cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Past and the Present: Adapting to Change

The discussion of methodologies in Chapter 11 indicated that judgment in determining the rate of return was inevitable not because of flaws in the methodologies but because of data definition and measurements of expectational parameters. In Chapter 7 it was noted that changing conditions in economic and financial markets as well as in the firm itself subjected the rate of return analysis to substantial error in application to an individual firm. In this chapter, an attempt is made to analyze the response of the various models and their respective methodologies to changing economic environments.
Urban Renewal: Interests, Actors, Structure

As the central city’s downtown office economy grew, central city land-uses changed. In the world of urban economics, most of the upward and outward movement of the new downtown economy takes place quietly through the market. Firms and households weigh the benefits of downtown accessibility against their demands for space. Those who expect to benefit most from accessibility and who can make most intensive use of the relatively small downtown locations will tend to outbid others for the privilege of a central location. This power to command central locations is granted by the market, a noiseless outcome of one’s income and the relative benefits of downtown accessibility versus non-downtown space.
Two accounting standard setters: Divergence continues for nonprofit organizations

The ability of financial statement users, investors, donors and academic researchers to compare financial information issued by nonprofit universities, hospitals, fund-raising organizations and government agencies is affected by their understanding of current accounting recognition and reporting guidance. Public nonprofit organizations report different financial results from private nonprofit organizations. This study looks at the events that brought about the divergence in nonprofit financial accounting recognition and reporting for higher education institutions, discusses specific differences, and offers a look at additional changes in recognition and reporting for the sector currently underway.
A model for the generation of public sphere-like activity in sport-themed Twitter hashtags

Abstract The social media site Twitter has been subject to significant recent criticism, because of some users’ propensity for behaviors such as bullying, racism and homophobia, and rhetorical excess. Critics suggest Twitter has changed from its beginnings, where it was seen as a site that promoted broad-based debate and advancement of democracy. In this conceptual paper, the authors suggest that those ideals can still be realized, and that Twitter can provide the venue and the motivation for the generation of Habermasian public spheres. The authors argue that society’s passion and consumption model for sport, along with technological affordances unique to Twitter, can promote behavior akin to public spheres, provided barriers to such discourse can be overcome. This analysis is the first systematic examination of the potential for public spheres to be realized within sport and social media and suggests the byproducts of such discussions can be tangible and measurable.
A look into the voltage plateau signal for detection and quantification of lithium plating in lithium-ion cells

Abstract Voltage plateau during relaxation or discharge after charging is a distinct signal associated with stripping of deposited Li metal and hence a feasible tool for online detection of Li plating in Li-ion batteries. Here, we present a physics-based model with incorporation of Li plating and stripping to gain a fundamental understanding of the voltage plateau behavior. Specifically, we focus on the internal cell characteristics when voltage plateau occurs and on key factors affecting the shape and duration of voltage plateau. Furthermore, the validity of using the duration of voltage plateau for estimating Li plating amount is assessed. It is found that the duration of voltage plateau depends on the rate of Li stripping, while the stripping rate is restricted by the capability of Li+ intercalation into graphite. Parameters like intercalation kinetics, solid-state diffusivity of graphite and cell temperature can substantially influence the voltage curves even with the same amount of Li plating. Further, we report an interesting phenomenon that during Li stripping one part of anode near the separator has net oxidation current (local stripping rate > intercalation rate), providing Li+ ions and electrons to the other part of anode near the foil which has net reduction current.
Production systems engineering: Review and recent developments

Production Systems Engineering (PSE) is an emerging branch of Engineering intended to investigate fundamental laws that govern production systems and utilize them for the purposes of analysis, design, and continuous improvement.
Awareness of the United States Federal Dietary Guidance and Its Association with Dietary Quality

Since the early decades of the twentieth century, the US Federal Government has published advice to the public on consuming a healthy diet (J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;124:1799S–1807S). In 1980 the first Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) were jointly released by the Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010). The DGA are reviewed and revised as necessary every 5 years and have become the primary federal guidance to the public on nutrition and healthy eating habits in the USA. The USDA has developed guides to help consumers incorporate the DGA into their diet, the most recent of which is called MyPlate (MyPlate: First Lady, Agriculture Secretary Launch MyPlate Icon as a New Reminder to Help Consumers to Make Healthier Food Choices (Press Release), 2011). In addition to the DGA, other federal dietary guidance is published and promoted, for example, the National Fruit and Vegetable Program (known as “Fruit & Veggies—More Matters”) is aimed specifically at increasing fruit and vegetable intake in the general population. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan was developed as a result of federally funded research on hypertension (Your guide to lowering your blood pressure with DASH: DASH Eating Plan, 2006). A comparison of nutrient values indicated the DASH eating plan was consistent with the MyPyramid, a food guide developed by the USDA that is based on the DGA (J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:522–528).
Improved shoot development and rooting from mature cotyledons of sunflower

