cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The U.S. animal identification experience.

Animal identification has been one of the most contentious issues for the last decade in the livestock industry. More specifically, at issue is the idea of a government-sponsored identification system, although it is unclear that an identification system forced on the industry by the market would be any more popular. Rancor over the issue has set livestock groups at odds over the merits of establishing such a framework; it has highlighted differences between species, within species, and by size and scale of agriculture. Given its politically sensitive nature, many groups without a tie to agriculture have been drawn in to lobby on the issue. This article examines the U.S. experience with the development of an animal identification system.
Effects of short-term high-dose and low-dose dermal exposure to Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 jet fuels.

Occupational and environmental exposures to jet fuel recently have become a source of public and regulatory concern. This study investigates the cutaneous toxicity of three fuels used in both civilian and military aircraft. Pigs, an accepted animal model for human skin, were exposed to low-dose (25 microl or 7.96 microl cm(-2)) or high-dose (335 microl or 67 microl cm(-2)) Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 under occluded (Hill Top) chamber or cotton fabric) and non-occluded conditions for 5 h, 24 h and 5 days. To mimic occupational exposure, fuel-soaked fabric (high dose) was used. Erythema, edema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and epidermal thickness were quantified. High-dose fabric occluded sites had slight erythema at 5 h with increased erythema at 5 days. No erythema was noted in any of the occluded (Hill Top) or non-occluded sites at any of the time points. Morphological assessments depicted slight intracellular epidermal edema at all time points. An increase in change in TEWL (DeltaTEWL) was observed at the 5-h and 24-h fabric and Hill Top occluded treatments and a decrease at the 5-day fabric and Hill Top occluded sites. In all 5-day JP-8 + 100 fabric sites, intracorneal microabscesses filled with inflammatory cells were observed. Epidermal thickening was significant (P < 0.05) in all three jet fuels at the high-dose fabric sites, with JP-8 + 100 being the thickest. The epidermal rete peg depth increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 24 h and 5 days with Jet A, JP-8, and JP-8 + 100 in the fabric sites. No significant differences were noted in the 5-day non-occluded fabric and Hill Top occluded and non-occluded sites. Jet fuel JP-8 + 100 tended to have the greatest proliferative response. In conclusion, the high-dose fabric-soaked exposure at 5 days to Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 fuels caused the greatest increase in cutaneous erythema, edema, epidermal thickness and rete peg depth compared with high-dose non-occluded or low-dose exposure under Hill Top occluded and non-occluded conditions.
Community Woodstove Changeout and Impact on Ambient Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phenolics

A large woodstove changeout program was carried out in Libby, Montana, with the goal of reducing ambient levels of PM2.5. This provided researchers the opportunity to measure ambient concentrations of phenolic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before, during, and after the changeout of nearly 1200 stoves to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Starting in the heating season of 2004/2005 and ending in the heating season of 2007/2008, 19 compounds were measured every three days using a high-volume polyurethane foam (PUF) sampler followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. Some of the organic species with the highest measured concentrations were also signature chemical markers for wood combustion. When comparing the measurements conducted during the heating season of 2004/2005 (prechangeout) to those of the heating season of 2007/2008 (postchangeout), there was a 64% average reduction in the measured concentrations of phenolics and PAHs, while the PM2.5 mass dropped by...
Computations on a relaxed model of a rigid ferromagnet

In this paper we do computations that describe a rigid, uniaxial, ferromagnetic material in a varying applied magnetic field. Our computations are based on a relaxed model with a nonlocal exchange energy. The model is based on the theory of Young-measures, but we show that our calculations can be based on only the first and second moments. Thus, we can do rigorous and accurate calculations without examining the full oscillating sequences that induce the Young-measure. We show that by varying the strength of the exchange energy we can induce hysteresis and observe hysteresis subloops and domain rotation.
Eckhaus-Benjamin-Feir Instability in Rotating Convection

We report experimental measurements of a traveling-wave state in rotating Rayleigh-B{acute e}nard convection. The fluid was water with a Prandtl number of 6.3 and a dimensionless rotation rate of 274. The marginal and Eckhaus-Benjamin-Feir stability boundaries were determined and the local amplitude and wave number were obtained from demodulation of shadowgraph images. The phase-diffusion coefficient and group velocity were measured in the stable wave number band. This system was found to be well described by the one-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Axisymmetric rotating flow past a prolate spheroid

The steady, inviscid, axisymmetric, rotating flow past a prolate spheroid in an unbounded liquid is determined on the hypothesis that all streamlines originate in a uniform flow far upstream of the body. The similarity parameters for the flow are κ = 2Ωa/U and δ = a/b, where 2a and 2b are the minor and major axes and Ω and U are the angular and axial velocities of the basic flow. Solutions are obtained both by separation of variables in prolate spheroidal co-ordinates and through the slender-body limit δ ↓ 0 with κ = O(1). Forward separation is found to occur for κ > κ*, where κ* lies between 2·2 and 2·3 for 0 < δ [les ] 1. The velocity on the body, the upstream axial velocity and the wave drag are calculated for κ < κ*.
The shell model and the interacting boson model

Abstract The relation between the shell model and the interacting boson model is briefly reviewed. Some features of the latter model (especially those connected with shell model aspects) are presented.
Radiofrequency ablation of a right atrial appendage-ventricular accessory pathway by transcutaneous epicardial instrumentation.

