cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Economic Growth Theory with Data.

Many instructors in subjects such as economics are frequently concerned with how to teach technical material to undergraduate students with limited mathematical backgrounds. One method that has proven successful for the authors is to connect theoretically sophisticated material with actual data. This enables students to see how the theory relates to the real world, allowing for a deeper understanding of both. The authors developed a simple and insightful empirical application of the Solow growth model that can be used in an undergraduate macroeconomics or economic growth course. The exercise uses a data set on perception of corruption levels by country to look at the relationship between corruption and the level and rate of growth of output per worker across 70 countries. The results not only allow students to see for themselves the impact that corruption has on gross domestic product per worker but also improve their understanding of the distinction between level effects and long-run growth effects.
New Professional Roles and Advocacy Strategies for School Counselors: A Multicultural/Social Justice Perspective to Move Beyond the Nice Counselor Syndrome

The transformed role of school counselors as advocates is key in reducing the academic achievement gap. Redefining the school counselors' role requires culturally competent practitioners, social justice advocates, and organizational/social change agents. A major obstacle to implementing culturally responsive social justice advocacy and change in schools is referred to as the nice counselor syndrome (NCS). This article discusses the insidious effects of NCS and outlines a set of recommendations designed to assist school counselors in moving beyond this syndrome.
Use of fluorimetry to evaluate atrazine toxicity to phytoplankton communities

Toxicity of atrazine was determined for natural phytoplankton communities in lake water samples from Missisquoi Bay (Lake Champlain, CA, US) at monthly intervals from May to August 2005 in order to assess how this herbicide could affect phytoplankton dynamics. Atrazine was added at 0, 5, 20, and 50 μ g L− 1 in 14 L treatments and incubated under simulated ambient light conditions (43 μ mol m− 2 s− 1). Phytoplankton community composition changes in the treatments were followed using a phytoplankton-specific fluorometer (FluoroProbe) and size fractionated filtration and analysis of extracted chlorophyll-a. Phycocyanin-rich Cyanobacteria decreased with increasing atrazine concentration in June and July and increased with atrazine concentration in August. Further experimentation utilizing a fast repetition rate fluorometer revealed that atrazine impacts on phytoplankton autofluorescence can impair FluoroProbe measurements over the short term (1 h to < 7 days).
Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in nonlinear optics

We experimentally demonstrate an all-optical Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, in which a shock wave is incident on an intensity interface. Intensity fingering and shear-generated vortices are observed for both 1D and 2D shock-wave impulses.
An interpretation of dental innervation based upon the pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive thin sensory axons.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a recently characterized neuroactive substance that is expressed in a large proportion of small- to medium-diameter sensory ganglion neurons whose central terminals lie in the superficial spinal and medullary dorsal horn. This restricted distribution within the peripheral nervous system suggests a prominent role for the peptide in nociceptive processing. The mammalian tooth pulp, which receives a relatively homogeneous afferent input from thin (putative nociceptive) fibers originating from this subpopulation of trigeminal ganglion cells, thus affords an ideal target zone in which to examine peripheral nociceptive mechanisms. The large percentage of these neurons displaying CGRP-like immu-noreactivity (CGRP-LI) furthermore provides a valuable tool to study its thin-fiber afferent innervation.
Analysis of process controls in land surface hydrological cycle over the continental United States

The paper uses two years (1997–1999) of data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System at National Centers for Environmental Prediction to analyze the variability of physical variables contributing to the hydrological cycle over the conterminous United States. The five hydrological variables considered in this study are precipitation, top layer soil moisture (0–10 cm), total soil moisture (0–200 cm), runoff, and potential evaporation. There are two specific analyses carried out in this paper. In the first case the principal components of the hydrological cycle are examined with respect to the loadings of the individual variables. This helps to ascertain the contribution of physical variables to the hydrological process in decreasing order of process importance. The results from this part of the study had revealed that both in annual and seasonal timescales the first two principal components account for 70–80% of the variance and that precipitation dominated the first principal component, the most dominant mode of spatial variability. It was followed by the potential evaporation as the secondmost dominant process controlling the spatial variability of the hydrologic cycle over the continental United States. In the second case each hydrological variable was examined individually to determine the temporal evolution of its spatial variability. The results showed the presence of heterogeneity in the spatial variability of hydrologic variables and the way these patterns of variance change with time. It has also been found that the temporal evolution of the spatial patterns did not resemble white noise; the time series of the scores of the principal components showed proper cyclicity at seasonal to annual timescales. The northwestern and the southeastern parts of the United States had been found to have contributed significantly toward the overall variability of potential evaporation and soil moisture over the United States. This helps in determining the spatial patterns expected from hydrological variability. More importantly, in the case of modeling as well as designing observing systems, these studies will lead to the creation of efficient and accurate land surface measurement and parameterization schemes.
Note on the Fractal Dimension of Hard Sphere Trajectories

