cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary and secondary immune responses of sheep to tetanus toxoid.

Abstract After primary and secondary stimulation respectively with tetanus toxoid antitoxin appeared in the circulation of 19 sheep. The rate of antitoxin production, duration of the period of rapid production, persistence of a high titre, and the uniformity of the rate of its decline, were not significantly different after the primary and after the secondary responses. The primary response developed 9 to 15 days after injection: the secondary response occurred generally between the third and fifth days. Animals which have received a primary injection, can be differentiated from immunologically intact animals by ascertaining whether they produce antitoxin 7 days after one injection of toxoid. The difference in the magnitude of the two responses was less than would be anticipated from the generally accepted concepts of antibody production. The rate of the appearance of antitoxin in the circulation fits in with the observations of other workers using more sophisticated procedures.
Combined Lipase Deficiency (cld): A Lethal Mutation on Chromosome 17 of the Mouse

Two triglyceride lipases, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase, participate in the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. A single recessive mutation, cld, on mouse chromosome 17 causes an apparent deficiency of both lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities. Mice homozygous for this defect develop lethal hyperchylomicronemia within 2 days postpartum as a consequence of nursing. Plasma triglyceride values in affected mice often reach 20,000 milligrams per deciliter (100 times higher than that in normal littermates), and total lipase activity in plasma or tissues is 5 to 20 percent of that in controls.
Expression of Functional Oat Phytochrome A in Transgenic Rice

To investigate the biological functions of phytochromes in monocots, we generated, by electric discharge particle bombardment, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa cv Gulfmont) that constitutively expresses the oat phytochrome A apoprotein. The introduced 124-kD polypeptide bound chromophore and assembled into a red- and far-red-light-photoreversible chromoprotein with absorbance spectra indistinguishable from those of phytochrome purified from etiolated oats. Transgenic lines expressed up to 3 and 4 times more spectrophotometrically detectable phytochrome than wild-type plants in etiolated and green seedlings, respectively. Upon photoconversion to the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome, oat phytochrome A was degraded in etiolated seedlings with kinetics similar to those of endogenous rice phytochromes (half-life approximately 20 min). Although plants overexpressing phytochrome A were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants when grown under high-fluence white light, they were more sensitive as etiolated seedlings to light pulses that established very low phytochrome equilibria. This indicates that the introduced oat phytochrome A was biologically active. Thus, rice ectopically expressing PHY genes may offer a useful model to help understand the physiological functions of the various phytochrome isoforms in monocotyledonous plants.
Cholesterol regulates assembly of human islet amyloid polypeptide on model membranes.

Amylin, a 37-aa pancreatic hormone, is the major constituent of islet amyloid, a hallmark of type II diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have revealed a pivotal role of anionic phospholipids in membrane-catalyzed amylin fibrillogenesis and aggregation. However, cholesterol, an integral component of eukaryotic cell membranes, also could have a role. In this study, we have examined the effect of cholesterol on amylin polymerization both on planar membranes and in solution. Using time-lapse atomic force microscopy, we have studied the dynamics and macromolecular organization of amylin on anionic and neutral planar membranes that lack or include cholesterol. On cholesterol-depleted planar membranes, amylin formed highly symmetrical tetrameric and pentameric pore-like supramolecular structures composed of 25- to 35-nm intermediate-sized globular structures or oligomers. Conversely, on membranes incorporating cholesterol, amylin formed highly compact ∼ 200- to 500-nm protein clusters that constituted seeds or nuclei for continuing amylin binding and aggregation. However, cholesterol inhibited amylin nucleation with a 7-fold decrease in the number of amylin particles. Consequently, cholesterol-containing membranes accumulated significantly less amyloid with some membrane areas completely free of amyloid particles. The inhibitory effect of cholesterol on amylin aggregation in solution was also demonstrated as a 16-fold decrease in the aggregation rate. Consistent with this, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a stable, soluble random-coil conformation for amylin in the presence of cholesterol that could explain the inhibitory effect of cholesterol on amylin polymerization in solution and on membranes. The modulatory effect of cholesterol was largely independent of membrane charge or phospholipids, suggesting a novel cholesterol-regulated amylin polymerization process.
Entering the Millennium: A New Century for LCSH

SUMMARY Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), a system originally designed as a tool for subject access to the Library's own collection in the late nineteenth century, has become, in the course of the last century, the main subject retrieval tool in library catalogs throughout the United States and in many other countries. It is one of the largest non-specialized controlled vocabularies in the world. As LCSH enters a new century, it faces an information environment that has undergone vast changes from what had prevailed when LCSH began, or, indeed, from its state in the early days of the online age. In order to continue its mission and to be useful in spheres outside library catalogs as well, LCSH must adapt to the multifarious environment. One possible approach is to adopt a series of scalable and flexible syntax and application rules to meet the needs of different user communities.
Interfacial debonding and fiber pull-out stresses of fiber-reinforced composites II: Non-constant interfacial bond strength

