cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altering the binuclear manganese cluster of arginase diminishes thermostability and catalytic function.

Arginase is a thermostable (Tm = 75 °C) binuclear manganese metalloenzyme which hydrolyzes l-arginine to form l-ornithine and urea. The three-dimensional structures of native metal-depleted arginase, metal-loaded H101N arginase, and metal-depleted H101N arginase have been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods to probe the roles of the manganese ion in site A (Mn2+A) and its ligand H101 in catalysis and thermostability. We correlate these structures with thermal stability and catalytic activity measurements reported here and elsewhere [Cavalli, R. C., Burke, C. J., Kawamoto, S., Soprano, D. R., and Ash, D. E. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 10652−10657]. We conclude that the substitution of a wild-type histidine ligand to Mn2+A compromises metal binding, which in turn compromises protein thermostability and catalytic function. Therefore, a fully occupied binuclear manganese metal cluster is required for optimal catalysis and thermostability.
Spatio-spectral bilateral filters for hyperspectral imaging

Due to the complex nature of hyper-spectra imaging, there are diversified noises in different bands of hyper-spectra image. Without proper pre-processing, these noises will lead to false target detection results in application. Furthermore, because of low signal to noise ratio, some bands, such as bands affected by water vapor in the infrared wavelengths, cannot be utilized in the target detection task. To improve the performance of hyper-spectra applications, many noise removal technologies have been developed. Most traditional denoising approaches either take only single band image into account at a time or only consider spectra shape at one location a time. But these approaches could not deal effectively with the common noises in hyper-spectra image that change from band to band and from one spatial spot to another. Also most generalized smooth filters without local adaptation will lead to losses in spatial details at band images. We propose a denoising approach that is based on bilateral filtering, which takes both spectra and spatial information into account. By locally adapt to adjacent spectra distribution, this approach will have the advantage of effective noise removal while keeping the spatial details in the band images. We also proposed parameter estimation method for hyperspectral image bilateral filtering. The experiment results show that this approach deliver better performance under various noises than other approach, the low signal to noise ratio in some band images have been significantly improved.
The dynamics and structure of edge-localized-modes in Alcator C-Mod

Abstract Characteristics of discrete ELMs produced in Alcator C-Mod discharges of low edge collisionality (0.2 4.5 cm. The initial filaments are followed (at intervals of ∼100 μs) by multiple, less perturbing secondary filaments.
Situation-Specific Assessment of Sexual Harassment

Abstract Although empirical investigations into the phenomenon of sexual harassment have increased exponentially over the past decade, many basic questions about the measurement of this construct remain unanswered. Most research has utilized an aggregate-level approach, which assesses the frequency of all offensive sex-related behaviors experienced by an individual within a given time period. However, this approach has several limitations, including obscuring the etiology and impact of separate harassment incidents on a particular individual. Consequently, in the present study, a situation-specific approach to the measurement of sexual harassment experiences, the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire—Specific Experience version (SEQ-SE), was evaluated. Results of confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the measure has adequate construct validity. In addition, the substantive information yielded by this measure indicated that it is an important tool in the investigation of the prevalence and correlates of sexual harassment experiences.
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Osseointegrated Auditory Implants: A Comparison of Linear versus Punch Techniques.

Objectives(1) To describe the benefits of the minimally invasive punch technique without soft tissue reduction (PT) for the placement of percutaneous osseointegrated auditory implants. (2) To compa...
Anticodon domain methylated nucleosides of yeast tRNA(Phe) are significant recognition determinants in the binding of a phage display selected peptide.

The contributions of the natural modified nucleosides to RNA identity in protein/RNA interactions are not understood. We had demonstrated that 15 amino acid long peptides could be selected from a r...
Validation of a simple isotope method for estimating true calcium fractional absorption in adolescents.

We validated a single oral isotope method for estimating fractional calcium absorption determined by double isotope methods in adolescents. Developed equations with an oral isotope including a single blood draw or spot urine collection can be used to evaluate fractional calcium absorption in adolescents which allows flexibility in developing protocols. This study was designed to develop and validate a simpler, less expensive single oral isotope method for determining fractional calcium (Ca) absorption in adolescents. We used our database of 31 observations from ten white and 12 black adolescent girls aged 10-15 years who participated in metabolic and kinetic studies. Tracer data following oral (44Ca) and intravenous (IV, 42Ca) administration of calcium stable isotopes and samples in serum and urine from various time points up to 4 days were used to develop methods using multiple regression analysis based on a single measurement of enriched stable isotope/tracee defined as tracer/tracee (TT) in serum (TTserum) or urine (TTurine). Reference values for fractional calcium absorption were from oral/IV stable isotope ratios in 24-h serum or urine and full kinetic modeling. The strongest equation using a single blood sample had R 2 = 0.94 (p < 0.001): fractional Ca absorption = 1.3340(4-h TTserum)0.7872 BSA1.7132e (−0.01652 PMA), where BSA is body surface area and PMA is post-menarcheal age. The strongest equation using a single urine sample had R 2 = 0.95 (p < 0.001): fractional Ca absorption = 2.3088 (5-12 h TTurine)0.8208 BSA1.5260e (−0.01850 PMA). Equations were also developed with Tanner score. An external data set of Asian adolescent boys and girls was used to validate the equations. Equations using an oral isotope and a single blood draw or urine collection for determining fractional calcium absorption were successfully validated in healthy, non-obese white and black adolescent girls aged 10-15 years. The equations well-predicted fractional calcium absorption in Asian adolescent boys and girls.
Hydrido and chloro gallium and aluminium complexes with the tridentate bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amide ligand.

