cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Dehydrogenation of Unsaturated Cyclic C5 and C6 Hydrocarbons on Pt(111)

The structures and reactivities of various cyclic C{sub 5} and C{sub 6} hydrocarbons (cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene) adsorbed on Pt(111) have been examined by means of reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy. At temperatures below 200 K, these molecules bind intact to the Pt(111) surface by means of strong interactions with C=C double bonds. Steric interactions between the surface and certain CH{sub 2} groups on the ring systems figure prominently in determining the conformation adopted in the bound states of several of the molecular adsorbates (e.g., cyclopentene and cyclohexene). These bonding habits are identified both by observing significant electronic interactions that weaken certain C-H bonds (so-called mode softening) and also by developing analogies with trends seen with similar ring systems and complexes. At higher temperatures above 200 K, the C{sub 5} species are dehydrogenated in high yield to a planar, surface-bound pentahaptocyclopentadienyl species ({eta}{sup 5}-c{sub 5}H{sub 5}) while the C{sub 6} cyclic hydrocarbons react to give benzene; these surface-bound products, which are stable to temperatures > 400 K, have been identified in earlier studies as well. The present work adds to the understanding of the nature and energetics of the sequential C-H bond activation processes involved in their formation. Inmore » addition, several intermediates lying along the reaction pathways to the respective planar intermediates have been identified and spectroscopically characterized for the first time. Most notably, the authors observe that 1,3-cyclohexadiene loses one hydrogen between 200 and 250 K to give a stable {eta}{sup 5}-cyclohexadienyl intermediate. The insights developed in this study regarding such electronic interactions are used to develop an understanding of the binding sites and conformational states adopted by the various adsorbates and intermediates formed during their decomposition.« less
Padilla and The Delivery of Integrated Criminal Defense

The traditional starting point for the Sixth Amendment jurisprudence is the individual defense attorney, acting alone. Padilla v. Kentucky, however, replaced the image of the lawyer as a heroic and individualistic figure with a focus on the lawyer’s responsibility to consult others and to create an effective defense team. This evolving conception of the lawyer as a team manager is a long-term trend that applies throughout the legal profession. Public defender organizations already experiment with various methods for delivering the best service to clients with potential immigration issues mixed in with their criminal law issues. Some of those methods contracted out the immigration work to specialists outside the organization; others brought the immigration expertise inside the organization, either through placing experts in a single state-level position, or by disseminating immigration experts in local offices. The Padilla holding gives some impetus to the insider strategy. It increases the costs to a defender organization if one of its lawyers fails to recognize a straightforward immigration issue. As a result, Padilla tilts the field towards larger defender organizations with greater specialization of function and more coordination of effort among attorneys - in short, toward a more bureaucratic criminal defense.
Fast risetime magnetic field coil for electron beam propagation studies

A new method for detuning the betatron frequency of an intense relativistic electron beam is investigated. The method employs a fast rising magnetic field to decrease the beam radius from the head to the tail of the beam. The magnetic field risetime is on the order of 30 ns with a peak value of about 2 kG. This method may be useful for detuning intense beam instabilities associated with betatron oscillations. >
Ablation and analysis of small cell populations and single cells by consecutive laser pulses

Laser ablation of single cells through a sharpened optical fiber is used for the detection of metabolites by laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Ablation of the same Allium cepa epidermal cell by consecutive pulses indicates the rupture of the cell wall by the second shot. Intracellular sucrose heterogeneity is detected by subsequent laser pulses pointing to rupturing the vacuolar membrane by the third exposure. Ion production by bursts of laser pulses shows that the drying of ruptured A. cepa cells occurs in ∼50 s at low pulse rates (10 pulses/s bursts) and significantly faster at high pulse rates (100 pulses/s bursts). These results point to the competing role of cytoplasm ejection and evaporative drying in diminishing the LAESI-MS signal in ∼50 s or 100 laser pulses, whichever occurs first.
Spontaneous splenic hemorrhage after initiation of dabigatran (Pradaxa) for atrial fibrillation

Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT) is an oral anticoagulant that produces a reliable, dose-dependent anticoagulant effect without the need for routine laboratory monitoring. Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor, acting like other members in its class (bivalirudin, argatroban) to impede the clotting process through selective and reversible binding with both free and clot-bound thrombin. Dabigatran anticoagulates rapidly: plasma levels peak 2 hours after absorption, with a half-life that ranges between 12 and 17 hours. Dabigatran was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in October 2010 after it compared favorably with warfarin in a large clinical trial studying its efficacy in stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Currently, there is no laboratory test on the market by which a physician can quantify the anticoagulation effect of dabigatran, nor is there any antidote to reverse a life-threatening bleed should it occur. We present a case of a patient with splenic hemorrhagic soon after initiation of dabigatran.
Potential success of near-total laryngectomy despite postoperative radiation therapy.

