cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic social isolation and chronic variable stress during early development induce later elevated ethanol intake in adult C57BL/6J mice

Experience with stress situations during early development can have long-lasting effects on stress- and anxiety-related behaviors. Importantly, this can also favor drug self-administration. These studies examined the effects of chronic social isolation and/or variable stress experiences during early development on subsequent voluntary ethanol intake in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic isolation between weaning and adulthood (Experiment 1), chronic isolation during adulthood (Experiment 2), and chronic variable stress (CVS) alone or in combination with chronic social isolation between weaning and adulthood (Experiment 3) on subsequent voluntary ethanol intake. Mice were born in our facility and were separated into two housing conditions: isolate housed (one mouse/cage) or group housed (four mice/cage) according to sex. Separate groups were isolated for 40 days starting either at time of weaning postnatal day 21 (PD 21) (early isolation, Experiments 1 and 3) or at adulthood (PD 60: late isolation, Experiment 2). The effects of housing condition on subsequent ethanol intake were assessed starting at around PD 65 in Experiments 1 and 3 or PD 105 days in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, starting at PD 32, isolate-housed and group-housed mice were either subjected to CVS or left undisturbed. CVS groups experienced random presentations of mild stressors for 14 days, including exposure to an unfamiliar open field, restraint, physical shaking, and forced swim, among others. All mice were tested for ethanol intake for 14 days using a two-bottle choice (ethanol 15% vol/vol vs. water) for a 2-h limited access procedure. Early social isolation resulted in greater ethanol intake compared with the corresponding group-housed mice (Experiment 1). In contrast, social isolation during adulthood (late isolation) did not increase subsequent ethanol intake compared with the corresponding group-housed mice (Experiment 2). For mice that did not experience CVS, early social isolation resulted in greater ethanol intake compared with group-housed mice (Experiment 3). CVS subsequently resulted in a significant increase in ethanol intake in group-housed mice, but CVS failed to further increase ethanol intake in mice that experienced chronic social isolation early in life (Experiment 3). Overall, female mice consumed more ethanol than males, whether isolated (early or late) or group housed. These results indicate that early but not late social isolation can subsequently influence ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice. Thus, the developmental timing of chronic social isolation appears to be an important factor in defining later effects on ethanol self-administration behavior. In addition, experience with CVS early in life results in elevated ethanol intake later in adulthood. Taken together, these results emphasize the important role of early stress experiences that modulate later voluntary ethanol intake during adulthood.
Non-trophic interaction webs mediated by plants

Any non-lethal interactor with a plant can induce changes in plant traits, which, in turn, can affect other plant associates. Such trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs [1]) can be generated by a diverse assemblage of species, both above and below ground. While one can immediately think of some obvious TMIIs, such as induced resistance or susceptibility to herbivory caused by prior herbivore attack, this book also details many less obvious TMIIs (e.g. effects of within-plant endophytes as inhibitors of aphid parasitism, and effects of belowground decomposers and root-feeders on plant–pollinator interactions).
Spatial confrontations: Abandonment of self-labor in transitional sheltering after a natural disaster

Abstract This study investigated various types of place-based negotiations (spatial confrontations) observed during the creation of transitional shelters that led to verbal and physical violence among evacuees following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka. It also investigated how the use of the evacuees' own labor (self-labor) during the creation of the transitional shelters affected spatial negotiations between internally displaced people and shelter organizers. A connection was found between total and partial abandonment of transitional houses and the lack of regard for self-labor during post-disaster recovery attempts. The accepted thesis of increased violence on vulnerable groups in transitional environments after an extreme disaster was expanded. The study adapted a method of systematic acquisition of themes through extemporaneous discourse based on open-ended cognitive interviews conducted among snowball sampled 32 individuals from two transitional facilities in the southern coast. Where labor is abundant and labor-intensive small-scale fishing is livelihood cum lifestyle, the evacuees found abandonment of their labor in the transitional sheltering process both unsustainable and potentially harmful for long term resiliency against disasters. The study also revealed that spatial confrontations did not exist separate from other forms of violence stemming from inevitable transactions between social and economic agents. Employment of self-labor alone cannot cease spatial confrontations, therefore, the root causes of the violence triggered by the transitional environments need to be systematically addressed.
Felbamate in the treatment of partial-onset seizures

