cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen abnormalities at the time of prostate biopsy and biopsy outcomes, 1980 to 1997.

Abstract Objectives. To assess the temporal trends in the prevalence of pre-biopsy abnormalities in digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and cancer detection rates by abnormality in all men from the community who had a prostate biopsy. Methods. All Olmsted County, Minnesota residents who had their first prostate biopsy performed between January 1980 and December 1997 were identified (n = 1729). The complete medical records of these men were reviewed to determine the clinical findings at the time of the biopsy and the biopsy outcome. Results. The prevalence of an abnormal DRE decreased from 69% in 1980 to 1986 to 45% in 1993 to 1997 ( P P P Conclusions. The prevalence of an abnormal DRE at the time of biopsy has declined and that of an isolated elevated PSA has increased. However, nearly 40% of men with abnormalities in both PSA and DRE at the time of biopsy had a negative biopsy for prostate cancer. An increase in both the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests may further enhance the early detection of prostate cancer and potentially decrease the high negative biopsy rate.
A review of bioremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater

Abstract The paper discusses bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soils. Research needs for bioremediation are also discussed. Forms of bioremediation practiced today are the microbiological approach, which involves augmentation of the contaminated site with one or more species of contaminant‐specific degrading organisms, and the microbial ecology approach, which involves adjusting certain physical and chemical factors at a site to enhance degradation. The microbial approach can be used at most sites. Contaminated soils may be bioremediated by in‐situ techniques, landfarming, composting or in slurry bioreactors. Anaerobic biodegradation may offer an effective alternative to aerobic in‐situ bioremediation for some compounds. Chlorinated aliphatic and hetercyclics have been degraded anaerobically. Peholeum hydrocarbons are the most easily bioremediated compounds. White rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium will degrade many PAH compounds found in cresote. Bioremediation is also being used to reme...
Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the maintenance of renal blood flow in a rodent model of chronic hydronephrosis.

Abstract Objectives To define the role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in the regulation of renal hemodynamics in the hydronephrotic kidney. Methods Experiments were performed in control rats and in rats that had undergone unilateral ureteral ligation 6 weeks before. Renal blood flow was monitored before and after inhibition of EDRF synthesis in the control and hydronephrotic animals. Videomicroscopy was also performed in hydronephrotic animals to observe directly the effect of inhibition of EDRF synthesis on the renal microcirculation. Results Inhibition of EDRF synthesis resulted in a 61% decrease in renal blood flow in the control animals compared with only a 27% decrease for the hydronephrotic animals. The videomicroscopy studies demonstrated that inhibition of EDRF synthesis results in significant vasoconstriction of the preglomerular and postglomerular resistance vessels. Conclusions Although EDRF continues to play a significant role in the maintenance of renal blood flow in the chronically obstructed kidney, EDRF synthesis by the renal vascular endothelium may be reduced in this setting, contributing to ischemic renal atrophy.
Non-resonant grain acceleration in MHD turbulence

We discuss a new type of dust acceleration mechanism that acts in a turbulent magnetized medium. The magnetohydrodynamic turbulence can accelerate grains through resonant as well as non-resonant interactions. We show that the magnetic compression provides higher velocities for super-Alfvenic turbulence and can accelerate an extended range of grains in warm media compared to gyroresonance. While fast modes dominate the acceleration for the large grains, slow modes can be important for submicron grains. We provide comprehensive discussion of all the possible grain acceleration mechanisms in interstellar medium. We show that supersonic velocities are attainable for Galactic dust grains. We discuss the consequence of the acceleration. The implications for extinction curve, grain alignment, chemical abundance etc. are provided.
Two studies of the non-pharmacological treatment of menstrually-related migraine headaches.

SYNOPSIS In order to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological treatment on menstrual and non-menstrual migraine headache (HA), 2 studies have been conducted. In Study I which was a retrospective examination of between group reactions to non-drug treatments, 37 self-defined menstrual migraineurs and 62 non-menstrual migraineurs showed comparable overall Improvement (reduction in HA activity) after treatment, but menstrual migraineurs maintained larger usage of medication across time than non-menstrual migraineurs. In Study 2 which was aprospective examination of within subject reactions to non-drug treatments, 15 carefully documented menstrual migraineurs again showed comparable levels of overall improvement but also showed that level of menstrual headache activity remained higher across time then non-menstrual migraine HA. Because there were no interactions of time and type of migraine in either study, these results raise some questions about the existence of differential effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatment of menstrual vs non-menstrual migraine.
Monitoring of brain water by chemical shift imaging during ammonia-induced brain swelling in rats after portacaval anastomosis.

