cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved wireless security for GMSK-based devices using RF fingerprinting

Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is employed in current global system for mobile (GSM) networks and remains a viable option for future wireless systems. Physical layer (PHY) security is demonstrated using RF fingerprints from GSM-GMSK signals to thwart malicious activities that are commonly orchestrated through unauthorised use of digital identities. Enhanced security is provided through specific emitter identification by classifying RF fingerprints from near-transient and midamble regions of GSM-GMSK bursts using multiple discriminant analysis with maximum likelihood estimation (MDA/ML). While midamble classification performance using instantaneous phase responses is notable, results using GSM-MSK near-transient fingerprint features are nearly 12% better at SNR = 20 dB and accuracies of 88–94% are achieved at SNR = 6 dB. While transient feature performance is consistent with previous 802.11a results, midamble performance is poorer and various factors are identified as potential contributors to the increased classification challenge posed by GMSK signals.
EphrinA1 inhibits malignant mesothelioma tumor growth via let-7 microRNA-mediated repression of the RAS oncogene.

EphrinA1 binding with receptor EphA2 suppresses malignant mesothelioma (MM) growth. The mechanisms whereby EphrinA1 attenuates the MM cell (MMC) growth are not clear. In this study, we report that the activation of MMCs with EphrinA1 leads to an induction of let-7 microRNA (miRNA) expression, repression of RAS proto-oncogene and the attenuation of MM tumor growth. The expression of miRNAs was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. RAS expression was determined by q-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. MMC proliferation and tumor growth were determined by WST-1 and Matrigel assay, respectively. EphrinA1 activation induced several fold increases in let-7a1, let-7a3, let-7f1 and let-7f2 miRNA expression in MMCs. In contrast, EphrinA1 activation significantly downregulated H-RAS, K-RAS and N-RAS expression and inhibited MMC proliferation and tumor growth. In MMCs transfected with 2′-O-methyl antisense oligonucleotides to let-7 miRNA, EphrinA1 activation failed to inhibit the proliferative response and tumor growth. In mismatch antisense oligonucleotide-treated MMCs, the proliferation and tumor growth were comparable to untreated proliferating cells. Furthermore, the transfection of MMCs with let-7a miRNA precursor inhibited RAS expression and attenuated MMC tumor growth. Our data revealed that EphrinA1 signaling induces let-7 miRNA expression and attenuates MM tumor growth by targeting RAS proto-oncogene in MMCs.
Self-perception of black children and the civil rights movement.

Black parents' identification with or rejection of the civil rights movement can be a source of confusion to their children, especially the middle-class child whose father has “made it.” For all black children the movement provides a channel through which to express positive or negative feelings for the parents.
The structural complexities of the myelin basic protein gene from mouse are also present in shark.

The Golli-mbp gene complex contains two overlapping transcription units with two distinct promoters, of which the downstream (myelin basic protein [mbp]) promoter is more frequently used. A previous comparison of the downstream promoter sequences from shark and mouse allowed the identification of two DNA sequences called the boxes I and II and the wobble zone. The boxes I and II sequence is a compositecis-acting motif that is thought to be involved in the regulation of the downstream promoter. It contains sequences similar to T-antigen, MyoD/E2A, and glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites. The wobble zone codes for an exon (5a in the nomenclature of Campagnoni et al., 1993) that is included in messenger RNAs transcribed from the upstream promoter. The polypeptides encoded by this exon from shark and mouse are 86 and 84 amino acids long, respectively. These polypeptides are overall 59% identical and include a region (residues 41–75 in shark and 39–73 in mouse) that is 89% identical between the two species. A primary sequence analysis showed that each of these polypeptides contains anN-glycosylation site, phosphorylation sites for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and casein kinase II, and partial ATP- and GTP-binding sites. The shark polypeptide also contains a phosphorylation site for proline-directed protein kinase. These observations are consistent with the notion that the intricate structure and regulation of the Golli-mbp gene complex arose during vertebrate evolution within a common ancestor to sharks and mammals.
Multiple uracil-DNA glycosylase activities in Deinococcus radiodurans.

The extremely radiation resistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, contains a spectrum of genes that encode for multiple activities that repair DNA damage. We have cloned and expressed the product of three predicted uracil-DNA glycosylases to determine their biochemical function. DR0689 is a homologue of the Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase, the product of the ung gene; this activity is able to remove uracil from a U:G and U:A base pair in double-stranded DNA and uracil from single-stranded DNA and is inhibited by the Ugi peptide. DR1751 is a member of the class 4 family of uracil-DNA glycosylases such as those found in the thermophiles Thermotoga maritima and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. DR1751 is also able to remove uracil from a U:G and U:A base pair; however, it is considerably more active on single-stranded DNA. Unlike its thermophilic relatives, the enzyme is not heat stable. Another putative enzyme, DR0022, did not demonstrate any appreciable uracil-DNA glycosylase activity. DR0689 appears to be the major activity in the organism based on inhibition studies with D. radiodurans crude cell extracts utilizing the Ugi peptide. The implications for D. radiodurans having multiple uracil-DNA glycosylase activities and other possible roles for these enzymes are discussed.
SUMOylation of the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Regulates the Expression of FXR Target Genes

