cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive evolution of color vision genes in higher primates

The intron 4 sequences of the three polymorphic alleles at the X-linked color photo-pigment locus in the squirrel monkey and the marmoset reveal that the alleles in each species are exceptionally divergent. The data further suggest either that each triallelic system has arisen independently in these two New World monkey lineages, or that in each species at least seven deletions and insertions (14 in the two species) in intron 4 have been transferred and homogenized among the alleles by gene conversion or recombination. In either case, the alleles in each species apparently have persisted more than 5 million years and probably have been maintained by overdominant selection.
Attitudes toward childbearing and prenatal testing in individuals undergoing genetic testing for Lynch Syndrome

To examine attitudes toward childbearing and prenatal genetic testing among individuals at risk for Lynch Syndrome (LS), the most common type of hereditary colorectal cancer. Individuals undergoing clinical genetic testing for mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations completed written questionnaires before and after testing. 161 of 192 (84%) eligible individuals participated in the study. Mean age was 46 years (range 20–75), 71% were female, 53% had a personal diagnosis of cancer, and 68% had children. Eighty percent worried about their children’s risk for developing cancer; however only 9% reported their decision to have children was affected by their family history of cancer. When asked whether providing prenatal testing to carriers of MMR gene mutations was ethical, 66% (86/130) of respondents agreed/strongly agreed, 25% (32) were neutral and 9% (12) disagreed/strongly disagreed. Of 48 individuals planning to have children in the future, 57% (27) intended to have children regardless of their genetic test result. If found to carry a MMR gene mutation that confirmed LS, 42% (20) would consider prenatal testing for a future pregnancy and 20% (7/35) of women would consider having children earlier in order to have prophylactic surgery to reduce their risk for gynecologic cancers. Individuals undergoing genetic testing for LS may utilize test results to make reproductive decisions. Clinicians should be prepared to discuss options of reproductive genetic technologies during counseling of LS patients of childbearing age.
Comparative epidemiology of heterosexual gonococcal and chlamydial networks: implications for transmission patterns.

Objective Networks of sex-partner interaction affect differential risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. The authors evaluated sociodemographic and behavioral factors that correlated with membership in networks of gonococcal and chlamydial transmission. Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 127 patients with gonorrhea and 184 patients with chlamydia (index cases) and their named sex partners, as well as the partners of infected partners. Detailed information was obtained regarding demographic, behavioral, and sexual-history characteristics of all respondents. Results Gonococcal-network members differed significantly from chlamydial-network members in a number of demographic variables, including race or ethnicity, education, and unemployment status. Gonococcal-network members were more likely to report past history of crack-cocaine use, sexual assault, and having been in jail. Gonococcal-network members also reported having more sex partners during the past 1 year and 3 months than did chlamydial-network members. Gonococcal and chlamydial mixing matrices demonstrated assortativeness for sex partner selection by race or ethnicity but not by sexual activity level, and no systematic differences between networks were noted. Gonococcal networks were larger than chlamydial networks. Conclusions Network analyses of gonococcal and chlamydial infections demonstrated significant differences in sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Further research is required to delineate specific predictors of network membership among persons at risk for sexually transmitted infections.
Regional variations in upper mantle structure beneath Southern California

Summary The large seismographic network in Southern California provides a unique opportunity for studying seismic velocity variations within this tectonically active region, which includes a major plate boundary whose surface expression is the San Andreas Fault. In this study, the compressional velocity within the upper mantle beneath Southern California is investigated using observations of the dependence of teleseismic P-wave delays at all stations on the distance and azimuth to the event. The variation of residuals with azimuth, which may be as large as 1.3 s at a single station, requires considerable heterogeneity within the upper mantle. Models for the velocity structure are derived from the delays by manual ray tracing and by automatic inversion techniques. These models are generally consistent, although the inversion technique leads to considerable smoothing, and include regions of low velocity beneath the Imperial Valley (∼ 30-100 km depth; Δv/v∼ - 4 per cent) and the central Mojave Desert and northern Salton Trough (∼ 100-180 km; Δv/v 2.5 per cent) and high velocities beneath the south-western Sierra Nevada (∼ 50-180 km; Δv/v∼ 5 per cent) and much of the Transverse Ranges (-50-180 km; Δv/v∼ 4 per cent). The last observation is in good agreement with the findings of Hadley and Kanamori. No evidence is found for velocity differences across the San Andreas Fault at any depth, and there is no marked lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary; however, the velocity variations do correlate with the general tectonic provinces within Southern California.
SPERMINE-DEPENDANT ACTIVATION OF THE NMDA RECEPTOR ION-CHANNEL IN THE NT2 HUMAN CELL LINE. † 1167