Ablation of RAA-Ventricular AP. Ablation of RAA-Ventricular AP. Epicardial location of accessory AV pathways may be responsible for the failure of conventional endocardial radiofrequency catheter ablation. Transcutaneous epicardiul instrumentation provides access to the normal pericardium with no need for invasive thoracotomy or thoracoscopy. We report the case of successful epicardial mapping and ablation of a rigbt atrial appendage-ventricular connection using a percutaneous epicardial approacb, after repeated failure of endocardial ablation attempts. (J Curdiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 11, pp. 1170-1173. October 2000)
Audit and assessment of sampling systems

Abstract Many sampling systems (procedures, equipment, practices) are “incorrect” in the Gy sense. Correct sampling means that all constituent elements of the lot have an equal opportunity of being in the sample, and the integrity of the sample is preserved both during and after sampling [G. Pierre, Sampling for Analytical Purposes, Wiley, West Sussex, England, 1998, p. 28]. Correct sampling is a generalization to bulk materials (solids, liquids, gases) of statistical random sampling. Sampling procedures may be vague, and sampling practices may not follow correct procedures. Sampling equipment may not perform well in practice even though it is designed correctly. Operators (those taking the samples) may not be properly trained in correct sampling. Without correctness, sampling bias is introduced and sampling variation is increased, sometimes substantially, beyond the unavoidable statistical sampling variation. Since samples are only as good as the sampling systems that generate them, incorrect sampling will remain undetected without an examination and evaluation of the sampling systems. Steps are given for conducting an audit and assessment of procedures, equipment, and practices. Several examples are included for illustration.
The sequence of human retinal S‐antigen reveals similarities with α‐transducin

The complete amino acid sequence of human retinal S-antigen (48 kDa protein), a retinal protein involved in the visual process has been determined by cDNA sequencing. The largest cDNA was 1590 base pairs (bp) and it contained an entire coding sequence. The similarity of nucleotide sequence between the human and bovine is approximately 80%. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that human S-antigen has 405 residues and its molecular mass is 45050 Da. The amino acid sequence homology between human and bovine is 81%. There is no overall sequence similarity between S-antigen and other proteins listed in the National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF) protein data base. However, local regions of sequence homology with alpha-transducin (T alpha) are apparent including the putative rhodopsin binding and phosphoryl binding sites. In addition, human S-antigen has sequences identical to bovine uveitopathogenic sites, indicating that some types of human uveitis may in part be related to the animal model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).
Cost-volume-profit analysis under uncertainty: An integration of economic and accounting concepts

Abstract This paper proposes a generalized CVP model including both demand and average cost functions and incorporating very general allowance for stochastic elements. The relationship between expected profit and break-even probability in the general model is developed. A decision-making criterion for the model is suggested that integrates economic and accounting approaches to decision making under uncertainty. Finally, an example of application of the generalized model is given, using hypothetical data.
Antifeedant activity of citrus limonoids against Colorado potato beetle: comparison of aglycones and glucosides

The importance of plant allelochemicals in plantherbivore interactions is well known. Although some of these phytochemicals act as phagostimulants for specific herbivores, the majority of allelochemicals examined appear to function primarily in plant defense, acting as insect antifeedants, growth regulators, and/or toxins (Jermy, 1966; Bernays & Chapman, 1977). As such, these chemicals have great potential for use in pest management, either directly, as natural plant protectants, or as models for the development of synthetic products. Citrus limonoids, a group of terpenoid allelochemicals found in the plant family Rutaceae have previously been shown to act as insect antifeedants (Klocke & Kubo, 1982; Alford et al., 1987; Mendel et al., 1991) as well as mammalian anticarcinogens (Lam & Hasegawa, 1989; Miller et al., 1989). They are also useful as chemotaxonomic markers (Hasegawa & Miyake, 1996). Thus, citrus limonoids are important functional chemicals in agriculture and medicine. Limonoid aglycones, which are present in young and growing citrus tissues, are converted to their respective 17β-D-glucoside derivatives during late stages of fruit growth and maturation (Hasegawa et al., 1991; Fong et al., 1992). Limonoid glucosides, such as limonin 17β-D-glucopyranoside, are accumulated in mature fruit tissues and seeds as major secondary metabolites (Fong et al., 1989; Hasegawa et al., 1991). Thirty-six limonoid aglycones and 17 limonoid glucosides have been isolated from Citrus and its hybrids, yet few have been investigated for their biological activities. None of the limonoid glucosides have previously been examined for antifeedant activity against insects. In this study we compared the antifeedant activity of limonoid aglycones and glucosides against Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae.
Adverse antiepileptic drug effects : Toward a clinically and neurobiologically relevant taxonomy