Felbamate (FBM, Felbatol/Taloxa) has been the object of several trials that are innovative and unique. First, FBM is the first antiepileptic drug (AED) to have been submitted to a controlled efficacy study in patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) before being submitted for regulatory approval. Second, FBM was tested in patients discontinued from other AEDs for presurgical monitoring. Third, FBM was the first experimental AED to have been tested in controlled monotherapy trials. Overall, these studies succeeded in demonstrating that FBM is relatively safe and effective against both partial-onset seizures and the generalized seizures occurring in the LGS. The results of some of these studies could not always be expressed by using the more familiar concept of percent seizure reduction because, for ethical reasons, the efficacy variable had to be defined in terms of time to the nth seizure or in terms of escape criteria. This may make it more difficult to evaluate just how effective FBM is in comparison with other AEDs. Another reason why the efficacy of FBM cannot yet be fully assessed is that in all the studies the FBM dosage was limited to a maximum of 3,600 mg/day or 45 mg/kg/day. At this dosage, FBM produced no toxicity in the majority of patients, and its full therapeutic toxicity in the majority of patients, and its full therapeutic effect may have to be re-evaluated in the future at higher dosages.
De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Purpose of reviewTo describe the use of a ‘de-escalation’ strategy to deliver appropriate empiric therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia, without the overuse of antibiotics.Recent findingsInitial empiric therapy can be appropriate in 80–90% of ventilator-associated pneumonia patients, if it is
Nitrite mediates cytoprotection after ischemia/reperfusion by modulating mitochondrial function

Nitrite, once thought to be an inert biomarker of NO formation, is now recognized as an endocrine storage pool of bioactive NO. While nitrite mediates a number of hypoxic responses, one of its most robust effects is its ability to confer cytoprotection after ischemia/reperfusion in a number of organs and models. The mechanism of this cytoprotection appears to be mediated at the level of the mitochondrion. Here we review the studies demonstrating that nitrite is cytoprotective in the heart and describe the mechanism of this cytoprotection, which involves the post-translational modification of complex I leading to the modulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation at reperfusion. The mechanism of nitrite-dependent cytoprotection will be compared to other cytoprotective agents including NO and ischemic preconditioning.
The diverging paths of German and United States policies for renewable energy: Sources of difference

The United States and Germany started out with very similar policies for renewable energy after the energy crisis of the 1970s. By the year 2000 they were on very different policy paths and, as a result, the German renewable energy industry has moved well ahead of that in the United States, both in terms of installed capacity in the country and in terms of creating a highly successful export market. In this paper, we reject some of the conventional explanations for this difference. Instead, these differences arise from the intersection of contingent historical events with the distinctive institutional and social structures that affect policy making in each country. Our analysis of the historical path-dependent dynamics of each country suggests that those who wish to further renewable energy policy in the United States need to take into account these institutional and social factors so that they will better be able to exploit the next set of favorable historical circumstances.
Should there be a universal philosophy of music education

The four themes of the Conference focus on the universal dimension of music, claiming that music speaks universally to all generations, times, cultures, and nations. if that is the case, it should ...
A large, spherical echogenic object appearing in the left atrium during early left ventricular ejection.

Z N l o N 87-YEAR-OLD, 170-cm, 69-kg man with transverse and sigmoid colon villous adenomas and chronic choleystitis underwent a total colectomy; end ileostomy; and choecystectomy during sevoflurane, fentanyl, and rocuronium ansthesia. The patient had a past medical history of coronary rtery disease (60% stenoses of the left anterior descending and eft circumflex coronary arteries), valvular heart disease (inluding mild-to-moderate tricuspid and aortic regurgitation), nd mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction f 45%). The patient also had a remote past history of a cerebral ascular accident of embolic origin with residual left-sided eakness. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography TEE) was performed because of the history of cardiac and
Isoform-specific function and distribution of Na/K pumps in the frog lens epithelium.

Epithelial cells from the anterior and equatorial surfaces of the frog lens were isolated and used the same day for studies of the Na/K ATPase. RNase protection assays showed that all cells express α1- and α2-isoforms of the Na/K pump but not the α3-isoform, however the α2-isoform dominates in anterior cells whereas the α1-isoform dominates in equatorial cells. The whole cell patch-clamp technique was used to record functional properties of the Na/K pump current (I P ), defined as the current specifically inhibited by dihydro-ouabain (DHO). DHO-I P blockade data indicate the α1-isoform has a dissociation constant of 100 μm DHO whereas for the α2-isoform it is 0.75 μm DHO. Both α1- and α2-isoforms are half maximally activated at an intracellular Na+-concentration of 9 mm. The α1-isoform is half maximally activated at an extracellular K+-concentration of 3.9 mm whereas for the α2-isoform, half maximal activation occurs at 0.4 mm. Lastly, transport by the α1-isoform is inhibited by a drop in extracellular pH, which does not affect transport by the α2-isoform. Under normal physiological conditions, I P in equatorial cells is approximately 0.23 μA/μF, and in anterior cells it is about 0.14 μA/μF. These current densities refer to the area of cell membrane assuming a capacitance of around 1 μF/cm2. Because cell size and geometry are different at the equatorial vs. anterior surface of the intact lens, we estimate Na/K pump current density per area of lens surface to be around 10 μA/cm2 at the equator vs. 0.5 μA/cm2 at the anterior pole.
PC-based computation of the magnetic field above the earth's surface caused by a buried three-phase high-voltage power-line