SPERMINE-DEPENDANT ACTIVATION OF THE NMDA RECEPTOR ION-CHANNEL IN THE NT2 HUMAN CELL LINE. † 1167
Treatment as usual (TAU) control practices in the PROSPECT Study: managing the interaction and tension between research design and ethics

The use of treatment as usual (TAU) as a control condition may pose the considerable challenge of maintaining both scientific rigor and meeting high ethical standards in experiments on human subjects. The authors illustrate the tension and explore the relationship between research design and ethics, especially the interaction between the two, in the NIMH-funded PROSPECT study (Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly - Collaborative Trial). The goal of PROSPECT is to determine whether placement of a depression health specialist in primary care practices will have a favorable impact on rates of depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation in elderly primary care patients with major or persistent minor depression. PROSPECT randomly assigns practices either to an intervention arm (which includes the provision of depression health specialists) or to an enhanced care arm (TAU, with the addition of screening and assessment services). TAU, enhanced by the provision of screening and assessment services, is to be used as a benchmark for measuring the effectiveness of PROSPECT's intervention. However, TAU in the epidemiological and clinical literature has also been linked to high rates of suicide in the elderly related to unrecognized and untreated or under-treated depression. The authors present their approach to managing the tension, or interaction, between the use of TAU for scientific and public health purposes and the requirement for beneficence, that is, the duty to assure the safety of human subjects in research and to do no harm. Through enhancements of TAU, by the provision of information to primary care physicians concerning the psychiatric status of their patients, the investigators attempt to meet the challenge of maintaining rigor and meeting high ethical standards.
Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived From Mouse and Human White Mature Adipocytes

White mature adipocytes give rise to so-called dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells that spontaneously undergo multilineage differentiation. In this study, we defined stem cell characteristics of DFAT cells as they are generated from adipocytes and the relationship between these characteristics and lineage differentiation. Both mouse and human DFAT cells, prepared from adipose tissue and lipoaspirate, respectively, showed evidence of pluripotency, with a maximum 5–7 days after adipocyte isolation. The DFAT cells spontaneously formed clusters in culture, which transiently expressed multiple stem cell markers, including stage-specific embryonic antigens, and Sca-1 (mouse) and CD105 (human), as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and immunostaining. As the stem cell markers decreased, markers characteristic of the three germ layers and specific lineage differentiation, such as α-fetoprotein (endoderm, hepatic), Neurofilament-66 (ectoderm, neurogenic), and Troponin I (mesoderm, cardiomyogenic), increased. However, no teratoma formation was detected after injection in immunodeficient mice. A novel modification of the adipocyte isolation aimed at ensuring the initial purity of the adipocytes and avoiding ceiling culture allowed isolation of DFAT cells with pluripotent characteristics. Thus, the adipocyte-derived DFAT cells represent a plastic stem cell population that is highly responsive to changes in culture conditions and may benefit cell-based therapies.
Affinity cross-flow filtration: some new aspects

A variety of affinity cross-flow filtration (ACFF) experiments were conducted to evaluate the technique as a means of effectively separating biomolecules. Agarose particles, which contained a specific affinity ligand for the targeted protein, were used as “affinity escorts” in the ACFF process. Both conventional agarose particles (40–150; μm) and small agarose particles (Superose, 11–15 μm.) were used as the basis for affinity escorts. Batch ACFF washing experiments were conducted in both constant-volume and volume-reduction modes and compared with model predictions. The different affinity ligand-adsorbate systems studied include Cibacron Blue and human serum albumin, Cibacron Blue and lysozyme, protein A and immunoglobulin G, and concanavalin A and horseradish peroxidase.
POTENTIAL PALEOECOLOGIC BIASES FROM SIZE-FILTERING OF FOSSILS: STRATEGIES FOR SIEVING

The methods by which fossils are extracted from sediments can alter their observed size-frequency distributions, which can in turn alter observed paleoecologic patterns. Building on previous work, this study uses virtual sieving (i.e., replicated via subsampling on a computer) to test the effects of size filtering on the apparent ecologic composition of a database of Miocene mollusks in which the size of every specimen was measured. When simulated mesh sizes varied by nearly an order of magnitude (2–10 mm), the apparent relative abundances of tiering, motility, and feeding categories varied substantially in some individual bulk samples. Not surprisingly, the extent to which variations in mesh size affected the ecologic proportions of a sample depended in part on its size-frequency distribution. If the goal is to characterize the ecology of adult assemblages, the chosen mesh size should not be so small that juveniles dominate the results or so large that a majority of specimens are excluded. For many molluscan assemblages, 2–4 mm should often be appropriate. For preexisting data sets composed of heterogeneously collected data, there is a positive result: averaging samples together to produce a mean view of ecologic composition tends to remove the more egregious effects of the size-filtering bias. Thus, comparisons of the ecologic composition of single samples may be sensitive to mesh-size effects, but comparisons of regional or global faunas are likely more robust, and variations in size filtering may not be an obstacle to large-scale, secular comparisons of ecospace use. Measuring ecologic importance using biomass instead of abundance also reduced the effects of the mesh-size bias by reducing the influence of small-bodied individuals on ecologic proportions.
Nancy and Derrida: On ethics and the same (infinitely different) constitutive events of being

