cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving muscle points provide accurate curved muscle paths in a model of the cervical spine

Muscle paths in musculoskeletal models have been modeled using several different methods; however, deformation of soft tissue with changes in posture is rarely accounted for, and often only the neutral posture is used to define a muscle path. The objective of this study was to model curved muscle paths in the cervical spine that take into consideration soft tissue deformation with changes in neck posture. Two subject-specific models were created from magnetic resonance images (MRI) in 5 different sagittal plane neck postures. Curved paths of flexor and extensor muscles were modeled using piecewise linear lines-of-action in two ways; (1) using fixed via points determined from muscle paths in the neutral posture and (2) using moving muscle points that moved relative to the bones determined from muscle paths in all 5 postures. Accuracy of each curved modeled muscle path was evaluated by an error metric, the distance from the anatomic (centroid) muscle path determined from the MRI. Error metric was compared among three modeled muscle path types (straight, fixed via and moving muscle point) using a repeated measures one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Moving muscle point paths had 21% lower error metric than fixed via point paths over all 15 pairs of neck muscles examined over 5 postures (3.86 mm vs. 4.88 mm). This study highlights the importance of defining muscle paths in multiple postures in order to properly define the changing curvature of a muscle path due to soft tissue deformation with posture.
Design and implementation of home automated telemanagement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The Internet-based home automated telemanagement (HAT) system has been designed to support a multi-disciplinary approach in patient self-management which includes regular patient assessment, disease-specific education, control of patient compliance with treatment plans, implementation of health behavior change models and social support both for patients and caregivers. The goals of this project were: (1) To refine the HAT program to fully implement the multidisciplinary model for telemanagement of COPD patients; (2) To evaluate in a pilot study feasibility and acceptance of HAT by COPD patients. The COPD HAT interface can be operated by a mouse, keyboard or voice. Specific features have been introduced into presentation and navigation of the HAT home unit to accommodate for possible limitations in vision, motion or cognition by the potential HAT users. Feasibility evaluation showed that the COPD patients were able to use the COPD HAT system successfully regardless of their age, education or prior experience in using computers.
Compact operators on the Bergman space of multiply-connected domains

If Q is a smoothly bounded multiply-connected domain in the complex plane and A = Z> ii7k T1j k, where fj, E L(Q, dv), we show that A is compact if and only if its Berezin transform vanishes at the boundary.
Partial purification and characterization of a recombinase from human cells

We describe the partial purification and characterization of a human recombinase activity from RPMI 1788 B lymphoblasts. Stoichiometric amounts of recombinase carry out a strand transfer reaction between linear duplex DNA and homologous circular single-strand DNA. The product of strand transfer by the recombinase is a joint molecule composed of a single-strand circle joined to one end of the linear duplex molecule by a region of DNA heteroduplex at least 150 bp long. Formation of DNA heteroduplexes is accompanied by strand displacement. Strand invasion initiates at the ends of the linear duplex. Finally, strand displacement by human recombinase exhibits polarity and proceeds in a 3' to 5' direction. This is the first demonstration of a strand transfer activity from a high eukaryote. We discuss similarities between our recombinase and the RecA and rec1 recombination proteins from E. coli and Ustilago maydis, respectively.
Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Intercoupling Second-Generation Mixed Couples in Southern California

Distinguishing between interethnic and interracial coupling offers new understandings about family diversity, as well as the assimilation of immigrants and their children. An analysis of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, a survey (N = 1,480) of the children of Asian and Latin American immigrants who live in Southern California, finds that a more accurate conceptualization of mixed couples should distinguish between interethnic and interracial couples. Although race remains a significant boundary in relationship formation, ethnicity is also important, especially in terms of language and religion. This study has demonstrated that race and ethnicity are both important social boundaries for understanding mixed couples and denote different types of mixed couples—interethnic versus interracial couples—and different types of lived experiences. At the very least, this analysis of mixed couples calls for the inclusion of interethnic couples within studies of intermarriage.
O2 Migration Pathways Are Not Conserved across Proteins of a Similar Fold

Recent advances in computational biology have made it possible to map the complete network and energy profile of gas migration pathways inside proteins. Although networks of O2 pathways have already been characterized for a small number of proteins, the general properties and locations of these pathways have not been previously compared between proteins. In this study, maps of the O2 pathways inside 12 monomeric globins were computed. It is found that, despite the conserved tertiary structure fold of the studied globins, the shape and topology of O2 pathway networks exhibit a large variability between different globins, except when two globins are nearly identical. The locations of the O2 pathways are, however, found to be correlated with the location of large hydrophobic residues, and a similar correlation is observed in two unrelated protein families: monomeric globins and copper-containing amine oxidases. The results have implications for the evolution of gas pathways in proteins and for protein engineering applications involving modifications of these pathways.
Phase field models for hypercooled solidification

