cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Standards in Electric Shock

Abstract When an electrical current passes through human tissue, it can cause lesions to the skin, trauma to the organs, and sometimes death. The severity of the result is dependent on several electrical factors: current, voltage, resistance of the tissue, and the time that the voltage is applied. The key parameter in this discussion is electrical current. The basic principle of Ohm's Law is extremely important. It is frequently misunderstood or misrepresented in court documents. As with any electrical component, when the human body is subjected to an applied voltage, because it has a characteristic parameter known as resistance, there will be a current flow through the body, provided there are two points of electrical contact and the points have a voltage difference between them. As an example, assume that a 120 V potential exists at the first contact point on the right hand and 0 V, the ground or reference for measuring the 120 V, at the second contact point on the left hand, as shown in the Fig. 6.1. If there is a good electrical connection at the two points on the body, an estimate for the resistance can be taken as 1000 Ω. Ohm's Law yields, from the division of 120 V by 1000 Ω, 0.120 A as the current flowing through the body. In the field of electricity/electronics, the 0.120 A is expressed as 120 mA. The question then becomes: Just what are the effects of the current on the human body?
Why is Sharikov dead? The fate of “the Soviet Frankenstein” in Bulgakov’s A Dog’s Heart

Many critics have identified Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus as one of the literary predecessors of Mikhail Bulgakov’s novella A Dog’s Heart. However, a brief comparison...
Prolonged duration local anesthesia by combined delivery of capsaicin- and tetrodotoxin-loaded liposomes.

BACKGROUND:Capsaicin, the active component of chili peppers, can produce sensory-selective peripheral nerve blockade. Coadministration of capsaicin and tetrodotoxin, a site-1 sodium channel blocker, can achieve a synergistic effect on duration of nerve blocks. However, capsaicin can be neurotoxic, a
Limit Theorems for the Length of the Longest Common Subsequence of Mallows Permutations

The Mallows measure is measure on permutations which was introduced by Mallows in connection with ranking problems in statistics. Under this measure, the probability of a permutation $\pi$ is proportional to $q^{Inv(\pi)}$ where $q$ is a positive parameter and $Inv(\pi)$ is the number of inversions in $\pi$. We consider the length of the longest common subsequence (LCS) of two independently permutations drawn according to $\mu_{n,q}$ and $\mu_{n,q'}$ for some $q,q' >0$. We show that when $0<q,q'<1$, the limiting law of the LCS is Gaussian. In the regime that $n(1-q) \to \infty$ and $n(1-q') \to \infty$ we show a weak law of large numbers for the LCS. These results extend the results of \cite{Basu} and \cite{Naya} showing weak laws and a limiting law for the distribution of the longest increasing subsequence to showing corresponding results for the longest common subsequence.
Are Jail Sanctions More Punitive Than Community-Based Punishments? An Examination Into the Perceived Severity of Alternative Sanctions in Community Supervision:

The use of sanctions in community supervision has received considerable attention in recent years. Fueled in large part by the attention given to the swift, certain, and fair (SCF) sanctioning mode...
Effects of Strip Tillage in Sugar Beet on Density and Richness of Predatory Arthropods

Strip tillage, in which tillage and seedbed preparation are limited to a narrow band where the subsequent crop is planted, provides many potential agronomic benefits, including reduced fuel and labor costs, reduced erosion, and improved soil tilth. Lower soil disturbance and enhanced water retention associated with strip tillage also may affect density and diversity of predatory arthropods, which have been little studied in sugar beet. We examined the effects of tillage (conventional versus strip) on the predatory epigeal arthropod fauna in sugar beet. Studies were conducted over three growing seasons (2010-2012) in Idaho using both fenced and unfenced pitfall traps to sample arthropods. Unfenced pitfall traps often captured a greater activity density and richness of predators, and showed no bias of higher captures in conventionally tilled plots as has been shown elsewhere. Total density of predators was higher in strip tillage only during 2011. Density and species richness of carabid beetles did not differ between tillage treatments during the course of the study. Density of the other major taxa (staphylinid beetles, spiders, and Opiliones) was higher under strip tillage during some years, especially early in the season, but richness showed little or no relationship with tillage. Predaceous arthropods might be favored by enhanced ground cover, higher humidity, more moderate temperatures, and/or less habitat disturbance associated with strip-tilled plots. The results suggest that certain groups of soil-dwelling predatory arthropods can be favored by strip tillage in sugar beet, which further adds to the benefits of conservation tillage in this system.
Commentary: An emerging role for household-based diabetes education.

