cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social acceptance and social problem solving in preschool children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between certain social problem-solving skills and children's acceptance by their peers in a group of 4- and 5-year-old children. Social acceptance was measured sociometrically using both peer nomination and rating strategies. Social problem-solving skills measured included types of solutions generated, attributions of partners' intent, and predictions of what would happen next in hypothetical social dilemmas. Of these skills, only the type of outcome predicted for different social dilemmas was associated with differences in same-sex peer acceptance. There were several significant differences in social skills associated with differences in gender. Social acceptance and the child's gender also yielded several significant interactions. The results indicate that what might be important problem-solving skills for young girls might not be the important ones for young boys.
Relationships between leadership style and vision content: The moderating role of need for social approval, self-monitoring, and need for social power

This study examines the relationship between leaders' personal attributes, leadership style and vision content. One hundred eighty three corporate managers from six industries, who completed a 14-week leadership development course, provided self-reports of their need for social approval, self-monitoring, and need for social power by the second week of the course. Eight hundred and nine subordinates provided ratings of their manager's leadership style by the third week of the course. Upon completion of the course, the managers wrote vision statements which were coded using Berson, Shamir, Avolio, & Popper's [Berson, Y., Shamir, B., Avolio, B. J., & Popper, M. (2001). The relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and content. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 53–73] vision theme categories. Charismatic leadership was most positively associated with inspirational vision themes, whereas contingent reward leadership was most positively associated with instrumental vision themes. Leaders' need for social approval, self-monitoring, and need for social power moderated these relationships.
Foxc2 Transcription Factor: A Newly Described Regulator of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a critical process to form new blood vessels from preexisting vessels under physiologic and pathologic conditions and involves cellular and morphologic changes such as endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and vascular tube formation. Despite evidence that angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch, control various aspects of angiogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying gene regulation in blood vessels and surrounding tissues are not fully understood. Importantly, recent studies demonstrate that Forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 directly regulates expression of various genes involved in angiogenesis, CXCR4, integrin beta3, Delta-like 4 (Dll4), and angiopoietin 2, thereby controlling angiogenic processes. Thus, Foxc2 is now recognized as a novel regulator of vascular formation and remodeling. This review summarizes current knowledge about the function of Foxc2 in angiogenesis and discusses prospects for future research in Foxc2-mediated pathologic angiogenesis in cardiovascular disease.
Making an Aquaporin Water-Tight: Structural Basis of Selectivity in Plant Nodulin 26 Intrinsic Proteins

The evolution of land plants led toan amplification and diversification of the aquaporin superfamily of membrane channels. Among the subfamilies of plant specific aquaporin-like changes are the nodulin-26 intrinsic proteins (NIPs) which are multifunctional transporters of water, ammonia, glycerol and metalloid nutrients that participate in a number of osmoregulatory and metabolic functions. NIPs share the canonical hourglass fold of the aquaporin family, but possess substitutions within the aromatic arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter. The nine proteins of the NIP subfamily in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana can be subdivided into two ar/R pore subgroups: the NIP subgroup I, which form aquaglyceroporins that are permeated by glycerol, water and ammonia, and the NIP subgroup II, which form metalloid transporters which are lack aquaporin activity and are essentially “water tight”. These two NIP pore families differ principally by the substitution of a conserved alanine (NIP subgroup II) for a conserved tryptophan (NIP subgroup I) in the helix 2 position (H2) of the ar/R filter. Based on transport analyses and molecular dynamics simulation, a model is proposed through which the alanine substitution results in both the selectivity for critical metalloid nutrients such as boric acid while simultaneously restricting water flow through the ar/R selectivity filter. A mechanism involving two different rotameric states of the conserved arginine residue in this selectivity region is proposed to be responsible for the water-tight character of the pore. (Supported in part by NSF grant 1121465).
Mortality in patients with acute intermittent porphyria requiring hospitalization: A United States case series

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a genetic disorder in which patients may have life threatening attacks of neurologic dysfunction. This study examined the prognosis during the past 50 years of patients in the United States who required hospitalization for porphyric attacks. The cumulative survival was determined for 136 patients with AIP who were hospitalized for porphyric attacks between 1940 and 1988. Diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical symptoms, in combination with increased urinary excretion of porphobilinogen. The patient group had an average age of 32 years (range 9 to 75) at diagnosis and consisted of 43 males and 93 females. At follow-up, 19 males (44%) and 31 females (33%) were decreased. The standardized mortality ratio for the 136 patients, compared to an age-matched hypothetical population experiencing USA 1970 Census Death Rates was 3.2, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.4-4.0. Most deaths occurred during the initial porphyric attack (20% of deaths) or a subsequent attack (38% of deaths). Suicide was also common (five deaths). Comparison was made between 50 patients who were diagnosed before 1971, the year in which hematin therapy became available, and 86 patients who were diagnosed afterward. There was improved survival in the latter group, particularly after 10 years from the time of diagnosis, but this did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the proportionate increase in mortality due to symptomatic AIP was three-fold compared to the general population during the past 50 years. The major cause of the increased mortality was the porphyric attack itself.
Effect of changing intestinal flow rate on a measurement of intestinal permeability

