cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF TRYPTOPHAN BIOSYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Two types of mutation within the anthranilate synthetase gene affect the capacity of Escherichia coli K12 to regulate the rate of tryptophan synthetase formation. The first category consists of certain anthranilate-responding auxotrophs in which a pleiotropic mutational lesion strongly interferes with the capacity of the cell to de-repress when grown on limiting supplement. The second category ( MT R )‡ includes mutants which are able to grow at high concentrations of 5-methyltryptophan. These mutants de-repress normally, but cannot be repressed in the presence of usually effective levels of L -tryptophan. Mutations of the MT R type arise directly in wild type E. coli as well as concomitantly with reversion of regulatory anthranilate auxotrophs to tryptophan independence. MT R mutations at the anthranilate locus display decreased sensitivity to feedback inhibition, suggesting that repression of tryptophan biosynthesis may be mechanistically connected to feedback inhibition. In heterogenotes, regulatory anthranilate alleles are recessive in trans position to wild type in terms of ability to grow in the absence of supplement. However, these mutant alleles appear to be cis dominant. The MT R mutation is dominant over both the wild type and auxotrophic alleles; diploids bearing an MT R allele grow well at levels of 5-methyltryptophan sufficient to inhibit wild type cells, even when an essential function must be carried out by a gene in cis position to an MT s allele.
Distinguishing graphs with zeta functions and generalized spectra

Abstract Conjecturally, almost all graphs are determined by their spectra. This problem has also been studied for variants such as the spectra of the Laplacian and signless Laplacian. Here we consider the problem of determining graphs with Ihara and Bartholdi zeta functions, which are also computable in polynomial time. These zeta functions are geometrically motivated, but can be viewed as certain generalizations of characteristic polynomials. After discussing some graph properties determined by zeta functions, we show that large classes of cospectral graphs can be distinguished with zeta functions and enumerate graphs distinguished by zeta functions on ≤11 vertices. This leads us to conjecture that almost all graphs which are not determined by their spectrum are determined by zeta functions. Along the way, we make some observations about the usual types of spectra and disprove a conjecture of Setyadi and Storm about Ihara zeta functions determining degree sequences.
Cytopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma

There are many reports of sclerosing hemangioma from the perspective of its histopathologic features, but its cytopathologic characteristics are less well known. In this report we present the case of a patient in which the cytologic features firmly established a definitive diagnosis; surgical intervention was warranted only after the lesion had grown over the course of 7 yr of close observation. The cytologic diagnosis requires the identification of a dual cell population. Both populations of tumor cell nuclei are immunoreactive for thyroid transcription factor-1, but caution is warranted because this marker may be present in other tumors. Recognition of its distinctive cytologic features can lead to proper diagnosis and conservative management.
Calcium antagonists as radiation modifiers: Site specificity in relation to tumor response pauline

Abstract The calcium antagonists, verapamil, nifedipine, and flunarizine, were studied for their effects on blood flow and radiation response in SCCVII/St intradermal back tumors, over a dose range of 0.05–50 mg/kg. Verapamil, at low doses, increased tumor blood flow, as measured by relative fluorescence intensity of Ho33342 stain, and increased tumor radiosensitivity. However, at doses of 20 mg/kg and above, verapamil reduced Ho33342 fluorescence intensity, and increased tumor radioresistance. Nifedipine reduced tumor radiosensitivity and Ho33342 fluorescence intensity at doses above 1 mg/kg, but below this dose increased Ho33342 intensity was observed and a small radiosensitization was apparent. Flunarizine sensitized tumors to X rays at all doses tested, although increased Ho33342 intensity was seen only at 5 mg/kg. The relative affinities of these compounds for different sites within the host may explain the variations in blood flow and radiation sensitivity in this tumor system.
Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on in vitro energy substrate metabolism in mouse and rat testis

In this in vitro radiorespirometric study, the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on glucose and fructose metabolism in the rat and mouse testes were compared. In the rat testis, THC caused a dose-dependent decrease of 15, 18, 20 and 25% in glucose metabolism with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mM concentrations. Similarly, a 39% inhibition in fructose metabolism was observed when rat testes were exposed to 0.3 mM THC. The comparative studies with mouse testis indicated that 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mM THC produced a 4, 12 and 30% decrease in glucose utilization where as a much greater decrease of 13, 30 and 41% in fructose utilization was observed with the same doses of THC. On the basis of these observations in these two animal models, it is concluded that THC has the ability to inhibit energy substrates utilization in the rat and mouse testis. This inhibition of cellular energetics may, in part, be responsible for most of the gonadal effects of THC.
Leaf choices of nest-building crab spiders (Misumena vatia)

