cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible multivariate joint model of longitudinal intensity and binary process for medical monitoring of frequently collected data

A frequent problem in longitudinal studies is that data may be assessed at subject-selected, irregularly spaced time-points, resulting in highly unbalanced outcome data, inducing bias, especially if availability of data is directly related to outcome. Our aim was to develop a multivariate joint model in a mixed outcomes framework to minimize irregular sampling bias. We demonstrate using blood glucose monitoring throughout pregnancy and risk of preterm birth among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose measurements were unequally spaced and intensity of sampling varied between and within individuals over time. Multivariate linear mixed effects submodel for the longitudinal outcome (blood glucose), Poisson model for the intensity of glucose sampling, and logistic regression model for binary process (preterm birth) were specified. Association between models is captured through shared random effects. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were used to fit the model. The multivariate joint model provided better prediction, compared with a joint model with a multivariate linear mixed effects submodel (ignoring intensity of glucose sampling) and a two-stage model. Most association parameters were significant in the preterm birth outcome model, signifying improvement of predictive ability of the binary endpoint by sharing random effects between glucose monitoring and preterm birth. A simulation study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the multivariate joint modeling approach.
Temperature Dependence of Multimode Gallium Nitride/Aluminum Nitride (GaN/AlN) Heterostructure String Resonator

We report on the first experimental characterization and analysis of the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (TCf) of gallium nitride/aluminum nitride (GaN/AlN) heterostructure doubly-clamped micro-string resonators with length L = 100 μm, thickness t = 700 nm, and width w = 5 μm. We observe three distinct resonances within the frequency range of 1.5 to 5 MHz at room temperature. Assisted by finite element method (FEM) simulations, we determine that the first two modes are out-of-plane flexural modes and the third one is an in-plane flexural mode, with the former two dominated by built-in stress and the latter one determined by both stress and flexural rigidity. We examine these resonances with varying temperature (-10 oC to 105 oC) and obtain TCfs of -336 ppm/K, -316 ppm/K, and -83 ppm/K for the three modes, respectively. The investigation provides essential information for thorough understanding of elastic behavior of GaN/AlN heterostructures upon temperature change.
New Techniques for Optical and Molecular Visualization of Lung Cancer

Current imaging techniques do not allow visualization of the histology of pulmonary lesions prior to biopsy and, thus, sampling errors may lead to incorrect diagnoses, optimal areas of a tumor may not be sampled for diagnosis and heterogeneous patterns within a single cancer having an impact on treatment may not be sampled. Several imaging modalities are under investigation to provide real-time in vivo histologic images with subcellular resolution, equivalent to traditional histologic sections, and potential identification of molecular targets in vivo, greatly enhancing biopsy procurement and possibly replacing traditional biopsy with “optical biopsy” in the future. Potential benefits of these investigational techniques include avoiding sampling errors that necessitate repeat biopsies, significantly shortening the time for diagnosis and treatment of lung cancers, permit sampling of differing histologic patterns within a single lung cancer which may expand options for biomarker testing and therapy selection, and permit diagnosis of earlier cancers which is likely to improve outcome. These new techniques would be able to visualize specific receptors or other molecular targets on neoplastic cells in vivo using tagged ligands or probes specific to the receptor or other target. The identification of specific molecular targets in vivo could enhance time to treatment. These modalities include optical coherence tomography, endoscopic confocal microscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Image-guided multimodality theranostic systems could provide in vivo therapy as well as in vivo diagnosis in real-time with minimal invasion.
Optimal Periodic Control of a Bilinear Solar System

This paper discusses the design of a solar heating system using periodic optimization techniques. The disturbance signals, ambient temperature and solar insolation, are assumed to be periodic with a period of 24 hours. A bilinear system is used to model the solar plant. It is assumed that the system response is periodic and a performance measure is selected which takes the time average over one period of a weighted combination of control effort and temperature deviation from a set point (comfort factor). Conditions are given to insure the existence of a periodic solution for the bilinear system for a given control law. Numerical results are compared with a conventional on-off control system.
Selective protein arylation by acetaminophen and 2,6-dimethylacetaminophen in cultured hepatocytes from phenobarbital-induced and uninduced mice: Relationship to cytotoxicity☆

