cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The roentgenologic aspects of actinomycosis of the lungs

Abstract After reviewing the literature, the roentgenologic manifestations in 14 cases of thoracic actinomycosis observed at The Mayo Clinic are described. All the cases were proved by the demonstration of actinomyces in the sputum, in the discharge from the sinuses, or in the contents of empyema cavities. In 8 of the 14 cases a combination of pleural and pulmonary changes was observed. These consisted variously of enlargement of the hilum, infiltrative strands radiating into the lung from the hilum, localized consolidations in one or more lobes, pleural thickening, dense pleuritic adhesions, and fluid in the pleura. The manifestations were wholly pleural in 4 cases, and wholly pulmonary in 1 case. In 5 cases the pulmonary and pleural lesions were associated with areas of destruction in portions of the ribs or sternum, with or without osteomyelitis and periostitis; this combination is the sole roentgenologic syndrome which is more or less diagnostic, or at least strongly indicative, of actinomycosis. Careful roentgenologic examination of the thorax in all known cases of actinomycosis, particularly of the abdominal organs, would probably lead to earlier discovery of thoracic involvement and to better therapeutic results.
Autophagy and angiogenesis inhibition.

Angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels are formed is critical for embryonic development and physiological functioning of normal tissues. Angiogenesis also plays a critical role in the pathology of many diseases including cancer, wherein the supply and demand for blood vessels determines the rate of cancer growth. A number of therapeutic strategies are being developed to inhibit pathological angiogenesis. Kringle domains of plasminogen such as kringle 5 (K5) and a proteolytic fragment of collagen type XVIII (endostatin) are well-characterized, potent angiogenesis inhibitors. These inhibitors activate different intracellular signaling pathways to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. Recent studies from our group have shown that K5 and endostatin can also induce autophagy in addition to apoptosis in endothelial cells. A common feature of the two treatments was the upregulation of Beclin 1 levels leading to alterations in the Beclin 1-Bcl-2 complex. Angiogenesis inhibitor-induced aut...
Probing the Size of Low-Redshift Lyα Absorbers

The 3C 273 and RX J1230.8+0115 sight lines probe the outskirts of the Virgo Cluster at physical separations between the sight lines of 200 and 500 h kpc. We present an analysis of available Hubble Space Telescope STIS echelle and Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) UV spectroscopy of RX J1230.8 + 0115, in which we detect five Ly? absorbers at Virgo distances. One of these absorbers is a blend of two strong metal-line absorbers at a recession velocity coincident with the highest neutral hydrogen column density absorber in the 3C 273 sight line, ~350 h kpc away. The consistency of the metal-line column density ratios in the RX J1230.8+0115 sight line allows us to determine the ionization mechanism (photoionization) for these absorbers. While the low signal-to-noise ratio of the FUSE spectrum limits our ability to model the neutral hydrogen column density of these absorbers precisely, we are able to constrain them to be in the range 1016-1017 cm-2. The properties of these absorbers are similar to those obtained for the nearby 3C 273 absorber studied by Tripp and collaborators. However, the inferred line-of-sight size for the 3C 273 absorber is only 70 pc, much smaller than those inferred in RX J1230.8+0115, which are 10-30 h kpc. The small sizes of all three absorbers are at odds with the 350 h kpc minimum transverse size implied by an application of the standard QSO line-pair analysis. On the basis of absorber associations between these two sight lines we conclude that a large-scale structure filament produces a correlated, not contiguous, gaseous structure in this region of the Virgo Supercluster. These data may indicate that we are detecting overdensities in the large-scale structure filaments in this region. Alternatively, the presence of a galaxy 71 h kpc from a 3C 273 absorber may indicate that we have probed outflowing, starburst-driven shells of gas associated with nearby galaxies.
High‐Resolution Wide‐Field Imaging of Star‐forming Regions in NGC 1333

BIMA Interferometer observations of dust continuum emission at 1.3 mm probe protostellar disk and envelope structures of the two brightest millimeter sources near SVS 13, from 0 .3 to 20 . The SVS 13 ridge is the site of a small group of deeply embedded protostars in NGC 1333 that are thought to be forming solar-type stars. Powerful molecular outflows suggest these sources are still engaged in the mass accretion process and may have substantial regions surrounding the central sources undergoing infall. High-resolution 1.3 mm data in conjunction with a previously published single-dish map at 1.3 mm (R. Chini et al. 1997, AA S. Terebey, F. H. Shu, & P. Cassen 1984, ApJ, 286, 529) that defines the division between collapse and quasi-static regions in the envelope. Using a measured line width to trace the sound speed in combination with the inferred collapse radius verifies that these systems are very young, only ≈ yr old. 4 2.9 # 10 Growth of dust grains to ≈1 cm in these young protostellar disks is detected using millimeter-wave spectral index comparisons of the dust emission in the protostellar envelope and disk. These are the first observations to have high resolution and sensitivity to large-scale structures and to sample the disks and envelopes in the same system at 110 and 220 GHz (110 GHz observations from L. W. Looney, L. G. Mundy, & W. J. Welch 2000, ApJ, 529, 477). The observations demonstrate the dust-mass opacity spectral index for the compact strucb ≈ 0 tures (disks) around SVS 13A and B, whereas for the largescale envelopes, (defined by and , after b 2 b b ≈ 2 F ∝ n k ∝ n n n
Integrated optics switch array network decomposition