Abstract The work of Aasbjerg et al. raises provocative questions about risks of diabetes among unrelated family members and the impact of social determinants on metabolic health. In this brief commentary, we will identify commonly reported household factors and how they predict metabolic health. We will also suggest a different approach to explore risks of diabetes among unrelated family members across generations and recommend what implications these findings have for clinical diabetes care and population health at large.
Does Human Milk Fortifier Affect Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants

Background: Fecal calprotectin, a recognized marker of intestinal inflammation, is derived from neutrophil migration to a site of inflammation. Introduction of bovine-based human milk fortifier con...
Generation of mouse-human chimeric embryos.

Naive human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be used to generate mature human cells of all three germ layers in mouse–human chimeric embryos. Here, we describe a protocol for generating mouse–human chimeric embryos by injecting naive hPSCs converted from the primed state. Primed hPSCs are treated with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (Torin1) for 3 h and dissociated to single cells, which are plated on mouse embryonic fibroblasts in 2iLI medium, a condition essentially the same for culturing mouse embryonic stem cells. After 3–4 d, bright, dome-shaped colonies with mouse embryonic stem cell morphology are passaged in 2iLI medium. Established naive hPSCs are injected into mouse blastocysts, which produce E17.5 mouse embryos containing 0.1–4.0% human cells as quantified by next-generation sequencing of 18S ribosomal DNA amplicons. The protocol is suitable for studying the development of hPSCs in mouse embryos and may facilitate the generation of human cells, tissues and organs in animals. The authors provide a protocol for generating mouse–human chimeric embryos by injecting naive human pluripotent stem cells converted from the primed state.
Checkpoint/Restart Vision and Strategies for NERSC’s Production Workloads

Author(s): Zhao, Zhengji; Hartman-Baker, Rebecca | Abstract: As a primary approach to fault-tolerant computing, Checkpoint/Restart (C/R) improves scientific productivity for users, provides scheduling flexibility for computing centers, and protects against system failures. While both applicationspecific (or application-level) and transparent C/R are used in practice, we are interested in transparent checkpointing, which is vital for system-level checkpointing. Developing and maintaining transparent C/R tools for HPC applications, however, is labor intensive and highly complex due to ever-changing HPC systems and diverse production workloads. Existing C/R tools are often research-oriented, so there is a gap to close before they can be used reliably with production workloads, especially on cutting edge HPC systems. In this position paper, we present our journey to prepare a production-ready MPI-Agnostic Network-Agnostic (MANA) transparent checkpointing tool for NERSC, and share our vision and strategies to bring transparent C/R capabilities to NERSC’s production workloads on current and future systems.
Varenicline and Involuntary Intoxication: Forensic Implications

The use of varenicline as an aid to smoking cessation is ordinarily safe and effective. Its mechanism of action includes blockade and partial agonism of central nicotine receptors, thus relieving the user of nicotine withdrawal while providing release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. A small fraction of users develop neuropsychiatric effects, which can include changes in mood (including depression and mania), psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, homicidal ideation, aggression, hostility, agitation, anxiety, and panic, as well as suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide. When the toxicity includes aggression toward others or dangerous acts that run afoul of the law, the patient may have a defense of involuntary (pathological) intoxication. This article reviews reported cases and scenarios that have utilized a causal relationship between use of varenicline and otherwise unaccountable behaviors. Unlike voluntary intoxication, involuntary intoxication can be used as a defense against criminal charges. The criminal defendant must prove that the drug was used for ordinary medical reasons (not to become intoxicated), that there was a causal relationship between ingestion of the drug and the behavioral effect, and that, at the time of the criminal act, the defendant did not know that his/her actions were wrong. In essence, it is an insanity defense without risk of subsequent civil commitment. Since some physicians and patients with existing mental disorders are afraid of behavioral effects of varenicline, there could be a chilling effect on prescribing. Ethical concerns are addressed.
Mediating Digital Interfaces to Negotiate Tensions between Science Communication Spheres: Extended Abstract

This paper expands on a cross-institutional effort which uses a shifting synchronous and asynchronous online interface to craft a science communication curriculum across multiple professional boundaries. Using Graham and St. Amant's (2019) framework for achieving resonance across sectors, successes and challenges that could inform future collaborations are explored.
Relevance of Understanding Landscape Evolution in Relation to Climate-Induced Soil Behaviour

I want to convey to you the concept of doing experiments with soils and not just doing them to soils. I would like to reinforce the idea that soils as natural bodies of the pedosphere only have relevance within their own environmental setting. This setting is larger than an ‘on-site’ because one has to see a bigger picture to obtain a proper, or at least a healthy, perspective of the complexity of soils in their landscapes. Trends of observations in time and space must exceed the inherent noise or background variability to be useful. I therefore, want to emphasise the value of local variability.
An Agile and Collaborative Framework for Effective Governance to Enhance Management in Large-Scale Enterprise Business Systems: The Case of Apple Inc

