cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How bad is it? Suicidality in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The current paper examines the intersection between social vulnerability, individual risk, and social/psychological resources with adult suicidality during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Data come from a national sample (n = 10,368) of U.S. adults. Using an online platform, information was gathered during the third week of March 2020, and post-stratification weighted to proportionally represent the U.S. population in terms of age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and geography. RESULTS: Nearly 15 percent of sampled respondents were categorized as high risk, scoring 7+ on the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). This level of risk varied across social vulnerability groupings: Blacks, Native Americans, Hispanics, families with children, unmarried, and younger respondents reported higher SBQ-R scores than their counterparts (p < .000). Regression results confirm these bivariate differences and also reveal that risk factors (food insecurity, physical symptoms, and CES-D symptomatology) are positive and significantly related to suicidality (p < .000). Additionally, resource measures are significant and negatively related to suicidality (p < .000). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide some insight on the impact COVID-19 is having on the general U.S. POPULATION: Practitioners should be prepared for what will likely be a significant mental health fall-out in the months and years ahead.
Narratives of Value in Richard Brome’s Dispute with the Salisbury Court

The bill and answer for the 1640 court of request proceedings constitute the extant evi­dence of the terms of two contracts between Richard Brome and the Salisbury Court, one signed in 1635 and the other drafted in 1638 but unsigned. Inferring from these documents key differences between the contracts, this essay argues that the first con­tract left crucial ambiguities about the value of Brome’s labour, and the company attempted to resolve these ambiguities to its advantage through the second contract and the bill of complaint. This evidence suggests a primarily antagonistic relationship between Brome and the Salisbury Court from 1636.
Structural Characterization of the [CuOR]2+ Core.

Formal Cu(III) complexes bearing an oxygen-based auxiliary ligand ([CuOR]2+, R = H or CH2CF3) were stabilized by modulating the donor character of supporting ligand LY (LY = 4-Y, N,N′-bis(2,6-diiso...
Autophagosomes fuse to phagosomes and play important roles in the degradation of apoptotic cells in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Autophagosomes are double-membrane intracellular vesicles that degrade protein aggregates, intracellular organelles, and other cellular components. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, 113 somatic cells undergo apoptosis during embryogenesis and are engulfed and degraded by their neighboring cells. We discovered a novel role of autophagosomes in facilitating the degradation of apoptotic cells in C. elegans embryos using a real-time imaging technique. Specifically, double-membrane autophagosomes in engulfing cells are recruited to the surfaces of phagosomes containing apoptotic cells and subsequently fuse to phagosomes, allowing the inner membrane to enter the phagosomal lumen. Mutants defective in the production of autophagosomes display significant delays in the degradation of apoptotic cells, demonstrating the important contribution of autophagosomes to this process. The signaling pathway led by the phagocytic receptor CED-1, CED-1’s adaptor CED-6, and the large GTPase dynamin (DYN-1) promote the recruitment of autophagosomes to phagosomes. Moreover, the subsequent fusion of autophagosomes with phagosomes requires the functions of the small GTPase RAB-7 and the HOPS complex. Our findings reveal that, unlike the single-membrane, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) vesicles reported for mammalian phagocytes, canonical autophagosomes function in the clearance of C. elegans apoptotic cells. These findings add autophagosomes to the collection of intracellular organelles that contribute to phagosome maturation, identify novel crosstalk between the autophagy and phagosome maturation pathways, and discover the upstream factors that initiate this crosstalk.
Vision 2020: A Review of 20 Years of Inclusion Studies in Music Education:

Inclusion has been a prominent topic in music education since the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974 (now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine

"Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine" - The role of molecular genetics in the treatment of malignancy continues to grow at an astonishing rate. Today's subspecialized multidisciplinary approach to oncology has incorporated advances in targeted molecular therapy, prognosis, risk assessment, and prevention - all based at least in part on molecular diagnostics and imaging. Inside this cutting-edge resource, readers will explore broad, comprehensive perspectives on the current trends in molecular diagnosis of cancer and personalized cancer medicine. Authoritative discussions share insights from noted experts in cancer research, clinical trials, molecular diagnostics, personalized therapy, bioinformatics, and federal regulations. From the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis to the most advanced molecular screening, staging, and treatment technologies, readers will discover clear and straightforward discussions directly relevant to patient diagnosis and care. Improve your understanding of: the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis - including material on cell proliferation, signal transduction pathways, cancer stem cells, and the interaction between genetics and environmental factors; the most current molecular techniques - including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, single nucleotide polymorphisms, cancer cytogenomics and epigenetics, whole-genome assessments, and next-generation sequencing; molecular tests - including molecular screening, minimal residual disease detection, circulating tumor cell tests, molecular tumor staging, and molecular cancer prognosis assessment; imaging and screening technologies - including molecular imaging, genetic tests, biostatistics, and bioinformatics; and the molecular basis of therapy - including critical molecules as special treatment targets, particularly genes/DNA, RNA, micro RNAs, proteins/antibodies, and nanoparticles. It also includes: molecular diagnostics - including updated molecular diagnostic approaches to common malignancies and role of pathology in targeted cancer management; and targeted treatment - including personalized medicine and targeted therapy for commonly occurring malignancies - insights on new approaches to targeted drug discovery and the future of molecular oncology.
Observaciones de daños en edificios de hormigón armado producidos por el terremoto de Chile Central, 27 de febrero de 2010

