cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incident-angle dependent operando XAS cell design: investigation of the electrochemical cells under operating conditions at various incidence angles

An operando characterization of electrode materials under electrochemical reaction conditions is important for their further development. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) presents a unique opportunity in this regard as the absence of a vacuum chamber in this technique makes it possible to collect spectroscopy data using user-designed operando cells. In the current study, the design and performance of an operando XAS cell are evaluated for characterizing solid oxide electrolysis cell working electrodes under a reaction environment that mimics high-temperature ammonia production conditions from H2O and N2. Sr2FeMoO6−xNx (SFMON)-type double perovskite oxides were used as the cathode materials in these experiments. The operando cell contained a sample stage with a turnable head so that XAS data can be collected at different angles between the electrode and the X-ray beam with an accuracy of 0.5°. The mechanism to adjust the angle of incidence of the beam on the sample allows control over the depth of penetration of the X-ray photons into the electrode. At low angles, it becomes possible to collect surface sensitive data, which is of great importance as the electrochemical processes are believed to take place on the surface of the electrodes. Sr K-edge and Fe K-edge XAS collected at 2° and 45° angles showed that these the oxidation state changes occurring in these elements are different in the near-surface region compared to the bulk of the electrode. Such an ability to distinguish between the surface and bulk properties of the electrode during real reaction environment will help to understand the underlying phenomena better, which will enable electrode design targeted towards the reactions of interest.
Mismatch repair: Choreographing accurate strand excision.

State-of-the-art genetic and cellular studies uniquely implicate the S. cerevisiae Pms1 endonuclease (human PMS2) and ExoI as the major components that produce and/or maintain the strand-specific nicks that precisely direct mismatch repair.
Barriers to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Among Online Male Sex Workers in the US

Though barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) have received substantial research attention, less is known about what factors may be affecting PrEP uptake among male sex workers (MSWs), a population at high risk of HIV. This paper presents qualitative findings regarding why a subsample of MSM engaged in exchange sex (receiving money, drugs, shelter, or other goods in exchange for sex) with partners they met on dating/hookup websites and apps had never used PrEP. Analysis revealed several barriers to PrEP uptake including lack of awareness and knowledge about PrEP, scientific and medical concerns, issues related to individual risk perception and beliefs/preferences about risk management, practical and logistical barriers, and provider-level barriers. Nuances to these barriers are discussed, particularly as they relate to the specific type of sex work participants were engaged in. Implications for interventions are also discussed.
Why Do States Sign Alliances

Despite the fact that policy-makers and scholars of international politics have often expressed skepticism about the efficacy of international agreements, formal military alliances have been an important feature of international politics for centuries. This essay first introduces the dominant explanation for why states sign alliance treaties: state leaders use formal alliances to convey credible information about their future intentions to partners and adversaries. It then considers empirical evidence in support of this perspective, particularly with regard to deterrence and compliance. Following this summary, I raise five puzzles that contemporary researchers are working to resolve, but which leave room for further analysis and development. First, I discuss the challenges faced by large n empirical studies of alliance formation. Next, I ask why strong states ally with weak states and consider some of the most compelling recent explanations. Third, I consider the complicated relationships between alliances and war. Fourth, I examine how alliances affect cooperation among member states. Finally, I encourage scholars to continue a recent focus on how alliances are designed. While we have seen significant progress in understanding military alliances over the last 20 years, primarily because of the development of game-theoretic models that capture strategic interaction and the collection of new data that allow for nuanced tests of the hypothesized relationships, there is good reason to believe that we will continue to see significant innovation over the next decade. Keywords: alliance; international relations; security; deterrence; treaty; war; compliance
Effect of Gas Injection on Transition in Hypervelocity Boundary Layers

A novel method to delay transition in hypervelocity flows in air over slender bodies by injecting CO2 into the boundary layer is presented. The dominant transition mechanism in hypersonic flow is the inviscid second (Mack) mode, which is associated with acoustic disturbanceswhich are trapped and amplified inside the boundary layer [8]. In dissociated CO2-rich flows, nonequilibrium molecular vibration damps the acoustic instability, and for the high-temperature, high-pressure conditions associated with hypervelocity flows, the effect is most pronounced in the frequency bands amplified by the second mode [3].
CMOS performance and density trends as we approach 0.1 /spl mu/m

The technology development required to sustain the CMOS performance and density trends near and beyond 0.1 /spl mu/m is examined. It is concluded that we are fast approaching the limits of scaling conventional (bulk) CMOS. We need to look beyond scaling bulk CMOS in order to sustain the rate of CMOS performance improvement.
Localization in the visual brain.

