cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteins of cytoplasmic, chloroplast, and mitochondrial ribosomes of some plants

Abstract The principal objective of this work was to compare the electrophoretic behavior of basic proteins of ribosomes from parts of the same cell. Ribosomes were isolated from maize chloroplasts and cytoplasm as well as from chloroplasts, mitochondria and cytoplasm of mung beans. Using acrylamide gel electrophoresis, basic proteins of these types of ribosomes were compared with those of ribosomes from Escherichia coli and from the blue-green alga Phormidium luridum. In part in agreement with much other work, ribosomes from the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic plants studied were found to be about 80 S and to contain RNA's with molecular weights of about 1.2·10 6 and 0.7·10 6 . The ribosomes of the various chloroplasts and mitochondria, as well as of P. luridum, sediment as approx. 70-S particles and contain RNA's with molecular weights of about 1.1·10 6 and 0.58·10 6 . However, each type of ribosome studied here could be clearly distinguished from any other, including those from E. coli, because of easily observed differences in the electrophoretic behavior of its proteins.
PITUITARY INFANTILISM TREATED WITH PURIFIED GROWTH HORMONE, THYROID, AND SUBLINGUAL METHYLTESTOSTERONE. A CASE REPORT

THE availability of growth hormone of the anterior pituitary in electrophoretically homogeneous and biologically pure form seemed to promise adequate substitution therapy for hypophyseal infantilism (pituitary dwarfism). Furthermore, the hormone was of high potency in the laboratory; the minimal effective dose in hypophysectomized rats was only 10 gamma (1). This fact raised hope that larger amounts might be effective in the human disorder that was the counterpart of the picture seen in hypophysectomized rats. Previous unsatisfactory experience with a less pure growth hormone preparation could have been due to a relatively low potency. The patient reported here seemed a typical example of true hypophyseal infantilism and was thought to offer an excellent opportunity for testing growth hormone1 in adequate amounts in a human being. The experiment was both clinical and chemical, the former for actual amount of linear growth and effect on bone maturation, and the latter for changes in the nitrogen, calcium a...
Influence of iron on algal community composition and physiological status in the Peru upwelling system

Phytoplankton community structure in the eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) and the Peru upwelling system was determined using ChemTax analysis of pigment data. Photosynthetic efficiencies (F v : F m ), concentrations of macronutrients, iron (Fe), and the redox proteins flavodoxin (Flv) and ferredoxin (Fd) were used to assess the physiological status of the algal communities with respect to Fe. Diel periodicity in F v :F m ratios was observed in Fe-stressed populations of Prochlorococcus and type 4 haptophytes (Phaeocystis) in the EEP with daytime values (0.05-0.30) displaying a distinct noontime minimum. On the Peruvian continental shelf, upwelling of Fe-rich subsurface waters led to massive diatom blooms (reaching chlorophyll a [Chl a] values >45 μg L -1 ) with near-maximal photosynthetic efficiencies (F v : F m >0.6). Assimilation and luxurious uptake of Fe, scavenging processes, and Ek-man transport off the shelf break led to rapid decreases in Fe concentration and dramatic shifts in phytoplankton assemblages. The shelf break region was dominated by cryptophyte populations with relatively high photosynthetic competency (F v :F m = 0.4-0.5). In this region, subnanomolar Fe concentrations limited further diatom growth. As Fe concentrations decreased offshore, haptophyte (coccolithophorids and Phaeocystis) populations contributed approximately 40-80% toward the total Chl a concentration. Haptophyte populations were Fe stressed, as determined by high Flv indices (Flv [Flv + Fd] -1 ) and low photosynthetic efficiencies (F v : F m ∼0.3). The Flv index was very high in regions where Fe concentrations were ≤0.2 nmol L -1 , but it was 0 when Fe levels were >0.4 nmol L -1 . In the Peru upwelling, Fe concentrations between 0.2 and 0.4 nmol L -1 represented a transitional region that marked the threshold switch in community Fd and Flv expression.
Design methodologies of a hybrid actuation approach for a human-friendly robot

Determining design parameters is often a challenging procedure, especially in human-friendly robot design due to competition between robot safety and performance. Presenting an analytical model of hybrid actuation for human-friendly robot development, this paper proposes design methodologies to improve performance factors such as range of motion, payload, and acceleration while maintaining the safety factor of effective inertia. The optimized parameters for various design requirements have been provided for 1DOF and 2DOF applications. Comparison between current design parameters and the optimized parameters for a current platform shows the performance improvement. In future work this research will be extended to systems with higher degrees of freedom.
Additive Effects of Hypothermia and Phenobarbitol upon Cerebral Oxygen Consumption in the Rat

