cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ExaVolt Antenna: Concept and Development Updates

A flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos is expected both directly from sources and from interactions between ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and the cosmic microwave background. Using the cost-effective radio Cherenkov technique to search for these neutrinos, the ExaVolt Antenna (EVA) is a mission concept that aims to build on the capabilities of earlier radio-based balloon-borne neutrino detectors and increase the sensitivity to lower energies and fluxes. The novel EVA design exploits the surface of the balloon to provide a focusing reflector that aims to provide a signal gain of ~ 30 dBi (compared to 10 dBi on ANITA). This increase in gain when combined with a large instantaneous viewing angle will yield a 10-fold increase in sensitivity and will allow this balloon-borne experiment to probe the expected low neutrino fluxes even at energies greater than 10 19 eV. This contribution will present an overview of the mission concept, recent technology developments, and the results of a hang test of a 1:20-scale model which demonstrates the effectiveness of the design.
Venogenic impotence following dermal graft repair for Peyronie's disease.

Abstract Peyronie’s plaque excision with dermal grafting generally offers good cosmetic results for patients who require surgical intervention for Peyronie’s disease. However, postoperative impotence has been reported in 12 to 100% of such patients. The mechanism of impotence in this setting is not well defined. We present 3 men who had venogenic impotence after plaque excision and dermal grafting for Peyronie’s disease. One patient has subsequently responded well to dorsal vein ligation, 1 has chosen an effective nonoperative method of management and 1 continues to consider the options. We report venous leak as an organic cause of impotence after plaque excision and dermal grafting for Peyronie’s disease, and its successful management by dorsal vein ligation. The implications of these findings in the surgical management of Peyronie’s disease are discussed.
Simplified split-bolus intravenous contrast injection technique for pediatric abdominal CT.

Abstract Purpose To investigate pediatric abdominal CT using a simplified split-bolus (Split group) contrast injection compared with a single bolus (Control group). Methods Radiation dose, image quality and diagnostic accuracy were compared. Results Split group demonstrated lower effective dose (2.46 vs. 2.85mSv, p =0.002) and noise levels in aorta, liver and portal vein ( p Conclusions A simple method of split-bolus intravenous contrast injection technique can provide adequate and homogeneous enhancement in pediatric abdominal CT.
A Photochemical Two-Step Formal [5+2] Cycloaddition: A Condensation/Ring-Expansion Approach to Substituted Azepanes.

Seven-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles are considerably underrepresented in the literature compared to their five- and six-membered analogues. Herein, we report a relatively understudied photochemical rearrangement of N-vinylpyrrolidinones to azepin-4-ones in good yields. This transformation allows for the conversion of readily available pyrrolidinones and aldehydes to densely functionalized azepane derivatives in a facile two-step procedure.
Lab- and Field-Based Approaches to Meaning Threats and Restoration: Convergences and Divergences:

Two distinct approaches to meaning—experimental lab-based research on meaning and its maintenance in response to situational cues and observational field research on meaning-focused coping followin...
Fair Play or Foul Endeavor?: Social Influence & Political Motives of Managers in HR Implementation

Strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) scholars have recognized the pivotal role played by line managers in the implementation of HR practices. Though recognizing various reasons for poor implem...
Antidepressants and Incident Hypertension in Primary Care Patients

Objective Many ADMs can alter blood pressure (BP), but the research on the effect of antidepressant medication (ADMs) on incident hypertension is mixed. We investigated whether the use of ADMs was associated with the subsequent development of hypertension. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical record data from 6224 patients with primary care visits from 2008 to 2015. Prescription orders were used to identify ADM use, and hypertension was defined by medical record diagnosis. Using package insert warnings, a 3-level ADM exposure variable was created: ADMs that increase BP (ADM BP+), ADMs that do not increase BP, and no ADM. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were computed to estimate the association between the ADM exposure and incident hypertension. Results Unadjusted results revealed that ADM BP+ use compared with the no ADM group was significantly associated with incident hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.57). After adjusting for covariates, ADM BP+ use was no longer significantly associated with incident hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.49). Conclusions Commonly used ADMs were not associated with incident hypertension after controlling for other factors associated with ADM use and hypertension. Research on potential dose and duration effects is warranted.
Conceptualizing Gender and Education in Africa from an Ubuntu Frame

Educational and gender inequality constitute areas of critical concern as reflected in the global consensus in resolutions adopted by the United Nations and its specialized agencies. African leaders have supported these resolutions and declared their own commitment, including through the African Union, to achieve education for all and gender equality as a human right and an investment human capabilities, respectively, to propel African countries to emerging economies toward industrialized and prosperous nations. To achieve such goals, African countries have to overhaul inherited systems that reproduce inequality. The Ubuntu paradigm constitutes an asset as a preventive and corrective framework offering Africans an opportunity to rethink and re-design an inclusive education that harnesses the values of collective well-being, with the potential of becoming a model for the world.
Prophetic performatives: the New Age’s pending efficacy through self-prophecy

