cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION ON GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MEASURES OF OXYGENATION

Anemia is common in critically ill patients. While the goal of transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is to increase oxygen carrying capacity, there are contradictory results about whether RBC transfusion to treat moderate anemia (e.g. hemoglobin 7–10 g/dL) improves tissue oxygenation or changes outcomes. While increasing levels of anemia eventually lead to a level of critical oxygen delivery (DO2), increased cardiac output and oxygen extraction are homestatic mechanisms the body uses to prevent a state of dysoxia in the setting of diminished DO2 due to anemia. In order for cardiac output to increase in the face of anemia, normovolemia must be maintained. Transfusion of RBCs increases blood viscosity which may actually decrease cardiac output (barring a state of hypovolemia prior to transfusion). Studies have generally shown that transfusion of RBCs fails to increase oxygen uptake (VO2) unless VO2/DO2 dependency exists, e.g., severe anemia or strenuous exercise. Recently near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which approximates the hemoglobin saturation of venous blood, has been used to investigate whether transfusion of RBCs increases NIRS measurements of tissue oxygenation in regional tissue beds (e.g., brain, peripheral skeletal muscle). These studies have generally shown increases in NIRS derived measurements of tissue oxygenation following transfusion. Studies evaluating the effect of transfusion on the microcirculation have shown that transfusion increases the functional capillary density. This article will review fundamental aspects of oxygen delivery and extraction, and the effects of RBC transfusion on tissue oxygenation as well as the effects of RBC transfusion on the microcirculation.
Prototype software complexity metrics tools

Software Complexity Metrics Tool (SCMT) is a prototype, menu-driven program that assists in the collection, analysis, and display of software complexity and program error data. For example, using SCMT a user can investigate relationships between software complexity metrics and the number of errors in a program or can begin to develop predictive models for identifying error-prone modules.SCMT is written in C and runs under UNIX™. Although designed specifically for C software, its concepts and techniques apply to software in any programming language.
Pyometra necessitating hysterectomy after colpocleisis in an extremely elderly patient

As the number of women more than the age 65 increases, so will the need for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse and the comorbidities that come with surgical treatment of an aging population gain significance. Colpocleisis is an option for women failing or refusing conservative prolapse management and not desiring sexual function. The advantages of colpocleisis are decreased operative time, low complication rate, and ability to use local or regional anesthesia. We report a case of a 95-year-old woman whose procidentia was treated with colpocleisis. Endometrial evaluation with dilation and curettage was performed at the time of colpocleisis. Postoperative course was complicated by pyometra necessitating total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoopherectomy, leading to further complications including deep vein thrombosis, anemia, atrial fibrillation, and pleural effusions. Preoperative versus intraoperative endometrial evaluation may decrease the risk of developing pyometra after colpocleisis and, therefore, diminish the possibility of multiple complications.
Gas Flow MRI Using Circulating Laser-Polarized129Xe

We describe an experimental approach that combines multidimensional NMR experiments with a steadily renewed source of laser-polarized 129Xe. Using a continuous flow system to circulate the gas mixture, gas phase NMR signals of laser-polarized 129Xe can be observed with an enhancement of three to four orders of magnitude compared to the equilibrium 129Xe NMR signal. Due to the fact that the gas flow recovers the nonequilibrium 129Xe nuclear spin polarization in 0.2 to 4 s, signal accumulation on the time scale of seconds is feasible, allowing previously inaccessible phase cycling and signal manipulation. Several possible applications of MRI of laser-polarized 129Xe under continuous flow conditions are presented here. The spin density images of capillary tubes demonstrate the feasibility of imaging under continuous flow. Dynamic displacement profiles, measured by a pulsed gradient spin echo experiment, show entry flow properties of the gas passing through a constriction under laminar flow conditions. Further, dynamic displacement profiles of 129Xe, flowing through polyurethane foams with different densities and pore sizes, are presented.
Child Abuse and Neglect: The Role of Education.

(1981). Child Abuse and Neglect: The Role of Education. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 73-75.
A Probabilistic Model for AVCS Longitudinal Collision/Safety Analysis

This paper develops a probabilistic model for analyzing longitudinal collision/safety between an abruptly decelerating vehicle and its immediate follower. The input parameters are the length of the gap between the two vehicles their common speed prior to the failure. the reaction delav of the followinr vehicle and a bivaria~e dismbution for the two dmleration rates. The o;tput includes ~h;~robabilit~ of a collision and the probability distribution of the relative speed at collision time. We use this model to compare the safety consequences associated with the platooning and "free-agent" longitudinal-separation rules We also demonstrate that the free-agent rule implemented with a potential technology of fast and accurate emergency deceleration, under some reasonable conditions, can avoid collisions while offering a high freeway capacity previously thought possible only under the platooning rule. This model has many other applications
Transport coefficients of hard-sphere mixtures. II: Diameter ratio 0.4 and mass ratio 0.03 at low density

