cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Receiver for Frequency Hopping Logarithmic Frequency Domain Ruler Codes

This paper studies a receiver for a new class of Doppler detection capable frequency hopping radar waveforms. These waveforms use a frequency set spaced according to a Golomb ruler after a logarithmic warping of the frequency axis. This gives the transmitted waveform Doppler detection capability while preserving the Golomb ruler's autocorrelation. An incoming waveform is detected via a running Chirp Z-Transform followed by squaring, frequency warping and matched filtering in the warped frequency domain, which also allows estimation of the Doppler shift. Code sets are constructed via orthogonal time-frequency patterns. Decoding is done by mapping the frequency hopping waveform onto its multicarrier equivalent and performing the detection process again. This paper gives an example of these waveforms and their code sets, derives the optimal detector and decoder, illustrates their performance, and exhibits the receiver's ambiguity function and Doppler estimation accuracy.
Gamified Stories in History Classrooms

As the new generation is tech-savvy, we developed visuals and animations using Alice to support the learning of non-STEM school subjects. The objective of this research is to present the steps in introducing Gamified-Stories approach in school setting for students in grade 7 (n=27) and grade 9 (n=37). Furthermore, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of this new approach in improving students’ learning and increase in interest towards the topics in the history subject. To assess student learning we used Difference-in-Difference (D-in-D) method of impact evaluation. For grade 9 we saw positive yet insignificant results, however for grade 7, results were neutral due to the limitations presented in the paper. For the students’ interest, we saw an increase in their motivation to learn more about history after the intervention, compared to the control group. Using qualitative approach, teachers’ feedback showed increased student interest in the subject during and after the intervention.
The macroeconomics of the Latin American economic boom

This paper argues that the recent boom in the Latin Americaneconomies can be explained by the conjunction of two external factorsnot found together since the 1970s: strong commodity prices (more sofor hydrocarbons and mining products than for agricultural commodities);and exceptional external financing conditions. Concerning the latter, thekey development was the massive influx of capital during two periods of "exuberance" in international financial markets (between mid-2004 and April2006, and between mid-2006 and mid-2007);, particularly the second. It alsoargues for the importance of spreading and consolidating Latin America'stwo great (and complementary); macroeconomic policy innovations ofrecent years: countercyclical fiscal management (still confined to just a fewcountries); and active intervention in currency markets. Such interventionneeds to be based on a growing recognition that the real exchange rateought to be an explicit goal of macroeconomic policy.
Relevance Feedback in CBIR

A new focus in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) research is applying relevance feedback originally developed for text document retrieval, to improve the retrieval performance. This effort tries to bridge the gap between low-level image features and high-level semantic contents of images as this gap is the bottleneck of CBIR. We consider relevance feedback in CBIR a small sample-learning process in sparse image feature space. Almost all of the previously proposed methods fall well into such framework. In this paper, we present a brief overview of the current state-of-the-art of this topic, and present a framework of integrated relevance feedback and semantic learning in CBIR.
Concentric versus combined concentric-eccentric isokinetic training programs: effect on peak torque of human quadriceps femoris muscle.

To determine the effects of isokinetic resistance training of the quadriceps, 25 male volunteers were randomly assigned to five training groups: Concentric Slow (CS), Concentric Fast (CF), Concentric-Eccentric Slow (MS), Concentric-Eccentric Fast (MF), and Control (C). In training, subjects performed 20 contractions of each quadriceps using either 60 degrees/sec or 180 degrees/sec, for both sides, five days per week for 12 weeks. Testing consisted of measurement of peak torque, at intervals of 60 degrees/sec across a spectrum of velocities ranging from plus to minus 240 degrees/sec, at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Repeated MANOVA using planned comparisons showed that all trained subjects made significant peak torque gains (p < .05), but that the gains made by MS and MF were greater. These findings suggest that the addition of an eccentric training component to a concentric isokinetic training program may allow greater peak torque gains regardless of the velocity.
Impact of oppositional defiant disorder dimensions on the temporal ordering of conduct problems and depression across childhood and adolescence in girls.