Background: Adverse effects (AEs) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are a major impediment to optimal dosing for seizure control. Better understanding of clinical properties of AEs is a prerequisite for systematic research of their neurobiological underpinnings. This study aimed to define specific patterns of AE occurrence and determine their clinical relevance based on their association with subjective health status. Methods: Two hundred subjects with epilepsy completed validated self-report health assessments, including the Adverse Event Profile (AEP) and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE)-89. Factor analysis was performed on the 19 AEP items to identify distinct classes of AEs. Correlations between AE class scores and QOLIE-89 scores were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was used to assess contributions of AE class scores to QOLIE-89 scores after controlling for depression and seizure frequency. Relationships between changes in AE class scores and changes in QOLIE-89 scores were also investigated in a subgroup of 62 subjects enrolled in a randomized trial. Results: The mean number of AEs per subject was 6.5. AEs were segregated into five classes: Cognition/Coordination, Mood/Emotion, Sleep, Weight/Cephalgia, and Tegument/Mucosa. Higher scores in each AE class were associated with lower QOLIE-89 scores. Cognition/Coordination scores were the strongest predictor of QOLIE-89 scores. Improvements in Cognition/Coordination, Mood/Emotion, and Tegument/Mucosa scores were associated with improvements in QOLIE-89 scores. Improved Cognition/Coordination was the only predictor of improved QOLIE-89. Conclusion: Adverse effects (AEs) of antiepileptic drugs can be classified in five biologically plausible factors. When specific classes of AEs are identified and attempts are made to reduce them, quality of life is significantly improved. AE = adverse effect; AED = antiepileptic drug; AEP = Adverse Event Profile; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; HRQOL = Health-Related Quality of Life; QOLIE = Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory.
Coupled Iterated Map Models of Action Potential Dynamics in a One-dimensional Cable of Cardiac Cells.

Low-dimensional iterated map models have been widely used to study action potential dynamics in isolated cardiac cells. Coupled iterated map models have also been widely used to investigate action potential propagation dynamics in one-dimensional (1D) coupled cardiac cells, however, these models are usually empirical and not carefully validated. In this study, we first developed two coupled iterated map models which are the standard forms of diffusively coupled maps and overcome the limitations of the previous models. We then determined the coupling strength and space constant by quantitatively comparing the 1D action potential duration profile from the coupled cardiac cell model described by differential equations with that of the coupled iterated map models. To further validate the coupled iterated map models, we compared the stability conditions of the spatially uniform state of the coupled iterated maps and those of the 1D ionic model and showed that the coupled iterated map model could well recapitulate the stability conditions, i.e. the spatially uniform state is stable unless the state is chaotic. Finally, we combined conduction into the developed coupled iterated map model to study the effects of coupling strength on wave stabilities and showed that the diffusive coupling between cardiac cells tends to suppress instabilities during reentry in a 1D ring and the onset of discordant alternans in a periodically paced 1D cable.
Film-forming polymers from distillers’ grains: structural and material properties

Abstract Hemicelluloses are promising biopolymers for substituting petroleum-based polymers. Distillers’ grains (DG), a residual product from the dry grind ethanol industry, has a high hemicellulose and low lignin content making it an interesting feedstock as a low-cost source of hemicelluloses. This study fractionated DG into an alkali-soluble hemicellulose-rich polymer (DG-HC) and an alkali-insoluble residue (DG-AI). Chemical and 2D-NMR analyses suggested that DG-HC was rich in arabinoxylans, whereas DG-AI was more rich in glucans, along with crude proteins and fat. The DG-HC was made into stand-alone films or thin film coatings on paper, and evaluated by DSC, TGA, FT-IR, corrected water vapor transfer rate and tensile strength. Created DG-HC films were stiff with a T g of about 174 °C. When coated onto paper, DG-HC can effectively increase paper dry and wet tensile strength. The residual DG-AI was characterized showing good potential for animal feed, having approximately 95% in vitro true dry matter digestibility.
Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 1992: Setting Priorities for Pediatric Research—A Time for Leadership

Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 1992: Setting Priorities for Pediatric Research—A Time for Leadership
The Role and Impact of Financial Advisors in the Market for Municipal Bonds

