cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cassava Leaf Meal as a Replacement for Coconut Oil Meat in Broiler Diets

Abstract Eight feeding trials of 8 weeks duration were conducted to evaluate cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a replacement for coconut oil meal (COM) in tropical broiler diets. Diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% CLM that replaced COM were fed in Trials 1 and 2. Broiler performance was improved at the 10% CLM level. However, 20 and 30% levels of CLM resulted in depressions in gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Liver and spleen weights (percent of body weight) increased linearly with increasing levels of CLM. Carcass pigmentation values, as measured by Roche color fan, favored CLM-based diets. Results of Trial 3 showed that broilers can tolerate a level of 15% CLM without adversely affecting their growth. In Trials 4 and 5, supplementation of methionine improved the gains of birds fed the 20% CLM diet but had no beneficial effect when added to the basal diet. All response criteria were improved when 3% soybean oil was added to the basal or the 20% CLM diet in Trials 6 and 7. Further addition of methionine had no effect on the performance of birds fed the basal diet but improved growth of those fed the 20% CLM diet. In Trial 8, gains of broilers tended (P
Secretory dynamics of the rat submandibular gland. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of the isoproterenol-induced secretory cycle

Upon isoproterenol induction of secretion, there was an explosive exocytosis. The lumen greatly expanded during this stage, penetrating deeply into the cell cytoplasm. The intermediate stage was characterized by a reduction in the size of the lumen, an increase in the Golgi apparatus, and the presence of small vesicles and endocytotic profiles in close association with the lumen. An increase in lysosomes and GERL was verified by their acid phosphatase activity. The final stage consisted of repopulation of secretory granules. Overlying the cyclical distribution of secretory granules was the cyclical changes in the morphology of the lateral intercellular spaces, the localization of cation visualized by pyroantimonate precipitation, and the localization of K+-dependent oubain-sensitive p-nitrophenylphosphatase. The implication of a lysosomal function in processing retrieved membrane after exocytosis and the possibility that the lateral intercellular spaces were functioning as backward channels during fluid transport were discussed.
Social facilitation of long-term recall

Forty-eight Ss were given a single presentation of a paired-associate list while either alone or with another girl present. The other girl either watched S closely or paid no attention to her. Recall took place either 2 or 45 min after the presentation of the list. Ss who had seen the list in the presence of an unattending girl recalled significantly less of the R terms than did Ss who had seen the list while alone when testing occurred after 2 min. Ss who had seen the list in the presence of an unattending girl also recalled more of the R terms when testing took place after 45 min than when it took place after 2 min. A predicted exacerbation of this effect when the other girl watched S was not found.
In-hospital outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with cocaine use in the USA

Cocaine use is associated with higher mortality in small retrospective studies of brain-injured patients. We aimed to explore in-hospital outcomes in a large population based study of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) with cocaine use. aSAH patients were identified from the 2007-2010 USA Nationwide Inpatient Sample using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes. Demographics, comorbidities and surgical procedures were compared between cocaine users and non-users. The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and home discharge/self-care. Secondary outcomes were vasospasm treated with angioplasty, hydrocephalus, gastrostomy and tracheostomy. There were 103,876 patients with aSAH. The cocaine group were younger (45.8 ± 9.8 versus 58.4 ± 15.8, p<0.001), predominantly male (53.3% versus 38.5%, p<0.001) and had a higher proportion of black patients (36.9% versus 11.5%, p<0.001). The incidence of seizures was higher among cocaine users (16.2% versus 11.1%, p<0.001). Endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms (24% versus 18.5%, p<0.001) was more frequent in cocaine users. The univariate analysis showed higher rates of in-hospital mortality and vasospasm treated with angioplasty, but lower home discharge in the cocaine group. In the multivariate analysis, the cocaine cohort had higher in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-1.61, p<0.001) and lower home discharge rates (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.87, p<0.001) after adjusting for confounders. Rates of vasospasm treated with angioplasty however were similar between the two groups. Cocaine use was found to be independently associated with poor outcomes, particularly higher mortality and lower home discharge rates. Cocaine use however, was not associated with vasospasm that required treatment with angioplasty. Prospective confirmation is warranted.
The Cryptochrome Blue Light Receptors

Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors originally discovered in Arabidopsis but later found in other plants, microbes, and animals. Arabidopsis has two cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which mediate primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, respectively. In addition, cryptochromes also regulate over a dozen other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Cryptochromes have two domains, the N-terminal PHR (Photolyase-Homologous Region) domain that bind the chromophore FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the CCE (CRY C-terminal Extension) domain that appears intrinsically unstructured but critical to the function and regulation of cryptochromes. Most cryptochromes accumulate in the nucleus, and they undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation or ubiquitination. It is hypothesized that photons excite electrons of the flavin molecule, resulting in redox reaction or circular electron shuttle and conformational changes of the photoreceptors. The photoexcited cryptochrome are phosphorylated to adopt an open conformation, which interacts with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels and consequently the metabolic and developmental programs of plants.
Twenty years on: The inner workings of the shoot apical meristem, a developmental dynamo

