cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for fast conformational change upon ligand dissociation in the HemAT class of bacterial oxygen sensors.

Abstract Here we report the results of transient absorption and photoacoustic calorimetry studies of CO photodissociation from the heme domain of the bacterial oxygen sensor HemAT-Bs. The results indicate that CO photolysis is accompanied by an overall Δ H of −19 kcal mol −1 and Δ V of +4 ml mol −1 as well as a red-shifted kinetic difference spectrum all occurring in H /Δ V reveals that a conformational change takes place with a Δ H conf of −40 kcal mol −1 and Δ V conf of −22 ml mol −1 . These thermodynamic changes are consistent with an increase in the solvent accessible surface area of the protein upon ligand dissociation, as observed in the X-ray structure of the ferric CN-bound and CN free forms of HemAT-Bs.
Fast yield learning using E-beam wafer inspection

We report examples of the use of automated e-beam inspection to detect yield or reliability limiting defects which were not seen using conventional optical inspection. In SEM-mode, e-beam inspection affords high resolution and large depth- of-focus to defect detection, making it well suited to inspect sub-0.15 micrometers geometries, even in high aspect ratio structures. This technology can find defects smaller than 0.10micrometers , even on densely packed, high aspect ratio, multi- layer geometries. Moreover, with the high signal-to-noise ratio inherent in SEMSpec technology, defects that are difficult to inspect optically later in the fabrication process due to grainy polysilicon, grainy metal, underlying structural variations, or dielectric thickness non- uniformity causing color changes, etc are easily observed. Another advantage of SEMSpec inspection is the voltage contrast operating mode, which detects electrical failures/defects not visible by optical techniques.
A computational intelligence perspective on process monitoring and optimization

In the design of autonomous computer-based systems, we often face the embarrassing situation of having to specify, to the system, how it should carry out certain tasks, which involve computations known to be intractable or are suspected of being so. To circumvent such impasses, we resort to complexity-reducing strategies and tactics which trade some loss of accuracy for significant reductions in complexity. The term computational intelligence refers to such complexity reduction methods and to the research aimed at identifying such methods. In this paper we describe briefly some of our own work in this area and then develop a computational intelligence view of the task of process monitoring and optimization, as performed by autonomous systems. Some important current fields of discovery in computational intelligence include neural-net computing, evolutionary programming, fuzzy sets, associative memory and so on.
Filtration of Bioaerosols Using a Granular Metallic Filter with Micrometer-Sized Collectors

AbstractExperimental studies with granular bed filters composed of sized metallic granules have demonstrated their use in aerosol filtration. However, the effectiveness of metallic membrane filters against bioaerosols has not been established. In this work, the filtration efficiency and filter quality of these filters against airborne B. subtilis endospore and MS2 virus were determined as a function of face velocity and loading time. In experiments, a physical removal efficiency greater than 99.9% and a viable removal efficiency greater than 99.999% were observed for both bacterial spore and viral aerosols. A lower face velocity produced both higher collection efficiency and filter quality for virus but was not a statistically significant factor for spore filtration. Although the filter had high filtration efficiency of the test bioaerosols, its high pressure drop resulted in a low filter quality (0.25–0.75 kPa−1). Overall, filters with micrometer-sized collectors capture bioaerosols effectively but thei...
Photoproduction of Neutral Mesons From Hydrogen Near Threshold

The differential cross section for the gamma + p - sintered BeO p + ith Cr deposite /sup o/ reaction was obtained for mean gamma energies of 170 and 190 Mev by measuring single ith Cr deposite /sup o/-decay gamma -ray yields from a liquid hydrogen target at laboratory angles 48, 81, and 141 , and bremsstrahlung peak energies 160, 180, and 200 Mev. The decay gamma rays were detected by a total absorption spectrometer. (W.D.M.)
Characterization of the full length uracil-DNA glycosylase in the extreme thermophile Thermotoga maritima.

Abstract A full length (192 amino acids) uracil-DNA glycosylase (TMUDG) has been expressed and purified from the extreme thermophile Thermotoga maritima. This protein is active up to 85°C. The enzyme is product inhibited by abasic sites in DNA and weakly inhibited by uracil. TMUDG was originally cloned from an ORF which encoded a protein of 185 amino acids. This shorter protein was stable up to 70–75°C and it seemed unusual that this enzyme had an optimal activity temperature below the growth temperature of the organism (80–90°C). Following the publication of the complete genomic sequence of T. maritima, it was shown that the gene contains an additional seven amino acids (LYTREEL) at the N-terminal end of the protein. It is suggested that these seven residues are important in maintaining proper protein folding that results in increased temperature stability. We have also demonstrated that TMUDG can substitute for the Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase and initiate base excision repair using a closed circular DNA substrate containing a unique U:G base pair.
Free, downloadable, peer-reviewed educational resources--an idea whose time has come.

