cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
10 bit current steering DAC in 90 nm technology

The design of a high speed current steering DAC using 90 nm CMOS technology is presented. The resolution for this design is 10 bits, segmented into 6 thermometer encoded current cells and 4 binary weighted current cells. Thermometer encoding is used instead of binary coded decimal to reduce glitches since only one bit changes at a time. The design methodology of the sub-components such as current cell, thermometer encoder, and bias circuits are discussed. The simulation results show the input bandwidth of the DAC is 250 MHz.
Two-pulse propagation in a partially phase-coherent medium

We analyze the effects of partial coherence of ground-state preparation on two-pulse propagation in a three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ medium, in contrast to previous treatments that have considered the cases of media whose ground states are characterized by probabilities (level populations) or by probability amplitudes (coherent pure states). We present analytic solutions of the Maxwell-Bloch equations, and we extend our analysis with numerical solutions to the same equations. We interpret these solutions in the bright and dark dressed-state basis, and show that they describe a population transfer between the bright and dark state. For mixed-state $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ media with partial ground-state phase coherence the dark state can never be fully populated. This has implications for phase-coherent effects such as pulse matching, coherent population trapping, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that for partially phase-coherent three-level media, self-induced transparency dominates EIT and our results suggest a corresponding three-level area theorem.
Descriptive Kakutani equivalence

We consider a descriptive set-theoretic analog of Kakutani equivalence for Borel automorphisms of Polish spaces. Answering a question of Nadkarni, we show that up to this notion, there are exactly two aperiodic Borel automorphisms of uncountable Polish spaces. Using this, we classify all Borel R-flows up to C∞-time-change isomorphism. We then extend the notion of descriptive Kakutani equivalence to all (not necessarily injective) Borel functions, and provide a variety of results leading towards a complete classification. The main technical tools are a series of Glimm-Effros and Dougherty-JacksonKechris-style embedding theorems.
EXPERIENCES WITH ACUTE PANCREATIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE AT A SMALL CITY HOSPITAL.

The frequency of attacks of pancreatic inflammation in a population where alcoholism and gallbladder disease are common is stressed. During an 18-month period 21 such patients were admitted to the hospital, in all of whom a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was confirmed on the basis of clinical and laboratory data. Treatment is essentially nonoperative, the principal features being prevention of pancreatic stimulation by gastroduodenal suction, withholding of food, and intravenous feeding. The nonoperative management of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst is discussed, and the indications for internal drainage procedures are reviewed. Illustrative case histories and radiographs are presented.
Resonant Internal Wave Interactions

INTERNAL waves in the ocean are of critical importance both to the large scale oceanic energy and momentum balance and to smaller scale oceanic processes. Most discussions of the physics of these waves concentrate on linear waves of infinitesimal amplitude; however, both the breaking of internal waves and the generation and decay of their oceanic spectra involve nonlinear processes. We describe here the preliminary results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the effects of non-linearity on a resonant pair of discrete internal waves. The only other resonant interaction experiments known to the authors are (1) careful definitive measurements of initial trends for a very weak third-order surface gravity wave interaction1, and (2) experiments which relate an instability of internal gravity waves in a two-fluid system to a theorized second-order resonance2. Our objective was to generate two waves theoretically capable of resonant interactions and to show, by measuring elementary definitive properties, that a second-order resonance does, in fact, occur in the fluid.
Classical conditioning of the peripheral vasomotor orienting response.

The present study demonstrates that the peripheral vasomotor response is conditionable. The paradigm used involved a delayed, differential conditioning procedure and utilized both a conditioning and sensitization control group. The results demonstrate that the vasomotor orienting response can be differentially conditioned.
A human perception inspired quality metric for image fusion based on regional information

Comparative evaluation of fused images is a critical step to evaluate the relative performance of different image fusion algorithms. Human visual inspection is often used to assess the quality of fused images. In this paper, we propose some variants of a new image quality metric based on the human vision system (HVS). The proposed measures evaluate the quality of a fused image by comparing its visual differences with the source images and require no knowledge of the ground truth. First, the images are divided into different local regions. These regional images are then transformed to the frequency domain. Second, the difference between the local regional images in frequency domain is weighted with a human contrast sensitivity function (CSF). The quality of a local regional image is obtained by computing the MSE of the weighted difference images obtained from the fused regional image and source regional images. Finally, the quality of a fused image is the weighted summation of the local regional images quality measures. Our experimental results show that these metrics are consistent with perceptually obtained results.
Interface magnetization: Cu films on Ni(100)

Results of a self-consistent tight-binding calculation for one and two atomic layers of Cu on ferromagnetic Ni(100) show a Cu-induced moment reduction of about 0.33 and 0.13..mu../sub B/ per atom in the first and second Ni layers, respectively. The Cu d orbitals play almost no role. Even a single layer of Cu gives an almost idea (surface-insensitive) interface behavior in the Ni, so spin-polarized interface states should be easily observable by photoemission.
New families of non-embeddable quasi-derived designs

The main result in this article is a method of constructing a non-embeddable quasi-derived design from a quasi-derived design and an α-resolvable design. This method is a generalization of techniques used by van Lint and Tonchev in 14, 15 and Kageyama and Miao in 8. As applications, we construct several new families of non-embeddable quasi-derived designs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 263–275, 2008
A taxonomic revision of the insect biocontrol fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis, its allies with white stromata and their Hypocrella sexual states.

