cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcification. V. Influence of Fluoride and Cyanide Ions in the Presence and Absence of Magnesium.

Summary1. The initial rate of calcification of rachitic cartilage sections in inorganic media is markedly reduced in the presence of 10-4 M fluoride ion. With more prolonged incubation there is a relief of inhibition unless magnesium is included in the calcifying solution. 10−3 M fluoride is similarly effective in preventing mineralization provided the solution contains an adequate amount of magnesium; in its absence, the initial interference by 10−3 M fluoride is rapidly obscured by a secondary effect, interpreted as incorporation of fluoride in the growing mineral deposit, which gives rise to an apparent increase in calcification over the control. 2. Cyanide ion blocks calcification in the presence, but not in the absence of magnesium.
COMPETITION BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW MUTATING STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The dynamics of bacterial populations are often characterized by several distinctive features: under optimal growth conditions they double every few hours; they usually contain in excess of 106 individuals; higher fitness mutants have a good chance of arising in a population since average mutation rates are approximately 10-6 to 10-7 per gene replication; new favorable mutations, in the absence of genetic recombination, always increase to fixation in linkage with the genome of the parent clone in which they originally occurred; and higher fitness mutants often exhibit 10% to 20% higher growth rates than their parental clones. Consequently, when populations of such organisms are exposed to a new environment, a series of replacement cycles rapidly ensues, each cycle corresponding to the fixation of a higher fitness mutation in linkage with the genome of its parent clone. The linkage between the new mutation and the genome of the parent clone, and the rapidity of these clonal replacements, are two features that distinguish such asexual populations from ones that reproduce sexually. The existence of such cycles in asexual populations was first studied systematically by Atwood et al. (1951) in a study with laboratory populations of Escherichia coli in long-term cultures. By comparing the relative fitness of a series of bacterial clones isolated from these cultures, Atwood et al. were able to show that populations underwent a succession of clonal changes, each clonal replacement
C5 palsy and cervical laminectomy width: what is the right answer?

Commentary on Klement MR, Kleeman LT, Blizzard DJ, Gallizzi MA, Eure M, Brown CR. C5 palsy after cervical laminectomy and fusion: does width of laminectomy matter? Spine J 2016:16:462–7 ( in this issue ).
Nano-bio interfaces probed by advanced optical spectroscopy: From model system studies to optical biosensors

Research in biology and medicine is a rapidly expanding field incorporating some of the most fundamental questions concerning structure, function, and purpose. The forefront of new research demands access to advanced techniques and instrumentation capable of probing these unanswered questions. Over the past several decades, nano-scale materials and devices ranging from quasi-one dimensional quantum dots to two dimensional graphene sheets have been engineered and have found applications in nano-bio imaging and spectroscopy. In this review, the incorporation of nanomaterials into three influential spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including fluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and sum frequency generation will be introduced. Fluorescence imaging has visualized nanomaterials as compliments or replacements to comparable organic fluorphores, act as a quencher for FRET-based sensing, and serve as a nanoscaffold for molecular beacons. Their versatility in coating materials makes nanomaterials an excellent targeting molecule for any cellular macromolecule or structure. In addition to the targeting capabilities of nanomaterials in fluorescence imaging, surface plasmon resonance has incorporated nanomaterials for applications in signal enhancement, selectivity of target molecules, and the development of more refined and accurate detection. Functionalized nanoparticles enhance the capabilities of sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy by providing unique surface chemistry which alters target molecule interactions and orientations. In summary, the incorporation of nanomaterials has greatly enhanced the field of biology and medicine and has allowed for the continual advancement of not only research but instrument development.
Preliminary Structural Design of Composite Blades for Two- and Three-Blade Rotors

A computerized method has been developed to aid in the preliminary design of composite wind turbine blades. The method allows for arbitrary specification of the chord, twist, and airfoil geometry along the blade and an arbitrary number of shear webs. Given the blade external geometry description and its design load distribution, the Fortran code uses ultimate-strength and buckling-resistance criteria to compute the design thickness of load-bearing composite laminates. The code also includes an analysis option to obtain blade properties if a composite laminates schedule is prescribed. These properties include bending stiffness, torsion stiffness, mass, moments of inertia, elastic-axis offset, and center-of-mass offset along the blade. Nonstructural materials-gelcoat, nexus, and bonding adhesive-are also included for computation of mass. The code includes an option to format the output properties that can be directly input to advanced aeroelastic codes. This report summarizes the structural layout of composite laminates within the blade, the design approach, and the computational process. Finally, we present the results of two composite blades designed using this code in support of a project covering comparison of two- and three-blade rotors for a hypothetical turbine.
Improving Prediction of Postoperative Myocardial Infarction With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and NT-proBNP.

