cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Low CTE chip scale package

This paper describes the development of a low CTE organic Chip Scale Package (CSP) jointly by KST and IBM. Tests carried out on the low CTE laminate material and subsequently on the related CSP are described. The new material set, identified as Advanced SLC Package, combines low CTE core and build-up dielectric materials to achieve a composite laminate CTE of 9-12 ppm/°C, which is intermediate between the CTEs of silicon device and conventional board. The lower composite CTE reduces the dimensional mismatch between chip and laminate during Bond and Assembly (BA) to mitigate Chip-Package Interactions (CPI) and white bumps. The low CTE significantly reduces the strain in the solder joints during the reflow process and ensures the solder joint reliability. Global and chip-site warp data from thermo-mechanical modeling are compared to the measured warp data. In addition, other mechanical risk factors for a CSP during BA and reliability stress conditions are evaluated.
Does An ENSO-Conditional Skill Mask Improve Seasonal Predictions?

AbstractThe National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center uses statistical tools together with the Climate Forecast System (CFS) to produce forecasts for seasonal outlooks of U.S. temperature and precipitation. They are combined using an optimal weighting procedure that depends on a skill mask consisting of the average historical forecast skill of each tool. However, it is likely that skill during El Nino–Southern Oscillation events is higher and the use of this information in developing forecasts could lead to improved seasonal predictions. This study explores the potential to improve the skill of seasonal predictions by developing an ENSO-conditional skill mask. The conditional masks are developed in a perfect-model framework using the CFS version 2 hindcasts and two indices of ENSO. The skill of the indices in forecasting variations in conditional skill is evaluated. The ENSO-conditional skill masks provide improvements in correlation skill over the unconditional mask when ave...
Direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system.

A direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system has been developed. The link transmits the data serially over a coaxial cable using the pseudo‐paper‐tape punch and reader (serial PIO) interfaces. The data transmission rate with error‐check is approximately 25 000 8‐bit bytes/s. This translates to about 7 s for transferring a CT scan with a 320‐pixel diameter.
Emergency care of patients with tracheostomies: A 7-year review

The emergency department (ED) care of a patient with a tracheostomy tube can be problematic because of difficulty with patient communication, urgency of airway control, and unfamiliarity with tracheal equipment. The objective of this study was to characterize complications of tracheostomy patients seen in the ED and provide management techniques. A retrospective study was conducted on all patients with tracheostomy complications who presented to a university, tertiary-care ED over a 7-year period. Data obtained included age, gender, operative indication, complication, time of complication, vital signs, and ED management. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. During the study period, 35 patients were evaluated in the ED for 60 complications. The 60 complications were categorized into six groups: 20 (33%) patients presented with dislodged tracheal tubes, 11 (18%) presented with plugged tracheal tubes, 18 (30%) had infection, 7 (11%) had bleeding, 1 (3%) had a pnuemothorax, and 3 (5%) had tracheal/stomal stenosis. Review of the complications that place tracheostomy patients at high risk in conjunction with a review of the literature enabled the development of a standard approach to dealing with patients with tracheostomies that can facilitate proper care of the patients in the ED.
The acute effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine on the cortical serotonergic system of the rat brain: evidence for differences in the effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine.

Cortical tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity was reduced 3 h after a 10 or 15 mg/kg i.p. dose of either amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), or p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). These injections of METH or PCA also decreased cortical serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations; none of the four doses of AMP decreased indoleamine concentrations. The time course of the effects following a 15 mg/kg dose of each amine was also different. Cortical TPH activity was reduced by all three amines for periods up to 24 h, whereas only METH and PCA significantly decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations for long periods. These data suggest that each of the amphetamines may inhibit TPH activity, whereas only METH and PCA produced long-lasting decreases in indoleamine concentrations, reflecting either varying degrees of toxicity or differential effects of AMP on enzyme activity and neurotransmitter concentrations.
Comparison of delinquents and nondelinquents on the IES test.

Many of the causes for delinquency are known, but more investigation is needed in the prediction of future delinquent behavior. It was in this area of delinquency that this study was concerned. The problem was to compare scores made on the IES Test by a group of nondelinquent males with those made by a group of delinquent males to determine if the IES Test would discriminate between these two groups.
Observation of atoms laser cooled below the Doppler limit

The generally accepted theory of laser cooling of free atoms predicts that the lowest achievable temperature is given by kaT = hγ/2, where kB is Boltzmann's constant arid γ is the natural linewidth of the transition for laser cooling. This "Doppler cooling limit" results from the minimization of the detuning-dependent temperature at low laser power1:
"Two Opposite Ends of the World": The Management of Uncertainty in an Autism-Only School

