cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Narrative Focus and a Statistical Map Shape Health Policy Support Among State Legislators

This study attempts to advance theorizing about health policy advocacy with combinations of narrative focus and a statistical map in an attempt to increase state legislators' support for policies to address the issue of obesity by reducing food deserts. Specifically, we examine state legislators' responses to variations in narrative focus (individual vs. community) about causes and solutions for food deserts in U.S. communities, and a statistical map (presence vs. absence) depicting the prevalence of food deserts across the United States. Using a Web-based randomized experiment (N=496), we show that narrative focus and the statistical map interact to produce different patterns of cognitive response and support for policies to reduce the prevalence of food deserts. The presence of a statistical map showing the prevalence of food deserts in the United States appeared to matter only when combined with an individual narrative, offsetting the fact that the individual narrative in isolation produced fewer thoughts consistent with the story's persuasive goal and more counterarguments in opposition to environmental causes and solutions for obesity than other message conditions. The image did not have an impact when combined with a story describing a community at large. Cognitive responses fully mediated message effects on intended persuasive outcomes. We conclude by discussing the study's contributions to communication theory and practice.
A argumentação não tem função

Douglas Walton tem tido razao em chamar-nos a atencao para os aspectos pragmaticos da argumentacao. Contudo, insistiu tambem que as argumentacoes devem ser compreendidas e avaliadas considerando a funcao que desempenham; e, disto, discordo. As argumentacoes nao tem uma funcao determinavel no sentido proposto por Walton e, mesmo que tivessem, nao poderiamos fundar as normas da pratica argumentativa nessa funcao. Como alternativa a uma teoria funcional da pragmatica argumentativa, proponho uma perspectiva design, a qual se concentra na forma como os participantes estrategicamente subsumem e impoem normas sobre eles proprios de modo a conferirem forca aos seus argumentos.
A Kalman filter with state multiplicative noise for SAR data

Kalman filtering techniques have shown good results in filtering real SAR images. Following a model suggested by M.R. Azimi-Sadjadi et al. (1991) the present authors proposed an adaptive half-plane Kalman filter for SAR images, see G.W. Geling et al. (1994) . The present authors now propose another adaptive Kalman filter for state multiplicative noise. Noisy and filtered ESR-1 SAR images, collected from Victoria, BC, illustrate their approach.
Micro‐computed tomography reveals a diversity of Peramuran mammals from the Purbeck Group (Berriasian) of England

: The known sample of the important pretribosphenic mammal Peramus tenuirostris, housed in the Natural History Museum (London, UK), was imaged using micro-computed tomography (CT). Substantial morphological diversity was discovered, prompting establishment (and resurrection) of additional taxa from within the existing hypodigm of Peramus tenuirostris: Peramus dubius comb. nov., Kouriogenys minor gen. nov. and Peramuroides tenuiscus gen. et sp. nov. The Peramura are revised; this group is restricted to taxa with clear evidence of a fully functional upper molar embrasure for the dominant lower molar talonid cusp (hypoconid), either through development of wear facet 4 or through differentiation of a distinct hypoconulid. The Peramura are the most likely sister taxon to the Tribosphenida (including living marsupials and placentals) and represent a distinct molar morphotype, transitional between primitive lineages characterized by dominant orthal shear (e.g. dryolestoids) and those with modern, multi-functional tribospheny. A very large masseteric foramen is identified in peramurans, but this feature appears to be autapomorphic and of uncertain function.
Calibration via Regression

In the online prediction setting, the concept of calibration entails having the empirical (conditional) frequencies match the claimed predicted probabilities. This contrasts with more traditional online prediction goals of getting a low cumulative loss. The differences between these goals have typically made them hard to compare with each other. This paper shows how to get an approximate form of calibration out of a traditional online loss minimization algorithm, namely online regression. As a corollary, we show how to construct calibrated forecasts on a collection of subsequences.
Temporary workers in Washington state.

Background Evidence regarding the unequal burden of occupational injuries between workers employed by temporary agencies and those in standard employment arrangements is unclear. Studies range from no significant differences in risk to substantial increased risk for temporary workers. The purpose of this study is to compare the workers' compensation experience of a large cohort of temporary agency employed workers with those in standard forms of employment. Methods Washington State Fund workers' compensation data were obtained for claims with injury dates from January 1, 2003 to June 30, 2006, resulting in 342,540 accepted claims. General descriptive statistics, injury rates (per 10,000 FTE), and rate ratios (temp agency/standard employer) were computed by injury type and industry. Results Temporary agency employed workers had higher rates of injury for all injury types, and higher median time loss (40 vs. 27 days) but lower time loss costs (median $1,224 vs. $1,914, P < 0.001) and lower medical costs ($3,026 vs. $4,087, P < 0.001) than standard arrangement workers. Temporary agency workers had substantially higher rates for “caught in” and “struck by” injuries in the construction (IRR 4.93; 95% CI 2.80–8.08) and manufacturing (IRR 4.05; 95% CI 3.25, 5.00) industry sectors. Conclusion Temporary agency employed workers have higher claims incidence rates than those in standard employment arrangements. The rate ratios are twofold higher in the construction and manufacturing industry sectors. More research is needed to explore potential reasons for this disparity in occupational injuries. Industry or some measure of job exposure should be included when comparing injury rates in different types of employment in order to better identify areas for prevention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:135–145 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plasma 17-ketosteroid levels during adolescence