A revision of a monophyletic group of Hypocrella species and their Aschersonia anamorphs with white effuse stromata is presented. In addition to taxon descriptions, distributions, and nomenclature, a synoptic key and a molecular phylogenetic analysis are also provided. A new holomorph, Hypocrella rhombispora sp. nov., is described. This study presents a revisionary treatment of Aschersonia aleyrodis (teleomorph: Hypocrella libera) and its allies. These fungi parasitize whiteflies and are promising candidates for whitefly biological control. Four species of Aschersonia and their Hypocrella teleomorphs are treated in detail: Aschersonia aleyrodis/Hypocrella libera; A. andropogonis/H. andropogonis, A. placenta/H. raciborskii, and A .s p./H. rhombispora sp. nov. A synoptic key including these and six other morphologically similar species is presented to facilitate identification in the field and laboratory. Phylogenetic analyses of partial DNA sequences from three genes (LSU, mtSSU, and RPB2) suggest that Aschersonia species with effuse white stromata form a monophyletic group of whitefly pathogens. Phylogenetically informative characters in the group include the colour and shape of the stromata, the arrangement of tubercles containing perithecia, the arrangement of conidial masses on the stromata, and the shape of conidia and part spores.
Eyes on the prize: bringing individualized therapy from the bedside to clinical practice.

On May 18–19 2007, the second Annual Chapel Hill Drug Conference was held in North Carolina, USA and focused on bringing individualized therapy into clinical practice. Approximately 100 researchers, clinicians and policy makers convened to discuss the conference’s theme: ‘One of a kind: the search for individualized therapy’. The presentations did not focus on disseminating results of pharmacogenomic discovery studies, but instead this was a forum to discuss strategies for bringing individualized therapy from the bedside to routine clinical practice. This is a critical leap for the field, and one that is often underappreciated. Given the lack of numerous previous examples to use as a model, open discussion among stakeholders is imperative in order to realize the potential of individualized therapy to advance patient care.
THE ‘OPSIN SHIFT’ IN BACTERIORHODOPSIN: STUDIES WITH ARTIFICIAL BACTERIORHODOPSINS

— The difference (in cm−1) in absorption maxima between the protonated Schiff base of retinals and the pigment derived therefrom has been defined as the opsin shift. It represents the influence of the opsin binding site on the chromophore. The analysis of the opsin shifts of a series of dihydrobacteriorhodopsins has led to the external point-charge model, which in addition to a counter anion near the Schiff base ammonium, carries another negative charge in the vicinity of the β-ionone ring. This is in striking contrast to the external point-charge model proposed earlier for the bovine visual pigment. The absorption maxima of rhodopsins formed from bromo- and phenyl retinals support the two models. A retinal carrying a photoaffinity label has yielded a nonbleachable bacteriorhodopsin.
SPOTTED POISON FROGS: REDISCOVERY OF A LOST SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS (ANURA: DENDROBATIDAE) FROM NORTHWESTERN PERU

The Santiago poison frog, Adelphobates captivus, a species not seen in life since 1929, was recently rediscovered on an expedition to its type locality in northwestern Peru. The colors of this species, previously unknown, consist of a black dorsum with bright red-orange spots and yellow spots ventrally. We provide amendments to the original description as well as the first accounts of tadpole morphology, vocalization, and natural history. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis suggests Adelphobates captivus and a species originally described as Dendrobates mysteriosus are sister species that form a monophyletic clade sister to Ranitomeya. We propose to clarify the taxonomic status of D. mysteriosus incertae sedis by erecting a new genus, Excidobates, to include mysteriosus and its sister taxon captivus. Members of this genus are distinguished from Ranitomeya by 11 site substitutions in their rrnS and rrnL sequences, well-developed first fingers, and pale spots on the ventral surfaces of the thighs. RESUMEN: La rana venenosa del Santiago, Adelphobates captivus, una especie no vista en vida desde 1929, fue redescubierta recientemente en una expedicion a su localidad to´pica en el noroccidente de Peru ´ . Los colores de esta especie, previamente desconocidos, consisten en un dorso negro con puntos rojos brillantes y puntos amarillos en el vientre. Presentamos rectificaciones a la descripcion original, aso´ como los primeros datos sobre morfologo´a de los renacuajos, vocalizacion e historia natural. Un analisis filogenetico Bayesiano sugiere A. captivus y una especie originalmente descrito como Dendrobates mysteriosus son especies hermanas que forman un clado monofiletico, hermano a Ranitomeya. Proponemos aclarar el estado taxonomico de D. mysteriosus incertae sedis, erigiendo un nuevo genero, Excidobates, para incluir mysteriosus y su taxon hermano captivus. Los miembros de este genero se distinguen de Ranitomeya por 11 substituciones de lugar en sus secuencias de rrnS y rrnL, por un primer dedo bien desarrollado y puntos palidos en las superficies ventrales de los muslos.
ADS-B airborne measurements in Frankfurt

