cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Collaborative Praxis of Multiple Literacies

Margie (Margaret Gallego) and I (Sam-or Sandra Hollingsworth) are collaborative colleagues and good friends. Margie is a Latina woman who, brought up in mainstream schools in Arizona, was surprised to discover that she had a "special gift" for Spanish discourse in high school. I am a Caucasian woman, born in the South and raised in part in Europe, who was surprised to discover a "special attraction" to feminist discourse as a new professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Our life stories connected in East Lansing, Michigan, where-sitting on the carpeted, hardwood floors of my home in the late afternoon autumn sun five years ago-we found that we. both had hopes of creating a community-based teacher education partnership for urban schools in Lansing's Latino community. We saw the project as an example of a critical "praxis"-or the dialectical relationship between thought and action/subjectivity and objectivity/theory and practice (Freire 1972; Weiner 1994)-intended to make literacy opportunities in schools more sociallyjust. Although the plan did not go as we had hoped, we learned quite a bit about the dimensions of collaboration and praxis to reform urban schools for "multiple literacies"-a term we "initiated" that afternoon in East Lansing in our attempt to frame our collaboration. The major intent of this article is to define and elaborate a nested set of multiple literacies that have been useful for our work as teachers, women, and scholars with personal and professional concerns for social justice. Through a critical exploration of the theoretical and personal experiential perspectives that inform our views of literacy and through the use of a case example of the failure of our work, we hope to give energy and direction to future conversations about the centrality of literacy in school reform efforts. "One important comment about authorship before we begin: as I have already indicated, this article grew out of conversations and contemplations about our work together as collaborative colleagues. I (Sam Hollings-
Pharmaceutical Management of Ovarian Cancer

Over recent decades, truly impressive progress has been made in the outcome associated with the pharmacological antineoplastic management of women with advanced ovarian cancer. Following initial surgery, the large majority of patients with this malignancy will receive a chemotherapy regimen that includes a platinum drug (carboplatin or cisplatin) and a taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel). Currently, objective responses are observed in approximately 60–80% of patients treated in the front-line setting, with documented improvements in overall survival compared with prior non-platinum and taxane programmes. Unfortunately, despite the high response rate to initial chemotherapy, the majority of women with advanced disease will experience recurrence of the malignant process and be candidates for a variety of possible second-line therapeutic options. It is well recognized that ovarian cancer patients who are documented to experience an initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy but where the disease recurs approximately 6 or more months following the completion of primary therapy, may have another clinically meaningful response (both objective and subjective) to a second platinum-based strategy. However, an optimal management approach in this setting remains to be defined. Furthermore, the malignant cell populations in all ovarian cancer patients who experience an initial relapse of the disease process will eventually be resistant to the platinum agents. In this setting, multiple drugs have been shown to be biologically active. Again, an optimal strategy to be employed in the platinum-resistant setting has yet to be demonstrated through the conduct of evidence-based trials. Reasonable goals of therapy in women with recurrent or resistant ovarian cancer are to improve overall survival, reduce the severity (and delay the occurrence) of symptoms and optimize overall quality of life.
Characterization of the alanine racemases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Alanine racemases are ubiquitous, almost uniquely prokaryotic enzymes catalyzing the racemization between l- and d-alanine. The requirement for d-alanine as a necessary component of the bacterial cell wall makes this class of enzymes a logical target for the development of novel antibiotics. In an effort to better understand the structure and mechanism of these enzymes, we have cloned the two independent alanine racemases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important opportunistic bacterial pathogen of humans and animals. The dadX PA and alr PA genes have been sequenced, overexpressed, and their activity was demonstrated by complementing d-alanine auxotrophs of Escherichia coli. Both gene products were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, the enzymes were characterized biochemically, and preliminary crystals were obtained.
Chronic cocaine administration depletes tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rat brain nigral striatal system: Quantitative light microscopic studies

Chronic administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 h for 10 consecutive days) produced a large decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-staining axons and terminal boutons in the caudate nucleus in rats when examined 60 days after the final cocaine injection. This effect was quantitated using the Leitz data acquisition and display system (DADS) which revealed that there was a 63% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive processes in the caudate nucleus. In addition, this cocaine treatment regimen produced a large decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive staining neuronal perikarya in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Use of the Leitz-DADS system revealed that there was a 51% decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive material in the substantia nigra. These data demonstrated that chronic administration of cocaine produced a long-term loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in both the cell bodies of the substantia nigra and the nerve terminals of the caudate nucleus. Further studies are required to determine whether the observed changes are due to degeneration of the neurons or some metabolic effect.
In vitro transcription and translational efficiency of chimeric SP6 messenger RNAs devoid of 5′ vector nucleotides

