cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Referential coding of steering-wheel button presses in a simulated driving cockpit.

The present study investigated whether left and right pushbuttons on a steering wheel are coded relative to an "infotainment display" in a simulated driving cockpit. Participants performed a go/no-go Simon task in which they responded on trials for which a tone, presented from a left or right speaker, was 1 of 2 pitches (low or high) with a single button press (left in 1 trial block; right in another). Without the infotainment display in Experiment 1, both left and right responses showed Simon effects of similar size. In both Experiments 2 and 3, the infotainment display was located to the right or left, and the Simon effect was smaller for the response that was on the side of the infotainment display than for the response that was on the opposite side. The results indicate that in a driving cockpit environment, the pushbutton responses are coded as left and right with respect not only to the wheel-based frame but also to a salient object like the infotainment display. The general point for application is that the driver's spatial representation of responses, and consequently performance, can be influenced by multiple frames of reference. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Fixed Point Theorems of Cone Expansion and Compression of Concave Functional Type in Product Space

A product space of normed linear spaces is considered,and the cone in the product space is produced by the cones in its factor spaces. A completely continuous operator is in the product space defined on the bounded closed set which is the intersection of the cone with two closed balls,and the range is in the cone. Under the mixed cone expansion and compression conditions that are expressed through a class of nonnegative,positively homogeneous,concave functionals on the cone,some fixed point theorems about the completely continuous operator are proved by constructing methods and converting them into the problems of Schauder type. It is illustrated by example that the concave functionals needed here are easily constructed in a common space and on a cone in it.
Panic-related outcomes in patients with a personal physician.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although having a regular source of care is associated with positive health behaviors, its effect in specific disorders is not known. This study assessed differences in outcomes of patients with panic attacks, including symptoms, health care utilization, and treatment for panic symptoms based on the presence and specialty of a self-defined personal physician. METHODS In this community-based study, 97 subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-IIIR) panic attacks were interviewed concerning total and recent health care utilization for panic symptoms, total and current treatment for panic symptoms, and panic-related outcomes such as quality of life, psychiatric symptoms, work disability, substance abuse, and perceived control. RESULTS Although the absence of a personal family physician was not related to outcomes, the specialty of the personal physician was associated with significant differences in recent health care utilization and treatment for panic and in panic-related outcomes. Having a mental health provider was associated with more utilization and treatment but worse outcomes. However, such differences could generally be explained by differences in preexisting psychiatric disorders and the severity of panic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Compared with having a mental health provider, having a family physician was associated with fewer recent ambulatory visits, particularly to mental health settings, and less-frequent current use of prescription, over-the-counter, or illicit drugs for panic. Yet, when corrected for panic severity and prior mental disorders, there was no difference in these outcomes.
Metastasis of Leishmania mexicana in a Leishmania-resistant mouse strain (C/57) following concomitant malarial infection.

(1988). Metastasis of Leishmania mexicana in a Leishmania-resistant mouse strain (C/57) following concomitant malarial Infection. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 399-401.
Human vs. Automated Text Analysis: Estimating Positive and Negative Affect

Automated text analysis (ATA) has been a widely used tool for determining the sentiment of writing samples. However, it is unclear how ATA compares to human ratings of text when estimating affect. There are costs and benefits associated with each method, and comparing the two approaches will help determine which one provides the most useful and accurate results. This study uses 279 journal entries from individuals with chronic pain in order to estimate the positive and negative affect scores reported directly by participants. We use Lasso to select the features that are most predictive of affect. Our results indicate that the model combining human coders and ATA accounts for the most variance in self-reported positive affect scores, resulting in adjusted R-squared=0.36. For negative affect scores, we obtain a lower adjusted R-squared=0.30 with the combined model, however, ATA results in significantly higher adjusted R-squared=0.27 compared to the model using only human coders, R-squared=0.14. This suggests that utilizing human coders may be the most beneficial when the focus is on positive affect, but automated text analysis may be sufficient when studying negative affect.
Communication Challenges in Neonatal Encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Families must process complex information related to neonatal encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS: In this mixed methods study, semi-structured interviews were performed with parents whose infants were enrolled in an existing longitudinal cohort study of therapeutic hypothermia between 2011 and 2014. RESULTS: Thematic saturation was achieved after 20 interviews. Parental experience of communicating with clinicians was characterized by 3 principle themes. Theme 1 highlighted that a fragmented communication process mirrored the chaotic maternal and neonatal course. Parents often received key information about neonatal encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia from maternal clinicians. Infant medical information was often given to 1 family member (60%), who felt burdened by the responsibility to relay that information to others. Families universally valued the role of the bedside nurse, who was perceived as the primary source of communication for most (75%) families. Theme 2 encompassed the challenges of discussing the complex therapy of therapeutic hypothermia: families appreciated clinicians who used lay language and provided written material, and they often felt overwhelmed by technical information that made it hard to understand the “big picture” of their infant’s medical course. Theme 3 involved the uncertain prognosis after neonatal encephalopathy. Parents appreciated specific expectations about their infant’s long-term development, and experienced long-term distress about prognostic uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: Communicating complex and large volumes of information in the midst of perinatal crisis presents inherent challenges for both clinicians and families. We identified an actionable set of communication challenges that can be addressed with targeted interventions.
COCO Attributes: Attributes for People, Animals, and Objects