The struggle of multinational organizations has long been on the mind of researchers studying the multinational operations of large scale enterprise systems. To counter the struggle, several approaches have been suggested, focused on aligning business strategy with the allocation of resources. However, existing governance issues have led enterprises to employ quick ad-hoc strategies. Through this paper, we emphasize on the need for an agile and collaborative approach to effective governance in order to enhance management in large-scale business systems like Apple Inc through consistent value creation. The proposed framework aligns the key elements of the enterprise system that can act as enablers for effective governance.
Spatial Ordering Transitions in Quantum Lattice Gases

We wish to investigate the effects of statistics and quantum mechanical tunneling on the spatial ordering transitions of adsorbed gases. To do so, we consider a system of atoms adsorbed on a substrate which is divided into M cells of area d 2 corresponding to adsorption sites.
Portfolio Assessment in the Classroom

Portfolio assessment (PA) is an important and increasingly common means of recording and judging language learners’ development and achievement. This chapter begins with a brief history of PA, from its earlier identity as an “alternative assessment” to its significant role in current assessment regimes in both general and language education. This is followed by a review of research on the effectiveness of PA for improving language learning and on students’ and teachers’ views of portfolio use in language classrooms. A conceptual distinction is then made between the portfolio “product” on one hand and the portfolio implementation “process” on the other, with the latter being the determinant of usefulness. Central to this chapter is a discussion of how teachers’ personal teaching beliefs and approaches will set the parameters for that process. For example, a teacher's views about the roles and responsibilities of the teacher vis-a-vis students and about the importance of student self-assessment will crucially shape how portfolios are used. The chapter then considers both macro- and micro-level decisions involved in the implementation process. Macro-level decisions include whether portfolios will be used for formative or summative purposes or for both, how self-assessment will be incorporated, and who conducts grading. Micro-level decisions include the language skills to be assessed via portfolio, the types of materials to be included in the portfolio, the portfolio medium (e.g., paper or online), the grading rubric, and the types of feedback given to the student. In the final section, the author points out how PA can align with current principles and practices of assessment for learning purposes. Keywords: Classroom assessment; ESL/EFL; Language teaching
The effect of long‐term hormonal treatment on voiding patterns during filling cystometry and on urethral histology in a postpartum, ovariectomized female rat

OBJECTIVE To study whether long-term treatment with oestrogen (E2), selective E2 receptor modulators (SERMs), or growth hormone (GH) can prevent the development of abnormal voiding patterns during filling cystometry (CMG) in a postpartum, ovariectomized (Ovx) female rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immediately after spontaneous delivery, 60 primiparous Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six equal groups. One group served as uninjured sham controls and five groups underwent intravaginal balloon dilatation. On day seven, previously dilated rats underwent bilateral Ovx and implantation of a subcutaneous hormone-delivery pump. The five treatment groups received normal saline (control), E2, raloxifene, levormeloxifene, or GH for 7 weeks. Conscious CMG was performed 7 weeks after Ovx. Urethral sphincter tissue was harvested for elastin immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction of α1A-adrenoceptor mRNA. RESULTS No abnormal voiding patterns were detected in the group treated with GH. The E2, raloxifene and levormeloxifene groups had greater detrusor overactivity and urethral relaxation incontinence than control rats. The raloxifene group had a significantly lower baseline bladder pressure and opening pressure. GH-treated rats had higher elastin content in the urethra. Urethral α1A-adrenoceptor mRNA concentration was significantly lower in the SERM-treated rats compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS GH prevents the development of abnormal voiding patterns during filling CMG in a rat model of parturition-induced incontinence; E2 and SERMs may worsen voiding patterns.
A solar heating and cooling system for an industrial plant located in southern Europe

ABSTRACT A solar heating and cooling system delivering part of the thermal energy needs of an industrial plant has been designed. Moderately concentrating parabolic trough collectors of 2000 m2 active area will produce hot water for heating, cooling and hot water production. A 150 ton standard type absorption water chiller is used for cooling during summer time.
Induction of memory immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independent of Toll-like receptor 9 signaling (IRC9P.706)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to engage Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 9 on macrophages and dendritic cells to initiate an inflammatory response. Nonetheless, studies in the murine model of tuberculosis revealed minimal involvement of TLR2 and TLR9 in host resistance during acute infection. We have published that the induction of memory immunity to Mtb is not compromised in the absence of TLR2. Given that the inclusion of TLR9 ligands in vaccine preparations enhances their efficacy, we hypothesized that TLR9 adjuvanticity is necessary for the induction of memory immunity to Mtb. Mice were immunized with an Mtb auxotroph. Upon challenge with Mtb, WT and TLR9 -/- immunized mice demonstrated similarly enhanced control of bacterial burden in the lungs compared to their unimmunized counterparts. The granulomatous response, IFN-gamma production and the frequency of immune cells recruited to the lungs was similar in the two genotypes. These findings indicate that the absence of TLR9 signaling during priming does not affect T cell memory response to Mtb infection. Together, our studies point that induction of effector and memory T cell responses and resistance to acute Mtb infection are independent of TLR2 and TLR9. In a recent study we showed that TLR2 signaling, although nonessential in acute infection, was critical to host resistance during chronic Mtb infection. In ongoing studies we are investigating whether TLR9, like TLR2, has a role in chronic Mtb infection.
Cooperative Learning: An Alternative for Adolescent AIDS Education