Background: Little is known about the role of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) dimensions on the temporal unfolding of conduct disorder (CD) and depression in girls between childhood and adolescence. Method: The year‐to‐year associations between CD and depressive symptomatology were examined using nine waves of annually collected data (ages 8 through 16 years) from 1215 participants of the Pittsburgh Girls Study. A series of autoregressive path models were tested that included ODD‐Emotion Dysregulation (ODD‐ED) and ODD‐Defiance, as time‐varying covariates on CD predicting depression severity in the following year, and vice versa. Results: Conduct problems, depression, and ODD dimensions were relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence, and a moderate degree of covariance was observed between these variables. Path analyses showed that CD often preceded depression across this developmental period, although the effect sizes were small. There was less consistent prediction from depression to CD. The overlap between ODD‐ED and CD partially explained the prospective relations from CD to depression, whereas these paths were fully explained by the overlap between ODD‐ED and depression. The overlap between ODD‐Defiance and CD did not account for the prospective relations from CD to depression. In contrast, the overlap between ODD‐Defiance and depression accounted for virtually all paths from CD to depression. Accounting for the overlap between ODD dimensions and both CD and depression eliminated all significant predictive paths. Conclusions: Symptoms of CD tend to precede depression in girls during childhood and adolescence. However, covariance between depression and both ODD‐ED and ODD‐Defiance accounts for these prospective relations. ODD dimensions should be assessed when evaluating risk for comorbid depression in girls with conduct problems, and emotion dysregulation and defiance aspects of ODD should be identified as targets for treatment in order to prevent depression in the future.
Aluminium in-use stocks in the state of Connecticut

Abstract The in-use stock of aluminium in the State of Connecticut, USA, has been established by an extensive “bottom-up” study. For year 2000, the results are a total stock of 1.2–1.4 Tg Al, or 360–400 kg Al per capita. The per capita stock amount is similar to that derived in a recent study in Japan. Infrastructure & buildings contains nearly 60% of the total stock, and transportation vehicles nearly 40%. The aluminium in equipment of various kinds amounts to only about 2% of the total, and packaging stock is less than 1%.
Fine structure of islet-cell innervation in the pancreas of normal and alloxan-treated rats.

The innervation of the islets of Langerhans of normal albino rats and of albino rats treated with several daily doses of 125 mg/kg of alloxan was studied by electron microscopy. In the normal rat, nerve endings containing either agranular vesicles (200–400 A) alone or in combination with large granular vesicles (500–800 A) were found on both alpha and beta cells. Infrequently a third type of nerve ending containing small granular synaptic vesicles could be observed. Bundles of unmyelinated axons were also seen, as were typical autonomic ganglion cells. Similar normal neural elements were noted in rats treated with alloxan. However, islets of alloxan-treated animals also possess large elliptical profiles which appear to be dystrophic nerve terminals. These structures most frequently contact degranulated beta cells. Islets of Langerhans fixed with zinc iodide-osmium (ZIO) reported to specifically impregnate synaptic vesicles were also studied. Synaptic vesicles of normal axons and nerve endings as well as of the dystrophic structures were filled with ZIO reactive material. These studies suggest that alloxan may induce autonomic nerve ending changes in the rat endocrine pancreas. This may result from neuronal hyperactivity in an attempt to secrete insulin from the post-alloxan insulin-depleted beta cell.
An Efficient Method for Stream Semantics over RDMA

Most network applications today are written to use TCP/IP via sockets. Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is gaining popularity because its zero-copy, kernel-bypass features provide a high throughput, low latency reliable transport. Unlike TCP, which is a stream-oriented protocol, RDMA is a message-oriented protocol, and the OFA verbs library for writing RDMA application programs is more complex than the TCP sockets interface. UNH EXS is one of several libraries designed to give applications more convenient, high-level access to RDMA features. Recent work has shown that RDMA is viable both in the data center and over distance. One potential bottleneck in libraries that use RDMA is the requirement to wait for message advertisements in order to send large zero-copy messages. By sending messages first to an internal, hidden buffer and copying the message later, latency can be reduced at the expense of higher CPU usage at the receiver. This paper presents a communication algorithm that has been implemented in the UNH EXS stream-oriented mode to allow dynamic switching between sending transfers directly to user memory and sending transfers indirectly via an internal, hidden buffer depending on the state of the sender and receiver. Based on preliminary results, we see that this algorithm performs well under a variety of application requirements.
Photodissociation of t-butyl nitrite between 220 and 250 nm: internal energy distribution of NO

Abstract Internal energy distribution of the NO product from photodissociation of t -butyl nitrite in the region between 220 and 250 nm are presented. The rotational distribution for all the vibrational levels are similar throughout the region, with a dominant Gaussian-like highly rotationally ( J ) excited component and a minor low- J component. Increase in the dissociation energy has a dramatic effect on the vibrational distribution: at 250 nm, the v ″=0 channel dominates, while at 220 nm, the v ″=0 channel is undetectable using our apparatus. These observations reveal new information on the S 2 surface and the dissociation dynamics of t -butyl nitrite.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Distance Runners

Iliotibial band syndrome was diagnosed in 48 of 1030 runners treated for lower extremity musculoskeletal complaints. Most athletes had been running 20 to 40 miles a week for one year or longer and had significantly changed their distance, speed, terrain, surface, and/or shoes before the onset of symptoms. Symptoms often persisted for 2 to 6 months. All runners were treated conservatively with rest, stretching, reduced distance, anti-inflammatory medications, local cortisone injections and/or orthoses.
EFA Keynote Speech: “Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility: What Do Investors Care about? What Should Investors Care about?”