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate many aspects of metabolism including bile acid homeostasis. Here we show that FXR is covalently modified by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (Sumo1), an important regulator of cell signaling and transcription. Well conserved consensus sites at lysine 122 and 275 in the AF-1 and ligand binding domains, respectively, of FXR were subject to SUMOylation in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that Sumo1 was recruited to the bile salt export pump (BSEP), the small heterodimer partner (SHP), and the OSTα-OSTβ organic solute transporter loci in a ligand-dependent fashion. Sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-ReChIP) verified the concurrent binding of FXR and Sumo1 to the BSEP and SHP promoters. Overexpression of Sumo1 markedly decreased binding and/or recruitment of FXR to the BSEP and SHP promoters on ChIP-ReChIP. SUMOylation did not have an apparent effect on nuclear localization of FXR. Expression of Sumo1 markedly inhibited the ligand-dependent, transactivation of BSEP and SHP promoters by FXR/retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in HepG2 cells. In contrast, mutations that abolished SUMOylation of FXR or siRNA knockdown of Sumo1 expression augmented the transactivation of BSEP and SHP promoters by FXR. Pathways for SUMOylation were significantly altered during obstructive cholestasis with differential Sumo1 recruitment to the promoters of FXR target genes. In conclusion, FXR is subject to SUMOylation that regulates its capacity to transactivate its target genes in normal liver and during obstructive cholestasis.
Protection from atherosclerotic lesion formation by reduction of artery wall motion.

Abstract We have studied mechanical factors that could determine how stenosis protects against distal atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys fed an atherogenic diet. Critical aortic stenosis was produced by coarctation of the thoracic aorta. After 3 months, coarcted monkeys had a mean aortic pressure gradient of 25 ± 1 mm Hg and a 76% ± 2% lumen stenosis. Aortic wall motion was measured by means of in vivo ultrasonic sonomicrometry. Dynamic tracings of aortic pressure and diameter were recorded simultaneously at standard locations proximal and distal to the stenosis and at comparable sites in noncoarcted control animals. In the proximal aorta, mean blood pressure and pulse pressure were increased (p
Experimental Eimeria debliecki infections in nursing and weaned pigs.

Abstract Three litters of six, 3-day-old nursing pigs were inoculated via a stomach tube with 8.0 × 10 5 , 1.6 × 10 6 or 5.0 × 10 6 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria debliecki and four groups of six, 4-week-old weaned pigs were inoculated with 8.0 × 10 5 , 1.6 × 10 6 , 5.0 × 10 6 or 1.0 × 10 7 sporulated oocytes of E. debliecki to determine its pathogenicity. Clinical coccidiosis or deaths did not result from infections. Infections were confined to the jejunum and occasionally the duodenum. Microscopic lesions of mild to moderate villous atrophy were observed in one nursing pig given 5.0 × 10 6 oocytes and three weaned pigs given 1.6 × 10 6 , 5.0 × 10 6 and 1.0 × 10 7 oocytes and examined 5 days post-inoculation. Pathogenic bacteria or viruses were not demonstrated in any pigs. Results of this study indicate that E. debliecki is not a cause of neonatal or wearing diarrhea in pigs.
Case Report: Glioblastoma Multiforme Complicating Familial Cavernous Malformations

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions characterized by enlarged capillary cavities without intervening brain parenchyma, and may be sporadic or familial [2]. Their prevalence is close to 0.5 % in the general population [22]. Familial CCMs are increasingly diagnosed, and newer susceptibility-weighted imaging (sWI) sequences are more sensitive to detection than conventional T2-weighted gradient echo (T2*-Gre) [5]. These lesions have an autosomal dominant inheritance with associated genes mapped to the long and short arms of chromosomes 7, and to the long arm of chromosome 3 [4, 7]. Familial CCMs are multiple, with a 2000 retrospective study in 40 patients from 29 unrelated French families finding that the risk of acute hemorrhage was at least twice as high as that observed in sporadic cases, 13–17 % per patient-year or 2–2.5 % per lesion-year [14]. Usually, CCMs can be differentiated from hemorrhagic malignant lesions of the brain such as metastases and glioma. CCMs generally lack mass effect or surrounding vasogenic edema, but these features may be observed in the settings of acute hemorrhage. occasionally, follow-up is performed for CCMs demonstrating surrounding edema on T2-weighted Mr sequences. While numerous “collision” tumors have been reported in the literature, glial neoplasms occurring in an existing CCM are extremely rare. An ependymoma, anaplastic oligo-astrocytoma, and oligo-dendroglioma have all been observed [3, 8, 25]. The exact etiological relationship between CCMs and these lesions is unclear. We report a case of high-grade glial neoplasm complicating familial cavernomatosis, which has not been described until very recently [19]. The described case highlights features of presumed cavernous malformations that should be viewed with suspicion.
Education, skills and citizenship: an emergent model for entrepreneurship in Tanzania

