cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breach Activity Related to an Osteolytic Skull Metastasis

ABSTRACT.We report the occurrence of a breach activity related to an osteolytic skull metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the breast. A skull x-ray with retained electrodes identified the relationship of the focal high amplitude beta activity to a lytic lesion in the right parietal bone. Breach activity related to a skull bone metastasis has not been previously described, and has not to our knowledge been reported with lesions other than surgical and traumatic skull defects. The finding of an asymmetry in amplitude of the EEG activity in a patient with no antecedent history of head injury or neurosurgical intervention should raise suspicions of other skull bone defects which may result in a breach activity.
Diagnosing Physical Systems in A-Prolog

In this paper we suggest an architecture for a software agent which operates a physical device and is capable of making observations and of testing and repairing the device components. We present novel definitions of the notions of symptom, candidate diagnosis, and diagnosis which are based on the theory of action language AL. The new definitions allow one to give a simple account of the agent's behavior in which many of the agent's tasks are reduced to computing stable models of logic programs.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XIII - Motion Practice Overview

This column, the thirteenth in a continuing series, offers an overview of how to draft a motion in a New York civil case.
Divorce and social support: A review.

The relationship between social support and divorce has been the focus of much investigation. In view of recent theoretical developments and empirical findings, this review evaluates current evidence and considers future research needs. This review is organized around three questions: (1) what is the structure and function of social networks among divorced persons, (2) what effect does social support have on the way in which men, women, and children adjust to divorce, and (3) what are the effects of support groups on divorce adjustment? Overall, this review found that much is known about the organization of network; however, there are many unresolved issues regarding how social support affects adjustment. Future research issues and methodological refinements are suggested.
How Molecular Motors Move

GE Healthcare and Science/AAAS are pleased to present the prize-winning essay by Ahmet Yildiz, a regional winner for North America who is the Grand Prize winner of the Young Scientist Award.
Sexual selection and the comparative anatomy of reproduction in monkeys, apes, and human beings.

Abstract Sexual selection has had profound effects at the copulatory and postcopulatory levels, upon the evolution of reproductive anatomy, physiology, and patterns of mating behavior. This review deals with the effects of sexual selection upon the evolution of relative testes sizes, sperm morphology, seminal vesicular function, penile morphology, and copulatory behavior in the Order Primates. The concept of cryptic female choice is also discussed, and its potential value in understanding how co-evolution of genital morphologies may have occurred in primates and in other animals.
Comparison of three DASH scoring paradigms and prevalent hypertension among older Hispanics

Older Hispanics are less likely to be aware of their hypertension or adopt lifestyle modifications for hypertension control than non-Hispanic whites. Few reports exist Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) accordance among Hispanics. This study was designed to: (1) assess accordance to a DASH pattern using three widely used DASH scoring paradigms; and (2) determine which DASH paradigm was most strongly associated with hypertension in 169 older Hispanics (mean age, 66 years and 73% female). Food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate DASH scores. Logistic regression modeling was performed for prevalent hypertension with the DASH scores, age, gender and acculturation. Using the Folsom et al. DASH scoring paradigm, 55% of adults were deemed DASH accordant compared with 17% using Fung et al. scores and 13% using the Toledo et al. Folsom et al. scores were predictive of prevalent hypertension (odds ratio=1.35, 95% confidence interval (1.04, 1.77) in this older Hispanic sample; the remaining two scoring systems were not associated with hypertension in this sample.
Characterization of optical performance and defect structures in nonlinear crystals for large aperture lasers

Summary form only given. Crystals of KDP and DKDP with dimensions of 41/spl times/41/spl times/1 cm/sup 3/ will be used as Pockels cell and harmonic conversion elements in the world's largest laser system, the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Determining the optical performance of these crystals under NIF-like conditions and understanding the connection between optical performance and internal defect structure has been a crucial part of the effort to build this facility. The crystals must exhibit a high degree of optical homogeneity, low anomalous birefringence, low absorption, uniform phase matching and high laser damage threshold at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd harmonics of Nd:YAG in order to meet the NIF goals for conversion efficiency, energy on target and beam focusability. Here we review the results of extensive spectroscopy, interferometry, polarimetry, X-ray topography, phase matching homogeneity and laser-induced damage measurements on full-scale and/or sub-scale crystals.
Synthesis of teichoic acids. VI. The formation of multiple wall polymers in Bacillus subtilis W-23.

