cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtue theory, ideal observers, and the supererogatory

I argue that recent virtue theories (including those of Hursthouse, Slote, and Swanton) face important initial difficulties in accommodating the supererogatory. In particular, I consider several potential characterizations of the supererogatory modeled upon these familiar virtue theories (and their accounts of rightness) and argue that they fail to provide an adequate account of supererogation. In the second half of the paper I sketch an alternative virtue-based characterization of supererogation, one that is grounded in the attitudes of virtuous ideal observers, and that avoids the concerns raised in the first part of the paper.
Quinidine and Unidirectional Cation Fluxes in Atria

The effect of quinidine on unidirectional fluxes of Na and K in isolated rabbit atria has been investigated and correlated with known effects of the drug on the electrical and mechanical properties of the heart. Quinidine caused a rapid inhibition of Na entry, which secondarily depressed K efflux. In addition, the drug depressed membrane permeability to K and caused a marked inhibition of active transport, both of which were relatively slow in onset.
Evidence for nanoscale two-dimensional Co clusters in CoPt3 films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

The length scale of the local chemical anisotropy responsible for the growth-temperature-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of face-centered cubic CoPt(3) alloy films was investigated using polarized extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). These x-ray measurements were performed on a series of four (111) CoPt(3) films epitaxially grown on (0001) sapphire substrates. The EXAFS data show a preference for Co-Co pairs parallel to the film plane when the film exhibits magnetic anisotropy, and random chemical order otherwise. Furthermore, atomic pair correlation anisotropy was evidenced only in the EXAFS signal from the next neighbors to the absorbing Co atoms and from multiple scattering paths focused through the next neighbors. This suggests that the Co clusters are no more than a few atoms in extent in the plane and one monolayer in extent out of the plane. Our EXAFS results confirm the correlation between perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional Co segregation in CoPt(3) alloy films, and establish a length scale on the order of 10 A for the Co clusters.
Peripheral and Central Control of Food Intake

To either increase or decrease body weight of poultry, an understanding of food intake regulation is essential. Although it is advantageous to increase food intake in market birds, it is desirable to decrease intake in breeders. Recent studies have shown that the digestive tract, liver, and brain are all involved in food intake regulation. In this review, the role of various neurotransmitters and metabolic substrates in food intake regulation, both within the central nervous system as well as in the periphery, is discussed. In addition, how the strain of the bird or the physiological state of the animal influences the response to various compounds is discussed.
Prevention of Shell Burial as a Benefit Hermit Crabs Provide To Their Symbionts (Decapoda, Paguridea)

symbionts incur through their association with hermit crabs. However, as Ross & Sutton (I96I) have pointed out, most of the proposed benefits have been inferred and not demonstrated. Furthermore, these particular benefits will vary depending on the species of hermit crab and symbiont. Shelter or protection from predators (Orton, 1922) and greater ease in acquir ing food are the most commonly proposed benefits. Associating with a hermit crab could help the symbionts acquire food in various ways depending on the species involved. The sea anemone, Adamsia palliata (Bohadsch), is actually fed by the hermit crab, Pagurus prideauxi Leach (cf. Fox, 1965). The polychaete, Nereis fucata (Savigny), is able to steal food from the hermit crab by placing its pharynx between the third maxillipeds of the crab (Brightwell, 1951). Other symbionts, such as the hydroid, Hydractinia echinata (Fleming) (cf. Schijfsma, 1935; Wright, 1973), and various sea anemones (Balss, 1924) share in the crab's meal by passively waiting for pieces of food to come into contact with them. While there has been some question as to how much food these symbionts actually acquire in this manner, the hermit crabs do provide mobility that presumably enhances the symbionts' chance of finding food (Balss, 1924; Ross, I960; Ross & Sutton, I96I; Jensen, 1970; Wright, 1973). Still other benefits have been suggested besides protection and food. From observations made on aquarium specimens, Wright (1973) concluded that the hermit crab's movement and respiratory current would help keep Hydractinia echinata free of sediments. Balss (1924) suggests that one benefit of the hermit crab's movement is in providing the symbionts with oxygen-rich water. Although specific benefits to particular organisms undoubtedly occur, the study reported here suggests that at least in the temperate sand littoral zone, a general benefit provided by hermit crabs is to keep the shells and associated organisms from being buried by sand. The study was conducted from October, 1972 through March, 1973 in Tampa Bay at St. Petersburg, Florida. To obtain a measure of the incidence of the burial of gastropod shells un occupied by hermit crabs, the openings of some shells were sealed to prevent entry by hermit crabs. The shells were placed in small groups at various locations within
Psoralen and other linear furocoumarins as phytoalexins in celery

Abstract A linear furocoumarin phytoalexin response was observed in stressed celery (Apium graveolens). Heretofore, linear furocoumarins found in diseased c
Distraction lengthening for the congenitally short metatarsal: a case report.