This article is the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association meeting in New Orleans in March 2007 with updated references and examples. In this keynote address, I discuss what we can learn about institutional investors' views on corporate governance and corporate social responsibility from research and surveys.
Lattice diffusion of Ar in quartz, with constraints on Ar solubility and evidence of nanopores

Abstract Diffusion and solubility of Ar in optically clear natural and synthetic quartz crystals were examined at ∼500 to 1200 °C by treating polished specimens in pressurized Ar (1–185 MPa) and characterizing the resulting diffusive-uptake (or subsequent diffusive-loss) profiles using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Analytical uncertainty leads to significant scatter in the data, but the Ar diffusivity, D, is reasonably well constrained by the following Arrhenius relationship:D = 8.2−4.2+8.8 × 10−19 exp[(−6150 ± 750)/T(K)] m2/sNo effects of crystallographic orientation or quartz structural form (α or β) are discernible. Apparent solubilities typically fall between 1000 and 3000 ppm (by mass), with large uncertainties (±50–60% 2σ), but some lower values (∼700 ppm) are observed near the low end of the Ar pressure range investigated. Occasional high-concentration outlier values fall between 5000 ppm and 3.8 wt.% Ar. These do not correlate with Ar pressure, suggesting extrinsic (non-lattice) siting of Ar in some cases. Field-emission SEM images and numerical simulations of the diffusion process document isolated nanopores as the hosts for the occasional very high concentrations of Ar (observable pores range down to ∼10 nm in diameter; indirect evidence points to smaller ones as the more common sinks for Ar). The systematics of the data suggest an actual (lattice) solubility of ∼2000 ppm at 100- to 200-MPa Ar pressure, which is equivalent to a partition coefficient of ∼0.001cm3STP/g · atm. Using either organic clathrate or fullerene as the Ar sources, 1-GPa experiments in a piston-cylinder apparatus result in similar uptake of Ar into quartz, in this case through partitioning equilibrium with C-O-H fluid (clathrate source) or amorphous carbon (fullerene source). The ability of quartz, relative to other minerals, to incorporate significant amounts of Ar may allow this ubiquitous and abundant mineral to serve as a local sink for Ar in crustal rocks lacking a free fluid phase. The diffusion data permit open-system behavior of Ar in quartz below the closure temperature of biotite and other 40Ar source minerals.
Will school psychology exist

Abstract A review of psychology's contribution to education in the first half of the twentieth century indicates that is started with education as the grand arena. The author presents the argument that the old faith camps and the data-oriented camps are now willing to merge in response to social needs. But the issues from now until 2000 will be schooling itself, not the conditions of learning in public schooling as we know them today. Schooling is already the prime political, social, and economic problem of all developing and developed countries. The role forecast, therefore, is that of psychologists of schooling, not school psychologists.
Short-Term Traffic Volume Forecasting Using Kalman Filter with Discrete Wavelet Decomposition

Abstract: This article investigates the application of Kalman filter with discrete wavelet analysis in short-term traffic volume forecasting. Short-term traffic volume data are often corrupted by local noises, which may significantly affect the prediction accuracy of short-term traffic volumes. Discrete wavelet decomposition analysis is used to divide the original data into several approximate and detailed data such that the Kalman filter model can then be applied to the denoised data and the prediction accuracy can be improved. Two types of wavelet Kalman filter models based on Daubechies 4 and Haar mother wavelets are investigated. Traffic volume data collected from four different locations are used for comparison in this study. The test results show that both proposed wavelet Kalman filter models outperform the direct Kalman filter model in terms of mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error.
Equating Alternate Forms of Repetitive Psychometric Measures: A Replication

Snmmary.-Level of difficulty for the 20 forms of the Number Facility (NF) and Speed of Closure (SC) subtests of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures was obtained for three samples of Ss. rhos for the level of difficulry of subtests between samples were significant, indicating that level of difficulty is relarively consistent wihin our samples. Correction factors to adjust for form difficulty were calculated on the basis of one sample; when these adjusunent factors were applied to the raw data of a new sample the variability of the form mean around the grand mean was reduced for both subtests, but especially for the SC. Moran and Mefferd (1) reported the construction and standardization of six multiple-form tests which they called the Repetitive Psychometric Measures. The principal feature of these tests was their 20 alternate forms which makes it possible to evaluate seriaLy drug effects or other changes in performance for extended periods of time. The assumption behind this use of alternate forms of the test co evaluate serially drug effects is that the 20 forms of each subtest are of equivalent difficulty. Moran, Kimble, and Mefferd (2) later found that chis assumption was not warranted. In this second study they found that, although the 20 forms within each subtest were not of equal difficulty, for four of the six subtests, difficulty did vary in a predictable manner. Thus, "adjustment faccors" were developed for these four subtests. This study is an attempt to replicate the findings of Moran, Kimble, and Mefferd (2 1 on form difficulty for two of the six Repetitive Psychometric Measures, Number Facility and Speed of Closure. The questions to be answered are: (a) How consistent are estimates of level of form difficulty for three samples of our Ss? (b) How much correspondence is there berween Moran and Mefferd's ranked level of difficulty and the ranked level of form difficulty as determined from our sample? (c) Does the use of a correction factor when applied to another sample reduce the variability of alternate form means? METHOD Mcrteria2s The Number Facility (NF) and Speed of Closure (SC) tests are two of the six subtests of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures. Each of these tests represents a distinct factor that has been identified repeatedly in factor analytic studies.
Interplanetary Flyby Mission Optimization Using a Hybrid Global-Local Search Method