This paper broadens the limited area of scholarship on New Age spiritualism by providing and explanation for the suasive force of one of its main themes, the ‘Law of Attraction’. Rhonda Byrne’s The...
iPSC-derived M2-like ALS macrophages suppress pro-Inflammatory phenotype of M1-like macrophages (S25.008)

Objective: To determine whether M2-like macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are immune-suppressive and relevant mechanisms Background: Neuroinflammation is a prominent pathological finding in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Numerous studies have confirmed that activated microglia contribute to motoneuron injury and participate in ALS disease progression. These activated microglia are pro-inflammatory and classified as M1-like macrophages. In contrast, M2-like macrophages produce high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins. However, it is not known whether iPSC-derived M2-like macrophages are immune-suppressive and by what mechanisms. Design/Methods: M1-like and M2-like macrophages were differentiated from human iPSC. Specific mRNAs from the macrophage phenotypes were assayed by qRT-PCR. ELISAs were performed to identify pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by two different macrophages. M1-like and M2-like macrophages were also co-cultured for their immune-stimulatory or immune-suppressive attributes. Results: Fibroblasts obtained from an ALS patient with a C9orf72 mutation and a healthy volunteer were reprogrammed to iPSC. The iPSC-derived monocytes were further differentiated to M1-like and M2-like macrophages. M1-like macrophages up-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. M2-like macrophages released higher level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 than M0 resting macrophages. M2-like macrophages from a healthy volunteer also produced more TGF-β protein than M0 resting macrophages. TGF-β protein was not detectable in the supernatants of M2-like macrophages from ALS iPSC. Functionally, both C9orf72 ALS and healthy volunteer M2-like macrophages were able to suppress the activation of M1-like macrophages by down-regulating IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression. Blocking antibodies against IL-10 and TGF-β did not reverse the suppressive effects of M2-like macrophages on M1 activation. Conclusions: iPSCs can be differentiated into M1-like and M2-like macrophages. M2-like macrophages are able to suppress the pro-inflammatory phenotype of M1-like macrophages. Therefore, M2-like human macrophages differentiated from iPSC may serve as a candidate for immune-cell-based therapy to mitigate neuroinflammation and slow ALS disease progression. Study Supported by: ALS Finding a Cure Disclosure: Dr. Zhao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thonhoff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ornelas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Svendsen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Appel has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Avanir Pharmaceuticals Speaker’s Bureau, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Inc. and Neuraltus.
Hospital Group Purchasing Alliances and Financial Performance

Background: Hospital use of Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) may serve as a cost-containment strategy in the purchase of supplies and services. However, there is limited research examining whether there are financial performance differences between users and non-users of GPOs. Purpose: To explore whether hospital use of GPOs is related to financial performance. Methods: Data on hospitals’ GPO utilization and financial performance were combined with organizational and market characteristics. Panel ordinal logistic regression with facility and year fixed effects analysis was used to examine the relationship between operating margin and the use of GPOs controlling for organizational and market characteristics. Results: Data from an average of 4,484 hospitals were available for analyses from 2004 to 2014. Overall, the number of hospitals utilizing the services of GPOs increased significantly from 3,027 (72.9%) in 2004 to 3,128 (75.2%) in 2014. In regression analysis, hospitals that utilized the services of GPOs were 17 percentage points more likely to be in the combined higher second, third, and fourth quartiles of operating margin (OR=1.19, p<0.05). The significant findings suggest that hospitals utilizing the services of GPOs had higher operating margins compared to hospitals that did not. Practical Implications: Hospital utilization of GPO services is associated with better financial performance. These findings may inform practice managers and consultants about the benefit of utilizing the services of GPOs, which provides support for the utilization of GPOs when making strategic business decisions about purchasing. Keywords: Group purchasing organization; financial performance; supplies; hospitals
Cryptococcus neoformans Mating and Genetic Crosses

The Cryptococcus pathogenic species complex is a group of opportunistic human fungal pathogens that cause cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, an infection associated with unacceptably high mortality rates. The public health relevance of these pathogens has galvanized extensive research over the past several decades and led to characterization of their sexual cycles. This research has allowed several Cryptococcus species to develop into model fungal organisms for both pathogenesis and basic science studies. Many of these studies require observation of the meiotic process and its associated mating structures as well as generation of meiotic progeny with novel phenotypes and genotypes. Herein, we describe how to set up genetic crosses between Cryptococcus strains and observe their mating phenotypes as well as how to recover progeny from these crosses for further analysis. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
American Exceptionalism: Political Economy and Economic Laws