Background This study sought to determine if preoperatively measured high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) improve cardiac risk prediction in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery when compared to standard risk indices.
Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants

Background: What lactating mothers eat flavors breast milk and, in turn, modifies their infants' acceptance of similarly flavored foods.Objective: We sought to determine the effects of the timing and duration of eating a variety of vegetables during breastfeeding on the liking of vegetables in both members of the dyad.Design: We conducted a randomized controlled study of 97 mother-infant dyads. Lactating mothers drank vegetable, beet, celery, and carrot juices for 1 mo beginning at 0.5, 1.5, or 2.5 mo postpartum or for 3 mo beginning at 0.5 mo postpartum. The control group drank equal volumes of water and avoided drinking the juices. Mothers rated the tastes of the juices and self-reported dietary intakes at each monthly visit (0.5-4.5 mo). After weaning, when 7.9 mo of age, infants' acceptance of plain, carrot-flavor (exposed flavor), and broccoli-flavor (nonexposed flavor) cereals was assessed on separate days.Results: The timing of exposure affected the acceptance of the carrot flavor that did not generalize to the novel broccoli flavor. A relatively brief experience (1 mo) with vegetable flavors in mothers' milk, starting at 0.5 mo postpartum, was sufficient to shift the hedonic tone, which resulted in a faster rate of eating carrot-flavored cereal than that in infants who were exposed during subsequent months or not at all. One month of exposure had a greater effect than 3 mo of exposure or no exposure. Regardless of when exposure occurred, infants were less likely to display facial expressions of distaste initially when eating the carrot cereal. Over time, mothers liked the tastes of carrot, beet, and celery juices more, but no changes in dietary intake of vegetables were observed.Conclusions: Early life may be an optimum time for both infants and their mothers to learn to like the taste of healthy foods. More research is needed to facilitate the liking and eating of these foods by mothers, which will, in turn, increase the likelihood of their feeding these foods to their children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01667549.
Saturation in phosphene size with increasing current levels delivered to human visual cortex

Electrically stimulating early visual cortex results in a visual percept known as a phosphene. Although phosphenes can be evoked by a wide range of electrode sizes and current amplitudes, they are invariably described as small. To better understand this observation, we electrically stimulated 93 electrodes implanted in the visual cortex of 13 human subjects who reported phosphene size while stimulation current was varied. Phosphene size increased as the stimulation current was initially raised above threshold, but then rapidly reached saturation. Phosphene size also depended on the location of the stimulated site, with size increasing with distance from the foveal representation. We developed a model relating phosphene size to the amount of activated cortex and its location within the retinotopic map. First, a sigmoidal curve was used to predict the amount of activated cortex at a given current. Second, the amount of active cortex was converted to degrees of visual angle by multiplying by the inverse cortical magnification factor for that retinotopic location. This simple model accurately predicted phosphene size for a broad range of stimulation currents and cortical locations. The unexpected saturation in phosphene sizes suggests that the functional architecture of cerebral cortex may impose fundamental restrictions on the spread of artificially evoked activity and this may be an important consideration in the design of cortical prosthetic devices.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the neural basis for phosphenes, the visual percepts created by electrical stimulation of visual cortex, is fundamental to the development of a visual cortical prosthetic. Our experiments in human subjects implanted with electrodes over visual cortex show that it is the activity of a large population of cells spread out across several millimeters of tissue that supports the perception of a phosphene. In addition, we describe an important feature of the production of phosphenes by electrical stimulation: phosphene size saturates at a relatively low current level. This finding implies that, with current methods, visual prosthetics will have a limited dynamic range available to control the production of spatial forms and that more advanced stimulation methods may be required.
Calculating hole size and crack length in multi-wall systems following an orbital debris impact

Abstract All spacecraft are subject to damage from on-orbit impacts by micro-meteoroids and orbital debris particles. Typical shielding consists of a “bumper” that stands off from the main “inner wall” of the spacecraft element. Because the calculation of the size of the hole and the length of the crack that would occur in a module wall following a perforating on-orbit impact is a key ingredient in the risk assessment process of any spacecraft, it is important to correctly and accurately calculate those quantities. In two previous studies, empirical hole diameter and crack length equations were developed for the thirteen common ISS module wall configurations. In this paper we present the development of a single hole diameter equation and a single crack length equation that would unify the thirteen independent hole diameter and crack length equations developed previously. The advantages of these new equations over those developed previously are that they (1) are no longer tied to or dependent on the parameters of any single ISS module wall configuration, and (2) allow the consideration of the impact of non-spherical projectiles on multi-wall systems. We also clarify some issues with respect to the original thirteen hole diameter and crack length equations as originally presented.
National trends in changes in special education classification among pre-elementary education children

