cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leiomyosarcomas of the small intestine

Small bowel leiomyosarcomas are uncommon but potentially curable tumors often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Twenty such lesions were studied, and 19 of these produced symptoms and signs. Clinical findings included abdominal pain in 17 (85%), rectal bleeding in 8 (40%), anemia in 7 (35%), intraperitoneal perforation in 6 (30%), and abdominal mass in 4 (20%). Various abdominal x-ray examinations revealed nonspecific abnormalities (ileus, bowel obstruction, abdominal mass) in about half the cases in which they were obtained, but in only one instance was the correct diagnosis of small bowel tumor made preoperatively. Five of 12 patients undergoing resection in hope of cure survived five years. These tumors tend to metastasize by hematogenous dissemination, peritoneal implantation, local invasion, and, uncommonly, lymphogenous spread. Wide small bowel resection with adjacent mesentery is suggested for most lesions. Five year survival following resection approximates 50% in reported series.
Identification of dendritic cell subsets responding to genital infection by Chlamydia muridarum.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central for the induction of T-cell responses needed for chlamydial eradication. Here, we report the activation of two DC subsets: a classical CD11b+ (cDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) during genital infection with Chlamydia muridarum. Genital infection induced an influx of cDC and pDC into the genital tract and its draining lymph node (iliac lymph nodes, ILN) as well as colocalization with T cells in the ILN. Genital infection with C. muridarum also stimulated high levels of costimulatory molecules on cDC central for the activation of naive T cells in vivo. In contrast, pDC expressed low levels of most costimulatory molecules in vivo and did not secrete cytokines associated with the production of T helper (Th)1 cells in vitro. However, pDC upregulated inducible costimulatory ligand expression and produced IL-6 and IL-10 in response to chlamydial exposure in vitro. Our findings show that these two DC subsets likely have different functions in vivo. cDCs are prepared for induction of antichlamydial T-cell responses, whereas pDCs have characteristics associated with the differentiation of non-Th1 cell subsets.
A simple method of estimating price elasticities in international trade

Abstract The differential production theory approach is applied to world trade matrices of 1971 and 1975, which yields a price elasticity estimate of the demand for foreign food of about −0.7. The elasticity estimates for raw material and manufactures are both between −0.3 and −0.4.
Effect of Binder and Geometry of Tablet on Rate of Wear, Hardness and Tensile Strength

The relation of concentration of starch and povidone in tablets of Emcompress and Fast-Flo lactose and the relation of pressure applied to the tablets to wear rate constant, hardness and tensile st...
The natural history of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with cystic

With the increasing lifespan of persons with cystic fibrosis (CF), the emergence of a variety of previously seldom seen pathogens, including the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), has been seen. Determining the impact of these indolent organisms on the natural history of cystic fibrosis lung disease has been difficult. We initiated a two-stage study in 1993 to assess the prevalence and clinical impact of these organisms among persons with CF in US CF Centers. These organisms were frequently recovered from older patients with relatively mild disease. While over the short, 15-month course of follow-up no significant differences in the rate of decline of lung function attributable to NTM were seen, concerning changes and progression of high-resolution computed tomography findings were seen in patients from whom these organisms were repeatedly recovered.
Positive Sociology and Appreciative Empathy: History and Prospects:

This paper explores the contributions of sociology (and overlapping disciplines such as anthropology, social policy, and cultural studies) to happiness scholarship from the Enlightenment through to...
Miscibility characteristics of poly-p-phenylene benzobisoxazole and nylon 66 molecular composites

Abstract Miscibility characteristics of poly-p-phenylene benzobisoxazole (PPBO) and nylon 66 molecular composites have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dielectric relaxation, and optical microscopy. The DSC studies show the lowering of melting temperature (T m) of nylon 66 with increasing PPBO content. Beyond the 70 wt% PPBO content, the melting transition of nylon 66 is no longer discernible. The movement of the glass transition temperature (T g) of the mixtures is observable in DSC scans but is not reliable for quantitative evaluation due to the influence of absorbed water by nylon. However, the dielectric loss tangent peak corresponding to T g shows systematic movement with composition, suggesting partial miscibility of the pair. The results of the melting point depression were analyzed in accordance with the Flory polymer-diluent theory. The interaction parameter χ estimated to be about −0.45 in the melt state. These mixtures are not stable and undergo thermally i...
The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation II. Enthalpy change in the methyl-transfer from dimethylacetothetin

Abstract The transfer of a methyl group from dimethylacetothetin to homocysteine is accompanied by an enthalpy change found by direct calorimetry to be ΔH = −12,600 ± 1,300. It is concluded from this result and from a reasonable assumption concerning the entropy change involved, that the reaction has a standard free energy change at pH 7 of the order of −20,000 cal/mole.
Effects of Action Observation on Physical Training After Stroke

