cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of snow sublimation on the isotopic composition of spring and surface waters in the southwestern United States: Implications for stable isotope–based paleoaltimetry and hydrologic studies

The preservation of the δ 18 O and δD composition of rain and snow, and resulting isotope-elevation gradients, in terrestrial waters derived from precipitation, such as streams, lakes, snowmelt, and soil waters, is often an inherent assumption in paleoclimate, hydrologic, and paleoelevation studies utilizing paleo–meteoric water proxy records. Modern spring and surface water samples from the southwestern United States along a latitudinal transect at ∼36°N from the southern Sierra Nevada, California, to the central Basin and Range reveal that spring and surface waters collected from the orographic slope on the western side of the Sierra Nevada preserve isotopic compositions and δ 18 O-elevation gradients (−2 to −3‰/km) that are consistent with published regional precipitation records and that are similar to values expected based on simple Rayleigh distillation processes. In contrast, high-elevation (≥2000 m) spring waters from the Panamint and Spring Mountains in the orographic rain shadow on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada exhibit δ 18 O values (∼−14‰ to −13‰ relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water [VSMOW]) that are significantly higher than those of the winter season precipitation (−22‰ to −15‰) from which the terrestrial waters are derived, yielding spring water δ 18 O-elevation gradients (∼−0.8‰/km) that are 2–3 times lower than those derived from regional precipitation values (∼−2.0‰/km) and those predicted by Rayleigh distillation models. The observed discrepancy between precipitation and terrestrial water isotopic compositions and the reduced spring water δ 18 O-elevation gradients in the Panamint and Spring Mountains suggest that elevation-dependent modification of the isotopic composition of precipitation following deposition plays a key role in the isotope hydrology of meteoric water systems in the continental interior southwestern United States. We demonstrate that altitude-dependent sublimation of the winter snowpack is a viable mechanism for the observed isotopic enrichment and reduced δ 18 O-elevation gradients of Basin and Range spring waters. This finding suggests that atmospheric processes alone may be insufficient to explain globally observed variations in δ 18 O-elevation gradients, and that the geologic record of the δ 18 O composition of paleo–meteoric waters may not accurately reflect the δ 18 O compositions of paleoprecipitation, particularly in arid environments dominated by winter precipitation in the form of snow. If unaccounted for, sublimation effects can lead to significant underestimates of both paleoelevation (on the order of 2–3 km) as well as the contribution of winter season precipitation to annual groundwater recharge. As a result, consideration of potential sublimation influence on paleo–meteoric water systems, particularly as can be constrained by paleoclimate reconstructions, is necessary in order to accurately derive quantitative estimates of paleoelevation and seasonal groundwater recharge.
Place and presence within Salvadoran deportees’ narratives of removal

Based on life history interviews conducted with 1.5 generation Salvadorans who were raised in the United States and then deported to El Salvador, this article examines the displaced subjectivities being produced through intensified deportation regimes. Current theorizations of deportation are extended by examining the transition to illegality experienced by youth who may have thought their place in the United States was secure. Youths’ narratives of removal construct alternative measures of belonging and suggest that the inscription of places within persons cannot be undone merely by removing a person from a particular territory.
Nucleotide Sequence of a recA Operator Mutation lexA/Operator-Repressor Binding/Inducible Repair

A single base pair change (AT to GC) is shown to be responsible for derepression of recA. The mutation (recAo281) alters the binding sequence for the LEXA repressor.
Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über Vernarbungsvorgänge in der Netzhaut

Die Netzhaut-Vernarbungen nach unterschiedlichen thermischen Reizen (Diathermie, Lichtkoagulation oder Kryopexie) ahneln einander. Zuerst entsteht eine thermische Uveitis. In Abhangigkeit vom Ausmas der thermischen Schadigung bzw. der daraus resultierenden retinalen Nekrose entstehen verschiedene Vernarbungstypen. Ist eine kryogene retinale Nekrose gering, reicht nur bis zum Niveau der Membrana limitans externa und verschont dabei die auseren Kornerzellen, so kommt es sogar zur Regeneration der zerstorten Stabchen. Bei ausgepragter retinaler thermischer Nekrose kann die Vernarbung zunachst innerhalb der Netzhaut stattfinden. Zu nennen sind hierbei die Vernarbung und Ad-hasionsausbildung durch Verfingerung und durch Desmosomen. Ist die thermische Schadigung noch starker, so kommt es zu Defektbildungen in den begrenzenden zwei Basalmemhranen. Der Vernarbungsprozes greift auch auf die angrenzenden mesenchymalen Gewebe uber. Dabei entstehen chorioretinale und im Extremfall vitreoretinale Vernarbungen. Diese tierexperimentellen Befunde lassen sich als Modellvorstellungen fur die bei Patienten beobachteten Vernarbungsprozesse nach abgelaufener Uveitis heranziehen. Anhand der besprochenen histologischen Befunde erscheint die Klarung des Entstehungsvorgangs einer chorioretinalen Narbe und einer pathologischen vitreoretinalen Adharenz als Folge der Uveitis moglich.
Abstract ED01-01: Use of natural products as the scaffolds for the design of molecularly targeted agents for cancer treatment and prevention