: Brain edema is a leading cause of death in acute liver failure (ALF). In experimental models of ALF, an increase in the content of brain water has been inferred indirectly by measuring intracranial pressure or determined directly via analysis of brain tissue postmortem. In this study, noninvasive proton two-dimensional chemical shift imaging (2-D CSI) was used to follow the time course of the development of brain edema in a well characterized model, namely ammonium acetate infusion into rats 48 to 72 h after portacaval anastomosis (PCA). Clear differences between control and experimental rat brains were observed, with an increase of brain water signal only in the parietal cortex of the PCA + ammonia group. Selective swelling of the cerebral cortex points to a cytotoxic mechanism in the evolution of brain edema in this model. CSI signal enhancement was much greater than the gravimetrically determined water content increase. The significantly greater signal change observed with 2-D CSI may reflect enhanced proton density that results from increased water content as well as edema-related alterations in water relaxation times.
Long-term auditory word priming in preschoolers : Implicit memory support for language acquisition

Abstract Three experiments explored long-term auditory word priming in young preschoolers. Children 2.5 and 3 years old and adults more accurately identified low-pass-filtered words that had been presented once in an initial study phase (Experiment 1) than words that had not been presented. The auditory priming effect showed no significant change from 2.5 years of age to college age. An effect of similar magnitude was also found in 2-year-olds (Experiment 2). Similar to findings with adults, auditory word priming in 3-year-olds did not significantly increase following a semantic encoding task, although explicit recognition memory improved under semantic study conditions (Experiment 3). The similar auditory word priming in preschoolers and adults suggests that the same learning mechanisms are at work in both groups. We argue that the powerful perceptual learning mechanism underlying auditory word priming has just the right properties to play a crucial role in the development of an auditory lexicon.
Prejudiced responses and affect

Recent research has demonstrated that individuals experience negative affect (e.g. discomfort) when they are more prejudiced than what their personal standards allow. This affective response has been attributed to the discrepancy between persona] standards and prejudiced responses, with discrepancy operationalized as the sum of difference scores between a measure of personal standards and a measure of proneness to be prejudiced. The use of an algebraic difference index to operationalize discrepancy, however, is appropriate if and only if the assumptions that underlie an algebraic difference index are met. The present study shows that these assumptions are not met. The implications of these findings for research on prejudiced responses and affect are discussed. Recommendations regarding the use of alternative approaches for studying prejudice-related discrepancies are also offered.
About the application of the van Cittert-Zernike theorem in ultrasonic imaging

The specific circumstances under which the van Cittert-Zernike theorem applies in ultrasonic imaging systems are examined through analysis and computations. Expressions are obtained for the mutual coherence function of an incoherent source when the signals are discrete in time and space and have finite lengths. Expressions are also obtained for statistics and effective signal-to-noise ratios that describe the error in the assumption of an incoherent source with finite signal lengths. Images of a one-dimensional source are reconstructed for different signal lengths and different pulse windows. The results show that ultrasonic signals with a relatively long effective length are needed to satisfy the incoherence requirement for image reconstruction based on the van Cittert-Zernike theorem. Consequently, although the van Cittert-Zernike theorem may be used to estimate the coherence length of ultrasonic signals in the aperture of an imaging system, special data acquisition techniques are needed for satisfactory reconstruction of ultrasonic images when depth resolution like that in current b-scans is required. >
Recent Developments in Modeling Hypersonic Melting Ablation

This paper presents a review of the highlights of the author’s recent research in developing simple mathematical models for hypersonic melting ablation. The basic model for the analysis and computation of steady melting ablation near the stagnation-point of a two-dimensional, circular-nosed body in hypersonic flight is first presented. The emphasis is on the fluid dynamics and heat transfer aspects of the ablation phenomena. A perfect gas is assumed for easy presentation of the basic ideas of the model development. The model consists of an inviscid flow downstream of the bow shock, a boundary-layer of the hot gas, a melt layer of the indigenous ablative material, and an ablating solid. A description of these regions and their theoretical treatment will be given. Appropriate boundary conditions on the interfaces are derived and used to couple these regions. Analytical methods are used to construct solutions of the fully coupled model problem, and the characteristic parameters of the physical phenomena appear explicitly in the process. Some representative solutions are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using the simple model to study the problem of melting ablation. The basic model is next extended to include the thermal and dynamic effects of small particles (including droplets) in the gas stream under the assumption of sparse, small, rigid spherical particles. Particular attention is given to the dynamic and thermal behavior of such particles as they travel across the melt layer, including the freezing phenomena for liquid droplets. Approximate methods of analytical nature, integral methods in particular, are used to yield analytical solutions for some typical model problems considered in the paper. Finally, we discuss the extension of the ideas of the basic model to three-dimensional hypersonic waveriders. Preliminary results, i.e., the pressure and temperature variations along the inviscid surface streamlines of a particular class of waveriders, are presented in analytical form which can be conveniently used for viscous boundary-layer and aerodynamic heating calculations.
Analysis of the results of irradiation in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the pharyngeal walls.

