cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery

We report herein a hierarchically structured sulfur−carbon (S/C) nanocomposite material as the high surface-area cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. A porous carbon with a uniform distribution of mesopores of 7.3 nm has been synthesized through a soft-template synthesis method. The potassium hydroxide activation of this mesoporous carbon results in a bimodal porous carbon with added microporosity of less than 2 nm to the existing mesopores without deterioration of the integrity of the original mesoporous carbon. Elemental sulfur has been loaded to the micropores through a solution infiltration method. The resulted S/C composites with various loading level of sulfur have a high surface areas and large internal porosities. These materials have been tested as novel cathodes for Li/S batteries. The results show that the cyclability and the utilization of sulfur in the Li/S batteries have been significantly improved. The large internal porosity and surface area of the micromesoporous carbon is essentia...
Survey Research in Dermatology: Guidelines for Success

Survey research has been used to investigate a wide range of issues in dermatology. The proper use of survey design and analysis is critical for achieving reliable, accurate data and high impact in the medical literature. Here we describe the use of surveys from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. We provide recommendations for limiting error and producing interpretable results, followed by an outline for achieving publication. We conclude with a discussion of previous successful uses of survey studies in dermatologic literature.
Practical Optimization Strategies for Coal-washing Plants

The MODSIM mineral processing plant simulator is used to find optimal combinations of target separation specific gravities for the separation units in a typical coal washing plant. The plant is set up to wash three size fractions separately in parallel streams. Two alternative flowsheets are examined: the first includes a dense-medium vessel, a dense-medium cyclone and a 2-stuge water-only cyclone, and the second includes a dense-medium vessel, a shaking table, a spiral separator and a bank of flotation cells. A simple graphical construction is used to find the optimal separation densities using data thai is generated by the simulator. Results are presented as optimal ash content - total yield curves for the combined clean coal products.
Lectures on the properties of liquid and Solid 3He-4He mixtures at low temperatures

We give a concise review of the empirical properties of liquid and solid 3He-4He mixtures and their phenomenological interpretation. The bulk of the paper is about dilute solutions of 3He in liquid 4He at temperatures well below the tricritical point, where the roton and phonon excitations are comparatively unimportant. We describe the thermodynamic properties in terms of the Landau-Pomeranchuk 3He quasiparticles and the effective interaction between them, introduced by Emery and Bardeen, Baym and Pines. The scattering amplitude, needed to fit the low temperature transport properties, and the effective interaction are related, provided the multiple virtual scattering calculated by Fu and Pethick is included. The multiple scattering should always be included, even for very small concentrations. We present the evidence for the velocity dependence of the effective interaction, and urge that this also be taken into account in the interpretation of experiments. We give a short description of spin-polarized liquid mixtures and of the possibility of pairing superfluidity in solutions of 3He in liquid 4He. The existence of supersaturated solutions may be a way to attain p-wave pairing at accessible temperatures. Beacause of phase separation, the concentration of 4He in dilute mixtures of 4He in liquid 3He becomes very small as the temperature is lowered, making it unlikely that a degenerate Bose gas of 4He quasiparticles can be produced. In addition, the superfluid 4He film on the walls of the vessel makes the achievement of a supersaturated solution very difficult. We briefly review the measurements of the phase separation, the density and specific heat, and show that the spectrum of the 4He quasiparticles and the role of their effective interactions are still in doubt. In solid 3He-4He mixtures the thermodynamic properties and the phase diagram, including the crystallographic transformation, fit the regular solution model very well. On the other hand, dilute solid solutions of either 3He or 4He in the other isotope have NMR relaxation times and spin diffusion which agree with the theory of impuritons (mass fluctuation waves) which tunnel more or less freely through the crystal. The reconciliation of these two theories and an explanation of the accuracy of the regular solution model remain mysteries. A deviation from the regular solution model, the fluctuation specific heat above the phase separation temperature, is discussed in detail. The review includes two tables which list most of the experiments on liquid and solid 3He-4He mixtures published between 1975 and 1990.
A simple and rapid method of inducing physical dependence with benzodiazepines in mice.