Ahybridoptimizationapproachhasbeen developed combiningthe globalsearch properties of genetic algorithms with the local search characteristics of recursive quadratic programming. The genetic algorithm initially surveys the parameter space for candidate planetary encounter and maneuver occurrence times. The best candidate of the genetic algorithm parameter population is submitted as an initial parameter set to the recursive quadratic programming module for re nement. This hybrid optimizer was applied to ballistic Earth–Venus–Earth (EVE) and Earth–Mars–Earth (EME)  ybys to minimize weighted mission D V constrained by Earth return energy and mission time of  ight inequalities. These mission classes were chosen for their potential to demonstrate Mars transportation vehicle technology. Initial experiments with a time of  ight limit of 480 days and an Earth-return energy limit of 14 km/s provided EME and EVE solutions with negligible D V at the respective  yby encounters. The hybrid optimizer required two orders of magnitude fewer trajectory evaluations to produce results equivalent to a grid search for this mission. The hybrid optimizer results indicate that a human Venus  yby transportation veri cation mission is superior to a Mars  yby mission.
Effects of forebrain ablation on taste aversion in goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Abstract To determine the ability of normal, sham-operated, and telencephalon-ablated goldfish to acquire a learned taste aversion to live brine shimp or live tubifex worms, lithium chloride was injected to induce toxicosis and sodium chloride was injected as a sham control. Groups were compared on intake, number expelled, and consumption rates of target prey. Results showed significant inability of the ablated subjects in acquisition of a taste aversion. Predator behavior was found unimpaired.
A mechanism-based probe for gp120-Hydrolyzing antibodies.

Abstract An antigenic peptide analogue consisting of HIV gp120 residues 421–431 (an antigen recognition site probe) with diphenyl amino(4-amidinophenyl)methanephosphonate located at the C-terminus (a catalytic site probe) was synthesized and its trypsin and antibody reactivity characteristics were studied. Antibodies to the peptide determinant recognized the peptidyl phosphonate probe. Trypsin was inhibited equipotently by the peptidyl phosphonate and its simple phosphonate counterpart devoid of the peptide determinant. The peptidyl phosphonate inhibited the gp120-hydrolyzing activity of a catalytic antibody light chain. It was bound covalently by the light chain and the binding was inhibited by the classical active-site directed inhibitor of serine proteinase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate. These results reveal that the peptidyl phosphonate ester can serve as a probe for the antigen recognition and catalytic subsites of proteolytic antibodies.
How Disaggregation Enhances the Credibility of Management Earnings Forecasts

An important problem facing managers is how to enhance the credibility, or believability, of their earnings forecasts. In this paper, we experimentally test whether a characteristic of a management earnings forecast-namely, whether it is disaggregated-can affect its credibility. We also test whether disaggregation moderates the relation between managerial incentives and forecast credibility. Disaggregated forecasts include an earnings forecast as well as forecasts of other key line items comprising that earnings forecast. Our results indicate that disaggregated forecasts are judged to be more credible than aggregated ones and that disaggregation works to counteract the effect of high incentives. We also develop and test an original model that explains how disaggregation positively impacts three factors that, in turn, influence forecast credibility: perceived precision of management's beliefs, perceived clarity of the forecast, and perceived financial reporting quality. We show that forecast disaggregation works to remedy incentive problems only via its effect on perceived financial
A federated experiment environment for emulab-based testbeds

We describe an architecture for creating experimental environments across multiple cooperating Emulab-based testbeds, called the DETER Federation Architecture (DFA). The system uses cooperative resource allocation and multiple-level testbed access to create a cohesive environment for experimentation. Testbeds that contribute resources continue to exert their own resource allocation and access policies. The architecture is designed to scale. We describe a prototype implementation.
Bridging systemic research and practice: Evidence-based case study methods in couple and family psychology.

