cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distress tolerance in social versus solitary college student drinkers.

Low distress tolerance has been an inconsistent predictor of alcohol-related consequences in college students, but its relationships to depression and coping motives for alcohol have received stronger support. Research on college students who drink heavily in isolation suggests that this population is more likely to have a greater number and severity of alcohol-related problems, depression, and coping motives. Solitary heavy drinkers were therefore hypothesized to have lower distress tolerance than other drinkers. This study examined differences in self-reported and behavioral distress tolerance across two groups of university students: those who endorsed heavy solitary drinking (20.1%) versus those who endorsed other types of drinking. Students completed a self-report measure (Distress Intolerance Self-Report, or DISR) and behavioral measure of distress tolerance (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, or PASAT). Students who reported drinking heavily in isolation differed from other students on the DISR, F(1, 132)=4.645, p=.033, η(2)=.034, but not on the PASAT, F(1, 132)=0.056, p=.813. These students also endorsed more coping motives for alcohol. Distress tolerance did not predict drinking consequences directly, yet a mediation model linking distress tolerance to consequences through coping motives supports previous findings of distress tolerance as a distal, indirect predictor of drinking problems. The unique characteristics of solitary binge drinkers and the significance of distress tolerance as an indirect predictor of alcohol-related consequences are discussed. Language: en
Using score distribution models to select the kernel type for a web-based adaptive image retrieval system (AIRS)

The goal of this paper is to investigate the selection of the kernel for a Web-based AIRS. Using the Kernel Rocchio learning method, several kernels having polynomial and Gaussian forms are applied to general images represented by color histograms in RGB and HSV color spaces. Experimental results on these collections show that performance varies significantly between different kernel types and that choosing an appropriate kernel is important. Then, based on these results, we propose a method for selecting the kernel type that uses the score distribution models. Experimental results on our data show that the proposed method is effective for our system.
Being Homosexual: Gay Men and Their Development

What is homosexuality? childhood and early homosexual identity fathers and their homosexual sons in childhood adolescence and young adulthood of gay men AIDS - the development of healthy gay men and homophobia lovers and others - gay relationships the homoerotic fantasy of heterosexual men and the question of bisexuality psychotherapy with gay men society and gay men.
Power Forward: The Argument for a National RPS

The debate over a national renewable energy requirement has lost its way. Perhaps one of the most important legislative proposals in recent memory because it could transform the United States’ energy infrastructure, this “renewable portfolio standard” or “RPS” would likely compel electric utilities to obtain one-fifth of their power from renewable resources. Yet the discourse over this proposal has veered from the core question it raises. With thirty-six state RPSs already in place, the key issue is not whether there should be an RPS at all but whether a state or federal regime will best accomplish the RPS’s objectives. This Article concludes that the evidence overwhelmingly points to the need for a national law. The Article reaches its conclusion using three tools: a multi-state survey of state RPSs; a newly developed metric of state RPS design, their “efficacy tendency”; and extant data on RPS performance. Finally, the Article suggests that another overlooked rationale argues for a federal law: a national RPS can help energy law and environmental law merge.
Sigma-1 receptor regulates Tau phosphorylation and axon extension by shaping p35 turnover via myristic acid

Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) per relative concentrations of its activators p35 and p25 is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. P35 has a short t½ and undergoes rapid proteasomal degradation in its membrane-bound myristoylated form. P35 is converted by calpain to p25, which, along with an extended t½, promotes aberrant activation of cdk5 and causes abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, thus leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that is implicated in neuronal survival. However, the specific role of the Sig-1R in neurodegeneration is unclear. Here we found that Sig-1Rs regulate proper tau phosphorylation and axon extension by promoting p35 turnover through the receptor’s interaction with myristic acid. In Sig-1R–KO neurons, a greater accumulation of p35 is seen, which results from neither elevated transcription of p35 nor disrupted calpain activity, but rather to the slower degradation of p35. In contrast, Sig-1R overexpression causes a decrease of p35. Sig-1R–KO neurons exhibit shorter axons with lower densities. Myristic acid is found here to bind Sig-1R as an agonist that causes the dissociation of Sig-1R from its cognate partner binding immunoglobulin protein. Remarkably, treatment of Sig-1R–KO neurons with exogenous myristic acid mitigates p35 accumulation, diminishes tau phosphorylation, and restores axon elongation. Our results define the involvement of Sig-1Rs in neurodegeneration and provide a mechanistic explanation that Sig-1Rs help maintain proper tau phosphorylation by potentially carrying and providing myristic acid to p35 for enhanced p35 degradation to circumvent the formation of overreactive cdk5/p25.
Negative Correlation between Rate of Development and Female Fertility in Drosophila Melanogaster

