cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A decision-centred view of environmental planning

Abstract This article attempts to transcend the “substantivist” versus “proceduralist” controversy by proposing a theory of environmental planning combining understanding of procedures with understanding of features of the environment that make for a need for planning. It notes common elements in the views of the environment and environmental planning held by authors from divergent intellectual traditions: (a) they all conceive of the environment as, amongst other things, institutionally determined in the sense of legal barriers forming an important element of it; (b) they see the environment as the object of both private and public decision-making; (c) they see the environment as forming the object of conflict. On this basis, the article identifies land decision units as the foci of public and private decision-making concerning the environment. They are characterised by (a) the resources on them, (b) the channels linking them to other units, (c) the land regime providing barriers against intrusion, (d) land titles identifying the primary decision makers concerned. Public environmental measures taken because of externalities can aim at changing each of these attributes. Land decision units cover jurisdiction like seamless garments, and there is much interaction between what happens on them. Much as with measures of private actors, public environmental measures can mutually enhance each other or get in each other's way. Where this occurs, the article speaks of externalities of the second order. Environmental planning stands for the preparation of environmental plans taking care of such externalities, so that public environmental measures are taken with full knowledge of all their implications. A theory of environmental planning must combine awareness of the element of decision-making in planning with an understanding of the externalities of the second order arising out of the nature of environmental measures as being addressed to land decision units with definite locations in a spatial-temporal expanse. A case study of Dutch urbanisation policy illustrates the notion of externalities of the second order.
A general equilibrium analysis of the insurance bonding approach to pollution threats

Abstract This paper sheds additional light on the important issue of toxic accidental releases, or spills. The pollution control literature contains relatively little discussion of accidental releases. Even risk assessments are more about the risks to the public of predictable continuous emissions than about the risk of major accidents. Because spills of stored and transported chemicals are not continuous, or even inevitable, analogs of economic incentive approaches like emissions fees and transferable pollution allowances are inappropriate. Allowances are inappropriate because potential spills are often too harmful to allow, and a fee large enough to pay for clean-up and damages is beyond the means of many potential sources. The accidental release threat suggests an approach analogous to automobile liability insurance. Since a car can do more damage than most people can afford to pay for, states mandate insurance to ensure financial responsibility. Some potential sources of harmful spills are already required to demonstrate financial responsibility, and more could be. Insurance is one option for meeting financial responsibility requirements; in many cases, the only viable option. To develop testable hypotheses and determine where traditional partial equilibrium analyses would probably be misleading, the paper compares a very basic insurance bonding approach to the traditional command-and-control approach in a general equilibrium setting. That allows a comparison of effectiveness, and impacts on output levels, prices, and factor returns.
Hemiparetic Gait Parameters in Overground Versus Treadmill Walking

Objective: Hemiparetic gait is characterized by high stride-cycle variability, di minished stance time, single-limb stance time, and stance/swing ratio in the paretic limb. Recent studies suggest t...
Designing effective multimodal behaviors for robots: a data-driven perspective

Robots need to effectively use multimodal behaviors, including speech, gaze, and gestures, in support of their users to achieve intended interaction goals, such as improved task performance. This proposed research concerns designing effective multimodal behaviors for robots to interact with humans using a data-driven approach. In particular, probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) are used to model the interdependencies among multiple behavioral channels and generate complexly contingent multimodal behaviors for robots to facilitate human-robot interaction. This data-driven approach not only allows the investigation of hidden and temporal relationships among behavioral channels but also provides a holistic perspective on how multimodal behaviors as a whole might shape interaction outcomes. Three studies are proposed to evaluate the proposed data-driven approach and to investigate the dynamics of multimodal behaviors and interpersonal interaction. This research will contribute to the multimodal interaction community in theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects.
A kinetic and DRIFTS study of low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation over Au—TiO2 catalysts

Titania-supported gold catalysts are extremely active for room temperature CO oxidation; however, deactivation is observed over long periods of time under our reaction conditions Impregnated AuTiO2 is most active after a sequential pretreatment consisting of high temperature reduction at 773 K, calcination at 673 K and low temperature reduction at 473 K (HTR/C/LTR); the activity after either only low temperature reduction or calcination is much lower. A catalyst prepared by coprecipitation had much smaller Au particles than impregnated AuTiO2 and was active at 273 K after either an HTR/C/LTR or a calcination pretreatment. Deposition of TiOx overlayers onto an inactive Au powder produced high activity; this argues against an electronic effect in small Au particles as the major factor contributing to the activity of AuTiO2 catalysts and argues for the formation of active sites at the AuTiOx interface produced by the mobility of TiOx species. DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance FTIR) spectra of impregnated AuTiO2 reveal the presence of weak reversible CO adsorption on the Au surface but not on the TiO2; however, a band for adsorbed CO is observed on the pure TiO2. Kinetic studies with a 1.0 wt.-% impregnated AuTiO2 sample showed a near half-order rate dependence on CO and a near zero-order rate dependence on O2 between 273 and 313 K with an activation energy near 7 kcal/mol. A two-site model, with CO adsorbing on Au and O2 adsorbing on TiO2, is consistent with Langmuir-Hinselwood kinetics for noncompetitive adsorption, fits partial pressure data well and shows consistent enthalpies and entropies of adsorption. The formation of carbonate and car☐ylate species on the titania surface was detected but it appears that these are spectator species. DRIFTS experiments under reaction conditions also show the presence of weak, reversible adsorption of CO2 (near 2340 cm−1) which may be competing with CO for adsorption sites.
Surface spin-waves in a semi-infinite ferromagnet including exchange and dipolar fields

