cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Navigation of Method Time Measurement Tables for Automotive Assembly Line Planning

Assembly process sheets are formal documents used extensively within automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to document and communicate assembly procedure, required tooling, contingency plans, and time study results. These sheets are authored throughout the vehicle life-cycle. Further, various customers use these sheets for training, analyzing the process, and line-balancing. In this research, the primary focus is the time studies analysis that is completed using knowledge contained within the assembly process sheets. In this research, a method and software tool are developed to utilize coupling between part descriptions and process descriptions for assembly time studies. The method is realized through the development of a standardized vocabulary for describing work instructions, a mapping from work instructions to MTM codes, and a tool for extracting relevant part information from CAD models. The approach enables process planners to establish part-process coupling, author work instructions using the controlled vocabulary, to estimate assembly time. A prototype system is developed and tested using examples from an automotive OEM.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Spinal Cord Stimulation Is an Effective Treatment for the Chronic Intractable Visceral Pelvic Pain

Objective. Recent studies have demonstrated significant involvement of dorsal column pathways in transmission of visceral pelvic pain. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) suppresses visceral response to colon distension in an animal model and therefore may be an effective therapy for chronic pelvic pain of visceral origin. We are reporting on the value of neurostimulation for chronic visceral pelvic pain in six female patients with the diagnosis of long-standing pelvic pain (history of endometriosis, multiple surgical explorations, and dyspareunia). Design and Settings. Case-series report. All patients received repeated hypogastric blocks (in an average of 5.3 blocks) with a significant pain relief for a period ranging from 1 to 6 weeks. Three received neurolytic hypogastric block with the pain relief of 3, 8, and 12 months, respectively. Following psychological evaluation and clearance by our Multidisciplinary Committee on Implantable Devices, they all underwent SCS trial for 7–14 days. All patients received SCS systems with dual leads (Compact or Quad leads, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Results. The average follow-up was 30.6 months. Median visual analog scale pain score decreased from 8 to 3. All patients had more than 50% of the pain relief. Pain Disability Index changed from an average of 57.7 ± 12 to 19.5 ± 7. Opiate use decreased from an average 22.5 mg to 6.6 mg of morphine sulfate milligram equivalents per day. Conclusion. It appears that SCS may have a significant therapeutic potential for treatment of visceral pelvic pain.
Thermal decomposition of brushite, CaHPO4·2H2O to monetite CaHPO4 and the formation of an amorphous phase

Brushite, CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O, is a layered structure in which the layers are held together by water molecules via hydrogen bonds. Brushite loses its water molecules in two steps when heated, to form monetite CaHPO 4 . The loss of water results in the formation of an amorphous phase along with monetite. We investigated the dehydration process primarily by means of X-ray diffraction, and quantified the amount of monetite and the amorphous phase as a function of heating rate and temperature via Rietveld refinements. Water loss was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis and the nature of the products was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Recrystallization, water loss, and the formation of the amorphous phase depend on the heating rate and/or time of exposure at temperature. The conversion temperature is about 220 °C, although brushite can convert to monetite at lower temperatures during prolonged exposure to heat. More amorphous phase forms during slower dehydration at slower heating rates. The amorphous phase forms due to non-linear dehydration of brushite. The amorphous phase is hydrated and can be regarded as a highly disordered monetite with some free water trapped in the structure.
Separation of second phase particles in spheroidized 1045 steel, Cu-0.6pct Cr alloy, and maraging steel in plastic straining

Experiments were performed on spheroidized 1045 steel, Cu-0.6 pct Cr alloy, and maraging steel containing respectively Fe3C, Cu-Cr, and TiC particles of nearly equiaxed shape. The local interfacial stresses for separation of these particles during plastic deformation were evaluated by the methods described in the two preceding papers. The results show that the interfacial strengths for these particles in their respective matrices are 242, 144, and 264 ksi. In the spheroidized steel the average diam of the separated particles is distinctly larger than the average diam of the whole population. This is quantitatively explained by the enhanced interfacial stresses developed in regions of above average volume fraction of second phase which frequently occur in very dense populations of particles. No such effect was observed in the other two systems which is consistent with their much lower volume fraction of second phase. Some tension experiments have also been performed with the spheroidized 1045 steel at elevated temperature, giving results qualitatively similar to those at room temperature.
Three-dimensional Analysis of Cricoarytenoid Joint Motion

