cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbit plane control strategies for inclined geosynchronous satellite constellation

The dynamics and control of the motion of the orbit planes of a constellation of five satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits are analyzed. Orbit maintenance strategies that confine each individual orbit inclination within a predefined tolerance deadband are designed using fast analytic orbit prediction approximations, as well as more exacting numerically integrated solutions. The initial orbit inclination of each satellite is chosen optimally within the tolerance band such that each satellite orbit remains confined within the limits of the band for the longest possible time before an inclination adjust maneuver is carried out. The total A V required by each satellite over the constellation lifetime is, thus, rapidly determined, and the ideal initial nodes of the initially evenly spaced orbit planes that result in the minimum total AV accumulated by all five satellites are established. This total A V is also shown to be dependent on the ecliptic node of the lunar orbit within its 18.6-year regression cycle. A more elaborate scheme that maintains the orbit planes evenly spaced at the equator by controlling each satellite node is also depicted analytically, to optimize the initial nodal configuration that minimizes the total accumulated AV of all five satellites over the constellation lifetime. Nomenclature iM = ecliptic inclination of the lunar orbit im = equatorial inclination of the lunar orbit *max = maximum orbit inclination *min = minimum orbit inclination is = sun's apparent orbit equatorial inclination i* - wedge angle between premaneuver and postmaneuver orbits /z = Earth second zonal harmonic, 1.0827 x 10~ 3 n = satellite orbit mean motion nm = lunar orbit mean motion, 0.23 rad/day rcy = apparent solar orbit mean motion, 0.017203 rad/day R = perturbing function due to /2 and lunisolar gravity Re = Earth equatorial radius, 6378.14 km IJL = ratio of the mass of the moon to the combined masses of the Earth and the moon, 1/82.3 (jie = Earth gravity constant, 398,601.3 kmVs2 ftM = ecliptic ascending node of the lunar orbit ftm = right ascension of the ascending node of the lunar orbit
An integrative learning experience within a mathematics curriculum

We developed four separate scenarios focusing on the connections between mathematics, biology, and social sciences. This structure facilitated the coordination of faculty from seven academic departments on campus. Each scenario had students from different majors build mathematical models, gather information from their respective disciplines, and develop a final presentation that included a committee consensus on how to approach the problem in a practical way. As a result, students learned how mathematics plays a role in other disciplines and how insight from different points of view affects the approach taken to a complex problem.
Differential induction of PPAR-γ by luminal glutamine and iNOS by luminal arginine in the rodent postischemic small bowel

Using a rodent model of gut ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), we have previously shown that the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is harmful, whereas the induction of heme oxygenase 1 (...
Narratives in Oncology

The importance of personal narratives in stimulating conversation and facilitating lifelong learning is stressed. A call for narratives in oncology is presented.
Interactive recognition and representation of functionality

Abstract Functionality of an object defines its applicability to a task, In this paper, we introduce a representation for functionality and present a methodology for its recovery. In addition, we introduce force-shape maps as means to integrate and classify the recovered functionality, Since functionality describes an interaction, the representation for an object must include not only its intrinsic (material) but also its functional (how it is used) properties. In order to recover the functionality of an object, we have developed a formalism based on discrete event system theory and on the paradigm of active perception. This formalism allows us to express an investigating task in the form of a finite automaton for controlling and observing the interactions in our task. Our current investigation focuses on manipulatory interactions, and thus far, the functionality of piercing. We envision an expandable system having at its disposal a score of investigative procedures and through them to be able to classify and recognize an object based on its functional attributes.
Lack of Descensus

Methods for overcoming the obstacle of uterine enlargement when performing a vaginal hysterectomy were discussed in Chapter 5. Another significant obstacle to the vaginal approach is a significant lack of uterine descensus. Many other anatomic factors play an important role in the feasibility of vaginal hysterectomy. With experience and good judgment, the surgeon is usually able to select patients for vaginal hysterectomy in whom a relative lack of descensus can be readily overcome. Some operative techniques are described that help the surgeon obtain access to the more superiorly placed pedicles encountered with these uteri. Access to the ovarian pedicles is not necessarily as difficulty and they should be approached on an individual basis as is discussed.
Secure locally repairable codes for distributed storage systems

This paper presents coding schemes for distributed storage systems (DSS) that are secure against eavesdroppers, while simultaneously enabling efficient node repair (regeneration). Towards this, novel upper bounds on secrecy capacity for minimum storage regenerating (MSR) codes and locally repairable codes (LRCs) are derived. The eavesdropper model considered in this paper incorporates the ability to listen in on data downloaded during l2 node repairs in addition to content stored on l1 nodes. Finally, this paper presents coding schemes, based on precoding using Gabidulin codes, that achieve the upper bounds on secrecy capacity and characterize the secrecy capacity of DSS for various settings of system parameters.
Entamoeba invadens: the requirement for galactose ligands during encystment.

