cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution

1. Domestic enemies 2. Manumission was the means 3. Reconciling humanity and public policy 4. Stop the course of these cruelties 5. Less than just a despot? 6. To restore order and tranquility.
Application of accelerator mass spectrometry to environmental and paleoclimate studies at the University of Arizona

Abstract A wide range of climatic, geologic and archaeological records can be characterized by measuring their 14C and 10Be concentrations, using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). These records are found not only in the traditional sampling sites such as lake sediments and ice cores, but also in diverse natural records. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some selected applications of AMS at the University of Arizona, including sample preparation, applications of AMS radiocarbon dating to learning about climatic changes in the past, modern 14C studies, and 10Be and 129I measurements.
El Madrid isabelino de los años cuarenta visto por los ingleses

Me ocupo en este articulo de la vida en Madrid en los albores del reinado de Isabel II en los anos 40 del siglo XIX, tal como la vieron Samuel Edward Widdrington, Martin Haverty y Terence Mahon Hugues. Estos escritores britanicos residieron durante cierto tiempo en la Villa y Corte y tuvieron ocasion de seguir de cerca la complicada politica del momento, de conocer a algunos de sus protagonistas y de observar las costumbres de aquella cambiante sociedad. No me propongo relatar la historia de la Espana de entonces sino destacar aquellos episodios y personajes sobre quienes estos autores arrojan nueva luz o revelan aspectos mal conocidos de caracter por lo general costumbrista o intrahistorico.
Lymphoma models for B-cell activation and tolerance: VII. Pathways in anti-Ig-mediated growth inhibition and its reversal

Abstract WEHI-231, CH33, and CH31 are B-cell lymphomas that are inhibited in their growth by crosslinking of surface Ig receptors during early G 1 . This “negative signaling” process can be prevented or reversed under certain conditions. In the present paper, we use a cell synchronization procedure to demonstrate that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is not involved in the negative signal for growth, but rather that PKC activation prevents growth inhibition when present early in the cell cycle. Indeed, the prevention of negative signaling is only accomplished by active phorbol esters. Moreover, phorbol esters and a calcium ionophore fail to deliver a negative signal under conditions in which anti-Ig can significantly prevent cell cycle progression into S phase, thereby ruling out synergy between PKC and calcium in growth inhibition. Whether phorbol esters reverse negative signaling by preventing internalization of the immune complex or phosphorylation of a critical intracellular protein is discussed.
Suppression of Cavity Resonant Edge Effects and PDN impedance using absorbing material

Cavity Resonant Edge Effects (CREE) in printed circuit boards (PCBs) and packages can cause severe power integrity (PI) and electromagnetic interference/compatibility (EMI/EMC) issues. Electromagnetic radiation from PCB edges are major sources of EMI/EMC problems in electronic devices. Power supply noise, in the form of fast changing currents (di/dt), traverses the power-return paths of PCBs and packages using power vias. CREE produces considerable level of noise along the edges of PCB and package power planes due to signal coupling between vias and reflection along PCB edges with transient currents. In this paper, we investigate an approach to minimize cavity resonant noise by placing absorbing material along the edges of a PCB board. The upper peak (anti-resonant) impedance of the power distribution network (PDN) is reduced significantly. In this paper the simulated example shows the absorbing material reduces the upper impedance peaks as much as to 8% comparing to the impedance peaks without absorption material. Conclusively, the results show that adding absorbing material along the PCB edges significantly improves the noise issues by suppressing CREE.
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin to detect V. vulnificus in environmental specimens

Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin, purified by quantitative isoelectric focusing, was used to prepare rabbit and goat anti-hemolysin. The resulting antibodies were used as capture and detector antibody reagents in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect V. vulnificus in environmental samples. By this technique, 4 laboratory-maintained V. vulnificus strains and 33 environmental V. vulnificus isolates were detected. Also, the technique distinguished five other Vibrio species from V. vulnificus, and when it was used in combination with colistin-polymyxin-cellobiose agar, 31 non-V. vulnificus isolated were excluded. This sandwich ELISA compared favorably with the current Food and Drug Administration standard immunoassay in confirming presumptive V. vulnificus colonies from environmental specimens: oysters, sediment, and seawater. Among 340 presumptive V. vulnificus colonies, the sandwich ELISA detected 95% of the confirmed V. vulnificus colonies. Equally important, the technique correctly distinguished 99% of the non-V. vulnificus colonies. The sandwich ELISA offers time-saving and labor-saving advantages over the currently accepted immunoassay.
Causes and cures II: the biology of violence

