cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Q energy trapping of temperature-stable shear waves with Lamé cross-sectional polarization in a single crystal silicon waveguide

A multi-port electrostatically driven silicon acoustic cavity is implemented that efficiently traps the energy of a temperature-stable eigen-mode with Lame cross-sectional polarization. Dispersive behavior of propagating and evanescent guided waves in a ⟨100⟩-aligned single crystal silicon waveguide is used to engineer the acoustic energy distribution of a specific shear eigen-mode that is well known for its low temperature sensitivity when implemented in doped single crystal silicon. Such an acoustic energy trapping in the central region of the acoustic cavity geometry and far from substrate obviates the need for narrow tethers that are conventionally used for non-destructive and high quality factor (Q) energy suspension in MEMS resonators; therefore, the acoustically engineered waveguide can simultaneously serve as in-situ self-oven by passing large uniformly distributed DC currents through its body and without any concern about perturbing the mode shape or deforming narrow supports. Such a stable therm...
Analysis of hydrogen plasma in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition reactor

The aim of this work is to build a numerical model of hydrogen plasma inside a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system. This model will help in understanding and optimizing the conditions for the growth of carbon nanostructures. A 2D axisymmetric model of the system is implemented using the finite element high frequency Maxwell solver and the heat transfer solver in COMSOL Multiphysics. The system is modeled to study variation in parameters with reactor geometry, microwave power, and gas pressure. The results are compared with experimental measurements from the Q-branch of the H2 Fulcher band of hydrogen using an optical emission spectroscopy technique. The parameter γ in Funer's model is calibrated to match experimental observations at a power of 500 W and 30 Torr. Good agreement is found between the modeling and experimental results for a wide range of powers and pressures. The gas temperature exhibits a weak dependence on power and a strong dependence on gas pressure. The inclusion of a verti...
Is exogenous hydrogen sulfide a relevant tool to address physiological questions on hydrogen sulfide

This review challenges the use of solutions of dissolved exogenous H2S in the literature as a tool to determine the potential physiological functions of endogenous H2S as well as its putative therapeutic applications. Our major point of contention is that solutions of dissolved H2S are used in vitro at concentrations, within the high microM range, which are above the concentrations of dissolved H2S found in blood and tissues during lethal H2S exposure in vivo. In addition, since the levels of toxicity are extremely variable among cell types, a property that is seldom acknowledged, the physiological relevance of data obtained after local or in-vitro administrations of H2S at concentrations of few microM is far from certain. Conversely, the rate of disappearance of the dissolved pool of H2S in the body (being trapped or oxidized), which we found to be at least of several micromoles/kg/min, is so rapid in vivo that if relatively low quantities of H2S, i.e. few micromoles for instance, are administered, no change in H2S concentrations in the body is to be expected, unless toxic levels are used. Protocols looking at the effects of compounds slowly releasing H2S must also resolve a similar conundrum, as their effects must be reconciled with the unique ability of the blood and tissues to get rid of H2S and the steepness of the dose-toxic effects relationship. Only by developing a comprehensive framework in which H2S metabolism and toxicity will be used as a rationale to justify any experimental approach will we be able to bring definitive evidence supporting a protective role for exogenous H2S, if any, and its putative function as an endogenous mediator.
Convenient Method for Assay in Vivo of Antimetabolites of Serotonin

SummaryAn assay for the potency of antimetabolites of serotonin has been described. This assay was rapid and easy to perform and the results were readily reproducible. The recommended method was an in vivo one which measured the effects on the intestinal tract. It involved determination of the potency of a compound in causing protection against diarrhea when a large dose of the serotonin-precursor, 5 - hydroxytryptophane, was injected.
Effects of concurrent infections on growth, development, distribution, and infectivity of adult Philophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli.

Chickens were infected concurrently with 10 and 20 metacercariae/eye ofPhilophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli. After 14 and 34 days of growth, the adults were removed and worm lengths, return rates, stage of development, and distribution within the host recorded. In a second experiment, chickens infected on day 1 with 10 metacercariae/eye of P. megalurus were concurrently infected with a similar dose of P. gralli on day 14. At day 34, the worms were removed and evaluated for the same parameters as in the first study. The effect of concurrent infections on worm length of P. gralli but not P. megalurus was significant when compared to single species control groups. In all cases recovery rates of P. megalurus in concurrent infections were significantly lower than controls, whereas P. gralli adults were recovered at lower rates only in 20-meta- cercariae- 14-day infections. Maturation of eggs was delayed in both species in concurrent infections at the higher infection levels. Normal distribution was disrupted more for P. gralli at the higher infection levels and longer growth periods. Philophthalmus megalurus adults rarely left their normal habitat in the conjunctival sac. A delayed infective dose of P. gralli affected both species by disrupting normal distribution patterns, delaying egg development, and, in the case of P. megalurus, reducing the recovery rate. The possible role of crowding and antagonistic effects is discussed.
Theory of True Logarithmic Amplifier and Analysis of Its Characteristics