The plasma levels of DHEAS and AS were measured in young children and in adolescent boys and girls. The levels of both steroids were found to rise from the low levels of childhood to adult levels at the time of adolescence, indicating a greatly increased rate of secretion of DHEA/DHEAS by the adrenal cortex during adolescence.
Early Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Records of 38 patients, 23 boys and 15 girls (ages 3 months to 16 years [42% ages 3-12 months]), seen between 1990 and 1997 with proven herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), were reviewed retrospectively to determine the diagnostic reliability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, in a study at the Neuropediatric Service, Hopital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France.
Web Accessibility and the Law: Recommendations for Implementation.

The proliferation of information in electronic format does not guarantee its accessibility. The fact that many Web sites are not accessible to large segments of the disabled community has created a “digital divide”. The accessibility barriers are systemic. In recent years, there has been a growing body of significant laws and standards concerning Web accessibility that impact people with disabilities. Ways of breaking down these barriers to a fuller accessibility implementation do exist, including education to raise awareness of Web accessibility, nationwide policy and guidelines for accessibility, and Web‐based applications and tools to facilitate Web accessibility, to name a few.
Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope versus freehand gastric mucosectomy in an animal model.

Background : Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope appears to be as effective but easler to perform than freehand mucosectomy. However, experience with this technique has been limited to small case series and there is a lack of data from direct comparison trials. Methods : Nine pigs were randomized to mucosectomy using a cap-fitted endoscope or the free-hand technique. Five mucosal resections were performed at five different sites in the gastric body in each pig. Eight to ten milliliters of a saline, epinephrine, and methylene blue solution were injected to raise a bleb to simulate a mucosal lesion. Endoscopic mucosal resection with a capfitted endoscope was performed by suctioning the bleb into the cap device pre-looped with an oval snare; mucosectomy was performed electrosurgically. Freehand mucosectomy was performed by encircling and then resecting the bieb using an oval snare. The ease of procedure (1="very easy" to 5="unable to complete") was assessed after each resection. The animals were recovered, maintained, and then humanely sacrificed after 2 weeks. Results : Five pigs underwent endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope and 4 underwent freehand mucosectomy. Eight animals survived for 2 weeks without complications and one animal from the freehand group died of massive hemorrhage within 48 hours of endoscopy. Both methods produced rounded resection specimens measuring 9 to 12 mm in diameter of the full thickness of the mucosa and the submucosa. Overall ease of resection was 1.84±0.52 for the cap-fitted group and 2.98±0.86 for the freehand group ( p Conclusions : Endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap-fitted endoscope is as effective, safe, but easier to perform compared with freehand mucosectomy.
Cross language name matching

Cross language information retrieval methods are used to determine which segments of Arabic language documents match name-based English queries. We investigate and contrast a word-based translation model with a character-based transliteration model in order to handle spelling variation and previously unseen names. We measure performance by making a novel use of the training data from the 2007 ACE Entity Translation
Evidence that a downstream pseudoknot is required for translational read-through of the Moloney murine leukemia virus gag stop codon.

Abstract Approximately 5% of the ribosomes translating the gag gene of murine leukemia viruses read through the UAG terminator and translate the in-frame pol gene to produce the gag-pol fusion polyprotein, the sole source of the pol gene products. We show that a pseudoknot located eight nucleotides 3' of the UAG codon in the Moloney murine leukemia virus is required for read-through. This requirement is markedly different from that known to be involved in other cases of read-through but surprisingly similar to some stimulatory sequences known to promote ribosomal frameshifting.
Quantitation of Neuropeptides in Cpefat/Cpefat Mice Using Differential Isotopic Tags and Mass Spectrometry

Neuroendocrine peptides play important roles as intercellular messengers. We previously developed a technique to isolate and identify a large number of neuroendocrine peptides from Cpefat/Cpefat mice (Che, F.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98, 9971−6); these mice lack carboxypeptidase E activity and this defect causes an accumulation of neuropeptide intermediates that contain C-terminal Lys or Arg residues (Naggert, J. K.; et al. Nat. Genet. 1995, 10, 135−42). In the present study, we have developed a differential isotopic-labeling technique that can be used to quantitate changes in neuropeptide levels in Cpefat/Cpefat mouse tissues. Samples are treated with either the H6 or the D6 form of acetic anhydride, peptides that contain C-terminal basic amino acids are isolated by affinity chromatography on anhydrotrypsin agarose, and the isolated peptides are analyzed by mass spectrometry. Measurement of the regulation of pituitary peptides in response to dehydration showed a decrease in vasopressin...
Effect of anti-mitotic drugs on the in vitro secretory activity of mammotrophs and somatotrophs and on their microtubules.

