cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin alters anxiety-like behavior when injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala or basomedial hypothalamus in BALB/cJ mice.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid neuromodulator that is distributed throughout the central nervous system and has been implicated in a wide range of neurobiological responses including the integration of emotional behavior. The anxiolytic properties of NPY are modulated by NPY signaling in the hippocampus and in the central (CeA) and basolateral (BLA) nuclei of the amygdala. Recently, the neurotoxin saporin, when conjugated to NPY (NPY–SAP), was shown to selectively kill NPY receptor-expressing neurons and has been used as a tool to study the central NPY neurocircuitry involved with feeding behaviors. Here we determined if NPY–SAP can be used as a tool to study the central NPY neurocircuitry that modulates anxiety-like behaviors. BALB/cJ mice were given injection of either NPY–SAP or a control blank saporin (B-SAP) into the CeA or the basomedial hypothalamus (BMH) as a control injection site. The elevated zero maze test was used to assess anxiety-like behavior and NPY–SAP-induced lesions were verified using NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) immunoreactivity (IR). Results showed that injection of NPY–SAP into the CeA site-specifically blunted Y1R IR in the CeA which was associated with a significant increase in anxiety-like behavior. Injection of NPY–SAP into the BMH, while locally blunting Y1R IR, promoted a compensatory increase of Y1R IR in the BLA and the CA3 region of the hippocampus which was associated with a significant reduction of anxiety-like behavior. The present set of experiments suggest that the NPY–SAP neurotoxin may be a useful tool for studying the NPY neurocircuitry that modulates anxiety-like behaviors.
Data withholding in academic medicine: characteristics of faculty denied access to research results and biomaterials

Abstract The sharing and withholding of research results is a topic of intense debate within the scientific community. However, few studies have addressed this issue. This study examines how frequently academic scientists are denied access to other investigators' research results and the characteristics of faculty who are most likely to have this experience. This paper is based on data from a mailed survey of a stratified, random sample of faculty in 117 US medical schools (n=2366, response rate 62.2%) conducted in 1996–1997. The results show that 12.5% of researchers in medical schools have been denied access to other academic investigators' data within the last 3 years. Researchers who were most likely to be victims of data withholding were those who have withheld research results from others, published more than 20 articles in the last 3 years, to have applied for a patent, or spent more than 40 hours per week in research activities.
Archaeological Explorations of Cultural Identity and Rural Economy in the North of Ireland: Goodland, Co. Antrim

Renewed examination of an enigmatic settlement site perched atop a cliff above Murlough Bay in Goodland Townland, County Antrim, Northern Ireland calls into question long held ideas about Gaelic rural economy on the eve of the Ulster Plantation by reintroducing the complex cultural and political relationships between the north of Ireland and the Scottish isles. Long interpreted as temporary post-medieval booley huts associated with seasonal transhumance, recent re-evaluation of the site suggests instead that Goodland represents a permanent seventeenth-century Highland Scottish village. Although the medieval linkages between the north of Ireland and the Scottish isles have long been acknowledged, twentieth-century sectarianism has subjugated awareness of the Highland (Roman Catholic) Scots focusing upon the legacy of the in-migration of Protestant Lowland Scots during the Ulster Plantation. Material evidence at Goodland re-introduces the Highland Scot to the contested landscape of contemporary Ulster identity, while also facilitating analysis of continuity, change, and cultural complexity in the rural economy of early modern Ireland.
A domain that assumes a Z-conformation includes a specific deletion in some cloned variants of a complex satellite.

Abstract Sequence analyses show that deletions of 10 and 12 bp occur at homologous sites in a domain that is rich in alternating purines and pyrimidines (Pu/Py) in B42 and EXT, two cloned variants of a complex satellite DNA. A 3-bp deletion occurs 27 bp upstream from the site of the specific deletions in B42 and RU, a third cloned satellite variant that has not suffered the 10-bp deletion. Under torsional stress, the Pu/Py-rich domain adopts a Z-conformation as shown by (i) inhibition of cutting at a BssHII site that accounts for built2 5 of a 15-bp tract of pure Pu/Py in the domain; (ii) binding of polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Z-DNA antibodies to the domain; and (iii) antibody stabilization and subsequent relaxation of the Z-region.
Orientation responses of individual larder beetles, Dermestes ater (Coleoptera, Dermestidae), to directional shifts in wind stimuli

