cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Mercury Concentrations in Walleyes in Northern Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract We examined relations between mercury concentrations in walleyes Stizostedion vitreum and the characteristics ofclear-water Wisconsin lakes, which spanned a broad range of pH values (5.0–8.1) and acid-neutralizing capacities (–9 to 1,017 μeq/L). Total concentrations of mercury in axial muscle tissue of walleyes (total length, 25–56 cm) varied from 0.12 to 1.74 μg/g wet weight. Concentrations were greatest in fish from the eight lakes with pH less than 7.0; concentrations in these fish equaled or exceeded 0.5 μg/g in 88% of the samples analyzed and 1.0 μg/g in 44%. In the five lakes with pH of 7.0 and above, concentrations exceeded 0.5 μg/g in only 1 of 21 walleyes. Multiple regression revealed that lake pH and total length offish accounted for 69% of the variation in mercury concentration in walleyes. Regression models with total length and either waterborne calcium or acid-neutralizing capacity as independent variables accounted for 67% of the variation in concentration. The observed differences...
Thermosensitive events in the replication of adenovirus type 2 at 42

Abstract The production of infectious adenovirus type 2 is reduced more than 99% when infected KB suspension cultures are maintained at 42°. The abortive event(s) at 42° occur late after infection, for cultures held at 42° for 12 hr and then shifted to 37° yield normal amounts of infectious virus. Although 31 S viral DNA and virion polypeptides are synthesized at 42°, no 800 S viral particles are formed. The failure to produce virus at the elevated temperature can be attributed to lack of capsomere assembly. Although infected cultures incubated at 42° accumulate large amounts of structural viral polypeptides, formation of hexon capsomeres is reduced 99% and penton and fiber assembly are diminished more than 90%.
Knowledge and beliefs regarding oral health among pregnant women

Background Racial or ethnic and economic disparities exist in terms of oral diseases among pregnant women and children. The authors hypothesized that women of a racial or ethnic minority have less oral health knowledge than do women not of a racial or ethnic minority. Therefore, the authors conducted a study to assess and compare maternal oral health knowledge and beliefs and to determine if maternal race and ethnicity or other maternal factors contributed to women’s knowledge or beliefs.
A methodological pilot: parenting among women in substance abuse treatment.

BACKGROUND Mothers who abuse substances are likely to have insecure emotional attachment with their children, placing their children at risk for social-emotional and psychiatric conditions. Sobriety does not inevitably improve parenting. OBJECTIVES We tested recruitment methods, audiovisual (AV) recording procedures, the protocol for identifying child abuse risk, the coding of mother-child interactions, and retention of the sample for repeated measures as the first phase in examining mother-child relational quality of women in substance abuse treatment. DESIGN This innovative study involved AV recordings to capture the in-vivo mother-child interactional behaviors that were later coded and analyzed for mean scores on the 64-item Parent-Child Relational Quality Assessment. Repeated measurement was planned during treatment and two months after discharge from treatment. RESULTS The pilot involved a small sample (n = 11) of mother-child (<6 years) dyads. Highest and lowest ratings of interaction behaviors were identified. Mothers showed less enthusiasm and creativity but matched their child's emotional state. The children showed appropriate motor skill items and attachment behaviors. The dyad coding showed less mutual enjoyment between the mother and child. Eight of the participants could not be located for the second measurement despite multiple contact methods. CONCLUSIONS AV recordings capture rich, descriptive information that can be coded for interactional quality analysis. Repeated measurement with this cohort was not feasible, thus needing to assess for additional/more frequent contacts to maintain the sample.
Ultrasound induced, copper mediated homocoupling using polymer supported aryltrifluoroborates

Abstract Using Dowex polymer supported aryltrifluoroborates, we are able to achieve homocoupling for a variety of compounds. The reactions were completed in 6 h, while producing high yields of the desired products. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, using ultrasound as the energy source, copper acetate as the metal co-reactant, and aqueous ethanol as solvent.
Contrast in confocal scanning microscopy with a finite detector.

SUMMARY The optical properties of a general scanning microscope are determined within the framework of Fourier imaging theory. For a simple model optical system, with Gaussian lens and detector apertures, the contrast transfer function can be expressed in terms of elementary functions. The theory predicts that spatial resolution and depth discrimination vary continuously with detector aperture and that defocus phase contrast is present in transmission images obtained with a symmetric objective, collector lens confocal microscope.
Feeding Regimen, Dietary Calcium, and the Diurnal Rhythms of Serum Calcium and Calcitonin in the Rat*

