cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of high-temperature food processing on fats and oils.

Fats and oils are heated at high temperatures during baking, grilling and pan frying; however, deep fat frying is the most common method of high temperature treatment. Deep fat frying is a popular food preparation method because it produces desirable fried food flavor, golden brown color and crisp texture. For example, in the U.S. in 1994, approximately 12 billion pounds of fats and oils were used with 5.5 billion pounds used for frying and baking (USDA, 1995). Fried snack foods accounted for 2.9 bilion pounds of oil, whereas 2 billion pounds were used for frying in restaurants (USDA, 1995). Because of such large consumption of frying oils and fats, the effects of high temperatures on these oils and fats is of major concern both for product quality and nutrition. This chapter will discuss the process of frying and the chemical and physical reactions that occur. The products formed from these reactions will be reviewed as well as information on the effects of the products and the control of these deteriorative reactions.
Performance of cable isolators in the transport of large optical assemblies

Following a 7-year, multi-million dollar effort to fabricate a 730 kg, 4 element Wide Field Corrector (WFC) for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) Wide Field Upgrade (WFU), it needed to be transported 820 km to its destination at the McDonald Observatory in West Texas. The final system optical test for the assembly required repeatability in the +/- 2μm range. Due to the size, mass, and ultimate destination of the payload, the only option available for transport was via roadway on a flat-bed trailer. While the route was primarily interstate highway, it presented a great variety of vibrational inputs due to poor paving conditions, and mountain roadways. Consideration also had be given to avoiding high ambient temperatures. Early in the design of the corrector assembly it was assumed that cable isolators would be the key element to isolate the payload from vibrational inputs, however, few documented references were available to provide the assurances required for transporting a load so key to the success of the telescope program. Tests were designed to simulate the load conditions, and inputs and outputs to the test load were measured for verification of the isolator performance. This was followed up with monitoring of vibration throughput during the actual shipment of the WFC. Upon arrival at the destination, the alignment of the assembly was checked and found to have no appreciable change in the alignment. Data and lessons learned are presented on the performance of air-ride trailers as well as the performance of cable isolators.
Overcoming Social Exclusion in Public Library Services to LGBTQ and Gender Variant Youth

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the vital need to meet LGBTQ information needs in public library efforts. It outlines the lack of LIS research presented on the subject, the effects of excluding this involuntary, often invisible, patron minority, and the service realms in which exclusion currently persists. After articulating the library service issues, some suggestions for improved practices are summarized, in an effort to move toward more inclusive public library communities.
Super-localization of contrast agents in moving organs, first experiments in a rat kidney

Using individual microbubbles (MBs) to image vasculature with a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit has the potential to greatly improve the in vivo characterization of healthy and diseased tissue [1–2]. Recent studies have demonstrated a theoretical resolution on the order of microns in stationary tissue using standard imaging arrays [3]. However, the application of this technique to abdominal imaging brings new challenges due to the presence of physiological motion which is far larger than the achievable resolution. In this work, single MBs were localized in vivo in a rat kidney using a dedicated high frame rate (300 Hz) contrast pulse sequence (CPS) with spatial compounding (−5°, 0°, 5°). A stack of 60000 frames was acquired, providing a B-mode image to track tissue motion and a CPS image to track MB position at each time point. Acquisition was accomplished with a standard imaging array (CL15-7, ATL) driven at 6.9 MHz and a programmable ultrasound system (Verasonics). 3.4 million positions were detected and a density map of the MB positions was obtained after compensation for cardiac motion and changes in kidney position. Blood velocity was also estimated by tracking selected MBs over time.
Spirituality, Illness Unpredictability, and Math Anxiety Effects on Negative Affect and Affect-Management Coping for Individuals Diagnosed with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency.

ABSTRACTA growing number of genetic tests are included in diagnostic protocols associated with many common conditions. A positive diagnosis associated with the presence of some gene versions in many instances predicts a range of possible outcomes, and the uncertainty linked to such results contributes to the need to understand varied responses and plan strategic communication. Uncertainty in illness theory (UIT; Mishel, 1988, 1990) guided the investigation of efforts to feel in control and hopeful regarding genetic testing and diagnosis for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). Participants included 137 individuals with AATD recruited from the Alpha-1 Research Registry who were surveyed about their subjective numeracy, anxiety about math, spirituality, perceptions of illness unpredictability, negative affect regarding genetic testing, and coping strategies about a diagnosis. Results revealed that experiencing more fear and worry contributed both directly and indirectly to affect-management coping strateg...
LIFETIMES AND OSCILLATOR STRENGTHS FOR ULTRAVIOLET TRANSITIONS IN SINGLY IONIZED COPPER