The shoot apical meristem of angiosperm plants generates leaf, stem and floral structures throughout the plant's lifetime. To do this, the plant must maintain a population of stem cells within the meristem while at the same time carefully controlling the placement and establishment of new leaf primordia. As there is little cell rearrangement in plants, underlying patterning mechanisms must exert careful control of cell division rates and orientations to achieve the correct final form. It has been twenty years since the first genes controlling meristem development were molecularly cloned. In the intervening decades, our understanding of the inner workings directing meristem development has increased enormously. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how the meristem functions as a persistent organ generating center. The story that emerges is one in which transcription factor activity combines with the action of the classic plant growth regulators auxin and cytokinin and with the action of more recently discovered small peptides to control proliferation and cell fate in the shoot apical meristem.
Spanning seven orders of magnitude: a challenge for cognitive modeling

Much of cognitive psychology focuses on effects measured in tens of milliseconds while significant educational outcomes take tens of hours to achieve. The task of bridging this gap is analyzed in terms of Newell’s (1990) bands of cognition—the Biological, Cognitive, Rational, and Social Bands. The 10 millisecond effects reside in his Biological Band while the significant learning outcomes reside in his Social Band. The paper assesses three theses: The Decomposition Thesis claims that learning occurring at the Social Band can be reduced to learning occurring at lower bands. The Relevance Thesis claims that instructional outcomes at the Social Band can be improved by paying attention to cognition at the lower bands. The Modeling Thesis claims that cognitive modeling provides a basis for bridging between events on the small scale and desired outcomes on the large scale. The unit-task level, at the boundary of the Cognitive and Rational Bands, is useful for assessing these theses. There is good evidence for all three theses in efforts that bridge from the unit-task level to educational applications. While there is evidence for the Decomposition Thesis all the way down to the 10 millisecond level, more work needs to be done to establish the Relevance Thesis and particularly the Modeling Thesis at the lower levels. © 2002 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
Evans blue dye-enhanced capillary-resolution photoacoustic microscopy in vivo.

Complete and continuous imaging of microvascular net- works is crucial for a wide variety of biomedical applications. Pho- toacoustic tomography can provide high resolution microvascular im- aging using hemoglobin within red blood cells RBCs as an endogenic contrast agent. However, intermittent RBC flow in capillar- ies results in discontinuous and fragmentary capillary images. To over- come this problem, we use Evans blue EB dye as a contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic imaging. EB has strong optical absorption and distributes uniformly in the blood stream by chemically binding to albumin. With the help of EB, complete and continuous microvascu- lar networks—especially capillaries—are imaged. The diffusion dy- namics of EB leaving the blood stream and the clearance dynamics of the EB-albumin complex are also quantitatively investigated. © 2009
Toxicity of fluoranthene in sediment to marine amphipods: A test of the equilibrium partitioning approach to sediment quality criteria

The toxicity of fluoranthene in sediment to the marine benthic amphipods, Rhepoxynius abronius (Barnard) and Corophium spinicorne (Stimpson) was determined in relation to the equilibrium partitioning approach to the development of sediment quality criteria. Toxicity tests were conducted with well-sorted fine sands at three levels of organic carbon (OC), 0.18, 0.31 and 0.48%. Measured interstitial water concentrations of fluoranthene less than 50 μg/L were highly correlated with predictions based on the equilibrium partitioning model. LC50s based on bulk (total) fluoranthene concentrations increased significantly with increasing sediment OC. LC50s based on fluoranthene concentrations in interstitial water were not significantly different between 0.18 and 0.48% OC or between 0.31 and 0.48% OC, but the LC50 at 0.31% OC was significantly higher than that at 0.18% OC. The regression of sediment OC on bulk fluoranthene LC50 was linear, indicating that the concentration of fluoranthene in interstitial water was constant at equitoxic conditions, as predicted by the equilibrium partitioning model. The 10-d LC50 of fluoranthene in interstitial water (23.8 μg/L) was intermediate between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) acute (40 μg/L) and chronic (16 μg/L) water quality values for fluoranthene. Within the limitations of these experiments (i.e., one chemical, two species, sandy sediment with low carbon content), the results indicate that sediment quality criteria derived from the equilibrium partitioning model and water quality criteria would protect sensitive benthic invertebrates. The epibenthic, tube-dwelling Corophium was less sensitive to test sediments than the infaunal, free-burrowing Rhepoxynius, possibly because of different routes of exposure to fluoranthene. There was a close correspondence between estimates of sediment quality for fluoranthene based on distinctly different methodologies including equilibrium partitioning, apparent effects threshold, toxicity tests applied to experimentally spiked sediment and toxicity tests applied to field-collected sediment.
Vapor phase epitaxial materials for LED applications

