cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on Cold H_2 Clouds from Gravitational Microlensing Searches

It has been proposed that the Galaxy might contain a population of cold clouds in numbers sufficient to account for a substantial fraction of the total mass of the Galaxy. These clouds would have masses of the order of 10^{-3} Solar mass and sizes of the order of 10 AU. We consider here the lensing effects of such clouds on the light from background stars. A semianalytical formalism for calculation of the magnification event rate produced by such gaseous lensing is developed, taking into account the spatial distribution of the dark matter in the Galaxy, the velocity distribution of the lensing clouds and source stars, and motion of the observer. Event rates are calculated for the case of gaseous lensing of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud and results are directly compared with the results of the search for gravitational microlensing events undertaken by the MACHO collaboration. The MACHO experiment strongly constrains the properties of the proposed molecular clouds, but does not completely rule them out. Future monitoring programs will either detect or more strongly constrain this proposed population.
The use of online social networking sites to nurture and cultivate bonding social capital: A systematic review of the literature from 1997 to 2018:

Any social phenomenon with more than a billion participants daily is ripe for investigation into the implications of social capital. This research conducts a systematic review of the peer-reviewed ...
EXAMINING BARRIERS TO SUCCESS AND SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE FOR U.S. HISPANIC FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS

This study examined the barriers to success and sources of assistance available for U.S. Hispanic female entrepreneurs. The goal of this research was to identify the problems, determine the source ...
History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Findings Associated with Infection and the Empiric Treatment of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia of Women in the Emergency Department.

Background Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) treated in the emergency department (ED). Objectives To assess the history, physical examination, and laboratory findings associated with NG and CT infection and the decision to administer empiric antibiotic treatment for the diseases in the ED. Methods A retrospective review of 566 clinical encounters of adult female patients tested for STIs between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014. An analysis of patient- and provider-level variables was assessed to determine the characteristics associated with empiric antibiotic treatment in the ED and post-discharge laboratory confirmed NG or CT. Results Younger age and the presence of TV on vaginal wet prep had a higher association with being infected with NG or CT (p 0.05). ED providers were more likely to treat subjects in the ED for NG and CT when there was subjective and objective vaginal discharge, cervical motion tenderness, adnexal tenderness, and vaginal bleeding, TV on wet prep, and leukocyte esterase on urinalysis (p < 0.05). Conclusions Only younger age women and the presence of TV on vaginal wet prep were associated with NG or CT infection. ED providers empirically over-treated with antibiotics ~20 patients uninfected with NG and CT by laboratory confirmation, for every one patient with a laboratory confirmed infection.
The role of cell lineage in the development of neuronal circuitry and function.

Abstract Complex nervous systems have a modular architecture, whereby reiterative groups of neurons (“modules”) that share certain structural and functional properties are integrated into large neural circuits. Neurons develop from proliferating progenitor cells that, based on their location and time of appearance, are defined by certain genetic programs. Given that genes expressed by a given progenitor play a fundamental role in determining the properties of its lineage (i.e., the neurons descended from that progenitor), one efficient developmental strategy would be to have lineages give rise to the structural modules of the mature nervous system. It is clear that this strategy plays an important role in neural development of many invertebrate animals, notably insects, where the availability of genetic techniques has made it possible to analyze the precise relationship between neuronal origin and differentiation since several decades. Similar techniques, developed more recently in the vertebrate field, reveal that functional modules of the mammalian cerebral cortex are also likely products of developmentally defined lineages. We will review studies that relate cell lineage to circuitry and function from a comparative developmental perspective, aiming at enhancing our understanding of neural progenitors and their lineages, and translating findings acquired in different model systems into a common conceptual framework.
Childhood Maltreatment and Repeat Offending in Juvenile Delinquents: A Propensity Score Matched-Control Study:

Juvenile recidivism is a serious public health concern. Using statewide administrative data, this study examined the independent predictive value of childhood maltreatment on repeat offending and c...
Modeling and Forecasting Long-Term Records of Mean Sea Level at Grand Isle, Louisiana: SARIMA, NARNN, and Mixed SARIMA-NARNN Models

