cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kierkegaard, mysticism, and jest: The story of little Ludvig

Throughout his authorship, Kierkegaard appears remarkably uninterested in the tradition of Christian mysticism. Indeed, in the only two places in the authorship where he broaches the topic directly, the discussion is disclaimed in such a way as to suggest that Kierkegaard really has nothing to say about it at all. However, attending to the successive incarnations of the character(s) named “Ludvig” throughout the authorship – an appellation that harbors an especially self-referential dimension for Kierkegaard – the present paper attempts to elucidate what may, with due reservation, be referred to as the mystical element in Kierkegaard’s thought. The ultimate yield of this endeavor is a vision of “mysticism” that is more act than thought oriented, and a vision of the author “Kierkegaard” that is more delightful than melancholy.
Functional characterization of the early and late mRNAs of simian virus 40

Abstract We have characterized the early SV40 mRNAs by size fractionation on acrylamide gels followed by in vitro translation and immunoprecipitation. The mRNA for the 17K T antigen migrates more slowly than that for the 100K T antigen, with the apparent size difference being 250 nucleotides This finding is consistent with the mRNA for the 17K T antigen corresponding to an almost complete copy of the early region while the mRNA for the 100K T antigen would lack the sequences between 0.59 and 0.54 map unit. By in vitro translation of SV40-specific RNA followed by immunoprecipitation we have been unable to detect the synthesis of any T antigen intermediate in size between the 100K and 17K T antigens. We have demonstrated the synthesis of two proteins from intracellular SV40-specific mRNAs which appear to be identical to the VP2 and VP3 found in the virion on the basis of their mobilities in acrylamide gels and their tryptic peptide maps. Both VP2 and VP3 are labeled with formyl-[ 35 S]methionine when synthesized in the presence of [ 35 S]fMet-tRNA f Met . By analyzing partial proteolysis products of such N-terminally labeled proteins we could show that VP2 and VP3 share common C-termini. Therefore, VP3 is initiated and made independently of VP2 and is not derived from VP2 by proteolytic processing. VP2 and VP3 are both made from mRNAs about 19 S in size. The mRNA for VP2 migrates marginally more slowly than the mRNA for VP3 in acrylamide gels.
Rare Congenital Sinonasal Teratoma with Intracranial Involvement

Case Description and Discussion: We report the case of a 6 month old male with a large mature teratoma with intracranial and sinonasal involvement with skull base erosion. Treatment entailed staged removal via a subfrontal craniotomy with concurrent VP shunt placement followed by endoscopic resection of the sinonasal and skull base disease with vascularized nasoseptal mucosal flap skull base repair. The patient has been followed for one year and remains disease free.
Hardware-in-the-Loop Wind Turbine Simulation Platform for a Laboratory Feeder Model

As part of a larger project to build a laboratory-based smart grid feeder, there was a need to incorporate renewable energy sources into the feeder model. The goal in this project was to create a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) wind turbine simulation platform. Software is used to calculate a dynamic optimal power point from time-series wind speed data and to generate control signals for the platform’s hardware. The hardware consists of a dc motor providing mechanical power to a coupled generator. To validate the HIL simulation platform, time-series wind speed and output power data were used from an installed and operating utility-scale turbine. The steady-state performance of the HIL simulator correlates well with the provided manufacturer’s curve, but the dynamic performance of the system is more varied with periods of excellent correlation as well as poor. A richer data set from the utility containing more than wind speed and power output (such as wind direction and turbine yaw position) could provide substantial improvements to the dynamic performance.
The Value of Household Water Service Quality in Lahore, Pakistan

Most existing literature focuses on the benefits of establishing basic drinking water access for unserved populations, the extensive water supply margin. In contrast, this article examines the intensive margin—the benefits of improving water service to under-served households, a growing population in developing country cities. We use contingent valuation to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for improved piped water quality and reductions in supply interruptions among a sample of 193 households in Lahore, Pakistan. The distribution of WTP is described using parametric and non-parametric models. Results indicate that households in Lahore are willing to pay about $7.50 to $9 per month for piped water supply that is clean and drinkable directly from the tap—comparable to the monthly cost of in-home water treatment, and about three to four times the average monthly water bill for sample households using piped water. Estimates of WTP for reducing supply interruptions are both smaller and more difficult to interpret, since a significant fraction of the estimated WTP distribution for supply improvements is negative. All of our WTP estimates are well below 4% of monthly household income, the World Bank’s benchmark upper bound for affordable water service.
Prenatal purified protein derivative skin testing in a teaching clinic with a large Hispanic population.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a tuberculosis skin testing program in an outpatientobstetric teaching clinic. Study Design: This was a retrospective chart review and economic analysis. Medical records of all patients in the clinic (n = 1763) who were delivered of infants between 1993 and 1997 were reviewed. Fifty-fourpercent of the patients were Hispanic, and 38% were white. Epi Info 6.0 (χ 2 analysis) was used to calculate statistical significance. Results: Overall, 15.2% of the skin test results were positive. Positive test results were found in 31.3% ofAsians, 23.9% of Hispanics, 9.3% of black patients, and 4.1% of white patients. Hispanics had arelative risk for a positive purified protein derivative of 5.9 (3.9 to 8.8) compared with white patients.No chest x-ray films suggested active disease. Conclusion: Because the highest incidence of tuberculosis is in people of reproductive age, an effectivetuberculosis screening protocol during pregnancy would be valuable in reducing the incidence oftuberculosis nationally. Projected savings of this program were $57,628. (Am J Obstet Gynecol1999;180:1579-83.)
Synthesis of a (thienylethenyl)benzimidazole platinum acetylide complex