Abstract A plasmid containing the bacteriophage SP6 promoter, designated pHSTO, permits in vitro transcription of RNAs devoid of vector-derived nucleotides. This vector has been characterized for relative transcriptional activity using constructs which alter the conserved nucleotides extending beyond the SP6 transcriptional initiation site. SP6 polymerase efficiently transcribes cDNA inserts which contain a guanosine (G) nucleotide at position +1 relative to the SP6 promoter; however, inserts with an adenosine (A) or pyrimidine at position +1 are not transcribed. Several cellular and viral cDNAs have been transcribed into translatable messenger RNA using this vector; however, SP6 polymerase will not transcribe the A-T rich untranslated leader from alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 efficiently unless the viral mRNA cap site is separated from the transcriptional initiation site by twelve base pairs of vector DNA. Chimeric messenger RNAs were created by linking the untranslated leader sequence of several viral mRNAs to the coding region of barley alpha-amylase, and the resultant mRNAs were translated in a wheat germ extract to determine relative translational efficiencies. The untranslated leader sequences of turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein mRNA and black beetle virus RNA 2 did not increase translational efficiency, while the tobacco mosaic virus leader stimulated translation significantly. The results indicate that substitution of a cognate untranslated leader sequence with a leader derived from a highly efficient mRNA does not necessarily predict enhanced translational efficiency of the chimeric mRNA.
Industry root media analysis results: Useful in determining greenhouse nutrition problems and educational opportunities

Abstract Two years of floriculture greenhouse industry root media analysis results from the Purdue University Greenhouse Media Testing Laboratory were studied for nutritional trends. Root media analysis results were statistically analyzed over 72 categories by crop, time, and firm. Sixty‐five percent of samples were submitted in the spring and fall, during the period of highest production of greenhouse crops. The largest number of samples were from: roses (21.5%), poinsettias (14.5%), and geraniums (8%). Of the samples received, 87% came from 32 firms. The mean pH level for all samples was 6.32, which is above the acceptable range for most crops of 5.8 to 6.0 for soilless root media. In addition, 63% of all samples were also above the acceptable pH range. There were also a large percentage of samples that contained excessive levels of magnesium (Mg) [39.4%], potassium (K) [27.4%], and phosphorus (P) [27.4%]. Our analysis suggests the need for growers to purchase pH and soluble salt meters to regularly mon...
Infra-Red Dichroism of Nylon and Polyethylene Terephthalate

IN this laboratory we have been studying for some time the polarized infra-red spectra of single fibres and filaments. A 0.78 N.A. reflecting microscope of our own design, used with a Perkin–Elmer Model 12-C infra-red spectrometer in an arrangement similar to that of Blout, Bird and Grey1, has allowed examination of specimens as narrow as 20 microns in width. Polarized radiation was obtained with a silver chloride sheet transmission polarizer. The very thin specimens required for the fundamental region of the spectrum were prepared by either longitudinally sectioning or mechanically flattening the single fibres.
Pertussis toxin-induced cytokine differentiation and clonal expansion of T cells is mediated predominantly via costimulation.

Abstract Pertussis toxin (PTX) has potent immunologic adjuvant activity in vivo and concomitantly enhances both T helper type (Th1) and Th2 cytokine responses. The PTX-induced enhancement of Th1 and Th2 immunity is mediated via the activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), but the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we asked whether the adjuvant activity of PTX on T cell immunity was mediated by cytokines and/or costimulatory signals. The results show that in vivo blockade of CD28–CD80/86 costimulation essentially abrogated PTX-mediated enhancement of antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 responses. Blockade of CD40L–CD40 interactions was less efficient in inhibiting PTX-mediated enhancement of Th1 and Th2 responses. In contrast, the adjuvant activity of PTX was not mediated via cytokines, because neither Th1 nor Th2 responses were substantially impaired in mice deficient for IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, or IL-6. Collectively, the data suggest that PTX mediates its adjuvant effects on T cell cytokine differentiation and clonal expansion via the modulation of costimulatory molecules on APCs. Understanding the costimulatory pathways targeted by PTX could lead to the design of novel adjuvants that selectively induce Th1 or Th2 immunity.
Phenytoin increases markers of osteogenesis for the human species in vitro and in vivo.