This study tried to demonstrate the role of time series models in modeling and forecasting process using long-term records of monthly mean sea level from January 1978 to October 2020 at Grand Isle, Louisiana. Following the Box–Jenkins methodology, the ARIMA(1,1,1)(2,0,0)12 with drift model was selected to be the best fit model for the time series, according to its lowest AIC value. Using the LM algorithm, the results revealed that the NARNN model with 9 neurons in the hidden layer and 6 time delays provided the best performance in the nonlinear autoregressive neural network models at its smaller MSE value. The Mixed model, a combination of the SARIMA and NARNN models has both linear and nonlinear modelling capabilities can be a better choice for modelling the time series. The comparative results revealed that the Mixed-LM model with 9 neurons in the hidden layer and 3 time delays yielded higher accuracy than the NARNN-LM model with 9 neurons in the hidden layer and 6 time delays, and the ARIMA(1,1,1)(2,0,0)12 with drift model, according to its lowest MSE in this study. Thus, this study may provide an integrated modelling approach as a decision-making supportive method for formulating local mean sea level forecast in advance. Understanding past sea level is important for the analysis of current and future sea level changes. In order to sustain these observations, research programs utilizing the resulting data should be able to improve significantly our understanding and narrow projections of future sea level rise and variability.
Purulent pericarditis

Purulent pericarditis represents a subset of pericardial disease usually due to a non-viral infectious agent. The presentation is often acute, with rapid progression to tam-ponade unless a drainage procedure is performed. Although several infectious agents account for the majority of infections, the differential diagnosis is broad. Often, patients with more exotic infectious causes have risk factors for these agents that can be identified by careful history-taking. Distinguishing a bacteremic source from infec-tion acquired by contiguous spread is particularly important. Although most infections spread contiguously are a complication of recent surgery or nearby pneumonia and are, therefore, apparent to the physician, others may be less obvious. For example, head and neck space infections may track to the retropharyngeal space and, from there, posteriorly to the so-called "danger" space, which connects inferiorly to the mediasti-num and the pericardium. Failing to identify this source of tracking infection may lead to inadequate drainage as well as inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy. In acute cases, needle drainage with appropriate staining and culturing of the fluid is adequate for diagnosis and initial management of the complications of fluid collection in the closed space of the pericardial sac. Pericardial biopsy may be the sole method of iden-tifying an etiologic agent, particularly in chronic cases in which granulomatous dis-ease is more commonly seen. In select cases, pericardial window or pericardiectomy procedures are needed to limit complications of reaccumulation of fluid.
Absence of degenerative changes in retinal and uveal capillary pericytes in diabetic rats

Ultrastructural morphometric techniques were used to quantify pericyte degeneration in retinal and uveal capillaries of streptozotocin-diabetic rats in order to assess the suitability of this small rodent model of diabetes for studies of the pathogenesis of microvascular eye disease in diabetic humans. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were killed by intraaortic perfusion of fixative 6 and 9 mos after induction of diabetes with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. No differences were evident between diabetics and age-matched controls in capillary circumference, numbers of endothelial cells per capillary, and capillary cytoplasmic area of retinal, choroidal, and iridial vessels. Capillary basement membrane width and the percentage of the capillary circumference covered by pericytes were increased in retinas of diabetic vs age-matched control rats after 9 mos of diabetes (P less than 0.05), but no differences were evident in the number of pericyte processes per capillary and the percentage of vessels with pericyte nuclei. No differences in pericyte distributions were observed between control and diabetic rats in the choriocapillaris and iris after 9 mos of diabetes. These findings indicate that retinal capillary basement membrane thickening precedes any evidence of pericyte degenerative changes and suggest that pericyte degeneration analogous to that associated with human diabetic microangiopathy does not occur in this experimental animal model.
Red wood ants in North America

Red wood ants of the Formica rufa group are present in many conifer and mixedconifer forests of northern Europe and Asia. These six species are part of the Formica s. str. subgenus, and build large above-ground organic mounds. In contrast, the taxonomic usage of the F. rufa group in North America seems to have a much broader meaning than in Europe and Asia. Twenty-four species and subspecies are placed in the North American F. rufa group, but only a few build large mounds. Our survey of the literature indicates that very little is known on the abundance and distribution of North American red wood ants, under what forest conditions they are found, and what role they may have in forest ecosystems. Environmental conditions (temperature, moisture), disturbances (fire, human), predation, and competition with other ant species are all possible factors that may explain why red wood ants predominate in many Eurasian but not in North American forests. Detailed studies on the distribution and ecology of red wood ants in North America are needed, especially the interaction and possible competition from carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) in limiting their distribution. Finally, studies on the taxonomic relationships of the North American F. rufa group to the Eurasian Formica s. str. subgenus are needed to help understand the origin and development of red wood ants in North America.
Activation of a Mutationally Altered Form of the Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase by Zinc

Abstract An alkaline phosphatase-negative mutant of Escherichia coli has been found to synthesize a cross-reacting material that is deficient in zinc. Addition of zinc ions to the purified inactive protein leads to enzyme with activity that is 20% that of wild type enzyme. Activation consists of the binding of metal to the dimer form of this protein and is accompanied by changes in the spectral properties of the enzyme. Phosphate ions greatly stimulate this activation and, in growing cultures of a constitutive strain of this mutant, are shown to suppress the phenotypic expression of the structural gene mutation.
Analysis of a Study of the Users, Uses, and Future Agenda of the UMLS