Abstract Stresses required to cause initial, partial and complete debonding at the fiber-matrix interface and to pull out a fiber have been analyzed for a fiber-reinforced composite. Solutions for partial and complete debonding have previously been obtained under the condition that the interfacial bond strength is independent of the bond length. However, this condition is not strictly valid. Modification of the previous analysis is presented in which the non-constant interfacial bond strength is considered. Furthermore, the stress vs. displacement relationship for the fiber during the pull-out process is addressed.
Patient selection for cardiac transplant in 2012

Heart transplantation is the treatment of choice for many patients with advanced heart failure who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy. Although heart transplantation results have improved over the past 10 years, careful patient selection and risk stratification of patients with advanced heart failure is paramount given limited allograft resources. Moreover, as alternative therapies to heart transplant, such as mechanical circulatory support, continue to improve in terms of patient outcomes, the selection strategy for those patients who would benefit from device support as destination therapy or bridge-to-transplant versus those patients who should proceed directly to transplant will continue to evolve. This review focuses on the optimal timing for heart transplant, risk stratification models for patient selection, as well as examining factors that continue to provoke controversy during the candidate selection process and factors that have changed from absolute to relative contraindications as the authors experience with cardiac transplantation continues to increase.
Portfolio Dynamics for Customers of a Multi-Service Provider

Multi-service providers, such as telecommunication and financial service companies, can benefit from understanding how customers’ service portfolios evolve over the course of their relationships. This can provide guidance for managerial issues such as customer valuation and predicting customers’ future behavior, whether it is acquiring additional services, selectively dropping current services, or ending the relationship entirely. In this research, we develop a dynamic hidden Markov model to identify latent states that govern customers’ affinity for the available services through which customers evolve. In addition, we incorporate and demonstrate the importance of separating two other sources of dynamics: portfolio inertia and service stickiness. We then examine the relationship between state membership and managerially relevant metrics, including customers’ propensities for acquiring additional services or terminating the relationship, and CLV. Through a series of illustrative vignettes, we show that customers who have discarded a particular service may have an increased risk of canceling all services in the near future (as intuition would suggest), but also may be more prone to acquire more services, a provocative finding of interest to service providers. Our findings also emphasize the need to look beyond the previous period, as utilized in much current research, and consider how customers have evolved over their entire relationship in order to predict their future actions.
Rate of renal cell carcinoma subtypes in different races.

Purpose: We sought to identify racial differences among histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) between black and non-black patients in an equal-access health care system. Materials and Methods: We established a multi-institutional, prospective database of patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy between January 1, 2000 and Sept 31, 2009. For the purposes of this study, data captured included age at diagnosis, race, tumor size, presence of lymphovascular invasion, presence of capsular invasion, margin status, and tumor histology. Results: 204 kidney tumors were identified (Table-1). Of these, 117 (57.4%) were in black patients and 87 (42.6%) were in non-black patients. Age at surgery ranged from 37 to 87 with a median of 62. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 22.0 cm with a median of 5.0 cm. Overall, tumors were composed of clear cell RCC in 97 cases (47.5%), papillary RCC in 65 cases (31.9%), chromophobe RCC in 13 cases (6.4%), collecting duct/medullary RCC in 2 cases (1.0%), RCC with multiple histological subtypes in 8 cases (3.9%), malignant tumors of other origin in 6 cases (2.9%), and benign histology in 13 cases (6.4%). Among black patients, papillary RCC was seen in 56 cases (47.9%), compared to 9 cases (10.3%) among non-black patients (p < 0.001) (Table-2). Clear cell RCC was present in 38 (32.5%) of black patients and in 59 (67.8%) of non-blacks (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In our study, papillary RCC had a much higher occurrence among black patients compared to non-black patients. This is the first study to document such a great racial disparity among RCC subtypes.
Mitochondrial DNA characterization of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from the USA

SummaryWe carried out a study which involved DNA sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial DNA COI-COII region of Africanized honey bees (AHB) from the USA. A total of 12 mitotypes were observed, of which seven have not been previously described. Of the 172 samples, two mitotypes, A1 and A1d, accounted for 77% of the observed mitotypes, while mitotypes A1a, A26c, A26d, A29a, and A30 were only observed once. A possible reason why these new mitotypes have not been described before is because previous studies on AHB in the new world have relied primarily on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which is less sensitive than DNA sequence data. Multiple mitotypes of ‘A’ lineage honey bees have previously been observed in South America and Mexico using PCR-RFLP and DNA sequence analysis. Our findings are consistent with previous studies of AHB genetic variation from central Mexico, Columbia, and northern Brazil, in that the A1 mitotype was more common than the A4. Maximum parsimony analysis rev...
Ephrin-As Guide the Formation of Functional Maps in the Visual Cortex