Using Monte Carlo molecular dynamics, a new, careful study is made of the approach of the trajectory of a typical particle in a hard sphere fluid to that of a Brownian particle, discussed before by Powles and Quirke and Rapaport. The apparent fractal dimension of the trajectory, as a function of reduced length scale,Δ(η), characterizes the transition from mechanical to Brownian motion and differs markedly from 2 in all present computer simulations.
Modern ionospheric physics

Inospheric Techniques and Phenomena. By A. Giraud and M. Petit. Pp. 264. (D. Reidel:Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Boston and London, 1978.) Dfl.85; $38.
Biointeractive polymers and tissue engineered blood vessels

The regulation of endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation following vascular interventions is critical to clinical efficacy. Our laboratory has developed a method of impregnating biomaterials with suspensions containing bioactive proteins resulting in the capability of differentially modulating EC and SMC growth in vitro and in vivo following implantation. We have previously reported that 60 mu internodal distance ePTFE grafts impregnated with fibrin glue (FG) containing FGF-1 and heparin develop confluent endothelialization with transiently increased EC and SMC proliferation after 4 weeks in dogs. Thoraco-abdominal implants after 20 weeks were developed significantly thicker (139 mu) inner capsules in response to the FGF. To minimize SMC proliferation we studied the effects of FGF-1, heparin, and thrombin concentrations on SMC growth in vitro. FG caused a 182% increase (P 3.2 U ml-1 stimulated SMC growth and this stimulation was blocked by heparin. A synergism between FGF and heparin on EC proliferation was also found but without EC growth inhibition in response to higher concentrations of heparin. It is thus possible to modulate the relative proliferative activity of ECs versus SMCs by altering the FGF:heparin ratio. This same system may be useful with other proteins to induce other local affects by the applied protein or systemic affects following release of that protein.
Tumor Suppressor Gene, Cell Surface Adhesion Molecule, and Multidrug Resistance in Müllerian Serous Carcinomas: Clinical Divergence without Immunophenotypic Differences

Abstract Objectives. We hypothesize that differences in the expression of selected tumor suppressor genes, cell surface adhesion molecules, and multidrug resistance glycoproteins could account for some of the reported differences between uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and extrauterine serous carcinomas (ESC), including ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma (OSC and PSC, respectively). Methods. We studied the expression of the following antigens in 20 USCs, 20 OSCs, and 10 PSCs: p53 and mdm-2 (tumor suppressor genes), CD44 and CD44v6 (cell surface adhesion molecules), and the p-glycoprotein (a multidrug resistance protein recognized by two antibodies, C494 and JSB1). We further studied chemotherapeutic drug resistance by examining reports prepared using the Oncotech Extreme Drug Resistance Assay from 24 of the 50 study patients. Clinical data were obtained from medical record review. Results. USC, OSC, and PSC patients were similar with respect to mean age at diagnosis, mean gravidity, mean parity, personal history of breast cancer, percentage treated with chemotherapy, and survival at 3 and 5 years postdiagnosis. Significant clinical differences included a high prevalence of nulliparity in OSC ( P = 0.05), a low prevalence of Caucasian race in USC ( P = 0.008), a paucity of stage I patients in OSC and PSC ( P = 0.03), a high prevalence of familial breast cancer in OSC ( P = 0.06), and superior 2-year survival in OSC ( P = 0.02). Seventy-five percent of USCs, 52% of OSCs, and 60% of PSCs expressed p53. Five percent of USCs, 19% of OSCs, and 0% of PSCs expressed mdm-2. Forty percent of USCs, 33% of OSCs, and 10% of PSCs expressed CD44. None of the USCs, OSCs, or PSCs expressed CD44v6. Sixty-one percent of USCs and OSCs and 82% of PSCs expressed C494 while 17% of USCs, 19% of OSCs, and 20% of PSCs expressed JSB1. None of these apparent differences was statistically significant. USC, OSC, and PSCs patients did not demonstrate significant differences with respect to extreme drug resistance. However, the following trends were noted ( P = 0.06): more prevalent low drug resistance for cyclophosphamide in OSC compared with USC and more prevalent extreme drug resistance for etoposide in OSC compared with USC. Conclusions. Therefore, despite significant clincial differences, the USCs and ESCs in our series do not differ significantly with respect to the expression of the tumor suppressor genes, cell surface adhesion molecules, and drug resistance proteins studied. It is premature, however, to recommend that USCs and ESCs should be treated identically.
Dynamics of Abnormal Pacemaking Activity in Cardiac Purkinje Fibers

A model of the electrical activity in mammalian cardiac Purkinje fiber is examined to study the effects of subcellular oscillations on the transmembrane potential. Inhibition of the sodium/potassium pump causes oscillations in the internal calcium concentration and these oscillations are shown to interfere with the normal pacemaking mechanism of the Purkinje fiber. Bifurcation diagrams were constructed using numerical continuation methods. These results predict a dramatic change in the structure of periodic orbits of the cell electrical activity with pump inhibition and elevated levels of internal sodium concentration.
Effect of interferon pretreatment on coupled transcription and translation in cell-free extracts of primary chick embryo cells