Abstract Objectives The UMLS constitutes the largest existing collection of medical terms. However, little has been published about the users and uses of the UMLS. This study sheds light on these issues. Design We designed a questionnaire consisting of 26 questions and distributed it to the UMLS user mailing list. Participants were assured complete confidentiality of their replies. To further encourage list members to respond, we promised to provide them with early results prior to publication. Sector analysis of the responses, according to employment organizations is used to obtain insights into some responses. Results We received 70 responses. The study confirms two intended uses of the UMLS: access to source terminologies (75%), and mapping among them (44%). However, most access is just to a few sources, led by SNOMED, MeSH, and ICD. Out of 119 reported purposes of use, terminology research (37), information retrieval (19), and terminology translation (14) lead. Four important observations are that the UMLS is widely used as a terminology (77%), even though it was not designed as one; many users (73%) want the NLM to mark concepts with multiple parents in an indented hierarchy and to derive a terminology from the UMLS (73%). Finally, auditing the UMLS is a top budget priority (35%) for users. Conclusions The study reports many uses of the UMLS in a variety of subjects from terminology research to decision support and phenotyping. The study confirms that the UMLS is used to access its source terminologies and to map among them. Two primary concerns of the existing user base are auditing the UMLS and the design of a UMLS-based derived terminology.
Studies of the Electron Transport Chain of Extremely Halophilic Bacteria: VII. SOLUBILIZATION PROPERTIES OF MENADIONE REDUCTASE

Abstract When NaCl concentration was lowered, membrane vesicle-bound menadione reductase of Halobacterium cutirubrum showed 6- to 7-fold increased activity. The enzyme with this increased activity was initially found in a transient, membrane-bound form, followed by release from the membranes. Several detergents caused solubilization and a similar increase in enzyme activity, but sodium dodecyl sulfate, which increased activity, gave only limited solubilization. Unlike mitochondrial DPNH dehydrogenase, the halophilic system showed only minor changes in substrate affinity upon these treatments. Conditions that resulted in highly active, membrane-bound enzyme also released trapped horseradish peroxidase, which had been added as a marker of the interior of these vesicles. These results suggest that menadione reductase is attached to the interior surface of the vesicles and becomes accessible to the substrates upon the breakage of the vesicles during the course of solubilization. Half of the menadione reductase content of the vesicles was released into the supernatant in 1 m NaCl but was still attached to large membrane fragments. As NaCl concentration was further lowered the enzyme in this fraction was detached and could be eluted from an Agarose column in a position corresponding to 36,000 molecular weight. In addition, at NaCl concentrations lower than 1 m, large membrane fragments containing the second portion of the enzyme were released. Tween 80 solubilized half of the total enzyme in the vesicles; the solubilized enzyme was eluted at 48,000 molecular weight, which probably corresponds to a protein-detergent complex. The sequential action of lowered NaCl concentration and Tween 80 resulted in the recovery of all the enzyme in this low molecular weight fraction.
X-ray variability of the O star ζ Puppis

X-ray surveys carried out with the Einstein Observatory (Chlebowski et al. 1989) and ROSAT (Berghofer et al. 1996) have shown that all O stars are soft X-ray emitters. Since O star winds are opaque at soft X-ray energies the stars or their photospheres cannot be the origin of the observed X-ray emission, thus, this emission must be produced in their stellar winds. Obviously, the X-ray emission is connected to dynamical processes present in the winds of O stars; steady-state computations for O star winds which are able to explain many of the observational features cannot predict any X-ray emission. Lucy & White (1980) suggested the presence of hot gas in the stellar winds which is produced in shocks developing from the growth of instabilities in the winds; supersonic wind flows in O stars are known to be intrinsically unstable. Numerical simulations confirmed this scenario. However, so far these simulations are limited to one or two dimensions and are not able to explain for instance the observed X-ray luminosity of O stars.
Concrete Reasonableness: Cooperation Between Reason and Instinct

Peirce was not a “one-idea’d” philosopher. He is most famous for his development of the idea of pragmatism, but this was one idea among many for Peirce. As Peirce continues to become more widely known, the recognition grows that he had original and incisive things to say on almost all of the most interesting philosophical questions. In this chapter we will see Pcircc at his best, making many creative suggestions which bear upon most difficult questions. First we will discuss the basic role which our primitive instincts play in the reasoning process, particularly as our instinct guides the abductive process. Then we will try to show where instinct should be trusted and where it should not be trusted, by way of balancing the emphasis which Peirce places on instinct.
Quantitative size measurement of features viewed through a video endoscope

