cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Dual Mobility Acetabular Cups in Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients.

Background Instability can account for over 20% of all revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Although a number of surgical techniques have been developed to limit the number of dislocations, prevention still remains a challenge. More recently, dual mobility (DM) cups have been developed to potentially target this problem. Although this implant design has been shown to have a number of potential advantages in the revision setting, there is limited data in the literature on the use of modular dual mobility (MDM) implants for primary THAs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate cup survivorships, patient satisfaction outcomes, and complications of this device used for primary THA. Materials and methods A total of 143 consecutive hips (131 patients) who underwent primary THA using DM prostheses by a high-volume academic surgeon were longitudinally followed up for a minimum of five years (mean: 6 years, 11 months; range, 6 years 3 months to 7 years 5 months). There were 77 women (54%) and 66 men (44%) who had a mean age 65 years (range, 34 to 90 years; SD, 11 years), and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 32 kg/m2 (range, 22 to 52; SD, 8 kg/m2). Patient demographics, (gender, BMI), as well as clinical outcomes were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to determine aseptic, septic, and all-cause cup survivorship. Additionally, clinical outcomes based on Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and other modalities, as well as complications, were tabulated. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was received prior to initiating this study. Results Septic survivorship was found to be 99.3% (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.0), while all-cause survivorship was 98.6% (95% CI: 0.97 to 1.0). There were a total of two revision surgeries; however, these were not related to the MDM cup. Specifically, one patient had femoral stem loosening, while another patient had a late deep infection treated with a two-stage procedure. At most recent follow up, both patients were progressing well and had HHS scores of 85 and 92 points. The mean total HHS score was 95 points (range, 64 to 100) at most recent follow up. Other complications affecting patient outcomes included two patients who presented with concerns for deep vein thrombi, which were both medically managed, as well as one patient who had a non-fatal pulmonary embolism, which was also medically managed. The final HHS scores for these three patients were 83, 100, and 96 points. Conclusion DM cups were designed with the intent of reducing hip instability. Most studies on these cups have reported on revision THA, where the problem of instability may be more paramount; however, fewer studies have reported on the use of this cup for primary THA. The findings from this study indicate excellent survivorship and overall clinical and patient satisfaction results using this construct. These five-year results are very encouraging and hopefully will portend excellent further survivorship with longer follow up.
Frequency of asymptomatic and symptomatic respiratory virus detection in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant patients.

Respiratory viral infections are common and can cause significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The prevalence of disease has been primarily identified from retrospective studies using standard-of-care specimens. The incidence of both asymptomatic respiratory viral detection and symptomatic respiratory viral detection in this high-risk population is not well described. We performed longitudinal, active, prospective surveillance in pediatric HCT patients. Subjects underwent weekly midturbinate swabs (MTSs) for the detection of 18 respiratory viruses and subtypes peri-HCT and 100 days post-HCT. Clinical data were obtained from the medical record. From September 2015 to February 2017, 24 children underwent 29 HCT, and 284 MTSs were collected. Forty-two (15%) specimens were virus-positive from 10 (42%) subjects. Specimens from children undergoing allogeneic HCT were more likely to have a virus detected (17% vs 8%, P = .04) compared with specimens from children undergoing autologous HCT. Sixteen (38%) detections were not associated with symptoms. Almost half (8/17) of the unique viral infections occurred during the HCT hospitalization after a negative specimen, suggesting nosocomial acquisition, and preceded detection from a clinical specimen. Rhinovirus, the most common virus detected, was the only virus detected in 33 (81%) virus-positive specimens; only 11 (33%) rhinovirus detections were asymptomatic. Asymptomatic detection of coronavirus and bocavirus occurred. Asymptomatic respiratory virus detection occurred in more than one-third of the children undergoing HCT. The acquisition of respiratory viruses during HCT hospitalization suggests nosocomial acquisition. Early detection of respiratory viruses during asymptomatic periods could have infection prevention and treatment implications.
Application of the Glass Failure Prediction Model to Flat Odd-Shaped Glass Using Finite-Element Modeling

Abstract Model building codes and standards in the United States find their bases in a probabilistic model of glass load resistance (LR). In general, architectural flat glass design predicated on t...
7E.005 Finding substance use disorder treatment facility openings: national expansion of Kentucky’s locator