The quantitative effects of a combination of hypothermia and phenobarbital on cerebral oxygen uptake (CMRo2) was studied in rats, curarized and artificially ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a modification of the KETY & SCHMIDT (1948) technique, using 133xenon as a tracer. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen content over the brain was measured and CMRo2 was calculated. Four groups were studied. Group 1 was a control group. The three experimental groups were injected with phenobarbital intraperitoneally: Group 2 with 50 mg/kg body weight; Group 3 with 150 mg/kg; and Group 4 with 50 mg/kg of phenobarbital, and, in addition, body temperature was lowered to 32 degrees C in this group. CMRo2 in groups 2, 3 and 4 was reduced by 22, 37 and 43%, respectively, compared to Group 1. The changes in CBF were of the same magnitude. In a previous study we have found that CMRo2 decreases by 5% per 1 degree C decrease in body temperature. The value for CMRo2 in Group 4 is close to the value obtained if the effect of 50 mg/kg body weight of phenobarbital on CMRo2 is added to the effect of a temperature reduction of 5 degrees C. It is concluded that the effects of barbiturates and hypothermia on CMRo2 are additive.
A profibrotic effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in the heart.

Increased expression of PAI-1 is profibrotic in several organs. However, its potentially profibrotic effects in the heart subjected to infarction have not been elucidated. Accordingly, we induced c...
Determination of Stoichiometry Variations in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 by Raman Powder Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy of powders is shown to be a sensitive technique for detecting stoichiometry variations. The method makes use of the broadening of the Raman-active modes which occurs when the translational symmetry of the lattice is reduced on deviation from simple, fixed cation ratios in the structure. Application of the technique to the LiNbO3(ss) system shows that the room-temperature solid-solution range does not exceed 50±0.5 mol% Nb2O5 and that congruent LiNbO3(ss) at 51.4 mol% Nb2O5 is thermodynamically unstable below ≅800°C. Similarly, application of the Raman method to the LiTaO3(ss) system indicates that congruent LiTaO3(ss) at 51.0 mol% Ta2O5 is unstable at temperatures <1000°C.
RE2-CD: Robust and Energy Efficient Cut Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Reliable network connectivity in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is difficult to achieve. Harsh, unattended, low-security environments and resource-constrained nodes exacerbate the problem. An ability to detect connectivity disruptions, due to either security or environmental problems, allows WSN to conserve power and memory while reducing network congestion. We propose RE2-CD, an integrated solution incorporating both robustness to attack and energy-efficiency. To enhance security, a robust outlier detection algorithm assists nodes in detecting a specific threat in their environment. To improve energy-efficiency, a cluster-based cut detection algorithm recognizes and reacts to disrupted connectivity. Extensive simulations across a range of network sizes and densities indicate that energy-efficiency can be improved by an order of magnitude in denser networks while malicious nodes are detected at deviations of 1% from expected behavior.
Adenovirus-Mediated Intraarterial Delivery of PTEN Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia

Objective— Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) responses necessary for neointimal hyperplasia. We recently demonstrated that the inositol 3-phosphatase PTEN is expressed in VSMCs and that its overexpression inhibits these cellular responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PTEN on neointimal hyperplasia in vivo in the rat carotid injury model. Methods and Results— Rat carotid arteries were balloon-injured and treated with a recombinant control adenovirus (AdEV) (n=6), an adenovirus encoding wild-type PTEN (AdPTEN) (n=8), or phosphate-buffered saline (sham) (n=5). Injured vessels demonstrated PTEN overexpression by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry after AdPTEN treatment. Neointimal hyperplasia was assessed 2 weeks after balloon injury and adenovirus administration. Compared with controls, AdPTEN treatment significantly decreased neointimal area and percent stenosis. To investigate the mechanisms ...
Task clustering & scheduling with duplication using recursive critical path approach (RCPA)

This paper address the problem of static task clustering and scheduling of a parallel program given as a Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG) with duplication. Scheduling of task graphs onto multiprocessors is known to be an NP-complete in most cases leading to solutions based on heuristics [1]. In this paper, a novel task-duplication scheduling heuristic is presented. Our approach differs from other heuristics found in literature since task clustering and scheduling are handled during the same phase. This technique omit the need of the independent clustering and scheduling phases (i.e., creating a cluster for every single task in the given DAG followed by the scheduling process) as in [2–6]. Preliminarily results shows that our algorithm outperforms PY, LWB, PLW, TCSD and LG algorithms in terms of the overall makespan, and total number of processors used.
Bit Error Rate Analysis for Flip-flop and Latch Based Interconnect Pipelining

As integrated circuits technology enters into interconnect-centric nanometer regime, it will be impossible to carry cross-chip signals in a single clock cycle and interconnect pipelining becomes an acceptable solution beyond traditional buffer-insertion based interconnect systems. This paper performed a detailed analysis for the bit error rate (BER) of two kinds of interconnect pipelining approaches, and find that the BER is unusually high for some cases. Here the cause of the high BER has been analyzed, and a method to deal with it is proposed. A comparative study of the two interconnect pipelining approaches is also presented in this paper, which will help exploring trade-offs between number of sequential elements inserted and the probability of bit-error during data transmission.
Pleiotropic effects of genistein in metabolic, inflammatory, and malignant diseases

