cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field line resonances in quiet and disturbed time three‐dimensional magnetospheres

Numerical solutions for field line resonances (FLR) in the magnetosphere are presented for three-dimensional equilibrium magnetic fields represented by two Euler potentials as B = -j Y -a, where j is the poloidal flux and a is a toroidal angle-like variable. The linearized ideal-MHD equations for FLR harmonics of shear Alfvin waves and slow magnetosonic modes are solved for plasmas with the pressure assumed to be isotropic and constant along a field line. The coupling between the shear Alfvin waves and the slow magnetosonic waves is via the combined effects of geodesic magnetic field curvature and plasma pressure. Numerical solutions of the FLR equations are obtained for a quiet time magnetosphere as well as a disturbed time magnetosphere with a thin current sheet in the near-Earth region. The FLR frequency spectra in the equatorial plane as well as in the auroral latitude are presented. The field line length, magnetic field intensity, plasma beta, geodesic curvature and pressure gradient in the poloidal flux surface are important in determining the FLR frequencies. In general, the computed shear Alfvin FLR frequency based on the full MHD model is larger than that based on the commonly adopted cold plasma model in the beq > more » 1 region. For the quiet time magnetosphere, the shear Alfvin resonance frequency decreases monotonically with the equatorial field line distance, which reasonably explains the harmonically structured continuous spectrum of the azimuthal magnetic field oscillations as a function of L shell in the L is less than or equal to 9RE region. However, the FLR frequency spectrum for the disturbed time magnetosphere with a near-Earth thin current sheet is substantially different from that for the quiet time magnetosphere for R > 6RE, mainly due to shorter field line length due to magnetic field compression by solar wind, reduced magnetic field intensity in the high-beta current sheet region, azimuthal pressure gradient, and geodesic magnetic field curvature . « less
Two former faces of the moon

Abstract Systematic geologic mapping of the lunar near side has resulted in the assignment of relative ages to most visible features. As a derivative of this work, geologic and artistic interpretations have been combined to produce reconstructions of the Moon's appearance at two significant points in its history. The reconstructions, although generalized, show the Moon (1) as it probably appeared about 3.3 billion years ago after most of the mare materials had accumulated, and (2) about 4.0 billion years ago after formation of the youngest of the large multiringed basins, but prior to appreciable flooding by mare material.
Plasmonic Metamaterial with Coupling Induced Transparency

A plasmonic “molecule” consisting of a radiative element coupled with a sub-radiant (dark) element is theoretically investigated. The plasmonic “molecule” shows electromagnetic response that closely resembles the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an atomic system.
Effects of changing channel morphology on vegetation, groundwater, and soil moisture regimes in groundwater-dependent ecosystems

Abstract Channel incision, channel widening, and excessive floodplain sedimentation are major causes of riparian ecosystem degradation across the country. Although the causes and consequences of these processes vary significantly, the resulting morphology in all cases results in a lower stream stage relative to the floodplain surface for any given discharge. This change in channel morphology alters surface water–groundwater interactions between the stream and the riparian aquifer and affects the soil moisture and groundwater regimes differentially across the floodplain. The distribution of vegetation is altered as the hydrologic regime shifts between the hydrologic niches of potential species. We simulate the hydroecologic response of a groundwater-dependent ecosystem on the floodplain of an archetypical watershed under three scenarios representing changes in channel morphology: a base case, a widened channel case, and an incised channel case. Stochastically-driven synthetic rainfall records are used to drive a rainfall–runoff model of the archetype watershed. The resulting hydrograph is transformed to stage via Manning's equation for the three channel morphologies considered. This stage record is used as a boundary condition for a finite-element model simulating 2-dimensional, variably-saturated groundwater flow in the riparian aquifer. The model predicts soil moisture and groundwater regimes lateral to the channel. The 7-day moving average high water level is determined for ten growing seasons and used to predict the distribution of three species across the floodplain. Plant frequency is predicted for Carex emoryi (an obligate wetland species), Carex crawei (facultative wetland species), and Carex duriuscula (a facultative upland species) for each of the channel morphologies considered. The frequency is predicted using existing nonlinear parametric species response curves determined empirically for these species using direct gradient analysis. Results show the sensitivity of the distribution of vegetation on floodplains to channel morphologic changes. Our linked hydrologic and ecological model provides a solid framework for considering potential hydroecologic impacts of channel disturbance and/or restoration on vegetation communities which are often affected by channel degradation and targeted in restoration efforts.
“English Only” and our struggle to understand the concept of language