Experiments were designed initially to investigate the possibility of a gastrointestinal involvement in the postprandial increase in calcitonin (CT) secretion. In this study, adult male rats were fed for a minimum of 5 weeks Purina rodent laboratory chow, the Harvard low calcium diet (HLCD), or the HLCD with added CaCO3. The rats had access to food only between 1730‐0830 h (dark period, 1800–0600 h). Serum levels of CT increased between 1 h before and 2 h after the beginning of the regular feeding time in all groups, even in rats deprived of food. The results showed that neither calcium nor food was essential for the rise in CT levels at the usual feeding time. Other experiments also showed that feeding did not increase CT secretion. For example, when fasted male rats were fed between 1030–1130 h (during the light period) commercial diets or the HLCD with or without added CaCCO3, no increase in serum CT occurred even in rats showing increases in serum gastrin. However the administration of CaCl2 by gavage...
Effect of Grafting on the Incompatibility Response of Oenothera organensis

POLLEN-STYLE compatibility in Oenothera organensis is determined by a series of allelic genes designated S1S2, S3S4, etc.1. S1 or S2 pollen on an S1S2 stigma germinates but penetrates the style only a few millimetres. S3, S4… Sn pollen on S1S2 grows through the entire length of the style (about 150 mm), reaching the ovary in a 12-h period. (Plants derived from the original Emerson1 collections have retained their high degree of self-incompatibility. These collections were made in 1937 at a time when the population of O. organensis in this type location (Dripping Springs, Organ Mountains, New Mexico) was estimated to be more than 100 plants. A subsequent collection made in 1959 by Drs. S. Emerson and R. S. Bandurski has proved to have a much higher degree of self-fertility. At the time this later collection was made, the number of individuals in the type locality had been reduced to about 8 plants. It thus appears that the population became at least partially self-fertile as the plant neared extinction.)
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 interactions with western corn rootworm midgut membrane binding sites.

Background Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 are binary insecticidal proteins that are co-expressed in transgenic corn hybrids for control of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Bt crystal (Cry) proteins with limited potential for field-relevant cross-resistance are used in combination, along with non-transgenic corn refuges, as a strategy to delay development of resistant rootworm populations. Differences in insect midgut membrane binding site interactions are one line of evidence that Bt protein mechanisms of action differ and that the probability of receptor-mediated cross-resistance is low.
Treatment of bilateral groups I through III retinoblastoma with bilateral radiation.

• Thirty-seven patients with bilateral retinoblastoma, groups I, II, and III, were treated with simultaneous bilateral radiation. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months. Twenty-two of these patients were examined because of known history of retinoblastoma. Eight of these 22 patients had no evidence of retinoblastoma on at least one examination before the detection of retinoblastoma, and two had bilateral disease present at birth. Of 74 eyes treated, 39 required additional treatment and 11 ultimately were enucleated. Three patients died of metastatic disease. Seven patients subsequently had second nonocular tumors develop that were both in and out of the field of radiation.
Immunologic effects of human thymic stromal grafts and cell lines

These experiments report a method of preparing stromal remnants from human thymus. The remnants were composed of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages. They were grafted under the renal capsule of nude mice. Some of the grafts were reconstituted with lymphocytes to obtain the microscopic morphology of the thymus. The mice with reconstituted grafts survived in a conventional environment, had increased numbers of T cells in their spleen, and showed improvement of T-cell mediated immunologic function. This was measured by a positive allogeneic effect, a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and cell-mediated lysis. In vitro cell lines were established from thymic remnants of two separate individuals. These lines grew as attached monolayers. One of them was composed of fibroblasts. The other had an epithelial morphology. This epithelial cell line (HT-7) was shown to produce factors which promoted thymocyte differentiation in vitro.
Evaluation of Lisianthus as an Indicator Host for Iris yellow spot virus

Abstract Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) can severely affect onion production. IYSV is transmitted by the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. However, information on IYSV–thrips–onion interactions is limited due to the difficulty associated with infecting onion plants experimentally. Lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum) was used as an indicator host to study mechanical transmission of IYSV, IYSV transmission by T. tabaci, IYSV distribution in the host plant, and the effect of temperature on IYSV symptom expression. Mechanical inoculation tests from IYSV-infected onion plants to noninfected lisianthus plants resulted in a mean transmission rate of 82.5 ± 6.9% (mean ± standard error), and from IYSV-infected lisianthus plants to noninfected lisianthus plants resulted in a mean transmission rate of 89.2 ± 7.1%. T. tabaci adults transmitted IYSV at a rate of 80.0 ± 8.3% from infected onion plants to noninfected lisianthus plants. To assess IYSV distribution in infected lisianthus plants, leaf sections, stems, and roots we...
Effects of cyclophosphamide and buthionine sulfoximine on ovarian glutathione and apoptosis