Abstract Background/Aims: The flow rate of fluid through the proximal small intestine varies widely under normal physiological conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of changes in flow rate on the passive permeability of the aqueous paracellular pathway of the human jejunum. Methods: Normal subjects were studied in vivo during constant perfusion of 30-cm loops of jejunum at flow rates of 5, 10, or 20 mL/min. The permeability ratio of l-xylose/urea was used to assess apparent permeability of the mucosa and to calculate the average pore radius of the aqueous pathway for passive diffusion. Results: Increasing jejunal flow rate from 5 to 20 mL/min significantly decreased the l-xylose/urea permeability ratio from 0.35 to 0.23 and decreased average calculated pore radius of the diffusion pathway from 13 A to 8 A. Conclusions: Increases in flow rate in the normal physiological range decrease the estimated pore size of normal healthy jejunal mucosa. Because increasing flow rate is known to increase exposure of luminal fluid to the intervillus space, the results of this study are best explained by postulating that cells lining the sides of villi are less permeable than cells lining the villus tips.
Validation of the Business Computer Self-Efficacy Scale: Assessment of the Computer Literacy of Incoming Business Students

The business computer self-efficacy (BCSE) scale is potentially an important tool for researchers studying business students and professionals, but it needs to be validated for use. Content validit...
The role of cricopharyngeus muscle in pharyngoesophageal disorders.

The cricopharyngeus muscle is generally thought to be responsible for the high pressure zone of the pharyngoesophageal (upper esophageal) sphincter. In this review we critically examined the evidence for the role of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the manometric pharyngoesophageal sphincter. The available studies show disparities between the anatomic location of the cricopharyngeus muscle and the manometric high pressure zone of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter. The cricopharyngeus muscle seems to correspond to the distal 1/3 of the sphineteric high pressure zone and the peak high pressure zone appears to be located proximal to the cricopharyngeus muscle. The discrepancy between the upper high pressure zone and the anatomic cricopharyngeus is important in understanding the role of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the pathophysiology and treatment of clinical disorders of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter.
Section Review: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: New treatment approaches for metastatic breast cancer

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in Westernised countries. Mortality from breast cancer is due to the metastatic spread of cancer cells from their site of origin. Although breast cancer is relatively responsive to chemotherapy compared to other solid tumours, the disease remains incurable. Hormonal agents in development for use in metastatic breast cancer include new anti-oestrogens, anti-progestins, aromatase inhibitors and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists. New chemotherapeutic agents with encouraging activity in this disease include the taxanes, vinorelbine, edatrexate and others. Finally, our expanding knowledge of molecular cancer pathogenesis is leading to the identification of new drug targets and novel treatment approaches.
Trace element inhibition of carcinogenesis and angiogenesis

In separate experimental models the effects of selenium, zinc, potassium, and copper on angiogenesis and carcinogenesis are compared. Inhibitory effects of Se as Na2SeO3 and of chloride salts of K and Zn, but not of Cu, on vascularization induced by amelanotic tumor implants (A Mel-4B32) in the Syrian hamster cheek pouch membrane are reported. In an earlier study the induction of new vasculature, angiogenesis, in control chambers implanted with A Mel-4B32 was initially observed on day 4 after implant. Addition of 5, 10, and 50 μg Se at the time of tumor implant delayed the initial capillary proliferation to days 7, 9, 10, respectively (Cancer Lett. 9, 353, 1980). Similarly, in this report addition of 50 μg Zn or 50 μg K delayed angiogenesis to days 7.and 6, respectively. By contrast, addition of 50 μg Cu caused severe inflammation and necrosis of the membrane before capillary proliferation could be observed and the animals had to be sacrificed. In an earlier study we reported the colon tumor incidence in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg DMG/kg body weight for 20 weeks) -treated Sprague Dawley rats was reduced from 87 to 40% by a 4 ppm Se (as Na2SeO3) supplement in the drinking water (Cancer Lett. 2, 133, 1977). In this study rats were treated with the same dose of carcinogen, but were sacrificed 14 weeks following the last DMH injection. Drinking water supplements with 0.02% Zn (as ZnCl2), 0.5% K (as KCl), or 0.01% Cu (as CuCl2) were provided concurrently with the carcinogen and were continued until death or sacrifice. The colon tumor incidence was 18/20 in the DMH control and was reduced to 16/20 by supplemental Zn, reduced to 12/20 by supplemental K, and was unchanged (18/20) by Cu. The tumor incidences in the small intestine and Zymbal gland were all reduced by Zn, K, and Cu supplements compared with the DMH control. The hamster cheek pouch technique may provide a prescreen for potential inhibitors of chemical carcinogenesis in other experimental models.
Neutrino-Induced Muons Deep Underground

