cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity of Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivatives

The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical applications, much translational research is necessary to ensure that their therapeutic progenies are functional and nontumorigenic, that they are stable and do not dedifferentiate, and that they do not elicit immune responses that could threaten their survival in vivo. For this, an in-depth understanding of their biology, genetic, and epigenetic make-up and of their antigenic repertoire is critical for predicting their immunogenicity and for developing strategies needed to assure successful long-term engraftment. Recently, the expectation that reprogrammed somatic cells would provide an autologous cell therapy for personalized medicine has been questioned. Induced pluripotent stem cells display several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could promote tumorigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. Understanding the persistence and effects of these abnormalities in induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives is critical to allow clinicians to predict graft fate after transplantation, and to take requisite measures to prevent immune rejection. With clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell therapy on the horizon, the importance of understanding immunologic barriers and devising safe, effective strategies to bypass them is further underscored. This approach to overcome immunologic barriers to stem cell therapy can take advantage of the validated knowledge acquired from decades of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Oxydehydrogenation of Propane over Vanadyl Ion-Containing VAPO-5 and CoAPO-5

Abstract Vanadyl ion-containing VAPO-5 and CoAPO-5 are prepared by contact with a vanadyl sulfate solution or by impregnation with aqueous vanadyl oxalate and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Treatment of VAPO-5 with vanadyl ion results in incorporation of up to 1.0 wt% total vanadium into the AFI framework by filling lattice vacancies. At vanadium contents above ca. 1 wt%, extraframework vanadium is also obtained. TPR results show that framework vanadium can be reduced by hydrogen at a lower temperature than extraframework vanadium and vanadium in bulk V2O5. Oxydehydrogenation of propane over VAPO-5 samples reveals that framework vanadium is the most active and selective species for propylene formation (at 400°C and 5% conversion, the selectivity is 72%); extraframework vanadium species are less active and selective.
Comparing costs associated with risk stratification rules for t-year survival

Accurate risk prediction is an important step in developing optimal strategies for disease prevention and treatment. Based on the predicted risks, patients can be stratified to different risk categories where each category corresponds to a particular clinical intervention. Incorrect or suboptimal interventions are likely to result in unnecessary financial and medical consequences. It is thus essential to account for the costs associated with the clinical interventions when developing and evaluating risk stratification (RS) rules for clinical use. In this article, we propose to quantify the value of an RS rule based on the total expected cost attributed to incorrect assignment of risk groups due to the rule. We have established the relationship between cost parameters and optimal threshold values used in the stratification rule that minimizes the total expected cost over the entire population of interest. Statistical inference procedures are developed for evaluating and comparing given RS rules and examined through simulation studies. The proposed procedures are illustrated with an example from the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Implementation Theory Revisited . . . Again: Lessons from the State Children's Health Insurance Program

This article examines the implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in three states: Massachusetts, Georgia, and Ohio. It examines the effectiveness of four theoretical driving forces in explaining implementation using a multiple case study analysis. Data were compiled using legislative histories, key informant interviews, public record, and media content analysis and were analyzed using a triangulation of sources. Findings suggest that the driving forces as conceptualized in the literature are only partially helpful when examining the implementation of federal redistributive health policy in these states. A pursuit of rationality approach was the most explanatory of the driving forces followed by an organizational-policy fit when there was limited capacity to implement new policy. Overall, implementation was found to be more related to state-level capacity and the state's previous programmatic experiences. Policy innovation was more likely to occur when capacity was high and where goals agreement drove the process.
Preparing Teachers to Support English Language Learners

This investigation conducted at a private faith-based university explored how graduate course work can impact teachers' knowledge, skills, and dispositions regarding English language development. Specifically, the investigators examined the nature and extent of change in attitude by teachers and teacher candidates who participated in a graduate-level course on teaching English language learners. Mixed methods combining a semantic differential study of graduate student attitudes with a qualitative analysis of the students' perceptions of their experience in the course were utilized in this investigation. Results from the semantic differential (p < .01) and qualitative data indicate a significant change in teachers in three global areas: professional knowledge and skills, professional dispositions, and role as professional. This information will assist teacher education programs, university professors, and school districts as they structure and implement programs to support teachers.
C is for circuits: capturing FPGA circuits as sequential code for portability