The growth and performance of vapor phase epitaxial (VPE) III-V materials and devices for light-emitting diode (LED) and display applications are reviewed. Because of the commercial importance of the GaAsP ternary alloys and GaP, this paper is primarily concerned with these materials. With the addition of nitrogen doping high-performance red, yellow, and green devices can be fabricated using GaAsP and GaP. The VPE materials growth technology is highly developed, and, in conjunction with the Zn diffusion techniques used to form the p-n junctions, is compatible with planar processing procedures similar to those commonly used in the Si integrated-circuit industry. This processing technology results in reproducible and economical LED devices. In this paper the performance of VPE GaAsP devices is compared with the performance of other types of LED's, and economic considerations involved in the fabrication of LED devices are discussed.
Effects of Silvicultural Edges on the Distribution and Abundance of Amphibians in Maine

Amphibians share several biological characteristics that may cause them to be sensitive to abrupt transitions in microhabitat and microclimate that occur across forest edges. To better understand the impor- tance of edge effects on amphibians in a forested landscape, we sampled the distribution of populations along drift fences placed perpendicular to silvicultural edges of varying contrast in central Maine. Within the com- munity of amphibians sampled (14 species), salamanders generally were more sensitive to even-aged harvest- ing and associated edge effects than were anurans, but forest habitat generalists and specialists were identi- fied within both groups. We conservatively estimated the depth of edge effects at 25-35 m for a subset of management-sensitive species ( Plethodon cinereus, Ambystoma maculatum, A. laterale, and Rana sylvatica ). An index of edge contrast, calculated using ambient light penetration levels, was valuable in predicting the mag- nitude of edge effects among sites that included silvicultural edges of different age and origin (old field plan- tations versus recent clearcuts). Some structural microhabitat variables relevant to forest management were identified as potentially limiting to amphibians near forest edges, including canopy cover, litter cover, and a measure of stumps, snags, and their root channels. Our observations are consistent with the results of other work on biotic edge effects in the eastern United States and suggest that impacts from intensive forest man- agement practices extend beyond the boundaries of harvested stands.
Analysis of Metagenomics Data

Improved sampling of diverse environments and advances in the development and application of next-generation sequencing technologies are accelerating the rate at which new metagenomes are produced. Over the past few years, the major challenge associated with metagenomics has shifted from generating to analyzing sequences. Metagenomic analysis includes the identification, and functional and evolutionary analysis of the genomic sequences of a community of organisms. There are many challenges involved in the analysis of these data sets including sparse metadata, a high volume of sequence data, genomic heterogeneity, and incomplete sequences. Because of the nature of metagenomic data, analysis is very complex and requires new approaches and significant compute resources. Recently, several computational systems and tools have been developed and applied to analyze their functional and phylogenetic composition.
The hydration of amides in helices; a comprehensive picture from molecular dynamics, IR, and NMR

We examined the hydration of amides of α3D, a simple, designed three-helix bundle protein. Molecular dynamics calculations show that the amide carbonyls on the surface of the protein tilt away from the helical axis to interact with solvent water, resulting in a lengthening of the hydrogen bonds on this face of the helix. Water molecules are bonded to these carbonyl groups with partial occupancy (∼50%–70%), and their interaction geometries show a large variation in their hydrogen bond lengths and angles on the nsec time scale. This heterogeneity is reflected in the carbonyl stretching vibration (amide I′ band) of a group of surface Ala residues. The surface-exposed amides are broad, and shift to lower frequency (reflecting strengthening of the hydrogen bonds) as the temperature is decreased. By contrast, the amide I′ bands of the buried 13C-labeled Leu residues are significantly sharper and their frequencies are consistent with the formation of strong hydrogen bonds, independent of temperature. The rates of hydrogen-deuterium exchange and the proton NMR chemical shifts of the helical amide groups also depend on environment. The partial occupancy of the hydration sites on the surface of helices suggests that the interaction is relatively weak, on the order of thermal energy at room temperature. One unexpected feature that emerged from the dynamics calculations was that a Thr side chain subtly disrupted the helical geometry 4–7 residues N-terminal in sequence, which was reflected in the proton chemical shifts and the rates of amide proton exchange for several amides that engage in a mixed 310/α/π-helical conformation.
Lipids as markers of nutritional condition and diet in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias during austral winter

