cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of light with a metal wedge: the role of diffraction in shaping energy flow

When a light wave hits a metal wedge structure, the metal surfaces respond to the incident light by generating both free-space and surface-bound waves. Here we present a physical model that elucidates electromagnetic interactions of an incoming planar wave with a simple semi-infinite 90 degrees metal wedge. We show that a metal wedge structure possesses an intrinsic capability of directing the incident power around the corner into the forward direction. Interplay of the boundary diffraction wave and the incident and reflection waves in the near field region of a metal corner is found to form a basis of the funneling phenomena that are commonly observed in metal nanoslit structures. Theory and experiment reveal that the incident wave propagating parallel to the sidewall destructively interferes with the boundary diffraction wave forming a depleted-energy-flow region along the glancing angle direction. A physical understanding of various electromagnetic phenomena associated with a metal wedge structure confirms rich potential of the simple structure as an elemental building block of complex metal nanostructures.
FFT on reconfigurable hardware

The fast Fourier transform algorithm is specified in a data parallel version of 'C'. This specification is used to produce a custom circuit suitable for use in a system based on reconfigurable logic. Performance estimates indicate that this approach is capable of producing the 2D Fourier transform of images at real time video rates.
An alpha modulation index for electroencephalographic studies using complex demodulation

An automated technique for measuring the relative amount of amplitude modulation of electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha activity is developed to increase the number of existing tools for differentiating the various types of alpha activity. EEG data collected from 12 normal males is used to characterize alpha modulation frequency characteristics. From these findings, a complex demodulation method is constructed to extract the amplitude modulation envelope of alpha activity from an epoch of EEG data while disregarding both continuous amplitude alpha activity and activity outside the alpha band. A threshold technique is then used to determine the relative amount of modulation contained within the data epoch. This metric is termed the alpha modulation index (AMI). Good correlation (R2=0.86) is found when automated scoring results are compared with manual scoring of physiologic EEG alpha modulation. The flexibility of this technique makes it easily adaptable to other EEG frequency bands and applications.
Advancing operations management theory using exploratory structural equation modelling techniques

The structural equation modelling (SEM) technique has been touted as a useful tool for tightening links between theoretical and empirical operations management (OM) research. Despite SEM's increasing prominence in the field, leading scholars continue to call for a deeper infusion of theory into empirical OM research. To strengthen ties between theory and analysis in OM research, this study evaluates previous OM applications of SEM and identifies specific ways we can use SEM to advance operations management theory. Through judicious use of SEM techniques, we believe that OM researchers have the opportunity to confirm and extend existing theoretical frameworks. Further, we offer guidance on how to operationalise measurement models such that researchers accurately depict the causality of a construct. To demonstrate how to advance theory, we use an illustrative example of SEM in an OM context based upon data gathered from a survey of over 200 respondents.
Changes in quality of life following cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) incorporating exposure and response prevention is a first line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although, the efficacy of CBT in reducing OCD symptoms is well documented, less is known about its effects on quality of life (QOL). In the current study, functional impairment aspects of QOL (as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale) were assessed among 70 adult outpatients with OCD before and after CBT. Statistically significant improvements in QOL and large pre- to post-treatment effect sizes were observed for work, social, and family functioning. Improvements in social and family functioning were predicted by improvements in OCD symptom severity even after controlling for improvements in depressive symptoms. In addition, clinically significant change in OCD symptoms and QOL were highly related, although there was a subset of participants whose symptoms improved without corresponding improvements in QOL. These results suggest that the effects of CBT may extend beyond OCD symptom reduction to QOL.
Identification of Catechol and Hydroquinone Metabolites of 4-Monochlorobiphenyl

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be metabolically activated to electrophiles, which bind to proteins and nucleic acids. One activation scheme involves the formation of reactive arene oxide intermediates during cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation. We propose a second activation pathway whereby PCB catechol and hydroquinone metabolites may be oxidized to reactive semiquinones and/or quinones. By employing 4-monochlorobiphenyl (4-MCB) as a model substrate and liver microsomes from rats treated with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, five monol and three diol metabolites were identified. The major metabolite was 4-chloro-4‘-monohydroxybiphenyl, followed by, in decreasing order, 4-chloro-3‘,4‘-dihydroxybiphenyl, unknown B (a monol), 4-chloro-2‘,3‘-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-chloro-3‘-hydroxybiphenyl, 4-chloro-2‘,5‘-dihydroxybiphenyl, unknown A (a monol), and 4-chloro-2‘-monohydroxybiphenyl. A trace of a dihydrodiol was detected by GC/MS. To elucidate the source of the diols, 4-MCB and the synthetic mono...
PITUITARY ADENOMAS IN CHILDHOOD