How do individuals maintain a sense of efficacy and purpose in the face of high levels of ambiguity and uncertainty? In research on medical uncertainty, sociologists often discuss the strategies health practitioners employ to control uncertainties relating to diagnosis and treatment. Over six months of ethnographic field work at an autism-only therapy school, we observed seventy-five students and forty-seven instructors and formally interviewed ten instructors and four parents. While other studies on medical uncertainty have focused on controls over external circumstances, we demonstrate that another management strategy is for individuals to perform ethical work on themselves in order to adjust how they conduct themselves in uncertain situations. Despite the ambiguity of both the autism diagnosis and the therapeutic method employed at the school, instructors are able to maintain a sense of efficacy and to recognize themselves as “doing floortime” by transforming themselves to become “child directed.”
QUANTIFYING GREED AND GRIEVANCE IN CIVIL WAR: THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

‘Greed’ vs. ‘grievance’ is weighed using a generally applicable methodology as motivations in the American War of Independence. Greed is quantified as the expected economic benefit of Independence – escaping colonial trade burdens and expected increased economic growth rates. Grievance is measured as willingness to pay to escape perceived political burdens. Quantification of the relative contributions is made possible by using estimates of expected war-costs. To the extent that the economic burden was insufficient to explain the War, the residual is ascribed to the grievance motivation. Both motives are shown to have contributed to the War, but grievance dominates.
Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium and Other Plasma Constituents of Dairy Cattle near Parturition

Abstract The administration of parathyroid extract within 2 hr postpartum to first calf heifers, normal mature cows, and mature cows with a past history of milk fever did not appreciably alter the plasma levels of calcium, magnesium, or alkaline phosphatase. Plasma inorganic phosphorus was increased moderately in most of the animals by the action of parathyroid extract. At the time of parturition mature animals showed a greater decrease in calcium and inorganic phosphorus and a greater increase in magnesium than did the younger animals. Alkaline phosphatase remained relatively constant in all animals. Thirty-one parturitions were studied and six cases of milk fever observed. Data suggest that milk fever can result from either a low level of calcium or a low level of both phosphorus and calcium. Cases of milk fever which relapsed were of the latter type. Parturient cows were not responsive to parathyroid extract and its administration just after calving had no apparent effect on the occurrence or severity of milk fever.
Risk assessment in ambulatory surgery: challenges and new trends

There is a great deal of interest in safety in health care, and the surgical suite is perhaps one of the greatest areas of interest due to the potential for life threatening risk. Nonetheless, the availability of appropriate risk assessment strategies is but in its infancy despite an exponential growth of ambulatory surgery. While there is reason to believe this growth has been conducted in a safe fashion, the increasing acuity of patients and procedures performed in a multiplicity of settings reinforce the need for a scientific determination of risk to aid clinicians and policy makers alike in their work.
Diversity and regulation of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels

Diversity and regulation of amiloride-sensitive Na + channels. Amiloride-sensitive Na + channels play a vital role in many important physiological processes such as delineation of the final urine composition, sensory transduction, and whole-body Na + homeostasis. These channels display a wide range of biophysical properties, and are regulated by cAMP-mediated second messenger systems. The first of these channels has recently been cloned. This cloned amiloride-sensitive Na + channel is termined ENaC ( Epithelial Na + C hannel) and, in heterologous cellular expression systems, displays a single channel conductance of 4 to 7 pS, a high P Na /P K (> 10), a high amiloride sensitivity (K i amil = 150 nM), and relatively long open and closed times. ENaC may form the core conduction element of many of these functionally diverse forms of Na + channel. The kinetic and regulatory differences between these channels may be due, in large measure, to unique polypeptides that associate with the core element, forming a functional channel unit.
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BIFURCATION AND CHAOS IN A PERIODICALLY DRIVEN HORIZONTAL IMPACT PAIR

In this paper, complex motions and chaos in the periodically driven horizontal impact pair are investigated using the theory of switchability for discontinuous dynamical systems. Domains and boundaries are defined due to the discontinuity caused by impacts. Analytical conditions for switching of stick and grazing motions are derived in detail. Generic mappings are introduced to describe different periodic motions and to identify the mapping structures of chaos. The periodic motions in such impact pair are analytically predicted, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation analysis of periodic motions are carried out. Parameter maps with different types of motions are developed. Periodic and chaotic motions with different mapping structures are illustrated numerically for a better understanding of physics of ball motions in the impact pair.
VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVERED SHALLOW SHELLS WITH TRIANGULAR AND TRAPEZOIDAL PLANFORMS