ABSTRACT Quantitative size measurements of gastrointestinal tract lesions (i.e., ulcers and polyps) viewed during endoscopy are helpful inassessing the rate of healing or growth. We report a novel technique for quantitatively measuring the two-dimensional size of afeature viewed remotely via a video imager. Our instrument's small size makes it a suitable candidate for use in endoscopes.Currently, the only way to judge the size of a feature viewed during an endoscopic examination is the "open forceps" techniquein which an object of known dimensions is placed alongside the lesion of interest. We propose a different technique for image-size measurement, whose implementation is less cumbersome. Computing the size of a feature displayed on a two-dimensionalvideo monitor necessitates measuring the distance between the imager and the surface under observation because an undistortedvideo image preserves the angular content of a scene. We have developed a prototype ranging system that exploits the tendencyoflight emerging from the tip of an optical fiber to diverge. Our device uses two fibers with different divergence characteristics.The separation between the imaging sensor and the viewed surface is determined by inspecting the relative sizes ofthe spots castby each of the fibers. Our device, which measures distances between 2 and 8 cm, is sufficiently small to be accommodated in anendoscope's accessory channel.
Rent-seeking with multiple winners

This paper examines the impact of the number of winners allowed by regulators on rentseeking expenditures. It is demonstrated in a widely used model that an increase in the number of winners will decrease total rent-seeking expenditures. This result is generally obtained regardless of whether the firms are risk-averse or risk-lovers. When regulators award coveted market franchises, there will be smaller welfare losses if more winners are allowed.
Learning associated increase in heat shock cognate 70 mRNA and protein expression.

The Morris water maze is a task widely used to investigate cellular and molecular changes associated with spatial learning and memory. This task has both spatial and aversive (swimming related stress) components. It is possible that stress may influence cellular modifications observed after learning the Morris water maze spatial task. Heat shock proteins, also known as stress proteins, are up-regulated in response to thermal stress, trauma, or environmental insults. In the rat hippocampus, psychophysiological stress increases the levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSC70). In this study, we investigated whether the expression of the hsc70 gene is modulated in the hippocampus during learning of the Morris water maze task. Five groups of rats were trained in the Morris water maze task for varying amounts of time (either 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days). Training consisted of 10 trials/day in which the animals were given 60 s to find a submerged platform. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after their last training trial. Results showed a significant increase in hsc70 mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampal formation after two and three days of training, respectively. The increase in mRNA and protein was associated with learning but not stress because the increase was not observed in the yoked control animals. These findings suggest that cellular and molecular changes can occur independent of stress. Moreover, the results are the first to implicate hsc70 expression in spatial learning.
Longevity in spontaneously hypertensive mice.

Abstract Longevity was investigated in three lines of mice with genetically selected differences in systolic blood pressure. Lifespan was shortest in the line with elevated blood pressure and significantly longer in the normotensive and hypotensive lines. In unmated animals this difference in lifespan between the low blood pressure line and high blood pressure line was 200–300 days. The difference in the bred mice was somewhat less but was confounded by differences in reproductive capacity.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an Organic-Polyoxometalate (POM) Hybrid Compound Containing a Keggin Type Mo–Si Polyanion

Complex (1), which is comprised of a typical Keggin type anion, four protonated 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AmTAZ) ligands, one nitrate anion and an area of disordered unidentifiable species was synthesized via hydrothermal methods followed by slow evaporation. The structure is held together through a web of hydrogen bonding and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions of a = 13.789(3) b = 15.551(3) c = 24.401(7) A, β = 93.898(8)°, V = 5220(2) A3 Z = 4, D = 2.896 Mg/m3. The organic-polyoxometalate (POM) hybrid compound (1) was synthesized via slow evaporation of a hydrothermal reaction product using NaMoO4·2H2O, MnCO3 and 3-amino-1,2,3-triazole (AmTAZ) as precursors. The molecular unit cell of the POM hybrid compound contains AmTAZ, water, nitrate and Keggin type anions (1). POM clusters of the Keggin type anion are shown as polyhedra. AmTAZ acts as the cation in this complex to charge balance the polyanionic clusters.
Complex Spatial Skills: The Link Between Visualization and Creativity

To determine if there is a correlation between spatial skills and creativity in interior design students, participants took a visualization assessment and created 33 individual projects. A percentage score for spatial skills was calculated based on the number of correct answers on the visualization assessment. Eleven judges assessed the projects using subjective ratings on 3 dimensions of judgment (appropriateness, creativity, and novelty) based on the Consensual Technique for Creativity Assessment. Interjudge reliabilities exceeded the established criterion level on all three dimensions. Although Pearson product–moment correlation found no significant correlation between visualization and creativity, intercorrelations among the dimensions indicated a high degree of association between the variables, with appropriateness and novelty both significantly correlated with creative potential.
A reanalysis of the stanton et al. pleural sarcoma data