The following examination explores the relationship between ethics, writing, finitude, spacing and sharing as they are presented in Nancy’s ‘The Free Voice of Man’ and ‘The Inoperative Community’ a...
Bridging junctional processes in couplings of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Junctional processes are found in the junctional gap of couplings in skeletal, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Visualization of the structure of junctional processes is greatly facilitated by the use of a tilting specimen stage and stereoscopic analysis. Relatively small changes of tilt angle create a spectrum of images for the same junctional process which can range from that of an amorphous electron-opaque body to a distinct linear structure (“pillar”). In both striated and smooth muscles, pillars connect the sarcolemma with the limiting membrane of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (J-SR). In addition, in vascular smooth muscle cells, pillars join the J-SR with surface-connected caveolae.
Rare-gas liquids: Equation of state and reduced-pressure, reduced-bulk-modulus, and reduced-sound-velocity functions

This paper is concerned with verification of the applicability of the Vinet et al. (1987) universal equation of state to the liquid phase of the rare-gas elements under pressure. As previously observed in solids and liquids metals, to a good approximation, in the absence of phase transitions, plots of the logarithms of the reduced pressure function, of the reduced sound velocity, and of the reduced bulk modulus, are all linear functions of 1 - X over the entire experimental pressure range. The results obtained on the rare-gas liquids are comparable in accuracy to those obtained in previous work on solids and liquid metals.
Effects of processing conditions on mammographic image quality

Rationale and Objectives. Any given mammographic film will exhibit changes in sensitometric response and image resolution as processing variables are altered. Developer type, immersion time, and temperature have been shown to affect the contrast of the mammographic image and thus lesion visibility. The authors evaluated the effect of altering processing variables, including film type, developer type, and immersion time, on the visibility of masses, fibrils, and specks in a standard mammographic phantom. Materials and Methods. Images of a phantom obtained with two screen types (Kodak Min-R and Fuji) and five film types (Kodak Min-R M, Min-R E, Min-R H; Fuji UM-MA HC, and DuPont Microvision-C) were processed with five different developer chemicals (Autex SE, DuPont HSD, Kodak RP, Picker 3-7-90, and White Mountain) at four different immersion times (24, 30, 36, and 46 seconds). Processor chemical activity was monitored with sensitometric strips, and developer temperatures were continuously measured. The film images were reviewed by two board-certified radiologists and two physicists with expertise in mammography quality control and were scored based on the visibility of calcifications, masses, and fibrils. Results. Although the differences in the absolute scores were not large, the Kodak Min-R M and Fuji films exhibited the highest scores, and images developed in White Mountain and Autex chemicals exhibited the highest scores. Conclusion. For any film, several processing chemicals may be used to produce images of similar quality. Extended processing may no longer be necessary.
Sequential changes in the development of the electrocardiographic pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease

A lthough recent reviews1-5 have summarized the available data concerning the diagnostic value of the electrocardiogram in left ventricular hypertrophy, little attention has been directed toward the sequential changes in the development of this pattern. Much of the controversy concerning the significance of the electrocardiographic pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy has centered upon the interpretation of ST-T changes. The problem of long standing6-* is whether the ST-T abnormalities are purely secondary to the increasing magnitude of the QRS vector or whether they represent an additional complication. Adequate analysis of these relationships would be enhanced by clinical electrocardiographic correlations over the entire lifespan of developing hypertrophy. Long-range electrocardiographic studies have been hampered since routine precordial leads have only been available since 1945. The present material consists of such studies of developing hy-pertrophy in 22 patients.
A survey of National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers' oral health supportive care practices and resources in the USA.

The oral complications and morbidity resulting from overall cancer therapy utilizing radiation, chemotherapy, and/or stem cell transplantation can have significant impact on a patient’s health, quality of life, cost of care, and cancer management. There has been minimal health services research focusing on the status of medically necessary, oral supportive services at US cancer centers. A pre-tested, survey questionnaire was distributed to the directors of National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer centers to assess each institution’s resource availability and clinical practices, as it relates to the prevention and management of oral complications during cancer treatment. Sixteen of the 39 comprehensive cancer centers responded to the survey. Of the respondents, 56% of the centers did not have a dental department. The sites of delivery of oral supportive care services range from the provision of in-house dental care to community-based, private practice sites. No standard protocols were in place for either oral preventive care or for supportive services for oral complications during or after cancer therapy. Fifty percent of the responding comprehensive cancer centers reported orally focused research and/or clinical trial activities. Comprehensive cancer care must include an oral care component, particularly for those cancer patients who are at high risk for oral complications. This requires a functional team of oral care providers collaborating closely within the oncology team. Considering the number of cancer patients receiving aggressive oncologic treatment that may result in oral toxicity, the impact of oral conditions on a compromised host, and the potential lack of appropriate resources and healthcare personnel to manage these complications, future research efforts are needed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of present oral supportive care delivery systems at both NCI-designated cancer centers and community-based oncology practices.
Does Short‐Term Antiepileptic Drug Treatment in Children Result in Cognitive or Behavioral Changes?