Anemotaxis in adult larder beetles, Dermestes ater,was investigated using a locomotion compensator, to uncover the mechanism(s) by which beetles maintain a course direction relative to a wind stimulus. Compared to walking in still air, anemotactically orienting beetles walk with the following characteristics over 60-s periods: (1) reduced locomotor and turning rates, (2) sustained, relatively straight paths with course directions at various angles to the wind, and (3) an increased tendency to stop for brief periods. Differences in wind speed affect mainly path straightness, which increases positively with stimulus intensity. Beetles “track” the wind direction equally well moving up or downwind, and they are able to orient at angles either close to the wind or at more oblique angles. When the wind direction was shifted 90°, the beetles turned, usually over the short angle, to their previous course heading relative to the stimulus. Indvidual beetles exhibited preferred course directions over several trials within a period of 20 min. Each beetle regained its particular anemotactic angle after the 90° shift in the stimulus direction. Although the beetles paused in some trials, stopping was not required to reorient to the altered stimulus direction.
A reexamination of the effects of motivational state on utilization of conspecific odors in the rat

Two previous studies suggested that rats are unable to use conspecifics’ odors when the motivational state of the donor rats is different from their own (Davis et al., 1974; Davis, Prytula, Noble, & Mollenhour, 1976). The effects of motivational conditions on the utilization of such odors were further evaluated in the present study. In Phase 1, test rats were given training either with donors in the same motivational state or with donors in a different state. Differential responses to donors’ odor emissions occurred only when the motivational states of donors and test subjects were the same, thus confirming earlier findings. However, when test subjects’ motivational conditions were changed in Phase 2, discriminations that had been present in Phase 1 were maintained even though the motivational states of these test subjects and their respective donors no longer matched. Thus, any constraint on the rat’s ability to use odors from conspecifics in a different motivational state is not absolute.
Salinity depression of growth and essential oil formation in spearmint and marjoram and its reversal by foliar applied cytokinin

Abstract Irrigation of spearmint (Mentha spicata) and marjoram (Majorana hortensis) with a saline solution consisting of CaCl2 and NaCl reduces overall growth, suppresses essential oil formation and alters the monoterpene composition of the resulting oil. Simultaneous foliar application of the cytokinin diphenylurea (at 10 ppm) or kinetin (at 4 ppm) largely reverses the adverse effects of salinity on both growth and essential oil production.
Loss of homogeneity in a suspension by kinematic action

SEPARATION of heavy particles from a fluid medium by centrifugal forces or by barodiffusion is well known1. For a homogeneous fluid mixture comprising a suspension of very fine particles (such as smoke in air), on the other hand, for which the centrifugal and barodiffusive effects are negligible, a continuum model of the suspension would suggest that it is not possible to separate the particles from the fluid by flow-induced kinematic action alone. Here we present experimental evidence to the contrary: we have observed spontaneous segregation of smoke particles from air in an initially uniform mixture, when rotational flow is induced in the medium. A definitive explanation for this effect is not yet forthcoming.
The End of Enron’s Empire

Enron Corporation was the seventh largest company in the U.S. when its collapse shocked the nation. Enormous assets and careers staked on those assets went up in flames. It was the largest single failure in U.S. corporate history at the time and remains the most egregious case of corporate irresponsibility. Yet aside from the infamous fraudulent accounting practices, the Enron story has much to tell us about online commodity trading, decentralized IT management, and a hypercompetitive working environment. Pioneering new methods in e-commerce, Enron used electronic technology to facilitate business transactions and managed to create the largest e-commerce Web site in the world. While pushing off-the-books accounting to new levels on the one hand, Enron, on the other hand, innovated some very forward-looking projects, and what began as a smart business plan ended in disaster.
International Dimensions of Post‐1980 Internal Migration in the United States: The Role of Sustenance Specialization and Dominance

Post-1980 [U.S.] internal migration patterns were unanticipated and prevailing explanations of them fail to account for the effects of new international relationships. A human ecological theory is developed which suggests an explanation based on the sphere of sustenance activities in ecosystems and relative dominance in these activities. Larger net migration was expected for counties specialized in activities that operate in international ecosystems in which the United States is dominant and less in other types of counties. The results for post-1980 migration in United States counties support these expectations and the utility of an expanded human ecological perspective. (EXCERPT)
Bolted steel slip-critical connections with fillers: I. Performance

Abstract This paper reports the results of sixteen experiments of bolted slip-critical connections with fillers. Fifteen of the connections used oversized holes and one connection used standard holes. Such connections with oversized holes are commonly fabricated for use with structures such as long-span trusses, since the use of oversized holes allows erection in-place rather than first assessing fit-up on the ground. Filler plates are used to connect members of different depths or widths. The sixteen experiments reported herein highlight the behavior of bolted steel connections with oversized holes in which fillers are included and are undeveloped, partially developed, or fully developed. Both single-ply and multi-ply fillers are investigated, as are welded developed fillers, and specimens fabricated using either turn-of-the-nut or tension control bolts to pretension the connection. The results augmented with previous literature document the slip and shear strengths of these connections, propose formulas for assessing these strengths for the different conditions investigated, and provide recommendations for design of these types of connections.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 production by lung macrophages from preterm and term neonates.