Techniques to improve dynamic range of digital receivers with true logarithmic amplifier were presented.Characteristics of dual-tone inter-modulation of the true logarithmic amplifier and its application in DBF were simulated.It has been shown that the true logarithmic amplifier compressed the power range while keeping amplitude and phase characteristics of the input signal,to achieve a wider dynamic range than linear amplifiers do.However,the strong effect of nonlinearity limits its application to wideband digital receivers.
Research on the Effect of Flow Motivation on Settled intention of Rural Transferring Population-Based on Structural Equation Model

Based on reviews,theoretical analysis and survey data,the paper constructs structural equation model for the effect of flow motivation on settled intention of rural transferring population,studies the influence mechanism of flow motivation on settled intention. Results show that the explanatory power of income motivation to rural transferring population flow declined,but the explanatory power of children's educational motivation and developing motivation to rural transferring population flow increased. The income motivation,children's educational motivation and developing motivation have significantly positive impact on their intention of staying in cities,and blind motivation has significant negative impact on their intention of staying in cities. And the income motivation,children's educational motivation and developing motivation have significantly negative impact on their intention of returning hometown,blind motivation has significant positive impact on their intention of returning hometown.
Urinary mRNA biomarker panel for the detection of urothelial carcinoma.

// Virginia Urquidi 1 , Mandy Netherton 1 , Evan Gomes-Giacoia 1 , Daniel Serie 2 , Jeanette Eckel-Passow 3 , Charles J. Rosser 4 , Steve Goodison 2, 5 1 Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Orlando, FL, USA 2 Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA 3 Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 4 University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA 5 Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA Correspondence to: Steve Goodison, email: goodison.steven@mayo.edu Keywords: diagnostic biomarkers, bladder cancer, multiplex, urinalysis, non-invasive Received: March 21, 2016 Accepted: April 28, 2016 Published: May 25, 2016 ABSTRACT The early detection of bladder cancer is important as the disease has a high rate of recurrence and progression. The development of accurate, non-invasive urinary assays would greatly facilitate detection. In previous studies, we have reported the discovery and initial validation of mRNA biomarkers that may be applicable in this context. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of proposed molecular signatures in an independent cohort. Forty-four mRNA transcripts were monitored blindly in urine samples obtained from a cohort of 196 subjects with known bladder disease status (89 with active BCa) using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Statistical analyses defined associations of individual biomarkers with clinical data and the performance of predictive multivariate models was assessed using ROC curves. The majority of the candidate mRNA targets were confirmed as being associated with the presence of BCa over other clinical variables. Multivariate models identified an optimal 18-gene diagnostic signature that predicted the presence of BCa with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 88% (AUC 0.935). Analysis of mRNA signatures in naturally micturated urine samples can provide valuable information for the evaluation of patients under investigation for BCa. Additional refinement and validation of promising multi-target signatures will support the development of accurate assays for the non-invasive detection and monitoring of BCa.
Differences and Distances

The use of a word to say something requires a ‘rule’ for the use of the word — a use of the word that is independent of the use I make of it. Apart from such ‘rules’ I can say nothing at all. In this sense there is something public in the saying of anything, and this shows something about the learning of language. Augustine writes as though a child’s acquisition of language were a matter of mastering a new notation, a matter of translation, or of learning a new way to say what the child could already ‘say’ or ‘think’ on its own. But whatever may happen when, say, a speaker of English learns to speak French, the learning of language cannot always be like that, if only because such learning as that pre-supposes that one can say or think something to start with. The public or social nature of language rules out the sort of linguistic self-starter suggested by this picture of the learning of language. It underlines the fact that my learning of language will always be the learning of the language available to me in the social circumstances within which I come to speak. Indeed, it will make no sense to speak of there being or of my possessing language prior to or apart from some social life. And yet the social life within which individuals come to speak will not be the same for all.
Analysis of Some Nonprotein Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography

The analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography has become a much more intractable problem than was suspected by the many workers who have tackled it since Bayer’s first demonstration in 1957 [1] that various suitable volatile derivatives could be made and separated. Most of the attention has, naturally, been directed toward the analysis of the amino acids which commonly occur in proteins, since the ion-exchange methods presently available set limitations in sensitivity and speed of analysis. Even with the most recent automatic equipment, the number of analyses that can be done in a day is limited, and maintaining the apparatus takes up scarce technical manpower. Gas chromatography holds out great promise in overcoming these drawbacks, but the accuracy. of the quantitation achieved by ion-exchange chromatography sets a high standard against which to measure gas chromatographic methods, and this has been approached only recently [2].
Cellular Responses to Hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the signal transduction mechanisms for two categories of hormones—lipophilic hormones, hydrophilic peptide and amine hormones. The steroids, thyroxine, retinoids and vitamin D, which diffuse cells are lipophilic hormones. The hydrophilic peptide and amine hormones interact with receptors on the surface of cells. Hormones are secretes biochemical substances that affect cellular functions by altering rates of gene expression and metabolism. The “paracrine” hormones are also included along with the other hormones produced by endocrine glands. Ligand-activated nuclear receptors, orphan receptors and invertebrate receptor genes are discussed under nuclear receptor gene superfamily. The nuclear receptor undergoes a transformative change that converts it to an active transcription factor. Hydrophilic protein and amine hormones interact with receptors that are integral membrane proteins. . Hydrophilic protein and amine hormones interact with receptors that are integral membrane proteins. The basic principles of signal transduction from the plasma membrane during cellular actions of protein and amine hormones via plasma membrane receptors from the plasma membrane are discussed.. Signalling through heptahelical membrane receptors, heptahelical membrane receptors tyrosine phosphorylation, hormone receptors that are serine/threonine kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases are discussed. Physiological integration of signal transduction is vital to normal physiology and defects in signalling are common characteristics of diseased states.
An accent modification program.

• Communication failure is a key contributing factor in more than 400,000 deaths per year.
Electronic structure modeling of InAs/GaSb superlattices with hybrid density functional theory

Abstract The application of first-principles calculations holds promise for greatly improving our understanding of semiconductor superlattices. Developing a procedure to accurately predict band gaps using hybrid density functional theory lays the groundwork for future studies investigating more nuanced properties of these structures. Our approach allows a priori prediction of the properties of SLS structures using only the band gaps of the constituent materials. Furthermore, it should enable direct investigation of the effects of interface structure, e.g., intermixing or ordering at the interface, on SLS properties. In this paper, we present band gap data for various InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice structures calculated using the generalized Kohn-Sham formulation of density functional theory. A PBE0-type hybrid functional was used, and the portion of the exact exchange was tuned to fit the band gaps of the binary compounds InAs and GaSb with the best agreement to bulk experimental values obtained with 18% of the exact exchange. The heterostructures considered in this study are 6 monolayer (ML) InAs/6 ML GaSb, 8 ML InAs/8 ML GaSb and 10 ML InAs/10 ML GaSb with deviations from the experimental band gaps ranging from 3% to 11%.
Intestinal Electrical Stimulation: Methodologies, Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications

Publisher Summary Although the earliest study of electrical stimulation of the intestine was reported more than 40 years ago, the development of the field is slow compared to cardiac pacing or other areas of neuromodulation, including spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and motor cortex stimulation. With electrical stimulation of the gut, an organ of the gut is stimulated and the functions of the organ, in turn, are altered. These altered organ functions may be attributed to either/or the local or peripheral effects of the stimulation or the central neuronal effects of the stimulation. Methodologies of IES include patterns of stimuli, placement of electrodes and delivery time of stimuli. IES is able to pace or entrain intestinal slow waves and normalize intestinal slow wave dysrhythmia. Intestinal contractions can be inhibited with IES of high stimulation energy but may be enhanced with synchronized IES. Intestinal transit may be inhibited or enhanced with IES of appropriate parameters, resulting in an alteration in absorption. The major hindrance in the advancement of IES is similar to that of GES, including the invasive nature of the methodology and the lack of implantable device suitable for IES. The other issue faced is the development of a suitable implantable stimulator.
Experimental StudyHigh Altitude Forced Convective Cooling of Electromechanical Actuation Systems

Abstract : The evaluation of the effects of altitude on forced air convective cooling is studied experimentally. The evolution of the more electric aircraft has led to the adoption of high power electronics for flight critical systems and the need to mitigate their thermal loads. Changes in altitude affect properties that govern heat transfer, such as air pressure, density, and temperature. Current methodology behind heat transfer prediction lacks a comprehensive experimental validation at altitudes above 16,000 feet, relevant to commercial and military aircraft. The convective heat transfer coefficient at altitudes from 0 to 52,000 feet above sea level at sea level room temperature (24 C) was measured through the use of a wind tunnel inside a vacuum chamber. Test results, with Reynolds number ranging from 500 to 14,000 and pressure from 0.1 atm to 1.0 atm, confirm that the Nusselt number and pressure loss coefficient are independent of altitude and can be determined from experimental measurement, numerical simulation, and suitable correlations obtained at sea level. Both quantities are functions of Reynolds number only. This experimental investigation will serve to provide a greater confidence for predictive methods of heat transfer at high altitude, which can lead to better optimized thermal management solutions for flight control electromechanical actuation systems.
Shaping the Next Phase of US Non-proliferation Policy