Synthesizing common sequential algorithms, captured in a language like C, to FPGA circuits is now well-known to provide dramatic speedups for numerous applications, and to provide tremendous portability and adaptability advantages over circuit implementations of an application. However, many applications targeted to FPGAs are still designed and distributed at the circuit level, due in part to tremendous human ingenuity being exercised at that level to achieve exceptional performance and efficiency. A question then arises as to whether applications for FPGAs will have to be distributed as circuits to achieve desired performance and efficiency, or if instead a more portable language like C might be used. Given a set of common synthesis transformations, we studied the extent to which circuits published in FCCM in the past 6 years could be captured as sequential code and then synthesized back to the published circuit. The study showed that a surprising 82% of the 35 circuits chosen for the study could be re-derived from some form of standard C code, suggesting that standard C code, without extensions, may be an effective means for distributing FPGA applications
Photoperiod affects neuronal nitric oxide synthase and aggressive behaviour in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Many nontropical animals display physiological and behavioural changes in response to seasonal environmental cues including photoperiod (day length). Male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) housed in short photoperiod undergo testicular regression accompanied by reduced circulating testosterone and decreased reproductive behaviour. By contrast to the majority of small mammals studied, aggressive behaviour is elevated in short-day Siberian hamsters when blood testosterone concentrations are not detectable. Because gonadal steroid hormones influence neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and this enzyme has been implicated in aggressive behaviour, we hypothesized that nNOS expression would be decreased in short-day male Siberian hamsters and negatively correlated with the display of territorial aggression. Adult male Siberian hamsters were individually housed in either long (LD 16 : 8 h) or short (LD 8 : 16 h) photoperiods for 10 weeks. Hamsters were assigned to one of two categories by assessing testicular volume and plasma testosterone values: (i) photoperiodic responsive (i.e. regressed testes and low testosterone concentrations) or (ii) photoperiodic nonresponsive (i.e. testes size and circulating testosterone concentrations equivalent to hamsters maintained in long days). At week 10, aggression was assessed using a resident–intruder test. Latency to initial attack, frequency of attacks and duration of total attacks were recorded during a 10-min aggression trial. Brains were collected immediately after behavioural testing and stained for nNOS expression using immunohistochemistry. All short day-housed hamsters were significantly more aggressive than long-day animals, regardless of gonadal size or testosterone concentrations. Short-day animals, both reproductively responsive and nonresponsive morphs, also had significantly less nNOS-immunoreactive cells in the anterior and basolateral amygdaloid areas and paraventricular nuclei compared to long-day hamsters. Together, these results suggest that seasonal aggression in male Siberian hamsters is regulated by photoperiod, through mechanisms that are likely independent from gonadal steroid hormones.
The Presence of the pAA Plasmid in the German O104:H4 Shiga Toxin Type 2a (Stx2a)–Producing Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Strain Promotes the Translocation of Stx2a Across an Epithelial Cell Monolayer

(See the editorial commentary by Steiner on pages 1860–2.) Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a pathotype of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli that is a cause of acute and persistent diarrhea in many settings [1–7]. EAEC strains express a heterogeneous array of putative virulence factors [8–12] encoded on the bacterial chromosome or on the EAEC-specific pAA plasmid. EAEC strains often harbor a transcriptional activator of the AraC/XylS class, called “AggR” [13], which controls genes on both the plasmid and the chromosome. Among the genes under AggR control include those that encode the aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF), of which at least 4 variants exist [14–18]. AAF adhesins have been shown to be essential for EAEC adherence to human intestinal explants and to elicit both cytokine release and opening of epithelial tight junctions in a polarized epithelial model [19, 20]. EAEC strains also often harbor a variable number of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) that are implicated in immune evasion, mucosal damage, secretogenicity, and colonization [21]. In 2011, an outbreak of foodborne hemorrhagic colitis originated in Germany, spreading to other European countries. Over 4000 individuals were affected, including primary and secondary cases [22]. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) developed in approximately 22% of the cases [22], and 54 people died [23, 24]. The implicated pathogen was an EAEC strain of the rare serotype O104:H4 [23], which was lysogenized with an Stx2a-converting phage. Genomic analysis [25] demonstrated that the outbreak strain contained the genes required to produce the AAF/I variant and 3 SPATEs (Pic, SigA, and SepA). Although much is known about the pathogenesis of serotype O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx)–producing E. coli, it is unclear how an EAEC strain would be able to elicit severe hemorrhagic colitis and HUS, even when harboring an Stx-encoding gene. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the plasmid-borne virulence factors of EAEC contributed to the high pathogenicity of the German outbreak strain by promoting strong adherence to the epithelium and/or by opening epithelial tight junctions.
Wearable silver nanowire dry electrodes for electrophysiological sensing