This chapter looks at political economy and economic law. Before the Marginal Revolution of 1870, the field of economics was largely based on political economy and scholars such as Leon Walras, Stanley Jevons, and Carl Menger who tried to separate politics from economics. The principles of economic law that apply to America are founded on the enlightenment philosophies, natural laws, and moral philosophies that took root during the time of ancient Greece. Thus, we take a continuum approach between the ancient and newer perspectives. A break in that continuum is discerned by an attempt to transform the ancient view marked mostly by Georg Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Hegel spoke of consciousness as freedom and as a perfect state for social harmony. His most well-known followers were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who tried to affect a paradigmatic shift from what was characterized by Adam Smith, the “father of economics,” as economic jurisprudence and theory of moral sentiments to socialism and communism. The American Exceptionalism view of the political economy and economic laws are founded on the early continuum views.
Cost-of-illness of knee osteoarthritis: potential cost savings by not undergoing arthroplasty within the first 2 years

Purpose Although knee arthroplasty (KA) is the largest source of hospitalization costs for knee osteoarthritis (OA), some studies have suggested reducing the use of "low-value" interventions, such as intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA), to lower health care costs. However, those studies fail to consider that HA has demonstrated benefits in extending time to more costly KA or avoiding KA altogether. We evaluated 1) the overall knee OA costs (direct) within a 2-year period; 2) the relative contribution of HA and KA costs; 3) the direct cost savings from HA patients not undergoing KA. Patients and methods Knee OA patients were identified from the Optum Clinformatics data set, which includes physician, facility, and pharmacy claims data from privately insured patients of all ages. Patients were stratified in the no HA, non-hylan G-F 20, and hylan G-F 20 cohorts. The cumulative costs (payer perspective) were evaluated for all knee OA-related claims (adjusted to Consumer Price Index Jan 2017$) for patients who had at least 2 years follow-up. Costs were stratified into various clinical categories. Results The study cohort included 2,030,497 knee OA patients, of which 65,144 patients (3.2%) underwent KA. The cost of treating knee OA within the 2-year follow-up period was estimated to be $4.99 billion (B). The majority of the costs (69%) were attributed to KA patients (3.2% of patients). In all, 15.9% of the HA patients underwent KA within 2 years, but HA only contributed 1.7% to the total costs for these patients. The remaining 84.1% of HA patients did not undergo KA, which saved an estimated total of $1.54B (average $20,740 per patient) or 83.9%, after accounting for their non-KA therapies. Conclusion Our study estimated substantial cost savings through a large percentage of HA patients not undergoing KA. Although a fraction of patients moved on from their conservative therapy to undergo KA within the 2-year period, HA attributed to <2% of their total treatment costs.
Paternal Nongenetic Intergenerational Transmission of Metabolic Disease Risk.

Paternal metabolic disease before conception and during spermatogenesis can adversely impact the metabolic health of offspring in later life. Here, we review the current understanding of sperm epigenetic markers as contributors to intergenerational transmission of disease risk in both human and animal studies, and review potential intervention strategies. Epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of adverse outcomes in the offspring of fathers with obesity, diabetes, advanced age, smoking, and ancestral exposures. Potential molecular mechanisms contributing to intergenerational disease risk include genetics (DNA sequence) as well as epigenetic factors in the sperm, such as DNA methylation, chromatin and histone modification, and coding and noncoding RNAs. Potential strategies to interrupt intergenerational transmission of disease risk include increased physical activity, weight loss, bariatric surgery, cold exposure, and improved glycemic control prior to conception. Many studies suggest environmental factors experienced by fathers can program disease risk in the next generation via sperm cell–mediated transmission. Better understanding the mechanisms through which paternal metabolism influences sperm cells will help to design better intervention strategies. Future research will focus on the molecular signals that mediate the impact of paternal factors on sperm epigenetic signals and also how these affect offspring embryonic development and disease risk during adult life.
Materials Characterization for Fragmentation

Demolition and fragmentation of concrete is currently being done using several techniques. Concrete has been fragmented using explosives, using hydraulic and pneumatic hammers, using a ball and a crane of using a hydraulic crane with ripping teeth and shovel. Depending on the method used in breaking concrete, concrete is subjected to different rates of straining and different modes of fracture. For the purpose of materials characterization, it may be convenient to differentiate various techniques of demolition according to the strain rate employed.
A COMPARISON OF SEMI-EMPIRICAL AND AB INITIO METHODS ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHINATES, PHOSPHONATES, AND PHOSPHATES

The hydrolysis of phosphorus fluoridates was studied by semiempirical and ab initio methods. The reaction proceeds through a metastable intermediate separated from the reactants and products by transition structures. Both methods gave similar qualitative results; however, the first transition (formation of the trigonal bipyrimid intermediate) occurred earlier and the second (loss of F-) later with semiempirical methods. Including solvation in the calculations is critical. The AMSOL program generated reasonable energies especially when the limitations of the semiempirical Hamiltonian are considered. The Onsanger model was not a significant improvement over calculations on isolated molecules.
Motion Planning for Nonprehensile Manipulation

This paper discusses the tipping condition for an object in nonprehensile manipulation under which the object can be accelerated while maintaining stability. Objects whose geometry is sensitive to small external forces are considered. The stability is defined in terms of angle with which center of gravity is displaced. The relationship between the angle with which center of gravity is displaced and maximum acceleration for the object to maintain the stability is formulated. In experimental validation, a rectangular plywood piece is used as a sample object and maximum acceleration for this object is calculated. A robotic manipulator is used to test and validate the maximum critical acceleration.
Editorial: Improving health care for gender diverse youth through education and training

As a global community, there is increasing understanding and acceptance that children and adolescents must not conform their gender identity and expression to that of their sex assigned at birth. Until recently, the cultural norm was an expectation that children and adolescents would be raised by their caregivers to express themselves in ways that matched their sex assigned at birth. While there has been a significant cultural shift to identify gender identity as an important concept that is related to human development, there is not yet consensus on how caregivers and healthcare systems ought to attend to this awareness.
Preoperative prediction of angular insertion depth of lateral wall cochlear implant electrode arrays.

