cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on the microstructural and hardness variations of unsupported overhangs fabricated using selective laser melting

Inconel 718 (IN718), a nickel-based superalloy, is commonly used in rocket nozzles and turbines. Conventional manufacturing of complex IN718 geometries is difficult due to its high stiffness values. Consequently, Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods like selective laser melting (SLM), offers a viable solution for the fabrication of parts using IN718 with high accuracy. One of the limitations of this technique is its need for supports in order to fabricate overhanging structures. These supports need to be designed carefully and tend to consume a significant amount of resources. In this research, we studied the angled structures fabricated without supports. The overhangs were fabricated using uniform process parameters for varying thicknesses. Microstructural and hardness analyses were carried out to determine variations in melt pools and Vickers hardness. The outcome of this study will help us in predicting the need for supports in overhangs and inclined structures used within a part having complex geometry.
The Work of Translation

Edward L. Greenstein, who has recently published a most accomplished translation of the biblical book of Job, gives an indication of the extent of the labor required to produce such a translation: “I have been deeply engaged by the challenges of the book of Job—its themes, literary affiliations, language, and poetics—for over four decades” (xvii). That Greenstein has more than endured what he rightly characterizes as “this intimate endeavor” (xvii), including especially “the painstaking work of original philological investigation” (xviii), demonstrates that he is not only a long-suffering “scholar of difficult language” but indeed a “lover of words,” and of the work of words (ix). Further proof of his love lies in the stated altruism of his goals (xvii). He has aimed “to make good sense of the text of Job” and “to convey something of the text’s poetics” (x, xxxvi). That is, he has tried to recreate in English something of the theological and literary genius of the ancient Joban writers, better than others have done previously. And fellow students of Job and lovers of words, including the present author, owe a debt of gratitude to Greenstein for his labor of love and this work of translation. For, true to his goals, the still enigmatic biblical book begins to make (stunning) good sense and, here and there, lays bare more of its (sinuous) literary genius in Greenstein’s new translation.1
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry of Mtr4 with diverse RNAs reveals substrate-dependent dynamics and interfaces in the arch

Mtr4 is a eukaryotic RNA helicase required for RNA decay by the nuclear exosome. Previous studies have shown how RNA enroute to the exosome threads through the highly conserved helicase core of Mtr4. Mtr4 also contains an arch domain, although details of potential interactions between the arch and RNA have been elusive. To understand the interaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mtr4 with various RNAs, we have characterized RNA binding in solution using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and affinity and unwinding assays. We have identified RNA interactions within the helicase core that are consistent with existing structures and do not vary between tRNA, single-stranded RNA, and double-stranded RNA constructs. We have also identified novel RNA interactions with a region of the arch known as the fist or KOW. These interactions are important for RNA unwinding and vary in strength depending on RNA structure and length. They account for Mtr4 discrimination between different RNAs. These interactions further drive Mtr4 to adopt a closed conformation characterized by reduced dynamics of the arch arm and intra-domain contacts between the fist and helicase core.
Age-related neural dedifferentiation for individual stimuli: An across-participant pattern similarity analysis

Age-related neural dedifferentiation - reductions in the regional specificity and precision of neural representations - is proposed to compromise the ability of older adults to form sufficiently distinct neural representations to support episodic memory encoding. The computational model that spurred investigations of age-related neural dedifferentiation initially characterized this phenomenon as a reduction in the specificity of neural patterns for individual items or stimuli. Most investigations have focused on reductions in neural differentiation for patterns of neural activity associated with category level information, such as reduced neural selectivity between categories of visual stimuli (e.g., scenes, objects, and faces). Here, I report a novel across-participant pattern similarity analysis method to measure neural distinctiveness for individual stimuli that were presented to participants on a single occasion. Measures of item level pattern similarity during encoding showed a graded positive subsequent memory effect in younger, with no significant subsequent memory effect in older adults. These results suggest that age-related reductions in the distinctiveness of neural patterns for individual stimuli during age differences in memory encoding. Moreover, a measure of category level similarity demonstrated a significant subsequent memory effect associated with item recognition (regardless of an object source memory detail), whereas the effect in older was associated with source memory. These results converge with predictions of computational models of dedifferentiation showing age-related reductions in the distinctiveness of neural patterns across multiple levels of representation. Moreover, the results suggest that different levels of neural representations support successful encoding in young and older adults.
New strategies to expand the donor pool: are they misguided?