The normal motion of the cricoarytenoid joint was characterized and analyzed in this study using seven fresh cadaver larynges mounted rigidly in an external fixator apparatus after radiopaque markers were attached to laryngeal landmarks. Fluoroscopic imaging and recording was performed of top, front, and side views while the arytenoid cartilages of each larynx were manipulated through the full range of motion from adduction to abduction. Computer video capture was performed of the recordings and editing of still frames accomplished to generate three-dimensional plots of cricoarytenoid joint motion, which are shown in the manuscript. Selective and varying sequential disconnection of muscular and ligamentous structures to the arytenoid cartilage was achieved to determine their contributions to cricoarytenoid joint motion limitations and stability. The vocalis ligament, cricoarytenoid ligament, and conus elasticus are most important in controlling abduction, whereas the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and conus elasticus are crucial in limiting adduction. The vocalis ligament prevents posterior displacement of the vocal process, while the cricoarytenoid ligament and a newly described ligament, the posterior capsular ligament, restricts anterior vocal process migration. Another ligament, the anterior capsular ligament, is described, which limits backward arytenoid cartilage tilting and lateral movement of the arytenoid cartilage on the cricoid cartilage facet. Section of the vocalis ligament with underlying conus elasticus produced reducible lateral arytenoid cartilage subluxation. Confirmation of cricoarytenoid joint facet relationships in full adduction and abduction was accomplished by fixation of the cricoarytenoid joints of one larynx in the two positions with adhesive, and subsequent exposure of the joint surfaces. Review of literature detailing human laryngeal embryological development shows that the glottis and arytenoid cartilages are formed in adduction, which explains how cricoarytenoid joint ligaments collaborate to achieve accurate vocal process approximation in adduction despite side-to-side asymmetries of the cricoarytenoid joint structures in the same larynges.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPLEX POTENTIALS FOR ATOMIC COLLISIONS. II. SEMICLASSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ATOMIC COLLISIONS.

Semiclassical approximations are applied to atomic collisions with complex potentials. The effects of damping due to the imaginary parts of the complex potentials are investigated in the JWKB and eikonal approximations. Numerical illustrations are given for a model (${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, H) system constructed in Paper I of this series. The calculated results for such a model are compared with available experimental measurements for electron-transfer and collisional-detachment processes in the (${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, H) collision system at high energies. Important differences, which come primarily from the inadequacy of the model potentials and the non-adiabatic effects, are found between the theoretical and experimental results.
Fluid history of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in the central Appalachians

Abstract Analysis of fluid inclusions in quartz veins of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium in the central Appalachians was undertaken to determine the relationship between the fluid history and structural evolution of the anticlinorium. Samples were collected from three generations of veins defined by their age relative to the Alleghanian cleavage associated with formation of the anticlinorium, and from different stratigraphic units on both limbs of the fold. All fluid inclusions observed were two-phase (L + V), aqueous inclusions. They were separated into four types based on their homogenization temperatures ( T h ), salinity, and salt composition. Modal T h varies from 235 °C for the oldest group to 135 °C for the youngest. Corresponding salinities decrease progressively from 19 to 6.5 wt% NaCl equivalent. Predominant salt compositions are NaCl–CaCl 2 ± MgCl 2 for older inclusions and NaCl for the youngest. Based on the characteristics of these inclusion types, along with the age of the vein and stratigraphic unit in which they occur, four fluids were defined that were present in different parts of the anticlinorium at different times during its development. The primary control on the occurrence of the different fluids was temporal with different fluids occurring in different age veins. A secondary control was the stratigraphy with most of the fluid flow being focused in the Catoctin and Harpers formations. Structural location, position on the fold, and location relative to major faults played minor roles. The temporal and stratigraphic controls on fluid occurrence, along with an absence of CH 4 and CO 2 , which are common in fluids in the adjacent Piedmont and Valley and Ridge provinces, indicate that the fluids in the Blue Ridge were locally derived and not part of the Late Paleozoic regional fluid migration recorded elsewhere in the Appalachians.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide on nitric oxide synthase activity in rat proximal tubules

Renal proximal tubules isolated from the rat possess nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity that is calcium/calmodulin dependent and stereoselectively inhibited by NG-monomethyl-arginine (NMMA). In the absence of added Ca2+ and calmodulin, activity was reduced 84 +/- 13% compared with the activity in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+ and 25 micrograms/mL calmodulin. Inhibition by EGTA (10 mM) was 95 +/- 5% and by calmidazolium (R24571, 250 microM) was 99 +/- 1%. Inhibition by L-NMMA (100 microM) was 78 +/- 13% and by D-NMMA (100 microM) was 7 +/- 7%. The majority of NOS activity was found in the soluble fraction. NOS activity in isolated proximal tubules was also examined 6 hr after a single i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharide. Activity was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the soluble fraction by 2-fold [from 0.320 +/- 0.052 to 0.648 +/- 0.046 (nmol/mg protein/30 min)] and in the particulate fraction by 3-fold [from 0.081 +/- 0.030 to 0.256 +/- 0.034 (nmol/mg protein/30 min)]. All activities were inhibited by EGTA. These data demonstrate that proximal tubules express a calcium/calmodulin-dependent NOS activity that is increased in vivo by lipopolysaccharide.
Generation or large numbers of immature and mature dendritic cells from rat bone marrow cultures