SummaryIncubation of anterior pituitary glands of female rats with 10-5M vincristine or colchicine reduced both synthesis and release of prolactin. Incubation of glands of perphenazine-treated male rats with 10-5M colchicine or vincristine blocked the perphenazine-induced increase in in vitro prolactin synthesis. At 10-4M, vincristine inhibited synthesis and release of growth hormone by glands of untreated male rats but could not block the dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced stimulation of growth hormone release. Incubation of glands of male rats with 10 μg/ml cytochalasin B resulted in decreased growth hormone synthesis. Incubation of glands of female rats with the drug significantly decreased synthesis and release of both prolactin and growth hormone. Concomitant electron microscopic observations indicated that cytoplasmic microtubules are uncommon in the pituitary gland and that they are still present after glands were treated with vincristine and colchicine at doses capable of inhibiting prolactin release. F...
Audience surveillance and the right to anonymous reading in interactive media

The proliferation of interactive media has provided corporations with an unprecedented ability to collect information about individuals’ media consumption habits. This ability of corporations is often reinforced by the rhetoric of “consumer sovereignty,” whereby individuals are misled into entrusting a considerable amount of information about their daily activities in exchange for increased convenience. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ways in which the information that individuals reveal to content and technology providers is subject to the scrutiny of external constituencies. More importantly, this paper, through an analysis of legal precedents, will demonstrate that the right to read anonymously is an important corollary of freedom of speech and that the ability of corporations to share information about individuals’ media consumption habits threatens this right.
Classification of the Romance Languages: Evolution of Motion-Based Periphrases as a New Criterion

Classical Latin had only one periphrastic construction with a motion verb. In contrast, its modern descendents have developed a wide range of such periphrases. The present article examines this typological shift and demonstrates that the grammaticalization of motion-based periphrastic constructions can serve as a criterion for the classification of the Romance languages. The study also highlights the importance of the diachronic dimension by illustrating that to achieve a valid classification we need to take into account not only the starting and the final points (i.e., Latin and the modern Romance varieties) but the intermediate stages as well.
Guidelines for Physician Training in Transesophag. eal Echocardiography: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee for Physician Training in Echocardiography

Alan S. Pearlman, MD,' Julius M. Gardin, MD,b Randolph P. Martin, MD,h Alfred F. Parisi, MD,b Richard L. Popp, MD,b Miguel A. Quinones, MD,h J. Geoffrey Stevenson, MD,h Nelson B. Schiller, MD,' James B. Seward, MD,' and William J. Stewart, MD,' Seattle, Washington, Irvine, Stanford, and San Francisco, California, Atlanta, Geot;gia, Providence, Rhode Island, Rochester, Minnesota, and Cleveland, Ohio
Hillock and whisker growth on Sn and SnCu electrodeposits on a substrate not forming interfacial intermetallic compounds

Intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the interface between the tin (Sn) plating and the copper (Cu) substrate of electronic components has been thought to produce compressive stress in Sn electrodeposits and cause the growth of Sn whiskers. To determine if interfacial IMC is a requirement for whisker growth, bright Sn and a Sn-Cu alloy were electroplated on a tungsten (W) substrate that does not form interfacial IMC with the Sn or Cu. At room temperature, conical Sn hillocks grew on the pure Sn deposits and Sn whiskers grew from the Sn-Cu alloy electrodeposits. These results demonstrate that interfacial IMC is not required for initial whisker growth.
Competitive Electron Transfer from the S 2 and S 1 Excited States of Zinc meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin to a Covalently Bound Pyromellitimide: Dependence on Donor-Acceptor Structure and Solvent

Zinc meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) is known to have a relatively slow S2 → S1 internal conversion rate, (1−3 ps)-1, so that electron transfer from S2 to a nearby acceptor is possible. We have synthesized two zinc porphyrins in which a pyromellitimide (PI) acceptor is attached to the para position of a meso-phenyl group of the porphyrin (ZnTPP−PI) or to that of a β-phenyl group of the porphyrin (ZnTPP−β-PhPI). We report here on competitive electron transfer from the S2 (excitation at 420 nm) and S1 states (excitation at 550 nm) of these zinc porphyrins to PI in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and toluene. Our transient absorption studies show that efficient electron transfer occurs from S2 of ZnTPP to PI in these porphyrins despite the presence of the intervening phenyl between the zinc porphyrin macrocycle and the PI acceptor. Moreover, the results show that while charge separation from S1 is about 6 times faster for PI attached to the meso-phenyl than for PI attached to the β-phenyl, the opposite is o...
Localization of Candidatus Endobugula sertula and the bryostatins throughout the life cycle of the bryozoan Bugula neritina