Education to prevent HIV infection among youth has been advocated at national and state levels. The 1990 Objectives for the Nation (1986) outlined specific preventive measures, including education on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for school children before and during high risk periods. In fact, according to the U.S. Public Health Service, "Every junior and senior high school student in the United States should receive accurate, timely education about sexually transmitted diseases" (Promoting Health 1980). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the President's Domestic Policy Council, and the Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Sciences also support school-based education to prevent HIV transmission and infection (Guidelines for effective school 1988; Tolsma 1988; Turner, Miller, and Moses 1989). The Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic recommended that state boards of education should mandate AIDS education (Report of the Presidential Commission 1988).
On the luminosity function of white dwarfs in wide binaries

Photometric parallaxes have been used to determine the luminosity function (LF) for a large sample of spectroscopically identified white dwarfs (WDs) found in the Luyten and Giclas common proper motion binaries (CPMBs). The LF derived for WD components of CPMBs has been corrected for incompleteness to µ ≥ 0.2″/y and mpg ≤ + 18. Comparison with the LF derived for single field WDs suggests that WDs are more commonly found in binaries.
Particle Interactions with Celestial Objects — Concluding Remarks

I intend this summary just to be a reminder of some of the points that came up in our meetings that may deserve further thought and discussion. When one hears a particular item for the first time one’s response is not the same as after a little more time and perhaps a little more thought. For that reason it is useful to be reminded again now and to open another round of discussion, and that is the purpose of my present summary.
The Leaders New Work: Building Learning Organizations

Over the past two years, business academics and senior managers have begun talking about the notion of the learning organization. Ray Stata of Analog Devices put the idea succinctly in these pages last spring: “The rate at which organizations learn may become the only sustainable source of competitive advantage.” And in late May of this year, at an MIT-sponsored conference entitled “Transforming Organizations,” two questions arose again and again: How can we build organizations in which continuous learning occurs? and, What kind of person can best lead the learning organization?. This article, based on Senge’s recently published book, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, begins to chart this new territory, describing new roles, skills, and tools for leaders who wish to develop learning organizations.
STOP-Bang questionnaire as a preoperative screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea in bariatric surgery patients

Introduction: STOP (snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, high blood pressure) questionnaire is a screening tool to identify surgical patients with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Incorporating BMI, age, neck size, and gender (Bang) has been shown to further increase the sensitivity and negative predictive value. The STOP-Bang questionnaire has not been validated as a screening tool for OSA in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Method: We retrospectively reviewed prospective data on bariatric surgery patients. Patients were asked to answer the STOP questionnaire during their preoperative assessment. The BMI, age, neck circumference and gender were documented. All patients underwent overnight polysomnography as one of the assessments prior to bariatric surgery. Results: A total of 49 patients were included. The mean age was 42 ± 12.2 years; 29% males; BMI 48 ± 8.2 kg/m2. We classified 43 patients (88%) as high risk based on the STOP-Bang questionnaire (≥3 positive responses). A total of 36 patients (73%) were diagnosed with OSA (AHI>5); 13 patients as mild, 10 patients as moderate (30>AHI>15) and 13 patients as severe OSA (AHI>30). The sensitivity of the STOP-Bang questionnaire for all OSA patients (AHI > 5) and for moderate and severe OSA patients (AHI > 15) was 92% and 100%, respectively. The specificity was 33% and 23%. The positive predictive value was 81% and 54%. The negative predictive value was 57% and 100%. Conclusions: The preliminary results of the STOP-Bang questionnaire suggest a high sensitivity to detect bariatric surgery patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The negative predictive value was high only in patients with moderate and severe OSA.
Effect of appliance reactivation after decay of initial activation on osteoclasts, tooth movement, and root resorption.

Abstract Clinical orthodontists frequently reactivate appliances following decay. Studies of tooth movement and tissue responses following reactivations indicate that linear tooth movement and rapid recruitment of osteoclasts can be achieved if reactivation is timed to coincide with the latter part of the bone remodeling cycle initiated by the first activation. Both can be delayed if reactivations are timed for the early part of the previous cycle. The objective of this study was to examine tooth movement, root resorption, and osteoclast recruitment following appliance reactivation after the first activation had decayed. Bilateral orthodontic appliances were activated with 40 cN in 144 rats to mesially tip the maxillary molars. After 16 days, rats were randomized into two groups of 72. In group 1, appliances were reactivated in precisely the same manner as the first activation. In group 2, appliances were sham-reactivated. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. Orthodontic movement was measu...
EXPERIMENTS WITH AN OLD CERAMIC BEEHIVE

