cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roughness of Silicon Surface Heated in Hydrogen Ambient

Surface roughness of a silicon wafer heated at 800 to 1100°C under atmospheric pressure in hydrogen ambient is studied. Haze of the surface becomes intense as the heating temperature is decreased. However, haze of the surface does not appear when the native oxide film on the silicon surface is completely removed. Atomic force microscopy images show that the surface heated at 900°C has many small pits whose shapes depend on the crystal plane, that is, squares for the (100) plane and triangles for the (111) plane. The pits are formed due to the difference in the chemical reaction rates between hydrogen-silicon and hydrogen-silicon dioxide. Small areas of bare silicon surface caused by the incomplete removal of the native oxide film are etched by hydrogen gas at a faster rate than the native oxide islands. The behavior of surface roughness with pressure and heating time agrees well with that predicted by the pit formation model in this study.
The Effects of Material and Symbolic Incentives on the Learning Ability of Low Ses Black Children

Summary The hypothesis was advanced that ethnic consciousness would be superior to monetary and social rewards in facilitating performance on school-related tasks. The S s were low-socioeconomic-status black children drawn from fourth and fifth grades of a public elementary school in a large urban center. Ss were assigned to four experimental groups: social rewards, ethnic consciousness, monetary reward, and control (no incentive). The Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices and a paired-associate task were the dependent measures. Results indicate that ethnic consciousness enhanced performance at a significantly higher level than did the monetary reward and no-incentive conditions. Monetary and social rewards did not differ significantly. We need to re-examine the notion that material incentive is more effective than symbolic rewards in influencing the motivational system of black children.
Optical Nonlinearities of a Plasma

Second-harmonic generation and stimulated Raman effects for a plasma are calculated by the same methods that have been used for bound electrons. The nonlinear susceptibility describing the stimulated Raman effect in a gaseous or metallic plasma is 6 to 10 orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding effect in liquids. This process in a plasma can also be described as the parametric interaction between a damped plasma wave and two light waves. The second-harmonic generation from a plasma boundary is dominated by a surface term which originates from the discontinuity in the normal component of the electric field. It is shown that the observed second-harmonic generation from metallic silver probably stems from bound ion cores in the surface layer rather than from a plasma surface term.
FabScalar: Automating Superscalar Core Design

Providing multiple superscalar core types on a chip, each tailored to different classes of instruction-level behavior, is an exciting direction for increasing processor performance and energy efficiency. Unfortunately, processor design and verification effort increases with each additional core type, limiting the microarchitectural diversity that can be practically implemented. FabScalar aims to automate superscalar core design, opening up processor design to microarchitectural diversity and its many opportunities.
Endothelial cell activation in a VEGF-A gradient: relevance to cell fate decisions

Distribution of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A) as a gradient determines microvascular endothelial cell (EC) fate during organogenesis. While much is understood about mechanisms of differential distribution, less is known about how EC perceive and interpret a graded VEGF-A signal to generate positional target gene activation. Using microvascular EC, we analyzed the effect of time and graded VEGF-A input on VEGFR2 autophosphorylation, signal kinase activation and induction of immediate-early genes. The threshold and time to peak activation of VEGFR2 were dependent on signal strength over a 50-fold range in concentration with 3-fold concentration differences readily distinguished. Longer duration of exposure did not compensate for low concentration of VEGF-A, suggesting intensity and duration of signal were not interpreted equivalently. With the same conditions, graded and time-sensitive information was transduced through the PLCgamma/p44/p42MAPK signal pathway but not the parallel AKT pathway. Analysis of MAPK-induced angiogenic immediate-early genes determined that EGR-1, EGR-3, and NR4A1 were dependent on graded input while NR4A2 and DSCR1 were independent with 'switch-like' induction. These data demonstrate rapid, linear integration of VEGF-A levels but independent interpretation of duration of signal and identify potential nodes for segregation of gradient-dependent and -independent responses. These results describe how microvascular EC fate decisions can be determined by comparatively moderate changes in VEGF signal strength, resulting in combinatorial changes in the repertoire of immediate-early genes for transcription effectors.
Fuzzy choice functions

The R-greatest and maximal sets of standard choice theory are extended to fuzzy R-greatest and fuzzy maximal sets. Unlike the precise counterparts of these concepts, these two sets do not in general coincide when preferences are reflexive and connected. A stronger than usual version of connectedness under which the two sets are equal is provided. The concept of a fuzzy choice function is introduced and conditions under which a fuzzy choice function may be rationalized as a fuzzy R-greatest or a fuzzy maximal set are discussed. Rationalizability with transitive and weakly transitive fuzzy preference relations is also considered.
Long-term testing and stability of CaNi5 alloy for a hydrogen storage application

