cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion around a building using FEM

Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion around a building is reviewed. A computer model based on the k−e turbulence model is used to compute flow around a building. Using this simulation flow-field pollutant concentrations around the building are computed using upwind and streamline upwind Petro-Galerkine (SUPG) finite element procedure. In this study the source is kept adjacent to the bottom (position 1) and top (position 2) of the leeward center wall. The computed concentrations using upwind and SUPG procedure are compared with wind-tunnel measurements. The SUPG procedure computes the trend of the concentration much closer to the wind-tunnel measurement than the upwind procedure.
Expression and Function of Calcium Binding Domain Chimeras of the Integrins αIIb and α5

Abstract To further identify amino acid domains involved in the ligand binding specificity of αIIbβ3, chimeras of the conserved calcium binding domains of αIIb and the α subunit of the fibronectin receptor α5β1 were constructed. Chimeras that replaced all four calcium binding domains, replaced all but the second calcium binding domain of αIIb with those of α5, or deleted all four calcium binding domains were synthesized but not expressed on the cell surface. Additional chimeras exchanged subsets or all of the variant amino acids in the second calcium binding domain, a region implicated in ligand binding. Cell surface expression of each second calcium binding domain mutant complexed with β3 was observed. Each second calcium binding domain mutant was able to 1) bind to immobilized fibrinogen, 2) form fibrinogen-dependent aggregates after treatment with dithiothreitol, and 3) bind the activation-dependent antibody PAC1 after LIBS 6 treatment. Soluble fibrinogen binding studies suggested that there were only small changes in either the K d orB max of any mutant. We conclude that chimeras of αIIb containing the second calcium binding domain sequences of α5 are capable of complexing with β3, that the complexes are expressed on the cell surface, and that mutant complexes are capable of binding both immobilized and soluble fibrinogen, suggesting that the second calcium binding domain does not determine ligand binding specificity.
Domain statistics in coarsening systems

We study the domain number and size distributions in the one-dimensional Ising and q-state Potts models subject to zero-temperature Glauber dynamics. The survival probability of a domain S(t);t 2c and an unreacted domain Q1(t);t 2d are characterized by two independent nontrivial exponents. For the Ising case, we find c50.126 and d51.27 using numerical simulations. We develop an independent interval approximation that predicts the qualitative behavior of the domain distribution and provides good estimates for the exponents. Exact results for the domain distribution are also obtained in several solvable cases. @S1063-651X~97!00110-4#
Sleep disorders and gastrointestinal symptoms: chicken, egg or vicious cycle?

Sleep disturbance is commonly reported bygastro-oesophageal reﬂux disease (GORD) sufferers.A telephone survey sponsored by the AmericanGastroenterological Association which queried 1000persons with at least weekly heartburn found that 79%of respondents experienced nighttime heartburn atleast once per week.
Gender differences in Manning criteria in the irritable bowel syndrome.

The objective of this study was to determine if gender differences exist when using the Manning criteria for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. In an outpatient setting, 61 women and 36 men with entry complaints of abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, or both underwent full evaluation by board-certified/eligible gastroenterologists who also systematically rated the presence or absence of the six Manning criteria. Irritable bowel syndrome was defined as the absence of an organic disease explanation for the entry complaints. This determination was made by two other board-certified gastroenterologists after patients had been in the study for 9 months. These raters were independent of the study and rated the transcripts of patients' clinic visits, all other available clinical data from this and other clinics, all laboratory data obtained during the 9-month study period, and the results of a 9-month telephone follow-up to patients and their physicians. Sixty-five percent of the study population had no organic disease explanation for the entry symptoms, thereby representing irritable bowel syndrome for this study. A similar proportion and type of organic disease and irritable bowel syndrome were experienced by men and women. For the total sample of 97 subjects, the correlation of the Manning criteria with irritable bowel syndrome was 0.22 ( P r = 0.47; P r = −0.16). It was concluded that significant gender differences exist when using the Manning criteria for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome and that the Manning criteria were not of diagnostic value in men.
Focalized proteolysis: spatial and temporal regulation of extracellular matrix degradation at the cell surface.

Abstract Cells respond to changes in their microenvironment by altering their cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins. Rapid and irreversible changes in these proteins are possible through their degradation or activation by proteolysis. By focalizing the proteolytic events at or near the cell surface, these processes can be effective even in the presence of high concentrations of inhibitors. Evidence is emerging that secreted and transmembrane matrix metalloproteinases, metalloproteinases of the adamalysin and astacin (tolloid) families, and serine proteinases are crucial in development, differentiation, cell motility and invasion, and cell—extracellular decisions.
Heparin enhances uptake of platelet factor 4/heparin complexes by monocytes and macrophages.