University of Texas at AustinAppreciating the complexity of family psychology research and clinical practicerooted in a systemic epistemology, multiple types of evidence are acknowledged tocontribute meaningfully to evidence-based practice (EBP), including systematiccase studies and single-case designs. Family psychology is replete with casestudies; however, most lack the methodological rigor essential to EBP, and themethodologically rigorous single-case design is underutilized. The article recom-mends a shift in family psychology clinical research to include evidence-based casestudies and single-case designs that are both methodologically rigorous and feasiblewithin clinical practice. Implications for lessening the research practice gap andinforming EBP are discussed.Keywords:
Estimating the progress of MapReduce pipelines

In parallel query-processing environments, accurate, time-oriented progress indicators could provide much utility given that inter- and intra-query execution times can have high variance. However, none of the techniques used by existing tools or available in the literature provide non-trivial progress estimation for parallel queries. In this paper, we introduce Parallax, the first such indicator. While several parallel data processing systems exist, the work in this paper targets environments where queries consist of a series of MapReduce jobs. Parallax builds on recently-developed techniques for estimating the progress of single-site SQL queries, but focuses on the challenges related to parallelism and variable execution speeds. We have implemented our estimator in the Pig system and demonstrate its performance through experiments with the PigMix benchmark and other queries running in a real, small-scale cluster.
Tissue-engineered esophagus: experimental substitution by onlay patch or interposition

Abstract Objectives We proposed to fabricate a tissue-engineered esophagus and to use it for replacement of the abdominal esophagus. Methods Esophagus organoid units, mesenchymal cores surrounded by epithelial cells, were isolated from neonatal or adult rats and paratopically transplanted on biodegradable polymer tubes, which were implanted in syngeneic hosts. Four weeks later, the tissue-engineered esophagus was either harvested or anastomosed as an onlay patch or total interposition graft. Green Fluorescent Protein labeling by means of viral infection of the organoid units was performed before implantation. Histology and immunohistochemical detection of the antigen α-actin smooth muscle were performed. Results Tissue-engineered esophagus grows in sufficient quantity for interposition grafting. Histology reveals a complete esophageal wall, including mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria, which was confirmed by means of immunohistochemical staining for α-actin smooth muscle. Tissue-engineered esophagus architecture was maintained after interposition or use as a patch, and animals gained weight on a normal diet. Green Fluorescent Protein–labeled tissue-engineered esophagus preserved its fluorescent label, proving the donor origin of the tissue-engineered esophagus. Conclusions Tissue-engineered esophagus resembles the native esophagus and maintains normal histology in anastomosis, with implications for therapy of long-segment esophageal tissue loss caused by congenital absence, surgical excision, or trauma.
On the relative importance between chaotic mixing and diffusion

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the concepts of mixing, transport and chaotic mixing and transport from the fluid mechanics view point and show that in the chaotic regions the mixing and transport is dominated by the chaotic mixing and transport process and in the weak chaotic region or regular region the mixing and transport is dominated by the diffusion process. The characteristic length scale and time scale to determine the relative importance between the two processes are derived through a scaling argument in terms of Lyapunov exponent and diffusivity. Using parameter values in the troposphere, we find a good agreement between the theoretic predictions here and our early experiment results. We speculate that for dynamically active field-like vorticity the chaotic mixing can act as agent for cascading motion into small scales and on the other hand these generated small scale motions can cascade into large scale motion indirectly.
The Current State of Stem Cell Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease

Patients with advanced peripheral arterial disease may develop critical limb ischemia with rest pain, non-healing ulcerations, and eventually may require major amputation despite currently available revascularization technologies. Stem cell therapies hold promise as novel therapeutics to promote vasculogenesis and improve tissue perfusion in these patients. This article reviews the current state of stem cell therapy for patients with peripheral arterial disease, with a focus on the cell types that have been studied, barriers to clinical development, and development of new endpoints for clinical trials.
Inwardly rectifying and voltage-gated outward potassium channels exhibit low sensitivity to methylmercury.

Abstract The concentration- and time-dependence of effects of methylmercury (MeHg) on voltage-gated outward K+ (Kv) channels, inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and GABAA receptor activated channels were compared in cerebellar granule cells in culture using whole cell patch clamp recording techniques. The objective was to determine if MeHg equally affects different types of ion channels. Under similar experimental conditions, these four ion channel types displayed markedly different sensitivity to MeHg. At 0.1–1 μM, MeHg caused apparent inhibition of Ca2+-channel and GABAA receptor-mediated currents, but did not cause any significant effect on Kv or Kir channels. Among the four channel types examined, GABAA receptors appeared to be the most sensitive to MeHg. The Kv channels, particularly the delayed rectifiers (DRs), appeared to be relatively resistant to MeHg compared with GABAA receptors and Ca2+ channels. Kir channels were virtually unaffected by MeHg in the concentration range of 10–100 μM. The differential sensitivity of GABAA receptors and Kv channels to MeHg was also observed in granule and Purkinje cells in freshly isolated cerebellar slices of rat. The insensitivity of Kir channel to MeHg was also seen in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing cloned Kir7.1 channels. Thus, these appear to be general properties of these channels as opposed to distinct effects associated with granule cells in culture. These results suggest that MeHg does preferentially affect certain types of ion channels. Hence, the effects of MeHg on membrane ion channels are not due simply to nonspecific actions on the membrane. Furthermore, at least certain types of Kir channels appear to be the most resistant type of ion channel reported to date to effects of MeHg.
Validation of a single survey that can be used for case identification and assessment of asthma control: the Breathmobile Program

