cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AIDS and behavioral change to reduce risk: A review

Published reports describing behavioral changes in response to the threat of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) are reviewed. These studies demonstrate rapid, profound, but expectably incomplete alterations in the behavior of both homosexual/bisexual males and intravenous drug users. This is true in the highest risk metropolitan areas such as New York City and in areas with lower AIDS incidence. Risk reduction is occurring more frequently through the modification of sexual or drug-use behavior than through its elimination. In contrast to aggregate data, longitudinal descriptions of individual behavior demonstrate considerable instability or recidivism. Behavioral change in the potentially vulnerable heterosexual adolescent and young adult populations is less common, as is risk reduction among urban minorities. Reports of AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes generally parallel the pattern of behavioral changes. Nonetheless, few studies investigate the relationship of knowledge and attitudes to risk reduction. Future studies should provide much-needed information about the determinants as well as the magnitude of behavioral changes required to reduce the further spread of AIDS.
Sulfatides of hog gastric mucosa.

Abstract Mono-, di- and trihexose sulfatides have been isolated from hog gastric mucosa lipids by the procedure involving column fractionations on DEAE-Sephadex, silicic acid and thin-layer chromatography. Desulfation of mono-, di- and trihexose sulfatides with methanolic HCl resulted in the formation of galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide and galactosyllactosylceramide, respectively. By partial acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and methylation analysis, the structures of these sulfatides were identified as: (SO3H→ 3)-Gal-(1→ 1)-Cer,(SO3H→ 3)-Gal-(1 → 4)-Glc-(1 → 1)-Cer and (SO3H → 3)-Gal-(1 → 4)-Gal-(1 → 4)-Glc-(1 → 1)-Cer, respectively.
A technique for obtaining kernel mode address traces on a pentium-based Linux system

Simulation and performance analysis of memory hierarchies require traces of memory address references. There are several software-based techniques to obtain the address references of user application programs, and cache and TLB simulations are usually driven by these sorts of traces. However, kernel mode address references are typically not captured by user tracing methods and are thus absent from the simulations. For some workloads, operating system activity has a significant impact on cache and TLB performance and therefore should be represented in the traces. This paper examines a single-step interrupt technique to obtain kernel-mode address references made by a Linux operating system running on an Intel x86 processor. Kernel address traces also allow a systems programmer to identify the frequent paths within the operating system and to guide optimizations.
The Effect of Antral Acidification on the Intestinal Phase of Gastric Secretion in the Heidenhain Pouch Dog

Nyhus, L. M., M. J. Rheault and L. S. Semb. The effect of antral acidification on the intestinal phase of gastric secretion in the Heidenhain pouch dog. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 11–19. — Five dogs were prepared with vagally denervated antral pouches and Heidenhain fundic pouches. As a stimulus for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion a test meal was given, consisting of 200 g strained beef liver. The acid response from the Heidenhain pouch was determined in each dog in half-hour samples for 4 hrs after the meal. In each dog, the following experiments were carried out: I: Test meal, no perfusion of antrum 25 expts. in 5 dogs II: Test meal, perfusion of antrum with 0.9 % saline 25 expts. in 5 dogs III: Test meal, perfusion of antrum with 0.1 N HCl 25 expts. in 5 dogs IV: No test meal, perfusion of antrum with 0.9 % saline 10 expts. in 4 dogs There was a highly significant greater average acid response to the test meal when the antrum was perfused with saline (II) as compared to the response when the antrum was acidified (III) (p = 0.00004) or not perfused at all (I) (O = 0.008). There was, however, no significant difference in the average acid outputs of expts. I and III (p = 0.059) in 4 dogs, the fifth showed a greater output (p = 0.040) when thc antrum was acidified. When no test meal was fed to the dogs, and the antrum perfused with saline, there was a release of endogenous gastrin from the antrum, as indicated by a measureable secretion from the Heidenhain pouches. The results are discussed, and the conclusion is drawn that the results do not support the presence of an antral chalone, but seem to support the theory that antral acidification has an inhibitory effect on release of gastrin.
Progestins influence motivation, reward, conditioning, stress, and/or response to drugs of abuse.

Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione; P) and its metabolite 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) are secreted by ovaries, adrenals, and glial cells. 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain ventral tegmental area mediates sexual receptivity of rodents through its actions at GABAA, NMDA, and/or D1 receptors. The extent to which 3α,5α-THP may influence anti-anxiety/anti-stress effects, conditioning and/or reward through these substrates and/or by altering hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function is discussed. Biosynthesis of 3α,5α-THP occurs in responses to mating and may underlie some of the rewarding aspects of sexual behavior. Recent findings from our laboratory which demonstrate that progestins can enhance approach to novel stimuli, conditioning, and reinforcement are reviewed. How progestins' effects on these processes may underlie response to drugs of abuse is considered and new findings which demonstrate interactions between progestins and cocaine are presented.
Carcinoma of the Lung: Results of Treatment over Ten Years

Mediastinal lymph node dissection in conjunction with pulmonary resection was performed on 437 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma at the University of Michigan Medical Center from 1959 to 1969. The absolute five- and ten-year survival rates for patients undergoing curative resection were 36.2 and 14.4%, respectively. The five-year survival of those without nodal metastases was 49.3%, and it was 31.1% in patients with hilar metastases only. The five-year survival of patients with mediastinal metastases who received radiation therapy was 23.1%. Of the 193 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 43% lived five years free from disease. The five-year survival of patients undergoing resection who had no hilar lymph node metastases was 53%, and it was 47.5% in those with hilar metastases only. The five-year survival in patients with mediastinal metastases who received postoperative irradiation was 34.4%.
Grain refinement vs. crystallographic texture: Mechanical anisotropy in a magnesium alloy

A magnesium alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation via an unconventional equal channel angular extrusion route at decreasing temperatures. This method facilitates incremental grain refinement and enhances formability by activating dynamic recrystallization in the initial steps and suppressing deformation twinning. Compression experiments in three orthogonal directions demonstrated high strength levels in the processed sample, up to 350 MPa in yield and 500 MPa in ultimate strengths. Notable flow stress anisotropy is correlated with the processing texture and microstructure.
Calcium utilization: effect of varying level and source of dietary protein

Dietary protein exerts a significant calciuretic effect. A twofold increase in protein at constant levels of calcium and phosphorus intakes causes a 50% increase in urinary calcium. The protein-induced hypercalciuria results primarily from decreased fractional renal tubular reabsorption of calcium associated with catabolism of excess sulfur amino acids and the resultant urinary excretion of acid and sulfate. A protein-induced elevation in glomerular filtration rate also contributes to the calciuresis. Dietary phosphorus also modifies the calciuretic effect of proteins, as it increases renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and thereby exerts a hypocalciuretic effect. Consequently, a soy-based diet was able to maintain calcium balance at a calcium intake of 457 mg/day in spite of a protein intake of 90 g, presumably due to the lower level of sulfur amino acids in the soy diet and to the 1450 mg phosphorus which accompanied the soy protein.
Astromineralogy of the 13 μm Feature in the Spectra of Oxygen-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars. I. Corundum and Spinel

Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars have several interesting infrared spectral features. Approximately half the oxygen-rich AGB stars to be investigated spectroscopically exhibit a feature at ~13 μm. The carrier of this feature has not yet been unequivocally identified but has been attributed to various dust species, including corundum (α-Al2O 3), spinel (MgAl2O4), and silica (SiO 2). In order to constrain the carrier of the 13 μm feature, we have used the one-dimensional radiative transfer code DUSTY to model the effects of composition and optical depth on the shape and strength of the emerging 13 μm feature from corundum and spinel grains. We have modeled various corundum, spinel, corundum-silicate, and spinel-silicate mixtures in dust shells surrounding O-rich AGB stars. These models demonstrate that (1) if corundum is present in these circumstellar dust shells, even at very low relative abundances, a ~13 μm feature should be observed; (2) corundum's weak ~21 μm feature will not be observed, even if it is responsible for the ~13 μm feature; (3) even at low relative abundances, spinel exhibits a feature at 16.8 μm that is not found in observations; and (4) the grains must be spherical. Other grain shapes (spheroids, ellipsoids, and hollow spheres) shift the features to longer wavelengths for both spinel and corundum. Our models show that spinel is unlikely to be the carrier of the 13 μm feature. The case for corundum as the carrier is strengthened but not yet proven.
Material Hardship, Poverty, and Disability Among Working-Age Adults*

Objectives. We used data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine the extent to which working-age people with disabilities experience several types of material hardships. Methods. We constructed a series of logistic regression models to assess the importance of disability to material hardship experiences after controlling for income and other sociodemographic characteristics. Results. The findings indicate that disability is an important determinant of material hardship even after controlling for these factors. We also found that a large majority of the low-income respondents reporting a material hardship also reported being work-limited for some period of time. Conclusions. Our findings provide support for policies that account for disability-related expenditures and needs when determining eligibility for means-tested assistance programs, and highlight an important limitation of the official poverty measure—it overstates the relative economic well-being of people with disabilities.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES : II. THE ENANTHEMATOUS, EXANTHEMATOUS, PYREXIAL, AND LEUCOCYTIC SYNDROME PRODUCED IN THE RABBIT BY INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION OF BLOOD FROM CASES OF HUMAN MEASLES.

