cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Network-level Clusters for Spam Detection.

IP-based blacklist is an effective way to filter spam emails. However, building and maintaining individual IP addresses in the blacklist is difficult, as new malicious hosts continuously appear and their IP addresses may also change over time. To mitigate this problem, researchers have proposed to replace individual IP addresses in the blacklist with IP clusters, e.g., BGP clusters. In this paper, we closely examine the accuracy of IP-cluster-based approaches to understand their effectiveness and fundamental limitations. Based on such understanding, we propose and implement a new clustering approach that considers both network origin and DNS information, and incorporate it with SpamAssassin, a popular spam filtering system widely used today. Applying our approach to a 7-month email trace collected at a large university department, we can reduce the false negative rate by 50% compared with directly applying various public IP-based blacklists without increasing the false positive rate. Furthermore, using honeypot email accounts and real user accounts, we show that our approach can capture 30% 50% of the spam emails that slip through SpamAssassin today.
Secession and Separatism

During the last century, the number of states around the world grew dramatically. In 1900, the world was divided into about 50 states. The ‘imperial’ interstate system was a heterogeneous collection of multinational empires and their colonies, monarchies, dictatorships, and republics, most of the latter located in the Americas. By 2000, the interstate system consisted of more than 190 states, most of them nation-state republics, making it a more homogeneous system than its predecessor. The number of states increased dramatically as a result of several important developments: decolonization, partition, secession, and devolution. These ‘separatist’ political processes contributed first to the breakup of multinational imperial states and then of nation-state republics, and the creation of numerous successor states in their place. In coming years, the number of states in the interstate system will likely increase as a result of partition, secession, and devolution. The breakup of empires helped solve problems associated with the inter-imperial rivalries that led to two world wars in the first half of the century. And the proliferation of states associated with decolonization, partition, and secession has given people around the world the opportunity to practice self-government in states of their own. But these separatist political processes have also been difficult and contentious and sometimes led to conflict and war within and between states.
Making a good thing even better? The impact of claim congruency on competing product goals and consumer evaluations

Abstract Drawing from activation theory and the goal literature, this research explores how competing product-related goals influence attitudes and intentions and how advertised product claims (fortification and health claims) nudge competing consumer goals. Additionally, this research investigates how promotional cue alignment with a product-related goal can positively influence attitudes and intentions. Four studies reveal that when a promotional cue does not align with a focal product cue, there is no impact on attitudes and intentions. When an additional cue, such as a health message, is added to the promotional claim that is aligned with the product-related cue, then multiple aligned cues can nudge a non-focal goal to better align with dominant product-related cues, leading to more positive attitudes and intentions, and this effect is mediated by changes in product health goals. This research has implications for goal literature and for advertisers, manufacturers and policy makers.
What If God Is Not a Moral Agent

In this chapter, I consider whether dropping the assumption that the God of traditional theism is a moral agent can avoid a logical argument from evil against the existence of God grounded in the fundamental requirements of our morality that are captured by the exceptionless minimal components of the Pauline Principle.
INTERACTING TIME-FRACTIONAL AND Δν PDES SYSTEMS VIA BROWNIAN-TIME AND INVERSE-STABLE-LÉVY-TIME BROWNIAN SHEETS

Lately, many phenomena in both applied and abstract mathematics and related disciplines have been expressed in terms of high order and fractional PDEs. Recently, Allouba introduced the Brownian-time Brownian sheet (BTBS) and connected it to a new system of fourth order interacting PDEs. The interaction in this multiparameter BTBS-PDEs connection is novel, leads to an intimately-connected linear system variant of the celebrated Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDE, and is not shared with its one-time-parameter counterpart. It also means that these PDEs systems are to be solved for a family of functions, a feature exhibited in well known fluids dynamics models. On the other hand, the memory-preserving interaction between the PDE solution and the initial data is common to both the single- and the multi-parameter Brownian-time PDEs. Here, we introduce a new — even in the one-parameter case — proof that combines stochastic analysis with analysis and fractional calculus to simultaneously link BTBS to a new system of temporally half-derivative interacting PDEs as well as to the fourth-order system proved earlier and differently by Allouba. We then introduce a general class of random fields we call inverse-stable-Levy-time Brownian sheets (ISLTBSs), and we link them to β-fractional-time-derivative systems of interacting PDEs for 0 < β < 1. When β = 1/ν, ν ∈ {2, 3, …}, our proof also connects an ISLTBS to a system of memory-preserving ν-Laplacian interacting PDEs. Memory is expressed via a sum of temporally-scaled k-Laplacians of the initial data, k = 1, …, ν - 1. Using a Fourier–Laplace-transform-fractional-calculus approach, we give a conditional equivalence result that gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the equivalence between the fractional and the high order systems. In the one-parameter case this condition automatically holds.
Global and Gendered Perspectives on the Production of a Parisian Alms Purse, c. 1340