Abstract To evaluate the mechanistic importance of covalent binding in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, we compared the effects of 2,6-dimethylacetaminophen (2,6-DMA) to those of APAP in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes. Immunochemical analysis of electrophoretically separated proteins has shown that the majority of covalent binding after a cytotoxic dose of APAP occurs on two major bands of 44 and 58 kD (Bartolone et al. , Biochem Pharmacol 36 : 1193–1196, 1987). At equimolar concentrations, 2,6-DMA bound proteins only 15% as extensively as did APAP and was not cytotoxic in hepatocytes from uninduced mice. However, when the hepatocytes were obtained from phenobarbital-induced mice, APAP administration resulted in increased protein arylation and a more rapid onset of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, in the cells from phenobarbital-induced mice, 2,6-DMA not only resulted in increased binding but also in overt cytotoxicity. Since our affinity-purified anti-APAP antibody did not cross-react with 2,6-DMA, a new antibody specific for 2,6-DMA was prepared and, after affinity purification, was used to detect 2,6-DMA protein adducts by Western blotting. Results indicated that, in hepatocytes from both phenobarbital-induced and non-induced mice, the binding of 2,6-DMA was also highly selective with the most prominent target being the 58 kD cytosolic protein. However, by contrast to APAP, only minimal binding to the 44 kD protein was detected after 2,6-DMA treatment. Although several additional protein adducts were increased in treated cells from phenobarbital-induced mice, the 58 kD protein was clearly the most prominently arylated target associated with both APAP and 2,6-DMA cytotoxicity. These data suggest that both the specificity of covalent binding as well as the extent of binding to the major targets may play an important role in the ensuing toxicity.
Threshold-Based Connection Admission Control Scheme in ATM Networks: A Simulation Study

In this paper, a new threshold-based connection admission control scheme is proposed and analyzed. The scheme uses effective bandwidth for making decision about acceptance or rejection of a connection request. This threshold and effective bandwidth based method is simulated on an 8-node network model. The traffic used in the simulation is a multiplexed stream of cells from video, voice and data sources, which is typical to ATM environment. Simulations on the 8-node network model shows that, in a network that supports several service categories, having a threshold-based connection admission control affects the blocking probabilities of each type of traffic. In some environments, having a threshold is advantageous over the case without a threshold in terms of cell loss ratio, cell transfer delay and power (defined as throughput divided by cell transfer delay).
Cultivating Charisma: Ikeda Daisaku's Self Presentations and Transformational Leadership

Although social scientific studies of leadership have progressed significantly since the 1960s, discussions of popular religious leaders remain grounded in Weberian ideas on "charisma." Because "charisma" in Weber's writings lacks conceptual clarity and analytical precision, it fails to illuminate how specific understandings of popular leaders develop or how leaders create affective ties with followers. Weber's discussions of charisma, however, can still lead to important questions. Using a Weberian statement on charisma as a departure point, this article argues on the basis of the published diary of Ikeda Daisaku, leader of the Nichiren Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai, that self-representations by a leader can influence how followers understand him or her in a way that cultivates charisma. More specifically it argues that by depicting the mentor-disciple relationship as empowering, Ikeda's diary can serve as a method for transformational leadership that fosters a sense of intimacy and nurtures affective ties with him.
Thermodynamic Foundations of Kinetic Theory and Lattice Boltzmann Models for Multiphase Flows

This paper demonstrates that thermodynamically consistent lattice Boltzmann models for single-component multiphase flows can be derived from a kinetic equation using both Enskog's theory for dense fluids and mean-field theory for long-range molecular interaction. The lattice Boltzmann models derived this way satisfy the correct mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. All the thermodynamic variables in these LBM models are consistent. The strengths and weaknesses of previous lattice Boltzmann multiphase models are analyzed.
Unifying the gait cycle in the control of a powered prosthetic leg

This paper presents a novel control strategy for an above-knee powered prosthetic leg that unifies the entire gait cycle, eliminating the need to switch between controllers during different periods of gait. Current control methods divide the gait cycle into several sequential periods each with independent controllers, resulting in many patient-specific control parameters and switching rules that must be tuned by clinicians. Having a single controller could reduce the number of control parameters to be tuned for each patient, thereby reducing the clinical time and effort involved in fitting a powered prosthesis for a lower-limb amputee. Using the Discrete Fourier Transformation, a single virtual constraint is derived that exactly characterizes the desired actuated joint motion over the entire gait cycle. Because the virtual constraint is defined as a periodic function of a monotonically increasing phase variable, no switching or resetting is necessary within or across gait cycles. The output function is zeroed using feedback linearization to produce a single, unified controller. The method is illustrated with simulations of a powered knee-ankle prosthesis in an amputee biped model and with examples of systematically generated output functions for different walking speeds.
Frames, Framing Effects, and Survey Responses

What the public thinks about crime and about the criminal justice system’s response to crime partly depends upon how stories are framed. Internal and external frames are central themes that make certain information more critical and guide inferences and emotions about expressed opinions, attitudes, or decisions. This chapter reviews research on the effects of framing, including survey introductions, on survey responses, and on the decision-making processes underlying the framing effect. Research shows that certain frames in survey introductions may be more persuasive and can increase response rates. This chapter also covers how questions and surveys are framed also may bias responses. Beyond these external frames, this chapter discusses the normative and cultural internal frames that may influence respondents’ opinions. The wide reaching implications for survey measurement and research are discussed.
Exhibition Review: Regina Mamou “Unfortunately, It Was Paradise” Chicago, IL, City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower October 2013 - January 19, 2014