Crab spiders (Misumena vatia, Thomisidae) selected leaves of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) over those of spreading dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium), pasture rose (Rosa carolina), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) as nest-sites in pairwise experiments among these four substrates. Nesting success was higher on milkweed than on the other three plant species. Early survival of the clutches was thus correlated with the preferences exhibited by their mothers. The major source of nest failure was parasitization by the ichneumonid wasp, Trychosis cyperia, which accounted for over 50 per cent of the nest losses.
Shear layers in a rotating fluid

A homogeneous fluid of viscosity v is confined between two co-axial disks (vertical separation H) which rotate relative to a rotating system (angular velocity Ω). The resulting velocity field is studied for values of the parameter v/2ΩH2 in the range 1·6 × 10−2 to 1·8 × 10−3. The Rossby number, defined as the ratio of the relative angular velocity of the disks to the angular velocity of the system, ranged from 0·038 to 0·0041. The dependence of the resulting velocity field (interior and boundary-layer flow) on geometrical parameters, imposed surface and bottom velocities, and Ω, is in good agreement with the calculations of Stewartson and Carrier. In particular, when the two disks rotate with the same angular velocity, the width of the vertical shear layer at the edge of the disks is found to be proportional to Ω−0·25±0·02. When the disks rotate in opposite senses, a shear layer in the vertical velocity is observed which transports fluid from one disk to the other and whose width is proportional to Ω−0·40±0·10. The magnitude and shape of the observed vertical velocity is in fair agreement with a numerical integration of the theoretical results.
PT symmetry in coherent atomic media

We demonstrate that four-level atomic media provide a versatile platform for realizing parity-time (PT) symmetric optical potentials. The peculiar propagation dynamics emerging from such arrangements are examined both below and above the PT threshold.
Developing wordless instructions: A case history

Wordless instructions can circumvent language barriers, both technical and international, but several cycles of testing and revising are necessary to ensure their effectiveness. These cycles are described as they occurred in developing unpacking and setup instructions for the IBM SELECTRIC® II typewriter marketed in Europe. The lessons learned are expressed in ten recommendations.
Cellular targeting in autoimmunity.

Many biologic agents that were first approved for the treatment of malignancies are now being actively investigated and used in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren’s syndrome. The relatively recent advance of selective immune targeting has significantly changed the management of autoimmune disorders and in part can be attributed to the progress made in understanding effector cell function and their signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss the recent FDA-approved biologic therapies that directly target immune cells as well as the most promising investigational drugs affecting immune cell function and signaling for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Ocean Science: The power of plankton

Do tiny floating microorganisms in the ocean's surface waters play a massive role in controlling the global climate?
Gelatinases impart susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice ☆

Gelatinases play a role in adipose and muscle hypertrophy and could be involved in tissue remodeling in response to high-fat diet (HFD) intake. This study tested potential roles of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinses-2 and -9 [MMP-2 and -9]) in relationship to an antigrowth factor [myostatin (MSTN)] known to be dysregulated in relation to HFD-induced obesity (HFDIO) propensity. In vitro and ex vivo analyses demonstrated that MMP-9 increased mature MSTN levels, indicating a potential role of gelatinases in MSTN activation in vivo. HFD intake resulted in increased body weight and circulating blood glucose values in C57BL/6J and MMP-9 null mice, with no changes observed in SWR/J mice. HFD intake attenuated MMP-9 and MMP-2 mRNA levels in SWR/J mice while elevating MMP-2 levels in skeletal muscle in C57BL/6J mice. In MMP-9 null mice, the effects of HFD intake were muted. Consistent with changes in mRNA levels, HFD intake increased MMP-9 activity in muscle tissue of C57BL/6J mice, demonstrating a strong relationship between HFDIO susceptibility and local MMP regulation. Overall, resistance to HFDIO appears to correspond to low MMP-9 and MSTN levels, suggesting a role of MMP-9 in MSTN activation in local tissue responses to HFD intake.
Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and management.