Summary Background Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an iatrogenic complication of heparin therapy caused by antibodies to a self-antigen, platelet factor (4) and heparin. The reasons why antibodies form to PF4/heparin, but not to PF4 bound to other cellular glycosaminoglycans are poorly understood. Objective To investigate differences in cellular responses to cell-bound PF4 and PF4/heparin complexes, we studied the internalization of each by peripheral blood-derived monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils. Methods and results Using unlabeled and fluorescently-labeled antigen and/or labeled monoclonal antibody to PF4/heparin complexes (KKO), we show that PF4/heparin complexes are taken up by monocytes in a heparin-dependent manner and are internalized by human monocytes and dendritic cells, but not by neutrophils. Complexes of PF4/low-molecular-weight heparin and complexes composed of heparin and murine PF4, protamine or lysozyme are internalized similarly, suggesting a common endocytic pathway. Uptake of complexes is mediated by macropinocytosis, as shown by inhibition using cytochalasin D and amiloride. Internalized complexes are transported intact to late endosomes, as indicated by co-staining of vesicles with KKO and lysosomal associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2). Lastly, we show that cellular uptake is accompanied by expression of MHCII and CD83 co-stimulatory molecules. Conclusions Taken together, these studies establish a distinct role for heparin in enhancing antigen uptake and activation of the initial steps in the cellular immune response to PF4-containing complexes.
Menhaden Oil Decreases High-Fat Diet–Induced Markers of Hepatic Damage, Steatosis, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Obese Ldlr Mice

The frequency of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has increased in parallel with obesity in the United States. NASH is progressive and characterized by hepatic damage, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. Because C20-22 (n-3) PUFA are established regulators of lipid metabolism and inflammation, we tested the hypothesis that C20-22 (n-3) PUFA in menhaden oil (MO) prevent high-fat (HF) diet-induced fatty liver disease in mice. Wild-type (WT) and Ldlr(-/-) C57BL/6J mice were fed the following diets for 12 wk: nonpurified (NP), HF with lard (60% of energy from fat), HF-high-cholesterol with olive oil (HFHC-OO; 54.4% of energy from fat, 0.5% cholesterol), or HFHC-OO supplemented with MO (HFHC-MO). When compared with the NP diet, the HF and HFHC-OO diets induced hepatosteatosis and hepatic damage [elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferases] and elevated hepatic expression of markers of inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), fibrosis (procollagen 1α1), and oxidative stress (heme oxygenase-1) (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic damage (i.e., ALT) correlated (r = 0.74, P 140%, P < 0.05) hepatic cholesterol in Ldlr(-/-) mice fed the HFHC-OO diet than WT mice fed the HF or HFHC-OO diets. Plasma and hepatic markers of liver damage, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, but not oxidative stress, were lower in WT and Ldlr(-/-) mice fed the HFHC-MO diet compared with the HFHC-OO diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MO [C20-22 (n-3) PUFA at 2% of energy] decreases many, but not all, HF diet-induced markers of fatty liver disease in mice.
Flavor Manipulation Can Enhance the Impression of Fat in Some Foods

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fat and flavor (aroma) on the sensory impression of fat. One hundred and six naive subjects rated 4 food systems varying in fat and flavor content (prepared according to a factorial design) for fattiness first without and then with nose clips, and for liking. On average, subjects gave higher fatty scores to the high fat samples. There was a significant effect of flavor concentration on the fattiness ratings without the nose clips: however the effect was product specific. The nose clips significantly reduced the fattiness ratings for all products (p < 0.001), indicating that the flavor components of fat-based foods can influence fat perception.
The Possibility Of Zero Industry By Adopting Japanese Production Line Methods

The paper comments on the possible mistakes that an executive can make in applying Japanese production line methods in USA. The differences in the two cultures, the geographic proximity of Japanese firms to each other versus our own geographic dimensions and industrial heritage are discussed. Just-in-time production philosophy and the Kanban system are analyzed from the perspective of what it will require in USA to implement them successfully. Performance of MRP and order point inventory control systems are also discussed. Paper ends with a summary of what would happen if MRP is implemented when conditions required for a successful implementation of a just-in-time system are satisfied.
The Determination of the Sensitivity of Heat Transfer Systems Using Global Sensitivity and Gaussian Processes

A critical aspect of the design of systems or experiments is a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects of the different variables. This is usually done by representing the response by a Taylor series and evaluating the first order derivatives at a nominal operating point. When there is uncertainty about the operating point, the common approach is the construction of a response surface and Monte Carlo sampling based on the probability distribution of these uncertain variables. When there are many variables it is important to restrict the analysis to those variables to which the response is most sensitive. This can be conveniently done using Global sensitivity, that both defines the most critical variables and also quantifies the effects of interacting variables. This can be a computationally expensive process and for complex models is generally prohibitively expensive. A solution is the use of Gaussian processes that allows one to create a response surface using easy-to-evaluate functions. This paper describes the use of these ideas for a heat transfer problem.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
TrueView: Harnessing the Power of Multiple Review Sites

