cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical approach for tailoring performance of magnetoelectric PZT/terfenol-D laminated composites

Rising demands in design of metamaterials requires better understanding of coupling phenomena in composite systems. Materials exhibiting product properties have effective magnitude of physical constants surpassing those of naturally existing materials. In this manuscript, we conduct numerical modeling of laminated terfenol-D/PZT/terfenol-D magnetoelectric composites with sandwich structure coupled through elastic interactions across the bonding layer. Developed magnetoelectric model couples the piezoelectric and magnetostriction constitutive equations with Langevin theory for simulating the saturated elastic response in composites. Simulated results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Based upon the developed model we predict 17% improvement of magnetoelectric coefficient for sandwich structure through proper rotation of polarization in individual layers.
Molecular evolution of the rhodopsin gene of marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Visual pigment genes have been isolated from a marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We report here the rhodopsin gene, spanning 21.2 kb from start to stop codons, making it the longest opsin gene known in vertebrates. Southern analysis suggests that the lamprey genome contains a single rhodopsin gene. The amino acid (aa) sequence deduced from this gene has 92% sequence similarity with that of the river lamprey rhodopsin. The data reveal that aa substitutions occurred more often in the transmembrane region than in the non-transmembrane region, possibly reflecting functional adaptation of the rhodopsin during the last 500 million years of the jawless fish evolution.
Ab Initio Calculations of Enthalpies of Hydrogenation, Isomerization, and Formation of Cyclic C6 Hydrocarbons. Benzene Isomers

We have calculated the standard enthalpies of formation ΔfH298 of benzene, 8 benzene isomers, and 15 of their mono-, di-, and trihydrogenation products by the G2(MP2) and G2(MP2,SVP) ab initio methods. The ab initio results are used in conjunction with isodesmic “bond separation” reactions to obtain enthalpies of isomerization and hydrogenation, ΔisomH298 and ΔhydH,298 which follow directly from the calculated total enthalpies at 298 K. G2(MP2,SVP) calculations are not, insofar as can be determined from the scattered experimental data, inferior to G2(MP2) calculations within the usual target uncertainty range of ±2 kcal mol-1.
A chemical approach to understanding oxide surfaces

article i nfo Chemical bonding has often been ignored in favor of physics based energetic considerations in attempts to understand the structure, stability, and reactivity of oxide surfaces. Herein, we analyze the chemical bonding in published structures of the SrTiO3, MgO, and NiO surfaces using bond valence sum (BVS) analysis. These simple chemical bonding theories compare favorably with far more complex quantum mechanical calcula- tions in assessing surface structure stability. Further, the coordination and bonding of surface structures explains the observed stability in a readily comprehensible manner. Finally, we demonstrate how simple chemical bonding models accurately predict the adsorption of foreign species onto surfaces, and how such models can be used to predict changes in surface structures.
Remodeling of a Collagenous Tissue at Fixed Lengths

Mature tissues can often adapt to changes in their chemical, mechanical, or thermal environment. For example, in response to sustained increases or decreases in mechanical loads, some tissues grow and remodel so as to restore the stress or strain to its homeostatic state. Whereas most previous work addresses gross descriptors of tissue growth, this paper introduces a possible cell-mediated mechanism by which remodeling may occur in a soft connective tissue--that the kinetics of collagen deposition and degradation is similar regardless of the configuration of the body at which it occurs. The proposed theoretical framework applies to three-dimensional settings, but it is illustrated by focusing on the remodeling of a uniaxial collagenous tissue that is maintained at a fixed length for an extended period. It is shown that qualitative features expected of such remodeling (e.g., an increased compliance and increased stress-free length when remodeling occurs at an extended length) are easily realized. Growth and remodeling are complex phenomena, however, and are likely accomplished via multiple complementary mechanisms. There is a need, therefore, to identify other candidate mechanisms and, of course, to collect experimental data suitable for testing and refining the possible theories.
RENAL AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE IN OBESE (fa/facp), DIABETIC, HYPERTENSIVE ZSF1 RATS*

In Western society, the triad of hypertension, metabolic syndrome and obesity (which caries a high risk for renal disease) is increasing, as is the intake of caffeine. However, no information is available regarding the metabolic or renal consequences of caffeine consumption in this complex disease entity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic caffeine consumption on renal function and metabolic status in obese ZSF1 rats, an animal model of obesity, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Fifteen, 18-week-old male, obese ZSF1 rats were randomized to drink tap water (Cont, n = 8) or 0. 1% solution of caffeine (Caff, n = 7) for 8 weeks. Metabolic and renal function measurements were performed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Caffeine treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced body weight, food, and fluid consumption and improved insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin 129.6 + 8.1 vs 97.5 ± 3.6 μIU/mL; fed insulin 146.3 ± 8.5 vs 110.6 ± 3.4 μIU/mL; fasting glucose ...
Javelin: parallel computing on the internet