Background and Purpose— In healthy humans, observation of another individual performing a motor training task (action observation [AO]) facilitates, in the observer, the effects of physical training (PT) on motor memory formation. It is not known whether this facilitatory process, of potential value for neurorehabilitation, occurs after stroke. Methods— Eight chronic stroke patients completed this crossover-randomized investigation. A transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol that tests formation of motor memories was used to determine the effects of PT alone and in combination with AO in 2 different forms: congruent (PT+AOcongruent) and incongruent (PT+AOincongruent) to the practiced task. Results— The magnitude of motor memory formation was larger with PT+AOcongruent than with PT alone or PT+AOincongruent. This effect was associated with a differential corticomotor excitability change in the muscles acting as agonist and antagonist of the trained/observed movements. Conclusions— These results indicate ...
Gasping for airspace [Spectral Lines]

Sensible regulation of small drones would foster innovation and protect privacy. It's no secret that the United States may be losing its edge in civilian aviation. Nowhere is this more apparent than with small unmanned aircraft, those tiny flying robots that promise to transform agriculture, forestry, pipeline monitoring, filmmaking, and more. While many other countries are racing to develop and use such drones, U.S. innovators remain more or less stuck on the starting line, mired in federal indecision and red tape. At the recent Drones and Aerial Robotics Conference, at New York University, one speaker imagined what would happen if the Wright brothers were to face such restrictions today: Moments before takeoff, a black Chevy Suburban would pull up, federal agents would jump out, and they would halt the ill-conceived experiment for safety reasons.
The Pharmacokinetics and Cardiovascular Effects of a Single Intravenous Dose of Protamine in Normal Volunteers

UNLABELLED: Despite its long use in clinical medicine, protamine concentrations and pharmacokinetics in humans have not been reported. The occasional reoccurrence of anticoagulation after protamine reversal of heparin led us to hypothesize that protamine plasma concentrations decrease rapidly. We developed a method for the measurement of protamine in plasma. Eighteen fit volunteers gave their consent to receive 0.5 mg/kg protamine sulfate administered IV by an infusion pump over 10 min. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output, all measured noninvasively, were recorded and blood samples obtained during and after protamine infusion. Blood plasma was subjected to solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. The administration of protamine was associated with no significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, or cardiac output. Plasma protamine concentrations decreased rapidly, becoming nondetectable within approximately 20 min. Protamine elimination differed significantly between men and women: men had significantly larger areas under the concentration versus time curve. Model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis revealed median (range) values as follows: volume of distribution at steady state, 12.3 (6.9--63.1) L; clearance, 2.2 (1.1--12.1) L/min; and t1/2, 7.4 (5.9--9.3) min. Concentration versus time plots revealed an atypical pattern inconsistent with usual exponential models. The Schwartz-Bayesian criterion identified a one-compartment Michaelis-Menten model and a two-compartment exponential model with irreversible binding as performing better than conventional one- or two-compartmental exponential models; however, performance errors were large with both Michaelis-Menten and exponential models. All models described rapid decreases in protamine blood concentrations. IMPLICATIONS: We developed a method for measurement of protamine in human blood. In volunteers, protamine concentrations decreased rapidly after administration. The rapid disappearance of protamine from the circulation, as defined by a median half-life of 7.4 min, could contribute to cases of "heparin rebound" after initial adequate reversal of heparin.
Submarine discharge of nutrient-enriched fresh groundwater at Stinson Beach, California is enhanced during neap tides

The influence of fortnightly spring–neap tidal variability on submarine discharge of fresh and saline groundwater was examined at Stinson Beach, California. Stinson Beach is a residential community that utilizes on-site systems for wastewater disposal. Fresh, shallow groundwater at the site contains high concentrations of nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN], soluble reactive phosphate [SRP], and silicate) and human fecal bacteria. A groundwater-derived freshening and nutrification of the surf zone during neap tides was observed, followed by a 4-d increase in chlorophyll a concentrations. Analytical models and a freshwater budget in the surf zone were used to estimate the saline and fresh discharge of submarine groundwater. We estimate fresh groundwater discharge between 1.2 and 4.7 L min21 m21 shoreline during neap tides compared with 0.1 and 0.5 L min21 m21 during spring tides. This compares with 15.9 and 22.0 L min21 m21 saline groundwater discharge (forced by waves and tides) during neap and spring tides, respectively. Despite the smaller total (fresh + saline) flux of groundwater during neap compared with spring tides, the larger fresh discharge component during neap tides raises surf zone silicate, DIN, and SRP by 14% ,3 5 %, and 27%, respectively, relative to spring tides. This observed fortnightly pulsing of fresh groundwater-derived nutrients was consistent with seaward hydraulic gradients across the fresh part of the beach aquifer, which varied due to aquifer overheight near the beach face. Darcy–Dupuit estimates of seaward fresh groundwater flow in this area agreed well with the fresh discharge results of the mass balance.
A simulation framework to evaluate airport gate allocation policies under extreme delay conditions