Se muestran danos ocurridos en edificios modernos de hormigon armado en Concepcion y Vina del Mar a raiz del terremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010. Se presentan casos de estudio de estructuras con muros T y L, se calcula la capacidad de deformacion con y sin confinamiento. Se ha propuesto en Chile adoptar modificaciones de emergencia para las normas de Diseno Sismico de Edificios NCh433Of.96 y para la norma de diseno de elementos de hormigon armado NCh430. En la norma NCh433 se cambiaron los espectros elasticos de aceleraciones por los contenidos en la norma de de diseno de estructuras con aislacion sismica, NCh2745, para corregir los desplazamientos, especialmente en los periodos altos. Se agrega el calculo del desplazamiento esperado para el maximo sismo considerado en el diseno, MCE, que se puede estimar a partir del espectro elastico de desplazamientos o del analisis dinamico lineal sin reducir, con factores apropiados. En la norma de diseno de elementos de hormigon armado, NCh430, se ha propuesto usar una cantidad nominal de armadura transversalpara restringir el pandeo de las barras de borde. Esta en estudio reemplazar las actuales armaduras de confinamientos para columnas de marcos especiales, contenidas en 21.6.4 del ACI318-08 por expresiones que consideren el efecto de la carga axial.
How Effective Are the Things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act

The Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989a) has identified five components of an “apology speech act set”: five strategies that speakers use to apologize. This study examines the effects of four of those strategies (illocutionary force indicating device, expression of responsibility, promise of forebearance, and offer of repair) on the judgments made by hearers about the speaker and about the apology. Each of the strategies is shown to have an independent effect in improving reactions to the speaker. Further, the magnitude of these effects appear to be roughly similar for each of the strategies. The things people say to apologize do seem to be effective in accomplishing the self-presentational goals of apologizers.
Process of Change in Reading Instruction: A Model of Transition.

The purpose of this study was to examine closely the processes, both theoretical and enacted, a teacher undergoes when making changes in methods of reading instruction. A case study using qualitative research methods chronicled a teacher who after 19 years of teaching strictly by the basal began changing toward a balanced literature approach. A model of transition demonstrating this teacher’s processes of change is included.
Remote Sensing of CF4 Number Density in a Hypersonic Flow Using Raman Scattering

T Raman scattering technique has been investigated for the remote measurement of local static gas number density and temperature in Langley's pilot model CF4 tunnel. Laboratory results show that the intensity of the vl normal vibrational mode of CF4 is proportional to gas number density and can be used for the gas density measurements. Based on these experimental results a Raman system was designed and assembled for the CF4 facility, and used to make measurements of local static gas number density. Measurements were made both through the shock region of a hemispherical model to determine normalshock density ratio and across the freestream to provide a density profile of the test core. The tunnel was operated at a stagnation pressure of 1.55 x 10 N/m and a stagnation temperature of 654°K at a Mach number of 6.4. A temperature measurement technique using the v2 normal vibrational mode of CF4 was verified in the laboratory from
Registering Multimodal Imagery with Occluding Objects Using Mutual Information: Application to Stereo Tracking of Humans

This chapter introduces and analyzes a method for registering multimodal images with occluding objects in the scene. An analysis of multimodal image registration gives insight into the limitations of assumptions made in current approaches and motivates the methodology of the developed algorithm. Using calibrated stereo imagery, we use maximization of mutual information in sliding correspondence windows that inform a disparity voting algorithm to demonstrate successful registration of objects in color and thermal imagery where there is significant occlusion. Extensive testing of scenes with multiple objects at different depths and levels of occlusion shows high rates of successful registration. Ground truth experiments demonstrate the utility of disparity voting techniques for multimodal registration by yielding qualitative and quantitative results that outperform approaches that do not consider occlusions. A framework for tracking with the registered multimodal features is also presented and experimentally validated.
Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis

Prologue: Interaction and the Problem of Technique. Introduction: From Heresy to Reformation. The Therapeutic Action: A New Look. Interaction in the Interpersonal Tradition. Interaction in the Kleinian Tradition. Varieties of Interaction. The Analyst's Intentions. The Analyst's Knowledge and Authority. Gender and Sexual Orientation in the Age of Postmodernism: The Plight of the Perplexed Clinician. Epilogue: Toward a Personal Synthesis.
Locoregional Control According to Breast Cancer Subtype and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Breast-conserving Therapy