Abstract Dipole effects lead to well localized surface spin-wave states even when exchange dominates the energy.
Trends of penetrating keratoplasty in the United States from 1980 to 2004.

Purpose To examine the changing trends in penetrating keratoplasties (PKs) performed in the United States. Design Retrospective review. Methods Review of Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) data on corneal tissue distribution in the United States from 1980 to 2004. Data analysis was retrospective. United States population census data were obtained and used for population-adjusted calculations. A series of Poisson regression models were calculated looking at the temporal trends over time. Main Outcome Measures The estimated yearly percent change and P values were calculated using Poisson regression models. Results The total number of corneas distributed for PKs from EBAA member eye banks have steadily increased since 1980. In 1990, the international and domestic distribution data were separated. The total number of PKs performed from EBAA-supplied tissue has continued to rise since 1990; however, the total number of PKs performed in the United States has steadily declined and when population-adjusted rates are examined, the rate of decline is more dramatic. Conclusion Although both absolute numbers and age-adjusted numbers of PKs have declined recently, the population-adjusted rates have dropped more significantly.
Ontogeny of myocardial adrenoceptors II. Alpha adrenoceptors.

Summary: The maturation of myocardial alpha adrenoceptors was investigated in dogs. Alpha adrenoceptors were characterized by radioligand binding using [3H]-WB4101. In neonatal cardiac membranes, the binding of the ligand was rapid, reversible, of high affinity, saturable and stereoselective. The competition studies with adrenergic agonists and antagonists were indicative of alpha adrenoceptors. In adult dog cardiac membranes, consistent specific binding of the ligand could not be demonstrated. These studies indicate that there is a decrease in alpha adrenergic receptor density of canine cardiac membranes during maturation. Speculation: changes in membrane receptor density and affinity may be important mechanisms in the ontogeny of myocardial function.
Estrogen and xenoestrogens upregulate the brain aromatase isoform (P450aromB) and perturb markers of early development in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Estrogen synthesized in the brain itself by the action of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) is known to have permanent organizing effects on the developing CNS. In fish, estrogen upregulates the predominant brain isoform (P450aromB), implying that xenoestrogens (XE) could act as neurodevelopmental toxicants by altering P450aromB. To test this hypothesis, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), diethylstilbestrol (DES, a potent agonist), and bisphenol A (BPA, a weak agonist). RT-PCR/Southern transfer analysis showed that E(2) (0.01-10 microM) upregulated P450aromB in a dose-response manner. The effect of DES (0.01 microM) was similar to 1 microM E(2) (three- to four-fold higher than control), but BPA was less effective (<threefold increase at 10 microM). mRNA levels of the predominant ovarian isoform (P450aromA) were unchanged by estrogen. Treatment with E(2) (0.1-10 microM) between 2 and 72 hpf had dose-response effects on mortality and hatching and induced a 'curved tail down' phenotype characteristic of mutants with defects of early CNS development. The critical period of estrogen sensitivity for effects on mortality and curved tails was 2-24 hpf, whereas hatching effects were both stage- and duration-dependent. Developmental effects of DES and BPA were similar to E(2) but testosterone, and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone were ineffective. 17alpha-Estradiol showed a small but significant effect on curved tails. We conclude that P450aromB mRNA is a sensitive marker of XE effect during embryogenesis, but further studies are required to determine whether changes in neural aromatase expression and estrogen biosynthesis have consequences for CNS development.
Site preference of transition-metal elements in B2 NiAl: A comprehensive study

Abstract First-principles supercell calculations based on density functional theory were performed to study the T = 0 K site preference of 3d (Ti–Cu), 4d (Zr–Ag) and 5d (Hf–Au) transition-metal elements in B2 NiAl. By adopting a statistical-mechanical Wagner–Schottky model within the canonical ensemble, the effects of finite temperature on site preference were further considered. The calculations showed that, at all alloy compositions and temperatures, Co, Tc, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir and Pt have a consistent preference for the Ni sublattice, while Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta have a consistent preference for the Al sublattice. In contrast, the site preference of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Pd, Ag, W and Au was found to depend on both composition and temperature. The present calculated results compare favorably with existing theoretical and experimental studies in the literature.
Recovery of small DNA fragments from serum using compaction precipitation.