Severe weather can lead to significant runway capacity reductions. Runway priority is typically given to inbound flights, thus fewer flights depart and fewer gates become available for arriving aircraft, leading to delays on the tarmac. We provide a simulation-based framework for evaluating gate allocation policies under reduced runway capacity. We first analyze a simple example, demonstrating the complexity of the problem and some key insights into different operating policies. Having shown that even simple scenarios can be difficult (if not impossible) to evaluate in closed form, we turn to simulation. We model the impact of reduced runway capacity on inbound and outbound flights by considering a major U. S. airport and its legacy carrier, focusing on the impact of delays on passengers. The contributions of this work are to highlight the challenges of accurately modeling the impact of runway capacity reductions and to present a simulation-based framework for evaluating operational policies.
Impacts of Analysts' Cognitive Styles on the Analytic Process

A user’s cognitive style has been found to affect how they search for information, how they analyze the information, and how they make decisions in an analytical process. In this paper, we propose an approach that uses Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to dynamically capture a user’s cognitive style by automatically exploring the sequence of actions and relevant information with respect to the content of the actions. The evaluation results show that our HMM model achieves an average of 72% recall with the APEX 07 collection. We also study the link between a user’s cognitive style and the various attributes relating to document content during an analytical process. The results show that the “analytic” group tends to focus on documents with significantly more specific information than the “wholist” group. The specific/general attribute of documents can help us in classifying a user’s cognitive styles automatically
Rating Teachers Cheaper, Faster, and Better: Not So Fast

Gargani and Strong claim to have developed and validated an observation system that requires only 4 hr of training, but one that can identify effective teachers using just 20 min of one video-taped lesson. They further contend that their six-item inventory requires little judgment from those who use it. They describe their instrument, the Rapid Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness (RATE), as better, faster, and cheaper than other available instruments. Although we find some aspects of their work (e.g., their work describing instrument development) as well done, we find, more generally, that their claims are premature and inflated. Their work suffers from several problems including inattention to relevant historical work, no demonstrated ecological validity, no working theory, and lacks a clear conception of what RATE is. At this stage of development, we rate RATE as having limited, if any, capacity for improving teaching.
Assessing the sustainability of agritourism in the US: a comparison between agritourism and other farm entrepreneurial ventures

Diversifying on-farm enterprise portfolios, especially through agritourism, is claimed to increase farm revenues and help alleviate the economic problems of family farms. Thus, the adoption of agritourism in the US has steadily increased during recent years. Agritourism is also suggested to produce environmental and sociocultural benefits. To quantify these benefits, this study assessed the sustainability of agritourism farms, compared with other farm entrepreneurial ventures, using the “sustainable development” and “farm enterprise diversification” frameworks. Data from 873 US farms with a diversified entrepreneurial portfolio revealed that agritourism farms approach sustainability to a greater extent than their counterparts, producing multiple environmental, sociocultural and economic benefits for their farms, households and even society. Results suggest that agritourism, compared with other farm entrepreneurial ventures, is more successful in increasing farm profits, creating jobs and conserving the na...
Bioavailability and size-fraction of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur at the Arbutus Lake watershed, Adirondack Mountains, NY

The heterogeneity of DOM is closely linked with the various sources and the diversity of biogeochemical processes. We studied the spatial and temporal patterns of the quantity (bioavailable [B-] and refractory concentrations by laboratory incubations) and quality (δ13C, aromaticity, and size-fraction by ultrafiltration [low molecular weight (LMW) 1 kDa]) of dissolved organic C (DOC), N (DON), and S (DOS) for surface waters (two upland streams, two wetland-affected streams, and lake outlet) over a 14-month period within the Arbutus Lake watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA. The % BDOC and % BDON of this watershed averages ranged from 6 to 18 % and from 12 to 43 %, respectively. The DOC and DON concentrations increased as water was transported through wetland areas of the Arbutus Lake watershed. DOC and DON constituents in the surface waters passing through a wetland were composed mostly of refractory HMW components (% HMWDOC: 55 %, % HMWDON: 60 %) with a higher level of aromaticity compared to upland streams (% HMWDOC: approximately 35 %, % HMWDON: approximately 30 %). DOS was dominated by the refractory (% BDOS range 6–13 %) and LMW (% LMWDOS range 62–96 %) form and we suggest that bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction might play an important role in generating this distinct DOS biogeochemistry. The aromaticity was positively related to total DOC concentration, but negatively to % BDOC. Arbutus Lake DOM was dominated by bioavailable and LMW characteristics, compared to wetland-affected streams where refractory and HMW DOM fractions were more prevalent. Our study suggests the different variability of DOM characteristics among elements (C, N, S) using a “bioavailability-molecular size model” showing a diagenetic perspective due to the relative refractoriness of the LMW DOS. This study also highlights the importance of multiple approaches for understanding DOM biogeochemistry with respect to molecular size, bioavailability, aromaticity, stoichiometry, isotopic values, and elemental concentrations.
HISTORIC CYCLES OF FRAGMENTATION AND EXPANSION IN PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS (PAPILIONIDAE) INFERRED USING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

