cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studienjahre in Jena, Leipzig und Wittenberg

Bis 1790 waren Hauslehrer fur Friedrich von Hardenbergs Erziehung zustandig; auser Carl Christian Erhard Schmid sind keine weiteren Lehrer namentlich bekannt. Aus einem Gedicht an Christian Gottlob Wolf (1757–1838), der von 1787 bis 1792 der Privaterzieher einer benachbarten Weisenfelser Familie und danach bis 1807 Rektor der hiesigen Lateinschule war, kann man jedoch entnehmen, dass dieser dem jungen Friedrich Italienisch beigebracht und ihn in die Dichtung von Petrarch, Ariost und Tasso eingefuhrt hat (VI.1, 385). Ubersetzungen aus Homer, Pindar, Theokrit, Vergil und Horaz verraten den Einfluss vom Besuch des Luthergymnasiums in Eisleben zwischen Juni und Oktober 1790, der als letzte Vorbereitung auf ein Universitatsstudium dienen sollte. Der Rektor Christian David Jani (1746–1790), in dessen Prima Hardenberg eintrat, war nicht nur ein begabter Padagoge, sondern auch ein bedeutender Altphilologe, der eine zweibandige Horaz-Ausgabe und eine lateinische Poetik veroffentlicht hatte. Hardenberg widmete Jani ein Hexametergedicht bei der Uberreichung einiger Ubersetzungen aus Theokrit, in dem er Janis »horazischen Geist« pries (VI.1, 516). Es scheint, dass Hardenberg bei seinem Lehrer gewohnt hat; am 5. August 1790 trug er ein Gedicht in das Stammbuch der Tochter Auguste ein, die er als »Freundinn« bezeichnete (IV, 80).
Immunolocalization of muscarinic and VIP receptor subtypes and their role in stimulating goblet cell secretion.

PURPOSE. TO determine the subtypes of cholinergic muscarinic receptors and receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) present in rat conjunctival goblet cells and whether cholinergic agonists and VIP stimulate goblet cell secretion. METHODS. Immunofluorescence studies were performed using antibodies against the m1( m2, and m3 muscarinic receptor subtypes and VIP receptors 1 and 2 (VIPR1 and VIPR2). The lectin Ulex europeus agglutinin I was used to measure glycoconjugate secretion, the index of secretion, from goblet cells in an enzyme-linked lectin assay. In this assay, pieces of conjunctiva were placed on filter paper and incubated for 15 to 120 minutes, with or without increasing concentrations of the cholinergic agonist carbachol or VIP. The muscarinic antagonist atropine and the muscarinic receptor-subtype-selective antagonists pirenzepine (M,), gallamine (M2), and 4-4-diphenylacetoxy-7V-(2-chloroethyl)-piperidine hydrochloride (4-DAMP mustard; M3) were incubated with carbachol to determine specificity of receptor activation. RESULTS. Immunoreactivity to M2 and M3 receptors was found on goblet cell membranes subjacent to the secretory granules. Immunoreactivity to M, receptor was not on goblet cells but was on the stratified squamous cells. Immunoreactivity to VIPR2 was found on goblet cells with a localization similar to that of the M2 and M3 receptors. VIPR1 was not found on goblet cells or on the stratified squamous cells. Carbachol and VIP induced a time- and concentration-dependent stimulation of glycoconjugate secretion. Carbachol, at 10~ 4 M, induced a threefold increase in glycoconjugate secretion, which was completely inhibited by atropine (10~ 5 M). Carbachol-induced secretion was inhibited 54% ± 8% by pirenzepine (1CT 5 M), 69% ± 14% by gallamine (10~ 5 M), and 72% ± 11% by 4-DAMP mustard (10~ 5 M). A twofold increase in glycoconjugate secretion was obtained with VIP at 10~ 8 M. CONCLUSIONS. Cholinergic agonists, through M2 and/or M3 muscarinic receptors, and VIP, through VIPR2, regulate conjunctival goblet cell secretion, suggesting that goblet cell secretion in vivo is under the control of parasympathetic nerves. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:1102-1 111)
In-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID): Applications, issues and structure elucidation with single-stage mass analyzers

A discussion of the definition, advantages, and issues with the formation of ions in the transition region between an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and the ion optics of a mass analyzer is presented. The various types of ions formed in the so-called in-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID) process are illustrated. Applications of IS-CID with single-stage mass analyzers, such as structure elucidation and quantitation, are demonstrated. The discussion is illustrated by examples of the in-source fragmentation of ginkgolides, which are marker compounds found only in Ginkgo biloba. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with non-aqueous eluents was used to achieve a fast resolution of the ginkgolides without the hydrolysis reactions possible with aqueous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) eluents. In-source ion generation occurs at relatively high pressures (ca. 1-3 torr) compared to the low pressure normally observed in collision chambers of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). As a result, the fragmentation process is complex and often generates ions other than the fragments observed with classic CID or the same ions at different intensities. The objective of the current tutorial is to illustrate the conditions under which single-stage, quadrupole or time-of-flight mass analyzers with electrospray or in-air (direct analysis in real time; DART) ionization can be used for quantitation and structure elucidation in a manner similar to that observed with MS/MS. While the low m/z (≤ [M±H]± ) ions formed in-source often duplicate the ions observed in MS/MS systems, it is the focus of this discussion to illustrate the utility of in-source generated fragment ions that may not be observed or observed at different intensities than in the collision cells of MS/MS instruments.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients taking direct oral anticoagulants: A case series and discussion of management

