cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of EGF receptor signal transduction to three-dimensional culture conditions: Changes in surface receptor expression and protein tyrosine phosphorylation

A431 cells grown as three-dimensional spheroids show growth stimulation in response to nanomolar concentrations of EGF in contrast to monolayer cultures that show inhibition. In investigating the alterations in EGF signal transduction that underlie this modification of the proliferative response, we have compared the expression of EGF receptors on A431 cells under these conditions and related our findings to tyrosine phosphorylation and the growth response. EGF receptors were measured by 125I-EGF binding to trypsin-dispersed cells. Unexpectedly, dispersion of the monolayers caused an 80% decrease in surface EGF receptor, although, after dispersion, EGF receptor was digested by trypsin with a half-life of 69 +/- 32 min. No evidence for a comparable loss of cellular EGF receptor was seen on trypsin dispersion of spheroids. After allowing for this effect, we found that the receptor density on nondispersed monolayers (5 x 10(6) per cell) was twentyfold greater than that on spheroids (0.25 x 10(6) per cell). EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was confined to the outermost cells of the spheroid, although the presence of surface-expressed EGF binding sites could be demonstrated throughout the structure and the number of EGF receptors/cell on dispersed spheroid cells showed a single distribution peak by flow cytometry, with no evidence for more than one population. Using RCM-lysozyme as a substrate, tyrosine phosphatase activity in spheroids lay within the range observed in monolayer cultures. Autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor following EGF stimulation in monolayer cultures of A431 cells rose rapidly in the first 10 seconds and then slowly increased for at least 3 h. In spheroids, it reached a maximum within 10 seconds and then declined over 3 h. Since the microenvironment within a tumor resembles that in a spheroid, a similar reduction in surface EGF receptor expression may be expected in tumors relative to monolayer cultures, together with corresponding growth stimulation in response to EGF.
Expression of Msx-2 during development, regeneration, and wound healing in axolotl limbs

Msx genes are transcription factors that are expressed during embryogenesis of developing appendages in regions of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Various lines of evidence indicate that these genes function to maintain embryonic tissues in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. We have identified the axolotl homolog of Msx-2, and investigated its expression during limb development, limb regeneration, and wound healing. As in limb buds of higher vertebrates, axolotl Msx-2 is expressed in the apical epidermis and mesenchyme; however, its expression domain is more extensive, reflecting the broader region of the apical epidermal cap in amphibians. Msx-2 expression is downregulated at late stages of limb development, but is reexpressed within one hour after limb amputation. Msx-2 is also reexpressed during wound healing, and may be essential in the early stages of initiation of the limb regeneration cascade.
Quantification of oxidative single-base and intrastrand cross-link lesions in unmethylated and CpG-methylated DNA induced by Fenton-type reagents

Methylation of cytosine at CpG sites in mammalian cells plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, we assessed the formation of single-nucleobase lesions and intrastrand cross-link lesions (i.e. G[8-5]C, C[5-8]G, mC[5m-8]G, and G[8-5m]mC, where 'mC' represents 5-methylcytosine) in unmethylated and the corresponding CpG-methylated synthetic double-stranded DNA upon treatment with Fenton-type reagents [i.e. H2O2, ascorbate together with Cu(II) or Fe(II)]. Our results showed that the yields of oxidative single-nucleobase lesions were considerably higher than those of the intrastrand cross-link lesions. Although no significant differences were found for the yields of single-base lesions induced from cytosine and mC, the G[8-5m]mC cross-link was induced approximately 10 times more efficiently than the G[8-5]C cross-link. In addition, the mC[5m-8]G was induced at a level that was approximately 15 times less than G[8-5m]mC, whereas the corresponding C[5-8]G intrastrand cross-link lesion was not detectable. Moreover, Cu(II) is approximately 10-fold as effective as Fe(II) in inducing oxidative DNA lesions. These results suggest that oxidative intrastrand cross-link lesions formed at methylated-CpG sites may account for the previously reported mCG-->TT tandem double mutations induced by Fenton-type reagents.
Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties (Corresp.)

This correspondence describes the construction of complex codes of the form exp i \alpha_k whose discrete circular autocorrelations are zero for all nonzero lags. There is no restriction on code lengths.
A heat transfer model for tubes immersed in gas fluidized beds

A model for local heat transfer between a gas-fluidized bed and a submerged tube is proposed based on combined dense-phase and lean-phase transport. The heat transfer process during dense-phase contact at the tube surface is modeled by packet renewal mechanism and the transfer process during lean-phase contact by fluid convection mechanism. The model predictions show good agreement with experimental local and average heat transfer coefficient data for horizontal tubes.
Crypton transposons: identification of new diverse families and ancient domestication events.