Narcolepsy is a disorder of impaired expression of wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. This manifests as excessive daytime sleepiness and expression of individual physiological correlates of REM sleep that include cataplexy and sleep paralysis (REM sleep atonia intruding into wakefulness), impaired maintenance of REM sleep atonia (e.g. REM sleep behaviour disorder [RBD]), and dream imagery intruding into wakefulness (e.g. hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations). Excessive sleepiness typically begins in the second or third decade followed by expression of auxiliary symptoms. Only cataplexy exhibits a high specificity for diagnosis of narcolepsy. While the natural history is poorly defined, narcolepsy appears to be lifelong but not progressive. Mild disease severity, misdiagnoses or long delays in cataplexy expression often cause long intervals between symptom onset, presentation and diagnosis. Only 15-30% of narcoleptic individuals are ever diagnosed or treated, and nearly half first present for diagnosis after the age of 40 years. Attention to periodic leg movements (PLM), sleep apnoea and RBD is particularly important in the management of the older narcoleptic patient, in whom these conditions are more likely to occur. Diagnosis requires nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) followed by multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT). The NPSG of a narcoleptic patient may be totally normal, or demonstrate the patient has a short nocturnal REM sleep latency, exhibits unexplained arousals or PLM. The MSLT diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy include short sleep latencies (<8 minutes) and at least two naps with sleep-onset REM sleep. Treatment includes counselling as to the chronic nature of narcolepsy, the potential for developing further symptoms reflective of REM sleep dyscontrol, and the hazards associated with driving and operating machinery. Elderly narcoleptic patients, despite age-related decrements in sleep quality, are generally less sleepy and less likely to evidence REM sleep dyscontrol. Nonpharmacological management also includes maintenance of a strict wake-sleep schedule, good sleep hygiene, the benefits of afternoon naps and a programme of regular exercise. Thereafter, treatment is highly individualised, depending on the severity of daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and sleep disruption. Wake-promoting agents include the traditional psychostimulants. More recently, treatment with the 'activating' antidepressants and the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil has been advocated. Cataplexy is especially responsive to antidepressants which enhance synaptic levels of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and/or serotonin. Obstructive sleep apnoea and PLMs are more common in narcolepsy and should be suspected when previously well controlled older narcolepsy patients exhibit a worsening of symptoms. The discovery that narcolepsy/cataplexy results from the absence of neuroexcitatory properties of the hypothalamic hypocretin-peptidergic system will significantly advance understanding and treatment of the symptom complex in the future.
Low sensitivity feedback gains for deterministic and stochastic control systems

The problem of obtaining output feedback gains to minimize a quadratic performance criterion which includes sensitivity variables is discussed. The equivalent stochastic problems are also studied and when a Kalman filter is allowed, the minimum variance estimate of the state is employed to implement the control. A set of non-linear matrix equations are obtained which constitute the necessary conditions that must be satisfied for an optimal solution. For the deterministic case it is shown that when no sensitivity is considered and the matrix which relates output and input is invertible, the usual Riccati formulation is obtained. The problem is also reformulated using a compensator and it is shown that it can be cast into an instantaneous feedback form.
Comment on structure near the cutoff of the continuous x-ray spectrum of lanthanum

Recently, Liefeld, Burr, and Chamberlain observed a structure just below the cutoff frequency of the continuous x-ray spectrum of lanthanum. In an attempt to understand the origin of this feature, we have numerically calculated the tip-region electron-lanthanum atomic bremsstrahlung spectrum, obtained in an independent-electron approximation with the Hartree-Slater potential, for incident-electron kinetic energies from 400 to 1500 eV. The calculations dogive a structure qualitatively similar to the observation. The enhancement occurs in the $f$-wave channel for the final scattered electron, which exhibits a resonance. Such a resonance may be expected because at this point in the periodic table the $4f$ subshell is about to start filling. A more quantitative description would require inclusion of many-electron and solid-state effects.
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SPINA BIFIDA IS A TREATABLE CONDITION

Purpose: Now that individuals with spina bifida live well into adulthood erectile dysfunction has become a recognized associated medical disorder. To our knowledge no study has dealt specifically with treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with spina bifida. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo controlled, dose escalation, crossover study to determine the ability to treat erectile dysfunction in men with spina bifida with sildenafil citrate.Materials and Methods: Erectile dysfunction was diagnosed in 15 men 19 to 35 years old with spina bifida who were assigned to take 4 sets of tablets, 5 tablets per set, in a random order. All patients took 25 and 50 mg. sildenafil and 2 identical looking sets of corresponding placebos 1 hour before planned sexual activity. Efficacy was assessed by the effect of treatment compared to baseline, that is before treatment, on rating of erections (scored from 0 to 10), duration of erections, frequency of erections based on response to questio...
Surgical navigation for meningioma surgery.

The use of surgical navigation systems (SNSs) is well established in intracranial surgery for gliomas and metastases yet some doubt its benefit in surgery for intracranial meningiomas. In this chapter we review the authors’ experiences and literature on how use of surgical navigation may be useful in craniotomy for intracranial mengingiomas. With the exception of small convexity meningiomas, finding the tumor is not a common problem. The most important issues where the capabilities of SNS can be used to the surgeon’s advantage are optimizing the bone and dural opening, avoiding arterial and venous structures, defining the frontal air sinuses and determining one's location within a large tumor devoid of landmarks. Contemporary SNS can provide instantaneous localization and orientation information, as well as utilize multimodality imaging that is required to address these problems and is an effective means of optimizing surgery for many intracranial meningiomas.
Exploring the CEO-TMT Interface: CEO Generalized Self-Efficacy and Strategic Decision-Making

This study investigates the impact of a CEO’s level of generalized self-efficacy (GSE) on the CEO-TMT interface, and therefore the characteristics of important strategic decision-making processes w...
Synthesis of Tetraphenyl Stannacyclopentadienes (Stannoles) III. Attempted Route to the Parent Stannoles through Closure of 1,4-Dichlorobuta-1,3-Diene.