Abstract During periods of stress, trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens (strain IP-1) undergo a process of differentiation (encystment) that results in a dormant cyst with a chitin-containing cyst wall. Encystment can be induced by resuspension of trophozoites from growth medium into a diluted glucose-free medium (47% LG) containing 5% adult bovine serum (ABS). ABS is thought to be a source of gal-terminated ligands that are required for high levels of encystment. After resuspension of trophozoites in 47% LG, encystment cultures were examined every 2 h for responses to the (i) addition of 10 mM free-galactose, (ii) resuspension of cells to serum-free medium, (iii) and dilution of encysting cultures to cell densities below that known to support full encystment (from 5 × 10 5 to 1 × 10 4 cells/ml). The role of serum components (and the gal-terminated ligand asialofetuin; ASF) adsorbed onto the surface upon which encystment proceeds, and their effect on the multi-cellular aggregation patterns formed during encystment, were also investigated. The addition of free-galactose reduced the levels of encystment (compared with the control) even when added at 10 h after resuspension of trophozoites in 47% LG. The requirement for the presence of ABS during encystment was lost within 6 h, with levels of encystment of cells washed free of serum reaching 80% of the control. The ability of cells to encyst when diluted to a cell density below that normally thought to support encystment reached over 50% by 8 h. Efficient encystment could be obtained in 47% LG in the absence of ABS or ASF using pre-treated glass culture tubes. Encystment (47% LG; 5% ABS) using ultra low attachment plates was poor, suggesting attachment of cells to a surface via gal-terminated ligands was important for efficient encystment. The results suggest that ABS is probably not the only source of gal-terminated ligands necessary for high levels of encystment in 47% LG. While serum may provide a source of ligands which enhance the levels of encystment initially, other gal-terminated ligands possibly released by the encysting cells are still required for the completion of the encystment process and the formation of mature cysts. In addition, the gal-terminated ligands necessary for encystment efficiency may be adsorbed onto the glass surface of culture tubes and aid the initial aggregation process, as well as be involved in cell signaling during the encystment process.
Evaluating Adaptive Divergence Between Migratory and Nonmigratory Ecotypes of a Salmonid Fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Next-generation sequencing and the application of population genomic and association approaches have made it possible to detect selection and unravel the genetic basis to variable phenotypic traits. The use of these two approaches in parallel is especially attractive in nonmodel organisms that lack a sequenced and annotated genome, but only works well when population structure is not confounded with the phenotype of interest. Herein, we use population genomics in a nonmodel fish species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to better understand adaptive divergence between migratory and nonmigratory ecotypes and to further our understanding about the genetic basis of migration. Restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) tag sequencing was used to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in migrant and resident O. mykiss from two systems, one in Alaska and the other in Oregon. A total of 7920 and 6755 SNPs met filtering criteria in the Alaska and Oregon data sets, respectively. Population genetic tests determined that 1423 SNPs were candidates for selection when loci were compared between resident and migrant samples. Previous linkage mapping studies that used RAD DNA tag SNPs were available to determine the position of 1990 markers. Several significant SNPs are located in genome regions that contain quantitative trait loci for migratory-related traits, reinforcing the importance of these regions in the genetic basis of migration/residency. Annotation of genome regions linked to significant SNPs revealed genes involved in processes known to be important in migration (such as osmoregulatory function). This study adds to our growing knowledge on adaptive divergence between migratory and nonmigratory ecotypes of this species; across studies, this complex trait appears to be controlled by many loci of small effect, with some in common, but many loci not shared between populations studied.
The metabolic activity of bursal and thymic cells.

The O2 uptake of thymic and bursal lymphocytes from large bursa line, (LBL) and small bursa line (SBL) birds was studied in vitro. The O2 consumption of bursa and thymus cells significantly increased from 10-15 weeks of age. With the exception of the 13th week, the O2 consumption was significantly greater for the bursa cells from the LB line. Thymic cells were not affected by sera treatment.Birds were injected 2X a day beginning at hatch for 4 days with 7.5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) or cortisone acetate (CA), 2.5 mg TP or CA, and the carrier solution. The O2 consumption increased at different rates over a 35 day period for the TP and CA groups. Our data suggest TP may increase the metabolism of lymphoid cells, CA does not stimulate directly O2 consumption of bursa cells, and cells reseeding the bursa are metabolically active cells.
End-Stage Renal Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Systemic Manifestations and Exercise Implications