Throughout the Cold War, a major challenge to international security came in the form of states that were interested in developing operational, second-strike nuclear weapons capabilities outside the confines of the non-proliferation regime. The expectation was that this challenge would continue in the post-Cold War environment. Yet, despite North Korea’s nuclear advances and growing arsenals among other existing nuclear weapons states, new weapons proliferation has remained rare. Indeed, we argue that the next wave of ‘proliferation’ may come not in the form of new weapons proliferation attempts, but rather may stem from states interested in pursuing and acquiring nuclear latency—dual-use enrichment and reprocessing technologies (ENR) that precede the development of nuclear weapons. This issue is of crucial importance given the obvious connections between latency and weaponization—absent enrichment or reprocessing capability, arguably the most important step in the nuclear pathway—a state cannot indigenously produce nuclear weapons or nuclear energy. It is also significant given that, since the dawn of the nuclear era, nearly thirty states have, at some point in their history, possessed the technologies that provide nuclear latency. Despite this, political science has not systematically and comprehensively analyzed the potential impact of nuclear latency on these states’ propensity for a variety of other behaviours critical for international peace and security of concern to both scholars and policy makers alike. This chapter addresses these gaps in scholarship and examines the dynamics of nuclear latency. It concludes with a discussion of potential policy recommendations for the United States as a global non-proliferation leader in the 21st century.
Adaptive Behavior, Experimentation and Some Empirical Results

This chapter reports some of the efforts in the literature to address a number of issues with an eye towards the implementation of certain theoretical models. It should be clearly pointed out at the outset that while the general marketing literature on the empirical results, some with solid theoretical foundations, is very large—just a glance of the recent work by Hanssens, Parsons and Schultz [1990] would quickly confirm this—the empirical literature on the decisions under uncertainty barely exists. However, as we search for ways to assist managers with advanced techniques in marketing and other managerial decisions, it is imperative that implementabilities of theoretical models be addressed. Consequently, we report here a number of empirical approaches to the various issues we have considered in the previous chapters. We should mention that the general econometric literature on random coefficient models will not be included in our discussion in this chapter even though the issue of parameter uncertainty constitutes an integral part of theoretical approach to the firm’s decisions under uncertainty. The interested reader will find the Hanssens Parsons Schultz book cited above most comprehensive for those aspects particularly relevant to empirical analysis in research in marketing.
Racial disparities in health and health behaviors among gay, lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual men and women in the BRFSS-SOP

Objectives: Research on sexual minority health lack examinations of how sexual orientation intersects with other identities, including racial/ethnic identity, to shape health outcomes among U.S. ad...
Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China

The author reviews conceptual and empirical issues regarding the interaction of neurasthenia, somatization and depression in Chinese culture and in the West. The historical background of neurasthenia and its current status are discussed, along with the epidemiology and phenomenology of somatization and depression. Findings are presented from a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College. Eighty-seven of these patients made the DSM-III criteria of Major Depressive Disorder; diagnoses of anxiety disorders were also frequent. Forty-four patients were suffering from chronic pain syndromes previously undiagnosed, and cases of culture-bound syndromes also were detected. For three-quarters of patients the social significances and uses of their illness behavior chiefly related to work. Although from the researchers' perspective 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems (the psychosocial accompaniment of disease including maladaptive coping and work, family and school problems). These findings are drawn on to advance medical anthropology and cultural psychiatry theory and research regarding somatization in Chinese culture, the United States and cross culturally. The author concludes that though neurasthenia can be understood in several distinctive ways, it is most clinically useful to regard it as bioculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization) related to either depression and other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.
System Reliability Assessment of Steel Girder Bridges

Reliability can be considered as a rational evaluation criterion in assessment of bridge structures. The traditional element-based approach to bridge design and evaluation does not allow for consideration of interaction between the components that form a structural system and, therefore, it can be conservative. Safety of the structural system also depends on the degree of redundancy (load sharing) and ductility. As a result, it has been observed that the load carrying capacity of the whole structure can be much larger than what is determined by the design of individual components. Therefore, this paper is focused on the system behavior. The objective is to formulate a limit state function for the whole bridge, identify the load and resistance parameters, and develop an analysis procedure to assess the reliability of the bridge as a structural system. The major steps of the procedure include selection of representative structures, formulation of limit state functions, development of load and resistance models, development of the reliability analysis method, reliability analysis of selected bridges, and formulation of recommendations for practical bridge assessment. The live load is considered in form of a design truck. The analysis is performed for different values of span length, truck position (transverse and longitudinal), number of vehicles on the bridge (multiple presence), girder spacing, and stiffness of structural members (slab and girders). For each combination of these parameters, the bridge resistance is determined in terms of the weight of a truck (or trucks) causing an unacceptable deflection or instability of the considered bridge. The reliabilities are also calculated for individual components (girders) and compared to system reliabilities of the bridge. The resulting system reliability can serve as a tool in the development of a rational bridge design and evaluation procedure.
How Can We Identify Pathologic Complete Responders After Radiochemotherapy