We have defined conditions for generating large numbers of dendritic cells (DC) in marrow cultures from 10-12-week-old ACI or WF rats. The combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNF-alpha, known to induce DC from human CD34+ progenitors, was not effective with rat. In contrast, GM-CSF plus IL-4 generated DC in high yield, corresponding to 30-40% of the initial number of plated marrow cells. The DC proliferated in distinctive aggregates, in which most cells had an immature phenotype marked by undetectable surface B7 and high levels of MHC class II products within intracellular lysosomes. When dislodged and dispersed, the aggregates gave rise to mature stellate DC with abundant surface MHC class II and B7, sparse MHC class II- lysosomes, and strong T cell-stimulating capacity. Therefore, rat marrow progenitors can generate large numbers of immature DC, with abundant intracellular MHC class II compartments, and potent, stimulatory, mature DC.
Can Humankind Change the Economic Myth? Paradigm Shifts Necessary for Ecologically Sustainable Business

Economic wealth is humankind′s most dominant myth. However, this myth must be significantly altered if economic activity and ecological sustainability are to be achieved for posterity. Changing the economic myth means shifting the paradigms which underlie it, and shifting these paradigms means changing the assumptions and values which lie at the heart of business′s relationship to the planet. Research supports the notion that widescale, fundamental change efforts are required to achieve such shifts. Examines the magnitude of the changes which probably will be necessary in order to achieve a truly sustainable society in the future. Discusses the nature of some of the scientific, economic, and management paradigm shifts which need to take place in business organizations before the myth of economic wealth can be truly modified to include Mother Earth.
High-resolution lunar radar map at 70-cm wavelength

New radar observations of the Moon in 1981–1984 were made using the 430 MHz (70 cm wavelength) radar at the Arecibo observatory, Puerto Rico. The new observations have produced a high resolution lunar radar map with radar cell-sizes near 2–5 km. This new resolution is a three-fold improvement over the previous mapping done in the late 1960's. Since the Arecibo radar antenna beam is only ten arc-minutes (about one-third of the width of the lunar disk), this new map is a mosaic of some eighteen observations. A radarmetric control between the various pieces of the mosaic was obtained via a ‘beam-swing,’ limb-to-limb calibration. When the limb-to-limb calibration was combined with the mosaic, there were significant radar scattering differences across the maria. Eastern Mare Tranquillitatis and western Oceanus Procellarum have weaker echoes than other maria, while the central portion of Mare Serenitatis and northern Mare Imbrium have stronger echoes. There is a radar scattering difference across the southern terra as areas nearer Mare Orientale have stronger echoes than areas further from Mare Orientale.
Experiment and simulation of sub-0.25-μm resist processes for 193-nm lithography

A model was developed to simulate the behavior of near-surface-imaged resist processes, with the emphasis on modeling of resist processes for 193 nm. Silylation, bilayer, and additive resist processes can all be simulated using this model. For the silylation process, the model was found to be in excellent agreement with experimentally observed silylated resist profiles. This model was used in combination with existing programs that calculate aerial images and single-layer resist profiles to predict process margins for 193 nm (0.5 NA) lithography. The results of our simulations for 0.25 micrometers features indicate a depth of focus comparable to the Rayleigh limit (+/- 0.4 micrometers ) for a single-layer resist process and up to two times this value for near-surface-imaged resists. Focus latitudes greater than the Rayleigh limit are predicted for 0.18 micrometers features when using near-surface-imaged resists in conjunction with annular illumination.
Developmental regulation of the gene for chimeric calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in anthers