Ephrin-As and their receptors, EphAs, are expressed in the developing cortex where they may act to organize thalamic inputs. Here, we map the visual cortex (V1) in mice deficient for ephrin-A2, -A3, and -A5 functionally, using intrinsic signal optical imaging and microelectrode recording, and structurally, by anatomical tracing of thalamocortical projections. V1 is shifted medially, rotated, and compressed and its internal organization is degraded. Expressing ephrin-A5 ectopically by in utero electroporation in the lateral cortex shifts the map of V1 medially, and expression within V1 disrupts its internal organization. These findings indicate that interactions between gradients of EphA/ephrin-A in the cortex guide map formation, but that factors other than redundant ephrin-As are responsible for the remnant map. Together with earlier work on the retinogeniculate map, the current findings show that the same molecular interactions may operate at successive stages of the visual pathway to organize maps.
Synthesis of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene and polypropylene, with controlled molecular structures

This article discusses a new chemical route to prepare maleic anhydride (MA) grafted polyethylene and polypropylene polymers with controlled molecular structure, that is, MA grafted content and polymer molecular weight and composition distributions. The chemistry involves a free radical graft reaction of maleic anhydride with poly(ethylene-co-p-methylstyrene) and poly(propylene-co-p-methylstyrene) copolymers. Under a suspension reaction condition, the grafting reaction takes place selectively on the p-methylstyrene units in the copolymer, due to high reactivity of p-methyl group and favorable mixing between p-methylstyrene units and chemical reagents in the swollen amorphous phases. The resulting polymer shows no detectable molecular weight change during the reaction, and the MA grafted content increases with the increase of initiator and p-methylstyrene concentrations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1337–1343, 2000
Function of Wnt/β-catenin in counteracting Tcf3 repression through the Tcf3−β-catenin interaction

The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway classically functions through the activation of target genes by Tcf/Lef-β-catenin complexes. In contrast to β-catenin-dependent functions described for Tcf1, Tcf4 and Lef1, the known embryonic functions for Tcf3 in mice, frogs and fish are consistent with β-catenin-independent repressor activity. In this study, we genetically define Tcf3-β-catenin functions in mice by generating a Tcf3ΔN knock-in mutation that specifically ablates Tcf3-β-catenin. Mouse embryos homozygous for the knock-in mutation (Tcf3(ΔN/ΔN)) progress through gastrulation without apparent defects, thus genetically proving that Tcf3 function during gastrulation is independent of β-catenin interaction. Tcf3(ΔN/ΔN) mice were not viable, and several post-gastrulation defects revealed the first in vivo functions of Tcf3-β-catenin interaction affecting limb development, vascular integrity, neural tube closure and eyelid closure. Interestingly, the etiology of defects indicated an indirect role for Tcf3-β-catenin in the activation of target genes. Tcf3 directly represses transcription of Lef1, which is stimulated by Wnt/β-catenin activity. These genetic data indicate that Tcf3-β-catenin is not necessary to activate target genes directly. Instead, our findings support the existence of a regulatory circuit whereby Wnt/β-catenin counteracts Tcf3 repression of Lef1, which subsequently activates target gene expression via Lef1-β-catenin complexes. We propose that the Tcf/Lef circuit model provides a mechanism downstream of β-catenin stability for controlling the strength of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development.
Theoretical study of oxygen isotope exchange and quenching in the O(1D) + CO2 reaction

Ab initio multireference configuration interaction calculations have been carried out for the CO3 system in singlet and triplet electronic states to investigate the mechanism of the O(1D) + CO2 rea...
Assisting Older Persons With Adjusting to Hearing Aids

This intervention study tested the feasibility and initial effect of Hearing Aid Reintroduction (HEAR) to assist persons aged 70 to 85 years adjust to hearing aids. Following this 30-day intervention, hearing aid use increased between 1 and 8 hr per day with 50% of participants able to wear them for at least 4 hr. Hearing aid satisfaction improved from not satisfied to satisfied overall. The study demonstrated that HEAR is feasible and could improve hearing aid use of a substantial number of older persons who had previously failed to adjust to their hearing aids and had given up. However, further testing among a larger and more diverse population is needed to better understand the effectiveness and sustainability of the intervention.
Phytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals

SUMMARY Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete plant pathogen classified in the kingdom Stramenopila. P. ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death on coast live oak and tanoak as well as ramorum blight on woody ornamental and forest understorey plants. It causes stem cankers on trees, and leaf blight or stem dieback on ornamentals and understorey forest species. This pathogen is managed in the USA and Europe by eradication where feasible, by containment elsewhere and by quarantine in many parts of the world. Genomic resources provide information on genes of interest to disease management and have improved tremendously since sequencing the genome in 2004. This review provides a current overview of the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of P. ramorum . Taxonomy: Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock & Man in’t Veld): kingdom Stramenopila; phylum Oomycota; class Peronosporomycetidae; order Pythiales; family Pythiaceae; genus
Composing polymorphic information flow systems with reference immutability