‘Candidatus Endobugula sertula,’ the uncultivated γ-proteobacterial symbiont of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina, synthesizes bryostatins, complex polyketides that render B. neritina larvae unpalatable to predators. Although the symbiosis is well described, little is known about the locations of ‘E. sertula’ or the bryostatins throughout larval settlement, metamorphosis and early development. In this study, we simultaneously localized ‘E. sertula’ and the bryostatins in multiple stages of the B. neritina life cycle, using a novel bryostatin detection method based on its known ability to bind mammalian protein kinase C. Our results suggest that the bryostatins are deposited onto the exterior of B. neritina larvae during embryonic development, persist on the larval surface throughout metamorphosis and are shed prior to cuticle formation. During metamorphosis, ‘E. sertula’ remains adhered to the larval pallial epithelium and is incorporated into the preancestrula cystid tissue layer, which ultimately develops into a bud and gives rise to the next zooid in the colony. Colocalization of bryostatin signal with aggregates of ‘E. sertula’ in buds of ancestrulae suggested new synthesis of bryostatins in ancestrulae. In adult B. neritina colonies, symbiont microcolonies were observed in the funicular cords of rhizoids, which likely result in asexual transmission of ‘E. sertula’ to regenerated colonies. Furthermore, bryostatin signal was detected on the surface of the rhizoids of adult B. neritina colonies. Through simultaneous localization of the bryostatins and the ‘E. sertula,’ we determined how ‘E. sertula’ is transmitted, and identified shifts in bryostatin localization throughout the life cycle of the host B. neritina.
Manipulating the vascular biology of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes: new opportunities.

ore than 7 million people in the United States of America have diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome are increasingly prevalent. This is thought to be the result of the aging of the population, the increasing prevalence of obesity, the growing contribution of highrisk minority groups, and a lower glycemic threshold for the diagnosis of diabetes. The insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X) describes the clustering of a number of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for both diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.1 These risk factors include hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and a characteristic dyslipidemia (Table I).2 An alternative name, the cardiovascular dysmetabolic syndrome, has been proposed in an effort to emphasize the cardiovascular consequences of this syndrome (Table II).3 Accelerated atherosclerosis is a common and very important feature of both diabetes and insulin resistance, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is responsible for at least three quarters of all diabetesrelated deaths.4,5 Microvascular complications of diabetes are improved by maintenance of tight long-term glycemic control, whereas it has proved difficult to show that atherosclerosis of the large conduit arteries and its complications are prevented by glycemic control.6,7 Aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes mellitus, including hypertension and dyslipidemia, is effective in reducing the relative risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.8,9 This review focuses on the cell/vessel wall dysfunctions in these syndromes that cause atherosclerosis and the new therapeutic opportunities that follow.
Energetic ion beams at the edge of the plasma sheet: ISEE 1 observations plus a simple explanatory model

It has been found that energetic ions with energies in the range from 10 keV to 2 MeV are an important part of the geomagnetic tail particle population. A description is presented of energetic ion, three-dimensional distribution observations from ISEE 1 during 0400-2000 UT, May 3, 1978, a time when several encounters with the geomagnetic tail plasma sheet occurred. Pronounced energetic ion streaming is observed at each entry to and exit from the plasma sheet. Azimuthal gradients observed during these times indicate that this streaming occurs within two gyroradii of the plasma sheet edge. Streaming characteristics show both narrow and broad angular flows at arbitrary angles to B. These flows are observed simultaneously and individually. The time, energy, and pitch angle evolution of the ion fluxes show that ISEE 1 is encountering a dynamic and not a static equilibrium situation at the edge of the plasma sheet.
ErbB3 is required for ductal morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland

Introduction The receptor ErbB3/HER3 is often over-expressed in human breast cancers, frequently in conjunction with over-expression of the proto-oncogene ERBB2/HER2/NEU. Although the prognostic/predictive value of ErbB3 expression in breast cancer is unclear, ErbB3 is known to contribute to therapeutic resistance. Understanding ErbB3 functions in the normal mammary gland will help to explain its role in cancer etiology and as a modulator of signaling responses to the mammary oncogene ERBB2.
A sixty thousand year paleomagnetic record from Gulf of California sediments: secular variation, late Quaternary excursions and geomagnetic implications