Classification changes are common in special education. Using the first four years of the Pre-elementary Education Longitudinal Study data set (N = 3000), we investigated national trends in classif...
Immunological and Oxidative Responses Caused by Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNCs) Derivatives Designed for Biomedical Applications, in Human and Mouse Cells

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are utilized for a wide variety of important applications from nanofillers to potential drug delivery. CNCs have a fiber-like structure that can be modified with different moieties to change the physicochemical characteristics and proper suit to biomedical applications. However, these modifications also can lead to undesirable effects, such as robust immune response. Previously we demonstrated that cationic CNCs evoke immunological responses through NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β inflammatory pathway, and this effect is associated, at least in part, with changes in mitochondrial ROS. In this work we expend our studies by analyzing biological responses of series of newly modified CNCs designed for different biomedical purposes. We modified CNCs with β-cyclodextrin (CNCs-β-CD), with N-(2-aminoethylmethacrylamide) (CNCs-AEMA1), and with N-isopropylacrylamide (CNCs-NIPAAm), designed for delivery of lipophilic, anionic and thermo-responsive drugs, respectively. We also synthesized CNCs-grafted with the monomer 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine (MPC), which can mimic the phospholipid polar groups within cell membranes, making it suitable for coating cardiovascular stents. We evaluated the immunological response of these nanomaterials by assessing NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway (ELISA and western blotting) and oxidative stress by analyzing mitochondrial ROS and protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) in mouse (J774A.1) and human (THP-1) myeloid cells as well in human peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs). In summary, we found that the both CNCs-β-CD and CNCs-MPC had a tendency to decrease IL-1β secretion in LPS-stimulated cell lines and also in non-stimulated PMBCs. Mitochondrial ROS was elevated with all nanomaterial in non-stimulated J774A.1 cells. LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells treated with CNCs-MPC mitochondrial ROS and PSSG were both decreased. Overall our results indicated that different modification on the surface of CNCs indeed affect their biomedical properties and also can cause undesirable effects. Therefore, further and more in depth interdisciplinary studies are necessary to fully understand and explore the potential biomedical applicability of CNCs.
HOP-1 Presenilin Deficiency Causes a Late-Onset Notch Signaling Phenotype That Affects Adult Germline Function in Caenorhabditis elegans

Functionally redundant genes present a puzzle as to their evolutionary preservation, and offer an interesting opportunity for molecular specialization. In Caenorhabditis elegans , either one of two presenilin genes ( sel-12 or hop-1 ) facilitate Notch activation, providing the catalytic subunit for the γ secretase proteolytic enzyme complex. For all known Notch signaling events, sel-12 can mediate Notch activation, so the conservation of hop-1 remains a mystery. Here, we uncover a novel “late-onset” germline Notch phenotype in which HOP-1-deficient worms fail to maintain proliferating germline stem cells during adulthood. Either SEL-12 or HOP-1 presenilin can impart sufficient Notch signaling for the establishment and expansion of the germline, but maintenance of an adult stem cell pool relies exclusively on HOP-1-mediated Notch signaling. We also show that HOP-1 is necessary for maximum fecundity and reproductive span. The low-fecundity phenotype of hop-1 mutants can be phenocopied by switching off glp-1 /Notch function during the last stage of larval development. We propose that at the end of larval development, dual presenilin usage switches exclusively to HOP-1, perhaps offering opportunities for differential regulation of the germline during adulthood. Additional defects in oocyte size and production rate in hop-1 and glp-1 mutants indicate that the process of oogenesis is compromised when germline Notch signaling is switched off. We calculate that in wild-type adults, as much as 86% of cells derived from the stem cell pool function to support oogenesis. This work suggests that an important role for Notch signaling in the adult germline is to furnish a large and continuous supply of nurse cells to support the efficiency of oogenesis.
The Clinical Impact of Resident-attending Discrepancies in On-call Radiology Reporting: A Retrospective Assessment.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study is to quantify the clinical impact of resident-attending discrepancies at a tertiary referral academic radiology residency program by assessing rates of intervention, discrepancy confirmation, recall rate, and management change rate; furthermore, a discrepancy categorization system will be assessed. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of the records was performed for n = 1482 discrepancies that occurred in the 17-month study period to assess the clinical impact of discrepancies. Discrepancies were grouped according to a previously published classification system. Management changes were recorded and grouped by severity. The recall rate was estimated for discharged patients. Any confirmatory testing was reviewed to evaluate the accuracy of the discrepant report. Categorical variables were compared to the chi-square test. Results The 1482 discrepancies led to management change in 661 cases (44.6%). The most common management change was follow-up imaging. Procedural interventions including surgery occurred in 50 cases (3.3%). The recall rate was 2.6%. Management changes were more severe with computed tomography examinations, inpatients, and when the discrepancy was in the chest and abdomen subspecialty. Also, management changes correlated with the discrepancy category assigned by the attending at the time of review. Conclusions Resident-attending discrepancies do cause management changes in 44.6% of discrepancies (0.62% overall); the most frequent change is follow-up imaging. The discrepancy categorization assigned by the attending correlated with the severity of management change.
CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF IRON AND MANGANESE PORPHYRINS