Regeneration and development of shoots from sunflower cotyledons were improved by optimizing explant age, plant growth regulator concentrations, and duration of exposure to plant growth regulators during shoot initiation, development and rooting. Shoot initiation required only a brief exposure to auxin and cytokinin, and minimizing the duration of exposure to high levels of plant growth regulators improved shoot development. Rooting was improved in terms of both the number of shoots that rooted and the time required for rooting by incorporating activated charcoal in the lower layer of a 2-layer rooting medium.
Vertical Round Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability and bulk mixing characteristics of an axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jet discharging vertically into a stagnant waterbody of large horizontal extent is studied theoretically and experimentally. A stable discharge configuration is defined as one in which a buoyant surface layer is formed which spreads radially from the source and does not communicate with the initial buoyant jet region. On the other hand, the discharge configuration is unstable when recirculation cells exist around the jet efflux. A semi-empirical theory shows the discharge stability is only dependent on the dynamic interaction of three near-field regions—the buoyant jet region, surface impingement region, and radial internal hydraulic jump region. A series of laboratory experiments were performed with a half-jet, using heat as source of buoyancy, and inserting a plane of symmetry in a large model basin. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions, both as regards the stability criterion and the near field mixing characteristics.
Immune Dysregulation in Epilepsy

Abstract Dysregulation of the immune system appears to be a major contributing factor in the development of epilepsy, particularly in certain types. Altered cellular and cytokine profiles have been reported in patients with various types of epilepsy. Glia and neurons overexpress inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL 1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. IL-1β is chronically expressed after an acute seizure ceases and contributes to continued inflammation leading to onset of spontaneous seizures. One-third of epilepsy patients do not respond to antiepilepsy medication and multiple alternative therapies are evolving. Immunoglobulins, corticotropin, cannabinoids, plasmapheresis, and corticosteroids have been utilized in refractory cases, with promising results.
Abstract WP327: CHADSVASC and HASBED Scores in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and atrial fibrillation (a-fib) are at risk for having future ischemic events after stopping anticoagulation. Risk calculators (CHA2DS2-VASc...
Precision medicine validation: identifying the MYBPC3 A31P variant with whole-genome sequencing in two Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to perform a proof-of-concept experiment that validates a precision medicine approach to identify variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM...
Degradation Mechanism in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Material and Solar Cells Due to Moisture and Heat Treatment of the Absorber Layer

The impact of moisture and heat treatment on the microstructural, chemical, and electrical properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 films and their collective effect on the solar cell device performance was studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements show that water exposure causes surface modification and alters the alkali metal distribution, while no composition or structural effect was observed. Deep level transient and optical spectroscopies revealed that the trap densities ( NT ) for both the EV + 0.65 eV and EV + 0.98 eV traps increase after water exposure, while the majority carrier concentration ( NA ) decreases. Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and steady-state PL measurements indicated the presence of static, not dynamic, quenching. Reduction of open-circuit voltage ( V OC) and fill factor (FF) was observed for the devices but was not associated with a change of recombination mechanism, which remains in the absorber space charge region. A small increase in series resistance and shunt conductance accounts for most of the FF change, while the modification in both NA and NT yield most of the change in V OC. A gradient of majority carrier concentration, related to the alkali profile, also yields a small voltage-dependent current collection after moisture and heat treatment.
Agricultural waste-derived superabsorbent hydrogels: Preparation, performance, and socioeconomic impacts

Abstract Most agricultural wastes are rich in cellulose. Through chemical and/or mechanical processes, nanocellulose can be extracted to produce superabsorbent hydrogels. As soil amendments, superabsorbent hydrogels act as water and nutrient reservoirs when applied in agricultural fields. This article reviews the recent advances in agricultural waste-derived nanocellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels and discusses the possible impacts of their applications in agriculture. The strengths and weaknesses of different current processes and techniques for nanocellulose extraction and hydrogel synthesis are compared. It is found that chemical methods are generally more cost-effective but may pose a threat to ecosystems, whereas physical methods are environmentally friendly but more complicated and expensive. The economic viability of using these novel superabsorbent hydrogels as soil amendments is also discussed, considering their potentials to reduce irrigation, enhance nutrient retention, and improve crop production. The results in this article indicates that the development of agricultural waste-derived superabsorbent hydrogels promotes environmental sustainability and circular economy in agriculture. The life cycles of new hydrogel products need to be explored in detail before optimal cellulose sources, reagents, and methods can be proposed for improvements.
Triboelectricity-based self-charging droplet capacitor for harvesting low-level ambient energy

