cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of change in self-constructions among early- and later-bereaved widows.

Summary The portrayal of the construct self was formulated using the protocols of 12 bereaved widows ranging in age from 56 to 82 years of age at the time of the interview. Each widow was interviewed every two to three weeks using a structured interview together with a self-report scale. They were asked to revisit their experiences of coping with the death of their husbands in their efforts to adapt to life without their husbands and assess the nature of their coping actions. Using Lazarus and Folkman's 1986 coping scale enabled the delineation of three coping action modes or solutions of “moving away,” “moving against,” “moving toward,” self and others in terms of Horney's early work. Analysis of the profiles using these coping action modes suggested qualities of restructuring of the self among the 12 bereaved widows. Some simple observations were made about the importance of research on self-constructions and the potential for the use of internal dialogues in grief work.
Object-Centered Shifts of Receptive Field Positions in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex

Summary Stimuli that project the same retinal visual angle can appear to occupy very different proportions of the visual field if they are perceived to be at different distances [1–8]. Previous research shows that perceived angular size alters the spatial distribution of activity in early retinotopic visual cortex [7, 9–11]. For example, a sphere superimposed on the far end of a corridor scene appears to occupy a larger visual angle and activates a larger region of primary visual cortex (V1) compared with the same sphere superimposed on the near end of the corridor [7]. These previous results, however, were obtained from human subjects using psychophysics and fMRI, a fact that fundamentally limits our understanding of the underlying neuronal mechanisms. Here, we present an animal model that allows for a finer examination of size perception at the level of single neurons. We first show that macaque monkeys perceive a size-distance illusion similarly to humans. Then, using extracellular recordings, we test the specific hypothesis [12] that neurons in V1 shift the position of their receptive fields (RFs) in response to complex monocular depth cues. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that when ring-shaped stimuli appeared at the back of the corridor, RFs of V1 neurons shifted toward the center of the rings. When the same stimuli appeared at the front of the corridor, RFs shifted outward. Thus, our results show for the first time that V1 RFs can shift, potentially serving as the neural basis for the perception of angular size.
Numerically stable algorithms for the computation of reduced unit cells

The computation of reduced unit cells is an important building block for a number of crystallographic applications, but unfortunately it is very easy to demonstrate that the conventional implementation of cell reduction algorithms is not numerically stable. A numerically stable implementation of the Niggli-reduction algorithm of Křivý & Gruber [Acta Cryst. (1976), A32, 297–298] is presented. The stability is achieved by consistently using a tolerance in all floating-point comparisons. The tolerance must be greater than the accumulated rounding errors. A second stable algorithm is also presented, the minimum reduction, that does not require using a tolerance. It produces a cell with minimum lengths and all angles acute or obtuse. The algorithm is a simplified and modified version of the Buerger-reduction algorithm of Gruber [Acta Cryst. (1973), A29, 433–440]. Both algorithms have been enhanced to generate a change-of-basis matrix along with the parameters of the reduced cell.
Restoring the Endodontically Treated Tooth: Treatment Planning Considerations

The objective of this chapter is to provide different treatment considerations to guide the clinician in the practice of evidence-based dentistry when performing treatment plans for endodontically treated teeth. As some of the existing literature is not clinically relevant, one must understand the limitations of published studies as they apply to clinical dentistry.
Should we use lung protective ventilation for non-ARDS patients?

An evaluation of a recent study by Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO & Manetta JA et al : Association between Uses of Lung-Protective Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volume and Clinical Outcomes among Patients without Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome a Meta-analysis . JAMA, October 24/31, 2012—Vol 308, No. 16. PMID: 23093163.
The Impact of Contracts on Upstream Innovation Incentives in a Supply Chain

We consider a supply chain with an upstream supplier who invests in innovation and a downstream manufacturer. We study the impact of supply chain contracts with upstream innovation, focusing on three different contract scenarios: (i) a wholesale price contract set by the supplier, (ii) a quality-dependent wholesale price contract set by the manufacturer, and (iii) a revenue sharing contract. We confirm that a revenue sharing contract can coordinate a supply chain including investment in innovation, whereas wholesale price contracts may result in under investment in innovation. However, the downstream manufacturer does not always prefer a revenue sharing contract; the manufacturer’s profit can be higher under a quality-dependent wholesale price than that under a revenue sharing contract, specifically when the innovation cost of the upstream supplier is low. We then extend our model to incorporate upstream competition between suppliers. When the competing suppliers set the wholesale price, by inviting upstream competition, the manufacturer can increase his profit substantially to the level in which he has the right to set the quality-dependent wholesale price in a one-to-one supply chain. Furthermore, under the upstream competition, the revenue sharing contract coordinates the supply chain, and is also an optimal contract form for the manufacturer. We also analyze the case of complementary suppliers, and show that our primary results are robust.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Osmium Silyl and Silylene Complexes Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiR2X and [Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiR2][B(C6F5)4] (R = Me, iPr; X = Cl, OTf)