Abstract Distraction lengthening has gained wide acceptance in general orthopedics and in upper extremity reconstructions. The application of this technique to the foot is presented. The congenitally short fourth metatarsal of a 16-yr-old girl was successfully lengthened by a two-stage procedure. At the first stage, an open diaphyseal osteotomy was performed and the distraction apparatus was secured. Over the ensuing 5 weeks, 36 mm of distraction was achieved. At the second stage, the distracted gap was filled with a fibular bone graft. Following uncomplicated healing, there was no gait, intrinsic muscle, or tendon abnormalities. Metatarsal distraction lengthening can be safely accomplished provided there is good bone stock, adequate soft tissue, and a cooperative patient.
Power converter-based three-phase induction motor load emulator

A three-phase induction motor emulator using power electronic converters is introduced in this paper. The emulator is intended to be used in an ultra-wide-area grid transmission network emulator represented by regenerative converters structure. The load emulator converter is controlled in rectifier mode to behave like the real induction motor load, whose model is described and programmed in the digital controller. This paper discusses specifically about the induction motor dynamic modeling, numerical method used in the controller, and finally experimental result verification of starting up transient.
The site of substitution of the methyl group in the bioalkylation of benzo[a]pyrene

The major product of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine methyltransferase dependent substitution reaction (bioalkylation) of benzo[a]pyrene in preparations of rat liver cytosol was isolated by solvent extraction and high performance liquid chromatography and its structure determined by GC/MS and NMR. The results indicate that the methyl group is introduced at the center of highest chemical reactivity (or carbon atom at which it is easiest to localize pi electrons) in the anthracene nucleus, giving rise to 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene. These data, unequivocally demonstrate the site of substitution of the methyl group in the bioalkylation of benzo[a]pyrene.
Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy using the Inoue balloon catheter.

Since its inception in 1982, percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) with the Inoue balloon catheter has gained increasingly wide use internationally. The procedure is technically successful in over 90% of patients, and the long-term durability of commissurotomy is excellent in those with pliable mitral valve leaflets and minimally deformed submitral apparatus. PTMC offers an alternative to patients previously not considered candidates for surgery, where no alternative had existed in the past. After transseptal puncture, PTMC using the Inoue balloon can be accomplished easily in the majority of patients. In comparison to double balloon mitral valvotomy, the postdilatation valve area is similar, the incidence of mitral regurgitation is not different, and the fluoroscopic and procedure time are markedly shorter. While patients with little valve deformity are excellent candidates for this procedure, and those not considered candidates for surgical therapy are also easily defined, selection of patients for balloon dilatation among those with significant valve deformity who are otherwise candidates for valve replacement therapy remains a challenging problem. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Associative structure and serial learning

Summary The arrangements of two collections of words were varied systematically to produce different forms of internal associative structure. The effects of internal associative structure on serial learning were then examined. Forty S s learned different arrangements of the same associatively related words by the method of serial anticipation. The form of the internal associative structure present in any arrangement predicted the ease with which that arrangement was learned. The number of errors made by S s in any part of these serial lists was also predictable from the associative structure present in that part.
Alcohol and the acceptance of social influence: An experimental study

Thirty-six males and females participated as couples in two experimental sessions. In one session they were given alcohol (maximum alcohol dose 0.83 to 1.00 ml/kg) and during the other session they received a placebo drink. Subjects performed a perceptual judgment task which measured influence acceptance from their partners and also performed several motor and cognitive tasks. Overall, alcohol did not significantly decrease influence acceptance (Yielding), although most of the subjects were impaired on two of the motor-cognitive tasks. Although there was no relationship between Yielding under alcohol and either subjects' BA levels or their degree of impairment on the motor tasks, small differences in prior drinking history did significantly differentiate those subjects who showed decreased susceptibility to social influence after alclhol.
The optimal number of routine vaccines to order at health clinics in low or middle income countries

In a low or middle income country, determining the correct number of routine vaccines to order at a health clinic can be difficult, especially given the variability in the number of patients arriving, minimal vaccination days and resource (e.g., information technology and refrigerator space) constraints. We developed a spreadsheet model to determine the potential impact of different ordering policies, basing orders on the arrival rates seen in the previous 1, 3, 6, or 12 sessions, or on long-term historical averages (where these might be available) along with various buffer stock levels (range: 5-50%). Experiments varied patient arrival rates (mean range: 1-30 per session), arrival rate distributions (Poisson, Normal, and Uniform) and vaccine vial sizes (range: 1-dose to 10-dose vials). It was found that when the number of doses per vial is small and the expected number of patients is low, the ordering policy has a more significant impact on the ability to meet demand. Using data from more prior sessions to determine arrival rates generally equates to a better ability to meet demand, although the marginal benefit is relatively small after more than 6 sessions are averaged. As expected, the addition of more buffer is helpful in obtaining better performance; however, this advantage also has notable diminishing returns. In general, the long-term demand rate, the vial sizes of the vaccines used and the method of determining the patient arrival rate all have an effect on the ability of a clinic to maximize the demand that is met.
Absorption and excretion of streptomycin para-aminosalicylate.