In this paper, we discover and annotate visual attributes for the COCO dataset. With the goal of enabling deeper object understanding, we deliver the largest attribute dataset to date. Using our COCO Attributes dataset, a fine-tuned classification system can do more than recognize object categories – for example, rendering multi-label classifications such as “sleeping spotted curled-up cat” instead of simply “cat”. To overcome the expense of annotating thousands of COCO object instances with hundreds of attributes, we present an Economic Labeling Algorithm (ELA) which intelligently generates crowd labeling tasks based on correlations between attributes. The ELA offers a substantial reduction in labeling cost while largely maintaining attribute density and variety. Currently, we have collected 3.5 million object-attribute pair annotations describing 180 thousand different objects. We demonstrate that our efficiently labeled training data can be used to produce classifiers of similar discriminative ability as classifiers created using exhaustively labeled ground truth. Finally, we provide baseline performance analysis for object attribute recognition.
Sex and Gender Medical Education Summit: a roadmap for curricular innovation

The Sex and Gender Medical Education Summit: a roadmap for curricular innovation was a collaborative initiative of the American Medical Women's Association, Laura W. Bush Institute for Women’s Health, Mayo Clinic, and Society for Women's Health Research ( www.sgbmeducationsummit.com ). It was held on October 18–19, 2015 to provide a unique venue for collaboration among nationally and internationally renowned experts in developing a roadmap for the incorporation of sex and gender based concepts into medical education curricula. The Summit engaged 148 in-person attendees for the 1 1/2-day program. Pre- and post-Summit surveys assessed the impact of the Summit, and workshop discussions provided a framework for informal consensus building. Sixty-one percent of attendees indicated that the Summit had increased their awareness of the importance of sex and gender specific medicine. Other comments indicate that the Summit had a significant impact for motivating a call to action among attendees and provided resources to initiate change in curricula within their home institutions. These educational efforts will help to ensure a sex and gender basis for delivery of health care in the future.
Relationship of Somatic Cell Count and Total Sulfhydryls in Milk.

Individual milk samples from 32 cows were analyzed to determine the relationship between somatic cell concentration and total sulfhydryl concentration (cysteine plus reduced cystine). A significant relationship was detected between somatic cell count, which ranged from 1.7 × 104 to 1.0 × 107 cells/ml, and total sulfhydryls per gram of milk protein. The regression equation, total sulfhydryls/g of milk protein = 31.96 + 7.99 (log10 somatic cell count) with r2 = 0.19, was calculated. The mean total sulfhydryl concentration was 73.1 μmol/g of protein. The minimal effect of somatic cell concentration on total sulfhydryl concentration indicates that somatic cell concentration should have little influence on chemical parameters of milk protein determined by sulfhydryl analysis when proper experimental controls are used.
Perceived weight status and weight change among a U.S. adult sample

Objective Examine bidirectional associations between weight perception and weight change over time among adults. Methods Data are from adult employees (N = 623) across 12 U.S. public high schools participating in a cluster-randomized multilevel weight gain prevention intervention. Data were collected at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Perceived weight status (very/somewhat underweight, just right, somewhat overweight, very overweight) were obtained via self-administered surveys. Weight (kg) was measured by trained staff. Change in weight was calculated as the difference between baseline weight and weight at each follow-up time point. Structural equation models were used to assess bidirectional associations of perceived weight status and change in weight over time. Models were adjusted for study condition, gender, age, race/ethnicity, education level, and previous time point. Results The sample was 65% female with a mean age of 44.6 (SD = 11.3). Nearly two thirds of the sample consisted of people with overweight (38.8%) or obesity (27.3%). Structural equation models indicated that baseline weight predicted subsequent perceived weight status (β = 0.26; P < 0.001), whereas baseline perceived weight status did not predict subsequent change in weight, adjusting for previous time point and covariates. Conclusions Results do not support bidirectional causality between weight perception and weight change in an adult sample.
The Estado as a Proto-State Polity

The theoretical background and concepts applied in this study are developed and definitions of states and polities are considered.
Software Fault Prediction using Computational Intelligence Techniques: A Survey