An active transmissible virus exists in the blood of measles patients during the eruptive stage of the disease. This virus produces in rabbits after intravenous injection a specific reaction analogous in all essential features to that of the human infection. Following a definite incubation period of from 2 to 5 days the animals infected show pyrexial, leucocytic, and cutaneous alterations. Fully 90 per cent of such inoculated rabbits react in a remarkable manner. The earliest constant symptom of the infection is a rise in temperature, which on the average occurs 4 days after inoculation and most probably marks the end of the incubation period. Concomitantly with this temperature rise there is a diminution in the total number of circulating leucocytes. This decrease in the number of white blood elements may be relative or may appear in the form of a well defined leucopenia. The most striking objective signs are the coryza, conjunctival injection, enanthemata, and exanthemata. The mucous membrane lesions are similar in their physical appearance to the so called Koplik spots seen in man. They occur on the buccal side of the oral cavity ranging in number from two to eight discrete hemorrhagic areas with paler centers. They appear as a rule coincidently with the temperature rise or shortly thereafter. The exanthematous lesions though occurring only in about 40 per cent of the infected animals complete the clinical syndrome in this particular experimental host. The rash may appear as early as the 3rd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation. In its early stage it is of the macular variety, appearing as a diffuse eruption which later develops into a more papular type of lesion. At this time the cutaneous manifestations appear as slightly raised, flattened, purplish red, discrete areas in the skin of the face, neck, chest, and abdomen. Repeated passage of the virus of measles through the rabbit seems to increase its virulence. A number of animals infected with such passage virus succumb in the fourth and subsequent generations, undoubtedly as the direct result of the action of the specific excitant, as in none of the animals was there cultural evidence of secondary intercurrent infection. In the animals dying presumably as a result of the specific virus grave nephritic changes were evident. It is a noteworthy fact that the pneumonia so common in fatal cases of human measles was not evident in any of the experimental animals. We believe this to be of considerable significance, especially in elucidating the direct etiological factor of the fatal pneumonias so often present in human measles cases. Apparently such infections in man can be explained purely on the basis of the destruction of normal defense barriers by the specific excitant of the infectious disease, and the lack of host resistance to the ordinary pyogenic microorganism.
Elevated osteopontin and thrombospondin expression identifies malignant human breast carcinoma but is not indicative of metastatic status.

Background Our previous characterization of a human breast tumor metastasis model identified several candidate metastasis genes. The expression of osteopontin (OPN) correlated with the metastatic phenotype, whereas thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1) correlated with the nonmetastatic phenotype of independent MDA-MB-435 cell lines implanted orthotopically into athymic mice. The aim of the present study was to examine the cellular distribution of these molecules in human breast tissue and to determine whether the relative expression level of these three genes is associated with human breast tumor metastasis.
Relation of water anomalies to the excess entropy

Using the five-site transferable intermolecular potential (TIP5P) we perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the relationship between the excess entropy and anomalies of water. We find that the two-body excess entropy is an ideal quantity to predict the regions of structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic anomalies of water in its pressure-temperature and density-temperature phase diagrams. From the excess entropy we can also predict the location of the Widom line, associated with the hypothesized liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water.
Role of Working Memory Storage and Attention Focus Switching in Children's Comprehension of Spoken Object Relative Sentences

The present study evaluated a two-mechanism memory model of the online auditory comprehension of object relative (OR) sentences in 7–11-year-old typically developing children. Mechanisms of interest included working memory storage (WMS) and attention focus switching. We predicted that both mechanisms would be important for comprehension. Forty-four children completed a listening span task indexing WMS, an auditory attention focus switching task, and an agent selection task indexing spoken sentence comprehension. Regression analyses indicated that WMS and attention focus switching accuracy each accounted for significant and unique variance in the children’s OR comprehension after accounting for age. Results were interpreted to suggest that WMS is important for OR comprehension by supporting children’s ability to retain both noun phrase 1 and noun phrase 2 prior to their reactivating noun phrase 1 from memory in order to integrate it into a developing structure. Attention focus switching was interpreted to be critical in supporting children’s noun phrase 1 reactivation, as they needed to switch their focus of attention momentarily away from ongoing language processing to memory retrieval.
A second-order accurate numerical method for the two-dimensional fractional diffusion equation

Spatially fractional order diffusion equations are generalizations of classical diffusion equations which are used in modeling practical superdiffusive problems in fluid flow, finance and others. In this paper, we present an accurate and efficient numerical method to solve a fractional superdiffusive differential equation. This numerical method combines the alternating directions implicit (ADI) approach with a Crank-Nicolson discretization and a Richardson extrapolation to obtain an unconditionally stable second-order accurate finite difference method. The stability and the consistency of the method are established. Numerical solutions for an example super-diffusion equation with a known analytic solution are obtained and the behavior of the errors are analyzed to demonstrate the order of convergence of the method.
Resistant Hypertension: A Review of Diagnosis and Management