Abstract 1,4-Dichlorobuta-1,3-diene has been lithiated and reacted with organosilyl and tin chlorides. Only polymerized starting material, rather than the hoped for parent sila- and stannacyclopentadienyl (silole and stannole) ring systems result from the action of the 1ithiated material on diorganodichlorosilanes and diorganotin di-chlorides. Addition of the 1ithiated butadiene to trimethylchloro-silane and trimethyltin chloride yields products resulting from dehydrochlorination and multiple bond migration in the starting dichlorobutadiene.
Reducing the allergenic capacity of peanut extracts and liquid peanut butter by phenolic compounds

Phenolic compounds are known to form soluble and insoluble complexes with proteins. The objective of this study was to determine if phenolics such as caffeic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids form insoluble and irreversible complexes with major peanut allergens, and if such complexation reduces immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding. After adding each of the phenolics to peanut extracts and liquid peanut butter, the soluble materials were analysed by SDS-PAGE and inhibition ELISA. Results showed that addition of the phenolics precipitated most of the major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, and that complexation was irreversible. IgE binding was reduced approximately 10- to 16-fold. We concluded that reducing IgE binding by phenolics is feasible. The research, if proven by clinical studies, could lead to the development of less allergenic liquid peanut-based products.
Determination of human lens capsule permeability and its feasibility as a replacement for Bruch's membrane.

Abstract We have investigated human anterior lens capsule as a potential replacement for Bruch's membrane as a treatment for age-related macular degeneration. Any substrate to replace Bruch's membrane should possess certain characteristics to maintain proper function of the overlying retina. One of the important properties of Bruch's membrane is allowing the flow of nutrients and waste between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris. Here, we measured the permeability of the lens capsule by studying the diffusion of various molecular weight FITC–dextran molecules. Expressions for extraction of diffusion coefficients from concentration vs. time data from a blind-well chamber apparatus were derived for both a single and double membrane experiments. The diffusion coefficients in the lens capsule were found to be in the range of 10 −6 to 10 −10 cm 2 /s. We demonstrated a power law relationship, with the diffusion coefficient possessing a −0.6 order dependence on molecular weight. The molecular weight exclusion limit was determined to be 150±40 kDa. We have compared this value with reported values of Bruch's membrane molecular weight exclusion limit and find that the lens capsule has the potential to act as a substitute Bruch's membrane.
Pressure-induced dislocations and subsequent flow in NiAl

Abstract The effects of pressurization on the generation of dislocations and their effects on the subsequent flow behavior of cast, extruded and annealed NiAl are described. It is shown that simple pressurization to either 500 or 1400 MPa produces dislocation generation both at second phase particles and at grain boundaries in certain grains. The pressure-induced dislocations are of 100 type, while the pressurized specimens exhibited significantly lower initial flow stresses at 0.1 MPa in comparison to the as-annealed NiAl. Possible mechanisms of dislocation generation are described.
A study of the proteolytic system of Tetrahymena pyriformis W II. Substrate specificity of the constituent proteinases

Abstract A variety of synthetic substrates and oxidized insulin were tested as substrates for the proteinases elaborated by Tetrahymena pyriformis W. Of the synthetic substrates tested, only α-benzoylarginine ethyl ester was susceptible to cleavage. The intracellular proteinase was most active in this respect followed by the intracellular proteinases EP(+G), whereas, the extracellular proteinase EP(−G) displayed very little esterase activity. The peptides resulting from the hydrolysis of oxidized insulin were separated by high-voltage electrophoresis and analyzed for N-terminal groups and amino acid composition. From the known sequence of amino acids in insulin, it was possible to deduce the specific bonds cleaved by each of the three proteinases. A low order to specificity was noted in all cases with some apparent differences and similarities in the types of bonds which were split by each of the enzymes. The most characteristic feature of their specificity was their common ability to split peptide bonds corresponding to ValCysSO 3 H, Glu(NH 2 )Leu, Asp(NH 2 )Tyr and TyrThr.
Isolation of a DNA fragment that is expressed as an amber suppressor when present in high copy number in yeast

Abstract A plasmid carrying a DNA sequence conferring amber suppression has been isolated from yeast pool 35 DNA. The plasmid YEpl3-SUP suppresses the amber mutations rad50 -1 and trpl -289 as well as other known amber mutations. This sequence is located on the 2.5-kb insert and is expressed only when the plasmid bearing it is present in high copy number. The suppressor sequence was shown to integrate close to the MAL4 gene located on the right arm of chromosome XI.
Elliptical silicon nanowire photodetectors for polarization-resolved imaging

