cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement, Neurochemical Substrates

Reinforcement mechanisms enable animals to learn how to find goal objects, such as food or sexual partners, which are not available in the immediate environment. These mechanisms operate via a process of trial and error to strengthen or reinforce selectively behaviors that produce the required object. In view of the obvious survival value of these reinforcement mechanisms, identification of their brain substrates is an important problem for neuroscientists interested in behavior.
Mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock following an acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review.

The significance of the utilization of mechanical circulatory support following a myocardial infarction is not well defined. We present a systematic review of this treatment alternative and suggest guidelines to be considered in the treatment of these patients. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12405 (J Card Surg 2014;29:743–751)
Ultra-low-threshold, low cost, Kerr lens modelocked Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser

We report the development of an ultralow-threshold modelocked Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser. Since the pulse energy of a laser is given by its average power divided by its repetition rate, increasing the cavity length produces an increase in pulse energy. This increased pulse energy enables high performance KLM operation at low powers while also decreasing the spot size of the laser mode to reduce pump thresholds. We report what is, to our knowledge, the lowest threshold achieved to date for a Kerr lens mode locked Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser.
Random Matrix Theory

Before about 1956, there was no systematic statistical theory of nuclear energy level structure. There was a shortage of close spacings in experimentally obtained energy levels which was generally dismissed as being due to instrumental resolution failings. Wigner was the first to give an explanation of this observed shortage of close spacings using statistical arguments. Wigner [Wigner 1967] himself refers to the following excerpt by Dyson to summarize the motivation behind the use of statistical methods [Dyson 1962a]: “Recent theoretical analyses have had impressive success in interpreting the detailed structure of the low-lying excited states of complex nuclei. Still, there must come a point beyond which such analyses of individual levels cannot usefully go. For example, observations of levels of heavy nuclei in the neutron-capture region give precise information concerning a stretch of levels from number N to number (N+n) , where N is an integer of the order of 106. It is improbable that level assignments based on shell structure and collective or individual-particle quantum numbers can ever be pushed as far as the millionth level.
Perceptual recognition of states in remote classrooms

We present a method to recognize states in remote classrooms to provide autopilot services for distance education: no session, in-session, and question (i.e. a student in the classroom draws the instructor's attention). We study such a method that uses fuzzy classifiers to recognize above states and a simple feature space presenting a signal of human body movement. This computational model is largely inspired and justified by previous studies on a computational model of perception according to Gestalt theory. Mass assignment theory (MAT) is used for constructing and representing the mapping between a space of meaning (i.e. perception) and a space of signal (i.e. sensor). To show effectiveness, we conducted a comparative study between a conventional approach using fuzzy c-means algorithm and the method based on MAT.
Testing needs and experiments for solid breeder blankets

Most of the critical issues for solid breeder blankets are related to the tritium and thermomechanical behavior of the solid breeder and multiplier. A major contributor to this uncertainty is the lack of definition of a preferred material, microstructure and form. Material selection and development is particularly cost-effective at present since much of the important blanket behavior is driven by local conditions rather than the overall blanket design, and since the choice of material affects the nature of the later and larger experiments. This stage of testing is also the most appropriate time to consider basic material choices such as sphere-pac or sintered pellet, and the incorporation of multiplier material into the blanket. The major testing needs and experiments are characterized here.
MARIJUANA EFFECTS ON VISUAL IMAGERY IN A PAIRED-ASSOCIATE TASK

Surnmry.-Marijuana effects on visual imagery, examined using a pairedassociate learning task, differed from expectations based on previous subjective reports that marijuana enhances visual imagery. Subjects (48 men, mean age 22.4 yr.) were assigned to four groups (12 subjects per group) differing in (a) whether or not they received specific instructions to use imagery to facilitate learning and (b) whether they received marijuana or placebo. Imagery instructions improved recall, but marijuana did not influence the amount of this improvement. After the memory tests, subjects instructed to use imagery described their images. Marijuana decreased the rated vividness of these imagery descriptions.
On the apoprotein composition of human plasma very low density lipoprotein subfractions

Abstract Very low density lipoprotein subtractions are heterogeneous in protein content. Different subfractions of very low density lipoproteins contain different proportions of the different very low density lipoprotein apoproteins. These considerations must be taken into account when studying very low density lipoprotein metabolism.
Small Scale Structure in the Solar Transition Region

We present analysis of a high spatial resolution (~15) O VI λ1032 spectroheliogram taken with the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. This image shows numerous narrow, looplike structures. The widths of the narrowest resolved features are at the spatial resolution of the SUMER spectrometer. In contrast to earlier Skylab observations, however, comparisons with a Michelson Doppler Imager magnetogram reveals that the majority of these looplike structures do not connect network magnetic fields. Instead, they extend from the supergranulation network into the cell-center regions where no magnetic fields are detected in these data. We conjecture that these fine structures are related to spicules and are highly dynamic.
A multi-media, computer-based method for stroboscopy rating training