Abstract Direct oral anticoagulants are becoming more commonplace for the treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis. Unfortunately, effective reversal agents are not widely available limiting options for neurosurgical intervention during active anticoagulation. We report a case series of 3 patients treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage while taking direct oral anticoagulants. All three underwent open surgical clipping after adequate time was allowed for drug metabolism. Decision-making must take into account timing of intervention, drug half-life, and currently available reversal agents.
3Sigma: distribution-based cluster scheduling for runtime uncertainty

The 3Sigma cluster scheduling system uses job runtime histories in a new way. Knowing how long each job will execute enables a scheduler to more effectively pack jobs with diverse time concerns (e.g., deadline vs. the-sooner-the-better) and placement preferences on heterogeneous cluster resources. But, existing schedulers use single-point estimates (e.g., mean or median of a relevant subset of historical runtimes), and we show that they are fragile in the face of real-world estimate error profiles. In particular, analysis of job traces from three different large-scale cluster environments shows that, while the runtimes of many jobs can be predicted well, even state-of-the-art predictors have wide error profiles with 8--23% of predictions off by a factor of two or more. Instead of reducing relevant history to a single point, 3Sigma schedules jobs based on full distributions of relevant runtime histories and explicitly creates plans that mitigate the effects of anticipated runtime uncertainty. Experiments with workloads derived from the same traces show that 3Sigma greatly outperforms a state-of-the-art scheduler that uses point estimates from a state-of-the-art predictor; in fact, the performance of 3Sigma approaches the end-to-end performance of a scheduler based on a hypothetical, perfect runtime predictor. 3Sigma reduces SLO miss rate, increases cluster goodput, and improves or matches latency for best effort jobs.
Magnetohydrodynamic pressure drop and flow balancing of liquid metal flow in a prototypic fusion blanket manifold

Understanding magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena associated with the flow of electrically conducting fluids in complex geometry ducts subject to a strong magnetic field is required to effectively design liquid metal (LM) blankets for fusion reactors. Particularly, accurately predicting the 3D MHD pressure drop and flow distribution is important. To investigate these topics, we simulate a LM MHD flow through an electrically non-conducting prototypic manifold for a wide range of flow and geometry parameters using a 3D MHD solver, HyPerComp incompressible MHD solver for arbitrary geometry. The reference manifold geometry consists of a rectangular feeding duct which suddenly expands such that the duct thickness in the magnetic field direction abruptly increases by a factor rexp. Downstream of the sudden expansion, the LM is distributed into several parallel channels. As a first step in qualifying the flow, a magnitude of the curl of the induced Lorentz force was used to distinguish between inviscid, irrotational core flows and boundary and internal shear layers where inertia and/or viscous forces are important. Scaling laws have been obtained which characterize the 3D MHD pressure drop and flow balancing as a function of the flow parameters and the manifold geometry. Associated Hartmann and Reynolds numbers in the computations were ∼103 and ∼101-103, respectively, while rexp was varied from 4 to 12. An accurate model for the pressure drop was developed for the first time for inertial-electromagnetic and viscous-electromagnetic regimes based on 96 computed cases. Analysis shows that flow balance can be improved by lengthening the distance between the manifold inlet and the entrances of the parallel channels by utilizing the effect of flow transitioning to a quasi-two-dimensional state in the expansion region of the manifold.
Porcine circovirus 2 infection induces IFNβ expression through increased expression of genes involved in RIG-I and IRF7 signaling pathways.

Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), caused by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), is characterized by a highly variable pathogenesis that is manifested by various disease syndromes and includes immune evasion. Hence, even though PCVAD is effectively controlled by vaccination, pigs and farms remain infected so that continued vaccination is necessary to control disease. We investigated the molecular interactions of PCV2 and its permissive VR1BL host cell for gene expression signatures that could provide insight into mechanisms leading towards disease. Molecular pathways involved in the innate immune response to PCV2 infection were examined to identify changes in gene expression associated with productive infection of VR1BL cells. RNA profiling from infected and uninfected cells showed that 139 genes were induced by infection and 43 genes were down-regulated, using a p value 2. A strong type 1 interferon response, including an increase in genes involved in the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway and downstream interferon induced genes, was observed. Key regulators involved in PCV2 infection were identified as IFNβ, DDX58 (RIG-I), and IRF7. PCV2 infection induces a strong interferon response which unexpectedly facilitates viral gene expression, perhaps due to the presence of an interferon-sensitive response element in the viral promoter. The findings suggest that PCV2 interventions that attenuate type 1 interferon responses at the cellular level might enhance immunity and eliminate persistent infection.
Approximate regularized solutions to improperly posed linear integral and operator equations