"Domestication" of transposable elements (TEs) led to evolutionary breakthroughs such as the origin of telomerase and the vertebrate adaptive immune system. These breakthroughs were accomplished by the adaptation of molecular functions essential for TEs, such as reverse transcription, DNA cutting and ligation or DNA binding. Cryptons represent a unique class of DNA transposons using tyrosine recombinase (YR) to cut and rejoin the recombining DNA molecules. Cryptons were originally identified in fungi and later in the sea anemone, sea urchin and insects. Herein we report new Cryptons from animals, fungi, oomycetes and diatom, as well as widely conserved genes derived from ancient Crypton domestication events. Phylogenetic analysis based on the YR sequences supports four deep divisions of Crypton elements. We found that the domain of unknown function 3504 (DUF3504) in eukaryotes is derived from Crypton YR. DUF3504 is similar to YR but lacks most of the residues of the catalytic tetrad (R-H-R-Y). Genes containing the DUF3504 domain are potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 1 (KCTD1), KIAA1958, zinc finger MYM type 2 (ZMYM2), ZMYM3, ZMYM4, glutamine-rich protein 1 (QRICH1) and "without children" (WOC). The DUF3504 genes are highly conserved and are found in almost all jawed vertebrates. The sequence, domain structure, intron positions and synteny blocks support the view that ZMYM2, ZMYM3, ZMYM4, and possibly QRICH1, were derived from WOC through two rounds of genome duplication in early vertebrate evolution. WOC is observed widely among bilaterians. There could be four independent events of Crypton domestication, and one of them, generating WOC/ZMYM, predated the birth of bilaterian animals. This is the third-oldest domestication event known to date, following the domestication generating telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and Prp8. Many Crypton-derived genes are transcriptional regulators with additional DNA-binding domains, and the acquisition of the DUF3504 domain could have added new regulatory pathways via protein-DNA or protein-protein interactions. Cryptons have contributed to animal evolution through domestication of their YR sequences. The DUF3504 domains are domesticated YRs of animal Crypton elements.
The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources:

Several authors have increasingly recognized the problem of pseudoscience as a major threat confronting psychology and allied disciplines. We discuss the importance of courses in science and pseudoscience to undergraduate education in psychology and provide (a) a model syllabus for courses in the science and pseudoscience of psychology, (b) a list and description of suggested primary and supplemental texts for such courses, (c) a list of useful educational videos on science and pseudoscience, and (d) suggested Web sites that offer critical evaluations of pseudoscientific claims. Finally, we briefly review the literature concerning the efficacy of courses in the science and pseudoscience of psychology and offer suggestions for future research in this area.
The Ino80 complex prevents invasion of euchromatin into silent chromatin

Here we show that the Ino80 chromatin remodeling complex (Ino80C) directly prevents euchromatin from invading transcriptionally silent chromatin within intergenic regions and at the border of euchromatin and heterochromatin. Deletion of Ino80C subunits leads to increased H3K79 methylation and noncoding RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription centered at the Ino80C-binding sites. The effect of Ino80C is direct, as it blocks H3K79 methylation by Dot1 in vitro. Heterochromatin stimulates the binding of Ino80C in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that Ino80C serves as a general silencing complex that restricts transcription to gene units in euchromatin.
Support vector machines for hyperspectral remote sensing classification

The Support Vector Machine provides a new way to design classification algorithms which learn from examples (supervised learning) and generalize when applied to new data. We demonstrate its success on a difficult classification problem from hyperspectral remote sensing, where we obtain performances of 96%, and 87% correct for a 4 class problem, and a 16 class problem respectively. These results are somewhat better than other recent results on the same data. A key feature of this classifier is its ability to use high-dimensional data without the usual recourse to a feature selection step to reduce the dimensionality of the data. For this application, this is important, as hyperspectral data consists of several hundred contiguous spectral channels for each exemplar. We provide an introduction to this new approach, and demonstrate its application to classification of an agriculture scene.
The Effects of a Constructivist Intervention on Pre-Service Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pre-service teachers’ participation in a constructivist intervention supported by technology on their confidence in their own ability to plan and create six technologysupported, constructivist, learning activities, as well as to understand their perceptions of the experience. Participants were 23 pre-service teachers accepted into the College of Education’s Masters program at the University of Tennessee Knoxville and enrolled in an introduction to instructional computing course during the summer of 2001. A survey was used to assess pre-intervention confidence levels and experience with six technology-supported, constructivist, learning activities. Students were then situated in a class that employed constructivist methodology to facilitate their own exploration of constructivist pedagogy supported by technology. Once students completed the class, they were asked to re-take the survey. A paired samples t-test was used to compare pre-intervention confidence levels with post-intervention confidence levels. The results revealed a significant difference, p < .001, in each of the six areas. Journals, focus groups, and interviews were used to gain insight into the participants’ perceptions of the experience and suggested a reflective process.
Cloning and Transfer of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System for Studies of a Range of Gram-Negative Genera