The transport coefficients of shear viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, and mutual diffusion are estimated for a binary, equimolar mixture of hard spheres having a diameter ratio of 0.4 and a mass ratio of 0.03 at volumes of 5${\mathit{V}}_{0}$, 10${\mathit{V}}_{0}$, and 20${\mathit{V}}_{0}$ (where ${\mathit{V}}_{0}$=1/2 \ensuremath{\surd}2 N ${\mathit{tsum}}_{\mathit{a}}$ ${\mathrm{x}}_{\mathit{a}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{a}}^{3}$, ${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{a}}$ are mole fractions, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{a}}$ are diameters, and N is the number of particles) through Monte Carlo, molecular-dynamics calculations using the Green-Kubo formulas. Calculations are reported for as few as 108 and as many as 4000 particles, but not for each value of the volume. Both finite-system and long-time-tail corrections are applied to obtain estimates of the transport coefficients in the thermodynamic limit; corrections of both types are found to be small. The results are compared with the predictions of the revised Enskog theory and the linear density corrections to that theory are reported. The mean free time is also computed as a function of density and the linear and quadratic corrections to the Boltzmann theory are estimated. The mean free time is also compared with the expression from the Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland equation of state.
Commentary: What We Have Here, Is a Failure to Communicate

The physician in Erde's clinical case study performed poorly in a number of aspects of informed consent and good physician-patient communication. However, the patient also failed to perform some of his own duties to participate in effective communication and so shares at least some responsibility for the bad outcome.
Unoccupied band structure of the Nb(110) surface.

Inverse-photoemission spectra (IPES) recorded from Nb(110) allow the unoccupied bands to be mapped. The critical points are identified and the approximate form of the high-lying ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}$ band established. This latter band serves as the initial state in IPES and the final state in photoemission studies. It is suggested that disagreement between theory and experiment for the ${T}_{25\mathcal{'}}$ critical point probably reflects the presence of a surface resonance. Fluorescence is also observed from the decay of the Nb 4p core holes. The relative intensity of the fluorescence due to 4${p}_{3/2}$ and 4${p}_{1/2}$ core holes is discussed in terms of possible Coster-Kronig transitions.
A sensitive new bioassay for tumor necrosis factor

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor is an important cytokine involved in inflammation and assay of this cytokine in biological fluids may be important in the understanding of several disease processes. This report describes an improved TNF bioassay employing a newly isolated subclone of the cell line NCTC-clone 929 as well as a novel fluorescence indicator system for detecting of viability of the target cells. The limit of detection for the TNF hypersensitive cell line with this fluorescence viability assay 68 ± 2.5 fg/ml, which is approximately 3 × more sensitive than the parental clone and approximately 10 × more sensitive than that reported by Branch et al. (1991) using the neutral red indicator system. The hypersensitivity of the clone gradually declined over a 45-day period and at regular intervals new cells were cultivated from frozen stocks. Two different serum sources, bovine fetal serum and horse serum, and four different serum concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20%) were evaluated to optimize sensitivity. No difference was found between serum sources but sensitivity was significantly reduced if
Redescription of Plutomurus kelasuricus Martynova, 1969 (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from Georgian caves

The collembolan species Plutomurus kelasuricus Martynova, 1969 is redescribed and illustrated based on material sampled in Georgian caves. Differences from the morphologically similar P. abchasicus Martynova, 1969 are discussed. A key to species of the genus Plutomurus found in the Caucasus is provided.
A faster algorithm for the maximum weighted tardiness problem

Abstract We present an O( m + n log n ) algorithm for the problem of minimizing the maximum weighted tardiness for a set of n jobs with deadlines and weight functions from a certain class, and subject to a set of m precedence constraints.
An Odyssey of Privatizing Highways The Evolving Case of SR 91

Privatization of infrastructure systems has become politically fashionable. This is a story about a California experiment using a public-private partnership to develop and operate a private tollway in the median of State Route 91 in Orange County. The partnership began with apparent success, yet the private partner (California Private Transportation Corporation) soon filed suit against the public partner (the California State Transportation Department, or Caltrans) for violation of the “noncompete clause” of the original agreement. Although an out-of-court settlement agreement was eventually reached, there is still discussion about selling the private assets. In this commentary, privatization concepts are presented, and the following questions are discussed: Can toll and free lanes compete for traffic or “business”? Is the public interest served by a profit-making private tollway? Would a public or nonprofit agency be a better steward of tollway assets?
Posterior Capsule Opacification: A Specular Microscopic Study