Online reviews on products and services can be very useful for customers, but they need to be protected from manipulation. So far, most studies have focused on analyzing online reviews from a single hosting site. How could one leverage information from multiple review hosting sites? This is the key question in our work. In response, we develop a systematic methodology to merge, compare, and evaluate reviews from multiple hosting sites. We focus on hotel reviews and use more than 15 million reviews from more than 3.5 million users spanning three prominent travel sites. Our work consists of three thrusts: (a) we develop novel features capable of identifying cross-site discrepancies effectively, (b) we conduct arguably the first extensive study of cross-site variations using real data, and develop a hotel identity-matching method with 93% accuracy, (c) we introduce the TrueView score, as a proof of concept that cross-site analysis can better inform the end user. Our results show that: (1) we detect 7 times more suspicious hotels by using multiple sites compared to using the three sites in isolation, and (2) we find that 20% of all hotels appearing in all three sites seem to have low trustworthiness score. Our work is an early effort that explores the advantages and the challenges in using multiple reviewing sites towards more informed decision making.
Interactive global illumination in dynamic scenes

In this paper, we present a system for interactive computation of global illumination in dynamic scenes. Our system uses a novel scheme for caching the results of a high quality pixel-based renderer such as a bidirectional path tracer. The Shading Cache is an object-space hierarchical subdivision mesh with lazily computed shading values at its vertices. A high frame rate display is generated from the Shading Cache using hardware-based interpolation and texture mapping. An image space sampling scheme refines the Shading Cache in regions that have the most interpolation error or those that are most likely to be affected by object or camera motion.Our system handles dynamic scenes and moving light sources efficiently, providing useful feedback within a few seconds and high quality images within a few tens of seconds, without the need for any pre-computation. Our approach allows us to significantly outperform other interactive systems based on caching ray-tracing samples, especially in dynamic scenes. Based on our results, we believe that the Shading Cache will be an invaluable tool in lighting design and modelling while rendering.
Polysomnographic measures of sleep moderate the relationship between depression and pain

8526 Background: We explored the effects of polysomnographic measures of nocturnal sleep on depression and pain in advanced cancer patients taking opioids. Methods: The sample included 72 subjects ...
What Discourages Small Businesses from Asking for Loans? The International Evidence on Borrower Discouragement

We use a unique firm-level survey database compiled by the World Bank in order to examine the drivers of discouraged small businesses in various developing economies around the world. We find that the level of competition and the relationships of the firms with banks and other financial institutions have a significant impact on the probability of a firm in being discouraged. We confirm that older, or larger, firms are less likely to be discouraged and that firm size is the main characteristic associated with the probability of a firm being discouraged for firms operating in relatively developed economies. By contrast, for firms in relatively underdeveloped economies, factors other than firm size are also significant drivers of firm discouragement. These include firm age, a firm's relationships with banks and other financial institutions, the level of competition it faces and its financial status. Further analysis on the joint effect of firm size and the developmental status of the country it operates in suggests that either small firms or firms operating in relatively underdeveloped economies, that have stronger relationships with their financial institutions, are less likely to be discouraged.
The Constitutionality (and Futility) of Colorado's Amazon Law

Colorado’s law Amazon is constitutional, but will not raise significant revenue for Colorado’s treasury. Most prominently, Colorado’s Amazon law does not reach Amazon or Amazon’s sales to its Colorado customers. Only Congress can effectively address the problem at which the various Amazon laws are aimed by authorizing the states to impose sales and use tax enforcement duties on internet (and mail order) sellers lacking physical presence in the taxing states. In light of the demonstrated ability of “big box” retailers to collect states taxes on their internet sales, Congress should now enact legislation to equalize the sales tax treatment of all online sales.
Task Parallel Incomplete Cholesky Factorization using 2D Partitioned-Block Layout

We introduce a task-parallel algorithm for sparse incomplete Cholesky factorization that utilizes a 2D sparse partitioned-block layout of a matrix. Our factorization algorithm follows the idea of algorithms-by-blocks by using the block layout. The algorithm-by-blocks approach induces a task graph for the factorization. These tasks are inter-related to each other through their data dependences in the factorization algorithm. To process the tasks on various manycore architectures in a portable manner, we also present a portable tasking API that incorporates different tasking backends and device-specific features using an open-source framework for manycore platforms i.e., Kokkos. A performance evaluation is presented on both Intel Sandybridge and Xeon Phi platforms for matrices from the University of Florida sparse matrix collection to illustrate merits of the proposed task-based factorization. Experimental results demonstrate that our task-parallel implementation delivers about 26.6x speedup (geometric mean) over single-threaded incomplete Cholesky-by-blocks and 19.2x speedup over serial Cholesky performance which does not carry tasking overhead using 56 threads on the Intel Xeon Phi processor for sparse matrices arising from various application problems.
Defects in Laser Surface-Melted Metals Studied by Pac

