cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculating a Consistent Terminal Value in Multistage Valuation Models

Valuation analysis based on the present value of future cash flows often requires a multistage valuation model which includes a terminal value. An accurate calculation of the terminal value is very important, particularly if it represents a significant portion of the stock price. A typical analysis would include a finite forecast of cash flows for a five to ten-year period followed by a terminal value that represents all the cash flows thereafter. A common assumption is that the valuation cash flows beyond the finite horizon simply continue to grow at a lower long-term growth rate. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that such an assumption is rarely appropriate except under very restrictive assumptions, if consistent accounting relationships are maintained. Using dividends as the valuation cash flows in an example calculation, the dividend at the point that the growth rate declines is shown to increase by a step function rather than simply growing at a lower, mature growth rate. The size of the step function increase is then shown to change when the values of various key value drivers in the analysis are also allowed to change. Such value drivers include the EBIT margin, the asset intensity, and the relative level of debt. The step function increase in dividends can have a significant effect on the size of the terminal value and highlights the importance of maintaining consistent accounting relationships when forecasting future cash flows in a multistage valuation model.
Developing Ethical Competence: Some Considerations Regarding Virtue, Deliberation, Intention, and Guilt

This article inquires into what it means for public administrators to intend a good action and then accept responsibility when bad outcomes result. Explicating Anscombe’s approach to virtue ethics and deliberation, the intention can be known with certainty and responsibility then be assigned. The concepts of “feeling guilty” and “experiencing guilt” are differentiated, making it possible to envision how public administrators experience guilt for bad outcomes and, by accepting responsibility for them, hone ethical competence (Cooper & Menzel, 2013). These experiences also enable public administrators to model for the other members of their organizations how they might hone ethical competence and collaborate in building more ethical public service organizations.
Skin Interfacing Techniques

The use of cables, lead wires and conduits to transmit signals and power from implanted devices to externally located devices requires penetration of and interfacing with the integument. Likewise the development of a bioadherent dressing for burn wound cover or development of a permanently placed artificial limb, requires interfacing of a foreign material with viable skin. In order to better understand the problem, a brief review of some of the important functions of the skin and its method of wound healing is in order.
Continuous wave power scaling in high power broad area quantum cascade lasers

Experimental and model results for high power broad area quantum cascade lasers are presented. Continuous wave power scaling from 1.62 W to 2.34 W has been experimentally demonstrated for 3.15 mm-long, high reflection-coated 5.6 μm quantum cascade lasers with 15 stage active region for active region width increased from 10 μm to 20 μm. A semi-empirical model for broad area devices operating in continuous wave mode is presented. The model uses measured pulsed transparency current, injection efficiency, waveguide losses, and differential gain as input parameters. It also takes into account active region self-heating and sub-linearity of pulsed power vs current laser characteristic. The model predicts that an 11% improvement in maximum CW power and increased wall plug efficiency can be achieved from 3.15 mm x 25 μm devices with 21 stages of the same design but half doping in the active region. For a 16-stage design with a reduced stage thickness of 300A, pulsed roll-over current density of 6 kA/cm 2 , and InGaAs waveguide layers; optical power increase of 41% is projected. Finally, the model projects that power level can be increased to ~4.5 W from 3.15 mm × 31 μm devices with the baseline configuration with T 0 increased from 140 K for the present design to 250 K.
Study on the mechanical property of cement-based composites with the addition of iron sand

This study is a preliminary test for children's game wall, in which recycled scrap iron containers and other scrap iron, crushed, paint, and other procedures are mixed with cement concrete to replace the aggregate. This follows the curing of cement-based iron sand concrete magnetic adsorption properties. Because, compressive strength is important for concrete, this study determines the compressive strength of concrete that contains iron sand, which can be adsorbed by magnets, by using recycled scrap iron containers and other scrap iron. The test variables include 7-day, 14-day, and 28-day compressive strength. The water to cement (W/C) ratio is 0.5, and the iron sand replacement rates run from 0% to 60%. The result shows that when 10% of iron sand is used as a substitute to find aggregates, it has the highest compressive strength and has magnetic adsorption.
Summary of the working group on high current transport and final focus lenses

The group reviewed recent work, and then addressed itself to relating the current understanding of relevant beam transport effects to the four reference concepts. In addition there was discussion on plans for future experimental and theoretical work. Discussions covered the following topics: (1) Transverse instabilities on intense beams through periodic focusing systems, (2) evaluation and correction of chromatic aberrations in the final beam transport lines, (3) evaluation and correction of geometric aberrations due to quadrupole fringe fields, and (4) ion focusing by electrons.
Smoke-free laws, gender, and reduction in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction.