Summary: Purpose: To determine possible cognitive and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy by assessing children with newly diagnosed epilepsy before and after initiation of treatment. A comparison group of children with diabetes mellitus (DM) was included to control for the effects of practice, maturation, and chronic illness. Methods: Baseline neuropsychological assessments were completed for children with epilepsy (n = 37) and children with DM (n = 26) recruited through outpatient clinics at a regional children's hospital. Children were reevaluated 6 months from baseline testing. At follow-up, children with epilepsy had therapeutic AED levels and controlled seizures. Statistical analysis included a between-group repeated measures ANCOVA with pretest scores serving as the covariate. Results: Significant differences between groups were not found for any cognitive or behavioral factors, including attention (p < 0.24), immediate memory (p < 0.24), delayed memory (p < 0.10), complex motor speed (p < 0.19), or behavior problems (p < 0.89). Conclusions: Changes in performance on cognitive and behavioral measures were not different for children treated with AEDs and controls. Although adverse effects may be associated with prolonged treatment, results would not suggest adverse effects from AED monotherapy during the first 6 months of therapy.
Predisposing factors to light-induced photoreceptor cell damage: Retinal changes in maturing rats

Retinal changes occurring during the period of growth and maturation of Long Evans pigmented rats were examined to obtain a better understanding of the basis for the age-dependency of light-induced photoreceptor cell damage. Susceptibility to light damage increased markedly between 30 and 60 days of age and to a lesser extent between 60 and 90 days. Although the retinal antioxidant vitamins E and C, and taurine showed a significant increase during the age-period studied, retinal lipid phosphorus and total protein increased by similar amounts indicating that the concentration of these nutrients was not changing. In contrast, rhodopsin content of the retina increased progressively by 44% between 30 and 90 days of age. While ROS length showed no appreciable change with age, rhodopsin per ROS length increased by 31% between 30 and 60 days of age and by 48% between 30 and 90 days. Determinations of ROS phospholipid to rhodopsin ratio and disks per ROS length indicated that rhodopsin did not become more concentrated in photoreceptor cells between 30 and 90 days. However, the 12% increase in ROS diameter between 30 and 90 days of age may partially account for the rhodopsin difference. These findings demonstrate an age-dependent association between greater rhodopsin per ROS length and increased susceptibility to retinal light damage. An increased metabolic demand on photoreceptor cells with greater rhodopsin may be an important factor influencing their destruction by light.
PATTERNS FROM LAND ALIENATION MAPS

Land entry and land patent data available in the original Land Office Tract Books and in the Numerical Index provide a seldom used datum plane for geographical investigation which is useful in developing the historical settlement geography of a region. Patterns of entries and patents in the Nebraska Sand Hills reflect restrictions imposed on man by the environment, the process of sequential settlement, abandoned geographical features, and other patterns which establish a conceptual base for further research. The maps provide insights that may be used to explain some aspect of the settlement process.
The Relationships of Death Anxiety and Death Depression to Religion and Civilian War-Related Experiences in Iranians:

Of eleven hundred seventy-six Iranian college students, those who were more exposed to war-related traumatic events and those who were less religious had higher death anxiety and death depression. ...
Teacher education reform and prospective teachers' perspectives on teaching “Other people's” children

Abstract This paper depicts the perspectives of preservice U.S. teachers towards diverse learners and shows how these create barriers to equitable and just schooling for many children. It reviews national reports calling for changes in teacher education with regard to their attention to the teaching of “Other people's” children and reviews teacher education program efforts at reform for diversity; finally, it provides analyses of these efforts that point the way for further struggles for change.
DIP.A.D. STUDENTS AND THEIR FOUNDATION COURSES

Almost All Art and design students attend a preliminary Foundation course before commencing their degree‐level Diploma in Art and Design studies. A group of 170 Dip.A.D. students were given a questionnaire designed to elicit information regarding their Foundation course experience, their attitudes to Foundation studies and the degree of satisfaction felt for their Dip.A.D. course. There was a general preference for smaller Foundation groups, longer Foundation courses and increased deferment of the choice of a Dip.A.D. course. The diagnostic methods employed by Foundation course staff to guide Dip.A.D. placings varied considerably; in a substantial proportion of cases no guidance had been given. The advisory techniques used appear to have had no effect on the student's subsequent satisfaction with his/her Dip.A.D. course.
Effective properties of three-phase electro-magneto-elastic multifunctional composite materials