ABSTRACT A study has been made of the oxidation-reduction of manganese and iron hematoporphyrin IX and etioporphyrin I. The absorption spectra of the +2 and +3 valence states are reported for both complexes. For the manganese compounds three valence states are reported, namely, the +2, the +3 and the +4. The complete spectra of the manganese hematoporphyrin IX in all three valence states are given. The redox potentials for the manganese hematoporphyrin in a water solution have been determined as a function of pH, and it is shown that the MnII to MnIII couple is at about the molecular hydrogen potential at neutral pH, while the MnIII to MnIV couple is higher than the oxygen potential at neutral pH. It thus appears that a photochemical transformation of MnII to MnIV with a suitable electron acceptor could provide the oxidation potential required to liberate oxygen from water.
Deformation and fracture mechanisms in WE43 magnesium-rare earth alloy fabricated by direct-chill casting and rolling

Abstract This paper examines deformation behavior of WE43 alloy in direct-chill as-cast (as-cast-WE43) and rolled heat-treated T6 (WE43-T6) conditions with an emphasis on fracture mechanisms. Unlike many Mg allows, as-cast-WE43 and WE43-T6 exhibit no tension/compression asymmetry in their yield stress. WE43-T6 material shows more anisotropy in yield stress than as-cast-WE43, which is attributed to their respected initial crystallographic textures. Both WE43-T6 and as-cast-WE43 exhibit some anisotropy in strain hardening due to texture evolution and deformation twinning. Both materials show a small elongation to fracture of approximately 6% in tension. In contrast, strain to fracture in compression is large. Crystallographic texture evolves substantially in compression, where crystals are slowly reorienting their crystallographic c -axis parallel to the loading direction with plastic strain. Both materials fracture by a typical shear fracture in compression. Fractographic analysis of fractured surfaces in compression for WE43-T6 reveals evidence of transgranular facets that are much larger than grain size with minor content of microvoid coalescence. Although elongation to fracture in tension is small with no necking, detailed analysis of fracture surfaces reveals evidence of ductile microvoid coalescence. However, the intergranular fracture character, especially in the central high stress triaxiality region of the samples, limits the ductility of the material.
Millicent C. Goldschmidt: Scarred Pioneer and Protector of the Biosphere

Despite the disapproval of her family and the criticisms of male faculty, Millicent “Mimi” Goldschmidt earned a Ph.D. in microbiology in 1953 and went on to have a profound impact on the U.S. Space Program, including the development of microbiology techniques that would be used on the moon. The Apollo Program helped Mimi recognize a severe lack of rapid diagnostic tests in microbiology, to which she would dedicate her research career. Along the way, Mimi became a pioneering advocate for women in microbiology and inspired generations of students to careers in microbiology.
The Significance of Vasitis Nodosa

Vasitis nodosa is an infrequently recognized, benign disorder that may be confused with malignancy of the vas deferens. A review of 30 patients with vasal masses removed during vasovasostomy revealed 20 men with vasitis nodosa. Of the patients 15 had vasal masses on physical examination, 1 of which was painful. Of the 20 patients with vasitis nodosa 14 had associated granulomatous inflammation. Vasitis nodosa is notably more common than has been reported previously and has been associated with spontaneous recanalization of the vas deferens following vasectomy.
Automotive material investigation with low GWP refrigerant HFO-1234yf

