cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting animal and human cognition to conservation

Expanding human populations favors a few species while extinguishing and endangering many others (Maxwell et al., 2016; Pimm et al., 2014). Understanding how animals perceive and learn about dangers and rewards can aid conservationists seeking to limit abundant or restore rare species (Schakner and Blumstein, 2016; Greggor et al., 2014; Angeloni et al., 2008; Fernandez-Juricic and Schulte, 2016). Cognition research is informing conservation science by suggesting how naive prey learn novel predators (Griffin et al., 2000; Moseby et al., 2015; Schakner et al., 2016; Blumstein, 2016), the mechanisms underlying variation in tolerance of human disturbance (Bostwick et al., 2014), and when natural aversions and fear learning can be leveraged to humanely control predators (Nielsen et al., 2015; Colman et al., 2014; Norbury et al., 2014; Lance et al., 2010; Cross et al., 2013). Insights into the relationships between cognition and adaptability suggest that behavioral inflexibility often presages species rarity (Amiel et al., 2011; Reif et al., 2011; Sol et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2014; but see Kellert, 1984). Human compassion and restraint are ultimately required to conserve species. Cognitive science can therefore further inform conservation by revealing the complex inner worlds of the animals we threaten and, in partnership with environmental psychologists, explore how such newfound knowledge affects our empathy for other species and ultimately the public’s actions on behalf of species in need of conservation (Collado et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014).
S-RNase-Based Self-Incompatibility in Petunia: A Complex Non-Self Recognition System Between Pollen and Pistil

Self-incompatibility (SI) is an intraspecific reproductive barrier that allows many families of flowering plants to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrosses. Extensive studies of SI in five families during the past more than two decades have revealed three distinct SI mechanisms. This chapter focuses on the mechanism employed by the Solanaceae, using mostly results obtained from Petunia. We first discuss the identification of two polymorphic genes at the S-locus, the S-RNase gene, which controls pistil specificity, and the S-locus F-box (SLF) gene, now named SLF1. For several years after its identification, SLF1 was thought to be solely responsible for pollen specificity, and biochemical models were developed based on this assumption. However, results inconsistent with this assumption were subsequently obtained, which led to the recent finding that pollen specificity is controlled by multiple, but an as yet unknown number of, polymorphic SLF genes located at the S-locus. A new model, named collaborative non-self recognition, has been proposed to explain the biochemical basis of specific inhibition of self-pollen tube growth. Based on this model, compatible pollination results from ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of non-self S-RNases collectively mediated by all SLF proteins, with each SLF responsible for detoxifying a subset of non-self S-RNases. We conclude this chapter with a discussion of some of the new questions raised by the finding that pollen specificity is controlled by multiple SLF genes.
Upper GI involvement in children with familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome: single-center experience and meta-analysis of the literature.

Background and Aims Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary syndrome that can affect the entire GI tract. Current screening recommendations include EGD starting at age 25 to 30 years or earlier in symptomatic patients. However, few reports describe upper GI tract involvement in children with FAP that support the notion of early screening. The aim of our study is to understand the prevalence and severity of upper GI involvement in children with FAP. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the Mayo Clinic records, between 1992 and 2016, to identify children with the diagnosis of FAP who underwent EGD examinations. A systematic review of the literature was performed to include published studies reporting children with FAP and upper GI findings. Results The retrospective study included 69 children with a mean age of 13.5 years (range, 3-18). Thirty-six children (52%) had duodenal adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. Five children required an ampullectomy secondary to enlarged and polypoid ampullas. Combined with published studies, a total of 206 children with upper GI findings were identified, of which 87 (42%) had duodenal adenoma (1 had high-grade dysplasia). Meta-analysis of 5 series demonstrated duodenal adenoma detection rate of 39% (95% confidence interval, 21%-57%; I 2 = 85%). Conclusions The available data to date show that children with FAP can have clinically relevant lesions in the upper GI tract earlier than previously foreseen, suggesting that earlier screening may be indicated. Larger multicenter prospective studies are needed to determine the best approach and optimal age for EGD screening in children with FAP.
Measuring Abdominal Visceral Fat Thickness With Sonography: A Methodologic Approach:

This methodological approach to assessing obesity is based on the prepilot work conducted on a small sample of men and women (25-58 years of age) in a laboratory setting. The use of skinfold calipe...
Dynamical properties of magnetized two-dimensional one-component plasma

