cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A-site cation ordering in AA′BB′O6 perovskites

Abstract Unlike ordering of the octahedral B -site cations, ordering of the larger A -site cations in stoichiometric perovskites is rare. Herein the A - and B -site ordering characteristics of several double perovskites with AA ′ BB ′O 6 stoichiometry have been investigated. The compounds investigated include NaLaMgWO 6 , NaLaMgTeO 6 , NaLaScNbO 6 , NaLaScSbO 6 , NaLaTi 2 O 6 , and NaLaZr 2 O 6 . Group theoretical methods are used to enumerate the possible structures of AA ′ BB ′ X 6 double perovskites that result from the combination of rock salt ordering of the B -site cations, layered ordering of the A -site cations, and octahedral tilting distortions. This combination results in 12 possible structures in addition to the aristotype. Among the compounds investigated only NaLaMgWO 6 and NaLaScNbO 6 show significant long-range ordering of the A -site cations, Na + and La 3+ . A complete structural characterization is presented for NaLaMgWO 6 . This compound possesses monoclinic C 2/ m (#12) space group symmetry, with unit cell dimensions of a = 7.8 0 7 4 ( 1 ) A , b = 7.8 1 5 8 ( 1 ) A , c = 7.8 9 7 7 ( 1 ) A , β = 9 0.1 3 6 ( 1 ) ° at room temperature. The results presented here show that in AA ′ BB ′O 6 perovskites layered ordering of A -site cations creates a bonding instability that is compensated for by a second-order Jahn–Teller distortion of the B ′ cation. These two distortions are synergistic and the removal of one leads to the disappearance of the other.
A tale of 10 plutonsúRevisited: Age of granitic rocks in the White Mountains, California and Nevada

40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating analysis and conventional K-Ar age determinations on plutonic rocks of the White Mountains define two stages of magmatic emplacement: Late Cretaceous, between ca. 90 Ma and 75 Ma, and Middle–Late Jurassic, between ca. 180 and 140 Ma. The Jurassic stage can be divided into two substages, 180–165 Ma and 150–140 Ma. Thermal effects of the younger plutons on the older granitoids partially to completely reset ages, making it difficult to determine the age of emplacement and cooling of several of the plutons even by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating analyses. New data together with published ages and regional geochronological synthesis of the Sierra Nevada batholith indicate that regions within the batholith have coherent periods or episodes of magmatic activity. In the White Mountains and Sierra Nevada directly to the west there was little or no activity in Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous time; magmatism took place during relatively short intervals of 15 m.y. or less in the Middle and Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous periods. The new K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of granitoids from the White Mountains help, but do not completely clarify the complex history of emplacement, cooling, and reheating of the batholith.
Power System Stabilization Using Adaptive Neural Network-Based Dynamic Surface Control

In this paper, the power system with an excitation controller is represented as a class of large-scale, uncertain, interconnected nonlinear continuous-time system in strict-feedback form. Subsequently, dynamic surface control (DSC)-based adaptive neural network (NN) controller is designed to overcome the repeated differentiation of the control input that is observed in the conventional backstepping approach. The NNs are utilized to approximate the unknown subsystem and the interconnection dynamics. By using novel online NN weight update laws with quadratic error terms, the closed-loop signals are shown to be locally asymptotically stable via Lyapunov stability analysis, even in the presence of NN approximation errors in contrast with other NN techniques where a bounded stability is normally assured. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus power system with generator excitation control are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach in damping oscillations that occur after disturbances are removed. The end result is a nonlinear decentralized adaptive state-feedback excitation controller for damping power systems oscillations in the presence of uncertain interconnection terms.
TCP AIMD dynamics over Internet connections

The precise nature of TCP dynamics over Internet connections has not been well understood, since the existing results are solely analytical or based on simulations. We employ the time-dependent exponent curves and logarithmic displacement curves to study TCP AIMD congestion window-size traces over Internet connections. We show that these dynamics have two dominant parts, a stochastic component in response to network traffic and a deterministic chaotic component due to the nonlinearity of protocol. These dynamics can be largely characterized as anomalous diffusions with a very large exponent.
Energy dissipation in large-eddy simulation: dependence on flow structure and effects of eigenvector alignments

Most numerical simulations of turbulent flow use grid spacings that far exceed the viscous scale at which turbulent kinetic energy is dissipated into heat. Large-eddy simulation (LES), requires closure models to account for the turbulent motions occurring at small (the so-called subgrid) scales. These motions are responsible for mixing and they interact with the large-scale motions in a way that tends, typically, to transfer kinetic energy to smaller scales in the turbulent energy cascade. This transfer must be reproduced accurately by subgrid-scale (SGS) closures in order to prevent overdamping of resolved scales, or insufficient damping which can lead to spurious instabilities. Lilly (1967) was the first to combine this insight with concepts from the phenomenological theory of 3D turbulence to provide quantitative answers to several important parameterization issues in LES. Our goals in this article are to review briefly Lilly’s pioneering contribution, and to reinterpret certain variables using geometric tools. Forty years ago, Smagorinsky (1963) proposed a simple eddy-viscosity model based on local variables characterizing the motions at the length scale of the computational grid. In this model, the deviatoric part of the SGS stress tensor, τij, where
PET Imaging of VEGFR-2 Expression in Lung Cancer with 64Cu-Labeled Ramucirumab