Five-coordinate gallium and aluminium dihydrides, H2Ga[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (1) and H2Al[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (3), were synthesized and found to be volatile and thermally stable. 1 and 3 reacted with H3Ga(NMe3) and H3Al(NMe3), respectively, to form H2Ga[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]GaH3 (2) and H2Al[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]AlH3 (4), in which the amido nitrogen bridged between the MH2 and MH3 groups (M = Ga or Al). A mixed metal complex, H2Al[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2]GaH3 (5) was obtained from the reaction of 1 with H3Al(NMe3) or 3 with H3Ga(NMe3), and a crystal consisting of a mixture of 5 and 2 was structurally characterized. The five-coordinate chloro derivative, Cl2Ga[N(CH2CH2NMe2)2] (6), was synthesized and characterized.
Manufacturing of Adaptive Graphite/Epoxy Structures with Embedded Nitinol Wires

Shape memory alloy (SMA) composites are a class of smart materials in which embedded nitinol wires are used as actuators. Previous research in SMA composites has been limited to wires using one-way shape memory behavior. The objective of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using two-way shape memory (TWSM) training of nitinol, a nickel-titanium SMA, wires for their use as embedded actuators in SMA composites and to investigate the effects of processing conditions on SMA composite quality and actuation ability. Training of the TWSM behavior in nitinol was investigated for a range of initial strains and training cycles. In each case, over 50% of the initial strain can be recovered after training and trained response is generally stable after about 30 training cycles. SMA composite specimens were manufactured using either hot press or autoclave methods and several different types of cure cycles. Voids were found to congregate near the embedded wire surface and can typically be as high as 10% in these ...
Efficacy of HMAF (MGI-114) in the MV522 metastatic lung carcinoma xenograft model nonresponsive to traditional anticancer agents

Illudin analogs are cytotoxic to a variety of multidrug resistant cell lines, and display an unusual toxicity towards DNA helicase-deficient cell lines. Earlier illudin analogs demonstrated efficacy in several xenograft models, including a metastatic MV522 lung cancer model, resistant to conventional anticancer agents. These illudin analogs prolonged life span as compared to conventional agents, but did not induce complete remission of primary tumors. In vitro screening studies identified a semisynthetic derivative, hydroxymethylacylfulvene (HMAF, MGI-114), with increased selective cytotoxicity towards carcinoma cells. The HMAF analog was markedly effective in the experimental MV522 metastasizing lung carcinoma xenograft system, a model refractory to treatment with existing anticancer agents. Treatment with paclitaxel, doxorubicin, or cisplatin failed to significantly inhibit primary tumor growth or prolong life span of MV522 tumor-bearing animals. Treatment with mitomycin C at the LD20 increased life span in surviving animals up to 61% (p = 0.04). Treatment with HMAF induced primary tumor regression in all animals and increased life span greater than 150% (p<0.001). Thus, administration of HMAF inhibited development of lung metastasis in a model refractory to treatment with conventional anticancer agents. These results support further evaluation of HMAF as a therapeutic agent for treatment of solid tumors such as adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Consequences of asset shortages in emerging markets