Between 1969 and 1992, 2,260 patients underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas, 95 (4.2%) of them before their 19th birthday. According to their endocrine activity, the majority of childhood tumors were endocrine active: PRL 38, ACTH (Cushing's) 35, GH 9, and ACTH (Nelson's) 4. As a group, patients treated for ACTPF-secreting tumors were the youngest (12.5 years). The recurrence rates varied with immunotype: PRL 2.6%, ACTH (Cushing's) 9%, endocrine inactive 9%, GH 22%, and ACTH (Nelson's) 0%. Surgical morbidity was minimal, and there were no serious complications or deaths. The distribution of immunotypes and recurrence rates differ from those in adults with pituitary adenomas.
TH-E-M100A-03: Planning the Purchase of a Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning System

Prior to the advent of 3D treatment planning, a radiation therapytreatment planning system (RTPS) operated in near isolation. There were few, if any, interconnections between the planning system and other information systems in the institution. Today, the RTPS operates as one node in a continuum of information systems and processes that can include imaging systems and archives, information systems, other RTPS nodes and systems, and delivery and delivery verification systems. In order to integrate a new RTPS into the departmental process, the planning for purchase of an RTPS must go far beyond the traditional comparisons of contouring, dose calculation algorithms, and dose evaluation tools. This presentation will attempt to guide the medical physicist in planning the purchase of a new RTPS. Issues such as system infrastructure, network architecture, integration planning, and continuing training will be discussed. The medical physicist must consider the changes planned at their institution, such as 4D delivery,adaptive radiation therapy, and new treatment techniques. Each of these will influence the direction that the RTPS purchase should take. RTPS features can also force changes in the treatment planning process, as differences in areas such as image registration, plan normalization, and optimization may require technique and quality assurance changes in order to effect an orderly and safe transition. Finally, an upgrade strategy should be included in the purchase decision, so that future improvements in the RTPS can be effectively integrated into the overall treatment planning and delivery process. Educational Objectives: 1. To describe the overall planning process for the purchase of a radiation therapy planning system. 2. To identify key steps in the purchase process for a radiation therapy planning system under the aegis of the medical physicist.
NMR structure of an antisense DNA.RNA hybrid duplex containing a 3'-CH(2)N(CH(3))-O-5' or an MMI backbone linker.

The solution structure of an antisense DNA·RNA hybrid duplex, d(CGCGTT-MMI-TTGCGC)·r(GCGCAAAACGCG) (designated R4), containing an MMI backbone linker [3‘-CH2N(CH3)-O5‘], is elucidated. The structural details of the MMI linker, its structural effects on the neighboring residues, and the molecular basis of the MMI effects are examined. The lipophilic N-methyl group of MMI is peripheral to the helix, assuming a conformation that is most stable with regard to the N−O torsion angle. The MMI linker promotes a 3‘-endo conformation for the sugar moieties at both 3‘- and 5‘-adjacent positions and a backbone kink involving distant residues along the 3‘-direction. Comparison of R4 with other analogous hybrid duplexes previously studied in this laboratory reveals a new family of low-energy helical conformations that can be accommodated in stable duplexes and a common feature of C3‘-modified sugars for adopting a C3‘-endo pucker. The results of these studies emphasize the interplay of several factors that govern the f...
Acute lung injury is an independent risk factor for brain hypoxia after severe traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications are frequently observed after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), but little is known about the consequences of lung injury on brain tissue oxygenation and metabolism. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between lung function and brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO 2 ) in patients with severe TBI. METHODS: We analyzed data from 78 patients with severe, nonpenetrating TBI who underwent continuous PbtO 2 and intracranial pressure monitoring. Acute lung injury was defined by the presence of pulmonary infiltrates with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 (PF) ratio less than 300 and the absence of left ventricular failure. A total of 587 simultaneous measurements of PbtO 2 and PF ratio were examined using longitudinal data analysis. RESULTS: PbtO 2 correlated strongly with PaO 2 and PF ratio (P 300 vs 30.2 ± 10.8 mm Hg [PF ratio 200-300], 28.9 ± 9.8 mm Hg [PF ratio 100-199], and 21.1 ± 7.4 mm Hg [PF ratio <100], all P values <.01). After adjusting for intracranial pressure, Marshall computed tomography score, and APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score, acute lung injury was an independent risk factor for compromised PbtO 2 (PbtO 2 <20 mm Hg; adjusted odds ratio: 2.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.77; P <.01). CONCLUSION: After severe TBI, PbtO 2 correlates with PF ratio. Acute lung injury is associated with an increased risk of compromised PbtO 2 , independent from intracerebral and systemic injuries. Our findings support the use of lung-protective strategies to prevent brain hypoxia in TBI patients.
A study of ACTH and CRF in chickens.