We present the results of lifetime measurements made using beam-foil techniques on levels of astrophysical interest in Pb ii producing lines at 1203.6 A (6s6p2 ) and 1433.9 A ( ). We also report the first detection of the Pb ii line in the interstellar medium (ISM) from an analysis of archival spectra acquired by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The oscillator strengths derived from our experimental lifetimes for Pb ii , 1433 are generally consistent with recent theoretical results, including our own relativistic calculations. Our analysis of high-resolution HST/STIS spectra helps to confirm the relative strengths of the Pb ii , 1433 lines. However, the oscillator strength that we obtain for Pb ii (0.321 ± 0.034) is significantly smaller than earlier theoretical values, which have been used to study the abundance of Pb in the ISM. Our revised oscillator strength for yields an increase in the interstellar abundance of Pb of 0.43 dex over determinations based on the value given by Morton, indicating that the depletion of Pb onto interstellar dust grains is less severe than previously thought.
Amplitude Normalization of Dendritic EPSPs at the Soma of Binaural Coincidence Detector Neurons of the Medial Superior Olive

The principal neurons of the medial superior olive (MSO) encode cues for horizontal sound localization through comparisons of the relative timing of EPSPs. To understand how the timing and amplitude of EPSPs are maintained during propagation in the dendrites, we made dendritic and somatic whole-cell recordings from MSO principal neurons in brain slices from Mongolian gerbils. In somatic recordings, EPSP amplitudes were largely uniform following minimal stimulation of excitatory synapses at visualized locations along the dendrites. Similar results were obtained when excitatory synaptic transmission was eliminated in a low calcium solution and then restored at specific dendritic sites by pairing input stimulation and focal application of a higher calcium solution. We performed dual dendritic and somatic whole-cell recordings to measure spontaneous EPSPs using a dual-channel template-matching algorithm to separate out those events initiated at or distal to the dendritic recording location. Local dendritic spontaneous EPSP amplitudes increased sharply in the dendrite with distance from the soma (length constant, 53.6 μm), but their attenuation during propagation resulted in a uniform amplitude of ∼0.2 mV at the soma. The amplitude gradient of dendritic EPSPs was also apparent in responses to injections of identical simulated excitatory synaptic currents in the dendrites. Compartmental models support the view that these results extensively reflect the influence of dendritic cable properties. With relatively few excitatory axons innervating MSO neurons, the normalization of dendritic EPSPs at the soma would increase the importance of input timing versus location during the processing of interaural time difference cues in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neurons of the medial superior olive analyze cues for sound localization by detecting the coincidence of binaural excitatory synaptic inputs distributed along the dendrites. Previous studies have shown that dendritic voltages undergo severe attenuation as they propagate to the soma, potentially reducing the influence of distal inputs. However, using dendritic and somatic patch recordings, we found that dendritic EPSP amplitude increased with distance from the soma, compensating for dendritic attenuation and normalizing EPSP amplitude at the soma. Much of this normalization reflected the influence of dendritic morphology. As different combinations of presynaptic axons may be active during consecutive cycles of sound stimuli, somatic EPSP normalization renders spike initiation more sensitive to synapse timing than dendritic location.
Addressing the Opioid Epidemic in the United States: Lessons From the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Reflecting a comprehensive VA effort to improve pain management, in 2007 fewer veterans received high doses of opioids and more veterans received non-opioid pain therapies, naloxone, and treatment for substance use disorders.
Developing public managers into credible public leaders: theory and practical implications

This article makes the case that for leaders to be effective they also need to be credible. Credibility is achieved by practicing leader behaviors focusing on vision, trust, modeling the way, risk taking, and rewarding others. Leaders who possess high credibility are able to more successfully adapt to environmental change, because employees throughout the hierarchy will accept change mandates as legitimate. Leadership credibility is associated with the transformational model of leadership, and this article suggests that public managers would be advantaged by practicing this particular leadership strategy.
Preferred domain orientation in block copolymer fibers after solvent annealing

Block copolymer fibers represent an emerging class of nanomaterials with attractive properties and functionalities. Previous work has used coaxial electrospinning to prepare block copolymer fibers in thermally stable sheaths, which allow for thermal annealing of the block copolymers to form ordered nanostructures. However, the resulting nanostructures are mostly concentric due to isotropic boundary conditions at the sheaths. Herein, we describe a strategy of utilizing solvent annealing to achieve ordered block copolymer nanostructures in fibers. Cylinder- and lamella-forming poly(methyl methacrylate-block-styrene) (PMMA-b-PS) block copolymers are synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and electrospun into fibers. After solvent annealing, the block copolymers can form long-range ordered nanostructures and exhibit a preferred domain orientation that is perpendicular to the fiber axis. Complementary to thermal annealing of coaxially electrospun block copolymer fibers, the method of solvent annealing provides an alternative approach for controlling the block copolymer domain orientation in fibers.
PCB sources and degradation in sediments of Ashtabula River, Ohio, USA, determined from receptor models

The PCB pollution in Ashtabula River sediments was evaluated using a factor analysis (FA) model with non-negative constraints, and a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The FA model identified Aroclor 1248 as the major PCB source, and also a congener pattern significantly different from that of any Aroclor. The CMB model that uses linear combinations of Aroclors, failed to reproduce the sample congener profiles with good statistical fit. The findings from both models indicate that the PCBs in Ashtabula River sediments have undergone significant alterations changing their profiles from those of the original sources. These alterations may be explained by the anaerobic dechlorination of highly chlorinated congeners, according to dechlorination activities H/H'.
Performance of anesthesia machines' devices that are not part of the Food and Drug Administration's daily checkout.