ED01-01 Natural products have played a major role in the development of anticancer therapies for both treatment and prevention of human cancers. Approximately 70% of the current anticancer drugs are natural products per se or semi-synthetic analogues of natural products. In addition, natural products can be also used as the inspiration for the design of molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. In this presentation, we describe the use of natural products to design a scaffold for a new class of small-molecule inhibitors to target the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction and to activate p53 for both cancer treatment and potentially prevention. We have designed the spiro-oxindole scaffold, which is embedded in a number of diverse natural products to mimic one key binding element in p53 using a computational structure-based design approach. Using the spiro-oxindole scaffold as the starting point, we have obtained a class of highly potent and specific small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interactions. Our lead compound (MI-219) binds to MDM2 with an affinity >1000-times more potent than the natural p53 peptide and demonstrates greater than 100,000-fold selectivity to MDMX, a close homologous protein of MDM2. MI-219 effectively induces p53 activation in both cancer and normal cells with wild-type p53. Activation of p53 leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells but only cycle arrest in normal cells. MI-219 achieves an excellent oral bioavailability. MI-219 activates p53 in both normal and tumor tissues. While MI-219 achieves strong antitumor activity in xenograft models of human cancer, it does not cause damage to normal tissues. Our data suggest that MI-219 should be investigated as a novel treatment and prevention agent in the clinic. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):ED01-01.
Hardware acceleration for neuromorphic computing: An evolving view

The rapid growth of computing capacity of modern microprocessors enables the wide adoption of machine learning and neural network models. The ever-increasing demand for performance, combining with the concern on power budget, motivated the recent research on hardware acceleration for these learning algorithms. A wide spectrum of hardware platforms have been extensively studied, from conventional heterogeneous computing systems to emerging nanoscale systems. In this paper, we will review the ongoing efforts at Evolutionary Intelligence Laboratory (www.ei-lab.org) about hardware acceleration for neuromorphic computing and ma-chine learning. Realizations on various platforms such as FPGA, on-chip heterogeneous processors, and memristor-based ASIC designs will be explored. An evolving view of the accelerator de-signs for learning algorithms will be also presented.
Modeling reaction pathways for hydrogen evolution and water dissociation on magnesium

Abstract There are several chemical and electrochemical reactions that occur on a solvated magnesium surface, many of which contribute to the localized corrosion of magnesium and its alloys. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of particular interest because corrosion rates for different Mg alloys can be estimated by in situ monitoring of HER from a corroding sample surface. Therefore, a detailed mechanism for the HER on magnesium is proposed that connects the initial water dissociation reaction with the Tafel reaction through a self-consistent pathway involving adsorbed species. First principles modeling using Density Functional Theory (DFT) is used to map this reaction pathway on Mg(0001) and to determine the thermodynamic variables and kinetic barriers for each reaction in the scheme. An alternative mechanism for HER is also modeled that involves subsurface hydrogen, but this mechanism is found to have a negligible Gibbs free energy. It is also found that water dissociation occurs over the Mg Mg bridging site and has a large thermodynamic driving force. Reactions involving multiple water molecules and adsorbed species are modeled, as well, and it is found that the presence of H ads and OH ads provides a thermodynamic driving force for water dissociation while also increasing the activation barrier for the Tafel reaction. Hence, DFT calculations show that the presence of adsorbed species can have a large impact on the kinetics of chemical and electrochemical reactions that occur on the Mg surface.
Design of UART based on the structure of TS201+Stratix

TS201+Stratix is a structure which is more and more popular in digital signal processing.UART is made of time-divided module,data receiving and transmitting channels compiled in Stratix.It is not only extending the serial communication function of TS201,but also saving space on the circuit board.This design shows the rich resources and expandability of Stratix.The practical experience has shown that the design is stable and reliable in receiving and transmitting serial data.
On the enrichment zone size for optimal convergence rate of the Generalized/Extended Finite Element Method

Singular enrichment functions are broadly used in Generalized or Extended Finite Element Methods (GFEM/XFEM) for linear elastic fracture mechanics problems. These functions are used at finite element nodes within an enrichment zone around the crack tip/front in 2- and 3-D problems, respectively. Small zones lead to suboptimal convergence rate of the method while large ones lead to ill-conditioning of the system of equations and to a large number of degrees of freedom. This paper presents an a priori estimate for the minimum size of the enrichment zone required for optimal convergence rate of the GFEM/XFEM. The estimate shows that the minimum size of the enrichment zone for optimal convergence rate depends on the element size and polynomial order of the GFEM/XFEM shape functions. Detailed numerical verification of these findings is also presented.
LP-CEM: A modeling tool for power systems planning incorporating climate change effects and macroeconomic trends for New Jersey, United States