SummaryStreptomycin PAS may be given intramuscularly without undue irritation. Chemical assay of PAS, and bioassay of streptomycin, each give virtually quantitative recovery of streptomycin PAS in vitro. Following intramuscular administration of streptomycin PAS in human subjects, streptomycin was demonstrated in the plasma and urine within the expected range. PAS also appeared in significant concentrations, but the quantitative relation to streptomycin was altered.
Fine-Mapping Nicotine Resistance Loci in Drosophila Using a Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross Population

Animals in nature are frequently challenged by toxic compounds, from those that occur naturally in plants as a defense against herbivory, to pesticides used to protect crops. On exposure to such xenobiotic substances, animals mount a transcriptional response, generating detoxification enzymes and transporters that metabolize and remove the toxin. Genetic variation in this response can lead to variation in the susceptibility of different genotypes to the toxic effects of a given xenobiotic. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster to dissect the genetic basis of larval resistance to nicotine, a common plant defense chemical and widely used addictive drug in humans. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the trait using the DSPR (Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource), a panel of multiparental advanced intercross lines. Mapped QTL collectively explain 68.4% of the broad-sense heritability for nicotine resistance. The two largest-effect loci—contributing 50.3 and 8.5% to the genetic variation—map to short regions encompassing members of classic detoxification gene families. The largest QTL resides over a cluster of ten UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, while the next largest QTL harbors a pair of cytochrome P450 genes. Using RNA-seq we measured gene expression in a pair of DSPR founders predicted to harbor different alleles at both QTL and showed that Ugt86Dd, Cyp28d1, and Cyp28d2 had significantly higher expression in the founder carrying the allele conferring greater resistance. These genes are very strong candidates to harbor causative, regulatory polymorphisms that explain a large fraction of the genetic variation in larval nicotine resistance in the DSPR.
Tool Wear in Milling Hardened Die Steel

Tool wear is an important limiting factor in machining hardened steel. Plane milling of H13 hot work tool steel (42-46 HRC) was conducted on a three-axis machine to obtain flank wear data with the objective of finding operating parameters providing extended tool life. Micrograin carbide and PCBN tipped carbide round inserts in an off-center ball nose end mill with a single cutting edge were considered. Tool life was longer for the micrograin carbide inserts when cutting speeds were near 150 m/ min. The PCBN grades performed best at the highest speed tested. A limited radial and axial depth of cut with a larger maximum chip thickness provided the best tool life over the parameters tested.
Spikes are making waves in the visual cortex.

Cortical and thalamic contribution to V1 neuron response properties is thought to be fixed. New work overturns this assumption, showing that the spread of corticocortical activation can be strongly modulated by stimulus strength.
Phase-I trial of combination therapy with continuous-infusion MMPR and continuous-infusion 5-FU

Fourty-four evaluable patients were treated with 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR) at a dose of 20 mg/m2/day x 5 by continuous IV infusion (days 1–5) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on an escalating dose schedule of 300–1519 mg/m2/day x 5 by continuous IV infusion (days 2–6). Dose-limiting oral mucositis occured at a 5-FU dose of 1,381 mg/m2/day; other toxicities included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, and occasional myelosuppression. A partial and a complete response were observed in two previously untreated patients with metastatic colon carcinoma given the highest 5-FU doses (1,381 and 1,519 mg/m2/day). Bone marrow phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) levels monitored after 24 h of MMPR treatment indicated increases of 7.8- and 9.2-fold those found prior to therapy.
Optically induced localized paramagnetic states in amorphous As

Abstract Photoluminescence and optically induced ESR and absorption due to localized states in the forbidden gap have been observed in amorphous As below 77 K. Analysis of the ESR spectru, indicates that these centers are highly localized and in orbitals which are predominantly p-like.
Reinstatement of punishment-suppressed opioid self-administration in rats: an alternative model of relapse to drug abuse

Animal models of relapse to drug abuse typically assess the ability of various manipulations to reinstate responding that has ceased due to non-reinforcement (extinction). However, there is a lack of information concerning the reinstatement of responding that has ceased for reasons other than extinction. This study examined the ability of response-independent reinforcer delivery (priming) to reinstate food- or drug-reinforced responding that had been suppressed by response-contingent footshock (punishment). Nose-poke responding by separate groups of rats was reinforced with food (45 mg/delivery) or intravenous remifentanil (4 µg/kg per infusion), a short-acting µ-opioid agonist. After either 3 or 27 days of training (with 100 reinforcers/day), a punishment contingency was introduced that rapidly suppressed responding. Then, the punishment contingency was discontinued, and half the rats received priming. Priming by non-contingent delivery of food or remifentanil significantly reduced the number of sessions required for responding to resume. There were no significant differences in this effect between short-term and long-term training or between food- and drug-trained groups. Self-administration responding that has been suppressed by punishment can be reinstated by priming, and it can eventually resume even without priming. Under the conditions studied here, priming after punishment had effects qualitatively similar to those typically seen after extinction. This punishment/reinstatement procedure may be useful for comparing the effects of other manipulations known to affect behavior in the extinction/reinstatement model of relapse.
The changing faces of promotion and tenure at U.S. medical schools.