Coupling between the electric field, magnetic field, and strain of composite materials is achieved when electro-elastic (piezoelectric) and magneto-elastic (piezomagnetic) particles are joined by an elastic matrix. Although the matrix is neither piezoelectric nor piezomagnetic, the strain field in the matrix couples the E field of the piezoelectric phase to the B field of the piezomagnetic phase. This three-phase electro-magneto-elastic composite should have greater ductility and formability than a two-phase composite in which E and B are coupled by directly bonding two ceramic materials with no compliant matrix. A finite element analysis and homogenization of a representative volume element is used to determine the effective electric, magnetic, mechanical, and coupled-field properties of an elastic (epoxy) matrix reinforced with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers. The effective magnetoelectric moduli of this three-phase composite are, however, less than the effective magnetoelectric coefficients of a two-phase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite, because the epoxy matrix is not stiff enough to transfer significant strains between the piezomagnetic and piezoelectric fibers.
Refining lipoprotein assessment in diabetes: apolipoprotein B makes sense.

ABSTRACT Objective To summarize the data that support the measurement of apolipoprotein B as an accurate reflection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number and an easily adapted parameter in clinical practice. Methods Study findings are reviewed and a flow chart is provided to guide lipid assessment in patients with dyslipidemia. Results Current treatment guidelines for lipid management emphasize LDL cholesterol as the primary treatment target in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. However, LDL cholesterol is a poor surrogate for LDL particle number, particularly in patients with altered LDL composition, such as those with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Direct measurement of LDL particle number or size is not practical because of methodology and cost considerations. A suggested alternative target in patients with hypertriglyceridemia is non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Abundant evidence suggests that even non-HDL cholesterol is an inadequate approximation of the LDL particle number in such patients. The flow chart emphasizes the need to continue achieving the well-established LDL-cholesterol goal, while also considering apolipoprotein B measurement in those with hypertriglyceridemia, rather than relying on the less accurate surrogate of non-HDL cholesterol, when targeting therapy in such patients. Conclusion Presented evidence supports the measurement of apolipoprotein B as a more accurate reflection of LDL particle number than non-HDL cholesterol, and it is an easily adapted parameter in clinical practice. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:370-376)
The transformation of Escherichia coli with deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage λdg

Deoxyribonucleic acid of λ dg , isolated by phenol extraction, will transform galactose-negative strains of Escherichia coli K12. That the transforming agent is indeed DNA is shown by (1) its sensitivity to pancreatic DNase, (2) its resistance to anti-λ antibody, (3) its resistance to heat up to the characteristic melting temperature of λ dg DNA, and (4) its buoyant density of 1·71 g cm −3 . Transformation is found to occur only if the bacteria exposed to λ dg DNA are simultaneously infected with ordinary λ. The transforming agent appears to be the entire λ dg chromosome since the phage genes c and mi are also present in the galactose-positive transformants.
Facial nerve palsy as a complication of ear syringing.

Introduction:Syringing of the ear is one of the most common procedures performed for cleaning cerumen from the external auditory canal. Common complications following syringing are pain, external auditory canal trauma and otitis externa. Hearing and vestibular loss have also been reported as complications. However, we are unaware of any report of facial nerve palsy as a complication of ear syringing. Such a case is reported.Case presentation:We describe a case of facial nerve palsy as a complication of syringing, which demonstrates the dramatic presentation of this condition and emphasises the need for great care while syringing the ears.Conclusion:It is important to be aware of this unusual complication with its distinctive presentation. Surgical intervention should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity, for favourable results. A risk-minimising strategy for ear syringing is recommended.
Distributed relay selection for virtual MIMO in spectral efficient broadcasting networks

Virtual multiple-input multiple-output (VMIMO) enables the implementation of conventional MIMO on mobile devices equipped with insufficient numbers of antennas via cooperation. This paper considers a spectral efficient broadcasting network in which selected mobile devices form a VMIMO system to relay the broadcasted data to help other devices decode the source data more reliably. In particular, the relay selection problem, a fundamental issue in the construction of VMIMO, is examined. We first review existing selection schemes for users operating in the amplify-and-forward (AF) mode. We then propose a distributed selection scheme based on post-processing SNR. In the proposed scheme, each user individually finds the most favorable candidates for VMIMO construction and then all users obtain a joint decision through a voting process. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed scheme outperforms existing distributed selection schemes and achieves a near-optimal performance with lower complexity compared to the centralized scheme.
SENSORY COMPARISON OF PREPARED FROZEN VEGETABLES PROCESSED BY MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF BLANCHING

Four vegetables (green beans, yellow squash, purple hull peas, and mustard greens) were processed for freezing by steam, hot water, and microwave blanching. Blanched vegetables were chilled, packaged and stored at – 18°C for 3 months. Each vegetable was prepared and subjected to quantitative descriptive analysis and preference testing by a trained eight-member panel. The effects on texture, colour and flavour are described.
The Self-Destructing Internal Gravity Wave

Abstract A simple numerical model is used to demonstrate that momentum exchange between wave and mean flow can substantially modify the process of “breaking” of internal gravity waves at great height. The momentum exchange results in appreciable transfer of energy from wave to mean flow.
A Disclosure Approach to Value Analysis in Social Studies Education: Rationale and Components.