Mist shrouds an open field; the softness suffocates. In Fieldwork (Blue) Regina Mamou stages the paradox of immanence and imminence—God always and everywhere on the verge of appearing: a stifling remoteness, an intimate distance. The "field" could be visual, physical, conceptual; The "work" is the visual object, the photograph, or the physical work of agriculture, or the conceptual realm of the divine: God in the godliness of good works, of work accomplished in the service of collective wellbeing.
An Interface for Direct Analysis of 14C in Nonvolatile Samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

We describe here apparatus and methods for direct analysis of (14)C in biological specimens by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Liquid samples, including plasma and urine, are deposited by pipet into a bed of CuO powder that fills a space within a rigid, refractory support. Volatile components are removed under reduced pressure prior to analysis. The CuO matrix is locally heated with an infrared laser while it is contained within a sealed chamber that is swept with He carrier gas. Heating induces combustion of the applied sample, and the carrier gas transports the CO(2) that is formed to the AMS instrument's ion source, which is appropriately modified for use with CO(2). A rodent study of drug clearance with [(14)C]-acetaminophen was performed to provide plasma and urine specimens, which were analyzed with this overall approach and by liquid scintillation counting for comparison. Results presented here confirm the potential utility of laser-induced sample combustion as an alternative to graphite production for AMS analysis of (14)C. Anticipated benefits of the present approach include reduced risk of sample cross-contamination, decreased analysis time, and greater compatibility with robotics.
Measurement of epithelial DNA synthesis during reepithelization.

Abstract This report describes a method for determining epithelial mitotic activity by measuring DNA synthesis during reepithelization. Split-thickness skin wounds were made on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats and epithelial cell DNA synthesis was measured by radioactive thymidine incorporation into DNA. Autoradiography confirmed that the regenerating epithelial components specifically incorporated the radioactive thymidine. The procedure can be used for either in vitro or in vivo studies to evaluate DNA synthesis in epithelial tissues.
Displacement damage in silicon carbide irradiated in fission reactors

Calculations are performed for displacement damage in SiC due to irradiation in the neutron environments of various types of nuclear reactors using the best available models and nuclear data. The displacement damage calculations use recently developed damage functions for SiC that are based on extensive molecular dynamics simulations of displacement events. Displacements per atom (DPA) cross sections for SiC have been calculated as a function of neutron energy, and they are presented here in tabular form to facilitate their use as the standard measure of displacement damage for irradiated SiC. DPA cross sections averaged over the neutron energy spectrum are calculated for neutron spectra in the cores of typical commercial reactors and in the test sample irradiation regions of several materials test reactors used in both past and present irradiation testing. Particular attention is focused on a next-generation high-temperature gas-cooled pebble bed reactor, for which the high-temperature properties of silicon carbide fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites are well suited. Calculated transmutations and activation levels in a pebble bed reactor are compared to those in other reactors.
American College of Preventive Medicine public policy on needle-exchange programs to reduce drug-associated morbidity and mortality

Abstract Overview: Based on a review of the current literature and recommendations, the American College of Preventive Medicine presents a public policy statement on needle-exchange programs. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): needle-exchange programs, minority groups, substance abuse (intravenous), drug abuse (intravenous), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, AIDS, blood-borne pathogens
The Effect of Finasteride and Dutasteride on the Growth of WPE1-NA22 Prostate Cancer Xenografts in Nude Mice

Terry C. Johnson Center for Basic Cancer Research; NIH Grant No. P20-RR017686 from NCRR; GlaxoSmithKline for providing dutasteride
Fabrication of high-quality non-close-packed 2D colloid crystals by template-guided Langmuir–Blodgett particle deposition