Publisher Summary Diagnostic neurology recognizes a number of anatomic divisions defined by their functions, including the auditory brain, the motor brain, and the visual brain. Close attention to vision reveals the presence of several discrete visual organs within the visual brain, including those responsible for color vision, form, and motion. These organs are contiguous but anatomically separate, and the careful neurologist can diagnose isolated lesions in each of them. The chapter discusses visual functions that may be clinically localized in living human subjects, using the conceit of the painter at the bedside. The chapter also discusses whether aesthetic sense or creativity is localized in the visual brain, taking the point of view of the neurologist in the picture gallery. Although the neurologist's point of view is not necessarily privileged, the scientific validity of clinical localization does make his or her perspective worthy of attention. Furthermore, localization means different things to different people, so localization in the visual brain depends on who does the localizing. This issue is controversial, showing important differences between neurologists and other commentators on art, painting, and the visual brain.
Management of the abnormal cervical smear and carcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy

Abstract A series of 286 abnormal cervical smears and 42 cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy is presented. Multiple biopsies were performed on all the patients with abnormal smears, and, additionally, conizations were done when the biopsy yielded carcinoma in situ. Three cases of invasive carcinoma were found, all having been diagnosed by biopsy alone. In this series of 286 abnormal smears, subsequent conization did not yield any invasive carcinomas that had not been diagnosed from the biopsies. These data suggest that even when colposcopy is available multiple biopsies rather than conization should be the routine procedure when abnormal smears are found during pregnancy. Because of the serious complications associated with conization during pregnancy, this procedure should seldom be done and should be limited to carefully selected and specific cases.
A Peripheral Mechanism for Behavioral Adaptation to Specific “Bitter” Taste Stimuli in an Insect

Animals have evolved several chemosensory systems for detecting potentially dangerous foods in the environment. Activation of specific sensory cells within these chemosensory systems usually elicits an aversive behavioral response, leading to avoidance of the noxious foods. Although this aversive behavioral response can be adaptive, there are many instances in which it generates “false alarms,” causing animals to reject harmless foods. To minimize the number of false alarms, animals have evolved a variety of physiological mechanisms for selectively adapting their aversive behavioral response to harmless noxious compounds. We examined the mechanisms underlying exposure-induced adaptation to specific “bitter” compounds in Manduca sexta caterpillars. M. sexta exhibits an aversive behavioral response to many plant-derived compounds that taste bitter to humans, including caffeine and aristolochic acid. This aversive behavioral response is mediated by three pairs of bitter-sensitive taste cells: one responds vigorously to aristolochic acid alone, and the other two respond vigorously to both caffeine and aristolochic acid. We found that 24 hr of exposure to a caffeinated diet desensitized all of the caffeine-responsive taste cells to caffeine but not to aristolochic acid. In addition, we found that dietary exposure to caffeine adapted the aversive behavioral response of the caterpillar to caffeine, but not to aristolochic acid. We propose that the adapted aversive response to caffeine was mediated directly by the desensitized taste cells and that the adapted aversive response did not generalize to aristolochic acid because the signaling pathway for this compound was insulated from that for caffeine.
Chapter 9 Neoclassical growth theory

Abstract This chapter is an exposition, rather than a survey, of the one-sector neoclassical growth model. It describes how the model is constructed as a simplified description of the real side of a growing capitalist economy that happens to be free of fluctuations in aggregate demand. Once that is done, the emphasis is on the versatility of the model, in the sense that it can easily be adapted, without much complication, to allow for the analysis of important issues that are excluded from the basic model. Among the issues treated are: increasing returns to scale (but not to capital alone), human capital, renewable and non-renewable natural resources, endogenous population growth and technological progress. In each case, the purpose is to show how the model can be minimally extended to allow incorporation of something new, without making the analysis excessively complex. Toward the end, there is a brief exposition of the standard overlapping-generations model, to show how it admits qualitative behavior generally absent from the original model. The chapter concludes with brief mention of some continuing research questions within the framework of the simple model.
Wrestling with the Endowment Effect, or How to Do Law and Economics without the Coase Theorem

This chapter, written for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law, describes the endowment effect, with attention not only to what we know about it, but also what remains unclear about both its scope and its underlying causal mechanism, and demonstrates the importance of the effect to the normative analysis of a wide-range of substantive legal issues.Part I presents the core empirical findings concerning the endowment effect and critically evaluates recent claims that the effect might be an artifact of poor experimental design. Part II evaluates the evidence for several highly-contested interpretations of what psychological process or processes cause the endowment effect. Part III considers examining how the endowment effect might bear on positive and normative issues in four broad categories of law: the initial assignment of entitlements, the potential reassignment of entitlements, the facilitation of private transfers of entitlements, and the protection of entitlements through the judicial system. This part demonstrates that, used cautiously and judiciously, evidence of the endowment effect has the potential to sharpen normative legal policy analysis, but also that this enterprise is complicated and fraught with peril.
Instrument effects in polarized infrared images

