cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Telephone Call to Decrease Patient Anxiety before Urodynamic Testing: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective The aim of this study was to determine if a telephone call before undergoing urodynamic study (UDS) would decrease test-related anxiety compared with standard care. Methods We performed a randomized controlled trial at a single practice from April 2016 to June 2017. Patients at least 18 years old with lower urinary tract dysfunction and undergoing UDS for the first time were eligible. All participants received standard counseling; participants randomized to the intervention group also received a telephone call before their UDS appointment to answer any questions regarding their upcoming test. All participants completed surveys before and after testing to assess anxiety, preparedness, and satisfaction. The primary outcome was anxiety level immediately before UDS. Secondary outcomes included self-reported patient preparedness, pain, and satisfaction with counseling. Data were compared using χ, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results One hundred two participants were included in this as-treated analysis: 52 in the intervention group and 50 in the standard care group. The 2 groups were similar in age, ethnicity, and the proportion seeking additional information before testing. There were no statistically significant differences between groups with respect to overall anxiety, anxiety regarding specific elements of the test, or anticipated pain (all P ≥ 0.19). Participant satisfaction with pre-UDS counseling was significantly higher in the intervention group (80.8%) compared with the standard care group (54.0%; P = 0.002). Conclusions Our study showed that a telephone call before undergoing UDS did not decrease anxiety compared with standard care; however, the telephone call was associated with higher satisfaction with pre-UDS counseling.
An Overview of Soliton Mathematics

I have been asked to provide some background about “soliton mathematics”. I will describe an overview of the subject which indicates how some of the different mathematical developments fit together and compliment each other. In this lecture emphasis will be placed on the mathematics of solitons, rather than on their remarkable properties [1, 2] or their physical applications [3, 4, 5, 6].
Isoform 6-selective histone deacetylase inhibition reduces lesion size and brain swelling following traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUNDNonselective histone deacetylase (pan-HDAC) inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VPA), have demonstrated neuroprotective properties in trauma models. However, isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors may provide opportunity for more effective drug administration with fewer adverse effects. We invest
Global Transcriptional Profiling of the Cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 9212 in Far-Red Light: Insights Into the Regulation of Chlorophyll d Synthesis

Some terrestrial cyanobacteria can acclimate to and then utilize far-red light (FRL; λ = 700-800 nm) to perform oxygenic photosynthesis through a process called Far-Red Light Photoacclimation (FaRLiP). During FaRLiP, cells synthesize chlorophylls (Chl) d and Chl f and extensively remodel their photosynthetic apparatus by modifying core subunits of photosystem (PS)I, PSII, and the phycobilisome (PBS). Three regulatory proteins, RfpA, RfpB, and RfpC, are encoded in the FaRLiP gene cluster; they sense FRL and control the synthesis of Chl f and expression of the FaRLiP gene cluster. It was previously uncertain if Chl d synthesis and other physiological and metabolic changes to FRL are regulated by RfpABC. In this study we show that Chl d synthesis is regulated by RfpABC; however, most other transcriptional changes leading to the FRL physiological state are not regulated by RfpABC. Surprisingly, we show that erythromycin induces Chl d synthesis in vivo. Transcriptomic and pigment analyses indicate that thiol compounds and/or cysteine proteases could be involved in Chl d synthesis in FRL. We conclude that the protein(s) responsible for Chl d synthesis is/are probably encoded within the FaRLiP gene cluster. Transcriptional responses to FRL help cells to conserve and produce energy and reducing power to overcome implicit light limitation of photosynthesis during the initial acclimation process to FRL.
Perineal hernia repair using permanent suture and mesh: a video case presentation.

Introduction Perineal hernias are an uncommon cause of pelvic bulge symptoms in women with no established ideal surgical approach. We present the case of a posterior perineal hernia repaired robotically using permanent sutures and mesh. Methods A 67-year-old woman with a posterior perineal hernia and stage III uterovaginal prolapse presented to our office and underwent minimally invasive robotics-assisted abdominal surgery. Her levator plate defect was closed primarily using permanent sutures and reinforced using polypropylene mesh. A concomitant supracervical hysterectomy and sacrocolpopexy were performed. Results Robotics-assisted transabdominal perineal hernia repair offered excellent intra-operative visualization and complete delineation of the defect. Conclusions Robotics-assisted abdominal primary repair of the perineal hernia and overlying mesh placement offered a safe and effective repair of this rare disorder.
Synthesis of PEG and Quaternary Ammonium Grafted Silicone Copolymers as Nanoemulsifiers

Amphiphilic silicone copolymers are an exciting class of biomedically relevant polymers that can be used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based cell labelling and oximetry studies. However, the...
What is a Freestanding Emergency Department? Definitions Differ Across Major United States Data Sources.

