cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat shock protein expression in human conjunctiva

Purpose To examine the distribution of human heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP90, inducible HSP70 (iHSP70), constitutive and inducible HSP70 (cHSP70), HSP65, and human HSP27 in conjunctival biopsy specimens of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP), atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and healthy persons with cataract. Methods Using an immunoperoxidase technique, conjunctival biopsy specimens from ten patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, ten patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and ten healthy persons undergoing cataract surgery were analyzed with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against human HSPs. Results Large amounts of HSP90 and HSP27, and lesser amounts of cHSP70, iHSP70, and HSP65 were present in atopic keratoconjunctivitis and normal epithelium; less of these proteins were seen in OCP conjunctival epithelium. In atopic keratoconjunctivitis and normal tissue the substantia propria contained a few HSP-positive cells, and the vascular endothelium was consistently negative for all of the HSPs. In sharp contrast, OCP stroma contained large numbers of cells staining for HSP27, HSP90, and iHSP70, and the vasculature was strongly positive, particularly for HSP90, cHSP70, and HSP27. Conclusion These results indicate that normal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis epithelia express HSP90 and HSP27 and some form of HSP65 and HSP70. The differences between normal, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and OCP stromal staining suggest an upregulated expression of HSP90, cHSP70, and HSP27 at the site of inflammation in OCP, the stroma, from cytokine release. The striking presence of HSP in the conjunctival vascular endothelium from OCP patients suggests a previously unappreciated role of the vasculature in OCP.
Scolded: Can an Attorney Appeal a District Court's Order Finding Professional Misconduct?

This Note addresses the split among the United States courts of appeals over whether an attorney can appeal a district court’s finding that he or she has acted unprofessionally, even when there is no monetary sanction imposed. After discussing the U.S. Constitution’s Article III “case or controversy” requirement and a district court’s power to sanction attorneys, this Note dissects the circuit split. It argues that attorneys should have standing to appeal a court’s finding of unprofessional conduct because this type of sanction can cause irreparable harm to an attorney’s professional reputation and thus to the attorney’s business.
Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in three dogs.

Objective – To describe the clinical presentation and outcome in 3 dogs with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC). Case or Series Summary – SEC was identified in 3 dogs with concurrent hyperfibrinogenemia. The dogs were diagnosed with different underlying conditions including infective endocarditis of the mitral valve (Case 1), presumptive Evan's syndrome (Case 2), and presumptive sepsis (Case 3). Various therapies were used in each case directed at their underlying condition, in addition to thromboprophylaxis that were based upon a perceived risk of thromboembolic disease. The 3 dogs in this series survived to discharge and had good outcome during the follow-up period, which ranged from 3 weeks to 7 months. New or Unique Information Provided – SEC is considered a marker for thromboembolic disease in people and can occur in dogs in the absence of significant cardiomegaly. SEC in these 3 dogs may be related to the documented hyperfibrinogenemia. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether dogs with SEC are at an increased risk for thromboembolic complications.
Perception of Emotion: Measuring Decoding Accuracy of Adult Prosodic Cues Varying in Intensity

The purpose of the present study was to present a measure of the ability to decode emotion in the voices of adults. After describing the process of how the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy—Adult Prosody (DANVA2-AP) test was constructed, five propositions were developed to guide the gathering of appropriate construct validity evidence for the measure. Evidence from a series of studies provided support for all of the propositions. It was concluded that the DANVA2-AP had satisfactorily met the minimal requirements for construct validity.
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Catalytic Properties of Cationic Organozirconium Adsorbates on “Super Acidic” Sulfated Alumina. “Single-Site” Heterogeneous Catalysts with Virtually 100 Active Sites

Sulfated alumina (AlS), a highly Bronsted acidic sulfated metal oxide, is prepared by the impregnation of γ-alumina with 1.6 M H2SO4, followed by calcination at 550 °C for 3 h. 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy of the chemisorbed 13Cα-enriched organozirconium hydrocarbyl Cp‘2Zr(13CH3)2 (2*)/AlS (Cp‘ = η5-(CH3)5C5) reveals that the chemisorption process involves M−C σ-bond protonolysis at the strong surface Bronsted acid surface sites to yield a “cation-like” highly reactive zirconocenium electrophile, Cp‘2Zr13CH3+. In contrast, chemisorption of 2* on dehydroxylated alumina (DA) yields a similar cation via methide transfer to surface Lewis acid sites, while chemisorption onto dehydroxylated silica yields a μ-oxo Cp‘2Zr(13CH3)−OSi⋮ species. Two complementary active site kinetic assays for benzene hydrogenation show that, unlike typical heterogeneous and supported organometallic catalysts, 97 ± 2% of all Cp‘ZrMe3 (3)/AlS sites are catalytically significant, demonstrating that the species identified by 13C CPMAS NMR...
A chemical comparison of tropomyosins from muscle and non-muscle tissues.