We present a new method of fabricating highly-ordered two-dimensional (2D) colloid crystals with non-closed-packed (NCP) symmetries. In this method, using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayer deposition technique, we transfer a Langmuir monolayer of colloidal particles constructed at the air-water interface onto a substrate that contains micro-fabricated topological patterns. We demonstrate that by using this template-guided LB deposition method, near perfect single 2D colloid crystal domains of the order of a hundred micrometres can be easily fabricated under typical LB processing conditions. We investigate the effects of various control parameters (such as the initial particle density at the air-water interface and the substrate lifting speed during the LB particle deposition process) on the density of the deposited particles in the resultant LB monolayer; the final density of the particles deposited on the patterned surface is found to be systematically lower than the particle packing density of the initial Langmuir monolayer, and this dilation is an increasing function of the LB deposition speed. On the length scales larger than approximately a hundred micrometres, we typically observe the formation of stripe patterns in the template-guided LB particle monolayer film, which (we believe) indicates that the contact line of the water meniscus is not stationary. Rather, its position undulates periodically due to the water evaporation during the LB deposition, contrary to what has been commonly assumed in many previous models describing the LB (dip-coating) processes. We present a simple theoretical model, which by taking into account the effects of the evaporation-induced subphase water flow and the particle concentration gradient around the meniscus contact line, can explain all the above-stated experimental observations. Finally, we provide experimental evidence that under high-humidity conditions in which water evaporation is suppressed, the pattern-guided LB deposition technique can indeed produce a high-quality 2D colloid crystal structure that is homogeneous throughout the entire area of the micro-patterned region of the substrate.
Effect of oxygen amendments and soil pH on bioremediation of industrially contaminated soils

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), by-products of coal conversion processes, have contaminated soils near coal plant sites either through accidental spills or systematic discharge. Because these compounds are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, remediation of such sites is a legitimate concern. For this study, contaminated soil samples were obtained from the Alberta Research Council (ARC) primary clean-up facility. Preliminary analysis of the soil was done for contaminant characterization and determination of initial contamination levels. Acinetobacter sp. was used for aerobic treatment of soil over a five-week period under optimum conditions. Because the rate of biodegradation is influenced by the pH, it is of interest to study the effect of pH on remediation efficiency in the physiological pH range of 5.0 to 9.0. Also, oxygen amendment via hydrogen peroxide solution was used to improve remediation in a packed bed, and the results were compared with those obtained under completely mixed conditions.
A Comparative Analysis of Durkheim's Theory of Egoistic Suicide*

This paper reports a comparative cross-national test of Durkheim's theory of egoistic suicide, involving indicators of religious, family, and political integration. Linear and nonlinear multiple regression analysis showed that the relationships between religious integration and suicide and between political integration and suicide are inverse exponential functions of the form Y = aebX, while the relationship between family integration and suicide is linear. The relationships between the independent and dependent variables are strong and highly significant. Together, our indicators of religious, family, and political integration explain about 76 percent of the variation in international rates of suicide.
When are NP-hard location problems easy?

We discuss in this paper several location problems for which it is an NP-hard problem to find an approximate solution. Given certain assumptions on the input distributions, we present polynomial algorithms that deliver a solution asymptotically close to the optimum with probability that is asymptotically one (the exact nature of this asymptotic convergence is described in the paper). In that sense the subproblems defined on the specified family of inputs are in fact easy.
Communicative Predictors of a Shared Family Identity: Comparison of Grandchildren's Perceptions of Family-of-Origin Grandparents and Stepgrandparents∗

From an intergroup perspective on family relationships, the current study investigates family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparents to determine similarities and differences in communication and relational dimensions. Participants (N = 88) completed questionnaires on family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparent relationships. From the perspective of young adult grandchildren, the research explores the role of supportive communication, reciprocal self-disclosure, nonaccommodative communication, and parental encouragement in predicting a sense of shared family identity with each grandparent type. Results are discussed in terms of implications for intergroup research, grandparent-grandchild communication, and stepfamily relationships.
Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Diisopropyl Ether, Ethanol, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary system diisopropyl ether + ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at T = 298.15 K and the binary systems diisopropyl ether + ethanol and diisopropyl ether + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured at T = (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube density meter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, and refractive indices were measured using a digital Abbe-type refractometer. Excess molar volumes (V E), deviations in the viscosity from mole fraction average (Δη), and deviations in the refractive index from volume fraction average (ΔnD) for the mixtures were derived from experimental data. The binary and ternary data of V E, Δη, and ΔnD were correlated with liquid composition by using the Redlich−Kister and the Cibulka equations.
Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor

Numerous inherited retinal degenerations exist in animals and humans, in which photoreceptors inexplicably degenerate and disappear. In RCS rats with inherited retinal dystrophy, the mutant gene is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell, and leads to the loss of photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptors can be rescued from degeneration if they are juxtaposed to wild-type RPE cells in experimental chimaeras or by the transplantation of RPE cells from normal rats. In both cases, the rescue effect extends beyond the immediate boundaries of the normal RPE cells, suggesting trophic action of a diffusible factor(s) from the normal RPE cells. We considered that the fibroblast growth factors, aFGF and bFGF, might have such a trophic role as they are found in the retina and RPE cells; bFGF acts as a neurotrophic agent after axonal injury in several regions of the central nervous system, and bFGF induces retinal regeneration from developing RPE cells. Here we report that subretinal injection of bFGF results in extensive rescue of photoreceptors in RCS rats for at least two months after the injection, and that intravitreal injection of bFGF results in even more widespread rescue, across almost the entire retina. The findings demonstrate for the first time that bFGF can act as a survival-promoting neurotrophic factor in a hereditary neuronal degeneration of the central nervous system.
Modifications of the lactate dehydrogenase assay, a histochemical determinant of osteocyte viability--a qualitative study.