Abstract The mechanism of action of chick interferon was studied by the use of cell-free extracts of interferon-treated and mock-interferon-treated primary chick embryo cells. These cell-free extracts differed from those of chick origin which have been used previously in that they did not require supplementation with heterologous factor preparations. In extracts of cells which had been pretreated with mock preparations of interferon, purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) directed the coupled transcription and translation of the viral genes. In extracts of interferon-treated cells, viral transcription was not inhibited, but the rate of translation was reduced by up to 70%, the extent of inhibition being dependent upon the interferon dose. The translation inhibition was not consistently reversed by the addition of chick cell transfer RNA, but was consistently accentuated in the presence of low concentrations of double-stranded RNA. To explore the possibility that this inhibition of protein synthesis was due to an effect on viral messenger RNA synthesis or processing, the products of VSV transcription in the two systems were compared for: (i) their size distribution, by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions; (ii) their stability, by UTP pulse-chase methods; (iii) their degree of polyadenylation, by oligo(dT)-cellulose column chromatography; (iv) their degree of methylation, by S-adenosyl[ methyl - 3 H]methionine/[ 14 C]UTP double-labeling; and (v) their ability to be translated upon reintroduction into cell-free systems from mock- or interferon-treated chick cells. These tests showed no difference between the preparations of viral mRNA made in the two systems, which indicated that translation itself was the site of inhibition under these conditions. Consistent with this conclusion was the fact that the translation of other messenger RNAs of both viral and animal cell origin was inhibited to a similar extent.
The impact of specific surface area on the retention of deuterium in carbon fiber composite materials

Abstract In this study, the PISCES-A linear plasma instrument has been used to characterize retention in several carbon fiber composites in order to better understand the factors which lead to elevated retention levels in these materials. The PISCES instrument is capable of subjecting materials to intense fluxes (up to 10 22 m −2 s −1 ) of low energy (150 eV) D + ions, producing conditions similar to those encountered by plasma facing components in a fusion reactor. In this investigation, three CFCs (fabricated with different manufacturing processes) are compared with the N11 composite used in the Tore Supra reactor. The specific surface areas for these materials were within the range of 0.14–0.55 m 2 /g. The plasma bombardment conditions were adjusted to provide doses on the order of 10 25 –10 26 m −2 at a sample temperature of 200 °C. After removal from PISCES-A, the amount of D retained in the sample surface was determined via thermal desorption spectroscopy. The measured retention showed a strong correlation with the type of material used and the corresponding BET surface area. By using a CFC with a lower internal porosity, one could expect a reduction in retention by a factor of 5 or more.
New mothers and media use: associations between blogging, social networking, and maternal well-being.

Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and prior empirical research, the current study examines the way that blogging and social networking may impact feelings of connection and social support, which in turn could impact maternal well-being (e.g., marital functioning, parenting stress, and depression). One hundred and fifty-seven new mothers reported on their media use and various well-being variables. On average, mothers were 27 years old (SD = 5.15) and infants were 7.90 months old (SD = 5.21). All mothers had access to the Internet in their home. New mothers spent approximately 3 hours on the computer each day, with most of this time spent on the Internet. Findings suggested that frequency of blogging predicted feelings of connection to extended family and friends which then predicted perceptions of social support. This in turn predicted maternal well-being, as measured by marital satisfaction, couple conflict, parenting stress, and depression. In sum, blogging may improve new mothers’ well-being, as they feel more connected to the world outside their home through the Internet.
Recipes for Healthy Kids Competition

In September 2010 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) launched the Recipes for Healthy Kids (R4HK) competition in support of First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move initiative. The USDA collaborated with the American Culinary Federation (ACF) and the School Nutrition Association on this nationwide competition. Teams of students (grades 4 to 12), school nutrition professionals, chefs, parents, and other interested community members were challenged to partner and create tasty and healthy new recipes that schools can easily incorporate into National School Lunch Programmenus. The recipe challenge was created to increase students’ intake of foods in these underconsumed competition categories: dark green and orange vegetables, dry beans and peas, andwhole grains. Each teamheld taste-testing events at their school. Over 340 recipes were submitted to the competition. What followed was an extensive process of screening, ranking, and judging. The top 15 teams were visited by a teamof three judges. The recipeswere served to the students and sampled and scored by the judges. The First Place Finalists in each recipe category competed in a national cook-off held at the ACF National Convention in July 2011. In addition to the National Cook-off, over 16,000 public votes were cast online to determine the Popular Choice winner from the top 15 recipes. To recognize and share the culinary creativity nationwide, the top ten recipes in each categorywere standardized and published in R4HK Cook Books with the recipes adjusted for various serving sizes appropriate for families, daycares and school use.
Core polarization and hyperfine structure of the B, C, N, O, and F atoms

