cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Has CEO Turnover Changed

We study CEO turnover – both internal (board driven) and external (through takeover and bankruptcy) – from 1992 to 2007 for a sample of large US companies. Annual CEO turnover is higher than that estimated in previous studies over earlier periods. Turnover is 15.8% from 1992 to 2007, implying an average tenure as CEO of less than 7 years. In the more recent period since 2000, total CEO turnover increases to 16.8%, implying an average tenure of less than 6 years. Internal turnover is significantly related to three components of firm stock performance – performance relative to industry, industry performance relative to the overall market, and the performance of the overall stock market. The relations are stronger in the more recent period since 2000. We find similar patterns for both forced and unforced turnover, suggesting that some, if not most, turnover labeled as unforced is actually not voluntary. The turnover-performance sensitivity is modestly related to block shareholder ownership and board independence.
Constructing generalized universal traversing sequences of polynomial size for graphs with small diameter

A generalized version of universal traversing sequences is constructed. The generalization preserves the features of the universal traversing sequences that make them attractive for applications to derandomizations and space-bounded computation. For every n, there is constructed a sequence that is used by a finite automaton with O(1) states in order to traverse all the n-vertex labeled undirected graphs. The automaton walks on the graph; when it is at a certain vertex, it uses the edge labels and the sequence in order to decide which edge to follow. When it is walking on an edge, the automaton can see the edge labeling. As a corollary, polynomial-size generalized universal traversing sequences constructible in DSpace(log n) are obtained for certain classes of graphs. >
Fuel cells for vehicle propulsion applications: a thermodynamic systems analysis

The liquid- and air-cooled phosphoric acid, the proton exchange membrane, and the monolithic solid oxide fuel cell systems are analyzed for use in vehicle propulsion applications. System efficiency and input energy distribution are examined as a function of electrochemical fuel utilization and other operating parameters. The liquid-cooled phosphoric acid and the monolithic solid oxide fuel cell systems have efficiencies approaching 40%; the air-cooled phosphoric acid and the proton exchange membrane fuel cells offer efficiencies near 30%. Thus the efficiencies of all of these fuel cell systems are much greater than the efficiencies of internal combustion engines. The analyses indicate further that these fuel cells should be operated at the highest practical electrochemical fuel utilization rates for best efficiency and dynamic response, as well as minimum component volume and cost. >
Adenosine derived from hydrolysis of presynaptically released ATP inhibits neuromuscular transmission in the rat.

Abstract It has been established that ATP is released from motor nerve terminals and that exogenous ATP depresses end-plate potential (e.p.p.) amplitudes. This study assessed whether presynaptically released ATP reduced e.p.p.s. E.p.p.s in the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle were depressed by exogenous ATP and adenosine. If ATP hydrolysis to adenosine was blocked, however, ATP had no effect. Addition of theophylline increased e.p.p. amplitude due to removal of the depressant effect caused by ATP contained in the quantal release. This inhibition was absent when the rate of release was reduced by high Mg 2+ . It is concluded that e.p.p. inhibition is mediated by adenosine derived from presynaptically released ATP.
Stable fuzzy logic design of point-to-point control for mechanical systems

An approach for the development of fuzzy point-to-point control laws for second-order mechanical systems is presented. Asymptotic stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proved using Lyapunov stability theory. Closed-loop performance and robustness are quantified in terms of the parameters of membership functions. As opposed to most existing fuzzy control laws, the closed-loop stability of the proposed controller does not depend on the knowledge of the entire dynamics. Moreover, the approach does not require the plant to be open-loop stable. The proposed approach is demonstrated on design and simulation study of a fuzzy controller for a two-link robotic arm.
Gauge theory with Nambu--Jona-Lasinio dynamics

We construct a model of gauge fields and fermions which we argue can be fine-tuned to give rise to dynamics similar to that of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. The only major dynamical assumption made is that the symmetry-breaking transition is second order. The application of this model to electroweak symmetry breaking is briefly discussed.
Role of Asparagine-linked Oligosaccharides in Rhodopsin Maturation and Association with Its Molecular Chaperone, NinaA