Background Underdiagnosis of asthma and underrecognition of disease severity in lower socioeconomic populations continue to be significant health care concerns despite national efforts to better educate health care providers. Objective To validate a 1-page survey as a point-in-time tool identifying uncontrolled vs controlled asthma and moderate-to-severe disease activity in an urban, lower-socioeconomic pediatric population. Methods A previously validated survey (the Breathmobile Case Identification Survey) was evaluated as a point-in-time tool for identifying children with poorly controlled disease. Clinical validation was achieved in children (n = 1,826) presenting to a school-based asthma program for either an initial (n = 666) or a follow-up (n = 1,170) visit. Responses were compared with a comprehensive evaluation by a physician specialist as the gold standard. Response patterns were used to construct multimodel tiered scoring algorithms for baseline and follow-up visits that identify children with uncontrolled asthma, and children are likely to have moderate-to-severe disease activity at that time. Results Surveys scored using the developed algorithms identified children with uncontrolled asthma (sensitivity: baseline, 77.0%; follow-up, 71.6%; specificity: baseline, 72.7%; follow-up, 71.5%) and detected moderate-to-severe disease activity (sensitivity: baseline, 69.2%; follow-up, 77.4%; specificity: baseline, 70.2%; follow-up, 70.3%). Conclusions The Breathmobile Case Identification Survey can be used in lower-socioeconomic, urban populations as a point-in-time tool for identifying children with uncontrolled vs controlled asthma and moderate-to-severe disease activity.
Fluorescence evidence that a phase transition causes the induction time in the reduction in dynamic tension during surfactant adsorption to a clean air/water interface and a kinetic-diffusive transport model for the phase-induced induction.

An aqueous soluble surfactant adsorbing from solution onto an initially clean air/water interface often exhibits an induction period in the surface tension relaxation in which, as the adsorption begins, the tension remains near the clean interface value for an extended period of time before decreasing rapidly to the equilibrium value. In this study, using a model nonionic soluble surfactant, C14E6(CH3(CH2)13–(OCH2CH2)6–OH), we present direct fluorescence evidence that this induction is due to a first-order phase transition from a gaseous (G) to a liquid expanded (LE) phase that the assembling monolayer undergoes at constant surface pressure. An open channel flow cell is initially filled with water, and onto its air/water interface is spread an insoluble amphiphilic dye that fluoresces upon irradiation in the LE phase and whose fluorescence is quenched in the G phase. An aqueous solution of C14E6 is then allowed to flow through the channel. We observe the immediate appearance of bright islands of the LE phase growing in a dark (G) background, confirming the presence of the G/LE phase transition. These islands eventually occupy the entire surface, after which the interface remains uniformly bright. We correlate this phase transition to the induction period by simultaneously measuring the tension of the interface of the open channel, and verifying that as the islands grow the tension remains at the clean value until the bright LE phase occupies the entire surface, whereupon the tension rapidly decreases. We further develop a phase transition surfactant transport model for the induction period in which surfactant diffuses toward and kinetically adsorbs onto the surface, and then rapidly equilibrates between the G and LE phases. For our model surfactant C14E6, we independently measure the surface concentration of the nucleating LE phase, the LE phase surfactant equation of state, the kinetic rate constants for adsorption into the LE phase, and the bulk diffusion coefficient. Using these measurements, we predict induction times for adsorption onto a clean surface without convection. We also measure these induction times in tension relaxation for adsorption onto a pendant bubble using axisymmetric shape analysis, and demonstrate agreement with the simulations with no adjustable constants.
Cancer and the goals of integration

Cancer is not one, but many diseases, and each is a product of a variety of causes acting (and interacting) at distinct temporal and spatial scales, or "levels" in the biological hierarchy. In part because of this diversity of cancer types and causes, there has been a diversity of models, hypotheses, and explanations of carcinogenesis. However, there is one model of carcinogenesis that seems to have survived the diversification of cancer types: the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis. This paper examines the history of the multistage theory, and uses the theory as a case study in the limits and goals of unification as a theoretical virtue, comparing and contrasting it with "integrative" research.
Self-consistent diffraction in the multiperipheral model

