cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and neurological aspects of sex chromosome aneuploidies

Summary Sex chromosome aneuploidies are a common group of disorders that are characterised by an abnormal number of X or Y chromosomes. However, many individuals with these disorders are not diagnosed, despite established groups of core features that include aberrant brain development and function. Clinical presentations often include characteristic profiles of intellectual ability, motor impairments, and rates of neurological and psychiatric disorders that are higher than those of the general population. Advances in genetics and neuroimaging have substantially expanded knowledge of potential mechanisms that underlie these phenotypes, including a putative dose effect of sex chromosome genes on neuroanatomical structures and cognitive abilities. Continuing attention to emerging trends in research of sex chromosome aneuploidies is important for clinicians because it informs appropriate management of these common genetic disorders. Furthermore, improved understanding of underlying neurobiological processes has much potential to elucidate sex-related factors associated with neurological and psychiatric disease in general.
Bandwidth scaling of phase-modulated CW comb through four-wave mixing on silicon nano-waveguide

We demonstrate a scheme to scale the bandwidth of a frequency comb generated by phase modulation of CW lasers using four-wave mixing in a silicon nano-waveguides, resulting in >100 comb lines spaced by 10-GHz within 5-dB bandwidth.
Relative electron beam measurements: scaling depths in clear polystyrene to equivalent depths in water.

For purposes of mean incident energy determination and the accrual of consistent treatment planning data, measurements of relative ionization or dose made in clear polystyrene must be scaled in depth to produce depth‐ionization or depth‐dose curves equivalent to what would have been measured in water. Recommendations from various protocols for clear polystyrene to water depth scaling factors differ by as much as 5%. Here, central axis measurements of relative ionization as a function of depth have been made with parallel‐plate chambers both in a popular clear polystyrene phantom of density 1.045 g/cm3 and in water. Perturbation and displacement corrections were thus minimized. Both depth‐ionization and depth‐dose curves were formed for electron beams with nominal incident energies between 6 and 20 MeV and field sizes from 6 cm×6 cm to 15 cm×15 cm. Comparisons of the depths for 50% relative reading and practical range between the two phantoms yield average empirical scaling factors of 0.990 and 1.002, respectively.
Portable dense geophone array for shallow and very shallow 3D seismic reflection surveying: Part 1—Data acquisition, quality control, and processing

A strategy is presented for 3D seismic reflection imaging of shallow and very shallow targets, utilizing a portable dense geophone array. A dense 2D geophone array identifies faint shallow reflections and suppresses coherent noise. Fixing the receiver locations enables the design of quality control (QC) procedures that improve event identification. The number of shots, shot locations, and their effect on target illumination can be evaluated with various QC tools during acquisition to improve overall data quality. At the same time the portability of the array increases the cost effectiveness. Radially projected supergathers enable the choice of efficient processing parameters. With sufficiently high fold and 3D frequency–wavenumber filtering, the dense geophone array is shown to image reflectors from 8 to 50 ms, along with a dominant 20‐ms water table reflection.
Ablation of nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia in children and adults with congenital heart disease

Ablation of NAFAT in Congenital Heart Disease. Introduction: Nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia (NAFAT) has been characterized in adults with structurally normal hearts. This article characterizes NAFAT in a population of patients with complex congenital heart disease. Methods and Results: Electrophysiologic and electroanatomic mapping data and acute outcomes were reviewed in patients undergoing mapping and ablative procedures for atrial tachycardia at Children's Hospital, Boston, between January 1999 and December 2003. Twenty-two NAFAT foci were identified in 17 patients out of 216 patients studied. Fourteen of these 17 patients had congenital heart disease. The average age of the patients with a NAFAT mechanism was 27 years and there was no gender predilection. The presumptive diagnosis based on clinical grounds and surface ECG assessment in 11 of 17 patients with NAFAT was atrial flutter. None of the 17 patients were suspected of having a NAFAT mechanism by noninvasive assessment. Four of the 10 patients had both NAFAT and macroreentrant atrial tachycardias. NAFAT cycle lengths varied widely (200-680 ms) between patients. Sixteen of the 22 NAFAT foci were mapped to the anatomic right atrium (RA). Acute ablative success was achieved in 17 out of 22 foci (77%). Conclusion: NAFAT is relatively uncommon in a pediatric tertiary care setting, and in that setting occurs most often in adults with congenital heart disease. NAFAT is indistinguishable from other forms of atrial tachycardia by noninvasive means and can mimic other forms of atrial tachycardia on electrocardiogram. The foci were predominantly found in the RA and were, in most cases, acutely amenable to catheter ablation therapy.
Maleimide polymers. III. Color reactions and kinetics