Faced with many potentially divisive questions related to tenure and promotion, leaders at medical schools have lacked an overview of examples of how other medical schools are adapting their faculty policies to reflect changing realities. This article reports results of a survey of U.S. medical school deans and of interviews with faculty affairs administrators regarding areas of change in faculty appointment, promotion, and tenure policies. Examples of adaptations are reported under the following headings: use of tenure; financial guarantees of tenure; criteria for award of tenure; probationary period; post-tenure review; advising faculty; clinician-educator tracks; and recruting women and minority faculty. Of these, the adaptation entailing the most activity and about which the most information was obtained concerns establishing a clinician-educator track. Numerous examples are provided of schools' evolutions of policies with regard to modifying titles of clinical-educators, defining promotion criteria, monitoring transfer between tracks, and defining contract periods, benefits, and privileges. The primary challenge for medical school administrators is to build sufficient flexibility into their promotion policies to show that the institution values the many different types of faculty needed, and at the same time to provide adequate security to essential faculty.
NewGene: A Conceptual Manual

This paper introduces a complete redesign of the popular EUGene software, called NewGene. Like EUGene, NewGene is software designed to eliminate many of the difficulties commonly involved in constructing large international relations data sets. NewGene is a stand-alone Microsoft Windows and Osx based program for the construction of annual, monthly, and daily data sets for the variety of decision making units (e.g. countries, leaders, organizations, etc) used in quantitative studies of international relations. It also provides users the ability to construct units of analysis ranging from monads (e.g. country-year), to dyads (e.g. country1-country2-year), to extra-dyadic observations called k-ads (e.g. country1-country2-…-countryk-year). NewGene’s purpose is to provide a highly flexible platform on which users can construct datasets for international relations research using pre-loaded data or by incorporating their own data.
Effects of slope, substrate, and temperature on forces associated with locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata.

Abstract In spite of several studies of the locomotor performances of reptiles, we know as yet relatively little about the mechanical forces involved. The present investigation examined the effects of substrate, slope and temperature on the pulling forces exerted by ornate box turtles tethered to a force transducer. These forces increased with body mass in a nearly isometric manner. The forces exerted during the initial effort were greatest on a styrofoam substrate, whereas maximum forces generated were greatest on pea gravel. Both forces progressively increased as slope decreased from +30° to − 30°. The rate of force generation (N/s) was greatest at intermediate slopes. Contact force tended to increase as normal force increased, and was strongly influenced by slope, increasing from −30° to +30°. Surprisingly, we found no significant effects of temperature on tether forces, contraction times, or rates. This evaluation of pulling forces associated with box turtle locomotion revealed some interesting, and at times unexpected, relationships.
THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN AMERICAN BANKING

THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE in banking differs materially from that of non-financial corporations; most of the resources have been supplied by the bank's depositors. A bank is deeply imbued with the public interest; the maintenance of the solvency of our banks is fundamental to the American way of life. The capital structure should be adequate to absorb shrinkages in asset values, sufficient to maintain public confidence in the bank's solvency, and large enough to assure availability of credit to the business community. In recent years there has been a marked decline in the amount of capital relative to deposit liabilities and earning assets of our banks. This trend has resulted in a situation in which, by all historical standards, many banks are seriously undercapitalized. A reappraisal of the capital situation clearly reveals that the capital-deposit ratio, the traditional yardstick, does not satisfactorily measure capital sufficiency. Recognition that the character or composition of the resources of a bank tends to determine its possibility of shrinkage in asset values, and hence the amount of capital required, has resulted in the supervisory employment of various "risk asset" ratios. Weaknesses have become obvious, however, in the typical "risk asset" ratio as a measure of capital adequacy. A better method of measurement of capital need is necessary. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which provides limited protection against loss to depositors and thus tends to supplement the capital cushion, does not eliminate the need for adequate capital structures. In presenting a positive program for the improvement of the capital structure of the banking system, a formula is brought forward for more precise measurement of minimum requirements for the individual bank. This formula is based on the principle that the adequacy of capital depends on the relative likelihood of shrinkage in asset values. Bank resources divided into six basic categories, with each assigned an appropriate percentage of capital need, is a
PTB domain binding to signaling proteins through a sequence motif containing phosphotyrosine