Abstract An exact self-consistent solution, for small t and very large s, of the multiperipheral bootstrap equations is presented. The solution predicts that total cross sections grow like log s, that elastic total cross sections are constant, that elastic diffraction peaks shrink like (log s)2, and that multiplicities grow like log s, all in the limit of infinite s.
Portland in the 1960s: stories from the counterculture

Beginning in February 1970, New Leftists centered on the Portland Willamette Bridge – Oregon’s flagship underground newspaper – planned what they hoped would become a touchstone protest that August...
Elaborative encoding as an explanation of levels of processing

Three experiments were performed to study how elaboration of memory structures affects recall accuracy and response latency. The experiments introduce a methodology which can independently manipulate the amount and type of elaboration given to subjects. Using this methodology, it was shown that integrated, highly elaborated memory traces were better recalled than either small unelaborated traces or large, poorly integrated traces. The results have implications for current analyses of levels of processing phenomena, and were found to support the encoding elaboration model ( J. R. Anderson & L. M. Reder, Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1979 ).
The effects of the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing programme on gender and ethnic groups in Indonesia

The Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) programme launched in the province of East Java, Indonesia in 2007. The TSSM promoted collective behaviour change moving from open defecation to more hygienic practices. This paper expands the analysis of a previous rigorous impact evaluation based on a cluster randomized controlled trial by studying programme differential impacts by female-headed households and three main ethnic groups. Because previous TSSM impacts found were relatively small, this led to small improvement in morbidity and child growth effects among poor households. This study examines two subgroups within the sample, female-headed households and ethnic populations (GEG), to explore whether the effects can be identified for both of these subgroups. The paper shows that female-headed TSSM households experienced a reduction of 5.8 per cent in diarrhoea prevalence of children under 5 years old. Ethnicities benefited differently from the programme: the Javanese ethnicity experienced no improvements in outcomes while the Madurese ethnic group showed significant improvements of one-sixth of one standard deviation (8.6 cm) of height-for-age in children (1.43 cm average) and one-fifth of a standard deviation (3.7 cm) increase in head circumference. Other ethnic groups showed a 20.6 per cent reduction in open defecation compared to non-exposed households. Because sanitation campaigns reach households and the intra-household responsibilities for sanitation practices depend partly on culture and social norms, certain components of TSSM can be mainstreamed to achieve behaviour change effectively towards gender and ethnic groups.
Cancer of the cervix in an Amish population.

The records of 10,314 Papanicolaou smears were analyzed to determine the incidence of cervical cancer among the rural inhabitants of Holmes County, Ohio. These examinations, obtained from 1950 to 1966, included smears from two populations of women; 3606 were considered typical of rural U.S. populations wheras 2068 were members of a highly chaste and religious group widely known as the Amish. The incidence of cancer of the cervix was considerably lower among Amish women in spite of a higher birth rate and the absence of contraceptives. Socioeconomic and medical standards are similar in the two groups but the Amish have practiced strict endogamy with monogamous marital behavior for many generations, perhaps limiting the spread of some agent important in the etiology of cervical cancer.
Self-calibration in one dimension

This document develops a 1D self-calibration method which calibrates a measuring tool with an uncalibrated artifact. The artifact is measured in more than one position, achieving a calibration that is approximately equal to the reproducibility of the measuring tool. The self- calibration method is targeted for the micro-lithography industry.
A Leucocytopenia Induced in Chickens by Dietary Ochratoxin A

Ochratoxin A was fed (0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 microgram/g) to broiler chickens from day-old to three weeks of age when the birds were bled and total leucocyte and differential counts were performed. Ochratoxin A significantly (P less than .05) reduced leucocyte counts at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered. The leucocytopenia was characterized by an increase in the relative concentration of heterophils and decrease in the relative concentration of lymphocytes. From total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts the number of circulating cells was calculated for each type of leucocyte. The total number of circulating lymphocytes of blood decreased significantly (P less than .05) at every dose level of ochratoxin A administered, and the number of monocytes decreased at 2.0 microgram/g and above. However, the number of circulating heterophils was not altered. These data demonstrated that ochratoxin A induced a severe leucocytopenia (lympocytopenia primarily and monocytopenia to a lesser extent) and implied that the functioning of the immune system might be altered.
Sudden infant death syndrome in Washington State: why are Native American infants at greater risk than white infants?