Treatment with the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CPA) destroys ovarian follicles. The active metabolites of CPA are detoxified by conjugation with glutathione (GSH). We tested the hypotheses that CPA causes apoptosis in ovarian follicles and that suppression of ovarian GSH synthesis before CPA administration enhances CPA-induced apoptosis. Proestrous rats were given two injections, 2 h apart, with (1) saline, then saline; (2) saline, then 50 mg/kg CPA; (3) saline, then 300 mg/kg CPA; or (4) 5 mmol/kg buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and then 50 mg/kg CPA. Statistically significantly increased DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis and granulosa cell apoptosis by TUNEL were observed in the CPA-treated ovaries 24 h after the second injection, but BSO did not enhance the effect of 50 mg/kg CPA. We next tested the hypothesis that CPA depresses ovarian GSH concentration and expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, GCL. Proestrous rats were injected with 300 or 50 mg/kg CPA or vehicle and were sacrificed 8 or 24 h later. After CPA treatment, ovarian and hepatic GSH levels decreased significantly, and ovarian GCL subunit mRNA levels increased significantly. There were no significant changes in GCL subunit protein levels. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that GSH depletion causes apoptosis in ovarian follicles. Proestrous or estrous rats were injected with 5 mmol/kg BSO or saline at 0700 and 1900 h. There was a significant increase in the percentage of histologically atretic follicles and a nonsignificant increase in the percentage of apoptotic, TUNEL-positive follicles 24 h after onset of BSO treatment. Our results demonstrate that CPA destroys ovarian follicles by inducing granulosa cell apoptosis and that CPA treatment causes a decline in ovarian GSH levels. More pronounced GSH suppression achieved after BSO treatment did not cause a statistically significant increase in follicular apoptosis. Thus, GSH depletion does not seem to be the mechanism by which CPA causes follicular apoptosis.
Natural vs Artificial Face Classification Using Uniform Local Directional Patterns and Wavelet Uniform Local Directional Patterns

Face classification is a technique used in Biometrics to help distinguish between facial images. However, this technique has been applicable on human face images only. Online virtual worlds such as Second Life, Sims Online, etc. are gaining popularity over the Internet. They require human users to create a digital persona of oneself, known as an "avatar". Several avatars are designed to resemble human users. With crime being reported in virtual worlds, computer-generated avatar faces being created from human faces and human-resembling humanoids being designed, there is a need to distinguish between natural and artificial faces. Our work applies two new face classification techniques on grayscale, facial images of humans and avatars to tell them apart. (1) Uniform Local Directional Pattern (ULDP) utilizes the uniform patterns from Local Directional Pattern (LDP) (2) Wavelet Uniform Local Directional Pattern (WULDP) applies the ULDP technique on the wavelet transform of an image. Extensive experiments conducted on five different face image datasets (Caltech, FERET for human faces and Entropia, Second Life, Evolver for avatar faces) achieve baseline average classification accuracies of 98.55% using ULDP and 89.55% using WULDP respectively.
All-optical XOR gate for quantum ciphertext in optical communications

Cryptography in communications is of increasing importance and several sophisticated cryptographic algorithms have been developed. Quantum mechanical principles have been employed yielding cryptographic keys to generate ciphertext, especially applicable to optical communications, and which are believed to be unbreakable. In optical communications, the quantum ciphertext is the bit-by-bit exclusive-Or (XOR) operation of the quantum key and the text. Thus, an all-optical XOR gate is required at the transmitter, which for compactness and efficiency it should be simple and monolithically integrable. In this paper we review the quantum ciphertext generation, and we present a novel XOR gate that requires a single wavelength, in contrast to other solutions that require additional optical signals for control and synchronization. Simulation results support the viability of our novel all-optical XOR gate at data rates up to 40 Gbps.
Mass transfer performance of an endless belt counter-current ion exchanger for liquid phase adsorption

The performance of an endless belt counter-current liquid phase adsorption contactor has been studied experimentally for the removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solution by a cation exchange resin. Although, such a device appears to offer the possibility of a highly efficient contactor, the performance is in fact severely constrained by the effect of solid side mass transfer resistance (diffusion of Cu2+ within the resin) and by internal recirculation of the fluid, which becomes severe at high belt speeds. As a result of these constraints the system behaves effectively as a single theoretical stage and both the steady state and transient behaviour are adequately modeled on that basis.
Computational verb systems : Verb logic

Computational verb systems are new platforms for artificial intelligence. They embed the dynamical knowledge expressed by dynamical experiences of human brains into machines by using pattern thinking. In this paper, the relationship defined by verbs in human natural languages is modeled by computational verb logic (verb logic for short). To unify different verbs with different contexts into comparable standard forms, the concepts of BE transformation and canonical BE transformation are given. The atomic and molecular verb sentences under canonical BE transformations are also defined for verb logic. The basic verb logic operations are given. Some examples are given to demonstrate the concepts of BE transformation and verb logic. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomistic simulation and virtual diffraction characterization of homophase and heterophase alumina interfaces