A new platinum acetylide complex based on 6-dialkylaminobenzimidazol-2-yl-vinyl-2-thiophene-5-ylethyne was synthesized in seven steps and 2% overall yield.
Perspective: teams won't solve this problem.

Objective: We link the problem of complex sociotechnical systems to a new unit-of-analysis and fruitful developing area of applied research, the multiteam system. Background: Teams are the dominant...
Effects of sequential lesions of suprasylvian gyri and visual cortex on pattern discrimination in the cat

Abstract Eight cats were trained preoperatively on a pattern discrimination between horizontal and vertical striped stimuli which had no differences in total luminous flux or total amount of contour, and in which consistent local luminous flux cues were eliminated. The cats then received in different orders a 4-part sequence consisting of lesions of: (a) visual cortex; (b) middle suprasylvian gyri; (c) posterior suprasylvian gyri; or (d) a control retention period in which no lesion was administered. Following each manipulation in the sequence cats were tested on the pattern discrimination and retrained to criterion if necessary. The following results were obtained: (1) Discrimination performance following the retention period was equal to or greater than criterion for normal cats and cats with either or both suprasylvian lesions. Thus, for these cats retention was perfect. In contrast, cats with lesions of visual cortex showed a clear deficit in the ability to retain the discrimination over the retention interval. (2) Initial suprasylvian lesions in normal cats produced little if any deficit in performance. (3) In cats having previously undergone removal of visual cortex and retrained to criterion, suprasylvian lesions produced a substantial disruption of the discrimination. (4) Cats lacking both visual cortex and suprasylvian gyri were significantly more impaired than cats lacking visual cortex alone, both in their average postoperative performance level and in the maximum level attained after extensive retraining. Results 3 and 4 suggest that although the suprasylvian gyri have relatively little essential role in pattern discrimination by normal cats, this region may be involved in the residual pattern discrimination ability of cats lacking visual cortex. (5) Finally, despite their extreme impairment, cats with complete lesions of visual cortex and suprasylvian gyri were able to perform the pattern discrimination at levels significantly above those expected by chance.
External-beam-based partial breast irradiation.

This Viewpoint compares external-beam-based partial breast irradiation with other forms of partial breast irradiation. With appropriate patient selection, delivery of partial breast irradiation through an external-beam approach presents many advantages, including patient acceptability, ease of use and cost effectiveness. Silvia Formenti discusses the relative merits of prone and supine patient positioning during external-beam radiotherapy and the important challenges that remain.
Distribution and desirability of life events in older adults: Population and policy implications

Estimates of the natural distribution of environmental demands on older adults are provided here. Frequencies of occurrence over a one-year period for 54 life events relevant to older adults are reported for a sample of 1102 men and 1758 women representative of the population aged 55 and older in Kentucky. Estimates of the absolute number of noninstitutionalized Kentucky older adults who would experience selected events in a year are thus made possible. In addition, older adult judgments as to the desirability or undesirability of each event are also reported. These data could be used, with some qualifications, to establish normative weights or desirability classifications for these events for older adults. The following selected classes of events are evaluated in terms of their impact, based on the desirability ratings and previous research: health, death, family conflict, and rewards. Program implications suggested by considering both the prevalence and impact data are: (a) mental health interventions should be closely tied to physical health events; (b) death of spouse would be an event important for prevention programs; (c) other forms of marital disruption would be too infrequent to justify programs; (d) retirement would appear to have too little impact to justify adjustment programs; and (e) the very desirable impact of reward events found here would justify programs promoting these events for older adults.
Entangled photon generation using four-wave mixing in azimuthally symmetric microresonators