Lung cancer accounts for 17% of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and most patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Novel PET imaging agents for assessing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression can be used for detecting VEGFR-2–positive malignancies and subsequent monitoring of therapeutic response to VEGFR-2–targeted therapies. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of an antibody-based imaging agent for PET imaging of VEGFR-2 expression in vivo. Methods: Ramucirumab (named RamAb), a fully humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, was conjugated to 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-NOTA) and labeled with 64Cu. Flow cytometry analysis and microscopy studies were performed to compare the VEGFR-2 binding affinity of RamAb and NOTA-RamAb. PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed in nude mice bearing HCC4006 and A549 xenograft tumors. Ex vivo histopathology was performed to elucidate the expression patterns of VEGFR-2 in different tissues and organs to validate in vivo results. Results: Flow cytometry examination revealed the specific binding capacity of fluorescein isothiocyanate-RamAb to VEGFR-2, and no difference in VEGFR-2 binding affinity was seen between RamAb and NOTA-RamAb. After being labeled with 64Cu, PET imaging revealed specific and prominent uptake of 64Cu-NOTA-RamAb in VEGFR-2–positive HCC4006 tumors (9.4 ± 0.5 percentage injected dose per gram at 48 h after injection; n = 4) and significantly lower uptake in VEGFR-2–negative A549 tumors (4.3 ± 0.2 percentage injected dose per gram at 48 h after injection; n = 3). Blocking experiments revealed significantly lower uptake in HCC4006 tumors, along with histology analysis, further confirming the VEGFR-2 specificity of 64Cu-NOTA-RamAb. Conclusion: This study provides initial evidence that 64Cu-NOTA-RamAb can function as a PET imaging agent for visualizing VEGFR-2 expression in vivo, which may also find potential applications in monitoring the treatment response of VEGFR-2–targeted cancer therapy.
Turbulent Diffusion and Schmidt Number of Particles

The effective turbulent dispersion coefficient is analyzed, and the ratio of the eddy momentum and mass diffusivity coefficients determined for reported measurements in circular pipes and open channels. Its dependence to the ratio between the linearized Stokesian response time of the particle and the turbulent time macroscale is suggested.
Multiple Logistic Regression

The multiple logistic regression equation is based on the premise that the natural log of odds (logit) is linearly related to independent variables. The logit equation is the same as for the discriminant function and multiple regression equation with the dependent variable as the natural log of odds.
Pseudoinsulinoma in a white man with autoimmune hypoglycemia due to anti-insulin antibodies: value of the free C-Peptide assay.

Objectives: Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is an extremely rare cause of hypoglycemia, particularly in non-Asian populations. Methods: In this report, we describe a white male patient with elevated total insulin (>100.0 μIU/mL), C-peptide, and proinsulin levels who was diagnosed with IAS due to anti-insulin antibodies. He also had a small IgG κ M-protein. Results: We show that anti-insulin antibodies and/or the monoclonal protein can significantly interfere with insulin and C-peptide immunoassays and propose polyethylene glycol precipitation to quantitate free C-peptide levels as a useful assay in differentiating IAS due to anti-insulin antibodies from insulinoma. Conclusions: In patients presenting with hypoglycemia with excessively high insulin levels, consideration needs to be given to autoimmune hypoglycemia due to anti-insulin antibodies as a cause. Additionally, if total C-peptide levels are increased, free C-peptide needs to be quantitated following polyethylene glycol precipitation.
Excel Basics to Blackbelt: An Accelerated Guide to Decision Support Designs

Excel Basics to Blackbelt is intended to serve as an accelerated guide to decision support designs. Its structure is designed to enhance the skills in Excel of those who have never used it for anything but possibly storing phone numbers, enabling them to reach to a level of mastery that will allow them to develop user interfaces and automated applications. To accomplish this, the major theme of the text is "the integration of the basic"; as a result readers will be able to develop decision support tools that are at once highly intuitive from a working-components perspective but also highly significant from the perspective of practical use and distribution. Applications integration discussed includes the use of MS MapPoint, XLStat and RISKOptimizer, as well as how to leverage Excel's iteration mode, web queries, visual basic code, and interface development. There are ample examples throughout the text.
State-Specific Reactions of Cu+(1S,3D) with SF6 and SF5Cl