We present wearable dry electrodes made of silver nanowires for electrophysiological sensing such as electrocardiography and electromyography. The dry electrodes perform as well as the Ag/AgCl wet electrodes when the subject is resting and show fewer motion artifacts, but without the electrolytic gel. The nanowire electrodes show no signs of skin irritation, which is desirable for long-term health monitoring.
An ontology-supported user modeling technique with query templates for interface agents

This paper describes an Interface Agent with ontology-supported, query template-based user modeling techniques which works as an assistant between the users and FAQ systems to retrieve FAQs on the domain of Personal Computer. It integrates several interesting techniques including user modeling, domain ontology, and template-based linguistic processing to effectively tackle the problems associated with traditional FAQ retrieval systems. Our work features an ontology-supported user modeling technique with query templates for developing interface agents; a nature language query mode, along with an improved keyword-based query mode; and an assistance and guidance for human-machine interaction. Our preliminary experimentation demonstrates that user intention and focus of up to eighty percent of the user queries can be correctly understood by the system.
Incidence of Putrefactive Anaerobic Spores in Meata

SUMMARY Study of the incidence of putrefactive anaerobic spores in fresh and cured pork trimmings and in canned pork luncheon meat from several commercial meat packing plants in Iowa indicated that the level of contamination was very low. The mode of putrefactive anaerobic spores in fresh pork trimmings was less than 0.18 per gram and less than 1 per gram in cured pork trimmings and canned pork luncheon meat. The maximum spore count found in any sample tested was 51 spores per gram. Spore counts on samples from different plants were similar.
Local soil, but not commercial AMF inoculum, increases native and non-native grass growth at a mine restoration site.

Soil communities are often degraded in mined sites, and facilitating the recovery of soil mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may assist with the restoration of native plants. At a grassland mine restoration site, I compared a commercial AMF inoculum with soil collected from beneath native grasses as a source of inoculum, as well as a control treatment. Field plots were broadcast-inoculated and seeded with native grasses, and biomass of native and non-native species was measured in three consecutive years. In addition, greenhouse-grown seedlings of a native bunchgrass (Stipa pulchra) were inoculated with similar treatments, transplanted into the field, and assessed after 18 months. When broadcast inoculation was used, the local soil inoculum tended to increase non-native grass biomass, and marginally decreased non-native forb biomass in the second year of study, but did not significantly affect native grass biomass. Broadcast commercial inoculum had no detectable effects on biomass of any plant group. Stipa pulchra transplants had greater N content and mycorrhizal colonization, and marginally higher shoot mass and K content, when pre-inoculated with local soil (relative to controls). Pre-inoculation with commercial AMF increased AMF colonization of the S. pulchra transplants, but did not significantly affect biomass or nutrient content. The findings indicate that at this site, the use of local soil as an inoculum had greater effects on native and non-native plants than the commercial product used. In order to substantially increase native grass performance, inoculation of transplanted plugs may be one potential strategy.
Heterostructured (Ba,Sr)TiO3/TiO2 core/shell photocatalysts: Influence of processing and structure on hydrogen production

Abstract Heterostructured powders composed of microcrystalline ( mc- ) BaTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 cores coated with nanostructured ( ns- ) TiO 2 shells were prepared using a sol–gel method. The influences of annealing temperature, coating thickness, cocatalyst loading, and core size on photocatalytic hydrogen production were experimentally determined. The amount of hydrogen produced depends on the annealing temperature, which influences the interface, phase composition, light absorption, crystallinity, mesoporosity, and surface area. The heterostructured powders produced more hydrogen than ns- TiO 2 alone when annealed between 500 °C and 800 °C. The amount of hydrogen produced by heterostructures with 100–150 nm thick nanostructured titania coatings was greater than for thicker or thinner coatings. The optimum Pt loading was determined to be 1% by weight. Heterostructured powders consisting of mc- BaTiO 3 / ns- TiO 2 produce more hydrogen than those with nano-sized BaTiO 3 cores, suggesting a size effect that is counter to the conventional relationship between catalytic activity and particle size.
Molecular cytogenetics of the Equidae. I. Purification and cytological localization of a (G + C)-rich satellite DNA from Equus przewalskii.