A shortage of donors limits the use of heart transplantation. Despite various efforts to widen selection criteria and increase availability, the collective epidemiologic impact on donor-organ shortage has been relatively small. Approaches to date and possible ways forward, including a balance between organs and mechanical assistance, are discussed.
Thirty years is long enough: getting beyond C

Thirty years after its creation, C remains one of the most widely used systems programming languages. Unfortunately, the power of C has become a liability for large systems projects, which are now focusing on security and reliability. Modern languages and static analyses provide an opportunity to improve the quality of systems software, and yet adoption of these tools has been slow. To address this problem, we propose a new language called Ivy that has an evolutionary path from C. The mechanism for this evolutionary path is a system of extensions and refactorings: extensions augment the language with new features, and refactorings assist the programmer in updating their code to use these new features. Extensions and refactorings have a wide variety of applications, from enforcing memory safety to detecting user/kernel pointer errors. We also demonstrate Macroscope, a tool we have built to enable refactoring of existing C code.
The Georgia and South Carolina Coastal Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore; The East Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore

The Georgia and South Carolina Coastal Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore. Lewis Larson. ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.312pp. The East Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore. Jeffrey M. Mitchem. ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999.376pp.
Scalable shared-risk group management in shared mesh restorable wavelength routed networks

The paper proposes a scaleable SRG-based restoration method in shared mesh wavelength-routed networks. We introduce a backup-SRG concept to identify which SRG is backed up by individual links. We have developed an admission control method for the backup path using the backup-SRG concept to achieve 100% recovery performance. The proposed method is extended to support networks with a large number of SRGs by introducing a hierarchical SRG assignment technique. Through computer simulation on the NSF network model, we confirmed that the proposed method achieves 100% recovery performance assuming a single link failure at the expense of 28.6% extra wavelength resource compared to the non-backup method. The proposed method requires less than 56.3% wavelength resource than that of the protection scheme while keeping 100% recovery performance. The hierarchical SRG assignment technique reduces the number of backup-SRGs to be used in admission control at each node at the expense of very little throughput degradation.
Serum lipids in acute pancreatitis.

Lactescence of the serum in acute pancreatitis, supposedly a rare manifestation of this disorder, was first reported in 1865.1 More recently, the increased incidence of relapsing pancreatitis in persons with idiopathic hyperlipemia has been stressed.2 6 The occurrence of elevated serum lipid levels in experimental pancreatitis in the dog was reported in 1929.7 Systematic studies performed in this laboratory demonstrated elevations of all serum lipid fractions in experimental acute pancreatitis in rabbits and dogs.8 It therefore appears that transient lipemia may accompany acute pancreatitis and that acute pancreatitis may be a complication of idiopathic hyperlipemia. Diabetic acidosis, if present, may contribute to the elevation of circulating lipoids. 9 . 10 It seemed profitable to review the records of patients with acute pancreatitis seen at the Mount Sinai Hospital during the past 22 years, with special emphasis on those in whom serum lipid determinations were performed. A smaller group of six patients, observed during the past five years, in whom serial determinations of serum lipids had been performed, are presented in detail. Serum cholesterol was determined by the Sperry-Schoenheimer method, phospholipids by the Sperry modification of the FiskeSubbaRow method, and total lipids by the Bloor method. Serum amylase was determined by the method of Somogyi (normal range 80 to 180 units per 100 ml). Selection of pat1·ents. One hundred and three patients, hospitalized between the years 1936 and 1957, were selected for review. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was established in 65 patients; by surgical laparotomy in 47 persons and by autopsy in 18 (proved cases). The diagnosis in the remaining 38 patients was based on clinical, laboratory, and roentgenologic findings (presumptive cases). Patients with "chronic"
Gorbachev, ideology, and the fate of Soviet communism

Abstract The collapse of the Soviet Union has spurred much scholarly debate about the reasons for the rapid disintegration of this apparently entrenched system. In this article, it is argued that the basic source of ultimate weakness was the obverse of the system's strengths, especially its form of organization and its relation to Marxist–Leninist ideology. Democratic centralism provided cohesion for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) but also gave inordinate control over ideology to the party leader. Mikhail Gorbachev carried out an ideological revision that undercut the legitimacy of party elites and his restructuring of the system left the party with no clear functional role in the society. The successor party, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), has made a surprising comeback for communism, utilizing the Leninist model of party organization, which has proved to be highly effective in the Russian political culture. Furthermore, the CPRF, under party leaders like Gennadi Zyuganov, has avoided Gorbachev's ideological deviations while attempting to broaden the party's base through the cultivation of Russian nationalism.
Occurrence of Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Trees Previously Infested with Enaphalodes rufulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas

ABSTRACT Black carpenter ants, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer), are nearly ubiquitous in North American forests. These ants are documented as predators of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), a native longhorn beetle that experienced an unprecedented population increase synonymous with an oak decline event in the oak hickory forests of the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas from the late 1990s until 2005. We examined previous red oak borer emergence holes, tree crown conditions, and site aspects in 13 pre-established vegetation monitoring plots and correlated these forest and tree attributes with the presence or absence of black carpenter ants. At each site, all red oaks >10 cm diameter at breast height were baited for black carpenter ants with a mixture of tuna and honey. Black carpenter ants were more frequently found on trees with low levels of previous red oak borer infestation versus those trees with previously high infestations. These data suggest a potential role for black carpenter ants in t...
Effect of microcracks on the thermal expansion of composite laminates