Advanced laryngeal cancers frequently require total laryngectomy (TL). Some of these cancers, however, are suitable for near-total laryngectomy (NTL). We review our experience with NTL over a 14-year period and compare the functional results with those obtained over the same period using TL followed by tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP). One particular interest was the results achieved when surgery was preceded or followed by radiation therapy. From January 1980 through December 1994, 22 patients underwent NTL. The mean age of the 19 men (86.4%) and 3 women (13.6%) was 61.1 ± 9.9 years. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 109 months, with a mean of 26.5 months. The local control rate was 90.9% (i.e., 20 of the 22 patients). Over the same time period, 11 TEPs were performed in 7 men (63.6%) and 4 women (36.4%) who had a mean age of 60.4 ± 7.2 years. Compared with the TEP group, the patients in the NTL group had higher mean scores for swallowing, aspiration, and voice quality evaluations, although the differences were not statistically significant. Notably, 21 of 22 patients (95.5%) received preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy. Complications in the NTL group included aspiration, dilated shunt appendix, and inadequate tracheopharyngeal shunt function. Slight modifications of the NTL technique, including routine entrance into the vallecula in uninvolved larynges, the use of contralateral pyriform mucosa flaps, and the performance of an H-flap tracheostomy are described. The NTL is a sound oncologic procedure for tumors causing vocal cord fixation, and it can be successful even when postoperative radiotherapy is administered. The quality of speech, the ease of swallowing, and the incidence of aspiration are similar to those in patients who have had a TEP following TL.
Cultural Differences in “Thank You”:

This research investigated cultural differences in the use of, and responses to, gratitude statements in unsolicited email advertising messages. Study 1 found that Americans, compared with Koreans,...
Índices antropométricos e estado nutricional de escolares de baixa renda de um município do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil): um estudo piloto

Estudou-se o crescimento e o estado nutricional, por meio de indices antropometricos, de 185 criancas (97 meninos e 88 meninas) em idade escolar (7,0-10,9 anos) de baixa renda familiar do municipio de Nova Iguacu, Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). A antropometria nutricional identificou 3,52 e 6,25% das criancas como desnutridas recentes e cronicas, respectivamente; valores que se comparam aos descritos para criancas faveladas do Municipio do Rio de Janeiro. Em geral, as medianas de altura das criancas ficaram abaixo do 25.o centil do padrao internacional de crescimento, sendo que a partir dos 10 anos a mediana da altura dos meninos foi inferior ao 10.o centil. As medias de peso e altura dessas criancas foram comparaveis a do nordeste urbano, superiores a da Paraiba, e inferiores as criancas de classe media de Sao Paulo. Os valores de 7 dobras cutâneas, do perimetro do braco, e da area de gordura do braco foram superiores nas meninas de todas as faixas etarias. A area muscular do braco foi maior nos meninos do que nas meninas de todas as faixas etarias.
State Context and Exclusionary Ideologies

Social science research has denoted the role that exclusionary and divisive ideologies play in fortifying group boundaries and shaping inequality, including what is arguably its most extreme form—genocide. We know little, however, about where and why such ideologies emerge. This article analyzes 159 countries between 1955 and 2009 to assess the factors that influence the emergence and presence of exclusionary ideologies. Doing so informs broader social science conceptions of the role of culture and politics in the production of inequality and violence. I find that certain critical junctures, including independence and irregular regime change, are associated with the onset of exclusionary ideologies. Colonial histories and threats to political elites are also consequential. I conclude by discussing exclusionary ideologies relative to genocide as well as the general importance of cultural and political dynamics for future analyses of inequality.
XRD and TGA, Swelling and Compacted Properties of Polymer Treated Sulfate Contaminated CL Soil

In this study, the effect of up to 4 % calcium sulfate contamination on the soil properties of a natural clay with low liquid limit (CL) soil with and without polymer treatment was investigated and compared to 6 % lime treated soil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods were used to identify and quantify the changes in the contaminated CL clay soil. XRD analyses showed the major constituents of the soil were calcium silicate (CaSiO3), aluminum silicate (Al2SiO5), magnesium silicate (MgSiO3), and quartz (SiO2). With 4 % calcium sulfate contamination, the liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) of the CL soil increased by 30 and 45 %, respectively. The addition of calcium sulfate resulted in the formation of calcium silicate sulfate (Ternesite Ca5(SiO4)2SO4) and aluminum silicate sulfate (Al5(SiO4)2SO4). TGA analyses showed a notable reduction in the weight of calcium sulfate contaminated soil between 600 and 800°C, possibly due to changes in soil mineralogy. In addition, the total weight loss at 800°C for 1.5 % polymer treated soil was about 40 % less than the 4 % calcium sulfate contaminated soil, and it was similar to the weight loss observed in the uncontaminated CL soil. The maximum dry density of compacted soil decreased and the optimum moisture content increased with 4 % of calcium sulfate. The addition of 4 % calcium sulfate increased the free swelling of compacted soil by 67 %. The addition of 6 % lime resulted in the formation of ettringite (Ca6Al2 (SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O). Polymer treatment decreased the LL, PI, swelling index, and optimum moisture content of the soil and increased the compacted maximum dry density. Behavior of sulfate contaminated CL soil with and without treatment was quantified using a unique model that represented both linear and nonlinear responses. Also the model predictions were compared with published data in the literature.
Mini Tightrope Fixation Versus Ligament Reconstruction – Tendon Interposition for Maintenance of Post-trapeziectomy Space Height: A Biomechanical Study