Abstract CaNi5 alloy in a long-term test in excess of 5000 charge/discharge cycles demonstrated good stability. The hydrogen absorption was in the 20–40°C range at hydrogen pressures of 1.07–1.35 atm. The hydrogen desorption in the 50–60°C range was at 1.14–2.36 atm. A hydrogen working capacity under the above test conditions of ca 0.8% by weight was obtained.
Attribute-centric recognition for cross-category generalization

We propose an approach to find and describe objects within broad domains. We introduce a new dataset that provides annotation for sharing models of appearance and correlation across categories. We use it to learn part and category detectors. These serve as the visual basis for an integrated model of objects. We describe objects by the spatial arrangement of their attributes and the interactions between them. Using this model, our system can find animals and vehicles that it has not seen and infer attributes, such as function and pose. Our experiments demonstrate that we can more reliably locate and describe both familiar and unfamiliar objects, compared to a baseline that relies purely on basic category detectors.
Asymptotic-norming and Mazur intersection properties in Bochner function spaces

A Banach space X has the asymptotic-norming property if and only if the Lebesgue-Bochner function space Lp (μ, X) has the asumptotic-norming property for p with 1 < p < ∞. It follows that a Banach space X is Hahn-Banach smooth if and only if Lp (μ, X) is Hahn-Banach smooth for p with 1 < p < ∞. We also show that for p with 1 < p < ∞, (1) if X has the compact Mazur intersection property then so does Lp(μ, X); (2) if the measure μ is not purely atomic, then the space Lp(μ, X) has the Mazur intersection property if and only if X is an Asplund space and has the Mazur intersection property.
The catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene on nickel-copper and nickel-gold alloys

Abstract The rate of ethylene hydrogenation on copper-nickel alloy films in the temperature range 0 ° to 21 °C has been measured. The films were prepared by successive deposition of copper and nickel by the usual film-forming procedures followed by sintering the films in 5 cm of hydrogen at either 300 ° or 500 °C. The activity per unit area of film increases to a value 7 to 15 times as great for a catalyst containing 10% to 20% Cu as for pure nickel. Similarly, catalysts containing 5% to 20% nickel are as much as eight times as active as pure nickel. A minimum of activity with composition is found in the 25% to 35% nickel region, where the activity is about the same as on pure nickel. X-Ray data show that films homogenized by heating to 500 °C in a few cm of hydrogen form an alloy containing about 60% copper; the excess of nickel or copper present gives a diffraction pattern for the pure metal. Gold-nickel alloys containing 15% and 55% gold, respectively, have rates only about one-tenth as great as that of pure nickel. The apparent energies of activation for the reaction over the copper-nickel alloys vary with composition in the range 9 to 12 kcal/mole; those for the two gold-nickel alloys are about 4 kcal. The reaction rate is first order with respect to hydrogen and independent of ethylene for the copper-nickel alloys and for pure nickel; it is first order with respect to both hydrogen and ethylene for copper.
Can search systems detect users' task difficulty?: some behavioral signals

In this paper, we report findings on how user behaviors vary in tasks with different difficulty levels as well as of different types. Two behavioral signals: document dwell time and number of content pages viewed per query, were found to be able to help the system detect when users are working with difficult tasks.
Subcellular localization of the C19-steroid reductase activities of female rat liver

Abstract The role of DPNH and TPNH in the reduction of [4- 14 C]-testosterone or [4- 14 C] and rostenedione by female rat liver homogenate and its subcellular fractions was studied. The extracted metabolites were separated by thin layer and paper chromatography. 5α-Androstane-3α, 17β-diol was the major metabolite. Androsterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone occurred in lesser quantities and 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, 5α-androstanedione and epiandrosterone in small amounts. Androstenedione (or testosterone) was produced only in the presence of DPNH. The omission of the coenzymes or TPNH-generating system resulted in only a trace amount of the metabolites.
Glucocorticoid impact on cochlear function and systemic side effects in autoimmune C3.MRL-Faslpr and normal C3H/HeJ mice.

Abstract Glucocorticoids are effective in reversing hearing loss, but their severe side effects limit long term management of many ear disorders. A clearer understanding of these side effects is critical for prolonged therapeutic control of hearing and vestibular dysfunction. Therefore, this study characterized the impact of the glucocorticoid prednisolone on cochlear dysfunction and systemic organ systems in C3.MRL-Faslpr autoimmune mice and their normal C3H/HeJ parent strain. Following 3 months of treatment, autoimmune mice had better auditory thresholds and improved hematocrits, anti-nuclear antibodies, and immune complexes. Steroid treatment also lowered body and spleen weights, both of which rise with systemic autoimmune disease. Steroid treatment of the normal C3H/HeJ mice significantly elevated their blood hematocrits and lowered their body and spleen weights to abnormal levels. Thus, systemic autoimmune disease and its related hearing loss in C3.MRL-Faslpr mice are steroid-responsive, but normal hemopoiesis and organ functions can be significantly compromised. This mouse model may be useful for studies of the detrimental side effects of steroid treatments for hearing loss.
Cecal Propionic Acid as a Biological Indicator of the Early Establishment of a Microbial Ecosystem Inhibitory toSalmonellain Chicks

