cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer of sulfur dioxide into falling drops: A comparison of experimental data with absorption models

Abstract Absorption of pollutant gases into water drops is one of the major removal mechanism in clouds, rains and scrubbers. A laboratory system for the absorption of sulfur dioxide into falling water drops was investigated. Monodispersed drops (0.84 mm diameter) were generated via a vibrating orifice and exposed to pollutant gas during their fall time (0.36 s). The drop stream was then quenched and analyses for S 4+ and total S were carried out. For gas phase SO 2 concentrations of 0.95–1.17 ppm liquid phase concentrations for S 4+ of 0.67–1.38 and for total S of 1.01–1.93 μmoll −1 were measured. The experimental results were compared to calculations based on several models that describe SO 2 -washout. Some models overpredicted and some underpredicted the observed results. This was in part due to the fact that the “string-of-falling-drops” system exhibits laminar-jet properties. Calculations based on an equivalent “laminar-jet” model gave concentrations of 0.62–1.17 μmoll −1 .
Adaptive Minimum-Error, Minimum Correlation Image Restoration

A new estimation criterion, called the minimum-error, minimum-correlation (MEMC) criterion, is applied to the point estimation of images in additive noise in conjunction with calculation of local statistical parameters in an adaptive analysis window. The MEMC estimator produces sharper and hence more visually pleasing restorations than the usual minimum mean squared error estimator and the use of adaptive analysis windows tends to isolate the locally stationary portions of the image in calculation of image statistics. As most of the remaining noise in these restorations resides on the edges within the images, a postprocessing step of edge detection and edge smoothing is then applied for its reduction. Such image restorations are compared to those of minimum mean squared error in both fixed and adaptive window implementations.
Vertebrate Muscle Fiber Types and Neuronal Regulation of Myosin Expression

SYNOPSIS. Vertebrate skeletal muscles consist of mixtures of different fibers that can be identified by their selective response to antibodies against fast or slow myosins. At least three developmental forms of myosin are expressed sequentially during normal differentiation. Alteration of the nerve supply by neuromuscular block or by cross-reinnervation can effect a conversion of the myosin pattern, and in some cases, a new myosin is synthesized that is not normally present. Muscle fiber composition is therefore influenced by the type of nerve supply, but the type of myosin is not specified by the motoneuron alone.
Studies on the cold-insoluble fraction of the water-extractable soybean proteins. I. Polymerization of the 11 S component through reactions of sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bonds.

Ultracentrifugal studies of the cold-insoluble fraction of soybean protein show it to consist primarily of a globulin having an s20,w value of about 11 S. The 11 S protein is capable of forming polymers which appear to be dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc., linked by disulfide bonds presumed to be formed by air oxidation of sulfhydryl groups existing at the surface of the 11 S molecule. Depolymerization is effected by mercaptoethanol and a variety of other reagents known to cleave disulfide bonds, and polymerization is prevented by treating the 11 S protein with sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. The possibility of disulfide polymerization occurring with other seed globulins is discussed.
Applied Cognitive Psychology and the “Strong Replacement” of Epistemology by Normative Psychology

Applied Cognitive Psychology (ACP) is normative in the sense that (1) it aims to make recommendations for improving human judgment; (2) it aims to have a practical impact on morally and politically significant human decisions and actions; and (3) it studies normative, rational judgment qua rational judgment. These nonstandard ways of understanding ACP as normative collectively suggest a new interpretation of the strong replacement thesis that does not call for replacing normative epistemic concepts, relations, and inquiries with descriptive, causal ones. Rather, it calls for recognizing that the aims and normative inquiries of epistemology and normative psychology have become intermutual in nature.
Grouping and Achievement in Cooperative Learning.

Abstract Colleges typically group students homogeneously in classes by means of both admission requirements and course prerequisites, but when professors form cooperative learning groups within classes they generally use heterogeneous grouping. Authors compared heterogeneously and homogeneously grouped cooperative learning groups in six paired classes, taught by the same professor using matching syllabi and assignments. Overall, homogeneously grouped students (who were grouped based on achievement on the first test given in the course) significantly outperformed heterogeneously grouped students on the final examination. High- or average-achieving students particularly benefited from homogenous grouping. Low achievers did equally well in either type of group.
Phototherapeutic effects in hamsters with heart disease

In previous experiments we have shown that hamsters with inherited heart disease--cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMHs)--live longer if they spend their lives in an environment devoid of time cues. The purpose of this experiment was to test the several hypotheses by which life in constant light could extend life in CMHs. To do this, CMHs were allowed to spend their lives in one of six different lighting conditions: constant light, LD 12:12, LD 23:1, LD 1:23, LD 1:23.2, and LD 1:23.6. The only schedule to produce a significant extension of life was LD 1:23.6; in contrast to LD 1:23.2, this schedule is photostimulatory. Of the hypotheses tested to evaluate the life-enhancing effects of constant light, support was found for only the one stating that non-24-h LD regimens are health enhancing. Although some evidence was found relating testicular size to life span, dissociations between these variables indicate that testicular function does not play an overriding role in modulating the phototherapeutic effects.
Relaxation as a Psi-conducive state