We assess econometrically the impact of asset shortages on economic growth, asset bubbles, the probability of a crisis, and the current account for a group of 41 emerging markets (EMs) for 1995–2008. The econometric estimations confirm that asset shortages pose a serious danger to EMs in terms of reducing economic growth, raising the probability of a crisis, and leading to asset price bubbles. Moreover, asset shortages can also explain the current account positions of EMs. The findings suggest that the consequences of asset shortages for macroeconomic stability are significant, and must be tackled urgently. We conclude with policy implications.
Designing nanoconjugates to effectively target pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Background Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths in America. Monoclonal antibodies are a viable treatment option for inhibiting cancer growth. Tumor specific drug delivery could be achieved utilizing these monoclonal antibodies as targeting agents. This type of designer therapeutic is evolving and with the use of gold nanoparticles it is a promising approach to selectively deliver chemotherapeutics to malignant cells. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are showing extreme promise in current medicinal research. GNPs have been shown to non-invasively kill tumor cells by hyperthermia using radiofrequency. They have also been implemented as early detection agents due to their unique X-ray contrast properties; success was revealed with clear delineation of blood capillaries in a preclinical model by CT (computer tomography). The fundamental parameters for intelligent design of nanoconjugates are on the forefront. The goal of this study is to define the necessary design parameters to successfully target pancreatic cancer cells. Methodology/principal findings The nanoconjugates described in this study were characterized with various physico-chemical techniques. We demonstrate that the number of cetuximab molecules (targeting agent) on a GNP, the hydrodynamic size of the nanoconjugates, available reactive surface area and the ability of the nanoconjugates to sequester EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), all play critical roles in effectively targeting tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Conclusion Our results suggest the specific targeting of tumor cells depends on a number of crucial components 1) targeting agent to nanoparticle ratio 2) availability of reactive surface area on the nanoparticle 3) ability of the nanoconjugate to bind the target and 4) hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoconjugate. We believe this study will help define the design parameters for formulating better strategies for specifically targeting tumors with nanoparticle conjugates.
Using template-synthesized micro- and nanowires as building blocks for self-assembly of supramolecular architectures

Template-synthesized conductive polymer microwires and Au nanowires have been used as building blocks to self-assemble supramolecular architectures. In the conductive polymer case, biotin/streptavidin chemistry was used to self-assemble latex spheres onto the ends of the conductive polymer microwires. In the Au case, thiol chemistry was used to self-assemble colloidal Au nanoparticles onto the ends of the Au nanowires.
Use of a Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap for Closure of an Orocutaneous Fistula of the Cheek

The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap can be used successfully for external cover in the cheek region when the nature of the defect precludes the use of other local or regional flaps. It is exceedingly useful when a large amount of well-vascularized tissue is needed. The flap is extremely reliable and versatile as a one-stage reconstruction. Its major drawbacks are its bulkiness and the necessity to reposition the patient intraoperatively.
Cardiovascular Fibrosis, Hydrocephalus, Oculomotor Abnormalities and Visceral Involvement Associated with Mutation D409H in an American Child with Gaucher Disease

Cardiovascular Fibrosis, Hydrocephalus, Oculomotor Abnormalities and Visceral Involvement Associated with Mutation D409H in an American Child with Gaucher Disease
Psychiatric disorders in a community mental health center. I. Demography and diagnoses

Abstract This is the first of several reports that addresses itself to a systematic, standardized and computer-assisted evaluation of patients served in a community mental health center. This study shows that persons admitted to a mental health center for varying degrees of psychiatric disabilities can be effectively assisted applying a classificatory scheme that has been reliably applied to a large group of patients. One thousand eighty-six subjects have been studied in whom standardized demographic and clinical data have been collected. This provides an information system for future descriptions on epidemiology, natural history and program evaluation.
Thermocapillarity and Thermoviscosity Effects on the Spin Coating of Wetting Liquids Above an Axisymmetrically Heated Disk

The spin coating of wetting liquid on an axisymmetrically and radially heated disk is studied numerically under lubrication and zero Biot number assumptions. Our results show that both thermocapillarity (temperature dependent surface tension) and thermoviscosity (temperature dependent viscosity) effects can be harnessed to enhance the depletion rate of the spin coated liquid film if the disk center is hot. When the applied radial temperature profile has a steep change, an anchored shock wave is generated with a strength determined by the temperature induced viscosity change.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Wireless micro-ECoG recording in primates during reach-to-grasp movements

Electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals have emerged as a prominent neural interface signal modality due to their high bandwidth and availability in human subjects. We present a system for wireless recording of micro-ECoG activity in a primate performing reach-to-grasp movements. The system is comprised of a head-mounted interface, off-the-shelf receiver module, and custom software written in Labview for real-time data monitoring and storage. The head-mounted interface is composed of a custom-designed VLSI neural recording front, a commercially available FSK transmitter module, a digital interface, and a battery. The system offers a fixed gain of 40 dB, programmable bandwidth settings in the 0.1 Hz to 8.2 kHz range, digital gain of 1–16, and ADC resolution of 8–12 bits. The interface consumes 6.7 mA of current from a 3.7 V battery and transmits digitized data at 1 Mbps rate. The system offers less than 0.25% dropped packets at 3m non-line-of-sight distance. We then used the wirelessly recorded ECoG signal from the dorsal premotor cortex region to decode the movement state of the animal. The ECoG spectral features could decode the movement state, achieving close to 70% accuracy as early as 100 ms prior to actual movement onset. Our system offers a new avenue for future ECoG-based brain-machine interface systems.
The permeability of the Syrian hamster placenta to mercury