Abstract The Ritz method with algebraic polynomials is used to present the first known natural frequencies for cantilevered shallow shells having triangular and trapezoidal planforms. Detailed convergence studies showed that relatively accurate results can be obtained. Comparisons with experimental and analytical frequencies available in the literature for cantilevered triangular plates are made. These comparisons show that the present method is superior to many other analytical methods used previously in plate vibration analysis. The lowest six frequencies are then obtained for various sets of shapes and curvatures of right triangular and trapezoidal thin shallow shells.
Acute sleep restriction effects on emotion responses in 30- to 36-month-old children

Early childhood is a period of dramatic change in sleep and emotion processing, as well as a time when disturbance in both domains are first detected. Although sleep is recognized as central in emotion processing and psychopathology, the great majority of experimental data have been collected in adults. We examined the effects of acute sleep restriction (nap deprivation) on toddlers' emotion expression. Ten healthy children (seven females; 30-36 months old) followed a strict sleep schedule (≥12.5 h time in bed per 24-h) for 5 days, before each of two randomly assigned afternoon emotion assessments following Nap and No-Nap conditions (resulting in an 11-day protocol). Children viewed emotion-eliciting pictures (five positive, three neutral, three negative) and completed puzzles (one solvable, one unsolvable). Children's faces were video-recorded, and emotion displays were coded. When sleep restricted, children displayed less confusion in response to neutral pictures, more negativity to neutral and negative pictures, and less positivity to positive pictures. Sleep restriction also resulted in a 34% reduction in positive emotion responses (solvable puzzle), as well as a 31% increase in negative emotion responses and a 39% decrease in confused responses (unsolvable puzzle). These findings suggest sleep is a key factor in how young children respond to their world. When sleep restricted, toddlers are neither able to take full advantage of positive experiences nor are they as adaptive in challenging contexts. If insufficient sleep consistently 'taxes' young children's emotion responses, they may not manage emotion regulation challenges effectively, potentially placing them at risk for future emotional/behavioral problems.
Non-Abelian symmetries from higher dimensions in string theories

A bosonic string model with G x G gauge excitations can be understood as the dimensional reduction of a simpler string model in higher spacetime dimensions. It follows that the corresponding effective low-energy theories of these two models are similarly related. A close relationship of these bosonic strings to the heterotic string model is also noted.
Identification of protein-protein and protein-ribosome interacting regions of the C-terminal tail of human mitochondrial inner membrane protein Oxa1L

The mammalian mitochondrial inner membrane protein Oxa1L is involved in the insertion of a number of mitochondrial translation products into the inner membrane. During this process, the C-terminal tail of Oxa1L (Oxa1L-CTT) binds mitochondrial ribosomes and is believed to coordinate the synthesis and membrane insertion of the nascent chains into the membrane. The C-terminal tail of Oxa1L does not contain any Cys residues. Four variants of this protein with a specifically placed Cys residue at position 4, 39, 67, or 94 of Oxa1L-CTT have been prepared. These Cys residues have been derivatized with a fluorescent probe, tetramethylrhodamine-5-maleimide, for biophysical studies. Oxa1L-CTT forms oligomers cooperatively with a binding constant in the submicromolar range. Fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that contacts near a long helix close to position 39 of Oxa1L-CTT occur during oligomer formation. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that all of the Oxa1L-CTT derivatives bind to mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes. Steady-state fluorescence quenching and fluorescence lifetime data indicate that there are extensive contacts between Oxa1L-CTT and the ribosome-encompassing regions around positions 39, 67, and 94. The results of this study suggest that Oxa1L-CTT undergoes conformational changes and induced oligomer formation when it binds to the ribosome.
A human factors engineering conceptual framework of nursing workload and patient safety in intensive care units

In this paper, we review the literature on nursing workload in intensive care units (ICUs) and its impact on patient safety and quality of working life of nurses. We then propose a conceptual framework of ICU nursing workload that defines causes, consequences and outcomes of workload. We identified four levels of nursing workload (ICU/unit level, job level, patient level, and situation level), and discuss measures associated with each of the four levels. A micro-level approach to ICU nursing workload at the situation level is proposed and recommended in order to reduce workload and mitigate its negative impact. Performance obstacles are conceptualized as causes of ICU nursing workload at the situation level.
In vitro response of MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblasts within three‐dimensional apatite‐coated PLGA scaffolds