The past 2 years have been a landmark moment for violence prevention, with the publication of The Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014, a historic resolution on violence by the 67th World Health Assembly, and the release of multiple documents on violence by international and United Nations entities, with a corresponding building of momentum in scholarship. Most notably, in September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, addressing the need for violence prevention at an unprecedented scale. In this context, more than ever, violence studies have become a field of its own right. Still, a systematic approach to the topic is lacking, and no textbook yet synthesizes the knowledge of multiple disciplines toward a cogent understanding. This article is the second of a series that will cover an outline for summarizing the major bio-psycho-social and structural-environmental perspectives on violence. It discusses the major assumptions that have held back advances in a biological understanding of human violence, such as reductionism. It reviews biologically useful distinctions between aggression and violence, as well as the relationship between mental illness and violence. Recent advances in the neurosciences, such as neuroplasticity and epigenetics, show that the biological cannot be separated from the psychological, social, and environmental, such that a merging of the fields is necessary for an understanding of a phenomenon as complex as human violence. Language: en
A fluorometric method for the estimation of tryptophan

The various colorimetric methods now employed for the estimation of tryptophan are not specific for tryptophan but give colored products with many compounds containing the indole nucleus, including indole itself. In order to facilitate studies of the enzymatic synthesis of tryptophan from indole and serine by extracts of Neurospora (1), a search for a rapid, quantitative method for the estimation of tryptophan in the presence of indole was undertaken. Tauber (2) reported that tryptophan gives a green fluorescence when treated with 70 to 72 per cent perchloric acid at room temperature. Modification of this procedure has led to a method for the rapid estimation of tryptophan, without preliminary extraction of indole, in hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed tryptophan-containing materials.
Communication, convergence, and stochastic stability in self-assembly

Existing work on programmable self-assembly has focused on deterministic performance guarantees—stability of desirable states. In particular, for any acyclic target graph a binary rule set can be synthesized such that the target graph is the uniquely stable assembly. If the number of agents is finite, communication and consensus algorithms are necessary for the dynamic process induced by the rule set to converge to a state with a maximum number of target assemblies. We suggest a self-assembly problem constrained so that communication can only occur between a pair of agents participating in a formation or severance event. We propose a stochastic decision policy for the agents that provides a performance guarantee in the form of stochastic stability for any finite number of agents and any acyclic target graph. In particular, the process will have a yield of desirable assemblies approaching 100 percent of the maximum as the number of agents increases. This is accomplished with a probability that can be made arbitrarily close to one. This result is established analytically and demonstrated via simulation. We argue that probabilistic performance criteria such as stochastic stability are relevant to the self-assembly problem. This approach allows for the analysis of robustness in the presence of uncertain disturbances to agent behavior. Another feature of probabilistic performance guarantees is the ability to model reversible processes. We also suggest how the presented process can be augmented with communications to provide stability.
Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reduced conditioned fear response in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) relative to Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKYs): (a) reflects a decrease in fear in SHRs or an increase in fear in WKYs, relative to other strains; (b) is secondary to strain differences in cardiovascular regulation; (c) represents a weaker conditioned response or a weaker memory trace; and (d) generalizes beyond tests of conditioned fear. SHRs, WKYs and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to classical fear conditioning (30 trials) involving the pairing of a tone conditioned emotional stimulus (CES: 800 Hz, 82 dB, 10 s) with an electric footshock unconditioned stimulus (US: 1.5 mA, 0.5 s). Cardiovascular responses elicited by the CES (without the US) were assessed through computer assisted techniques in chronically instrumented animals. Conditioned fear behavior was assessed as the proportion of time accounted for by crouching or freezing during a 300s presentation of the CES without the US. Unconditioned fear reactivity was examined using the open field test. Conditioned fear reactivity (% freezing during 300 s CES) was reduced (P
Transient neonatal hypothyroidism: characterization of maternal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor.

Transient neonatal thyroid disease is known to occur as a result of transplacental passage of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) that contains antibodies to the TSH receptor (TRAb). Thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) produces hyperthyroidism, and antibody that blocks TSH binding (TBIAb) results in hypothyroidism. We have analyzed in detail the IgG from four women who gave birth to children with transient neonatal hypothyroidism and have shown stimulating and inhibiting antibodies to coexist in three. Human and/or rat thyroid (FRTL5) cells were used to show stimulatory effects in vitro. Inhibition was assessed as prevention of stimulation of these cells (by TSH or TSAb) or by the blocking of binding of [125I] TSH to its receptor. The IgG from two mothers was tested to identify whether the inhibitory and stimulating bioactivities resided in molecules characterized by either or both kappa- or lambda-light chains. Evidence for restricted heterogeneity (implying oligoclonality) was obtained, in that with one, purely inhibitory IgG all activity was with IgG kappa. With the other, stimulating and inhibitory activities were predominantly in IgG kappa and IgG lambda, respectively. In addition, the latter IgG contained a second stimulator that was not suppressed by either its own or other inhibitory IgG. Despite the presence of stimulatory antibodies in these IgG, the clinical effect was neonatal hypothyroidism, reflecting the greater potency of the inhibitory IgG in all instances. Based on the histories of these four women and their offspring it is apparent that TRAb, and in particular TBIAb, can develop at any point in the course of autoimmune thyroid disease, i.e. either at the onset or long after the autoimmune process has been established.
Sickle cell disease in mice is associated with sensitization of sensory nerve fibers