Abstract Properties of the solidification front in a hypercooled liquid, so called because the temperature of the resulting solid is below the melting temperature, are derived using a phase field (diffuse interface) model. Certain known properties for hypercooled fronts in specific materials are reflected within our theories, such as the presence of thin thermal layers and the trend towards smoother fronts (with less pronounced dendrites) when the undercooling is increased within the hypercooled regime. Both an asymptotic analysis, to derive the relevant free boundary problems, and a rigorous determination of the inner profile of the diffusive interface are given. Of particular interest is the incorporation of anisotropy and general microscale interactions leading to higher order differential operators. These features necessitate a much richer mathematical analysis than previous theories. Anisotropic free boundary problems are derived from our models, the simplest of which involves determining the evolution of a set (a solid particle) whose boundary moves with velocity depending on its normal vector. Considerable attention is given to the identification of surface tension, to comparison with previous theories and to questions of stability.
Novel embalming solution for neurosurgical simulation in cadavers

Object Surgical simulation using postmortem human heads is one of the most valid strategies for neurosurgical research and training. The authors customized an embalming formula that provides an optimal retraction profile and lifelike physical properties while preventing microorganism growth and brain decay for neurosurgical simulations in cadavers. They studied the properties of the customized formula and compared its use with the standard postmortem processing techniques: cryopreservation and formaldehyde-based embalming. Methods Eighteen specimens were prepared for neurosurgical simulation: 6 formaldehyde embalmed, 6 cryopreserved, and 6 custom embalmed. The customized formula is a mixture of ethanol 62.4%, glycerol 17%, phenol 10.2%, formaldehyde 2.3%, and water 8.1%. After a standard pterional craniotomy, retraction profiles and brain stiffness were studied using an intracranial pressure transducer and monitor. Preservation time—that is, time that tissue remained in optimal condition—between specimen ...
Investigating the Antecedents of Team-Based Clan Control: Adding Social Capital as a Predictor

Organizations are increasingly relying on team-based structures as work becomes more complex, nonroutine, and knowledge intensive. Teams comprised of individuals with diverse skills and expertise may be well suited to perform such work. However, as teams become more prevalent, organizations may struggle with ways to exercise control. Formal controls, with their focus on prespecified rules, performance targets, and hierarchical relationships, may be less effective in a teamwork environment than clan control, in which work-related behavior is motivated by shared norms and values, as well as a common vision, and individuals attempt to be accepted or “regular” members of a team. However, little is known about the antecedents of clan control. Much of the existing empirical research on the antecedents of control has been influenced by Ouchi's (Ouchi, W. G. 1977. The relationship between organizational structure and organizational control. Admin. Sci. Quart.22 95--113) framework, which posits clan control is used when managers lack knowledge of means--ends relationships and are unable to measure outcomes. This paper adopts the view that clan control is a “people” or social process and argues that social capital, a construct that reflects connections and relationships among individuals, is a missing, key antecedent of clan control. In particular, we posit that the existence of social capital enables team members, as well as project managers, to facilitate clan control within a team, i.e., team-based clan control. A model is developed and hypotheses are tested using survey data collected from 95 information systems project teams. The results suggest that social capital assets are associated with team-based clan control. Recognizing that the project manager typically has a different level of organizational authority than team members, additional hypotheses are developed relating characteristics of the project manager to team-based clan control. The results of these tests suggest that team-based clan control is also dependent on the manager's knowledge of business processes and the application area, coupled with the extent to which he observes the behaviors of the project team. Thus, our results suggest that there are conditions under which team-based clan control is facilitated by the project team as a whole (including team members and project managers), as well as conditions under which team-based clan control is facilitated by project managers in their role as team leaders. Implications and suggestions for future work are discussed.
Age and sex specific timing, frequency, and spatial distribution of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay: Insights from a large-scale radio telemetry array