HE fitness of an organism is the resultant of many components. Every character, even the most trivial, may contribute to the total fitness through one or more of the many biochemical pathways in the developmental process. These pathways are interrelated in an exceedingly complicated way. Yet the characters can be grouped into categories even if the interrelationships of the components within a category are not understood. In this study rate of development (time from egg laying to eclosion) and fertility (number of progeny per adult female) were measured. The developmental rate is a major component of preadult fitness, and fertility the most important part of adult fitness. BONNIER, JONSSON and RAMMEL (1959) have shown a high correlation between preadult viability, as measured by survival through the preadult stages, and the rate of development. Therefore a study of developmental rate also gives information about viability. Preadult viability and female fertility have been studied in some detail in heterozygotes for second chromosome lethals in D. melanogaster ( HIRAIZUMI and CROW 1960). Since the purpose of that work was simply to estimate the amount of inferiority of lethal heterozygotes for several fitness components, the data were not sufficient to make a detailed analysis of their interrelation. However it is interesting to note that in lethal heterozygotes these two components were positively correlated (although not statistically significant) while in the normal controls the correlation was significantly negative. The purpose of the present study is to analyse this point as accurately as possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials used in the present study came mainly from two sources. 1. Two sib-mated lines: (A) Madison Oregon-10 (abbreviated as M in the following). This line was isolated by the author from f Oregon stock ( SEIGER 1958) but had no forked phenotype. Starting from a single male, chromosomes I, 11, and I11 were made homozygous in the usual way by crossing to a multiple balancer stock (Basc; SMI/Pm; Ubzrso/Sb) to form the M Oregon-1
Spurious or virtual correlation errors commonly encountered in reduction of scientific data

Flawed analysis either intentional or though misunderstanding of commonly accepted data analysis methods can lead to erroneous results and presumption of correlation of cause and effect, when, in fact, there is little or none. Classical dimensional analysis combined with statistical regression of such scaled data may produce apparent correlation of information resulting in “virtual” or “spurious” correlation. Such inadvertent correlation errors can result in inappropriate conclusions and self-deception concerning the actual relationships between scaling variables and the associated reduction in variance found in tables and graphs. A number of dimensionless expressions used in meteorology and wind engineering induce large magnitudes of spurious correlation when plotted against other commonly accepted parameters. For example, when drag coefficients, CD, pressure coefficients, Cp, dimensionless shear, S*, or dimensionless concentrations, K, are regressed against Reynolds numbers, Re, dimensionless height, z/LMO, or stratified Jensen numbers, zo/LMO, then inherent virtual correlations can exist with values from 50% to 95% even when random numbers are used to generate the component parts of the dimensionless groups!
Propagation of Conformation in the Surface-Aligned Dissociation of Single CH3SSCH3 Molecules on Au(111)

Single CH3SSCH3 molecules adsorb on the Au(111) surface in a trans-conformation. Subsequent electron-induced dissociation of CH3SSCH3 cleaves the S-S bond and produces a pair of CH3S fragments. The dissociation process was found to preserve the conformation of the parent molecule with a high probability of 75% and imprint it in the relative position and orientation of the product CH3S species on the surface. The high probability of the conformation-retaining scenario is likely due to surface alignment of the S-S bond-breaking reaction coordinate.
Gender‐specific heat‐shock tolerance of hydrated leaves in the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis

Female plants of the moss Syntrichia caninervis are more common than male plants and are found in more thermally stressful habitats than male plants. We hypothesized that this distribution pattern is due to a more favorable regeneration response of females to thermal stress compared to that of males. Hydrated leaves from four genotypes of both sexes of S. caninervis were exposed for 60 min under lighted conditions to temperatures of 20, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C. Leaves were allowed to regenerate on native sand under recovery conditions (12-h photoperiod, 20°C lighted, and 8°C dark) for 56 days, and over this period, protonemal emergence, growth rate, and shoot production were assessed. Leaves exposed to higher heat shocks produced protonemata significantly later, exhibited significantly reduced growth rates over the course of the experiment, and produced fewer shoots but did not differ in the probability of producing a shoot. Males tended to produce protonemata earlier than females at the highest thermal stress, whereas females tended to produce protonemata earlier under control conditions. Female leaves regenerated at twice the rate of male leaves, producing twice the area of protonemal cover; this gender difference was lessened at the highest thermal stress. Female leaves regenerated significantly more shoots than males, with each sex exhibiting different peaks of shoot production depending on the thermal stress. No interaction effect was detectable between gender and stress treatment. While females had a more favorable regeneration response relative to males, thermal stress diminished this difference, thus suggesting that our hypothesis was not supported.
Comparison of Two Procedures for Solution of Noncentric Crystal Structures Utilizing Anomalous Dispersion

The two formulations of Okaya and Pepinsky for direct solution of noncentric crystal structures via anomalous dispersion are compared, and it is demonstrated that use of the ${P}_{s}(\mathrm{u})$ function is in general superior to the method in which two or more simultaneous quadratic equations are used to determine phases of individual ${F}_{\mathrm{h}}$ and ${F}_{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{h}}$ values.
Women, Eminence, and Career-Value Relationships