To understand the nutritionalcondition and feeding history of Antarctic kril lduring winter, Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias were collected by MOCNESS during July–August 2001 in Maguerite Bay southeast of Adelaide Island. Total lipid, lipid classes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and sterols were analyzed in animals among several life stages. Lipids in seston and major copepods representing potential diets were collected from the water column and quantified to compare with krill. Stomach contents also were examined in selected adult krill to provide a visual snapshot of ingested material and comparison with lipid biomarkers. Total lipids in adult E. crystallorophias were significantly higher than adult E. superba (30.0% and 20.2% of dry weight, respectively). Wax esters were the major storage lipid in E. crystallorophias, accounting for over half (mean of 55.9%) of the total lipid in adult animals. In contrast, E. superba contained triacylglycerols as the dominant storage lipid in adults (mean of 45.5% of total lipid). Fatty acid and sterol distributions in krill showed minor differences between species and life stages. Larval krill, however, contained higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than sub- and adult krill. While only trace amounts of fatty alcohols were found in E. superba, significant amounts were found in E. crystallorophias, particularly 14:0 and 16:0, which were major components of wax esters. Results for lipid classes, individual lipids, and stomach content suggest that E. superba is less dependent on stored lipid for overwintering than E. crystallorophias. E. superba are omnivorous, with copepods representing a significant dietary source for adults in winter. Furciliae of both species contain lower levels of lipid storage in winter and feed largely on detritus or organisms associated with ice. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Further Data on the Overdominance of Induced Mutations.

A preliminary analysis is presented of the viability effects of new mutations in heterozygous condition in three sorts of second-chromosome backgrounds: homozygous for chromosomes obtained from large populations, heterozygous for two chromosomes obtained from the same population, and heterozygous for two chromosomes obtained from widely separated populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The data are inconclusive, but in several types of analyses are consistent with the following suggestion: If a/sub i/ and a/sub j/ are two of many alleles at the a locus retained in a large population under the influence of natural selection, and if a/sub */ is newly induced allele, the order of viability of the different genotypes is a/sub i//a/sub j/ > a/sub i//a/ sub */ > a/sub i//a/sub i/ on the average. (auth)
Unbound Aggregate Deformation Behavior due to Traffic Wander

This paper reports the investigation of complex deformation trends observed in unbound aggregate layers of airport pavements and caused by traffic loading with wander, as seen in the flexible pavement sections at FAA's National Airport Pavement Test Facility. A discrete element modeling (DEM) approach was adopted to enable realistic movements (i.e., sliding, rotating, and shifting positions of individual particles in the unbound aggregate layer in response to offset wheel loads). The first DEM simulation involving a single rigid plate pushed into an assembly of generated unbound particles found that the particles moved downward and laterally from under the plate load. The lateral movement caused upward movement of particles adjacent to the plate. The DEM simulations of traffic wander involving three plates, with each plate loaded sequentially, found that the particles were forced back under the previously loaded plate due to the application of the next offset load, which caused upheaval of the first plate...
A rheumatoid factor from a normal individual encoded by VH2 and VkII gene segments

OBJECTIVE To gain insight into the immunoglobulin variable-region repertoire of anti-IgG antibodies (rheumatoid factors [RF]), we characterized the VH and V kappa gene segments utilized in an IgM-RF-secreting lymphoblastoid cell line (SSH23) isolated from a normal individual. METHODS The cell line SSH23 was established by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood non-T mononuclear cells. First-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) was generated and used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the heavy and light chain variable domains. The amplified variable domains were sequenced and compared with an extensive database of germline and cDNA V gene segments. RESULTS The VH sequence was found to be identical to a previously described fetal VH2 incomplete cDNA and to differ by only 3 nucleotides from a JH proximal germline VH2 gene segment. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a VH2 rheumatoid factor. The V kappa 2-J kappa 4 light chain contains an uncommon 10-amino acid third complementarity-determining region (CDR 3). CONCLUSION Utilization of preimmune fetal VH gene segments and unusual light chain junctional diversity appear to be features shared by many physiologic and pathologic rheumatoid factors.
Differentiation and Detection of Sugar Beet Fungal Pathogens Using PCR Amplification of Actin Coding Sequences and the ITS Region of the rRNA Gene

ABSTRACT The DNA sequences of the actin genes of several fungi were compared and highly conserved regions in the coding sequence were identified. Deoxyoligonucleotide primers were synthesized based...
A Neural Network Based System for Prediction of Partial Discharge Pulse Height Distribution Parameters

Partial discharges (PDs) have been traditionally used to monitor tree growth in electrical insulation. In this work Perspex (PMMA) samples with a needle plane gap have been aged with AC voltage. The tree growth is monitored by collecting PDs at regular intervals of time and by taking microphotographs in real time without interrupting the aging voltage. The PD pulse amplitude records are clustered together into groups of class intervals. The sequence of PD pulse height records are quantified as time series of eta (shape) and sigma (scale) of a Weibull distribution. Artificial neural network approach is used for analyses and prediction of eta and sigma. This is applied for two samples A and B. The relative advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Beyond Lambert: reconstructing surfaces with arbitrary BRDFs