An analysis of the Stanton et al. (1981, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67, 965–975) data reconfirms number of index particles as the primary dimensional predictor of tumor incidence. Fitting separate intercepts and/or slopes to each mineral type results in substantial significant improvement in fit, indicating the importance of mineral type. This contrasts with the “Stanton hypothesis,” which states that dimensional properties alone determine carcinogenesis. Log mean aspect ratio is not as good a predictor of tumor incidence as the number of index particles; among those samples that did not have index particles, log mean aspect ratio is not a significant predictor of tumor incidence.
Comparison of the detection limits of microcalorimeters

Abstract Different calorimetric methods are compared with regard to the minimum detectable total heat effect that can be measured. This heat effect is shown to be dependent on: (a) the peak-to-peak uncertainty in the primary measurement which should be expressed in either degrees Kelvin or watts depending on whether the primary measurement is of temperature or power, (b) the time constant of the calorimeter system, and (c) the total energy equivalent of the reaction vessel and contents if the primary measurement is temperature.
Long-term effectiveness of a peer-based intervention to promote condom and contraceptive use among HIV-positive and at-risk women.

Objective.The authors used data from a larger study to evaluate the long-term effects of a peer advocate intervention on condom and contraceptive use among HIV-infected women and women at high risk...
Hardware Architecture for Video Authentication Using Sensor Pattern Noise

Digital camera identification can be accomplished based on sensor pattern noise, which is unique to a device, and serves as a distinct identification fingerprint. Camera identification and authentication have formed the basis of image/video forensics in legal proceedings. Unfortunately, real-time video source identification is a computationally heavy task, and does not scale well to conventional software implementations on typical embedded devices. In this paper, we propose a hardware architecture for source identification in networked cameras. The underlying algorithms, an orthogonal forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform and minimum mean square error-based estimation, have been optimized for 2-D frame sequences in terms of area and throughput performance. We exploit parallelism, pipelining, and hardware reuse techniques to minimize hardware resource utilization and increase the achievable throughput of the design. A prototype implementation on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA device was optimized with a resulting throughput of 167 MB/s, processing 30 640 × 480 video frames in 0.17 s.
Wideband synthetic aperture beamforming for through-the-wall imaging [Lecture Notes]

Through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) and sensing is emerging as an important area of research and development. A TWRI system provides enhanced situational awareness in operational environments for a variety of civilian and military applications. In particular, a TWRI system facilitates realtime information gathering and intelligent decision-making about the contents of the indoor scene. Compared to other radar applications, TWRI faces unique challenges due to signal propagation through walls. The composition and thickness of the wall, its dielectric constant, and the angle of incidence affect the strength and characteristics of the propagating signal. The change in propagation speed and wave refraction must be taken into account for effective and accurate imaging. In this article, we present a synthetic aperture beamforming approach that uses ray perturbation theory to account for the effects of transmission through a single uniform wall.
First-principles calculation of the elastic moduli of Ni3Al

We have computed the elastic constants for ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al in the L${1}_{2}$ structure using the full-potential, total-energy linearized augmented-plane-wave method. The results compare extremely well with accepted experimental values.
Charge switch derivatization of phosphopeptides for enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry detection.

We report an aqueous one-pot reaction chemistry to derivatize phosphopeptides by switching the negatively charged phosphate group to a positively charged phosphonium or ammonium moiety. The phosphonium or ammonium tagged peptides then serve as peptide or protein phosphorylation signatures allowing extended and more sensitive analyses using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and mass spectrometry. Keywords: phosphopeptides • charge switching • β-elimination • Michael addition • phosphonium or ammonium tagged peptides • surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) • mass spectrometry
Effects of repeated electroconvulsive shock on serotonin1A receptor binding and receptor-mediated hypothermia in the rat.