Src homology 2 (SH2) domains mediate assembly of signaling complexes by binding specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. A phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain has been identified which also binds specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated targets, but is structurally different from SH2 domains. Expression cloning was used to identify targets of PTB domains. PTB domains bound to phosphotyrosine within a sequence motif, asparagine-X1-X2-phosphotyrosine (where X represents any amino acid), that is found in many signaling proteins and is not recognized by SH2 domains. Mutational studies indicated that high affinity binding of PTB domains may require a specific conformation of the motif.
Performance of an FM/cw prototype ladar using a 32-element linear self-mixing detector array

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is investigating a ladar architecture based on FM/cw radar principles, whereby the range information is contained in the low-frequency mixing product derived by mixing a reference ultra-high frequency (UHF) chirp with an optically detected, time-delayed UHF chirp scattered from a target. ARL is also investigating the use of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) detectors as unique self-mixing detectors, which have the ability to internally detect and down-convert the modulated optical signals. ARL has recently incorporated a 1x32 element linear MSM self-mixing detector array into a prototype FM/cw ladar system and performed a series of characterization and outdoor image collection experiments using this prototype. This paper discusses the basic performance of the prototype system and presents some fundamental measurements as well as ladar imagery taken on the ARL Adelphi campus.
Characterization studies on high molecular weight PEO-ammonium triflate complexes

The results of a spectroscopic and thermal study of high molecular weight (PEO)nNH4SO3CF3 (n = 1–80) complexes are presented. Infrared spectroscopy shows a shift and splitting of the NH stretching mode at high salt concentrations, indicating the interaction of NH4+ ions with the ether oxygen atoms of the polymer backbone. Combined spectroscopic and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies confirm previously reported compound formation at ether oxygen:cation ratios of 8:1 and 4:1. These studies also indicate the formation of a 1:1 compound. The ionic conductivity of the 1:1 compound shows unusual temperature-dependent behavior, suggestive of a λ-transition.
Marrow transplantation from unrelated donors for patients with severe aplastic anemia who have failed immunosuppressive therapy.

Abstract Allogeneic marrow transplantation offers curative therapy for patients with aplastic anemia. We analyzed retrospective results in 141 patients with severe aplastic anemia who received transplants between 1988 and 1995 from an unrelated volunteer donor identified through the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP). All patients had failed one or more courses of immunosuppressive therapy. Of the patients, 121 (86%) received a radiation-containing conditioning regimen, and 20 (14%) were given chemotherapy only. Based on serologic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing (class I and II), 105 patients (74%) received HLA-matched marrow, and 36 (26%) received marrow mismatched for at least one HLA-A, -B, or -DR antigen. Allele-level (molecular) typing for HLA-DRB1 was available in 108 donor-recipient pairs; 77 patients received DRB -matched and 31 DRB1-mismatched transplants. All but 13% of patients were given a cyclosporine-containing regimen for graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, and 45 patients (32%) received marrow that was T cell-depleted. Among 131 evaluable patients, 116 (89%) achieved sustained engraftment and 15 (11%) did not. Among patients with engraftment, acute GVHD of grades II-IV developed in 60 patients (52%) and extensive chronic GVHD in 24 patients at risk (31%). Currently, 51 patients (36%) are surviving at 11-94 months (median 36) after transplantation. All but five have Karnofsky scores > or=80. Patients who received a serologically matched transplant fared somewhat better than did patients given a serologically mismatched transplant p=0.03). Patients with donors matched by both serology and allele-level DRB1 typing had significantly better survival than DRB1-mismatched patients with 56 vs. 15% surviving at 3 years p=0.001). Outcome in patients transplanted within 3 years of diagnosis was superior to that among patients transplanted with greater delay. Major causes of death were graft failure, GVHD, and infections. These data suggest that unrelated marrow transplantation offers successful therapy for a proportion of patients who have failed immunosuppressive therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(4):243-52.
Measurement of beam quality degradation due to spherical aberration in a simple lens

We have measured the effect on laser beam quality factorM2 of spherical aberration in a simple planoconvex lens. Theory predicts that the laser beam quality should remain essentially unchanged until the incident beam widthw exceeds a critical widthwq above which the beam quality will degrade rapidly, with theM2 value increasing as (w/wq4). We find good agreement between this theory and our experimental data.
Evidence for a slow time-scale of interaction for magnetic fields inhibiting tamoxifen's antiproliferative action in human breast cancer cells.