Abstract The existence of two ribitol teichoic acids (polyribitol phosphate and glucosyl polyribitol phosphate) in the wall of Bacillus subtilis W-23 has been demonstrated by immunological means. Some of the properties of the UDP- d -glucose polyribitol phosphate glucosyl transferase of this organism have been described, and in particular it has been shown that this enzyme will use the polyribitol phosphate from the cell wall as a glucosyl acceptor. These data have suggested the presence of two distinct teichoic acid-synthesizing systems in this organism.
Protein phosphorylation in rat mast cell granules: Cyclic AMP dependent phosphorylation of a 44k protein associated with broken granules

Abstract When rat mast cells are prelabeled with 32PO4 and exposed to non-immunologic or immunologic stimuli under conditions that lead to mediator release from granules, they show rapid increases in labeling of a number of high molecular weight proteins. To determine if granule membrane proteins are subject to protein phosphorylation and perhaps participate in this response, granules with intact or broken membranes were isolated from sonicated, purified rat serosal mast cells on a Percoll gradient. When the granules with broken membranes were incubated with [γ-32P]ATP and Mg2+ in the absence of exogenous protein kinases, one major radioactive band was recovered in the 44K area after electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The phosphorylation reaction with ATP required Mg2+, was enhanced by 0.05 to 0.5 μM cyclic AMP, and was inhibited by Ca2+ (0.5 mM and higher). The initial reaction was rapid, and the maximal response was seen at 30°. The 44K band was absent in granules with intact membranes incubated with [γ-32P]ATP but present when intact granules were lysed with distilled water before adding the [γ-32P]ATP. These observations indicate that granules have an endogenous phosphorylating system and that the phosphorylation response is on the inner surface of the granule membranes. The possibility was not excluded that a portion of the phosphorylating activity was derived from the cytosol and became firmly associated with broken granules when the intact cells were sonicated. Analysis for possible phosphorylated amino acids in the 44K band after acid hydrolysis showed both phosphorserine and phosphothreonine, indicating that the radioactivity was in a phosphorylated protein or glycoprotein. The 44K phosphorylated protein was made up of several components ranging in pI from approximately 7.6 to 6.6. While the identity of the phosphorylated 44K polypeptide is uncertain, one important possibility is that it is part of an autophosphorylated cAMP dependent protein kinase. The cyclic AMP dependent phosphorylating activity present in granules provides a mechanism by which the granules might respond rapidly to cyclic AMP during mediator release.
Open-loop dc and small-signal characteristics of PWM buck-boost converter for CCM

This paper introduces dc and small-signal circuit models for the PWM buck-boost converter that take into account parasitic components, such as the ESR of the fitter capacitor, the ESR of the inductor, the transistor on-resistance, and the diode forward resistance and offset voltage. Dc and small-signal circuit models for the buck-boost converter are introduced. The dc voltage transfer function and the efficiency of the converter are derived from the dc model. Small-signal open-loop characteristics are derived from the small-signal model. The obtained expressions are illustrated graphically for a converter whose component values were measured. >
Central action of recombinant interleukin-1 to inhibit acid secretion in rats.

Abstract The influence of recombinant human interleukins-1β and -1α and rat interleukin-1β on gastric acid secretion was investigated in awake rats with pylorus ligation. IC injection of either human interleukin-1β, human interleukin-1α, or rat interleukin-1β induced a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric acid output. At IC doses 3 -fold higher than when given centrally. These results show that IC interleukin-1β acts centrally to induce a long-lasting inhibition of gastric acid secretion, and this effect requires the integrity of prostaglandin pathways. These data suggest a possible interaction between the immune and gastrointestinal systems.
The use of high velocity launchers for scientific and engineering studies

Shock wave techniques have been used for decades to study the dynamic states of matter in temperature and pressure regimes inaccessible by other methods. These techniques have been employed in a wide variety of scientific and commercial applications. A principal scientific objective has been to determine high-pressure equations of state (EOS) to ultra-high pressures; pressures of a few TPa have been reported for several materials. Most recently, these methods have been used for studies of thermophysical properties under shock compression, including phase transition kinetics, and mechanical properties, such as the high-pressure yield strength. In this paper, a brief discussion of recent developments in high velocity launchers is given. Advances in techniques for subjecting materials to a wide range of loading conditions are presented, including selected illustrations of shockwave measurements to Mbar pressures.
Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS/Crafting Science: A Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer

Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Emily Martin. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994 (cloth and paper), xxiii. 320 pp. Crafting Science:. Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer. Joan Fujimura. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. xii. 322 pp.
A remotely actuated magnetic actuator for microsurgery with piezoresistive feedback

This paper reports on a novel magnetic actuator that allows remote magnetic actuation with piezoresistive feedback for remote microsurgery. A novel fabrication scheme of magnetic extrusion of a ferromagnetic column on a silicon nitride cantilever is developed. In conventional magnetic actuator fabrication a high-aspect lithography combined with electroplating is required to make high aspect ratio structures. Here, we fabricated high aspect ratio columns with a suspension of ferromagnetic nanoparticles and epoxy using magnetic extrusion. The fabrication does not require any lithography potentially reducing cost of structures. The magnetic actuation of the magnetic high-aspect-ratio structure mounted on a cantilever was monitored with an integrated strain gauge. The magnetic actuator was remotely actuated under water and generated either acoustic streaming or vigorous agitation depends on the deriving frequency.
Primary adult human bone cells do not respond to tissue (continuum) level strains