Objective We examined gender differences in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after the passage of a smoke-free law in Lexington, Kentucky. The initial legislation had exemptions not covering manufacturing facilities and government buildings, which may have put men at greater risk for AMI. Methods We examined the effect of Lexington's smoke-free public places law on hospitalizations for AMI (i.e., heart attack) among men and women 40 months prior to and 32 months after enactment of the law. We used the statewide administrative database (Comp Data) for all hospital billing records for the four health-care systems in Lexington-Fayette County. Cases were included in the analysis if (1) the patient was $35 years of age; (2) the patient had a primary discharge diagnosis of AMI, with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code in the range of 410.00 to 410.99; and (3) the date of service was between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2006. Results Among women, AMI hospitalizations declined 23% after the law took effect. The rate of AMI events among men did not change significantly. There was an overrepresentation of women in the hospitality industry and a disproportionate number of men working in manufacturing facilities and government worksites not mandated by the law. Conclusions We found gender differences in the reduction of AMI hospitalizations following implementation of a smoke-free law that covered only some sectors of the workforce. Enacting smoke-free laws that cover all places of employment and strengthening existing partial laws may extend protection against AMIs to female and male workers.
Surgical treatment of the rheumatoid thumb.

SUMMARY Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the thumb. Deformity does not require surgical intervention unless pain is present or a functional deficit exists, but if bony erosion develops and surgical treatment may be compromised in the future, earlier intervention may be indicated. When the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy of the impaired rheumatoid thumb are appreciated, and appropriate treatment is selected, surgical intervention is likely to provide a favorable outcome for the patient.
Predictions of the Entropies of Molecules and Condensed Matter

In this paper, we discuss a statistical mechanical theory for calculating the standard nonelectronic entropies \( S_T^0 \) and free energy functions \([(\!G^0_t - H^0_{298}\!)\!/\!T]\) of substances at high temperatures. These quantities are important and are often the only unknown data necessary for determining free energies of compounds, which is necessary for the calculation of chemical and phase equilibria. This lack of data is particularly significant at high temperatures that are important in the genesis of magmas and metamorphic rocks.
The relationship of 1988 state HIV testing policies to previous and planned voluntary use of HIV testing.

This study analyzed whether state HIV testing policies were related to individuals' previous and planned voluntary use of HIV testing. Testing plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection, yet little is known about how policies are related to testing use. Most states mandate the conditions under which testing is performed, but states vary widely in their policies. This cross-sectional study analyzed individual-level data from the 1988 AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Survey, which was merged with state-level data on testing policies and incidence of AIDS cases. A multivariate regression model was used to assess the relationship of state policies to testing use, holding state AIDS incidence and individual characteristics (sociodemographics, AIDS knowledge, and risk status) constant. Individuals in states with policies protective of individual rights (i.e., early adoption of comprehensive antidiscrimination laws restricting screening by insurers and employers; provision of voluntary, anonymous testing) were significantly more likely to have been tested than individuals in comparison states (odds ratio = 1.5). Individual characteristics such as risk status, however, had the strongest relationships to testing use. No evidence was found that name-reporting requirements were related to previous or planned use of testing. Future research must address emerging testing issues such as policies covering the use of new testing technologies.
P-013 4 year review of radial access versus femoral access for diagnostic outpatient cerebral angiography: cost, length of stay, and complication rates

Introduction Radial access has been demonstrated to be associated with lower access site complications, greater patient satisfaction and cost savings for coronary angiography. We sought to assess whether radial access for outpatient cerebral angiography would result in lower length of stay (LOS) and, therefore, cost savings over femoral angiography. Incidence of major access complication rates (including transfusion and surgical vascular repair) was additionally reviewed. Methods A single-center retrospective review of 101 consecutive radial access diagnostic cerebral angiogram via electronic database query in patients compared to 417 consecutive femoral access procedures. Using electronic query, LOS, patient demographics, procedure type, and complication rates were determined. Results From January 2014 through February 2018, all patients undergoing out-patient cerebral angiography were identified and divided into femoral (417 pts-70% female) versus radial access (101 pts-75% female). Average age (years): 57 radial verus 56 femoral. Average procedure times: 41.6 min radial versus 54.5 min femoral. Average time in Interventional Suite: 7 min (9%) shorter with Radial. Average length of stay: 3.2 hours shorter LOS for radial access patients Radial: 6.8 hours (1% (1/111) required more than 12 hour stay – 12.8 hours) Femoral: 10.0 hours (6% (26/417) required required more than 12 hour stay-with an average of 32.8 hours in that subgroup) Major Complication Rates: 0% (no patients in either group required a transfusion or surgical vascular repair). Recovery Room Costs: 5% lower with Radial Access. Conclusion Based on our single center retrospective review, incorporation of radial access for outpatient cerebral angiography is associated with shorter patient stays, lower cost, and no major complications. This time savings could increase case volume, while decreasing recovery room staffing. Disclosures S. Satti: 2; C; Stryker Neurovascular, Penumbra Neurovascular. P. Krishna Reddy: None. T. Eden: None. V. Ansar: None.
Determinants of Vascular Age: An Epidemiological Perspective.