Information flow type systems, such as EnerJ (a type system for energy efficiency), and integrity and confidentiality, are unsound if subtyping for references is allowed because of the presence of mutable references. The standard approach is to disallow subtyping for references, or in other words, replace subtyping constraints with equality constraints. Unfortunately, this often leads to imprecision, causing the type system to reject valid programs. We observe that subtyping is safe when the left-hand-side of the assignment is immutable. Therefore, we compose information flow systems with reference immutability, which allows for limited subtyping for references. We infer types with the standard approach (i.e., no subtyping for references), and with the composition approach on 13 Java web applications. The composition approach achieves at least 20% precision improvement over the standard approach.
Genetic basis for a rare floral mutant in an Andean species of Solanaceae

PREMISE OF THE STUDY White forms of typically pigmented flowers are one of the most common polymorphisms in flowering plants. Although the range of genetic changes that give rise to white phenotypes is well known from model systems, few studies have identified causative mutations in natural populations. METHODS Here we combine genetic studies, in vitro enzyme assays, and biochemical analyses to identify the mechanism underlying the loss of anthocyanin pigment production in the naturally occurring white-flowered morph of Iochroma calycinum (Solanaceae). KEY RESULTS Comparison of anthocyanin gene sequences revealed a putative loss-of-function mutation, an 11 amino-acid deletion in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), in the white morph. Functional assays of Dfr alleles from blue and white morphs demonstrated that this deletion results in a loss of enzymatic activity, indicating that the deletion could be solely responsible for the lack of pigment production. Consistent with this hypothesis, quantitative PCR showed no significant differences in expression of anthocyanin genes between the morphs. Also, thin layer chromatography confirmed that the white morph continues to accumulate compounds upstream of the DFR enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these experiments indicate that the structural mutation at Dfr underlies the rare white flower morph of I. calycinum. This study is one of only a few examples where a flower color polymorphism is due to a loss-of-function mutation in the coding region of an anthocyanin enzyme. The rarity of such mutations in nature suggests that negative consequences prevent fixation across populations.
A Five-Gene and Corresponding Protein Signature for Stage-I Lung Adenocarcinoma Prognosis

Purpose: Identification of effective markers for outcome is expected to improve the clinical management of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we assessed in NSCLC the prognostic efficacy of genes, which we had previously found to be differentially expressed in an in vitro model of human lung carcinogenesis. Experimental Design: Prediction algorithms and risk-score models were applied to the expression of the genes in publicly available NSCLC expression data sets. The prognostic capacity of the immunohistochemical expression of proteins encoded by these genes was also tested using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens from 156 lung adenocarcinomas and 79 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Results: The survival of all-stages ( P P in vitro lung carcinogenesis model (FILM) signature was significantly poorer than that of patients who did not. No survival differences were observed between SCCs predicted to express or lack FILM signature. Moreover, all stages ( P P = 0.001, HR = 2.6) adenocarcinoma patients predicted to be at high risk by FILM transcript exhibited significantly worse survival than patients at low risk. Furthermore, the corresponding protein signature was associated with poor survival (all stages, P P P P = 0.001, HR = 4.0; stage-I, P = 0.01, HR = 3.4; stage-IB, P Conclusions: Our findings highlight a gene and corresponding protein signature with effective capacity for identification of stage-I lung adenocarcinoma patients with poor prognosis that are likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1490–501. ©2010 AACR.
H7N9 influenza viruses interact preferentially with α2,3-linked sialic acids and bind weakly to α2,6-linked sialic acids

The recent human outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza A virus has caused worldwide concerns. Receptor binding specificity is critical for viral pathogenicity, and still not thoroughly studied for this emerging virus. Here, we evaluated the receptor specificity of the haemagglutinin (HA) of two human H7N9 isolates (A/Shanghai/1/13 and A/Anhui/1/13) through a solid-phase binding assay and a flow cytometry-based assay. In addition, we compared it with those from several HAs from human and avian influenza viruses. We observed that the HAs from the novel H7 isolates strongly interacted with α2,3-linked sialic acids. Importantly, they also showed low levels of binding to α2,6-linked sialic acids, but significantly higher than other avian H7s.
Interstitial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations within sinking marine aggregates and their potential contribution to carbon flux