We report here the results of a measurement of the integral energy distribution of the neutrino-induced muon flux deep underground using the Utah neutrino detector. Five neutrino-induced muon candidates have been obtained from the approximately ${10}^{6}$ muons which have passed through the detector during 603 days of live operation out of 830 days total elapsed time. By comparing the observed and expected energy distributions we are able to set lower limits on the saturation energy ${E}_{0}$ of the total neutrino-nucleon cross section or, equivalently, on the mass ${M}_{W}$ of the intermediate vector boson if scale invariance of the inelastic structure function $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ is assumed. We find at the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ levels of confidence ${E}_{0}g320, 80, \mathrm{and} 29$ GeV or ${M}_{W}g10, 5, \mathrm{and} 3$ GeV, respectively.
Robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy in men with proctocolectomy and restorative ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

We conducted a retrospective chart review of robotic prostatectomies done by a single surgeon between 2003 and 2012. During that time period, we identified two patients within the year 2012, with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPPA) who also underwent robotic prostatectomies. The demographics and postoperative characteristics of the two patients were assessed. In both patients, prostatectomy, bilateral nerve sparing, and pelvic lymphadenectomy were successfully performed and the integrity of ileal pouch was maintained. There was a mean surgical time of 144.5 minutes, and an average estimated blood loss was 125 mL. Both patients were discharged on the second day postoperatively. In both patients there was a Gleason upgrade to 3 + 4, with negative margins, and preservation of fecal and urinary continence by their six-month followup. Owing to surgical modifications, these two surgeries represent the first successful robotic prostatectomies in patients with a J-pouch.
Minority help-seeking

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 36 - N° 4 - p. 444-445
Studies on the structure of gangliosides I. On the linkage of N-acetyl neuraminic acid in monosialoganglioside

Abstract Purified ganglioside preparations appear to contain at least four different compounds ( Kuhn et al. , 1961 ; Dain et al. , 1962 ; Klenk and Gielen, 1961 ), which are believed to be due to the occurrence of mono- di- and trisialogangliosides ( Kuhn et al. , 1961 ). These authors have demonstrated that the di- and trisialoganliosides can be degraded to the monosialoganglioside by treatment with the enzyme neuraminidase. This enzyme specifically cleaves terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) residues having an α-ketosidic linkage ( Gottschalk, 1960a ). It has been observed by several investigators that 35 – 60% of the NANA present in a mixture of gangliosides is resistant to hydrolysis by neuraminidase ( Trams and Lauter, 1962 ; Svennerholm, 1962 ; Dain et al. , 1962 ). However, 90% of the total NANA can be liberated by hydrolysis with dilute mineral acids ( Klenk and Gielen, 1960 ; Trams and Lauter, 1962 ) and the remainder with more concentrated acid. Therefore, although nearly all of the NANA linkages have similar acid lability, approximately only one-half of the NANA is neuraminidase-labile. The present study was undertaken in order to gain some insight into the nature of the linkage of the neuraminidase-resistant NANA. In contrast to the other NANA residues, it was assumed that the keto group on carbon 2 of the NANA molecule was not ketosidically linked. Borohydride reduction has been used by several investigators to distinguish between ketosidically linked and free NANA ( Roseman, 1962 ; Warren and Blacklow, 1962 ). Under these conditions free NANA is reduced and no longer reactive in the chemical determination of Warren (1959) while ketosidically linked NANA is unaffected by borohydride treatment. We wished to learn if the keto group of the NANA residue in monosialoganglioside was reduced by borohydride. Orosomucoid was employed as a control compound because all of the NANA in this material has been demonstrated to be neuraminidase-labile and therefore ketosidically linked ( Gottschalk, 1960b ).
Illumination and imaging design for a machine vision crack opening displacement gauge

This paper outlines the specifications for a machine vision COD (MVCOD) gauge and describes some of the steps in designing such a MVCOD system. In particular, we discuss how to select illumination equipment and cameras, calibration techniques, image processing algorithms, and methods for integrating the MVCOD equipment into the complete computer-controlled materials testing system. In addition, we present test data to show the effects of component selections on the final system performance.
Fabrication issues in micromachined tunable optical filters

Prototypes of micromachined tunable infrared optical filters are being produced. Micromachining silicon for use in these filters requires the integration of multilayer dielectric optical coatings such as ZnSe/ThF4. These coatings are novel materials for integration with microlithographic processing. Devices were engineered and a process flow was developed to avoid contaminating processing tools with the coating. A method for patterning the coating was developed. Low-temperature bonding techniques have been explored and tested. Fabrication issues for these micromachined devices are discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assembly of stratum corneum basic protein and keratin filaments in macrofibrils