Many problems in mathematical analysis lead to what is usually called in the literature improperly posed problems. The theory and numerical methods of investigation and approximation of these problems — which involve additional difficulties that are not encountered in properly posed problems — have been the subject of intensive research during the past two decades, and continue to present many challenging questions. Improperly posed problems have also been the main theme of numerous conferences and addresses.
THE IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION OF DROSOPHILA tRNA GENES

ABSTRACT Extracts derived from Drosophila Kc cells, Hela cells and Xenopus oocytes support accurate in vitro transcription of cloned Drosophila tRNA genes. By analyzing the transcription activity of native and mutant tRNA genes we have identified the sequences required for transcription initiation and termination. The primary transcripts have purine triphosphates at their 5′-ends and leader sequences of 3–15 bases. The exact initiation site is dependent on the nature of the 5′ flanking sequence. T 5 sequences are efficient termination signals. Less efficient termination occurs in T-rich stretches. Our results show that transcription of tRNA genes is controlled by two regions within the mature tRNA coding sequence. In the tRNA these two regions code for the D-stem/D-loop (D-control region) and the T-stem/T-loop (T-control region). Promotion of tRNA gene transcription is mediated by tRNA gene specific transcription factors. These factors bind cooperatively to the D- and the T-control regions; shortening or lengthening the spacer distance between the two control regions, reduces the ability of factors to bind cooperatively. Although the binding of a putative factor to the D-control region can occur in the absence of the T-control region, factor binding appears to be sequential. Cooperativity is dependent upon factor binding to the T-control region. Once factor binds to the T-control region a transcription complex is formed which is stable for many rounds of transcription initiation.
Angiographic characteristics of renal hamartoma.

Albrecht(1) in 1904 first coined the word “hamartoma” to designate a benign tumor in which there is abnormal mixing of the normal component tissues of the organ in which the tumor arises. Renal hamartomas are relatively uncommon and are frequently found in association with tuberous sclerosis. They can occur, however, as isolated entities. When associated with tuberous sclerosis, they are multiple and bilateral; if not associated with tuberous sclerosis, they occur as solitary lesions. These tumors contain variable amounts of fat, blood vessels, and muscles and are named accordingly: angiomyolipoma, myoangiolipoma, etc.
Systematic review of definitions for success in pelvic organ prolapse surgery

The current literature on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) employs wildly varying definitions of surgical success. Understanding which definitions of success have been used and how these may impact reported outcomes is critical. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to identify and summarize these definitions and how they have changed over time. A PubMed search was performed for studies reporting POP surgical outcomes (1996 and later). Inclusion criteria were: original research, English, adult women with POP, nonobliterative surgical treatment, comparison group, reported prolapse-specific outcomes, and clear definition of treatment success. This definition was categorized according to presence of anatomic, subjective, retreatment, or other components and whether these components were evaluated individually or in a composite definition (in which all components must be present for success). One-hundred forty articles were included. The number of included studies increased over time (r = 0.90, p < 0.00001). Ninety-five studies (67.9%) reported an anatomic-only definition of success, 43 (30.7%) included a subjective component to their definition of success, and 23 (16.4%) reported a composite definition of success, including 11 (7.9%) containing anatomic, symptomatic, and retreatment components. The most common definition of anatomic success was Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) stage ≤ 1. The report of a significant difference between treatment groups (positive study) was most common in studies using an anatomic-only definition of success (p = 0.037). The number of comparative studies evaluating POP surgical outcomes has increased from 1996 to 2016. Most use definitions of success based solely on anatomic criteria despite increasing awareness of the importance of reporting subjective outcomes and retreatment rates.
Paracosms: The Imaginary Worlds of Middle Childhood

The invention of imaginary worlds ("paracosms") is a creative activity of middle childhood that has previously been investigated primarily with retrospective adult reports and biographical accounts. In descriptions collected from 8- to 12-year-old children, the prevalence was 16.9% in Study 1 (n = 77) and 17.4% in Study 2 (n = 92). Children with and without paracosms did not differ in verbal comprehension, divergent thinking (Studies 1 and 2) or working memory (Study 2). However, children with paracosms had more difficulty with inhibitory control (Study 2) and had higher creativity scores on a story-telling task (Studies 1 and 2). Paracosms provided a vehicle for stories associated with imaginary companions and/or for developing complex narratives alone or with friends.
‘Audubon is not Audubon’: Journalism as communicative logic in the pages of an NGO-produced magazine, 1960–1976:

Recent scholarship has noted the increased visibility of journalism that is subsidized or outright produced by non-governmental organizations, often tying the phenomenon to the post-millennial econ...
Luminosity Measurement at the LHC

For Collider physics the parameters Luminosity u and total center-of-mass energy √s largely characterize the machine performance and the physics reach.
Using the FRAMER Scaffold Design Framework to Support Students in Learning & Understanding Biology

Students need support to learn the core ideas, practices, and crosscutting concepts that make up the field of biology so that they can both be successful as biologists and make informed decisions that require biological understanding. One way instructors can support students in these endeavors is to provide students with specific scaffolds the instructors design to structure students' performance on a task or engagement in a behavior. With the focus on both scientific concepts and practices, instructors may also need support to be able to develop scaffolds that align with suggested best practices. I offer a framework, referred to as FRAMER, and suggestions for instructors interested in developing scaffolds for biology courses, and provide an example of a successful scaffold implementation in an undergraduate biology course.
The predictive value of preoperative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for facial nerve outcomes after vestibular schwannoma resection: clinical study

Diffusion MRI has been used to predict intraoperative consistency of tumors. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has shown predictive value as an imaging biomarker in many CNS tumors but has not been studied in a large cohort of patients with vestibular schwannoma. In this study, we examine the utility of ADC as a predictive biomarker for intraoperative tumor characteristics and postoperative facial nerve outcome. A retrospective review of patients who underwent vestibular schwannoma resection at our institution from 2008 to 2018 yielded 87 patients, of which 72 met inclusion criteria. Operative reports and clinical records were reviewed for clinical data; MRI data were interpreted in a blinded fashion for qualitative and quantitative biomarkers, including tumor ADC. Mean tumor ADC values did not predict intraoperative consistency or adherence (p = 0.63). Adherent tumors were associated with worse facial nerve outcomes (p = 0.003). Regression tree analysis identified 3 ADC categories with statistically different facial nerve outcomes. The categories identified were ADC < 1006.04 × 10−6 mm2/s; ADC 1006.04–1563.93 × 10−6 mm2/s and ADC ≥ 1563.94 × 10−6 mm2/s. Postoperative and final House-Brackmann (HB) scores were significantly higher in the intermediate ADC group (2.3, p = 0.0038). HB outcomes were similar between the group with ADC < 1006.04 × 10−6 mm2/s and ≥ 1563.94 × 10−6 mm2/s (1.3 vs 1.3). Middle-range preoperative ADC in vestibular schwannoma suggests a less favorable postoperative HB score. Preoperative measurement of ADC in vestibular schwannoma may provide additional information regarding prognostication of facial nerve outcomes.
Global populism and its 1890s Southern United States antecedent: the vexing case of Thomas E. Watson and William Faulkner’s literary intervention

Contemporary global populism combines systemic critique of power inequities with a politics of resentment. This conjunction under conditions of modernity gives rise to populisms whose twenty-first-...
Identity and Citizenship

Two political “dispensations” dominated American politics in the post-war period: FDR's social welfare liberalism and Ronald Reagan's anti-government libertarianism. The Reagan dispensation is over...
Cotidiano escolar e justificação científica do fazer pedagógico: contradições, distanciamentos e perspectivas de luta no campo da formação humana

In this paper, we seek to reflect on a possible contradiction between the high production of knowledge of the humanities in education and the finding of a growing loss of the quality of basic education in the country. We question the possibility of a possible distance of the educative practice regarding the humanizing and civilizatory project near the notion of paideia, in particular by the imposition of economic demands with sparing redistribution of resources and the absence of social self-realization opportunities, creating resentment in a significant part of society. In the end, we pointed to a need of retaking the exercise of the appreciation of struggles for ethical recognition, the qualitative appreciation of social relationships, as well as, the practice focused on the emancipation of subjects while the foundation of the education sciences and the school itself. In order to produce this reflection, we adopted the path of a theoretical essay due to its reflexive and interpretative nature.
High Noise Margin, Digital Logic Design Using Josephson Junction Field-Effect Transistors for Cryogenic Computing

As compute demands and their large energy costs continue to rise in the datacenter, it is imperative to identify low energy compute solutions. One approach is to investigate device schemes based on collective mode phenomena arising at low temperatures where power dissipation and switching voltage can be extremely low. Additionally, such devices could also have applications in quantum computing where such a low power logic/memory scheme could possibly be integrated onto the qubit plane, which is typically at ∼10 mK temperature. Josephson Junction Field Effect Transistor (JJFET) is a promising candidate for low power operation with zero voltage drop across its drain-source terminals while operating in the superconducting regime. JJFET logic gate is typically realized as a n-type JJFET connected in a common-source configuration with a current source load. This results in high noise margin for logic-1 input but not for both logic-1 and 0. In this paper, we propose an overdamped region, n-type JJFET based digital logic using a cascaded common-source configuration-based design yielding high noise margin for both the logic inputs. DC noise margin sensitivity analysis is performed for the bias current and threshold voltage modulation. The noise margin can be further improved (approaches ideal inverter case) by cascading multiple common source stages yielding higher inverter gain.
Mechanisms of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Two-Dimensional Nitride MXenes Using In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroelectrochemistry

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes based on early transition-metal carbides and nitrides have highly tunable electrochemical properties including excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution re...
Comparative Approaches to Mis/Disinformation| Introduction

From misleading news articles around elections in Brazil and the United States to mob lynchings fueled by false social media messages in India to made-up stories about COVID-19 vaccination, a deluge of disinformation and misinformation is affecting various aspects of citizens’ lives around the world. Although there is an increasing number of research papers dealing with disinformation or misinformation, a majority of these have focused on the United States. This Special Section on comparative approaches to mis/disinformation features conceptual and data-informed articles with international and global perspectives on the prevalence, impact, and diffusion of mis/disinformation in different countries. Articles selected for the Special Section provide new theoretical and empirical contributions to existing bodies of knowledge whether focusing on one country or offering comparative perspectives involving multiple countries. The articles, individually and collectively, offer important scholarly and policy implications for studying and combating mis/disinformation around the world.
Who’s Behind the Makeup? The Effects of Varying Levels of Cosmetics Application on Perceptions of Facial Attractiveness, Competence, and Sociosexuality

Research has demonstrated a positive effect of makeup on facial attractiveness (Cash et al., 1989; Russell, 2003; Etcoff et al., 2011). Makeup has also been found to influence social perceptions (Etcoff et al., 2011; Klatt et al., 2016). While researchers have typically compared faces with makeup to faces without makeup, we propose that perceived effects will differ based on the amount of makeup that is applied. To test the effects of varying levels of makeup on perceived facial attractiveness, competence, and sociosexuality, participants assessed 35 faces with no makeup, light makeup, and heavy makeup; makeup was self-applied by participants, not applied by a makeup artist or the experimenter. Participants rated faces with makeup (either light or heavy) as more competent than those without makeup. In addition, participants rated faces with heavy makeup as significantly higher in attractiveness and sociosexuality than faces with light makeup. These results differ from previous research findings that faces with light makeup (applied by professional makeup artists) are perceived as most attractive. Our results suggest that when makeup is self-applied, faces with heavy makeup are perceived as more attractive and sociosexual than faces with light makeup, and faces with any level of makeup are rated as more competent.
Modeling global-scale mass flows on the Lagrangian satellites of Dione and Tethys

Abstract We perform geomorphological analysis and modeling of the Lagrangian satellites of Dione and Tethys, based on images obtained by Cassini's Imaging Science Subsystem camera and a digital elevation model covering Helene's Saturn-facing and leading sides. Helene's cratered surface has been heavily modified by mass flows as indicated by pronounced crater rim degradation and downslope-oriented chutes, ridges and mesas, which reach >5 km long and ~ 100–300 m wide, and merge onto broad featureless basins at lower elevations with concave lateral boundaries. Mesas are elevated 20–25 m above adjacent parallel oriented chutes that merge with smooth basin materials, suggesting that they define an earlier mass flow surface that has undergone dissection by renewed mass flows. Similar landforms are observed on Calypso. Telesto also exhibits concave seams in the center of its smooth plains, which are interpreted as sites where opposing mass flows converge. We employ landform evolution modeling in order to investigate how these features might form via mass wasting. We test two hypothetical scenarios of the mass flow mechanics. The first scenario postulates shallow diffusive flows, and involves cessation of the mass flow followed by a quiescent period, during which a thin, indurated surface layer forms that armors the loose regolith underneath. Upon resumption of flow, the downslope motion of avalanching materials erodes the hardened surface to create chutes and high standing mesas. A disadvantage of this scenario is the slow formation of an encrusted surface layer. The second scenario assumes deep flows with a Bingham rheology, and we find that development of chutes and mesas appears to be an intrinsic consequence of progressive, differential cessation of Bingham flows as surface relief declines. We conclude that Bingham flow modeling more successfully replicates the observed morphology of the Lagrangian satellites. The preferential location of long mass flows on the leading side of Helene suggests the accumulation of exogenous granular ice as a major source of the mobile material. Estimated rates of deposition derived from the current E-ring system are very low, suggesting alternative sources such as cryovolcanic or impact-generated debris from Dione or Tethys, or a catastrophic recent event in the inner satellite system of Saturn.
Post-translational modification of Streptococcus sanguinis SpxB influences protein solubility and H 2 O 2 production