We address an open and hitherto neglected problem in computer vision, how to reconstruct the geometry of objects with arbitrary and possibly anisotropic bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs). Present reconstruction techniques, whether stereo vision, structure from motion, laser range finding, etc. make explicit or implicit assumptions about the BRDF. Here, we introduce two methods that were developed by re-examining the underlying image formation process; the methods make no assumptions about the object's shape, the presence or absence of shadowing, or the nature of the BRDF which may vary over the surface. The first method takes advantage of Helmholtz reciprocity, while the second method exploits the fact that the radiance along a ray of light is constant. In particular, the first method uses stereo pairs of images in which point light sources are co-located at the centers of projection of the stereo cameras. The second method is based on double covering a scene's incident light field; the depths of surface points are estimated using a large collection of images in which the viewpoint remains fixed and a point light source illuminates the object. Results from our implementations lend empirical support to both techniques.
Clostridium difficile toxins: mediators of inflammation

Clostridium difficile is a significant problem in hospital settings as the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. C. difficile infections (CDIs) are characterized by an acute intestinal inflammatory response with neutrophil infiltration. These symptoms are primarily caused by the glucosylating toxins, TcdA and TcdB. In the past decade, the frequency and severity of CDIs have increased markedly due to the emergence of so-called hypervirulent strains that overproduce cytotoxic glucosylating toxins relative to historical strains. In addition, these strains produce a third toxin, binary toxin or C. difficile transferase (CDT), that may contribute to hypervirulence. Both the glucosylating toxins and CDT covalently modify target cell proteins to cause disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton and induce severe inflammation. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which glucosylating toxins and CDT disrupt target cell function, alter host physiology and stimulate immune responses.
Stereotype Directionality and Attractiveness Stereotyping: Is Beauty Good or is Ugly Bad?

Abstract Dion, Berscheid, and Walster (1972), in their seminal article, labeled the attribution of positive characteristics to attractive people the “beauty—is—good” stereotype. The stereotyping literature since then provides extensive evidence for the differential judgment and treatment of attractive versus unattractive people, but does not indicate whether it is an advantage to be attractive or a disadvantage to be unattractive. Two studies investigated the direction of attractiveness stereotyping by comparing judgments of positive and negative attributes for medium vs. low and medium vs. high attractive faces. Taken together, results for adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2) suggest that most often, unattractiveness is a disadvantage, consistent with negativity bias (e.g., Rozin & Royzman, 2001), but contrary to the “beauty—is—good” aphorism.
Financial Challenges in Emerging Adulthood and Students’ Decisions to Stop Out of College

By examining the college attendance patterns of youth who came of age during the Great Recession, our study investigates the economic factors in emerging adulthood that may contribute to the limited upward educational mobility experienced by a contemporary cohort of young adults. Drawing on telephone survey and in-depth interview data gathered from 18- to 26-year-olds, we analyze patterns of stopping out—or leaving college with intentions to return. Our findings demonstrate that financial considerations in emerging adulthood—including receipt of government financial aid, attending to family financial obligations, paying for housing expenses, and rising tuition rates—play a key role in shaping pathways through community and 4-year colleges. We argue that in seeking to understand inequality in educational and labor outcomes, researchers should make conceptual distinctions between financial factors connected to an individual’s family background, and related, but temporally distinct financial issues experienc...
Statin therapy is not associated with prostate cancer recurrence among patients who underwent radiation therapy

We investigated whether statin use is associated with reduced risk of recurrence in prostate cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy. A retrospective cohort of 774 patients from a California health plan was followed for 5 years. Statin use prior to, during and after radiotherapy was not associated with prostate cancer recurrence [hazard ratio = 0.99 (0.70–1.39), 0.87 (0.62–1.22) and 0.78 (0.55–1.09), respectively] in multivariable Cox models. No clear dose–response relationship was observed for average daily statin dose or duration of statin use. Our findings do not support a preventive benefit of statins in prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy.
GTS-21, a mixed nicotinic receptor agonist/antagonist, does not affect the nicotine cue.

Abstract VAN HAAREN, F., K. G. ANDERSON, S. C. HAWORTH AND W. R. KEM. GTS-21, a mixed nicotinic receptor agonist/antagonist, does not affect the nicotine cue. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 64(2) 439–444, 1999.—Identification of nicotinic receptor subtypes involved in nicotine dependence is required for guiding the design of more selective antagonists capable of blocking the nicotine cue and nicotine self-administration. Due to the multiplicity of nicotinic receptors in the mammalian brain, selective agonists and antagonists are needed to assess the functional involvement of a particular subtype in vivo. Only recently have a few nicotinic receptor subtype-selective antagonists and agonists been identified. GTS-21 (also known as DMBX-anabaseine) is the only agent so far reported that selectively stimulates the α7 nicotinic receptor. Here GTS-21 was used to assess the possible mediation of the nicotine cue by this receptor subtype. Long–Evans rats were trained to discriminate between presession administration of 0.10 or 0.40 mg/kg (−)-nicotine bitartrate and its vehicle. GTS-21 did not substitute for nicotine, as all subjects consistently chose the vehicle lever after GTS-21 substitution. In another experiment, different doses of GTS-21 were administered prior to nicotine administration to investigate whether GTS-21 would antagonize the nicotine cue. Such was not the case. The lack of effect of GTS-21 upon the nicotine cue is consistent with the notion that the cue is mediated by nicotinic receptors other than the α7 receptor.
Social-Emotional Inhibition of Return in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Typical Development.