Nine experiments are described in which muscular and “mental” relaxation was studied as a physiological and psychological state which appears to be quite conducive to the occurrence of paranormal phenomena such as telepathy and clairvoyance. Following a general introduction to the area, seven exploratory experiments are described in which relaxation was induced in Ss through the use of a modified Jacobson’s progressive relaxation technique and suggestions for mental quietude and passivity. Ss scored highly accurately and significantly in tests of telepathic and clairvoyant knowledge of art print targets being viewed by sensorily isolated agents. Two further, more analytical, studies indicated that the good psi performance of Ss was indeed attributable to degree of relaxation and not to possible confounding variables such as belief mood, attitude, or changes in other “states.” This paper is presented in hopes that the consistent results obtained might stimulate further research in this relatively neglected area of paranormal information processing.
Group Velocity and the Linear Response of Stratified Fluids to Internal Heat or Mass Sources

Abstract A steadily maintained line heat or mass source turned on in an unbounded, steadily moving, uniformly stratified flow will in general create ever-increasing vertical displacements of the fluid. Lin and Smith viewed a maintained heat source as a train of heat pulses. A pulse occurring a time T before the observation time creates a negative displacement proportional to T−1 at the heat source position when T is large. They pointed out that superposing the pulse responses leads to a displacement that grows logarithmically with time. This paper uses group velocity arguments to recreate the gravity wave field a time T after a heat pulse. The T−1 decay of the displacement is shown to be a geometrical consequence of dispersion in two dimensions. The growing response to a maintained source can be understood as the result of energy being pumped into the gravity wave modes, whose group velocity is near zero, faster than it can spread in physical space due to dispersion. A steady response is shown to be possi...
Stability assurance and design optimization of large power delivery networks with multiple on-chip voltage regulators

Distributive on-chip voltage regulation is appealing to solving the power integrity problems in nowadays high-end SoCs. Nevertheless, ensuring the stability of large-scale power delivery networks regulated by a multiplicity of voltage regulators is challenging due to the size of the system and complex interactions between the regulators and the large loading network. We present a theoretically elegant framework that provides a rigorous guarantee for network stability. We further develop a practical design approach that largely decouples the design of linear voltage regulators from that of the complex load, making it feasible to ensure the stability of the complete network. The presented design approach has been successfully applied to several design examples with guaranteed stability and competitive performances.
Binomial and Poisson probabilities with an HP-28S scientific advanced calculator ∗

Hewlett Packard's Advanced Scientific Calculator HP-28S has built in functions to compute the CDF's of Normal, Chi-square, t and F distributions. The paper shows how to use the HP-28S calculator to obtain the CDF of the Binomial and Poisson random variables using the built in functions UTPF and UTPC of HP-28S. Illustrative examples to obtain the exact confidence intervals of the Binomial and Poisson parameters with HP-28S are given.
Coupled Grain Growth Effects in Al2O3/10 vol% ZrO2

Coupled crystallization has been observed in the Al3O3/10%-ZrO2 system by heating an amorphous precursor Al /Zr copolymerized alkoxide network structure. A finely divided two-phase material results which stabilizes tetragonal ZrO2 to 1700°C and exhibits an unprecedented microstructure. During crystallization, the grain growth of ZrO2 is coupled to the γ→α phase transformation of Al2O3.
GAS EXCHANGE OF IMPATIENS PALLIDA NUTT. (BALSAMINACEAE) IN RELATION TO WILTING UNDER HIGH LIGHT

Impatiens pallida, a succulent annual herb of moist temperate forests, typically wilts on summer days after several minutes of direct sunlight. Time courses of gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured to determine if wilting resulted in substantially reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, or leaf internal CO 2 concentrations
ON LATOUCHE–RAMASWAMI'S LOGARITHMIC REDUCTION ALGORITHM FOR QUASI-BIRTH-AND-DEATH PROCESSES

We consider Latouche–Ramaswami's logarithmic reduction algorithm for solving quasi-birth-and-death models. We shall present some theoretical properties concerning convergence of the algorithm and discuss numerical issues arising in finite precision implementations. In particular, we shall present a numerically more stable implementation. A rounding error analysis together with numerical examples are given to demonstrate the higher accuracy achieved by the refined implementation.
The effect of pentobarbital sodium and propofol anesthesia on multifocal electroretinograms in rhesus macaques