Abstract A personal-computer(PC)-based boundary element method to calculate the quasistatic magnetic field above the earth's surface induced by an underground, three-phase, high-voltage power-line is developed. Use of a PC to handle the relevant mainframe sized matrix formulations is indicated. Computed results are compared with measured data.
A critical examination of the response competition hypothesis

Harrison and Matlin have proposed that novel stimuli elicit response competition (rc) which produces a tension state, but that exposure to these novel stimuli establishes response hierarchies, reducing rc and tension, and making the familiar less unpleasant than the novel. Several problems with the rc hypothesis are presented: (1) it does not adequately account for decreasing or inverted U-shaped relationships between frequency and affect; (2) the nature of rc is unclear and counterintuitive; (3) the operational definitions of re and meaningfulness lack discriminant validity; (4) data supporting the re hypothesis have alternate explanations. However, the considerable heuristic value of the hypothesis in generating research and other hypotheses is acknowledged.
INERTIAL THIGH ANGLE SENSING FOR A SEMI-ACTIVE KNEE PROSTHESIS

We present an application of a microelectromechanical sys- tems (MEMS)-based inertial measurement unit (IMU) to thigh angle estimation for the control of a semi-active knee prosthesis. By using inertial based measurement devices, we can move all of our sensors to one location inside the prosthetic leg. These sensors are challenging to use, how- ever, because error in their measurements will accumulate over time. We show that by applying the Kalman filter to an IMU consisting of a dual-axis accelerometer and a single- axis gyroscope, we can decrease the integral of squared er- ror of our thigh angle estimates by 70%.
Revisiting the (Lost) Art of Ideal-Typing in Public Administration

Despite a renewed interest in Max Weber's work in public administration literature, there has been little discussion of his ideal-type method as a useful tool for contemporary theory building and subsequent research. The article challenges the field to revisit the art of ideal-typing as an important methodology when applied accurately, distinguishing ideal-typing from other forms of classification. It revisits Weber's original (translated) essays on methodology, clarifying the specific steps involved in generating and utilizing ideal-type models and illustrating each step with Weber's ideal-type models as well as a recent study that employed the method to generate an ideal-type model of public administration theory based on logics of democratic legitimacy. Both applications make a case for the method's appropriateness for public administration and its potential usefulness in generating robust theoretical models from which to develop hypotheses and conduct a variety of both mental experiments and empirical...
Increased hedonic differences despite increases in hedonic range

Viewing hedonically negative paintings increased the hedonic ratings of subsequently viewed test paintings (positive hedonic contrast; Experiment 1) and also increased the degree of preference between the test paintings (Experiments 2 and 3). This result differs from the reduction in hedonic preference (hedonic condensation) that accompanies negative hedonic contrast. It also differs from the reduction in perceived differences that usually accompanies expansion of stimulus range and that is predicted by numerous theories.
Expert systems for decision support in EDP auditing

The complexities of computer auditing have created a need for decision support for the EDP auditor. Traditional statistical techniques have proven valuable; however, there are important qualitative components which must be incorporated in the analysis. More importantly, there is a need for decision aids which not only produce analysis and probability estimates-but are able to explain their analysis and conclusions. Recent developments in artificial intelligence have made possible the development of expert systems which provide these capabilities. In this paper we present the motivation, framework, and development strategy for a decision support system for EDP auditing.
Investigations of the Diurnal Cycle and Mixing State of Oxalic Acid in Individual Particles in Asian Aerosol Outflow

The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.
THE EXPANDING WORLD OF METAPHOR

