cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remarks on Phase Transitions and Dynamics in Superionic Conductors

It is by now clear that the phase transitions one observes in superionic conductors can be described by a lattice gas model of one form or the other.1–4 The recent developments in the field of critical phenomena, together with expansion techniques that allow for precise determinations of critical indices, give us a thorough understanding of Ising-like behavior in superionic conductors. One might wonder whether all what is left concerning their cooperative behavior is a systematic classification of phase transitions and thermodynamic data, with the remote possibility of using these systems to test dynamical scaling laws. The situation is far from being so settled. That there are still unresolved theoretical issues concerning phase transitions in superionic conductors is exemplified by the following question: What is the nature of the pseudoexchange coupling between ions? Although the possibilities have been discussed of its being Coulomb in nature1,3,4 mediated via acoustic phonons5 or optical ones as in the Jahn-Teller effect2,6, the present experimental situation has not settled the question unequivocally.
Found in Translation: Lean Lessons from Manufacturing and Healthcare

Lean and Six Sigma methodologies have spread across oceans and industries, originating in Japan with the Toyota Production System. For decades, Toyota's process improvement and defect-reduction efforts were studied and reproduced by other manufacturing giants with varying degrees of success, depending on how closely they followed the Toyota method. Only in recent years have other industries, such as healthcare and IT, been able to deviate from the original Lean framework and still create a Lean culture with the benefits of continuous process improvement. In this session, I'll share my background as a performance improvement coordinator on the front lines of implementing Lean and Six Sigma in the operating rooms of a major academic medical center, and my experiences in flexing and adapting the original Japanese concepts to the more-irregular "manufacturing" of patient care. After shifting my career focus to higher education, I've found even more portability in the culture of Lean, and important lessons that IT professionals can utilize in conjunction with familiar frameworks such as ITIL and Agile. Topics will include: the Japanese concepts of muda and mura as they relate to the IT value stream, what value means to the higher ed customer, kaizen ("rapid improvement") in solution architecture and testing, A3 visual project tracking, front-line employee empowerment in continual improvement, and the ways leadership can support Lean culture.
Women’s Activism in Africa

Balghis Badri and Aili Mari Tripp’s individual research on women in Africa has advanced the knowledge and understanding of women’s issues across the continent of Africa. In their newly edited book,...
Tactical Reform in the Late Roman Republic: The View from Italy

This article discusses the organizational and tactical changes in the Roman army during the Late Republic, a transformation often incorrectly dubbed the “Marian reforms.” It suggests that the most notable reform of the period, the rise of the cohortal legion, owed primarily to the influence of the Italian socii, the eventual outcome of recruiting, organizing and deploying allied troops in cohorts during the second and first centuries BC. The four cohorts that fronted a Late Republican legion correspond with the four cohorts of the Italian vanguard, the extraordinarii, suggesting the cohortal legion emerged out of a method of expeditiously deploying an allied wing.
Landscape structure and land use affect estuarine benthic invertebrates in the Virginian Biogeographic Province, USA

Estuaries are dynamic transition zones linking freshwater and oceanic habitats. These productive ecosystems are threatened by a variety of stressors including human modification of coastal watersheds. In this study, we examined potential linkages between estuarine condition and the watershed using multimodel inference. We examined attributes at the watershed scale as well as those associated with riparian areas but found that they were highly correlated. We also examined whether attributes closer to the estuary were more strongly related to benthic invertebrate condition and found that this was not generally true. In contrast, variability within the estuary strongly impacted model results and suggests that future modeling should incorporate estuarine variability or focus on the individual stations within the estuary. Modeling estuarine condition indicated that inherent landscape structure (e.g., estuarine area, watershed area, watershed:estuary ratio) is important to predicting benthic invertebrate condition and needs to be considered in the context of watershed/ estuary planning and restoration.
Qualitative Analysis of Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in Colorado

Although the rate of cannabis use by older adults is increasing more quickly than all other age groups, little is known about the reasons why older adults use cannabis and the outcomes they experience. The objective of this study was to identify the most salient themes concerning the use of medical and recreational cannabis by older adults living in Colorado. Specifically, we sought to (1) characterize perceptions of cannabis use by users and non-users, (2) determine how older adults access cannabis, and (3) explicate both positive and negative outcomes associated with cannabis use. Between June and November 2017, we conducted 17 focus groups in senior centers, health clinics, and cannabis dispensaries in 15 Colorado cities. Participants included 136 persons aged over 60 years who were both users and non-users of cannabis. We coded and analyzed session transcripts using thematic analysis with NVivo software. We identified 16 codes from which five main themes emerged. These themes included: a lack of education and research about cannabis, a lack of provider communication, access to medical cannabis, the outcomes of cannabis use, and a reluctance to discuss cannabis use. Older adults want more information about cannabis and desire to communicate with their healthcare providers. Older adults who used cannabis for medical purposes reported positive outcomes but highlighted difficulties in accessing medical cannabis. Older adults in Colorado also revealed how a stigma continues to be attached to using cannabis.
Ultrasonic evaluation of bone health in patients

