cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ramsey numbers for certain k -graphs

We are interested here in the Ramsey number r(T, C) , where C is a complete k -uniform hypergraph and T is a “tree-like” k -graph. Upper and lower bounds are found for these numbers which lead, in some cases, to the exact value for r(T, C) and to a generalization of a theorem of Chvata1 on Ramsey numbers for graphs. In other cases we show that a determination of the exact values of r(T, C) would be equivalent to obtaining a complete solution to existence question for a certain class of Steiner systems.
Effect of the Autonomic Nervous System on Arteriolar Tone in the Experimental Animal

Evidence obtained from experiments involving perfusion of vascular beds and cardiac output studies with controlled filling pressure of the right heart before and during ganglionic blockade support the view that the heart of the dog is tonically stimulated by its sympathetic innervation. The blockade of this tonic stimulation to the heart permits a reduction in cardiac output. The fall in cardiac output results in a decrease in passive stretch of the arterial system which permits a passive rise in peripheral resistance thus compensating for the loss of arteriolar tone so that the peripheral resistance may be unchanged during ganglionic blockade despite a reduction in neurogenic arteriolar tone.
High pressure effects on the intensity of infrared spectra of molecular crystals

Abstract Through a unique design of the sample beam optics, the i.r. spectra of naphthalene, polyethylene and n -paraffins C 23 H 48 , C 24 H 50 , C 28 H 58 and C 29 H 60 have been measured in a Drickamer type sodium chloride high pressure cell to 40 kbar. Drastic changes of band intensities with pressure are observed in the vibrational spectra. It is noted that numerous types of intensity transfer among normal modes of a crystal arise from the perturbations of the crystalline potential and that pressure is a practical and useful parameter for observing such phenomena. The observed phenomena on the pressure induced changes of band intensities are presented. Attempts have been made to theorize these phenomena with simple arguments.
Determinants of business failure: The role of firm size

This study uses quarterly time series data for the period 1964:I–1991:III to determine the effects of several factors on the aggregate business failure rate in the United States. The theoretical basis used is a dynamic profit maximization model. The empirical specification is a double-log functional form. A new approach to the incorporation of firm size into the analysis of business failure is adopted. Viewing business failure as a consequence of negative profits, the estimates support the managerial utility maximization theory. Moreover the findings show that new business formation has a negative effect on the failure rate while the same variable lagged by twelve quarters captures the timing of failure with a positive coefficient.
Marching single file or 2 abreast

In this issue of Blood , Satchwell and colleagues provide compelling evidence that during the genesis of the plasma membrane in differentiating erythroblasts, key components of band 3/Rh multiprotein complexes can traffic to the membrane already linked or assemble together for the first time in the membrane. 1
The ethical implications of genetic testing in the classroom

The development of classroom experiments where students examine their own DNA is frequently described as an innovative teaching practice. Often these experiences involve students analyzing their genes for various polymorphisms associated with disease states, like an increased risk for developing cancer. Such experiments can muddy the distinction between classroom investigation and medical testing. Although the goals and issues surrounding classroom genotyping do not directly align with those of clinical testing, instructors can use the guidelines and standards established by the medical genetics community when evaluating the ethics of human genotyping. We developed a laboratory investigation and discussion which allowed undergraduate science students to explore current DNA manipulation techniques to isolate their p53 gene, followed by a dialogue probing the ethical implications of examining their sample for various polymorphisms. Students never conducted genotyping on their samples because of the ethical concerns presented in this paper, so the discussion replaced the actual genetic testing in the class. A science faculty member led the laboratory portion, while a genetic counselor facilitated the discussion of the ethical concepts underlying genetic counseling: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice. In their final papers, students demonstrated an understanding of the practice guidelines established by the genetics community and acknowledged the ethical considerations inherent in p53 genotyping. Given the burgeoning market for personalized medicine, teaching undergraduates about the psychosocial and ethical dimensions of human genetic testing is important and timely. Moreover, incorporating a genetic counselor in the classroom discussion provided a rich and dynamic discussion of human genetic testing.
CHANGES IN FERRITIN H- AND L-CHAINS IN CANINE LENSES WITH AGE-RELATED NUCLEAR CATARACT

PURPOSE To determine potential differences in the characteristics of the iron storage protein, ferritin and its heavy (H) and light (L) subunits in fiber cells from cataractous and normal lenses of older dogs.
Application of microforging to SiCN MEMS fabrication