Purpose To test the biomechanical stability of ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) compared with Mini TightRope fixation for thumb metacarpal subsidence after trapeziectomy. Methods Fifteen fresh human cadaveric hands underwent trapeziectomy and were divided into 3 treatment groups: LRTI using a biotenodesis screw and single versus dual Mini TightRope fixation. The thumb and index fingers were removed distal to the metacarpal; the distal ends of the metacarpals and proximal radius were potted in urethane resin and mounted onto a servohydraulic testing machine. A cyclic axial load was applied to stress the trapezial cavity. We recorded displacement of the first metacarpal via the position of the actuator head and computed the size of the trapezial space as the difference of the initial size and first metacarpal displacement. Each specimen underwent cyclical loading until the first metacarpal had collapsed completely onto the scaphoid (failure of the repair) or until 6 hours of testing had been completed. The number of cycles to failure, change in the size of the trapezium cavity, and relative change in size of the trapezium cavity were determined. Results The trapezial space had completely closed before 6 hours of testing were completed in all biotenodesis screw-augmented LRTI specimens and remained present in all single and dual Mini TightRope specimens. Absolute (and normalized) changes in the size of the trapezial cavity in the single and dual Mini TightRope specimens were 11 ± 2 and 10 ± 2 mm, respectively. Conclusions Dual Mini TightRope fixation provided superior load bearing and maintenance of trapezial space height compared with single Mini TightRope or LRTI biotenodesis screw procedures. Clinical relevance This study demonstrates that patients who undergo suture suspension arthroplasty may be able to move earlier because of the immediate stability the construct affords.
A Conversation with Victoria Purcell-Gates

In this interview piece, Victoria Purcell-Gates discusses her views on research methodology, her work creating a corpus of literacy practice data, her past work and current projects. In the afterword, the interviewer discusses the implications of Purcell-Gates approach for scholars in writing and literacy studies across the disciplines.
Youth Advocates’ Perceptions of Tobacco Industry Marketing Influences on Adolescent Smoking: Can They See the Signs?

Point-of-sale (POS) advertising at retail stores is one of the key marketing avenues used by the tobacco industry. The United States Surgeon General urges actions to eliminate POS tobacco advertisements because of their influence on youth smoking. Many youth empowerment programs are implemented to address tobacco industry marketing influences, including POS tobacco advertisements. While youth are asked to take on such collective action, little is known regarding their perceptions and understanding of tobacco industry marketing influences and related advocacy activities. This mixed methods study examined Oklahoma's tobacco control youth empowerment program members' perceptions of tobacco industry marketing influences. Four focus groups were held with active program members from rural and urban areas. Overall, the focus group participants viewed the program as purposeful, as an avenue to help others, and as a way to make a difference. Specifically, the older participants (median age = 18 years) identified tobacco industry marketing influences such as POS, movies, and magazine advertisements and reported participating in activities that counter POS tobacco advertisements at retail stores. Likewise younger participants (median age = 16 years), identified similar tobacco industry marketing influences, but also included tobacco use by friends and family as tobacco industry marketing influences. Moreover, the younger participants did not report engaging in activities that addressed POS tobacco advertisements. The study results suggest that the empowerment program should tailor its programming, training, materials, and activities with input from youth of various ages. Thoughtfully developed messages and specific activities can truly empower youth and maximize their contribution as change agents who address POS or other initiatives at the retail environments to prevent chronic diseases.
Physical Aspects of GR-S and Alfin Polymer Modifications

Abstract It seems that the possibilities of this development, both as a lead to improved rubbers and as a spur to the explanation of rubber behavior, are exceptionally stimulating. Far from being a completed work, this is more likely to be the first and exciting chapter of a series yet to be unfolded. It is a distinct possibility that useful improvements to natural rubber, as well as to synthetic, may result from further investigation of the field. It is perhaps unnecessary to caution that the quantitative relationships developed are not sacrosanct and may be altered by more extensive data. The importance of the results, however, is not entirely dependent on their numerical values.
Ultrashort channel silicon nanowire transistors with nickel silicide source/drain contacts.