Summary Information on 270 women and 270 men was taken from the 1972–1973 edition of Who's Who and compared with data from a 1956–1957 sample, in which occupations were grouped according to value definitions in the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Although more women are now listed in careers which relate to men's highest ranked values (Theoretical, Economic, and Political), the largest group of women are still in occupations which relate to a value most highly esteemed by women (Aesthetic). The only masculine category in which the ratio of women to men shows a significant increase is Economic. While merely 6% of the eminent men have not married, 38% of the eminent women are unmarried, and those who married have fewer children than the men.
Bivelocity hydrodynamics. Diffuse mass flux vs. diffuse volume flux

Abstract An intimate physical connection exists between a fluid’s mass and its volume, with the density ρ serving as a proportionality factor relating these two extensive thermodynamic properties when the fluid is homogeneous . This linkage has led to the erroneous belief among many researchers that a fluid’s diffusive (dissipative) mass flux and its diffusive volume flux counterpart, both occurring in inhomogeneous fluids undergoing transport are, in fact, synonymous. However, the existence of a truly dissipative mass flux (that is, a mass flux that is physically dissipative) has recently and convincingly been shown to be a physical impossibility [H.C. Ottinger, H. Struchtrup, M. Liu, On the impossibility of a dissipative contribution to the mass flux in hydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. E 80 (2009) 056303], owing, among other things, to its violation of the principle of angular momentum conservation. Unfortunately, as a consequence of the erroneous belief in the equality of the diffuse volume and mass fluxes (sans an algebraic sign), this has led many researchers to wrongly conclude that a diffuse volume flux is equally impossible. As a consequence, owing to the fundamental role played by the diffuse volume flux in the theory of bivelocity hydrodynamics [H. Brenner, Beyond Navier–Stokes, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 54 (2012) 67–98], many researchers have been led to falsely dismiss, without due consideration, the possibility of bivelocity hydrodynamics constituting a potentially viable physical theory, which it is believed to be. The present paper corrects this misconception by using a simple concrete example involving an isothermal rotating rigid-body fluid motion to clearly confirm that whereas a diffuse mass flux is indeed impossible, this fact does not exclude the possible existence of a diffuse volume flux and, concomitantly, the possibility that bivelocity hydrodynamics is indeed a potentially viable branch of fluid mechanics.
Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for the Difference of Two Survival Functions

In comparing two treatments with failure time observations, confidence bands for the "difference" of two survival curves provide useful information about a global picture of the treatment difference over time. In this note, we propose a rather simple procedure for constructing such simultaneous confidence intervals. Our technique can also be used in the one-sample case, which has been extensively studied in the literature. In comparing two survival functions S1(.) and S2(.), one usually plots their Kaplan-Meier estimates S2(.) and S,(.), visually examines these curves, and subjectively summarizes how the difference D(.) (= S2(.) - SI (.)) varies over time. In this note, we show a rather simple technique for constructing purely non-parametric confidence bands of D(.). These bands provide an objective way to evaluate the "treatment" difference quantified by D(.) over time. Under the proportional hazards model assumption, asymptotic simultaneous confidence intervals for such a difference have been obtained by Dabrowska et al. (1989). Recently, with the general Cox regression model, confidence bands of the survival function of the patient with a specific set of covariates have been proposed by Lin et al. (1994). For the one-sample case, various confidence bands for the survival function are derived, for example, by Gill (1980), Hall & Wellner (1980), Nair (1984), Csbrgo & Horvath (1986), and Hollander & Peiia (1989). Excellent reviews on this subject are given by Fleming & Harrington (1991, sec. 6.3) and Andersen et al. (1993, sec. IV 1.3). Our new technique can also be used to construct aforementioned confidence bands without referring to any special distribution table.
Chemical basis for photomutagenicity in synthetic fuels and correlation with carcinogenicity

Abstract Photomutagens (chemicals that enhance the mutagenicity of non-ionizing radiation) have been detected in experimental coal- and oil shale-derived synthetic fuel samples using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and fluorescent light. In this study, photomutagenic activity was measured among distillation and chemical class fractions from a blend of direct coal liquefaction process materials. Photomutagenicity increased with increasing boiling point and was concentrated in fractions enriched in neutral polycyclic aromatic compounds (neutral PACs). The photomutagenic activities of the materials tested correlate well with the previously reported tumorigenic activities of the same samples on mouse skin, but correlate poorly with the previously reported mutagenic activities of the same samples in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test (using strain TA98), in which neutal PAC-enriched fractions were not active. These data suggest that relatively high boiling neutral PACs are important chemical photomutagens in synthetic fuels and suggest the potential use of the photomutation assay as an improved, relatively simple, inexpensive and short-term bioassay for detecting carcinogens as mutagens in complex mixtures such as synthetic fuels.
A Preschool Pilot Study of Connecting with Others: Lessons for Teaching Social and Emotional Competence