Noninvasive and quantitative methods for evaluation of bone health are of interest in clinical practice. Two areas of particular interest include evaluation of bone fracture healing and assessment of osteoporosis. Determination of bone healing time impacts patient health and the associated economic factors. Furthermore, assessment of bone quality in patients at risk for osteoporosis/osteopenia can benefit a large number of patients in the upper age group. Here, we present a quantitative method for the evaluation of bone integrity and quality. This method is based on analyzing the acoustic response of bone to stimulation provided by the acoustic radiation force of ultrasound. Longitudinal studies for bone healing assessment were conducted on a group of patients with clavicle fracture. The contralateral intact bone was used as a control for each patient. Bone healing assessments were performed using mode decomposition. It was found that the healing process could be detected in 80% of fractured bones. A separate study was conducted to differentiate osteoporotic/osteopenic from normal bones. A total of 27 adult volunteers in two groups of healthy and those with osteopenia/osteoporosis were tested. Results of the test on tibia showed that osteoporosis/osteopenia bones could be differentiated from the healthy ones (<2 × 10-5).
Approximate and exact stability analysis of 1-DOF and 2-DOF single-actuator real-time hybrid substructuring

Abstract This paper presents approximate and exact stability analysis to determine the critical time delays of one and two degree of freedom (DOF) single-actuator real-time hybrid substructuring (RTHS). The approximate stability analysis is based on applying the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion using a first-order Taylor expansion of the actuator dynamics represented by a constant gain and pure time delay. The exact stability analysis involves solving the critical frequencies first by canceling the exponential delay term of the closed-loop characteristic equation through multiplication by its complex conjugate. The exact critical time delays are then found using the phase of the closed-loop characteristic equation evaluated at the critical frequencies. These stability analysis techniques are applied to several 1-DOF and 2-DOF mass-spring configurations of single-actuator RTHS. Results show that the critical time delays are highly dependent on the mass, stiffness, and damping partitioning of the physical and numerical substructures as well as the actuator gain. This information provides useful insight into the stability behavior of a particular substructure partitioning configuration to evaluate the feasibility of conducting RTHS tests of these systems.
Mathematical Model of Chronic Dermal Wounds in Diabetes and Obesity

Chronic dermal-wound patients frequently suffer from diabetes type 2 and obesity; without treatment or early intervention, these patients are at risk of amputation. In this paper, we identified four factors that impair wound healing in these populations: excessive production of glycation, excessive production of leukotrient, decreased production of stromal derived factor (SDF-1), and insulin resistance. We developed a mathematical model of wound healing that includes these factors. The model consists of a system of partial differential equations, and it demonstrates how these four factors impair the closure of the wound, by reducing the oxygen flow into the wound area and by blocking the transition from pro-inflammatory macrophages to anti-inflammatory macrophages. The model is used to assess treatment by insulin injection and by oxygen infusion.
Why Do REITs Go Private? Differences in Target Characteristics, Acquirer Motivations, and Wealth Effects in Public and Private Acquisitions

This paper first identifies the characteristics of publicly-traded REITs associated with an increased probability of becoming the target of an announced merger or acquisition bid. Second, conditional on being a target, we determine which target characteristics influence the probability of the bidder being a private versus a public firm. Third, we document the magnitude of the wealth effects that accrue to the shareholders of target REITs in both privatizations and public-to-public transactions and how these effects vary with the characteristics of the target firms. Finally, we investigate the extent to which privatizations differ from “staying public” acquisitions in the type of financing employed and the motivation of the two investor types. We find that REITs more likely to become acquisition targets are smaller and less liquid with higher dividend yields than non-targets. The existence of an umbrella partnership (UPREIT) structure reduces the probability of becoming a target. Private acquirers are more likely to bid on underleveraged REITs with poor operating performance. Conversely, public buyers are more focused on acquiring highly levered REITs with greater institutional ownership and superior operating results. The determinants of abnormal returns also differ in privatizations and public-to-public deals.
Bank Competition and Local Labor Markets

While the real effects of bank competition is a classic topic in the finance literature, there has been relatively little research studying the effect it might have on local labor markets. In this paper, I utilize county level data and an exogenous shock to competition supplied by DOJ antitrust policies to look at the relationship between bank competition and local labor markets. Following this negative shock to competition, unemployment increases and wages decrease, but there is no aggregate employment effect. Industries that depend more on bank funding see an increase in employment following a negative shock to competition in the short run, but see a decrease in employment in the longer term. This is due to local banks taking a lower return on their loan portfolio to local businesses in the short run, while raising their loan rates in the long term. Once the type of industries present inside a county is taken into account, an employment effect can be documented in the aggregate. Overall, the evidence suggest that competition has a negative effect on employment outcomes, although there may be positive effects in the short run.
Fractional Laplacian Spectral Approach to Anomalous Diffusion in Dusty Plasma