Abstract Chronic treatment with electroconvulsive shock or antidepressant drugs has been reported to attenuate the hypothermia induced by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propyl)aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a serotonin1A receptor agonist. In the present study, the binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT to serotonin1A receptors was assessed after treatment of rats with electroconvulsive shock. The effect of electroconvulsive shock on 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia also was evaluated. Male rats were handled or received electroconvulsive shock for either 1 or 10 days and were killed 2 days later. Ten days of electroconvulsive shock decreased β-adrenergic receptor binding in the cerebral cortex, as previously reported. However, the binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT to serotonin1A receptors in the cortex or hippocampus was not affected by repeated electroconvulsive shock. In the hypothalamus, 10 days (but not 1 day) of electroconvulsive shock significantly decreased the binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT. In addition, 10 days of electroconvulsive shock resulted in an attenuation of the hypothermie response to 8-OH-DPAT, when compared to the response in handled controls. The electroconvulsive shock-induced suppression of the hypothermie response to 8-OH-DPAT was no longer evident 2 weeks after the last of 10 daily treatments. A single shock did not affect the hypothermic response to 8-OH-DPAT. The electroconvulsive shock-induced decrease in the binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT in the hypothalamus may be related tot the electroconvulsive shock-induced attenuation of the hypothermie response to 8-OH-DPAT.
Simplified calculation of the area specific impedance for battery design

Abstract Battery design is a critical aspect of material and system development that leads to the commercialization of effective electrochemical energy storage systems. Successful modeling of battery designs relies upon accurate calculation of the area specific impedance (ASI). A simplified calculation of the ASI is presented that accounts for physical limitations without performing computationally expensive calculations. The limiting currents for transport within the electrolyte and within the intercalation materials are implemented into a linear form of the Butler–Volmer equation to calculate the interfacial impedance. Lithium-ion batteries are then designed to examine the effect of power to energy ratio on battery dimensions. A large ASI is shown to be detrimental to battery design regardless if the increase in impedance results from mass transport limitations or a reduction in electrochemical active area due to small electrode loadings. The smaller electrochemical active area does not increase the voltage losses of a battery when a constant C-rate is maintained. However, the higher ASI values from low electrode loadings require a larger separator and current collector area resulting in a greater battery volume and weight to achieve similar energy and power requirements when compared to a system with a lower ASI.
The phylogenetic relationships of the early catarrhine primates: a review of the current evidence

This paper presents a review of the evolutionary relationships of the early catarrhine primates. The first stage of the analysis involves the reconstruction of the inferred ancestral morphotypes of the major groups of extant anthropoids. The introduction of the fossil taxa into the phylogenetic scheme represents the second and final stage of the analysis. The results of this cladistic analysis suggests that: (1) the parapithecids are a specialized group of basal anthropoids, (2) Oligopithecus savagei may represent the earliest recognizable catarrhine, (3) Propliopithecus (= Aegvptopithecus) and Pliopithecus apparently represent the successive sister taxa to the modern catarrhines, (4) Dendropithecus and Proconsul are best regarded as basal catarrhines of modern aspect, and (5) Victoriapithecus is a primitive cercopithecoid monkey which represents the siter taxon of the extant Old World monkeys.
Isotypes of surface immunoglobulin on B lymphocytes from patients with immune deficiency.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with antibody deficiency diseases (primarily agammaglobulinemia) were examined for the presence of B-lymphocyte subsets defined by surface immunoglobulin isotypes. The patients could be classified into one of four groups based upon the presence or absence of particular isotype-defined subsets. Patients with type I agammaglobulinemia lacked cells bearing surface IgG as well as IgD− Igm+-bearing cells. Type II agammaglobulinemia had unusually large numbers of IgG-bearing cells, representing as many as 50% of the peripheral blood B lymphocytes, while other B-cell subsets were present in normal numbers. Type III agammaglobulinemia had apparently normal numbers of all B-cell subsets. Hyper IgM immunodeficiency lacked cells bearing surface IgG, but did have all three IgD/IgM-bearing B-cell subsets. This classification of patients based upon B-cell subsets present in peripheral blood directly correlates with previous functional studies of B cells from these patients. We suggest that abnormalin vitro function of cells from these patients results from abnormal populations of B cells in peripheral blood, which result from the underlying disease.
1. Segmentation of the spoken word and reading acquisition