Reaction of Cp*(Me3P)2OsCH2SiMe3 (1, Cp* = C5Me5) with an excess of iPr2Si(H)Cl afforded Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiiPr2Cl (2) in good yield, without the formation of Os(IV) products. Treatment of 2 with Me3SiOTf (OTf = triflate, OSO2CF3) afforded the corresponding triflatosilyl complex Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiiPr2OTf (3), which appears to possess substantial silylene character, as determined by structural and spectroscopic measurements. The synthetic route to these complexes is analogous to that employed for the previously reported dimethylsilyl compounds Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiMe2X (X = Cl (4), OTf (5)). Complexes 2−5 were converted to the corresponding base-free silylene complexes [Cp*(Me3P)2OsSiR2][B(C6F5)4] (R = Me (6), iPr (7)) by anion metathesis with Li[B(C6F5)4]·3Et2O. Both 6 and 7 were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The silylene complexes feature a trigonal planar environment for silicon, short Os−Si contacts (2.257(7) A for 6, 2.263(1) A for 7), and 29Si NMR resonances that are shift...
Implementing Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents and Think Trauma for Traumatized Youth in Secure Juvenile Justice Settings

We describe a multiyear pilot dissemination of a trauma-focused group treatment, Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents, coupled with a trauma-informed staff training, Think Trauma, to six residential juvenile justice (JJ) facilities. All staff members were trained in Think Trauma. Seventy-seven youth from four facilities completed the treatment groups and 69 completed all pre- and postgroup assessment measures. The aims of this study were to determine whether trauma-focused interventions (a) could be implemented in complex JJ systems, (b) would be associated with a decrease in posttraumatic symptoms and reactions in youth, and (c) might contribute to reduced Incident Reports in facilities. A related question was whether we would receive feedback that youth who participated in the trauma and/or grief narrative components of the intervention were adversely affected. Pre- and postgroup assessments indicated significant reductions in symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anger, but not in anxiety or sexual concerns. There were significantly greater reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among incarcerated youth who completed all modules of the group treatment intervention relative to incarcerated youth who received an abbreviated version. Two of the facilities tracked their Incident Reports and reported reductions. No Incident Reports or therapist feedback documented that the trauma/grief processing components of the intervention were destabilizing to the youth.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Fourier Analysis on the Energy Release Rate Dynamics

The phenomena of combustion dynamics strongly depends on the energy release (flame) dynamics of combustion systems. The temporal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and spatial Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) methods were used to analyze high speed energy release (chemiluminescene) videos on a natural gas powered gas turbine burner. The considered case has a single dominant acoustical frequency. Both methods provide an insight into the temporal and spatial distribution of energy release rate dynamics associated with the acoustic pressure oscillation. In the FFT analysis, the spatially distributed amplitude and phase angle at the selected acoustic frequency can be secured, and the energy release dynamics (motion) associated with the considered acoustics can be visualized. The trigger mechanism for combustion dynamics was unveiled in the spatial phase angle distribution at the acoustic frequency. In the POD analysis, the first few modes have been found to contain a significant portion of energy associated with the considered dynamics system. The first POD mode contains 19% of energy and its associated temporal and spatial feather is very similar to those calculated by the FFT analysis. The POD Mode #2 and #3 contains less energy, 7% and 5% respectively and their temporal behavior is also associated with the acoustical frequency. However, their spatial structures contain higher spatial frequency components compared to that of Mode #1. The unveiled spatial structure by Mode #2 and #3 cannot be easily discovered from the FFT amplitude and phase information since it was washed out by the higher energy spatial structure from Mode #1. A very significant finding in this research is that the POD can be used for reduced order set of modeling which can capture the energy release dynamics by truncating out the “noise.” The POD also represents an effective means of “spatial frequency filtering,” based on the POD related energy distribution, which enables the sharpening of the energy release rate spatial structure information.
Low-frequency ultrasound for drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract.

The rapid, effective, and safe delivery of a broad range of therapeutics via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains a significant challenge in the field of drug delivery. The mucus layer coating t...
Prolonged Unconsciousness and Delirium with Febrile Seizures

The incidence and duration of unconsciousness and delirious behavior in children with febrile seizures were studied at Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine and other centers in Japan.
Urban-rural exploitation: An underappreciated dimension of environmental injustice