Abstract Java offers the basic infrastructure needed to integrate computers connected to the Internet into a seamless distributed computational resource: an infrastructure for running coarse-grained parallel applications on numerous, anonymous machines. First, we sketch such a resource’s essential technical properties. Then, we present a prototype of Javelin , an infrastructure for global computing. The system is based on Internet software that is interoperable, increasingly secure, and ubiquitous: Java-enabled Web technology. Ease of participation is seen as a key property for such a resource to realize the vision of a multiprocessing environment comprising thousands of computers. Javelin’s architecture and implementation require participants to have access to only a Java-enabled Web browser. Experimental results are given in the form of a Mersenne Prime application and a ray-tracing application that run on a heterogeneous network of several parallel machines, workstations, and PCs. Two key areas of current research, fault-tolerance and scalability, are subsequently explored briefly.
Toward Third Generation Threaded Discussions for Mobile Learning: Opportunities and Challenges for Ubiquitous Collaborative Environments

The mobile communication revolution has led to pervasive "connectedness--as evidenced by the explosive growth of instant messaging in the home, and more recently, the enterprise--and, together with the convergence of mobile computing, provides a basis for extending collaborative environments toward truly ubiquitous "immersion." Leveraging the true anytime/anywhere access afforded by mobile computing, it becomes possible to develop applications that not only are capable of responding to users whenever/wherever, on demand, but that also may actively "seek out" and engage users when the need arises. Thus, immersive environments need no longer be thought of strictly in terms of physical immersion with clearly discernable "enter" and "exit" events, but rather they may be extended, through mobile-enabled computing, toward ubiquity in terms of both time and space. Based on Media Synchronicity Theory, potential benefits are envisioned, particularly in the case of collaborative learning environments, from shortened response cycles and increased real time interaction opportunities. At the same time, a number of challenging issues must be addressed in designing such an environment to ensure user acceptance and to maximize realization of the potential. Third Generation (3G) Threaded Discussion has been conceptualized as an environment, well suited to mobile learning (m-learning) that could leverage mobile-enabled ubiquity to achieve a degree of extended immersion and thereby accrue the associated collaboration benefits. Exploring this conceptualization serves to help surface both the opportunities and the challenges associated with such environments and to identify promising design approaches, such as the use of intelligent agents.
A particle-gamma correlation study in the 52Cr(d, pγ) reaction

Abstract Particle-gamma angular correlations for states populated in the 52 Cr(d, p) reaction have been measured. States in 53 Cr for which data are presented are the 5 2 − , 1.01 MeV, the 7 2 − , 1.29 MeV, the 7 2 − , 1.54 MeV, and the 3 2 − , 2.32 MeV levels. The DWBA is found to give a good representation of the data for strongly populated levels when the particle detector is located near the stripping peak. The data for the 1.29 MeV level confirm the previously suggested particle-excited core wave function.
Hobbies and Hobby-Related Reading: Exploring Preferences, Practices, and Instructional Possibilities.

Abstract This exploratory study considers the relationship between hobbies and hobby‐related reading to evaluate a common instructional assumption about using hobbies as a basis for recommending reading. Hobby choices, types of hobby‐related reading, and family influences were examined through an 11 item questionnaire administered to 33 parent/child pairs. Patterns emerged supporting: (1) the potential for recommending authentic, non‐traditional hobby‐related reading materials in home and instructional settings and (2) the potential for tapping the positive influence that parents who engage in leisure‐time reading can exert on their children.
On two‐phase sediment transport: Dilute flow

[1] In this paper we present a model describing dilute sediment transport that involves two-phase mass and momentum equations and k − ϵ equations for the energy of turbulent flow. We apply the model to a steady, uniform, open channel flow and calculate sediment concentration and velocity profiles in two ways. In a semianalytical approach we adopt boundary layer approximations and obtain concentration profiles that improve upon the single-phase Rouse formula [Rouse, 1937]. The improvement is due to the incorporation of dissipation of the flow turbulent energy due to the presence of sediment. In a numerical approach we integrate the time-dependent equations of the model to obtain steady state solutions. The numerical solutions are tested against experimental data and used to check the validity of the boundary layer approximations in the semianalytical approach.
Studies on experimental arthritis induced by Corynebacterium rubrum. 1. Localization of the arthritogenic factor in the cell walls

Purified cell walls of Corynebacterium rubrum injected intradermally into rats together with mineral oil induce a severe progressive form of arthritis. The arthritogenic factor contains glucosamine, muramic acid, and several amino acids. It is resistant to digestion with proteolytic enzymes and to extraction with alcoholether, chloroform, and phenol, but is lost after digestion with lysozyme. These findings suggest a link between the cell wall of Corynebacterium rubrum—most likely a mucopeptide—and the development of arthritis.
Angiotensin II receptors in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