Ceramics and polymers are attractive candidate materials for MEMS applications because of the wide range of properties that can be obtained, and the promise of improved performance as compared to the existing materials set for MEMS. A challenge in the fabrication of ceramic MEMS is prohibiting cracking that can occur during processing. For example, this is significant in the development of a microcasting fabrication technique from a polymer precursor for silicon carbonitride (SiCN) MEMS. In this case, shrinkage mismatch between the SiCN structure and the microfabricated mold during thermal processes leads to significant stresses that can crack the ceramic structure. Here, we propose an approach to overcome this problem that relies on demolding prior to the large shrinkage mismatch thermal processes, which itself is a nontrivial challenge. To this end, we propose and describe a microforging process that facilitates demolding and show representative results for numerous SiCN ceramic microstructures.
Effect of cholesterol on the valinomycin-mediated uptake of rubidium into erythrocytes and phospholipid vesicles

Abstract Human erythrocytes have been treated with lipid vesicles in order to alter the cholesterol content of the cell membrane. Erythrocytes have been produced with cholesterol concentrations between 33 and 66 mol% of total lipid. The rate of valinomycin-mediated uptake of rubidium into the red cells at 37°C was lowered by increasing the cholesterol concentration of the cell membrane. Cholesterol increased the permeability to valinomycin at 20°C of small (less than 50 nm), unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles formed by sonication. Cholesterol decreased the permeability to valinomycin at 20°C of large (up to 200 nm) unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles formed by freezethaw plus brief sonication. It is concluded that cholesterol increases the permeability of small membrane vesicles to hydrophobic penetrating substances while above the transition temperature but has the opposite effect on large membrane vesicles and on the membranes of even larger cells.
Ordered processing of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA in vitro

In an RNase III-deficient strain of E. coli 23S pre-rRNA accumulates unprocessed in 50S ribosomes and in polysomes. These ribosomes provide a substrate for the analysis of rRNA maturation in vitro. S1 nuclease protection analysis of the products obtained in in vitro processing reactions demonstrates that 23S rRNA processing is ordered. The double stranded stem of 23S rRNA is cleaved by RNase III in vitro to two intermediate RNAs at the 5' end and one at the 3' end. Mature termini are then produced by other enzyme(s) in a soluble protein fraction from wild-type cells. The nature of the reaction at the 5' end is not clear, but the reaction at the 3' end is exonucleolytic, producing three heterogeneous mature termini. The two reactions are coordinated; 3' end maturation progresses concurrently with cleavages at the 5' end. Two results suggest a possible link between final maturation and translation: in vitro, mature termini are formed efficiently in the presence of additives required for protein synthesis; and all the processing intermediates detected from in vitro reactions are also found in polysomes from wild-type cells.
Confirmation study of PTEN mutations among individuals with autism or developmental delays/mental retardation and macrocephaly

There is a strong genetic component to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but due to significant genetic heterogeneity, individual genetic abnormalities contribute a small percentage to the overall total. Previous studies have demonstrated PTEN mutations in a sizable proportion of individuals with ASD or mental retardation/developmental delays (MR/DD) and macrocephaly that do not have features of Cowden or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. This study was performed to confirm our previous results. We reviewed the charts of individuals who had PTEN clinical sequencing performed at our institution from January 2008 to July 2009. There were 93 subjects tested from our institution during that period. PTEN mutations were found in 2/39 (5.1%) ASD patients and 2/51 (3.9%) MR/DD patients. Three additional patients without mutations had no diagnostic information. Multiple relatives of individuals with a PTEN mutation had macrocephaly, MR, or early onset cancer (breast, renal, and prostate). Of those relatives tested, all had the familial PTEN mutation. None of the affected relatives had previously been diagnosed with Cowden or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. We noted in our previous study several adult relatives without any findings who carried a mutation. Combined with data from our previous cohort, we have found PTEN mutations in 7/99 (7.1%) of individuals with ASD and 8/100 (8.0%) of individuals with MR/DD, all of whom had macrocephaly. We recommend testing for mutations in PTEN for individuals with ASD or MR/DD and macrocephaly. If mutations are found, other family members should be offered testing and the adults offered cancer screening if they have a PTEN mutation.
Scalene muscles and the brachial plexus: Anatomical variations and their clinical significance

Anatomical variations may be clinically significant, but many are inadequately described or quantified. Variations in neck anatomy are important to surgeons performing surgical procedures in this region. Thirty-two female and 19 male adult cadavers were studied. The commonly described anatomical relationship of the brachial plexus (BP) lying between the anterior scalene (AS) and middle scalene (MS) muscles was found in only 60% of instances. Scalenus minimus was present in 46% of instances (bilateral in 14 cadavers). The most common variation was the penetration of the AS by the C5 and/or C6 ventral rami. The C5 and C6 roots may fuse before piercing AS (15% cases, bilateral in 4 cadavers), or the C5 root alone pierce the belly of AS (13% cases, bilateral in 3 cadavers). The roots also may pierce AS independently (6% cases, bilateral in 1 cadaver). In 3%, the C5 root was found to be completely anterior to AS.
Does the Market Respond to an Endorsement of Social Responsibility? The Role of Institutions, Information, and Legitimacy