Chimeric Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) was cloned from developing anthers of lily (Lilium longiflorum Thumb. cv. Nellie White) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi). Previous biochemical characterization and structure/function studies had revealed that CCaMK has dual modes of regulation by Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin. The unique structural features of CCaMK include a catalytic domain, a calmodulin-binding domain, and a neural visinin-like Ca(2+)-binding domain. The existence of these three features in a single polypeptide distinguishes it from other kinases. Western analysis revealed that CCaMK is expressed in a stage-specific manner in developing anthers. Expression of CCaMK was first detected in pollen mother cells and continued to increase, reaching a peak around the tetrad stage of meiosis. Following microsporogenesis, CCaMK expression rapidly decreased and at later stages of microspore development, no expression was detected. A tobacco genomic clone of CCaMK was isolated and transgenic tobacco plants were produced carrying the CCaMK promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Both CCaMK mRNA and protein were detected in the pollen sac and their localizations were restricted to the pollen mother cells and tapetal cells. Consistent results showing a stage-specific expression pattern were obtained by beta-glucuronidase analysis, in-situ hybridization and immunolocalization. The stage- and tissue-specific appearance of CCaMK in anthers suggests that it could play a role in sensing transient changes in free Ca(2+) concentration in target cells, thereby controlling developmental events in the anther.
Alcohol-related aggression during the college years: theories, risk factors and policy implications.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the research literature on alcohol-related aggression with a focus on college students. Methods: Data from both survey studies and experimental laboratory investigations conducted on college students are reviewed. Various methodological approaches to studying the alcohol-aggression relation, and their associated limitations, are then presented and discussed. Results: The literature indicates that alcohol consumption facilitates aggressive behavior and increases the risk of being the victim of a violent act, particularly in heavy drinkers. Results from these studies are then placed into a context by reviewing 12 influential theories of aggression and alcohol-related aggression. On the basis of these theories and empirical data, a preliminary risk profile is presented to help identify which factors are likely to be important in predicting who will and who will not become aggressive after drinking alcohol. Conclusions: Although much research...
Modeling and simulation of methane steam reforming in a thermally coupled membrane reactor

Abstract A distributed mathematical model for thermally coupled membrane reactor that is composed of three channels is developed for methane steam reforming. Methane combustion takes place in the first channel on a Pt / δ – Al 2 O 3 catalyst layer that supplies the necessary heat for the endothermic steam reforming reaction. In the second channel, catalytic steam reforming reactions take place in the presence of Ni/MgO–Al2O3 catalyst. The combustion catalyst forms a thin layer next to the reactor wall to minimize the heat transfer resistance. Selective permeation of hydrogen through the palladium membrane is achieved either by co-current or counter-current flow of sweep gas through the third channel. The burner is modeled as a monolith reactor and the reformer is assumed to behave as a pseudo-homogenous reactor. The mass and energy balance equations for the thermally coupled membrane reactor form a set of 22 coupled ordinary differential equations. With the application of appropriate boundary conditions, the distributed reactor model for steady-state operation is solved as a boundary value problem. The model equations are discretized using spline collocation on finite elements. The discretized nonlinear modeling equations, along with the boundary conditions, form a system of algebraic equations that are solved using the trust region dogleg method. The performance of the reactor is numerically investigated for various key operating variables such as inlet fuel concentration, inlet steam/methane ratio, inlet reformer gas temperature and inlet reformer gas velocity. Simulations for both the co-current and the countercurrent flow modes are also performed using different sweep gas flow rates. For each case, the reactor performance is analyzed based on methane conversion and hydrogen recovery yield.
Effect of formulation and processing factors on the characteristics of biodegradable microcapsules of zidovudine

Biodegradable microcapsules of zidovudine (AZT) were prepared using poly-(lactide/glycolide) by the solvent evaporation technique. The objective of this project was to focus on the effect of several formulation and processing factors on the efficiency of encapsulation, surface morphology, and drug release profiles. When the drug was incorporated as powder or as aqueous suspension containing a high amount of insoluble particles, to the organic phase the surface of the microcapsules was appeared to be wrinkled. The efficiency of encapsulation decreased when AZT powder was dispersed directly into the organic solvent instead of adding as an aqueous solution. When the relative volume of the aqueous phase containing 1% PVA was changed from 25 up to 125% of the volume of the organic phase, the efficiency of encapsulation, surface morphology, and release profiles did not change significantly. The efficiency of encapsulation decreased from 9 to 3.8% when the drug loading was increased from 10 to 50% of the weight of the polymer.
Contextualizing consumer health information searching: an analysis of questions in a social Q&A community

The existing research on consumer health information searching has focused on types of information that users need concerning a particular disease and their querying behavior in general search engines. The context of health information searching, such as people's goals, motivations, and emotions, has received comparatively little attention. Given the significant impact of context on the result of information searching, this study sets out to explore contextual factors of consumer health information searching by analyzing health-related questions that people posted on Yahoo Answers, a social Q&A site. Particularly, we looked at the following factors: linguistic features of the questions that users formulated, their motivations for asking the questions, the time when the questions were asked, and their cognitive representations of the problem space. The results could improve our understanding of consumer health information searching and provide implications for the design of general-purpose health information search engines and consumer health information systems.
Spatial and temporal analysis of the anthropogenic effects on local diversity of forest trees

