cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mentoring two student teachers: mentors’ perceptions of peer placements

Research on peer placements suggests that partnering two preservice teachers with a mentor provides a better, more supportive context for learning to teach. As extant research has focused more on student teachers’ development, less is known about mentors’ perceptions and experiences. This qualitative study focuses on seven mentor teachers who have mentored one–three years in peer placements to provide a textured understanding of their perceptions and experiences. Results indicate: (a) peer collaboration provides important pedagogical scaffolding that helps student teachers plan and implement complex pedagogies; (b) peer–mentor observation helps student teachers feel more efficacious about their developing practice; (c) sharing responsibility for instruction and distributing roles and resources enables mentors to better meet the needs of student teachers and students; and (d) effective peer placements require mentors to conceptualize their work in different ways. Professional development recommendations ar...
Spaces of Their Own: Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China

Spaces of Their Own: Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China. MayfairMei-hui Yang, ed. Minneapolis: University oi Minnesota Press, 1999. vii + 375 pp., photographs, bibliography, index.
LIQUID CRYSTALLINE SOLVENTS AS MECHANISTIC PROBES‐V. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTERIC ORDER ON THE FORMATION RATES OF VITAMIN D3 FROM PRE‐VITAMIN D3 AND OF PRE‐VITAMIN D3 FROM VITAMIN D3*

— The rates for conversion of pre-vitamin D3 (pre-D) to vitamin D, (D) and of D to pre-D in the cholesteric liquid-crystalline and isotropic phases of a 60/26/14 (wt/wt/wt) mixture of cholesteryl oleate/cholesteryl nonanoate/cholesteryl chloride and in hydrocarbon solvents (hexane and 2,2,4-tri-methylpentane) have been measured. The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions in the cholesteric mixture are greater than those measured in the hydrocarbon solvent. The pre-D D rate in the liquid-crystalline phase is independent of whether pre-D is generated in situ from 7-dehydrocholes-terol or from lumisterol3. Eyring plots of data from the cholesteric mixture show no perceptible differences between the liquid-crystalline and isotropic phases: ΔH=83.85 3.0 kJ/mol and ΔS=-64.3 9.7 J/mol-degree for pre-D D; ΔH=104.22.7 kJ/mol and ΔS = -13.7 8.4 J/ mol-degree for D pre-D. It is concluded that macro-solvent order does not play an important role in the rates and equilibria for the pre-D D intcrconversion. Solvent-solute spatial interactions may be responsible for the high rates obtained in the cholesteric mixture.
Learning by doing: The objectification of knowledge across semiotic modalities in middle school chemistry lab activities

Abstract This analysis follows students’ action and interaction with a single scientific phenomenon (bubbling/gas) over the course of a curriculum unit in a middle school science classroom to examine how and what they learn when doing laboratory activities. Taking a situated approach to interaction, I place the process of objectification in its multimodal context, focusing specifically on perceptual and linguistic objectification to highlight the importance of action, bodily movement, and the use of materials in students’ developing understanding of the law of conservation of matter. These two processes of objectification show how students orient themselves to the scientific materials at critical points in time, and how they transform first-hand activity into meaningful linguistic representations to demonstrate they have learned from their activities, and to create forms of knowledge that can be decontextualized and recontextualized in future learning situations.
Tritium and Phosphorus-32 in High-Resolution Autoradiography

The sensitivity of monolayers of Ilford L-4 nuclear emulsion to β--particles is approximately 0.20 grain per particle emitted for H3, and 0.025 grain per particle for p32. The sensitivity for thick layers is 1.3 grains per tritium β--particle emitted within the emulsion. In electron microscopic autoradiographs the maximum resolution is approximately 0.1 micron for H3 and 0.3 micron for p32.
Dynamics of Global Gene Expression Changes during Mouse Preimplantation Development

Understanding preimplantation development is important both for basic reproductive biology and for practical applications including regenerative medicine and livestock breeding. Global expression profiles revealed and characterized the distinctive patterns of maternal RNA degradation and zygotic gene activation, including two major transient waves of de novo transcription. The first wave corresponds to zygotic genome activation (ZGA); the second wave, named mid-preimplantation gene activation (MGA), precedes the dynamic morphological and functional changes from the morula to blastocyst stage. Further expression profiling of embryos treated with inhibitors of transcription, translation, and DNA replication revealed that the translation of maternal RNAs is required for the initiation of ZGA. We propose a cascade of gene activation from maternal RNA/protein sets to ZGA gene sets and thence to MGA gene sets. The large number of genes identified as involved in each phase is a first step toward analysis of the complex gene regulatory networks.
What Distinguishes the Gordon Research Conference on Oceans and Human Health? A Retrospective 2008–2012