Streptococcal pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) is a hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme and plays a critical role in Streptococcus sanguinis interspecies interactions, but less is known about its biochemistry. We examined SpxB subcellular localization using protein fractionation and microscopy and found SpxB to be primarily cytoplasmic, but a small portion is also membrane associated. Potential post-translational modifications of SpxB were determined using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Two mutant strains were constructed to further validate the presence of predicted site-specific post-translational modifications. These site mutated SpxB proteins exhibited reduced solubility in vivo, which likely contributes to the observed phenotypic changes in colony morphology, bacterial growth, and H2 O2 production. Overall, our data suggest that SpxB post-translational modifications likely play a major role to regulate SpxB function in S. sanguinis.
An updatable and comprehensive global cargo maritime network and strategic seaborne cargo routing model for global containerized and bulk vessel flow estimation

Abstract The global maritime system provides the backbone of logistics operations for global supply chains and international trade. This paper aims to develop a unifying global network representation and strategic, system-wide decision model, the Strategic Cargo Routing Model, incorporating both liner and bulk shipping markets to estimate real-world traffic flows and study traffic patterns at the global scale. Specifically, taking a shipper's perspective, containerized and bulk movements are jointly modelled within a mixed-integer linear program that includes inbound, outbound, and transshipment cargo flows at ports. An iterative approach that combines heuristic Gradient Descent and Relax-and-Fix Decomposition methods is proposed for the calibration and solution of the Strategic Cargo Routing Model over a proposed joint liner and bulk services Global Cargo Shipping Network representation. The Global Cargo Shipping Network contains 161 seaports covering 52 countries. It is created from updatable, publicly available, data sources, and all data needed for the network representation are made available. Sufficient network details, as well as data sources and methods for extracting needed inputs, are given to allow others to use and update the network. Using the developed maritime network, mathematical model and calibration-solution methodology, 2018 global maritime traffic flow patterns were estimated. The estimates were found to achieve a 91% fit overall to real-world average annual port throughputs. This strategic model provides support to evaluate future, real-world, worldwide changes, such as increased seaborne trade demand, new routes, shipping infrastructure expansion, and transport policies.
Isolation of histamine-containing cells from rat gastric mucosa: biochemical and morphologic differences from mast cells

Abstract Enriched preparations of intact histamine-containing cells were obtained from rat stomach by enzymatic digestion and density-gradient separation techniques. The distribution of histamine in the various density-gradient fractions was highly correlated with that for both histidine decarboxylase and DOPA-decarboxylase. The fractions with the highest content of these substances (density about 1.040) contained 8%–12% of cells which by electron microscopy had the characteristic appearance of an enterochromaffinlike cell. The distribution of these cells in the density gradient appeared to correlate with the distribution of histamine. The gastric histamine cells differed from the rat peritoneal mast cells in that they possessed neither serotonin nor receptors for IgE and did not release histamine upon exposure to compound 4880. The rat peritoneal mast cell, on the other hand, had high histamine (17 pg/ cell) and serotonin (0.6 pg/cell) contents but lesser amounts of soluble histidine decarboxylase and little DOPA-decarboxylase activity. These studies provide further evidence that in rat gastric mucosal histamine is stored in a cell having the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of an endocrinelike cell and the ability to take up and decarboxylate biogenic amines.
Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid: a new class of anticarcinogens.

Evidence establishing the anticarcinogenic activity of the conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid (CLA) is reviewed. Our findings demonstrate that CLA is a potent antioxidant and that the c-9,t-11 CLA isomer is selectively incorporated into cellular phospholipid, which may at least in part explain the anticarcinogenic activity of CLA. Dietary sources of CLA include grilled beef, cheese, and related foods. Another source of CLA is its endogenous generation via the carbon centered free radical oxidation of linoleic acid. We propose that the formation and action of CLA represents a previously unrecognizedin situ defense mechanism against membrane attack by oxygen radicals.
A Proof Theoretic Methodology for Propositional Dynamic Logic

We relate by syntactic techniques finitary and infinitary axiomatizations for the iterator-construct * of Propositional Dynamic Logic PDL. This is applied to derive the Interpolation Theorem for PDL, and to provide a new proof of the semantic completeness of Segerberg's axiomatic system for PDL.
Energy Levels in Si 28 Excited by Alpha-Particles on Mg 24

Alpha-particles produced by the Wisconsin electrostatic generator were used to bombard thin ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ targets evaporated onto pure graphite backings. The reaction products separated by a 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} magnetic analyzer were observed at a laboratory angle of 164\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Excitation curves for the reactions ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ and ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p){\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ were obtained and compared to the excitation curves of the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p,p){\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ and the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ reactions that had been obtained earlier. Cross sections for the reaction ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p){\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ were found to bear a simple qualitative relationship to those of the inverse reaction ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$, as suggested by the principle of detailed balance. These two excitation curves could be brought into good correspondence by assuming a $Q$-value of -1.613 Mev for the reaction ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p){\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$. Some $J$-values have been assigned to the levels formed in the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{Si}}^{28}$.
Performance of bandlimited Gaussian noise as a spreading code in AWGN and single tone interference channels

