cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified stress update algorithm for explicit transient shell dynamics with combined isotropic-kinematic hardening in Eulerian rate-type phenomenological finite elasto-plasticity models

Abstract This paper discusses applications of the objective stress rates to a unified stress update algorithm for transient shell dynamic analysis within the context of explicit time integration. We propose a unified stress update algorithm via establishing the Eulerian rate-type constitutive equations of hypoelastic–plastic materials. The constitutive equations are often given on the additive decomposition of the rate of deformation tensor under the assumption that the elastic part of the rate of deformation tensor may be characterized to be hypoelastic with grade zero, i.e., the fourth-rank constant isotropic tensor. Several objective stress rates are derived through the Lie derivative of the Cauchy or Kirchhoff stress tensor. Those stress rates cover, for instance, the Jaumann, Green–Naghdi, Truesdell, Oldroyd, and Cotter–Rivlin stress rates. Further, the unified stress update algorithm is implemented along with the so-called radial return method and the phenomenological plasticity theory with combined isotropic/kinematic hardenings. Among the objective stress rates employed here, we emphasize especially the stress update procedure of the Green–Naghdi stress rate for transient shell dynamics, because this algorithm developed in this work is not shown even in the representative commercial codes. In the implementation of the unified stress update algorithm, we applied our algorithms to the Belytschko–Lin–Tsay shell theory to validate its accuracy and effectiveness. Moreover, a slightly modified secant algorithm for the zero transverse normal stress of the shell is also developed. The ultimate objectivity of this work is to provide a guideline for the best choice of an appropriate objective stress rate for phenomenological elastoplastic models. Several numerical examples are demonstrated, including non-contact transient shell dynamics examples and contact–impact examples such as a ball-plate impact problem, by which the accuracy and effectiveness of the unified stress update algorithm, developed in this work, are addressed.
Reconceptualizing Excitation Transfer as Motivational Activation Changes and a Test of the Television Program Context Effects

This study theorizes that activation and decay of dual motivational systems function as the mechanisms underlying excitation transfer theory. Following this reconceptualization, a physiological experiment simultaneously examines the influence of program valence and arousing content on subsequent ads. As predicted, sympathetic arousal (indicated by skin conductance) was greater during ads following arousing compared to calm programs, and in both conditions, it decreased across ad blocks. Cognitive effort was higher (indicated by slower heart rate) during ads following the positive arousing program and was lower (indicated by faster heart rate) following the negative arousing program. The recognition and free recall data generally support the prediction that, immediately following the program, they would be at the levels predicted by the motivational activation elicited by the program context.
A new fossil actinistian from the Early Jurassic of Chile and its bearing on the phylogeny of Actinistia

ABSTRACT We present the description and taxonomic reassignment of a new genus and species, Atacamaia solitaria, gen. et sp. nov., from Lower Jurassic strata of northern Chile, South America. The fish was previously reported as a new genus of Mawsoniidae, based on one unprepared specimen. The fish is characterized by a combination of numerous intriguing characters, such as the presence of a broad parietal bone partially covered laterally by a series of a few large supraorbital bones, a series of sclerotic bones, a lachrymojugal expanded anteriorly and markedly angled, and a metapterygoid with a well-developed ventral process that is ventral to the dorsal margin of the pterygoid plate. Addition of Atacamaia to previously published matrices produces unexpected collapses of certain nodes in the currently accepted phylogenetic hypothesis of Actinistia, creating many polytomies in the consensus tree. Our cladistic analysis suggests that Atacamaia, gen. et sp. nov., Axelia, and Wimania are closely related and to...
Sonographic identification of an unusual complication of midtrimester pregnancy termination: unrecognized intra-abdominal extrusion of fetal parts.

The incidence of uterine perforation during midtrimester dilatation and evacuation is 0.2% to 0.4%.1-3 We describe an unusual secondary complication of uterine perforation, that of unrecognized extrusion of fetal parts with “migration” to an extrapelvic portion of the maternal peritoneal cavity. The key role of ultrasound in detecting this clinically unsuspected complication is discussed.
Thermodynamic stability of bacteriorhodopsin mutants measured relative to the bacterioopsin unfolded state