HFO-1234yf has been identified as a new low global warming (GWP) refrigerant which has the potential to be a sustainable global solution for automotive air conditioning [1]. HFO-1234yf is also being evaluated for stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems [2,3]. HFO-1234yf is energy efficient, exhibits low toxicity, and can potentially be used in systems currently designed for R-134a with minimal modifications [4]. Global LCCP calculations also indicate a significant environmental benefit versus R-134a and carbon dioxide [5]. Though HFO-1234yf is flammable per ASTM E-681-04, it poses significantly less fire hazard than HFC-152a and HFC-32 due to its low flame speed, low heat of combustion, and its difficulty to ignite [6]. It therefore has the potential to be used safely in direct expansion automotive systems without a secondary loop. As the automotive industry moves towards more hybrid and electric vehicles, there is a need to understand HFO-1234yf suitability in these non-traditional automotive systems. A significant difference in hybrid design is the use of electrically driven compressors which require POE lubricants versus currently used PAG lubricants. This paper will investigate material compatibility with polyol ester lubricants, electric motor materials, and related automotive components.
Applications of MEMS technologies for minimally invasive medical procedures

Abstract: Microelectromechanical devices provide an attractive means for increasing sensing and actuation capabilities during minimally invasive medical procedures, where a goal is to limit the effects of disease diagnosis, monitoring, or treatment by performing operations through natural orifices or with very small incisions. In this chapter, a survey of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications to minimally invasive procedures is performed, exploring proposed uses of micromachined mechanisms in primarily short-term tests or interventions. A general overview is provided, followed by a discussion of MEMS scanning-mirror technology as applicable to microvisualization tools. Prominent prototype instruments based on MEMS mirrors include endoscopic and laparoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT), dual-axes confocal microscopy, and multiphoton microscopy tools. Medical interventions based on manipulation of tissue by miniature structures and instruments are then described, moving from optical tools for laser-based surgery to static biopsy tools to flexible micromachined stents to fully mobile microrobots. A summary of accomplishments and needs for MEMS-based minimally invasive instruments to transition from laboratory to clinical settings concludes the chapter.
Healing Images in Poetry: Liberating Creativity and Nurturing the Self.

Living creatively and fluidly often depends on an adult’s ability to play. A workshop was designed to enhance awareness of the importance of play for adults and to provide imaging strategies helpful to therapists, teachers and poets.
Analysis of Diffuse Scattering from Composition Modulations in Concentrated Alloys

Theoretical and experimental methods for the measurement and analysis of diffuse x-ray and neutron scattering have progressed greatly in the last few years. It is now possible to obtain very detailed information on local atomic arrangements in concentrated and, in some cases, fairly dilute metallic alloys, ceramics and intermetallic compounds. The advent of synchrotron radiation promises substantial savings in data collection times and hence makes possible a whole new class of experiments, too time consuming to be carried out with laboratory apparatus. In this paper, the most recent developments in data analysis will be reviewed. Additionally, experimental procedures for both laboratory and synchrotron environments will be discussed.
Introduction to PySPLIT: A Python Toolkit for NOAA ARL’s HYSPLIT Model

The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Research Laboratorys HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model uses a hybrid Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation method to compute particle dispersion and deposition simulations as well as air parcel paths (trajectories), forward or backward in time. This model is used worldwide in a variety of scientific contexts. The author presents the first Python package designed from the ground up to facilitate and expedite HYSPLIT trajectory analysis workflows by providing an intuitive and efficient API for generating, inspecting, and plotting trajectory paths and data. PySPLIT enables fully reproducible workflows, with orders of magnitude superior efficiency compared to what was previously possible with HYSPLIT alone, and leverages the capabilities of the scientific Python ecosystem and matplotlib to generate reproducible, publication-quality figures.
Extraction of THz Absorption Signatures Obscured by Rough Surface Scattering Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

We investigate the effects of rough surface scattering on stand-off detection of materials using THz reflection spectroscopy. We apply discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to the normalized THz spectra to retrieve material absorption signatures obscured by the scattering effects. We address the impact of the non-zero phase functions of wavelet filters on the spectral location of the extracted resonant features and offer analytical solutions for compensating these phase effects.
Integrating Acid-Base and Metabolic Lab Panels Across Systems in an M1 Classroom Activity.

Introduction It is important to deliver acid-base balance concepts in the context of multiple physiological systems and metabolic processes that influence acid-base homeostasis. This activity combi...
Automatic event detection in basketball using HMM with energy based defensive assignment

We propose a unsupervised learning framework for automatically labeling events in a basketball game. Our framework uses the the optical player tracking data in the NBA. We first learn the time series of defensive assignments using a novel player and location dependent attraction based model which uses hidden Markov models (HMMs), Gaussian processes, and a “bond breaking” model for changes in defensive assignments. Next, we use the learned defensive assignments as an input to a set of HMMs that automatically detect events such as ball screens, drives and post-ups. We show that our models provide significant improvements over existing benchmarks both on defensive assignments and event detection.
Catalytic asymmetric CH activation of sp3 hybridized CH bonds by means of carbenoid CH insertions: applications in organic synthesis