State-specific reactions of Cu+(1S,3D) were carried out in a selected ion drift cell apparatus with SF6 and SF5Cl. Copper ions were prepared in a glow discharge utilizing Ne as the working gas. Analysis of Cu+ states using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS) indicated the presence of both Cu+(3d10) and Cu+(3d94s1) configurations attributable to the 1S ground and 3D first excited states of this metal ion, respectively. State-specific product formation in reactions of these ions with the two neutral substrates of interest here was determined using IMS along with both known and calculated energetic requirements for product formation. These experiments indicate that Cu+(1S) associates with both SF6 and SF5Cl; however, the process is approximately four times as efficient with the latter neutral under these conditions. Association is also observed as a minor product between Cu+(3D) and both neutral reactants. Inefficient formation of SF3+ occurs as the sole bimolecular product from SF6 via Cu+(3D). In contrast...
Behavior and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Chlordimeform-Treated Cotton Plants

A greenhouse study was conducted to develop time-activity budgets for third-instar tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and to determine its spatial distribution patterns on chlordimeform-treated cotton plants. Compared with untreated plants, chlordimeform 1) reduced plant-feeding by larvae, 2) increased movement by larvae over plant surfaces, especially over leaves and stems, and 3) increased abandonment of plants by larvae. We hypothesize that under field conditions, insecticide synergism by chlordimeform against Heliothis spp. larvae may be partly due to chlordimeform-induced modification of this pest’s behavior.
Intellectual humility and religious tolerance

AbstractThe present study explored the relationship between (a) intellectual humility toward religious beliefs and values and (b) religious tolerance. Pastors who identified as Christian (N = 196) completed measures of conservatism, religious commitment, intellectual humility toward religious beliefs and values, and religious tolerance. Intellectual humility was a positive predictor of religious tolerance, even when controlling for conservatism and religious commitment. An interaction was found between exposure to religious diversity and intellectual humility, such that exposure to religious diversity was positively related to religious tolerance only for participants who reported high levels of intellectual humility. We conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for interfaith dialog and engagement.
Energy budget increases reduce mean streamflow more than snow-rain transitions: Using integrated modeling to isolate climate change impacts on Rocky Mountain hydrology

In snow-dominated mountain regions, a warming climate is expected to alter two drivers of hydrology: (1) decrease the fraction of precipitation falling as snow; and (2) increase surface energy available to drive evapotranspiration. This study uses a novel integrated modeling approach to explicitly separate energy budget increases via warming from precipitation phase transitions from snow to rain in two mountain headwaters transects of the central Rocky Mountains. Both phase transitions and energy increases had significant, though unique, impacts on semi-arid mountain hydrology in our simulations. A complete shift in precipitation from snow to rain reduced streamflow between 11% and 18%, while 4 °C of uniform warming reduced streamflow between 19% and 23%, suggesting that changes in energy-driven evaporative loss, between 27% and 29% for these uniform warming scenarios, may be the dominant driver of annual mean streamflow in a warming climate. Phase changes induced a flashier system, making water availability more susceptible to precipitation variability and eliminating the runoff signature characteristic of snowmelt-dominated systems. The impact of a phase change on mean streamflow was reduced as aridity increased from west to east of the continental divide.
Observations on the mating behavior of the eastern lowland olingo Bassaricyon alleni (Carnivora: Procyonidae) in the Peruvian Amazon

The behavior of wild olingos is poorly known. From May-Jul 2015, I surveyed nocturnal mammals in southeast Peru and recorded the behavior of olingos. Multiple olingos were observed in close proximity on four occasions: two occasions in which multiple olingos were feeding on the inflorescences of a Parkia pendula tree; an adult and immature olingo traveling together; and a pair of olingos copulating. The copulation lasted at least 142 minutes, and was characterized by the male biting the hind neck and back of the female, constant female vocalizations, and rapid head turning by the female toward the male. Olingos and kinkajous were similarly abundant. These observations offer insight into the behavior of the wild olingo.
Cell Unroofing Enhances TRPV1 Mobility in the Plasma Membrane

Mobility of an integral membrane protein within a cell membrane is determined both by the properties of the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeletal structures that attach to both lipid and protein elements therein. Our previous research on TRPV1 ion channels expressed in HEK293T/17 cells demonstrated that the channel moves laterally in the plasma membrane, exhibiting a broad distribution of mobilities, with a mean within one cell of 0.029 μm2/s. We hypothesized that interactions with the cytoskeleton limit the mobility of TRPV1, and skew the distribution of mobilities toward slower values. To test this hypothesis, we unroofed HEK293T/17 cells transiently transfected with TRPV1-tdTomato to retain the plasma membrane adhered to the glass coverslip and disrupt the cytoskeletal network. Upon unroofing, we observed a shift in the mobility of TRPV1-tdTomato to a mean of 0.16 μm2/s, more than 5-fold greater than that of TRPV1 mobility in intact cells. We estimated the height of the plasma membrane sheet using atomic force microscopy, yielding a value of 5.2 ± 2.1 nm above the coverslip with no evidence of buckling or membrane undulations. We have previously shown that Ca2+ influx through TRPV1 regulates its mobility in intact dorsal root ganglion neurons and cultured mammalian cells. Together with the increased mobility of TRPV1 in unroofed cells, our data raise the question of whether regulation of mobility by Ca2+ occurs via a cytoskeleton-mediated mechanism.
Nonphysical Child Abuse: A Review of Literature and Challenge to Communication Scholars