Relationships in which populations benefit from practices that harm other populations are environmentally unjust. Environmental injustice commonly occurs due to disparities in economic and political power, and it is typically analyzed along dimensions of race and class. However, an urban-rural dimension of environmental injustice exists, one that intersects with race and class. Rural environmental injustice can be characterized as a parasitic relationship between urban and rural communities because urban populations obtain most of their food and energy from rural areas and return their wastes to rural areas. We explore the negative consequences of agricultural and energy production in rural areas through two examples: industrial hog production in eastern North Carolina and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. The negative public health impacts of urban-rural environmental injustice come from human exposure to specific pollutants, degradation of the built environment, limits on popular democracy, and ultimately, suppression of the feedback between consumption and production that could lessen global environmental problems. Pressure to control the effects of industrial energy and agriculture systems is lessened because the urban majority does not experience environmental degradation that affects rural populations. A basic step towards reducing rural environmental injustice is to develop the scientific framework needed to monitor pollutants and health outcomes in rural places through partnerships between researchers and rural community members that promote broader goals of economic, racial and social justice.
Electroantennogram-Active Components of Maize Silk for Adults of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Volatile silk semiochemicals of maize, Zea mays L., are attractive to adults of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Senescing portions of silks (the brown portion that protrudes from the tip of the ear) are highly electroantennogram (EAG) active, and solvent extracts of these portions of silks were evaluated in a sequential fractionation scheme to isolate and identify the primary EAG-active components. A probability-based computer mass spectral library search indicated the best matches for the compounds in the most EAG-active fractions to be tridecan-2-one, ( E,E )-3,5-octadien-2-one, ( E,Z )-2,6-nonadienal, and ( E )-2-nonenal. EAG, mass spectral, and retention time data of the synthetic compounds were consistent with compounds in the purified EAG-active fractions, The data show strong EAG-responses to tridecan-2-one, ( E,E )-3,5-octadien-2-one, ( E,Z )-2,6-nonadienal, and ( E )-2-nonenal but does not indicate the type of behavioral response (if any) associated with these compounds. EAG tests with related compounds are discussed in terms of structure–EAG activity relationships.
Demographic, clinical, and service utilization factors associated with suicide-related visits among Alaska Native and American Indian adults

Alaska Native and American Indian people (AN/AIs) are disproportionately affected by suicide. Within a large AN/AI health service organization, demographic, clinical, and service utilization factors were compared between those with a suicide-related health visit and those without. Cases had higher odds of a behavioral health diagnosis, treatment for an injury, behavioral health specialty care visits, and opioid medication dispensation in the year prior to a suicide-related visit compared to gender-, age-, and residence- (urban versus rural) matched controls. Odds of a suicide-related visit were lower among those with private insurance and those with non-primary care ambulatory clinic visits.
A Possible Mechanism for the Erythrocytosis Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Man

A case of hepatoma associated with erythrocytosis and increased levels of plasma ESF is described. Normal or tumorous liver tissue from this patient possessed neither erythropoiesis-stimulating activity nor a capacity to generate the ESF when incubated with normal human serum. Homogenates of tumor tissue served effectively as substrate for hypoxic rat REF in the generation of the ESF. Homogenates of nontumorous liver exhibited no substrate activity, but inactivated human urinary ESF when incubated with it. Homogenates of tumorous liver tissue lacked the capacity to inactivate the ESF. It is suggested that the increased production or availability of substrate for the REF by the tumor significantly contributed to the increased levels of plasma ESF in this patient.
Asian American and Pacific Islanders Mental Health Issues: A Historical Perspective

PURPOSE OF THE PAPER. This paper reviews literature documenting these complexities and emphasizes the need to adopt a dynamic, multidimensional framework in conceptualizing Asian American ethnic identity and acculturation. In particular, the paper highlights the importance of evaluating the role of intergenerational and sociohistorical influences that can shape and change an individual's acculturative and ethnic identity experiences. SUMMARY OF THE METHODS UTILIZED. The author reviewed the last ten years of literature on Asian American mental health. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Mental health professionals recognize the importance of assessing a client's level of acculturation and ethnic identification. However, research findings demonstrate complex relationships among acculturation, ethnic identity, and psychological functioning. CONCLUSIONS. It is proposed that the inclusion of these factors within a multidimensional framework represents a needed step in advancing our understanding of Asian American identity and acculturation. The clinical and research implications of these issues are discussed. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICAN POPULATIONS. This paper calls attention to the absence of an optimum, mental healthy resolution of ethnic identity formation that can be applied to all Asian Americans and the shared as well as unique qualities of each Asian American. KEY WORDS. Asian American; Pacific Islander; mental health; acculturation.
Development of Vitreous Surgery (G.B. Bietti memorial lecture)

Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very proud that you have invited me to talk to you about what has interested me during the last 15 years.
Small Molecule Inhibitors