A unique inclination record of geomagnetic secular variation for the past 60, 000 years (60 ka) has been obtained from continuously deposited sediments in the Gulf of California, recovered during Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 64 by hydraulic piston coring at Site 480. The chronology of Hole 480 was determined by δ18O stratigraphy and varve counts, indicating sedimentation rates approaching 1 m/ka. The paleomagnetic results of the upper 49 m show: (1) The average inclination over this interval is identical to the geocentric axial dipole value at the sampling site. (2) Excursion directions occur between about 53 and 22 ka before present (BP). During this time, the geomagnetic field was generally “noisier” than in the overlying and underlying sections, with greater dispersion of the inclination. (3) The Laschamp excursion was apparently recorded at Hole 480 between about 51 and 49 ka BP and the Mono Lake excursion between about 29 and 26 ka BP. In addition, a narrow 0.3–0.4 m zone near 23 ka BP has a very similar paleomagnetic signature as the excursion observed at Summer Lake, Oregon [1], and we suggest that the Summer Lake is distinct from and younger than the Mono Lake excursion by 3–5 ka and of considerably shorter duration, lasting no more than a few hundred years. (4) Recurring inclination fluctuations were identified at Site 480, characterized by end points with steep inclinations and shallow intermediate value(s), as compared with the geocentric axial dipole. The inclination cycles are particularly apparent from 54 to 24 ka BP with a characteristic period of about 4.4 ka. (5) The “noisier” inclination record between 54 and 24 ka BP might be related to the generally reduced dipole moment between about 20 and 50 ka, and particularly low paleointensities for the Laschamp and Mono Lake excursions.
EFFECT OF DEGREE OF VACUUM AND LENGTH OF STORAGE ON THE MICROFLORA OF VACUUM PACKAGED BEEF WHOLESALE CUTS

Wholesale cuts of fresh beef were vacuum packaged at low, intermediate or high degrees of vacuum and stored at l-3°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 or 35 days. Bacterial counts of samples after 7 and 14 days of storage were low [mean count < 104 per in.2 (6.45 cm2)] irrespective of degree of vacuum. Lactobacilli and anaerobic agar plate counts of cuts stored under high vacuum for 21-35 days tended to be lower than those of comparable cuts stored under low or intermediate vacuum. This was also true, but much less frequently, for the psychrotrophic and mesophilic counts. Largest increases in bacterial counts occurred between 14 and 21 days of storage. Fluorescent pseudomonads represented only a small percentage of the total microbial population of vacuum packaged beef cuts. Lactobacilli and anaerobic plate counts of vacuum-packaged cuts were very similar. The psychrotrophic bacterial population of cuts stored for 28 days consisted primarily of Lactobacillus sp., while Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacteriaceae represented only a small percentage of the psychrotrophic microflora at that time.
Experimental production of sterile closed intestinal loops.

Summary1. A method is presented for the preparation of sterile closed intestinal loops. 2. The animal does not show signs of toxemia. 3. Evidence is offered that absorption continues in the sterile loop.
Expressed sequence reference standards for evaluating stage-specific gene expression in the southern green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris

The southern green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Brumeister) is one of several generalist predators mass reared for sale to gardeners, horticulturists and vegetable producers in the United Stat...
Low cultural identification, low parental involvement and adverse peer influences as risk factors for delinquent behaviour among Filipino youth in Hawai'i.

Background: Among Filipino youth in Hawai‘i, low Filipino cultural identification and low family support may be important risk factors for delinquency.Aims: To examine, in a sample of Filipino youth in Hawai‘i, correlations between delinquent behaviour and the aforementioned — as well as other, potentially mediating — variables.Methods: A youth risk survey and Filipino Culture Scale were administered to Filipino students (N = 150) in Hawai‘i. A parent risk survey was administered to available and consenting parents.Results: Delinquent behaviour correlated positively with acculturative stress, low cultural identification and adverse peer influences; and negatively with total Filipino Culture Scale score. Structural equation modelling suggested that absent/ ineffective adults and adverse peer influences might be more important variables compared to low self-esteem and less religiosity, linking low cultural identification to delinquent behaviour.Conclusions: Although further studies are warranted, to be effe...
Renovating and Refurbishing the Field Experience Structures for Novice Teachers

Teacher education at both the preservice and the inservice level has been criticized for not adequately preparing teachers for the demands and challenges in the classrooms of today, or for the future. This article describes a federally funded project awarded through the Office of Special Education Programs. The intended outcome was to improve the knowledge and application of professional skills and competencies for both preservice teachers (student teachers) and inservice teachers (supervising master teachers) through continuous, focused staff development, reflection, discussion, and coaching. The project focused attention on three related issues: (a) the role and training of the supervising and/or master teacher, (b) better partnerships between teacher preparation programs and the public schools, and (c) the effects of school structure on teachers' continued professional growth. This article describes the program planning, goals, activities, components, and impact of this personnel preparation project.
A diode pumped solid state laser driver for inertial fusion energy