Abstract In this paper, I examine the impact of three language theories, nomenclaturism, segregationalism, and integrationalism, on our view of language. Specifically, I examine “English Only” laws and the way in which the legal community has relied on language theories, implicitly and explicitly, in responding to these laws. The “English Only” issue illustrates that the elements of “a language” are diverse and highly contextualized, and, therefore, I propose that the principle of integrationalism is the best way to study the complex, multidimensional nature of language.
An observational test for the origin of the Titan-Hyperion orbital resonance

Abstract If Hyperion's radius is near the upper limit of recent estimates, and tidal dissipation in Hyperion is reasonably well represented by a frequency-independent Q ≲ 2–300, finding Hyperion rotating in the 3:2 spin-orbit resonance like Mercury would imply a primordial origin for the Titan-Hyperion 4:3 orbital resonance. Independent of this test, observation of Hyperion's spin rate will place an upper bound on the average tidal effective Q for the satellite as a function of its assumed initial angular velocity.
A novel reactivity of SeO2 with 1,3-dienes: Formation of syn 1,2-and 1,4-diols via a facile C-Se bond oxidation

[reaction: see text] A novel reaction between 1,3-dienes and selenium dioxide to give syn 1,2- and 1,4-diol cyclic selenites was studied in detail. This study indicates that an initial concerted [4 + 2] cycloaddition followed by a stereospecific carbon-selenium bond oxidation is involved in this unprecedented syn dihydroxy addition reaction mediated by selenium dioxide.
An Inductive Proof of the Berry-Esseen Theorem for Character Ratios

Bolthausen used a variation of Stein’s method to give an inductive proof of the Berry-Esseen theorem for sums of independent, identically distributed random variables. We modify this technique to prove a Berry-Esseen theorem for character ratios of a random representation of the symmetric group on transpositions. An analogous result is proved for Jack measure on partitions.
New one-pot method for the synthesis of alkynyl sulfonate esters using ultrasound

A new one-pot method for the preparation of alkynyl sulfonate esters from terminal alkynes is reported. A metal-assisted, ultrasound-enhanced nucleophilic acetylenic displacement through the alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium salts provides a direct and rapid access to novel alkynyl sulfonates in good yields in a simple one-step procedure.
Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions

Achieving on-chip optical signal isolation is a fundamental difficulty in integrated photonics1. The need to overcome this difficulty is becoming increasingly urgent, especially with the emergence of silicon nano-photonics2,3,4, which promises to create on-chip optical systems at an unprecedented scale of integration. Until now, there have been no techniques that provide complete on-chip signal isolation using materials or processes that are fundamentally compatible with silicon CMOS processes. Based on the effects of photonic transitions5,6, we show here that a linear, broadband and non-reciprocal isolation can be accomplished by spatial–temporal refractive index modulations that simultaneously impart frequency and wavevector shifts during the photonic transition process. We further show that a non-reciprocal effect can be accomplished in dynamically modulated micrometre-scale ring-resonator structures. This work demonstrates that on-chip isolation can be accomplished with dynamic photonic structures in standard material systems that are widely used for integrated optoelectronic applications. The realization of a chip-based, broadband optical isolator is of considerable interest for integrated photonics. To date, no technique has been shown to be able to do this using materials and processes that are CMOS-compatible. Now, scientists propose that the use of direction-dependent photonic mode transitions in silicon nanophotonic structures could be the solution.
A dynamic model of certification and reputation

Markets typically have many ways of learning about quality, with two of the most important being reputational forces and certification, and these types of learning often interact with and influence each other. This paper is the first to consider markets where learning occurs through these different sources simultaneously, which allows us to investigate the rich interplay and dynamics that can arise. Our work offers four main insights: (1) Without certification, market learning through reputation alone can get “stuck” at inefficient levels and high-quality agents may get forced out of the market. (2) Certification “frees” the reputation of agents, allowing good agents to keep working even after an unfortunate string of bad signals. (3) Certification can be both beneficial and harmful from a social perspective, so a social planner must choose the certification scheme carefully. In particular, the market will tend to demand more certification than socially optimal because the market does not bear the certification costs. (4) Certification and reputational learning can act as complementary forces so that the social welfare produced by certification can be increased by faster information revelation.
Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: molecular and clinical features

The two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation of the intestines. Initiating events presumably occur well before patients are symptomatic. Evidence gathered over the past decade from both IBD patients and animal models of intestinal inflammation have confirmed that IBD represents complex heterogenic forms of diseases, influenced by a combination of environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors working in concert to produce exaggerated immune responses, resulting in chronic and remitting inflammation.
Aerothermal Heating Predictions for Mars Microprobe