Many proteins require N-linked glycosylation for conformational maturation and interaction with their molecular chaperones. In Drosophila, rhodopsin (Rh1), the most abundant rhodopsin, is glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and requires its molecular chaperone, NinaA, for exit from the ER and transport through the secretory pathway. Studies of vertebrate rhodopsins have generated several conflicting proposals regarding the role of glycosylation in rhodopsin maturation. We investigated the role of Rh1 glycosylation and Rh1/NinaA interactions under in vivo conditions by analyzing transgenic flies expressing Rh1 with isoleucine substitutions at each of the two consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation (N20I and N196I). We show that Asn(20) is the sole site for glycosylation. The Rh1(N20I) protein is retained within the secretory pathway, causing an accumulation of ER cisternae and dilation of the Golgi complex. NinaA associates with nonglycosylated Rh1(N20I); therefore, retention of nonglycosylated rhodopsin within the ER is not due to the lack of Rh1(N20I)/NinaA interaction. We further show that Rh1(N20I) interferes with wild type Rh1 maturation and triggers a dominant form of retinal degeneration. We conclude that during maturation Rh1 is present in protein complexes containing NinaA and that Rh1 glycosylation is required for transport of the complexes through the secretory pathway. Failure of this transport process leads to retinal degeneration.
The Paradox of Self-Efficacy: Research With Diverse Populations

Since its earliest applications to vocational psychology, self-efficacy has been recognized for its utility with diverse populations, attributable to its attention to environmental influences. Somewhat paradoxically, then, it has also been criticized as being limited in its applicability with people from other cultures, because of its focus on individual human agency. The current body of research on self-efficacy with diverse populations provides some insight into this paradox, although many questions remain unanswered. Self-efficacy literature with diverse populations is reviewed, theoretical questions are raised, and recommendations for future research are given.
Office Care of Wounds

All children experience a variety of minor injuries, the vast majority of which can be cared for easily by a competent parent. Wounds of a larger scope, wounds of a complex nature, or wounds with secondary complications require consultation with the pediatrician. Knowledge of the principles of treatment is essential and must be tailored to individual parental abilities, home environment, and emotional concerns. The purpose of this article is to outline common problems and to give suggestions for efficient office management. Tetanus Prophylaxis All wounds, regardless of etiology or size, should be considered as potential sources of tetanus. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the primary provider to ensure adequacy of tetanus prophylaxis (Table). Lacerations Pediatricians see a variety of lacerations. Those which do not come to medical attention through the emergency department are usually within the scope of the primary provider. Occasional surgical referral may be necessary because of the nature of location of the wound. If bleeding has not ceased by the time of initial presentation, a small gauze dressing should be applied with direct, constant pressure for 15 min. Large, bulky dressings are inefficient for applying pressure at the exact bleeding site. Careful documentation should include location, orientation, depth, and exact length of the laceration.
Transporters beyond transport. Focus on “Deregulation of apoptotic volume decrease and ionic movements in multidrug-resistant tumor cells: role of chloride channels”

the publication by poulsen et al. ([19][1]) addresses two issues of general interest and importance, the development of resistance to cisplatin cancer treatment and the possible role of cell volume and/or cell volume regulation in apoptosis. Cell volume regulation is indispensable for life. The
FETAL CORONARY THROMBOSIS AS A CAUSE OF SINGLE VENTRICULAR HEART

A fetus weighing 947 g was autopsied after prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of a single ventricular heart. At autopsy a single ventricle was present with a pear-shaped scar in the area presumed to represent the right ventricle. A small stoma from the single ventricle connected to the scar and the pulmonary outflow was obstructed. The left coronary artery was occluded and on histologic examination recanalization was seen. A chromatographic peak which closely eluted with the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecognine, was identified in fetal urine. We postulate that coronary spasm following possible cocaine exposure could have produced an infarct which destroyed the right ventricle. It is possible that this fetal pathology may be one mechanism that leads to single ventricle hearts.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of a Directionally Solidified Ni-Base Superalloy

A continuum crystal plasticity model is used to simulate the material behavior of a directionally solidified Ni-base superalloy, DS GTD-111, in the longitudinal and transverse orientations. Isothermal uniaxial fatigue tests with hold times and creep tests are conducted at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to 1038°C to characterize the deformation response. The constitutive model is implemented as a User MATe-rial subroutine (UMAT) in ABAQUS (2003, Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorensen, Inc., Providence, RI, v6.3) and a parameter estimation scheme is developed to obtain the material constants. Both in-phase and out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue tests are conducted. A physically based model is developed for correlating crack initiation life based on the experimental life data and predictions are made using the crack initiation model.
A millimeter/sub-millimeter-wave spectroscopic study of the FeCl radical (X6Δi)

Pure rotational spectroscopy of the FeCl radical (X6Δi) has been carried out using millimeter/sub-millimeter direct absorption techniques. The species was created by the reaction of chlorine with iron vapor. All six spin-orbit components were observed in the majority of the twenty-one rotational transition recorded. Chlorine hyperfine structure was resolved in the Ω = 92 and 72 components, and lambda-type doubling observed in the Ω = 3212, and −12 ladders. The data were analyzed with a 6Δ Hamiltonian, and rotational, fine structure, lambda-doubling, and hyperfine parameters determined. The hyperfine and lambda-doubling interactions in FeCl appear to be different from those in the FeF radical.
Reflections on Knowing Oneself Ethically: Toward a Working Framework for Social Work Practice