Abstract In this study, we propose a self-charging droplet capacitor for harvesting low-level mechanical energy. The capacitor comprises of a conductive liquid droplet, which is placed on a heterogeneous and hydrophobic surface of dielectric materials coated onto a conductive substrate. The substrate and the droplet, along with the dielectric materials in between, form a parallel-plate type capacitor. The droplet is free to move on the surface, and thus, enables the position-dependent variation of capacitance. The surface consists of two regions, each with a different material and thickness. The different strengths of solid-water contact electrification of the two materials give rise to a self-charging mechanism. The variation in thickness allows for the capacitance change required for energy harvesting. A device is fabricated with two droplet capacitors and one ceramic capacitor. Passive diode switches are used to enable reconfiguration of the connectivity of the capacitors, which leads to a geometrical growth of the energy in the system. With a 450 μL water drop in each capacitor, the device can effectively harvest energy from low ambient vibrations. The energy harvested grows by 100 times within 11 cycles, sufficient to illuminate 30 LEDs connected in series.
Abstract 16386: Patient Perceptions of Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedural Postponement at an Urban Center During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Background: To curb transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and to preserve hospital resources, elective procedures were indefinitely postponed nationally, affecting many patients previously scheduled for elect...
Bodies Made and Owned: Rewriting Life in Science and Fiction

This chapter argues that speculative fiction is a mode for reflecting on how the imagination informs scientific research, technological development, and the social changes they sustain. Crucially, imaginative texts serve not only as incubators for scientific advances, but also enable us to reflect on the kinds of futures we wish, collectively, to create. It reads Ben Winter’s Underground Airlines and Carola Dibbell’s The Only Ones to demonstrate how speculative fiction helps to keep the impact of cultural biases on sociotechnical change in view. Both novels offer visions of futures made possible by biotechnology, critiquing the ways this new industry enables intensified exploitation of labor by commodifying parts and processes of the biological body. Such practices mirror and repeat histories of gendered and racialized exploitation.
In vitro expansion of FVB/N Tg MMTVneu primary tumor cells

1831 Our goal is to expand and immortalize patient derived primary tumor cells in vitro with subsequent transduction with immune co-stimulatory molecules to produce autologous cell-based tumor vaccines. The bypass of telomerase independent senescence (M0) and/or telomerase dependent senescence and crisis (M1 and M2) of biopsy-derived tumor cells poses the greatest challenge for this project. Using the Weinberg model, we hypothesized that altering anti-proliferative and apoptotic signals would allow primary tumor cells to acquire unlimited replicative potential in vitro. Spontaneously arising tumors in FVB/N Tg MMTVneu mice contain a HER-2/neu deregulated growth signaling pathway, and active telomerase. Despite these features, freshly harvested early passage cells are senescent, and after about 3 weeks in culture they undergo crisis. In an effort to bypass senescence and crisis in early passage tumor cells we transduced them (MOI 20) with lentiviral vectors (Lentigen, Inc.) encoding oncogenes that block anti-proliferative signals (HPV E6E7, SV40 large T antigen, or Bcl2) or alter intracellular signaling circuits (SV40 small T antigen, Ha-RasV12 or c-Myc). Instead of blocking senescence and enhancing proliferation, the transduced cells expanded slower than non-transduced cells and eventually died. Non-transduced cells that survived crisis expanded, were no longer senescent, and maintained greater than 90% neu expression. These “adapted” cells proliferated faster than early passage cells, but did not grow as fast as the NT2.5 FVB/N Tg MMTVneu cell line (gift of E. Jaffe, Johns Hopkins Univ). The “adapted” cells proliferate in low serum MEGM media whereas the NT2.5 cells require 20% serum for optimal proliferation. There was no proliferative advantage when the “adapted” tumor cells were transduced with the same set of oncogenes. NT2.5 cells were not affected by oncogene transduction and continued to proliferate rapidly. Spontaneous tumors arising in the FVB/N tg MMTVneu mice have characteristics that potentially render them independent of exogenous growth signals with limitless in vivo replicative potential. Introducing oncogenes that confer insensitivity to growth inhibitory and apoptotic signals, however, did not augment the survival of these cells in vitro. The senescence experienced by freshly harvested tumor cells may be dependent on altered growth signals unique to in vitro culture. “Adapted” cells appear to be an intermediate cell type that is no longer senescent, survives in low serum MEGM media and does not proliferate as robustly as the NT2.5 cell line, yet remains prone to senescence upon transduction with oncogenes. Thus, while the ability to transform primary cells with a discrete set of immortalization genes has been accomplished, the delicate balance between growth and senescence required for the in vitro expansion of primary cancer cells has yet to be defined.
I Gas Lasers and their Application to Precise Length Measurements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the gas laser from two aspects. One of them is a generator of a known wavelength, and the other is known as a “driver” for an absorbing medium whose resonance characteristics determine the wavelength. The chapter discusses only the gas laser, as opposed to solid, liquid, or semiconductor lasers, because till now only the gas laser has shown the necessary reproducibility. When gas laser is used as a wavelength source in its own right, even without mode control or stabilization, it is at the very worst able to duplicate the best that has been done with incoherent spectroscopic sources that have been used up to the present time as primary or good secondary standards of length. When the absorption technique is used to generate the wavelength standard, then it is not clear that the gas laser is all that necessary.
When Worlds Collide: Derandomization, Lower Bounds, and Kolmogorov Complexity