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different competitive exclusion (CE) cultures on the concentration of cecal propionic acid in 3-day-old broiler chicks, and the correlation between cecal propionic acid concentration and protection againstSalmonellacolonization. CE cultures that significantly (P 0.05) increase cecal propionic acid concentrations in 3-day-old chicks failed to protect (P > 0.05) against cecalSalmonellacolonization in 10-day-old chicks compared with untreated controls. A significant (P
Television viewing and ethical reasoning: Why watching Scrubs does a better job than most bioethics classes

Clinical judgment (a form of Aristotle's phronesis) only develops with experience. And the dramas of television (TV) shows are closer to real life experiences than are the short written scenarios u...
Image Parsing with a Three-State Series Neural Network Classifier

We propose a three-state series neural network for effective propagation of context and uncertainty information for image parsing. The activation functions used in the proposed model have three states instead of the normal two states. This makes the neural network more flexible than the two-state neural network, and allows for uncertainty to be propagated through the stages. In other words, decisions about difficult pixels can be left for later stages which have access to more contextual information than earlier stages. We applied the proposed method to three different datasets and experimental results demonstrate higher performance of the three-state series neural network.
Amorphous Pepsin of Higher Activity Than Crystalline Pepsin from Commercial and Crystalline Pepsin

Summary1. Coagulated egg white removes peptic activity from concentrated solutions of commercial and crystalline pepsins. 2. The pepsins recovered by elution from the egg white are more active than crystalline pepsin. Preparations No. 1 and No. 2 from commercial pepsin and preparation P-3B from crystalline pepsin are respectively 1.5 to 1.7 and 2.5 to 3.0 times as active as crystalline pepsin. 3. Preparations No. 1 and No. 2 have about the same activity as the product Herriott et al. isolated from crystalline pepsin by salt fractionation while preparation P-3B has the same activity as the fraction isolated by the same workers by salt fractionation from (a) pepsinogen, and (b) crystalline pepsin prepared from pepsinogen.
Getting the right tool for the job

In summary, getting the right tool for the job requires several steps prior to using the tool in an anticipated study. Finding obtaining and evaluating the tool are all critical to a successful use of the tool in the study. If any of these factors are not followed, the researcher could be ethically or legally in trouble. Most tool developers want their tools to be used. It is up to the researchers to ensure that credit is given where credit is due, and that due process is followed.
Synthesis and evaluation of chalcogenopyrylium dyes as potential sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer.

A series of thiopyrylium (2), selenopyrylium (3), and telluropyrylium dyes (4) was prepared via the addition of Grignard reagents to either 2,6-di(4-dimethylamino)phenylchalcogenopyran-4-ones (5a) or 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenylchalcogenopyran-4-ones (5b) followed by elimination and ion exchange to give the chloride salts. The absorption spectra and quantum yields for singlet oxygen generation of these dyes suggested that the dyes would have utility as sensitizers for PDT. Selenopyrylium dyes 3a and 3d with quantum yields for singlet oxygen generation of 0.040 and 0.045, respectively, were phototoxic to Colo-26 cells in culture. The toxicity of the dyes 2−4 was evaluated in clonogenic assays of human carcinoma cell lines. Importantly, the presence of a sulfur, selenium, or tellurium heteroatom in the molecules had no predictable impact on the toxicity of any particular dye set. Substituents at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the dye had a much greater impact on cytotoxicity. The IC50 values determi...
Madreallecula Mcclevei Kanda (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Alleculinae: Alleculini), New Genus and New Species of Comb-Clawed Beetle from Arizona, USA

Abstract Madreallecula mcclevei Kanda, new genus and new species, is described from southeastern Arizona. This genus belongs to the subtribe Alleculina and is distinguished from other North American genera by its moniliform antennae and distally widened clypeus.
Reorganization and crystallite formation in Langmuir-Blodgett films

The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to monitor the reorganization and approach to equilibrium of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers of cadmium fatty acid salts submerged under aqueous subphase for extended periods. We have found that uniform, constant thickness monolayer and multilayer films are unstable to bilayer step defects that originate at isolated sites and quickly spread to cover the entire film (30 min for cadmium arachidate)
Magnetic Bearing Control Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic

Magnetic bearings are an exciting and innovative technology that has seen considerable advances in recent years. Being unstable by nature, these systems require active control. Most often linear techniques are used very successfully. On the other hand, there are applications where linear methods have limited effectiveness. Fuzzy logic control performs very well in nonlinear control situations where the plant parameters are either partially or mostly unidentified. Its effectiveness for nonlinear systems also offers advantages to magnetic bearing systems. Type-2 fuzzy logic systems represent significant advances over traditional fuzzy logic systems in general. These fuzzy logic systems are capable to deal with uncertainties which can be found in almost every practical system. Uncertainties stem from several sources; noise present in the position input signals, the location and shape of fuzzy sets and the fuzzy rule-base describing the operation of the fuzzy controller, among others. Since a mathe-matical model of the controlled plant is often only a conveniently close approximation of the real process at hand, a major challenge lies in the application of the control methods to real plants. Type-2 fuzzy logic and fuzzy logic systems in general tackle the control problem at hand using human reasoning based on rules and expert knowledge of the plant described by human expressions. The current work consist of model development, controller design, simulation and experimental validation. The basic simulation model consist of a horizontal shaft supported by a radial magnetic bearing. The magnetic bearing is modeled as a nonlinear element. The controller designs are implemented and tested using a bench-top rotor rig equipped with a radial magnetic bearing. Some representative results are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Revolutionary trends in the advancement and integration of cosmetic science: combinatorial formulation

The creation of modern cosmetic products is underpinned by an enormous and diversified array of sophisticated science, regulatory requirements and commercial knowledge. The marketplace is demanding an increasing rate of innovation that is being accelerated by crowded intellectual property portfolios and constraining regulations. Formulators of complex mixtures have long known that the characteristics of their final formulation and the position of ‘equilibrium’ often depends critically upon the order of addition of ingredients and the precise processing conditions under which the formulation was made. The large variety of possible outcomes derive from many eigenstates that are available to each composition of a complex mixture because of the fact that the bonds between the component molecules are weak physical bonds and therefore a potential multitude of nanostructures can be formed. Conventional formulation is severely limited by the number of compositions that can be investigated in a reasonable time.
Hydroxyurea accelerates the loss of epidermal growth factor receptor genes amplified as double-minute chromosomes in human glioblastoma multiforme.

Objective We sought to determine whether hydroxyurea could accelerate the loss of amplified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). There is good reason to think that elimination of amplified EGFR genes from GBMs will negatively impact tumor growth. Hydroxyurea has previously been shown to induce the loss of amplified genes from extrachromosomal double minutes (dmin) but not from chromosomal homogeneously staining regions. Methods Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization were used to demonstrate EGFR genes amplified as dmin. Giemsa-stained metaphase spreads were prepared in an attempt to visualize dmin. A GBM cell line containing amplified EGFR genes was treated continuously in vitro with 0 to 150 mumol/L hydroxyurea, and slot blot analysis was used to show the loss of amplified EGFR genes. Results Amplified EGFR genes were found on dmin in 4 of 11 (36%) fresh human GBM biopsy specimens. None of the GBMs contained EGFR genes amplified as homogeneously staining regions. Amplified dmin were not microscopically visible when stained with Giemsa because of their small size. Slot blot analysis showed that these low doses of hydroxyurea accelerated the loss of amplified EGFR genes in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis confirmed that EGFR gene loss was accompanied by amplified dmin loss in a dose-dependent fashion. Conclusion These studies suggest the potential use of low-dose hydroxyurea in the treatment of GBMs.
Urethral instability: Clinical and urodynamic characteristics*

Filling cystometry was performed on 397 patients with lower urinary tract complaints. The overall prevalence of urethral instability was 12.6% (50/397). Of these 187 patients had detrusor instability (DI). Within the DI group, clinical and urodynamic characteristics were compared. Patients with an unstable urethra had a shorter functional urethral length (P = 0.005). For those with DI, 28 of 187 (15%) had urethral instability. Forty (21%) women had a decrease in maximal urethral pressure that preceded the detrusor contraction (type II DI). When those with type II DI were excluded, the difference in functional urethral length was not observed. Patients with type II DI experienced an earlier sensation of fullness of 228 mL compared with 283 mL for the other patients with DI (P = 0.001). There was a positive association between urethral instability and type II DI. Four different patterns of urethral pressure changes were observed. Based on these findings, it appears that a urethral abnormality may be the primary disorder in patients with type II DI. The differentiation of the various subtypes of urethral instability and DI might be important for directing therapy.
Bad Boys and School Suspensions: Public Policy Implications for Black Males

The focus of this research is the disciplinary policy of school suspension and its effect on black male students. We examined the application of public school suspensions by race and sex in an integrated school district in the southeastern portion of the United States. Data for the study were compiled from oficial records housed in the administrative complex for the entire school district. The suspensions cover one academic year from September of 1983 through June of 1984. During this period of time black males were disproportionately suspended in both the elementary and secondary schools. This finding is consistent with other research noting that black students, and in particular black male students, are disproportionately affected by the various policies of public schools. We then discuss the implications of these findings for black males. Policies which limit educational opportunities for black males increase the probability of their need for welfare services, incarceration in prisons, and commitment to mental hospitals. Our conclusion is that the policy of suspending problem students is not only an effort by elementary and secondary school administrators and faculty to remove bad boys but is also one of several policies which limit educational opportunities for black males.
The Increasing Prevalence of Diabetes in Pregnancy