Methods of training individuals to rate stroboscopic examinations vary widely in rating criteria, viewing times, samples, and length of training. Consequently, problems occur in both inter- and intrajudge agreement. Computer-aided instruction (CAI) provides a means to integrate and control key learning factors that facilitate learning. This study attempted to determine if CAI could train individuals to make accurate and reliable visuo-perceptual judgments of stroboscopy. Experienced and inexperienced subjects rated 45 samples before and after training. Following 4 to 5 hours of CAI training, the subjects with no previous experience demonstrated improved interjudge agreement with a panel of expert raters. The training was not effective for the experienced group. Regardless of the rater's experience, the parameters that required evaluation of movement were more difficult to rate than those requiring only an assessment of structure.
44 Diversity of the picoplankter choricystis (trebouxiophyceae, chlorophyta) from minnesota and north dakota lakes

Choricystis (Trebouxiphyceae, Chlorophyta) is considered a very common member of the freshwater picoplankton. We have established a culture collection from Itasca State Park (ISP), Minnesota, and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), North Dakota, that includes many Choricystis isolates. We examined 109 Choricystis isolates from ISP and 19 isolates from ANWR using PCR-RFLP of the rbcL gene. Twelve types for ISP and 7 types forANWR were distinguished by this technique. Sequence analysis revealed additional diversity within some of the RFLP types. Moreover, none of the Choricystis isolates from ANWR possessed rbcL sequences identical to any isolate from ISP. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data revealed at least 2 major lineages. These results indicate that Choricystis is much more diverse than previously thought. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DEB-0128953, DBI-0070387 and MCB
Reconceptualizing HIV Infection Among Poor Black Adolescent Females: An Urban Poverty Paradigm

Recent research of HIV infection has attributed high rates of infection among heterosexual Black adolescents to multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom use. Social science explanations emphasize limited family support, poor access to information, and unwillingness to change. This article presents an analysis of the effects of economic inequality and changes in urban areas on sexual risk-taking among poor Black women. Data come from an ongoing ethnographic study involving 53 young women in New Haven, Connecticut. Theoretical frameworks of urban development, economic isolation, and opportunity structures inform the results. Findings show that structural, social, and individual characteristics influence how young Black women define and assess personal risk. The residual and cumulative effects of racial inequality, poverty, and destabilization of communities contribute to risk-taking. Teenagers are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they believe their life options are limited. Recommendations include focusing on the reduction of social inequality as a health seeking strategy.
CALCIUM IN FLOCCULENCE OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

A quantitative method was adopted for measuring flocculation intensity of yeast photometrically. In three strongly flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae examined with this method, flocculation intensity depended on ionic strength of the medium as well as on Ca concentration, and was maximum at about 0·01 ionic strength. At this optimum ionic strength, when free Ca concentration was varied in stabilized complexing systems, a transition occurred at about 10−8 m Ca between flocculent and nonflocculent states. At higher Ca concentrations, flocculation intensity was nearly constant. The observed transition is at much lower Ca levels than other effects noted in the literature.
In-Situ Light-Scattering Measurements During the CVD of Polycrystalline Silicon Carbide

Light-scattering was used to monitor the chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide from methyltrichlorosilane. The nucleation and growth of the SiC features caused changes in the surface topography that altered the angular scattering spectrum that was generated with a He-Ne laser. These scattering spectra were then analyzed to obtain information about the nucleation and growth processes that are occurring.
Yarrowia lipolytica as an Oleaginous Cell Factory Platform for Production of Fatty Acid-Based Biofuel and Bioproducts

Today’s biotechnologists seek new biocatalysts to meet the growing demand for the bioproducts. This review critically evaluates the potential use of Y. lipolytica as an oleaginous cell factory platform. This yeast has undergone extensive modifications for converting a wide range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic biomass, including alkane, oil, glycerol and sugars to fatty acid-based products. This article highlights challenges in the development of this platform and provides an overview of strategies to enhance its potential in the sustainable production of biodiesel, functional dietary lipid compounds and other value-added oleochemical compounds. Future applications of the recombinant Y. lipolytica platform are also discussed.
Comparison of a Natural Bentonite with its Synthetic Analogue

Comparison was made between a sample of Wyoming bentonite and its synthetic analogue. Equivalent decomposition temperatures and mineral phases were obtained in hydrothermal environments and by calcinations.
Data-reduction method for spatial data using a structured wavelet model