To understand nonphysical child abuse better, the authors argue, scholars must provide thorough conceptualization and theoretically grounded operationalization. To illustrate this argument, the authors explicate the terms (a) verbal aggression, (b) psychological aggression, and (c) psychological maltreatment (stemming from communication, sociology, and psychology respectively) and review, for each term, the theoretical conceptualization, operationalization, and implications for intervention. They discuss the importance of and the challenges inherent in developing any theoretically grounded conceptualization and operationalization of nonphysical child abuse and highlight criteria with which to assess both. The authors also argue that scholars of communication are well situated to help fill the gaps in abuse research.
The Price of Justice: New National and State-Level Estimates of the Judicial and Legal Costs of Crime to Taxpayers

Programs that prevent crime cost money. In order to efficiently allocate these limited funds, we need to know how much people benefit from crime prevention. While there are some comprehensive estimates of the cost of (or benefits of avoiding) crime to victims and to society at large, we have very limited crime-specific information on the legal system resources that would be freed up for other purposes across states. Using a Monte Carlo simulation approach to take into account uncertainty in the data, this study finds the national average costs to taxpayers for judicial/legal services per reported crime are likely around the following (in 2010 dollars): $22,000–$44,000 (homicide), $2000–$5000 (rape and sexual assault), $600–$1300 (robbery), $800–$2100 (aggravated assault), $200–$600 (burglary), $300–$600 (larceny/theft), and $200–$400 (motor vehicle theft). At a state-level, the costs of crime are 50 % to 70 % more or less than these national averages depending on the crime type and state. These estimates can be used to understand the level of resources spent per crime and the potential legal resources freed up for a change in reported crime rates; they are not a measure of waste or efficiency, but it is hoped this study contributes to this debate.
Cell Therapy for the Heart

The focus of this chapter is cell therapy for the heart. We begin this chapter by describing cell therapy as a potential treatment strategy for heart failure and in order to illustrate the concepts of cell therapy we use satellite cells as our first example. Satellite cells are found in skeletal muscle and are involved in muscle regeneration and repair in response to injury. In order to explain the role of satellite cells in cardiac cell therapy, we provide an overview of satellite cell biology and their role in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration. We next describe an innovative investigational strategy to support cardiac function—the use of latissimus dorsi muscle wrapped around the whole heart. After this, we present a case study that describes the use of primary satellite cells for cardiac cell transplantation. Our final case study describes the use of engineered 3D skeletal muscle tissue to support myocardial function. Following our case studies we describe important concepts related to stem cell engineering including the central dogma of cell biology, embryogenesis, stem cell differentiation, differentiation efficiency, and stem cell potency. We will show the current state of the art in the field of embryonic stem cells including the isolation and culture of embryonic stem cells, and strategies to drive the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to form cardiac myocytes. We then explore the potential use of embryonic stem cell derived cardiac myocytes in cardiac cell therapy and heart muscle tissue engineering. We next describe the current state of the art in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells. We start with the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells by the reprogramming of somatic cells. We then describe strategies to drive the differentiation of these cells to form cardiac myocytes; and then move onto to describe the potential applications of these cardiac myocytes in cardiac cell therapy and heart muscle tissue engineering. We next describe the current state of the art in the field of bone marrow MSCs; we include isolation techniques, culture and expansion protocols, and strategies to drive the differentiation of these cells to form cardiac myocytes. We conclude the chapter with the applications of bone marrow MSCs in cardiac cell therapy and heart muscle tissue engineering.
In vivo validation of 2D myocardial elastography at variable levels of ischemia

The objective of this study is to validate two-dimensional (2D) myocardial elastography estimates in canine hearts in vivo against direct sonomicrometry measurements at variable levels of myocardial ischemia induced by the occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Two-dimensional myocardial elastography comprised transmural: 1) 2D (lateral and axial) displacements using 1D cross-correlation in a 2D search and recorrelation (3.5 mm window size; 80% overlap); 2) 2D Lagrangian strain estimation using a least-squared strain estimator; and 3) polar (radial and circumferential) strains through coordinate transformation. An Ultrasonix RP system with a 3.3 MHz phased array and 128 beams was used to acquire RF frames in a 2D short-axis view at the frame rate of 211 fps using an automatic composite technique previously developed by our group. A non-survival canine ischemic model was performed by inducing an occlusion of the LAD coronary artery, from 0% to 100% at a 20% increment. Two separate sets of four piezoelectric crystals (1 in the sub-epicardium; 1 in the sub-endocardium; 2 at the epicardium) in a tetrahedral configuration were placed in the ischemic (i.e., anterior) and normal (i.e., posterior) regions. Polar strains were calculated from the coordinates of the crystals. Reduced radial thickening or radial thinning at the occlusion level larger than 40% were observed based on strain estimates from both 2D myocardial elastography and sonomicrometry. Good agreement in radial strain between the two methods was found from the Bland-Altman analysis. These findings demonstrate that 2D myocardial elastography could serve as a powerful diagnostic tool to non-invasively detect, localize and identify the ischemic region at its very early stages, i.e., at 40% coronary artery occlusion.
Youth Motivations for Program Participation