Context FindHelpNowKY.org (FHNKY) is a drug overdose prevention website intervention developed and implemented in 2018 to timely link individuals to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities with available openings in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. FHNKY is a near real time treatment locator where facilities update their openings on a regular basis. In February 2020, there were 607 facilities who participated on FHNKY and have updated their availability over 11,000 times; over 142,000 searches were performed. The website is used by health professionals, safety professionals, friends and family, as well as individuals themselves in search of SUD treatment. Process The FHNKY website was rebranded as a national FindHelpNow (FHN) platform that includes standardized national search criteria, and specifically branded marketing materials. Analysis A FHN peer-to-peer learning network was established for other states to utilize the national FHN platform and/or FHNKY strategies and approaches. Outcomes Fourteen interested states attended an in-person meeting with multiple presentations on website development, and functionality in November 2019. In February 2020, five states and jurisdictions adopted the FHN platform and recruitment strategies, and memorandums of understanding have been established. Learning Outcomes This initial development and implementation phase of a national standardized FHN platform will enhance the ability of any individual anywhere in the U.S., who seeks SUD treatment at their critical stage of readiness, to find a SUD treatment facility that accepts their form of payment (or fee-free), and provides necessary services such as the provision of medication for opioid use disorders and concurrent mental health treatment.
Simultaneous Imaging and Localization in a Heavily Scattering Random Medium With Speckle Data From a Moving Object

Recorded speckle from a moving object hidden in a heavily scattering random medium is used to determine positions and coherently image at high resolution and through an amount of scatter limited only by detector noise.
Structural and Conformational Analysis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Nitrate

The crystal structures of two polymorphic forms of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate are reported. The form observed at 100 K and 200 K (Ia and Ib) crystallizes in the $$P{\bar{1}}$$ space group and contains two independent imidazolium cations and nitrate anions. At 100 K the butyl chain of one cation adopts a TT (trans–trans) conformation and the other cation adopts a G′G′ (gauche–gauche) conformation. At 200 K, the G′G′ chain is disordered with about twelve percent of the GT conformation present. A different polymorph (Form II, also crystallizing in the $$P{\bar{1}}$$ space group with two independent ion pairs) is present at 273 K displaying significant disorder in the butyl chains with a mixture of G′T, G′G′, and GT conformers. Raman spectra were collected on samples between 100 and 350 K and show changes in band frequencies and intensities consistent with conversion between different butyl chain conformations. Hydrogen bond interactions are present between cation C–H’s and oxygen atoms of the nitrate ions, with significant lengthening observed for three of the six close contacts (and formation of one new contact) upon conversion to the higher-temperature form. The structural details revealed in this study shed light on the intermolecular forces and the conformational changes that accompany phase changes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy of the ionic liquid 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium nitrate at temperatures from 100 to 300 K show evidence of two different polymorphs and significant temperature-dependent conformational changes.
Cultural Knowledge: A Foundation for Educational Aspirations

This story describes how my immigrant parents from Mexico City transmitted their Mexican cultural knowledge to their U.S. born children to inspire us to understand the wealth of our culture. Their experiences and stories helped us to navigate as bilingual and bicultural Chicanos. We were a family that was very proud of our Mexican heritage; we knew our language, history, politics and possessed strong cultural ties. My parents used their cultural knowledge to lay the foundations for our educational pathways. Now I have passed it on to my daughter.
Emerging therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus.

Current hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies are associated with significant adverse events and less-than-ideal sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in genotype 1 patients. The current standard of care, a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, will likely remain a key component of the treatment regimen for years to come. Multiple new drugs are currently in development and are expected to be approved for use in the United States and/or European Union by 2011 at the earliest. Future therapies will include novel interferons, ribavirin analogues, NS3 HCV protease inhibitors, NS5b HCV polymerase inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, and other novel agents. There is hope that multiple new drugs will be approved over the following 4–10 years to provide alternative treatment choices, improved SVR rates, and reductions in adverse events. However, a number of barriers must be overcome prior to the acceptance of these drugs, involving, but not limited to, their toxicity, viral resistance, optimal dose, duration, and their efficacy and safety in patients with unmet needs.
Delirium in the nursing home patients seen in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether nursing home patients are more likely than non-nursing home patients to present to the emergency department (ED) with delirium and to explore how variations in their delirium risk factor profiles contribute to this relationship. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary care academic ED. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty-one English-speaking patients aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Delirium status was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) administered by trained research assistants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether nursing home residence was independently associated with delirium. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported. RESULTS: Of the 341 patients enrolled, 58 (17.0%) resided in a nursing home and 38 (11.1%) were considered to have delirium in the ED. Of the 58, (22 (37.9%) nursing home patients and 16 of 283 (5.7%) non-nursing home patients had delirium; unadjusted OR=10.2, 95% CI=4.9–21.2). After adjusting for dementia, a Katz activity of daily living score less than or equal to 4, hearing impairment, and the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, nursing home residence was independently associated with delirium in the ED (adjusted OR=4.2, 95% CI=1.8–9.7). CONCLUSION: In the ED setting, nursing home patients were more likely to present with delirium, and this relationship persisted after adjusting for delirium risk factors.
Employment networks and the CEO labor market