Lung injury in preterm neonates with respiratory failure has been attributed to persistent inflammation, which is likely to involve lung macrophages (LM). The study objective was to investigate LM during the first 8 d of life from preterm infants (n = 19), using term infants (n = 11) with respiratory failure as control subjects. LM percentages from mixed-cell suspensions produced from tracheobronchial lavage were calculated. A postnatal increase in the mean LM concentration was demonstrated within the preterm group (p = 0.01), which was greater in comparison to that from the term group (p < 0.01). Regression analyses were significant for direct relationships between LM concentrations and ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 production (r = 0.93 and r = 0.63, respectively), establishing LM as the source of these cytokines. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the ability of preterm versus term LM to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha was nearly identical; in contrast, a trend toward diminished levels of IL-10 expression in the preterm group was observed (p = 0.06). Thus, although studies have shown that LM precursors (i.e. cord blood monocytes) produce less tumor necrosis factor-alpha in preterm versus term infants, the present data strongly suggest that this relationship does not hold postnatally with respect to terminally differentiated LM in sick neonates. Overall, the data are consistent with a pro- versus antiinflammatory imbalance that may bear functional significance on the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease.
ffect of Initial Fat Level and Cooking Method Cholesterol Content and Caloric Value of Ground Beef Patties

Ground beef patties were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30% fat. The patties were either broiled or pan-fried for a predetermined time, then frozen. A sample from each treatment was thawed and reheated by a microwave oven and then refrozen. Fat, moisture, protein, ash, and cholesterol content, were determined for patties from each treatment. Cholesterol content of cooked patties was not related (P>0.05) to initial fat content. Caloric content of cooked patties was curvilinearly related to fat content of original (raw) patties due to the increased loss of fat during cooking as initial fat level increased.
Composition and mass flux of sediment entering the world's subduction zones: Implications for global sediment budgets, great earthquakes, and volcanism

Lithologic data compiled from Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites, when combined with orthogonal convergence rates at convergent plate boundaries, permit quantification of the mass flux of sediment into subduction zones. We have made such calculations for each major sediment component — terrigenous grains, calcium carbonate, opal, and water — for twelve trench systems. Results show that 1.4 × 1015 g/yr of sediment and 0.9 × 1015 g/yr of water enter the trenches in the oceanic sedimentary layer. Most of the entering sediment, 1.1 × 1015 g/yr, is terrigenous; the remainder is more carbonate than opal. For most of geologic time an order of magnitude more sediment enters the ocean than leaves it via subduction. The global sedimentary cycle need be in balance only over an entire Wilson cycle. Comparison of sediment fluxes into trenches with the magnitude of large earthquakes and with the composition of bulk volcanic rock shows no correlation.
A system for electron therapy dosimetry surveys with thermoluminescence dosimeters

Radiation-therapy dosimetry surveys employing thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) are now being considered for high-energy electron beams. Using a system of individually calibrated pressed LiF TLDs in a water and a polystyrene phantom, we established that the distortions of dept-dose distributions in non-conducting materials previously observed at high absorbed doses and high dose rates were not detectable in the present geometry at dose rates as much as 40 times higher than those employed in radiation therapy. The system was then used to measure TLD response in water and in polystyrene in the nominal electron-energy range from 7 to 18 MeV. In the water phantom, the wellknown trend for TLD response to decrease with increasing electron energy was observed. In the polystyrene phantom, TLD response was found to be independent of electron energy.
Sleep induction by progesterone in the pre-optic area in cats.

Abstract Based on reports that high doses of systematically injected progesterone induce anesthesia, and that electrical stimulation of the forebrain induces sleep in alert cats, we investigated the acute effects of unilateral application of progesterone directly to the forebrain of chronically implanted cats. This induced sedation and, in some animals, long lasting sleep with recurrent periods of paradoxical sleep.
Microscopic model and computer simulation of detwinning in YBa2Cu3Oz

Abstract The results of Monte Carlo simulations of the detwinning of the high-temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O z are reported. To study the effects of detwinning and the concomitant domain growth in this system, a sample is first produced having a representative domain structure using a Monte Carlo simulation at fixed temperature and oxygen chemical potential based on an asymmetric two-dimensional Ising model. The resulting microstructures typically consist of finely textured orthogonal domains indicative of a twinned structure. Next, a symmetry-breaking detwinning potential is imposed and the time evolution of the system is followed. At low temperatures of detwinning potentials only partial detwinning is typically achieved as the system is often frozen in “glassy” domain structures, but a higher temperatures or detwinning potentials complete detwinning is attained. Domain kinetics is mapped out as a function of oxygen chemical potential and temperature and evidence is presented for an algebraic domain growth law of the form t n with n between 0.33 and 0.75 depending on the control parameters.
Snow accumulation, surface height change, and firn densification at Summit, Greenland: Insights from 2 years of in situ observation