In 1994, an estimated 12 million Americans had diabetes, and that number increased to 16 million in 1999.1–4 It is now estimated that 17 million people have diabetes.5 The United States has demonstrated a 12% increase in prevalence of people with diabetes in the last decade.6 The prevalence has doubled among African Americans, tripled among Hispanic Americans, and also increased among Native Americans.7 In addition, approximately 1,800 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each day, or approximately 655,000 new cases each year.4 According to Clark and Clark, “we are in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes affecting an estimated 110 million people worldwide.”2(p330) Furthermore, the number of people with diabetes is expected to double during the next 2 decades as a result of many countries embracing a Western lifestyle that usually includes decreased physical activity and increased obesity.8,9 Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset or non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, comprises 90% of all cases of diabetes and has a slow and insidious onset.9–11 According to Ludwig and Ebbeling,12 however, age may no longer be a factor when distinguishing between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There is an increase in the number of children currently being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, which is most likely a result of an increase in obesity among children. In type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is normal or increased. The target cells in the body, however, are less sensitive to insulin, and, therefore, the cells cannot effectively utilize glucose for energy. Long-term obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, as 80% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are considered to be obese, having a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 …
Experimental dysfibrinogenemia: in vivo studies with arvin.

Arvin (a fraction of the venom of the Malayan pit viper Ancistrodon rhodostoma ) induces a transitory state of unclottability, during which the fibrinogen cannot be measured by thrombin-dependent methods. However, by immunoelectrophoresis, two main derivatives can be detected. One of these fractions polymerizes upon increasing the ionic strength of the milieu, depicting then a periodicity of 178 A.
Development of Graphical User Interfaces to Improve Human Design Proficiency for Complex Multi-Level Biosystems

Complex systems are challenging to design, particularly because of multi-level organizations that lead to non-obvious relationships among design components. One aspect of that challenge is how to effectively present complex information to the user for systems with multiple levels of organization. Two contrasting design graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were developed to aid multi-level biosystem design: a GUI with feedback via performance charts that emphasized learning of parametric relationships, and a GUI with feedback via agent-based animations that emphasized learning of inter-level causalities. The effectiveness of these interfaces is compared through assessing the design proficiency of human users for optimization design tasks. Results from user interactions with the interfaces demonstrated that users with both interfaces improved on pre-/post-learning design tasks, and users that demonstrated an understanding of inter-level causal relationships had greater improvement. However, only users with the animations interface tended to learn inter-level causal relationships. All users were then presented contrasting animations of systems with opposing emergent system behaviors, resulting in many more participants demonstrating an understanding of inter-level causal behaviors. These findings reveal the usefulness of interactive software tools for supporting engineers in overcoming challenges of complex systems design. Particularly, that successful design of complex systems requires unique reasoning skills that are informed by knowing how system components relate across levels, and specialized interfaces with animations provide information necessary for the learning these relationships.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Leucovorin as a prodrug.

To exert its antitumor effects, leucovorin must ultimately become activated by conversion to CH2FH4.* Elevation of this reduced folate cofactor stabilizes the inhibitory ternary complex formed between the FU active metabolite, FdUMP and thymidylate synthase, resulting in suppression of DNA synthesis or repair.1–4 It has been demonstrated both in animal models5 and in humans6 that administration of leucovorin results in intratumor elevation of CH2FH4 and the closely related reduced folate, FH4. However, precisely when and where the metabolic activity causing this elevation occurs remains in question. Further, while enzyme activities have been reported7–9 that could sustain the interconversions shown below, the precise metabolic pathways used have not been defined.
IRMOF Thin Films Templated by Oriented Zinc Oxide Nanowires

We present a new method in the synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF) thin films using zinc oxide nanowires as the substrate. This facile method involves growing zinc oxide nanowires on a substrate (glass, transparent conducting oxide glass, Si wafer), followed by immersing the nanowire substrate in an iso-reticular metal–organic framework (IRMOF) precursor solution. The resulting 25 μm thick film is highly crystalline and covers the entire substrate. Growth of the IRMOF on the nanowire substrate allows for the film to be used in potential applications in sensing, membranes, photovoltaics, catalysis, and gas storage. We have also successfully used microwaves to rapidly produce these films with comparable film quality to our original method.
Solv-ccCA: Implicit Solvation and the Correlation Consistent Composite Approach for the Determination of pKa

Direct theoretical methods are advantageous for the prediction of pKa, as relative methods rely upon the experimental values of reference acid molecules that can limit application of the method to well-characterized systems. Here, a direct route is introduced, which incorporates the SMD universal solvation model1 within the correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA). This Solv-ccCA methodology has been used for the prediction of theoretical pKa values for nitrogen-containing species to within a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 1.0 pKa unit from experimental values by utilizing a thermodynamic cycle that combines gas-phase and solution-phase calculations. Several density functionals, including B3LYP, B97-1, B97-2, B98, BMK, M06, and M06-2X, were also evaluated for use with SMD and for comparison to Solv-ccCA.
Wind-Guided Landing and Search Behavior in Fleshflies and Blowflies Exploiting a Resource Patch (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae)