Following nanosecond-duration laser surface-melting, lattice locations of illIn probe atoms in Ni and Pt samples were studied using the technique of perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlations (PAC). After melting and annealing, no probe atoms were observed to become associated with unique vacancy clusters observed after other methods of damaging, while many probe atoms were found on non-unique sites. 111In probe atoms were observed to move to the surface and to be expelled at anomalously low temperatures. These observations are partially reconciled by the hypothesis that probe atoms diffusing in the molten surface layer become trapped on dislocations during resolidification, and during later annealing return to the surface via pipe diffusion.
Lipogenesis and enzyme activity in rat and mouse epididymal adipose tissue.

SummaryThe ability of rat and mouse epididymal adipose tissue to incorporate acetate-1-14C into fatty acids was studied. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydroge-nase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehy-drogenase (6-PGD), NADP malic dehy-drogenase (malic enzyme), NAD malic de-hydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in these tissues was also determined. Mouse adipose tissue incorporated significantly more acetate-1-14C into fatty acids and exhibited higher G-6-PD, 6-PGD and malic enzyme activity than comparable tissue from rats. The malic dehydrogenase activity of rat and mouse adipose tissue was not different but was considerably higher than the activity of the other dehydrogenases studied. The activity of GPT was higher in rat adipose tissue, and that of GOT was higher in tissue from mice. The GPT/GOT ratio was higher in rat than in mouse adipose tissue (5.1 vs 1.7).
Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Diagnostics in the Central Nervous System

Abstract The field of diagnostics has greatly improved due to the use of polymeric material, thus increasing the ability to understand the pathology of multiple diseases and injuries. This includes the improvement of diagnosing injuries and disease states within the central nervous system (CNS). With many sports- and military-related injuries and progression of an aging population, neurological disorders and neoplasms are becoming increasingly prevalent in society. Researchers are incorporating polymeric biomaterials for use in enhancing traditional diagnostic systems like magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, and biosensor devices. This chapter addresses the critical considerations required for an effective CNS diagnostic modality, along with multiple examples of current state-of-the-art research in the field of CNS medical diagnostics.
A Framework for Energy Alternatives: Net Energy, Liebig’s Law and Multi-criteria Analysis

Standard economic analysis does not accurately account for the physical depletion of a resource due to its reliance on fiat currency as a metric. Net energy analysis, particularly Energy Return on Energy Investment, can measure the biophysical properties of a resources progression over time. There has been sporadic and disparate use of net energy statistics over the past several decades. Some analyses are inclusive in treatment of inputs and outputs while others are very narrow, leading to difficulty of accurate comparisons in policy discussions. This chapter attempts to place these analyses in a common framework that includes both energy and non-energy inputs, environmental externalities, and non-energy co-products. We also assess how Liebig’s Law of the minimum may require energy analysts to utilize multi-criteria analysis techniques when energy may not be the sole limiting variable.
Design and performance of a multimodal radar test-bed for progressive resolution enhancement

This paper describes the architecture of an adaptive multimodal radar sensor that is capable of progressively varying its range resolution depending upon the target scattering features. It consists of a test-bed that will enable the generation of linear frequency modulated waveforms of various bandwidths. This paper discusses the design of the radar and the experimental results obtained from field testing.
Seagull feather shaft: Correlation between structure and mechanical response

Abstract Flight feathers are unique among a variety of keratinous appendages in that they are lightweight, stiff and strong. They are designed to withstand aerodynamic forces, but their morphology and structure have been oversimplified and thus understudied historically. Here we present an investigation of the shaft from seagull primary feathers, elucidate the hierarchical fibrous and porous structure along the shaft length, and correlate the tensile and nanomechanical properties to the fiber orientation. An analysis of the compressive behavior of the rachis based on a square-section model shows a good fit with experimental results, and demonstrates the synergy between the cortex and medulla. Flexural properties of the shaft along the shaft length, analyzed as a sandwich composite, reveal that although all flexural parameters decrease towards the distal shaft, the specific equivalent flexural modulus and strength increase by factors of 2 and 3, respectively. The failure mode in flexure for all specimens is buckling on the compressive surface, whereas the foamy medulla prevents destructive axial cracking and introduces important toughening mechanisms: crack deflection, fiber bridging, and microcracking. Statement of Significance Using mechanics principles, we analyze the feather shaft as a composite beam and demonstrate that the flexural strength is extraordinary, considering its weight and tailored along the length. The cross section changes from circular in the proximal base to square/rectangular in the distal end. We also discovered that the composite design, a solid shell enclosing a foam core, produces synergistic strengthening and toughening to the feather at a minimum of weight.
Accuracy Bugs: A New Class of Concurrency Bugs to Exploit Algorithmic Noise Tolerance