Abstract The objective of this work is to elucidate the structure and energy of 12 homophase and heterophase alumina interfaces using atomistic simulations with the ReaxFF potential. First, the computational methods are validated by exploring a set of five α-Al 2 O 3 symmetric tilt twin interfaces. The interface structures and energies for most homophase α-Al 2 O 3 twins are in good agreement with prior atomistic studies; however, small deviations occur for select α-Al 2 O 3 interfaces due to the larger, more appropriate interface areas explored in this work. Next, select experimentally observed κ-Al 2 O 3 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , and θ-Al 2 O 3 homophase interfaces as well as heterophase α-Al 2 O 3 //γ-Al 2 O 3 and θ-Al 2 O 3 //γ-Al 2 O 3 interfaces are investigated for the first time using atomistic simulations to elucidate their atomic structure, including terminating plane(s) and relaxations, and to compute interface energies. ReaxFF predicts that the γ-Al 2 O 3 {1 1 1} twin and the θ-Al 2 O 3 {2 0 0} twin interfaces have energies of the same order as the lowest-energy α-Al 2 O 3 prismatic twin boundary and that the heterophase α-Al 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1)//γ-Al 2 O 3 (1 1 1) interface has the lowest energy of all interfaces studied. Lastly, virtual selected-area electron diffraction patterns of select interfaces are used to experimentally validate the predicted interface structures. Because a consistent computational method is implemented throughout this work, the computed interface energies can be incorporated in future predictive mesoscale simulations of polymorphic alumina.
Relating Electrolyte Leakage to Shelled Corn Storability

ABSTRACT Corn from three growing seasons was harvested, dried, and stored in small bins. Samples taken at harvest and after various periods of bin storage (up to 77 months) were evaluated by two primary tests: carbon dioxide evolution during accelerated storage at ≈20.5% moisture content and 26°C and electrolyte leakage from bulk (100 g) samples soaking in deionized water. The initial (t < 72 hr) slope of carbon dioxide evolution rate curves (SLOPE72) was used as a base measure of storability (i.e., potential for safe storage without significant mold invasion). In electrolyte leakage tests, both test temperature and initial sample moisture content influenced results. Additionally, water conductivity after 10 min was correlated (r = 0.79) with SLOPE72, implying that electrolyte leakage has the potential to provide rapid information regarding future storability.
Qualitative evaluation of the effect of a soil detoxicant on aldicarb persistence

Aldicarb is a highly active systemic miticide, insecticide and nematicide. The active ingredient is 2-methyl-2(methylthio) propionaldehyde 0(methylcarbamoyl) oxime and the product trade name is TEMIK | The most significant biological effect of aldicarb and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites is acute toxicity due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (Harvey 1975). In addition, aldicarb is extremely toxic to mammals, the oral LD50 to rats being about 1 mg/kg (Payne et al. 1966).
Synthesis and biological evaluation of paclitaxel analogs modified in ring C

Abstract Both 7-deoxy-7α-azidopaclitaxel (6) and 7-deoxy-Δ6,7-paclitaxel (4) can be prepared from paclitaxel-7-0-triflate (2b). Oxidation of 7-deoxy-Δ6,7-paclitaxel with dioxirane yields the epoxide 7, while oxidation with osmium tetroxide yields 6α-hydroxy-7-epipaclitaxel (9), and acylation of this gives the 6α-acyloxy-7-epipaclitaxel derivatives 11a-d. No compound was as effective at promoting tubulin assembly as paclitaxel, but most stabilized polymer as well as or better than paclitaxel. Compounds 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11d differed little from paclitaxel in their cytotoxicity for human Burkitt lymphoma CA46 cells.
Solid Micro Horn Array (SMIHA) for Acoustic Matching

Transduction of electrical signals to mechanical signals and vice-versa in piezoelectric materials is controlled by the material coupling coefficient. In general in a loss-less material the ratio of energy conversion per cycle is proportional to the square of the coupling coefficient. In practical transduction however the impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric material and the electrical drive circuitry or the mechanical structure can have a significant impact on the power transfer. This paper looks at novel methods of matching the acoustic impedance of structures to the piezoelectric material in an effort to increase power transmission and efficiency. In typical methods the density and acoustic velocity of the matching layer is adjusted to give good matching between the transducer and the load. The approach discussed in this paper utilizes solid micro horn arrays in the matching layer which channel the stress and increase the strain in the layer. This approach is found to have potential applications in energy harvesting, medical ultrasound and in liquid and gas coupled transducers.
Long optical pathlength thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry : study of homogeneous chemical reactions

Abstract The convenience and advantage of the long optical pathlength thin-layer cell (LOPTLC) for monitoring the follow-up chemical reactions of electrochemically generated species are demonstrated. The hydrolysis rate constants for various electrogenerated o -quinone and p -quinoneimines are determined at both Pt and glassy carbon electrodes. In the case of Pt, adsorption of the organics was prevented by pretreating the electrode with KI so that the surface is covered with a monolayer of iodine. With the glassy carbon electrode, the effect of surface functional groups on the hydrolysis mechanism is observed when the electrode is preoxidized at high anodic potentials. The ability to see the influence of the surface to the rates and mechanisms of the hydrolysis is due to the high surface area to solution volume ratio of the LOPTLC.
Open radar interferometry software for mapping surface Deformation