Social-emotional learning in early childhood sets the stage for students’ future behaviors in schools. The current study examined the effects of a social-emotional skills curriculum on the behavior of students in an early childhood program. The children received instruction in social and emotional skills using the Connecting with Others: Lessons for Teaching Social and Emotional Competence program. Pre-test and post-test scores for the BASC-2 Rating Scale and the Connecting with Others Rating Scale were used to determine if the children demonstrated progress in their behaviors by the end of the intervention. The results indicated that the social skills curriculum Connecting with Others: Lessons for Teaching Social and Emotional Competence was associated with positive changes in the children’s behaviors.
Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of the mixed metal oxide solids [{M(H2O)2}V2O6] (M=Co, Ni)

Abstract Two mixed-metal oxide solids [{Co(H 2 O) 2 }V 2 O 6 ] ( 1 ) and [{Ni(H 2 O) 2 }V 2 O 6 ] ( 2 ) have been prepared and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, manganometric titration, variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, and complete single crystal X-ray structure analyses. The isomorphous structures of 1 and 2 consist of three-dimensional frameworks composed of vanadium oxide chains cross-linked by {M(H 2 O) 2 O 4 } (M=Co, 1 ; M=Ni, 2 ) units. The vanadium oxide chains are composed of corner sharing {VO 4 } tetrahedra. The compounds have good thermal stability and lose coordinated water molecules above 190 and 232 °C, respectively. The effective magnetic moments for 1 and 2 at 300 K are close to the values expected for non-interacting high-spin cobalt(II) and nickel(II) centers in octahedral ligand fields. Crystal data: 1 , H 4 CoO 8 V 2 , orthorhombic space group Pnma , a =5.568(2), b =10.690(6), c =11.832(5) A, V =704.3(7) A 3 , Z =4, ρ calc =2.762 Mg m −3 , R 1 =0.0329; 2 , H 4 NiO 8 V 2 , orthorhombic space group Pnma , a =5.536(1), b =10.633(2), c =11.762(2) A, V =692.3(3) A 3 , Z =4, ρ calc =2.808 Mg m −3 , R 1 =0.0160.
Experimental Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Reveal Innate, Adaptive, and Regulatory Mechanisms of Host Dialogue With the Microbiota

Summary: There are now many experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), most of which are due to induced mutations in mice that result in an impaired homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. These models can be clustered into several broad categories that, in turn, define the crucial cellular and molecular mechanisms of host microbial interactions in the intestine. The first of these components is innate immunity defined broadly to include both myeloid and epithelial cell mechanisms. A second component is the effector response of the adaptive immune system, which, in most instances, comprises the CD4+ T cell and its relevant cytokines. The third component is regulation, which can involve multiple cell types, but again particularly involves CD4+ T cells. Severe impairment of a single component can result in disease, but many models demonstrate milder defects in more than one component. The same is true for both spontaneous models of IBD, C3H/HeJBir and SAMPI/Yit mice. The thesis is advanced that ‘multiple hits’ or defects in these interacting components is required for IBD to occur in both mouse and human.
Use of digital filtering techniques in the spatial profiling of pulsed laser beams.

A method of spatially profiling pulsed laser beams using a digital filtering technique is described. This technique has the advantage of requiring fewer experimental scans of the laser beam to produce usable low-noise replicas of the laser beam’s spatial profile than previously described methods. The technique is simple and can be implemented on a small laboratory computer.
Lattice Parameters and Local Lattice Distortions in fcc-Ni Solutions

The lattice parameters and the local lattice distortions around solute atoms in fcc-Ni solutions were studied using first-principles calculations. The solute atoms considered include Al, Co, Cr, Hf, Mo, Nb, Re, Ru, Ta, Ti, and W. The calculations were performed using supercells with 1 solute atom and 107 solvent atoms. It is found that the atomic size difference, the electronic interactions, and the magnetic spin relations between the solute and solvent atoms all contribute to the lattice distortions. Based on the results from first-principles calculations, the linear composition coefficients of fcc Ni lattice parameter for different solutes were determined, and the lattice parameters of multicomponent Ni-base superalloys as a function of solute composition were predicted. The results are compared with existing experimental measurements, and good agreements are obtained for both the compositional dependence of lattice parameters and the local lattice distortions.
The large cytoplasmic domain is not required for concentration of N-CAM at cell-cell contacts in transfected mouse neuroblastoma cells

We examined the localization of the 140- and 180-kDa transmembrane isoforms of chicken N-CAM following transfection into mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells. Both isoforms were expressed at the cell surface and became partially or completely localized at areas of cell-cell contact after several days of culture or of in vitro differentiation. These results indicate that the presence of the large cytoplasmic domain of the 180-kDa N-CAM isoform is not necessary to bring about the localization of N-CAM to points of cell-cell contact.
A New Self-Administered Questionnaire to Monitor Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With COPD