This paper has the following goals: - To survey some of the recent developments in the field of derandomization. - To introduce a new notion of time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity (KT), and show that it provides a useful tool for understanding advances in derandomization, and for putting various results in context. - To illustrate the usefulness of KT, by answering a question that has been posed in the literature, and - To pose some promising directions for future research.
Impurities in drug products

Summary This overview has focused on those impurities brought into the drug product system by excipients or dosage form processing likely to cause stability or performance issues in the dosage form. The sources of the impurities are discussed as well as how they affect dosage forms or represent product issues. In particular, those impurities that lead to drug stability issues are reviewed.
Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

FITZHUGH, W.W. 1997. Searching for the grail: Virtual archeology in Yamal and circumpolar theory. In: Gilberg, R., and Gullov, H.C., eds. Fifty years of Arctic research. Copenhagen: Department of Ethnography, National Museum of Denmark. 99–118. GJESSING, G. 1944. The circumpolar Stone Age. Acta Arctica 9(2). Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard. LARSEN, H., and RAINEY, F. 1948. Ipiutak and the Arctic Whale Hunting culture. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 42. PITULKO, V.V., NIKOLSKY, P.A., GIRYA, E.Y., BASILYAN, A.E., TUMSKOY, V.E., KULAKOV, S.A., ASTAKHOV, S.N., PAVLOVA, E.Y., and ANTISIMOV, M.A. 2004. Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the last glaciation. Science 303:52–56.
Frequencies of SLC44A2 alleles encoding human neutrophil antigen-3 variants in the African American population

Background The human neutrophil antigen-3 (HNA-3) epitopes reside on the choline transporter-like protein-2 (CTL2). A single-nucleotide substitution (461G>A; Arg154Gln) on the CTL2 gene (SLC44A2) defines the allele SLC44A2*1, which expresses HNA-3a, and SLC44A2*2, which expresses HNA-3b; an additional substitution (457C>T; Leu153Phe) in SLC44A2*1:2 may impact genotyping systems. People who only express HNA-3b may develop anti-HNA-3a. These alloantibodies have been linked to severe transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), which may be a reason to screen blood donors for SLC44A2*2 homozygosity. For Caucasian and Asian populations, SLC44A2 allele frequencies are known. Our primary objective was to determine the SLC44A2 allele frequencies in the African American population.
Extracellular Nuclease Activity of Fish Spoilage Bacteria, Fish Pathogens, and Related Species

The production of extracellular deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease by 23 marine and 3 dairy strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens, 15 strains of fish-pathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads, 38 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from haddock, and 34 related organisms was determined by an agar plate method. All strains of P. putrefaciens produced both deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease. Of the other 87 organisms examined, 26.5% produced ribonuclease and 14.5% produced deoxyribonuclease. All organisms which produced deoxyribonuclease also produced ribonuclease. Deoxyribonuclease production by P. putrefaciens is suggested as a useful criterion of identity for members of this intense fish spoilage species.
Observations of positive narrow bipolar pulses

Waveforms of 226 positive narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) were obtained with five to eight stations of E-change meters covering an area of 70 × 100 km2. The NBPs had typical average parameters: 10–90% rise time of 2.6 μs, full width at half maximum time of 2.8 μs, zero cross time of 9.9 μs, and range-normalized amplitude at 100 km of 11.0 V/m. Four main types of positive NBP waveforms were identified: Type A had a simple bipolar waveform with a positive peak and a negative overshoot peak (1% of NBPs), Type B had extra peak(s) superimposed on the overshoot peak (67%), Type C had extra peak(s) on or just after the main positive peak (13%), and Type D had extra peak(s) before the main positive peak (19%). Regardless of type, each NBP waveform maintained its basic shape across a range of 10 to 130 km from its origin. NBP locations, obtained with a time of arrival technique, seemed unrestricted in their horizontal distribution (except for Type C), while NBP altitudes ranged from 7 to 19 km with an average of 13 km. Estimated peak currents were 2–126 kA with an average of 30 kA. Isolation of NBPs from other lightning events was determined for both temporal (660 ms) and spatial (>10 km) quantities; 37% of NBPs were isolated, 38% occurred within 660 ms before a flash, 19% occurred within flashes, and 11% occurred within 660 ms after a flash. The total RMS power radiated by NBPs within 1 kHz–2.5 MHz bandwidth had a range of 5.0 × 106–6.1 × 108 W with an average of 7.8 × 107 W.
Distributional Impact of Farm Programs and the Adjustment Dilemma