Drawing on recent technical analyses of an exquisite embroidered French alms purse that now resides at the Musee des Tissus et Musee des Arts Decoratifs in Lyon, this article argues that the purse, which was probably embroidered in Paris in the early 1340s, represents the culmination of the efforts of dozens of men and women on three different continents. Some of the women who worked in the fields where the flax was grown were simple day laborers, but many of the other men and women—both rural peasants and urban artisans—possessed specific technical knowledge and manual skills that could take years to perfect. Indeed, it took a global village of many talented individuals to create a fourteenth-century luxury alms purse from Paris. The article also explores the ecological impact of the extraction and processing of some of the raw materials that were employed in the purse.
Training Models for Implementing Evidence-Based Psychological Treatment: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in College Counseling Centers.

Importance Progress has been made in establishing evidence-based treatments for psychiatric disorders, but these are not often delivered in routine settings. A scalable solution for training clinicians in evidence-based treatments is needed. Objective To compare 2 methods of training college (university) counseling center therapists to treat psychiatric disorders using interpersonal psychotherapy. The hypothesis was that the train-the-trainer condition would demonstrate superior implementation outcomes vs the expert condition. Moderating factors were also explored. Design, Setting, and Participants This cluster-randomized trial was conducted from October 2012 to December 2017 in 24 college counseling centers across the United States. Therapist participants were recruited from enrolled centers, and student patients with symptoms of depression and eating disorders were recruited by therapists. Data were analyzed from 184 enrolled therapists. Interventions Counseling centers were randomized to the expert condition, which involved a workshop and 12 months of follow-up consultation, or the train-the-trainer condition, in which a staff member from the counseling center was coached to train other staff members. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was therapist fidelity (adherence and competence) to interpersonal psychotherapy, as assessed via audio recordings of therapy sessions. Therapist knowledge of interpersonal psychotherapy was a secondary outcome. Result A total of 184 therapists (mean [SD] age, 41.9 [10.6] years; 140 female [76.1%]; 142 white [77.2%]) were included. Both the train-the-trainer–condition and expert-condition groups showed significant within-group improvement for adherence to interpersonal psychotherapy (change: 0.233 [95% CI, 0.192-0.274] and 0.190 [0.145-0.235], respectively; bothP Conclusions and Relevance Results demonstrate that the train-the-trainer model produced training outcomes comparable with the expert model for adherence and was superior on competence. Given its potential capability to train more therapists over time, it has the potential to facilitate widespread dissemination of evidence-based treatments. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02079142
The Forgotten Scholar: Underrepresented Minority Postdoc Experiences in STEM Fields

The postdoctoral pathway to the professoriate is an important source of future faculty talent. This paper focuses on underrepresented minority (URM) postdocs and the challenges they face as they pr...
A Guide for Reliability and Maintainability Data Acquisition

The need to establish absolute values for availability risk assessments has added a new urgency to the collection of high quality reliability and maintainability data. This paper describes a logical format for the collection of the required data. The data to be collected can be acquired in three related recording sessions. Inventory and technical data are filed at the time the design is finished or the equipment received An event report is completed at each shutdown. Finally, a maintainability report is filed on resumption of normal operations. Parameter values required for a complete and comprehensive equipment system availability analysis are defined. Priorities are established for the collection of data for these parameters--data are classified as basic, intermediate, or high quality. These data forms are designed such- that a complete history of equipment and system uptime and downtime can be recorded systematically.
Examining rumination, devaluation of positivity, and depressive symptoms via community-based network analysis.

OBJECTIVE Components of rumination, including brooding and reflection, as well as devaluating prospective positivity, may help maintain depressive symptoms. We examined these components together for the first time using network analysis. METHODS We examined the robustness of rumination communities of closely related items in one network and then examined the interrelationships between rumination communities, devaluation of positivity, and depression, in a second network. RESULTS Three rumination communities emerged, replicating findings of Bernstein et al. (2019). Within a dense network, nodes representing brooding, reflective pondering, and difficulty trusting positive feelings were most influential. In addition, the node representing the depressive symptom negative self-views shared strong edges with nodes representing devaluation of positivity and brooding. CONCLUSION Brooding, reflective pondering, and elements of devaluing positivity are influential to depressive symptoms and may be important future experimental and therapeutic targets. Depressed individuals with negative self-views may engage in brooding and devalue their experience of positivity.
Change point detection and estimation methods under gamma series of observations