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation are used to examine the effect of a uniform perpendicular magnetic field on a two-dimensional interacting electron system. In this simulation we include the effect of the magnetic field classically through the Lorentz force. Both the Coulomb and the magnetic forces are included directly in the electron dynamics to study their combined effect on the dynamical properties of the 2D system. Results are presented for the velocity autocorrelation function and the diffusion constants in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. Our simulation results clearly show that the external magnetic field has an effect on the dynamical properties of the system.
Misinformation on the Internet regarding Ablative Therapies for Prostate Cancer.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of web-based information on ablative therapies for prostate cancer. Methods The 2 most common search engines (Google and Bing) were queried for the following terms: “prostate cancer” + “HIFU” and “cryotherapy,” respectively. The top 50 websites for each were obtained. Websites were characterized and analyzed regarding their accuracy and completeness of information using criteria determined a priori. Academic papers were excluded. Results Of “HIFU” search results, 17% were advertisements, 13% and 29% were academic and private practice websites, respectively. Erroneous information on oncological efficacy was presented in 15% and 41% of academic and private practice websites, respectively. Criteria for treatment were mentioned in 31% and 66% of academic and private practice websites, respectively. Of “cryotherapy” search results, 18% were advertisements, 15% academic sites, and 11% private practices. Erroneous information was presented in 73% of both academic and private practice websites. Criteria for treatment were mentioned in 27% and 18% of these sites, respectively. Seventy eight percent and 75% of HIFU and cryotherapy sites, respectively, mentioned general side effects. Conclusion There is substantial inaccurate and incomplete information on the Internet regarding ablative treatments for prostate cancer from academic and private practice websites. Selection criteria are uncommonly discussed. More attention to accuracy of information is needed to ensure patients are not misled about the data behind these treatments.
Optimizing the impact of low-efficacy influenza vaccines.

The efficacy of influenza vaccines varies from one year to the next, with efficacy during the 2017–2018 season anticipated to be lower than usual. However, the impact of low-efficacy vaccines at the population level and their optimal age-specific distribution have yet to be ascertained. Applying an optimization algorithm to a mathematical model of influenza transmission and vaccination in the United States, we determined the optimal age-specific uptake of low-efficacy vaccine that would minimize incidence, hospitalization, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), respectively. We found that even relatively low-efficacy influenza vaccines can be highly impactful, particularly when vaccine uptake is optimally distributed across age groups. As vaccine efficacy declines, the optimal distribution of vaccine uptake shifts toward the elderly to minimize mortality and DALYs. Health practitioner encouragement and concerted recruitment efforts are required to achieve optimal coverage among target age groups, thereby minimizing influenza morbidity and mortality for the population overall.
ATF and Supplemental Record-keeping

Good records and record-keeping are as important as accuracy of analysis in the cellars. The records in a small winery laboratory are the first line of data that the ATF and other authorities will demand in the course of inspection. These records are important internally, as well, providing the basis for processing, production and marketing decisions. Data recording is imperative for administrative reports to monitor economic efficiency. A winery cannot function effectively without a sound system of records.
WS2-induced enhanced optical absorption and efficiency in graphene/silicon heterojunction photovoltaic cells

Van Hove singularity (VHS) induced enhancement of visible-frequency absorption in atomically-thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals provides an opportunity for improved light management in photovoltaics; however, it requires the 2D nanomaterial to be in close vicinity of a photojunction. In this report, we design a Schottky junction-based photovoltaic system with single-layer graphene atop n-type silicon (n-Si), which is interfaced directly with a few layers of tungsten disulfide (WS2) via a bottom-up CVD synthesis strategy. An enhanced power conversion efficiency in the architecture of WS2-graphene/n-Si is observed compared to graphene/n-Si. Here, the WS2 induced photon absorption, with only three atoms above the photo-junction, enhanced the short-circuit current density (Jsc), and the reconfiguration of the energy band structure led to effective built-in electric field induced charge carrier transport (enhanced open-circuit voltage (Voc)). Similar to a graphene/n-Si Schottky junction, the WS2-graphene/n-Si double junction exhibited non-linear current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics with a 4-fold increase in Jsc (2.28 mA cm−2 in comparison with 0.52 mA cm−2 for graphene/n-Si) and 40% increase in the Voc (184 mV compared to 130 mV for graphene/n-Si) with a 6-fold increase in the photovoltaic power conversion efficiency. Futuristically, we envision an evolution in 2D heterojunctions with sharp transitions in properties within a few nanometers enabling control on optical absorption, carrier distribution, and band structure for applications including tandem photovoltaic cells and 2D optoelectronic circuit-switches.
Risk Factors for Perforated Appendicitis in the Acute Care Surgery Era-Minimizing the Patient's Delayed Presentation Factor.