We describe three instrument effects that cause polarized infrared images of a blackbody source to exhibit intriguing polarization dependence and image nonuniformity. The origins of these problems are reflection of background radiation from the wire-grid polarizer and frictional heating of the polarizer mount. Our model shows that the two surfaces of a wire-grid polarizer act like a partial polarizer-analyzer pair for reflected radiance. These effects must be considered carefully in applications such as polarimetric remote sensing, which require calibration uncertainties less than 1%.
Factors Affecting Spherical Nano-Indentation of Thin Film/Substrate Systems

Great interests have been made over the last few years in the development of techniques to measure the mechanical properties of many engineering materials at the nano scale. In nano-indentation, a hard tip with known mechanical properties is pressed into a sample whose properties are unknown. The load, indentation depth and deformed area resulting from this test are then used to determine the desired mechanical properties, such as hardness and modulus. In this study, the computer-based finite element analysis (FEA) method is used to investigate factors effecting nano-indentation to ensure reliable measurement of thin film properties. First, the FEA method is used to predict the mechanical response of bulk aluminum (Al) using a spherical indenter. The numerical prediction is then compared with existing published results to validate the FEA modeling scheme. Once the model is validated, additional numerical analyses are conducted to investigate the response of Al-film deposited on different substrate materials. New mathematical formulations are proposed to determine the film modulus from nano-indentation test. The film modulus obtained from the new and existing mathematical formulations are also compared. Results obtained from this research can be used to characterize the mechanical properties of soft biological materials such as biofilm or tissue scaffolds.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Intradermal nevi with atypical nuclei in the elderly: The senescent nevus.

Background Benign melanocytic nevi removed from elderly patients may demonstrate focal areas with nuclear atypia. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of these nevi and their clinical and histologic features. Methods Intradermal nevi from patients older than 60 years were evaluated for areas of focal nuclear atypia and analyzed for 9 histologic characteristics. The patients' sex, biopsy sites, and clinical diagnoses were also tabulated. A statistical analysis of the 2 groups was undertaken. Results In all, 197 specimens from 157 patients were found. Twenty exhibited nuclear atypia (senescent nevi) and 177 did not (benign nevi). Significant differences were found for suggested clinical diagnosis, epithelioid-appearing melanocytes, the number of mast cells, evidence of solar elastosis, the number of intranuclear pseudoinclusions, and the presence of abnormally staining connective tissue. Limitations This is a single-site, retrospective analysis involving a modest number of specimens. In addition, only a single age group was evaluated and only intradermal nevi were examined. Conclusions The presence of focal nuclear atypia in benign melanocytic nevi in the elderly is not a rare finding. As these features are likely a result of the age of the lesion and possibly of long-standing ultraviolet light exposure, the term "senescent" nevus is suggested.
Three-Dimensional Surface Water Waves Governed by the Forced Benney–Luke Equation

This paper studies the propagation of three-dimensional surface waves in water with an ambient current over a varying bathymetry. When the ambient flow is near the critical speed, under the shallow water assumptions, a forced Benney–Luke (fBL) equation is derived from the Euler equations. An asymptotic approximation of the water's reaction force over the varying bathymetry is derived in terms of topographic stress. Numerical simulations of the fBL equation over a trough are compared to those using a forced Kadomtsev–Petviashvilli equation. For larger variations in the bathymetry that upstream-radiating three-dimensional solitons are observed, which are different from the upstream-radiating solitons simulated by the forced Kadomtsev–Petviashvilli equation. In this case, we show the fBL equation is a singular perturbation of the forced Kadomtsev–Petviashvilli equation which explains the significant differences between the two flows.
The Medici judge, a bitter lawsuit, and an embezzlement: the Opera del Sacro Cingolo's bronze chapel screen at Santo Stefano, Prato

The chapel screen around the Cappella del Sacro Cingolo in Santo Stefano, Prato, was an important artistic project, since such a monumental bronze work necessitated a great quantity of costly material, not to mention the extensive amount of labour required for its casting. Maso di Bartolomero and other artists who worked on the screen are quite rightly credited for their artistic achievements, but in this paper, the Opera del Sacro Cingolo's crucial behind-the-scenes contributions are shown to be of equal significance. The Opera consisted of Pratese citizens who were dedicated to the embellishment of their chapel, which preserved the relic of the Virgin's girdle. The organization engaged the Medici as a judge for the finished product, was assiduously occupied in a court battle, procured bronze, which was not very easy during the Renaissance, and assisted the artists with their financial problems, among many other duties. This close management of the project, which involved a number of local citizens, was intended to express their communal identity and pride in possessing the girdle. For the Medici, assisting the corporate body's artistic project was an effective means to increase their influence in the town, which Florence had conquered in 1351.
A Built-in Self-Test Scheme for Memory Interfaces Timing Test and Measurement