Through their participation in youth programs, young people have access to opportunities to learn and build important skills. A total of 214 youth between the ages of 10-19 (mean 15.5 years) completed an online survey about characteristics of youth programs they participated in, didn’t participate in, and had participated in but quit. We found that youth participated in activities that provided a benefit to meet personal goals or develop skills. However, our findings suggest that youth may leave activities, or never join them, based on different sets of motivations than the reasons they stay in activities. There was variability across demographic groups: Males reported more problems with past activities, sexual minority youth were more likely to endorse social problems with past and never joined activities, and ethnic minorities reported less support for personal goals and connection to adults in current activities and more logistic barriers for activities never joined.
Approximation and computation of the solution to the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling equation via a mixed formulation

This study develops a numerical technique for the approximation of the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) coupling equation, which is a crucial step in the Rice Convection Model (RCM), a physical model that treats plasma in Earth's inner and middle magnetosphere via a multi-fluid approximation. The MI coupling equation is a second-order elliptic boundary value problem that describes conservation of current between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. The current RCM solver is based on a finite difference scheme and produces unphysical results when the ionospheric conductance has large spatial gradients. We develop an alternative finite element approximation of the MI coupling equation, applying the method of fictitious domains to treat the high-latitude boundary condition along the immersed boundary Γ, a boundary that varies in time and does not align with the computational grid. The result of using fictitious domains is a domain decomposition problem that we solve via a mixed finite element formulation. We compare both a nonconforming and conforming finite element approach within the framework of the mixed formulation. We are able to demonstrate that both the conforming and nonconforming methods generate solutions that are compatible with the current RCM solver when actual RCM data is used. Furthermore, we demonstrate on several analytic test examples that the finite element approximation is more accurate than the finite difference approximation. Therefore, we conclude that the finite element solver is more robust than the finite difference solver. In addition, we provide convergence results for the nonconforming approximation when the conductance coefficients are bounded and measurable, and we use spectral theory from the harmonic Steklov eigenproblem to derive a precise definition of the trace space on the interface Γ. Our overall approximation technique is generalizable to a class of elliptic boundary value problems in which the boundary varies in time or does not align with a fixed grid. Finally, our numerical solver can be modified for use in the RCM-Jupiter that is currently being developed.
Production of cerium dioxide microspheres by an internal gelation sol–gel method

An internal gelation sol–gel technique was used to prepare cerium dioxide microspheres with uniform diameters near 100 µm. In this process, chilled aqueous solutions containing cerium, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), and urea are transformed into a solid gel by heat addition and are subsequently washed, dried, and sintered to produce pure cerium dioxide. Cerous nitrate and ceric ammonium nitrate solutions were compared for their usefulness in microsphere production. Gelation experiments were performed with both cerous nitrate and ceric ammonium nitrate to determine desirable concentrations of cerium, HMTA, and urea in feed solutions as well as the necessary quantity of ammonium hydroxide added to cerium solutions. Analysis of the pH before and after sample gelation was found to provide a quantitative metric for optimal parameter selection along with subjective evaluations of gel qualities. The time necessary for chilled solutions to gel upon inserting into a hot water bath was determined for samples with a variety of parameters and also used to determine desirable formulations for microsphere production. A technique for choosing the optimal mixture of ceric ammonium nitrate, HMTA, and urea was determined using gelation experiments and used to produce microspheres by dispersion of the feed solution into heated silicone oil. Gelled spheres were washed to remove excess reactants and reaction products before being dried and sintered. X-ray diffraction of air-dried microspheres, sintered microspheres, and commercial CeO2 powders indicated that air-dried and sintered spheres were pure CeO2.
Triple-hit lymphoma.

We report a case of a triple-hit lymphoma in a 72-year-old man. This lymphoma was diagnosed using morphology, flow cytometry, immunochemistry, and cytogenetics. Since many triple-hit lymphomas have not been documented in the literature, it is important to bring attention to this entity, as this lymphoma has different prognostic and therapeutic implications than other diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, thus making a correct and early diagnosis important.
Development of the U.S. Federal Role in Children’s Health Care: A Critical Appraisal

In this paper I will examine the history of one way in which the federal government of the United States attempts “to promote the general Welfare” and “secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”, namely, through the provision of health care for children. My account will begin at the turn of the century when the idea of a Children’s Bureau to gather data on the status of the nation’s children was; first conceived. I will argue that, since that time, three themes are dominant in Congressional and public debate about federal responsibility for children’s health care. They are: what is the authority of government to create legislation and policy affecting children’s health; what are the economics of supporting health care for children; and whether health care for children should be a basic human right compelling its provision as a humane act of government. These are issues elected officials have faced and attempted to resolve as they have debated, voted on, and funded legislation for children’s health care.1
Impact of fellow training level on adverse events and operative time for common pediatric GI endoscopic procedures.

