cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Japan's Prosecutorial Review Commissions: Lay Oversight of the Government's Discretion of Prosecution

Professor of Sociology & Legal Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA (E-mail: hfukurai@ucsc.edu, Telephone: 831-459-2971, Fax: 831-459-3518). This research was supported by the University of California, Office of President, Pacific Rim Research Program (Award#:19900-485212); the 2006 Abe Fellowship Program administered by the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies in cooperation with funds provided by the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership; and the 2009 Toyota Foundation Grant. For assistance with collecting and processing the data reported herein, we wish to thank Naoko Tamura, who helped conduct personal interviews of former prosecutorial review commission members in Japan and Charlotte Nordstrom, who did extensive research on various crimes committed by American military personnel in the Island of Okinawa since 1945. Lastly our special appreciation is extended to Marilyn Chapin, Ann McCardy, and Barbara Lawrence at the University of California, Santa Cruz for their research support; and Ryukyu University Professors Tetsumi Takara, Masaaki Gabe, Masahide Ishihara, and Shin Yamashiro, and Senshu University Professor Haruhiko Kanegae who provided valuable assistance and support to this ongoing project in Okinawa. Translations are my own unless otherwise provided. The earlier version of this manuscript was presented at the Annual Conference of the Law and Society Association Meeting in Denver, Colorado in May 2009.
Early Life Stress (ELS) Induces Dysregulation of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression in Renal Cortex of Adult Rats in Response to Chronic Angiotensin II

ELS increases cardiovascular disease risk and chronic inflammation in human adults. We previously showed that maternal separation (MatSep), an ELS rat model, induces exaggerated blood pressure and ...
Fracture in off-axis Unidirectionally Reinforce Ceramic Composites

Multiple fiber-bridged matrix cracks in an unidirectionally reinforced, off-axis, ceramic matrix composite is modeled using a combination of a displacement based finite element scheme and an eigen function expansion method. All cracks are considered to run parallel to the horizontal axis, the load is applied vertically, and all fibers are oriented at an angle φ about the horizontal direction. It is determined that when a crack impinges on an inclined interface tensile and compressive stresses develop along the interface at an angle of φ and φ-π degrees, respectively. This result suggests the emergence of a pattern of interfacial debondings that is consistent with experimental observations. Calculations are performed for φ=60°. The interaction between several cracks is studied for different crack configurations.
Congressional Roundtable on College Endowments - Restricted Gifts Testimony

Restricted purpose gifts potentially bear upon that portion of the university's endowment that can be used toward undergraduate financial aid and other tuition relief. In these remarks, I describe what a restricted gift is, the requirement under state common law that such restrictions obtain in perpetuity, the grounds for relief under the common law, and the grounds for relief and other relevant provisions of UPMIFA. The provisions of UPMIFA that are applicable to restricted gifts were drafted against the background of the common law doctrine and under UPMIFA common law relief is still available.
Reassessment of phylogeographical structure in an eastern North American tree using Monmonier’s algorithm and ecological niche modelling

Aim Patterns of phylogeographical diversity in eastern North America have been well documented, with suggestions of Pleistocene refugia in both coastal and interior regions. However, most studies to date have assessed these patterns only qualitatively, largely through visual observation of haplotype networks. Furthermore, many plant studies use only one or two individuals per locality, which probably limits the recovery of haplotype diversity. The aim of this study is to address the issues of sampling strategy and quantitative assessment of phylogeographical patterns in an eastern North American tree, Fagus grandifolia (American beech). Location Eastern North America. Methods Comparing two sampling strategies (more localities with lower sample size within localities versus fewer localities with increased sample size within localities), we analysed chloroplast DNA sequence data from more than 230 individuals across 130 localities using statistical parsimony, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. We then assessed support for inferred phylogenetic relationships using Monmonier’s algorithm and analysis of molecular variance. As an additional test of biogeographic hypotheses, we employed ecological niche models (ENMs), which are used to predict the geographic range of a species from occurrence data and environmental records. Here we predict both present and palaeodistributions. Results More haplotypes were recovered when more localities were sampled, but novel haplotypes and haplotype distributions were recovered using both strategies. Phylogeographical patterns suggest possible Pleistocene refugia along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts according to ENMs, as well as a more interior refugium according to Monmonier’s algorithm. Main conclusions Monmonier’s algorithm supports previous findings of an interior refugium in the Lower Mississippi River Valley/Upper Midwest, while ENMs indicate that the Gulf and Atlantic coasts may have provided the most suitable habitat for F. grandifolia during the Pleistocene. Our findings allow us to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches. We propose that future phylogeographical studies should follow a step-wise sampling strategy, balancing cost and expected outcomes.
Cell Membranes: Protein Components and Functions