farm program benefits in the United States that it could be regarded as folly to raise the issue again. From the earlier work of Bonnen, Schultze, and Gardner and Hoover, to more recent analyses by Lin, Johnson, and Calvin and U.S. Congress, the distributional effects of farm programs have been widely discussed by agricultural economists. Given the history of farm policy legislation, it could be argued that the distributional question has not been a major item on the political agenda in the United States.
A direct route to cyclic organic nanostructures via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization of a dendronized macromonomer.

Cyclic organic nanostructures were prepared via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization of a dendronized norbornene macromonomer. The strategy provides a direct, efficient route to nanoscale rings in a single operation. AFM imaging confirmed toroidal features having diameters of ca. 35−40 nm.
A Clock Directly Linking Time to a Particle's Mass

Historically, time measurements have been based on oscillation frequencies in systems of particles, from the motion of celestial bodies to atomic transitions. Relativity and quantum mechanics show that even a single particle of mass m determines a Compton frequency ω0 = mc2/ℏ, where c is the speed of light and ℏ is Planck9s constant h divided by 2π. A clock referenced to ω0 would enable high-precision mass measurements and a fundamental definition of the second. We demonstrate such a clock using an optical frequency comb to self-reference a Ramsey-Borde atom interferometer and synchronize an oscillator at a subharmonic of ω0. This directly demonstrates the connection between time and mass. It allows measurement of microscopic masses with 4 × 10−9 accuracy in the proposed revision to SI units. Together with the Avogadro project, it yields calibrated kilograms.
Next-fit packs a list and its reverse into the same number of bins

Suppose the next-fit algorithm packs {x"1, x"2, ..., x"n} into k identical bins. Under modest assumptions about what fits into a bin, we prove that next-fit also packs {x"n, ..., x"2, x"1} into k bins. Thus, the next-fit decreasing algorithm uses the same number of bins as a next-fit increasing algorithm.
Isolation and characterization of endothelial cells from the heart microvasculature.

Abstract A population of viable endothelial cells has been obtained from rabbit hearts by a method which disrupts muscle cells and eliminates their dispersed constituents and concomitantly isolates and preserves intact endothelial cells primarily of microvascular origin. The procedure employs as major steps: removal of large superficial vessels of ventricles, tissue mincing, enzymatic dissociation with crude collagenase (200 U/ml), washes with Ca 2+ -free Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, homogenization of muscle fragments, and separation by velocity sedimentation through a 6% bovine serum albumin cushion. Cell isolation is monitored by phase contrast microscopy and subsequent electron microscopic examination. The final cell suspension consists of 85 to 90% endothelial cells predominantly organized in sheets of two to six cells or small vessel fragments formed by one to three endothelial cells linked by characteristic tight junctions. These features together with the absence of communicating (gap) junctions and the extremely rare occurrence of Weibel-Palade bodies indicate that the isolated endothelial cells are derived mostly from capillaries. The cells have highly irregular folded profiles presumably because they are no longer subject to intravascular pressure and are detached from the basal laminae. Isolated endothelial cells preserve their characteristic vesicles, the great majority of which (∼80 to 90%) are apparently internalized. The cells preserve anionic sites (detected with cationized ferritin) on their cell coat, retain tissue factor antigen (revealed immunocytochemically), are also capable of taking up macromolecular tracers (ferritin and hemeundecapeptide), and attach to collagen in culture conditions. As indicated by hemocytometer counting, packed cell volume, and DNA values, a yield of ∼ 1.0 to 1.5 × 10 7 endothelial cells/g tissue can be obtained by this procedure.
Land, politics, and Buganda's ‘indigenous’ colonial state

(2000). Land, politics, and Buganda's ‘indigenous’ colonial state. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 65-89.
An Investigation of the Tactile Communications Channel for Robotic Control

The impacts on performance of three different forms of communication (radio, chat, and tactile belt) were explored in the context of a small unmanned ground vehicle (SUGV) target identification task. The target identification task required a Commander with knowledge of target locations and access to a digital map displaying the current SUGV position and orientation to direct a Soldier remotely operating the SUGV to the targets using a finite set of eleven commands. The study revealed no evidence for a loss of soldier performance with the tactile belt communications channel. The finding suggests that the tactile use of haptic signals may be feasible, a potentially important finding for situations requiring covert communications.
A new model for three-dimensional random roughness effect on friction factor and heat transfer in microtubes

