cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitated diffusion in erythrocytes of additional mammals.

Abstract 1. 1. A densimeter technique was used to study the kinetics of both swelling and shrinking of erythrocytes of the yellow-bellied marmot, golden-mantled ground squirrel, chipmunk, deer mouse, long-tailed vole, montane vole and western jumping mouse. 2. 2. With all of these species, the data indicate that glycerol, ethylene glycol, urea and thiourea penetrate by means of facilitated diffusion. 3. 3. Competitive inhibition studies suggest that glycerol and ethylene glycol share one carrier and urea and thiourea share a different carrier. 4. 4. Estimates of half-saturation values and maximum transport rates were calculated for each system.
Recoverable ionic contaminant induced failures on n-channel memory products

Abstract For an n-channel MOSFET device technology, thick oxide threshold voltage degradation on a device adjacent to a thin oxide device with exposed gate oxide and tapers frequently causes chip failure. If the thin gate oxide and tapers are completely covered, then threshold voltage stability can be attained using phosphosilicate glass to getter ionic contaminants. A first order theory is proposed that relates circuit topology, electrical requirements, and ionic contaminant drift in oxides to chip failure. The model predicts the hierarchy of failing circuits within a chip and the recovery of these failures when left on temperature-bias testing. The latter implies that burn-in conditions must be carefully chosen to avoid recovery during temperature-bias testing. Failure to do so will allow this failure mode to go undetected and result in overly optimistic reliability projections for application conditions.
Understanding the Economic Performance of Metropolitan Areas in the United States

Examining the drivers of metropolitan economic performance, this paper models two dependent variables: change from 1990 to 2000 in gross metropolitan product and MSA employment. It is found that initial-year economic structure (an above average share of manufacturing employment), agglomeration economies, human capital (share of population with bachelor degrees or higher), and presence of state right-to-work laws are positively and significantly related to GMP and employment growth, while the economic age of the area, percentage of Black non-Hispanic residents and average wage at the beginning of the period are negatively and significantly related to both. The regional dummy variables commonly used to explain economic growth, and typically highly significant, are augmented by including climate-related amenity, business environment and economic age. When these three variables are included in the model as independent variables with the regional dummy variables, all three are significant for growth in GMP and...
Trigeminal sensory neurons of the sea lamprey

Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the trigeminal sensory ganglia of young adult sea lampreys. Receptive fields were mapped, and four classes of sensory cells were identified. Touch cells gave rapidly adapting responses to indentation of the skin. Pressure cells gave slowly adapting responses to indentation of the skin. Pit organ cells gave slowly adapting responses to mechanical stimulation of single lateral line pit organs. Nociceptive cells gave slowly adapting responses to destructive stimuli, such as puncture or burning of the skin. The axons of nociceptive cells had longer refractory periods and slower conduction velocities than did the axons of the other types of cell, indicating that nociceptive cells had smaller diameter axons.
Associations of Tobacco Control Policies With Birth Outcomes

Importance It is unclear whether the benefits of tobacco control policies extend to pregnant women and infants, especially among racial/ethnic minority and low socioeconomic populations that are at highest risk for adverse birth outcomes. Objective To examine the associations of state cigarette taxes and the enactment of smoke-free legislation with US birth outcomes according to maternal race/ethnicity and education. Design, Setting, and Participants Using a quasi-experimental approach, we analyzed repeated cross sections of US natality files with 16 198 654 singleton births from 28 states and Washington, DC, between 2000 and 2010. We first used probit regression to model the associations of 2 tobacco control policies with the probability that a pregnant woman smoked (yes or no). We then used linear or probit regression to estimate the associations of the policies with birth outcomes. We also examined the association of taxes with birth outcomes across maternal race/ethnicity and education. Exposures State cigarette taxes and smoke-free restaurant legislation. Main Outcomes and Measures Birth weight (in grams), low birth weight ( 90th percentile for gestational age and sex). Results White and black mothers with the least amount of education (0-11 years) had the highest prevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy (42.4% and 20.0%, respectively) and the poorest birth outcomes, but the strongest responses to cigarette taxes. Among white mothers with a low level of education, every $1.00 increase in the cigarette tax reduced the level of smoking by 2.4 percentage points (−0.0024 [95% CI, −0.0004 to −0.0001]), and the birth weight of their infants increased by 5.41 g (95% CI, 1.92-8.89 g). Among black mothers with a low level of education, tax increases reduced smoking by 2.1 percentage points (−0.0021 [95% CI, −0.0003 to −0.0001]), and the birth weight of their infants increased by 3.98 g (95% CI, 1.91-6.04 g). Among these mothers, tax increases also reduced the risk of having low-birth-weight, preterm, and small-for-gestational-age babies, but increased the risk of having large-for-gestational-age babies. Associations were weaker among higher-educated black women and largely null among higher educated white women and other groups. We did not find evidence for an association of smoke-free restaurant legislation with birth outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Increases in the cigarette tax are associated with improved health outcomes related to smoking among the highest-risk mothers and infants. Considering that US states increase cigarette taxes for reasons other than to improve birth outcomes, these findings are welcome by-products of state policies.
A restricted component of the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen complex is structurally related to ribonucleotide reductase.