Resistant hypertension-uncontrolled hypertension with 3 or more antihypertensive agents-is increasingly common in clinical practice. Clinicians should exclude pseudoresistant hypertension, which results from nonadherence to medications or from elevated blood pressure related to the white coat syndrome. In patients with truly resistant hypertension, thiazide diuretics, particularly chlorthalidone, should be considered as one of the initial agents. The other 2 agents should include calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for cardiovascular protection. An increasing body of evidence has suggested benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, such as eplerenone and spironolactone, in improving blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension, regardless of circulating aldosterone levels. Thus, this class of drugs should be considered for patients whose blood pressure remains elevated after treatment with a 3-drug regimen to maximal or near maximal doses. Resistant hypertension may be associated with secondary causes of hypertension including obstructive sleep apnea or primary aldosteronism. Treating these disorders can significantly improve blood pressure beyond medical therapy alone. The role of device therapy for treating the typical patient with resistant hypertension remains unclear.
Mobile Open-Source Solar-Powered 3-D Printers for Distributed Manufacturing in Off-Grid Communities

Manufacturing in areas of the developing world that lack electricity severely restricts the technical sophistication of what is produced. More than a billion people with no access to electricity still have access to some imported higher-technologies; however, these often lack customization and often appropriateness for their community. Open source appropriate technology (OSAT) can over- come this challenge, but one of the key impediments to the more rapid development and distri- bution of OSAT is the lack of means of production beyond a specific technical complexity. This study designs and demonstrates the technical viability of two open-source mobile digital manufacturing facilities powered with solar photovoltaics, and capable of printing customizable OSAT in any com- munity with access to sunlight. The first, designed for community use, such as in schools or maker- spaces, is semi-mobile and capable of nearly continuous 3-D printing using RepRap technology, while also powering multiple computers. The second design, which can be completely packed into a standard suitcase, allows for specialist travel from community to community to provide the ability to custom manufacture OSAT as needed, anywhere. These designs not only bring the possibility of complex manufacturing and replacement part fabrication to isolated rural communities lacking access to the electric grid, but they also offer the opportunity to leap-frog the entire conventional manufacturing supply chain, while radically reducing both the cost and the environmental impact of products for developing communities.
Common mode circulating current control of interleaved three-phase two-level voltage-source converters with discontinuous space-vector modulation

This paper presents the control method of common mode (CM) circulating current of paralleled three-phase two-level voltage-source converters (VSCs) with discontinuous space-vector modulation (DPWM) and interleaving. First, different inductor structures are compared and based on the comparison a new inductor structure with integrated inter-phase inductor and boost inductors is proposed. After that, the main reason of CM circulating current jump in the paralleled VSCs system is analyzed first when DPWM and interleaving are used together. The amplitude of such jump caused by the overlap between different zero vectors relates to system modulation index and interleaving angle. After that, the control method to mitigate such jump by avoiding the overlap of different zero vectors is explained. In addition, for the proposed inductor structure, the method to minimize the core flux by controlling the CM circulating current is shown. Both of the control methods will only introduce very limited additional switching actions, not affecting the system thermal design much. Experimental results have verified the analysis and the feasibility of the control methods.
Sylow intersections and fusion

It is common in mathematics for a subject to have its local and global aspects; such is the case in group theory. For example, the structure and embedding of subgroups of a group G may be usefully thought of as part of the local structure of G while the normal subgroups, quotient groups and conjugacy classes are relevant to the global structure of G. Furthermore, the connections between local and global structure are very important. In the study of these relations, the methods of representation theory and transfer are very useful. The application of these techniques is often based upon results concerning the fusion of elements. (Recall that two elements of a subgroup H of a group G are said to be ficsed if they are conjugate in G but not in H.) Indeed, the formula for induced characters clearly illustrates this dependence. However, more pertinent to the present work, and also indicative of this connection with fusion, is the focal subgroup theorem [8]: if P is a Sylow p-subgroup of a group G then P n G’ is generated by all elements of the form a-lb, where a and b are elements of P conjzgate in G. Hence, this result, an application of transfer, shows that the fusion of elements of P determines P n G’ and thus P/P n G’ which is isomorphic with the largest Abelian p-quotient group of G. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that the fusion of elements of a Sylow subgroup P is completely determined by the normalizers of the nonidentity subgroups of P. Therefore, P/P n G’, a global invariant of G, is completely described by the local structure of G. A weak form of our main result is as follows : if a and b are elements of a Sylow subgroup P of the group G and a and b are conjugate in G, then there exist elements a, ,..., a,,, of P and subgroups HI ,..., H,, of P such that a = a, , b = a, and ai and U~+~ are contained in Hi and cmjugate in N(H,), 1 < i < m 1. We shall strengthen
Developmental neurobiology: A genetic Cheshire cat?