Calculations on the hyperfine-splitting constants for the atoms B, C, N, O, and F have been carried out by both the unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) method and a method corresponding to optimizing the orbitals of a Slater determinant after spin projection (the GF method). This is equivalent to one form of Lowdin's extended Hartree-Fock method. These calculations account for core-polarization contributions to the spin density but not for any significant part of the electron correlation. It is found that the core-polarization term is significantly larger (for N about 65% larger) than the experimental value, indicating that the remaining correlation effects significantly decrease the magnitude of the spin density at the nucleus. Since these calculations used analytic expansions, an extensive set of basis sets was examined in order to determine what type of basis set is required in order to obtain accurate values for various properties. On the basis of these calculations and the observed hyperfine structure, we obtain a magnetic moment (in nuclear magnetons) of μN=±0.97 for 11C and electric quadrupole moments (in barns) of Q=0.037 for 11B, Q=0.031 for 11C (assuming μN for 11C to be negative), and Q=-0.025 for 17O.
Fault localization for data-centric programs

In this paper we present an automated technique for localizing faults in data-centric programs. Data-centric programs primarily interact with databases to get collections of content, process each entry in the collection(s), and output another collection or write it back to the database. One or more entries in the output may be faulty. In our approach, we gather the execution trace of a faulty program. We use a novel, precise slicing algorithm to break the trace into multiple slices, such that each slice maps to an entry in the output collection. We then compute the semantic difference between the slices that correspond to correct entries and those that correspond to incorrect ones. The "diff" helps to identify potentially faulty statements.We have implemented our approach for ABAP programs. ABAP is the language used to write custom code in SAP systems. It interacts heavily with databases using embedded SQL-like commands that work on collections of data. On a suite of 13 faulty ABAP programs, our technique was able to identify the precise fault location in 12 cases.
Evolution of plasma D-dimer and fibrinogen in witnessed onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background: Although increased D-dimer and fibrinogen have been proved to be related with atrial fibrillation (AF), their evolution in the course of time remains unclear. Methods: To elucidate the evolution of plasma D-dimer and fibrinogen in AF of different duration. 56 patients (group A) of 3,524 patients in whom the onset of AF had been witnessed in a chest pain clinic were enrolled for study. Plasma D-dimer and fibrinogen concentrations were checked within 30 min after the onset of AF and followed up as scheduled. Another 50 patients (group B) with chronic AF underwent the same protocol and served as controls. Results: In group A, the D-dimer levels reached a plateau at the 18th hour (382 ± 52 vs. 840 ± 280 ng/ml, p Conclusion: The observations support its use as a screening tool for identifying patients with short duration AF capable of being safely converted.
Improved memory interfaces based on multiphase clocks

We present a preliminary investigation of introducing multi- phase clock signals into optoelectronic integrated circuits that we use to interface optical memories and electronic computers. The potential advantage of multiphase clocking is the enabling of faster pipelining and parallelism on the chip. Our study suggests that we could gain significant performance improvement for special applications such as database processing.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nuclear scintigraphic assessment of intestinal dysfunction after combined treatment with 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin (9-AC) and irradiation

Abstract Purpose: The camptothecins (CPTs) are potent radiosensitizers of malignant tumors in vivo . The extent of normal tissue damage after combined CPT and radiation treatment is unknown. In this article, a jejunal absorption assay with 99m Tc- pertechnetate (Na[ 99m TcO 4 ]) was used to assess C3H/Kam mice given total body irradiation (TBI) of 4 Gy, 6 Gy, and 8 Gy, 2 mg/kg single intramuscular injection of 9-AC or a combination of 2 mg/kg 9-AC + 4 Gy TBI. We also correlated the absorption data with morphologic changes in the jejunal mucosa. Materials and Methods: ( 99m TcO 4 ) − absorption from the intestinal lumen into the circulation was studied with dynamic γ-scintigraphy combined with a multichannel analyzer to record the radiometry data in a time-dependent fashion. Jejunal cross sections were scored for the number of cells per villus and the percentage of apoptotic and mitotic cells in the crypt compartment. The jejunal microcolony assay was used to quantify jejunal crypt survival. Results: A dose-dependent decrease in the absorption function was observed 3.5 days following TBI. The mean absorption rate was reduced to 89 ± 16% of control in response to a sublethal 4 Gy TBI and dropped to 47.5 (9.8% in response to 8 Gy TBI. The mean rate of intestinal absorption was delayed by single sublethal 2 mg/kg 9-AC injection to 62 (11% in comparison with control values. The combination of a single 4 Gy TBI with a 9-AC treatment decreased the ( 99m TcO 4 ) − jejunal absorption in an additive fashion producing absorption lifetime values more than twofold longer than controls. The decrease in ( 99m TcO 4 ) − absorption at 3.5 days after irradiation, 9-AC treatment or the combination of the two agents correlates with the number of cells per villus and the percentage of apoptotic cells in the crypt compartment. Conclusion: Dynamic enteroscintigraphy with 99m Tc-pertechnetate is a sensitive functional assay for rapid evaluation of radiation and chemotherapy induced intestinal damage. Reduced intestinal absorptive function has a cellular basis and correlates directly with the numbers of cells lost per villus in a treatment-dependent manner.
Discussion on “Optimal Sequential Surveillance for Finance, Public Health, and Other Areas” by Marianne Frisén

