cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Having the COURAGE to include PCI in shared decision-making for stable angina.

In a select group, a PCI-first strategy does not reduce the risk of death, but it does relieve angina sooner.
Promoting “4 Per Thousand” and “Adapting African Agriculture” by south-south cooperation: Conservation agriculture and sustainable intensification

Abstract The “4 per Thousand” and “Adapting African Agriculture” are bold and innovative initiatives adopted at COP21 in Paris and COP22 in Marrakesh, respectively. These initiatives are soil-centric and based on adoption of soil-restorative and improved agricultural practices. The objective of this article is to discuss the merits and challenges of South–South Cooperation (SSC) in promoting the adoption of best management practices (BMPs) such as conservation agriculture (CA) and sustainable intensification (SI). Basic principles of CA are: retention of crop residue mulch, incorporation of cover crops and complex rotations, integrated nutrient management and elimination of soil disturbance. The strategy of SI is to produce more from less by enhancing the eco-efficiency, reducing waste, and restoring soil health. Whereas CA has been successfully adopted in Brazil, Argentina, Chile and other regions of South America, its potential of harnessing agronomic and ecologic benefits has not been realized in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and elsewhere in The Global South. The strategy of SSC is pertinent because of the ten basic principles or tenets: lack of hierarchy, equal participation in all decision-making processes along with transparency, trust, mutual respect, and accountability. However, several concerns have been raised regarding issues such as land grab, and access to resources etc. Based on the scientific concepts of SI, producing more from less, even a triangular cooperation (TAC) or South-South-North (SSNC) cooperation can be developed to achieve adaptation and mitigation of climate change, advance food security, improve degraded soils and restore soil health through soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, and advance Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the U.N. A widespread adoption of CA and SI through SSC, TAC or SSNC can advance SDGs including #1 (end poverty), #2 (eliminate hunger), #6 (clean water), #13 (climate action), and #15 (life on land). Of the global cropland area under CA estimated at ∼180 million hectare (Mha) in 2015–16, land area under CA is only 2.7 Mha in Africa and 13.2 Mha in Asia. SSC, TAC and SSNC can build upon the existing and on-going initiatives by national and international organizations.
Mainstream Teachers' Implicit Beliefs about English Language Learners: An Implicit Association Test Study of Teacher Beliefs.

Teacher attitudes toward inclusion of English Learners (ELs) in the mainstream classroom have primarily focused on explicit beliefs as accessed through observation, case studies, and self-report su...
From patient-informed to patient-specific organ dose estimation in clinical computed tomography

Many hospitals keep a record of dose after each patient's CT scan to monitor and manage radiation risks. To facilitate risk management, it is essential to use the most relevant metric, which is the patient-specific organ dose. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a patient-specific and automated organ dose estimation framework. This framework includes both patient and radiation exposure modeling. From patient CT images, major organs were automatically segmented using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Smaller organs and structures that were not otherwise segmented were automatically filled in by deforming a matched XCAT phantom from an existing library of models. The organ doses were then estimated using a validated Monte Carlo (PENELOPE) simulation. The segmentation and deformation components of the framework were validated independently. The segmentation methods were trained and validated using 50-patient CT datasets that were manually delineated. The deformation methods were validated using a leave-one-out technique across 50 existing XCAT phantoms that were deformed to create a patient-specific XCAT for each of 50 targets. Both components were evaluated in terms of dice similarity coefficients (DSC) and organ dose. For dose comparisons, a clinical chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol was simulated under fixed tube current (mA). The organ doses were estimated by a validated Monte Carlo package and compared between automated and manual segmentation and between patient-specific XCAT phantoms and their corresponding XCAT targets. Organ dose for phantoms from automated vs. manual segmentation showed a ~2% difference, and organ dose for phantoms deformed by the study vs. their targets showed a variation of ~5% for most organs. These results demonstrate the great potential to assess organ doses in a highly patient-specific manner.
Conditions for Hurwitz Stability/Instability of a Real Matrix via its Sign Pattern with a Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Magnitude Independent Stability