Climate oscillations of the Quaternary drove the repeated expansion and contraction of ecosystems. Alpine organisms were probably isolated in sky island refugia during warm interglacials, such as now, and expanded their range by migrating down-slope during glacial periods. We used population genetic and phylogenetic approaches to infer how paleoclimatic events influenced the distribution of genetic variation in the predominantly alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus. We sequenced a 789 bp region of cytochrome oxidase I for 385 individuals from 20 locations throughout the Rocky Mountains, ranging from southern Colorado to northern Montana. Analyses revealed at lease two centers of diversity in the northern and southern Rocky Mountains and strong population structure. Nested clade analysis suggested that the species experienced repeated cycles of population expansion and fragmentation. The estimated ages of these events, assuming a molecular clock, corresponded with paleoclimatic data on habitat expansion and contraction over the past 400,000 years. We propose that alpine butterflies persisted in an archipelago of isolated sky islands during interglacials and that populations expanded and became more connected during cold glacial periods. An archipelago model implies that the effects of genetic drift and selection varied among populations, depending on their latitude, area, and local environment. Alpine organisms are sensitive indicators of climate change and their history can be used to predict how high-elevation ecosystems might respond to further climate warming.
Selectin-like kinetics and biomechanics promote rapid platelet adhesion in flow: the GPIb/spl alpha/-vWF tether bond

The ability of platelets to tether to and translocate on injured vascular endothelium relies on the interaction between the platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib alpha (GPIb/spl alpha/) and the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF-A1). We now report that the GPIb/spl alpha/-vWF-A1 tether bond displays similar kinetic attributes as the selectins including: 1) the requirement for a critical level of flow to initiate adhesion, 2) short-lived tethering events at sites of vascular injury in vivo, and 3) a fast intrinsic dissociation rate constant, k/sub off//sup 0/ (3.45 /spl plusmn/ 0.37 s/sup -1/). Values for k/sub off/, also varied exponentially (4.2 /spl plusmn/ 0.8 s/sup -1/ to 7.3 /spl plusmn/ 0.4 s/sup -1/) as a function of the force applied to the bond (from 36 to 217pN). The biological importance of rapid bond dissociation is demonstrated by kinetic characterization of the naturally occurring A1 domain mutation, I546V that results in spontaneous binding of plasma vWF to circulating platelets in flowing blood. This mutation resulted in a loss of the shear threshold phenomenon, a /spl sim/6-fold reduction in k/sub off/, but no significant alteration in the ability of the tether bond to resist shear-induced forces. Thus, flow dependent adhesion and rapid and force-dependent kinetic properties are the predominant features of the GPIb/spl alpha/-vWF-A1 tether bond.
Synthesis of deoxyglucose-1-phosphate, deoxyglucose-1,6-bisphosphate, and other metabolites of 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose in rat brain in vivo : influence of time and tissue glucose level

When the kinetics of interconversion of deoxy[14C]glucose ([14C]DG) and [14C]DG-6-phosphate ([14C]DG-6-P) in brain in vivo are estimated by direct chemical measurement of precursor and products in acid extracts of brain, the predicted rate of product formation exceeds the experimentally measured rate. This discrepancy is due, in part, to the fact that acid extraction regenerates [14C]DG from unidentified labeled metabolites in vitro. In the present study, we have attempted to identify the 14C-labeled compounds in ethanol extracts of brains of rats given [14C]DG. Six 14C-labeled metabolites, in addition to [14C]DG-6-P, were detected and separated. The major acid-labile derivatives, DG-1-phosphate (DG-1-P) and DG-1,6-bisphosphate (DG-1,6-P2), comprised approximately 5 and approximately 10-15%, respectively, of the total 14C in the brain 45 min after a pulse or square-wave infusion of [14C]DG, and their levels were influenced by tissue glucose concentration. Both of these acid-labile compounds could be synthesized from DG-6-P by phosphoglucomutase in vitro. DG-6-P, DG-1-P, DG-1,6-P2, and ethanol-insoluble compounds were rapidly labeled after a pulse of [14C]DG, whereas there was a 10-30-min lag before there was significant labeling of minor labeled derivatives. During the time when there was net loss of [14C]DG-6-P from the brain (i.e., between 60 and 180 min after the pulse), there was also further metabolism of [14C]DG-6-P into other ethanol-soluble and ethanol-insoluble 14C-labeled compounds. These results demonstrate that DG is more extensively metabolized in rat brain than commonly recognized and that hydrolysis of [14C]DG-1-P can explain the overestimation of the [14C]DG content and underestimation of the metabolite pools of acid extracts of brain. Further metabolism of DG does not interfere with the autoradiographic DG method.
The Perceived Benefits of Religious and Spiritual Coping Among Older Adults Living with HIV/AIDS