Abstract Switch-arrays designed to interconnect n lines to n terminals in a non-blocking fashion can be decomposed into sub-networks designed only for n /2 lines and terminals. The details of such a decomposition are presented in this paper.
Magnetic stabilization, transition and energy analysis in the Marangoni driven Full-Zone at low Prandtl numbers

The linear stability of the Marangoni-driven Full-Zone is investigated for low Prandtl number fluids. A constant and uniform magnetic field is applied along the axial axis of the liquid bridge to stabilize the axisymmetric base state. Dramatic contraction of the flow circulation in both radial and azimuthal directions is observed with moderate magnetic fields. The numerical solution utilizes a vorticity transport formulation and high resolution spectral collocation scheme with Chebyshev polynomial basis functions. Critical transitions to three-dimensional, stationary flows are observed up to Ha = 300 for Pr = 0.02 and Ha = 500 for Pr = 0.001. A hydrodynamically driven instability is suggested by the perturbation flows and confirmed through an energy analysis.
Influence of Selenium, Vitamin E, and Ethoxyquin on Lipid Peroxidation in Muscle Tissues from Fowl during Low Temperature Storage

The influences of various factors which affect the selenium-vitamin E status of laying hens on lipid peroxidation in muscle tissues during low temperature storage were studied. Laying hens from 32 to 56 weeks of age were fed low selenium and low vitamin E practical diets supplemented with different levels of Na2SeO3, d1-alpha-tocopherol acetate, ethoxyquin, and/or peroxidized corn oil. Vitamin E status as indicated by plasma vitamin E activity was improved by supplements of vitamin E, selenium, or ethoxyquin. Selenium status as indicated by plasma selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was improved by selenium supplementation. Incorporation of peroxidized corn oil into diets did not depress plasma vitamin E but increased plasma glutathione peroxidase when those diets contained supplemental selenium. Lipid peroxidation as indicated by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method in muscle samples held at -20 C for up to 270 days was reduced by dietary selenium in M. pectoralis when corn oil was fed. Supplemental vitamin E or ethoxyquin reduced TBA values developed in M. gastrocnemius. Results indicate that dietary selenium and other factors affecting selenium status may be useful in retarding the development of oxidative rancidity in frozen poultry products.
Androgen synthesis in the gonads of the chick embryo

Abstract Androgens were first synthesized by the sexually undifferentiated gonads of both presumptive sexes of the chick embryo on day 3.5 of incubation. This was 3.0 days previous to the morphological differentiation of the sexually indifferent gonad into either ovaries or testes. The early presence of androgens in the undifferentiated gonad was in agreement with Willier's theory of gonadal morphogenesis. The greater amount of androgens in presumptive testes and right ovaries than in presumptive left ovaries, first observed on day 5.5, was also in accordance with this theory, which postulates an increased androgen production by the medullary component of indifferent gonads which under normal circumstances will become either a testis or a right ovary. The sustained production of androgens by testes and right and left ovaries after day 6.5, the day of gonadal sex differentiation, was interpreted as reflecting the role of the male sex hormones in inducing regression of both Mullerian ducts in the male chick embryo and the right Mullerian duct in the female.
Conjugated polyelectrolytes with guanidinium side groups. Synthesis, photophysics and pyrophosphate sensing

Two cationic poly(phenylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) featuring guanidinium side groups were the subject of investigation. Two polymers were examined, one is an alternating co-polymer (P1) in which the guanidinium groups are on every other repeat unit and the second is a homopolymer with the guanidinium groups on every repeat unit. The photophysical properties of the CPEs were investigated in CH3OH and H2O solution by absorption, steady-state fluorescence and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy. The results indicate that P1 and P2 are molecularly dissolved in CH3OH solution; however, in water the polymers aggregate as evidenced by a substantial reduction in the fluorescence yield. Addition of the non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) into the weakly fluorescent aqueous solution of P1 increased the fluorescence by forming a polymer/surfactant complex. The fluorescence of the polymer/surfactant complex in aqueous solution was effectively quenched by the addition of pyrophosphate (PPi) with Stern–Volmer quenching constants (Ksv) ∼ 1.7 × 105 M−1; the quenching occurs because PPi binds to the guanidinium groups and induces the aggregation of the polymer/surfactant complex. In addition, by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy it was found that the diffusion time of the aggregated complex is increased 9-fold in comparison with the free CPE/surfactant complex. A sensor is developed utilizing the significant changes in fluorescence induced by the addition of PPi.
Why meperidine should not make a comeback in treating patients with sickle cell disease.