Objectives: Software fault prediction is a vital activity in software development to make software more efficient, economic and produce quality software. This is a fruitful approach to decreases the testing efforts (cost and time) of the software testing. Methods: Existence of faults not only reduces the standard of the software, but also increases its development cost and time. In this paper, the detailed survey has done on software fault prediction for categorize software modules as faulty or non-faulty. The goal of this paper is to find the techniques that has used in software fault prediction. The computational intelligence techniques like soft computing, data mining and machine learning based software fault prediction approaches have included. The classification accuracy rate of different methods which is used for fault prediction has explored. Finding: From the survey, it is found that the fuzzy logic and McCabe based metrics are better way to handle the software fault prediction. The McCabe metrics has independent from the programming language. It performs good result for different size of the software. Application: This survey will helpful to select the model which have high accuracy rate for early phase software testing to provide the quality software. The survey also helps to reduce the cost and time of software testing.
The F O F 1 ATP synthase: from atomistic three-dimensional structure to the rotary-chemical function

Molecular motors are multi-subunit complexes that are indispensable for accomplishing various tasks of the living cells. One such molecular motor is the FOF1 ATP synthase that synthesizes ATP at the expense of the membrane proton gradient. Elucidating the molecular origin of the motor function is challenging despite significant advances in various experimental fields. Currently atomic simulations of whole motor complexes cannot reach to functionally relevant time scales that extend beyond the millisecond regime. Moreover, to reveal the underlying molecular origin of the function, one must model the coupled chemical and conformational events using physically and chemically meaningful multiscaling techniques. In this review, we discuss our approach to model the action of the F1 and FO molecular motors, where emphasis is laid on elucidating the molecular origin of the driving force that leads to directional rotation at the expense of ATP hydrolysis or proton gradients. We have used atomic structures of the motors and used hierarchical multiscaling techniques to generate low dimensional functional free energy surfaces of the complete mechano-chemical process. These free energy surfaces were studied further to calculate important characteristics of the motors, such as, rotational torque, temporal dynamics, occurrence of intermittent dwell states, etc. We also studied the result of mutating various parts of the motor domains and our observations correspond very well with the experimental findings. Overall, our studies have generated a cumulative understanding of the motor action, and especially highlight the crucial role of electrostatics in establishing the mechano-chemical coupling.
Reference values of intrinsic muscle strength of the hand of adolescents and young adults

Abstract Study Design A cross-sectional clinical measurement study. Introduction Measuring intrinsic hand muscle strength helps evaluate hand function or therapeutic outcomes. However, there are no established normative values in adolescents and young adults between 13 and 20 years of age. Purpose of the Study To measure hand intrinsic muscle strength and identify associated factors that may influence such in adolescents and young adults through use of the Rotterdam intrinsic hand myometer. Methods A total of 131 participants (male: 63; female: 68) between 13 and 20 years of age completed the strength measurements of abductor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseus (FDI), deep head of FDI and lumbrical of second digit, flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), and abductor digiti minimi. Two trials of the measurements of each muscle were averaged for analyses. Self-reported demographic data were used to examine the influences of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on intrinsic hand muscle strength. Results Normative values of intrinsic hand muscle strength were presented by age groups (13, 14, 15-16, 17-18, 19-20 year olds) for each sex category (male, female). A main effect of sex, but not age, on all the muscles on both the dominant (FPB: P = .02, others: P Discussion Intrinsic hand muscle strength may be influenced by different factors including sex, BMI, and hand dominance. A larger sample is needed to rigorously investigate the influence of age on intrinsic strength in male and female adolescents and young adults. Conclusion The results provide reference values and suggest factors to be considered when evaluating hand function and therapeutic outcomes in both clinical and research settings. Further study is recommended. Level of Evidence VI.
A comparative analysis of linear functions in Korean and American standards-based secondary textbooks

This paper compares sections on functions and linear functions from two Korean textbooks and an American standards-based textbook (University of Chicago School Mathematics Project [UCSMP] Algebra) ...
Reduction in training time of a deep learning model in detection of lesions in CT

Deep learning (DL) emerged as a powerful tool for object detection and classification in medical images. Building a well-performing DL model, however, requires a huge number of images for training, and it takes days to train a DL model even on a cutting edge high-performance computing platform. This study is aimed at developing a method for selecting a “small” number of representative samples from a large collection of training samples to train a DL model for the could be used to detect polyps in CT colonography (CTC), without compromising the classification performance. Our proposed method for representative sample selection (RSS) consists of a K-means clustering algorithm. For the performance evaluation, we applied the proposed method to select samples for the training of a massive training artificial neural network based DL model, to be used for the classification of polyps and non-polyps in CTC. Our results show that the proposed method reduce the training time by a factor of 15, while maintaining the classification performance equivalent to the model trained using the full training set. We compare the performance using area under the receiveroperating- characteristic curve (AUC).
Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis by Barry Mazur and William Stein

