cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balanced Section in Thrust Belts Part 1: Construction

Balanced geological cross sections are an important aid to understanding thrust-belt structures and to estimating their hydrocarbon-bearing potential. Two approaches to section balancing have been taken in the past: construction of retrodeformable sections from raw data, and modification of previous interpretations after an evaluation procedure. These approaches may be unified by use of a Langrangian grid. Projection of datum locations, dips, and stratigraphic thicknesses onto the section plane is performed directly by calculation, or graphically, using plunge lines. Spline interpolation and parallel-fold modeling are the simplest ways of filling gaps in the sectional data, but isogon interpolation yields rheologically more realistic results. Faults are interpolated using cutoff geometries as constraints. Fault tips are located from distance-displacement plots, whereas the depth to detachment is obtained by a modified Chamberlin construction. Interpolations made on the section are directed back to the geologic map via plunge lines. Although these techniques of section construction do not guarantee a balance, especially when complexities such as growth structures, diapirs, or strike-slip faults are present, they eliminate many potential errors.
Characterization of an inducible mannitol-binding protein fromPseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO formed a mannitol-binding protein that was coinducible with mannitol uptake activity. One species of mannitol-binding protein was isolated from disrupted cell suspensions and the protein also was released from mannitol-grown cells by osmotic shock treatment. The mannitol-binding protein )molecular weight ∼37,000) was purified 49-fold and resolved from the enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (molecular weight ∼85,000), which did not exhibit mannitol-binding activity. Mannitol-binding protein had an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.3 and an apparent dissociation constant (K D ) of 2.3 μM for mannitol. Mannitol binding was unaffected by glucose and glycerol in competitive inhibition studies, although mannose, fructose, and sorbitol caused 5 to 20% inhibition of binding at concentrations equimolar with mannitol.
The Fading of Transient Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar XTE J1810-197

Three observations of the 5.54 s transient anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 obtained over 6 months with the Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton) mission are used to study its spectrum and pulsed light curve as the source fades from outburst. The decay is consistent with an exponential of time constant ~300 days but not a power law as predicted in some models of sudden deep crustal heating events. All spectra are well fitted by a blackbody plus a steep power law, a problematic model that is commonly fitted to anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs). A two-temperature blackbody fit is also acceptable and better motivated physically in view of the faint optical/IR fluxes, the X-ray pulse shapes that weakly depend on energy in XTE J1810-197, and the inferred emitting areas that are less than or equal to the surface area of a neutron star. The fitted temperatures remained the same while the flux declined by 46%, which can be interpreted as a decrease in area of the emitting regions. The pulsar continues to spin down, albeit at a reduced rate of (5.1 ± 1.6) × 10-12 s s-1. The inferred characteristic age τc ≡ P/2 ≈ 17,000 yr, magnetic field strength Bs ≈ 1.7 × 1014 G, and outburst properties are consistent with both the outburst and quiescent X-ray luminosities being powered by magnetic field decay, i.e., XTE J1810-197 is a magnetar.
The suppressor of forked mutation in Drosophila melanogaster : Interactions with the lozenge gene

An interaction between the lozenge gene and the suppressor of forked gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated both spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically. The nature of this interaction is such that certain lozenge alleles appear to be phenotypically suppressed while others are enhanced or unaffected, and the results reported demonstrate that the effect can clearly be observed at the biochemical level. Earlier observations have suggested that the suppressor of forked gene codes for a ribosomal protein, and this hypothesis is discussed.
Low HDL-C in children is more strongly related to family history of early onset CHD than high LDL-C: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study† 527

Low HDL-C in children is more strongly related to family history of early onset CHD than high LDL-C: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study† 527
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Diagnosis for Youth from Violent, Impoverished Communities

We examine the historical development and use of the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder that has been primarily applied to war veterans. We explore how study of this population and refinement of this diagnosis were influenced by changing paradigms and the emergence of new theory. From this context, we then explore similarities and differences between the symptoms, stressors, and social supports of war veterans with those of youth living in violent, impoverished communities. Based upon this analysis, we conclude with implications for researchers, education, mental health, and social service policy-makers and service providers.
In Vivo Generation of Dental Pulp-like Tissue by Using Dental Pulp Stem Cells, a Collagen Scaffold, and Dentin Matrix Protein 1 after Subcutaneous Transplantation in Mice