In the wake of evidence that essential neurogenic processes might involve aspects of DNA rearrangement, recent discoveries about the unusual arrangement of genes encoding neuronal adhesion molecules known as protocadherins are very intriguing. But is this just a coincidence?
Thyroid Hormone Therapy and Risk of Thyrotoxicosis in Community-Resident Older Adults: Findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Background: Both endogenous and exogenous thyrotoxicosis has been associated with atrial fibrillation and low bone mineral density. Therefore, this study investigated the risk factors associated with prevalent and incident thyrotoxicosis and the initiation of thyroid hormone therapy in a healthy, aging cohort. Methods: A total of 1450 ambulatory community volunteer participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging examined at the NIA Clinical Research Unit in Baltimore, MD, have undergone longitudinal monitoring of serum thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone (free thyroxine and free triiodothryonine) levels as well as medication use every one to four years, depending on age, between 2003 and 2014. Results: The prevalence of low TSH was 9.6% for participants on thyroid hormone and 0.8% for nontreated individuals (p < 0.001). New cases occurred at a rate of 17.7/1000 person-years of exposure to thyroid hormone therapy [CI 9–32/1000] and 1.5/1000 person-years in the unexposed population [CI 0.7–2.9/1...
Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of an Hydroxymethyl Carbanion Equivalent. Synthesis of (+)-A Factor

Abstract An effective procedure is presented for generation of PhCH2OCH2OCH2Li via tin → lithium exchange and for conjugate addition of this HOCH2 − equivalent to some homochiral cyclo-alkenone and butenolide sulfoxides.
Space Interferometry Mission

The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) flight system will be launched in June of 2005 into a nearly circular orbit around the Earth. A Delta II 7920 launch vehicle will boost the SIM flight system from the Vandenberg Air Force Base into Earth orbit. Over the next three months, the flight system will be calibrated and prepared for the science observation phase. During the science observation phase, data will be collected and returned from a precision optical interferometer on-board the spacecraft for five years and will enable fundamental new discoveries in both Galactic and extragalactic astronomy. SIM will perform unparalleled wide-angle astrometry with an angular accuracy of at least 4 microarcsecs (/spl mu/as), roughly a factor of 250 over the current state of the art, and narrow-angle astrometry with an angular accuracy of 0.6-1 /spl mu/as. This precision enables the measurement of distances to sufficiently bright objects in the Galaxy by direct parallax with no more than 10% error and makes possible highly accurate proper motion measurements of objects. As a consequence, SIM will allow studies of the kinematics of both isolated stars and composite systems over a large fraction of the Galaxy and of large-scale transverse motions out to 100 Mpc.
A comparative study on BMP-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat bone marrow cells

Bone remodeling is a process consisting of bone formation and resorption. The present study compared the relative osteoclastic and osteoblastic potency of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, -4, -5, -6, and -7 in primary murine bone marrow cultures. All five BMPs stimulated, to varying degree, formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells in a time- and protein concentration-dependent manner. The TRAP staining intensity correlated positively with the number of nuclei per TRAP-positive cell and the mRNA levels of colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), TRAP, and cathepsin K. Under osteogenic conditions, all five BMPs stimulated AP activity and mineralized bone nodule formation in a protein concentration-dependent manner in the same primary murine bone marrow cell culture system. These findings should be useful in designing treatment strategies for bone regeneration.
CONCORDANCE OF GENETIC DIVERGENCE AMONG SOCKEYE SALMON POPULATIONS AT ALLOZYME, NUCLEAR DNA, AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MARKERS

We examined genetic variation at 21 polymorphic allozyme loci, 15 nuclear DNA loci, and mitochondrial DNA in four spawning populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Cook Inlet, Alaska, to test for differences in the patterns of divergence among different types of markers. We were specifically interested in testing the suggestion that natural selection at allozyme loci compromises the effectiveness of these markers for describing the amount and patterns of gene flow among populations. We found concordance among markers in the amount of genetic variation within and among populations, with the striking exception of one allozyme locus (sAH), which exhibited more than three times the amount of among-population differentiation as other loci. A consideration of reports of discordance between allozymes and other loci indicates that these differences usually result from one or two exceptional loci. We conclude that it is important to examine many loci when estimating genetic differentiation to infer historical amounts of gene flow and patterns of genetic exchange among populations. It is less important whether those loci are allozymes or nuclear DNA markers.
Enforcement: A Neglected Child in the Intellectual Property Family

Effective enforcement is essential to the protection of intellectual property rights. Without enforcement, these rights will be of little value. Although intellectual property enforcement has been around for as long as intellectual property rights have existed, this topic has not caught much attention from intellectual property commentators and instructors until the past decade. Today, there remains a dearth of theoretical literature on intellectual property enforcement, and specialized courses on this topic remain rare. Even when enforcement is covered as part of an intellectual property course, the topic tends to be discussed either at the end of the course or in conjunction with infringements. This chapter begins by identifying four different types of enforcement issues that intellectual property commentators and instructors usually explore. It then discusses why enforcement remains a neglected child in the intellectual property family. It further suggests two different tracks — the digital track and the global track — to help integrate enforcement back into its larger family. The chapter concludes with a cautiously optimistic view on the prospects of such integration.
Atomic and Molecular Scattering from Solid Surfaces