Edited by Jason RosenhouseDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807What makes a math problem “great”? Antiquity, difficulty, and partial progress ov...
Abstract 10813: Chronic Treatment with SIRT1 Activator SRT1720 Ameliorates Age-Associated Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in B6D2F1 Mice

Background: Vascular endothelial dysfunction develops with aging, reflected by impaired endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) mediated by oxidative stress and decreases in nitric oxide (NO) bioavail...
CONFORMATIONAL STATES OF THE OPIATE RECEPTOR

Abstract 1 Opiate receptors can exist in alternative conformational states and sodium ions act as effectors of such an interconversion. 2 Binding of agonists and antagonists was measured as a function of free drug concentration and the data were analysed by the methods of Scatchard and Hill. In the presence of sodium binding of antagonists to the receptor occurs cooperatively whereas binding of agonists exhibits negative cooperativity. No site-site interaction is observed in the absence of sodium. 3 An allosteric model in which the receptor is represented as an oligomeric molecule and the possible significance of the conformational plasticity of the receptor are discussed.
Initiatives Inspired by John Couch Adams’ Papers

Adams’ paper of 1877 – we mentioned it earlier for the high praise that Adams there gave to Hill’s work on the motion of the lunar perigee – was published in the Monthly Notices, and bore the title “The Motion of the Moon’s Node in the case when the Orbits of the Sun and Moon are supposed to have no Eccentricities, and when their mutual Inclination is supposed to be indefinitely small.”80 The part of the motion of the node Adams was concerned with depends solely on the ratio of the mean motions of the Sun and Moon; it is the principal part, differing little from the observational value.
Design and Fabrication of an Electrostatic AlN RF MEMS Switch for Near-Zero Power RF Wake-Up Receivers

We describe an aluminum nitride (AlN)-based resonant switch for use in a near zero power radio frequency (RF) wake-up receiver. A folded beam structure with a slot compensates for the curvature caused by the stress gradient in the sputtered AlN film and ensures that the released contact gap is approximately equal to the designed contact gap. A 80 kHz resoswitch with a Q of 8600 and an actuation gap of approximately 600 nm turns on when a −4 dBm, 800 MHz signal, square wave modulated at 80 kHz, is applied to the actuator. This AlN electrostatic resonant switch is designed to enable integration with a high gain AlN RF piezoelectric transformer to form a complete ultra-low power RF receiver.
Fault Tolerance of Real-time Video Streaming Protocols over SDN Networks

Video traffic accounts for more than 70% of Internet traffic and is likely to reach 90% in 2020. Real-time video streaming is used in many applications such as sports, video conferencing, video surveillance, and public safety. Video streaming protocols such as MPEG-DASH, HDS and RTMP provide adaptive streaming capability, and application-level fault tolerance to handle failures while providing uninterrupted live video streaming service. Network outages and congestion is common in many situations during emergencies, or large public events. These failures impact live video streaming performance in terms of packet loss, latency, jitter, and video quality. Both transport layer and video streaming protocols have in-built fault tolerance mechanisms. Integrating streaming protocol’s fault handling mechanism with the automatic network fault recovery would provide optimized video streaming performance. The goal of this paper is to investigate how different video streaming protocols perform when fault tolerance is provided by the SDN network. We created a self-healing SDN based MESH network testbed that transports video from a live source to the server. Our experimental results show that RTMP outperforms both MPEG- DASH, and HDS in terms of live video stream recovery and resiliency to link, port, switch, and or controller failures. These results were obtained under controlled network conditions with acceptable latency and jitter. However, switching time for recovery is significantly higher than traditional network setup, but with SDN better programable and automated recovery is possible than traditional network.
Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of simvastatin.

Simvastatin is a semisynthetic cholesterol-lowering medication and one of the top-selling statins in the world. Currently, industrial production of simvastatin acid (SVA) is a multistep process starting from the natural product lovastatin. For this reason, there is significant interest in direct production of simvastatin from a microbial host. In this study, six heterologous biosynthetic genes were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the acyl-donor dimethylbutyryl-S-methyl mercaptopropionate (DMB-SMMP) was added, resulting in initial production of 0.5 mg/L SVA. Switching the yeast strain from JHY686 to BJ5464-NpgA increased total polyketide production to over 60 mg/L and conversion from dihydromonacolin L acid to monacolin J acid (MJA) was increased from 60% to 90% by tuning the copy number of the P450 lovA. Increasing the media pH to 8.7 led to a further 10-fold increase in SVA production. Optimized chemical lysis of the cell walls in situ after maximum MJA production led to 55 mg/L SVA titer, representing nearly complete conversion from MJA and a 110-fold increase in titer from the initial SVA production strain. The yeast strains developed in this work can be used as an alternative production method for SVA, and the strategies employed can be broadly applied for heterologous production of other fungal polyketides and semisynthetic compounds in yeast.
A heterochromatic histone methyltransferase lowers nucleosome occupancy at euchromatic promoters