Abstract Dr. Doyle is Editor for Peer-Reviewed Educational Materials, Journal of Education in Perioperative Medicine. This editorial accompanies the educational technology articles by Kaplan et al. and Marsland et al.
Chemoprevention of murine lung cancer by gefitinib in combination with prostacyclin synthase overexpression.

Abstract Introduction We hypothesized that the combination of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib with the powerful chemopreventive manipulation of lung-specific transgenic prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) overexpression on tumorigenesis in FVB/N mice would result in augmented chemoprevention. Materials and methods Wildtype and littermate PGIS overexpressors (OE) were given urethane, 1 mg/kg i.p. followed by thrice weekly i.p. injections of gefitinib, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, or vehicle. Pulmonary adenomas were enumerated and measured. Results Gefitinib at either 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg administered i.p. three times weekly was effective in inhibiting EGF induced EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signaling. The PGIS overexpressors showed significant decreases in tumor multiplicity consistent with prior studies. Gefitinib had no effect on tumor multiplicity or volume in wildtype mice. Among the PGIS overexpressors, a significant reduction in tumor multiplicity was shown in the 50 mg/kg, but not the 100 mg/kg, gefitinib treatment group vs. vehicle control animals (1.13 ± 0.29 vs. 2.29 ± 0.32 tumors/mouse, p = 0.015). We examined the phosphorylation status in selected downstream effectors of EGFR (Erk, Akt, Src, PTEN). The major difference in the 50 mg/kg vs. 100 mg/kg group was an increase in p-Src in the PGIS OE mice receiving the higher dose. Conclusion We conclude that gefitinib alone has no chemopreventive efficacy in this model; it augmented the effect of PGIS overexpression at 50 mg/kg but not 100 mg/kg. Increased p-Src is correlated with loss of efficacy at the higher dose, suggesting the potential for combined EGFR and Src inhibition strategies in chemoprevention.
A program package for simulation and parameter estimation in pharmacokinetic systems.

Abstract A set of programs is presented which has been developed for parameter estimation and simulation of models arising from pharmacokinetic applications. The programs can accommodate linear and nonlinear models with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. When the model is defined by differential equations, non-uniform repetitive dosage regimens can be handled. The model may also be entered in integrated form when single dose studies or uniform multiple dose studies are being considered. The programs employ a variable-step, variable-order integration routine to solve the model differential equations, and the Nelder-Mead simplex procedure to determine the parameter values which minimize a weighted least squares criterion. The programs have been written for an interactive time-sharing environment with the experimental data and model equations stored in files for future use.
A synergistic assembly of nanoscale lamellar photoconductor hybrids

Highly ordered nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrids offer chemical tunability, novel functionalities and enhanced performance over their individual components. Hybrids of complementary p-type organic and n-type inorganic components have attracted interest in optoelectronics, where high-efficiency devices with minimal cost are desired. We demonstrate here self-assembly of a lamellar hybrid containing periodic and alternating 1-nm-thick sheets of polycrystalline ZnO separated by 2-3 nm layers of conjugated molecules, directly onto an electrode. Initially the electrodeposited inorganic is Zn(OH)(2), but pi-pi interactions among conjugated molecules stabilize synergistically the periodic nanostructure as it converts to ZnO at 150 degrees C. As photoconductors, normalized detectivities (D(*)) greater than 2x10(10) Jones, photocurrent gains of 120 at 1.2 V microm(-1) and dynamic ranges greater than 60 dB are observed on selective excitation of the organic. These are among the highest values measured for organic, hybrid and amorphous silicon, making them technologically competitive as low-power, wavelength-tunable, flexible and environmentally benign photoconductors.
The anticancer antibiotic mithramycin-A inhibits TRPV1 expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Abstract Activation of peripheral nociceptors by products of inflammation has been shown to be dependent on specific sensory transducing elements such as the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. The development of high-affinity antagonists to TRPV1 as well as to other receptors capable of detecting noxious stimuli has now become a major focus in analgesic development. Another critical feature of nociception is the relative abundance of a particular pain transducing receptor under normal or pathophysiologic conditions. Increases in expression and/or changes in distribution of nociceptive receptors such as TRPV1 have been correlated with progression of tissue injury and persistence of pain behaviors. Although some details are emerging as to what regulates nociceptor-specific gene expression, compounds that could potentially be used to block or reverse over-expression of nociceptive gene expression are essentially absent. In our efforts to better understand the transcriptional regulation of TRPV1 in sensory neurons, we identified an anticancer agent, mithramycin-A, that decreased TRPV1 expression in primary rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Mithramycin-A dose-dependently (10–50 nM) decreased endogenous TRPV1 mRNA content and appeared to decrease TRPV1-like protein expression in DRG neurons. We also observed that mithramycin-A directed a decrease in the number of capsaicin-responsive DRG neurons without a significant change in the capsaicin-response magnitudes. Interestingly, mithramycin-A also reduced the mRNA encoding Sp1 and Sp4 in DRG neurons, transcription factors previously found to positively regulate TRPV1 expression in sensory neurons. Taken together, we propose that mithramycin-A directs an inhibitory effect on a subpopulation of capsaicin-responsive DRG neurons that utilize Sp1-like factors for TRPV1 expression. Given the therapeutic correlate of mithramycin-A effectiveness in the treatment of certain cancers, small molecule transcriptional inhibitors such as mithramycin-A may serve as useful tools of discovery in pain transduction and possibly future analgesic development.
Asymmetric Asperity Height Distributions in a Scale-Dependent Model for Contact and Friction