Background and Aims Previous studies on pediatric endoscopic training have not examined in detail if adverse events (AEs) are affected by the fellow's training level. We aimed to determine whether trainee presence and educational level increase AEs or operative time (OT) for pediatric intestinal endoscopy. Methods This was a prospective observational study of AEs for all endoscopic procedures and retrospective analysis of OT (time of endoscope insertion until removal) for a sample of specified procedures at a tertiary children's hospital. AEs were categorized by severity grades: 1, home management; 2, outpatient evaluation; 3, hospitalization and/or repeat endoscopy; 4, surgery and/or intensive care unit admission; and 5, death. Results A total of 15,886 procedures (6257 with trainee) including 1627 therapeutic procedures (733 with trainee) were analyzed for AEs. Four hundred thirteen total AEs (2.60%) and 213 AEs grade 2 to 4 (1.34%) were identified. Fellow presence at any training level did not increase AE rates for any procedures. Median OT for 3762 EGDs decreased from 17 to 11 minutes from the first quarter to the fourth quarter of first-year fellowship and then remained stable. EGDs without fellows were shorter (9 minutes, P Conclusions Current pediatric endoscopic training for is safe regardless of fellow training level. Trainee efficiency improves during and after fellowship.
Assessment of Pica

Pica is the consumption of non-nutritive, nonfood items, a self-injurious behavior that is common in populations with developmental disabilities. Assessing for pica is important, as this behavior can quickly become dangerous if an individual swallows a lethal, poisonous, or sharp item. Estimates of pica vary, but it is commonly seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, with severe and profound intellectual disability, and those living in institutions. Clinical interviews, behavioral assessment, and a number of screening measures exist to assist a clinician in an accurate diagnosis of pica. Information on these assessment tools as well as discussion of the history of pica, culturally normative forms of pica, and issues related to assessing pica are presented in this chapter.
Use of gadoxetate disodium in patients with chronic liver disease and its implications for liver imaging reporting and data system (LI‐RADS)

Use of gadoxetate disodium, a hepatobiliary gadolinium-based agent, in patients with chronic parenchymal liver disease offers the advantage of improved sensitivity for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Imaging features of liver observations on gadoxetate-enhanced MRI may also serve as biomarkers of recurrence-free and overall survival following definitive treatment of HCC. A number of technical and interpretative pitfalls specific to gadoxetate exist, however, and needs to be recognized when protocoling and interpreting MRI exams with this agent. This article reviews the advantages and pitfalls of gadoxetate use in patients at risk for HCC, and the potential impact on Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) imaging feature assessment and categorization. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1236-1252.
A risk model for lung complication combining radiation therapy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To develop a multi-variate risk model of lung complication for the treatment of locally advanced lung cancer combining radiation dosimetry and patient-specific risk factors including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A retrospective study of 89 advanced lung cancer patients including clinical variables and radiation dose-volume metrics was correlated to overall survival (OS), local progression-free survival (LPFS), and lung complications. Lung toxicities were defined as grade 2 or higher lung complication including persistent cough requiring narcotic or antitussive agents, and dyspnea with minimal effort but not at rest. Grade 2 or higher radiation pneumonitis (RP) was defined clinically or radiographically. Each observed complication was correlated to the set of patient-specific factors via regression. Age was the dominant factor in survival analysis; in patients > 70, 2-year survival was 28% (N = 18) vs. 59% in patients 0.5, HR < 1.3). In predicting all observed lung complications, multi-variate stepwise logistic regression revealed COPD status (p = 0.01) and a total lung V50 (p = 0.02) as significant. Separation of G2 or higher lung complication and RP showed a different trend, with G2 or higher lung complication statistically associated with age (p = 0.02) and COPD (p = 0.03). Radiation pneumonitis was only associated with total lung volume at 20 Gy (V20, p = 0.003), with a resulting model risk (RP) = 1.4 (V20-0.21). COPD status was not associated with survival or radiation pneumonitis. Age was the dominant factor in survival, and total lung V20 was associated with risk of RP.
A Strong Subthreshold Current Array PUF Resilient to Machine Learning Attacks

This paper presents a strong silicon physical unclonable function (PUF) resistant to machine learning (ML) attacks. The PUF, termed the subthreshold current array PUF (SCA-PUF), consists of a pair of two-dimensional transistor arrays and a low-offset comparator. The proposed 65-bit SCA-PUF is fabricated in a 130nm process and allows 265 challenge-response pairs (CRPs). It consumes 68nW and 11pJ/bit while exhibiting high uniqueness, uniformity, and randomness. It achieves bit error rate (BER) of 5.8% for the temperature range of −20 to 80°C and supply voltage variation of ±10%. The calibration-based CRP selection method improves BER to 0.4% with a 42% loss of CRPs. When subjected to ML attacks, the prediction error stays over 40% on 104 training points, which shows negligible loss in PUF unpredictability and $\sim 100\times $ higher resilience than the 65-bit arbiter PUF, 3-XOR PUF, and 3-XOR lightweight (LW) PUF.
VeriTable: Fast equivalence verification of multiple large forwarding tables