[1] Over the past 15 years, software for processing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data into maps of surface deformation has been developed and refined. The InSAR technique is commonly used to investigate deformation associated with earthquakes, volcanoes, withdrawal of crustal fluids, and coherent ice motions [Massonnet and Feigl, 1998]. The software, called Generic Mapping Tools Synthetic Aperture Radar (GMTSAR), is an open-source (GNU General Public License) InSAR processing system designed for users familiar with Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) [Wessel and Smith, 1998]. The GMTSAR code is written in the C programing language and will run on any UNIX® computer. It requires installation of GMT and Network Common Data Format (NetCDF) and supports several fast Fourier transform libraries.
Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression.

Maintenance treatments in bipolar disorders and schizophrenia are securely established, and their discontinuation is associated with high but modifiable risk of early relapse. The benefits of long-term antidepressant treatment in major depression and the risks of discontinuing medication at various times after clinical recovery from acute depression are not as well defined. Computerized searching found 27 studies with data on depression risk over time including a total of 3037 depressive patients treated for 5.78 (0-48) months and then followed for 16.6 (5-66) months with antidepressants continued or discontinued. Compared with patients whose antidepressants were discontinued, those with continued treatment showed much lower relapse rates (1.85 vs. 6.24%/month), longer time to 50% relapse (48.0 vs. 14.2 months), and lower 12-month relapse risk (19.5 vs. 44.8%) (all p < 0.001). However, longer prior treatment did not yield lower postdiscontinuation relapse risk, and differences in relapses off versus on an...
Access Information: Public Lies and Private Peril

Access—in Goffman's sense of openness to and availability for interaction—is an especially salient concept for gender relations. Access information is a related concept defined as information given in public that can be used to locate an individual at some future time. The 25 women and men interviewed as part of this field study reported that rules and practices for disclosing access information are not gender neutral among strangers. Women reported conflicting pressures on them: they desire to remain accessible to others in the limited ways possible to them, and they sometimes want to spark acquaintance with men; but they will always want to remain crime-conscious and not divulge a name or address to a potential criminal. These women also reported that such pressures have given rise to the development of presentational strategies when interacting with strange men. The contingencies and relative success of these strategies are examined here.
Relationship Between White Matter Integrity, Attention, and Memory in Schizophrenia: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Attention and memory deficits are among the most prominent cognitive disturbances observed in schizophrenia. It has been suggested that a disruption in anatomical connectivity between areas involved in attentional control might be responsible for these abnormalities. We used Diffusion Tensor Tractography and Color Stroop/Negative Priming(NP) paradigm to investigate integrity of the Cingulum Bundle(CB), the main white matter tract interconnecting these regions, and its relationship with executive functions in patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. The Fractional Anisotropy(FA), was calculated along the CB pathways, and correlated with reaction times for each Stroop item, and both Stroop, and NP effects. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated decreased CB integrity and diminished NP effect, compared with controls, but both groups showed Stroop effect. For patients only, reaction times for every item, as well as for Stroop effect, correlated with left CB FA. These findings suggest that CB integrity disruptions might compromise the executive processes in schizophrenia.
TU‐C‐BRB‐10: An Electronic Whiteboard and Associated Databases for Physics Workflow Coordination in a Paperless, Multi‐Site Radiation Oncology Department

Purpose: To enhance medical physics workflow coordination within a multi‐site, paperless radiotherapy department, a virtual physics whiteboard, process controlanalysis and problem reporting tools were developed. In a large department, coordination of planning and verification activities among cross‐site staff can be particularly challenging. Furthermore, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on department tasks revealed that physics process steps scored particularly high as potential safety risks, making physics process control a high priority. Methods: As part of a department‐ wide, data‐driven quality initiative, a “No Fly” policy was introduced in 2010 that mandates automatic delays to patient treatment starts when delays in the treatment preparation process occur. To address potentially high safety risks in physics tasks, tools were developed to decrease delays in physics‐specific process steps. A virtual whiteboard was created that provides a summary view of the status of all current patients. Key physics tasks are structured with timing guidelines specified in the physics process flow chart. As they are completed, task items are checked and dated. Planning delay events are reported in a new quality reporting database for monthly Quality Management committee review. Significant process or patient safety issues that become evident may lead to formal changes in policies and procedures using a new policiesdatabase, and evolving process control is evaluated using a new quality analysisdatabase that examines task completion slip days. Results: A majority of physics processes have shown a decrease in variability, pointing to increased process control, while others have been flagged as requiring further investigation and mitigation measures. Conclusions: Process and quality control in a multi‐hospital radiation medicine department is critical in maintaining patient safety and smooth workflow. A set of databases has been implemented as tools for monitoring, analyzing, and improving physics processes.
Friends and Lovers