A (G + C)-rich density satellite DNA (ϱ = 1.713 gm/cc) has been purified from splenic DNA of Przewalski's horse, Equus przewalskii, by successive equilibrium density gradient centrifugations. The purified satellite, which may comprise as much as 29% of the total DNA, renatures rapidly; however, analyses of native, single-stranded, and reassociated molecules by analytical ultracentrifugation and melting properties suggests that some sequence heterogeniety exists in the 1.713 gm/cc satellite. Complementary RNA (cRNA) transcribed from the satellite DNA has been utilized for in situ hybridization studies with E. przewalskii metaphase chromosomes previously identified by quinacrine-banding. These studies establish that sequences complementary to the 1.713 g/cc satellite are greatly enriched in the centromeres of some, but not all, chromosomes. The differential distribution of satellite DNA sequences over heterochromatic regions allows discrimination of three classes of heterochromatin and serves to define three types of pericentromeric regions in the karyotype of this endangered equine species. Additionally, apparent polymorphism in concentrations of satellite DNA sequences between homologs in the same karyotype is noted.
Multiuser diversity with outdated channel feedback

Inspired by the information theoretic results concerning multiuser diversity, we address practical issues in implementing multiuser diversity in a realistic multiple access wireless setting. Using the optimal channel-assigning policy that assigns the channel to only one user with the best channel gain (R Knopp et al., 1995), our emphasis is on the effects of channel feedback delay in downlink transmissions. A finite set of M-QAM constellations is adopted and a constant transmit power is assumed in this practical scenario. Based on the closed-form expressions for exact and approximate average BER and sum throughput we derive under the outdated channel feedback model, we illustrate the impact of channel feedback delay on the achievable multiuser diversity gain with the number of users. Simple and accurate asymptotic approximations are also provided in the limit of large number of users. A novel robust constant power, variable rate M-QAM scheme that is less sensitive to feedback delay is proposed using the optimal set of switching thresholds, which is derived to maximize the average sum throughput subject to an average BER constraint.
Determination of the dimension of a signal subspace

A nested sequence of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) hypothesis tests is presented for rank determination. The procedure is based on the interpretation of sum of squares of singular values as energy in a particular subspace. The CFAR thresholds are set up based on distributions derived from matrix perturbation ideas. Expressions for probability of overestimation and underestimation are presented. >
Human Pharmacology of 6-[d-α-(3-Guanylureido)-Phenylacetamido]- Penicillanic Acid (BL-P1654)

Abstract BL-P1654 is a new α-substituted ureido penicillin which has broad-spectrum activity. Doses of 0.5 and 1.0 g administered by rapid intravenous injection produce mean peak serum concentrations of 40.7 and 80.8 μg/ml, respectively. The same doses administered by 1-h intravenous infusions produce mean peak serum concentrations of 22.6 and 47 μg/ml, respectively. The mean serum concentrations from 1 to 6 h after onset of administration of the drug are the same for both schedules. The mean serum concentration at 6 h after the rapid intravenous injection of 0.5- and 1.0-g doses of BL-P1654 are 3.4 and 5.4 μg/ml, respectively. A dose of 1.0 g every 4 h maintains a serum concentration of about 15 μg/ml. About 50 to 65% of the BL-P1654 is excreted in the urine during the first 6 h.
Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of abobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of oily skin.Methods and MaterialsTwenty-five patients with oily skin were treated in the forehead region with intradermal injections of botulinum toxin. Baseline and post-treatment sebum pr
12th International CHARGE syndrome conference proceedings

The CHARGE Syndrome Foundation holds an International conference for families and professionals every other summer. In July, 2015, the 12th meeting was held in Schaumburg, Illinois, at the Renaissance Schaumburg Hotel. Day one of the 4-day conference was dedicated to professionals caring for and researching various aspects of CHARGE, including education, medical management, animal models, and stem cell-based approaches to understanding and treating individuals with CHARGE. Here, we summarize presentations from the meeting, including a synopsis of each of the three different breakout sessions (Medical/Clinical, Basic Science/CHD7, and Education), followed by a list of abstracts and authors for both platform and poster presentations.
Spatial modeling of device-to-device networks: Poisson cluster process meets Poisson Hole Process

This paper combines Poisson Cluster Process (PCP) with a Poisson Hole Process (PHP) to develop a new spatial model for an inband device-to-device (D2D) communications network, where D2D and cellular transmissions share the same spectrum. The locations of the devices engaging in D2D communications are modeled by a modified Thomas cluster process in which the cluster centers are modeled by a PHP instead of more popular homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP). While the clusters capture the inherent proximity in the devices engaging in D2D communications, the holes model exclusion zones where D2D communication is prohibited in order to protect cellular transmissions. For this setup, we characterize network performance in terms of coverage probability and area spectral efficiency.
Physical and chemical injuries of the eyes and eyelids.