Ethical self-knowledge has been a neglected dimension in discussions of self-awareness in social work practice. The author begins a dialogue about the components of ethical self-knowledge by presenting an assessment framework in the form of questions that social workers can ask themselves about their own ethical stance. The questions are then applied to the preparation of an advance directive for oneself.
Rapid Glucocorticoid-Mediated Endocannabinoid Release and Opposing Regulation of Glutamate and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Inputs to Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons

Glucocorticoids secreted in response to stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feed back onto the brain to rapidly suppress neuroendocrine activation, including oxytocin and vasopressin secretion. Here we show using whole-cell patch clamp recordings that glucocorticoids elicit a rapid, opposing action on synaptic glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release onto magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, suppressing glutamate release and facilitating GABA release by activating a putative membrane receptor. The glucocorticoid effect on both glutamate and GABA release was blocked by inhibiting postsynaptic G protein activity, suggesting a dependence on postsynaptic G protein signaling and the involvement of a retrograde messenger. Biochemical analysis of hypothalamic slices treated with dexamethasone revealed a glucocorticoid-induced rapid increase in the levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)...
Solderability assessment via sequential electrochemical reduction analysis

A recently-developed sequential electrochemical reduction analysis method permits nondestructive assessment of solderability loss associated with surface oxides on metals and can be applied to almost any part geometry, including printed wiring board through-holes and surface pads. Preliminary results indicate that metal sulphides can also be detected, at least in some cases. The type and amount of oxides detected for tin coatings are shown to correlate with solderability determined by the wetting balance method. The data indicate that formation of excessive amounts of Sn02 in the surface oxide is a primary cause of Sn solderability degradation.
Structural and Functional Studies of Igαβ and Its Assembly with the B Cell Antigen Receptor

The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays an essential role in all phases of B cell development. Here we show that the extracellular domains of murine and human Igbeta form an I-set immunoglobulin-like structure with an interchain disulfide between cysteines on their G strands. Structural and sequence analysis suggests that Igalpha displays a similar fold as Igbeta. An Igalphabeta heterodimer model was generated based on the unique disulfide-bonded Igbeta dimer. Solution binding studies showed that the extracellular domains of Igalphabeta preferentially recognize the constant region of BCR with mu chain specificity, suggesting a role for Igalphabeta to enhance BCRmu chain signaling. Cluster mutations on Igalpha, Igbeta, and a membrane-bound form of immunoglobulin (mIgM) based on the structural model identified distinct areas of potential contacts involving charged residues on both subunits of the coreceptor and the Cmu4 domain of mIgM. These studies provide the first structural model for understanding BCR function.
Nodal perturbations for adaptive finite element mesh generation

A quick and easy scheme of error estimation for adaptive mesh generation is presented to construct an expert mesh generator. In finite element analysis, we solve for a solution everywhere in the domain as given by the trial function. This fact is used to estimate the perturbations in the vector potential solution at a finite element node as we go from one iteration on the mesh to the next. Every edge on which the potentials at the two vertices making up the edge, change by more than a preassigned permissible percentage is refined for the next adaptive iteration on the mesh. This approach results in convergence of the adaptive iterations and is demonstrated to give promising results.
Economic development strategies and methods for identifying leading industries and industrial clusters

This paper reviews several popular economic development strategies and discusses the practical problem of identifying leading industries and innovation clusters for government regulatory and financial support. Although there is no substitute for in-depth industry-by-industry analysis, several statistical techniques are available that can assist in the identification process, including principal component analysis, k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, medoid partitioning and fuzzy clustering. The Republic of Indonesia is used as a case study to illustrate the strengths and weakness of each of these procedures.
Chronic alcohol intoxication induces hepatic injury through enhanced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the liver