In typical development there is a bias to orient visual attention to social information. Children with ASD do not reliably demonstrate this bias, and the role of attention orienting has not been well studied. We examined attention orienting via the inhibition of return (IOR) mechanism in a spatial cueing task using social-emotional cues; we studied 8- to 17-year-old children with ASD (n = 41) and typically developing controls (TDC) (n = 25). The ASD group exhibited a significantly stronger IOR effect than the TDC group, and the IOR effect correlated positively with social impairments but was unrelated to co-occurring ADHD or anxiety symptoms. The results provide evidence of an early altered attention mechanism that is associated with to core social deficits in ASD.
Making Other Worlds Possible: Performing Diverse Economies

Contributors to this collection offer a “reflective and theoretically developed accompaniment” to the “critique of ‘capitalocentrism’” (p. 10) found in J.K. Gibson-Graham’s earlier works The End of...
Evaluation of cytomegalovirus reactivation and tolerability in seropositive umbilical cord transplant patients after implementation of an intensive prevention strategy

Abstract Objective/Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in CMV seropositive patients undergoing umbilical cord blood transplants (UCBT). Our study aimed to describe the incidence of CMV reactivation and burden of disease, as well as the tolerability of an intensive prevention strategy as compared to historical prevention. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of 33 CMV seropositive patients that underwent UCBT. The intensive prevention strategy in UCBT consisted of ganciclovir 5 mg/kg/d intravenously or valganciclovir 900 mg by mouth daily initiated at the beginning of the conditioning regimen until Day −2. Then from Day −1 to Day +100, patients received valacyclovir 2 g by mouth three times daily, and from Day +101 to Day +365, acyclovir 800 mg by mouth twice daily. Historical standard prevention was acyclovir 800 mg by mouth twice daily initiated at the beginning of the conditioning regimen until Day +365. Results Thirty-three patients were included from 2008 to 2014. There were no differences in the adverse effects experienced between the two regimens (p = .4). CMV reactivation occurred significantly later with intensive prevention (p = .003). The median CMV viral titer at reactivation was lower in the intensive versus the historic prevention (1,800 copies/mL and 2,700 copies/mL, respectively), but was not significantly different. CMV disease occurred significantly less often in the intensive group (p = .039). Conclusion The results from this study indicate that the intensive prevention strategy was well tolerated, significantly delayed CMV reactivation, and patients had less CMV disease.
Getting by, getting back, and getting on: Matching mental health services to consumers’ recovery goals.

Objective The goal of this study was to better understand mental health recovery from the point of view of mental health consumers to identify opportunities for practice improvements that closely align services with consumer goals and consumer-preferred outcomes. Method As part of an exploratory study of recovery, semistructured interviews were conducted with 177 integrated health plan members diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or affective psychosis. Transcripts of in-depth interviews were coded using Atlas.ti, and definitions of recovery were further subcoded. A qualitative analysis using a modified grounded theory approach and constant comparative method identified common themes and less common but potentially important recovery-related experiences and perspectives. Results Three primary and 2 cross-cutting themes emerged. "Getting by" meant coping and meeting basic needs. "Getting back" meant learning to live with mental illness. "Getting on" meant living a life where mental illness was no longer prominent. Regaining control and recouping losses were cross-cutting themes. Conclusions/implications for practice Mental health recovery is complex and dynamic; individuals' recovery goals can be expected to change over time. Person-centered care must accommodate changing consumer priorities, services must be flexible and responsive, and outcomes need to match consumers' objectives. Clinicians can assist in (a) identifying recovery goals, (b) monitoring progress toward and recognizing movement away from goals, (c) tailoring support to different phases/stages, and (d) supporting transitions between phases/stages. (PsycINFO Database Record
Theory and Testing of Governments' Credible Apologies: A Reply to Lowry' ‘Comment on Yap's “Non-Electoral Responsiveness Mechanisms”’

I appreciate the work that Professor Lowry has put into the evaluation of the credible apologies argument presented in my article, ‘Non-Electoral Responsiveness Mechanisms’. Lowry states that I assume ‘a causal arrow running from poor economic performance to credible apologies’. I am obliged to point out that this is inaccurate – I make no such assumption. What does cause the government's credible apologies? It is the need for the economic resources of labour quiescence and production investment from the respective resource-owners. Theory and empirical studies suggest that the withdrawal of such resources follows less-than-optimal economic performance; it follows, then, that governments in the less-democratic countries who need these resources are forced to pay attention to economic performance and offer credible apologies following sub-optimal economic performance.
Understanding the corrosion of CO2-loaded 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol solutions assisted by thermodynamic modeling