Parallel programming introduces notoriously difficult bugs, usually referred to as concurrency bugs. This article investigates the potential for deviating from the conventional wisdom of writing concurrency bug--free, parallel programs. It explores the benefit of accepting buggy but approximately correct parallel programs by leveraging the inherent tolerance of emerging parallel applications to inaccuracy in computations. Under algorithmic noise tolerance, a new class of concurrency bugs, accuracy bugs, degrade the accuracy of computation (often at acceptable levels) rather than causing catastrophic termination. This study demonstrates how embracing accuracy bugs affects the application output quality and performance and analyzes the impact on execution semantics.
Actin Cytoskeleton-Mediated Constriction of Membrane Organelles via Endoplasmic Reticulum Scaffolding.

Intracellular organelles constantly undergo fission to facilitate turnover, transport, and functional changes. The cytoskeleton has long been understood to play a role in these events, and recent work strongly suggests that several conserved molecular players cooperate with the cytoskeleton to mediate the fission process. Membrane curvature-inducing, membrane scission proteins, and force-inducing cytoskeletal proteins all cooperate to drive the fission process. Recent work suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum serves as the linchpin that orchestrates and spatially organizes fission via these curvature-inducing, scission, and force-producing molecules. This all leads us to postulate a “universal theory” of organelle fission with distinct biophysical and biochemical features mediated by a finite number of physical and molecular constraints. This new physical paradigm deserves special attention from those who wish to model these processes, because previous theoretical and experimental attempts to elucidate...
Retrospective Correction of MRI Amplitude Inhomogeneities

MRI data sets are corrupted by multiplicative inhomogeneities, often referred to as nonuniformities or intensity variations, that hamper the use of quantitative analyses. The use of adiabatic pulses can remove the inhomogeneity effects on transmit, but coil and patient parameters still affect reception. We describe an automatic technique that not only improves the worst corruptions such as those introduced by surface coils, but also corrects typical inhomogeneities encountered in routine volume data sets such as head scans without generating additional artifact. Because the technique uses only the patient data set, the technique can be applied retrospectively to all data sets, and corrects both patient independent effects such as rf coil design, and patient dependent effects such as tissue attenuation and dielectric-induced resonances experienced in high field MRI. Patient dependent attenuation effects are also encountered in x-ray computed tomography. All of the above are examples of multiplicative inhomogeneities which result in low spatial frequency corruption of acquired volume data sets. While we concentrate on MR in the remainder of the paper, the algorithms and techniques described are directly applicable to CT as well. Following such corrections, region of interest analyses, volume histograms, and thresholding techniques are more meaningful. The value of such correction algorithms may increase dramatically with increased use of high field strength magnets and associated patient-dependent rf attenuation and resonance effects.
Improvement of condenser performance by phase separation confirmed experimentally and by modeling.

Abstract This paper presents results of an experimental study to determine the effect of vapor–liquid separation in a header of microchannel condenser for a MAC system. R134a is used as the working fluid. A condenser with separation and a baseline condenser identical on the air side have been tested to evaluate the difference in the performance due to separation. Two categories of experiments have been conducted: the heat exchanger-level test and the system-level test. In the heat exchanger-level test, it is found that at the same inlet and outlet temperatures the separation condenser generates 1.6% to 7.4% more condensate flow rate than the baseline. The separation condenser also lowers the refrigerant exit temperature compared with the baseline at the same condensate flow rate. The improvement in the separation condenser confirms the results by a model. In the system-level test, COP is compared under the same superheat, subcooling and refrigerating capacity. System with separation condenser shows up to 6.6% a higher COP than the system with baseline condenser.
3.8 – Smooth Muscle

This chapter considers the different types of smooth muscle and how they generate force. Smooth muscle is classified as tonic or phasic and exhibits various patterns of electrical and mechanical activities. Some have electromechanical coupling, others pharmacomechanical coupling. The difference in contractile elements between smooth and skeletal muscles is described. Since smooth muscle contraction is largely controlled through cytosolic [Ca2+], the sources and sinks for cytosolic Ca2+, and their regulation, are discussed. The consequence of activation through Ca2+ activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is also discussed. The role of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) is also discussed. The role of other pathways, such as RhoA kinase and alpha or beta adrenergic mechanisms, is also discussed. The role of NO is also covered.
A Note on Boundary Unique Contination for Harmonic Functions in Non-Smooth Domains

In this note, we prove the boundary unique continuation property for harmonic function dfined on convex domain
The Wonder of Bread: Teaching University Students the Cost of Eating with Their Hands