Study objective To develop and validate a brief, computer-scannable, self-administered questionnaire to monitor health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. The Seattle Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire (SOLQ) consists of 29 items measuring four health dimensions: physical function, emotional function, coping skills, and treatment satisfaction. Methods A series of studies was performed to assess reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Internal consistency was measured using a cross-sectional survey of 203 COPD patients. Reproducibility was tested over a 4-month interval among 97 patients with self-reported stable conditions. To assess construct validity, SOLQ scales were correlated with corresponding Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRDQ) scales, the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), percent predicted FEV 1 , and 6-min walk test. Treatment satisfaction scores of 920 subjects were correlated with a general measure of patient satisfaction. Baseline and follow-up scores of subjects were compared to assess treatment responsiveness. Results SOLQ scales were reliable (Cronbach's α 0.79 to 0.93, and intraclass correlation coefficients 0.64 to 0.87). Change in SOLQ scores correlated with corresponding CRDQ scales: dyspnea, r=0.42; emotional burden, r=0.49; mastery, r=0.36. Coping skills correlated highly with CSES, r=0.93. Treatment satisfaction correlation was r=0.54. Significant changes occurred in all three scales postintervention. Conclusion The SOLQ is a reliable, valid, and responsive measure of physical and emotional function, coping skills, and treatment satisfaction. Brief, self-administered, and computer scannable, it is useful in monitoring long-term outcomes among large groups of COPD patients.
Tornadoes, television and trust—A closer look at the influence of the local weathercaster during severe weather

Abstract Previous research has acknowledged the importance of mass media in shaping risk perception and as the channel through which people get information during and after disasters. There is still much more to know about the role mass media (but especially the television medium) plays in people's precautionary hazard behaviors. Close to 400 people were surveyed in the Memphis, TN television market about their knowledge and perception of the severe weather threat, and their past experiences with tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. The survey results show that respondents do develop a relationship with their local television weathercaster and also trust their weathercaster during severe weather. This relationship and trust can then predict the likelihood of taking shelter during severe weather. Ultimately, the case will be made that the findings may be useful to future hazards research in other locations.
Three‐dimensional representation of curved nanowires

Nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanocoils, can be described in many cases as quasi one-dimensional curved objects projecting in three-dimensional space. A parallax method to construct the correct three-dimensional geometry of such one-dimensional nanostructures is presented. A series of scanning electron microscope images was acquired at different view angles, thus providing a set of image pairs that were used to generate three-dimensional representations using a matlab program. An error analysis as a function of the view angle between the two images is presented and discussed. As an example application, the importance of knowing the true three-dimensional shape of boron nanowires is demonstrated; without the nanowire's correct length and diameter, mechanical resonance data cannot provide an accurate estimate of Young's modulus.
NONISOLATED MULTIPHASE HALF-BRIDGE-BUCK TOPOLOGY WITH INHERENT CURRENT SHARING CAPABILITY AND SOFT-SWITCHING AND COUPLED-INDUCTORS CURRENT-DOUBLER

Point-of-load DC–DC converter requirements and design are increasingly becoming stricter than ever. This is due to the required tight dynamic tolerances allowed for supply voltages and high dynamic performance demand coupled with very high power density. Moreover, as the required converter output voltage becomes smaller, higher voltage step-down ratio is required, which results in smaller switching duty cycle in the nonisolated topologies. Step-down transformer with large turns ratio is used in the isolated topologies to step-down the voltage and keep larger duty cycle. Most of the nonisolated DC–DC topologies are buck-derived and unfortunately work at hard-switching which degrades the efficiency. DC–DC interleaved buck topologies were proposed but are highly sensitive to interleaved phases asymmetry and require high performance current sharing loop. In this paper, a nonisolated multiphase nonisolated half-bridge-buck topology is presented. This topology makes it possible to achieve soft-switching, works at larger switching duty cycle with lower output voltages, and does not require current sharing loop because of the inherent current sharing capability. Moreover, a coupled-inductor current doubler topology is also presented in this paper allowing higher step-down ratio and lower output current ripple. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented.
Ultrasonic Detection and Location of Electric Discharges in Insulating Structures [includes discussion]

This paper describes a simple method for detecting and locating impulse and low-frequency corona, and breakdowns in some types of insulating structures and apparatus. Essentially, it is an adaptation of sonar techniques of triangulation and ranging. For impulse, it is applicable to steep-front and chopped-wave tests as well as full-wave tests. It is capable of locating corona or failures in many cases with accuracy. It is useful primarily for laboratory techniques or applications where ambient background and specimen magnetostriction noises are either known or can be controlled carefully. Its use during factory impulse tests of transformers is limited because of the ultrasonic-magnetostriction noise, which is developed in the core during the voltage application.
Structural Characterization of Fish Egg Vitelline Envelope Proteins by Mass Spectrometry