THE stratum corneum is the most superficial aspect of mammalian epidermis and consists of several layers of fully differentiated, dead cells filled with an insoluble protein complex called keratin. Early ultrastructural studies of the stratum corneum cells revealed a ‘keratin pattern’ of light-staining filaments 70–80 A in diameter embedded in a dark-staining osmiophilic amorphous matrix1. The filaments are synthesised in the inner living cell layers and are variously termed tonofilaments, α-keratin or, more accurately, keratin filaments. The subunits of the filaments of both the living cells and stratum corneum have been extracted with dissociating reagents from bovine2–4, rat5–6, mouse7, and human8 epidermis. In appropriate conditions, these subunits will polymerise in vitro into native-type keratin filaments that are uniformally 70–80 A in diameter7,9. In contrast, the amorphous matrix has not been positively identified at the biochemical level, although it was recently suggested that a stratum corneum basic protein (SCBP) rich in histidine has properties consistent with a possible function as an interfilamentous matrix substance10. We show here that highly ordered structures reminiscent of the keratin pattern in the intact stratum corneum form when the SCBP and epidermal keratin filaments are combined in vitro.
Ionospheric variability for quiet and perturbed conditions

Abstract An F2 region critical frequency database, from 75 ionosonde stations and 25 storms, covering a full solar cycle, was built as the basis of the STORM Time Empirical Ionospheric Correction Model. This database has been sorted by season (five intervals from summer to winter, including intermediate seasons), geomagnetic latitude (four regions, 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80), and storm intensity (as a function of filtered a p ). For each bin of latitude-season, the standard deviation was used to quantify the scatter around the fit, i.e. the geophysical variability. The first interval, between 0 and 500 units of the filtered a p , corresponds to non-perturbed conditions; where approximately one half of the data lay. The rest of the intervals, with increments of 500 units, cover perturbed conditions. For quiet conditions, the lowest variability of the data was found to be about 0.15, in the summer hemisphere. The standard deviation of the data increases up to 0.23 for intermediate seasons, up to 0.22 for equinox, and up to 0.40 for the winter hemisphere. In general, low latitudes show higher variability for both perturbed and un-perturbed conditions, while the summer hemisphere, mid-latitudes have the lowest.
Inactive Type II and Type I Receptors for TGFβ Are Dominant Inhibitors of TGFβ-dependent Transcription

Although transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is implicated in differentiation and disease, proof of in vivo function requires specific inhibitors of the TGFβ cascade. TGFβ binds a family of type I and type II receptors (TβRI, TβRII), containing a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domain. We previously reported that kinase-deficient TβRII (ΔkTβRII) blocks TGFβ-dependent transcription in cardiac myocytes. It is controversial whether both receptors are needed in all cells for gene regulation by TGFβ or whether they mediate distinct subsets of TGFβ-dependent events. To resolve this uncertainty, TGFβ-dependent transcription was investigated in cardiac myocytes versus mink lung epithelial cells. 1) ΔkTβRII inhibits induction of a TGFβ-responsive reporter gene, in both cell backgrounds. 2) Charged-to-alanine mutations of key residues of the TβRII kinase, including consensus ATP binding and amino acid recognition motifs, are competent for binding but not transcriptional activation. Each inactive receptor inhibits TGFβ-dependent transcription in both cell types. 3) Kinase-deficient TβRI (ΔkTβRI) likewise impairs TGFβ-dependent transcription, less completely than ΔkTβRII; kinase-deficient activin type I receptor has no effect. 4) TGFβ-binding proteins in cardiac cells and Mv1Lu cells are comparable by affinity labeling and immunoprecipitation; however, Mv1Lu cells express up to 3-fold higher levels of TβRII and TβRI. Thus, the model inferred from TGFβ-resistant cell lines (that TβRII and TβRI are necessary in tandem for the TGFβ-signaling complex to regulate transcription) is valid for cardiac myocytes, the cell type most prominently affected in TGFβ-deficient animals.
RENAL VASCULAR ANASTOMOSIS BY THE AMERICAN VASCULAR STAPLER.

Summary A new American vascular stapler was used to reanastomose renal arteries and veins in dogs. The anastomoses were done rapidly and essentially without difficulty. Follow-up studies which included pyelography, arteriography and, in some dogs, pathologic examination of tissues, demonstrated the feasibility of stapling as a method for anastomosis of these vessels.
Efficient algorithms for interface timing verification

This paper presents algorithms for computing separations between events that are constrained to obey prespecified relationships in their relative time of occurrence. The algorithms are useful for interface timing verification, where event separations are checked against timing requirements. The first algorithm computes separations when only linear and max constraints exist. The algorithm must converge to correct maximum separation values in a finite number of steps, or report an inconsistence of the constraints, irrespective of the existence of infinite constraint bounds or infinite event separations. It is conjectured to run in \(O(VE + V^2 {\text{ log }}V)\) time, where V is the number of events, and E is the number of relationships between them. The other algorithms extend the first, and compute event separations in the NP-complete version of the problem where min constraints exist. Experiments demonstrate the algorithms are efficient in practice.
Improving error resilience of scalable H.264 (SVC) via drift control

Common error concealment schemes mitigate errors for frames in which losses occur only, even though errors propagate to future frames. Drift control is generally challenging due to lack of reliable basis for determining what needs to be corrected and how. In this paper, we show that for scalable or multi-layer video, an available base-layer can serve as such basis to allow continous error drift checking and correction of higher layers even when the base-layer is of much lower spatial resolution. The associated algorithm is low-complexity, incurs no additional bit cost, and experiments using SVC reference software show PSNR improvement of up to 5 dB over concealment methods without drift control.
The specificity of chloroquine.