Abstract The 85-kDa polypeptide previously shown to be associated with the restricted (R) component of the EBV-induced early antigen (EA) complex was subjected to amino acid sequencing analysis. This was accomplished by cyanogen bromide cleavage and by separation of individual peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography employing reversed-phase C18 column techniques. Two of the isolated peptides, F11 and F13, were subjected to amino acid sequencing and both were found to have significant homology to the postulated protein encoded by the BamHl O right reading frame 2 (BamHl ORF2) of the B95-8 strain Epstein-Barr virus. Computer analysis revealed significant homology between the amino acid sequence of this polypeptide and ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme previously mapped to this genomic fragment. Amino acid composition analysis also revealed a similar association. These results indicate that the 85-kDa EA(R) polypeptide is associated with a component of the EBV-induced ribonucleotide reductase.
Antioxidant Treatment Promotes Prostate Epithelial Proliferation in Nkx3.1 Mutant Mice

Discordant results in preclinical and clinical trials have raised questions over the effectiveness of antioxidants in prostate cancer chemoprevention. Results from the large-scale Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed that antioxidants failed to prevent, and in some cases promoted, prostate cancer formation in men without a history of the disease. One possible explanation for these alarming results is the notion that the effects of antioxidant treatment on the prostate are modified by specific, intrinsic genetic risk factors, causing some men to respond negatively to antioxidant treatment. Loss of expression of the homeobox transcription factor NKX3.1 in the prostate is frequently associated with human prostate cancer. Nkx3.1 mutant mice display prostatic hyperplasia and dysplasia and are used as a model of the early stages of prostate cancer initiation. While the mechanisms by which Nkx3.1 loss promotes prostate tumorigenicity are not completely understood, published data have suggested that elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with Nkx3.1 loss may be a causative factor. Here we have tested this hypothesis by treating Nkx3.1 mutant mice with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 13 weeks post-weaning. Surprisingly, while NAC treatment decreased ROS levels in Nkx3.1 mutant mouse prostates, it failed to reduce prostatic epithelial hyperplasia/dysplasia. Rather, NAC treatment increased epithelial cell proliferation and promoted the expression of a pro-proliferative gene signature. These results show that ROS do not promote proliferation in the Nkx3.1-null prostate, but instead inhibit proliferation, suggesting that antioxidant treatment may encourage prostate epithelial cell proliferation early in prostate tumorigenesis. Our findings provide new insight that may help explain the increased prostate cancer risk observed with vitamin E treatment in the SELECT trial and emphasize the need for preclinical studies using accurate models of cancer.
Processing amplitude-modulated sounds by the auditory midbrain of two species of toads: matched temporal filters

1. Recordings were made from single units in the torus semicircularis ofBufo americanus andBufo fowleri. Using sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (AM) white noise as a stimulus, the temporal selectivity of these neurons could be described by five response categories: ‘AM nonselective’ (40%); ‘AM high-pass’ (8%); ‘AM low-pass’ (9%); ‘AM band-suppression’ (9%); and ‘AM tuned’ (34%). 2. The degree to which the stimulus modulation rate was coded in the periodicity of spiking of each toral neuron (i.e., synchronization of a unit's spikes to a particular phase of the modulation waveform) was calculated for modulation rates ranging from 10 to 150 Hz. The synchronization characteristics of toral neurons generally failed to reveal the temporal selectivity of these cells. In fact, those units which were most sharply AM-tuned rarely exhibited significant response synchronization at any modulation rate tested. 3. The distribution of ‘best rates of AM’ is different for the two species of toads; AM-tuned neurons recorded from the torus semicircularis of Fowler's toad were, on the average, tuned to higher rates, relative to those recorded from the American toad. These findings constitute positive evidence for the existence of ‘matched temporal filters’ in the anuran central auditory system. 4. Synthetic stimuli differing only in the rate at which they were amplitude modulated were used to evoke advertisement calls from maleBufo americanus. Modulation rates of 7.5 Hz, 15 Hz, 30 Hz, 60 Hz and 120 Hz were used. In these field studies males responded best to 30 Hz AM; lower or higher modulation rates were less effective. The AM-tuned neurons in the torus semicircularis of this species are well suited to process AM rates of 30 Hz.
Variación morfosintáctica y lenguas en contacto: las formas analíticas y sintéticas del presente progresivo en el español monolingüe y bilingüe