Biomimetic apatites have been reported to promote osteogenic activities in numerous in vivo and in vitro models, but the precise mechanism by which the apatite microenvironment promotes such activities is not well understood. Such mechanistic studies require reproducible model systems that are relevant to tissue engineering practices. Although two-dimensional (2D) apatite-coated polystyrene culture dishes provide practicality and reproducibility, they do not simulate the effects of the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment and degrading polymeric substrates. A simple 3D model system to address these relevant effects, and its utilization in the investigation of apatite-promoted osteoblastic differentiation in vitro is reported in this paper. Apatite coating was achieved by sequentially immersing poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds into different simulated body fluids (SBF). SEM, EDX, FTIR, TEM electron diffraction confirmed the apatite coating to comprise of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals. While both apatite-coated and noncoated PLGA scaffolds supported MC3T3-E1 attachment, spreading, and proliferation, significant differences in osteoblastic differentiation were observed. Relative to noncoated controls, quantitative real-time PCR revealed significant apatite-associated suppression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), early upregulation of osteopontin (OPN) at 3 days, and upregulation of osteocalcin (OCN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) at 4 weeks. In summary, apatite-promoted osteoblastic differentiation can be observed in a 3D model system that is relevant to tissue engineering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Evidence-Based Medicine, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating condition with high mortality and morbidity rates for those that survive the initial hemorrhage. There has been significant research on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to better understand how we can diagnose, treat, and manage patients with this disease. Cerebral vasospasm accounts for the majority of morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability in these patients, and a large volume of literature is dedicated to preventing and treating vasospasm. This chapter presents a simplified, evidence-based review of the literature about the modes of diagnosis, medical and surgical management, and treatment options of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm.
A Branch-and-Cut Procedure for the Multimode Resource-Constrained Project-Scheduling Problem

This paper considers the multimode resource-constrained project-scheduling problem (MRCPSP) with a minimum-makespan objective. An exact branch and cut algorithm is presented based on the integer linear programming (ILP) formulation of the problem. In the preprocessing stage, lower bounds on the distance between each pair of precedence-constrained activities are derived. These bounds are used to reduce the number of variables in the model and to generate cuts that tighten the linear programming relaxation. The solution process is accelerated by an adaptive branching scheme in conjunction with a bound-tightening scheme that is called iteratively after branching. To find good feasible solutions in the early stages of the computations, a high-level neighborhood search strategy known as local branching is included. Here, a neighborhood of a feasible solution is defined by the linear inequalities in the ILP model and is searched first. As implemented, the full algorithm is exact rather than heuristic in nature. Numerical results are reported for 20- and 30-activity benchmark problems. These are the largest instances available and are generally viewed to be notoriously difficult. Up until now, there were no confirmed optimal solutions for any of the 552 30-activity instances. We were able to find several better solutions and to show that at least 506 are optimal.
DIFFERENCES IN COLLEGE ACCESS AND CHOICE AMONG RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS: Identifying Continuing Barriers

This study focuses on the college application behaviors of students from various racial/ethnic groups in order to understand differences in access and college choice. Student characteristics, predispositions, academic abilities, and income levels were taken into account in our analyses. We analyzed data from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) and the Beginning Postsecondary Student Longitudinal Study (BPS) and found significant group differences in preparation behaviors, college application behavior (number of colleges to which students applied), and attendance at their first choice of institution. The results of this study call attention to the need for campuses to evaluate the potential effects of policy decisions that may impact student choice for different populations of students.
Repetitive ureteral stenting for management of transplant graft ureteral obstruction

PURPOSE: To review the use of repetitive stenting in the management of patients with ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation, with an emphasis on technique and functional graft outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five adult renal allograft recipients with ureteral obstruction were managed with repetitive ureteral stenting. Their hospital records, office notes, and operative reports were reviewed. RESULTS: All patients were successfully managed with retrograde ureteral stenting. They underwent an average of 8.8 stent changes over a mean 34.5 month follow up. No decline in renal function was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive stenting is a viable treatment option for select patients with renal allograft ureteral obstruction.
Spinal congenital dermal sinuses: a 30-year experience.

Objective. Dermal sinus tracts are an un- common form of spinal dysraphism often presenting in childhood with skin findings, neurologic deficit, or in- fection. We reviewed our surgical experience, examining presenting symptomatology, operative findings, and pa- tient outcomes. Methods. A retrospective analysis of operated dermal sinus tract cases by the senior author (A.H.M.) from 1970 to present was made. Results. Twenty-eight patients were identified; 17 fe- male and 11 male. Five cervical, 4 thoracic, 9 lumbar, and 9 lumbosacral tracts were explored. Sixteen patients pre- sented at 1 year. Reasons for referral included cutaneous findings (15), neurologic deficit (8), foot abnormalities (4), infection (3), pain (2), and scoliosis (1). Our initial examination revealed cuta- neous findings (eg, sinus ostea, pigmentation changes, erythema, skin tags, subcutaneous masses) in 27 patients and neurologic deficit in 19. Age-related differences were apparent. Patients >1 year were more likely to have neurologic deficit (92%) as compared with those 50% had neurologic deficit, intradural tumors, or tethered cords. Skin find- ings identification should initiate prompt radiologic evaluation and neurosurgical intervention with intra- dural exploration. Timely intervention may preserve or improve neurologic function in these patients. Pediatrics 2003;112:641- 647; dermal sinus tract, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, split cord malformation, intraspinal masses, men- ingitis.
Improving children’s formal word definitions: A feasibility study