H3K9me3 (histone H3 modified with tri-methylation at lysine 9) is a hallmark of transcriptional silencing and heterochromatin. However, its global effects on the genome, including euchromatin, are less well understood. Here we develop Formaldehyde-Assisted Identification of Regulatory Elements (FAIRE) for C. elegans to examine the chromatin configuration of mutants that lack virtually all H3K9me3, while leaving H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 intact. We find that nucleosomes are mildly disrupted, and levels of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 rise in mutant embryos. In addition to these expected changes, the most dramatic change occurs in euchromatin: many regions encompassing transcription start sites (TSSs) gain an average of two nucleosomes in mutants. The affected regions normally lack H3K9me3, revealing a locus non-autonomous role for H3K9me3. Affected TSSs are associated with genes that are active in epithelia and muscles, and implicated in development, locomotion, morphogenesis and transcription. Mutant embryos develop normally under ideal laboratory conditions but die when challenged, with defects in morphogenesis and development. Our findings reveal that H3K9me3 protects transcription start sites within euchromatin from nucleosome deposition. These results may be relevant to mammals, where diseases that disrupt the nuclear lamina and heterochromatin can alter epithelial and muscle gene expression.
Economic assessment of patient navigation to colonoscopy-based colorectal cancer screening in the real-world setting at the University of Chicago Medical Center

Background This report details the cost effectiveness of a non-nurse patient navigation (PN) program that was implemented at the University of Chicago Medical Center to increase colonoscopy-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Methods The authors investigated the impact of the PN intervention by collecting process measures. Individuals who received navigation were compared with a historic cohort of non-navigated patients. In addition, a previously validated data-collection instrument was tailored and used to collect all costs related to developing, implementing, and administering the program; and the incremental cost per patient successfully navigated (the cost of the intervention divided by the change in the number who complete screening) was calculated. Results The screening colonoscopy completion rate was 85.1% among those who were selected to receive PN compared with 74.3% when no navigation was implemented. With navigation, the proportion of no-shows was 8.2% compared with 15.4% of a historic cohort of non-navigated patients. Because the perceived risk of noncompletion was greater among those who received PN (previous no-show or cancellation, poor bowel preparation) than that in the historic cohort, a scenario analysis was performed. Assuming no-show rates between 0% and 50% and using a navigated rate of 85%, the total incremental program cost per patient successfully navigated ranged from $148 to $359, whereas the incremental intervention-only implementation cost ranged from $88 to $215. Conclusions The current findings indicate that non-nurse PN can increase colonoscopy completion, and this can be achieved at a minimal incremental cost for an insured population at an urban academic medical center.
A Stencil Printed Textile-based Silver-Zinc Battery for Powering Sensors

Wearable devices are smart electronic devices with one or more sensor that can be incorporated into clothing or worn on the body as an orthotic or fashion accessory. To power the wearable devices, various kinds of active and passive energy harvesting techniques are discussed in the literature. Active techniques such as electromagnetic energy transfer, and passive techniques such as harvesting energy from human motion or body heat are explored. In this paper, we present a new method to power wearable sensors using stencil-printed textile-based batteries that will selectively turn on when wet. Specifically, we examined silver-zinc batteries that are stencil-printed on synthetic fabric material such as nylon in different configurations. The printed batteries are characterized by voltammetry tests.
Correlation of alpha- and beta-specific tryptase gene expression with TPSAB1 and TPSB2 genotypes in humans

Germline duplications or triplications of alpha-tryptase encoding sequence at TPSAB1 have been linked to elevated basal serum tryptase and are estimated to effect approximately 5% of the general population. However, no assay currently exists to quantify specific alpha- or beta-tryptase gene expression. Using a similar bioinformatic approach to what we used when designing the alpha- and beta-tryptase sequence-specific TPSAB1 genotyping assay, we developed a novel ddPCR assay able to specifically quantify alpha- and beta-tryptase gene expression. Using this assay, we then interrogated cultured primary human mast cells and isolated basophils from individuals with hereditary alpha tryptasemia syndrome – caused by increased TPSAB1 copy number – and from healthy controls. By correlating these results with individual germline TPSAB1 and TPSB2 genotypes we found that, as would be predicted, increasing alpha-tryptase encoding copy number at the TPSAB1 locus correlated with higher alpha-tryptase gene expression in healthy volunteers. Similarly volunteers lacking alpha-trytpase sequence at TPSAB1 were not detected to have alpha-tryptase gene expression, confirming the specificity of the assay. However, among individuals harboring extra TPSAB1 copies, alpha-tryptase gene expression levels were several orders of magnitude higher than beta tryptases, even when they were present in allelic balance (e.g. 3,3). These data suggest that elevated basal serum tryptase levels seen in hereditary alpha tryptasemia result predominantly from deregulated alpha-trypase gene expression, likely due to co-inheritance of as yet unidentified enhancer or promoter elements.
Odorella benthonica gen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct.