Introduction Historical Outline The Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological Membranes Chemical Structures The Lipid Bilayer Milieu Physical Properties of Lipid Bilayer Membranes Polypeptides in Membranes Composition and Organization of Biological Membranes Genomics and Proteomics Biological Functions Information Transfer Material Transfer Transport Against Concentration Gradients Membrane Protein Enzymes Membrane Anchors Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: bilayer; membrane; lipid; membrane protein; helical bundle; beta barrel; fluid mosaic; hydropathy
Business-oriented constraint language

The Business-oriented Constraint Language (BCL) is proposed as a means of annotating diagrams in UML. BCL is grounded in the Object Constraint Language (OCL) but is designed particularly to address the needs of people who are concerned with enterprise application integration (EAI), although it may be more widely applicable. EAI often requires a loosely coupled event-based architecture in which timing and statistical measures are important; these are described in another paper (1). BCL provides these features together with a syntax that is flexible and extensible. It is intended to be accessible to most practitioners, including those who do not have a mathematical background.
Intensive Care Unit Resources and Costs

In Reply.— The discussion by Dr Pollack et al about objective analysis of ICU resources is useful to all pediatricians. Objective analysis may be especially helpful in individual case discussions when a physician9s fears about one or more patients seem to be excessive and result in inappropriate utilization of high-cost care. Former stressful experiences of the physician or of the patient and family with the specific medical disorder, within a health care institution, or with one another may result in a disproportionate anxiety and sense of threat not easily soothed by simple reassurance.
Optimal Control Theory Applied to Systems Described by Partial Differential Equations

Publisher Summary The study of optimal control problems for distributed parameter systems is intimately connected to the study of partial differential equations and/or integral equations involving two or more independent variables. This chapter discusses optimal control for distributed parameter systems, and reviews algorithms for obtaining numerical solutions. Some of the simplest kinds of equations occurring in initial value problems are the parabolic equations—the heat flow or diffusion equation, the hyperbolic equations (the wave equation), and some of the equations of elasticity (the beam equation or the plate equation). The time-differential operator P may be of order one, such as in the diffusion equation, or of order two as in the wave equation or the beam equation. In cases where P is of order higher than one, the problem can be reduced to an equivalent set of first order equations with respect to time by introducing new variables. The chapter also presents the development of Green's functions from solutions of the eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem.
Shielding options for the ITER conceptual design

Several shield options for minimizing the nuclear responses in the toroidal-field coils were analyzed for the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER) conceptual design. The total nuclear heating in the physics phase and the insulator dose in the technology phase are the most critical parameters in the design process. The first shield option has type-316 stainless steel and water shield material. Steel and water also serve as structural material and coolant, respectively. The second option is similar to the first but uses borated water instead of ordinary water. Two other options include a small layer of lead or boron carbide (B/sub 4/C) at the back of the shield. The latter three shield options were considered to reduce the nuclear heating in the toroidal-field coils relative to the steel/water shield option. An optimization process was performed, taking into consideration the thermal-hydraulics and the engineering requirements to define the shield configuration. A careful integration was performed to calculate the total nuclear heating in the toroidal-field coils which account for the neutron wall loading distribution, the change in the shield thickness in the poloidal direction, and the space between the toroidal-field coils in the divertor zone. The results show that the steel/water/Pb and the steel/borated-water shield options are very close in terms of the total nuclear heating in the toroidal field coils and the dose in the insulator material. The steel/water and steel/water/B/sub 4/C options deposit more nuclear heating in the toroidal field coils. >
Efficiency of a Transport Medium for the Recovery of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria from Applicator Swabs

The survival of four aerobic and four anaerobic pathogens was evaluated quantitatively on cotton swabs and calcium alginate swabs stored in dry tubes as compared with swabs stored in Amies Transport Medium without charcoal. Survival of the pathogens was markedly improved when stored in Amies Transport Medium, although there was considerable loss of viability after a few hours of storage.
Estimating the Potential for Vitamin A Toxicity in Women and Young Children