The methods used by sarcophagid and calliphorid flies to locate and utilize an ephemeral resource were studied in the field. Their arrival sequences and orientation to an odorous food source on a vertical arena were examined. The first flies arrived at a feeding site soon after a resource became available, and subsequent flies followed rapidly. Sarcophagids tended to arrive before calliphorids. Smaller muscids and chloropids were the last to leave the patch, which indicates a size-based sequence of resource use among flies. The time required by flies to walk to the resource after they had landed nearby decreased significantly as the number of flies increased. This suggests that visual orientation to a group of other flies, in addition to olfactory orientation, improved resource localization. Trials were made with and without wind blowing across the resource. In the wind, flies approached using anemotaxis, landed downwind of the food source, and then walked upwind toward the resource. While walking, anemotactic orientation was more direct and more rapid than was nonanemotactic orientation.
AAN Epilepsy Quality Measures: Electronic Medical Record Documentation of Folic Acid and Contraceptive Method Use in Women of Childbearing Age Taking Valproic Acid Referred for Electroencephalography (PD4.001)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if women of childbearing potential taking valproic acid at the time of an outpatient EEG have electronic medical record (EMR) documentation of contraception and folic acid supplementation (FAS). BACKGROUND: Valproic acid (VPA) carries a higher risk of fetal malformations than other antiepileptic (AED) medications. Women of childbearing potential while taking VPA may need counseling, contraception and should take FAS. Using the EMR may be one way to monitor if care of these women is adequate. DESIGN/METHODS: Outpatient EEGs in 2 University of Texas Southwestern hospitals and Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas Texas recorded from 1-1-2010 to 10-15-2012 were reviewed (6884 records). Included in this study were women taking VPA who were born between 1-1-1968 and 1-1-1996. The EMR was reviewed for use of contraception and/or folic acid at the time of the EEG. If surgically sterilized, no FAS was required for appropriate care. Abstinence was considered a form of contraception, but FAS was considered necessary in such cases or in cases with other forms of contraception. Notes near the time of the EEG were reviewed for evidence of counseling about VPA risks. RESULTS: There were 76 EEGs in 53 women taking VPA at the time of their EEG. 31/53 women were appropriate with FAS and 36/53 had EMR documented medical/surgical contraception or abstinence. Overall, 25/53 (47%) of women taking VPA had both adequate contraception and appropriate FAS. CONCLUSIONS: AAN Epilepsy Quality Measures ( Neurology ® 2011;76:94–99) recommend that women 12-44 years of age be counseled about antiepileptic drug treatment effects on contraception and pregnancy. This study of women on VPA presenting to a large multi-hospital EEG laboratory showed that there is room for improvement in documenting appropriate care. While it is possible that women were counseled or treated with contraception or FAS, without documentation, the AAN Epilepsy Quality Measure was unmet. Disclosure: Dr. Van Ness has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Archives of Neurology editorial board. Dr. Van Ness has received research support from NeuroPace, UCB Pharma & Sunovian Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hays has nothing to disclose. Dr. Agostini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Modur has received research support from UCB, Upsher-Smith and Eisai.
CT Features of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Complicated with Infection in Children

Objective To evaluate the CT features of thyroglossal duct cyst(TGDC)complicated with infection,and to improve the diagnosis.Methods The CT features of 42 cases of TGDC proved by operation and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.The value of CT features,including site,shape,boundary,related to hyoid bone,homogeneous or heterogeneous density in cyst,thickening cystic wall,cystic wall enhancement,in dentifying TGDC complicated with infection was statistically analyzed.Results The features of blur edge,inhomogeneous density in cyst,thickening cystic wall,enhanced cystic wall were found in 7,3,3,11 cases,respectively in the infected group(n=12),while found in 6,1,0,16 cases respectively in noninfected group(n=30).The maximum diameter,and wall thickness were(2.1±1.1)cm and(1.37±0.72) mm respectively in the infected group,which had statistic difference between two groups(P﹤0.05).There was no statistical significant difference between two groups in the site,shape,density in cyst,related to hyoid bone,cystic content enhancement(P﹥0.05).Conclusion Some CT features,such as blur edge,heterogeneous density in cyst,thickening cystic wall,cystic wall enhancement,suggest TGDC complicated with infection.
Exploring facets of job satisfaction in a booming Midwest City

The main goal of this study was to explore various facets of job satisfaction in a booming oil-impacted Midwest City. Through convenience sampling techniques, we surveyed employees in the retail and service industries. We selected the constructs of communication, contingent rewards, lifestyle, promotion, salary, and operating procedures. Job satisfaction is an important topic in the field of management. Our study explores how job satisfaction can manifest differently based on different demographics of gender, age, education, full time or part time, hours per week, marital status, and time with the organisation. Using borrowed scales from Spector (1994) and White et al. (2003), results were mixed. We found no differences in job satisfaction across genders or years of education but did find significant differences across age, marital status, tenure, and full-time vs. part-time workers. We found significant differences in attitudes toward operating procedures and lifestyle. Surprisingly, we found little difference in attitudes surrounding employee job satisfaction based on salary/pay. We suggest future studies based on conclusive research designs including additional constructs of job satisfaction.
Outcome of Limited-Stage Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Results from the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group.