Abstract The stability of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has often been assessed using SDS unfolding assays that monitor the transition of folded bR (bRf) to unfolded (bRu). While many criteria suggest that the unfolding curves reflect thermodynamic stability, slow retinal (RET) hydrolysis during refolding makes it impossible to perform the most rigorous test for equilibrium, i.e., superimposable unfolding and refolding curves. Here we made a new equilibrium test by asking whether the refolding rate in the transition zone is faster than RET hydrolysis. We find that under conditions we have used previously, refolding is in fact slower than hydrolysis, strongly suggesting that equilibrium is not achieved. Instead, the apparent free energy values reported previously are dominated by unfolding rates. To assess how different the true equilibrium values are, we employed an alternative method by measuring the transition of bRf to unfolded bacterioopsin (bOu), the RET-free form of unfolded protein. The bRf-to-bOu transition is fully reversible, particular when we add excess RET. We compared the difference in unfolding free energies for 13 bR mutants measured by both assays. For 12 of the 13 mutants with a wide range of stabilities, the results are essentially the same within experimental error. The congruence of the results is fortuitous and suggests the energetic effects of most mutations may be focused on the folded state. The bRf-to-bOu reaction is inconvenient because many days are required to reach equilibrium, but it is the preferable measure of thermodynamic stability. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Folding in Membranes.
On the Alleged Antebellum Surge in Wage Differentials: A Critique of Williamson and Lindert

Jeffrey Williamson and Peter Lindert have set out to document and interpret trends in income and wealth inequality over the last three centuries of American history.' This note concerns the antebellum period during which they claim to have discovered a "striking surge in the relative price of skills and an abrupt widening in the pay structure from 1816 to 1856.,,2 It is my contention that Williamson and Lindert have selectively chosen from among the available published data so as to present a picture widely at variance with the majority of previously published wage series, which collectively show no trend toward increasing wage differentials before the Civil War. Williamson and Lindert rely on a number of wage series to support their contention that wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers rose steadily after 1816. The first of these consists of decadal averages of the average daily wages of carpenters and laborers, taken from an 1885 report of the Massachusetts Bureau of the Statistics of Labor prepared under the direction of Carroll Wright.3 This ratio is equal to 1.39 for 1771-1780, 1.26 for 1781-1790, 1.18 for 1791-1800, 1.33 for 1801-1810, 1.24 for 18111820, 1.24 for 1821-1830, 1.61 for 1831-1840, 1.61, for 1841-1850, and 2.08 for 18511860. The authors of the report carefully advised readers to treat these data with caution:
Knee Contact Force Asymmetries in Patients Who Failed Return-to-Sport Readiness Criteria 6 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:

Background:After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, contact forces are decreased in the injured knee when compared with the uninjured knee. The persistence of contact force asymmetries after ACL reconstruction may increase the risk of reinjury and may play an important role in the development of knee osteoarthritis in these patients. Functional performance may also be useful in identifying patients who demonstrate potentially harmful joint contact force asymmetries after ACL reconstruction.Hypothesis:Knee joint contact force asymmetries would be present during gait after ACL reconstruction, and performance on a specific set of validated return-to-sport (RTS) readiness criteria would discriminate between those who demonstrated contact force asymmetries and those who did not.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:A total of 29 patients with ACL ruptures participated in gait analysis and RTS readiness testing 6 months after reconstruction. Muscle and joint contact forces were estimated using...
Commentary: Safety considerations in contemporary radiation oncology: Introduction to a series of ASTRO safety white papers.

The issue of patient safety has been pulled to the forefront by the recent reports in the lay press, and Congressional hearings, for both radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging. A number of misadministrations described in a series of New York Times articles have triggered increased interest in improved patient safety in radiation oncology.1-3 These articles have highlighted some of the risks associated with advanced radiation therapy treatment planning and delivery systems and techniques. Many new patient safety initiatives, meetings, and other efforts have been organized to address the need to continue to enhance the safety of patients undergoing radiation therapy. As part of this effort, in January 2010 the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) commissioned a series of “Safety White Papers” to help identify areas where improvements are necessary, so that patient safety is continually enhanced. This ASTRO initiative has involved cooperation with other organiza-
Parental Expectations and Children's Academic Performance in Sociocultural Context

In this paper, we review research on parental expectations and their effects on student achievement within and across diverse racial and ethnic groups. Our review suggests that the level of parental expectations varies by racial/ethnic group, and that students' previous academic performance is a less influential determinant of parental expectations among racial/ethnic minority parents than among European American parents. To explain this pattern, we identify three processes associated with race/ethnicity that moderate the relation between students' previous performance and parental expectations. Our review also indicates that the relation of parental expectations to concurrent or future student achievement outcomes is weaker for racial/ethnic minority families than for European American families. We describe four mediating processes by which high parental expectations may influence children's academic trajectories and show how these processes are associated with racial/ethnic status. The article concludes with a discussion of educational implications as well as suggestions for future research.
Older Adults Seeking Mental Health Counseling in a NORC