A finite element analysis was used to quantitatively predict the effect of matrix microcracks in the 90 deg plies of graphite/epoxy composites on the coefficient of thermal expansion in the 0 deg direction, alpha (y) (perpendicular to the cracks). Results were generated for (0m/90n)s, (0/+ or 45/90)s and (0/90/ + or - 45)s graphite/epoxy laminate configurations. Analytical predictions were compared with experimental results for the two quasi-isotropic laminate configurations. Both analytical and experimental results showed that microcracks reduced the effective stiffness of the 90 deg plies, thus causing the laminates, thermal response to be more like that of a (0) laminate. The change in alpha(y) was a function of lamina material properties, microcrack density, fiber orientation, and stacking sequence. A combination of classical lamination theory and finite element analysis was used to predict the effect of microcracks in both the 90 deg and 0 deg plies. Analytical results showed that the addition of microcracks in the 0 deg plies do affect alpha(y), but to a lesser extent than those in the 90 deg plies.
A morphologic and genetic study of Gonium pectorale

THE MOST FREQUENTLY encountered species of Gonium is the 16-celled G. pectorale Muller, which was one of the original species described by 0. F. Muller in 1773 when he erected the genus. By 1838 it was the only species still considered to be a member of the genus, and it thus became the lectotype of Gonium (Ehrenberg, 1838). Previously, Bory (1824) had described a new monotypic genus, Pectoralina, whose type, P. hebracia, Ehrenberg (1838) and others have considered synonymous with G. pectorale. In 1866 Diesing placed G. helveticum Perty in his new genus Glenogonium, but Warming (1876-77) and Biitschli (1884) have referred this species to G. pectorale. Pocock (1955), in her study of the genus Gonium in North America, considered G. pectorale as comprised of two varieties, variety pectorale and variety praecox. The variety praecox has comparatively small, usually pale-green colonies composed of slightly elongated cells with the apex wider than the base. This varietal name refers to the precocious development of daughter colonies, while the mother colony is still quite small. GENERAL TECHNIQUES. Throughout this investigation, single colony isolations were made with a glass capillary pipette using a dissection microscope equipped with substage, darkfield illumination. The cultures were maintained in Pringsheim's soil-water medium (Starr, 1956) or in a modified Beijerinck's medium (table 1) to which were added 10 per cent soil-water supernatant and 1-1.5 per cent agar. Active growth of the cultures occurred at 200C. at 200250 ft.-c. intensity (provided by 40-w. cool-white fluorescent lamps) on a 16 hr. light-8 hr. dark cycle. Stock cultures received illumination of about 75 ft.-c. intensity and were transferred every 6-8 weeks. The strains used in this study were obtained from field collections and from soil-cultures. The latter were made by covering dry mud samples in a dish with glass-distilled water and placing the dishes under the conditions described above. The colonies were isolated 1-4 days after the water had been added. Colonies isolated from one collection site at any one time are considered members of the same
Sensing and control uncertainty fields in sensor-based motion planning

This paper describes a new representation of the sensing and control uncertainties that occur in sensor-based robot control. A sensor is represented by three quantities: a domain, which is the set of robot configurations at which a valid measurement can be taken; an absolute sensing uncertainty field, which describes the sensor's absolute (global) accuracy; and an incremental motion uncertainty, which describes the sensor's relative (pertaining to displacements) accuracy. Control uncertainty represents the ability of a controller to drive the measured error near zero, regardless of how accurate the measurement is. These descriptions of sensing and control capability determine the evolution of uncertainty in a sensor-based motion plan. Sensor fusion is handled in this representation as the simultaneous activation of multiple sensors. A composite sensor's representation is computed from the representation of its constituent sensors. A motion planning framework based on the above representation of uncertainties is introduced through an example. This framework is designed to utilize the available sensing modes required to accomplish a task.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The federal budget is dangerous to your health.