Physical dependence was rapidly induced in mice by administering diazepam intraperitoneally twice daily using an incremental dosing regimen (50 to 450 mg/kg) for nine consecutive days. Withdrawal was induced (24 hr after the last dose) by administration of a benzodiazepine antagonist, RO-15-1788 (10 mg/kg, IP). All of the mice exhibited clear-cut withdrawal symptoms (i.e., convulsions) within minutes of antagonist treatment. This method offers a simple, reliable, high throughput procedure for the assessment of benzodiazepine-like physical dependence liability and withdrawal, and it would be useful for screening purposes.
Developmental susceptibility to intestinal injury by platelet-activating factor in the newborn rat.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important endogenous mediator of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Injection of PAF into weanling and adult rats causes ischemic bowel necrosis that is morphologically similar to NEC. The purpose of this study was to adapt the PAF model of intestinal injury to the suckling rat and to attempt to alter susceptibility to PAF-induced bowel necrosis by early weaning and formula feeds. At ages 15 to 20 days, rat pups were selected to be weaned to either formula or 5% dextrose or to nurse ad lib (total n = 54). At ages 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, or 25 days of life, animals received PAF (50 μg/kg) and endotoxin (I mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Animals were sacrificed 2 h after injection. Intestinal samples were submitted to be graded by a pathologist in a blinded fashion. Injury scores ranged from 0 to 10, based on the percentage ofvillous necrosis. Prior to age 20 days, minimal histologic injury was present (mean scores on days 16. 18 = 1.7 ± 0.9, 1.7 ± 0.6). Combin...
An evaluation of etiologic factors in 382 patients treated in a postgraduate endodontic program

A survey was completed to determine and to evaluate the reason for endodontic treatment performed by endodontic residents at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, University of Maryland at Baltimore. On the basis of patient data and the reasons for endodontic treatment, as stated by the treating residents, the results showed that necrotic pulp and irreversible pulpitis were the most frequent reasons for endodontic therapy. Other reasons for treatment included restorative considerations, retreatment, and trauma. The majority of cases involved posterior teeth, and the average age of patients was 40.0 years. The frequency by arch demonstrated approximately equal distribution between maxillary (54.8%) and mandibular (45.2%) teeth. A total of 224 (58.6%) of the 382 patients surveyed had preoperative pain.
NEXAFS and TPD studies of molecular adsorption of hydrocarbons on Cu(100): segmental correlations with the heats of adsorption

Abstract Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies have been performed to establish the relationship between adsorbate structure and binding energy in a monolayer of hydrocarbons on a Cu(100) surface. Fourteen different saturated and monounsaturated hydrocarbons were studied. The activation energy for desorption of these compounds has been found to be dependent on the following factors: (1) the length of the saturated hydrocarbon linear chain; (2) the presence and location of a double bond; (3) the cyclic versus acyclic nature of the hydrocarbons; and (4) the accessibility of the CHn groups for creating van der Waals interactions with the surface. Similar to previous observations on other surfaces, our results show that an increase of the linear hydrocarbon chain length by one methylene group increases the binding energy of a hydrocarbon by 1.5 kcal/mol. Our results also indicate that the presence of a double bond in a position where overlap between π-orbitals of a hydrocarbon and d-orbitals of the metal is significant (double bond parallel to the Cu(100) surface) increase the binding energy of an olefin molecule by 0.75 kcal/mol with respect to that of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon.
Political skill: explaining the effects of nonnative accent on managerial hiring and entrepreneurial investment decisions

We propose and test a new theory explaining glass-ceiling bias against nonnative speakers as driven by perceptions that nonnative speakers have weak political skill. Although nonnative accent is a complex signal, its effects on assessments of the speakers' political skill are something that speakers can actively mitigate; this makes it an important bias to understand. In Study 1, White and Asian nonnative speakers using the same scripted responses as native speakers were found to be significantly less likely to be recommended for a middle-management position, and this bias was fully mediated by assessments of their political skill. The alternative explanations of race, communication skill, and collaborative skill were nonsignificant. In Study 2, entrepreneurial start-up pitches from national high-technology, new-venture funding competitions were shown to experienced executive MBA students. Nonnative speakers were found to have a significantly lower likelihood of receiving new-venture funding, and this was fully mediated by the coders' assessments of their political skill. The entrepreneurs' race, communication skill, and collaborative skill had no effect. We discuss the value of empirically testing various posited reasons for glass-ceiling biases, how the importance and ambiguity of political skill for executive success serve as an ostensibly meritocratic cover for nonnative speaker bias, and other theoretical and practical implications of this work.
A numerical investigation of non-evaporating and evaporating diesel sprays

Fuel injection characteristics, in particular the atomization and penetration of the fuel droplets, are known to affect emission and particulate formation in diesel engines. It is also well established that the primary atomization process is induced by aerodynamics in the near nozzle region, as well as cavitation and turbulence from the injector nozzle. However, most breakup models used to simulate the primary breakup process in diesel engines only consider the aerodynamically induced breakup. In this paper, the standard breakup models in Diesel Engine modeling code called “CONVERGE” are examined in constant volume spray chamber geometry using the available spray data. Since non-evaporating sprays provide a more stringent test for spray models, the x-ray data from Advanced Photon Source is used for detailed validation of the primary breakup model, especially in the region very close to the nozzle. Extensive validation of the spray models is performed under evaporating conditions using liquid length and spray penetration data. Good agreement is observed for global spray characteristics. However, the breakup model could not reproduce some of the experimental trends reported in literature thus identifying the need for a more comprehensive primary breakup model. An attempt is made to statically couple the internal nozzle flow with spray simulations, and examine the effect of nozzle orifice geometry on spray penetration.
HERA-B triggering