The authors used the Andersen model to compare older adults’ help seeking from clergy to help seeking from other sources of formal mental health services. Data were from the Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Demonstration Project. Multinomial logistic regression was used to compare sources from which help was sought.The results indicate that older adults sought help from clergy more frequently than from other formal sources. Increased stress levels, higher intrinsic religiosity, and being younger were related to seeking help from clergy. Greater stress and attendance at religious services were related to help seeking from other sources. Only greater frequency of attending religious services was associated with a greater likelihood of seeking help from clergy versus other formal providers.The increasing elderly population and the attendant crisis in mental health services might best be addressed through public-private partnerships in which mental health professionals assist clergy in identifying pro...
Differences in survival functions of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sand shiner (Notropis ludibundus) genotypes exposed to pesticides

Differential genotypic tolerance of two species of fish native to the Great Plains of North America (the western mosquitofish [Gambusia affinis] and the sand shiner [Notropis ludibundus]) was examined in 96-h acute exposures to the pesticides lindane and parathion. Although a significant amount of data is available indicating that heavy metals cause selective genotypic mortality in aquatic organisms, very few studies have focused on the effects of pesticides on population genetic structure. Fish used in this experiment were captured from field populations in Kansas, USA, and acclimated to laboratory conditions for 1 month before the acute toxicity tests. Two hundred individuals of each species were exposed, in two separate experiments, to estimated LC70 concentrations of each pesticide for 96 h. Dead individuals were removed at 3-h intervals allowing for comparison of genotypic times-to-death. Individuals of each species were electrophoretically examined at two polymorphic loci. Phenotypes of mosquitofish were determined for phosphoglucose mutase (PGM) and malic enzyme (ME). Phenotypes of sand shiners were determined for PGM and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT). Three of eight statistical tests (two species × two loci × two pesticides) indicated significant differences among survival curves of genotypic classes. Genotypes of ME and PGM of mosquitofish exhibited significantly different survivorship functions in the parathion and lindane time-to-death tests, respectively. Genotypes of AAT of sand shiners exhibited significantly different survivorship curves when exposed to lindane. Given certain experimental limitations, these results support a continued examination of population genetic characteristics as biomarkers of environmental contamination.
Regression to fuzziness method for estimation of remaining useful life in power plant components

Abstract Mitigation of severe accidents in power plants requires the reliable operation of all systems and the on-time replacement of mechanical components. Therefore, the continuous surveillance of power systems is a crucial concern for the overall safety, cost control, and on-time maintenance of a power plant. In this paper a methodology called regression to fuzziness is presented that estimates the remaining useful life (RUL) of power plant components. The RUL is defined as the difference between the time that a measurement was taken and the estimated failure time of that component. The methodology aims to compensate for a potential lack of historical data by modeling an expert׳s operational experience and expertise applied to the system. It initially identifies critical degradation parameters and their associated value range. Once completed, the operator׳s experience is modeled through fuzzy sets which span the entire parameter range. This model is then synergistically used with linear regression and a component׳s failure point to estimate the RUL. The proposed methodology is tested on estimating the RUL of a turbine (the basic electrical generating component of a power plant) in three different cases. Results demonstrate the benefits of the methodology for components for which operational data is not readily available and emphasize the significance of the selection of fuzzy sets and the effect of knowledge representation on the predicted output. To verify the effectiveness of the methodology, it was benchmarked against the data-based simple linear regression model used for predictions which was shown to perform equal or worse than the presented methodology. Furthermore, methodology comparison highlighted the improvement in estimation offered by the adoption of appropriate of fuzzy sets for parameter representation.
Leaving the meristem behind: regulation of KNOX genes

The mechanism by which the plant reserves some cells as pluripotent stem cells while partitioning others into differentiated leaf tissue is fundamental to plant development. New work in Arabidopsis elucidates the genetic circuitry that distinguishes meristem from leaf.
XFlavor: bridging bits and objects in media representation

Flavor is a formal language developed for describing compressed bitstream syntax, especially the bitstreams representing multimedia objects. A translator is also available for translating a Flavor description into C++ or Java code. The code includes bitstream parsing and generating operations that can readily be used by software developers with essentially zero additional programming. After briefly describing the latest version of Flavor, we propose an extension - XFlavor - that provides XML features by transforming the traditional bitstream representation of multimedia data into a corresponding XML representation.
Impact of a Tethyan circumglobal passage on ocean heat transport and “equable” climates

[1] The presence of low-latitude circumglobal passage from the late Jurassic (∼160 Ma) through the Miocene (∼14 Ma) provides a possible mechanism for increased poleward ocean heat transport during periods of warm climate and may help explain low meridional temperature gradients of the past. Experiments using an ocean general circulation model (GCM) with an energy-balance atmosphere and idealized bathymetry reveal that, like the modern Drake Passage, a circumglobal Tethyan Passage might have induced high rates of wind-driven upwelling of relatively cold and deep water, but at low latitudes. With no change in radiative forcing, a low-latitude circumglobal passage increases simulated northern high-latitude temperatures by 3°–7°C, while tropical temperatures cool by up to 2°C relative to a scenario with solid meridional boundaries. Combining this mechanism of heat transport with increased radiative forcing allows substantial warming of northern high latitudes by 7°–11°C, while tropical temperatures remain within 3°C of present-day temperatures.
Understanding Decision Making