Accurate estimates of the quantity of organic carbon sedimenting to the sea floor are important in evaluating the rate at which carbon is sequestered in the deep sea and the impact of the ocean on the global carbon cycle. However, extensive studies quantifying marine sedimentation over the past decades have considered only the particulate fraction of sinking material. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) carried along in the interstices of sinking marine snow, the particles that comprise the bulk of particle flux throughout most of the ocean, has not been included previously. Empirical measurements of the interstitial DOC concentrations of individual aggregates of marine snow from coastal California and Washington revealed high values ranging from 8.9 to 140 mg L−1 that were significantly correlated with aggregate size, decreasing as aggregate size increased. Solubilization of particulate matter within aggregates by associated bacteria and reduced diffusion rates due to the fractal geometry of aggregates help maintain these high interstitial concentrations against diffusive processes. Although interstitial DOC concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude higher than ambient DOC concentrations in the surrounding seawater, the cumulative interstitial DOC in aggregates contributed <2.5% to total DOC in the water column. However, DOC comprised up to 31% of the total organic carbon in aggregates, averaging about 20%, indicating that previous measurements of sedimenting carbon in the ocean that have included only the particulate fraction have significantly and systematically underestimated the vertical flux of organic carbon.
Applications of Parallel Scheduling to Perfect Graphs

We combine a parallel algorithm for the two processor scheduling problem, which runs in polylog time on a polynomial number of processors, with an algorithm to find transitive orientations of graphs where they exist. Both algorithms together solve the maximum clique problem and the minimum coloring problem for comparability graphs, and the maximum matching problem for co-comparability graphs. These parallel algorithms can also be used to identify permutation graphs and interval graphs, important subclasses of perfect graphs.
Feasibility of using Nonlinear Excitation in Human Clinical Imaging Applications

This talk outlines the current state, promise and some safety concerns of direct imaging of tissue morphology and disease using nonlinear excitation of tissue fluorescence, chemotherapy agents and SHG signals as diagnostic clinical signals.
Homologous Intrusions: An Analogue of Linguistic Blends:

Homologous intrusions represent a frequent type of error in a task involving synchronous tapping with the fingers of both hands and reflect the incursion of one motor sequence on another in a manner resembling linguistic blends, such as EVOID, an inadvertent combination of EVADE and AVOID.
Manganoan kinoshitalite in Mn-rich marble and skarn from Virginia

A new locality for the Ba-rich trioctahedral mica, kinoshitalite [Ba(Mg,Mn,Fe,Al)3Si1.9−2Al2−2.2O10(OH,F)2], has been found in a metamorphosed manganoan marble from Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Metamorphic grade is middle amphibolite facies, with documented P and T of 400 MPa and 575 °C. The locality is along strike not far from the well known Bald Knob, North Carolina, Mn-mineral locality, and appears to represent a silica-poorer analog of Bald Knob. The kinoshitalite occurs in a single layered hand sample containing both skarn and marble layers, and it shows significant compositional contrasts between the two lithologies. Kinoshitalite is scarce and fine-grained in manganoan marble and coexists with kutnahorite, manganoan calcite, fluorian alleghanyite, fluorian sonolite, aluminous jacobsite, and alabandite. Kinoshitalite is both more abundant and coarser-grained in skarn where it coexists with kutnahorite, tephroite, fluorian manganhumite, spessartine, jacobsite, and manganoan magnetite. A-sites in kinoshitalite in skarn are about 3/4 occupied by Ba (with the remainder mostly K), whereas in marble, Ba occupancy of A-sites exceeds 90% and most of the remainder is Ca. X Mg in octahedral sites is >0.6 and is higher in marble than in skarn, whereas X Mn is significant (>0.2) and is higher in skarn than in marble. The VIAl is significantly higher in skarn kinoshitalite, as is total Tschermak content. The total Tschermak content of these barian micas (VIAl + Ti + Fe3+) is typical of all previously reported kinoshitalites and is significantly lower than that of clintonite and biotite. The X F of kinoshitalite in marble is significantly higher than that in skarn. The petrogenesis of kinoshitalite at the Hutter Mine locality is unclear due to the lack of context for the single mine-dump sample in which the mineral was found and the absence of textural evidence for reactions. However, the two likeliest source minerals for Ba that have been found in the deposit are barite and BaCa(CO3)2 (probably barytocalcite). One hypothetical reaction to produce kinoshitalite involves decarbonation, in which BaCa(CO3)2, rhodochrosite, Mn-garnet, and aqueous fluid react to form kinoshitalite, tephroite (or an Mn-humite), calcite, and CO2. A second potential reaction to form kinoshitalite involves barite, Mn-garnet, tephroite, and aqueous fluid as reactants, and kinoshitalite, alabandite, jacobsite, SiO2, and O2 as products.
Take a Selfie of Life: A Qualitative Exploration of College Students’ Self-Reflections on Free Time Use and Personal Values

AbstractAdopting a qualitative approach, this study explores college students’ self-reflections on free time use and personal values. Data were collected from 111 students’ final reflection papers for a class entitled “Leisure and Human Behavior.” The findings suggest that leisure education may empower students with fundamental knowledge about positive and negative aspects of free time and the importance of choices, decisions, and priorities. The knowledge learned in class, coupled with a three-phase time diary project, prompted self-reflection on life choices and time management. For some, this reflection inspired them to engage in more meaningful activities, such as volunteering and civic engagement.
Definitions and Rationales