This article reports the results of two studies looking for evidence of social norms governing the behavior of college-age heterosexual men and women toward their friend's romantic partners. Respondents read scenarios describing a protagonist trying to start a relationship with a friend's romantic partner and were asked to rate their approval or disapproval of that behavior. The studies varied information about the sex of the protagonist, friend and romantic partner, and the relationship of the romantic partners. Controlling for respondents' race and social class, we found that for both men and women a social norm exists only when a third party was viewed as interfering with a couple's relationship, which was described as clearly known and shared by all parties. The lack of a norm when there was ambiguity about the level of commitment between romantic partners is interpreted as the result of conflict among three alternative ideologies of loving relationships.
Pure Neutron and Pure Proton Transitions in Inelastic Scattering of Pions by C 13

Differential cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for elastic and inelastic scattering of 162-MeV pions from $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ were measured at momentum transfers between 0.6 and 2.1 \ensuremath{\Elzxh} \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For two inelastic transitions, enhancement of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ over ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}$ and of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}$ over ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ were observed which are consistent with the values for pion scattering from free nucleons. The results are discussed qualitatively in terms of simple shell-model and weak-coupling-model configurations.
Orbital Complications in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Using Powered Instrumentation

Objectives/Hypothesis Powered dissection is increasingly used in endoscopic sinus surgery. Although it has certain clear advantages over conventional instrumentation, powered dissection also presents special liabilities. The objectives of the report are to highlight the special dangers of powered instrumentation near the orbit, to suggest techniques that might minimize these risks, and to review the management of orbital injuries. Study Design Case series. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients who were referred to our institution with orbital injury complicating endoscopic sinus surgery in which powered instrumentation had been used. Patient demographics, status as revision or primary surgery, degree of intraoperative blood loss, indications for surgery, intraoperative findings, the complication sustained, time of recognition of the complication, immediate and delayed treatment, and clinical course were obtained from the clinical records. Results Three patients had medial rectus muscle injuries. In addition to the medial rectus injury, one patient also had blindness, probably from an orbital hemorrhage. One patient underwent orbital exploration in an unsuccessful attempt to reattach the ends of the medial rectus muscle. One patient had continuing diplopia, but declined orbital exploration or strabismus surgery. Conclusions Intraoperative orbital complications that might be of minor consequence with conventional instrumentation can have dramatic sequelae when powered dissection is used. Special care must be exercised in using powered instrumentation.
Ethics and health informatics: focus on Latin America and the Caribbean

Expanding use of computers in medicine continues to raise interesting and important ethical issues. After a brief review of the history of work in ethics in medical informatics, this introduction to this special issue of Acta makes the case that this work must be applied in a Latin American and Caribbean context. From the use of Bioethica intelligent machines to the evolution of the World Wide Web, the region presents vital -and under addressed- challenges to clinicians and policy makers. Sustained and regional debates, curriculum development and empirical and conceptual scholarship are among the means to ensure ethically optimized applications of health information technology in the region.
Cations in essential hypertension

Abstract Sodium intake has been linked to the development and perpetuation of hypertension for almost a century. Nevertheless, considerable controversy over this relationship remains. More recently, the other major body cations, potassium, calcium and magnesium, have also been implicated. The evidence relating dietary sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium intake to hypertension is summarized, and the present evidence for dietary modification of cation intake in the treatment of mild essential hypertension is evaluated.
MuON: Epidemic based mutual anonymity in unstructured P2P networks

A mutual anonymity system enables communication between a client and a service provider without revealing their identities. In general, the anonymity guarantees made by the protocol are enhanced when a large number of participants are recruited into the anonymity system. Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are able to attract a large number of nodes and hence are highly suitable for anonymity systems. However, the churn (changes in system membership) within P2P networks, poses a significant challenge for low-bandwidth reliable anonymous communication in these networks. This paper presents MuON, a protocol to achieve mutual anonymity in unstructured P2P networks. MuON leverages epidemic-style data dissemination to deal with churn. Simulation results and security analysis indicate that MuON provides mutual anonymity in networks with high churn, while maintaining predictable latencies, high reliability, and low communication overhead.
Hamiltonian Theory of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect: Effect of Landau Level Mixing

We derive an effective Hamiltonian in the lowest Landau level (LLL) that incorporates the effects of Landau-level mixing to all higher Landau levels to leading order in the ratio of interaction energy to the cyclotron energy, $\ensuremath{\kappa}{=(e}^{2}/\ensuremath{\varepsilon}l)/{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}.$ We then transcribe the Hamiltonian to the composite fermion basis using our Hamiltonian approach, and compute the effect of LL mixing on transport gaps.
Thyroid cancer: zealous imaging has increased detection and treatment of low risk tumours

#### Summary box Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy.1 Worldwide, its incidence has increased substantially over the past 50 years. The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents report showed …
Effects of 2(RS)-n-propylthiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid on extrahepatic sulfhydryl levels in mice treated with acetaminophen.