We have shown previously that the free-radical polymerization kinetics of maleimide can be explained by a scheme for retarded polymerization. The steps involve tautomerization of a growing maleimidyl chain to succinimidyl, the retarded addition of maleimide to the latter, and termination solely by resonance-stabilized succinimidyl radicals. Combination termination is preferred, since this yields a very stable N,N′-bisuccinimidyl structure. Other authors also invoke tautomerization to succinimidyl radicals which they believe terminate by disproportionation with growing maleimidyl chains to generate polymer with unsaturated endgroups. Free-radical-initiated polymaleimides are colored in the presence of base. Our measurements of the absorbance of polymaleimides at 387 and 500 nm in the presence of excess strong organic base show there is essentially no dependence on molecular weight. This suggests that the chromophoric groups are intramolecular and that color does not arise from the ionization of allylic protons associated with terminal double bonds. The near-ultraviolet spectra of polymaleimides in slightly acidic media contain absorption bands at about 288, 320, and 360 nm. The structural impurities that account for these bands cannot be terminal unsaturation. We propose that the origin of these bands is pyrrolinone type structures which are formed by a retarded polymerization step through succinimidyl oxygen.
Grazing increases the concentration of CLA in dairy cow milka

An experiment was conducted to examine whether increased CLA in milk of dairy cows fed fresh pasture compared with alfalfa and corn silages was because of ruminal or endogenous synthesis. Eight Holsteins were fed a total mixed ration using alfalfa and corn silages as the forage source in confinement or grazed in a replicated crossover design. The proportion of total fatty acids as CLA (primarily c9, t11-18:2) in g/100 g was 0.44 v. 0.28 in ruminal digesta, 0.89 v. 0.53 in omasal digesta and 0.71 v. 1.06 in milk during confinement feeding and grazing, respectively. Blood plasma CLA was 0.54 v. 1.05 mg/l for the two treatments, respectively. The increased concentration of CLA in milk with grazing likely resulted from increased synthesis through desaturation of t11-18:1 in the mammary gland.
Preoperative use of enoxaparin increases the risk of postoperative bleeding and re-exploration in cardiac surgery patients

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate if the preoperative use of new platelet inhibitors and low-molecular-weight heparins may contribute to bleeding after cardiac surgery. Design: Retrospective data review. Setting: University teaching hospital. Participants: One hundred eleven patients divided in 5 groups. Interventions: Patients were grouped according to preoperative antithrombotic regimen: group 1, control, no agents (n = 55); group 2, clopidogrel (n = 9); group 3, enoxaparin (n = 17); group 4, any GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (n = 14); and group 5, any drug combination (n = 15). Data included cumulative mediastinal chest tube drainage, allogeneic blood transfusions, total blood donor exposures, and re-exploration. Measurements and Main Results: Use of any drug (groups 2–5) resulted in greater total blood transfusions and donor exposure (p = 0.0003) than control, especially red cells (p = 0.002) and platelets (p = 0.006). A greater percentage of patients on enoxaparin required mediastinal re-exploration for nonsurgical bleeding versus control (3/17 v 0/55, p = 0.001). The use of enoxaparin was associated with significantly higher chest tube output after the first 24 hours postoperatively (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Newer antithrombotic agents were associated with greater transfusion rates and total donor exposures. Enoxaparin use was associated with greater overall blood loss and with higher incidence of mediastinal re-exploration. The relative risk-benefit ratio of reduced periprocedure morbidity versus increased bleeding complications has yet to be determined.
Specific phosphorylation by calcium-egta complex of a 75kda human tumor plasma membrane protein (pp75)

1. 1. The major functional role played by phosphorylation of plasma membrane proteins in the biological properties of tumor cells suggests that identification of protein kinases and their substrates will contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of the malignant process and of the aberrant behavior of tumor cells. 2. 2. The present study has investigated the phosphorylation of surface proteins of human tumor cells. Incubation of plasma membranes isolated from cultured human melanoma cells with [γ-32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and ethylene-bis-(oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) resulted in specific phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on a 75kDa protein (pp75). 3. 3. Neither Ca2+ or EGTA alone, nor any other divalent metal ion tested could induce phosphorylation of pp75. 4. 4. The phosphorylation of pp75 was directly dependent upon the presence of non-ionic detergents, and was influenced by length of incubation and concentration ratio of Ca2+ and EGTA. 5. 5. Incubation of isolated plasma membranes with [γ-32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and EGTA and immunochemical analysis by Western blotting with an anti pp75 xenoantiserum detected the pp75 in human melanoma, neuroblastoma, ovarian carcinoma and lymphoid T cells and fibroblasts but not in B-lymphoid cells, renal carcinoma cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenocytes. 6. 6. These results suggest the presence of a new class of plasma membrane bound protein kinases activated by chelated calcium and differentially expressed in normal and transformed human cells.
Extra-synaptic localization of α-bungarotoxin receptors in cultured chick ciliary ganglion neurons