This paper presents a Built-In Self-Test (BIST) technique to test the setup and hold times of memory interface circuitry. The BIST scheme generates data and clock using an on-chip pattern generator. The relative timing difference between data and clock is controlled using a cycle-by-cycle control method for testing. Two test methods of static and dynamic modes have been presented to measure the timing difference and then are used to specify the setup and hold times. The static mode is mainly used to detect pass or fail for timing specifications, and the dynamic mode is devised to measure the amount of timing mismatches and thus detect timing margin degradations due to the timing delay mismatches. Using these two test modes, the BIST scheme obtains test results with low frequency signals, which are compatible with low performance testers. The test chip including the BIST scheme has been fabricated with a commercial 0.18-μm CMOS process. The chip measurement results are shown to validate the testability of the BIST scheme for the setup and hold times of memory devices.
Advanced HVAC Control: Theory vs. Reality

Abstract Intelligent control of HVAC equipment is a key step towards improving the energy efficiency of commercial buildings. Although advanced control techniques have been developed and validated under real conditions, numerous buildings are still being poorly controlled due to wrong setpoints, incorrect PID settings, no coordination of individual PID loops, and other practical problems. This paper aims to summarize the major contributors to inefficient HVAC control and outline possible approaches towards better control strategies. Three areas are discussed: performance monitoring tools, rule-based control strategies and model-based predictive control (MPC). Performance monitoring tools help control engineers to quantify the performance of a particular control strategy, compare multiple control strategies among themselves, and define a baseline for such comparisons. Rule-based control strategies utilize various setpoint resets, rules and other heuristics to reduce HVAC energy consumption; however, such methods yield sub-optimal solutions only. Finally, MPC is a powerful and industrially-proven technology for optimal control of complex systems, but its use in building control seems to be so far limited. The paper analyzes challenges and constraints when implementing a control strategy in real projects, and covers topics such as missing sensors, legacy controllers and legislative changes needed to motivate building owners towards more efficient facility management.
Rotational analyses of the A1Π-X1Σ+ and the a3Π-X1Σ+ systems of AlBr

Abstract The absorption spectrum of the A 1 Π- X 1 Σ + system and the emission spectrum of the a 3 Π- X 1 Σ + system of AlBr have been examined at higher resolution than previously used. The present study has produced a significantly improved set of molecular constants for these excited states of AlBr. All data have been fitted in a self-consistent manner for an optimum set of constants. The broadening of features in the A - X system has been attributed to type c + predissociation in the A 1 Π state. Also, a comparison is made between the emission and absorption spectra of the A - X system.
Beneath family role portrayals: An additional measure of communication influence using time series analyses of turn at talk on a popular television program

Historically, dominance has been operationalized in terms of the frequency of some behavior (talk, gaze). An alternative measure of dominance is based on the asymmetry of predictability in which a “dominant”; individual's preceding behaviors elicit a predictable response from someone else but not the inverse. Various types of communicative influence are examined in order to explain modeling of family interaction on television. The portrayal of family interaction is examined in one of the most popular comedy shows of the 1980's. A time‐series analyses of turn‐at‐talk revealed varying patterns of family interaction as a consequence of familial roles (parents, children, sibling). The results are discussed in terms of socio‐egocentric speech in which individuals speak in monologues rather than dialogues.
Topological insulators: Chemists join in.

Topological insulators have generated much interest in condensed-matter physics. The synthesis and characterization of Bi14Rh3I9, a so-called weak topological insulator, demonstrates that chemists also have much to offer to the field.
Effects of sugars in growth media, diluents and enumeration media on survival and recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae heated in peach puree

Abstract Thermal resistance, injury and recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae heated in peach puree were studied. The effects of sucrose, glucose and fructose in puree and in recovery media were avaluated. In addition, the influence of sucrose in growth media and diluent on susceptibility to injury and extent of resuscitation were examined. Cells cultured in broth supplemented with sucrose had increased resistance to heat. The presence of sucrose, glucose and fructose in peach puree protected cells against thermal inactivation, whereas sucrose tended to be less inhibitory to stressed cells in enumeration media when compared to glucose and fructose. Repair of heat-stressed cells was retarded by holding cells in diluent containing sucrose and a reduced level of peach puree. These observations must be considered if pasteurization processes for peach products such as puree and concentrate are to be optimized. Results will also be of value to those selecting procedures for enumerating thermally injured yeast cells.
798 ACTIN UNDERGOES RAPID AND REVERSIBLE POLYMERIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH PLATELET SHAPE CHANGE