The aim of the article is to analyze inhomogeneous time series data caused by the presence of an unknown change point. We assume that the time series data are from a gamma distribution with an unknown time point of change in the scale and/or shape parameters. A complete change point methodology is proposed including change detection methodology based on the likelihood ratio statistic as well as estimation of the unknown change point by the method of maximum likelihood estimation (mle). Furthermore, we provide asymptotic distribution of the change point mle when a change occurs in the scale parameter of the gamma distribution. Extensive simulations have been conducted to show excellent agreement between the distribution of the change point under finite sample sizes and its asymptotic counterparts. The simulations are conducted under a change in the scale parameter as well as a change in both scale and shape parameters. A comparison analysis between known parameters and estimated parameters indicates that the error committed is negligible. Two examples, one from the financial market and another from climatology, are analyzed to adequately illustrate the proposed inferential methodology.
Pulmonary Endarterectomy for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A STS Database Analysis

Abstract Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is optimally treated by pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PEA). Treatment effectiveness has been evaluated principally using single-center series. Data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database were used to evaluate a volume-outcomes relationship for PEA. Methods Circulatory arrest procedures performed between 2012-2018 were identified through an STS-ACSD Participant User File. For descriptive purposes, total center procedural volume categories were computed: low (0-75th percentile, 95th percentile, >100). Mixed effect modeling was used to evaluate the effect of center procedural volume (modeled continuously) on operative mortality, adjusting for preoperative risk factors, with centers as a random effect. Results There were 1,358 cases performed across 64 centers [n/N: low (49/172); medium (12/527); high (3/659)], with 42 centers performing Conclusions Most PEA procedures are performed among a small number of centers, with high-volume hospitals having favorable outcomes. These data suggest a potential role for PEA regionalization.
Why Get Quantitative Outcome Information on Clients

This book is for behavioral health clinicians who work with children, adolescents, families, or schools, including clinicians already in practice, graduate and undergraduate students learning to be clinicians, and those who supervise such trainees. For the sake of brevity, reference to “children” in this book will denote any minor from birth through adolescence. The term “clinician,” or “therapist,” refers to clinical psychologists, school psychologists, social workers, counselors, special educators, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and others whose goal is to help children and their families adjust better; that is, help them come to think, feel, and otherwise behave more adaptively and effectively.
Bridging the digital divide by co-creating a collaborative computer science classroom

Although the so-called "digital divide" is a popular topic of discussion among computer scientists and women's studies scholars, these two discourses rarely intersect, either theoretically or practically--creating a disciplinary divide. Women's studies scholars have thoroughly documented the historical barriers to science and computing for women and have outlined successful strategies for retaining women in computer science classrooms. However, few computer science educators are familiar with women's studies scholarship. This paper, which combines the perspectives of a women's studies scholar and a computer scientist, attempts to bridge the disciplinary divide between computer science and women's studies. In Section 1, we explain how the historical legacies of two fundamental themes implicit in the philosophy of science contribute to the exclusive environment in computer science classrooms today: 1) science=male, nature=female, and 2) exclusive epistemologies and pedagogies that privilege "maleness" over "femaleness." In Section 2, we offer a few practical pedagogical strategies for bridging the digital divide in computer science classrooms by co-creating collaborative rather than competitive learning environments. In Section 3, we explain what is required of computer science faculty if we are to halt the exit of talented women from our programs.
Data Testing of ENDF/B-VI with MCNP: Critical Experiments, Thermal-Reactor Lattices, and Time-of-Flight Measurements

The United States evaluated nuclear database, ENDF/B, is organized and implemented by the Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG), which is a cooperative industrial/governmental activity involving, at its peak, some 20 different organizations. Since its inception in 1966, CSEWG systematically improved the evaluated database as new experimental and theoretical information became available, periodically issuing new versions of the ENDF/B library. The ENDF/B-VI file initially was issued in 1989-1990 and has been followed by three updated releases, with a fourth to follow soon. The purpose of this paper is to review the status of the ENDF/B-VI data file and to describe recent data testing results obtained with the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code.
Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Asbestos

The usefulness of asbestos as an industrial material must be considered to understand the breadth of its public health impact. Since its discovery as an indestructible material centuries ago, it has found countless applications. Few substances rival its engineering and commercial performance.
Chronic respiratory disease among nonsmokers in Hagerstown, Maryland: I. Design of the study and prevalence of symptoms☆

Abstract The prevalence rates of the standard respiratory symptoms are presented for a population of white male nonsmokers. The observed rates for chronic bronchitis (persistent phlegm) are among the lowest rates for nonsmokers reported in the literature. The association of cough and phlegm in this population with a history of sinusitis and hayfever, and the association of dyspnea with histories of coronary disease and hypertension rather than with respiratory symptoms or illness implies that responses on the standard respiratory questionnaire, as commonly analyzed, may not, for epidemiological purposes, adequately discriminate among upper respiratory allergic conditions, lower respiratory symptoms, and cardiovascular symptoms.
Pituitary and ovarian responsiveness to a graded gonadotropin releasing factor stimulation test in women using a low-estrogen or a regular type of oral contraceptive.