Abstract Background Numerous factors contribute to advanced disease or increased complications in patients with acute appendicitis (AA). This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with AA perforation, including the effect of system time (ST) delay, after controlling for patient time (PT) delay. In this study, PT was controlled (to less than or equal to 24 h) to better understand the effect of ST delay on AA perforation. Methods Medical records of patients who underwent surgery for AA at a tertiary referral hospital from October 2009 through September 2013 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, body mass index, presence of fecalith, PT (i.e., duration of time from symptom onset to arrival in emergency department), and ST (i.e., duration of time from arrival in emergency department to operating room). AA was classified as simple (acute, nonperforated) versus advanced (gangrenous, perforated). Results Seven hundred forty-seven patients underwent surgery for AA. After excluding patients with PT > 24 h, 445 patients fit the study criteria, of which 358 patients with simple AA and 87 patients with advanced disease. Advanced appendicitis patients were older and had higher body mass index, longer PT, higher WBC, and higher incidence of fecaliths. Both groups had similar ST. Risk factors for advanced appendicitis after multiple regression analysis are age >50 y old, WBC >15,000, the presence of fecaliths, and PT delay >12 h. Conclusions Once PT delay was limited to ≤24 h, the ST delay of >12 h did not adversely affect the incidence of advanced AA. Age >50 y, WBC >15,000, PT delay >12 h, and the presence of fecaliths were identified as risk factors associated with advanced AA.
Modeling sensitivity analysis of special concentrically braced frames under short and long duration ground motions

Abstract Modeling and simulation of the seismic response of special concentrically braced steel frames (SCBFs) through collapse involves several sources of epistemic uncertainties, e.g. braces low-cycle fatigue model, that could affect the seismic performance assessment. However, longer duration earthquakes, e.g. from subduction zones rupture, could have more damaging effect on SCBFs when associated with the brace fatigue life. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of modeling parameters on the seismic response of SCBFs as it relates to the earthquake duration. Different OpenSEES modeling parameters were varied deterministically as sources of uncertainties for two single-story SCBFs under 16 different short and long duration earthquakes. Tornado diagram analysis was used to rank the effect of such parameters, and the analysis results were also used to develop two sets of fragility curves under short and long duration earthquakes to understand the effect of duration on SCBFs.
Determination of Micro-Lens Array-Averaged Spherical Aberrations

Fabrication-induced spherical microlens profile deviations result in aberrations. In the case of microlens arrays, each lens is measured individually by interferometric methods to quantify the optical performance of the entire array. We present the analytical concept of a diffraction-based test, to quantify microlens array spherical aberrations as a global array-averaged measurement. Three different focal-length microlens arrays were analyzed and tested, and scalar-wave propagation simulations were used to determine their respective average spherical aberration coefficients from the measured data. This technique is applicable to microlens arrays used as homogenizers, illumination diffusers, fly’s eye condensers, and in focal plane arrays.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway controls matrix metalloproteinase-1 and collagen levels in human orbital fibroblasts

Thyroid eye disease (TED) affects 25–50% of patients with Graves’ Disease. In TED, collagen accumulation leads to an expansion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which causes destructive tissue remodeling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to limit ECM accumulation in vitro. The ability of AHR to control expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) was analyzed. MMP1 degrades collagen to prevent excessive ECM. Human orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were treated with the pro-scarring cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) to induce collagen production. The AHR ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2b]carbazole (FICZ) was used to activate the AHR pathway in OFs. MMP1 protein and mRNA levels were analyzed by immunosorbent assay, Western blotting and quantitative PCR. MMP1 activity was detected using collagen zymography. AHR and its transcriptional binding partner, ARNT were depleted using siRNA to determine their role in activating expression of MMP1. FICZ induced MMP1 mRNA, protein expression and activity. MMP1 expression led to a reduction in collagen 1A1 levels. Furthermore, FICZ-induced MMP1 expression required both AHR and ARNT, demonstrating that the AHR-ARNT transcriptional complex is necessary for expression of MMP1 in OFs. These data show that activation of the AHR by FICZ increases MMP1 expression while leading to a decrease in collagen levels. Taken together, these studies suggest that AHR activation could be a promising target to block excessive collagen accumulation and destructive tissue remodeling that occurs in fibrotic diseases such as TED.
Effect of aortic across-clamping with different temperature on the brain of fetal lamb through amniotic fluid bypass

Objective To study weather relatively mild hypothermia can protect fetal brain during aortic across-clamping period. Methods Fourteen ewes at 120-140 days of gestation were randomly divided into normal temperature group ( NT group n = 7 ) and low temperature group ( LT group, n = 7 ). The fetal lambs were exposed by uterotomy and underwent median stemotomy. We changed the temperature of fetus by changing the temperature of amniotic fluid. When the temperature of fetal lamb reached the set point,the aorta was across-clamped. Fetal mean blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at different time points. The fetal plasma creative phosphokinase isoenzyme BB (CKBB), neuron specific enolase (NSE)and protein S100B were assayed. Results The weight of pregnant sheep in NT group and LT group was (25.93 ± 4. 68 ) and (24. 00 ± 3. 29 ) kg and that of fetal lamb in NT group and LT group was ( 1.43 ±0. 45 ) and ( 1.48 ± 0. 28 ) kg, respectively. There are no significant difference between two groups ( P ＞0. 05). All fetuses were alive except one in NT gruop. The mean blood pressure and heart rate in both groups showed no changes during the study period. CKBB and NSE in both groups was increased remarkably throughout the study period (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The changes of plasma CKBB, NSE and S100B protein in NT group were more significant than those in LT group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion The experiment would hurt the brain of the fetal lamb. The injury of fetal brain would be alleviated when the fetal temperature was reduced during the experiment. Key words: Fetus; Lamb; Brain protection
Identifying causal role of COVID-19 in immunopsychiatry models.