Genistein is a soy-derived biologically active isoflavone that exhibits diverse health-promoting effects. An increasing body of evidence shows that genistein influences lipid homeostasis and insulin resistance, counteracts inflammatory cytokines, and possesses antidiabetic properties. Genistein also impedes cancer progression by promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, modulating intracellular signaling pathways, and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis of neoplastic cells. This review summarizes the pleiotropic functions of genistein in common health disorders such as metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In the current era of uncontrolled health expenditure, a focus on the clinical development of nutritional agents with the capacity to prevent a variety of common health disorders is needed. As a micronutrient that exerts multifaceted effects ranging from antidiabetic to anticarcinogenic functions, genistein should be clinically developed further for use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of health disorders.
Concurrent and distributed desk checking

Summary form only given. This paper discusses how to extend desk checking for concurrent and distributed programs. In addition to unbounded possible schedules, concurrent and distributed programs have execution states that include more than one process. Schedule selection guidelines that facilitate early detection and coverage are introduced. The cross-product technique assists in the selection process. Industrial pilots show that concurrent desk checking is a promising review technique for early error detection.
A Q-learning-based adaptive grouping policy for condition-based maintenance of a flow line manufacturing system

There has been a considerable progress in condition-based maintenance (CBM) in which maintenance actions are carried out as warranted by the condition of machines to reduce the associated maintenance costs and increase the availability of machines. If the maintenance activities are carried out individually, setup costs would be higher and the system downtime would be longer than if the maintenance activities are carried out together on a group of machines. So, finding an optimal grouping policy is an important problem in itself. This paper investigates a Q-learning algorithm to come up with a grouping policy that would reduce set up costs and increase the uptime efficiency of a flow line manufacturing system. The breakdown of even a single machine in a flow line system could affect the availability of the entire system, particularly when there are no storage buffers in between successive machines. The results reported here show that proposed Q-learning-based grouping policy is capable of reducing the number of repair or maintenance interruptions considerably.
HABITAT MODELING FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Abstract Habitat models address only 1 component of biodiversity but can be useful in addressing and managing single or multiple species and ecosystem functions, for projecting disturbance regimes, and in supporting decisions. I review categories and examples of habitat models, their utility for biodiversity conservation, and their roles in making conservation decisions. I suggest the use of influence diagrams in structuring causal webs and structural equation modeling to quantify relations, as a general framework for building models of habitat from which a known degree of inference can be made to biodiversity variables.
Mutation of NIMA-related kinase 1 (NEK1) leads to chromosome instability

NEK1, the first mammalian ortholog of the fungal protein kinase never-in-mitosis A (NIMA), is involved early in the DNA damage sensing/repair pathway. A defect in DNA repair in NEK1-deficient cells is suggested by persistence of DNA double strand breaks after low dose ionizing radiation (IR). NEK1-deficient cells also fail to activate the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2, and fail to arrest properly at G1/S or G2/M-phase checkpoints after DNA damage. We show here that NEK1-deficient cells suffer major errors in mitotic chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, and become aneuploid. These NEK1-deficient cells transform, acquire the ability to grow in anchorage-independent conditions, and form tumors when injected into syngeneic mice. Genomic instability is also manifest in NEK1 +/- mice, which late in life develop lymphomas with a much higher incidence than wild type littermates. NEK1 is required for the maintenance of genome stability by acting at multiple junctures, including control of chromosome stability.
Newly Seen Debris Disks from the HST NICMOS Archive

By reprocessing the NICMOS coronagraphic archive using improved PSF subtraction methods, we have obtained new images of 5 debris disks, all previously unseen using classical PSF subtractions. Three of the disks are edge on and two appear to be ring like, one of which is extremely asymmetric. Their stellar hosts are nearby, young F and G type stars (40-90 pc, 12–30 Myr), including one that is a close analog to the young sun at roughly the age at which terrestrial planets were assembling. This is a 25% increase in the sample of debris disks seen in scattered light. Analysis and modeling of the disk geometries is in process. Given these systems' youth, proximity, and brightness (V = 7.2 to 8.5), these will be superb targets for investigating planet formation, and are perfect targets for studies with GPI, SPHERE and JWST.
Oxidative addition reactions of Rh(SbPh3)3(CO)X (X=Cl, Br) with organic phenyl-substituted propargyl compounds. Rhodium(III) phenylpropargyl products and their conversion to rhodiacyclic complexes