Purpose: Cochlear implants (CIs) use an array of electrodes surgically threaded into the cochlea to restore hearing sensation. Techniques for predicting the insertion depth of the array into the cochlea could guide surgeons toward more optimal placement of the array to reduce trauma and preserve the residual hearing. In addition to the electrode array geometry, the base insertion depth (BID) and the cochlear size could impact the overall array insertion depth. Approach: We investigated using these measurements to develop a linear regression model that can make preoperative or intraoperative predictions of the insertion depth of lateral wall CI electrodes. Computed tomography (CT) images of 86 CI recipients were analyzed. Using previously developed automated algorithms, the relative electrode position inside the cochlea was measured from the CT images. Results: A linear regression model is proposed for insertion depth prediction based on cochlea size, array geometry, and BID. The model is able to accurately predict angular insertion depths with a standard deviation of 41 deg and absolute deviation error of 32 deg. Conclusions: Surgeons may use this model for patient-customized selection of electrode array and/or to plan a BID for a given array that minimizes the likelihood of causing trauma to regions of the cochlea where residual hearing exists.
Abstract 6001: 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase inhibition to increase the efficacy of ER and CDK4/6 inhibitors against ER+ breast cancer

Deregulation of the estrogen receptor (ER)-cyclin D1-CDK4/6 pathway is a hallmark of ER+ breast cancer that has prompted the development of CDK4/6 inhibitors. Although administration of CDK4/6 inhibitors to patients with ER+ advanced breast cancers have resulted in an improvement in progression free survival, almost all patients invariable develop resistance and relapse over time. Activation of glucose metabolism upon CDK4/6 inhibition is becoming increasingly evident. A key stimulator of glycolysis is the PFKFB3 enzyme which synthesizes fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), a potent allosteric activator of the rate-limiting 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1). F2,6BP controls flux throughout the entire glycolytic pathway and, as a result is required for the proliferation of cancer cells. In preliminary studies, we provide evidence that PFKFB3 expression and activity is increased in response to CDK4 inhibition in ER+ breast cancer cells and that a PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK-158, increases the anti-tumor activity of anti-CDK4 targeted therapy in vitro. Importantly, we found that ER+ cancer cells with acquired resistance to palbociclib have increased levels of PFKFB3 and are highly susceptible to the effects of PFK-158. Our studies provide a clear rationale to propose the use of PFKFB3 inhibitors in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors as an effective strategy to increase the efficiency and/or overcome resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. Citation Format: Lilibeth Lanceta, Nadiia Lypova, Jasson Chesney, Yoannis Imbert-Fernandez. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase inhibition to increase the efficacy of ER and CDK4/6 inhibitors against ER+ breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6001.
NFMI: Near Field Magnetic Induction based communication

Abstract Near Field Magnetic Induction (NFMI) based communication is an emerging technology that promises several advantages over the traditional radio frequency (RF) communication including low energy use, ability to work reliably in a variety of difficult propagation media (e.g., water, non-ferromagnetic metals, underground, tissue media of fresh produce & meats, etc.), and low leakage possibility because of fast decay. Furthermore, since the MI technology is useful for efficient power transfer as well, it provides the possibility of passive tagging as well. In this paper, we provide a technical overview of NFMI technology and its potential for several applications in RF challenged environments. We also lay out a number of challenges with NFMI technology and its use in various applications.
Product choice under price regulation: Evidence from out-patient dialysis markets

Using a dataset of dialysis facilities operating in more than 1000 U.S. counties in 2007, I examine the product choice of two types of firms: multiproduct dialysis facilities and single product dialysis facilities. I simulate the effect of a Medicare policy proposal in 2008 which reduces the regulated price of a common product that is produced by both types. I find that the policy decreases the number of single product dialysis facilities but increases the number of multiproduct facilities, holding patient behavior and provider cost structure constant. I also find strong evidence for market segmentation between single product and multiproduct dialysis facilities.
The use of electrocardiogram screening to clear athletes for return to sport following COVID-19 infection.