Background: While most nucleic acids are intracellular, trace amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), including micro RNAs, can also be found in peripheral blood. Many studies have suggested the potential utility of these circulating nucleic acids in prenatal diagnosis, early cancer detection, and the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, DNA circulating in blood is usually present at very low concentrations (ng/ml), and is in the form of relatively small fragments (,1,000 bp), making its isolation challenging. Methods: Here we report an improved method for the isolation of small DNA fragments from serum using selective precipitation by quaternary ammonium compaction agents. A 151 bp fragment of double-stranded DNA from the Escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda served as the model DNA in our experiments. DNA was serially diluted in serum until undetectable by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), before being enriched by compaction precipitation. Results: Starting with concentrations two to three orders of magnitude lower than the PCR-detectable level (0.01 ng/ml), we were able to enrich the DNA to a detectable level using a novel compaction precipitation protocol. The isolated DNA product after compaction precipitation was largely free of serum contaminants and was suitable for downstream applications. Conclusions: Using compaction precipitation, we were able to isolate and concentrate small DNA from serum, and increase the sensitivity of detection by more than four orders of magnitude. We were able to recover and detect very low levels (0.01 ng/ml) of a small DNA fragment in serum. In addition to being very sensitive, the method is fast, simple, inexpensive, and avoids the use of toxic chemicals.
On computing canonical forms using flows

Let G be a Lie group acting on a vector space V. I say that a vector field u:V→V is orbital if for all p in V, u(p) is tangent to the orbit of p at p. Now let the vector space V and the vector space tangent to G at the identity have inner products. In this setting I define a simple map (which I call quasi-projection) which transforms any vector field on V into an orbital one. I use the quasi-projection map to define flows which compute canonical forms.
Manipulations in the Peripheral Stalk of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1F0-ATP Synthase

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1F0-ATP synthase peripheral stalk is composed of the OSCP, h, d, and b subunits. The b subunit has two membrane-spanning domains and a large hydrophilic domain that extends along one side of the enzyme to the top of F1. In contrast, the Escherichia coli peripheral stalk has two identical b subunits, and subunits with substantially altered lengths can be incorporated into a functional F1F0-ATP synthase. The differences in subunit structure between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic peripheral stalks raised a question about whether the two stalks have similar physical and functional properties. In the present work, the length of the S. cerevisiae b subunit has been manipulated to determine whether the F1F0-ATP synthase exhibited the same tolerances as in the bacterial enzyme. Plasmid shuffling was used for ectopic expression of altered b subunits in a strain carrying a chromosomal disruption of the ATP4 gene. Wild type growth phenotypes were observed for insertions of up to 11 and a deletion of four amino acids on a nonfermentable carbon source. In mitochondria-enriched fractions, abundant ATP hydrolysis activity was seen for the insertion mutants. ATPase activity was largely oligomycin-insensitive in these mitochondrial fractions. In addition, very poor complementation was seen in a mutant with an insertion of 14 amino acids. Lengthier deletions yielded a defective enzyme. The results suggest that although the eukaryotic peripheral stalk is near its minimum length, the b subunit can be extended a considerable distance.
Heteromorphisms of pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 19

The pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 19 exhibits considerable variation even by the G-banding technique. Nevertheless, the C-banding technique has been universally employed to investigate pericentromeric hetromorphisms. We demonstrate that optimal expression of the pericentromeric region can be achieved by using the AluI/G technique. The pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 19 is classified into four classes (I-IV). Fifty normal individuals were evaluated and the incidence of types I-IV were 26%, 17%, 51%, and 6%, respectively. No consistent relationship was observed between the types of heterochromatin identified by the AluI/G technique when compared with the other routinely used procedures.
Orthogonal machining of single-crystal and coarse-grained aluminum

Abstract Orthogonal machining of single-crystal and coarse-grained (i.e., grain size considerably larger than the uncut chip thickness) materials has been a subject to many studies in the literature. The first part of this paper presents background on machining single-crystal materials, including experimental and modeling attempts. The second part briefly describes more recent modeling results from the authors, and presents new experimental results on planing and plunge-turning of single-crystal and coarse-grained aluminum using diamond tools. The experiments indicate that (1) cutting across grains of a coarse-grained aluminum workpiece produces distinctly varying forces and surface roughness from one grain to another, (2) plunge-turning and planing of single crystal aluminum provide equivalent force data for large rake angles, (3) forces alter between two distinct levels while cutting single crystals with small rake angles, and (4) with small rake angles, subsurface damage on single-crystal aluminum is extensive, reaching depths comparable to the uncut chip thickness.
Regeneration and Sprouting in the Injured Spinal Cord: A Decade of Growth

We review axonal sprouting and regeneration in response to injury and to various therapeutic interventions in the spinal cord. Axonal growth can be enhanced through conditioning lesions and by transplantation. Some transplantation strategies and the combinations of transplants with administration of neurotrophins are discussed. New approaches to stimulating the regeneration by modifying activity of intracellular pathways are described. The inhibitory nature of the mature CNS and the increased impediments provided by the injured CNS and methods to counter both are also reviewed. Finally, the relationship of these interventions to functional recovery is considered.
Evidence that progesterone binding uteroglobin is similar to myosin alkali light chain.