Before the biomedical community had had any understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive tumorigenesis, the discovery of cancer chemotherapy exclusively focused on the development of novel cytotoxic compounds targeting DNA processing and cell division including DNA alkylating and cross-linking agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and anti-tubulin agents. Although these drugs can be very efficacious in killing tumor cells, serious side effects accompanied due to the lack of selectivity for tumor cells versus normal cells. The side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal, cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicities, significantly limit their use. In addition, drug resistance was frequently observed after initial stabilization or regression of the disease.
A Tale of Two Interpretations

Quine once quipped, “The Humean predicament is the human predicament” (1969, 72). His point is that people rely on inductive reasoning that, when carefully examined, faces perplexing philosophical problems of the sort that David Hume famously discussed centuries ago. While Quine’s pithy remark borders on the hyperbolic, no one doubts that Hume had a penchant for putting his finger on intriguing and important philosophical matters. Indeed, it is difficult to overstate the impact of Hume’s writings on the present philosophical landscape.1 In many senses, Hume has set the terms of debate to the extent that understanding his writings is almost essential for understanding the nuances of the contemporary situation, at least in the Anglo-American philosophical community. For example, contemporary discussions of the nature of causality, the relationship between descriptive and normative statements and so on are heavily indebted to his reflections on these matters. It is unsurprising, then, that those who offer Humean approaches to certain philosophical issues are legion today.
Same-Day Discharge in Laparoscopic Acute Non-Perforated Appendectomy

Background Small studies done during the past decade have demonstrated same-day discharge after appendectomy as an option for non-perforated appendicitis. Here we have examined a large cohort to confirm that same-day discharge in acute non-perforated appendicitis is a safe option. Study Design This was a retrospective study of patients from 14 Southern California Region Kaiser Permanente medical centers. All patients older than 18 years of age with acute, non-perforated appendicitis who underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy between 2010 and 2014 were included. We compared patients discharged on the day of surgery with patients hospitalized for 1 night. We examined readmission rates, complication rates, postoperative emergency department visits, postoperative diagnostic or therapeutic radiology visits, reoperations, and cost of treatment. Results The cohort was composed of 12,703 patients; 6,710 patients were in the same-day discharge group and 5,993 patients were in the hospitalized group. Patients in the same-day discharge group had a lower rate of readmission within 30 days when compared with the hospitalized group (2.2% vs 3.1%; p Conclusions Adult patients with acute, non-perforated appendicitis can be discharged safely on the day of surgery without higher rates of postoperative complication or readmission rates compared with those hospitalized after surgery. In addition, same-day discharge in this patient group is cost-effective.
Removal of the divergence of a planar dual-symmetric loop

Abstract The nature of the divergence in the planar loop dual amplitude is examined. The divergent part is isolated and subtracted. The subtraction is Regge behaved and is essentially unique.
State and Non-State Conflict in a Global Era

Though journalistic accounts and popular media often describe contemporary conflict areas as new threats to global powers, nations have dealt with insurgencies and war in the same places before the...
Secure and Customizable EHR Management Services with COASTmed

The exchange of electronic health records (EHR) among multiple parties and for multiple purposes raises nontrivial concerns. Unfortunately, privacy and operational policies granting individual access privileges to parties are often artifacts foreign to healthcare systems, thus EHR security is all the more frail. Moreover, current web service technologies that constitute many EHR systems treat users uniformly, making it more difficult for information consumers to use this data for specific purposes. Therefore, there is a need for EHR systems that offer secure, policy compliant access to data services and enable users to obtain the required information according to their individual authority. We present COASTmed, a notional EHR system that simultaneously offers provider-controlled differential service access and user-controlled customization. Our prototype is founded on the architectural principles of the COAST style and leverages the Rei policy language.
Contemporary Risk Stratification After Myocardial Infarction in the Community: Performance of Scores and Incremental Value of Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity‐2

BackgroundCurrent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines recommend the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) and TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction...
EWS–FLI1 increases transcription to cause R-loops and block BRCA1 repair in Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive paediatric cancer of the bone and soft tissue. It results from a chromosomal translocation, predominantly t(11;22)(q24:q12), that fuses the N-terminal transactivation domain of the constitutively expressed EWSR1 protein with the C-terminal DNA binding domain of the rarely expressed FLI1 protein. Ewing sarcoma is highly sensitive to genotoxic agents such as etoposide, but the underlying molecular basis of this sensitivity is unclear. Here we show that Ewing sarcoma cells display alterations in regulation of damage-induced transcription, accumulation of R-loops and increased replication stress. In addition, homologous recombination is impaired in Ewing sarcoma owing to an enriched interaction between BRCA1 and the elongating transcription machinery. Finally, we uncover a role for EWSR1 in the transcriptional response to damage, suppressing R-loops and promoting homologous recombination. Our findings improve the current understanding of EWSR1 function, elucidate the mechanistic basis of the sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to chemotherapy (including PARP1 inhibitors) and highlight a class of BRCA-deficient-like tumours.
Impact of DC side fault protection on performance and operation of multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems

With the development of modular structured Voltage Source Converters (VSC), Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) transmission systems have now became a feasible solution to transmit power at high voltage levels which greatly improves the electric power transmission system. The MTDC grid has lower capital costs and lower losses than an equivalent AC transmission system. Thus for long distance power transmission, MTDC grid becomes a very attractive solution. Since the MTDC network is now built based on VSCs, it automatically offers better quality of transmitted power along with more flexibility in power transmission over the conventional current source converters. However, VSC based MTDC transmission systems are vulnerable to DC side fault and often expensive DC circuit breakers are required to protect them against DC fault. In this paper, we demonstrate the effect of DC Circuit Breaker (DCCB) performance on the rating, control and operation of modular multi-level converters (MMC) inside a MTDC system. Furthermore, it is established that depending on the type of DCCBs the converter component ratings can be reduced which contributes to the overall reduction in system cost. Performance analysis has been done to investigate the fault current limiting capabilities of each of the types of DCCBs. PSCAD and real-time control hardware-in-the loop (C-HIL) simulations are used to prove the relevance of the analysis.
Metabolism of Food Toxicants: Saccharin and Aflatoxin B1, A Contrast in Metabolism and Toxicity

The artificial sweetener, saccharin, and the secondary mold product, aflatoxin B1, are present in many foods consumed by humans. Both chemicals produce cancer in rats. For this reason, they have aroused concern among scientists and the public as to the carcinogenic risk that they pose to humans. A comparison of these two chemicals reveals striking contrasts in potency, metabolism, mechanism-of-action, and experimental approach to assessing metabolism. These contrasts are examined in detail to illustrate the importance of metabolism in safety evaluation.
Actor-Centered Sociology and the New Pragmatism

Theory and research in sociology need to be grounded in the fundamental truth that social phenomena are constituted by the actions and thoughts of socially constituted and socially situated individuals. This truism may be described as “methodological localism.” This does not imply that explanations must proceed from individual to social; but it does imply that we need to be confident that our hypotheses about social entities and processes have “microfoundations” at the level of the actors who constitute them. The article draws out an important consequence of this set of ideas: the necessity for sociology of developing a more adequate theory of the actor—an account of the ways the individual represents the world, the things that motivate him or her, and the ways that he or she arrives at actions and plans based on these features of practical cognition. To date the most common theory of the actor in the social sciences is the rational-intentional model and its cousin, rational choice theory. However, American pragmatism offers a significantly richer framework in terms of which to understand actors and their actions. This framework emphasizes habit, practice, and creativity in the genesis of action. Contemporary sociologists such as Neil Gross, Andrew Abbott, Mark Granovetter, and Hans Joas have taken this framework seriously in their theorizing with good effect. The article concludes that sociology gains when researchers arrive at more nuanced understandings of the constitutions and situations of the actors with whom they are concerned.
Personalized Control for Promoting Sustainable Travel Behaviors

Abstract We develop a personalized control system to modify individual travel behaviours by offering personalized incentives. Individual preferences are learned to maximize the probability of accepting the promoted alternative. The work described is based on the integration of two fields (controls and human behaviour) that are typically separate from each other. Simulation results show that the system is able to learn individual preferences as well as track preference changes under varying levels of noisy measurements. There are however, challenges in detecting multi-dimensional preferences due to the inherent nature of how individuals make choices. Discussions are provided in mitigating this problem.
Drying of fecal sludge in 3D laminate enclosures for urban waste management.

Abstract Laminated hydrophobic membranes have been proposed as liners for container-based sanitation systems in developing countries. The laminate allows drying of fecal sludge, which might significantly reduce the frequency of container emptying, while containing liquids and solids. While previous laboratory tests demonstrated rapid drying of fecal sludge or water retained in laminates, experiments did not assess the effects of system dimension or scale on performance. In this study fecal sludge drying and water evaporation were evaluated in 3D laminate boxes (decimeter scale) or 3D laminate-lined 40 L and 55 gallon drums (meter scale) that are prototypes of toilet containers for field application. A stagnant film model described fecal sludge drying and water evaporation in the laminate boxes and laminate-lined drums well. The effective diffusion length (λ) for the laminate was fitted in all systems and increased with system dimension and scale: λ increased by a factor of 1.4 from 1D decimeter-scale envelopes to 3D decimeter-scale boxes, and by a factor of 1.3–1.7 from 3D decimeter-scale boxes to 3D meter-scale drums. The longer λ with increasing dimension and scale is likely due to nonuniform temperature and relative humidity in the air outside the laminate and nonuniform temperature within the laminate. Using best-fit λ for the laminate-lined 40 L and 55 gallon drum experiments conducted in a controlled laboratory, drying was predicted for an 11-day field experiment. Although the air temperature and relative humidity varied significantly in the field tests from −1 °C to 26 °C and 35% to 97%, respectively, the stagnant film model predicted drying over the 11-day period reasonably well with total error ≤ 13% using 24-h average air temperature and relative humidity. Drying of fecal sludge in laminate-lined drums in the field might be adequately described with a stagnant film model using daily-average weather conditions, if wind speeds are low.
Health Outcomes and Quality of Life Indices of Children Receiving Blenderized Feeds via Enteral Tube.