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) was the subject of airborne testing in Frankfurt, Germany in May 2000. ADS-B is a system in which latitude-longitude information is broadcast regularly by aircraft, so that receivers on the ground and in other aircraft can determine the presence and accurate locations of the transmitting aircraft. In addition to latitude and longitude, ADS-B transmissions include altitude, velocity, aircraft address, and a number of other items of optional information. The tests in Germany were aimed at assessing the performance of Mode S Extended Squitter, which is one of several possible implementations of ADS-B. Extended Squitter uses a conventional Mode S signal format, specifically the 112-bit reply format at 1090 MHz, currently being used operationally for air-to-ground communications and air-to-air coordination in TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System).
Section Review: Vitamin E stimulation of disease resistance and immune function:Biologicals & Immunologicals

As the most powerful and versatile biological defence mechanism of animals and man, the immune system identifies foreign substances and defends the body against their attack. The immune response is concerned not only with providing protection against disease-causing infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, that invade the body, but also in recognising and destroying pre-cancerous, tumour-forming cells that develop within the body. Recent evidence indicates that vitamin E is a vital link in optimal immune system functioning and can enhance resistance to disease. The interaction of vitamin E and immune systems, AIDS, oxidative stress, and circulatory and pulmonary system are reviewed in this paper.
Toward real-time penetrating imaging radar at 670 GHz

Since the first report on our submillimeter-wave imaging system with radar ranging capabilities, several advances have been made in system performance. Range resolution as well as cross-range resolution are significantly improved, and image acquisition time has been reduced from over 5 minutes to under 1 minute. Here we report on performance improvements to specific key components and software that yielded these results. Further advances in these and other components will be discussed that we expect will enable, for the first time ever, near real-time 3D radar imaging at THz wavelengths.
Applying ant colony optimization to routing in optical multistage interconnection networks with limited crosstalk

Summary form only given. Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique can be successfully implemented to solve many combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper we use the ACO technique to route messages through an N/spl times/N optical multistage interconnection network (OMIN) allowing up to 'C' limited crosstalk's (conflicts between messages within a switch) where 'C' is a technology driven parameter and is always less than log/sub 2/N. Messages with switch conflicts satisfying the crosstalk constraint are allowed to pass in the same group, but if there is any link conflict, then messages are routed in a different group. The focus here is to minimize the number of passes required for routing allowing up to 'C' limited crosstalks in an N/spl times/N OMIN. In this paper we show how the ACO technique can be applied to the routing problem, and its performance is compared to that of the degree-descending algorithm using simulation techniques. Finally the lower bound estimate on the minimum number of passes required is calculated and compared to the results obtained using the two algorithms discussed. The results obtained show that the ACO technique performs better than the degree-descending algorithm and is quite close to optimal algorithms to the problem.
Measuring software usability - a methodology and case studies

A methodology is described for the collection of computer user performance measurements during the evaluation of the usability of software and/or software documentation. The keyboard activity of a user working with a software product on a computer system is timed and recorded by a second computer. This log of stored activity is later played back through the host system for observation and analysis. Examples are shown of how this methodology has been employed in conducting iterative usability evaluations and in testing alternate user-interface designs of a variety of software packages.
Managing Religion and Renegotiating the Secular: The Muslim Brotherhood and Defining the Religious Sphere

This article questions the assumption that — prior to July 2013 when the Egyptian military removed former President Mursi from power — the Muslim Brotherhood was in the process of implementing an Islamic state that would have involved a reversal of secularization and an upheaval to the status quo in terms of fundamental shifts in institutions and legal categories. Rather, the article argues that the Muslim Brotherhood evolved to embrace secularism of a certain sort-a statism in which it is the state that determines the boundaries of religion and politics. It illustrates this by looking at the role the Muslim Brotherhood envisaged for the Supreme Constitutional Court — and how this relates to the religious scholars of al-Azhar — in the formulation of legislation and in the assessment of whether legislation conforms to Article 2 of the constitution, both the 1971 one and the 2012 one, which was suspended in July 2013. In addition, the article will show how the Muslim Brotherhood has defined the public order with a particular focus on the idea of the Islamic “framework,” the rights of non-Muslim minorities, and personal status law.
Ca2+ signaling in dendritic spines