Chemical and thermal burns to the eyes and eyelids are true emergencies. The prompt care of such injuries can greatly reduce the long-term sequelae. Conceptual care of the skin and eyelid tissue focuses on maintaining the ability of the lids to protect and moisten the globe. Although most injury is cared for by the ophthalmologist, a team approach that includes ophthalmologist and dermatologist may help to prevent serious secondary complications.
A Virtuous Circle? The Impact of Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies

Recent years have seen growing tensions between the ideals and the perceivedperformance of democratic institutions. While there is no ‘crisis of democracy’,many believe that all is not well with the body politic. Concern in theUnited States has focused on widespread cynicism about political institutionsand leaders, fuelling fears about civic disengagement and a half-empty ballotbox (Nye et al., 1997; Putnam, 2000). The common view is that the Americanpublic turns off, knows little, cares less and stays home. Similar worries echoin Europe. Commentators have noted a crisis of legitimacy following thesteady expansion in the power and scope of the European Union despitepublic disengagement from critical policy choices (Hayward, 1995; Andersonand Eliason, 1996, Pharr and Putnam, 2000). The growth of critical citizens isopen to many explanations, explored in a previous study (Norris, 1999).
Student and instructor behaviors in online music lessons: An exploratory study

The purpose of this study was to document behaviors of applied music teachers and students, as they occurred in online lessons with instructional delivery facilitated through desktop videoconferencing. The author examined the use of desktop videoconferencing in the delivery of applied music instruction to six middle school-aged band students instructed by three upperdivision music education majors enrolled at a major American research university. The 25 separate lessons were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for emerging behavioral patterns of both students and teachers. Data were analyzed adapting a tool developed by Siebenaler (1997) for study of student and instructor behaviors in traditional music lessons. Notable results indicated instructors in this study chose to use questioning more and modeling less, while students demonstrated less and used verbal responses more than in prior studies when compared to traditional face-to-face lessons. Positive elements included a high degree of focus and minimal time off-task by both instructors and students. Concurring with prior research, instructors guided the course of lesson activity and their teaching was dominated by verbal activity. Concerns and opportunities for continued use of providing music lessons online are discussed.
Influence of Geologic and Index Properties on Disintegration Behavior of Clay-Bearing Rocks

Clay-bearing rocks exhibit a broad range of disintegration behaviors, with second-cycle slake durability index values from 0 percent for some claystones to nearly 100 percent for some siltstones. This variability comes from their geologic makeup, especially clay content, clay mineral composition, and related index properties. To investigate the influence of geologic and index properties on disintegration behavior under natural climatic conditions, 12 replicate samples of each of 20 clay-bearing rocks (five claystones, five mudstones, five siltstones, and five shales) were exposed to natural conditions for 12 months. After each month, one replicate sample of each rock was tested for grain size distribution. Disintegration ratio (DR), the ratio of the area under the grain size distribution curve of slaked material for a given rock to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the tested samples, was used to quantify the amount of disintegration. Additionally, clay mineralogy, natural water content, dry density, void ratio, absorption, adsorption, Atterberg limits, and slake durability index were determined. Clay mineralogy and index properties were correlated with DR values after 1, 6, and 12 months of exposure. Results show that clay content, percentage of expandable clay minerals, plasticity index, adsorption, and slake durability index are better indicators of short-term disintegration behavior, whereas expandable clay mineral content and absorption influence long-term behavior. Regression models suggest that short-term disintegration behavior can be predicted more accurately than long-term behavior, as indicated by decreasing R 2 values for samples exposed for 1, 6, and 12 months, respectively.
CHAPTER 14 – Neoplastic Plexopathies