In this chapter, we describe the role of imaging in restaging rectal cancer after preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT); especially we focused on its potential role in the prediction of complete tumor regression (pCR). On standard MRI, a normalized rectal wall without any detectable wall thickening is considered a definite criterion for a pCR. On diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI), strength of evidence scored as moderate (2/5) the value of pretherapy apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as possible indicator of outcome of therapy and as moderate-firm percentage increase of ADC value measurement during treatment for personalized treatment management. On posttreatment presurgical evaluation, the challenge will remain the detection of microscopically small clusters of residual tumor cells, which are difficult to detect—even at histology—and are currently beyond the detection level of any available imaging modality.
Trends in Electric Power Engineering Education: An Analysis of Future Challenges

University power engineering education has undergone considerable changes over the last ten years. Student interest has risen, and more faculty and staff are being employed to meet the increased enrollment. Research funding has grown as well, and curricula have evolved to meet the educational needs of the next generation of power engineers.
Pediatric Lawn-Mower Injuries Presenting at a Level-I Trauma Center, 1995 to 2015: A Danger to Our Youngest Children.

BACKGROUND Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children 0 to 18 years of age in the U.S. An estimated 9,400 to 17,000 pediatric lawn-mower injuries occur each year. The aims of this study were to better define the epidemiology of lawn-mower injuries and to identify predictors of severe lawn-mower injuries to optimize public education and injury prevention. METHODS All patients 0 to 18 years of age who presented to Children's Mercy Hospital (CMH), Kansas City, Missouri, during the period of 1995 to 2015 after sustaining a lawn-mower injury were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. Demographic information and data regarding primary outcome measures (death, amputation, need for prosthesis, Injury Severity Score [ISS]) and secondary outcome measures were collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for severe lawn-mower injuries. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-seven patients were identified, with a bimodal age distribution peaking at 4 and 15 years of age. Seventy-five percent of the subjects were male. Sixty-six percent of the patients were admitted to the hospital, with a mean length of stay of 6 days. An average of 3 operations were performed. Nineteen percent of the patients lived in a nonmetro/rural location. Lower-extremity injuries were most prevalent, affecting 84% of the patients. Forty percent of the patients experienced at least 1 traumatic amputation. Thirteen percent of the patients required a prosthesis after the injury. The average ISS was 8. Significant predictors of a higher ISS included an age of 0 to 9 years, a riding lawn mower, a grandparent operator, and a nonmetro/rural location. Younger children were more likely to be injured from a riding lawn mower, be the passenger of the mower or a bystander, be injured with a grandparent operator, and live in a nonmetro/rural location. Younger children also had a higher ISS and amputation rate, longer LOS, and more surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS Education to protect younger patients should target parent, grandparent, and older sibling operators. Education for the older, teenage group should include safe mowing techniques. Efforts should also target nonmetro/rural populations and grandparents, specifically highlighting the severe dangers of riding lawn mowers when young children are passengers or bystanders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
“So Irish; So Modish, So Mixtish, So Wild” Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan; 1783–1859) & The Makings of a Life

This chapter deals with Sydney Owenson, who became known as Lady Morgan upon her marriage in 1812; she presents a difficult biographical subject because of her performativity, her mercurial nature, and her relentless physical displacement. Moreover, since Owenson self-generated a significant proportion of the material that entered biographies she anticipated would be published after her death, she held subsequent biographers in thrall.
Anti-CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Adult Patients With Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies represent a new paradigm in targeted cancer therapy. T cells play a key role in immune surveillance, but tumors have developed multiple mechanisms for evading that surveillance. CAR T-cell technology aims to enhance the innate ability of the body to fight foreign invaders, and in this way, effectively fight cancer and potentially reduce the number of treatments required. In fact, many patients have had long-lasting clinical responses to therapy with a single treatment. The journey to receiving CAR T-cell therapy involves a number of steps prior to infusion, including an initial consultation and workup, apheresis, bridging therapy, and lymphodepletion. Patients are then closely monitored after infusion. Successful treatment requires collaboration between the patient, caregivers, and the multidisciplinary team. Here we discuss the biology of CAR T-cell technology, clinical trial data, and the path to accessing this revolutionary and potentially curative treatment.
Use of the Belonging Metric to Inform Architectural Decisions in an Air Defense Scenario

Abstract This paper builds on previous work demonstrating the use of a belonging metric in a System-of-Systems (SoS) to inform architectural decisions for the composition of the SoS. The belonging metric quantifies the cohesion of an SoS, higher values of the metric define architectures in which constituent systems receive maximum benefit from participation in the SoS, while at the same time maximizing the overall SoS goal. The SoS used as an exemplar is a directed SoS in the form of a generic air defense system. Although the generic system used as a case study is highly simplified compared to a real-world air defense system, it is sufficiently robust for the purpose of demonstrating the utility of the belonging metric in a realistic design choice situation.
Prognostic factors among older adults with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A multisite cohort study.