A combination of computational predictions and experimental measurements of the aerothermal heating expected on the two Mars Microprobes during their entry to Mars are presented. An approach which incorporates six degree-of-freedom trajectory simulations to perform a statistical estimate of the effect of angle-of-attack, and other off-nominal conditions on heating is included.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Functionalized Dimethylsilyl Complexes of the Formula (η5‐C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SiMe2X); New Base‐Stabilized Silylene Complexes, Novel Lewis Acid Adducts, and Evidence for Base‐Free Silylene Complexes

Reactions of (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SiMe2H) (1) and CHCl3, CBr4, and CHI3 give halosilyl complexes (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)-(PPh3)(SiMe2X) [X = Cl (2), Br (3), I (4); 66–84%]. Addition of Me3SiOTf to 2 gives triflate (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SiMe2OTf) (5; 97%), which in turn reacts with (Me2N)3S⊕ [SiMe3F2]⊖ to give (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(SiMe2F) (6; 77%). Reaction of 5 and pyridine gives the base-stabilized silylene complex [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3){SiMe2(NC5H5)}]⊕ TfO⊖ (7; 84%). CH2Cl2 solutions of (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CH3) (8) or 2 and Lewis acids are studied by IR and NMR. As assayed by IR, 8/ECl3 solutions (E = B, Al) show ReNO–ECl3 (major) and Re–ECl3 (minor) adducts. Solutions of 2/BCl3 show analogous adducts (-78°C), and in the presence of excess BCl3 (η5-C5H5)Re-(NO–BCl3)(PPh3)(SiMe2Cl) (11) crystallizes. Solutions of 2/AlCl3 show uncomplexed 2 and Re–AlCl3 (major) and ReNO–AlCl3 (minor) adducts. In contrast to 2–7 and 2/BCl3, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of 2/AlCl3 suggest an equilibrium with the base-free silylene complex [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)-( = SiMe2)]⊕ X⊖.
Applying generalized stochastic Petri nets to manufacturing systems containing nonexponential transition functions

Generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs) are applied to flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). Throughput subnets and s-transitions are presented. Two FMS examples containing nonexponential distributions, which were analyzed in previous papers by queuing theory and probability theory respectively, are treated using GSPNs developed using throughput subnets and s-transitions. The GSPN results agree with the previous results, and developing and analyzing the GSPN models are straightforward and relatively easy compared to other methodologies. >
An event-based framework for characterizing the evolutionary behavior of interaction graphs

Interaction graphs are ubiquitous in many fields such as bioinformatics, sociology and physical sciences. There have been many studies in the literature targeted at studying and mining these graphs. However, almost all of them have studied these graphs from a static point of view. The study of the evolution of these graphs over time can provide tremendous insight on the behavior of entities, communities and the flow of information among them. In this work, we present an event-based characterization of critical behavioral patterns for temporally varying interaction graphs. We use nonoverlapping snapshots of interaction graphs and develop a framework for capturing and identifying interesting events from them. We use these events to characterize complex behavioral patterns of individuals and communities over time. We show how semantic information can be incorporated to reason about community-behavior events. We also demonstrate the application of behavioral patterns for the purposes of modeling evolution, link prediction and influence maximization. Finally, we present a diffusion model for evolving networks, based on our framework.
Accurate Estimation of Gaseous Strength Using Transient Data

Information about the strength of gas sources in buildings has a number of applications in the area of building automation and control, including temperature and ventilation control, fire detection, and security systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the strength of a gas source in an enclosure when some of the parameters of the gas transport process are unknown. Traditionally, these problems are either solved by the maximum-likelihood method, which is accurate but computationally intensive, or by recursive least squares (also Kalman) filtering, which is simpler but less accurate. In this paper, we suggest a different statistical estimation procedure based on the concept of method of moments. We outline techniques that make this procedure computationally efficient and amenable for recursive implementation. We provide a comparative analysis of our proposed method based on experimental results, as well as Monte Carlo simulations. When used with the building control systems, these algorithms can estimate the gaseous strength in a room both quickly and accurately and can potentially provide improved indoor air quality in an efficient manner.
Live imaging of the Drosophila spermatogonial stem cell niche reveals novel mechanisms regulating germline stem cell output

Adult stem cells modulate their output by varying between symmetric and asymmetric divisions, but have rarely been observed in living intact tissues. Germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila testis are anchored to somatic hub cells and were thought to exclusively undergo oriented asymmetric divisions, producing one stem cell that remains hub-anchored and one daughter cell displaced out of the stem cell-maintaining micro-environment (niche). We developed extended live imaging of the Drosophila testis niche, allowing us to track individual germline cells. Surprisingly, new wild-type GSCs are generated in the niche during steady-state tissue maintenance by a previously undetected event we term `symmetric renewal', where interconnected GSC-daughter cell pairs swivel such that both cells contact the hub. We also captured GSCs undergoing direct differentiation by detaching from the hub. Following starvation-induced GSC loss, GSC numbers are restored by symmetric renewals. Furthermore, upon more severe (genetically induced) GSC loss, both symmetric renewal and de-differentiation (where interconnected spermatogonia fragment into pairs while moving towards then establishing contact with the hub) occur simultaneously to replenish the GSC pool. Thus, stereotypically oriented stem cell divisions are not always correlated with an asymmetric outcome in cell fate, and changes in stem cell output are governed by altered signals in response to tissue requirements.
Wage Determination and Labor Market Volatility under Mismatch