Surface [125I]α-bungarotoxin receptors were localized on dissociated cultures of embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons by electron microscopic autoradiography. Grain density was 4–5-fold higher on cell body membrane versus neuritic process membrane, and there was no apparent concentration of grains at morphologically identifieble inter-neuronal synapses.
Biomass production of loblolly pine seeded between rows of planted loblolly pine

Abstract A dual-cropping concept was tested by growing loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) for energy biomass in normally unused space between rows of a newly established pine plantation. Loblolly pine seeds were spot seeded in a 1.5 m wide swath between the planted rows of loblolly pine seedlings planted at 2 by 3 m spacing. At age 5 years, the direct-seeded trees from one of two seeded subplots of each plot were sampled for biomass and nutrient measurements. After subsampling, all of the direct-seeded material was removed from the subplot. On plots without direct-seeded trees, phosphorus fertilization increased height of the planted trees from 5.8 to 6.4 m and the dbh from 8.3 to 9.2 cm at age 5 years. The presence of the direct seeded trees reduced height 0.2 m and the dbh 0.6 cm. The average dry weight of the direct seeded material was 10.2 Mg ha −1 . Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on the growth of the direct-seeded trees after the first year. Water content (wet weight basis) of the direct seeded material was 62% in the needles, 52% in the branches and 56% in the main stems, which reduced potential fuel efficiency. Total energy produced over the 5 year period was 130,800 MJ ha −1 .
Testing by the "paired-label" antibody binding technique for feline leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigens (FeLV-CSA) on the surface of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells releasing RD-114 virus.

Studies using the sensitive and quantitative paired-label antibody binding technique gave no evidence that human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) productively infected with RD-114 virus possessed feline leukemia virus-induced cell surface antigen (FeLV-CSA). The paired-label technique readily detected FeLV-CSA on RD cells intentionally infected with the feline leukemia virus. In addition, rabbit antibody against RD-114 virus which bound to the surface of RD-114 cells did not bind to the surface of FeLV-CSA-positive feline leukemia cells. Electron microscopy confirmed that a type-C virus was present in the RD cells studied. These findings support other biological studies indicating that the RD-114 virus is an endogenous feline type-C virus that is distinct from previously described feline type-C viruses.
Structure and biochemical characterization of an adenylate kinase originating from the psychrophilic organism Marinibacillus marinus.

Adenylate kinases (AKs; EC 2.7.4.3) are essential members of the NMP kinase family that maintain cellular homeostasis by the interconversion of AMP, ADP and ATP. AKs play a critical role in adenylate homeostasis across all domains of life and have been used extensively as prototypes for the study of protein adaptation and the relationship of protein dynamics and stability to function. To date, kinetic studies of psychrophilic AKs have not been performed. In order to broaden understanding of extremophilic adaptation, the kinetic parameters of adenylate kinase from the psychrophile Marinibacillus marinus were examined and the crystal structure of this cold-adapted enzyme was determined at 2.0 A resolution. As expected, the overall structure and topology of the psychrophilic M. marinus AK are similar to those of mesophilic and thermophilic AKs. The thermal denaturation midpoint of M. marinus AK (321.1 K) is much closer to that of the mesophile Bacillus subtilis (320.7 K) than the more closely related psychrophile B. globisporus (316.4 K). In addition, the enzymatic properties of M. marinus AK are quite close to those of the mesophilic AK and suggests that M. marinus experiences temperature ranges in which excellent enzyme function over a broad temperature range (293–313 K) has been retained for the success of the organism. Even transient loss of AK function is lethal and as a consequence AK must be robust and be well adapted to the environment of the host organism.
Compact stellarators with modular coils

Compact stellarator designs with modular coils and only two or three field periods are now available; these designs have both good stability and quasiaxial symmetry providing adequate transport for a magnetic fusion reactor. If the bootstrap current assumes theoretically predicted values a three field period configuration is optimal, but if that net current turns out to be lower, a device with two periods and just 12 modular coils might be better. There are also attractive designs with quasihelical symmetry and four or five periods whose properties depend less on the bootstrap current. Good performance requires that there be a satisfactory magnetic well in the vacuum field, which is a property lacking in a stellarator-tokamak hybrid that has been proposed for a proof of principle experiment. In this paper, we present an analysis of stability for these configurations that is based on a mountain pass theorem asserting that, if two solutions of the problem of magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium can be found, then there has to be an unstable solution. We compare results of our theory of equilibrium, stability, and transport with recently announced measurements from the large LHD experiment in Japan.
Effects of Mating and Grouping on Oocyte Development and Pheromone Release Activities in Supella longipalpa (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The roles of mating, grouping with conspecific individuals, and exposure to conspecific odors were investigated using the onset of calling behavior (pheromone release) and oocyte development as indirect measures of corpus allatum activity. For any given age in the first gonadotrophic cycle, oocyte size at the onset of calling in virgin females was smaller than that at the onset of mating receptivity. Isolation had no significant effect on either calling or oocyte growth in virgin females. However, females grouped with normal males (i.e., mated) exhibited accelerated gonadotrophic cycles compared with females grouped with phallomerectomized males (i.e., unmated). Thus, copulation accelerates corpus allatum activity and oocyte maturation. The onset of calling and its diel periodicity were advanced in females housed with other virgin females relative to females housed with either mated females or with phallomerectomized males. The importance of experimental design in studies of extrinsic factors that affect endocrine-mediated events is discussed.
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations during ancient greenhouse climates were similar to those predicted for A.D. 2100