Author(s): Herscovici, Darya M.; Boggs, Krislyn M.; Sullivan, Ashley F.; Camargo Jr., Carlos A. | Abstract: Introduction: Despite the growing number of freestanding emergency departments (FSED) in the United States (US), FSED definitions differ across major US data sources of healthcare facilities and use. We compare these sources and propose a universal definition of FSED (and its two major types) to improve communications regarding these facilities and their patients.Methods: We collected definitions of FSEDs from 11 national data sources using their websites, email, and telephone communications. For each source, we asked how they define FSEDs, whether being open 24/7 is a requirement to be called an ED, and whether they maintain a dataset of FSEDs.Results: Definitions varied across the data sources. All sources recognize FSEDs in their definitions, regardless of type; only one (the National Health Intervew Survey) does not differentiate them from other EDs. Five of the 11 sources (45%) omit autonomous FSEDs from their definitions and do not separately identify satellite FSEDs from their affiliated hospitals. One source does separately identify satellite FSEDs from their affiliated hospitals, but also omits autonomous FSEDs. Furthermore, three of the 11 sources (27%) do not require being open 24/7, while all others (73%) employ this criterion. Six of the 11 (55%) maintain datasets of FSEDs using their definition.Conclusion: As FSEDs continue to change the landscape of emergency care, it is important that they also be represented in national ED data sources. The current differences in the definition of an FSED make it difficult to provide accurate and longitudinal analysis for these facilities and patients who receive services at these facilities. We propose a universal definition of FSEDs as described by both the American College of Emergency Physicians and the National Emergency Department Inventory. Implementing a standard definition would facilitate a more accurate representation of FSEDs in national data sources and enhance ongoing efforts to improve the quality of emergency care delivered in FSEDs.
Clinical Implications of Genetic Signatures in Appendiceal Cancer Patients with Incomplete Cytoreduction/HIPEC.

Clinical decision-making is challenging in patients who undergo cytoreductive surgery/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) when complete cytoreduction is not feasible. Nevertheless, some patients still benefit with long-term survival after incomplete CRS/HIPEC. There is currently no robust predictive tool that can assist clinical decision-making in this setting. We quantified gene expression of 79 appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN) from patients with incomplete CRS/HIPEC (R2 resection) using a custom NanoString gene panel. Using our previously defined, prognostic subtype classification algorithm based on signed nonnegative matrix factorization, we classified AMN cases into three molecular subtypes termed: immune enriched (IE), mixed (M), and oncogene enriched (OE). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to associate subtypes and individual genes with overall survival (OS). Median overall survival (OS) was 7.7 years for IE, 3.6 years for M, and 1.4 years for OE. Compared with IE, OE was associated with significantly lower survival [hazard ratio (HR) 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–8.13; p = 0.0017]. The differences were observed in both low-grade and high-grade tumors. While only two genes were identified to be associated with OS in low-grade tumors, multiple genes were identified to be associated with OS in high-grade tumors, particularly genes with functions in cell cycle/proliferation, mucin production, immune pathways, and cell adhesion/migration. Genetic signatures have prognostic value in patients with incomplete cytoreduction and provide valuable information to assist clinical and operative decision-making. Unraveling genetic alterations and involved pathways can direct efforts to design novel therapeutic modalities.
Medial Rectus Advancement for Secondary Exotropia

Purpose To determine the preoperative characteristics and surgical results after medial rectus advancement in patients with secondary exotropia. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods S etting : Tertiary Care University Medical Center. P atient P opulation : 221 patients with a diagnosis of secondary exotropia who underwent medial rectus advancement surgery by a single surgeon. O bservation : Preoperative demographics, exodeviation and motility, intraoperative findings, and postoperative results were recorded. M ain O utcome M easure : Success of surgery, defined as Esotropia Results A total of 98 patients underwent unilateral medial rectus advancement (UMRadv), 89 underwent UMRadv with lateral rectus recession (LRc), and 34 underwent bilateral medial rectus advancement (BMRadv). POM2 success rates were 66.7% in UMRadv patients, 62.1% in UMRadv + LRc, and 56% in BMRadv. A total of 117 patients had preoperative adduction deficits, which were significantly associated with the finding of an intraoperative stretched scar (P Discussion These results provide guidance for surgical correction based on preoperative deviation and ductions. Adduction deficits indicate a stretched scar, which must be treated with resection and advancement of the medial rectus. A larger amount of surgery is needed in patients with a stretched scar. Exodrift is common, and therefore aiming for approximately 10 pd of overcorrection at postoperative week 1 can improve final outcomes. Conclusion Medial rectus advancement results in successful surgical results at POM2 for secondary exotropia.
Measuring the Lower Critical Field of Superconductors Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Optical Magnetometry