Abstract This study is a retrospective analysis of the results of definitive treatment with irradiation alone or in combination with surgery for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the pharyngeal walls. For the 164 patients who were treated with irradiation alone, the failure rate ranged from 9% for T 1 lesions to 63% for T 4 lesions. Surgical salvage was successful in 11 of the 66 patients in whom radiotherapy failed at the primary site. Fatal complications developed in 5% of the patients, mostly in those with an advanced primary tumor or neck disease who underwent surgery following failure of radiotherapy. For T 3 or T 4 lesions, in 20 patients treated with a combination of irradiation and surgery, the failure rate for treatment of the primary tumor was 25% compared with 49% of 108 patients who were treated with radiotherapy alone, but the patients were not randomized. Treatment recommendations are as follows: For T 1 and T 2 lesions, radiotherapy alone with a tumor dose of 6500 rad in 6.5 weeks and 7000 rad in 7 weeks respectively. For operable T 3 and T 4 lesions a combination of surgery and irradiation is suggested. For unresectable T 3 and T 4 lesions, a tumor dose of 7500 rad is suggested with consideration given to experimental radiotherapy techniques.
Investigation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell catalyst layer with bidirectionally-graded composition

Abstract The catalyst layer (CL) of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell must be modeled accurately in order to resolve the effects of complex interactions between charge and mass transport on the fuel cell's electrochemical reactions. In previous work, we developed an agglomerate model [1] which correctly accounts for variations in the agglomerate surface area as the CL constituents are varied to provide a better estimate of diffusion losses. Here, this improved agglomerate model is employed to investigate a PEM fuel cell catalyst layer with a functionally-graded composition. We present results for varying catalyst and ionomer loadings in both the through-thickness and in-plane directions. In agreement with experimental observations, we find that a higher catalyst and/or ionomer loading at the membrane/CL interface improves performance especially in the ohmic loss regime. Similarly, improved performance is observed for higher catalyst and/or ionomer loadings under the channel in the mass transport loss regime. In addition, we investigated bidirectionally graded CLs for the first time. It is observed that higher performance can be obtained with bidirectionally graded CLs in both ohmic and mass transport loss regimes.
Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on in vivo lipid peroxidation: Results of a randomized controlled trial

Background: Lipid peroxidation may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, particularly in its earliest stages. Evidence predominantly from in vitro studies suggests that antioxidant vitamins can prevent lipid peroxidation and that vitamin C and vitamin E have synergistic effects. However, in vivo evidence in support of these hypotheses is sparse. Objective: The objective was to determine the effects of vitamin C and vitamin E, alone or in combination, on in vivo lipid peroxidation. Design: We conducted a placebo-controlled, 2 � 2 factorial trial of vitamin C (500 mg ascorbate/d) and vitamin E (400 IU RRR-� -tocopheryl acetate/d) supplementation in 184 nonsmokers. The mean duration of supplementation was 2 mo. The outcome measures were changes from baseline in urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2� , urinary malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals, and serum oxygen-radical absorbance capacity. Results: The within-group mean changes (and 95% CIs) in urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2� (pg/mg creatinine) were 9.0 (‐125.1, 143.1), ‐150.0 (‐275.4, ‐24.6), ‐141.3 (‐230.5, ‐52.1), and ‐112.5 (‐234.8, 9.8) in the placebo, vitamin C alone, vitamin E alone, and vitamins C + E groups, respectively. No synergistic effect of these 2 vitamins on urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2� was observed (P = 0.12). Neither vitamin had an effect on urinary malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals. Vitamin C, but not vitamin E, increased serum oxygen-radical absorbance capacity (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E alone reduced lipid peroxidation to a similar extent. Supplementation with a combination of vitamins C and E conferred no benefit beyond that of either vitamin alone. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:549‐55.
The role of second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of psychotic disorders

Psychotic disorders are major medical illnesses that disrupt every aspect of a patient’s life, leaving clinicians with the daunting task of choosing an agent that can best improve the patient’s quality of life while minimizing the medical risks of antipsychotic therapy. The results of recently
Size-controlled large-diameter and few-walled carbon nanotube catalysts for oxygen reduction