In this study we present a quantitative analysis of the morphosyntactic variation of the analytic (present progressive) and synthetic (simple present) forms of present progressive aspect in monolingual and bilingual Spanish. By way of a contextualized questionnaire previously coded for the linguistic factors of verbal lexical aspect and semantics of the adverb, we identify the contexts of variation of the forms under investigation. In addition, the analysis includes the extralinguistic factors of gender and bilingualism. The results indicate that lexical aspect of the verb, as well as the semantic value of the adverb, are significant factors in the prediction of both forms. Similarly, the factor regarding participant level of bilingualism has a significant effect. We contribute methodologically to the study of the variation of the analytic and synthetic forms of Spanish present progressive aspect given that the instrument employed in the current study controls the linguistic variables and obtains the same number of responses per person, allowing for a comparable evaluation of participants in similar contexts. Finally, we add to the previous literature on this topic by providing evidence that the synthetic and analytic forms appear in variation in a larger number of contexts than previously recognized, allowing for an accurate definition of the variable context.
Cross-Section Profiles of Resonances in the Photoionization Continuum of Krypton and Xenon (600-400 Å)

The cross-section profiles in krypton and xenon have been measured for one- and two-electron excitations of the type $n{s}^{2}n{p}^{6}(^{1}S_{0})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{nsn}{p}^{6}(^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})mp$ or $n{s}^{2}n{p}^{6}(^{1}S_{0})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{s}^{2}n{p}^{4}(^{3}P,^{1}D,^{1}S)ml{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}{l}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. These cross sections were assumed to have the form $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)=C(E)+\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{}{i}\frac{(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{i})(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}}{2}){a}_{i}+{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}}{2})}^{2}{b}_{i}}{{(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{i})}^{2}+{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}}{2})}^{2}},$ where the adjustable parameters $C(E)$, ${b}_{i}$, ${a}_{i}$, ${E}_{i}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{i}$ were determined by a least-squares unfolding process which separated the smearing effect of the monochromator slit from the true optical density. Parameter values and cross-section curves are given for 12 krypton resonances and 11 xenon resonances.
Optimizing distortion for real-time data gathering in randomly deployed sensor networks

In several wireless sensor network applications, it is required to perform real-time reconstruction of the data field being sensed by the network. This task is generally carried out at a central location, e.g. sink node, using a continuous data gathering phase and relying on the known correlation properties of the underlying data field. Estimating the overall spatial and temporal distortion in the reconstructed field is an important step toward deciding the number of sensors to be deployed and the data collection algorithm to be used. However, estimating distortion in arbitrary networks is a challenging task. Existing work has focused on regular network deployments such as one- and two-dimensional girds. Such deployments are deemed infeasible in a realistic environment. In this paper, we consider one- and two-dimensional random networks. For the analysis purposes, we assume that the nodes are randomly deployed following Poisson distribution. We determine the total distortion function given the correlation coefficients of the field while assuming a simple data gathering protocol. Based on this, we also determine the optimal number of nodes to be deployed in the field that will minimize distortion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sunitinib in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I dose-escalation study

Purpose Sunitinib in combination with docetaxel enhances antitumor activity in xenograft models of human breast and non-small cell lung cancer. We assessed the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs), safety, pharmacokinetic profiles, and preliminary efficacy of sunitinib plus docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Classical and weak solutions for one-dimensional pseudo-parabolic equations with typical boundary data

In this paper we consider the pseudo-parabolic equations arising in the filtration of water in media with double porosity and moisture transfer in soil. The existence, uniqueness and stability for both classical and weak solutions are studied.
Characteristics and Three-Dimensional Integration of MOSFET's in Small-Grain LPCVD Polycrystalline Silicon

Building on nearly two decades of reported results for MOSFET's fabricated in small-grain polycrystalline silicon, a design methodology is developed that yields devices which have low threshold voltage, high drive current, low leakage current, tight parameteric control, and reduced topology, while requiring no nonstandard materials, processes, and tools. Design criteria and device performance are discussed, grain boundary characterization techniques are described, technological issues pertinent to VLSI implementation are investigated, and long-term device reliability is studied. The potential applications of the polysilicon MOSFET's in high-density dRAM and sRAM are explored. The successful implementation of an experimental stacked CMOS 64K static RAM proves the utility of these devices for three-dimensional integration in a VLSI environment.
Two new illusions of the tongue.

New illusions resulting from failures in proprioception are described. The Forked Tongue illusion results from weaving the tongue among the prongs of a fork, or from using the prongs of a fork to distort skin on other parts of the body—in these cases, the prongs feel misaligned even though the fork has not bent. The Tongue Twister illusion results from turning the tongue upside down and probing it with a finger or foreign object—the object can be felt to be in the wrong spatial location, opposite to where it actually is on the tongue.
Birefringence of spermatozoa. I. Birefringence melting of squid, bull, and human sperm nucleoprotein.

