methods: Participants classified as having good or poor sense of direction (SOD) attempted to learn novel routes while concurrently performing either a verbal (articulatory suppression) or a visuospatial (tapping) WM interference task. Results: Different navigational strategies were observed in each SOD group. Individuals with poor SOD relied more heavily on verbal rather than visuospatial WM resources, as evidenced by greater disruption to route-learning performance from the articulatory suppression task relative to the tapping task. Conversely, individuals with good SOD exhibited more route-learning disruption from the tapping task, suggesting a greater reliance on visuospatial WM resources. Conclusion: Individuals differ from one another in the strategies they use and the WM resources they tap—verbal or visuospatial—to learn routes in VEs. Self-report measures can be used as indices of such individual differences in navigational strategy use in VE tasks. Application: Assessing SOD and associated WM resources have implications for targeted training for navigation in VEs and for the design of in-vehicle navigation systems.
Turnover among City Managers: The Role of Political and Economic Change

Executive turnover can have profound effects on city policies, programs, and commitments such as contracting or issuing debt. This article identifies how political changes, reflected in the composition of the city council, and economic changes in the community influence city manager turnover. Analysis of manager turnover patterns in 143 large U.S. cities with council-manager governments from 1987 to 1999 allows us to distinguish “push” and “pull” factors that can induce city managers to leave their jobs. The empirical analysis demonstrates that political conflict and economic development can influence the likelihood that a city manager will exit a community, but these effects can be complex. In particular, the influence of community economic development on turnover includes a temporal dimension not revealed in previous research. We conclude by discussing the findings’ implications for career patterns in city management.
New RF-probe pad and interconnection model and parameter extraction technique for HBT equivalent circuit

A novel equivalent circuit model of RF probe pads and interconnections for S-parameter measurements, together with a novel parameter extraction method based on the S-parameter measurements of HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) in the cutoff mode, is presented. This circuit and the extraction technique give very accurate and self-consistent results. The extracted equivalent circuit of the device and probe-pattern parasitics using the technique show excellent agreement with the measured S-parameters. >
Mental rotation is not easily cognitively penetrable

When participants take part in mental imagery experiments, are they using their "tacit knowledge" of perception to mimic what they believe should occur in the corresponding perceptual task? Two experiments were conducted to examine whether such an account can be applied to mental imagery in general. These experiments both examined tasks that required participants to "mentally rotate" stimuli. In Experiment 1, instructions led participants to believe that they could reorient shapes in one step or avoid reorienting the shapes altogether. Regardless of instruction type, response times increased linearly with increasing rotation angles. In Experiment 2, participants first observed novel objects rotating at different speeds, and then performed a mental rotation task with those objects. The speed of perceptually demonstrated rotation did not affect the speed of mental rotation. We argue that tacit knowledge cannot explain mental imagery results in general, and that in particular the mental rotation effect reflects the nature of the underlying internal representation and processes that transform it, rather than participants' pre-existing knowledge.
Balancing in Ethical Deliberation: Superior to Specification and Casuistry

Approaches to clinical ethics dilemmas that rely on basic principles or rules are difficult to apply because of vagueness and conflict among basic values. In response, casuistry rejects the use of basic values, and specification produces a large set of specified rules that are presumably easily applicable. Balancing is a method employed to weigh the relative importance of different and conflicting values in application. We argue against casuistry and specification, claiming that balancing is superior partly because it most clearly exhibits the reasoning behind moral decision-making. Hence, balancing may be most effective in teaching bioethics to medical professionals.
Power and performance optimization at the system level

The BlueGene/L supercomputer has been designed with a focus on power/performance efficiency to achieve high application performance under the thermal constraints of common data centers. To achieve this goal, emphasis was put on system solutions to engineer a power-efficient system. To exploit thread level parallelism, the BlueGene/L system can scale to 64 racks with a total of 65536 computer nodes consisting of a single compute ASIC integrating all system functions with two industry-standard PowerPC microprocessor cores in a chip multiprocessor configuration. Each PowerPC processor exploits data-level parallelism with a high-performance SIMD oating point unitTo support good application scaling on such a massive system, special emphasis was put on efficient communication primitives by including five highly optimized communification networks. After an initial introduction of the Blue-Gene/L system architecture, we analyze power/performance efficiency for the BlueGene system using performance and power characteristics for the overall system performance (as exemplified by peak performance numbers.To understand application scaling behavior, and its impact on performance and power/performance efficiency, we analyze the NAMD molecular dynamics package using the ApoA1 benchmark. We find that even for strong scaling problems, BlueGene/L systems can deliver superior performance scaling and deliver significant power/performance efficiency. Application benchmark power/performance scaling for the voltage-invariant energy delay 2 power/performance metric demonstrates that choosing a power-efficient 700MHz embedded PowerPC processor core and relying on application parallelism was the right decision to build a powerful, and power/performance efficient system
The association of clinical symptoms with deep infiltrating endometriosis: the importance of the preoperative clinical assessment

Over the last several years, with improvements in laparoscopic surgical techniques, specialized surgical teams have successfully been able to safely excise deep endometriosis lesions that infiltrate into and may compromise the bladder, bowel, ureter and other pelvic regions. Excision of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) lesions warrant special surgical approaches and may necessitate either additional training or a multidisciplinary team of general surgeons and urologists working alongside gynecologists. Lafay Pillet and her colleagues are surgical specialists at a well-recognized referral center of excellence for these challenging endometriosis cases. In their paper included in this issue of the Human Reproduction, they address a key aspect of the surgical management of DIE lesions (Lafay Pillet et al., 2014). Using clinical symptoms, they develop a clinical scoring system which helps to predict the existence of DIE lesions preoperatively. With validation of this model, it has the potential to help surgeons identify which women may have DIE lesions and thus aid in planning the surgical approach to these patients.
sAC from aquatic organisms as a model to study the evolution of acid/base sensing

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is poised to play multiple physiological roles as an acid/base (A/B) sensor in aquatic organisms. Many of these roles are probably similar to those in mammals; a striking example is the evolutionary conservation of a mechanism involving sAC, carbonic anhydrase and vacuolar H⁺-ATPase that acts as a sensor system and regulator of extracellular A/B in shark gills and mammalian epididymis and kidney. Additionally, the aquatic environment presents unique A/B and physiological challenges; therefore, sACs from aquatic organisms have likely evolved distinct kinetic properties as well as distinct physiological roles. sACs from aquatic organisms offer an excellent opportunity for studying the evolution of A/B sensing at both the molecular and whole organism levels. Moreover, this information could help understand and predict organismal responses to environmental stress based on mechanistic models.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Role of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase in Health and Disease," guest edited by J. Buck and L. R. Levin.