This piece is being submitted as a short commentary for the special edition on Oceans and Human Health (OHH). It is written from the perspective of a student who has attended all three biennial Gordon Research Conferences and Seminars on OHH beginning in 2008.
Synthesis and characterization of the potent cannabinoid agonist (naphthyl-3H) WIN 55212-2 at high specific activity

[Naphthyl-3H] WIN 55212-2 was prepared at high specific activity by the catalytic tritiation of dibromo precursor 3. Product 4 was characterized by chromatography as well as tritium NMR and proven to be a useful radioligand. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence of Entamoeba histolytica infection in CBA mice owes to intestinal IL-4 production and inhibition of protective IFN-gamma

The mechanisms whereby certain mouse strains develop persistent intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica remain unclear. In this work, we characterized the kinetic pattern of cytokine responses during the course of natural infection in CBA mice and showed that intracecal amebic infection led to a rapid and sustained upregulation of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and Th17 cytokine responses while Th1 cytokines, IL-12p35 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, were suppressed. Depletion of IL-4 cleared infection by 14 days post-challenge, and this clearance correlated with and was mediated by IFN-gamma. The protective role for IFN-gamma was not strain-specific, as 129 background IFN-gammaR knockout mice exhibited a higher infection rate than their wild-type littermates. These studies indicate that IL-4 plays a critical pathogenic role in the persistence of E. histolytica infection through suppression of protective IFN-gamma and provide a possible explanation for why certain humans spontaneously clear amebiasis while others progress to invasive disease.
The chlorophyll triplet state as a probe of structure and function in photosynthesis.

In this review, we have tried to emphasize work on the triplet state of chlorophyll ( 3 Chl) in photosynthetic and related systems which has appeared since previous reviews were published, and to demonstrate the impact that the newly available crystal structure has had on many of these studies
Outcome of Patients with a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node who do not Undergo Completion Lymphadenectomy

Background Completion lymph node dissection (CLND), although considered a standard approach for patients with melanoma and a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN), is not performed in as many as 50% of indicated cases. This study evaluates the outcome of patients who had a positive SLN but did not undergo CLND at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Differential Activity of Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Receptors on Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Templates Differing in Chromatin Structure

In vivo, transcription factors interact with promoters having complex nucleoprotein structures. The transiently expressed progesterone receptor (PR) efficiently activates a transfected mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter but is a poor activator of the MMTV promoter when it acquires an ordered chromatin structure as an endogenous, replicating gene. We show that the deficiency in PR activity is not due to insufficient expression of either B or A isoforms or competition between the two types of MMTV templates. Rather, this deficiency reflects an inability to induce the chromatin remodeling event that is required for activation of the replicated MMTV template. To determine whether this characteristic is common to transiently expressed steroid receptors or specific to the PR, we examined the activity of transiently expressed glucocorticoid (GR) receptor. Unlike the PR, the transiently expressed GR is an effective activator of both MMTV templates and efficiently induces the necessary chromatin remodeling event at the replicated template. These results indicate that the GR and PR have unique requirements for activation of promoters with ordered chromatin structure. These differences may provide a mechanism for establishing target gene specificity in vivo for steroid receptors that recognize and bind to identical DNA sequences.
Skinned muscle fibers of Aplysia: Potentiation of contraction by "background" calcium and lack of effect of cyclic AMP

Abstract 1. 1. Aplysia buccal muscle El can be skinned with saponin in a low ionic strength medium. Pulses of calcium, which were ineffective at causing contraction in intact fibers, elicited contraction in skinned fibers. 2. 2. Tension in skinned fibers increased at [Ca2+] >10−7 M and was maximal at 6x 10−7M. 10−5 M [Ca2+] caused irreversible damage to the fibers. 3. 3. Fibers did not exhibit “catch”, i.e. they relaxed quickly upon removal of calcium. 4. 4. Optimal pH for tension was 7.0. 5. 5. Contractile responses to calcium pulses were increased by raising “background” [Ca2+] to 10−7M. 6. 6. Cyclic AMP (10−4 and 10−3M) had no effect on tension.
Collagenase in the human periodontal ligament.

Collagenase activity was demonstrated by direct incubation to be present in human periodontal ligament. This activity was found in only one of two populations of ligament, i.e., those ligaments taken from teeth in which their attachment site was at least 2.5 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. The collagenase was demonstrated to be of host origin because it degraded collagen into 3/4 and 1/4 α chain fragments characteristic of mammalian collagenases. The enzyme was shown to be inhibited in the presence of EDTA and to have a pH optimum of 7.5.
What they will: comic grammar in Twelfth Night