The effect of an asymmetric distribution of asperity heights is accounted for in a recently developed scale-dependent multi-asperity model of contact and friction. A Weibull distribution of asperity heights is used which allows the skew and kurtosis to be varied, but not independently of each other. The contact and friction model used includes the effects of adhesion and of scale-dependent friction. The results obtained demonstrate that positive/negative skew decreases/increases both the friction coefficient and its dependence on the magnitude of the normal load.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Integrative hands-on projects in continuous and discrete time signal processing

To reduce its abstractness level, a couple of hands-on projects have been introduced recently to our Junior level Continuous and Discrete System Theory course. For several years our students have been supplied with their own Lab-in-A-Box kit that facilitates them experimenting on their own, at their own pace. This made it possible for them to design and build a reasonably practical bandpass filter out of analog components, with the idea of measuring and influencing filter performance towards certain goals. Most recently a discrete time filtering experiment was added to the course, based on sampling of the earlier continuous time filter. In observing and explaining what is happening, the students achieve a better understanding of the sampling concept itself, as well as getting comfortable with the idea that (some) continuous time filters can be very well approximated by digital filters.
Structural features of low-rank coals

Abstract Low-rank coals are characterized by low aromaticities, small aromatic ring clusters, abundant aliphatic and hydroaromatic carbon and hydrogen, and high oxygen contents. Typically, f a values (the fraction of aromatic carbon) range between 0.5 and 0.75. The aromatic clusters contain one to three fused rings. Polymethylene bridges between aromatic systems are of various lengths, some of which may exceed ten (-CH 2 -) units. The hydroaromatic units are tetralin- or dihydrophenanthrene-like structures. The oxygen content of the anthrene-like structures. The oxygen content of the lowest ranked coals can approach 25% on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis. Oxygen is contained in various functional groups, including carboxyl, phenol, and methoxyl, as well as in less well defined ethers and quinones. The carboxyl groups retain cations of the alkali and alkaline earth elements on ion-exchange sites. The phenols may contribute to the structural rigidity of the coal both by hydrogen bonding to other groups and by the incorporation of tightly held water molecules. In most low-rank coals of the United States, the organic sulfur and nitrogen contents are usually 2% or less. The functional groups incorporating these heteroatoms are not well characterized; they are usually assumed to be heterocyclic. The heteroatoms participate in the incorporation of elements such as aluminum in coordination complexes.
Comparison of Higher Clopidogrel Loading and Maintenance Dose to Standard Dose on Platelet Function and Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using Drug-Eluting Stents

Adequate antiplatelet therapy is paramount for good clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-dose regimen of clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI is superior to standard dosing. A total of 119 patients undergoing PCI were blindly randomized in 2:1 fashion to receive clopidogrel loading 600 mg on the table immediately before PCI and 75 mg 2 times/day for 1 month (high-dose group) versus standard dosing (300 mg loading and 75 mg/day; low-dose group). Platelet aggregation was measured using light transmission aggregometry at baseline, 4 hours, and 30 days. The composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization was studied at 30 days in addition to major and minor bleeding. Baseline characteristics and baseline platelet aggregation were similar in the 2 groups. Percent inhibitions of platelet activity were 41% and 27% in the high-dose group versus 19% and 10% in the low-dose group at 4 hours and 30 days (p = 0.046 and 0.047, respectively). Composite clinical end points were 10.3% in the high-dose group and 23.8% in the low-dose group (p = 0.04). No difference was noted in major or minor bleeding. In conclusion, a higher loading and maintenance dose of clopidogrel in patients undergoing PCI results in superior platelet inhibition and decreased cardiovascular events without increasing bleeding complications.
Source-receptor linearity: definitions, measurement and practical implications