Abstract The first principle is this: people do not behave according to the facts as others see them; they behave in terms of what seems to them to be so. The psychologist expresses this technically as: Behavior is a function of perception. What affects human behavior, we are beginning to understand, is not so much the forces exerted on people from without as the meanings existing for the individual within. It is feelings, beliefs, convictions, attitudes … of the person who is behaving that constitutes the directing forces of behavior.
SU-FF-T-262: Image-Guided Non-Invasive Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the use of image registration and a non‐invasive head frame for SRS can achieve the same accuracy as the current invasive head‐ring SRS technique. Method and Materials: First, a head phantom was used to evaluate the accuracy of this procedure for aiming the target. Then, two SRT patients fixed with the GTC frame were treated with the proposed technique for ten treatments. The five‐point GTC alignment device was used to aid the repositioning of the GTC frame with respect of the original setup. This alignment device minimized the misalignment of the GTC frame in AP, lateral, and axial translations and the angular deviations about each of these axes on roll, tilt, and spin. Prior to each treatment, a daily CT scan with a localization device was acquired. Daily CTimages were registered with planning CT and MRIimages. The 9 rods on the daily CTimages were then identified, such that all the target, critical structures, and external contours from the planning images were transferred to the daily stereotactic coordinates. A new plan was generated. Results: In the head phantom study, the daily isocenter setup was verified to be within 0.2 mm accuracy based upon the portal images verse the planned DRRs. Optimized the dose distributions for each daily CTimages of ten treatments, the mean deviations of the daily isocenter from the planned isocenter are 0.2±0.12, −0.4±0.24, and −0.1±0.07 mm in AP‐, LAT‐, and VERT‐direction, respectively. The comparison of dose‐volume histograms is clearly revealed the prescribed dose enclosed the PTV for every treatment. Conclusions: The image‐guided noninvasive frame SRS has the capability of delivering high level accuracy of dose to the lesion without the discomfort from the pins fixed to the patient's skull.
Impact of advancing age on post-operative complications of deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor

Abstract Essential tremor (ET) was the original indication for deep brain stimulation (DBS), with USA Food and Drug Administration approval since 1997. Despite the efficacy of DBS, it is associated with surgical complications that cause sub-optimal clinical outcomes. Given that ET is a progressive disease with increase in symptom severity with increasing age, this study evaluated the impact of increasing age on short-term complications following DBS surgery for ET. The Thomson-Reuters MarketScan database was utilized (New York, NY, USA). Patients selected were over age 18 and underwent DBS for ET between the years 2000 and 2009. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate complication odds ratios (OR) for a 5 year increase in age, after controlling for other covariates. Six hundred sixty-one patients were included in the analysis. The mean (standard deviation) age was 61.9 (14.3) years, with 17% of individuals aged ⩾75 years. Overall 56.9% of patients were male, and 44.6% had a Charlson Comorbidity Score of ⩾1. Additionally, 7.1% of patients experienced at least one complication within 90 days, including wound infections (3.0%), pneumonia (2.4%), hemorrhage or hematoma (1.5%), or pulmonary embolism (0.6%). Increasing age was not significantly associated with the overall 90 day complication rates (OR 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–1.02; p = 0.102). The risk of the two most common procedure-related complications, hemorrhage and infection, did not significantly increase with age (hemorrhage: OR 1.02; 95%CI 0.77–1.37; p = 0.873; and infection: OR 0.88; 95%CI 0.72–1.07; p = 0.203). Our findings suggest that age should not be a primary exclusion factor for determining candidacy for DBS and also suggest a possible expansion of the traditional therapeutic window since post-operative complications remained relatively stable.
Indications and cavity preparation for porcelain inlays

Abstract Indications and cavity preparation for class III and class V porcelain inlays have been described. In addition, variations of these cavity preparations have been discussed. Because of the use of a combination of a refractory investment and elastic impression materials, the problem of placing durable and esthetic porcelain restorations in anterior teeth can be resolved with satisfaction.
Comment on the Papers “On the influx of small comets into the Earth's upper atmosphere I. Observations and II. Interpretation”

The Generic Screening Object hypothesis of Frank et al. (1986) is refuted, and it is indicated that the DE-1 dark pixel events do not serve as evidence for a large cometary influx. It is shown that the average scan line count profiles of the dark pixel events show no significant reductions in the two neighboring pixel positions, although at least a 9 percent reduction would be expected if the dark pixels were the result of shielding of the photometric field of view. In a reply, Frank et al. uphold their previous hypothesis, pointing out that the suggestion that the atmospheric holes are not a geophysical phenomenon is incorrect due to: (1) the use of an overly simplified model for the instrument responses to small, opaque objects as seen against a statistically fluctuating screen of dayglow intensities; and (2) an insufficient treatment of the observations.
Nitroreduction of 5-nitrofuran derivatives by rat liver xanthine oxidase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase.