Although religious and spiritual beliefs and practices have been frequently associated with greater psychological well-being among illness populations, little is known about the specific benefits individuals perceive they receive from these beliefs and practices. This issue was examined in interviews with 63 older HIV-infected adults. Participants reported a variety of benefits from their religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, including: (1) evokes comforting emotions and feelings; (2) offers strength, empowerment, and control; (3) eases the emotional burden of the illness; (4) offers social support and a sense of belonging; (5) offers spiritual support through a personal relationship with God; (6) facilitates meaning and acceptance of the illness; (7) helps preserve health; (8) relieves the fear and uncertainty of death; (9) facilitates self-acceptance and reduces self-blame. These perceived benefits suggest potential mechanisms by which religion/spirituality may affect psychological adjustment.
Recognition of pictures by alcoholic Korsakoff patients

Relative to controls, Korsakoff patients were only mildly impaired in recognition memory for abstract pictures. A comparison of the present results with those reported previously in the literature suggests that Korsakoff amnesics’ picture-recognition performance is generally highly correlated with that of normals. The results indicate that some important aspects of recognition memory are preserved in Korsakoff amnesia.
Analysis of rates of receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis of a fluorescent hapten-protein conjugate in murine macrophage: Implications for antigen processing

A novel fluorescent hapten-protein conjugate was constructed to monitor the events required for CD 4+ T lymphocyte recognition of antigenic proteins. Previous studies utilizing the probe demonstrated that the hapten-protein was localized to an acidic endocytic compartment within the macrophage and that the hapten-protein was sensitive to multiple intracellular events including enzymatic degradation, acidification, and disulfide bond reduction. More importantly, recent experiments indicated that efficient internalization of the probe was dependent upon specific recognition of the hapten. Therefore, the present report addressed the effect of receptor-mediated endocytosis upon the processing of the hapten-protein within murine peritoneal macrophage. These studies determined that the rate of endocytosis was significantly faster than the rate of exocytosis. Specifically, the rate of exocytosis was estimated to be 3.4 × 104 s−1 based on a unimolecular rate constant. Although at higher concentrations, a slightly slower rate was observed (1.9 × 104 s−1). This study also represented one of the first efforts to measure the intracellular concentration effect typically associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis. Experiments involving a radioactively labeled hapten-protein conjugate revealed that the probe was at 100-fold higher concentration within the endocytic vesicles when compared to the extracellular media. The intracellular mechanism involved in this phenomenon was discussed as well as the implications of these findings upon MHC II-peptide binding.
Use of a gum elastic bougie (GEB) in a zone II penetrating neck trauma: a case report

Abstract A 54-year-old man presented with a deep zone II neck injury accompanied by profuse bleeding secondary to attempting suicide by slashing his anterior neck with a knife. Blind passage of the endotracheal tube (ETT) into the glottis through the open anterior neck was unsuccessful. In a second attempt a gum elastic bougie (GEB) was inserted directly through the vocal cord, and “tracheal clicking” and a “hold up” were appreciated. The ETT was then easily fed over the GEB and was successfully passed into the trachea. The patient underwent operative repair and tracheostomy, and he left the hospital 2 days later with his baseline mental status. The use and the benefits of the GEB are reviewed.
A robust identification approach to gait recognition

In this paper we address the problem of human gait recognition from a robust identification and model (in)validation prospective. The main idea is to apply dimensionality reduction technique to extract the spatio-temporal information by mapping the gait silhouette sequence to a low dimensional time sequence, which is considered as the output of a linear time invariant (LTI) system. A class of gaits is associated to a nominal discrete LTI system which has a periodic impulse response and is identified by robust identification approach. Correspondingly, gait recognition can be formulated as measuring the difference between the models representing different gait sequences. Our approach provides an efficient way to extract, to model shape-motion information of gait sequence, and to measure the difference between gait sequence models which is robust to gait cycle localization, gross appearance variation, and time scaling. These results are illustrated with practical examples on popular gait databases.
Unifying evolutionary and network dynamics.

Many important real-world networks manifest small-world properties such as scale-free degree distributions, small diameters, and clustering. The most common model of growth for these networks is preferential attachment, where nodes acquire new links with probability proportional to the number of links they already have. We show that preferential attachment is a special case of the process of molecular evolution. We present a single-parameter model of network growth that unifies varieties of preferential attachment with the quasispecies equation (which models molecular evolution), and also with the Erdos-Renyi random graph model. We suggest some properties of evolutionary models that might be applied to the study of networks. We also derive the form of the degree distribution resulting from our algorithm, and we show through simulations that the process also models aspects of network growth. The unification allows mathematical machinery developed for evolutionary dynamics to be applied in the study of network dynamics, and vice versa.
Localization of Southern Resident killer whales using two star arrays to support marine renewable energy