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that prolonged consumption of alcohol directly or indirectly, through endotoxin influx in the circulation, stimulates the Kupffer cells to produce macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP 2 ) and up-regulates the expression of adhesion molecules, i.e., CD18 on PMNs and its counter-receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), on hepatic cells. As a result, enhanced sequestration and cell-cell interaction among these cell types may occur in the liver, which in turn could result in altered hepatic function and hepatotoxicity. This hypothesis was tested in alcohol-fed, specific pathogen-free, male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 16 weeks of feeding, endotoxin (0.2 +/- 0.043 EU/mL) and MIP 2 (625 +/- 100 pg/mL) were detected in the sera of alcoholic rats but not in the pair-fed rats. Concomitantly, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) activity was significantly increased. Small lipid deposition and inflammatory-like changes in the liver were also observed. Isolated Kupffer cells from alcohol-fed rats released large amount of MIP 2 (> 600 pg/10 6 Kupffer cells/24 hr) in vitro compared with Kupffer cells from pair-fed rats ( 6 Kupffer cells/24 hr). At the same time, the expression of CD18 and ICAM-1 on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and hepatic cells was increased more than twofold. Monoclonal antibody 1F12, an anti-CD18 antibody, attenuated hepatic injury in vivo, and in PMN-hepatocyte coculture in vitro in the alcohol-fed group. Another factor that could contribute to hepatic injury was MIP 2 , which was cytotoxic to alcoholic hepatocytes in vitro. This was reversed by cycloheximide, thus suggesting the indirect hepatotoxic effect of MIP 2 . In addition, isolated PMNs and Kupffer cells from alcohol-fed rats released large amounts of superoxide, which may also play a role in hepatic injury. These results demonstrate that MIP 2 and adhesion molecules may contribute, at least in part, in the initiation of hepatic injury during alcohol intoxication. (Hepatology 1997 Feb;25(2):335-42)
Low temperature oxidation of silicon

Oxidation of silicon in dry oxygen ambient at temperatures between 25 degrees C to 500 degrees C, with a point-to-plane corona discharge is studied. The oxidation rate for this case is a strong function of temperature and is found to increase significantly in comparison to the conventional thermal oxidation rate. For the thicker films, refractive index of the grown oxide layer approaches the value obtained for high-temperature thermally grown oxide.
Elimination of neurons from the rhesus monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus during development.

The timing, magnitude, and spatial distribution of neuron elimination was studied in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of 57 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ranging in age from the 48th day of gestation to maturity. Normal and degenerating cells were counted in Nissl-stained sections by using video-enhanced differential interference contrast optics and video-overlay microscopy. Before embryonic day 60 (E60), the geniculate nucleus contains 2,200,000 +/- 100,000 neurons. Roughly 800,000 of these neurons are eliminated over a 40- to 50-day period spanning the middle third of gestation. Neurons are lost at an average rate of 300 an hour between E48 and E60, and at an average rate of 800 an hour between E60 and E100. Very few neurons are lost after E100, and as early as E103 the population has fallen to the adult average of 1,400,000 +/- 90,000. Degenerating neurons are far more common in the magnocellular part of the nucleus than in the parvicellular part. In 20 of 29 cases, the number of neurons is greater on the right than on the left side. The right-left asymmetry averages about 8.5% and the difference is statistically significant (phi 2 = 38, p less than .001). The period of cell death occurs before the emergence of cell layers in the geniculate nucleus, before the establishment of geniculocortical connections, and before the formation of ocular dominance columns (Rakic, '76). Most important, the depletion of neurons in the geniculate nucleus begins long before the depletion of retinal axons. The number of geniculate neurons is probably a key factor controlling the number of the retinal cells that survive to maturity.
Identifying groups of computer users through factor analysis

The purpose of this investigation is to try to classify computer center users into distinct groups or 'types' of users. The ability to break users into distinct 'groups' would be useful in job scheduling, providing user seminars, acquisition of canned programs and providing program documentation, etc.
The natural resource intensity of production technology in market and planned economies: Austria vs Czechoslovakia

Abstract The rapid growth in demand for natural resources in Eastern Europe over the past 30 years has been typically explained by production inefficiencies. Using an input-output approach and a cross-country comparison, this study shows that the production technology as well as the efficiency of the natural resource use were remarkably similar in centrally planned and market economies. Tests of similarity of technological matrices are carried out, using several techniques for measuring “matrix distance” and original price simulations to allow for differences in relative prices. The policy implication of the findings is that savings to be obtained from more efficient use of material inputs are relatively small.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for primary and recurrent head and neck tumors

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) is increasingly used to treat a variety of head and neck tumors as a result of its highly conformal dose distributions and stereotactic spatial accuracy in delivery. Our experience and other previous reports have shown that SBRT is technically feasible, well-tolerated and compares favorably to other alternatives of salvage therapy in the management of patients with recurrent and/or previously irradiated head and neck cancers. Furthermore, it has the advantage of a shorter treatment schedule, greater compliance, and safe delivery in the outpatient setting. This affords an opportunity to introduce SBRT as a definitive treatment in select patients. This review presents an overview of the use of SBRT for managing head and neck tumors by highlighting the existing indications and the expanding role of SBRT in managing these patients.
Laparoscopic versus open stoma creation for fecal diversion