Phenytoin therapy is a well recognized cause of gingival hyperplasia, a condition characterized by increased gingival collagen synthesis, and may also cause acromegalic-like facial features. Based on these clinical findings suggestive of anabolic actions, we sought to test the hypothesis that phenytoin acts on normal bone cells to induce osteogenic effects. To test the direct actions of phenytoin on human bone cells, we measured the dose responses to phenytoin for L3HJthymidine incorporation, cell number, alkaline phosphatase specific activity, and collagen synthesis in human hip bone-derived cells. Phenytoin significantly and reproducibly increased L3Hlthymidine incorporation, cell number, alkaline phosphatase specific activity, and collagen synthesis in a biphasic manner with optimal stimulatory doses between 5-10 PmoVL. Thus, micromolar concentrations of phenytoin can act directly on human bone cells to stimulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. We next sought to test the hypothesis that phenytoin stimulates bone formation in humans in uiuo. Accordingly, three serum biochemical markers of bone formation, i.e. osteocalcin, skeletal alkaline phosphatase, and procollagen C-terminal extension peptide, were measured in 39 male epileptic patients, 20-60 yr of age, with an average duration of phenytoin therapy of 10.5 -t 1.62 yr (mean 2 SEM). In this group ofpatients, the mean serum phenytoin level was 9.56 i 0.90 mg/I. (mean 2 SEM; equivalent to 34.9 i- 3.3 Fmol/L). Thirty apparently healthy male subjects of similar age and taking no medication were included as controls. Serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D,, and PTH levels in the phenytoin-treated patients were not significantly different from those in the age-matched controls and were within the clinical laboratory normal range of our hospitals, indicating that the patients did not develop hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Serum levels of osteocalcin, skeletal alkaline phosphatase, and procollagen peptide in the phenytoin-treated patients were significantly increased compared to those in the age-matched subjects; in each case these biochemical markers were significantly correlated with the serum phenytoin level, but not with the dose or duration of phenytoin treatment. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that phenytoin increases the bone formation rate in humans in uiuo. In summary, we have shown that phenytoin 1) in
A computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system. III: Graphical simulation and monitoring of treatment delivery.

Purpose : Safe and efficient delivery of radiotherapy using computer-controlled machines requires new procedures to design and verify the actual delivery of these treatments. Graphical simulation and monitoring techniques for treatment delivery have been developed for this purpose. Methods and Materials : A graphics-based simulator of the treatment machine and a set of procedures for creating and manipulating treatment delivery scripts are used to simulate machine motions, detect collisions, and monitor machine positions during treatment. The treatment delivery simulator is composed of four components : a three-dimensional dynamic model of the treatment machine ; a motion simulation and collision detection algorithm, user-interface widgets that mimic the treatment machine's control and readout devices ; and an icon-based interface for creating and manipulating treatment delivery scripts. These components are used in a stand-alone fashion for interactive treatment delivery planning and integrated with a machine control system for treatment implementation and monitoring. Results : A graphics-based treatment delivery simulator and a set of procedures for planning and monitoring computer-controlled treatment delivery have been developed and implemented as part of a comprehensive computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system. To date, these techniques have been used to design and help monitor computer-controlled treatments on a radiotherapy machine for more than 200 patients. Examples using these techniques for treatment delivery planning and on-line monitoring of machine motions during therapy are described. Conclusion : A system that provides interactive graphics-based tools for defining the sequence of machine motions, simulating treatment delivery including collision detection, and presenting the therapists with continual visual feedback from the treatment machine has been successfully implemented for routine clinical use as part of an overall system for computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy treatment, and is considered a necessary part of the routine treatment methodology.
The relation between ion permeation and recovery from inactivation of ShakerB K+ channels

We have studied the relation between permeation and recovery from N-type or ball-and-chain inactivation of ShakerB K channels. The channels were expressed in the insect cell line Sf9, by infection with a recombinant baculovirus, and studied under whole cell patch clamp. Recovery from inactivation occurs in two phases. The faster of the two lasts for approximately 200 ms and is followed by a slow phase that may require seconds for completion. The fast phase is enhanced by both permeant ions (K+, Rb+) and by the blocking ion Cs+, whereas the impermeant ions (Na+, Tris+, choline+) are ineffective. The relative potencies are K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ > NH4+ >> Na+ approximately choline+ approximately Tris+. Ion permeation through the channels is not essential for recovery. The results suggest that cations influence the fast phase of recovery by binding in a site with an electrical distance greater than 0.5. Recovery from fast inactivation is voltage-dependent. With Na+, choline+, or Tris+ outside, about 15% of the channels recover in the fast phase (-80 mV), and the other 85% apparently enter a second inactivated state from which recovery is very slow. Recovery in this phase is not influenced by external ions, but is speeded by hyperpolarization.
Learning Transfer Among Solid Modelers: An Analysis of Icon Recognition

Selecting the “right” solid modeling software is a complex, multi-criteria decision-making problem. Some of these criteria relate to ease of learning, educational materials built into the software, learning curve issues, performance of the software for different solid modeling functions, operations and utilities, and cost. Beyond selecting the right software, the decision-maker should also be concerned about (1) conceptual learning of the solid modeling topics while “the right software” is being used, and (2) transfer of conceptual learning between solid modelers. This is because a sound conceptual learning using one software might increase the probability of learning another in less time. Accordingly, this paper investigates the impact of icon recognition as an aid to transfer conceptual learning between solid modelers. The investigation includes a review of the literature on icon design and usage as it relates to solid modeling, in addition to an experiment in which the icon recognition correctness for over 20 operation icons were compared across two modelers. The results shed light into the impact of icon designs on the transfer of learning between solid modelers using the correct recognition counts as the transfer measure.© 2005 ASME
Slicing long-running queries