y a c; ORE than a millennium ago, one of the great physicians { of the early Middle Ages, Isaac ben Solomon Israeli, stated simply the credo of every public health officer. 1he need of the physician," he wrote, "is twofold: p reserving health and curing disease. The demand for (tISe)< ithe former is greater than for the latter for it is better for man that he avoid becoming ill than that he become ill and be cured." President Carter recently echoed that sentiment when he stated: "Our fascination with the more glorious 'pound of cure' has tended to dazzle us into ignoring the often more effective 'ounce of prevention.' " And yet such a self-evident truth is having a difficult time gaining acceptance in the proposed federal budget for health. The federal government continues to pour money into the treatment of illness, while funds for programs of prevention and health promotion represent less than two percent of recommended health expenditures in the President's proposed fiscal year 1981 budget. To make matters worse, proposed cuts in even this modest amount will further curtail services essential to our well-being. The good health most Americans enjoy and take for granted is no accident. In large measure it is a product of the vigilance of state and local health agencies who see to it that our water is pure, our food and milk and restaurants safe. Control of communicable illnesses such as tuberculosis and venereal disease and of disease-bearing insects and rodents is the responsibility of these agencies. Recently public health departments have also assumed the burden of dealing with the health effects of environmental hazards such as PCBs, Mirex, and Kepone. The federal government contributes to these state and local health endeavors principally through two programs: Health Incentive Grants to States (Section 314[d] of the Public Health Service Act), and Formula Grants to States for Preventive Health Services Programs (Section 315). In the present fiscal year, the Administraton reduced considerably the appropriation for Health Incentive Grants. We are already seeing the sen-
How much are patients willing to pay to avoid postoperative nausea and vomiting

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are unpleasant experiences. However, there is no drug that is completely effective in preventing PONV. Whereas cost effectiveness analyses rely on specific health outcomes (e.g., years of life saved), cost-benefit analyses assess the cost and benefit of medic
Note---A Note on “Critical Ratio Scheduling: An Experimental Analysis”

A recent journal article [Berry, W. L., Rao, V. 1975. Critical ratio scheduling: an experimental analysis. Management Sci.22 2, October 192--201.] by Berry and Rao on job shop scheduling reported some counterintuitive results concerning the use of dynamic operating information in making priority scheduling decisions. The results of the article, based on a simulation experiment, indicate that dynamic information on queue waiting time at individual machines and on the inventory status of individual items fails to improve the performance of the production system. In fact, the reported performance of the dynamic rule was inferior to the static rules in five out of six cases. The purpose of this note is to call attention to the possibility that it is Berry and Rao's construction and/or use of this information, and not the value of the information itself, which is in question.
Depth of processing and test anxiety in landscape recognition

Subjects selected on the basis of test anxiety scores made a judgment about landscape photographs during the study phase of a recognition experiment. The orienting tasks required attention to features that involved either deep (geographic location) or shallow (colorfulness) processing. Test performance was better for subjects who had made the deep decision during study. Compared to low-anxiety subjects, the criterion was higher for high-anxiety subjects following deep processing, but it was lower for high-anxiety subjects following shallow processing.
Results of a National Symposium on Risk Communication: Next Steps for Government Agencies

A national symposium of risk communication practitioners and researchers was held in 1994 to discuss next steps to improve government agencies’risk communication practices. The symposium focused on three issues which a survey of researchers and practitioners indicated were priorities for risk communication research: integrating outside concerns into agency decision-making; communicating with communities of different races, ethnic backgrounds and incomes; and evaluation of risk communication. There are indications that the working assumptions underlying these issues are shifting in several distinctive ways. For example, a shift from simply communicating risk to forging partnerships with communities was clearly evident throughout the symposium. Communicating with different social, ethnic, and racial groups gained recognition as a vital component of the risk communication research agenda. Agencies themselves should be the subject of study, according to many symposium participants who were concerned less about the so-called irrationality of the public and more about the reluctance of agencies to encourage risk communication.
The effect of azelastine on neutrophil and eosinophil generation of superoxide.

Abstract Azelastine is a new investigational drug used to treat rhinitis and asthma. In addition to described actions that include inhibition of immunologic release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, blockade of smooth muscle contraction to various spasmogenic mediators, and relaxation of airway smooth muscle, azelastine has been ascribed anti-inflammatory properties. To understand further the mechanisms by which azelastine may regulate inflammation, its effect on neutrophil and eosinophil superoxide (O 2 - ) generation was evaluated. Purified suspension of neutrophils (>95% pure) and eosinophils (>85% pure) were isolated from human peripheral blood samples by continuous density gradients of Percoll. The isolated granulocyte suspensions (1 × 10 5 cells) were added to 96-well microtiter plates in the presence of cytochrome c, activated by either N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, phorphol myristate actetate, calcium ionophore A23187, or opsonized zymosan particles; O 2 - generation was measured by the reduction of cytochrome c. We found that azelastine significantly inhibited both neutrophil and eosinophil generation of O 2 - in a dose-dependent fashion (10 −7 to 10 −5 mol/L) with each activator except zymosan. Furthermore, the degree to which azelastine suppressed O 2 - was similar in neutrophils and eosinophils. Thus, azelastine, in concentrations achieved therapeutically, inhibited granulocyte generation of O 2 - . This anti-inflammatory effect may also be beneficial in the treatment of asthma.
Intestinal absorption of arachidonic acid in experimental azotemia.