Our group previously published data showing that patients could be stratified by constructed molecular subtype with respect to locoregional recurrence (LRR)-free survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and breast-conserving therapy (BCT). That study predated use of trastuzumab for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive patients. The current study was undertaken to determine the impact of subtype and response to therapy in a contemporary cohort. Clinicopathologic data from 751 breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (with trastuzumab if HER2+) and BCT from 2005 to 2012 were identified. Hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status were used to construct molecular subtypes: HR+/HER2− (n = 369), HR+/HER2+ (n = 105), HR−/HER2+ (n = 58), and HR−/HER2− (n = 219). Actuarial rates of LRR were determined by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors associated with LRR. The pathologic complete response (pCR) rates by subtype were as follows: 16.5 % (HR+/HER2−), 45.7 % (HR+/HER2+), 72.4 % (HR−/HER2+), and 42.0 % (HR−/HER2−) (P < 0.001). Median follow-up was 4.6 years. The 5-year LRR-free survival rate for all patients was 95.4 %. Five-year LRR-free survival rates by subtype were 97.2 % (HR+/HER2−), 96.1 % (HR+/HER2+), 94.4 % (HR−/HER2+), and 93.4 % (HR−/HER2−) (P = 0.44). For patients with HR−/HER2+ disease, the LRR-free survival rates were 97.4 and 86.7 % for those who did and those who did not experience pCR, respectively. For patients with HR−/HER2− disease, the LRR-free survival rates were 98.6 % (pCR) versus 89.9 % (no pCR). On multivariate analysis, the HR−/HER2− subtype, clinical stage III disease, and failure to experience a pCR were associated with LRR. Patients undergoing BCT after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have excellent rates of 5-year LRR-free survival that are affected by molecular subtype and by response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Cost-effectiveness of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair based on aneurysm size

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of endovascular repair (EVAR) for small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Methods We developed a Markov model of a hypothetical 68-year-old cohort to determine the cost-effectiveness of early EVAR for "small" AAAs (4.0 cm-5.4 cm) compared with elective repair (open or endovascular) at the traditional cut-off of 5.5 cm. Repair options for 5.5-cm AAAs include both endovascular and open procedures. Probabilities were obtained from the literature. Costs reflected direct costs in 2007 dollars. Outcomes were reported as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Results The model demonstrated that early EVAR for 4.0 cm-5.4 cm AAAs led to fewer QALYs at greater costs when compared with observational management with elective repair at 5.5 cm. Sensitivity analyses suggested that early EVAR of 4.6 cm-4.9 cm AAAs can be cost-effective if the long-term mortality rate after EVAR is ≤1.91% per year or if the quality of life after EVAR is improved. Likewise, if the quality of life before repair is low, EVAR for AAAs ≥4.6 cm may be cost-effective. With a >70% probability, observational management until AAA diameter is 5.5 cm will be the cost-effective option. Conclusions This analysis demonstrated that early EVAR for AAAs
Chemical genomics and combo therapy.

In this issue of Blood , Hassane and colleagues demonstrate that chemical genomic approaches can successfully identify rational combinations of small molecules for human malignancy.[1][1] Specifically, they determine that the combination of parthenolide and inhibitors of the PI3K/mTOR pathway
Ammonia intoxication: effects on cerebral cortex and spinal cord

The effect of an acute systemic ammonia intoxication on the metabolic states of the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord of the same animal was studied in the cat. The intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate (2 and 4 mmol/kg body weight/30 min) increased the gross levels of tissue NH4+, glutamine, glutamine/glutamate ratio, lactate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord. Pyruvate increased, but significantly only in the spinal cord; aspartate decreased, but significantly only in the cerebral cortex. The infusion of ammonium acetate did not significantly change the levels of phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, total adenine nucleotides, adenylate energy charge, glucose, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate in either tissue. The changes of NH4+, glutamine, and lactate levels as well as glutamine/glutamate and lactate/pyruvate ratios in the spinal cord correlated significantly with the corresponding changes of these metabolites in the cerebral cortex. Thus, cerebral cortex and spinal cord show certain specific and comparable metabolic changes in response to a systemic ammonia intoxication. The effect of ammonia intoxication on the increases of glutamine and lactate levels is discussed.
Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia

Transformed epithelial cells often are characterized by a fibroblastic or mesenchymal morphology. These cells exhibit altered cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. Here we have identified changes in the adhesions and cytoskeletal interactions of transformed epithelial cells that contribute to their altered morphology. Using MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells as a model system, we have found that transformation by an activated form of ras is characterized by less developed adherens-type junctions between cells but increased focal adhesions. Contributing to the modified adherens junctions of the transformed cells are decreased interactions among beta-catenin, E-cadherin, and the actin cytoskeleton. The ras-transformed cells reveal elevated phosphotyrosine in many proteins, including beta-catenin and p120 Cas. Whereas in the normal cells beta-catenin is found in association with E-cadherin, p120 Cas is not. In the ras-transformed cells, the situation is reversed; tyrosine-phosphorylated p120 Cas, but not tyrosine-phosphorylated beta-catenin, now is detected in E-cadherin complexes. The tyrosine-phosphorylated beta-catenin also shows increased detergent solubility, suggesting a decreased association with the actin cytoskeleton. p120 Cas, whether tyrosine phosphorylated or not, partitions into the detergent soluble fraction, suggesting that it is not tightly bound to the actin cytoskeleton in either the normal or ras-transformed cells. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases decrease the level of tyrosine phosphorylation and restore a normal epithelial morphology to the ras-transformed cells. In particular, decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin is accompanied by increased interaction with both E-cadherin and the detergent insoluble cytoskeletal fraction. These results suggest that elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins such as beta-catenin and p120 Cas contribute to the altered adherens junctions of ras-transformed epithelia.
Polymeric coatings that mimic the endothelium: combining nitric oxide release with surface-bound active thrombomodulin and heparin.

Abstract Multi-functional bilayer polymeric coatings are prepared with both controlled nitric oxide (NO) release and surface-bound active thrombomodulin (TM) alone or in combination with immobilized heparin. The outer-layer is made of CarboSil, a commercially available copolymer of silicone rubber (SR) and polyurethane (PU). The CarboSil is either carboxylated or aminated via an allophanate reaction with a diisocyanate compound followed by a urea-forming reaction between the generated isocyanate group of the polymer and the amine group of an amino acid (glycine), an oligopeptide (triglycine) or a diamine. The carboxylated CarboSil can then be used to immobilize TM through the formation of an amide bond between the surface carboxylic acid groups and the lysine residues of TM. Aminated CarboSil can also be employed to initially couple heparin to the surface, and then the carboxylic acid groups on heparin can be further used to anchor TM. Both surface-bound TM and heparin's activity are evaluated by chromogenic assays and found to be at clinically significant levels. The underlying NO release layer is made with another commercial SR–PU copolymer (PurSil) mixed with a lipophilic NO donor (N-diazeniumdiolated dibutylhexanediamine (DBHD/N2O2)). The NO release rate can be tuned by changing the thickness of top coatings, and the duration of NO release at physiologically relevant levels can be as long as 2 weeks. The combination of controlled NO release as well as immobilized active TM and heparin from/on the same polymeric surface mimics the highly thromboresistant endothelium layer. Hence, such multifunctional polymer coatings should provide more blood-compatible surfaces for biomedical devices.
Magnitude and Duration of Thermal Stress Determine Kinetics of hsp Gene Regulation in the Goby Gillichthys mirabilis

Abstract The stress‐induced transcription of heat shock genes is controlled by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), which becomes activated in response to heat and other protein denaturants. In previous research on the eurythermal goby Gillichthys mirabilis, thermal activation of HSF1 was shown to vary as a function of acclimation temperature, suggesting the mechanistic importance of HSF1 activation to the plasticity of heat shock protein (Hsp) induction temperature. We examined the effect of season on the thermal activation of HSF1 in G. mirabilis, as well as the relative kinetics of HSF1 activation and Hsp70 mRNA production at ecologically relevant temperatures. There was no predictable seasonality in the thermal activation of HSF1, perhaps due to the existence of stressors, in addition to heat, acting in the field. Concentrations of Hsp70, a negative regulator of HSF1, as well as those of HSF1, varied with collection date. The rapidity of HSF1 activation and of Hsp70 mRNA synthesis increased with ...
A LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ELEVATING AGENT IN ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN NEOPLASMS.

THE observation that a variety of murine neoplasms contain a filterable agent capable of inducing a five- to ten-fold increase in plasma lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity within 48 h of inoculation into normal mice was reported by Riley et al.1, and confirmed by Mundy and Williams2. Subsequent papers described some of the characteristics of the LDH-elevating agent3,4, reported a 50- to 1,000-fold rise in plasma LDH and an approximate five-fold increase in anaerobic glycolysis after ‘infection’ of ‘virus-free’ tumours with the LDH-elevating agent5,6, and demonstrated elevated levels of other enzymes, in addition to LDH, in plasma from mice inoculated with this ‘virus’7,8.
Hedgehog is an anti-inflammatory epithelial signal for the intestinal lamina propria