A consensus has emerged in the burgeoning literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) that “virtuous” firms are often rewarded by the marketplace. Unfortunately, the mechanisms through which those rewards materialize are not well understood. Furthermore, it is difficult for managers and investors to know whether a company is actually engaged in responsible behavior. Thus, many stakeholders rely on institutional assessments of a firm’s social practices to inform their own judgments about that company’s CSR reputation. In this article, we draw on institutional theory and research on reputation and legitimacy to investigate the relationship between institutional endorsements (and repudiation) of CSR and firm financial performance. Our empirical results indicate that institutional intermediaries influence market assessments of a firm’s social responsibility and highlight the importance of the legitimacy-conferring function of expert bodies in understanding the relationship between social and financial...
TU‐G‐218‐02: Enhancing Our Safety Culture by Understanding Recent Mishaps (Part 2): Brachytherapy

The AAPM and other associated professional societies and governmental bodies (ACR, ASTRO, ABS, NCRP, IAEA, ICRP, and NRC) are fully committed to providing the highest quality brachytherapytreatments in an effective and safe manner. Although the history of our profession can demonstrate extraordinary effectiveness in our conscientious and comprehensive approach to the radiation treatment of cancer, there have been accidents and misadministrations in brachytherapy, and we must be committed to understanding and learning from the open communication of reported medical events, whether through the media or in reports issued by national and international bodies. In this presentation several medical events in brachytherapy that have occurred and been reported will be presented and coupled with corrective actions that should have been in place. The established literature on safety and quality assurance for brachytherapy is also presented. Learning Objectives: 1. To review and understand the root causes of brachytherapy medical events that have been reported in the media and to governmental and associated bodies. 2. To review and understand corrective actions that should be in place in order to safely administer brachytherapytreatments. 3. To review and understand the various established recommendations for the safe delivery of brachytherapy from the AAPM and associated bodies in order to foster a culture of safety surrounding brachytherapytreatments. 4. To discuss communication that needs to take place among users, treatment planning system makers, and seed vendors in order to foster the use of identical terminology so that a possible source of treatment error can be eliminated.
Possibilities for Studying Short-Lived Nuclei Produced at LAMPF

We present results of a study of the feasibility of using a He-jet coupled on-line mass separator system at LAMPF. He-jet transport-line characteristics, and estimates for the production of nuclei far from stability are given. Some specific areas of interest for potential studies are also presented. 18 refs.
Sustaining production and strengthening the agritourism product: Linkages among Michigan agritourism destinations

Agricultural restructuring has disproportionately impacted smaller US farms, such as those in Michigan where the average farm size is 215 acres. To keep agricultural land in production, entrepreneurial Michigan farmers are utilizing agritourism as a value-added way to capitalize on their comparative advantages, their diverse agricultural products, and their locations near large, urban, tourist-generating areas. Using focus groups, this paper illustrates how entrepreneurial farmers have strengthened Michigan agritourism by fostering producer networks through brochures and web linkages, information sharing in refining the agritourism product, referrals to other agritourism businesses that serve different markets or offer different products, purchase linkages, and a regional approach to establishing agritourism destinations and increase visitation. Successful entrepreneurial, agritourism developers thus work cooperatively, rather than individualistically and competitively. Agritourism destinations facing stiff competition from alternative venues for leisure time and food purchases benefit from supportive linkages that help sustain a critical mass of producers who offer diverse goods, maintain land in agriculture, and thus, reinforce Michigan’s image for agritourism.
Hurricane Ike versus an Atomic Bomb.

The destructive potential of one of nature’s most destructive forces, the hurricane, is compared to one of human’s most destructive devices, an atomic bomb. Both can create near absolute devastation at “ground zero”. However, how do they really compare in terms of destructive energy? This discussion compares the energy, the power, and the power per unit volume of Hurricane Ike with “Little Boy”, the smaller, in terms of TNT equivalent, of the two nuclear bombs used during World War II. By far, Hurricane Ike wins on the basis of energy comparison. However, on both power and power per unit volume, Little Boy wins. The details of the calculations are presented and the tremendous redistribution of energy that is accomplished by evaporation and condensation of water is dramatically illustrated by this discussion.
Effect of taurine on some pharmacological properties of ethanol

Taurine was effective in reducing the hypnotic effect of ethanol but did not antagonize the effect of ethanol on seizure susceptibility, body temperature, or brain 5-HIAA concentration.
Multiphonon infrared absorption in highly transparent Mg F 2

We report the first detailed polarized-absorption measurements for Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the 5-10-\ensuremath{\mu}m regime, at both room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The observed spectra are attributed to intrinsic multiphonon absorption, and differences in the polarized spectra are interpreted as indicating the persistence of selection rules into the three-phonon regime.
Evidence for long‐term spatial displacement of breeding and pupping harbour seals by shellfish aquaculture over three decades