We demonstrate a new strategy for tuning the size of large-diameter and few-walled nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) from 50 to 150 nm by varying the transition metal (TM = Fe, Co, Ni or Mn) used to catalyze graphitization of dicyandiamide. Fe yielded the largest tubes, followed by Co and Ni, while Mn produced a clot-like carbon morphology. We show that morphology is correlated with electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A clear trend of Fe > Co > Ni > Mn for the ORR catalytic activity was observed, in both alkaline media and more demanding acidic media. The Fe-derived N-CNTs exhibited the highest BET (∼870 m(2) g(-1)) and electrochemically accessible (∼450 m(2) g(-1)) surface areas and, more importantly, the highest concentration of nitrogen incorporated into the carbon planes. Thus, in addition to the intrinsic high activity of Fe-derived catalysts, the high surface area and nitrogen doping contribute to high ORR activity. This work, for the first time, demonstrates size-controlled synthesis of large-diameter N-doped carbon tube electrocatalysts by varying the metal used in N-CNT generation. Electrocatalytic activity of the Fe-derived catalyst is already the best among studied metals, due to the high intrinsic activity of possible Fe-N coordination. This work further provides a promising route to advanced Fe-N-C nonprecious metal catalysts by generating favorable morphology with more active sites and improved mass transfer.
Review and Comparative Analysis of Studies on Saturated Flow Boiling in Small Channels

Recent studies relating to saturated flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels are reviewed, with a focus on the functional dependence of the heat transfer characteristics on thermodynamic vapor quality. While there is general agreement in the literature that the heat transfer coefficient increases with increases in heat flux, conflicting trends have been reported on the influence of vapor quality. A compilation and analysis of the results from recent investigations in the literature on flow boiling in small channels is presented. Further, correlations for flow boiling proposed in these studies are quantitatively assessed by comparing them against 10 independent data sets from the published literature covering a range of hydraulic diameters from 0.16 to 2.01 mm. Recommended topics for future research in this field are also identified. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering for the following fr...
Slope-Ratio Technique for the Determination of Trace Elements by X-Ray Spectroscopy: A New Approach to Matrix Problems

A new approach to solving matrix problems in x-ray fluorescence analysis of trace elements has been applied to the determination of bromine in saline waters and zinc in silicates. The method requires no prior knowledge of the chemical composition of the sample. Marked matrix effects are minimized by dilution, and the problem of variable backgrounds due to residual matrix effects is solved by using a slope-ratio technique. In this proposed technique, the slope of a standard curve prepared from pure solutions is compared with that of spiked samples. The ratio of the slopes of these two curves permits the calculation of an adjusted background which does not significantly differ from that of an absorbent impregnated with the sample matrix free of the element sought. Experimental parameters concerning the technique are presented. The excellent agreement of the zinc and bromine data with analytical results obtained by more conventional methods suggests that the technique can be used for the determination of other trace constituents in geologic materials. Application of the slope-ratio technique to other modes of instrumental analysis appears feasible.
Prediction Markets: Alternative Mechanisms for Complex Environments with Few Traders

Double auction prediction markets have proven successful in large-scale applications such as elections and sporting events. Consequently, several large corporations have adopted these markets for smaller-scale internal applications where information may be complex and the number of traders is small. Using laboratory experiments, we test the performance of the double auction in complex environments with few traders and compare it to three alternative mechanisms. When information is complex we find that an iterated poll (or Delphi method) outperforms the double auction mechanism. We present five behavioral observations that may explain why the poll performs better in these settings.
Schizophrenia and Narrative in Artificial Agents

Artificial-agent technology has become commonplace in technical research from com-puter graphics to interface design and in popular culture through the Web and computer games. On the one hand, the ...
Caregivers' perceived roles in caring for patients with heart failure: what do clinicians need to know?

Abstract Background Poor self-management of heart failure (HF) is an essential contributor to poor outcomes. Caregivers are involved in the care of HF patients, but caregiver interventions intended to improve the outcomes of patients have been largely unsuccessful. Improved knowledge of caregivers' desired roles in care may improve future interventions. Methods and Results This qualitative study of 20 caregivers of HF patients recruited from an academic medical center used a general inductive approach, with insights from role theory, to analyze the data. Caregivers perceived themselves as health care managers and care plan enforcers, advocates for quality of life, and experts in the lived experience of HF at home. However, they encountered role strain (expectations of role exceed ability to perform role) and role conflict (incompatible or contradictory roles) when it seemed that these roles were incompatible with those that they felt the health care system saw them in. This resulted in expressions of anger and distrust towards the health care system. Conclusions Clinicians caring for patients with HF can seek to better empower and enable this care. Involving caregivers in disease management research and assessing their roles before intervention may hold promise for enabling and empowering caregivers to improve outcomes of HF patients.
Against Nature: Sodomy and Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America