Background & Aims Epithelial Hedgehog (Hh) ligands regulate several aspects of fetal intestinal organogenesis, and emerging data implicate the Hh pathway in inflammatory signaling in the adult colon. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic Hh inhibition in vivo and profiled molecular pathways acutely modulated by Hh signaling in the intestinal mesenchyme. Methods The progression of inflammatory disease was characterized in a bi-transgenic mouse model of chronic Hh inhibition (VFHhip). In parallel, microarray and bioinformatic analyses (Gene Ontology terms overrepresentation analysis, hierarchical clustering, and MeSH term filtration) were performed on isolated cultured intestinal mesenchyme acutely exposed to Hh ligand. Results Six- to 10-month-old VFHhip animals exhibited villus smooth muscle loss and subsequent villus atrophy. Areas of villus loss became complicated by spontaneous inflammation and VFHhip animals succumbed to wasting and death. Phenotypic similarities were noted between the VFHhip phenotype and human inflammatory disorders, especially human celiac disease. Microarray analysis revealed that inflammatory pathways were acutely activated in intestinal mesenchyme cultured in the absence of epithelium, and the addition of Hh ligand alone was sufficient to largely reverse this inflammatory response within 24 hours. Conclusions Hh ligand is a previously unrecognized anti-inflammatory epithelial modulator of the mesenchymal inflammatory milieu. Acute modulation of Hh signals results in changes in inflammatory pathways in intestinal mesenchyme, while chronic inhibition of Hh signaling in adult animals leads to spontaneous intestinal inflammation and death. Regulation of epithelial Hh signaling may be an important mechanism to modulate tolerogenic versus proinflammatory signaling in the small intestine.
Grand Rounds - Not Just for Doctors

Abstract Using an innovative instructional program borrowed from the medical profession, preservice teachers at one elementary school participate in an innovative strategy called Grand Rounds. Preservice teachers observe master teachers demonstrating model lessons and interacting with students in a shared educational experience. During the debriefing session that follows, the preservice teachers ask questions and discuss their observations with the master teachers to gain insight into the complexities of teaching. Preservice teachers take their newly learned skills back to their own classrooms, to immediately place theory into practice. Research supports this strategy, which encourages professional dialogue and collaboration among professionals and preservice teachers.
Transcription map of bacteriophage T5

Abstract A transcriptional map of bacteriophage T5 was constructed by measuring the hybridization of radioactive T5 RNA synthesized in vivo with specific DNA fragments, obtained by electrophoretic fractionation of denatured T5 DNA. For various segments of the T5 DNA molecule, the length of the functional DNA corresponding to each of the three classes of T5 RNA, “pre-early,” “early,” and “late,” was determined. The new map supplements T5 transcription maps reported previously [Hayward, S. D., and Smith, M. G., J. Mol. Biol. 80, 345–359 (1973); Hendrickson, H. E., and Bujard, H., Europ. J. Biochem. 33, 529–534 (1973)].
The Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Chemical Composition of the Mosquito.

Abstract Culex pipiens and Culex molestus are morphologically similar, interfertile mosquito populations which differ primarily in their mode of ovarian development. C. pipiens requires a blood meal as an adult for this purpose whereas C. molestus does not and is able to utilize the reserves accumulated during larval feeding. These two populations were grown at different temperatures and an inverse relationship was found between rearing temperature and the growth rate, total growth, and chemical composition of the resultant pupae. The small difference in larval growth rates of these two populations at 25°C is increased significantly at 16°. In addition, C. molestus develop into pupae of greater weight and lipid concentration than C. pipiens . These dissimilarities in chemical composition may be explained by varying food intakes due to different larval development times and by differences in metabolic rate. During metamorphosis it was observed that the females of both populations, unlike the males, utilize more of their lipid reserves at 25° than at 16°. This sex difference is not explained by the length of the pupal stage which was similar for both sexes. Of particular interest was the finding that at 25° female C. molestus maintained its dry weight and lipid content to a greater extent than C. pipiens which is consistent with the fact that only C. molestus retains sufficient nutritive reserves to enable the adult to form eggs without a blood meal. The greater accumulation and retention of lipid reserves found in female mosquitoes reared at 16° is in agreement with the hypothesis that lower environmental temperatures may alter the metabolism of the mosquito so that lipid accumulates in preparation for diapause.
The Greek national perinatal survey: I: Design, methodology, case ascertainment

Summary. A nationwide cross-sectional survey covering the perinatal period was attempted throughout Greece for the 30 consecutive days of April 1983. It aimed to determine the perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) and the way it varied in the country in relation to underlying demographic, biological, socioeconomic and medical factors. For this purpose a coded questionnaire was completed by the obstetrician and/or the midwife responsible for (or, at least, present at) the delivery for every mother giving birth either to a livebirth or a stillborn infant weighing at least 500 g. All livebirths were followed until 7 days of age. The survey was administered centrally through a network of county-based co-ordinators. It resulted in the coverage of all state and private maternity hospitals, rural health centres and newborn units. In all 11 048 completed questionnaires were returned and 264 perinatal deaths reported, 42% of which had had a post-mortem examination. The crude PNMR was 23.8 per 1 000 births, with a stillbirth rate of 11.5 per 1 000 births and early neonatal mortality rate of 12.5 per 1000 livebirths. This rate was substantially higher than would have been calculated from registration rates.
Row reduced matrices and annihilator semigroups 1