The presence of a perforation is known to significantly compromise the outcome of endodontic treatment. One potential use of regenerative endodontic therapy might be the repair of root canal perforations. In addition to nutrients and systemic in situ interactions, the 3 main components believed to be essential for tissue regeneration are stem cells, scaffold, and growth factors. This study investigated the role of each component of the tissue engineering triad in the organization and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in a simulated furcal perforation site by using a mouse model. Collagen served as the scaffold, and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) was the growth factor. Materials were placed in simulated perforation sites in dentin slices. Mineral trioxide aggregate was the control repair material. At 6 weeks, the animals were killed, and the perforation sites were evaluated by light microscopy and histologic staining. Organization of newly derived pulp tissue was seen in the group containing the triad of DPSCs, a collagen scaffold, and DMP1. The other 4 groups did not demonstrate any apparent tissue organization. Under the conditions of the present study, it might be concluded that the triad of DPSCs, a collagen scaffold, and DMP1 can induce an organized matrix formation similar to that of pulpal tissue, which might lead to hard tissue formation.
Some differential inequalities for thermohaline convection in bounded containers of arbitrary shape

Abstract We have used the theory of self adjoint operators to derive a number of useful differential inequalities for thermohaline convection in containers. Variation of critical eigenvalues with boundary conditions, domain size and fluid properties is shown. Exchange of stabilities is assumed in general but is shown to be always true for the case of fluids, which are salted above and heated below. The differential inequalities are useful to obtain first order effects of the various parameters on the critical eigenvalues.
Visualization and simulation of non-aqueous phase liquids solubilization in pore networks

Abstract The design of in-situ remediation of contaminated soils is mostly based on a description at the macroscopic scale using averaged quantities. These cannot address issues at the pore and pore network scales. In this paper, visualization experiments and numerical simulations in pore networks are carried out to understand basic aspects of mass transfer during the solubilization of residual non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). The experiments are carried out in 2-D etched-glass micromodels with randomly distributed pore sizes. The evolution of the configuration of the residual phase, the pressure drop across the micromodel and the concentration of the effluent are continuously recorded under various displacement conditions. A pore network numerical model, based on the convection–diffusion equation using appropriate modifications for the local mass transfer coefficients, is developed to simulate mass transfer during the solubilization of a residual phase. The pore network simulator is found to match well the experimental results, provided that the local mass transfer coefficients are properly modeled. Under the assumption of spatially uniform local mass transfer coefficients, an asymptotic power-law scaling between the effluent concentration and the Peclet number is obtained, the exponent of which is related to the local mass transfer expression.
The Amazon shelf setting: tropical, energetic, and influenced by a large river

A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study (AmasSeds) investigated the oceanic processes near the mouth of the Amazon River in order to understand the fate of its enormous discharge of water, solutes and particulates. In addition to receiving a large fluvial discharge, the continental shelf near the Amazon mouth is situated on the equator and experiences an extremely energetic physical regime. As such, it represents an end member in the spectrum of coastal marine settings, with regard to latitude, energy and discharge. The oceanic processes occurring on the Amazon shelf reflect these environmental characteristics. A range of interdisciplinary interactions was observed on the Amazon shelf in response to its low latitude, among them: plume dynamics have little influence from Coriolis acceleration, riverine particles experience intense weathering conditions, high primary productivity occurs during all seasons, and shoreline sedimentation involves mangrove vegetation. The high energy conditions of the Amazon shelf result in: water motions dependent on suspended-sediment distributions, tracemetal adsorption controlled by seabed dynamics, severe restriction of macrobenthos, and deep physical reworking of sedimentary strata (to 1 m or more). The great discharge of fluvial materials (water, solutes, particulates) directly or indirectly causes three-dimensional estuarine-like processes and very high rates of primary productivity, sediment accumulation and carbon burial to occur on the shelf. Although AmasSeds research can link a wide range of interdisciplinary oceanic processes to latitude, energetics or discharge, in many cases the observed process is strongly influenced by a coupling of these characteristics. For example, the dominance of Fe and Mn oxides in controlling redox reactions is a result of tropical weathering that concentrates the Fe and Mnand of intense seabed reworking that regularly reoxidizes these phases. Therefore, the importance of Fe and Mn oxides is a result of both latitude and energy considerations. A fourth characteristic of the Amazon system is its tectonic setting, which determines physiographic features such as drainage-basin size and shelf width. Low latitude and great discharge characterize all areas of the wet tropics; energy expenditure and tectonic setting vary with specific location. All four characteristics must be considered when extrapolating AmasSeds observations to other areas and attempting to predict or interpret oceanic processes.
Chlamydomonas transcripts encoding three divergent plastid chaperonins are heat-inducible

Three cDNAs encoding plastid cpn60 chaperonin subunits have been isolated from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Based on comparisons of the predicted amino acid sequences, we conclude that Chlamydomonas, like higher plants, contains divergent plastid cpn60-α and cpn60-β subunits. The predicted amino acid sequences of the two Chlamydomonas cpn60-β subunits differ significantly (24% divergent), indicating that the two cpn60-β subunits have been selectively maintained for a considerable period of time. Unlike plastid chaperonin trnascripts in higher plants, heat shock conditions (42°C) lead to a rapid increase (10-to 30-fold) in the level of each of the three plastid transcripts.
Sexual Victimization History and Perceived Similarity to a Sexual Assault Victim: A Path Model of Perceiver Variables Predicting Victim Culpability Attributions