Tidal power has been identified as one of the most promising commercial-scale renewable energy sources. Puget Sound, Washington, is a potential site to deploy tidal power generating devices. The risk of injury for killer whales needs to be managed before the deployment of these types of devices will be approved by regulating authorities. A passive acoustic system consisting of two star arrays, each with four hydrophones, was designed and implemented for the detection and localization of Southern Resident killer whales. Performance evaluation of the passive acoustic system was conducted at Sequim Bay, Washington. A total of nine sound source locations were chosen, within a radius of 250 m around the star arrays, to evaluate the accuracy of our localization approach. A localization algorithm, a least square solver, was applied to obtain a bearing location to a sound source from each star array. The sound source location was estimated by the intersection of the bearings from the two star arrays. Bearing and distance errors were computed to compare calculated and true (from Global Positioning System) sound source locations. Observed bearing errors were within 1.04o for eight of the nine test locations; location 3 had bearing errors slightly larger than expected due to a high level of background noise. The distance errors for six of the test locations were between 1.91 and 32.36 m. The other two test locations, 8 and 9, were near the line passing through the centers of the two star arrays, where large errors were expected based on theoretical sensitivity analysis results.
Care needed with i.v. acetaminophen

On November 2, 2010, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first i.v. formulation of acetaminophen,[1][1] which is labeled in the United States for use in patients two years of age or older. I.V. acetaminophen has been available in Europe since 2002, and oral acetaminophen has been
Challenging a Teacher's Perceptions of Mathematical Smartness Through Reflections on Students’ Thinking

Creating equitable opportunities so all students can learn and succeed mathematically has been a key focus of mathematics education across several decades. Central to student achievement are students’ mathematical identity and their feelings of success during instruction. Researchers (e.g., Boaler & Staples, 2008) have shown that teachers can be particularly powerful in shaping students’ beliefs, feelings of success, and achievement, but few studies have investigated how teachers frame what it means to be successful or “smart” in mathematics. Through the social construct of smartness (Hatt, 2012) and the learning perspectives of incremental and entity theories (Blackwell, Trzesnieski, & Dweck, 2007; Yeager & Dweck, 2012), I examine how one teacher, Mrs. Purl, conceptualized what it meant to be smart in mathematics and how this perception changed slowly, over time, through repeated examination and discussion of individual student's thinking. As Mrs. Purl came to know her students at a personal level, she b...
An emerging threat: eve meets a robot

In this work, we study the emerging security threats in a quickly proliferating field: robotics. The next generation robots embody most of the networking and computing components we normally use for everyday computing. Thus, the next generation robots virtually inherit all of the security weaknesses we are struggling with today. To make things worse, vulnerabilities in robots are much more significant, as they physically interact with their surroundings which include human beings. In this paper, we first provide a classification of potential physical attacks on robots. In addition, we outline a concrete active attack and propose a countermeasure.
Residual cancer burden (RCB) is practical and may be more informative than pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)

21103 Background: Complete pathological response (pCR) has been considered a reliable endpoint to assess the benefit of NC. However, different pathological responses ranging from near complete resp...
Standardizing peri-procedural antithrombotic therapy instructions in a community hospital

Abstract Objective Our study describes improvement in patient adherence to guidelines for peri-procedural management of antithrombotic therapy following development of protocols and implementation of a standardized process to deliver instructions to patients who are scheduled to undergo procedures in the community hospital setting. Methods Baseline data revealed suboptimal patient adherence to guidelines for peri-procedural management of aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel (Douketis et al., 2012) 1 . We convened a multidisciplinary stakeholder group to develop standard protocols for patients taking these medications. Following protocol development, we standardized the patient instruction process to enhance its reliability, improve patient satisfaction, and streamline physician office workflow. We compared data on patient adherence to published guidelines for peri-procedural management pre and post development of the protocols and implementation of a standardized instruction process. Results Our pilot results demonstrated improvement in adherence to published guidelines for aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel patients. Results achieved statistical significance for aspirin patients, but our study was underpowered to detect statistically significant changes for warfarin and clopidogrel. Review of the evidence, data collection focusing on improved adherence to evidence-based guidelines and prevention of adverse events, streamlined workflow, and increased accountability for non-adherence to best practice should all be employed as strategies for successful adoption. Conclusion Development of institutional instruction protocols allowed for delivery of standard preoperative instructions to patients. Standardizing the patient instruction process improved patient adherence to evidence based guidelines for peri-procedural management of aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel. Our initiative identifies strategies to overcome barriers to quality improvement efforts that may be more unique to the community hospital setting, where resources are less readily available than in an academic medical center. Improved patient adherence to published guidelines should prompt future work to determine the effects of standardization on outcomes such as mortality and complications (bleeding or thromboembolic), patient, and staff satisfaction.
Glycogen resynthesis in leg muscles of rats during exercise