Abstract The development of practical catalytic asymmetric methods for selective CH activation could revolutionize the approaches used for the construction of complex organic compounds [1] . In this review, our progress in achieving a practical and catalytic method for asymmetric intermolecular CH activation using rhodium carbenoid intermediates will be described ( Eq. (1) ) [2] . The inherent advantage of the carbenoid method over traditional CH activation processes is the ease of achieving a catalytic cycle. Efficient reactions using chiral catalyst loadings of 1% or less are readily achieved. In order for the carbenoid-induced CH activation to be useful in organic synthesis, issues of enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and regioselectivity need to be controlled. We have demonstrated that rhodium carbenoids containing both electron donor and acceptor groups are ideal reagents for selective CH functionalization of hydrocarbons [3] . The synthetic potential of this chemistry will be illustrated by examples in which the CH activation is used as a surrogate for some of the classic CC bond-forming reactions of organic synthesis. These classic reactions will include the Michael reaction, the aldol reaction, the Mannich reaction and the Claisen rearrangement. (1)
Correlating Water Quality and Profile Data in the Florida Keys

Aquatic ecosystems present complex structures susceptible to changes that can cause adverse effects in the water. These problems have turned the attention of researchers to understand them, and possibly take action to prevent further damages. This interest led to the accumulation of large amounts of data with limited personnel and resources to analyze it. An example of this is the collection of data in South Florida for 25 years by Florida International University. By making use of a depth profile and surface water quality data sets collected in the same location at the same time, a methodology is proposed to correlate these two data sets. By using Machine Learning, we represented depth profiles with coefficients followed by clustering analysis. Similarly, a water surface chemical data set was clustered using k-means. We then used statistical methods to test the connection between these two data sets.
Context controls the timing of responses to an alcohol-predictive conditioned stimulus.

Abstract Context can influence the number of responses elicited by a discrete, appetitive conditioned stimulus (CS) but can context control when a CS elicits a response? To test this fundamental question, we gave male, Long-Evans rats Pavlovian conditioning sessions in which the same auditory conditioned stimulus (CS, 30 s, 15 trials/session) was presented in 2 different physical contexts on alternating days, according to a within-subjects design. In one context, called the early context, alcohol (15 % ethanol, 0.2 ml/trial) was delivered from the onset of the 5th second until the termination of the 10th second of the 30 s CS. In the second late context, alcohol was delivered from the onset of the 25th second until the termination of the 30th second of the same CS. In a comparison of the last session of training, the probability of making a conditioned response during the first four seconds of the CS was significantly higher in the early context than in the late context. This result shows that context can signal when an unconditioned stimulus occurs in relation to a CS and highlights a role for context in controlling precisely timed alcohol-seeking responses.
Is memorization the name of the game? Undergraduates' perceptions of the usefulness of physiology songs.

The possible benefits of using music to enhance learning of STEM content are numerous, diverse, and largely unproven. We sought to determine which (if any) of these possible benefits are commonly e...
4.2 An E-Band High-Linearity Antenna-LNA Front-End with 4.8dB NF and 2.2dBm IIP3 Exploiting Multi-Feed On-Antenna Noise-Canceling and Gm-Boosting

Merging antennas with front-end circuits creates a new design paradigm to advance front-end innovations and performance beyond electronics-only designs. Instead of being viewed as single-port 500 radiation loads, antennas are perceived as multi-feed passive networks interfacing with front-end circuits, so that optimum near-field I/V distributions are actively synthesized for desired far-field radiations. Moreover, antenna-electronics co-designs can be exploited for various on-antenna signal conditioning capabilities, such as power combining, active load modulation, polarization duplexing, and harmonic terminations [1-5]. This concept particularly benefits mm-Wave front-ends, due to compact on-chip antennas and intimate interfaces with electronics, and the resultant radical improvements are critical for applications such as 5G-and-beyond communication and radar sensing [6]. Presently, although much effort focuses on antenna-electronics co-design for TX, there are limited explorations on the RX architectures [7], [8].
Food Waste Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions among University Students