In vitro receptor autoradiography, using the radiolabeled angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonist 125I-sar1, ile8 Ang II (∣25I-SI Ang II; 250 pM) in the absence or presence of 1 µM Ang II, was used to identify Ang II receptor binding sites in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (POAH) brain region of cycling female rats. A nucleus within this region, lateral to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and ventral to the anterior commissure, displayed a discrete locus of 125I-SI Ang II binding sites (385 fmol/g tissue). This nucleus, which corresponds to the area of the POAH from which Ang II is most effective at eliciting luteinizing hormone release, has been identified as the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTV) by the rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson. The selective nonpeptidic Ang IIα receptor antagonist Dup 753 completely inhibited the binding of 125I-SI Ang II to the BSTV and other hypothalamic nuclei, suggesting that these receptors are of the Ang IIα subtype.
Reconceptualizing Electronic Field Trips: A Deweyian Perspective.

Electronic field tripping is a relatively new form of large‐scale distance education that attempts to provide contextually rich learning materials embedded within a coherent educational content base. Using Dewey’s (1943) framework for the natural learning impulses of children, we describe the potential pedagogical benefits afforded by electronic field trips (EFTs). We outline a shift in distance education from a techno‐centric focus on hardware and logistics to the inherent features of children’s desires to explore their world, which represents an alteration of perspective and purpose in understanding computer technologies in classroom settings. Finally, we demonstrate that while each independent element of the EFT experience promotes one or more of Dewey’s impulses, bringing together all the resources provided for EFTs fosters deeper connections, more engaged learning, and contextualized distance learning true to the spirit of live field trips.
Robotic testing of proximal tibio-fibular joint kinematics for measuring instability following total knee arthroplasty.

Pain secondary to instability in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to be major cause of early failure. In this study, we focused on the effect of instability in TKA on the proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ). We used a robotics model to compare the biomechanics of the PTFJ in the native knee, an appropriately balanced TKA, and an unbalanced TKA. The tibia (n=5) was mounted to a six-degree of freedom force/torque sensor and the femur was moved by a robotic manipulator. Motion at the PTFJ was recorded with a high resolution digital camera system. After establishing a neutral position, loading conditions were applied at varying flexion angles (0, 30, and 60°). These included: internal/external rotation (0 Nm, ± 5 Nm), varus/valgus (0 Nm, ± 10 Nm), compression (100 N, 700 N), and posterior drawer (0 N, 100 N). With respect to anterior displacement, external rotation had the largest effect (coefficient = 0.650; p < 0.0001). Polyethylene size as well as the interaction between polyethylene size and flexion consistently showed substantial anterior motion. Flexion and mid-flexion instability in TKA have been difficult to quantify. While tibiofemoral kinematics is the main aspect of TKA performance, the effects on adjacent tissues should not be overlooked. Our data show that PTFJ kinematics are affected by the balancing of the TKA.
Identification of high energy lines in the K-LL Auger spectrum of N2

Nitrogen K-LL Auger spectrum high energy lines measurement by high resolution electron spectrometer
The Impact of Environment and Entrepreneurial Perceptions on Venture-Creation Efforts: Bridging the Discovery and Creation Views of Entrepreneurship

Recent literature has highlighted two conflicting theories of entrepreneurship. In the “discovery” perspective, objective environmental conditions are considered to be the source of entrepreneurial...
The Ethics of MBO

Despite the widespread adoption of Management by Objectives (MBO) and its extensive coverage in the literature, few questions have been raised regarding the ethical issues involved in this form of management. Points in the MBO process that are particularly likely to create ethical problems for organizational members are identified, and some means that management can use to increase the likelihood that its MBO program will be conducted in an ethical manner are suggested.
Effects of propranolol on bone metabolism in the rat

Propranolol, a nonspecific β-blocker, has many physiologic effects. Its effects on bone in vivo are unknown, although β receptor sites have been found on osteoblasts. In this study, the hypothesis tested was that low doses of propranolol could alter bone properties and enhance orthotopic endochondral bone formation. In a group of nonsurgical rats, propranolol treatment increased formation. In a group of nonsurgical rats, propranolol treatment increased femoral torsional strength on biomechanical testing. In the rat surgical model used, right femora were fixed to a polyethylene plate and then defects were created mid-diaphysis and subsequently filled with demineralized bone matrix. These rats (defect rats) were randomly divided into groups that were given propranolol or a saline carrier for 19 consecutive days. In the defect rats, increased trabecular femoral metaphyseal mineral apposition rates were observed in propranolol-treated groups. Densitometry and roentgenographic scoring of callus formation after 12 weeks in propranolol-treated rats revealed increased callus and bone union. The results of this study indicate that propranolol treatment can significantly affect bone properties.
Anterior fontanel closure in healthy term infants

Sixty-five normal, term infants 2 to 16 weeks of age were studied longitudinally to determine the size and closure time of the anterior fontanel and its relationship to other variables. Fontanel closure time was found to be highly variable and was unrelated to sex or race, birth measurements, or postnatal growth measurements except for the head circumference at the time of closure.
Experimental studies of indoor propagation characteristics of a smart antenna system at 1.8 GHz