Objective. The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) checkoutrecommendations are to be applied, at least daily, on anesthesia machines.Devices included in the checkout are crucial to the safe operation of themachine. Remaining devices do not need to be checked as often. However, theyshould be checked at some appropriate interval. We calculated the reliabilityof the non-FDA checkout devices, to predict failure rates of these devices.Methods. The study included 36 North American Drager Narkomed anesthesiamachines that were in service a total of 109,410 days at a universityhospital. Reliability (i.e., statistical) analyses were done using in-housedata recorded by biomedical technicians during 3359 monthly machineinspections. If any one device was operating outside of the limits of themanufacturer’s specifications, the machine was labeled as having failedits inspection. Results. Assumptions of the failure analysis were satisfied.The mean time between failures equaled 1351 days or 3.7 years (lower95%confidence bound 1123 days or 3.1 years). The mean daily probability of oneor more devices failing to perform within the manufacturer’sspecification between inspections equaled 1.1%, 2.2%, and4.4% for inspectionsevery 1, 2, or 4 months, respectively. Probabilities that a machine would failon demand between inspections were approximately equal to the mean dailyprobabilities of machine failure. The mean number of days per year that amachine would be operating with a device that is outside of the limits of itsspecifications equaled 4, 8, and 12 days, respectively. The mean dailyprobabilities of failure and the probabilities of failure on demand were bothdirectly proportional to the inspection interval. Conclusions. Our failureanalysis provides a rational basis for choosing an appropriate inspectioninterval for anesthesia machines’ devices that are not included in theFDA’s checkout recommendations.
A deoxyribose nucleic acid component in mitochondria of Didymium nigripes, a slime mold

Abstract The mitochondria of the slime mold Didymium nigripes possess a fibrillar core located in the granular matrix. The fibrils composing the core measure about 4 mμ in diameter and resemble DNA fibers described in bacterial nucleoplasm and DNA-containing regions of chick embryo mitochondria and chloroplasts. The core is digested by DNase, but persists through RNase treatment. Fluorescent-Feulgen staining and electron microscope autoradiography (using 3H-thymidine as a label) suggest that there is a DNA component within the mitochondria. The observations are consistent with the conclusion that the mitochondrial core contains DNA. Observations are presented on intratubular threads found in slime mold mitochondria. These threads are probably nucleoprotein, and appear to be related to morphogenetic stages in the life-cycle of the organisms.
Mapping the stochastic sequence of individual ligand-receptor binding events to cellular activation: T cells act on the rare events

T cell receptor (TCR) binding to agonist peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) triggers signaling events that initiate T cell responses. This system is remarkably sensitive, requiring only a few binding events to successfully activate a cellular response. On average, activating pMHC ligands exhibit mean dwell times of at least a few seconds when bound to the TCR. However, a T cell accumulates pMHC-TCR interactions as a stochastic series of discrete, single-molecule binding events whose individual dwell times are broadly distributed. With activation occurring in response to only a handful of such binding events, individual cells are unlikely to experience the average binding time. Here, we mapped the ensemble of pMHC-TCR binding events in space and time while simultaneously monitoring cellular activation. Our findings revealed that T cell activation hinges on rare, long-dwell time binding events that are an order of magnitude longer than the average agonist pMHC-TCR dwell time. Furthermore, we observed that short pMHC-TCR binding events that were spatially correlated and temporally sequential led to cellular activation. These observations indicate that T cell antigen discrimination likely occurs by sensing the tail end of the pMHC-TCR binding dwell time distribution rather than its average properties.
3-O-(3′-Hydroxytetradecanoyl)lupeol from Sorocea trophoides Inhibits Cruzain:

The crude chloroform extract from the stem bark of Sorocea trophoides (Moraceae) showed in-vitro inhibition of the cysteine protease cruzain. Activity-directed fractionation led to isolation of the...
Thermal Noise and Laser Cooling of Kerr-Microresonator Frequency Combs

We present measurements and analysis of the fundamental noise in Kerr-microresonator frequency combs due to finite temperature. By exploiting the thermo-optic locking effect, we reduce the effect of these thermally-driven fluctuations on the comb coherence.© 2019 The Author(s)
Unfair Rules for Unequal Pay: Wage Discrimination and Procedural Justice