One critical biophysical feature of environmental-level magnetic field (MF) interactions with biological systems is the time-scale of interaction. A recently proposed fast/slow hypothesis states that a fast mechanism can only sense the instantaneous absolute value of the MF, and that a slow mechanism is potentially capable of sensing features such as frequency and relative orientation and magnitude of the field components. Here we applied the fast/slow hypothesis to a breast cancer model system: A 1.2 μT(rms), 60-Hz field inhibits tamoxifen’s (TAM’s) cytostatic action in MCF-7 cells via a MF interaction. We measured the growth of MCF-7 cells treated with TAM over 7 d, within different MFs: a sinusoidal, 60-Hz, 0.2-μT(rms) field; a sinusoidal, 60-Hz, 1.2-μT(rms) field; and a full-wave rectified version of the 1.2-μT(rms) sinusoidal field. A fast mechanism should not be able to distinguish between the latter two exposures. We observe that the rectified 1.2-μT field does not inhibit TAM’s action, but that the 1.2-μT sinusoidal field does. Therefore, the 1.2-μT MF inhibition of TAM’s cytostatic action operates via a relatively slow mechanism, and we predict that there exists a biologically dynamic complex capable of sensing a 1.2-μT, 60-Hz sinusoidal MF with an intrinsic time-scale of 17 ms or longer, the period of the 60-Hz applied field.
Finite-element-based photoacoustic tomography in time domain

We describe a finite element reconstruction algorithm for time-domain photoacoustic tomography. The algorithm is based on an iterative Newton method coupled with the time-domain Helmholtz-like photoacoustic wave equation subject to the first-order Bayliss–Turkel radiation boundary conditions. The algorithm is tested and evaluated using a series of simulated and tissue-like phantom data where objects are embedded in a circular background. The results show that quantitatively accurate photoacoustic images can be recovered using our time-domain reconstruction algorithm.
TESTS FOR INDEPENDENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF MISSING VALUES

Summary The locally most powerful rank test is derived for testing independence of two random variables with possible missing observations on both responses. The test statistic has a simple form and can be easily obtained. For the purpose of practical use, the asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is also provided.
Investigating Effects of Selectional Restriction Violations and Plausibility Violation Severity on Eye-Movements in Reading

This paper presents a study investigating whether and how different kinds of knowledge affect the detection of plausibility and possibility violations. Readers’ eye-movements were monitored while reading sentences describing impossible events cued by selectional restriction violations, extremely implausible events without selectional restriction violations, and plausible events, in order to determine whether the time course of disruption is determined by overall implausibility/unlikelihood, or whether impossibility cued by selectional restriction violations additionally affects disruption. Both early and late fixation measures showed stronger disruption in the impossible/selectional restriction violation condition. However, measures indexing regressive eye-movements showed similar disruption in both extremely implausible conditions. This suggests that the magnitude and latency of disruption to possibility and plausibility violations is not a simple function of the overall implausibility/unlikelihood of the resulting event, but that selectional restriction violations influence the early and late time course of disruption.
Measurement Of The Polarization Properties Of The NSO Vacuum Tower Telescope: Physically Constrained Approach

Measurements of the polarizing properties of the National Solar Observatory Vacuum Tower Telescope were taken from October 1986 to January 1987 using the NSO single channel Stokesmeter. A model of the telescope polarization using Mueller calculus and constrained by physical parameters of the instrument was derived. The inverse of this telescope matrix, applied to calibrated Stokes measurements yielded an RMS error of the inferred fit to the input relative to the actual input, of about 1% for 100% linearly polarized input light and better than 0.1% for unpolarized light. This is approximately the level of uncertainty in the calibration of the Stokesmeter. The main polarizing elements of the telescope were turret mirrors, retarders and diattenuators(partial polarizers), and the entrance window, which was a weak retarder.
The Role of IL-1 in Meniscal Tissue Breakdown Following Simulated Partial Meniscectomy

In a healthy meniscus, the compressive strains are approximately 2–10%. [1] When 30% or more of the tissue is removed during partial meniscectomy, strains increase to approximately 18%. [1] We have previously shown that dynamic compressive strains of 20% to meniscal explants results in an increase in proteoglycan (PG) breakdown, nitric oxide (NO) production, metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13 (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13) compared to 0, 5, and 10% compressive strain. [2,3,4] The objective of this study was to determine if interruption of the IL-1 pathway would alter this biochemical response to dynamic mechanical compression.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Thermodynamic investigation of carbon tetrachloride + thiophene and toluene + chlorobenzene

Abstract Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium results are presented for the binary mixtures carbon tetrachloride + thiophene and toluene + chlorobenzene at 343.15 K. The results are thermodynamically consistent and are correlated by the Redlich-Kister equation. An attempt is made to interpret, qualitatively, the small negative deviations from ideal behavior shown by toluene + chlorobenzene and the relatively larger positive deviations from ideality shown by carbon tetrachloride + thiophene in terms of the complex-formation ability of the solution constituents.
Key to new and old world Pygmephorus species and descriptions of six new species (Acari: Pygmephoridae)

Abstract A key to the species of Pygmephorus Kramer, 1877, is presented for the world fauna. Descriptions and illustrations of the dorsal and ventral idiosoma and of leg I are presented for six new species: P. iglehartae, lukoschusi, proctorae, russellae, utmarae , and wilsoni . Special morphological structures are illustrated and emphasized by arrows for species separation. New synonymy is introduced. Notes are provided for new host and distribution records. A table with distribution and host records is included for the fifty-two presently known species.
Nosocomial toxic-shock syndrome in two patients after knee surgery.