Why are some hunters not afraid of lions or tigers? Probably because they think they have the ability to act quickly and effectively to protect themselves.
Diffusion tensor imaging in acute-to-subacute traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal analysis

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may have prognostic utility in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the optimal timing of DTI data acquisition is unknown because of dynamic changes in white matter water diffusion during the acute and subacute stages of TBI. We aimed to characterize the direction and magnitude of early longitudinal changes in white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and to determine whether acute or subacute FA values correlate more reliably with functional outcomes after TBI. From a prospective TBI outcomes database, 11 patients who underwent acute (≤7 days) and subacute (8 days to rehabilitation discharge) DTI were retrospectively analyzed. Longitudinal changes in FA were measured in 11 white matter regions susceptible to traumatic axonal injury. Correlations were assessed between acute FA, subacute FA and the disability rating scale (DRS) score, which was ascertained at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. FA declined from the acute-to-subacute period in the genu of the corpus callosum (0.70 ± 0.02 vs. 0.55 ± 0.11, p < 0.05) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (0.54+/−0.07 vs. 0.49+/−0.07, p < 0.01). Acute correlations between FA and DRS score were variable: higher FA in the body (R = −0.78, p = 0.02) and splenium (R = −0.83, p = 0.003) of the corpus callosum was associated with better outcomes (i.e. lower DRS scores), whereas higher FA in the genu of the corpus callosum (R = 0.83, p = 0.02) corresponded with worse outcomes (i.e. higher DRS scores). In contrast, in the subacute period higher FA in the splenium correlated with better outcomes (R = −0.63, p < 0.05) and no inverse correlations were observed. White matter FA declined during the acute-to-subacute stages of TBI. Variability in acute FA correlations with outcome suggests that the optimal timing of DTI for TBI prognostication may be in the subacute period.
Hacking the Electorate: The Perceived Voter Model

This chapter develops a model of campaign decision making. In an effort to win an election, campaigns seek to mobilize supporters and persuade undecided voters. In order to contact these voters and transmit mobilizing or persuasive messages, campaigns must predict which voters will be responsive to their appeals, and they must decide which voters should get which kinds of appeals. To make these decisions, campaigns gather data and form impressions about the voters. The Perceived Voter Model draws attention to how and why the particular set of data available to campaigns affects their assessments of voters, which in turn guides strategic decisions. To draw the connection between data inputs, perceptions, and the actions taken by campaigns, this chapter aims to accomplish four tasks. First, as a preliminary matter, I define the aspect of campaign politics that is the focus of this study. Political scientists study a wide variety of phenomena that fall under the heading of campaigns; my first goal is to situate direct voter engagement in the context of campaign politics. Second, I define the perceived voter as consisting of the attributes of voters that campaigns consider when making strategic decisions. I discuss this concept as it relates to prior research on campaigns. Third, I define information shortcuts, or heuristics, that campaigns use to perceive voters, and I discuss the features of public records that make them important shortcuts for campaigns. I compare the use of public records as a shortcut in perceiving voters with two alternatives. The first alternative is not using shortcuts; the second alternative is using plausible shortcuts other than public records. Fourth, I generate hypotheses about how the use of public records as shortcuts is likely to affect the strategic decisions of campaigns and the turnout behavior of voters. THE STRATEGY OF DIRECT CONTACT The term “campaign” takes on multiple meanings in the study of elections.
Bacterial-mediated drought tolerance: Current and future prospects

With ongoing climate change, the severity, frequency and duration of drought in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) producing areas around the world are predicted to increase. Plants’ tolerance to drought stress needs to be improved in order to allow growth of crops that satisfy food demands under limited water resource availability. Plant-associated microbial communities, such as mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), enhance crop productivity and provide stress resistance. PGPR represent a wide range of root-colonizing bacteria with excellent root colonizing ability and capacity to produce a wide range of enzymes and metabolites that help plants tolerate both biotic and abiotic stresses. Their roles in the management of abiotic stresses such as drought are only beginning to gain attention. In this review, we synthesize research concerning bacterial-mediated drought tolerance in agricultural crop plants. We summarize in a table and provide details of most relevant and recent studies about the crop system studied, experimental system, means of applying drought stress, and physiological traits measured (such as relative water content, photosynthesis). Furthermore, we highlight the research needed to understand mechanisms behind observed bacterial-mediated drought tolerance and the need to homogenize and develop screening protocols.
Application of HPLC for the separation and measurement of PCMX and Triclosan in disinfectants