Do people judge some forms of wage discrimination to be more unfair than others? We report an experiment in an online labor market in which participants were paid based on discriminatory rules. We test hypotheses about fairness based on procedural justice, divisiveness, and affective polarization between partisans. Workers transcribed text and then learned that they earned more or less money than other workers for doing the same job. We manipulated whether the unequal pay was based on their political party, eye color, or an arbitrary choice between two doors. Consistent with the divisiveness hypothesis, participants judged discriminatory pay to be less fair when it was based on a stable characteristic, political party, or eye color, compared to a transient choice (between doors). We find mixed evidence about how affective polarization exacerbates the unfairness of partisan discrimination. We discuss implications for the procedural justice of wage discrimination.
Optogenetic activation of fiber-specific compound action potentials in the mouse vagus nerve

A major function of the nervous system is to transmit information between the body and the brain. The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, is an important conduit for brain-body communication and has been identified as a focus of bioelectronic therapies. Current neuromodulation therapies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), lack fiber- and molecular-specificity as they involve electrical stimulation of the entire nerve bundle. This results in recruitment of fiber types based on electrical properties rather than molecular specificity. To better understand the contributions of different fiber subtypes in the vagus nerve, we utilized optogenetics to record light-evoked compound actions potentials (CAPs) in TRPV1-ChR2-YFP and ChAT-ChR2-YFP mice. We found that direct photostimulation of TRPV1-ChR2 on the vagus nerve evoked large amplitude CAPs, while the same light stimulation in ChAT-ChR2 mice produced smaller amplitude CAPs. We also found that the amplitude of light-evoked CAPs decreased at a higher photostimulation frequency (25 Hz). Our results show that fiber-specific activation of the sensory afferent and motor efferent pathways in the vagus nerve produce discrete evoked CAPs. This can be used to decipher different neurotransmitter contributions in vagus nerve signaling for both the afferent and efferent pathways, thereby opening an avenue for potential selective, fiberspecific neuromodulation of the vagus nerve.
Surgical Treatment of Gluteus Medius Tears Augmented With Allograft Human Dermis

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome can be caused by gluteus medius and minimus tendinopathy/tears and chronic trochanteric bursitis. Specifically, moderate-to-severe abductor tendon tears can cause severe lateral hip pain, limp, and abnormal gait. A variety of open and endoscopic techniques to treat glut abductors hip tears have been described. The use of scaffolds, such as acellular human dermal allograft, to augment tendon repair, already has been successfully reported in rotator cuff repairs of the shoulder. Still, the use of acellular human dermal allograft in the hip has been limited. However, there are some clinical scenarios in which augmentation of abductors hip tendon repair with scaffold is indicated. Chronic or massive gluteus tears or revision cases may benefit from augmentation with a scaffold. The purpose of this technical note and accompanying video is to describe our indications, pearls, and pitfalls of repair of moderate to severe gluteus tears via a minimally invasive technique augmented with acellular human dermal allograft.
An Exploration of the Relationship between Personality Type and Satisfaction with Online Learning Environments

Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted that explores the relationship between various student-specific factors and satisfaction with online learning, the body of research that specifically explores the relationship between personality and online learning satisfaction is still emerging. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature on this topic by exploring the correlational relationships between those personality traits that are most dominant in undergraduate technology students (i.e., students who have declared a major in the University of interest's College of Technology) and satisfaction with specific aspects of online learning. This paper makes use of self-reported student scores from the NEO-FFI-3, a 60 question inventory that measures personality profiles in the ‘Big Five’ personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism), and from a survey that measures five unique dimensions of student satisfaction with online learning. Correlations between personality and satisfaction scores are reported, and recommendations are made for how technology educators might best construct their online course curricula to align with the personality profiles of their students.
A Δ-Σ Digital Amplitude Modulation System

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a very well understood and developed signal processing technique. AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It was developed during the first quarter of the twentieth century. There are numerous publications on this subject, including scientific papers, books, patents, and IC data sheets. Basic principles of its operation can be found on the Internet or in any communications textbook [1, 2]. In addition to the classic analog amplitude modulation, there are several digital amplitude modulation techniques. The oldest one is on-off keying (OOK) which dates to the time of Morse telegraph transmission. Still today, many wireless sensors working at 433 MHz use OOK. Over the years various modulation techniques have been developed such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), m-ary PAM, amplitude shift keying (ASK) [2], etc. Use of the Δ-Σ modulation for RF applications is elaborated in reference [3]. It is worth mentioning that a Δ-Σ modulation is frequently referred to as a pulse density modulation [3, 4] because the density of pulses of a Δ-Σ pulse stream is proportional to the amplitude of an input signal. The proposed UC Berkeley RF pulse density system generates an amplitude-modulated waveform with up to 20 MHz envelope bandwidth and demonstrates the validity of this approach for modern communication standards [3].
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of daptomycin analogs active against daptomycin-resistant strains