This study was undertaken to determine whether glycogen resynthesis can occur in glycogen-depleted muscles in response to glucose feeding during prolonged exercise. Rats were exercised for 40 min with a treadmill running program designed to deplete muscle glycogen. One group was studied immediately after the glycogen-depletion exercise. A second group was given 1 g glucose by stomach tube and exercised for an additional 90 min at a running speed of 22 m/min on a treadmill set at an 8 degree incline; they were given additional 1-g glucose feedings after 30 and 60 min of running. The initial 40-min run resulted in liver glycogen depletion, large decreases in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and a marked lowering of muscle glycogen. The glucose feedings resulted in greater than twofold increases in the concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma, and of glycogen in leg muscles, during the 90 min of running. No repletion of liver glycogen occurred. These results provide evidence that glycogen resynthesis can occur in glycogen-depleted muscle despite continued moderate intensity exercise if sufficient glucose is made available.
The Background of Modern American Business Law

This is an attempt to introduce lawyers trained in the civil law tradition about the unique features of the common law and equity traditions that influence American business entity law. The approach is historical, and traces the development of equitable ownership and equitable duties to the 14th century. It also introduces the uniquely English notion of the Internal Affairs Rule as the source of jurisdictional competition and innovation in the American system. It then proceeds with a more conventional discussion of the operation of American laws governing business entities.
Kinetic studies on a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from human placenta.

Abstract Kinetic studies have shown that the reaction catalyzed by the human placental 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase proceeds by a single displacement mechanism. Addition of the reactants is ordered with NAD + binding first. The lifetime of the ternary complex is affected by the pH of the reaction mixture. At pH 7.0 a kinetically significant ternary complex is formed, while at pH 9.0 the ternary complex is not kinetically significant (Theorell-Chance mechanism). There is evidence for the occurrence of a kinetically significant isomerization of the enzyme · NADH complex at pH 9.0 but not at pH 7.0. At high substrate concentrations there is formation of unreactive complexes between the 15-hydroxyrostaglandin and both the free enzyme and enzyme · NADH complex and between the 15-ketoprostaglandin and both the free enzyme and enzyme · NAD + complex. The inhibition of the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by various prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogs may be explained by the formation of similar unreactive complexes. Certain prostaglandin analogs, arachidonic acid, and ethacrynic acid also affect the activity of the enzyme by causing its irreversible inactivation.
Bounds on the Perimeter of an Ellipse via Minkowski Sums

Since the perimeter L(E) of the elUpse E={(x,y): (x2/a2) + (y2/b2) 0) is not an elementary function of a and b, it seems natural to estimate L(E) in terms of averages (or means) of a, b, and the perimeter of the unit disk D={(x, y): x2 +y2 <l}. One of the earUest such approximations, L(E) = 2w (a + b)/2, can be found in Kepler's notes [see D. H. Lehmer, "Approximations to the Area of an ^-dimensional Ellipsoid," Canadian Journal of Mathematics 2 (1950) 267-282]. This estimate is plausible since (Figure 1) it averages the circumradius and the inradius of the elUpse.
In-situ Measurement of Viscous Flow of Thermal Silicon Dioxide Thin Films at High Temperature

With a newly constructed high temperature wafer curvature system, we measured significant viscous flow of thermal oxides at temperatures as low as 800°C. In-situ measurements were performed at temperatures between 800°C and 1100°C for wet and dry thermal oxide films of various thicknesses. We found that dry oxides have higher stresses and slower stress relaxation compared to wet oxides grown at higher temperatures. The viscosity of thermal oxide thin films was found to increase with time during relaxation and a structural relaxation process is suggested to explain this phenomenon.
Energy Concern in Biomolecular Simulations Involving Transitions From Coarse to Finer Grain Models

Generating self-adjusting multiscale models is necessary to analyze the complex behavior of biomolecular systems in an accurate, yet timely manner. The model transitions are achieved by effectively imposing or releasing certain systems constraints from a fine scale model to a reduced order model or vice versa. In the process of model reduction of such molecular systems, naturally existing higher modes are frozen out in the modeling because the internal metric had previously indicated these modes of motion as less relevant. In the transition from a coarse model back to a finer one, the appropriate amount of energy must be put back to the system. Herein, the non-uniqueness or even the presence of infinite number of solutions in this transition is addressed. Optimization and non-optimization methods are proposed to arrive at the finite number of solutions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Two-photon photoemission from a copper cathode in an X -band photoinjector