Recent advances in sensor instrumentation have provided opportunities for process engineers to collect data at various process steps in order to detect process problems and develop remedial procedures. This article presents a structured wavelet model for the reduction of two-dimensional data having distinct structures. The wavelet component of our model can handle irregular data patterns exhibiting many peaks and valleys, while the existence of a distinct data structure prompts the use of polynomial functions on wavelet coefficients. The two-dimensional antenna data is reduced with a structured wavelet model followed by some procedures for the detection of process defects based on the reduced-size data. A real-life example is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed tools in detecting process problems from a potentially large volume of data exhibiting many peaks and valleys.
Suppression of motion-induced streak artifacts along chords in fan-beam BPF-reconstructions of motion-contaminated projection data

Usage of the backprojection filtration (BPF) algorithm for reconstructing images from motion-contaminated fan-beam data may result in motion-induced streak artifacts, which appear in the direction of the chords on which images are reconstructed. These streak artifacts, which are most pronounced along chords tangent to the edges of the moving object, may be suppressed by use of the weighted BPF (WBPF) algorithm, which can exploit the inherent redundancies in fan-beam data. More specifically, reconstructions using full-scan and short-scan data can allow for substantial suppression of these streaks, whereas those using reduced-scan data can allow for partial suppression. Since multiple different reconstructions of the same chord can be obtained by varying the amount of redundant data used, we have laid the groundwork for a possible method to characterize the amount of motion encoded within the data used for reconstructing an image on a particular chord. Furthermore, since motion artifacts in WBPF reconstructions using full-scan and short-scan data appear similar to those in corresponding fan-beam filtered backprojection (FFBP) reconstructions for the cases performed in this study, the BPF and WBPF algorithms potentially may be used to arrive at a more fundamental characterization of how motion artifacts appear in FFBP reconstructions.
Estrogen inhibits cell cycle progression and retinoblastoma phosphorylation in rhesus ovarian surface epithelial cell culture

Abstract Estrogen promotes the growth of some ovarian cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations, but has been shown to inhibit growth of normal ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells at micromolar concentrations (1 μg/ml). OSE cells express the estrogen receptor (ER)-α, and are the source of 90% of ovarian cancers. The potential sensitivity of OSE cells to estrogen stresses the importance of understanding the estrogen-dependent mechanisms at play in OSE proliferation and transformation, as well as in anticancer treatment. We investigated the effects of estradiol on cell proliferation in vitro, and demonstrate an intracellular locus of action of estradiol in cultured rhesus ovarian surface epithelial (RhOSE) cells. We show that ovarian and breast cells are growth-inhibited by micromolar concentrations of estradiol, and that this inhibition correlates with estrogen receptor expression. We further show that normal rhesus OSE cells do not activate ERK or Akt in response to estradiol, nor does estradiol block the ability of serum to stimulate ERK or induce cyclin D expression. Contrarily, estradiol inhibits serum-dependent retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation and blocks DNA synthesis. This inhibition does not formally arrest cells, and is reversible within hours of estrogen withdrawal. Our data are consistent with growth inhibition by activation of Rb and indicate that sensitivity to hormone therapy in anticancer treatment can be modulated by cell cycle regulators downstream of the estrogen receptor.
Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Elastomeric Multiblock Terpolymers Containing Glassy, Rubbery, and Semicrystalline Blocks

Multiblock copolymers containing glassy poly-(cyclohexylethylene) (C), rubbery poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (P), and semicrystalline poly(ethylene) (E) were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization of styrene, isoprene, and buta-diene followed by catalytic hydrogenation. The resulting CECP-CEC (denoted XPX) and CECP (XP) multiblock copolymers each contain 50 vol % of P and equal amounts of C and E. These materials have been studied by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small- an wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), di!erential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile deformation to characterize the morphology, phase behavior, and mechanical properties. Microphase separation in these compounds is induced by crystallization of Eand/or chemical incompatibility between the three blocks, leading to a new type of morphology which contains continuous region of P and continuous region ofmicrophase-separated X, resulting inmechanically resilientmaterials.Highmolecular weight block copolymers microphase separate with two di!erent length scales associated with segregation between C and E and X and P. These structural features produce a nonclassical scaling relationship for the C!E domain spacing, d ! N0.31, where N is the degree of polymerization of CEC portion. The role of semicrystalline E domains during uniaxial deformation has been exposed withWAXS experiments, which support a two-stepmechanisminvolving recoverable and nonrecoverable deformation to di!erent extents.more » Strain hardening is observed in double-anchored XPX, but not in single-anchored XP, at large tensile strains.« less
Morphological Studies on Holotrichous Ciliates of the Family Hysterocinetidae I. Hysterocineta eiseniae Beers and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov.