This study compared the results for laparoscopic and conventional laparotomy techniques of intestinal stoma creation. All patients who underwent only fecal diversion without any other abdominal procedures were included. Neither prior laparotomy, inflammatory bowel diseases, nor recurrent or metastatic carcinoma were absolut contraindications. Parameters evaluated included age, indications, previous abdominal surgery, operative time, time until stoma function, and the length of postoperative hospitalization. Patients were divided into two groups: laparoscopy and laparotomy. Between March 1993 and October 1996, 41 laparoscopic and 11 intestinal stomas by laparotomy were performed for fecal diversion. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups relative to mean age of patients or history of previous abdominal surgery. No significant differences in mean operation time were noted among patients with prior abdominal surgery: laparoscopy group. 98 min vs. laparotomy group, 95 min. Among patients without prior abdominal surgery, the mean operation time was: laparoscopy group, 78 min vs. laparotomy group, 63 min (p = NS). Morbidity rates were not statistically different between the 2 groups. Stomas began to function in the laparoscopic group earliet (2.3 days) than in the laparotomy group (4.5 days) (p<0.05). Similarly, the length of postoperative hospitalization was shorter in the laparoscopic group (5.3 days vs. 7.6 days, p<0.05). Interestingly, at a mean follow-up of 22 months, none of the patients in the laparoscopic group had stoma prolapse vs. 2 patients in the laparotomy group. Laparoscopic stoma construction was accomplished without significantly longer operative time or complications and was associated with earlier function and more rapid hospital discharge than were stomas created by laparotomy. Moreover, in this small group of patients at short follow-up, stoma prolapse has not been observed.
In situ visualization of constitutional supercooling within a Bridgman-Stockbarger system

Abstract Constitutional supercooling is studied within the semiconductor material indium antimonide (InSb) during vertical crystal growth from the melt. The starting mixture is stoichiometric In 50 Sb 50 . Translation rates are as low as 2 μm/s. Solid-liquid interface morphology and axial interface positions are monitored in real-time with radioscopic X-ray visualization. The solid-liquid interface temperature is assessed from calibrated thermocouple measurements at the ampoule wall. Results indicate substantial constitutional supercooling of the melt. Elemental segregation is assessed from the visualization of the interface location in a measured temperature profile and from the phase diagram. Temperature data suggest that the interface is in contact with a melt composition close to In 62 Sb 38 (based on the 525.7°C melting temperature of α-InSb in a specified phase diagram). That composition reflects significant gravitational segregation in the melt.
Reducing friction by chemically modifying the surface of extrasynovial tendon grafts.

In this study we evaluated methods to reduce the friction of an extrasynovial tendon under a pulley in vitro. The surface of canine peroneus longus (PL) tendons was modified with gelatin and/or hyaluronic acid (HA) under different conditions. The gliding resistance between treated or control tendons and the canine digital flexor pulley was measured during 500 cycles of simulated flexion/extension. After 500 cycles, the gliding resistance of normal PL tendon increased 10-fold (p<0.05), while the gliding resistance of tendons coated with carbodiimide derivatized gelatin (cd-gelatin) or carbodiimide derivatized gelatin/HA (cd-gelatin–HA) did not increase significantly. The PL tendon treated with cd-gelatin–HA had a similar friction response during the repetitive motion as the intrasynovial flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon. Scanning electron microscopy after 500 cycles of motion showed that the tendon surface in the group treated with cd-gelatin–HA appeared smoother than tendons in the other groups.
Interviewing over instant messaging

Interviews often serve as the cornerstone of human-computer interaction research. As a research method, they can both be deeply valuable and distinctly challenging. Pragmatic challenges of interviews include the travel that may be required to meet face-to-face with a respondent or the time necessary to transcribe the exchange. As a tool for conducting interviews, instant messaging presents some compelling potential benefits to mitigate challenges such as these. And yet, over the medium of instant messaging, the genre of the interview takes on a different character. Drawing from our experiences conducting interviews over instant messaging, we reflect on the implications of using this new medium for conducting interviews.
Subtidal sea level and current variations in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay

Abstract Analyses of sea level and current-meter data using digital filters and a variety of statistical methods show a variety of phenomena related to non-local coastal forcing and local tidal forcing in the northern reach of San Francisco Bay, a partially mixed estuary. Low-frequency variations in sea level are dominated by non-local variations in coastal sea level and also show a smaller influence from tidally induced fortnightly sea level variations. Low-frequency currents demonstrate a gravitational circulation which is modified by changes in tidal-current speed over the spring-neap tidal cycle. Transients in gravitational circulation induce internal oscillations with periods of two to four days.
Shock Development from Compression Waves Due to Confined Burning in Porous Solid Propellants and Explosives

Abstract : When a high energy solid propellant or explosive becomes porous, either by design or by accidental damage, it becomes more sensitive to shock-to- detonation transition (SDT). Stress waves propagating ahead of the convective flame front cause pore collapse which creates a confined bulk reaction zone. With sufficient pressurization in the reaction zone, the stress waves coalesce to form a shock. This paper describes an attempt to model the shock formation in porous solids by coupling the -gas pressurization to the solid mechanics of pore collapse and shock formation. Concepts are presented which indicate why porous materials are more sensitive to shock initiation than solids; mainly it is due to a greater bulk energy and formation of localized hot spots.
REGIONAL JOB CREATION POLICIES: The Empirical Evidence for Illinois Enterprise Zones*