Abstract Using a computer program designed to detect evolutionary relationships between proteins, I find that exon 2 of rabbit uteroglobin, a progesterone binder, and part of myosin alkali light chain have a comparison score that is 7.2 standard deviations higher than that obtained with a comparison of randomized sequences of these proteins. The probability ( p ) of getting this score by chance is less than 10 −12 . This theoretical finding that these sequences are similar has led to the experimental finding that copper, calcium and the tranquilizer trifluoperazine, a calmodulin binding ligand, affect progesterone binding to uteroglobin.
New Mammal Records for Prince Edward Island

Subsequent to the publication of a report on the mammals of Prince Edward Island (Bull. Nat. Mus. Can., No. 126: 185–194, 1952) based on specimens in various museum collections, the writer visited the Island for a three-month period in 1954. A number of species were definitely added to the faunal list, and while these will be published in a forthcoming memoir of the Canadian Museum of Natural History (Mammals of the Islands in the …
Convergence of trigeminal input with visceral and phrenic inputs on primate C1–C2 spinothalamic tract neurons

Trigeminal, spinal and vagal afferent fibers overlap in C1-C2 segments. We hypothesized that trigeminal input from the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) can excite C1-C2 spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons receiving thoracic visceral or phrenic inputs. Effects of SSS stimulation were evenly divided among cells responding to each nerve stimulus; magnitude of responses to ipsilateral vagal input was greater in neurons excited by SSS input. Somatic fields of 80% of neurons responding to SSS stimulation included face areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve, whereas somatic fields of 89% of neurons unaffected by SSS stimulation were located only on areas innervated by cervical spinal nerves. Results are consistent with the idea that pain referred to trigeminal areas could originate in thoracic organs.
Human factors of descent energy management

This paper describes some of the results of a human factors study of energy management during descent using standard aircraft displays. Discussions with pilots highlighted the practical constraints involved and the techniques (algorithms) used to accomplish the descent. The advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms are examined with respect to workload and their sensitivity to disturbances. Vertical navigation and flight performance computers are discussed in terms of the information needed for effective pilot monitoring and takeover.
Mechanics of grain-size reduction in fault zones

[1] Recent observations of nanometer-scale particles in the cores of exhumed fault zones raise questions about how such small particles are formed and how they survive, especially if significant shear heating is produced during an earthquake. Commercial crushing and grinding operations encounter a grind limit near 1 mm below which particles deform plastically rather than fracturing. A fragmentation model and low-temperature plasticity mechanics indicate that it is not possible to produce under compressive loading and short timescale significantly smaller particles at any strain rate. However, shock loading and subcritical crack growth can produce nanometer-scale fragments in compression. Under tensile loading the fragment size is determined by a competition between the nucleation of cracks and stress relaxation in their neighborhoods. Therefore higher tensile strain rates produce smaller fragments. The ultimate limit is determined by the availability of elastic strain energy, which does not place a significant constraint on the minimum grain size. Grain growth kinetics suggests that survivability of grains is very temperature sensitive. A 10 nm quartz fragment will double its size in 0.1 s at 1000C, in 20 s at 800C, in 14 h at 600C, and in 10 years at 400C. The observation of grains smaller than 10 nm places meaningful constraints on the dynamic fields and permeability of the fault zone during a large earthquake. Microstructural analysis of the grains and rock damage may be used to infer whether fragmentation occurred under macroscopic tension or compression.
High-precision micromilling for low-cost fabrication of metal mold masters