Polarization-resolved imaging offers many advantages over conventional imaging because it provides additional information on materials and scenes. In this study, we present an image sensor pixel for polarization-resolved imaging based on an all-silicon nanowire device. As the structure has an intrinsically polarization-dependent response, it is not necessary to employ a polarizer. We fabricate pixels consisting of etched vertical silicon nanowires with elliptical cross-sections that incorporate vertical p-i-n junctions. Our photocurrent measurement reveals that the spectral responsivities are dependent on the polarization state of incident light. Polarization-resolved imaging is performed with fabricated devices. This approach is different from conventional approaches using polarization filters because absorbed light in the elliptical nanowire is converted to photocurrent while light absorbed by a polarization filter is discarded.
Policy Formulation for Education: The Johnson Administration

T his paper views the formulation of national education policy from a systems perspective. A policy system is a process whereby inputs, i.e., demands and support, from organized interests, concerned individuals, and the mass public are converted into policy outputs and ultimately fed back in the form of new inputs. The conversion process, the making of national policy, is the basic activity of the policy system. The educational policy system considered here, included individuals located in the United States Office of Education (USOE), the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), the Executive Office of the President, the legislative and appropriations subcommittees in both houses of Congress having jurisdiction over USOE programs, education interest groups, other lobby groups with an interest in education, and persons in the education profession or the general public with access to the official policy-makers. I identified the members of the policy system through a procedure that used position, reputation and activity as criteria (Gergen, 1968). Initially, I compiled a list of potential members including all persons holding formal positions of authority, persons having a reputation among informed observers and other potential members as influential participants in the policy process, and individuals who appeared as contributors of inputs to the policy system through such vehicles as testifying before congressional committees or service on presidential task forces and other major advisory bodies. The list contained 175 persons.
Heavy-Traffic Limits for the G/H2*/n/m Queue

We establish heavy-traffic stochastic-process limits for queue-length, waiting-time and overflow stochastic processes in a class ofG/GI/n/m queueing models withn servers andm extra waiting spaces. We let the arrival process be general, only requiring that it satisfy a functional central limit theorem. To capture the impact of the service-time distribution beyond its mean within a Markovian framework, we consider a special class of service-time distributions, denoted byH2*, which are mixtures of an exponential distribution with probabilityp and a unit point mass at 0 with probability 1- p. These service-time distributions exhibit relatively high variability, having squared coefficients of variation greater than or equal to one. As in Halfin and Whitt (1981, Heavy-traffic limits for queues with many exponential servers,Oper. Res.29 567-588), Puhalskii and Reiman (2000, The multiclassGI/PH/N queue in the Halfin-Whitt regime.Adv. Appl. Probab.32 564-595), and Garnett, Mandelbaum, and Reiman (2002. Designing a call center with impatient customers.Manufacturing Service Oper. Management,4 208-227), we consider a sequence of queueing models indexed by the number of servers,n, and letn tend to infinity along with the traffic intensities ? nso that v n (1 - ? n ) ?for -8 << 8. To treat finite waiting rooms, we letm n v n ? ? for 0 < ? < 8. With the specialH2* service-time distribution, the limit processes are one-dimensional Markov processes, behaving like diffusion processes with different drift and diffusion functions in two different regions, above and below zero. We also establish a limit for theG/M/n/m+ M model, having exponential customer abandonments.
Stable carbon and nitrogen incorporation in blood and fin tissue of the catfish Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

A feeding trial was performed in the laboratory with the catfish species Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus to determine stable carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15 N) turnover rates and discrimination factors in non-lethally sampled tissues (red blood cells, plasma solutes, and fin). A second feeding trial was conducted to determine what P. disjunctivus could assimilate from low-quality wood-detritus—refractory polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose), or soluble wood-degradation products inherent in wood-detritus. This was performed by feeding the fish an artificial wood-detritus diet with fibrous (δ13C = −26.36‰; δ15 N = 2.13‰) and soluble portions (δ13C = −11.82‰; δ15 N = 3.39‰) that had different isotopic signatures and monitoring the dynamics of isotopic incorporation in the different tissues over time. Plasma solutes turned over more quickly than red blood cells for 13C and 15 N. However, in contrast to previous studies of juvenile fishes, C and N incorporation was primarily driven by catabolic tissue turnover as opposed to growth rate. Tissue-diet discrimination factors for 15 N varied from 4.08 to 5.17‰, whereas they were <2‰ for 13C (and less than 0.3‰ for plasma and red blood cells). The results of trial two suggested that P. disjunctivus could not assimilate refractory polysaccharides. Moreover, the δ13C and δ15 N signatures of wild-caught P. disjunctivus from Florida confirmed their detrital trophic standing in Floridian aquatic ecosystems.
Military Accession and Disordered Eating Among Women: Clinical and Policy Recommendations