Abstract Tropomyosins from six different calf tissues: aorta (smooth muscle), skeletal muscle, heart, brain, pancreas and platelets have been isolated, as well as a tropomyosin from mouse fibroblasts. The three muscle tropomyosins have identical polypeptide molecular weights (35,000), paracrystal periodicity and fine structure, and very similar peptide maps. The four non-muscle tropomyosins also have identical polypeptide molecular weights (30,000), paracrystal periodicity and fine structure, and very similar peptide maps. All tropomyosins examined have the same C-terminal amino acid, isoleucine and a blocked N terminal. These findings indicate that muscle and non-muscle tropomyosins are grouped into two similar but non-identical classes of protein. The two classes have at least ten peptide differences out of 31 total peptides, each group having several peptides not found in the other group. This suggests that the two classes of tropomyosins are coded for by different gene classes. It is likely that both gene classes evolved from an ancestral gene by a process involving gene duplication. Peptide maps of skeletal muscle tropomyosins from rabbit, calf and chick, and of non-muscle tropomyosins from rabbit, mouse and calf show few species differences. This suggests that tropomyosin is a highly conserved molecule.
THE TRANSITION FROM ORAL TO SILENT READING

ABSTRACT Since beginning readers rely on their oral language to gain meaning from text, oral reading is the preferred mode of reading for these students. While there are several reasons for this, one is that reading development seems to parallel Vygotsky's theory of language development. His theory states that language proceeds from a social speech to the development of inner speech. As children internalize language, which allows for abstract thought processes to develop, they go through a period of egocentric speech. During this time, the children use language overtly to control and monitor their learning. Children's reading behavior may go through a similar process.
Barbiturate N-demethylase activity in isolated rat hepatocytes

The isolated hepatocyte preparation has become an increasingly popular system for studying xenobiotic metabolism, and there is a need for methods of determining metabolic activity. Described here is a simple and sensitive radiometric assay for barbiturate N-demethylase activity in the isolated hepatocyte suspension. The demethylation of 1,3-dimethylphenobarbital is determined by measuring the formation of its only significant metabolite, N-methylphenobarbital. The reaction is a typical P-450-mediated dealkylation.
Mechanical devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Purpose of the review For over 40 years, manual chest compressions have been the foundation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and recent studies have clearly reconfirmed the hemodynamic significance of delivering consistent, high-quality, infrequently-interrupted chest compressions. However, there remain multiple inadequacies in the actual delivery of manual chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. One potential solution is use of adjunct mechanical devices. Recent findings Two different methods of accessory chest compression techniques recently have demonstrated enhanced short-term survival. The active compression— — decompression device is a hand-held, manually operated suction device applied to the center of the chest wall. In tandem with an impedance threshold (airway) device, active compression— —decompression has shown a 65% improvement in 24-hour survival rates (compared with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation) in a randomized out-of-hospital clinical trial (n = 210). The second device, called Auto-Pulse CPR is an automated machine that uses a load-distributing, broad compression band that is applied across the entire anterior chest. A recent out-of-hospital retrospective case-control study (n = 162) also revealed improved short-term survival. Summary High quality chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are critical elements in effecting successful resuscitation following a cardiac arrest. Recent studies utilizing adjunct mechanical devices have not only revealed significant increases in the effectiveness of chest compressions, including improved hemodynamics in both animal models and human studies, but also improvements in short-term human survival in the clinical setting. It is hoped that these promising findings will eventually be corroborated in terms of improved neurologically intact, long-term patient survival. Clinical trials are currently underway to validate such efficacy.
INTERACTION OF FISCHER CARBENE COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE W(CO)5(C(OME)R) (R = CH3, C2H5) WITH ACETYLENES

Reaction des complexes avec le diphenylacetylene et le phenyl-1 propyne. Formation d'enol ethers et d'enones
Asset returns and inflation in a cash-in-advance economy

Abstract This paper, in a general equilibrium, asset pricing, cash-in-advance approach, shows that (1) the covariance between real equity returns and inflation generated by real impulses is strictly negative, and (2) the covariance between real equity returns and inflation generated by monetary impulses is zero.
Crystal size growth in the liquid phase methanol synthesis catalyst

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of crystal growth in the methanol synthesis catalyst has been studied. Crystallite size distributions in the cuo/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol synthesis catalyst have been determined. The effects of temperature, reaction environment and time under reaction conditions have been studied. It is observed that water in the reaction mixture promotes crystal growth.
Electrical contact resistance of titanium nitride coatings for electromagnetic shielding applications