Objective To establish a HPLC method for the separation of PCMX and Triclosan in disinfectants in order to further measure the concentration.Methods A XDB C18 column was used to separate these two chemical substances simultaneously out of disinfectants.Acetonitrile and water with the volume ratio of 70∶30 was applied to the column as mobile phase(pH=3.0) with flow rate of 1.0ml/min.Then diode array detector(DAD) was used to measure the concentration at wavelength of 280nm.Results There was a nice linear correlation between the concentration of each component and peak area(r0.9998) when the concentration was at 10 mg/L-1000mg/L.The average recovery was from 96.5% to 104.6% with the relative standard deviation(RSD) of 1.1%-2.7%.The minimum concentration that could be detected was 2.5 mg/L for PCMX and 2.0 mg/L for Triclosan.Conclusions The method is simple,fast,sensitive and accurate and can be used for one step determination of the concentration of PCMX and Triclosan in disinfectants.
Marketization Degree,Political Connection and Earnings Management:An Empirical Research Based on Private Small and Medium Enterprises Board Listed Companies in Shenzhen

Political connection,as an informal alternative mechanism of market and law,has caused a great impact on the social economic activities worldwide,and increasingly attracts attention from all walks of life.However,relative to the natural "blood" ties between state-owned enterprises and government,private enterprises seeking to establish political connections are more worthy of attention and research in China.Considering Shenzhen small and medium enterprises board is the "camp" for private enterprises,this paper tests the relationships between marketization degree,political connection and earnings management by using the data of private small and medium enterprise board listed companies in Shenzhen between 2009-2011.
Effects of Mass Immunization Campaign on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles

Objective To evaluate the effects of mass immunization campaign on the epidemiological characteristics of measles. Methods Comparison was made between the incidences of measles before and after the mass immunization campaign in 2007 in Shunqing prefecture of Nanchong city. Results The total number of the reported measles cases reached 460 during 2004 to 2007 in Shunqing prefecture of Nanchong city, and the respective annual rates of incidence were 4.04, 23.53, 11.84, and 33.57, respectively per 100 000 heads. Cases reported from April to July accounted to 73.91% of the total (340/460). Children under 15 were reported to have the highest incidence rate and accounted to 83.70% of the total (385/460), of which incidences of children under 1 accounted to 0%, 10.81%, 13.51% and 25.82%, respectively. Only 20.00% of the subjects (92/460) in this study had a definite history of measles vaccination. After the mass immunization campaign in September, 2007, only 10 cases were reported in 2008 and the incidence rate was 1.58 per 100 000 heads, a 95.29% decrease in incidence rate in comparison with that of the last year. Conclusion The mass immunization campaign has achieved substantial results.
Breeding and application of indica rice Yuejingsimiao with good quality of national standard and high resistant to rice blast

Yuejingsimiao was bred by Rice Research Institute,Guangdong Academy Agricultural of Science.It is a new rice variety with good quality of second class of national standard and high resistant to rice blast.It has these traits: high and stable yield,wide adaptability,et al.Yuejingsimiao especially suit for the processing of high quality rice.It was released by Guangdong province in May,2006,and has a good future in spreading and application.
Diagnosing Cartman Psychology Students’ Use of Symptoms and Traits to Assess Child Antisocial Behavior

Recent changes to the diagnosis of child antisocial behavior provide different methods of conceptualizing it (e.g., traditional symptom-based diagnoses and alternative trait-based methods). However...
Semipolar III–nitride light-emitting diodes with negligible efficiency droop up to ∼1 W

We demonstrate 1 mm2 blue light-emitting diodes with a negligible efficiency droop up to ~1 W. LEDs with 12- to 14-nm-thick single quantum wells were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a free-standing semipolar GaN substrate. Packaged devices showed an external quantum efficiency of 42.3% at 20 A/cm2 with a negligible efficiency droop up to 991 mW at 900 mA. At 900 mA, the thermal droop and hot/cold factor were 8.2% and 0.92, respectively. The adoption of a thick active region resulted in excellent optical and thermal performance characteristics that are suitable for high-power lighting applications.
Brief of 22 Law, Economics, and Business Professors As Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent in TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods

TC Heartland v. Kraft Foods, currently pending at the U.S Supreme Court, concerns where patent owners can file suit against corporate defendants. This amicus brief considers and analyzes the policy issues at stake in this case. It concludes that the current venue rule, which allows patent owners to sue corporate defendants in any district in which personal jurisdiction lies, should be retained. First, rigorous empirical analysis shows that limiting venue in the manner proposed by the Petitioner in this case would not have any meaningful effect on the existing concentration of patent cases among the lower courts. Instead, it would primarily shift patent cases from one jurisdiction that is relatively favorable to patent owners to two jurisdictions that are relatively less favorable. Second, Congress has effectively rejected concerns over “forum shopping” and “forum selling” in adopting a statutory venue rule that corporate defendants in nearly every type of federal civil case may be sued anywhere personal jurisdiction lies. This rule is sensible, because corporate defendants should be subject to suit where they have committed substantial harmful acts. There is no reliable, systematic evidence to show that “forum shopping” or “forum selling” in patent law is exceptional when compared to other areas of law so as to justify a special venue rule. Third, even if patent suits were exceptional, only Congress is in a position to craft a rule that meaningfully distributes cases among the various district courts and that is equitable to patent owners and accused infringers alike.
Deployment of advanced bidirectional chargers to lower total cost of ownership of electric-vehicle fleets

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology utilizes the batteries of electric vehicles (EV) to provide services to the electric power grid. One use of V2G technology is demand charge management, which applies bidirectional DC fast chargers to deploy stored electricity from EV batteries to a site during periods of maximum power usage. Satisfying a portion of electricity demand of a building or system using EV batteries can incrementally reduce the need for power distribution infrastructure, and can provide value to building and facilities managers by reducing utility bills. This paper develops a protocol to evaluate the installation of advanced charging stations at various locations based upon factors such as duty cycles, fleet locations, and the potential for generating revenue from demand charge management. The revenue relies partly on the development of a predictive algorithm used to forecast electricity demand with a specified lead time that can enable the V2G operator to communicate with the vehicles and signal them to charge and discharge in order to mitigate peak demand incidents. The combined energy storage capacity and power output of EV fleet batteries placed behind the meter will be able to decrease the net energy supplied by the grid, thereby reducing load at the meter. The effort has suggested how demand charge management can be a viable energy storage service performed by batteries of electric vehicles with appropriate communications and systems integration. The paper builds on previous work which monetized the relatively small effects of frequency regulation on battery life cycles and simulated the duty cycle of a typical EV in a fleet to evaluate the additional value electric vehicles can provide to the electricity generation market. Based on the above results, several needs for future research are identified and prioritized.
I Think We’re Alone Now: Solitary Social Behaviors in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research into emotional responsiveness in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has yielded mixed findings. Some studies report uniform, flat and emotionless expressions in ASD; others describe highly variable expressions that are as or even more intense than those of typically developing (TD) individuals. Variability in findings is likely due to differences in study design: some studies have examined posed (i.e., not spontaneous expressions) and others have examined spontaneous expressions in social contexts, during which individuals with ASD—by nature of the disorder—are likely to behave differently than their TD peers. To determine whether (and how) spontaneous facial expressions and other emotional responses are different from TD individuals, we video-recorded the spontaneous responses of children and adolescents with and without ASD (between the ages of 10 and 17 years) as they watched emotionally evocative videos in a non-social context. Researchers coded facial expressions for intensity, and noted the presence of laughter and other responsive vocalizations. Adolescents with ASD displayed more intense, frequent and varied spontaneous facial expressions than their TD peers. They also produced significantly more emotional vocalizations, including laughter. Individuals with ASD may display their emotions more frequently and more intensely than TD individuals when they are unencumbered by social pressure. Differences in the interpretation of the social setting and/or understanding of emotional display rules may also contribute to differences in emotional behaviors between groups.
How Journalists Characterize Health Inequalities and Redefine Solutions for Native American Audiences.

Many Native American communities experience severe health inequalities, including shorter average lifespan and higher rates of chronic illnesses. Journalism that serves Native Americans is a promis...
Symmetry analysis of DDSCAT-based phase matrix for 3-D microwave RT model development

A horizontally inhomogeneous unified microwave radiative transfer (HI-UMRT) model based on nonspherical hydrometeor scattering is being developed at University of Colorado at Boulder to facilitate the forward radiative simulations of transmittivity and reflectivity over 3-dimensional inhomogeneous clouds in severe weather. The HI-UMRT model provides a 3-D radiative intensity solution by incorporating the planar-stratified UMRT algorithm with a horizontally inhomogeneous iterative perturbation method. The HI-UMRT solution could inherit the properties of computational stability, efficiency and accuracy from the UMRT algorithm as long as the symmetry of discretized phase matrix computed by discrete dipole approximation (DDA) could be identified for large nonspherical hydrometeors. In this study, the required symmetry of discretized phase matrix in the HI-UMRT model was explicitly defined and a new method of calculating the single-scattering full Stokes matrix based upon the DDSCAT software package was developed. A total of 60 snow/ice aggregates of 16 particle types and of particle sizes from 150 to 1,100 μm covering the full spectrum of DDSCAT database were selected for the study. The result showed that the required symmetry conditions are satisfied for all selected particles. It leads to a conclusion with strong confidence that coupled analytical RT solutions for the first two Stokes parameters with inherent matrix stability and high computational efficiency can be achieved in the HI-UMRT model.
A qualitative approach to understanding variations in experiences and its relationship to learning: An introduction to phenomenography