Dendritic spines are cellular microcompartments that are isolated from their parent dendrites and neighboring spines. Recently, imaging studies of spine Ca2+ dynamics have revealed that Ca2+ can enter spines through voltage-sensitive and ligand-activated channels, as well as through Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Relationships between spine Ca2+ signals and induction of various forms of synaptic plasticity are beginning to be elucidated. Measurements of spine Ca2+ concentration are also being used to probe the properties of single synapses and even individual calcium channels in their native environment.
Anglo‐Norman Administrations and Their Historians

This essay explores the ways in which historians of the past several decades have viewed and defined the development of English government following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Organization will turn on three related themes: the nature of interactions between local and royal administrations; the origins, purposes and functions of post-Conquest institutions; and the degree to which centralization of royal power was achieved through administrative tactics. Recently, historians have argued that local governments exerted strong influence on central authority and that their administrative techniques were adapted to the goals of royal government; that Anglo-Norman administrative structures and political institutions rested on continental and insular precedents; and that goals of centralization and the efficacy of central governments may have been misconstrued.
Anthropometric Robotic Hand for Pressurized Glove Torque Measurement

While robotic hands have been developed for tasks such as manipulation and grasping, their potential as tools for evaluation of engineered products — particularly compliant structures that are not easily modeled — has not been broadly studied. In this research, a low-cost anthropometric robotic hand is introduced that is designed to characterize glove stiffness in a pressurized environment. The interaction with the compliant pressurized glove provides unique performance requirements and design constraints. The anthropometric robotic hand was designed to mimic the human hand in a configuration corresponding to the neutral position in zero gravity, including the transverse arch, longitudinal arch, and oblique flexion of the rays. The resulting robotic hand also allows for realistic donning and doffing of the prototype glove, its pressurization, and torque testing of individual joints. Solid modeling and 3D printing enabled the rapid design iterations necessary to work successfully with the compliant pressure garment. An instrumentation and data processing method was used to calculate the required actuator torque at each finger's knuckle joint. The performance of the robotic hand was experimentally demonstrated with a prototype spacesuit glove at different levels of pressure, followed by a statistical repeatability analysis. The reliable measurement method validated the pressure-induced stiffening. The resulting robotic design and testing method provide an objective and systematic way of evaluating the performance of compliant gloves.
Rethinking Research Ethics

Contemporary research ethics policies started with reflection on the atrocities perpetrated upon concentration camp inmates by Nazi doctors. Apparently, as a consequence of that experience, the policies that now guide human subject research focus on the protection of human subjects by making informed consent the centerpiece of regulatory attention. I take the choice of context for policy design, the initial prioritization of informed consent, and several associated conceptual missteps, to have set research ethics off in the wrong direction. The aim of this paper is to sort out these confusions and their implications and to offer instead a straightforward framework for considering the ethical conduct of human subject research. In the course of this discussion I clarify different senses of autonomy that have been confounded and present more intelligible justifications for informed consent. I also take issue with several of the now accepted dogmas that govern research ethics. These include: the primacy of informed consent, the protection of the vulnerable, the substitution of beneficence for research's social purpose, and the introduction of an untenable distinction between innovation and research.
The Role of IgE and Its Receptor in Mediating Secretion

In this review I shall describe our current view about antigen-induced, antibody-mediated stimulation of mast cells and basophils, and shall also give some comparative data on similar effector systems. I will focus particularly on those molecular events which occur early. These are of special interest because interference with these early steps may offer an especially fruitful opportunity for therapeutic intervention with a minimum of harmful side reactions.
Boko Haram and the discourse of mimicry: a critical discourse analysis of media explanations for Boko Haram’s improved video propaganda quality

The Nigeria-based violent non-state actor Boko Haram is increasingly reported on in the news media in relation to the Islamic State, another, more prominent, violent non-state actor. In particular, these comparisons have been drawn within the context of reports on Boko Haram’s recent improvement in video propaganda quality. While the associations with the Islamic State are often warranted, there are broader social consequences when colonial power relations are brought into play. Borrowing an approach from critical discourse analysis, 16 online English-language news articles were read through a postcolonial lens in order to analyse the structural relations of dominance that arise when discussing African non-state actors. The analysis revealed that among the corpus of articles, nine developed a discourse of mimicry, which serves to deny Boko Haram full agency, relegate them to a silenced subaltern status, and ultimately to diminish the sense of threat posed to the dominant geopolitical security paradigm.
Comparative study of millennials' (age 20-34 years) grip and lateral pinch with the norms