Abstract The HERA-B collaboration intends to obtain a first measurement of CP-violation in B decay by studying B-mesons produced in proton-nucleus collisions in a wire target positioned in the halo of the 820 GeV HERA proton ring. A high interaction rate coupled with the low rate of B-meson production place particularly stringent demands on the trigger. The goals and design of the HERA-B trigger system are discussed.
Honey bee hoarding behaviour: Effects of previous stimulation by empty comb

Abstract Hoarding experiments were performed utilizing the transfer of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from cages with large or small amounts of empty honeycomb to cages with equal, greater, or lesser amounts. Results confirmed that empty comb stimulates hoarding. Furthermore, bees that were transferred from a small to a greater amount of comb hoarded significantly more than control bees, indicating that stimulus deprivation followed by stimulus enrichment increases the strength of the hoarding response.
Distributed Body-worn Transceiver System with the Use of Electro-textile Antennas

In this paper, we propose a distributed body-worn transceiver system for mobile communication, which integrates highly integrated transceivers and electro-textile antennas. The system benefits such as channel capacity were evaluated through the use of wireless sensor network and electro-textile patch antennas. Significant increase in channel capacity was found for the body-worn diversity system as compared to the single traditional small form factor antenna on wireless handheld device, such as the whip antenna. There are two major features causing the capacity increase for the proposed system: 1) the high efficiency of the electro-textile antennas that can be seamlessly embedded into human clothing; 2) significant system diversity gain due to the wide spacing among antennas in the distributed body-worn system. We demonstrate a practical integrated design of a button-size LTCC transceiver package directly interfaced to a wearable wide band stacked patch antenna. The electro-textile antenna with LTCC feed circuit was fabricated and measured to prove the integration feasibility.
Collisional shift and broadening of iodine spectral lines in air near 543 nm

The collisional processes that influence the absorption of monochromatic light by iodine in air have been investigated. Measurements were made in both a static cell and an underexpanded jet flow over the range of properties encountered in typical compressible-flow aerodynamic applications. Experimentally measured values of the collisional shift and broadening coefficients were 0.058 +/- 0.004 and 0.53 +/- 0.010 GHz K(exp 0.7)/torr, respectively. The measured shift value showed reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations based on Lindholm-Foley collisional theory for a simple dispersive potential. The measured collisional broadening showed less favorable agreement with the calculated value.
In vivo leucocyte interactions on Pellethane® surfaces

Abstract In vivo leucocyte interactions of three Pellethane® materials of varying hardness were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized using a cage implant system over a 21 d implantation period. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cytochemical staining were utilized to observe the cellular events occurring at the leucocyte-biomaterial interface. Many of the quantitative assays performed, the intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity of exudate leucocytes, the intracellular acid phosphatase activity of adherent leucocytes, the density of adherent leucocytes and the foreign body giant cell network formation tendencies of adherent leucocytes, suggest increased cellular activation with increased Pellethane® hardness. Qualitative SEM evaluation of Pellethane® surfaces revealed a variety of cellular activities. These included macrophage adherence, cytoplasmic spreading and macrophage-macrophage membrane fusions to form foreign body giant cells. The foreign body giant cells exhibited nuclear reorganization and, when compared with adherent macrophages, they displayed an enhanced ability to fuse to neighbouring leucocytes, increased spreading of membrane processes over the polymer surface, the presence of large cytoplasmic vacuoles, and a lengthened duration of enzymatic activity. Contact angle analysis showed the Pellethane® surfaces to be hydrophobic and of low hysteresis. The critical surface tension and the dispersive component of the total surface tension were found to increase with Pellethane® hardness.
The Reproductive Physiology of the Screwworm, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). I. Oogenesis

Male screwworm flies demonstrated maximal mating vigor from 4 to 16 days postemergence, but females had low mating levels until 5 days postemergence. Mating occurred when the females had eggs at stages 4 to 10 of development, but the greatest proportion of females were inseminated when they had stage 7 through 10 eggs. Removal of the ring gland from females at 4 or 24 h postemergence reduced mating by 50%, but ovariectomy had no effect on mating. Therefore, the correlation of ovarian development with mating was secondary to neuroendocrine events. Screwworm holding temperatures 15.6° to 43.3°C had no effect on the adjusted percentage inseminated females nor on the rate of increase of the percentage of insemination vs the stage of egg development. However, temperature did influence the time postemergence which mating occurred. Females died before mating at 10°C, but at 12.8°C, mating was observed at 480 h, and this decreased to 96 h at 43°C.
Modeling global secondary organic aerosol formation and processing with the volatility basis set: Implications for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol

[1] The volatility basis set, a computationally efficient framework for the description of organic aerosol partitioning and chemical aging, is implemented in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model II' for a coupled global circulation and chemical transport model to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. The latest smog chamber information about the yields of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors is incorporated in the model. SOA formation from monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, isoprene, and anthropogenic precursors is estimated as 17.2, 3.9, 6.5, and 1.6 Tg yr -1 , respectively. Reducing water solubility of secondary organic gas from 10 5 to 10 3 mol L -1 atm -1 (1 atm = 1.01325 x 10 5 N m -2 ) leads to a 90% increase in SOA production and an increase of over 340% in total atmospheric burden, from 0.54 to 2.4 Tg. Increasing the temperature sensitivity of SOA leads to a 30% increase in production, to 38.2 Tg yr -1 . Since the additional SOA is formed at high altitude, where deposition time scales are longer, the average lifetime is doubled from 6.8 to 14.3 days, resulting in a near tripling of atmospheric burden to 1.5 Tg. Chemical aging of anthropogenic SOA by gas-phase reaction of the SOA components with the hydroxyl radical adds an additional 2.7-9.3 Tg yr -1 of anthropogenic SOA to the above production rates and nearly doubles annual average total SOA burdens. The possibility of such high anthropogenic SOA production rates challenges the assumption that anthropogenic volatile organic compounds are not important SOA precursors on a global scale. Model predictions with and without SOA aging are compared with data from two surface observation networks: the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments for the United States and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme.
Geographies of Intimacy in Mary Wilkins Freeman's Short Fiction

Abstract Situated within late nineteenth-century economic changes that transformed rural and urban spaces, Mary Wilkins Freeman's regionalist fiction imagines rural female-centered communities that I define as queer. Unlike emergent urban-centered gay and lesbian social formations, these communities are alienated from both normative reproduction and capitalist accumulation and are sustained by subsistence labor.
Percutaneous Superficial Femoral Artery Interventions for Claudication—Does Runoff Matter?

Endoluminal therapy for superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease for claudication is commonplace, but the implications of tibial vessel runoff on long-term outcomes of these interventions in patients with claudication are unclear. Runoff is known to negatively affect graft patency, but no data are available on the impact of runoff on percutaneous SFA interventions and their implications during follow-up. We examined the impact of distal popliteal and tibial runoff on long-term outcomes of SFA interventions for claudication. A prospective database of patients undergoing endovascular treatment of the SFA between 1986 and 2007 was queried. Patients with Rutherford symptom classifications 1, 2, and 3 were selected; those with concomitant tibial interventions were excluded. Angiograms were reviewed preoperatively in all cases to assess distal popliteal and tibial runoff and scored according to modified Society for Vascular Surgery criteria for both vessels such that a higher score implies worse runoff (minimum 1, maximum 19). Three run-off score groups were identified: 10 (poor). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Multivariate and factor analyses were performed. There were 481 limbs in 347 patients (70% male, average age 66 years) that underwent endovascular SFA treatment for claudication: 87% had hypertension, 51% had diabetes mellitus, 67% had hyperlipidemia, and 16% had chronic renal insufficiency (1% on hemodialysis). Technical success was 92%, with 63% SFA undergoing angioplasty, 26% SFA undergoing primary stenting, and 3% SFA undergoing atherectomy. Overall mortality was 1.1% and overall morbidity was 17% at 90 days after the procedure. At 5 years, vessels with compromised and poor runoff had significantly lower freedom from recurrent symptoms and lower freedom from restenosis. Primary and assisted primary patency rates were significantly worse in patients with poor runoff. However, secondary patency was equivalent between the groups. Compromised or poor runoff was associated with incremental lower limb salvage. Following SFA percutaneous interventions for claudication, runoff can identify patients more likely to develop restenosis and recurrent symptoms and, more importantly, those at higher risk of limb loss. Defining such subgroups allows a clear risk stratification of patients with claudication and can guide the intensity of surveillance in the outpatient setting.
Climate Change: Bridging the Theory-Action Gap