In condensed matter physics, knowing the lower critical magnetic field ${H}_{c1}$ is necessary to evaluate the superfluid density, which can provide insight into the gap structure gap and mechanism of superconductivity in a type-II superconductor. Measuring ${H}_{c1}$ is complicated by the distortion of a magnetic field around the sample, and by the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the chosen technique. This work demonstrates minimally invasive vector magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance of N-$V$ centers in diamond, which, with the help of revised demagnetization corrections for real-world nonellipsoidal samples, provides a sensitive method to measure ${H}_{c1}$.
Conduction Properties and Ablation of Adenosine Sensitive Accessory Pathways in Children.

Block in accessory pathway (AP) conduction with adenosine has been previously described. However, conduction characteristics of these APs has not been well defined to date. All patients with APs </ = 21 years old who underwent an EP study from 2014 to 2017 were included in our study. Patients with adenosine sensitive APs were identified (group 1). Demographic and AP conduction characteristics were compared between group 1 and the entire cohort of patients. Local atrioventricular (AV) or ventriculoatrial (VA) time, cycle length and need for isoproterenol were compared to a control group matched by age and AP location (group 2). Student’s t test, Wilcoxon rank sum, χ2 and Fisher’s exact were used for analysis. Fourteen (7%) out of 207 patients had an adenosine sensitive AP. The median age of patients with adenosine sensitive APs was 11.8 (IQR 8.5–13.5) years vs. 14 (IQR 10.6–16.7) for the rest of the cohort (p = 0.04). Three of the 134 patients with preexcitation had adenosine sensitive APs (2%) vs. 11 of the 73 patients with concealed APs (15%) (p = 0.001). The median local AV/VA time at the site of successful ablation was longer in group 1 vs group 2 [78 ms, IQR 62–116 vs. 31 ms, IQR 30–38; p < 0.001]. Antegrade AP effective refractory period and total procedure time were longer in patients with adenosine sensitive APs (p = 0.03 & p = 0.04, respectively). Adenosine sensitive APs which occur in children are more often concealed. These APs have a longer conduction time at the site of successful ablation.
Lung transplantation using allografts with more than 8 hours of ischemic time: A single-institution experience.

BACKGROUND Six hours was historically regarded as the limit of acceptable ischemic time for lung allografts. However, broader sharing of donor lungs often necessitates use of allografts with ischemic time >6 hours. We characterized the association between ischemic time ≥8 hours and outcomes after lung transplantation using a contemporary cohort from a high-volume institution. METHODS Patients who underwent primary isolated bilateral lung transplantation between 1/2016 and 5/2020 were included. Patients bridged to transplant with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or mechanical ventilation, and ex-vivo perfusion cases were excluded. Recipients were stratified by total allograft ischemic time <8 hours (standard) vs ≥8 hours (long). Perioperative outcomes and post-transplant survival were compared between groups. RESULTS Of 358 patients, 95 (26.5%) received long ischemic time (≥8 hours) lungs. Long ischemic time recipients were more likely to be male and have donation after circulatory death donors than standard ischemic time recipients. On unadjusted analysis, long and standard ischemic time recipients had similar survival, and similar rates of grade 3 primary graft dysfunction at 72 hours, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation post-transplant, acute rejection within 30 days, reintubation, and post-transplant length of stay. After adjustment, long and standard ischemic time recipients had comparable risks of mortality or graft failure. CONCLUSIONS In a modern cohort, use of lung allografts with "long" ischemic time ≥8 hours were associated with acceptable perioperative outcomes and post-transplant survival. Further investigation is required to better understand how broader use impacts post-lung transplant outcomes and the implications for smarter sharing under an evolving national allocation policy.
Bacterial or fungal co-infection and endogenous endophthalmitis in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Purpose : Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral illness which may predispose to co-infections and whose ophthalmic manifestations are still not well understood. This study was performed to determine the rate of bacterial or fungal coinfection and associated endogenous endophthalmitis in inpatients with COVID-19. Methods : This was a retrospective cohort study of inpatients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia at seven general hospitals in Louisville, Kentucky from March to May 2020. All patients were positive by polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 and had clinical evidence of pneumonia necessitating hospital admission. Records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical evidence of systemic bacterial or fungal co-infection, culture results, and evidence of endophthalmitis. Results : There were 632 patients in this study. Median age was 63 (IQR 48-74), and 53% were female. 65 of them (10.3%) had a systemic, culture-positive bacterial or fungal coinfection (60 bacterial, 5 fungal). Of these 65 patients, 11 developed bacteremia (16.9% of co-infected patients;1.7% of all COVID inpatients). One patient with Streptococcal bacteremia and septic arthritis developed endogenous endophthalmitis in one eye (1/65 co-infected patients, 1.5%;1/632 total COVID inpatients, 0.16%), which was successfully treated with intravitreal antibiotics. No patients with negative blood cultures developed endophthalmitis, although the sole endophthalmitis patient presented with intraocular infection prior to blood cultures being positive. Conclusions : Bacterial or fungal co-infection is relatively common in inpatients with COVID-19. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, while rare, is still a possible and potentially devastating complication of the disease. Consequently, visual complaints in COVID-19 inpatients should be assessed promptly.
PAX9 Determines Epigenetic State Transition and Cell Fate in Cancer.