Quantifying atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]atm) during Earth’s ancient greenhouse episodes is essential for accurately predicting the response of future climate to elevated CO2 levels. Empirical estimates of [CO2]atm during Paleozoic and Mesozoic greenhouse climates are based primarily on the carbon isotope composition of calcium carbonate in fossil soils. We report that greenhouse [CO2]atm have been significantly overestimated because previously assumed soil CO2 concentrations during carbonate formation are too high. More accurate [CO2]atm, resulting from better constraints on soil CO2, indicate that large (1,000s of ppmV) fluctuations in [CO2]atm did not characterize ancient climates and that past greenhouse climates were accompanied by concentrations similar to those projected for A.D. 2100.
Metabolism of lysolecith1n in vivo and in vitro with particular emphasis on the arterial wall

Abstract Lysolecithin labeled with [Me- 3 H]choline and [I- 14 C]palmitate was injected intravenously into squirrel monkeys or was incubated with aortas of squirrel monkeys or rabbits in vitro. Injected lysolecithin rapidly appeared in all tissues where it was acylated or hydrolyzed. In most tissues 3 H : 14 C ratios in lysolecithin and lecithin were the same as those for the injected lysolecithin. Nevertheless some labeled palmitate was found in position 2 of lecithin. In many tissues the ratio of 3 H in water-soluble constituents (glycerophosphorylcholine, phosphorylcholine, choline, and betaine) to 14 C in free fatty acids and glycerides was the same as that for injected lysolecithin. In the aorta wall, plasma, skeletal, and cardiac muscle there were very low ratios due to the absence of water-soluble 3 H. When pieces of squirrel monkey aorta were incubated with labeled lysolecithin, radioactivity was present in lysolecithin, lecithin, and free fatty acids of the tissue and incubation medium, but water-soluble 3 H (mostly glycerophosphorylcholine) was only in the incubation medium. The presence of atherosclerosis had a profound effect on the pre- and postincubation levels and on net uptake of lysolecithin in the intima plus inner media but not in the outer media. Incubation in a mmdium free of lysolecithin resulted in a slight fall in lysolecithin concentrations in the aorta. Lysolecithin was fairly uniformly distributed in subfractions of homogenates of atherosclerotic intima plus inner media but was most prevalent in the plasma membrane and 13 · 10 7 × g . min supernatant fractions.
Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma)

Objective To classify and describe morphea (localized scleroderma). Design A review of morphea and its subtypes is presented. Results The current classification of morphea is incomplete and confusing. As knowledge of the spectrum of disease continues to evolve, the controversy and confusing nature of its multiple subtypes present a challenge for the physician who encounters a patient with this condition. Thus, we propose that morphea be classified into the following five groups: plaque, generalized, bullous, linear, and deep. This classification, based on clinical morphologic findings, will simplify the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Conclusion Morphea represents a wide variety of clinical entities that seem to be on the opposite end of the scleroderma spectrum from systemic sclerosis. The cutaneous lesions eventually evolve from a sclerotic stage to a nonindurated stage, and residual hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation follows. The histologic pattern in patients with morphea is similar to that in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Although treatment is nonstandardized, hydroxychloroquine sulfate may be beneficial.
Holomorphic mappings from the ball and polydisc

Introduction. The holomorphic self-homeomorphisms ("automorphisms") of the open unit ball B, in ~L TM have long been known [1] - they are given by certain rational functions which are holomorphic on a neighborhood of Bn and induce a homeomorphism of the boundary, bB,, of the ball. Our first result can be viewed as a local characterization of these automorphisms: For n > 1, a nonconstant holomorphic mapping into ~" which is defined in a neighborhood of a point of bB, and which maps bB, into itself is necessarily an automorphism, or, more precisely, extends to be an automorphism. We apply this to obtain some information on the as yet unsettled question as to whether every proper holomorphic self-mapping of Bn is an automorphism. In particular, we recover (Cor. 1.1) a result of Pelles ([3, 5]). In the second part, we consider holomorphic mappings from polydiscs. According to a classical theorem of Poincar6, there exists no biholomorphism from the polydisc U z in C 2 with the ball B2. We obtain some integral formulas which yield a quantitative explanation of this phenomenon, Finally I wish to acknowledge that the above characterization of automorphisms may have been known to the late Professor L6wner, at least for two complex variables. I want to thank Professors L. Bers and C. Titus for this information on their oral communication with L6wner.
Amino Acids in Cerebrospinal and Brain Interstitial Fluid in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis

Excitatory amino acids are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury induced by a variety of CNS insults, such as ischemia, trauma, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy. Little is known about the role of amino acids in causing CNS injury in bacterial meningitis. Several amino acids were measured in cerebrospinal fluid and in microdialysis samples from the interstitial fluid of the frontal cortex in a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, taurine, and alanine increased significantly in infected animals. Among the amino acids with known excitatory or inhibitory function, interstitial fluid concentrations of glutamate were significantly elevated (by 470%). Alanine, a marker for anaerobic glycolysis, also increased in the cortex of infected rabbits. The elevated glutamate concentrations in the brain extracellular space suggest that excitotoxic neuronal injury may play a role in bacterial meningitis.
Bypass for the Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

Objective Although most ischemic strokes are thromboembolic in origin and their management is endovascular or medical, some are hemodynamic in origin and their management may be surgical. Extracranial-intracranial bypass with superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, high-flow interposition grafts, and reconstructive techniques have been developed. Clinical indications and efficacy are controversial, and this review examines current practices. Methods Bypass surgery is indicated for patients with athero-occlusive disease that results in chronic, low cerebral blood flow accompanied by episodes of ischemic symptoms. Specific diagnoses include: (1) internal carotid artery occlusion; (2) MCA occlusion and, rarely, high-grade MCA stenosis; (3) vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic steno-occlusive disease; (4) vasculitis resulting in severe occlusive disease; and (5) moyamoya disease. Results Discouraging results from the Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Trial demonstrated the importance of selecting surgical patients based on objective measures of hemodynamic insufficiency. Two such tests are xenon-enhanced computed tomography with acetazolamide challenge and positron emission tomography with measurement of oxygen extraction fraction. Perfusion computed tomography may be another, more practical test. Surgical series, systematic reviews of the literature, and two new randomized clinical trials that use these diagnostic techniques reveal contradictory results. Although they demonstrate that bypass surgery has a morbidity rate of less than 5% and a patency rate of more than 95%, they have not proven a clear benefit. Conclusions Patients with athero-occlusive disease and symptoms of hemodynamic insufficiency have significant risk of stroke if left untreated or managed medically. On the other hand, surgical intervention lacks supporting evidence. Clinicians must individualize their management recommendations until additional data are published or further consensus develops.
The infrared spectroscopy of the products of ion–molecule reactions trapped in the solid rare gases

Abstract Studies of the infrared spectra of small molecular ions offer valuable information regarding the structures and chemical bonding properties of these species. Suitable concentrations of ions for such studies can be obtained by trapping them in dilute solution in a rare-gas solid. The characteristics of infrared absorptions of species trapped in the various rare gases are surveyed, as are factors important in ion production and identification. Emphasis is given to the development and application of a modified discharge configuration which has permitted the identification of many small molecular cations and anions. This configuration is now also being used for studies of the infrared spectra of primary products of some ion–molecule reactions.
Pineal β -Adrenergic Receptor: Diurnal Variation in Sensitivity

The responsiveness of the pineal β-adrenergic receptor that regulates serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity is nearly ten times greater at the end of the light period (0600 to 1800 hours) than at the end of the dark period (1800 to 0600 hours). These changes in sensitivity of the postsynaptic β-adrenergic receptor are related to diurnal changes in the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves innervating the pineal. Supersensitivity of the receptor appears to result from decreased release of the neurotransmitter during daytime, and subsensitivity from increased release at night.
Age Cohort Differences in Illicit Drug Use and Hepatitis C Among African American Substance Users

Identifying prognostic indicators for undiagnosed Hepatitis C is crucial to attenuate the negative impact of this disease. This study explored the influence of recent and more distal injection drug use on biologically confirmed Hepatitis C infection among a sample (N = 260) of older and younger African Americans. Data from the baseline assessment of the NEURO-HIV epidemiologic study was analyzed using confounder adjusted regression techniques. Older adults were more likely to test positive for Hepatitis C (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.53–5.11) due to lifetime injection drug use (AOR = 5.37, 95% CI = 3.10–9.28). Clinical implications are discussed.
Respiration of a puff morphological mutant of Schizophyllum commune

The growth kinetics of wild-type mycelium and a puff morphological mutant of Schizophyllum commune revealed greater acid production and slower growth by this mutant. The compact mycelium growth habit of puff in defined liquid medium facilitated manometric studies of cellular respiration during culture aging. Basal oxygen consumption was highest in young, 2-day cultures as was exogenous glucose stimulation while both responses declined rapidly as the mycelial pellets aged. Respiratory stimulation by certain l-amino acids including histidine, arginine and serine was only demonstrated in aged cultures of puff mycelium. A qualitative shift in terminal respiration was considered unlikely because the metabolic poison sodium azide was a potent inhibitor of mycelial oxygen consumption regardless of either the culture age or the respective exogenous substrates employed.
School Nurses in New Jersey: A Quantitative Inquiry on Roles and Responsibilities