Daptomycin is a last resort antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by many Gram-positive bacterial strains, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA). However, the emergence of daptomycin-resistant strains of S. aureus and Enterococcus in recent years has renewed interest in synthesizing daptomycin analogs to overcome resistance mechanisms. Within this context, three aromatic prenyltransferases have been shown to accept daptomycin as a substrate, and the resulting prenylated analog was shown to be more potent against Gram-positive strains than the parent compound. Consequently, utilizing prenyltransferases to derivatize daptomycin offered an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic approaches, especially given the molecule's structural complexity. Herein, we report exploiting the ability of prenyltransferase CdpNPT to synthesize alkyl-diversified daptomycin analogs in combination with a library of synthetic non-native alkyl-pyrophosphates. The results revealed that CdpNPT can transfer a variety of alkyl groups onto daptomycin's tryptophan residue using the corresponding alkyl-pyrophosphates, while subsequent scaled-up reactions suggested that the enzyme can alkylate the N1, C2, C5, and C6 positions of the indole ring. In vitro antibacterial activity assays using 16 daptomycin analogs revealed that some of the analogs displayed 2-80-fold improvements in potency against MRSA, VRE, and daptomycin-resistant strains of S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Thus, along with the new potent analogs, these findings have established that the regio-chemistry of alkyl substitution on the tryptophan residue can modulate daptomycin's potency. With additional protein engineering to improve the regio-selectivity, the described method has the potential to become a powerful tool for diversifying complex indole-containing molecules. KEY POINTS: • CdpNPT displays impressive donor promiscuity with daptomycin as the acceptor. • CdpNPT catalyzes N1-, C2-, C5-, and C6-alkylation on daptomycin's tryptophan residue. • Differential alkylation of daptomycin's tryptophan residue modulates its activity.
Availability Versus Utilization of Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening Post Passage of Breast Density Legislation.

Objective: Despite the lack of evidence that supplemental screening in women with dense breasts reduces breast cancer mortality, 38 states have passed breast density legislation, with some includin...
Changes in the Serum Metabolome of Patients Treated With Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

Background: The gut microbiome (GMB) generates numerous small chemicals that can be absorbed by the host and variously biotransformed, incorporated, or excreted. The resulting metabolome can provide information about the state of the GMB, of the host, and of their relationship. Exploiting this information in the service of biomarker development is contingent on knowing the GMB-sensitivity of the individual chemicals comprising the metabolome. In this regard, human studies have lagged far behind animal studies. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that serum levels of chemicals unequivocally demonstrated to be GMB-sensitive in rodent models would also be affected in a clinical patient sample treated with broad spectrum antibiotics.Methods: We collected serum samples from 20 hospitalized patients before, during, and after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. We also collected samples from 5 control patients admitted to the hospital but not prescribed antibiotics. We submitted the samples for a non-targeted metabolomic analysis and then focused on chemicals known to be affected both by germ-free status and by antibiotic treatment in the mouse and/or rat.Results: Putative identification was obtained for 499 chemicals in human serum. An aggregate analysis did not show any time x treatment interactions. However, our literature search identified 10 serum chemicals affected both by germ-free status and antibiotic treatment in the mouse or rat. Six of those chemicals were measured in our patient samples and additionally met criteria for inclusion in a focused analysis. Serum levels of 5 chemicals (p-cresol sulfate, phenol sulfate, hippurate, indole propionate, and indoxyl sulfate) declined significantly in our group of antibiotic-treated patients but did not change in our patient control group.Conclusions: Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients lowered serum levels of selected chemicals previously demonstrated to be GMB-sensitive in rodent models. Interestingly, all those chemicals are known to be uremic solutes that can be derived from aromatic amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, or L-tryptophan) by anaerobic bacteria, particularly Clostridial species. We conclude that judiciously selected serum chemicals can reliably detect antibiotic-induced suppression of the GMB in man and thus facilitate further metabolome-based biomarker development.
Romantic capabilities: Blake, Scott, Austen and the new messages of old media: by Mike Goode, Oxford, Oxford UP, 2020, 304 pp., $90.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-1988-6236-9

Mike Goode’s new, interdisciplinary book examines post-Romantic remediations of major Romantic texts by William Blake, Walter Scott, and Jane Austen, arguing that new media have something to teach ...
Introductory overview: Recommendations for approaching scientific visualization with large environmental datasets

Abstract Scientific visualizations are the foundation for communicating results and findings to a variety of audiences. As the creation of novel and large environmental datasets has grown, this has necessitated new schemes and recommendations for creating effective visualizations. In this overview, we review the foundations of scientific visualization and considerations for visualization of large datasets within the context of the four Vs of big data (volume, variety, veracity, and velocity). Using big datasets requires making decisions as to whether to aggregate or preserve details, approaches for grouping to enable comparisons, and considering how best to show complex data in many-dimensional space. To enable more effective visualizations, we provide several considerations regarding common decisions faced during the visualization process. These recommendations are accompanied by examples applied to existing large datasets. While our recommendations are just that, they encourage intentionality and awareness of the choices faced when visualizing scientific datasets.
Scoping Review of Toxoplasma Postinfectious Sequelae.