Abstract The concepts of linearity and nonlinearity have emerged as increasingly important focal points in analysis of pollution control and the atmospheric source receptor sequence. Much of this analysis has been clouded, however, by the application of various interpretations and definitions of “linearity” by the variety of investigators in the field. In view of this situation it seems desirable to establish a standard definition of source-receptor linearity, which can be used as a common reference point for researchers addressing various aspects of this problem. Specifically, a definition is desired that: 1. (1) is sufficiently concise to be of practical use for strategic planning by the policy-analysis community; 2. (2) is sufficiently well-posed to preclude any ambiguity of interpretation; 3. (3) provides a consistent interpretation over all scales of application, ranging from microscopic systems to the macroscopic source-receptor sequence in its totality, and 4. (4) is consistent with (or at least reconcilable with) standard mathematical terminology. Such a definition is described in this paper. In essence, this definition is based on the well-known mathematical concept of a linear operator; but extensive elaboration of this concept is required to describe the behavior of macroscopic atmospheric systems, especially those involving multiple interactive components. Despite the desire for succinctness noted above, this definition is not particularly concise. This detail is found to be necessary, however, in order to achieve the other features on this list. The description of linearity given in this paper is recommended for use as a reference definition by future policy analysis and mechanistic studies in this general field.
Hate Torts To Fight Hate Crimes: Punishing the Organizational Roots of Evil

This article coins the term hate torts to illustrate the growing role of tort law in defending vulnerable Americans against violence and intimidation by hate groups and hateful individuals. Hate torts give juries the muscle to impose a financial death penalty against organizations that recklessly and intentionally enable racial and gender oppression. In the absence of effective criminal sanctions, tort victims and their lawyers can play the role of private attorneys general by filing civil lawsuits that expose and financially punish organizations that incite the commission of hate crimes.
Radiochromic film dosimetry

Abstract The object of this paper is to give a new user some practical information on the use of radiochromic films for medical applications. While various aspects of radiochromic film dosimetry for medical applications have been covered in some detail in several other excellent review articles which have appeared in the last few years [Niroomand-Rad, A., Blackwell, C.R., Coursey, B.M., Gall, K.P., McLaughlin, W.L., Meigooni, A.S., Nath, R., Rodgers, J.E., Soares, C.G., 1998. Radiochromic dosimetry: recommendations of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 55. Med. Phys. 25, 2093–2115; Dempsey, J.F., Low, D.A., Mutic, S., Markman, J., Kirov, A.S., Nussbaum, G.H., Williamson, J.F., 2000. Validation of a precision radiochromic film dosimetry system for quantitative two-dimensional imaging of acute exposure dose distributions. Med. Phys. 27, 2462–2475; Butson, M.J., Yu, P.K.N., Cheung, T., Metcalfe, P., 2003. Radiochromic film for medical radiation dosimetry. Mater. Sci. Eng. R41, 61–120], it is the intent of the present author to present material from a more user-oriented and practical standpoint. That is, how the films work will be stressed much less than how to make the films work well. The strength of radiochromic films is most evident in applications where there is a very high dose gradient and relatively high absorbed dose rates. These conditions are associated with brachytherapy applications, measurement of small fields, and at the edges (penumbra regions) of larger fields.
Domestic Violence: The Beginning, Continuation, or Final Act in a Criminal Career?

This paper uses a life-course perspective to examine the extent to which domestic violence is part of a criminal career. Offenders who commit domestic violence as their first criminal act are compared to offenders for whom domestic violence is merely a continuation of a criminal career and for whom the domestic violence relationship provides an opportunity for the commission of still another type of offense. In addition, there is an examination of patterns in offending and reoffending for males and females.
Phase Synchronizing a Nonrigid, Distributed, Transmit-Receive Radar Antenna Array

A means is described for self-organizing a nonrigid, distributed, transmit-receive antenna array for use in airborne radar. The techniques are applicable to ground-based or shipborne radar as well. Methods are described for initializing the array using various primary microwave illuninators. The description of phase conjugation techniques and means for distributing phase reference to all elements in the array are the central parts of the paper.
Epistatic interactions between neuraminidase mutations facilitated the emergence of the oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses

Oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses carrying the H275Y neuraminidase mutation predominated worldwide during the 2007-2009 seasons. Although several neuraminidase substitutions were found to be necessary to counteract the adverse effects of H275Y, the order and impact of evolutionary events involved remain elusive. Here we reconstruct H1N1 neuraminidase phylogeny during 1999-2009, estimate the timing and order of crucial amino acid changes and evaluate their impact on the biological outcome of the H275Y mutation. Of the 12 neuraminidase substitutions that occurred during 1999-2009, 5 (chronologically, V234M, R222Q, K329E, D344N, H275Y and D354G) are necessary for maintaining full neuraminidase function in the presence of the H275Y mutation by altering protein accumulation or enzyme affinity/activity. The sequential emergence and cumulative effects of these mutations clearly illustrate a role for epistasis in shaping the emergence and subsequent evolution of a drug-resistant virus population, which can be useful in understanding emergence of novel viral phenotypes of influenza.
Wingspan stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis and perioperative evaluation using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography: report of two cases