A comprehensive conceptual design for a diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) as a driver for an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is presented. This design is based on recent technical advances that offer potential solutions to difficulties previously associated with the use of a laser for IFE applications. The design was selected by using a systems analysis code that optimizes a DPSSL configuration by minimizing the calculated cost of electricity (COE). The code contains the significant physics relevant to the DPSSL driver, but treats the target chamber and balance of plant costs generically using scaling relations published for the Sombrero KrF laser concept. The authors describe the physics incorporated in the code, predict DPSSL performance and its variations with changes in the major parameters, discuss IFE economics and technical risk, and identify the high leverage development efforts that can make DPSSL driven IFE plants more economically competitive. It is believed that this study is a significant advance over previous conceptual studies of DPSSLs for IFE because it incorporates a new cost effective gain medium, applies a potential solution to the `final optics` problem, and considers the laser physics in substantially greater detail. The result is the introduction of an option for an IFE driver that has relatively low development costs and that builds upon the mature laser technology base already developed for Nova and being developed for the proposed National Ignition Facility. The baseline design of the paper has a product of laser efficiency and target gain of ηG~6.6 and a COE of 8.6 cents/kW.h for a 1 GW(e) plant with a target gain of 76 at 3.7 MJ. Higher ηG(11) and lower COEs (6.6 cents/kW.h) can be achieved with target gains twice as high
Novel fluorescence method for cure monitoring of epoxy resins

Abstract The fluorescence spectra of organic dyes dissolved in epoxy resins are sensitive to local viscosity. The excimer forming dyes are particularly useful as probes since the monomer emission can be used as an internal standard in the measurement. In this case, the probability of excimer formation is related to molecular mobility and hence to the microviscosity. This approach has been demonstrated on epoxy resins. In another approach, trace amounts of 1-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DMA-DPH) and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) are added to an epoxy resin. The fluorescence intensity of DMA-DPH increases with the increase in local viscosity while the fluorescence intensity of DPA is insensitive to local viscosity and can be used as an internal standard. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities of DMA-DPH and of DPA has been measured to monitor the cure of epoxy resins.
Sablefish Predation on Juvenile Pacific Salmon in the Coastal Marine Waters of Southeast Alaska in 1999

Abstract At-sea observations of predation by age-1 and older (age-1+) sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria on juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. were combined with laboratory studies to determine gastric evacuation rates and were used to estimate summer predation impact in the northern region of Southeast Alaska. In June and July 1999, up to 63% of sablefish examined from trawl catches in strait habitat had each consumed one to four juvenile pink salmon O. gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, or sockeye salmon O. nerka. In two laboratory experiments, field-captured sablefish were acclimated without food in compartmentalized flow-through tanks with conditions manipulated to reflect the photoperiod and temperature regimes of summer. These sablefish were each offered one whole, preweighed juvenile chum salmon; consumption events were observed, and the sablefish were then sacrificed at predetermined time intervals. Prey biomass remaining in the stomach of each sablefish predator was weighed, and an exponential mode...
Televisions, video privacy, and powerline electromagnetic interference

We conduct an extensive study of information leakage over the powerline infrastructure from eight televisions (TVs) spanning multiple makes, models, and underlying technologies. In addition to being of scientific interest, our findings contribute to the overall debate of whether or not measurements of residential powerlines reveal significant information about the activities within a home. We find that the power supplies of modern TVs produce discernible electromagnetic interference (EMI) signatures that are indicative of the video content being displayed. We measure the stability of these signatures over time and across multiple instances of the same TV model, as well as the robustness of these signatures in the presence of other noisy electronic devices connected to the same powerline.
Aspirin and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Relation to the Expression of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase (HPGD)

Aspirin use reduces the risk of colorectal neoplasia, at least in part, through inhibition of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, cyclooxygenase 2)–related pathways. Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (15-PGDH, HPGD) is down-regulated in colorectal cancers and functions as a metabolic antagonist of PTGS2. We hypothesized that the effect of aspirin may be antagonized by low 15-PGDH expression in the normal colon. In the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, we collected data on aspirin use every 2 years and followed up participants for diagnoses of colorectal cancer. Duplication-method Cox proportional, multivariable-adjusted, cause-specific hazards regression for competing risks data was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for incident colorectal cancer according to 15-PGDH mRNA expression level measured in normal mucosa from colorectal cancer resections. Among 127,865 participants, we documented 270 colorectal cancer cases from which we could assess 15-PGDH expression. Compared with nonuse, regular aspirin use was associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer that developed within a background of colonic mucosa with high 15-PGDH expression [multivariable HR, 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.71], but not with low 15-PGDH expression (multivariable HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.27) ( P for heterogeneity = 0.018). Regular aspirin use was associated with lower incidence of colorectal cancers arising in association with high 15-PGDH expression, but not with low 15-PGDH expression in normal colon mucosa. This suggests that 15-PGDH expression level in normal colon mucosa may serve as a biomarker that may predict stronger benefit from aspirin chemoprevention.
The case of Brazil: Import substitution revisited