A novel quantum mechanical formulation of the bi-photon wavefunction and spectra resulting from four-wave mixing is developed for azimuthally symmetric systems. Numerical calculations are performed verifying the use of the angular group velocity and angular group velocity dispersion in such systems, as opposed their commonly used linear counterparts. The dispersion profile and bi-photon spectra of two illustrative examples are given, emphasizing the physical origin of the effects leading to the conditions for angular momentum and energy conservation. A scheme is proposed in which widely spaced narrowband entangled photons may be produced through a four-wave mixing process in a chip-scale ring resonator. The entangled photon pairs are found to conserve energy and momentum in the four-wave mixing interaction, even though both photon modes lie in spectral regions of steep angular group velocity dispersion.
New Classifications in the Spectra of Au I and Au II

Measurements have been made on the spectrum of gold excited in a hollow cathode discharge in helium. In the region investigated (600A-10,000A) some 2000 new gold lines were found, of which 237 have been newly classified in the gold arc spectrum and 83 have been newly classified in the first spark spectrum of gold. The new classifications involve 32 new terms in Au I and 12 new terms in Au II. In the arc spectrum, the $\mathrm{ns}$ and $\mathrm{nd}$ series have been extended to $n=14$, and new values of the $5{f}^{2}F$ levels are suggested. The series limit, $5{d}^{10}^{1}S_{0}$ of Au II, is calculated to be 74,410 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{1}$ above the ground state, $5{d}^{10}6s^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, of Au I. Several new terms above the series limit have been located. In the first spark spectrum of gold, the resonance triplet discovered by Sawyer and Thomson has been confirmed. The lowest six members of the $5{d}^{9}7p$ group have been found, and the $5{d}^{8}6{s}^{2}$ configuration has been completed.
Synergistic induction of phospholipid metabolism by granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor and steel factor in human growth factor‐dependent cell line, M07e

Steel factor (SLF), the ligand for the c-kit protooncogene tyrosine kinase receptor, synergizes with several hematopoietic growth factors to produce greatly enhanced proliferation of normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells as well as that of the human growth factor-dependent myeloid cell line, M07e. The mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unknown. In an attempt to understand the cellular processes relevant to this phenomenon, we examined the effects of SLF and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on induced lipid metabolism in M07e cells. We find that both GM-CSF and SLF induced increased phosphatidylcholine (PC) turnover rates (biosynthesis and degradation) as measured by increased [3H]-choline labelling, with SLF being more potent stimulation. The labelling of aqueous intermediates of PC metabolism was also increased by cytokine stimulation, most notably phosphocholine. Simultaneous stimulation with GM-CSF plus SLF resulted in a true synergistic induction of PC, lysoPC, and phosphocholine labelling. GM-CSF and SLF each induced asymmetric labelling of various phospholipid classes as measured by incorporation of different [3H]-fatty acids. [3H]-myristic acid labelling of phosphatidylserine was most prominently induced (approximately 12-fold). Cytosolic choline kinase activity was also upregulated more than twofold over control by SLF, which might contribute to the increased phosphocholine labelling. These effects may have relevance to the intracellular mechanisms of the synergistic proliferative stimulation of SLF plus GM-CSF on M07e cells.
The Joint Center for Structural Genomics: exploration of the human gut microbiome

For more than a decade, the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG) [1] has been at the forefront of developing tools and methodologies that allow the application of high-throughput structural biology to a broad range of biological and biomedical investigations. In the previous phases of the National Institutes of Health’s Protein Structure Initiative (PSI; 2000 to 2010) [2], we explored structural coverage of uncharted regions of the protein universe [3], as well as a single organism, allowing complete structural reconstruction of the metabolic network of Thermotoga maritima[4]. In the current phase (PSI: Biology; 2010 to 2015), the JCSG is leveraging its high-throughput platform to explore the structural basis for host-microbe interactions in the human microbiome. The emerging field of metagenomics has been particularly enlightening: the human gut microbiome sequencing projects have already uncovered fascinating new families and expansions of known families for adaptation to this environment. The gut microbiota is dominated by poorly characterized bacterial phyla, which contain an unusually high number of uncharacterized proteins that are largely unstudied. Their influence upon human development, physiology, immunity and nutrition is only starting to surface and is thus an exciting new frontier for structural genomics, where we can structurally investigate the contributions of these microorganisms to human health and disease. The JCSG is located at The Scripps Research Institute, the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, University of California at San Diego, the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute and SSRL/Stanford University.
Design, assembly, and optical bench testing of a high-numerical-aperture miniature injection-molded objective for fiber-optic confocal reflectance microscopy