Abstract Due to network practices such as traffic engineering and multi-homing, the number of routes, also known as IP prefixes, in the global forwarding tables has been increasing significantly in the last decade and continues growing in a super linear trend. One of the most promising solutions is to use Forwarding Information Base (FIB) aggregation algorithms with incremental handling of BGP updates. FIB aggregation compresses the forwarding tables by reducing the number of prefixes in an FIB. Obviously, FIB aggregation should preserve the forwarding behavior of the data plane, i.e., packets must be forwarded in the same directions as if the original FIB is applied. Failures at the control plane or an incorrect algorithm may violate this rule. Thus we pose a research question, how can we efficiently verify that the original table achieves the same forwarding behavior for a router as the aggregated one? This paper proposes VeriTable, an algorithm that addresses the problem of verification of the equivalence of forwarding tables and the challenges caused by the Longest Prefix Matching (LPM) lookups. VeriTable employs a single tree traversal to quickly check if multiple forwarding tables are equivalent, as well as if they result in network ”black-holes”. VeriTable algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art work for both IPv4 and IPv6 tables in terms of the total running time, memory access times and memory consumption.
Association of Operative Day of Week with Outcomes after Lung Transplantation

Purpose Some surgeries performed during the weekend have worse outcomes. Lung transplantation is frequently performed on weekends despite a lack of evidence for its safety. We hypothesized that weekend lung transplants have worse outcomes than those performed during weekdays. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) to characterize the safety of weekend lung transplantation. We evaluated adult lung transplantations performed in the USA between 1987 and 2019. Baseline donor and recipient characteristics were stratified by weekday (Monday-Friday) versus weekend (Saturday-Sunday) transplantation and compared using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. The primary outcomes were 10-year patient survival, overall graft survival, and death-censored graft survival. Secondary outcomes included post-operative complications, hospital length of stay, readmission, and acute rejection within the first year. Cox proportional hazards and competing risks regression models were used to evaluate the impact of weekend surgery on outcomes. Results Of the 38,963 lung transplants performed in the United States between 1987 and 2019, 10,286 (36%) were performed during the weekend and 28,677 (64%) during the week. Recipients transplanted during the weekend were slightly older (50.6 years vs. 49.9 years, p=0.0002), more likely to be male (57.8% vs 55.2%, p=0.006), and spent less time on the waitlist (100 days vs 105 days, p=0.0008). There were no other significant differences in baseline characteristics, comorbidities, or transplant indication. There were no differences in donor characteristics. No significant association was found between weekend transplant and 10-year overall patient survival, allograft survival, or death-censored graft survival in the adjusted analyses. (HR 1.0, (95% CI 0.99-1.01), 1.01 (95% CI 0.99-1.02), 1.0). Additionally, no association was found between weekend transplant and secondary outcomes. Conclusion Outcomes for lung transplantation in the USA are not affected by day of surgery, and weekends do not confer an increased risk for mortality, graft failure, or post-operative complications. This is the first study investigating lung transplant outcomes during the weekend. Further study is needed to evaluate differences in outcomes of surgical procedures that occur over the weekend.
Mesa redonda con los directores de cine Juan Carlos Valdivia, Celina Murga, Mariana Chenillo, Carlos Marqués-Marcet, Javier Corcuera y Gabriela Martínez Escobar

A lo largo de 25 anos del congreso academico Cine-Lit, que arranca en 1991 auspiciado por varias universidades de Oregon con fuertes vinculos con el Festival Internacional de Cine de Portland, Oregon, la Mesa redonda con directores de cine, todos auteurs, tanto espanoles como latinoamericanos, viene siendo el broche de oro de varios dias de ponencias eruditas y proyecciones de peliculas de habla espanola. Para Cine-Lit 8 (2015) nos toco en suerte presenciar una de las Mesas redondas mas ricas de todas. Abajo se reproduce esta conversacion en la que hablan seis directores de cine acerca de problemas de globalizacion, financiamiento de la produccion cinematografica en sus respectivos paises y la distribucion de sus peliculas tanto nacional como internacional. Directores: Carlos Marques-Marcet; Gabriela Martinez Escobar; Celina Murga; Pirateria; Television; Juan Carlos Valdivia. Moderador: Jaume Marti-Olivella.
Teaching Computational Thinking to Multilingual Students through Inquiry-based Learning