In experiments designed to determine the thermal stability and bonding strength of a natural nucleoprotein structure, the loss of birefringence as a function of time and temperature was investigated for both mammalian and nonmammalian sperm nuclei. At a constant temperature, this reaction was found to be first order for both types over a range of temperatures. The methods of chemical kinetics applied to results of these reactions, called birefringence melting reactions, produced values for the enthalpy and entropy of activation in the reactions, which gave some indication of the strength of binding in the nucleoprotein structure; and these results, plus those on the influence of chemicals on the structure, were consistent with the molecular structures which have been proposed by others for the nucleoprotein complex of sperm nuclei. For both bull and human sperm in ethylene glycol, the rate-limiting step in the melting reactions appeared to be the breakage of disulfide bonds. For squid sperm in ethylene glycol, and bull or squid sperm in ethylene glycol plus β-mercaptoethanol, the identity of this step was more ambiguous, but a possibility consistent with these and other results would be a cooperative breakage of ionic bonds.
Laser‐induced fluorescence measurement of the dynamics of a pulsed planar sheath

Using laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) the ion density near the edge of an expanding plasma sheath has been measured. These measurements utilized a transition of N+2 [the P12 component of the X 2Σ+g(ν=0)→B 2Σ+u(ν=0) band] in a N2 plasma. The strength of the laser‐induced fluorescence was used as a measure of the temporally and spatially varying ion density. The expanding sheath was produced by applying a −5 kV pulse to a polished planar electrode in the plasma source ion implantation device [J. R. Conrad et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 3146 (1990)]. The laser beam was aligned normal to the surface and was reflected off the center of the electrode. The LIF diagnostic used here is nonperturbing whereas previous researchers have used Langmuir probes, which perturb the plasma, to make their measurements. As such, the data reported here represent a benchmark measurement of pulsed sheaths and allow a better comparison between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions. It has been found that the s...
Spatial and temporal patterns of beetles associated with coarse woody debris in managed bottomland hardwood forests.

For. Ecol. and Mgt. 199:259-272. Malaise traps were used to sample beetles in artificial canopy gaps of different size (0.13 ha, 0.26 ha, and0.50 ha) and age in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest. Traps were placed at the center, edge, and in the surrounding forest of each gap. Young gaps (ý 1 year) had large amounts of coarse woody debris compared to the surrounding forest, while older gaps (ý 6 years) had virtually none. The total abundance and diversity of wood-dwelling beetles (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Brentidae, Bostrichidae, and Curculionidae (Scolytinae and Platypodinae)) was higher in the center of young gaps than in the center of old gaps. The abundance was higher in the center of young gaps than in the surrounding forest, while the forest surrounding old gaps and the edge of old gaps had a higher abundance and diversity of wood-dwelling beetles than did the center of old gaps. There was no difference in wood-dwelling beetle abundance between gaps of different size, but diversity was lower in 0.13 ha old gaps than in 0.26 ha or 0.50 ha old gaps. We suspect that gap size has more of an effect on woodborer abundance than indicated here because malaise traps sample a limited area. The predaceous beetle family Cleridae showed a very similar trend to that of the woodborers. Coarse woody debris is an important resource for many organisms, and our results lend further support to forest management practices that preserve coarse woody debris created during timber removal.
Rehabilitation Counselor Work Environment: Examining Congruence With Prototypic Work Personality

The profession of rehabilitation counseling has undergone extensive empirical study. Absent from this research has been a theoretical basis for describing and understanding the profession and its a...
Welcome to the Neighborhood? Long‐Term Impacts of Moving to Low‐Poverty Neighborhoods on Poor Children's and Adolescents' Outcomes

This study examined 7-year follow-up data from the Yonkers Project, a study of a 1985 court-ordered neighborhood desegregation program in Yonkers, NY. Low-income Black and Latino families residing in impoverished neighborhoods who were randomly selected to relocate to publicly funded townhouses in middle-class communities and demographically similar families who were not selected to move were interviewed. Self- and parent-report data on 8–18-year-old children and youth's educational outcomes, problem behavior, and parent–child relations were examined (N=221). Youth 15–18 years of age who relocated to more advantaged neighborhoods reported lower school performance and more hyperactive behavior problems and substance use than peers who remained in impoverished neighborhoods. Program effects on parenting also emerged, with mover parents reporting less stringent monitoring and harsh disciplinary techniques than stayers. Family economic resources and neighborhood conditions, assessed approximately 5 years before, accounted for some of the program effects at 7 years.
Monolithic CCD imagers in HgCdTe