Abstract Diversity is one of the major factors that define stability and efficient functioning of forest ecosystems, therefore maintaining biodiversity is important for sustainable forest management. Humans affect forest diversity in numerous ways. This paper analyzes the anthropogenic effects on diversity of forest trees in Alabama during the period 1972–2000. We use regression analysis to explore the influences of biological and climatic factors on two indicators of tree diversity namely, Shannon's diversity index and species richness. Explanatory variables in the regressions include population gravity index as the indicator of urbanization reflecting population density and proximity to populated places. Other variables in the model are presence of harvesting activity, stand origin, forest type, DBH, volume, site class, ownership, elevation, and slope. Our results indicate that urbanization affects tree species diversity in two ways. Directly, it negatively impacts tree species diversity in Alabama forests. Indirectly, urbanization adversely affects intensity of forest management, which in turn has a negative impact on tree species diversity. The combined effect of urbanization on species diversity is negative; however, its magnitude is lower than that of the direct effect.
The core operator and congruent submodules

Abstract The Hardy spaces H 2 ( D 2 ) can be conveniently viewed as a module over the polynomial ring C [ z 1 , z 2 ] . Submodules of H 2 ( D 2 ) have connections with many areas of study in operator theory. A large amount of research has been carried out striving to understand the structure of submodules under certain equivalence relations. Unitary equivalence is a well-known equivalence relation in set of submodules. However, the rigidity phenomenon discovered in [Douglas et al., Algebraic reduction and rigidity for Hilbert modules, Amer. J. Math. 117 (1) (1995) 75–92] and some other related papers suggests that unitary equivalence, being extremely sensitive to perturbations of zero sets, lacks the flexibility one might need for a classification of submodules. In this paper, we suggest an alternative equivalence relation, namely congruence. The idea is motivated by a symmetry and stability property that the core operator possesses. The congruence relation effectively classifies the submodules with a finite rank core operator. Near the end of the paper, we point out an essential connection of the core operator with operator model theory.
Architectural support for operating systems: A popular RISC vs. a popular CISC

Abstract The basic arguments behind the concept of RISC as a method of supporting program execution speed have been well accepted in recent years. Few doubt that RISC can and does give extra power in most programming environments. One area of support for programming has however not been discussed in great detail: support for operating systems. In the current work, we examine one of the most popular RISC architectures (Sun4) and one of the most popular CISC architectures (VAX) to see how differently they support the task of the operating system implementor.
Designing in complexity: Simulation, integration, and multidisciplinary design optimization for architecture

While the overall performance of buildings has been established to be heavily impacted by design decisions made during the early stages of the design process, design professionals are typically unable to explore design alternatives, or their impact on energy profiles, in a sufficient manner during this phase. The research presents a new design simulation methodology based on incorporating a prototype tool (H.D.S. Beagle) that combines parametric modeling with multi-objective optimization through an integrated platform for enabling rapid iteration and trade-off analysis across the domains of design, energy use intensity, and finance. The research evaluates how the proposed method impacts design simulation processes, by either enabling and/or disrupting the early stages of design decision making. This simulation technology is presented through two major experiment sets: (1) a series of hypothetical cases emulating the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) design modeling and simulation process using our integrated simulation framework and technology; and (2) a pedagogically based experiment used for establishing benchmarks. Through these experiment data sets, both quantitative and qualitative data are collected, including human designer and computational analysis speeds, quantity of generated design alternatives, and quality of resulting solution space as defined by the evaluation metric of this research. The affordances for incorporation of real world design complexity into our computational design prototype and simulation methodology are discussed through both the enabling and the disruptive impact on the early stages of the design process.
The physical and electrical properties of copolymers of polypyrrole

Abstract A series of copolymers of pyrrole with N-substituted monomers have been synthesized and their electrical properties investigated. Varying the nitrogen substituent on the pyrrole ring between methyl, phenyl and (3-bromophenyl) substituted monomers was found to strongly affect the copolymer composition. The reactivity difference can be attributed to the differences in the oxidation potentials of the monomers. These pyrrole copolymers are the first in which a direct analysis has been made of composition.
IgE/FcεRI-Mediated Antigen Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells Enhances Anti-Tumor Immune Responses.

Epidemiologic studies discovered an inverse association between immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergies and cancer, implying tumor-protective properties of IgE. However, the underlying immunologic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is of key importance for anti-tumor immunity because it induces the generation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) with specificity for tumor antigens. We demonstrate that DCs use IgE and FceRI, the high-affinity IgE receptor, for cross-presentation and priming of CTLs in response to free soluble antigen at low doses. Importantly, IgE/FceRI-mediated cross-presentation is a distinct receptor-mediated pathway because it does not require MyD88 signals or IL-12 induction in DCs. Using passive immunization with tumor antigen-specific IgE and DC-based vaccination experiments, we demonstrate that IgE-mediated cross-presentation significantly improves anti-tumor immunity and induces memory responses in vivo. Our findings suggest a cellular mechanism for the tumor-protective features of IgE and expand the known physiological functions of this immunoglobulin.
Hydrolysis at stepped MgO surfaces.