The authors review studies published in the past 10 years that examine the prevalence and trends in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The prevalence of GDM in a population is reflective of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes within that population. In low-risk populations, such as those found in Sweden, the prevalence in population-based studies is lower than 2% even when universal testing is offered, whereas studies in high-risk populations, such as the Native American Cree, Northern Californian Hispanics, and Northern Californian Asians, reported prevalence rates ranging from 4.9% to 12.8%. Prevalence rates for GDM obtained from hospital-based studies similarly reflect the risk of type 2 diabetes in a population with a single hospital-based study in Australia reporting prevalences ranging from 3.0% in Anglo-Celtic women to 17.0% in Indian women. Finally, of the eight studies published that report on trends in the prevalence of GDM, six report an increase in the prevalence of GDM across most racial/ethnic groups studied. In summary, diabetes during pregnancy is a common and increasing complication of pregnancy.
Transport and fate of heavy metals in Onondaga Lake, New York.

Lakes in the immediate vicinity of population centers provide extremely valuable resources for recreation. Industrialization, however, generally accompanies urbanization, and urban lakes particularly may be affected by pollutants of a wide variety, including toxic heavy metals, from cultural sources within the watershed. Onondaga Lake (Figure i) typifies this situation. Located at the northwest edge of the city of Syracuse, New York, for many years the lake has been the recipient of heavy metal inputs from the city, its suburbs, and approximately 140 industries which are located in its drainage basin (MURPHY 1978). Owing to broadly-supported efforts aimed at improving water quality in Onondaga Lake during the past decade, the concentration of nutrients and some heavy metals has decreased in the lake during that period (EFFLER et el. 1981; MURPHY 1978). Few quantitative data exist, however, concerning the fate of metals which enter Onondaga Lake or of the mechanisms which have permitted the observed reductions in concentration to occur. The sediments, nonetheless, are known to contain extremely high levels of several heavy metals compared to other lakes (EFFLER et el. 1980; RAND et el. 1977), which suggests that the transport to and permanent storage in the sediments may be important. In general the fate of heavy metals in aquatic systems depends on partitioning between soluble and settleablesolid phases and may be influenced by various interactions which include coagulation, adsorption, precipitation, coprecipitation, complexation, and biotic uptake (BURRELL 1974). These factors, in turn, are known to be affected hy environmental conditions, such as: pH, redox potential, metal concentrations, ionic strength, hioaccumulation, and type and concentration of complexing ligands (LECKIE & JAMES 1974). Superimposed on the aforementioned phenomena are kinetic factors which govern reaction rates, particle sedimentation, and hydrodynamics. With full appreciation of this multidimensional web of interactions, the present investigation was undertaken to develop a simple, nonsteady-state, deterministic model for prediction of the behavior of the metals Zn, Ni, and Cr in Onondaga Lake over a growing season.
Dentists' perceptions of their patients relation to quality of care.

This study investigates dentists' perceptions of their patients and the relation of these perceptions to measures of actual quality of restorative treatment. The results indicate that 1) though the dentists see their patients as "cooperative," they perceived a substantial number of "problems," i.e., willingness to pay for optimal care or follow professional recommendations; and 2) there are significant associations between dentists' perceptions of patients and measures of the quality of restorative treatments; higher quality scores were associated with perceptions of a more cooperative patient.
Effect of peak flow monitoring on child asthma quality of life.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of peak flow monitoring on asthma quality of life (QOL) for school-age children with asthma ( N = 77) who participated in a 16-week asthma self-management program. QOL was measured using the Children's Health Survey for Asthma. Findings indicated significant improvement in asthma QOL from baseline to Week 16 and higher QOL scores for those with better asthma health outcomes.
Solid-phase synthesis of 2-alkylidene-6-alkyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-3,5[2H,6H]-dione derivatives

A solid-phase synthesis of 2-alkylidene-6-alkyl-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-3,5[2H,6H]-dione derivatives is reported. The desired products were obtained in good purities and yields.
The C–N dissociation energies of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene radical anions and neutrals

Abstract The C–N dissociation energies of the radical anions of nitrobenzene and all three nitrotoluene isomers were determined by measuring the appearance energy of the NO 2 fragment from collision induced dissociation in a tandem mass spectrometer. The dissociation energy of nitrobenzene radical anion is 1.99 ± 0.16 eV, o -nitrotoluene radical anion is 1.91 ± 0.14 eV, m -nitrotoluene radical anion is 2.01 ± 0.17, and p -nitrotoluene radical anion is 2.06 ± 0.21 eV. All anion bond energies are lower than the neutral C–N bond energies by at least 1 eV.
Effects of sulfur application on yield and composition of soybeans and soil sulfur