Abstract Posterior capsule opacification following extracapsular cataract extraction is a manifestation of migration of lens epithelial cells onto the posterior capsule. Collagen production by these epithelial cells results in white "fibrotic" opacities. These cells have myoblastic features and their contraction produces wrinkling of the posterior capsule resulting in visual distortion. A high magnification, in vivo specular microscopic study of human posterior capsules following extracapsular cataract extraction is described. In vivo findings correlate with histopathologic observations made on opacified posterior capsules. Lens epithelial cells migrate onto the posterior capsule and produce basement membrane and collagen. Collagen production is associated with a spindle-shaped appearance of the hyperplastic cells. This technique is useful for clinical research on posterior capsule opacification, including the evaluation of interventions designed to treat or prevent this complication.
UV Radiation Regulates Mi-2 through Protein Translation and Stability

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease, which is often accompanied by the development of disease-specific autoantibodies directed against the SNF2-superfamily helicase, Mi-2. Recent evidence suggests that ultraviolet radiation exposure may be an important risk factor for the development of not only the disease but also specific autoimmunity against Mi-2. Consequently, we investigated the effects of ultraviolet radiation on Mi-2 protein expression. We observed an increase in protein levels upon ultraviolet radiation exposure in cell culture systems. These changes in expression occur quite rapidly, are maximized just 1 h following exposure, and are unique to Mi-2 when compared with other members of the NuRD complex. Changes in protein levels are not mediated through transcriptional mechanisms. Treatment results in a more efficiently translated message through regulatory elements in the 5′-UTR region of the transcript. Investigation into protein half-life further demonstrated increased stability of Mi-2 following UV exposure. Taken together, we describe a system by which Mi-2 protein expression can be quickly increased following UV exposure and then maintained up to 16 h later. These data provide a novel regulation of an important transcriptional regulator and provide insight into the possible mechanisms of the development of DM and associated autoantibodies.
Angular scattering and rainbow formation in pendant drops

Angular scattering measurements obtained with a polar nephelometer employing a linearly polarized laser source are used to examine the general scattering behavior and rainbow generation of pendant water drops, a type of near-spherical particle that has certain similarities to the shape of distorted raindrops. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretical predictions of spherical drop scattering reveals that in many respects the near-spherical particles behave like spheres when the measurements are performed in the horizontal scattering plane, the plane in which the drops display circular cross sections. Furthermore, the angular positions of the rainbow intensity maxima corresponding to the main rainbow peak and supernumerary bows are shown to be predicted accurately by the approximate Airy theory for both the primary and secondary rainbows. Pendant drops whose shapes are significantly elongated in the vertical direction are indicated to generate anomalously strong rainbows from three or more internal reflections. The implications of these findings to rainbow formation in the atmosphere are discussed.
Control-relevant model identification of reactive extrusion processes

Abstract In reactive extrusion processes, where process dynamics are determined primarily by the strong interactions between fluid mechanics, reaction kinetics, heat transfer and the complex extruder geometry, effective control of product quality and end-use properties by classical techniques is virtually impossible. Under such circumstances, effective control is facilitated by the application of model-based control, which requires the availability of process models that are suitable for control system design and implementation. As a result of the complexity of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the typical reactive extrusion process, first-principles process models are impractical for control, making system identification from judiciously acquired input/output data a more practical alternative. In this paper, we present and illustrate a strategy for identifying appropriate control-relevant models for this class of processes. The strategy consists of carefully designed identification experiments involving preliminary process tests and a final test, followed by judicious model structure selection, parameter estimation and model validation. Practical application of the procedure is demonstrated on an experimental system involving the reaction of a functionalized ethylene co-polymer, “Elvaloy” (Ethylene/n-Butyl Acrylate/Glycidal Methacrylate Terpolymer) with an acid co-polymer “Nucrel” (Ethylene/Methacrylic Acid Copolymer), in a Coperion W&P ZSK-30 mm co-rotating, intermeshing twin screw extruder.
Homeownership as a Sign of Immigrants’ Consumer Acculturation: The Role of Region of Origin

ABSTRACT One of the limitations highlighted by the consumer acculturation literature is the lack of empirical research to identify better constructs or indicators of consumer acculturation. In this article, the use of homeownership by immigrants in the host society is proposed as an indicator of advanced consumer acculturation. The decision to own a home by a minority group, such as immigrants, represents a key landmark in the process of adaptation to the new culture and a commitment with the host country's values and culture. The empirical case used is the immigrant population of Spain. The sharp rise in its foreign-born population during the last decade and the significantly higher homeownership rates of natives in comparison with other countries makes the Spanish scenario a relevant case study. The results obtained show homeownership is linked to features associated with highly acculturated consumers. Moreover, the analysis conducted reveals important differences in the way immigrants from different or...
Spatial Clustering of Isozyme-specific Residues Reveals Unlikely Determinants of Isozyme Specificity in Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase

Vertebrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase exists as three isozymes (A, B, and C) that demonstrate kinetic properties that are consistent with their physiological role and tissue-specific expression. The isozymes demonstrate specific substrate cleavage efficiencies along with differences in the ability to interact with other proteins; however, it is unknown how these differences are conferred. An alignment of 21 known vertebrate aldolase sequences was used to identify all of the amino acids that are specific to each isozyme, or isozyme-specific residues (ISRs). The location of ISRs on the tertiary and quaternary structures of aldolase reveals that ISRs are found largely on the surface (24 out of 27) and are all outside of hydrogen bonding distance to any active site residue. Moreover, ISRs cluster into two patches on the surface of aldolase with one of these patches, the terminal surface patch, overlapping with the actin-binding site of aldolase A and overlapping an area of higher than average temperature factors derived from the x-ray crystal structures of the isozymes. The other patch, the distal surface patch, comprises an area with a different electrostatic surface potential when comparing isozymes. Despite their location distal to the active site, swapping ISRs between aldolase A and B by multiple site mutagenesis on recombinant expression plasmids is sufficient to convert the kinetic properties of aldolase A to those of aldolase B. This implies that ISRs influence catalysis via changes that alter the structure of the active site from a distance or via changes that alter the interaction of the mobile C-terminal portion with the active site. The methods used in the identification and analysis of ISRs discussed here can be applied to other protein families to reveal functionally relevant residue clusters not accessible by conventional primary sequence alignment methods.
Identification of distinct depressive symptom trajectories in women following surgery for breast cancer.

Objective Depressive symptoms, common in breast cancer patients, may increase, decrease, or remain stable over the course of treatment. Most longitudinal studies have reported mean symptom scores that tend to obscure interindividual heterogeneity in the symptom experience. The identification of different trajectories of depressive symptoms may help identify patients who require an intervention. This study aimed to identify distinct subgroups of breast cancer patients with different trajectories of depressive symptoms in the first six months after surgery. Method Among 398 patients with breast cancer, growth mixture modeling was used to identify latent classes of patients with distinct depressive symptom profiles. These profiles were identified based on Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale scores completed just prior to surgery, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after surgery. Results Four latent classes of breast cancer patients with distinct depressive symptom trajectories were identified: Low Decelerating (38.9%), Intermediate (45.2%), Late Accelerating (11.3%), and Parabolic (4.5%) classes. Patients in the Intermediate class were younger, on average, than those in the Low Decelerating class. The Intermediate, Late Accelerating, and Parabolic classes had higher mean baseline anxiety scores compared to the Low Decelerating class. Conclusions Breast cancer patients experience different trajectories of depressive symptoms after surgery. Of note, over 60% of these women were classified into one of three distinct subgroups with clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms. Identification of phenotypic and genotypic predictors of these depressive symptom trajectories after cancer treatment warrants additional investigation.
Partial Alleviation of Phenylalanine Toxicity in the Chick by Supplemental Dietary Tryptophan

Studies were conducted to determine the physiological effects of feeding diets containing high levels of phenylalanine to chicks. Marked reductions in weight gain and feed conversion were observed in birds fed a diet containing 2.52% L-phenylalanine and .47% L-tyrosine. Excess dietary phenylalanine caused elevations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in serum and brain, whereas cerebral concentrations of free isoleucine, leucine, and valine were generally decreased. Supraoptimal amounts of glycine, arginine, and tryptophan were fed in an attempt to alleviate the toxic symptoms observed in birds fed high phenylalanine diets. Only tryptophan supplementation proved successful in partially alleviating the growth-depressive effects of phenylalanine toxicity. Both serum and brain levels of tryptophan were increased by tryptophan supplementation. Results of two radiotracer studies with 14C-tryptophan suggested that brain uptake of tryptophan was inhibited by hyperphenylalaninemia.
Two-phase culture for the enhanced production of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in cell suspensions ofEschscholtzia californica

Abstract Accumulation of the benzophenanthridine alkaloids sanguinarine, chelerythrine, chelirubine and macarpine occurred in suspension cultures of Eschscholtzia californica . An enhanced production of some of these alkaloids was found in a two-phase culture system and in a system with elicitation in conjunction with two-phase culture. A versatile and practical accumulation phase for culture of E. californica was discovered. This phase was composed of silicone fluid, which accumulated a large amount of the alkaloid and greatly increased alkaloid production compared to cultures grown in its absence. Furthermore, elicitation in combination with two-phase culture additionally increased alkaloid production 10-fold.
Block of Gap Junctions Eliminates Aberrant Activity and Restores Light Responses during Retinal Degeneration

