cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sediment Prediction in the Eastern United States

Sediment discharge equations are derived for wooded, rural, urban, and severely exposed watersheds on the U.S. East Coast. The equations are used to model the impact of urbanization on sedimentation activity. The equations can be used in crude but reasonably effective modeling techniques to study some impacts of urbanization on streams and lakes. The equations confirm and quantify the existence of a two-part urban sedimentation problem: one associated with erosion of denuded areas, the other with the degradation of stream channels rendered unstable by extensive watershed changes. Two studies compare results with historical cases.
A communication channel model of the software process

Reported here is beginning research into a noisy communication channel analogy of software development process productivity, in order to establish quantifiable behavior and theoretical bounds. The analogy leads to a fundamental mathematical relationship between human productivity and the amount of information supplied by the developers, the capacity of the human channel for processing and transmitting information, the software product yield (object size), the work effort, requirements efficiency, tool and process efficiency, and programming environment advantage. Also derived is an upper bound to productivity that shows that software reuse is the only means than can lead to unbounded productivity growth; practical considerations of size and cost of reusable components may reduce this to a finite bound.
Developmental control of 2-aminoisobutyric acid transport by 7-and 14-day chick heart cell aggregates. Roles of insulin and amino acids.

Abstract Cell aggregates cultured from 7-day embryonic avian heart showed a spontaneous increase in A-system 2-aminoisobutyric acid transport when placed in protein-free and amino acid-free buffer for 3 hr. The apparent Vmax increased from 4.0 to 9.9 nmoles/μl of intracellular fluid volume/10 min in 3 hr. l -Proline (5 mM), an amino acid transported primarily by the A system, prevented this rise, but l -phenylalanine, primarily an L-system substrate, had no effect. Actinomycin, puromycin, and cycloheximide (55 μM) also prevented the time-dependent increase in transport. In contrast, cell aggregates cultured from 14-day embryonic heart exhibited a decrease in apparent Vmax during the 3-hr incubation, from 8.3 to 3.3 nmoles/μl of intracellular volume/10 min. l -Proline, but not l -phenylalanine, enhanced this decrease in A-system transport. The percentage proline inhibition of transport was reduced by actinomycin or cycloheximide (55 μM) at both ages. Insulin stimulated A-system transport at identical half-maximal concentrations of 18 nM at 7 and 14 days of embryonic development. In the presence of cycloheximide at 7 days of age, insulin prolonged the half-life of transport activity twofold. However, at 14 days, cycloheximide reduced the insulin response by 88% [Elsas, L. J., Wheeler, F. B., Danner, D. J., and DeHaan, R. L. (1975) . J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9381–9390]. l -Proline or actinomycin reduced both basal and insulin-stimulated transport by 7-day cell aggregates, but neither reduced the percentage insulin stimulation. We conclude that inherent developmental control(s), A-system amino acids, and insulin regulated the maximal velocity of A-system transport by controlling the biological turnover of transport protein(s). l -Proline decreased the existing synthesis of transport protein(s) at both ages. The predominant effect of insulin shifted from a posttranslational level at 7 days to a synthetic level by 14 days of embryonic development. Seven-day cell aggregates spontaneously increased synthesis in the absence of A-system amino acids, but 14-day cell aggregates required hormonal stimulation to shift the balance from degradation to synthesis of transport protein(s).
Abstract W P302: Impact of Post-Stroke Medical Complications on 30-Day Readmission Rate

Background: While many predictors of 30-day readmission after stroke are non-modifiable, some factors may be modifiable. We assessed the hypothesis that medical complications predict 30-day readmission. Methods: A single-center prospective cohort study of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients was conducted. We identified patients admitted between August 2012 and June 2013 and who survived to 30-day follow-up or died during a readmission within 30 days. Patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge were identified by telephone assessment. We evaluated the association between 30-day readmission and 15 pre-specified post-stroke medical complications in addition to baseline characteristics, in-hospital course and treatments, and discharge status using univariable and multivariable statistics. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among 415 patients (mean age, 67.5 ± 15 years; 47% female; 65% white; 78.1% ischemic stroke), 89 (21.4%) patients had at least 1 medical comp...
The hospital care of patients undergoing hysterectomy: An analysis of 12,026 patients from the Professional Activity Study☆☆☆

Abstract The 12,026 patients undergoing hysterectomy were selected for study by choosing every seventh patient of 5,208,710 discharged from over 1,300 Professional Activity Study hospitals from January to June 1970. Approximately 70 per cent of this sample had an abdominal hysterectomy and 30 per cent had a vaginal hysterectomy. Those women who had a vaginal hysterectomy had more frequent postoperative fevers and more of them received antibiotics, while more of the patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy had blood transfusions. Nonwhites had a higher incidence of postoperative fever, received more antibiotics and blood transfusions, and had a hospital stay a day and a half longer than whites. Patients undergoing hysterectomy had less than half the mortality rate of patients having an appendectomy and less than one eighth the mortality rate of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Transfusions and antibiotics were used significantly more often with hysterectomy than with appendectomy and cholecystectomy.
Price Discovery as a Public Good: Why Dealers do not Engage in Bertrand Price Competition