Phenomenography has been increasingly used to explore important questions and complex phenomena in engineering education. However, as a relatively new research method (it was introduced in 1981) with unique and nuanced methodological underpinnings, it is not always well understood. In this special session, we will provide an overview of phenomenography methodology. In addition, participants will gain experience in conducting phenomenographic analysis and interacting with real data. Finally, participants will discuss implications of phenomenographic analysis and potential applications in their teaching and research activities.
M-RTP : RTP Extensions to Support Mobile Networking

In this paper, we identify limitations of the real-time protocol (RTP) regarding mobile net­working and low-speed links and propose solutions to these problems. In particular, we propose schemes to limit the bandwidth used on the wireless link by RTP data messages and RTCP control messages.
A Simplified Stability Letter for Offshore Supply Vessels

This paper presents a simplified method for the preparation of stability information for Offshore Supply Vessels. The paper reviews the current methods used by the Eighth Coast Guard District Merchant Marine Technical Office for preparation of stability information and contrasts these to the proposed "simplified" method. The simplified stability letter incorporates a Loading Diagram which will make it easier for the vessel operator to use. The recommended simplified letter will allow designers to obtain a higher maximum amount of deck cargo, provide more flexibility in the manner which cargoes are carried, allow operators to exchange consumables for additional below deck cargo, and simplify the calculations necessary for preparation of the stability information. It should be cautioned that the method presented is only the opinion of the authors. Approval should be obtained from the cognizant Coast Guard technical office before employing this or any other proposed method. It should also be noted that the stability criteria presented in Appendix I is not yet included in regulations and is subject to change.
Remarks on Assumptions and Approximations

An “exact” analytical determination of the behavior of a wire rope is very difficult if not impossible. Approximations and assumptions have been made to make an analytical solution tractable. The analytical solution should, therefore, be used only as a guide to predict the response. Many of the assumptions and approximations will be discussed below, and comments will be made concerning some of them, when appropriate. Many of the approximations depend upon the type of loading and the type of construction of the rope’s cross section.
Implications for the Economy and Environment of Alternatives to Fossil-Fuel Energy

During the coming decades, the world and the USA in particular will be facing serious energy-related problems associated with declines in conventional oil extraction and high prices as well as lower energy return on investment (EROI) for unconventional oil. Oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power provide more than 87 % of world energy needs; the other 13 % consisting of alternative energy sources, whereas, in the USA, fossil fuels and nuclear power provide more than 93 % of our energy needs, with 7 % coming from alternative sources. With 4.5 % of the world’s population, the USA consumes 20–25 % of the world’s energy. On average, each American uses nearly 8000 L of oil equivalents per year or 50.3 barrels for all purposes, including transportation, industry, heating, and cooling.
Serum Sickness Secondary to Fluoxetine

Drug-related cutaneous eruptions are common, affecting approximately 2-3% of hospitalized patients, and can vary in severity from benign to life-threatening. Understanding the pathophysiologic mechanism of the eruption is important for being able to identify the culprit drug and develop an appropriate treatment plan. We present a unique case of serum sickness that presented with a pruritic dermatitis associated with arthralgias and hypocomplementemia, observed shortly after initiation of fluoxetine.
Optimizing the Performance of a Commercial Electrochemical Ethylene Sensor via Controlled Ethylene Generation in Situ

Abstract Ethylene, which regulates fruit ripening processes in some species, is a molecule of central interest to postharvest researchers and technologists. There is a need for a portable, inexpensive, accurate, and repeatable sensor for infield or storeroom measurements. To help ensure repeatable results, we developed a field calibration protocol for a portable electrochemical gas sensor that combines ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) with a buffering agent to release a controlled amount of ethylene gas (1–4 μL/L). The ethephon reaction provides an economical source of standard gas for device calibration. This work addresses device selectivity issues through the use of an inline aqueous trap to remove polar volatile organics (50% reduction, as reported by an electrochemical sensor), interfering with the ethylene detection. A complementary gas chromatographic (GC) assay provided an independent validation of these results. A post-harvest study of ethylene production of apples as detected by the electrochemical sensor illustrates significant improvements in the accuracy and precision of these measurements.
Open image in new windowGenetic Variation

What processes account for the remarkable variation in form and function that we see in the living world and how might they be similar or different between microorganisms and macroorganisms? Because natural variation provides the raw material on which evolution acts, this chapter sets the stage for later comparisons in the book. Here we review briefly the generation, maintenance, and transmission of genetic variation in micro- and macroorganisms. Microbes generally have plastic, dynamic genomes and all the capability of generating genetic variability that do macroorganisms, though adaptive evolution proceeds rather differently in the two groups. We discuss clones and what constitutes a ‘genetic individual’ in various taxa and show that the concept is more-or-less abstract, with major evolutionary implications.
Social Game and Virtual Research Institute