Abstract The effect of renal failure (RF) on intestinal absorption of dietary fatty acids is not known. We studied the intestinal absorption of arachidonic acid (AA) in rats with experimental short-term (2 weeks post-subtotal nephrectomy) and long-term (5–6 weeks post-subtotal nephrectomy) RF. The results were compared with those obtained in sham-operated animals on liberal food intake (NL) and in those pair-fed (PF) with the respective RF groups. In vivo perfusion and in vitro incubation experiments were performed at a wide range of AA concentrations. The rates of AA transport determined both in vivo and in vitro were significantly lower in the short-term RF group than those found in the NL controls and the PF animals who showed comparable values. In contrast animals with long-term RF exhibited an increased rate of AA transport as compared with the respective controls. The observed changes in the transport rates appeared to parallel directional changes in mucosal mass which was reduced in animals with short-term RF and restored in those with long-term RF.
Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation’s Journalism by Christopher B. Daly

Acknowledging the central role of journalism in the nation's history, Christopher Daly's Covering America: A Narrative History of a Nation's Journalism sets out to explore how American journalism h...
Rescue of soybean flowers destined to abscise

(...) The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of a proximal pod removal treatment designed to rescue soybean flowers destined to abscise and to determine if the effectiveness of this treatment changes with time after anthesis. «Williams 82» soybean was grown in the field during 1985 and 1986 (...)
In vitro stability of some reduced peptide bond pseudopeptide analogues of dynorphin A

Eight analogues of DYN A(1-11)-NH2 incorporating the nonhydrolyzable psi [CH2-NH] peptide bond surrogate were tested for their in vitro enzymatic stability in mouse brain homogenates. Results show that the Leu(5)-Arg6 and to a lesser extent the Arg(7)-Ile8 and Ile(8)-Arg9 peptide bonds are the more susceptible to enzymatic cleavage in the native peptide. (Leu5 psi[CH(2)-NH]Arg6)DYN A(1-11)-NH2 exhibits an almost complete resistance to enzymatic cleavage with a half-life greater than 500 min in brain, compared to 42 min for the standard peptide, DYN A(1-11)-NH2.
Case Studies on Water Security: Analysis of System Complexity and the Role of Institutions

: Water security is a challenge faced within many transboundary river basins. Identifying the resilient factors within a system may reduce water security concerns and enhance cooperation. In this paper, we are examining the dimensions of resilience as influenced by the rate of change and institutional capacity within river basins. Three case studies are analyzed for their water security capacity, including resilience and vulnerability, as well as institutional capacity.
Slope stability under the influence of ground subsidence due to longwall mining

Abstract In many cases * it has been reported that surface subsidence, especially horizontal displacements, induced by underground longwall mining in hilly regions is different from that in level areas. However, to date, the mechanisms behind the phenomenon are not clear. Here, this problem is considered to be a slope stability problem and a mathematical model is proposed to assess the slope stability under the influence of subsidence due to longwall mining. In developing the mathematical model, the following assumptions are made: (1) The incremental subsidence and the horizontal displacement, which are the amounts of subsidence and horizontal displacement other than those expected for a flat surface, are the results of the sliding between the top soil and the bedrock. The triggering force which causes the top soil to slide is the stress field in the top soil induced during the ground subsidence process. (2) The displacement and deformation of the bedrock could be accurately predicted by the probability function integration ** method assuming a level surface. (3) The strain in the top soil induced by the subsidence is sufficiently small such that the top soil can be treated as a linearly elastic material. (4) The longwall panel is rectangular-shaped in plane view.
Brain Uptake of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Ibuprofen, Flurbiprofen, and Indomethacin

To determine the roles of blood–brain barrier (BBB) transport and plasma protein binding in brain uptake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)—ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and indomethacin. Brain uptake was measured using in situ rat brain perfusion technique. [14C]Ibuprofen, [3H]flurbiprofen, and [14C]indomethacin were rapidly taken up into the brain in the absence of plasma protein with BBB permeability–surface area products (PSu) to free drug of (2.63 ± 0.11) × 10−2, (1.60 ± 0.08) × 10−2, and (0.64 ± 0.05) × 10−2 mL s−1 g−1 (n = 9–11), respectively. BBB [14C]ibuprofen uptake was inhibited by unlabeled ibuprofen (K m = 0.85 ± 0.02 mM, V max = 13.5 ± 0.4 nmol s−1 g−1) and indomethacin, but not by pyruvate, probenecid, digoxin, or valproate. No evidence was found for saturable BBB uptake of [3H]flurbiprofen or [14C]indomethacin. Initial brain uptake for all three NSAIDs was reduced by the addition of albumin to the perfusion buffer. The magnitude of the brain uptake reduction correlated with the NSAID free fraction in the perfusate. Free ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and indomethacin rapidly cross the BBB, with ibuprofen exhibiting a saturable component of transport. Plasma protein binding limits brain NSAID uptake by reducing the free fraction of NSAID in the circulation.
Constrictive pericarditis associated with hemangioma of the pericardium

Abstract This represents the second case of multiple hemangiomas involving the pericardium reported in the literature. The association of intrapericardial hemorrhage with pericardial constriction has been reviewed. Further investigative work seems to be necessary to clarify their relationship.
Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: a new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance.