The ability to define a word with accuracy and precision is an important skill that has been associated with academic achievement. This study investigated the feasibility of conducting a lesson on ...
What Exactly Does Credit VaR Measure

Value at risk has become such a widely used framework for thinking about market risk exposure that it is not surprising that people want to extend it to other types of risk. Credit VaR is one such extension. In the credit VaR framework, the “unexpected credit loss” refers to the difference between the expected value of the payoff on a credit portfolio and an extreme loss percentile, e.g., a loss that is estimated to have no more than 1.0% probability of occurring in the next year. But Kupiec argues that credit VaR is not at all comparable to normal VaR. Its properties are such that it cannot be considered an adequate measure of credit risk exposure at all, nor is it an appropriate tool for assessing capital adequacy.
Employee Self-Help Smoking Cessation Programs: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature on employee self-help smoking cessation programs. Included in this discussion are: (1) a rationale for self-help smoking cessation interventions; (2) a synopsis of their applicability to occupational settings; (3) a rational and description of the self-help smoking cessation interventions selected for a large group of employees; and (4) several methodological issues faced in conducting evaluations of smoking cessation programs.
Angiotensin receptor blockers following acute stroke

Elevated blood pressure during the acute stroke period is associated with poor neurologic outcomes; however, treating blood pressure in this setting remains controversial. Interest in modulating the renin-angiotensin system in this setting has gained momentum because of neurohormonal properties, which may provide benefits beyond blood pressure control. The Scandinavian Candesartan Acute Stroke Trial (SCAST) was recently published describing the effects of candesartan in patients with hypertension during the acute stroke period. This study shows that lowering blood pressure with an ARB for 7 days poststroke does not improve 6-month neurologic outcomes. This article provides a context for a continuing discussion regarding the role of blood pressure lowering in patients following acute stroke.
Building a knowledge-based software development environment

The problems of traditional software-development paradigms are examined, identifying areas which can be helped by knowledge-based techniques. A discussion on fundamental software issues which relate to knowledge-based approaches to software development is presented. Based on this discussion, a framework for knowledge-based software development paradigms and tools, and a development environment to support the paradigm are provided. >
NF1 microdeletion breakpoints are clustered at flanking repetitive sequences

Neurofibromatosis type 1 patients with a submicroscopic deletion spanning the NF1 tumor suppressor gene are remarkable for an early age at onset of cutaneous neurofibromas, suggesting the deletion of an additional locus that potentiates neurofibromagenesis. Construction of a 3.5 Mb BAC/PAC/YAC contig at chromosome 17q11.2 and analysis of somatic cell hybrids from microdeletion patients showed that 14 of 17 cases had deletions of 1.5 Mb in length. The deletions encompassed the entire 350 kb NF1 gene, three additional genes, one pseudogene and 16 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). In these cases, both proximal and distal breakpoints mapped at chromosomal regions of high identity, termed NF1REPs. These REPs, or clusters of paralogous loci, are 15-100 kb and harbor at least four ESTs and an expressed SH3GL pseudogene. The remaining three patients had at least one breakpoint outside an NF1REP element; one had a smaller deletion thereby narrowing the critical region harboring the putative locus that exacerbates neurofibroma development to 1 Mb. These data show that the likely mechanism of NF1 microdeletion is homologous recombination between NF1REPs on sister chromatids. NF1 microdeletion is the first REP-mediated rearrangement identified that results in loss of a tumor suppressor gene. Therefore, in addition to the germline rearrangements reported here, NF1REP-mediated somatic recombination could be an important mechanism for the loss of heterozygosity at NF1 in tumors of NF1 patients.
Zirconium-catalyzed enantioselective carboalumination of "unactivated" alkenes as a new synthetic tool for asymmetric carbon­carbon bond formation

The discovery, methodological developments, including those for separation-purifi- cation of chiral flexible primary alcohols, and their applications to the syntheses of some nat- ural products of the titled reaction are discussed.
Constituency Candidates Versus Parties in Japanese Voting Behavior

Most studies of Japanese elections have seen constituency candidates and their campaigns as the major factor in electoral mobilization. In order to explore the effects of candidate campaigns and voters' images of candidates, as well as party identifications, party images, partisan issue opinions, and past voting, I develop models portraying these effects upon the vote, both separately and together, and test the models using survey data. The results show that partisan attitudes are the dominant force in Japanese parliamentary voting. The most plausible explanation for the importance of partisan factors lies in the electorate's being exposed regularly to information about parties but only intermittently to information about candidates. The plausibility of an information-based explanation of the importance of robust partisan attitudes in Japan suggests in turn that comparative differences in voting may reflect systemic variations in information processes.
On developing a simple in-house digital library archive

Digital libraries (DLs) have become a major focus of information technology resources for organizations from academia, to the US Department of Defense to the archeological efforts in Egypt. DLs have transitioned from theoretical exploration to support infrastructure development. The representation of multimedia streams that are both client-acceptable and compliant with digital rights models is currently in an "amoebic" stage; but promises to have a profound, if not extreme, influence on infrastructure development. This paper also describes our recent efforts towards a digital archive of student portfolios, code-named Locutus.
Heparan sulfate in baculovirus binding and entry of mammalian cells.