High-precision micromilling was employed as a cost-efficient method preparation of metal masters useful in fabrication of polymer microfluidic devices through replication techniques. In first application, a brass mold master was used for hot embossing of microchip electrophoresis devices in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The sidewalls of the milled microstructures were characterized by a maximum average roughness (Ra) of 110 nm and mean peak height (Rpm) of 320 nm. SEM imaging showed a transfer of the sidewall roughness from the molding tool to the polymer microdevice. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) values for micromilled-based microchannels were comparable to ones in the LiGA-prepared devices (sidewall Ra = 20 nm) with values of ca. 3.7 x 10-4 cm2V-1s-1 (20 mM TBE buffer, pH 8.2), indicating insignificant effects of wall roughness on the bulk EOF. Numerical simulations showed that the additional volumes present in an injection cross due to curvature of the corners produced by micromilling lead to elongated sample plugs. PMMA microchip electrophoresis devices were used for a separation of pUC19 Sau3AI double-stranded DNA. The plate numbers achieved exceeded 1 million m-1 and were comparable to the plate numbers for the LiGA-based devices of similar geometry. In second application brass master was used as tool for preparation of poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS stencils for patterning of DNA microarrays onto a PMMA substrate. Four zip code probes immobilized onto the PMMA surface directed allele-specic ligation products containing mutations in the KRAS2 gene (12.2D, 12.2A, 12.2V, and 13.4D) to the appropriate address of a universal array with minimal amounts of crosshybridization or misligation.
Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Estimating Maximum Soil Infiltration Rates

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can be used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kₛ) from soil properties such as texture and bulk density. We evaluated several published PTFs to determine which was the most reliable for predicting maximum soil infiltration rates for soils in Dane County, Wisconsin. The PTFs were evaluated with a local database of measured infiltration rates (using a 5000-cm² infiltrometer), land use, soil properties (texture, bulk density, and organic matter content), and topographic properties (elevation, slope, and aspect) at 42 locations. We used Bayesian updating to combine local and national data to develop Dane County Kₛ estimates for some soil textural classes, some of which were subdivided into two porosity classes. We developed a local PTF for predicting Kₛand examined the potential for using nonsoil properties (land use and topography) as predictors of Kₛ. The local PTF used the mass fraction of sand and bulk density as predictors; adding nonsoil predictors did not improve its accuracy. Although the local PTF had a lower root mean squared error (RMSE) than the published PTFs, it should be evaluated with an independent dataset. Of the published PTFs evaluated, the most reliable Kₛ estimate compared to the local database was the one used for soils with strong structure in the precision agricultural-landscape modeling system (PALMS), a fine-scale landscape process model. The Kₛ estimates developed by Bayesian updating corresponded well with those used in PALMS for soils with strong structure.
Circulating microparticles do not all share biophysical light scatter properties with immune complexes when analyzed by flow cytometry.

To the editor: Recent discussions have been published on the flow cytometric analysis of cell-derived microparticles (MPs) and the confounding effects of insoluble immune complexes (ICs) on the interpretation of data,[1][1][⇓][2]–[3][3] with Gyorgy et al stating that MPs and ICs share
The psychodynamic diagnostic manual: a review.

Long frustrated by perceived shortcomings of successive recent editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA’s) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III through IV-TR)1–4 in defining the psychic ills that plague mankind, a collaboration of psychoanalytic organizations has produced a diagnostic manual that offers a more refined way of categorizing these ills. In the view of at least some psychodynamically oriented mental health professionals, the DSMs focus exclusively on symptoms, behavior, and external appearances, but do not integrate the many individual features of the clinical picture into a coherent understanding of that patient’s basic problem. All too often in the real world, signs and symptoms fall into several categories so that a patient carries multiple “comorbid” diagnoses— when in fact there is a core problem with a multifaceted presentation. While recent DSMs have facilitated certain kinds of research and recognition of a medical perspective, it is often difficult to find pure cases to assemble a series or construct a study reflecting real-life conditions. From DSM-III on, there was an explicit effort (not
Designing food structure to control stability, digestion, release and absorption of lipophilic food components

The bioavailability of dietary lipophilic components may be either increased or decreased by manipulating the microstructure and/or physicochemical properties of the foods that contain them. This article stresses how knowledge of the molecular, physicochemical, and physiological processes that occur during lipid ingestion, digestion, and absorption can be used to rationally design food structures to control these processes and therefore impact the rate or extent of lipid digestion and/or absorption. These approaches include controlling the molecular characteristics of the lipid molecules, altering lipid droplet size or interfacial properties, and manipulating food matrix structure and composition. Improved knowledge of the molecular, physicochemical, and physiological processes that occur during lipid ingestion, digestion, and absorption will facilitate the rational design and fabrication of functional foods for improved health and wellness.
Necessary conditions for reversed Dickson polynomials to be permutational

We give several necessary conditions for the reversed Dickson polynomial D"n(1,x) to be a permutation of F"q. In particular, we give explicit evaluation of @?"a"@?"F"""qD"n(1,a)^i for i=1,2.
An in situ sampler for close interval pore water studies1

A sampler for defining compositional changes over distances on the order of 1 cm in aqueous systems operates by equilibration of water contained by a dialysis membrane with the surrounding water. Depth profiles of methane and phosphate in Hudson Estuary sediments are presented as examples.
Synthesis of β-d-GlcA-(1→3)-β-d-Gal disaccharides with 4- and 6-sulfate groups and 4,6-disulfate groups