We compared the suitability of pentobarbital sodium (PB) and propofol (PF) anesthetics for multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) in rhesus macaques. mfERGs were collected from 4 ocularly normal rhesus macaques. All animals were pre-anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine (10-15 mg/kg). Intravenous PB induction/maintenance levels were 15 mg/kg/2-10 mg/kg and for PF, 2-5 mg/kg/6-24 mg/kg/h. There were 3 testing sessions with PB anesthesia and 5-7 testing sessions with PF anesthesia. All PB sessions were carried out before PF. First-order (K1) and second-order (first slice) kernels (K2.1) response density amplitude (RDA), implicit time (IT), and root mean square signal-to-noise ratios (RMS SNR) of the low-frequency (LFC) and high-frequency (HFC) components were evaluated. The use of PF or PB anesthesia resulted in robust, replicable mfERGs in rhesus macaques; however, RMS SNR of K1 LFC in ring and quadrant analyses was significantly larger for PF than for PB. Additionally, K1 RDA under PF was significantly larger than under PB for N1, P1, and P2 components (ring and quadrant) and for N2 (quadrant). PF IT was significantly prolonged (<1 ms) relative to PB IT for N1, P1 (ring), and N1 (quadrant), while PB IT was significantly prolonged (0.8-4.2 ms) relative to PF IT for N2 and P2 (ring and quadrant). K1 HFC and K2.1 LFC did not differ significantly between PB and PF in the ring or quadrant analyses. The response differences found with PB and PF anesthesia likely arise from variable relative effects of the anesthetics on retinal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptors, and in part, on glycine and on glutamate receptors. Given the advantages of a stable anesthetic plane with continuous intravenous infusion and a smoother, more rapid recovery, PF is an appealing alternative for mfERG testing in rhesus macaques.
Genetic variation in tissue cultures of red clover.

Design II matings were made among randomly selected clones of ‘Arlington’ red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Progeny were evaluated in vitro on two regeneration media for callus growth and differentiation. Additive genetic variance was a significant source of variability for nearly all traits evaluated, including somatic embryogenesis. In vitro traits, such as rapid callus growth, colony vascularization, root initiation, chlorophyll production and embryogenesis were highly heritable and should respond to breeding and selection. Dominance genetic variance was significant for only a few in vitro characters. Maternal and cytoplasmic factors were significant primarily in the early subcultures. Highly significant additive genetic correlation of performance on two regeneration media was found. A population selected on one of the regeneration media for such characteristics as improved plantlet regeneration, rapid callus growth, long term colony viability or the frequency of root initiation should show correlated improvement on the other medium. No significant differences for embryogenesis were attributable to differences in the regeneration media used. Furthermore, no interaction of additive genetic effects with regeneration media were observed. These data indicate that improvement in the frequency of plantlet regeneration from callus of red clover could effectively be achieved by breeding and selection for embryogenic types.
Enhanced intestinal absorption of riboflavin from sodium alginate solution in man

Abstract The absorption of orally administered riboflavin‐5′‐phosphate by healthy male subjects was increased significantly when the vitamin was administered in 50 ml. of 2% sodium alginate solution rather than in the aqueous vehicle without sodium alginate. It is proposed that the highly viscous and thixotropic sodium alginate solution moves through the GI tract relatively slowly and thereby causes prolonged retention of the vitamin at specialized absorption sites in the small intestine.
The Oxo-Gate Hypothesis and DMSO Reductase: Implications for a Psuedo-σ Bonding Interaction Involved in Enzymatic Electron Transfer

The electronic structure of (PPh4)[MoO(benzene-1,2-dithiolate)2], a paramagnetic analogue of the oxidized active site of DMSO reductase, has been investigated by electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. A pseudo-σ bonding interaction exists between the Mo dxy redox orbital and in-plane dithiolate orbitals, and this is the origin of the two lowest energy charge transfer features. The similar low-energy spectral features of the model and enzyme imply similar coordination geometries and suggest that a σ-mediated electron transfer process is operative.
Novel zero-expansion materials for precision optical substrates

A novel family of "germania-modified cordierite" ceramics has been developed for fabrication of precision optical components. Compositions in this family possess zero average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) over selected temperature regions. Moreover, the zero CTE can be "tailored" to a desired temperature range of operation by varying the relative proportions of Ge02 and Si02 in the modified cordierite structure. Thermal diffusivity of these ceramics is more than twice that of ULETM glass, a current state-of-the-art material for precision mirror substrates. In addition, germanium-cordierites possess high specific stiffness and low thermal moment/rigidity ratio. Controllable fine-grained structure enables good polishability and offers the potential for an optical quality surface. These thermal and mechanical properties make Ge-cordierite an excellent material for optical and structural applications. The theoretical basis for germania substitution for silica in the pure cordierite struc-ture has been examined. Material characteristics including solid solubility and sinterability have been considered. All the germanium-cordierite compositions presented in this study are morphologically single phase and microstructurally homogeneous materials. These properties along with "tailorable" zero CTE characteristics offer the potential of employing cordierites for high precision optics.
Compensatory Changes in the Cytoplasmic Tail of gp41 Confer Resistance to Tetherin/BST-2 in a Pathogenic Nef-deleted SIV