Significantly more and more issuers of municipal bonds use the services of financial advisors during the bond issuance process. We investigate the benefits to issuers and market participants arising from the role of financial advisors in the issuance of municipal bonds. Using a large sample of 9493 tax-exempt municipal bonds, we show that financial advisors have significant impact on borrowing costs, reoffering yields and underwriter gross spreads. Our results are more pronounced for revenue bonds, particularly for negotiated revenue issues. In addition, our results show significant advantages to using a financial advisor for refunding issues supporting the view that financial advisors play important roles for more complex issues. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that financial advisors provide important and useful services resulting in monitoring and information asymmetry reduction benefits accruing to issuers and market participants.
Criteria for Best Substitute Interval Estimators, with an Application to the Normal Distribution

Abstract The following criteria for determining best substitute interval estimators of a given class for a population parameter are considered in this paper: (1) minimizing the expected length of the confidence interval (maximizing the effectiveness); (2) minimizing the sum of the mean (absolute) deviations of the upper and lower confidence bounds from the true value (maximizing the effectivity); and (3) minimizing the sum of the mean squared deviations of the upper and lower confidence bounds from the true value (maximizing the efficiency). Modified forms of these criteria can also be applied to one-sided confidence intervals. Both theoretical and practical reasons are given for preferring criterion (3) to the others. A second main point of the paper is that exact confidence intervals, when available, are superior (and often far superior) to approximate ones. Both points are illustrated by a study of confidence bounds, based on one quasi-range, for the standard deviation of a normal population.
The structure of rank 3 permutation modules for O2n±(2) and Um(2) acting on nonsingular points

Abstract We study the odd-characteristic structure of permutation modules for the rank 3 natural actions of O 2 n ± ( 2 ) ( n ⩾ 3 ) and U m ( 2 ) ( m ⩾ 4 ) on nonsingular points of their standard modules.
A METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FECAL BACTERIA

From results of which the foregoing data form a part, it appears that the amount of bacterial nitrogen in the feces is a valuable index to intestinal conditions, and the method herein described is a simple and satisfactory one for making this determination. It involves three serial centrifugalizations of a two gram sample of the fresh feces brought into suspension in 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid. The bacterial suspension finally obtained is concentrated and extracted by alcohol, and nitrogen is determined in the precipitated material. The complete data on a given stool can be obtained in about five days, and one operator can take care of three or four stools in duplicate in one day. On an absolutely uniform diet of simple and easily digested food during a period of three to four weeks, the average amount of bacterial nitrogen in two subjects was found to be 53.9 per cent. of the total fecal nitrogen, and this percentage, though higher than that obtained by workers heretofore, is probably more nearly a true value for bacterial nitrogen, because no ether extraction was employed. The average daily amount of dry bacteria, calculated on the basis of the nitrogen values, is 8.27 grams.
Lipid peroxidation in early type 1 diabetes mellitus is unassociated with oxidative damage to DNA

Abstract Oxidative stress damages DNA in experimental diabetes, and in vitro studies have suggested that it is linked to lipid peroxidation. The objective of the study was to determine whether lipid peroxidation, as assessed with malondialdehyde excretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, is associated with oxidative damage to DNA, as assessed from 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine excretion. A 3-year longitudinal study of recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus was performed. Age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied once. Patients were studied as inpatients at West Virginia University Hospitals. Thirty-seven patients with recent-onset (2-22 months) type 1 diabetes mellitus (male ,10; female, 27) were enrolled in a longitudinal study of oxidative stress. The mean age of the patients was 20 years. None of the patients had hyperlipidemia or were treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Only 1 patient had hypertension and was being treated with β -adrenergic blocking therapy. Thirty-six patients completed the study; one withdrew after the second evaluation. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde excretion. Oxidative damage to DNA was assessed from 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine excretion. Malondialdehyde excretion was increased in the diabetic patients at the first evaluation (2.43 ± 0.31 μ mol/g creatinine), second evaluation (2.34 ± 0.24), and third evaluation (1.93 ± 0.15) compared with control subjects (1.51 ± 0.11) ( P
Scattering by a nihility cylinder

Abstract The total scattering and the extinction efficiencies of a nihility cylinder of infinite length and circular cross-section are identical and independent of the polarization state of a normally incident plane wave.
Geodynamic aspects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake

The Loma Prieta earthquake differs from most of the observed seismicity along the San Andreas in northern California in its depth and style of rupture. The combination of crustal and thermal structure in the Loma Prieta region allowed strain accumulation to 18-20 km in the crust, leading to rupture at that depth during the event. A discrepancy in displacement direction of crust and mantle components of the Pacific plate near Loma Prieta led to a decoupling of the crust from the mantle within the ductile lower crust. This played a key part in the rupture initiation at the base of the seismogenic layer.
THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILIARITY ON SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS BEHAVIOR OF RED-BACKED SALAMANDERS

Previous research suggests that some individuals of the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) in Virginia form socially monogamous relationships. We investigated if living together for 9 d is sufficient to establish such a relationship. In our first laboratory experiment, we tested two hypotheses: that increased familiarity between territorial males and female intruders would lead to (1) reduced aggression and (2) increased touching (conciliation) by the males, as expected in social monogamy. We posed the same two hypotheses in our second experiment for territorial females responding to male intruders. When residents and intruders first met, residents in both experiments spent more time in threat postures than they did 9 d later. Thus, familiarity led to decreased aggression toward intruders of the opposite sex. We then removed the now familiar first intruders and replaced them with unfamiliar second intruders. Aggression by residents in both experiments increased, suggesting that male and female res...
Mechanical stability of novel highly porous metal acetabular components in revision total hip arthroplasty.