Federal, state, and local governments in the United States have established enterprise zone programs to promote economic development in depressed, localized economies. Although the program has been widely discussed during the last several years, analyses have been primarily descriptive or ideological. In this paper the enterprise zone program is examined within a more rigorous modeling framework. A theoretical profit maximizing model of the firm is developed to evaluate the impacts of local financial and development assistance within enterprise zones. The operational model uses 1988 data on forty Illinois enterprise zones. The results indicate that local financial and development assistance positively affect economic development, but in most cases the influences are not statistically significant. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify potential estimation bias resulting from the influence of specific enterprise zones. None of the five potentially influential zones affected the stability of parameter estimates.
Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)

This paper offers the first cladistic analysis of a wide selection of theridiid genera based on morphological data. The analysis treats 53 theridiid taxa representing 32 genera (Achaearanea, Anelosimus, Ameridion, Argyrodes, Ariamnes, Carniella, Cerocida, Chrysso, Coleosoma, Dipoena, Emertonella, Enoplognatha, Episinus, Euryopis, Faiditus, Kochiura, Latrodectus, Neospintharus, Nesticodes, Pholcomma, Phoroncidia, Rhomphaea, Robertus, Selkirkiella, Spintharus, Steatoda, Stemmops, Theridion, Theridula, Thymoites, Thwaitesia, Tidarren) and eight outgroup taxa representing the families Nesticidae (Eidmanella and Nesticus), Synotaxidae (Synotaxus, two species), Pimoidae (Pimoa), Linyphiidae (Linyphia), Tetragnathidae (Tetragnatha) and Araneidae (Argiope). The parsimony analysis of 242 morphological and behavioural characters found a single, most parsimonious tree. The monophyly of theridiids and their sister relationship with nesticids is strongly supported. The recent resurrection of Ariamnes and Rhomphaea from Argyrodes made the latter paraphyletic. However, Ariamnes and Rhomphaea are characterized by an array of characters, and Argyrodes still contains dramatically distinct clades for which names are available: Faiditus (removed from synonymy − RS) and Neospintharus (RS). These revalidations provide a classification with greater information content and utility. These three genera, along with Ariamnes, Rhomphaea and Spheropistha, comprise the subfamily Argyrodinae. The monophyly and composition of the subfamilies Hadrotarsinae, Spintharinae, Pholcommatinae, Latrodectinae and Theridiinae are discussed. Theridion is paraphyletic and in need of revision. Anelosimus as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic, a problem resolved by revalidating Selkirkiella (RS) and Kochiura (RS). Numerous new combinations are established. The results suggest the monophyletic origin of both kleptoparasitism and araneophagy in the lineage leading to Argyrodinae, negating hypotheses that either arose from the other. Sociality evolved multiple times within the family, accounting for as much as one fourth of the origins of social behaviour among all spiders. No losses of sociality are implied. The hypothesis of maternal care as the pathway to sociality receives support. Evolution of theridiid webs is complex, with multiple modifications and loss of the basic theridiid cobweb. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 141, 447–626.
Responsible Scholarship in International Relations: A Symposium

The theme of the 2007 annual meeting of the ISA in Chicago, Politics, Policy, and Responsible Scholarship , encouraged participants to reflect on their ethical responsibilities as scholars and teachers. International relations (IR) scholars hold very different views on the purposes of their research—whether it should be motivated by policy-oriented problem solving within existing power structures or structurally transformational. The conference theme statement suggested consideration of the following questions. For IR scholars, how much involvement with the policy world is desirable? Do we bear responsibility for how our ideas are understood and used outside our immediate social and academic contexts? How do we make choices about what to study? Should we risk professional costs by raising questions that are rarely asked because of the disciplinary boundaries of our discipline and by answering them using unconventional methodologies that are not always rewarded in our field? What ethical standards should inform our research? Some IR scholars see themselves as scholar activists while others strive for scientific detachment. Social scientific aspirations about objectivity and universalism are often disputed, both within and outside western IR. Western IR is often seen as hegemonic and unconcerned with other knowledge traditions. What kind of projects should we engage in if we are interested in producing knowledge sensitive to multiple global realities? How can we contribute to a sustained dialog across disciplinary and international boundaries? What might be the principles upon which scholars in different parts of the world could agree? While many of these questions can never be fully resolved, the discussions that took place and the papers that were presented at the 2007 ISA annual meeting made important contributions to this ongoing dialog. This symposium consists of a sampling of papers on these various topics delivered at the meeting. We have included papers that seek to …
Role of Adsorption in Zeolite-Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Cracking Reaction