Abstract Previous work had demonstrated that chicken pituitaries contained a substance which was able to cause corticosterone synthesis by adrenals in vitro . In the present study chicken pituitary glands were assayed by the adrenal ascorbic acid-depletion method in hypophysectomized rats. It was found that perfect parallelism existed between the doses of 1.5–96.0 μg/100g body weight of chicken adenohypophyses and 0.4–10.0 mU of a standard mammalian ACTH. The data presented show that chicken pituitary glands contain relatively more ACTH than do those of rats. When assayed on hypophysectomized rats, perfect parallelism was demonstrated between extracts of 10, 20, and 40 chicken hypothalamic fragments and 0.4, 2.0, and 10.0 mU of the ACTH standard. Similar data were obtained on intact blocked rats. These results led to the conclusion that chicken hypothalami contain ACTH or an ACTH-like substance. No activity was present in extracts of chicken cerebral cortices which were used as control test substances.
Extension of ArF lithography for poly gate patterning of 65-nm generation and beyond

Due to the existing problems and delay of 157nm lithography tool, extension of the ArF (193nm) lithography process with resolution enhancement techniques (RET) should be considered for the 65nm generation lithography and beyond. The mature double-exposure lithography process based on dark-field alternating phase-shift mask (PSM) is one of the promising RET candidates, which is proven to be one of the production-ready strong phase-shifting techniques for current and future IC generations. In this paper, poly gate patterning with the minimum pitch of 160nm has been demonstrated with high numeric aperture (NA) and small partial coherence of ArF lithography along with a dark-field alternating PSM. For poly gate patterning of 65nm generation, optimum illumination settings are found for minimum pitch of 160nm. Through-pitch common process windows for gates with 65nm after-development-inspection (ADI) critical dimension (CD) at minimum pitch of 160nm can be reached larger than 0.30um depth of focus (DOF), which can be used for 65nm node production. Through-pitch proximity can be compensated by optical proximity correction (OPC). Line edge roughness (LER) can be improved a little by this dark-field alternating PSM technique. LER is found of strong aerial image contrast dependency. Shifter width is also chosen as optimum value to obtain the largest process windows and minimize the phase conflicts. 193nm Hi-NA or liquid immersion lithography is suggested to push the alternating PSM resolution limitation.
Branching Out with Coevolutionary Trees

Coevolution (reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species) is posited as a major mechanism that creates new species. A challenge has been to understand how coevolution has shaped the patterns of relatedness of interacting species and the traits involved in the interaction. Ongoing advances in the field of molecular phylogenetics have opened exciting avenues to examine both ancient and recent coevolutionary processes. Using plant–insect interactions as examples, I review the predictions of a number of coevolutionary models.
Public Art at the Global Crossroads: The Politics of Place in 1930s Los Angeles

The relationship of art to place is pronounced in Los Angeles, a world center for the production and projection of visual culture. The historical pursuit of a unifying civic identity grounded in both the arts and assumptions of white Anglo homogeneity led to a fraught public art history as excluded cultural groups fought for a vital stake in Los Angeles's self-representation. As an era when civic resources were challenged and the Federal Arts Project infused new life into public culture, the decade of the 1930s provides an especially ripe opportunity to examine the clash between a conservative, booster vision of Los Angeles and the city as imagined by foreign, ethnic and immigrant artists. This article focuses on artworks by David Siqueiros, Myer Shaffer, and Sabato Rodia and argues that in trying to project a specific (and narrow) image of Los Angeles globally, civic elites ultimately provoked these artists into fundamentally reinterpreting the local. Localized art meant something valuable and they resisted a flawed and false separation of art from place. In laying bare the significance of local places and local histories, these artists produced, in effect, poignant monuments to radical visions of social equality, economic justice, and cultural diversity.
Effects of sonodynamic and photodynamic treatment on cellular thiol levels

Abstract Exposure of murine leukemia L1210 cells to ultrasound in vitro resulted in cell fragmentation; cells which survived this treatment were 100% viable and showed a transient decrease in intracellular thiol pools (expressed as glutathione equivalents). Depletion of thiol pools became progressively greater with increasing exposure of cells to ultrasound; this was not associated with leakage of thiols into the medium. Biochemically elevating glutathione levels or sonication in the presence of the anti-oxidant trolox offered only a minor degree of protection against sonotoxicity. Photodynamic therapy also resulted in depletion of intracellular thiol levels, and loss of cell viability. In the presence of trolox, both effects were reversed, although elevation of intracellular thiol levels did not protect cells from phototoxicity.
Colostomy of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos): A surgical technique and an assessment of its chronic effects on osmotic balance