Background: Vascular age is an emerging health indicator and predictor of end-organ damage to the heart, brain, and kidney. Although there have been many review publications concerning risk factors for vascular aging, most include cross-sectional epidemiological studies, limiting inferences about temporality. There is a need for a review of longitudinal epidemiological studies with repeated measures of vascular structure and function to allow for a systematic examination of determinants of vascular age and the association of vascular aging with outcomes. Content: Arterial stiffness is the most frequently used measure of vascular aging. We report here results of an extensive literature review of longitudinal cohort studies with repeated measures of arterial stiffness to characterize determinants of vascular age. Additionally, we summarize population-based studies that have focused on the association of arterial stiffness with end-organ damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Summary: Changes in arterial stiffness are evident in early childhood. In adults, arterial stiffness has been observed to progress at the average rate of 0.2 to 0.7 m/s for every 5 years of life. The state of the science is limited by the small number of studies with repeated measures of arterial stiffness and determinants of arterial stiffness progression, as well as limited studies in children and diverse race/ethnic groups. Several extant studies suggest that beyond age, cardiometabolic risk factors and adverse lifestyle behaviors contribute to arterial stiffening. Therefore, arterial stiffness is important in the assessment of healthy vascular aging and a possible target for the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease.
Risk-Taking Propensity, Affect, and Alcohol Craving in Adolescents' Daily Lives.

AbstractBackground: Alcohol craving is common among adolescents, stronger among those with more alcohol-related problems, and predicts drinking levels in their daily lives. Yet, the conditions that...
Device Therapy for Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Pharmacotherapeutic interventions are proven to reduce symptoms and improve survival in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction. The primary target of these medical interventions has been reverse remodeling. Creating a smaller ventricular cavity with improved contractility that is more conical and less spherical in shape has represented a reasonable surrogate of efficacy for effective drug interventions. This chapter reviews the medical devices that are designed to “reverse remodel” the heart, including tethers, socks, and cardiac support devices.
Splitting hairs and challenging guidelines: Defining the role of perioperative antibiotics in pediatric appendicitis patients.

Abstract Background Ambiguity regarding timing and duration of perioperative IV antibiotics in AA and CA exists. We wanted to determine if an association existed between surgical site infections (SSI) in children with acute (AA) or complicated appendicitis (CA) and timing and duration of perioperative antibiotics. Methods We performed a single institution, case control observational study of patients with (n = 988) and CA (n = 561) from 2013 to 2017. The exposure was the timing and/or duration of pre- and postoperative antibiotics. The outcome measure was SSI development within 60 days of surgery. Results SSI occurred in 2.5% AA and 19.1% CA patients. We identified 18–70 min before incision (MBI) as the best interval for preoperative antibiotic administration with regards to SSI occurrence with SSI OR = 3.0 (95% CI 1.35, 6.68) p = 0.0356 for antibiotics given 0–17 MBI and OR = 3.21 (95% CI 1.45, 7.09) p = 0.0108) for antibiotics given > 70 MBI. Postoperative antibiotics did not confer protection from SSI in AA patients (p = 0.718). CA patients who achieved normal physiologic indices within ≤ 6 days (Early Responders, ER) had 8.8% SSI while the Late Responders (LR, normal by > 6 days) had 49.3% SSI rate (p Conclusions Antibiotics given within 18–70 MBI for appendectomy may be associated with decreased SSI. Postoperative antibiotics should not be given for AA. In ER CA patients, additional oral antibiotics may decrease SSI. Level of evidence Level III. Type of study Retrospective comparative study.
Embodiment Is Related to Better Performance on a Brain-Computer Interface in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for motor rehabilitation aim to "close the loop" between attempted motor commands and sensory feedback by providing supplemental information when individuals successfully achieve specific brain patterns. Existing EEG-based BCIs use various displays to provide feedback, ranging from displays considered more immersive (e.g., head-mounted display virtual reality (HMD-VR)) to displays considered less immersive (e.g., computer screens). However, it is not clear whether more immersive displays improve neurofeedback performance and whether there are individual performance differences in HMD-VR versus screen-based neurofeedback. In this pilot study, we compared neurofeedback performance in HMD-VR versus a computer screen in 12 healthy individuals and examined whether individual differences on two measures (i.e., presence, embodiment) were related to neurofeedback performance in either environment. We found that, while participants' performance on the BCI was similar between display conditions, the participants' reported levels of embodiment were significantly different. Specifically, participants experienced higher levels of embodiment in HMD-VR compared to a computer screen. We further found that reported levels of embodiment positively correlated with neurofeedback performance only in HMD-VR. Overall, these preliminary results suggest that embodiment may relate to better performance on EEG-based BCIs and that HMD-VR may increase embodiment compared to computer screens.
Dual frequency comb spectroscopy of solid fuel pyrolysis and combustion: Quantifying the influence of moisture content in Douglas fir