Because many students of college age arrive at school with limited understanding of where food comes from or even how to prepare food from authentic ingredients, I planted a field of wheat so I could teach, and learn about, what went into baking the staff of life—bread. Raising enough wheat to make a single loaf of bread, and then expending the energy to thresh, winnow, grind, knead, and bake was more costly and difficult than imagined at the outset. In the process of making bread with their own hands students learned agronomy, engineering, history, anthropology, environmental science, and economics. And then they consumed what they had learned.
Inhibition of the integrated stress response reverses cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability, yet the mechanisms underlying the chronic cognitive deficits associated with TBI remain unknown. Consequently, there are no effective treatments for patients suffering from the long-lasting symptoms of TBI. Here, we show that TBI persistently activates the integrated stress response (ISR), a universal intracellular signaling pathway that responds to a variety of cellular conditions and regulates protein translation via phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α. Treatment with ISRIB, a potent drug-like small-molecule inhibitor of the ISR, reversed the hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits induced by TBI in two different injury mouse models-focal contusion and diffuse concussive injury. Surprisingly, ISRIB corrected TBI-induced memory deficits when administered weeks after the initial injury and maintained cognitive improvement after treatment was terminated. At the physiological level, TBI suppressed long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, which was fully restored with ISRIB treatment. Our results indicate that ISR inhibition at time points late after injury can reverse memory deficits associated with TBI. As such, pharmacological inhibition of the ISR emerges as a promising avenue to combat head trauma-induced chronic cognitive deficits.
Design of Strain-Compensated Epitaxial Layers Using an Electrical Circuit Model

The design of heterostructures that exhibit desired strain characteristics is critical for the realization of semiconductor devices with improved performance and reliability. The control of strain and dislocation dynamics requires an understanding of the relaxation processes associated with mismatched epitaxy, and the starting point for this analysis is the equilibrium strain profile, because the difference between the actual strain and the equilibrium value determines the driving force for dislocation glide and relaxation. Previously, we developed an electrical circuit model approach for the equilibrium analysis of semiconductor heterostructures, in which an epitaxial layer may be represented by a stack of subcircuits, each of which involves an independent current source, a resistor, an independent voltage source, and an ideal diode. In this work, we have applied the electrical circuit model to study the strain compensation mechanism and show that, for a given compositionally uniform device layer with fixed mismatch and layer thickness, a buffer layer may be designed (in terms of thickness and mismatch) to tailor the strain in the device layer. A special case is that in which the device layer will exhibit zero residual strain in equilibrium (complete strain compensation). In addition, the application of the electrical circuit analogy enables the determination of exact expressions for the residual strain characteristics of both the buffer and device layers in the general case where the device layer may exhibit partial strain compensation. On the basis of this framework, it is possible to develop design equations for the tailoring of the strain in a device layer grown on a uniform composition buffer.
Abstract 9458: Left Ventricular Deformation Analysis Using Vendor Dependent and Vendor Independent Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Software: A Validation Study

Background: Accurate quantification of myocardial deformation by three dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) is useful. A high variability in 3DSTE-derived values has been observed among different ultrasound machines and analysis software. The aim of this study was to compare vendor dependent and vendor independent speckle-tracking software packages using 3D data acquired by the same machine with sonomicrometry as reference method and to elucidate the feasibility of a vendor-independent software. Methods: Ten harvested porcine hearts with 3 sonomicrometry crystals in the endomyocardium of the anterior walls were attached to a pulsatile pump. Hearts are pumped at 5 stroke volumes ranging 30 to 70 ml, with constant rotation and compaction to simulate normal cardiac motion. Echo images were acquired using a Siemens Acuson SC2000. After baseline imaging, glutaraldehyde was injected in the mid-anterior segment simulating myocardial infarction (MI). Images were analyzed using a Siemens analysis package and TomTec Arena program to evaluate the circumferential and longitudinal strain (CS, LS) values in the mid-anterior segment. Results: When comparing strain data obtained by each software systems and sonomicrometry, Pearson correlation coefficients ( R ) of CS and LS determined by the Siemens program were 0.84 and 0.89 (both p R value of 0.84 and 0.9 (both p R values ranging from 0.73 to 0.76 (all p Conclusions: Both vendor-dependent and independent software systems for 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography showed the ability to accurately detect myocardial deformation.
Fused shape features based on gradient and local phase in color domain