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for successful colostomy in the duck. 2. 2. The establishment of patent colostomies requires a strict adherence to an outlined routine of daily post-surgical care; during this period, high plasma corticosterone concentrations and adrenal hypertrophy often occur. 3. 3. Although resting plasma corticosterone concentrations become normal at 3–4 months after surgery, plasma aldosterone concentrations are at this time almost double those found in intact, sham-operated controls. 4. 4. Normal daily intakes of food and water, plasma electrolyte concentrations and cloacal water and electrolyte excretion occur in chronically colostomized birds. 5. 5. Retrograde movement of cloacal urine into the colon does not seem to be essential for the maintenance of steady-state hydro-osmotic balance in freshwater birds.
Phosphorylation of GSK3β is Prognostic for Inferior Survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background: Midostaurin (PKC412) is a FLT3 kinase inhibitor with activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Hypomethylating agents play an important role in the treatment of AML and MDS. We investigated the safety (phase I) and clinical activity (phase II) of combination of 5-azacytidine (AZA) and PKC412 in pts with R/R AML and MDS. Method: Pts 18 years with MDS, CMML or AML, who failed prior therapies with performance status 2, adequate liver (bilirubin 2x ULN, ALT 2.5x ULN) and renal (creatinine 2x ULN) functions were eligible. Pts received AZA 75 mg/m subcutaneously or intravenously for 7 days of each cycle (Days 1-7) and PKC412 at 25 mg (cohort 1) and 50 mg (cohort 2; target dose) orally twice daily for 14 days (Days 8-21). Pts planned to receive up to 12 cycles if benefit from treatment. Supportive care was standard. Results: 14 pts included in phase I. 1 pt was inevaluable for DLT (withdrawal before completing cycle#1). 6 pts treated in cohort 1 and 7 in cohort 2. 1 pt in cohort 2 received PKC412 dose as per cohort 1 dose by pt error. Pt characteristics and responses are summarized in table 1. The overall response rate (ORR) was 3/13(21%) 2 with CRi, 1 pt dropped BM blasts form 27% to 7% after 2 cycles and went to transplant. 1/4 with FLT3-ITD achieved CRi, 2 of the non-responders received prior FLT3 inhibitors (1 had developed FLT3 D835). All toxicities were grade 1 (nausea 1 pt, vomiting 1 pt, dry skin 1 pt, and rash 1 pt) with no difference between the 2 groups. No DLT was identified. Conclusion: PKC412+AZA is safe and well tolerated at the intended doses with good ORR in high risk pts with R/R AML. Phase II study is enrolling pts with FLT3-ITD. Updated result will be presented. Table 1 Patients Characteristics and Responses Parameter
Stress Urinary Incontinence: Relative Importance of Urethral Support and Urethral Closure Pressure

Purpose: Treatment strategies for stress incontinence are based on the concept that urethral mobility is the predominant causal factor with sphincter function a secondary contributor. To our knowledge the relative importance of these 2 factors has not been assessed in properly controlled studies.Materials and Methods: The Research on Stress Incontinence Etiology project is a case-control study that compared 103 women with stress incontinence and 108 asymptomatic controls in groups matched for age, race, parity and hysterectomy. Urethral closure pressure, urethral and pelvic organ support, levator ani muscle function and intravesical pressure were measured and analyzed using logistic regression and multivariable modeling.Results: Mean ± SD maximal urethral closure pressure was 42% lower in cases (40.8 ± 17.1 vs 70.2 ± 22.4 cm H2O, d = 1.47). Lesser effect sizes were seen for support parameters, including resting urethral axis and urethrovaginal support (d = 0.41 and 0.50, respectively). Other pelvic floor ...
On the use of minor rules in Russian phonology

Although this paper deals with Russian phonology, our aim is not to describe in detail any part of the phonological component of Russian (cf. Lightner, 1966 and forthcoming); rather, we are concerned here with demonstrating the explanatory adequacy of a modified framework of generative phonology.
The role of cyclic AMP in the control of liver metabolism.

Abstract 1. 1.|Gluconeogenesis from lactate in the perfused liver is stimulated by blood levels of glucagon and high levels of catecholamines. This effect of the hormones appears to be mediated by cyclic AMP. The changes in intermediary metabolites produced by the hormones or cyclic AMP with lactate or amino acids as substrate are consistent with the activation of a reaction or reactions between pyruvate and P-pyruvate in the gluconeogenic pathway. The absence of any effect of glucagon on glucose or lactate formation from fructose suggests that cyclic AMP does not produce any significant effect on reactions between triose-P and glucose or on the conversion of P-pyruvate to pyruvate. 2. 2.|Gluconeogenesis appears to be as sensitive as glycogenolysis to stimulation by glucagon, catecholamines and cyclic AMP. The nucleotide mimics the actions of the hormones on urea production and K + release by the perfused liver. 3. 3.|The accumulation of cyclic AMP in the liver is promoted by much lower levels of glucagon than catecholamines and the maximum cyclic AMP concentration with glucagon is 20 to 30 fold higher than that with epinephrine. Isopropyl norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis and cyclic AMP formation in the liver and the effects of epinephrine are blocked by pronethalol. The liver receptors therefore appear to resemble β-adrenergic receptors more closely than α-receptors. 4. 4.|Insulin deficiency produced by anti-insulin serum or alloxan causes an elevation of the liver cyclic AMP level in vivo which can be reversed by insulin treatment. Perfused livers from antiserum-treated rats also show an increase in cyclic AMP and this probably accounts for the increased rates of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, urea production and K + release. 5. 5.|Insulin added to the perfusion medium reverses the effects of antiserum treatment. It also inhibits many processes in normal livers which are stimulated by cyclic AMP and it antagonizes the actions of glucagon and epinephrine on glucose output. It lowers the level of cyclic AMP in normal livers and in those treated with glucagon or obtained from rats injected with antiserum. 6. 6.|Adrenal glucocorticoids are required for a normal effect of glucagon on lactate gluconeogenesis. They appear to exert a permissive action by increasing the sensitivity of a reaction or reactions in gluconeogenesis to activation by cyclic AMP.
Genetic Deletion of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p60 or p80 Sensitizes Macrophages to Lipopolysaccharide-induced Nuclear Factor-κB, Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases, and Apoptosis