Platelets undergo dramatic cytoskeletal changes following activation. Previous studies have suggested that these changes are related to the conversion of actin from monomeric (G) to the filamentous (F) form. The present study was designed to determine the polymerization state of actin under conditions associated with platelet shape change without aggregation, in the presence and absence of inhibitors of shape change. Cytochalasin D (CD) is an agent which inhibits platelet shape change as well as actin polymerization in vitro. EDTA-treated, gel-filtered platelets were exposed to the experimental conditions described below prior to Triton lysis. G-actin was measured by the DNAse assay of Blikstad et al. Total cellular actin was determined by assay of lysates exposed to guanidine HC1. Results were expressed as % of total actin measurable as G-actin ± SEM as follows: (1)unstimulated 67.5±1.4, n=32, (2)thrombin-stimulated 36.8±1.2, n=25, (3)CD-treated (before thrombin) 62.4±2.1, n=21, (4)CD-treated (after thrombin) 69.4±2.0, n=8, (5)ADP-stimulated 44.0±1.0, n=4, (6)Adenosine-treated (prior to ADP) 63.0±3.1, n=4, (7)CD-treated (prior to ADP) 66.8±5.7, n=4. These findings indicate that platelet actin is reversibly transformed from G-actin to F-actin during shape change. This transformation is blocked both by a drug which competitively inhibits stimulation and shape change (adenosine), and a drug which inhibits actin polymerization and shape change (CD).
Underserved Urban African American Men: Hypertension Trial Outcomes and Mortality During 5 Years*

Background African American men with hypertension (HTN) in low socioeconomic urban environments continue to achieve poor rates of HTN control. Methods In a 5-year randomized clinical trial with 309 hypertensive urban African American men aged 21 to 54 years, the effectiveness of a more intensive educational/behavioral/pharmacologic intervention provided by a nurse practitioner/community health worker/physician team was compared to less intensive information and referral intervention. Changes in behavioral factors, health care utilization, blood pressure (BP) control, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and renal insufficiency were evaluated. Results Follow-up rates exceeded 89% of available men. The ranges of mean annual systolic BP/diastolic BP change from the baseline to each year follow-up were −3.7 to −10.1/−4.9 to −12.3 mm Hg for the more intensive group and +3.4 to −3.0/−1.8 to −8.7 mm Hg for the less intensive group. The annual proportion of men with controlled BP ( Conclusions An appropriate educational/behavioral intervention significantly improved BP control and reduced some sequelae of HTN in a young African American male population. Improvement in risk factors other than HTN was limited and sustained control of HTN was difficult to maintain during 5 years.
Effects of cholecystokinin on the primate sphincter of Oddi.

Discrepancies in the response to cholecystokinin during cholangiography and during studies of choledochal sphincter function have suggested that motor responses in the biliary tree might depend upon the rate of administration of cholecystokinin. An in vivo baboon model was used to examine sphincter responses to rapid (10 sec) versus slow (10 min) intravenous infusion of either 0.2 μg octapeptide CCK or 5 Ivy units CCK-pancreozymin. Rapid injection of either agent produced a brief, but marked rise in sphincter pressure (P < 0.05). Slow infusion of the same doses of these agents relaxed the sphincter (P < 0.05) and caused simultaneous gallbladder contraction. When studied over a range of doses, small boluses (10 or 50 ng) caused brief relaxations, but larger boluses (100 ng) caused contraction. The response to CCK in the baboon sphincter of Oddi depends, in part, on the dose per unit time; previously reported discrepancies regarding the physiologic response to CCK and the inconsistencies reported during CCK cholangiography may have resulted from differences in the rate of administration.
Symptomatic dorsal defect of the patella in a runner

The dorsal defect of the patella is a benign lesion characteristically located in the superolateral corner of the patella. The microscopic pathology shows fibrous tissue, reactive woven bone, and stringy, eosinophilic, extracellular debris. Although the lesion is usually asymptomatic, the juxtaarticular location in the patella can provoke symptoms in the athlete. Excision of the lesion and cancellous bone graft of the defect resolved the problem in a competitive adolescent runner.
CD4 and MHC-I downregulation are conserved in primary HIV-1 Nef alleles from brain and lymphoid tissues, but Pak2 activation is highly variable

HIV-1 compartmentalization in the CNS has been demonstrated for gag, pol, and env genes. However, little is known about tissue compartmentalization of nef genes and their functional characteristics in brain. We have cloned 97 nef genes and characterized 10 Nef proteins from autopsy brain and lymphoid tissues from 2 patients with AIDS and HIV-1-associated dementia. Distinct compartmentalization of brain versus lymphoid nef genes was demonstrated within each patient. CD4 and MHC-I downregulation were conserved in all tissue-derived Nefs. However, MHC-I downregulation by brain-derived Nefs was weaker than downregulation by lymphoid-derived Nefs. The motifs KEEE- or EKEE- at the PACS-1 binding site represented brain-specific signature patterns in these 2 patients and contributed to the reduced MHC-I downregulation activity of brain-derived Nefs from these patients. Pak2 association was highly variable in Nefs from both patients. Three of 10 tissue-derived Nefs coimmunoprecipitated activated Pak2, with strong association demonstrated for only 2 Nefs. The ability of Nef to associate with activated Pak2 did not correlate with brain or lymphoid tissue origin. Nef genes from viruses isolated from brain by coculture with PBMC were not closely related to sequences amplified directly from brain tissue, suggesting that viral selection or adaptation occurred during coculture. This study of tissue-derived HIV-1 Nefs demonstrates that CD4 and MHC-I downregulation are highly conserved Nef functions, while Pak2 association is variable in late stage AIDS patients.
Physically based modeling of bedrock incision by abrasion, plucking, and macroabrasion