Smart antenna systems are becoming practical for indoor applications such as wireless local area networks. However, the challenging indoor propagation environment is one of biggest obstacles for designing smart antenna wireless networks. In order to fully understand and characterize channel propagation characteristics or vector channels of smart antenna systems in indoor environments, experiments are conducted using a 1.8 GHz real-time smart antenna testbed with a uniform linear array. The effects of mobile user motion on the vector channel variation are studied in line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NOLOS) indoor scenarios. The experimental results on the variation of vector channel parameters such as space-time correlation properties, spatial signatures, direction-of-arrivals, multipath angle spread, and complex path fading are presented. Results show that the vector channel varies more significantly in the NOLOS scenario than in the LOS scenario.
Structure-activity relations for the neurotoxicity of kainic acid derivatives and glutamate analogues

Abstract The neurotoxic potency of glutamate analogues and derivatives of kainic acid was examined in the chick neural retina and the rat corpus striatum by measuring the effects of the agents on the activity of neurotransmitier-synthesizing enzymes. In terms of neurotoxic potency, in the retina: kainate ⩾ ibotenate ⩾ quisqualate > N- methyl - d,l - aspartate ⩾ d,l - homocysteate > l - glutamate whereas in the corpus striatum: kainate > ibotenate > N- methyl - d,l - aspartate > d,l - homocysteate ⪢ l - glutamate . In both the retina and corpus striatum, dihydrokainate, N-acetylkainate and kainic acid dimethylester are at least 45 to 100-fold less toxic than kainate. These studies demonstrate a correlation between the neurotoxic and neuro-excitatory effects of glutamate analogues.
Primary tissue cultures from organ fragments: a simplified method.

Organ fragments washed in Ca++ and Mg++-free saline, treated with trypsin and placed directly into culture flasks adhered within seconds to the vessel surface. If the fragments were suspended in culture medium before they were added to the flasks, they did not adhere. This technique permits the rapid attachment and subsequent growth of the primary tissue cultures.
Selection of the subgroup size and sampling interval for a CUSUM control chart

The design of a CUSUM control chart typically involves choosing the subgroup size and sampling interval to achieve specified control chart performance. One can maintain a specified sampling intensity by using small subgroups at frequent intervals or larger subgroups at infrequent intervals. We use the average time to signal to investigate the performance of a CUSUM chart under alternative selections of the subgroup size and sampling interval. Recommendation are provided for both initial-state and steady-state performance.
Crisis management: The interaction of political and military considerations

(1984). Crisis management: The interaction of political and military considerations. Survival: Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 223-234.
Mucocutaneous Manifestation of Cryptococcal Infection: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal organism that commonly affects patients that are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), most notably patients with advanced acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and CD4 lymphocyte cell count of less than 100 copies/mL. The incidence of cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had been reported in large studies to range from 6% to 12%. In a recent study, cryptococcal infection was the AIDS-defining illness in 3% and the cause of death in 5% of HIV-infected patients. In the United States there has been a decrease in the severity and incidence of patients presenting with cryptococcal infection associated with HIV. However, it remains a leading cause of meningitis in many African nations. The decrease in the frequency of cryptococcal infection within the United States is attributable to the availability of HAART after 1996. The primary site of C. neoformans infection is usually the respiratory tract or the central nervous system (CNS). The primary clinical presentation may also include cutaneous, ocular, or the genitourinary manifestations. This organism has been described to infect almost any area of the body. For example, several case reports document cryptococcemia, osteomyelitis, and peritonitis. In our review of the literature we identified only 2 articles discussing the oral manifestation of C. neoformans. In 1987 Lynch and Naftolin described the first reported case of cryptococcal infection in a patient with AIDS, and in the same year Glick et al described a palatal lesion as the initial manifestation of cryptococcosis. As oral health care providers, we need to be aware that an initial oral or cutaneous cryptococcal infection may serve as a precursor to severe life threatening cryptococcosis. In this case report, the patient presented with simultaneous oral and cutaneous lesions 5 months before the development of cryptococcal meningitis.
Observations on the acrosome reaction of human sperm in vitro.

Human sperm were incubated in vitro in serum or the defined medium TMPA and were periodically assessed for acrosome reactions using two new methods of assay. The first method, FITC-RCA labeling, was previously shown to be valid for estimating the percentage of normal acrosome reactions of human sperm. The second method, a triple staining technique, is shown in this study to give results comparable to those obtained with FITC-RCA labeling. The percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm was determined at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7 hr of incubation. In both media, some sperm had reacted by 2.5 hr; a maximum percentage of reactions occurred between 5 and 7 hr. The maximum percentage never exceeded 20-25%, which represents only one-third of the live sperm, ie, those potentially able to undergo normal acrosome reactions. It will be important in future studies to determine if this low-peak percentage is due to the fact that: (1) Commonly used culture media are suboptimal or (2) only about 25% of the sperm in a human ejaculate are capable of undergoing normal acrosome reactions.
2,4-Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific continuous B cell lines as a model system for studying B cell activation and tolerance.