The ability to decompose a complex, long-running query into simpler queries that produce the same result is useful for many scenarios, such as admission control, resource management, fault tolerance, and load balancing. In this paper we propose query slicing as a novel mechanism to do such decomposition. We study different ways to extend a traditional query optimizer to enable query slicing and experimentally evaluate the benefits of each approach.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of graphene layers on graphite

We report low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy on graphene flakes supported on a graphite substrate. The experiments demonstrate that graphite is exceptionally well suited as a substrate for graphene because it offers support without disturbing the intrinsic properties of the charge carriers. The degree of coupling of a graphene flake to the substrate was recognized and characterized from the appearance of an anomalous Landau level sequence in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. By following the evolution of the Landau level spectra along the surface, we identified graphene flakes that are decoupled or very weakly coupled to the substrate. From the Landau level sequence in this flake, we extract the local Fermi velocity and energy of the Dirac point and find extremely weak spatial variation of these quantities confirming the high quality and non invasive nature of the graphite substrate.
Cold hardines in the woodland snail, Anguispira alternata (Say) (Endodontidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Mean supercooling points (SPC) of dormant Anguispira alternata (Say) were significantly depressed in winter. Snails were killed by freezing. 2. 2. Thermal acclimation of August snails to +5°C was associated first with a reduction of water content and later with a significant depression in SCP. Exposure to +5°C and −5°C depressed mean SCP in March animals. 3. 3. Polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, sorbitol and mannitol) were not detected in the haemolymph of December snails. 4. 4. Gut evacuation and reduced water content in the fall coupled with thermal acclimatization during overwintering were considered to be major determinants of SCP.
Carry‐over effects of small classes

Abstract A two‐part follow‐up study was conducted of students in grade 4 who had participated in the reduced class size experiment during the preceding years. Outcome measures included a range of norm referenced and criterion referenced achievement tests and teachers’ ratings of the youngsters’ effort, initiative taking, and disruptive behavior in the fourth grade classroom. Statistically significant carry‐over effects of small classes were found on every achievement measure. Significant differences were also found in participation levels between students who had attended small classes and those in regular classes, but these were not as consistent as the impact on cognitive performance. The confirmed consequences of placing youngsters in classes with 12 to 17 pupils need to be supplemented by research on other outcomes in order to compare the complete range of benefits with the relatively large monetary costs that could be incurred.
Chimeric Influenza A Viruses with a Functional Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase or Hemagglutinin

Reassortment of influenza A and B viruses has never been observed in vivo or in vitro. Using reverse genetics techniques, we generated recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) viruses carrying the neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B virus. Chimeric viruses expressing the full-length influenza B/Yamagata/16/88 virus NA grew to titers similar to that of wild-type influenza WSN virus. Recombinant viruses in which the cytoplasmic tail or the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain of the type B NA were replaced with those of the type A NA were impaired in tissue culture. This finding correlates with reduced NA content in virions. We also generated a recombinant influenza A virus expressing a chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein in which the ectodomain is derived from type B/Yamagata/16/88 virus HA, whereas both the cytoplasmic and the transmembrane domains are derived from type A/WSN virus HA. This A/B chimeric HA virus did not grow efficiently in MDCK cells. However, after serial passage we obtained a virus population that grew to titers as high as wild-type influenza A virus in MDCK cells. One amino acid change in position 545 (H545Y) was found to be responsible for the enhanced growth characteristics of the passaged virus. Taken together, we show here that the absence of reassortment between influenza viruses belonging to different A and B types is not due to spike glycoprotein incompatibility at the level of the full-length NA or of the HA ectodomain.
Acceptability of Weight-Loss Interventions Among Adolescents Who Are Overweight and Their Caregivers

This study examines the acceptability of adjustable gastric banding surgery compared to other weight-loss treatments in adolescents. Adolescents (N = 102) and their caregivers (N = 101) completed measures to assess treatment acceptability, sociodemographic characteristics, and quality of life. Gastric banding surgery and weight-loss pills were rated as significantly less acceptable than diet, exercise, and family behavior therapy. Acceptability ratings were not significantly correlated with body mass index, quality of life, or previous number of weight-loss methods attempted. Professionals may have a difficult time encouraging appropriate candidates to consider gastric banding surgery if acceptability for the procedure is low.
Relationship between imino acid contents of mammalian bone collagen and body temperature as a basis for estimation of body temperature of prehistoric mammals

Abstract 1. 1. A linear relationship between body temperature (T, in degrees centigrade) and hydroxyproline content (H) or sum of imino acid contents (P) of collagen in mammalian species has been found, viz. T= 19·5+0·198 H, T = 11·5+0·124 P. 2. 2. From this relationship the body temperatures of Pleistocene mammals (browsing ground sloth, dire wolf, fossil coyote, short-faced bear, lion-like cat, saber-tooth cat, western horse, western camel and ancient bison) have been estimated to be similar to those of their modern relatives.
Promoter demethylation in MMTV/N-rasN transgenic mice required for transgene expression and tumorigenesis.