The engineering of bacterial strains with specific phenotypes frequently requires the use of blocks or "cassettes" of genes that act together to perform a desired function. The potential benefits of utilizing type III secretion systems in this regard are becoming increasingly realized since these systems can be used to direct interactions with host cells for beneficial purposes such as vaccine development, anticancer therapies, and targeted protein delivery. However, convenient methods to clone and transfer type III secretion systems for studies of a range of different types of bacteria are lacking. In addition to functional applications, such methods would also reveal important information about the evolution of a given type III secretion system, such as its ability to be expressed and functional outside of the strain of origin. We describe here the cloning of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system onto a vector that can be easily transferred to a range of gram-negative bacterial genera. We found that expression of the cloned SPI-2 system in different Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria (as monitored by SseB protein levels) is dependent on the bacterial strain and growth medium. We also demonstrate that the cloned system is functional for secretion, can direct interactions with macrophages, and can be used as a novel tool to analyze the predicted interaction of SseB with host cells. This work provides a foundation for future applications where the cloned SPI-2 region (or other cloned type III systems) can provide a desired function to an engineered gram-negative strain.
Innovationspotenzial Beton: Von Atomen zur Grünen Infrastruktur

Die nachhaltige Entwicklung von Betonlosungen fur den Ingenieurbau eroffnet neue Moglichkeiten fur den Betonbauingenieur. In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, das Innovationspotenzial von Beton im Hinblick auf ein nachhaltiges Bauen mit Beton zu identifizieren. Es wird gezeigt, dass Durchbruche in der Materialwissenschaft neue Freiheitsgrade fur entwerfende Massivbauer und Bauherren freisetzen konnen, die moglicherweise zu einer Reduzierung des okologischen Fusabdrucks fuhren. Integriert in Lebenszyklusanalysen von Betonstrukturen, die sowohl die Herstellungs- als auch die Nutzungsphase erfassen, erhalt man ein vollstandiges Bild, wie molekulare und nanometrische Modifizierungen des Materials zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Betons beitragen konnen. Berucksichtigt man, dass mehr als 20 Millionen Tonnen Beton pro Jahr auf unserem Planeten produziert werden, so erkennt man, dass sich hier neue intellektuelle Leistungen fur Ingenieure auftun, Betonbauwerke nicht nur funktions- und sicherheitsgerecht zu entwerfen, sondern auch nachhaltig in Bezug auf deren okologischen Fusabdruck. Concrete Innovation Potential: From Atoms to Green Infrastructure The sustainable development of concrete opens new possibilities for concrete engineers. This contribution aims at identifying the innovation potential of concrete for a sustainable development. It is shown that breakthroughs in Materials Science of concrete release new degrees of freedom for design and construction of concrete infrastructure that can contribute to reducing the material's ecological footprint. Integrated in a Life-Cycle Analysis of concrete structures, which considers both the embodied energy and the use phase, acomprehensive picture is obtained how molecular and nanometric modifications can contribute to a sustainable development of concrete. Given the more than 20 million tons of concrete produced annually, it is readily understood that new intellectual challenges are opening for concrete engineers to design buildings not only for function and safety but as well for ecological soundness.
Role Negotiations in a Temporary Organization: Making Sense During Role Development in an Educational Theater Production:

Negotiating the performance of an individual’s role is an essential part of the assimilation process. Role negotiations consist of a two-part process: (a) negotiating a particular organizational ro...
A CDMA-based approach for highly efficient medium access control in mesh wireless networks

The code division multiple access (CDMA) technology has been recently introduced into mesh wireless networks for improving channel efficiency. The existing approaches, however, do not maximize the capacity of a CDMA system, because the sender transmits to one receiver only. In this paper, we explore novel approaches to allow multiple data frames be transmitted from a sender to multiple receivers simultaneously by using multi-user detection techniques and efficient power control schemes, thus maximizing network capacity and decreasing data delivery delay. More specifically, we propose two CDMA-based medium access control schemes, the PNO (Pseudo Noise Only) scheme and the PPO (PN Plus Orthogonal) scheme, for highly efficient data transmission in mesh wireless networks, especially for those networks serving as communication backbone and thus experiencing high traffic load. The performance of our proposed schemes is evaluated via simulations, and compared with IEEE 802.11 and other CDMA-based schemes under the same channel bandwidth. Our results show that PPO achieves the highest channel efficiency, because of its use of orthogonal codes for channelization. Both PPO and PNO can significantly improve network throughput and reduce packet delivery delay, without increasing signaling overhead noticeably.
Overview of Pelvic Evacuation Dysfunction