Abstract The outcome of treatment for the majority of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma who have advanced-stage disease is worse than similar patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Patients with limited-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have a good prognosis and are often treated differently than patients with advanced-stage disease. There is little information on results of treatment for patients with limited-stage peripheral T-cell lymphoma. We have performed a retrospective review of patients with limited-stage peripheral T-cell lymphoma who were identified in the database of the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group. Patients with masses ≥10 cm. and those with B symptoms were excluded. We identified 36 patients with non bulky stage I-A (n=21, 58%) or II-A (n=15, 42%) disease who were diagnosed between and April, 1984 and February, 2006. The median age was 59 (range 18–87) years. There were 20 (56%) males. Histology was classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Three patients (8%) had angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 25 (69%) had peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, and 8 (22%) had anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Thirty patients (83%) were treated with anthracycline- or mitoxantrone-based therapy, 5 (14%) were treated with radiation, alone, and 1 (3%) received other chemotherapy. Seventeen patients (47%) were treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation. The median follow-up of surviving patients is 108 (range 12–235) months. The progression-free survival and overall survival are displayed in the figure, below. The actuarial 5-year and 10-year progression-free survival rates are 77% and 63%, respectively. The corresponding values for overall survival are 71% and 56%, respectively. Univariate analysis did not demonstrate significant differences in the risk of treatment failure or death when the influence of histology, stage (I vs. II), and type of treatment (chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy + radiation; Download : Download high-res image (54KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
The Impact of Mindfulness Training on Middle Grades Students' Office Discipline Referrals.

AbstractYoung adolescents who experience stress may also exhibit negative behaviors at school. Students whose misbehavior causes an interruption to classroom learning may be sent to the office and, as a result, lose instructional time and learning. The goal of this quasi-experimental pilot study was to determine if mindfulness training would decrease the number of office discipline referrals for middle grades students with a high number of office discipline referrals. The treatment required students to use a Muse brain-sensing headband paired with an app to train them to focus on calming and self-regulating behaviors. Data analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between using the headband for 3 min a week and a lower number of times students were sent to the office for behavior redirection. Research with a larger sample size is recommended.
Incremental Maintenance of Aggregate Views

We propose an algorithm called CReaM to incrementally maintain materialized aggregate views with user-defined aggregates in response to changes to the database tables from which the view is derived. CReaM is optimal and guarantees the self-maintainability of aggregate views that are defined over a single database table. For aggregate views that are defined over multiple database tables and do not contain all of the non-aggregated attributes in the database tables, CReaM speeds up the time taken to update a view as compared to prior view maintenance techniques. The speed up in the time taken to update a materialized view with n tuples is either $\tfrac{n}{\log n}$ or logn depending on whether the materialized view is indexed or not. For other types of aggregate views, CReaM updates the view in no more time than that is required by prior view maintenance techniques to update the view.
On the Male Germ Unit in an Angiosperm with Bicellular Pollen, Hippeastrum vitatum

Recent studies on plants with tricellular pollen have resulted in the emerging concept that the two male gametes of common origin, along with the vegetative nucleus, form a functional unit termed the “male germ unit” or “male fertilization unit” (Dumas et al., 1984; Heslop-Harrison and Heslop-Harrison, 1984). The basis for this terminology stems from observations which show that sister sperms are joined by a common wall and that at least one of the sperms forms a close association with the vegetative nucleus (Russell and Cass, 1981; Wilms and Van Aelst, 1983; Russell, 1984; Dumas et al., 1984, 1985; McConchie et al., 1985). It is speculated that such a unit would be effective in the tandem movement of the sperms from the pollen grain and in the pollen tube. Contacts between one of the sperms and the vegetative nucleus may be related to the orderly arrival of the sperms to their female target cells, thus setting the stage for directed fertilization where a given sperm may preferentially fertilize either the egg or the central cell (Dumas et al., 1984).
Developments in Enrobed Products