Abstract Reactions of Rh(SbPh3)3(CO)X (X=Cl (1), Br (2)) with PhCCCH2Y (Y=OTs, Cl, Br) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature lead to formation of the oxidative addition products Rh(SbPh3)2(CO)X(Y)(η1-CH2CCPh) (X=Cl, Y=OTs (3), Cl (4), Br (5); X=Br, Y=OTs (6), Br (7)). Complexes 3 and 6 each react with pyridine at room temperature to afford the rhodiacyclopent-3-ene-2-ones Rh(SbPh3)2(py)X(η2-C(O)C(Ph)C(OTs)CH2) (X=Cl (8), Br (9)). Treatment with AgOTs converts 8 to Rh(SbPh3)2(py)(OTs)(η2-C(O)C(Ph)C(OTs)CH2) (10). Addition of AgOTf (or AgBF4) and then immediately an excess of PhCCCH2Br to a CH2Cl2 solution of 1 at ambient temperature affords an orange solid that is formulated tentatively as [Rh(SbPh3)2(CO)Cl(η3-CH2CCPh)]OTf (or BF4) (11a and 11b). All new complexes were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, FAB mass spectrometry, IR and NMR (1H and 13C{1H}) spectroscopy and conductance measurements.
Across-the-board Movement and LF

This paper investigates the status of across-the-board (ATB) dependencies in Logical Form (LF), taking the standard ATB movement analysis as the point of departure. It is argued that, although both overt and covert wh-movement are subject to the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC), only overt ATB movement can save possible CSC violations. This observation implies that there are no LF ATB dependencies at all—an unexpected result under the ATB movement analysis of the ATB construction. The conclusion is further supported by facts of Quantifier Raising and scope, as well as head movement. The paper then examines other approaches to the ATB construction, and argues that the null-operator analysis is able to capture the lack of LF ATB dependencies in a more principled way than alternative analyses. The paper also provides evidence for the existence of QR and LF wh-movement in English and examines the status of VP-coordination. It is argued that VP-level coordination is not possible in nonperiphrastic constructions.
Chronic calorie restriction attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Calorie restriction (CR) prevents many age-associated diseases and prolongs the lifespan. CR induces multiple metabolic and physiologic modifications, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). The present studies sought to determine whether CR or increased calorie intake alters the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the leading animal model for MS. SJL and C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 40% CR beginning at 5 weeks of age. After 5 weeks of CR, EAE was induced by immunizing with proteolipid protein in SJL mice and with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in C57BL/6 mice. Clinical, histologic, and immunologic features of EAE were compared with mice fed ad libitum and to SJL mice fed a high-fat, high-calorie diet. CR ameliorated clinical EAE in both mouse strains with less severe inflammation, demyelination, and axon injury. No suppression of immune function was observed. A high-calorie diet did not alter the EAE course. CR was associated with increased plasma levels of corticosterone and adiponectin and reduced concentrations of IL-6 and leptin. The CR-induced hormonal, metabolic, and cytokine changes observed in our studies suggest a combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. CR with adequate nutrition and careful medical monitoring should be explored as a potential treatment for MS.
Familial predisposition and genetic risk factors for lymphoma

Our understanding of familial predisposition to lymphoma (collectively defined as non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL], Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], and chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL]) outside of rare hereditary syndromes has progressed rapidly during the last decade. First-degree relatives of NHL, HL, and CLL patients have an ∼1.7-fold, 3.1-fold, and 8.5-fold elevated risk of developing NHL, HL, and CLL, respectively. These familial risks are elevated for multiple lymphoma subtypes and do not appear to be confounded by nongenetic risk factors, suggesting at least some shared genetic etiology across the lymphoma subtypes. However, a family history of a specific subtype is most strongly associated with risk for that subtype, supporting subtype-specific genetic factors. Although candidate gene studies have had limited success in identifying susceptibility loci, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 41 loci, predominately associated with specific subtypes. In general, these GWAS-discovered loci are common (minor allele frequency >5%), have small effect sizes (odds ratios, 0.60-2.0), and are of largely unknown function. The relatively low incidence of lymphoma, modest familial risk, and the lack of a screening test and associated intervention, all argue against active clinical surveillance for lymphoma in affected families at this time.
A Screaming Comes Across the Sky - Tort Choice-of-Law Doctrine in Florida Under the Second Restatement of Conflicts

The use and abuse of the Second Restatement of Conflict of Laws in torts cases by Florida's intermediate appellate courts and by the Supreme Court. I conclude that the Supreme Court has thoroughly misconceived the method of the Second Restatement and in the process has given little guidance to Florida's intermediate appellate courts.
Anisotropy in layered half-metallic Heusler alloy superlattices

We show that when two Heusler alloys are layered in the [001], [110], or [111] directions for various thicknesses to form a superlattice, the Slater-Pauling rule may still be satisfied and the resulting superlattice is often half-metallic with gaps comparable to or larger than those of its constituents. In addition, uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy is induced because of the differences in the electronic structure of the two Heuslers in the superlattice. Various full-full, full-half, and half-half Heusler superlattices are studied, and potential half-metallic superlattices with perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy are identified.
Effects of Structure of Ionic Liquids and Phosphoric Acid on Structure of Aluminum Isopropoxide

Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently been used as the solvent to synthesize aluminophosphates, but the effect of IL on structures of precursors and the effect of one precursor on the other precursors ...
Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus in Relation to Gastric and Intestinal Digestion.