Abstract Three mercury compounds; mercuric acetate, mercuric nitrate and phenylmercuric acetate, labeled with 203 Hg, were administered to pregnant hamsters early on the 8th gestation day. Mercury levels of selected tissues were measured 24 and 96 hours after injection. Significant concentrations of mercury were found in maternal tissues, placentae, and embryos. The results are discussed in relation to other reports on the placental transfer of radiolabeled cadmium, manganese, mercury, and zinc.
Nuclear power plants: A unique challenge to fire safety

The evaluation of fire safety in a nuclear power plant must include the consideration of the impact of a fire on the operability of plant safety equipment and systems. This issue is not typical of the life safety and property protection issues which dominate traditional fire safety concerns. This paper provides a general discussion of the issue of nuclear power plant fire safety as it currently exists in the USA. Included is a discussion of the past histroy of nuclear power plant fire events, the development of nuclear industry specific fire safety guidelines, the adverse experience associated with the inadvertent operation of fire suppression systems, and the anticipated direction of fire safety requirements for future reactor designs in the USA.
Pharmacological treatment strategies in acute schizophrenia.

It may be helpful for clinicians to consider the management of schizophrenia as occurring in three different phases : an acute phase which lasts about 4-8 weeks, a resolving phase which lasts about 4-6 months and a stable phase which lasts as long as the patient remains in remission. During the acute phase, patients demonstrate active symptoms of schizophrenia. The goal of treatment during this phase is to reduce the most severe symptoms of the illness, particularly positive symptoms. Nearly all acute episodes should be treated with an antipsychotic medication. Moreover, drug treatment should occur as early in this phase as possible. Certain treatment principles should guide management : an antipsychotic drug and dose should be used that appropriately balances side effects and efficacy. Trial of the selected drug(s) should last at least 4-6 weeks before the medication is changed. Newer antipsychotics have clear advantages over older drugs in terms of side effects and efficacy. Greater use of these agents may improve the outcome in acute schizophrenia.
An error analysis for execution traces of hybrid automata using Jacobi's equation

Abstract We present an error analysis for execution traces of hybrid automata. We describe an interpretation of Jacobi’s variational equation as the infinitesimal separation between geodesics in the plant state space. This allows us to estimate the distance between the plant state evolution produced by a hybrid control automata and geodesic curves with respect to some Lagrangian cost function. We provide an analysis for both control automata extracted from convex problems and chattering controllers extracted from measure valued control laws.
Residential proximity to large airports and potential health impacts in New York State.

This study assessed whether residents living near commercial airports have increased rates of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases compared to those living farther away from these airports. This cross-sectional study included all residents living within 12 miles from the center of each three airports (Rochester in Rochester, LaGuardia in New York City and MacArthur in Long Island). We obtained hospital admission data collected by the NYS Department of Health for all eligible residents who were admitted for asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and, for children aged 0–4 years, bronchitis and bronchiolitis during 1995–2000. Exposure indicators were distance from the airport (≤5 miles versus >5 miles) and dominant wind-flow patterns from the airport (>75th percentile versus ≤75th percentile), as well as their combinations. Increased relative risks of hospital admissions for respiratory conditions were found for residents living within 5 miles from the airports (1.47; 95% CI 1.41, 1.52 for Rochester and 1.38; 95% CI 1.37, 1.39 for LaGuardia) compared to those living >5 miles. We did not find positive associations between wind-flow patterns and respiratory hospital admissions among the residents in any airport vicinity. No differences were observed for MacArthur airport using either exposure measure. There is the suggestion that residential proximity to some airports may increase hospital admissions for respiratory disorders. However, there are many factors that could influence this association that may differ by airport, which should be measured and studied further.
Effect of low temperatures on rat myocardial Mg-ATPase and NaK-ATPase.

Abstract 1. (i) Preparations of microsomal Mg-ATPase and NaK-ATPase from rat hearts were assayed for ATP hydrolytic activity at 37, 25, 15, and 5 °C. Both enzymes showed sharp decreases in activity with concomitant increases in apparent energies of activation between 15 and 25 °C. NaK-ATPase is more temperature sensitive than Mg-ATPase over the entire temperature range. 2. (ii) Mg ATPase and/or NaK-ATPase may play a significant role in limiting the lower temperature at which mammalian hearts can maintain functional contractility.
Sensible Heat Observations Reveal Soil-Water Evaporation Dynamics

Abstract Soil-water evaporation is important at scales ranging from microbial ecology to large-scale climate. Yet routine measurements are unable to capture rapidly shifting near-surface soil heat and water processes involved in soil-water evaporation. The objective of this study was to determine the depth and location of the evaporation zone within soil. Three-needle heat-pulse sensors were used to monitor soil heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and temperature below a bare soil surface in central Iowa during natural wetting/drying cycles. Soil heat flux and changes in heat storage were calculated from these data to obtain a balance of sensible heat components. The residual from this balance, attributed to latent heat from water vaporization, provides an estimate of in situ soil-water evaporation. As the soil dried following rainfall, results show divergence in the soil sensible heat flux with depth. Divergence in the heat flux indicates the location of a heat sink associated with soil-water evaporatio...
Paired-associate learning and memory interference in schizophrenia