commonly used opioids; selective inhibition of shivering, local anesthetic effects in peripheral veins, blocking of action potentials in dorsal nerve root axons, and inhibition of IL 1 by human mononuclear leukocytes are among them. Interestingly, none of these effects seem to be produced by a “ ” agonist effect. It is reasonable to postulate that patients’ preference for this drug is produced in part by a beneficial effect on the vascular or peripheral nervous system that we do not yet fully understand and in part by the fact that it produces fewer unpleasant adverse effects than morphine.
Reading Samoans through Tahitians

Over the course of three decades my understanding of Samoa has been profoundly affected by Robert Levy's seminal work on Tahiti. No influence on my thinking has been more compelling. In this article I pay tribute to Levy by tracing the influence of his ideas on my understanding of Samoan ethno-psychology.
Corporations, Capitalists, and Campaign Finance

Financial contributions to political parties and candidates are an important source of political influence in many societies. This is, perhaps, nowhere more true than in the United States, where candidates’ need to raise and spend vast sums of money is accentuated by a system of weak and decentralized parties, single-member-district elections, nomination by party primaries, limited public funding, and media intensive campaigns that emphasize image and personality over clear policy differences. Given the vast inequalities in wealth in the U.S., rich contributors — including wealthy capitalists and giant corporations — play a dominant role in campaign finance and, thereby, exercise disproportionate influence over politics and public policy (Clawson, Neustadtl, & Weller, 1998; Domhoff, 2006; Mills, 1956). Money may be the “mother’s milk” of politics, as former California State Assemblyman Jesse Unruh famously quipped. But, precisely because of its universality, money can also be seen as a “tracer element in the study of political power” (Alexander, 1984). Transfers of money in the political arena are not always transparent; however, they are potentially measurable in a way that many other forms of political action are not. This has made the study of campaign finance an important topic for social scientists who are interested in understanding the flow of power and influence within the political system. In this chapter I present an overview of the social scientific research on campaign finance, with a focus on the implications of different patterns of political contributions for * Forthcoming in Keven T. Leicht and J. Craig Jenkins (eds.). Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global
Laser-Based Solid-Matrix Fluorescence of Stereoisomeric Tetrols

A laser-based fluorescence measurement system was constructed and used to obtain solid-matrix fluorescence spectra from four stereoisomers. The four isomers were tetrols which are products from benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts. The laser-based system showed unique advantages in obtaining the fluorescence fine structure from the tetrols in comparison to non-laser-based commercial spectrofluorometers. A new gatewidth dependence method was developed with the laser system that can be used to characterize and identify the stereoisomers adsorbed on α-cyclodextrin/NaCl at room temperature. The basis of the new gatewidth method depends on different interactions of the analyte molecules with the solid matrix. The method developed has the potential for general analytical application for the identification and characterization of fluorescent stereoisomers and other fluorescent compounds.
DIRECTIONAL VARIATION OF ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITIES IN ORIENTED CLAY

Sonic anisotropy of clay resulting from particle orientation was studied by means of velocity measurements on anisotropically consolidated kaolinite. Samples were prepared from a kaolin-water slurry under consolidation pressures ranging from 80 to 400 psi, with two distinct stress histories. Directional velocity measurements were made over a wide range of water contents as saturated samples were allowed to dry by evaporation to water contents below the shrinkage limit. Directional variation was most pronounced with partial saturation, when directional velocities differed by as much as a factor of two. The degree of sonic anisotropy is seen to correlate with variation in the shrinkage limit, showing a systematic dependence on particle orientation, but no unique relation to consolidation stress exists because of the overriding influence of stress history.
Supplemental Methionine in a Sixteen Percent Protein Diet for Laying Chickens

Abstract IN THE experiments of Heywang (1956), supplemental dl -methionine at the .05, .075 and .085% levels in a corn-soybean laying diet had no effect on egg production, diet consumption per dozen eggs laid, egg weight, hatchability or layer weight. There were also no effects from including it at the .025 and .050% levels when 31/2 parts soybean oil meal were replaced by 21/2 parts fish meal. According to calculations made from the values given by Titus (1957), the diets noted above should have contained from 1300 to 1325 Calories of metabolizable energy (ME), and from 920 to 940 Calories of productive energy (PE) per pound. However, data obtained subsequently by Rosenberg (1958) indicated that the addition of .05% dl -methionine improved the efficiency of feed conversion when a laying mash contained 1100 or 1200 Cal. PE/lb., but not when it contained 1000. The supplement apparently did not increase egg production or egg …
Complex principal component analysis of sea-level pressure over the eastern USA