SYNOPSIS. Hysterocineta eiseniae, from the oligochaete Ei-senia lonnbergi, and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov., from the fresh-water prosobranch snail Campeloma geniculum, have been studied primarily with a view to arriving at a better understanding; of the adoral and buccal ciliature of hystero-cinetid ciliates. In both of these species (as well as in representatives of two undescribed genera), the arrangement of adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is fundamentally the same. There are three adoral rows of cilia extending transversely across the posterior end of the body, toward the buccal cavity. The row nearest the superior surface consists of cilia which are fused into a hyaline and relatively inactive membrane. This row enters the buccal cavity on its left side and extends inward to the cytostome. The other two rows, inferior to the membrane, are close together and consist of active and coherent cilia which collectively form a brush-like complex. Oi these rows, the one nearer to the membrane enters the buccal cavity on its right side. The other row ends at the right side of the buccal overture, and near the point where it terminates, but on the opposite side of the continuous row, a similar series of cilia originates and closely parallels the continuous row to the cytostome. The diagnosis of the family Hysterocinetidae is emended on the basis of this characteristic arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliature. The hysterocinetids appear to be rather closely related to ciliates of the family Hemispeiridae, and are therefore tentatively referred to the order Thigmotrichida.
Primary adenocarcinoma of bladder.

Abstract Between April 1983 and December 1987, we have treated and followed 16 patients at the University of Southern California for adenocarcinoma of the bladder. In 10 patients, the cancer originated from a nonurachal source; all underwent radical cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, and urinary diversion. The other 6 patients had an apparent urachal origin of their cancer. Half of these patients were treated with radical cystectomy and urinary diversion and half were treated initially with segmental cystectomy. Presenting characteristics (age, sex ratio, and symptoms) were similar for both groups. Three-year adjusted actuarial tumor free survival rates for the two groups were 48 percent and 31 percent, respectively. We advocate an aggressive approach of radical cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, and urinary diversion for all invasive adenocarcinoma of the bladder, regardless of location.
Laparoscopic hand assisted radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Hand assisted laparoscopy was originally described in the early 1990s. Since then many studies have shown that hand assisted techniques have the same advantages of laparoscopy including decreased need for postoperative narcotics and rapid return to routine activities. Laparoscopic techniques are advancing rapidly and intracorporeal laparoscopic cystectomy is reported. To our knowledge we report the first case of hand assisted, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion.Materials and Methods: A 68-year-old male with rapidly recurring grade III transitional cell carcinoma elected to undergo hand assisted radical cystectomy. We performed a radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection removing the specimen through the hand port site. The ileal loop urinary diversion was constructed by pulling the small bowel through the hand port incision. We made another separate hole for the stoma and a drain was placed through a port site. The incisions were clos...
SU‐GG‐J‐156: Quantitative Analysis of Onboard SPECT Imaging Using Compact Gamma Cameras

Purpose:Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)imaging on‐board radiation therapy machines may enhance radiation therapy. Use of a light‐weight, compact detector would be desirable because of maneuverability, yet is challenged by truncation and consequently reconstruction artifacts. We hypothesize that, for a sizeable volume surrounding the tumor target, and with properly chosen detector trajectories, compact detectors can provide image quality that is comparable to that of full‐size SPECTdetectors.Method and Materials: On‐board SPECTimaging was computer simulated for detectors with active surface widths of 21.2 and 40.0 cm. Detector trajectories were selected such that the common volume encompassed an 8‐cm‐diameter ROI surrounding each tumor in the torso of a NCAT phantom. For deep tumors, two common volumes — interior and partially exterior — were investigated. Radiotracer distribution was modeled for 99mTc‐Sestamibi. Noise‐free and noisy projection images were generated with an analytical simulator that models non‐uniform attenuation, collimator & detector efficiency, and spatially‐varying spatial resolution. Images were reconstructed by OSEM. In reconstructed images, root mean square error and recovered tumor activity were analyzed as a function of detector width and detector trajectory. Results:Image truncation reduced overall image quality. For example, RMS error over an entire noise‐free image slice was 18 – 35% worse with the 21‐cm‐wide detector versus the larger detector. However, for regions within the common volume for both detector widths, RMS errors differed by less that 2%. Similar results were observed for noisy images. Moreover, the recovered fraction of tumor activity was comparable, except for when the smaller‐detector common volume was interior — the recovered activity was reduced by 11%. Conclusion: Preliminary results show that an 8‐cm‐diameter ROI can be reconstructed using 21 or 40‐cm‐wide detectors with comparable RMS errors and recovered tumor activities, supporting the proposal that on‐board target localization could be accomplished using compact SPECTdetectors.
Co-overexpression of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase subunits allows isolation and analysis of mutant enzymes lacking lineage-specific sequence insertions.