Patients with frontal lobe damage have been shown to exhibit disproportionate impairments of second list learning as a result of interference effects. Based upon the assumption that schizophrenia is associated with frontal dysfunction, we attempted to explore how various manipulations of paired-associate learning tasks would interfere with schizophrenic patients' memory performance. Patients with schizophrenia were administered four tests of paired-associate learning, in which cue and response words were manipulated to increase interference across two study lists. In two tests of paired-associate learning (AB-AC test), cue words used in one list were repeated in a second list but were associated with different response words (e.g. lion-hunter, lion-circus). One version of this test employed moderately related word pairs and the other version employed unrelated word pairs. In the other two tests (AB-ABr test), all words used in one list were repeated in a second list but were rearranged to form new pairs. Again, one version of this test used moderately related word pairs and the other version used unrelated word pairs. We hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would exhibit disproportionate impairment of second-list learning as a result of interference effects and that they would do especially poorly in the AB-ABr task, where the word pairs were unrelated. However, these predictions were not supported. Furthermore, it was difficult to tease apart a specific problem in list discrimination from the generally poor memory of the schizophrenic patients. We suggest that the susceptibility to these interference effects in patients with schizophrenia is not a specific problem in cognition, but rather one that is confounded by general memory problems.
Overall prognosis as the primary criterion of outcome in a clinical trial

In a randomized trial on premature infants, with follow-up to 1 year of age only, the goal is to identify which one among the compared strategies of intervention affords the best outcome throughout life. This requires the assessment of lifetime prognosis at the end of follow-up as the primary criterion of outcome. Moreover, with the treatments potentially influencing a variety of organ systems, it is necessary to combine their separate prospects into an overall prognosis as a basis for identifying the preferable mode of intervention. The development of the scheme of rating overall prognosis posed considerable challenges, in theory as well as in application.
Non-Arrhenius ionic conductivity in optimized fast ion conducting glasses: application of the Drude model to ion–ion scattering

Abstract New measurements have been made of a new series of AgI-doped Ag2S+B2S3+SiS2 FIC glasses that exhibit a dramatic non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the conductivity. These new measurements have extended our previous measurements of these glasses to high temperature and where the non-Arrhenius behavior becomes even more pronounced. The decrease in the conductivity amounts to approximately two orders of magnitude at the highest temperatures for the highest conductivity glasses. The non-Arrhenius behavior increases with increasing AgI concentration to the point that at highest temperature, the conductivity of the glass with highest AgI fraction is only marginally more conducting that the glass without any AgI dopant. A new model of the ionic dynamics in glass has been proposed to account for the non-Arrhenius conductivity in these glasses. The Drude scattering model of classically behaving particles was applied to the conductivity of these glasses. While this zeroth order model is not able to correctly predict the temperature dependence over the full temperature range, from Arrhenius at low temperature to strongly non-Arrhenius at elevated temperature, it does correctly predict the maximum conductivity that these glasses are tending toward, ∼1 ( Ω cm)−1, and correctly predicts the temperature range where ion scattering processes become strong enough to produce the non-Arrhenius behavior seen for these glasses.
Copper Electroplating on Zero-Thickness ALD Platinum for Nanoscale Computer Chip Interconnects

Ultra-thin platinum (Pt) films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have been investigated as an alternative to conventional physical vapor deposited (PVD) Cu as seed layer for copper (Cu) electroplating. The wetting angles between the electrolyte and both Pt and Cu seed layers were analyzed using sessile-drop contact-angle analysis prior to plating. Both constant current and pulse reverse current (PRC) were applied to electroplate Cu on both types of blanket seed layers. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that Cu nucleation density on ALD Pt is lower than on its PVD Cu counterpart, after 30 seconds plating using PRC. Nevertheless, Cu nuclei were observed after only 1.0 minute plating on ALD Pt surfaces, and continuous Cu films were achieved at longer plating times. To fill trench structures coated with ALD Pt/TaN, PRC was applied using the same organic-additive-free electrolyte. Initial results suggest that these seed layers were adequate for ECD fill of trenches with 200 nm feature size and aspect ratio 7:1. The composition and microstructure of the Cu films were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal stability of the Cu/Pt system was examined by annealing in forming gas at 450°C for 1 hour and subsequent analysis by XRD and TEM.
Fijian cannibalism and mortuary ritual: bioarchaeological evidence from Vunda