Coating materials are typically applied to aluminum alloys, steel, and brass components used in electromagnetic shields in order to provide better corrosion and wear protection for the substrates, and to produce low contact resistance at mated contact joints. This is especially important for contacts which are periodically operated in aggressive environments, such as the doors and access panels on mobile communications facilities used by the military in the field. In this work, the contact resistance of titanium nitride (TiN) coated aluminum alloy 6061-T6, prepared using reactive ion plating, is compared to chromate conversion coated and bare aluminum alloy 6061-T6 contacts when mated to a typical electromagnetic gasket as a function of cyclic make-and-break loading of the contacts. An outline of the coating process and contact resistance test method is presented, along with details of comparative contact resistance results of the coated contacts. It is concluded that 5 μm thick TiN coatings have significantly lower contact resistance than comparable chromate conversion coated or bare aluminum alloy 6061-T6 contacts when cycled through several thousand contact closures.
Robotic Laboratory Automation

The development and patenting of the first industrial robot by Unimation, Inc. in 1961 initiated a technological revolution in robotics that, despite a few fits and starts, has largely paralleled advances in computing. In the last five years, manufacturers have marketed "modular" automation products that appear to be more attractive to clinical laboratories. The new automation modules are directed at specific laboratory functions, including, for example, separate modules for specimen centrifugation and aliquoting, specimen analysis, and post-analytical storage and retrieval. This article discusses the history and current state of the art in laboratory robotics.
Growth hormone (GH) as a therapeutic agent in patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IGR)

Eleven patients wiht IGR of unknown cause were studied; 4 of 5 followed for 12–19 months on GH grew significantly. In 9 of 11 the bone age (BA) was significantly retarded. Pretreatment growth rates (GR) were less than expected for chronological age (CA). All secreted normal amounts of GH with arginine infusion and insulin hypoglycemia before and after therapy. The data is summarized below in 5 patients: conclusions: (1) Exogenous GH accelerates growth rates in some patients with IGR; (2) Higher doses are required to accelerate growth to the GR attained in patients with GH deficiency; (3) Some patients with IGR with skeletal retardation may be candidates for exogenous GH therapy when available in abundant supply.
Toward a sociology of the holocaust

Meditations of a Holocaust Traveler by GERALD E. MARKLE. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1995, xii + 185 pp. bibliography, $12.95 (paper). The Origins o f Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution by HENRY FRIEDLANDER. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, xxiii + 421 pp. $34.95 (cloth). The Uprooted." A Hitler Legacy: Voices o f Those Who Escaped before the 'Final Solution'by DORIT BADER WHITEMAN. New York and London: Plenum Press, Insight Books, 1993, xv + 446 pp. $28.95 (cloth). Shattered Faith: A Holocuast Legacy by LEON WELICZKER WELLS. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, xv + 175 pp. $19.95 (cloth). Will to Live: One Family's Story o f Surviving the Holocaust by ADAM STARKOPF. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1995, 242 pp. $14.95 (paper).
Szilard-Chalmers process for osmium from hexachloroosmate(IV) targets

A Szilard-Chalmers concentration of Os191 has been achieved from targets of (NH4)2 OsCl6. Recoveries with enrichment factors greater than 10 were attained by a nitric-acid distillation separation of OsO4 following irradiation. The separation was shown to depend upon the relative kinetics of nitric-acid oxidations.
The Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile (SCIP)

(2000). The Severe Cognitive Impairment Profile (SCIP) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 294-298.
Doxacurium chloride for neuromuscular blockade before tracheal intubation and surgery during nitrous oxide-oxygen-narcotic-enflurane anesthesia

The neuromuscular effects of doxacurium (BW A938U) were studied in 36 patients, divided into four groups of 9 patients each, given doxacurium either 50 micrograms/kg (2 x ED95) 5 or 4 minutes or 80 micrograms/kg (3 x ED95) 4 or 3 minutes before tracheal intubation. Adequate neuromuscular relaxation permitted successful intubation at 5 minutes for doxacurium 50 micrograms/kg and at 4 minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Time to 90% blockade was 5.4 +/- 1.5 minutes for doxacurium 50 micrograms/kg and 3.5 +/- 1.2 minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Time to 25% spontaneous recovery was 84.7 +/- 54.3 minutes for doxacurium 50 micrograms/kg and 164.4 +/- 85.2 minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Either neostigmine 45 micrograms/kg, neostigmine 60 micrograms/kg, or edrophonium 1000 micrograms/kg was given for reversal when T1 had spontaneously recovered to 25% of baseline level, T1 being the first response to repetitive train-of-four (TOF) stimuli (2 Hz for 2 seconds at 10-second intervals) expressed as percent of baseline level. The T4:T1 ratio is the amplitude of the fourth twitch relative to the first twitch in a TOF stimulus expressed as a ratio. T1 rapidly achieved 90% of baseline in 5-10 minutes after reversal of neuromuscular blockade. In contrast, the T4:T1 ratio lagged, recovering to a mean of 0.6 at 20 minutes when T1 was over 90% of baseline. Recovery patterns were not statistically significantly different (unpaired t-test) among the three reversal regimens. Therefore, the reversal data were pooled. No clinically significant hemodynamic effects occurred in any group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Power grid frequency monitoring over mobile platforms