We studied demethylation within the transgene promoter in transgenic mice carrying the N-ras proto-onco-gene driven by the mouse mammary tumor long terminal repeat (MMTV/N-rasN) and the relationship of demethy!ation to transgene overexpression and tumorigenesis. Demethylation at Fspl or Clal sites correlated with age of the animal and transgene expression in nontumorous mammary gland. Demethylation preceded expression in this tissue. In lymphomas and mammary tumors, the promoter Fspl and Clal sites were significantly more demethylated than in nontumorous control tissues. The Aval, Cfol, and Hpall sites were also found to be undermethylated in older animals and showed differences between tumor and control tissues. Two additional sites (Eagl and Narl) remained fully methylated in all tissues. In contrast with normal tissue, demethylation at the Fspl and Clal sites and expression were not correlated in tumor tissue. An increase in expression in normal tissue initially occurred and was correlated with the level of promoter demethylation; this increase was followed by a further increment in transgene expression when tumors developed. Thus, promoter demethylation leading to transgene overexpression was associated with long-latency tumorigenesis in MMTV/N-rasN transgenic mice. Demethylation of proto-oncogene promoters may therefore be a mechanism of carcinogenesis that requires further investigation in human tumors.
Oscillations in the compositional depth profile of Cu/Ni alloys: A study by UPS

Abstract The composition in the surface region of a (110) oriented single crystal of Cu/Ni alloy was studied by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) in the energy range hv = 32–240 eV. The data indicate a surface enrichment of Cu and that the composition, as a function of depth below the surface, does not approach the bulk value in a monotonic manner but shows at least one oscillation. The depth sampled by the UPS experiment was varied by changing the photon energy and thus the escape length of the photoemitted electrons. Two surfaces of a single bulk crystal (bulk atomic composition 90% Ni and 10% Cu) were studied. One was the high temperature equilibrium surface (AES measurements yielded a surface composition of ~65% Cu and 35% Ni); the second surface was higher in Ni concentration (AES measurements gave ~65% Ni and 35% Cu) and was obtained by annealing at a lower temperature. Theories based on the quasi-chemical and regular solution models predict a surface enrichment of Cu for the alloy, but do not predict any oscillation in composition below the surface.
Chemical and mineral control of soil carbon turnover in abandoned tropical pastures

Abstract We investigated changes in soil carbon (C) cycling with reforestation across a long-term, replicated chronosequence of tropical secondary forests regrowing on abandoned pastures. We applied CP MAS 13 C NMR spectroscopy and radiocarbon modeling to soil density fractions from the top 10 cm to track changes in C chemistry and turnover during secondary forest establishment on former pastures. Our results showed that inter-aggregate, unattached, particulate organic C (free light fraction) and particulate C located inside soil aggregates (occluded light fraction) represent distinct soil C pools with different chemical composition and turnover rates. The signal intensity of the O-alkyl region, primarily representing carbohydrates, decreased, and alkyl C, attributed to recalcitrant waxy compounds and microbially resynthesized lipids, increased from plant litter to soil organic matter and with incorporation into soil aggregates. The alkyl/O-alkyl ratio, a common index of humification, was higher in the occluded than in the free light fraction. Greater variability in the chemical makeup of the occluded light fraction suggests that it represents material in varied stages of decomposition. Mean residence times ( 14 C-based) of the free light fraction were significantly shorter (4 ± 1 years) than for the heavy fraction. We report two scenarios for the occluded light fraction, one fast-cycling in which the occluded and free light fractions have similar turnover rates, and one slow-cycling, in which the occluded light fraction resembles the heavy fraction. Mean residence times of the occluded light fraction and heavy fraction in active pastures and 10-year old secondary forests in the earliest stage of succession were longer than in older secondary forests and primary forests. This is likely due to a preferential loss of physically unprotected C of more labile composition in the pastures and in the youngest successional forests, resulting in an increase in the dominance of slow-cycling C pools. Soil carbon turnover rates of the mineral-associated C in secondary forests recovering from abandoned pasture resembled those of primary forests in as little as 20 years of succession.
The effect of serpentine flow-field designs on PEM fuel cell performance

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed for four 10 - cm 2 serpentine flow-fields with single channel, double channel, cyclic-single channel, and symmetric-single channel patterns to investigate the effect of flow-field design. High and low inlet humidity operating conditions were studied by calculating the distributions of overpotentials, current density distribution, and membrane water content at different cell voltages. At high inlet humidity, the double channel flow-field was predicted to have better polarization performance and uniform current density distribution, while at low inlet humidity there were little performance differences among four serpentine flow-fields. The current density profiles of cyclic-single channel and symmetric-single channel flow-fields were observed to have periodically similar plots and showed significantly low pressure drop. Considering low pressure drop of cyclic-single channel and symmetric-single channel flow-fields, these flow-fields would be advantageous for the larger scale system and low inlet humidity operation.
T-lymphocyte recognition of sperm-whale myoglobin. Responses of T-cells from mouse strains primed with synthetic peptide carrying antigenic site 5 and relation to antigen presentation.