From transport of energetic particles in the solar corona to the spread of pollutants in the Earth’s atmosphere, anomalous diffusion processes are ubiquitous in natural systems. The physical origins of such processes and their effect on global system stability present important open questions in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Here we discuss anomalous diffusion of dust particles in complex plasma monolayers on Earth and filamentary structures in microgravity. Specifically, we demonstrate that the associated dust velocity histograms are non-Maxwellian and the time evolution of mean squared displacement deviates from linear. We argue that at critical scales within the system, anomalous dust diffusion, guided by nonlocal interactions, leads to enhancement of energy transport and increased probability for excitation of instabilities.
The Art of Being a Scientist: Choices, choices, choices

Any student contemplating graduate study, or embarking on graduate study or a career in science, is confronted by a myriad of choices. During your undergraduate career, you have the choices of major and minor subject, but you're likely past having made decisions on those. Once you have decided to pursue graduate study, near the end of your undergraduate study comes your choice of graduate university and program, founded on the choice of field – and, perhaps, subfield – of study you wish to pursue or type of career you wish to follow. Once beyond these choices, or perhaps concurrent with them, comes an all-important one, your choice of adviser – the individual who likely will have the largest influence on your approach to and outlook on science as well as on your success throughout the time of graduate study. An abundance of choices, many of which are puzzling and difficult to make, but what a wonderful position to be in to have created for yourself the opportunity to face such difficulties. In planning research it is usually not hard to decide broadly what we want to achieve. The goal of the research might be to pursue an interest or a desire “to know”; it might be to find the path in which to establish a career; it might be to obtain a higher degree; it could be driven by the wish to contribute to making our world a better place in which to live; and it could be a mix of such considerations.
The Place and Play of Theory in Practice

Abstract The Independent Tradition has emerged as an important force in contemporary psychoanalysis and social thought and psychotherapists are increasingly familiar with the developmental perspectives that have distinguished the contributions of the Middle Group in Great Britain. Thus far, however, there has been remarkably little consideration of the ways in which the perspectives of the Independent Tradition enlarge our understanding of the functions and uses of theory in therapeutic practice. This article focuses on the developmental contributions of D.W. Winnicott and shows how his formulations of transitional phenomena, potential space, object use, and true self experience offer ways of imagining the “place” or location of theory in the clinical situation and means of conceptualizing the “play” or functions of theory in the therapeutic practice. In doing so, it describes recent elaborations of Winnicott'S theory by Christopher Bollas and Kenneth Wright. The author argues that the example of the Inde...
Human Pose Estimation in Vision Networks Via Distributed Local Processing and Nonparametric Belief Propagation

In this paper we propose a self-initialized method for human pose estimation from multiple cameras. A graphical model for the articulated body is defined through explicit kinematic and structural constraints, which allows for any plausible body configuration and avoids learning the joint distributions from training data. Nonparametric belief propagation (NBP) is used to infer the marginal distributions. However, to address the problem of the inference being trapped in local optima and to achieve fast convergence, a reasonably good pose initialization is required. A bottom-up approach is used to detect body parts distributedly in local processing of each camera. 3D Geometry correspondence relates 2D camera observations spatially to generate a rough pose estimation to initialize node marginal distribution. The marginal distributions are then refined through NBP. Estimated 3D body joint positions are quantitatively analyzed with motion capture data.
Adenylate-Rich Sequences in Sendai Virus Transcripts from Infected Cells

Virus-specific complementary ribonucleic acid (RNA) from cells infected with Sendai virus was isolated by a procedure involving hybridization with virion RNA and isopycnic centrifugation of the RNA hybrids. The complementary RNA contained adenylate-rich sequences which sedimented at about 4S.
Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell receptor–mediated recognition of aminobisphosphonates

Aminobisphosphonates, potent derivatives of bisphosphonates, are frequently used for the treatment of conditions such as osteoporosis and bone metastases that are characterized by excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. Using T-cell receptor (TCR) transfer studies, we show that recognition of antigenic aminobisphosphonates that are known to stimulate human γδ T cells in vitro and in vivo (potency: risedronate > alendronate > pamidronate) requires expression of the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR and is thus Vγ2Vδ2 TCR–dependent. Myeloma cells or monocytes pulsed with risedronate and then washed rendered these target cells sensitive to lysis by a Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clone or cell line. These results suggest that Vγ2Vδ2 TCR–dependent recognition leading to direct cytolysis of aminobisphosphonate-sensitized osteoclast or tumor targets may be a mechanism whereby aminobisphosphonate treatment of cancers metastatic to bone decreases osteoclastic activity and tumor burden and also may account for the decreased osteoclastic activity associated with successful treatment of osteoporosis.
Polar and Antipolar Mutants in the Tryptophan Operon of Salmonella typhimurium