Abstract The electric power sector is highly vulnerable to climate change, yet long-term capacity expansion models often fail to take into account for it. This paper presents an overview of LP-CEM (Linear Programming based Capacity Expansion Model), which incorporates both the effects of long-term warming and the state/regional-level macroeconomic trends. We apply the modeling framework for the electric power system in New Jersey, United States. Some of the methodological advances introduced in this research are: the use of high-resolution temperature projections data in a power sector capacity expansion model; the incorporation of changes in sectoral composition of electricity demand over time; the incorporation of the effects of climate change and variability on both the demand and supply-side of power sector using parameters estimated in the literature; and an inter-model coupling link with a macroeconomic model to account for price elasticity of demand and other effects on the broader macro-economy. LP-CEM-type models can be of use to state/region-level policymakers to plan for future mitigation and adaptation policies to climate change. Scenarios with climate variability, climate change effects and with high economic growth rates result in higher capacity additions, supply costs, wholesale/retail prices and total ratepayers' costs in the next forty years.
Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Dephosphorylation of ERK, Akt, and Bcl-2 and Phosphorylation of JNK by LY293111 in Human Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL).

The prognosis of patients with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) treated with standard chemotherapy remains poor. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor has been reported to exhibit a growth-promoting activity in lymphoma, since it augments DNA synthesis and increases cell proliferation of lymphocytes. LY293111 (2-[2-propyl-3-[3-[2-ethyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxyphenoxy]-propoxy]-phenoxy] benzoic acid sodium salt) is a Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, which was found to be safe and tolerable in Phase I clinical trials. LY293111 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth, induces apoptosis, and reduces growth of colon cancer in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of LY293111 in an ALCL cell line. We utilized the Sup/M2 cell line derived from human anaplastic large cell lymphoma as a model. Dose-response studies demonstrated that the IC50 of LY293111 was 4μM after 5 days of treatment. LY293111 caused retardation of Sup/M2 cell entry into S phase in a dose-dependent fashion as measured by BrdU/propidium iodide flow cytometry. LY293111 at 2.5μM induced complete G1-S cell cycle arrest in cells synchronized by serum starvation. LY293111 upregulated p21 and p27 protein expression and reduced cyclin E mRNA and protein. Pre-treatment with LY293111 for 4 hours resulted in profound inhibition of serum-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and Bcl-2. Concomitantly, phosphorylation of stress-activated kinase JNK dramatically increased following LY293111 treatment. LY293111 induced pronounced apoptosis of Sup/M2 cells and caspase inhibition by Benzyloxycarbonyl -Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD.FMK) abrogated this effect. LY293111 induced cleavage of the caspase-9, -3, PARP and XIAP, but had no effect on caspase-8, suggesting activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Accordingly, early loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in a dose-dependent fashion. At 72 hrs, LY293111 decreased Bcl-2 expression levels. These findings provide the first evidence that LY293111 inhibits ALCL proliferation by arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle, as a result of cyclin E downregulation and induction of cell-cycle inhibitory proteins p21 and p27. LY293111 induces apoptosis in Sup/M2 lymphoma cells, with activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, including cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 3, PARP, XIAP, and Bcl-2. Furthermore, LY293111 treatment markedly shifts signaling toward the JNK stress-related pathway and away from cytoprotective MEK/ERK and AKT signaling. These results suggest that LY293111 may have a utility in the management of aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
Biochemical and Haematological Effects of Clomipramine (Anafranil)

The sporadic and frequently idiosyncratic occurrence of toxicity in several bodily systems during Anafranil therapy has been reviewed. Particular attention is given to the reports between the Madrid World Psychiatric Congress, in 1966, and the marketing of the drug four years later.Whether the changes in haemopoietic, gastro-intestinal or electrolyte parameters represent a drug-related assault on actively dividing or metabolising cells—or whether other preparatory or coincidental factors are important—is a matter of conjecture.Some studies had prompted work in 1970-71 to examine the possibility of adverse effects on calcium metabolism: this is not proven.The possible significance of calcium kinetics in altering the periodicity of affective states is discussed. Little evidence of significant or lasting changes in calcium levels were shown.
Chapter 36 – A Framework for Using Nanotechnology to Improve Water Quality