11540Background: Prognosis in NSCLC is vital for clinical decision making. With the aging US population and rapidly changing treatment landscape, we aimed to identify prognostic factors among older...
Evaluation of surface ponding and runoff generation in a seasonally frozen drained agricultural field

Abstract Surface runoff is often poorly quantified in hydrologic studies of subsurface drained fields, as it is a relatively minor component of the water balance and difficult to measure in large fields. However, conservation practices that seek to mitigate pollutant transport through subsurface drainage may increase surface runoff, and therefore it needs to be better understood. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency and extent of occurrence of surface ponding and runoff, and to understand their generation processes in a seasonally frozen, subsurface drained agricultural field in eastern Indiana. Three different methods were used. Surface ponding was monitored with a time-lapse camera at the edge of the field for three years. A water table threshold for surface ponding was determined using photo evidence of ponding together with water table depth measurements and used to estimate ponding. The DRAINMOD hydrologic model was calibrated and validated by comparing model predictions of subsurface drainage and water table depth with 10 years of field observations and used to predict surface ponding and runoff. The simulation results indicated that surface runoff represented 1–10% of annual precipitation, while subsurface drainage represented between 26 and 45%. On average, 45% of simulated ponding occurred during the cold season (December-March) indicating the importance of soil freezing and snow accumulation. However, during parts of the cold season, DRAINMOD simulations of snow accumulation and melt were poor, resulting in drain flow under-prediction and runoff over-prediction during these periods. Water table depth measurements above the defined threshold provided a simple alternate for prediction of saturation excess ponding events in the absence of direct measurements. Results from both simulations and observations indicated that all of the ponding events in this location were generated by saturation excess rather than infiltration excess processes.
Chapter 3 – Installing and Configuring the ISA Firewall Software

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on installing and configuring the ISA Firewall Software. The routing table on the ISA firewall machine should be configured before you install the ISA firewall software. The routing table should include routes to all networks that are not local to the ISA firewall's network interfaces. The split-Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure provides transparent access to resources for users, regardless of their location. Users can move between the corporate network and remote locations, and use the same name to reach the same corporate resources. Requirements for the split-DNS infrastructure include a DNS server authoritative for the domain that resolves names for resources for that domain to the internal addresses used to access those resources. The ISA firewall software can be installed on a machine with a single network interface card. To correctly configure the network interfaces on the ISA firewall it is required to assign IP addresses to the internal and external network interfaces. It is observed that when internal network computers are on the same network ID as the internal interface of the ISA firewall, the default gateway of the internal network computers is set as the internal IP address on the ISA firewall machine.
The effect of household wealth on financial debt after cancer diagnosis.

e18552Background: Cancer is the 2nd most common cause of death in the country, eclipsed only by heart disease. Cancer care is increasingly characterized by financial toxicity related to high-cost t...
Toughening Poly(methyl methacrylate) via Reinforcement with Cellulose Nanofibrils

The incorporation of fibers into polymers is a well-known route for realizing composite materials with improved strength, stiffness, and toughness. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are a promising rein...
Squatters, access to land, and production of national narratives in post-colonial Kenya

This article harnesses the concept of the “usable past” to explore multiple strategies employed by squatters in post-colonial Kenya to access land since the 1960s. It argues that the conventional l...
A Tale of Twin Tech: Bitcoin and the WWW

Bitcoin is widely represented in the popular press, but far less so in serious academic inquiry. Researchers have analyzed Bitcoin from various discipline-specific perspectives using their own sets of theories and jargon. Yet cross-disciplinary research has been muddled by the inaccurate interpretation of terminology across fields of research. This results in polarized assessments. In an effort to examine the Bitcoin phenomenon in a more holistic and multidisciplinary manner, this paper compares Bitcoin with another innovative technology – the World Wide Web – as first envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee. By exploring the early development of the World Wide Web, we seek to compare and contrast its development with that of Bitcoin and blockchain technology. The goal of this study is to show similarities and differences in their historic development, in order to identify key success factors related to the adoption of these technologies. Through identification of these factors we seek to guide both academics and practitioners towards fruitful avenues of research and development.
Sequential Logic Testing and Verification