Washington State reports one of the highest rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the United States; within the state, Native Americans have the highest rate of any racial group. To explore this apparent genetic predisposition, we conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study. Using the state's linked birth and death certificate file for 1984 to 1988, we compared infants whose mothers were coded as “American Indian” with infants whose mothers were coded as “white”. Native American infants were more than three times more likely than white infants to die of SIDS (crude relative risk=3.25; 95% confidence interval=2.41 to 4.38). However, this elevated risk diminished after adjustment for differences between Native American and white mothers in age, marital status, parity, and smoking status during pregnancy (adjusted relative risk=1.82; 95% confidence interval=1.28 to 2.58). The high SIDS rate of Washington's Native Americans appears to be due to the high prevalence of SIDS risk factors among Native American mothers, rather than to a genetic predisposition in the infants. Because many of these maternal factors are related to socioeconomic status, it is likely that programs to improve the overall health of Native Americans might lessen both the impact of SIDS and that of other causes of infant morbidity and death.
Reply to Kent

The conference of April 25, 1981, at U.C.L.A. on Alternate Careers for Anthropologists was both a delight and a frustration.1 Graduate students and speakers demonstrated that they had discovered the diversity of possibilities outside the academic world. I was however dismayed, though not surprised, at the frequency with which speakers and students acknowledge that their training had not prepared them for the fields in which they worked. As an instructor who has worked for years with undergraduate and graduate students on problems of refugees in inner city areas, as well as on other modem American social problems, I am painfully aware of this lack of knowledge and of my own lack of preparation and my own ignorance as to what I should know to prepare students more adequately. If we are to take our place in the studies of contemporary society, where, incidentally, the employment opportunities exist, anthropological curricula need radical rethinking. This cannot be done by the addition of a few electives such as "urban Anthropology," "modernization" or the myriad possibilities of "anthropology and..." category. This does not get to the heart of the problem, which is that most of the courses we offer are based on
Enhancements for hyper-threading technology in the operating system: seeking the optimal scheduling

Hyper-Threading Technology (HT) is Intel®'s implementation of Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT). HT delivers two logical processors that can execute different tasks simultaneously using shared hardware resources on the processor package. In general a multi-threaded application that scales well and is optimized on SMP systems should be able to benefit on systems with HT as well for most cases, without any changes, although the operating system (OS) needs HT-specific enhancements. Among those we found process scheduling is one of the most crucial enhancements required in the OS, and we have been seeking the optimal scheduling for HT, evaluating various ideas and algorithms. One of our finds is, to efficiently utilize such execution resources, severe resource contention against the same and limited execution resource should be avoided in a processor package. The OS can attempt to utilize the CPU execution resources in processor packages if it can monitor and predict how the processes and system utilize the CPU execution resources in the multiprocessor environment. We have implemented a supplementary functionality for the scheduler called "Micro-Architectural Scheduling Assist (MASA)" on Linux (2.4.18) chiefly as a user program, rather than in the scheduler itself. This is because we believe that the users can tune the system more effectively for various workloads if we clarify how it works as a distinct entity. Most of this problem and solution is generic; all we require is for the OS to support an API for processor affinity and to provide per-thread or per-process hardware event counts from the hardware performance monitoring counters at runtime.
A Numerical Model of Convection Driven by a Surface Stress and Non-Uniform Horizontal Heating

Abstract This paper examines the two-dimensional convective motion of a nonrotating incompressible Boussinesq fluid heated non-uniformly from below. The fluid container is rectangular; the side and top boundaries are insulating and rigid. A linear temperature field is maintained along the bottom boundary. Using the DuFort-Frankel scheme for diffusion and the Arakawa scheme for advection, the governing vorticity and temperature equations are integrated numerically for two cases, the first having a stress-free bottom boundary and the second having a constant stress along the bottom boundary. In the first case, a single convective cell develops; an intense buoyant jet of fluid rises from the warmer section of the bottom while there is a more uniform sinking motion over the cooler section of the bottom. The cell asymmetry, the circulation, and the convective heat transfer increase markedly with increasing Rayleigh number (based here on fluid properties, cell height, and the horizontal temperature difference a...
String Formation in Sheared Polymer Blends: Coalescence, Breakup, and Finite Size Effects

We have discovered a droplet-string transition in concentrated polymer blends which occurs when the size of the dispersed droplets becomes comparable to the gap width between the shearing surfaces. The transition is abrupt and proceeds via the coalescence of droplets in a four-stage kinetic process. Once formed, the strings are stable and exhibit pronounced hysteresis. The string state is stabilized by a suppression of the Rayleigh-Tomotika instability due to both finite size effects and to the shear-induced advection of small-amplitude disturbances.
Predictors of success on the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery examination.

Predictors of success of orthopaedic residents on the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) examination are controversial. We therefore evaluated numerous variables that may suggest or predict candidate performance on the ABOS examination. We reviewed files of 161 residents (all graduates) from one residency program distributed into two study groups based on whether they passed or failed their first attempt on the ABOS Part I or Part II examination from 1991 through 2005. Predictors of success/failure on the ABOS I included the mean percentile score on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) (Years 2 through 4), the percentile OITE score in the last year of training, US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) score, Dean’s letter, election to Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), and number of honors in selected third-year clerkships. All but the USMLE score predicted passing the ABOS Part II examination. These data suggest there are objective predictors of residents’ performance on the ABOS Part I and Part II examinations.