Abnormalities in genetic and epigenetic modifications can lead to drastic changes in gene expression profiles that are associated with various cancer types. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive and deadly form of lung cancer with limited effective therapies currently available. By utilizing a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 dropout screen in SCLC cells, we identified paired box protein 9 (PAX9) as an essential factor that is overexpressed in human malignant SCLC tumor samples and is transcriptionally driven by the BAP1/ASXL3/BRD4 epigenetic axis. Genome-wide studies revealed that PAX9 occupies distal enhancer elements and represses gene expression by restricting enhancer activity. In multiple SCLC cell lines, genetic depletion of PAX9 led to significant induction of a primed-active enhancer transition, resulting in increased expression of a large number of neural differentiation and tumor-suppressive genes. Mechanistically, PAX9 interacted and co-functioned with the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex at enhancers to repress nearby gene expression, which was reversed by pharmacological HDAC inhibition. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insight into the oncogenic function of the PAX9/NuRD complex epigenetic axis in human SCLC and suggests that re-activation of primed enhancers may have potential therapeutic efficacy in treating SCLC expressing high levels of PAX9.
Elevated liver enzymes portends a higher rate of complication and death in SARS-CoV-2.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), has infected millions worldwide since its discovery in Wuhan, China in December 2019, but little is still known about the disease process. Preliminary research in China notes liver function tests (LFTs) abnormalities are common in COVID-19 patients, suggesting decreased hepatic function, and that abnormalities in LFTs are related to complicated disease course and negative outcomes. However, there has been limited large-scale data assessing COVID-19's association with liver dysfunction and negative outcomes. Aim To investigate how COVID-19 affects the liver function and disease course in patients infected with the virus treated at Henry Ford Hospital from March to September 2020. Methods A total of 8028 patients infected with COVID-19 were identified and included in the study at a single academic center. Data from medical charts on laboratory testing including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and bilirubin levels, past history of liver disease, and disease course indicators including hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, intubation, and death were recorded and analyzed. Elevated liver enzymes were defined as ALT/AST greater than 60, AP greater than 150, or bilirubin greater than 1.5, super-elevated liver enzymes were defined as ALT/AST greater than 120, AP greater than 300, or bilirubin greater than 3.0. Results A total of 8028 COVID-19 patients were identified and included in the study. Data from medical charts on LFTs (namely, AST, ALT, AP, and bilirubin levels), past history of liver disease, and disease course indicators (hospital/ICU admission, intubation, death) were recorded and analyzed. LFTs from 3937 patients were available for interpretation. 45% were found to have elevated or super-elevated LFT. When compared to COVID-19 patients without elevated LFTs, this cohort was found to have significantly higher odds of hospital admittance, ICU admission, intubation, and death (all P Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that in patients who have tested positive for COVID-19, those with elevated and super elevated liver enzyme levels have significantly higher odds of hospital admittance, ICU admittance, intubation and death in comparison to those COVID-19 patients without elevated liver enzyme levels.
Judges and Community Engagement: An Institutional Obligation

This article sets out a principled framework to inform the development of community engagement programs by judiciaries. Community engagement is an ethical obligation incumbent upon the judiciary as an institution. While there are risks associated with community engagement, these may be appropriately managed. This article settles on seven guiding principles that underpin effective community engagement.
AN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE DESIGN OF A CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES

A computational method of optimization was used to design the control system of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) car in which there are some nonlinear and unstable components. The engine with an optimum operating line (OOL) is an unstable element in general. The system including a CVT and the unstable engine was stabilized and designed successfully using an optimization technique with quadratic cost functions. The final designed parameters (system gains) of the CVT control system could ensure good stability and controllability, and consequently drivability in the system over the operating range. Compared with the trial–and–error method, it is shown that the optimization technique for designing a highly nonlinear CVT system can significantly reduce the time for system design and gives the optimal result about which one is concerned.
Intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2α to induce midtrimester abortion

Abstract Ninety-five of 100 women treated with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F 2α were successfully aborted. Various dosage schedules were followed. The effects of parity, age, dose of prostaglandin, and gestational age on the interval of time from first injection to abortion are evaluated. The type and incidence of side effects also are discussed. A comparison was made between these results and those achieved in other centers. The use of this compound is compared with hypertonic saline.
Adaptation of brain lipid bilayers to ethanol-induced fluidization. Species and strain generality.