PURPOSE. This study examined types of chronic diseases present and nursing procedures administered in school, health promotion and disease prevention efforts, collaborative efforts, perception of school nursing activities, documentation media of school nursing activities, and student academic outcomes. DESIGN AND METHODS. A nonexperimental research design was employed. The sample (N= 63) was practicing school nurses in New Jersey public schools. RESULTS. The increased numbers of students with chronic illnesses in mainstream classrooms have increased the roles and responsibilities of school nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. School nurses can use the findings as a framework to articulate their roles and responsibilities.
A generalized equation of state for polymers

A simple, generalized equation of state has been developed that describes the pressure–volume–temperature behavior of both addition and condensation polymers. Use of the equation requires only that the polymer's glass temperature and density at 25°C. and one atmosphere be known. The equation applies to both amorphous and crystalline polymers for pressures up to 10,000 atm. It also appears to hold for copolymers. Polymer glass temperatures can also be estimated with the equation.
Kondo coherence in UBe13: Magnetoresistance at high pressure.

We have used resistance measurements at pressures to 95 kbar and magnetic fields to 8 T to probe the establishment of Kondo coherence in the heavy-fermion Kondo lattice ${\mathrm{UBe}}_{13}$. With increasing pressure, the negative magnetoresistance characteristic of noninteracting Kondo impurities evolves into the positive magnetoresistance expected for a coherent Kondo lattice. We show that coherence is established by the suppression of inelastic scattering, over a temperature range which expands as pressure decreases the superconducting transition temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and increases the Kondo temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{k}}$.
Cluster analysis using multivariate normal mixture models to detect differential gene expression with microarray data

DNA microarrays make it possible to study simultaneously the expression of thousands of genes in a biological sample. Univariate clustering techniques have been used to discover target genes with differential expression between two experimental conditions. Because of possible loss of information due to use of univariate summary statistics, it may be more effective to use multivariate statistics. We present multivariate normal mixture model based clustering analyses to detect differential gene expression between two conditions. Deviating from the general mixture model and model-based clustering, we propose mixture models with specific mean and covariance structures that account for special features of two-condition microarray experiments. Explicit updating formulas in the EM algorithm for three such models are derived. The methods are applied to a real dataset to compare the expression levels of 1176 genes of rats with and without pneumococcal middle-ear infection to illustrate the performance and usefulness of this approach. About 10 genes and 20 genes are found to be differentially expressed in a six-dimensional modeling and a bivariate modeling, respectively. Two simulation studies are conducted to compare the performance of univariate and multivariate methods. Depending on data, neither method can always dominate the other. The results suggest that multivariate normal mixture models can be useful alternatives to univariate methods to detect differential gene expression in exploratory data analysis.
One-pot synthesis of cobalt-salen catalyst immobilized in silica by sol-gel process and applications in selective oxidations of alkanes and alkenes

Abstract Salen ligand prepared from 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-3(3-triethoxysilyl-propyl)-benzaldehyde has been used as cobalt-chelate for the immobilization of the catalytic site by a one-pot synthesis method. Sol–gel hydrolysis and polycondensation of this chelate with 10 equivalents of tetraethyl orthosilicate produced the heterogeneous catalyst. This catalyst is active in selective molecular oxygen oxidations of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, toluene, styrene and anthracene in the presence of butyraldehyde at room temperature.
Ion cyclotron range of frequency heating of a deuterium-tritium plasma via the second-harmonic tritium cyclotron resonance.

Experiments have been performed on the TFTR to study rf wave heating of a D-T plasma by way of the second-harmonic tritium cyclotron resonance. The addition of tritium ions to a deuterium plasma allows for absorption of the rf waves at the tritium cyclotron harmonics and by electron damping of a mode converted ion Bernstein wave. Competing mechanisms include direct electron damping and damping at the fundamental cyclotron resonance of deuterium, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, and ${}^{3}$He ions. The contribution of each is estimated from a series of plasma discharges where various plasma parameters are varied. The majority of the rf power is found to damp on the tritium ions.
Adolescent Girls’ and Boys’ Science Peer Relationships and Perceptions of the Possible Self as Scientist

Girls’ tend to have less peer support for their science interests than do boys, which may contribute to gender differences in science motivation. The effect of science peer relationships on adolescents’ visions of their possible personal future lives as scientists was studied in 161 female and 163 male gifted high school students who participated in summer science enrichment programs. Student reports of having positive science peer relationships were associated with more positive expectations of the possible personal self as scientist prior to the programs, and both program-related and nonprogram-related science peer relationships were associated with changes in the possible self at posttesting and at 6 month follow-up. These relations held for both male and female students. At follow-up, girls reported a stronger social niche with fellow program participants and stronger science peer relationships than did boys. Implications of the findings are discussed within the larger gendered societal context for science achievement.
Europe and Russia: from neighborhood without a shared vision to a modernization partnership