Polar mutations in trpA, the first structural gene of the tryptophan operon of Salmonella typhimurium, have an uncoordinate effect on the expression of the distal genes, with trpB, the second gene, being more drastically affected than the last three. A number of these polar mutant strains grow very poorly on anthranilic acid-supplemented minimal medium. By selecting for more rapid growth in the presence of anthranilic acid, secondary mutant clones showing a correction of the polar effect were isolated. A few of these were analyzed and shown to contain deletions of various segments of the trpA gene. Ten randomly isolated deletion mutants missing various segments of the trp operon were analyzed for possible pleiotropic effects. Five of them showed a pleiotropic effect of some sort and five did not. Of those showing pleiotropic effects, one had lost the promotor-like elements necessary to initiate expression of the operon, three showed possible antipolar effects, and one showed both polar and antipolar effects simultaneously.
Active learning for automatic classification of software behavior

A program's behavior is ultimately the collection of all its executions. This collection is diverse, unpredictable, and generally unbounded. Thus it is especially suited to statistical analysis and machine learning techniques. The primary focus of this paper is on the automatic classification of program behavior using execution data. Prior work on classifiers for software engineering adopts a classical batch-learning approach. In contrast, we explore an active-learning paradigm for behavior classification. In active learning, the classifier is trained incrementally on a series of labeled data elements. Secondly, we explore the thesis that certain features of program behavior are stochastic processes that exhibit the Markov property, and that the resultant Markov models of individual program executions can be automatically clustered into effective predictors of program behavior. We present a technique that models program executions as Markov models, and a clustering method for Markov models that aggregates multiple program executions into effective behavior classifiers. We evaluate an application of active learning to the efficient refinement of our classifiers by conducting three empirical studies that explore a scenario illustrating automated test plan augmentation.
Targeted Deletion of the A3 Adenosine Receptor Confers Resistance to Myocardial Ischemic Injury and does not Prevent Early Preconditioning

We used mice with genetic disruption of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) gene (A3AR(-/-)mice) to assess the in vivo role of the A3AR in modulating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and preconditioning (PC). Surprisingly, infarct size induced by 30 min of coronary artery occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion was 35% smaller in A3AR(-/-)compared to wild-type mice (A3AR(+/+)). The reduction in infarct size was not the result of differences in heart rate, body temperature or increased cardiac expression of A1ARs. However, neutrophil infiltration within infarcted regions was less in A3AR(-/-)mice. Furthermore, ischemic PC induced by either a single episode (one 5 min occlusion) or multiple episodes (six 4 min occlusions) of ischemia produced equivalent reductions in infarct size in A3AR(-/-)and A3AR(+/+)mice. These results indicate that, in the mouse, (i) A3ARs play an injurious role during acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, possibly by exacerbating the inflammatory response, and (ii) A3ARs are not necessary for the development of the early phase of ischemic PC.
SCF, IL-1beta, IL-1ra and GM-CSF in the bone marrow and serum of normal individuals and of AML and CML patients.

This study compared cytokine transcript and protein levels in BM cells of normal individuals and leukemic patients. AML differed from normal in that: (1) AML marrow cells contain more IL-1beta protein than normal cells, (2) IL-1ra transcripts are absent from AML marrow cells, (3) AML marrow serum contains less IL-1ra protein than normal, (4) peripheral blood and marrow serum of AML patireents contains more SCF protein than normal serum, and (5) SCF transcripts have been detected in AML marrow biopsies and not in aspirate cells. These data suggest that unbalanced cytokine production may make a significant contribution to the abnormal behaviour of AML cells.
Category-sorted algebra-based action semantics

Abstract In a series of papers, Mosses and Watt define action semantics, a metalanguage for high level, domain-independent formulation of denotational semantics definitions. Action semantics hides details about domain structure (e.g., direct semantics domains vs. continuation semantics domains vs. resumption semantics domains) and coercions (e.g., integers into reals, injections of summands into sum domains) to encourage readability and modifiability. Action semantics notation is of interest as a programming language of itself, for its components (called actions) are polymorphic operators that can be composed in several fundamental ways. We formulate a model for action semantics based on Reynolds' category-sorted algebra. In the model, actions are natural transformations, and the composition operators are compositions in a “category of actions.” We use the model to prove semantic soundness and completeness of a unification-based, decidable type inference algorithm for action semantics expressions.
Rice degree of milling effects on hydration, texture, sensory and energy characteristics. Part 1. Cooking using excess water

The purpose was to assess the effect of degree of milling (DOM) on cooking kinetics, sensory attributes, and energy requirements when cooking rice in excess water. Commercial milling equipment was adjusted to produce parboiled and non-parboiled rice samples that were milled to varying DOMs, including brown rice lots having no milling. Surface lipid content (SLC) ranged from 0.15% to 0.55% for non-parboiled rice and from 0.40% to 0.95% for parboiled rice. The percentage gelatinized kernels, moisture content, peak force and sensory attributes were determined as a function of cooking duration for all samples. The cooking duration required to attain ‘well-cooked’ rice was determined, after which the energy required for cooking was measured. Within the SLC range tested, DOM did not affect cooking kinetics, texture and flavor of rice. Non-parboiled brown rice required the most energy, expressed as energy per unit mass of uncooked rice, to be cooked, followed by parboiled brown, parboiled milled and non-parboiled milled rice.
Trypargine alkaloids from a previously undescribed Eudistoma sp. ascidian.