For many individuals, emptying their bowels is an automatic event but for some, particularly women, the process of evacuating stool may be difficult. Pelvic evacuation dysfunction refers to a constellation of symptoms such as prolonged repeated straining at bowel movements, sensation of incomplete evacuation, the need for digital manipulation, and different postures to initiate or complete bowel movements. Evacuation disorders are a result of multiple factors that include anatomical (rectocele, enterocele, and sigmoidocele), physiological (impaired rectal sensation) and functional components (nonrelaxing puborectalis). A systematic and complete pelvic floor history and physical examination should be elicited on all patients with complaints consistent with pelvic evacuation dysfunction. Anorectal and radiological studies are very useful to determine different pathologic mechanisms that are not evident on clinical examination. Treatment is based on identifying the underlying etiology and may include medical therapy, biofeedback, surgery, or combination of all the 3 modalities. The treatment of defecatory disorders can be challenging and requires the coordinated attempts of gastroenterologists, surgeons, psychologists, physical therapists, and nutritionists.
OptimizingWiMAX MAC Layer Operations to Enhance Application End‐to‐End Performance

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Overview of WiMAX MAC features Asymmetric Link Adaptation for TCP Service‐Class Specific Scheduling Simulations Other MAC Layer Optimization Techniques Conclusion References
The need for a statewide pediatric trauma program.

Development and maintenance of an effective regional trauma care system mandates on-going assessment of those at risk, patterns of injury and types of resources available. It is known that a significantly higher injury and traumatic death rates exists for children in a rural environment, and there is also evidence to support improved outcomes for children treated at verified trauma centers. While many still rely on practice-based statistics, we postulated that population-based statistics are much more reflective as to what is actually happening and provide crucial information on how improvements can be achieved. To test this theory, we reviewed all pediatric traumatic deaths for children 18 years old and younger from Jan. 1, 1990 to Dec. 31, 1998 at the Jon Michael Moore Trauma Center at West Virginia University, a rural pediatric trauma center. We compared this data to trauma mortality within the center's 13 county primary region from the Office of Vital Statistics. Our research revealed that mortality from pediatric trauma is higher in rural environments than in urban environments, and that population-based statistics more accurately reflect the true impact of what is actually happening in any given region. Age appears to be an important factor in determining which children are transferred to the trauma center and this may represent a critical factor in outcome. Language: en
Length of intestinal contact on nutrient-driven satiety

Chemosensors throughout small bowel and colon inhibit food intakes when contacted by monomeric nutrients. We postulated that calorie-dependent inhibition of food intakes depended on additions of fe...
Analytical Blocking Probability Model for Anycast RWA in Optical WDM Networks

In anycast, connection requests are routed to one of multiple destination candidates, thus helping improve the overall acceptance of service requests in the network when compared to traditional unicast. In this paper we develop a new analytical model to compute the network-wide blocking performance for anycast routing and wavelength assignment (ARWA) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks using the reduced-load fixed-point approximation analysis. This model is based on conventional queuing theory for loss systems combined with a joint probability analysis of the anycast service alternatives. Performance results show that our model provides good accuracy compared to simulation results.
Regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression: evidence for a tissue-specific role of protein kinase C.

The regulation of IL-6 mRNA expression was studied in human blood monocytes and in the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line HEp-2. In human monocytes phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) did not induce IL-6 but it increased IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA levels. Furthermore, in monocytes, protein kinase C (PKC) activation by PMA even reduced IL-1-induced IL-6 mRNA, and IL-1-induced IL-6 synthesis was increased by the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. IL-6 synthesis in HEp-2 cells was induced by IL-1, PMA, and calcium ionophore A 23187 but not by dibutyryl-cAMP. PMA-, but not IL-1-induced IL-6 synthesis in HEp-2 cells was inhibited by staurosporine. PMA pretreatment of HEp-2 cells abolished PMA-induced IL-6 but the IL-1 effect was not reduced. These data indicate that IL-6 can be induced by a PKC-independent pathway in monocytes and HEp-2 cells. In monocytes PKC activation does not induce IL-6 and PMA interferes with the IL-1 effect. Transcription factors known to be involved with the regulation of IL-6 expression were studied by gel retardation assays. NF-IL-6 and AP-1 activity were constitutively expressed in monocytes and HEp-2 cells under conditions where IL-6 mRNA was not detectable and levels did not change in response to stimulation by IL-1 or PMA. In contrast, NF-kB was increased by both IL-1 and PMA, but only the effect of PMA, and not that of IL-1, was inhibited by staurosporine. In summary, these results show tissue-specific differences in the regulation of IL-6 expression. Induction of IL-6 in monocytes is PKC independent. In the epithelial cell line HEp-2 IL-6 is inducible by PKC as well as by a PKC-independent pathway.
Undergraduate Conductors’ and Conducting Teachers’ Perceptions of Basic Conducting Efficacy

The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate conductors’ and conducting teachers’ perceptions about basic conducting efficacy. At the beginning and end of the semester, undergraduate stud...
Leveraging female genitalic characters for generic and species delimitation in Nilomantis Werner, 1907 and Ilomantis Giglio-Tos, 1915 (Mantodea, Nilomantinae)