This paper presents two-photon photoemission from a copper cathode in an $X$-band photoinjector. We experimentally verified that the electron bunch charge from photoemission out of a copper cathode scales with laser intensity (I) square for 400 nm wavelength photons. We compare this two-photon photoemission process with the single photon process at 266 nm. Despite the high reflectivity ($R$) of the copper surface for 400 nm photons ($R=0.48$) and higher thermal energy of photoelectrons (two-photon at 200 nm) compared to 266 nm photoelectrons, the quantum efficiency of the two-photon photoemission process (400 nm) exceeds the single-photon process (266 nm) when the incident laser intensity is above $300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GW}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. At the same laser pulse energy ($E$) and other experimental conditions, emitted charge scales inversely with the laser pulse duration. A thermal emittance of 2.7 mm-mrad per mm root mean square (rms) was measured on our cathode which exceeds by sixty percent larger compared to the theoretical predictions, but this discrepancy is similar to previous experimental thermal emittance on copper cathodes with 266 nm photons. The damage of the cathode surface of our first-generation $X$-band gun from both rf breakdowns and laser impacts mostly explains this result. Using a 400 nm laser can substantially simplify the photoinjector system, and make it an alternative solution for compact pulsed electron sources.
Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens causing urinary tract infection in children with refractory nephrotic syndrom

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in urinary system infection with refractory nephrotic syndrome(RNS).METHODS A total of 142 urine specimens collected from RNS patients of our hospital during Jan 2007 to Dec 2009 were cultured and detected the d drug-resistance.Susceptibility test was taken by Kirby-Bauer method.Extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs) were detected by double-disc synergy test.RESULTS All of 76 pathogens were isolated in 70 specimens,Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen(36.85%),followed by Enterococcus(18.42%).The Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to imipenem,nitrofurantoin and topiperacillin/tazobactam.The Enterococcus were sensitive to vancomycin(100.00%).CONCLUSIONS E.coli is still the most common pathogen in urinary tract infection with RNS,but the rate of G+ cocci infection is higher than the common.It should pay attention to fungal and Acinetobacter baumannii infection in the patients who had used glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant for more than two years.The commonly used drugs such as ampicillin,the third generation cephalosporin,etc,have produced a higher resistance.Clinician should pay attention to the pathogens detection and drug resistance and use antimicrobials correcttly according to the result of drug-sensitivity.
Application of Ecosystem Services Assessment to the Benefit Evaluation of Land Consolidation Projects

The result of ecosystem services assessment can provide a scientific basis for land use planning and design,so as to improve agricultural productivity and efficiency,improve the effectiveness of land consolidation and finally achieve the goal of sustainable development.This paper selects a land consolidation project at Wangmuying,Yanqing District,Beijing,as a typical case,and estimates its economic value of ecosystem services with the table of equivalent weight factor of economic value of ecosystem services advanced by Chinese scholars.The result shows that the ecosystem services before and after land consolidation are respectively 1.421 3 and 1.561 2 million,increasing by 9.84%.The paper also analyzes the causes and outcomes of the changes.
In-situ Opening Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Applications for Device Assembly and Field Emission

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed for applications in microelectronic applications, especially for electrical interconnects and nanodevices, due to their excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Usually, the CNTs produced by arcing, laser ablation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are inevitably close-ended. Due to the weak coupling of the individual walls and close ends, it leads to conclusions that only the outer wall of multi-walled CNT is contributed to the current-carrying capacity. However, recent research shows that each wall of the multi-walled CNTs contributes to the saturation current to obtain a very high current-carrying capacity, i.e., the multichannel electron transport could be achieved by opening multi-walled CNTs. The previous process to open the CNTs can't be applied to the aligned CNTs, since they will damage the original alignment of CNTs. In this paper, we for the first time report a simple process to achieve simultaneous CNT growth and opening of the CNT ends, while keeping alignment of the original CNT films/arrays. The addition of relatively low reactivity oxidizing agents (water) into the reaction furnace has been demonstrated the feasibility. The as-grown CNTs were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, we proposed using novel CNT transfer technology, enabled by open-ended CNTs, to circumvent the high carbon nanotube (CNT) growth temperature and poor adhesion with the substrates that currently plague CNT implementation. The process is featured with separation of high-temperature CNT growth and low-temperature CNT device assembly. Field emission testing of the as-assembled CNT devices is in a good agreement with the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) equation, with a field enhancement factor of 4540. This novel technique shows promising applications for positioning CNTs on temperature-sensitive substrates, and for the fabrication of field emitters, electrical interconnects, thermal management structures in microelectronics packaging
Grid-tied power converter with GPS capability for smart grid applications

This paper proposes a bi-directional grid-tied converter with GPS capability for smart-grid applications. The novelty of this converter is that time-stamped grid voltage angle received via network communication channels has been used to synchronize the converter to the grid. Therefore, all grid-tied converters in a microgrid with this development will not require line voltage sensing and phase-locked loops. The power section and modulation was built on a CompactRIO 9064 that also had a GPS timesource. In a larger power system, a nearby PMU can be used for the time source. A PMU capable controller is placed at the point of common coupling to measure the electrical angle of the microgrid. The electrical angle is time stamped with GPS time and communicated to the power converter which is then used for grid synchronization. This paper presents the results obtained during operation of the PMU capable converter in both rectifying mode and inversion mode.