In Plato’s Protagoras Socrates presents the problem of Akrasia (ακρασiα), wherein one knows the right thing to do but fails to act accordingly. I am interested in identifying how to bridge this gap between theoretical commitments and behaviour. I discuss the problem in the context of the climate change crisis. Action lags, despite highly persuasive arguments that continuing the current trajectory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is irrational and immoral. Given this failing I recommend that practitioners of moral philosophy prioritize working on a swift resolution to the theory-action gap; namely the gap between espoused moral values and the actions that reflect such values. I contend that ethicists require a more robust account of how to facilitate morally justified behaviour and political action. One move in this direction pertains to motivation. An action-inspiring environmental philosophy makes necessary a grounding in knowledge of what morally motivates people to action. Thus, I argue that theory, practice and pedagogy must be empirically rooted in moral psychology regarding motivation and behaviour change.
Attitudes toward and beliefs about smoking in grade school children.

A questionnaire was developed to study attitudes toward and beliefs about the health consequences and social value of smoking. After initial evaluation of the instrument's reliability, it was administered to approximately 400 children, ranging in age from 7 to 15 years. Significant age effects for some items were demonstrated, but no significant sex effects or sex by age interactions were revealed. Children as young as 7 years were found to be well aware of the health hazards of smoking and likely to express negative attitudes concerning it. We conclude that if smoking prevention programs are to have more than minimal success with youth, they must offer something more than mere information about the health hazards of smoking
Uracil as a Potentially Useful Indicator of Spoilage in Egg Products

The relationship between sensory acceptability of egg products and their uracil content was investigated. Pasteurized liquid whole egg, albumen, and yolk were allowed to deteriorate for 5-8 days at temperatures not exceeding 22°C. Periodically a panel of USDA inspectors evaluated the products'odors and samples were frozen for analysis. Uracil and uridine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Uridine contents decreased and uracil contents increased as the products deteriorated. Spoilage odors were detected only in products containing ≥1.7 μ, g/g uracil. Analysis for uracil is potentially useful for objectively detecting egg decomposition.
The Role of Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy in Mature Teratoma of the Testis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Pure testicular teratoma is rare in adulthood with an incidence of 5%. Pure teratoma is considered less aggressive and less likely to metastasize than other nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Therefore, patients with mature teratoma have been considered candidates for surveillance protocols. We report our experience with 44 cases of primary pure testicular teratoma.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 44 patients (5.7%) with primary pure teratoma of the testis of the 772 treated for testicular germ cell tumors at our institutions. Archival tumor blocks were available for pathological reevaluation and serial sections were obtained in all cases. A total of 35 patients (79.5%) who presented with clinical low stage disease, including stage I in 26 (59.1%) and stage IIA/B in 9 (20.4%), underwent radical orchiectomy followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Nine patients (20.5%) who presented with clinically advanced disease (stages IIC to IV) were treated with primary chemoth...
Comparison of a Biofragmentable Intestinal Anastomosis Ring With Appositional Suturing for Subtotal Colectomy in Normal Cats

A subtotal colectomy was performed on 12 normal adult cats using an interrupted apposing suture pattern of monofilament polyglyconate (n = 6) or a biofragmentable intestinal anastomosis ring (Valtrac, Davis and Geck Company, Danbury, CT) (n = 6) composed of polyglycolic acid and barium sulfate. Abdominal radiographs were made daily, beginning 10 days after surgery, to determine fragmentation rates of the anastomosis ring. The cats were euthanatized 30 days after surgery, and a gross and histopathological evaluation of anastomotic healing and stricture formation was performed. The technique for implantation of the anastomosis ring was easy to learn and required only two purse string sutures to complete. Intraoperative complications associated with the anastomosis ring were minor, and included problems with purse string suture placement, small serosal tears, and spasms of the colon that reduced the lumenal diameter. There were no intraoperative complications in the cats with sutured anastomoses. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in all cats. The anastomosis rings fragmented 12.2 +/- 1.1 days (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) after implantation and passed in the stool 3.8 +/- 1.9 days later without clinical signs in five of six cats. There were no statistically significant differences between the time required to perform the anastomosis (P = .348), postmortem gross anastomosis grades (P = .088), or percent of lumenal stricture (P = .178) between the two groups. Histologically, the only significant differences were an increased muscular inversion in the anastomoses performed using the fragmentable ring (P = .039) and an increased muscular eversion in the sutured anastomoses (P < .001) compared with normal colonic architecture.
Tracheostomies and Assisted Ventilation in Children With Profound Disabilities: Navigating Family and Professional Values