Extant research consistently has shown that culpability attributions toward sexual assault victims are predicted by perceiver gender, perceived similarity to victims, empathy for victims, and rape myth acceptance. The purpose of the present study was to conceptually organize these predictors, which often have been treated disparately in literature. The present sample was composed of 69 female undergraduate students, recruited from a psychology research pool at a university in the southwestern United States. Results of a path analysis demonstrated strong empirical support for a hypothesized causal model linking perceivers’ sexual victimization histories and, in turn, perceptions of similarity to a sexual assault victim based upon these histories, to established predictors of perceivers’ culpability attributions toward sexual assault victims. Basic and applied research implications are discussed.
Depolymerization of coals in hot pyridine or phenol

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented that suggests cleavage of bonds by solvent attack is a possible contributing mechanism for coal depolymerization.
Adiabatic compression acceleration of fast charged particles

In this paper we introduce a mode of acceleration of fast, low-rigidity charged particles at shocks and compressions which does not appear to have been discussed previously. The particles propagate along the fluctuating magnetic field without scattering. The acceleration occurs when the disturbance propagates normal to a magnetic field which is turbulent on large scales. If the low-rigidity particles have speeds much greater than the speed of the disturbance, they can follow the random magnetic field lines, which meander back and forth across the compression. Because of the difference between the downstream and upstream flow speeds, the particles can be accelerated, much as in standard diffusive shock acceleration. In this picture, scattering in pitch angle is not necessary for considerable acceleration to occur. We suggest that this completely scatter-free process may accelerate low-energy superthermal electrons, for which resonant scattering may not be possible, up to energies where they can interact resonantly with longer wavelength waves generated by the ions and subsequently be accelerated by standard diffusive shock acceleration to energies comparable with the ions.
15.4 A 20-to-1000MHz ±14ps peak-to-peak jitter reconfigurable multi-output all-digital clock generator using open-loop fractional dividers in 65nm CMOS

Modern systems-on-chips (SoCs) perform many diverse analog, digital, and mixed-signal functions. They contain a wide variety of modules such as multicore processors, memories, I/O interfaces, power management, and wireless transceivers. Each module has its own unique clock requirements to maximize the overall system performance. For example, dynamic frequency scaling (DFS) saves processor power, spread spectrum clocking (SSC) reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI), and rapid power cycling between idle and active states allows energy-proportional operation. A conventional analog integer-N phase-locked loop (PLL)-based clock generation unit (CGU) occupies large area, has a long lock time, and its output frequency resolution is limited by the reference clock frequency. While the digital fractional-N PLL-based CGU in [1] overcomes some of these drawbacks, it suffers from an intrinsic tradeoff between the time-to-digital converter (TDC)/fractional-divider quantization error and oscillator phase noise. As a result, it requires either a high-resolution TDC or a low-noise oscillator both of which incur power penalty. Further, narrow PLL bandwidth limits SSC modulation frequency and increases lock time making it unsuitable for energy-proportional operation. Open-loop frequency generation using direct-digital synthesis (DDS) overcomes the drawbacks of closed-loop PLLs but it consumes a significant amount of power [2]. This paper presents an all-digital CGU using open-loop fractional dividers. Unlike [1], the proposed CGU, using only one integer-N PLL and a single reference clock, can provide multiple low-jitter outputs over a wide frequency range with fine frequency resolution. It also has SSC capability with programmable modulation depth and achieves instantaneous frequency switching.
Investigation of Reaction Pathways Involved in Lignin Maturation

Using a solid-state lignin model compound, the authors provide the first direct evidence that cleavage of the prominent β-O-4 aryl ether linkages (Ar'-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-Ar) in lignin can occur in the solid state with reformation of 1,2-diarylethane linkages (Ar'-CH 2 -CH 2 -Ar-OH) at relevant maturation temperatures if interdispersed clay minerals are present as catalysts
The Emergence of Defined Subunit Vaccines for the Prevention of Leishmaniasis

Infection with Leishmania parasites can cause disease across a range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Given the practical difficulties in maintaining vector control programs, vaccination is likely the only way in which the sustained reduction or elimination of the leishmaniases can be achieved. In this review, we focus on the development of second-generation vaccines with emphasis on defined subunit vaccines using recombinant expression techniques. We highlight particular antigens that have provided protection in animal models, and discuss methods, such as inclusion in chimeric fusion proteins and use of appropriate adjuvants, that are likely required to transition these into clinically-relevant candidates. We also outline the alternative strategies, such as attenuated parasites, DNA vaccination, and use of sand fly proteins, that are being proposed.
Repairing the nest: a psychodynamic developmental approach to clients with severe behavior disorders