The best management strategy for symptomatic vertebrobasilar ischemia is currently not well-defined. Noninvasive Optimal Vessel Analysis (NOVA, VasSol, Inc.) is computer software that, using quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) angiography technology, represents the only commercially available means of noninvasively measuring blood flow within the human vasculature. The author used quantitative MR angiography to study cerebral blood flow in 2 patients who underwent angioplasty and stenting for medically refractory extracranial cervical vertebral artery (VA) stenosis using the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved WingSpan stent (Boston Scientific, Target). WingSpan stents were successfully placed after balloon angioplasty in both patients without complications. At the 5-month clinical follow-up examination, 1 patient was symptom free and the other had had a possible transient ischemic attack without sequelae. The WingSpan stent may represent an alternative management scheme for symptomatic vertebrobasilar ischemia from extracranial VA stenosis. Quantitative MR angiography can readily measure blood flow in the vertebrobasilar system, and these values correlated with the angiographic outcomes in the 2 patients treated in the present study.
Application of Liposomes in Antigen Presentation and Cytokine Delivery

AbstractIntroductionEver since the liposome has been proposed as an antigen carrier or vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses of various vaccines (1), a great deal of effort has been made to understand the physical and chemical properties of the liposome membranes that modulate the potency of liposomal adjuvants [for review, see (2)]. While no generally consistent conclusion can be drawn for all vaccine antigens, the role of lipid fluidity in liposome adjuvanticity has been investigated extensively. Kinsky (3) showed that trinitrophenyl (TNP)-sensitized liposomes composed primarily of gelphased lipids [defined by a gel-to-liquid phase-transition temperature (Tc) higher than 37°C] were more potent in eliciting B cell response. In this study, TNP is a lipid membrane-bound antigen. However, membrane fluidity does not appear to play a role in adjuvanticity with a water-soluble antigen. Six et al. (4) showed, using the water-soluble adenovirus type 5 hexon, that liposomes made of gel-phased lipids – dist...
Assembly-level reliability of flex-substrate BGA, elastomer-on-flex packages and 0.5 mm pitch partial array packages

Abstract The assembly-level reliability of the 0.8 mm pitch flex-substrate BGA, 0.65 mm pitch elastomer-on-flex package, and 0.5 mm pitch partial array BGA has been characterized in thermal fatigue, out-of-plane deformation, low frequency repeated bending, and thermal aging. Non-linear finite element models have been used to identify and predict the dominant failure mechanisms and identify the assembly parameters which have a dominant impact on reliability. The model predictions have been verified with accelerated test data. The results have been bench marked against other technologies including 1.5 mm pitch OMPAC TM and 1 mm pitch, 196 I/O Glob-top BGA.
Ethanol and Lactation: Effects on Milk Lipids and Serum Constituents

To determine how chronic alcohol administration during lactation affects milk composition and the nutritional status of the dam, EtOH (3 g/kg) as a 20% solution was administered by intubation to Sprague-Dawley rats from days 2 through 15 of lactation. Control dams were pair fed to account for the reduction in food intake observed in the alcohol group, while another control group maintained ad lib food intake. Dams and their litters were weighed daily throughout the study. On day 16, dams were sacrificed and samples taken for further analysis. Blood alcohol levels as well as serum levels of calcium, cholesterol, glucose, iron, lipids, phosphorous, and triglycerides were measured. Liver lipid levels and the total composition and fatty acid profile of the phospholipids in milk were also measured. Results indicate that EtOH administration and pair feeding reduced dam body weight, but not litter growth. Serum iron levels was increased in both EtOH-exposed and pair-fed controls, whereas serum cholesterol was elevated only in EtOH-exposed dams. Finally, of the phospholipids in milk, only one, phosphatidylserine, was slightly but significantly increased by EtOH. If and how these changes impact the development of the offspring remain to be studied.
Direct detection and quantification of Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detection.

Abstract Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins are produced by the tomato pathogenic fungus A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici. They are primary determinants for stem canker disease of tomato and induce apoptosis in animals and plants. Due to the lack of a UV chromophore, their detection has relied on derivatizations or immunoassays, which require tedious pre-assay processes. Here, we describe a method for direct and quantitative detection of the toxins. The method employs an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) coupled to HPLC. It gives a linear response in the range of 400–4000 ng toxin, with a detection limit of about 6 ng/μl. The detection of all major toxin congeners by HPLC-ESLD was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thus, the method provides a simple and sensitive tool for the studies of this group of host-specific mycotoxins.
CD40 monoclonal antibody activation of antigen-presenting cells improves therapeutic efficacy of tumor-specific T cells.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether CD40 ligation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) enhances the anti-tumor effector function of tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) T lymphocyt...
PRESSURE-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS AND TEMPLATING EFFECT IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID PEROVSKITES