Abstract Study Design Cross-sectional research design. Introduction Clinical practice continues to use normative data for grip and pinch measurements that were established in 1985. There is no updated norms despite different hand usage patterns in today's society. Purpose of the Study Measuring and comparing grip and pinch strengths with normative data is a valid method to determine hand function. This research was implemented to compare the grip and pinch measurements obtained from healthy millennials to the established norms and to describe hand usage patterns for millennials. Methods Grip and lateral pinch measurements were obtained from a sample of 237 healthy millennials (ages 20-34 years). Results Strength scores were statistically lower that older normative data in all millennial grip strengths, with the exception of the women in the age group of 30-34 years. Specifically, this statistically significant trend was observed in all male grip strengths, as well as in women in the age group of 20-24 years (bilateral grip) and 25-29 years (right grip). However, the lateral pinch data reflected was similar to the older norms with variances of 0.5-1 kg. Conclusion Current data reflect statistically significant differences from the norms for all male grip measurements, as well as for women in the age group of 20-24 years (bilateral grip) and 25-29 years (right grip). No statistical significance was observed in the independent-sample t tests for the lateral pinch in men of all age groups. Statistical significance was noted for lateral pinch for female age groups for the left hand (20-24 years) and for bilateral lateral pinches (30-34 years). Level of evidence IV.
Nondegenerate multimode optomechanics

We theoretically investigate interactions between nondegenerate mechanical oscillators mediated by a time-dependent cavity field. We obtain a reduced master equation valid for all optomechanical systems operating in the weak-coupling regime. This master equation includes all forms of decoherence and backaction due to the dissipation of the field mediating the interaction. We apply the master equation to study two resonant coupling schemes within a rotating-wave approximation: the beam-splitter Hamiltonian and the two-mode parametric amplifier. In both cases, the effective unitary interaction can be made arbitrarily strong compared to the decoherence due to dissipation of the mediating field by choosing appropriate detunings.
Treating Subscapularis and Lesser Tuberosity Avulsion Injuries in Skeletally Immature Patients: A Systematic Review

Purpose To develop evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of skeletally immature patients with subscapularis and lesser tuberosity avulsion injuries. Methods We searched the online databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) for relevant publications on subscapularis and lesser tuberosity injuries in skeletally immature patients. All publication dates and languages were included. From studies identified, data were extracted to identify patient characteristics, history and physical examination findings, time to diagnosis, results from imaging studies, and treatment outcomes. These findings were combined and descriptively analyzed. Results We identified 32 publications on 60 patients with a mean age of 13.5 ± 1.7 years. The most common physical examination finding at the time of diagnosis was anterior shoulder pain, followed by subscapularis muscle weakness. The sensitivity of imaging was 16% for radiographs and 95% for magnetic resonance imaging. The median time to diagnosis was 2 months (interquartile range, 1 to 7 months). Of 60 patients, 10 (17%) underwent successful nonoperative treatment. Fifty patients (83%) underwent surgical repair, without differences in clinical outcomes after open versus arthroscopic repair. Five cases (8%) were identified where delayed treatment was associated with suboptimal outcomes and ongoing shoulder pain. Conclusions Subscapularis and lesser tuberosity avulsion injuries in skeletally immature patients are most commonly seen in male patients during early adolescence. A high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with anterior shoulder pain and subscapularis muscle weakness, especially after a fall on an outstretched arm or an eccentric external rotation injury. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered early, even if radiographic findings are negative. Both open and arthroscopic repairs are effective in restoring function, if fixation respects the soft bone of the lesser tuberosity. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of low-quality studies.
Renal nerve activity in rats with spontaneous hypertension: effect of converting enzyme inhibitor.

We studied the effects of chronic oral inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme on the baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) in 14-wk-old conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 12) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; n = 11). Rats were treated with lisinopril (10 mg.kg-1.day-1 in tap water) or vehicle for 7 days. We evaluated the baroreflex control of efferent RSNA and HR in awake rats 2 days after implantation of electrodes around the renal sympathetic nerves. The relation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and either RSNA or HR was analyzed by a logistic function curve during intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and nitroglycerin. The maximum gain of the curve was considered as the sensitivity of the baroreflex. MAP in lisinopril-treated SHR averaged 93 +/- 3 mmHg, a value lower than that obtained in vehicle-treated SHR (147 +/- 5 mmHg) but not in WKY (96 +/- 4 mmHg). In vehicle-treated SHR baroreflex sensitivity (-4.3 +/- 0.5% change nerve activity/mmHg) was significantly (P less than 0.005) smaller than that of WKY (-15.8 +/- 1.5%/mmHg). Seven days of oral treatment of lisinopril caused significant improvement of the baroreflex sensitivity in SHR (-10.5 +/- 0.7%/mmHg, P less than 0.01). The maximum gain of MAP and HR relation of lisinopril-treated SHR was also larger (P less than 0.05) than that of vehicle-treated SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three-dimensional visualization in medicine and biology