We study the adsorption of water on MgO surfaces with the Car-Parrinello method. Our simulation shows that an ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O molecule in the proximity of a perfect (001) surface is physisorbed. The binding energy is rather small and the molecule desorbs at modest temperatures. We also simulated a stepped surface. On this surface the dissociation of water proceeds very rapidly. Our simulation is the first of this kind and agrees with experimental evidence.
Corrections to “Transforming Traditional Iris Recognition Systems to Work in Nonideal Situations” [Aug 09 3203-3213]

The authors of the above titled paper (ibid., vol 56, no. 8, pp. 3203-3213, Aug. 09) point out that the credits for Figs. 14 and 17 were missing in the final print version. These two figures were edited from the figures in another paper (see ref. [2]) and used to introduce the background of the Multimodal Biometrics Grand Challenge organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Metabolic health and nuclear-receptor sensitivity.

Thiazolidinediones activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, which brings about increased glucose tolerance and glucose sensitivity. Endogenous ligand can achieve the same effect under certain conditions, suggesting a different approach to activating the same pathway.
High-resolution spatiotemporal weather models for climate studies

Climate may exert a strong influence on health, in particular on vector-borne infectious diseases whose vectors are intrinsically dependent on their environment. Although critical, linking climate variability to health outcomes is a difficult task. For some diseases in some areas, spatially and temporally explicit surveillance data are available, but comparable climate data usually are not. We utilize spatial models and limited weather observations in Puerto Rico to predict weather throughout the island on a scale compatible with the local dengue surveillance system. We predicted monthly mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature, and cumulative precipitation at a resolution of 1,000 meters. Average root mean squared error in cross-validation was 1.24°C for maximum temperature, 1.69°C for minimum temperature, and 62.2 millimeters for precipitation. We present a methodology for efficient extrapolation of minimal weather observation data to a more meaningful geographical scale. This analysis will feed downstream studies of climatic effects on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico. Additionally, we utilize conditional simulation so that model error may be robustly passed to future analyses.
Resources for Computerized Crime Mapping

This report inventories geographic information systems resources for crime mapping, with a view to publicizing new research tools applicable to topics in sociology, public administration, criminology, and other social sciences.
"Large" abstractions for software engineering

Abstraction is one of the primary intellectual tools we have for managing complexity in software systems. When we think of abstractions we usually think about "small" abstractions, such as data abstraction (parameterization), type abstraction (polymorphism) and procedural or functional abstraction. These are the everyday kinds of things we work with - finding the right concepts to make the expression of our software solutions easier to understand and easier to reason about. Here I propose we thing about "large" abstractions - abstractions that provide critical distinctions about our field of software engineering as a whole; abstractions that enable us to see what we do in different and important ways and provide significant improvements in how we do software engineering. I give a number of examples and delineate why I think they have been, and still are, important.
Aged Rat Myocardium Exhibits Normal Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Bradycardia and Coronary Vasodilation But Increased Adenosine Agonist-Mediated Cardioprotection

The purpose of this study was to determine whether aged myocardium exhibits decreased responsiveness to adenosine A1 and A(2a) receptor activation. Studies were conducted in adult (4-6 months) and aged (24-26 months) Fischer 344 x Brown Norway hybrid (F344 x BN) rats. Effects of the adenosine A1/A(2a) agonist AMP579 were measured in isolated hearts and in rats submitted to in vivo regional myocardial ischemia. Aged isolated hearts exhibited lower spontaneous heart rates and higher coronary resistance, as well as normal A1- and A(2a)-mediated responses. There was no difference in control infarct size between adult and aged rats; however, AMP579 treatment resulted in a 50% greater infarct size reduction in aged rats (18 +/- 4% of risk area) compared to adult rats (37 +/- 3%). These findings suggest that adenosine A1 and A(2a) receptor-mediated effects are not diminished in normal aged myocardium, and that aged hearts exhibit increased adenosine agonist-induced infarct reduction.
Isolation of plasmid pKM101 in the Stocker laboratory