Abstract As the fire research community develops multi-scale models to predict the spread of wildland fires, there is a need for well-controlled, small-scale experiments which provide benchmark data and fundamental understanding of the effects of key parameters on the combustion of wildland fuels. Here, we implement a unique suite of non-intrusive, quantitative diagnostics that simultaneously measure mass loss, surface temperature, in situ gas temperature and water vapor concentration, including the first implementation of dual frequency comb spectroscopy for the study of solid fuels. As a demonstration, we examine the effect of fuel moisture content on the burning of Douglas fir wood samples that are ignited under constant radiative heat flux from a cone calorimeter to provide benchmark data for multi-scale models. Peak flame temperatures 3 mm above the sample surface measured with the dual frequency comb laser spectrometer are in excess of 1200 K. The flame temperature decreases by over 150 K as fuel moisture content increases from 0.7% to 40%. This work demonstrates a platform for simultaneous, quantitative measurements of well-controlled small-scale experiments which provide benchmark data for the development of advanced modeling and simulations capable of capturing the complex physics present in wildland fire systems.
These honored dead: sacrifice narratives in the NRA’s American Rifleman Magazine

This paper presents a case study of how a fringe idea moves into the cultural mainstream. In its cultural and political project to defend the Second Amendment, the National Rifle Association (NRA) embraced New War culture, a counter-cultural response to the trauma of the war in Vietnam, which extended warrior honor to armed men defending their families from an increasingly hostile world and a suspect government that might try to disarm them. Using textual analysis of the American Rifleman, we explore how the NRA co-opted narratives of soldiers' sacrifice for the nation to promote a New War cultural message. We find that magazine contributors retooled the traditional narrative to feature non-military protagonists, to differentiate the nation from the government, and to spotlight freedom as a sacrificial cause. With their strong civil religious overtones, the NRA's sacrifice narratives served as value-laden signposts that elevated the Second Amendment to a sacred God-given freedom, extended the consecration from sacrifice to encompass their mainstream audience of gun owners, and identified political and cultural enemies. These classic American narratives of soldiers’ sacrifice for the nation were thus co-opted to deliver a simultaneously patriotic and anti-government counter-cultural message that would resonate with mainstream American culture.
A field study on marching band members' workload assessment.

BACKGROUND Marching band activities consist of both physically and cognitively demanding tasks. The demands that this activity has on players has largely been unstudied. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of players' experience level, role, and gender on the workload of marching band players via a field study. METHODS Surveys were issued during one game day to the Oregon State University Marching Band (OSUMB) in the fall of 2017. Increments of discomfort ratings and workload ratings were gathered. The three independent variables were experience level (novice or experienced), role (leader or non-leader), and gender. RESULTS Novice players had a higher discomfort for their left hand and a higher level of cognitive demand as opposed to experienced players. Leaders had a higher increment of discomfort in their neck and upper back, and higher workload ratings in their performance workload and overall weighted workload than the non-leaders. Gender had no effect on increment of discomfort and workload, but some trends were noted. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that players' role and experience, but not gender, can influence their workloads and discomfort.
Modeling Small Structural and Environmental Differences in Solids with 15N NMR Chemical Shift Tensors.