The human skeletal remains from the site of Vunda (AD 800–1600) in Fiji have been interpreted as evidence of cannibalism. The cannibalism hypothesis is tested by examining the modifications of the Vunda skeletal sample. The sample consists of human and non-human bones from a midden context, as well as intact human burials extracted from the midden. Most modifications are more common in the medium mammal sample than in the midden human sample—burning (9% of medium mammal remains and 5% of human remains), cutmarks (4 and 1.5%), percussion pits (1 and 0%), and peeling (2 and 0%)—though these differences are not statistically significant. There are no significant differences between the human burials and the midden human sample in the rates of cutmarks, percussion pits, peeling, or in the pattern of element representation. Therefore the cannibalism hypothesis is not supported at Vunda. Most of the ‘midden’ human remains were probably part of the formal burials. The modifications and context of the Vunda sample are compared with the remains from the nearby, partially contemporaneous site of Navatu (where an inference of cannibalism is supported) to tentatively establish the characteristics of Fijian mortuary rituals versus cannibalism. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-Term Effects of the Strong African American Families Program on Youths' Conduct Problems

Purpose The Strong African American Families program, a universal intervention to deter alcohol use among rural African American preadolescents, was evaluated to determine whether it also prevented conduct problems across the 29 months separating the pretest and long-term follow-up assessments. The program is based on a contextual model in which intervention effects on parental behavior and youth protective factors are hypothesized to lead to behavior changes.
502 THE DETERMINATION OF 17 HYDROXYPROGESTERONE AND 17 HYDROXYPREGNENOLONE IN PATIENTS WITH ELEVATED ANDROGENS

502 THE DETERMINATION OF 17 HYDROXYPROGESTERONE AND 17 HYDROXYPREGNENOLONE IN PATIENTS WITH ELEVATED ANDROGENS
The effects of inter-packet spacing on the delivery of multimedia content

Streaming multimedia content with UDP has become increasingly popular over distributed systems such as the Internet. However, because UDP does not possess any congestion control mechanism and most best-effort traffic is served by the congestion-controlled TCP, UDP flows steal bandwidth from TCP to the point that TCP flows can starve for network resources. Furthermore, such applications may cause the Internet infrastructure to eventually suffer from congestion collapse because UDP traffic does not self-regulate itself. To address this problem, next-generation Internet routers will implement active queue management schemes to punish malicious traffic, e.g. non-adaptive UDP flows, and to the improve the performance of congestion-controlled traffic, e.g. TCP flows. The arrival of such routers will cripple the performance of today's UDP-based multimedia applications. So, in this paper, we introduce the notion of inter-packet spacing with control feedback to enable these UDP-based applications to perform well in the next-generation Internet while being adaptive and self-regulating. When compared with traditional UDP-based multimedia streaming, we illustrate that our counter-intuitive inter-packet spacing scheme with control feedback can reduce packet loss by 90% without adversely affecting the delivered throughput.
Matrix reduction and the su(2|2) superalgebra in AdS/CFT correspondence

We study the supersymmetry generators $Q$, $S$ on the 1-loop vectorless sector of $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory, by reduction to the plane-wave matrix model. Using a coherent basis in the $\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{u}(2\ensuremath{\mid}2)$ sector, a comparison with the algebra given by Beisert is presented, and some parameters (up to one loop) are determined. We make a final comparison of these supercharges with the results that can be obtained from the string action by working in the light-cone gauge and discretizing the string.
Post-Anaesthetic Gas Exchange: On Line Computer Methods

During emergence from inhalation anaesthesia, anaesthetic gases are eliminated from tissue stores throughout the body and body metabolism changes rapidly. In has been difficulty to assess the changes in oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2 elimination (VCO2), and respiratory change ratio (R) because of the unsteady gas state. Our approach has been to automate the standard open-circuit approach using a portable system consisting of an electronic volume displacement spirometer, minicomputer and mass spectrometer.
Affective States and State Tests: Investigating How Affect and Engagement during the School Year Predict End-of-Year Learning Outcomes.

In this paper, we investigate the correspondence between student affect and behavioural engagement in a web-based tutoring platform throughout the school year and learning outcomes at the end of the year on a high-stakes mathematics exam in a manner that is both longitudinal and fine-grained. Affect and behaviour detectors are used to estimate student affective states and behaviour based on post-hoc analysis of tutor log-data. For every student action in the tutor, the detectors give us an estimated probability that the student is in a state of boredom, engaged concentration, confusion, or frustration, and estimates of the probability that the student is exhibiting off-task or gaming behaviours. We used data from the ASSISTments math tutoring system and found that boredom during problem solving is negatively correlated with performance, as expected; however, boredom is positively correlated with performance when exhibited during scaffolded tutoring. A similar pattern is unexpectedly seen for confusion. Engaged concentration and, surprisingly, frustration are both associated with positive learning outcomes. In a second analysis, we build a unified model that predicts student standardized examination scores from a combination of student affect, disengaged behaviour, and performance within the learning system. This model achieves high overall correlation to standardized exam score, showing that these types of features can effectively infer longer-term learning outcomes.
Evaluating the products of alternative sampling methods