Let us start with literature, and with the fact that literature is an art of words. That means, in the first place, a difference of emphasis between the art and the words. If we choose the emphasis on words, we soon begin to relate the verbal structures we call literary to other verbal structures. We find that there are no clearly marked boundaries, only centres of interest. There are many writers, ranging from Plato to Sartre, whom it is difficult, or more accurately unnecessary, to classify as literary or philosophical. Gradually more and more boundaries dissolve, including the boundary between creators and critics, as every criticism is also a recreation. Sooner or later, in pursuing this direction of study, literary criticism, philosophy, and most of the social sciences come to converge on the study of language itself. The characteristics of language are clearly the essential clue to the nature of everything built out of language. The developments in linguistics and semiotics in the last quartercentury have shown us how language both expresses and structures our consciousness in time and space. I speak of these developments only in passing, because there are many scholars who can speak about them with more authority than I can. In this area of study a word is primarily a signifier, related arbitrarily, or more precisely by convention, to what it signifies. What makes a word a word is its difference from other words, and what gives words a public meaning for a community is the disentangling of them from the associations of those who use them, including the author. Jacques Derrida in particular has emphasized that this attitude to language is one in which writing or printing is logically prior to the spoken word. In oral discourse the words are still, in a manner of speaking, unborn, still attached to an enclosing presence or speaking personality. We can also, however, turn to the other emphasis on the art of
Studies on amino acid levels and protein metabolism in the brains of galactose-intoxicated chicks.

— Levels of free amino acids, profiles of polyribosomes, and rates of protein synthesis and degradation were examined in the brains of chicks fed toxic levels of galactose. The content of a number of amino acids were altered; alanine and leucine were most strikingly depressed, whereas levels of aspartate were elevated. Polyribosomal profiles were unaltered. There appeared to be no detrimental effect on protein synthesis as judged by in vivo incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine and L-[guanidino-14C]arginine. Likewise, the half-lives of proteins, measured by the loss of L-[guanidino-14C]arginine, were similar in experimental and control groups. In contrast, initial rates of incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into glycoproteins were enhanced. The effect was greatest in the microsomal fraction and typically 50 per cent greater than controls. Levels of free glucosamine and protein-bound hexosamine were essentially unaltered in the galactose-fed chicks.
Differential Reactivity of Human Serums with Early Antigens Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus

Inoculation of 64-10 or Raji cultures with Epstein-Barr virus derived from the HRI-K clone of the P3J Burkitt's lymphoma line caused abortive infections in most of the lymphoblastoid cells with synthesis of "early antigens" but few, if any, capsids. Antibodies to early antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in serums of many patients with infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, or nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These antibodies were rarely present in other serums even though some of them showed high titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus when assayed on EB3 Burkitt tumor cells; they also prevented synthesis of early antigens, provided the serums were mixed with the virus prior to inoculation. Antibodies to early antigens possibly reflect current or recent disease processes that are associated with the virus.
Absolute Stability for Neutral Differential Systems

This paper is aimed to show that Popov's method for absolute stability, based on the frequency domain approach and the use of Volterra integral equations, can be applied to the case of neutral differential systems of the form (1). The operator A appearing in (1) is formally given by (2), and it is acting on various function spaces under hypothesis H 1 and H 2 below. The absolute stability for the system (1), (8) is obtained from the corresponding integral equation (15).
On implementing Kasa's circle fit procedure

This paper addresses the numerical issues of implementing Kasa's circle fit procedure. We consider three main problems: (1) appropriateness of circle-fitting algorithm results to the measured data; (2) ambiguous circles due to the crowding of data; (3) data distribution along fitted circle for sensitivity improvement or measurement requirements. We seek to make noteworthy those elements of the circle fitting technique which contribute most to the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the intended application. To that end, error bounds are derived and checks proposed to assess the applicability of the technique to the fitted data. Simulation results are submitted in support of the proposed methods.
Secondary volcanic impact craters at Kapoho, Hawaii and comparisons with the lunar surface

Abstract Craters formed by impacts of volcanic ejectra were studied both on aerial photographs and on the ground. The following relations are determined: (1) frequency distribution of crater diameters, (2) mass-diameter relation, and from these, (3) frequency distribution of volcano ejecta masses. The latter differs from that found among lunar surface fragments (Surveyor I), which resembles that caused by simple low-energy fragmentation; it is closer to that caused by repeated, multiple fragmentation. Mass distributions of other classes of objects are briefly discussed. The terrain of the Kapoho craters superficially resembles the lunar landscape. At metric dimensions on the lunar surface, simple fragmentation has acted, and secondary (meteoritic) craters similar to those at Kapoho may exist.
Ultrasonic detection of photothermal interaction of lasers with tissue using a pulsed Doppler system