Pressure-induced structural changes of conducting halide perovskites $({\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{\mathrm{NH}}_{3}){\mathrm{SnI}}_{3},$ $({\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{\mathrm{NH}}_{3}{)}_{0.5}({\mathrm{NH}}_{2}\mathrm{CH}={\mathrm{NH}}_{2}{)}_{0.5}{\mathrm{SnI}}_{3},$ and $({\mathrm{NH}}_{2}\mathrm{CH}={\mathrm{NH}}_{2}){\mathrm{SnI}}_{3},$ have been investigated using synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction. In contrast to low-temperature structural changes, no evidence of an increased ordering of the organic cations was observed under pressure. Instead, increase in pressure results first in a ${\mathrm{ReO}}_{3}$-type doubling of the primitive cubic unit cell, followed by a symmetry distortion, and a subsequent amorphization above 4 GPa. This process is reversible and points towards a pressure-induced templating role of the organic cation. Bulk compressions are continuous across the phase boundaries. The compressibilities identify these hybrids as the most compressible perovskite system ever reported. However, the $\mathrm{Sn}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{I}$ bond compressibility in $({\mathrm{CH}}_{3}{\mathrm{NH}}_{3}){\mathrm{SnI}}_{3}$ shows a discontinuity within the supercell phase. This is possibly due to an electronic localization.
mTOR Activation, Lymphangiogenesis, and Estrogen-Mediated Cell Survival: The “Perfect Storm” of Pro-Metastatic Factors in LAM Pathogenesis

Abstract Research interest in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) has grown dramatically in the past decade, particularly among cancer biologists. There are at least two reasons for this: first, the discovery in the year 2000 that LAM cells carry TSC2 gene mutations, linking LAM with cellular pathways including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis, and allowing the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-regulated pathways that are believed to underlie LAM pathogenesis to be studied in cells, yeast, Drosophila, and mice. A second reason for the rising interest in LAM is the discovery that LAM cells can travel to the lung, including repopulating a donor lung after lung transplantation, despite the fact that LAM cells are histologically benign. This “benign metastasis” underpinning suggests that elucidating LAM pathogenesis will unlock a set of fundamental mechanisms that underlie metastatic potential in the context of a cell that has not yet undergone malignant transformation. Here, we will outline the data supporting the metastati...
Low-temperature magnetic spectroscopy of a dilute magnetic semiconductor

A newly developed integrated SQUID magnetic spectrometer yields direct high-resolution measurements of the optically induced magnetization in a 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m-diam sample of ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.2}$Te. Both the magnitude and the picosecond dynamics of the magnetic response have been studied and are seen to be dramatically dependent on the energy and polarization of the optical excitation. The data show that the overall sample magnetization changes upon illumination, and that the perturbed spins equilibrate through spin-lattice relaxation.
New phenomena of mixed breakdown in silicon

A new theory is briefly presented to explain our recently observed anomalous phenomena in the mixed breakdown regime of two silicon diodes. The multiplication coefficients have larFge values at very small reverse biased voltage, first decrease with increasing bias and then drastically increase again. In the theory, both thermally generated carriers and different types of interband tunneling carriers are all included in initiating the impact ionization processes, each with a different dead space. The theory is expected to be a good approximation when the carrier distribution function is determined primarily by phonon scattering and impurity scattering. The anomalous trend in the newly observed multiplication coefficients can be well explained by the theory. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 up-regulates the renal vitamin D receptor through indirect gene activation and receptor stabilization

Abstract Expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the kidney and intestine plays a major role in calcium homeostasis and the metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ). Calcium and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated regulation of renal and duodenal VDR expression has been analyzed in vivo and the mechanisms responsible for the renal regulation have been studied in mouse kidney TCMK-1 cells. Vitamin D-deficient mice were maintained on diets containing either 0.02 or 0.47% calcium, with or without 50 ng of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 per day. Renal VDR levels were significantly higher in the vitamin D-deficient mice fed the 0.47% calcium diet vs. the calcium-restricted diet, and were increased 5-fold by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 when dietary calcium was present. The renal VDR transcript was expressed at a basal level in the absence of calcium or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ; 50 ng of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 elevated renal VDR mRNA levels approximately 10-fold in the presence of calcium. Neither calcium nor 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 had any significant effect on duodenal VDR or VDR mRNA expression. In TCMK-1 cells, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 increased receptor and VDR mRNA content in both low and adequate calcium medium. The 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated increase in VDR mRNA did not result from increased stability of the transcript. Further, the increase in mRNA was blocked by cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for protein synthesis and an indirect regulation of VDR transcription. Thus, both dietary serum calcium and 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 are required for VDR expression in kidney but not in intestine where neither is required. The 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 requirement can also be shown in TCMK-1 cells in vitro, while the calcium requirement was not found.
IBM 2750 voice and data switching system: organization and functions