SummaryAt the pH levels prevailing in the stomach when only gaitric juice is present, and at the height of digestion of carbohydrate and mixed meals containing meat, poliomyelitis virus is rapidly inactivated. Pepsin contributes slightly to inactivation. Since the pH levels necessary for virus inactivation are present in the Stomach only part of the time, and since part of the gastric contents are evacuated before such level can be attained, acertain proportion of ingested virus has the opportunity to escape intactinto the duodenum, here and in the rest of the intestine the pH is too high to inactivate and trypsin has no inactivating effect. Virus entering the bowel therefore must be presumed to remain active, thus providing conditions suitable for secondary intestinal entry of infection, and also for concentration of virus in the contents of the large intestine.
Perceptions of Civility for Mobile Phone Use in Formal and Informal Meetings

We report our survey research about what American business professionals consider appropriate or civil mobile phone behavior during formal and informal meetings. The findings come from two of our recent research studies: an open-ended survey of 204 employees at a beverage distributor on the East Coast and a nationwide, random-sample survey of 350 business professionals in the United States. There were significant differences by age, group, gender, region, and income level. The differences between women and men were quite striking, with men nearly twice as likely to consider various mobile phone behaviors as acceptable in informal meetings.
Brown Adipose Tissue Response Dynamics: In Vivo Insights with the Voltage Sensor 18F-Fluorobenzyl Triphenyl Phosphonium

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is an emerging target for prevention and treatment of obesity. Mitochondria are the heat generators of BAT. Yet, there is no noninvasive means to image the temporal dynamics of the mitochondrial activity in BAT in vivo. Here, we report a technology for quantitative monitoring of principal kinetic components of BAT adaptive thermogenesis in the living animal, using the PET imaging voltage sensor 18F-fluorobenzyltriphenylphosphonium (18F-FBnTP). 18F-FBnTP targets the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)—the voltage analog of heat produced by mitochondria. Dynamic 18F-FBnTP PET imaging of rat’s BAT was acquired just before and during localized skin cooling or systemic pharmacologic stimulation, with and without administration of propranolol. At ambient temperature, 18F-FBnTP demonstrated rapid uptake and prolonged steady-state retention in BAT. Conversely, cold-induced mitochondrial uncoupling resulted in an immediate washout of 18F-FBnTP from BAT, which was blocked by propranolol. Specific variables of BAT evoked activity were identified and quantified, including response latency, magnitude and kinetics. Cold stimulation resulted in partial washout of 18F-FBnTP (39.1%±14.4% of basal activity). The bulk of 18F-FBnTP washout response occurred within the first minutes of the cold stimulation, while colonic temperature remained nearly intact. Drop of colonic temperature to shivering zone did not have an additive effect. The s3-adrenergic agonist CL-316,243 elicited 18F-FBnTP washout from BAT of kinetics similar to those caused by cold stimulation. Thus, monitoring ΔΨm in vivo using 18F-FBnTP PET provides insights into the kinetic physiology of BAT. 18F-FBnTP PET depicts BAT as a highly sensitive and rapidly responsive organ, emitting heat in short burst during the first minutes of stimulation, and preceding change in core temperature. 18F-FBnTP PET provides a novel set of quantitative metrics highly important for identifying novel therapeutic targets at the mitochondrial level, for developing means to maximize BAT mass and activity, and assessing intervention efficacy.
Economic analysis of the employment effect of Foreign Direct Investment

As the association between Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) and employment is comprehensively affected by various macro and micro factors,it is difficult to make an intact evaluation of the effect of FDI on employment.Based on a qualitative study of affecting mechanisms of the "Two-gap" model,investment multiplier principle,employment theory and economic growth theory on the effect of FDI on employment,we arrive at a conclusion that the FDI is able to increase the employment chances through direct and indirect effects,and has an active job creation effect on the host country.We propose that the host country should attract more FDI through regulating its domestic macro policies,thus creating employment chances and raise employment level.
Estimating erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by a new method.