To study horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus spawning behavior and migration over a large-spatial extent (>100 km), we arrayed fixed station radio receivers throughout Delaware Bay and deployed radio transmitters and archival tags on adult horseshoe crabs prior to their spawning season. We tagged and released 160 females and 60 males in 2004 and 217 females in 2005. The array covered approximately 140 km of shoreline. Recapture rates were >70% with multi-year recaptures. We catego- rized adult age by carapace wear. Older females tended to spawn earlier in the season and more frequently than young females, but those tendencies were more apparent in 2004 when spawning overall occurred earlier than in 2005 when spawning was de- layed possibly due to decreased water temperatures. Timing of initial spawning within a year was correlated with water tempera- ture. After adjusting for day of first spring tide, the day of first spawning was 4 days earlier for every 1 degree (°C) rise in mean daily water temperature in May. Seventy nine % of spawning occurred during nighttime high tides. Fifty five % of spawning oc- curred within 3 d of a spring tide, which was slightly higher than the 47% expected if spawning was uniformly distributed re- gardless of tidal cycle. Within the same spawning season, males and females were observed spawning or intertidally resting at more than one beach separated by >5 km. Between years, most (77%) did not return to spawn at the same beach. Probability of stranding was strongly age dependent for males and females with older adults experiencing higher stranding rates. Horseshoe crabs staging in the shallow waters east of the channel spawned exclusively along the eastern (NJ) shoreline, but those staging west of the channel spawned throughout the bay. Overall, several insights emerged from the use of radio telemetry, which ad- vances our understanding of horseshoe crab ecology and will be useful in conserving the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab population and habitats(Current Zoology 56 (5): 563-574, 2010).
Characterization of Gaseous Effluents from Modeling of LWIR Hyperspectral Measurements

Longwave Infrared (LWIR) radiation comprising atmospheric and surface emissions provides information for a number of applications including atmospheric profiling, surface temperature and emissivity estimation, and cloud depiction and characterization. The LWIR spectrum also contains absorption lines for numerous molecular species which can be utilized in quantifying species amounts. Modeling the absorption and emission from gaseous species using various radiative transfer codes such as MODTRAN-4 1 and FASE 2 (a follow-on to the line-by-line radiative transfer code FASCODE 3 )p rovides insight into the radiative signature of these elements as viewed from an airborne or space-borne platform and provides a basis for analysis of LWIR hyperspectral measurements. In this study, a model platform was developed for the investigation of the passive outgoing radiance from a scene containing an effluent plume layer. The effects of various scene and model parameters including ambient and plume temperatures, plume concentration, as well as the surface temperature and emissivity on the outgoing radiance were estimated. A simple equation relating the various components of the outgoing radiance was used to study the scale of the component contributions. A number of examples were given depicting the spectral radiance from plumes composed of single or multiple effluent gases as would be observed by typical airborne sensors. The issue of detectability and spectral identification was also discussed.
Formation of Small Gold Nanoparticle Chains with High NIR Extinction through Bridging with Calcium Ions

The self-assembly of citrate-capped Au nanoparticles (5 nm) resulted in branched nanochains by adding CaCl2 versus spherical nanoclusters for NaCl. These assemblies were formed between 1 s to 30 min by tuning the electrostatic repulsion and the interparticle bridging attraction between the cations and citrate ligands as a function of electrolyte concentration. For dilute Ca2+, strong interparticle bridging favored particle attachment at chain ends. This resulted in the formation of small, branched chains with lengths as short as 20 nm, due to the large Debye length for the diffuse counterions. Furthermore, the bridging produced very small interparticle spacings and sintering, as evident in high-resolution TEM despite the low temperature. This morphology produced a large red shift in the surface plasmon resonance, as characterized by a broad extinction peak with NIR absorption out to 1000 nm, which is unusual for such small particles. Whereas these properties were seen for primary particles with partial ci...
Finite-Difference Methods for Plate Vibration Problems

A finite-difference method is developed to determine the transverse deflections of a vibrating plate. Explicit and implicit difference formulas are considered. The implicit formulation, which has been programmed for a digital computer, is derived to permit variations in bending stiffness, support stiffness, mass density, and loading. Numerical results demonstrate that the method is applicable to a wide range of problems involving both transient and steady-state response of plates.
Newton’s Method for Solving k-Eigenvalue Problems in Neutron Diffusion Theory

We present an approach to the k-eigenvalue problem in multigroup diffusion theory based on a nonlinear treatment of the generalized eigenvalue problem. A nonlinear function is posed whose roots are...
Effect of Behavior Plus Outcome Goal Setting and Feedback on Employee Satisfaction and Performance

In a field experiment, goal setting and feedback involving both behavior and outcome simultaneously was found to be superior to that involving either behavior or outcome alone on sales performance,...
Using Median Splits to Motivate Learning

"I know the mean is 14.0 and the standard deviation is 2.4, but what does it tell me?" Such a comment reveals the need for concrete reference points. A few statistics (e.g., skewness) can be compared with known distributions, and a stan? dardized sample can be compared with normal percentiles. But the median split offers a simple way to make a univariate statistics assignment both more meaningful and more interesting. The idea is to divide the sample on Y into two subgroups based on values of another variable X suspected of being causally related to Y. Students are then asked to compare central tendency, dispersion, and shape for these two subgroups. For example, to investigate whether infant mortality rates [Hammond Almanac, 1982, p. 271] are related to per capita income [U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 1982-1983, p. 429] we divide the fifty states into two equal groups, those above and those below the median income. Then, we split infant mortality rates into two groups corresponding to the low-income and high-income states and prepare simple summary statistics for the two groups. We present our descriptive statistics side-by-side, as shown in Table 1, rounding heavily so the presentation is effective [A. S. C. Ehrenberg, The problem of numeracy, American Statistician 35 (1981) 67-71].
Temporal Dynamics of fNIRS-Recorded Signals Revealed Via Visibility Graph