Information about the frequency deviation is critical to reliable and stable operation of the power grid. Current wide-area power grid monitoring systems consist of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) at both high-voltage transmission level and low-voltage distribution level, but are generally unsatisfactory for large-scale deployment over highly distributed microgrids in individual households and local communities due to their high cost and low accessibility. In this paper, we present a practical system design which significantly improves the accessibility and reduces the cost of frequency monitoring by unleashing the capabilities of modern mobile platforms in computation, communication, and storage. In our system, the Network Time Protocol (NTP) is exploited for time synchronization, replacing inflexible GPS receivers that are widely used in current PMUs. A small quantity of peripheral hardware components are used to build up an embedded sensing component for efficient and accurate frequency measurement. The experiment results compared to the traditional Frequency Disturbance Recorders (FDRs) show the effectiveness of the proposed frequency monitoring system.
Fluidized bed feeding of pulverized coal

Abstract Some general characteristics of fluidized bed feeders are discussed. Experimental results for the feeding of pulverized coal in the range from 0 to 25 g/min are presented and discussed. Operating procedures that allow virtually trouble-free feeding and a quick method of obtaining solid flow rates are noted. A calculational scheme is also given for predicting the effects of design and operating procedure changes on feed rate. Although we view the computations as being only qualitative, they do give the required bed pressure needed to initiate feeding. Further, the approximately linear relationship between bed pressure and solid flow rate obtained experimentally is predicted also.
A spectrin‐like protein from mouse brain membranes: Immunological and structural correlations with erythrocyte spectrin

Membrane-associated mouse brain spectrin is a 972,000 Mr, 10.5S, (alpha beta)2 tetramer containing two approximately 240,000 Mr subunits and two approximately 235,000 Mr subunits. Two-dimensional [125I]tryptic peptide mapping indicates that these subunits share only limited and equivalent overlap with the alpha- and beta-subunits of red blood cell (RBC) spectrin. Both the 220,000 Mr beta-subunit of RBC spectrin and the 235,000 Mr beta-subunit of brain spectrin are phosphorylated in the intact mouse. In vitro analysis suggests that both are phosphorylated by a cAMP-independent protein kinase. Antibodies against pure native mouse red blood cell spectrin cross-react with brain spectrin, and antibodies against pure brain spectrin cross-react with both the alpha- and beta-subunits of mouse RBC spectrin. Both antibodies have been utilized to localize brain spectrin within distinct cellular entities of the mouse cerebellum. Granule cell neurons of the internal granule layer and Purkinje cell neurons demonstrated intense fluorescence of the cortical cytoplasm immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane and unstained nuclei, when either RBC or brain spectrin antibodies were utilized for staining. The molecular layer of the cerebellum stained only lightly, and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes appeared to have little fluorescence. Therefore, while brain is a tissue rich in nonerythroid spectrin, the concentration of these immunoreactive analogues is quite variable within distinct cellular entities of the cerebellum.
Immunologic tolerance for immune system–mediated diseases

Induction of long-term, antigen-specific immunologic unresponsiveness holds great promise for the treatment of many immune system-mediated diseases, including asthma, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. Unlike current immunosuppressive treatments, immunologic tolerance therapies would affect only the undesired immune responses, leaving protective immunity intact. A variety of approaches to immunologic tolerance induction are being taken, reflecting the molecular and cellular complexity of immune system activation and regulation. The presentations summarized in this report represent promising strategies, some of which are being evaluated in advanced animal models and human clinical trials. Approaches presented include the following: interference with costimulatory signals in T-cell induction, T-cell receptor antagonism by altered peptides, exploitation of antigen-induced apoptosis to eliminate undesired T cells, opposition of inflammation by the induction of regulatory cytokines, induction of transplant tolerance by mixed chimerism, and deviation from deleterious allergic antibody responses by use of immunostimulatory DNA sequences. These multifaceted approaches are strongly supported by knowledge of basic immune mechanisms, which should facilitate the rational development of these therapies for controlling immune-mediated diseases.
Continua of stochastic dominance relations for bounded probability distributions

Abstract Let P = { F,G ,…} be the set of all probability distribution functions with support (0, ∞ ). An unrestricted stochastic dominance relation > ∞ is defined on P for each real ∞ ≧ 1, where F > ∞ G means that ʃ x y = 0 ( x - y ) ∞ - 1 d G ( y )≦ ʃ x n = 0 ( x − y ) ∞ −1 d G ( y ) for all ∞ ≧ 0, with x . These relations are partial orders that increase as ∞ increases with limit relation > ∞ . A class U ∞ of utility functions u on (0, ∞) is defined in such a way that F > ∞ G iff ʃ u d F > ʃ u d G for all u ϵ U ∞ . The U ∞ decrease as ∞ increases and have a non-empty intersection U ∞ . Each u ϵ U ∞ is an increasing function that has derivatives of all orders that alternate in sign. Criteria which tell when F eventually dominates G in the sense of F > ∞ G are noted. Comparisons with bounded stochastic dominance results are made in several places.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Normal Volunteer Subject: I. Technical Aspects and Intersubject Variability