If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, it will have to contribute to the solution of global problems like water quality. This chapter describes a framework for guiding nanotechnology away from risks and toward benefits, and applies it to examples concerning water quality, specifically focusing on silver nanoparticles. The framework includes five major components; the first three of which are necessary capabilities for accomplishing the last two. Ensuring an adequate global supply of water is a superordinate goal because it affects the survival of the human race and therefore should trump the differences that separate us. Water quality could serve as a superordinate goal, linking nanotechnology researchers from different institutions and disciplines with those who have a compelling need. Such linkage will require setting up a series of trading zones involving multiple stakeholders for exchanging ideas, resources, and solutions across different communities and interests. In order to trade, participants will have to develop a reduced common language, or creole and/or a boundary object or technology like a database that participants in the zone share and/or interactional expertise on the part of one or more participants who can discuss research strategy in a field other than their own main expertise, but not do the research. Differences in values can prevent adoption of a superordinate goal. Moral imagination is the equivalent of interactional expertise concerning values. In order to care about someone else’s water supply, you have to see their need as if it were your own and also understand enough about their culture to coevolve appropriate solutions. Developing the three capabilities above will permit adaptive management of tightly coupled human–technological–natural systems. Participants in trading zones around nanotechnology and water quality will have to be in constant dialogue with each other and with the system they are managing, adapting strategies to new data. Adaptive management must be complemented by anticipatory governance. Regulatory systems, for example, need to be more anticipatory, steering a course between the precautionary principle and reactive risk management. Expert elicitation is one method for implementing adaptive management and anticipatory governance.
Use of experimentally determined Henry's Law and salting-out constants for ethanol in seawater for determination of the saturation state of ethanol in coastal waters.

Abstract The Henry's law constant for ethanol in seawater was experimentally determined to be 221 ± 4 M/atm at 22 °C compared with 247 ± 6 M/atm in pure water. The salting out coefficient for ethanol was 0.13 M−1. In seawater ln(KH) = -(12.8 ± 0.7) + (5310 ± 197)/T where KH is in M atm−1 and temperature is in K. This plus the salting out coefficient allow calculation of KH for any estuarine or sea water between 1 and 35 °C. High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon do not affect KH values in fresh or seawater. Nearshore surface waters were usually undersaturated with respect to gas phase ethanol except when air concentrations decreased, whereas surface seawater 40 km from shore was supersaturated. The percent saturation in surface waters is driven primarily by changes in air concentrations because these change quickly (hours) and more extensively than surface water. This study allows calculation of ethanol saturation states from air and surface water concentrations which is a necessary step to define the role of surface oceans in the global biogeochemical cycling of ethanol both now and in the future as use of ethanol biofuel continues to grow.
Alterations in Pain Perception in Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent and is associated with tremendous morbidity and mortality. In the United States, nearly 62,000,000 people have some form of CVD, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure and congenital cardiovascular defects. CVD is the number one cause of death in the United States, claiming more than 950,000 lives in 1999 (American Heart Association, 2001). The most common form of CVD is hypertension, which affects 50,000,000 Americans. While chest pain is a common accompaniment of CVD, only relatively recently have disturbances of pain perception in CVD become a topic of significant scientific interest. Over the past 25 years, interactions between the cardiovascular and somatosensory systems have become increasingly recognized, and considerable research has identified important effects of cardiovascular responses on pain perception. This chapter will summarize the literature regarding the relationship of cardiovascular factors with pain perception. First, the influence of several cardiovascular variables on pain perception will be reviewed, including resting blood pressure, parental history of hypertension, and cardiovascular reactivity. Then, potential mechanisms underlying these associations will be discussed. Next, research examining pain perception in various cardiovascular disorders will be presented, and the chapter will conclude with a discussion of clinical implications and directions for future research.
Non-visualization of the ovary on CT or ultrasound in the ED setting: utility of immediate follow-up imaging

In the setting of female patients in the ED receiving both a CT scan and ultrasound of the pelvis, we compared the studies to assess the diagnostic value of non-visualization of the ovary in predicting the absence of ovarian disease. A retrospective review of the electronic medical record identified adult female non-pregnant patients who received both a CT abdomen and pelvis and a transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound within a 48-h period through the emergency department. The imaging studies were blindly reviewed to evaluate the ovaries on each CT and US independently. Ovaries were characterized as normal, non-visualized, or abnormal requiring follow-up. All cases of non-visualized ovaries were compared to the appearance on the corresponding exam for each patient, and assessed for agreement (normal or non-visualized) or disagreement (abnormal). Subsequently, the electronic medical record was used as a reference standard to assess the presence or absence of ovarian pathology over the subsequent ninety days. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing a McNemar test with a 95% confidence interval. A total of 181 patients were included in the study (age range 18–75). Of these, 36 patients had non-visualization of one ovary (21 patients) or both ovaries (15 patients) on either study. On CT, 18 ovaries were non-visualized, with no cases of disagreement on ultrasound or subsequent short-term follow-up (NPV 100%). On ultrasound, 39 ovaries were non-visualized, with three of these adnexae appearing abnormal on CT (NPV 92%): one with an enlarged ovary and two with hydrosalpinx. No ovarian abnormalities were evident on chart follow-up. Significant correlation of agreement between normal and non-visualized pairs on CT and US was observed (p = 0.025, McNemar). There was a combined NPV of 94% regardless of modality for the absence of ovarian pathology in the case of non-visualization. The most common abnormal imaging findings associated with non-visualized ovaries were uterine fibroids and hemoperitoneum. The absence of detection of the ovary on pelvic US or CT is highly predictive of the lack of ovarian abnormality on short-term follow-up, and does not typically require additional imaging to exclude ovarian disease.
scRNASeqDB: A Database for RNA-Seq Based Gene Expression Profiles in Human Single Cells