Temporal dynamics of fNIRS signals recorded at resting-state and during task are examined using visibility graph (VG). Results show the power of scale-freeness of the VG can be used to differentiate the brain states.
Marriage, Family and Politics: The Ilkhanid-Oirat Connection

The Chinggisids clearly favoured specific in-law clans through policies of repeated marriage over generations. This paper charts the fortunes of one such clan, the Oirats, who first joined the Chinggisids when Chinggis Khan and Borte's daughter Chechiyegen wedded an Oirat prince. Thereafter Chechiyegen's own daughters married back to the Toluid, Jochid and Chagatayid families. This paper follows those Oirats who intermarried with the Ilkhanids, beginning with Chechiyegen's daughter Guyuk and ending with the Toluid-Oirat Ilkhan, Abū Sa‘īd (r. 1317-1335).
Epidemiologic features and prevention countermeasures of 26 severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease

Objective To analysis the epidemiological characteristics in infants with severe and fatal hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases,and investigate the major risk factors of HFMD, and reference methods to HFMD disease prevention and control. Methods 26 infants with severe and fatal HFMD in local area were enrolled in this study. The clinical manifestations, illness dynamic changes, auxiliary examinations, treatments and prognoses, spreading infection situation, etiology, and epidemiology test results were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the 26 cases of severe and fatal HFMD, scattered children under 3 years old were in major (84.62%), and clinical syndromes were characterized by fever, bad spirit, rashes on the feet, mouth or hip. Most cases had the syndrome of purple lip defect, breathing difficulties, lethargy, twitching and other symptoms. The highest peak was in 7-8 months (80.77%). Children living in rural and fringe area were about 73.08%. Among 26 cases, 65.38% paid a visit to doctors 3 days later and 46.15% visit doctors at private clinics or village clinics. The main detected pathogens were EV17 and CoXA16 (52.63%). Conclusion Scattered children with 0~3 years old living in rural or fringe area were the major cases, prompting in children younger than 3 were the high-risk groups. Rural, fringe area and the floating population were the key areas to the prevention of HFMD. 3 days was the critical period for prevention of complications.
Kinase chemical genomics--a new rule for the exceptions.

An innovative genetic screen yields new insights into kinase active site structure, expanding the number of enzymes from this family addressable with chemical tools.
Using a Negative Binomial Regression Model for Early Warning at the Start of a Hand Foot Mouth Disease Epidemic in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.

Background The hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a human syndrome caused by intestinal viruses like that coxsackie A virus 16, enterovirus 71 and easily developed into outbreak in kindergarten and school. Scientifically and accurately early detection of the start time of HFMD epidemic is a key principle in planning of control measures and minimizing the impact of HFMD. The objective of this study was to establish a reliable early detection model for start timing of hand foot mouth disease epidemic in Dalian and to evaluate the performance of model by analyzing the sensitivity in detectability. Methods The negative binomial regression model was used to estimate the weekly baseline case number of HFMD and identified the optimal alerting threshold between tested difference threshold values during the epidemic and non-epidemic year. Circular distribution method was used to calculate the gold standard of start timing of HFMD epidemic. Results From 2009 to 2014, a total of 62022 HFMD cases were reported (36879 males and 25143 females) in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, including 15 fatal cases. The median age of the patients was 3 years. The incidence rate of epidemic year ranged from 137.54 per 100,000 population to 231.44 per 100,000population, the incidence rate of non-epidemic year was lower than 112 per 100,000 population. The negative binomial regression model with AIC value 147.28 was finally selected to construct the baseline level. The threshold value was 100 for the epidemic year and 50 for the non- epidemic year had the highest sensitivity(100%) both in retrospective and prospective early warning and the detection time-consuming was 2 weeks before the actual starting of HFMD epidemic. Conclusions The negative binomial regression model could early warning the start of a HFMD epidemic with good sensitivity and appropriate detection time in Dalian.
Human Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Hand-Written Arterial Pressure Record