Abstract In this paper we propose a novel bottom-up approach to generate a three-dimensional microtube surface with random roughness. This approach starts from four corner points with two defined coordinates and roughness height created by a Gaussian number generator, and then uses a bi-cubic Coons patch to form the curved surface. A computational fluid dynamics solver is used to isolate the roughness effect and solve the three-dimensional N–S equations for the water flow through the generated rough microtubes with diameter D = 50 μm and length L = 100 μm. No-slip, constant heat flux and periodic boundary conditions are applied to achieve the characteristics of fully developed flow. It is found that the wall roughness strongly affects the velocity near the wall and it almost has no effect on the flow at the center. When the mean diameter of a rough microtubes is used as the hydraulic diameter, the friction factor can still be predicted by the conventional flow theory. The temperature has large values at the peaks and small values at the valleys of the microtube surface. However, the roughness has almost no effect on the averaged Nusselt number Nu ¯ because the effects of peaks and valleys counteract each other for the whole microtube. The local Nusselt numbers along the microtube randomly scatter from the theoretical value with a deviation less than 2%. The model has a potential to be used for direct simulations of three-dimensional surface roughness effect on the slip flow.
Red Pine Needle Structure

READERS of the recent article by Kozlowski and Clausen1 on the anatomical responses of the needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to herbicides may have been confused by the extreme variations in needle structure which these authors described and illustrated. Kozlowski and Clausen attributed many of the anatomical differences between “needles” shown in their Fig. 1 to the effects of various herbicides applied to the soil in which the seedlings were grown. From what is known of the leaf structure of pine seedlings2, however, we concluded that they had illustrated and described three different kinds of foliar appendages of red pine. Their Fig. 1A, a transection of a “needle” from a non-treated seedling, seems to be a primary leaf, as is Fig. 1D from a treated plant. Their Figs. 1B, C and E are cotyledons, and F resembles a shrivelled secondary leaf.
A taxonomy of file-type identification techniques

It has become increasingly important to identify corrupted or malicious files before they are processed by vulnerable applications. In the past, it was sufficient to rely on a filename extension or on information in the file's header, such as a magic number or text string, to reliably identify a file's type. Recent changes in attack patterns show that these approaches are no longer sufficient to avoid misidentifying harmful files.The authors of this paper have surveyed the existing research on file type identification and determined that a wide range of techniques have been investigated, but that no work has yet been done to organize them into a useful taxonomy. This paper describes our preliminary research on the development of such a taxonomy with the goal of aiding the efforts of other researchers in creating solutions to this problem. In this paper, we present an initial organization that incorporates over 30 different algorithms or approaches.
Modulation Diversity for Pulse-Compressing Radars

Radars using wideband FM pulses in the same band are less likely to interfere if one of them uses linear FM and the other uses hyperbolic FM. This can be done without sacrificing Doppler tolerance and without separate software to accommodate the range-Doppler coupling.
Transitional-cell carcinoma of prostate. An enigma.

Abstract Three cases of transitional-cell carcinoma of the prostate are reported. Ductular cells do not appear to be influenced by altering their hormonal milieu, and the biologic potential of this tumor is still unknown. Judgment must be reserved on recommended therapy: whether or not radical or transurethral surgery is more efficacious, since not enough cases are available for statistical analysis.
Microelectrodes for the Measurement of Catecholamines in Biological Systems

Many of the molecules involved in biological signaling processes are easily oxidized and have been monitored by electrochemical methods. Temporal response, spatial considerations, and sensitivity of the electrodes must be optimized for the specific biological application. To monitor exocytosis from single cells in culture, constant potential amperometry offers the best temporal resolution, and a low-noise picoammeter improves the detection limits. Smaller electrodes, with 1-μm diameters, provided spatial resolution sufficient to identify the locations of release sites on the surface of single cells. For the study of neurotransmitter release in vivo, larger cylindrical microelectrodes are advantageous because the secreted molecules come from multiple terminals near the electrode, and the greater amounts lead to a larger signal that emerges from the Johnson noise of the current amplifier. With this approach, dopamine release elicited by two electrical stimulus pulses at 10 Hz was detected with fast-scan cyc...
ENERGY OF A MANY-PARTICLE SYSTEM

A formulation of the energy eigenvalue problem for a many-particle system is presented in several alternative forms and, following Brueckner and his collaborators, the energy of the system is expressed in terms of solutions to the two-body problem. This work bears considerable resemblance to Brueckner's "linked cluster" expansion. The present expansion is derived with the aid of an ordering operator and involves a sequence of "nearest neighbor" interactions. The particles tend to form "chains," the sequence of approximations involving "two-particle chains," "three-particle chains," etc. The rapidity of convergence of the method depends on the particle density and "temperature" and on the nature of the force between particles. The method lends itself readily to use in statistical mechanics. Some applications to the calculation of the equation of state of a gas are included.
A Linear Theory of Extratropical Synoptic Eddy Statistics