The MeOH extract of an undescribed Eudistoma sp. ascidian was found to contain the known β-carboline trypargine (3); the two novel trypargine derivatives trypargimine (4) and 1-carboxytrypargine (5); and 3‘,5‘-dibromo-4‘-methoxyphenethylamine (6). The structures of the novel trypargine derivatives were elucidated through the use of mass spectrometry and NMR. The trypargine isolated in this study was found to be nearly racemic in contrast to the previously described isolate which was chiroptically pure. Other previously described compounds detected in the MeOH extract include 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide, tryptamine, 1,3,7-trimethylguanine, and tetrahydropentoxyline (7).
Design Concept and Function as a Criticism Framework for Retail Space

OBJECTIVE It is important for interior design practitioners and students to have systematic methods developed to critique interiors. Further, it is important to critique significant spaces, defined here as those that are designed by interior designers and are used by large numbers of people. RESEARCH DESIGN A framework for the systematic criticism of retail spaces was developed and used in analysis of the Robinsons-May department store in Glendale, California. Concept and function are the two components of retail store design that were used to form the basis of the criticism framework. This framework guides the critique of the space, sets parameters for analysis, and allows for replication. ANALYSIS Six categories were identified as essential to design concept and function: (a) access from the exterior, (b) the space plan, (c) department identity, jd) visual merchandising, je) fixturing, and (fj codes. These categories are discussed as they relate to concept and function. KEY FINDINGS At the Robinsons-May store design concept is supported by the use of form and color as dominant elements within a stylized classical design concept in the space overall, although they are not entirely consistent throughout departments and across all floors. Some unique applications of marketing strategies in department identity, visual merchandising, and fixturing also support the concept. Functionally, the circulation patterns and adjacencies are well conceived; however, there is an absence of adequate accent lighting throughout the space. CONCLUSION The framework supported the critique of the retail space. Other components could be added to a general framework such as this one that focused on design concept and function. The critique of spaces used by large numbers of people (such as retail department stores) and designed by interior design firms is an important contribution to interior design education and practice.
A staged surgical approach to save ischemic bowel

Abstract A 15-year-old girl developed bowel strangulation of 80% of her small intestine by an omental sling. At exploration, only 100 cm of proximal jejunum remained clearly viable and the remaining small bowel looked necrotic. The transitional bowel between normal and ischemic segments was exteriorized to form a double-barreled jejunostomy. Twelve hours later a “second look” operation was performed. The bowel distal to the exteriorization appeared still seminecrotic but blood flow recovery was demonstrated along the mesenteric border by Doppler oxymeter. No bowel resection was performed. Two months later the jejunostomy was converted to a Bishop-Koop type side-to-end jejunostomy. In the ensuing 2 months, the patient passed both gas and stool per rectum, and oral feedings were gradually increased, retaining the jejunal stoma as a “safety valve.” Later, the stoma was taken down, stenotic bowel segments were resected, and the bowel was finally reconstructed by an end-to-end anastomosis, preserving approximately 80% of the small intestine. This management strategy provides an alternative approach to the conventional practice of simple resection of severely ischemic bowel, allowing maximal salvage of bowel with reversible high-grade ischemic change in selected patients.
Group-VI donor impurities in silicon

Abstract It is suggested that the recently obtained impurity potentials of the group-V donors may be scaled to account for the deep-level group-VI donors. Good agreement is obtained for sulfur in silicon.
Resource Competition May Lead to Effective Treatment of Antibiotic Resistant Infections

Drug resistance is a common problem in the fight against infectious diseases. Recent studies have shown conditions (which we call antiR) that select against resistant strains. However, no specific drug administration strategies based on this property exist yet. Here, we mathematically compare growth of resistant versus sensitive strains under different treatments (no drugs, antibiotic, and antiR), and show how a precisely timed combination of treatments may help defeat resistant strains. Our analysis is based on a previously developed model of infection and immunity in which a costly plasmid confers antibiotic resistance. As expected, antibiotic treatment increases the frequency of the resistant strain, while the plasmid cost causes a reduction of resistance in the absence of antibiotic selection. Our analysis suggests that this reduction occurs under competition for limited resources. Based on this model, we estimate treatment schedules that would lead to a complete elimination of both sensitive and resistant strains. In particular, we derive an analytical expression for the rate of resistance loss, and hence for the time necessary to turn a resistant infection into sensitive (tclear). This time depends on the experimentally measurable rates of pathogen division, growth and plasmid loss. Finally, we estimated tclear for a specific case, using available empirical data, and found that resistance may be lost up to 15 times faster under antiR treatment when compared to a no treatment regime. This strategy may be particularly suitable to treat chronic infection. Finally, our analysis suggests that accounting explicitly for a resistance-decaying rate may drastically change predicted outcomes in host-population models.
Residual-Stress Determination of Concentric Layers of Cylindrically Orthotropic Materials