pKM101 is a mutagenesis-enhancing resistance transfer plasmid (R plasmid) that was introduced into several tester strains used in the Salmonella/microsome mutation assay (Ames test). Plasmid pKM101 has contributed substantially to the effectiveness of the Ames assay, which is used on a world-wide basis to detect mutagens and is required by many government regulatory agencies for approval to market new drugs and other chemical agents. Widely used since 1975, the Ames test is still regarded as one of the most sensitive genetic toxicity assays and a useful short-term test for predicting carcinogenicity in animals. Plasmid pKM101, which is a deletion derivative of plasmid R46 (also referred to as R-Brighton after its origin of isolation in Brighton, England), has also been used to elucidate molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. It was isolated in the laboratory of Professor Bruce A.D. Stocker at Stanford University as part of my doctoral research with 20 R plasmids. Professor Stocker's phenomenal insight into the genetics of Salmonella typhimurium and plasmid behavior was a major factor that led to the isolation of pKM101. This paper includes a tribute to Bruce Stocker, together with a summary of my research with mutagenesis-enhancing R plasmids and a brief discussion of the molecular mechanisms involved in pKM101 plasmid-mediated bacterial mutagenesis.
Proliferation risks of magnetic fusion energy: clandestine production, covert production and breakout

Nuclear proliferation risks from magnetic fusion energy associated with access to weapon-usable materials can be divided into three main categories: (1) clandestine production of weapon-usable material in an undeclared facility, (2) covert production of such material inn a declared facility, and (3) use of a declared facility in a breakout scenario, in which a state begins production of fissile material without concealing the effort. In this paper we address each of these categories of risks from fusion. For each case, we find that the proliferation risk from fusion systems can be much lower than the equivalent risk from fission systems, if the fusion system is designed to accommodate appropriate safeguards.
University teacher's role in achieving intellectual security to his students in the light of the implications of globalization

The study aimed at identifying the concept of intellectual security, globalization, and highlighting the challenges of globalization faced by university teacher to achieve the intellectual security for university students. The study finds out the reality of practices carried out by the university teacher to achieve the intellectual security of the intellectual, and the obstacles it faces to achieve intellectual security. The study used a descriptive approach, the researchers designed a questionnaire to identify the roles and methods carried out by the university teacher in the intellectual achievement of security for university students. The study sample consisted of 1000 students from the faculties of the University of Qassim including colleges community - Education - Arts – Sharia( ( Following: Lik th: The study found a set of the most important results -The weakness of the university teacher 's ability to communicate with students through new technologies and social networking sites. -The teacher can stimulate the students on the need to uphold the values of the society and its laws, and to clarify the seriousness of destructive behaviors directed against the state and peronal property.. -Palaces curriculum with respect to its proximity to the concepts and ideas related to intellectual security. -The study recommended that courses include the concepts of intellectual security and adequate value, disclosure and discussion of students in the main threats and challenges facing the intellectual security.
An application-centric characterization of domain-based SFC partitioners for parallel SAMR

Structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations yield highly advantageous ratios for cost/accuracy as compared to methods based on static uniform approximations. These techniques are being effectively used in many domains including computational fluid dynamics, numerical relativity, astrophysics, subsurface modeling, and oil reservoir simulation. Distributed implementations of these methods, however, lead to significant challenges in dynamic data-distribution, load-balancing, and runtime management. This paper presents an application-centric characterization of a suite of dynamic domain-based inverse space-filling curve partitioning techniques for the distributed adaptive grid hierarchies that underlie SAMR applications. The overall goal of this research is to formulate policies required to drive a dynamically adaptive metapartitioner for SAMR grid hierarchies capable of selecting the most appropriate partitioning strategy at runtime based on current application and system state. Such a metapartitioner can significantly reduce the execution time of SAMR applications.
Molecular Stratification of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancers

Research focused on the analysis and classification of breast tumors, primarily using DNA microarrays and patterns of gene expression, has resulted in distinct tumor subtypes. Although no knowledge of patient survival or outcomes was used to derive these gene descriptions, these different classes based upon patterns of gene expression have important prognostic implications. Predictive markers in estrogen receptor-negative and triple-negative disease will be particularly important because in the absence of therapy, these tumor subtypes tend to have a poor prognosis. In addition, the claudin-low subgroup has been found to be common within the triple-negative cancers and may have further prognostic and therapeutic implications. Patients with triple-negative breast cancer do benefit from chemotherapy, but better treatment options are needed that are less toxic, reduce the risk of disease progression, and are more targeted to this patient population. Potential treatments include poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and therapies that target cancer stem cells could also have an important impact in these patients. This article will focus on the molecular stratification of triple-negative breast cancers and the therapeutic implications of these classifications.
Slip-flow heat transfer in rectangular microchannels