Abstract This paper investigates the extent to which the statistics of extratropical synoptic eddies may be deduced from the assumption that the eddies are stochastically forced disturbances evolving on a baroclinically stable background flow. To this end, a two-level hemispheric quasigeostrophic model is linearized about the observed long-term mean flow and forced with Gaussian white noise. The mean flow is baroclinically stable for a reasonable choice of dissipation parameters. Synoptic-scale eddy disturbances can still grow on such a flow, albeit for a finite time, either in response to the stochastic forcing or through baroclinic and barotropic energy interactions with the background flow. In a statistically steady state, a fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) links the covariance of the eddies to the spatial structure of the background flow and the covariance of the forcing. Although not necessary, in this study the forcing is assumed to have always the same trivial statistics (white in both space ...
Optimal time advance in terminal area arrivals: Throughput vs. fuel savings

The current operational practice in scheduling air traffic arriving at an airport is to adjust flight schedules by delay, i.e. a postponement of an aircraft's arrival at a scheduled location, to manage safely the FAA-mandated separation constraints between aircraft. To meet the observed and forecast growth in traffic demand, however, the practice of time advance (speeding up an aircraft toward a scheduled location) is envisioned for future operations as a practice additional to delay. Time advance has two potential advantages. The first is the capability to minimize, or at least reduce, the excess separation (the distances between pairs of aircraft immediately in-trail) and thereby to increase the throughput of the arriving traffic. The second is to reduce the total traffic delay when the traffic sample is below saturation density. A cost associated with time advance is the fuel expenditure required by an aircraft to speed up. We present an optimal control model of air traffic arriving in a terminal area and solve it using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. The admissible controls allow time advance, as well as delay, some of the way. The cost function reflects the trade-off between minimizing two competing objectives: excess separation (negatively correlated with throughput) and fuel burn. A number of instances are solved using three different methods, to demonstrate consistency of solutions.
Stochastic response and damage analysis of inelastic structures

Abstract The development of a method of modeling and analysis of inelastic structures under random excitation is summarized. The method is based on a differential equation model for hysteretic restoring force including system degradation and an equivalent linearization method for solution of response statistics. It is versatile and computationally efficient and suited for performance and safety evaluation of structural systems under severe natural or man-made hazards. Applications of the method to a variety of structural systems under earthquake excitation are given and compared with field evidence, including damage and collapse of buildings and supporting soil system, and liquefaction of sand deposits.
Finite-Volume Models for Unidirectional, Nonlinear, Dispersive Waves

Several finite-volume schemes are developed and applied to simulate nonlinear, dispersive, unidirectional waves propagating over a flat bed. These schemes differ mainly in the treatment of advection, while dispersion is treated the same among the different models. Three methods—linear, total variation diminishing, and essentially nonoscillatory—are used to discretize the advection portion of the governing equation. The linear schemes are analyzed with Von Neumann's method to discern stability limits as well as their damping and dispersion characteristics. In addition, predictions from all of the models are compared with analytical solutions for solitary and cnoidal waves as well as experimental data for undular bores. The finite-volume methods are also compared with a second-order accurate finite-difference scheme. The results indicate that the finite-volume schemes yield more accurate solutions than the finite-difference scheme. In addition, the Warming-Beam and Fromm linear finite-volume schemes yielded the most accurate solutions and were among the most computationally efficient schemes tested.
Third-order relativistic many-body calculations of energies and lifetimes of levels along the silver isoelectronic sequence

Energies of ${5l}_{j}(l=s,p,d,f,g)$ and ${4f}_{j}$ states in neutral Ag and Ag-like ions with nuclear charges $Z=48--100$ are calculated using relativistic many-body perturbation theory. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are calculated for the 17 possible ${5l}_{j}\ensuremath{-}{5l}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${4f}_{j}\ensuremath{-}{5l}_{{j}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ electric-dipole transitions. Third-order corrections to energies and dipole matrix elements are included for neutral Ag and for ions with $Zl~60.$ Second-order corrections are included for $Zg60.$ Comparisons are made with available experimental data for transition energies and lifetimes. Correlation energies and transition rates are shown graphically as functions of nuclear charge Z for selected cases. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.
Spatial localization of NMR spectra using fourier series analysis