Bone adapts to its mechanical environment, and, since the late 1800s, investigators have presumed that this adaptation relates to strain magnitude. Indeed, overwhelming evidence supports the view that either strain or some strain-related quantity stimulates bone adaptation or remodeling. Virtually all investigators, implicitly or explicitly, assume that the level of strain magnitude responsible for bone adaptation is that measured by strain gauges in vivo (i.e., 100-2500 microstrain) and that bone cells are directly deformed by strained matrix. We present evidence that bone cell deformation in this range does not cause bone adaptation. First, bone cells in vitro typically do not respond to average (continuum) levels of strain magnitude. Second, bone cells in vitro do respond to fluid flow-induced shear stresses in these ostensible physiological ranges. Third, in vivo strain magnitudes presumed to stimulate remodeling reflect only averages, and not local peaks, which are 2-15 times higher. Thus, we hypothesize that sensing cells do not respond to levels of strain presumed to be physiological.
Ox1dative cost of ventilation in a turtle, Pseudemys floridana

Estimates of oxidative cost of ventilation for Pseudemys floridana were obtained by comparison of mean resting VO2 with that obtained while artificially ventilating the lungs with a constant air flow in excess of the normal VE, a circumstance during which the animals remained apneic due to reduction in alveolar PCO2. At a body temperature of 22 degrees C, the oxidative cost attributable to ventilation was 0.0047 ml O2/ml gas ventilated, a value about 10 times that of man. This cost of ventilation is then related to values of VO2 and VE at various body temperatures. The oxidative cost of ventilation, expressed as a percentage of resting VO2, is given by the equation: cost = 0.47 VE/VO2. Relative cost declines with body temperature since VE/VO2 (resting) declines according to the equation: VE(BTPS)/VO2 = -0.017 BT -0.025 log Wt + 2.01 where units are in ml, kg and min. At body temperatures of 10 and 37 C relative costs were 30 and 10% VO2, respectively. While the inverse relation between VE/VO2 and body temperature has important implications for regulation of arterial pH through influencing arterial PCO2, it has the additional meaning of reducing the relative oxidative cost of ventilation as VO2 increases.
Multiscale Strain Analysis of Tissue Equivalents Using a Custom-Designed Biaxial Testing Device

Mechanical signals transferred between a cell and its extracellular matrix play an important role in regulating fundamental cell behavior. To further define the complex mechanical interactions between cells and matrix from a multiscale perspective, a biaxial testing device was designed and built. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the cruciform specimen geometry so that stresses within the central region were concentrated and homogenous while minimizing shear and grip effects. This system was used to apply an equibiaxial loading and unloading regimen to fibroblast-seeded tissue equivalents. Digital image correlation and spot tracking were used to calculate three-dimensional strains and associated strain transfer ratios at macro (construct), meso, matrix (collagen fibril), cell (mitochondria), and nuclear levels. At meso and matrix levels, strains in the 1- and 2-direction were statistically similar throughout the loading-unloading cycle. Interestingly, a significant amplification of cellular and nuclear strains was observed in the direction perpendicular to the cell axis. Findings indicate that strain transfer is dependent upon local anisotropies generated by the cell-matrix force balance. Such multiscale approaches to tissue mechanics will assist in advancement of modern biomechanical theories as well as development and optimization of preconditioning regimens for functional engineered tissue constructs.
GLC and Radiometric Determination of Hydrolysis Rate Constants of [[2-[4-(Methoxycarbonyl) 1) Benzamido]Diethyl]Triamino] Methylated Polystyrene

AbstractThe rate constants of the hydrolysis of the methyl ester in 3N HC1 as function of temperature was determined and found to be in the range of 1.3 × 10-2 to 1.2 × 10-1 h-1 at 40 and 60 C respectively. The rate constants were determined by GLC on Pola-pack-Q and by a radiotracer technique.
Reactive uptake of ozone by liquid organic compounds

The reaction probability of ozone on the surface of several different organic liquids is measured. Ozone reacts efficiently (γ≈10−2-10−3) with organic liquids containing double bonds (1-tridecene, α-pinene, toluene, methacrolein and canola oil), and much less efficiently with an aldehyde, a ketone (tridecanal, 2-tridecanone; γ≈10−4), an alkane, an alcohol and an acid (tridecane, 1-tridecanol, tridecanoic acid; γ≤10−5). The results suggest that heterogeneous reactions with organic aerosol can be an important loss process for tropospheric ozone, if the aerosol contains unsaturated organic material.
The Development of Social Interaction from Infancy through Adolescence.