Visualizable objects in biology and medicine extend across a vast range of scale, from individual molecules and cells, through the varieties of tissue and interstitial interfaces, to complete organs, organ systems and body parts, and include functional attributes of these systems, such as biophysical, biomechanical and physiological properties. Visualization in three dimensions of such objects and their functions is now possible with the advent of high resolution tomographic scanners and imaging systems. Medical applications include accurate anatomy and function mapping, enhanced diagnosis, accurate treatment planning and rehearsal, and education/training. Biologic applications include study and analysis of structure to function relationships in individual cells and organelles. The potential for revolutionary innovation in the practice of medicine and in biologic investigations lies in direct, fully immersive, real-time multisensory fusion of real and virtual information data streams into online, real-time visualizations available during actual clinical procedures or biological experiments. Current high-performance computing, advanced image processing and high fidelity rendering capabilities have facilitated major progress toward realization of these goals. With these advances in hand, there are several important applications of 3-D visualization that will have a significant impact on the practice of medicine and on biological research. Introduction The practice of medicine and study of biology have always relied upon visualizations to study the relationship of anatomic structure to biologic function and to detect and treat disease and trauma which disturb or threaten normal life processes. Traditionally, these visualizations have either been direct, via surgery or biopsy, or indirect, requiring extensive mental reconstruction. The revolutionary capabilities of new 3-D and 4-D medical imaging modalities (CT, MRI, PET, US, etc.) along with computer reconstruction and rendering of multidimensional medical and histologic volume image data, obviate the need for physical dissection or abstract assembly of anatomy, and provide powerful new opportunities for medical diagnosis and treatment, as well as for biological investigations (54). Locked within 3-D biomedical images is significant information about the objects and their properties from which the images are derived. Efforts to unlock this information to reveal answers to the mysteries of form and function are couched in the domain of image processing and visualization. A variety of both standard and
Wind Information Uplink to Aircraft Performing Interval Management Operations

Interval Management (IM) is an ADS-B-enabled suite of applications that use ground and flight deck capabilities and procedures designed to support the relative spacing of aircraft (Barmore et al., 2004, Murdoch et al. 2009, Barmore 2009, Swieringa et al. 2011; Weitz et al. 2012). Relative spacing refers to managing the position of one aircraft to a time or distance relative to another aircraft, as opposed to a static reference point such as a point over the ground or clock time. This results in improved inter-aircraft spacing precision and is expected to allow aircraft to be spaced closer to the applicable separation standard than current operations. Consequently, if the reduced spacing is used in scheduling, IM can reduce the time interval between the first and last aircraft in an overall arrival flow, resulting in increased throughput. Because IM relies on speed changes to achieve precise spacing, it can reduce costly, low-altitude, vectoring, which increases both efficiency and throughput in capacity-constrained airspace without negatively impacting controller workload and task complexity. This is expected to increase overall system efficiency. The Flight Deck Interval Management (FIM) equipment provides speeds to the flight crew that will deliver them to the achieve-by point at the controller-specified time, i.e., assigned spacing goal, after the target aircraft crosses the achieve-by point (Figure 1.1). Since the IM and target aircraft may not be on the same arrival procedure, the FIM equipment predicts the estimated times of arrival (ETA) for both the IM and target aircraft to the achieve-by point. This involves generating an approximate four-dimensional trajectory for each aircraft. The accuracy of the wind data used to generate those trajectories is critical to the success of the IM operation. There are two main forms of uncertainty in the wind information used by the FIM equipment. The first is the accuracy of the forecast modeling done by the weather provider. This is generally a global environmental prediction obtained from a weather model such as the Rapid Refresh (RAP) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The weather forecast data will have errors relative to the actual, or truth, winds that the aircraft will encounter. The second source of uncertainty is that only a small subset of the forecast data can be uplinked to the aircraft for use by the FIM equipment. This results in loss of additional information. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and RTCA are currently developing standards for the communication of wind and atmospheric data to the aircraft for use in NextGen operations. This study examines the impact of various wind forecast sampling methods on IM performance metrics to inform the standards development.
High-Order Spectral Difference: Verification and Acceleration using GPU Computing