Whether deletion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 or 2 affects lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated signaling is not understood. In this report, we used macrophages derived from wild type (wt) mice and from mice null for the type 1 receptor (p60–/–), the type 2 receptor (p80–/–), or both (p60–/– p80–/–) to investigate the effect of these receptors on LPS-mediated activation of NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and apoptosis. LPS activated NF-κB by 3–4-fold in wt cells but by 9–10-fold in p60–/–, p80–/–, and p60–/– p80–/– macrophages. These results correlated with the IκBα kinase activation, which is needed for NF-κB activation. LPS-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase proteins and NO production were maximum in p60–/– p80–/– macrophages and minimum in wt cells. LPS activated C-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in wt cells, but the levels were much higher in p60–/–, p80–/–, and p60–/– p80–/– cells. LPS-induced cytotoxicity, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and annexin V staining were also highest in p60–/– p80–/– cells and lowest in wt cells. The difference in LPS signaling was unrelated to the expression of LPS receptors, CD14, or toll-like receptor 4. Overall, our studies indicate that deletion of either of the TNF receptors sensitizes the macrophages to LPS and provide evidence for cross-talk between TNF and LPS signaling.
Two widely used RSK inhibitors, BI-D1870 and SL0101, alter mTORC1 signaling in a RSK-independent manner

The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are effectors of the Ras-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. RSK signaling controls proliferation and protein synthesis, and is altered in several types of tumors. BI-D1870 and SL0101 are two widely used inhibitors of RSK. After revision of the literature, discrepancies in the effects of the inhibitors were identified. Herein we report that while SL0101 inhibited mTORC1-p70S6K signaling, BI-D1870 increased p70S6K activation. Both effects were independent of ERK1/2 and RSK, and thus nonspecific. We also demonstrated how these opposite nonspecific effects mislead the identification of the RSK-dependent phosphorylation of rpS6 (S235/236), a known RSK and p70S6K substrate. Phosphorylation of tuberin at S1798 by RSK was proposed to mediate ERK1/2-dependent activation of mTORC1-p70S6K signaling. In glioblastoma-derived cells, phosphorylation of tuberin was abolished after RSK depletion or ERK1/2 inhibition, suggesting that RSK is its main kinase. However, RSK depletion did not reduce PMA-dependent p70S6K phosphorylation, which suggests that tuberin phosphorylation at S1798 is not the main mediator of ERK1/2-dependent activation of mTORC1. Remarkably, tuberin phosphorylation (S1798) followed the activation status of RSK in different cells and experimental conditions, suggesting that phosphorylation of that residue could be used as readout for RSK activation in cells. We confirmed the difference in the effects of SL0101 and BI-D1870 in cellular proliferation assays. Rapamycin potentiated the inhibition of proliferation induced by BI-D1870, but not by SL0101. We thus conclude that SL0101 and BI-D1870 induce distinct off-target effects in mTORC1-p70S6K signaling, and thus, the functions previously ascribed to RSK based on these inhibitors should be reassessed.
Cluster Analysis of Spatiotemporal Corn Yield Patterns in an Iowa Field

Crop yields are frequently heterogeneous across space and time. We performed this study to determine if cluster analysis could be used to decipher the temporal and spatial patterns of corn (Zea mays L.) yield within a field. Nonhierarchal cluster analysis was applied to 6 yr of corn yield data collected for 224 yield plots on a regular grid on the southern half of a 32-ha field. We were able to group the yield observations into five temporal yield patterns or clusters. The clusters were not randomly distributed across the field but instead formed contiguous areas roughly equivalent to landscape positions. Cluster membership was determined primarily by yield differences in years with growing season precipitation greater than the 40-yr average. A multiple discriminant analysis was used to predict the spatial occurrence of the clusters from easily determined field attributes: soil electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, and plan and profile curvature. The multiple discriminant functions were unable to distinguish between the two clusters located on the lowest portions of the landscape. Because of similar temporal yield patterns in these two clusters, they were combined and the multiple discriminant analysis repeated for four clusters. Using a holdout sample approach, we achieved 76 and 80% success rates in classifying the yield plots into the correct yield clusters. If response curves for inputs such as N prove to be unique for the different yield clusters, then clustering of multiple-year yield data may prove an effective method for determining management zones within fields.
Do the Giemsa-banding patterns of chromosomes change during embryonic development?

Abstract To investigate the possibility that the chromosomal banding patterns might change during embryonic development, the chromosomes from mouse blastocysts and late embryonic fibroblast cells were examined using the trypsin technique of Giemsa banding. No differences in the banding patterns of the chromosomes from these two stages of development could be recognized.
Precue effects in visual search: data or resource limited?