[1] Many important insights into the dynamic coupling among climate, erosion, and tectonics in mountain areas have derived from several numerical models of the past few decades which include descriptions of bedrock incision. However, many questions regarding incision processes and morphology of bedrock streams still remain unanswered. A more mechanistically based incision model is needed as a component to study landscape evolution. Major bedrock incision processes include (among other mechanisms) abrasion by bed load, plucking, and macroabrasion (a process of fracturing of the bedrock into pluckable sizes mediated by particle impacts). The purpose of this paper is to develop a physically based model of bedrock incision that includes all three processes mentioned above. To build the model, we start by developing a theory of abrasion, plucking, and macroabrasion mechanisms. We then incorporate hydrology, the evaluation of boundary shear stress, capacity transport, an entrainment relation for pluckable particles, a routing model linking in-stream sediment and hillslopes, a formulation for alluvial channel coverage, a channel width relation, Hack's law, and Exner equation into the model so that we can simulate the evolution of bedrock channels. The model successfully simulates various features of bed elevation profiles of natural bedrock rivers under a variety of input or boundary conditions. The results also illustrate that knickpoints found in bedrock rivers may be autogenic in addition to being driven by base level fall and lithologic changes. This supports the concept that bedrock incision by knickpoint migration may be an integral part of normal incision processes. The model is expected to improve the current understanding of the linkage among physically meaningful input parameters, the physics of incision process, and morphological changes in bedrock streams.
Behind the event horizon

The author reports on the behaviour of clocks and light pulses behind the event horizon of a uniformly accelerated reference frame. Only algebra and the Lorentz transformation are required.
The forest for the trees: tuberculosis control efforts in west Kalimantan

Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI), an Indonesian-American, non-proﬁt organization located on the border of Gunung Palung National Park in west Kalimantan on the island of Borneo, is linking the delivery of health care to the conservation of natural resources. The clinic's experience shows that an unconventional 'forests-for-health care' incentive programme can provide a powerful way to break the cycle that links poverty, poor health and environmental destruction around the park. However, the challenges of preventing, diagnosing and treating tuberculosis in this setting remain considerable and success will still depend upon a multilateral collaborative approach.
Technology and interorganizational activity as predictors of client referrals.

The client referral activity of 41 human service agencies operating within the same community was examined using recently collected data. Hypotheses were developed focusing on agency service techno...
Social stigma and compounded losses: quality-of-life issues for multiple-birth families

Abstract Objective To determine the quality-of-life domains most impacted by multiple births. Design Focus groups, qualitative research. Setting Human volunteers in a medical research environment. Patient(s) Forty-three mothers, 29 raising multiple-birth children, 13 raising singletons, identified from random and convenience samples. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Maternal self-reports of the psychosocial sequelae of multiple or singleton births, based on qualitative data analysis of transcribed group discussions. Result(s) The quality-of-life domains that were most impacted by raising multiple birth children were social stigma, pregnancy loss, marital satisfaction, children's health, unmet family needs, parenting stress, maternal depression, and the infertility experience. Conclusion(s) Qualitative methods identified two novel quality-of-life domains in iatrogenic multiple birth families: social stigma and compounded losses. An unexpected finding was the potential for increased marital solidification as parents coped with the inordinate stresses of multiple births. As anticipated, children's health, unmet family needs, maternal depression, and parental stress were key areas of concern. In addition, the infertility experience had a lasting impact. These findings are significant, given that at least 38% of all assisted conceptions result in a multiple birth. This study lays the groundwork for further research on the impact of iatrogenic multiple births.
Heat transfer in an optically thick horizontal fluid layer heated from below

Abstract The process of combined turbulent natural convection and radiation in a bottom-heated, horizontal layer of an optically thick fluid medium, confined between two rigid, parallel, and conducting plates at high temperatures, is studied analytically based upon a simple eddy diffusivity model. The model is developed by a phenomenological approach with special emphasis on the mean temperature structure in the intermediate wall region. It is demonstrated that, when radiation is present in the layer in addition to convection, the temperature field ceases to be symmetric with respect to the center plane. In particular, the upper and the lower thermal boundary layers are shown to be quite different in thickness while the turbulent core temperature is shown to deviate significantly from the value for purely turbulent convection. Calculation of the radiation-enhanced heat flux is made and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with those obtained in related studies.
Human scavenger receptor class B type I variants, lipid traits, and cardiovascular disease.