Abstract In this paper, we address the issue of discerning the Hurwitz stability/instability of real matrix directly from its sign pattern.In that connection, in this paper, we first classify all sign patterns of matrices into three categories, namely i) Qualitative Sign Unstable (QLSU) matrices (i.e. matrices with a sign pattern that it is unstable for any magnitudes in the entries, that is, magnitude independent instability), then ii) Qualitative Sign Stable (QLSS) matrices (i.e. matrices with a sign pattern that it is stable for any magnitudes in the entries, that is, magnitude independent stability) and finally iii) MDSU matrices (which require magnitudes to determine its stability/instability). We then propose a necessary and sufficient condition for a sign matrix to be QLSS. The proposed necessary and sufficient condition is derived solely based on the nature (signs) of interactions and interconnections (i.e. based only on the signs of the entries of the matrix), borrowed from ecological principles. The proposed condition in this paper, serves as a better (being much simpler) alternative to the necessary and sufficient condition for QLSS matrices that is available in the ecology literature which uses a complicated test labeled ‘the Color test’. Identifying QLSS/MDSU/QLSU sign structures in a necessary and sufficient way has significant implications in many engineering systems whose dynamics are described by linear state space representation.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Nebular Morphologies and Their Implications

The morphologies of nebulae, as revealed by HST observations are presented. Mechanisms for the formation of axisymmetric and ‘point-symmetric’ nebulae are reviewed. Critical observations that can test the models presented in this paper are suggested.
Managing Multiple Selling Channels Online: A Simulation Study of Selling with Posted-Price and Open-Bid Auctions

We use a simulation to study the profitability of selling consumer goods online using posted price and auction simultaneously. We consider the open ascending-bid auction mechanism and develop a model of consumers' behavior when faced with the choice between the two channels. With the simulation we investigate the best designs of the dual channel and compare its performance with that of two alternative selling regimes: only auction and only posted price. We find that the best designs of dual channels with open-bid auctions differ from those of dual channels with sealed bid auctions previously studied. Specifically, the auction length is always set at the maximum level, and the designs are not affected by consumers' sensitivity to a delay in receiving the item. In addition, whether the risk of cannibalization of posted price sales by the auction is high or low, the dual channel regime outperforms the other two regimes when designed optimally. However, if the two channels are managed independently of each other, the dual channel outperforms the single channel only when cannibalization risk is low.
The effect of data-entry template design and anesthesia provider workload on documentation accuracy, documentation efficiency, and user-satisfaction.

Abstract Introduction Currently, there are few evidence-based guidelines to inform optimal clinical data-entry template design that maximizes usability while reducing unintended consequences. This study explored the impact of data-entry template design and anesthesia provider workload on documentation accuracy, documentation efficiency, and user-satisfaction to identify the most beneficial data-entry methods for use in future documentation interface design. Methodology A study using observational data collection and psychometric instruments (for perceived workload and user-satisfaction) was conducted at three hospitals using different methods of data-entry for perioperative documentation (auto-filling with unstructured data, computer-assisted data selection with semi-structured documentation, and paper-based documentation). Nurse anesthetists at each hospital (N = 30) were observed completing documentation on routine abdominal surgical cases. Results Auto-filling (61.2%) had the lowest documentation accuracy scores compared to computer-assisted (81.3%) and paper-based documentation (76.2%). Computer-assisted data-entry had the best documentation efficiency scores and required the least percentage of the nurse anesthetists’ time (9.65%) compared to auto-filling (11.43%) and paper-based documentation (15.23%). Paper-based documentation had the highest perceived workload scores (M = 288, SD = 88) compared to auto-filling (M = 160, SD = 93, U = 16.5, p Conclusions Auto-filling with unstructured data needs to be used sparingly because of its low documentation accuracy. Computer-assisted data entry with semi-structured data needs to be further study because of its better documentation accuracy, documentation efficiency, and perceived workload.
Speckle-imaging signal-to-noise performance as a function of frame integration time

In the past 10 years astronomical image reconstruction based on a variety of speckle techniques have become popular means of enhancing and improving the resolution of turbulence degraded images. These techniques are based on the Fourier processing of a large number of turbulence degraded 'snapshots' or frames of the intensity in the system's image plane. The number of snapshots needed is largely a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the Fourier components of a single snapshot. This paper describes and presents results from a detailed SNR analysis of estimating the modulus of an object's Fourier spectrum from turbulence distorted images. Unlike previous analyses, the work presented in this paper takes into account the proper temporal correlation properties of the atmosphere, the spatial frequency being estimated, as well as the inter-frame correlations that degrade the SNR improvement factor from the ideal case of (root)m.
The concept of aptitude.