This article will examine modal auxiliary verbs, particularly “will”, to explore the nature of volition in Twelfth Night. Criticism of the play often tends to ascribe volition only to the audience of the play, as though “what you will” only applies to the viewer and not to the inhabitants of Illyria, who are, in this view, casually trundled about by fate or comic convention. However, while the characters may speak in the language of fate, throughout the play they nevertheless find ways to act upon their desires. In Twelfth Night, hope itself is a willed action, not a passive state, and the characters find ways to live in the future tense – in the space created by “I will” – as a strategy for survival.
Regular Occurrence of False Annuli in Four Brook Trout Populations

Abstract False annuli were found in 65 to 90 percent of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) specimens of several year classes sampled in four Adirondack lakes. Maximum age of fish present was known since all four lakes were recently reclaimed. One or two false annuli were found on scales of trout planted as advanced fry or hatched from eggs deposited naturally. A method of identifying accessory checks based on scale measurements was developed for determining age of these trout. Influence of environmental temperature on growth rate is discussed as a possible explanation for formation of false annuli.
754-6 Continuous Transesophageal Echocardiography During Sequential Electrical Cardioversion Attempts for Atrial Fibrillation: Effect on Left Atrial Appendage Function and Spontaneous Contrast Formation

Electrical cardioversion (ECV) of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) is associated with an increased risk of stroke presumably from left atrial mechanical “stunning” and subsequent stasis of blood. The effect of ineffective electrical shocks on the mechanical function of the left atrium and the formation or worsening of spontaneous contrast is unknown. We studied 16 pts with atrial fibrillation (g 2 days) pre and post each ECV attempt during continuous transesophageal echocardiography. ECV was performed at 50, 100, 200, then 360J until NSR was achieved. Group 1 (N = 7) required 50J and group 2 (N = 9) g 50J for conversion to NSR. Left atrial appendage emptying (LA-EV) and filling velocities (LA-FV) were measured (m/sec) with pulsed wave Doppler and spontaneous contrast was graded visually pre- and post- each ECV attempt. LA-EV pre 50J 100J NSR all pts 0.41 ± 0.12 → → 0.28 ± 0.16 * grp 1 0.42 ± 0.11 0.25 ± 0.15 * → 0.25 ± 0.15 * grp 2 0.40 ± 0.14 0.36 ± 0.15 0.60 ± 0.23 0.28 ± 0.17 LA-FV pre 50J 100J NSR all pts 0.47 ± 0.18 → → 0.33 ± 0.14 * grp 1 0.44 ± 0.08 0.30 ± 0.15 * → 0.30 ± 0.15 * grp 2 0.47 ± 0.23 0.42 ± 0.15 0.39 ± 0.16 0.33 ± 0.15 * pre vs NSR, p l 0.05 There was a trend to a decrease in LA-EV and LA-FV post-conversion to NSR (p l 0.05 for group 1 and all pts combined). The left ventricular ejection fractions pre-ECV were not significantly different between groups (55 ± 11% vs 46 ± 9%, p = NS). Spontaneous contrast was present in 6 pts in group 1 (86%) and 4 pts in group 2 (44%) at baseline and worsened in 1 pt in group 1 (14%) and 3 pts in group 2 (33%) only after conversion to NSR. One pt in group 1 and 3 pts in group 2 had no spontaneous contrast at baseline and developed it only after conversion to NSR. In conclusion 1) Decreased left atrial mechanical function occurs after conversion to NSR. 2) Left atrial mechanical function is not significantly decreased after ineffective ECV attempts. 3) Spontaneous contrast was found more often in pts requiring less energy for cardioversion. 4) Spontaneous contrast worsened more often in pts requiring more energy for conversion to NSR and worsened only after conversion to NSR. 5) These findings suggest that left atrial “stunning” and worsening stasis of flow is due to conversion to NSR and not secondary to ineffective ECV attempts.
Vibrational Spectroscopic and NMR Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes: Do They Tell Us the Same Thing?

Both vibrational infrared and NMR spectroscopy are probes of the hydrogen bond. The ab initio calculations reported in this paper demonstrate that relationships exist among the X−Y distance in an X−H−Y hydrogen bond, the anharmonic proton-stretching frequency, the 1H NMR chemical shift, and the X−Y spin−spin coupling constant. Structural information related to the type of hydrogen bond present may be inferred from these data.
Döderlein-Krönig vaginal hysterectomy: an alternative to the traditional Heaney hysterectomy.