Highly porous metal acetabular components have emerged for revision hip arthroplasty. However, superior mechanical stability over traditional cementless components has not been demonstrated. Three different cementless acetabular components, including 2 highly porous tantalum designs, were inserted into hemipelvis specimens with a superolateral defect. Mechanical testing was performed to failure using a servohydraulic testing machine. The porous tantalum designs exhibited superior stability over the traditional cementless implant (P .46). In acetabular revision, highly porous tantalum acetabular components provide superior mechanical stability. However, these results suggest that improved frictional resistance is a more important design feature over implant flexibility with this particular implant.
Robust fault detection and isolation in stochastic systems

This article outlines the formulation of a robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme that can precisely detect and isolate simultaneous actuator and sensor faults for uncertain linear stochastic systems. The given robust fault detection scheme based on the discontinuous robust observer approach would be able to distinguish between model uncertainties and actuator failures and therefore eliminate the problem of false alarms. Since the proposed approach involves estimating sensor faults, it can also be used for sensor fault identification and the reconstruction of true outputs from faulty sensor outputs. Simulation results presented here validate the effectiveness of the proposed robust FDI system.
Reliability of self-reported service use: Test-retest consistency of children's responses to the Child and Adolescent Services Assessment (CASA)

This paper reports on the reliability of children's responses on the Child and Adolescent Services Assessment (CASA) — a self-report instrument for use with 8− to 18-year-olds that gathers information about services used to address mental health problems. Findings were based on interviews completed by 77 children at a one week test-retest interval. Results showed that reports of lifetime service use were as reliable as were reports of service use in the preceding three months. Children reported restrictive and intrusive services more reliably than services that were provided in their natural environment. Reliability appeared to be associated more strongly with characteristics of the type of service than with characteristics of the child. Children also could report reliably on some details about their encounters with service providers (e.g., length of stay, number of visits, and onset of service use).
Time-dose relationships for the cure of an experimental rat tumor with fractionated radiation

Abstract A detailed analysis has been carried out of tumor cure doses for three fractions per week X-ray treatments of an experimental rhabdomyosarcoma in rats. The tumor cure doses rise sharply between 1 and 5 days, have a slight dip at 10 days, and then rise steadily from 10 to 50 days. The 10–50 day portion of the time-dose relationship appears to be linear when plotted on a linear coordinate plot of tumor cure dose versus time; the time-dose relationship is not linear when plotted on log-log coordinates. Because a constant number of fractions/week were used in all fractionation schemes, the relative importance of time and fraction number could not be assessed directly. An analysis of the tumor cure time-dose relationship and the known in vivo and in vitro characteristics of the tumor cells suggests that there is effective reoxygenation in fractionation schemes longer than 10 days, and that repair of sublethal damage is a more important factor in the increases of the tumor cure dose with fractionation than is repopulation between treatments. A comparison of these tumor cure time-dose relationships with previously published normal tissue tolerance time-dose relationships shows that three fraction/week treatments lasting 5–33 days give no better and often worse results than single doses, but that a three fraction/week treatment lasting 50 days gives dramatically better "therapeutic results".
Value Profiles of Business Students in the 1960s and in the 1990s: A Comparison

Abstract This study identified the changes in personal values of business students from the 1960s to the 1990s, using Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey's Study of Values (1970). It also analyzed the sex-based differences in the value profiles during this period. Results showed that male business students from the 1990s had stronger economic, political, and aesthetic values, but weaker theoretical and religious values than the male students of the 1960s. Female business students of the 1990s had stronger economic and political values and weaker aesthetics and religious values than the female students of the 1960s. Many of the differences noted in the 1960s in the male-female value profiles were no longer evident in the 1990s. Implications of findings for business educators and corporate managers are also discussed.
Examples of using imaging spectrometry for remote sensing of the atmosphere, land, and ocean

The concept of imaging spectrometry was originated from geological communities in the early 1980s. The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) built at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been collecting spectral imaging data in the 0.4 - 2.5 micron region from an ER-2 aircraft at 20 km for a decade. Newer generations of airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers have also been built. In this paper, techniques, such as spectral matching and channel ratioing for extracting information on the Earth's atmosphere and surfaces are illustrated. Examples of using the technique of imaging spectrometry for remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, cirrus clouds, aerosols, fire, land surface properties, and ocean color are presented. The applications of imaging spectrometry to the selection and implementation of new channels on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for global remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor and cirrus clouds from space are also described.
Effects of a depression education program on residents' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical skills.