While theoretical work in survey sampling has offered the promise that selection procedures based on probabilities proportional to size would produce subgroups for surveys as efficiently as oversampling, there were fewer expectations that the two methods would produce comparable products. This research reports the results of an experiment conducted within the 1982 General Social Survey (GSS), which compares two subsamples of blacks (N=510). The multivariate normal distributions of the oversample and the black probability sample are demonstrated to be statistically similar. This similarity extends to subsets of demographic and substantive variables, and to most individual variables as well. For survey directors, these results imply that the choice between oversampling and pps methodologies used for locating population subgroups should depend more on the relative costs/efficiencies involved, than on concerns over product quality. More generally, these results mean that all of the blacks in the 1982 GSS may be combined and treated as a single, national probability sample of the American black population.
Policing the Ghetto Underclass: The Politics of Law and Law Enforcement

Cet article est base sur une etude de terrain au cours de laquelle l'A. et ses etudiants ont accompagne une unite speciale de la police de Washington, D.C. : La Rapid Deployment Unit (RDU). Destinee a l'origine a reprimer les emeutes dans les annees 60, cette unite deploie son activite actuellement dans la lutte contre la drogue et la criminalite, principalement dans la zone urbaine ou 40% de la population noire vit en-dessous du seuil de pauvrete. Deplorant des utilisations electoralistes d'une « panique morale » a l'egard de la criminalite, l'A. se penche sur la politique criminelle aux Etats-Unis, sur les interets en jeu et les derapages possibles ou averes
DC-AC inverters for static condenser and dynamic voltage restorer applications

There has been significant interest in general classes of power electronic-based active power conditioners such as static condensers and dynamic voltage restorers. These systems are discussed in this paper with a focus on the inverter output stage. The inverters considered include conventional six- and twelve-pulse square wave, pulse-width modulated, and multi-level inverters. Current- and voltage-controlled inverters are considered where appropriate. Each of these inverter topologies has been successfully applied to a number of applications such as adjustable-speed motor drives and static VAr compensators but only limited information is available concerning the use of various topologies with active power conditioning equipment. This paper is intended to assimilate the information that is available in a convenient manner so as to provide the basis for continued research in this area.
Effect of Hole Spacing on Deposition of Fine Coal Flyash Near Film Cooling Holes

Particulate deposition experiments were performed in a turbine accelerated deposition facility to examine the nature of flyash deposits near film cooling holes. Deposition on both bare metal and TBC coupons was studied, with hole spacings (s/d) of 2.25, 3.375, and 4.5. Sub-bituminous coal ash particles (mass mean diameter of 13 microns) were accelerated to a combustor exit flow Mach number of 0.25 and heated to 1183°C before impinging on a target coupon. The particle loading in the 1-hr tests was 310 ppmw. Blowing ratios were varied in these experiments from 0 to 4.0 with the density ratio varied approximately from 1.5 to 2.1. Particle surface temperature maps were measured using two-color pyrometry based on the RGB signals from a camera. For similar hole spacing and blowing ratio, the capture efficiency measured for the TBC surface was much higher than for the bare metal coupon due to the increase of surface temperature. Deposits on the TBC coupon were observed to be more tenacious (i.e., hard to remove) than deposits on bare-metal coupons. The capture efficiency was shown to be a function of both the hole spacing and the blowing ratio (and hence surface temperature). Temperature seemed to be the dominant factor affecting deposition propensity. The average spanwise temperature downstream of the holes for close hole spacing was only slightly lower than for the large hole spacing. Roughness parameters Ra and Rt decreased monotonically with increased blowing ratio for both hole spacings analyzed. The roughness for s/d=3.375 was lower than that for s/d=4.5, especially at high blowing ratio. It is thought that these data will prove useful for designers of turbines using synfuels. NOMENCLATURE CMM coordinate measurement machine d hole diameter D coupon diameter DVC dense vertically cracked HVOF high velocity oxygen fuel M blowing ratio =ρcUc/ρ∞U∞ M Mach number M3 s/d=3.375, metal coupon M4 s/d=4.5, metal coupon ppmw parts per million by weight R coupon radius Ra centerline-averaged roughness value [μm] Rt mean of vertical distance of peak and valley [μm] Rz vertical distance of peak and valley [μm] s hole spacing [mm] slpm standard liters per minute T temperature Tc coolant temperature Ts wall surface temperature Tinf wall surface temperature at adiabatic condtion TADF turbine accelerated deposition facility TBC thermal barrier coating x spanwise coordinate from left edge of coupon y streamwise coordinate from downstream edge of center film cooling hole α impingement angle η Overall film cooling effectiveness ρ density Subscripts free stream condition c coolant s surface
Electrometric determination of the fixed-charge density of colloid surfaces: further confirmation of the method.