Eating disorder prevalence has steadily increased in the U.S. population. Between 1996 and 2006, there was a significant increase in rates of both diagnosis and hospitalization for adolescents and young adults—primarily women—with eating disorders. Health care professionals in the military have long been aware that new active duty accessions are at risk for problems related to eating, including serious medical disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and that eating disorders in the military are consistently higher than in the civilian population. This article summarizes the literature bearing on the prevalence, risk factors, and context-specific triggers for eating disordered behavior among female service members. We suggest that stressors specific to military accession—when coupled with existing risk factors related to age, gender, family, and life experience—often exacerbate disordered eating. In essence, military induction itself may create the conditions for situation-induced eating impairment. We are concerned that the military could be far more effective in screening for and responding to disordered eating among new military personnel. In this commentary, we endeavor to bring fresh attention to the problem of disordered eating among new service members and offer a way forward for health care professionals and policy-makers with responsibility for military accessions. We begin by reviewing the revised diagnostic categories for eating disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition: DSM-V), and provide a selective review of literature relevant to eating disorder risk factors and eating disorder risk during the military accession and indoctrination process. We conclude with numerous recommendations for military health care providers and policy-makers. Although men certainly struggle with eating disorders—particularly men engaged in certain sports associated with cutting weight—this article focuses exclusively on women. The new DSM-V—the definitive source for prevalence rates of mental disorders—states that for both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, women are diagnosed far more frequently than men—at a 10:1 female to male ratio. Because persons with eating disorders are far more likely to suffer comorbid mood and anxiety disorders, personality psychopathology, and higher risk for suicidal behavior, it is essential that military providers be vigilant for eating disorder symptoms among women in the accession phase of military service.
A time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk in optical blocking multistage interconnection networks

Crosstalk in multistage interconnection networks can be avoided by ensuring that a switch is not used by two connections simultaneously, in order to support crosstalk-free communications among N inputs and N outputs, a space domain approach dilates an N/spl times/N network into one that is essentially equivalent to a 2N/spl times/2N network. Path conflicts, however may still exist in dilated networks. This paper proposes a time domain approach for avoiding crosstalk. Such an approach can be regarded as "dilating" a network in time, instead of space. More specifically, the connections that need to use the same switch are established during different time slots. This way, path conflicts are automatically avoided. The time domain dilation is useful for overcoming the limits on the network size while utilizing the high bandwidth of optical interconnects. We study the set of permutations whose crosstalk-free connections can be established in just two time slots using the time domain approach. While the space domain approach trades hardware complexity for crosstalk-free communications, the time domain approach trades time complexity. We compare the proposed time domain to the space domain approach by analyzing the tradeoffs involved in these two approaches. >
Light microscope based analysis of three-dimensional structure: Applications to the study of Drosophila salivary gland nuclei. II. Algorithms for model analysis

SUMMARY In Drosophila melanogater there are significant differences in the way the polytene chromosomes are arranged in different nuclei from the same salivary gland (Mathog et al., 1984). Visual inspection of the models of these nuclei was inadequate to delineate all of the features conserved in their structures. In order to bypass this limitation, models of these nuclei were constructed in a format compatible with computational manipulation (Mathog et al., 1985). By applying some simple algorithms to these models, quantitative comparisons were made which revealed otherwise cryptic features common to many nuclei. Given here are the details of several algorithms for describing and comparing the arrangement of the chromosomes within the nuclei.
Long-Term Operation of Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistors

The effect of various atmospheres on the long-term operation of positive temperature coefficient resistors was studied. In most cases where degradation of properties occurred, the operable mechanism appeared to be volatilization of oxygen from grain boundaries due to reduction of the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere around the sample. The effect of CCl2F2, however, was much more pronounced and was attributed to a chemical mechanism.
Synthesis of 1-cyano-2-methylisoindole. A new route to isoindoles

The reaction of o-phthaldehyde with potassium cyanide and methylamine hydrochloride afforded 1-cyano-2-methylisoindole (1) in 92% yield. Possible mechanism and supporting nmr, ir, mass spectrum and single X-ray structure analysis for 1 are discussed. The X-ray study revealed that the true structure of 1 can best be represented as a resonance hybrid of the canonical forms a, b, c and d.
AUF1/hnRNP D represses expression of VEGF in macrophages

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a regulator of vascularization in development and is a key growth factor in tissue repair. In disease, VEGF contributes to vascularization of solid tumors and arthritic joints. This study examines the role of the mRNA-binding protein AUF1/heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AUF1) in VEGF gene expression. We show that overexpression of AUF1 in mouse macrophage-like RAW-264.7 cells suppresses endogenous VEGF protein levels. To study 3′ untranslated region (UTR)–mediated regulation, we introduced the 3′ UTR of VEGF mRNA into a luciferase reporter gene. Coexpression of AUF1 represses VEGF-3′ UTR reporter expression in RAW-264.7 cells and in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages. The C-terminus of AUF1 contains arginine–glycine–glycine (RGG) repeat motifs that are dimethylated. Deletion of the RGG domain of AUF1 eliminated the repressive effects of AUF1. Surprisingly, expression of an AUF1-RGG peptide reduced endogenous VEGF protein levels and repressed VEGF-3′ UTR reporter activity in RAW-264.7 cells. These findings demonstrate that AUF1 regulates VEGF expression, and this study identifies an RGG peptide that suppresses VEGF gene expression.
Screening for bipolar disorder in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study☆