The purpose of this study is to identify preferred areas of synoptic-scale disturbance activity through the use of the objective analysis technique called complex principal component analysis. This technique is applied to a sea-level pressure data set consisting of twice daily observations (00 and 12 GMT) for the months January through to March for the years 1973–1976 and 1979–1982. These months were chosen to encompass the time frame of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) 1986. The geographical area studied extended from approximately 30°W to 120°W and 25°N to 60°N. The complex principal component analysis technique allows the detection of propagating features in the pressure data set. The eigenvalues, complex eigenvectors (components), and complex component scores are extracted from an augmented data matrix and are used to compute four measures that define the propagating features within the data set. Research has indicated a spatial relationship between cyclone and anticyclone tracks and the variance in station or sea-level pressure, especially when the pressure data have been filtered to examine a frequency window traditionally associated with synoptic-scale activity. The 2–10-day period was selected for examination of synoptic-scale activity in this study. The results of the analysis produced four components that could be given a preliminary, physical interpretation. The variability pattern produced by component 1 accounts for the movement of cyclones/anticyclones guided by the mean mid-tropospheric flow. Component 2 represents the cold air outbreak anticyclones that move south-eastward into the eastern USA. Component 3 is linked to the cold air outbreaks over the western USA and to cyclone movement in the eastern USA and Canada. Component 4 represents cyclones that move out of the central and southern states to become east coast systems. The results are not without ambiguities, which are discussed.
Nonviral Vectors in the New Millennium: Delivery Barriers in Gene Transfer

Development of an efficient method for introducing a therapeutic gene into target cells in vivo is the key issue in treating genetic and acquired diseases by gene therapy. To this end, various nonviral vectors have been designed and developed, and some of them are in clinical trials. The simplest approach is naked DNA injection into local tissues or systemic circulation. Physical (gene gun, electroporation) and chemical (cationic lipid or polymer) approaches have also been utilized to improve the efficiency and target cell specificity of gene transfer by plasmid DNA. After administration, however, nonviral vectors encounter many hurdles that result in diminished gene transfer in target cells. Cationic vectors sometimes attract serum proteins and blood cells when entering into blood circulation, which results in dynamic changes in their physicochemical properties. To reach target cells, nonviral vectors should pass through the capillaries, avoid recognition by mononuclear phagocytes, emerge from the blood vessels to the interstitium, and bind to the surface of the target cells. They then need to be internalized, escape from endosomes, and then find a way to the nucleus, avoiding cytoplasmic degradation. Successful clinical applications of nonviral vectors will rely on a better understanding of barriers in gene transfer and development of vectors that can overcome these barriers.
Endocytosis-independent mechanisms of Delta ligand proteolysis

Delta proteins function as cell surface ligands for Notch receptors in a highly conserved signal transduction mechanism. Delta activates Notch by "trans-endocytosis", whereby endocytosis of Delta that is in complex with Notch on a neighboring cell induces activating cleavages in Notch. Alternatively, proteolysis of Delta renders the ligand inactive by dissociating the extracellular and cytosolic domains. How proteolysis and trans-endocytosis cooperate in Delta function is not well understood. We now show that Drosophila Delta proteolysis occurs independent of and prior to endocytosis in neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in vivo and cells in culture. Delta cleavage occurs at two novel sites that we identify in the juxtamembrane (JM) and transmembrane (TM) domains. In addition to the previously identified Kuzbanian ADAM protease, which acts on the JM domain, proteolysis in the TM domain is facilitated by a thiol-sensitive aspartyl protease that is distinct from Presenilin. Furthermore, cleavage in the TM domain is upregulated in the presence of Notch. Overall, Drosophila Delta proteolysis differs from the conventional regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) mechanism by two criteria: (1) TM-domain processing of Delta is not sensitive to Presenilin, and (2) TM and JM domain cleavages occur independently of each other. Altogether, these data support a model whereby proteolysis can modulate Delta ligand activity independently of endocytosis.
The Influence of Parent Preprocedural Anxiety on Child Procedural Pain: Mediation by Child Procedural Anxiety

Objective Data suggest parents’ preprocedural anxiety is related to children’s acute procedural anxiety and pain. This study examined the temporal relations among these constructs to determine whether children’s anxiety mediates the relation between parents’ anticipatory anxiety and children’s procedural pain. Methods A total of 90 preschoolers receiving immunizations, their parents, and the nurses rated children’s procedural anxiety and pain. Parents provided ratings of their own preprocedural anxiety. Results Bootstrapping analyses revealed that children’s procedural anxiety mediated the relation between parents’ preprocedural anxiety and children’s procedural pain according to parents’ report and nurses’ report but not children’s self-report of anxiety and pain. Conclusions Analyses suggest that children’s procedural anxiety mediates the relation between parents’ anticipatory anxiety and children’s procedural pain. Thus, targeting parents’ preprocedural anxiety might be beneficial to the parents as well as the children undergoing a distressing medical procedure.
Identification of a 47 kDa fibronectin‐binding protein expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi isolate B31

The attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to host cells and tissues is often mediated through the expression of surface receptors recognizing components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we investigate the ability of Borrelia spirochaetes to bind the ECM constituent, fibronectin. Borrelia lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with alkaline phosphatase-labelled fibronectin (fibronectin-AP). Five of six Borrelia species and four of eight B. burgdorferi sensu lato isolates expressed one or more fibronectin-binding proteins. Borrelia burgdorferi isolate B31 expressed a 47 kDa (P47) fibronectin-binding protein that was localized to the outer envelope based on susceptibility to proteinase K. The interaction of P47 with fibronectin was specific, and the region of fibronectin bound by P47 mapped to the gelatin/collagen binding domain. P47 was purified by affinity chromatography, digested with endoproteinase Lys-C, and the peptide fragments analysed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. A search of protein databases disclosed that the P47 peptide mass profile matched that predicted for the bbk32 gene product of B. burgdorferi isolate B31. The bbk32 gene was cloned into Escherichia coli, and the ability of recombinant BBK32 to bind fibronectin and inhibit the attachment of B. burgdorferi was demonstrated. The identification of BBK32 as a receptor for fibronectin binding may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and chronic nature of Lyme disease.
Obsessive compulsive symptoms in individuals at clinical risk for psychosis: Association with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation

article i nfo Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, particularly aggressive obsessions, are prevalent in schizophrenia patients and associatedwith othersymptomseverity,suicidal ideationand functionalimpairment.In a psychosis-risk co- hort, obsessive-compulsive diagnosis and symptoms were assessed in terms of prevalence and content, and for associations with clinical measures. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms were prevalent in the CHR cohort, as was suicidal ideation. The presence and severity of aggressive obsessions were associated with depression, suicidal ideation and social impairment. The high prevalence of aggressive obsessions and associated suicidal ideation in a clinical high risk cohort, and their relationship to depression, is relevant for risk assessment and treatment strategies.
Effects of Exercise and Stress Management Training on Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease A Randomized Controlled Trial

ContextObservational studies have shown that psychosocial factors are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the effects of behavioral interventions on psychosocial and medical end points remain uncertain.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of 2 behavioral programs, aerobic exercise training and stress management training, with routine medical care on psychosocial functioning and markers of cardiovascular risk.Design, Setting, and PatientsRandomized controlled trial of 134 patients (92 male and 42 female; aged 40-84 years) with stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Conducted from January 1999 to February 2003.InterventionsRoutine medical care (usual care); usual care plus supervised aerobic exercise training for 35 minutes 3 times per week for 16 weeks; usual care plus weekly 1.5-hour stress management training for 16 weeks.Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported measures of general distress (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion abnormalities (WMA); flow-mediated dilation; and cardiac autonomic control (heart rate variability during deep breathing and baroreflex sensitivity).ResultsPatients in the exercise and stress management groups had lower mean (SE) BDI scores (exercise: 8.2 [0.6]; stress management: 8.2 [0.6]) vs usual care (10.1 [0.6]; P = .02); reduced distress by GHQ scores (exercise: 56.3 [0.9]; stress management: 56.8 [0.9]) vs usual care (53.6 [0.9]; P = .02); and smaller reductions in LVEF during mental stress testing (exercise: −0.54% [0.44%]; stress management: −0.34% [0.45%]) vs usual care (−1.69% [0.46%]; P = .03). Exercise and stress management were associated with lower mean (SE) WMA rating scores (exercise: 0.20 [0.07]; stress management: 0.10 [0.07]) in a subset of patients with significant stress-induced WMA at baseline vs usual care (0.36 [0.07]; P = .02). Patients in the exercise and stress management groups had greater mean (SE) improvements in flow-mediated dilation (exercise: mean [SD], 5.6% [0.45%]; stress management: 5.2% [0.47%]) vs usual care patients (4.1% [0.48%]; P = .03). In a subgroup, those receiving stress management showed improved mean (SE) baroreflex sensitivity (8.2 [0.8] ms/mm Hg) vs usual care (5.1 [0.9] ms/mm Hg; P = .02) and significant increases in heart rate variability (193.7 [19.6] ms) vs usual care (132.1 [21.5] ms; P = .04).ConclusionFor patients with stable IHD, exercise and stress management training reduced emotional distress and improved markers of cardiovascular risk more than usual medical care alone.
EFFECTS OF HIGHER ORDER ADVECTION TECHNIQUES ON A NUMERICAL CLOUD MODEL

Crowley’s second- and fourth-order nonconservative techniques for treating the advection term in numerical solutions of the hydrothermodynamic equations are tested on a model of cumulus cloud growth over mountains. The results are compared with previous integrations using upstream differencing, a first-order method. All three methods give comparable results on a symmetric case. However, numerical damping which is a characteristic of the upstream-differencing method is considerably reduced in the Crowley techniques, as evidenced by curves of kinetic energy changes and sources and sinks for this energy. In an ambient wind case the Crowley second-order method and the upstream-differencing method give comparable results if the eddy diffusion coefficients used in the Crowley method are twice as large as those used in the upstreamdifferencing method. The results illustrate that the value of the eddy coefficients is crucial for the formation of the numerical clouds in the ambient wind model. Coefficients that are too small or too large lead to weak circulation cells created by the heated slopes and insufficient penetration into the upper flow region to form a cloud. The smaller numerical diffusion of the Crowley second-order method is illustrated in a test of the numerical ffusion of rainwater in the cloud model. Upstream differencing causes rainwater contents downwind an order of ngnitude larger than those that occur using the Crowley technique for advection.
Controlled evolution of adaptive programs