In this article, the authors explicate concepts from psychodynamic developmental theory that can foster affirmative assessment and intervention with clients who have developmental disabilities and present severe behavior disorders. A case example illustrates how making bonding the primary goal of intervention appears to facilitate positive behavior change in these clients while reducing feelings of helplessness and discouragement in their caregivers.
A meta-analytic review of mood-congruent implicit memory in depressed mood

In studies of explicit memory, researchers have reliably demonstrated that mood-congruent, depressive information is especially likely to be recalled by individuals exhibiting depressed mood. Results from studies of implicit mood-congruent memory in depressed mood, however, have been largely discrepant. The current research reviews 20 studies of implicit mood-congruent memory for emotionally valenced words in the context of dysphoria and clinical depression. Meta-analytic techniques were used to summarize this research. Results indicated that depressive groups exhibited preferential implicit recall of negative information and nondepressed groups exhibited preferential implicit recall of positive information. Also, depressive implicit mood-congruent memory for negative information was associated with recall and encoding tasks that matched with regard to the perceptual versus conceptual processes required. Furthermore, self-relevance emerged as an important moderator for implicit recall in analyses that compared clinically depressed groups to nondepressed groups. These results provide partial support both for the transfer appropriate processing framework of memory and cognitive theories of depression that emphasize self-relevant information. Finally, certain participant characteristics, particularly age and severity of depressive symptoms, emerged as important moderators of the effect of group status on depressive implicit recall biases.
Development and preliminary validation of a semi-structured interview for the screening of law enforcement candidates.

A standard practice among most law enforcement agencies is to include psychological screening in the selection of job candidates. Although the use of personality tests in predicting job performance of law enforcement officers has received empirical support (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Inwald Personality Inventory), there is a conspicuous absence of data regarding the reliability and validity of interview procedures. The present study represents the first step in the development of a standardized, semi-structured interview for use in the screening of law enforcement personnel. This interview, the Law Enforcement Candidate Interview, was constructed using content areas drawn from measures used in the screening of law enforcement personnel (e.g., Inwald Personality Inventory) and assessment of personality functioning (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders). This interview was then administered by two doctoral students to a group of law enforcement academy cadets (n=34). A modest degree of inter-rater reliability was achieved, although internal consistency was somewhat lacking. Interview scores were correlated with measures of academy performance (final grade-point average and peer and supervisor ranking of academy performance). Results of these analyses suggest the LECI is a modest predictor of academy performance. Potential uses of the LECI and future research indications are outlined.
Democracies and International Human Rights: Why is There No Place for Migrant Workers?

Abstract This paper explores why the signature record of the International Convention on the Protection of Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families has been so poor, especially among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) democracies. It does so by examining two kinds of explanations. The first suggests that the international campaign to promote the treaty was weak. The second concerns the treaty design: states dislike this treaty because of its complexity, precision, and the lack of national security ‘escape clauses’. This study finds that the strength of the international campaign does not correlate with participation in human rights treaties. It also uncovers an inherent flaw in the design-based explanations and strongly suggests that we look elsewhere for the causes of the ‘failure’ of this treaty.
Conservation lacks compassion

In putting conservation into practice, we often cause great suffering to animals. Marc Bekoff argues that we need a new ethical perspective
Sierra Nevada fire severity conclusions are robust to further analysis: a reply to Safford et al.

Safford et al. (this issue) question our earlier findings that fire severity has not increased in Sierra Nevada conifer forests 1984–2010, hypothesising that an increasing trend might have appeared had we restricted our analysis to wildland fire in frequent-fire forest types on US Forest Service lands. Here, we tested that hypothesis and again found no trend of increasing severity.
Intense sheet beam stability properties for uniform phase-space density

A self-consistent one-dimensional waterbag equilibrium f/sub b//sup 0/(x,p/sub x/) for a sheet beam propagating through a smooth focusing field is shown to be exactly solvable for the beam density n/sub b//sup 0/(x) and space-charge potential /spl phi//sup 0/(x). A closed Schrodinger-like eigenvalue equation is derived for small-amplitude perturbations, and the WKB approximation is employed to determine the eigenfrequency spectrum as a function of the normalized beam intensity s/sub b/ = /spl omega//spl I.cap//sub pb//sup 2///spl gamma//sup 2//sub b//spl omega//sup 2//sub /spl beta//spl perp//, where /spl omega//spl I.cap//sub pb//sup 2/ = 4/spl pi/n/spl I.cap//sub b/e/sub b//sup 2///spl gamma//sub b/m/sub b/ is the relativistic plasma frequency-squared and n/spl I.cap//sub b/ = n/sub b/(x = 0) is the on-axis number density of beam particles.
Retrieval of Ice Cloud Properties from AIRS and MODIS Observations Based on a Fast High-Spectral-Resolution Radiative Transfer Model