Thermal therapy using various heating sources such as lasers or microwaves to destroy benign and malignant lesions has recently gained widespread acceptance. However, the accurate prediction of thermal damage in tissue according to theoretical or computer modeling is difficult and unreliable due to target variability with respect to physical properties, geometry, and blood perfusion. Thus, one of the major obstacles to application of thermal therapies has been the lack of a noninvasive, real-time method that could determine the extent and geometry of treated tissue. To evaluate the effects of laser heating on tissue, we have developed an analog-digital hybrid Doppler ultrasound system to measure the phase and amplitude of ultrasonic echoes returned from the heated tissue. The system consists of an eight-gate pulsed Doppler detector, a 16-channel 12-bit A/D converter, and a signal analysis and visualization software package. In vitro studies using canine liver showed two distinct types of modulation of the echoes along the ultrasound beam path during laser irradiation using an 810 nm diode laser. Type 1 signals showed a small and slow variation in amplitude and phase, and were attributed to tissue coagulation. Type 1 signals showed a small and slow variation in amplitude and phase, and were attributed to tissue coagulation. Type 2 signals showed large and rapid variations in amplitude and phase which usually appeared after tissue surface explosion and were indicative of tissue ablation. We hypothesize that the observed phase changes in type 1 signals are due to thermal effects within the tissue consistent with tissue expansion and contraction while the phase changes in type 2 signals are likely due to formation and motion of gas bubbles in the tissue. A further development of the Doppler ultrasound technique could lead to the generation of feedback information needed for monitoring and automatic control of thermal treatment using various heating modalities such as laser, high intensity focused ultrasound, microwaves, or radio frequency waves.
United States relations with South Africa: Why now is a critical time to strengthen them

Now, more than ever, the United States needs to strengthen its relationship with the Republic of South Africa (RSA). A renewed focus on the African continent by global powers is putting Africa at the centre of a struggle for influence and resources. The US provides aid for numerous countries throughout Africa, but South Africa undeniably receives the major share with over US$221 million for Aids relief alone in 2006. Yet, diplomatic relations between the US and South Africa remain somewhat strained and prevent the US from collaborating effectively with South Africa to bring peace and security to the African continent. Working through those differences sooner, rather than later, will yield enormous returns for the African continent as a whole, as well as for US national security concerns in the future. The RSA is the strongest economic power on the African continent, with a gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006 of US$587,5 billion (more than 67 per cent of which came from the services sector) and a GDP growth rate of 5 per cent. Unfortunately, even the current economic growth has not been sufficient to lower the unemployment rate, since the country is still plagued by many problems from the apartheid era, specifically poverty and a lack of economic empowerment among previously disadvantaged groups. These problems spill over into the wider economy and prevent South Africa from being the leader on the continent that the world expects it to be. The US is involved in multiple programmes to alleviate many of South Africa's problems - by means of military assistance, health services, economic aid and other projects from numerous agencies. The existing programmes, combined with stronger diplomatic and military relationships between the two countries, are critical in ensuring that South Africa becomes a beacon of leadership for other countries. In addition, with South Africa being the hegemon of Africa, better relations with South Africa are vital to US interests in Africa: South Africa will be able to act as a committed US partner once relations have been strengthened. The recent announcement that the US is preparing to establish a unified, designated Africa Command (AFRICOM), which will be responsible for the entire African continent except Egypt, presents a new set of opportunities for the US and South Africa to strengthen military and diplomatic relations. This will inevitably lead to a more prosperous South Africa and Africa since a stronger South Africa can play a larger role in the humanitarian crises that plague the continent. This paper focuses on why it is imperative that the US, in addition to focusing its attention on northern Africa (due to national interests such as oil, terrorism and potential rogue states), should also devote extensive attention to South Africa. Working through the present challenges and maintaining sound diplomatic relations will benefit not only the US and South Africa, but the African continent as a whole.
Impact of Medicaid/ SCHIP Disenrollment on Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Among Children: A Longitudinal Analysis

This study examines the impact of disenrolling from Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP) on health care utilization and expenditures among children using the 1996-2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data. Changes in expenditures and utilization upon Medicaid/SCHIP disenrollment were examined for two disenrollment groups, children who became uninsured and those who transitioned to private insurance; relative to a control group, those continuously enrolled in Medicaid/SCHIP during the study period. In multivariate analysis, a modified two-part model and difference-in-difference analytic approach were used. The dependent variables were changes in total expenditures and changes in utilization (i.e., well-child visits, physician visits, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and prescription drug use) from pre- to post-disenrollment round. This study found that losing Medicaid/SCHIP coverage is associated with decreased preventive care utilization among children, regardless of the insurance status post-disenrollment. In addition, children who become uninsured following Medicaid/SCHIP disenrollment may also experience reductions in physician visits and prescription drug use.
Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros: Implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis

Several mineralogically distinct suites of gabbroic cumulates occur as xenoliths in basalt and andesite from active arc volcanos and in plutons exposed in deeply eroded arcs. Calcic (An85–100) plagioclase and moderately Fe-rich (Fo60–80) olivine commonly occur together in arc cumulate gabbros but not in cumulate gabbros from mid-ocean ridges, ocean islands, or tholeiitic layered intrusions. Compositions of coexisting olivine and plagioclase in gabbro cumulates can establish the tectonic setting of ancient volcano-plutonic complexes. In deeply eroded arcs, gabbroic cumulates typically occur in zoned plutons that also contain gabbros, diorites, and quartz diorites of basaltic to andesitic composition. In many cases, it is clear that the cumulate gabbros are chemically and physically related to the gabbro-diorite (= basalt-andesite) fractionation trends seen in the zoned plutons. Zoned plutons in deeply eroded arcs provide physical evidence that crystal fractionation plays an important role in andesite petrogenesis.
A QCM Study of the Immobilization of β-Galactosidase on Polyelectrolyte Surfaces: Effect of the Terminal Polyion on Enzymatic Surface Activity

This work describes the immobilization of β-galactosidase onto polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies of the polyanion poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sod...
Comparative effects of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism on erythropoiesis.

The effects of a variety of inhibitors of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway have been tested on the growth of early erythroid progenitor cell-derived colonies (CFU-E and BFU-E) in an attempt to discern whether products of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway or lipoxygenase pathway are essential for erythropoiesis. Murine erythroid progenitor cells obtained from fetal livers were cultured in the presence of erythropoietin for CFU-E and of interleukin 3 for BFU-E colony formation in response to the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, aspirin or sodium meclofenamate, and the lipoxygenase inhibitors, BW755C, nordihydroguiaretic acid (NDGA), phenidone, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The most potent inhibitor of colony formation (both CFU-E and BFU-E) was the selective lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW755C, followed by NDGA, phenidone and BHA. Neither aspirin nor sodium meclofenamate (10−4 – 10−6 M) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited CFU-E or BFU-E formation. These results support the hypothesis that lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism may be essential for erythroid cell proliferation/differentiation.
Exact first-order recoil for S-wave single-nucleon transfer reactions

Abstract A simple formalism is developed for treating first-order recoil exactly in single-nucleon transfer reactions. The recoil terms are converted, by means of gradient identities and Green's theorem, to forms similar to that of the “no-recoil” expression.
Does Exercise Tolerance Testing at 60 Days Poststroke Predict Rehabilitation Performance

Objective: To assess the relationship between exercise tolerance test (ETT) performance at 6 weeks poststroke and subsequent performance in a treadmill and overground locomotor training program (LTP). Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Exercise testing laboratory in either a primary care hospital or outpatient clinic. Participants: Community-dwelling individuals (NZ469), 54.9�19.0 days poststroke, enrolled in the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke randomized controlled trial. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: For participants randomly assigned to LTP, the number of sessions needed to attain the training goal of 20 minutes of treadmill stepping was determined. Regression analyses determined the contribution of ETT performance (cycling duration), age, and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance to attainment of the stepping duration goal. Results: Age, 6MWT, and ETT performance individually accounted for 10.74%, 10.82%, and 10.76%, respectively, of the variance in the number of sessions needed to attain 20 minutes of stepping. When age and 6MWT were included in the model, the additional contribution of ETT performance was rendered nonsignificant (PZ.150).
Enhanced epitaxial growth on substrates modified by ion sputtering: Ge on GaAs(110)

The growth morphology of Ge on GaAs(110) has been modified by using ion sputtering at elevated temperatures to create GaAs vacancy islands prior to Ge deposition. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of growth on such surfaces show that the Ge nucleation density is increased significantly and that this leads to island coalescence and uniform film formation at lower coverages than observed on unsputtered substrates. The driving force for this change in morphology is the reduction in energy achieved by saturation of dangling bonds at vacancy island steps. Vacancy islands with lateral sizes less than 100 \AA{} are most effective for such a growth. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery in gynaecology: A new frontier in minimally invasive surgery