Adaptive programming (AP) is a programming paradigm for expressing structure-shy computations over semi-structured data graphs. Structure-shyness means that adaptive programs hard code a minimal set of assumptions about the structure of their input. Because of this, adaptive programs are more susceptible to unsafe evolutions; evolutions that jeopardize the correctness of adaptive programs yet go uncaught. In this paper we study the evolution of adaptive programs and present two complementary approaches for controlling their unsafe evolution: a language for expressing application-specific constraints on the runtime behavior of adaptive programs, and a stricter notion of compatibility between the parts of an adaptive program, that does not sacrifice the expressiveness of the AP paradigm.
Some requirements for architectural support of software debugging

Architectural support of high-level, symbolic debugging is described at three levels of abstraction: the user's view of desired debugging functionality, the debugger implementor's view of architectural requirements that support the functionality, and the computer architect's view of architectural features or attributes that implement the requirements. References are made where possible to computing systems that meet the requirements. The paper is written from the viewpoint of debugger implementors, and is addressed primarily to computer architects.
Use of cell wall stress to characterize σ22 (AlgT/U) activation by regulated proteolysis and its regulon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

MucA sequesters extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma(22) (algT/U encoded) from target promoters including PalgD for alginate biosynthesis. We have shown that cell wall stress (e.g. d-cycloserine) is a potent inducer of the algD operon. Here we showed that MucB, encoded by the algT-mucABCD operon, interacts with MucA in the sigma-sequestration complex. We hypothesized that AlgW protease (a DegS homologue) is activated by cell wall stress to cleave MucA and release sigma(22). When strain PAO1 was exposed to d-cycloserine, MucA was degraded within just 10 min, and sigma(22) was activated. However, in an algW mutant, MucA was stable with no increased sigma(22) activity. Studies on a yaeL mutant, defective in an RseP/YaeL homologue, suggest that YaeL protease cleaves MucA only after cleavage by AlgW. A defect in mucD, encoding a periplasmic HtrA/DegP homologue, caused MucA instability, suggesting MucD degrades cell wall stress signals. Overall, these data indicate that cell wall stress signals release sigma(22) by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Microarray analyses identified genes of the early and late cell wall stress stimulon, which included genes for alginate production. The subset of genes in the sigma(22) regulon was then determined, which included gene products predicted to contribute to recovery from cell wall stress.
High School Marine Science and Scientific Literacy: The promise of an integrated science course

This descriptive study provides a comparison of existing high school marine science curricula and instructional practices used by nine teachers across seven schools districts in Florida and their students’ level of scientific literacy, as defined by the national science standards and benchmarks. To measure understandings of science concepts and Science–Technology–Society‐related issues, students were assessed at the beginning and end of their course using three instruments developed by the researcher. Paired‐sample t tests revealed a significant improvement (p < .001, t = 4.42, n = 399, Cohen’s d = 0.22) from 39.5% on the pre science assessment to 42.9% on the post science assessment. Students of teachers who integrated biological, chemical, geological, and physical characteristics of the oceans performed higher on the content assessment than other students. Based on a Likert scale survey, students’ understandings of Science–Technology–Society‐related issues did not significantly change, although post‐ins...
A Matter of Faith: Urban Congregations and Economic Development

In light of a federal policy-making environment that at least rhetorically has supported greater roles for faith-based organizations (FBOs) in social service provision and community development, this article explores the nature and extent of faith-based economic development activities in an urban inner-city environment. Based on a phone survey of clergy, the analysis addresses the following policy issues: track records of FBOs in economic development, types of FBOs most experienced in economic development, financial practices of FBOs in administering development activities, and clients served. The analysis concludes that faith-based development efforts may not be a viable alternative to government programs at this time and are not prevalent enough to significantly enhance government efforts. Furthermore, financing and administering faith-based development activities raises several concerns; for example, many FBOs do not create nonprofit entities, making it difficult to maintain a sacred and secular separa...
Aβ42 generation is toxic to endothelial cells and inhibits eNOS function through an Akt/GSK-3β signaling-dependent mechanism

The application of beta-amyloid (Abeta) is cytotoxic to endothelial cells, promotes vasoconstriction and impairs nitric oxide (NO) generation or action. However, there is no information on the effect of intracellular Abeta on endothelial cell biology, although recent studies indicate that neuronal Abeta drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Since the serine-threonine kinase Akt is crucial to both neuronal and endothelial cell survival as well as eNOS activation, we investigated the effects of Abeta expression on Akt-signaling in cultured endothelial cells. Virally-encoded Abeta42 was proapoptotic and inhibitory to Akt phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Toxicity was characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA condensation and activation of caspase-3. Substrates downstream of Akt action, GSK-3beta and eNOS, are underphosphorylated in the presence of Abeta. Constitutive activation of Akt reversed Abeta-induced toxicity and stimulated caspase-3 activity, suggesting that inhibition of Akt signaling is functionally significant. These Abeta effects were mediated, in part, through the derepression of GSK-3beta activation and correlated with reductions in NO production. We conclude that intracellular production of Abeta42 is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and that disruption of the Akt/GSK-3beta cell signaling pathway is involved.
Organometallic Approaches to Ceramic Materials