AbstractA computationally efficient high-spectral-resolution cloudy-sky radiative transfer model (HRTM) in the thermal infrared region (700–1300 cm−1, 0.1 cm−1 spectral resolution) is advanced for simulating the upwelling radiance at the top of atmosphere and for retrieving cloud properties. A precomputed transmittance database is generated for simulating the absorption contributed by up to seven major atmospheric absorptive gases (H2O, CO2, O3, O2, CH4, CO, and N2O) by using a rigorous line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM). Both the line absorption of individual gases and continuum absorption are included in the database. A high-spectral-resolution ice particle bulk scattering properties database is employed to simulate the radiation transfer within a vertically nonisothermal ice cloud layer. Inherent to HRTM are sensor spectral response functions that couple with high-spectral-resolution measurements in the thermal infrared regions from instruments such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS...
Brief report: citrullination within the atherosclerotic plaque: a potential target for the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To investigate whether citrullinated proteins within the atherosclerotic plaque can be targeted by anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), forming stimulatory immune complexes that propagate the progression of atherosclerosis. Methods Protein lysates prepared from atherosclerotic segments of human aorta were assessed for the presence of citrulline-modified proteins, and specifically citrullinated fibrinogen (Cit-fibrinogen), by immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting followed by mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical analysis of coronary artery plaque was performed to determine the presence of citrullinated proteins and peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD-4). Serum levels of anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), anti–citrullinated vimentin (anti–Cit-vimentin), and anti–Cit-fibrinogen antibodies were measured in 134 women with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis; these subjects had previously been characterized for the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, by electron beam computed tomography scanning. Results Western blot analysis of atherosclerotic plaque lysates demonstrated several citrullinated proteins, and the presence of Cit-fibrinogen was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical analysis showed colocalization of citrullinated proteins and PAD-4 within the coronary artery plaque. In age-adjusted regression models, antibodies targeting Cit-fibrinogen and Cit-vimentin, but not CCP-2, were associated with an increased aortic plaque burden. Conclusion Citrullinated proteins are prevalent within atherosclerotic plaques, and certain ACPAs are associated with the atherosclerotic burden. These observations suggest that targeting of citrullinated epitopes, specifically Cit-fibrinogen, within atherosclerotic plaques could provide a mechanism for the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in patients with RA.
Genetic Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans MAP Kinase Gene mpk-1

The Caenorhabditis elegans mpk-1 gene encodes a MAP kinase protein that plays an important role in Ras-mediated induction of vulval cell fates. We show that mutations that eliminate mpk-1 activity result in a highly penetrant, vulvaless phenotype. A double mutant containing a gain-of-function mpk-1 mutation and a gain-of-function mek mutation (MEK phosphorylates and activates MPK-1) exhibits a multivulva phenotype. These results suggest that mpk-1 may transduce most or all of the anchor cell signal. Epistasis analysis suggests that mpk-1 acts downstream of mek-2 (encodes a MEK homolog) and upstream of lin-1 (encodes an Ets transcription factor) in the anchor cell signaling pathway. Finally, mpk-1 may act together with let-60 ras in multiple developmental processes, as mpk-1 mutants exhibit nearly the same range of developmental phenotypes as let-60 ras mutants.
Loading characteristics of females exhibiting excessive valgus moments during cutting

Abstract Background Excessive knee valgus moments are considered a risk factor for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes, however, little is known about the biomechanical factors that contribute to this loading pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity kinematics, foot position and ground reaction forces between female soccer players who demonstrate normal frontal plane moments at the knee with those who demonstrate excessive frontal plane moments at the knee during a cutting maneuver. Methods Sixty-one female soccer players, 16 (2) years, participated. Three dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded during a side-step cutting maneuver. Knee frontal plane moments were calculated with inverse dynamics equations and were used to classify subjects into normal ( N = 38) and excessive valgus moment ( N = 23) groups. Findings Data revealed that the subjects with excessive valgus moments demonstrated an initial loading pattern that included greater laterally directed ground reaction forces ( P P = 0.002, effect size 0.79), increased hip internal rotation ( P = 0.008, effect size 0.71) and a more internally rotated foot progression angle ( P = 0.04, effect size 0.55). Taken together, these variables explained 49% of the variance in peak knee valgus moment ( R = .698, P Interpretation These results provide insight into potentially injurious loading strategies and support the premise that interventions designed to encourage loading of the lower extremity in a more neutral alignment may work to decrease frontal plane loading at the knee.
The value of utilising stochastic mapping of food distribution networks for understanding risks and tracing contaminant pathways