The sodium salts of the 6-sulfate 7, the 4-sulfate 10, and the 4,6-disulfate 12 of benzyl 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl uronate)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (5) have been synthesized. Methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyran)uronate (1) was coupled with benzyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-galactopyranoside (2) to yield 3. The benzylidene acetal of 3 was hydrolyzed to give benzyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-[methyl (2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)uronate]-beta-D-galactopyra noside (4). Compound 4 was utilized as a key intermediate to prepare the sulfated disaccharides 7,10, and 12. Direct sulfation of 4 with sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine for 2 days yielded the 6-sulfate 6. The 4,6-disulfate 11 was accessible by running the reaction under the same conditions for 14 days. The 4-sulfate 9 was obtained after protecting the 6-OH group of 4 by reaction with benzoyl imidazole to give the 6-benzoate 8, followed by sulfation under vigorous conditions. Treatment of the protected compounds 4, 6, 9, and 11 with aqueous sodium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran gave the unprotected 5, 7, 10, and 12, respectively.
Parenting Children with Developmental Delays: The Role of Positive Beliefs

Parents of children with developmental delays consistently report higher levels of child behavior problems and also parenting stress than parents of typically developing children. This study examined how mothers' positive beliefs influence the relation between children's behavior problems and mothers' parenting stress among families of children who are developmentally delayed (DD: n = 72) or typically developing (TD: n = 95) and assessed at ages 3, 5, and 7 years. Positive beliefs had a main effect on parenting stress at all ages, which was mediated by child behavior problems for mothers in the DD group at every age and across time. In the TD group, mediation was found at age 3 years. Additionally, support was found for a moderation effect of positive beliefs on the relation between child behavior problems and parenting stress, but only in the DD group at age 3. These findings have implications for interventions drawing on Seligman's (1991) work on learned optimism, the positive counterpart of learned hel...
Differential regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA degradation in macrophages by interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) have been reported previously to mediate similar as well as antagonistic effects on murine macrophage functions. One effect common to both is the enhancement of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion in macrophages. To assess further the effects of these two lymphokines on macrophage TNF-alpha production, we investigated the role of these lymphokines in the induction and stability of TNF-alpha messages along with interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a comparison. IFN-gamma and IL-4 increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1 steady-state message levels. In contrast to IL-1 messages, whose degradation was not significantly affected by either lymphokine, the stability of TNF-alpha messages differed after IFN-gamma and IL-4 treatment. Although IL-4 treatment increased the TNF-alpha transcription rate, an increase in the degradation rate of TNF-alpha mRNA in the IL-4-treated cells resulted in a lower level of steady-state mRNA than in the IFN-gamma-treated cells. Additionally, a 18,000 MW cytoplasmic factor was found to have specific binding activity to the AU-rich sequences of the TNF-alpha message in peritoneal macrophages. Although the binding activity of this factor was not affected by either IFN-gamma or IL-4, the binding of the factor to AU-rich sequences appeared to be important in the rapid degradation of TNF-alpha messages. Thus IFN-gamma and IL-4 may differentially affect the post-transcriptional control of TNF-alpha gene expression. And this lymphokine-mediated post-transcriptional control of the TNF-alpha gene does not appear to involve the alteration of binding activity of the 18,000 MW AU-rich sequence binding factor.
Spectra of Backscattered Light from the Sea Obtained from Aircraft as a Measure of Chlorophyll Concentration

Spectra of sun and skylight backscattered from the sea were obtained from a low-flying aircraft and were compared with measurements of chlorophyll concentration made from shipboard at the same localities and at nearly the same times. Increasing amounts of chlorophyll were found to be associated with a relative decrease in the blue portion of the spectra and an increase in the green. Anomalies in the spectra show that factors other than chlorophyll also affect the water color in some instances; these factors include other biochromes, suspended sediment, surface reflection, polarization, and air light.
The Effect of Feeding Cottonseed Meal as the only Concentrate on Several Properties of Milk. II. Nitrogen Distribution

Summary The nitrogen distribution of the milk produced by a group of cows receiving cottonseed meal as the only concentrate was compared with that of milk from a comparable group receiving a concentrate mixture of corn gluten meal, wheat bran, and ground corn and oats. The roughage was the same for the two groups. The milk from the cottonseed meal group had a higher non-protein nitrogen content than that from the control group. The two systems of feeding resulted in no apparent differences in the non-casein protein nitrogen content of the milk. About four months after placing the cows on their respective experimental rations, the group receiving cottonseed meal as the only concentrate began to produce milk of a lower casein nitrogen content than did the control group. The comparatively lower casein nitrogen was accompanied by a lower fat and total solids content in such a ratio that the casein nitrogen expressed as per cent of total solids was the same for both groups. Differences in the total nitrogen content of the two milks were dependent on the relative levels of non-protein and casein nitrogen; hence the total nitrogen was first higher and then lower in the milk from the cottonseed meal group than in the control group. The quantity of milk produced by the two groups of cows was essentially the same; therefore the differences in properties of the milk reported in this series of articles cannot be related to the milk yields.
Phenotype of the anti-Rickettsia CD8+ T cell response suggests cellular correlates of protection for the assessment of novel antigens