Abstract The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis was evaluated in 47 women who were using mechanical contraception (MC) (N = 20), standard oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms (μg) or more of estrogen (SOC) (N = 17), and a low-estrogen oral contraceptive containing 35 μg of ethinyl estradiol (LEOC) (N = 10). In the last half of their cycles, measurements were made of basal blood levels of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. The SOC group had significantly lower concentrations of basal LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. The LEOC group showed only decrease in estradiol. In addition, the women were all evaluated with a sequentially administered intravenous gonadotropin-releasing factor (GNRF) test in which 10 samples of blood were drawn over 4.5 hours for analysis of FSH and LH, and in which GNRF was administered as a 0.5 μg, 5.0 μg, and 50.0 μg bolus. There was a significantly suppressed response for both gonadotropins in the SOC group. The women using the low-estrogen oral contraceptive had no suppression of the FSH response, and the LH response was suppressed only after the maximal GNRF stimulation (50.0 μg). The gonadotropin responses to all GNRF injections were significantly different between the SOC and LEOC subgroups. These data suggest that some of the physiologic effects of oral contraceptive steroids, such as pituitary gonadotropin suppression, are dose-related, and that, therefore, the low-estrogen type of oral contraceptives have potentially fewer adverse effects and, presumably, may produce amenorrhea less often.
Theoretical analysis of the Farr antibody assay with a computer model: importance of antigen concentration and antibody affinity.

Abstract The Farr assay for antibody was analyzed theoretically in order to determine the maximum sensitivity of the assay, the quantitative relationship between actual antibody concentration and antibody estimates by the Farr technique, and the relationship between antibody affinity and the Farr avidity index. Analysis shows that sensitivity is limited by the antigen concentration when large amounts of antigen are used in the assay. Sensitivity at low antigen concentrations is maximal and varies with the affinity of the antibody studied. Antibody titers obtained by the Farr technique using low antigen concentrations vary with antibody affinity as well as antibody concentration. Titers measured at high antigen concentration are less affected by affinity and correlate better with antibody concentration. Antibody measurements expressed as Antigen Binding Capacity reflect antibody concentration only when the antigen concentration used in the assay exceeds a value equal to ten times the reciprocal of the anti...
A PROCEDURE FOR PURIFYING LOW-ABUNDANCE PROTEIN COMPONENTS FROM THE BRAIN CYTOSKELETON-NUCLEAR MATRIX FRACTION

Abstract We describe a preparative procedure for low-abundance proteins of the cytoskeleton-nuclear matrix fraction from frozen bovine brain. Stringent centrifugation and washing conditions in the preparation of the cytoskeleton-nuclear matrix fraction are avoided to minimize loss of nuclear material. A recently described horizontal isoelectric focusing column, which tolerates appreciable precipitation, is used. In concert with selection of urea concentration and temperature, this isoelectric focusing apparatus provides a new approach to the fractionation of this complex, relatively insoluble mixture of proteins and other components. In addition, a heated, sodium dodecyl sulfate-sizing column has been utilized in order to eliminate interactions between the desired low abundance proteins and more abundant contaminating proteins. Together these procedures purify a specific low-abundance protein sufficiently to be detected by Coomassie blue staining in two-dimensional gels. The methods are robust and can be applied to multiple, relatively large brain samples (150 g of crude grey matter per batch); thus they should facilitate partial peptide sequencing for brain proteins of this operational class.
Selective and Specific Macrophage Ablation Is Detrimental to Wound Healing in Mice

Macrophages are thought to play important roles during wound healing, but definition of these roles has been hampered by our technical inability to specifically eliminate macrophages during wound repair. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that specific depletion of macrophages after excisional skin wounding would detrimentally affect healing by reducing the production of growth factors important in the repair process. We used transgenic mice that express the human diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under the control of the CD11b promoter (DTR mice) to specifically ablate macrophages during wound healing. Mice without the transgene are relatively insensitive to DT, and administration of DT to wild-type mice does not alter macrophage or other inflammatory cell accumulation after injury and does not influence wound healing. In contrast, treatment of DTR mice with DT prevented macrophage accumulation in healing wounds but did not affect the accumulation of neutrophils or monocytes. Such macrophage depletion resulted in delayed re-epithelialization, reduced collagen deposition, impaired angiogenesis, and decreased cell proliferation in the healing wounds. These adverse changes were associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and reduced levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the wound. In summary, macrophages seem to promote both wound closure and dermal healing, in part by regulating the cytokine environment of the healing wound.
Energetics of Lesion Recognition by a DNA Repair Protein: Thermodynamic Characterization of Formamidopyrimidine-glycosylase (Fpg) Interactions with Damaged DNA Duplexes