The term aptitude has been used through most of recorded history, and various conceptions about the nature and nurture of aptitude have been carried down through educational and social philosophies to the present century (see, for example, Snow, 1982a). Modern philosophers remain concerned with clarifying these conceptions because they are deemed of central importance in education and in many areas of social policy and planning, as well as in the social sciences in general (see Scheffler, 1985). Indeed, educational, personnel, clinical, and counseling psychologists, both researchers and practitioners alike, grapple with problems of aptitude every day, whether or not these are recognized or labeled as such. Some medical and health scientists have begun to do the same. And experimental psychologists have begun to analyze individual differences in information processing under the heading "aptitude" or "aptitude for learning," as part of the development of cognitive theory. There are also long-standing biological and sociological questions about aptitude that intersect with the psychological, philosophical, and practical ones. In short, aptitude is an old term for an old concept still widely used, but also widely misused and misunderstood, in much scientific, professional, and public parlance today.
Facts and Fears in Public Reporting: Patients' Information Needs and Priorities When Selecting a Hospital for Cancer Care.

Objective. Public reporting on the quality of provider care has the potential to empower patients to make evidence-based decisions. Yet patients seldom consult resources such as provider report car...
reSpire: Self-awareness and Interpersonal Connectedness through Shape-changing Fabric Display

reSpire lets people bring tangibility to their invisible physiological state through shape-changing fabric deformed by airflow. We explore a way to support mental wellness via improving a self-interaction and interpersonal connectedness. reSpire encourages not only people to focus on their connection to inner body but also to interact with others through playful tangible interactions in the same location and develop a empathy. We created a non-machine like interface responsive to users' respiration patterns and hand gestures using a fabric and its deformation by airflow control. We also introduce a computational model to simulate the deformation of fabric by the variance of airflow pres-sure and direction. Various interaction scenarios highlight its applications not only to health but also to interactive art installation.
Migration and reproduction are associated with similar degrees of phenotypic flexibility in an insectivorous bat

As organisms face variation in energetic challenges and physiological demands, they often respond with reversible changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology, described as phenotypic flexibility. From the magnitude of phenotypic change, we can infer the energetic challenges of different life stages. We studied phenotypic flexibility in a population of reproductive and pre-migratory female insectivorous bats (Tadarida brasiliensis). While female reproductive demands are well described in insectivorous bats, there are questions regarding the demands of migration. Our objective was to measure phenotypic flexibility to assess the cost of autumn migration compared to reproduction in an insectivorous bat. We measured plasma triglycerides to quantify foraging rate, and body composition (body mass and individual organ mass) of T. brasiliensis throughout the summer season (from arrival in spring through pre-migration/migration departure in autumn) according to the female reproductive cycle. We found phenotypic changes during pre-migration/migration similar to periods of high-energy demand during reproduction (e.g., late pregnancy and lactation). Most notably, bats weighed as much during peak pregnancy, as they did during migration, and the rapid mass gain from post-lactation through the migratory period was due to a combination of hyperphagia and hypertrophy of digestive organs. Our results indicate that energetic demands incurred during migration are similar to those during reproduction and emphasize the energetic challenges of migration.
Fault-Tolerant Swarms

Safety-critical systems must be engineered to be ultra-reliable. Redundancy is critical to tolerate faults that cannot be eliminated by using ruggedized or hardened computing. The use of small satellites allows new missions to be cost-effective, but it also introduces new problems in terms of robustness and fault handling. Apart from the inherent problems of working in a distributed setting, small sats normally lack the redundancy needed to deal with pernicious faults due to constraints on weight, cost and complexity. This paper presents and evaluates fault tolerance mechanisms in a swarm of satellites considered as a whole, making it robust to the failure of one or more satellites. The evaluation is performed with a computer model augmented with the properties desired from our system. We use a random testing tool to inject faults in different parts of our model and evaluate the fault detection and fault correction mechanisms we propose. Our results support the suitability of the proposed fault model, fault tolerant architecture, and evaluation methodology.
Dynamically tunable thermal transport in polycrystalline graphene by strain engineering