Abstract Objective Previous reports have attributed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to valproate treatment in women with bipolar disorder and with epilepsy. However, since high rates of mood disorders have been identified in women with PCOS, we sought to investigate the hypothesis that an intrinsic association may exist between PCOS and bipolar disorder, independent of pharmacotherapy. Method Seventy-eight women identified with PCOS were screened for the presence of bipolar illness using the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ), a validated self-assessment screen for bipolar disorder. Results Twenty-eight percent of subjects had either a previous bipolar diagnosis or met MDQ threshold criteria for bipolar screen positivity. Ninety seven percent of previously diagnosed or MDQ screen-positive subjects had no valproate exposure before PCOS diagnosis. Limitations Possible selection bias, lack of direct comparison with a control group, and lack of knowledge of specific diagnostic work up for PCOS, should all be considered in interpretation of these results. The MDQ as a self-report screen may be less sensitive to detect bipolar II or NOS than bipolar I disorder, and was not corroborated by a diagnostic interview. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest a higher rate of bipolar screen positivity among women with PCOS than is expected in the general population, independent of an association with valproate. This observed link between PCOS and bipolar screen-positivity is consistent with a possible shared hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis abnormality.
A Role for English Language Teachers in Trauma Healing

Because English language teachers should take into account the social-psychological situation of the students they teach, they must be sensitive to the effects of traumatic stress among learners. Refugee and immigrant children are frequently survivors of trauma, along with their peers in crisis-torn English as a foreign language settings around the world. Without experiencing some measure of healing from trauma, children will be frustrated in their language learning. This article explains how what we know about trauma can be aligned with effective language instructional practices. The author first provides information about the effects of trauma and then identifies teaching approaches that are sensitive to the needs of those affected by trauma. The author suggests ways that teachers can (a) include intelligences that may be neglected in traditional language classrooms as a way to address the needs of trauma-affected youth in order to have multiple channels for self-expression and language learning; (b) integrate language instruction with self-expression and exploration of social relationships; and (c) incorporate content-based language instruction that explains the trauma healing process. Although further investigations are needed, English language teachers can play a role in trauma healing for learners because artful acts of instruction are therapeutic, promoting both wholeness and effective instruction for all learners. doi: 10.1002/tesj.6
the use of advanced characterization to study transitions across solid state interfaces

The atomic-scale study of solid-solid interfaces in complex multi-phase multicomponent systems is a challenging but important endeavor. This article highlights the coupling of recently developed advanced characterization techniques, such as high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, carried out in an aberration-corrected microscope, and atom probe tomography, to address the structural and compositional transition at the atomic scale across solid-solid interfaces, such as the γ/γ′interface in nickel-base superalloys and the α/β interface in titanium alloys. Possible implications of such investigations of the interface on the understanding of physical and mechanical properties are discussed.
Dexamethasone’s Effect in the Retrocochlear Auditory Centers of a Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Mouse Model:

ObjectiveExamine prophylactic effects of dexamethasone (Dex) in retrocochlear auditory centers in a noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) mouse model.Study DesignProspective animal study.SettingAcademic research center.Subjects and MethodsThirty-two mice were divided into control, untreated, saline (2 and 10 µL), and Dex (2 and 10 µL) groups. Dex was applied intratympanically (IT) prior to 110 to 120 dB noise over 6 hours. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) were performed at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 2 months. Retrocochlear neuronal cells were labeled with FluoroGold and counted. Hair cells of the organ of Corti were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated phalloidin and counted.ResultsAuditory brainstem response thresholds of untreated NIHL, 2 and 10 µL IT saline, and 2 and 10 µL IT Dex were 21.7 ± 2.9 dB, 20 ± 0 dB, 20 ± 5 dB, 18.3 ± 2.9 dB, and 18.3 ± 2.9 dB, respectively. At 1-day post NIHL, all groups demonstrated profound hearing loss. At 2...
Multiphasic anaphylaxis: Report of a case with prehospital and emergency department considerations

Anaphylaxis, a multisystem allergic reaction, represents a true medical emergency. Anaphylaxis is characterized by a combination of the following symptoms: urticaria, angioedema, distributive shock, and respiratory failure. Most often, the patient is rapidly treated with prompt resolution of the anaphylaxis in either the out-of-hospital or emergency department (ED) setting. Infrequently, recurrent or multiphasic anaphylaxis is encountered, involving a reappearance of allergic phenomena after complete resolution of the original reaction. Recurrence may involve nuisance-level issues such as urticaria; alternatively, multiphasic reactions may be characterized by cardiovascular collapse or respiratory compromise. Initially aggressive pharmacological therapy followed by prolonged observation in either the ED or the in-hospital setting is strongly recommended to monitor for potential recurrence.
A novel target designed for the calibration of radars