Summary We have refined a technique for assessment of osteocyte viability in a canine and murine model using a modification of the lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH). With this method, viable osteocytes react to form non-reversible tetrazolium–formazan granules, while non-viable osteocytes are distinguished by a methyl green stain. LDH assay in canine and murine models have not been reported and our initial efforts were not successful. We examined the effect of (a) concentration of coenzyme and tetrazole (b) bone specimen thickness (c) ability to use frozen sections and (d) incubation time/dilution. We concluded that a 1000-fold increase in the concentration of coenzyme and tetrazole were required. Fresh bone produced optimal results and near-complete viability. Special considerations must be taken with smaller, more fragile specimens (e.g., mouse bone), such as increasing specimen thickness, dilution of incubation medium and/or the reduction of incubation time. Sections from thawed frozen bone resulted in a diffuse reaction. Osteocyte viability can be assessed via LDH assay in both dog and mouse bones; however, this approach requires modifications from the previous published method.
The loosely bound non-histone chromosomal proteins of rat prostate in androgen action.

Rat prostatic chromatin was fractionated by sequential salt extractions into 0.35 M NaCl-soluble (the loosely bound non-histone chromosomal proteins), 2 M NaCl-soluble and -insoluble (the residual proteins) fractions. Homologous and heterologous chromatins were reconstituted with these chromosomal fractions from castrated rats injected with testosterone for 2 h and from castrated control. Chromatin reconstituted with all hormone-treated fractions showed 30% more binding with polylysine and transcriptional template activity than did chromatin reconstituted with castrated fractions. Similar analyses of reconstituted heterologous chromatins indicated that the androgen-induced changes in chromatin were mainly determined by the androgenic state of the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble fraction. The 0.35 M NaCl-soluble fraction also contained 18% more total high mobility group protein than did the corresponding castrated fraction. Limited digestion of 5α-[3H]dihydrotestosterone-bound nuclei with pancreatic DNAase 1 to 5% acid-soluble resulted in a rapid release of the nuclear-bound 3H-labelled androgens and protein, in contrast to similar digestion with microsomal nuclease. Since a large portion of the translocated androgen-receptor is bound to protein(s) in the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble fraction, these results suggest that the component(s) in the 0.35 M NaCl-soluble fraction to which androgen-receptor binds is associated with actively transcribing sequences on chromatin.
Effects of the amphiphilic peptides mastoparan and adenoregulin on receptor binding, G proteins, phosphoinositide breakdown, cyclic AMP generation, and calcium influx.

1. The amphiphilic peptide mastoparan is known to affect phosphoinositide breakdown, calcium influx, and exocytosis of hormones and neurotransmitters and to stimulate the GTPase activity of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins. Another amphiphilic peptide, adenoregulin was recently identified based on stimulation of agonist binding to A1-adenosine receptors. 2. A comparison of the effects of mastoparan and adenoregulin reveals that these peptides share many properties. Both stimulate binding of agonists to receptors and binding of GTPγS to G proteins in brain membranes. The enhanced guanyl nucleotide exchange may be responsible for the complete conversion of receptors to a high-affinity state, complexed with guanyl nucleotide-free G proteins. 3. Both peptides increase phosphoinositide breakdown in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Pertussis toxin partially inhibits the phosphoinositide breakdown elicited by mastoparan but has no effect on the response to adenoregulin.N-Ethylmaleimide inhibits the response to both peptides. 4. In permeabilized 3T3 cells, both adenoregulin and mastoparan inhibit GTPγS-stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown. Mastoparan slightly increases basal cyclic AMP levels in cultured cells, followed at higher concentrations by an inhibition, while adenoregulin has minimal effects. 5. Both peptides increase calcium influx in cultured cells and release of norepinephrine in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. The calcium influx elicited by the peptides in 3T3 cells is not markedly altered byN-ethylmaleimide. 6. Multiple sites of action appear likely to underlie the effects of mastoparan/adenoregulin on receptors, G proteins, phospholipase C, and calcium.
Cerebral metabolic and cognitive studies in dementia with frontal lobe behavioral features.

Three subjects with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) with frontal lobe features of behavioral disinhibition were studied using positron emission tomography with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18 FDG) and standardized neuropsychological tests. The three subjects showed significant decrements (p less than .05) in relative glucose metabolism (regional/mean gray metabolism) in the orbitofrontal, prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions when compared to healthy controls. Severity-matched subjects with DAT without the associated frontal lobe features did not show the relative reductions in glucose metabolism in these regions when compared to controls. However, on neuropsychological testing of frontal lobe cognitive functions the three subjects did not show decrements that were more severe than those shown by severity-matched DAT patients without the behavioral features. These data demonstrate physiologic dysfunction in specific cortical regions in subjects with behavioral aberrations attributed to these regions and an apparent dissociation between behavioral and cognitive functions of the frontal lobe.
Thin-layer separation and quantification of bile acids.