We demonstrate the shortest transistor channel length (17 nm) fabricated on a vapor−liquid−solid (VLS) grown silicon nanowire (NW) by a controlled reaction with Ni leads on an in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) heating stage at a moderate temperature of 400 °C. NiSi2 is the leading phase, and the silicide−silicon interface is an atomically sharp type-A interface. At such channel lengths, high maximum on-currents of 890 (μA/μm) and a maximum transconduc- tance of 430 (μS/μm) were obtained, which pushes forward the performance of bottom-up Si NW Schottky barrier field- effect transistors (SB-FETs). Through accurate control over the silicidation reaction, we provide a systematic study of channel length dependent carrier transport in a large number of SB- FETs with channel lengths in the range of 17 nm to 3.6 μm. Our device results corroborate with our transport simulations and reveal a characteristic type of short channel effects in SB-FETs, both in on- and off-state, which is different from that in conventional MOSFETs, and that limits transport parameter extraction from SB-FETs using conventional field-effect transconductance measurements.
Cesarean Section Scar Endometriosis

Endometriosis is the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.l When this tissue occurs in a circumscribed mass, it is referred to as an endometrioma.2 Although endometriosis is usually a pelvic disease, it can involve other sites. Reported here is a case of endometriosis in a Cesarean section scar. A brief discussion of the current literature and management strategies follow.
Nucleophosmin Immunohistochemistry in Residual Disease Detection of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a nuclear protein that is mutated and localized in cytoplasm in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 50% to 60% of cytogenetically normal AML. The goal of the study is to evaluate whether subcellular localization of NPM1 by IHC is stable in AML patients and whether detection of NPMc+ by IHC is useful …
The human loci DNF15S2 and D3S94 have a high degree of sequence similarity to acyl-peptide hydrolase and are located at 3p21.3.

Abstract The short arm of chromosome 3 undergoes genetic loss in most small-cell lung cancers and renal cell carcinomas. The most frequently deleted region includes the DNF15S2 locus (mapped to 3p21), suggesting that a putative recessive tumor-suppressor gene might be located nearby. A cosmid clone, cA476, contains the D3S94 locus and two HTF islands and detects a PstI RFLP. We have isolated cDNAs homologous to conserved fragments within cA476; and these cDNAs have 96% sequence similarity to a cDNA derived from the DNF15S2 locus. Sequence information from cDNAs derived from both the rat and pig acyl-peptide hydrolase (E.C.3.4.19.1) gene show that they have a high degree of sequence similarity to cDNAs derived from D3S94 and DNF15S2, suggesting that they are all the same locus. Cosmid cA476 (DNF15S2) has been mapped, by fluorescent in situ hybridization, to chromosome 3p21.3. D3S94 and DNF15S2 are quite distinct from aminoacylase 1 (ACY1), which has been physically linked to D3S2, D3S92, and D3S93, all localized within 3p21.1.
The Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Sedative-Hypnotic Withdrawal

Abstract Sedative-hypnotic drugs including alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates, are widely used and abused for their euphoric and sedative properties. Sedative-hypnotic abuse and addiction is a complex, heterogeneous disorder, with biological (genetic) factors strongly influencing risk for dependence. Physiological dependence and associated withdrawal are thought to be a powerful motivational force that perpetuates sedative-hypnotic use/abuse, and enhances vulnerability to relapse. Recently, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) has been identified as crucially involved in sedative-hypnotic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., convulsions). The Mpdz gene has been implicated in sedative-hypnotic physiological dependence and associated withdrawal episodes in mice, with Mpdz expression within the caudolateral subregion of the SNr crucially involved.
Application and Study on Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring Technique for Reinforeced Concrete Structure

The research hierarchy is based on the reinforced concrete structure used in Tianjin district and its electrochemical corrision monitoring( ECM) technique. The ECM application and the corrosion behavior under soil and water environment are studied. The results show that the reinforced concrete with Alcohol ammonia lipids coating is protected to a certain degree among two kinds of high salt medium. In the high salt aqueous solution,the corrosive current densities for concrete iron with and without coating are 8. 501 2 × 10- 7A / cm2and 4. 889 3 × 10- 5A / cm2,respectively. In the high salt soil medium,the corrosive current densities for concrete iron with and without coating are 9. 768 9 × 10- 7A / cm2and 1. 291 7 × 10- 4A / cm2,respectively. The chloride diffusion coeffients for the reinforced concrete among high salt soil medium and aqueous solution are 17. 24 cm2/ a and 75. 17 cm2/ a,respectively.
Effect Evaluation On The Screening Of Stomach And Liver Cancers Among The Population At High Risk In Rural Areas

Objective To Evaluate the effects on the screening of stomach and liver cancer among the population at high risk in rural areas,and provide reference for the prevention and control of related diseases.Methods The target population who aged 40-69 with stomach cancer or aged 35-64 with liver cancer were investigated by cancer related risk factors questionnaire,and the qualified applicants were selected by the criterion of high-risk population for the clinical screening by the combination of mirror cavity and pathological test for stomach cancer and the combination of AFP and type-B ultrasonic for liver cancer after obtaining written informed consent.Result 4 cases were found with stomach cancer(0.16%),and 3 of them were at early stage,55 cases were found with dysplasia of stomach precancerous lesions(2.26%).7 cases were found with liver cancer(0.25%),and 2 of them were at early stage,23 cases were liver cirrhosis(0.83%),126 cases were abnormal in AFP test(≥10μg/L,9.6%),369 cases had other abnormal in the liver(12.2%).The positive rates of HBsAg among those cases with liver cancer and liver cirrhosis were significantly higher,and it were 85.7%(6/7)in the former and 82.6%(19/23)in the latter.Conclusion Periodical screening for fixed population in designated area is an important means of early detection for stomach and liver cancers.Meanwhile,in order to enhance the proportion of opportunistic recognition of cancer at early stage,measures should be taken to popularize cancer prevention and control knowledge and enhance the ability to distinguish the precancerous stage for medical staffs at the basic level.
The Perils of Diversification: The Impact of Organizational Domains on Public Support for Churches