Shimer (2007) introduced a model of mismatch, in which limited mobility of vacant jobs and unemployed workers provides a microfoundation for their coexistence in equilibrium. Shimer assumed that the short side of a local labor market receives all the gains from trade, and argues that the model helps to explain the volatility of unemployment and the vacancyunemployment ratio in response to productivity shocks. I show that the assumption on wages is essential for this conclusion by considering alternative assumptions. When wages are determined according to the Shapley (1953b) value, they depend more smoothly on local labor market conditions, but unemployment and the vacancy-unemployment ratio are even more volatile. However, in both cases amplification relative to the Mortensen-Pissarides benchmark arises only because the implied process for wages is more volatile.
The Arts Make a Difference

(2006). The Arts Make a Difference. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 25-32.
Does the arXiv lead to higher citations and reduced publisher downloads for mathematics articles

An analysis of 2, 765 articles published in four math journals from 1997 to 2005 indicate that articles deposited in the arXiv received 35% more citations on average than non-deposited articles (an advantage of about 1.1 citations per article), and that this difference was most pronounced for highly-cited articles. Open Access, Early View, and Quality Differential were examined as three non-exclusive postulates for explaining the citation advantage. There was little support for a universal Open Access explanation, and no empirical support for Early View. There was some inferential support for a Quality Differential brought about by more highly-citable articles being deposited in the arXiv. In spite of their citation advantage, arXiv-deposited articles received 23% fewer downloads from the publisher’s website (about 10 fewer downloads per article) in all but the most recent two years after publication. The data suggest that arXiv and the publisher’s website may be fulfilling distinct functional needs of the reader.
Transaction-specific investments and organizational choice: a Coase-to-Coase theory

This paper examines markets, firms, and the law as alternative institutional arrangements for organizing transactions that involve transaction-specific investments and uncertain performance. The analysis is the logical extension of Coase's seminal analysis of the market-firm boundary on one hand, and the market-law boundary on the other. It thus combines insights from the literature on industrial organization and law and economics. The result is a unified framework that reveals the relative advantages and disadvantages, within a fairly simple economic setting, of market exchange, court ordering (contracts), and internal governance (agency).
A fast bit-vector algorithm for approximate string matching based on dynamic programming

The approximate string matching problem is to find all locations at which a query of lengthm matches a substring of a text of length n with k-or-fewer differences. Simple and practical bit-vector algorithms have been designed for this problem, most notably the one used in agrep. These algorithms compute a bit representation of the current state-set of the k-difference automaton for the query, and asymptotically run in either O(nm/w) or O(nm log s/w) time where w is the word size of the machine (e.g., 32 or 64 in practice), and s is the size of the pattern alphabet. Here we present an algorithm of comparable simplicity that requires only O(nm/w) time by virtue of computing a bit representation of the relocatable dynamic programming matrix for the problem. Thus, the algorithm's performance is independent of k, and it is found to be more efficient than the previous results for many choices of k and smallm.Moreover, because the algorithm is not dependent on k, it can be used to rapidly compute blocks of the dynamic programming matrix as in the 4-Russians algorithm of Wu et al.(1996). This gives rise to an O(kn/w) expected-time algorithm for the case where m may be arbitrarily large. In practice this new algorithm, that computes a region of the dynamic progr amming (d.p.) matrx w entries at a time using the basic algorithm as a subroutine is significantly faster than our previous 4-Russians algorithm, that computes the same region 4 or 5 entries at a time using table lookup. This performance improvement yields a code that is either superior or competitive with all existing algorithms except for some filtration algorithms that are superior when k/m is sufficiently small.
The Troubled American Economy — An Institutional Policy Analysis

This essay is concerned with the long, slow slide of the U.S. economy, which began in the 1970s and which, it is argued, will continue unless extraordinary measures are taken to reverse it. I am not concerned with the business cycle and with the monetary and fiscal policies that push the economy into or out of a business recession. I am concerned with a series of institutional and environmental developments that are drags on the economy. I explore these developments in depth to ascertain how they reduce economic performance. I find that the philosophy of extreme individualism that has come to dominate the social and political landscape has accentuated the economic drags and increased their negative effects. I outline the content of extraordinary measures that must be taken to reverse the long, slow slide of the U.S. economy.
Compact visibility representation of 4-connected plane graphs