Abstract Membrane lipid compositional changes have recently been shown by us to be at least partially responsible for the apparent tolerance to the membrane-fluidizing effects of ethanol [D. A. Johnson, N. M. Lee, R. Cooke and H. H. Loh, Molec. Pharmac . 15 , 739 (1979)]. Because not all effects of ethanol are generalizable to all strains and species, we attempted to determine whether these lipid compositional changes are related to the anesthetic actions of ethanol. Consequently, the effects of ethanol on the fluidity of reconstituted membranes formed from lipid extracts of synaptic membranes from tolerant C57BL/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed by using the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, incorporated into the membranes, as a relative index of fluidity. We observed apparent tolerance to the fluidizing effects of ethanol in both the C57BL/6J mice and the Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute in vivo ethanol treatment did not alter ethanol-induced fluidity of the reconstituted membranes. The results further support the suggestion that the change in brain membrane lipid composition, responsible for the apparent tolerance to the membrane-fluidizing effects of ethanol, is related to tolerance to the anesthetic actions of ethanol.
A signal-adaptive time-frequency distribution using generalized marginals

The joint time-frequency distributions are widely used in the analysis of non-stationary signals. These distributions are bilinear with respect to the signal, thereby producing cross-terms which are detrimental to an intuitive understanding of the distribution. All the time-frequency distributions designed for the purpose of suppressing cross-terms have lowpass smoothing kernels designed in the ambiguity domain. We introduce a signal-adaptive kernel designed in the generalized marginals (GM) domain. This new kernel exploits the mechanism by which the cross-terms are created in the GM domain. It is shown that the cross-terms are created by a simple squaring process and the region of support for the cross terms is a subset of the region of support of the auto-terms. The generalized marginals of the Wigner distribution (WD) are always positive and real. The generalized marginals of all distributions-which have a radially Gaussian kernel in the ambiguity domain are positive. This positivity is exploited for applying information measures in the construction of the adaptive kernel. The cross-term suppression is done in the GM domain and the time-frequency distribution is constructed using the filtered back-projection method. Moyal's formula is utilized to calculate the GM as the projections of the signal on linear chirps. >
The Discovery and Exploratory Development of Maraviroc (UK-427,857): A Novel CCR5 Antagonist for the Treatment of HIV

Maraviroc is a novel CCR5 antagonist and is the most advanced clinical candidate in Pfizer's CCR5 discovery and development programme. It is exquisitely selective for the CCR5 receptor and demonstrates potent activity in vitro against both lab-adapted and primary clinical HIV isolates spanning all of the clades, including viruses that are resistant to current classes of HIV agents. Maraviroc has been evaluated in >400 volunteers and in 66 HIV patients where it is well tolerated at doses in excess of those required to block the CCR5 receptor and those providing free drug levels above the in vitro concentrations for potent antiviral activity. Consistent with this, Maraviroc has demonstrated encouraging short-term (10 day), single agent efficacy as measured by reductions in viral loads in asymptomatic HIV patients; doses of 300 mg QD and 300 mg BID resulted in mean maximum HIV RNA reductions of 1.60log10 and 1.84log10, respectively. Studies both with CYP 3A4 inhibitors and inducers have demonstrated that Maraviroc will have manageable drug interactions when used in the setting of HIV patients receiving HAART. In summary, Maraviroc has potency, pharmacokinetic and toleration profiles that merit its further evaluation as a new therapy for patients with HIV/AIDS. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Myosin Superfamily Proteins

Originally published in: Molecular Motors. Edited by Manfred Schliwa. Copyright © 2003 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30594-0 The sections in this article are Introduction Functional Properties of Myosins Directionality and Processivity Protein Motifs Found in Myosins Myosin Regulation Diverse Functions for Myosins Non-muscle Contractile Structures Cell Motility and Adhesion Organelle/Cellular Component Transport Maintenance of Actin-rich Extensions Membrane Trafficking Signal Transduction Myosins in Disease Griscelli Syndrome Roles for Myosins in Hearing New Myosins and Myosin Functions on the Horizon Conclusions Acknowledgements Keywords: myosin superfamily; protein motifs; myosin regulation; cell motility; transport; actin-rich extensions; membrane trafficking; signal transduction; Griscelli syndrome
Chapter 5 Understanding failures of learning: Hebbian learning, competition for representational space, and some preliminary experimental data