Objective: To quantify the occurrence rate of abnormal ECG findings and symptoms following COVID-19 infection. Patients: Adult patients (>18 years old) who were participating in collegiate athletics and previously tested positive for COVID-19 between August 2020 to November 2020. Methods: In this retrospective study, we report findings of electrocardiogram (ECG) testing to screen athletes for cardiac abnormalities following COVID-19. Athletes underwent general examinations and ECG screening prior to being medically cleared for a return to sport following COVID-19. Predetermined predictors were grouped into categorical variables including: 1) Sex; 2) Symptom severity; and 3) BMI (normal vs. overweight = > 24 kgâm-2). These were used to examine differences of abnormal rates occurred between different predictor categories. Results: Of the 170 athletes screened, 6 (3.5%) presented with abnormal ECG criteria and were referred to cardiology. We found no evidence that symptom severity, sex and BMI category were associated with a higher rate of abnormal ECG (p > 0.05). Greater severity of COVID-19 symptoms were associated with higher percentage of ST depression, T-wave inversion, ST-T changes and presence of fQRS. Loss of smell, loss of taste, headache and sore throat were the most prevalent symptoms with 32.9%, 38.8%, 36.5% and 25.3% of athletes reporting each symptom, respectively. Conclusions: Preliminary findings indicate a low risk of myocardial injury secondary to COVID-19 infection with less than4% of patients presenting with abnormal ECG and 10% requiring referral to a cardiologist. While viral myocarditis was not demonstrated in any athlete referred for cardiology assessment, two patients developed effusative viral pericarditis.
Experience with prolonged induced hypothermia in severe head injury

Reports of the use of hypothermia as a treatment for brain injury appeared as early as 1943. Fay [1] cooled a series of patients with severe traumatic brain injury to as low as 28°C for 4–7 days and described outcomes that were, in his view, better than expected. This and subsequent reports did describe several deaths related to cooling, however, presumably as a result of cardiac arrhythmias and sepsis. During the 1960s and 1970s there was little enthusiasm for this treatment because of the general feeling that hypothermia was associated with cardiac arrhythmias, coagulation disorders, and pneumonia.
Cervical prolapse complicating pregnancy

Uterine cervical prolapse concurrent with pregnancy is rare. This article reports three cases of second-degree cervical prolapse during pregnancy. Two women developed prolapse in the late second trimester while one women had preexisting prolapse. Both women with prolapse developing during midpregnancy were treated unsuccessfully with a vaginal pessary to maintain cervical placement. Premature labor occurred in both of these women, resulting in one preterm birth. Although cervical prolapse is rarely encountered in pregnancy, the threat of preterm labor and delivery warrants close observation.
Modulation of signals in rapidly-updated adaptive filters: theory, mitigation, and applications

This paper addresses the technique of rapidly updating the weights of an adaptive filter to cancel nonstationary interference. This method is used, for example, in radar systems that receive coherent multipath interference, known as "hot clutter" or "terrain scattered jamming". We develop a framework for understanding how this rapid weight updating (inadvertently) modulates signals. Two principal types of modulation are studied: random modulations induced by finite-length training sets and non-random modulations induced by the coherence of the interference. Our framework is then used to assess the impact of these modulations on the overall performance of various well-known jammer multipath mitigation algorithms. Several techniques for controlling this modulation are proposed.
Another look at CS0

This paper describes the goals and methods of a new kind of CS0 course and explains why it is being used as the introductory course for an Information Science Major. Information Science is a new discipline that has been distinguished from Computer Science, but it shares with CS the problem of what to present in its first course. This paper describes a CS0-type course that aims both at preparing for a first programming course and at surveying the problems that the Information Science major will encounter in the undergraduate program and on the job. A problem list is appended that gives a flavor of the variety of the exercises that the students face.
Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements with Wall Shear Stress and Uncertainty Quantification for the FDA Nozzle Model

We present advanced particle image velocimetry (PIV) processing, post-processing, and uncertainty estimation techniques to support the validation of computational fluid dynamics analyses of medical devices. This work is an extension of a previous FDA-sponsored multi-laboratory study, which used a medical device mimicking geometry referred to as the FDA benchmark nozzle model. Experimental measurements were performed using time-resolved PIV at five overlapping regions of the model for Reynolds numbers in the nozzle throat of 500, 2000, 5000, and 8000. Images included a twofold increase in spatial resolution in comparison to the previous study. Data was processed using ensemble correlation, dynamic range enhancement, and phase correlations to increase signal-to-noise ratios and measurement accuracy, and to resolve flow regions with large velocity ranges and gradients, which is typical of many blood-contacting medical devices. Parameters relevant to device safety, including shear stress at the wall and in bulk flow, were computed using radial basis functions. In addition, in-field spatially resolved pressure distributions, Reynolds stresses, and energy dissipation rates were computed from PIV measurements. Velocity measurement uncertainty was estimated directly from the PIV correlation plane, and uncertainty analysis for wall shear stress at each measurement location was performed using a Monte Carlo model. Local velocity uncertainty varied greatly and depended largely on local conditions such as particle seeding, velocity gradients, and particle displacements. Uncertainty in low velocity regions in the sudden expansion section of the nozzle was greatly reduced by over an order of magnitude when dynamic range enhancement was applied. Wall shear stress uncertainty was dominated by uncertainty contributions from velocity estimations, which were shown to account for 90-99% of the total uncertainty. This study provides advancements in the PIV processing methodologies over the previous work through increased PIV image resolution, use of robust image processing algorithms for near-wall velocity measurements and wall shear stress calculations, and uncertainty analyses for both velocity and wall shear stress measurements. The velocity and shear stress analysis, with spatially distributed uncertainty estimates, highlights the challenges of flow quantification in medical devices and provides potential methods to overcome such challenges.
Plant tolerance and resistance in food webs: community-level predictions and evolutionary implications