The ability to theoretically predict accurate NMR chemical shifts in solids is increasingly important due to the roles such shifts play in selecting among proposed model structures. Here, two theoretical methods are evaluated for their ability to assign 15 N shifts from guanosine dihydrate to one of the two independent molecules present in the lattice. The NMR data consist of 15 N shift tensors from 10 resonances. Analysis using periodic boundary or fragment methods consider a benchmark dataset to estimate errors and predict uncertainties of 5.6 and 6.2 ppm, respectively. Despite this high accuracy, only one of the five sites were confidently assigned to a specific molecule of the asymmetric unit. This limitation is not due to negligible differences in experimental data, as most sites exhibit differences of > 6.0 ppm between pairs of resonances representing a given position. Instead, the theoretical methods are insufficiently accurate to make assignments at most positions.
Collapse and revival dynamics of number-squeezed superfluids of ultracold atoms in optical lattices

Recent experiments have shown a remarkable number of collapse and revival oscillations of the matter-wave coherence of ultracold atoms in optical lattices [Will et al., Nature (London) 465, 197 (2010)]. Using a mean-field approximation to the Bose-Hubbard model, we show that the visibility of collapse and revival interference patterns reveals number squeezing of the initial superfluid state. To describe the dynamics, we use an effective Hamiltonian that incorporates the intrinsic two-body and induced three-body interactions, and we analyze in detail the resulting complex pattern of collapse and revival frequencies generated by virtual transitions to higher bands, as a function of lattice parameters and mean-atom number. Our work shows that a combined analysis of both the multiband, nonstationary dynamics in the final deep lattice and the number squeezing of the initial superfluid state explains important characteristics of optical lattice collapse and revival physics. Finally, by treating the two- and three-body interaction strengths and the coefficients describing the initial superposition of number states as free parameters in a fit to the experimental data, it should be possible to go beyond some of the limitations of our model and obtain insight into the breakdown of the mean-field theory for the initial state ormore » the role of nonperturbative effects in the final-state dynamics.« less
Carbon Coating of Silica Surface. I. Pyrolysis of Silica Gels Esterified with Alcohols

Abstract A silica gel was esterified with phenols at 300 or 350°C and pyrolyzed at 700°C under vacuum, yielding carbon-coated silica gels (CSG). Their surface properties were compared with those of CSG prepared by a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, in which benzene was used as a carbon source. This new method, named the ester pyrolysis method, was found to have the following advantages: the method considerably improved the percentage of carbon coating of the silica surface compared with the benzene-CVD method, the carbon film was formed uniformly on both the inner and the outer surfaces of the silica gel, and the carbon hardly blocked the pores of the silica gel.
Measurement theoretic representation of large, diverse model bases: the unified modeling language

Abstract The philosophy and features of the Unified Modeling Language L U are presented with emphasis on the support of large, diverse model bases. We argue that measurement theory stressing homomorphic mappings from empirical to mathematical systems is an ideal foundation for integrated modeling environments. Homomorphic mappings are an integral part of the semantics of the L U and motivate a number of language features that support large, diverse model bases. The L U provides a separate but uniform representation of domain worlds and mathematical systems known as model types. Domain worlds are composed of empirical objects, relations, and functions organized into classes and attributes, while model types are defined by standard queries and a rich collection of assumptions. To emphasize the importance of homomorphic mappings, unification constraints combine common patterns of domain and mathematical knowledge in model templates. Reusability and incremental refinement are supported by inheritance based on partial order relations for classes, attributes, assumptions, and model types. Together, the semantic foundation and language features provide a practical and formal knowledge representation for large, diverse model bases.
Paper Chromatographic System for the Identification of Glycerol in Bacterial Cell Walls

Abstract Ikawa, Miyoshi (University of New Hampshire, Durham), James W. Morrow, and Sheila J. Harney. Paper chromatographic system for the identification of glycerol in bacterial cell walls. J. Bacteriol. 92:812–814. 1966.—The solvent system consisting of isopropanol-5% boric acid (7:1, v/v) separates glycerol from the other carbohydrate constituents which are found in hydrolysates of bacterial cell walls. This system is useful for the identification of glycerol even when anhydroribitol and rhamnose are both present, and has been found to be applicable on cell wall hydrolysates as well as on synthetic mixtures.
Children's Use of Analogy During Collaborative Reasoning

This microgenetic study examined social influences on children’s development of analogical reasoning during peer-led small-group discussions of stories about controversial issues. A total of 277 analogies were identified among 7,215 child turns for speaking during 54 discussions from 18 discussion groups in 6 fourth-grade classrooms (N = 120; age M = 10.0, SD = 0.6). Use of analogy was found to spread among the children in discussion groups and occur at an accelerating rate, primarily because of the increasing use of novel analogies. Relational analogies with shared surface features triggered purely relational analogies during the next 2 speaking turns, showing a trend of relational shift. These results provide distinctive new evidence for the importance of social interaction in an aspect of cognitive development.
Daily home hemodialysis: a hybrid of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