The pain phenotype in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients is highly variable. A small percentage of SCD patients experience many vaso-occlusive crises/year, 5% of patients account for over 30% of pain episodes, while 39% report few episodes of severe pain. Clearly, a better understanding of the pathobiology of SCD is needed to improve its therapy. Humanized sickle cell mice recapitulate several phenotypes of SCD patients and provide a model for the study of SCD pain. Researchers have shown that one strain of humanized SCD mice, the BERK strain, has abnormal pain phenotype. However, the nociception phenotype of another humanized SCD mouse strain, the Townes strain, has not been described. In a large cross-sectional study of BERK and Townes SCD mice, we examined thermosensory response and sensory nerve fiber function using sine-wave electrical stimulation at 2000, 250, and 5 Hz to stimulate preferentially Aβ, Aδ, and C sensory nerve fibers, respectively. We found that BERK and Townes mice, compared to respec...
Agonistic Encounters Among Male Elephant Seals: Frequency, Context, and the Role of Female Preference

SYNOPSIS. Aggressive interactions between male northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris , observed during the course of three breeding seasons are analyzed from the perspective of costs and benefits to individuals. Males spend less than one percent of their time in aggressive activities and the overwhelming majority of agonistic interactions consist only of visual and vocal threats rather than physical combat. Males are most likely to threaten other males when the likelihood that they will be successful in displacing the opponent is high. Males who are mounting females, or who are in close proximity to females, are threatened more frequently than males who are otherwise occupied. However, high ranking bulls do regularly issue threats which are not provoked by the location or behavior of the recipient. Despite the obvious costs of such threats, this behavior may be favored as a result of female choice. Estrous females are more receptive when mounted by a male who has just dominated another than when mounted by a male of similar rank who has been resting or recently displaced by a stillmore dominant male. A general argument is made that in species where social status of males is correlated with their genetic fitness, female choice is likely to be based on social signals which are used incompetition between males.
Prenatal alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use: Infant mental and motor development

These data are from a longitudinal study of prenatal alcohol and marijuana use in a low income sample. Half of the women were black and half were white. Women who used alcohol and/or marijuana during their pregnancies were light to moderate users; most decreased or discontinued their use after the first trimester. At the first follow-up phase, which occurred at a median age of 9 months, the children were functioning above average on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID). Prenatal alcohol and tobacco use did not predict BSID mental or motor scores at this phase. Third trimester marijuana use was associated with decreased BSID mental scores. Age at assessment was the most important predictor at this phase. The second follow-up occurred at a median age of 19 months when the group means for the BSID were lower. Prenatal alcohol and marijuana use did not predict outcome at this phase. Prenatal and current cigarette use were associated with decreased BSID mental scores. Demographic and environmental variables were important predictors at this phase.
Road traffic injuries and near misses among adolescents in Galle, Sri Lanka

Road traffic injuries (RTI), as the 8th leading cause of deaths worldwide, caused an increasing number of morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka especially among young vulnerable road users. However, few studies provided evidence on the risk and related modifiable factors that adolescents are facing to support the policy making on injury prevention. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the prevalence of road traffic crashes and near misses among adolescents in Galle, Sri Lanka and identifying the risk factors. Language: en
The development of strong acidity in hexafluorosilicate-modified Y-type zeolites

Catalysts have been prepared by treating a parent Na, NH4-Y(54) zeolite containing 54 Alf/u.c. with ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHFS). The resulting zeolites, containing between 39 and 26 Al/u.c., were crystalline, but were relatively inactive for the cracking of n-hexane at 400°C. After steaming they became active, and their activity was greater than that of a parent zeolite which had been steamed to the same framework aluminum (Alf) content. To achieve maximum activity by steaming the amount of A1 removed from the AHFS-treated zeolite was equivalent to ca. one Al atom per β cage. The enhanced activity of the steamed AHFS-treated material is believed to result from the presence of isolated Al in the framework and a cationic form of extraframework Al in the β cages. It is apparent from the 29Si NMR spectrum that the resonance of Si atoms connected to three Alf atoms is not present in the AHFS-treated samples. The absence of this 29Si resonance is consistent with an increase in isolated Alf atoms. All of the zeolites contained an octahedral form of extraframework Al which has no affect on acidity or activity. The most active zeolites are characterized by infrared bands at 3602 and 3525 cm−1, which are assigned to hydroxyl groups in the large and small cages, respectively. The zeolites prepared with AHFS retained less than 0.3 wt% fluorine. It is unlikely that this fluorine is responsible for the enhanced acidity of the more active catalysts. Impregnation of the less active catalysts with NH4F increased the activity; however, this phenomenon results from dealumination rather than from the electronic effect of fluorine.
Mitigating replay attacks using Darwinian-based Feature Extraction