Shellfish mariculture is increasing worldwide and often occurs adjacent to marine mammal breeding and feeding habitat. To better understand breeding pinniped vulnerability to potential shellfish mariculture disturbance and displacement effects in a US National Park, potential mechanisms were explored that may affect the proportion of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) selecting high quality haul-out sites near shellfish aquaculture within a large colony, and overall seal utilization of that colony in relation to other regional colonies. 2. Seal haul-out sites isolated from the mainland (no predator access) had higher pup:adult ratios, indicating they are generally more important for pupping. Short-term human disturbance did not have a significant effect on spatial use, but rather spatial use was pre-determined by general sandbar isolation. Using multiple competing hypothesis and an information-theoretic approach, it was found that within the estuary, after removing effects of El Nino, the proportion of seals (total seals and pups only) hauled out near mariculture sites was 872% lower during years of higher oyster harvest. Annual oyster harvest was used as a measure of aquaculture activity that could result in direct disturbance or indirect displacement of harbour seals. 3. At the regional scale, oyster harvest, seal counts at a nearby colony, and loss of a major haul-out site within the estuary, best explained pup and total seal use compared with the region. Regional population size, short-term human disturbance rate, and other factors were not important. Concurrent with higher oyster harvest, the proportion of regional seals using the estuary declined by 772% for seal pups (-65718 total pups), and 572% for total counts (� 192758 total seals). These findings (both within the estuary and at the regional scale) were essentially identical whether modelling oyster harvest as either a continuous or categorical (low/high) variable and when using either frequentist or Bayesian statistical analyses. 4. Marine reserves set aside for wildlife may be less effective when the highest quality breeding and pupping sites are adjacent to regular aquaculture activities. These effects may not be detectable until additional natural variation lowers the quality of nearby habitats. Published in 2011 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Received 14 October 2010; Revised 15 February 2011; Accepted 28 February 2011
Solute enhanced partition analysis-a novel method for measuring the binding of drugs to DNA.

Abstract A solute enhanced phase partition method is described for the measurement of the binding of drugs to nucleic acids. The inclusion of a solute which acts as a phase transfer reagent allows one to enhance the solubility of charged molecules in organic solvents by as much as three orders of magnitude. This development increases the utility of partition analysis as a general method for studying the interaction of small molecules with macromolecules. Solute enhanced partition analysis (SEPA) has been used to measure the DNA binding of positively charged drugs at very low levels of drug binding, where we have observed cooperative binding of daunorubicin to calf thymus DNA.
Protein chemistry at membrane interfaces: non-additivity of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

Non-specific binding of proteins and peptides to charged membrane interfaces depends upon the combined contributions of hydrophobic (DeltaG(HPhi)) and electrostatic (DeltaG(ES)) free energies. If these are simply additive, then the observed free energy of binding (DeltaG(obs)) will be given by DeltaG(obs)=DeltaG(HPhi)+DeltaG(ES), where DeltaG(HPhi)=-sigma(NP)A(NP) and DeltaG(ES)=zFphi. In these expressions, A(NP) is the non-polar accessible area, sigma(NP) the non-polar solvation parameter, z the formal peptide valence, F the Faraday constant, and phi the membrane surface potential. But several lines of evidence suggest that hydrophobic and electrostatic binding free energies of proteins at membrane interfaces, such as those associated with cell signaling, are not simply additive. In order to explore this issue systematically, we have determined the interfacial partitioning free energies of variants of indolicidin, a cationic proline-rich antimicrobial peptide. The synthesized variants of the 13 residue peptide covered a wide range of hydrophobic free energies, which allowed us to examine the effect of hydrophobicity on electrostatic binding to membranes formed from mixtures of neutral and anionic lipids. Although DeltaG(obs) was always a linear function of DeltaG(HPhi), the slope depended upon anionic lipid content: the slope was 1.0 for pure, zwitterionic phosphocholine bilayers and 0.3 for pure phosphoglycerol membranes. DeltaG(obs) also varied linearly with surface potential, but the slope was smaller than the expected value, zF. As observed by others, this suggests an effective peptide valence z(eff) that is smaller than the formal valence z. Because of our systematic approach, we were able to establish a useful rule-of-thumb: z(eff) is reduced relative to z by about 20 % for each 3 kcal mol(-1) (1 kcal=4.184 kJ) favorable increase in DeltaG(HPhi). For neutral phosphocholine interfaces, we found that DeltaG(obs) could be predicted with remarkable accuracy using the Wimley-White experiment-based interfacial hydrophobicity scale.
Invisible Indians: Native Americans in Pennsylvania