The activity for hydrocarbon cracking of zeolite catalysts depends on the type of zeolite and steam treatment. By comparing the activities of different zeolites under the condition where the catalyst did not undergo deactivation and the product distributions were identical, and presumably for the monomolecular mechanism, it was found that there were no differences in the chemical properties of the active sites in the zeolites. The apparent differences in catalytic activities among zeolites could be attributed to different concentrations of adsorbed alkane reactants, which is a consequence of the different strength of interaction of the alkyl groups with the zeolite walls. The latter may also be a significant contribute to the observed different strengths of interaction of alkyl amines with the Bronsted acid sites in zeolites.
High-pressure electrical conductivity measurements in the copper oxides.

We have measured the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O at pressures up to 500 kbar and of CuO up to 700 kbar. The high-pressure phase of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O has a resistive thermal activation energy of a few meV and localization behavior below 7 K. No phase transitions were observed in CuO at pressures and temperatures up to 700 kbar and 3000 K, but its thermal activation energy decreases linearly with pressure and extrapolates to zero at about 1 Mbar.
Responsiveness in two-person zero-sum games

Thirty-six subjects participated in two-person zero-sum games played against an experimenter in an examination of the effect of different types of game matrices and different mixed strategies on behavior. Results showed that when the opponent played nonoptimally, subjects were able to detect this nonoptimality and to exploit it to their own benefit. When the opponent played according to the minimax prescription, subjects' performance was not optimal but was sufficiently and consistently close to it that arguments in terms of differences between perceived and objective probabilities provide an attractive explanation for the differences.
Objective evaluation of approaches of skin detection using ROC analysis

Skin detection is an important indicator of human presence and actions in many domains, including interaction, interfaces and security. It is commonly performed in three steps: transforming the pixel color to a non-RGB colorspace, dropping the illuminance component of skin color, and classifying by modeling the skin color distribution. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of these three steps on the skin detection performance. The importance of this study is a new comprehensive colorspace and color modeling testing methodology that would allow for making the best choices for skin detection. Combinations of nine colorspaces, the presence or the absence of the illuminance component, and the two color modeling approaches are compared for different settings (indoor or outdoor) and modeling parameters (the histogram size). The performance is measured by using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve on a large dataset of 845 images (consisting more than 18.6 million pixels) with manual ground truth. The results reveal that (1) colorspace transformations can improve performance in certain instances, (2) the absence of the illuminance component decreases performance, and (3) skin color modeling has a greater impact than colorspace transformation. We found that the best performance was obtained on indoor images by transforming the pixel color to the HSI or SCT colorspaces, keeping the illuminance component, and modeling the color with the histogram approach using a larger size distribution.
Nonsimultaneous bilateral nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachments presenting as a complication of panuveitis in the setting of idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome.

Abstract Background Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS), also known as orbital pseudotumor , consists of a spectrum of idiopathic, nonneoplastic, noninfectious, space-occupying lesions, without identifiable local or systemic cause. This case demonstrates a unique presentation of IOIS associated with panuveitis and nonsimultaneous bilateral serous nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachments (NRRD). Methods A 38-year-old man initially presented with a unilateral uveitis that progressed quite rapidly to a bilateral presentation. A diagnosis of IOIS was made after comprehensive blood work and imaging studies. Results The patient had nonsimultaneous bilateral serous NRRD in the setting of panuveitis and IOIS. Retinal detachment is a rare complication of IOIS that has been reported only twice before. There are no prior reports in the literature of this unique triad of NRRD, panuveitis, and IOIS. The patient responded promptly to aggressive treatment with oral corticosteroids. Conclusions IOIS should be considered in the evaluation and management of patients with NRRD and panuveitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of IOIS with corticosteroids is important to yield good clinical response and significant visual recovery, as demonstrated by this case.
Effect of raw soybeans and soybean oil meal on the vitamin A and carotene concentrations in the blood plasma and milk of lactating cows.

Summary A reduction of the carotene concentration of the blood plasma and of the milk of lactating cows resulted when raw soybeans were fed. When soybean oil meal was fed in an amount equivalent to that of the raw beans minus their oil content, the carotene concentrations in the blood plasma and the milk fat were similar to those when the cows were fed the control ration. Both the control and soybean oil meal groups excreted more carotene in their milk than did the group fed raw soybeans. Loss of these nutrients from the bodies of the cows fed raw soybeans thus was not the cause of the observed reduction of their blood plasma carotene concentration. Apparently soybeans either interfered with carotene absorption or caused some destruction of it. No significant differences were observed among the groups of cows in the quantity of vitamin A per se in the blood plasma and in the milk during the last 3 weeks of the trial when all the rations were supplemented with 100,000 U.S.P. units of vitamin A daily.
Arterioles of kidney and pancreas in cases of cardiac hypertrophy of undetermined causation.