Abstract Objective To determine whether an interactive educational program would improve obstetrics and gynecology residents’ knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and skills in caring for depressed patients. Methods We recruited 74 residents from eight residency programs to attend the Depression Education Program, which consists of a 1-hour lecture and two 2-hour workshops combining discussion, diagnosis and treatment tools, critique of a videotape, practice with feedback, and audiotape self-assessment. Before and after the program, participants 1) completed a questionnaire measuring knowledge, attitudes, and reported actions taken with a recent depressed patient; 2) received a standardized patient visit; and 3) kept lists of patients they suspected were depressed. Clinic patients completed a depression screening questionnaire. To assess improvement, we used paired t tests, McNemar χ2 tests, and multivariate models adjusting for training site. Results The education program led to 3-month improvements in participants’ reported use of formal diagnostic criteria (38% before, 66% after; P = .004), clinical actions documented for suspected depression (P = .035), and perceived self-efficacy in depression care (P Conclusion The Depression Education Program improved residents’ knowledge, confidence, and reported clinical actions with depressed patients, but did not improve most objectively assessed outcomes.
Possible accumulation of authigenic, expandable-type clay minerals in the substructure of tuttle creek dam, Kansas, U.S.A.

Abstract A preliminary review of the literature indicates that the chemistry of the water from relief wells south of Tuttle Creek Dam (T.C.D.) is favorable for the formation of authigenic montmorillonitic and mixed-layer clays whereas the chemistry of the waters of Tuttle Creek Reservoir (T.C.R.) indicates only kaolinite as a possible authigenic phase. The montmorillonitic and mixed-layer clays are very undesirable in a dam's structure due to their ion exchange capacity and swellability-compressibility; both factors can possibly shorten the life of an earthfill dam. Further study indicates that the water chemistry of the relief wells is close to that for many of the wells in the Blue River Valley and Kansas River Valley from below the dam and that this criterion alone cannot be used to answer the critical question of authigenesis. Clay mineralogic study coupled with a Rb-Sr geochronologic study indicates that, despite some real differences in the types of clays found in both T.C.R. and T.C.D., an allogenic origin for the clays is probable. This refutes the idea that the dam is being weakened by authigenic clay deposition, but more chemical date are needed to confirm the Rb-Sr work.
Comparison of peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for detection of post transplant mixed chimerism

Comparison of peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for detection of post transplant mixed chimerism
Combining clinical risk with D-dimer testing to rule out deep vein thrombosis

We sought to determine whether the combination of low-intermediate clinical risk of acute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and negative ELISA D-dimer assay can eliminate the need for duplex ultrasonography. Three hundred thirty-six patients prospectively underwent clinical risk stratification (low, intermediate, and high), D-dimer testing, and duplex ultrasonography. Thirteen of 145 intermediate-risk patients had acute DVT; 11 (85%) had a positive D-dimer. Two of 118 low-risk patients had acute DVT; both had a positive D-dimer. Intermediate-high risk stratification alone had sensitivity of 93.9% (95% CI: 80.3-98.3%) and a NPV of 98.3% (95% CI: 94.0-99.5%) for acute DVT. For all patients, a positive D-dimer alone had a sensitivity of 93.9% (95% CI: 80.3-98.3%) and a NPV of 98.6% (95% CI: 95.1-99.6%). The combination of D-dimer and intermediate-high risk classification had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 89.4-100%) and a NPV of 100% (95% CI: 98.9-100%). In suspected acute lower extremity DVT, the combination of intermediate-high clinical risk and positive D-dimer has a high sensitivity and NPV, possibly eliminating the need for duplex ultrasound in this group of patients.
Examination of 209 Drugs for Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2C8