The study of mutant enzymes can reveal important details about the fundamental mechanism and regulation of RNA polymerase, the central enzyme of gene expression. However, such studies are complicated by the multisubunit structure of RNA polymerase and by its indispensability for cell growth. Previously, mutant RNA polymerases have been produced by in vitro assembly from isolated subunits or by in vivo assembly upon overexpression of a single mutant subunit. Both approaches can fail if the mutant subunit is toxic or incorrectly folded. Here we describe an alternative strategy, co-overexpression and in vivoassembly of RNA polymerase subunits, and apply this method to characterize the role of sequence insertions present in theEscherichia coli enzyme. We find that co-overexpression of its subunits allows assembly of an RNA polymerase lacking a 188-amino acid insertion in the ′ subunit. Based on experiments with this and other mutant E. coli enzymes with precisely excised sequence insertions, we report that the ′ sequence insertion and, to a lesser extent, an N-terminal sequence insertion confer characteristic stability to the open initiation complex, frequency of abortive initiation, and pausing during transcript elongation relative to RNA polymerases, such as that from Bacillus subtilis, that lack the sequence insertions.
Pneumonitis and eosinophilia after in vitro fertilization treatment.

A 33-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypoxia, complaining of dyspnea and paroxysms of dry cough for 2 days. The patient had undergone an unsuccessful in vitro fertilization procedure 1 month earlier and had had another embryo implantation 6 days earlier. She had been receiving intramuscular injections of estradiol and progesterone in sesame oil to support implantation. A chest radiograph demonstrated extensive bilateral pulmonary consolidation; a leukocytosis count of 19.7 × 10 9 with 20% eosinophils was noted on a CBC count. A MEDLINE search yielded a case report in infertility literature describing an eosinophilic pneumonitis with similar clinical features after injections of progesterone in sesame oil. Treatment with intravenous corticosteroids was initiated in the ED, resulting in symptom and chest radiograph result improvement within 2 days and sparing the patient further imaging and antibiotic therapy.
Injection molding of semicrystalline polymers. II. Modeling and experiments

The injection molding of an isotactic polypropylene was computer-simulated with both quiescent and shear-induced crystallization taken into account. A one-dimensional finite difference model was used to simulate the filling, packing, and cooling stages of the injection-molding cycle. The Spencer-Gilmore equation was used to relate the density variations to the pressure and temperature traces in the packing simulation. The quiescent crystallization kinetics was modeled by the differential form of the Nakamura equation. The theory developed by Janeschitz-Kriegl and co-workers was used to model the shear-induced crystallization kinetics. The pressure traces during the filling and packing stages of the molding cycle, the thickness of the shear-induced crystallization layer, and the crystallinity profile throughout the thickness of the part were measured and compared with predicted values. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bath is a bath is a bath

Immersion in water in spas has been practised for centuries and has many proponents. Despite fierce debate about its efficacy there has been little scientific evaluation of the effect of immersion in mineral waters. Eight normal subjects were immersed in Bath spa water for two hours and the renal, haematological, and cardiovascular responses were compared with those in the control periods before and after immersion. Significant, twofold diuresis and natriuresis, 5% haemodilution, and a 50% increase in cardiac index were observed in subjects immersed, sitting, in Bath spa water at 35°C. These changes may constitute part of the scientific rationale for spa treatment in many states of disease.
Discussion of sensitivity to preservatives in anesthetics.

A patient who has an allergic reaction to an anesthetic may be reacting to the preservative in the drug. A patient who has an allergic reaction to an anesthetic may be reacting to the preservative in the drug. Methyl paraben caused an allergic response in this case.
Effects of Stimulus Variability on Speech Perception in Listeners With Hearing Impairment

Traditional word-recognition tests typically use phonetically balanced (PB) word lists produced by one talker at one speaking rate. Intelligibility measures based on these tests may not adequately ...
Mechanisms and biological effects of mismatch repair.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 LONG-PATCH MISMATCH CORRECTION . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 231 Specificity of Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair in E. coli.. . ...... . . . ..... . .. . .... . . . . . . 231 Initiation of the Methyl-Directed Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 The Excision Reaction in Methyl-Directed Repair . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 235 Methyl-Directed Repair and Replication Fidelity . . . . ....... . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 238 mutHLSU Gene Products and the Recombination Heteroduplex..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Long-Patch. Strand-Specific Mismatch Repair in Eukaryotic Cells . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 SHORT-PATCH MISMATCH REPAIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... ......... 243 VSP Mismatch Correction in E. coli 243 MutY-Dependent G-A->G'C Mismatch Repair in E. coli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244 ReeF-Dependent Resolution of Heteroduplex DNA in E. coli ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ........ 246 G-T->G' C Short-Patch Repair in Mammalian Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
W. W. deLacy's 1865 map of the territory of Montana

(2002). W. W. deLacy's 1865 map of the territory of Montana. Imago Mundi: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 129-134.
Enhanced fragment emission in the interaction of 18. 5 GeV /sup 12/C ions with complex nuclei