Makkonen and his colleagues published an article in the Journal of Virology entitled “6- O - and N -Sulfated Syndecan-1 Promotes Baculovirus Binding and Entry into Mammalian Cells” ([1][1]). Some parts of the data and conclusions seem misleading and not fully justified. Heparan sulfate (HS)
Developmental expression of the mouse mottled and toxic milk genes.

In all living organisms, intracellular copper content is regulated and maintained by specialized cellular transport systems mediating copper uptake, intracellular compartmen-talization and utilization, and exit. In the face of copper deficiency, impaired catalysis by one or more of approximately thirty cuproenzymes leads to failure of growth, develop-ment, or survival of organisms or cells. On the other hand, copper excess may lead to pathology mediated by oxygen free radicals, with resultant damage to cellular components (Harris, 1991; Bull and Cox, 1994; Vulpe and Packman, 1995; Danks, 1995).
A rate control scheme for video streaming over wireless channels

Forward error correction (FEC) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) are typically used to improve the reliability of the wireless link. During fading periods, it is difficult to achieve strict delay guarantees using ARQ schemes alone. On the other hand, FEC can provide constant throughput and bounded delay. However, if designed for the worst channel conditions, this causes unnecessary overhead and reduces the maximum achievable throughput when the channel is in good conditions. The target video quality is greatly affected by the instantaneous playback buffer occupancy. Retransmissions of erroneous packets and the reduction in throughput due to FEC overhead can lead to playback buffer starvation. In this study, we introduce a scalable source-rate control scheme for video transmission over wireless packet networks. The scheme aims at maximizing the source bit rate at the encoder while preventing occurrences of starvation at the playback buffer. We carry out the analysis while taking into account the channel variations during video-frame transmission. We characterize the evolution of the transmission process by a finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) that facilitates the analysis. Then, we provide a time average expression that contains the key parameters of the proposed scalable scheme. In our scheme, the amount of frame scaling is optimized while guaranteeing certain delay and loss bounds. Simulation and numerical investigations are carried out to study the interactions among various key parameters and verify the adequacy of the analysis.
Doing difference and accountability in restorative justice conferences

This article analyses social dynamics in restorative justice conferences employing two distinct meanings of accountability: one embodied in performing gendered (and other) social relations, and the...
(p‐Toluenesulfonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane

[5554-81-4] C26H23O2PS (MW 430.50) InChI = 1S/C26H23O2PS/c1-22-17-19-26(20-18-22)30(27,28)21-29(23-11-5-2-6-12-23,24-13-7-3-8-14-24)25-15-9-4-10-16-25/h2-21H,1H3 InChIKey = UDJLRPGUUHGFBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (sulfonyl-stabilized phosphorane reagent used for Wittig alkenation reactions to give (E)-vinyl sulfones on reactions with aldehydes;1, 2 synthesis of (Z)-γ-keto-α, β-unsaturated sulfones with chromium alkoxycarbene complexes3) Alternative Name: tosylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane. Physical Data: mp 186–187 °C,4 IR,4 UV,4 1H NMR.5 Solubility: sol CHCl3(15 mg 1.0 mL−1), fairly sol benzene, THF, EtOH (5 mg, 1.0 mL−1); insol water. Form Supplied: white crystalline powder. Preparative Methods: generated by deprotonation of the triphenyl(p-toluenesulfonyl)methylphosphonium halide salts, which can be prepared by heating of bromomethyl p-tolyl sulfone and Triphenylphosphine4, 5 or by treatment of p-toluenesulfonyl fluoride with Methylenetriphenylphosphorane5 (eq 1). (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: there is no special handling required but storage at 5 °C in a sealed container and drying prior to use are recommended.
Anticulture and Aging

In this chapter, we synthesize two powerful theories: the theory of symbolic violence and the theory of social death. The result is a new concept, a new way to conceptualize social structures, institutions that breed social and physical death, what I call anticultures.
Patchwork Immigration Laws and Federal Enforcement Priorities