This article seeks to visualize simulated data varied according to sample and effect size, as well as the role of COVID-19 in the causal model The challenge for immunopsychiatry researchers is to identify the causal effects of COVID-19 and appropriately incorporate these effects into theoretical causal models The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented test for the field;yet, immunopsychiatry is also uniquely poised to meet this challenge and rigorously examine the impact of the virus on the human body and mind for years to come
Strategies relating to CMP for die to wafer interconnects utilizing hybrid direct bonding

In this study we examine a split-foundry multilevel application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Si-interposer and die bonded using the direct bond interface (DBI) process, in addition to shortloop vehicles. The designs have been subject to relaxed pattern density rules, and exhibit chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) systematic process issues of varying degrees. We find that the interconnect formation is robust against moderate dielectric thickness variation, as well as a moderate degree of copper corrosion. We discuss and demonstrate various CMP methods which have a clear and repeatable impact. Pattern density effects and defectivity on the bond quality are examined using focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) images at the feature scale (sub 100 um) and intra-die scale (few mm). Impact to the CMP performance, including plug recess, and defectivity are discussed.
Performance Optimization of Electrically Small Microstrip Patch Antennas on Finite Ground Planes

A new technique to obtain greater than 30% 2:1 VSWR bandwidth, using a coaxial probe fed rectangular patch antenna, has been presented. The exact quality factor Q of the antenna is calculated using its input impedance and is compared to the approximate Q expressions applicable for electrically small antennas (ESAs). The D/Q optimization technique, given by Gustafsson et al., has been used for the performance optimization of the designed antennas on finite ground planes.
An alternative pressure-dependent velocity boundary condition for modeling self-reacting friction stir welding

A pressure-dependent velocity boundary condition is developed based on wear theory for modeling self-reacting friction stir welding using computational fluid dynamics approach, which provides a new perspective in understanding the physics of sliding/sticking transition condition. The importance of shear layer in weld formation is emphasized. Effects of welding speed on the weld cross-section geometry can be robustly captured with this newly developed boundary condition. Computational results show that at higher welding speed, the TMAZ boundary moves towards the pin periphery at the advancing side, which corresponds to the experimental observations. This tendency could serve as a numerical criterion to predict void defect formation.
Physiology of Dysphagia in Those with Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility

Quantitative measures of swallowing function were extracted from modified barium swallowing studies (MBS) to characterize swallowing pathophysiology in patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI). All individuals with UVFI completing a MBS during the prior 5 years were included. Demographic information, penetration-aspiration score, timing of aspiration and quantitative measures from the MBS were extracted from electronic medical records and compared across 1, 3, and 20 cc liquid bolus swallows. UVFI patient measures were compared to normal age-matched controls to identify swallowing pathophysiology associated with aspiration. The incidence of aspiration by UVFI etiology groups (i.e., central nervous system, idiopathic, iatrogenic, skull base tumor, or peripheral tumor) was also compared. Of the 61 patients who met inclusion criteria, aspiration was observed in 23%. Maximum pharyngeal constriction was abnormal in 79% of aspirators compared to 34% of non-aspirators (p = .003). Delay in airway closure was the most common swallowing abnormality identified in the study population (62%) but was not associated with aspiration. Among the 14 individuals who aspirated, the iatrogenic and skull base tumor etiology groups comprised the majority (i.e., 36% each). However, the incidence of aspiration for the iatrogenic group was 19% compared to 50% of the skull base tumor group. Aspiration in patients with UVFI was associated with abnormally reduced pharyngeal constriction. Delayed airway closure was common in both aspirators and non-aspirators.
Patient, provider, and clinic factors associated with the use of cervical cancer screening

Abstract Cervical cancer screening delivery remains suboptimal. Understanding the multiple influences on use of screening is important to designing interventions. We describe the influence of patient, primary care provider (PCP), and clinic characteristics on whether a woman is up-to-date with cervical screening as of December 2016. PCPs (n = 194) and their female screen-eligible patients age 21–65 years (n = 32,115) were included in this cross-sectional analysis of patients from two primary care networks linked to a contemporaneous PCP survey. Principal independent variables for patients included: age, race, insurance, continuity of care; for PCP included: overall satisfaction with the practice of medicine, gender, hours worked per week, financial support for achieving clinical targets; and for clinic included: routine receipt of data on preventive care performance and language translation resources. Overall, 66.6% of women were up-to-date. Women were less likely to be up-to-date with cervical cancer screening if they were younger and were more likely to be screened if they were Black, Hispanic or Asian vs. White. Women with greater continuity of primary care or with a female PCP were more likely to be up-to-date (1.52; 1.33–1.75); those who received care in a clinic that was less prepared to manage language translation were less likely to be up-to-date (0.78; 0.65–0.95). Patient, provider, and clinic factors all influence use of cervical cancer screening. Systems interventions like improving continuity of care, promoting translation services, or enhanced efforts to track screening among patients of male PCPs may improve delivery.
Lesser Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) Range Expansion into Northern Grant County, New Mexico