Over the years, pioneering work from Monty Krieger’s laboratory has solidified the role of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) as a physiologically relevant lipoprotein receptor, especially in mouse models.1,2 It is safe to conclude that the complete absence of SR-BI in mice is associated with significant increases in circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) fractions of abnormal composition and size3; however, the effect of SR-BI-deficiency on circulating apoB cholesterol levels has not been extensively studied in mice or humans. This is an important point of emphasis given that, in comparison with mice, cholesterol transport in humans primarily resides in the apoB fractions. Article see p 838 Although scavenger receptors are well characterized in cholesterol homeostasis, they have recently emerged as key mediators of a wide variety of systemic and cellular processes.4,5 The class B receptors include SR-BI, scavenger receptor class B type II, cluster of differentiation 36, and lysosomal integral membrane protein II. Human SR-BI is encoded by the SCARB1 gene on chromosome 12 and is expressed in many tissues and cell types, most notably in hepatocytes and steroidogenic cells. This integral transmembrane receptor has been demonstrated to interact with and mediate the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from the major lipoprotein fractions; however, it is widely recognized as the primary receptor for HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake through selective core transfer.2 As such, SR-BI is a key regulator of systemic cholesterol levels, and SR-BI-deficiency results in hypercholesterolemia in mice and humans.3,6,7 Recently, we reported a novel role of SR-BI because HDL transfer of microRNAs to recipient cells is dependent on SR-BI.8 Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple common variants within SCARBI (introns and exons) that are significantly linked to circulating HDL-C levels9; however, …
Non-linear heat transfer of solids in orthogonal coordinate systems

Abstract Solutions to the non-linear partial differential equation of heat conduction, (Poisson type), are obtained in which the conductivity is temperature dependent, by solving a linear partial differential equation and transforming it to the non-linear form using the Kirchhoff transformation. The method applies to any orthogonal coordinate system. Transformations for handling boundary conditions of the Dirichlet, Neumann, convection and non-zero type are developed. The method is extended to solve a special class of non-linear unsteady-state conduction problems. Two non-linear examples are solved to illustrate the method.
SSB, an antigen that selectively labels morphologically distinct synaptic boutons at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction.

In this report we describe the expression of Small Synaptic Bouton (SSB), an antigen that is selectively expressed in a specific subset of neuromuscular junction terminals in the body wall of Drosophila larva. The expression of SSB was studied with a polyclonal antibody raised against the cAMP phosphodiesterase of the Drosphila learning mutant dunce (Nighorn et al., 1991, Neuron 6:455–467); however, immunoreactivity was not abolished by the dunce (dnc) alleles dncM14 and dncM11 or deficiencies of the dnc gene, indicating that the antigen labelled could not be the dnc gene product, but another antigen that we termed SSB. Immunoreactivity was localized in the body wall muscles to a specific subset of neuromuscular junction terminals that have been implicated in activity-dependent plasticity. This demonstrates that these morphologically distinct terminals can be immunocytochemically distinguished and that they probably represent innervation by a distinct neuronal population. Confocal and electron microscopic examination demonstrated that staining was restricted to the synaptic boutons themselves, not to neurites or motor axons. Ultrastructural analysis showed label close to synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and in the surrounding subsynaptic reticulum. Central nervous system (CNS) staining was restricted to a segmentally repeated pattern of cell bodies in the ventral ganglion and to a few small groups of cells in the brain lobes. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hemoglobin Solubility as a Function of Fractional Oxygen Saturation for Hemoglobins in Polyethylene Glycol: A Sickle Hemoglobin Model

Summary The solubilities of hemoglobins S, A, and C in aqueous polyethylene glycol (Mn=6000) solutions were determined at fractional oxygen saturation levels from zero to one. A theory, based on the MWC two state model is presented which accurately describes hemoglobin solubility at any fractional saturation based only on knowledge of soluble hemoglobin oxygen binding and endpoint solubilities. Evidence of a predicted triple point is clearly seen for hemoglobin C.
Triterpene constituents of Tabernaemontana laurifolia and Haplophyton cimicidum

Abstract The triterpene bauerenyl acetate was isolated directly by crystallization from the non-polar neutral extract of the bark of Tabernaemontana laurifolia D.C. A similar extract of Haplophyton cimicidum (whole plant) yielded, after chromatography, the triterpenes erythrodiol monostearate, bauerenol and betulin, as well as the steroid β-sitosterol.
Towards an efficient distributed object recognition system in wireless smart camera networks