To investigate subject-to-subject variability in commonly used parameters from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), we analyzed the results of BAL from 78 consecutive normal volunteer subjects. The BAL was performed using three, 40 ml aliquots of normal saline solution, in a lingular subsegment. The same diameter bronchoscope (4.8 mm) was used and BAL was performed and analyzed identically in all subjects. While the percentage of lavageate returned was relatively consistent from subject to subject (63.4 ± 10.8 percent, mean ± SD), there was marked variability in the number of cells obtained (7.3 ± 3.9 × 106). While low returns were generally associated with a diminished cell recovery, in the range of normal percentage returned, there was no correlation with the number recovered. There was no correlation of cell number or percent lavageate returned with gender, height, or any lung volume (as determined on pulmonary function tests). There was relatively little variability in differential analysis of recovered cells. The BAL was well tolerated by all subjects; the chest roentgenogram was found to be of little utility in screening normal subjects, but pulmonary function testing detected obstructive lung disease in three potential subjects leading to their disqualification as "normal." Our experience confirms the safety of bronchoalveolar lavage in normal volunteer subjects. We report the BAL results that can be expected for research or clinical comparison using a protocol described in detail. The variability of cell numbers from BAL, even under these controlled conditions, precludes the routine use of this measurement from BAL performed for clinical purposes.
Las yeguas marismeñas de Doñana: naturaleza, tradición e identidades sociales en un espacio protegido

The breeding of Andalusia's feral marsh horses stands out among other examples of Donana National Park's extraordinary legacy of social and cultural traditions. This is so not only because of its importance as a venerable livestock management system, unique and vibrant still despite being surprisingly little known and scarecly studied, but also because it constitutes a notable example of the contributions that Andalusian culture has made to the rest of the world. Marsh animal husbandry is, without a doubt, the cultural matrix out of which developed the livestock traditions of the Americas. By situating this cultural complex within an International comparative framework, we argue that the human involvement with Donana's feral horses may be distinguished from other similar cases in the world because their care and maintenance has been converted, to an extraordinary degree, into a central element of the local culture. Highly emotional social processes are involved in the construction and maintenance of a collective social identity that expresses itself in perennial conflicts with the authorities of the Park over its feral horses.
The Politics of Verifying Trustworthiness in Evaluation Auditing

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on... " and "Rejoinder to... " will not be published in Forum — such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in the Letters section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists will acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
The impact of nanocrystalline diamond grain boundary chemistry on frictional response in sliding contact with 319Al alloy

Due to its exceptional mechanical and tribological properties, nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) has the potential to be used for tool coatings that can enable dry machining of Al alloys. This study explores the friction response of NCD coatings in sliding contact with 319 Al. NCD coatings were grown using microwave plasma CVD with a range of growth conditions to explore key growth modulators governing the tribological response of this material. These coatings were then characterized with Raman spectroscopic analysis at three different wavelengths. Pin-on-disc friction response of these coatings with 319 Al showed that the trans-polyacetylene content as determined by the respective Raman spectrum in NCD is the critical factor controlling friction behavior. This finding can have significant implications in other similar applications where friction response of NCD is a key design factor.
Rensch's Rule Applies to Clinal Variation of Body Size in the Argentine Grasshopper Dichroplus pratensis: Correction of Bidau and Martí