Retinal degeneration leads to progressive photoreceptor cell death, resulting in vision loss. Subsequently, inner retinal neurons develop aberrant synaptic activity, compounding visual impairment. In retinal ganglion cells, light responses driven by surviving photoreceptors are obscured by elevated levels of aberrant spiking activity. Here, we demonstrate in rd10 mice that targeting disruptive neuronal circuitry with a gap junction antagonist can significantly reduce excessive spiking. This treatment increases the sensitivity of the degenerated retina to light stimuli driven by residual photoreceptors. Additionally, this enhances signal transmission from inner retinal neurons to ganglion cells, potentially allowing the retinal network to preserve the fidelity of signals either from prosthetic electronic devices, or from cells optogenetically modified to transduce light. Thus, targeting maladaptive changes to the retina allows for treatments to use existing neuronal tissue to restore light sensitivity, and to augment existing strategies to replace lost photoreceptors.
Ultrasound Defect Engineering of Transition Metals Via Metal-Acceptor Pairs in Silicon

Experimental evidence is provided for ultrasound stimulated dissociation of metal-acceptor pairs in silicon, and also for enhanced diffusion of metal interstitials which may lead to enhanced pairing. The first effect is found dominant in Fe-doped p-type silicon where ultrasound causes low temperature dissociation of Fe-B pairs. This is in contrast to Cr-doped p-type silicon where ultrasound enhances the formation of Cr-B pairs due to enhanced diffusivity of Cr by as much as two orders of magnitude. In this study, the metal-acceptor reaction was monitored in situ via corresponding changes of the minority carrier diffusion length measured by non-contact surface photovoltage. Ultrasound-stimulated pair reaction can be utilized for metal diagnostics for the silicon IC industry. Thus, with ultrasound, Cr-B pairing can be reduced from months to hours, making possible the identification of Cr via pairing kinetics in a reasonable period of time.
Towards a More General Theoretical and Mathematical Model of Probability for Policy Analysis

Uncertainty pervades policy analysis in ways that transcend classical concepts of probability. To benefit policy analysis, the concept of probability must be considerably broadened. It is argued that probability can be conceptualized with respect to the characteristics of policy problems that produce inherent uncertainty. Problems that encompass uncertainty can be characterized according to their: (1) fundamental requirements, for example forecasting, knowledge creation, fact establishment; (2) system properties such as disorderly versus orderly systems; (3) problem-solution strategy, for example subjective judgement, model-based analysis, data analysis; (4) problem-solution data requirements—from numerous and hard-to-measure variables to few and easy-to-measure variables, and (5) problem-solution frame—ranging from unbounded solution spaces to small and discrete solution spaces. The theory of lower probability is presented as a generalization of classical additive probability that can handle this general...
Determination of Metals in Seafood and Fish in Southwest Louisiana

Abstract This review presents results of concentrations of various metals in seafood such as shrimp, oysters, alligators, crayfish, and crabs. The majority of results are presented from the authors' area of interest, namely southwest Louisiana. This area is typical and fairly representative of many areas around the world where the seafood industry and industrial chemical plants co‐exist. Inclusion of organics and near by areas of southwest Louisiana as well as selected results from around the world are presented for completeness. Heavy and toxic metals including Hg, Pb, and Cd have attracted the most interest. Concentrations of metals in seafood are often higher than expected. Studies on soil and sediments have allowed extrapolation of toxicity in seafood.
An interesting example of barrel rupture: The importance of using a remote firing platform

This article will present two examples of firearms received with a crack in the barrel extending from the muzzle rearward. One of the firearms withstood discharge while the second failed resulting in a ruptured barrel.
Clipping of Flexible Tails of Histones H3 and H4 Affects the Structure and Dynamics of the Nucleosome

Forster resonance energy transfer was used to monitor the dynamic conformations of mononucleosomes under different chromatin folding conditions to elucidate the role of the flexible N-terminal regions of H3 and H4 histones. The H3 tail was shown to partake in intranucleosomal interactions by restricting the DNA breathing motion and compacting the nucleosome. The H3 tail effects were mostly independent of the ionic strength and valency of the ions. The H4 tail was shown to not greatly affect the nucleosome conformation, but did slightly influence the relative population of the preferred conformation. The role of the H4 tail varied depending on the valency and ionic strength, suggesting that electrostatic forces play a primary role in H4 tail interactions. Interestingly, despite the H4 tail’s lack of influence, when H3 and H4 tails were simultaneously clipped, a more dramatic effect was seen than when only H3 or H4 tails were clipped. The combinatorial effect of H3 and H4 tail truncation suggests a potential mechanism by which various combinations of histone tail modifications can be used to control accessibility of DNA-binding proteins to nucleosomal DNA.
Some aspects of anion-induced adsorption of white metal cations on mercury

Summary Two alternative mechanisms which have been offered to account for the ability of specifically adsorbed anions to induce the adsorption of white metal cations on mercury are confronted with recent data on thiocyanate-induced adsorption of zinc(II) and chloride-induced adsorption of lead(II). It is concluded that the adsorbing species is usually the neutral cation-anion complex (PbCl3− being the single known exception to this rule) and that in the course of adsorption the coordination number of the metal ion increases as it forms additional bonds with anions which are specifically adsorbed on the mercury electrode.
The Effects of Cultural Differences on Peer Group Relationships