Redundant robots motion planning and control in uncertain task is addressed by model-based approach. Instead of control and adapt the environment to the robot or apply a complex visual servoing system, we have modeled the redundancy resolution (RR) on the parameter spaces that quantify uncertainties of the task. A modeling tool was Successive Approximations (SA). It provides very advantageous properties: small computational effort and small model size, accurate output, extrapolation, and generalization across parameter set obtained by random addressing of the model. The task discussed is press loading with typical two-dimensional uncertainties in pick-up and unloading locations. The robot used is 4 DOF planar robot. The SA-based models of redundancy resolution in the 2D parameter spaces are highly efficient: for more that 30 times less computational efforts resulted in a zero end-point errors, regardless of the task uncertainty.
A simple model of retina-LGN transmission.

To gain a deeper understanding of the transmission of visual signals from retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we have used a simple leaky integrate and-fire model to simulate a relay cell in the LGN. The simplicity of the model was motivated by two questions: (1) Can an LGN model that is driven by a retinal spike train recorded as synaptic (‘S’) potentials, but does not include a diverse array of ion channels, nor feedback inputs from the cortex, brainstem, and thalamic reticular nucleus, accurately simulate the LGN discharge on a spike-for-spike basis? (2) Are any special synaptic mechanisms, beyond simple summation of currents, necessary to model experimental recordings? We recorded cat relay cell responses to spatially homogeneous small or large spots, with luminance that was rapidly modulated in a pseudo-random fashion. Model parameters for each cell were optimized with a Simplex algorithm using a short segment of the recording. The model was then tested on a much longer, distinct data set consisting of responses to numerous repetitions of the noisy stimulus. For LGN cells that spiked in response to a sufficiently large fraction of retinal inputs, we found that this simplified model accurately predicted the firing times of LGN discharges. This suggests that modulations of the efficacy of the retino-geniculate synapse by pre-synaptic facilitation or depression are not necessary in order to account for the LGN responses generated by our stimuli, and that post-synaptic summation is sufficient.
Axiomatic analysis and optimization of information retrieval models

Axiomatic approach provides a systematic way to think about heuristics, identify the weakness of existing methods, and optimize the existing methods accordingly. This tutorial aims to promote axiomatic thinking that can benefit not only the study of IR models but also the methods for many IR applications.
Automatic target recognition by matching oriented edge pixels

This paper describes techniques to perform efficient and accurate target recognition in difficult domains. In order to accurately model small, irregularly shaped targets, the target objects and images are represented by their edge maps, with a local orientation associated with each edge pixel. Three dimensional objects are modeled by a set of two-dimensional (2-D) views of the object. Translation, rotation, and scaling of the views are allowed to approximate full three-dimensional (3-D) motion of the object. A version of the Hausdorff measure that incorporates both location and orientation information is used to determine which positions of each object model are reported as possible target locations. These positions are determined efficiently through the examination of a hierarchical cell decomposition of the transformation space. This allows large volumes of the space to be pruned quickly. Additional techniques are used to decrease the computation time required by the method when matching is performed against a catalog of object models. The probability that this measure will yield a false alarm and efficient methods for estimating this probability at run time are considered in detail. This information can be used to maintain a low false alarm rate or to rank competing hypotheses based on their likelihood of being a false alarm. Finally, results of the system recognizing objects in infrared and intensity images are given.
Teaching Social Work Students Practice Skills

Abstract Field instructors have an essential role in the development of students' skills, yet they often struggle with how best to teach students practice skills. This study asked field practicum instructors and their students about the best practice strategies available. Forty-three student/field instructor pairs participated in this research study. Field instructors and students did not always agree on whether a technique was used. Student/field instructor pairs were more likely to agree that the following techniques were used to teach skills: modeling, providing written material, role playing, discussing, and assigning process recordings, and less likely to agree on the use of lecturing and co-counseling. The more experienced field instructors used more techniques than the newer field instructors. Students report that discussion, modeling and co-counseling were most helpful to their learning. The techniques being used and their helpfulness points to significant practice guidelines for the training of f...
One‐electron properties of molecules calculated using second‐order multireference perturbation theory

A new form of second-order multireference perturbation theory coupled with finite-field perturbation theory is applied to evaluate some one-electron molecular properties. Several possible definitions of the zeroth-order Hamiltonian are considered and results tested against bench-mark full CI calculations. 37 refs., 4 figs., 6 tabs.
Lesions in Medial Preoptic Area and Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis: Differential Effects on Copulatory Behavior and Noncontact Erection in Male Rats