While evolutionary ecologists emphasize different ways in which plants can evolutionarily respond to herbivory, such as resistance or tolerance, community ecology has lagged in its understanding of how these different plant traits can influence interactions, abundance, composition, and diversity within more complex food webs. In this paper, we present a series of models comparing community level outcomes when plants either resist or tolerate herbivory. We show that resistance and tolerance can lead to very different outcomes. A particularly important result is that resistant species should often coexist locally with other, less resistant competitors, whereas tolerant species should not be able to coexist locally with less tolerant competitors, although priority effects allow them to coexist regionally. We also use these models to suggest some insights into the evolution of these traits within more complex communities. We emphasize how understanding the differential effects of plant tolerance and resistance in food webs provides greater appreciation of a variety of empirical patterns that heretofore have appeared enigmatic.
Mental Illness in the United States, Treatment of

This entry provides an overview of the historical changes that have occurred regarding the treatment of mental illness in the United States. Both the locus and focus of treatment have shifted significantly since the eighteenth century. People displaying symptoms of mental illness are no longer considered patients in need of institutionalization, but are instead consumers who have the right to direct their own care in community settings. Along with this shift, recovery, rather than symptom management, has become the primary goal of treatment. Keywords: mental health; social policy; sociology of mental health
The rare IL-13R105Q variant, strongly enhances IL-13 protein activity (HYP6P.268)

Because common genetic variants account for only a modest proportion of human complex disease risk, rare variants are currently under investigation as potential sources of phenotypic variance. Focusing on IL13, one of the most replicated asthma/allergy susceptibility genes, we sought to assess the contribution of rare coding variants to disease risk by coupling sequencing-based variant discovery with in vitro studies of protein activity. Sequencing of IL13 exons in DNA from 96 non-Hispanic White and 96 African American asthmatics identified a rare non-synonymous variant (rs140828306, minor allele frequency 1.6% in African Americans) in exon 4 that results in a non-conservative arginine (R) /glutamine (Q) substitution at amino acid position 105, immediately upstream of a conserved IL-13 receptor binding domain. For functional studies, recombinant WT IL-13 and IL-13R105Q were expressed in eukaryotic cells and quantified by ELISA adjusting for differential antibody recognition of the variant. IL-13R105Q was significantly more potent than WT IL-13 in inducing STAT6 phosphorylation (16-fold) and CD23 expression (5-fold) in human monocytes, and transcription of allergy-associated genes in primary human epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface (3-43-fold). Neither protein acted on human T cells. These results show that IL-13R105Q is a gain-of-function variant that is likely to significantly enhance IL-13-dependent events in vivo.
A PERCEPÇÃO DA GESTANTE NA ATUAÇÃO DO ENFERMEIRO - FORTALECENDO O VÍNCULO MÃE-BEBÊ

Introducao: As acoes de promocao, prevencao e assistencia a gestante e ao recem-nascido (RN) sao fundamentais, pois, visao facultar o vinculo entre mae e filho. Neste trabalho sera relevante avaliarmos a percepcao das gestantes ao reconhecer a importância da atuacao dos enfermeiros frente aos cuidados prestados, fortalecendo o vinculo entre mae-bebe. Objetivo: Identificar na literatura a percepcao da gestante frente a atuacao do enfermeiro nos primeiros cuidados com RN. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisao integrativa, de aspecto quantitativo. A coleta foi realizada atraves da base de dados online Scielo e Biblioteca Virtual em Saude, entre o periodo de setembro a outubro de 2014, a amostra foi composta por 12 artigos cientificos. Resultados e Discussao: Os artigos foram publicados em periodicos em diferentes areas tematicas. Os descritores mais empregados pelos autores foram parto, relacoes afetivas, cuidados de enfermagem, pre-natal e maternidade. Na analise dos artigos foram encontrados sentimentos positivos e negativos das mulheres em relacao mae-filho e percepcao das mulheres em relacao aos profissionais de enfermagem. Segundo Piccinini (2012), no pre-natal o enfermeiro como cuidador e responsavel por suprir as necessidades emocionais da mae, alem da saude fisica da gestante e do bebe antes do nascimento ficando evidente que os primeiros contatos propiciam o reconhecimento entre mae e filho. Conclusao: A realizacao deste estudo possibilitou pesquisar, compreender e identificar o significado da contribuicao da equipe de enfermagem para a formacao do vinculo entre mae e filho. Palavras-chave: Percepcao das gestantes. Cuidados de enfermagem. Vinculo entre mae e filho. Recem-nascido.
Transition of a Boundary Layer: Controlled Fundamental-subharmonic Interactions