Cross sections for the formation of seven fragments ranging from /sup 24/Na to /sup 52/Mn in the interaction of 18.5 GeV /sup 12/C ions and 400 GeV protons with Cu, Ag, Gd, Ta, Au, and U have been measured. After correction for the difference in bombarding energy, the results were used to test the factorization hypothesis. Enhanced fragment emission in /sup 12/C reactions was observed for all targets excepting copper. The magnitude of the enhancement and its dependence on target and product A are described. The variation of fragment yields with target A is examined. The neutron excess products obey modified Qgg systematics while the neutron deficient ones do not. The implications of these results for the reaction mechanism are considered.
America's Child Soldiers: Toward a Research Agenda for Studying Gang-Involved Youth in the United States

This article examines ways in which international research on child soldiers might serve to inform research on gang-involved youth in the United States. In particular, we discuss the importance of understanding trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions as both risks for and consequences of participation in both forms of armed groups. In addition, we point to the value of expanding our view of trauma to include dimensions that have yielded important insights in the study of child soldiers, including developmental trauma disorder, perpetration-induced trauma, and the unique sequelae of sexual victimization for girls. The roles of ethnic pride and ideology, moral agency, and the processes that promote desistance and reintegration of former child soldiers and gang members are discussed. Finally, we suggest that future research on children in armed groups should give consideration not only to psychological constructs like resilience and post-traumatic growth, but to social forces that can promote pro...
Prism adaptation and brain damage

Abstract Brain damaged (BD), psychiatric (P), and normal (N) groups were compared on adaptability to prism-displaced vision. Although no difference among the groups was found on compensatory pre-post shifts of felt limb position (“proprioceptive shift”), the BD group manifested significantly less shift in target-pointing accuracy (“negative aftereffect”) than either of the other two groups. The latter result suggests that brain damaged individuals are, in general, unable to acquire the “cognitive” component of adaptation which results from consistently accurate target-pointing performance during the prism-exposure period. Frontal and non-frontal BD Ss adapted equally on proprioceptive shift, while the non-frontals evidenced significantly less negative aftereffect. It was suggested that this result and the fact that frontals adapted equally (on all measures) with the N group had implications for Teuber's “corollary discharge” hypothesis.
Optical Measurement Of Detonator Initiation Process

This paper describes an optical method for measuring shock wave velocity and plasma temperature preduced by gold wire explosion in air and the full initiation process of No.2 explosive by the gold wire explosion. The accumulation area of EBW detonator, threshold initiation phenomenon and its judgment and functional relation between real and visional detonation velocities have been investigated. The initiation mechanism of the detonator has also been put forward.
The role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1 in satiety.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by the distal intestine in response to nutrients entering the gut, is hypothesized to participate in the process of satiety. Therefore, we predicted that peripheral GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1-R) stimulation would reduce food intake by limiting meal size. To test this hypothesis, we continuously monitored rats’ chow intake after IP injection of either the GLP-1-R agonist Exendin-4 (Ex4; 1 μg/kg) or saline. Ex4 significantly reduced feeding for 4 h post-treatment by selectively decreasing meal size, with no effect on meal frequency. To determine whether nutrient-stimulated endogenous GLP-1 release plays a role in satiety, we examined the effects of GLP-1-R blockade on food intake after an intragastric nutrient preload. Rats fitted with intragastric catheters received a preload infusion of either saline or 10 kcal glucose (10 ml at 1 ml/min). Immediately after the infusion, they were injected with saline or Exendin 9–39 (Ex9, a GLP-1-R antagonist; 100 μg/kg, IP), and then presented with vanilla Ensure liquid diet for 2 h. The glucose preload significantly decreased Ensure intake, and Ex9 treatment reduced the magnitude of this preload-induced intake suppression by 40%. We observed similar effects of GLP-1-R blockade after an orally consumed preload of 12.5% sucrose solution (mean intake=10.42 kcal). The sucrose preload significantly reduced subsequent chow intake compared with the no-preload condition, and Ex9 (100 μg/kg IP) treatment completely blocked this preload effect. Taken together, these results implicate GLP-1 released from the intestine in response to ingested nutrients as a physiologically relevant satiety signal.
The lipopolysaccharide receptor for bacteriophages ∅X174 and S13