Het erosiloxanes containing the Group IV metals, Ti, Zr, and Hf, are conveniently prepared by the facile silanol-induced cleavage of organometallic compounds. The isoleptic metallasiloxanes, M(OSiR 3 ) 4 , vary from mobile liquids to insoluble non-melting powders depending upon the constituents bonded to the silicon. They can be fired into oxides at 650°C. The resulting materials have the formula MSi 4 o 10 . FT-IR and ESCA data suggest that the M-o-Si linkage remains intact during this process. Thus the MSi 4 O 10 material can be considered a mixed oxide alloy rather than a simple mixture of the oxides MO 2 and SiO 2 . Lower temperature treatments cures the liquid heterosiloxane, Hf(OSiE 3 ), 4 into a thin film which still contains some degree of organometallic character. A similar silanol cleavage reaction involving Zr(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 4 and (Ph) 2 (OH)SiOSi(OH)Ph 2 affords (Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 2 Zr[OSi(Ph) 2 OSi(Ph) 2 O], a cyclic metallasiloxane with a Zr:Si ratio of 1:2. This compound can be passivated and fired into an oxide material. It also reacts via the remaining organo groups with substrates containing reactive surface hydroxyls, e.g. silica, to form an organometallic coating which can In turn be fired into a refractory coating.
Incorporating Pricing Decisions into the Stochastic Dynamic Fleet Management Problem

This paper shows how to coordinate the decisions on pricing and fleet management of a freight carrier. We consider a setting where the carrier announces its prices at the beginning of a certain time horizon and the load arrivals over this horizon depend on the announced prices. Assuming that the vehicle fleet is managed according to a particular class of fleet management models, we present a tractable method to obtain sample path-based directional derivatives of the objective function with respect to the prices. We use this information to search for a good set of prices. Numerical experiments show that our approach yields high-quality solutions.
Ideals and Generic Elementary Embeddings

This chapter covers the technique of generic elementary embeddings. These embeddings are closely analogous to conventional large cardinal embeddings, the difference being that they are definable in forcing extensions of V rather than in V itself. The advantage of allowing the embeddings to be generic is that the critical points of the embeddings can be quite small, even as small as ω 1. For this reason they have many consequences for accessible cardinals, settling many classical questions of set theory.
FLUX PINNING AND CRITICAL CURRENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTOR-NORMAL METAL COMPOSITES

Composites having a very fine dispersion of Ag in a Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10-δ matrix have been studied in order to provide a very robust conductor suitable for magnets. Conductors have a rather modest critical current density of 20, 000A/cm2 at 4.2K, zero magnetic field and zero bending strain but they degrade much less under bending strain having 3000A/cm2 at 20K, 20T for H perpendicular to the a-b plane and under 0.7% bending strain. The samples have typically had solder leads attached and removed a half dozen times, have been bent around different bending blocks, and have been quenched into liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, or liquid hydrogen many times before the measurements are made. These are very robust conductors.
Use of monitoring data to update performance predictions of supported excavations

Successful use of monitoring data to update performance predictions of supported excavations depends equally on reasonable numerical simulations of performance, the type of monitoring data used as observations, and the inverse analysis techniques used to minimize the difference between predictions and observed performance. This paper summarizes each of these factors and emphasizes their inter-dependence. Numerical considerations are described, including the selection of the type of finite element formulation, the initial stress conditions with emphasis on urban environments, the importance a reasonable representation of the construction process, and factors affecting the selection of the constitutive model. Monitoring data that can be used in conjunction with current numerical capabilities are discussed and a gradient-based inverse analyses technique that has been successfully used to update predictions of lateral ground movements measured close to support walls is summarized. Examples from application of these techniques from case studies are presented to illustrate the capabilities of this approach.
An investigation on the development of chest circumference(CC) and head circumference(HC) in children aged 0 to 6 year in Shanghai

Objective] To investigate the development of CC and HC and their changes in recent ten years. [Methods] Samples were chosen at random from healthy children 0～6 year-old divided into 22 age groups. For each group, there were 200 samples. Mean and SD were calculated by computer. [Results] In 1995:the growth speed of CC was higher than HC in month 0～4. The growth speed of CC was lower than HC in month 4～12. After one years old, the growth speed of CC was higher than HC too. The earlier the cross time of CC and HC the better was the health development. In recent 10 years: There was no significant difference between 1985 and 1995 in the cross time of CC and HC. Comparing the mean of CC and HC in ten years showed the CC development is lower than that of HC. [Conclusions] At present, the growth speed of CC and HC changes by age. Comparing the ten years shows that CC development is lower than HC development.
Delta glycophorin (glycophorin B) gene deletion in two individuals homozygous for the S--s--U-- blood group phenotype