Previous economic estimates of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and chronic sequelae following infection lack sufficient data to establish the true burden of disease and its chronic sequelae. This ...
Fundamentals of Engineering Plasticity

William Hosford's book is ideal for those involved in designing sheet metal forming processes. Knowledge of plasticity is essential for the computer simulation of metal forming processes and understanding the advances in plasticity theory is key to formulating sound analyses. The author makes the subject simple by avoiding notations used by specialists in mechanics. R. Hill's authoritative book, Mathematical Theory of Plasticity (1950), presented a comprehensive treatment of continuum plasticity theory up to that time; much of the treatment in this book covers the same ground, but focuses on more practical topics. Hosford has included recent developments in continuum theory, including a newer treatment of anisotropy that has resulted from calculations of yielding based on crystallography, analysis of the role of defects, and forming limit diagrams. A much greater emphasis is placed on deformation mechanisms and the book also includes chapters on slip and dislocation theory and twinning.
Two Sides of a Coin: Safe Space and Segregation in Race/Ethnic-Specific Law Student Organizations

American racism and discrimination continue to plague our institutions of higher education. Predominantly white law school environments are especially notable for being inhospitable and unfriendly. Many law students of color create and join race/ethnic-specific organizations in order to receive support on otherwise unwelcoming campuses. While many students view these groups as a safe space that provides a buffer from the rest of law school life, others worry that these organizations may increase segregation. When considered through a lens of structural inequality and privilege, we see that “exclusion” may have different meanings and outcomes based on the relative racial hierarchy of the groups involved. My research uses both quantitative and qualitative data to better understand how what some consider “self-segregation” may be necessary for creating safe space.
Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning: Combining Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration and Communities of Practice in a Learning Network

Problem: As planners grow increasingly confident that they have settled on the right concepts and methods to conduct stakeholder-based collaboration, they are not considering what can be achieved through other collaborative approaches. Purpose: We aimed to explore how creating a network of place- and stakeholder-based collaboratives using communities of practice could strengthen individual collaboratives and achieve network synergies. Methods: Using a case study approach, we draw out lessons for collaborative planning from our research on the U.S. Fire Learning Network (FLN), a collaborative initiative to restore ecosystems that depend on fire. We analyzed data from over 140 interviews, hundreds of documents including restoration plans, newsletters, meeting summaries, maps, and various other reports, and observations at more than a dozen regional and national meetings. Results and conclusions: We conclude that the FLN nurtures expertise in ecological fire restoration and collaborative planning by linking ...
Technical challenges of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging

The major clinical potentials of MR imaging, as determined by research done in industry and universities, are identified and discussed. These are cardiovascular imaging, fast scan imaging, motion compensation, and spectroscopy. The problems of RF pulse design and image processing are considered. >
Downregulation of elafin gene in breast cancer: A novel target

4914 Cyclin E is a positive regulator of the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle. Previously, we found that cyclin E is overexpressed and present in low weight (LMW) isoforms in breast tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. The frequent appearance of the LMW forms of cyclin E is a very strong predictor of poor outcome in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, only tumor cells and not normal cells have the machinery to proteolytically cleave the full length cyclin E into these LMW forms through the action of the elastase class of serine proteases. Elafin is an endogenous inhibitor of the elastase protease, and plays a key role in inhibiting the synthesis of the LMW forms in normal cells. The expression of the elafin is down regulated in most tumor cell lines but is consistently expressed in normal cells. The goal of this project is to elucidate a mechanism through which the expression of elafin is downregulated specifically in breast tumor cells. In most tumor cell lines, elafin mRNA and protein are downregulated, suggesting that the elafin gene is transcriptionally downregulated in tumor cells. There is neither gross genetic alteration nor significant mutations in the elafin gene of the tumor cells. To investigate the difference in elafin mRNA turnover between tumor and normal cells, cells were precultured with cycloheximide to promote accumulation of elafin mRNA, and then treated with 5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole 1-b-D-ribofuranoside (DRB) to inhibit transcription. Total RNA was extracted at 30 minutes up to 12 hours after DRB treatment, and subjected to Northern blot analysis. The results indicated that the elafin mRNA is stable in both tumor and normal cells, while cyclin A mRNA level goes down after the treatment. These results suggest that differences in its mRNA stability do not contribute to its downregulation. Promoter-luciferase reporter assays reveal that elafin promoter activity is much higher in normal cells as compared to tumor cells, fully accounting for the differences in mRNA and protein expression of elafin in normal versus tumor cells. To determine the promoter regions responsible for the transcriptional activity of the elafin gene, we compared the promoter activities among a series of 5‘ deletion mutants of the promoter region in normal cells. The elafin promoter activity decreases stepwise from -290 relative to the first base of the translation initiation codon in the upstream region. The 290-bp region harbors 3 consensus-binding sites for the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) beta. These findings raise a possibility that C/EBP beta could act as an activator for elafin promoter activity. The understanding of the mechanism underlying the regulation of elafin gene expression will help design novel models of molecular-targeting chemotherapy for breast cancer that harbor alterations in the elafin gene and deregulation cyclin E protein.
Mutual Fund Families and Performance Evaluation