Native Americans are an invisible population in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is one of a few states that neither contains a reservation nor recognizes any native group within its borders. State officials steadfastly assert that there are no Native Americans in the state. Yet, according to the U.S. Census, approximately 18,000 Native Americans live in Pennsylvania, and a minimum of 11 different organizations represent them. The authors have surveyed nearly 300 Native Americans within the state and conducted extended ethnographic interviews with 70 others. A chief concern is obtaining state recognition, but bills to grant recognition have failed in the state legislature for nearly 20 years. A significant barrier to recognition is Native Americans' inability to work together. Given the history of Pennsylvania, claims to Native American heritage are difficult to verify, which leads to disagreements over authenticity of identity. This article reviews the efforts to win state recognition, while comparing the circ...
Region distributions of graph embeddings and Stirling numbers

Abstract It is shown that the distribution of the number of regions r in the random orientable embedding of the graph with one vertex and q loops is approximately proportional to the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind s (2 q,r ) where r has different parity from q . This approximation is strong enough to imply that both the limiting mean and variance of this distribution differ from ln 2 q by small known constants. The paper concludes with a result on the unimodality of some recursively defined sequences and also some conjectures regarding region distributions of arbitrary graphs.
Intravenous cidofovir-induced resolution of disfiguring cutaneous human papillomavirus infection

Human papillomavirus infection is one of the most common and most distressing cutaneous diseases in patients with HIV infection. It is also a common, and often therapeutically challenging, infection in individuals who are immunologically competent. A wide range of therapeutic options exists for treating cutaneous human papillomavirus infections, but none is uniformly effective. In this report we describe a man with HIV-1 infection and disfiguring facial verruca vulgaris who demonstrated complete clinical response to intravenous cidofovir. Our report provides further support for the use of intravenous cidofovir as therapy for treatment-resistant and/or widespread cutaneous human papillomavirus infection.
DIRECT MONITORING OF ORGANIC REACTIONS ON POLYMERIC SUPPORTS

Abstract A method to use matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for real-time monitoring of organic reactions on polymeric supports used in solid-phase synthesis is described. The strategy utilizes a synthetic construct that allows for the rapid and convenient direct MALDI analysis of the attached substrates as well as their subsequent chemical cleavage as desired. We have used this strategy to monitor nucleophilic substitutions, palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, and solid phase peptide synthesis reactions using both Boc- and Fmoc-based chemistries. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Simserver simulation of a model-based current profile controller in the DIII-D Plasma Control System

Abstract Setting up a suitable current profile, characterized by a weakly reversed magnetic shear, has been demonstrated to be a key condition for one possible advanced tokamak operating scenario with improved confinement and possible steady-state operation. Experiments at DIII-D focus on creating the desired current profile during the plasma current ramp-up and early flat-top phases with the aim of maintaining this target profile throughout the subsequent phases of the discharge. The evolution in time of the current profile, or alternatively the safety factor q, is related to the evolution of the poloidal flux, which is modeled in normalized cylindrical coordinates using a partial differential equation referred to as the magnetic flux diffusion equation. A control-oriented model of the current profile evolution in DIII-D was recently developed for the plasma current ramp-up and early flat-top phases and used to synthesize both open-loop and closed-loop control schemes. In this work, we report on the implementation of an advanced model-based current profile controller in the DIII-D Plasma Control System (PCS) and on the assessment of this controller implementation in closed-loop Simserver (simulation server) simulations.
Objects: visualization of behavior and state

Animated program visualization can be used to support innovative instructional methods for teaching beginners about objects, their behavior, and state. In this paper, we present a discussion of methods that define object behavior and character (class)-level state variables that track state changes for 3D animated objects in small virtual worlds. We have found that character-level methods provide a means to demonstrate inheritance. Examples of worlds and program code used in instructional materials are provided.
Application of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the identification of potential diagenesis and crystallinity changes in teeth

Abstract During burial, diagenetic alteration can invalidate the paleodietary signature, which the hydroxyapatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH) matrix in incremental tissues, such as tooth enamel, provides. Thus, analytical methods that can evaluate diagenetic changes are crucial in anthropological and archaeological investigations. Modern deciduous tooth enamel (exfoliated) from Solis, Mexico and Kalama, Egypt, as well as Bronze Age (circa 2200 B.C.E.) adult enamel from (present-day) Tell Abraq, U.A.E. and adult enamel from the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG) in lower Manhattan, were analyzed using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The samples were compared to synthetic hydroxyapatite powder and bone ash samples. The DRIFTS spectra of tooth enamel yielded similar infra red finger print pattern to previous pellet-based FTIR spectra in both absorbance and Kubelka–Munk units. The study demonstrates that DRIFTS is a convenient alternative to pellet-based transmission FTIR in testing diagenetic changes in hard tissue for archaeological investigations. Tooth enamel samples contained a higher carbonate–phosphate ratio than synthetic hydroxyapatite and bone ash standard samples. Correlations are reported between Crystallinity Index (CI Ab ) and carbonate–phosphate ratio, strontium–calcium ratio, and fluoride peak appearance. Crystallinity indexes (CI Ab ) were in the range of 2.6–3.8 (in absorbance units) and Kubelka–Munk Crystallinity indexes (CI KM ) were in the range of 3.1–4.9.
ANTI-AMYLASE, ANTI-GLUCOSIDASE AND ANTI-ANGIOTENSIN I-CONVERTING ENZYME POTENTIAL OF SELECTED FOODS