Tetherin (BST-2 or CD317) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits virus release from infected cells. Whereas HIV-1 Vpu and HIV-2 Env counteract human tetherin, most SIVs use Nef to antagonize the tetherin proteins of their nonhuman primate hosts. Here, we show that compensatory changes in the cytoplasmic domain of SIV gp41, acquired by a nef-deleted virus that regained a pathogenic phenotype in infected rhesus macaques, restore resistance to tetherin. These changes facilitate virus release in the presence of rhesus tetherin, but not human tetherin, and enhance virus replication in interferon-treated primary lymphocytes. The substitutions in gp41 result in a selective physical association with rhesus tetherin, and the internalization and sequestration of rhesus tetherin by a mechanism that depends on a conserved endocytosis motif in gp41. These results are consistent with HIV-2 Env antagonism of human tetherin and suggest that the ability to oppose tetherin is important for lentiviral pathogenesis.
Zeeman Effect of the Magnetic Excitations in a Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor: A Raman Scattering Study of Cd 1-x Mn x Te

The electron paramagnetic transition of a magnetic ion in light scattering is reported. Intense Raman lines are observed corresponding to the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{S}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions within the Zeeman multiplet of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$, as well as their combinations with the zone-center longitudinal-optical phonons which interact with band electrons and, in turn, through exchange interaction, with ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$. The phase transition to the magnetically ordered low-temperature phase is manifested in the evolution of the paramagnetic transition into a magnon line.
Field-Induced Transient Periodic Structures in Nematic Liquid Crystals: The Twist-Fréedericksz Transition

Field-induced reorientations of liquid crystals, far from equilibrium, produce spatially periodic responses. The wavelength selected maximizes response speed. A detailed analysis of the effect in a novel geometry is presented, along with a discussion of its general importance in polymerlike liquid crystals.
The Unique-5 and -6 Motifs of ZO-1 Regulate Tight Junction Strand Localization and Scaffolding Properties

The proper cellular location and sealing of tight junctions is assumed to depend on scaffolding properties of ZO-1, a member of the MAGUK protein family. ZO-1 contains a conserved SH3-GUK module that is separated by a variable region (unique-5), which in other MAGUKs has proven regulatory functions. To identify motifs in ZO-1 critical for its putative scaffolding functions, we focused on the SH3-GUK module including unique-5 (U5) and unique-6 (U6), a motif immediately C-terminal of the GUK domain. In vitro binding studies reveal U5 is sufficient for occludin binding; U6 reduces the affinity of this binding. In cultured cells, U5 is required for targeting ZO-1 to tight junctions and removal of U6 results in ectopically displaced junction strands containing the modified ZO-1, occludin, and claudin on the lateral cell membrane. These results provide evidence that ZO-1 can control the location of tight junction transmembrane proteins and reveals complex protein binding and targeting signals within its SH3-U5-GUK-U6 region. We review these findings in the context of regulated scaffolding functions of other MAGUK proteins.
Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium fimbrial proteins serve as antigens during infection of mice

The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium genome contains 13 operons with homology to fimbrial gene sequences. Here we investigated the role of 11 serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins, including FimA, AgfA (CsgA), BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA, as antigens during the infection of genetically resistant mice (CBA). Upon the growth of serotype Typhimurium in standard laboratory broth culture, only the expression of FimA could be detected by Western blot analysis. The infection of mice with serotype Typhimurium grown in broth culture, followed by at least one subsequent infection, resulted in seroconversion of animals to FimA, AgfA, BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA positivity. Most animals seroconverted to only a subset of these fimbrial antigens. The immunization of mice with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-FimA, GST-AgfA, GST-BcfA, GST-StbA, GST-SthA, GST-LpfA, GST-PefA, GST-StdA, GST-StcA, GST-StiA, and GST-StfA fusion proteins resulted in reduced fecal shedding of serotype Typhimurium during a challenge compared to that by a control group immunized with purified GST protein. Collectively, these data suggest that the expression of serotype Typhimurium fimbrial antigens is induced during the infection of mice.
The Dimerization Function of MinC Resides in a Structurally Autonomous C-Terminal Domain

Limited proteolysis of the Escherichia coli cell division inhibitor MinC reveals that its dimerization function resides in a structurally autonomous C-terminal domain. We show that cytoplasmic MinC is poised near the monomer-dimer equilibrium and propose that it only becomes entirely dimeric once recruited to the membrane by MinD.
On the Teaching of Poetry in English Journal, 1912-2005: Does History Matter?