Summary Ceramic beehives are frequently identified on archaeological sites in Greece and occur in large numbers. Their existence is at odds with the accounts of Roman authors, who disdain the use of clay for beekeeping and praise materials like wicker and wood, which have left no archaeological traces. The reason for the rejection of terracotta hives is unanimously that they are too cold in the winter and too hot in the summer, but temperature experiments with a nineteenth century ceramic beehive in Greece proved them to be within the norms experienced by bees. The results of this research thus indicate different traditions of beekeeping in Roman Greece and Italy and seek to explain why these may have developed.
Who decides revenue sharing allocations

Ph.D. dissertation, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago. The author wishes to thank Professors Terry N. Clark, Donnell Pappenfort, and Irving Spergel for their help with the original research. The development of general revenue USE OF FUNDS sharing represented a new national „ . . ,. , ... 6 r j j ■ • Recent national studies of expenditure policy to return power and decision.. c , , . . . ,. , , . . , patterns for the revenue sharing funds making about the use of federal funds , , .. . , << , " , „ , , have shown that only a small per to the community level. Passed by c U1 . t ^ ^ , . ; centage or the money available to lo Congress in October 1972, the ongi... , , „ . , ? , 6 calities has been allocated for social nal programs provided $30.2 billion . . . , f _ , & r r services. A study of 250 local govern to be sent over a five-year period from , « T T c n .. ,1 , ments by the U.S. comptroller general the federal government to the governfound ^ 2 t Qf ^ funds ments of states, counties, municipal„ . , t ■ , . , . ,. , , ... was allocated for social services.1* An ities, townships, and Indian tribal , , ., , , . . , , other survey found that the total councils. These local governments were ,, _. . , . , , 6 , ., 16,763 local governments that ♦ /"x nnan/I 4Ha rv. a*, ait r a re free to spend the money for a wide .' , , , „ . , . , , , : , ,. ceive such funds allocated only 1 variety of functions, including so„ , , , , . , . , , ° , percent of the general revenue shar aioI oapiMAAe t/\r tna AAAr n r* H o ftu/1 cial services for the poor and aged. _ , r . , . _ _ ... ing funds for social services. During General revenue sharing is struc. , c __ T i 1 , m-j . t„ „ , , , „ , the period from July 1, 1973, to June MAA Alff A^AA+llT frAA. A+AAt" TAAAf.nl
Writing Requirements and Economic Research Opportunities in the Undergraduate Curriculum: Results from a Survey of Departmental Practices.

In a review of the purpose and structure of the undergraduate economics major, J. Siegfried et al. (1991) suggested that every student should be required to "do economics" and specifically recommended the development of skills through writing requirements and research-oriented courses, as in a capstone experience. The author describes results of a survey of economics departments at U.S. institutions designed to determine the degree to which writing assignments are required and the existence and form of research-oriented opportunities, such as honors, capstone and senior experiences, and the senior thesis. Results indicate that, although a majority of departments (70 percent) require a writing component as part of the major, less than half offer research-intensive experiences consistent with capstone and senior experience courses (49 percent), honors programs (37 percent), or senior theses (17 percent). When institutions offer such research courses, however, respondents state overwhelmingly that such exper...
Prevention of group B Streptococcus infections

Summary Many advances have been made during the past decade in refining our understanding of the immunologic vulnerability of the pregnant woman and her infant to GBS.3,4,40 Strategies that evolved to prevent GBS neonatal Disease are not perfect, but they will have a substantial effect on morbidity and mortality. It is imperative that community surveillance for GBS continues in an era with increased use of chemoprophylaxis and that monitoring for adverse events and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria is pursued actively. Development of widely protective vaccines designed to protect against the vast majority of GBS serotypes, using novel approaches, may have a greater impact and will be of potential value in preventing GBS Disease in older infants with late-onset Disease and in susceptible nonpregnant women.
Force control of a two-linke planar manipulator with one flexible link

Abstract Force control of a two-link planar manipulator with one flexible link is considered in this study. The equations of motion are derived using the extended Hamilton's principle with only structural flexibility effects included in the dynamic model. The linear quadratic Gaussian/loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) design methodology is exploited to design a robust feedback control system that can handle modelling errors and sensor noise, and operate on Cartesian space trajectory errors. The LQG/LTR compensator together with a feedforward loop is used to simultaneously control the force exerted by the flexible manipulator normal to the environment and the position of the end-point in a direction tangent to the environment. Simulated results are presented for a numerical example.
Biophysics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with periodic z-axis acceleration or abdominal compression at aortic resonant frequencies.