This chapter reviews legal and research definitions of restraint and restrictive behavior management practices. It distinguishes between culturally appropriate and culturally inappropriate forms of restraint and restrictive behavior management practices. Culturally appropriate forms of restraint and restrictive behavior management practices may include certain forms of child behavior management, restraint in medical and similar contexts, and legally sanctioned practices and legal sanctions which often restrict movement. Restraint may include physical, personal, chemical, and other forms of restraint. Two common forms of restrictive behavior management practices are seclusion and time-out. Concern over these practices is now often voiced in terms of human rights. The reasons for these practices include ensuring the safety of the person and others around them, that these practices are a form of treatment. Data generally do not support the belief that restrictive behavior management practices are safe.
Receptors and Signaling Pathways Used by the Neurotrophins, CNTF and a New Family of Neurotrophic Factors, the EFLs

Publisher Summary The neurotrophins utilize a family of receptors, known as the tropomyosin-receptor-kinases (Trks), which have proven to be surprisingly similar to the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) utilized by traditional growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. The neurotrophins also use an accessory receptor component, known as p75 or the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, which seems to play no role in intracellular signaling; however, it serves to assist the Trks in mediating responses to low concentrations of each of the neurotrophins. This chapter presents a schematic representation of neurotrophin receptor activation and the receptor system used by ciliary neurotrophic factor and implications for other cytokine receptor systems. The chapter also presents a schematic representation of how particular phosphorylated tyrosines in the β-receptor components serve to recruit specifically downstream SH2-domain-containing substrates. The finding that the neurotrophins utilize RTKs suggested that the identification of novel receptor-like tyrosine kinases expressed in the brain could be used to identify novel neurotrophic factors. There is a new family of receptor-like tyrosine kinases known as the EPH-related receptor-like tyrosine kinases because EPH was the first member of this family to be isolated. Several members of this receptor family, such as EHK1 and EHK2, are largely restricted to the nervous system in their expression.
Cementless Tapered Wedge Femoral Stems Decrease Subsidence in Obese Patients Compared to Traditional Fit-and-Fill Stems

Abstract Background Femoral component stability and resistance to subsidence is critical for osseointegration and clinical success in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to radiographically evaluate the anatomic fit and subsidence of 2 different proximally tapered, porous-coated modern cementless femoral component designs. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 126 consecutive cementless total hip arthroplasties was performed. Traditional fit-and-fill stems were implanted in the first 61 hips with the remaining 65 receiving morphometric tapered wedge stems. Preoperative bone morphology was radiographically assessed by the canal flare index. Canal fill in the coronal plane, subsidence, and the sagittal alignment of stems was measured digitally on immediate and 1-month postoperative radiographs. Results Demographics and canal flare indices were similar between groups. The percentage of femoral canal fill was greater in the tapered wedge compared to the fit-and-fill stem ( P = .001). There was significantly less subsidence in the tapered wedge design (0.3 mm) compared to the fit-and-fill design (1.1 mm) ( P = .001). Subsidence significantly increased as body mass index (BMI) increased in the fit-and-fill stems, a finding not observed in the tapered wedge design ( P = .013). Conclusion An anatomically designed morphometric tapered wedge femoral stem demonstrated greater axial stability and decreased subsidence with increasing BMI than a traditional fit-and-fill stem. The resistance to subsidence, irrespective of BMI, is likely due to the inherent axial stability of a tapered wedge design and may be the optimal stem design for obese patients.
Automated Hardware IP Generation for Digital Signal Processing Applications

This paper presents a design environment for efficiently generating application-specific finite impulse response (FIR) filters. We used the FIR filters blocks to construct signal processing hardware systems . Our design and performance analysis framework (D-PAF) significantly reduced the design efforts by providing low-level optimization techniques implemented from a higher level of design abstraction. We used a three-level, five-channel discrete wavelet transform (DWT) system as a case study to illustrate that our framework generated improved FIR filters. These filter structures can be used to improve the overall system performance compared to the use of general purpose FIR intellectual property (IP) cores. We exhibited a 33% increase in throughput using our efficient FIR filters while reducing the overall design size by half. Design and analysis times are in the order of minutes using our framework, versus weeks or months using conventional design methods.
Quality of life of burn survivors treated in the military burn center