The purpose of this study was to determine how well children can identify the number of phonemic segments in spoken words and how this compares with their ability to deal similarly with syllables. The subjects were 46 preschoolers, 49 kindergarteners, and 40 first graders. Alphabetized class registers were used at each grade level to divide the children into two experimental groups, one assigned to phoneme segmentation and the other to syllable segmentation. The subjects were required to repeat a word or sound spoken by the examiner and to indicate, by tapping a wooden dowel on the table, the number of the segments (phonemes in one group, syllables in the other) in the stimulus items. The test trials consisted of 42 randomly assorted individual items of one, two, or three segments which were presented without prior demonstration and corrected, as needed, immediately after the child's response. Testing was continued through all 42 items or until the child reached the criterion of tapping six consecutive trials correctly without demonstration. The results indicated that the test items were more readily segmented into syllables than into phonemes. Ability to perform phoneme segmentation did not appear until age 5, and then only in 17 percent of the subjects. (WR) U S DERARTrAE NT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUGATIoN T.. 06, 4,iNt h wf PIM a h.. 6. , :JO 010, Nit Pldf N' ,I SEGMENTATION OF THE SPOKEN WORD AND READING ACQUISITION Isabelle Y. Liberman
Vanadium bromoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Vanadium bromoperoxidase isolated from marine algae has been shown to catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide: (1) thiocyante was found to inhibit promide peroxidation through preferential oxidation of thiocyanate over bromide; (2) oxidized thiocyanate generated by the VBrPO/NCS − /H 2 O 2 system oxidizes 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid to 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); (3) VBrPO catalyzes the thiocyanation of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene and 1,2-dimethyllindole to 1-thiocyanato-2.4,6-trimethoxybenzene and 1,2-dimethyl-3-thiocyanato-indole, respectively; and (4) the 13 C NMR of the oxidation of KS 13 CN by H 2 O 2 catalyzed by VBrPO shows the formation of several oxidized thiocyanate species, including the putative dithiocyanate ether, which is unstable, hypothiocyanate, thiooxime, as well as bicarbonate.
Boundary element implicit differentiation equations for design sensitivities of axisymmetric structures

Abstract Design sensitivity analysis of axisymmetric elastic media is formulated using boundary elements. The kernels for sensitivity matrices are obtained through implicit differentiation of the corresponding boundary element elasticity kernels. The singular terms are obtained by applying the boundary displacements and tractions, and their respective sensitivities for the rigid body motion mode and the inflation mode. The equations for the recovery of sensitivities of axisymmetric boundary stresses are presented. As a check on accuracy, the approach is applied to a series of examples for which analytical elasticity solutions are available. The predictions for both displacement- and stress-sensitivities are accurate. Additional examples are provided to demonstrate the versatility of the present approach.
Esterification of cholesterol by rat adrenal gland homogenates and subcellular components.

Abstract This study demonstrates that the rat adrenal contains two enzymes that esterify cholesterol: one present principally in the mitochondria-rich fraction, the other most active in the microsome-rich fraction. The enzyme in the microsome-rich fraction had an optimum activity at pH 6.6 and required the addition of ATP, CoA, Mg 2+ and GSH for its activity. The enzyme in the mitochondria-rich fraction had an optimum activity at pH 5.0 and did not require the addition of these cofactors, but required cell sap or a lipid extract of cell sap for its activity. At least one of the ways in which cell sap exerted this stimulatory effect was by providing both free cholesterol and the fatty acid for the esterification. Both triolein and oleic acid served as the source of fatty acid for the esterification by the enzyme associated with the mitochondria-rich fraction, but the triolein was apparently hydrolyzed to free fatty acids before incorporation into the esters. Neither 2,4-dinitrophenol nor sodium arsenate inhibited the esterification, thereby suggesting that ATP was not involved in the activation of fatty acids before the esterification of cholesterol by that fraction of the rat adrenal gland.
Using meteoric 10Be to track fluvial sand through the Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand

We use meteoric 10 Be measured in 24 fluvial sand samples collected along the mainstem and from prominent tributaries within the tectonically active Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand, to identify sediment sources and monitor the mixing of sediment as it travels from headwater basins to the sea. Deforestation for agriculture beginning in the early 1900s resulted in severe, but nonuniformly distributed erosion. Tributaries in the northern headwaters, where large amphitheater gullies that continually feed prodigious amounts of deeply sourced sediment to the mainstem are prevalent, yield exceptionally low concentrations of meteoric 10 Be (∼1.5 × 10 6 atoms g −1 ). In the more stable eastern and western tributaries, concentrations of meteoric 10 Be are nearly an order of magnitude greater (∼14 × 10 6 atoms g −1 ). Meteoric 10 Be concentrations in samples collected along the mainstem above and below tributary confluences steadily and regularly increase downstream (R 2 = 0.92) as large amounts of low-concentration gully-derived sediments are augmented with higher concentration sediment from more stable tributaries, providing strong evidence that meteoric 10 Be concentrations reflect sediment sourcing in this fluvial network. A two-component mixing model indicates that the gullied northern region of the Waipaoa basin produces sediment at a rate ∼20 times that of the eastern and western regions. These results suggest that meteoric 10 Be, in contrast to the widely applied in situ technique that is limited by the availability and distribution of quartz, is an effective tool for the rapid assessment of sediment dynamics and movement within a wide range of fluvial networks.
Inherited peripheral neuropathies in dogs and cats.