SUMMARY The goal of this study was to explore delinquency as an interdependent relationship between the social context and the individual or group of individuals being studied and to gain insight into the relationship between culture, peer group relationships, and delinquency. The results suggested that certain types of activities are more closely linked with delinquent behavior, rather than specific aspects of peer group relations. Cultural group differences were not manifested in peer group relationships. Therefore, these findings suggest the importance of youth culture rather than traditional culture as a protective or degenerative factor in delinquent behavior. Further research on the role of youth culture and peer groups in delinquent behavior is needed because of the theoretical and practical implications for prevention and intervention programs.
Cross-cultural literacy and the pacific rim

We must remember that when we discuss the Pacific Rim we are not discussing a monolith. The countries making up the Asia Pacific region are as different as are Americans and Europeans, sometimes more so.
Alteration by prolactin of surface charge and membrane fluidity of rat 13762 mammary ascites tumor cells

Intraperitoneal injection of ovine prolactin (100 micrograms/d) in Fischer 344 rats bearing transplantable 13762 mammary ascites tumor (MAT) cells modifies the surface charge density and membrane fluidity of the tumor cells. In each of five experiments the mean electrophoretic mobility (epm) of MAT cells taken from prolactin-treated rats was significantly lower than that of cells from nonhormone-treated controls. Prolactin concentrations were increased in vivo by (a) direct intraperitoneal injection of ovine prolactin; (b) subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol-containing silastic capsules to produce pituitary prolactin secreting tumors; or (c) a single subcutaneous injection of polyestradiol phosphate, a long-acting estrogen. In an effort to establish that the prolactin effect was a direct one, two in vivo protocols were used: (a) MAT cells were coincubated with anterior pituitary halves obtained from nontumor-bearing littermates; or (b) rat or ovine prolactin was added to serum-free culture media containing MAT cells. In both protocols, the epm of the prolactin-treated cells was significantly lower. The isoelectric focusing pH of whole cells was increased by prolactin treatment from 4.93 to 5.12, consistent with a reduction in the number of surface carboxyl groups. The fluidity of membranes of treated cells was drastically increased, as measured by spin-label probe rotation rates. These combined results imply that the hormone exerts its effect by stimulating events in the cell that lead to a reduction of the average density of carboxylic acid residues on the tumor cell surface.
Publics and counterpublics (abbreviated version)

(2002). Publics and counterpublics (abbreviated version) Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 413-425.
Design of a helmet-mounted microphone array for sound localization

This paper presents a part of a microphone based system installed on a soldier's helmet for the application of localizing a sniper/insurgent attack in the battle space environment to increase situational awareness of the foot soldiers. More specifically, the main focus of the paper is to develop a computational method to determine the optimum number of microphone sensors and their optimum positions on the helmet. The relative location of the source with respect to the sensors causes some sensors to not be in the-line-of-sight therefore it is proposed that a) for an accurate localization, estimation of time delay of arrival to be accommodated with diffraction path/length, and b) intensity difference between microphone pairs to be employed for making an initial guess of the source location. The results of this study showed that utilizing the diffraction path enhances the localization performance and the intensity difference results in fast and low computational cost convergence of the iterative algorithm.
On the cepstrum of two-dimensional functions (Corresp.)

Cepstral analysis has been used in speech processing for some time, but in the field of image processing very little attention has been paid to it. Some properties of the two-dimensional cepstrum (especially those absent in the one-dimensional) appear to make it an important tool in image processing. In this correspondence these properties are summarized. Applications to image deblurring (blur identifying) and image classification are mentioned as some possible uses.
Emission Source Model of Jupiter's H+3Aurorae: A Generalized Inverse Analysis of Images

Abstract We mapped the distribution of H + 3 emissions in Jupiter's polar regions utilizing 3.4-μm images acquired with ProtoCAM at the NASA IRTF. Two data sets, one acquired on February 28 and the other on March 22, 1992, were analyzed independently. A sequence of image mosaics was used to constrain the parameters of an emission source model. The emission source model utilizes an auroral oval traced from the distant magnetosphere, using the O 6 magnetic field model (Connerney, J. E. P. 1992. In Planetary Radio Emissions III (H. O. Rucker, S. J. Bauer, and M. L. Kaiser, Eds.), pp. 13–33. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna.) plus the current sheet model (Connerney, J. E. P., M. H. Acuna, and N. F. Ness 1981. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8370–8384.). Limb positioning errors, photometric uncertainties, atmospheric seeing changes, telescope point spread functions, and disk emissions are all included in the model. A generalized inverse methodology, applied to individual pixel intensities in the sequence of auroral images, is used to constrain the model parameters. A uniformly bright auroral oval, and two non-uniform emission models were examined; one has an anomaly fixed to the System-III coordinate, and the other has an anomaly fixed in planet's local time. The latter has a broad and bright emission in the afternoon sector, and offers a significantly better fit in the south. Finally, a combination of the System-III fixed anomaly (equatorward of the oval) plus the local-time fixed anomaly (poleward) was found to simulate the emission intensities in both aurorae consistently well. The size of the auroral oval is larger in the north (by 10%) and smaller in the south (by 3–7%) compared to the O 6 model auroral oval. Weaker H + 3 emissions are found both poleward and equatorward of the oval, the latter extending approximately to the footprint of the Io torus at most longitudes. System-III anomalies are tentatively identified at longitudes where the local magnetic field strength is less than that at the conjugate point.
Extracellular regulation of transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bone