This paper describes usual intakes of vitamin A from diet plus low dose supplements, reviews methods for assessing vitamin A toxicity and applies a kinetic analysis of vitamin A turnover to estimate the effect of high dose supplements on vitamin A liver stores in infants and young children. In the United States, the 95th percentile of intake by preschoolers from foods and supplements exceeds the tolerable upper level (UL) but is below the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). The 95th percentile of vitamin A intake from foods and supplements for nonpregnant, nonlactating women aged 19-30 y also exceeds the UL but is below the NOAEL for women of reproductive age. In low income populations in developing countries, vitamin A intakes of preschoolers and women consuming foods plus low dose supplements can also exceed the UL but are unlikely to exceed the NOAEL. There are few data on which to establish thresholds for excessive vitamin A intake or vitamin A concentrations in tissues. To assess the potential toxicity of the new recommendations (see article by Ross in this issue) for high dose vitamin A supplements for infants and children, we used a kinetic approach to estimate accumulation of the vitamin in liver. The new recommendations are unlikely to result in toxic levels (>300 microg per gram of liver) even if high dose supplements are inadvertently given monthly. The kinetic analysis also illustrates that a constant supply of vitamin A from breast milk (and/or complementary foods) is vital for preventing depletion of liver vitamin A stores between high dose supplements.
Anatomy of crisis management: lessons from the infamous Toyota Case

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of crisis management within the Toyota Corporation's series of worldwide recalls for multiple malfunctions on a number of different Toyota brands of vehicles. The analysis relates to the difficulty now faced by Toyota, previously recognized as the world's leading manufacturer of automotive vehicles. The crisis became so great that Toyota corporate leaders even traveled from Japan to testify before a US Congressional Committee hearing.Design/methodology/approach – A crisis, typically considered to be a negative issue, can be a positive event in the life of a business firm, such as Toyota, if the management involved seizes the opportunity to make appropriate changes in its operations to facilitate continuing positive growth and development. However, this opportunity was not initially addressed by Toyota in a meaningful way, and the crisis continued to evolve through subsequent stages, bringing a vast array of negative international criticism. The c...
Promoting quality services for preschoolers with special needs in community-based programs

Provision of services for preschoolers with special needs often occurs in community-based child care settings in order to meet least restrictive environment mandates. Although providing opportunities for social skill development for children with special needs is critical, early childhood professionals are questioning quality of services in these settings and the manner in which placement decisions are made. The purpose of this study was to determine current policy and service delivery decision making processes used for preschoolers with special needs in Colorado school districts. Implications for practices and future research are considered.
Conditions for short-run stability of a small open economy under flexible exchange rates

Abstract Short-run stability of a small open economy under flexible exchange rate regimes is shown to involve joint conditions on the rates of the growth of the public debt and of the current account surplus.
Learning visually grounded words and syntax of natural spoken language

Properties of the physical world have shaped human evolutionary design and given rise to physically grounded mental representations. These grounded representations provide the foundation for higher level cognitive processes including language. Most natural language processing machines to date lack grounding. This paper advocates the creation of physically grounded language learning machines as a path toward scalable systems which can conceptualize and communicate about the world in human-like ways. As steps in this direction, two experimental language acquisition systems are presented. The first system, CELL, is able to learn acoustic word forms and associated shape and color categories from fluent untranscribed speech paired with video camera images. In evaluations, CELL has successfully learned from spontaneous infant-directed speech. A version of CELL has been implemented in a robotic embodiment which can verbally interact with human partners. The second system, DESCRIBER, acquires a visually-grounded model of natural language which it uses to generate spoken descriptions of objects in visual scenes. Input to DESCRIBER’s learning algorithm consists of computer generated scenes paired with natural language descriptions produced by a human teacher. DESCRIBER learns a three-level language model which encodes syntactic and semantic properties of phrases, word classes, and words. The system learns from a simple ‘show-and-tell’ procedure, and once trained, is able to generate semantically appropriate, contextualized, and syntactically well-formed descriptions of objects in novel scenes.
Pattern of Classroom Activities during Students' Use of Computers: Relations between Instructional Strategies and Computer Applications.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify instructional strategies used by teachers to support technology integration. In addition, relations between types of computer applications and teachers' classroom practices were examined. Data were direct observation results from 143 integration lessons implemented in schools receiving federal technology grants. Results reflect use of student-centered practices such as teacher as a facilitator, project-based learning, and independent inquiry. Furthermore, this study revealed that classroom practices tend to be more student-centered when students use the computer as a learning tool such as the Internet, word processing, and presentation software. Conversely, drill and practice software showed a dissimilar pattern.
Leisure education research and the fundamental attribution error

The purpose of this paper is to summarise and integrate two history-based content analysis studies related to leisure education in order to highlight the pervasive existence of the fundamental attribution error in leisure education research and to outline its problematic consequences. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate dispositional or internal attributions of a person when explaining or modifying behaviour, and to underestimate the influence of environmental factors. In a span of approximately 30 years, there have been 159 leisure education learning components developed from 27 research studies in which leisure education was treated as an independent research variable. Of these 159 leisure learning components, only six components – or just under 4% – focused attention on changing environmental factors outside of the leisure education participants. Recommendations regarding future leisure education practice and research are provided.
Gene therapy for epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a devastating disorder which affects about 1.5–3 million people in the United States (about 0.5–1.0% of the population), and as many as 50 million worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can successfully treat about 2/3 of epileptic patients (Nadkarni et al. 2005). Thus, many patients are left with intractable seizures, with surgery as a possible last resort.
Policy makers, policy choices, and policy outcomes: the political economy of reform in developing countries