The extracellular coat, or vitelline envelope (VE), of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs consists of three proteins, called VEα (Mr ∼52 kDa), VEβ (Mr ∼48 kDa), and VEγ (Mr ∼44 kDa). Each of these proteins is related to mammalian egg zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins ZP1−3 and possesses an N-terminal signal sequence, a ZP domain, and a protease cleavage site near the C-terminus. VEα and VEβ also have a trefoil domain. All three proteins possess a relatively large number of cysteine residues (VEα, 18; VEβ, 18; VEγ, 12), of which 8 are present in the ZP domain and 6 are present in the trefoil domain of VEα and VEβ. Here, several types of mass spectrometry were employed, together with gel electrophoresis of chemical and enzymatic digests, to identify intramolecular disulfide linkages, as well as the N- and C-terminal amino acids of VEα, VEβ, and VEγ. Additionally, these methods were used to characterize two high molecular weight proteins (HMWPs; Mr > 110 kDa) of rainbow trout VEs that are heterodimers ...
Enhanced cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody following cationization

Abstract Owing to the poor transport of monoclonal antibodies across either capillary or cell membrane barriers, drug delivery strategies are needed to target monoclonal antibodies to intracellular sites where proteins function. One antibody drug delivery strategy is cationization, wherein the isoelectric point (p/) is raised by conversion of surface carboxyl groups to extended primary amino groups. The present studies describe the cationization of a murine monoclonal antibody (D146) prepared against a synthetic peptide encoding the Asp 13 point mutation of the ras proto-oncogenic p21 protein. The p/ of the D146 monoclonal antibody was raised from 8.9 to > 9.5. The uptake in vitro of the 125 l-labeled native D146 antibody by MDA-MB231 human carcinoma cells was negligible, whereas there was a marked increase in the endocytosis of the antibody following cationization. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in male BALB/c mice. The in vivo organ uptake of the cationized monoclonal antibody was increased relative to the native antibody; there was a 6-fold increase in the systemic volume of distribution, a 58-fold increase in the systemic clearance of the cationized antibody from the plasma compartment, and a 9-fold reduction in the mean residence time of the cationized antibody as compared to the native D146 antibody. In conclusion, these studies show that cationization of an oncogene-specific monoclonal antibody results in markedly increased endocytosis of the antibody by cancer cells in vitro and in increased systemic clearance and organ uptake in vivo.
Pancreatic Sarcoidosis: Unusual Presentation Resembling a Periampullary Malignancy

Sarcoidosis involving the pancreas is a rare occurrence. Isolated cases of localized or diffuse involvement of the pancreas have been reported in the literature. The preoperative diagnosis of this entity is a clinical challenge, and surgical intervention is usually needed to make a definitive diagnosis. We report a patient that presents with a preoperative evaluation suggestive of cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical management involved pancreaticoduodenectomy, which revealed pancreatic sarcoidosis with regional lymph node involvement. An extensive literature review of sarcoidosis of the pancreas is provided, which cites all reported cases in which the presentation warranted surgical intervention.
MicroRNA--managing the TH-17 inflammatory response.

The differentiation of interleukin 17–producing helper T cells is controlled by a complex network of cytokines, signaling pathways and transcription factors. Regulation by microRNA particles can now be added to this list.
Re-examination of the miscibility behavior of SMMA copolymers using various techniques

Abstract The phase behavior of blends of SMMA copolymers with other SMMA copolymers of different compositions, with monodisperse PS homopolymers, and with monodisperse PMMA homopolymers was studied using static light scattering to assess the state of miscibility at three different temperatures: 120, 150, and 180 °C. Contrary to prior reports, the phase diagrams were found to be consistent with the binary interaction model. Quantitative evaluation of the binary interaction energy density between S and MMA, B S/MMA , was made at each temperature by analyzing the miscibility data using the copolymer/critical molecular weight and copolymer composition mapping methods. Values of B S/MMA determined by two different approaches agree well. The slight temperature dependence of B S/MMA is well described by the Sanchez–Lacombe lattice fluid theory using a constant bare interaction energy Δ P S / MMA ∗ by considering the temperature dependence of the characteristic parameters for PS and PMMA. Quantum mechanical calculations of the total partial charges for different triads clearly show that the electrostatic charge distribution within S and MMA repeat units remains almost unchanged as their neighboring segments change chemical identity. The experimental and theoretical results are inconsistent with the so-called ‘screening’, ‘asymmetric miscibility’ or sequence distribution effects.
Improved intermolecular force field for crystalline oxohydrocarbons including OHO hydrogen bonding