Abstract We give some comments and supplementary results on Professor Frisen's comprehensive survey of sequential surveillance and its applications. Our discussion focuses on evaluation criteria and optimality, multivariate and Markov-dependent observations, financial and public health applications, and a tractable Bayesian model that can accommodate unknown pre- and post-change parameters and multiple change-points in passive surveillance.
Awareness and Verbal Conditioning

Unfortunately, a more basic issue is being generally ignored, the distinction between learning and performance. The studies which correlate performance gains with awareness may be irrelevant to the issue of whether awareness is necessary for learning. It might be that in the early stages of conditioning S is gradually learning, but it is not manifested in performance until learning reaches some threshold. And the verbalization may be a consequence of the improvement due to learning (Postman & Sassenrath, 1961). That is, awareness might not occur until (or maybe just before) learning reaches threshold, and awareness could be related to learning or be independent of learning. Also arguments that Ss learn to be aware seem to be conceding learning without awareness. A more profitable research orientation would be to discover and manipulate variables (perhaps incentives and schedules of reinforcement) that differentially affect learning and performance in verbal conditioning. Analysis of how these variables correlate with verbal report and other measures of awareness would help decide the issue of learning without awareness.
The genetics of pea seed storage proteins

The genetics of legumin, vicilin and convicilin, the major seed storage proteins of the pea, are discussed in relation to current understanding of their structure, biosynthesis and evolution.
Buckling of centerline-stiffened plates subjected to uniaxial eccentric compression

A solution for the elastic buckling of flat rectangular plates with centerline boundary conditions subjected to non-uniform in-plane axial compression is presented. The loaded edges are simply supported, the non-loaded edges are free, and the centerline is simply supported with a variable rotational stiffness. The Galerkin method is used to establish an eigenvalue problem and a series solution for plate buckling coefficients is obtained by using combined trigonometric and polynomial functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. It is demonstrated that the formulation approaches the classical solution of a plate with a clamped edge as the variable rotational stiffness is increased. The variation of buckling coefficient with aspect ratio is presented for various stress gradient ratios. The coupling between plate aspect ratio, centerline rotational stiffness, and gradient of applied compressive stress is illustrated and discussed. The solution is applicable to stiffened plates and I-shaped beams that are subjected to biaxial bending or combined flexure and torsion, and is important to estimate the reduction in elastic buckling capacity due to stress gradient.
Liquid-crystal display prospects in perspective

The advantages of dynamic scattering liquid-crystal displays--extremely low power consumption, flexibility of size and format, color choice, and washout immunity--are not obtained without cost. Long life requires ac drive and hermetic packaging. The optical characteristics of dynamic scattering make it difficult to design a display that utilizes the liquid-crystal panel effectively under a variety of lighting conditions. Multiplexed drive is cumbersome at best, so cost of drive electronics for more than about four digits is higher than with competing display technologies. The development of twisted nematic displays will reduce drive costs and improve appearance although the changes will not be revolutionary. The large multiplexing capability or color variability of the alterable birefringence effect is offset by prohibitive manufacturing tolerances and narrow field of view. Led by low-power digital wristwatches, liquid crystals should achieve a substantial market in applications whose requirements match unique display properties. Effective penetration of the consumer mass market will await improved field-effect devices and reductions in semiconductor packaging costs.
The Anterior Temporal Electrode in the EEG of the Adult

The anterior temporal cerebral region is not well covered, electroencephalographically, by the usual EEG electrodes. Numerous attempts have been made to add anterior temporal electrodes. There has been discussion regarding the amount of additional information actually attributable to those electrodes. We systematically evaluated the abnormalities revealed by one such noninvasive set of anterior temporal electrodes, D. Silverman's T1 and T2. A total of 624 consecutive EEGs were reviewed. We conclude that, in the adult, anterior temporal electrodes can add significantly to the information contained in the routine interictal EEG.
Model calibration and slit position effect on full-mask process and proximity correction for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lithography is a promising solution for semiconductor manufacturing for the 1Xnm node and beyond. Due to the mask shadowing effect and strong flare, process and proximity correction (PPC) is required for EUV lithography even though the k1 factor is much larger than that in current 193nm immersion lithography. In this paper, we will report a procedure of model calibration and full-mask PPC flow for EUV lithography. To calibrate the EUV model, identical test structures are placed at various locations on the mask across the slit direction. Slit position effect, including mask shadowing effect, will be investigated at different locations. The wafer is patterned with a 0.25 NA EUV scanner and measured with CD-SEM for process evaluation and PPC model calibration. The EUV model is verified by wafer measurements. A PPC flow with mask shadowing effect compensation and model-based flare compensation is introduced to perform full-mask correction for the BEOL flow at 30nm HP L/S for the 16nm technology node. The slit position effect on PPC is investigated through post-PPC verification.
The infrared spectra of some dioxygen and carbon monoxide metallopophyrin complexes