This article presents an analytic model for understanding the role of decision makers in bringing about significant policy and institutional changes and in understanding how processes of agenda setting, decision making, and implementation shape the content, timing, and sustainability of reform initiatives. Central to the model is the assertion that policy elites and the policy making process are important determinants of reform. The framework indicates that circumstances surrounding issue formation, the criteria that decision makers use to select among options, and the characteristics of specific policies are analytic categories that explain a considerable amount about reform outcomes. The model is based on cases developed by participants in twelve initiatives to bring about policy and institutional change in a variety of developing countries.
Building Theory in Social Entrepreneurship

Since the term ‘social entrepreneur’ was first formally used in the academic literature (Waddock and Post 1991, 393), scholarship in the area has increased apace. However, its rapid growth has resu...
Intraparticle Mass Transfer in Adsorption Heat Pumps: Limitations of the Linear Driving Force Approximation

Adsorption heat pumps and chillers (ADHPCs) can utilize solar or waste heat to provide space conditioning, process heating or cooling, or energy storage. In these devices, intraparticle diffusion is shown to present a significant mass transfer resistance compared with interparticle permeation. Therefore, accurate modeling of intraparticle adsorbate mass transfer is essential for the accurate prediction of overall ADHPC performance. The linear driving force (LDF) approximation is often used to model intraparticle mass transfer in place of more detailed equations because of its computational simplicity. This paper directly compares the adsorbate contents predicted using the LDF and Fickian diffusion (FD) equations for cylindrical and spherical geometries. These geometries are typical of adsorbents commonly used in adsorption refrigeration such as cylindrical activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and spherical silica gel particles. In addition to the conventional LDF approximation, an empirical LDF approximation proposed by El-Sharkawy (2006, “A Study on the Kinetics of Ethanol-Activated Carbon Fiber: Theory and Experiments,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 49(17–18), pp. 3104–3110) for ACF-ethanol (cylindrical geometry) is compared with the FD solution. By analyzing the relative error of the LDF approximation compared with the FD solution for an isothermal step-change boundary condition, the conditions under which the LDF approximation agrees with the FD equation are evaluated. It is shown that for a given working pair, agreement between the LDF and FD equations is affected by diffusivity, particle radius, half-cycle time, initial adsorbate content, and equilibrium adsorbate content. A step change in surface adsorbate content for an isothermal particle is shown to be the boundary condition that yields the maximum LDF error, and therefore provides a conservative bound for the LDF error under nonisothermal conditions. The trends exhibited by the ACF-ethanol and silica gel-water working pairs are generalized through dimensionless time and dimensionless driving adsorbate content, and LDF error is mapped using these two variables. This map may be used to determine ranges of applicability of the LDF approximation in an ADHPC model.
Random and ensemble optical fields from scattering media using frequency-resolved interferometer measurements

Frequency-resolved interferometer measurements of a scattering medium are shown to provide random field and intensity data in time. Averaging produces the ensemble impulse response, which is in agreement with a diffusion model for sufficient scatter
Modeling Inclement Weather Impacts on Traffic Stream Behavior

The research identifies the steady-state car-following model parameters within state-of-the-practice traffic simulation software that require calibration to reflect inclement weather and roadway conditions. The research then develops procedures for calibrating non-steady state car-following models to capture inclement weather impacts and applies the procedures to the INTEGRATION software on a sample network. The results demonstrate that the introduction of rain precipitation results in a 5% reduction in light-duty vehicle speeds and a 3% reduction in heavy-duty vehicle speeds. An increase in the rain intensity further reduces light-duty vehicle and heavy-duty truck speeds resulting in a maximum reduction of 9.5% and 5.5% at the maximum rain intensity of 1.5 cm/h, respectively. The results also demonstrate that the impact of rain on traffic stream speed increases with the level of congestion and is more significant than speed differences attributed to various traffic operational improvements and thus shoul...
High sensitivity hydrogen sensing with Pt-decorated porous gallium nitride prepared by metal-assisted electroless etching.