Educating for citizenship is most often associated with a discourse of liberalism in which knowledge, skills and values of equality, rights, justice and national identity are taught. A competing neoliberal discourse with values of self-improvement, responsibility and entrepreneurialism is now quite pervasive in educational policies and practices, shifting goals and processes of education for citizenship. In Tanzania, neoliberalism's influence is evident in the private provision of schooling and pedagogy and curriculum oriented toward skills development. Neoliberal policies have created an opening for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to fill a need by providing secondary education as well as technical and entrepreneurial skills in efforts to make graduates more employable. This paper examines how an NGO entrepreneurship education programme integrated into formal secondary education in Tanzania articulates new goals and values of citizenship. In this model, learning is tied to markets; becoming a succe...
Reexamining Martinson's Critique: A Cautionary Note for Evaluators:

In 1974, Robert Martinson, an adjunct assistant professor at the City College of New York, published an article titled “What Works?—Questions and Answers About Prison Reform” (Martinson, 1974). In it, he summarized the results of a 3-year project—Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (ECT)—which reviewed the effectiveness of 231 offender rehabilitation programs that had been evaluated during the prior 30 years (see also Lipton, Martinson, & Wilks, 1975). Based on his analysis of what was the most extensive offender treatment database that existed at that time, he concluded that “with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism” (p. 25).Martinson's article has since been cited, perhaps naively, as one of the precipitating factors that quashed the treatment-oriented zeitgeist of the 1970s. In truth, Martinson may have provided an invaluable service to the rehabilitation movement by inadvertently giving human form to th...
An Ancient Integumentary Gland in Turtles

Correspondence to: P. J. Weldon The fossilized impressions of vertebrates occasionally reveal the texture of the integument or the presence of epidermal derivatives, such as feathers. Paleontological evidence of skin glands, however, is rare. We report on Rathke’s gland in turtles [1, 2], an exocrine skin organ that is widespread among living species and which is evident in fossils. Most living turtles possess one or more of these bilaterally paired organs, commonly known as “musk” glands, adpressed to the internal surface of the carapace within the shell bridge [1–5]. Each gland is divided by connective tissue into lobules that are lined by a holocrine secretory epithelium and surrounded by bundles of striated muscle [1–4]. One or more ducts exit from each gland, in some cases passing through foramina in bone and scutes, and open through pores on the shell bridge or on the skin in the axillary or inguinal regions. The secretions discharged by Rathke’s gland may be malodorous and generally are thought to deter predators. Rathke’s gland occurs widely among the two megaorders of extant turtles, Pleurodira and Cryptodira. It is documented in most living genera of both pleurodire families, Chelidae [3, 5] and Pelomedusidae [1, 3, 5], and in many or most living genera of the following cryptodire families: Bataguridae [3], Carettochelyidae [3], Cheloniidae [1–4], Chelydridae (including Fig. 1. Known occurrence of Rathke’s gland among living and extinct turtles superimposed on a cladogram [14]. Solid lines, confirmed presence of glands, ducts, and/or pores in one or more species; open lines, that these elements are absent or, in the case of fossils, not evident in the shell
Cobalamin Profiles In Patients After Urinary Diversion

Purpose: We assessed the risk of tissue cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency in patients after various types of urinary diversion.Materials and Methods: Serum vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine were measured in 41 patients with urinary diversion, including an ileal neobladder in 12, ileal reservoir in 2, ileocecal reservoir in 10 and ileal conduit in 17. Followup was 0 to 10 years.Results: The complete cobalamin profiles revealed a much higher incidence of tissue cobalamin deficiency in patients with each type of urinary diversion than measuring the vitamin B12 level alone.Conclusions: The risk of chronic tissue cobalamin deficiency after urinary diversion is higher than previously reported based on measuring serum vitamin B12 alone. Long-term patient monitoring for cobalamin deficiency or empirical supplemental therapy is indicated to prevent clinical cobalamin deficiency and irreversible sequelae.
Neutron electric dipole moment from charged-Higgs-boson exchange.