Inherited peripheral neuropathies in dogs and cats have rarely been documented, and the mode of inheritance often can only be speculated. Furthermore, the specific genetic defect has not been identified for any inherited peripheral neuropathy in dogs and cats. With recent advances in diagnostic and molecular techniques and clinical experience, however, newly and previously documented disorders are more readily recognized and diagnosed. These neuropathies can affect autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor fibers alone or in combination. Inherited peripheral neuropathies are classified as motor and sensory (mixed) neuropathies, primary sensory neuropathies, and neuropathies related to inborn errors of metabolism, including storage disorders. Pathologic studies further subdivide mixed and primary sensory neuropathies into those that affect the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as in central-peripheral distal axonopathy and those limited to the PNS. The latter are further subdivided into myelinopathies or axonopathies. Axonal degeneration results from disease within the neuronal cell body or of the axon itself. Primary segmental demyelination is caused by disease of the Schwann cell or myelin sheath. Repeated processes of demyelination and remyelination also occur in some diseases. Accurate diagnosis is first based on pattern recognition of the disorder and then on a more complex series of diagnostic steps, which are covered in detail elsewhere (1-4). Proper neuroanatomic localization is crucial to the direction of the diagnostic approach (2). The diagnosis can be challenging, because the clinical presentation can mimic many of the acquired
On stability in terms of two measures of a hybrid system having partly invisible solutions

Abstract We consider three different dynamic systems. The first runs “smoothly” during a certain finite time interval, undergoes an abrupt change in the dynamics during the next (finite) time interval and is governed by the second system. The solution of this second system lies on a surface for a finite amount of time and becomes invisible. At the beginning of the third phase, the system is subjected to an impulse which causes the solution to leave the surface and we have the new hybrid impulsive system. In this paper, we employ two measures to find suitable conditions so that the new system again runs as smoothly as the first.
Safe Thinking and Affect Regulation (STAR): human immunodeficiency virus prevention in alternative/therapeutic schools.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Safe Thinking and Affect Regulation (STAR), a 14-session HIV-prevention program for adolescents at alternative/therapeutic schools. Because these youth frequently have difficulties with emotions and cognitions, it was designed to improve sexuality-specific affect management and cognitive monitoring, as well as HIV-related knowledge and attitudes. It was hypothesized that STAR would lead to a decrease in sexual risk and improved HIV knowledge and attitudes. Method Fourteen schools were randomly assigned by year either to the STAR intervention or a brief educational program. Schools received the alternate intervention the following year. A total of 185 adolescents in 29 cohorts (groups) participated in the interventions. Assessment of sexual behavior, knowledge and attitudes with audio computer-assisted self-interviews occurred at 3, 6, and 9 months post intervention. Results Hierarchical linear model (HLM) analyses found that adolescents in the STAR intervention reported a significantly greater decrease ( p Conclusions This STAR intervention for youth in alternative schools was associated with decreased sexual risk for 6 months after the intervention. These data suggest that intervention strategies that target cognitions and affect within a sexual context might be usefully applied to improving sexual behavior but may need to be reinforced over time. Clinical trial registration information—HIV, Abuse, and Psychiatric Disorders Among Youth; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00603369.
Maternal variations in stress reactivity: Implications for harsh parenting practices with very young children

Although a wide array of variables has been found to predict harsh parenting, less is known about the linkages among these variables. It is suggested here that stress reactivity, as reflected in cortisol changes, is an important mediating variable. In a high-risk population, mothers (N = 60) with low perceived power (as measured by the Parent Attribution Test; D. B. Bugental, J. B. Blue, & M. Cruzcosa, 1989), were highly reactive to infants and toddlers with a difficult temperament pattern. In response to such children, they (a) manifested high cortisol reactivity and (b) reported greater use of harsh control practices (e.g., spanking). Cortisol reactivity was found to mediate the observed relationship between the predictor variable (the interaction between maternal "powerlessness" and the child's temperament) and parental harshness. These findings have clinical implications for the ways in which parental empowerment (via early interventions) can serve to reduce stress and thus the negative outcomes at-risk children may experience.
Scheduling and Queue Management for Multi-class Traffic in Access Router of Mobility Protocol

The traffic characteristics in recent years have changed considerably having more video and audio traffic with critical real-time constraints. This situation is compounded by the increased number of mobile nodes communicating over Internet. Due to such high data traffic, the access routers are often overloaded with packets with different priority. The access routers have to act quickly enough to avoid loss of connection of mobile nodes' ongoing communication. However, there is a lack of analytical models that focus on the internal queue management access router of IP-mobility protocols. In this paper, we have developed an analytical model using multi-class non-preemptive priority queues to measure average queuing delay, queue occupancy, and packet drop probability for different classes of data and signaling traffic in the access router. We present numerical results that reflects the impact of node density, service rate and traffic pattern on these measures. The analytical framework presented in this paper will be helpful to better manage access routers with different classes of data and signaling traffic causing least queuing delay and packet loss.