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reason of difficulty in paired associate learning in amnesics. In an experiment described in the chapter, the subject receives a list of, say, 12 word pairs (including, for example, locomotive-dishtowel and table-banana, among others). After a slight delay, the experimenter presents the first word in one of the pairs, and asks the subject to recall the word that was previously paired with it in the experiment. Because of the subject's amnesia, the subject may not remember even that there was a list of word pairs. Nevertheless, as is standard in paired-associate learning, the subject is encouraged to guess a response. Given the arbitrary pairing of the words, table is unlikely to come to mind in the context of banana as a cue, and hence the stimulus is likely to elicit some other response. If learning is Hebbian, it is this response that will be strengthened, thereby leading to interference. There is experimental support for the idea that forcing amnesics to make their own responses to items leads to interference.
Incorporating Household Gathering and Mode Decisions in Large-Scale No-Notice Evacuation Modeling

This article presents a model framework to integrate human behavior analysis and traffic simulation in evacuation modeling. During an evacuation, household members tend to evacuate as a unit. However, most engineering-based evacuation models treat evacuees as independent and separate entities, and overlook the interactions among household members during an evacuation (i.e., gathering children/spouses or uniting with other family members at home). The omission of these behaviors leads to imprecise modeling of evacuation situations. Transportation mode choice in a no-notice evacuation has seldom been investigated. The authors present a framework to incorporate both household-gathering behavior and mode choice in an emergency into an evacuation model to examine the effects of these two issues on evacuation efficiency and network performance. The framework was tested in the Chicago metropolitan region for two hypothetical incidents with evacuation radii of 5 and 25 miles. Evacuation models that omit gathering behavior give dangerously optimistic evacuation times and network congestion levels compared to models that include family interactions. Optimistic estimates are significant for a large-scale evacuation. These optimistic estimates can cause the reduction in the number of evacuees who can reach safe zones in a certain time threshold to nearly 50% between the gathering and no-gathering models. Gathering behavior could also cause distinct effects on network performance for inner and outer areas, the break point of which may be where severe bottlenecks are located. In this study, average travel speed increases on the overall network within 15 miles of the incident location (where downtown Chicago is located), but decreases outside the 15-mile radius. The paper concludes that without considering family gathering in the evacuation scenarios the management strategies may actually impede rather than help the evacuation process.
Studies of Sulfate Utilization by Algae. II. Further Identification of Reduced Compounds Formed from Sulfate by Chlorella.

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Perceptions of Nepotism Beneficiaries: The Hidden Price of Using a Family Connection to Obtain a Job

This study tested competing predictions about the impact of nepotistic hiring on perceptions of nepotism beneficiaries, focusing specifically on the performance attributions made about nepotism hires. Of particular interest is how the qualifications of the family member compared to other applicants impacts perceptions of the nepotism hire. Two experimental studies, using scenarios that simulated the hiring process, were conducted. Participants reviewed materials describing the hiring process for a manager and then completed a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the person hired. Results showed that successful performance of nepotism beneficiaries was attributed more to political skills and relationships with upper management and less to ability and effort than was the case for non-beneficiaries and that they were perceived as less competent and as having fewer characteristics of successful managers. These negative perceptions occurred regardless of the family member’s qualifications. This study contributes to our understanding of nepotistic hiring practices. More negative performance attributions and perceptions of competence for nepotism beneficiaries may hinder their effectiveness on the job. Knowledge gained from this study may help businesses who want to hire family members of current employees to manage this process more effectively. This is one of the first studies to examine the consequences of nepotistic hiring for nepotism beneficiaries and the first study to examine how nepotistic hiring effects the performance attributions made about nepotism beneficiaries. It is also the only study to empirically examine how the qualifications of the nepotism beneficiary influence others’ reactions to them.
Energy straggling of 4He below 2 MeV in Pt

Abstract Energy straggling of 4 He has been measured in Pt films ranging from 200 to 4500 A. The measurement was made by back-scattering spectrometry at energies below 2.0 MeV. The results lie between the predictions of Bohr's and Lindhard and Scharff's theories. Straggling is roughly proportional to the square root of the thickness, but also depends slightly on energy.
Case Study of Strategies for Seismic Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Multicolumn Bridge Bents

The paper presents a case study for comparing the seismic rehabilitation of four reinforced concrete multicolumn bridge bents typical of older bridges not designed for current seismic code criteria. The types of intervention included connecting the piles to the pile caps with high-strength prestressing steel bars, widening of an existing strut beam connecting the pile caps, construction of a new reinforced concrete grade beam overlay to connect the pile caps, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite jackets for strengthening the columns and cap-beam-column joints. The paper includes the hysteresis curves from in situ experiments in which a lateral quasi-static cyclic load was applied at the cap-beam and comparisons to analytical pushover curves. A comparison of the capacity of the four bents to the demand of several earthquake records including historical and NEHRP design earthquakes is developed. The cost of seismic rehabilitation of the four bridge bents is presented along with the peak maximum lat...
Non-Invasive Pyrenebutyrate-mediated Delivery of Quantum Dots to the Cytosol of Living Cells