Weinberg has discovered a dimension-6 operator which makes a very large contribution to the neutron electric dipole moment through the exchange of a neutral Higgs boson. We show here that charged-Higgs-boson exchange, if it violates CP, can make an equally large contribution to the same operator.
Online FTR Log Tool in the classroom environment

Online FTR Log Tool in a classroom environment is a web-based application to teach and learn the Formal Technical Review process in the software engineering classroom environment. Although the Formal Technical Review (FTR) has been known as one of the best-practice techniques to ensure quality of software products, this effective technique has not been widely used in modern software development in industry due to the lack of training and excessive clerical overhead. The FTR data-collection and reporting processes have usually been implemented in paper form or spreadsheets. Although some computer-based tools are currently available, they do not include the whole FTR process or are not very useful in classroom environments. To address these issues, a web-based Online FTR Log Tool was implemented to manage the entire FTR process in the classroom environment. Variations of this web-based tool have been used in both industrial and academic environments.
Determination of Thermal Parameters of Nanostructures Exhibiting One-Dimensional Heat Flow Through a Thermal Transient Method

We present an improved methodology for a thermal transient method enabling simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and specific heat of nanoscale structures with one-dimensional heat flow. The temporal response of a sample to finite duration heat pulse inputs for both short (1 ns) and long (5μs) pulses is analyzed and exploited to deduce the thermal properties. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the recovered physical parameters and computational simulations.
Neural regulation of muscle acetylcholinesterase: Effects of batrachotoxin and 6-aminonicotinamide

Batrachotoxin (BTX), which causes increased Na+ permeability and blocks axoplasmic transport, or 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), which causes neuronal damage, was injected into the subarachnoid space of rat lumbar spinal cord. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in homogenates of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscle 10 days after injection. Both drug treatments significantly decreased AChE in EDL and SOL. Correlative electrophysiological measurements were made in intact EDL and SOL after injection of BTX or 6-AN. The results support the hypothesis that AChE in muscle is neurotrophically controlled.
Low-energy x-ray imaging of laser plasmas

A major fraction of the x-ray flux from laser-produced plasmas is in the subkilovolt regime. The spectral content in this region is measured with x-ray diodes, which contain no spatial information. We present a description of a pinhole camera that operates in the 200–300-eV range. This permits the correlation of an image with corresponding x-ray diode data. The construction and operation of the camera are described, and low-energy and high-energy photographs of a laser-irradiated gold sphere are presented.
Computed Atmospheric Corrections For Satellite Data

The corrections are presented for the visible and near infrared spectrum. The specifications of earth-atmosphere models are given. Herman's and Dave's methods of computing the four Stokes parameters are presented. The relative differences between the two sets of values are one percent. The absolute accuracy of the computations can be established only by comparisons with measured data. Suitable observations do not yet exist. Nevertheless, comparisons are made between computed and aircraft and satellite measured radiances. Particulates are the principal atmospheric variable in the window bands. They have a large effect on the radiances when the surface reflectivity is low. When the surface reflectivity exceeds 0.1, only absorbing particulates have a large effect on the reflectivity, unless the atmospheric turbidity is high. The ranges of the Multispectral Scanner responses to atmospheric effects are computed.
Effect of mobile phase acidic additives on enantioselectivity for phenylalanine analogs.

The use of basic mobile phase additives enhances the chiral separation of underivatized phenylalanine analogs on a common amylosic column. These additives appear to exert their effect through differential disruption of hydrogen binding involved in the recognition process. Several examples of amine increasing retention of the second eluting enantiomer while decreasing retention of the other enantiomer were observed. This gave dramatically increased selectivity and was most commonly observed with cyclopropylamine and cyclobutylamine. The effect was attributed to steric factors involved in the elution process.
Chromosomal analysis is still indicated for men with severely impaired sperm production.

Stegen et al. (1) have presented interesting data in ‘‘The value of chromosomal analysis in oligozoospermic men.’’ On the basis of evaluation of 582 male candidates for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), they found that <2% of patients had identifiable cytogenetic abnormalities, and they suggest that karyotypic evaluation of these men is not warranted. Before such a dramatic change in clinical practice is recommended, it is worthwhile to consider the frequency of genetic abnormalities reported in other studies and the potential consequences of such karyotypic abnormalities. Multiple studies not referenced in this article and reported since 1975 have typically reported a karyotypic abnormality rate of approximately 10% in men with severe oligospermia or azoospermia (2–4 [selected references]). Thus, the low rate of chromosome abnormalities reported by Stegen et al. (1) may reflect the limited sample size, incomplete collection of data (approximately one third of patients had incomplete records and were excluded from analysis), or other selection factors seen when patients ‘‘selected for treatment’’ undergo evaluation in a retrospective clinical study. The exclusion of azoospermic patients in this series clearly underestimates the overall effect of impaired sperm production on karyotypic abnormalities. Of similar concern is the clinical significance of such karyotypic abnormalities on the outcome of ICSI. Because only nine patients underwent ICSI, and only two patients with chromosomal anomalies contributed to conception, there are too few patients in this study to evaluate the risk and consequences of the presence of an abnormal chromosomal complement in men who are being ‘‘treated’’ with ICSI. The consequences of conception with a balanced translocation include increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage and chromosomally abnormal offspring (5). The reproductive risks for carriers of unbalanced translocation are even greater. It is difficult to quantitate the negative impact of increased abortions or congenital malformations when one considers the potential risks of missing an abnormal chromosomal complement
Urea-based inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei methionyl-tRNA synthetase: selectivity and in vivo characterization.