Abstract Strain engineering on the thermal conductivity of graphene has attracted significant interest both from the fundamental physics and with applications in mind such as flexible electronics and sensors. But existing computational studies predict inconsistent impacts of strain on thermal transport in graphene, and it is challenging to experimentally quantify. Here, we measure the strain-dependent thermal conductivity of polycrystalline multilayer graphene (MLG) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The room-temperature thermal conductivity of the MLG film dramatically decreases from 551 ± 28 W/m-K to 395 ± 20 W/m-K with 1% uniaxial strain. The significant decrease (∼28%) of the thermal conductivity is attributed to the increased phonon-grain boundary scattering rate and the reduced probability of specular phonon transmission across the grain boundaries. These findings demonstrate dynamically tunable thermal transport in graphene by strain engineering and emphasize that strain-dependent property characterization is crucial for ensuring the performance and reliability of flexible graphene-based electronics and sensors.
Dynamic Amplification Factor in Culverts: a Parametric Study using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Load rating is a common practice used to evaluate the condition and strength of bridges and culverts. When load ratings result in rating factor values of less than one, bridges and culverts must often be posted to limit the speed and weight of vehicles traveling over them. In many cases, such restrictions could significantly limit or prevent traffic flow and are costly. To evaluate the dynamic response of a structure, a dynamic amplification factor (DAF) is applied to the response of the structure subjected to an equivalent static load. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines specify the DAF for culverts as a function of only fill depth. Studies have shown that AASHTO-calculated DAFs can be overly conservative in many cases, thus resulting in the unnecessary posting of culverts. Though this issue is relatively widely recognized, a better alternative for determining DAFs has yet to be proposed and accepted. In the results reported in this paper, DAFs were calculated from the static and dynamic response of 83 unique pavement-soil-culvert models using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses (FEAs). Four parameters were chosen and varied across three values to assess their effect on the DAF. The parameters included the span length, the asphalt pavement thicknesses, the soil fill depth, and the elastic modulus used to characterize the soil. Two additional models, with intermediate fill depths, were also analyzed. The results of this study indicate that, compared with the other parameters, DAFs are most affected by changes in the fill depth. However, contrary to AASHTO’s guidelines, the DAF increases with increasing fill depth.
Home from the hunt: the afterlife of a Late Roman copper-alloy vessel

The Sardis excavation sector known as MMS was a center of habitation for over a millennium. Archaic houses built near the great mudbrick fortification were succeeded by scattered Hellenistic and Roman dwellings, to be followed in late antiquity by imposing residences of complex plan and ambitious decoration. Like other parts of the city, these houses saw extensive structural damage in the early A.D. 600s. Raised floors, flimsy partitions and makeshift hearths are among the few signs of lingering occupation.1
Discrimination of Strain and Temperature effects on FBG-based Sensor using Machine Learning

We demonstrate the ability of machine learning methods to discriminate between the strain and the temperature effects on Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor on a single measurement of Bragg wavelength change. This technique will reduce the cost and complexity of FBG-based sensor system.
Boundary layers in a rarefied gas

Theoretical and experimental results are presented relative to the fundamental phenomena associated with laminar boundary layers in the “slip flow” range of densities. This corresponds to values of the ratio of the mean free path λ to the boundary layer thickness δ in the range of 0.01 < λ/δ < 1.0.
Germany’s decision rule for setting ceiling prices of drugs

In Germany, the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) makes recommendations for ceiling prices of drugs based on an evaluation of the relationship between costs and effectiveness. To set ceiling prices, IQWiG uses the following decision rule: the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of a new drug compared with the next effective intervention should not be higher than that of the next effective intervention compared with its comparator. The purpose of this article is to analyse ethical implications of IQWiG's rule and compare them with those of two alternative decision rules, one that is based on an absolute cost-effectiveness threshold and one that falls in between. To this end, constrained optimization problems are defined that yield each decision rule. This article shows that IQWiG's rule accounts for severity of disease and past resource consumption. Potential problems and pitfalls are discussed.
An Affirmative Approach to Ethnic Diversity in Field Work

Abstract Considering cultural diversity, and specifically ethnicity, in field work education is a key dimension in promoting the success of minority graduate students in social work. Designing an ethnic sensitive field work program involves a careful examination of the placement process, the agency context, and the role of field instructor, faculty advisor, and student. Attention to prevalent themes about ethnicity enhances the educational assessment and the planned learning opportunities for the student. Supporting the strengths of the minority culture provides a foundation upon which students can master new learning.
On Web Services Aggregation

The Web services framework is enabling applications from different providers to be offered as services that can be used and composed in a loosely-coupled manner. Subsequently, the aggregation of services to form composite applications and maximize reuse is key. While choreography has received the most attention, services often need to be aggregated in a much less constrained manner. As a number of different mechanisms emerge to create these aggregations, their relation to each other and to prior work is useful when deciding how to create an aggregation, as well as in extending the models themselves and proposing new ones. In this paper, we discuss Web services aggregation by presenting a first-step classification based on the approaches taken by the different proposed aggregation techniques. Finally, a number of models are presented that are created from combinations of the above.
The effect of hydroxyurea on virus development: II. Vaccinia virus

Abstract Hydroxyurea in appropriate concentration inhibits the formation of mature infectious particles of vaccinia virus without preventing the synthesis of viral protein. Development of the virus is arrested at the “immature” or single-membrane stage, and the viral particles lack the internal body or “nucleoid” that is normally present. Hydroxyurea appears to act by inhibiting the synthesis of viral DNA.
Benefits for the Disabled: How Beneficial for Women?