Despite that routine home hemodialysis, performed with thrice weekly frequency, had provided the best clinical results of any dialysis modality, it had been losing competition to center hemodialysis and home peritoneal dialysis. The main reason for this paradox is a lack of suitable equipment for home hemodialysis. Contrary to peritoneal dialysis, which is easy to learn and perform without need for a helper, home hemodialysis is difficult because the kidney machines are not designed for home therapy. Daily hemodialysis provides even better results than routine home hemodialysis. Several studies showed excellent inteadialytic and interdialytic tolerance. In spite of these results the method is used only in a few centers. There are two major reasons for this incongruity: time requirement for the patient and the cost for the provider. With more frequent dialysis, more time is spent on machine setup, tear down, and cleaning. If supplies are not reused, the cost of dialysis increases substantially with increased frequency of dialysis. Daily home hemodialysis may become practical with a new machine. Three components seem crucial for this device: a built-in water treatment system; a simple, small, positive pressure, single pass, batch dialysate system; and a reusable extracorporeal circuit, automatically cleaned and disinfected daily. Daily home hemodialysis performed with the new artificial kidney system may be considered as a hybrid of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. High efficiency is taken from hemodialysis; simplicity is taken from peritoneal dialysis.
Molecular dynamics investigation of radiation damage in semiconductors

Results of a molecular dynamics investigation of the effects of radiation damage on the crystallographic structure of semiconductors are reported. In particular, the author considers the formation of point defects and small defect complexes in silicon at the end of a radiation damage cascade. The calculations described make use of the equivalent crystal theory of J.R. Smith and A. Banerjea (1988). Results on the existence of an atomic displacement threshold, the defect formation energy, and some crystallographic information on the defects observed are reported. >
ORGANIZING RETAIL: IDEAS FOR LABOR'S ONGOING CHALLENGE

Building on previous research that denotes the centrality of retail trade and employment to twenty-first-century U.S. capitalism, this article explores the potential for union organizing within the U.S. retail sector. First, I review U.S. Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Bureau of Economic Analysis data to assess where “structural power” exists for retail workers and, failing this, the extent to which “associational power” would be needed to counteract employer prerogatives. Then, I discuss the current state of retail unionism and recent organizing campaigns, from which four strategies for union growth are derived: supply-chain leveraging, global city targeting, occupational unionism, and global unionism. Although supply-chain leveraging appears to offer the greatest potential strength for organizing efforts, I argue that intervening factors, such as worker consciousness, union prerogatives, the extent of interunion cooperation, and specific tactics employed, may provide more immediate efficacy for other strategies.
Dileptons and Medium Effects in Heavy-Ion Collisions

We discuss the status of calculating in-medium modifications of vector-meson spectral functions in hot and dense matter, their application to dilepton spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, and possible relations to chiral symmetry restoration. We emphasize the importance of constraining in-medium spectral functions by empirical information from scattering data, QCD sum rules, and lattice QCD. This is a mandatory prerequisite to arrive at reliable predictions for low-mass dileptons in heavy-ion collisions.
C-Type RNA Tumour Virus Genome Expression in Wild House Mice

The presence of the indigenous latent C-type RNA tumour virus genome can be demonstrated in wild house mice by detection of gs antigen and C-type particles. There seems to be strong suppression of the activity of this viral genome in this feral species.
Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Treatment of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Sediment Samples from a Plating-Waste Disposal SiteImplications for in-Situ Remediation

Twenty sediment samples were collected at depths ranging from 5 to 100 feet beneath a chromate-contaminated plating-waste site and analyzed for Cr(VI), total chromium, and related constituents. Three of the samples were selected for treatment with dilute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas to evaluate this approach as a possible in-situ remediation technique. Gas treatment was performed in soil-packed columns using 100 ppm (μL L-1) H2S mixtures, and treatment progress was assessed by monitoring the breakthrough of H2S. Evaluation of treatment efficacy included (1) water-leaching of the treated and untreated columns for 10 days, (2) repetitive extraction of treated and untreated subsamples by water, 0.01 M phosphate (pH 7) or 6 M HCl solutions, and (3) Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy of treated and untreated subsamples. Results of the water-leaching studies showed that the H2S treatment decreased Cr(VI) levels in the column effluent by 90% to nearly 100%. Repetitive extractions b...
Fragile X genotype characterized by an unstable region of DNA

DNA sequences have been located at the fragile X site by in situ hybridization and by the mapping of breakpoints in two somatic cell hybrids that were constructed to break at the fragile site. These hybrids were found to have breakpoints in a common 5-kilobase Eco RI restriction fragment. When this fragment was used as a probe on the chromosomal DNA of normal and fragile X genotype individuals, alterations in the mobility of the sequences detected by the probe were found only in fragile X genotype DNA. These sequences were of an increased size in all fragile X individuals and varied within families, indicating that the region was unstable. This probe provides a means with which to analyze fragile X pedigrees region was unstable. This probe provides a means with which to analyze fragile X pedigrees and is a diagnostic reagent for the fragile X genotype
Magnetic field orientation dependent ground states in (TMTSF)2PF6