This paper examines the bit error rate (BER) of a direct sequence spread spectrum (SS) system that uses bandlimited white Gaussian noise (BLWGN) as a spreading code. The performance of this "bandlimited-SS" system is examined in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and single tone jamming environments. The BLWGN spreading code is inferior to conventional codes in AWGN channels, but is more robust when a narrow band interference signal is present.
Liver Damage After Chemotherapy for Leukemia and Lymphoma

Summary 1.One hundred thirty-nine patients with lymphoma and leukemia who received cytostatic agents were examined at autopsy during a 2-year period. Twenty-two (16 per cent) were jaundiced at the time of death. 2.Ten (7.2 per cent) of the 139 patients had clinical and pathologic findings suggesting liepatotoxicity. In these patients there seemed to be a time-sequence relation between drug administration and the clinical appearance of jaundice or abnormal laboratory findings, or both. These 10 patients were treated primarily or exclusively with chlorambucil (6), U-8344 (2), and methotrexate or 6 mercaptopurine (2). 3.There is strong evidence implicating chlorambucil as the primary factor in producing jaundice in 3 cases. In 3 other cases chlorambucil is implicated as contributing to the hepatocellular damage and jaundice. 4.Some liver nuclei of the patients treated with U-8344 showed degenerative changes with glycogen infiltration of nucleoli, nuclear membranes, or entire nuclei. 5.Degenerative and cholestatic liver changes in jaundiced patients cannot be considered specific and are similar to those seen in livers of patients who have received a number of toxic agents. They varied from focal hydropic degeneration to fatty metamorphosis, from intracellular alone to intraand intercellular cholestasis. All of the livers in this group showed little or no remaining liver glycogen. Fibrosis, at times with cirrhosis and a variable degree of iron deposition, was seen in 5 patients. 6.The inherent difficulty of implicating a particular substance as a sole factor responsible for liver damage is emphasized because of the multiplicity of potentially hepatotoxic factors to which a patient is exposed. It seems, however, that some of the cytostatic agents included in this study may be important contributing factors.
Ideal observer comparison between tomographic and projection x-ray images of the breast

The image data from 348 breast CT studies performed on patient volunteers in a Phase II clinical trial were used in a pre-whitened matched filter (PWMF) model observer study This computer-based investigation simulated the addition of spherical lesions of various diameters to the breast data sets, and a series of images with different slice thicknesses ranging from 0.3 mm to 44 mm were created by voxel averaging The PWMF was tailored to each slice thickness, and signal known exactly receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed A total of 1000 lesions and “non-lesions” were simulated for each diameter on each breast data set Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed, and sensitivity at 95% specificity was computed Thin slice imaging as with breast CT demonstrated significantly better sensitivity than thick slice images as with mammography, with improvements in sensitivity ranging from 5% to 50%.
Tunable SIW Structures: Antennas, VCOs, and Filters

Developing radio-frequency (RF), microwave, and millimeter-wave systems requires low-cost, mass-producible, high-performance, and high-yield technologies for passive and active sections. Dealing with radio coexistence and strong coupling between different subsystems while maintaining or even reducing the size and weight of the final system is a very challenging task. This is more important when designing passive circuits such as resonators, antennas, highly selective filters, couplers, power dividers, and circulators [1], [2]. Classical waveguide technology was, and in some cases still is, the mainstream for designing high-performance passive circuits and systems [3], [4]. However, these bulky and heavy concomitants are not suitable for integration and low-cost mass production. Via posts were first used under the name laminated waveguides [5] in 1998 and as a subset of substrate integrated circuits [6] in 2001 to form a planar waveguide structure. Then, by the introduction of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology as we know it today by Deslandes and Wu [7], a remedy for the full integration of active and passive circuits in a planar fashion was found [7]-[11]. Using this method, a nonplanar rectangular waveguide can be made in a planar form that is compatible with the existing printed circuit board (PCB) and lowtemperature cofired ceramic techniques [12]. Conductive walls in classical waveguides are replaced with planar-compatible PCBs via posts in SIW structures. Similar to classical metallic waveguides, by shortening the two openings of the SIW structure at both ends, SIW cavities can also be formed.
The Becker—Brock efficient matching theorem with a supermodular technology defined on an n-lattice

Abstract In Becker (1973) it was shown that for xi>xi+1 and yi>yi+1, iϵI={1;,2,…, n −1}, and m(i) a permutation on the set I, the sum Σig(xi,ym(i)) will be maximized by the choice m(i)=i for all i ϵI, if g12>0. This two-sided matching result is now generalized to n-sided matching, and the g12>0 assumption is replaced by the more relaxed assumption of supermodularity on a lattice, eliminating differentiability.
Genetic Testing and the Future of Disability Insurance: Ethics, Law & Policy