Parental requests for gastrostomies, tracheostomies, or assisted ventilation in children with profound disabilities raise ethical concerns about children's interests, parental decision-making, and health care costs. The underlying concern for many relates to the perceived value of these children. Clinicians should make efforts to appreciate the family's perspective regarding children with profound disabilities who require respiratory and nutritional medical support. Finding opportunities to learn about the family members' lives outside of the health care setting may facilitate a deeper understanding of what it means to live with a child who has profound disabilities. In conversations with families, referring to interventions as futile and conditions as lethal will obscure the value-based nature of these decisions. Respiratory and nutritional interventions are not clearly against the interests of most children. Even for children with a limited life span, life-sustaining interventions may be important for the child and family. Health care costs are a serious societal issue; however, the costs associated with profound disabilities are not the most significant contributor. Societal decisions not to provide life-sustaining health care to children with profound disabilities would require a public process. Clinicians may have personal views regarding decisions for their own family or for their vision for society. However, clinicians have professional obligations to families who have different values. It is important to present balanced information and support parental decision-making so parents may decide to forgo or use life-sustaining interventions according to their values and goals.
Networking Issues for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

This paper explores networking issues that arise as a result of the operational requirements of future applications of small unmanned aircraft systems. Small unmanned aircraft systems have the potential to create new applications and markets in civil domains, enable many disruptive technologies, and put considerable stress on air traffic control systems. The operational requirements lead to networking requirements that are mapped to three different conceptual axes that include network connectivity, data delivery, and service discovery. The location of small UAS networking requirements and limitations along these axes has implications on the networking architectures that should be deployed. The delay-tolerant mobile ad-hoc network architecture offers the best option in terms of flexibility, reliability, robustness, and performance compared to other possibilities. This network architecture also provides the opportunity to exploit controlled mobility to improve performance when the network becomes stressed or fractured.
Multiphoton Intrapulse Interference 3: Probing Microscopic Chemical Environments

Phase modulation, through its influence on the probability of two-photon excitation at specific frequencies, is used to probe a molecule's microscopic chemical environment. The spectral phase required is designed according to the principles of multiphoton intrapulse interference. We show experimental results where phase modulation of 20 fs pulses from a titanium sapphire laser oscillator controls the intensity of two-photon induced fluorescence from the pH-sensitive dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) in solution. We show that the dependence of fluorescence yield on the phase can be utilized as a means of distinguishing molecules in different environments. Consequently, this method can be used to achieve selective multiphoton microscopy. To illustrate this capability, we show images where phase modulation was used to selectively excite HPTS in acidic or basic microscopic regions.
Understanding Differences in the Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening

In this issue of Gastroenterology, the editors present 2 expert perspectives on the colorectal screening guidelines published in the May 2008 issue of the journal.
The Utility of Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Surrogate Marker for Identification of High-Risk Cohorts and Assessing Response in Chemoprevention Trials

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most important tumor marker in oncology practice. It may assume a similar role in chemoprevention strategies. It is a simple and reproducible blood test that can both identify a high-risk cohort and provide meaningful information regarding the response to intervention. A wealth of information is available regarding the relationship of PSA to age, race and velocity. Free and total values may serve to further define high-risk cohorts and provide a barometer for response and disease presence in chemoprevention trials.
Cloning and functional characterization of the human sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporters hSVCT1 and hSVCT2

Two sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters, hSVCT1 and hSVCT2, were cloned from a human kidney cDNA library. hSVCT1 had a 1797 bp open reading frame encoding a 598 amino acid polypeptide. The 1953 bp open reading frame of hSVCT2 encoded a 650 amino acid polypeptide. Using a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system, both transporters were functionally expressed. By Eadie-Hofstee transformation the apparent Km of hSVCT1 for ascorbate was 252.0 μM and of hSVCT2 for ascorbate was 21.3 μM. Both transporters were sodium-dependent and did not transport dehydroascorbic acid. Incubation of oocytes expressing either transporter with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited ascorbate transport activity. Availability of the human transporter clones may facilitate new strategies for determining vitamin C intake.
The southward midnight surge in F-layer wind observed with the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar

Abstract Long duration incoherent-scatter data from the Chatanika radar have been analyzed to obtain the meridional component of the neutral wind in the sunlit F -layer thermosphere. In the cases examined, the meridional wind exhibits a southward surge of 150 to 500 m/s around local midnight. Joule heating does not account for the surge because the surge occurs close to local midnight in each of the cases examined, whereas the onset time of appreciable local heating varies from 3 to 6 h earlier. The magnitude of the surge correlates highly with planetary magnetic activity. It has been proposed by others that the ionospheric electric field sets up two great counter-rotating convection vortices in the polar cap thermosphere at altitudes near the sunlit F -layer maximum. The surge is concluded to be the result of the passage over the radar of the narrow region of southward wind dividing the vortices. The midnight surge may be a daily source of thermospheric waves as the Earth rotates beneath it.
Auger-Like Resonant Interference in Raman Scattering from One- and Two-Phonon States of BaTiO3