Abstract The article dicusses the conditions, obstacles and prospects for a modernisation partnership with Russia as a way to improve European security and relations between Russia and the West in general, including Russia's NATO membership.
Population studies on Southwestern Indian Tribes. IV. The Zuni

The Zuni Indians of west-central New Mexico have been relatively isolated since their foundation by an amalgamation of individuals from different southwestern cultural areas during the Regressive Pueblo period (c.1200–1350 A.D.). Genetic analysis revealed a high frequency of blood type B in both young (0.06) and old (0.05) Zuni, but at 14 other blood group and serum protein loci, allelic frequencies including A (0.011) and Rh negative (0.001) were generally similar to those of other relatively unmixed southwestern Indian tribes. Consideration of Zuni history and demography since Spanish contact in 1540, together with genetic analyses, suggest that the high B frequency probably derives from intermixture with a small number of B, Rh positive non-Indians in the early post contact period. Genetic differentiation among four southwestern tribes, Zuni, Pima, Papago and Maricopa, was summarized by kinship analysis. Approximately 70% of the inter-tribal genetic variation could be explained by the geographic distances among these groups showing that isolation by distance has been the most important factor in determining the pattern of regional genetic differentiation.
Familial subtypes of depression: a longitudinal perspective

An 11-year follow-up of depressed women systematically interviewed and classified by familial subtypes during hospitalization tended to confirm findings of a gradation in severity of illness with depressive spectrum disease being a milder form. Depressive spectrum subjects had shorter subsequent episodes of depression than the other depressives and were less likely to require hospitalization for depression. Depressive spectrum subjects were at greater risk than the others for the development of alcoholism and they experienced more social maladjustment, which suggests implications for treatment strategies and future research.
Biological Response to Recent Pacific Arctic Sea Ice Retreats

Although recent major changes in the physical domain of the Arctic region, such as extreme retreats of summer sea ice since 2007, are well documented, large uncertainties remain regarding responses in the biological domain. In the Pacific Arctic north of Bering Strait, reduction in sea ice extent has been seasonally asymmetric, with minimal changes until the end of June and delayed sea ice formation in late autumn. The effect of extreme ice retreats and seasonal asymmetry in sea ice loss on primary production is uncertain, with no clear shift over time (2003–2008) in satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations. However, clear changes have occurred during summer in species ranges for zooplankton, bottom-dwelling organisms (benthos), and fish, as well as through the loss of sea ice as habitat and platform for marine mammals.
A Spike-Train Probability Model

Poisson processes usually provide adequate descriptions of the irregularity in neuron spike times after pooling the data across large numbers of trials, as is done in constructing the peristimulus time histogram. When probabilities are needed to describe the behavior of neurons within individual trials, however, Poisson process models are often inadequate. In principle, an explicit formula gives the probability density of a single spike train in great generality, but without additional assumptions, the firing-rate intensity function appearing in that formula cannot be estimated. We propose a simple solution to this problem, which is to assume that the time at which a neuron fires is determined probabilistically by, and only by, two quantities: the experimental clock time and the elapsed time since the previous spike. We show that this model can be fitted with standard methods and software and that it may used successfully to fit neuronal data.
Training for Public Information Officers in Communication to Reduce Health Disparities: A Needs Assessment

Government public information officers and risk communicators bear the burden for reaching all Americans with public health and emergency messages. To assess needs specifically regarding communication to reduce health disparities, an Internet survey is made available to members of the National Public Health Information Coalition. Respondents are asked to rate their own needs at their level of organizational responsibility as well as the needs of staff whom they may be supervising on 25 communication and cultural competencies. Multicultural understanding, culturally appropriate message development, and ways to better collaborate with diverse populations are identified as communication competencies in which more training is especially needed.
Radiobrightness decision criteria for freeze/thaw boundaries

A freeze indicator (FI), based on a low 37-GHz radiobrightness and a low 10.7, 18, and 37-GHz radiobrightness spectral gradient, has been used to classify frozen surfaces in the northern Great Plains. By modeling the radiometer beampatterns as Gaussian, freeze/thaw boundaries can be located at the (fine) resolution of the 37-GHz channel. The performance of the freeze indicator, and subsequent boundary location estimate, depends on the accuracy of the boundary decision criteria. It is shown that decision criteria based on clustering and unsupervised classification yield good performance. A simple algorithm for registering coarse-resolution FI boundaries to equivalent boundaries in fine-resolution 37-GHz radiobrightness images is also presented. >
North American terrestrial gastropods through each end of a spyglass