In [1,2], a Genetic and Evolutionary Biometric Security (GEBS) application was presented for preventing biometric replay attacks. This technique used Genetic and Evolutionary Feature Extraction — Machine Learning (GEFE ML ) to create disposable feature extractors (FEs). These disposable FEs had higher recognition accuracy than a traditional feature extraction approach, known as the local binary pattern method. In [3], a two-stage process for developing FEs was developed. This technique is known as Darwinian Feature Extraction (DFE), and it created Darwinian FEs (dFEs) that had even higher recognition accuracy than GEFE ML while maintaining a lower computational complexity. In this paper, we apply dFEs towards mitigating replay attacks and compare the results to disposable FEs using GEFE ML . Our results show the effectiveness of GEFE ML and DFE towards creating dFEs.
DOMER: a wizard of oz interface for using interactive robots to scaffold social skills for children with autism spectrum disorders

This report describes the development of a prototypical Wizard of Oz, graphical user interface to wirelessly control a small, humanoid robot (Aldebaran Nao) during a therapy session for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The Dynamically Operated Manually Executed Robot interface (DOMER) enables an operator to initiate pre-developed behavior sequences for the robot as well as access the text-to-speech capability of the robot in real-time interactions between children with ASD and their therapist. Preliminary results from a pilot study suggest that the interface enables the operator to control the robot with sufficient fidelity such that the robot can provide positive feedback, practice social dialogue, and play the game, "Simon Says" in a convincing and engaging manner.
Cyclic fatigue behavior of resinoid-bonded abrasives

The cyclic fatigue behavior of a resinoid-bonded abrasive was determined in ambient air (22°C and 50 percent relative humidity). The number of cycles to failure was dependent on the cyclic stress by a power functional relation, consistent with fracture mechanics concepts of fatigue crack growth. Additionally, it was found that the cyclic fatigue behavior did not depend on the cyclic stress waveform or the test sample geometry and loading (four-point bend bars and radically loaded nonreinforced and reinforced wheels). Based upon fracture mechanics concepts, a reliability analysis was developed for reinforced, resinoid-bonded abrasives in service, taking into account the variability in strength and the fatigue behavior exhibited by these materials.
Equity and Private Debt Markets in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic

This study focuses on equity, private debt, and asset-backed securities markets in Central America. These markets are generally under-developed throughout the region due to several structural problems, economic and political factors, and weaknesses in regulation and in institutional investor base. The paper identifies key country-specific recommendations to strengthen securities laws, regulatory oversight, market infrastructure, investor base, and new products such as asset-backed securities. Despite these efforts, developing seven viable private capital markets is a difficult goal. The paper thus also explores the benefits and difficulties of creating a single capital market in a region still short of full economic integration.
The effects of developmental and experimental temperature on responses of Drosophila melanogaster adults to sucrose

Abstract Two different assays for chemosensory behaviour were performed on normal Drosophila melanogaster adults that had been raised and tested at various temperatures. The temperatures at which the flies were raised, maintained as adults and tested affected their ability to extend the proboscis in response to stimulation of the tarsal chemoreceptors with sucrose. Testing flies at temperatures that were different from the ones at which the flies had been raised also affected their performance in an hour-long assay for sucrose consumption.
LESSONS FROM MONITORING TRENDS IN ABUNDANCE OF MARINE MAMMALS

We assessed scientists’ ability to detect declines of marine mammal stocks based on recent levels of survey effort, when the actual decline is precipitous. We defined a precipitous decline as a 50% decrease in abundance in 15 yr, at which point a stock could be legally classified as “depleted” under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act. We assessed stocks for three categories of cetaceans: large whales (n = 23, most of which are listed as endangered), beaked whales (n = 11, potentially vulnerable to anthropogenic noise), and small whales/dolphins/porpoises (n = 69, bycatch in fisheries and important abundant predators), for two categories of pinnipeds with substantially different survey precision: counted on land (n = 13) and surveyed on ice (n = 5), and for a category containing polar bear and sea otter stocks (n = 6). The percentage of precipitous declines that would not be detected as declines was 72% for large whales, 90% for beaked whales, and 78% for dolphins/porpoises, 5% for pinnipeds on land, 100% for pinnipeds on ice, and 55% for polar bears/sea otters (based on a one-tailed t-test, � = 0.05), given the frequency and precision of recent monitoring effort. We recommend alternatives to improve performance.
Fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection of oxazole‐labelled amines and thiols