Difficulties in adequately characterising food supply chain topologies contribute major uncertainty to risk assessments of the food sector. The capability to trace contaminated foods forward (to consumers) and back (to providers) is needed for rapid recalls during food contamination events. The objective of this work is to develop an approach for risk mitigation that protects us from an attack on the food distribution system. This paper presents a general methodology for the stochastic mapping of fresh produce supply chains and an application to a single, relatively simple case – edible sprouts in one region. The case study demonstrates how mapping the network topology and modelling the potential relationships allows users to determine the likely contaminant pathways and sources of contamination. The stochastic network representation improves the ability to explicitly incorporate uncertainties and identify vulnerabilities.
ENHANCING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE STUDENTS' VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE

___________________ Vocabulary knowledge has long been considered critical to children’s successful reading comprehension. When children increase their reserves of word meaning, they also broaden their thinking and become aware of new semantic and conceptual relationships. Their broadened awareness, in turn, increases reading comprehension and writing abilities. Many barriers prevent English as Second Language learner from grasping new vocabulary, but one of the biggest challenge is the minimal time teachers devote to vocabulary instruction. Inundated with a number of other curricular mandates, many elementary school teachers do not rank vocabulary instruction as their top priority. A disturbing number of studies indicate that vocabulary instruction is a very small part of elementary instruction. Again some teachers struggle with determining how to provide students with appropriate contexts for learning new words. We report here four vocabulary strategies for teachers to actively involve students in the vocabulary learning process. The activities are easy to introduce and students can participate with peers to develop a self–regulated approach to vocabulary enhancement. _______________________ Introduction With her index finger, Rosita traces the letters of various words on a word wall. Paco, Ephraim, Juan and Hector sit on the reading carpet across the classroom and play a memory flashcard game that reviews English/Spanish synonyms like “pretty” and “bonita.” Meanwhile, second grade teacher Nicyesha Robinson reviews some prefixes and their meanings with a group of five students at a crescent moon table. “I try to keep the kids moving so class never seems boring,” she admits later. “By having lots of vocabulary activities and centers available, kids can pick and choose based on their preferences.” Many barriers prevent English as a Second Language (ESL) student from grasping new vocabulary, but one of the biggest is the lack of time teachers devote to vocabulary instruction. Inundated with a number of other curricular mandates, many elementary school teachers do not rank vocabulary instruction as their top priority. Some teachers struggle with determining how to provide students with appropriate contexts for learning new words. Many teachers wonder how much time is appropriate to spend on explicit vocabulary instruction. Others express concerns
How to keep V(D)J recombination under control

Summary: Breaking apart chromosomes is not a matter to be taken lightly. The possible negative outcomes are obvious: loss of information, unstable chromosomes, chromosomal translocations, tumorigenesis, or cell death. Utilizing DNA rearrangement to generate the desired diversity in the antigen receptor loci is a risky business, and it must be carefully controlled. In general, the regulation is so precise that the negative consequences are minimal or not apparent. They are visible only when the process of V(D)J recombination goes awry, as for example in some chromosomal translocations associated with lymphoid tumors. Regulation is imposed not only to prevent the generation of random breaks in the DNA, but also to direct rearrangement to the appropriate locus or subregion of a locus in the appropriate cell at the appropriate time. Antigen receptor rearrangement is regulated essentially at four different levels: expression of the RAG1/2 recombinase, intrinsic biochemical properties of the recombinase and the cleavage reaction, the post-cleavage /DNA repair stage of the process, and accessibility of the substrate to the recombinase. Within each of these broad categories, multiple mechanisms are used to achieve the desired aims. The major focus of this review is on accessibility control and the role of chromatin and nuclear architecture in achieving this regulation, although other issues are touched upon.
What are parents worried about? Health Problems and Health Concerns for Children:

Patient-centered care requires pediatricians to address parents’ health concerns, but their willingness to solicit parental concerns may be limited by uncertainty about which topics will be raised. The authors conducted surveys of parents to identify current health-related issues of concern.MethodsParticipants rated 30 items as health problems for children in their community (large, medium, small, or no problem) and volunteered concerns for their own children.ResultsA total of 1119 parents completed the survey. Allergies (69%), lack of exercise (68%), asthma (65%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (65%), Internet safety (63%), obesity (59%), smoking (58%), and bullying (57%) were identified as important problems (large or medium) with variation among demographic subgroups. Concerns for their own children included healthy nutrition; obesity; lack of exercise, healthy growth and development; safety and injury prevention; and mental health issues.ConclusionParents’ health concerns for children are va...
Transcriptome Profiling of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharide Metabolism Genes Using RNA-Sequencing