[1] Weekly measurements of surface height change were made at an accumulation forest of 100 stakes at Summit, Greenland, over a 2-year period (17 August 2000 to 8 August 2002). On average, the surface height relative to the stakes increased 64 (±4.8) cm in the first year and 65 (±5.3) cm in the second, identical to the average (65 ± 4.5 cm yr−1) previously reported for the period 1991–1995 in a similar forest 28 km to the southwest. The continuous 2-year data set indicates that the rate of surface rise was not constant, with the summers of 2001 and 2002 both showing markedly slower increases. On-site weather observations suggest that more new snow fell during the summer months than in any other season, consistent with results from previous snow pit and modeling studies yet apparently at odds with the slow rate of height increase. Density profiles from a series of 1-m-deep snow pits sampled monthly reveal that the thickness of the most recent year of accumulated snow (25 cm water equivalent) decreased rapidly between late May and early July, and the layers remained thin through early September. The thinning of the top year is clearly due to compaction in the snowpack. Combining the observed variations in annual layer thickness with a linear height increase based on assumed constant accumulation at 0.18 cm d−1 explains much of the variation in surface height found in the stake measurements. Estimated surface height changes can be forced to exactly match the stake measurements by combining changes in annual layer thickness with a variable accumulation rate over the intervals between pits. This exercise suggests that during the 2 years of this study a consistent seasonal pattern in accumulation was not apparent, rather the intervals indicated to have had enhanced accumulation in the first year (August–October and March–April) apparently had reduced accumulation in the second year.
Reclaiming “a dark and malefic sacred” for a Theology of Disability

As theological inquiry on disability has evolved over the past two decades, broad agreement appears to be emerging in four areas: 1) preferred model of disability; 2) epistemological standpoint; 3) overall assessment of biblical and theological traditions; and 4) constructions of God (when God is spoken of at all). After addressing each of these four areas, the author explores a growing edge in the dialogue, namely, how sustained reflection on ambivalent or aversive experiences of disability might be brought to bear on our constructions of deity. For persons who at times have experienced the body not as companionable friend but as unrecognizable foe, contemporary constructions of God as just, loving, and compassionate, now ubiquitous in traditional and progressive Christian communities alike, may seem unpersuasive. For such persons, it is suggested that a reclamation of biblical and theological traditions that testify to an experience of the sacred as indifferent or oppressive may not only resonate but pr...
Indomethacin as a means of preventing cystoid macular edema following intracapsular cataract extraction.

Summary It has been theorized that prostaglandins E 1 and E 2 may be responsible for the vascular leakage leading to cystoid macular edema following cataract extraction. Indomethacin is a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. A prospective, double-blind study to evaluate the effect of oral indomethacin on four and eight week cases of postoperative CME following intracapsular cataract extraction as determined by fluorescein angiography was carried out on 42 patients. Twenty patients received 25 mg of indomethacin three times a day for three days preoperatively and three weeks postoperatively. Twenty-two patients received a placebo on an identical schedule. Four (20%) patients in the indomethacin group and five (22.7%) patients in the placebo group had positive angiograms for CME. No contributory factor resulting in CME was found.
Mass Balance Model To Quantify Atrazine Sources, Transformation Rates, and Trends in the Great Lakes

A dynamic mass balance model for atrazine was constructed for the Great Lakes to estimate in situ transformation rates and the relative importance of sources. Annual atrazine inputs ranged from ∼1 ton/yr in Lakes Superior to 10−25 ton/yr in Lakes Erie and Ontario. Annual inputs were 75% of the total load to Lakes Erie, Ontario, Huron, and Michigan. Atmospheric inputs account for 95% of the inputs to Lake Superior. Internal transformation rates are similar throughout the Great Lakes, ranging from ∼0.05 to 0.13 yr-1. Internal transformation and outflow produce an atrazine water column residence time of ∼2 yr in Lake Erie and >5 yr in the other lakes. Approximately 5−10% of the lakewide atrazine inventory is lost annually through internal transformation.
The effect of topical hyperalimentation on wound healing rate and granulation tissue formation of experimental deep second degree burns in guinea-pigs.