Empirical studies of asset markets and a growing experimental literature suggest that in many cases competing dealers earn some monopoly rents: they do not arrive at a Bertrand equilibrium. In spite of this, little attention has been paid to the competitive forces that impinge on dealers' abilities to earn monopoly rents. Consider a transparent, consolidated market with competing dealers. Any dealer's incentive to invest in learning about the asset's true value is mitigated by the fact that her competitors will have equal access to the information in the order flow. This suggests that in a transparent multiple dealer market we might see wider spreads and larger dealer profits than in a setting where dealers are able to internalize the benefits of price discovery. In this paper we use the economic laboratory to compare these two settings: 1) three competing dealers in a single asset with 2) three assets with a monopoly dealer in each. We find that: bid-ask spreads are wider, prices are less responsive to order flow (so there is less price discovery), and dealer profits are larger in the single asset setting. These findings suggest that when dealers are able to internalize the gains from price discovery, they compete more aggressively than when they do not have a monopoly franchise in a single asset. A dealer has little incentive to set a tight spread to pin down the asset value when her competitors will also observe the order flow.
Effects of endothelin-1 on components of anterograde axonal transport in optic nerve.

PURPOSE. Increased levels of endothelins (ETs) are associated with glaucoma and have been said to contribute to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In glaucoma, movement of selected components of anterograde axonal transport essential in ganglion cell survival is impaired-specifically, the transport of mitochondria. This study evaluates the effect(s) of a single administration of intravitreous ET-- on anterograde axonal transport in the rat optic nerve. METHODS. Proteins for anterograde axonal transport were pulse labeled by intravitreous injection of 35 S-methionine plus or minus ET-1 (2 nmol) in HEPES buffer (pH 7.4). At appropriate time intervals, optic nerves were dissected, sectioned while frozen, and homogenized in denaturing buffer, and transported protein was quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. Counts corrected for efficiency, quench, background, and decay were statistically evaluated (ANOVA, n = 7). RESULTS. Effects of treatment with intravitreous ET-1 on anterograde axonal transport were significant, biphasic, and prolonged (4 hours to 21 days). The initial phase was a significant enhancement of transport at times normally associated with small, fast-moving tubulovesicles (4 and 24 hours), followed by significant impairments at times normally associated with transport of mitochondria (28-36 hours), cytoplasmic matrix (4 days), and cytoskeletal proteins (21 days). The most pronounced effect of ET-1 was decreased axonal transport at times associated with normal anterograde transport of mitochondrial proteins (28, 32, and 36 hours, P = < 0.001, P < 0.015, and P < 0.001, respectively). This was mimicked by ET-3 at 28 hours. CONCLUSIONS. Effects of intravitreous ET-1 are consistent with a receptor-mediated role for elevated ETs in pathologic misregulation(s) of anterograde axonal transport.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE dur LOCI IN S. CEREVISIAE: TWO DOMAINS OF A SINGLE MULTIFUNCTIONAL GENE

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia is catalyzed by urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase. The loci coding for these enzymes (dur1 and dur2) are very tightly linked on the right arm of chromosome II between pet11 and met8. Pleiotropic mutations that fail to complement mutations in either of the dur loci were found to be predominantly located in or near the dur2 locus. We interpret these data as suggesting that the two dur loci might in reality be domains of a single gene that codes for a multifunctional polypeptide. In view of this conclusion, we have renamed the dur loci as the dur1,2 locus.
Neonatal Iron Deficiency Results in Irreversible Changes in Dopamine Function in Rats

Iron deficiency in human infants and in young animal models produces changes in neural functioning that may be related to monoamine metabolism. This study employed both behavioral and biochemical approaches in a design using cross-fostering to examine alterations in dopamine (DA) function when iron deficiency occurs during the neonatal period. We measured brain Fe, dopamine transporters (DAT) and dopamine receptor density in rats made iron deficient, or not, from postnatal day (PND) 4 to PND 14 or 21. Some pups were then weaned to an iron-deficient diet and others to the control diet to examine the reversibility of these effects. Behaviors related to dopamine function were measured. Dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2)R), D(1)R and iron concentrations were approximately 70, 80 and 30% of control values, respectively, in the nucleus accumbens and striatum in iron-deficient rats at PND 14. The DAT density was also reduced to 50% of control density in the nucleus accumbens but was unchanged in the striatum. By PND 21, there was also a significant 50% lowering of DAT, D(1)R and D(2)R densities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Iron repletion at PND 21-49 normalized D(1)R, D(2)R, and DAT levels in the nucleus accumbens, PFC and ventral midbrain but not in the striatum. In summary, neonatal iron deficiency is associated with changes in DA biology that vary with duration of iron deficiency, and are not completely normalized despite replenishment of iron status. Changes in DA-related behaviors that were persistent after postweaning iron repletion suggest the existence of a critical neonatal developmental period that is expressed by alterations in DA functioning.
Assessing the usability of on-line library systems