A unique hydrogen sensor structure based on Pt-decorated porous gallium nitride (PGaN) was fabricated by a two-step process consisting of metal-assisted electroless etching to produce PGaN with highly anisotropic pores followed by electroless deposition of Pt in the pores from an ammoniacal PtCl62− solution. The Pt-decorated PGaN structure contains 50–100 nm diameter nanopores which are 400 nm to 1 µm deep and filled with Pt islands. Both electroless etching and deposition steps are done in solution and allow for large-scale production. An AC four-point probe conductivity measurement was implemented at f = 1 kHz, a frequency where the impedance of Pt–PGaN is nearly entirely resistive, and the change in conductance upon H2 exposure was measured for three sample types: PGaN with a surface sputtered layer of Pt only; unetched GaN (CGaN) with both sputtered and electrolessly deposited Pt; and PGaN with both sputtered and electrolessly deposited Pt. The hydrogen sensing performance of the Pt-filled PGaN sensor was more than an order of magnitude better than either of the other two sample types under all experimental conditions, an observation attributed to the significant increase in Pt–GaN interfacial area in the electrolessly decorated PGaN samples, exhibiting a response to H2 concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The conductance changes are ascribed to adsorption-induced changes in interfacial polarization that produce changes in band bending and thus to the width of the space charge region near the Pt–GaN interface.
Deciphering the Impact of Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs): A View Through Two Analytic Lenses

Abstract The economic and political components of trade issues are usually analyzed separately. The “success” of a particular trade policy is then analyzed through a particular lens. In this paper, the effect that Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) had on the textile and steel industries will be examined from both an instrumental framework (ARIMA Time Series Intervention Analysis) and expressive framework (Stakeholder Analysis) in order to capture the economic and political aspects of this policy.
Thrombospondin-1 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: association with p53 status, tumor angiogenesis, and survival in platinum-treated patients.

Abstract Objective. The regulation of the metastatic process in epithelial ovarian cancer has not been well defined. Similar to other tumor types, the angiogenic phenotype in ovarian cancer strongly influences clinical outcome, suggesting that the acquisition of a pro-angiogenic environment is essential to the process of ovarian cancer proliferation and metastasis. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a potent peptide shown in other tumor systems to be associated with angiogenesis and possibly regulated by p53 , a gene which is mutated in as high as 50% of advanced ovarian cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate TSP-1 expression in invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and to examine the relationship between TSP-1 expression and the degree of angiogenesis. In addition, we examined whether TSP-1 expression was associated with overexpression of p53 . Methods. Frozen sections obtained from 85 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were examined immunohistochemically for expression of TSP-1 and p53 . The sections were examined microscopically by two investigators, who were blinded to the clinicopathologic variables. Outcome variables included the correlation among TSP-1, angiogenesis, and p53 , as well as the association between TSP-1 expression and survival. Results. The majority (62%) of cases demonstrated high levels (3+) of TSP-1 expression; 7% demonstrated no TSP-1 expression. p53 was overexpressed in 55% of cases, and expression was inversely correlated with TSP-1 staining. Thirteen cancers had 0 or 1+ TSP-1 staining; 12 (92%) of these overexpressed the p53 protein. In contrast, only 49% of tumors with high expression of TSP-1 have overexpression of p53 ( P = 0.02). TSP-1 was suggestive for improved survival in patients with advanced disease; high TSP-1 expression was associated with a median survival of 2.4 years compared to 1.5 years for patients with tumors having a lower degree of TSP-1 expression ( P = 0.06). Conclusion. These data suggest that TSP-1 may possess a tumor inhibitory function in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The reduction of TSP-1 expression associated with overexpression of p53 may be coupled with the development of a pro-angiogenic environment and malignant phenotype.
Mythical Time, Historical Time, and The Narrative Fabric of the Self

Despite the belief that narrative may serve as an important vehicle for exploring human experience and selfhood, there frequently exists the paradoxical supposition that narrative accounts cannot help but falsify life itself: Insofar as time is viewed in fundamentally linear terms and experience, in turn, is viewed as that which simply "goes on" in time, narratives may be viewed as entailing an imposition of literary form upon that which is ostensibly formless. After considering the idea of mythical time, tied to the image of the circle, and the idea of historical time, tied to the image of the line, it is suggested that human experience and selfhood are themselves woven out of the fabric of narrative. In light of contemporary understandings of the self, particularly those promoted in certain quarters of post-structuralist and social constructionist thought, it is further suggested that the narrative fabric of the self has become frayed. By rethinking the interrelationship of time, experience, and self via the idea of narrative, there emerges the opportunity to recognize more fully the profound continuities between myth and history as well as life and literature. (Hermeneutics, History, Myth, Narrative, Self, Time)
Effects of the cone-cell distribution on pattern-detection experiments.