Review Objective: To review the recent developments and published literature on laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery in gynaecology. Recent Findings: Minimally invasive surgery has become a standard of care for the treatment of many benign and malignant gynaecological conditions. Recent advances in conventional laparoscopy and robotic-assisted surgery have favorably impacted the entire spectrum of gynaecological surgery. With the goal of improving morbidity and cosmesis, continued efforts towards refinement of laparoscopic techniques have lead to minimization of size and number of ports required for these procedures. LESS surgery is a recently proposed surgical term used to describe various techniques that aim at performing laparoscopic surgery through a single, small-skin incision concealed within the umbilicus. In the last 5 years, there has been a surge in the developments in surgical technology and techniques for LESS surgery, which have resulted in a significant increase in utilisation of LESS across many surgical subspecialties. Recently published outcomes data demonstrate feasibility, safety and reproducibility for LESS in gynaecology. The contemporary LESS literature, extent of gynaecological procedures utilising these techniques and limitations of current technology will be reviewed in this manuscript. Conclusions: LESS surgery represents the newest frontier in minimally invasive surgery. Comparative data and prospective trials are necessary in order to determine the clinical impact of LESS in treatment of gynaecological conditions.
Extrusion of linear polypropylene–clay nanocomposite foams

This work presents new results on using organoclay with an appropriate polymeric compatibilizer as rheology-modifying additives for extrusion foaming of a linear polypropylene (PP), which by itself does not display strain hardening in extensional flow of the melt. The uniaxial melt-extensional viscosity behavior of several nanocomposites prepared with varying ratio of bound maleic anhydride to clay as well as varying compatibilizer molecular weight was investigated. A chemical-blowing agent was used at a fixed concentration for foaming these nanocomposites in a single-screw extruder. Among nanocomposites with similar levels of clay dispersion or intercalation, the ones that displayed significant strain hardening in the melt state along with slower crystallization led to extruded PP nanocomposite foams with smaller cell sizes and greater cell density by reducing cell coalescence. This was achieved with as little as 3 wt% organoclay and a high-molecular weight PP-g-MA compatibilizer in linear PP. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Soothability and Growth in Preterm Infants

Purpose: This randomized control trial investigated the relationship between soothability, weight gain, and length of hospital stay in premature infants. Method: Forty-eight preterm infants were ra...
Bilateral optic disk swelling plus.

A 64-year-old woman presented with bilateral optic neuropathy leading to a diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome. She improved with high-dose corticosteroids and oral azathioprine and was subsequently found to have asymptomatic bilateral iridocyclitis. Although central nervous system manifestations of Sjogren syndrome are documented in the literature, they are not widely recognized in clinical practice. Associated optic neuritis often mimics demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment of CNS disease related to Sjogren syndrome is highly controversial. Uveitis is an uncommon finding associated with Sjogren syndrome.
Antioxidant inhibition of prostaglandin production by rat renal medulla

Abstract Antioxidant effects upon renal production of both prostaglandins and cAMP were investigated using slices of rat inner medulla. Synthetic antioxidants were more potent inhibitors of prostaglandin production than were naturally occurring antioxidants. Synthetic compounds 2,7-naphthalenediol, and Santoquin ® (Ethoxyquin) caused a 60% inhibition of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthesis at a concentration of 0.01 m M . Ascorbic acid caused only a 30% inhibition at a concentration of 10 m M . Antioxidant inhibition of prostaglandin production was also observed following arachidonic acid addition. Antioxidants that reduced PGE 2 synthesis also reduced PGF 2α synthesis. Test agents found to reduce prostaglandin synthesis also lowered cAMP content. 2,7-Naphthalenediol elicited a dose-dependent decrease in both prostaglandin synthesis and cAMP content. While PGE 1 did not increase cAMP in control slices, the low cAMP level produced by Santoquin was increased to control values by PGE 1 . Furthermore, Santoquin and 2,7-naphthalenediol did not alter arginine vasopressin-stimulated cAMP content. By contrast, inhibition of the arginine vasopressin stimulation by butylated hydroxyanisole suggested additional effects by this agent. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenously produced PGE 2 can exert a hormonelike action in the inner medulla by increasing cAMP content. Advantages of the inner medullary slice system compared to homogenates for investigation of the actions of antioxidants or other agents thought to alter prostaglandin synthesis are discussed.
Structure of the Al-Co-Cu decagonal phase and its crystalline approximants

Abstract A comprehensive model for the structures of the Al-Co-Cu decagonal phase and its crystalline approximants is proposed using the results of electron and X-ray diffraction studies, high resolution electron microscopy, and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Two primary atomic clusters, pentagonal polyhedra, along with aggregates of these polyhedra form the building blocks of the structures of the decagonal phase and the approximants. The unit cell for one of the approximants consists of 990 atoms, with 63 at.% Al, and 37 at.% (Co, Cu). The possible structural variations based on the two polyhedra, either periodic or quasi-periodic, are numerous.
Engaged Pedagogy and Political Economy

This article describes the author’s motivations for and development of elements of radical, or engaged, pedagogy in upper-division political economy courses.
Effect of Areal Expansion and Coronal Heating on the Solar Wind