Abstract A method has been developed for quantification of total free and conjugated bile acids separated on silica gel HR coated thin-layer chromatography plates. Aliquots of bile acid solutions are applied to channeled plates which are developed with either ethyl acetate: isooctane: glacial acetic acid 10:10:2 v/v for free bile acid separation, or chloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid:water 130:50:4:8 v/v for conjugated bile acid separation. Bile acids are determined directly in serial areas of silica gel by treating gel areas suspended in tris buffer with resazurin reagent. The method is quantitative and as little as 0.1 μg of bile acid is readily determined. Application of the method to determinations of bile acids in crude fecal extracts is described.
Concerning “A new form of optical activity”

Abstract We show that the “… new form of natural optical activity” of Hecht and Nafie is a special case of scattering phenomena predicted by a very general theorem. In addition, the “…new form…” is closely related to its well known elastic cousin.
Spectroscopic Probes of the Reactive Intermediates of Dehaloperoxidase from Amphitrite ornata

The enzyme intermediates of dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from the marine worm Amphitrite ornata are unique within both the globin and cytochrome c peroxidase superfamilies. DHP has been shown to oxidize trihalophenols to dihaloquinones in a dehalogenation reaction that uses hydrogen peroxide as a substrate. We show that the initially formed heme intermediate in this reaction is not Compound I as is often the case in peroxidases, but rather is a combination of Compound II and a tyrosyl radical that has similarity to the Compound ES intermediate of cytochrome c peroxidase. Using stopped-flow UV-visible spectroscopy, we provide a detailed kinetic description for the reaction of pre-formed DHP Compound II and tyrosyl radical with the substrate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and demonstrate the catalytic competency of this intermediate in generating the product 2,4-dichloroquinone. Furthermore, using rapid-freeze-quench electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we detected a signal at g ≈ 2.0058, confirming the presence of a protein radical in DHP Compound II, and assign it as a tyrosyl radical based upon mutagenesis studies and structural arguments. In the absence of a halophenol substrate, the DHP Compound II + tyrosyl radical intermediate decomposes to a new and significantly less active species, termed Compound RH, which is unique to dehaloperoxidase. We propose that this intermediate plays a protective role against heme bleaching. While unreactive toward further oxidation, Compound RH can be reduced and subsequently bind dioxygen, generating oxyferrous DHP, which may represent the catalytic link between the peroxidase and oxygen-transport activities in this bifunctional protein.
Simulation of the Modern Arctic Climate by the NCAR CCM1

The National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM1's) simulation of the modern arctic climate is evaluated by comparing a five-year seasonal cycle simulation with the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global analyses. The sea level pressure (SLP), storm tracks, vertical cross section of height, 500-hPa height, total energy budget, and moisture budget are analyzed to investigate the biases in the simulated arctic climate. The results show that the model simulates anomalously low SLP, too much storm activity, and anomalously strong baroclinicity to the west of Greenland and vice versa to the east of Greenland. This bias is mainly attributed to the model's topographic representation of Greenland. First, the broadened Greenland topography in the model distorts the path of cyclone waves over the North Atlantic Ocean. Second, the model oversimulates the ridge over Greenland, which intensifies its blocking effect and steers the cyclone waves clockwise around it and hence produces an artificial circum-Greenland trough. These biases are significantly alleviated when the horizontal resolution increases to T42. Over the Arctic basin, the model simulates large amounts of low-level (stratus) clouds in winter and almost no stratus in summer, which is opposite to the observations. This bias is mainly due to the location of the simulated SLP features and the negative anomaly of storm activity, which prevent the transport of moisture into this region during summer but favor this transport in winter. The moisture budget analysis shows that the model's net annual precipitation (P-E) between 70 deg N and the North Pole is 6.6 times larger than the observations and the model transports six times more moisture into this region. The bias in the advection term is attributed to the positive moisture fixer scheme and the distorted flow pattern. However, the excessive moisture transport into the Arctic basin does not solely result from the advection term. The contribution by the moisture fixer is as large as from advection. By contrast, the semi-Lagrangian transport scheme used in the CCM2 significantly improves the moisture simulation for this region; however, globally the error is as serious as for the positive moisture fixer scheme. Finally, because the model has such serious problems in simulating the present arctic climate, its simulations of past and future climate change for this region are questionable.
Sound Localization: Information Theory Analysis