Abstract The infrared stretching values for O 2 bound to Co, Fe, and Mn porphyrins are reported. It is noted for similar complexes, ν(O 2 ) is insensitive to variations in the metal center or axial base. The value of ν(O 2 ) for O 2 adducts of tetraphenylporphyrinatomanganese (II) confirms earlier work that the O 2 moiety is bound in a peroxo-like manner. Also ν(CO) values are reported for the iron (II) porphyrin complexes.
SODIUM DEPRIVATION INCREASES APOPTOSIS RESULTING FROM UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN THE RAT. † 2141

SODIUM DEPRIVATION INCREASES APOPTOSIS RESULTING FROM UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) IN THE RAT. † 2141
Theoretical Study of Forward-Voltage Heterojunction Space-Charge-Region Capacitance Including Interface-State Effects

The potential barrier heights, thickness, and capacitance of abrupt heterojunction space-charge regions under forward voltages are treated analytically, and a model for this is developed. Physical effects such as free-carrier charges and interface states in the heterojunction space-charge region are considered. Comparison of the present model and other models for a Gaas/Si heterojunction diode is included. Experimental aspects regarding the heterojunction capacitance are also briefly discussed. Die Potentialbarrierenhohen, die Dicke und die Kapazitat des Raumladungsgebiets eines abrupten Heteroubergangs werden analytisch behandelt und es wird ein Modell hierfur aufgestellt. Es werden physikalische Effekte wie die Ladungen freier Trager und Grenzflachenzustande in dem Raum-ladungsgebiet behandelt. Es wird ein Vergleich zwischen dem vorgestellten Modell und anderen Modellen fur eine Gaas/Si-Heteroubergangsdiode durchgefuhrt. Gleichfalls werden experimentelle Ergebnisse zur Kapazitat des Heteroubergangs kurz diskutiert.
High resolution of peroxidase-indoleacetic Acid oxidase isoenzymes from horseradish by isoelectric focusing.

Several improved techniques for isoelectric focusing of isoenzymes in polyacrylamide gel slabs were developed. Using these techniques, three commercial sources of horseradish peroxidase were each examined with three commercial sources of carrier ampholytes to determine their respective isoenzyme profiles.A much higher degree of isoenzyme resolution was obtained than reported previously. A composite of all of the various tests gave a total of 42 peroxidase isoenzymes. Commercial sources of horseradish peroxidase showed many similarities in their isoenzyme patterns, but their differences were sufficient to recognize each source easily. Isoenzyme patterns for all three sources spanned the entire pH range with all three sources of wide range carrier ampholytes. Only a few isoenzymes stained darkly. Most isoenzymes stained moderately to lightly, but all were well resolved. Gels stained for indoleacetic acid oxidase activity showed the same pattern as gels stained for peroxidase activity. This was true for all three commerial sources of the enzyme. The isoenzyme patterns obtained in each run were entirely reproducible, and linear pH gradients were obtained in all cases. Limitations in the pH range of the wide range carrier ampholytes relative to the isoelectric points of the extreme anodic and cathodic isoenzymes led to the adoption of a modified definition of focusing time. In addition, the labeling of isoenzymes commonly used in electrophoresis was adapted for labeling isoenzymes resolved by isoelectric focusing.
Single-phase thermosyphon cooling of an array of discrete heat sources in a rectangular cavity

Abstract Experiments were performed with FC-77 and water to investigate free convection heat transfer from a 3 × 3 array of flush-mounted, discrete heat sources cooled by an opposing wall in a rectangular enclosure. The effects of the heater location, the enclosure width, the spacing between heaters, and the inclination of the enclosure were studied. For a vertical enclosure, heat transfer was a maximum and a minimum for the bottom and top rows of heated elements, respectively. Heat transfer was not affected by changes in the enclosure aspect ratio. On inclining the enclosure toward a horizontal (heated from below) orientation, the flow became unsteady and three-dimensional, resulting in significantly enhanced heat transfer for the upper element rows.
Organizational factors encouraging ethical decision making: An exploration into the case of an exemplar