Aim The aim of this study was to demonstrate the surgical steps of performing the Doderlein–Kronig hysterectomy.
Fusing multiple reprocessings of signal data

In the analysis of signals from complex environments, often it is not possible to rely on a single set of signal processing algorithms (SPAs) to produce a set of data correlates that permit meaningful interpretation. In such situations, what is needed is the structured fusion of data from multiple applications of SPAs (reprocessings) with different parameter values. We present the integrated processing and understanding of signals (IPUS) architecture as a framework for structuring interaction between the search for SPAs appropriate to the environment and the search for interpretation models to explain the SPAs' output data correlates. In this paper we describe our use of IPUS to control the integration of output from multiple SPA applications in a system for acoustic signal interpretation of household sounds.
Playground games: a design strategy for supporting and understanding coordinated activity

From a design point of view, coordination is radically undertheorized and under-explored. Arguably, playground games are the universal, cross-cultural venue in which people learn about and explore coordination between one another, and between the worlds of articulated rules and the worlds of experience and action. They can therefore (1) teach us about the processes inherent in human coordination, (2) provide a model of desirable coordinative possibilities, and (3) act as a design framework from which to explore the relationship between game and game play---or, to put it in terms of an inherent tension in human-computer interaction, between plans and situated actions. When brought together with a computer language for coordination that helps us pare down coordinative complexity to essential components, we can create systems that have highly distributed control structures. In this paper, we present the design of four such student-created collaborative, distributed, interactive systems for face-to-face use. These take their inspiration from playground games with respect to who can play (plurality), how (appropriability) and to what ends (acompetitiveness). As it happens, our sample systems are themselves games; however, taking playground games as our model helps us create systems that support game play featuring not enforcement of plans but emergence of rules, roles, and turn taking.
Complement (C5b-9) induces glomerular epithelial cell DNA synthesis but not proliferation in vitro

Complement (C5b-9) induces glomerular epithelial cell DNA synthesis but not proliferation in vitro . Background The C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement is the principal mediator of injury induced experimentally by antibodies directed at glomerular cell membranes. In experimental membranous nephropathy, C5b-9 induced injury to the glomerular visceral epithelial cell (VEC) is associated with DNA synthesis, but not cytokinesis. In the current study we determined if C5b-9 increases DNA synthesis in VEC in vitro , and defined the mechanisms involved. Methods Rat VEC in vitro were divided into three groups: (1) sensitized with anti-VEC antibody and exposed to sublytic concentrations of C +/PVG serum (normal complement components); (2) anti-VEC antibody and control C-/PVG serum (C6 deficient); (3) no anti-VEC antibody. DNA synthesis (BrdU staining), mitosis (mitotic figures) and cytokinesis (cell counts) were measured at 24 and 48 hours. To examine the expression of specific S-phase and M-phase cell cycle regulatory proteins and their inhibitors, immunostaining and Western blot analysis was performed for cyclin A, CDK2, p21 and p27, cyclin B and cdc2. Results In the absence of growth factors, sublytic C5b-9 attack did not increase proliferation. In contrast, sublytic C5b-9 attack (group 1) augmented growth factor induced DNA synthesis by 50% compared to controls (groups 2 and 3; P Conclusions Our results show that the C5b-9 augmented growth factor entry into the S phase in VEC is regulated by changes in specific cell cycle regulatory proteins. However, antibody and complement decreased the M phase cell cycle proteins, and prevented VEC mitosis and cytokinesis, suggesting a delay or arrest at the G 2 /M phase.
Neuromagnetic localization of two components of the transient visual evoked response to patterned stimulation

Corresponding electrical and magnetic components of the brain’s visual evoked response peaking at 120 and 180 ms poststimulus are examined. Results show that both magnetic components are localized in the superficial occipital cortex tangential to the scalp. The distribution ofM120 suggests that the generators for the electrical and magnetic components are related, but the electrical field recorded is an elaborate modification of that produced by the source.
CCD controller requirements for ground-based optical astronomy

Astronomical CCD controllers are being called upon to operate a wide variety of CCDs in a range of ground-based astronomical applications. These include operation of several CCDs in the same focal plane (mosaics), simultaneous readout from two or four corners of the same CCD (multiple readout), readout of only a small region or number of regions of a single CCD (sub-image or region of interest readout), continuous readout of devices for drift scan observations, differential imaging for low contrast polarimetric or spectroscopic observations and very fast readout of small devices for wavefront sensing in adaptive optics systems. These applications all require that the controller electronics not contribute significantly to the readout noise of the CCD, that the dynamic range of the CCD by fully sampled (except for wavefront sensors), that the CCD be read out as quickly as possible from one or more readout ports, and that considerably flexibility in readout modes (binning, skipping and signal sampling) and device format exist. A further requirement imposed by some institutions is that a single controller design be used for all their CCD instruments to minimize maintenance and development efforts. A controller design recently upgraded to meet these requirements is reviewed. It uses a sequencer built with a programmable DSP to provide user flexibility combined with fast 16-bit A/D converters on a programmable video processor chain to provide either fast or slow readouts.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sequential Extraction Versus Comprehensive Characterization of Heavy Metal Species in Brownfield Soils