Throughout we are discussing matrices with entries from a field K. It was first proved in [1] that a product of row reduced matrices is row reduced. This means that the set of row reduced matrices in any matrix ring form a semigroup. It is also the case that every matrix A ∊ Mn(K)has the property that it has the same right annihilator as its row reduced form, and distinct row reduced matrice have distinct right annihilators. Let R be a ring. Motivated by these observations, we call a multiplicative semigroup S in R a right annihilator semigroup for R if every element in R has the same right annihilator as exactly one element in S. Reasoning that row reduced matrices are very important we study semigroups that share their formal properties. Ultimately we would like to know all right annihilator semigroups in Mn(K).This seems to be a formidable task. Here we determine all right annihila-tor semigroups in M3(K) up to a change of basis, that is conjugation.
Determination of order of an algorithm

In a number of our undergraduate classes when the idea of analyzing and determining the efficiency of an algorithm is first introduced there is general confusion as to the concept of the order of an algorithm. Obviously, the more efficient an algorithm, efficiency being defined as a measure of minimal execution time, the less computer time utilized and hence the lower the cost of computer utilization for a given program. In general the order of an algorithm translates to the efficiency of an algorithm. Therefore, we introduce the concept of the order of an algorithm and utilize this concept to provide a qualitative measure of an algorithm's performance. To do this we must introduce a suitable model to explain these concepts.The models we use to illustrate the concept of order are based on a number of different sorting algorithms which are well documented in a number of texts, in particular the text by Knuth on SORTING AND SEARCHING. The notation used to describe the order is the O-notation. In this notation an algorithm in which the primary logic is executed N2 times for a problem of size N is said to have order N2, or O(N2). It should also be realized that for a given problem there is an order of complexity for the worse case and average case of complexity. Generally it is quite difficult to determine the average case order of complexity. Therefore, we do not even attempt to do this except to explain the problems involved therein. The first impression of the students is, that if we doubled the size of an array to be sorted then it is obvious that the time required would also double. It is sometimes quit perplexing to the student to realize that the time will more than double. And indeed, for a given algorithm that the time may increase by a factor of 3, 3.5, or even 4.Therefore, what we have done in our second semester Pascal classes is introduce the student to a variety of sorting methods, i.e. Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Heap Sort, Quicksort, Hibbard Shellsort and Binary Radix Exchange. The same sets of data are then sorted by each of the methods. A single data set consist of six arrays of numbers. These arrays contain 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, and 16000 numbers. In the first set the numbers in each array are in order, in the second set the numbers are in random order as generated by another program, and the third data set contains the numbers in reverse order. The three sets of data are sorted by each sort method and the amount of CPU time for each run is recorded. This data, CPU time verses number of elements in the array, is then plotted and the resulting graph compared to theory. In general, there is good correlation between the plotted results and theory.In summary we have used a series of sorting methods to illustrate the ideas of efficiency and order in algorithm analysis. The actual data, as determined by sort times for ordered, random, and reverse ordered data, show good correlation with theory.
Infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers exhibit differences in frontal brain electrical activity during the expression of negative emotions.

Studies have shown that infants of depressed mothers express negative emotions more frequently than infants of nondepressed mothers. The present study examined electrical brain activity during expression of negative and positive emotions in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Infants, 11 to 17 months of age, were exposed to conditions designed to elicit positive and negative emotions while electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was measured from left and right, frontal and parietal regions. EEG activity was analyzed when infants were displaying prototypic expressions of emotions. Compared with infants of nondepressed mothers, infants of depressed mothers exhibited increased EEG activation in the frontal but not parietal region when expressing negative emotions (unfelt smiles and anger). The two groups of infants did not show reliable differences in brain activation during the expression of positive emotions (happiness, surprise) or neutral expressions. Compared with infants of nondepressed mothers, infants of depressed mothers exhibit greater frontal EEG activation during the expression of negative emotions.
P3.254 The Spatial and Temporal Associations Between Neighbourhood Drug Markets and Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections in an Urban Setting