Computer-based library systems are becoming pervasive throughout public and university libraries. The purpose of the present study was to survey the users of a representative system to assess the degree to which they used the system's functionality, their difficulties with the system, and their experiences learning the system. The majority of the 966 users of the system made limited use of the more advanced system commands and had difficulty understanding how the system works. Importantly, many of the users reported remotely accessing the system, which has implications for the development of training and help systems. The data from the survey are interpreted in the context of suggestions for design and training improvements for library on-line systems.
Protocol for the asthma tools study: a pragmatic practice-based research network trial.

BACKGROUND Asthma is common among children, adolescents, and adults. However, management of asthma often fails to follow evidence-based guidelines. Control assessments have been developed, validated against expert opinion, and disseminated. However, in primary care, assessment of control is only one step in asthma management. To facilitate integration of the evidence-based guidelines into practice, tools should also guide the next steps in care. The Asthma APGAR tools do just that, incorporating a control assessment as well as assessment of the most common reasons for inadequate and poor control. The Asthma APGAR tool is also linked to a care algorithm based on the 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of implementation of the Asthma APGAR on patient asthma outcomes in primary care practices. METHODS A total of 1400 patients aged 5-60 years with physician-diagnosed asthma are enrolled in 20 practice-based research network (PBRN) practices randomized to intervention or usual care. The primary outcomes are changes in patient self-reported asthma control, asthma-related quality of life, and rates of exacerbations documented in medical records over the 18-24 months of enrollment. Process measures related to implementation of the Asthma APGAR system into daily care will also be assessed using review of medical records. Qualitative assessments will be used to explore barriers to and facilitators for integrating the Asthma APGAR tools into daily practice in primary care. DISCUSSION Data from this pivotal pragmatic study are intended to demonstrate the importance of linking assessment of asthma and management tools to improve asthma-related patient outcomes. The study is an effectiveness trial done in real-world PBRN practices using patient-oriented outcome measures, making it generalizable to the largest possible group of asthma care providers and primary care clinics.
Writing Emotions: Ritual Innovation as Emotional Expression

This article examines the chronological biographies of the Qing ritualists Yan Yuan (1635-1704) and Li Gong (1659-1733) to witness how they negotiated and wrote about the ritual and emotional priorities in their relationships with various family members. It argues that rather than being just a form of ritual duty, filial piety was a core emotion at the center of many people's affective and spiritual lives. Although the conservative nature of nianpu (chronological biography) as a genre meant that some of the most intimate relationships in these two men's lives would get passed over in silence, the recording of their manipulation of ritual forms allowed them an indirect means of expressing their affective bonds.
Neonatal Resuscitation Emergencies at Birth: Case Reports, Using NRP 2000 Guidelines

In 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association formulated new international evidence-based guidelines for neonatal resuscitation. Whereas the earlier Neonatal Resuscitation Program guidelines incorporated a hierarchical approach to resuscitation, the revised program bases interventions on simultaneous assessment of breathing, heart rate, and color. Resuscitation success builds on the concepts of resuscitation readiness, knowledge and skills, teamwork, and self-efficacy. Six case reports illustrate revised Neonatal Resuscitation Program guidelines for managing selected resuscitation emergencies of newborns.
GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part III: Tropical Pacific Climate and ENSO

Abstract Multicentury integrations from two global coupled ocean–atmosphere–land–ice models [Climate Model versions 2.0 (CM2.0) and 2.1 (CM2.1), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory] are described in terms of their tropical Pacific climate and El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The integrations are run without flux adjustments and provide generally realistic simulations of tropical Pacific climate. The observed annual-mean trade winds and precipitation, sea surface temperature, surface heat fluxes, surface currents, Equatorial Undercurrent, and subsurface thermal structure are well captured by the models. Some biases are evident, including a cold SST bias along the equator, a warm bias along the coast of South America, and a westward extension of the trade winds relative to observations. Along the equator, the models exhibit a robust, westward-propagating annual cycle of SST and zonal winds. During boreal spring, excessive rainfall south of the equator is linked to an unrealistic rever...
Digitization and remote transmission of magnetic resonance hard-copy images: a clinical comparison of orginal and soft-copy images

This paper describes the evaluation of the clinical accuracy of a specific system for digitizing laser printed film (hard-copy) magnetic resonance images and transmitting them to a remote site for interpretation. The system tested is viable for digitization and transmission of hard- copy magnetic resonance images and subsequent interpretation on a remote soft-copy display station.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Secondary trisomy or mosaic 'tetrasomy' 8p