This study reports two stages of research into the discourses of poetry education in the United States from the early 20th to the early 21st centuries. The first is an original study that traces the history of discourses about teaching poetry, and the second is a coda or concluding analysis that raises questions about how history functions as a trope and whether or how the history of poetry education matters in the present. In the original study, we photocopied, inventoried, coded, and noted patterns of discourse over virtually every article published on the teaching of poetry in the oldest practice-oriented journal of literacy education in the United States, English Journal, from 1912 to 2005. In the coda that follows, we revisited and refined conclusions from our initial round of investigation in light of the theoretical implications of three models of historical and social change: Parsonian functionalist theories, Marxist/neo-Marxist theories of dialectical materialism, and Foucauldian theories of disc...
Simulation of reflective notching with TEMPEST

Reflective notching from projection printing a narrow feature over a reflective topography was simulated with the 3D electro-magnetic simulation program TEMPEST. Various topographical and optical parameters were varied to determine their effect on the reflective notching and to gain insight into the mechanism of reflective notching. It was determined that corner angles in the topography and anti-reflection coating use are important parameters while resist surface angle and polarization are not.
Lyt-2 and lyt-3 antigens are on two different polypeptide subunits linked by disulfide bonds. Relationship of subunits to T cell cytolytic activity

Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antigens are carried on separate disulfide-bonded subunits of the same cell surface macromolecules. These are present on thymocytes in a variety of multimeric forms consisting of disulfide-bonded dimers, tetramers, and hexamers of pairwise combinations of three subunits (30,000, 34,000, and 38,000 Mr). From reduced and alkylated Nonidet-P40 thymus extracts, a monoclonal anti-Lyt-3 precipitates only the 30,000 Mr subunit, but not the 30,000 Mr subunit. Almost all of the Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 subunits on the cell are covalently linked by disulfide bonds. However, small amounts of free Lyt-3 subunit was seen in some experiments. Similarly, small amounts of Lyt-2-3- material, consisting of dimers of the 38,000 and 34,000 Mr subunits were identified. Each of the three subunits migrated with a basic charge (pI greater than 8) on two-dimensional gels. Cytotoxic effector cells that are blocked by anti-Lyt-2 and anti-3 can be treated with trypsin and other arginine-specific proteases to remove these antigens. At low concentrations of these proteases, Lyt-3 antigens are selectively removed. After selective removal of Lyt-3 antigens, cytotoxic effector cells are still active and blocking of activity by anti-Lyt-3 is significantly reduced, whereas blocking of activity by anti-Lyt-2 is significantly increased. Neither Lyt-2 nor Lyt-3 is allelically excluded on thymocytes or T cells. These results suggested that the Lyt-2, Lyt-3 macromolecules are associated with but do not serve as the T cell antigen receptor.
Spore dispersal of a resupinate ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tomentella sublilacina, via soil food webs

Patterns of fungal spore dispersal affect gene flow, population structure and fungal commu- nity structure. Many Basidiomycota produce resupi- nate (crust-like) basidiocarps buried in the soil. Al- though spores are actively discharged, they often do not appear to be well positioned for aerial dispersal. We investigated the potential spore dispersal mech- anisms of one exemplar of this growth form, Tomen- tella sublilacina. It is a widespread ectomycorrhizal fungus that sporulates in the soil organic horizon, can establish from the spore bank shortly after dis- turbance, but also can be a dominant species in ma- ture forest stands. We investigated whether its spores could be dispersed via spore-based food webs. We ex- amined external surfaces, gut contents and feces from arthropod fungivores (mites, springtails, milli- pedes, beetles, fly larvae) and arthropod and verte- brate predators (centipedes, salamanders) from on and around T. sublilacina sporocarps. Spore densities were high in the guts of many individuals from all fungivore groups. Centipede gut contents, centipede feces and salamander feces contained undigested in- vertebrate exoskeletons and many apparently intact spores. DAPI staining of spores from feces of fungi- vores indicated that 7-73% of spores contained intact nuclei, whereas spores from predators had lower per- centages of intact nuclei. The spiny spores often were lodged on invertebrate exoskeletons. To test the via- bility of spores that had passed through invertebrate guts we used fecal droppings of the millipede Har- paphe haydeniana to successfully inoculate seedlings of Pinus muricata (Bishop pine). These results indi- cate the potential for T. sublilacina spore dispersal via invertebrates and their predators in soil food webs and might help to explain the widespread distribu- tion of this species. It is likely that this is a general
Utilizing the reaction of degeneration test for individuals with focal paralysis