4 . C E N S O R S H I P O F S P E E C H 5 . U S E O F L A N G U A G E T O S O L V E P R O B L E M S E F F E C T I V E U S E O F
In vivo imaging and low-coherence interferometry of organ of Corti vibration

An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is built to acquire in vivo both images and vibration measurements of the organ of Corti of the guinea pig. The organ of Corti is viewed through a ~300-µm-diam hole in the bony wall of the cochlea at the scala tympani of the first cochlear turn. In imaging mode, the image is acquired as reflectance R(x,z). In vibration mode, the basilar membrane (BM) or reticular lamina (RL) are selected by the investigator interactively from the R(x,z) image. Under software control, the system moves the scanning mirrors to bring the sensing volume of the measurement to the desired membrane location. In vivo images of the organ of Corti are presented, indicating reflectance signals from the BM, RL, tectorial membrane, and Reissner's membrane. The tunnel of Corti and the inner sulcus are also visible in the images. Vibrations of ±2 and ±22 nm are recorded in the BM in response to low and high sound levels at 14 kHz above a noise floor of 0.2 nm.
AN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OF GROWING ANIMALS TO CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE ABSENCE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES OR PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO INFECTION

1. As mice grow older they acquire a resistance to peripheral inoculation with the Indiana and New Jersey strains of vesicular stomatitis virus and to some extent also to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, but little or none to the Eastern strain. 2. While some mice may become resistant as early as the 30th day of life, others may still be susceptible at 1 year of age. 3. This resistance is readily demonstrable when the inoculations are made by intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes, but not when the virus is injected directly into the brain. 4. The resistance is not related to previous exposure to infection or to the presence of specific or nonspecific antiviral bodies in the blood. 5. No difference in susceptibility to peripheral inoculation was found in young and old guinea pigs to pseudorabies virus, and in relatively young and old Macacus rhesus monkeys to poliomyelitis virus.
Randomized Clinical Trials in Single Patients During a 2-Year Period

Objective. —To describe the feasibility of a single patient trial (SPT) service and study the influence of formal SPTs on therapeutic precision. Design. —Descriptive and evaluative study of SPTs. All planned trials were double-blind, randomized, multiple crossover trials. Other key features of individual trials were random assignment of order and assessment of predetermined explicit outcomes. Patients and physicians rated level of confidence in treatment before and after the SPT on visual analog scales. Setting. —Two-year experience (September 1988 to September 1990) of an SPT trial referral service available to physicians in an academic medical center. Outcome Measures. —The number of planned and completed SPTs; proportion of completed trials yielding definitive answers; patient- and physician-rated levels of confidence in treatment pre- and post-SPT; time-motion studies to estimate resource consumption (costs) for selected SPTs. Results. —Of 34 completed trials, 17 were judged to give definitive results whereas 17 showed trends only. Results favored active treatment in 16 trials that led to treatment being continued (nine patients) or started (seven patients). Treatment was discontinued (seven patients) or not started (11 patients) based on 18 trial results that demonstrated active treatment was ineffective (seven), harmful (two), or apparently equivalent (nine). Most patients (65%) reported no change in their already high level of confidence in therapy as a result of trials, whereas physicians' confidence levels in therapy either increased or decreased post-SPT depending on the direction of trial results. Patients consistently rated the SPT service as extremely useful. Time-motion estimates indicate that 16.75 staff hours were spent per trial leading to a direct cost estimate of approximately $450 to $500 per trial. Conclusion. —We conclude that an SPT service is feasible, trial costs compare favorably with other conventional services, and clinicians appear to gain confidence and precision from SPTs. When patients or clinicians are uncertain about the value (including the possibility of side effects) of treatment for symptomatic chronic diseases, we believe an SPT can be offered to a patient and will likely yield results that will effect subsequent treatment. (JAMA. 1993;270:2708-2712)
Infant and maternal predictors of mortality for neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis: a statewide analysis

RESULTS: The NEC cohort comprised of 5,886 infants. Male gender, birth-weight, gestational age, maternal age and number of prenatal visits were associated with higher mortality (p 0.05). Neonates with PDA (23vs.14%), cyanotic/hypoperfusion heart disease (55% vs.17%), RDS (21% vs.13%), pulmonary hemorrhage/ pulmonary interstitial emphysema (36% vs.15%), IVH (20-55% vs.15%), sepsis (21% vs.13%), acidosis (35% vs.17%), or asphyxia (40% vs.18%) exhibited higher mortality (p 0.05). Neonates undergoing abdominal surgery (34% vs.10%), PDA ligation (25% vs.17%), congenital heart repair (29% vs.18%), and ECMO (60% vs.18%) also had a higher rate of NEC and mortality (p 0.05). Higher acuity NICUs (level III) compared to lower acuity (level II) demonstrated a higher mortality rate (23% vs.10%, p 0.05). Stepwise logistic regression suggested lower birth-weight, lower maternal age, IVH, acidosis, cyanotic/hypoperfusion heart disease, abdominal NEC surgery and ECMO (p 0.05) were independent risk factors for mortality.
Polybrominated biphenyl congener levels and distribution patterns in raw and cooked beef