Abstract The cysteine (Cys) precursor 2( RS )- n -propylthiazolidine-4( R )-carboxylic acid (PTCA) has been shown to protect against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic GSH, GSSG, and Cys depletion and hepatic necrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PTCA on the concentrations of sulfhydryl compounds in extrahepatic tissues, including renal cortex, whole blood, and brain, in C57BL/6 mice treated with hepatotoxic doses of APAP. PTCA (1–5 mmol/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min after the administration of APAP at a dose (800 mg/kg; 5.29 mmol/kg, i.p.) that depleted hepatic GSH and Cys at 4 hr by 95 and 86%, respectively. Tissue concentrations of GSH and Cys were determined by HPLC. At 4 hr following APAP administration, renal cortical GSH and Cys concentrations were decreased to 64 and 39%, respectively, of vehicle-treated control values, and blood concentrations were decreased to 87 and 30%, respectively, of vehicle controls. Brain GSH and Cys were not depleted by APAP. PTCA at 5 mmol/kg (i) attenuated the APAP-induced depletion of GSH and Cys at 4 hr in renal cortex (78 and 65%, respectively, of vehicle controls), (ii) prevented APAP-induced Cys depletion in blood (670% of vehicle controls) with no effect on GSH concentration (94% of vehicle controls), and (iii) increased GSH and Cys concentrations in brain (119 and 411%, respectively, of vehicle controls). The results demonstrate a high degree of tissue selectivity in the APAP-induced depletion of GSH and Cys, and in the effectiveness of PTCA in maintaining and even elevating sulfhydryl levels in extrahepatic tissues of APAP-treated mice.
A comprehensive study on CH2O oxidation kinetics

Abstract Results of calculations based on a detailed chemical mechanism for the oxidation of formaldehyde are compared with data from a variety of experimental conditions: flow reactor, shock tube, static reactor, and a lean flame. The range of conditions spans temperatures from 773 to 2500 K, equivalence ratios from pure pyrolysis to very fuel-lean and pressures from 0.3 to 1.5 atm. New experimental results from the oxidation of formaldehyde in flow reactors at 1095 K are reported. The original model, based on reaction rate constants obtained in the literature, was modified based on comparisons of calculated and experimental results. Recommended changes were guided by extensive sensitivity and flux analysis for each case, as well as on the current knowledge of uncertainties in reaction rate constant values. The comprehensive mechanistic features of formaldehyde oxidation at low and high temperatures are discussed. The results of the analysis reveal the key role of HO 2 radicals up to temperatures around 1100 K, through the cycle HCO + O 2 → CO + HO 2 , CH 2 O + HO 2 → HCO + H 2 O 2 and H 2 O 2 + M → OH + OH + M. Shock tube data are revisited using more recent rate constants to verify the model. Finally, the competition between formyl radical reactions HCO + M → H + CO + M and HCO + O 2 → CO + HO 2 , which determines the rate of production of H radicals, was found to be the primary controlling factor in the evolution of lean formaldehyde flames. A matrix of influences of the most important reaction rates on the calculated parameters for the different experimental conditions summarizes the conclusions.
Effluent variability estimation for complete-mix activated sludge treatment systems

Abstract A frequency transform technique has been employed for development of the mathematical models describing the wastewater influent variability removal for completely-mixed biological treatment plants. The influent variability was simulated by pulse input step function harmonic variations, and random variations. Experimental and theoretical results were compared for random, pulse and step function inputs. Observed influent-effluent variation characteristics correlated well with the theoretical relationship.
The association of early-onset fetal growth restriction, elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, and the development of severe pre-eclampsia.

From Antenatal Diagnostic Center referrals over 22 months, consultations for early-onset fetal growth restriction versus skeletal dysplasia were retrospectively identified. Those with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) levels are the focus of this report. All had an early ultrasound confirming menstrual dates and subsequent sonography at or = 2 standard deviations from mean values. Of the five patients identified, the mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis of fetal growth restriction was 23.3 +/- 2.9 weeks. All had normal karyotypes and normal amniotic fluid AFP. None of the patients had evidence of hypertension or pre-eclampsia at diagnosis of fetal growth restriction. All five gravidas subsequently developed severe pre-eclampsia from 5.5 to 12.5 weeks after documentation of fetal growth delay. Three developed HELLP syndrome. Pregnancies were continued a mean duration of 10-2 weeks, with all five delivering at preterm gestations (mean = 33.5 +/- 1.7 weeks) for maternal indications of severe pre-eclampsia. Unexplained early-onset fetal growth restriction in conjunction with unexplained elevations of MSAFP together consistently heralded the subsequent development of severe pre-eclampsia.
USDA Human Nutrition Center, 1978–1982, and Coordination of Human Nutrition Research Agencies