The design, analysis, assembly methods, and optical-bench test results for a miniature injection-molded plastic objective lens used in a fiber-optic confocal reflectance microscope are presented. The five-lens plastic objective was tested as a stand-alone optical system before its integration into a confocal microscope for in vivo imaging of cells and tissue. Changing the spacing and rotation of the individual optical elements can compensate for fabrication inaccuracies and improve performance. The system performance of the miniature objective lens is measured by use of an industry-accepted slanted-edge modulation transfer function (MTF) metric. An estimated Strehl ratio of 0.61 and a MTF value of 0.66 at the fiber-optic bundle Nyquist frequency have been obtained. The optical bench testing system is configured to permit interactive optical alignment during testing to optimize performance. These results are part of an effort to demonstrate the manufacturability of low-cost, high-performance biomedical optics for high-resolution in vivo imaging. Disposable endoscopic microscope objectives could help in vivo confocal microscopy technology mature to permit wide-scale clinical screening and detection of early cancers and precancerous lesions.
Wavelength Converter Placement for Dynamic Traffic Grooming in Optical Networks

With the huge capacity, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks are predominantly used as the transport infrastructure to carry inter-domain traffic for client networks. WDM optical networks offer wavelength granularity high-capacity optical connections, whereas client traffic flows are usually at sub-wavelength granularity. Traffic grooming in WDM optical networks refers to the aggregation of low-rate client traffic flows onto high-capacity optical connections. When client traffic randomly arrives/departs, it is called dynamic traffic grooming. This paper focuses on wavelength converter placement for dynamic traffic grooming in optical networks. We propose an adaptive traffic load based converter placement heuristic and also study several other heuristics. The numerical results indicate that the adaptive traffic load based heuristic can obtain a similar performance as the greedy heuristics, in both blocking probabilities and throughputs, with lower computation complexity.
Effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on microleakage

This study examines the relationship between thermal coefficient of expansion and microleakage. Six restorative materials with varying coefficients of thermal expansion were thermocycled in basic fuschin dye and compared for relative microleakage. The use of dental restorative materials with low coefficients of thermal expansion such as glass ionomer can control microleakage.
Examination of sialic acid binding on dystrophic and normal retinal pigment epithelium

In order to study differences in cell-surface sugars which may be involved in the phagocytic defect in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) retinas, we have examined the presence or absence of lectin binding to carbohydrates on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) plasma membranes of dystrophic (RCS-p+) and normal (Long-Evans) rats. A lectin which binds to both sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine sugar residues, wheat germ agglutinin-ferritin (WGA-fe), was used. The specificity of WGA-fe binding to each sugar was studied by either pre-treating the tissue with neuraminidase enzyme which removes sialic acid residues, or by incubating the WGA-fe lectin with one of the haptens, N-acetylglucosamine. In non-enzyme-treated tissue, RPE cell-surface membranes from RCS retinas were densely labeled with WGA-fe as compared with the labeling on normal RPE, which appeared less dense and patchy in distribution. Wheat germ agglutinin-ferritin labeling in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine was blocked on both RCS and normal RPE surface membranes. After pre-treatment with neuraminidase, WGA-fe labeling on dystrophic RPE membranes was similar to non-enzyme-treated tissue but was enhanced on normal RPE. Labeling was blocked when N-acetylglucosamine was present with the lectin after enzyme pre-treatment. Other lectins which specifically bind to sialic acid, Limulus polyphemus agglutinin-ferritin (LPA-fe) and Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA) demonstrated sparse or no labeling on both RCS and normal RPE membranes. Our data suggests that N-acetylglucosamine residues predominate on RCS and normal RPE cell-surface membranes and that sialic acid binding sites are either not accessible to the lectins or may not be present.
Analysis of All-Aromatic Polyesters by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Vectra, a commercial copolymer of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), is highly intractable, and its analysis has always been problematic. Lower molecular weight polym...
Development of chalcogenide glass fiber optics at NRL

Abstract We have fabricated unclad sulphide and telluride chalcogenide fibers with losses of 0.047 dB/m at 2.4 μm and 0.11 dB/m at 6.6 μm, respectively. Core/clad fibers with losses approaching 0.5 dB/m at 4.8 μm have been fabricated in long fiber lengths (~50 m). While theoretical minimum losses are estimated to be about 4 dB/km at around 5 μm for sulphide fibers, we have identified the absorption and scattering mechanisms which limit the practical losses. The bending strengths of these fibers have been measured and are satisfactory for short length applications. For longer lengths, both the loss and strength need to be improved.
Recent experience with different turbulence models applied to the calculation of flow over aircraft components

Abstract An evaluation of ten turbulence models is made for compressible flows encountered in current aircraft applications. The Baldwin–Lomax and P.D. Thomas algebraic models, the Baldwin–Barth and Spalart–Allmaras one-equation models, five low-Reynolds-number k–e models and the Menter SST blended k–e/k–ω model are examined. A zonal, upwind, implicit, factored algorithm is used to solve both the mean flow equations and the turbulence model equations for three-dimensional, compressible turbulent flow. Calculations are presented for both internal and external flowfields including a two-stream mixing layer, a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer, a transonic supercritical airfoil, a shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction, an ejector nozzle, a highly offset diffuser, and a twin impinging jet flowfield. The influence of two modifications to the production of turbulent kinetic energy for the low-Reynolds-number k–e models is evaluated, a vorticity-based strain rate and a production limiter. A compressibility correction for high speed shear layers is also examined. Comparisons of the results of the various turbulence models are made with experimental measurements. Significant differences are observed in the model predictions when applied to the same problem using the same computational mesh and mean flow solver. The algebraic models are unable to capture the physics of these complex flowfields, particularly for the internal flow calculations. The performance of each model is dependent on the application. No universal model is found for all flowfields examined. Each one-equation and two-equation model has specific strengths and weaknesses and the performance of each model is assessed.
Qualitative Gerontology Methodology and Meaning

This commentary examines four articles in qualitative and humanistic gerontology, with the purpose of explicating the goals of such work, the criteria that make them exemplary, and the contribution they make to an enriched understanding of aging and old age. Qualitative work, undertaken with its own evaluative criteria, can also challenge understandings gained through quantitative research. For example, by revealing how individuals shape their lives and find meanings, social behavior assumes a complexity often hidden by other forms of research. This commentary suggests that to understand how people experience old age and to develop policy and programmatic responses, it is necessary to ask questions and design research sufficiently robust and varied to explicate the diversity and ambiguity we know exists.
An Efficient Boundary Integral Method for the Mullins-Sekerka Problem

We use a boundary integral technique to study the two space dimensional Mullins?Sekerka free boundary problem which originates from a study of solidification and liquidation of materials of negligible specific heat. This is an area preserving and curve shortening motion. Evolution equations for the free boundaries are derived in terms of the tangent angle and total arclength, which makes a small scale decomposition possible and the Fourier transform a powerful tool in numerical calculations. With this formulation, implicit schemes can be implemented to avoid the difficult numerical stiffness associated with explicit schemes. We can compute solutions up to the time when there is a topological change, i.e., when particles touch or break up. Our numerical results for systems of a single particle or multi-particles provide some valuable information in the particle dynamics, such as the circularization of each individual particle, and the mass transfer between different particles during particle interactions.
Cell culture and cell based sensor on CMOS

This paper focuses on CMOS biosensor technologies for cellular biosensing applications. We first present our technologies to achieve on-CMOS cell culture, maintenance, and differentiation, as the basis for CMOS cellular biosensors. Next, we introduce a CMOS frequency-shift magnetic sensor scheme which performs detections without post-processing or external biasing magnetic field. Finally, we will demonstrate a CMOS magnetic cell based sensor which achieves real-time chemical detections; such a sensor scheme can be utilized for massively paralleled high-throughput chemical screening in drug development.
Evolution of Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Signaling Mechanisms

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates seed dormancy, controls seedling development and triggers tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought. Core ABA signaling components consist of a recently identified group of ABA receptor proteins of the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR)/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTOR (RCAR) family that act as negative regulators of members of the PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C) family. Inhibition of PP2C activity enables activation of SNF1-RELATED KINASE 2 (SnRK2) protein kinases, which target downstream components, including transcription factors, ion channels and NADPH oxidases. These and other components form a complex ABA signaling network. Here, an in depth analysis of the evolution of components in this ABA signaling network shows that (i) PYR/RCAR ABA receptor and ABF-type transcription factor families arose during land colonization of plants and are not found in algae and other species, (ii) ABA biosynthesis enzymes have evolved to plant- and fungal-specific forms, leading to different ABA synthesis pathways, (iii) existing stress signaling components, including PP2C phosphatases and SnRK kinases, were adapted for novel roles in this plant-specific network to respond to water limitation. In addition, evolutionarily conserved secondary structures in the PYR/RCAR ABA receptor family are visualized.
Digital computers in traffic control—the experience and the significance

Abstract Vehicle traffic congestion is one of the more serious problems currently facing municipal and county administrators. This has fostered the development of a series of devices, of increasing capability, for the control of signals. The digital computer presents the first possibility for a completely automatic system that encompasses all the necessary elements of control—information gathering, decision making, execution, verification, and evaluation. Digital systems have demonstrated not only their potency as a traffic engineering tool, but also the value of improved control. These systems have also added new dimensions to the traffic engineering profession, and have placed new requirements on their administrative organizations.
Single Virtual Particle Exchange Model of High-Energy Inelastic Glancing Collisions

A general formulation, based upon the ideas of field theory, is given for the single virtual particle exchange model of high-energy inelastic glancing or "peripheral" collisions. The main assumption of the model is that there is a region of the final-state phase space in which the cross section is dominated by single virtual particle exchange graphs of a particular kind. A general discussion is given of the kinematics and of the region of applicability of the model. It is shown that, unlike the situation in elastic scattering, inelastic processes can occur with timelike momentum transfer, and an example in which this happens is discussed. The region in which it appears most reasonable to use the model is that characterized by final states which consist of two well-defined groups of particles. An argument based on unitarity is given which strongly suggests that the energy dependence of this part of the peripheral nucleon-nucleon cross section is less than logarithmic at very high energies.
Synthesis of nanostructured materials by mechanical milling: problems and opportunities

Abstract Mechanical attrition as a method to produce nanocrystalline (nc) materials is reviewed. Its advantages include the fact that all classes of materials — including brittle compounds — are amenable to the method; it can be easily scaled up to tonnage quantities. The phenomenology and suggested mechanisms for formation of nc microstructures are discussed for ball milling of single component powders, mechanical alloying of multi-component powders, and mechanical crystallization of amorphous alloys. The phenomenology is well documented but microscopic mechanisms await better understanding of the nature of deformation processes in nc materials. The problems of contamination and powder consolidation are briefly considered.
Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the efficacy of intravenous porcine secretin for the treatment of autistic disorder. Method Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifty-six subjects with autistic disorder received either a secretin or placebo infusion at baseline and the other substance at week 4. Subjects were given the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and other pertinent developmental measures at baseline and at weeks 4 and 8 to assess drug effects. Results For the primary efficacy analysis, change of ADOS social-communication total score from week 0 to week 4, no statistically significant difference was obtained between placebo (–0.8 ± 2.9) and secretin groups (−0.6 ± 1.4; t 54 = 0.346, p Conclusion There was no evidence for efficacy of secretin in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Are We Wise About the Wisdom of Crowds? The Use of Group Judgments in Belief Revision

Recent research has advanced our understanding of how people use the advice of others to update their beliefs. Because groups and teams play a significant role in organizations and collectively are wiser than their individual members, it is important to understand their influence on belief revision as well. I report the results of four studies examining intuitions about group wisdom and the informational influence of groups. In their overt assessments, experimental participants rated larger groups as more accurate than smaller groups and discriminated more between them when group size was salient. When provided advice, participants relied more on groups than individuals to update their beliefs, but were only modestly sensitive to group size. Most were suboptimal in the use of that advice, overweighting their initial beliefs and underweighting the more valid judgment of the group. Thus although acknowledged in principle, the wisdom of crowds is only shallowly manifest in observed behavior.
Emerging themes in radical SAM chemistry.

Enzymes in the radical SAM (RS) superfamily catalyze a wide variety of reactions through unique radical chemistry. The characteristic markers of the superfamily include a [4Fe–4S] cluster coordinated to the protein via a cysteine triad motif, typically CX3CX2C, with the fourth iron coordinated by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The SAM serves as a precursor for a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical, the central intermediate in nearly all RS enzymes studied to date. The SAM-bound [4Fe–4S] cluster is located within a partial or full triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel where the radical chemistry occurs protected from the surroundings. In addition to the TIM barrel and a RS [4Fe–4S] cluster, many members of the superfamily contain additional domains and/or additional Fe–S clusters. Recently characterized superfamily members are providing new examples of the remarkable range of reactions that can be catalyzed, as well as new structural and mechanistic insights into these fascinating reactions.
Long-term prediction of Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsation occurrences

Abstract The monthly occurrences of Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsations at California stations over the 18.5 yr interval January 1955–June 1973, were spectral analyzed to obtain the characteristics of the major periodicities. There were eight lines in the spectrum with amplitudes significantly above the background noise and the periods, amplitudes and phases of the corresponding periodicities were determined from the spectral data. The periods of the eight lines, listed in order of their relative amplitudes, were ∼14yr, 40.1 m, 13.8 m, 5.72 m, 3.08 m, 2.96 m, 10.5 m and 5.94 m. The eight periodicities were used to predict the trend of Pc 1 occurrences at middle latitudes over the remainder of the decade. It appears that the present moderately high rate of occurrence will remain approximately constant during 1974. After 1974 the rate should increase and reach a maximum level in 1977. From 1978 to 1980 a steady decrease in the rate of occurrence is indicated. There are no times when the level of Pc 1 occurrences drops nearly to zero.
TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody blocks thermal sensitivity induced by compound 48/80-provoked mast cell degranulation

Background: Neuro-inflammatory circuits in the tissue regulate the complex pathophysiology of pain. Protective nociceptive pain serves as an early warning system against noxious environmental stimuli. Tissue-resident mast cells orchestrate the increased thermal sensitivity following injection of basic secretagogue compound 48/80 in the hind paw tissues of ND4 mice. Here we investigated the effects of pre-treatment with TNF-α neutralizing antibody on compound 48/80-provoked thermal hyperalgesia. Methods: We treated ND4 Swiss male mice with intravenous anti-TNF-α antibody or vehicle 30 minutes prior to bilateral, intra-plantar compound 48/80 administration and measured changes in the timing of hind paw withdrawal observed subsequent to mice being placed on a 51oC hotplate. We also assessed changes in tissue swelling, TNF-α gene expression and protein abundance, mast cell degranulation, and neutrophil influx in the hind paw tissue. Findings: We found that TNF-α neutralization significantly blocked thermal hyperalgesia, and reduced early tissue swelling. TNF-α neutralization had no significant effect on mast cell degranulation or neutrophil influx into the tissue, however. Moreover, no changes in TNF-α protein or mRNA levels were detected within 3 hours of administration of compound 48/80. Interpretation: The neutralizing antibodies likely target pre-formed TNF-α including that stored in the granules of tissue-resident mast cells. Pre-formed TNF-α, released upon degranulation, has immediate effects on nociceptive signaling prior to the induction of neutrophil influx. These early effects on nociceptors are abrogated by TNF-α blockade, resulting in compromised nociceptive withdrawal responses to acute, harmful environmental stimuli.
Pathology of AIDS-related lymphomas and other AIDS-defining neoplasms

In response to our steadily increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV infection, the natural history of HIV-induced disease, and the recognition of new HIV-related illnesses and improved diagnostic methods, various systems designed to classify the clinical stages of HIV infection have been proposed and periodically revised throughout the AIDS epidemic [1– 4]. In 1982, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Surveillance Definition of AIDS was ‘‘a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known cause for diminished resistance to that disease’’ [5]. Two diseases that were included in this definition and thereby qualified a person for the diagnosis of AIDS were Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and primary central nervous system lymphoma [5]. The CDC expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition in 1985 [6] and again in 1987 [7] to include laboratory test results for HIV infection and intermediate or high-grade lymphomas of B cell or indeterminate phenotype as qualifying diseases [6,7]. In 1993, the CDC proposed a further revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded the surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults [8]. This system was proposed so as to simplify the classification of HIV infection, to more reliably categorise HIV-related morbidity, to emphasise the clinical importance of CD4 T lymphocyte counts, and to more accurately reflect the standard of care of HIV-positive individuals [8]. The 1993 system added three clinical conditions, one of which is invasive cervical carcinoma, to the previous list of 23 AIDS-defining illnesses to reflect their importance in the AIDS epidemic [8]. Thus, the CDC now recognises three neoplasms as defining criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS: KS, intermediate or high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of B cell or indeterminate phenotype, and invasive cervical carcinoma.
Metabolic fate of gossypol: The metabolism of [14C]gossypol in swine

Balance studies designed to obtain information concerning the metabolic fate of gossypol in rats were carried out utilizing two groups of animals. One was fed a basal diet and the other the same diet plus 500 ppm of iron as FeSO4. Single doses of 5 mg each of14C-labeled gossypol (spec. act. 19.8 μCi/mmole) were administered. The animals were maintained in metabolic cages and killed after various periods of time. The data indicate that gossypol was poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly eliminated from the animal body. Although the main route for gossypol elimination from the animal was by fecal excretion in both treatments, the percentage of the total activity eliminated via the feces varied and depended on the level of iron supplied in the diet. The results demonstrate that gossypol was least excreted via urine and that urinary excretion of radioactivity was diminished by iron supplementation to the diet. Most of the radioactivity retained was found in the contents of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Tissues, the liver, muscle, kidney and blood had the highest radioactivity, with the liver having the highest specific activity. The data also demonstrate that addition of iron to the ration diminishes14C radioactivity in the animal body. This effect might be attributed to the formation of chelates that could not be absorbed through the small intestine. Catalysis of the decarbonylation of gossypol by iron also appears to be a factor.
Optical fibers for local computer networks

Local computer networks that communicate over copper conductors have been developed to permit resource sharing and provide increased performance. Such networks typically operate at bandwidth-length (Bw-L) products up to a few MHz-km. To attain higher Bw-L products and enhanced EMI immunity in such net- works, an optical fiber network is advantageous. This paper describes several current system experiments that use fiber optics in local computer networks.
USING THE REFINEMENT EQUATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRE-WAVELETS VI: SHIFT INVARIANT SUBSPACES

This paper follows the format of our tutorial on multivariate wavelet decomposition, [6]. We demonstrate here that the methods employed by Jia and Micchelli [2] can be extended to subspaces of L 2(ℝ s ) generated by a finite number of compactly supported functions. Specifically, we let Φ: ℝ s → ℂN be a vector of N functions Φ = (φ1,…,φ N ). AS in our previous article in these proceedings we will be concerned with wavelet decomposition in L 2(ℝs) built upon Φ and the basic operations of shift and scale. All the results in [2] pertain to the case N = 1. We now proceed to extend them to general N.
Spectroscopic and photochemical studies of model visual pigment chromophores

The primary step in the bleaching sequence of visual pigments has been shown to occur in picoseconds, while the isomerization of model visual pigment chromophores, protonated 11-cis retinylidene Schiff bases, takes place on a time scale several orders of magnitude slower. Thus, the well-accepted notion that the primary step in visual transduction involves a simple isomerization deserves closer examination. Studies of visual pigments and compounds which mimic visual pigment chromophores are discussed in terms of several alternatives for the nature of the primary step. In addition to discussion of photochemical studies, spectroscopic experiments are discussed. To fundamentally understand the nature of the primary processes in visual transduction it is important to understand the photochemistry, and therefore the electronic structure, of pigment chromophores. Spectroscopic studies aimed at elucidating the electronic structure of polyenic systems are thus discussed.
Reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with guinea pig 7S antibodies.

SummaryDinitrophenylated rabbit gamma globulin, 9 groups per molecule of protein, and dinitrophenylated Fc, 2 groups per molecule of protein, are capable of sensitizing guinea pig skin for reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Gamma 2 anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies can elicit reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs sensitized with as little as 0.5–1.0 γ of antigen per skin site. Approximately 90–100 γ of gamma 2 antibody suffices to give positive results in most animals. Gamma 1 anti-DNP antibodies can not only sensitize guinea pigs for PCA but are able to elicit RPCA reactions.
On the set covering polytope: II. lifting the facets with coefficients in {0, 1, 2}

In an earlier paper (Mathematical Programming 43 (1989) 57–69) we characterized the class of facets of the set covering polytope defined by inequalities with coefficients equal to 0, 1 or 2. In this paper we connect that characterization to the theory of facet lifting. In particular, we introduce a family of lower dimensional polytopes and associated inequalities having only three nonzero coefficients, whose lifting yields all the valid inequalities in the above class, with the lifting coefficients given by closed form expressions.
Effects of Marital Distress on Turkish Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment

This research explores the effects of parental marital distress on Turkish adolescents’ psychological adjustment, as mediated by adolescents’ perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance–rejection. This issue has generated considerable interest within the United States, but only recently internationally. The study draws from a sample of 180 12- through 18-year-old Turkish adolescents (94 females and 86 males; mean age of 16 years) and their parents. Assessments of the level of husbands’ and wives’ marital distress were made using the Turkish language version of the Intimate Partner Acceptance–Rejection/Control Questionnaire IPAR/CQ. Adolescents’ perceptions of the level of parental acceptance were made using the mother and father forms of the Child Parental Acceptance–Rejection/Control Questionnaire. Adolescents’ psychological adjustment was assessed using the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire. Mediation analyses revealed that adolescents’ perceptions of both maternal and paternal acceptance mediated the relationship between the adolescents’ (both sons’ and daughters’) psychological adjustment and wives’ perceptions of their husbands’ acceptance. Thus, the spillover hypothesis was partially supported as was one of the central postulates of parental acceptance–rejection theory.
Nonlinear Random-Effects Mixture Models for Repeated Measures

A mixture model for repeated measures based on nonlinear functions with random effects is reviewed. The model can include individual schedules of measurement, data missing at random, nonlinear functions of the random effects, of covariates and of residuals. Individual group membership probabilities and individual random effects are obtained as empirical Bayes predictions. Although this is a complicated model that combines a mixture of populations, nonlinear regression, and hierarchical models, it is straightforward to estimate by maximum likelihood using SAS PROC NLMIXED. Many different models can be studied with this procedure. The model is more general than those that can be estimated with most special purpose computer programs currently available because the response function is essentially any form of nonlinear regression. Examples and sample code are included to illustrate the method.
Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction.

Abstract Like other cell-surface receptors with intrinsic or associated protein-tyrosine kinase activity, the T-cell receptor complex undergoes a number of modifications, including tyrosine phosphorylation steps, after ligand binding but before transmitting a signal. The requirement for these modifications introduces a temporal lag between ligand binding and receptor signaling. A model for the T-cell receptor is proposed in which this feature greatly enhances the receptor's ability to discriminate between a foreign antigen and self-antigens with only moderately lower affinity. The proposed scheme is a form of kinetic proofreading, known to be essential for the fidelity of protein and DNA synthesis. A variant of this scheme is also described in which a requirement for formation of large aggregates may lead to a further enhancement of the specificity of T-cell activation. Through these mechanisms, ligands of different affinity potentially may elicit qualitatively different signals.
The limited value of planning in education: Getting back to the basics isn't all about curriculum

In these times of tight budgets and political intoleance for taxation, public schools, particularly urban public schools, will continually have to look for ways in which to spend less while dealing with ever-increasing societal problems. While the ability of schools to improve the overal “product” with less resources is highly suspect, this article addresses one way in which spending less might actually improve school perfomance.