Cytochrome P450 2C8 is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as paclitaxel, repaglinide, rosiglitazone, and cerivastatin, among others. An in vitro assessment of 209 frequently prescribed drugs and related xenobiotics was carried out to examine their potential to inhibit CYP2C8. A validated sensitive, moderate-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) assay was used to detect N-desethylamodiaquine, the CYP2C8-derived major metabolite of amodiaquine metabolism, using heterologously expressed recombinant CYP2C8 (rhCYP2C8) and pooled human liver microsomes. The 209 drugs were first tested at 30 μM for their ability to inhibit rhCYP2C8. Forty-eight compounds exhibited greater than 50% inhibition and were further evaluated for measurement of IC 5 0 . The six most potent inhibitors (IC 5 0 <1 μM) from this set were measured for IC 5 0 in pooled human liver microsomes, and the most potent inhibitor identified was the leukotriene receptor antagonist, montelukast (IC 5 0 = 19.6 nM). Inhibitors of CYP2C8 were identified from a wide variety of therapeutic classes, with no single class predominating. Other potent inhibitors included candesartan cilexetil (cyclohexylcarbonate ester prodrug of candesartan), zafirlukast, clotrimazole, felodipine, and mometasone furoate. Seventeen moderate inhibitors of rhCYP2C8 (1 < IC 5 0 < 10 μM) included salmeterol, raloxifene, fenofibrate, ritonavir, levothyroxine, tamoxifen, loratadine, quercetin, oxybutynin, medroxyprogesterone, simvastatin, ketoconazole, ethinyl estradiol, spironolactone, lovastatin, nifedipine, and irbesartan. These in vitro data were used along with clinical pharmacokinetic information in predicting potential drug-drug interactions that could occur by inhibition of CYP2C8. Although almost all drugs tested are not expected to cause drug interactions via inhibition of CYP2C8, montelukast was identified as being of concern as a potential inhibitor of clinical relevance. These findings are discussed in context to potential drug interactions that could be observed between these agents and drugs for which CYP2C8 is involved in metabolism and warrant investigation of the possibility of clinical drug interactions mediated by inhibition of this enzyme.
Many-body clusters in boson systems

Abstract Estimates of the four- and five-body elementary diagrams are used as input to the hypernetted chain equation for simple boson systems. Convergence of the variational method is judged by two criteria: the size of corrections to the energy and the agreement between two expressions for the energy which would be identical for an exact variational calculation. For these models, convergence is excellent below saturation, good in the region of saturation, and suspect at higher densities. Similar estimates could easily be made for Fermi systems with central correlations.
Room-temperature adsorption of oxygen on tungsten surfaces: A review

Abstract Room-temperature adsorption of oxygen on tungsten surfaces is reviewed. Emphasis is on the adsorption features obtained from modern, experimental studies of polycrystalline and monocrystalline samples. Adsorption features discussed include coverage, sticking coefficient, adsorption states, work function change, and electron impact desorption cross sections. Possible reasons for disagreement on these adsorption features and some criteria for reproducible results are presented.
Femtosecond laser fabrication of tubular waveguides in poly(methyl methacrylate)

Femtosecond laser direct writing is employed for the fabrication of buried tubular waveguides in bulk poly(methyl methacrylate). A novel technique using selective chemical etching is presented to resolve the two-dimensional refractive-index profile of the fabrication structures. End-to-end coupling in the waveguides reveals a near-field intensity distribution that results from the superimposition of several propagating modes with different azimuthal symmetries. Mode analysis of the tubular waveguides is performed using the finite-difference method, and the possible propagating mode profiles are compared with the experimental data.
Applied psychology in personnel management

The article reviews the book “Applied Psychology in Personnel Management,” by Wayne Cascio.
Investigation of carbon corrosion in polymer electrolyte fuel cells using steam etching

Abstract Carbon blacks are widely used as electrocatalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), and the corrosion of carbon blacks has a severe impact on the long-term durability of PEFCs. The steam etching approach was used to investigate the corrosion of the low-surface area XC72 carbon black and the high-surface area black pearl 2000 carbon black under different conditions. The weight loss of the XC72 and the black pearl 2000 when etched at 800 °C for 3 h is 28.43% and 54.82%, respectively. TEM results show that the corrosion of the XC72 begins from the center of the particle, while the corrosion on the black pearl 2000 starts on the particle surface. XRD results show that the 0 0 2 and 10 peaks of the XC72-based samples are initially sharp, but then broaden during the corrosion process. For black pearl 2000-based samples, the 0 0 2 and 10 peaks all became broader during the corrosion process. The results provide guidelines for modifying carbon black as catalyst supports to achieve a higher durability.
Introduction: Politicians and Administrators in the Political Process—A Review of Themes and Issues in the Literature

A key question in political science and public administration is how elected officials and appointed administrators relate to each other. The quality of the policy making, the consistency between p...
Inheritance and linkage relations of reaction to Xanthomonas phaseoli ( E. F. Smith) Dowson (common blight), stage of plant development and plant habit in Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The inheritance of the reaction to Xanthomonas phaseoli (E. F. Smith) Dowson Nebraska isolate Xp-816, cause of common blight disease of beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. was studied in crosses between the late flowering, indeterminate, blight tolerant dry bean PI 207262 (Colombia) and susceptible cvs. GN 1140, an early flowering and indeterminate dry bean; Dark Red Kidney, a late flowering and determinate dry bean; and Gallatin 50, an early and determinate green bean. The tolerant disease reaction was dominant in the F1. A continuous distribution of disease reaction ratings, skewed in the direction of dominance, occurred in the F2 derived from the first 2 crosses while a slight bimodal distribution was observed in the F2 of the last cross. A low narrow sense heritability estimate of 14% was calculated by the regression of F3 progeny means on individual F2 plants, in the cross GN 1140×PI 207262. The occurrence of a small number of nonsegregating families in a low number of F3 families indicates that a small number of major genes were involved in controlling the disease reaction. Linkage did not appear to be involved between genes controlling early flowering (early maturity) and common blight tolerance. Coupling linkage occurred between genes controlling determinate plant habit and early flowering. A crossover value of 8.4% was estimated. Recombinants for early maturity, determinate habit, and blight tolerance were obtained. Transgressive segregation for early flowering and common blight susceptibility occurred in progeny derived from the cross of the two late-flowering blight tolerant lines, PI 207262 and GN Nebraska 1, sel. 27, indicating that the parents possessed different genes controlling these traits.
Analysis of the pH-dependent Folding and Stability of Histidine Point Mutants Allows Characterization of the Denatured State and Transition State for Protein Folding