Abstract Revital, a product containing 19 amino acids, was applied to experimental deep second degree bums in guinea-pigs for 24 days, in order to assess the effect of this form of hyperalimentation on the healing process. Silver sulphadiazine cream served as the contralateral control standard. Epithelialization was faster in the silver sulphadiazine treated burn wounds, while contraction of both tested wounds proceeded at a similar rate. Revital significantly enhanced the formation of granulation and scar tissue in this burn wound model. These observations indicate that topical wound hyperalimentation promotes granulation tissue formation of experimental deep second degree burns in guinea-pigs.
A SQUARE PYRAMIDAL MODEL FOR RIBONUCLEASE ACTION

A mechanism incorporating a square pyramidal model (SP) is presented for the action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Its formulation is based on structural principles governing pentacoordinate behavior. The model is compared with a previous trigonal bipyramidal (TP) representation with regard to the geometry of the active site and enzyme constraints. Of two variants of the SP model, an adjacent (cis displacement) and in-line (trans displacement) process, the in-line mechanism, as with the TP model, fits existing model studies. Consideration of the energetics of the SP vs. the TP model leads to an estimated energy difference of about 1-2 kcal/mol. This suggests that the preferred model may be intermediate in geometry between the two idealized representations for the enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparisons are made showing that pseudorotation is an unlikely process in either model.
A Randomized Trial of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy versus Radiotherapy in Advanced Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix

The purpose of our study was to determine whether the chemoradiation is better than radiotherapy alone with respect to survival and treatment toxicity in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. From October 1990 to April 1995, a total of 122 patients with advanced cervical carcinoma were included in this study and randomly assigned to either radiotherapy or concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patients in the concurrent group received cisplatin, vincristine, and bleomycin every 3 weeks for a total of four courses, in combination with radiotherapy concurrently. Sixty patients were randomized to the concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and 62 were randomized to the radiotherapy alone. A tumor response was observed in 88.3% of the patients in concurrent group and in 74.2% of the patients in radiotherapy group (P = 0.04). After a median follow-up of 46.8 months, the overall disease-free survival and actuarial survival rate at 3 years were 51.7 and 61.7% in the concurrent group, and 53.2 and 64.5% in the radiotherapy group, respectively. Treatment-related toxicity appears to be higher with the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone (36.7% versus 17.7%, P = 0.02). However, analysis by Kaplan-Meier method showed that the actuarial survival was not statistically different between the chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy groups (mean survival time: 38.1 months versus 41.5 months, P = 0.27). In conclusion, this study showed that concurrent multiagent chemoradiotherapy did not prove to be a superior definitive therapy over radiotherapy alone for patients with advanced cervical carcinoma.
Canonical view update support through boolean algebras of components

The problem of reflecting updates from a view schema to the base schema in relational database systems is investigated. The basic strategy which is employed is that of translation relative to a constant complement, as developed by Bancilhon and Spyratos. We deal in particular with one of the apparent drawbacks of the constant complement approach, namely, the nonuniqueness of such complements. Our approach is to use only a specific set of well-behaved views, termed the components of the schema, as complements. The components form a Boolean algebra, and update reflection to the base schema is independent of choice of complement, as long as the complement is a component. We argue that such reflections of updates are the "natural" ones which should be allowed.
Postharvest studies of resistance to gas diffusion in McIntosh apples

Abstract Low oxygen injury (LOI) in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was positively correlated with fruit resistance to gas diffusion (R) at harvest in the McIntosh cultivar of apples ( Malus domestica Borkh). In contrast to early harvest, late harvest resulted in lower R at harvest and after storage. The longer the apples were held in CA storage, the lower was R. R was negatively correlated with whole fruit volume after storage, but not at harvest. R was negatively correlated with respiration rate at harvest, when respiration and R were high, but not after CA storage, when respiration rate and R were low. R increased and fruit volume decreased during storage at 80% relative humidity (RH), whereas the opposite occurred in a high RH (> 95%) environment. In comparison with other strains of McIntosh, Marshall McIntosh had higher R and enhanced susceptibility to LOI. And, at the same concentrations of fruit internal O 2 , Marshall McIntosh accumulated ten-fold more ethyl alcohol than did Rogers McIntosh, which indicated different thresholds for anaerobiosis in these two strains.
Developmental effects of decision-making on sensitivity to reward: An fMRI study

ABSTRACT Studies comparing neural correlates of reward processing across development yield inconsistent findings. This challenges theories characterizing adolescents as globally hypo- or hypersensitive to rewards. Developmental differences in reward sensitivity may fluctuate based on reward magnitude, and on whether rewards require decision-making. We examined whether these factors modulate developmental differences in neural response during reward anticipation and/or receipt in 26 adolescents (14.05 ± 2.37 yrs) and 26 adults (31.25 ± 8.23 yrs). Brain activity was assessed with fMRI during reward anticipation, when subjects made responses with–vs.–without decision-making, to obtain large–vs.–small rewards, and during reward receipt. When reward-receipt required decision-making, neural activity did not differ by age. However, when reward receipt did not require decision-making, neural activity varied by development, reward magnitude, and stage of the reward task. During anticipation, adolescents, but not adults, exhibited greater activity in the insula, extending into putamen, and cingulate gyrus for large–vs.–small incentives. During feedback, adults, but not adolescents, exhibited greater activity in the precuneus for large–vs.–small incentives. These data indicate that age-related differences in reward sensitivity cannot be characterized by global hypo- or hyper-responsivity. Instead, neural responding in striatum, prefrontal cortex and precuneus is influenced by both situational demands and developmental factors. This suggests nuanced maturational effects in adolescent reward sensitivity.
Dislocation configurations in semi-insulating, n-type and p-type GaAs deformed at 150°C