Objective To determine whether clinical and patient-reported outcomes differ in children receiving blenderized diets compared with conventional formula. Study design We conducted a prospective cohort study of 70 children aged 1-18 years receiving blenderized diets vs conventional formula via feeding tube. We assessed rates of hospitalization and visits to the emergency department (ED) at Boston Children's Hospital in 2017 and Likert scale addressing satisfaction with feeding regimen; Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptom and Quality of Life Questionnaire; Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale. Results Participants receiving blenderized diets (n = 42, 60%) did not differ in demographics or comorbid diagnoses from those receiving conventional formula (n = 28, 40%). Rates of total visits to the ED (0.8 ± 1.5 vs 1.4 ± 2.7, P = .05), total admissions (0.8 ± 1.2 vs 1.7 ± 2.3, P = .01), and respiratory-related admissions (0.2 ± 0.5 vs 0.6 ± 0.8, P = .04) per year were significantly lower in participants receiving blenderized diets, and respiratory-related visits to the ED trended toward significance (0.1 ± 0.4 vs 0.4 ± 0.8, P = .08). Compared with those receiving conventional formula, participants on blenderized diets reported greater satisfaction ratings (Likert scale 4.3 ± 1.0 vs 3.3 ± 1.2, P = .001), lower symptom (0.7 ± 0.8 vs 1.2 ± 1.1, P = .03), and total (0.8 ± 0.8 vs 1.2 ± 1.0, P = .02) scores on Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptom and Quality of Life Questionnaire and greater scores on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale, indicating less nausea and vomiting (64.0 ± 22.6 vs 49.0 ± 37.9, P = .02), abdominal pain (65.0 ± 26.8 vs 56.4 ± 33.9, P = .04), diarrhea (87.9 ± 15.5 vs 73.6 ± 26.3, P = .004), and fewer total symptoms (70.2 ± 16.3 vs 62.3 ± 19.6, P = .03). Conclusions Blenderized diets are associated with decreased healthcare use, improved symptom scores, and increased patient satisfaction compared with conventional formulas.
Teaching Through Sand: Creative Applications of Sandtray Within Constructivist Pedagogy

This article applies principles of sandtray within constructivist pedagogy for counselor educators. Beginning with an overview of sandtray and creativity within counseling and supervision, the auth...
Prosocial Behavior and Empathy

Both cognitive empathy (perspective taking) and emotional empathy (affective reactions to another person's need) are critical determinants of adult prosocial behavior. Empathy can elicit altruistically motivated helping, reflecting desire primarily to improve another person's welfare. In general, people experience more empathy and exhibit greater prosocial behavior toward others who are in greater need, are more similar to the potential helper, and are members of the helper's social group. Evoking cognitive or emotional empathy toward a member of another group not only promotes prosocial behavior, but also improves attitudes toward the other group as a whole.
Systematic Review of Patient Outcomes and Associated Predictors After Microfracture in the Patellofemoral Joint.