Urea-based methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potential toward treating human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). With the aid of a homology model and a structure–activity-relationship approach, low nM inhibitors were discovered that show high selectivity toward the parasite enzyme over the closest human homologue. These compounds inhibit parasite growth with EC50 values as low as 0.15 μM while having low toxicity to mammalian cells. Two compounds (2 and 26) showed excellent membrane permeation in the MDR1-MDCKII model and encouraging oral pharmacokinetic properties in mice. Compound 2 was confirmed to enter the CNS in mice. Compound 26 had modest suppressive activity against Trpanosoma brucei rhodesiense in the mouse model, suggesting that more potent analogues or compounds with higher exposures need to be developed. The urea-based inhibitors are thus a promising starting point for further optimization toward the discovery of orally available and CNS activ...
Judges' Race and Judicial Decision Making: Do Black Judges Sentence Differently?

Objective. This study examines the effects of race of judge on sentencing decisions. Do black judges sentence offenders more severely/leniently than white judges, and do they use similar/different criteria in their decision making? Methods. Data are derived from two sources: (1) sentencing outcomes in Pennsylvania from 1991 to 1994 and (2) archival data on judge characteristics, such as race and time on the bench. Logit models were used to assess the effects of judges’ race on the in/out or incarcerative decision, and ordinary least squares models were used to assess the effects on the length-of-term decision. Results. Results showed that black and white judges weighted case and offender information in similar ways when making punishment decisions, although black judges were more likely to sentence both black and white offenders to prison. Conclusion. The greater harshness of black judges suggests they may behave as “tokens” or that they have greater sensitivity to the costs of crime, in particular, within black communities. Although there were small race-of-judge effects, there also was much similarity in sentencing practices—suggesting that the job, not so much the individual, apparently makes the “judge.” The search for racial influences on legal and criminal justice outcomes has been and continues to be a major enterprise in law, criminology, and the social sciences more generally (Sellin, 1935; Zatz, 1987; Hagan, 1987). In the area of criminal sentencing, there now exists an abundance of research on the effects of defendant’s race on judges’ decisions to impose punishment on convicted felons. The findings have varied widely (see the reviews in Dixon, 1995; Kramer and Steffensmeier, 1993; and Spohn, 1994). Although most studies show that black offenders receive somewhat harsher sanctions than whites, a few show that black defendants receive less severe sentences, and still others find few race differences or mixed results (Kramer and Steffensmeier, 1993; Myers and Talarico, 1987). There is an important missing element in these “racial biases” studies, however. They focus almost exclusively on the defendants’ race, with little
Detection of genomic alterations in human endometrial cancer by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to comprehensively scan the whole genome off) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, 7 cervical squamous cell carcinomas, 1 cervical adenosquamous cell carcinoma, and 2 cervical adenocarcinomas for multiple genetic alterations, such as DNA amplification, chromosome deletion, loss of heterozygosity, and chromosome translocation, as compared with the paired normal tissues. DNA spot analysis of the genomic 2-dimensional gels was performed by a computer color overlay system and by spot recognition software allowing for objective spot comparison and quantitation. Nine spots were found to be amplified in the cervical carcinomas while two amplified spots were detected in the CIN Ill lesions. Fourteen DNA spots were either reduced in their intensity or absent in cervical carcinomas as compared to their normal paired tissues. Reduction of intensity in 6 spots was observed in the 5 CIN 1" lesions. These genetic alterations may represent changes in cancer genes that are associated with human cervicai carcinogenesis. Further characterization of these alterations may be significmt to the understanding of cervical tumorigenesis and to the development of biomarkers for clinical trials in cancer chernopreven- tion. J. Cell. Biochem. 255:4148. o 1997Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Zum elektrischen Durchschlag von Kadmiumsulfid‐Aufdampfschichten