Charge-coupled device (CCD) infrared detector arrays in 5 /spl mu/m cutoff HgCdTe have been demonstrated for low background applications. These fully monolithic 128 by 28 element CCD arrays incorporate time-delay-and-integrate (TDI) detection, serial readout multiplexing, charge-to-voltage conversion and buffer amplification in the HgCdTe detector chip. Operation of these devices at 77 K have produced average detectivity values exceeding 3/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm-Hz/sup 1/2//W for a background flux level of 6/spl times/10/sup 12/ photon/cm/sup 2/-sec in the 3.0 /spl mu/m to 5.5 /spl mu/m spectral band. Overall performance data indicates the monolithic HgCdTe CCD to be a promising alternative to present midwave infrared hybrid focal plane array technology. >
In Search of the Energetic Role of Peptide Hydrogen Bonds

Forming peptide hydrogen bonds was considered to be probably the most important drivingforce for protein folding in 1951, when Linus Pauling and Robert Corey proposed the hydrogen-bonded structures of the -helix (1) and two -sheets (2). Because the peptide CO and NHgroups form competing hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) to water when a protein is unfolded it wasevident, however, that the net contribution of the peptide H-bond (CO HN) to proteinstability might be small. In 1955 John Schellman (3, 4) made a first analysis of the energeticsof peptide H-bonds in protein folding reactions. He listed the factors that should affect thestability of a peptide -helix in water, and he estimated the strength of the peptide H-bond inwater by attributing the unusual thermodynamics of aqueous urea solutions (which had beenmeasured accurately) to H-bonded urea dimers. His analysis indicated that a peptide helix inwater should have at most marginal stability. Any observable helix formation should be drivenby the net enthalpy change (
Helicopter Rotor Design Using a Time-Spectral and Adjoint-Based Method

A time-spectral and adjoint-based optimization method was developed and applied to helicopter rotor design for unsteady level flight. The time-spectral method is a fast and accurate computational fluid dynamics algorithm for computing unsteady flows. It transforms the flow-governing equations into a periodic steady state by using a Fourier spectral derivative operator. An accompanying steady-state adjoint formulation was implemented in the time-spectral form of the governing equations to enable design optimization for unsteady flows. The time-spectral analysis was validated against conventional time-accurate computational fluid dynamics computation and flight test data of a UH-60A helicopter rotor during high-speed forward flight. A multidisciplinary analysis of blade structural dynamics was carried out through a comprehensive analysis coupling procedure that accounted for aeroelasticity and enforced vehicle trim. The adjoint-based design method was applied to optimize the blade shape of the UH-60A rotor....
RHIC beam position monitor characterization

Techniques and results of RHIC BPM measurements are presented. These include wire scanner measurements of uncalibrated and calibrated BPM position and roll accuracy, preliminary measurements of the coupling between adjacent striplines to permit in situ offset calibration of the BPM signal cables and electronics, frequency dependence of the location of the BPM electrical center, and antenna measurements of the installed position of the electrical center relative to the cryostat fudicials. We also present results of simulations and measurements of cryogenic signal cable heating, and testing of the cryogenic feedthrus.
Industrial Applications of Hall Effect Integrated-Circuits

Hall Effect Integrated Circuits (HE-IC's) consist basically of a Hall element, a trigger circuit, and an amplifier. Typically, a magnetic flux density of 0.05 tesla is required for triggering and 0.02 tesla for releasing.
Leadership and the Transformation of a Major Institution: Charles Rossotti and the Internal Revenue Service

Charles Rossotti took the helm at the Internal Revenue Service in 1997 amid complaints of abuse of both IRS workers and taxpayers. Did he succeed at improving the agency ’ s image without sacrifi cing its principal mission to enforce the tax code fairly and eff ectively? Th is retrospective on Rossotti’s fi ve-year tenure suggests that he, his leadership team, and teams of IRS employees managed eff ective changes that substantially improved services to taxpayers and the administration of a beleaguered revenue-collection system. His leadership off ers valuable lessons and insights for administrators in all settings. Are there invaluable lessons that public administrators might learn from Rossotti ’ s management strategy?
Nonlinear modeling of uncertain dynamical systems using fuzzy set concepts

In this paper we propose a new modeling approach for uncertain nonlinear dynamical systems using fuzzy set theory. The main idea of the proposed modeling approach is to interpret an uncertain dynamical system as a dynamic fuzzy system and provide its fuzzy model. The latter is described by a new fuzzy differential equation. Procedures to take into account system uncertainty in the new fuzzy model are described. To construct the fuzzy model, no a priori information on the uncertain system parameters is required except that their constraint set is assumed to be known and compact. Furthermore, the proposed fuzzy modeling approach does not impose restrictive assumptions on the structure of uncertainty (heretofore required by most traditional control design approaches). This fact makes it possible to design robust controllers for a wide range of practical systems. In addition, it sets the groundwork for systematic design of fuzzy controllers.
Iron Loss Model for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors

Iron losses in permanent-magnet synchronous machines form a larger portion of the total losses than in induction machines and, hence, more importance should be given to the iron losses. Previously, models have been presented for the calculations of these losses, but these models still rely on finite-element simulations to obtain correction factors, which are substantial, to apply to the theoretically derived formulas in order to obtain good agreement with the experimental data. This paper points out the source of this correction factor: the neglect of the excess eddy-current loss component. In many cases, this loss component dominates the total iron losses and needs to be incorporated in the theoretical considerations. The paper also provides a more complete model of iron loss, which greatly reduces the need for calculating the correction factors using the finite-element method (FEM). This more complete model reduces design time, especially when a number of candidate designs need to be analyzed. Otherwise, the calculation of the correction factors using FEM would be cumbersome, as the correction factors tend to be nonlinear.
Preprocessing enhancements to improve data mining algorithms

Preprocessing is often required before using clustering or other data mining algorithms to analyse multivariate data sets. The approaches discussed in this paper are enhanced implementations of a preprocess that utilises an algorithm to cluster points in a data set based upon each attribute independently, resulting in additional information about the data points with respect to each of its dimensions. Noise, data boundaries, and likely representatives of data subsets can be more easily identified, thus significantly improving the performance of subsequent clustering or data mining algorithms by combining this additional information across all dimensions and querying the results.
Detection of behind-the-wall targets with adaptive UWB OFDM radar: Experimental approach

In this paper the problem of target detection with an adaptive radar in an indoor environment is considered from an experimental perspective. Statistical models of scenarios with and without targets were generated from collected data using an ultra-wideband (UWB) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) software-defined radar system. This system allows for independent processing of individual frequency components (sub-carriers). The responses in each scenario for each sub-carrier were used to construct distribution models, as well as to perform maximum likelihood estimations (MLE) of distribution parameters and adaptive detection thresholds for each sub-carrier were derived for constant false alarm rate (CFAR) performance. The Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) was then performed in two experimental scenarios and conclusions about detection and adaptive pulse design using OFDM sub-carrier weights were drawn.
Technical Notes: Estimating Numbers of Golden Shiner Eggs on Spawning Mats

Abstract A method for estimating numbers of eggs of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) on spawning mats was developed and tested. Eggs were removed from small plugs of mat material with 1.5% sodium sulfite solution. These samples were highly correlated with total egg numbers determined volumetrically.
The complexity of compensation contracts

Abstract Management compensation is often categorized as either sensitive or insensitive to firm performance. This one-dimensional treatment ignores the variation in the types and terms of compensation contracts. Through a cross-sectional examination of share-holder-authorized compensation arrangements, this paper demonstrates that the terms of stock option and restricted stock plans, and the flexibility afforded the board of directions in negotiating with managers, vary systematically with the characteristics of the assets being managed. This variation in compensation contracting challenges theorists to incorporate the richness of management contracts into models of incentive pay.
Properties of cell death models calibrated and compared using Bayesian approaches

Using models to simulate and analyze biological networks requires principled approaches to parameter estimation and model discrimination. We use Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods to recover the full probability distributions of free parameters (initial protein concentrations and rate constants) for mass-action models of receptor-mediated cell death. The width of the individual parameter distributions is largely determined by non-identifiability but covariation among parameters, even those that are poorly determined, encodes essential information. Knowledge of joint parameter distributions makes it possible to compute the uncertainty of model-based predictions whereas ignoring it (e.g., bytreating parameters as a simple list of valuesand variances) yields nonsensical predictions. Computing the Bayes factor from joint distributions yields the odds ratio (B20-fold) for competing ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ apoptosis models having different numbers of parameters.Our results illustratehowBayesian approaches to model calibration and discrimination combined with single-cell data represent a generally useful and rigorous approach to discriminate between competing hypotheses in the face of parametric and topological uncertainty. Molecular Systems Biology 9: 644; published online 5 February 2013; doi:10.1038/msb.2012.69 Subject Categories: computational methods; differentiation & death
Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of a Novel Zn2+-Binding FYVE Finger-Containing Phosphoinositide Kinase in Insulin-Sensitive Cells

Signaling by phosphorylated species of phosphatidylinositol (PI) appears to regulate diverse responses in eukaryotic cells. A differential display screen for fat- and muscle-specific transcripts led to identification and cloning of the full-length cDNA of a novel mammalian 2,052-amino-acid protein (p235) from a mouse adipocyte cDNA library. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that p235 contains an N-terminal zinc-binding FYVE finger, a chaperonin-like region in the middle of the molecule, and a consensus for phosphoinositide 5-kinases at the C terminus. p235 mRNA appears as a 9-kb transcript, enriched in insulin-sensitive cells and tissues, likely transcribed from a single-copy gene in at least two close-in-size splice variants. Specific antibodies against mouse p235 were raised, and both the endogenously and heterologously expressed proteins were biochemically detected in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and transfected COS cells, respectively. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of endogenous p235 localization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with affinity-purified anti-p235 antibodies documented a punctate peripheral pattern. In COS cells, the expressed p235 N-terminal but not the C-terminal region displayed a vesicular pattern similar to that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that became diffuse upon Zn2+ chelation or FYVE finger truncation. A recombinant protein comprising the N-terminal but not the C-terminal region of the molecule was found to bind 2.2 mole equivalents of Zn2+. Determination of the lipid kinase activity in the p235 immunoprecipitates derived from 3T3-L1 adipocytes or from COS cells transiently expressing p235 revealed that p235 displayed unique preferences for PI substrate over already phosphorylated PI. In conclusion, the mouse p235 protein determines an important novel class of phosphoinositide kinases that seems to be targeted to specific intracellular loci by a Zn-dependent mechanism.
Sensitivity of soybean leaf development to water deficits