We propose an efficient distributed object recognition system for sensing, compression, and recognition of 3-D objects and landmarks using a network of wireless smart cameras. The foundation is based on a recent work that shows the representation of scale-invariant image features exhibit certain degree of sparsity: If a common object is observed by multiple cameras from different vantage points, the corresponding features can be efficiently compressed in a distributed fashion, and the joint signals can be simultaneously decoded based on distributed compressive sensing theory. In this paper, we first present a public multiple-view object recognition database, called the Berkeley Multiview Wireless (BMW) database. It captures the 3-D appearance of 20 landmark buildings sampled by five low-power, low-resolution camera sensors from multiple vantage points. Then we review and benchmark state-of-the-art methods to extract image features and compress their sparse representations. Finally, we propose a fast multiple-view recognition method to jointly classify the object observed by the cameras. To this end, a distributed object recognition system is implemented on the Berkeley CITRIC smart camera platform. The system is capable of adapting to different network configurations and the wireless bandwidth. The multiple-view classification improves the performance of object recognition upon the traditional per-view classification algorithms.
The Spin of the Neutron

From some of the recent information reported about neutrons it seems possible to find out whether the neutron has a spin and if so what its value is. In order to do this it is necessary to make several assumptions about the structures of light nuclei: (1) They are built as far as possible out of alpha-particles. (2) The nuclear spin is determined from the spin of its component spins alone. (3) From the evidence that neutrons may be obtained from Li, it is assumed that at least one of the isotopes contains a neutron in its nucleus. (4) The possibilities considered for the spins of the various particles in the nucleus are proton 0, 1/2 neutron 0, 1/2, 1; electron 0, 1/2 alpha-particle 0. The first assumption is one commonly made and is supported by studies on the artificial disintegration of the light elements. The second assumption seems reasonable for the light elements in view of what is known about their nuclear moments. (If orbital moments quantized to integer values are assumed for the nucleus, deductions about whether the nuclear moment should be integer or half integer are not disturbed but those utilizing the actual value are.)
Selective deletions involving the organophosphorus hydrolase gen adpB from Nocardia strain B-1

Abstract The organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) of Nocardia sp. strain B-1 is capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate insecticides such as coumaphos and parathion. The 40,000 dalton OPH and the responsible gene (termed adpB ) have been previously isolated and described. OPH activity in Nocardia strain B-1 is spontaneously lost at high frequency during the growth of laboratory cultures. In order to understand the genetic basis of this phenomenon, hybridization experiments were performed in which digested genomic DNAs from OPH negative derivatives were probed with BstEl and BamH1 restriction fragments containing adpB and regions flanking this gene. These experiments revealed that a region containing adpB was missing in all OPH negative derivatives. However, these OPH negative derivatives were shown to contain sequences that hybridized to probes for DNA regions flanking adpB . On the basis of the hybridization patterns from thirteen OPH negative derivatives, there are two primary types of deletions with their sizes ranging from 33 kb to greater than 35.5 kb.
Teacher research as professional development for P–12 educators in the USA[1]

Abstract This article reviews selected research related to the professional development impact of school-based teacher research programs for P-12 educators in the USA. Following the presentation of a framework that describes the dimensions of variation in P-12 teacher research in the USA, the article examines the results of several studies of school-based teacher research programs and identifies several conditions under which school-based teacher research becomes a transformative professional development activity for teachers.
Kinetics of water penetration into unsonicated liposomes effects ofn-alkanols and cholesterol

The rate of swelling of egg lecithin liposomes under osmotic shock has been studied employing a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. Incorporation of cholesterol and simple alcohols into the liposomal structure elicits a biphasic response in swelling rate: at low concentrations these additives increase but at high concentrations they decrease water permeabilty. For simplen-alkanols, the effects can be correlated with structure. Specifically, the concentration of alcohol required to elicit maximal permeability as well as the maximal permeability decreases with increasing length of the alcohol. These effects are accounted for on the basis of modification of the orientation and packing of lecithin molecules in the bilayer membrane of the liposome.
The concept of formal justice

In Greek mythology, Themis, the goddess of justice, is blindfolded so that she may not see those who stand before her, and consequently, so that she can administer justice consistently and impartially. The imagery provides an apt illustration of the formal dimension of justice. Yet it serves only to blind us to the actual workings and character of the practice of doing justice. I have argued here that we must take seriously the full implications of material principles of jusitce. And when we do, there is no longer any conceptual space left in our reflections on justice for the virtue of formal justice. Of course, the just treatment of relevantly similar subjects does result in the equal treatment of these subjects; this, after all, is a logical consequence of acting upon a material principle of justice in similar cases. But this, let me emphasize, is only a consequence of doing justice and as such it reveals only a contingent feature of doing justice. The proponents of the formal dimension of justice have, so to speak, failed to see the trees through the forest. Impressed by the consequence of equality of treatment between cases, they have generalized their observations into specific claims about what it means to do justice to certain subjects. These generalizations, in turn, have led to the unfortunate and misleading reification of the concept of formal justice.