Bei Durchschlagsmessungen an CdS-Aufdampfschichten kann durch Variation der Belastungszeit ein Ubergang vom Warme- zum Felddurchschlag erzielt werden. Ein reiner Felddurchschlag wurde an den untersuchten Schichten nur bei Impulsbelastungen im μs-Bereich erhalten. Aus der Dickenabhangigkeit der Durchschlagsfeldstarke im Felddurchschlagsbereich kann nach einer von FROHLICH abgeleiteten Abschatzung der zum Durchschlag erforderlichen Mindestfeldstarke angenommen werden, das die fur den Durchschlag erforderlichen Ladungstrager aus Termen der verbotenen Zone stammen. Im Warmedurchschlagsbereich wurde eine ahnliche Abhangigkeit der Schichtdicke von der Durchschlagsfeldstarke gefunden und kann durch eine Erhohung der Warmeableitung mit abnehmender Schichtdicke erklart werden. A transition from thermal to electrical breakdown is obtained with evaporated CdS-layers, by varying the duration of applied field. With the layers investigated, electrical breakdown is observed only for pulse lengths below the order of microseconds. The measured dependence of the breakdown voltage on the layer thickness in the region of electrical breakdown, and FROHLICH's estimate of the minimum field strength together imply that breakdown involves a release of current carriers from impurity levels. A similar variation of the breakdownvoltage with layer thickness has been found in the case of thermal breakdown, which can be attributed to an increase of heat dissipotion appearing with decreasing layer thickness.
Neuropeptides, second messengers and insect molting.

Insect molting is elicited by a class of polyhydroxylated steroids, ecdysteroids, that originate in the prothoracic glands. Ecdysteroid synthesis in the prothoracic glands is controlled in large measure by a peptide hormone from the brain, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), which exists in two forms and is released into the general circulation as a result of environmental and developmental cues. The means by which PTTH activates the prothoracic glands has been examined at the cellular level and the data reveal the involvement of cAMP, calcium, calmodulin, cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the ultimate phosphorylation of a 34 kDa protein tentatively identified as ribosomal protein S6.
The Adolescent Girls' Anaemia Control Programme: a decade of programming experience to break the inter-generational cycle of malnutrition in India.

Objective To document the scale-up of India’s Adolescent Girls’ Anaemia Control Programme following a knowledge-centred framework for scaling up nutrition interventions and to identify the critical elements of and lessons learned from a decade of programme experience for the control of anaemia in adolescent girls. Design We reviewed all articles, programme and project reports, and baseline and endline assessments published between 1995 and 2012 regarding the control of anaemia through intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation; key programme specialists and managers were interviewed to complete or verify information wherever needed. Setting India. Subjects Adolescent girls. Results The scale-up of India’s Adolescent Girls’ Anaemia Control Programme followed a knowledge-centred programme cycle comprising five phases: Evidence, Innovation, Evaluation, Replication and Universalization. By the end of 2011, the programme was being rolled out in thirteen states and was reaching 27.6 million adolescent girls of whom 16.3 million were school-going girls and 11.3 million were out-of-school girls. Building on the critical elements of and lessons learned from the programme, the Government of India launched in 2012 the national Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) programme to universalize the benefits of anaemia control to the overall population of Indian adolescents. Conclusions The Adolescent Girls’ Anaemia Control Programme in India provides a good example of how a knowledge-centred approach can successfully guide the scaling up of public health nutrition interventions and facilitate intersectoral convergence among different government departments and development partners to break the inter-generational cycle of undernutrition and deprivation.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Function as Receptors for Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Activation of Extracellular Signal–Regulated Kinases 1 and 2

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) through its specific receptors. Interaction of FGF2 with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans has also been suggested to induce intracellular signals. Thus, we investigated whether FGF2 can stimulate ERK1/2 activation through heparan sulfate proteoglycans using mechanisms that do not depend on receptor activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. The activation of FGF receptors was inhibited by treating cells with 5'-deoxy-5'methyl-thioadenosine and by expressing truncated dominant-negative FGF receptors. In both cases, FGF2 was able to stimulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 despite the absence of detectable FGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. The FGF2 activation of ERK1/2 in the absence of receptor activity was completely dependent on heparan sulfate, because this activity was abolished by heparinase III digestion of the cells. In contrast, heparinase III treatment of control cells, with functional FGF receptors, showed only slight changes in FGF2-mediated ERK1/2 activation kinetics. Thus, in addition to serving as coreceptors for FGF receptor activation, heparan sulfate proteoglycans might also function directly as receptors for FGF2-induced ERK1/2 activation. Activation of ERK1/2 via cell-surface proteoglycans could have significant biological consequences, potentially directing cell response toward growth, migration, or differentiation.
The Ena/VASP enigma

Ena/VASP proteins are actin-binding proteins that localize to actin stress fibres, the tips of filopodia and the lamellipodial leading edge. In the past few years, a number of seemingly conflicting studies have confused the Ena/VASP field, pointing to roles for these proteins in both promotion and inhibition of actin-dependent processes. Recent discoveries resolve these contradictions and suggest a novel mechanism of Ena/VASP function, in which the proteins function as 'anti-capping' proteins that antagonize capping proteins at the barbed end of actin filaments.
The fine structure of the epithelial cells of the mouse prostate. II. Ventral lobe epithelium.