What factors in the organizational culture of an ethically exemplary corporation are responsible for encouraging ethical decision making? This question was analyzed through an exploratory case study of a top pharmaceutical company that is a global leader in ethics. The participating organization is renowned in public opinion polls of ethics, credibility, and trust. This research explored organizational culture, communication in issues management and public relations, management theory, and deontological or utilitarian moral philosophy as factors that might encourage ethical analysis. Our understanding of organizational ethics is enhanced by elucidating factors the case revealed as encouraging ethical analysis: an organizational culture that emphasizes the importance of ethics, Theory Y management, a symmetrical worldview valuing innovation and dialogue, a counseling role for issues management or public relations in the dominant coalition, rewarding ethical behavior, ethical analysis using moral philosophy, consistency between individual values and organizational philosophy, and ethics training. These factors, and perhaps others as yet unidentified, worked together to create an environment that encouraged ethical decision making at the exemplar organization.
Facilitation of a Somatic Reflex by Sound in Rana clamitans: Effects of Sympathectomy and Decerebration1

Summary 1. A tactually elicited leg flexion in Rana clamitans melanota is facilitated by a short sound of a bell preceding application of the effective stimulus by 0.1 to 0.2 sec. The sound alone elicits no overt response. 2. Sympathectomy markedly reduces the intersensory facilitation of the leg flexion reflex. It is suggested that such depression occurs because of reduced central nervous responsiveness following reduction of sympathetically elicited somatic sensory inflow. 3. The frogs readily adapt to the sound of the bell, even when presented with this stimulus every other day. 4. Mid-diencephalic decerebration negates previous adaptation to the sound of the bell, bringing a return of intersensory facilitation of the reflex. 5. These results emphasize the possibility of a vertebrate arousal process which depends upon sympathetic outflow and which may be opposed by a central inhibitory mechanism. Zusammenfassung 1. Das durch einen Schlag ausgeloste Anziehen des Hinterbeins beim gefleckten Schreifrosch (Rana clamitans melanota) verstarkt sich, wenn dem Schlag ein kurzes Klingelzeichen um 0,1 bis 0,2 Sek. vorausgeht (Abb. 1). Die Klingel allein bleibt unbeantwortet. 2. Sympathektomie verringert die intersensorische Bahnung des Beugereflexes des Beines erheblich (Abb. 2), vermutlich auf Grund verringerter zentralnervoser Antwortbereitschaft, die ihrerseits auf einer Verringerung der auf sympathischem Wege ausgelosten somatisch-sensorischen Afferenz beruht. 3. Die Frosche gewohnen sich rasch an die Klingel, deren bahnende Wirkung rasch abnimmt, auch wenn der Reiz nur jeden zweiten Tag geboten wird (Abb. 3, links). 4. Mittelhirnausschaltung hebt die vorherige Gewohnung an die Klingel auf, so das das Horsignal den Beinreflex ebenso bahnt wie zuvor (Abb. 3, rechts). 5. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, das bei Wirbeltieren ein arousal System besteht, das in seiner Wirkung von sympathischer Efferenz und einem zentralen Hemmungsmechanismus abhangt.
A general permutation approach for analyzing repeated measures ANOVA and mixed-model designs

Repeated measures ANOVA and mixed-model designs are the main classes of experimental designs used in psychology. The usual analysis relies on some parametric assumptions (typically Gaussianity). In this article, we propose methods to analyze the data when the parametric conditions do not hold. The permutation test, which is a non-parametric test, is suitable for hypothesis testing and can be applied to experimental designs. The application of permutation tests in simpler experimental designs such as factorial ANOVA or ANOVA with only between-subject factors has already been considered. The main purpose of this paper is to focus on more complex designs that include only within-subject factors (repeated measures) or designs that include both within-subject and between-subject factors (mixed-model designs). First, a general approximate permutation test (permutation of the residuals under the reduced model or reduced residuals) is proposed for any repeated measures and mixed-model designs, for any number of repetitions per cell, any number of subjects and factors and for both balanced and unbalanced designs (all-cell-filled). Next, a permutation test that uses residuals that are exchangeable up to the second moment is introduced for balanced cases in the same class of experimental designs. This permutation test is therefore exact for spherical data. Finally, we provide simulations results for the comparison of the level and the power of the proposed methods.
The state of antimicrobial stewardship programs in California.

Objective. To assess antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and strategies in California general acute care hospitals and to describe the effect of state legislation (Senate Bill 739) requiring hospitals to develop processes for evaluating the judicious use of antimicrobials.Design. Web-based survey of general acute care hospitals.Participants. All 422 general acute care hospital campuses in California were invited to participate.Results. Responses from 223 (53%) of California’s general acute care hospital campuses were included and were statistically representative of all acute care hospital campuses by region but not bed size or rurality. Community hospitals represented 73% of respondents. Fifty percent of hospitals described a current ASP and 30% reported planning an ASP; of these, 51% reported measuring outcomes. Twenty percent of hospitals reported no planned ASP or uncertainty whether an ASP existed and described barriers including staffing constraints (47%), lack of funding (42%), and lack of in...
Teaching the history of technical communication: A lesson with Franklin and Hoover