Quantum dots are nanometer-diameter fluorescent probes made of semiconductor materials. Compared to organic fluorophores, quantum dots are highly photostable and very bright making them optimal for live cell imaging. A cationic peptide can be attached to the quantum dot giving an overall positive charge for cell surface binding and subsequent endocytosis. Once endocytosed into the cell, the quantum dots are trapped in vesicles and are unable to access cytosolic components. Pyrenebutyrate, an aromatic, hydrophobic molecule, interacts with the cationic peptide on the quantum dot creating a pyrenebutyrate-quantum dot complex that can bypass the endocytic pathway. The transport of the quantum dot across the plasma membrane is not inhibited at 4°C, lacks colocalization with endocytic markers, and has very little active motion within the cell. This suggests that the mechanism of transport is not endocytosis, but instead direct transport across the plasma membrane. A cell viability assay done with trypan blue determined that incubation with the highest concentration of pyrenebutyrate did not show any harmful effects. By bypassing the endocytic pathway this allows for targeting of cytosolic proteins difficult to label in live cells.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Spectral resolution of four cytochrome b components in mitochondria

Abstract The effects of the inhibitors antimycin, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (NOQNO) and 2-nonyl 4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (NQNO) on the cytochrome b-c 1 region spectrum of submitochondrial particles are compared with those of a new inhibitor 2-ω-cyclohexyl pentyl 3-hydroxy 1,4-naphthoquinone. Dithiothreitol without electron mediators can cause selective reduction of part of the cytochromes b. Evidence for at least four cytochromes b is presented.
Modifier Locus on Mouse Chromosome 3 for Renal Vascular Pathology in AT1A Receptor-Deficiency

We previously showed that the phenotype of mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding the AT 1A receptor ( Agtr1a ), the major murine AT 1 receptor isoform, is strongly influenced by recessive genetic modifiers derived from the C57BL/6 or 129 inbred strains. To further evaluate the genetic modifiers on the C57BL/6 background, we performed backcrosses between F 1 (C57BL/6×129) and C57BL/6 Agtr1a −/− mice and analyzed the progeny, focusing on the development of structural lesions in the renal vasculature. In affected animals, these lesions are characterized by medial thickening of small arteries and arterioles in the kidney that are reminiscent of vascular lesions in patients with nephrosclerosis. Among 180 consecutive progeny, 170 (94%) survived to completion of the study. On masked pathological examination at age 8 months, 86 had intermediate to severe vascular lesions whereas 84 had no detectable lesions. Based on a hypothetical model of a single recessive modifier locus arising from the C57BL/6 background, the observed proportion of affected animals among the backcross progeny was not statistically different from that predicted by χ 2 analysis (51% versus 50%; P =0.88). We next performed genomic microsatellite analysis in a subset of 121 backcross progeny using a panel of markers spanning ≈15 cM intervals across the mouse genome. By 2-point analysis, we found a region spanning 5 cM on chromosome 3, with significant linkage to the development of renal vascular lesions (LOD score: 3.3 to 3.8).
The Continuing Crisis: U.S. Policy in Central America and the Caribbean

The Continuing Crisis: U.S. Policy in Central America and the Caribbean. Mark Falcoff and Robert Royal. eds.). Washington: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1987. xii. 555 pp. $14.00 (paper). ISBN 0-89633-106-7
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus as a multicomponent system.

Abstract When centrifuged in sucrose density gradients, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus separated into three zones of nucleoprotein particles with sedimentation rates in 0.03 M Tris, pH 7.5, of 72, 90, and 95 S. Bottom particles were slightly infectious; middle and top particles were noninfectious. Mixing of bottom and middle particles markedly increased infectivity, but additions of top particles decreased infectivity. A host range determinant conditioning infection of Vigna sinensis was carried in bottom particles. In 8 M urea, four bands of RNA were resolved by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After formaldehyde modification, three bands were resolved with molecular weights estimated as 0.95 × 10 6 , 0.66 × 10 6 , and 0.31 × 10 6 .
Backward Uniqueness for Thermoelastic Plates with Rotational Forces