Summary Periodic z -axis acceleration (pGz)-CPR involves an oscillating motion of a whole patient in the head-to-foot dimension on a mechanized table. The method is able to sustain blood flow and long-term survival during and after prolonged cardiac arrest in anesthetized pigs. However, the exact mechanism by which circulation of blood is created has remained unknown. Objectives To explain the hemodynamic mechanism of pGz-CPR and to suggest some theoretically useful improvements. Method Computer modeling using a hybrid analytical–numerical approach, based upon Newton's second law of motion for fluid columns in the aorta and vena cavae, Ohm's law for resistive flow through vascular beds, and a 10-compartment representation of the adult human circulation. This idealized 70-kg human model is exercised to explore the effects upon systemic perfusion pressure of whole body z -axis acceleration at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 5Hz. The results, in turn, suggested studies of abdominal compression at these frequencies. Results and conclusions Blood motion induced in great vessels by periodic z -axis acceleration causes systemic perfusion when cardiac valves are competent. Blood flow is a function of the frequency of oscillation. At 3.5Hz, periodic acceleration using ±0.6G and ±1.2cm oscillations induces forward blood flow of 2.1L/min and systemic perfusion pressure of 47mmHg. A form of resonance occurs at the frequency for peak-flow, in which the period of oscillation matches the round-trip transit time for reflected pulse waves in the aorta. For ±1.0G acceleration at 3.5Hz, systemic perfusion pressure is 80mmHg and forward flow is 3.8L/min in the adult human model with longitudinal z -axis motion of only ±2cm. Similar results can be obtained using abdominal compression to excite resonant pressure–volume waves in the aorta. For 20mmHg abdominal pressure pulses at 3.8Hz, systemic perfusion pressure is 71mmHg and forward flow is 2.8L/min. pGz-CPR and high-frequency abdominal CPR are the physically realistic means of generating artificial circulation during cardiac arrest. These techniques have fundamental mechanisms and practical features quite different from those of conventional CPR and the potential to generate superior systemic perfusion.
Infrared fluorescence observations of electronic to vibrational energy transfer from Cl* [3p5(2P12)] to SO2

Abstract Collisional transfer of electronic energy from spin—orbit excited chlorine atoms, Cl* [3p5(2P 1 2 )] (E=882 cm−1), to vibrational energy in SO2 has been observed by time-resolved infrared fluorescence from the fundamental SO2 stretching levels. The rate constant (±1σ) for CI* quenching by SO2 at 298±3 K was determined to be (1.8±0.2)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. C1* electronic-to-vibrational (E–V) excitation of the SO2 stretching modes (ν1=1151 cm−1 and ν3=1361 cm−1) establishes a ν3/ν1 population ratio, 1.6±0.5, that is greater than the equilibrium value, 0.36, even though the E–V transfer is 210 cm−1 more endoergic to excite ν3. This mode specificity is consistent with the importance of the dipole matrix element to the E–V excitation pathway.
On Poiseuille flow of liquid crystals

We consider Poiseuille flow of polymeric liquid crystals corresponding to large values of the velocity gradient. The model employed [Ericksen, 1991] proposes governing equations for the velocity field, v, the pressure p, the director n, and the order parameter s. The constitutive functions for the Leslie coefficients alphai derived from the molecular theory of Doi [1981] play a crucial role in the modelling. In addition to the Ericksen number, E, the present model exhibits a new non-dimensional parameter I, that represents the contribution of the elastic free energy of non-gradient type with respect to Frank-Oseen's elasticity. One of the goals of the analysis was to examine the role of s in describing singularities as well as in obtaining regimes which are not predicted by the previous Leslie-Ericksen model. In particular, solutions are obtained that correspond to domain structures parallel to the flow. Such domains are separated by singular lines across which the director experiences jumps of, approxima...
The Effect of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies on Performance in Learner Controlled Computer-Based Instruction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of self-regulated learning strategies (SRLS) on performance in a learner-controlled and a program-controlled computer-based instruction (CBI). SRLS was measured using a self-regulated learning strategies questionnaire. Seventh-grade subjects were divided into high and low levels of SRLS and then randomly assigned to one of two versions of a CBI lesson: one allowing learner control over the sequence and content of the instruction and the other having the learners follow a linear instructional sequence. Results revealed that the performance differences between learners with high SRLS and those with low SRLS were greater under learner control than under program control (p<.05). Poor performance by subjects with low SRLS under learner control indicates a strong need for learners to possess self-regulatory learning strategies to achieve success under learner control. Program control, however, seems to minimize the performance differences between low and high levels of SRLS.
Hydromagnetic Stability of Flow Between Rotating Cylinders