This paper looks at the influence of networks and connectedness on Chief Executive Officer (CEO) labor market outcomes. CEOs can establish direct connections with other executives and directors through overlapping professional experience, such as common directorships in companies. There are also second and higher degree connections established through indirect links of other linked executives or directors in the corporate community. I characterize CEOs’ positions on such networks and examine their consequences for CEO labor market. I construct measures that capture multiple aspects of connectedness and then test whether, how, and in what direction they affect the hiring of CEOs, CEO replacement, and the compensation paid to CEOs. Consistent with theories of social capital, I find that connected CEOs are more likely to depart from their current positions. A one standard deviation increase in the CEO’s connectedness measure leads to 1.44% higher probability of turnover. Connections also matter in the choice of a new CEO. Having a direct link to any of the board members boosts the probability of outside succession by 51.80%. Better-connected CEOs receive higher levels of compensation. A one standard deviation unit change in the new CEO’s connectedness measure increases a new CEO’s incentive pay by 10.62%, which is about an additional $560,869 for a new CEO receiving average level of compensation. Connections add to traditional turnover and compensation variables in economically significant ways.
Times Are a Changin’: How a merger affects the construction of news processes

This study offers an ethnographic analysis of the merger of the digitally native news nonprofit the St. Louis Beacon and St. Louis Public Radio. Researchers observed news work and interviewed journalists before and after the merger, paying close attention to how routines shifted subsequently. Through the lens of gatekeeping theory, researchers discuss how new specialized roles, technical changes, and shifting news judgments affected communication routines, and how journalists did their jobs. These findings are discussed in the context of the ever-changing journalism industry and what this means for future gatekeeping studies.
Improving health care quality: current concepts.

According to the 1999 Institute of Medicine To Err is Human report, poor quality health care extracts a terrible toll, taking up to 100,000 American lives annually, more than breast cancer, motor vehicular accidents and AIDS combined.1 At the same time, another 770,000 people are injured in hospitals. Beyond the personal losses, society pays an enormous price, estimated to be between $37–50 billion a year, in damages and lost productivity. Perhaps because of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, or health care's ever-growing financial drain, or dismay about poor access, or fears of malpractice, or just some unexplained tipping point, public disquietude surrounding medical errors has never been greater. And for many of the same reasons, never have more professionals—providers, policy analysts, engineers, economists, executives, academics—poured more time or more energy into crafting solutions. These strategies can be divided into five broad categories: cooperation, industrial engineering, validation and certification, exhortation and compensation; each has its own history, case studies, merits and pitfalls.
PetaFLOPS scale computing systems, opportunities, and challenges

Petaflops is a scale of computer performance equal to a million billion operations per second and is thousands of times more powerful than today's most powerful massively parallel processors. Although representative of a class of system far beyond feasibility with contemporary technology, petaflops computer architecture is the target of active investigation and the topic of government sponsored workshops. Realizing petaflops capability will depend on advances in device technology, architectural structures, and parallel algorithms for scientific and engineering applications. This paper describes the field of petaflops computing in terms of the evolution of enabling technologies, new architectures likely to deliver effective performance at the petaflops level, and examples of important applications that will be significantly advanced through the availability of future petaflops computers. A summary of the seminal findings of several recent workshops exploring this regime of computing systems will be presented in detail. Analysis of the critical technologies and their evolution will be used to support estimates of the likely timeframe in which such capability will become practical.
Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function: how to account for tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension.

Echocardiography is the usual initial test in dyspneic patients, but its application to right ventricular (RV) analysis is challenging. RV evaluation involves 3 steps, starting with quantification of afterload and pre-load. RV afterload is assessed by measurement of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) from tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity and right atrial pressure; pulmonary regurgitation velocity can also be used to assess pulmonary artery (PA) diastolic and mean PA pressure. Estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is useful if RV function is impaired. The second step is to assess the mechanism and severity of TR. For quantification of RV performance, we usually use 1 conventional (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [TAPSE], fractional area change [FAC], or right ventricular index of myocardial performance [RIMP]) and 1 novel method (pulsed wave or color Doppler tissue imaging systolic velocity [s'], or strain imaging). RV volumes may be measured using 3-dimensional echocardiography (Fig. 1, Table 1).
Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure in Cirrhotic Men with Ascites: Before and After Diuresis

Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was measured in 10 biopsy-proved cirrhotics with esophageal varices and tense ascites before and after diuresis to evaluate of ascites might play in the development of variceal bleeding. In the 10 cirrhotic men studied, basal LESP was 30.9 ± 1.7 mm Hg before and 22.7 ± 1.3 mm Hg (P
Effect of added water and acidity of simulated rain on growth of field-grown radish

Abstract Radish plants were grown in field plots and exposed to simulated rain at four levels of acidity: pH 5·6, pH 4·2, pH 3·5 and pH 2·8. Simulated rain solutions, containing background ions and acidified with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, were applied intermittently between ambient rain events for 1-h periods. In order to test for the effect of the extra supply of water, the growth of plants that received only ambient rain was compared with that of those that received ambient rain and applications of simulated rain at pH 5·6. Applications of simulated rain at pH 5·6 did not affect the total accumulation of biomass but they did affect the distribution of dry matter among plant organs by increasing mass in the shoot and decreasing mass in the root. Because there was a significant effect of additions of simulated rain treatments at pH 5·6, the effect of acidity on plant growth was tested within simulated rain treatments. Plants were not visibly injured at the elevated levels of acidity but there were effects on allometric relationships. Root mass was positively correlated with increases in acidity but shoot mass was unaffected even at pH 2·8. These results indicate that increased acidity of simulated rain applied under field conditions may stimulate accumulation of dry matter in radish plants but that plant-soil water relationships may be an important factor in modifying plant response to acidic rain.
Construction of an autologous tissue-engineered venous conduit from bone marrow–derived vascular cells: optimization of cell harvest and seeding techniques

Abstract Background Currently available vascular grafts for pediatric cardiovascular operations are limited by their inability to grow. Tissue-engineering techniques can be used to create vascular grafts with the potential for repair, remodeling, and growth. This study demonstrates the feasibility of constructing an autologous tissue-engineered venous conduit from bone marrow–derived vascular cells (BMVCs) in the ovine animal model. Methods Ovine mononuclear cells were isolated from the bone marrow, cultured in endothelial growth medium, and characterized with immunocytochemistry. Biodegradable tubular scaffolds were constructed from polyglycolic acid mesh coated with a copolymer of poly[ e -caprolactone-l-lactide]. Scaffolds were seeded at various cell concentrations and incubation times to optimize seeding conditions for the construction of an autologous venous conduit. Using optimized conditions, 6 tissue-engineered vascular grafts were implanted as inferior vena cava interposition grafts in juvenile lambs. Grafts were assessed for patency at days 1 to 30 postoperatively and explanted for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Results A mixed cell population of BMVCs consisting of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells was cultured from ovine sternal bone marrow. A seeding concentration of 2 × 10 6 cells/cm 2 and 7 days of postseeding incubation were optimal for creating a confluent cellular layer on the polyglycolic acid/poly[ e -caprolactone-l-lactide]) scaffold. Grafts were explanted up to 4 weeks postoperatively. All grafts were patent without evidence of thrombosis. Histological evaluation of the explanted grafts demonstrated neo-endothelialization. Graft wall was composed of neo-tissue made up of residual polymer matrix, mesenchymal cells, and extracellular matrix without evidence of calcification. Conclusions Bone marrow–derived vascular cells, containing endothelial and smooth muscle cells, can be isolated and cultured from ovine sternal bone marrow and used as a cell source for vascular tissue engineering. Our optimized techniques for BMVC harvest and seeding onto biodegradable scaffolds can be used for studying autologous tissue-engineered vascular grafts in the ovine animal model.
Satellite tori at Saturn

The inner satellites of Saturn are icy bodies imbedded in a plasma environment in which they are continuously bombarded by energetic ions, corotating plasma, and solar radiation. Laboratory sputtering experiments indicate that this should result in the injection of substantial amounts of neutral H, H2, OH, H2O, and O2 into the magnetosphere. The atomic processes affecting these neutrals and the neutrals and ions formed from them are modeled, and the steady state neutral and ion densities expected in the plasma tori of Enceladus, Dione-Tethys, and Rhea are calculated. Comparison with observations shows that recombination can limit the Enceladus and Dione-Tethys tori to the observed densities, but that transport rates of at least 4 x 10 to the -8th Saturn radii squared/s are required to limit torus densities at Rhea to the observed values.
Somatic embryogenesis and polyembryogenesis in Douglas-fir cell suspension cultures