Praying mantis species description and higher-level taxonomy has historically relied on external morphological characters, male genitalic characters, and geographic distribution. For the first time, female genitalic characters were used to delimit genus- and species-level boundaries using two genera with a complex taxonomic history, Nilomantis Werner, 1907 and Ilomantis Giglio-Tos, 1915. We present comprehensive morphological evidence for the validity of Ilomantis , currently a junior synonym of Nilomantis and describe a new species, Ilomantis ginsburgae sp.n. We provide a key to the species of Nilomantis and Ilomantis based on genitalic and external morphological character states. High-resolution images, illustrations of morphological characters, and measurement data are also presented. We conclude that female genital characters have significant utility in praying mantis taxonomy and should be incorporated as an additional data source to complement traditional taxonomic and genetic data.
Failure To Thrive: A General Pediatrician’s Perspective

1. Joseph A. Zenel Jr, MD* 1. 2. *Assistant Professor, Division of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR. 1. Failure to thrive is a sign of unexplained weight loss or poor weight gain in an infant or child. 2. If results of the history and physical examination do not indicate the etiology of failure to thrive, it is unlikely that laboratory testing will reveal the diagnosis. 3. The division of failure to thrive into the categories of organic and nonorganic is too simplistic and overlooks the complex interaction among psychosocial, environmental, neurologic, and anatomic factors. 4. Undernutrition is the immediate underlying cause of failure to thrive; the child must be fed. Most primary care pediatricians will encounter the infant or toddler who, without apparent medical reason, fails to gain weight and possibly height. Efforts to evaluate and treat such patients are time-consuming, expensive, and frustrating if the clinician does not appreciate the idiosyncrasies of failure to thrive (FTT). These include the history of the definition of FTT, its traditional categorization into organic and nonorganic causes, the diagnostic approach, and current thought on its treatment and outcome. Older review articles state that FTT accounts for 1% to 5% of pediatric hospital admissions. National and state surveys suggest that as many as 10% of children seen for primary care show signs of growth failure. In inner-city emergency departments, 15% to 30% of young children receiving acute care show growth deficits. Even though current population-based data are not available, FTT appears to be a common diagnostic challenge. In 1968, Glaser defined FTT as a syndrome characterized by failure of physical growth, malnutrition, and retardation of motor and social development. Frank and Zeisel, in 1988, stated that FTT referred to infants and children whose growth deviated from the norms for their age and gender. As Mathisen noted in 1989, the pattern of growth retardation usually is characterized by low weight and/or length for age or, as …
High performance ballistic fibers

Publisher Summary High performance fibers [“HPF”] are engineered for specific end uses that require exceptional strength, heat resistance, and/or chemical resistance. They are generally niche products, such as lightweight composite materials for aircraft, ballistic fibers, and bullet-resistant vest or body armor, protective gear for fire officers, and cut or stab-resistant articles. On the lighter side, examples are fishing line, bowstring, and marine rope and sail cloths such as those used in the Americas Cup race. The oldest, and most familiar, high performance fiber is glass. Glass fibers were relatively inflexible and not suitable for many textile applications. Another classic HPF is carbon fiber, which can be engineered for strength and stiffness to reinforce composite; or can, in various forms, improve the electrical conductivity, thermal, and chemical resistance of textile materials. The best known high performance, synthetic, organic fibers are aramids, which like nylons are polyamides derived from aromatic acids and amines.
Diseases and Veterinary Care

Chinchillas have historically been raised for fur production and are docile pets. In the biomedical area, their use as a research model for the auditory system is well documented. Many of the veterinary care issues, whether from disease or trauma, are derived from either environmental or husbandry perturbations. Therefore in the modern vivarial setting, many of the conditions described in this chapter are non-existent or of a minimal impact on the health status of the chinchilla. However for completeness, a summary of the literature covering infectious diseases, metabolic and nutritional diseases, traumatic lesions, iatrogenic/management-related disorders, neoplastic diseases, and other miscellaneous conditions of chinchillas are presented. This review provides information on the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of conditions affecting the health of chinchillas. Understanding of these conditions that may affect the health of chinchillas is important whether animals are housed in a controlled or less stringent environment.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolism in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Abstract We evaluated associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) levels in a cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men at risk for infection in the United States. Stored samples collected between 1999 and 2008 were tested for vitamin D metabolites between 2014 and 2015. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum concentration of 25[OH]D <20 ng/ml. Multivariate models were used to assess associations of various demographic and clinical factors with vitamin D status. HIV-infected men on effective antiretroviral therapy (n = 640) and HIV-uninfected men (n = 99) had comparable levels of 25[OH]D and 1,25[OH]2D, and prevalences of vitamin D deficiency were 41% in HIV-infected and 44% in HIV-uninfected men, respectively. Self-reported black or other non-white race, obesity, and normal kidney function were significant predictors of vitamin D deficiency regardless of HIV serostatus. Lower CD4+ T cell count was associated with vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infect...
Understanding the differences between impulsivity and compulsivity