As part of an overall effort to map the energetic landscape of the base excision repair pathway, we report the first thermodynamic characterization of repair enzyme binding to lesion-containing duplexes. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in conjunction with spectroscopic measurements and protease protection assays have been employed to characterize the binding of Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-glycosylase (Fpg), a bifunctional repair enzyme, to a series of 13-mer DNA duplexes. To resolve energetically the binding and the catalytic events, several of these duplexes are constructed with non-hydrolyzable lesion analogs that mimic the natural 8-oxo-dG substrate and the abasic-like intermediates. Specifically, one of the duplexes contains a central, non-hydrolyzable, tetrahydrofuran (THF) abasic site analog, while another duplex contains a central, carbocyclic substrate analog (carba-8-oxo-dG). ITC-binding studies conducted between 5.0 degrees C and 15.0 degrees C reveal that Fpg association with the THF-containing duplex is characterized by binding free energies that are relatively invariant to temperature (deltaG approximately -9.5 kcalmol(-1)), in contrast to both the reaction enthalpy and entropy that are strongly temperature-dependent. Complex formation between Fpg and the THF-containing duplex at 15 degrees C exhibits an unfavorable association enthalpy (deltaH=+7.5 kcalmol(-1)) that is compensated by a favorable association entropy (TdeltaS=+17.0 kcalmol(-1)). The entropic nature of the binding interaction, coupled with the large negative heat capacity (deltaC(p)=-0.67 kcaldeg(-1)mol(-1)), is consistent with Fpg complexation to the THF-containing duplex involving significant burial of non-polar surface areas. By contrast, under the high ionic strength buffer conditions employed herein (200 mM NaCl), no appreciable Fpg affinity for the carba-8-oxo-dG substrate analog is detected. Our results suggest that initial Fpg recognition of a damaged DNA site is predominantly electrostatic in nature, and does not involve large contact interfaces. Subsequent base excision presumably facilitates accommodation of the resulting lesion site into the binding pocket, as the enzyme interaction with the THF-containing duplex is characterized by high affinity and a large negative heat capacity change. Our data are consistent with a pathway in which Fpg glycosylase activity renders the base excision product a preferred ligand relative to the natural substrate, thereby ensuring the fidelity of removing highly reactive and potentially mutagenic abasic-like intermediates through catalytic elimination reactions.
On boundedness of (quasi-)convex integer optimization problems

In this paper we are concerned with the problem of boundedness and the existence of optimal solutions to the constrained integer optimization problem. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for boundedness of either a faithfully convex or quasi-convex polynomial function over the feasible set contained in $${\mathbb {Z}^n}$$ , and defined by a system of faithfully convex inequality constraints and/or quasi-convex polynomial inequalities. The conditions for boundedness are provided in the form of an implementable algorithm, terminating after a finite number of iterations, showing that for the considered class of functions, the integer programming problem with nonempty feasible region is unbounded if and only if the associated continuous optimization problem is unbounded. We also prove that for a broad class of objective functions (which in particular includes polynomials with integer coefficients), an optimal solution set of the constrained integer problem is nonempty over any subset of $${\mathbb {Z}^n}$$ .
A pH-dependent macroglobulin gel.

Abstract Plasma from a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was observed to gel upon exposure to room air, yet to remain in solution indefinitely at 4°C if sealed. Three studies were carried out which showed this change not to be due primarily to decreases in carbon dioxide tension or temperature, but to variations in the concentration of hydrogen ions within or just above physiologic levels. In purified material (IgM), a marked increase in viscosity occurred between pH 7.5 and 8.0, followed by precipitation between pH 8.0 and 9.7, and by reversible dissolution between pH 9.7 and 10.0. The analytical and clinical consequences of these solubility changes are discussed.
A study of stress intensification factors of integrally reinforced shell to shell intersections

Abstract The results of fatigue tests on 32 test samples (four unreinforced shell to shell intersections or stub-ins. 14 integrally reinforced weld-on connections, ten integrally reinforced contoured inserts, and four pad-reinforced connections) are presented in this report. The weld-on connections were found to be superior to stub-ins, but differences between the two types of connections were not very significant. A new equation for stress intensification factors is recommended for use in the case of integrally reinforced weld-on fittings. The integrally reinforced contoured inserts were found to perform much better than the other three types. The 50% integrally reinforced connections were found to perform somewhat better than the present design of weld-on, though the 50% integrally reinforced contoured inserts were no better than the regular fittings. Further, the pad-reinforced connections have a much higher fatigue life than unreinforced shell to shell intersections (stub-ins). This fatigue life is comparable to or better than that of tested weld-on fittings.
Phosphate release from human erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. 32 P i -labeled erythrocytes were suspended in balanced saline media and P i release was estimated from changes in medium 32 P i ([ 32 P i ] m ), cellular 32 P i ([ 32 P i ] c ) and cellular P i concentration ([P i ] c ). 2. 2. The outward transfer of P i from the human red cell may be due to a passive process because (i) metabolic inhibition with iodoacetate did not reduce P i exit and (ii) the temperature coefficient for 32 P i release was similar to that found for 35 SO 4 2− release. Also, P i release did not appear to be saturable over a 0.5 mM range of cellular P i concentration. 3. 3. These transport studies were associated with metabolic interactions. When [P i ] c was elevated by raising medium P i concentration ([P i ] m ), [ 32 P 1 ] c also increased. Related studies with iodoacetate suggest that this was due to decreased esterification of 32 P i in favor of P i as [P i ] c was elevated, simultaneous with continuous liberation of 32 P i from an ester P pool into the cellular P i pool.
Long-wavelength optical phonons in ternary nitride-based crystals