At photopic luminance levels, the cone-cell variation of packing density across the retina provides a natural limit to the effective size of wide-field stimulus patterns. In some experiments, this eliminates the need for small test spots, which produce band-broadening effects in the spatial-frequency domain. Calculations of these effects are given, to aid in the design of such experiments.
Female choice and the benefits of mate guarding by male mallards

Abstract Pair formation and breeding in many species of waterfowl are separated both temporally and spatially. Most studies of female choice in this group have focused on male characteristics at the time of pairing, with less attention given to how mate choice affects breeding season outcomes. In this study I compared pairing success, male plasma testosterone level and mate-guarding ability of male mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, in two experiments. In the first experiment females and males were group housed with equal sex ratios, thus allowing all of these males to pair. At the same time, an equal number of males was housed in groups without access to females and remained unpaired. In this experiment testosterone levels of paired and unpaired males during autumn (baseline) and spring (breeding) did not differ, indicating that the process of pair formation and breeding does not cause elevated spring testosterone levels in males. However, testosterone did temporarily decrease in paired males during the winter (pair formation) season. In the second experiment groups were male biased, allowing only half of the males to pair. Here paired males had significantly higher testosterone levels than unpaired males during the breeding season, but not during the preceding autumn. Together the results of these experiments indicate that successful pair formation predicts but does not alter male testosterone level during the breeding season. I also found that females paired to males with high levels of testosterone were missing fewer feathers due to forced copulation attempts by nonmates, suggesting that females may choose males based on their mate-guarding abilities. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical weathering and runoff chemistry in a steep headwater catchment

We present here deductions about the location, rate, and mechanisms of chemical weathering in a small catchment based on a catchment-scale sprinkling experiment. In this experiment demineralized water was applied at an approximately steady rate in the CB 1 catchment in the Oregon Coast Range to reach and maintain a quasi-steady discharge for a period of 4 days. Because of nearly steady flow conditions within the catchment, the contribution to solute fluxes from soil and bedrock could be partitioned. One half of the solute flux from the catchment derived from colluvial soil, and one half from weathering in bedrock. This implies more intense weathering in the thin colluvium mantling the catchment than in the thick underlying weathered bedrock. The annual solute flux from the catchment, scaled to the annual runoff from the catchment, is 32 ± 10 t km -2 year -1 , equivalent to published chemical denudation rates for nearby rivers with drainage areas 10 6 times greater than the experiment site. Soil waters sampled during the sprinkling experiment had steady compositions following a period of transient water flow conditions, implying steady-state chemical evolution in the soil. The waters leached 'organic' anions from shallow depths in the soil, which solubilized aluminium and iron, indicating that podzolization is occurring in these soils. Carbonate dissolution appears to be an important source of solutes from the bedrock, despite being present as only a minor phase in the rock. Water balance suggests that the residence time of water in the catchment is about 2 months, and that typical 24 h storms displace only a fraction of the stored water. A consequence is that runoff chemistry is dominated by old water, which imposes strong limits on the variability of runoff composition.
Paracrine Mediators of Endometrial Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression

The endometrial lining of the human uterus is a highly specialized, steroid-sensitive tissue. Throughout the reproductive years, the endometrium undergoes dramatic cycles of growth, differentiation, and breakdown under the influence of ovarian steroids. In response to changes in steroid exposure throughout the menstrual cycle, the endometrium produces an array of bioactive growth factors and other cytokines that are critical components of paracrine communication. For example, cell-cell communication via paracrine factors directs the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that mediate tissue remodeling during the menstrual cycle. The disease endometriosis is thought to occur as a consequence of retrograde menstruation, and MMPs appear to contribute to the establishment and progression of ectopic endometrial growth in the peritoneal cavity. Although the risk for developing endometriosis is linked to a woman's steroid exposure, locally produced paracrine factors can modify steroid action on multiple gene targets, including the MMPs. Estrogen-associated growth factors as well as inflammatory cytokines are potent stimulators of MMP expression and may contribute to the ability of endometrial fragments to invade the peritoneal surface and establish ectopic sites of growth. In contrast, paracrine factors associated with progesterone action during early pregnancy inhibit MMP expression and prevent ectopic endometrial growth in an experimental model. For example, locally produced retinoic acid and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) act in concert with progesterone to suppress MMPs, while enhancing expression of MMP inhibitors (TIMPs) during endometrial differentiation. Targeting pregnancy-associated factors that inhibit endometrial-specific MMP expression and action may enhance the effectiveness of progestin-related treatments for endometriosis.
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and the intramitochondrial translocation of cholesterol