This chapter examines the impact of United States disability policy on disabled women, and explains that the major programs— disability insurance, supplemental security income, workers' compensation, vocational rehabilitation— because of their relationship to labor market participation, disadvantage women. Women not only receive fewer but also less generous benefits. Programs aimed at assisting the disabled have a long historical tradition. The four most significant programs are the disability insurance program under social security; the supplemental security income program, the state workers' compensation and vocational rehabilitation programs. The social insurance features of United States Social Security policy, embodied in Title II of the Social Security Act, provide for the partial replacement of earnings lost to workers and their dependents because of the worker's retirement in old age, disability severe enough to prevent substantial gainful employment, or death. Disability insurance pays wage-related benefits to the worker, the worker's children, and the caretaker of the children of the disabled worker.
LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY OF FORMALDEHYDE-BASED RESINS USED IN WOOD COMPOSITES IN TERMS OF RESOURCES, EMISSIONS, ENERGY AND CARBON

Life-cycle inventory (LCI) data are needed to scientifically document the environmental performance of formaldehyde-based resins used in the manufacture of wood composite products. The resin data are needed by others to conduct LCI studies of wood composites when providing performance data for applications as governed by the many green building standards, purchasing guidelines, and energy and climate change-related polices. This study develops LCI data for urea—formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, and phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins as produced in the US for 2005. Data are given for both on-site (resin manufacture) and cradle-to-gate (from the resin upstream to in-ground resources), which include those resources to produce and deliver input chemicals, fuels, water, and electricity. The LCI data are given per 1.0 kg of neat (liquid) resin at their industry use solids content in terms of raw materials use and emissions to air, water, and land; data are also presented on embodied energy, carbon flow, store, and footprint.
Slowing of 85 Rb Atoms with Isotropic Light

We have demonstrated the slowing of a rubidium atomic beam by isotropic monochromatic light. The results agree with a model calculation, thus allowing its use for designing a practical isotropic light slower. The large hyperfine splittings of rubidium lead to natural multifrequency slowing, which is also included in our model.
Dynamic indoor localization using wireless ethernet: the ARIADNE system

Location determination of mobile users within a building has attracted much attention lately due to its many applications in mobile networking including network intrusion detection problems. However, it is challenging due to the complexities of the indoor radio propagation characteristics exacerbated by the mobility of the user. A common practice is to mechanically generate a table showing the radio signal strength at different known locations in the building. A mobile user's location at an arbitrary point in the building is determined by measuring the signal strength at the location in question and determining the location by referring to the above table using a LMSE (least mean square error) criterion. Obviously, this is a very tedious and time consuming task. This paper proposes a novel and automated location determination method called ARIADNE. Using a two dimensional construction floor plan and only a single actual signal strength measurement, ARIADNE generates an estimated signal strength map comparable to those generated manually by actual measurements. Given the signal measurements for a mobile, a proposed clustering algorithm searches that signal strength map to determine the current mobile's location. The results from ARIADNE are comparable and may even be superior to those from existing localization schemes.
High-resolution spectroscopy of Ca, Sr and Ba hollow cathodes

Although the spectrum of atomic calcium is important in stellar sources, details of that spectrum are not known with the precision that current technology is capable of producing.
Early-life infection is a vulnerability factor for aging-related glial alterations and cognitive decline.

Abstract There is significant individual variability in cognitive decline during aging, suggesting the existence of “vulnerability factors” for eventual deficits. Neuroinflammation may be one such factor; increased glial reactivity is a common outcome of aging, which in turn is associated with numerous neurodegenerative conditions. Early-life infection leads to cognitive impairment in conjunction with an inflammatory challenge in young adulthood, which led us to explore whether it might also accelerate the cognitive decline associated with aging. Rats were treated on postnatal day 4 with PBS or Escherichia coli , and then tested for learning and memory at 2 or 16 months of age, using two fear-conditioning tasks (context pre-exposure and ambiguous cue), and a spatial water maze task. Neonatally-infected rats exhibited memory impairments in both the ambiguous cue fear-conditioning task and in the water maze, but only at 16 months. There were no differences in anxiety between groups. Neonatally-infected rats also exhibited greater aging-induced increases in glial markers (CD11b and MHC II on microglia, and GFAP on astrocytes), as well as selective changes in NMDA receptor subunit expression within the hippocampus, but not in amygdala or parietal cortex compared to controls. Taken together, these data suggest that early-life infection leads to less successful cognitive aging, which may be linked to changes in glial reactivity.
Hybrid billboard clouds for model simplification