(Vol. 2) (Soulsby, E.J.L., ed.), pp 115-163, CRC Press I 5 Rosas, N., Sotelo, J. and Nieto, D. (1986) Arch. Neural 43, 353-356 16 Ito, A. et al. ( 1991 ) Mol. Biochern. Parasitol. 44, 43-52 17 Harrison, L.J.S., Delgado, J. and Parkhouse, R.M.E. (1990) Parasitology 100, 459-461 t 8 Zarlenga, D.S. et af. ( 1991 )Exp. Parasitol. 72, 174-183 19 McManus, D.P. (1990) Rev. Sci. Tech. OfF Int. Epizootol. 9, 489-510 20 Yu, S.H, Xu, L.Q. and Jiang, Z.X. (1990) in Parasitic Zoonoses in Asian-Pacific Regions (Yamaguchi, T. and Ogimoto, K. eds), pp 48-51, Asian-Pacific Congress for Parasitic Zoonoses
Crimina Carnis and Morally Obligatory Suicide

The common consensus on suicide seems to be that even if taking one's life is permissible on some basis, it cannot be morally obligatory. In fact, one argument often used against Utilitarianism is that the principle sometimes requires individuals to sacrifice themselves for the benefit of others, as in the case of healthy individuals who can donate all their life saving organs to those in need of transplants. However, a plausible philosophical case can be built for morally obligatory suicide. First, although not a standard interpretation, it seems clear Kant thought some crimes so morally repugnant that the moral agent should commit suicide rather than performing the former. Using this interpretation, I will strengthen and defend a Kantian argument for morally obligatory suicide in situations of crimina carnis contra naturum.
Synthesis of L -Amino-succinimide

IN an attempt to account for the differences in the chemical and physiological properties of asparagine and glutamine, Steward and Thompson1 have suggested that the structure of asparagine is best described by a tautomeric system the major component of which is the monohydrate of amino-succinimide, while glutamine is best represented by the conventional straight-chain formulation. This theory has been questioned by Leach and Lindley2, by Katz, Pasternak and Corey3, and by others. Steward and Thompson4 pointed out that the synthesis of amino-succinimide and a comparison of its properties in aqueous solution with a solution of asparagine would provide unequivocal evidence either for or against their hypothesis. We wish to report the synthesis of L-amino-succinimide.
Group testing with unreliable elements

We consider a generalization of the well-known nonadaptive group testing problem. In our generalization, tests or measurements are performed in the presence of a number of unknown but fixed pretenders, that will, with certain probability be active (pretend as being defective) during any test. We show some simple extensions of the achievability results of group testing tailored for this case.
Dividend yields and expected stock returns

The power of dividend yields to forecast stock returns, measured by regression R2, increases with the return horizon. We offer a two-part explanation. (1) High autocorrelation causes the variance of expected returns to grow faster than the return horizon. (2) The growth of the variance of unexpected returns with the return horizon is attenuated by a discount-rate effect - shocks to expected returns generate opposite shocks to current prices. We estimate that, on average, the future price increases implied by higher expected returns are just offset by the decline in the current price. Thus, time-varying expected returns generate ‘temporary’ components of prices.
Integrated CMOS impulse UWB receiver front‐end design

A single-chip broadband CMOS receiver front-end, integrating a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a correlator, and a template pulse generator, was investigated in nonsinusoidal time-domain environment for possible use as an impulse-type ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver front-end. Particularly, the CMOS LNA and the multiplier making up the core component of the correlator were designed, fabricated, and tested to verify operation in the UWB range. Time-domain results of the integrated CMOS receiver front-end demonstrate its workability as a receiver for nonsinusoidal UWB applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2590–2595, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24682
Generalized physical cluster densities

Abstract A generalization of an earlier derivation by Hill for the physical cluster densities of a classical monatomic dilute system at equilibrium is given, and a mechanism is constructed for generating cluster densities for any size cluster to any order as power series in the average density. Model systems for which the computation of densities of small clusters is practical are indicated.
Wanted: Reliable and Valid Measures for the Science of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Dissemination and Implementation

The dissemination and implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is stalled by the lack of empirical data to guide the content and evaluation of training programs. To address the questions of “What should be taught?” and “What do clinicians learn?” reliable and valid measures of therapist behaviors and practice elements are needed. The objective of this report is to identify existing CBT measures and to assess their ability to address these critical questions. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify measures of CBT declarative and procedural knowledge. We identified two measures of therapist declarative knowledge, one measure of client declarative knowledge, 22 measures of therapist procedural knowledge, and four measures of client procedural knowledge. Domain coverage, psychometrics, correlations among measures, and relationship to clinical outcomes varied considerably. Measures were evaluated in terms of whether, and to what degree, they might help address key CBT dissemination and implementation questions. Although some of the current set of CBT measures are well suited to the purposes for which they were originally developed, they do not provide the needed technology for advancing CBT dissemination and implementation. Recommendations for measure development are offered.
Two-dimensional Hubbard model: Numerical simulation study.