The visibility representation (VR for short) is a classical representation of plane graphs. The VR has various applications and has been extensively studied in the literature. A main focus of the study is to minimize the size of the VR. It is known that there exists a plane graph G with n vertices where any VR of G requires a size at least @?2n3@?x(@?4n3@?-3). For upper bounds, it is known that every plane graph has a VR with size at most @?23n@?x(2n-5), and a VR with size at most (n-1)x@?43n@?. It has been an open problem to find a VR with both height and width simultaneously bounded away from the trivial upper bounds (namely of size c"hnxc"wn with c"h<1 and c"w<2). In this paper, we provide the first VR construction for a non-trivial graph class that simultaneously bounds both the height and the width. We prove that every 4-connected plane graph has a VR with height @?3n4+2@?n@?+4 and width @?@?3n2@?. Our VR algorithm is based on an st-orientation of 4-connected plane graphs with special properties. The area of the VR presented in this paper is larger than the area of some of the previous results for this graph class. However, bounding one dimension of the VR only requires finding a good st-orientation or a good dual s^*t^*-orientation of G. On the other hand, bounding both dimensions of the VR requires finding a good st-orientation and a good dual s^*t^*-orientation of G at the same time, and hence is far more challenging. Since the st-orientation is a very useful concept in other applications, this result may be of independent interest. Reducing the height (the width, respectively) of the VR is the same as reducing the length of the longest path in an st-orientation of G (dual st-orientation, respectively). We show that it's NP-complete to find an st-orientation of a 2-connected plane graph that minimizes the sum of the length of the longest path in the orientation and the length of the longest path in its dual orientation.
E-ztax: Tax Salience and Tax Rates

This paper examines whether the salience of a tax system affects equilibrium tax rates. I analyze how tolls change after toll facilities adopt electronic toll collection (ETC); drivers are substantially less aware of tolls paid electronically. I estimate that, in steady state, tolls are 20 to 40 percent higher than they would have been without ETC. Consistent with a salience-based explanation for this toll increase, I find that under ETC, driving becomes less elastic with respect to the toll and toll setting becomes less sensitive to the electoral calendar. Alternative explanations appear unlikely to be able to explain the findings.
Provably secure ciphertext policy ABE

In ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), every secret key is associated with a set of attributes, and every ciphertext is associated with an access structure on attributes. Decryption is enabled if and only if the user's attribute set satisfies the ciphertext access structure. This provides fine-grained access control on shared data in many practical settings, e.g., secure database and IP multicast.In this paper, we study CP-ABE schemes in which access structures are AND gates on positive and negative attributes. Our basic scheme is proven to be chosen plaintext (CPA) secure under the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) assumption. We then apply the Canetti-Halevi-Katz technique to obtain a chosen ciphertext (CCA) secure extension using one-time signatures. The security proof is a reduction to the DBDH assumption and the strong existential unforgeability of the signature primitive.In addition, we introduce hierarchical attributes to optimize our basic scheme - reducing both ciphertext size and encryption/decryption time while maintaining CPA security. We conclude with a discussion of practical applications of CP-ABE.
PSAR: measuring multiple sequence alignment reliability by probabilistic sampling

Multiple sequence alignment, which is of fundamental importance for comparative genomics, is a difficult problem and error-prone. Therefore, it is essential to measure the reliability of the alignments and incorporate it into downstream analyses. We propose a new probabilistic sampling-based alignment reliability (PSAR) score. Instead of relying on heuristic assumptions, such as the correlation between alignment quality and guide tree uncertainty in progressive alignment methods, we directly generate suboptimal alignments from an input multiple sequence alignment by a probabilistic sampling method, and compute the agreement of the input alignment with the suboptimal alignments as the alignment reliability score. We construct the suboptimal alignments by an approximate method that is based on pairwise comparisons between each single sequence and the sub-alignment of the input alignment where the chosen sequence is left out. By using simulation-based benchmarks, we find that our approach is superior to existing ones, supporting that the suboptimal alignments are highly informative source for assessing alignment reliability. We apply the PSAR method to the alignments in the UCSC Genome Browser to measure the reliability of alignments in different types of regions, such as coding exons and conserved non-coding regions, and use it to guide cross-species conservation study.
Potential energy savings and CO2 emissions reduction of China's cement industry