Equations have been obtained for determining residual stresses in the wall of a hollow, axially symmetric body consisting of concentric layers of elastically dissimilar materials, all having cylindrical elastic orthotropy. These equations permit residual normal stresses in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions and residual shear stresses on planes normal to the axis of the body to be calculated from measurements of the strains developed on the inner or outer cylindrical surface of the body as thin layers of stressed material are serially removed from the outer or inner surfaces, respectively. The equations are applied to a parametric study of stresses in an elastically isotropic, two-component body to determine the nature of the differences in stresses between the composite body and a homogeneous body as a function of the difference in elastic constants.
Editorial Comment—Trends in Stroke Mortality

Stroke is a serious public health problem leading to long-term disabilities, recurrence, and death. Therefore, the prognosis of outcome is investigated in several epidemiological studies in recent years. Stroke mortality varies from country to country; an increase in mortality was observed in Eastern European countries, except in Poland, whereas mortality declined in other European population.1 Biological, clinical, environmental, and social factors may interact to facilitate or interfere with recovery from stroke.2 Barker and Lackland3 have demonstrated that within Britain and the United States there are geographic variations in poststroke mortality that are not correlated with differences in adult lifestyle. In particular, these authors found a higher stroke mortality in areas of England and Wales characterized in the past by poor living standards. Hardie and coworkers,4 …
Nonfatal intravascular hemolysis in a pediatric patient after transfusion of a platelet unit with high-titer anti-A.

BACKGROUND: In the pediatric population, hemolysis after out-of-group platelet (PLT) transfusion is a potentially fatal event that is thought to be underrecognized. Group A patients transfused with group O single-donor PLTs (SDPs) with “high-titer” anti-A are at greatest risk for hemolysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A clinical and serologic evaluation of a pediatric patient with hemolysis of initially unknown etiology was conducted. Retrospective testing for anti-A titer of an admission sample and a transfused group O SDP was performed. RESULTS: The group A patient (previously group O) was found to have a history of engrafted major ABO-mismatched hematopoietic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant (HPBPCT). Immune-mediated intravascular hemolysis with a delayed presentation was determined. Testing identified passive anti-A in the patient's plasma and high-titer anti-A (IgG 4096, IgM 256) in the group O SDP unit. CONCLUSION: Hemolysis after out-of-group SDP transfusion may be delayed in presentation and, thus, clinically unrecognized. When evaluating these cases, the limitations of routine type and screen for detection of passive anti-A must be considered. Group A individuals with a history of engrafted major ABO-mismatched HPBPCT potentially have increased susceptibility to hemolysis from group O SDP transfusion due to their lack of tissue and soluble A antigen.
Exploiting Workload Parallelism for Performance and Power Optimization in Blue Gene

Optimizing future supercomputing applications will depend on delivering the best performance for a given power budget. To determine the effect on efficiency of application-scaling parameters, this article analyzes system power and performance measurement results for real-world applications exploiting thread- and data-level parallelism on the Blue Gene/L system
Nanoaggregates of Mn(III)tetraperfluorophenylporphyrin: a greener approach for allylic oxidation of olefins

Organic nanoparticles of metalloporphyrins can be a versatile catalyst for the selective oxidation of alkenes and other hydrocarbons. The catalytic activity of the metalloporphyrin depends on the nature of the central metal atom, peripheral groups, and the architecture of the porphyrin macrocycle. Herein, we report the catalytic activity of organic nanoparticles of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato manganese(III), Mn(III)TPPF20, for the oxidation of cyclohexene using molecular oxygen as an oxidant in aqueous solvent under ambient conditions. While the solvated metalloporphyrins catalytically oxidize alkenes to the corresponding epoxide with a modest turn-over numbers, ca. 30 nm organic nanoparticles of Mn(III)TPPF20 have enhanced catalytic activity with up to a two-fold greater turn-over number and yields only allylic oxidation products. The activity of organic nanoparticles is slow compared to the solvated metalloporphyrins. These organic nanoparticles catalytic systems facilitate a greener reaction since ca. 89% of the reaction medium is water, molecular oxygen is used in place of man-made oxidants, and the ambient reaction conditions require less energy. This organic nanoparticle catalytic system also avoids using halogenated solvents commonly used in solution phase reactions. The enhanced catalytic activity of these organic nanoparticles is unexpected because the metalloporphyrins in the nanoaggregates are in the close proximity and the turn-over number should diminish by self-oxidative degradation.
Investigation of a MEMS-based capillary heat exchanger for thermal harvesting