The retention and distribution of eight polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) congeners were studied by roasting beef sirloin tip samples to an internal temperature of 65°C, braising and broiling adductor and semimembranosus steaks to an internal temperature of 77°C, broiling ground round and hamburger patties to 77°C, and comparing cooked values with those in the raw. Rounds were obtained from four Holstein cows with known PBB contamination.
Transistor sizing of energy-delay--efficient circuits

This paper studies the problem of transistor sizing of CMOS circuits optimized for energy-delay efficiency, i.e., for optimal Etn where E is the energy consumption and t is the delay of the circuit, while n is a fixed positive optimization index that reflects the chosen trade-off between energy and delay.We propose a set of analytical formulas that closely approximate the optimal transistor sizes. We then study an efficient iteration procedure that can further improve the original analytical solution. Based on these results, we introduce a novel transistor sizing algorithm for energy-delay efficiency.
Use of proton nuclear Overhauser effects for the determination of the conformations of amino acid residues in oligopeptides.

Abstract The use of the Nuclear Overhauser Effect to determine backbone and side-chain conformations of oligopeptides is discussed. The distance between the H α proton of a given residue and the amide proton of the following residue depends only on the dihedral angle ψ. A calibration curve is given for the determination of ψ from the Nuclear Overhauser Effect involving these protons. In amino acids with branched side chains, e.g., threonine, isoleucine, and valine, the Nuclear Overhauser Effect involving the H β proton and the amide proton in either the same or the following residue gives limited information about both χ 1 and either or ψ. The Nuclear Overhauser Effect involving the H α and H γ protons in leucine gives information about χ 1 and χ 2 .
Activities of Monomeric Insulin Analogs at Position A8 Are Uncorrelated with Their Thermodynamic Stabilities

Previous studies have demonstrated that the potency and thermodynamic stability of human insulin are enhanced in concert by substitution of ThrA8 by arginine or histidine. These surface substitutions stabilize the N-terminal α-helix of the A chain, a key element of hormone-receptor recognition. Does enhanced stability necessarily imply enhanced activity? Here, we test by structure-based mutagenesis the relationship between the stability and activity of the hormone. To circumvent confounding effects of insulin self-association, A chain analogs were combined with a variant B chain (AspB10, LysB28, and ProB29 (DKP)) to create a monomeric template. Five analogs were obtained by chain combination; disulfide pairing proceeded in each case with native yield. CD and1H NMR spectra of the DKP analogs are essentially identical to those of DKP-insulin, indicating a correspondence of structures. Receptor binding affinities were determined by competitive displacement of 125I-insulin from human placental membranes. Thermodynamic stabilities were measured by CD titration; unfolding was monitored as a function of guanidine concentration. In this broader collection of analogs receptor binding affinities are uncorrelated with stability. We suggest that receptor binding affinities of A8 analogs reflect local features of the hormone-receptor interface rather than the stability of the free hormone or the intrinsic C-capping propensity of the A8 side chain.
Acute effects of morphine on neurochemical estimates of activity of incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons in the male rat.

Abstract The effects of an acute injection of morphine on the activities of mesotelencephalic, tuberoinfundibular and incertohypothalamic dopamine (DA) neurons was estimated by measuring: (1) the rate of turnover of DA (decline after α-methyltyrosine); and (2) the concentration of the DA metabolite, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), in brain regions containing cell bodies or terminals of these neurons (i.e. nucleus accumbens, striatum, median eminence and various hypothalamic nuclei). The rate of turnover of DA and the concentration of DOPAC were increased in nucleus accumbens and striatum and decreased in the median eminence 60 min after the administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). Morphine increased the rate of turnover of DA and the concentration of DOPAC in brain regions containing both cell bodies (periventricular nucleus and medial zona incerta) and terminals (medial preoptic, preopticosuprachiasmatic and dorsomedial nuclei) of incertohypothalamic DA neurons. The effects of morphine in all brain regions were blocked by pretreatment with naltrexone. These results indicate that incertohypothalamic DA neurons are stimulated by the acute administration of morphine, and in this respect they resemble the extrahypothalamic mesotelencephalic DA neurons rather than hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular DA neurons.
Plasmon dispersion and damping for strong coupling

Abstract The integral equation for the freequency dependent polarizability response function as given by the Golden-Kalman strongly coupled plasma approximation scheme is solved for a one-component plasma in the long-wavelength limit by adopting a two-pole model for the response function with a wavenumber cutoff as a new feature. The self-consistency requirement leads to a coupled set of algebraic equations for the plasmon dispersion and damping coefficients A (γ) and B (γ) which are solved numerically and compared with the results of computer experiments. Improved agreement with the plasmon dispersion and agreement with the non-monotonic γ-behavior of the damping is found.
Magnetostatic Measurement of Spacecraft Magnetic Dipole Moment