Abstract This paper argues that Brazil has responded to the energy crisis by reverting to policies of autarky through import substitution. Nuclear power, alcohol, and (if possible) domestic oil are to be substituted for oil imports. To manage the balance of payments with fixed exchange rates, domestic production will be substituted for imports, even of those goods (e.g., raw materials, capital goods, and high-technology products) that until now have been mostly imported. The growing integration of 1968–1974 into the world economy appears to have been a temporary aberration.
Groups with all proper subgroups soluble-by-finite rank

Abstract We study the class of locally (soluble-by-finite) groups in which all proper subgroups are soluble-by-finite rank. There are infinite simple groups in this class.
Perspectives on electronic publication gained through publishing CD-ROM/WWW issues of the IEEE Transactions on Education

The article reviews and summarizes perspectives of electronic publication gained through experience in publishing, with CD-ROM/WWW technology, the August 1996 IEEE Transactions on Education special issue on the application of information technologies to engineering and science education, as well as Rapid Publication Supplements to the November 1997 and November 1998 issues of this Transactions.
The use of simulation in courses for language teachers

Abstract The technique of peer teaching has been utilized in training programs for foreign and second language teachers since audio-lingual days. As a primitive simulation activity, it has certain benefits. More recently, however, simulation-gaming has opened up new vistas. In contrast to traditional educational formats, which would include lectures, discussions, and readings exclusively, simulations provide teachers-in-training with opportunities to experience the kinds of activities which current language teaching theory advocates for programs which foster communicative goals. But the subject matter of a foreign or second language class is not the same as that of a TEFL/TESL or applied linguistics course. What adaptations must be made? This article first gives a rationale for including simulation in teacher training programs, then discusses three broad aims of training simulations: (1) embodying issues directly related to professional concerns, (2) fostering cross-cultural sensitivity, and (3) presenting the subject content of special purpose courses. In addition, the article illustrated adapted vs original material as well as three formats: open-ended, sketched, and fully-developed.
Underweighting Alternatives and Overconfidence

Much evidence outside the overconfidence literature indicates that confidence in a particular hypothesis is influenced more by evidence for and against that hypothesis than by evidence for and against the alternative. This article focuses on the impact that underweighting the alternative has on overconfidence and other related measures. Computer simulations showed that underweighting the alternative is sufficient for producing overconfidence under quite general conditions. In addition, data from two previous empirical studies were reanalyzed. In these simulated medical diagnosis studies, one group of subjects was known to take into account the alternative, and one to underweight it. The pattern of differences between the two groups was similar to the pattern found in the computer simulations where weighting of the alternative was manipulated. Furthermore, encouragement to take into account the alternative had no effect on the former group's behavior, but affected the latter group in a manner predicted by the simulations. Both the simulations and reanalyses provide direct evidence of the effect of underweighting the strength of alternatives on overconfidence.
The Mechanical Fingerprint of a Parallel Polyprotein Dimer

We use the GCN4 oligomerization domain to engineer a covalently linked parallel polyprotein dimer based on the well-studied I27 domain of titin. We use single molecule atomic force microscopy techniques to stretch single polyprotein fibers and verify their mechanical properties. We find that the engineered polyprotein dimers extend in perfect register, doubling the unfolding force and halving the persistence length while keeping the contour length increase unchanged. These experiments directly confirm the mechanical scaling laws proposed for parallel bundles of modular proteins.
Microcontaminants in pentachlorophenol synthesis. 3. Effect of temperature and chlorine flow rate at end of run

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are undesired byproducts that form as microcontaminants during the synthesis of pentachlorophenol. In temperature-programmed, laboratory-scale synthesis, most of the microcontaminant toxicity forms near the end of the run and while the molten pentachlorophenol product cools and solidifies. Terminating the chlorine feed to the reactor before the end of the run, where some tetrachlorophenol remains, prevented the formation of microcontaminants in high concentrations in the final product. Therefore, it appears that the microcontaminant-forming reactions that occur near the end of the run are inhibited by creating chlorine starvation conditions in the reaction system. In a commercial implementation of this strategy, it may also be beneficial to purge the reactor contents with an inert gas after stopping the chlorine flow to remove the residual chlorine.
Syntheses of dialkyl trichloromethylphosphonates and their properties for additives

Nine dialkyl trichloromethylphosphonates (TCMPs) were synthesized by the Arbusov reaction from the corresponding trialkyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride. Some characteristics of these compounds were studied. The alkyl groups contained from 2 to 18 even carbon atoms. The reaction of triethyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride was completed in about 4 hr under an indoor natural light. However, in the preparation of the lower dialkyl TCMPs the mixture of trialkyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride was refluxed for 8 hr. With alkyl groups higher than decyl, a reaction time of 8 hr was insufficient. Utilization of these dialkyl TCMPs was discussed. These compounds were shown to be effective chelating, antistatic and flame resistant additives in a formulation of polyvinyl chloride. Moreover, they were found to be very excellent extreme pressure additives for lubricating oil; especially the dibutyl TCMP which was extremely effective at concentrations as low as 0.25%.
Cell memory and adaptation in chemotaxis.