List of Figures.- List of Tables.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 IC Design Systems.- 1.2 Implementation Verification.- 1.3 Testing.- 1.4 Synthesis For Testability.- 1.5 Outline.- 2 Sequential Test Generation.- 2.1 Preliminaries.- 2.2 Methods for Sequential Test Generation.- 2.2.1 Random Techniques.- 2.2.2 Deterministic Techniques.- 2.3 Test Generation Strategy.- 2.4 Cover Extraction and Combinational ATG.- 2.5 Justification.- 2.6 Initialization of Circuits.- 2.7 State Differentiation.- 2.8 Identification of Redundant Faults.- 2.9 Test Generation Results Using STEED.- 2.10 Conclusions.- 3 Test Generation Using RTL Descriptions.- 3.1 Preliminaries.- 3.2 Previous Work.- 3.3 Global Strategy for Test Generation.- 3.4 State Justification.- 3.5 Indexed Backtracking.- 3.6 Conflict Resolution.- 3.6.1 Assembling the equations.- 3.7 State Differentiation.- 3.8 Test Generation Results Using ELEKTRA.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Sequential Synthesis for Testability.- 4.1 Preliminaries.- 4.1.1 Eliminating Sequential Redundancies.- 4.2 Previous Work.- 4.3 Theoretical Results.- 4.3.1 An Unconditional Testability Theorem.- 4.3.2 Logic Partitioning.- 4.4 The Synthesis and Test Strategy.- 4.5 Detection of Invalid States.- 4.6 Detection of Equivalent States.- 4.7 Experimental Results.- 4.8 Conclusions.- 5 Verification of Sequential Circuits.- 5.1 Preliminaries.- 5.2 Previous Work.- 5.3 Implicit STG Traversal.- 5.3.1 Incompletely-specified machines.- 5.4 Implicit STG Enumeration.- 5.4.1 Traversal versus enumeration.- 5.5 Experimental Results.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 6 Symbolic FSM Traversal Methods.- 6.1 Preliminaries.- 6.1.1 Binary Decision Diagrams.- 6.1.2 Sets and Characteristic Functions.- 6.2 Traversal by Recursive Range Computation.- 6.3 Traversal based on Transition Relations.- 6.3.1 Iterative Squaring.- 6.3.2 Detecting Equivalent States.- 6.4 Depth-First Geometric Chaining.- 6.4.1 An Autonomous Counter.- 6.4.2 A Loop Counter.- 6.5 A Mixed Traversal Algorithm.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 k-Convergence and t-Periodicity.- 6.5.3 Traversing Cascaded Machines.- 6.5.4 Traversing Mutually Interacting Machines.- 6.5.5 Generalization to Multiple Submachines.- 6.5.6 Input-Selection-Based Traversal.- 6.6 Implementation of Algorithm.- 6.7 Experimental Results.- 6.8 Conclusions.- 7 Conclusions.- 7.1 Test Generation.- 7.2 Synthesis for Testability.- 7.3 Verification.- 7.4 Directions for Future Work.
Mitigation: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sinks, and Solutions

Stopping climate change requires much more than emissions reductions: it requires stabilizing atmospheric GHG concentrations. In the absence of large new additional sinks for CO 2 and other GHGs, stabilization equates to reducing emissions nearly to zero. In turn, near-zero emissions means complete transition of the world's energy supply to renewable (non-CO 2 -emitting) sources. This is a huge task—one that will need to be accomplished in stages.
SOMATOTROPIN ALTERS COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN GROWING PIGS

Treatment of pigs with porcine somatotropin (pST) is associated with altered nutrient partitioning. The aim of this investigation was to determine the role of pST in protein and collagen deposition in growing pigs. Barrows were treated daily with buffer or pST when they weighed between 30 and 64 kg (n = 8 pigs/group). Pigs were restrictively fed such that the average feed intake for both groups was 1.86 kg/d. Treatment with pST was associated with 25, 55, 78 and 31% higher growth rates for carcass, skin, viscera and head, respectively. Total protein depositions (g/d) were 52, 60, 81, 42 and 54% greater in carcass, skin, viscera, head and empty body, respectively, of pST-treated pigs. Collagen represented approximately 70, 15 and 43% of total protein in skin, viscera and head; pST did not influence this ratio. However, collagen relative to total protein was 16% lower in the carcass of pST-treated pigs. Deposition rate of collagen was higher in all components of empty body, except carcass, as a result of pST treatment. The ratio of non-collagen protein to collagen deposition rate was 49% greater in the carcass of pST-treated pigs. The deposition rate of acid-soluble collagen was approximately 2-fold higher in skin but was 25% lower in carcass of pST-treated pigs. Depositions of insoluble collagen in viscera and head of pST-treated pigs were 74 and 46% greater, respectively, than for controls. These data show that pST treatment enhances collagen deposition in skin, head and viscera, whereas non-collagen protein deposition and collagen maturation are enhanced in the carcass.
The Soft X-ray Diffuse Background: Implications for the Nature of the Local Interstellar Medium