A technique that can be used to calibrate radar cross section (RCS) levels over a wide dynamic range and to establish overall target signature measurement accuracy is presented. It is based on the development of a specially designed calibration target which is characterized by a linear RCS variation with respect to aspect angle. An inverse scattering technique based on geometrical optics approximation is utilized to define the surface of such a target. Design data describing the surface dimension as a function of the specified maximum and minimum RCS values were developed, and the limitations of the design technique were investigated. An engineering test model covering a 35-dB dynamic range was constructed to verify experimentally the design linearity. priliminary results were excellent.
Methylation Profiling of CpG Islands in Human Breast Cancer Cells

CpG island hypermethylation is known to be associated with gene silencing in cancer. This epigenetic event is generally accepted as a stochastic process in tumor cells resulting from aberrant DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) activities. Specific patterns of CpG island methylation could result from clonal selection of cells having growth advantages due to silencing of associated tumor suppressor genes. Alternatively, methylation patterns may be determined by other, as yet unidentified factors. To explore further the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel array-based method, called differential methylation hybridization (DMH), which allows a genome-wide screening of hypermethylated CpG islands in tumor cells. DMH was used to determine the methylation status of >276 CpG island loci in a group of breast cancer cell lines. Between 5 and 14% of these loci were hypermethylated extensively in these cells relative to a normal control. Pattern analysis of 30 positive loci by Southern hybridization indicated that CpG islands might differ in their susceptibility to hypermethylation. Loci exhibiting pre-existing methylation in normal controls were more susceptible to de novo methylation in these cancer cells than loci without this condition. In addition, these cell lines exhibited different intrinsic abilities to methylate CpG islands not directly associated with methyltransferase activities. Our study provides evidence that, aside from random DNA-MTase action, additional cellular factors exist that govern aberrant methylation in breast cancer cells.
eNOS gene transfer to vascular smooth muscle cells inhibits cell proliferation via upregulation of p27 and p21 and not apoptosis

Objective: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a critical component of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Nitric oxide (NO) donors and gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) have been shown to inhibit SMC proliferation. NO may cause this effect by delaying cell cycle progression and/or induction of apoptosis. The aim of the current study was to examine the mechanism of eNOS-mediated inhibition of SMC proliferation. In addition, the effect of eNOS expression in vascular SMCs on the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors, p27 and p21 was examined. Methods: SMCs were transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding eNOS (AdeNOS) or β-galactosidase (AdβGal) at a multiplicity of infection of 100. Non-transduced cells served as additional controls. Transgene expression was sought by NADPH diaphorase staining, immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting. Functionality of the recombinant protein was assessed by measurement of cGMP. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry and p27 and p21 expression were studied by western blot analysis. Apoptosis was sought by Annexin V staining and DNA laddering. Results: eNOS expression was detected in transduced SMCs. cGMP levels were increased in eNOS-transduced compared to control cells. Expression of eNOS in SMCs resulted in a delay in cell cycle progression and upregulation of p27 and p21. There was no increase in apoptosis detected in eNOS transduced cells after 24 or 72 h. Conclusion: eNOS gene transfer to vascular SMCs inhibits cell proliferation via upregulation of p27 and p21 resulting in a delay in cell cycle progression.
Galenea microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic, microaerophilic, chemosynthetic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a shallow-water hydrothermal vent.

A mesophilic, strictly microaerophilic, chemosynthetic bacterium, designated strain P2DT, was isolated from the sediment of an active shallow-water hydrothermal vent in Paleochori Bay, on the Greek island of Milos. The cells were Gram-staining-negative rods that measured approximately 0.8–1.3 µm in length and 0.4–0.5 µm in width. Strain P2DT grew at 20–50 °C (optimum 35 °C), with 1.0–5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3.0 %), and at pH 4.5–8.0 (optimum pH 5.5). The generation time under optimal conditions was 1.1 h. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with S 2 O 3 2 - and CO2 as the energy and carbon sources, respectively. Oxygen (5 %) was used as sole terminal electron acceptor. No growth was observed in the presence of acetate, formate, lactate, tryptone or peptone. Chemolithoheterotrophic growth occurred when d-glucose or sucrose were present as carbon sources. None of the organic compounds tested was used as an electron donor. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 44.9 mol%. In a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain P2DT was found to be most closely related to Thiomicrospira psychrophila DSM 13453T (92.8% sequence similarity). Based on the phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic evidence, strain P2DT represents a novel species of a new genus within the class Gammaproteobacteria of the family Piscirickettsiaceae , for which the name Galenea microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is P2DT ( = DSM 24963T = JCM 17795T).