The fine structure of the epithelial cells of one component of the prostatic complex of the mouse—the ventral lobe—has been investigated by electron microscopy. This organ is composed of small tubules, lined by tall simple cuboidal epithelium, surrounded by smooth muscle and connective tissue. Electron micrographs of the epithelial cells of the ventral lobe show these to be limited by a cell membrane, which appears as a continuous dense line. The nucleus occupies the basal portion of the cell and the nuclear envelope consists of two membranes. The cytoplasmic matrix is of moderately low density. The endoplasmic reticulum consists of elongated, circular, and oval profiles representing the cavities of this system bounded by rough surfaced membranes. The Golgi apparatus appears localized in a region between the apical border and the nucleus, and is composed of the usual elements found in secretory cells (3, 9). At the base of the cells, a basement membrane is visible in close contact with the outer aspect of the cell membrane. A space of varying width, which seems to be occupied by connective tissue, separates the epithelial cells from the surrounding smooth muscle fibers and the blood vessels. Bodies with the appearance of portions of the cytoplasm, mitochondria, or profiles of the endoplasmic reticulum can be seen in the lumina of the acini and on the bases of these pictures and others of the apical region the mechanism of secretion by these cells is discussed. The fine structural organization of these cells is compared with that of another component of the mouse prostate—the coagulating gland.
Microbial dinner-party conversations: the role of LuxS in interspecies communication.

Bacteria have a tendency to be gregarious by nature. Whether on abiotic surfaces in the environment or on the mucosal surfaces of humans, bacteria accumulate in complex multi-species communities. In these dynamic accretions, bacteria can be densely packed and often depend on each other for the provision of metabolic substrates. Under these circumstances, it will be advantageous for bacteria to be able to detect the presence of their neighbours, to communicate with them and to co-ordinate various physiological activities. Such cell–cell sensing and communication systems can be established through the release and detection of chemical signalling molecules. While originally considered a feature characteristic of eukaryotes, the exchange of chemical signals has now been demonstrated in many bacterial species and ecosystems. Indeed, it has even been suggested that assemblages of bacterial species can be considered as proto-multicellular organisms, whereby biological processes are controlled for the benefit of the entire community. Regardless of the extent to which bacterial communication represents a step on the road to multicellularity, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the signalling systems devised by bacteria are essential for successful relationships with other bacteria and with eukaryotic hosts.
Three dimensional optical interconnect on organic circuit board

We propose high speed optical interconnection which is three dimensional optical lanes using polymer materials fabricated on an organic circuit board with metal lines and pads. These optical lanes transmit optical signals not only on a plane surface but into the other side of a circuit board. It has following three particular portions; (1) curved parallel optical waveguide; (2) 45 degree reflection mirror; (3) optical via hole. Four channel three dimensional optical lanes with current electrical lines and pads are newly developed on the organic circuit board named CPCore/spl trade/. We characterize the optical lanes by transmission loss and passed through eye diagram, and optical signal transmission is confirmed. Then optical signal transmission up to 3Gbps/channel are demonstrated with 850nm VCSEL flip-attached on the circuit board with active and passive electronic devices and components as driving circuit.
Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13–secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development

We previously reported (Bell, D., P. Chomarat, D. Broyles, G. Netto, G.M. Harb, S. Lebecque, J. Valladeau, J. Davoust, K.A. Palucka, and J. Banchereau. 1999. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1417–1426) that breast cancer tumors are infiltrated with mature dendritic cells (DCs), which cluster with CD4+ T cells. We now show that CD4+ T cells infiltrating breast cancer tumors secrete type 1 (interferon γ) as well as high levels of type 2 (interleukin [IL] 4 and IL-13) cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections revealed intense IL-13 staining on breast cancer cells. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 in breast cancer cells suggests that IL-13 actually delivers signals to cancer cells. To determine the link between breast cancer, DCs, and CD4+ T cells, we implanted human breast cancer cell lines in nonobese diabetic/LtSz-scid/scid β2 microglobulin–deficient mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and autologous T cells. There, CD4+ T cells promote early tumor development. This is dependent on DCs and can be partially prevented by administration of IL-13 antagonists. Thus, breast cancer targets DCs to facilitate its development.
Parsing a multifunctional biosynthetic gene cluster from rice: Biochemical characterization of CYP71Z6 & 7

Rice (Oryza sativa) contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of at least two groups of diterpenoid phytoalexins, the antifungal phytocassanes and antibacterial oryzalides. While cytochromes P450 (CYP) from this cluster are known to be involved in phytocassane production, such mono-oxygenase activity relevant to oryzalide biosynthesis was unknown. Here we report biochemical characterization demonstrating that CYP71Z6 from this cluster acts as an ent-isokaurene C2-hydroxylase that is presumably involved in the biosynthesis of oryzalides. Our results further suggest that the closely related and co-clustered CYP71Z7 likely acts as a C2-hydroxylase involved in a latter step of phytocassane biosynthesis. Thus, CYP71Z6 & 7 appear to have evolved distinct roles in rice diterpenoid metabolism, offering insight into plant biosynthetic gene cluster evolution.
Noise characteristics and writeability on perpendicular recording media