Observations of the diffuse X-ray background in the B and C bands (130-188 eV and 160-284 eV, respectively) provide convincing evidence for the existence of high-temperature interstellar gas. Since the opacity of normal interstellar material is very high, it is assumed that the soft X-ray flux observed in the galactic plane originates within a few hundred parsecs of the Sun. The intensity and B/C ratio of this low-latitude flux can be provided by emission from an equilibrium plasma with normal abundances, T =10 to the 6th power K, and 0.0019 cm(-6) pc emission measure. More sophisticated nonequilibrium models of material heated by a supernova blast wave would reduce the required emission measure somewhat, but not by so much as a factor of two. Arbitrarily limiting the pressure to 10 to the 4th power cm(-3) K gives a maximum density of 0.005 cm(-3) and a minimum radius for the emitting region of 75 pc. This fits in well with ultraviolet interstellar absorption measurements which indicate that the interstellar medium is very deficient in neutral hydrogen out to approx. 100 pc from the Sun.
The Longitudinal Influence of Peers on the Development of Alcohol Use in Late Adolescence: A Growth Mixture Analysis

This study examines heterogeneity in the developmental trajectories of alcohol use in adolescents and the accompanying trajectory-specific longitudinal influence of exposure to their deviant peers. Using a national data set on alcohol use (N = 188), a growth mixture model capturing growth trajectories in adolescent alcohol use from ages 14 to 18 years was first examined. This was followed by an investigation of age-varying influences of peers on adolescent alcohol use and the co-development of peer influence and adolescent alcohol use. Results of growth mixture modeling of repeated-measures data on adolescent alcohol use showed two distinct latent classes of developmental trajectory with significant differences in levels of use. Analyses of exposure to deviant peer and adolescent alcohol use variables indicated differential effects of peers across trajectory classes. Stronger prospective influences for the trajectory group having a low initial status of use were found. Findings from this study suggest the need to consider heterogeneity in the study of peer influence on alcohol use during adolescence to facilitate more refined targeting of prevention/intervention programs.
Socioeconomic position, stress, and cortisol in relation to waist circumference in African American and white women.

Objective: Abdominal fat deposition has been shown to be related to hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. Studies have shown a correlation between cortisol (a stress hormone) and abdominal fat deposition. Low socioeconomic position (SEP) has also been shown to be related to abdominal fat deposition. It is hypothesized that chronic stress associated with low SEP leads to high cortisol levels which in turn lead to abdominal fat deposition. Previous research in this area has included mainly European subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence for the SEP-chronic stress-cortisol-abdominal fat hypothesis in a sample of African American and White American women. Design: Data from the Regional Assessment Health Surveillance Study (RAHSS), a survey and physical examination of a representative sample of African American and White adults residing in six counties in Georgia, were utilized. The study population included 111 African American and 119 White women. Abdominal fat deposition was measured by waist circumference (inches). Education and income were the measures of SEP. Other exposures examined included serum cortisol, self-reported daily stress level, cigarette smoking, marital status, and number of children. Associations were examined using multiple linear regression models adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI).
A Computational Model of Graded Cueing: Robots Encouraging Behavior Change

This work presents a model of the occupational therapy technique of graded cueing for teaching and practicing desirable health and social behaviors adapted for use in socially assistive human-machine interaction. Graded cueing is represented as a probabilistic model of first prompt choice based on the perceived user ability level. The model is used to increase imitation proficiency of children with autism spectrum disorders through a “Copy Cat” imitation game.
Superconductivity: Commonalities in phase and mode.

Muon and neutron experiments on the new FeAs-based superconductors reveal phase diagrams and spin excitation modes with striking similarities to a wide range of other unconventional superconductors.
Fixation of osteochondral fractures in rabbit knees. A comparison of Kirschner wires, fibrin sealant, and polydioxanone pins

We compared fibrin sealant, polydioxanone (PDS) pins and Kirschner wires in the fixation of osteochondral fractures in rabbit knees. Standardised osteochondral fractures of the right medial femoral condyle were made in 56 adult New Zealand white rabbits. There were equal groups of control knees, and those which had Kirschner-wire, fibrin-sealant or PDS-pin fixation. No external immobilisation was used. One animal from each group was killed at two, three and four weeks. The remaining rabbits were killed at six weeks. A fracture which healed with less than 1 mm of displacement was considered a success. There was successful healing in 29% of the control group, in all of the Kirschner-wire group, in 50% of the fibrin-sealant group, and in 86% of the PDS-pin group. The use of PDS pins appears to be a reliable alternative to the use of metal in the fixation of osteochondral fractures in rabbits.