The simultaneous generation of phase-coupled plane TS waves and oblique waves with respective wavenumbers (α , 0) and (α 1, β l), (α 1, β 2) are used to study the growth of three-dimensional disturbances in a Blasius boundary layer. This was accomplished using a computer controlled array of line heaters to produce spanwise-moving periodic velocity perturbations. Conditions for subharmonic resonance with a fundamental TS mode (α,0) and symmetric oblique waves (α/2, +β) and (α/2, −β) are fully documented for three β’s and two α’s. The results consist of digitally acquired and processed time and phase-averaged statistical moments, auto- and cross-spectra, coherence, phase and cross-bicoherence of all three velocity components in three space dimensions. Phase averaged streamlines and vorticity components are also determined to document the state of the flow from the early linear stages through strong non-linearity and breakdown. Of special interest is the growth of higher harmonic modes including (3/2α, β), (5/2α, β), (α, 2β), and (0, 2β).
Effect of oxygen and redox potential on D-xylose fermentation by non-growing cells of Pachysolen tannophilus

Abstract The significance of redox potential and oxygen uptake on d -xylose fermentation by non-growing Pachysolen tannophilus was investigated. Redox potential was a useful index in monitoring low-level dissolved oxygen during the oxygen-limited phase of the fermentation. The redox potential itself, however, was not a parameter directly influencing the fermentation, only an indirect factor in the sense that it is related to dissolved oxygen. A distinct correlation was found between product distribution and the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR): xylitol yield decreased monotonically with SOUR, whereas ethanol yield reached a maximum at a SOUR of ≈ 0.040 mg O 2 min −1 (g cells) −1 .
Analytical approximations for the amplitude and period of a relaxation oscillator

Analysis and design of complex systems benefit from mathematically tractable models, which are often derived by approximating a nonlinear system with an effective equivalent linear system. Biological oscillators with coupled positive and negative feedback loops, termed hysteresis or relaxation oscillators, are an important class of nonlinear systems and have been the subject of comprehensive computational studies. Analytical approximations have identified criteria for sustained oscillations, but have not linked the observed period and phase to compact formulas involving underlying molecular parameters. We present, to our knowledge, the first analytical expressions for the period and amplitude of a classic model for the animal circadian clock oscillator. These compact expressions are in good agreement with numerical solutions of corresponding continuous ODEs and for stochastic simulations executed at literature parameter values. The formulas are shown to be useful by permitting quick comparisons relative to a negative-feedback represillator oscillator for noise (10× less sensitive to protein decay rates), efficiency (2× more efficient), and dynamic range (30 to 60 decibel increase). The dynamic range is enhanced at its lower end by a new concentration scale defined by the crossing point of the activator and repressor, rather than from a steady-state expression level. Analytical expressions for oscillator dynamics provide a physical understanding for the observations from numerical simulations and suggest additional properties not readily apparent or as yet unexplored. The methods described here may be applied to other nonlinear oscillator designs and biological circuits.
Analyses of the pathogenesis in Neisseria meningitidis

髄膜炎菌は化膿性髄膜炎の起炎菌の中で唯一流行性の髄膜炎を起こす危険な病原菌である。我々は，髄膜炎菌の簡易分類マーカーとして知られ，近年では他の病原性細菌においても病原性に関与することが明らかとなったγ-glutamyl aminopeptidase（GGT）に着目してその髄膜炎菌における病原性やその生化学的性質や分子進化に関して解析を行ない，他の病原性細菌には認められないユニークな特徴を持つことが明らかにした。また，すべての国内の髄膜炎菌臨床分離株を分子疫学的に解析し，それらの典型的な株のヒト培養細胞への感染能を検討した結果，海外での大流行の起炎菌株や国内患者由来株は感染能が高い一方で，健常者由来株は感染能が低いことを見出した。さらにその患者由来株の高感染性に起因する因子を探索する過程で髄膜炎菌のリポオリゴ糖（LOS）のLipid Aにphosphoethanolamine（PEA）を付加する酵素LptAにより髄膜炎菌のヒト培養細胞への接着能が亢進される機構を見出した。
Cryptic single-stranded-DNA binding activities of the phage λ P and Escherichia coli DnaC replication initiation proteins facilitate the transfer of E. coli DnaB helicase onto DNA