Abstract The glide of well defined dislocations in semi-insulating, n-type and p-type GaAs deformed at low temperatures under a high stress has been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The shape of the dislocation loop is used as a means to identify the dependence of the dislocation velocity on the doping and to examine the difference in the mobility of 60° segments of the same polarity. In n-type and semi-insulating material there is a strong preference for the dislocations to lie along directions, namely the Peierls valley. In p-type material, segments can also be oriented precisely at the edge orientation. In all materials, non-screw segments often rotate towards the edge orientation by relaxation from the high-stress configuration. Such observations are interpreted in terms of the difference in velocities of the screw kinks and 60° kinks. Weak-beam microscopy of widely dissociated dislocation segments suggests that, even at these low temperatures, there is a strong interaction ...
Pharmacogenomics of endocrine therapy in breast cancer

The most important modality of treatment in the two-thirds of patients with an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive early breast cancer is endocrine therapy. In postmenopausal women, options include the selective ER modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and raloxifene, and the ‘third-generation’ aromatase inhibitors (AIs), anastrozole, exemestane and letrozole. Under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Global Alliance for Pharmacogenomics, Japan, the Mayo Clinic Pharmacogenomics Research Network Center and the RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine have worked collaboratively to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in women treated with both SERMs and AIs. On the basis of the results of the GWAS, scientists at the Mayo Clinic have proceeded with functional genomic laboratory studies. As will be seen in this review, this has led to new knowledge relating to endocrine biology that has provided a clear focus for further research to move toward truly personalized medicine for women with breast cancer.
Rotary Machine Health Diagnosis Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

This paper presents a signal decomposition and feature extraction technique for the health diagnosis of rotary machines, based on the empirical mode decomposition. Vibration signal measured from a defective rolling bearing is decomposed into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), with each IMF corresponding to a specific range of frequency components contained within the vibration signal. Two criteria, the energy measure and correlation measure, are investigated to determine the most representative IMF for extracting defect-induced characteristic features out of vibration signals. The envelope spectrum of the selected IMF is investigated as an indicator for both the existence and the specific location of structural defects within the bearing. Theoretical foundation of the technique is introduced, and its performance is experimentally verified.
Diversity of Five Anaerobic Toluene-Degrading Microbial Communities Investigated Using Stable Isotope Probing

Time-series DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify the microbes assimilating carbon from [13C]toluene under nitrate- or sulfate-amended conditions in a range of inoculum sources, including uncontaminated and contaminated soil and wastewater treatment samples. In all, five different phylotypes were found to be responsible for toluene degradation, and these included previously identified toluene degraders as well as novel toluene-degrading microorganisms. In microcosms constructed from granular sludge and amended with nitrate, the putative toluene degraders were classified in the genus Thauera, whereas in nitrate-amended microcosms constructed from a different source (agricultural soil), microorganisms in the family Comamonadaceae (genus unclassified) were the key putative degraders. In one set of sulfate-amended microcosms (agricultural soil), the putative toluene degraders were identified as belonging to the class Clostridia (genus Desulfosporosinus), while in other sulfate-amended microcosms, the putative degraders were in the class Deltaproteobacteria, within the family Syntrophobacteraceae (digester sludge) or Desulfobulbaceae (contaminated soil) (genus unclassified for both). Partial benzylsuccinate synthase gene (bssA, the functional gene for anaerobic toluene degradation) sequences were obtained for some samples, and quantitative PCR targeting this gene, along with SIP, was further used to confirm anaerobic toluene degradation by the identified species. The study illustrates the diversity of toluene degraders across different environments and highlights the utility of ribosomal and functional gene-based SIP for linking function with identity in microbial communities.
Study of sweat in pitressin-resistant diabetes insipidus

Increased sweat electrolyte concentrations, sodium 60 to 70 mEq. per liter, chloride 50 to 60 mEq. per liter, potassium 15 to 20 mEq. per liter were observed in a 41/2-month-old child with pitressin-resistant diabetes insipidus who initially did not exhibit excessive thirst. Administration of large doses of 9 alpha-fluoro-hydrocortisone did not affect these values. Hydrochlorthiazide therapy was associated with immediate clinical improvement and marked decrease in sweat sodium and chloride concentrations. Hydrochlorthiazide caused clinical improvement despite increased urine volume during therapy. All observations of elevated sweat electrolytes in pitressin-resistant diabetes insipidus have been in infants less than 10 months of age and not solely in infants without excessive thirst. Therefore sweat analysis may be an aid to diagnosis in infants when clinical recognition is difficult.
The effects of etching and rinsing times and salivary contamination on etched glass-ionomer cement bonded to resin composites