Phonon modes in column-III--nitride ternary semiconductors are investigated theoretically within the modified random-element isodisplacement model. It is found that ${A}_{1}$ and ${E}_{1}$ branches of optical phonons in wurtzite ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}$ exhibit one-mode behavior. This result is explained by the fact that atomic mass of nitrogen is much smaller than those of other atoms.
Theoretical Analysis of Transition-Metal Catalysts for Formic Acid Decomposition

Periodic density functional theory calculations are employed to determine the reaction energetics of formic acid decomposition on Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt, and Rh surfaces. We also extend the study to other transition-metal surfaces by scaling the adsorption energies of the reaction species with two independent descriptors: CO and OH adsorption energies. A microkinetic model is then developed to derive the kinetics of formic acid decomposition from the energy parameters. By incorporating the scaling relations in the microkinetic model, the turnover frequencies for formic acid decomposition over the transition-metal surfaces are described as functions of the two descriptors. The variations in catalytic activity and selectivity from one metal surface to another, which are obtained from the first principles analysis, are in qualitative agreement with those obtained experimentally. The interpolation concept of adsorption energy is finally used to conveniently identify potentially interesting alloy catalysts for formic ...
Cellubrevin alterations and Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation arrest

The intracellular trafficking processes controlling phagosomal maturation remain to be fully delineated.Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis BCG, an organism that causes phagosomal maturation arrest, has emerged as a tool for dissection of critical phagosome biogenesis events. In this work, we report that cellubrevin, a v-SNARE functioning in endosomal recycling and implicated in endosomal interactions with post-Golgi compartments, plays a role in phagosomal maturation and that it is altered on mycobacterial phagosomes. Both mycobacterial phagosomes, which undergo maturation arrest, and model phagosomes containing latex beads, which follow the normal pathway of maturation into phagolysosomes, acquired cellubrevin. However, the mycobacterial and model phagosomes differed, as a discrete proteolytic degradation of this SNARE was detected on mycobacterial phagosomes. The observed cellubrevin alteration on mycobacterial phagosomes was not a passive event secondary to a maturation arrest at another checkpoint of the phagosome maturation pathway, since pharmacological inhibitors of phagosomal/endosomal pathways blocking phagosomal maturation did not cause cellubrevin degradation on model phagosomes. Cellubrevin status on phagosomes had consequences on phagosomal membrane and lumenal content trafficking, involving plasma membrane marker recycling and delivery of lysosomal enzymes. These results suggest that cellubrevin plays a role in phagosomal maturation and that it is a target for modification by mycobacteria or by infection-induced processes in the host cell.
The Problem of Negative Reliabilities

Negative coefficients of reliability, sometimes returned by the standard formulae for estimation of the internal-consistency reliability, are neither theoretically nor numerically correct. Alternat...
Crack closure and the growth of short and long fatigue cracks

A general framework for the analysis of both short and long cracks is presented which relies importantly on crack closure. The analysis indicates that the growth of very short cracks is length independent. Since closure decreases with an increase in mean stress level it should become more difficult to arrest cracks as the mean stress level increases. Since in steels the closure level decreases with an increase in strength level, the range over which arrested crack growth can occur will be decreased. In fact in the absence of crack closure arrested crack growth should not occur.
Energetic benefits and rapid cellobiose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing cellobiose phosphorylase and mutant cellodextrin transporters

Abstract Anaerobic bacteria assimilate cellodextrins from plant biomass by using a phosphorolytic pathway to generate glucose intermediates for growth. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can also be engineered to ferment cellobiose to ethanol using a cellodextrin transporter and a phosphorolytic pathway. However, strains with an intracellular cellobiose phosphorylase initially fermented cellobiose slowly relative to a strain employing an intracellular β-glucosidase. Fermentations by the phosphorolytic strains were greatly improved by using cellodextrin transporters with elevated rates of cellobiose transport. Furthermore under stress conditions, these phosphorolytic strains had higher biomass and ethanol yields compared to hydrolytic strains. These observations suggest that, although cellobiose phosphorolysis has energetic advantages, phosphorolytic strains are limited by the thermodynamics of cellobiose phosphorolysis (ΔG°=+3.6 kJ mol −1 ). A thermodynamic “push” from the reaction immediately upstream (transport) is therefore likely to be necessary to achieve high fermentation rates and energetic benefits of phosphorolysis pathways in engineered S. cerevisiae .
Correlation of solution and extractable phosphorus with vegetative growth of teff