Central to the theory of learning are inquiry-based approaches to education. Whereas there is a plethora of research on inquiry learning in the domain of science [19], [20], few studies have analyzed how inquiry-based learning can be applied to computer science education, and how different approaches to inquiry may benefit diverse learners. This is one of the first studies to analyze teacher enactment of inquiry-based learning during the implementation of an upper elementary, computational thinking curriculum, and to explore how teacher approaches to inquiry appear to support or constrain multilingual students' development of computational thinking and computer science identities. Design-based research was used to iteratively develop, test, and refine the inquiry-based curriculum, which aligns with computer science and literacy standards, provides linguistic scaffolding, and integrates culturally responsive materials. We adopt a cross-case mixed-methods design to collect data from five teachers and 149 students including detailed field notes, teacher interviews, student computational artifacts, and student identity surveys. Through analyses of teacher moves, we find that teachers adopt different approaches to inquiry that can be indexed along a continuum ranging from open to closed. Patterns in student data revealed that those who received more structured inquiry lessons developed more sophisticated computational artifacts and showed greater identification with the field of computer science. Findings from this study are being used to add more structured inquiry approaches to the next iteration of our curriculum, including integrating USE/MODIFY/CREATE models into lessons and applying metacognitive strategies from reading research to students' programming activities.
Versatile Soft Robot Gripper Enabled by Stiffness and Adhesion Tuning via Thermoplastic Composite.

Within the field of robotics, stiffness tuning technologies have potential for a variety of applications—perhaps most notably for robotic grasping. Many stiffness tuning grippers have been develope...
Response to Liver Transplant and Riboflavin in MADD Myopathy (P3.452)

Objective: To describe a unique case of late-onset Multiple Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), caused by a previously unreported variant, and successfully undergoing liver transplantation. Background: MADD is an autosomal recessive lipid storage myopathy characterized by dysfunction in flavoproteins that are essential for proper fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is most often caused by mutations in ETFDH, the gene encoding electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase. Symptom onset beyond the neonatal period is “late-onset.” Flavoprotein structure is stabilized by riboflavin, rendering MADD uniquely responsive to riboflavin supplementation. Design/Methods: A 30 year old previously healthy woman presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, evolving over 11 days into acute liver failure and rhabdomyolysis (CK 14,725) with hypoglycemia and anion gap acidosis. She started developing muscle weakness. Cholecystectomy was performed for acalculous cholecystitis; patient failed extubation, and weakness progressed rapidly to grade 2–3/5 strength throughout. Liver transplantation was being considered if a reversible cause for her weakness could be identified. Results: Liver biopsy showed severe, predominantly microvesicular steatosis. Urine organic acid screen showed elevated glutaric acid, and plasma acylcarnitine analysis suggested MADD. Riboflavin 400 mg and coenzyme Q10 200 mg daily were initiated. She received a liver transplant during the hospitalization, with a relatively uncomplicated post-operative course and continued good allograft function. Her strength recovered remarkably; she ambulates unassisted now and has only mild residual proximal weakness (grade 4+/5). ETFDH gene analysis demonstrated apparent homozygosity for the F340Y variant, a non-conservative amino acid substitution which had not been previously reported as either a benign or pathogenic variant but was presumed to be disease-causing based on the predicted impact on protein structure. Conclusions: This case is, to our knowledge, the first report of the ETFDH F340Y variant causing MADD, as well as the first case of a MADD patient successfully undergoing liver transplantation. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr Golden has nothing to disclose. Dr. Abhyankar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Womack has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trivedi has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Sanofi. Dr. Trivedi has received research support from Sanofi, CSL Behring.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in a Pregnant Female Improved with Venous Sinus Stenting (4990)

Objective: To describe a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in a pregnant female in her first trimester who improved following venous sinus stenting (VSS). Background: Management of IIH in pregnancy is challenging, and untreated IIH may result in complete vision loss. Mild disease is medically managed with ICP-lowering agents and weight loss; surgical options for more severe disease include optic nerve sheath fenestration, CSF shunting, and the emerging technique of VSS. Surgery is typically reserved for fulminant disease or failed medical management. Proposed criteria for VSS includes evidence of venous sinus stenosis on imaging and a high trans-stenotic pressure gradient (> 10 mm Hg). Design/Methods: N/A Results: A 13-weeks pregnant G2P1001 26-year-old African American female with past medical history of uncontrolled hypertension and morbid obesity presented for evaluation of hypertensive urgency, headache, and blurry vision. Examination revealed a right relative afferent pupillary defect and right abducens palsy along with severe papilledema on dilated funduscopic examination. Lumbar Puncture showed an elevated opening pressure. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiogram revealed left transverse-sigmoid sinus junction stenosis with high trans-stenotic pressure gradient of 50 mmHg. Given advanced symptoms with high pressure gradient, and possible risk initiating acetazolamide (Category C Drug) or topiramate (Category D Drug), the patient was managed surgically with venous sinus stenting with subsequent improvement in her symptoms. Conclusions: This is a unique case of IIH in a pregnant patient with venous sinus stenosis and markedly elevated sinus pressure gradient, which improved with VSS. Disclosure: Dr. Kamdar has nothing to disclose. Miss Gullo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strohm has nothing to disclose.