Publisher Summary The modulated-beam technique provides researchers with a powerful tool for investigating the collisions of gas molecules with solid surfaces. A principal difference between the thermal conductivity cell and molecular beam techniques is that the incidence angle of the impinging particles is random in the former case and directed in the latter. Because AC may depend on the angle of incidence, it follows that the value measured for a single angle of incidence is not necessarily equal to that for random incidence. The development of an accurate theory of energy accommodation represents a formidable problem because the theories of lattice dynamics and atomic collisions, both of which are incomplete, must be employed. The surface is usually represented by a single solid atom connected to a spring, and a variety of gas–solid intermolecular potentials have been employed. The momentum transfer between a stream of gas molecules and a solid surface may cause the surface to experience forces both in the normal and tangential directions.
Evaluation of the Residual Life of a Three-Dimensional Solid Body Weakened by a Plane Fatigue Crack Under Cyclic Loading

On the basis of the energy approach of fracture mechanics, we construct a computational model of propagation of plane fatigue macrocracks in three-dimensional deformable elastoplastic bodies. We deduce a kinetic equation that enables us to determine the period of subcritical growth of a fatigue macrocrack corresponding to the residual life of an element of the metal structure weakened by a crack under external cyclic loading. To test the model and find the unknown physicomechanical constants of the material, we study specimens from the sections of welded joint of 1201-T aluminum alloy. The obtained kinetic diagrams of fatigue fracture of these specimens reveal good agreement between the computed and experimental results. According to the results of the theoretical and experimental investigations, we construct the nomograms of residual life of the weld metal and the base metal of the welded joint of this alloy.
Analysis of mercury in hair of EPA Region V population

A scoping study, the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) was conducted in EPA Region V from July 1995 to May 1997. This probability-based population study provided an opportunity to examine the mercury levels in 182 participants who provided hair samples. A sensitive analytical procedure based on atomic fluorescence spectrometry was developed and evaluated for the analysis of Hg in approximately 5 mg of human hair. The correlation coefficient (r), the precision, and bias were 0.9983, < or = 1.6%, and < or = 8%, respectively, for standard curves in the hair matrix. The method detection limit (MDL), recovery of Hg in a certified sample (NIES-13), precision (% RSD) for duplicate extract analysis, and precision for duplicate sample analysis averaged 12 ppb (range 4 to 22 ppb), 100 +/- 3% (N=27), 4.6 +/- 2.8 (N=18), and 12.5 +/- 7.4 (N=17), respectively, over the 7 to 8 months of sample analysis. The low MDL yielded 95% of the samples with measurable values, permitting the entire distribution of Hg levels to be characterized. Comparison of annualized Hg distribution in hair with and without background correction revealed a negligible bias on the distribution (1.47% at the 90th percentile). Also, a comparison of the unweighted and nonannualized weighted Hg levels throughout the percentile distribution indicated a small deviation in the upper tail (95th percentile) and is attributable to the small sample size (N=182). The mean, median, and maximum of the annualized Hg levels in hair were 287, 204, and 3505 ppb, respectively. The 75th percentiles were 335 and 368 ppb for the weighted annualized and unweighted distributions, respectively. The percent of individuals in three age categories (0-24, 25-49, and 50 years and older) who exceeded the 75th percentile showed a linear increase with age. Males (N=81) had 10% and 20% lower mean levels than females (N=101) for unweighted and annualized weighted Hg data, respectively. The application of this methodology for characterizing hair Hg levels in fish-eating populations is discussed.
Genetic Variation in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Populations in Western Maryland

Genetic variation and differentiation in 326 white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virgin-ianus ) from Allegany and Garrett counties, Maryland, were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Of 57 loci examined, 18 were polymorphic. Patterns of frequency distribution of alleles at polymorphic loci indicate considerable genetic heterogeneity within deer from western Maryland; differentiation of deer populations was observed over short geographical distances. The genetic character of the deer of western Maryland is thought to be strongly influenced by natural selection, genetic drift, and the hunting regime.
Lack of growth-promoting potency and of toxicity of glucagon (hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor) in hypophysectomized rats.