We report on two patients with mosaic tetrasomy of 8p[46,XY/47,XY,+i(8p)], a previously unreported cytogenetic anomaly. The first patient had a low percentage of tetrasomic (secondary trisomic) cells in lymphocytes and fibroblasts, an only mildly abnormal phenotype, and a rather benign clinical course. The second patient had a considerably larger percentage of tetrasomic cells in lymphocytes and fibroblasts, and had more severe congenital anomalies that led to his death at 8 months. A characteristic phenotype +i(8p) is suggested but not yet established. The manifestations of these two patients resemble those of mosaic trisomy 8 and mosaic trisomy 8p, with rib and vertebral abnormalities, absent corpus callosum, and enlarged cerebral ventricles.
Management of the difficult airway in the trauma patient.

Airway management in the trauma patient has evolved dramatically over the past 25 years. The establishment of rapid sequence intubation as the cornerstone of modern emergency airway management has revolutionized airway management in the emergency department. 44,45 The first reported use of neuromuscular blocking agents in the emergency department by emergency medicine personnel may have been that of Rosen in 1971. 32 Over the subsequent 25 years, the rapid expansion of specialty training in emergency medicine and the establishment of trauma systems anchored by Level 1 trauma centers have permitted a sophistication of airway management techniques that could not have been achieved previously. There is now a tremendous number of pharmacologic agents, techniques, and devices within the armamentarium of the skilled clinician. This article reviews the approach to the difficult airway, the various techniques and devices for management of the difficult airway in the trauma patient, and the concept of the failed airway, including rescue maneuvers that may be undertaken when a failed airway is encountered.
Measuring radiance and the van-Cittert-Zernicke theorem (In memory of Vladimir Medvedev, formerly a member of the Vavilov Optical Science Institute, St. Petersburg [Leningrad], Russia)

ABSTRACT We demonstrate a remarkable analogy between the measurement of radiance and the well-know van-Cittert-Zerni cke Theorem. Keywords: radiance, radiometry, van-Cittert-Zerni cke theorem * Correspondence: Email:winston@uchicago.edu; Telephone: (773) 702-7756. 1.0 INTRODUCTION In another presentation to this conference we show how the measurement of radiance can be understood in terms of the statistical optics properties of the electromagnetic field and the statistical optics properties of the instrument. In this contribution, which is dedicated to the memory of our colleague Dr. Vladimir Medvedev, we exhibit a symmetry between the incoherent source whose radiance is being measured, and the detector whose signal is the measurement. There results a remarkable analogy between the result of measuring radiance and the van-Cittert-Zernicke Theorem. 1.1 The van-Cittert-Zerni cke Theorem The well-known van-Cittert-Zerni cke theorem states that for an incoherent, quasi-monochromatic source of radiation, the equal time degree of coherence (2-point correlation function) r
Measuring Uncertainty within Organizational Relationships: An Analysis of the CLUES Instrument.

The article examines the CL7 instrument as a potential measurement for organizational researchers pursuing their investigations in the area of relational uncertainty and uncertainty reduction. The ...
Videodensitometry versus digital calipers for quantitative coronary angiography

Abstract Single-plane left coronary angiograms in 18 patients were prospectively analyzed using videoden-sitometry (XR-70 system) and handheld digital calipers to compare arterial dimensions, stenosis dimensions, intraobserver variability and interobserver variability for the methods. A total of 648 arterial segments were measured, yielding a highly significant correlation between videodensitometry and caliper-determined cross-sectional area (r = 0.96, p = 0.0001). Similarly, a highly significant linear relation was observed between videodensitometry and caliper-determined diameter (r = 0.95, p = 0.0001). When data subsets for small, medium and large arterial segments were examined, higher variability in the correlation between videodensitometry and caliper-determined area was observed in the large segments (>10 mm2). In addition, caliper-estimated areas tended to be slightly smaller than videodensitometry-estimated areas in these segments. For diameter estimations, correlations between caliper and videodensitometry data were similar for the entire range of arterial segment sizes. Intra- and interobserver variability was low for both caliper and videodensitometry determination of diameter or area. Thus, over a wide range of arterial dimensions, results obtained with caliper estimates of luminal area and diameter are comparable to those obtained with videodensitometry using the XR-70 system.
WCEN: a computer program for initial processing of fiber diffraction patterns

Processing of fiber diffraction patterns is generally more difficult than for single-crystal patterns, and requires different algorithms and software. The program WCEN has been developed to determine experimental and specimen parameters and to convert diffraction data from detector to reciprocal space, and offers a variety of input and output formats, running under Mac OS X and Linux. The program is described and examples from oriented sols of filamentous plant viruses, illustrating different strategies for parameter determination and refinement, are given.
The Demand for Higher Education: Pennsylvania's Nonresident Tuition Experience.