This paper applies arguments from institutional theories of organization identity and diversification to understand the social pressures churches may face when they expand into activities beyond their traditionally defined domain. While a broad swath of literature has considered the role of churches in promoting political participation and mobilization, explicit political discussion and activity remains relatively rare in churches. I argue that when civic organizations such as churches diversify into less institutionalized activities, they run the risk of provoking perceptions of domain violation among their primary membership, resulting in a reduction of support. I test this argument with an experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey.
Friction Force Calculation of Water Injection String

It is a very important technical question whether water injection string can rely on string weight to go through the well hole or not.Considering the gap and random contact between the string and the well wall,the mechanics analysis model of water injection string is established and nonlinear mechanics analysis is done by using "gap element of multi-direction contact and friction" theory.The analyzed result of three wells in Daqing Oil Field shows that the maximum cumulative friction of is 0.74 kN.It means that water injection string can put under the bottom of well relying on string weight.
Selection of effective biosurfactant producers among Bacillus strains isolated from soils of Georgia

Abstract Application of biosurfactants of microbial origin and biosurfactant producing microorganisms in remediation technologies for cleaning sites polluted with organic and metal contaminants is environmentally friendly. Revealing the potential of microorganisms to synthesize surfactants and development of cost-effective bioprocesses for the biosurfactant production is an important direction of industrial biotechnology. Bacillus sp. BK34(7) and Bacillus sp. BK10(4) decreasing the indices of surface tension up to 29–30 mN/m were chosen as a result of multistep screening among 234 isolates from soils collected in Kakheti region of Georgia. The best result of biosurfactant synthesis was obtained on the 2nd day of cultivation. None of tested additional carbon sources (hexadecane, heptadecane, tetradecane, glycerol, molasses, sunflower, corn and olive oils) significantly enhances the ability of strains to reduce surface tension. Ability of these strains to decrease surface tension and emulsion capacity makes them as potential candidates for biosurfactant production.
Abstract 357: Effect of an Early Nurse Practitioner Based Transitional Care Program on Atrial Fibrillation Readmissions

Background: BRIDGE is a nurse practitioner (NP) based transitional care program for cardiac patients(pts) discharged from a large tertiary care health system. Attendance at the BRIDGE clinic has been shown to reduce early readmission and ED visits for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) pts. Little is known about causes of readmission for atrial fibrillation (AF) pts and whether an NP based program affects overall readmissions. Methods: Retrospective data on 1188 pts was abstracted from 2008 to 2010 for pts referred to BRIDGE. Early (30 day) readmission of pts with discharge diagnosis of AF underwent qualitative chart audit by a trained MD abstractor. When examining if BRIDGE affected readmissions, we excluded pts with ED visits/readmits prior to BRIDGE. Results: Median time to BRIDGE was 16 days. Of 1010 with complete data, 148 (15%) had a discharge diagnosis of AF; 110/148 (74%) AF pts attended BRIDGE. Thirty day readmission (30DR) for AF was 23% (34/148); 17/34 (57%) were sent to the ED by a MD or nurse. Attending BRIDGE had no effect on outcomes at all time points (table 1); 17 patients were readmitted before BRIDGE. Readmission at 6 months for AF was 41% for those who attended BRIDGE, 29% for those who did not (p=0.190). Table 2 details reasons for all 30DR in AF pts. Chart review demonstrated that all 30DR were appropriate, 83% (25/30) of non-elective readmissions were unavoidable, and of 5 potentially avoidable readmissions, 2 were due to patient non-compliance. Conclusions: 30-day readmission rates are high for pts recently discharged with a diagnosis of AF and most are unavoidable. A NP based transitional care clinic successful in reducing 30 day readmissions for ACS pts did not prevent either early or late readmissions in AF pts. ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin into the renal pelvis of a solitary kidney for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma.

AbstractIntravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of superficial urothelial cancer of the bladder. There have been few reports of its efficacy and toxicity when instilled into the upper urinary tract.We elected to use intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in a patient with recurrent high grade transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis of a solitary autotransplanted kidney. The patient required hospitalization and triple-drug therapy after 5 instillations. She was free of tumor 1 year after bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations.
Venereal disease, prostitution, and the politics of Empire: the case of British India.