SummaryA highly purified preparation of glucagon in doses as high as 0.25 mg/day, has no effect on the width of the epiphyseal cartilage of the hypophysectomized rat as determined by the tibia test for growth hormone. Such a preparation possesses no toxicity when injected into these test animals. Possible reasons for the previously claimed growth promoting activity and toxicity of glucagon fractions are discussed.
Tagging methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins reveals different spatiotemporal expression and supports distinct functions

Aim: DNA methylation is recognized by methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins. Multiple MBDs are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and mice. However, the functions of MBD2 are poorly understood. We characterized Mbd2 knockout mice and determined spatiotemporal expression of MBDs and MBD2–NuRD (nucleosome remodeling deacetylase) interactions. Experimental procedures: We analyzed behavioral phenotypes, generated biotin-tagged MBD1 and MBD2 knockin mice, and performed biochemical studies of MBD2–NuRD. Results: Most behavioral measures are minimally affected in Mbd2 knockout mice. In contrast to other MBDs, MBD2 shows distinct expression patterns. Conclusion: Unlike most MBDs, MBD2 is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined and appears dispensable for brain functions measured in this study. We provide novel genetic tools and reveal new directions to investigate MBD2 functions in vivo.
Waste Disposal in the Sea off Southern California

Southern California, with a coastal population of 12 million people, releases about 4.4 million cubic meters of treated waste water into the Pacific every day via outfalls that discharge three to six kilometers offshore at a depth of 60 meters. Diffusers cause each liter of waste to be diluted by 150 liters of deep cool water preventing it from reaching the surface except for short periods in winter. Data on the constituents of the four largest waste streams are presented and a brief account of the research done by the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project is given. Although the waste water now discharged meets rigorous state standards (with minor exceptions) and the steady improvement in sea conditions over a decade has been well documented, there is a continuing debate over whether our coastal waters are adequately protected. This is primarily because the damaging effects of DDT and PCBs that were discharged more than 14 years ago have been slow to go away. Although the amounts of DDT and PCB in sea animals are only one- tenth what they were a decade ago they tend to obscure the value of the improvements and the present discharge practices. The alternatives to sea disposal seem likely to cause greater damage to the overall environment.
A Two-stage Algorithm to the Vehicle Routing Problem Based on Customer Point Coordination

This peper studies the vehicle routing problem in the pickup and delivery services for customers in a city.By introducing the concept about the vehicle coordination,the isolated customer point is defined and the classification of the vehicle coordination is discussed.Then the customers' satisfaction and vehicles' circumvention are regarded as constraints.By considering customer points as the vehicle coordination ones to be selected,the rules of the vehicle coordination for customer transfer are proposed.And by employing the optimal theory,a customer point based two-stage algorithm is presented.According to the vehicle coordination rules proposed in this paper,this algorithm can utilize the coordinative vehicle to transfer the customers in the isolated customer point at the customer point in a coordinative way.And these customers and those in non-isolated customer points are delivered to the given destination by the basic vehicle.Finally,the pickup and delivery service in Flight Ticked Sales Companies is used as a study case and a lot of simulations is conducted.Simulation results show that the algorithm presented in this paper is feasible and effective.
Study on VFTO in 750 kV GIS

Calculation and study are conducted for different outlets and operation modes in the light of GIS wiring in typical 750kV substation.The great overvoltage amplitude and frequency are given when disconnected switchgear has switching resistor.The effect of different manufacturer's GIS dimension and parameter,GIS structure,internal external equipment upon VFTO amplitude and frequency in 750kV substation GIS are presented as well.
Protective effect of the 21-aminosteroid lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate (U74006F) on hepatic endothelium in experimental hemorrhagic shock.

The effects of the 21-aminosteroid lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate (U74006F) on ultrastructural damage to the hepatic endothelium in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane and subjected to a 2 hr period of hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure clamped at 43-45 mm Hg), followed by reinfusion and follow-up for 2 hr. At the end of the experiment, light microscopic analysis of the livers of animals that received an i.v. injection of vehicle (citrate buffer) just prior to reinfusion showed substantial sinusoidal neutrophil influx. Electron microscopic morphometry revealed significant sinusoidal endothelial degeneration. In contrast, rats that received a 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus of U74006F just prior to posthemorrhage reinfusion displayed a significant preservation of endothelial structural integrity. However, this occurred despite the fact that there was the same degree of hepatic neutrophil influx as in the vehicle-treated rats. These results show that U74006F is capable of protecting endothelial structure, even in the face of significant neutrophil invasion, probably via protection from endothelial cell membrane free radical-induced lipid peroxidation.
Effects of the 1976 Copyright Law

Enquete dans une bibliotheque universitaire sur les consequences de la loi sur le copyright quant a la constitution des collections, les demandes de photocopies et les pratiques des enseignants
Loss of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) Impairs the Self-Renewal of Leukemic Stem Cells

Abstract 911 The identification of pathways that differentially regulate the self-renewal in normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and leukemic stem cells (LSC) is critical for effective treatment of relapsed leukemia without affecting normal hematopoiesis. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a bi-functional transcription factor that can either activate or repress transcription and thus function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on the cellular context. We have previously shown that loss of KLF4 leads to increased self-renewal of HSC in serial bone marrow transplantation. In this work, we investigated whether KLF4 also regulates self-renewal in LSCs using a mouse model of somatic deletion of KLF4 in hematopoietic cells (Klf4fl/fl Vav-iCre+) and the BCR-ABL-induced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) model. Mice transplanted with wild type bone marrow (BM) cells transduced with retrovirus carrying BCR-ABL (p210) (n=18) showed an expansion of myeloid cells (GFP+ Gr1+) with a median survival of 19 days. In contrast, mice transplanted with KLF4-deficient BM cells transduced with BCR-ABL retrovirus (n=12) exhibited prolonged survival with a median survival of 27 days (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Cutaneous and Systemic Findings Associated With Nuclear Matrix Protein 2 Antibodies in Adult Dermatomyositis Patients.