Abstract This article describes theoretical and experimental studies of MEMS-based capillary heat exchangers, designed for use as the heat sink in a waste thermal energy harvesting system currently under development. Specific goals include the understanding of the impact of thermal conductivity and capillary dimensions. Experimental studies were done using silicon and SU-8 based heat exchangers each with rectangular capillaries having width of 100 μm. The depth of silicon capillaries was maintained at either 64 or 100 μm while that of SU-8 capillaries was varied from 48 to 134 μm to 160 to 375 μm. The overall footprint of each microdevice was 38 mm by 13 mm. The fluid used was 3M™ HFE 7200. Heat exchanger performance was characterized based on operating temperature, mass transfer rate, heat flux, and thermal resistance. Studies were done for two different operating temperatures, one below the boiling point and another at the boiling point of the working fluid. These two operating temperatures were referred to in this article as low-temperature and high-temperature operation mode. Based on the experimental study the fluid was found to wet both silicon and SU-8 with contact angle measured to be 6°. From the experimental studies conducted it was found that the pumping effect of the capillaries increased with increasing wall height. Based on the thermal tests it was observed that the highest mass transfer rate and heat flux under the low-temperature and high-temperature operation mode were obtained for an SU-8 heat exchanger with capillary height of 134 μm and silicon heat exchanger with capillary height of 100 μm, respectively. Based on this study it was found that under low-temperature operation mode the capillary dimension was more influential than thermal conductivity; however, under high-temperature operation mode the opposite was proved to be the case. The thermal resistances were found to vary from 0.011 to 0.09 m 2 C W and from 0.0073 to 0.0096 m 2 C W for low-temperature and high-temperature operation mode respectively. Also it was found based on comparison that the conceptualized MEMS-based capillary heat exchanger was found to have lower thermal resistance than existing heat sinks. Using the experimentally validated theoretical model developed in this work it was found that the performance of the MEMS-based capillary heat exchangers improved with increasing thermal conductivity of the substrate as well as the capillary dimensions. The model has helped conclude that developing SU-8 capillaries on aluminum or copper substrates would optimize the influence of thermal conductivity and capillary dimensions on the performance of the MEMS-based heat exchanger.
Nitrate reductor efficiency as an error source in seawater analysis

Abstract Nitrate analysis in seawater is usually achieved by reduction to nitrite using a cadmium metal reductor, followed by colorimetric determination of the nitrite produced. Reductor efficiency typically declines with use, so that equimolar concentrations of nitrate and nitrite yield different colorimetric signals. Unless this difference is resolved properly in calibration standards, and in samples, errors in estimating nitrate concentration are inevitable, particularly when mixed standards are employed in automated analysis. Errors of more than 1 μM nitrate are possible in deep ocean samples. Quantification of the error and its correction require measurement of reductor efficiency. The problem and correction procedure are described.
A SIGNIFICANT NEW PRODUCT FROM THE ADDITION OF DICHLOROCARBENE TO TETRAPHENYLCYCLONE

Abstract The 5,5-dichlorocyclopentadiene 3 is a major, previously undetected and mechanistically significant product from the addition of dichlorocarbene to tetraphenylcyclopentadienone.
Accessing the Martian deep subsurface to search for life

Abstract To date there has been no data indicating that the surface of Mars is inhabited. Research conducted on Earth has revealed that life can exist deep beneath the surface of a planet. Current data from Mars missions suggesting the presence of liquid water early in Mars’ history and mathematical modeling of the fate of water on Mars imply that liquid water may exist deep beneath the surface of Mars. The existence of liquid water beneath the Martian surface, combined with life's ability to live chemolithoautotrophically, leads to the hypothesis that life may exist deep beneath the Martian surface. Acquisition and analyses of Martian subsurface samples will shed light on the possibility of extant or extinct life, in permafrost and liquid water, on Mars, the processes leading to the origin of life, and the size of the Solar System's habitable zone. The results of a workshop convened by NASA in 1998 suggest that no fewer than two missions could be considered for accessing the deep subsurface of Mars. This two mission scenario includes a mission penetrating to a depth of ∼300 m and a mission penetrating to a depth of ∼3 km . As in all space missions the power, mass and volume of the penetration system and all associated equipment to be used to gain access to the Martian subsurface must be kept to a minimum. One technique that may be applicable, but in need of further development, is an electrically heated probe (bit) that penetrates and cores by melting through rock. The probe is attached to an umbilical cable to provide power and to allow periodic retrieval of the probe. This approach appears to address planetary protection concerns and may decrease the mass, power and volume requirements of conventional drilling systems by eliminating the need for casing material, drilling fluids, and handling potentially contaminated debris from the bore hole. Deep drilling on Mars presents several planetary protection forward and back contamination issues. These issues include sample handling at the surface as well as upon return to Earth.
Effect of High Salt Intake in Mutant Mice Lacking Bradykinin-B2 Receptors