Abstract This study analyzes current energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission trends in China's cement industry as the basis for modeling different levels of cement production and rates of efficiency improvement and carbon reduction in 2011–2030. Three cement output projections are developed based on analyses of historical production and physical and macroeconomic drivers. For each of these three production projections, energy savings and CO2 emission reduction potentials are estimated in a best practice scenario and two continuous improvement scenarios relative to a frozen scenario. The results reveal the potential for cumulative final energy savings of 27.1 to 37.5 exajoules and energy-related direct emission reductions of 3.2 to 4.4 gigatonnes in 2011–2030 under the best practice scenarios. The continuous improvement scenarios produce cumulative final energy savings of 6.0 to 18.9 exajoules and reduce CO2 emissions by 1.0 to 2.4 gigatonnes. This analysis highlights that increasing energy efficiency is the most important policy measure for reducing the cement industry's energy and emissions intensity, given the current state of the industry and the unlikelihood of significant carbon capture and storage before 2030. In addition, policies to reduce total cement production offer the most direct way of reducing total energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
When does America drop dictators

The Obama administration’s initial ambivalence toward democratic revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011 points to a central puzzle in US foreign policy. In some countries, during some periods, Am...
Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments

Abstract Environmental policies typically combine the identification of a goal with some means to achieve that goal. This chapter focuses exclusively on the second component, the means – the “instruments” – of environmental policy, and considers, in particular, experience around the world with the relatively new breed of economic-incentive or market-based policy instruments. I define these instruments broadly, and consider them within four categories: charge systems; tradable permits; market friction reductions; and government subsidy reductions. Within charge systems, I consider effluent charges, deposit-refund systems, user charges, insurance premium taxes, sales taxes, administrative charges, and tax differentiation. Within tradeable permit systems, I consider both credit programs and cap-and-trade systems. Under the heading of reducing market frictions, I examine market creation, liability rules, and information programs. Finally, under reducing government subsidies, I review a number of specific examples from around the world. By defining market-based instruments broadly, I cast a large net for this review of applications. As a consequence, the review is extensive. But this should not leave the impression that market-based instruments have replaced, or have come anywhere close to replacing, the conventional, command-and-control approach to environmental protection. Further, even where these approaches have been used in their purest form and with some success, such as in the case of tradeable-permit systems in the United States, they have not always performed as anticipated. In the final part of the chapter, I ask what lessons can be learned from our experiences. In particular, I consider normative lessons for design and implementation, analysis of prospective and adopted systems, and identification of new applications.
Neural network representation of fatigue damage dynamics

This paper proposes a neural network implementation of a model of fatigue damage dynamics which allows the damage information on critical plant components to be integrated with the plant dynamics for both online life prediction and off-line control synthesis. The aim is to alleviate the problem of slow computation via conventional numerical methods. The results of simulation experiments reveal that a neural network algorithm could be used as an intelligent instrument for online monitoring of fatigue damage and also as a tool for failure prognostics and service life prediction.
GIT stability of weighted pointed curves

In the late 1970s Mumford established Chow stability of smooth unpointed genus g curves embedded by complete linear systems of degree d ≥ 2g + 1, and at about the same time Gieseker established asymptotic Hilbert stability (that is, stability of m th Hilbert points for some large values of m) under the same hypotheses. Both of them then use an indirect argument to show that nodal Deligne-Mumford stable curves are GIT stable. The case of marked points lay untouched until 2006, when Elizabeth Baldwin proved that pointed Deligne-Mumford stable curves are asymptotically Hilbert stable. (Actually, she proved this for stable maps, which includes stable curves as a special case.) Her argument is a delicate induction on g and the number of marked points n; elliptic tails are glued to the marked points one by one, ultimately relating stability of an n-pointed genus g curve to Gieseker’s result for genus g + n unpointed curves. There are three ways one might wish to improve upon Baldwin’s results. First, one might wish to construct moduli spaces of weighted pointed curves or maps; it appears that Baldwin’s proof can accommodate some, but not all, sets of weights. Second, one might wish to study Hilbert stability for small values of m; since Baldwin’s proof uses Gieseker’s proof as the base case, it is not easy to see how it could be modified to yield an approach for small m. Finally, the Minimal Model Program for moduli spaces of curves has generated interest in GIT for 2, 3, or 4-canonical linear systems; due to its use of elliptic tails, Baldwin’s proof cannot be used to study these, as elliptic tails are known to be GIT unstable in these cases. In this paper I give a direct proof that smooth curves with distinct weighted marked points are asymptotically Hilbert stable with respect to a wide range of parameter spaces and linearizations. Some of these yield the (coarse) moduli space of Deligne-Mumford stable pointed curves M g,n and Hassett’s moduli spaces of weighted pointed curves M g,A, while other linearizations may give other quotients which are birational to these and which may admit interpretations as moduli spaces. The full construction of the moduli spaces is not contained in this paper, only the proof that smooth curves with distinct weighted marked points are stable, which is the key new result needed for the construction. For this I follow Gieseker’s approach to reduce to the GIT problem to a combinatorial problem, though the solution is very different.
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: A Review of the Literature.