We introduce hybrid billboard clouds, a part-mesh, part-billboard representation used to simplify 3D models in the context of real-time rendering. Our hybrid generation method produces simplified models with improved appearance when compared to models generated by either image-based or mesh simplification alone.
Modeling and simulation of emissivity of silicon-related materials and structures

A brief review of the models that have been proposed in the literature to simulate the emissivity of silicon-related materials and structures is presented. The models discussed in this paper include ray tracing, numerical, phenomenological, and semi-quantitative approaches. A semi-empirical model, known as Multi-Rad, based on the matrix method of multilayers is used to evaluate the reflectance, transmittance, and emittance for Si, SiO2/Si, Si3N4/SiO2/Si/SiO2/Si3N4 (Hotliner), and separation by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX) wafers. The influence of doping concentration and dopant type as well as the effect of the angle of incidence on the radiative properties of silicon is examined. The results of these simulations lead to the following conclusions: (1) at least within the limitations of the Multi-Rad model, near the absorption edge, the radiative properties of Si are not affected significantly by the angle of incidence unless the angle is very steep; (2) at low temperatures, the emissivity of silicon shows complex structure as a function of wavelength; (3) for SiO2/Si, changes in emissivity are dominated by substrate effects; (4) Hotliner has peak transmittance at 1.25 µm, and its emissivity is almost temperature independent; and (5) SIMOX exhibits significant changes in emissivity in the wavelength range of 1–20 µm.
Phase transitions and amorphization of CaWO4 at high pressure

The structural phase transitions in CaWO 4 were studied by in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil-cell under high pressure up to 65 GPa at room temperature. The previously reported phase transition detected by Raman spectroscopy at 10 GPa was observed in our experiments at 12 GPa and the high-pressure phase was characterized. This transition is from the tetragonal scheelite structure (I4 1 /a) of CaWO 4 to a monoclinic wolframite-type structure (P2/c) and a small discontinuity in the evolution of the unit-cell volume was detectable during the transformation (ΔV/V < -1.9%). In addition, we observed that CaWO 4 becomes amorphous at pressures exceeding 40 GPa and found that a novel high-pressure phase of CaWO 4 can be obtained at 45 GPa after heating to 477 K and quenching to room temperature an amorphous sample.
Aureomycin, chloromycetin and terramycin in treatment of acute viral hepatitis.

SummaryThe usual course of acute viral hepatitis in young adult men was not significantly changed by the use of aureomycin or chloromycetin. Although terramycin administration was associated with a more rapid return to normal of liver function tests than observed in a control group, further investigation would be required to determine the significance of this observation.
Molecular Shapes From Rotational Diffusion: Dye Molecules, Proteins And Nucleosomes

This paper examines the shape information available from measurements of fluorescence anisotropy decays. We report anisotropy decays for three systems and examine the kinds of information which may be obtained. Results for the dye rose bengal (~1000 dal-tons) suggest that an approximation used in rotational diffusion theory, that the solvent molecules are very small compared to the solute, is valid even for this relatively small molecule. Second, we examine the effects of calcium concentration on rotational diffusion of the protein calmodulin (~17,000 daltons) derivatized by crosslinking to form a dityrosine fluorophore. In the presence of sufficiently high calcium ion concentration, this crosslinked calmodulin shows a single exponential anisotropy decay which indicates rotational diffusion consistent with the extended dumbbell structure found for calmodulin by x-ray crystal-lography. At low calcium concentrations, th e crosslinked calmodulin rotates considerably faster, suggesting a much more compact shape; also, this anisotropy decay includes considerably shorter correlation times which are interpreted as arising from a segmental flexibility not evident for crosslinked calmodulin at high calcium concentration. Finally, we examine a transition which is observed at very low salt concentrations for nucleosome core particles, relatively large complexes (~200,000 daltons) derived from chromatin and comprised of eight histone molecules and 145 base pairs of DNA. The anisotropy decay of ethidium bound to the DNA indicates that core particles exposed to low ionic strength are considerably elongated relative to the shape at higher ionic strength.
Performance impact of switching latency WDMA protocols

This paper investigates the impact of fast wavelength tunable device switching latency on the performance of media access protocols for star-coupled wavelength-division multiplexed photonic networks. The relative impact with a reservation based protocol (TDMA-C) and two pre-allocation based protocols (I-TDMA* and I-SA) are compared. TDMA-C is control channel based, with one WDM channel allocated to reserve access for data packet transmission on the remaining data channels. Control channel access arbitration is achieved through time-division multiplexing, enabling all active nodes the opportunity to transmit once very control cycle. I-SA and I-TDMA* are designed for a network where channels are pre-allocated to the nodes for reception where each node has a home channel it uses for all data packet receptions. The performance of the protocols is evaluated through discrete-event simulation in terms of network throughput and average packet delay. In particular, this paper examines the performance impact with variations in the number of nodes and data channels, packet generation rate, data packet length, and optical device switching latencies.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two-dimensional simulation of fluid instability in laser-fusion pellets