Abstract From 1991 to 1993 nonresident tuition in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education increased an average of 19.6% per year. This policy was used to shield state taxpayers from the burden of subsidizing the cost of nonresident student education and to insure access for resident students. It appears that careful regard for the price sensitivity of nonresident students was not taken. Between 1991 and 1996 the State System experienced an approx. 40% decline in nonresident enrollment. This study estimated the price elasticity of demand for both nonresident and resident students. The empirical findings indicated nonresident demand being price-elastic while the model was not robust enough to explain the variation in demand by resident students. The large tuition increase coupled with an elastic demand caused a significant loss of nonresident enrollment and tuition revenue in the System. A new pricing policy for nonresident students was subsequently instituted to account for the effect of market forces.
Diffractive Excitation in Quantum Chromodynamics

Hadronic collision models based on quantum chromodynamics predict remarkably large cross sections for diffractive scattering of hadrons on a nuclear target. The diffraction arises from the transparency of a nucleus to the portion of the projectile wave function having small transverse separation between its constituents. Correspondingly, the typical transverse momentum within the diffracted system is significantly enhanced. This quantum-chromodynamics-based picture leads to large cross sections for diffractive charm production.
The effect of admission hyperglycemia in stroke patients treated with thrombolysis.

ABSTRACTBackground: Acute hyperglycemia (HG) has been shown to correlate negatively with an outcome in stroke patients, yet the mechanism remains controversial. The aim of our study is to study the immediate and long-term effects of admission HG on outcome in a cohort of stroke patients treated with thrombolytic therapy. Methods: We reviewed the prospective dataset of a statewide telestroke network for the characteristics of 195 patients who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator via telemedicine during a 27-month period. We compared outcome and improvement rate of patients with and without HG. We defined good outcome as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2 and neurological improvement after thrombolysis as either a decrease in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at 24 hr by 5 points from baseline or an NIHSS of 0 at 24 hr. Results: Thirty-one percent of patients had admission HG (Blood sugar > 144). Patients with admission HG had higher 3-month mortality and poor outcome rates than...
An Examination of Financial Sub-certification and Timing of Fraud Discovery on Employee Whistleblowing Reporting Intentions

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requires company executives to certify financial statements and internal controls as a means of reducing fraud. Many companies have operationalized this by instituting a sub-certification process and requiring lower-level managers to sign certification statements. These lower-level organizational members are often the individuals who are aware of fraud and are in the best position to provide information on the fraudulent act. However, the sub-certification process may have the effect of reducing employees’ intentions to report wrongdoing. We suggest that subordinates with knowledge of a superior who committed a fraudulent act and certified that there is no fraud will feel less personal responsibility to report the act, thus, decreasing reporting intentions. Additionally, we suggest that if the fraud is discovered subsequent to the reports being filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), employees will perceive lower management responsiveness to investigate the fraud, which will reduce intentions to report. Using an experimental approach, we manipulate two between-participant variables: (1) the presence or absence of sub-certification by the transgressor and (2) the timing of fraud discovery, either before or after the reports have been filed with the SEC. We find that when sub-certification is present, perceived personal responsibility and intentions to report were diminished compared to when sub-certification is absent. Timing of the discovery of the fraudulent act did not influence perceived management responsiveness or reporting intentions. Supplemental analysis shows that personal responsibility partially mediates the relationship between sub-certification and reporting intentions. Our findings suggest that audit committees and senior executives may want to carefully consider the costs and benefits of the sub-certification process.
Development of a land surface heating index–based method to locate regions of potential mesoscale circulation formation

[1] A new method is developed to create a land surface heating index (HI) that has the potential to identify preferred source regions of convective initiation (CI) on a daily basis. The method employs remotely sensed land surface characteristics of vegetation and soil moisture, as well as GOES-derived insolation, to develop the HI. Strong gradients in land surface heating can lead to the development of mesoscale circulations, resembling inland sea breezes, which under synoptically calm conditions may lead to the development of CI. By using the proposed HI to locate areas of strong differential surface heating, the source regions of these circulations may be identified hours before any convection forms. The HI has many advantages over most current methods of CI nowcasting, because it is not dependent upon the extrapolation of observed radar and satellite trends, nor does it rely upon complex numerical weather prediction modeling. Also, by incorporating a variety of high-resolution data fields, it has the ability to mitigate some of the drawbacks of existing remotely sensed land surface products. The goal of this paper is to describe the development of the method, with the application and verification of the procedures to follow in a subsequent study.
Diurnal and seasonal variations in nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of rice roots