Blood cells from two unrelated individuals whose erythrocytes exhibit respectively N S-s-U- and MN S-s-U- blood group phenotypes were examined by immunoblotting, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and Southern blotting. Protein bands characteristic of delta glycophorin (glycophorin B) were absent from the immunoblots of whole erythrocyte lysates when probed with polyclonal glycophorin antisera and from isolated erythrocyte membranes stained with PAS reagents. Genomic DNA from the two individuals9 leukocytes was digested with a panel of restriction enzymes and probed with alpha M glycophorin cDNA obtained from human K562 leukemic cell line. The EcoRI, PstI, and KpnI restriction site patterns were identical to those of S+s+U+ controls in fragment numbers and relative size but differed from controls in band intensities. Restriction mapping with HindIII, PvuII, SacI, MspI, and BamHI revealed that S-s-U- individuals lack fragments that are reproducibly observed in S+s+U+ controls, and most likely encode delta glycophorin. Using truncated 5′ and 3′ cDNA segments as probes and comparing, in control individuals, hybridization intensities of fragments with amino acid sequence homologies, we have inferred the assignment of restriction fragments to the alpha and delta glycophorin genes. Our results suggest that the absence of delta glycophorin in the two S-s-U- individuals is a result of deletion of the entire delta glycophorin gene. This is the first report of a glycophorin gene deletion.
Synergistic Intrarenal Actions of Angiotensin on Tubular Reabsorption and Renal Hemodynamics

There is a growing awareness that the direct intrarenal actions of angiotensin II (ANG II) on both tubular and vascular structures contribute to sodium conservation. Even very low concentrations of ANG II (10(-1)) mol/L) stimulate proximal reabsorption rate. Recent studies indicate that this stimulatory action is due to an enhanced activity of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger of the luminal membrane. Elevated ANG II levels in the renal interstitium, effected either through increased delivery of ANG II via the circulation or as a consequence of conversion of angiotensin I (ANG I) generated locally, can also enhance proximal reabsorption rate. One consequence of enhanced proximal reabsorption rate is reduced distal volume delivery, which would be expected to elicit arteriolar vasodilation mediated by the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism. It has been observed, however, that peritubular capillary infusions of either ANG I or ANG II, at doses sufficiently low to be without obvious direct effects on glomerular dynamics, can increase the sensitivity of the TGF mechanism. This enhanced TGF sensitivity serves to minimize or prevent TGF mediated increases in glomerular filtration rate in the face of reduced distal delivery. With greater increases in interstitial ANG II concentration, reductions in glomerular pressure have been observed, demonstrating a powerful action on preglomerular arterioles that predominates over the well known effects on efferent arterioles. At these higher doses, the direct hemodynamic actions of ANG II, plus the effects on the glomerular filtration coefficient, will directly reduce filtered sodium load. Through these synergistic effects on both tubular reabsorptive and hemodynamic function, ANG II can elicit sustained decreases in distal nephron sodium delivery which contribute greatly to its efficacy as a regulator of sodium excretion.
Risk assessment and risk control for occupational exposure to chemical toxicants from an isophorone nitrile device

Objective Risk assessment and risk control for occupational exposure to chemical toxicants were perfonned on an isophorone nitrile device with an annual production of 5,000 tons,based on improved Singaporean semi-quantitative risk assessment method,with consideration of actual situation in China and in the present project.Methods With the use of engineering analysis and identification of occupational hazards in the improved Singaporean semi-quantitative risk assessment method,hazard rating (HR) and risk assessment were performed on chemical toxicants from an isophorone nitrile device with an annual production of 5,000 tons.Results The chemical toxicants in the isophorone nitrile device were mainly isophorone,hydrocyanic acid,methanol,phosphoric acid,sodium hydroxide,and sodium cyanide; the HR values were mild hazard (2),extreme hazard (5),mild hazard (2),mild hazard (2),moderate hazard (3),and extreme hazard (5),respectively,and the corresponding exposure rating (ER) values were 2.09,2.72,2.76,1.68,2.0,and 1.59,respectively.The risk of chemical toxicants in this project was assessed according to the formula Risk=[HR×ER]1/2.Hydrocyanic acid was determined as high risk,sodium hydroxide and sodium cyanide as medium risk,and isophorone,methanol,and phosphoric acid as low risk.Priority in handling of risks was determined by risk rating.The table of risk control measure was established for pre-assessment of occupational hazards.Conclusion With risk assessment in this study,we concluded that the isophorone nitrile device with 5,000 ton annual production was a high-occupational hazard device.This device is a project of extreme occupational hazard.The improved Singaporean semi-quantitative risk assessment method is a scientific and applicable method,and is especially suitable for pre-evaluation of on-site project with no analogy. Key words: Occupational hazard; Occupational exposure; Risk assessment