We have studied the two-dimensional Hubbard model on a square lattice with nearest-neighbor hopping. We first discuss the properties of the model within the mean-field approximation: Because of the form of the band structure, some peculiar features are found. We then discuss the simulation algorithm used and compare simulation results with exact results for 6-site chains to test the reliability of the approach. We present results for thermodynamic properties and correlation functions for lattices up to 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8 in spatial size. The system is found to be an antiferromagnetic insulator for all values of the coupling constant at zero temperature in the half-filled-band case, but the long-range order is much smaller than predicted by mean-field theory. We perform a finite-size-scaling analysis to determine the character of the transition at zero coupling. For non-half-filled-band cases, our results suggest that the system is always paramagnetic, in contradiction with Hartree-Fock predictions. The system does not show tendency to ferromagnetism nor triplet superconductivity in the parameter range studied. We also discuss some properties of the attractive Hubbard model in the half-filled-band case.
Homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl ethers of rosin-derived alcohols

Two vinyl ethers of rosin-derived alcohols were homopolymerized with free-radical and cationic initiators. A polymer was obtained from the vinyl ether of the alcohol from Foral in good conversion by free-radical initiators but it was not a high molecular weight product. Cationic initiators were more effective; boron trifluoride etherate proved to be best. All of the homopolymers were obtained as white powders with high crystallinity. Copolymerizations of the vinyl ethers and vinyl chloride have been studied with the use of free-radical initiators. Cationic-initiated copolymers of the vinyl ethers and isobutyl vinyl ether were studied. Those containing less than 20% of the rosin vinyl ethers were rubbery, of high molecular weight, and could be crosslinked with peroxide.
An alternative approach to image labeling using neural networks

A solution of the image labeling problem using the emerging computational paradigm of neural nets is shown. An overview of neural network technology is provided and the labeling problem is formulated as a problem in symbolic constraint satisfaction. A neural network structure which embodies the labeling constraints is developed in detail. Experimental results and network convergence properties are analysed. >
Weekly topotecan for recurrent endometrial cancer: a case series and review of the literature.

Abstract Objective. Topotecan, a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor activity in ovarian and endometrial cancers when administered daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. Recently, topotecan has been studied on a weekly dosing schedule for the treatment of ovarian cancer and found to have efficacy with reduced toxicity. The aim of this study is to review the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) experience with weekly topotecan dosing in women with recurrent endometrial cancer. We have included a review of the literature of weekly topotecan in the treatment of patients with gynecologic cancer. Methods. After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, we identified all women with recurrent endometrial cancer treated with topotecan at MSKCC from May 1996 to February 2004. Patients treated on a weekly schedule were assessed for toxicity and response. A review of the literature pertaining to weekly topotecan in the treatment of endometrial cancer was also performed. Results. Eleven patients were treated with weekly topotecan during the study period, with doses ranging from 2.5–4.0 mg/m 2 on a 2- or 3-week schedule with 1 week off. The median age of the patients was 60 years old (range, 47–76 years), and the median Karnofsky performance status was 80%. Six of the 11 patients were previously treated with more than three chemotherapy regimens and eight had received prior pelvic radiation. Ninety-seven percent of treatment doses were delivered as scheduled, and only two patients required dose reductions. One patient achieved a prolonged partial response for 54 weeks, and two patients had stabilization of disease for 15 weeks each. Conclusions. Weekly topotecan has antitumor activity and is well tolerated in patients with recurrent endometrial cancer, including those patients with multiple prior treatments. Topotecan on a weekly bolus schedule should be evaluated in prospective trials to better establish its role in the treatment of recurrent endometrial cancer.
Characteristics of the VOR in Response to Linear Acceleration