Neoplastic processes may involve the cervical, brachial, lumbar, or sacral plexus. Because these four plexuses provide innervation to the shoulder and pelvic girdles and all four extremities, neoplastic plexopathies typically produce significant adverse effects on quality of life. Moreover, when unrecognized, diagnostic and therapeutic delays further negatively affect quality of life and outcome. Although most individuals with neoplastic plexopathies are known to harbor a malignancy or to have advanced neoplastic spread, a minority present with plexus involvement. Thus, to improve quality of life and survival, physicians caring for these patients must understand plexus anatomy, the clinical features associated with neoplastic plexopathies, and the radiologic, oncologic, genetic, and surgical advances in their diagnosis and treatment. Although survival is often less than 2 years, the importance of pain relief, prevention of neuromuscular complications, and maximization of remaining neuromuscular function cannot be overemphasized.
Rapid Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Recently, there has been increased emphasis on developing strategies to detect the presence of myocardial injury as early as possible in patients who present with chest discomfort. At present the ideal method for the very early and very rapid diagnosis of acute infarction is still elusive, making it difficult to implement strategies in large numbers of patients. With further research and conjoint biochemical and imaging approaches, however, it is likely that the early diagnosis of infarction and detection of ischemia will be possible.
Image Estimation and Restoration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses image estimation and restoration, including adaptive or inhomogeneous approaches, and an introduction to image- and blur-model parameter identification via the EM algorithm. Image estimation is the case where a clean image is contaminated with noise, usually through sensing, transmission, or storage. Image restoration means that in addition to the noise, there is some blurring due to motion or lack of focus. Both nonrecursive and recursive approaches for 2-D estimation are presented. These methods extend the well-known 1-D discrete-time Wiener filter and predictor to the 2-D or spatial case. Furthermore, this chapter includes material on compound Gauss-Markov models and their MAP estimation via simulated annealing. New approaches such as Gaussian scale mixtures and nonlocal estimators are examined.
Marrying Early and Marrying Late

In concluding Utopia (1516), his fantasy blueprint for a model society, Thomas More makes a sly disclaimer. He says that he hardly shares the enthusiasm for the island commonwealth of his imaginary narrator and interlocutor, Raphael Hythloday, who has just regaled him with the tale of an extended visit there. More further declares that many of the laws and customs of Utopia are ridiculous. “But I freely admit,” he adds in the very last words of his classic account, “that there are many features of the Utopian Republic which I should like – though I hardly expect – to see adopted in Europe.” The precaution of putting his description of Utopia into the mouth of a fictitious visitor has long been understood. This was a time when expressing a subversive opinion could land a person in the Tower of London; and Thomas More, after all, was considering appointment to high office in Henry VIII's government at the time he was writing the book. Yet in all the controversy about what More actually thought about the features he invented for his island republic, modern commentators seldom tarry on the institution that he presents as the cornerstone of Utopian society: namely, a multifamily, multigenerational patriarchal household. Here is Hythloday's description: Now I'd better explain their social arrangements – how society is organized, how they behave towards one another, how goods are distributed, and so on. Well, the smallest social unit is the household, which is virtually synonymous with the family. When a girl grows up and gets married, she joins her husband's household, but the boys of each generation stay at home, under the control of their oldest male relative – unless he becomes senile, in which case the next oldest takes over. […]
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

An absorption ‘edge’ is the abrupt increase in absorbance that occurs when the energy of the incident light (typically light in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum) exceeds the binding energy of a core electron. X-ray absorption spectroscopy uses the structured absorption on the high-energy side of an absorption edge to determine the local structure of the X-ray-absorbing atom. Keywords: EXAFS; XANES; core-level spectroscopy; electronic-structure; oxidation state
World Bank and World Mineral Development

A description of the lending policies, sources of capital, and operations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, this article gives examples of the direct and indirect financing activities of the Bank in mineral development.
Ergonomics of Scheduling Steelmaking Operations

Abstract This paper reports some current research results on the ergonomics of scheduling as applied to the steel industry. The scheduling described here is carried out at the process level. One of the research projects reported is a comparison of interactive (man and computer cooperation) versus automatic (computer alone) scheduling where it was found that interactive scheduling usually gave better results than the automatic method used alone but not at all times. Also Job stream conditions are identified where the interactive scheduling method was superior, where it was equivalent to, or inferior to the fully automatic methods used. The second research project involved the use of a man-in-the-loop simulation as a current designer's aid for devising a man-computer interface for process scheduling and rescheduling. This form of simulation also provides a research mechanism for prospective research needed toward improved process scheduling methods. The paper also describes some other proposed future research in this area.
Exploring Involvement Expectations for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Parents: What We Need to Know in Teacher Education

In the United States parental involvement is an important part of a child’s education, and teachers often rely on parents to boost student achievement. This qualitative analysis employs a two-step process, first examining the data with regards to parental involvement and then using critical theories in education to examine the intersections between parental involvement findings and subtractive schooling practices in order to highlight how educational praxis, teacher perspectives, and school climate impact both parental involvement and school achievement for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students.
Abstract 330: AT1R Conformation Mediates Mechanical Stress-Induced β-Arrestin Signaling

Wei Tang1, Howard A. Rockman1,2,3 1Departments of Medicine, 2Departments of Cell Biology, 3Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Bu...
Sensitivity study of a full-scale industrial spray-injected fluidized bed reactor