Abstract A proliferating embryonal-suspensor mass (ESM) was initiated from immature embryos of Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), 4–5 weeks after fertilization, on modified MS medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin, and N 6 -benzylaminopurine (BAP). ESMs were maintained for over 6 months as cell suspension cultures on modified DCR media with low 2,4-D and with kinetin and BAP. The development of individual somatic embryos was initiated in suspension culture by the gradual reduction of plant growth regulators and by addition of abscisic acid. The early stages of zygotic embryogenesis in Douglas-fir are unique among conifers and cleavage polyembroyogenesis is unknown. In somatic embryogenesis, characteristic stages of zygotic embryonic development were recapitulated and complete embryos were recovered by inhibiting cleavage polyembryony with abscisic acid and culturing individual embryos without growth regulators. Histological examination confirmed bipolar organization of somatic embryos. While conversion is low, plantlets with multiple cotyledons have been transferred to soil and continue to grow with production of a new shoot.
Accuracy of pathologic interpretation of colorectal polyps by general pathologists in community practice

Abstract Background: The histologic features of colorectal polyps often guide colonoscopic surveillance and the need for surgical intervention. Our objective was to evaluate the pathologic interpretation of colorectal polyps by general pathologists in community practice. Methods: Twenty histologic slides of colorectal polyps were reviewed by 20 randomly selected general pathologists in community practice. There were 5 malignant polyps, 9 adenomas, and 6 miscellaneous polyps. Results: Cancer was correctly identified in 91% of readings and adenoma in 94%. The grade of differentiation of cancer was provided in 55% of readings, and comment regarding whether the resection margin was free of cancer was made by 50% of pathologists. Tubular adenoma was called tubulovillous or villous in 35% of readings, but tubulovillous or villous adenoma was seldom (2%) called tubular. High-grade dysplasia was correctly identified in 47% of 60 readings, was called invasive cancer in 22%, and was missed in 31%. Among miscellaneous polyps, hyperplastic polyp was correctly recognized in 75% of cases, and inflammatory polyp and juvenile polyp each were recognized by 16 of 20 pathologists (80%). Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma was identified by 4 of 20 pathologists (20%), and the polypoid phase of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome was recognized by 2 pathologists (10%). Conclusion: Areas of strength with regard to interpretation of colon polyps by general pathologists in community practice included identification of cancer, adenoma, and certain non-neoplastic polyps (e.g., inflammatory and juvenile polyps). Areas of weakness included lack of comment on cancer differentiation and proximity to the resection line, erroneous identification of high-grade dysplasia, and identification of rare lesions. The results of this study suggest areas on which to focus continuing education and continuous quality improvement efforts with regard to polyp interpretation. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:468-74.)
A cascade of length scales in elastic rings under confinement.

Elastic objects under confinement are common in mechanics and biology. Examples include mitochondria and chromosomes, for which conformation and function are strongly determined by confining forces. When elastic objects grow in a confined space, minimization of elastic energy creates a complex spatial configuration and force network. To simulate a two-dimensional ring growing within a rigid circular boundary with a fixed radius, we take a long strip of elastic material mylar of fixed length, join the ends to form a closed loop, and then shrink the confining ring boundary Fig. 1 . The loop contacts and overlaps itself in many locations Figs. 1, 2 c , and 3 . The loop trajectory is discretized and its curvature computed. Where local maxima in curvature occur, the thickness is measured by counting the number of overlapping layers. Figure 2 a shows a scatter plot of this data for the shape in Fig. 2 c , and we find that the magnitude of a curvature maximum decreases with the number of layers at that point. To quantify this relationship, we consider a region in which two portions of the elastic loop are in contact Fig. 2 b . Because the contact forces balance and are dominated by the curvature maxima, we find also that the elastic energy stored near each maximum is approximately equal. The elastic energy is x B s 2 /2ds. Here x ,x+L is the portion of the loop where the curvature is large, B is bending rigidity, and is curvature. The curvature near the maximum is of order max,N, while the length of the region of the large curvature is approximately 1 / max,N. The integral thus scales as B max,N 2 /2 1 / max,N =B max,N /2. The elastic energy of N layers is NB max,N /2 and, in equilibrium, this term is approximately constant for regions in contact, which implies max,N 1 /N. FIG. 1. Color
T′ proteins influence JC virus biology