The applicability of sequential extraction as a means to determine species of heavy-metals was examined by a study on soil samples from two Superfund sites: the National Lead Company site in Pedricktown, NJ, and the Roebling Steel, Inc., site in Florence, NJ. Data from a standard sequential extraction procedure were compared to those from a comprehensive study that combined optical- and scanning-electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and chemical analyses. The study shows that larger particles of contaminants, encapsulated contaminants, and/or man-made materials such as slags, coke, metals, and plastics are subject to incasement, non-selectivity, and redistribution in the sequential extraction process. The results indicate that standard sequential extraction procedures that were developed for characterizing species of contaminants in river sediments may be unsuitable for stand-alone determinative evaluations of contaminant species in industrial-site materials. However, if employed as part of a comprehensive, site-specific characterization study, sequential extraction could be a very useful tool.
Scaling of Subjective Credibility: A Prothetic Continuum:

To determine the scalability of a subjective credibility dimension pertaining to psychometric test-item statements and also whether such a judgmental dimension could be classified as being metathetic or prothetic, student judges made magnitude estimations of the subjective credibility of items on the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale with respect to a standard item statement (modulus value = 50). Judges were randomly divided into two groups with respect to the magnitude-estimation task, one group presented with a reversed order of stimuli. Each judge also made category scale judgments of the stimuli on a five-point credibility category scale. The judgmental credibility continuum possessed high intrascale and interscale reliability. With such high reliability, item statements can be legitimately scaled with respect to a subjective credibility judgmental dimension. The judgmental continuum was considered to be prothetic based on two criteria, a concave downward relationship between the category and magnit...
A major role for intracortical circuits in the strength and tuning of odor-evoked excitation in olfactory cortex

Summary In primary sensory cortices, there are two main sources of excitation: afferent sensory input relayed from the periphery and recurrent intracortical input. Untangling the functional roles of these two excitatory pathways is fundamental for understanding how cortical neurons process sensory stimuli. Odor representations in the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex depend on excitatory sensory afferents from the olfactory bulb. However, piriform cortex pyramidal cells also receive dense intracortical excitatory connections, and the relative contribution of these two pathways to odor responses is unclear. Using a combination of in vivo whole-cell voltage-clamp recording and selective synaptic silencing, we show that the recruitment of intracortical input, rather than olfactory bulb input, largely determines the strength of odor-evoked excitatory synaptic transmission in rat piriform cortical neurons. Furthermore, we find that intracortical synapses dominate odor-evoked excitatory transmission in broadly tuned neurons, whereas bulbar synapses dominate excitatory synaptic responses in more narrowly tuned neurons.
Kaiser Permanente National Total Joint Replacement Registry: Aligning Operations With Information Technology

Background A Total Joint Replacement Registry was developed in a large community-based practice to track implant utilization, monitor revisions and complications, identify patients during recalls and advisories, and provide feedback on clinical practices.
Effects of adrenergic neuron-blocking guanidine derivatives on mitochondrial metabolism☆

Abstract The effect of four adrenergic neuron-blocking drugs, guanethidine, bethanidine, debrisoquin and guanoxan, on mitochondrial metabolism has been investigated. These drugs were found to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, in accord with data available on various other guanidine derivatives. The possible significance of this drug effect for the blockade in vivo of adrenergic neurons is discussed.
Ureteral Injury during Aortic Aneurysm Repair by the Retroperitoneal Approach

Three ureteral injuries (two proximal, one middle) associated with retroperitoneal repair of aortic abdominal aneurysms are reported. The authors believe these represent traction injuries that are related to the use of stationary retractors and suggest that complete anterior mobilization of the left kidney from its posterior fossa will decrease the odds of such an injury.
Operation of a DNA Robot Arm Inserted into a 2D DNA Crystalline Substrate

The success of nanorobotics requires the precise placement and subsequent operation of specific nanomechanical devices at particular locations. The structural programmability of DNA makes it a particularly attractive system for nanorobotics. We have developed a cassette that enables the placement of a robust, sequence-dependent DNA robot arm within a two-dimensional (2D) crystalline DNA array. The cassette contains the device, an attachment site, and a reporter of state. We used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the rotary device is fully functional after insertion. Thus, a nanomechanical device can operate within a fixed frame of reference.
Neutron study of local-environment effects in ferromagnetic Ni-Rh alloys