Since the early 1980s, historians have increasingly turned their attention toward the topics of sodomy and “homosexuality” in colonial Latin America. Contemporaries referred to such crimes – prosecuted by criminal courts or the Holy Office of the Inquisition, depending on locale and jurisdiction – as either the pecado nefando (the nefarious sin), the pecado contra natura (sin against nature), or sodomia (sodomy). This, however, has not dissuaded historians from applying the terms “lesbian,”“gay,”“homosexual,” and “queer” to historical subjects. This paper highlights some of the major trends and debates that have shaped the historiography of sodomy in colonial Latin America, focusing on disagreements over which partner (“active” or “passive”) was punished more harshly, whether sodomy was seen as a form of heresy, and how to best identify and characterize historical subjects in the past. The essay concludes by offering some suggestions for the future development of the field, and advocates for historians to focus on the category of the “unnatural” (contra natura) rather than limit themselves to same-sex sexuality. A focus on the unnatural essentially allows historians to speak of autoeroticism, erotic religious visions, same-sex solicitation, sodomy, and bestiality in conjunction with one another, thus offering a more nuanced view of the intersections of gender, sexuality, desire, and colonialism between the late 16th and early 19th centuries.
''Population Dynamics of Crustaceans'': Introduction to the Symposium

Synopsis Crustaceans are a globally-distributed faunal group, found across all habitats from the equator to the poles. They are an ideal focal assemblage for assessment of the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic disturbance on nonmodel systems, such as how sea currents influence the movements of zooplankton communities in the open ocean, or how ecosystem processes affect phytoplanktonic species with restricted geographic distributions across a cluster of island lakes that could be a new model system for studies of speciation. This symposium introduced early-career researchers working in the fields of phylogeography, ecogenomics, fisheries management, and ecosystem processes with the aim of highlighting the different genetic and ecological approaches to the study of population dynamics of freshwater, estuarine, and marine crustacean species.
Effects of canola, corn, and olive oils on fasting and postprandial plasma lipoproteins in humans as part of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet.

The most stringent dietary recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) are to limit fat intake to 130 mg/dL were studied under strictly controlled conditions. Subjects were first placed on a diet similar to that currently consumed in the United States to stabilize plasma lipids with respect to identical fat and cholesterol intakes. The subjects then received diets meeting NCEP Step 2 criteria in which two thirds of the fat calories were given either as canola, corn, or olive oil in a randomized, double-blinded fashion for 32 days each. Plasma cholesterol concentrations declined after consumption of diets enriched in all the test oils; however, the declines were significantly greater for the canola (12%) and corn (13%) than for the olive (7%) oil-enriched diet. Mean plasma LDL-C concentrations declined after consumption of diets enriched in all the test oils (16%, 17%, and 13% for canola, corn, and olive oil, respectively), and the magnitude of the declines was statistically indistinguishable among the test oils. Mean plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations declined after consumption of the baseline diet, and these declines were significant for the canola (7%) and corn (9%) oil-enriched diets. Changes in LDL apolipoprotein (apo)B concentrations paralleled those of LDL-C. Switching from the baseline to the vegetable oil--enriched diets had no significant effect on plasma triglyceride, apoA-I, and lipoprotein(a) concentrations or the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio. LDL apoB to apoA-I ratios were significantly reduced when the subjects consumed the vegetable oil--enriched diets. Differences similar to those observed in the fasting state were observed in the postprandial state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Biomolecule Delivery to Engineer the Cellular Microenvironment for Regenerative Medicine

To realize the potential of regenerative medicine, controlling the delivery of biomolecules in the cellular microenvironment is important as these factors control cell fate. Controlled delivery for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine often requires bioengineered materials and cells capable of spatiotemporal modulation of biomolecule release and presentation. This review discusses biomolecule delivery from the outside of the cell inwards through the delivery of soluble and insoluble biomolecules as well as from the inside of the cell outwards through gene transfer. Ex vivo and in vivo therapeutic strategies are discussed, as well as combination delivery of biomolecules, scaffolds, and cells. Various applications in regenerative medicine are highlighted including bone tissue engineering and wound healing.
The importance of the brief trial of rigid medical management in the diagnosis of benign versus malignant gastric ulcer.

Summary The results of the plan of therapy utilized for gastric ulcer on the gastrointestinal service of the Graduate Hospital are given. A series of 258 cases was reviewed during the period 1941 to 1958. The initial diagnostic survey on these patients resulted in classifying the ulcers into three categories: (1) possibly malignant; (2) probably benign, complicated; and (3) probably benign, uncomplicated. Eighty cases were classified in category 1 and 26 in category 2, operation was advised without delay. The results in these two groups are analyzed. Primary attention is given to cases in category 3. There were 152 of these patients with "probably benign uncomplicated" ulcers. They were given a brief trial at medical management (usually 2 weeks) utilizing a rigid hourly feeding diet. Reevaluation by x-ray was then made. If healing did not amount to 50 per cent after 2 weeks of stomach rest, operation was advised without further delay. This statistical analysis suggests that the utilization of "satisfactory healing by x-ray" after this brief period of treatment is the best criteria for making a correct decision of surgery versus continued medical management in the apparently benign gastric ulcer. Very few malignant ulcers will escape discovery by the double pronged diagnostic method of (1) the initial diagnostic tests, and, if apparently benign, (2) the rigid 2-week diet as a test of healing rate. The accuracy of such an approach depends upon strict adherence to the rules by the patient and physician. The analysis of the 152 "provisionally benign gastric ulcer" cases readily demonstrates the ability of the program to ferret out the complicated ulcer requiring surgery and the ulcer which is potentially malignant. Ten cases, or 6.6 per cent of this group, proved to be malignant. Six of these were discovered early as a result of adherence to the regimen described. Four cases, or 2.6 per cent, demonstrate possible failures of the method; however 3 were considered to be patient failures and only 1 a physician failure.
Characterization of Radiation Fields in Biological Shields of Nuclear Power Plants for Assessing Concrete Degradation