The JC virus early mRNA is alternatively spliced to yield five transcripts that encode large T antigen, small t antigen, T′135, T′136, and T′165. The splicing process is regulated differentially in transformed versus lytically infected cells and temporally during the course of a productive infection. The authors have identified a potential exonic splicing enhancer near the 3′ end of the early viral mRNA that, when mutated, results in altered splice site usage. The authors have only recently begun investigating the function of the three T′ proteins using genetic and biochemical approaches. These studies indicate that the T′ proteins enhance viral DNA replication and bind differentially to the pRB family of cellular tumor suppressor proteins in vitro. Using a G418 selection scheme, the authors have created cell lines that express either T antigen or each of the T’ proteins individually. Preliminary analyses of these lines suggest that T antigen may induce apoptosis in rodent cells, an activity that may be blocked by other JC virus early proteins. Furthermore, examination of protein-protein interactions within the G418-selected cells reveal differences in binding of the viral proteins to the pRB family members relative to that seen in vitro.
Corrections for contamination background in AMS 14C measurements

Measurements of {sup 14}C/{sup 13}C ratios were made on samples of Oxalic Acid and {sup 14}C dead materials spanning the mass range from 10 {micro}g to {approximately} 1 mg. These measurements have allowed the determination of both the amount, and the {sup 14}C content, of the contaminant carbon introduced during sample processing in the laboratory. These data were used to correct measured {sup 14}C/{sup 13}C ratios obtained from ANU Sucrose and {approximately} one-half-life old test samples for the influence of the contaminant. The test samples spanned the 10 {micro}g to {approximately} 1 mg mass range and the corrections were made using three different formulae. The results obtained from these calculations allow the accuracy of these background correction formulae to be evaluated.
Superexchange mechanism and d-wave superconductivity.

We have formulated an auxiliary-boson mean-field theory consistent with the SU(2) symmetry of the Heisenberg model. At half filling, we find an infinite number of solutions related by the symmetry. Away from half filling the kinetic energy, acting as a symmetry-breaking field, selects a superconducting state of d-wave symmetry. The mean-field theory describes bosons and fermions with finite kinetic energy close to half filling. We derive self-consistent equations for the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$. We find that ${T}_{c}$ vanishes at large and small filling factors.
Central nervous system neurons identified after injection of pseudorabies virus into the rat clitoris

Transneuronal tracing techniques were used to identify putative spinal and brain neurons involved in the efferent control of the clitoris. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the rat clitoris and virus-labeled neurons were identified immunohistochemically. Neurons were found primarily in L5-S1 segments of the spinal cord. In addition, virus-labeled cells were found in T12-L4 and S2-S4. In the brain, virus-labeled cells were found in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, Barrington's nucleus, ventrolateral central gray, hypothalamus and medial pre-optic region. These data identify a multisynaptic circuit of neurons which may be involved in clitoral control.
Support Person Intervention to Promote Smoker Utilization of the QUITPLAN® Helpline

Background Effective cessation services are greatly underutilized by smokers. Only about 1.5% of smokers in Minnesota utilize the state-funded QUITPLAN ® Helpline. Substantial evidence exists on the role of social support in smoking cessation. In preparation for a large randomized trial, this study developed and piloted an intervention for an adult nonsmoking support person to motivate and encourage a smoker to call the QUITPLAN Helpline. Methods The support person intervention was developed based on Cohen's theory of social support. It consisted of written materials and three consecutive, weekly, 20–30 minute telephone sessions. Smoker calls to the QUITPLAN Helpline were documented by intake staff. Results Participants were 30 support people (93% women, 97% Caucasian, mean age 49). High rates of treatment compliance were observed, with 28 (93%) completing all three telephone sessions. The intervention was ranked as somewhat or very helpful by 77% of the support people, and 97% would definitely or probably recommend the program. Five smokers linked to a support person called the QUITPLAN Helpline. Conclusions An intervention using natural support networks to promote smoker utilization of the QUITPLAN Helpline is both acceptable to a support person and feasible. A controlled randomized trial is under way to examine the efficacy of the intervention.
Possible observation of the coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic order in NdRh4B4

Abstract The ternary rare earth compound NdRh 4 B 4 has been studied by means of critical field, low temperature heat capacity, and static magnetic susceptibility measurements. Features in the upper critical field and heat capacity data at 1.31 K and 0.89 K suggest the occurrence of long-range magnetic order in the superconducting state. The temperature dependence of the static magnetic susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law with an effective magnetic moment μ eff = 3.58 ± 0.05 μ B and a Curie-Weiss temperature θ p = −6.2 ± 1.0 K between 20 K and room temperature. However,, magnetization vs. applied magnetic field isotherms suggest the development of a ferromagnetic component in the Nd 3+ magnetization at low temperatures.
An architectural framework for system analysis and evaluation

In any situation where a large amount of information must be handled, the need for structure soon becomes evident. When one must process a quantity of information and reduce it to a small amount (for example, from a large set of evaluations decide whether to buy system A or system B) the need for hierarchical structure is especially evident because of the inability of the human mind to consider more than a very small number of pieces of information simultaneously. If one is presented with 100 facts and asked to make a single overall judgment in terms of three or four possibilities, he must have some means of aggregation.
G Protein regulation of MAPK networks