Abstract Background Limited research explains the quality of life (QOL) among burn survivors during post-hospitalization rehabilitation. Purpose To determine the QOL of military and civilian burn survivors treated in the military burn center. Methods In this longitudinal study, QOL was examined in 131 burn survivors (88 civilians; 43 military). Participants completed the Abbreviated Burn Specific Health Scale (BSHS-A) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) over 5 time points post-discharge. Discussion Civilian and military participants reported improved QOL over time on most BSHS-A subscales. Military participants had higher global BSHS-A scores at discharge, but at 6 months plateaued while civilians improved and had higher global BSHS-A scores at 18 months. Scores on the SWLS were consistently higher for military participants than for civilians. Conclusion Military versus civilian patients may have different expectations about their ability to rehabilitate. The post-hospitalization period needs to be better understood to develop appropriate QOL interventions.
Dietary Fat Quantity and Type Induce Transcriptome-Wide Effects on Alternative Splicing of Pre-mRNA in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Background: Fat-enriched diets produce metabolic changes in skeletal muscle, which in turn can mediate changes in gene regulation.Objective: We examined the high-fat-diet-induced changes in skeletal muscle gene expression by characterizing variations in pre-mRNA alternative splicing.Methods: Affymetrix Exon Array analysis was performed on the transcriptome of the gastrocnemius/plantaris complex of male obesity-prone Sprague-Dawley rats fed a 10% or 60% fat (lard) diet for 2 or 8 wk. The validation of exon array results was focused on troponin T (Tnnt3). Tnnt3 splice form analyses were extended in studies of rats fed 10% or 30% fat diets across 1- to 8-wk treatment periods and rats fed 10% or 45% fat diets with fat sources from lard or mono- or polyunsaturated fats for 2 wk. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to measure body composition.Results: Consumption of a 60% fat diet for 2 or 8 wk resulted in alternative splicing of 668 and 726 pre-mRNAs, respectively, compared with rats fed a 10% fat diet. Tnnt3 transcripts were alternatively spliced in rats fed a 60% fat diet for either 2 or 8 wk. The high-fat-diet-induced changes in Tnnt3 alternative splicing were observed in rats fed a 30% fat diet across 1- to 8-wk treatment periods. Moreover, this effect depended on fat type, because Tnnt3 alternative splicing occurred in response to 45% fat diets enriched with lard but not in response to diets enriched with mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fat mass (a proxy for obesity as measured by NMR) did not differ between groups in any study.Conclusions: Rat skeletal muscle responds to overconsumption of dietary fat by modifying gene expression through pre-mRNA alternative splicing. Variations in Tnnt3 alternative splicing occur independently of obesity and are dependent on dietary fat quantity and suggest a role for saturated fatty acids in the high-fat-diet-induced modifications in Tnnt3 alternative splicing.
Paediatric devices that grow up

Devices made with resorbable polymers and braided materials can accommodate tissue growth in long-bone and heart-valve animal models.
IN VITRO RESPONSES OF MYOGLOBIN-PRIMED LYMPH NODE CELLS TO MYOGLOBIN AND MYOGLOBIN SYNTHETIC ANTIGENIC PEPTIDES

The ultimate objective of the newer immunology is to understand various immune responses and reactions in cellular and molecular terms. The relevant molecules include various antigenic determinants, receptors and antigen-binding molecules on lymphocytic surfaces, molecules produced and secreted by lymphocytes, and lymphocytic surface molecules that recognize and are triggered by helper and/or regulatory molecules produced by other cells (Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, 1976). These cellular and molecular mechanisms have been illuminated by studies with hapten-protein and synthetic peptide systems in inbred strains of mice. Beginning in the early 1970’s Goodman utilized glucagon, Benjamini Tobacco mosaic virus protein and then Levy ferredoxin to obtain much new information about the relationships between antigenic structure of these proteins and their peptides and the capacity of these molecules to induce various immune reactions. We assumed that many questions about such relationships could be approached incisively with peptides derived from proteins of known molecular and antigenic structure. It was also hoped that the complexity of immune responses would be reduced by studying the results of adding single peptides to lymphocytes; this was based on the assumption that some of this complexity was due to the response of different clones of T and/or B lymphocytes to the different antigenic determinants on a protein. We proposed to utilize small peptides approximating in size one antigenic determinant, i.e., a tetrapeptide (Schechter et al., 1966) because such peptides would not effect the cross-linkage of receptors considered necessary for lymphocytic activation (Fanger et al., 1970).
Individual and family issues surrounding a rare disease

Objective: The purpose of this research was to gain an understanding of individual and family experiences of living with a rare disease. Background: There are over 7,000 types of rare diseases affecting > 25 million individuals in the United States (US) and more worldwide. Individuals with a rare disease are geographically separated and may encounter care providers unfamiliar with their disease. They often face diagnostic delays, inadequate treatment options or a lack of hope for a cure. Economic and societal implications include high costs associated with morbidity and mortality. While there is some research on individual rare disease experiences, a review of experiences common to a wide variety of rare diseases for potential commonalities has not been established. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design of case study methodology involved data collection through individual and small group interviews and also by email. Analysis identified themes and commonalities found within the rare diseases represented in this study. Results: Thirty-five adults diagnosed with a rare disease and some family members participated. Data revealed phases of adjustment and themes associated with those experiences. Themes included isolation or feeling all alone, frustrations, searching for a specialist, developing disease expertise, finding outside support, striving for stability and normalacy and maintaining hope. Conclusions: The participants in this study faced their rare disease obstacless with courage. Appreciation of their varied disease experiences contributes to a fund of limited information on rare disease experiences.
Differential response to renal replacement therapy in neonatal-onset inborn errors of metabolism.