The arterioles in the kidneys and pancreas in 50 consecutive necropsy cases of cardiac hypertrophy of undetermined cause and in 50 control cases were measured and studied histopathologically in an effort to determine the cause of the cardiac hypertrophy. The weight of the heart, the ventricle affected by hypertrophy and the age of the patient also were recorded in each case and correlated with the changes in the ratio of the wall to lumen in the arterioles. This study revealed that in about 40 per cent of cases the cardiac hypertrophy was probably due to antecedent hypertension.
The effect of bilateral visual cortex lesions on the development of eye movements and perception

We studied the eye movements and visual perception in a man with extensive bilateral occipital lesions acquired at birth. He had 3/500 acuity, limited visual fields, and extrafoveal fixation attributable to an intact left superior visual cortex. Analysis of digitized electro-oculography and magnetic search coil data showed normal saccade dynamics. He could make voluntary saccades. Smooth pursuit of suprathreshold targets was mostly saccadic and did not improve with added nonvisual cues. Our results support the hypothesis that the visual cortex is crucial to the development of eye movements. The foveal representation in the occipital lobes, missing in this subject, is needed for development of normal smooth pursuit.
Stroboscopic imaging of macromolecular complexes.

Two reports describing the use of direct-conversion electron detectors and algorithms that correct for beam-induced sample motion in single-particle electron cryomicroscopy demonstrate that this technique can solve structures of macromolecules at near-atomic resolution.
Drag reduction in turbulent flow by polymer additives

A brief survey is given of the drag reduction phenomenon, emphasizing the aspects which must be explained by any theory: onset, the existence of intrinsic drag reduction, the Newtonian plug, saturation with increasing concentration, and the maximum drag reduction asymptote. In addition, the polymer properties observed to be favorable are noted. Experimental and theoretical arguments are cited, indicating that sublayer stability arguments are not relevant. Recent evidence is given, linking the onset phenom-enon to a molecular time scale. The behavior of isolated molecules in flow fields is briefly surveyed, indicating the possibility of large increases in viscosity in relatively rotation free strain rate fields; indirect experimental evidence for such behavior is cited, and it is shown how, by reducing the intensity of the smallest eddies, this can explain the various aspects noted. The maximum drag reduction asymptote is discussed, in connection with recent measurements of turbulent fluctuations in drag reducing flows, and it is shown how both of these may be related to changes in the large eddy structure caused by the polymer induced changes in the small eddies.
Reasonable Sanctions for Reasonable Doctrines

Etude des caracteristiques descriptives et du critere normatif de la doctrine du raisonnable developpee par Rawls dans son «Liberalisme politique», fondee sur la double relation du raisonnable au regard des citoyens d'une societe (individus) et du raisonnable au regard des partisans d'une doctrine (religieuse). Examinant le statut de la liberte publique dans le cadre des droits fondamentaux, l'A. delimite les conditions de la restriction de l'action librement consentie et des sanctions acceptees.
Validation of ICA-Based Myogenic Artifact Correction for Scalp and Source-Localized EEG

Muscle electrical activity, or "electromyogenic" (EMG) artifact, poses a serious threat to the validity of electroencephalography (EEG) investigations in the frequency domain. EMG is sensitive to a variety of psychological processes and can mask genuine effects or masquerade as legitimate neurogenic effects across the scalp in frequencies at least as low as the alpha band (8-13 Hz). Although several techniques for correcting myogenic activity have been described, most are subjected to only limited validation attempts. Attempts to gauge the impact of EMG correction on intracerebral source models (source "localization" analyses) are rarer still. Accordingly, we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of one prominent correction tool, independent component analysis (ICA), on the scalp and in the source-space using high-resolution EEG. Data were collected from 17 participants while neurogenic and myogenic activity was independently varied. Several protocols for classifying and discarding components classified as myogenic and non-myogenic artifact (e.g., ocular) were systematically assessed, leading to the exclusion of one-third to as much as three-quarters of the variance in the EEG. Some, but not all, of these protocols showed adequate performance on the scalp. Indeed, performance was superior to previously validated regression-based techniques. Nevertheless, ICA-based EMG correction exhibited low validity in the intracerebral source-space, likely owing to incomplete separation of neurogenic from myogenic sources. Taken with prior work, this indicates that EMG artifact can substantially distort estimates of intracerebral spectral activity. Neither regression- nor ICA-based EMG correction techniques provide complete safeguards against such distortions. In light of these results, several practical suggestions and recommendations are made for intelligently using ICA to minimize EMG and other common artifacts.