Abstract Experiments directed toward investigating the verity of an electrometric method, which is applicable to the determination of the net density of fixed charge residing on in vitro and in vivo tissue surfaces, were performed. The fixed sulfonate-anion charge capacity of a cation-exchange resin material was computed from measured electrical potentials and corroborated with the same result obtained independently employing atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Optimal balanced 2 7 fractional factorial designs of resolution V , with N ≦42

In this paper, we present a class of fractional factorial designs of the 27 series, which are of resolutionV. Such designs allow the estimation of the general mean, the main effects and the two factors interactions (29 parameters in all for the 27 factorial) assuming that the higher order effects are negligible. For every value ofN (the number of runs) such that 29≦N≦42, we give a resolutionV design that is optimal (with respect to the trace criterion) within the subclass of balanced designs. Also, for convenience of analysis, we present for each design, the covariance matrix of the estimates of the various parameters. As a by product, we establish many interesting combinatorial theorems concerning balanced arrays of strength four (which are generalizations of orthogonal arrays of strength four, and also of balanced incomplete block designs with block sizes not necessarily equal).
Role of Notch signaling in cell-fate determination of human mammary stem/progenitor cells

Introduction Notch signaling has been implicated in the regulation of cell-fate decisions such as self-renewal of adult stem cells and differentiation of progenitor cells along a particular lineage. Moreover, depending on the cellular and developmental context, the Notch pathway acts as a regulator of cell survival and cell proliferation. Abnormal expression of Notch receptors has been found in different types of epithelial metaplastic lesions and neoplastic lesions, suggesting that Notch may act as a proto-oncogene. The vertebrate Notch1 and Notch4 homologs are involved in normal development of the mammary gland, and mutated forms of these genes are associated with development of mouse mammary tumors. Methods In order to determine the role of Notch signaling in mammary cell-fate determination, we have utilized a newly described in vitro system in which mammary stem/progenitor cells can be cultured in suspension as nonadherent 'mammospheres'. Notch signaling was activated using exogenous ligands, or was inhibited using previously characterized Notch signaling antagonists. Results Utilizing this system, we demonstrate that Notch signaling can act on mammary stem cells to promote selfrenewal and on early progenitor cells to promote their proliferation, as demonstrated by a 10-fold increase in secondary mammosphere formation upon addition of a Notchactivating DSL peptide. In addition to acting on stem cells, Notch signaling is also able to act on multipotent progenitor cells, facilitating myoepithelial lineage-specific commitment and proliferation. Stimulation of this pathway also promotes branching morphogenesis in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures. These effects are completely inhibited by a Notch4 blocking antibody or a gamma secretase inhibitor that blocks Notch processing. In contrast to the effects of Notch signaling on mammary stem/progenitor cells, modulation of this pathway has no discernable effect on fully committed, differentiated, mammary epithelial cells.
Characterization of a gastrointestinal tract microscale cell culture analog used to predict drug toxicity

The lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest surface exposed to the external environment in the human body. One of the main functions of the small intestine is absorption, and intestinal absorption is a route used by essential nutrients, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to enter the systemic circulation. Understanding the effects of digestion on a drug or chemical, how compounds interact with and are absorbed through the small intestinal epithe- lium, and how these compounds affect the rest of the body is critical for toxicological evaluation. Our goal is to create physiologically realistic in vitro models of the human GI tract that provide rapid, inexpensive, and accurate predic- tions of the body's response to orally delivered drugs and chemicals. Our group has developed an in vitro microscale cell culture analog (mCCA) of the GI tract that includes digestion, a mucus layer, and physiologically realistic cell populations. The GI tract mCCA, coupled with a multi- chamber silicon mCCA representing the systemic circula- tion, is described and challenged with acetaminophen. Proof of concept experiments showed that acetaminophen passes through and is metabolized by the in vitro intestinal epithe- lium and is further metabolized by liver cells, resulting in liver cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The mCCA response is also consistent with in vivo measurements in mice. The system should be broadly useful for studies on orally delivered drugs or ingestion of chemicals with potential toxicity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;104: 193-205.
Reproductive Behavior and Family Planning

Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859. Today, anyone who accepts the facts of Darwinian evolution is also, by definition, a sociobiologist—in the sense that we must also accept that our reproductive behavior, like the anatomy of our gait or the neurophysiology of our retina, has been finely tuned by natural selection to perform in a certain way. We test drugs on baboons, have a common blood group with rhesus monkeys and almost certainly caught HIV infection from some other primate. We smile in greeting and touch one another for reassurance. What can biology tell us about human reproductive behavior and family planning?