Abstract The ∅X174 and S13 receptor is found in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell outer membrane of sensitive strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . Binding of the phage to purified LPS is sufficient to cause the alteration of phage structure called eclipse as manifested by susceptibility to DNase. Based on results with different strains of S. typhimurium and intact and chemically degraded LPS derived from them, the phage binding site can be represented by this structure found in the core and backbone of the LPS: [GlcNAc, N -acetylglucosamine; Glc, glucose; Gal, galactose; Hep, heptose; KDO, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid]. Although closely related, ∅X174 and S13 differ slightly in their receptor requirements. S13 does not require GlcNAc at the nonreducing terminus for optimal binding and eclipse. Removal of the ester-linked fatty acids of the Lipid A moiety of LPS destroys the capability for phage eclipse but not for binding. Physical features of LPS imposed by its lipid components appear to be necessary for the succession of events that lead to eclipse. Regions of fusion between the inner and outer cell membranes may be the locus of the phage-binding site.
The effects of perceived deviancy on interpersonal evaluation

One hundred and twenty high school student Ss read a fictitious transcript from an interview for a study-abroad program. During the interview, a male college student applicant (1) revealed that he had experienced either a happy or an unhappy childhood and (2) presented himself as normal, previously mentally ill, or as having suffered a serious physical illness. Ss evaluated the stimulus person less favorably when he reported either an unhappy childhood or a serious physical illness. The predicted dislike and derogation of the mentally ill stimulus person was not evidenced, but the Ss rated him as the most interesting. Consistent sex differences emerged, as female Ss evaluated the stimulus person in more favorable terms and indicated that, if they were to meet him, they would like him significantly more than did male Ss.
Biophysical Analysis of Dystrophic and Osteogenic Models of Valvular Calcification

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a significant cardiovascular disorder characterized by the formation of calcific nodules (CN) on the valve. In vitro assays studying the formation of these nodules were developed and have led to many significant mechanistic findings; however, the biophysical properties of CNs have not been clearly defined. A thorough analysis of dystrophic and osteogenic nodules utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to describe calcific nodule properties and provide a link between calcific nodule morphogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Unique nodule properties were observed for dystrophic and osteogenic nodules, highlighting the distinct mechanisms occurring in valvular calcification.
Certain effects of uncertain models

Statistical summaries of multiple regression analyses often state conclusions as if model uncertainty is of little concern. The error due to a mis-specified model, however, can be more significant in practice than the sampling error associated with commonly reported statistics. The true effect of an explanatory variable may be opposite that indicated by a fitted coefficient of a linear model, even if the model is well fit and the coefficient is deemed statistically significant. Here we study the sensitivity of the sign of a fitted coefficient to changes in the model structure. As a consequence of the principle of least squares, we show that a set of covariates with a relatively weak coefficient of determination can not reverse the sign of a relatively strong fitted coefficient of a linear model, given some orthogonality conditions. A consequence of the theory is a necessary condition for Simpson’s paradox.
One of the oldest seals (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the Old World

Among the four subfamilies of Phocidae (Phocinae, Monachinae, Cystophorinae, and Devinophocinae), fossil remains of monachine seals from the late and especially from the early to middle Miocene (ca...
Simultaneous quantitation of seven elements by an X-ray fluorescence system for the microsphere method

An automated X-ray fluorescence system with a low Compton background was designed utilizing a metal filter, electronic devices, polarized X-rays for element excitation, a Si(Li) detector, and a commercially available X-ray tube. Rb, Mo, Ag, I, La, and Gd were tested in order to select a single optimal filter. A low Compton background and a high count rate over a wide spectral range were obtained with a filter optimized for Ag. Regions of interest were chosen for K alpha peaks of Zr, Mo, Rh, Ag, Sn, I, and Ba. The net K alpha peak areas were computed by subtracting the K beta counts from the total net counts in the regions of interest. An excellent linear relation was obtained between the computed K alpha net counts and their concentrations. The net count rates (c.p.m./p.p.m.) were 29.34 (Zr), 46.56 (Mo), 69.78 (Rh), 81.60 (Ag), 77.75 (Sn), 70.30 (I) and 74.13 (Ba). It is concluded that all seven elements can be used for nonradioactive microspheres with satisfactory counting statistics for simultaneous measurements of regional blood flows. >
Metal binding colloidal gold particles: A versatile scanning force microscope tip calibrator for fluid imaging

One of the primary difficulties of imaging under aqueous solution with the scanning force microscope (SFM) is a lack of reliable tip characterization. The requirements of imaging under solution greatly limit the utility of available standards. We report the synthesis of metal binding colloidal gold (MBG) which allows direct deconvolution of tip shape during sample imaging. Divalent metal ions have been used extensively for binding samples to mica for SFM in fluid, especially biological samples such as DNA. The MBG synthesized here can be imaged bound to mica, demonstrating their usefulness for fluid SFM. Their diameter has been measured and is consistent with the expected value. They are shown to be robust to repeated imaging and stable in a variety of conditions. Their ability to be imaged is inhibited by the presence of a metal chelator. Finally, these gold particles, in conjunction with computational image restoration methods, have been used to analyze plasmid DNA images obtained in aqueous solution. Enabling colloidal gold particles to bind metals through the attachment of a synthesized polypeptide allows simpler and faster tip calibration in aqueous solution than calibrations obtained by previously described methods.
Diazepam enhances intrasynaptosomal free calcium concentrations