Various model systems have been used to study isolated B cell response to receptor cross-linking and to lymphokines. Although each model is useful it is advantageous to have continuous cell lines of nonmalignant antigen-specific B lymphocytes to study antigen-induced B cell function. We further studied the characteristics of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific continuous B lymphocyte lines which we previously described (J. Exp. Med. 1983. 157: 342). If the cell line lymphocytes are cultured with the antigen DNP-Ficoll without the presence of T cell factors or filler cells they do not produce an immune response above background, but the addition of supernatant from EL4 lymphoma and irradiated normal spleen filler cells results in a 7- to 10-fold increase in plaque-forming cells. The kinetics of the immune response is the same as that seen with normal B cells. Each cell line has a majority of cells which are small surface (s)IgM− lymphocytes which have cytoplasmic IgM and react with 14.8 antibody. There are also large sIgM+-bearing cells, which may be either in the resting or activated state. Some of the sIgM+ cells also bear IgD and Ia antigens but they do not bear IgG. From these studies we conclude that the continuously growing antigen-specific B cell lines can be a useful model to study B cell function.
Microwave interaction with a semiconductor post

Abstract A theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented for a new microwave electrodeless technique for measuring semiconductor conductivity using a circular or square semiconductor post mounted vertically in the center of a rectangular waveguide. The validity of microwave studies of recombination effects in semiconductors using this geometry is also established by showing that there is a linear relationship between transmitted microwave power and excess carrier density for small values of excess carrier density.
Progesterone modulation of androgen receptors in the brain and pituitary of male guinea pigs.

Androgen receptors (AR) were determined in cytosol and nuclear extracts of pituitary and neural tissue from intact male guinea pigs by a binding assay using [3H]dihydrotestosterone as ligand. Saturation analyses of cytosol from hypothalamus-preoptic area (POA)-amygdala regions and anterior pituitary revealed receptors (ARc) with apparent Kd values of 2.52 and 3.83 × 10-10 M, respectively. Nuclear salt extracts from the same tissues contained receptors (ARn) with Kd values of 4.38 and 5.12 × 10-10 M. Reproductive behavior of 10 males was observed with receptive females for 10 min once a week. After 4 weeks, half of the animals received 10 mg progesterone (P)/day for an additional 4 weeks. P treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased latency to first mount and decreased mounts per test period. After behavioral testing, analysis of the AR content of specific brain regions revealed that the highest concentrations of ARc and ARn were in the POA and medial basal hypothalamus, and the lowest were in the cerebr...
Removal from the "waiting list" for heart transplantation: a risk factor for sudden death?

Abstract Methods and Results: Over an 18-month period, the patients on the heart transplantation waiting list at our institution were evaluated to determine if continued listing was appropriate. Ten patients were removed because of significant improvement in clinical status and exercise capacity (n = 9) or because of criteria violation (n = 1). Four of these patients died suddenly and unexpectedly within 4 months of delisting, resulting in a 6-month survival of 60% for the patients removed. During the same period, the 6-month survival for newly listed patients (n = 10) was 80% and that for newly transplanted patients (n = 13) was 92%. An elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (≥ 18 mmHg) was the only clinical or laboratory feature that appeared to distinguish the four patients who died suddenly following delisting. Conclusion: The results of this preliminary study suggest that removal of a patient from a heart transplant waiting list may represent a risk for sudden death, particularly in patients with elevated ventricular filling pressures, irrespective of otherwise favorable clinical status and exercise performance.
Télévision transnationale, mondialisation et la formation de l'identité culturelle: L'exemple de la République Dominicaine

(2000). Television transnationale, mondialisation et la formation de l'identite culturelle: L'exemple de la Republique Dominicaine. International Review of Sociology: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 301-316.
Morphometric Analysis of the Distal Humerus of Some Cenozoic Catarrhines: The Late Divergence Hypothesis Revisited