Background and purpose Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a modality sometimes used to help strengthen weak muscles. On occasion, however, the targeted muscles do not respond to the current delivered. No response to electrical stimulation should raise the consideration of unsuspected peripheral nerve damage. Two case studies are presented showing how absence of response was due to unsuspected peripheral neuropathy, which had not been considered in either of the original referral diagnoses.
Complex Transport Around Tumor: Need for Realistic In Vitro Tumor Transport Model

Successful targeted drug delivery requires to overcome various transport barriers around tumors. These transport barriers are associated with dynamic biological, chemical, and mechanical conditions of tumor microenvironment. Thus, new drug delivery vehicles need to be designed considering complex transport processes around tumors. However, currently available tumor models are limited to mimic this complex and dynamic environment, or only provide the end results without allowing systematic investigation of these complex transport processes. A new tumor model system is highly desired, which can address this twofold challenge of current tumor model systems—(1) realistic simulation of in vivo tumor microenvironment, and (2) capability of systematic evaluation of drug delivery vehicles. In this chapter, the transport processes around tumors relevant to targeted delivery are reviewed and research efforts to mimic these processes to evaluate drug delivery vehicles are discussed.
Feasibility of sparing lung and other thoracic structures with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the possibility of using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to reduce the irradiated volumes of the normal lung and other critical structures in the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to investigate the effect of IMRT on the potential of spreading low doses to large volumes of normal tissues in such treatment. Methods and materials A retrospective treatment planning study was performed to compare IMRT and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for 10 NSCLC patients (Stage I–IIIB). In the IMRT plans, three to nine coplanar beams were designed to treat 95% of the planning target volume with 63 Gy and to minimize the volumes of the normal lung, esophagus, heart, and spinal cord irradiated above their tolerance doses. The two types of plans were compared with respect to the planning target volume coverage, dose–volume histograms, and other dosimetric indexes of the normal structures. Results Comparing the nine-beam IMRT plan with the 3D-CRT plan, the percentage of lung volume that received >20 Gy and the mean lung dose were reduced for all cases, with a median reduction of 8% and 2 Gy, respectively. An additional reduction of the >5-Gy volume and >10-Gy volume for the lung and thoracic tissue was more difficult with IMRT, although still possible using fewer beams in IMRT. The integral dose to the entire thorax was equivalent and even reduced for 8 of 10 cases using IMRT. Conclusion It is possible to reduce the volumes of low doses (such as the >10-Gy volume and >20-Gy volume) for thoracic normal tissues using IMRT. The increased integral dose and low-dose volumes can be avoided for IMRT if such concerns are addressed carefully in the inverse planning process and with optimization of the IMRT beam configuration.
Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Brain Tumors

Dendritic cells (DC) have long been regarded as the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. Their ability to sample environmental antigens and stimulate T cell activity in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner has attracted much attention given the poor antigen presenting ability and immunogenicity of tumor cells [1,2]. Although DCs constitute approximately 0.3% of all circulating blood leukocytes, they serve as the sentinels of the immune system and are found nearly ubiquitously throughout the body [3]. In their immature state, DCs are highly specialized antigen samplers capable of surveying their microenvironment through several mechanisms including engulfment, macropinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis [3]. Upon encountering an antigen the DC processes it through MHC pathways and directs it to the cell surface to form an MHC-peptide complex (Figure 1). In line with traditional antigen presentation following uptake from the environment, many antigens are channeled through MHC-class II pathways with resultant MHC-peptide complexes being capable of stimulating CD4+ T cells. In addition, dendritic cells possess the unique ability to “cross-present” acquired antigens. In this process, DC endosomes release captured antigenic material into the cytosol where it is broken down by proteasomes [4]. The degraded peptides are then transported to the ER via a transporter-associated protein (TAP) and bound to MHC-class I molecules for presentation to CD8+ T cells [5,6]. These distinct mechanisms allow DCs to stimulate T cells in an MHC-class I and II manner, overcoming classical restrictions in antigen processing and presentation [7] and diversifying the resultant immune response. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Schematic of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation via distinct MHC-I and MHC-II targeted pathways. Foreign antigens are sampled from the environment via dendritic cell phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Once vacuolized, antigen-containing vesicles are directed down one of two MHC pathways that result in cell surface presentation. A) Antigen containing vesicle encounters endoplastmic reticulum-phagosome. Antigen is retro-translocated into the cytoplasm via Sec 61 where proteosome complexes mediate peptide degradation. The resultant epitopes are translocated back into the ER-phagosome via the transporter-associated protein (TAP), where they are loaded onto MHC-I complexes and extruded for membrane integration and antigen presentation on the cell surface. B) Antigen-containing vesicle encounters lysosome which cleaves peptides using acid proteases. MHC-II complexes formed within the ER and subsequently processed and extruded from the Golgi apparatus are transported to peptide containing endosomes for antigen loading.
Preclinical detection of Parkinson's disease: biochemical approaches.