Sound localization has been studied extensively. Curiously, although much is known about factors that affect errors, little is known about factors that influence response time. Three experiments were performed in an attempt to identify the separate influence of each of several different factors. All trials used a single broadband noise signal emanating from one of a subset of six loudspeakers equally spaced around the participant in the azimuthal plane. Both the size of the subset and the balance of relative probabilities from speaker to speaker were altered to evaluate the relationship between information content and the dependent variable, choice reaction time. Choice reaction time was found to be related to the information content of the sound stimulus in all cases. It was also found to be related to the presence of pairs of speakers that were symmetrically opposed in front of the behind the participant. Models of choice reaction time in a sound localization task have clear implications for practice. For example, they suggest that multiple auditory collision warnings may endanger drivers.
Antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrent stroke: Three good options.

Drugs that prevent platelets from sticking together—ie, aspirin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel—are an important part of therapy to prevent recurrence of ischemic stroke of atherosclerotic origin. We discuss current indications for these drugs and review the evidence behind our current use of aspirin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel.
Dissolution of relativistic atoms into negative energy states

The problem of atomic dissolution by means of decay to the negative energy continuum is discussed. The derivation of the one-electron central-field Hamiltonian from quantum electrodynamics is made as an example. It is found that the operators that project the Coulomb interaction into positive and negative energy states of the Dirac noninteracting Hamiltonian cause the eigenstates of the atomic Hamiltonian to break up into two sets. One set is expandable in the positive energy noninteracting states, and this set propagates forward in time. The other set is expandable in terms of the negative energy noninteracting states and propagates backward in time. There is, therefore, no danger that transitions will occur from the forward propagating eigenstates into the negative continuum with continued propagation in the forward direction, regardless of the magnitude of the nuclear charge.
John Cedric Griffiths (1912-1992): Geologist, Statistician, Philosopher, and Advocate

John Cedric Griffiths (1912-1992) received the first Krumbein Medal in 1977 for his research. In 1996, The International Association for Mathematical Geology named their medal for excellence in teaching after him. Griffiths dedicated his career to mathematical geology, to his students, and to laying the basis for a rational search for the Earth's mineral riches. This article relates the experience of the author as a graduate student under Griffiths.
Prey Selection: Oddity or Conspicuousness?

PIELOWSKI has shown that goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) select as prey pigeons (Columba livia) which differ in colour from most pigeons which are present in Polish forests1,2. Salt3 has shown how these and other experimental results fit rather well into the generalization that predators preferentially capture prey animals which are odd, or which differ in some way from most prey. As Pielowski noted, however, it is probably easier for a goshawk to fix its attention on the odd-appearing member of a flock, and it is possible that the goshawks were merely taking conspicuous individuals out of the flock. Selection for conspicuous prey has been amply verified by experimentation4–8. I have attempted to determine the parts played by oddity and Conspicuousness in prey selection.
The Lorenz number in CeCoIn5 inferred from the thermal and charge Hall currents

The thermal Hall conductivity κxy and Hall conductivity σxy in CeCoIn5 are used to determine the Lorenz number at low temperature T. This enables the separation of the observed thermal conductivity into its electronic and non-electronic parts. We uncover evidence for a charge-neutral, field-dependent thermal conductivity, which we identify with spin excitations. At low T, these excitations dominate the scattering of charge carriers. We show that suppression of the spin excitations in high fields leads to a steep enhancement of the electron mean-free-path, which leads to an interesting scaling relation between the magnetoresistance, thermal conductivity and σxy.
Stereotactic radiation therapy for progressive residual pilocytic astrocytomas

This report shows the results of stereotactic radiation therapy for progressive residual pilocytic astrocytomas. Medical records of patients who had undergone stereotactic radiation therapy for a progressive residual pilocytic astrocytoma were reviewed. Between 1995 and 2010, 12 patients with progression of a residual pilocytic astrocytoma underwent stereotactic radiation therapy at UCLA. Presentation was headache (4), visual defects (3), hormonal disturbances (2), gelastic seizures (2) and ataxia (1). MRI showed a cystic (9), mixed solid/cystic (2) or solid tumor (1); located in the hypothalamus (5), midbrain (3), thalamus (2), optic chiasm (1) or deep cerebellum (1). Median age was 21 years (range 5–41). Nine tumors received stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). Three tumors received stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), two of them to their choline positive regions. SRT median total dose was 50.4 Gy (40–50.4 Gy) in a median of 28 fractions (20–28), using a median fraction dose of 1.8 Gy (1.8–2 Gy) to a median target volume of 6.5 cm3. (2.4–33.57 cm3) SRS median dose was 18.75 Gy (16.66–20 Gy) to a median target volume of 1.69 cm3 (0.74–2.22 cm3). Median follow-up time was 37.5 months. Actuarial long-term progression-free and disease-specific survival probabilities were 73.3 and 91.7 %, respectively. No radiation-induced complications were observed. Stereotactic radiation therapy is a safe and effective modality to control progressive residual pilocytic astrocytomas. Better outcomes are obtained with SRT to entire tumor volumes than with SRS targeting choline positive tumor regions.
Still Dazed and Confused: Midlife Marijuana Use by the Baby Boom Generation