An improved intermolecular force field of the (exp-6-1) type was obtained by fitting a training set of 124 observed oxohydrocarbon crystal structures and seven observed heats of sublimation. All of these structures, when energy minimized, showed cell edge length shifts of 3% or less. Especially good results were obtained for modeling carbohydrate crystal structures. The fitted crystal structures are a subset of a database of 180 structures systematically selected from the CSD library according to functional group and threshold accuracy criteria. Energy minimization results are also presented for 56 structures not in the training set, which showed cell edge length shifts larger than 3%. The previously published W99 force field, using C(4), C(3), and H(1) potentials, was slightly modified and adopted for hydrocarbon portions of the molecules. Oxygen atoms with one bond, O(1), and those with two bonds, O(2), were assigned separate parameters. Hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen were assigned exponential repulsion functions and divided into two types: in hydroxy groups, H(2); and in carboxyl groups, H(3). Wavefunctions of HF 6-31g** quality were calculated for every molecule and the molecular electric potential (MEP) was modeled with net atomic charges. Methylene bisector charges were used for all CH2 and CH3 groups, and ring center site charges were added if necessary to fit the MEP. For some structures, upward scaling of the MEP to simulate intermolecular polarization gave better results. MEP interaction generally gave a satisfactory representation of weak CHO hydrogen bonding. Medium strength CHO hydrogen bonding was modeled by reducing the repulsion of the involved hydrogen atoms. Crystal structures of several biologically interesting molecules were modeled with the force field, yielding good results. These molecules include aspirin, sucrose, β-cellobiose, β-lactose, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandin E1, cholesterol acetate, and stearic acid. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1–20, 2001
Superconducting Transition and Critical Field of Pure Gallium Single Crystals

The superconducting critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ and critical-field curve for pure gallium have been measured using a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ vapor-pressure thermometer. The critical field ${H}_{c}(T)$ has been measured in the temperature range 0.82-1.083\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Within experimental error the results of the measurements can be expressed as ${H}_{c}(T)=56.48[(1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2})\ensuremath{-}0.0314sin\ensuremath{\pi}(1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2})]$, or ${H}_{c}(T)=100.86(1\ensuremath{-}t)\ensuremath{-}36.18{(1\ensuremath{-}t)}^{2}$, or $(1\ensuremath{-}{t}^{2})=(\frac{{H}_{c}}{57.807})+0.0424sin(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}{H}_{c}}{57.807})$, where $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}$ and ${T}_{c}=1.0833\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K.The derivative of the critical field at ${T}_{c}$ is ${(\frac{d{H}_{c}}{\mathrm{dT}})}_{{T}_{c}}=\ensuremath{-}93.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ G/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, or ${(\frac{\mathrm{dh}}{\mathrm{dt}})}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}1.72$ in reduced coordinates. The superconducting energy gap at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is estimated to be $\frac{2{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}{k{T}_{c}}=3.32$, and the mean square anisotropy of the gap, $〈{a}^{2}〉$, is estimated to be 0.04 from the deviation of the critical field curve from the BCS form.
Low-density, microcellular polystyrene foams

Abstract Numerous applications have been identified for low-density, microcellular, polymeric foams. In this paper the authors describe a general technique to produce foams of this type with organic-soluble polymers, in particular polystyrene. Open-celled polystyrene foams have been developed with densities of 0.02–0.2 g cm−3 and uniform cell sizes of 1–20 μm. By using well-characterized polymers the authors have related form morphology to the phase diagram of the polymer/solvent system employed.
Invar effect in Pu-Ga alloys

Abstract We show that the anomalous thermal expansion behaviour of Pu-Ga alloys can be explained by an Invar effect, which is modelled by assuming the thermal transfer of Pu atoms from a lower-energy higher-volume Δ1, state to a higher-energy lower-volume Δ2 state. The energy separation of these states is found to be 1400 K from a fit to the available neutron diffraction data on the lattice constants of Pu-Ga alloys. The Invar model enables a precise evaluation of the coefficient of thermal expansion and of the Gruneisen constant. The addition of Ga forces a stabilization of the Δ2 state and suppresses the negative thermal expansion.
Detection of 9p deletions in leukemia cell lines by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with YAC-derived probes

Abstract Hemizygous and homozygous deletions of the type I interferon gene cluster (IFN) have been detected in about 20% of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. A putative tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is thought to be located centromeric to the IFN cluster on chromosomal bands 9p21-22. We studied the accuracy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting deletions in interphase cells using yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones containing all or part of the IFN cluster. FISH probes were generated from YACs (320–1300 kb in size) by a sequence-independent amplification technique (SIA). Fifteen cell lines (nine T-ALL, three B-cell precursor ALL, one B-ALL, one AML, one CML-BC) that have been well characterized by conventional cytogenetic analysis and molecular techniques were analyzed. We were able to detect all numerical changes of the IFN cluster including homozygous and hemizygous deletions accurately and to define subclones of the cell lines. Moreover, in six cell lines we were able to identify subclones. In dilution experiments the detection thresholds for subpopulations with homozygous and hemizygous deletions were determined to be 5% and 7.5%, respectively.
Anthropological Theories of Low-Wage Work

This review assesses the use of anthropological theories in the examination of low-wage work. Due to the vast differences existing between different cultures in low-wage work, this review focuses on theories that have been applied in Western, and mainly American, contexts. There are primarily three fields from which this literature is drawn: economic anthropology, gender and race anthropology, and theories of power—the last integrates all these theories. Differences and controversies over the applicability of these theories are also highlighted. The review concludes with a conceptual map describing the interrelatedness of these theories and how they explain the realities of low-wage workers.
Sites in the fourth membrane-associated domain regulate alcohol sensitivity of the NMDA receptor