Abstract Three soils, Hiwassee loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Rhodudults), Vaiden clay (very fine, montmorillonitic, thermic, Vertic Hapludalfs) and Marvyn sand (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Hapludults), were used in this study. Phosphorus sorption and desorption isotherms of the soils were determined in the laboratory. Average P sorption maximum (b) was calculated using the Langmuir isotherm equation. Based on the P sorption capacity, each soil was fertilized with different P rates and teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc)] was grown in the greenhouse. The amount of P sorbed and desorbed increased as the concentration of equilibrating solution P increased. Phosphorus sorption maximum from sorption and desorption isotherms was 278, 251, and 37 mg P/kg for Hiwassee, Vaiden, and Marvyn soils, respectively, and for maximum dry matter yield of teff the soils needed a minimum of 0.029, 0.048, and 0.065 mg/L soil solution P, respectively, which were all below the soil solution P at P adsorption maximu...
The effects of ultrasound on nickel and copper powders

Abstract The use of high-intensity ultrasound to enhance the reactivity of metal surfaces has become a routine synthetic technique. In spite of this, the origin of rate enhancements in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions remains unexplored. To this end, we have examined the effects of ultrasound on metal powders in terms of their particle and surface morphology, their atomic composition, and their reactivity. Specifically, we have discovered that ultrasonic irradiation of Ni and Cu powders leads to dramatic changes in morphology: individual surfaces are smoothed and particles are consolidated into extended aggregates. Surface composition was probed by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles, which revealed that ultrasonic irradiation removed the surface oxide coating, but also produced (especially for Cu) a deposition of surface carbon. The effects on reactivity can be substantial: ultrasonic irradiation enhances the activity of Ni powder as a hydrogenation catalyst by > 10 5 and significantly increases the reactivity of Cu powder as a stoichiometric reagent. We beleive that these effects are due to interparticle collisons driven by the turbulent flow created by the ultrasonic field. It is likely that the origin of the enhanced chemical reactivity comes from the removal of the surface oxide passivating layer which these collisions induce.
Thermal Effects in Laser Amplifiers and Oscillators

The causes and implications of thermally induced optical effects in solid-state laser materials are discussed. A convenient interferometric method is described for examining in a typical helical and linear laser configuration the transient optical phenomena produced by thermal expansion, change of refractive index with temperature and strain. The results obtained with a neodymium laser glass rod are presented photographically.
Correction of ADAMTS13 Deficiency by In Utero Gene Transfer of Lentiviral Vector encoding ADAMTS13 Genes

Deficiency of A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin (ADAMTS13) results in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Plasma infusion or exchange is the only effective treatment to date. We show in this study that an administration of a self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding human full-length ADAMTS13 and a variant truncated after the spacer domain (MDTCS) in mice by in utero injection at embryonic days 8 and 14 resulted in detectable plasma proteolytic activity (~5–70%), which persisted for the length of the study (up to 24 weeks). Intravascular injection via a vitelline vein at E14 was associated with significantly lower rate of fetal loss than intra-amniotic injection, suggesting that the administration of vector at E14 may be a preferred gestational age for vector delivery. The mice expressing ADAMTS13 and MDTCS exhibited reduced sizes of von Willebrand factor (vWF) compared to the Adamts13−/− mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Moreover, the mice expressing both ADAMTS13 and MDTCS showed a significant prolongation of ferric chloride–induced carotid arterial occlusion time as compared to the Adamts13−/− expressing eGFP. The data demonstrate the successful correction of the prothrombotic phenotypes in Adamts13−/− mice by a single in utero injection of lentiviral vectors encoding human ADAMTS13 genes, providing the basis for developing a gene therapy for hereditary TTP in humans.
Perforate Cowper's syringocele causing acute urinary retention: Report of a case with literature review

We report a case of acute urinary retention in a 13-month-old boy, secondary to a perforate Cowper's syringocele. Diagnosis was established with voiding cystourethrogram, transperineal ultrasound and urethroscopy; definitive management involved endoscopic unroofing of the syringocele and resolution of the patient's obstructive signs and symptoms followed. Although novel diagnostic and therapeutic options have been reported, standard urethrographic imaging and endoscopic management is appropriate for the majority of symptomatic Cowper's syringoceles.
Studies on foam stability by the actions of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides

Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (HMPAM), as a foam stabilizer, was prepared with a cationic surfomer, acrylamide and acrylic acid by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The actions of HMPAM on foam stability have been investigated with the Waring blender method. The results showed the foam containing HMPAM was stabler than that contained polyacrylamide. Moreover, a linear relationship between the logarithm of the half decay time and polymer concentration was observed, and the slope reflects the polymer ability to stabilize the foam.
The tevatron orbit program

Abstract We describe the structure and algorithms of the program system used to control the beam position in the Fermilab superconducting accelerator, the Tevatron. The program is capable of establishing a first turn in the machine by iteratively adjusting correction element dipoles, closing the first turn using a least squares algorithm, and establishing the desired closed orbits during the acceleration cycle, as well as finding the full tune of the machine at any energy.
College students condom purchase strategies.