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is rapidly becoming a powerful tool for high-throughput transcriptomic analysis of cell states and dynamics at the single cell level. Both the number and quality of scRNA-Seq datasets have dramatically increased recently. A database that can comprehensively collect, curate, and compare expression features of scRNA-Seq data in humans has not yet been built. Here, we present scRNASeqDB, a database that includes almost all the currently available human single cell transcriptome datasets (n = 38) covering 200 human cell lines or cell types and 13,440 samples. Our online web interface allows users to rank the expression profiles of the genes of interest across different cell types. It also provides tools to query and visualize data, including Gene Ontology and pathway annotations for differentially expressed genes between cell types or groups. The scRNASeqDB is a useful resource for single cell transcriptional studies. This database is publicly available at bioinfo.uth.edu/scrnaseqdb/.
Cutaneous refractile foreign body microemboli with intravascular injection of oral medication

Injection drug abuse (IDA) is known to cause a spectrum of systemic and cutaneous complications. Despite the increasing incidence of IDA around the world, there is a paucity of literature discussing cutaneous complications from a dermatopathologic perspective. We present a case of a 35-year-old male with a complex medical history of Von Willebrand disease, Bechet disease and diverticular disease. Following a sigmoidectomy/colostomy for diverticular perforation, he presented with fever and an indurated right arm displaying livedoid purpura. The right distal fingertips showed purpura with focal ulceration. A punch biopsy of the right wrist did not show evidence of inflammatory vasculitis or pyogenic infection, but instead showed a focus of polarizing, refractile material occluding a dilated arterial lumen within the mid-dermis. The patient admitted to injecting a suspension of crushed ondansetron (Zofran) tablets into the antecubital area to control post-operative nausea. It is known that direct intravascular injection of foreign material can cause distal ischemia and necrosis, either by local vasoconstriction, thrombosis, or formation of microemboli, as in this patient. Our objective is to bring awareness to this rarely reported phenomenon, and to raise clinical suspicion for IDA when confronted with such a unique vasculopathic pattern.
Mechanisms of Regulatory Cellular Interactions

This chapter discusses the accumulating evidence concerning the existence of biologically active molecules obtained from lymphocytes and macrophages which, in appropriate experimental conditions, can be shown to exert regulatory effects on immune responses. A major effort in studies on the mechanism of T–B cell interactions has been focused on the identification and characterization of various biologically active substances capable of influencing lymphocyte function in antibody responses to different antigens elicited in in vitro systems. Prior to the discovery of antigen-specific T cell factors, the demonstration was made by Dutton and colleagues that a non-antigen-specific biologically active mediator could be obtained from short-term cultures of histoincompatible mouse spleen cells. Since that time, there have been a variety of observations of this nature attesting to the fact that stimulation of populations of immunocompetent lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes and accessory cells, in appropriate in vitro conditions can result in the release of biologically active mediators into culture supernatants that are, in turn, capable of manifesting their biological activity on an appropriate target cell population.
Critical Thinking and Heuristics: What Philosophy Can Learn from Engineering about the Back of the Envelope

Who benefits when philosophers and engineers get involved in academic conversations with one another? Such conversations are often one-way streets, with philosophers offering conceptual tools, insights, and modes of inquiry that serve as contributions toward developing the philosophy of engineering and influencing practices of reflective engineering and engineering education. However, philosophers also stand to benefit from closer conversational contact with engineers, as it can bring helpful challenges not only with regard to some of philosophy’s basic assumptions, but also with regard to its common classroom practices. In this paper I take a hard look at one of these practices: the teaching of critical thinking. Long a staple within the philosophy curriculum in the US, critical thinking has in recent years been taken by those in professional engineering communities to play an important role in the formation of future engineers. I suggest that the approach to critical thinking which would be most useful to engineers would be one that underscores the value of heuristics. Such an approach to teaching critical thinking within the context of philosophy, however, is not the norm; in fact, teaching materials associated with critical thinking tend to be deeply suspicious of heuristical reasoning. Philosophy can learn from engineering about the value of heuristical reasoning as a form of critical thinking; here is a case in point, I propose, where engineering knowledge can improve philosophical knowledge.
3-D Unsteady Computations of Flapping Flight in Insects, Fish, and Unmanned Vehicles