SUMMARY A semiquantitative fluorimetric method to estimate erythrocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is described. The test should be useful in large-scale screening to detect mutants of this enzyme in various animal species.
Threats on Campus Need for Faculty Response

Be calm and decisive in all your actions. Threats are meant to intimidate and instill fear. Do not assume someone else will handle the situation. Report the threat immediately to your supervisors. Make a crime report to campus public safety officers and law enforcement officials in the appropriate jurisdiction. Follow up to determine the status of the investigation. Refer the student to campus and/or community mental health services. Document the student's behavior and threats. Don't spend time alone with students who exhibit warning signs that could result in violence. Arrange your office so you have easy access to an exit. Be sure that the desk and chair are not between you and the door. Save all written and electronic threats and provide them to law enforcement officials. There is a mechanism for determining the origin of e-mail threats. Obtain a restraining order if necessary.
Climatically Induced Cyclic Variations in United States Crop Production: Implications in Economic and Social Science

Analysis of United States corn yield data discloses evidence for signals near 19 years and 10–11 years in the Corn Belt states, and a large number of other states, which are significant in economic terms. Yield minima in the 19-year wave are in phase with dates or epochs of maxima in 18.6-year luni-solar tidal forcing, and also in phase with the 19-year wave in maximum drought measured from tree-ring data to the west of the Great Plains (Currie, 1984c). Yield minima in the 10 to 11 year wave are also in phase with maxima in solar cycle drought as measured from tree-rings (Currie, 1984c). Both waves closely aligned near the 1936.1 and 1954.7 tidal epochs, thereby enhancing yield shortfalls. These signals are also found in most of the major crops grown as well as in livestock and poultry production. We propose that the systematic modulation of agricultural output is the principal cause of the “Kuznets’ long swings” in the American economy (so named to honor Nobel laureate Simon Kuznets) with period about 20 years on average (Soper, 1978). Time series on population and the building industry are reexamined and they yield a bandlimited signal between 16 to 21 years in period, in agreement with earlier studies by the economists Burns and Mitchell (1946), Kuznets (1961), and Abramovitz (1964). Precipitation data in the northeastern U. S. yield the 19-year luni-solar term which is out-of-phase with the western U. S. for our century. This explains why evidence for the Kuznets effect in aggregate economic data began to deteriorate after the turn of the century.
Rewiring Calcium Signaling for Genome Editing and Transcriptional Reprogramming

Tools capable of modulating gene transcription in living organisms is very useful for interrogating the gene regulatory network and controlling biological processes. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 of Streptococcus pyogenes was reengineered to be catalytically inactive, which functions as a general platform for RNA-dependent DNA binding while leaving the genome intact. This target-gene recognition complex upon fusing to either repressive or activating effectors is able to interfere with transcriptional initiation, transcriptional elongation, RNA polymerase recruitment and transcription factor binding. However, without temporal and/or spatial control, the application of these reprogramming tools will likely cause off-target effects and lack strict reversibility. To overcome this limitation, we report herein the development of a chemical- or light-inducible transcriptional reprogramming device that can control gene expression and cell fate at high spatiotemporal precision. We demonstrated the use of a photo-switchable calcium channel to remotely control calcium and NFAT-dependent transcriptional outputs. By fusing engineered NFAT fragments with Cas9 or dCas9 and transcriptional coactivators, we can harness the power of light to achieve photo-inducible gene editing and transcriptional reprogramming in mammalian cells. This system can also be used to document calcium-dependent activity in mammalian cells after exposure to ligands or chemicals that would elicit calcium response inside cells. [This work is supported by the Welch Foundation and CPRIT].
A multidimensional assessment of reformed teaching practice in geoscience classrooms

This study analyzed quantitative and qualitative data from classroom observations combined with instructor survey results to characterize the application of reformed teaching practices in undergraduate geoscience classes in the United States. Trained observers used the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP) to score 204 geoscience classes. Observed faculty represent a diversity of institutions, teaching rank, and years of experience. Classrooms observed included introductory and upper-level undergraduate courses that ranged in size from 6 to 275 students. Total RTOP scores do not correlate with class size, class level, institution type, instructor gender, instructor rank, or years of teaching experience. Classroom instruction was separated into three categories based on total RTOP scores: Teacher Centered (≤30), Transitional (31–49), or Student Centered (≥50). Statistical analyses of RTOP subscales and individual item scores are used to identify the instructional practices that are characteristic of each category. Instructor survey responses and qualitative classroom observations provide additional details about instructional practices common within each instructional category. Results of these analyses provide a coherent picture of instructional strategies used in geoscience classrooms. Instruction in the most Student Centered classrooms differs from that in Transitional and Teacher Centered classrooms in at least one of three ways. Student Centered classes are more likely to include (1) students engaged in class activities with one another; (2) activities in which instructors assess student learning and adjust lessons accordingly; and (3) opportunities for students to answer and pose questions that determine the focus of a lesson.
Spectroscopic Studies of p-H2 to Above 200 GPa

Raman and infrared vibrational spectra of H 2 have been measured to pressures in excess of 200 GPa and at liquid helium temperatures using new high sensitivity techniques. Detailed study of the pressure dependence of o-p conversion rate reveals an initial increase followed by a decrease above 1 GPa. The conversion rate then increases dramatically with pressure, and this continues to above 50 GPa. New sets of vibron, phonon, roton, and libron excitations in converted para samples are documented as a function of pressure through phases I, II, and III. The results provide important information on the crystal structures, molecular orientational state, and vibrational dynamics of the high-pressure phases.
The Birth of a Cinematic Storyline Normalizing Violence against Black Lives