We develop a continuous-time Bayesian learning model to evaluate the composite skill of a mutual fund manager and a fund family. Our model estimates the composite skill of each fund as a function of its own performance and family performance. We show two competing eects of family performance on the evaluation of a member
Spin-current magnetization switching in CPP GMR spin valves

In this paper, we report on transport measurements in current-perpendicular-to-plane (CCP) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valves. Devices as small as 50 nm /spl times/ 100 nm were fabricated across 6" wafers. Spin-transfer switching was observed as well as the first measurement of the dependence of the switching current on the angle between the spin valve magnetizations.
Effect of restrictive temperature on cell wall synthesis in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Abstract A temperature-sensitive mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus, TS-13, was unable to grow above 58 degrees C, compared to 72 degrees C for the wild type. Actively growing TS-13 cells lysed within 2 h when exposed to a restrictive temperature of 65 degrees C. Peptidoglycan synthesis stopped within 10 to 15 min postshift before a shut down of other macromolecular syntheses. Composition of preexisting peptidoglycan was not altered, nor was new peptidoglycan of aberrant composition formed. No significant difference in autolysin activity was observed between the mutant and the wild type at 65 degrees C. Protoplasts of TS-13 cells were able to synthesize cell wall material at 52 degress C, but not at 65 degrees C. This wall material remained closely associated with the cell membrane at the outer surface of the protoplasts, forming small, globular, membrane-bound structures which could be visualized by electron microscopy. These structures reacted with fluorescent antibody prepared against purified cell walls. Production of this membrane-associated wall material could be blocked by bacitracin, which inhibited cell wall synthesis at the level of transport through the membrane. The data were in agreement with previous studies showing that at the restrictive temperature this mutant is unable to alter its membrane fatty acid and phospholipid composition with temperature such that it is not able to maintain a membrane lipid composition which permits normal membrane function at the restrictive temperature.
Using NCES Surveys to Understand the Experiences of Immigrant-Origin Students

The Workshop to Examine Current and Potential Uses of NCES Longitudinal Surveys by the Education Research Community was held on November 5–6, 2013, in Washington, DC, with the aim of providing the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) with input on the changing needs of the education research community and to offer ideas on ways NCES longitudinal surveys could be organized to plan into the future—particularly in light of a changing U.S. student population due to growing and diverse flows of immigrants. The following provides an overview of the transformation of the United States into a new nation of immigrants over the past several decades, and of a rapidly growing second generation of children of immigrants; discusses immigration and generational contexts most relevant to situating the educational experience of a changing student population; takes note of a similar previous effort to incorporate immigration-relevant data into federal surveys and official statistics; and proposes a “common core” of questions in NCES longitudinal surveys (only some of which are already being used in some surveys, but not consistently).
Dynamics of the thirteenth century depopulation of the northern San Juan: the view from Cedar Mesa.

Lipe, W. D., Glowacki, D. M. & Windes, T. C. Dynamics of the thirteenth century depopulation of the northern San Juan: the view from Cedar Mesa. Presentation at the Society for American Archaeology meeting, St. Louis, MO, April 15, 2010.
Q: Do patients with prosthetic joints require dental antimicrobial prophylaxis?