A high-order spectral difference (SD) method has been developed with graphics processing units (GPUs) using compute unified device architecture (CUDA). It solves the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured hexahedral grids with RungeKutta time integration. The method is efficient since operations are completed in a onedimensional fashion and the equations are solved in differential form, removing explicit surface and volume integral calculations. Additionally, solution and flux reconstructions are completed locally per cell, increasing the parallelization of the implementation. Due to this efficiency, the application of GPU computing is appealing. This paper presents the SD method implementation with GPU CUDA computing and presents accuracy studies with isotropic vortex propagation and Couette flow, verifies the high-order accuracy of the solver with a numerical sensitive aero-acoustic problem, and compares the developed solver and a high-order finite difference solver with a case presented in the 1st International Workshop on High-Order CFD Methods. Finally, the GPU solver is compared to a similar central processing unit (CPU) solver, where speed-ups ranging from 20-40x faster are illustrated.
PACE: A MODEL OF INTEGRATED ACUTE AND LONG-TERM CARE

(1997). PAGE: A Model of Integrated Acute and Long-Term Care. Hospital Practice: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 23-30.
Weak charge-retention processes andCP-nonconservation

A previously discussed essentially permutation-symmetric weak interaction is extended to encompass strangeness-changing processes of the charge-exchange and the charge-retention variety. The charge-exchange part of the interaction has the presently accepted form. The charge-retention part is used in the calculation of various elementary processes. At present there is no disagreement with experiment. Predictions are made.
The staging of Hodgkin's disease.

The approach to staging patients with Hodgkin’s disease has changed over the last 20 years. Although careful physical examination, chest radiograph, and bipedal lymph- angiogram remain the mainstays of the clinical evaluation, computed tomography (CT) scanning of the chest and abdomen is rapidly gaining acceptance as a useful ancillary procedure. In addition, the initial enthusiasm for the staging laparotomy and splenectomy as a necessary part of the staging evaluation is now coming into question. Recent studies raise legitimate concerns about this procedure’s overall impact upon survival as well as the potential longterm consequences of splenectomy. Select situations do exist, however, where a staging laparotomy remains appropriate. An approach to the staging of newly diagnosed Hodgkin’s disease is suggested and supported by recent studies of this disease.
Dermatologic Toxicities to Melanoma Targeted Therapies

The development of targeted therapeutic agents has revolutionized the medical treatment of melanoma. Compared to chemotherapy, patients treated with targeted therapy benefit from reduction in tumor burden and improved overall survival.
Play behaviors and peer interactions of preschoolers in classroom and playground settings

Although influences of the play environment on children's play behaviors and development have been theoretically stated and empirically investigated, relatively little is known about the relationships between the play settings on children's play behaviors and social interactions with peers. The literature review presents theories and research concerning the role of play in children's development. Then, research is presented concerning the influences of the physical environment on children's play behaviors, and the influences of the play settings on children's peer interactions. Summary and implications for future research are presented. Introduction In recent years, a growing body of research and position papers has emerged affirming that self-initiated, explorative, and autonomous play influences young children's development and learning (Bredekamp, 1987; Fromberg, 1992; Johnson, Christie & Yawkey, 1987; Rubin, Fein & Vandenberg, 1983; Varga, 1992). The essential feature of appropriate eariy childhood experiences is play, according to the position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC, 1987). Varga (1992) argues that play is the activity through which all areas of children express their development, and through play children's development progresses. Play, for example, has a key role in social development by providing a context in which children can acquire many important social skills, such as turn-taking, sharing, and cooperation, as well as the ability to understand other people's thoughts, perceptions, and emotions (Black, 1989;
Perspectives on Team Cognition and Team Sports

Abstract Sports are an important aspect of almost every culture and have also helped to define what most people consider a team. Like sports, teams permeate society. Teamwork that occurs within sports teams generally consists of physical coordination and cognitive processing. The interaction between physical coordination and cognitive processing at the team level or team cognition drives teamwork. Team cognition is a rich research area, yet studies of team cognition and team sports have been minimal. Team cognition has been studied from one of two different perspectives: information processing/shared knowledge and ecological. Though each perspective is useful, most research on team cognition work has taken the information processing/shared knowledge approach. In this chapter, we review each perspective, and assess each in regards to the context of team sports. We conclude by recommending an integrative perspective, utilizing aspects of both team cognition perspectives, to study team cognition during team sports.
On the Electrical Activity and Glucose Response of Insulin-Secreting Cells