Neutron diffuse-scattering measurements were made on Ni-Rh alloys containing 2-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 25-, 30-, and 35-at.% Rh to determine the spatial distribution of the magnetic moments. We find that mu-bar/sub Ni/ increases slightly out to about 5-at.% Rh, then decreases slowly to about 15-at.% Rh and beyond that decreases rapidly toward zero at the critical concentration of 37-at.% Rh. The concentration dependence of mu-bar/sub Rh/ is approximately described by a p/sub 12/ dependence and is consistent with moments of 2..mu../sub B/ for those Rh atoms surrounded by 12 Ni nearest neighbors with a small residual moment of about 0.1..mu../sub B/ for Rh atoms with other environments. The diffuse cross sections exhibit small-K peaks which become sharper and more pronounced with increasing Rh content. These peaks show the presence of magnetic-moment fluctuations about the average moments and, from a comparison of the K = 0 intercepts with dmu-bar/dc, we find that these fluctuations are due to local-environment effects. Because the range of these fluctuations increases with increasing Rh, we conclude that magnetic environment is important in determining the moment distribution of these alloys. The data are fitted to a local-environment model that includes the unusually large chemical-environment effect at Rhmore » sites and both chemical- and magnetic-environment effects at Ni sites. The resulting parameters are physically reasonable and approach the correct limits at the extremes of the ferromagnetic region. One of the more interesting results of this fitting is that the chemical effect at Ni sites is positive, i.e., a Rh atom causes an increase in the moment of nearest-neighbor Ni atoms.« less
Effect of Sweeteners on the Quality and Acceptability of Yogurt

Abstract Sweetened low fat plain and Swiss-style fruit-flavored yogurts were manufactured using cream and reconstituted nonfat dry milk. The Swiss-style yogurt was manufactured by adding commercial blueberry or strawberry fruit flavorings to the sweetened yogurt base. Sweeteners used in the study were sucrose, 36 dextrose equivalent corn syrup solids, and 42, 55, and 90% high fructose corn syrup. Varied combinations of sweeteners were used at 0, 2, 4, and 6%, by weight. Evaluations were conducted during incubation and after packaging. Analyses included rate of acid development (time required to reach pH 4.4), microbiological profile, and expert organoleptic evaluation. A consumer panel was used to compare yogurt made with sucrose with that utilizing 90% high fructose corn syrup. As amount of sweetener increased, the time required to get to breaking pH of 4.4 increased. There also appeared to be a preference for yogurt made with 90% high fructose corn syrup, especially in the strawberry yogurt. Most preferred was 4% added sweetener.
The plasma torch for the vitrification of low-level radioactive waste

Summary form only given. A problem arousing international concern is the long-term storage and disposal of radioactive wastes. Solving this problem is particularly important because of the dangers of improper storage, both for the present and the future. It is essential that radioactive waste be stored in a compact and stable form. Plasma torch technology provides a possible solution for radioactive material storage. During the past decade, plasma torches have been developed that produce temperatures as high as 25,000/spl deg/F. At these temperatures any substance is vitrified, i.e., reduced in volume and transformed into a glassy obsedian whose leachability is many times less than bottle glass, that can be safely contained and placed in long-term storage. High temperature plasma torches, the hottest members belonging to the family of plasma are heaters, are efficient devices for reducing matter to its constituent elements but also the most complex in theory and operation. Characterization of the high energy density plasma instability that produces the intense heat, ranges from MHD computer modeling to stimulated Raman scattering by laser diagnostics. This paper describes the history of the plasma torch and the possible use of a 1-megawatt reverse polarity torch in a low-level radioactive waste testbed. Issues such as torch diagnostics, control, and the monitoring of radioactive gaseous, aqueous, solid, and plasma effluent streams are discussed.
Accurate multi-specification DPPM estimation using layered sampling based simulation

Unreasonably long test time and test cost forces the utilization of test compaction methods in production line. Test compaction methods reduce the test cost at the expense of degrading the test quality. When test compaction is used, it is essential to estimate the resulting test quality. Traditional Monte-Carlo simulation devotes most of the effort sampling the median region of the process parameters. However, defective escapes are generally marginal and accurate estimation of defective parts per million (DPPM) requires extensive simulation, especially when DPPM level is low. In this work, we aim at reducing the number of simulations required to estimate DPPM accurately through a two-step methodology exploiting the layered structure of process variation. In the first step, we generate an essential experiment set using a modified version of Taguchi's design of experiment method. We optimize this experiment set for accuracy in order to get a minimal set of experiments. In the second step, we emulate the low level process variation on the optimized essential experiment set. Instead of using traditional Monte-Carlo sampling method, employing layered sampling of process parameters enable us to achieve an accurate DPPMvalue for a substantially reduced number of simulations.
Progress in PV manufacturing technologies

Abstract This paper discusses the different PV technologies in the market today in terms of their research and manufacturing status, as well as issues and advantages they are facing in their future. These technologies include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide, and concentrators. Future generations of PV technologies—for example, the dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell—are discussed in the context of the richness of photovoltaic technology for opportunities to convert sunlight into electricity.
Cultivation and Lyophilization of Mastigina sp.