A review of targeted treatment strategies for symptom domains when impulsivity and compulsivity become dysfunctional.
Design of an intelligent energy gateway for energy internet

In response to the load vacancy situation after the sudden fault in energy internet, based on the research of the home load characteristics, this paper proposes a intelligent energy gateway for energy internet, and introduces its design in detail, the gateway can achieve a two-way interaction between grid side and the user side, and can realize the function of achieve emergency precise load shedding control and demand response, it is of great significance for ensuring the reliability of the power grid and improving the quality of the supply.
Flux versus Hydrothermal Growth: Polymorphism of A2(UO2)Si2O6 (A = Rb, Cs)

Single crystals of two new uranyl silicates were grown from mixed alkali fluoride/alkali chloride fluxes. Polymorphism is observed in Cs2(UO2)Si2O6, where hydrothermal conditions lead to the α polymorph and flux growth favors the β polymorph. Rb2(UO2)Si2O6 crystallizes in a monoclinic distortion of the α-Cs2(UO2)Si2O6 structure type with space group I2/a and lattice parameters a = 14.9932(5) A, b = 14.8032(5) A, c = 16.2377(9) A, and β = 90.7220(10)°. β-Cs2(UO2)Si2O6 constitutes a new polymorph of Cs2(UO2)Si2O6 and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2 with lattice parameters a = 12.136(2) A, b = 10.0426(17) A, c = 7.7896(13) A, and β = 95.849(4)°. The two structures are compared, the driving force behind the observed polymorphism is discussed, and the luminescence properties are reported for each compound.
An Exploration into the Bacterial Community under Different Pasteurization Conditions during Substrate Preparation (Composting–Phase II) for Agaricus bisporus Cultivation

Substrate preparation (i.e., composting) for Agaricus bisporus cultivation is the most critical point of mushroom production. Among many factors involved in the composting process, the microbial ecology of the system is the underlying drive of composting and can be influenced by composting management techniques. Pasteurization temperature at the beginning of phase II, in theory, may influence the bacterial community and subsequently the “selectivity” and nutrition of the final substrate. Therefore, this hypothesis was tested by simulation in bioreactors under different pasteurization conditions (57 °C/6 h, 60 °C/2 h, and 68 °C/2 h), simulating conditions adopted by many producers. Bacterial diversity, based on 16S ribosomal RNA obtained by high-throughput sequencing and classified in operational taxonomic units (OTUs), was greater than previously reported using culture-dependent methods. Alpha diversity estimators show a lower diversity of OTUs under a high-temperature pasteurization condition. Bacillales order shows a relatively higher OTU abundance under a high-pasteurization temperature, which also was related to high ammonia emission measurements. On the other hand, beta diversity analysis showed no significantly changes in the bacterial community structure under different conditions. Agaricus bisporus mycelium growth during a standard spawn run period was significantly slower in the compost pasteurized at high temperature. Since the bacterial community structure was not greatly affected by different pasteurization conditions but by-products left (e.g., ammonia) at the end of compost conditioning varied, further studies need to be conducted to determine the functional role of the microbial communities found during substrate preparation for Agaricus bisporus cultivation.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Advancing Methods for Analyzing Dialect Variation

Documenting and analyzing dialect variation is traditionally the domain of dialectology and sociolinguistics. However, modern approaches to acoustic analysis of dialect variation have their roots in Peterson and Barney's [(1952). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24, 175–184] foundational work on the acoustic analysis of vowels that was published in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA) over 6 decades ago. Although Peterson and Barney (1952) were not primarily concerned with dialect variation, their methods laid the groundwork for the acoustic methods that are still used by scholars today to analyze vowel variation within and across languages. In more recent decades, a number of methodological advances in the study of vowel variation have been published in JASA, including work on acoustic vowel overlap and vowel normalization. The goal of this special issue was to honor that tradition by bringing together a set of papers describing the application of emerging acoustic, articulatory, and computational ...
Drug Effects on Fluorescein Kinetics

A number of drugs are used clinically as topical medications or systemic medications to lower intraocular pressure, suppress inflammation, or to alter pupillary size. This paper will summarize a systematic study of the effect of some of these drugs on the rate of aqueous flow through the anterior chamber.
Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure: A Qualitative Study of Informal Support Dyads

This interview study examined 45 informal support dyads where sexual assault was disclosed. Analysis showed social reactions and appraisals of reactions varied by relationship type (family, friend, significant other). Themes identified were role reversal or "parentification" of supporters, reactions of anger and aggression toward perpetrators, supporters using their own trauma experiences to respond to survivors, and reactions of betrayal. Results revealed the potential for identifying relational patterns and dynamics occurring in social reactions through dyadic analysis not otherwise captured by a survivor-only perspective. This approach helps understand and address distinct relationship contexts to improve supporters' reactions to sexual assault disclosure.
On pleasures, fantasies, and soldiers: a reply to Catto's critique