Predictive genetic testing poses a fundamental challenge for insurance, by revealing a probability (that can reach certainty) of future disease and disability. This has produced a substantial literature on the proper role of genetic testing in health insurance, as well as state statutes and federal law limiting insurers’ use of genetic testing. Yet analysis of the proper role of genetic testing in disability insurance is nearly nonexistent and both state and federal law have failed to face the attendant issues. This is an enormous oversight, as disability insurance funds basic needs when a disabling condition prevents income from work. This article, from a two-year project (funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) grant #1-R01-HG02089), presents the first in-depth analysis of the challenging issues: Should disability insurerance be permitted to consider genetics and exclude predicted disability? May disabilities with a recognized genetic basis be excluded from coverage as pre-existing conditions? How should private insurers writing individual and group policies, employers, and public insurers deal with predictive genetic testing? Disability insurance is a complex set of products and programs spanning employment-based group and individual insurance, individually purchased private insurance, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and Workers’ Compensation. Analysis of reported SSDI, SSI, and Workers’ Comp cases show genetics already in play. This article is the first comprehensive analysis of how genetics is surfacing in reported disability insurance disputes across the range of programs. The article also offers the first normative discussion of how genetics should figure in the range of disability insurance products and programs in use. This analysis grapples with the role of disability insurance, the implications of employer funding, and the definition of disability in the face of the reality that we all carry multiple deleterious genes.
Archaeology: failure and how to avoid it.

Nothing lasts for ever, not least human civilizations. There are many reasons why societies stand or fall, and these lessons from the past require investigation at various places and on various timescales.
Simulation results with stepwise mutation model and their interpretations

Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the predictions based on the two presently used theoretical models for studying genetic variations in natural populations, the infinite allele model and the stepwise mutation model. Distribution of heterozygosity is noticed to be similar under these models until the product of population size and mutation rate is large. It is seen that electromorphs with high population frequency usually contain older alleles (at the codon level) than an electromorph of low population frequency. The interpretations of these results in explaining the allelic variations at electrophoretic level is also discussed.
Measurements of branching ratios of tau-leptons to charged and neutral kaons at OPAL

We present recent preliminary measurements of branching ratios of tau-leptons to kaons using 1990–1993 data collected with the OPAL detector at LEP. From samples of approximately 50 000 e+e− → τ+τ− candidates we find B(τ− → K−ντ) = 0.59±0.06±0.05%, B(τ− → K− ≥1π0ντ) = 0.55±0.07±0.07%, B(τ− → K−≥0h0ντ) = 1.43±0.08±0.08%, B(τ− → Ks0π−≥0h0ντ) = 0.72±0.07±0.04%, B(τ− → Ks0K−≥0h0ντ) = 0.20±0.04±0.03%, and B(τ− → Ks0X−ντ) = 0.88±0.07±0.04%, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic, and where h0 is taken to include π0 and K0 and X− is any combination of charged and neutral particles with total charge −1. For completeness we also include out published measurement of the inclusive K*− branching ratio using 1990–1992 data, B(τ− → K*−≥0h0ντ) = 1.94±0.27±0.15%. These measurements are consistent with existing theoretical predictions and also with recent measurements by the ALEPH, CLEO, and DELPHI groups.
Assessment of Student Learning: A Fast-Track Experience

The professional accreditation agencies are making demands for assessment of student learning. These demands are not expected to lessen in the near future. The accreditation agencies are suggesting that educators should shift their focus from what faculty teach to what students learn. The authors show the development and implementation of an assessment of a student-learning framework at one school. This implementation was necessary to bring the school into compliance with new assessment standards and to maintain accreditation with the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International.
Association of polymorphisms in CASP10 and CASP8 with FEV1/FVC and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in ethnically diverse asthmatics

Summary Background Several chromosomal regions have been identified using family-based linkage analysis to contain genes contributing to the development of asthma and allergic disorders. One of these regions, chromosome 2q32-q33, contains a gene cluster containing CFLAR, CASP10 and CASP8. These genes regulate the extrinsic apoptosis pathway utilized by several types of immune and structural cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Objective To assess the role of genetic variation in CFLAR, CASP10 and CASP8 in asthma and related phenotypes in individuals of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Methods We tested 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CFLAR, CASP10 and CASP8 gene cluster for association with asthma and related phenotypes in African-American, non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanic case–control populations (cases, N=517, controls, N=644). Results Five CASP10 SNPS were associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced expiration volume capacity (FVC) in the African-American subjects with asthma (P=0.0009–0.047). Nine SNPs, seven in CASP10 and two in CASP8, were also associated with the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) (as determined by PC20) in race-specific analysis, predominately in the Non-Hispanic white cases. Two SNPs, rs6750157 in CASP10 and rs1045485 in CASP8 were modestly associated with asthma in the African-American (P=0.025) and Hispanic (P=0.033) populations, respectively. Conclusion These data suggest a role for CASP10 as a potential modifier of the asthma phenotype, specifically with measures of airway obstruction and BHR.