Some suggest that because of scale independence major biodiversity metrics can be estimated at large scales from analysis of a well chosen suite of individual sites. Others have attempted to estimate individual site patterns from analysis of the continental pool. But does such cross-scale extrapolation work? This issue is addressed for the North American terrestrial gastropod fauna by comparison of family representation, species richness and body-size patterns across site to continental scales. These data demonstrate profound differences: while the continental fauna is dominated by large body-size families such as the Polygyridae, Helminthoglyptidae, Oreohelicidae, Succineidae and Urocoptidae, average site faunas are most frequently represented by small body-sized families like the Vertiginidae, Gastrodontidae, Oxychilidae, Euconulidae, Punctidae, Valloniidae, Strobilopsidae and Ellobiidae. Species richness within sites tends to be 2–7 times smaller than random draws of individuals of the same number from regional or continental pools, indicating the potential for strong bias in the construction of site faunas. And, while the body-size spectrum for average site faunas is strongly right-skewed, the continental pool is strongly left-skewed. Thus, although taxa with biovolumes .16 mm 3 dominate the continental fauna (79.4% of total), they make up only a small average fraction (4.1%) of individual site species lists. Within most regions, site faunas are overrepresented in species with biovolumes , 4m m 3 and underrepresented in species with biovolumes .128 mm 3 as compared with the regional pool. As a result, assumptions of self-similarity between observational scales in terrestrial gastropods are inappropriate.
IMPOSING NODES TO THE NORMAL MODES OF A LINEAR ELASTIC STRUCTURE

Abstract Spring–mass systems have long been used to suppress excess vibration in structural systems. In this paper, a chain of oscillators is used as a passive means of introducing nodes for the normal modes of a one-dimensional, arbitrarily supported, linear elastic structure, where a desired node can either coincide with the oscillator chain location or can be located elsewhere. It is shown that when the oscillator chain and the node are collocated, it is always possible to induce a node at any location along the structure for any given normal mode. When the oscillator chain and the node are not collected, however, it is only possible to induce a node for certain normal modes. Finally, a procedure to guide the proper selection of the oscillator chain parameters in order to induce nodes is outlined in detail.
Motor dysfunction and behavioural problems frequently coexist with congenital heart disease in school‐age children

Aim Patients with congenital heart disease are at risk of neurodevelopmental deficits. Impairments in motor and behavioural function occur frequently, but no information is available concerning the coexistence of deficits in these two developmental domains. This study explored the occurrence of motor and behavioural deficits and their coexistence in children with surgically corrected congenital heart disease. Methods Outcome was assessed in 95 children with congenital heart disease who had undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Their mean age was 9.6 years (SD 2.5). Motor function was assessed with the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment and behaviour with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Children with congenital heart disease performed poorer in all motor domains compared with the reference population (all p ≤ 0.001). Behaviour was affected in the domains ‘emotional symptoms’ and ‘hyperactivity/inattention’ (both p < 0.01), and 54% of the children with motor abnormalities showed behavioural deficits. Children with coexistent abnormalities in behaviour and motor function had higher rates of remedial school services and therapeutic support. Conclusion Children with congenital heart disease are at risk of long-term motor and behavioural problems, and there is a high rate of coexistence of problems in both domains. Early and longitudinal assessment of all developmental domains is necessary to provide adequate early support.
Two-Dimensional cusped interfaces

Two-dimensional cusped interfaces are line singularities of curvature. We create such cusps by rotating a cylinder half immersed in liquid. A liquid film is dragged out of the reservoir on one side and is plunged in at the other, where it forms a cusp at finite speeds, if the conditions are right. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids form cusps, but the transition from a rounded interface to a cusp is gradual in Newtonian liquids and sudden in non-Newtonian liquids. We present an asymptotic analysis near the cusp tip for the case of zero surface tension, and we make some remarks about the effects of a small surface tension. We also present the results of numerical simulations showing the development of a cusp. In those simulations, the fluid is filling an initially rectangular domain with a free surface on top. The fluid enters from both sides and is sucked out through a hole in the bottom.
Willing and able? Provision of medication for abortion by future internists.

Introduction and background The development of medications such as mifepristone (RU486) has created the opportunity to introduce medication abortion as a component of office practice. Methods Two hundred twelve residents training in internal medicine, family practice, and gynecology at 11 residency programs completed anonymous surveys assessing willingness to provide medication for abortion and perceived barriers to future provision of mifepristone. Results Residents training in internal medicine knew less about mifepristone and preabortion screening than other primary care trainees. Forty-two percent of internists, 84% of family practitioners, and 83% of gynecologists were willing to prescribe mifepristone ( p p Conclusions and discussion Many (42%) future internists are willing to provide mifepristone, but most lack adequate knowledge of mifepristone and preabortion screening. As access to abortion services is limited in many U.S. counties, internists who are willing to provide mifepristone should be offered the necessary training to do so safely.