Procedures for developing behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) were summarized. Hypothesized psychometric advantages of BARS relative to conventional (e.g., graphic rating scale) measures wer...
Push-pull carbenes : alkoxycyanocarbenes

Abstract Benzyloxycyanocarbene is generated thermally from the corresponding diazirine and readily adds to electron-rich alkenes in accord with theoretical expectations.
A Technique for Predicting Large-Signal Performance of a GaAs MESFET

A method is described for accurately predicting the nonlinear microwave performance of GaAs MESFET devices. The method utilizes time-domain analysis and is based upon the experimentally characterized bias dependence of device-circuit model elements. Precise predictions are made of fundamental and harmonic power levels up to 6 dB of gain compression.
Synthesis and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 4-methyl-1-nitromethyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

The preparation of novel 3-(4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl)-Δ2-isoxazolines 2 via nitrile oxide cycloaddition chemistry is described. The target compounds were produced in moderate to good yields using only 2.2 equivalents of alkene and without the need for slow addition of reagents. Cycloaddition reactions were conducted using modified Mukaiyama conditions that included a convenient dehydration reagent which significantly simplified product isolation.
The relationship between timely delivery of vocational rehabilitation services and subsequent federal disability benefit application and receipt

Federal/state vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies offer services to individuals with disabilities that may help them remain in the labor force and avoid entering Social Security Administration (SSA) disability programs. We assess how the availability of VR services within an agency at the time an individual applies to receive VR services is related to subsequent application and receipt of SSA disability benefits. We find that individuals have a higher likelihood of subsequently applying for and receiving disability benefits when they apply in months that the VR agency serves a lower percentage of applicants or has a longer average wait for services. H55, H75, J29
Heavy-Traffic Behavior of the MaxWeight Algorithm in a Switch with Uniform Traffic

We consider a switch with uniform traffic operating under the MaxWeight scheduling algorithm. This traffic pattern is interesting to study in the heavy-traffic regime since the queue lengths exhibit a multi-dimensional state-space collapse. We use a Lyapunov-type drift technique to characterize the heavy-traffic behavior of the expectation of the sum queue lengths in steady-state. Specifically, in the case of Bernoulli arrivals, we show that the heavy-traffic scaled queue length is (n -- 3/2 + 1/2n). Our result implies that the MaxWeight algorithm has optimal queue-length scaling behavior in the heavy-traffic regime with respect to the size of a switch with a uniform traffic pattern. This settles the heavy-traffic version of an open conjecture.
Study by Extended X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure Technique and Microscopy of the Amorphous State of Titanium Diboride Thin Films

The local atomic structure and the stability of amorphous titanium diboride (TiB2) thin films, prepared by electron beam vaporization (EBV) of the crystalline compound onto liquid-nitrogen-cooled substrates, are studied using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and extended energy-loss fine structure (EXELFS). From a comparison of the extended fine structure spectra of the amorphous films with corresponding spectra of crystalline TiB2, accurate information is derived on the nature of local structure, or short-range order, and on the type and degree of nanostructural atomic disorder σ2 in amorphous TiB2. Subsequent controlled heating experiments and observation and imaging by transmission electron microscopy to determine the crystallization temperature of the amorphous phase show that the crystallization temperature and, thus, the stability of the amorphous phase are strongly dependent on σ2. It is shown that minimizing σ2 is crucial in enhancing the amorphicity. Finally, EXAFS and EXELFS are employed to examine in detail the structural changes induced in amorphous TiB2 by variations in the EBV deposition parameters.
Raasch Challenge for Shell Elements

The Raasch challenge problem of a curved strip with a tip in-plane shear load is examined in an attempt to better understand how certain shell element features affect its solution. Various shell element formulations are used in the assessment in an attempt to de® neany inherent pathological problems of the shell ® niteelements or the
CLOSED-FORM ASYMPTOTIC SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER THE COALESCENT WITH RECOMBINATION FOR AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF LOCI.