The flow of an electrically conducting fluid was studied using the rotating-cylinder viscometer technique. The device is composed of concentric cylinders immersed in mercury. The inner cylinder is driven, while a torque is transmitted to the outer cylinder until the motion due to mercury is balanced. The effective viscosity of the flujd, which is proportional to the product of the torque and the period of rotation of the inner cylinder, is measured as a function of rotational speed. This curve shows a distinct change in slope at the critical rotation rate. The experimental results are plotted in comparison with theoretical by perfectly conducting cylinders and insulating cylinders showing the relations of the critical Taylor number T/sub c/ and Q. (B.O.G.)
Comparison of heater probe and YAG laser in endoscopic treatment of major bleeding from peptic ulcers

In our experience using the YAG laser and the heater probe in endoscopic treatment of major hemorrhage from peptic ulcers, ultimate hemostatic success was achieved in 19 of 20 (95%) ulcers treated with the heater probe, versus 24 of 35 (69%) YAG laser-treated ulcers (p
Quantitative Biomechanics of Healthy and Diseased Human Red Blood Cells using Dielectrophoresis in a Microfluidic System

We present an experimental method to quantitatively characterize the mechanical properties of a large number of biological cells by introducing controlled deformation through dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device. We demonstrate the capability of this technique by determining the force versus deformation characteristics of healthy human red blood cells (RBCs) and RBCs infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. These experiments clearly distinguish uninfected and healthy RBCs from infected ones, and the mechanical signatures extracted from these tests are in agreement with data from other independent methods. The method developed here thus provides a potentially helpful tool to characterize quickly and effectively the isolated biomechanical response of cells in a large population, for probing the pathological states of cells, disease diagnostics, and drug efficacy assays.
Starch Depletion and Sugars in Developing Cotton Leaves

Cotton plants (cv. Coker 100) were exposed to a 14-hour dark period. Starch degradation occurred with no accumulation of sugars due mainly to translocation. Considerable amounts of starch degradation products however were detected from leaves after phloem transport was blocked. A minor component (10 to 25% of total starch) with a linear structure, amylose, was preferentially degraded, whereas the major multiple-branched component (about 80%), amylopectin, showed an increasing resistance to degradation with leaf age. This relationship was also shown by the decreasing iodine-binding capacity of unit starch with increasing leaf age. The structural resistance of amylopectin to enzymic dark degradation was one of the barriers to starch dissolution in cotton.
The mechanisms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: can we see the elephant?

Scientists tend to focus on limited aspects of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) when looking for new therapeutic interventions. However, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the result of a complex interaction of multiple cellular and molecular processes. In this review we discuss how matrix metalloprotease activation and inhibition can be simultaneously important, how increased apoptosis and relative resistance to apoptosis co-exist and whether the lung in IPF favors or inhibits new vessel formation. These discussions should help us to understand the features of IPF, and lead to better design new therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease.
Emodin, a toxic metabolite of Aspergillus wentii isolated from weevil-damaged chestnuts.

A diarrheagenic toxin from culture extracts of Aspergillus wentii Wehmer isolated from weevil-damaged Chinese chestnuts was identified as emodin (2-methyl-4,5,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone). The orange-red, crystalline toxin (mp 255 to 257 C) showed ultraviolet absorption maxima in ethyl alcohol at 223, 250, 267, 290, and 442 nm, and infrared absorption maxima at 3,400 cm-1 (OH), 1,635, and 1,625 cm-1. Chemical shifts and coupling constants of the proton magnetic resonance spectra of the A. wentii toxin and of authentic emodin agreed. Mean lethal dose of emodin orally administered to 1 day old DeKalb cockerels was 3.7 mg/kg.
Analysis of radiation chemical yields of chlorinated polystyrene derivatives

A technique for determining radiation chemical yields from lithographic exposure curves for crosslinking type negative electron beam resists has been extended to include polymers with a general Poisson distribution. The technique is applied to several different chlorine-containing styrene-based resists. The radiation yields show good agreement with the differences in lithographic sensitivity and are explained by recent mechanistic studies. Optimal synthetic approaches for preparing this type of resist are described.
Biaccessibility in quadratic Julia sets

This paper consists of two nearly independent parts, both of which discuss the common theme of biaccessible points in the Julia set has Brolin measure zero.
7SγM‐globulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation of its clinical significance

Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared for two groups of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients selected from the same population by the presence or absence of 7SγM in their sera. The presence of 7SγM was significantly associated with severe articular disease, frequent subcutaneous nodules, high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid vasculitis, defined by skin ulcers, skin infarcts, or peripheral neuropathy. 7SγM in sera caused γM-globulin concentrations to be overestimated by radial immunodiffusion with 19SγM standards.
Mate choice among sympatric fur seals: female preference for conphenotypic males