VENEREAL DISEASE AS A subject of historical concern has received surprisingly little attention from modern historians. Political historians in particular have seen little connection between sexually transmitted diseases and the business of politics and governance. Yet in late nineteenth-century Britain, debate about the correct way to regulate and stem an apparent tidal wave of syphilis and gonorrhea was a regular theme of parliamentary debate as well as a common topic among journalists and social commentators. In post-Mutiny British India, venereal diseases and the various legislative means enacted from the 1860s on to combat them spawned a lengthy controversy, spilling over into Lord Kitchener's military administration early in the twentieth century. The controversy generated considerable ripples in ruling politics, despite the silence of political historians on the subject. Cynthia Enloe and Allan Brandt both have argued compellingly that the politics of venereal disease are a matter "central to the state." I The ascription of venereal conta-
The Effects of Hormones and Vaginal Microflora on the Glycome of the Female Genital Tract: Cervical-Vaginal Fluid

In this study, we characterized the glycome of cervical-vaginal fluid, collected with a Catamenial cup. We quantified: glycosidase levels; sialic acid and high mannose specific lectin binding; mucins, MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC7; and albumin in the samples collected. These data were analyzed in the context of hormonal status (day of menstrual cycle, hormonal contraception use) and role, if any, of the type of the vaginal microflora present. When the Nugent score was used to stratify the subjects by microflora as normal, intermediate, or bacterial vaginosis, several important differences were observed. The activities of four of six glycosidases in the samples from women with bacterial vaginosis were significantly increased when compared to normal or intermediate women: sialidase, P = <0.001; α-galactosidase, P = 0.006; β-galactosidase, P = 0.005; α-glucosidase, P = 0.056. Sialic acid binding sites as measured by two lectins, Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra binding, were significantly lower in women with BV compared to women with normal and intermediate scores (P = <0.0001 and 0.008 respectively). High mannose binding sites, a measure of innate immunity were also significantly lower in women with BV (P = <0.001). Additionally, we observed significant increases in MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC7 concentrations in women with BV (P = <0.001, 0.001, <0.001, 0.02 respectively). Among normal women we found that the membrane bound mucin MUC4 and the secreted MUC5AC were decreased in postmenopausal women (P = 0.02 and 0.07 respectively), while MUC7 (secreted) was decreased in women using levonorgestrel-containing IUDs (P = 0.02). The number of sialic acid binding sites was lower in the postmenopausal group (P = 0.04), but the number of high mannose binding sites, measured with Griffithsin, was not significantly different among the 6 hormonal groups. The glycosidase levels in the cervical-vaginal mucus were rather low in the groups, with exception of α-glucosidase activity that was much lower in the postmenopausal group (P<0.001). These studies present compelling evidence that the vaginal ecosystem responds to the presence of different vaginal microorganisms. These effects were so influential that it required us to remove subjects with BV for data interpretation of the impact of hormones. We also suggest that certain changes occurring in vaginal/cervical proteins are due to bacteria or their products. Therefore, the quantitation of vaginal mucins and lectin binding offers a new method to monitor bacteria-host interactions in the female reproductive tract. The data suggest that some of the changes in these components are the result of host processing, such as the increases in mucin content, while the microflora is responsible for the increases in glycosidases and the decreases in lectin binding. The methods should be considered a valid marker for insult to the female genital tract.
The Life of Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, when James VI of Scotland in 1603 initiated the Stuart monarchy in England as James I.1 Hobbes died in 1679, just as the the Popish Plot was beginning to thicken. Therefore, virtually all of his intellectual life coincided with the early and middle Stuart period. He was involved in one way or another with the controversies over Ship Money, Forced Loans, the foundations of the sovereignty of James I and Charles I, the nature and function of their parliaments, the English Civil War, the legitimacy of the Commonwealth, the nature and practice of scientists such as Robert Boyle and William Harvey and mathematicians such as John Wallis. To study Hobbes’s life is to gain a perspective on a large part of Stuart England. Because of his peculiar genius, it is an unconventional one. Although he was on the Continent several times for a total of twenty years, profited greatly from those excursions, and was probably more revered there than in his native land, he was always an Englishman at heart.2 Many of the people he associated with on the Continent were fellow exiles. After being in self-imposed exile from 1640 until 1651, he returned to England after the fighting of the English Civil War had ended and some stability had been achieved.
Quality of systematic review and meta-analysis abstracts in oncology journals