Abstract Synaptosomes prepared from brains of rats were incubated in different concentrations of diazepam under conditions designed to reduce the action of a reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. In synaptosomes depolarized in the presence of added Ca2+, doses of diazepam ranging from 0.1 to 100 μM were found to significantly enhance Ca2+ levels measured with the fluorescent dye fura-2, compared to control incubations without drug. Furthermore, doses of diazepam as low as 1 μM significantly increased the concentration of Ca2+ in non-depolarized synaptosomes without added Ca2+ in the medium. The effects of depolarization and diazepam treatment were synergistic in increasing the levels of intrasynaptosomal Ca2+.
Computer-Assisted Classroom Discussion in the Foreign Language Classroom: Conversation in Slow Motion

This article explores an innovative use of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in the form of a computer network used for real-time, synchronous discussion in intermediate Portuguese and elementary French classes. Of special interest to the author are the communicative opportunities offered by a local area network (LAN) in the teaching of foreign languages. She describes how computer-assisted classroom discussion (CACD) provides a unique environment for student-student and student-teacher interaction in an experimental networked laboratory established by the English Department at the University of Texas, Austin.
Over-the-counter medication use in an older rural community: The MoVIES project

OBJECTIVE: To examine the self-reported use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and the factors associated with OTC use in a rural older population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of an age-stratified random community sample. SETTING: The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural area of Southwestern Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1059 older individuals with a mean age of 74.5 (± 5.5) years, 96.9% of whom were white and 57.3% of whom were women. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported over-the-counter drug use and demographic information, and information about prescription drug use and recent use of health services. RESULTS: The majority (87.0%) of the sample were taking at least one OTC medication; 5.7% reported taking five or more OTCs. Women took significantly more OTCs than did men (P < .001). Individuals with more education took significantly more OTCs than those who had less (P = .018). The OTC category used most commonly was analgesics (66.3% overall), followed by vitamin and mineral supplements (38.1%), antacids (27.9%), and laxatives (9.7%). The use of analgesics decreased significantly (P = .018) with increasing age, whereas the use of laxatives increased significantly (P < .001). Women were more likely than men to be using each of these four major OTC groups. Unlike the associations with prescription drug use we reported previously in the same population, there were no significant associations for overall OTC use with age or with the use of health services. However, although vitamin use (as an example of an OTC drug taken for “preventive” purposes) was not associated with health services use, the use of laxatives (as an example of a “curative” OTC) was significantly associated (P ≤ .002) with a greater number of physician visits, emergency room visits, hospitalizations during the past 6 months, home health care service utilization, and number of prescription medications. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of our older sample reported using a variety of over-the-counter drugs. Analgesics and vitamin/mineral supplements were the most frequently used categories. Women and those with more education were taking more OTC drugs. OTC use was not related to age, but the use of analgesics decreased with age while laxative use increased with age. Unlike prescription drug use, overall OTC drug use was not associated with health services utilization.
Response of Key Soil Parameters During Compost-Assisted Phytostabilization in Extremely Acidic Tailings: Effect of Plant Species

Phytostabilization of mine tailings acts to mitigate both eolian dispersion and water erosion events which can disseminate barren tailings over large distances. This technology uses plants to establish a vegetative cover to permanently immobilize contaminants in the rooting zone, often requiring addition of an amendment to assist plant growth. Here we report the results of a greenhouse study that evaluated the ability of six native plant species to grow in extremely acidic (pH ∼ 2.5) metalliferous (As, Pb, Zn: 2000-3000 mg kg(-1)) mine tailings from Iron King Mine Humboldt Smelter Superfund site when amended with a range of compost concentrations. Results revealed that three of the six plant species tested (buffalo grass, mesquite, and catclaw acacia) are good candidates for phytostabilization at an optimum level of 15% compost (w/w) amendment showing good growth and minimal shoot accumulation of metal(loid)s. A fourth candidate, quailbush, also met all criteria except for exceeding the domestic animal toxicity limit for shoot accumulation of zinc. A key finding of this study was that the plant species that grew most successfully on these tailings significantly influenced key tailings parameters; direct correlations between plant biomass and both increased tailings pH and neutrophilic heterotrophic bacterial counts were observed. We also observed decreased iron oxidizer counts and decreased bioavailability of metal(loid)s mainly as a result of compost amendment. Taken together, these results suggest that the phytostabilization process reduced tailings toxicity as well as the potential for metal(loid) mobilization. This study provides practical information on plant and tailings characteristics that is critically needed for successful implementation of assisted phytostabilization on acidic, metalliferous mine tailings sites.