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are important target sites of alcohol action in the central nervous system. Alcohol inhibits NMDA receptor current by an action on ion channel gating, apparently through a direct action on a region of the NMDA receptor accessible from the extracellular environment. Our previous studies have revealed an important role for a methionine residue (Met823) in membrane-associated domain 4 (M4) of the NR2A subunit in channel gating as well as alcohol sensitivity of the NMDA receptor. The role of sites in M4 of the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit adjacent to Met823 was investigated using tryptophan-scanning mutagenesis and electrophysiological recording. Receptors containing NR1 and NR2A(V820W) or NR2A(M817W) mutant subunits expressed in HEK 293 cells were not functional. The mutation Ala826Trp modified apparent desensitization, and the mutations Ala825Trp and Ala826Trp changed the mean open time of the channel as determined by fluctuation analysis. In addition, the mutations Tyr822Trp and Ala825Trp significantly altered the concentration–response curves for ethanol inhibition. The changes in mean open time did not appear to be able to account for the observed differences in ethanol sensitivity. These results indicate that this region in M4 of the NR2A subunit may be involved in the action of alcohol.
ROC Curves with Multiple Marker Measurements

SUMMARY Properties of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are explored for markers that are measured repeatedly, through space or time, for each subject. The true underlying response, positive or negative, of each subject is assumed to be constant across marker measurements, and is determined from assessment of some "gold standard." A marker-based test is considered positive when at least one of a subject's marker values exceeds a designated cutoff. If subjects with positive and negative underlying responses differ in the number of marker measurements per subject, the ROC curve for a noninformative marker is bowed above or below the diagonal line representing the "null" curve for a marker that is measured just once per subject. If subjects with negative responses tend to have more measurements than those with positive responses, the ROC curve for even an informative marker may lie beneath the curve for the same marker measured once per subject. The form of the ROC curve for a marker used in this way is strongly influenced by the strength of the correlation of measurements within subjects.
AppJoy: personalized mobile application discovery

The explosive growth of the mobile application market has made it a significant challenge for the users to find interesting applications in crowded App Stores. To alleviate this problem, existing industry solutions often use the users' application download history and possibly their ratings to recommend applications that might interest them, much like Amazon's book recommendations. However, the user downloading an application is a weak indicator of whether the user likes that application, particularly if the application is free and the user just wants to try it out. Using application ratings, on the other hand, suffers from tedious manual input and potential data sparsity problems.In this paper, we present the AppJoy system that makes personalized application recommendations by analyzing how the user actually uses her installed applications. Based on all participants' application usage records, AppJoy employs an item-based collaborative filtering algorithm for individualized recommendations. We discuss AppJoy's design and implementation, and the evaluation shows that it consumes little resource on the off-the-shelf Google Android phones. AppJoy has been available in the Android Market and used by more than 4600 users. The AppJoy's prediction algorithm provided reasonably accurate usage estimate of the recommended applications after they were installed. We also found AppJoy to be effective as the users interacted with recommended applications longer than other applications.
The gas enhanced negative ion mass spectra of polychloroanisoles

Methane or a methane–oxygen mixture was used as an enhancement gas to obtain negative ion mass spectra of polychloroanisoles. Dichloroanisoles did not react with oxygen but the more highly chlorinated anisoles did. Compounds with hydrogen ortho to the methoxy group had [M1]− ions, while others gave . The fragment arose through loss of an ortho chlorine and amethyl hydrogen. The loss of HCl followed by oxygen displacement of a remaining ortho or para chlorine produced [M55]− ions; the para position was the preferred site of displacement. Another ion-molecule reaction with oxygen leads to [MCH2Cl]−. The fragmentations resemble those of chlorinated aromatics such as the polychlorodibenzodioxins.
Influence of carbon chain length of dietary fat on intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites

The long-term effects of chain length of dietary fat on intestinal lymphatic transport of alkaline phosphatase were investigated in two patients with chylous ascites due to leakage of intestinal lymph into the peritoneal cavity. Substitution of a medium-chain triglyceride diet for long-chain triglyceride resulted in a parallel fall in triglyceride and the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in chylous ascites. The concentrations of lymph triglyceride were linearly related to lymph intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels, suggesting a positive relation between absorption of long-chain triglycerides and transport of mucosal alkaline phosphatase into lymph.
The maturation of melatonin synthesis in the lateral eyes of the mouse

Abstract 1. Melatonin and its formative enzyme, hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT) were assayed in the mouse eye between one-day postpartum and adult. 2. Melatonin was not detectable in any stage of eye maturation, nor in the adult eye. 3. HIOMT activity peaked during the first week postpartum and elevated to adult values in the weeks following. 4. It is suggested that the pattern of HIOMT maturation found is a reflection of 5-hydroxyindole maturation in general in the eye.