After policy change, educational programming has been cited as one of the most powerful tools for improving food systems and decreasing food waste. University students represent a population in which emerging habits, skills, and identity may be targeted easily and changed through on-campus educational programming. To understand how to best implement programming on impacts of food, food waste, and related issues, the factors that underlie students’ behaviors related to food waste must be understood. We analyzed factors that influence food waste–related behaviors within a university student population to understand the potential for improving targeted, school-based food waste diversion programming. Four hundred and ninety-five students were surveyed to: (1) identify self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to food waste; (2) explore underlying factors driving food waste–related behaviors through exploratory factor analysis (EFA); and (3) understand the interactions between factors within a regression framework. Participants reported that they most often left food on their plate because it did not taste good or they had overestimated portion size. A majority of participants already performed many food waste reduction behaviors, and were both interested in taking action and aware that their efforts could make a difference. Food management skills, compost attitudes, sustainability attitudes, and reported household food waste were correlated, in various ways, with both intent to reduce and reported food waste reduction behaviors. Opportunities for improving university-related food waste programming through this data are explored. See the press release for this article.
Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: airway management in adult trauma patients

This is a recommended evaluation and management algorithm from the Western Trauma Association (WTA) Algorithms Committee addressing the prehospital and in-hospital airway management of adult trauma patients. Because there is a paucity of published prospective randomized clinical trials that have generated class I data, these recommendations are based primarily on published prospective and retrospective cohort studies and expert opinion of the WTA members. The final algorithm is the result of an iterative process including an initial internal review and revision by the WTA Algorithm Committee members and then final revisions based on input during and after presentation of the algorithm to the full WTA membership. Airway management in the severely injured adult trauma patients begins from the time of first responder arrival and continues until a definitive airway can be established and maintained. Though airway management is important in both the prehospital setting and emergency department, the priorities differ slightly due to alterations in environment, personnel, equipment, expertise and experience. This WTA algorithm will review with most recent evidence and provide recommendations for airway management for the adult trauma patient in both the prehospital setting and emergency department. Cervical spine protection and immobilization, if indicated, will be assumed throughout all airway interventions in the algorithms below. The algorithms (figures 1 and 2) and accompanying comments represent a safe and sensible approach to the evaluation and management of the airway in the acutely injured patient. We recognize that there will be multiple factors that may warrant or require deviation from any single recommended algorithm and that no algorithm can completely replace expert bedside clinical judgment. We encourage institutions to use this as a general framework in the approach to these patients and to customize and adapt the algorithm to better suit the specifics of that program or location. Figure 1 Algorithm for prehospital …
SoundWatch: Exploring Smartwatch-based Deep Learning Approaches to Support Sound Awareness for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users

Smartwatches have the potential to provide glanceable, always-available sound feedback to people who are deaf or hard of hearing. In this paper, we present a performance evaluation of four low-resource deep learning sound classification models: MobileNet, Inception, ResNet-lite, and VGG-lite across four device architectures: watch-only, watch+phone, watch+phone+cloud, and watch+cloud. While direct comparison with prior work is challenging, our results show that the best model, VGG-lite, performed similar to the state of the art for non-portable devices with an average accuracy of 81.2% (SD=5.8%) across 20 sound classes and 97.6% (SD=1.7%) across the three highest-priority sounds. For device architectures, we found that the watch+phone architecture provided the best balance between CPU, memory, network usage, and classification latency. Based on these experimental results, we built and conducted a qualitative lab evaluation of a smartwatch-based sound awareness app, called SoundWatch (Figure 1), with eight DHH participants. Qualitative findings show support for our sound awareness app but also uncover issues with misclassifications, latency, and privacy concerns. We close by offering design considerations for future wearable sound awareness technology.
Primate Reproduction: When Timing Is Everything.

Summary In species with intense male competition, reproducing at the wrong time can have dire consequences for females. A new study of wild gelada monkeys finds that females delay or accelerate puberty to moderate the risks of inbreeding and infanticide.
Women in Medicine

Sylvia is a veteran hospitalist who works at a major academic center as well as a satellite sister community hospital affiliated with her hospital. She has been working for 5 years and has watched colleagues of hers obtain leadership positions in the residency training program as well as in leadership positions at the satellite hospital. She was once offered a position to co-chair a patient safety committee with significant visibility with the hospital executives at her main hospital, but she had just had her first child and was anxious about the time commitment associated with the committee. Her colleague who took the committee chair position was recently promoted to Chief Informatics Officer after a very high performance with patient safety tools in EPIC.
Comparison of the clinical, ultrasound, and CT findings in 13 dogs with gastric neoplasia