α-Amylase and α-glucosidase have been targeted as potential avenues for modulation of postprandial hyperglycemia through mild inhibition of the enzymatic breakdown of complex carbohydrates to decrease meal-derived glucose absorption. Water-soluble extracts with optimized phenolic content of selected American and Asian foods were investigated for inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), which has been linked to hyperglycemia-associated hypertension. Porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) was allowed to react with each phenolic-optimized food extract, and the derivatized enzyme-phytochemical mixtures obtained were characterized for residual amylase activity. The α-glucosidase and ACE activities were determined in the presence of each phenolic-optimized food extract. The amylase activity was inhibited more than the glucosidase activity in the presence of these phytochemical extracts, and more so by Asian foods than by American foods. The Asian spice ginger was found to possess strong ACE inhibitory activity in addition to significant anti-amylase activity. The α-amylase enzyme inhibition was positively associated with extract antioxidant activity and negatively with extract protein content. The significance of food-grade, plant-based amylase inhibitors for modulation of carbohydrate breakdown and control of glycemic index of foods in the context of preventing hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus complications in the long term and ACE inhibitors for modulation of associated hypertension is hypothesized and discussed.
A rigorous calculation method for the minimum stages in multicomponent distillation

Abstract A computer method is presented using stage by stage component material balances and nonideal vapor liquid equilibria to calculate the minimum stages for a given key component split in a multicomponent distillation. The calculated results also include an overall material balance and the distillate to feed ratio. These results are useful for optimal distillation column design.
Shearing rate of time-dependent E×B flow

Theory of E×B shear suppression of turbulence in toroidal geometry [Phys. Plasmas 2, 1648 (1995)] is extended to include fast time variations of the E×B flows often observed in nonlinear simulations of tokamak turbulence. It is shown that the quickly time varying components of the E×B flows, while they typically contribute significantly to the instantaneous E×B shearing rate, are less effective than the slowly time varying components in suppressing turbulence. This is because the shear flow pattern changes before eddies get distorted enough. The effective E×B shearing rate capturing this important physics is analytically derived and estimated from zonal flow statistics of gyrofluid simulation. This provides new insights into understanding recent gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations that yield a reduced, but not completely quenched, level of turbulence in the presence of turbulence-driven zonal flows.
Two water molds can grow without measurable turgor pressure

The water molds Achlya bisexualis Coker and Saprolegnia ferax (Gruithuisen) Thuret (Class: Oomycetes) normally grow in the form of slender hyphae with up to 0.8 MPa (8 bar) of internal pressure. Models of plant cell growth indicate that this turgor pressure drives the expansion of the cell wall. However, under conditions of prolonged osmotic stress, these species were able to grow in the absence of measurable turgor. Unpressurized cells of A. bisexualis grew in the form of a plasmodium-like colony on solid media, and produced a multinucleate yeast-like phase in liquid. By contrast, the morphology of S. ferax was unaffected by the loss of turgor, and the mold continued to generate tip-growing hyphae. Measurements of cell wall strength indicate that these microorganisms produce a very fluid wall in the region of surface growth, circumventing the usual requirement for turgor.
Coordination of Demand Response and Volt/Var Control algorithm using Multi Agent System

In this paper the smart grid features of Demand Response (DR) and Volt/Var Control (VVC) are integrated in a distribution system. A coordination scheme for DR and VVC is developed and simulated on American Electric Power's 12.47 KV distribution feeders. Multi Agent System (MAS) is used to establish the coordination scheme by the exchange of distribution network model in real time. Varying levels of DR and VVC for the AEP feeder with different load types show that integration of DR and VVC in real time can yield considerable demand reduction by the combined effects of bus voltage reduction, demand curtailment and demand redistribution over time.
Anti-H-2 hybridoma antibodies as immunoselective agents. I. Isolation of forward and reverse mutations for reactivity with a monoclonal antibody.