3-D unsteady computations have been carried out for a swimming tuna with an oscillating caudal fin, the flapping flight of the fruit fly and a pectoral fin swimmer, the bird wrasse, and a variety of unmanned air vehicles. Such computations for creatures or vehicles with moving and deforming surfaces can provide information on the dynamics of force production that is quite useful for vehicle design. Novel biomimetic vehicles have been designed and built and their performance is described. As vehicle size decreases there has also been a need for incorporation of novel materials, sensors, and control systems. Computational challenges for coupling novel sensor designs, vehicle timevarying force and moment computations, and self-consistent vehicle trajectory computations are discussed.
Integrating a Continual Improvement Process with the Product Development Program

The focus of this chapter is on the definition of a quality management system, deployment of the system, and continual quality improvement. The chapter describes a step-by-step process for defining a quality management system from scratch, provides guidance on training and facilitating deployment of the quality management system, and provides an overview of various mechanisms that can be leveraged for continual improvement of the quality management system after deployment.
Statistics at a Distance

In 1993 the Statistics Department at Iowa State University entered into a collaborative agreement with General Motors to develop and deliver a new sequence of courses titled “Applied Statistics for...
Screening Fuels for Autoignition with Small-Volume Experiments and Gaussian Process Classification

Partially reacting candidate fuels under highly dilute conditions across a range of temperatures provides a means to classify the candidates based on traditional ignition characteristics using much lower quantities (sub-mL) than the full octane tests. Using a classifier based on a Gaussian Process model, synthetic species profiles obtained by plug flow reactor simulations at seven temperatures are used to demonstrate that the configuration can be used to classify 95% of the samples correctly for autoignition sensitivity exceeding a threshold (S ≥ 8) and 100%of the samples correctly for research octane number exceeding a threshold (RON ≥ 90). Molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) experimental data at four temperatures is then used as the model input in a real-world test. Despite the nontrivial relationship between the MBMS measurements and speciation as well as experimental noise it is still possible to classify 95% of the samples correctly for RON and 85% of the samples correctly for S in a “leave-one-o...
Adapting the Family Management Styles Framework to Include Children.

Abstract Empirical study purpose Propose an adapted Family Management Style Framework that includes the perspectives of children with chronic health conditions. Design and methods Building on the current Family Management Style Framework, the authors used recent empirical studies with children to further develop the framework. Definitions of each dimension and component of the framework were reviewed and revised to reflect the perspectives of the child, based on the child data and prior work. Results The Family Management Style Framework was adapted to reflect children's perspectives of themselves and their family. Based upon our understanding of the components of the framework, we expanded the components and revised the definitions of the dimensions to reflect the child perspectives. Conclusions Incorporating the perspectives of children allows us to consider the transactions that occur during condition management between parents, children and families. Additional research is needed to explore this interaction and the implications it has on the outcomes. Practice implications Children experience the way their family manages their chronic health condition and incorporate those experiences as part of their developing understanding of themselves and their condition. Practitioners should encourage children to express their understanding of their condition and its management to model and encourage them to dialogue about management with their families.
Cross-reactive neutralizing human survivor monoclonal antibody BDBV223 targets the ebolavirus stalk.

Three Ebolavirus genus viruses cause lethal disease and lack targeted therapeutics: Ebola virus, Sudan virus and Bundibugyo virus. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktails against the surface glycoprotein (GP) present a potential therapeutic strategy. Here we report two crystal structures of the antibody BDBV223, alone and complexed with its GP2 stalk epitope, an interesting site for therapeutic/vaccine design due to its high sequence conservation among ebolaviruses. BDBV223, identified in a human survivor of Bundibugyo virus disease, neutralizes both Bundibugyo virus and Ebola virus, but not Sudan virus. Importantly, the structure suggests that BDBV223 binding interferes with both the trimeric bundle assembly of GP and the viral membrane by stabilizing a conformation in which the monomers are separated by GP lifting or bending. Targeted mutagenesis of BDBV223 to enhance SUDV GP recognition indicates that additional determinants of antibody binding likely lie outside the visualized interactions, and perhaps involve quaternary assembly or membrane-interacting regions. Human antibodies cross-reactive for several viruses within the Ebolavirus genus have been identified. Here the authors present the crystal structure of such a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the stalk of Bundibugyo virus glycoprotein and show that mAb binding may interfere with trimeric bundle assembly and/or the viral membrane.
Rethinking Technology for a 1.5 °C World

The Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) calls on all countries to take action to limit global warming to 2 °C above pre-Industrial Revolution levels, and ideally to 1.5 °C. The new special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns of the dangers of every additional degree of warming and identifies technological pathways to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a way that we return to a 1.5 °C world by the end of this century. The voluntary commitments currently offered by countries, however, are expected to result in global warming of 2.7 °C to 3.7 °C. This paper examines the role of technology and supporting policies in the transition to a decarbonized or climate-neutral world by mid-century. With the case of India, we discuss the types of technologies and policies that are required to be implemented during 2020–2050 to stay on track for 1.5 °C warming. We highlight the transformative low carbon technologies needed in three major sectors—transport, cooling, and data centres—and discuss the social and economic policies that are needed to support the low carbon transition.
Clinician Perceptions of a Computerized Decision Support System for Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Screening.

Objective With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth, primary care providers must identify patients at high risk and implement evidence-based screening promptly. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) provide clinicians with personalized reminders according to best evidence. One example is the Child Health Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) system, which, as we have previously shown, significantly improves screening for T2D. Given that the long-term success of any CDSS depends on its acceptability and its users' perceptions, we examined what clinicians think of the CHICA diabetes module. Methods CHICA users completed an annual quality improvement and satisfaction questionnaire. Between May and August of 2015 and 2016, the survey included two statements related to the T2D-module: (1) “CHICA improves my ability to identify patients who might benefit from screening for T2D” and (2) “CHICA makes it easier to get the lab tests necessary to identify patients who have diabetes or prediabetes.” Answers were scored using a 5-point Likert scale and were later converted to a 2-point scale: agree and disagree. The Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between responses and the respondents. Answers per cohort were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Results The majority of respondents (N = 60) agreed that CHICA improved their ability to identify patients who might benefit from screening but disagreed as to whether it helped them get the necessary laboratories. Scores were comparable across both years. Conclusion CHICA was endorsed as being effective for T2D screening. Research is needed to improve satisfaction for getting laboratories with CHICA.
Traditional and Modern Convenience Samples: An Investigation of College Student, Mechanical Turk, and Mechanical Turk College Student Samples:

Two of the most popular populations for convenience sampling used in the psychological sciences are college students and Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers. College students represent a traditional ty...
Mixed Messages: The Sentencing Legacy of the Ad Hoc Tribunals

As the first modern international criminal tribunals, the ad hoc tribunals have had a substantial influence on other international courts, including through their sentencing practices. In this chapter, I argue that a particular aspect of the tribunals’ sentencing practices undermined their normative and sociological legacies: their failure to clarify whether and when the tribunals apply and ought to apply global sentencing norms, and when the application of local norms is more appropriate.
Feasibility and effectiveness of daily temperature screening to detect COVID-19 in a prospective cohort at a large public university.

BACKGROUND: Many persons with active SARS-CoV-2 infection experience mild or no symptoms, presenting barriers to COVID-19 prevention. Regular temperature screening is nonetheless used in some settings, including university campuses, to reduce transmission potential. We evaluated the potential impact of this strategy using a prospective university-affiliated cohort. METHODS: Between June and August 2020, 2912 participants were enrolled and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at least once (median: 3, range: 1-9). Participants reported temperature and symptoms daily via electronic survey using a previously owned or study-provided thermometer. We assessed feasibility and acceptability of daily temperature monitoring, calculated sensitivity and specificity of various fever-based strategies for restricting campus access to reduce transmission, and estimated the association between measured temperature and SARS-CoV-2 test positivity using a longitudinal binomial mixed model. RESULTS: Most participants (70.2%) did not initially have a thermometer for taking their temperature daily. Across 5481 total person months, the average daily completion rate of temperature values was 61.6% (median: 67.6%, IQR: 41.8-86.2%). Sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 0% (95% CI 0-9.7%) to 40.5% (95% CI 25.6-56.7%) across all strategies for self-report of possible COVID-19 symptoms on day of specimen collection, with corresponding specificity of 99.9% (95% CI 99.8-100%) to 95.3% (95% CI 94.7-95.9%). An increase of 0.1 °F in individual mean body temperature on the same day as specimen collection was associated with 1.11 increased odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity (95% CI 1.06-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first, to our knowledge, that examines the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of daily temperature screening in a prospective cohort during an infectious disease outbreak, and the only study to assess these strategies in a university population. Daily temperature monitoring was feasible and acceptable; however, the majority of potentially infectious individuals were not detected by temperature monitoring, suggesting that temperature screening is insufficient as a primary means of detection to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Active information requirements for fixation on the Wright-Fisher model of population genetics.