G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks. The four classes of G proteins, defined by the G(s), G(i), G(q) and G(12) families, regulate ERK1/2, JNK, p38MAPK, ERK5 and ERK6 modules by different mechanisms. The alpha- as well as betagamma-subunits are involved in the regulation of these MAPK modules in a context-specific manner. While the alpha- and betagamma-subunits primarily regulate the MAPK pathways via their respective effector-mediated signaling pathways, recent studies have unraveled several novel signaling intermediates including receptor tyrosine kinases and small GTPases through which these G-protein subunits positively as well as negatively regulate specific MAPK modules. Multiple mechanisms together with specific scaffold proteins that can link G-protein-coupled receptors or G proteins to distinct MAPK modules contribute to the context-specific and spatio-temporal regulation of mitogen-activated protein signaling networks by G proteins.
Using entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar: Effects of irrigation and species in apple orchards

Abstract The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar , is a major pest of stone and pome fruit (e.g., apples, pears, peaches, cherries, etc.). Entomopathogenic nematodes ( Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp.) are virulent to ground-dwelling stages of C. nenuphar and may be incorporated into an integrated management strategy. Two significant questions that must be addressed prior to implementation are: (1) which nematode is most effective in suppressing the target pest under field conditions? and (2) what is the impact of various irrigation levels on field efficacy? We addressed these questions by comparing the efficacy of two nematodes, Steinernema riobrave and Steinernema feltiae (two nematodes that showed the highest virulence in prior lab assays and field trials) and an untreated control, at three irrigation levels 0, 1 and 6 irrigation events applied during a two-week period post-application. C. nenuphar larvae were added to mini-plots prior to treatment application. Treatment effects were assessed by comparing the number of C. nenuphar adults emerging from each plot. The experiments were conducted at two field sites (apple orchards in Kearneysville, West Virginia and Belchertown, Massachusetts) in 2011 and 2012. Relative to the untreated check, S. riobrave caused 85.0% and 97.3% control in 2011 and 2012 in Massachusetts (respectively) and 100% control in West Virginia both years, whereas S. feltiae caused 0% and 84.6% control in 2011 and 2012 (respectively) in Massachusetts, and 78.2% and 69.7% control in West Virginia. The level of C. nenuphar suppression caused by S. riobrave was higher than suppression by S. feltiae at both sites in 2011 (no differences were detected in 2012). Irrigation did not have a significant effect on C. nenuphar suppression at both sites and in both years of the experiments. The lack of irrigation effects is an unusual finding for field applications using entomopathogenic nematodes, and may have been due to the level of precipitation and water-holding capacity in the field soils tested. The results of this study have positive implications for the potential of incorporating entomopathogenic nematodes into a C. nenuphar management program.
The theory of free ambient fires. The convectively mixed combustion of fuel reservoirs

The theory of fuel-reservoir fires (i.e., pool flames) is extended and amplified into a quantitative formulation that includes all the significant physical processes: mass diffusion, heat conduction, convective mixing, convective heat transport, and radiative heat transport. The conservation equations across the Gibbsian surfaces of the pool flame are solved, in finite-difference form, under idealized but nevertheless realistic conditions. This semiempirical solution, which quantifies the consensus of views of many previous researchers, is surprisingly simple considering the number of processes involved and their complexity. The predictions are compared with the data for three fuels (gasoline, liquid hydrogen, and methanol), and the comparison gives reasonable agreement. This steady-state theory idealizes the complexities of turbulent, eddy mixing in terms of a single, average mixing radius, whose magnitude is inferred from the observed flame structures. The radiative transport process from the hot flame volume to the pool reservoir is idealized as a planar surface to surface transfer function. The observed flame thickness is used to calculate both the emissivity of the upper “flame-surface” and its average height above the pool. The theory presented is only a beginning in handling the major problem: the feed-back loop between the combustion source function and the flow mixing of vaporizing fuel with entrained air. Combustion and buoyancy forces are the sources of flow, but it is the flow mixing field itself that controls the strength of these forces.
Irradiation tolerance of amorphous SiOC/crystalline Fe composite