Abstract We report anisotropic and angular dependent magneto-resistance measurements in the “normal” state of TMTSF 2 PF 6 under pressure at low temperature. The most striking feature of this study occurs below 5K where we observe metallic behavior (dR/dT>0) when the field is aligned along intermolecular tunneling directions (Lebed magic angles) and non-metallic behavior (dR/dT>0) for other orientations. Previous results showed this behavior along the most conducting a direction, but here we show that the b and c (interplane) directions also exhibit this metallic to non-metallic transition with angle. At higher temperatures (~15–20K) there is a resistance minimum in the conducting (a-b) plane which is absent in the interplane (c) direction. Since we expect phase transitions, or other changes in the electronic state, to be observable in all directions, this observation implies that the nature of the ground state is reflected in the 5K magic angle effects and is determined by interplane decoupling rather than in-plane dimensionality crossovers.
The oxidation of Mo(100) studied by XPS and surface Raman spectroscopy : the onset of MoO2 formation and the formation of surface polymolybdate

Abstract Oxidation of the Mo(100) single crystal surface at 700–900 K with molecular oxygen has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface Raman spectroscopy. Whereas the onset of oxide formation was previously found to occur at oxygen coverages just over one monolayer, the nucleation of crystalline MoO2 requires a threshold oxide thickness between 6 and 8 A, just over one unit cell thick, as indicated by the pronounced appearance of MoO2 features in the surface Raman spectrum. After extensive oxidation at low oxygen pressures the formation of Mo6+ was observed by XPS. Contrary to previous conclusions the Mo6+ does not appear to be due to the formation of MoO3 but is associated with surface polymolybdate species on the oxidized surface.
Moving toward the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: The Classroom Can Be a Lab, Too!

Division 2 of the American Psychological Association was practicing the scholarship of teaching long before Boyer (1990) coined the term, but Boyer brought the idea to academe's consciousness. Over time, however, the scholarship of teaching and “scholarly teaching” have become confused. Based on Richlin's (2001) work, I attempt to resolve this confusion by equating the scholarship of teaching with scholarly work by faculty. In addition, I point out the parallels between assessment and the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) and provide tips for faculty who want to engage in SoTL research but see roadblocks in their way.
The DNA glycosylase Ogg1 defends against oxidant-induced mtDNA damage and apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial (mt) DNA damage may be a trigger for apoptosis in oxidant-challenged pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). Understanding the rate-limiting determinants of mtDNA repair may point to new targets for intervention in acute lung injury. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is the only pathway for oxidative damage repair in mtDNA. One of the key BER enzymes is Ogg1, which excises the base oxidation product 8-oxoguanine. Previously we demonstrated that overexpression of mitochondrially targeted Ogg1 in PAECs attenuated apoptosis induced by xanthine oxidase (XO) treatment. To test the idea that Ogg1 is a potentially rate-limiting BER determinant protecting cells from oxidant-mediated death, PAECs transfected with siRNA to Ogg1 were challenged with XO and the extent of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage was determined along with indices of apoptosis. Transfected cells demonstrated significantly reduced Ogg1 activity, which was accompanied by delayed repair of XO-induced mtDNA damage and linked to increased XO-mediated apoptosis. The nuclear genome was undamaged by XO in either control PAECs or cells depleted of Ogg1. These observations suggest that Ogg1 plays a critical and possibly rate-limiting role in defending PAECs from oxidant-induced apoptosis by limiting the persistence of oxidative damage in the mitochondrial genome.
Numerical simulation of hydraulic jump

Hydraulic jump on a straight horizontal channel with supercritical Froude numbers 2·0 and 4·0 is numerically simulated by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Turbulence is modelled through the k–ϵ closure equations and the mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian description of flow is utilized to overcome the problem posed by moving free boundary. Time stepping is done via fractional step method and pressure is determined from Poisson's equation. Galerkin finite element method with three-noded triangular elements is used for spatial discretization. A detailed study of the internal and external characteristics of hydraulic jump is done and compared with experimental values where possible. Surface roller and recirculation zone are found to play a dominant role in turbulence generation and dissipation.
Optical Anderson localization in one-dimension: a non-Monte Carlo approach for continuous disorder