Survey findings, confirming widespread malnutrition, led to the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health and increased funding of related Federal programs. In 1976, the ARS Administrator proposed to Congress a greatly expanded program for human nutrition research. This led to the development of USDA Human Nutrition Research Centers at Universities. Funding of these Centers resulted mainly from efforts of scientists and others from the states where Centers were located. USDA formed the Science and Education Administration (SEA) by merging several related research and education agencies, expecting to improve coordination and focus. Human nutrition research activities were placed in SEA under a USDA Human Nutrition Center in 1978, which was terminated in 1982 when SEA was disbanded. Coordination of human nutrition research within USDA and with other federal agencies required specific mechanisms. Within USDA, a subcommittee met regularly to exchange information and generate policy recommendations. Quarterly meetings of USDA Human Nutrition Center directors were held to enhance information exchange and cooperation. A Human Nutrition Board of Scientific Counselors was established to advise the Secretary regarding program direction and priorities. Human nutrition at the federal level was coordinated through the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR). ICHNR devised a computerized database of ongoing federal food and nutrition research, developed a comprehensive 5-y research plan, and held biennial conferences for scientific presentations. Most important were the several interagency committees, which worked together to ensure that all federal agencies spoke with 1 voice. These committees functioned most effectively.
Influence of Surfactants and Charges on CdSe Quantum Dots

Surface effects significantly influence the functionality of semiconductor nanocrystals. High quality nanocrystals can be achieved with good control of surface passivation by various hydrophobic ligands. In this work, the chemistry between CdSe quantum dots and common surface capping ligands is investigated using density functional theory (DFT). We discuss the electronic structures and optical properties of small CdSe clusters controlled by their size of particle, self-organization, capping ligands, and positive charges. The chosen model ligands reproduce good structural and energetic description of the interactions between the ligands and quantum dots. In order to capture the chemical nature and energetics of the interactions between the capping ligands and CdSe quantum dots, we found that PMe3 is needed to adequately model trioctylphosphine (TOP), NH3 is sufficient for amines, while OPH2Me could be used to model trioctylphosphine oxide. The relative binding interaction strength between ligands was found to decrease in order Cd–O > Cd–N > Cd–P with average binding energy per ligand being −25 kcal/mol for OPH2Me, −20 kcal/mol for NH3 and −10 kcal/mol for PMe3. Charges on studied stoichiometric clusters were found to have a significant effect on their structures, binding energies, and optical properties.
Optical surface Bloch modes of complete photonic bandgap materials as a basis of optical sensing

Surface Bloch modes induced on three-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals with a complete photonic bandgap are evanescently decaying states at surfaces and have large field overlap with low-index media, resulting in narrow spectrum linewidth and simultaneously a large resonance shift due to a perturbation of the refractive index in the background media. Surface Bloch resonance states are analyzed for (001), (100), and (110) woodpile surface planes. Low-loss, high-sensitivity surface Bloch modes are also analyzed on a flat-top (001) woodpile planar surface. These analyzed surface Bloch modes are confined in a subwavelength scale and are expected to form a basis set used for optical resonance sensing.
Implementing Resonant Enhanced Pulsed Micro-Actuators for the Control of Supersonic Impinging Jets

Recent work at the Advanced Aero-Propulsion Laboratory (AAPL) at Florida State University has produced a micro-actuator design utilizing micro scale cavity resonance phenomena for active control of various high-speed flowfields such as supersonic impinging jets and cavity flows. These micro-scale actuators are capable of producing pulsed supersonic microjets over a wide range of design frequencies which can be chosen depending on the frequencies that are relevant to the application. Pulsed microjet control has the potential to produce improved flow and/or noise control as has been shown with steady microjet control, while introducing less mean momentum into the system by actuating at the natural frequency of the system. This study focuses on the design, characterization, and implementation of these actuators into the STOVL impinging jet flowfield. The results of this implementation are compared to the no control case, steady control, and the first generation implementation of pulsed microjets into our STOVL facility. By operating these pulsed microjet actuators at 6.1 kHz, impinging tones were reduced by up to 23 dB, and overall sound pressure levels were reduced by up to 7 dB as compared to the baseline flow. Compared to steady microjet control, pulsed control showed improved reduction of discrete tones of about 5 dB and overall sound pressure levels within 2 dB of those found in the steady case. Additionally, this second generation implementation does not exhibit the new peaks generated by first generation control, and further reduces OASPL by about 5 dB.
Understanding How Social and Emotional Skill Deficits Contribute to School Failure.

A growing number of children are entering kindergarten without the skills that enable them to be successful in an academic setting. However, it is not children's cognitive skills that concern educators; it is their social and emotional skill deficits that are most troublesome. This article discusses how family and community risk factors can inhibit social and emotional development (i.e., skills that children need to control their behavior in the classroom) in young children, discusses how relationships provide the foundation for social-emotional skill development, and highlights a number of strategies and programs that educators and policymakers need to be aware of in order to help children who are headed toward a trajectory of school failure because of their social and emotional skill deficits.