Obtaining a closed-form sampling distribution for the coalescent with recombination is a challenging problem. In the case of two loci, a new framework based on an asymptotic series has recently been developed to derive closed-form results when the recombination rate is moderate to large. In this paper, an arbitrary number of loci is considered and combinatorial approaches are employed to find closed-form expressions for the first couple of terms in an asymptotic expansion of the multi-locus sampling distribution. These expressions are universal in the sense that their functional form in terms of the marginal one-locus distributions applies to all finite- and infinite-alleles models of mutation.
An Experiment to Evaluate Bayesian Learning of Nash Equilibrium Play

Abstract We report on an experiment designed to evaluate the empirical implications of Jordan's model of Bayesian learning in games of incomplete information. A finite example is constructed in which the model generates unique predictions of subjects' choices in nearly all periods. When the “true” game defined by players' private information was one with a unique equilibrium in pure strategies, the experimental subjects' play converged to the equilibrium, as Jordan's theory predicts, even when the subjects had not attained complete information about one another. But when there were two pure strategy equilibria, the theory's predictions were not consistent with observed behavior. Journal of Economic Literature Classification numbers: D83, C72, C92.
Shocks and Crashes

Three shocks, distinguished by whether their effects are permanent or transitory, are identified to characterize the post-war dynamics of aggregate consumer spending, labor earnings, and household wealth. The first shock accounts for virtually all of the variation in consumption; we argue that it can be plausibly interpreted as a permanent total factor productivity shock. The second shock, which underlies the vast bulk of quarterly fluctuations in labor income growth, permanently reallocates rewards between shareholders and workers but leaves consumption unaffected. Over the last 25 years, the cumulative effect of this shock has persistently boosted stock market wealth and persistently lowered labor earnings. We call this a factors share shock. The third shock is a persistent but transitory innovation that accounts for the vast majority of quarterly fluctuations in asset values but has a negligible impact on consumption and labor earnings at all horizons. We call this an exogenous risk aversion shock. We show that the 2000-02 asset market crash and recession surrounding it was characterized by a negative transitory wealth (positive risk aversion) shock, predominantly affecting stock market wealth. By contrast, the 2007-09 crash and recession was characterized by a string of large negative productivity shocks, as well as positive risk aversion shocks.
Combined Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated With Prolonged Retinal Arterial Filling

We examined four healthy men who developed cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Unlike previously reported patients with this clinical entity, there appeared to be abnormal central retinal artery inflow, as evidenced by prolonged, irregular filling of the branch retinal arteries with intravenous fluorescein angiography. The patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids. All of the patients had initial improvement in vision. However, three of the four patients had recurrent episodes of visual loss. The final visual acuity was 20/40 or better in three of the four patients.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORLD-SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

Using the world-systems perspective, this essay discusses the trajectories of several types of globalization over the last 100 years and the recent surge in public cognizance of global processes. It is found that different types of global-ization have different temporal characteristics. Some are long-term upward trends, while others display large cyclical oscillations. The factors that explain the recent emergence of the globalization discourse are examined, and this phenomenon is analyzed in terms of the contradictory interests of powerful and less-powerful groups. I contend that there is a lag between economic and political/cultural globalization, and that the latter needs to catch up if we are to convert the contemporary world-system of "casino capitalism" in to a more humane, democratic, balanced and sustainable world society.
Fast-neutrons incident on gadolinium.

Reports in the Argonne National Laboratory Nuclear Data and Measurement Series present results of studies in the field of microscopic nuclear data. The primary objective of the series is the dissemination of information in the comprehensive form required for nuclear technology applications. This Series is devoted to: (a) measured microscopic nuclear parameters, (b) experimental techniques and facilities employed in measurements, (c) the analysis, correlation and interpretation of nuclear data, and (d) the compilation and evaluation of nuclear data. Contributions to this Series are reviewed to assure technical competence and, unless otherwise stated, the contents can be formally referenced. This Series does not supplant formal journal publication, but it does provide the more extensive information required for technological applications (e.g., tabulated numerical data) in a timely manner.
Likelihood methods for point processes with refractoriness

Likelihood-based encoding models founded on point processes have received significant attention in the literature because of their ability to reveal the information encoded by spiking neural populations. We propose an approximation to the likelihood of a point-process model of neurons that holds under assumptions about the continuous time process that are physiologically reasonable for neural spike trains: the presence of a refractory period, the predictability of the conditional intensity function, and its integrability. These are properties that apply to a large class of point processes arising in applications other than neuroscience. The proposed approach has several advantages over conventional ones. In particular, one can use standard fitting procedures for generalized linear models based on iteratively reweighted least squares while improving the accuracy of the approximation to the likelihood and reducing bias in the estimation of the parameters of the underlying continuous-time model. As a result, the proposed approach can use a larger bin size to achieve the same accuracy as conventional approaches would with a smaller bin size. This is particularly important when analyzing neural data with high mean and instantaneous firing rates. We demonstrate these claims on simulated and real neural spiking activity. By allowing a substantive increase in the required bin size, our algorithm has the potential to lower the barrier to the use of point-process methods in an increasing number of applications.