The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) previously was known only from extreme southwestern New Mexico in southern Hidalgo County. Herein, we documented L. yerbabuenae from northern Grant County along the Gila River on the southern edge of the Mogollon Plateau, which represents a 110-km range expansion to the north. We captured mostly volant young-of-the-year (68.5%) and adult females (25.9%) as well as a few adult males (5.6%) in September 2019. With assistance from local residents, we have evidence that nectar-feeding bats have been using hummingbird feeders in the area at least since 2014 and are a relatively new arrival to the area. In 2019, the latest observation of bats emptying hummingbird feeders at our study site was on 25 October, the latest reported date for the presence of this species in the state. Fur coloration on the back and head of volant young was dull gray compared to the richly orange- and brown-colored adults. Forearm lengths were shorter and body weights lighter in young compared to adults. It is unclear whether this species bears and/or raises its young in the Gila area or whether the documented individuals represent those dispersing from maternity roosts after the young become volant, a common late-season behavior for this species in the northern reaches of its distribution. Our documentation of this nectar-feeding bat adds to the high diversity of bat species associated with the Mogollon Plateau in southwestern New Mexico.
Level-k Predatory Trading

I extend the Brunnermeier and Pedersen (2005) predatory trading model with the level-k thinking solution concept to investigate the possibility of arbitraging arbitrageurs. While naive financial predators prey upon a single distressed investor, higher-level thinkers best respond to this and prey upon fellow predators. For some parameter values, sophisticated predators are able to reason their way to the Nash equilibrium strategy, and prices do not oscillate. As parameter values are perturbed, the system undergoes a bifurcation and predators select strategies from a mean-preserving spread of the Nash equilibrium strategy. In these settings, prices display non-fundamental volatility and a single shock can send predators into an oscillatory trading frenzy.
Abrogation Magic: The Rules Enabling Act Process, Civil Rule 84, and the Forms

The Committee on the Federal Rules of Practice and Procedure seeks to abrogate Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 84 and its attendant Official Forms. Poof - after seventy-six years of service, the Committee will make Rule 84 and its forms disappear. This Essay argues, however, that like a magic trick, the abrogation sleight of hand is only a distraction from the truly problematic change the Committee is proposing. Abrogation of Rule 84 and the Official Forms violates the Rules Enabling Act process. The Forms are inextricably linked to the Rules; they cannot be eliminated or amended without making a change to the Rules to which they correspond. Yet, the proposal to abrogate Rule 84 and the Forms has received little attention, with commenters instead focused on proposed discovery amendments. This Essay argues that inattention to the proposed abrogation of Rule 84 and the Forms is a mistake, and that the Forms should not just disappear.
UBXN2A regulates nicotinic receptor degradation by modulating the E3 ligase activity of CHIP

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing the α3 subunit are known for their prominent role in normal ganglionic transmission while their involvement in the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and smoking-related disease has been emerging only in recent years. The amount of information available on the maturation and trafficking of α3-containing nAChRs is limited. We previously showed that UBXN2A is a p97 adaptor protein that facilitates the maturation and trafficking of α3-containing nAChRs. Further investigation of the mechanisms of UBXN2A actions revealed that the protein interacts with CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein), whose ubiquitin E3 ligase activity regulates the degradation of several disease-related proteins. We show that CHIP displays E3 ligase activity toward the α3 nAChR subunit and contributes to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. UBXN2A interferes with CHIP-mediated ubiquitination of α3 and protects the nicotinic receptor subunit from endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD). UBXN2A also cross-talks with VCP/p97 and HSC70/HSP70 proteins in a complex where α3 is likely to be targeted by CHIP. Overall,we identify CHIP as an E3 ligase for α3 and UBXN2A as a protein that may efficiently regulate the stability of CHIP's client substrates.
Low-temperature buffer AlInAs/GaInAs on InP HEMT technology for ultra-high-speed integrated circuits

A report is presented on the development of a planar low-temperature buffer AlInAs/GaInAs on InP high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) technology for use in digital and analog integrated circuits. This technology is attractive for circuit applications because of the high achievable f/sub T/ and f/sub max/, low output conductance and gate leakage current, and reduced susceptibility to backgating effects. Two alternative logic families-UFL and SCFL (source-couple FET logic)-were chosen for the realization of digital circuits. Measurements on the UFL ring oscillators exhibited a minimum gate delay of 13 ps with a power dissipation of 1.1 mW/gate at room temperature. The gate delay rose to 25 ps when the power dissipation increased to 3 mW/gate. This gate delay is expected to drop significantly with reductions in diode level-shift series resistance and improvements in transistor f/sub T/. The most complex SCFL circuit tested was a divide-by-eight counter. The SCFL circuits were configured as flip-flops in the divide-by-eight mode. The circuit operated at a maximum clock rate of 12.5 GHz. >
Service-Oriented Computing

Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) promises a world of cooperating services loosely connected, creating dynamic business processes and agile applications that span organizations and platforms. As a computing paradigm, it utilizes services as fundamental elements to support rapid, low-cost development of distributed applications in heterogeneous environments. Realizing the SOC promise requires the design of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) that enable the development of simpler and cheaper distributed applications. In this collection, researchers from academia and industry report on recent advances in the field, exploring approaches, technology, and research issues related to developing SOAs.SOA enables service discovery, integration, and use, allowing application developers to overcome many distributed enterprise computing challenges. The contributors to this volume treat topics related to SOA and such proposed enhancements to it as Event Drive Architecture (EDA) and extended SOA (xSOA) as well as engineering aspects of SOA-based applications. In particular, the chapters discuss modeling of SOA-based applications, SOA architecture design, business process management, transactional integrity, quality of service (QoS) and service agreements, service requirements engineering, reuse, and adaptation.Contributors: L. Bahler, Boualem Benatallah, Christoph Bussler, F. Caruso, Fabio Casati, C. Chung, Emilia Cimpian, B. Falchuk, Dimitrios Georgakopoulos, Jaap Gordijn, Paul Grefen, Jonas Grundler, Woralak Kongdenfha, Yutu Liu, Mark Little, Heiko Ludwig, J. Micallef, Thomas Mikalsen, Adrian Mocan, Anne H. H. Ngu, Bart Orriens, Savas Parastatidis, Michael Papazoglou, Barbara Pernici, Pierluigi Plebani, Isabelle Rouvellou, Quan Z. Sheng, Halvard Skogsrud, Stefan Tai, Farouk Toumani, Pascal van Eck, Jim Webber, Roel Wieringa, Jian Yang, Liangzhao Zeng, Olaf Zimmermann.Cooperative Information Systems series
The epithelium of the uterine tube and cervix in patients with endometrial carcinoma: a search for estrogenic effect.

Abstract 1. 1. The uterine tubes of 37 postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma have been compared with those from 47 normal postmenopausal women. The cervices of 34 of the former have likewise been compared with 36 of the latter. 2. 2. No significant differences were found in these two groups, either in the cervices or in the tubes, in respect to evidence of estrogenic stimulation.
Evaluating Stakeholder-Identified Barriers in Accessing Palliative Care at an NCI-Designated Cancer Center with a Rural Catchment Area.

Abstract Background: The new Commission on Cancer (CoC) accreditation standards encompass palliative care (PC) and a patient-centered approach, including specific quality measurements and outcomes. However, cancer centers differ in their interpretation of the CoC standards for PC in level of integration in the care trajectory and services provided. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify existing barriers in accessing PC services for cancer patients at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated academic cancer center with a rural catchment area, using the CoC guidelines as a point of reference. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional qualitative design and conventional content analysis. Subjects were faculty/staff from the cancer center or from community affiliates located outside the main campus. Measurement was by semistructured qualitative interviews. Forty-two interviews were included in the final sample: clinicians, administrative support staff, and service support personnel. Result...
Mesenchymal stem cells differentially modulate effector CD8+ T cells and exacerbate EAE. (IRC8P.484)

Auto-reactive T cells are a significant cause of myelin destruction and eventual axon loss in EAE and probably multiple sclerosis (MS). Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquire pathogenic IFNγ-producing- (Type I) and IL-17A-producing- (Type 17) effector phenotypes in MS and EAE. On the frontier of MS therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as a promising candidate for inflammatory suppression and disease amelioration. Although MSC have been extensively demonstrated to suppress pathogenic effector CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cell-mediated EAE, surprisingly few studies have addressed their modulation of effector CD8+ T cells in MS or EAE. We find that MSC differentially modulate CD8+ T cell development depending on effector T cell subtype. MSC drive activated low-IFNγ producers toward an enhanced high-IFNγ Tc1-like phenotype but strongly inhibit the production of IL-17A and Tc17 polarization in vitro. These observations are underscored by differential MSC modulation of T cell activation, proliferation, and signature transcription factor up-regulation. In addition, MSC constitutively produced a panel of Type I inflammatory cytokines associated with the IFNγ/IL-17A axis.Based on these in vitro effects on CD8+ T cells, we next evaluated their impact on the severity of EAE. To better evaluate CD8+ T cells, we immunized mice with MOG 37-50, which is a CD8-targeted epitope. Our results revealed a disease worsening, consistent with the in vitro stimulation of Tc1 cells.
Impact of electric motor field-weakening on drive train oscillations