SUMMARY In the preceding communication of this series, the fine specificity requirements for T-cell recognition of one of the Mb antigenic sites (antigenic site 5) were examined. Seven synthetic peptides containing antigenic site 5 and progressively increasing in length to the left by increments of two residues up to 22 residues in length were studied with regard to their ability to stimulate T-cell proliferation of Mb-primed T-cells from high responder H-2d and H-2s mouse strains. Unexpectedly, it was found that, unlike smaller and longer peptides, some intermediate-sized peptides failed to stimulate T-cell proliferation even though they contained the full antigenic site. This indicated that lack of proliferative stimulating activity by a peptide does not necessarily imply absence of an antigenic site in the peptide. The results enabled us to conclude that T-cell recognition of native proteins (or at least of Mb) is dependent on protein conformation. In the present work, we have examined the ability of peptide-primed T-cells from H-2d and H-2s mouse strains to proliferate to Mb. Immunization with peptide 145-151 (antigenic site 5) afforded T-cells that did not proliferate in vitro to Mb or any of the synthetic peptides 145-153, 143-153, 141-153, 139-153, 137-153, 135-153 or 132-153. When mice were primed with either peptide 143-153 (11 residues) or peptide 132-153 (22 residues), The T-cells obtained did not respond to Mb but responded in each case very well to peptides 132-153, 135-153, 137-153 and gave lower, but significant, response to the shorter peptides 145-153 and 143-153. Intermediate-sized peptides did not stimulate T-cell proliferations and neither did truncated peptides that had deletions at Tyr-151 and Ala-144. These findings underscore the fine specificity of the T-cell and indicate a high level of conformational dependency for T-cell recognition. It is also concluded that macrophage recognition and presentation of protein antigen must involve the intact native protein and it is probably not related to the processing and fragmenting of the antigen by macrophage. The latter activity is more related to the role of macrophage in clearance.
Parathyroid carcinoma: Clinical presentation and treatment

Parathyroid tumors account for only a small percentage of all head and neck neoplasms. The overwhelming majority of these are parathyroid adenomas that result in primary hyperparathyroidism. From 0.5% to 4% of hyperparathyroid patients, however, will be found to have a parathyroid carcinoma. In this paper, the authors relate their recent experience with such a patient and with two other such cases. Parathyroid carcinoma patients usually present with striking hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, with the resultant related symptoms being more severe than those associated with parathyroid adenomas. Parathyroid carcinomas also tend to be large and may be detectable by current imaging techniques. The surgical appearance of these lesions is also distinct; the tumors are frequently multilobulated, gray-tan in color, quite firm, and often invasive. These physical findings are important since frozen section diagnosis may be difficult. The final histologic diagnosis depends on the presence of mitotic figures and capsular and vascular invasions. Preoperative medical problems, surgical approach, and prognostic factors are also discussed.
Glucocorticoids Regulate the Synthesis of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Intact and Adrenalectomized Rats but Do Not Affect Its Expression Following Brain Injury

Short (5 days)- to long-term (4 months) corticosterone (CORT) administration by injection, pellet implantation, or in the drinking water decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by 20-40% in hippocampus and cortex of intact rats. In contrast to CORT, adrenalectomy (ADX) caused elevations (50-125%) in hippocampus and cortex GFAP within 12 days of surgery that persisted for at least 4 months. CORT replacement of ADX rats decreased GFAP amount in hippocampus and cortex. The effects of long-term CORT and ADX on GFAP in hippocampus and cortex were also seen in striatum, midbrain, and cerebellum, findings suggestive of brain-wide adrenal steroid regulation of this astrocyte protein. The changes in GFAP amount due to CORT and ADX were paralleled by changes in GFAP mRNA, indicating a possible transcriptional or at least genomic effect of adrenal steroids. Glucocorticoid regulation of GFAP was relatively specific; it could not be generalized to other astrocyte proteins or other major structural proteins of neurons. The negative regulation of GFAP and GFAP mRNA by adrenal steroids suggested that increases in GFAP that result from brain injury may be attenuated by glucocorticoids. However, chronic CORT treatment of intact rats did not reverse or reduce the large increases in GFAP caused by trauma- or toxicant-induced brain damage. Thus, glucocorticoids and injury appear to regulate the expression of GFAP through different mechanisms. In contrast to the lack of effects of CORT on brain damage-induced increases in GFAP, CORT treatment begun in 2-week ADX rats, after an increase in GFAP had time to occur, did reverse the ADX-induced increase in GFAP. These results suggest that the increase in GFAP resulting from ADX is not mediated through an injury-linked mechanism.
A Broadband Power Density Monitor for Pulsed Microwave Sources