Using immunoselection with an H-2Kk-specific monoclonal antibody following mutagenesis on an (H-2 k/H-2d) F1 cell line we have obtained variants that do not react with the selecting monoclonal antibody but continue to react with other monoclonal antibodies directed against the same gene product. The mutants fall into two classes based on their serological profile. This phenotype is suggestive of a structural mutation in the selected gene. If the genetic change involved is a point mutation (as opposed to a deletion), one should be able to obtain revertants. Using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we have been able to obtain from one of the monoclonal-antibody-nonseactive mutants cells that do bind the selecting antibody. In order to prove that the presumptive revertant is not a contaminant wild-type cell that inadvertantly got mixed into the resistant mutant, we first introduced an outside marker, resistance to the purine analogue 2-amino-6-mercaptopurine (6-thioguanine), into the monoclonal-antibody-resistant mutant. The revertants obtained using the cell sorter continue to express the nonselective phenotype of resistance to 6-thioguanine, showing that they are not wild-type cells. In addition, their serological characteristics are different from those of either the wild-type cells or the hybrid oma-resistant mutants from which they were derived. Based on the serological analyses, it would seem that we have isolated at least three variant forms of the H-2Kk-gene product.
Comparisons of stimulus learning and response learning in a punishment situation

Abstract These experiments use a procedure in which a rat is trained to make two topographically distinct responses on a single manipulandum, and then one of the responses is punished. Differential suppression of the punished response is taken as evidence of response learning, whereas the common suppression of both responses is attributed to stimulus learning or to general and nonassociative factors. Thus, this procedure begins the experimental separation of animals learning about the consequences of their behavior and animals learning what happens in a particular environment. A further separation is effected by using two such manipulanda; this procedure begins to distinguish between stimulus learning about the manipulandum and the more gereral factors that cause suppression. Some parameters affecting the relative importance of stimulus learning and response learning are examined.
Experimental Study of Spin-Lattice Relaxation Times in Arsenic-Doped Silicon

Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times of arsenic donors in a doped silicon crystal at 8500 gauss and 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are reported. The relaxation times for the stable ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$ were measured by using adiabatic fast-passage techniques to observe the relative amplitudes of the electron resonance signals as a function of time. The relaxation times for the radioactive ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ were measured by observing the formation and decay of the nuclear alignment. For the ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$, of which there are 2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the direct electron relaxation time is 6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 minutes and the relaxation time for simultaneous spin-flips of the nucleus and the electron is 4.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 minutes. For the ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$, of which there are 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the direct electron relaxation time is 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 minutes and the relaxation time for simultaneous spin-flips of the nucleus and the electron is \ensuremath{\ge}75 minutes.
Electrochemical heat engines for direct electric power generation and energy storage

Batteries can be operated in heat engine cycles analogous to the cycles of usual mechanical heat engines but without the mechanical motion of pistons, turbines, etc. These electrochemical cycles can be used for direct generation of electric power and for storage of energy. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is in the initial stages of development of such engines which can accept heat in the temperature range of 1700 to 900/sup 0/K, then drop the temperature to the range 800 to 600/sup 0/K while doing useful electrochemical work. These systems offer promise as topping cycles for steam turbines, and they could be used for mine-mouth generation of electric power following in situ gasification of coal--here the rejected heat from the generation can be used in endothermic processes underground. Such processes include preliminary drying of the coal bed, frequently a necessary step in in situ gasification, as well as coal pyrolysis to produce a substitute feedstock for petroleum refineries of the future, plus gasification itself.
Coarsening behavior of Ll2 structured Al3(Zrx V1−x) precipitates in rapidly solidified AlZrV alloy

A supersaturated Al alloy with 1.1 wt.% of Zr and 1.7 wt.% of V, which gives rise to about 5 vol.% of metastable Ll/sub 2/ phase after aging, was prepared by melt spinning. Both spherical and cellular Ll/sub 2/ structured precipitates form during aging. A higher aging temperature suppresses the cellular and favors the spherical Ll/sub 2/ precipitates. Because of the growth of grain boundary Al/sub 10/V particles during aging, precipitate free zones (PFZs) form adjacent to the grain boundaries. The average PFZ width is proportional to the square root of the annealing time. A slow volumetric particle coarsening rate of 1.0 x 10/sup -28/ m/sup 3//h at 425/sup 0/C was measured for the Ll/sub 2/ structured Al/sub 3/(Zr/sub .25/V/sub .75/) precipitate. An interfacial energy of 0.03 J/m/sup 2/ is calculated for the Ll/sub 2/ particles. The resistance at 425/sup 0/C to transformation to the stable DO/sub 23/ form and to Ostwald ripening suggests that the phase is a promising dispersoid for high temperature Al alloys. Preliminary creep results support this suggestion.
On-chip radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation

A completely on-chip solution for radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation (RFAWG) is proposed with silicon add-drop microring resonators and tunable all-pass microring delay lines. Preliminary results are shown for the pulse shaping effect.
A reliability engineering approach to digital watermark evaluation