An anesthesia record serves multiple purposes. It is a legal document as well as an educational data base to be used in mortality and morbidity conferences. When an anesthesia record is used for the latter purpose, accuracy of the data is required. In this study, we examined how hypotensive episodes identified in continuous records were reflected in hand-written arterial pressure records and considered human factors affecting the inaccuracy of hand-written arterial pressure records.
Simultaneous determination of estrogens and progestogens in honey using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract This work describes the development and validation of a method for the simultaneous determination of 13 estrogens and progestogens in honey by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The hormones were preconcentrated by solid phase extraction. Pretreatment variables were optimized for a better compatibility with electrospray ionization interfaced mass spectrometry. The analytes were analyzed in multiple-reaction monitoring mode with two pairs of precursor product ion transitions. The proposed method was validated with method detection limits of 0.01–0.33 ng/g and good linearities (r 2 > 0.9901) throughout the studied concentration range. The recoveries of analytes at the spiking levels (5 ng/g and 25 ng/g) ranged from 71.2% to 99.7%, with relative standard deviations below 20%. The method was used to determine the target compounds in honey samples (orange blossom, clover and multiflower) obtained from supermarkets. Two samples of honey were found to contain trace amounts of estrone (
Multimodal Autobiographies as Sites of Identity Construction in Second-Language Teacher Education

This article outlines a project that explores the role of multimodal storytelling in the construction of second-language teachers’ identities. Specifically, it focuses on the experience of one teac...
Trehalase and maltase in the serum of vertebrates.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzyme trehalase is present in the blood serum of several mammals, including man, and in some turtles. 2. 2. Maltase occurs in the serum of many mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. 3. 3. Closely related species show widely different activities. 4. 4. Sucrase was not found in any vertebrate serum.
End-of-Life Care of Older Adults

Serious illness and end-of-life issues are challenging areas for clinicians caring for older adults. Patients may benefit from services offered by hospice, which cares for patients in the last 6 months of life, as well as palliative care, which offers an interdisciplinary approach focused on symptom management and supportive care for patients with serious illness of any time course. This chapter discusses indications for when it is appropriate to consider palliative care or hospice referrals for geriatric patients, as well as introducing prognostication tools available to guide these decisions and conversations. Some patients at the end of life may suffer from symptoms amenable to palliation, and others may decide to forgo or withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatments depending on their goals of care. The ethical challenge of requests for hastening death is discussed in addition to the ethical aspects of physician aid-in-dying legislation.
Diabetic Driving Studies—Part 3: A Comparison of Mean Brake Response Time Between Neuropathic Diabetic Drivers With and Without Foot Pathology

We have previously demonstrated an abnormally delayed mean brake response time and an increased frequency of abnormally delayed brake responses in a group of neuropathic diabetic drivers compared with a control group of drivers with neither diabetes nor lower extremity neuropathy. The objective of the present case-control study was to compare the mean brake response time between neuropathic diabetic drivers with and without specific diabetic foot pathology. The braking performances of the participants were evaluated using a computerized driving simulator with specific measurement of the mean brake response time and the frequency of abnormally delayed brake responses. We analyzed a control group of 20 active drivers with type 2 diabetes, lower extremity neuropathy, and no history of diabetic foot pathology and an experimental group of 20 active drivers with type 2 diabetes, lower extremity neuropathy, and a history of diabetic foot pathology (ulceration, amputation, and/or Charcot neuroarthropathy) from an urban U.S. podiatric medical clinic. Neuropathic diabetic drivers without a history of specific foot pathology demonstrated an 11.11% slower mean brake response time (0.790 ± 0.223 versus 0.711 ± 0.135 second; p < .001), with abnormally delayed reactions occurring at a similar frequency (58.13% versus 48.13%; p = .0927). Both groups demonstrated a mean brake response time slower than a suggested threshold of 0.70 second. The results of the present investigation provide evidence that diabetic patients across a spectrum of lower extremity sensorimotor neuropathy and foot pathology demonstrate abnormal automobile brake responses and might be at risk of impaired driving function.
Technology Management: Case of an Organization in Transition

Quality Control Initiatives (QCI) are a very important part of staying competitive in today’s business environment. QCI’s based on principles and methodologies such as LEAN and Six Sigma in the field of manufacturing as can result in large improvements to the bottom line by reducing cycle time, costs, variability and improving other metrics such as yields.
The Three Characters of Absolute Time

Inasmuch as in the constitution of a human being both mind and life possess temporal functions, we must ask the question: what kind of time is involved in this function? The answer to this question is: absolute time. We, therefore, must first clarify the nature of absolute time and will then be able to clarify the notion of the function that occurs between mind and life.
The Medical Inpatient Model