This paper describes a technique for determining the magnetic dipole moment of a spacecraft by sampling its magnetic field at constant radius. Integral equations relating magnetic field samples to the three-axis dipole components are derived from a multipole expansion of the distributed magnetic source. Included in this paper are a description of a magnetic test facility and a sample calculation demonstrating the above theory.
Alloying behavior of zirconium, hafnium and the actinides in several series of isostructural compounds

Abstract The crystal structure of intermetallic compounds in ternary systems at the equiatomic composition has been studied. Structural data are presented for 39 compounds (MgZn 2 , Fe 2 P and MgAgAs-types) of TT′X alloys in which T is Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, U, or Pu; T′ is Mn, Fe, Co, Rh, or Pt; and X is Al, Ga, Sn, or Sb. It is shown that the alloying behavior of Th, U, and Pu resembles that of Zr and Hf more closely than that of the lanthanides. The transition from MgZn 2 to Fe 2 P to MgAgAs-type structures is related to an increase in electron concentration.
Intimacy in Same-Sex Friendships

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the significance of the finding that females are more disclosing in their same-sex friendships than are males. No support was found for the suggestion that males feel just as close to their same-sex friends as do females. However, there was support for a developmental contention that during adolescence both sexes expect to become more disclosing in their other-sex friendships in adulthood, and that the spousal relationship should be the most intimate. Further, both sexes, whether in the United States or Hungary, believe females are more disclosing of their feelings and problems than are males. Although males do seem to wish to be more disclosing, they expect to be more open mainly in other-sex friendships. The majority of adults profess little concern about disclosure in same-sex friendships, but women report feeling more at ease in relating to other women than to men.
What's wrong with sociology? Its public image

In response to editor Stephen Cole's question—"What's wrong with sociology?"—the answer is nothing that cannot be overcome by clearer communications and better public relations. The problem is that the field is not held in high esteem by college administrators, legislators, and the public. Many see us as rebels of the 1960s, political liberals, and impractical thinkers with a penchant for jargon. Even our research is derided by some as a waste of money. The solution consists of strategies for overcoming our poor public image. Seven strategies for doing so are discussed: (1) Write clearly. (2) Write for a mass audience. (3) Seek board positions. (4) Strengthen our identity. (5) Teach sociology in high school. (6) Develop academic partnerships. (7) Emphasize outcomes: increase in tolerance and research skills.
The characterization of an Fc receptor cell population in the maturing bursa of fabricius

Abstract An antibody-coated erythrocyte assay was used to identify the presence of cells with Fc receptors (FcR) within the bursa of embryonic chicks. The greatest percentage of FcR cells was found at 16 days and from then on there was a steady decrease until hatching. Organ culturing of 16-day embryonic bursae resulted in an increase in the percentage of FcR cells and the percentage was further increased when T-cell mitogens were added to the organ cultures. Using cell separation procedures, detection of surface immunoglobulin, and staining for nonspecific esterase indicated the FcR cells were not B cells but most likely macrophages. When embryonic bursal cells were tested for fibronectin-mediated phagocytosis, we observed cells which were able to ingest gelatin-coated latex. We conclude that the FcR cell population in the embryonic bursa consists primarily of monocytic macrophages.
Neurobiological aspects of PTSD: Review of clinical and preclinical studies

Although physiologic studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) date to World War I, clinical neuroscience has only recently explored biological mechanisms involved in this disorder. This review will selectively consider clinical and preclinical studies pertaining to biological theories and pharmacological treatments for PTSD, highlighting the role of central noradrenergic systems in its pathophysiology.
Police recognition strikes: Illegal and ill-fated

This study investigates the relationship between strike activity by nonunion public employees and unionization. This study examines strike activity and unionization rates of some 600 nonunion municipal police departments from 1972 to 1978 and finds that recognition strikes occur primarily where bargaining laws provide little or no protection of bargaining rights for municipal police. These strikes, however, do not help nonunion police gain recognition.
Impact of source-production revision on the dose-rate constant of 131Cs interstitial brachytherapy sources.