This paper provides a backward uniqueness theorem for thermoelastic plate models which account for rotational forces, under all sets of canonical boundary conditions, including the most challenging case of so-called free boundary conditions. The proof is abstract and accomodates space variable coefficients in the model. This result is derived in two steps. First, in Section 3, a new backward uniqueness theorem for strongly continuous semigroups is given, which is of interest in itself. It is based on the assumption that the resolvent operator of the generator be bounded on suitable rays of the complex plane. Its proof uses the Phragmen-Lindelof Theorem. Next, the paper verifies a fortiori the required resolvent conditions, under all sets of canonical boundary conditions. The explicit proof (in Section 4) considers the most demanding case of free boundary conditions. An abstract version of this proof, and a corresponding backward uniqueness result, are then noted in Section 5, which gives the most general result of this paper. It covers thermoelastic wave equations as well.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION FOR HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE AS A CAUSE OF LEUKOCYTOSIS IN THE FETUS

We evaluated the effect of fetal intravascular transfusion (IVT) of leukocyte-poor red blood cells to correct fetal anaemia due to haemolytic disease on the fetal leukocyte count in 153 patients. Initial, mid-transfusion, and closing haematological studies were obtained when possible. The effect on leukocyte subsets was evaluated by the manual differential count. Fetal leukocyte count increased an average of 18.0 per cent during all IVTs (P < 0.01), despite the dilutional effect of the transfusion. The degree of leukocytosis increased with subsequent transfusions. The smallest (10.1 per cent) change occurred during the initial transfusion. A 41.8 per cent increase was noted during the sixth procedure. There was no relation between leukocytosis and gestational age, volume of transfusion, changes in umbilical vein pressure, or hydrops. Forty-two per cent of the increase was due to expansion of the neutrophil pool and 22 per cent was due to expansion of the monocyte pool. The neutrophil count increased 29 per cent (P < 0.01) and monocytes increased 64.7 per cent (P < 0.001). There was no change in eosinophil and lymphocyte counts. Both an immune aetiology and an effect of inflammatory agents may contribute to this leukocytosis.
Accessing the microscopic world.

The Exploratorium, based in San Francisco, is a “hands on” science museum filled with interactive science and art exhibits, as well as a laboratory for the research and development of innovations in science education. In the summer of 2004, the Exploratorium launched the most ambitious microscope facility ever created for general public use. This initial phase of the project gives visitors the ability to image living specimens, as well as control the instruments themselves. Visitors can select among various specimens, move over them, change the magnification and focus, and, where appropriate, change the lighting to illuminate through the specimen, or use reflected light and fluorescence to dramatically change how it looks. They can image and explore tiny zebrafish embryos from the first stages of development to two-day-old fry with beating hearts and circulating blood cells, as well as a host of other organisms and cells from crawling amoebas to human blood cells.
Variation within teosinte. III. numerical analysis of allozyme data

Principal components analysis of isozyme allele frequencies at 19 loci revealed 133 electrophoretic variants for 77 accessions of annual teosinte and 1 accession each of diploid and tetraploid perennial teosintes. The majority of alleles were found in low frequency, and many were distributed only in specific locations. Zea luxuriansand the annual Mexican teosintes appeared to be the most distantly related of all teosintes. Z. perennisand Z. diploperennisappeared distinct from each other and from all other teosintes. Teosintes of west Guatemala (Huehuetenango) did not appear especially closely related to Balsas teosintes. Several differences were apparent between Chalco and Central Plateau teosintes;however, these differences were not so extreme as those suggested by chromosome knob data. Nobogame teosintes appeared closely related to Chalco and Central Plateau teosintes. Isozyme data reveal teosinte to be a diverse source of germplasm.
How I use Hydroxyurea to treat Young Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia

Hydroxyurea has many characteristics of an ideal drug for sickle cell anemia (SCA) and provides therapeutic benefit through multiple mechanisms of action. Over the past 25 years, substantial experience has accumulated regarding its safety and efficacy for patients with SCA. Early proof-of-principle studies were followed by prospective phase 1/2 trials demonstrating efficacy in affected adults, then adolescents and children, and more recently infants and toddlers. The phase 3 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea trial proved clinical efficacy for preventing acute vaso-occlusive events in severely affected adults. Based on this cumulative experience, hydroxyurea has emerged as an important therapeutic option for children and adolescents with recurrent vaso-occlusive events; recent evidence documents sustained long-term benefits with prevention or reversal of chronic organ damage. Despite abundant evidence for its efficacy, however, hydroxyurea has not yet translated into effective therapy for SCA. Because many healthcare providers have inadequate knowledge about hydroxyurea, patients and families are not offered treatment or decline because of unrealistic fears. Limited support for hydroxyurea by lay organizations and inconsistent medical delivery systems also contribute to underuse. Although questions remain regarding its long-term risks and benefits, current evidence suggests that many young patients with SCA should receive hydroxyurea treatment.