This paper reviews the functions of private automatic branch exchanges (PABX's) and describes the organization of the IBM 2750 Voice and Data Switching System. This system has two main functional areas: (1) line switching, transmission and signaling, and (2) common control. The switching network uses a new integrated electronic crosspoint. The common control is performed by a built-in duplexed computer with stored programs dedicatedt o line switching. The IBM 2750 offers a variety of normal and advanced voice features, and some entirely new data features, and is designed for interconnection with an IBM System/360. Four companion papers describe the electronic switching network, the network control program, and the integrated crosspoint in greater detail.
Temporal dynamics of basal ganglia response and connectivity during verbal working memory

Research on the neural basis of working memory (WM) has generally focused on neocortical regions; comparatively little is known about the role of subcortical structures. There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia are involved in WM, but their contribution to different component processes of WM is poorly understood. We examined the temporal dynamics of basal ganglia response and connectivity during the encoding, maintenance and response phases of a Sternberg WM task. During the encoding and maintenance phases, WM-load-dependent activation was observed in the left anterior caudate, anterior putamen and globus pallidus; activation in the right anterior caudate was observed only during the maintenance phase. During the response phase, the basal ganglia were equally active in both the high-load and low-load WM conditions. Caudate and putamen activations were primarily localized to the (rostral) associative parts of the basal ganglia, consistent with the putative role of these regions in cognitive processing. Effective connectivity analyses revealed increased WM-load-dependent interaction of the left anterior caudate with the left posterior parietal cortex during all three phases of the task; with the visual association cortex, including the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus, only during the encoding phase; with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during the encoding and maintenance phases; with the pre-supplementary motor area during the maintenance and response phases; and with the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices only during the response phase. Taken together with known neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia, these results suggest that the anterior caudate helps to link signals in distinct functional networks during different phases of the WM task. Our study offers new insight into the integrative and adaptive role of the basal ganglia in higher cognitive function.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by anonymous DNA probes mapped to defined intervals of human chromosome 16.

Three anonymous DNA probes ACH207, ACH224, and ACH202, isolated from a flow-purified chromosome 16 library and mapped to defined intervals of human chromosome 16, detected restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLPs were of simple two allele types. The ACH207 (D16S4) probe detected a TaqI and an MspI RFLP with polymorphism information content (PIC) values of 0.30 and 0.27; the ACH224 (D16S5) probe detected and RsaI RFLP, PIC value of 0.34; and the ACH202 (D16S14) probe detected an XbaI RFLP, PIC value of 0.22.
Efficient Imbeddings of Finite Projective Planes

We use index-one voltage graph imbeddings of Cayley graphs (Cayley maps) for the groups Zn2+n + v where n is a prime power, to depict the finite projective planes PG(2, n). Subject to the condition that Z n2 +n + i act regularly not only on the images of the points and of the lines of PG(2, n), but also on each orbit of the region set for the imbedding, the imbeddings constructed have maximum efficiency, as they attain the upper bound for the euler characteristic of an ambient space. The imbeddings are into orientable surfaces for n = 1 or 2 (mod 3) and into orientable pseudosurfaces for n = 0 (mod 3). An easy modification of the imbeddings for n = 2 (mod 3) gives the genus of the (n + l,6)-cages for these values. Efficient imbeddings are constructed also for the 'doubled' designs arising from the pairing of each PG(2, n) with its dual. The map automorphism groups are studied for all these imbeddings (A = 1 and 2). Deletions from the imbeddings produce asymptotically efficient imbeddings for the affine planes AG(2, n).
Electrocardiographic Characteristics of Pacing From the Right Atrial Appendage During Atrioventricular Sequential Pacing

In the interpretation of electrocardiograms recorded during atrioventricular sequential pacing, uncertainty frequently arises in the assessment for evidence of atrial capture. In the present study, electrocardiographic characterization of pacing from the right atrial appendage as a component of atrioventricular pacing was performed on tracings obtained from 16 patients with bipolar dual chamber pacing units, and from 18 patients with unipolar dual chamber pacing units in which large overshoot potentials occurred following the atrial pacing spike. Atrial complexes resulting from bipolar pacing of the right atrial appendage were found to be uniformly prolonged and of diminished amplitude compared to those in sinus rhythm; they were also noted to contain sequential inferoposterior and leftward-posterior component vectors. The exponential overshoot-decay complex associated with unipolar atrial pacing appeared as a vector directed along the axis from the pulse generator to the pacing lead; the degree to which this deflection interfered with identification of atrial capture in various leads was thus largely dependent on pulse generator location. It was concluded that careful systematic inspection of multiple electrocardiographic leads will generally permit the characteristic features of pacing the right atrial appendage to be recognized, thus facilitating correct interpretation of atrial capture during atrioventricular sequential pacing.
General topics: a voice assisted simulation-animation architecture