As I write this memoir, I realize anew that my personal history is fully intertwined with contemporary history. Thus, when I receive comments from readers, such as “I was overcome with deep emotion that I live in contemporary times,” or “I recalled my mother, a high school teacher, transcribing teaching materials late into the night,” I feel we share something of our lives. As this was the first time I had written about the anti-Security Treaty struggles, those who knew my circumstances expressed concern, saying, “Are you all right having revealed so much?”; and those who didn’t know said, “I’m stunned that you had such a radical past.” However, I have no intention to talk about my behavior in those days by boasting about my exploits, and I expressed the reasons for not doing so in a frank manner (Chap. 10: Sugamo Prison and Anti-Security Treaty Struggle). I was always conscious that in those days I was a log, if not a leaf, pushed along in the torrent of history. This made me maintain my silence about that time. In re-evaluating what the anti-Security Treaty struggle meant by thinking about it from the standpoint of a “social scientist,” I came to feel that I wanted to impart my personal experiences of those days in a candid manner. An individual exists solely due to the world; and the world cannot exist without each individual’s actions.
PiCs: Telepractice coaching for a parent of a child who is hard-of-hearing

Services for families of young children with low-incidence disabilities (e.g. deaf/hard-of-hearing, DHH) are expensive to deliver and may not be available in all geographic regions. Parents of chil...
A Voice of Peace: Mother Teresa

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. "The fruit of silence is prayer; the fruit of prayer is faith; the fruit of faith is love; the fruit of love is service; the fruit of service is peace" (Collopy, 31). Service and love for the destitute were Mother Teresa's methods to bring the world one step closer to peace. The extraordinary nun lived a life of self-sacrifice within the Catholic Church. She sacrificed her health, comfort, family and all worldly goods to dedicate her every breath to improving the lives of the poor in India, Africa, Eastern Europe and the rest of the world. Her spirituality and duty to God strengthened her relentless actions against hate and poverty. This small woman aided all humans in need regardless of their backgrounds and beliefs. She created Houses for the Dying for the homeless and built hundreds of orphanages for lepers and those that society did not dare to notice (Spink, 103). This peacemaker's well-being was sacrificed many times to meet the needs of suffering strangers. Mother Teresa's goal of bringing happiness to the destitute through self sacrifice promotes the elements of selflessness and love that are so important to the establishment of peace. She became a voice of peace through her loving care for ignored and suffering individuals. Mother Teresa was chosen as a voice of peace because her work concentrated on eradicating poverty, the most deadly act of violence. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol9/iss1/4 A Voice of Peace: Mother Teresa
Getting Task Structures and Institutional Designs Right

This chapter examines two central threads in the analytic fabric of professional responsibility. The first thread looks at professional responsibility from the perspective of individual workers, reviewing the task structures defining their work. For individual workers, professional responsibility involves execution of uniquely professional tasks embedded in a broader array of other work responsibilities. That is, professional work is never composed exclusively of professional tasks; these tasks are supported by an array of essential but subordinate tasks. Professional workers engage in four distinct and cascaded task structures (1) they labor at some tasks requiring diligent effort but no sophisticated skills, (2) they do craft work on tasks requiring technical or cognitive skill, (3) they artistically perform in tasks requiring sensitive and creative engagement, and (4) they execute professional tasks that rely on trusting relationships and acceptance of responsibility for client well-being. The second analytic thread comes from institutional theory which posits that complex organizations interact with social forces located in their environments to garner legitimacy, capacity, and resources. They must accommodate and integrate forces that include (1) Political Regimes with governance structures that provide rules and regulations (and often resources) aimed at setting behavioral expectations and articulating the rights and responsibilities of workers, (2) Civic Cultures that establish the values and status systems that define institutional purposes and responsibilities, and (3) Professional Associations that articulate a system of work norms and define standards of practice. These structures all operate within marketplace frameworks that guide exchanges of status and resources and provide incentives that motivate personal, social, and political actions.
Decoding in hyperbolic spaces: quantum LDPC codes with linear rate and efficient error correction

We analyze the four dimensional toric code in a hyperbolic space and show that it has a classical error correction procedure which runs in almost linear time and can be parallelized to almost constant time, giving an example of a quantum LDPC code with linear rate and efficient error correction.
Managing Access to Library E-Resources When Institutional IP Ranges Change: A Strategic and Practical Approach

The article uncovers the problems encountered by libraries when Internet Protocol (IP) ranges change at institutions with or without notice to library and research centers. This article provides pr...