Precuing an observer as to where a target is more likely to occur in a subsequent visual array can increase the detectability (d′) of a target at that location. This is often attributed to the observer’s increased allocation of some limited cognitive resource (“attention”) to the cued location. Two experiments are reported which are difficult to interpret in this way even though they involve similar cue effects. The first involves postcuing a location well after the array but before the observer responds, so that the cue can influence the response but not the observation. The second involves precuing, but with slow sequential presentation of array elements prior to the response, so the observer need not share any limited resource while processing each element in turn. Enhanced detectability similar to that produced with precues and simultaneous presentation of elements is shown to occur in each experiment. An alternative data-limited (rather than resource-limited) interpretation of these effects is provided by a mathematical model in which the observer integrates equally noisy or degraded internal representations of the array elements, but gives more weight to cued elements in selecting a response. Theoretical parameters of the model are shown to provide separate measures of both an observer’s overall sensitivity and precue effects in cost-benefit analyses of cuing data.
Does Korea Trace Japan's Footsteps? A Macroeconomic Appraisal

SUMMARY Korean economic growth is often believed to be patterned after Japan's. There are, however, as many differences as there are similarities between the two. From time-series analyses and estimation of various macroeconomic functions, this study has found that the two are significantly different in (1) initial development conditions, (2) socio-political environment, (3) the role of defense spending, (4) the labor demand and supply, (5) the world's trade conditions, (6) behavior toward risk and uncertainty, (7) the role of foreign savings, among others. To give a meaningful lesson to other LDCs, this study suggests that the time has come for development economists to scrutinize the economic growth of Korea in order to identify the true contributing factors to such an economic success. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Oft wird postuliert, dass die okonomische Entwicklung Koreas nach japanischem Muster verlaufe. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird versucht zu zeigen, dass aber ebensoviele unterschiedliche wie gemeinsame Elemente vorhanden sind. Mit Hilfe von Zeitreihenanalysen und okonometrischen Schatzungen von makrookonomi-schen Zusammenhangen werden Unterschiede gefunden (1) in der ursprunglichen Entwicklungssituation, (2) im sozialpolitischen Umfeld, (3) im Umfang der Rustungs-ausgaben, (4) in der Arbeitsmarktlage, (5) in der Aussenhandelssituation, (6) im Verhalten gegenuber Risiko und Unsicherheit und (7) im Ausmass auslandischer Ersparnisse. Die Analyse des koreanischen Wirtschaftswachstums und seiner Ursa-chen kann auch fur andere wenig entwickelte Lander nutzlich sein. RESUME On croit souvent que la croissance economique de la Coree est une replique de celle du Japon. En fait, il y a, entre elles deux, autant de ressemblances que de differences. A partir ď analyses de series chronologiques et grace aľ estimation de plusieurs fonctions macroeconomiques, cette etude montre que les deux croissances sont significativernent differentes, au moins dans les domaines suivants: (1) conditions initiales du developpement; (2) environnement socio-politique; (3) role du budget de la defense; (4) marche du travail; (5) conditions du commerce international; (6) comportement envers le risque et ľincertitude; (7) role de ľepargne etrangere. Pour aider ďautres P.V.D., cette etude suggere enfin aux economistes du developpement ďaccorder plus ď attention a la croissance economique de la Coree, afin ďintensifier les vrais facteurs de ce succes economique.
New directions in immunosuppression after heart transplantation

Heart transplantation has evolved into the treatment of choice for eligible patients with end-stage heart failure. Effective immunosuppression is critical to the success of this treatment, with the modern era beginning with the advent of cyclosporin A in the 1980s. In this Perspectives article, the major prospective, randomized trials of immunosuppression after heart transplantation are briefly reviewed. These trials provided the setting for the 2011 TICTAC trial, in which combined immunosuppression was compared with monotherapy. The results of the study are discussed, as are the implications of these data for future research, including the importance of frameworks, the risks and benefits of changes in immunosuppression regimen, the future of funding for such research, and the selection of appropriate end points in trials of heart transplantation. The presupposed need for multidrug immunosuppression is challenged, and the potential efficacy and benefits of monotherapy are explored.
Who are Latino prospective teachers and what do they bring to US schools

In this article, the authors draw on life‐history methods to investigate the family, school, university, and teacher education experiences of three Latino teacher candidates in a large, midwestern, research‐oriented university in the United States. They show how in university social experiences and in teacher education classes and field experiences, these young men often felt misinterpreted in interactions with white females in particular. Also evident is their strong desire to make personal connections with youth and families they teach. The authors offer suggestions for how teacher educators can be more responsive to prospective male elementary teachers and teacher candidates of color.
Fall in Pressure in Radial Artery during Reactive Hyperemia

Under conditions of rapid flow, the arterial bed between the aorta and radial artery offers an appreciable resistance to flow. During reactive hyperemia in normal subjects, approximately 30 per cent of the energy of pressure may be lost between the aorta and radial artery. Hypertension produced in normal subjects by infusion of levarterenol increases the gradient in pressure during reactive hyperemia between the aorta and radial artery. Hypertension in patients with hypertensive disease does not increase the gradient during reactive hyperemia beyond that which is produced in normal subjects.
Right vs. left hemispheric blood-brain barrier permeability in schizophrenia: A dynamic computed tomographic study