Abstract Diurnal variation of nitrogenase activity associated with rice roots was demonstrated by measuring acetylene reduction by excised roots. Diurnal N 2 ase activity varied when the rice was in the early reproductive phase but not during the ripening (grain hardening) phase. These variations could not be explained by fluctuations in soil temperature alone. Seasonal variation in N 2 ase activity was observed and activity was at a maximum during the plant's early reproductive phase. Nitrogen (C 2 H 2 ) fixation was linear for a 2 h incubation during the early reproductive phase of the plants, but not during the ripening phase. This study confirms the hypothesis that associative N 2 ase activity varies diurnally in rice.
Public knowledge and ideological argumentation

This essay explores two recently‐argued conceptions of the social‐political collective, Bitzer's notion that there is a timeless “public” possessed of a unique kind of “knowledge” and McGee's notion that there is an imminently present “people” possessed of an historically‐material “ideology.” It is argued that the ideas public and public knowledge are misconceptions of human society and of the function of discourse within it. The essay is in defense of the thesis that theories of “the public” are ideological, not philosophical, linked more with the political fortunes of an intellectual aristocracy than with the problem of creating a reliable theory explaining the relationship between rhetoric and human societies.
Effects of nicotinic cholinergic agents on cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease

The loss of central nicotinic receptors is a neurochemical hallmark of several degenerative brain disorders, notably Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). Investigation of the effects of nicotinic agents in both normal and diseased individuals has produced strong evidence of the importance of the integrity of these systems for normal cognitive functioning. Studies in our laboratory utilizing the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine show that blockade of nicotinic receptors produces measurable and significant cognitive impairment similar in nature to deficits seen in dementing illnesses. This work suggests that symptoms of impaired acquisition of information and short-term storage, impaired memory consolidation, attention, visual perception, and speed may reflect nicotinic lesions. These studies and others have suggested that nicotinic systems may be involved in the modulation, partitioning, and maintenance of attention, especially for tasks involving working memory, e.g. nicotinic systems may help constrain the focus of attention. Recent studies with nicotine in AD patients reviewed here suggest that nicotinic stimulation can improve the acquisition and retention of verbal information and decrease errors. Finally a review of attentional deficits in AD and PD is presented as a suggested target for nicotinic intervention. Further work will attempt to examine whether nicotinic augmentation effects attentional systems, mnemonic systems, or both as well as whether chronic stimulation with nicotine or novel agonists will produce clinical benefit.
Partial-Mouth Assessment of Periodontal Disease in an Adult Population of the United States

Background: It has been previously demonstrated, using periodontal data from an untreated population, that half-mouth assessment of six sites/tooth provides an appropriate alternative to whole-mouth assessment of periodontal disease status. Since periodontal destruction exhibits left-right symmetry, it was hypothesized that this would be equally applicable to a population with access to routine dental care. Methods: Adult subjects (N = 92) with a range of disease levels participated in the study. Probing depths (PDs) and recession (REC) were measured directly on six sites/tooth, on all teeth excluding third molars), and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were derived. Partial-mouth assessments, i.e., assessment of limited sites and/or teeth, were compared with whole-mouth assessment as follows. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for mean PD, CAL, and REC, and for percentage of sites with disease above a specified threshold, to determine the agreement between the whole- and partial-m...
The nucleotde sequence of the rho gene of E. coli K-12

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the rho gene which encodes the E. coli K-12 transcription termination factor. The structural gene was located on a cloned 3.6 kilobase BglII-HindIII restriction fragment by the introduction of the insertion element gamma delta and analysis of the recombinant plasmids by restriction analysis and in maxicells. The coding region consists of 1260 nucleotides directing the synthesis of a polypeptide 419 amino acids in length with a calculated molecular weight of 46,094. The deduced amino acid composition, amino-terminal protein sequence and calculated molecular weight are consistent with the data from the analysis of purified rho protein (16). We have shown that the rho genes from E. coli K-12, B and C strains are located on PvuII-HindIII fragments of the same size by hybridization to the rho (K-12) coding sequences.
Resonance Raman studies of benzene derivatives with strong conjugation: nitrile substitution

Abstract Raman spectra in resonance with the L a state of benzene derivatives exhibit activity in both the fundamental and two-quantum overtones of modes that are of e 2g symmetry in benzene. The Raman spectra can be used to test proposals of Petruska that result in the conclusion that 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzenes should have L a transitions with very small allowed transition moments. We find that nitrile substitution results in absorption and resonance Raman spectra that show deviations from Petruska's rules. The 1,2,3-tricyano derivative exhibits Raman spectra that demonstrate allowed transition character.
The Determination of Certain Outer X-Ray Energy Levels for the Elements from Antimony (51) to Samarium (62)