Two-dimensional numerical-simulation techniques have been used to study fluid instability in laser-fusion pellets. Comparisons with analytic solutions in nonablating test cases show good agreement. Isentropic ablative accelerations exhibit growth rates 50%-100% of Rayleigh-Taylor values, while nonisentropic cases show suppressed growth. Design optimization has led to an impulsively accelerated, low-aspect-ratio shell which operates successfully with a surface perturbation of a few tens of angstroms.
A posteriori error estimates for the Stokes equations: a comparison

Several a posteriori error estimates for the Stokes equations have been derived by several authors. In this paper we compare some estimates based on the solution of local Stokes systems with estimates based on the residuals of the discretized finite element equations. Their performance as local indicators as well as global estimates is investigated.
C-terminal peptide sequencing via multistage mass spectrometry.

Results are presented showing the ability to obtain C-terminal sequence information from peptides by multiple stages of mass spectrometry. Under typical low-energy collision-induced dissociation conditions of quadrupole ion trap and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers, lithium- and sodium-cationized peptides dissociate predominantly by reaction at the C-terminal peptide bond or an adjacent bond. For the majority of cases studied, the dominant reaction is a rearrangement process that results in the loss of the C-terminal residue and formation of a product ion that is one amino acid shorter than the original peptide ion. Using the multistage MS/MS capabilities of quadrupole ion trap and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers, a subsequent stage of MS/MS can be performed to determine the identity of the new C-terminal residue. Up to eight stages of MS/MS have been performed with both quadrupole ion trap and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers. In general, the same dissociation pathways are ...
Polycomb, pairing and PIWI – RNA silencing and nuclear interactions

In Drosophila, the RNA interference (RNAi) genes participate in Polycomb (Pc)-mediated transgene silencing. Recently, the involvement of the RNAi genes in Pc silencing, pairing-sensitive silencing and long-range contacts among Pc-associated sequences has been explored. These Pc-associated sequences are involved with the control of the proper expression of developmental HOX genes.
Pine River and Lone Peak: An Anthology of Three Chosôn Dynasty Poets . Translated, with an introduction, by Peter H. Lee. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. vii, 197 pp.

The 16th and 17th century Korean poets Chong Chol, Pak Illo and Yun Sondo were masters in the sijo (short lyric poetry) and kasa (narrative verse) forms. This new translation of their complete works includes an introduction that provides literary and cultural background, allowing the modern reader to understand the poets' continuous dialogue with tradition. The poems range from descriptions of nature to a passion for the acquisiton of virtue. The collection communicates the poets' perennial concerns with alternative modes of existence - engagement and withdrawal - and with the accommodation of the self and the world, in terms of court and country, fortune and nature, and change and repose. Taken from the pen names of Chong Chol and Yun Sondo, respectively, "Pine River and Lone Peak" represents work that endures in the Korean poetic tradition and has profoundly influenced later writers.
Blockade of GABAA receptors within the extended amygdala attenuates D2 regulation of alcohol-motivated behaviors in the ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring (P) rats

The dopamine (DA) mesolimbic pathway, which originates from DA cell bodies within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been shown by various studies to play a role in the mediation of various drugs of abuse including alcohol (EtOH). It has been suggested that the VTA's control of EtOH reward is mediated in part by the D2 receptors within the VTA. These receptors may be under the regulation of reciprocal GABAergic inputs from forebrain components of the mesolimbic path such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a classic EtOH reward substrate, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, a substrate recently implicated in EtOH reinforcement, forming a self-regulating feedback loop. To test this hypothesis, D2 regulation of EtOH self-administration (SA) was evaluated by the microinfusion of the D2 antagonist eticlopride into the VTA of P rats, which produced profound reductions in EtOH SA in the highest (20.0 and 40.0microg) doses tested in both BST/VTA and NAcc/VTA implanted P rats. To determine the role of GABA in the mediation of EtOH SA, a 32.0ng dose the non-selective GABA antagonist SR 95531 was microinfused into the BST producing no effect on responding for EtOH and into the NAcc which lead to a reduction in EtOH responding. Finally, the hypothesis that GABA innervation of the VTA from the mesolimbic forebrain may influence EtOH SA was examined by the simultaneous infusion of eticlopride (40.0microg) into the VTA and SR 95531 (32.0ng) into either the BST or NAcc. This combination infusion completely attenuated the reduction in EtOH SA observed with the 40.0microg dose of eticlopride alone in both groups of animals. These results suggest that while the D2 receptors within the VTA regulate EtOH-motivated behaviors, this is modulated by GABAergic input from the mesolimbic forebrain, specifically from the BST and NAcc.
Default reasoning and self-knowledge