Hospital inpatient services have, for decades, been a familiar component in the delivery of psychiatric care to children in large urban areas in the United States. The acute, seriously disturbed child is admitted to such services for his or her safety, the intensive and rapid diagnostic workups provided by multidisciplinary professional staffs, and the diverse therapeutic interventions that can be initiated. Moreover, as with other medical specialties, the inpatient unit plays an important role in research and professional training.
Synthesis of tungsten oxo fluoroalkoxide complexes WO(OR)3L as precursors for growth of WOx nanomaterials by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Partially fluorinated oxo-alkoxide tungsten complexes bearing β-diketonate or ketoesterate ligands have been synthesized and their thermal and physical properties have been evaluated for Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD) of WOx. Volatility and thermal stability of the complexes have been shown to depend on the bidentate ligand and the degree of fluorination of the alkoxides. Growth of tungsten oxide from the precursor WO(OC(CH3)2CF3)3(tbac) (tbac = tert-butyl acetoacetate) has been demonstrated. Deposits grown at temperatures from 150 to 300 °C are amorphous thin films of substoichiometric WOx. Deposition at temperatures from 350 to 500 °C produced either polycrystalline films or crystalline nanorods of W18O49.
Case Definitions for Conditions Identified by Newborn Screening Public Health Surveillance.

Newborn screening (NBS) identifies infants with rare conditions to prevent death or the onset of irreversible morbidities. Conditions on the Health and Human Services Secretary’s Recommended Uniform Screening Panel have been adopted by most state NBS programs, providing a consistent approach for identification of affected newborns across the United States. Screen-positive newborns are identified and referred for confirmatory diagnosis and follow-up. The designation of a clinically significant phenotype precursor to a clinical diagnosis may vary between clinical specialists, resulting in diagnostic variation. Determination of disease burden and birth prevalence of the screened conditions by public health tracking is made challenging by these variations. This report describes the development of a core group of new case definitions, along with implications, plans for their use, and links to the definitions that were developed by panels of clinical experts. These definitions have been developed through an iterative process and are piloted in NBS programs. Consensus public health surveillance case definitions for newborn screened disorders will allow for consistent categorization and tracking of short- and long-term follow-up of identified newborns at the local, regional, and national levels.
Gifted Adults with Learning Disabilities in PostSecondary Settings

There is much research reported on children with learning disabilities and less reported on children who are gifted and have learning disabilities (Brody & Mills, 1997). However, there are even fewer published studies about adults with learning disabilities in postsecondary programs (Kovach & Wilgosh, 1999) and even less about gifted adults with learning disabilities. This chapter highlights these gifted adults with learning disabilities and describes and analyzes their postsecondary experiences particularly as they relate to their learning and study strategies. These strategies were chosen as a focus because they are necessary for success in college, and because we believe an examination of how these twice-exceptional people survived or did not survive in college will serve to inform others how to succeed beyond their high school careers. This understanding can help improve effectiveness in all learners (Vaidya, 1993).
Vitamin D: Role in the Calcium and Phosphorus Economies

Publisher Summary Vitamin D functions in many body systems, but perhaps the best attested of the nutrient's actions—and certainly the one first associated with human disease—is its role in transferring calcium (and phosphorus) from ingested food into the body fluids. In this capacity, vitamin D functions as a part of a control system that operates to maintain constancy of the calcium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid against the demands of obligatory excretory losses and skeletal mineralization. In both transfers, vitamin D works in concert with parathyroid hormone. Quantitative analysis of the inputs and drains of the calcium economy reveals that, at contemporary calcium intakes, D-mediated absorptive enhancement only partially mitigates the impact of low calcium intake or large calcium losses. While 1,25(OH)2D is clearly the most potent form of the vitamin, 25(OH) D exerts significant vitamin-D-like activity in its own right at physiological serum levels. Optimal vitamin D status is operationally defined as a level of D intake (or production) high enough to ensure that the D-mediated transfers are not limited by D availability. However, at intakes closer to those prevailing during hominid evolution, minor shifts in vitamin D mediated absorption are fully adequate to compensate for stresses on the calcium economy.
PHRASAL DOCUMENT ANALYSIS FOR MODELING

Specifications of digital hardware systems are typically written in a natural language. The objective of this research is automatic information extraction from specifications to aid model generation for system level design automation. This is done by automatic extraction of the noun phrases and the verbs from the natural language specification statements. First, the natural language sentences are parsed using a chart parser. Then, a noun phrase and verb extractor scans these charts to obtain the noun phrases with their frequencies of occurrence. The noun phrases are then classified by semantic types. Also the verbs are automatically assigned their respective roots and classified. Finally, each sentence is summarized as a sequence of “chunks”: noun phrases, verbs and prepositions. Vectors are generated from these chunks and imported into MS Excel for plotting occurrence graphs of noun phrases and verbs with respect to the sentences in which they occur. Finally, inter-term dependencies between noun phrases, and between noun phrases and verbs were studied. The frequencies of occurrence, the classification of chunks, the occurrence graphs and the inter-term dependencies together give useful information about the subject, the hardware components and the behavior of a system described by a natural language specification
High and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes in type 1 diabetes A challenge for interpretation of glycemic control