A unified approach is proposed for the modeling and analysis of electromechanical automotive systems. A generalized method is derived and is applied to the modeling of automotive drive train in the particular case of field-weakening operation.
Navigating Historic to Present U.S. Model Code Provisions for the Repair of Damaged Buildings

Abstract Many buildings suffer unexpected damage to the extent that continued use requires repair. As the extent of damage increases, so do questions regarding the necessary extent of the repairs. Are upgrades required? What code provisions apply? What is the difference between a repair and an alteration? Because building codes change over time, either they must require all existing buildings to be modified every time a change is introduced, or they must treat proposed and existing construction differently. Given the costs associated with upgrading existing buildings, model codes in the United States have taken the prudent position that, with a few exceptions, provisions apply only to construction that follows their adoption, whereas existing construction need only meet the provisions in effect at the time it was built. This notion is referred to as grandfathering, and it has many applications outside of the construction industry. Although upgrading older construction may at times be prudent and/or desira...
Applying multi-scale occupancy models to infer host and site occupancy of an emerging viral fish pathogen in the Great Lakes

Abstract Emerging pathogens in wildlife are being described at an increasing rate, but the methods used to describe their dynamics in wildlife populations have been slow to develop. Understanding pathogen prevalence and risk factors for infection are critical first components of developing wildlife disease management. However, the estimation of these attributes can be biased by imperfect detection of the pathogen. In this study, we adopt a multi-scale site occupancy model to estimate the probability of pathogen detection when the diagnostic test is imperfect, host detection is imperfect, and detection can be measured at multiple scales. In addition, this model allowed the comparison of different diagnostic tests for pathogen presence. We then applied this model to the detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in wild fish populations in the Great Lakes. We show that VHSV is still widely distributed in the Great Lakes, and that a multi-scale model can identify additional risk factors to those identified by previous logistic regression approaches. We also estimate detection probabilities using molecular and traditional virological methods. Although our approach has several limitations, it has important implications in the management and modeling of VHSV and other emerging pathogens in aquatic wildlife.
Needle EMG has a lower false positive rate than MRI in asymptomatic older adults being evaluated for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Abstract Objective False positive imaging tests – disk herniation or spinal stenosis – occur in a significant number of asymptomatic persons, increasing with age. A similar or greater prevalence probably occurs in people who present to physicians with mechanical back pain, potentially causing therapeutic misadventure. Electrodiagnostic testing may be normal in persons with asymptomatic pathology, but has not been directly tested. Methods As part of a larger study of older persons with lumbar stenosis, 35 asymptomatic adults were evaluated by an extensive questionnaire, codified history and physical examination, masked electrodiagnostic testing, and masked lumbar magnetic resonance imaging, with repeated procedure at 18 months. Thirty-two subjects remained after removal of three with neuromuscular disease. Results The radiologist characterized 18 (56%) asymptomatic subjects as having spinal stenosis. There was no relationship between electrodiagnostician diagnosis and radiologist diagnoses. Among the 13 whom the electrodiagnostician identified as abnormal, 2 had technical data within normal limits and the only abnormality in 5 was >2/10 polyphasic motor units (considered a ‘soft’ finding by many). One muscle in 1 subject had abnormal spontaneous activity, and 3 persons scored >4 on paraspinal mapping. Electrodiagnostic findings were normal in the 5 (16%) who had disk herniations. None of the 22 re-examined acquired symptoms over 18 months and follow-up electrodiagnosis was essentially normal (one muscle in 1 subject had 3/10 polyphasic motor units). Conclusions MRI changes, motor unit changes on EMG needle examination, and low paraspinal mapping scores are not uncommon in asymptomatic older adults with spinal stenosis or disk herniation and may lead to false positive tests. The stricter criterion of abnormal spontaneous activity on needle examination and paraspinal mapping scores greater than 6 offered in this paper lowers the risk of false positive EMG testing. Significance EMG is less likely to be abnormal (false positive) in asymptomatic adults than MRI.
Unique Features of Plant Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor Revealed by Proteomic Studies

Cleavage and polyadenylation of precursor mRNA is an essential process for mRNA maturation. Among the 15 to 20 protein factors required for this process, a subgroup of proteins is needed for both cleavage and polyadenylation in plants and animals. This subgroup of proteins is known as the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF). To explore the in vivo structural features of plant CPSF, we used tandem affinity purification methods to isolate the interacting protein complexes for each component of the CPSF subunits using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta) suspension culture cells. The proteins in these complexes were identified by mass spectrometry and western immunoblots. By compiling the in vivo interaction data from tandem affinity purification tagging as well as other available yeast two-hybrid data, we propose an in vivo plant CPSF model in which the Arabidopsis CPSF possesses AtCPSF30, AtCPSF73-I, AtCPSF73-II, AtCPSF100, AtCPSF160, AtFY, and AtFIPS5. Among them, AtCPSF100 serves as a core with which all other factors, except AtFIPS5, are associated. These results show that plant CPSF possesses distinct features, such as AtCPSF73-II and AtFY, while sharing other ortholog components with its yeast and mammalian counterparts. Interestingly, these two unique plant CPSF components have been associated with embryo development and flowering time controls, both of which involve plant-specific biological processes.
Etiology and treatment of occlusal pathosis and associated facial pain