In their article entitled “Clinal Variation of Body Size in Dichroplus pratensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Inversion of BergmannOs andRenschOs Rules,”Bidau and Martṍ (2007) published results in this journal about clinal population data from 1998 to 2001. In the sexual size dimorphism (SSD) analysis of the grasshopper Dichroplus pratensis Bruner, they incorrectly conclude the 19 populations studied, encompassing 22 of latitude in Argentina, exhibit the inverse of RenschOs rule (Rensch 1960). The authors explain RenschOs rule as stating “that in species where males are larger than females, sexual dimorphism increases with size” (Bidau and Martṍ 2007). Although this is correct, it is an incomplete deÞnition. In his work, Rensch (1960) describes a general pattern to relate SSD to the body size of animals: “In species of birds inwhich themale is larger than the female, the relative sexual difference increases with body size. If by way of exception, the females are larger than the males, as among many species of birds of prey, the opposite correlation applies, i.e., the greater sexual difference is found in the smaller species” (p. 159). RenschOs rule is fully deÞned as the allometry observed when SSD increases with size if males are the larger sex, butwhenSSDdecreaseswith size if females are the larger sex (Rensch 1960, Fairbairn 1990 Abouheif and Fairbairn 1997, Fairbairn 1997). Allometry consistent with RenschOs rule is represented by the slope of a model II regression being 1 ( 1) when log female size is regressed on logmale size, regardless of which sex is larger (Abouheif and Fairbairn 1997). Note that if the axes are reversed (male size regressed on female size),RenschOs rule is representedbya slope of 1 ( 1) (Fairbairn 1997). More generally, RenschOs rule occurs when more variance in male body size than female body size is observed (Fairbairn 1997, Blanckenhorn et al. 2007). The results fromBidau andMartṍ (2007) indicateD. pratensis exhibits female-biased SSD (females larger thanmales). Their data demonstrate “. . . the degree of SSD decreases as mean size of both sexes increase,” thus actually conforming to RenschOs rule. Furthermore, in Fig. 3f they regress log female on log male body length (axes similar to Þg. 1 of Abouheif and Fairbairn 1997) and Þnd a slope of 0.5718. This value is unequivocally 1, but for this study to demonstrate an inverse of RenschOs rule the slope of the regression line would need to be 1 (Abouheif and Fairbairn 1997). The authors did not state whether they used a model I or model II regression in their analyses. If a model I regression was used, reanalyzing thedatawithpropermodel IImethodsmaychange the signiÞcance of the results. The study of Bidau and Martṍ (2007) clearly demonstrates a case where empirical evidence supports RenschOs rule in D. pratensis. Due to a misinterpretation of RenschOs rule, the authors wrongly cite their work as an example of the inverse to RenschOs rule.
The intramuscular innervation of the human interarytenoid muscle

The nerve supply of the human interarytenoid (IA) muscle has been controversial for more than a century. In this study the contribution of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves to the IA was investigated in 10 adult human larynges. The larynges were obtained from autopsies and processed with the modified Sihler's technique which clears soft tissue while staining nerve. The IA muscles were dissected off the specimens and transilluminated to demonstrate their nerve supply. The results demonstrated that all 10 IA muscles were bilaterally innervated by both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) as well as branches of both superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs). These nerves combined within the IA muscles to form a dense anastomotic plexus which was highly variable between specimens. The exact nature of the internal SLN neurons, whether motor or sensory, their innervation targets, or their function, were not discernible. Additional anatomic findings were the presence of large neural communications directly between the SLN and RLN, and smaller neural connections from side to side. All of these results disagree with currently accepted descriptions of laryngeal neuroanatomy.
Transmigration, Liminality, and Spiritualist Healing

Observations made in an urban spiritualist organization in western New York led to the following conclusions. A symbolic event basic to this total belief system is the creation of a liminal state that allows church members to transcend the earth plane and experience an alternate reality, the spiritual world. The creation of this symbolic suspension serves to reinforce the basic belief system and legitimize the healing and message rituals. This paper will explore the church service as the symbolic event that serves to take church members into the liminal state. The transition occurs as a collective experience, culminating in the healing and message services.
Dynamic neural network-based robust observers for second-order uncertain nonlinear systems

A dynamic neural network (DNN) based robust observer for second-order uncertain nonlinear systems is developed. The observer structure consists of a DNN to estimate the system dynamics on-line, a dynamic filter to estimate the unmeasurable state and a sliding mode feedback term to account for modeling errors and exogenous disturbances. The observed states are proven to asymptotically converge to the system states though Lyapunov-based stability analysis.
Latitudinal Structure of the Heliospheric Current Sheet and Corotating Streams Measured by WIND and ULYSSES

All heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings and corotating solar wind streams detectedby both WIND and ULYSSES have been identified.
Problem Drinking Behaviors: Differential Effects of Stress and School Type on College Students.

Given that alcohol use is highly prevalent at US colleges, we explored factors related to problem drinking behaviors (PDB; binge drinking, driving after drinking, sexual intercourse after drinking) among 4098 Black and White students from two- and four-year colleges who completed an online survey. We found an interaction between race and sex such that, among Whites, females had less PDB than males (B = 0.09, CI: 0.05; 0.40, p = 0.01). An interaction between race and school type also existed, such that White students from four-year schools had greater PDB (B = 0.11, CI: 0.20; 0.54, p
Phase stability of alloy catalyst particles

Abstract It is shown, in contradiction to a recently published analysis, that the effect of capillarity in stabilizing small alloy particles against phase separation is marginal. As an alternative, evidence is cited suggesting that small particle size may suppress the nucleation and growth mode of phase transformation. The maximum undercooling thereby obtainable is limited by the onset of spinodal decomposition. This mechanism leads to the prediction that the enhancement of phase stability by small particles should be largest in alloys where there is a significant difference in atomic size. Conceivably, single-phase alloy catalysts in fine particle form could be undercooled by more than 50%.
Hyperfine-Structure Separations, Nuclear Magnetic Moments, and Hyperfine-Structure Anomalies of Gold-198 and Gold-199