When closely related species breed in sympatry, and where hybrids have lower fitness, reinforcement theory predicts that selection should favour mechanisms that reduce the probability of interspecific matings. If this situation arises among species that exhibit resource defence polygyny where males and females of different species reside in the same territories, there may be some conflict between mate choice based on territory-holding ability (sexual selection) and mate choice for correct species. We investigated this in a population of fur seals where three species are sympatric and where some females breed in the territories of heterospecific males, and where interspecific matings and hybrid pups are observed. The territorial status of males and the birthing sites of females were determined during daily observations, as were the movements of males and females, the location of matings and mating partners. DNA extracted from skin samples was used to determine paternities using DNA fingerprinting and the mtDNA genotype of individuals. Individuals were also classed on the basis of species-typical phenotype. We found that extra-territory inseminations (ETIs) were significantly more prevalent (67%) when territorial males and resident females were of different phenotype than when of similar phenotype (27%), but mtDNA genotype had no effect on the rate of ETIs. ETIs were probably by males with the same phenotype, as pups born to these females in the following season had the same phenotype as their mothers, suggesting they were not hybrids. These results suggest that within the resource defence polygynous mating system of these sympatric fur seals, female mate choice is more influenced by male phenotype than genotype. Contrary to our predictions, our study indicates that potential conflict between mate choice based on sexual selection and species recognition is unlikely, because females have some capacity to discriminate between males both within and between species on phenotypic traits additional to those under sexual selection. Although at least 25% of the pups born in this study were hybrid, this study can only support reinforcement theory if hybrids have reduced fitness. The fitness of hybrids among the species studied is currently unknown.
Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water

Abstract Oxygen isotopic fractionations have been determined between quartz and water, albite and water, and anorthite and water at temperatures from 300 to 825°C, and pressures from 1.5. to 25 kbar. The equilibrium quartz-feldspar fractionation curves can be approximated by the following equations: 1000ln αQ−PI = (0.46 + 0.55β)106T−2 + (0.02 + 0.85β) between 500 and 800°C 1000ln αQ−PI = (0.79 + 0.90β)106T−2 — (0.43 − 0.30β) between 400 and 500°C where β is the mole-fraction of anorthite in plagioclase. Application of these isotopic thermometer calibrations to literature data on quartz and feldspar gives temperatures for some metamorphic rocks which are concordant with quartz-magnetite temperatures. Plutonic igneous rocks typically have quartz-feldspar fractionations which are substantially larger than the equilibrium values at solidus temperatures, indicating substantial retrograde exchange effects.
Characterizations on a 2.45 GHz microwave induced atmospheric pressure plasma torch

The Center for Plasma-Material Interactions (CPMI) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has developed a greater than 10 mm diameter 2.45 GHz microwave-induced atmospheric pressure plasma torch (APPT) for use in various manufacturing applications. The APPT has the ability to generate various atmospheric pressure plasmas (helium, argon, nitrogen) with a gas temperature range from room temperature (30°C) to more than 3,000 °C at the ignition area. The diagnostics of the electron temperature T e , electron density n e , and the plasma gas temperature T g are based on the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique. The detailed dependence of the T e , n e and T g on the microwave power, radial distance referred to the ignition point, gas type and gas flow rate will be presented individually. The validity of the OES technique, including the local thermal equilibrium conditions and the model for H β calculation, has been verified and analyzed by the OES measured results. OES results has shown that T e is in the range of 0.5–1.5 eV, n e is in the range of 1014-1016 cm−3 and T g is in the range of 900–3000 K by varying the power from 200–3000 W, depending on the type and the mixture ratio of the plasma gases. The spatial dependence of T e , n e and T g has shown a drastic decrease in T g but relatively slower changes in T e and n e . This provides possibility on both thermal and non-thermal operation conditions for applications of selectable material processes.
Anoxia as a significant perinatal experience: a critique.

Summary In this paper we have reviewed major findings from several studies designed to test the hypothesis that anoxia is a significant perinatal experience. Several design factors which may help to account for the discordant conclusions arrived at by various investigators were pointed out. These were: approach to the problem (prospective or retrospective), criteria of later impairment, use of control groups, and criterion of early anoxia. It is the factor of definition of early anoxia with which we have been especially concerned in this and earlier studies of neonates. On the basis of these studies, several conclusions and suggestions emerged. First, blood oxygen saturation appears to reflect very transitory levels of oxygenation. Since it is not necessarily closely related to even the immediate neonatal condition, it would not be surprising if there were no relationship with more remote events. It seems necessary, consequently, to employ a less exact but more meaningful clinical criterion of anoxia. Second, even though a clinical criterion is used, it should permit some ordering as to degree in addition to satisfying the usual scientific demands for objectivity and reliability. Third, there is considerable variability in the postnatal rate of recovery of anoxic infants. Measurement of these differences provides a way of identifying those infants who may be most likely to show residual effects. Fourth, events believed to lead to fetal anoxia were associated, in our subjects, with relatively greater impairment in performance on Newborn Behavior Tests than either postnatal anoxia or nonmechanical delivery complications. This finding highlights the necessity of controlling for fetal factors in any research designed to assay the effects of anoxia.