Background A variety of obstacles including bureaucracy and lack of resources have interfered with timely detection and reporting of dengue cases in many endemic countries. Surveillance efforts have turned to modern data sources, such as Internet search queries, which have been shown to be effective for monitoring influenza-like illnesses. However, few have evaluated the utility of web search query data for other diseases, especially those of high morbidity and mortality or where a vaccine may not exist. In this study, we aimed to assess whether web search queries are a viable data source for the early detection and monitoring of dengue epidemics. Methodology/Principal Findings Bolivia, Brazil, India, Indonesia and Singapore were chosen for analysis based on available data and adequate search volume. For each country, a univariate linear model was then built by fitting a time series of the fraction of Google search query volume for specific dengue-related queries from that country against a time series of official dengue case counts for a time-frame within 2003–2010. The specific combination of queries used was chosen to maximize model fit. Spurious spikes in the data were also removed prior to model fitting. The final models, fit using a training subset of the data, were cross-validated against both the overall dataset and a holdout subset of the data. All models were found to fit the data quite well, with validation correlations ranging from 0.82 to 0.99. Conclusions/Significance Web search query data were found to be capable of tracking dengue activity in Bolivia, Brazil, India, Indonesia and Singapore. Whereas traditional dengue data from official sources are often not available until after some substantial delay, web search query data are available in near real-time. These data represent valuable complement to assist with traditional dengue surveillance.
Electron Spin Resonance Study of Electron Transfer Rates in DNA: Determination of the Tunneling Constant β for Single-Step Excess Electron Transfer

An investigation of electron transfer in DNA at low temperatures in an aqueous glassy medium is reported for a system in which electrons are generated by radiation and trapped on DNA. The transfer ...
Alternatives to growth hormone stimulation testing in children

Despite more than 40 years of pediatric growth hormone (GH) replacement, we are still limited in our ability to make a definitive diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) in children. Historically, GH stimulation tests (GHSTs) have been used to discriminate between GHD and idiopathic short stature. Over the years, increases in the peak diagnostic GH cutoffs and the proliferation of GH assays have fundamentally changed the nature of the GHST. In our opinion, today's GHSTs lack reproducibility and accuracy, are expensive, and can be dangerous. Moreover, newer diagnostic tools, such as high-resolution neuroimaging, measurements of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, and an increasing number of genetic tests, have emerged. We believe that it is no longer appropriate to use GHSTs to diagnose childhood GHD. Instead, diagnosis should be based on a combination of auxological, biochemical, neuroradiological and genetic considerations. Here, we examine the alternatives to the GHST that are currently available and literature that supports their use. We believe that these alternative methods should replace the GHST.
Neuere Entwicklungen in der massenspektrometrischen Strukturanalyse organischer Verbindungen

Ein Bericht wird gegeben uber neuere Entwicklungen in der massenspektrometrischen Strukturanalyse organischer Verbindungen. Dabei werden im einzelnen die Kombination Gas-Chromatographie/Massenspektrometrie, die Hochauflosungs-Massenspektrometrie sowie der Einsatz von Computern zur Registrierung, Verarbeitung und Auswertung der Daten besprochen und mit Hilfe von mehreren Beispielen die Leistungsfahigkeit der Verfahren demonstriert.
The silent epidemic--the health effects of illiteracy.

Illiteracy is not uncommon. However, Dr. Erin Marcus explains that many physicians and other health care workers remain unaware that their patients may have reading problems.
Dynamic Markov Decision Policies for Delay Constrained Wireless Scheduling

We consider a one-hop wireless system with a small number of delay constrained users and a larger number of users without delay constraints. We develop a scheduling algorithm that reacts to time varying channels and maximizes throughput utility (to within a desired proximity), stabilizes all queues, and satisfies the delay constraints. The problem is solved by reducing the constrained optimization to a set of weighted stochastic shortest path problems, which act as natural generalizations of max-weight policies to Markov decision networks. We also present approximation results for the corresponding shortest path problems, and discuss the additional complexity and delay incurred as compared to systems without delay constraints. The solution technique is general and applies to other constrained stochastic decision problems.
Formation of Assemblies Comprising Ru–Polypyridine Complexes and CdSe Nanocrystals Studied by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and DFT Modeling