The primate linear VOR (LVOR) includes two forms. First, eye-movement responses to translation [e.g., horizontal responses to interaural (i.a.) motion] help maintain binocular fixation on targets, and therefore a stable bifoveal image. The translational LVOR is strongly modulated by fixation distance, and operates with high-pass dynamics (> 1 Hz). Second, other LVOR responses occur that cannot be compensatory for translation and instead seem compensatory for head tilt. This reflects an otolith response ambiguity--that is, an inability to distinguish head translation from head tilt relative to gravity. Thus, ocular torsion is appropriately compensatory for head roll-tilt, but also occurs during IA translation, since both stimuli entail IA acceleration. Unlike the IA-horizontal response, IA torsion behaves with low-pass dynamics (with respect to "tilt"), and is uninfluenced by fixation distance. Interestingly, roll-tilt, like IA translation, also produces both horizontal (a translational reflex) and torsional (a tilt reflex) responses, further emphasizing the ambiguity problem. Early data from subjects following unilateral labyrinthectomy, which demonstrates a general immediate decline in translational LVOR responses, are also presented, followed by only modest recovery over several months. Interestingly, the usual high-pass dynamics of these reflexes shift to an even higher cutoff. Both eyes respond roughly equally, suggesting that unilateral otolith input generates a binocularly symmetric LVOR.
Does Information That a Suicide Victim Was Psychiatrically Disturbed Reduce the Likelihood of Contagion?1

For example, psychological disturbance is stigmatizing, so knowledge that the suicide victim was psychiatrically disturbed may decrease the possibility that others will imitate the act. To assess this possibility, 306 undergraduate volunteers read a fictitious newspaper article about a 16-year-old high school sophomore, Pat, who committed suicide. There were 7 variations of the article, 4 containing negative circumstances (psychiatric disturbance, romantic relationship breakup, parents' divorce, alcohol problems), and 2 containing positive circumstances (being a varsity athlete, being an honors student). A control group received no information about circumstances. Knowledge of Pat's life circumstances had no effect on respondents' estimates of the possibility of the suicide being imitated, but did affect attitudes about the suicidal act itself and attitudes toward Pat's family. Apparently the circumstances surrounding the suicide have no affect on respondents' estimates of themselves following suit, but do affect how they see the victim and bereaved family.
Chemical hormesis in cell growth: a molecular target at the cell surface.

A multifunctional ubiquinol (NADH) oxidase with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity of the cell surface, abbreviated as NOX, is described as a molecular target for chemical hormesis of cell growth. The activity of the NOX correlates with rate of cell enlargement, which helps to determine how rapidly cells will divide. When NOX activity is inhibited, cells fail to enlarge following division and the result is a population of small cells unable to reach the minimum size required for them to divide again. In plants, cells fail to enlarge when NOX activity is inhibited. When NOX activity is stimulated or constitutively activated, as in cancer, cells enlarge more rapidly and the rate of cell division also is enhanced. Both cell growth and NOX activity are sometimes stimulated by low concentrations of normally inhibitory molecules. These properties define chemical hormesis, making the NOX molecule a molecular target to explain hormetic growth responses and to utilize hormetic principles to increase, for example, crop yields with plants. The NOX activity at the cell surface oscillates with a temperature-compensated 24-min ultradian (<24 h) periodicity. The indicated function of the NOX protein as a time-keeping mechanism adds to its potential importance as a molecular target for chemical hormesis.
Interventions for seropositive injectors-research and evaluation: an integrated behavioral intervention with HIV-positive injection drug users to address medical care, adherence, and risk reduction.

Background: Behavioral interventions to address the complex medical and HIV risk reduction needs of HIV-seropositive (HIVpositive) injection drug users (IDUs) are urgently needed. We describe the development of Interventions for Seropositive Injectors— Research and Evaluation (INSPIRE), a randomized controlled trial of an integrated intervention for HIV-positive IDUs, and the characteristics of the baseline sample. Methods: HIV-positive IDUs were recruited from community settings in 4 US cities. After completing a baseline assessment, participants who attended the first session were randomly assigned to (1) a 10-session peer mentoring intervention designed to improve utilization of HIV care, to improve adherence to HIV medications, and to reduce sexual and injection risk or (2) an 8-session videotape control. Periodic follow-up for 12 months is ongoing. Results: A total of 1161 HIV-positive IDUs completed the baseline assessment, and 966 (83%) were randomized. Retention rates are greater than 80% for all follow-up periods. Approximately 79% of baseline participants reported a recent medical visit, 49% were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy, and 19% had an undetectable viral load. Use of injection and noninjection substances was prevalent, and sexual and injection risks were each reported by more than 25% of participants.
Why Be Moral? A Conceptual Model from Developmental Psychology

This paper is concerned with the relationships among moral reasoning, moral motivation, moral action, and moral identity. It explores how major figures in developmental psychology have understood these relationships, with attention to schematic models or conceptual maps. After treating Piaget, Kohlberg, Rest, Colby and Damon, and Blasi, I present a critical synthesis, a conceptual model of how developmental psychology might best answer the question, Why be moral?
Distribution of methanotrophs in managed and highly disturbed watersheds