The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein regulates the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis, the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Insight into the structure and function of StAR was attained through molecular genetic studies of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, a rare disease caused by mutations in the StAR gene. Subsequent functional analysis defined two major domains within the StAR protein, the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence and the C-terminus, which promotes the translocation of cholesterol between the two mitochondrial membranes. Two models of StAR's mechanism of action, (1) stimulation of cholesterol desorption from the outer mitochondrial membrane and (2) an intermembrane shuttle hypothesis, are discussed with respect to the known biochemical and biophysical events associated with the process of steroidogenesis and the structure of StAR. StAR gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level, and the roles of transcription factors that govern basal and cAMP-dependent StAR expression including SF-1, C/EBP beta, Sp1 and GATA-4 are reviewed.
Targeted hyperthermia in prostate with an MR-guided endorectal ultrasound phased array: patient specific modeling and preliminary experiments

Feasibility of hyperthermia delivery to the prostate with a commercially available MR-guided endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) phased array ablation system (ExAblate 2100, Insightec, LTD) was assessed through computer simulations and ex vivo experiments. The simulations included a 3D FEM-based biothermal model, and acoustic field calculations for the ExAblate phased array (2.3 MHz, 2.3x4.0 cm 2 ) using the rectangular radiator method. Array beamforming strategies were investigated to deliver 30-min hyperthermia (<41 °C) to focal regions of prostate cancer, identified from MR images in representative patient cases. Constraints on power densities, sonication durations and switching speeds imposed by ExAblate hardware and software were incorporated in the models. T 3 for sonications with planar or diverging beam patterns at 0.9-1.2 W/cm 2 , and in 3-10 cm3 for curvilinear (cylindrical) or multifocus beam patterns at 1.5-3.3 W/cm 2 , potentially useful for treating focal disease in a single posterior quadrant. Preliminary experiments included beamformed sonications in tissue mimicking phantom material under MRI-based temperature monitoring at 3T (GRE TE=7.0 ms, TR=15 ms, BW=10.5 kHz, FOV=15 cm, matrix 128x128, FA=40°). MR-temperature rises of 2-6 °C were induced in a phantom with the ExAblate array, consistent with calculated values and lower power settings (~0.86 W/cm 2 , 3 min.). Conformable hyperthermia may be delivered by tailoring power deposition along the array length and angular expanse. MRgERUS HIFU systems can be controlled for continuous hyperthermia in prostate to augment radiotherapy and drug delivery. [FUS Foundation, NIH R01 122276, 111981].
Hypnotic Efficacy of Estazolam Compared with Flurazepam in Outpatients with Insomnia

Estazolam is a new benzodiazepine hypnotic agent with an intermediate half-life of 12 to 15 hours. The authors designed an investigation to compare its hypnotic efficacy to that of flurazepam, generally considered the reference standard. The hypnotic efficacy of estazolam at two doses (1 mg and 2 mg) was compared with that of flurazepam (30 mg) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, 7-night study that involved 223 outpatients with insomnia. On subjective assessments of the patients, no differences were noted between estazolam 2 mg and flurazepam 30 mg on any of six sleep parameters. Patients who were receiving estazolam 1 mg rated their sleep significantly better than did patients who were receiving placebo on all parameters except sleep latency. Global evaluation of the physicians indicated significant improvement in quality of sleep, sleep depth, sleep duration, and nocturnal awakenings in all three active treatment groups; estazolam 2 mg and flurazepam also decreased sleep latency significantly. The percentage of patients who reported any adverse experience was 68% for flurazepam, 58% for estazolam 2 mg, and 54% for estazolam 1 mg; the incidence of adverse events in the placebo group was 43%. In conclusion, estazolam 2 mg was found to be as effective a hypnotic as flurazepam 30 mg. Estazolam 1 mg is also effective in the treatment of outpatients with insomnia, but to a lesser degree.
When Memories and Discourses Collide: The President's House and Places of Public Memory

This paper proposes a loose model for illustrating how a multitude of discourses are pulled into political contests about the meanings of places of public memory. Specifically, the model suggests that selected discourses circulating around and within the memory place are pulled into the site by publics affectively invested in defining the site in particular ways. As, and after, those discourses collide within the place of memory, some stick and others are expelled—often to reappear in other, and sometimes related, controversies about public memory. These ideas are illustrated through a study of the controversy about how to best remember the past residents of the President's House, site of the nation's first executive mansion, in Independence National Historical Park.
Case Report Carcinoma of the Cervix — A Review

Abstract Carcinoma of the cervix is the fourth most common neoplasm in women. The mortality from this tumor has dropped with the advent of Papanicolaou smears and routine periodic screening, particularly in high risk populations. Diagnosis and staging includes a careful physical examination, the use of colposcopy, directed biopsy, intravenous urogran and cystoscopy. Computed tomography and lymphangiography may be helpful for detection of iliac or paraaortic lymph nodes. Early, noninvasive stages of this disease (CIN) may be treated with cryosurgery or laser vaporization. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and microinvasive carcinoma is usually treated with simple hysterectomy for cure. More advanced invasion localized to the cervix may be treated with radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy with 90% of patients surviving 5 years. More advanced tumors are treated with external and intracavitary radiation therapy. For patients with paraaortic lymph node involvement or recurrent tumor, 5-year survival is less than 10%. Chemotherapy may provide some palliation to patients with recurrent tumors but does not increase long term survivorship.
An improved H2/O2 mechanism based on recent shock tube/laser absorption measurements