X-ray L absorption edges and corresponding emission lines for elements Sb(51) to Sa(62).\char22{}The three $L$ absorption edges and certain adjacent emission lines of the same element were photographed for series of ten elements from antimony to samarium. Thus a direct measurement of the distances on the photographic plates from the $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ line to the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ edge, from $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$ to ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$, and from $L{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{4}$ to ${L}_{I}$ made possible the determination of the ${N}_{\mathrm{IV}}$, ${N}_{V}$, and ${O}_{II\ensuremath{-}III}$ energy levels respectively. In certain cases the edge and line were obtained on separate plates having the same reference line. The method seems to be an advantageous one in cases in which the energy of the desired level is so small that a slight error in the wave-length of either absorption edge or emission line would make a considerable error when computations are based upon determinations of these by different investigators. Particulars are given concerning the making of absorbing screens containing free antimony, tellurium and iodine. With these screens the ${L}_{I}$ absorption edges for Sb(51), Te(52), and I(53) were found at 2631.7, 2503.9 and 2383.9 x-units; ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ edges at 2821.9, 2679.3 and 2547.5 x-units; and ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ edges at 2990.7, 2845.7 and 2713.9 x-units, respectively.
Differential regulation of the expression of transforming growth factor-β mRNAs by growth factors and retinoic acid in chicken embryo chondrocytes, myocytes, and fibroblasts

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) autoregulates its expression in several mammalian cell types. We now report that addition of TGF-beta s 1, 2, and 3 to primary chicken embryo cells differentially affects expression of the messenger RNAs for the different TGF-beta isoforms depending on the cell type. In cultured sternal chondrocytes, addition of TGF-beta s 1, 2, or 3 results in an increase in the steady-state levels of the messenger RNAs for TGF-beta s 2 and 3, but does not change expression of TGF-beta 4 mRNA. In contrast, in cultured cardiac myocytes, addition of TGF-beta s 1, 2, or 3 results in an increase in expression of TGF-beta s 3 and 4 mRNAs, but does not change expression of TGF-beta 2 mRNA. Moreover, expression of TGF-beta s 2, 3, and 4 mRNAs is not affected by addition of any of the TGF-beta s to fibroblasts. Addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or interleukin-1 (IL-1) to these chicken cells also has differential effects on expression of the different TGF-beta mRNAs depending on the cell type. Retinoic acid also has contrasting effects on chondrocytes and myocytes either increasing or decreasing, respectively, expression of TGF-beta s 2 and 3 mRNAs and TGF-beta 2 protein. Our results indicate a complex pattern of regulation of the different TGF-beta genes by themselves as well as by PDGF, EGF, IL-1, dexamethasone, TPA, and retinoic acid in chicken embryo cells.
Empowerment within brand communities: Overcoming the Achilles’ Heel of scale-free networks

This study explored how consumer interactions evolve within an emerging brand community. Since newly formed brand communities are marked by the presence of scale-free networks, an ethnographic study among individuals in their second year of tailgating at American football games was conducted to examine whether group leaders were able to empower their followers and alleviate the Achilles’ Heel of scale-free networks. The authors investigated whether member empowerment led to a more balanced network of consumers, whereby individual group members increased their involvement and loyalty towards the group itself and the larger brand. Social network theory was used to examine the changes in relationships among individual consumers within the brand community, specifically focusing on the construct of centrality. Marketing implications associated with the changes and developments of these evolving brand communities are discussed.
Teaching Collaboration Between Pharmacotherapist and Psychotherapist

Collaborative treatment, in which psychotherapy provided by one clinician is integrated with pharmacotherapy provided by another clinician, has been explored from various angles. This article addresses the teaching of collaborative pharmacotherapy to psychiatric residents. The author’s observations derive from a selective review of the literature and from conclusions drawn from practicing and teaching collaborative therapy in a psychiatric residency program. Limited formal attention has been given to defining the skills psychiatrists should acquire in order to collaborate effectively. The author describes the rationale for providing collaborative treatment, identifies the skill set that facilitates collaborative treatment and outlines an approach to teaching and assessing these skills. The practice of collaborative treatment is an important psychiatric role. The core skills of collaborative treatment should be explicitly taught and residents’ competency in these skills should be evaluated in psychiatric training programs.
The origin of the marine polyunsaturated fatty acids. Composition of some marine plankton

Shrimp, crabs, the marine diatomNitzschia closterium, Platymonas sp., and the fresh water algaChlorella pyrenoidosa were maintained or cultured in the laboratory. The crustacea were fed low-fat, cottonseed oil, and menhaden oil rations. The fatty acid composition of all groups, as well as that of native phytoplankton and zooplankton catches, were determined as the extinction coeffcients, (E1%1cm.), at wavelengths of maximum absorption.
Be afraid, be very afraid…

…if you're a shark. We are slaughtering so many sharks their numbers are plummeting, but does it matter?
Scheduling with multiple performance measures: the one-machine case