Resonant interference between one- and two-phonon states has been observed in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and has been shown to obey the quantum mechanical formalism developed by Fano for Auger processes. By selecting different components of the differential polarizability tensor and by changing the propagation direction, the degree of interference could be varied over a wide range. The linewidth and line-profile parameters were determined for several different crystal orientations.
Configuring a MapReduce Framework for Performance-Heterogeneous Clusters

When data centers employ the common and economical practice of upgrading subsets of nodes incrementally, rather than replacing or upgrading all nodes at once, they end up with clusters whose nodes have non-uniform processing capability, which we also call performance-heterogeneity. Popular frameworks supporting the effective MapReduce programming model for Big Data applications do not flexibly adapt to these environments. Instead, existing MapReduce frameworks, including Hadoop, typically divide data evenly among worker nodes, thereby inducing the well-known problem of stragglers on slower nodes. Our alternative MapReduce framework, called MARLA, divides each worker's labor into sub-tasks, delays the binding of data to worker processes, and thereby enables applications to run faster in performance-heterogeneous environments. This approach does introduce overhead, however. We explore and characterize the opportunity for performance gains, and identify when the benefits outweigh the costs. Our results suggest that frameworks should support finer grained sub-tasking and dynamic data partitioning when running on some performance-heterogeneous clusters. Blindly taking this approach in homogeneous clusters can slow applications down. Our study further suggests the opportunity for cluster managers to build performance-heterogeneous clusters by design, if they also run MapReduce frameworks that can exploit them.
Utilization of Amide Nitrogenby the Young Rat

SUMMARY: Effects on body nitrogen gains of supplying nonessential nitrogen as glutamic or aspartic acids, as glutamine or asparagine or as wheat were investigated. It was found that nitrogen gains of rats fed diets containing only purified amino acids as the nitrogen source and relatively high levels of amide nitrogen were significantly lower than those of rats fed the same amounts of total nitrogen, all as α-amino nitrogen. However, they were significanty higher than those of rats fed the same amounts of α-amino nitrogen, but no additional amide nitrogen, indicating some effect of amide nitrogen in body nitrogen storage. Rats fed ad libitum consumed more of the glutamine-containing diet than of one containing isonitrogenous amounts of glutamic acid; analysis of covariante indicated that ad libitum-fed rats also utilized the nitrogen of glutamic acid more efficiently than that of glutamine. Addition of enough sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the hydrochlorides of dietary amino acids had no effect on utilization of amide nitrogen. No differences in nitrogen utilization were found between two groups of rats fed different levels of amide nitrogen as wheat.
DE-1 observations of VLF transmitter signals and wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere

A broadband VLF receiver on the DE-1 satellite measures signals injected into the magnetosphere by ground-based transmitters. VLF emissions triggered by these signals indicate that the waves interact strongly with trapped energetic particles in the magnetosphere. The propagation paths from the source to the satellite are deduced on the basis of the group time delay and Doppler shift. Although there are many different paths, emissions are triggered by the later-arriving pulses that have traversed the geomagnetic equator. First satellite-based observations of emission triggering by high-power communications transmitters and their possible implications are discussed.
A structural glycoprotein, containing hydroxyproline, isolated from the cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.

A soluble extract from purified cell walls of C. reinhardii has been separated by gel filtration into three fractions which together account for 94% of the cell wall. The major fraction (accounting for 70% of the extract) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular wt. in sodium perchlorate of 298,000, which can be split into 4 electrophoretically distinct species. It contains 35% protein with high levels of hydroxyproline, arabinose and galactose, and is capable of self assembly into crystalline structures identical to those found within the cell wall. The second fraction (25% of the extract) is a similar glycoprotein, but contains 24% protein, a higher proportion of mannose, and is incapable of self assembly. The third fraction (3–6% of the extract) is shown to be an adsorbed impurity from the growth medium used.
Microfluidics simulation using adaptive unstructured grids

A methodology for microfluidics simulation is presented. The methodology solves the three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with an adaptive unstructured Finite Element method. A semi-implicit Fractional Step procedure is used for time integration. The entire methodology has been parallelized for shared-memory architectures via an algebraic domain decomposition. Results from both verification problems and prototypical applications are included. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in conducting clinical trials in children: approaches for improving performance.