Life extensions of nuclear power plants to 60 and potentially 80 years of operation have renewed interest in long-term material degradation. One material being considered is concrete, with a particular focus on radiation-induced effects. Based on the projected neutron fluence values (E > 0.1 MeV) in the concrete biological shields of the US pressurized water reactor fleet and the available data on radiation effects on concrete, some decrease in mechanical properties of concrete cannot be ruled out during extended operation beyond 60 years. An expansion of the irradiated concrete database and a reliable determination of relevant neutron fluence energy cutoff value are necessary to ensure reliable risk assessment for extended operation of nuclear power plants.
Energy-efficient computing from systems-on-chip to micro-server and data centers

Energy-efficiency has become a key metric for a wide range of computing platforms from low power mobile processors all the way up to data centers. Utilizing the many cores and architectural heterogeneity have been shown to be very effective in increasing the energy efficiency, which implies more performance under the same or lower power consumption budgets. Despite the obvious differences between low power processors, servers and data centers, there is also a common mathematical foundation applicable across different domains. This paper overviews cutting-edge aspects of energy-efficient design of next-generation manycore systems and highlights future research and development challenges.
WebAppArmor: a framework for robust prevention of attacks on web applications

As the World Wide Web continues to evolve, the number of web-based attacks that target web applications is on the rise. Attacks such as Cross-site Scripting (XSS), SQL Injection and Cross-site Request Forgery (XSRF) are among the topmost threats on the Web, and defending against these attacks is a growing concern. In this paper, we describe WEBAPPARMOR, a framework that is aimed at preventing these attacks on existing (legacy) web applications. The main feature of this framework is that it offers a unified perspective to address these problems in the context of existing web applications. The framework incorporates techniques based on static and dynamic analysis, symbolic evaluation and execution monitoring to retrofit existing web applications to be resilient to these attacks.
K S 0 * and its uses

We point out that Primakoff conversion of ${K}_{L}^{0}$'s produces ${K}_{S}^{{0}^{*}}$'s. This makes possible a practical tagged ${K}_{S}^{0}$ beam. In addition one can test the recent suggestion that $I=1$ exchange effects necessitate large corrections to Primakoff measurements of vector-meson electromagnetic widths. It will also be possible to measure $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({K}^{{0}^{*}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{0}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ in a manner independent of the alleged corrections.
Abstract B51: Dynamic remodeling of CEBPα complexes in myeloid differentiation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a highly lethal malignancy with limited therapeutic options. An integral component of the AML phenotype is an inability of hematopoietic progenitors to differentiate into mature myeloid cells. Mounting evidence indicates that the basic leucine zipper transcription factor C/EBPα plays a critical role in development of granulocytes, and that impaired function of C/EBPα may disrupt myeloid differentiation and ultimately lead to blast crisis in AML. Recent studies demonstrated that oncogenic Flt3 signaling leads to phosphorylation of C/EBPα on serine 21, with concomitant impairment of myeloid differentiation in cell line models and primary hematopoietic cells. While these data provide compelling evidence for the central role of C/EBPα in normal hematopoiesis and leukemia, the mechanism by which pS21 disrupts differentiation remains unresolved. Given the general thesis that cellular control of biological processes is orchestrated through a delicate balance of protein‐protein interactions and post‐translational modifications, we speculated that C/EBPα phosphorylation catalyzes the assembly of a transcriptionally inactive protein complex. To test this hypothesis we established affinity tagged C/EBPα under control of a tet‐inducible promoter in myeloid progenitors with constitutive Flt3 activity. Treatment of these cells with Flt3 inhibitors modulated pS21 in a dose‐dependent manner. Next advanced quantitative proteomics methodology, including true nanoflow LC coupled with multidimensional fractionation and on‐column iTRAQ stable isotope labeling, was used to monitor remodeling of C/EBPα protein complexes as a function of pS21. Our data represent by far the largest catalog C/EBPα interactors involved in chromatin organization, transcriptional modulation, and cell cycle regulation. Furthermore, our quantitative proteomics data demonstrate that 1) C/EBPα interacts with proteins genetically linked to leukemia (DEK, SET and other); and 2) many of these interact with C/EBPα in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner. Our functional validation studies show that DEK and SET bind to C/EBPα‐target promoters in C/EBPα‐dependent manner to enhance C/EBPα attachment to its DNA binding site. Knock‐down of newly‐identified, leukemia‐associated interactors, DEK and SET, reduce the ability of C/EBPα to drive expression of granulocytic target genes. Furthermore the depletion of DEK and SET reduce capacity of myeloid cells to undergo terminal granulocytic differentiation. Our data demonstrate that phosphorylation on serine 21 modulates association of C/EBPα with protein partners that are functionally relevant for myeloid differentiation. Our ability to quantitatively monitor multiple leukemia‐related gene products in the context of C/EBPα protein complexes provides valuable insight into the mechanisms by which oncogenic kinase activity disrupts transcription and leads to leukemogenesis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B51.
Dynamic Slip Resistance at Metal-on-Metal Interfaces