The growth of the enrobed (coated) food industry in the United States of America has been phenomenal and such products have become staple items in the US diet. Enrobing is not only important for foods which are traditionally coated, such as seafoods and poultry, but has become a means of offering consumers new items that are promotable features in supermarkets. The rise in consumption of enrobed foods has also occurred in restaurants where coated vegetables, fruits, etc., are extremely popular. The variety of foods that can be enrobed really has no limit and depends upon the imagination of the various companies, restaurants and other food-preparation establishments. Today, there is a long list of food items that are enrobed on an industrial basis, although many food-service establishments apply the coating themselves. The following is only a partial list of enrobed items which are already on the market: 1. Meat items: (a) veal cutlets, (b) chopped beef, (c) pork patties, (d) beef patties, (e) pork and beef nuggets. 2. Poultry products: (a) pre-cooked cut-up poultry parts, (b) raw cut-up poultry parts, (c) fabricated poultry patties, (d) skinless breast strips, (e) giblets, (f) poultry nuggets. 3. Vegetables: (a) onion rings, (b) green peppers, (c) zucchini, (d) cauliflower, (e) okra and broccoli, (f) asparagus, (g) potatoes, (h) mushrooms. 4. Seafoods: (a) shrimp, (b) natural and formed fillets*, (c) fish-sticks, (d) clams, (e) oysters, (f) mussels. 5. Fruit portions:* (a) apples, (b) pineapples, (c) bananas. 6. Dairy products: (a) cheese nuggets, (b) cheese sticks and cubes.
Total Synthesis of Aspergillide C

Abstract In 2008, (+)-aspergillide C, a structurally novel marine metabolite bearing a 14-membered macrolactone around a 2,6-dihydropyran core, was isolated from a marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus ostianus . In a biological assay, (+)-aspergillide C displayed promising anticancer activity (LD 50 = 2.0 μg/ml) against mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells (L1210). Due to its notable biological activity and interesting architecture, we viewed aspergillide C as an attractive synthetic target. Moreover, the aspergillide scaffold could lend itself to diverse structural modifications in projected syntheses of biologically active congeners. In this account, we describe our enantioselective approach to aspergillide C from ( S )-(−)-glyceraldehyde acetonide and the Danishefsky–Kitahara diene. Strategic transformations include a heterocyclocondensation reaction, a Ferrier-type addition, and a palladium-catalyzed oxidative lactonization to set key stereocenters within the dihydropyran core, followed by fragment coupling through an ( E )-selective Julia–Kocienski olefination.
Felodipine, a New Calcium Antagonist, as Monotherapy in Mild or Moderate Hypertension

The role of felodipine, a new calcium antagonist, as monotherapy in mild and moderate hypertension (supine diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 100mm Hg: phase V) was investigated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 109 patients from 13 centres using 3 different doses.
The Use of a Fast-Paced, Competitive Drawing Game as a Student-Approved Review Strategy for Microbiology.

This competitive drawing game, much like the “All Play” round of the popular board game Pictionary™, is a fast-paced, energy-rich review game, proven to keep students entertained, engaged, and learning. One representative from each of two competing teams simultaneously draw the same secret microbiology term, while their teammates frantically guess. The first team to correctly guess the word or phrase, wins a point. Unlike traditional Pictionary rules where only one team draws at a time, pitting teams against each other seems to increase the energy and engagement of student drawers and guessers, and allows every student to participate in each round of the game. Drawing microbiology terms not only helps strengthen associations between form and function, a crucial theme in microbiology, but also forces students to think differently and creatively about how to convey scientific terms through pictures. In addition, the game encourages simple recall of terms and definitions from past chapters. After one team has correctly guessed the secret term, all students participate in answering rapid-fire review questions related to the term. The result is a fun and stimulating review session of microbiology. In an anonymous survey administered after the game, about 94% of students found the activity to be an “effective” or “very effective” strategy to review previously covered material from the course. Out of those who participated in the survey, 100% rated the drawing game as a fun classroom activity, and 98% would recommend it for future semesters.
The effects of Wnt inhibition on tumor progression and the tumor microenvironment in a syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer.

e17078Background: Alterations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been associated with tumor progression in multiple cancers. Gene expression profiling in ovarian cancer has correlated Wnt upregulati...
Serviceability features of the HP 300 small business computer

As computing system prices go down due to technological advances in hardware, more emphasis is being placed on the overall cost of ownership. To meet this challenge, serviceability features are designed into the HP 300—intertwined throughout the system hardware and software.
Probing curvilinear-by-linear interactions when the predictors are randomly sampled

Curvilinear effects and curvilinear-by-linear interactions are hypothesized, tested, and probed in various fields of the social and behavioral sciences. When such effects are found, researchers traditionally have tested the simple slope, and more recently have utilized the Johnson–Neyman technique, often at the values of the sample statistics of the predictor(s). Both approaches implicitly assume that values on the predictors have been sampled according to a fixed sampling plan. More typically in social and behavioral research, however, values on the predictors can be more appropriately considered as randomly sampled from a multivariate population distribution. I show analytically and through simulation that for regression models containing a curvilinear-by-linear interaction, fixed and random regression models produce the same estimates but different standard errors of the simple slope at values of the sample statistics of the predictors. When values on the predictors are randomly sampled, treating them as fixed when testing the simple slope or generating conditional Johnson–Neyman confidence bands at values of the sample statistics of the predictors can lead to inflated Type I error rates and inaccurate coverage rates. Recommendations for researchers are provided, and directions for future research are discussed.
Zaynab al-Ghazālī’s Women, Marriages, and Contradictions: Her Life as an Archive