ABSTRACTResponding to Catto's critique of my 2016 article “Sexy Warriors,” this piece reaffirms both the tentative nature of my earlier observations as well as the importance of thinking broadly ab...
The pathology of vitamin D deficiency in domesticated animals: An evolutionary and comparative overview

Although vitamin D is critical to calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling, there is evolution-based variation between species in vitamin D metabolism and susceptibility to rickets and osteomalacia. Most herbivores produce vitamin D3 in response to sunlight, but dogs and cats have generally lost the ability as carnivore diets are rich in vitamin D. Nutritional deficiencies and/or poor exposure to sunlight can induce rickets in birds, swine, cattle and sheep, but horses are less susceptible as they have evolved a calcium homeostasis that is quite different than other animals. Adaptations to specific environments also affect disease incidence: llamas/alpacas out of their natural high altitude intense solar radiation environments are highly susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. The pathology of rickets/osteomalacia is similar across species, however fibrous osteodystrophy is more common and may also be present. Rickets/osteomalacia were likely more common in animals before the advent of commercial diets, but can be difficult to definitively diagnose especially in single archeological specimens. Consideration of species susceptibility, location - especially in terms of latitude, and any available information on diet, season of occurrence, husbandry practices or descriptions of affected animals can support the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease in animals.
Mo’ Data, Mo’ Problems: Making Sense of Racial Discipline Disparities in a Large Diversifying Suburban High School:

Purpose: This article explores the effects of sensemaking interventions on a group of educators’ race-conscious problem analysis of racial discipline disparities. Research Method: I conducted this ...
The Framework and the Big Ideas of e-Business

In order to gain an integrated view of e-business (considered synonymous with e-commerce) and the opportunities it offers in the development of organizational strategies, a comprehensive framework of the activities in the field is presented. The 5Cs framework consists of 5 domains. The top three of them, the superstructure, represent the economic and social activities of commerce, collaboration, and communication. The two supporting domains are those of the technological infrastructure: connection and computation. Analyzing the activities within these domains, we identify the ten big ideas that have influenced the development of e-business in a decisive way and that exert continuing influence on the way information systems are used strategically. The identified activities and ideas will serve to innovate in the future development of e-business as a growing component of economic and societal development.
Remote Memory in Retrospect

I first encountered the phenomenon of remote memory early in my sabbatical leave in San Diego in 1984. Nelson was preparing a lecture on the neuropsychology of alcoholic Korsakoff’s (AK) syndrome, and as was his habit, he practiced the talk at a meeting of the Psychology Service. His delight when he showed the slide of Charlie Chaplin to introduce the segment on remote memory was unmistakable. No less interesting to me was the clear temporally graded retrograde amnesia (RA) function for the group of AK patients reported by Albert, Butters and Levin (1979). Of even greater importance were the then unpublished findings on patient PZ. PZ, as you will recall, was a famous research psychologist who developed AK a few years after publishing his autobiography. Nelson and his colleagues (Butters & Cermak, 1986) were able to show that PZ exhibited the usual temporally graded RA for Famous Faces and Public Events. Furthermore, PZ showed an entirely comparable pattern of loss of memory for details of his professional life (as reported in his autobiography) and even for the facts and theories of experimental psychology. For example, PZ could describe the trichnomatic theory of color vision in precise detail, but appeared completely unfamiliar with the ideas of the opponent process theory, which was not widely known until the late 1950s.
Fractal aggregation of active particles

We study active run-and-tumble particles in two dimensions with an additional two-state internal variable characterizing their motile or nonmotile state. Motile particles change irreversibly into nonmotile ones upon collision with a nonmotile particle. The system evolves towards an absorbing state where all particles are nonmotile. We initialize the system with one nonmotile particle in a bath of motile ones and study numerically the kinetics of relaxation to the absorbing state and its structure as a function of the density of the initial bath of motile particles and of their tumbling rate. We find a crossover from fractal aggregates at low density to homogeneous ones at high density. The persistence of single-particle dynamics as quantified by the tumbling rate pushes this crossover to a higher density and can be used to tune the porosity of the aggregate. At the lowest density the fractal dimension of the aggregate approaches that obtained in single-particle diffusion-limited aggregation. Our results could be exploited for the design of structures of desired porosity. The model is a first step towards the study of the collective dynamics of active particles that can exchange biological information.
Law and Colonial Cultures: Constructing Sovereignty: Extraterritoriality in the Oriental Republic of Uruguay