In recent years there has been an increase in the use of high power microwave sources for plasma heating, and their multi-kilowatt peak powers are potentially a hazard to operating personnel. Existing instrumentation has been found unsuitable for monitoring the peak power density of the single RF pulse output required for transient plasma heating. This paper describes an instrument that has been developed to satisfy the following requirements: 1. Broadband frequency operation from 2 to 12 GHz. 2. Respond to a single pulse of milliseconds pulse width or to continuous wave conditions. 3. Be multi-range; have meter readout; be portable. 4. Provide a calibration method for checking detector sensitivity.
Laser micro-machining of waveguide devices for sub-mm and far IR interferometry and detector arrays

Laser induced, micro-chemical etching is a promising new technology that can be used to fabricate three dimensional structures many millimeters across with micrometer accuracy. Laser micromachining possesses a significant edge over more conventional techniques. It does not require the use of masks and is not confined to crystal planes. A non-contact process, it eliminates tool wear and vibration problems associated with classical milling machines. At the University of Arizona we have constructed the first such laser micromaching system optimized for the fabrication of THz and far IR waveguide and quasi-optical components. Our system can machine many millimeters across down to a few microns accuracy in a short time, with a remarkable surface finish. This paper presents the design, operation and performance of our system, and its applications to waveguide devices for sub millimeter and far IR interferometry.
Response of ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Delite’ Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants to Varying Soil pH

Abstract Plants of ‘Delite’ and ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberries were planted 3 m × 1.8 m at Plains, Georgia in 1981 in a Greenville sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolimitic, thermic, Rhodic Paleuduit). Total fruit weight, fruit size at the first harvest, and percent marketable yield were recorded. Soil and leaf samples were taken immediately after the last harvest for chemical analysis and ranged in soil water pH from 4.3 to 5.1. Soil pH did not affect soil P, K, or Fe but soil Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu were highest levels when the soil pH was 6.5. The only effect of soil pH on leaf mineral concentration occurring in 1989 when increasing pH increased leaf Mg. ‘Delite’ yield and plant volume (m3) decreased linearly as the soil pH increased. The percent marketable yield was maximum at soil pH 4.7 to 4.8. Maximum plant growth of ‘Tifblue’ occurred around pH 4.3 to 4.4, then decreased when soil pH increased to 4.8 to 4.9. However, maximum yield and percent marketable yield of ‘Tifblue’ were the highest at soil pH 5.0 to ...
Nuclear acceptor sites for glucocorticoid receptors

Abstract Glucocorticoids increase the rate of synthesis of tyrosine transaminase in hepatoma tissue culture cells. The first steps in this hormonal action involve specific binding of steroid to a cytoplasmic receptor followed by interaction of the complex with the nucleus. To investigate the nature of nuclear acceptor sites, a cell-free system was designed in which nuclei isolated from hepatoma cells bind specifically the receptor-steroid complex. DNA appears to be involved in this process. Since binding of receptors to isolated nuclei resembles in many ways the corresponding interaction taking place in the intact cell, binding of receptors to pure DNA was studied in greater detail. Contrary to what is seen with whole nuclei, there is no evidence that DNA contains a limited number of sites for glucocorticoid receptors. It is concluded that DNA may be a necessary but not sufficient component of the chromatin acceptor sites.
Self-Determined Stimulus Trains of ICSS Delivered to Preoptic and Forebrain Regions as a Function of Biphasic Rectangular Pulse Frequency

trained to administer trains of rectangular biphasic pulses to their own brains for as long as they held a lever down. With pulse frequency as the independent variable it was found that mean response duration was a negatively accelerated decreasing function of pulse frequency. The relation between response rate and frequency suggests an inverted U-shaped function. Other Ss with electrodes placed more anteriorly (forebrain), under conditions of self-administered electrical stimulation would depress the box and hold it down until a convulsion was produced. Work and Elder (1964) have reported an experiment in which rats with chronically indwelling electrodes were allowed to maintain current "on" for as long as they depressed a lever. Under this contingency of self-regulated intracranial self-stirnulation, mean response duration was found to be a decreasing negatively accelerated function of rectangular biphasic pulse frequency (pps). These findings are extended in this report which describes an experiment in which albino rats with electrodes in preoptic and forebrain regions were permitred to regulate the stimulus-train duration of self-administered electrical stimulation.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of chondromyxoid fibroma: an investigation of four cases.

We describe the cytologic features of chondromyxoid fibroma in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens in 4 patients. We analyzed rapid Romanowsky– and Papanicolaou-stained slides with a respect to overall cellularity, the presence of hypercellular chondromyxoid fragments (HCFs), nuclear atypia, cytoplasmic features, and the presence of giant cells.
Echo Performance of TV Transmitting Systems

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance ormance of the voltage standing-waveratio (VSWR) and 0.25 ?RF pulse technique when measuring the echo performance of TV transmitting systems. In order to do so, the specifications devised by D. J. Whythe for the ghost-free operation of such systems were used. The conclusion reached is that neither the VSWR nor the 0.25 ?s RF pulse techniques are adequate. Another method using a long RF pulse is suggested and shown to be very accurate.
Resuscitation Research and the Final Rule: Is There an Impasse?