The β-cells of the mammalian pancreas exhibit electrical bursting activity in response to glucose (Fig. 1). A nonlinear differential equation model, developed by Chay and Keizer [8], describes several aspects of this bursting behavior for a representative cell (in a coupled, synchronized population). In this theory, the time scale of a burst is determined by the slow dynamics of intracellular free calcium, Ca, and the fast, spike generating, dynamics incorporates a calcium-activated K+ (K-Ca) channel as the site for slow feedback from Ca. We review how the structure of such models can be understood by using a singular perturbation dissection of the fast and slow subsystems of the model. We then outline how, under two different hypotheses for glucose action, an extended model leads to two different predictions for the time course of Ca. Finally we describe a further (stochastic) modification of the model to explore the question of why a single isolated β-cell does not burst, but electrically coupled cells in clusters do show bursting.
Maya Foodways: A Reflection of Gender and Ideology

“Through analysis of food and eating systems one can gain information about how a culture understands some of the basic categories of its world” (Mary Douglas in Meigs 1997:100). It is through this lens of foodways analysis that I will explore the gendered nature of Maya foodways, the gendered division of labor1 in maize production and consumption, and my hypothesized continuation of gender complementarity in Maya food practices. As Counihan has noted, “Gender matters in food centered activities as it does in structuring human societies, their histories, ideologies, economic systems and political structures” (1998:1). The issue of complementarity of gender roles in food practices and in other activities attributable to cultural models is somewhat contentious in the academic world of anthropology, and requires further investigation. I have conducted fieldwork among the living Maya during the summers of 2007 and 2008 in an effort to shed further light on the issue, and in this paper I intend to complement field investigations of my own and of others with conclusions about earlier Maya cultural expression derived from archaeologists, epigraphers, ethnohistorians, and art historians. As Nash (1997) states, gender complementarity is something that continues to be expressed by the modern Maya, no matter how contentious its form. For the confines of this paper, I agree with Fischer, who observes that:
Experimental study of an aerospace titanium alloy under various thermal and tensile loading rate conditions

Microstructure characterization and tensile testing was performed on flat samples machined from a 4.77-mm-thick sheet of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si at a range of temperatures (23 °C up to 650 °C) and two strain rates (8.33 × 10−5/s and 10−2/s). A minimum of three repeats were conducted at each test condition. Each test recorded load, displacement, strain, time, and temperature for the duration of the test, and the complete raw data files are provided along with area measurements. The dataset demonstrates the changing strain rate and temperature sensitivity to the yield stress, work-hardening slope, and the ultimate stress. The completeness of this dataset and its possible applications are discussed. The complete data files that were collected along with specimen measurements and microstructural texture files are available at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) repository [1].
P023 : TAGGING CELLS IN FLOW CYTOMETRY CROSSMATCH: PLATE METHOD PROVIDES HIGHER B CELL PERCENTAGE AS COMPARED TO TUBE METHOD

Background In flow cytometry crossmatches (FCXM), B cell percentages of certain renal transplant patients (although not on Rituximab treatment) do not make it to laboratory set cut-off of 500 B cell events or 1000 B cell events. This is uncommon in case of donor cells. Loss of cells during washing steps is expected when cells are tagged in tubes. Aim To determine if plate method of tagging peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) will provide higher B cell percentages as compared to tube method. Methodology Peripheral blood was collected from 23 human subjects. PBMC were isolated by Ficoll density gradient separation. In 96 well V-bottom polystyrene tissue culture (TC) treated plate (Cat# 3894, Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA), untreated plate (Cat# 651161, Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany), and in 5 ml polystyrene round-bottom tubes (Cat# 352054, BD, 1 Becton Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), 300,000 PBMC were incubated with 30 μl of negative control serum (NCS) for 20 min at room temperature, washed twice, and stained with 10 μl each of anti-CD3 PerCP, anti-CD19 PE, and FITC-goat-anti-human IgG polyclonal antibody (1:100 diluted; g α IgG pAb; Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratory; Cat# 109-096-098) for 30 min at 4 °C. The cells were washed and flow cytometry was performed using BD FACSCanto II instrument and the data was analyzed using the DiVa software. Results CD19+ B cell percentages were significantly higher when the cells were tagged in TC treated plates as compared to those in tubes (9 ± 4% vs. 4 ± 2%, P = 0.0001). Expectedly, the higher B cell percentage found with cells tagged in TC treated plate were associated with a lower T cell percentages: 72 ± 13% when tagged in TC treated plates and 77 ± 12% when tagged in tubes ( P = 0.002). In addition, no difference in B cell percentages (10 ± 4 vs. 10 ± 4) or in T cell percentages (80 ± 4 vs. 80 ± 3) was identified in FCXM performed in TC treated or in untreated plates. When FCXMs were performed in tubes and in plates in parallel, channel shifts for anti-T or B cell specific IgG antibodies in human serum were identical. Conclusion This observation cautions that cells tagged or stained in plates have different percentage of cells as compared to that in tubes. In FCXM, plate method of tagging helps acquiring more B cell events as compared to tube method of tagging cells.