Abstract Soybeans (Wayne cultivar) were grown on Mexico silt loam at four soil applied S levels over 4 years. The innate sulfur level of this soil appeared to be adequate for optimum grain yield. The additional sulfur had no effect on grain yield, oil concentration, essential amino acids and sulfur concentration in the seed. Sulfur extraction from profile cores after the study indicated movement of sulfur from the Ap into the upper B horizon over the course of the study. The soil sulfur test was improved when pHs was included in an expression for the Ap horizon.
The ERO1 gene of yeast is required for oxidation of protein dithiols in the endoplasmic reticulum

We describe a conserved yeast gene, ERO1, that is induced by the unfolded protein response and encodes a novel glycoprotein required for oxidative protein folding in the ER. In a temperature-sensitive ero1-1 mutant, newly synthesized carboxypeptidase Y is retained in the ER and lacks disulfide bonds, as shown by thiol modification with AMS. ERO1 apparently determines cellular oxidizing capacity since mutation of ERO1 causes hypersensitivity to the reductant DTT, whereas overexpression of ERO1 confers resistance to DTT. Moreover, the oxidant diamide can restore growth and secretion in ero1 mutants. Genetic tests distinguish the essential function of ERO1 from that of PDI1. We show that glutathione is not required for CPY folding and conclude that Ero1p functions in a novel mechanism that sustains the ER oxidizing potential, supporting net formation of protein disulfide bonds.
Training Sentence Production in Agrammatism: Implications for Normal and Disordered Language

Abstract This paper presents an overview of our work concerned with treatment of sentence production deficits seen in agrammatic (Broca′s) aphasic individuals. Using a single-subject experimental research paradigm, we examined emergent sentence production patterns in a subset of Broca′s subjects who evinced sentence production (and comprehension) deficits involving "complex" sentences in which noun phrases (NPs) have been moved out of their canonical positions. We used aspects of Chomsky′s Principles and Parameters approach of Government Binding (GB) Theory (Chomsky, 1986, Chomsky and Lasnik, 1991), as well as findings from the psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic literature as a basis for selecting sentences entered into our experiments and for designing our intervention approach, in general. Subjects were trained to produce sentences which rely on NP-movement (i.e., passives) or WH-movement (i.e., wh-questions, object clefts)-sentences formed by applying the rule "Move-alpha" in which moved constituents leave behind a "trace" or "gap" of their movement. Training emphasized the lexical and syntactic properties (e.g., thematic role assignment, NP-movement) of target sentences. Throughout this training we carefully measured generalization to untrained sentences relying on similar movement operations and error patterns were examined as they evolved overtime. Results of our work indicated not only improved sentence production abilities in all subjects under study, but also-in many cases-generalization of sentence production across Linguistic lines. That is, training WH-movement structures (e.g., object clefts) improved production of untrained WH-movement constructions (e.g., wh-questions) that are very different in their s-structure representation; however, no effect of this training on NP-movement structures occurred. In addition, within the class of wh-questions, generative production across questions relying on argument (direct object NP) movement (i.e., what - and who -questions) occurred in the absence of generalization to wh-questions requiring movement from adjunct position (i.e., where - and when -questions) for some subjects. For others, generalized production occurred only when wh-morphemes were the focus of treatment, indicating that at least two processes must be completed for successful wh-question production to take place: movement of the wh-item itself and control of sublexical features that determine wh-morpheme selection. These data are discussed in terms of the contribution that detailed recovery data, controlled for lexical and syntactic properties of sentence production, can make both to understanding the nature of sentence production deficits and to issues regarding normal sentence production.
A Highly Enantioselective Phosphabicyclooctane Catalyst for the Kinetic Resolution of Benzylic Alcohols

A new class of chiral phosphines belonging to the P-aryl-2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane family (PBO) has been prepared by enantioselective synthesis starting from lactate esters and 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone enolate 5. A selective enolate alkylation method has been developed for preparation of 9 and 10 using a chelating ester substituent in the triflate alkylating agent 11. Subsequent conversion to the PBO catalysts 2 and 39 relies on a diastereoselective cyclization from the cyclic sulfate 17 and LiPHAr to afford the more hindered endo-aryl phosphines. These phosphines function as efficient catalysts for the kinetic resolutions of aryl alkyl carbinols by benzoylation (16, 21, 22) or iso-butyroylation in the case of the less hindered aryl alkyl carbinol substrates. With o-substituted aryl alkyl carbinols, the enantioselectivities exceed 100, and s = 380 ± 10 has been demonstrated in the case of methyl mesityl carbinol. The PBO-catalyzed acylations probably involve a P-acylphosphonium carboxylate intermedi...
Calibration source effects in Si(Li) detector efficiency determinations