W ith the widespread use of surface coils (I) for noninvasive NMR studies of living systems, it has become increasingly important to clearly delineate the spatial volume from which data are acquired. The B, profile of the surface coil itself lim its this volume to some extent, but the boundar ies of the sensitive region are “fuzzy” in simple pulse experiments. Two basic approaches have been used successfully to improve signal localization in surface coil studies. One of these emp loys phasecycled rf pulse sequences to selectively excite and detect spins residing at a certain distance from the coil. Such so-called “depth pulse” sequences have been proposed by Bendall and co-workers (2-3, Shaka and co-workers (6, 7), and Tycko and Pines (8). As an alternative to the excitation and detection of spins in only certain regions of the sample, Hoult (9) described a method of rotating-frame imaging (RFI) in which all sample spins are examined simultaneously. This is accomplished using a two-dimensional time-domain experiment in which an incremented pulse width forms the evolution period t, and the response of the entire sample is detected during tZ. Subsequent 2D Ff processing separates signals along a displacement axis according to their nutation frequencies F, which, in turn, depend on their distances from the coil:
Controlling chaos in thin YIG films with a time-delayed method

Abstract We report the first experimental and numerical results of a new time delayed method to control chaos. Time delayed control in this experiment involves perturbing a system parameter by an amount proportional to the sample's chaotic absorption signal from a previous moment in time. By increasing the control gain, the chaotic absorption is controlled through a reverse bifurcation series to a state where the absorption is constant in time (the quiescent state).
War Neurosis versus Savings Psychosis: Working-class Politics and Psychological Trauma in Weimar Germany:

Like other social and political issues in Weimar Germany, traumatic neurosis was a hotly-contested area of debate between different groups devastated by the first world war. In recent studies of the effects of the war on European society, historians have examined the social and political biases, especially with regard to gender and class, that shaped how doctors diagnosed and defined mental trauma in modern warfare.1 This article will offer a way of looking at the war neurosis debate in Germany 'from below'. This can be done by examining the responses of psychologically-disabled war victims to the psychiatric profession's arguments on the nature of war neurosis and the memory of the war.2 Working-class victims of psychological trauma used the war neurosis debate to define the psychological impact of the war on different social classes in Weimar Germany. War-disabled interest groups on the political left adopted the voices of war victims to argue that the middle classes, through psychiatrists and state welfare administrators, systematically sought to erase the traumatic effects of the war in an attempt to deny responsibility for its human costs or, at worst, deliberately to prepare Germany for another world conflict. In the responses of psychologically-disabled war victims to the state and psychiatrists, we find a battle over the act of forgetting, as organized working-class veterans and their representatives criticized the repression of the traumatic war experience and theorized on the lingering neuroses that crippled
Laryngeal carcinoma — or is it laryngeal blastomycosis?†

A patient is described who was evaluated for persistent hoarseness. Although an initial diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx was made, review of the pathology slides revealed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, acanthosis, and what appeared to be a fungal infection. After a detailed work-up was initiated the patient was treated successfully with ketoconazole for a blastomycosis infection of the larynx. The literature relative to blastomycosis infections of the respiratory larynx is reviewed. The authors emphasize that patients who show evidence of acanthosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia along with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma should be suspected as having a potential fungal infection.
Financial Impacts of Government Support Price Programs

Recent proposals to index government support prices based on the cost of production will have significant differential impacts on farms with different size and financial characteristics. Simulation analyses indicate that since such proposals result in both increased income and decreased risk and thus capitalization rates, land values could increase dramatically with the larger, high-equity operator best able to pay the higher price for additional land. Furthermore, the guaranteed cash flow from such a program enables the higher equity firm to grow more rapidly in terms of net worth and land ownership as well as exhibit higher levels of family living compared to smaller, highly leveraged firms.
A New Planar Near Field Measurement Facility at the Georgia Tech Research Institute

The Georgia Tech Research Institute has implemented a new 10 × 12 foot, planar near field range which is based on an accurate mechanical scanner. The system includes provision for active probe position correction to maintain planarity to ± 0.002 inches. The Rf instrumentation is based on the Hewlett Packard 8510B network analyzer which provides a good combination of measurement accuracy, speed, and dynamic range. Probe position is driven by micro-stepper motors under PC control. In the near future, control of the positioner, RF instrumentation, and graphics output will be under the control of a single PC-based 386 CPU system. Experience gained with this new range will assist in advancing practical applications for near field testing, such as on-site testing using a portable facility.
A new method for measuring and compensating pitch error in the manufacturing of lead screws

Abstract A new method for measuring and compensating pitch error in lead screw machining is presented. This method includes the measurement of the actual pitch error and a forecasting technique based on time series analysis. The measured data is used to develop an autoregressive model of the error from which the forecasts and corrections are determined. The objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of compensating the pitch error by using the forecast pitch error data. The paper describes the experimental setup, explains the modeling, forecasting and compensation procedure of the pitch error. The compensation method discussed has been found feasible in all cases in which the machining accuracy directly depends on the accuracy of the kinematic relationship between a rotational transmission element and the machine tool table. The results indicate that on the average 89% of the single pitch error and 99% of the cumulative pitch error can be compensated for.