This study tested the hypothesis that there are consistent individual differences in the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mean blood glucose (MBG) levels in individuals with similar preceding blood glucose levels. Blood glucose data were collected for up to 2.3 years by 128 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. HbA1c values were date-matched with MBG levels calculated from an average of 85 self-monitored blood glucose measurements collected in the previous 30 days. There was significant linear correlation between MBG and HbA1c (HbA1c=0.027xMBG+5.8, n=682, r=.71, P<.0001) but also wide variability in the population HbA1c response to MBG. We calculated a hemoglobin glycation index (HGI=observed HbA1c-predicted HbA1c) to quantify the magnitude and direction of the difference between each patient's set of observed and predicted HbA1c results. Likelihood ratio tests and t statistics showed that mean HGI were significantly different among individuals, and that 29% of the patients had HbA1c levels that were statistically significantly higher or lower than predicted by the regression equation. The observed individual differences in the relationship between MBG and HbA1c were not related to erythrocyte age and there was no evidence of analytical artifact. We interpret these results as possible evidence of high and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes within the population. We conclude that MBG and HbA1c are not necessarily interchangeable estimates of glycemic control and that hemoglobin glycation phenotype may be important for the clinical assessment of diabetic patients.
Higher trait self-control is associated with less intense visceral states

Trait self-control correlates with desirable outcomes including physical and psychological well-being and is thought to facilitate the formation of effective habits. Visceral states, including inte...
The impact of study abroad on Spanish heritage language learners

Even though study abroad programs in Spanish-speaking countries are increasingly popular, there are hardly any programs specifically designed for Spanish heritage language learners (Beaudrie, Ducar...
Inventory, Marketing and Markups of Exporters: The Case of Spinning, Weaving and Finishing Textile Sector of Pakistan

This paper studies the impact of inventory-intensity, marketing-intensity and firm size on the markups of exporting firms. We used audited financial statement data of publicly listed companies in the spinning, weaving and finishing industry within the textiles sector of Pakistan. We document five observations: 1) average markup of exporters is relatively higher than non-exporters; 2) there is higher dispersion in markups of non-exporters relative to exporters; 3) large firms have relatively higher markup and marketing-intensity; 4) firms which have higher marketing- and inventory-intensity also have higher markups; and 5) exporters have relatively higher markup elasticity with respect to marketing-intensity, inventory-intensity and growth in inventory-intensity.
“Cool” Engagements With YouTube: Part 2

In this second part of a series on the use of the video-sharing website YouTube (www.youtube.com), the author suggests assignments that can engage students with YouTube and support their classroom readings. The author also explains • Creating a YouTube account • The options and information that accompany each YouTube video • Searching strategies • Creating My Favorites and Playlists pages
Language and Literacy

Oral language development is critical to building overall literacy. This foundational element can be developed and supported by parents, families, and all who come in contact with children. Learning to listen, speak, read, and write develop across time and components of literacy emerge and concurrently develop along the continuum. Supporting growth in literacy is vital to the development of multiple literacies in children and can be scaffolded and encouraged through multiple means.
The solute carriers ZIP8 and ZIP14 regulate manganese accumulation in brain microvascular endothelial cells and control brain manganese levels

Manganese supports numerous neuronal functions but in excess is neurotoxic. Consequently, regulation of manganese flux at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is critical to brain homeostasis. However, the molecular pathways supporting the transcellular trafficking of divalent manganese ions within the microvascular capillary endothelial cells (BMVECs) that constitute the BBB have not been examined. In this study, we have determined that ZIP8 and ZIP14 (Zrt- and Irt-like proteins 8 and 14) support Mn2+ uptake by BMVECs and that neither DMT1 nor an endocytosis-dependent pathway play any significant role in Mn2+ uptake. Specifically, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ZIP8 and ZIP14 coincided with a decrease in manganese uptake, and kinetic analyses revealed that manganese uptake depends on pH and bicarbonate and is up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide, all biochemical markers of ZIP8 or ZIP14 activity. Mn2+ uptake also was associated with cell-surface membrane presentation of ZIP8 and ZIP14, as indicated by membrane protein biotinylation. Importantly, surface ZIP8 and ZIP14 biotinylation and Mn2+-uptake experiments together revealed that these transporters support manganese uptake at both the apical, blood and basal, brain sides of BMVECs. This indicated that in the BMVECs of the BBB, these two transporters support a bidirectional Mn2+ flux. We conclude that BMVECs play a critical role in controlling manganese homeostasis in the brain.
"It Truly Does Get Better:" Young Sexual Minority Men's Resilient Responses to Sexual Minority Stress