Robust watermarks are evaluated in terms of image fidelity and robustness. We extend this framework and apply reliability testing to robust watermark evaluation. Reliability is the probability that a watermarking algorithm will correctly detect or decode a watermark for a specified fidelity requirement under a given set of attacks and images. In reliability testing, a system is evaluated in terms of quality, load, capacity and performance. To measure quality that corresponds to image fidelity, we compensate for attacks to measure the fidelity of attacked watermarked images. We use the conditional mean of pixel values to compensate for valumetric attacks such as gamma correction and histogram equalization. To compensate for geometrical attacks, we use error concealment and perfect motion estimation assumption. We define capacity to be the maximum embedding strength parameter and the maximum data payload. Load is then defined to be the actual embedding strength and data payload of a watermark. To measure performance, we use bit error rate (BER) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve of a watermarking algorithm for different attacks and images. We evaluate robust watermarks for various quality, loads, attacks, and images.
Incidence of venous thromboembolic events among nursing home residents

Chronic care facility stay has been shown to be an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Review of the literature, however, reveals a paucity of data addressing the issue of venous thromboembolism in nursing home residents. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of venous thromboembolic events among nursing home residents. A retrospective cohort study was derived from data compiled in the State of Kansas Minimum Data Set (MDS) for nursing home residents from July 1, 1997 to July 1, 1998. A total of 18,661 residents (median age, 85 years, 74% female, 95% white) satisfied the study criteria. The outcome measures of the primary endpoint—development of a venous thromboembolic event (VTE)—were obtained from the MDS quarterly health assessments and the Medicare ICD-9 codes. We determined the incidence of VTE among nursing home residents as 1.30 events per 100 person-years of observation.
Laminin-like antigen in rat CNS neurons: Distribution and changes upon brain injury and nerve growth factor treatment

Using several antibodies against rat or human laminin and an avidin-biotin immunocytochemical protocol, laminin-like immunoreactivity was detectable in the rat nervous system in expected locations, i.e., associated with blood vessels and reactive astrocytes. However, laminin staining was also abundantly present within neuronal cell bodies in most parts of the developing and adult rat CNS. Medial septum neuronal immunoreactivity was lost after septo-hippocampal disconnection, but could be preserved or even restored by intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor. Thus, at least for medial septum neurons, this laminin-like molecule can be accumulated or produced independent of direct hippocampal (target) contact. It remains to be determined whether CNS neuronal "laminin" processes activities similar to those found for laminin in vitro.
Reverse Time Migration in the Presence of Known Sharp Interfaces

We propose using the forward propagated source wave to create synthetic receiver data on the surfaces of the computational domain where real receiver data is not available as a means of exploiting known information about reflector locations in Reverse Time Migration. The inclusion of synthetic boundary data can make true amplitude imaging possible, and reduce the artifacts associated with the inclusion of multiples. Here, we describe the new method, present synthetic examples, and propose an appropriate imaging condition.
Preimages for variation patterns from kernel PCA and bagging

Manufacturing industries collect massive amounts of multivariate measurement through automated inspection processes. Noisy measurements and high-dimensional, irrelevant features make it difficult to identify useful patterns in the data. Principal component analysis provides linear summaries of datasets with fewer latent variables. Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), however, identifies nonlinear patterns. One challenge in KPCA is to inverse map the denoised signal from a high-dimensional feature space into its preimage in input space to visualize the nonlinear variation sources. However, such an inverse map is not always defined. This article provides a new meta-method applicable to any KPCA algorithm to approximate the preimage. It improves upon previous work where a strong assumption was the availability of noise-free training data. This is problematic for applications such as manufacturing variation analysis. To attenuate noise in kernel subspace estimation the final preimage is estimated as th...
Macronutrient choice of BTBR.NZW mice congenic for a 21-gene region of chromosome 17

There has been scant work to investigate the mechanisms influencing macronutrient selection by mice. Here, we measured the consumption and choice of carbohydrate- and fat-containing diets by NZW/LacJ (NZW) and BTBR/T+ tf/J (BTBR) strains. We found that NZW mice voluntarily ate more carbohydrate and less fat than did BTBR mice. Mice with a BTBR background and a heterozygous (BTBR/NZW) congenic region on chromosome 17 between 25.7 and 27.5 Mb (N10 generation) or 26.7 and 27.5 Mb (N12 generation) also ate more carbohydrate and less fat than did homozygous (BTBR/BTBR) littermate controls. Of the 21 known and predicted genes in the congenic interval between 26.7 and 27.5 Mb, we raise for consideration as a causative candidate Itpr3, the inositol triphosphate receptor type 3 gene, which is a component of the GPCR-mediated taste transduction cascade. We speculate that a mutation in Itpr3 influences food choice by impairing the detection of nutrients in the macronutrient-containing diets.
Status of the solar neutrino puzzle.

Using the latest results from the solar neutrino experiments and a few standard assumptions, I show that the popular solar models are ruled out at the 3[sigma] level or at least [ital two] of the experiments are incorrect. Alternatively, one of the assumptions could be in error. These assumptions are spelled out in detail as well as how each one affects the argument.