Author(s): Bout, Paul A. Vanden; Ehlers, Vernon J.; Niereriberg, William A.; Shugart, Howard A.
Topics in the S-matrix theory of massless particles

Abstract We discuss how massless particle reactions may be incorporated into standard S -matrix theory. The crucial element for doing so is a low-energy zero. Examples of reactions where such zeros occur are weak interaction processes involving neutrinos, chirally symmetric massless pion scattering, and two-photon exchange between neutral systems. These zeros make two-body unitarity a good approximation for sufficiently low energy despite the coalescence of multiparticle thresholds. Through two-body unitarity, these zeros produce lines of zeros in the absorptive parts and double spectral functions. These lines of zeros are the S -matrix analog of the requirement of an infrared finite field theory. Not only do they produce finite total cross sections at finite energies, but they also allow both upper and lower bounds to be derived for these cross sections at high energies. This upper bound is our main result. If a plausible smoothness assumption is made, we find σ tot s ϵ (where ϵ is arbitrarily small). In particular, the experimentally observed linear rise of the neutrino proton cross section cannot continue indefinitely.
Laboratory screening prior to initiating contraception: a systematic review.

Abstract Background Certain contraceptive methods may increase the risk of adverse events for women with certain medical conditions, including some women with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver disease, cervical cancer, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This review was conducted to evaluate the evidence regarding health outcomes among women with and without laboratory testing to identify certain medical conditions prior to initiating contraceptives. Study Design The PubMed database was searched from database inception through April 2012 for all peer-reviewed articles in any language evaluating health outcomes among women who initiated certain contraceptive methods and who had or had not received glucose, lipid, liver enzyme, cervical cytology, STI or HIV screening. Results The systematic review did not identify any relevant direct evidence. Conclusions While certain methods of hormonal contraception may not be safe for use by some women with diabetes, hyperlipidemia or liver disease, there is little value in screening for these conditions in asymptomatic women prior to initiation of contraceptive methods due to the low prevalence of these conditions among women of reproductive age. Although intrauterine devices (IUDs) and cervical caps should not be initiated in women with cervical cancer, the high rates of cervical screening and low incidence of cervical cancer in the United States make this scenario unlikely. Although some women at risk for, or infected with, STIs or HIV should not undergo IUD insertion, if women have been screened for STIs or HIV according to guidelines, additional screening at the time of IUD insertion is not warranted. Requiring unnecessary laboratory screening prior to initiation of contraceptive methods may impose barriers to contraceptive access, and efforts to remove such barriers are critical in reducing unintended pregnancy.
Super-sticky and declassifiable release policies for flexible information dissemination control

Over the years, many aspects of the transfer of information from one party to another have commanded the attention of the security and privacy community. Released information can have various levels of sensitivity: facts that are pub-lic, sensitive private information that requires its original owner's permission for its future dissemination, or even in-formation that requires control over the release of the con-clusions reached using that information. Some situations also call for declassification of information, which requires a two-pronged approach: the original owner retains control over the dissemination of sensitive information and sensitive conclusions reached using that information, but when the in-formation is used to reach conclusions that are sufficiently non-sensitive, the original owner's control can be removed for the dissemination of those conclusions. In this paper, we define such a logic to specify information dissemination con-trol policies and reason about release and declassification, and give case studies of the use of our language to control the release of aggregated open source software, multimedia content and medical information.
Informative morphogenetic and phenogenetic variants in children with cleft lip/cleft palate

In 230 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip/cleft palate (138 boys and 92 girls) and in 226 age related healthy children (137 boys and 89 girls) informative morphogenetic and phenogenetic variants (IMV and PHV, respectively) were investigated. There was no difference between the number of IMVs between both groups (χ2 = 5.89; d.f. = 3; α > 0.70). This finding is in line with the hypothesis that facial cleft disorders occur during blastogenesis, whereas IMVs and PHVs are typical patterns of the embryo- and fetogenesis. The anthropometric findings are contradictory. In a few non-craniofacial phenogenetic variants significant differences were found between the patients and the healthy children. Intrinsic factors or secondary sequelae of the primary defect might additionally act in the morphological fine tuning of children with single cleft lip/cleft palate. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Random perturbations of matrix cocycles

Lyapunov exponents for two-dimensional matrix cocycles are shown to be stable under certain stochastic perturbations.
SU-FF-T-386: Respiratory Gating in the Treatment of Liver Tumors