SYNOPSIS Mastigina sp. is an amoeboid flagellate isolated from pine frass collected in the Guadarrama Mountains in Spain. It feeds on bacteria and yeasts. It prefers yeasts that produce extracellular polysaccharides, and the 2 species that have been used predominantly for cultivation of the flagellate are Pachysolen tannophilus and Hansenula holstii. Mastigina sp. is easily isolated in axenic culture and grows abundantly therein. Its locomotive form, averaging 27 μ in length, resembles that of a limax amoeba, with a vesiculate nucleus at the anterior end. Cells are capable of simultaneous movement by pseudopodia and flagella. It develops rapidly on dead or living yeast cells in shaken cultures and the trophozoites may convert quantitatively to cysts. The cysts remain viable for long periods of time in refrigerated suspensions and in the lyophilized state. They are spherical or ovoid and smooth-walled cysts; the trophozoite emerges from them by breaking the wall.
Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence measurements in the plume of a 6 kw Hall thruster with unperturbed oscillations

We present results from interrogating the time-resolved ion velocity distribution in the plume of a 6 kW laboratory Hall thruster with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of time-resolved ion velocity distribution on completely unperturbed Hall thruster operating conditions. To date, time-resolved LIF measurements have been made on Hall thrusters with oscillations modified to be amenable to either an ensemble average in the time domain [1,2] or a heterodyne approach [3]. Each case relied on active perturbations in either discharge current [1], hollow cathode keeper potential [2], or anode potential [3].
A Moving Boundary Problem in a Finite Domain

The heat conduction and the moving solid-liquid interface in a finite region is studied numerically. A Fourier series expansion is used in both phases for spatial temperature distribution, and the differential equations are converted to an infinite number of ordinary differential equations in time. These equations are solved iteratively for the interface location as well as for the temperature distribution
Details of the gluten-free diet for the patient with dermatitis herpetiformis

Abstract Because dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is seen as an associated disorder of celiac disease or a complication that is related, the same clinical diet is recommended. There is strong evidence that the changes in the intestinal mucosa and the immunologic findings in the majority of patients are identical to those found in celiac disease. Second, gluten has been found to be closely related to the skin rash that occurs with dermatitis herpetiformis (1,2).
Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease

AbstractObjectives. The objectives of this study were to test prospectively for an association between Chlamydiaand atherosclerosis by comparing the incidence of the pathogen found within atheroscl...
Democracy and interdependent preferences

In a democracy, the views and wishes of the citizens are to count. The problem here is how this dictum is to be understood. I suggest that a proper analysis requires that each person's preferences be seen in the context of his beliefs concerning the preferences of the others and of the preferences he would have if he held different beliefs. Preferences founded on erroneous beliefs call for special consideration. So also do certain reluctantly held preferences. I propose a decision-policy involving the identification of social equilibria of preference.
THE BAIRE CATEGORY THEOREM IN WEAK SUBSYSTEMS OF SECOND-ORDER ARITHMETIC

Working within weak subsystems of second-order arithmetic Z2 we consider two versions of the Baire Category theorem which are not equivalent over the base system RCAo. We show that one version (B.C.T.I) is provable in RCAo while the second version (B.C.T.II) requires a stronger system. We introduce two new subsystems of Z2, which we call RCA' and WKL', and show that RCA' suffices to prove B.C.T.II. Some model theory of WKL' and its importance in view of Hilbert's program is discussed, as well as applications of our results to functional analysis.
Lattice vibrations of one-dimensional disordered systems

Abstract The study of the effects of defects on the vibrational properties of solids is almost as old as the study of lattice dynamics in crystals. In fact, the effect of certain kinds of defects on the normal–mode vibrational frequencies of a system of particles was first investigated theoretically in the 1890s by Lord Rayleigh. Even earlier, the result that a light atom in a monatomic linear chain gives rise to a nonpropagating mode of vibration was contained in the work of Sir William Rowan Hamilton published in 1841. However, because of the simplifying feature in the geometry of the crystalline solids, elegant theorems were developed so that the studies of normal modes and thermodynamic properties of solids with periodic structures soon became the main stream of research in lattice dynamics. On the other hand, the importance of understanding the dynamic properties of disordered systems is underscored by the fact that the materials we deal with d o not have the simplicity and regularity found in the ph...
Differential Regulation of the Excitability of Prefrontal Cortical Fast-Spiking Interneurons and Pyramidal Neurons by Serotonin and Fluoxetine