Dysfunction of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson9s disease. While simple assays of complex I activity are unlikely to be useful in the preclinical detection of Parkinson9s disease, other more sophisticated physical-chemical approaches including detection of free radical damage may have utility. Leber9s hereditary optic neuropathy may provide a useful model system for development of such strategies.
Ranging Patterns of Callimico goeldii (callimico) in a Mixed Species Group

Ranging patterns are behavioral adaptations that relate to demographic and ecological variables, such as population density and resource distribution. Intraspecific variation in ranging may reflect responses to variable environmental conditions. A study of Callimico goeldii, the callimico or Goeldi’s monkey, in association with Saguinus fuscicollis, the saddle-backed tamarin, and Saguinus labiatus, the red-bellied tamarin, was conducted at a terra firme forest in northwestern Brazil periodically between April 1999 and August 2003. Data were collected primarily on one relatively stable mixed species group. The joint range size of this mixed species group was 48 ha over 10 months, and after 13 months, it increased to 56 ha for the tamarins and to 59 ha for the callimicos; there was approximately 26% range overlap with neighboring groups of tamarins, and 3% overlap with neighboring callimico groups. The locations of plant food resources, resting sites, and treefalls were found to be significantly related to range use by Callimico. There was no evidence that Callimico spent more time along the periphery of the range than would be expected by chance, and range use was patchily distributed throughout the range. Five encounters were observed among the study group of callimico and neighboring callimicos. No direct intergroup encounters were observed among the tamarins, and they did not participate in the callimico encounters. All encounters were within 100 m of a plant food resource visited on that day, although there was no additional evidence that the encounters related directly to defending access to these feeding sites. Based on these data, the callimicos did not appear to demonstrate resource or range defense. Previous research on other groups shows different ranging and association patterns in Callimico; additional investigation of intersite variation in resources or demography may help explain these differences.
Implementing Creativity Evaluation Tools Into the Concept Selection Process in Engineering Education

In design research, creativity assessment methods have been studied to obtain quantitative measurements of design novelty and feasibility for use in the concept selection process. However, little research exists that studies the application and implementation of these tools by engineering students on grade-dependent class projects. In this study, teams of undergraduate engineering design students evaluated their own early product sketches using informal team discussions, a creativity scale and our Tool for Assessing Semantic Creativity (TASC) adjective selection method. The resulting evaluations were compared and contrasted with evaluations obtained from the widely adopted Shah Vargas-Hernandez and Smith (SVS) method and expert ratings. These findings demonstrate that our TASC adjective selection method of evaluating design creativity is tapping into similar constructs of creativity as informal team discussions and expert evaluations. They also indicate that the SVS method does not appear to be evaluating creativity as perceived by engineering design students or experts. The results of this study can be used to understand how students make decisions during the concept selection process and how tools can be developed or implemented in the classroom setting to aid in this process.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Examining Normality in Incomplete Data Sets: A Note on a Multiple Testing Approach

A multiple testing procedure for examining the assumption of normality that is often made in analyses of incomplete data sets is outlined. The method is concerned with testing normality within each missingness pattern and arriving at an overall statement about normality using the available data. The approach is readily applied in empirical research with missing data using the popular software Mplus, Stata, and R. The procedure can be used to ascertain a main assumption underlying frequent applications of maximum likelihood in incomplete data modeling with continuous outcomes. The discussed approach is illustrated with numerical examples.
Activity of Dimilin® (TH 6040) Against Coleoptera in Stored Wheat and Corn

In laboratory tests, the insect growth inhibitor, Dimilin® (TH-6040, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea) applied at concentrations of 1 or 10 ppm to wheat or corn prevented progeny development of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), granary weevil, S. granarius (L.), maize weevil, S. zeamaiz Motschulsky, lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, ind sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) Dimilin was less effective against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.). No progeny of the rice weevil, granary weevil, and lesser grain borer developed after preexposure of the adults to 10 ppm on wheat.
Comparative Studies in Rous Sarcoma. IV. Glucose Metabolism of Normal and Rous Sarcoma Virus-Infected Cells.