Most scheduling research has considered optimizing a single performance measure criterion. In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling jobs on a single machine when the desirability of a schedule is evaluated using more than one performance measure. The procedures developed here can be used to construct trade-off curves among selected performance measures. The importance of the trade-off curve is that it provides the complete set of possibly optimal solutions for any objective function cost function involving only the selected performance measures. With this information, a manager can concentrate on selecting the most preferred schedule from the set. Algorithms are presented for the three two-criteria problems utilizing mean flow time, maximum tardiness, and number of tardy jobs and the three-criteria problem involving all of these criteria. Computational results for the four algorithms are provided. The most striking result is that the number of efficient solutions is very small in comparison to the number of permutation schedules for all three two-criteria problems and only modestly larger for the three-criteria problem. This has the managerial significance that, irrespective of the individual manager's specific trade-offs between the criteria, the number of possibly optimal schedules that need to be considered is relatively small. Several research directions on heuristic approaches, man-machine interactive approaches, computational efficiency, etc. are possible for the type of problem studied. The work reported here has the potential to stimulate research incorporating multiple performance measures in more complex scheduling models.
Encouraging data citation and discovery with the Data Citation Index

An overview of the Data Citation Index is provided. Thomson Reuters developed this resource in response to a stated desire among members of the research community for increased attribution of non-traditional scholarly output. Launched in October of 2012 on the Web of science research platform, its aims include linking published research articles to their underlying data sets and tracking the citation of the data, as well as encouraging bibliographic citation of data. Cross-disciplinary search capabilities in the Index enable new possibilities for data discovery and synthesis. Data repositories are evaluated with respect to various selection criteria, with particular attention to their relevance to scientific and scholarly research. Index content reflects current data deposition practices. As data citation standards and practices continue to move toward widespread formalization and adoption, the initiative seeks to address issues of data citation, reuse, and author credit in a developing climate.
The Streptococcus pyogenes hyaluronan synthase : sequence comparison and conservation among various group A strains

We recently cloned the hyaluronan synthase gene (hasA) from Streptococcus pyogenes (DeAngelis et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19181, 1993). Since this is the first glycosaminoglycan synthase gene to be cloned and these enzymes have also not been purified, nothing is yet known at the molecular level about the similarity or relatedness of hyaluronan synthase to other gene products. We found several proteins in the sequence database with substantial similarities to hyaluronan synthase (HasA), including NodC from Rhizobium, DG42 from Xenopus, and the three chitin synthases (Chs) from Saccharomyces. Like HasA, NodC and the Chs proteins all have at least an N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase activity in common and are membrane-associated. The polymerase chain reaction was also used to show that HasA, and probably the two gene operon for hyaluronan biosynthesis (hasA/hasB), is highly conserved among Group A streptococcal strains. In nine strains, isolated from 1917 through 1993, only five silent mutations were detected. The results show that hyaluronan synthase is highly conserved within Group A strains, although another virulence factor, the M protein, varies considerably in these same strains.
Registration of Magnetic Resonance Image Series for Knee Articular Cartilage Analysis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Objective:Although conventional radiography is used to assess osteoarthritis in a clinical setting, it has limitations, including an inability to stage early cartilage degeneration. There is a growing interest in using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to identify degenerative changes in articular cartilage, including the large multicentered study, the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). There is a demand for suitable image registration and segmentation software to complete this analysis. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the open source software, ImageK, that registers 3 T MRI T2 mapping and double echo steady state (DESS) knee MRI sequences acquired in the OAI protocol.Methods:A C++ library, the insight toolkit, was used to develop open source software to register DESS and T2 mapping image MRI sequences using Mattes’s Multimodality Mutual information metric.Results:Registration was assessed using three separate methods. A checkerboard layout demonstrated acceptable visual alignm...
Age and seasonal differences in the synthesis and metabolism of testosterone by testicular tissue and pineal HIOMT activity of Uinta ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus).

Abstract Male Uinta ground squirrels ( Spermophilus armatus ) were sacrificed from a free-living population (a) during the breeding season, which immediately followed emergence from hibernation; (b) after the reproductive season; (c) and just prior to aestivation/hibernation. HIOMT activity of the pineal gland was assayed and related to the ability of the gonads to synthesize and metabolize testosterone. Older squirrels had higher HIOMT activity than did the younger animals. The activity of this enzyme was lowest in squirrels during the breeding season. HIOMT activity increased after the breeding season to its highest level just before the squirrels enter aestivation/hibernation. At this time, testicular weight increased concomitant with an apparent increase in HIOMT activity. Testicular size and weight were largest at the time of emergence of the animals from hibernation. Androgen synthesis was also greatest during the breeding season. As would be expected, both decreased rapidly there-after. The testes formed little 17α,20α-dihydroxyprogesterone during or after the breeding season, contrary to what has been reported for rats and house sparrows. The older squirrels demonstrated a greater capacity for testosterone metabolism during the breeding season than did the younger animals.