Abstract. Drought effects on the final leaf area of individual leaves were hypothesized to depend on the leaf developmental stage at which drought occurred. To evaluate this hypothesis, final leaf area and cell number were measured for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves that were at different stages of development when single or cyclical drought treatment was imposed. Leaf emergence rate from the meristem, as depicted by changes in the plastochron index, was not as sensitive as leaf expansion to cyclical droughts. For leaf expansion, small leaves, once they emerged from the meristem, suffered larger decreases in growth than leaves undergoing rapid leaf area expansion. Decreases in final leaf area as a result of a cyclical drought were correlated with decreases in final cell number. Decreases resulting from a single 8-d drought were dependent on the age of the leaf at the time of drought, because small leaves were found to have proportionately larger decreases in final cell number and area than larger leaves. These results indicated that age-dependent leaf responses to drought are based on the relative activity of cell division and expansion at the time stress was imposed.
On Improving the Reliability of Packet Delivery in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) built using current Berkeley Mica motes exhibit low reliability for packet delivery. There is anecdotal evidence of poor packet delivery rates from several field trials of WSN deployment. All-to-one communication pattern is a dominant one in many such deployments. As we scale up the size of the network and the traffic density in this communication pattern, improving the reliability of packet delivery performance becomes very important. This study is aimed at two things. Firstly, it aims to understand the factors limiting reliable packet delivery for all-to-one communication pattern in dense wireless sensor networks. Secondly, it aims to suggest enhancements to well-known protocols that may help boost the performance to acceptable levels. We first postulate the potential reasons hampering packet delivery rates with current CSMA-based MAC layer used by the radios deployed in WSN. We then propose a set of enhancements that are aimed to mitigate the ill-effects of these factors. We pick three protocols, namely, Flooding, AODV, and Geographic routing as candidates for this study. Using TOSSIM, we perform a detailed study of these protocols and the proposed enhancements. This study serves several purposes. First, it helps us to quantify the detrimental effects of these factors. Second, it helps us to quantify the extent to which our proposed enhancements improves packet delivery performance. Concretely, we show that using Geographic routing in a WSN with 225 nodes spread over 150 feet times 150 feet, the proposed enhancements yield a 23-fold improvement in packet delivery performance over the baseline. Further, the enhancements result in fairness (measured by the number of messages received from each node at the destination). Lastly, we show that the overhead (in terms of retransmissions, acknowledgement messages, and control messages) is reasonable.
Mentored Discussions of Teaching: An Introductory Teaching Development Program for Future STEM Faculty

Today’s science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate students and postdoctoral fellows are tomorrow’s new faculty members; but these junior academicians often receive limited pedagogical training. We describe four iterations of an entry-level program with a low time commitment, Mentored Discussions of Teaching (MDT). The program is designed to introduce participants to pedagogical issues and literature in STEM disciplines and foster related discussions. It consists of group meetings, classroom observations, and discussions with faculty members. Program components were generally highly rated and valuable, even for those with prior teaching experience. We have found that this program is also an effective way to engage faculty members in the teaching aspects of students’ professional development.
Patterns of Alcohol Use after Traumatic Brain Injury

Alcohol misuse and traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently co-occur. The negative consequences of this interaction are well documented, but the patterns of long-term post-injury alcohol consumption are less clear. This study examined patterns of alcohol use among 170 adults with a history of complicated mild to severe TBI. Participants were recruited from a Level 1 Trauma Center at the time of their injury and completed evaluations at 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 3-5 years post-injury. Pre-injury alcohol use was also assessed at the time of the 1-month assessment. A modified Quantity-Frequency Index of alcohol consumption was then calculated for each time point. The results revealed high levels of pre-injury alcohol consumption, followed by a reduction in consumption at 1-month post-injury. A significant increase in consumption was noted by 6 months post-injury, followed by more gradual increases in alcohol consumption at 1 year. Post-injury alcohol consumption was comparable to the general public at 6 months, 12 months, and 3-5 years post-injury. These results suggest that the first 6 months post-injury may be the critical window of opportunity for alcohol intervention.
Defect Photoluminescence of TiO2 Nanotubes