Pleurocapsales are one of the least understood groups of cyanobacteria in terms of molecular systematics and biochemistry. Considering the high number of cryptic taxa within the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales, it is likely that such taxa also occur in the Pleurocapsales. The new genus described in our research is the first known pleurocapsalean cryptic taxon. It produces off-flavor and a large number of bioactive metabolites (n = 38) some of which can be toxic including four known microcystins. Using a polyphasic approach, we propose the establishment of the genus Odorella with the new species O. benthonica from material originally isolated from the California Aqueduct near Los Angeles.
Single versus double-unit transfusion: Safety and efficacy for patients with hematologic malignancies.

OBJECTIVES Although hemoglobin thresholds for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion have decreased, double-unit RBC transfusion practices persist. We studied the effects switching from predominantly double-unit to single-unit RBC transfusions had on utilization and clinical outcomes for malignant hematology patients. METHODS Retrospective chart review compared malignant hematology patients before and after implementing single-unit RBC transfusion policy. Hemoglobin threshold was 8.0 g/dL for both groups. RBC utilization metrics included number of RBC units transfused, RBC units transfused per admission, and number of transfusion episodes. Clinical outcomes included length of stay, 30-day mortality, and outpatient RBC transfusion 30-days post-discharge. RESULTS Baseline hemoglobin was similar in both groups. The single-unit group was transfused with fewer RBC units per admission (5.1 vs 4.5, P = 0.01) than the double-unit group, but had more transfusion episodes per admission (4.1 vs 2.7, P < 0.001). After implementing single-unit policy, a 29% reduction in RBC utilization was observed. Mean hemoglobin at discharge was lower in the single-unit group (8.9 vs 9.5 g/dL, P = 0.005). No significant differences in length of stay or 30-day mortality were observed. CONCLUSION Transfusing malignant hematology patients with single RBC units is safe and efficacious. Electronic provider order systems facilitating RBC transfusion requests provide excellent adherence to transfusion policy.
Synthesis, characterization, and water-degradation of biorenewable polyesters derived from natural camphoric acid

Camphoric acid, an inexpensive and biorenewable diacid derived from the terpene (+)-camphor, was copolymerized with a variety of diols to afford polyesters with glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from −16 °C to 125 °C. Polyethylene camphorate (PEC, 51 °C), polyerythritan camphorate (100 °C), and polyisosorbide camphorate (125 °C) exhibited Tg values matching or excelling those of important commercial polymers. Agitation of PEC in deionized water for 14 days dramatically degraded the polymer from Mn = 20 200 to Mn < 600. Incremental replacement of terephthalic acid with camphoric acid led to a series of polyethylene (camphorate/terephthalate) analogues with increased biobased content and Tg values (71 to 41 °C) that were diminished, but still competitive with that of polylactic acid (PLA).
Estimation of biomass-burning emissions by fusing the fire radiative power retrievals from polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites across the conterminous United States

Abstract Biomass burning is an important source of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols, and its emissions can be estimated using Fire Radiative Power (FRP) retrievals from polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites. Accurate and timely estimation of biomass-burning emissions (BBE) requires high-spatiotemporal-resolution FRP that is characterized by accurate diurnal FRP cycle. This study is to estimate hourly reliable BBE in a 0.25° × 0.3125° grid across the conterminous United States (CONUS) to be used in chemical transport models for air quality forecast. To do this, this study for the first time fused FRP retrievals from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) with those from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 after GOES FRP was angularly adjusted and was further calibrated against MODIS FRP. The FRP data was obtained from Terra and Aqua MODIS 1 km active fire products with fire observations of four times a day and from 4 km GOES WF_ABBA (WildFire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm) fire products for GOES-W (GOES-11 and 15) and GOES-E (GOES-13) with observations every 5–15 min across the CONUS from 2011 to 2015. The diurnal FRP cycles at an interval of 15 min for a grid were reconstructed using the ecosystem-specific diurnal FRP climatology and actually available MODIS-GOES fused FRP, which were applied to estimate hourly BBE across the CONUS. The results indicate that the reconstructed diurnal FRP cycle varied significantly in magnitude and shape among 45 CONUS ecosystems. The biomass burning released 717 Gg particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) in the CONUS each year; however, it presented significant temporal (diurnal, seasonal, and interannual) and spatial variations. Finally, the BBE estimates were evaluated using available data sources and compared well (a difference of ∼4%) with emissions derived from Landsat burned areas in the western CONUS and with hourly carbon monoxide emissions simulated using a biogeochemical model over the Rim Fire in California (difference
Death by benevolence: third world girls and the contemporary politics of humanitarianism:

The bodies of non-White girls are hyper-visible in humanitarian discourses. This article engages in theoretical reflections around the articulation of Whiteness through the body of the third world ...
Assessing in vitro and in vivo Trogocytosis By Murine CD4+ T cells

Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to lymphocyte activation and the formation of an immunological synapse between the lymphocyte and the APC. At the immunological synapse APC membrane and associated membrane proteins can be transferred to the lymphocyte in a process called trogocytosis. The detection of trogocytosed molecules provides insights to the activation state, antigen specificity, and effector functions and differentiation of the lymphocytes. Here we outline our protocol for identifying trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, antigen presenting cells are surface biotinylated and pre-loaded with magnetic polystyrene beads before incubating for a short time with in vitro activated CD4+ T cell blasts (90 min) or naive T cells (3-24 h). After T cell recovery and APC depletion by magnetic separation trogocytosis positive (trog+) cells are identified by streptavidin staining of trogocytosed, biotinylated APC membrane proteins. Their activation phenotype, effector function, and effector differentiation are subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry immediately or after subsequent incubation. Similarly, trogocytosis-positive cells can be identified and similarly analyzed by flow cytometry. Previous studies have described methods for analyzing T cell trogocytosis to identify antigen-specific cells or the antigenic epitopes recognized by the cells. With the current protocol, the effects of trogocytosis on the individual T cell or the ability of trog+ T cells to modulate the activation and function of other immune cells can be assessed over an extended period of time.
Industry Payments to Physicians and Prescribing Branded Memantine and Donepezil Combination.

Background Once-daily extended-released memantine with donepezil (hereafter memantine/donepezil) may improve medication adherence but has a 60-fold higher cost compared with combined generic components. Little is known about factors associated with prescribing memantine/donepezil. We examined the association between pharmaceutical industry payments to physicians and prescribing memantine/donepezil in Medicare. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Using 2015–2016 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments and Part D prescription databases, we identified unique physicians who prescribed ≥11 memantine/donepezil prescriptions from 2015 to 2016. Outcome variable was the number of memantine/donepezil prescriptions written per physician per year. The key independent variable was physician receipt of industry payments defined in 2 models: (1) number of payments and (2) amount of payment ($100 units) for memantine/donepezil received per physician per year. Multivariable Poisson regression was used, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Among 4,895 unique eligible physicians in 2015–2016, the median number of memantine/donepezil prescriptions per physician per year was 19.5 (25th percentile 13, 75th percentile 32). Physicians received between 0 and 75 payments per year (median 1, 25th percentile 0, 75th percentile 2.5) for memantine/donepezil, totaling an average of $92 per year (median $10.5, 25th percentile $0, 75th percentile $33.20). Every 1 additional payment received was associated with a 2% increase in new memantine/donepezil prescriptions prescribed per physician per year (rate ratio [RR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.02). Every $100 increase in payment for memantine/donepezil was associated with a 0.3% increase in new memantine/donepezil prescriptions prescribed per physician per pear (RR 1.003, 95% CI 1.002–1.004). Conclusions Receipt of industry payments for memantine/donepezil was independently associated with increased likelihood of physician prescribing memantine/donepezil in Medicare.
Pixelwise H-score: a novel digital image analysis-based metric to quantify membrane biomarker expression from immunohistochemistry images

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays play a central role in evaluating biomarker expression in tissue sections for diagnostic and research applications. Manual scoring of IHC images, which is the current standard of practice, is known to have several shortcomings in terms of reproducibility and scalability to large scale studies. Here, by using a digital image analysis-based approach, we introduce a new metric called the pixelwise H-score (pix H-score) that quantifies biomarker expression from whole-slide scanned IHC images. The pix H-score is an unsupervised algorithm that only requires the specification of intensity thresholds for the biomarker and the nuclear-counterstain channels. We present the detailed implementation of the pix H-score in two different whole-slide image analysis software packages Visiopharm and HALO. We consider three biomarkers P-cadherin, PD-L1, and 5T4, and show how the pix H-score exhibits tight concordance to multiple orthogonal measurements of biomarker abundance such as the biomarker mRNA transcript and the pathologist H-score. We also compare the pix H-score to existing automated image analysis algorithms and demonstrate that the pix H-score provides either comparable or significantly better performance over these methodologies. We also present results of an empirical resampling approach to assess the performance of the pix H-score in estimating biomarker abundance from select regions within the tumor tissue relative to the whole tumor resection. We anticipate that the new metric will be broadly applicable to quantify biomarker expression from a wide variety of IHC images. Moreover, these results underscore the benefit of digital image analysis-based approaches which offer an objective, reproducible, and highly scalable strategy to quantitatively analyze IHC images.
Field Validation of Effective Dispersion Analysis of Reflections, a New Method for Nondestructive Estimation of Pile Depth:

Several methods have been developed for nondestructive pile depth estimation over the past few decades, with impact-based methods remaining popular because of their ease of application. Sonic-echo ...
Multimode Floquet Photonic Topological Insulators

We show that it is possible to have a multimode Floquet photonic topological insulator. We show that the use of high order modes introduces new degrees of freedom that can help to realize novel topological phenomena.
LISA2: Learning Complex Single-Cell Trajectory and Expression Trends.

Single cell transcriptional and epigenomics profiles have been applied in a variety of tissues and diseases for discovering new cell types, differentiation trajectories, and gene regulatory networks. Many methods such as Monocle 2/3, URD, STREAM have been developed for tree-based trajectory building. Here, we propose a fast and flexible trajectory learning method LISA2 for single cell data. This new method has two distinctive features: (1) apply specified leaves and root to relieve the complexity to build development trajectory especially for some special cases like rare cell populations and adjacent terminal cell states; and (2) make it applicable for both transcriptomics and epigenomics data. Here, we propose a fast and flexible trajectory learning method LISA2 for single cell data. LISA2 can build tree trajectories with specified leaves and root for complex trajectories and visualize it with 3D Landmark ISOmetric feature MAPping (L-ISOMAP). We apply LISA2 in simulation and real datasets with thousands of cells including both single cell transcriptomic data and single cell ATAC-seq data. LISA2 is efficient in estimating single cell trajectory and expression trends for different kinds of molecular state of cells.
Environmental and molecular modulation of motor individuality in larval zebrafish

Innate behavioral biases such as human handedness are a ubiquitous form of inter-individual variation that are not strictly hardwired into the genome and are influenced by diverse internal and external cues. Yet, genetic and environmental factors modulating behavioral variation remain poorly understood, especially in vertebrates. To identify genetic and environmental factors that influence behavioral variation, we take advantage of larval zebrafish light-search behavior. During light-search, individuals preferentially turn in leftward or rightward loops, in which directional bias is sustained and non-heritable, and maintained by a habenula-rostral PT circuit. Here we use a medium-throughput recording strategy and unbiased analysis to show that significant individual to individual variation exists in wildtype larval zebrafish turning preference. We classify stable left, right, and unbiased turning types, with most individuals exhibiting a directional preference. Raising larvae at elevated temperature selectively reduces the leftward turning type and impacts rostral PT neurons, specifically. Exposure to conspecifics, variable salinity, environmental enrichment, and physical disturbance does not significantly impact inter-individual turning bias. Pharmacological manipulation of Notch signaling and carrying a mutant allele of a known Notch pathway affecter gene, gsx2, disrupted turn bias individuality in a dose-dependent manner. These results establish that larval zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model for inter-individual variation with sensitivity to specific environmental perturbations and gene dosage.
Intergenerational Transmission of Culture among First- and Second-Generation Immigrants: The Case of Age at First Birth and Nonmarital Childbirth

This paper uses immigration as a semi-natural experiment to investigate the intergenerational transmission of culture. The culture is proxied by rates of nonmarital birth-giving and age at the first birth in the immigrant's home country. Using the Current Population Survey, Decennial Censuses, and the American Community Survey covering the years 1980-2019, It finds that average outcomes in the home country can explain a statistically significant portion of immigrants' behavior. Conditional on the individual, family, and home-country economic and demographic controls, a 1% increase in average rates of nonmarital fertility in mother's country of birth is associated with a 0.32% increase in nonmarital birth rates among second-generation women. A one year increase in age at motherhood in mother's birthplace leads to 0.23 years increase in age at first birth among second generations. Cohort analysis for both generations confirms the robustness of the estimates. The results show that cultural factors associated with nonmarital birth-giving and age at the first birth can transmit from one generation to the next.
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization

This new edition of Ivan T. Berend's leading overview of economic regimes and economic performance from the start of the twentieth century to the present is fully updated to incorporate recent events, including the causes and impacts of the 2008 financial-economic crisis. Praised for its clear prose and uncluttered analytical style as well as its use of illustrative case studies, this is an integrated, comparative account of European economic development from the evolution of capitalism to the fascist and communist regimes and their collapse, and Europe's current economic problems. The book examines both successes and failures in responding to the challenges of this crisis-ridden but highly-successful age. It introduces the main factors behind economic growth and the various economic regimes that were invented and trialled. It also shows how the vast disparity which had existed between the European regions started gradually decreasing as a result of increased integration.