A FFT-filtering-IFFT technique, based on magnetic force microscopy (MFM) image analysis, has been employed to extract and then analyze the perpendicular media noise and its characteristics at various linear densities. The experimental results from examined media indicate that the predominant media noise at high recording density originate from a magnetic cluster formation and coarsening process, suggesting that one of the present difficulties for achieving high linear density in perpendicular recording scheme resides in the head/media writeability issues.
Changes in Efficiency and in Equity Accruing From Government Involvement in Ugandan Primary Education

In an article on educational planning, C. Arnold Anderson and Mary Jean Bowman (1968) suggest that there is a conflict between equity and efficiency in the distribution of schools. Since independence, each Anglophonic African state has altered the English educational inheritance of local religious and voluntary schools and has opted in favor of a more centralized system of state control. Centralized control, according to Anderson and Bowman, could theoretically act as a vehicle for an increase in equity by spreading schools more evenly throughout the population and therefore limiting the advantages which could accrue to the children of the privileged. On the other hand, the authors view centralized control as a device which might obstruct the efficient utilization of schools, since the pattern of school distribution reflects the local population's interest in education and their effort to acquire it. By extension, Anderson and Bowman infer that localized decision-making would tend to maximize efficiency. They say that “[in] localities where given educational efforts will evoke the largest response in attendance and in demand for further schooling … [such effort] tends to be realized by local interest and resources” (1968: 361). I wish to explore the Anderson and Bowman equity-efficiency dilemma by focusing upon Uganda as a case in point. I do not differ substantially from them. As assumed from their thesis, there have been changes in efficiency and in equity since Ugandan government became involved in primary education. But in contrast to the expectations of their thesis, I question whether the effect of government involvement has not been detrimental to three specific areas of equity—the same equity under whose guise centralized action was originally motivated.
Unilateral range finding in diving beetle larvae

One of the biggest challenges that predators, such as the larvae of the diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), are faced with is to accurately assess the distance of their prey. Most animals derive distance information from disparities of images that are viewed from different angles, from information that is obtained from well-controlled translational movements (motion parallax) or from the image size of known objects. Using a behavioral assay we demonstrated that T. marmoratus larvae continue to accurately strike at artificial prey, even if none of these typical distance estimation cues are available to them. Specifically, we excluded bilateral binocular stereopsis by occlusion, confounded possible motion parallax cues with an artificially moving prey, and excluded the possibility that beetle larvae simply approached their targets based on known prey size by presenting different prey sizes. Despite these constraints, larvae consistently struck our artificial targets from a distance of ~4.5 mm. Based on these findings we conclude that T. marmoratus likely employ an unusual mechanism to accurately determine prey distances, possibly mediated by the object–distance-dependent activation of specific subsets of their many-tiered and peculiarly positioned photoreceptors.
How many reconstruction methods are needed for training a numerical observer

In medical imaging it is now established that image quality should be evaluated using task-based criteria, such as human-observer (HO) performance in a medical decision task (e.g. lesion-detection). HO studies are usually costly and time consuming, therefore the development of a numerical observer (NO) surrogate, an algorithm that mimics HO, is highly desirable. Recently, we proposed and successfully tested a supervised-learning approach for modeling HO with a machine-learning algorithm (namely a support vector machine). In the supervised-learning approach, the goal is to identify the mapping (regression) between measured image features and defect likelihood scores given to an image by an HO. To identify this mapping (training phase), the proposed methodology uses a number of images for which human observer scores are available. The number of images and reconstruction methods for which the HO scores are available are limited. Therefore, in this work we are evaluating the proposed machine-learning based numerical observer performance as a function of the number of different reconstruction methods used during the training phase. The results indicate, as would be expected, that the more reconstruction methods used, the better the NO performance, but, surprisingly, the improvement of having more than five or six reconstruction methods is not significant.
Challenges with range-separated exchange-correlation functionals in time-dependent density functional theory calculations

The conventional approximate exchange-correlation functionals and kernels can lead to a large error in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations in certain cases, such as in the descriptions of charge-transfer excited states, Rydberg states, and double excitations, which can be remedied to some degree with the recently developed range-separated exchange-correlation functionals. How do these range-separated functionals perform in the TDDFT calculations? In this work, we explored the S0(A′) → T1(A′) and S0(A′) → S1(A′) transition energies of C2H4 and other molecules by TDDFT methods and ▵SCF calculations in density functional theory (DFT), with several regular and range-separated exchange-correlation functionals. We have found the following: (1) for the S0 → S1 transition, both range- and non-range-separated exchange-correlation functionals work well and consistently in the TDDFT calculations; (2) for the S0 → T1 transition, the used range-separated exchange-correlation functionals work ...