A long product of random transfer matrices is frequently used to model disordered one-dimensional photonic bandgap structures in order to investigate optical Anderson localization. The Lyapunov exponent of this long matrix product, known to exist from Furstenberg's theorem, is identified as the localization factor (inverse localization length). It is not unusual to have 5,000,000 random matrices with Monte Carlo chosen elements in one product to calculate a single Lyapunov exponent, and then have results averaged over as many as 10,000 ensembles. The entire process has to be repeated for 100 or more frequencies to clearly show the frequency dependence of the optical localization effects. This paper instead uses a non-Monte Carlo numerical technique to calculate the Lyapunov exponents. This technique, by Froyland and Aihara, is especially suited to the case where the disorder in the photonic bandgap structure is discrete. Namely, it is used to calculate the probability distribution of the direction of the vector propagated by the long chain of random matrices by finding the left eigenvector of a certain sparse row-stochastic matrix. This distribution is used in Furstenberg's integral formula to calculate the Lyapunov exponent. Now this technique is extended to the case where the random elements of the photonic bandgap transfer matrices are intended to be chosen from a continuous distribution. Specifically, discrete probability mass functions whose moments increasingly match those of a uniform probability density function are used with the Froyland-Aihara method. A very significant savings in computation time is noted compared to Monte Carlo approaches.
From environmental excellence to sustainability

Several decades of technical accomplishments in making environmental improvements to products and processes have taught us that it is possible to achieve environmental improvements while not making real strides towards the goal of sustainability. Cleaner products, in practice, can boost demand for consumption, thus using greater per capita non-renewable natural resources. For instance, the improvement of automobile engine performance has paved the way for our propensity to drive bigger cars with lower mileage per gallon or simply to drive longer distances. A better direction for the future therefore begs for achieving sustainability than for merely improving environmental performance. Realizing the importance of resource conservation and its societal and ecological benefits, many multi-national corporations have already begun programs to address sustainable development issues. Sustainable development, however, is not limited to manufacturing systems only. Civic units, such as cities, regions, and watersheds in many parts of the world are also being evaluated from this viewpoint. These activities undertaken in the interest of sustainable development are in keeping with the awareness created by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). As is evident, sustainability refers to a system that needs to be appropriately defined. Not all systems we can consider can be defined on the basis of global environmental, ecological and developmental attributes and metrics. Sustainability of a village cannot obviously mean the same thing as sustainability of the planet. For systems smaller than the planet Earth, care has to be taken in choosing metrics so as to assure that the metrics provide a real measure of progress towards sustainability while not adversely affecting the surroundings. When done correctly, progress towards sustainability of smaller systems will complement the sustainability of the planet. As I have attempted to show in a Perspective article published in the AIChE Journal (vol 49, no. 8, p. 1929, 2003), if we can design aggregate metrics to represent the environmental, ecological and developmental aspects of a system, we achieve real progress towards sustainability only when all three metrics show improvement independently. Finding a scientific way to devise these three aggregate metrics is, however, a difficult undertaking. The greatest challenge before scientists, technologists, and policy makers today is to devise sustainability metrics that describe quantitatively progress made in a system, be it a manufacturing process or an ecosystem. Someday in the future when we have some expertise in certifying progress towards sustainability, we would need to be able to recognize attainment of sustainability when we actually arrive there. Editorial Clean Techn Environ Policy 6 (2003) 1 DOI 10.1007/s10098-003-0237-4
Middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts causing sensorineural hearing loss

Arachnoid cyst of the middle cranial fossa has never been reported to present with sensorineural hearing impairment. We report the case of a 15-year-old girl who complained of progressive hearing loss on the right side for 4 years. The pure tone audiometry revealed sensorineural hearing loss with an average of 63 dB, and the auditory brain stem response demonstrated absence of all waves on the right side. Magnetic resonance imaging showed giant arachnoid cysts occupying the bilateral middle cranial fossa and extending to the parietal and prepontine areas with the atrophic change of the right facial-acoustic nerve cord and a decrease in signal intensity of the right cochlea and vestibule. The cystoperitoneal shunting procedure was suggested, but the parents hesitated about the surgical treatment. The patient has not received any surgical intervention, and her hearing has been stable for 1 year during the follow-up period. This case represents the first report that sensorineural hearing loss is a possible presenting symptom when arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa are massive.
Tissue Response to p-Amino Benzene Sulfonamide (Sulfanilamide) in Mice

SummaryThe subcutaneous injection of Merck's sulfanilamide suspended in lard into 20 Swiss Albino mice was followed in 2 instances by the development of a spindle cell sarcoma at the site of injection. The animals died at 222 and 261 days respectively. A similar group of mice treated similarly with 1 :2 :5 :6 dibenzanthracene resulted in spindle cell sarcomas at the site of injection in 8 animals. The latter died in 150 to 2001 days.