Background This study examined temporal and spatial relationships between neighbourhood drug markets and gonorrhoea among census block groups from 2002 to 2005. Our central hypotheses was that drug markets through their drug and sex economies set up dense sexual networks among a high STI prevalence group which creates conditions that are necessary and sufficient for STI transmission. Methods The study design was a spatial, longitudinal ecologic study. The primary outcome of interest was age and sex standardised gonorrhoea counts from 2002 to 2005. The primary exposure of interest was drug markets defined as illicit drug dealing within a specific geographic area and measured using drug market arrest data. Poisson regression was utilised with adjustment in final models for socioeconomic status, stability and vacant housing. Results Increased drug market arrests in a focal neighbourhood were significantly associated with a 15% increase gonorrhoea (Adjusted RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.09, 1.20). Increased drug market arrests in adjacent neighbourhoods were significantly associated with a 32% increase in gonorrhoea (ARR 1.32; 95% CI 1.22, 1.42), independent of focal neighbourhood drug markets. Increased drug market arrests in the previous year in the focal neighbourhood were not associated with increases in gonorrhoea (ARR 1.00; 95% CI 0.95, 1.06), adjusting for focal and adjacent neighbourhood drug markets. Conclusion While the temportal lag of one year was not supported, our findings support an associative link between drug markets and gonorrhoea. The findings suggest that drug markets and their associated sexual networks may extend beyond local neighbourhood boundaries indicating the importance of including spatial lag effects in regression models investigating these associations.
Organizational choice: A study of pre- and postdecision processes

Abstract The subjects in this investigation were graduate students in a school of industrial management who were nearing the completion of their program of training and were engaged in the process of selecting an organization in which to begin their managerial career. After “surveying the market” but before making their choices, subjects rated the attractiveness of each of three organizations from which they expected to make their choices and completed a questionnaire designed to measure their conceptions of the instrumentality of each of these organizations for the attainment of their goals. Identical measures were obtained after the choice had been made. A strong positive relationship was observed, both before and after choice, between the attractiveness of organizations and the subjects' conceptions of the instrumentality of organizational membership for goal attainment. The mean attractiveness of chosen organizations increased from before to after choice as did the subjects' conceptions of their instrumentality for goal attainment. On the other hand, both the attractiveness and cognized instrumentality of unchosen organizations decreased. The findings are generally in accord with predictions made from Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance.
An unusual cause of gross hematuria and transient ARF in an SLE patient with warfarin coagulopathy.

m C m ARFARIN THERAPY is a well-established cause of gross hematuria and can ndicate the presence of a focal lesion such as umor.1 Impaired kidney function, however, does ot occur except in the rare instance of severe lood loss or clot formation that obstructs the rinary tract. On the other hand, although sysemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) glomerulonehritis is a well-established cause of acutely mpaired kidney function, gross hematuria rarely ccurs.2 Thus, it seemed paradoxic when an SLE atient with warfarin coagulopathy presented ith both gross hematuria and acute renal failure n the absence of hemodynamically significant lood loss or urinary tract obstruction. The renal iopsy findings resolved this paradox.
Excitations of the v=5/2 fractional quantum Hall state and the generalized composite fermion picture

We present a generalization of the composite Fermion picture for a multicomponent quantum Hall plasma which contains particle with different effective charges. The model predicts very well the low-lying states of a $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{5}{2}$ quantum Hall state found in numerical diagonalization.
Ethics in the hospitality industry: with a focus on hotel managers

Abstract This is a study of ethics as the central element in most of the critical issues in today's hospitality industry. The article discusses difficulties one encounters when applying ethical principles to business realities. Included are key requisites to a holistic understanding of hospitality business ethics. The author then presents a model which identifies ethical orientations as basic values which influence ehtical decision making. From the model, a questionnaire was developed and sent to hotel managers. Results of the survey, including an ethical orientation profile of the group of managers are discussed.
The role of endoscopy in triage of patients with upper-GI bleeding

Abstract Commentary In the United States, upper GI (UGI) bleeding is a common clinical problem requiring more than 300,000 hospitalizations annually. Changes in practice over the last 10 years show that hospitalization days have significantly decreased and that the majority of patients with UGI bleeding undergo endoscopy within 24 hours of admission. Of these endoscopies, 20% to 35% include endoscopic hemostatic therapy. Early endoscopy (within 24 hours of hospital admission) has a greater impact than later endoscopy on length of hospital stay and requirements for blood transfusion. Dr. Lee discusses the value of preadmission endoscopy as a triage tool. The prognostic accuracy of the endoscopic results is sufficient to safely prevent hospitalization for a large number of patients. Grace Elta, MD Editor
Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in air and droplets at three U.S. commercial beef processing plants.

Bacteria are known to be present in the air at beef processing plants, but published data regarding the prevalences of airborne Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica are very limited. To determine if airborne pathogens were present in beef processing facilities, we placed sedimentation sponges at various locations in three commercial beef plants that processed cattle from slaughter through fabrication. For the 291 slaughter area air samples, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 15.8% and S. enterica from 16.5%. Of the 113 evisceration area air samples, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from only one sample and S. enterica was not isolated from any sample. Pathogens were not isolated from any of the 87 air samples from fabrication areas. Pathogen prevalences, aerobic plate counts, and Enterobacteriaceae counts were highest for air samples obtained from locations near hide removal operations. The process of hide removal disperses liquid droplets, which may contact neighboring carcasses. Samples were obta...
Meson Towers and the Absence of Backward Peaks