This study examines the genes coding for enzymes involved in bovine milk oligosaccharide metabolism by comparing the oligosaccharide profiles with the expressions of glycosylation-related genes. Fresh milk samples (n=32) were collected from four Holstein and Jersey cows at days 1, 15, 90 and 250 of lactation and free milk oligosaccharide profiles were analyzed. RNA was extracted from milk somatic cells at days 15 and 250 of lactation (n=12) and gene expression analysis was conducted by RNA-Sequencing. A list was created of 121 glycosylation-related genes involved in oligosaccharide metabolism pathways in bovine by analyzing the oligosaccharide profiles and performing an extensive literature search. No significant differences were observed in either oligosaccharide profiles or expressions of glycosylation-related genes between Holstein and Jersey cows. The highest concentrations of free oligosaccharides were observed in the colostrum samples and a sharp decrease was observed in the concentration of free oligosaccharides on day 15, followed by progressive decrease on days 90 and 250. Ninety-two glycosylation-related genes were expressed in milk somatic cells. Most of these genes exhibited higher expression in day 250 samples indicating increases in net glycosylation-related metabolism in spite of decreases in free milk oligosaccharides in late lactation milk. Even though fucosylated free oligosaccharides were not identified, gene expression indicated the likely presence of fucosylated oligosaccharides in bovine milk. Fucosidase genes were expressed in milk and a possible explanation for not detecting fucosylated free oligosaccharides is the degradation of large fucosylated free oligosaccharides by the fucosidases. Detailed characterization of enzymes encoded by the 92 glycosylation-related genes identified in this study will provide the basic knowledge for metabolic network analysis of oligosaccharides in mammalian milk. These candidate genes will guide the design of a targeted breeding strategy to optimize the content of beneficial oligosaccharides in bovine milk.
Patient and parent preferences for immunoglobulin treatments: a conjoint analysis

AbstractObjectives:The purpose was to quantify patient and parent preferences for administration attributes of immunoglobulin (IG) treatments; and determine which administration attributes were most important to users of IG treatment and whether patients and parents have similar preferences for administration attributes.Methods:US adult patients and parents of children with a self-reported physician diagnosis of a primary immunodeficiency disorder completed a best-practice web-enabled choice-format conjoint survey that presented a series of 12 choice questions, each including a pair of hypothetical IG-treatment profiles. After reviewing current therapies, each profile was defined by mode of administration, frequency, location, number of needle sticks, and treatment duration. Before answering the choice questions, respondents were told to assume all treatments worked equally well. Choice questions were based on a D-efficient experimental design. Preference weights for attribute levels were estimated using ...
Tissue engineering of the lymphatic system.

: The field of tissue engineering has seen tremendous expansion in the last decade. In the last several years, tissue-engineering strategies to treat diseases of skin, cartilage, bone, bladder, blood vessel, tendon, and other tissues have been described. However, tissue-engineering approaches to treat diseases of the lymphatic system are currently nonexistent. We propose that acellular tissues, either native or engineered, could be exploited as a platform for the study of lymphatic biology, and for lymphatic tissue engineering. While speculative, this type of experimental model system could prove powerful for dissecting molecular and cellular events surrounding tumor invasion of lymphatics, as well as lymphangiogenesis. Scaffolds seeded with genetically engineered lymphatic cells could also be implanted to repopulate lymphatic vasculature. In the future, the lymphatic system will surely be added to the list of tissues and organs that prove amenable to tissue-engineering therapies.
MUMPS implementations on microprocessors.

Microprocessors are becoming increasingly important in the solution of many problems within the medical information field. They are suitable for use in controlling such processes as data entry and verification, stand-alone Computer Assisted Instruction, generation and testing of basic code, and as entry points to larger communication networks with shared data-bases. Because of their potential and versatility, it is desirable to implement on these microprocessors the same language that is to be used on larger members of a full scale medical information system. MUMPS is ideally suited to this environment, having been designed in such a way that it can be run on microprocessors without degradation of its string handling and file management characteristics.Our implementation approach was to adopt a machine-independent technique, using the Transition Diagram Language in which Standard MUMPS has been defined. A high level (ALGOL) driver was written for the Tdl, in which the initial output was assembly code for ...
Nutrient Distribution and Absorption in the Colonial Hydroid Podocoryna carnea Is Sequentially Diffusive and Directional

The distribution and absorption of ingested protein was characterized within a colony of Podocoryna carnea when a single polyp was fed. Observations were conducted at multiple spatial and temporal scales at three different stages of colony ontogeny with an artificial food item containing Texas Red conjugated albumin. Food pellets were digested and all tracer absorbed by digestive cells within the first 2–3 hours post-feeding. The preponderance of the label was located in the fed polyp and in a transport-induced diffusion pattern surrounding the fed polyp. After 6 hours post-feeding particulates re-appeared in the gastrovascular system and their absorption increased the area over which the nutrients were distributed, albeit still in a pattern that was centered on the fed polyp. At later intervals, tracer became concentrated in some stolon tips, but not in others, despite the proximity of these stolons either to the fed polyp or to adjacent stolons receiving nutrients. Distribution and absorption of nutrients is sequentially diffusive and directional.
Gluteal Abscess and Bacteremia Following Promethazine Injection in a Marine