Abstract Efficiency determinations of Si(Li) detectors for low-energy characteristic X-rays (3–10 keV) using a physical five-parameter model have pointed to possible self-absorption effects in the usual drop-evaporated calibration sources. To further test this hypothesis, uniform and thin calibration sources prepared by a surface ion-implantation technique were used to re-determine the efficiency response of a Si(Li) detector.
Further studies on the oxygen-reducing system of Anabaena variabilis

Abstract Photosynthetic lamellae from Anabaena variabilis accumulate a reductant when illuminated with an electron donor under anaerobic conditions. This reductant, the oxygen-reducing substance, is autooxidizable and both its formation and oxidation can be altered by substances which interact with Photosystem 1. Cyclic electron flow can be made to compete with oxygen for the reducing power generated by the photoact. The specificity of the lamellae toward electron donors can be altered by the detergent Tween 20. Using the procedure of Fujita and Meyers ( Plant Cell Physiol. , 7 (1966) 599) for the isolation of the cytochrome-reducing substance, a substance can be reversibly removed from the lamellae which appears to be involved in oxygen reduction and in the oxidation of endogenous cytochromes by Photosystem 1. This material appears to be similar to the cytochrome-reducing substance, to the ferredoxin-reducing substance of Yocum and San Pietro ( Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 36 (1969) 614) and the S L-eth factor of Regitz et al. ( Planta Berlin , 91 (1971) 8).
Individual differences in nicotine sensitivity

It is suggested that individual differences in sensitivity to nicotine may help account for a number of anomalous findings uncovered in research on nicotine regulation. However, an examination of the literature reveals very little pertinent evidence. To demonstrate the existence of such differences, 124 male and female subjects were screened for responsiveness to nicotine by smoking a standard cigarette while their heart rates were continuously monitored for 5 minutes before, during, and after smoking. Puff analyses were also conducted to determine the amount of nicotine subjects obtained from cigarettes. Based on increases in heart rate of more than 10 or less than 8 beats per minute from baseline to smoking periods, subjects were categorized as responsive or nonresponsive. To assess stability of responsiveness over time, 20 responsive and 20 nonresponsive subjects were called back for a second session 1 week to 4 months later. At the second session, heart rates were again monitored before, during, and after smoking a standard cigarette. The data indicate that subjects maintained their relative degree of sensitivity to nicotine over time. The results are discussed in terms of Solomon's opponent process model and it is suggested that not all smokers are addicted to nicotine.
An evolving picture of the interactions between malaria parasites and their host erythrocytes.

In patients with malaria, Plasmodium falciparum parasites multiply to enormous numbers in the bloodstream, initiating processes of erythrocyte destruction, endothelial activation and microvascular inflammation that cause devastating pathological effects on host tissues and organs. Recent research casts new light on a mechanism by which hemoglobin mutations may protect against these effects, and on a critical receptor-ligand interaction that provides fresh opportunities for the development of vaccines against blood-stage infection.
Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus

As myoclonus is often associated with abnormally increased excitability of cortical structures, electrophysiological studies provide useful information for its diagnosis and classification, and about its generator mechanisms. The electroencephalogram-electromyogram polygraph reveals the most important information about the myoclonus of interest. Jerk-locked back-averaging and evoked potential studies combined with recording of the long-latency, long-loop reflexes are useful to investigate the pathophysiology of myoclonus further, especially that of cortical myoclonus. Recent advances in magnetoencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation have contributed significantly to the understanding of some of the cortical mechanisms underlying myoclonus. Elucidation of physiological mechanisms underlying myoclonus in individual patients is important for selecting the most appropriate treatment.
Uniqueness of the density in an inverse problem for isotropic elastodynamics

We consider the unique determination of the density of a nonhomogeneous, isotropic elastic object from measurements made at the surface. We model the behavior of the bounded, 3-dimensional object by the linear, hyperbolic system of operators for isotropic elastodynamics. The material properties of the object (its density and elastic properties) correspond to the smooth coefficients of these differential operators. The data for this inverse problem, in the form of the correspondence between applied surface tractions and resulting surface displacements, is modeled by the dynamic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on a finite time interval. In an earlier paper we show that the speeds c p/s of (compressional and sheer) wave propagation through the object are uniquely determined by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. Here we extend that result by showing that the density is also determined in the interior by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map in the case, for example, that c p = 2c s at only isolated points in the object. We use techniques from microlocal analysis and integral geometry to solve this fully three-dimensional problem.
Mesoscale convective system surface pressure anomalies responsible for meteotsunamis along the U.S. East Coast on June 13th, 2013