The absence of backward peaks in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $\overline{N}N$ elastic scattering is speculatively associated with the existence of direct-channel exchange-degenerate towers of meson resonances. Experimental evidence for meson towers associated with a ($\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\rho},{f}^{0},{A}_{2}$) master trajectory is presented. Consequences of a pure resonance picture of the low-energy $\overline{N}N$ elastic amplitude are explored.
Flux‐corrected transport technique for open channel flow

In modeling flow in open channels, the traditional finite difference/finite volume schemes become inefficient and warrant special numerical treatment in the presence of shocks and discontinuities. The numerical oscillations that arise by making use of a second- and higher-order schemes require some additional smoothing mechanism. A characteristic feature of high-resolution schemes lies in smooth capturing of the shock fronts. We provide a general formulation for a flux-corrected transport algorithm to the one-dimensional open channel flow equations. The preliminary results presented show that the present algorithm is an efficient, conservative and robust tool that can be easily coded. To demonstrate the robustness of the present formulation, results are compared with other published numerical results, experimental data and analytical solutions when available. In particular, a comprehensive study on the effect of the source term, dry bed, variable width channel, steep sloping channel and flow with mixed flow conditions (as in a hydraulic jump) has been carried out to test the efficacy of the present algorithm
Nanotechnology and MRI contrast enhancement

Technical advances in nanotechnology are creating novel classes of MRI contrast-enhancing agents. These nanomaterials offer much higher relaxivities than most current clinical contrast agents, which translates into greater MRI contrast enhancement. These nanoscale agents also have the potential to revolutionize in vivo applications of contrast-enhanced MRI since they offer the multiple advantages of low toxicities, extremely high relaxivities and cell internalization capabilities. In this review, we discuss three types of such contrast agents currently in use or under development for medical imaging: small particles of iron oxide, fullerenes encapsulating Gd3+ ions (gadofullerenes) and single-walled carbon nanotube nanocapsules encapsulating Gd3+ ion clusters (gadonanotubes). The latest developments and projected future applications of these nanotechnology-inspired contrast agents in the field of medical imaging are also discussed.
Video-enhanced microscopy with a computer frame memory.

SUMMARY Video-enhanced microscopy combined with the use of a computer frame memory extends considerably the useful range of our video enhanced contrast (AVEC) methods for polarizing, double-beam interference and differential interference contrast microscopy. Increased visual contrast is achieved by two stages of amplifications: the first optical, by using high bias retardation settings, and the second electronic. These steps are followed by a reduction of background brightness by means of a clamp voltage applied to a DC restoration circuit of the video camera. One of the limitations of the AVEC method alone is the inevitable appearance under high gain conditions of a pattern of mottle due to inaccessible dirt and defects in the lenses even of high quality. This limitation has been circumvented by storing the mottle pattern in the frame memory (frame store) and continuously subtracting it from each succeeding frame to clear the image. A major gain in image quality has resulted. In polarizing microscopy, the frame memory can be used also to subtract the image at one compensator setting from that at the equivalent setting of opposite sign, thus removing from the final image not only most of the mottle pattern but also the contrast due to the bright-field contrast. In the polarizing microscope, these manipulations of the raw video image make it possible to observe and measure the birefringence of various organelles and elements such as microtubules, intermediate filaments and bundles of as few as a half dozen actin filaments. Since scattered light is also removed from the image, features hidden from view in the unprocessed image become visible. In differential interference microscopy, the AVEC method makes visible (i.e. detectable) many linear elements and particles that are an order of magnitude smaller than the resolution limit and not visible in the optical image. Such features are inflated by diffraction, however, to Airy disk size.
Extension of torsionally stressed DNA by external force.

Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation was used to study the elasticity of torsionally stressed double-helical DNA. Equilibrium distributions of DNA conformations for different values of linking deficit, external force, and ionic conditions were simulated using the discrete wormlike chain model. Ionic conditions were specified in terms of DNA effective diameter, i.e., hard-core radius of the model chain. The simulations show that entropic elasticity of the double helix depends on how much it is twisted. For low amounts of twisting (less than about one turn per twist persistence length) the force versus extension is nearly the same as in the completely torsionally relaxed case. For more twisting than this, the molecule starts to supercoil, and there is an increase in the force needed to realize a given extension. For sufficiently large amounts of twist, the entire chain is plectonemically supercoiled at low extensions; a finite force must be applied to obtain any extension at all in this regime. The simulation results agree well with the results of recent micromanipulation experiments.
Mass spectral identification of melatonin in blood.

Summary Although the pineal body is generally considered to be an endocrine organ, and melatonin is thought by many to be its secretion, identification of this substance in the circulation has never been accomplished. In chicken blood we have identified melatonin using mass spectroscopy and also have shown that melatonin detected by the Rana pipiens bioassay in serum extracts disappears following pinealectomy. These data support the notion that melatonin is released into the circulation and that it may be a pineal hormone.