Despite predictions that the Supreme Court would uphold some if not all of the challenged provisions of Arizona’s S.B. 1070, on June 25, 2012, the Court struck down three out of four of the provisions challenged by the U.S. government, while indicating that the fourth, § 2(B), the “show me your papers” provision, while not facially unconstitutional, could be subject to an as applied challenge. Despite Arizona’s arguments that the challenged provisions were not preempted because they mirrored federal immigration law, the majority appears to have rejected this theory as well as the notion that Arizona was cooperating in enforcement. Heading off Justice Scalia’s dissent that individual states have the sovereign authority to control their own borders, the Court writes, “It is fundamental that foreign countries concerned about the status, safety, and security of their nationals in the United States be able to confer and communicate on this subject with one national government, not the 50 separate states.” The majority took an almost textbook approach to preemption analysis. In striking down § 3, which made it a state crime to fail to register or carry an alien registration document in violation of federal law, the Court found that the federal government had “occupied the field” of alien registration, thus leaving no room for the states to regulate. In striking down §§ 5(C) and 6, which respectively, made it a state crime to seek or engage in unauthorized employment, and allowed for warrantless arrests of removable aliens, it found that both provisions stood as “obstacle[s] to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” While the Court upheld § 2(B) on its face, it indicated that it would raise constitutional difficulties if § 2(B) were utilized to detain individuals solely for the purposes of verifying their immigration status. This updated version provides a chart for thinking about the relationship between Arizona's legislative intent to discourage and deter 1.) unlawful entry, 2.) unlawful presence and 3.) economic activity of undocumented immigrants, and the specific means chosen. The Court’s decision showed surprising deference to the federal government in its making of immigration policy and its enforcement of the immigration laws. It was consistent with the direction in which the federal government has been moving on these issues, including its prosecutorial discretion policy and its decision to grant deferred action to certain undocumented immigrant youth. While the majority recognized Arizona’s frustrations with federal enforcement, it underscored that Arizona may not pursue policies that undermine federal law.
Minority Stress, Depression, Relationship Quality, and Alcohol Use: Associations with Overweight and Obesity Among Partnered Young Adult Lesbians.

Abstract Purpose: Although lesbian women are more likely to be obese compared to heterosexual women, relatively little research has examined correlates of overweight and obesity among lesbians. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of minority stress and depression, relationship quality, and alcohol-use variables to overweight and obesity among lesbians in relationships. Method: Self-identified lesbians (n=737) in current relationships completed measures of demographics, minority stress, depressive symptoms, relationship variables, and alcohol use. Results: Overweight and obesity were associated with more public identification as a lesbian, more depressive symptoms, increased heavy drinking, longer relationship length, and lower relationship consensus. Conclusion: Health promotion and weight loss intervention programs for lesbians should incorporate psychological, relationship, and alcohol use components to reduce overweight and obesity among lesbians.
Adapting Graph Summaries to the Usersâ€™ Reading Levels

Deciding on the complexity of a generated text in NLG systems is a contentious task. Some systems propose the generation of simple text for low-skilled readers; some choose what they anticipate to be a “good measure” of complexity by balancing sentence length and number of sentences (using scales such as the D-level sentence complexity) for the text; while others target high-skilled readers. In this work, we discuss an approach that aims to leverage the experience of the reader when reading generated text by matching the syntactic complexity of the generated text to the reading level of the surrounding text. We propose an approach for sentence aggregation and lexical choice that allows generated summaries of line graphs in multimodal articles available online to match the reading level of the text of the article in which the graphs appear. The technique is developed in the context of the SIGHT (Summarizing Information Graphics Textually) system. This paper tackles the micro planning phase of sentence generation discussing additionally the steps of lexical choice, and pronominalization.
Controlling factors of above-generation and below-storage reservoir accumulation and favorable area prediction:A case study from K_1q_2 in Shangjia region of Songliao Basin

Shangjia region is outside of Sanzhao source area,and K1q2 reservoir is below K1qn1 source rocks.The migration mechanism of oil from K1qn1 to Shangjia region is analyzed.Oil in Sanzhao source area firstly migrated downward intoFuyangreservoir through T2 faults under the action ofoverpressure,and then migrated to Shangjia region through sand bodies connected byfaults under the action ofbuoyancy,finallydirectlymigrated and accumulated in high fault block traps of K1q2 which were in contact with Fuyang reservoir.The oil accumulation and distribution of K1q2 in Shangjia region are mainly controlled by three factors:high fault block traps developed in K1q2,high fault block traps located in the pathway of oil migration and sand bodies developed in high fault block traps.Based on the analysis of main controlling factors,it is considered that typeⅠfavorable areas of oil accumulation of K1q2 in Shangjia area mainly distribute in the areas controlled byShang9-6,Shang118-120 and Shang124-112 wells and around Sheng26-14 well,and type Ⅱ favorable areas mainlydistribute in the northern region alongShang9-6 and Shang118-120 wells.
Inhibition of Astroglial Nitric Oxide Synthase Type 2 Expression by Idazoxan