Despite wide accessibility of latex condoms, unplanned pregnancies and STD transmissions persist. Undergraduates’ reports of a required condom purchase suggested purchase conditions that factor int...
Binding of progesterone by rat uterus in vitro.

Abstract Rat uteri and abdominal muscle were incubated with 3 H-progesterone. Non-specific tritium uptake was seen in both tissues, but evidence for specific binding was found only in the uterus. Pretreatment with β-estradiol increased uterine binding. In the presence of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, 19-norprogesterone, testosterone and several synthetic progestational agents tritium uptake by the uterus was reduced significantly. β-Estradiol, corticosterone or the 5α-pregnane uterine metabolites of progesterone did not reduce tritium uptake.
Autonomous Networked Multi-Sensor Imaging Systems

A demonstration of automated networked multiple sensor operation in airborne environments was performed. This presentation describes the diverse sensors and imagery processing used to demonstrate autonomously interactive detection and tracking of multiple ground targets.
Planar manipulator display

The Planar Manipulator Display uses physical objects for human–computer interaction. This system addresses the poor match between standard computer interfaces and human spatial awareness. Dan Rosenfeld is a program manager in the New Consumer Products group at Microsoft. His research interests include the development of new devices and modalities for human–computer interaction and previously included development of the Plexi neural network system and design of toys and entertainment software.
From high-resolution EEG to electrophysiological neuroimaging

Abstract This article provides a brief review of the state-of-the-art of EEG inverse problem in several important areas. Developments in Laplacian mapping, cortical imaging, dipole source localization, and distributed source estimation are covered. It is our intent to provide an overall introduction instead of exhaustive review of this fascinating field in this short article.
ASYMPTOTIC EQUIVALENCE IN LEE'S MOMENT FORMULAS FOR THE IMPLIED VOLATILITY, ASSET PRICE MODELS WITHOUT MOMENT EXPLOSIONS, AND PITERBARG'S CONJECTURE

In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the implied volatility in stochastic asset price models. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of asymptotic equivalence in Lee's moment formulas, and obtain new asymptotic formulas for the implied volatility in asset price models without moment explosions. As an application, we prove a modified version of Piterbarg's conjecture. The asymptotic formula suggested by Piterbarg may be considered as a substitute for Lee's moment formula for the implied volatility at large strikes in the case of models without moment explosions. We also characterize the asymptotic behavior of the implied volatility in several special asset price models, e.g., the CEV model, the finite moment log-stable model of Carr and Wu, the Heston model perturbed by a compound Poisson process with double exponential law for jump sizes, and SV1 and SV2 models of Rogers and Veraart.
Polarization-selective computer-generated holograms

We demonstrate polarization-selective computer-generated holograms with independent phase profiles for the two orthogonal linear polarizations. The holograms are made of two surface-relief-etched birefringent substrates joined face to face. We describe their design and fabrication and present experimental results for dual binary-phase computer-generated holograms fabricated in lithium niobate. The first-order diffraction efficiency varied from 6% to 25%, with as much as 40:1 contrast between polarizations. Such elements can be used in compact optoelectronic systems or combined with electro-optic polarization rotators to make electrically controlled optical elements.
The generalized hypergeometric family of distributions

This is an expository summary of the authors' report on classification of the generalized hypergeometric (GHg for short) family of distributions (Sibuya and Shimizu (1981),Keio Science and Technology Report, to appear). Emphasis is laid on the definition of the distributions based on some conventional rules, and on the complete classification of the multivariate GHg distributions, whose types are found to be rather limited in spite of their quite general definition. Previous classifications and namings are summarized and compared with the new one.
LOCALIZATION OF SH-PTP1 TO SYNAPTIC VESICLES: A POSSIBLE ROLE IN NEUROTRANSMISSION

The tyrosine kinase pp60src is known to phosphorylate synaptophysin and in doing so may regulate neurotransmitter release. The tyrosyl phosphorylated state of synaptophysin is dependent on pp60src kinase and the unknown protein tyrosine phosphate phosphohydrolase (PTPase, EC 3.1.3.48). Here we report the protein tyrosine phosphate phosphohydrolase SH-PTP1, to associate with synaptic vesicles and interact with synaptophysin. These studies identify SH-PTP1 as a new member of the secretory machinery at the nerve terminal and suggest its involvement in neurotransmission.