We summarized the clinical outcomes and predictors of clinical outcomes after microfracture for chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). Methods Embase, PubMed, CENTRAL, BIOSIS, and CINAHL databases were searched between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2019, to identify all articles that examined outcomes or predictors of outcomes of microfracture in patients with patellofemoral chondral lesions. Studies of full-thickness chondral lesions in the PFJ were included, whereas those involving adolescents, partial-thickness chondral lesions, and underlying patellar instability were excluded. Results We found a total of 257 articles, of which 8 articles (174 patients) met our inclusion criteria. All studies found improvement in clinical outcomes after microfracture in the PFJ. Younger patients showed greater improvement in clinical outcomes than older patients. However, the effect of size, severity (grade), or location of chondral lesions on clinical outcomes after microfracture is unclear. Conclusion We found improvement in clinical outcomes after microfracture in the PFJ at midterm follow-up. Age may be a predictor of successful outcomes and longevity of the repair; however, there is insufficient evidence regarding the influence of defect size, severity, and location on clinical outcomes.
Assessing the spatial distribution of cervical spinal cord activity during tactile stimulation of the upper extremity in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Dermatomal maps are a mainstay of clinical practice and provide information on the spatial distribution of the cutaneous innervation of spinal nerves. Dermatomal deficits can help isolate the level of spinal nerve root involvement in spinal conditions and guide clinicians in diagnosis and treatment. Dermatomal maps, however, have limitations, and the spatial distribution of spinal cord sensory activity in humans remains to be quantitatively assessed. Here we used spinal cord functional MRI to map and quantitatively compare the spatial distribution of sensory spinal cord activity during tactile stimulation of the left and right lateral shoulders (i.e. C5 dermatome) and dorsal third digits of the hands (i.e., C7 dermatome) in healthy humans (n ​= ​24, age ​= ​36.8 ​± ​11.8 years). Based on the central sites for processing of innocuous tactile sensory information, we hypothesized that the activity would be localized more to the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord with the lateral shoulder stimulation activity being localized more superiorly than the dorsal third digit. The findings demonstrate lateralization of the activity with the left- and right-sided stimuli having more activation in the ipsilateral hemicord. Contradictory to our hypotheses, the activity for both stimulation sites was spread across the dorsal and ventral hemicords and did not demonstrate a clear superior-inferior localization. Instead, the activity for both stimuli had a broader than expected distribution, extending across the C5, C6, and C7 spinal cord segments. We highlight the complexity of the human spinal cord neuroanatomy and several sources of variability that may explain the observed patterns of activity. While the findings were not completely consistent with our a priori hypotheses, this study provides a foundation for continued work and is an important step towards developing normative quantitative spinal cord measures of sensory function, which may become useful objective MRI-based biomarkers of neurological injury and improve the management of spinal disorders.
Bowl-Shaped Polydopamine Nanocapsules: Control of Morphology via Template-Free Synthesis.

Synthesis of hollow polydopamine bowl-shaped nanoparticles (nanobowls), as small as 80 nm in diameter, via a one-pot template-free rapid method is reported. Addition of dopamine to a solution of 0....
Virus-Mimicking Nanoparticles for Targeted Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Intraperitoneal Ovarian Tumors in Mice

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy affecting the female reproductive system. Identification and removal of all ovarian intraperitoneal tumor deposits during the intraoperative surgery is important towards preventing cancer recurrence and ultimately improving patient survival. Herein, we investigate the effectiveness of virus mimicking nanoparticles, derived from genome-depleted plant-infecting brome mosaic virus, and doped with near infrared (NIR) brominated cyanine dye BrCy106-NHS, for targeted NIR fluorescence imaging of intraperitoneal ovarian tumors. We refer to these nanoparticles as optical viral ghosts (OVGs). We functionalized the OVGs with antibodies against HER2 receptor, a biomarker over-expressed in ovarian cancers. We injected functionalized OVGs, non-functionalized OVGs, and non-encapsulated BrCy106-NHS intravenously in mice implanted with ovarian intraperitoneal tumors. Tumors were extracted at 2, 6, and 24 h post-injection, and quantitatively analyzed using NIR fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence emission from tumors associated with the injection of the functionalized OVGs continued to increase between 2 and 24 h post-injection. At 24 h timepoint, the average spectrally-integrated fluorescence emission from homogenized tumors containing functionalized-OVGs was about 3.5 and 19.5 times higher than those containing non-functionalized OVGs or non-encapsulated BrCy106-NHS, respectively. Similarly, by using the functionalized-OVGs, the imaging signal-to-noise ratio at 24 h timepoint was enhanced by approximately threefold and sevenfold as compared to non-functionalized OVGs and the non-encapsulated dye, respectively. These functionalized virus-mimicking NIR nano-constructs could potentially be used for intraoperative visualization of ovarian tumors implants.
Association of Medicare and Medicaid Insurance Status with Increased Spine Surgery Utilization Rates.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective single-institution study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between patients' insurance status and the likelihood for them to be recommended various spine interventions upon evaluation in our neurosurgical clinics. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Socioeconomically disadvantaged populations have worse outcomes after spine surgery. No studies have looked at the differential rates of recommendation for surgery for patients presenting to spine surgeons based on socioeconomic status. METHODS We studied patients initially seeking spine care from spine-fellowship trained neurosurgeons at our institution from July 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between insurance status and the recommended patient treatment. RESULTS Overall, 663 consecutive outpatients met inclusion criteria. Univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant association between insurance status and treatment recommendations for surgery (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that compared with private insurance, Medicare (odds ratio [OR] 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-7.53, P = 0.001) and Medicaid patients (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.21-5.17, P = 0.014) were more likely to be recommended for surgery. Uninsured patients did not receive recommendations for surgery at significantly different rates than patients with private insurance. CONCLUSION Medicare and Medicaid patients are more likely to be recommended for spine surgery when initially seeking spine care from a neurosurgeon. These findings may stem from a number of factors, including differential severity of the patient's condition at presentation, disparities in access to care, and differences in shared decision making between surgeons and patients.Level of Evidence: 3.
Reliability of subsequent memory effects in children and adults: The good, the bad, and the hopeful.