Potential impacts of mechanized infantry training activities on the distribution of methanotrophs were investigated in two watersheds on Fort Benning, a US Army installation in southwest Georgia, USA. The Bonham Creek watershed shows significant impacts from intensive training exercises, including severe erosion and deposition of sediments in bottomlands. The Sally Branch watershed is a managed watershed with only limited exposure to mechanized training activity and much less erosion. A clone library of the gene encoding particulate methane monooxygenase, pmoA, was constructed from DNA extracted from Sally Branch bottomland and upland samples. Libraries were constructed from only one watershed in the interest of decreasing the amount of sequencing, and Sally Branch was chosen for construction of these libraries because relatively undisturbed environments generally exhibit higher levels of diversity. The Sally Branch pmoA libraries were dominated by a deeply rooted lineage related to Type I methanotrophs (the ‘‘Benning soil cluster g,’’ BSCg). Sequences clustering with known Type II methanotrophs were restricted to samples takenfrom the SallyBranch bottomlandsample. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of pmoAwas applied to samples taken from transects located in upland and bottomland sites within the two watersheds. Observed T-RFs matched well with T-RFs predicted from sequences obtained from the clone library,withfewexceptions.PrincipalcomponentsanalysisrevealedthatinbothwatershedsmostT-RFLPsfromuplandsamples clustered separately from bottomland samples. Upland and bottomland T-RFLPs clustered separately in the Sally Branch transect; however, some Bonham Creek bottomland T-RFLPs clustered within the upland cluster, suggesting mixing of upland with bottomland soils in this watershed. Assemblages were, in general, similar between the eroded and managed watersheds, although erosional soil movement likely resulted in mixing of upland assemblages with bottomland assemblages in the Bonham Creek watershed. # 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Golgi and EM studies of the formation of dendritic and axonal arbors: The interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of rolando in newborn kittens

Golgi studies in newborn kittens show that the two most prevalent interneurons in Rexed's lamina II of the dorsal horn of the medulla, the stalked cell and islet cell (Gobel, 1975a,b, 1978b) form their dendritic arbors in a similar fashion. At birth, both cell types are present in forms ranging from immature, in which numerous short dendrites radiate from the cell body in all directions, to relatively mature in which their dendritic arbors have elongated in specific directions and the adult branching pattern is already evident. During postnatal maturation, many dendrites are lost while only a few go on to lengthen. The unmyelinated axons of both cells are first recognized in forms in which lengthening dendrites have taken on their preferred direction of orientation. The two parts of Rexed's lamina II, i.e., layers IIa and IIb have already reached their adult mediolateral width at birth and the neuropil has nearly achieved its adult compactness. Space in the compact neuropil for elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes becomes available through the disintegration of many existing dendrites and by an overall fourfold increase in the rostrocaudal length of the dorsal horn of the medulla during postnatal maturation. At birth, the lengthening of the plasma membranes of elongating neuronal and astrocytic processes proceeds as vesicles (addition vesicles) found in aggregates throughout dendrites, unmyelinated axons and astrocytic processes fuse with and become incorporated into the existing plasma membranes. In addition, many dendrites in layers IIa and IIb are beading up and disintegrating. Within the beads, neurotubules are lost and addition vesicles fuse with each other to form small cavities. These cavities continue to enlarge, hollowing out the beads. The cavities ultimately open to the intercellular space as their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane of the beads. Finally, the beads disintegrate and their plasma membranes fragment. The thread-like segments between adjacent disintegrating beads shrivel until they ultimately disappear. Disintegration of beaded dendrites results in very little debris and does not provoke a phagocytic glial reaction. The disintegration of a dendritic branch takes place in spite of synaptic input from non-primary axons and is thought to occur from a failure to establish synaptic connections with primary axonal endings.
Studies on sex determination in the American alligator alligator mississippiensis

Estradiol-17β was measured in the plasma and urogenital tissues of male and female alligator embryos. Hormone levels were generally very low and there was no significant differences between the sexes. There were no significant changes in estrogen levels during the period of gonadal differentiation in either sex. Alligator embryos incubated at male producing temperatures were feminized by small doses of estrogen applied to the egg shell. The antiestrogen, tamoxifen, masculinizes turtle and bird embryos, but, paradoxically, feminized alligator embryos at male producing temperatures. The contraceptive steroid, norethindrone, a progestin that is claimed to block estrogen synthesis, is the most potent estrogenic steroid tested on alligator embryos. A single dose of norethindrone applied to the egg shell caused massive hypertrophy of the Mullerian duct and feminized embryos at male producing temperatures. The androgen, dihydrotestosterone, had no detectable effect on male or female embryos at the doses tested. Undifferentiated urogenital tracts of embryos were cultured at 30 and 33°C in the presence of steroids, tamoxifen, or antibodies to steroids. None of the treatments had any effect on tissue differentiation. Tissues survived for up to 6 weeks, but there was no evidence of gonadal differential in vitro. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Image Processing To Aid in Graphene Detection

Qualitative techniques for the detection of graphene on a Si/SiO2 substrate, without the use of sophisticated equipment, are presented. Once calibrated, this technique can be used to detect Single Layer Graphene (SLG) and Few Layer Graphene (FLG) with the use of an inexpensive optical microscope (OM), OM camera system, and image processing software. This technique could be transferred to graphene deposited on other substrates or other 2-D materials with minor updates to mathematical theory.