Fluorescence and chemiluminescence analyses of amino acids and thiols derivatized with 2-fluoro-4,5-diphenyloxazole (DIFOX) and 2-chloro-4,5-bis(p-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonylphenyl)oxazole (SAOX-Cl) were investigated. Thirteen diphenyloxazole (DIOX)-derivatized amino acids were separated within 38 min by a linear gradient elution from 100% A [0.05 M phosphate (pH 7.0): CH3CN (75:25)] to 100% B [0.05 M phosphate (pH 7.0):CH3CN (1:1)] over 30 min and an isocratic elution of 100% B for 30 min. The detection limits (S/N = 2) with fluorescence detection were in the range of 19-64 fmol. Thiols derivatized with SAOX-Cl were separated by an isocratic elution using 0.1 M H3PO4:CH3CN (65:35) and detected fluorimetrically. The detection limits (S/N = 2) of reduced glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, 2-mercaptopropionylglycine, cysteine, homocysteine and captopril were 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 5.7, 6.4 and 7.9 fmol, respectively. Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (CL) intensities of sulphonyl-5-N,N-dimethylaminonaphthalene (DNS), SAOX and DIOX derivatives were compared using three different oxalate esters (DFPO, TCPO and TDPO) by flow injection analysis. The relative chemiluminescence intensity (RCL) of SAOX-proline and DIOX-proline were 76-80% and 19-25% of DNS-proline (100%), respectively. Other SAOX and DIOX derivatives showed lower CL intensities (< 12%). Extremely low CL intensities were obtained for the fluorescent tagging reagents (< 0.11%) and their hydrolysis products (< 0.80%). Secondary amino acids and peptides, derivatized with DIFOX in aqueous media at room temperature for 1 h, were detected using DFPO/H2O2. TCPO/H2O2 and TDPO/H2O2 after separation by high performance liquid chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gross motor milestones in preterm infants: correction for degree of prematurity.

The age of gross motor milestone attainment and how it is affected by degree of prematurity at delivery were studied in 100 high-risk, preterm (
Responses of non-eye movement central vestibular neurons to sinusoidal horizontal translation in compensated macaques after unilateral labyrinthectomy.

After vestibular labyrinth injury, behavioral deficits partially recover through the process of vestibular compensation. The present study was performed to improve our understanding of the physiology of the macaque vestibular system in the compensated state (>7 wk) after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Three groups of vestibular nucleus neurons were included: pre-UL control neurons, neurons ipsilateral to the lesion, and neurons contralateral to the lesion. The firing responses of neurons sensitive to linear acceleration in the horizontal plane were recorded during sinusoidal horizontal translation directed along six different orientations (30° apart) at 0.5 Hz and 0.2 g peak acceleration (196 cm/s2). This data defined the vector of best response for each neuron in the horizontal plane, along which sensitivity, symmetry, detection threshold, and variability of firing were determined. Additionally, the responses of the same cells to translation over a series of frequencies (0.25–5.0 Hz) either in the interaural or naso-occipital orientation were obtained to define the frequency response characteristics in each group. We found a decrease in sensitivity, increase in threshold, and alteration in orientation of best responses in the vestibular nuclei after UL. Additionally, the phase relationship of the best neural response to translational stimulation changed with UL. The symmetry of individual neuron responses in the excitatory and inhibitory directions was unchanged by UL. Bilateral central utricular neurons still demonstrated two-dimension tuning after UL, consistent with spatio-temporal convergence from a single vestibular end-organ. These neuronal data correlate with known behavioral deficits after unilateral vestibular compromise.
Design of a positioning system for a holographic otoscope

Current ear examination procedures provide mostly qualitative information which results in insufficient or erroneous description of the patient's hearing. Much more quantitative and accurate results can be achieved with a holographic otoscope system currently under development. Various ways of accurate positioning and stabilization of the system in real-life conditions are being investigated by this project in an attempt to bring this new technology to the hospitals and clinics, in order to improve the quality of the treatments and operations of the human ear. The project is focused at developing a mechatronic system capable of positioning the holographic otoscope to the patient's ear and maintaining its relative orientation during the examination. The system will be able to be guided by the examiner, but it will maintain the chosen position automatically. To achieve that, various trajectories are being measured for existing otoscopes being guided by doctors in real medical conditions. Based on that, various kinematic configurations are to be synthesized and their stability and accuracy will be simulated and optimized with FEA. For simplification, the mechanism will contain no actuators, but only adjustable friction elements in a haptic feedback control system. This renders the positioning system safe and easily applicable to current examination rooms. Other means of stabilization of the system are being investigated such as custom designed packaging of all of the otoscope subsystems, interferometrically compensating for the heartbeat induced vibration of the tympanic membrane as well as methods for monitoring and active response to the motion of the patient's head.
Recent Studies in Renaissance English Manuscripts (1996–2006)1

AbstractIn addition to the greater availability of electronic resources, the most notable trends in scholarship over the past decade include continuing study of the means, methods, and varied contexts of composition and transmission within manuscript culture; greater understanding of the complex interrelation of manuscript and print; growing awareness of the importance of women in producing and circulating manuscripts; and the especially vigorous debate over dramatic manuscripts.
ALTERATION OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND FERTILITY IN AEDES AEGYPTI BY THE CHEMOSTERILANT APHOLATE

Studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of ovarian development, as contrasted to inhibition of oogenesis, by the chemosterilant Apholate, causes a significant increase in the biting rate of female Aedes aegypti. The material also reduces the fertility of males of this species. The possibility exists that materials with similar modes of action might increase the vector efficiency of this species, at least temporarily, while the population is being reduced at a slower rate. Assessment of this possibility should be made in other vectors, of both plant and animal diseases, as well as with other chemosterilants. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERANDERUNG DER ERNAHRUNGSWEISE UND DER FRUCHTBARKEIT BEI AEDES AEGYPTI DURCH DAS CHEMOSTERILANS APHOLAT Untersuchungen mit dem Chemosterilans Apholat weisen eine zweifache Wirkung auf Aedes aegypti nach. Werden frisch geschlupfte Larven 10–20 ppm des Stoffes ausgesetzt, so werden die Prozesse der Oogenese und Spermatogenese in so starkem Mase beeinflust, das ein hoher Anteil unfruchtbarer Eier abgelegt wird. Bei einer Konzentration von 30 ppm wird jedoch die Entwicklung der Ovarien selbst gehemmt, so das den Erwachsenen diese Organe fehlen. Solche Weibchen nahmen signifikant mehr Blut auf als unbehandelte Weibchen, obwohl gar keine Eier gebildet werden konnten. Diese Anderung im Nahrungsaufnahme-Verhalten konnte wichtige Folgen fur die Ubertragung von Pathogenen durch behandelte Vektoren von Tier- und Pflanzenkrankheiten haben. Einige Aspekte dieses Problems werden erortert.
Thermal Conductivity of Indium-Thallium Alloys at Low Temperatures

The thermal conductivity of a series of homogeneous, solid solution indium-thallium alloys containing up to 50 atomic percent of thallium has been measured as a function of temperature at liquid helium temperatures and as a function of both longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields below ${T}_{c}$, the superconducting transition temperature in zero field. The normal-state results agree quite well with the quasi-free electron theory of metals. The superconducting-state results agree with the hypotheses that electrons in the "superconducting phase" neither transport heat nor scatter phonons.For pure indium, it was found that $\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{es}}}{{K}_{\mathrm{en}}}=\frac{2{t}^{2}}{(3+{t}^{4})}$, where ${K}_{\mathrm{es}}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{en}}$ are the electronic thermal conductivities at a given temperature when the specimen is superconducting and when it is nonsuperconducting, respectively, and $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$.For all the alloy specimens the ratio of the lattice thermal conductivities comprised a family of curves such that ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}3}l\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{gs}}}{{K}_{\mathrm{gn}}}l{t}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$.A thermal resistivity maximum was found to accompany the isothermal destruction of superconductivity by either a longitudinal or a transverse magnetic field in specimens containing 15 percent Tl or more. When the applied field was reduced to zero, the final thermal resistivity of most of these specimens was greater than would be expected for a simple mixture of superconducting and "frozen-in" normal regions, the concentration of the latter being estimated from magnetic induction measurements. Both this effect and the maxima themselves are thought to be manifestations of an increased lattice thermal resistivity due to alteration of the mean free path of phonons when they approach the boundary between a superconducting and a normal region.
The influence of health literacy level on an educational intervention to improve glaucoma medication adherence

Objective To test an educational intervention targeted to health literacy level with the goal of improving glaucoma medication adherence.
Mobilization of Residual Oil Under Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Conditions

A microvisual study of residual oil mobilization that uses a relatively simple chemical system consisting of water, n-propanol, and cyclohexane is presented. Two different classes of experiments were performed to determine the sensitivity of the capillary number required to displace a particular residual oil globule from chemical equilibrium. It was found that under certain circumstances the capillary number required to mobilize the oil drop could be reduced greatly if the displacing phase contained more alcohol than it would in equilibrium with the trapped phase. Experiments clearly demonstrated that spontaneous emulsification by a diffusion and stranding mechanism could not account for the differences between equilibrium and nonequilibrium capillary numbers. Experimental observations did correlate well with the development of interfacial turbulence (Marangoni effect). Variations that, according to theory, tended to enhance the level of interfacial turbulence between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium capillary numbers were observed. The importance of the Marangoni effect relative to laboratory oil recovery experiments is discussed. A second class of experiments consisted of observing the displacement of residual oil globules that had been increased in volume (swollen) by mass transfer from a continuous phase flowing too slowly to displace the drop. Once the residual oil globule attained equilibrium withmore » the continuous phase, the flooding velocity was increased until the swollen globule was displaced.« less
The Financial Impact of Patients With Prolonged Npo Status on a Community Hospital