ABSTRACTIntramuscular injection is routinely used and rarely leads to adverse events such as abscess or tissue necrosis. Intramuscular promethazine has been documented to cause these problems. We discuss the case of a previously healthy 19-year-old U.S. Marine, who was diagnosed with methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and abscess formation after receiving intramuscular promethazine for vomiting. After confirmation of abscess formation via magnetic resonance imaging, he underwent percutaneous drainage. He improved and was treated with 6 weeks of cefazolin. This case demonstrates an unusual and severe adverse reaction associated with intramuscular promethazine administration. Additionally, this case highlights the importance of proper antiseptic technique before promethazine administration and calls into question the utility and safety of intramuscular promethazine when oral dissolving antiemetic medications are available.
Design of a dual-band sequential power amplifier

In this paper, we present a dual-band Sequential Power Amplifier (SPA) to provide high efficiency at power back-offs and maximum output power at two working frequencies. The proposed SPA consists of a carrier amplifier, a peaking amplifier, a power divider and a combining coupler. The SPA provides 48 % and 62 % drain efficiency (DE) at 6 dB output back-off (OBO) and maximum output power at 1.1 GHz, and it also provides 52 % and 65 % DE at 6 dB OBO and maximum output power at 1.5 GHz. The designed SPA achieves above 39 dBm output powers at two working frequencies with about 10 dB gain and ±1 dB gain flatness.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 7-2014. A 27-year-old man with diarrhea, fatigue, and eosinophilia.

A 27-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea, fatigue, and eosinophilia. He had a history of ulcerative colitis, controlled with mesalamine. Examination revealed splenomegaly. Diagnostic procedures were performed.
States of Al 25 up to 7.8 MeV Excitation and the Mass of Al 25

Accurate excitation energies were measured for 42 states in $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$. The ones below 3.7 MeV were measured with both the $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ and $^{28}\mathrm{Si}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ reactions to an accuracy of 2.5 keV or better. Excitation energies between 3.7 and 7.9 MeV were measured with the first reaction only. Uncertainties for the narrow states range from 2.5 to 7 keV with two exceptions. Nine states were found to have natural widths greater than 15 keV and these were measured. The agreement with previous work is excellent in the region below 3.7 MeV and is especially good with four excitation energies deduced from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy measurements. Nine new states were found between 3.7 and 7.9 MeV and above 5 MeV our accuracy is much better than that previously reported for all but the known state at 6.3 MeV. We find ground-state $Q$ values of -7709.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.6 keV for the $^{28}\mathrm{Si}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ reaction and -3218.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4.5 keV for the $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}(^{3}\mathrm{He},d)^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ reaction. These results agree within 0.3 keV as to the mass of $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ but the value is 5.3 keV lower than that in the latest mass compilation.
A 52-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH SKIN LESIONS AND LIVER FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES

The patient presents to her doctor with a pruritic rash of 6 weeks’ duration. What is the diagnosis and treatment?
Spin-torque oscillators with thermal noise: A constant energy orbit approach

We study the magnetization dynamics of spin-torque oscillators in the presence of thermal noise and as a function of the spin-polarization angle in a macrospin model. The macrospin has biaxial magnetic anisotropy, typical of thin film magnetic elements, with an easy axis in the film plane and a hard axis out of the plane. Using a method that averages the energy over precessional orbits, we derive analytic expressions for the current that generates and sustains out-of-plane precessional states. We find that there is a critical angle of the spin polarization necessary for the occurrence of such states and predict a hysteretic response to applied current. This model can be tested in experiments on orthogonal spin-transfer devices, which consist of both an in-plane and out-of-plane magnetized spin polarizers, effectively leading to an angle between the easy and spin-polarization axes.
The Experiment of CO_2 Pollution and Treating in Silicate-based Drilling Fluids

Through simulation experiment of CO2 invading into drilling fluid that viscosity and yield point are increased dramatically and drilling fluid is in a bad rheology.The concentration of HCO-3 and CO2-3 both are increased,the concentration of OH-and pH value of drilling fluid both are reduced.It does not meet the drilling requirement as the concentration of CO2 is too high,so we must eliminate it as soon as possible.The glue soluting with KOH and CaO through some Lab experiments have optimized,which has a better performance for prevention and management of CO2 pollution.
Design of Night-vision Panoramic Monitoring System Based on FPGA

Introduced an improved camera and adopted by FPGA and A/D chips,at last,configured SAA7113 chip by Intel-Integrated Circuit Bus in FPGA and displayed on a monitor.Achieved only in the same camera without the need for mechanical moving components,and image mosaic,the entire hemisphere field of view images can capture.There is no image mosaics,no distortion,no dead angle and no blind spots in panoramic field of the view.