Abstract Rat liver cytosol and microsomes catalyzed the nitroreduction of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide (NFTA), a potent carcinogen for the mouse, rat, hamster and dog, and formed a metabolite capable of binding to protein. The cytosol nitroreductase was NADH or hypoxanthine dependent and strongly inhibited by a low concentration of allopurinol. Partial purification of the cytosol nitroreductase resulted in the parallel purification of nitroreductase and xanthine oxidase. Furthermore, NFTA, as well as 11 other nitrofurans, was reduced by purified milk xanthine oxidase. The metabolite formed was capable of binding to protein. These observations suggested that the cytosol nitroreductase activity was due to xanthine oxidase. The microsomal nitroreductase, which is NADPH dependent, was probably NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Microsomal nitroreductase activity paralleled NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in rats pretreated with allylisopropylacetamide (AIA), phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), but did not parallel the level of microsomal cytochrome P-450. A partial purification of the microsomal nitroreductase resulted in the parallel purification of nitroreductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The NFTA metabolite formed by the partially purified enzyme was capable of binding to protein. Other nitrofurans also were reduced by the same enzyme preparation. Hence, microsomal nitroreductase activity may be due to NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.
Reduced k -to-1 maps and graphs with no k -to-1 cut set

Abstract A reduced map is a continuous function such that the preimage of every proper subcontinuum of the range is disconnected. A k -to-1 cut set is a finite subset B of a continuum X such that X\B has at least k|B| components. If a continuum is the image of a reduced at most k -to-1 map from a continuum, then it does not contain a k -to-1 cut set. A connected graph is the image of a reduced at most k -to-1 map from a continuum if and only if the graph does not contain a k -to-1 cut set. A connected graph is the image of a reduced k -to-1 map from a continuum if and only if the graph does not contain a k -to-1 cut set or an endpoint.
International comparison of Ku-band standard gain horn characterization

International comparison of antenna measurement results between national measurement laboratories supports interoperability of communication equipment in today's world market. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the pilot National Measurement Institute (NMI) for an international comparison measurement of two Ku-band standard gain horn antennas that involved eleven other NMIs. A variety of measurement techniques such as extrapolation, far field, gain transfer and reciprocity, were used in this international comparison. The individual measurement techniques used by each NMI are indicated and the gain measurement results and associated uncertainties from each NMI are presented in this paper.
Density dependence of fixed-node errors in diffusion quantum Monte Carlo: Triplet pair correlations

Abstract We analyze trial wave function fixed-node errors for a three-electron fully spin-polarized atomic systems with varying atomic number Z . The fully spin-polarized state 4 S ( 1 s 2 s 3 s ) is the lowest quadruplet with S -symmetry and even parity and it is nearly-degenerate with the 4 S ( 1 s 2 p 3 p ) state. We find significant fixed-node errors proportional to Z at the Hartree–Fock level while the two-configuration wave function leads to nearly exact energies. This broadly agrees with our analogous study on Be-like atoms so that the dependence of fixed-node errors on density appears to be similar in both spin-polarized and unpolarized atomic systems.
Computed tomography of hepatic fracture: A case report

A case of hepatic fracture is presented in which computed tomography (CT) played a major role in the diagnosis. The fracture, which was suggested on scintigraphy, was easily demonstrated on CT as a low-density hematoma. The advantages and potential use of CT in this clinical setting are discussed.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients show weather sensitivity in daily life, but the relationship is not clinically significant.