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of nanocrystalline TiO2 using ultraviolet light excitation reveals a range of intra-bandgap defect states which emit at visible wavelengths. In this study we use 350 nm excitation to probe the luminescent defect states of TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by anodization of titanium. The nanotubes show a broad visible luminescence from 450 to 700 nm with a peak at 520-550 nm or 2.4-2.3 eV. The intensity of nanotube PL is orders of magnitude lower than that of nanoparticulate anatase and P25 (mixed-phase anatase/rutile) films of comparable thickness. Similar to the PL of the nanoparticles, the nanotube PL is increased by vacuum annealing. The nature of the nanotube defects is investigated through shifts in the intensity and shape of the PL spectra in hole or electron scavenging environments. We find the PL intensity of the nanotubes to be less dependent on environment than that of conventional TiO2 nanoparticles. We conclude that there are two inter-related reasons for decreased intensity and decreased environmental dependence of PL from TiO2 nanotubes as compared to nanoparticles: decreased density of defect states and improved carrier transport.
Abstract 2955: LSm1 over expression contributes to an increase in alternative splicing in lung cancer cells

RNA splicing is a key molecular event that allows for substantial protein diversity. Through this process, a single gene magnifies its coding capacity by expressing several related proteins with diverse and often antagonistic functions leading to cell or tissue specific changes in mRNA through changes in splice site choice. Alternative splicing, which represents the suppression of constitutive splice sites and/or the use of suboptimal sites, is elevated in cancer and many other disease states. Pre-mRNA splicing is coordinated by the spliceosome, a macromolecular ribonuclear complex that assembles on the pre-mRNA as it is transcribed. Due to the number of proteins involved in splicing, the diversity of pre-mRNA substrates and the multi-step process of spliceosome assembly and catalysis, regulation of splicing can occur at any point in the pathway. The LSm proteins are a family of eight RNA binding proteins that form two seven membered ring structures and contribute to mRNA stability and splicing. LSm1 forms a complex with LSm2-7 that targets mRNA for degradation in P bodies. LSm8 also forms a complex with LSm2-7 that binds the U4 U5 U6 tri-SNRP, an integral part of the spliceosome. Previously, it was shown that LSm1 was elevated in many different types of cancer and contributed to the malignant phenotype. Recently, alternative splicing has been shown to contribute to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. To determine if the over expression of LSm1 could contribute to alternative splicing, a well differentiated lung cancer cell line was infected with adenovirus expressing the open reading frame of LSm1 or GFP. The RNA from these cells was analyzed for alternative splicing using Agilent SpliceArray™ microarray slides. Significant differences were seen between the cells treated with control virus and the LSm1 expressing virus in the splicing patterns of several genes that could contribute to the cancer phenotype, including hepatoma derived growth factor (HDGF), CD44 and c-myc. Thus, over expression of LSm1 leads to changes in alternative splicing that impacts the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2955.
Mechanism of increased potassium secretion in potassium loading and sodium deprivation

Chronic K loading and Na deficiency increase the capacity of colonic cells to secrete K and are characterized by increases in Na-K-ATPase activity and, as recently shown by our laboratory, the area of basolateral membrane. The present experiments were performed in rat colon to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes that occur in the enzymes after induction of K adaptation. Changes in specific binding of [3H]ouabain to a plasma membrane-rich fraction of colonic mucosal cells correlated directly with changes in enzyme activity. In Na-deficient animals the number of ouabain-binding sites increased from 63.6 in controls to 111.2 pmol/mg protein, while the KD for ouabain was unchanged. The Km for ATP was not altered in experimental animals, although Vmax rose twofold. Further studies showed no change in the activity of adenylate cyclase, a marker enzyme for basolateral membrane, in the plasma membrane-rich fraction from experimental cells, although Na-K-ATPase activity increased significantly. These data indicate that increased Na-K-ATPase activity in K-adapted colonic cells reflects an absolute increase in number of pump sites, due, at least in part, to an increase in area of basolateral cell membrane. In addition, in sodium-deprived animals the present data suggest an increase in the density of K pumps in basolateral cell membrane.
Case 2: Cambodian Refugee

58-year-old Cambodian male presents to the emergency room with the complaint of fatigue. He feels “weak and without power” and has been unable to overcome these feelings. Through history taking, the physician realizes that the patient not only has medical problems, but has psychosocial problems such as depression, family social support, and substance abuse. Through the utilization of patient centered communication and other core physician values, the resident was able to treat the patient appropriately.
Tension in John Donne's Erotic Poems

This article,taking the language and image tensions in John Donne's erotic poems as a cutting point,intends to show the construction process of these two tensions in those poems.Based on the above tensional study,the article makes a further attempt to point out that the language and image tensions in Donne's erotic poems are a reflection of the conflicts in the poet's innermost heart.They are the natural overflowing of the poet's internal anxieties.