This paper introduces a software architecture that has been used to enable voice assistance for a simulation-animation environment by integrating technologies that recognize spoken language input and generate spoken language output. Voice assisted technology has several features which make user navigation within complex software applications easier than traditional methods, such as key-typed commands or mouse manipulation. While this environment might be more friendly to an end user, several challenges exist to a developer tasked with integrating these extremely diversity technologies into a single software architecture that must operate with computational efficiency. We present the requirements and design for a proposed software architecture, referred to as the Voice Assisted Simulation-Animation Architecture (VASArch), that attempts to address these problems. We also present the implementation of a prototype for simulating a single-server system with exponentially distributed customer interarrival and service times, called VASArch(M/M/1), which was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed software architecture. The prototype offers a user the ability to interact with the simulation model environment by providing input through spoken commands, mouse manipulation, and keyboard entry. In addition, the prototype provides output, which includes statistical information, in spoken and visual form for user examination.
Undergraduate involvement in bioinformatics research: lessons from the CONNJUR project

The benefits of individual undergraduate research projects to students include preparation for graduate work, enrichment of the academic experience, honing of problem-solving skills and more. However, the involvement of undergraduates in on-going multi-institution research projects presents a unique set of challenges. This poster describes the issues resulting from the involvement of undergraduates in a bioinformatics research project in the area of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
Assessing an Infant Feeding Web Site as a Nutrition Education Tool for Child Care Providers.

Abstract Objective Determine child care providers' infant feeding knowledge, attitude and behavior changes after viewing the infant feeding Web site and determine the effectiveness of the Web site and bilingual educational materials. Design Intervention and control groups completed an on-line pretest survey, viewed a Web site for 3 months, and completed an on-line posttest survey; follow-up data were also assessed. Setting Colorado child care centers. Participants Thirty-eight child care providers. Intervention Social learning theory-based website was evaluated by child care providers in the treatment group and providers in the control group viewed a comparable website. Main Outcome Measures Knowledge, attitude, and behavior changes on feeding infants breast milk, formula, and solid food; desired changes to Web site. Analysis Independent samples t tests, chi-square, and repeated measures. Results Changes in attitudes and behaviors from pre- to posttest occurred primarily in the intervention group (P Conclusions and Implications Child care providers appeared to have adequate knowledge on feeding infants formula and breast milk, but not on hunger cues. Providers would continue to use this Web site in the future. Further research should determine if changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors are sustained over time and how infant feeding cues are read and determined in child care centers.
Aminophosphonic acids: Biosynthesis by marine phytoplankton

Abstract 1. 1. Aminophosphonic acids were isolated from a planktonic amphipod and from a plankton sample consisting of phytoplankton and microzooplankton (3 per cent of the total phosphorus). 2. 2. Five species of marine phytoplankters in culture synthesized aminophosphonic acids from 32 P-orthophosphate. 3. 3. This confirms these new stable phosphorus compounds at the base of the food chain in the oceans.
Demonstration of end-to-end interoperability between legacy 100MbE and a 40Gb/s optical label switched network layer

Demonstration of burst mode assembly, detection, and recovery of 100MbE frames as 40Gb/s optical packets enabling scalable interoperability with legacy networks. End-to-end adaptation with <10−4 packet loss over an 18dB range of received power is demonstrated.
A noninvasive technic for determining patency of saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts

A noninvasive method for determining patency of saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts has been developed in our laboratory. The system consists of a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler, a position-sensing arm for the Doppler transducer, a memory oscilloscope, an electrocardiogram, and strip-chart recorder. Patients are studied with the transducer in the suprasternal notch and intercostal spaces. Wherever flow is detected in the anterior mediastinum, a visible dot is stored on the oscilloscope screen at a point corresponding to the location of flow in the mediastinum. By repeated sampling at various depths a composite picture of a proximal section of graft is developed. Peak velocity flow signals from grafts occur during diastole distinguishing them from other arterial flow signals. Twenty-eight patients having 41 patent grafts were studied in a preliminary evaluation of the method. Three examples of angiograms with corresponding ultrasonic arteriograms demonstrate the feasibility and potential value of this new non...
Chemical induction of feeding in California spiny lobster,Panulirus interruptus (Randall): : Responses to molecular weight fractions of abalone.

Molecular weight fractions of abalone muscle were tested for the ability to induce appetitive feeding and locomotor behavior in the spiny lobster,Panulirus interruptus. Fractions of 10,000 daltons were isolated by ultrafiltrations and gel chromatography from a seawater extract of abalone muscle. The two lower-molecular-weight fractions ( 1000-dalton fraction was also highly stimulatory, meaning that large and not small molecules were essential in initiating feeding. Finally, a 75% ethanol-insoluble component of the <10,000 fraction was effective, while the ethanol-soluble portion was not. Since the insoluble material consisted predominantly of peptides and polypeptides, it is probable that these molecules act as principal stimulants in abalone muscle.