In this paper we present a new descriptor based on shape features for human detection. The shape features are extracted based on both, the image gradients, and the local phase in color space. The fusing of these complementary information yields to capture a broad range of the human appearance details that improves the detection accuracy. The proposed features are formed by computing the phase congruency of the three-color channels in addition to the gradient magnitude and orientation for each pixel in the image with respect to its neighborhood. Only the maximum phase congruency values are selected from the corresponding color channels. The histogram of oriented phase and the histogram of oriented gradients for the local regions of the image, are determined. These histograms are concatenated to construct the proposed descriptor and it is named as Fused Gradients and local Phase in Color space (FGPC). Several experiments were performed to test and evaluate the detection performance of the proposed descriptor. A linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used to train the pedestrians. The experimental results show that the human detection system based on the proposed features has less error rates and better detection performance over a set of state of the art feature extraction methodologies.
THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF AUDIT OPINIONS IN THE POST-SOX ERA

vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 2.1 Market Effects and Audit Qualifications 10 2.1.1 The Information Content of Audit Opinions on Financial Statements 10 2.1.2 The Information Content of Internal Control Material Weaknesses 16 2.1.3 Audit Opinions on Financial Statements and Audit Opinions on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting 19 2.2 Firm Characteristics and Audit Qualifications 20 2.2.1 Going-Concern Qualifications and Firm Characteristics 21 2.2.2 Internal Control Material Weaknesses and Firm Characteristics 23 2.2.3 Auditing Related Factors and Audit Qualifications 26 2.3 Risk Perceptions and Audit Qualifications 28 2.4 Summary and Implications 30 Chapter 3: Theoretical Model and Hypothesis Development 33
Image and Artistic Value

The difficulties facing the philosopher who wants to reflect on art today are daunting. In 1900, the aesthetician would have had to worry about paintings, which could be on canvas, on wooden panel, on walls in mural form, and on objects of use and decoration; or about works on paper, such as watercolors, drawings, and prints in various media; or about sculptures, which would be shaped by the artist himself or by his assistants in bronze, stone, wood, plaster, or wax. In all of these works, the visual image would enjoy pride of place. The dramatic changes on the picture plane and in sculptural form that began to occur shortly after 1900, although certainly posing difficulties for traditional philosophy of art, did not threaten the central role of the image in any fundamental way. The threat was not long in coming, however. In retrospect, one finds it in the Dada movement, and particularly in Marcel Duchamp’s readymades, the first of which was “produced” in 1913. The readymades, ordinary manufactured objects such as a snow shovel or urinal—selected by Duchamp, usually inscribed by him with some sort of title, and inserted into the context of the art world—are now widely taken to be works of art. The readymades and the Duchampian spirit they represent have had countless heirs in contemporary art. The readymades are, of course, visual objects, in the sense that one can see them, just as one can see any snow shovel. Whether or not they and their progeny, such as the works of conceptual artists, are visual images, however, is another matter.
Transference and Countertransference Interpretations: Harmful or Helpful in Short-Term Dynamic Therapy?

Finding effective and economical interventions in brief therapy has become a challenge for therapists of all orientations needing to make noticeable progress within a short period and to achieve positive, measurable outcomes. In this paper three theoretical positions and the empirical data purporting to support them were examined: (1) not using either transference or countertransference interpretations; (2) using transference but not countertransference interpretations; and (3) relying heavily on both kinds of interpretations. Though limited research prevents firm conclusions, findings support infrequent, careful, and cautious usage of transference and countertransference interpretations, including crafting them to meet specific patient characteristics and reflect presenting problems. If appropriately used, both interpretations can affect outcome by contributing to alliance building, perseverance in therapy, and goal attainment. If inappropriately used, however, both interpretations can cause harm, even premature termination. Finally, research findings do not support the theoretical position that positive outcome depends on transference and countertransference interpretations.
Real-time predictors and consequences of binge eating among adults with type 1 diabetes

Objective binge eating (OBE) is common among individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and may have negative consequences for glycemic control. Recent studies have suggested that diabetes distress (i.e., emotional distress specific to diabetes and living with the burden of management) is a distinct emotional experience among individuals with diabetes. Preliminary studies have found diabetes distress is associated with eating disorder symptoms and poor glycemic control. The aim of the current study was to examine real-time emotional precursors and consequences of OBE in adults with T1D (i.e., general negative affect, specific emotional states and diabetes distress) using ecological momentary assessment methods. We also explore the impact of OBE on 2-h postprandial glycemic control relative to non-OBE eating episodes. Adults with T1D (N = 83) completed 3-days of ecological momentary assessment assessing mood and eating behavior using a telephone-based survey system. Participants were prompted to rate momentary affect, including level diabetes distress, at random intervals and reported on eating episodes. Participants also wore continuous glucose monitors allowing for ongoing assessment of glycemic control. Multi-level modeling was used to examine between- and within-person effects of momentary increases in emotions prior to eating on the likelihood of OBE and the impact of OBE on postprandial blood glucose. Generalized linear mixed models examined whether change in post-meal affect differed between OBE and non-OBE episodes. Participants were predominately middle-aged (Mean = 42; SD = 12.43) Caucasian (87%) females (88%) reporting clinically significant eating disorder symptoms (76%). Nearly half of the sample (43%) reported OBE during the 3-day study period. The between-person effect for negative affect was significant (OR = 1.93, p < .05), indicating a 93% increased risk of OBE among individuals with higher negative affect compared to individuals with average negative affect. Between-person effects were also significant for guilt, frustration and diabetes distress (OR = 1.48–1.77, ps < .05). Analyses indicated that mean change in post-meal negative affect was significantly greater for OBE relative to non-OBE episodes (B = 0.44, p < .001). Blood glucose at 120 min postprandial was also higher for OBE than for non-OBE episodes (p = .03). Findings indicate that individuals who tend to experience negative affect and diabetes distress before eating are at increased risk of OBE at the upcoming meal. Results also suggest that engaging in binge eating may result in greater subsequent negative affect, including diabetes distress, and lead to elevated postprandial blood glucose levels. These findings add to a growing literature suggesting diabetes distress is related to eating disordered behaviors among individuals with T1D.
Multi-cycle operation of semi-batch reverse osmosis (SBRO) desalination