This study investigated the effect of salivary contamination on glass-ionomer/resin-composite bond strength after establishment of an appropriate etching and rinsing time for the glass-ionomer cement. Three hundred and thirty samples of glass-ionomer cement (Ketac-Fil) were injected into cavities prepared in acrylic molds. Groups containing 15 samples each were etched for 0, 15, 30, or 60 sec, after which Scotchbond and either Silux or P-30 were applied and polymerized. The samples were stored under water for 24 hr at 37 degrees C and were then tested in shear. A 30-second etching time was found to be optimal when Silux and P-30 were considered together. In a similar manner, a 20-second optimal rinsing time was determined. Samples of glass-ionomer cement were then contaminated with saliva, dried, and bonded to composite resins and tested in shear as before. Significantly lower bond strengths resulted than with the uncontaminated controls. Efforts to clean contaminated samples by rinsing or re-etching failed to increase the bond strength obtained with the contaminated samples.
Pyrimidine metabolism in diabetes mellitus studied with the uracil tolerance test.

INTRODUCTION THE generally accepted pathway of pyrimidine (uracil and cytosine) metabolism consists of a series of oxidations to iso-dialuric acid, rupture of the pyrimidine nucleus, and the final formation of urea (1). The chemical formulae of iso-dialuric acid and alloxan, a diabetogenic pyrimidine, are almost identical, differing only by the presence of two hydrogen atoms on the fourth carbon atom of the former. Therefore, it was postulated that during the course of pyrimidine metabolism, alloxan might form at the iso-dialuric acid stage due to an error in pyrimidine metabolism, slowly destroy the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, and cause diabetes mellitus (2). In previous studies uracil labeled with isotopic N15 nitrogen had been administered intravenously to 1 normal and to 1 diabetic subject, and the metabolic data compared (2, 3). The labeled uracil was catabolized to urea more rapidly in the diabetic. In addition an unidentified N15-containing substance was excreted in the urine of the dia...
2-Week Inhalation Toxicity Study with HCFC-122 in Rats

AbstractHydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 122 (1,1-difluoro-1,2,2-trichloroethane) is an intermediate in the synthesis of HCFC-123, a principal potential replacement candidate for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds in blowing agent and chiller applications. Because the possibility exists for inhalation exposure of HCFC-722 for workers, this study was conducted to assess the toxicity of repeated inhalation of sublethal concentrations of HCFC-722. Four groups of 10 male Cr1:CD BR rats were exposed 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for 2 wk to concentrations of 0, 700, 540, and 2200 ppm HCFC-122 in air. No deaths occurred that could be related to exposure to HCFC-122. Male rats exposed to 2200 ppm HCFC-122 had significantly decreased body weights at various time periods during the exposure but not during the recovery periods. In addition, rats exposed to 170 and 2200 but not 540 ppm had significantly decreased body weight gains during the exposure phase of the study. Functional observational battery (FOB) assessments of expos...
Surgical ventricular restoration: Where do we go from here?

The surgical treatment for ischemic heart failure (STICH) trial concluded that the addition of surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) to coronary bypass grafting did not lead to improved survival in patients with dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy. Observational studies at multiple centers over the last 15 years have shown consistent improvement in global ventricular function and approximately 70 % long-term survival. The causes of this discrepancy are reviewed here and likely relate to how the STICH trial was conducted. Recent subset analyses from the STICH investigators have provided some additional data relating ventricular volumes to outcomes. However, including patients with unsuitable entry criteria and operations confounds the data. We recommend an analysis of the STICH data based on the trial's initial design in order to determine if there are patients who may benefit by SVR.
PHYSICIAN KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR REGARDING CHILD AUTO SAFETY