Washburn's Late Divergence Hypothesis (LDH) makes a series of predictions about the phyletic affinities of extant hominoids and also predicts the locomotor behavior of the "formative ape," the common ancestor to the African apes and humans, and of the earliest hominids. The present study explores some of these predictions in the light of distal humerus morphology. Multivariate analysis of distal humerus metrics, corrected for the within-groups distortion of shape by size, was used to compare a broad sample of 22 modern anthropoid taxa with 15 fossils from the Fayum, Rusinga Island, Ft. Ternan, Neudorf an der March, Kanapoi, Kromdraai, Lake Turkana, and Hadar. The results of this analysis support some aspects of the LDH, while other aspects are unresolved. Specifically, the distal humeri of the large hominoids are very distinct from those of other anthropoids; however, Hylobates is not associated clearly with either hominoids or monkeys. This suggests that "brachiation" (sensu Hylobates) is too specialized a behavior and cannot explain the common set of characteristics known to unify the hominoids. Among the large apes, there is no discrimination that can be made between the African apes and Pongo, and Homo appears only slightly closer to Pongo than to the other apes. This offers little insight into the question of whether humans did, or did not, go through a "knuckle-walking" stage in their ancestry. The Oligocene and Miocene distal humeri sustain Washburn's assertion that the "formative apes" resembled the suspensory quadrupedal platyrrhines like Ateles. The Miocene P. africanus specimen highlights the uniqueness of Hylobates in showing that this fossil "bridges" the morphology of the acrobatic cebids and the morphology of the larger apes; it appears to be clearly "intermediate" between the two groups. Hylobates, by contrast, has affinities with no fossil, does not connect with the apes, and is generally isolated except for its connection with colobines. Among the Plio-Pleistocene fossils, the Hadar sample proves to be quite primitive, and may be close to the point where hominids and pongids diverged. The Kanapoi distal humerus (KP 271), far from being more "human-like" than Australopithecus, clearly associates with the hyperrobust Australopithecines from Lake Turkana. The stratigraphically late Kromdraai distal humerus is the only hominid to be projected near Homo. The Plio-Pleistocene hominids generally evince a pattern consistent with the prediction of a late separation of hominids and pongids. But, the results of this study, like many before it, fail to resolve the central question of whether the last common ancestor of the African apes and humans "knuckle-walked." It is suggested here that this may be an unresolvable problem.
Emigration to new habitats by voles: the cost of dispersal paradox

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that dispersal and philopatry are components of a mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). The hypothesis predicts that fitness of dispersers should be equal to that of philopatric individuals. Alternatively, fitness of dispersers could be lower (the resident fitness hypothesis) or greater (the cost of dispersal hypothesis) than that of philopatric individuals. We compared fitness of individuals that moved to new habitats (emigrants) and those that remained within habitat boundaries (residents) in populations of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster , and the meadow vole, M. pennsylvanicus . We established vole populations in four enclosures ( 66 × 78 m ). Within each enclosure, voles were free to move between four types of habitats that varied in the availability of supplemental food and the amount of vegetative cover. We analysed two fitness components: the survival rates of all individuals, and pregnancy rates of females. Our study showed that emigrants generally had greater fitness than residents and that the difference in fitness was habitat dependent (i.e. was greater when individuals were emigrating from low-quality habitats than from high-quality habitats). High-food, high-cover habitats were the only habitat types for which fitness of emigrants was lower than that of residents. Similar patterns occurred in both prairie voles and meadow voles. Our results support the cost of dispersal hypothesis.
Synthesis and Luminescence of Soluble meso-Unsubstituted Tetrabenzo- and Tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins

Syntheses of soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins (TNP), with multiple substituents in the conjugated aromatic rings but bearing no substituents in the meso-positions, is reported. Both types of porphyrins were obtained by direct aromatization of precursor porphyrins, annealed with either cyclohexene or dihydronaphthalene fragments. TBPs and TNPs possess powerful absorption bands in the near-infrared (λ = 610−710 nm, e = 100,000−300,000 M-1 cm-1) and exhibit strong luminescence. Free bases and Zn complexes fluoresce with quantum yields of up to 50%, whereas Pd and Pt complexes phosphoresce in solutions at ambient temperatures. Remarkably, the phosphorescence quantum yields of Pd and Pt TBPs reach as high as 20−50%, which places them among the brightest near-infrared phosphors known to date.
Design of a production system for cognitive modeling

It is conjectured that a good cognitive psychology theory will lead to a good artificial intelligence (AI) program. If this is true there should be a convergence of psychological and AI considerations in theory construction. This convergence is illustrated in terms of ACT, a computer simulation model of cognitive processes. Separate AI and psychological considerations are used to motivate the decision to design ACT as a production system operating on an network data base. Similar motivation is provided for other features of ACT implemented within this framework. These features include the use of a propositional structure for the associative network, a spreading activation process operating on the network, the simulated ability to execute several procedures in parallel, and the use of strength measures to select among competing productions and competing paths in the network.We have been working on a production system model of human cognition called ACT. An earlier version of the ACT system, called ACTE, is described in Anderson [3], Anderson, Kline, and Lewis [5], and Kline and Anderson [2]. That system has been used to develop mini-models for retrieval from memory, inference making, language comprehension, question-answering, and problem solving. We are currently working on a new version of ACT called ACTF. This paper discusses a number of the design decisions underlying the ACT system. We will discuss how these design decisions are motivated by both psychological and artificial intelligence (AI) considerations.
Mating-type gene switching in a homothallic fission yeast