The paper describes a system of belief representation in which inner, nested, beliefs (what an individual A believes an individual B believes about C are not normally shared permanently with the component belief sets (e.g., the system's view of A, etc.). It is argued that this process is consistent with a general Least Effort Theory of Understanding, and that any assumption that such nested beliefs are already shared and computed, awaiting access, is implausible. This view is also contrasted with a theory of relevance of Sperber and Wilson which claims that dialogue inferences can be computed without the need to separate, or nest, sets of beliefs corresponding to distinct individuals.
High speed inlet calculations with real gas effects

A 2-D steady-state Navier-Stokes solver has been upgraded to include the effects of frozen and equilibrium air chemistry for applications to high speed flight vehicles. To provide a computationally economical first order approximation to the high temperature physics, variable thermodynamic data is used for the chemically frozen mode to allow for a variation with temperature of the air specific heats and enthalpy. For calculations involving air in chemical equilibrium, a specially modified version of the NASA Lewis Chemical Equilibrium Code, CEC, is used to compute the chemical composition and resultant thermochemical properties. The upgraded solver is demonstrated by comparing results from calorically perfect (C sub p=constant), thermally perfect (frozen) and equilibrium air calculations for a variety of geometries, and flight Mach numbers.
Suppression of B-cell and T-cell responses by the prostaglandin-induced T-cell-derived suppressors (PITS) — III. Production of PITSβ factors from T-cell hybridomas

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the prostaglandin-induced T-cell-derived suppressors (PITS) are actually a mixture of at least seven distinct factors. These factors may be reproducibly resolved by size-exclusion chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results are presented here which suggest that two T-lymphocyte hybridoma clones are capable of constitutive synthesis of three of these suppressor factors. Results show that clone Hyb-7SC2 produces factors which co-elute (by HPLC) with the PITS β 2 and PITS β 5 factors, while clone Hyb-9SC2 produces a factor which co-elutes with PITS β 1 These results suggest the possibility that the seven PITS β factors are not the product of a single cell population.
Conditional information using copulas with an application to decision making

We focus on the task of calculating conditional probabilities of the form Prob ( U ? x | V ? y ) . We point out that in this case the relevant probabilities, Prob ( U ? x ) and Prob ( V ? y ) , have the nature of a cumulative distribution. This enables us to use the Sklar theorem to directly calculate the required joint probability as a simple binary aggregation of these marginals using a copula. Here the choice of copula reflects the type of correlation between U and V. We study in considerable detail the effects of using different copulas. We also show that this enables us to simply and directly calculate the probability that U = x conditioned on the knowledge of the Prob ( V ? y ) . We use this result to aid in decision-making where we compare alternative's expected payoffs based on the conditioned probabilities.
Crowdfunding Science: Sharing Research with an Extended Audience

Crowdfunding is changing how, why, and which research projects are pursued. With the increasing number of crowdfunded research projects, it is important to understand what drives scientists to launch crowdfunding campaigns and how it affects their work. To better understand this re-cent phenomenon, we present a grounded theory of how and why scientists crowdfund. Through 27 semi-structured interviews, we find that scientists are motivated to crowd-fund in order to share their work and engage the public in the research process in ways traditional science work has not offered. Scientists also perceive crowdfunding as a more accessible way to get funds quickly compared to existing fundraising mechanisms, such as grant applications. However, they must learn to use more accessible language to successfully communicate their research through social media to a broad audience of non-scientists and professional peers. Based on these findings, we discuss design implications to inform future crowdfunding platforms and sup-port tools.
Narrative Analysis as a Text Critical Tool: Mark 16 in Codex W as a Test Case:

In their description of the history of the transmission of the New Testament text, textual critics can use narrative analysis to elucidate the theological tendencies of narrative portions of an individual manuscript. The current article is an application of this methodology to the text of Mk 16.9-20 in Codex W. The article correlates the theological tendencies of this passage against the rest of the text of Mark in W with the outcome that there is reasonable evidence for a Tendenz focused on the cosmic power of Christ. This, in turn, correlates well with the triumph of the church over paganism in the fourth to fifth centuries CE when W was copied.