Purpose: Since its introduction in 2004, the model CS-1 Rev.1 131Cs source has been used in many radiation therapy clinics for prostate brachytherapy. In 2006, this source model underwent a Rev.2 production revision. The aim of this work was to investigate the dosimetric influences of the Rev.2 production revision using high-resolution photon spectrometry. Methods: Three CS-1 Rev.1 and three CS-1 Rev.2 131Cs sources were used in this study. The relative photon energy spectrum emitted by each source in the transverse bisector of the source was measured using a high-resolution germanium detector designed for low-energy photon spectrometry. Based on the measured photon energy spectrum and the radioactivity distribution in the source, the dose-rate constant (Λ) of each source was determined. The effects of the Rev.2 production revision were quantified by comparing the emitted photon energy spectra and the Λ values determined for the sources manufactured before and after the production revision. Results: The relative photon energy spectrum originating from the principal emissions of 131Cs was found to be nearly identical before and after the Rev.2 revision. However, the portion of the spectrum originating from the production of fluorescent x rays in niobium, a trace element present in the source construction materials, was found to differ significantly between the Rev.1 and Rev.2 sources. The peak intensity of the Nb Kα and Nb Kβ fluorescent x rays from the Rev.2 source was approximately 35% of that from the Rev.1 source. Consequently, the nominal Λ value of the Rev.2 source was found to be greater than that determined for the Rev.1 source by approximately 0.7%±0.5%. Conclusions: A significant reduction (65%) in relative niobium fluorescent x-ray yield was observed in the Rev.2 131Cs sources. The impact of this reduction on the dose-rate constant was found to be small, with a relative difference of less than 1%. This study demonstrates that photon spectrometry can be used as a sensitive and convenient tool for monitoring and for quantifying the dosimetric effects of brachytherapy source-production revisions. Because production revision can change both the geometry and the atomic composition of brachytherapy sources, its dosimetric impact should be carefully monitored and evaluated for each production revision.
Impaired Inactivation Gate Stabilization Predicts Increased Persistent Current for an Epilepsy-Associated SCN1A Mutation

Mutations in SCN1A (encoding the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel α1 subunit, NaV1.1, or SCN1A) are associated with genetic epilepsy syndromes including generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. Here, we present the formulation and use of a computational model for SCN1A to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the increased persistent sodium current exhibited by the GEFS+ mutant R1648H. Our model accurately reproduces all experimentally measured SCN1A whole-cell biophysical properties including biphasic whole-cell current decay, channel activation, and entry into and recovery from fast and slow inactivation. The model predicts that SCN1A open-state inactivation results from a two-step process that can be conceptualized as initial gate closure, followed by recruitment of a mechanism (“latch”) to stabilize the inactivated state. Selective impairment of the second latching step results in an increase in whole-cell persistent current similar to that observed for the GEFS+ mutant R1648H. These results provide a deeper level of understanding of mutant SCN1A dysfunction in an inherited epilepsy syndrome, which will enable more precise computational studies of abnormal neuronal activity in epilepsy and may help guide new targeted therapeutic strategies.
Color Matches and Discrimination Functions for Selected Hues

The purpose of this research was to investigate color discrimination under conditions of ambient illumination that may reduce CRT display saturation and contrast. Our research measured both the variability of color matching and the offsets from a match necessary for a 100% discrimination difference. We did this for four dominant wavelengths each at five saturation levels. Our subjects were tested at low, medium, and high adaptation levels for both large and small test stimulus sizes. In general, our results for the low luminance color matching conditions are in agreement with the published literature. For the high luminance and small field conditions, our data suggest that color discrimination should not be predicted from the CIE Uniform Chromaticity Space data. Color discrimination varies dramatically with dominant wavelength; reds and greens are more difficult to discriminate than yellows and yellow-greens. Empirical relationships that describe the discrimination are presented. Language: en
The prevention of peritoneal adhesions by in situ cross-linking hydrogels of hyaluronic acid and cellulose derivatives

Post-operative peritoneal adhesions can cause pelvic pain, infertility, and potentially lethal bowel obstruction. We have designed and synthesized injectable hydrogels that are formed by mixing hydrazide-modified hyaluronic acid (HA) with aldehyde-modified versions of cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and methylcellulose (MC). Gelation of these hydrogels occurred in less than 1 min, and had higher shear moduli than that of HA-HA gel (HAX). Hydrogels degraded in the presence of hyaluronidase in vitro, with HA-MC and HA-HPMC degrading more slowly than HAX and HA-CMC. The aldehyde-modified cellulose derivatives showed dose-dependent mild-to-moderate cytotoxicity to mesothelial cells and macrophages in vitro, but all were biocompatible in the murine peritoneum, causing no adhesions for 3 weeks. All the cellulose-derived gels showed efficacy in reducing the area of adhesion formation in a rabbit sidewall defect-bowel abrasion model.
TU-A-9A-03: Development and Verification of a Forward Model That Assists in Iterative Post-Processing Algorithms Used to Reduce Blur in Compton Backscatter Imaging Systems

Purpose: In Compton Backscatter Imaging (CBI), the source and detector reside on the same side of the patient. We previously demonstrated the applicability of CBI systems for medical purposes using an industrial system. To assist in post-processing images from a CBI system, a forward model based on radiation absorption and scatter principles has been developed. Methods: The forward model was developed in C++ using raytracing to track particles. The algorithm accepts phantoms of any size and resolution to calculate the fraction of incident photons scattered back to the detector, and can perform these calculations for any detector geometry and source specification. To validate the model, results were compared to MCNP-X, which is a Monte Carlo based simulation software, for various combinations of source specifications, detector geometries, and phantom compositions. Results: The model verified that the backscatter signal to the detector was based on three interaction probabilities: a) attenuation of photons going into the phantom, b) Compton scatter of photons toward the detector, and c) attenuation of photons coming out of the phantom. The results from the MCNP-X simulations and the forward model varied from 1 to 5%. This difference was less than 1% for energies higher than 30 keV, but was up to 4% for lower energies. At 50 keV, the difference was less than 1% for multiple detector widths and for both homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms. Conclusion: As part of the optimization of a medical CBI system, an efficient and accurate forward model was constructed in C++ to estimate the output of CBI system. The model characterized individual components contributing to CBI output and increased computational efficiency over Monte Carlo simulations. It is now used in the development of novel post-processing algorithms that reduce image blur by reversing undesired contribution from outside the region of interest.
New Electrification Technology