How cells direct motion in response to environmental stimuli has long fascinated biologists. Chemotaxis, the migration guided by chemical gradients, is a fundamental property of many cells and plays important roles in physiology and pathological conditions. One of the best-studied models for chemotaxis is the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. In nutrient-deprived environments, Dictyostelium cells initiate a developmental program that allows them to aggregate and form fruiting bodies. During this process, cells periodically secrete cAMP, which functions as a chemoattractant to guide their migration. In a field of cells, periodic waves of cAMP are initiated from an aggregation center every ∼6 min and sweep out in concentric circles or spirals. As the waves approach cells, they first experience a spatial gradient, with the high side facing the center. Thereafter, because the spatial profile of the waves is symmetric (1), as the peak of the wave passes cells are faced with an equivalent but oppositely directed gradient (Fig. 1). Despite this change of direction, the overall movement of cells is toward the center. How chemotactic cells are able to sense the approaching wave but appear to ignore it as it moves away is known as the “back of the wave” problem, and has perplexed the field for some time. Two possible explanations have been proposed. The first explanation relies on the fact that cells adapt—or cease to respond—to constant levels of stimuli (2). Therefore, cells are more sensitive during the rising phase of the wave, when the concentration of the chemoattractant is increasing over time, and lose sensitivity at the back of the wave when the concentration is declining. The second explanation notes that over time cells develop an intrinsic polarity with well-defined anterior and posterior regions, and this polarity allows cells to maintain their direction when the guidance cue fluctuates (3). The relative importance of each process in allowing cells to move unidirectionally in periodic waves has not been known, although both suggest that in addition to the spatial profile, cells make use of the temporal information of the concentration. In PNAS, Skoge et al. address this question through careful analysis of migration and the corresponding signaling activities of cells responding to spatiotemporal patterns of cAMP generated by a novel microfluidic device (4). The authors show that cells display a memory that persists beyond—but is modulated by—the adaptation process. This interplay between memory and adaptation allows cells to move against the gradient in the back of the wave.
The Milli-Motein: A self-folding chain of programmable matter with a one centimeter module pitch

The Milli-Motein (Millimeter-Scale Motorized Protein) is ca chain of programmable matter with a 1 cm pitch. It can fold itself into digitized approximations of arbitrary three-dimensional shapes. The small size of the Milli-Motein segments is enabled by the use of our new electropermanent wobble stepper motors, described in this paper, and by a highly integrated electronic and mechanical design. The chain is an interlocked series of connected motor rotors and stators, wrapped with a continuous flex circuit to provide communications, control, and power transmission capabilities. The Milli-Motein uses off-the-shelf electronic components and fasteners, and custom parts fabricated by conventional and electric discharge machining, assembled with screws, glue, and solder using tweezers under a microscope. We perform shape reconfiguration experiments using a four-segment Milli-Motein. It can switch from a straight line to a prescribed shape in 5 seconds, consuming 2.6 W power during reconfiguration. It can hold its shape indefinitely without power. During reconfiguration, a segment can lift the weight of one but not two segments as a horizontal cantilever.
Supervisory Feed-Forward Control for Real-Time Topping Cycle CHP Operation

This paper presents an energy dispatch algorithm for real-time topping cycle cooling, heating, and power (CHP) operation for buildings with the objective of minimizing the operational cost, primary energy consumption (PEC), or carbon dioxide emission (CDE). The algorithm features a supervisory feed-forward control for real-time CHP operation using short-term weather forecasting. The advantages of the proposed control scheme for CHP operation are (a) relatively simple and efficient implementation allowing realistic real-time operation, (b) optimized CHP operation with respect to operational cost, PEC, or CDE, and (c) increased site-energy consumption resulting in less dependence on the electric grid. In the feed-forward portion of the control scheme, short-term electric, cooling, and heating loads are predicted using the U.S. Department of Energy benchmark small office building model. The results are encouraging regarding the potential saving of operational cost, PEC, and CDE from using the control system for a CHP system with electric and thermal energy storages.
THE MAXIMUM CAPTURE OR “SPHERE OF INFLUENCE” LOCATION PROBLEM: HOTELLING REVISITED ON A NETWORK*

ABSTRACT. The problem of the ice cream vendor on the beach is extended to the siting of multiple entering servers into the midst of existing servers which are already in place at multiple sites on a network. The network of population nodes, joining arcs, and eligible sites for servers provides the underlying matrix of the problem. The goal of the single firm which is siting the multiple entering servers is the capture of the maximum population from existing servers. This combinatorial problem can be described as a linear integer program for which solutions can easily be derived. Computational experience and insights derived therefrom are reported.