Two destructive high-frequency sea level oscillation events occurred on June 13th, 2013 along the U.S. East Coast. Seafloor processes can be dismissed as the sources, as no concurrent offshore earthquakes or landslides were detected. Here, we present evidence that these tsunami-like events were generated by atmospheric mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) propagating from inland to offshore. The USArray Transportable Array inland and NOAA tide gauges along the coast recorded the pressure anomalies associated with the MCSs. Once offshore, the pressure anomalies generated shallow water waves, which were amplified by the resonance between the water column and atmospheric forcing. Analysis of the tidal data reveals that these waves reflected off the continental shelf break and reached the coast, where bathymetry and coastal geometry contributed to their hazard potential. This study demonstrates that monitoring MCS pressure anomalies in the interior of the U.S. provides important observations for early warnings of MCS-generated tsunamis.
Modelling and measurements of a composite microcantilever beam for chemical sensing applications

AbstractA resonant microcantilever beam gas sensor was designed and fabricated in Carnegie Mellon University using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMU-CMOS) technology. The cantilever beam modified with a suitable sorbent coating was demonstrated as a chemical transducer for monitoring hazardous vapours and gases at trace concentrations. The design of the cantilever beam included interdigitated fingers to allow electrostatic actuation of the device and a piezoresistive Wheatstone bridge design to read out the deflection signal. The cantilever beam resonant frequency was modelled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and ANSYS. The beam resonant frequency was measured with an optical laser Doppler vibrometer. Good agreement was obtained among the measured, simulated, and modelled resonant frequencies. A custom sorbent polymer layer was coated on the surface of the cantilever beam to allow its operation as a gas-sensing device. The frequency response as a function of exposure to the nerve agent sim...
Toxicology studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants. I: Chemistry development

As part of an effort to evaluate the toxicology of a chemically defined mixture of 25 frequently detected groundwater contaminants, we report here the formulation and analytical chemistry of this mixture. Many problems were anticipated, including limitation of solubility, chemical interactions, and extreme volatility in the aqueous solution of 25 chemicals. The final technically achievable stock solution was prepared based on EPA survey concentrations of these chemicals in groundwater around hazardous waste disposal sites, their toxicity information, and solubility of the individual compounds in the matrix of the aqueous solution of these 25 chemicals. Because the anticipated animal studies were to be conducted at various laboratories, for ease of handling and maximum stability, the stock solution was stored or shipped as two substock solutions: an organic substock with 18 neat organic chemicals in a glass vial sealed with minimum headspace and an aqueous substock solution with 6 metals of various salt forms and phenol. The concentrations of the solutions were such that direct mixing of the organic and aqueous substocks produced the desired high dose level for the animal experiments. Analyses of all 25 chemicals in the drinking water mixture required six different chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Some loss of organic volatiles during mixing of the substocks and during the first 24 hr following preparation did occur. However, the concentrations of acetone, phenol, and all the metals remained constant during preparation. Solutions held under simulated animal cage conditions for 96 hr showed losses of the organic volatiles; the majority of which occurred within the first 24 hr. This study shows that it is possible to conduct animal experiments on an aqueous mixture containing 25 groundwater contaminants. Furthermore, a reasonable estimate of intake of individual chemicals can be achieved provided that dosing solutions are prepared fresh at frequent intervals (e.g., 48 to 72 hr) and that comprehensive analyses are carried out.
Substituent effects in the ruthenium catalyzed hydrosilylation of para-substituted phenylacetylenes

Abstract The RuCl2(PPh3)3 catalyzed hydrosilylation of various phenylacetylenes (p-XC6H4C CH, X = H, Cl, Me, OMe, CF3) with HSiCl2Me was investigated to determine the effect of para-substitution on phenylacetylene reactivity. A series of competition experiments were performed to determine the reactivity of the substituted phenylacetylenes which followed the trend (relative reactivity): CF3(2.21) > Cl(1.99) > F(1.85) > OMe(1.04) > H(1.00) > Me(0.85). A plot of log (phenylacetylene relative reactivity) versus Hammett σp exhibited two separate, but parallel, trendlines. The positive slopes (ρ = 0.60) of these lines indicated that electronegative substituents increased phenylacetylene reactivity. In addition to the electronic effect, a conjugation effect was present that resulted in the second trendline for X = OMe, Cl and F.
A robust medium access mechanism for millimeter-wave Wireless Network-on-Chip architecture

Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional wireline Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures for integrating hundreds of cores on the same die due to higher data bandwidth and energy-efficiency. Token-based medium access mechanism is used in several WiNoC architectures to enable a distributed and optimal utilization of the available wireless bandwidth among multiple transmitters. Consequently, failure of the token passing mechanism can significantly degrade the potential benefits of this novel interconnect technology. In this paper, we propose the design of a small-world WiNoC architecture augmented with a robust token management scheme to overcome the consequences of such failures.