Diagnosis of gastric tumors in dogs is difficult and is often obtained by biopsy following identification of a mass through ultrasound (US) or endoscopy. In human medicine, modalities such as CT and endoscopy are standard of care in the diagnosis and staging of gastric tumors. Although one veterinary study has described CT findings of gastric tumors in dogs using iatrogenic gas dilation, there are no veterinary studies that have directly compared the usefulness of US versus CT in the diagnosis and staging of these tumors. This retrospective, descriptive study evaluated US and CT images from 13 dogs. Gastric tumor diagnoses included leiomyoma (n = 4), adenocarcinoma (n = 3), leiomyosarcoma (n = 3), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n = 2), and lymphoma (n = 1). Computed tomography was successful in identification of 92% of gastric tumors, while US identified only 69%. Computed tomography identified more locations of lymphadenopathy and correctly identified the location of gastric tumors more frequently than US when compared to the surgical, endoscopic, or necropsy reports. Most features seen on US and CT overlapped between the different tumor types. Lymphoma had a lower mean attenuation in CT than the other gastric tumors and was the only gastric tumor to not have complete loss of the gastric wall layering on US. As expected, adenocarcinoma appeared as gastric wall thickening with regional lymphadenopathy. Findings supported using CT as an ancillary diagnostic test for characterizing and staging gastric tumors in dogs and assisting in the selection of surgical candidates.
School Counselors’ Experiences With Ethical Decision Making

Using a purposeful, convenience sampling method, we explored six school counselors’ experiences of ethical decision making. We used a transcendental phenomenology research method and identified the...
Exercise and self-esteem model: Validity in a sample of healthy female adolescents

Low self-esteem is frequently identified as source of personality, anxiety and body image disorders among adolescent females. The Exercise Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM) is a framework that embodies the multidimensional and hierarchical structure of global self-esteem and its relationship to physical activity and has been effective in guiding the design of physical activity interventions. Although this model has been tested with a variety of populations, it remains to be validated in adolescent females. Additionally, we sought to expand the original model by investigating how additional parameters of body fat and cardiovascular fitness independently contributed to physical and global domains of self-esteem. Ninety-four adolescent females (Mage = 15.6 ± 1.7) completed validated measures of global self-esteem, physical self-esteem and physical self-efficacy. Participants completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents to quantify habitual physical activity levels. Objective physical measurements included height, weight, body fat and cardiovascular fitness. The newly proposed expanded-EXSEM model provided a good model-data fit tested using structural equation modeling (χ2 = 4.54 (p = .21), CFI = .99, RMSEA = 0.07, SRMR = 0.02) compared to the original EXSEM. Physical activity levels were significantly associated with both cardiovascular fitness and body fat and were a positive predictor of physical self-efficacy. Physical self-efficacy, cardiovascular fitness, and body fat were all predictors of physical self-esteem, which directly affected global self-esteem. Our data validates the expanded-EXSEM model in a sample of adolescent females and identifies targets for interventions to change global self-esteem as well as sub-domains of physical self-esteem. While changing fitness variables may be effective in targeting perceptions of body-esteem alone, physical activity participation still remains the primary determinant to bring about the cascade of positive changes in physical self-efficacy and self-esteem in this population.
Liver: Could it lead us to a promised land to deflame the brain?

Ischemic stroke occurs with disruption of blood perfusion to the brain. Damages from ischemia result in inflammation of the brain cells. Biologics and immunomodulators have been developed to mitigate neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. Several druggable targets have been identified, including microglia/macrophages, receptors of the complement pathway, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, and others. However, the efficacy of the immunomodulators is in their infant stage largely due to our incomplete understanding of neuroinflammation. Hypothermia has been utilized to alleviate systemic inflammation though its negative effects have been reported. The roles of the liver in systemic inflammation and its association to ischemic stroke are fairly well-known. Local hypothermic induction to the liver may be a desirable treatment option for ischemic stroke while minimizing the systemic side effects of hypothermia. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the involvement of active inflammatory response in ischemic stroke and the associated organs, particularly the liver.
Macroeconomic Change, Unemployment, and Job Stress

The on-going change from Fordist to post (neo)-Fordist labor markets and job structures is representative of long-term, or secular, trends that result in relatively permanent structural changes to the macroeconomy. Underlying these trends are changes in commodity and financial markets, such as globalization, and the development of new technologies, such as computerization. But these secular trends are also punctuated by short-term economic trends: the cycles of market expansion and contraction that are endemic to all market economies. In the 40 year period from 1970 to 2010 that broadly encompasses the transition from Fordism to post (neo)-Fordism, the United States experienced six such economic cycles: (1) expansion from 1971 through 1973 and contraction in 1974–1975; (2) expansion from 1975 through 1979 and contraction in 1980; (3) expansion from late 1980 into 1981 and contraction in 1981–1982; (4) expansion from 1983 through 1990 and contraction in 1990–1991; (5) expansion from 1992 through 2000 and contraction in 2001–2002; (6) and expansion from 2003 through late 2007, ending with the contraction of the “Great Recession” that started in late 2007 (based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2008).