While the majority of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients report that their pain is influenced by the weather, studies examining the impact of weather on RA pain have yielded equivocal results. It is not clear from the existing studies if the mixed results are due to limited statistical power (e.g. small sample sizes and restricted variability in weather indices) or the failure to consider individual differences. The current study addressed these weaknesses by having 75 RA patients (mean age = 52.7; 71% female) record their daily pain severity for 75 consecutive days. Objective weather indices including temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and percentage of sunlight were obtained for the same dates from a local weather service. The results indicate that for the entire sample, pain levels were highest on cold, overcast days and following days with high barometric pressure. Pain levels also increased as a function of change in relative humidity from one day to the next. Individual difference analyses revealed significant variability between patients in their weather sensitivity patterns. In general, patients with higher levels of self-reported pain demonstrated more weather sensitivity. When considering the magnitude of these effects, however, weather variables accounted for only a small amount of change in pain scores. This pattern was true even for patients with the most pronounced pain-weather relationships. Thus, although weather sensitivity was found, the effect sizes were not clinically meaningful.
Balanced Vav2 GEF activity regulates neurite outgrowth and branching in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract We have investigated the role of Vav2, a reported Rac1/Cdc42 GEF, on the development of Xenopus spinal neurons in vitro and in vivo . Both gain and loss of Vav2 function inhibited the rate neurite extension on laminin (LN), while only GFP-Vav2 over-expression enhanced process formation and branching. Vav2 over-expression protected neurons from RhoA-mediated growth cone collapse, similar to constitutively active Rac1, suggesting that Vav2 activates Rac1 in spinal neurons. Enhanced branching on LN required both Vav2 GEF activity and N-terminal tyrosine residues, but protection from RhoA-mediated collapse only required GEF activity. Interestingly, wild-type spinal neurons exhibited increased branching on the cell adhesion molecule L1, which required Vav2 GEF function, but not N-terminal tyrosine residues. Finally, we find that Vav2 differentially affects the Rohon–Beard peripheral and central process extension but promotes neurite branching of commissural interneurons near the ventral midline. Together, we suggest that balanced Vav2 activity is necessary for optimal neurite outgrowth and promotes branching by targeting GEF activity to branch points.
Un‐managing knowledge workers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual and flexible framework for the management of knowledge workers in the current information economy.Design/methodology/approach – Research from such diverse fields as anthropology, evolutionary biology/psychology, paleontology, molecular biology, neurophysiology, and social network analysis are used in an attempt to find commonalities in these disciplines that will help determine the effects of various organizational contexts on human nature and the innovative capabilities of knowledge workers.Findings – Provides definitive explanations/reasons why knowledge workers should not be managed using Industrial Age management concepts and organizational structures. Also includes four clearly defined descriptive principles for the development of Knowledge Age organizations and social networks.Practical implications – An especially useful multidisciplinary source for the development of innovative enterprises capable of motivating and expanding the creati...
Electric field alignment of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in polymers

Electrospinning of a SWNT-polyimide composite is accomplished under DC electric field. The resulting composite fibers are characterized to assess the alignment of the SWNTs in the polyimide. Polarized Raman spectroscopy is performed using a Nicolet dispersive Raman spectrometer with a polarizer. The Raman spectrum of SWNT-polyimide fibers is recorded at several angles between the SWNT axis and the incident polarization, in the range of 0° to 180°. The Raman peak in each spectrum corresponds to the tangential mode (1590 cm-1) of the SWNT in the composite. Inspection of the spectra reveals that the maximum intensity is obtained when the polarization of incident radiation is parallel to the SWNT axis, while the smallest intensity is obtained when the polarization of incident radiation is perpendicular to the SWNT axis. Difference in the intensities when the radiation is parallel and perpendicular to the SWNT axis indicates preferential alignment of SWNTs in the polyimide fibers.
A spreadsheet program for brachytherapy planning

Abstract A computer program ( brachy_spread ) which allows spreadsheet-like interactive adjustment of the loading of any brachytherapy application has been implemented. Sources are collected into objects , each assigned an activity and duration of implant. Activities and times may be adjusted by moving a cursor to the datum to be edited and entering a new value from the keyboard. Alternatively, the desired total dose to a given calculation point may be edited resulting in a recalculation of the time for all objects. For each of a set of calculation points, dose rates, total doses, and the percent contribution of each object to the point are displayed and instantly updated as the times and activities are adjusted. The program design includes rapidly updated display of isodose curves in previously selected arbitrary planes. A strategy for providing rapid dose display involving precalculation of fractional dose tables is used. The program has significantly reduced the time required to determine the appropriate loading of GYN applications and of implants which involve a combination of line sources and seeds.
A possible complex containing RNA processing enzymes

Abstract The three enzymes, RNAase III, RNAase E and RNAase P participate in the processing of RNA precursors in Escherichia coli . In extracts which contain a mutated RNAase III or RNAase E under certain conditions RNAase P activity is not expressed while in the wild-type extract it is. Upon high-speed centrifugation of a cell extract from a strain of E. , coli , which contains all these three enzymes, the majority of RNAase P, RNAase III and RNAase E activities sediment as particles heavier than their known sizes. In a sucrose density gradient of the cell extract, part of RNAase E and RNAase P activities co-sediment while most of the RNAase III activity is found toward the top of the gradient. This behavior is distinct from other ribonucleases such as RNAase II and RNAase H, which do not sediment as complexes. This complex does not seem to be caused merely by the association of the enzymes with ribosomes.