Severe urea cycle defects (UCD), organic acidemias (OA) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are life-threatening disorders presenting in the first days of life. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an emergency option in affected newborns, mostly performed as ultima ratio. We report our 10-year experience using emergency RRT in newborns with UCD, OA and MSUD. Twelve newborns (eight with UCD, two with methylmalonic acidemia and two with MSUD) underwent emergency RRT. The overall survival rate to RRT was 58.3%. Hyperammonemic newborns required earlier RRT with respect to MSUD patients (75 (65-102) vs 301 (192-410) h of life, P < 0.01). Hyperammonemic neonates surviving (n = 5) and non-surviving (n = 5) the acute neonatal decompensation showed similar birth weight (P = 0.690), duration of intubation (P = 0.917), ammonia at onset (P = 0.916) and at the start of RRT (P = 0.426), age at RRT (P = 0.999) and duration of coma before RRT (P = 0.691). Remarkably, all survivors quickly responded to RRT, with ammonia concentration less than 300 μmol/L after 8 h of treatment. One patient with UCD successfully treated by neonatal RRT died at 4 months of life because of sepsis. All patients with MSUD had normalized leucine levels after 12 h of RRT, surviving the acute neonatal decompenstation. All long-term survivors (five liver transplanted, one waiting for liver transplantation) currently show normal or near-normal neurological development (48 ± 39 months of age). Early response to RRT was associated with survival irrespective of pre-treatment picture. RRT can be considered even in huge neonatal metabolic decompensations. Early liver transplantation may be an option for select patients.
Beyond the Dialectic Between Wall Street and Main Street: A Materialist Analysis of The Big Short

In this essay, we provide a materialist analysis of Adam McKay’s 2015 film The Big Short. We contend that while, on one level, the film appears to be a celebration of several idiosyncratic traders ...
Size Matters: Dwarf Cells in Soil and Subsurface Terrestrial Environments

Soils are perhaps the most challenging of natural environments to characterize microbiologically. The difficulties arise from the spatial heterogeneity, temporal variability, and multiphase nature of soil environments, and from the concomitant high diversity of microorganisms, most of which cannot be cultured. While the situation is not unique to soils, the problem is especially acute in soils because the nonculturable (or at least noncultured by current techniques) fraction of the community is generally very large. Comparisons of dilution plate counts of culturable microorganisms with direct microscopic counts of total microorganisms indicate that only 0.001 to 4% of microorganisms in soils can be cultured on organic growth media (32, 50, 142). Information regarding the nature of these uncultivated microbes has come from microscopic studies (e.g., 8), indirect characterization by activity measurements (e.g., 7), and molecular approaches, such as amplification, cloning, and sequencing of genes encoding small subunit RNA genes (e.g., 118).
Thermo-hydraulic model for steam condensation in a large, inclined, flattened-tube air-cooled condenser

Abstract A thermo-hydraulic model for calculating capacity, heat transfer coefficient and void fraction of an inclined air-cooled steam condenser is presented. The condenser tube has an elongated-slot cross-section, with inner dimensions of 214 × 16 mm. The model was developed for a 10.7 m-long tube, and validated by comparison with experiments in a 5.7 m-long tube. The model is for downward inclination angles from 0 to 90°, with co-current vapor and condensate flow. The cooling air is in cross flow. This model is developed based on existing models for inclined, stratified-flow condensation. These have been adapted to the flattened-tube air-cooled condenser geometry and conditions. The model couples both air- and steam-side behavior in order to accurately resolve the variations in heat transfer coefficients, temperatures, and heat flux. On the steam side, the model is for stratified flow, and separates the flow into two sections: a falling film along the wall, and an axially-flowing condensate river along the tube bottom. The axially-flowing condensate river is modeled using open-channel-flow theory. On the air side, heat transfer coefficient is determined from a combination of empirical correlation and CFD. The model and experimental results show agreement within 5% for capacity and 20% for void fraction for all tube inclinations.
Mathematically Modeling Emotion Regulation Abnormalities During Psychotic Experiences in Schizophrenia

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to examine emotional reactivity and regulation abnormalities during the presence and absence of psychosis. Participants included 28 outpatients with s...
Intergenerational Transmission of Depression

The study of depression in mothers in relation to transmission of risk for the development of psychopathology in their children relies on solid foundations in the understanding of psychopathology, of development, and of developmental psychopathology per se. This article begins with a description of the scope of the problem, including a summary of knowledge of how mothers' depression is associated with outcomes in children and of moderators of those associations. The sense of scope then informs a theoretical and empirical perspective on knowledge of mechanisms in those associations, with a focus on what has been learned in the past 20 years. Throughout the article, and in conclusions at the end, are suggestions for next steps in research and practice.