The bacteriophage λ P and Escherichia coli DnaC proteins are known to recruit the bacterial DnaB replicative helicase to initiator complexes assembled at the phage and bacterial origins, respectively. These specialized nucleoprotein assemblies facilitate the transfer of one or more molecules of DnaB helicase onto the chromosome; the transferred DnaB, in turn, promotes establishment of a processive replication fork apparatus. To learn more about the mechanism of the DnaB transfer reaction, we investigated the interaction of replication initiation proteins with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). These studies indicate that both P and DnaC contain a cryptic ssDNA-binding activity that is mobilized when each forms a complex with the DnaB helicase. Concomitantly, the capacity of DnaB to bind to ssDNA, as judged by UV-crosslinking analysis, is suppressed upon formation of a P·DnaB or a DnaB·DnaC complex. This novel switch in ssDNA-binding activity evoked by complex formation suggests that interactions of P or DnaC with ssDNA may precede the transfer of DnaB onto DNA during initiation of DNA replication. Further, we find that the λ O replication initiator enhances interaction of the P·DnaB complex with ssDNA. Partial disassembly of a ssDNA:O·P·DnaB complex by the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE molecular chaperone system results in the transfer in cis of DnaB to the ssDNA template. On the basis of these findings, we present a general model for the transfer of DnaB onto ssDNA or onto chromosomal origins by replication initiation proteins.
WE GOT OUR WAY OF COOKING THINGS Women, Food, and Preservation of Cultural Identity among the Gullah

This article examines the significance of cultural practices related to food and women's role in the formation and continuance of these practices in Gullah communities in the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina. I argue that although food preparation, under pressure of dominant cultural practices, may be viewed as a measure of gender inequality and women's subordination in the household, analysis of the relationship between women and food preparation practices can broaden understanding of the construction and maintenance of tradition in marginalized cultural groups, a neglected aspect of the study of social organization within sociology. The study uses ethnographic data based on field observations and semistructured interviews with 22 women over several visits made between 1989 and 1992.
The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America, Elliott J. Gorn

Elliott J. Gorn, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, Revised Edition, 1986, 2010, 328 pp. In 2010, Cornell University Press published an updated edition of Elliott J. Gorn's The Manly Art: Bare-Knuck...
MICHAEL, THE RESTRAINER REMOVED (2 THESS. 2:6–7)

L'identification du o katechon/To katechon en II Thessaloniciens 2 : 6-7 reste une des enigmes exegetiques du corpus paulinien. Pour l'A., la preeminence de Michel dans la pensee juive, specialement en tant que archistrategos, opposant de satan et protecteur du temple de Dieu fait qu'il peut etre celui qui retient. Michel a legitimement pu etre percu ainsi sur la base de Daniel 10-12. Les lecteurs du passage de II Thess. ont du etre familiers du concept prophetique de l'Ancien Testament du jour du Seigneur (II Thess. 2 : 2) et du concept de Daniel d'un opposant eschatologique de Dieu qui profane le temple (2 : 3ss).
The Ribosomal L1 Protuberance in Yeast Is Methylated on a Lysine Residue Catalyzed by a Seven-β-strand Methyltransferase

Modification of proteins of the translational apparatus is common in many organisms. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we provide evidence for the methylation of Rpl1ab, a well conserved protein forming the ribosomal L1 protuberance of the large subunit that functions in the release of tRNA from the exit site. We show that the intact mass of Rpl1ab is 14 Da larger than its calculated mass with the previously described loss of the initiator methionine residue and N-terminal acetylation. We determined that the increase in mass of yeast Rpl1ab is consistent with the addition of a methyl group to lysine 46 using top-down mass spectrometry. Lysine modification was confirmed by detecting 3H-N-ϵ-monomethyllysine in hydrolysates of Rpl1ab purified from yeast cells radiolabeled in vivo with S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-3H]methionine. Mass spectrometric analysis of intact Rpl1ab purified from 37 deletion strains of known and putative yeast methyltransferases revealed that only the deletion of the YLR137W gene, encoding a seven-β-strand methyltransferase, results in the loss of the +14-Da modification. We expressed the YLR137W gene as a His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli and showed that it catalyzes N-ϵ-monomethyllysine formation within Rpl1ab on ribosomes from the ΔYLR137W mutant strain lacking the methyltransferase activity but not from wild-type ribosomes. We also showed that the His-tagged protein could catalyze monomethyllysine formation on a 16-residue peptide corresponding to residues 38–53 of Rpl1ab. We propose that the YLR137W gene be given the standard name RKM5 (ribosomal lysine (K) methyltransferase 5). Orthologs of RKM5 are found only in fungal species, suggesting a role unique to their survival.
Amide to carboxylic acid hydrogen bonding. The dipyrrinone receptor

Hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acid and amide groups was demonstrated for a series of amides called [n]-semirubins consisting of a dipyrrinone attached to the end of an n-carbon alkanoic acid. Such hydrogen bonding is more effective than the alternative amide to amide or acid to acid types for all of the semirubins studied: n = 1, 3–7, 10 and 20. As determined by 1H NMR and vapour pressure osmometry, [n]-semirubins, where n = 5–20, are intramolecularly hydrogen bonded in CHCl3 or CDCl3; [4]-semirubin is intermolecularly hydrogen bonded as a dimer; [3]-semirubin is a tetramer; and [1]-semirubin is a dimer – all with carboxylic acid to amide hydrogen bonding. The dipyrrinone amide and adjacent pyrrole constitute an efficacious receptor for the carboxylic acid group.