Recent legislative changes in both Europe and the USA have increased the responsibility of drug developers to purposefully study the agents they market in children so that specific dosing recommendations can be made to assist clinicians in their use. Typically, clinicians use empirical- or experiential-based rationales for selecting the dose to use in children, generally in a manner that attempts to achieve the same dose-exposure or pharmacokinetic profile in children as in adults. However, whether this approach achieves the necessary dose exposure or exposure effect needed may not be systematically explored during off-label use. This creates the opportunity for under- or over-exposure in children, particularly in very young children (i.e., less than 2 years old) where a combination of factors during development can effect both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The ethical, physiological and statistical differences of studying new therapeutic agents in children present economic challenges that may cr...
CHEMICAL AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF ROUNDNOSE GRENADIER (Coryphaenoides rupestris) STORED IN ICE

Roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris) was stored in ice in order to investigate changes in chemical and sensory characteristics. Analyses indicated that the keeping time of at least 18 days was better than that of most species of whitefish. Total lipid and free fatty acid concentration did not significantly change during iced storage. Inosine monophosphate, inosine, hypoxanthine, iodine number, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, trimethylamine content determined by the Tozawa method, trimethylamine content determined by the Dyer method, moisture content, and pH all significantly (P ≤ 0.05) changed during iced storage. Both peroxide and iodine values appeared to have potential as indicators of sensory quality. Trimethylamine concentrations, determined by both methods, were similar throughout the iced storage study.
Driven, steady-state RFP computations

The pseudospectral three-dimensional MHD code of Dahlburg et al. (1986 and 1987) is used to compute the dynamical behavior of a channel of magnetofluid carrying an axial current and magnetic flux. This situation contains the essential MHD behavior of the reversed-field pinch (RFP). An externally imposed electric field is applied to an initially current-free magnetofluid and drives currents that rise and eventually fluctuate about values corresponding to pinch ratios Theta of about 1.3, 2.2, and 4.5. A period of violent turbulence leads to an approximately force-free core, surrounded by an active MHD boundary layer that is not force-free. A steady state is reached that can apparently be sustained indefinitely (for several hundred Alfven transit times or longer). The turbulence level and time variability in the steady state increase with increasing Theta. The average toroidal magnetic field at the wall reverses for Theta = 2.2 and 4.5, but not for Theta = 1.3. Negative toroidal current filaments are observed. The Lundquist numbers are of the order of a few hundred.
Impact of Vitrification on the Meiotic Spindle and Components of the Microtubule-Organizing Center in Mouse Mature Oocytes

Cryopreservation of oocytes is becoming a valuable method for fertility preservation in women. However, various unphysiological alterations occur in the oocyte during the course of cryopreservation, one of which is the disappearance of the meiotic spindle. Fortunately, the meiotic spindle does regenerate after thawing the frozen oocytes, which enables completion of meiosis and further development after fertilization. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of the meiotic spindle regeneration after cryopreservation is still scarce. Here, to gain insight into the mechanisms of the spindle disappearance and regeneration, we examined the status of spindle microtubules as well as the key components of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), specifically gamma-Tubulin, NEDD1, and Pericentrin, in mature (metaphase II) mouse oocytes at different steps of vitrification, a major cryopreservation technique. We found that the configuration of the spindle microtubules dynamically changed during the process of vitrification and that spindle regeneration was preceded by excessive microtubule polymerization, followed by reduction into the normal size and shape. Also, all three MTOC components exhibited disappearance and reappearance during the vitrification process, although Pericentrin appeared to regenerate in earlier steps compared to the other components. Furthermore, we found that the localization of the MTOC components to the spindle poles persisted even after depolymerization of spindle microtubules, suggesting that the MTOC components are impacted by vitrification independently from the integrity of the microtubules. The present study would set the stage for future investigations on the molecular mechanisms of the meiotic spindle regeneration, which may contribute to further improving protocols for oocyte cryopreservation.
RF Characterization of SiGe HBT Power Amplifiers Under Load Mismatch

We present the RF characterization of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) power amplifiers (PA) under load mismatched conditions. Experimental results demonstrate a strong dependence of a PA's RF performance on the phase of mismatched antenna loads. For a load mismatch of voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of 10:1, the 1-dB compressed RF output power (P1 dB), transducer gain (GT), output third-order intercept point, and power-added efficiency differ by 7.5 dBm, 8.1 dB, 8.3 dBm, and 15%, respectively, between the optimal and worst phase conditions, for an SiGe HBT PA biased at VCC=3.3 V, collector current ICE =400 mA, and frequency of 1.88 GHz. At the optimal phase condition up to VSWR of 10:1, the SiGe HBT PA maintains its linearity, RF output power, gain, and efficiency close to that at a VSWR of 1:1. At all the nonoptimal phases, the deterioration in the RF performance increases with the magnitude of load mismatches. The nonlinear characteristic of a PA under load mismatches is due to amplitude and phase-distortion mechanisms