Empirical studies have shown that the solar wind speed at Earth is inversely correlated with the areal expansion rate of magnetic flux tubes near the Sun. Recent model calculations that include a self-consistent determination of the coronal temperature allow one to understand the physical basis of this relationship; they also suggest why the solar wind mass flux is relatively constant.
Enzymic formation of carbonyls from linoleic acid in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris

Homogenization of Phaseolus vulgaris leaves at acid pH results in the evolution of hexanal, cis-3- and trans-2-hexenal. With cell-free extracts of leaves, linoleic and linolenic acids are enzymically converted to their hydroperoxides (predominantly the 13-hydroperoxide isomers) and to hexanal or hexenal respectively. Activity was highest in young, dark-green leaves and was stimulated by Triton X-100. Oleic acid is not a substrate for these reactions. Both 9- and 13-hydroperoxides were cleaved to carbonyl fragments and are proposed as intermediates in the formation of volatile aldehydes and non-volatile ω-oxoacids in P. vulgaris leaves. Properties of the enzyme systems are described.
Effects of intratracheal administration of bleomycin on GSH-shuttle enzymes, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and collagen content in the lungs of hamsters.

Abstract Intratracheal administration of one unit of bleomycin increased significantly the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity to 147, 135, 163, 207, 278, and 148% of the control at 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, respectively. The glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly increased to 147 and 124% of the control at 7 and 14 days post-treatment, respectively. The glutathione reductase and catalase activities were significantly elevated to 132, 174, and 145% of the control in the former and 160, 213, and 160% of the control in the latter case at 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, respectively. The amount of thiobarbituric acid reacting products as an index of lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly increased to 251, 248, and 253% of the control at 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment, respectively. The amount of total lung collagen in treated hamsters was significantly increased to 140, 197, and 245% of the control at 7, 14, and 21 days post-treatment, respectively. These findings indicate that the increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in lungs of bleomycin-treated hamsters result from the multiple cytodynamic events such as infiltration of inflammatory cells, and reparative and proliferative processes which generally follow lung injury caused by any oxidant.
Stochastic Method for the Numerical Study of Lattice Fermions

A new stochastic method for the numerical study of lattice fermions is presented. Its efficiency is demonstrated on a field-theoretic model in four dimensions with coupled boson and fermion degrees of freedom. The exact fermion propagator is calculated and agrees very accurately with the numerical results of the stochastic procedure on finite lattices of ${10}^{4}$ and ${8}^{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}16 sites, respectively. The contribution of fermionic vacuum polarization to mass renormalization is evaluated with precision. The method is directly applicable to quantum chromodynamics.
Optimization algorithms for a class of nonlinear programming problems

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of minimizing a nonlinear function composed of terms of the form c i / x i over a multidimensional Euclidean space, subject to a special class of linear constraints. The problem arises in sizing power nets in integrated circuits. The objective function corresponds to the area of the power nets and the constraints are due to restrictions on allowable voltage drops in the nets. A new optimization method tailored to this problem is presented. The method solves the problem more efficiently than the steepest descent method or Newton's method. The time complexity of the method is O( n ) per iteration. A noniterative O( n ) algorithm for a special case of this problem is also presented.
DNA adduct formation in rat, human and hamster pancreas treated with methylnitrosourea.

Abstract The methylation of cellular macromolecules with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and methylnitrosourea (MNU) was studied in organ cultured rat, hamster and human pancreatic explants. At concentrations of DMN and MNU that caused similar methylation of protein in human explants DMN caused only 2.6% and 0.3% of the methylation of DNA and RNA that was produced by MNU. The DNA of explants treated with MNU was analyzed. The O 6 -methylguanine (O 6 - MeG ) 7- methylguanine (7-MeG) ratio was greater in the hamster DNA than in DNA isolated from either rat or human. The time course of removal of methyl adducts from DNA was followed for 6 h after treatment with MNU. No decline in O 6 -MeG occurred during this period in hamster explants, although there was a decline in the content of 7-MeA and 3-MeA, whereas there was removal of O 6 -MeG in the DNA from human pancreas explants.
Optimum Power Allocation against Information Leakage in Wireless Network

We investigate the problem of eavesdropping control in wireless communications networks. When a confidential message is transmitted through a wireless network, there is a potential security breach or 'information leakage' due to the network's susceptibility to eavesdropping. In this work, we quantify the information leakage problem in the context of resource allocation. By limiting the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the eavesdropper receiver, we develop a cooperative power allocation algorithm to mitigate such security vulnerability. The resulting power allocation algorithm is readily applicable in the physical layer of wireless ad hoc and mesh networks as part of a multi-step security measure.