Abstract Dynamic computerized tomographic brain scanning was used to make determinations of mean cerebral tissue nonenhanced density and contrast-enhanced density in 10 bilateral brain regions in 10 psychotic subjects. Asymmetry of both nonenhanced and contrast-enhanced density was observed; left regional nonenhanced values were higher than right, whereas contrast-enhanced density values were higher on the right than on the left. No significant differences were observed in arterial mean transit time (AMTT) between right and left middle cerebral artery branches or in capillary or tissue mean transit time (CMTT) in the middle temporal cortex. However, corrected CMTT (CCMTT), i.e., CMTT minus AMTT, amy have been prolonged in five subjects either on the left or right, or in both homologous regions. Only 2 of 10 subjects exhibited anterior-posterior (AP) gradients that resembled to some extent the hyperfrontal pattern reported in normal subjects by other investigators with different techniques.
Is exposure to e-cigarette communication associated with perceived harms of e-cigarette secondhand vapour? Results from a national survey of US adults.

Objectives E-cigarettes are frequently advertised and portrayed in the media as less harmful compared with regular cigarettes. Earlier surveys reported public perceptions of harms to people using e-cigarettes; however, public perceptions of harms from exposure to secondhand vapour (SHV) have not been studied. We examined associations between self-reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising, media coverage, and interpersonal discussion and perceived harms of SHV. Design Observational study. Setting National online sample of US adults aged ≥18 years. Participants 1449 US adults (mean age 49.5 years), 51.3% female, 76.6% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 7.5% African-American, 10.0% Hispanic and 5.9% other races. Outcomes Perceived harm measures included (1) harmfulness of SHV to one9s health, (2) concern about health impact of breathing SHV and (3) comparative harm of SHV versus secondhand smoke (SHS). Predictors were (1) self-reported frequency of exposure to e-cigarette advertising, media coverage and interpersonal discussion (close friends or family) and (2) perceived valence of exposure from each source. Covariates were demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking status and e-cigarette use, and were weighted to the general US adult population. Results More frequent interpersonal discussion was associated with lower perceived harmfulness of SHV to one9s health and lower perceived comparative harm of SHV versus SHS. Frequency of e-cigarette ad and other media exposure were not significant predictors. Perceived negative valence of ad exposure and interpersonal discussion (vs no exposure) was associated with higher perceived harm across all three outcomes, while negative valence of media coverage was associated with higher concern about health impact of breathing SHV. Perceived positive valence (vs no exposure) of interpersonal discussion was associated with lower perceived harm across all three outcomes about health impact of breathing SHV. Conclusions Exposure to information about e-cigarettes through advertising, media coverage and interpersonal discussion could play a role in shaping public perceptions of the harmfulness of SHV.
Kinetics of crystal nucleation and growth in Pd(40)Ni(40)P(20) glass

Samples of Pd(40)Ni(40)P(20) glass, produced by cooling the melt at 1 or 800 K/s, are heated in a differential scanning calorimeter to determine the crystallization kinetics. Optical microscopy shows that eutectic crystallization proceeds both by growth from the surface of the samples and by the growth of spherical regions around preexisting nuclei in the interior. A modified Kissinger (1957) analysis is used to obtain the activation energy for crystal growth (3.49 eV). The steady state homogeneous nucleation frequency at 590 K is about 10 million/cu m per sec. This is estimated to be the maximum nucleation frequency: it is too low to account for the observed population of quenched-in nuclei, which are therefore presumed to be heterogeneous. The major practical obstacle to glass formation in this system is heterogeneous nucleation.
A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders.

There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that antidepressant treatment reverses or blocks the effects of stress. Decreased levels of BDNF, as well as other neruotrophic factors, could contribute to the atrophy of certain limbic structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that has been observed in depressed subjects. Conversely, the neurotrophic actions of antidepressants could reverse neuronal atrophy and cell loss and thereby contribute to the therapeutic actions of these treatments. This review provides a critical examination of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression that has evolved from this work, including analysis of preclinical cellular (adult neurogenesis) and behavioral models of depression and antidepressant actions, as well as clinical neuroimaging and postmortem studies. Although there are some limitations, the results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased expression of BDNF and possibly other growth factors contributes to depression and that upregulation of BDNF plays a role in the actions of antidepressant treatment.
Control of populations of the coral-feeding nudibranch Phestilla sibogae by fish and crustacean predators

The aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae (Bergh) is a specialist predator on corals of the genus Porites. Predation by this gregarious nudibranch causes extensive damage, ultimately mortal, to colonies of Porites compressa (Dana) kept in laboratory tanks at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. In contrast, individuals of Phestilla sibogae are seldom found on Hawaiian reefs, even in areas of high coral cover by Porites spp., and evidence of predation by Phestilla sibogae, such as feeding scars on corals, is rarely encountered. We tested the hypothesis that predation by coral reef fishes and crustaceans on P. sibogae is an important factor controlling populations of this nudibranch under natural reef conditions. Survival of nudibranchs was determined in the presence and absence of two species of reef fishes, a carnivorous wrasse, Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy and Gaimard), and an omnivorous butterflyfish, Chaetodon auriga (Forsskal). Both species significantly reduced survival of P. sibogae. T. duperrey was a more efficient predator on large (1.5 to 3.0 cm length) than on small (0.7 to 1.4 cm length) nudibranchs, while C. auriga fed equally effectively on both size classes. These differences may be related to foraging behavior of the fish. Four species of crustaceans were found in abundance within colonies of Porites compressa, and fed readily on small nudibranchs. The largest and most abundant of these species, the xanthid crab Phymodius monticulosus, also consumed large nudibranchs. This combination of predation by fishes outside the coral colony and by crustaceans inside the coral colony may control populations of Phestilla sibogae. At low population densities, P. sibogae does not inflict excessive damage on its coral prey. In the absence of predators, P. sibogae populations have the potential to explode, resulting in extensive damage and mortality of coral colonies.
Revenue Motives and Trade Liberalization

Governments in more-developed economies partially compensate import-competing industries when world prices fall, i.e., they lean against the wind. Less-developed economies often liberalize in response to the same shock. We use a political-support maximization model with revenue motives to derive conditions under which a rational policymaker would respond to lower woild prices by reducing tariff protection for an import-competing industry. An initial tariff that exceeds the maximum revenue level proves necessary but not sufficient for politically optimal liberalization following a fall in the world price of the importable good.
Limited movement of freshwater mussel fish hosts in a southern US river

Organisms that live in flowing water need to compensate for downstream displacement. Mobile animals can compensate for displacement by actively swimming or crawling upstream, while sedentary animals need other means to retain their position. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae) have limited movement as adults, and juveniles drift downstream after excystment from their host. Mussel larvae are ectoparasites on fish, and it has been assumed that fish move larvae back upstream; however, this has not been tested experimentally. We hypothesized that fish served as dispersal agents, and that fish movement had an upstream bias to compensate for displacement of mussels by drift. We conducted a mark-and-recapture study of host fish in four 100-m reaches of the Little River, OK, USA, in the summer of 2011. Our study took place during a drought, and overall captures decreased with decreasing discharge, likely because fish moved out of their home ranges into deeper pools. Most recaptured fishes were centrarchids, and most recaptures occurred within 20 m of initial capture transects. While most moved <20 m, when fish did move to longer distances, they moved more upstream than downstream, allowing mussels to compensate for displacement.
From Yang and Yin to and or but in Cross Cultural Perspective

Abstract Ancient Chinese metaphysics, as recorded some 4000 years ago in I Ching, the Book of Changes, expresses three fundamental characteristics of human thinking: (1) bipolar organization of the dimensions of cognitions; (2) attributions of positive polarity to the Yang pole and negative to the Yin; (3) parallelism in the orientation of the dimensions in terms of underlying Positiveness/Negativeness. In this paper, eight postulates governing the dynamics of interactions among cognitions are presented, utilizing both linguistic and psychological evidence, These postulates are used to predict the performance of native speakers of 12 languages - American English, Belgian Flemish, Swedish, Finnish, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Iranian Farsi, Hindi, Malaysian, Thai and Japanese - on a simple cognitive task: the insertion of their equivalents otand vs. but in the conjunction of pairs of familiar adjectives, X is ADJt —ADJ2 (e.g., X is tail BUT weak). The comparably measured affective meanings of the p...
Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales ) of the Greater Antilles: Hygrocybe subgenus Pseudohygrocybe section Firmae

A key to 13 species in the genus Hygrocybe subgenus Pseudohygrocybe section Firmae is provided for the Greater Antilles. Seven new species and one species that is a new report for the Greater Antilles are described. The new species are H. brunneosquamosa, H. cinereofirma, H. flavocampanulata, H. laboyi, H. miniatofirma, H. neafirma and H. olivaceofirma. The new report is H. trinitensis.
Planning with Recursive Subgoals

In this paper, we introduce an effective strategy for subgoal division and ordering based upon recursive subgoals and combine this strategy with a genetic-based planning approach. This strategy can be applied to domains with conjunctive goals. The main idea is to recursively decompose a goal into a set of serializable subgoals and to specify a strict ordering among the subgoals. Empirical results show that the recursive subgoal strategy reduces the size of the search space and improves the quality of solutions to planning problems.
Communicating healthcare through forum theater: egalitarian information exchange in Burkina Faso

Development support communication currently employs mass media to transfer information to project beneficiairies The techniques employed are usually based on Western marketing theory, and the media used are often inappropriate. Traditional cultural forms of communication might be better employed to include people in decision making, by eliciting feedback, and engaging in dialogue. One such cultural form is performance. usually employed in schooling the young in the ways of the people. In Burkina Faso, a type of performance known as forum theater is used successfully for communicating new ideas to rural people who are accustomed to this more personal interaction as a way to solve community problems. Examining some of the theories of culture and performance, this article offers some insight into a form of communication which up till recently has not been considered by many development programs.