In the context of population genetics, active information can be extended to measure the change of information of a given event (e.g., fixation of an allele) from a neutral model in which only genetic drift is taken into account to a non-neutral model that includes other sources of frequency variation (e.g., selection and mutation). In this paper we illustrate active information in population genetics through the Wright-Fisher model.
The Past and Promise of Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology

A half-century ago, as an aspiring cardiologist I entered the field of cardiac electrophysiology, frustrated by our inability to intervene successfully in lethal cardiac arrhythmia, and equally frustrated by the paucity of basic understanding of cardiac electricity upon which better treatment could be based. What a remarkable change has occurred since that time; there have been extraordinary advances in both the science and clinical care. I will begin this introduction to the section on Basic Foundations of Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Electrical Activity by identifying those basic science steps that I think have contributed to the progress of cardiac electrophysiology. These are the rich historical background for the chapters in this section. Then I will comment on the best strategy for advancing our understanding of cardiac electricity and outline some of the key questions that I think we must address. Although my personal career goal has been how we can now exploit this basic science for clinical care, more than ever basic understanding is the framework for our future advances.
Chapter 16 Aldosterone-lnduced Proteins in Renal Epithelia

Publisher Summary Aldosterone influences all three of the major components of the Na + transport pathway in high-resistance epithelia: the apical membrane Na + permease, the generation of ATP, and the Na + , K + -ATPase pump. The hormone may modulate all of these processes in a coordinated and interdependent fashion, the net result of which is enhanced epithelial Na + transport. Under such circumstances, it is unlikely that the induction of one, and only one, protein will completely account for the natriferic effect of the hormone. Instead, aldosterone may increase Na + transport by inducing the synthesis of several proteins, each of which regulates a particular component of the cell's Na + transport machinery. If aldosterone does act in a multifactorial fashion, it will be important to identify and characterize all the induced proteins. The development of the double-label 2D-PAGE technique may also prove extremely helpful. However, its successful application will likely be dependent on at least partial purification of the proteins. Other purification techniques are more speculative and would be dependent on the chemical characterization.
Multiple bidirectional initiations and terminations of transcription in the Marek's disease virus long repeat regions.

Abstract Marek's disease is an oncogenic disease of chickens caused by a herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus (MDV). Serial in vitro passage of pathogenic MDV results in amplification of a 132-bp direct repeat in the MDV genome's TRL and IRL repeat regions and loss of tumorigenicity. This led to the hypothesis that upon such expansion, one or more tumor-inducing genes fail to be expressed. In this report a group of cDNAs mapping in the expanded regions were isolated from a pathogenic MDV strain in which the 132-bp direct repeat number was found to range between one and seven. Partial cDNA sequencing and S1 nuclease protection analysis revealed that the corresponding transcripts are either initiated or terminated within or near the expanded regions at multiple sites in both rightward and leftward directions. Furthermore, each 132-bp repeat contains one TATA box and two polyadenylation consensus sequences in each direction. These RNAs contain a partial copy or one or more full copies of the 132-bp direct repeat at either their 5' or 3' end. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that the majority of transcripts are 1.8 kb in size, while the minor species range in size from 0.67 to 3.1 kb. Together, these data raise the possibility that the 132-bp direct repeat, and indirectly its copy number, may be involved in the regulation of transcriptional initiation and termination and therefore in the generation of four groups of transcripts from the TRL and IRL, although this remains to be demonstrated.
A class-based approach to the composition of real-time software components

A complex real-time embedded system may consist of multiple application components each of which has its own timeliness requirements and is scheduled by a component-specific scheduler that is tailored to meet its requirements. In this paper, we propose Class-based Component Composition (CCC) for composing independent components in an open environment. CCC applies a workload classification scheme to guarantee that the supply of shared resource always meets the hard-real-time constraints for on-budget workloads. The CCC solution aims to achieve a balance over multiple design objectives in component composition including composition overhead, overload handling and accommodating the range of real-time applications.
Market Potential Estimation for Tourism in Emerging Markets

The objective of this paper was to develop a useful framework for estimating demand for tourism in emerging markets. Tourism has become one of the most crucial sectors in a large number of emerging countries. Moreover, the tourism industry in such markets is forecasted to keep increasing in the next decade. Hence, understanding and accurately forecast demand in the industry is essential in order to manage this sector effectively. Using stepwise regression analysis, we found a number of im- portant variables in estimating demand for tourism in emerging markets. Our regression model can benefit travel agencies and policy makers dealing with the tourism industry.
Oncogenesis —our little sister

You may have noticed, as you opened the website of this issue of Oncogene or perhaps held the physical hard copy in your hands (I have heard that some of you do) a tiny jolt of electric excitement, a frisson of joyous expectation. Or perhaps not. (Okay, probably not). But the thing is, we at the journal are giddy today in welcoming the birth of Oncogene's little sister, Oncogenesis.