The treatment of occlusal pathosis and associated facial pain is a difficult and complex problem. The interaction of two etiologic factors, occlusal interferences and psychologic stress, results in parafunctional activity. The most important prerequisite to selection of a treatment method is an understanding of the etiology of the problem. What dentistry needs is a mechanism by which the major etiologic factor of parafunctional activity can be identified for each patient. Treatment can then be directed toward the reduction or elimination of that factor. When treatment is directed toward the major cause of the problem, the likelihood of success will increase greatly. Continued research on this problem will yield new insights and means for the accurate determination of the etiology of parafunctional activity for each patient.
Evaluation operators on the Bergman space

Let D be the open unit disc in the complex plane C and let dA be the normalized area measure on D. The Bergman space is the space of analytic functions f in D such that
Task- and Time-Dependent Weighting Factors in a Retrospective Exposure Assessment of Chemical Laboratory Workers

A chemical exposure assessment was conducted for a cohort mortality study of 6157 chemical laboratory workers employed between 1943 and 1998 at four Department of Energy sites in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Aiken, South Carolina. Previous studies of chemical laboratory workers have included members within professional societies where exposure assessment was either limited or not feasible, or chemical processing employees where laboratory and production workers were combined. Because sufficient industrial hygiene records were unavailable for all four sites, weighted duration of employment was used as a surrogate for the magnitude of exposure. Potential exposure indices were calculated for each worker using number of days employed and weighting factors for frequency of contact and year of employment. A total of 591 unique laboratory job titles indicative of a chemical laboratory worker were collapsed into 18 general job title categories. Through discussions with current and retired workers, along with examina...
INTELLIGENCE AND BELIEF IN THE SUPERNATURAL

Just before starting university education, 339 Ss had small, but significant negative correlations between intelligence and both traditional and avant garde supernatural beliefs. A year later, an i...
Temperature-dependent lasing and spectroscopy of Yb:Y2O3 and Yb:SC2O3

Abstract Spectroscopic and laser properties of Yb 3+ in ceramic Y 2 O 3 have been studied at room and cryogenic temperatures. Laser performance is very substantially improved by cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature, primarily due to the great reduction in ground state absorption that permits laser operation on the much stronger 1030-nm emission line rather than the 1077-nm line. The 976-nm “zero line” is observed to become much weaker as the temperature is reduced. Several models for this behavior are considered, but none adequately explains this surprising result. Spectroscopy of Yb:Sc 2 O 3 indicates that it is likely to be an even better cryogenic gain material, given samples of comparable optical quality.
Personal values and managerial decision-making: Evidence from a developing economy

This study attempts to investigate to what extent the personal values of managers from a developing economy affect their managerial decisions. Previous studies have suggested the relationship between values and managerial behavior. The purpose of the study was to examine this relationship in the context of a developing, less industrialized economy, identify peculiar issues given the context of the study, and discuss the managerial implications of the findings. The subjects studied were Nigerian managers, using the value survey designed by England. Results showed that values do affect behavior, but more significantly, that the cultural values of the managers play a significant role in their managerial decisions.
An Iterative-Based Feedforward-Feedback Control Approach to High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope Imaging

This article presents an iterative-based feedforward-feedback control approach to achieve high-speed atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging. AFM-imaging requires precision positioning of the probe relative to the sample in all x-y-z axes directions. Particularly, this article is focused on the vertical z-axis positioning. Recently, a current-cycle-feedback iterative-learning-control (CCF-ILC) approach has been developed for precision tracking of a given desired trajectory (even when the desired trajectory is unknown), which can be applied to achieve precision tracking of sample profile on one scanline. In this article, we extend this CCF-ILC approach to imaging of entire sample area. The main contribution of this article is the convergence analysis and the use of the CCF-ILC approach for output tracking in the presence of desired trajectory varation between iterations—the sample topography variations between adjacent scanlines. For general case where the desired trajectory variation occurs between any two successive iterations, the convergence (stability) of the CCF-ILC system is addressed and the allowable size of desired trajectory variation is quantified. The performance improvement achieved by using the CCF-ILC approach is discussed by comparing the tracking error of using the CCF-ILC technique to that of using feedback control alone. The efficacy of the proposed CCF-ILC control approach is illustrated by implementing it to the z-axis control during AFM-imaging. Experimental results are presented to show that the AFM-imaging speed can be substantially increased.