Purpose: To determine if respiratory gated radiotherapy is feasible for the treatment of livertumors.Method and Materials: The patient was a 70 year‐old woman with metastatic livercancer. We used the RPM system (Varian Medical Systems) to track the respiratory cycle of the patient and gate the beam at the end of the respiratory cycle. Three implanted gold fiducials were used for daily patient positioning with AP and Lateral electronic portal images. The fiducials were also used to verify the location of the tumor during treatment. Prior to the initial treatment, the patient underwent a mock treatment in which a series of portal images were taken to verify the respiratory cycle correlated with the position of the tumor at the end of expiration. Results: The patient's mock treatment was successful, with nearly all fiducial locations lying within a sphere of 2.5 mm. Analysis of the data obtained over the course of treatment (∼600 data points) showed that 95% of the fiducial locations stayed within a sphere of about 7 mm. The uncertainty due to set‐up was ±4.6 mm, while the precision in the gating window was ±2.2 mm. Conclusion: The location of the livertumor was well reproduced throughout the course of treatment. Our results suggest that we can use respiration to successfully track the motion of a livertumor and gate the beam at the end of the respiratory cycle.
Functional corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in mouse spleen: Evidence from adenylate cyclase studies

Abstract Radioligand binding studies have previously identified a high affinity, magnesium-dependent, guanine nucleotide-sensitive binding site for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in mouse spleen. In order to determine the functional nature of these CRF binding sites, we examined the effects of CRF on adenylate cyclase activity in mouse spleen homogenates. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity was dependent on time, tissue protein concentration, and guanine nucleotides. CRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was evident in the presence of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) and its precursor guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) but was not detected in the presence of the hydrolysis-resistant GTP analogs, guanyl-5′-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] and guanosine-5′-gamma-thiotriphosphate (GTP-γ-S). The rank order of potency for CRF analogs and fragments in stimulating adenylate cyclase activity was comparable to their affinities for CRF binding sites in mouse spleen homogenates. The putative receptor antagonist, alpha helical ovine CRF(9–41), did not stimulate adenylate cyclase activity but did attenuate the stimulation by various concentrations of rat/human CRF. In summary, these data demonstrate the functional nature of CRF receptors in mouse spleen as evidenced by CRF stimulation of cAMP production and suggest that this peptide may play a physiological role in regulating immune function.
Intracranial plasmacytoma with apoplectic presentation and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Case report and review of the literature

Involvement of the nervous system is not uncommon in patients with multiple myeloma, with polyneuropathy and myelopathy predominating. Intracranial involvement producing neurological symptoms, however, is distinctly uncommon. Massive intraparenchymal hemorrhage from a previously unrecognized intracranial plasmacytoma is exceedingly rare. The authors report the case of a 57-year-old male who presented with sudden onset of severe headache, rapid onset of right-sided weakness and deterioration in level of consciousness while at work. Two years earlier the patient had completed treatment for multiple myeloma and was considered to be in remission, with a recent bone marrow biopsy that was negative, and complete normalization of serum protein electrophoresis. Imaging studies revealed a massive intracerebral hemorrhage with the possibility of an underlying lesion, and the patient was taken for emergent hematoma evacuation and tumor resection. The patient made an excellent recovery and was treated with intracranial radiation. Even in patients with multiple myeloma without evidence of systemic disease following successful treatment, the possibility of unrecognized lesions lingers. The onset of new symptoms referable to potential intracranial pathology in this setting should prompt consideration of intracranial plasmacytoma in the differential diagnosis.
The Dawn of Darwinian Medicine

While evolution by natural selection has long been a foundation for biomedical science, it has recently gained new power to explain many aspects of disease. This progress results largely from the disciplined application of what has been called the adaptations program. We show that this increasingly significant research paradigm can predict otherwise unsuspected facets of human biology, and that it provides new insights into the causes of medical disorders, such as those discussed below: 1. Infection. Signs and symptoms of the host-parasite contest can be categorized according to whether they represent adaptations or costs for host or parasite. Some host adaptations may have contributed to fitness in the Stone Age but are obsolete today. Others, such as fever and iron sequestration, have been incorrectly considered harmful. Pathogens, with their large populations and many generations in a single host, can evolve very rapidly. Acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is one example. Another is the recently demonstrated tendency to change virulence levels in predictable ways in response to changed conditions imposed incidentally by human activities. 2. Injuries and toxins. Mechanical injuries or stressful wear and tear are conceptually simpler than infectious diseases because they are not contests between conflicting interests. Plant-herbivore contests may often underlie chemical injury from the defensive secondary compounds of plant tissues. Nausea in pregnancy, and allergy, may be adaptations against such toxins. 3. Genetic factors. Common genetic diseases often result from genes maintained by other beneficial effects in historically normal environments. The diseases of aging are especially likely to be associated with early benefits. 4. Abnormal environments. Human biology is designed for Stone Age conditions. Modern environments may cause many diseases-for example, deficiency syndromes such as scurvy and rickets, the effects of excess consumption of normally scarce nutrients such as fat and salt, developmental diseases such as myopia, and psychological reactions to novel environments. The substantial benefits of evolutionary studies of disease will be realized only if they become central to medical curricula, an advance that may at first require the establishment of one or more research centers dedicated to the further development of Darwinian medicine.