The first Hollywood blockbuster, The Birth of a Nation, did more than establish cinematic conventions of camera techniques and movie distribution, for it also established a conventional storyline whereby white, patriarchal power is re-established through violence led by a white savior. This storyline can be traced throughout the history of major blockbusters such as Gone with the Wind of 1939, the cavalry trilogy by John Ford in the 1940s, The Omega Man from 1971, and The Outlaw Josie Wales from 1976. A quandary thus arises as to why The Birth of a Nation is held in such infamy and disdain when subsequent films that employ the same storyline are held in such high regard? I pose one explanation of this double standard in judgment as being caused by what I call “social distance by layering.” The larger issue is this storyline normalizes white male gun violence against blacks, liberals, and feminists.
Basic and translational neuro-ophthalmology of visually guided saccades: disorders of velocity.

Introduction: Saccades are rapid, yoked eye movements to direct a target over fovea. The complex circuitry of saccadic eye movements has been exhaustively described. As a result clinicians can elegantly localize the pathology if it falls on the neuraxis responsible for saccades. Traditionally saccades are studied with their quantitative characteristics such as amplitude, velocity, duration, direction, latency and accuracy.Areas covered: Amongst all subtypes, the physiology of the visually guided saccades is most extensively studied. Here we will review the basic and pertinent neuro-anatomy and physiology of visually guided saccade and then discuss common or classic disorders affecting the velocity of visually guided saccades. We will then discuss the basic mechanism for saccade slowing in these disorders.Expert commentary: Prompt appreciation of disorders of saccade velocity is critical to reach appropriate diagnosis. Disorders of midbrain, cerebellum, or basal ganglia can lead to prolonged transi...
Associations of neighborhood disorganization and maternal spanking with children's aggression: a fixed-effects regression analysis

Abstract This study employed fixed effects regression that controls for selection bias, omitted variables bias, and all time-invariant aspects of parent and child characteristics to examine the simultaneous associations between neighborhood disorganization, maternal spanking, and aggressive behavior in early childhood using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). Analysis was based on 2,472 children and their mothers who participated in Wave 3 (2001–2003; child age 3) and Wave 4 (2003–2006; child age 5) of the FFCWS. Results indicated that higher rates of neighborhood crime and violence predicted higher levels of child aggression. Maternal spanking in the past year, whether frequent or infrequent, was also associated with increases in aggressive behavior. This study contributes statistically rigorous evidence that exposure to violence in the neighborhood as well as the family context are predictors of child aggression. We conclude with a discussion for the need for multilevel prevention and intervention approaches that target both community and parenting factors.
Potential mechanisms of antitumorigenesis by protease inhibitors.

The mechanisms by which protease inhibitors suppress carcinogenesis are unknown. From our studies, we believe the first event in carcinogenesis is a high frequency epigenetic event and that a later event (presumably genetic) leads to the malignant state. Protease inhibitors appear to be capable of reversing the “initiating” event in carcinogenesis, even at long times after carcinogen exposure. Protease inhibitors are thought to stop an ongoing process begun by carcinogen exposure. Effects of protease inhibitors on the following phenomena are thought to be related to their anticarcinogenic activity: 1) ability to effect the expression of certain oncogenes, and 2) ability to return carcinogen-increased levels of certain proteolytic activities (e.g., Boc-val-pro-arg-MCA hydrolyzing activity) to normal levels.
Adjustment of Schizophrenics in the Community

As we have seen throughout this volume, the rehabilitation and readjustment of schizophrenic patients entering extramural life is affected by a multitude of factors. Some of these are inherent in the patients’ condition; others are basically environmental in nature. In the first category are the effects of deterioration of the patient brought about by lengthy institutionalization, a matter which has received wide currency in recent literature. The residual thought defect, even in the absence of florid psychotic symptomatology, is another factor affecting outcome in the community since it interferes, to a significant extent, with readjustment efforts by distorting the perception of the social expectations of the community milieu, and by impairing the ability to deal with social roles.
Animal Cells in Culture

Publisher Summary This chapter includes details relating generally to the diversity, utility, development, cryopreservation, and characterization of metazoan cells in culture. Interest in this technology has increased dramatically in the past 15-20 years as indicated by the publication of new and expanded textbooks methodological treatises, review articles, and specialized periodicals. The distribution of cell lines from national repositories has also increased, reportedly more than 10-fold during this past interim. Current technology enables to isolate, maintain, and/or cultivate virtually any tissue cells from any species of interest. For decades animal cells in culture have been exploited in many areas of research and for vaccine manufacture. Advances in somatic cell hybridization, genetic manipulation, transduction, and transfection now permit generation of new cell lines having tremendous potential utility, not only in the areas recognized formerly, but also for the production of monoclonal antibodies, biopharmaceuticals, and an array of cytokines. One may isolate cells for culture by planting a small fragment with a suitable substrate and medium to allow cell outgrowth. Alternatively, the tissue may be dissociated to yield component cells for cultivation. Specific cell types may be recovered initially by careful dissection of the tissue and/or by fractionation of the primary cell suspension.
Improving the Mathematical Knowledge of At-Risk Preschool Children: Two Approaches to Intensifying Early Math Intervention