The interaction between CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) passivated with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) ligands and a series of Ru-polypyridine complexes-[Ru(bpy)(3)](PF(6))(2) (1), [Ru(bpy)(2)(mcb)](PF(6))(2) (2), [Ru(bpy)(mcb)(2)](BarF)(2) (3), and [Ru(tpby)(2)(dcb)](PF(6))(2) (4) (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, mcb = 4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine, tbpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine; dcb = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, and BarF = tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate)-was studied by attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) and modeled using density functional theory (DFT). ATR-FTIR studies reveal that when the solid film of NCs is exposed to an acetonitrile solution of 2, 3, or 4, the complexes chemically bind to the NC surface through their carboxylic acid groups, replacing TOPO ligands. The corresponding spectral changes are observed on a time scale of minutes. In the case of 2, the FTIR spectral changes clearly show that the complex adsorption is associated with a loss of proton from the carboxylic acid group. In the case of 3 and 4, deprotonation of the anchoring group is also detected, while the second, "spectrator" carboxylic acid group remains protonated. The observed energy difference between the symmetric, ν(s), and asymmetric, ν(as), stretch of the deprotonated carboxylic acid group suggests that the complexes are bound to the NC surface via a bridging mode. The results of DFT modeling are consistent with the experiment, showing that for the deprotonated carboxylic acid group the coupling to two Cd atoms via a bridging mode is the energetically most favorable mode of attachment for all nonequivalent NC surface sites and that the attachment of the protonated carboxylic acid is thermodynamically significantly less favorable.
Pathologic assessment and clinical significance of prostatic involvement by transitional cell carcinoma and prostate cancer

The prostate is commonly involved by transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in patients with bladder cancer. A number of clinicopathologic factors including multifocal carcinoma in situ, tumor location, and tumor stage are associated with prostatic TCC (pTCC). In addition, the manner and extent of pathologic examination also makes a significant difference in the detection rate. Distinct patterns and extent of pTCC have been described and are associated with pathologic stage of the primary bladder tumor as well as prognosis. Preoperative transurethral biopsy of the prostatic urethra is a sensitive and accurate method to detect pTCC and is helpful for surgical planning. Given the high incidence of pTCC and prostatic adenocarcinoma, radical cystoprostatectomy is the treatment of choice for loco-regional control for patients with T4a disease. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for patient with prostatic stroma invasion.
Monte Carlo trajectory study of Ar + H2 collisions: Master-equation simulation of a 4500 K shock wave experiment with thermal rotation

Abstract Thermally averaged rate coefficients for vibrational state changes and dissociation from individual vibrational levels in H 2 -Ar collissions at 4500 K are derived from Monte Carlo quasiclassical trajectory calculations. The rate matrix is completed by linear surprisal interpolation. Relaxation times, induction times, and steady dissociation rates simulating a shock wave experiment are calculated by a matrix-eigenvalue solution of the master equation. Rotational equilibrium is assumed, but vibrational nonequilibrium effects are included in full. The resulting steady dissociation rates are only about 30% less than at equilibrium.
Measurement of Food Thermal Conductivity Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

To measure thermal conductivity of foods, an attachment to a differential scanning calorimeter was constructed. A needle probe with a 40 gauge type-T thermocouple was used to measure the temperature of a cylindrical food sample. The DSC heating pan temperature was maintained at 40°C, and then raised to 50°C. The average thermal conductivities of rutabagas, radish, parsnip, turnip, potato, green apple, and carrot were 0.447, 0.499, 0.392, 0.480, 0.552, 0.405, and 0.564 W/m°C, respectively, for a temperature range between 40–50°C. The DSC method was reliable, precise, and a relatively rapid technique for determining thermal conductivity of foods.
EFFECTS OF LOAD INDUCTANCE ON THE RIPPLES OF MULTIPHASE CHOPPER CONTROLLED DC MOTOR DRIVE

ABSTRACT This paper derives simple expressions to calculate the ripple currents and voltage of a multiphase chopper control DC motor drive. A typical example is considered and the results of the simple equations are compared with those obtained from the solutions of the differential equations without approximations. The effects of the load current ripple and the multiphase operation of choppers on the ripple voltage and current of the ‘LC’ input filter are also evaluated.
Liquefaction assessment by the unit energy concept through centrifuge and torsional shear tests

The fundamentals of the energy concept to assess the liquefaction potential of cohesionless soils have been formulated in recent years. To examine the validity of this procedure, a series of centri...
Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Heterogeneous Efavirenz Distribution within Putative HIV Reservoirs

Persistent HIV replication within active viral reservoirs may be caused by inadequate antiretroviral penetration. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging with infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption-electrospray ionization to quantify the distribution of efavirenz within tissues from a macaque dosed orally to a steady state. Intratissue efavirenz distribution was heterogeneous, with the drug concentrating in the lamina propria of the colon, the primary follicles of lymph nodes, and the brain gray matter. These are the first imaging data of an antiretroviral drug in active viral reservoirs.
Going public: A case for reading aloud in the classroom

(1984). Going public: A case for reading aloud in the classroom. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 58-64.
High-precision stereoscopic 3D mapping accuracy