In the present study plate-impact pressure-shear friction experiments were employed to investigate dynamic slip resistance and time-resolved growth of molten metal films during dry metal-on-metal slip under extreme interfacial conditions. By employing tribo-pairs comprising hard tool-steel against relatively low melt-point metals such as 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, interfacial friction stress of up to 300 MPa and slip speeds of approximately 250 m/s have been achieved. These relatively extreme interfacial conditions are conducive to the development of molten metal films at the tribo-pair interface. A Lagrangian finite element code is developed to understand the evolution of the thermo-mechanical fields and their relationship to the observed slip response. The code accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. At temperatures below the melting point the material is described as an isotropic thermally softening elastic-viscoplastic solid. For material elements with temperatures in excess of the melt temperature a purely Newtonian fluid constitutive model is employed. The results of the hybrid experimental-computational study provide new insights into the thermoelastic-plastic interactions during high speed metal-on-metal slip. During the early part of friction slip the coefficient of kinetic friction is observed to decrease with increasing slip velocity. During the later part transition in interfacial slip occurs from dry metal-on-metal sliding to the formation of molten A1 films at the tribo-pair interface. Under these conditions the interfacial resistance approaches the shear strength of the molten aluminum alloy under normal pressures of approximately 1-4.5 GPa and shear strain rates of ~ 107 s-1 . It is interesting to note that the dynamic shear resistance of molten metal films decreases from ~100 MPa to ~50 MPa when the initial slip velocities increase from ~100m/s to ~250 m/s. Scanning electron microscopy of the slip surfaces reveal molten aluminum to be smeared on the tribo-pair interface. Photo-micrographs of the cross-section of the 7075-T6 A1 alloy reveals a thin region of severe shearing deformation in close vicinity of the sliding surface. The shearing deformation manifests itself as severely deformed grains in the direction of the sliding.© 2006 ASME
Myeloid leukemia, probably eosinophilic in character.

The patient, a 44 year old white white woman, was admitted to Providence Hospital on the service of Dr. Henry Martin, March 12, 1943. At that time she was semistuporous and the scant history available was obtained from her husband. For several months she had a severe frontal headache with a gradual diminution in vision. Six weeks before admission there was a brief period of periocular edema which had subsided within a few days. At this time she was seen in another hospital and because of an elevated blood sugar and glycosuria her case was diagnosed as diabetes mellitus. She was treated with diet and insulin with very little response. In the few weeks between her dismissal and her admission to Providence Hospital she had lost strength in the right arm and leg. Later she became semistuporous and comatose. She was pale and had cyanosis of the nail beds. She was stuporous, difficult to arouse and there was a flaccid right hemiplegia. Both pupils were small and failed to react to light. The general reflexes were absent and there was a bilateral 6th nerve paralysis with a loss of function of the 5th and the 7th right nerves and bilateral choked discs. In the roof of the mouth was a small shallow necrotic ulceration. There were a few moist rales a t lung bases. There was a large umbilical hernia. The abdomen was very tender but there were no masses nor rigidity.
Clinical diagnosis : A marker for disease?