Objective: To characterize the cutaneous and systemic clinical phenotype of dermatomyositis patients with anti-NXP-2 antibodies. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 178 dermatomyositis patients seen at the Stanford University Clinic. Electronic chart review employing a keyword search strategy was performed to collect clinical and laboratory data. Anti-NXP-2 antibodies were assayed by immunoprecipitation using NXP-2 produced by in vitro transcription/translation. Results: Antibodies to NXP-2 were detected in 20 (11%) of the 178 patients. Anti-NXP-2 antibodies were associated with male gender (50% vs. 25%, p=0.02), dysphagia (74% vs. 39%, p=0.006), myalgia (89% vs. 52%, p=0.002), peripheral edema (35% vs. 11%, p=0.016), and calcinosis (37% vs. 11%, p=0.007). These patients were less likely to be clinically amyopathic (5% vs 23%, p=0.08). Five of the 20 patients with NXP-2 antibodies (25%) had an associated internal malignancy. No other cutaneous characteristics were associated with anti-NXP-2 antibodies except a decreased frequency of Gottron's sign (44% vs. 75%, p=0.012) and the fact that these patients were more likely to have mild skin disease. Conclusion: Dermatomyositis patients with anti-NXP2 antibodies have a distinct and often severe systemic phenotype that includes myalgia, peripheral edema and significant dysphagia despite having milder inflammatory skin disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Valproate Protein Binding Is Highly Variable in ICU Patients and Not Predicted by Total Serum Concentrations: A Case Series and Literature Review

tudy Objective The free fraction of valproate (the pharmacologically active moiety, normally 5–10%) may vary significantly in critically ill patients, but this topic is understudied, with only four prior intensive care unit (ICU) case reports. The objective of this study was to evaluate the range of valproate plasma protein binding in ICU patients. Design Observational study of consecutive ICU patients. Setting Neurocritical and medical critical care services in a nonuniversity academic medical center. Patients Consecutive ICU patients treated with valproate with serum albumin less than 4 g/dl. Measurements and Main Results Simultaneous total and free trough serum valproate concentrations were measured as were serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, platelets, and transaminase values. The reference concentration range was 50–125 mg/L (total) and 5–17 mg/L (free). Valproate concentrations were categorized as within reference range, low, or high, and as concordant if both concentrations were in the same category. Data are reported as median (interquartile range). Fifteen patients (nine men) were evaluated. The median age was 63 (34–70) years. The valproate dose was 3 g/day (35 mg/kg/day). No patient had a valproate free fraction of 5–10%; the median was 48%, and the range was 15–89%. Total and free concentrations showed poor correlation (0.43) and were concordant in only two patients (both in the reference range). Free valproate concentration was poorly predicted by an equation correcting for albumin (r = 0.45). Suspected adverse drug events occurred in 10 patients: hyperammonemia in 7 of 12 tested (58%), elevated transaminases in 2 of 15 (13%), and thrombocytopenia in 5 of 15 (33%). Conclusions Protein binding of valproate was highly inconsistent in this cohort of ICU patients, and total valproate concentrations did not predict free concentrations, even when correcting for albumin. Additional research to define best practice for dosing and monitoring valproate and the relationship between free valproate concentrations and clinical or adverse effects in ICU patients is needed.
Oxy-combustion Carbon Capture for Pulverized Coal in the Integrated Environmental Control Model☆

Abstract This paper describes the newly-developed techno-economic models of oxy-combustion carbon capture systems for pulverized coal-fired power plants now available in the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM) developed and maintained by Carnegie Mellon University. The new model is used in case studies that compare the overall performance and cost of electricity generation for power plants employing either oxy-combustion (oxyfuel) or an amine-based post-combustion process to capture and sequester 90% of the flue gas CO 2 emission using a variety of U.S. coals. The probabilistic results for 500 MW plants using three coal types (bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite) show that the oxyfuel option is cost-competitive or less costly than the post-combustion option, especially for the lower-rank low-sulfur coals. However, oxy-combustion would not be cost-competitive as a compliance option for the recently promulgated New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for CO 2 in the United States, which requires CO 2 capture levels well below the capability of current technology. Other case studies show that alternative policy options, such as a tax on CO 2 emissions, could incentivize oxy-combustion capture.