The state-of-the-art in extremely versatile fine-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems allows incredibly fine resolution and accurate images to be formed over a wide range of imaging geometries (squint angles and depression angles). This capability in turn is allowing the fusion of multiple views of targets and scenes into very accurate 3-dimensional renderings of the same scenes and targets. With proper imaging geometry selections, relative height accuracy within a scene can easily be on the order of the resolution of the original SAR images, thereby rivaling the finest IFSARs even on the drawing boards, and without the height ambiguities typically associated with large-baseline IFSARs. Absolute accuracy is typically limited to the accuracy of SAR flight path knowledge, bounded typically by GPS performance. This paper presents the relationship of height accuracy to imaging geometry (flight path) selection, and illustrates conditions for optimum height estimates. Furthermore, height accuracy is related to 3-D position accuracy and precision over a variety of imaging geometries. Performance claims of height precision on the order of resolution are validated with experimental results that are also presented, using multiple aspects of a target scene collected from a high-performance single-phase-center SAR.
Apoptosis inducing factor deficiency causes reduced mitofusion 1 expression and patterned Purkinje cell degeneration

Alteration in mitochondrial dynamics has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) plays a key role in multiple cellular and disease processes. Using immunoblotting and flow cytometry analysis with Harlequin mutant mice that have a proviral insertion in the AIF gene, we first revealed that mitofusion 1 (Mfn1), a key mitochondrial fusion protein, is significantly diminished in Purkinje cells of the Harlequin cerebellum. Next, we investigated the cerebellar pathology of Harlequin mice in an age-dependent fashion, and identified a striking process of progressive and patterned Purkinje cell degeneration. Using immunohistochemistry with zebrin II, the most studied compartmentalization marker in the cerebellum, we found that zebrin II-negative Purkinje cells first started to degenerate at 7 months of age. By 11 months of age, almost half of the Purkinje cells were degenerated. Subsequently, most of the Purkinje cells disappeared in the Harlequin cerebellum. The surviving Purkinje cells were concentrated in cerebellar lobules IX and X, where these cells were positive for heat shock protein 25 and resistant to degeneration. We further showed that the patterned Purkinje cell degeneration was dependent on caspase but not poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation, and confirmed the marked decrease of Mfn1 in the Harlequin cerebellum. Our results identified a previously unrecognized role of AIF in Purkinje cell degeneration, and revealed that AIF deficiency leads to altered mitochondrial fusion and caspase-dependent cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in Harlequin mice. This study is the first to link AIF and mitochondrial fusion, both of which might play important roles in neurodegeneration.
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere formulations of darbepoetin alfa: spray drying is an alternative to encapsulation by spray-freeze drying.

Purpose. The purpose of this work was to evaluate spray-freeze drying and spray drying processes for encapsulation of darbepoetin alfa (NESP, Aranesp®). Methods. Darbepoetin alfa was encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) by spray-freeze drying and by spray drying. Integrity was evaluated by size-exclusion chromatography and Western blot. Physical properties and in vitro release kinetics were characterized. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were evaluated in nude rats. Results. Microspheres produced by spray drying were larger than those produced by spray-freeze drying (69 μm vs. 29 μm). Postencapsulation integrity was excellent for both processes, with <2% dimer by size-exclusion chromatography. In vitro release profiles were similar, with low burst (<25%) and low cumulative protein recovery at 4weeks (≤30%), after which time covalent dimer (≤6.5%) and high molecular weight aggregates (≤2.3%) were recovered by denaturing extraction. After a single injection, darbepoetin alfa was detected in serum through 4 weeks for all microsphere formulations tested in vivo, although relative bioavailability was higher for spray-freeze drying (28%) compared with spray drying (21%; p = 0.08) as were yields (73-82% vs. 34-57%, respectively). For both processes hemoglobin was elevated for 7 weeks, over twice as long as unencapsulated drug. Conclusions. Spray drying, conducted at pilot scale with commercial equipment, is comparable to spray-freeze drying for encapsulation of darbepoetin alfa.
Designed Hsp90 Heterodimers Reveal an Asymmetric ATPase-Driven Mechanism In Vivo

Hsp90 is a homodimeric ATPase that is essential in eukaryotes for the maturation of client proteins frequently involved in signal transduction, including many kinases and nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Competitive inhibitors of ATP binding to Hsp90 prevent client maturation and show promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. However, the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis in each subunit of the Hsp90 dimer has been difficult to investigate because of an inability to assemble and study dimers of defined composition. We used protein engineering to generate functional Hsp90 subunits that preferentially assemble as heterodimers. We analyzed dimers wherein one subunit harbors a disruptive mutation and observed that ATP binding by both subunits is essential for function in yeast, whereas ATP hydrolysis is only required in one subunit. These findings demonstrate important functional contributions from both symmetric and asymmetric Hsp90 dimers and provide valuable reagents for future investigations of Hsp90 mechanism.