Cardiopulmonary arrest with apnea and loss of palpable pulse (CA) in childhood is a tragic event that often results in either death or poor-quality neurologic survival. This is especially true of CAs occurring in the out-of-hospital setting, where devastating neurologic injury is very common. Until very recently, no therapy had been established to improve neurologic outcome in humans. Two randomized, clinical trials (RCTs) in highly selected adult populations with out-of-hospital CAs reported increased survival and, most importantly, improved neurologic outcomes.1,2 An expert committee concluded that generalization of these findings to all adult or to pediatric CA events should not occur without additional study.3 Unfortunately, major advances in resuscitation of humans have been quite limited over the past 4 decades. The need for RCTs to advance resuscitation science is entering an important period. Promising therapies such as mild hypothermia and vasopressin have been reported recently to improve outcomes in very select adult CA populations.1,2,4 However, many critical questions remain that need urgent study. For example, concerning hypothermia: 1) What is the optimal temperature for therapeutic hypothermia? Does it vary by age group or etiology of CA? 2) What is the duration of the therapeutic window? Are there factors that affect this? 3) What is the optimal duration of hypothermia? No …
DIVERSITY CRISES: HOW FIRMS MANAGE DISCRIMINATION LAWSUITS

Using a qualitative design, we develop a model of discrimination lawsuit resolution identifying type of discrimination, firms' verbal and behavioral responses, and stakeholder mobilization as key. ...
Kinematics of the trapeziometacarpal joint after sectioning of ligaments

This study was designed to examine the roles of ligaments in the maintenance of the articular kinematics of the trapeziometacarpal joint. Circumduction of the trapeziometacarpal joint was studied in 12 hands from fresh human cadavera. With use of a magnetic tracking system, changes in the motion of the base of the first metacarpal after ligament sectioning were analyzed and compared with those of the normal joint. Two sets of ligaments were sectioned: (a) the anterior oblique and ulnar collateral ligaments and (b) the first intermetacarpal ligament and the ulnar joint capsule. Sectioning of the anterior oblique and ulnar collateral ligaments resulted in a significant dorsal-ulnar shift in the path of the base of the first metacarpal. However, sectioning of the first intermetacarpal ligament did not affect the movement pattern of the center of the base. The anterior oblique and ulnar collateral ligaments provided constraint of the trapeziometacarpal joint during circumduction of the thumb.
A correlation between the virulence and the adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes to silicon nitride: an atomic force microscopy study.

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular Gram-positive bacterium that is widely distributed in the environment. Despite being pathogenic at the species level, L. monocytogenes in fact comprises a diversity of strains from pathogenic ones that can result in disease and/or mortality to others that are relatively avirulent. The main goal of the current study was to answer the question on whether enhanced binding or attachment of L. monocytogenes to inert surfaces bears any relationship to pathogenicity in food-borne isolates. To answer this question, the nanoscale adhesion forces of eight L. monocytogenes strains that vary in their pathogenicity levels to a model surface of silicon nitride were quantified using atomic force microscopy. The strains used were the highly pathogenic (EGDe, 874, 1002, ATCC 19115), the intermediate pathogenic (ATCC 19112, ATCC 19118), and the non pathogenic (ATCC 15313 and HCC25). Our results indicate that the average nanoscale adhesion (in nN) and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of strain virulence quantified in mice are logarithmically correlated according to: (nN) = −0.032 ln (LD50) + 1.040, r2 = 0.96. Such correlation indicates that nanoscale adhesion could potentially be used as a design criterion to distinguish between virulent and avirulent L. monocytogenes strains. Finally, stronger adhesion of virulent strains to inert surfaces modeled by silicon nitride might be a way for pathogenic strains to survive better in the environment and thus increase their likelihood of infecting animals or humans.
Targeted Delivery of Curcumin to Tumors via PEG-Derivatized FTS-Based Micellar System

Curcumin and S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) are two promising anticancer agents. In this study, we demonstrated that the two agents exerted significant synergy in antitumor activity in various types of cancer cells with combination indices ranging from 0.46 to 0.98 (a value of less than unity indicates synergism). We have further shown that synergistic-targeted co-delivery of the two agents can be achieved via formulating curcumin in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-derivatized FTS-based nanomicellar system. Curcumin formulated in PEG-FTS micelles had small size of around 20 nm. The nanomicellar curcumin demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity towards several cancer cell lines in vitro. Intravenous application of curcumin-loaded micelle (20 mg kg−1 curcumin) led to a significantly more effective inhibition of tumor growth in a syngeneic mouse breast cancer model (4T1.2) than curcumin formulated in Cremophor/EL (P < 0.05).