In the science of psychiatry, a careful logic has linked items of phenomenology to diagnoses and hypothesized disease constructs. However, the resultant improved reliability of diagnostic assessment does not directly ensure the specificity and validity of diagnosis, and diagnoses are often thought of as identical to diseases. Although specificity is enhanced by the use of patterns of items of phenomenology operationalized into diagnoses to classify psychiatric disease, evidence suggests that diagnostic heterogeneity remains significant, limiting specificity. Furthermore, diagnostic concepts may bias assessments of phenomenology. Theoretically, psychiatric diseases are pathological states of neurobiological, social, and psychological processes and interactions. Although advances in social and psychological science continue, neurobiological science is advancing rapidly and is expected to contribute substantially to validity. But the relative psychometric distance and sources of measurement error between these underlying aspects of diseases and manifest phenomenology suggest that the use of clinical diagnoses, derived from phenomenology, may not be optimal as a standard from which to test neurobiological hypotheses, limiting validity. The authors submit that an approach utilizing measurement theory to combine standardized assessment of symptom items with neurobiological observations for classification will assist in efforts to understand the complexities of psychiatric disorders. Incorporation of neurobiological (and other) measures into the diagnostic logic has potential to extend and refine definitions of psychiatric diseases. A subtle shift of paradigm is suggested, in which clinical diagnosis is thought of not as the definition of disease, but as a marker for disease.
On the reclusive mentality of Li Qi

Poet Li Qi lives in the prime Tang dynasty,but he spends most of his time as a recluse due to his failure in officialdom.The reclusive poet,however,fails to forget the worldliness,so he writes about his complaints of his own and encouraging advices for friends.Reclusive as he is,he is never hopeless.This is his mentality.
Coherent Acoustics Coding System——Appilications in DTS Multi-Channel Digital Audio System

This paper introduces the method and technology of Coherent Acoustics codec system,and its applications in DTS multi-channel digital audio system.
Completion Lymph Node Dissection or Observation for Melanoma Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: A Decision Analysis

Long-term, randomized trial results comparing completion lymph node dissection (CLND) with observation for patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases are not available. Our goal was to determine whether melanoma patients with SLN metastases should undergo CLND. We developed a Markov model to simulate the prognosis of hypothetical cohorts of patients with SLN metastases who underwent either immediate CLND or observation with delayed CLND if macroscopic disease developed. Model parameters were derived from published studies and included the likelihood of non-SLN metastases, risk of dying from melanoma, CLND complication rates, and health-related quality-of-life weights. Outcomes included 5-year overall survival (OS), life expectancy (LE), and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE). The projected 5-year OS for 50-year-old patients with SLN metastases who underwent immediate CLND was 67.2 % compared with 63.1 % for the observation group. The LE gained by undergoing immediate CLND ranged from 2.19 years for patients aged 30 to 0.64 years for patients aged 70 years. The QALE gained by undergoing immediate CLND ranged from 1.39 quality-adjusted life years for patients aged 30 to 0.36 for patients aged 70 years. In sensitivity analysis over a clinically plausible range of values for each input parameter, immediate CLND was no longer beneficial when the rate of long-term complications increased and the quality-of-life weight for long-term complications decreased. Immediate CLND following positive SLN biopsy was associated with OS and QALE gains compared with observation and delayed CLND for those who develop clinically apparent LN metastases.
Fungi Associated with Solenopsis invicta Buren (Red Imported Fire Ant, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Mounds in Mississippi

In 2004, we determined baseline data on fungal-community assemblages from Solenopsis invicta (Red Imported Fire Ant) mounds in 3 counties (Hinds, Leake, and Madison) within the Natchez Trace Parkway, MS. We assayed mound soil, plant debris within the mounds, and ants obtained from mounds on 3 sampling dates (March, July, and November). We processed samples based on standard microbiological protocols, and used traditional morphological and molecular techniques to identify fungal taxa. We documented a total of 1445 isolates consisting of 50 fungal taxa and calculated a diversity index value (H′) of 3.11 across all substrates, which was indicative of a variable fungal community within the mounds. The taxa with the highest percent isolation frequencies included Hypocrea lixii (12.8%), Fusarium sp. 1 (12.3%), Fusarium equiseti (7.9%), Purpureocillium lilacinum (= Paecilomyces lilacinus) (6.5%), Fusarium oxysporum 2 (5.8%), and Mortierella alpina (5.4%). We isolated 2 common parasitic (entomopathogenic) fungi, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (9.4%), from mound soil, plant debris, and ant external tissues. Hypocrea lixii, the teleomorphic reproductive stage of Trichoderma harzianum, is noted as a natural biological control of some soil-borne microbes, possibly limiting important natural entomopathogenic activity within the mounds. Species richness and diversity values from mound soils across locations were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than those from the plant debris and ant body-tissue substrates. Species richness values between locations were similar. Species richness of samples collected in November (47) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the March (41) and July (39) samples. Community coefficient values ranged from 0.79 to 0.87 between substrates, 0.85 to 0.91 between locations, and 0.85 to 0.86 between sampling dates, indicating that taxa were similar.
In Reply: Eruptive xanthoma.

Readers comment on eruptive xanthoma (April 2015), risk of falls in older adults (May 2015), and sentinel lymph node biopsy after excision of melanoma (May 2015).