The goal of these studies was to assess the regulatory roles of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) in sexual arousal, inferred from noncontact erection (NCE) evoked in male rats by remote cues from estrous females. NCE and copulatory behavior were recorded before and after quinolinic acid or radiofrequency (RF) lesions were made in the MPOA (Experiments 1-3) or RF lesions were made in the BST (Experiment 4). All males with MPOA lesions, particularly in the rostral region, displayed severe deficits in copulation but little or no decrement in NCE. In contrast, BST lesions caused relatively moderate deficits in copulation, but they severely impaired NCE. Animals with larger BST lesions, including rostral and caudal medial regions, had more deficits in both copulatory behavior and NCE than did males with smaller lesions confined to the rostral medial BST. These results suggest that (1) the MPOA is critical for copulatory behavior but not for NCE, (2) males that stop copulating after MPOA lesions are still sexually aroused by estrous females, and (3) the BST plays an important role in mediating NCE.
Cochlear Electrical Activity in the C57BL/6 Laboratory Mouse: Volume-Conducted Vertex and round Window Responses

Remote (vertex-positive, volume-conducted) and local (round window, or RW) responses were simultaneously recorded from the C57BL/6 mouse. Volume-conducted responses were obtained which corresponded to the cochlear microphonic (CM), summating potential (SP), and action potential (AP), as measured at the RW. The vertex PI corresponding to the AP, had a shorter latency to rarefaction than to condensation clicks. At higher SPL's bimodal PI peaks (a and b) were observed. PIb amplitudes were greater at lower, and PIa amplitudes were greater at higher SPL's. Responses subsequent to the RW N1 and the volume-conducted PI were eliminated after the ear was isolated from the brainstem.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAn der Maus C57BL/6 wurden gleichzeitig entfernte Antworten (vertex-positiv, quantitativ erfast) und ortlich Antworten (rundes Fenster RW) registriert. Die durch Quantitativerffassung erhaltenen Antworten entsprechen, jeweils am RW gemessen, dem Cochlearmikrophonpotential (CM), dem Summenaktionspotential (SP) und dem Akti...
Effects of Geographic Variation in Vertical Mode Structure on the Sea Surface Topography, Energy, and Wind Forcing of Baroclinic Rossby Waves

Interpretation of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and wind forcing of first baroclinic mode Rossby waves is considered using linear inviscid long-wave dynamics for both the standard and surface-intensified vertical mode in a continuously stratified rest-state ocean. The ratio between SSHA variance and vertically integrated energy of waves is proportional to 1) a dimensionless ratio characterizing the surface intensification of the pressure eigenfunction, 2) the squared internal gravity wave speed, and 3) the inverse of the water depth. Geographic variations in stratification and bathymetry can therefore cause geographically varying SSHA variance even for spatially uniform wave energy. The ratio between SSHA variance and wave energy across the North Atlantic shows important spatial variations based on eigensolutions for the standard vertical mode determined numerically using climatological hydrography. The surface-intensified mode result is similar, though the ratio is generally slightly larger and less sensitive to depth variations. Results are applied to the propagating annualfrequency portion of TOPEX altimeter SSHA in the North Atlantic. SSHA variance at 358 in the western half of the basin increases by ;63% over that in the east, but the associated change in inferred first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave energy is a substantially smaller increase of ;26% (;34%) for the standard (surface intensified) mode. This is mainly associated with increases to vertical mode surface intensification and squared internal gravity wave speed in the west due to stronger stratification above the pycnocline. The wind-forced wave equation for SSHA has a dimensionless coefficient of Ekman pumping that is proportional to the ratio between SSHA variance and wave energy, implying similar geographic variation in efficiency of wind excitation of Rossby wave SSHA.
The sensitivity of the β-material parameter and its determination based on optimization of error in the mechanical properties

Abstract The β -material is an extremely useful parameter for the analysis of nanoindentation data as it correlates different nanomechanical quantities and greatly simplifies the conventional Oliver and Pharr method used for determination of mechanical properties. Primarily, it may be determined both by fitting several sets of experimental data relating two nanomechanical quantities and from the total energy dissipated during indentation. While the first method is very cumbersome, the second may yield erroneous value for some materials. Reexamination of the experimental data on three ceramics available in the literature reveals that this parameter is very sensitive. Even a small error in its approximation may lead to a substantial error in the computation of initial unloading stiffness, contact area, elastic modulus and hardness values in certain conditions, and therefore, it must be determined very precisely. In this paper, a method for the determination of the β -material parameter based on the optimization of error in mechanical properties is proposed. β determined using the proposed technique not only ensures the goodness of fit to the experimental data but also satisfies the loop conditions more precisely.