Abstract An updated H2/O2 reaction mechanism is presented that incorporates recent reaction rate determinations in shock tubes from our laboratory. These experiments used UV and IR laser absorption to monitor species time-histories and have resulted in improved high-temperature rate constants for the following reactions: H + O 2 = OH + O H 2 O 2 ( + M ) = 2 OH ( + M ) OH + H 2 O 2 = HO 2 + H 2 O O 2 + H 2 O = OH + HO 2 The updated mechanism also takes advantage of the results of other recent rate coefficient studies, and incorporates the most current thermochemical data for OH and HO2. The mechanism is tested (and its performance compared to that of other H2/O2 mechanisms) against recently reported OH and H2O concentration time-histories in various H2/O2 systems, such as H2 oxidation, H2O2 decomposition, and shock-heated H2O/O2 mixtures. In addition, the mechanism is validated against a wide range of standard H2/O2 kinetic targets, including ignition delay times, flow reactor species time-histories, laminar flame speeds, and burner-stabilized flame structures. This validation indicates that the updated mechanism should perform reliably over a range of reactant concentrations, stoichiometries, pressures, and temperatures from 950 to greater than 3000 K.
Granular properties of high Tc superconductors

Abstract Granular superconductive behavior has been frequently observed in high T c materials, not only in polycrystalline ceramics, but in oriented thin films and single crystals as well. Granular effects have been proposed as an explanation for low critical currents, irreversible and time dependent magnetic response, low field magnetoresistance and broadened resistive transitions. This paper provides a brief overview of recent developments.
Generalizability of scaling gradients on direct behavior ratings

Generalizability theory is used to examine the impact of scaling gradients on a single-item Direct Behavior Rating (DBR). A DBR refers to a type of rating scale used to efficiently record target be...
eigenPulse: Robust human identification from cardiovascular function

This paper presents eigenPulse, a new method for human identification from cardiovascular function. Traditional biometric techniques, e.g. face and fingerprint, have used eigen analysis to exploit databases with tens of thousands of entries. One drawback of traditional biometrics is that the credentials, for example, fingerprints, can be forged making the systems less secure. Previous research [S.A. Israel, J.M. Irvine, A. Cheng, M.D. Wiederhold, B.K. Wiederhold, ECG to identify individuals, Pattern Recognition 38(1) (2005) 138-142] demonstrated the viability of using cardiovascular function for human identification. By nature, cardiovascular function is a measure of liveness and less susceptible to forgery. However, the classification techniques presented in earlier work performed poorly over non-standard electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, raising questions about the percentage of the population that can be enrolled. This paper combines the traditional biometrics' use of eigen analysis and previous analysis of cardiovascular function to yield a more robust approach. The eigenPulse processing had a near 100% enrollment rate, with a corresponding higher overall performance.
Biogeographical distribution limits of Douglas-Fir in Southwest Oregon

Abstract Two methods for estimating the distribution limits of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in southwest Oregon, U.S.A., were attempted using a cover-dominance model and a niche-habitat model. The cover-dominance model was based on estimates from 435 plots of cover and frequency of Douglas-fir and other tree species. The niche-habitat model was based on common-garden estimates of 135 genotypic values of Douglas-fir parent trees from 80 locations. Both models indicated that closest proximity to the species edge was in the dry southeastern areas with high sun exposure at low elevations. There was no clear way to choose between models. The niche-habitat model suggested that special problems with natural and artificial regeneration can be expected in the margin near the biogeographical limits. The niche-habitat model also indicated that, to ensure a uniform distribution of adapted crop trees in the margin, a large number of planted seedlings per hectare would be needed. The number increased exponentially from the inner to the outer edge of the margin. The number can be decreased by successful initial establishment, no early thinning, or fewer crop trees per hectare.
The spherical aberration of the eye.

The spherical aberration of the eye was measured by placing a series of centered annular apertures over the eye pupil, and determining the optimum spectacle correction for each aperture. A “double star” was used as a test object. Accommodation was controlled by reflecting a second test object into the field of view. The three eyes examined had positive (undercorrected) spherical aberration when unaccommodated; in one case 2 diopters at the pupil margin. The aberration was reduced with increasing accommodation and in one case became negative at high accommodation. Homatropine reduced the spherical aberration of two of the three eyes examined. A historical review of previous work is given.