Binding of idazoxan (IDA) to imidazoline receptors of the I2 subtype in astrocytes influences astroglial gene expression as evidenced by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and mRNA. To determine whether IDA affected glial inflammatory gene expression, we tested the effects of IDA on astroglial nitric oxide synthase type-2 (NOS-2) expression. NOS-2 was induced in primary rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells by incubation with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus three cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ) or three cytokines alone. Cells were incubated with 1–100 μM IDA, and at 24 h NOS-2 expression assessed. In astrocytes and C6 cells, preincubation with IDA dose-dependently inhibited nitrite accumulation (IC50 ∼25 μM), accompanied by a reduction in NOS-2 protein levels and l-citrulline synthesis activity in cell lysates. IDA also inhibited nitrite production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In astrocytes, but not C6 cells, longer preincubation times with IDA yielded significantly greater suppression, and maximal suppression (>90%) was achieved after a 8 h preincubation in 100 μM IDA. The degree of inhibition was diminished whether IDA was added after LPS plus cytokine mixture. In contrast to NE, continuous incubation with IDA was required to achieve suppression. IDA reduced induction of NOS-2 protein levels, steady state NOS-2 mRNA levels, and activity of a NOS-2 promoter construct stably transfected in C6 cells. These results show that IDA inhibits NOS-2 activity and protein expression in glial cells and macrophages, and suggest that this occurs by decreasing transcription from the NOS-2 promoter.
Structural determinants of increased susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation in post-fire resprouting chaparral shrubs

It is well established that transpiration and photosynthetic rates generally increase in resprouting shoots after fire in chaparral shrublands. By contrast, little is known about how plant hydraulic function varies during this same recovery period. We hypothesized that vascular traits, both functional and structural, would also shift in order to support this heightened level of gas exchange and growth. We examined stem xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and resistance to cavitation (P50) for eight chaparral shrub species as well as several potential xylem structural determinants of hydraulic function and compared established unburned plants and co-occurring post-fire resprouting plants. Unburned plants were generally more resistant to cavitation than resprouting plants, but the two groups did not differ in Ks. Resprouting plants had altered vessel structure compared to unburned plants, with resprouting plants having both wider diameter vessels and higher inter-vessel pit density. For biomechanics, unburned plants had both stronger and denser stem xylem tissue than resprouting plants. Shifts in hydraulic structure and function resulted in resprouting plants being more vulnerable to dehydration. The interaction between time since disturbance (i.e. resprouting versus established stands) and drought may complicate attempts to predict mortality risk of resprouting plants.
A Prospective Evaluation of Acute Toxicity from Proton Therapy for Targets of the Parotid Region

Abstract Purpose: Mucosal toxicities are common acute effects from head-and-neck radiotherapy. The parotid region is ideal for proton therapy (PT) due to sparing radiosensitive tissues distal to the target. We prospectively evaluated acute mucosal toxicity in patients treated with PT for parotid cancers. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three patients received primary (n=7) or adjuvant (n=16) PT for parotid cancers, including salivary gland carcinoma (n=17), skin carcinoma with perineural invasion (n=5), and Ewing sarcoma (n=1). PT consisted of 2-3 passively scattered fields. Median dose was 70 Gy (RBE) (range, 55.8-74.4) using various fractionation schedules. Seven patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Acute toxicities, nutritional status, and weight were prospectively evaluated weekly. Results: Most patients experienced no or minimal toxicity throughout therapy. There were no grade 4 toxicities and only 1 transient grade 3 dysphagia. At the end of treatment, the worst mucositis was grade 2 in 35% with ...
Genetics of Duchenne and Becker Dystrophies

The molecular basis for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies is reviewed from the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Floating Hospital for Infants and Children, New England Medical Center Hospitals and Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
Chirality Induced by the Interaction of C═C and C═X Bonds (X═CH2, NH, NH2+, O, and S) Separated by a Methylene Group.

The chirality derived from the interaction between two double bonds (C═C and C═X where X ═ CH2, NH, NH2+, O and S) across a methylene group has been examined in some detail at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level. The rotamers of these formally achiral molecules that lead to large calculated specific rotations are those that allow overlap between the pair of double bonds, and the rotation is increased when the distance between them is decreased. Although the large specific rotation of unconjugated enones such as norbornenone is usually attributed to a magnetic transition dipole arising from an n–π* interaction of the carbonyl group, it has been found that large rotations may also be found with some conformations of unconjugated dienes such as 1,4-pentadiene. In the relative orientations of the double bonds that lead to large optical rotations, the pair of p–π orbitals are oriented so that they can interact leading to an electric transition dipole, while at the same time they are somewhat twisted with respect to ea...