pH-Dependent studies of the folding kinetics and stability of a set of His to Gln point mutants were used to characterize the denatured state and transition state ensembles for the C-terminal domain of the ribosomal protein L9 (CTL9). CTL9 contains three histidine residues, two of which, H106 and H134, are buried in the native state, while the third, H144, is more exposed. Comparison of the pH-dependent stability calculated using the Tanford-Wyman linkage relationship to the measured values demonstrates that the apparent pK(a) values of the three histidine residues are not significantly perturbed in the denatured state ensemble. Kinetic measurements show that mutation of H134 has a larger effect on the folding process than does mutation of H106 and H144. The Phi-value for H134 is significantly larger than the Phi-values for the other histidine residues, which are near zero at both pH 5.45 and pH 8.0. The Phi-value for H134 is higher, 0.55, at pH 8.0 than at pH 5.45, 0.39. At pH 5.45, H134 is protonated in the unfolded state but deprotonated in the native state, while at pH 8.0 it is deprotonated in both. There is an excellent linear relationship between stability (logK) and folding rates (logk(f)) over the range of pH 5-9 for all mutants. From these plots, the ratio of DeltaQ( not equal)/DeltaQ can be calculated for each mutant. DeltaQ( not equal) is the difference in the number of protons bound to the transition state and to the unfolded state, while DeltaQ represents the difference between folded and denatured state. The linear plots indicate that the relative position of the transition state ensemble as judged by DeltaQ( not equal)/DeltaQ is independent of pH. The linkage analysis is consistent with the Phi-value analysis, showing that H134 is the most critical contributor to the development of pH-dependent interactions, including desolvation effects in the transition state ensemble.
Molecular tools for the diagnosis of animal diseases

This article is a review of the recent advantages in the use of molecular technology for the diagnosis of animal diseases. The tools of molecular diagnosis such as cloning techniques, hybridization techniques, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are briefly described. This is followed by a review of how these tools are currently being used in veterinary medicine to diagnose many microbial, congenital, and neoplastic diseases in animals. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods is also provided.
Fetal neocortical transplants into the medial forebrain bundle attract ingrowth of catecholaminergic fibers in adult rat brain

The hypothesis that fetal tissue grafts may exert a trophic influence on damaged catecholaminergic fibers was examined. Ascending dopamine and norepinephrine axons normally innervate frontal cortex targets in the intact rat brain. These and other ascending catecholaminergic fibers were disrupted with stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle (mfb), followed after 1 or 14 days by grafts of fetal neocortical tissue placed into the injection site, or by sham grafts. Glyoxylic acid histofluorescence techniques were then used to examine catecholaminergic fiber distribution. When such lesions were made without subsequent grafting, virtually no growth of catecholaminergic fibers occurred beyond the injection site and frontal cortex norepinephrine levels were depleted to 15% of control levels. However, when grafts of fetal neocortical tissue were made into the lesion site and animals examined 3 months later, catecholaminergic fibers grew through the lesion site to ramify within the graft tissue. Catecholaminergic fibers were seen in all portions of most grafts, though they were most dense on the caudal and ventral edges of the graft, close to the path of the mfb. Similar densities of graft innervation were seen 3 months after animals received grafts placed into the same site without prior lesioning of catecholaminergic fibers. Fetal neocortical grafts thus induce collateral sprouting from intact host catecholaminergic axons and may also promote regenerative sprouting when such fibers are otherwise irreparably damaged.
Direct model reference adaptive control: Progress, problems, and prospects

In this paper an attempt is made to describe the progress to date, the problems, and the prospects for Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control Systems. The most significant progress has been in the development of the theory. Algorithms now exist which assure stable operation of the closed adaptive loop for both continuous time and discrete time systems. The most difficult problems remaining stem from the somewhat restrictive nature of the assumptions which must be made concerning the controlled system, and the fact that few hard results are available for the performance of the algorithms in the presence of measurement noise. In spite of these problems, the method has been successfully applied to some relatively simple systems. This fact, combined with recent progress in the theory, gives hope that the prospect of applying it to more complex systems is good.