When single cells of a homothallic strain of the fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe 968h 90 ) are plated upon sporulation agar, a couple of cell divisions yield four preconjugal cells ordered in a line. Within a line, conjugation occurs either between sibs (the pair at either end of the line) or between cousins (the central pair of cells) or not at all. Miyata & Miyata (1981) have shown that sib matings are favored over cousin matings, the ratio of sib:cousin:sterile being 96:23:10. To have mating within these 4-cell clones means that the mating types of some of the cells have switched. In a further analysis of their data, we come to a series of deductions, one of which is that switching of mating-type genes in the fission yeast must be asymmetrical. We propose a random model and a deterministic model based upon asymmetrical switching. Either model could generate the ratios provided, but the models are sufficiently different that experimental tests should be able to discriminate between the two.
Meteorological variations in the middle clouds of Venus from Vega balloon in situ measurements

Instruments aboard the gondolas of the two Vega balloons obtained in situ measurements of pressure, temperature, vertical velocity relative to the balloon, cloud particle backscatter, lightning and the ambient light level. Atmospheric motions at the balloon float altitudes were also determined from earth-based tracking results. To illustrate the history of the balloon flights and to facilitate comparisons between some of the different observed quantities, measurements of pressure, temperature and backscatter are presented as time series for the entire lifetime of each balloon. Both long and short period variations have been detected. In addition, the environmental entropy encountered by each balloon will be discussed.
Acclimation and Deacclimation of Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta ) to Zinc and Copper Singly and in Combination with Cadmium or Copper

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) were chronically exposed to low and high levels of zinc (Zn) alone, copper (Cu) alone, a Zn–Cu mixture, and a Zn–cadmium (Cd) mixture all starting with eyed eggs and continuing through to the fingerling stage. Exposure to the metals and metal mixtures resulted in acclimation as measured by greater median lethal concentrations (LC50) values relative to metal-naive fry. The degree of acclimation was similar between the low and high exposures except for Cu, where acclimation was observed at the high but not the low acclimation level. The increases in tolerance relative to metal-naive controls were usually less than a factor of 2 and never exceeded a factor of 3. Acclimation exposures did not affect hatch or survival except for the high-acclimation regime of Zn plus Cu. Acclimation came at an apparent metabolic cost because growth was decreased by most acclimation exposures. Deacclimation, as evidenced by a return of LC50 values to naive levels, occurred after 2–5 weeks in clean water.
A kind man benefits himself – but how? Evolutionary models of human food sharing

Can evolutionary models explain food sharing in traditional human societies? Gurven's analysis cannot rule out any of the models (kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated scrounging, costly signaling, or by-product mutualism), and quantitative partitioning of relative importance is not feasible. For now, the hypotheses seem like the proverbial blind men examining the elephant: each was partly in the right, and all were in the wrong!
RELIGIONS OF WESTERN ANTIQUITY

Stendahl argues that western exegetes, plagued with an introspective conscience since Augustine, have wrongly read Paul's doctrine of justification by faith as emerging out of his struggle with an intense sense of guilt before the Law. The proper hermeneutical starting point for understanding Paul's doctrine, however, is his mission to the Gentiles. Acts 9:1-19 and Gal 1:11-17 speak of Paul's call to his mission to the Gentiles rather than of a "conversion" from one religion to another. Furthermore, Paul does not define his inmost struggle as one with a conscience deeply stricken by sin and legalism. He takes pride in his life of obedience to the law. Weakness, not guilt, permeates his discussion of new life in Christ. Consequently, it should be seen that Paul's purpose in Romans 1-8 is not to set forth an answer to a universal, existential problem of legalism plaguing mankind, for which "Jewish legalism" versus "Christian freedom" is the primary paradigm. Rather his purpose is to lay the foundation for arguing in chaps. 9-11 that in Christ God has made it possible for Gentiles to be included in the covenant of salvation, since justification is by faith in Christ, even apart from the Law. Stendahl has given a fresh interpretation of Paul and opened the way to using Paul in clarifying Jewish / Christian relations. However, the discussion of Romans 7 and other passages which seem to reflect Paul's struggle with the problem of sin is not wholly convincing. And while Stendahl has saved Paul from being the source for the unfortunate stereotypes of Judaism as the symbol of the universal problem of "legalism," it must be acknowledged that Paul still serves Christian triumphalism in that he holds that it is only by coming to Jesus Christ that both Jew and Gentile shall be justified (Rom 10:9-17).
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AS A PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Approximately 20% of renal cell carcinomas present with a concomitant paraneoplastic syndrome. Neurological para- neoplasias associated with renal cell carcinoma represent a small subset of the previously described paraneoplastic syn- dromes. We report a case of myasthenia gravis associated with renal cell carcinoma in a man whose symptoms re- gressed completely following nephrectomy. CASE REPORT A 38-year-old man presented in urinary retention after 2 voiding trials with terazosin failed. A careful review of sys- tems revealed difficulty with swallowing and chewing 6 weeks in duration. The subjective dysphagia had been so severe that it required hospitalization, at which time a diag- nosis of esophagitis was made. The patient also complained of progressive ptosis. Medical history was remarkable for bipolar illness for which he was taking lithium. Physical examination was remarkable for bilateral ptosis and a paret- idspastic gait. Progressive weakness with repetitive motion in the upper and lower extremities was confirmed. Coordina- tion, reflexes and sensation were judged to be normal. An edrophonium test was positive. Repetitive nerve stimulation demonstrated reproducible fatigability. Despite the absence of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, presumptive di- agnosis was myasthenia gravis. Computerized tomography (CT) of the chest was negative for evidence of thymoma but an incidental mass of the left kidney was seen. Due to a contrast material allergy a non- contrast CT of the abdomen was done and confirmed the 3 cm. left renal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging with gado- linium revealed a highly suspicious solid lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and brain stem was negative. The patient was started on pyridostigmine with improve- ment in the myasthenic symptoms and uneventful left radi- cal nephrectomy was performed. Pathological diagnosis was grade IAV clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Symptoms resolved and the pyridostimine was eventually discontinued. At 18- month followup the patient denies obstructive voiding symp- toms, dysphagia or ptosis. The neurologist confirms resolu- tion of all myasthenic symptoms.
Test results of a chip for the separation of mixed and filtered signals