State making in colonial contexts always involved contests over the configuration of plural legal systems. But what occurred in places of “informal empire,” where Western powers did not assert political control and did not therefore assume the task of overseeing legal administration? One might expect conflicts over the architecture of the legal order – the relation between indigenous and imposed law, or between state and nonstate legal authority – to assume a less prominent place in political and cultural discourse. The establishment of Western models of law might seem merely to follow pervasive pressures to facilitate interstate bargaining and international investment, and to flow from elite intercultural influences and Westernized education. As in places of formal colonial control, though, debates about legal pluralism in settings of informal empire had a special place in political and cultural imagination; recurring legal conflicts, particularly jurisdictional disputes, had a tendency to keep these issues in prominent view; and legal interactions had their own transformative power. The idea and reality of a territorial sovereignty in which state law subsumed other legal authorities emerged in part in response to the dynamics of legal conflicts in complex arrangements of mixed power. In places with strikingly different legal traditions, the mid-nineteenth century saw the construction (and continual restructuring) of legal orders that simultaneously built on older forms of legal pluralism and gestured toward stronger claims of state power.
An Initiative to Track Sentiments in Altmetrics

A recent survey from Pew Research Center (NW, Washington & Inquiries 2018) found that over 44 million people receive science-related information from social media channels to which they subscribe. These include a variety of topics such as new discoveries in health sciences as well as “news you can use” information with practical tips (p. 3). Social and news media attention to scientific publications has been tracked for almost a decade by several platforms which aggregate all public mentions of and interactions with scientific publications. Since the amount of comments, shares, and discussions of scientific publications can reach an audience of thousands, understanding the overall “sentiment” towards the published research is a mammoth task and typically involves merely reading as many posts, shares, and comments as possible. This paper describes an initiative to track and provide sentiment analysis to large social and news media mentions and label them as “positive”, “negative” or “neutral”. Such labels will enable an overall understanding of the content that lies within these social and news media mentions of scientific publications.
Connect with your patients, not the screen: usability claims in electronic health records

This article examined the usability claims that Electronic Health Records (EHRs) make to healthcare providers. Usability claims appear as statements that persuade users to adopt the interface based on usability or user experience. These claims may show what healthcare providers are presumed to require from online health technologies. Usability claims in this study included intuitive interfaces, adaptability of documentation and records, and supplementing patient communication. Analyzing usability claims then becomes a way of understanding healthcare providers, their patients, and the technologies both use for health communication
Atomic layer deposition of ZnO on MoS2 and WSe2

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an enabling technology for the fabrication of many nanoscale semiconductor devices. This study focuses on ALD of ZnO on the two-dimensional (2D) materials MoS2 and WSe2. Mechanically exfoliated flakes and coalesced films of MoS2 and WSe2 acted as substrates for ALD and plasma-enhanced ALD (PEALD) of ZnO at 125 °C, and were investigated by atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The MoS2 and WSe2 surfaces resisted nucleation during thermal ALD everywhere except defects, allowing for selective growth of ZnO on the surrounding SiO2 substrate for over 500 cycles. UV-O3 pre-treatment showed different results for MoS2 and WSe2. On MoS2, UV-O3 pre-treatment was effective in inducing nucleation; ZnO was deposited on different areas of the flake with different thicknesses, and coalesced films formed, unlike ZnO deposited during thermal ALD without pretreatment. On WSe2, ZnO nucleated only on certain more reactive areas of the surface that had been oxidized during treatment. PEALD was successful in growing uniform and coalesced films of ZnO on both materials but destroyed the top layer of TMD by oxidation at the conditions tested. The interface of ZnO and 2D materials might be used in future nanoscale devices, and this study shows that it may be effectively controlled using different ALD methods.
Decreased estimated blood loss in lateral trans-psoas versus anterior approach to lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis

Background: The goal of the current study was to compare the perioperative and post-operative outcomes of eXtreme lateral trans-psoas approach (XLIF) versus anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) for single level degenerative spondylolisthesis. The ideal approach for degenerative spondylolisthesis remains controversial. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing single level XLIF (n=21) or ALIF (n=54) for L4–5 degenerative spondylolisthesis between 2008–2012 from a single academic center were retrospectively reviewed. Groups were compared for peri-operative data (estimated blood loss, operative time, adjunct procedures or additional implants), radiographic measurements (L1–S1 cobb angle, disc height, fusion grade, subsidence), 30-day complications (infection, DVT/PE, weakness/paresthesia, etc.), and patient reported outcomes (leg and back Numerical Rating Scale, and Oswestry Disability Index). Results: Estimated blood loss was significantly lower for XLIF [median 100; interquartile range (IQR), 50–100 mL] than for ALIF (median 250; IQR, 150–400 mL; P Conclusions: The lateral trans-psoas approach is associated with diminished blood loss compared to the anterior approach in the treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. We were unable to detect differences in radiographic outcomes, complication rates, or patient reported outcomes. Continued efforts to directly compare approaches for specific indications will minimize complications and improve outcomes. Further studies will continue to define indications for lateral versus anterior approach to lumbar spine for degenerative spondylolisthesis.