Renal kinins release prostaglandins and nitric oxide via the B2 receptor, promoting diuresis and natriuresis; hence, they may also contribute significantly to blood pressure regulation. We hypothesized that mutant mice lacking the gene encoding for the bradykinin-B2 receptor (B2-KO) become hypertensive when placed on a long-term high-salt diet. To test this, B2-KO and control mice were placed on either a normal (0.2%) or high-Na+ diet (3.15% in food plus 1% saline as drinking water) for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was determined during weeks 6 and 8 by a computerized tail-cuff system. At the end of the 8-week period, mice were anesthetized for determination of mean blood pressure, renal blood flow, and renal vascular resistance. In B2-KO mice maintained on high Na+, systolic blood pressure was 15 mm Hg higher than in knockout animals on normal Na+ (P < .01). In contrast, there was no difference in blood pressure in control mice fed either a normal or a high-Na+ diet. Consistent with the systolic blood pressure data, direct mean arterial pressure revealed that B2-KO mice on high Na+ were hypertensive (115 +/- 6 in B2-KO on high-Na+ diet versus 79 +/- 2.8 in B2-KO on normal Na+, P < .0001); renal blood flow was reduced by 20% (P < .05) and renal vascular resistance was doubled (P < .0001) compared with B2-KO mice on normal Na+. In contrast, control mice on high Na+ were normotensive and tended to have increased renal blood flow and decreased renal vascular resistance compared with control mice on a normal Na+ diet. These findings indicate that kinins play an important role in preventing salt-sensitive hypertension; this may be achieved by maintaining renal blood flow under conditions of high salt intake.
Surface compression in adsorption systems

Abstract A new phenomenon, surface compression of adsorbates, is discussed for gases adsorbed on solids. The strong attraction to a surface causes adsorbate molecules to attain much higher densities than that of a normal liquid. Under these conditions, adsorbate molecules are so compressed that they repel each other. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of experimental data, results of Monte Carlo simulations, and theoretical models. An approximate model for monolayer adsorption of Lennard–Jones molecules on a surface is derived. This model predicts adsorbate–adsorbate repulsions for strong adsorbate–adsorbent interactions. This model is applicable to both monolayer adsorption and to the first layer in multilayer adsorption. A linear form of this new model allows one to determine the adsorbate–adsorbate interaction energy in the adsorbed layer from experimental data. Analysis of different systems (such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons on various adsorbents) shows that the energies of molecule–molecule interactions in the adsorbed phase near monolayer coverage are positive, indicating adsorbate–adsorbate repulsions, and, hence, that the adsorbates are compressed fluids. This should be taken into account in the analysis of equations of state for the adsorbed phase and in using adsorption to characterize porous materials. It also should have an effect on solidification of the adsorbed layer and on the rates of reaction on catalyst surfaces. The results presented here also show that the concept of ‘monolayer capacity’ needs revision because it is a function of the adsorbate–adsorbent interaction energy.
Stable diarylnitroxide diradical with triplet ground state.

Nitroxide diradical 2, the first isolated diarylnitroxide diradical, is stable in the solid state at room temperature and it possesses triplet ground state with strong ferromagnetic coupling.
A SYNTHETIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF TYROSINE AT POSITION 120 OF RIBONUCLEASE

[Tyr120]-RNase 111–124 and [Ala120]-RNase 111–124 were synthesized and purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity. The peptides were mixed noncovalently with RNase 1–118 that had been prepared by enzymatic degradation of native bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The activities of the resulting complexes were compared with that of the corresponding complex containing the natural peptide sequence, [Phe120]-RNase 111–124, and with native RNase, using yeast RNA, C > p and U > p as substrates. The Tyr120 and Phe120 complexes were equally active against RNA and C > p, but the Tyr120 complex was twice as active as the Phe120 complex against U > p. The complex with alanine at position 120 was only 1% as active toward C > p as the complex containing phenylalanine. The prediction that giraffe RNase, which contains tyrosine at position 120, would be relatively more active toward U > p than C > p compared with bovine RNase was verified.
An Alternative Egg-Incubation Jar

Abstract Inexpensive hatching and incubation jars have been constructed in the past from polyvinyl chloride fittings or plastic bottles. Most cost less than $50 each, but contain numerous parts. The incubation jar described in this report was easy to assemble, recyclable, and cost about US$2.50. It took about 10 min to construct and 24 h for the sealant to cure before use, Eggs of common carp Cyprinus carpio in quantities of 2,000–80,000 were hatched in these jars by adjusting water flow. The small size (2.3-L volume) provided separation of many treatments in a confined area.