The obligately intracellular bacteria Rickettsia infect endothelial cells and cause systemic febrile diseases that are potentially lethal. No vaccines are currently available and current knowledge of the effective immune response is limited. Natural and experimental rickettsial infections provide strong and cross-protective cellular immunity if the infected individual survives the acute infection. Although resistance to rickettsial infections is attributed to the induction of antigen-specific T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, the identification and validation of correlates of protective cellular immunity against rickettsial infections, an important step toward vaccine validation, remains a gap in this field. Here, we show that after a primary challenge with Rickettsia typhi in the C3H mouse model, the peak of anti-Rickettsia CD8+ T cell-mediated responses occurs 7 days post-infection (dpi), which coincides with the beginning of rickettsial clearance. At this time point, both effector-type and memory-type CD8+ T cells are present, suggesting that 7 dpi is a valid time point for the assessment of CD8+ T cell responses of mice previously immunized with protective antigens. Based on our results, we suggest four correlates of cellular protection for the assessment of protective rickettsial antigens: (1) production of IFN-γ by antigen-experienced CD3+CD8+CD44high cells, (2) production of Granzyme B by CD27lowCD43low antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells, (3) generation of memory-type CD8+ T cells [Memory Precursor Effector Cells (MPECs), as well as CD127highCD43low, and CD27highCD43low CD8+ T cells], and (4) generation of effector-like memory CD8+ T cells (CD27lowCD43low). We propose that these correlates could be useful for the general assessment of the quality of the CD8+ T cell immune response induced by novel antigens with potential use in a vaccine against Rickettsia.
A phantom model demonstration of tomotherapy dose painting delivery, including managed respiratory motion without motion management

The aim of the study was to demonstrate a potential alternative scenario for accurate dose-painting (non-homogeneous planned dose) delivery at 1 cm beam width with helical tomotherapy (HT) in the presence of 1 cm, three-dimensional, intra-fraction respiratory motion, but without any active motion management. A model dose-painting experiment was planned and delivered to the average position (proper phase of a 4DCT scan) with three spherical PTV levels to approximate dose painting to compensate for hypothetical hypoxia in a model lung tumor. Realistic but regular motion was produced with the Washington University 4D Motion Phantom. A small spherical Virtual Water™ phantom was used to simulate a moving lung tumor inside of the LUNGMAN™ anthropomorphic chest phantom to simulate realistic heterogeneity uncertainties. A piece of 4 cm Gafchromic EBT™ film was inserted into the 6 cm diameter sphere. TomoTherapy, Inc., DQA™ software was used to verify the delivery performed on a TomoTherapy Hi-Art II™ device. The dose uncertainty in the purposeful absence of motion management and in the absence of large, low frequency drifts (periods greater than the beam width divided by the couch velocity) or randomness in the breathing displacement yields very favorable results. Instead of interference effects, only small blurring is observed because of the averaging of many breathing cycles and beamlets and the avoidance of interference. Dose painting during respiration with helical tomotherapy is feasible in certain situations without motion management. A simple recommendation is to make respiration as regular as possible without low frequency drifting. The blurring is just small enough to suggest that it may be acceptable to deliver without motion management if the motion is equal to the beam width or smaller (at respiration frequencies) when registered to the average position.
Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy

The relationship between smoking during pregnancy and congenital malformations was studied in prospective studies of 33,434 live births in the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study and 53,512 live births in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). In the Kaiser study, statistically significant positive associations (P less than .05) were observed for ventral hernias, omphaloceles, and "other major gut abnormalities," but, for each comparison the estimates were based on one or two unexposed cases. Statistically significant negative associations were found for ventricular septal defects (odds ratio, 0.5 [95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.96]), hydroceles (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), clubfoot (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), pigmented nevi (0.7 [0.6-0.9]), hemangiomas (0.8[0.7-0.98]) and Down syndrome (0.2 [0.1-0.9]). To determine if the findings noted above were an artifact of multiple comparisons, seven of these nine malformations were analyzed by smoking status for women in the CPP. All but one of the associations were not confirmed in the CPP. Previously described associations between smoking and specific congenital malformations were also tested using data from the CPP. We conclude that smoking is unlikely to be responsible for a large increase in malformations at birth.
Advances in the Conceptualization of Personality Disorders: Issues Affecting Social Work Practice and Research