Abstract The industrial fluidized bed reactor (FBR) described here is designed to convert an aqueous solid laden stream into a consistent granular product. The FBR is heated to 650 °C and chemically reducing conditions are achieved by using steam as the fluidizing gas and coal as a source of carbon. The objective of this study is to use the MFiX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) two-fluid model as a screening tool to investigate the effects of off-nominal conditions to establish performance guidelines. This information will be helpful in assessing whether the identified boundaries of the system are steep or gradual. Initially, 13 independent operating parameters were sampled in a one-at-a-time manner using high, low, and base values and ranked against a set of performance criteria indicative of defluidization. Five operating parameters were found to have the largest effect (bed particle size, bed particle density, coal particle size, spray feed flow rate, and fluidizing gas flow rate) on three quantities of interest—bed differential temperature, low solids velocity, and bed voidage. Latin-hypercube sampling was used to generate a minimal number of random values for various combinations of input parameters. The spray feed flow rate was the most significant parameter affecting the temperature differences, followed by the coal particle and bed particle size. The bed particle size had the largest effect on the low velocity of the bed particles, with the coal particle size as a contributing second effect. The high solid packing shows the coal particle size with the largest effect, and significant secondary contributions from the feed flow rate and fluidizing gas flow rate. The fits to the five-dimensional Gaussian Process models were 0.7797, 0.8664, and 0.9440 for the temperature, velocity, and solids packing, respectively.
The Business of Satirical Prints in Late-Georgian England: By James Baker. Pp. xiii + 232 + 20 illustrations, index. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. £66.99. ISBN 978-3-319-49988-8. Hardback.

In 1779, the publication line on the caricature The Family Compact declared that ‘whether [published] by Act or Order is not Material Provided it Sells’. Although not cited by Baker, this encapsula...
Effects of Long-Term Aging on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloy is one kind of important metallic materials used for manufacturing turbine discs in aero-engine. Since the turbine disc usually bears overloading which will lead to the low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage in real working, and because it is added with high ratio alloying elements, it is meaningful to decide the relationship between the LCF degradation and microstructure evolution. In the present study, LCF behavior of Inconel 718 alloy during long-term aging was investigated. The microstructure evolutions of Inconel 718 alloy during long-term aging at 750 °C for 500, 100, 1500 and 2000 h, respectively and the influences of long-term aging on the LCF behavior were investigated. The results show that the size of γ″ phases increases and the volume fraction decreases with the increase of aging time, compared with the increase of both size and volume fraction of δ phases. Both the fatigue strength and fatigue life of the alloy decrease with the increase of aging time.
Violent conjunctures in democratic India, by Amitra Basu, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, 2015, 357 pp., $35.99 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-1107461321

The protection of minority groups is traditionally associated with democracies, both in terms of political opportunities and physical integrity; extensive anti-minority violence typically occurs in...
Orthognathic surgery for management of Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita: Case report and review of the literature:

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita is a condition characterized by multiple contractures of the joints. Involvement of the temporomandibular joint is a common complication that limits mandibular opening. A case of Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita with anterior open bite and limited maximal incisal opening is presented. Orthognathic surgery, consisting of segmental LeFort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, was performed successfully on this patient.
The fine structure of the retrocerebral organ of Sagitta (Chaetognatha).

Abstract A peculiar apparatus consisting of large cells with microvilli, recently described in the cerebral ganglion of the freshwater crustacean Leptodora , has also been found in the cerebral ganglion of Sagitta , a representative of the Chaetognatha. The occurence of cells with microvillous borders in the central nervous system of representatives of two different phyla suggests a role related to functional requirements that the two types of animals have in common.
Practical Aspects of Conducting Speed Trials in the Open Ocean

In September 2000, General Dynamics NASSCO entered into a contract with BP Shipping Ltd. for the design, construction, and delivery of four 185,000 deadweight ton crude tankers for the Trans-Atlantic Pipeline System (TAPS) trade. NASSCO was required to undertake progressive speed trials on all four vessels. In July 2004, the first vessel underwent trials in the Eastern Pacific, approximately 60 nautical miles due west of San Diego. The corrected results were not as expected, and the vessel appeared to not make design speed by a significant margin. In light of the lead ship experience, a number of changes were made to the trial procedures and practices. These changes resulted in the successful demonstration of design speed in the follow ships. This paper presents data, discusses various environmental influences, and data collection system issues experienced during the preparation of the vessel for trials, trial data collection, and data reduction for the three follow ships.
Should Prejudgment Interest Be a Matter of Procedural or Substantive Law in Choice-of-Law Disputes?