Serotonin exerts a powerful influence on neuronal excitability. In this study, we investigated the effects of serotonin on different neuronal populations in prefrontal cortex (PFC), a major area controlling emotion and cognition. Using whole-cell recordings in PFC slices, we found that bath application of 5-HT dose-dependently increased the firing of FS (fast spiking) interneurons, and decreased the firing of pyramidal neurons. The enhancing effect of 5-HT in FS interneurons was mediated by 5-HT2 receptors, while the reducing effect of 5-HT in pyramidal neurons was mediated by 5-HT1 receptors. Fluoxetine, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, also induced a concentration-dependent increase in the excitability of FS interneurons, but had little effect on pyramidal neurons. In rats with chronic fluoxetine treatment, the excitability of FS interneurons was significantly increased, while pyramidal neurons remained unchanged. Fluoxetine injection largely occluded the enhancing effect of 5-HT in FS interneurons, but did not alter the reducing effect of 5-HT in pyramidal neurons. These data suggest that the excitability of PFC interneurons and pyramidal neurons is regulated by exogenous 5-HT in an opposing manner, and FS interneurons are the major target of Fluoxetine. It provides a framework for understanding the action of 5-HT and antidepressants in altering PFC network activity.
Ethanol augmentation of desmethylimipramine effects in the rat

Abstract The daily oral administration (7 days per week) of DMI and DMI in combination with alcohol shows that animals are less tolerant to the combination than to DMI alone. This augmentation of DMI toxicity by alcohol at the 50 and 25 mg/kg dose levels was shown by changes in drug intake, survival time, and number of survivors. At the (15 mg/kg) dose level, the animals receiving DMI alone were similar to the animals receiving DMI plus alcohol in drug intake, survival time and number of survivors. However, the incidence of bloating for the combination group was significantly greater than for the controls.
Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars

We compared the instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from ten highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, Chanticleer, Weymouth, Hannah's Choice, Duke, Bluecrop, Coville, Berkeley, Bluegold, Elliott and Lateblue and two rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, grown in New Jersey. Cultivars varied in sensory intensity and acceptability scores. Highbush cultivars, Coville and Hannah's Choice, scored highest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of blue color, juiciness, sweetness and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, sweet/tart balance, flavor and overall eating quality. In contrast, rabbiteye cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, and the highbush cultivars, Elliott and Weymouth, scored lowest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of bursting energy, skin toughness, texture during chewing, juiciness, and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, flavor and overall eating quality. Analytical quality characteristics of surface color, size, compression firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, and aromatic volatile concentration also varied among cultivars, but no instrumental measurement adequately predicted consumer acceptability scores. The overall eating quality of blueberry fruit was best correlated with flavor scores followed by sensory scores for intensity of juiciness, bursting energy and sweetness and for acceptability of appearance.
Canonical constraints for parameterized data types

Abstract This paper presents a comparatively general method for specifying a ‘data constraint’ on a parameterized data type (i.e., specifying just which category of algebras it is supposed to be defined or correct on), and shows that there is a simple canonical form for such constraint specifications. We also show how such constraints may be employed to give ‘loose’ specifications of data types.
Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol benzoate on high affinity choline uptake, ACh synthesis, and release from rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes

Several presynaptic processes were studied in cerebral cortical synaptosomes prepared from intact adult female rats or from ovariectomized animals that received 3 subcutaneous injections of either estradiol benzoate (10 micrograms/kg) or vehicle. Injections were given 1/day, every other day, and animals were sacrificed 1 h after the last injection. High affinity choline uptake and coupled acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis were reduced by ovariectomy, and restored to control levels by the estradiol benzoate injections. In contrast, low affinity choline uptake and depolarization-induced [3H]ACh release were unaffected by either ovariectomy or estradiol benzoate injections. These results suggest that changes in estradiol levels may alter the high affinity transport process regulating ACh synthesis in this tissue.
The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014.

Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer’s study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.
Norms of size and annual increments for five anatomical measures of the mandible in boys from three to sixteen years of age

Abstract Mixed longitudinal study of mandibular growth was conducted on fifty-two boys. The three-dimensional method of correcting for distortion and magnification of landmarks on the frontal and lateral cephalograms was used to obtain anatomically accurate dimensions of the mandible. Means and variability of size and annual increments were presented for ramus height, body length, maximum length, bigonial width, and bicondylar width. This paper corresponds to a similar one on girls and presents discussion of sex differences. A review of other studies on mandibular growth is included. Boys grew least in height, more in width, and most in length. Their circumpuberal increase was greatest for maximum length and least for bigonial width. In sex differences boys were found to be larger than girls at 3 years of age in all measurements but bigonial width. From age 3 years on, boys growth increments were larger and their postadolescent size reflected this in their larger overall size in each dimension. The boys' adolescent spurt was later and more pronounced in bigonial width, body length, maximum length, and ramus height.
URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS

In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol) improves laboratory test markers of cholestasis and hepatic inflammation as well as some hepatic histological features; it also delays histological progression in the early stages of PBC. Ursodiol is well tolerated and safe. Less well substantiated are that ursodiol either improves the quality of life or prevents liver transplantation or that it prolongs survival without transplantation. There are favorable trends for ursodiol in preventing transplantation and prolonging survival, but in the absence of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of sufficient duration, there remain impressions rather than statistically proved, strong conclusions.