This article provides a review of the research that has informed the proposed changes to the DSM-5 conceptualization of personality psychopathology with a focus on implications for social work practice and research. A paradigm shift to a dimensional model is likely to replace the current categorical model of personality disorders and will have profound implications for the profession. While establishing a diagnostic system that is grounded in empirical knowledge is the primary benefit, this tool will also be more consistent with social work’s orienting theories and values. Social workers should gain knowledge about the proposed changes and actively participate in the review process.
Aerobes isolated in fecal microflora of infants in the intensive care nursery: Relationship to human milk use and systemic sepsis

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial sepsis in the intensive care nursery. The relationship between rates of gastrointestinal colonization and the incidence of systemic sepsis with S. epidermidis in hospitalized neonates is under investigation. Methods: In this study, we enrolled 46 infants consecutively admitted to the intensive care nursery (mean standard deviation, birth weight 1300 ± 337 gm, gestational age 29.4 ± 2.2 weeks). At the time of enrollment, infants had been fed enterally for at least 1 week (28 were fed formula and 18 received their own mothers' frozen milk). Stool samples were collected when infants were 2 to 3 weeks of age (16.3 ± 7.4 days). Results: Aerobic stool flora were present in 65% of all patients. Human milk use was associated with a significant increase in the presence of aerobic stool flora (78% vs 46%, p = 0.035), as well as more frequent isolation of S. epidermidis . The incidence of S. epidermidis sepsis was 33% in those infants whose stool specimens grew S. epidermidis and 3.5% in those whose stool specimens did not ( p Conclusions: These findings suggest the gastrointestinal tract as a possible site of entry for S. epidermidis in the hospitalized preterm infant. In addition, frozen human milk may be a vehicle for gastrointestinal S. epidermidis colonization.
A density-dependent Leslie matrix model

A density-dependent Leslie matrix model introduced in 1948 by Leslie is mathematically analyzed. It is shown that the behavior is similar to that of the constant Leslie matrix. In the primitive case, the density-dependent Leslie matrix model has an asymptotic distribution corresponding to the logistic equation. However, in the imprimitive case, the asymptotic distribution is periodic, with period depending on the imprimitivity index.
Implications of the UK prospective diabetes study: questions answered and issues remaining.

The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) provides the first conclusive proof for the importance of intensifying diabetes control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, reduction in cardiovascular disease risk with intensive therapy was modest and did not reach statistical significance. Metformin therapy in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with reduced cardiovascular death. These observations should be re-evaluated to determine whether various therapeutic agents available for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus have different effects on cardiovascular complications of diabetes. The addition of α-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, improved glycaemic control irrespective of concomitant therapy for diabetes, although compliance with this agent was poor. The tight blood pressure control study embedded in UKPDS reaffirms the importance of lowering the blood pressure below 150/85 to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
Cross-polarized spectroscopy of DNA-wrapped nanotubes: unraveling the nature of optical response

Breaking of the symmetry of a single-wall carbon nanotube in the field of a helical wrap of ionized single-stranded DNA is investigated. For a non-chiral tube, the helical perturbation generates "natural" optical activity in the DNA-nanotube complex. The one-electron absorption spectrum for light polarized across the tube is sensitive to the band structure modulation due to the wrapping. Lifting of optical selection rules results in new optical transitions and circular dichroism of the complex. These optical effects are predicted to serve as qualitative tools to directly identify the DNA wrapping.
Experimental and field evidence of Antarctic foraminiferal tolerance to anoxia and hydrogen sulfide

Abstract The common occurrence of foraminifera in strata deposited under anoxic environmental conditions throughout the geologic record raises the question of whether foraminifera actually survive anoxic or reducing conditions. To test this, benthic foraminifera from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were exposed to anoxic or reducing conditions for 30 days. These Antarctic forms are known to be exposed to anoxic events in their natural environment. An adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay was used to determine foraminiferal survival, and their ultrastructure was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate any possible effect that might have resulted from exposure to anoxic or reducing conditions. The experimental treatments did not have any statistically significant effects upon the foraminifers with regards to survival or average ATP content per individual including the four most common living species. Some ultrastructural evidence for encystment (fibrillar membrane-bound bodies in the cytoplasm of many specimens) was observed. Field data include the observation thatGlobocassidulina cf.G. biora resides in sediments to depths of 7 cm, as evidenced by ultrastructural investigations. A specimen ofGlobocassidulina cf.G. biora collected from sediments containing anoxic pore waters showed numerous bacteria within the confines of the organic lining. The occurrence of cytoplasmic inclusions similar in appearance to car☐ysomes within these bacteria suggest possible affinities to the chemolithotrophicThiobacillus. Bacteria of this type were not observed in specimens collected from oxygenated pore waters. These field and laboratory findings suggest that certain foraminifera may be facultative anaerobes able to withstand reducing conditions.