National drug use surveys show the baby boom generation using marijuana in record numbers. We test hypotheses based on social learning, rational choice, and strain theories to explain marijuana use among adults aged 50–64 with an intersectional lens to consider racial and gender group differences. Social learning perspectives, pointing to pro-marijuana attitudes and norms acquired through culture, and rational choice approaches, in which marijuana use is perceived as a low-risk activity, are both strongly supported. Strain generated by mental and physical health problems emerges as a relevant factor for marijuana use among specific racial and gender minority groups of older adults.
1003 SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (AIHA) IN COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (CVID) WITH HIGH-DOSE INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE SLOBULIN (IVIS)

1003 SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (AIHA) IN COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (CVID) WITH HIGH-DOSE INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE SLOBULIN (IVIS)
Effective behavioral support: A proactive alternative to school discipline

Schools today are faced with an increase in problem behavior. Behavioral challenges often take extreme forms such as violence and aggression toward teachers and students. Even minor behaviors such as non‐compliance are becoming chronic to the point of limiting educator's ability to effectively teach. For a myriad of reasons, traditional “discipline”; procedures are not effective in re‐directing students toward more appropriate behavior. This article outlines and describes features of an alternative model that encourages educators to move from a reactive, consequent based system of behavior management to a pro‐active instructionally focused system. Examples from on‐going research with schools who are currently implementing systems of Effective Behavioral Support (EBS) are also provided.
Rats with hypothalamic knife cuts overeat an unpalatable diet.

Abstract Female rats with bilateral parasagittal knife cuts between the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus were fed a demonstrably unpalatable 0.4% quinine high-fat diet. These rats overate and maintained their body weights significantly above those of same-diet control animals. These results are similar to previous findings in this laboratory obtained from rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.
Existence of smooth attractors for the Navier–Stokes-omega model of turbulence

Abstract We consider the Navier–Stokes- ω ¯ model, given by u t − u × ω ¯ − ν Δ u + ∇ P = f , ω = ∇ × u , ∇ ⋅ u = 0 subject to periodic boundary conditions with zero mean. The NS- ω ¯ model is an outgrowth of ideas in approximate deconvolution models and in NS-alpha models. Like the NS-alpha model, it is simple and conserves, in the appropriate context, kinetic energy and helicity (3d) or energy and enstrophy (2d). In first tests NS- ω ¯ was found to be accurate, robust and amenable to efficient numerical simulation. In this note we prove existence and regularity of a global attractor for the model.
Diel variation in availability and vulnerability of fish to a survey trawl

Summary The effect diel variation in availability and vulnerability has on the fish capture process of a groundfish survey trawl was examined from data collected during an experiment measuring fish escapement underneath the footgear. The survey trawl was significantly more efficient at night in capturing American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides, and yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, but no difference was found in catches of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. This increase in capture efficiency at night is related to an increase in availability and vulnerability associated with diel variation in light intensity. No evidence of diel vertical migration was found and changes in availability were linked to visual dependent gear avoidance by the fish. Regardless of light conditions, the survey trawl had a very low capture efficiency for juveniles of the three species studied. Escapement of this size group was extremely high during both day and night periods due to a fast towing speed, use of large bobbin gear, and possible mesh selection.
The muscarinic agonist xanomeline increases monoamine release and immediate early gene expression in the rat prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Background: The muscarinic agonist xanomeline has been shown to reduce antipsychotic-like behaviors in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Because atypical antipsychotic agents increase dopamine release in prefrontal cortex and induce immediate early gene expression in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, the effect of xanomeline was determined on these indices. Methods: The effect of xanomeline on extracellular levels of monoamines in brain regions was determined using a microdialysis technique, and changes in expression of the immediate early genes c-fos and zif/268 in brain regions were evaluated using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Results: Xanomeline increased extracellular levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens but not in striatum. Xanomeline increased expression of c-fos and zif/268 in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. There was no change in immediate early gene expression in striatum. Conclusions: Xanomeline increased extracellular levels of dopamine, which is similar to the effects of the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine. The regional pattern of immediate early gene expression induced by xanomeline resembled that of atypical antipsychotic agents. Based on the antipsychotic-like activity of xanomeline in Alzheimer’s patients and the similarity to atypical antipsychotic agents, we suggest that xanomeline may be a novel antipsychotic agent.