Abstract Laminar slip-flow forced convection in rectangular microchannels is studied analytically by applying a modified generalized integral transform technique to solve the energy equation, assuming hydrodynamically fully developed flow. Results are given in terms of the fluid mixed mean temperature, and both local and fully developed mean Nusselt numbers. Heat transfer is found to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged, compared to non-slip-flow conditions, depending on two dimensionless variables that include effects of rarefaction and the fluid/wall interaction. The transition point at which the switch from heat transfer enhancement to reduction occurs is identified for different aspect ratios.
Studying communication networks in Appalachian Kentucky community development planning processes

Census data and Appalachian Regional Commission designation as distressed counties indicate Appalachian Kentucky is deep in poverty. This 'poverty of place' and the region's pattern of out-migration provide obstacles to economic development. Based in the theoretical connections between communication, communities and community or economic development, the study considers both technological (traditional) and alternative views of community development. Evaluating communication in support of community development requires the use of social network analysis (SNA) to develop models describing communication and social networks of participants in local planning. Participant descriptions of their networks become data, which may be translated into matrices and graphed using SNA methodology. Such study evaluates 'community development' planning processes, their horizontal and dialogical communication and the participative (inclusive) nature of the networks.
Dose-dependency of massage-like compressive loading on recovery of active muscle properties following eccentric exercise: rabbit study with clinical relevance

Background Optimal strategies for massage and its use in athletes have not been conclusively demonstrated. Purpose/study design Effects of varying duration, frequency and magnitude of massage-like compressive loading (MLL) on recovery of skeletal muscle active properties (torque angle (T-Θ) relationship) following exercise-induced muscle injury were studied. Methods Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were surgically instrumented with bilateral peroneal nerve cuffs for stimulation of hindlimb tibialis anterior muscles. Following a bout of eccentric exercise (EEX), rabbits were randomly assigned to a MLL protocol of 0.25 or 0.5 Hz at 5 or 10 N for 15 or 30 min. T-Θ was obtained for 21 tibiotarsal joint angles pre- and post-EEX and post 4 consecutive days of MLL. Muscle wet weight and H&E sections were obtained following final treatments. Results EEX produced an average 61.8%±2.1 decrease in peak isometric torque output. Differences in torque recovery were found between magnitudes (5 and 10 N; p=0.004, n=12) and frequencies (0.25 and 0.5 Hz; p=0.012, n=12), but no difference for durations (15 and 30 min) with the 0.5 Hz, 10 N, 15 min protocol showing greatest recovery 4 days post-EEX. MLL muscle (n=12) wet weight was 3.22±0.18 g, while no MLL tissue (n=9) weighed 3.74±0.22 g (p=0.029). Histological analysis showed a difference in torn fibres between low-parameter and high-parameter MLL (6.5±1.04 vs 0.5±0.29 per 0.59 mm 2 , p=0.005). Conclusions Results showed a dose-response effect for magnitude and frequency of MLL on recovery of active muscle properties following EEX. Future studies will investigate underlying biological mechanisms for this enhanced recovery of muscle function.
Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains

To appropriately mitigate environmental impacts from transportation, it is necessary for decision makers to consider the life-cycle energy use and emissions. Most current decision-making relies on analysis at the tailpipe, ignoring vehicle production, infrastructure provision, and fuel production required for support. We present results of a comprehensive life-cycle energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and selected criteria air pollutant emissions inventory for automobiles, buses, trains, and airplanes in the US, including vehicles, infrastructure, fuel production, and supply chains. We find that total life-cycle energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions contribute an additional 63% for onroad, 155% for rail, and 31% for air systems over vehicle tailpipe operation. Inventorying criteria air pollutants shows that vehicle non-operational components often dominate total emissions. Life-cycle criteria air pollutant emissions are between 1.1 and 800 times larger than vehicle operation. Ranges in passenger occupancy can easily change the relative performance of modes.
Selective amyloid-β lowering agents

The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is produced through sequential proteolysis of the Aβ precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. Thus, blocking either of these two proteases, directly or indirectly, is potentially worthwhile toward developing AD therapeutics. β-Secretase is a membrane-tethered pepsin-like aspartyl protease suitable for structure-based design, whereas γ-secretase is an unusual, heterotetrameric membrane-embedded aspartyl protease. While γ-secretase inhibitors entered clinical trials first due to their superior pharmacological properties (for example, brain penetration) over β-secretase inhibitors, it has since become clear that γ-secretase inhibitors can cause mechanism-based toxicities owing to interference with the proteolysis of another γ-secretase substrate, the Notch receptor. Strategies for targeting Aβ production at the γ-secretase level without blocking Notch signalling will be discussed. Other strategies utilizing cell-based screening have led to the identification of novel Aβ lowering agents that likewise leave Notch proteolysis intact. The mechanism by which these agents lower Aβ is unknown, but these compounds may ultimately reveal new targets for AD therapeutics.