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of reporting in the abstracts of oncology systematic reviews using PRISMA guidelines for abstract writing. Methods Oncology systematic reviews and meta-analyses from four journals - The Lancet Oncology , Clinical Cancer Research , Cancer Research , and the Journal of Clinical Oncology - were selected using a PubMed search. The resulting 337 abstracts were sorted for eligibility and 182 were coded based on a standardized abstraction manual constructed from the PRISMA criteria. Eligible systematic reviews were coded independently and later verified by a second coder, with disagreements handled by consensus. One hundred eighty-two abstracts comprised the final sample. Results The number of included studies, information regarding main outcomes, and general interpretation of results were described in the majority of abstracts. In contrast, risk of bias or methodological quality appraisals, the strengths and limitations of evidence, funding sources, and registration information were rarely reported. By journal, the most notable difference was a higher percentage of funding sources reported in Lancet Oncology . No detectable upward trend was observed on mean abstract scores after publication of the PRISMA extension for abstracts. Conclusion Overall, the reporting of essential information in oncology systematic review and meta-analysis abstracts is suboptimal and could be greatly improved.
ABC-Me (ABCB10) Is Required for Erythroid Development in the Mouse Embryo and Is Protective against Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress

We previously described that mitochondrial ATP-Binding Cassette transporter, ABCme (ABCB10) is induced by GATA-1 in erythroid cells and that its over-expression leads to increased heme production. However, the role of ABCme in vivo and the hematologic phenotype of its deficiency have not been described thus far. Here we report for the first time that ABCme is essential for embryonic blood development in vivo. ABCme deficient mouse was generated on 129SvEvBrd/C57BL6J background and backcrossed to n = 4 on the C57BL6J. The homozygous KO mouse is embryonic lethal. ABCme KO dies at 12.5 days of gestation and displayed aplastic embryonic anemia by 10.5 days of gestation, manifested as improper blood development as well as erythroid progenitor apoptosis ( Figure 1 ). Ex vivo analysis of maturation of isolated yolk sac blood determined that ABCme KO erythroid cells fail to differentiate beyond the stage of basophilic erythroblast and exhibit 55% of apoptosis in CD71 positive cells in comparison with 29.25% in ABCme HET, and 17.5% in WT. Erythroid colony assay indicated 50% reduction in the formation of CFU-E and an 80% reduction in BFU-E in comparison with WT. Disruption of heme synthesis may result in accumulation of heme intermediates that are pro-oxidants. To test the hypothesis that apoptosis is induced by oxidative damage we tested both mitochondrial oxidation and the rescue effects of mitochondrial antioxidants in the ABCme KO. Isolated mitochondria of ABCme KO erythroid cells demonstrated significantly elevated levels (5 fold) of oxidized protein in comparison to both WT and HET cells. This elevated level of superoxide were confirmed and identified to be mitochondrial in nature by FACS analysis of superoxide sensitive dye MitoSox. Using antioxidants we tested the patho-physiological role of the elevated ROS in the hematologic phenotype. Treatment of ABCme KO cells with the SOD2 mimetic TBAP resulted in partial and complete rescue of the apoptotic phenotypes of the KO and the HET respectively. Our findings suggest that ABCme is required for erythroid development in vivo and that its deficiency results in impaired erythroid maturation, hemoglobinzation, and increased mitochondrial oxidative damage. ![Figure ][1] Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Impaired Blood Development of ABCme deficient embryos Light microscopy of Day 10.5 p.c. Embryo and Yolk Sac (Top). At this stage KO embryos are still alive as denoted by heartbeat as well as normal development of other organ systems. However, lack of red cell development is apparent. H/E staining of day 10.5 p.c. yolk sac blood islands (Bottom). KO blood islands demonstrate reduced number, increased nuclear fragmentation associated with apoptosis, and a lack of developed erythroid progenitors. (WT= Wildtype mice, KO= ABCme −/− mice.) [1]: pending:yes
Gaussian Mixture Models with Constrained Flexibility for Fitting Tomographic Tilt Series

Electron Microscopy (EM) has become an invaluable part of modern structural biology. As the limits of EM techniques are explored, issues arise with model reconstruction and fitting, especially at resolutions lower than 10 \AA ~where structural detail is lost. In this paper, we introduce methods to model and fit molecular structures into low resolution EM datasets (20-40 A~ resolution). First, we use Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to describe molecular systems with high flexibility and enable efficient conformation sampling. Then, GMM parameters are optimized to best describe the model molecular structure. Finally, these GMMs are placed into a fitting procedure to generate a conformation of the GMM that fits an input set of tilt series tomograms, a set of 2D images of a 3D molecule taken at a variety of angles. We evaluate our method by fitting a model of the IgE-Fc$\epsilon$RI complex to a variety of simulated single tilt axis datasets. This work was done in preparation for analysis of larger aggregate structures of IgE.
O133 Objective detection of cortical glucose metabolic abnormalities in children with epilepsy surgery: Validation with intracranial EEG