Abstract Corrosion of A106 carbon steel in a naturally aerated 30 wt.% 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol-based solution (AMP, a sterically hindered primary amine) with 0.43 molCO2/molAMP was evaluated at 80 °C. Substantial decrease in corrosion rate, i.e., over two orders of magnitude, was observed over the initial 70 h, which is the result of formation of a protective FeCO3 layer followed by passivation of the A106 surface. Mechanisms for formation of these protective layers are discussed with comparison to corrosion in a 30 wt.% monoethanolamine solution as well as with the help of thermodynamic modeling of the AMP-H2O-CO2 system. Experimental solubility data from literature were employed to extract a thermodynamic model for aqueous solutions of AMP with concentrations ranging from 17.8 to 36.6 wt.% at various CO2 loadings. Liquid phase speciation was determined by employing an electrolyte-NRTL model. The AMP carbamate stability constant, molecule-ion pair, and molecule–molecule interaction parameters in the studied concentrations were obtained. The determined CO2 equilibrium properties are in agreement with previously reported experimental data.
Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Attachment style refers to a systematic pattern of emotions, behaviors, and expectations that people have for how others will respond in relationships. Extensive evidence has documented the importance of attachment security in infants, children, adolescents, and adults, but the effects of attachment among exclusively older adult populations have received less attention. The present study explored the relationships between attachment style in late adulthood and eudaimonic well-being, which refers to a life replete with meaning, productive activity, and striving to reach one's potential. It also explored the mediating role of self-compassion, which can be described as a kind and forgiving attitude toward the self.Method: A sample of 126 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 70.40 years) completed measures tapping adult attachment, self-compassion, and six theoretically derived markers of eudaimonic well-being.Results: Attachment anxiety and avoidance were inversely related to self-...
Formation and Effect of Social Media Usage Habit

The widespread of social media (SM) provides information system (IS) research with a great opportunity to examine IS usage habit. This study adapts habit perspectives of social psychology into soci...
Evaluating the Cardiovascular Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Some drugs used to treat noncardiovascular conditions may adversely impact the cardiovascular status of individuals both with and without known cardiovascular disease. When the US Food and Drug Administration judges the potential cardiovascular safety signal to be of sufficient concern, it may require the pharmaceutical manufacturer of the drug in question to conduct a postmarketing (phase 4) randomized controlled trial (RCT). Although historically many phase 4 RCTs focused on efficacy (using a superiority design), contemporary phase 4 RCTs often are focused on safety and use a noninferiority design. The choices made by investigators during the planning stage of a postmarketing phase 4 RCT dedicated to the evaluation of cardiovascular safety can influence the ability to compare the standard and test agents. Multiple factors reflecting the conduct of a phase 4 RCT for a general medical condition may influence interpretation of a cardiovascular safety signal. The higher the rates of failure to adhere to the protocol and dropout from the study, the greater the risk of bias. Trials evaluating the cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) when used for arthritis are difficult to conduct and even more challenging to interpret. Concerns include the comparison of drug regimens that do not provide comparable analgesic efficacy and problems with adherence to the protocol and retention in the study. On the basis of phase 4 RCTs of NSAIDs to date, it appears that a comparatively low dose of celecoxib administered to low-risk subjects is associated with approximately the same cardiovascular risk as NSAIDs with less cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity, but at the cost of not controlling arthritic pain as effectively.
Retrospective Analysis of Mosh-Pit-Related Injuries.

Objectives Moshing is a violent form of dancing found world-wide at rock concerts, festivals, and electronic dance music events. It involves crowd surfing, shoving, and moving in a circular rotation. Moshing is a source of increased morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to report epidemiologic information on patient presentation rate (PPR), transport to hospital rate (TTHR), and injury patterns from patients who participated in mosh-pits. Materials and Methods Subjects were patrons from mosh-pits seeking medical care at a single venue. The events reviewed were two national concert tours which visited this venue during their tour. The eight distinct events studied occurred between 2011 and 2014. Data were collected retrospectively from prehospital patient care reports (PCRs). A single Emergency Medical Service (EMS) provided medical care at this venue. The following information was gathered from each PCR: type of injury, location of injury, treatment received, alcohol or drug use, Advanced Life Support/ALS interventions required, age and gender, disposition, minor or parent issues, as well as type of activity engaged in when injured. Results Attendance for the eight events ranged from 5,100 to 16,000. Total patient presentations ranged from 50 to 206 per event. Patient presentations per ten thousand (PPTT) ranged from 56 to 130. The TTHR per 10,000 ranged from seven to 20. The mean PPTT was 99 (95% CI, 77-122) and the median was 98. The mean TTHR was 16 (95% CI, 12-29) and the median TTHR was 17. Patients presenting from mosh-pits were more frequently male (57.6%; P<.004). The mean age was 20 (95% CI, 19-20). Treatment received was overwhelmingly at the Basic Life Support (BLS) level (96.8%; P<.000001). General moshing was the most common activity leading to injury. Crowd surfing was the next most significant, accounting for 20% of presentations. The most common body part injured was the head (64% of injuries). Conclusions This retrospective review of mosh-pit-associated injury patterns demonstrates a high rate of injuries and presentations for medical aid at the evaluated events. General moshing was the most commonly associated activity and the head was the most common body part injured. Milsten AM , Tennyson J , Weisberg S , Retrospective Analysis of Mosh-Pit-Related Injuries. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):636–641.
Auditory Driving in Cinematic Art