We describe an algorithm and chip implementation for separating a mixture of unknown, but independent, temporal signals in static and dynamic environments. The proposed algorithm, which is a simple but conceptually powerful modification of the Herault and Jutten (HJ) algorithm, proves to be robust to parameter variations. Moreover, we present some chip results to quantify the performance of the modified algorithm in static and dynamic (mixing and filtering) environments. >
Lugol's Hematoxylin

A few years ago Clark et al. (1973) published a modification of Cole's hematoxylin (Cole 1943) which had several advantages. Not the least of these was the progressive nature of the stain and the use of stable stock solutions from which the stain could be prepared volumetrically. A distinct disadvantage was the necessity of preparing the stain 24 hours before use. In some other work it was recently found that Lugol's solution was a more powerful oxidant than iodine alone. On this basis we developed another variant of Cole's hematoxylin.
Re-expression of α skeletal actin and regulation of α1 adrenoceptor signalling in DOCA-salt hypertension in rats

Objective: To determine the effects of increased sympathetic nervous system activity in humoral hypertension on the regulation of surface α1 adrenoceptors and signal transduction, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt hypertension was induced in rats and the animals killed three weeks following the initiation of hypertension. Methods: Experiments were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g, divided into two groups: DOCA-salt (n=75), and control (n=60). Radioligand binding studies of the ai adrenoceptors, noradrenaline stimulated phosphoinositol turnover, ADP ribosylation of 41 kD substrate by pertussis toxin, and myocardial noradrenaline content were measured in the ventricular myocardium. The expression of sarcomeric actin isoforms was examined by northern blot and hybridisation with specific oligonucleotide probes. Results: The density of a i adrenoceptors was decreased by 51% in DOCA-salt treated rats. However, noradrenaline stimulated phosphoinositol turnover in myocytes from DOCA-salt hearts was not diminished. The relative quantities of pertussis toxin labelled substrates did not differ in experimental and control hearts. Myocardial noradrenaline content was reduced by 60% in DOCA-salt hearts. Northern blots on RNA extracted from hypertrophic hearts of DOCA-salt treated rats showed an upregulation of a skeletal actin. Conclusions: The adrenergic state present in short term DOCA-salt hypertensive hypertrophy is characterised by enhanced signal transduction via the ai adrenoceptors and the re-expression of a skeletal actin in enlarging myocytes. Cardiovascular Research 1992; 26 :878–885
Comments on Mobility Research

Abstract : The scientific knowledge necessary for engineers to design mobility characteristics into a vehicle does not exist. In their attempts to fill this need, mobility engineers have failed to apply basic scientific methods and principles in a consistent manner. Some of the shortcomings evident in mobility research methods are pointed out. New knowledge obtained from mobility-oriented studies not in progress at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station is presented to illustrate the importance of basic scientific studies.
Sodium-calcium exchange stoichiometry: is the noose tightening?

: The stoichiometry of cardiac sodium-calcium exchange is of profound importance to understanding its physiological function, and recent work challenges a simple 3-to-1 stoichiometry. We present a refined 3-to-1 exchange model that can explain recently measured reversal potentials that are close to those expected for a 4-to-1 exchanger. The model assumes that 1 calcium and 1 sodium ion can be transported by the exchanger, albeit more slowly than 3 sodium ions or 1 calcium ion. In this model, currents and calcium fluxes reverse at different potentials; resting free calcium would always be higher than expected for a perfect 3-to-1 exchange process. To test models such as this, we have developed new methods to study ion transport processes in giant membrane patches independent of, or in parallel with, current measurements. Briefly, ion-selective electrodes or fluorescent ion indicators are used to detect concentration changes in the pipette, close to the membrane, upon activation of transport activity. Preliminary results are presented.