Abstract The SES-related gap in children's early mathematical knowledge can be reduced by providing an effective Tier 1 (general education) math intervention to economically disadvantaged children during the prekindergarten (pre-k) year. A subgroup of children, however, show low response to a Tier 1 math intervention that is effective for many of their higher performing peers. We report two studies that tested different intervention approaches to intensifying early math support for this at-risk sample. The findings indicated that both approaches were effective. The mathematical knowledge of very low-performing children improved significantly at the end of the pre-k year both when they received a tutorial-based Tier 2 (small-group, intensive) math intervention and when they received 2 consecutive years of an effective Tier 1 math intervention. Thus the early math gap can be reduced for a large majority of socioeconomically disadvantaged children by providing high-quality, intensive math support through public preschool programs. We discuss the research and policy implications of these results.
Autophagy modulates lipid metabolism to maintain metabolic flexibility for Lkb1-deficient Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis

Loss of tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) promotes cancer cell proliferation but also leads to decreased metabolic plasticity in dealing with energy crises. Autophagy is a protective process involving self-cannibalization to maintain cellular energy homeostasis during nutrient deprivation. We developed a mouse model for Lkb1-deficient lung cancer with conditional deletion of essential autophagy gene Atg7 to test whether autophagy compensates for LKB1 loss for tumor cells to survive energy crises. We found that autophagy ablation was synthetically lethal during Lkb1-deficient lung tumorigenesis in both tumor initiation and tumor growth. We further found that autophagy deficiency causes defective intracellular recycling, which limits amino acids to support mitochondrial energy production in starved cancer cells and causes autophagy-deficient cells to be more dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) for energy production, leading to reduced lipid reserve and energy crisis. Our findings strongly suggest that autophagy inhibition could be a strategy for treating LKB1-deficient lung tumors.
Enhancing Parent Consent for School-Based Primary and Reproductive Health Care Among Vulnerable Youth

This quality-improvement initiative evaluated procedures to increase parental consent for students, 13 to 18+ years old, to access a school-based health clinic that provides primary and reproductive health care in a Hispanic immigrant neighborhood in the U.S. Southwest. Six consent-retrieval procedures were sequentially implemented. Procedures included school registration, competition, hand delivery, PTO meetings, self-consent, and mail. Age, grade, and number of completed consents were calculated and compared. The percentage of students with completed consents increased from 35% to 72%. Lessons learned include increasing the number of completed consents is difficult; however, it is important to increase students' access to health-care services.
Judicial Review and the Political Question Doctrine: Reviving the Federalist 'Rebuttable Presumption' Analysis

Implementing Federalist theory, the Constitution established a presumption favoring judicial review, which could be rebutted only by a few constitutional provisions (such as those governing impeachment and appointments) that raised purely "political" questions. This "rebuttable presumption" approach held sway into the twentieth century.Baker v. Carr replaced this Federalist political question doctrine with one that requires a prudential balancing of many vague factors. In practice, the Baker test has granted federal judges near absolute discretion, which has generally been exercised to decide constitutional issues that implicate sensitive political matters. Because the modem political question doctrine lacks legal coherence, both in theory and as applied, the Court should reintroduce the "rebuttable presumption" model in order to reach more legally principled and consistent results.
An Evaluation of Uncertainty and Anticipatory Anxiety Impacts on Technology Use

How does uncertainty and anticipatory anxiety impact technology use? Earlier research has consistently suggested that uncertainty and anticipatory anxiety adversely impels one’s logical judgments, ...
Mapping letters to numbers: Potential mechanisms of literal symbol processing

Abstract This study examined impermanent symbol-referent connections (e.g., x = 5) with literal symbols – important symbols for higher-level mathematics that may be difficult to process due to interference from pre-existing associations from literacy. We examined literal symbol processing at the group and individual levels, and executive functioning and symbol-referent mapping ability as potential cognitive mechanisms. Participants completed same-different judgments using numbers, literal symbols, and novel symbols; symbol-referent mapping; and executive function tasks. On average, participants' judgments with literal symbols took longer than with other symbols (i.e., a literal symbol processing cost). Individual differences in this cost were associated with variability in literal symbol mapping performance, but not with executive functioning. Results suggest the processing cost results from learning symbol-referent connections with symbols that have prior associations, and identifies initial symbol-referent mapping ability as a potential mechanism that contributes to this difficulty. Findings provide novel characterization of symbolic number processing relevant for higher-level mathematics.