Zaynab al-Ghazali (1917-2005) is regarded as a pioneering figure in the field of women’s preaching and religious teaching in Egypt. Her story, however, remains largely undocumented. In Western scholarship, al-Ghazali has often been framed in terms of a contradictory figure, whose own choices flagrantly undercut her statements on the role of women in Islamic society. Trying to go beyond this type of appraisal, her writings are analyzed in order to question whether or not Zaynab al-Ghazali’s intellectual genealogy should be understood within the context of her considerable exposure to a well-developed discourse of women’s rights at the turn of the twentieth century. Indeed, she made available to Muslim women a particular field of arguments, while foreclosing for them certain possibilities for action. Overall, her statements and choices in life need to be read as a function of her historical and geographical context and her positioning needs to be framed within the consciousness on the role women had come to play in the public domain.
Benefits of Prophylactic Short-Course Immune Tolerance Induction in Patients With Infantile Pompe Disease: Demonstration of Long-Term Safety and Efficacy in an Expanded Cohort.

Immune tolerance induction (ITI) with a short-course of rituximab, methotrexate, and/or IVIG in the enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)-naive setting has prolonged survival and improved clinical outcomes in patients with infantile Pompe disease (IPD) lacking endogenous acid-alpha glucosidase (GAA), known as cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM)-negative. In the context of cancer therapy, rituximab administration results in sustained B-cell depletion in 83% of patients for up to 26-39 weeks with B-cell reconstitution beginning at approximately 26 weeks post-treatment. The impact of rituximab on serum immunoglobulin levels is not well studied, available data suggest that rituximab can cause persistently low immunoglobulin levels and adversely impact vaccine responses. Data on a cohort of IPD patients who received a short-course of ITI with rituximab, methotrexate, and IVIG in the ERT-naive setting and had ≥6 months of follow-up were retrospectively studied. B-cell quantitation, ANC, AST, ALT, immunization history, and vaccine titers after B-cell reconstitution were reviewed. Data were collected for 34 IPD patients (25 CRIM-negative and 9 CRIM-positive) with a median age at ERT initiation of 3.5 months (0.1-11.0 months). B-cell reconstitution, as measured by normalization of CD19%, was seen in all patients (n = 33) at a median time of 17 weeks range (11-55 weeks) post-rituximab. All maintained normal CD19% with the longest follow-up being 248 weeks post-rituximab. 30/34 (88%) maintained negative/low anti-rhGAA antibody titers, even with complete B-cell reconstitution. Infections during immunosuppression were reported in five CRIM-negative IPD patients, all resolved satisfactorily on antibiotics. There were no serious sequelae or deaths. Of the 31 evaluable patients, 27 were up to date on age-appropriate immunizations. Vaccine titers were available for 12 patients after B-cell reconstitution and adequate humoral response was observed in all except an inadequate response to the Pneumococcal vaccine (n = 2). These data show the benefits of short-course prophylactic ITI in IPD both in terms of safety and efficacy. Data presented here are from the youngest cohort of patients treated with rituximab and expands the evidence of its safety in the pediatric population.
Oxidative DNA Damage Accelerates Skin Inflammation in Pristane-Induced Lupus Model.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease in which type I interferons (IFN) play a key role. The IFN response can be triggered when oxidized DNA engages the cytosolic DNA sensing platform cGAS-STING, but the repair mechanisms that modulate this process and govern disease progression are unclear. To gain insight into this biology, we interrogated the role of oxyguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which repairs oxidized guanine 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), in the pristane-induced mouse model of SLE. Ogg1 -/- mice showed increased influx of Ly6Chi monocytes into the peritoneal cavity and enhanced IFN-driven gene expression in response to short-term exposure to pristane. Loss of Ogg1 was associated with increased auto-antibodies (anti-dsDNA and anti-RNP), higher total IgG, and expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISG) to longer exposure to pristane, accompanied by aggravated skin pathology such as hair loss, thicker epidermis, and increased deposition of IgG in skin lesions. Supporting a role for type I IFNs in this model, skin lesions of Ogg1 -/- mice had significantly higher expression of type I IFN genes (Isg15, Irf9, and Ifnb). In keeping with loss of Ogg1 resulting in dysregulated IFN responses, enhanced basal and cGAMP-dependent Ifnb expression was observed in BMDMs from Ogg1 -/- mice. Use of the STING inhibitor, H151, reduced both basal and cGAMP-driven increases, indicating that OGG1 regulates Ifnb expression through the cGAS-STING pathway. Finally, in support for a role for OGG1 in the pathology of cutaneous disease, reduced OGG1 expression in monocytes associated with skin involvement in SLE patients and the expression of OGG1 was significantly lower in lesional skin compared with non-lesional skin in patients with Discoid Lupus. Taken together, these data support an important role for OGG1 in protecting against IFN production and SLE skin disease.
A simple dosimetric approach to spatially fractionated GRID radiation therapy using the multileaf collimator for treatment of breast cancers in the prone position.