SummaryChick embryo fibroblasts infected in vitro with RSV exhibit striking alterations in their metabolism which include a decrease in oxygen consumption, increase in glucose utilization and lactic acid production, and an increase in release of lactic dehydrogenase into the culture fluids under aerobic conditions. These changes are associated with the increased aerobic glycolytic activity of these cells which is characteristic of Rous sarcoma and other neoplastic cells.
Distribution of zoosporic fungi in forest soils of the Blue Ridge and Appalachian Mountains of Virginia

Although uniflagellate zoosporic fungi and protists (here defined as Chytridiomycota and Hyphochytriomycota) are common in soil, little is known about the spatial scale and factors which correlate ...
Actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spine development and plasticity

Synapses are the basic unit of neuronal communication and their disruption is associated with many neurological disorders. Significant progress has been made towards understanding the molecular and genetic regulation of synapse formation, modulation, and dysfunction, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain incomplete. The actin cytoskeleton not only provides the structural foundation for synapses, but also regulates a diverse array of cellular activities underlying synaptic function. Here we will discuss the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines, the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses. We will focus on a select number of actin regulatory processes, highlighting recent advances, the complexity of crosstalk between different pathways, and the challenges of understanding their precise impact on the structure and function of synapses.
Leaf flush drives dry season green-up of the Central Amazon

Abstract Understanding how land surface seasonality emerges from individual tree crown phenology is a key challenge of tropical ecology. We used daily images over a full year from a tower-mounted RGB camera to quantify the leaf phenology of 267 individual tree crowns in an evergreen Central Amazon forest. The Green Chromatic Coordinate, an index of each crown's greenness, showed rapid large-amplitude positive and negative changes, each generally occurring once per year. Rapid increase was attributed to leaf flushing and occurred in 85% of all crowns. Rapid negative change occurred in 42% of individuals, caused mostly by massive pre-flush leaf abscission (31% of all crowns). Flushing was concentrated in the five driest months (55% of crowns) compared to the five wettest months (10%). Inter-crown variance of greenness was lowest in the wet season when fewer crowns were abruptly abscising or flushing leaves. With a one month lead, flushing frequency closely tracked seasonal light availability (R = 0.89) and was inversely correlated with rainfall (R = − 0.88). We linked the post-flush age of each crown's leaf cohort to the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) of crowns at different phenostages on a nadir view QuickBird image. When aggregated to landscape-scale, this camera-based EVI closely followed (R = 0.95) the MODIS MAIAC EVI of the same site, fully corrected for sun-sensor geometry effects. Leaf phenology therefore drives the dry season green-up detected by MODIS in the Central Amazon. It is also consistent with evolutionary strategies to couple photosynthetic efficiency with light availability and to avoid predation and disease on vulnerable young leaves.
Arthropoda and Related Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter briefly reviews all subphyla and classes of Arthropoda, with its nearly one million described species, and provides information about major arthropod taxa not covered in other entries of this encyclopedia. It also discusses aspects of arthropod evolutionary relationships, diversity, anatomy, physiology, and ecology. The preponderance of molecular evidence links arthropods with other phyla that must shed their cuticle during ecdysis to grow. This clade of “Ecdysozoa” also includes the phyla Tardigrada, Onychophora, Nematoda, and Nematomorpha, along with the more distantly related Priapulida and Kinorhyncha. Arthropoda is a more diverse phylum than any other living or extinct animal taxon. Counted among this immense assemblage are spiders, ticks, millipedes, butterflies, beetles, ants, silverfish, fairy shrimp, barnacles, sea spiders, lobsters, pill bugs, and many other common animals–—too numerous to mention. They colonize virtually every conceivable habitat–—from the equator to the poles, from high mountains to deep ocean trenches, and from rain forests to deserts and hot springs–—and fill all consumers food web levels. Except for molluscan cephalopods, arthropods surpass all invertebrates in internal organ complexity. Although they are a coelomate phylum, the coelom no longer functions as a hydrostatic skeleton but persists only as a cavity surrounding reproductive and/or excretory organs.
TCT-229 Culprit versus Complete Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with multivessel (MV) coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with poor outcomes. Culprit-lesion only (CLO) vs. MV percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) revascularization remains uncertain, although guidelines currently favor CLO. To better
Evaluation of Liquid-Vapor Interphase Friction Models Based on Vertical Upflow Experiments

A method was developed for calculating liquid-vapor interphase friction using data from vertical upflow experiments. This method was applied to data sets from six experimental setups. Results were compared with interphase friction correlations used in RELAP5/MOD3.3 and with RELAP5/MOD3.3 simulations of the experiments. There were large differences between the friction calculated from experimental data and that predicted by the code.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
First results from the BNL/Penn PET-MRI system for whole body rodent imaging at 9.4T

A new PET system has been developed for the purposes of simultaneous PET/MR whole body rodent imaging in conjunction with a Varian large-bore 9.4T MRI system with a commercial Insight birdcage coil. The detector and readout technology is based on that developed for the RatCAP PET system, resulting in a highly robust and compact design that is compatible with MRI systems at the highest field strength. Testing of the full readout chain has shown a successful implementation of both modalities, with indications of only modest cross-interference on MRI image quality or PET detection efficiency. The final design cycle is complete, and supports operation of the full system with upgrades to the data acquisition electronics, firmware, and software. First results from the complete PET system will be presented, including preliminary imaging and tests of interference between modalities.