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the financial impact of prolonged NPO status in surgical patients. Decreasing length of stay (LOS) and cost containment are two major objectives of health care reform. Poor nutritional status prior to surgery and prolonged NPO status after surgery can increase LOS and thus, hospital costs. Fifty patients admitted for bowel surgery were studied from June to December, 1995. Of these patients, only 5 (10%) had a scrum albumin level drawn prior to surgery. History of weight loss (10% in 6 months or 5% in 3 months) was used to identify patients at nutritional risk. Eleven patients (22%) had sufficient information to be assessed at nutritional risk prior to their surgery. Of these 11 patients, 8 (72.7%) had an actual LOS greater then the Allowed LOS per Medicare DRG, and 2 patients (18.2%) who had been discharged within their allowed LOS were readmitted within 3 days Therefore, 10 of the 11 patients (90.9%) assessed at nutritional risk had extended LOS. An ongoing study of Cost Containment through Nutrition Intervention by the Clintcc Nutrition Company notes that 1 hospital day is saved for every 2 days of earlier nutrition intervention. Applying these figures to the patient in the study kept NPO for greater than 7 days, a minimum of 23 hospital days could have been saved if the patient had been fed two days earlier. If these same patients had received adequate nutrition four days sooner, the hospital could have saved as much as $32,154. Based on a daily average cost of $699 for a non-lCU bed. The study demonstrates that significant financial savings can be realized by more aggressive identification of patients at nutritional risk prior to surgery and earlier nutrition intervention after surgery.
Information, evolution, and change

The basic premise of this paper is that the ethicality of systems can be improved by placing them on a more solid informational foundation. Information, evolution, and change are seen to be integrally related. An information typology of nonreferential, referential, and state-referential information is proposed to handle the ontological, epistemological, and teleological aspects of systems. These information types have a particular entailment relationship to each other. The typology and entailment ordering are seen as having important consequences for the design of social systems.
The Non-cyclooxygenase Targets of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Lipoxygenases, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor, Inhibitor of κB Kinase, and NFκB, Do Not Reduce Amyloid β42 Production

Epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, NSAIDs have been shown to decrease amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. This benefit may be partially attributable to the ability of NSAIDs to selectively reduce production of the amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptide in both cultured cells and transgenic mice. Although this activity does not appear to require the action of cyclooxygenases in cultured cells, it is not known whether other NSAID-sensitive targets contribute to this Aβ42 effect. In this study, we have used both pharmacological and genetic means to determine if other known cellular targets of NSAIDs could mediate the reduction in Aβ42 secretion from cultured cells. We find that altered arachidonic acid metabolism via NSAID action on cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases does not alter Aβ42 production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that alterations in activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, IκB kinase β or nuclear factor κB do not affect Aβ42 production. Thus, NSAIDs do not appear to alter Aβ42 production indirectly through previously identified cellular targets and may interact directly with the γ-secretase complex itself to affect amyloid production.
Instrumentation for positron emission tomography: tomographs and data processing and display systems.

The field of positron emission tomography (PET) has evolved over the past 10 to 15 years from a basic research endeavor to a field in which both research and clinical studies are performed at over 100 institutions and medical facilities throughout the world. Most centers now use tomographs supplied by commercial vendors and operate data analysis systems employing identical software packages. PET scanners have advanced from prototypes assembled more than 15 years ago that imaged a single slice with 32 detectors at a resolution of >2.0 cm full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM), to current state-of-the-art instruments that simultaneously image as many as 47 slices using nearly 10,000 detector crystals at resolutions of
The Central Haagerup Tensor Product and Maps between von Neumann Algebras

Abstract We introduce the central Haagerup tensor product R ⊗ F h R for a von Neumann algebra R , and we show that the natural injection into tbe space CB( R , R ) of completely bounded maps on R is isometric. This is used to study mappings between von Neumann algebras and to give a new characterization of injectivity. This tensor product is also studied for C*-algebras A , and we show that the injection into CB( A , A ) need not always be isometric, depending on the topology of the primitive ideal space of A .
Derivation of nearest-neighbor properties from data on nucleic acid oligomers. I. Simple sets of independent sequences and the influence of absent nearest neighbors.

The constraints on combinations of nearest neighbors in nucleic acid sequences and the numbers of independent sequences needed to describe nearest-neighbor properties of oligomers and polymers are derived and summarized. It has been pointed out in previous work [D. M. Gray and I. Tinoco, Jr. (1970) Biopolymers, Vol. 9, pp. 223-244; R. F. Goldstein and A. S. Benight (1992) Biopolymers, Vol. 32, pp. 1679-1693] that these constraints restrict the information available from measurements of properties of sequence combinations. The emphasis in this paper is on the properties of oligomer sequences that vary in length, where each nucleotide or base pair at the end of the sequence makes a significant contribution to the measured property by interacting with its boundary of fixed sequence or solvent. In such cases it is not be possible to determine values of properties of individual nearest neighbors, except for the like neighbors [e.g., d(A-A), d(G-G), d(T-T), and d(C-C) nucleotide neighbors in single-stranded DNA or d(A-A)/d(T-T) and d(G-G)/d(C-C) base pair neighbors in double-stranded DNA], solely from measurements of properties of different sequences. Even values for properties of the like neighbors cannot be determined from such oligomeric sequences if the sequences are all of the same length. Nearest-neighbor properties of oligomer sequences that vary in length can be summarized in terms of the values for independent sets of sequences that are nearest neighbors and monomers all with boundaries of the fixed sequence or solvent. Straightforward combinations of the values for the independent sequences will give the values of the property for any dependent sequence, without explicit knowledge of the individual nearest-neighbor values. These considerations have important consequences for the derivation of widely used thermodynamic parameters, as discussed in the following paper.
Autoradiographic identification of muscarinic receptors in human iris smooth muscle