Due to minority stress, sexual minority men experience mental health disparities. Sexual minority men who engaged in cognitive-behavioral therapy to address the minority stress underlying their distress completed an exercise eliciting their own resilience. This exercise involved writing an advice letter to a hypothetical peer about coping with minority stress. Qualitative analysis of these letters yielded 18 codes grouped into three categories reflecting resilience to minority stress. Categories included (1) cultivating internal affirmation strategies, (2) building supportive relationships and community, and (3) using cognitive and behavioral skills to cope with minority stress. Findings highlight this population's resilience and suggest building resilience through treatment.
Inhibition of B-16 melanoma growth in vitro by prostaglandin D2

Prostaglandin D2 was found to be a potent inhibitor of B-16 melanoma cell replication in vitro. The inhibition was dose-dependent between 3×10−9M and 3×10−6M (IC50∼ 0.3 μM after 6 days). On a molar basis, PGD2 was a better inhibitor than PGA2 or 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester (di-M-PGE2) and in higher concentrations (10−6−10−7M), comparable to retinoic acid. In higher concentrations, PGD2 inhibited DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. The B-16 melanoma cell line which we used synthesized arachidonic acid metabolites which comigrated with PGA2, PGD2, PGE2 and PGF2α on a thin layer chromatography system.
Incognito Mode is in the Constitution

How much should the government be able to learn about an internet user without probable cause? Following the third-party doctrine, courts have held that internet users have no reasonable expectation of privacy in information “turned over” to internet service providers through ordinary use of the internet. Through minimal compulsory process, law enforcement can obtain information regarding a person’s internet use that can reveal a person’s political preferences, sexual fetishes, and medical ailments. The Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in Carpenter v. United States signals a move away from the third-party doctrine when it comes to new technology. Though the decision itself is narrow, applying only to historical cell-site location information, the majority opinion outlines a framework for determining when the third-party doctrine does not apply. Lower courts have largely ignored this framework, sticking to the specific holding and factual circumstances of Carpenter. This Note argues that the Carpenter framework can and should apply to most information held by internet service providers about their users. Expanding upon scholarly work that has already recognized the importance of this decision, this Note contends that the Carpenter framework can reach three types of information held by internet service providers: (1) histories of IP addresses; (2) real-time collection of IP addresses; and (3) basic subscriber information. This Note concludes that lower courts would be justified in applying this framework to new facts and requiring that law enforcement obtain a warrant founded on probable cause before collecting these types of information.
Ethical Allocation of Proton Therapy and the Insurance Review Process.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to delineate a scoring system to maximize the ethical allocation of proton beam therapy (PBT) and determine what factors are associated with receipt of PBT, including the role of specific insurance providers. Methods and Materials Our scoring system was developed in collaboration with a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Patients submitted for PBT consideration were assigned a score by committee at a weekly peer-reviewed session at a time when our center was operating at capacity. Univariate analysis and multivariable analysis of initial and final insurance response were performed. Results One hundred ninety-seven patients were prospectively reviewed. Ninety-three percent of patients with Medicaid coverage, 88% of patients with Medicare, and 78% of patients with private insurance were ultimately approved for PBT. Median time to final insurance response was 12 days (interquartile range, 9-18 days) for patients who were ultimately denied PBT coverage. Having primary provider C (odds ratio [OR], 14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.96; P = .033) or third party providers A (OR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.71-10.9; P = .002) or B (OR, 5.28; 95% CI, 1.56-17.2; P = .006) was significantly associated with final insurance denial for PBT on univariate analysis. Total score (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67-0.90; P = .002) and having coverage through third party provider A (OR, 24.2; 95% CI, 9.51-68.9; P Conclusions Our scoring system was significantly associated with receipt of proton beam therapy. Certain insurance providers are less likely to approve PBT for patients, all else being equal. Such a scoring system could be implemented effectively at other PBT facilities, and additional work is needed in ensuring patients with the most to gain from PBT will be approved by their insurance providers.
Spatial Memories and Granular Compaction

We ventured in this chapter to a particularly distant field in the application of memory functions. The topic treated was granular materials. The memories were not functions of time but of depth in a granular compact and played the role of time-dependent memories after a t − z transformation. A telegrapher’s equation analysis was constructed on the basis of a simple exponential approximation to the memory. An eigenvalue analysis was developed which allowed us to understand experimental observations on packed powders of uranium dioxide and similar systems which show oscillatory behavior in their density distributions. Those considerations were useful to the manufacture of technological items such as engine blocks. We commented on three different origins of the spatial memories. One was based on considerations of how stress is distributed as a result of variations of size and shape of the particles forming the material. Another was based on effective medium theory. A third appeared from simple but reasonable assumptions regarding constitutive relations.