A survey was conducted in May, 1982 of physicians practicing in child related medical specialties (pediatrics, family practice, and general practice) in San Antonio to assess their influence on patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding child auto safety. A 47-item questionnaire was mailed to 361 physicians; 139 (37.5%) returned the questionnaire. 18 true-false and multiple choice questions were used to construct a multi-item index of knowledge of child auto safety; other questions elicited sociodemographic data and personal and professional behavior with respect to child auto safety. The knowledge index was significantly correlated with doctors own use of seat belts, number of children under 5 years old, exposure to child restraints during residency, clinical behavior (asking about use of child restraints during the first well-child visit and subsequent visits, instructing parents about child auto safety, dispensing child auto safety literature in their office), being a pediatrician and being board certified. Knowledge was inversely correlated with age of the physician. However, child auto safety education of parents by physicians was generally found to be sparce and infrequent. (Of the total group, only 14% always ask at the first well-child visit if child restraints are being used, 3% always instruct parents, 4% considered themselves very familiar with the subject, 26% have literature in their offices.) Only 8% received such training during their residencies, pointing toward a need for including this subject in physician education. The dispensing of this potentially live-saving information by doctors might be a partial answer to the low motivation among mothers not now using child restraint devices.
The effect of mixing models in PDF calculations of piloted jet flames

Abstract For turbulent flames containing significant turbulence–chemistry interactions, the accuracy of PDF model calculations depends on the accurate representation of the chemistry and on the mixing model (including the value of the mixing-model constant, Cϕ). In recent work, Cao and Pope demonstrated that accurate calculations of the Barlow and Frank piloted jet flames D, E and F are achieved using the GRI3.0 mechanism and the EMST mixing model (with Cϕ = 1.5). In the present paper, further PDF model calculations (using GRI3.0) are performed in order to investigate the performance of three mixing models (EMST, IEM and MC) and their dependence on the specified value of Cϕ. It is shown that all three models are capable of yielding levels of local extinction (quantified by a burning index) comparable to the experimental observations, but this is achieved using Cϕ = 3.3 for IEM, and Cϕ = 3.8 for MC (compared to Cϕ = 1.5 for EMST). However, in these calculations with IEM and MC, the mixture fraction variance is significantly underpredicted: only the EMST model is capable of calculating accurately both the observed burning indexes and the mixture fraction variance. The findings of this study, the first comparative study of mixing models in the Barlow and Frank flames, are related to previous observations.
Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation.

Abstract Background One important aspect in decision making is how success or failure influences the selection of a response. In a previous investigation, methamphetamine-dependent subjects (MD) selected win–stay/lose–shift consistent responses than normal comparison subjects (NC), which may imply that MD are more influenced by success. This study examined whether the degree of success and the degree of predictability differentially affected MD’s decision making. Methods Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 14 MD were compared with 14 NC while performing the two-choice prediction task at three success rates and the two-choice response task. Results The increase in win–stay/lose–shift consistent responses by MD relative to NC was independent of success rate. Irrespective of success, MD showed less task-related activation in orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area [BA] 10), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9), anterior cingulate (BA 32), and parietal cortex (BA 7). Whereas NC showed success-related patterns of neural activation in the orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortex, MD showed activation that was highest when the outcome was most unpredictable. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of a more rigid stimulus–response relationship during MD’s decision making, which may be due to a shift from processing “success” toward processing the degree of stimulus “predictability.”
Efficient trinary signed-digit symbolic arithmetic

A new technique for high-speed trinary signed-digit (TSD) arithmetic that uses optical symbolic substitution is presented. This technique performs multibit carry-free addition and borrow-free subtraction in constant time. The proposed TSD scheme utilizes the minimum number of minterms compared with the previously reported modified signed-digit and TSD number systems.
Consequences of the memoryless property for random variables

(1987). Consequences of the Memoryless Property for Random Variables. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 10, pp. 981-984.
Value of midwinter snow surveys

This paper discusses the forecasting of seasonal volume of runoff by means of snow surveys made earlier in the year than the first of April. Examples taken from the records of a few western streams illustrate the use of midwinter snow surveys in making forecasts. The relations used are compared with those based on April 1 snow surveys. A conclusion is that the forecast based on the maximum value of snow pack, whenever it occurs, may be superior to the forecast based on the value observed on tho same date each year.
Do professors have customer-based brand equity?

This research endeavors to understand whether certain professors have customer-based brand equity (CBBE) in the minds of students. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to conceptualize, develop, and empirically test a model of customer-based professor brand equity. Survey data gathered from 465 undergraduate business students were used to test the model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis findings indicate that certain professors do indeed have CBBE and the transference of the brand-building effort can be successfully applied to professors who are willing to be strong brands. The results show that professor brand characteristics – quality of instruction, competence, and reputation – have an influence on students' feelings of attachment to the professor and to the quality of relationships with the professor brand and therefore, professor brand equity. The ultimate goal of most professors is to inculcate lifelong student learning, but this worthy pursuit gains wings through the professor bran...
Ultrafast lasers for nano-material growth and processing

Laser ablation is a well-established solid-state film growth technique that typically involves applying a nanosecond laser beam to ablate a target material, followed by depositing the precursor vapor onto a substrate. A main technical obstacle for growing thin films with conventional nanosecond laser ablation is the formation of micron-sized particulates or droplets, which would be unacceptable for making materials with nanometer scale structures.