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a key tool for investigating neural underpinnings of cognitive development. Yet, in recent years, the reliability of fMRI effects has come into question and with it, the feasibility of using task-based fMRI to identify developmental changes related to cognition. Here, we investigated the reliability of task-based fMRI activations with a widely used subsequent memory paradigm using two developmental samples: a cross-sectional sample (n = 85, age 8-25 years) and a test-retest sample (n = 24, one-month follow up, age 8-20 years). In the large cross-sectional sample, we found good to excellent group-level reliability when assessing activation patterns related to the encoding task and subsequent memory effects. In the test-retest sample, while group-level reliability was excellent, the consistency of activation patterns within individuals was low, particularly for subsequent memory effects. We observed consistent activation patterns in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, but comparatively lower test-retest reliability in subcortical regions and the hippocampus. Together, these findings highlight the limitations of interpreting task-based fMRI effects and the importance of incorporating reliability analyses in developmental studies. Leveraging larger and densely collected longitudinal data may help contribute to increased reproducibility and the accumulation of knowledge in developmental sciences.
Fabrication of rechargeable lithium ion batteries using water-based inkjet printed cathodes

Abstract Water soluble LiFePO 4 inks for lithium ion battery cathodes were prepared and characterized. The pH versus aging time plot shows that stable inks have pH values around 9.13. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results indicate that impurities are generated as the pH reaches its stable value. Electrical conductivity measurements however suggest that non-electrochemically active impurities lower the electrical conductivity of LiFePO 4 . A LiFePO 4 particle size change due to different binder adsorption mechanisms on the carbon surface is caused by changes in ion concentration which is determined by the initial pH values. Electrodes are fabricated by inkjet printing using ink prepared with an initial pH of 9.13 on two current collectors (aluminum foil and carbon nanotube paper (CNT paper)). A clear boundary between the aluminum current collector and electrode materials was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which is possibly caused by the reaction between the alkaline dispersing solvent and the Al foil. XRD results also suggest the existence of impurities like LiAlO 2 and AlPO 4 after inkjet printing. Despite the uniform morphology of the electrode, electrochemical performance is still poor due to the impurities between the Al current collector and active materials. In contrast, a strong connects between active materials and CNT paper was confirmed by SEM. Battery with CNT paper current collector exhibited better electrochemical performance than Al current collector. This indicates that CNT paper is an alternative to the Al-foil current collector for LiFePO 4 aqueous based ink.
ACTIVITY OF GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND PLASMA OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL NEWBORN INFANTS

The activity of the enzymes, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase, in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma was studied in 54 normal full-term newborn infants from 2½ to 240 hours of age, and in 20 newborn infants suspected to have intracranial pathology. The normal range of activities of these enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are described. In the infants with suspected intracranial pathology, the average glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of cerebrospinal fluid was 82% higher than in the normal newborn infant, and plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity, had an 18% mean increase over normal. In the cerebrospinal fluid of the abnormal infants, lactic dehydrogenase activity had a mean increase of 309% over normal, and plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity revealed an increase of 11% over normal. Enzyme determinations in cerebrospinal fluid, particularly lactic dehydrogenase, may be useful in the study of newborn infants suspected of intracranial pathology.
Embedded Thin Film Resistors on BCB by Low-Cost PWB Compatible Electroless Plating by Direct Foil Lamination Transfer Processes

Benzocyclobutene (BCB) has been proposed as a board level dielectric for advanced System-on-Package (SOP) module primarily due to its attractive low-loss (for RF application) and thin film (for high density wiring) properties. Realization of embedded resistors on low loss Benzocyclobutene (dielectric loss ∼0.0008 at > 40 GHz) has been explored in this study. Two approaches, viz, foil transfer and electroless plating have been attempted for deposition of thin film resistors on Benzocyclobutene (BCB). Ni-P alloys were plated using conventional electroless plating, and NiCr and NiCrAlSi foils were used for the foil transfer process. A low-cost large format electroless process for deposition of NiP and NiWP thin film resistors using both low-(25°C) and high-temperature (90°C) baths has been developed. The electroless process exhibits uniform resistor thickness in the sub-micron range and offers low profile and excellent adhesion to BCB dielectric. These films also act as a seed layer for the subsequent direct electroplating of copper traces. A test vehicle consisting of various geometry and values of resistors was designed and fabricated to evaluate electrical and mechanical reliability of embedded thin film resistors. The measured sheet resistance values are in the range of 250-400 ohms/square. NiP alloys can also be tailored to variable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) with different alloy compositions. The electroless process can be adopted in the PCB manufacturing industries with no additional investment. This paper reports NiP and NiWP electroless plated embedded resistors on BCB dielectric for the first time in the literature.