The authors contend that the available evidence does not support routine prophylaxis before dental procedures.
The Role of Insurance in Managing Natural Hazard Risks: Private Versus Social Decisions

The authors explore the interaction between individual and collective decisions concerning natural hazards. Collective actions such as building a dam change the risks faced by private individuals. They show that, with proper incentives, individual reactions to such changes in risk can serve to enhance risk management by utilizing individual's decisions to take account of their specialized knowledge about their risk preferences and losses. They demonstrate that the efficient response to construction of a dam may be private actions that lead to a fully anticipated increase in flood damage. In such instances, zoning that focuses on reducing flood damage may lead to less efficient use of the flood plain. More generally, even where incentives for underinvestment in market insurance and self-insurance are present, constraining use of the flood plain by zoning will not generally lead to efficient outcomes. The model identifying conditions under which informed individuals have the incentives to make efficient decisions is powerful and directs attention toward more fruitful approaches.
The Relative Cost-Effectiveness of Anticoagulants Obvious, Except for the Cost and the Effectiveness

The search for a safer and more tolerable anticoagulant alternative to warfarin has been the holy grail of thromboembolic research for decades. With its capacity to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by nearly two thirds in patients with atrial fibrillation, warfarin remains one of the most powerful preventive tools in all of medicine.1 But in the 57 years since the drug was introduced, generations of clinicians and patients have become all too familiar with the difficulty of establishing and maintaining an adequate level of the international normalized ratio (INR) in the face of intercurrent illnesses, the use of myriad interacting drugs, and dietary changes. Partly as a result, anticoagulation remains woefully underused in patients for whom it could do enormous good.2 Sensitive to problems that result from commission more than from omission, physicians often overestimate the likelihood of hemorrhagic complications and underestimate the consequences of failing to prevent embolic events.3 Article see p 2562 This is especially true in older patients, whom prescribers excessively perceive to be poor risks for anticoagulation, because they are frail or more likely to fall—even though these are the very patients at highest risk for preventable atrial fibrillation-induced stroke.4 Although there is good evidence that well-run anticoagulation clinics can help patients to hit the sweet spot of an INR of 2 to 3 consistently, most receive warfarin without benefit of such services. As a result, the average patient prescribed warfarin spends a distressingly high proportion of time either over or under the safe INR range. The prospect that pharmacogenetic testing could guide warfarin dosing, although now enshrined in the official labeling for the drug, has not been borne out as a compelling clinical or economic strategy.5 The search for a better alternative to warfarin has had several false starts …
Nucleosides. CIX. 2′-Deoxy-ψ-isocytidine, 2 -deoxy-ψ-uridine, and 2′-deoxy-l-methyl-ψ-uridine. Isosteres of deoxycytidine, deoxyuridine and thymidine

2′-Deoxy-ψ-isocytidine (VIIβ), a 2′-deoxy analog of antileukemic ψ-isocytidine and also a C-nucleoside analog of deoxycytidine, was synthesized from ψ-uridine by making use of the newly discovered pyrimidine to pyrimidine transformation reaction [J. Chem. Soc., 14, 537 (1977)]. 2′-Deoxy-ψ-uridine (IIβ) and 2′-deoxy-l-methyl-ψ-uridine (V), both C-nucleoside analogs of deoxyuridine and thymidine, were also synthesized. ψ-Uridine was converted into the 2′-chloro analogs (I) which was reduced with tributyltin hydride to give an α,β-mixture of 2′-deoxy-ψ-uridines. The β-isomer (11β was trimethylsilylated and the product (III) treated with methyl iodide to afford the 1-methyl derivative (IV). After hydrolytic removal of the trimethylsilyl groups from IV, the thymidine analog (V) was obtained in good yield. A crude mixture of II was converted in good yield into an α,β-mixture of 1,3-dimethyl-2 -deoxy-ψ-uridines (VI) by treatment with DMF dimethyl acetal in DMF. Treatment of the β-isomer (VIβ) with guanidine, however, gave the α,β-mixture of 2 -deoxy-ψ-isocytidines (VII). The pure β-isomer (VIIβ) was obtained by thick layer chromatography. The pure α-isomer (VIIα) was obtained when VIα was treated with guanidine. 2 -Deoxy-ψ-isocytidine (VIIβ) and 2 -deoxy-l-methyl-ψ-uridine (V) exhibited inhibitory activity against P815 cells (ID5 0 1.2 μg./ml. and 4.9 μg./ml., respectively) and the thymidine analog V was found to be active against Streptococcus faecium var. duran. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 14, 1119 (1977)
Macroscopic fracture characteristics of random particle systems

This paper deals with determination of macroscopic fracture characteristics of random particle systems, which represents a fundamental but little explored problem of micromechanics of quasibrittle materials. The particle locations are randomly generated and the mechanical properties are characterized by a triangular softening force-displacement diagram for the interparticle links. An efficient algorithm, which is used to repetitively solve large systems, is developed. This algorithm is based on the replacement of stiffness changes by inelastic forces applied as external loads. It makes it possible to calculate the exact displacement increments in each step without iterations and using only the elastic stiffness matrix. The size effect method is used to determine the dependence of the mean macroscopic fracture energy and the mean effective process zone size of two-dimensional particle systems on the basic microscopic characteristics such as the microscopic fracture energy, the dominant inhomogeneity spacing (particle size) and the coefficients of variation of the microstrength and the microductility. Some general trends are revealed and discussed.