We have used the specific, irreversible muscarinic ligand [3H]-propylbenzilylcholine mustard to localize putative muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscle tissue of the human iris. Analysis of autoradiograms from labeled irides reveals high grain densities over the iris sphincter muscle, consistent with the well-known pharmacology of this muscle. In addition, a smaller but significant population of muscarinic binding sites was seen in the iris dilator muscle as well. Grain densities in both muscles are substantially reduced in control tissue treated with relatively high concentrations of the muscarinic antagonists quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and atropine. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of autoradiographic localization of putative muscarinic receptors in the human iris.
Formulating and evaluating hypotheses in psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Little psychoanalytic literature exists dealing with the formulation and evaluation of hypotheses in the therapeutic situation. This paper is an initial exploration and systematization of criteria presently in use. Hypothesis formation is discussed in terms of the accumulation of data and its recontextualization. Then follows an account of prevalidation, the silent evaluation of an hypothesis. Before an hypothesis can be turned into an intervention considerations of spoken form, order and timing must be taken into account. Finally, after intervening, post-validation can occur: the evaluation of the hypothesis on the basis of the patient's responses.
Closure to “Impact Stops on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions” by Hesham Rakha and Yonglian Ding

Closure to a discussion of an article with the aforementioned title, published in this journal (Vol. 129, No. 1, January/February 2003), is presented. The author argues that the original study, which attempts to systematically quantify the impact of vehicle stops and their associated levels of acceleration and deceleration on vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates, can be applied to the field. Their claim is based on numerous validation exercises of their model against field measurements using on-board emission measurement devices. The results demonstrated a high level of consistency between the model estimates and the field measurements.
Age-dependent differences in the effects of GDNF and NT-3 on the development of neurons and glia from neural crest-derived precursors immunoselected from the fetal rat gut: expression of GFRalpha-1 in vitro and in vivo.

No enteric neurons or glia develop in the gut below the rostral foregut in mice lacking glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or Ret. We analyzed the nature and age dependence of the effects of GDNF and, for comparison, those of NT-3, on the in vitro development of the precursors of enteric neurons and glia. Positive and negative immunoselection with antibodies to p75(NTR) were used to isolate crest-derived and crest-depleted populations of cells from the fetal rat bowel at E12, 14, and 16. Cells were typed immunocytochemically. GDNF stimulated the proliferation of nestin-expressing precursor cells isolated at E12, but not at E14-16. GDNF promoted the development of peripherin-expressing neurons (E12 >> E14-16) and expression of TrkC. GDNF inhibited expression of S-100-expressing glia at E14-16. NT-3 did not affect cells isolated at E12, never stimulated precursors to proliferate, and promoted glial as well as neuronal development at E14-16. GFRalpha-1 was expressed both by crest- and non-crest-derived cells, although only crest-derived cells anchored GFRalpha-1 and GFRalpha-2 (GFRalpha-1 >> GFRalpha-2). GDNF increased the number of neurons anchoring GFRalpha-1. GFRalpha-1 is immunocytochemically detectable in neurons of the E13 intestine and persists in adult neurons of both plexuses. We suggest that GDNF stimulates the proliferation of an early (E12) NT-3-insensitive precursor common to enteric neurons and glia; by E14, this common precursor is replaced by specified NT-3-responsive neuronal and glial progenitors. GDNF exerts a neurotrophic, but not a mitogenic, effect on the neuronal progenitor. The glial progenitor is not maintained by GDNF.
Rome undergraduate planning workshop: A reflexive approach to neighborhood studies

This workshop attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice by using a reflexive pedagogical approach. The workshop takes undergraduate American urban studies students and assists them through a structured progression of pedagogical exercises critical to an understanding of place and urban processes. The pedagogy draws from theories of reflexive and experiential learning from Argysis and Schon, Kolb and Lynch, to help students overcome challenges to learning in an unfamiliar cultural/linguistic environment. This reflexive approach emphasizes the importance of structuring exercises combining experiential learning, observation, coding and reflection to help students develop a practically-oriented understanding of the role of planning in a complex urban environment.