The purpose of this study was to explore the treatment planning methods of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT), commonly referred to as GRID therapy, in the treatment of breast cancer patients using multileaf collimator (MLC) in the prone position. A total of 12 patients with either left or right breast cancer were retrospectively chosen. The computed tomography (CT) images taken for the whole breast external beam radiation therapy (WB-EBRT) were used for GRID therapy planning. Each GRID plan was made by using two portals and each portal had two fields with 1-cm aperture size. The dose prescription point was placed at the center of the target volume, and a dose of 20 Gy with 6-MV beams was prescribed. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) curves were generated to evaluate dosimetric properties. A modified linear-quadratic (MLQ) radiobiological response model was used to assess the equivalent uniform doses (EUD) and therapeutic ratios (TRs) of all GRID plans. The DVH curves indicated that these MLC-based GRID therapy plans can deliver heterogeneous dose distribution in the target volume as seen with the conventional cerrobend GRID block. The plans generated by the MLC technique also demonstrated the advantage for accommodating different target shapes, sparing normal structures, and reporting dose metrics to the targets and the organs at risks. All GRID plans showed to have similar dosimetric parameters, implying the plans can be made in a consistent quality regardless of the shape of the target and the size of volume. The mean dose of lung and heart were respectively below 0.6 and 0.7 Gy. When the size of aperture is increased from 1 to 2 cm, the EUD and TR became smaller, but the peak/valley dose ratio (PVDR) became greater. The dosimetric approach of this study was proven to be simple, practical and easy to be implemented in clinic.
IMARA: A mother-daughter group randomized controlled trial to reduce sexually transmitted infections in Black/African-American adolescents

Black/African-American girls are infected with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at higher rates than their White counterparts. This study tested the efficacy of IMARA, a mother-daughter psychosocial STI/HIV prevention program, on adolescent Black/African-American girls' incident STIs at 12 months in a 2-arm group randomized controlled trial. Black/African-American girls 14-18 years old and their primary female caregiver were eligible for the study. Girls provided urine samples to test for N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and T. vaginalis infection at baseline and 12-months. Mother-daughter dyads were randomly assigned to IMARA (n = 118) or a time-matched health promotion control program (n = 81). Retention at 12-months was 86% with no difference across arms. Both interventions were delivered over two consecutive Saturdays totaling 12 hours. Girls who received IMARA were 43% less likely to contract a new STI in the 12-month post-intervention period compared with those in the health promotion control program (p = .011). A secondary follow-up intent-to-treat analysis provided additional support for the protective effect of IMARA, albeit with a similar magnitude of 37% (p = .014). Findings provide early evidence for IMARA's efficacy, such that IMARA protected against STIs at 12-months among adolescent Black/African-American girls. Future research should examine the mechanisms associated with reduced STIs.
Magnetic and mechanical properties of grain-refined Dy-free Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets

Abstract The effects of grain size on magnetic and mechanical properties of Dy-free Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets were studied. The grain size of the sintered magnets was varied by using different sized Dy-free Nd-Fe-B alloy feedstock powders which were ball milled to different extents. Increasing the ball milling time from 7 to 11 h caused the average particle size of the powders to decrease from 3.6 to 2.1 µm, while the average grain size of the corresponding sintered magnets decreased from 5.0 to 4.0 µm. The intrinsic coercivity Hcj and maximum energy product (BH)max of these magnets increased from 11.6 to 13.7 kOe and 41.6 to 43.6 MGOe, respectively. The finer grain magnets exhibited better thermal stability, as indicated by a smaller temperature coefficient of Hcj (−0.71%/°C). With extending ball milling time to 15 h, the magnetic properties of the magnets deteriorate, while the flexural strengths first decrease and then increase. The flexural strength improvement is attributed to the increased Oxygen content in the magnets due to finer grains. The coercivity enhancement by reduction of grain size is a promising approach to develop Dy-free Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with better thermal stability. It is important to control the Oxygen contents in the magnets to compromise both magnetic and mechanical properties.
Optical and Polarimetric SAR Data Fusion Terrain Classification Using Probabilistic Feature Fusion

Deciding on an imaging modality for terrain classification can be a challenging problem. For some terrain classes a given sensing modality may discriminate well, but may not have the same performance on other classes that a different sensor may be able to easily separate. The most effective terrain classification will utilize the abilities of multiple sensing modalities. The challenge of utilizing multiple sensing modalities is then determining how to combine the information in a meaningful and useful way. In this paper, we introduce a framework for effectively combining data from optical and polarimetric synthetic aperture radar sensing modalities. We demonstrate the fusion framework for two vegetation classes and two ground classes and show that fusing data from both imaging modalities has the potential to improve terrain classification from either modality, alone.