ABSTRACT Reducing Co2 Emissions—Depending on the sources of electricity production, the use of electricity can be a contributing factor to net CO2 emissions. What is less obvious is the fact that the increasing use of efficient end-use electric technologies has the potential to save energy and decrease overall CO2 emissions substantially. There are two main mechanisms for saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electric end-use technologies: (1) upgrading existing electric technologies, processes, and building energy systems; and (2) expanding end-use applications of electricity. Upgrading existing electric end-use technologies embodies replacing or retrofitting older equipment with new, innovative, highly efficient technologies. It also includes improving controls and operations and maintenance practices, as well as reducing end-use energy needs by improving buildings and building processes. In essence, this first mechanism is comprised of what are commonly referred to as energy efficiency and dema...
Selection for Antimicrobial Peptide Diversity in Frogs Leads to Gene Duplication and Low Allelic Variation

Antimicrobial peptides are highly diverse pathogen-killing molecules. In many taxa, their evolution is characterized by positive selection and frequent gene duplication. It has been proposed that genes encoding antimicrobial peptides might be subject to balancing selection and/or an enhanced mutation rate, but these hypotheses have not been well evaluated because allelic variation has rarely been studied at antimicrobial peptide loci. We present an evolutionary analysis of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from leopard frogs, Rana. Our results demonstrate that a single genome contains multiple homologous copies, among which there is an excess of nonsynonymous nucleotide site divergence relative to that expected from synonymous site divergence. Thus, we confirm the trends of recurrent duplication and positive selection. Allelic variation is quite low relative to interspecies divergence, indicating a recent positive selective sweep with no evidence of balancing selection. Repeated gene duplication, rather than a balanced maintenance of divergent allelic variants at individual loci, appears to be how frogs have responded to selection for a diverse suite of antimicrobial peptides. Our data also support a pattern of enhanced synonymous site substitution in the mature peptide region of the gene, but we cannot conclude that this is due to an elevated mutation rate.
Specifying a pulse transformer for computer use

The pulse transformer described in this paper is a specialized current-driven device that functions as a precision component in large-scale ferrite-core memories, and also as a switching device in computer logic. Typical transformer characteristics do not satisfy the exacting demands of computer applications. Greater precision in specifying and measuring these components is required along with closer tolerances.
Demand response resources: Who is responsible for implementation in a deregulated market?

Demand response resources (DRR) have potential to offer substantial benefits in the form of improved economic efficiency in wholesale electricity markets. Those benefits include better capacity factors for existing capacity, reductions in requirements for new capacity, enhanced reliability, relief of congestion and transmission constraints, reductions in price volatility, mitigation of market power and lower electricity prices for consumers. However, DRR has been slow to penetrate. There has been substantial disagreement as to which entities in a restructured market should promote the expanded implementation of DRR. This paper contends that no single entity can perform this function. But rather, wider implementation will need to accrue from coordinated actions along the electricity supply chain.
Occupational risks of infection in the surgical management of trauma patients.

The evolution of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome secondary to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has resulted in increased concern by surgeons and other members of the health care team with respect to occupationally acquired viral infections. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other viral infections of the liver remain more important than HIV as a cause of morbidity and death for surgeons Reduction in risk of these infections for surgeons can be achieved by hepatitis B vaccination, better utilization of personal protective equipment, and by improved techniques in the performance of procedures. An overall enhanced awareness in the use of sharp instruments in the operating room is most important. Finally, serologic testing of patients prior to operative procedures, or of surgeons as a condition to performing procedures is an expensive and counterproductive exercise that cannot be recommended.
A note on non-Gaussian adaptive array detection and signal parameter estimation

Kelly's (1986) generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) statistic is reexamined under a broad class of data distributions known as complex multivariate elliptically contoured (MEC), which include the complex Gaussian as a special case. We show that, mathematically, Kelly's GLRT test statistic is again obtained when the data matrix is assumed to be MEC distributed. The maximum-likelihood (ML) estimate for the signal parameters-alias the sample-covariance-based (SCB) minimum variance distortionless response beamformer output and, in general, the SCB linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer output-is likewise shown to be the same. These results have significant robustness implications for adaptive detection/estimation/beamforming in non-Gaussian environments.