Prejudgment interest is interest a court awards to a plaintiff who receives money damages in excess of any settlement offer made by a defendant prior to trial.! Courts award prejudgment interest for two basic reasons: (1) to compensate the aggrieved plaintiff fully,2 and (2) to alleviate congestion in the courts by encouraging prompt and equitable settlements.3 Courts consider the former rationale substantive and the latter procedural.4 States characterize their prejudgment interest rules according to whether they regard them as more substantive or procedural, that is, geared more toward plaintiff compensation or judicial economy.5 For example, some statutes contain offercounteroffer provisions and other procedural mechanisms, which suggests that the legislatures designed them and courts interpreted them mainly for purposes of judicial economy and control.6 Conversely,
Is There a Distribution of Transition State Energies in the Reaction Coordinate of CO Oxidation on Pt Foil

The oxidation of CO on the noble metals is one of the few surface catalyzed reactions studied from a dynamic perspective and we have recently reviewed this literature 1. By dynamics, we mean the study of reactions at a level that provides information about the potential energy surface (PES) governing the motion of the nuclei throughout the reaction, usually being satisfied to consider a small region of the PES known as the transition state. Carbon monoxide oxidation is particularly well suited for dynamic studies because product CO2 is thought to desorb immediately after having passed through the transition state and, therefore, the partitioning of reaction energy in the product degrees of freedom should be related more to the structure of the transition state than to the dynamics of desorption of an accommodated CO2 molecule. Indeed, excess translational, rotational, and vibrational energy has been detected in the CO2 produced on the noble metals, direct evidence for the rapidity of the desorption process.
ARIES-CS Loss of Coolant and Loss of Flow Accident Analyses

Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) and Loss of Flow Accident (LOFA) thermal simulations have been performed for the ARIES compact stellarator fusion power plant. The ARIES-CS design uses three separate coolant loops: lithium-lead (LiPb) in the blanket, helium in the blanket and the shield, and water in the vacuum vessel. The thermal response to LOCA/LOFA conditions was simulated using transient axisymmetric finite element models. In these analyses, the plasma was quenched three seconds after coolant loss, and the temperature of the chamber components subsequently increased due to the generated decay heat. Thermal simulations determined the maximum temperatures reached in the various components were below the 740°C temperature limit for the reusability of the ferritic steel structure.
Relationship of a Claims-Based Frailty Index to Annualized Medicare Costs: A Cohort Study.

Background Medicare uses the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hierarchical Condition Category (CMS-HCC) model to predict patients' annualized Medicare costs in value-based payment programs. The CMS-HCC model does not include measures of frailty, and prior research shows that it systematically underpredicts costs for frail Medicare beneficiaries. Objective To determine whether a claims-based frailty index can improve Medicare cost prediction. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey linked to Medicare claims, 2006 to 2013. Participants 16 535 community-dwelling, fee-for-service beneficiaries representing 26 705 patient-years. Measurements Patient frailty status was classified using a validated claims-based frailty index. The association between the frailty index and annualized Medicare costs was examined, and regression methods were used to compare observed Medicare costs versus predictions based on the standard CMS-HCC model with and without the frailty index. Results Mean costs were $5724 for the 8910 patients classified as robust (46.4% of patient-years), $12 462 for the 8405 prefrail patients (41.6%), $26 239 for the 2215 mildly frail patients (9.6%), and $44 586 for the 593 patients classified as moderately to severely frail (2.5%). The frailty index addition to the CMS-HCC model predicted on average an additional $2712, $7915, and $16 449 in costs for prefrail, mildly frail, and moderately to severely frail patients, respectively, beyond the CMS-HCC model alone. On average, the model with the frailty index addition resulted in more accurate predictions of costs for patients at all 4 levels of frailty. However, observed costs remained more widely distributed than predictions from the enhanced model at all levels of frailty. Limitation The claims-based index is a proxy for frailty and is likely less accurate than an in-person examination. Conclusion The CMS-HCC model with the frailty index addition is an improvement over current Medicare cost prediction. Primary funding source None.
Abstract 322: The Mayo Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Admission Risk Score Predicts Resource Utilization During Hospitalization

Background: With the rising cost of critical care and limited availability of critical care resources, improvements are need in the current cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) triage process. We sou...
Giant cell tumor of the bone presenting as swelling of the thumb.

We describe a giant cell tumor in a 74-year-old man who presented with pain and swelling in the left thumb. Radiographs of the left hand showed some lytic changes at the tip of the thumb. Magnetic ...