Systemic and local factors regulate the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth and remodeling by modulating a complex array of intracellular signaling events. Recent genetic evidence implicates extracellular fibrillin assemblies (microfibrils and elastic fibers) in imparting contextual specificity to endogenous transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein ligands in the forming and mature skeleton. The evidence is based on the characterization of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the unique bone manifestations that characterize mouse models of Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. Collectively, the studies indicate that fibrillin assemblies play a key role both in establishing morphogen gradients within the developing limbs and in restricting growth factors activity in remodeling bones. The latter finding is likely to improve the design of more effective therapeutic interventions in osteoporosis and of bioengineering formulations for the repair of bone fractures.
The Blood-Air Barrier in Pulmonary Asbestosis: Study of a Case by Electron Microscopy

A patient is described in whom pulmonary asbestosis was proved by open-lung biopsy. In the specimens examined, extensive inflammatory and fibrotic changes were present and ferruginous bodies were demonstrated by iron stains. Characteristic reduction in lung volumes and diffusing capacity were improved by avoidance of exposure to asbestos, most probably because of reversibility of inflammatory changes in alveoli. Within the limits of the sampling method, electron microscopy showed that the disease involved principally alveolar septal interstitium. The appearance of the surviving blood-air barriers was normal.
Quantum transmission in a junction of crossed wires with a box resonator

We report the results of quantum-mechanical calculations of the transmission properties of a two-dimensional noninteracting electron gas through a ballistic cross, where a box resonator is placed at the center of the junction. The transmission and reflection probabilities, and therefore the bend resistance, fluctuate irregularly as a function of energy. The oscillation is discussed in terms of the cavity resonances.
Pump rate and cooked temperature effects on pork loin instrumental, sensory descriptive and consumer-rated characteristics.

Fresh pork loins (n = 15; muscle sections, n = 30) were utilized to evaluate the effects of pump rate (0%, 6%, or 12%) with a solution of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium chloride (0.4% and 1.0% targeted final product concentrations, respectively), and cooked endpoint internal temperature (71 or 82 °C) on instrumental texture, descriptive sensory profiles and consumer acceptance. Loins enhanced at a 12% pump rate had a higher (P 0.05) in juiciness, regardless of endpoint temperature. However, untreated chops cooked to 82 °C were less juicy (P < 0.05) than untreated chops cooked to 71 °C, suggesting retained palatability when enhanced chops are cooked to more abusive temperatures.
The monosyllabic head effect

Conditions on extrametricality can be understood as restricting either the application of extrametricality rules or the visibility of the extrametricality feature. Macedonian provides crucial evidence that only the former interpretation is viable for the Non-Exhaustiveness Condition, while the Peripherality Condition pertains necessarily to visibility. Fixed antepenultimate stress in this language is analyzed as the final extrametricality variant of penultimate stress. A consideration of stress domains consisting of several words reveals that a phrase-final monosyllabic word unexpectedly induces penultimate stress. It is argued that this Monosyllabic Head Effect results from applying Final Extrametricality lexically, but Constituent Construction postlexically. The final syllable remains extrametrical even though it no longer exhausts the stress domain; internal extrametrical syllables, on the other hand, may be stressed. This treatment of Macedonian supports the compositional analysis of antepenultimate stress and clarifies the nature of the Non-Exhaustiveness and Peripherality Conditions.
On the Leray-deconvolution model for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamics equations ☆

Abstract We extend Leray- α -deconvolution modeling to the incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The resulting model is shown to be well-posed, and have attractive limiting behavior both in its filtering radius and order of deconvolution. Additionally, we present and study a numerical scheme for the model, based on an extrapolated Crank–Nicolson finite element method. We show the numerical scheme is unconditionally stable, preserves energy and cross-helicity, and optimally converges to the MHD solution. Numerical experiments are provided that verify convergence rates, and test the scheme on benchmark problems of channel flow over a step and the Orszag–Tang vortex problem.
Has pass-through to export prices risen? Evidence for Japan

Abstract This paper investigates the exchange rate response of Japanese export prices over the period 1980 through 2007 using sector-specific measures of the yen’s value relative to invoicing currencies. It finds a significant increase in the response of total export prices to the yen in the late 1990s. The rise in the total export price response is traced to increases in the exchange rate response of two key export sectors. These findings for Japanese exports are consistent with the documented decline in pass-through to OECD import prices and suggest the latter could originate with changes in export pricing behavior.
Red cell phospholipids in schizophrenia

Phospholipids in red blood cells (RBCs) of schizophrenics and controls were determined. Three different RBC preparations and two different extraction methods were used. Phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography and by high pressure liquid chromatography, and were quantified by phosphorus analysis and by ultraviolet absorption. Findings were consistent with values previously reported for normals. However, in contrast to recent reports of elevated phosphatidylserine levels in schizophrenics' RBCs, we observed no differences between populations.
When babies watch television: Attention-getting, attention-holding, and the implications for learning from video material.