Although the visual modality often dominates the auditory one, one exception occurs in the presence of tempo discrepancies between the two perceptual systems: variations in auditory rate typically have a greater influence on perceived visual rate than vice versa. This phenomenon, termed “auditory driving,” is investigated here through certain techniques used in cinematic art. Experiments 1 and 2 relied on montages (slideshows) of still photos accompanied by musical selections in which the perceived rate of one modality was assessed through a recognition task while the rate of the other modality was systematically varied. A similar methodological strategy was used in Experiments 3 and 4 in which film excerpts of various moving objects were accompanied by the sounds they typically produce. In both cases, auditory dominance was observed, which has implications at both a theoretical and applied level.
Nicotine Sales to Minors: Store-Level Comparison of E-Cigarette Versus Cigarette Violation Rates.

Introduction In recent years, e-cigarettes overtook cigarettes as the leading tobacco product used by US adolescents. Most states, as well as federal regulations, have added e-cigarettes to laws prohibiting tobacco products sales to minors. We tested compliance with the newer regulation among Colorado urban retail businesses, speculating that violations might be more common for e-cigarettes than smokable cigarettes. Methods Supervised minors visited a random sample of urban businesses and sequentially attempted to purchase an e-cigarette product and cigarettes. The protocol prescribed that the same minor make both attempts in each business, separated by at least a day to minimize influence of the first result on the second result. Data were collected during May 2014-January 2015. Results Among 238 businesses, more than one-fourth (26.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 18.9%-33.2%) sold at least one type of product, and 6.3% (CI, 1.8%-10.8%) sold both types. Violation rates were similar for e-cigarette products and cigarettes (17.6% vs. 14.7%, p = n.s.). Conclusion Enforcement to prevent retail tobacco sales to adolescents should include e-cigarette products. Dual testing of stores indicates that single visits underestimate the problem of underage tobacco sales. Implications Adolescents can buy e-cigarettes from retail stores as easily as they buy cigarettes. Enforcement of tobacco sales laws should include e-cigarettes, and test-retest protocols are needed to estimate the true extent of the problem.
Calibrating amino acid δ 13 C and δ 15 N offsets between polyp and protein skeleton to develop proteinaceous deep-sea corals as paleoceanographic archives

Abstract Compound-specific stable isotopes of amino acids (CSI-AA) from proteinaceous deep-sea coral skeletons have the potential to improve paleoreconstructions of plankton community composition, and our understanding of the trophic dynamics and biogeochemical cycling of sinking organic matter in the Ocean. However, the assumption that the molecular isotopic values preserved in protein skeletal material reflect those of the living coral polyps has never been directly investigated in proteinaceous deep-sea corals. We examined CSI-AA from three genera of proteinaceous deep-sea corals from three oceanographically distinct regions of the North Pacific: Primnoa from the Gulf of Alaska, Isidella from the Central California Margin, and Kulamanamana from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. We found minimal offsets in the δ13C values of both essential and non-essential AAs, and in the δ15N values of source AAs, between paired samples of polyp tissue and protein skeleton. Using an essential AA δ13C fingerprinting approach, we show that estimates of the relative contribution of eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria to the sinking organic matter supporting deep-sea corals are the same when calculated from polyp tissue or recently deposited skeletal tissue. The δ15N values of trophic AAs in skeletal tissue, on the other hand, were consistently 3–4‰ lower than polyp tissue for all three genera. We hypothesize that this offset reflects a partitioning of nitrogen flux through isotopic branch points in the synthesis of polyp (fast turnover tissue) and skeleton (slow, unidirectional incorporation). This offset indicates an underestimation, albeit correctable, of approximately half a trophic position from gorgonin protein-based deep-sea coral skeleton. Together, our observations open the door for applying many of the rapidly evolving CSI-AA based tools developed for metabolically active tissues in modern systems to archival coral tissues in a paleoceanographic context.