The first part of this article shows that research in the history of technical communication has increased in quantity and sophistication over the last 20 years. Scholarship that describes how to teach with that information, however, has not followed, even though teaching the history of the field is a need recognized by several scholars. The article provides and defends four guidelines as a foundation to study ways to incorporate history into classroom lessons: 1) maintain a continued research interest in teaching history; 2) limit to technical rather than scientific discourse; 3) focus on English-language texts; and 4) focus on American texts, authors, and practices. The second part of the essay works within the guidelines to show a lesson that contrasts technical texts by Benjamin Franklin and Herbert Hoover. The lesson can help students see the difference in technical writing before and after the Industrial Revolution, a difference that mirrors their own transition from the university to the workforce.
Outcomes After Deep Full-Thickness Hand Burns

Abstract Holavanahalli RK, Helm PA, Gorman AR, Kowalske KJ. Outcomes after deep full-thickness hand burns. Objective To measure hand-specific functional performance after deep full-thickness dorsal hand burns. Design Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting The 2005 Phoenix Society's World Burn Congress, Baltimore, MD. Participants Volunteer sample of burn survivors (N=32) with full-thickness dorsal hand burns with extensor mechanism involvement, who consented to participate. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Total active motion of joints, Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), and Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ). Results Subjects had large burns (mean percentage total body surface area, 58%). Digit involvement was severe, with more than 50% having amputations and 22% with a boutonniere deformity. Forty percent of subjects had poor functional range with total active motion of less than 180°. Scores on the JTHFT were lower than normative scores, and subjects reported most difficulty in performing MHQ activities of daily living (ADLs). Conclusions Even with partial amputation or loss of extensor mechanisms, the intact flexor muscles facilitate function by allowing for a modified grasp and enable patients to be independent in most ADL tasks. Training programs can be developed to meet specific goals despite residual hand deformities caused by deep full-thickness burns.
A stability analysis of the uniaxial viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

In the development of a viscoplasticity theory without a yield surface and without a loading and unloading condition, the properties of a uniaxial constitutive model consisting of two coupled nonlinear differential equations are examined. The critical points of the system of differential equations are evaluated for monotonic loading, creep and relaxation conditions and are shown to be stable. The conditions necessary for the elimination of stable but oscillatory solutions are given. Also given are the asymptotic solutions valid near the critical points. The analytical predictions are confirmed by numerical results.
A modified envelope-following approach to clocked analog circuit simulation

A modified envelope-following method for simulation of clocked analog circuits is described. The modification makes the envelope-following algorithm more efficient, as unnecessary numerical integration is avoided when computing the envelope of 'quasi-algebraic' components in the solution vector. An automatic method for determining the quasi-algebraic solution components is described, and experimental results are given which demonstrate that this modified method reduces the number of computer clock cycles needed to accurately determine the envelope. >
The 2007 Charles T. Dotter Lecture—Our Rock and Our Hard Place: Getting Beyond Competition to Collaboration

IT is a sign of the times that many of the products and services we obtain are blanketed with disclaimers. Unfortunately, the following one is no exception. This is an abridged transcript of a talk presented originally as a “conversation” held with an audience assembled at the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Annual Meeting in Seattle on March 3, 2007. The “fireside chat” format was accompanied by multimedia clips interspersed with dialogue. It was intended as a departure from the traditional oratory style of previous Dotter Lectures. As such, it is difficult to translate this conversational experience to text and challenging to replicate the multimedia presentations in print alone. This is what it is, but not what it was. Thus, accepting these inadequacies in fidelity as uncorrectable, the following compromise represents what can be captured as a “near-genuine” rendition of the 2007 Dr. Charles T. Dotter Lecture.
Event Memory and Autobiographical Memory for the Events of September 11, 2001

SUMMARY This research compares event memory and autobiographical memory for an event that was experienced to be more distressing, with more significant and widespread consequences than was any other event for which memory has been studied in a large sample. Memory for the events of September 11 was assessed seven weeks later in three samples: (a) 275 college students from Manhattan; (b) 167 college students from California; and (c) 127 college students from Hawaii. Whereas event memory was most accurate in the New York sample most involved in and most distressed by the events, autobiographical memory was reported with the least detail in this sample. This finding is consistent with the prediction that it is the synergy of arousal and rehearsal that affects memory for stressful events. Constructive memory distortions are also evident in the data; 73% of the respondents reported (incorrectly) that on September 11, they saw on television, the videotape of the first plane striking the first World Trade Center tower. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Observer Characteristics on Blame Assessments of Prostituted Female Youth

Currently, two studies have examined perceptions of prostituted youth and factors associated with negative assessments. The male- and majority-race nature of criminal justice agencies and research on rape victim culpability attributions underscores the importance of addressing perceptions of this population as paramount to effective intervention. This research used 357 student survey responses to investigate observer characteristics correlated with blameworthiness assessments. FINDINGS demonstrated sexist attitudes and observer race correlated with blameworthiness directed toward prostituted youth with no victimization history disclosure, and prostitution myth adherence and observer childhood abuse correlated with blameworthiness directed toward prostituted youth whose victimization history was disclosed. Research and policy implications are discussed. Language: en