Abstract The recent increase in the availability of infant-directed video material (e.g., Baby Einstein ) and the corresponding increase in the amount of time that infants and toddlers spend viewing them have prompted concern among parents and professionals that these media might impede aspects of cognitive and social development. In contrast, supporters and producers of these media contend that, as has been shown with preschool children, age-appropriate videos with carefully selected educational content can provide an opportunity to support and enhance early learning. The scientific evidence for these opposing views is reviewed, evaluated, and interpreted in a developmental framework.
Stimulation and Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production in Macrophages and Neural Cells as Observed by Spin Trapping

We have combined electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spin trapping techniques to measure nitric oxide (NO) production by activated macrophages and neural cells in vitro. Macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), gamma interferon (IFN gamma), or both, produced NO. Differentiated and undifferentiated neural cells activated by KCl and CaCl2, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and IFN gamma were shown to produce NO as well. The mechanism of activation in neural cells could be either by channels or receptors. Maximum NO production in macrophages was achieved when stimulated by a combination of LPS and IFN gamma administered sequentially or concurrently. IFN gamma was the most effective stimulant for neural cells. The in vitro production of NO by all these cells was inhibited by NG-monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMMA) in a dose-dependent manner. Complete inhibition of NO production occurred when cells were grown in L-arginine free medium, indicating that L-arginine was essential for NO production. We also concluded from our study that NO production in macrophages was in greater amounts and more long lasting in duration than that observed in the neural cells.
The acute oral toxicity of commonly used household textile dyes and color removers.

Fourteen commonly used household textile dyes and two color removers were tested for their oral toxicity in mice. For this species all fell in the category of “moderately toxic” compounds. Toxic symptoms appeared rapidly and consisted of marked respiratory difficulties and convulsions. Most deaths occurred within 13 to 3 hours. The five most toxic dyes and one color remover were tested for oral toxicity in dogs. In this species all preparations tested rated as “very toxic.” Symptoms resembled those seen in mice. Intravenous administration to dogs showed progressive cardiovascular and respiratory depression. In general the dark colored dyes were more toxic than the pastel shades.
Eutrophication of estuarine areas by rainwater

Total phosphorus concentrations were determined in rainwater collected at the Bayside Laboratory, Lewes, Delaware from February 1966 through January 1967. The mean concentration of winter-spring rainwater was 4.9 μg A/liter, that of summer rainwater increased to 150 μg A/liter, and fall-winter levels decreased to 8.1 μg A/liter. This phenomenon may account for atypical phosphorus cycles noted in estuarine areas.
SU‐E‐I‐118: Differential Analysis (DA) ‐ A New Approach for Evaluating the Clinical Utility of Image Processing Algorithms

Purpose: To describe a new method, called Differential Analysis (DA), of evaluating image processing algorithms in radiological imaging. Methods: Thirty head CTimages which showed abnormal findings were selected. Each abnormal image was paired with a normal head CTimage at the same anatomical location. All images were processed using standard filtered back projection (FBP) and a new algorithm called iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS). Three experienced neuroradiologists evaluated the image pairs and assigned a score from 1 to 10, based on how easy / difficult it was to differentiate between normal and abnormal findings. A score of 1 would indicate a barely visible lesion, implying that the processing allows poor differentiation between abnormal and normal pathology, whereas a score of 10 indicated a readily visible lesion, implying excellent differentiation. All evaluations were performed independently and in a random order. The results permitted a differential score “delta” (i.e., IRIS score minus FBP score) to be obtained, with positive values showing IRIS to be superior to FBP, and vice versa. Results: Two observers had positive to negative delta ratios of 3 to 2, and one observer had a positive to negative delta ratio of 1. The ratio of positive to negative delta values for all observers was 2.5. Pooled delta scores showed 18 values less than −1, 38 values between −1 and +1, and 34 values greater than +1. Overall, twice as many images processed using IRIS showed improvements in the differential score as compared with filtered back projection. Conclusions: We describe here a new method to evaluate image processing algorithms in radiological imaging which we propose to call Differential Analysis. Application of this method to a new Iterative Reconstruction algorithm (IRIS) showed improved visibility of brain lesions on CT.