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of objectively identified hypo- and hypermetabolic cortex to detect the lobe(s) of seizure onset in young children with focal epilepsy. Methods Presurgical 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans of 37 children (mean age: 9.7 years) with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, who underwent 2-stage epilepsy surgery guided by subdural EEG, were compared to pseudo-normal pediatric control PET data ( N = 64; age 1–18 years, mean age: 9.3 years) by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The control PET data were from non-surgical epileptic children with normal MRI and FDG-PET on expert visual assessment and were also used to create age-specific pediatric PET templates. Accuracy of intracranial seizure onset zone (SOZ) detection by SPM-defined FDG-PET abnormalities was determined on the lobar level. Results At least one cluster of cortical metabolic abnormality was detected by SPM in 36 children. In the whole group, hypometabolic clusters had 75% sensitivity and 64% specificity to detect the SOZ lobe(s). Hypermetabolic clusters had a slighly higher specificity (69%) but low sensitivity (34%). A similar accuracy of SOZ detection was found in young children ( Discussion Objective detection of metabolic abnormalities by PET is difficult in young children due to lack of age-matched healthy controls. The findings validate the use of SPM with an age-matched pediatric pseudo-normal control group. Conclusion SPM with pediatric pseudo-normal control PET data can identify the lobe(s) of seizure onset with around 70% lobar accuracy even in young children. Significance This approach extends the use of FDG-PET for the objective detection of metabolic abnormalities in the seizure onset lobe(s) to young children above 1 year of age.
Co-translational Targeting by Signal Recognition Particle Activates Only after Cytosolic Exposure of Signal Sequence

Signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR) co-translationally target membrane and secretory proteins to membrane specifically and efficiently through multiple layers of regulation. Differential SRP binding to ribosome, SRP-SR association rate, and GTP hydrolysis ensure specificity for substrate over non-substrate. However, there is a debate on whether SRP interacts with its substrate when a target sequence is still buried inside ribosome exit tunnel during the early stage of translation. Previous studies, which only focus on SRP binding to ribosome, produce contradictory results. In this study, we examine the full picture of SRP's multiple layers of regulation at each translation intermediate carrying increasing length of nascent chain. FRET-based SRP-ribosome binding affinity assay and fluorescence detected SRP-SR association rate measurement give the formation of key intermediates in SRP targeting cycle as a function of nascent chain length. Both parameters differ for more than two orders of magnitude between N-terminal and full exposure of targeting sequence from the end of ribosome exit tunnel. Such discrimination is comparable to the difference between substrate and non-substrate. Using e. coli as a model system, our results show that SRP targets its substrate exclusively after the emergence of a transmembrane domain or signal sequence from ribosome exit tunnel.
Non-interacting Many-Particle Systems

Quantum mechanical properties of a single particle are an important starting point for studying quantum mechanics, but in real experimental and practical situations, you will rarely deal with just a single particle. Most frequently you encounter systems consisting of many (from two to infinity) interacting particles. The main difficulty in dealing with many-particle systems comes from a significantly increased dimensionality of space, where all possible states of such systems reside. In Sect. 9.4 you saw that the states of the system of two spins belong to a four-dimensional spinor space. It is not too difficult to see that the states of a system consisting of N spins would need a 2N-dimensional space to fit them all. Indeed, adding each new spin 1/2 particle with two new spin states, you double the number of basis vectors in the respective tensor product, and even the system of as few as ten particles inhabits a space requiring 1024 basis vectors. More generally, imagine that you have a particle which can be in one of M mutually exclusive states, represented obviously by M mutually orthogonal vectors (I will call them single-particle states), which can be used as a basis in this single-particle M-dimensional space. You can generate a tensor product of single-particle spaces by stacking together M basis vectors from each single-particle space. Naively you might think that the dimension of the resulting space will be MN, but it is not always so. The reality is more interesting, and to get the dimensionality of many-particle states correctly, you need to dig deeper into the concept of identity of quantum particles.
Post Traumatic Stress

More than three out of four Americans can expect to be exposed to a traumatic event at least once in their lives. Conservative estimates, made before the tragic events of September 11th, also suggest that one in four Americans exposed to a traumatic event will develop chronic or at least transient symptoms of PTSD
Synthesis of RNA Primer for Lambda DNA Replication is Controlled by Phage and Host

As discussed in this Symposium by Dr. Alberts, there appear to be two kinds of initiation of DNA synthesis: (1) primary initiation from a specific site (origin or ori site) on double-stranded DNA leading to the formation of a replication fork, and (2) frequent discontinuous initiations restricted mainly to the “lagging” strand of DNA within the moving fork and leading to the formation of socalled Okazaki fragments. The first step in both kinds of initiation probably involves the synthesis of an RNA primer, since DNA polymerases require the 3’-OH terminus of a pre-existing primer, and RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis from a DNA template without a primer.
DSC: New Developments in Clinical Analysis and Physiochemical Research

Over the last decade the field of Thermal Analysis has made significant contributions to a surprising number of fields. In the multifaceted field of polymer science, it has provided a universal tool for ascertaining and predicting the effect of preparation and thermal history on the physical properties of polymers. One reason for this is that a great deal of information about the overall structural state of a complex macromolecular system is revealed in the heat capacity. By establishing correlations between thermal phenomena and viscoelastic properties, these properties can be usefully assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (Dsc). Another area where complex systemsof macromolecules are of great interest is that of biochemistry and clinical analysis. The question is to what extent can the heat capacity of a clinically accessible sample give useful diagnostic information.