Abstract Semi-batch reverse osmosis (SBRO) desalination was investigated via process modeling and experimentally using a spiral-wound SBRO pilot system. The salinity increase during SBRO filtration necessitates periodic flushing of the excess salinity buildup in the system. Accordingly, concentrate flushing efficacy and its impact on SBRO performance were investigated for multi-cycles of filtration and concentrate flushing. Progressive cycle-to-cycle concentrate salinity rise, due to incomplete (concentrate) flushing, was apparent leading to corresponding SEC increase, but a stable cycle-to-cycle operation was ultimately achieved. Flushing duration longer than the convective residence time improved concentrate flushing. However, for a given recovery, longer flushing required longer filtration. The analysis confirmed that the SEC for an ideal SBRO operation (i.e., complete flushing of excess concentrate salinity) is lower relative to SPRO. However, ideal operation is likely to be a challenge with practical SBRO systems as it would necessitate complete concentrate flushing over the course of one convective residence time. Indeed, experimental evaluation of SBRO demonstrated higher SEC relative to single-pass RO (SPRO). Clearly, experimental quantification of concentrate flushing efficacy is critical for establishing SBRO effectiveness. Irrespective of SEC considerations, both SBRO and SPRO with partial recycle offer the flexibility of desalting operation over a wide recovery range.
A Meta-analysis to Guide the Enhancement of CBT for Childhood Anxiety: Exposure Over Anxiety Management

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the most empirically supported therapy for childhood anxiety disorders (CADs) but has not reliably outperformed other credible interventions. The current study used meta-analysis to examine the frequency with which the most common treatment components are included in outcome studies and the relation of these components to symptom improvement. Seventy-five studies were identified that included youth with an anxiety disorder treated with CBT or a comparison condition. The protocols for the 111 CBT conditions generally consisted of 12, 1-h sessions delivered to the child with minimal parent inclusion. A greater amount of in-session exposure was related to significantly larger effect sizes between CBT and waitlist control across reporters (− 0.12 to − 0.15; P’s < .05) and from pre- to post-treatment for child report (− .06; P < .01). Compared to treatments that omitted relaxation, treatments that included relaxation strategies were associated with significantly smaller pre- to post-treatment effect sizes across reporters (0.38 to 0.80; P’s < .05). The current study suggests that CBT protocols for CADs that emphasize in-session exposure and do not include relaxation have the potential to improve the efficacy and effectiveness of therapy. Dismantling studies directly testing these hypotheses are needed.
Knot my problem: Overcoming transradial catheter complications

Not all complications from transradial access can be prevented, even with diligent patient selection and preprocedure planning. This brief visual report offers technical suggestions to reverse knots and kinks encountered during catheter manipulation for endovascular transradial cerebral procedures.
Low Latency Bearing Fault Detection of Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Using Stator Current

Low latency change detection aims to minimize the detection delay of an abrupt change in probability distributions of a random process, subject to certain performance constraints such as the probability of false alarm (PFA). In this paper, we study the low latency detection of bearing faults of direct-drive wind turbines (WT), by analyzing the statistical behaviors of stator currents generated by the WT in real-time. It is discovered that the presence of fault will affect the statistical distribution of WT stator current amplitude at certain frequencies. Since the signature of a fault can appear in one of the multiple possible frequencies, we need to monitor the signals on multiple frequencies simultaneously, and each possible frequency is denoted as a candidate. Based on the unique properties of WT bearing faults, we propose a new multi-candidate low latency detection algorithm that can combine the statistics of signals from multiple candidate frequencies. The new algorithm does not require a separate training phase, and it can be directly applied to the stator current data and perform online detection of various possible bearing faults. The theoretical performance of the proposed algorithm is analytically identified in the form of upper bounds of the PFA and average detection delay (ADD). The algorithm allows flexible parametric adjustment of the tradeoff between PFA and ADD.