Abstract We examined the radiation tolerance of amorphous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and crystalline Fe composite by using ion irradiation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Fe/SiOC multilayer thin films were grown via magnetron sputtering with controlled length scale on a surface oxidized Si (100) substrate. These alloys were irradiated by 120 keV He+ ions to a damage level of ~1.3 displacements per atom (dpa) at room temperature. TEM characterization shows neither sign of point defect clusters in Fe layer, nor an indication of crystallization or new phase formation in SiOC layer. Our findings suggest that the crystalline/amorphous interface and Fe grain boundary can help to annihilate point defects generated during irradiation, and therefore enhance radiation tolerance properties.
Intimate Partner Violence and Children’s Memory

The current study was designed to examine the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and children's memory and drew from a socioeconomically and racially diverse sample of children living in and around a midsized southeastern city (n = 140). Mother-reported IPV when the children were 30 months old was a significant predictor of children's short-term, working, and deliberate memory at 60 months of age, even after controlling for the children's sex and race, the families' income-to-needs ratio, the children's expressive vocabulary, and maternal harsh-intrusive parenting behaviors. These findings add to the limited extant literature that finds linkages between IPV and children's cognitive functioning and suggest that living in households in which physical violence is perpetrated among intimate partners may have a negative effect on multiple domains of children's memory development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Various aspects of the constraints imposed on the photochemistry of systems in porous silica

Abstract This manuscript briefly reviews the photochemistry of organic molecules on porous silica (or SiO 2 ). To gain an understanding of the chemistry on silica, data are displayed and discussed with respect to studies in homogeneous solution. In particular, the exact dimensionality of kinetic processes on porous SiO 2 is a matter for debate. Hence, units of concentration of an adsorbate on the surface are expressed as moles per nanometer squared and as moles per liter, in order to compare with solution. Many studies show that organic molecules adsorb to SiO 2 via the surface silanol (or surface hydroxyl OH) groups. The adsorption is heterogeneous, due to various clusters of silanol groups and to charge transfer (CT) sites. Photophysical studies clearly show these effects. The photo-induced reactions on SiO 2 may be described by ‘fractal’ approaches, but a ‘Gaussian’ approach is often more useful to the photochemist. Photo-induced reactions occur via movement of the reactants on the surface, as in the case of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism or, as in the case of the Eley–Rideal (ER) mechanism, by bombardment of a surface bound excited state by a gaseous reactant, such as O 2 . Quenching of excited singlet states by O 2 produces excited triplet states, which in turn are quenched to give singlet molecular oxygen. At room temperature the O 2 quenching process on silica occurs by both mechanisms to approximately the same extent. However, the LH mechanism is dominant at lower temperatures and the ER mechanism is dominant at higher temperatures. Some quenchers, including carbon tetrachloride and tetranitromethane only quench by the LH mechanism giving rise to static quenching and chloro or nitro derivatives of the excited state. Photo-induced electron transfer between excited arenes and amines occurs readily, but the ionic products are short-lived compared to solution. This is due to the limited diffusion of the products on the surface, which in turn promotes back-electron transfer. Photoionization of arenes occurs on SiO 2 via a two-photon process and gives very long-lived ions compared to solution. This is due to trapping of the photo-produced electrons by the SiO 2 itself. Finally, the effects of co-adsorbants, including solvents, surfactants, and polymers, in photoreactions at the SiO 2 surface are considered. The review ends with suggestions for future studies.
A Tribute to Professor Van C. Mow: A Wonderful Scholar and Leader in Bioengineering

Professor Van Mow has made superb accomplishments in every field of his endeavor. By combining elegant and brilliant theoretical analyses, along with innovative experimental investigations, he has made major contributions to biomedical engineering research and solving important clinical orthopaedic problems. He loves his family, his friends, and his students and fellows. He has made full use of his marvelous talents with total dedication and strong passion. Professor Mow is a wonderful leader and scholar in biomedical engineering, a loyal friend, and a great human being. Dear Van, warmest congratulations and all best wishes on your 70th Birthday!
Laboratory study of wild rats

Two wild rat species, cotton rats and black rats, have proven quite suitable for laboratory behavioral research. Other than using heavy gloves for handling, maintenance and housing practices are similar to domesticated rats. Both species can be bred in captivity. Several sources for obtaining specimens are discussed.
Airway epithelial cell response to human metapneumovirus infection

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. In this study, we show that hMPV can infect in a similar manner epithelial cells representative of different tracts of the airways. hMPV-induced expression of chemokines IL-8 and RANTES in primary small alveolar epithelial cells (SAE) and in a human alveolar type II-like epithelial cell line (A549) was similar, suggesting that A549 cells can be used as a model to study lower airway epithelial cell responses to hMPV infection. A549 secreted a variety of CXC and CC chemokines, cytokines and type I interferons, following hMPV infection. hMPV was also a strong inducer of transcription factors belonging to nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) families, which are known to orchestrate the expression of inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators.