cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal development of brain enolase isozymes in adrenalectomized rats

Abstract The specific activity of cerebral and cerebellar enolase isozymes (non-neuronal enolase vs neuron-specific plus hybrid enolase) was measured on day 18,25, and 66–67 in rats subjected to adrenalectomy or sham operation on day 11. No group differences were observed for either brain region at any time point. Thus, the postulated switchover of neurons from the non-neuronal to the neuron-specific form of this enzyme occurs independently of adrenal hormones.
Recovery from stuttering as viewed by parents of self-diagnosed recovered stutterers.

Abstract Variables related to recovery from stuttering in sixty-eight junior and senior high school self-diagnosed recovered stutterers were studied through parental interviews. Two-thirds of the parents of the sixty-eight self-reported recovered stutterers did not perceive their child as ever having stuttered. On the basis of the data reported by the twenty-four parents who agreed that their child had recovered from stuttering, positive relationships were observed between recovery and (1) mild to moderate stuttering and (2) initial disfluencies characterized primarily by hesitations and sound or word repetitions. The differences between parent and child with respect to perceptions of the child's earlier speech fluency raises the question of the validity of recall data and suggests the need for longitudinal studies to identify variables related to recovery from stuttering.
Subjective Stress and Coping in Recurrent Tension-Type Headache

Subjects with tension-type headache and headache-free control subjects completed two mental stressor tasks, solving anagrams and mental arithmetic. During the experimental session, measures of heart rate, muscle tension, and subjective stress ratings were recorded. In addition, all subjects completed a week-long series of questionnaires which monitored headache activity in addition to frequency and intensity of stressful life events. Recurrent tension headache sufferers were found to have higher levels of depression and trait anxiety. Headache and control subjects were not found to respond differently to stressors presented in the laboratory based on measures of EMG, heart rate, or subjective stress ratings, nor were there differences in reports of coping. However, diary questionnaires revealed that headache subjects experienced stressful events more frequently than headache-free controls. Headache subjects also rated these events as causing more stress.
Electron-dense structures in mitochondria induced by short-term ethidium bromide treatment.

FIGURE 4 Section reveals three mitochondrial complexes (arrows) . In one mitochondrion a divalent cation granule (G) can also be seen . X 15,000 . FIGURE 3 Longitudinal section of mitochondrion . The complex appears to be arranged in a helical manner . X 35,000 . FIGURE 4 Cross section of mitochondrion showing complex . X 35,000 . FIGURES 5-8 Sections of mitochondria from cells treated for 8 h with EB (10,ug/ml) . FIGURE 5 Mitochondrial complex (arrow) located in a cristae-free area . Note also the dense ribosomes in the cytoplasm. X 34,000 . FIGURE 6 Condensed mitochondrial complex typically seen in 8-h-treated cultures . Note the disorder of the few cristae present. X 34,500. FIGURE 7 A swollen mitochondrion with complex located in a large cristae-free area . X 50,000 . FIGURE 8 Mitochondrion with prominent cristae contains a complex (arrow) and divalent cation granule (G) . X 54,000.
Generic, Stereotypic, and Collectivistic Models of Interpersonal Resource Exchange among African American Couples

In this article, the author used resource exchange theory (Foa & Foa, 1974) as the basis for proposing a model of African American couples' reciprocity of affection and respect. Furthennore, using concepts derivedfrom scholarship on Afrocentrism (e.g., Asante, 1981; Baldwin, 1980; Burgest, 1980), the author places the core of the model within the context of collectivism as an overarching cultural value among African Americans. In addition, the author compares the conceptual and empirical merits of the collectivistic model with a stereotyped model of African American resource exchange (Frazier, 1939, 1957; Moynihan, 1965) that embraces the myth of the "Black matriarchy"; although the collectivistic model still has not been testedfully, it nonetheless shows greaterpotential for explaining individual differences in African American husbands'and wives' affectionate and respectful behavior than does the stereotyped model. Implicationsfor the study of African American male-female relationships are discussed.
Effects of Oiling Time, Storage Position, and Storage Time on the Condition of Shell Eggs

Abstract DETERIORATION of an egg begins immediately after laying. Rate of carbon dioxide and moisture loss greatly influences the rate of change of the thick albumen during storage periods. Cotterill et al. (1958) reported the total amount of carbon dioxide given off by the egg was a function of temperature, time in the container, and partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The beneficial effects of oiling eggs to retard carbon dioxide loss and prevent the deterioration of the thick albumen have been recognized for a number of years. However, this principle has not been utilized to the fullest advantage in maintaining a high albumen condition. Korslund et al. (1957) reported oiling of shell eggs effectively reduced weight loss of eggs regardless of storage temperature or humidity. Stadelman and Wilson (1958) observed that spray oiling of shell eggs on the day following production significantly improved keeping quality during a …
Staggered orbital currents in the half-filled two-leg ladder

Using Abelian bosonization with a careful treatment of the Klein factors, we show that a certain phase of the half-filled two-leg ladder, previously identified as having spin-Peierls order, instead exhibits staggered orbital currents with no dimerization.
The Value of Postmortem Microbiology Cultures

Since the inception of evidence-based scientific concepts in medicine in the 19th century, the utility of postmortem microbiologic examinations has been a topic of controversy. For every study describing a lack of correlation between antemortem clinical and laboratory findings and postmortem culture results, there is equal evidence from other studies that indicates at least some limited utility in select cases. While the contributions of autopsies and postmortem microbiologic examinations in the discovery of novel infectious microorganisms are generally appreciated by the medical and scientific societies, the problems of implementing routine procedures in daily autopsy practice clearly relate to the lack of consensus on their broader utility as well as to a lack of regulatory guidelines. This review provides an overview of the literature-based evidence regarding the utility of postmortem microbiologic examinations together with some practical aspects and guidelines for those confronted with the issue of whether to allow or discourage the use of bacteriologic cultures obtained during autopsies.
Wavefield-continuation Angle-domain Common-image Gathers For Migration Velocity Analysis

We analyze the kinematic properties of offset-domain Common Image Gathers (CIGs) and Angle-Domain CIGs (ADCIGs) computed by wavefield-continuation migration. Our results are valid regardless of whether the CIGs were obtained by using the correct migration velocity. They thus can be used as a theoretical basis for developing Migration Velocity Analysis (MVA) methods that exploit the velocity information contained in ADCIGs. We demonstrate that in an ADCIG cube the image point lies on the normal to the apparent reflector dip, passing through the point where the source ray intersects the receiver ray. Starting from this geometric result, we derive an analytical expression for the expected movements of the image points in ADCIGs as functions of the traveltime perturbation caused by velocity errors. By applying this analytical result and assuming stationary raypaths, we then derive two expressions for the Residual Moveout (RMO) function in ADCIGs. We verify our theoretical results and test the accuracy of the proposed RMO functions by analyzing the migration results of a synthetic data set with a wide range of reflector dips. We propose a 3-D extension of our kinematic analysis to the restricted, but in practice useful, case when the source ray and the receiver ray are coplanar. This leads to a 3-D generalization of the relationships used to compute ADCIGs from migrated images. We demonstrate the application of the 3-D transformation to angle domain on the image cube obtained from common-azimuth migration of the SEG-EAGE salt data set.
Controlled fabrication of Nb superconductive tunnel junctions with anomalous negative resistance

Abstract An anomalous negative resistance seen occasionally in Nb based superconductive tunnel junctions can be produced consistently on rf-sputtered Nb by backsputtering from the Nb surface before oxidation. The maximum current is larger than that for normal metal tunneling.
Clinical correlates of therapeutic response in bipolar disorder

Interest in the factors associated with responsiveness to therapy in bipolar disorder has increased with evidence that lithium has differential rather than uniform effectiveness in bipolar disorder, and also with the broadening of therapeutic options, illustrated especially by the use of divalproex sodium (valproate). Lithium is effective acutely in patients with pure or elated mania, and in its prophylaxis, but may worsen depressive symptoms in such patients when used for long-term maintenance therapy. The nature of previous responses to lithium treatment predicts the type of response that can be expected during a further episode of the disorder. Mixed mania, secondary mania, and mania associated with substance abuse--as well as rapid cycling --generally respond poorly to lithium therapy. Divalproex sodium has a broader spectrum of efficacy and fewer factors that determine differential responsiveness. Data related to treatment with carbamazepine are sparse, but patients with rapid cycling may respond less well to this agent; on the other hand, limited data support the utility of carbamazepine in bipolar patients with extreme psychosis, including those with mood-incongruent features. Both classical and atypical neuroleptics (e.g. olanzapine) could profitably be used in acute mania and mixed states. Lamotrigine has recently been shown effective in bipolar depression and rapid cycling. Patients unresponsive to a single agent may show improvement with combined regimens, though this impression is based more on clinical experience than controlled randomized assignment.
A nonlinear viscoelastic bushing element in multibody dynamics

This paper presents a formulation for incorporating nonlinear viscoelastic bushing elements into multibody systems. The formulation is based on the assumption that the relaxation function can be expressed as a sum of functions which are nonlinear in deformation and exponentially decreasing in time. These forces can represent elastomeric mounts or bushings in automotive suspension systems. The numerical implementation of the nonlinear viscoelastic bushing model into a general purpose rigid multibody dynamics code is described, and an extension of the formulation is also presented wherein component flexibility is included. Model validation was performed by comparing experimental data to simulation results obtained using the nonlinear viscoelastic model and a nonlinear elastic model. The experimental data were obtained at the Center's facilities by testing an automotive lower control arm/bushing system, subjected to a simulated road load event. The comparison demonstrates the better load prediction capability of the viscoelastic bushing model compared to the conventional model.
The electric charge on macroscopic glass surface

Abstract 1. 1. The zeta-potential of walls with which colloidal suspensions may be in contact, may be of great importance in the study of phenomena pertaining to these suspensions, and therefore it is desirable to be able to measure the electrokinetics at such walls. The method discussed in this paper involves the deduction of the magnitude of the electroosmotic currents in a closed cell, whose walls are made of the material in question, i.e., glass, from the hydrodynamics occurring in the cell when an electric potential is applied. 2. 2. Data illustrating changes in the hydrodynamics of a glass rectangular cell with pH are presented. It is seen that the relationship between cell height and particle velocity, which is a curve markedly parabolic in shape when the medium is alkaline or even neutral, approaches a straight line when the charge on the glass surface decreases and the electroosmotic currents become minimized. 3. 3. Actual electric charge data (electroosmotic flow and zeta-potential) are given for the plane glass surface in contact with the electrolyte solution. The charge is negative in alkaline (Na2CO3) solutions. It decreases with decreasing alkalinity, becoming positive in acid (H2SO4) medium.
The Instructional Hierarchy as a Model of Stimulus Control over Student and Teacher Behavior: We're Close but are We Close Enough?

As a stage-based model of learning, the Instructional Hierarchy offers a useful heuristic for organizing research on effective instructional strategies at different levels of skill proficiency. In this paper, we summarize and highlight the unique contributions of each empirical study presented in the special issue. We describe common methodological features across the studies that likely contributed to intervention effectiveness, and present several implications for research and practice.
Two CO molecules can bind concomitantly at the diiron site of NO reductase from Bacillus azotoformans.

CO complexes formed in reduced nitric oxide reductase from Bacillus azotoformans were investigated with resonance Raman and FTIR techniques. These experiments shows the presence of two ν(C−O) bands, one at ∼1970 cm-1 assigned to the heme-CO complex, and one at ∼2070 cm-1 from the non-heme iron, FeBCO. At cryogenic temperatures, the heme-CO complex adopts a semi-bridging configuration with FeB which decreases its stretching frequency to ∼1910 cm-1 and decreases the ν(C−O) of FeBCO by ∼20 cm-1. The concomitant binding of two CO molecules, one per iron(II) at the active site, is consistent with the formation of a [{FeNO}7]2 iron-nitrosyl dimer during substrate turnover. This study strongly supports the notion that this family of enzymes utilizes a reaction mechanism based on catalysis by proximity, where the formation of two iron-nitrosyl groups promotes N−N bond formation.
Bootstrapping left truncated and right censored data

Survival data subject to left truncation and right censoring are encountered in many follow–up studies. One such situation is follow–up data collected under a cross–sectional sampling scheme. Efron (1981) described two different methods for bootstrapping right censored survival data, which he termed the “obvious” and the “simple” methods, and demonstrated that these two methods are equivalent. Using the nonparametric estimate of the joint distribution of the truncation and censoring times and the nonparametric maximum likelihood estima.te for the sur viva1 curve we generalize the “obvious” method of bootstrapping to the current data. A simulation study examining the large sample behavior of the extensions of both methods is presented. The methods are applied to obtain confidence bands for the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of the survival curve, confidence bands for the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of tlie truncation distribution, and confidence intervals for the proportion of trun...
Internal consistency reliability of the Personality assessment inventory with psychiatric inpatients

Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) estimates and standard errors of measurement were determined for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) with a group of psychiatric inpatients (N = 111). Full-scale reliabilities were large and acceptable, averaging .82. Subscale reliabilities were lower, averaging .66. Reliability estimates for full scales and subscales were comparable to those reported for the clinical portion of the PAI standardization group. Of the 20 full scales examined, only 2 (Somatization and Paranoia) had reliabilities (.85 and .80, respectively) that were significantly lower than comparable values reported for the standardization group. Despite statistically significant differences, these values were still considered large and acceptable.
The biomechanical basis for early care programmes.

Musculoskeletal injuries in the workplace are at epidemic proportions. The total cost in terms of disability, suffering and economic loss is enormous. The soft tissues are frequently involved in th...
Modeling the relationship of epigenetic modifications to transcription factor binding

Transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic modifications play crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression, and correlations between the two types of factors have been discovered. However, methods for quantitatively studying the correlations remain limited. Here, we present a computational approach to systematically investigating how epigenetic changes in chromatin architectures or DNA sequences relate to TF binding. We implemented statistical analyses to illustrate that epigenetic modifications are predictive of TF binding affinities, without the need of sequence information. Intriguingly, by considering genome locations relative to transcription start sites (TSSs) or enhancer midpoints, our analyses show that different locations display various relationship patterns. For instance, H3K4me3, H3k9ac and H3k27ac contribute more in the regions near TSSs, whereas H3K4me1 and H3k79me2 dominate in the regions far from TSSs. DNA methylation plays relatively important roles when close to TSSs than in other regions. In addition, the results show that epigenetic modification models for the predictions of TF binding affinities are cell line-specific. Taken together, our study elucidates highly coordinated, but location- and cell type-specific relationships between epigenetic modifications and binding affinities of TFs.
Overwintering of annual bluegrass weevils, Listronotus maculicollis, in the golf course landscape

Annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Dietz) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), adults overwinter in protected areas but their life cycle is completed on highly maintained turfgrass. To better target control tactics on affected golf courses, we need to understand the relationship between overwintering and developmental habitats. Our objectives were to identify factors that influence overwintering site selection and to gather evidence of directional movement. Surveys of natural field populations were conducted in early spring over 2 years to test how abundance of overwintered adults depends on microhabitat (surface composition) and distance from the developmental habitat. The influence of microhabitat on overwintering preference and success was further tested in a multiple-choice and no-choice field experiment by relocating overwintering weevils into experimental arenas where four microhabitats were presented together or singly. The timing and direction of dispersal by walking adults was assessed using paired linear pitfall traps. Results showed that adults could overwinter up to 60 m from the fairway and 10 m into the woods. They were most abundant near the tree line; none were detected within 5 m of the fairway. Microhabitat had a significant effect on abundance in 1 year, being highest in mixed tree litter followed by moss, high-cut grass, and pine litter. Under multiple-choice conditions, high-cut grass was preferred over low-cut grass and leaf litter, followed by pine litter. Pitfall trap captures showed a peak of activity in the spring, and at one site this was directional toward the fairway. There was no directionality or increase in activity in the fall. Based on these results, a new conceptual model of flux between habitats is proposed based on orientation of flying adults to defined tree lines. Defining this behavior will strengthen our ability to target control tactics in space and time against this major turf pest.
Bank asset structure, real-estate lending, and risk-taking

Abstract The banking industry changed substantially in the 1990s as the number of banks declined rapidly, and as we document, commercial banks dramatically shifted their assets to real-estate loans. The portfolio restructuring seems to be followed mainly by capital-constrained banks as real-estate banks have lower risk-based-capital ratios relative to those of our benchmark group. Trading off credit risk for interest-rate risk is only one of the ways to arbitrage regulatory capital. We also show that real-estate banks keep higher ratios of fixed-rate loans to total assets and face higher probabilities of insolvency. The increasing proportion of banks specializing in real-estate lending, the incentives of regulatory discipline, and the weaknesses of risk-management strategies could stress the condition of the banking system during periods of large unexpected increases in interest-rates and are important issues for regulators and bank managers.
Something lost — something gained: the ASCI begins its second century

For the hundredth anniversary of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, we have invited various members of the community to recount here the impact that the Society, its annual meeting, and The Journal of Clinical Investigation have had on them. Their recollections provide a view of the changes that have occurred in academic medicine in general and for the physician-scientist in particular.
Simplification of array access patterns for compiler optimizations

Existing array region representation techniques are sensitive to the complexity of array subscripts. In general, these techniques are very accurate and efficient for simple subscript expressions, but lose accuracy or require potentially expensive algorithms for complex subscripts. We found that in scientific applications, many access patterns are simple even when the subscript expressions are complex. In this work, we present a new, general array access representation and define operations for it. This allows us to aggregate and simplify the representation enough that precise region operations may be applied to enable compiler optimizations. Our experiments show that these techniques hold promise for speeding up applications.
Degradability of hydrogels containing azoaromatic crosslinks

A novel type of biodegradable, pH-sensitive hydrogels was synthesized by crosslinking of N,N-dimethylacrylamide copolymer precursors. These hydrogels contained azoaromatic crosslinks which may be degraded by the azoreductase activities in the colon. Hydrogel degradation experiments were performed both in vitro and in vivo, using rat cecum contents and implantation into the rat cecum, respectively. In order to evaluate the influence of the detailed network structure on the degradation properties, the degradability of hydrogels synthesized by two different methods, i.e., crosslinking of polymeric precursors and crosslinking copolymerization, were compared. Two different patterns of the degradation of hydrogels were observed, i. e., a surface erosion process and a bulk-degradation-like process. The azo bond cleavage rate of hydrogels prepared by crosslinking of polymeric precursors was faster than that of hydrogels prepared by crosslinking copolymerization. The differences in the gel degradation pattern and the cleavage rate of azo bonds were attributed to the differences in the structure of the hydrogel network, i. e., the molecular weight of primary chains and the formation of chain entanglements. Under the experimental conditions used, the degradation rate in vivo was 3 to 5 times faster than that in vitro. It appears that these hydrogels have a potential for colon-specific drug delivery.
2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid Residues in White Asparagus

SUMMARY— Dalapon residues in white asparagus following application of the herbicide for barley control in California asparagus fields ranged from 15 to 0.1 ppm when sampling occurred between 0.08 and 11 days after spraying. Negligible, if any, loss of dalapon occurred in asparagus stored at deep freeze temperatures for up to 14 months. Likewise, cooking under typical home conditions did not affect the residue level, although over half of the remaining dalapon was transferred to the cooking water.
Critical Frequency Measurements in Anomalous Trichromatic Vision

Critical frequency measurements for the light adapted anomalous trichromatic eye were made on spectra of fourteen intensities. No Purkinje effect was observed. The Ferry-Porter law is apparently obeyed but the branches of the Porter graphs are more numerous than for normal vision. The results are interpreted by Allen’s visual reflex theory.Critical frequency measurements at points from the fovea toward the temporal periphery for three wave lengths in the yellow fall on three distinct curves. The ends of the first two probably mark the boundary of the fovea and the macula lutea respectively. One peripheral normal curve is given.
Relationship between foot flexibility and urinary incontinence in nulliparous varsity athletes

Objective To explore the relationship between urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes and force absorption on impact, as assessed by foot arch flexibility. Methods One investigator measured medial longitudinal arch height in two gait stances (neutral and maximally dorsiflexed ankle positions) in 47 female varsity athletes representing five sports. Each athlete completed a questionnaire about urinary incontinence prevalence. We compared the change in arch height between the two gait stances with the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Results There was a statistically significant association between decreased foot flexibility and urinary incontinence; the mean percent change in arch height was 8.94 ± 0.08% (standard deviation) in incontinent women and 13.70 ±0.09% in continent women ( P = .03). Conclusion How impact forces are absorbed may be one potential etiology for stress incontinence. An improved understanding of how impact forces are transmitted to the pelvic floor could provide important information about potential preventive interventions for urinary incontinence and other pelvic floor disorders, such as genital prolapse.
Electronic phase transitions in cadmium at high pressures

Elemental solid Cd crystallizes in the hcp structure with a large c/a value of 1.89. This leads to anisotropy in the Fermi-surface topology, electron-transport and other physical properties. Application of pressure reduces this anisotropy, with the c/a ratio decreasing to the ideal value corresponding to a spherical Fermi surface. There is long standing interest in the detection of departures of c/a from a smooth variation with pressure, and in associating such anomalies with electronic topological transitions. Angular x-ray diffraction measurements were carried out on Cd up to 25 GPa at room temperature. Variations of c/a with pressure reveal anomalies near 2, 7, 15 and 22 GPa; we find anomalies in the pressure-volume compression curve close to these pressures, which are also associated with electronic topological transitions determined from first-principles calculations. Independent in-situ x-ray powder-diffraction determinations of melting for Cd show departures from Lindemann predictions above 1 GPa, consistent with the occurrence of electronic topological transitions.
A preparative column electrophoresis apparatus using Sephadex G-25

Abstract A preparative column electrophoresis apparatus using Sephadex G-25 as a support medium is described. The apparatus has been successfully employed in the separation of closely related horesradish peroxidase isoenzymes. Rechromatography of the isoenzymes on carboxymethyl- or diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns was time consuming and often resulted in the irreversible adsorption of some of the protein. The apparatus described here offers both a convenient and an inexpensive method of purification and one in which the entire sample can be recovered. Quantities as large as 120 mg of protein can be applied to each of several columns with excellent resolution. The column may be reused repeatedly and under a variety of conditions by merely equilibrating the column with a different buffer. The system has also been applied to the separation of “membrane-bound” enzymes in the presence of detergent. These results will be published elsewhere. The method also offers a potential means to measure interactions between proteins or other macromolecules by observing altered electrophoretic rates.
Development of Polarizable Water Force Fields for Phase Equilibrium Calculations

Recent simulation studies for four dipole-polarizable and for two fluctuating-charge water force fields have demonstrated that none of the force fields studied is capable of yielding a satisfactory description of the vapor−liquid coexistence curve from room temperature to the critical region. The performance of these polarizable force fields can be improved dramatically by introducing an additional coupling between the Lennard−Jones interaction parameters for a pair of oxygen sites and their partial charges (electronic configuration). Two different types of water models are presented which are based on either the three-site simple point charge (SPC) or the four-site transferable intermolecular potential 4 point (TIP4P) water representations. Adiabatic nuclear and electronic sampling Monte Carlo (ANES-MC) simulations in the Gibbs, isobaric−isothermal, and canonical ensembles were performed to calculate vapor−liquid coexistence curves, to determine the temperatures of maximum liquid density, and to evaluate...
Evaluation Checklists: Practical Tools for Guiding and Judging Evaluations:

This article describes a project designed to provide evaluators, their clients, and other stakeholders with checklists for guiding and assessing formative and summative evaluations. The checklists pertain to program, personnel, and product evaluations, and reflect different conceptualizations of evaluation. They are constructed for use in planning, contracting, conducting, reporting, and judging evaluations. The checklists, along with papers on the logic and methodology of checklists and guidelines for developing checklists, are conveniently available on the Western Michigan University Evaluation Center’s Web site www.wmich.edu/evalctr/checklists/.
Accumulation and effects of methyl mercury hydroxide in a terrestrial food chain under laboratory conditions

Abstract Seedlings of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), corn ( Zea mays L.) and bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in complete nutrient solutions containing methyl mercury hydroxide (MMH). Aphids ( Macrosiphum gei Ashmead) and green lacewing larvae ( Chysopa carnea Stephens) were reared on the plants. Experiments were designed to examine the rate of accumulation and sensitivity to MMH. Tomatoes were killed within four to eight days at concentrations of MMH exceeding 0·05 ppm. Growth was inhibited by concentrations of 0·01 ppm for tomatoes and 0·05 ppm for corn and beans. Maximum mercury concentrations were found on the second day of treatment in tomato foliage, on the fourth day in aphids and on the sixth day in lacewings. Tomatoes, grown in 0·006 ppm MMH solutions for two days, concentrated mercury in foliage to 250 times while aphids and lacewings concentrated mercury to 1670 and 4178 times the concentration in treatment solutions, respectively. Significant decrease in fecundity and increase in development time occurred when aphids fed on tomatoes growing in 0·02 ppm MMH.
Browsing A Framework for Seeking Functional Information

Indexing, classification, and other aspects of formal systems for access to documents represent documents and questions in topical terms. The discovery and elaboration of new knowledge generally im...
Measurement of the vector character of electric fields by optical second-harmonic generation.

We present a scheme for the determination of the vector nature of an electric field by optical second-harmonic generation. We demonstrate the technique by mapping the two-dimensional electric-field vector of a biased transmission line structure on silicon with a spatial resolution of ?10 µm.
Constant-envelope waveform design for optimal target-detection and autocorrelation performances

We propose an algorithm to directly synthesize in time-domain a constant-envelope transmit waveform that achieves the optimal performance in detecting an extended target in the presence of signal-dependent interference. This approach is in contrast to the traditional indirect methods that synthesize the transmit signal following the computation of the optimal energy spectral density. Additionally, we aim to maintain a good autocorrelation property of the designed signal. Therefore, our waveform design technique solves a bi-objective optimization problem in order to simultaneously improve the detection and autocorrelation performances, which are in general conflicting in nature. We demonstrate this compromising characteristics of the detection and autocorrelation performances with numerical examples. Furthermore, in the absence of the autocorrelation criterion, our designed signal is shown to achieve a near-optimum detection performance.
Parent perceptions of adolescent pain expression: the adolescent pain behavior questionnaire.

Abstract Pain behaviors provide meaningful information about adolescents in chronic pain, enhancing their verbal report of pain intensity with information about the global pain experience. Caregivers likely consider these expressions when making judgments about their adolescents’ medical or emotional needs. Current validated measures of pain behavior target acute or procedural pain and young or non-verbal children, while observation systems may be too cumbersome for clinical practice. The objective of this research was to design and evaluate the Adolescent Pain Behavior Questionnaire (APBQ), a parent-report measure of adolescent (11–19 years) pain expressions. This paper provides preliminary results on reliability and validity of the APBQ. Parent-adolescent dyads ( N = 138) seen in a multidisciplinary pain management clinic completed the APBQ and questionnaires assessing pain characteristics, quality of life, functional disability, depressive symptoms, and pain catastrophizing. Principal components analysis of the APBQ supported a single component structure. The final APBQ scale contained 23 items with high internal consistency ( α = 0.93). No relationship was found between parent-reported pain behaviors and adolescent-reported pain intensity. However, significant correlations were found between parent-reported pain behaviors and parent- and adolescent-reported functional disability, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and poorer quality of life. The assessment of pain behaviors provides qualitatively different information than solely recording pain intensity and disability. It has clinical utility for use in behavioral treatments seeking to reduce disability, poor coping, and distress.
Where will I sleep tomorrow? Housing, homelessness, and the returning prisoner

Abstract This year, over 630,000 prisoners will be released from state and federal prisons across the country—more than four times as many as were released in 1980. In this article, we examine the scope of the prisoner reentry issue—what is known about the intersection of housing, homelessness, and reentry and about the barriers returning prisoners face in securing safe and affordable housing. Although the housing challenges are formidable, progress is being made on numerous fronts. We seek to frame the dynamics of the reentry housing discussion by highlighting the promising strategies that are emerging. These strategies, taken to scale, could help create a very different national policy on prisoner reentry. Ultimately, effective reentry strategies have the potential not only to reduce re‐arrest and increase public safety, but also to reduce homelessness.
A rocky composition for an Earth-sized exoplanet

Planets with sizes between that of Earth (with radius R⊕) and Neptune (about 4 R⊕) are now known to be common around Sun-like stars. Most such planets have been discovered through the transit technique, by which the planet’s size can be determined from the fraction of starlight blocked by the planet as it passes in front of its star. Measuring the planet’s mass—and hence its density, which is a clue to its composition—is more difficult. Planets of size 2–4 R⊕ have proved to have a wide range of densities, implying a diversity of compositions, but these measurements did not extend to planets as small as Earth. Here we report Doppler spectroscopic measurements of the mass of the Earth-sized planet Kepler-78b, which orbits its host star every 8.5 hours (ref. 6). Given a radius of 1.20 ± 0.09 R⊕ and a mass of 1.69 ± 0.41 M⊕, the planet’s mean density of 5.3 ± 1.8 g cm^(−3) is similar to Earth’s, suggesting a composition of rock and iron.
An Assessment of Sustainability across the Campus

Across the curriculum approaches have been used successfully with a variety of topics to demonstrate the importance of skills and ideas across topical areas. Sustainability is a logical candidate for an across the curriculum approach because the concept itself spans disciplines. We sought to implement sustainability across the campus to extend the idea of topical breadth. Sustainability was integrated across four disciplines and three non-curricular areas with control groups to assess the impact of the approach on students’ understanding of the concept and their view of its importance. Based in responses to a voluntary survey, students experiencing the treatment courses scored significantly better in their understanding of sustainability than control students. These approaches were less successful in helping students to see the relevance of sustainability to their courses and careers. These results demonstrate that sustainability can be effectively integrated across the campus, but more work needs to be done to promote application of and student caring about sustainability.
The Perceptions of Teacher Skills and Knowledge by Regular and Special Educators of Mildly Handicapped Students

A group of 109 regular elementary educators and 35 special educators completed the Teachers of the Mildly Handicapped Skill Survey. One-half of each group of teachers reacted to the survey in terms of their own abilities, while the other half was instructed to respond in terms of their perceptions of the skill level of the other group of teachers.The results indicate that, while there is consonance between the self-perceived skills and knowledge of special educators and how regular educators view them, there is an apparent dissonance between how regular educators view themselves and special educators' perceptions of regular elementary teachers.
Increased anterior abdominal aortic wall motion: possible role in aneurysm pathogenesis and design of endovascular devices.

Purpose:To determine whether variations in aortic wall motion exist in mammalian species other than humans and to consider the potential implications of such variations.Methods:M-mode ultrasound was used to measure abdominal aortic wall motion in 4 animal species [mice (n=10), rats (n=8), rabbits (n=7), and pigs (n=5)], and humans (n=6). Anterior wall displacement, posterior wall displacement, and diastolic diameter were measured. The ratio of displacement to diameter and cyclic strain were calculated.Results:Body mass varied from 24.1±2.4 g (mouse) to 61.8±13.4 kg (human); aortic diameter varied from 0.53±0.07 mm (mouse) to 1.2±1 mm (human). Anterior wall displacement was 2.5 to 4.0 times greater than posterior among the species studied. The ratios of wall displacement to diastolic diameter were similar for the anterior (range 9.40%–11.80%) and posterior (range 2.49%–3.91%) walls among species. The ratio of anterior to posterior displacement (range 2.47–4.03) and aortic wall circumferential cyclic strain...
CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY AND CHAPTER CHOICE: STATE PANEL EVIDENCE

Between 1985 and 1996, the number of personal bankruptcy cases filed annually in the United States rose from 341,000 to 1.1 million, and the rate of bankruptcies per 100,000 adults increased from 203 to 596. By state, bankruptcy rates vary from a low of 147 in Hawaii to a high of 956 in Tennessee. A controversial aspect of bankruptcy policy is the discharge of debts permitted under Chapter 7, in contrast to Chapter 13, where the debtor agrees to repay all or a portion of unsecured debt over a 3-5-year period. This paper examines empirically the determinants of the frequency with which individuals choose Chapter 13 relative to Chapter 7 (chapter choice). The panel data set is a cross section of states and the District of Columbia for the 8-year period from fiscal year 1989 to 1996. The empirical model and policy application focus on the importance of several laws for bankruptcy decisions, and legal variables are included for each state's Chapter 7 homestead exemption, personal property exemptions, and garnishment laws. This study shows that both homestead exemption laws and garnishment laws are statistically significant for bankruptcy choices. Although the marginal effect of the homestead exemption is small, there is a large range under current laws, suggesting that changes in this exemption are important for bankruptcy policy. (JEL K1, K4, D2, D9)
Selecting Delivery Methods for Outreach Education Programs

Farmer perceptions of extension program delivery methods and an analysis of the relationships of method and farmer characteristics to evaluation scores are presented. Evaluation scores tend to increase with written, interactive and variable-scheduled methods and methods where users determine the agenda. Evaluations tend to be lower for high user cost and “high-tech” methods. Substantial similarity of results exists across groups of farmers differing by age, education levels, farm size and farm type. There are differences, however, in absolute valuation of the method characteristics across the groups.
The impact of cognitive biases on fraudulent behaviour: the Leeson case

The forensic accounting literature (e.g., Albrecht et al., 2010) places a great deal of importance on the so-called fraud triangle of motive-means-opportunity. Wolfe and Hermanson (2004) presents a cognitive analysis of factors that may impact the motivation element in the fraud triangle, arguing that situational and other factors may lead individuals to engage in illegal acts without conscious intent to violate the law. We argue that cognitive analyses are important also in understanding individual evaluations of the means and opportunities that confront them. We draw on relevant psychological literature to show how cognitive heuristics can be used to explain why certain managers, in the presence of incentives, rationalise and commit fraud in accounting. We use the 'fraud diamond' (Wolfe and Hermanson, 2004) as the basis of our theoretical development. We use the Leeson/Barings bank's case as an example to demonstrate the application of cognitive biases in the perpetration of fraud.
Identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks

It is demonstrated that neural networks can be used effectively for the identification and control of nonlinear dynamical systems. The emphasis is on models for both identification and control. Static and dynamic backpropagation methods for the adjustment of parameters are discussed. In the models that are introduced, multilayer and recurrent networks are interconnected in novel configurations, and hence there is a real need to study them in a unified fashion. Simulation results reveal that the identification and adaptive control schemes suggested are practically feasible. Basic concepts and definitions are introduced throughout, and theoretical questions that have to be addressed are also described. >
Communication-Based Mapping Using Shared Pages

In current shared memory architectures, the complexity of the cache and memory hierarchies is increasing. Therefore, it is becoming more important to analyze the communication behavior of parallel applications when mapping threads to cores, to improve performance and energy efficiency. However, communication is implicit in most programming models for shared memory, which makes it difficult to detect the communication pattern between the threads in an accurate and low-overhead way. We propose a new mechanism to detect the communication pattern of shared memory applications by monitoring page table accesses. Combining this mechanism with a dynamic migration algorithm allows mapping to be performed dynamically by the operating system. We implemented our mechanism in the Linux kernel and performed experiments with applications from the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. Results show a reduction of up to 16.7% of the execution time and 63% of the cache misses, compared to the original scheduler of the operating system. Furthermore, we decrease total processor and DRAM energy consumption by up to 14.7% and 28.5%, respectively.
Language and Persuasion: Linguistic Extremity Influences Message Processing and Behavioral Intentions

The present studies explore the role of linguistic extremity on message processing, persuasion, and behavioral intentions. Past research has found that the use of intense language has led to increa...
Personal communication networks: their application to NS/EP telecommunications

It is noted that personal communication services (PCS) may be able to serve as valuable wireless systems that integrate with existing National Communications System programs in support of the federal government. The authors consider the overall characteristics and possible implementations of PCS. It is pointed out that PCS has potential to provide significant benefits to national security and emergency preparedness users, including mobile capability, access to and egress from the public switched network, the ability to receive calls based on a user identification number, authorized access to presubscribed services, and wireless private branch exchange capability. >