cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrazine-Fused Porous Graphitic Framework-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced Gas Separations

Membrane-based separations can mitigate the capital- and energy-intensive challenges associated with traditional thermally driven processes. To further push the boundary of gas separations, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have been extensively exploited; however, identifying an optimal nanofiller to boost the separation performance of MMMs beyond Robeson permeability-selectivity upper bounds remains an ongoing challenge. Here, a new class of MMMs based on pyrazine-fused crystalline porous graphitic frameworks (PGFs) is reported. At a loading of 6 wt % PGFs, the MMMs surpass the current H2/CH4 Robeson upper bound, ideally suited for applications such as H2 regeneration. In addition, the fabricated MMMs exhibit appealing CO2 separation performance, closely approaching the current Robeson upper bounds for CO2 separation. Compared with the pristine polymeric membranes, the PGF-based MMMs display a record-high enhancement of gas permeability over 120% while maintaining intrinsic gas selectivities. Highlighting the crucial role of the crystallinity of nanofillers, this study demonstrates a facile and effective approach in formulating high-performance MMMs, complementing state-of-the-art membrane formation processes. The design principles open the door to energy-efficient separations of gas mixtures with enhanced productivity compatible with the current membrane manufacturing.
Small mode volume plasmonic film-coupled nanostar resonators

Confining and controlling light in extreme subwavelength scales are tantalizing tasks. In this work, we report a study of individual plasmonic film-coupled nanostar resonators where polarized plasmonic optical modes are trapped in ultrasmall volumes. Individual gold nanostars, separated from a flat gold film by a thin dielectric spacer layer, exhibit a strong light confinement between the sub-10 nm volume of the nanostar's tips and the film. Through dark field scattering measurements of many individual nanostars, a statistical observation of the scattered spectra is obtained and compared with extensive simulation data to reveal the origins of the resonant peaks. We observe that an individual nanostar on a flat gold film can result in a resonant spectrum with single, double or multiple peaks. Further, these resonant peaks are strongly polarized under white light illumination. Our simulation data revealed that the resonant spectrum of an individual film-coupled nanostar resonator is related to the symmetry of the nanostar, as well as the orientation of the nanostar relative to its placement on the gold substrate. Our results demonstrate a simple new method to create an ultrasmall mode volume and polarization sensitive plasmonic platform which could be useful for applications in sensing or enhanced light–matter interactions.
Effects of aquatic therapy on perceived fun or enjoyment experiences of participants with multiple sclerosis.

This study examined effects of an Aquatic Therapy (AT) exercise program on enjoyment or fun related experiences of four participants with multiple sclerosis. A single subject, multiple-probe design across participants was used for data collection. Experiences were examined through development and administration of a questionnaire that addressed items of participation including challenge-skill ratio, anxiety, boredom, focused attention, desire to continue, desire to do something else, and sociability. Mixed results prevent conclusions regarding the effect of AT on enjoyment of fun related experiences. However, these results do have implications with regard to perceived activity experience since AT was identified by all participants as an enjoyable intervention.
LRRK2 mediates tubulation and vesicle sorting from lysosomes

Genetic variation around the LRRK2 gene affects risk of both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the biological functions of LRRK2 remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that LRRK2 is recruited to lysosomes after exposure of cells to the lysosome membrane–rupturing agent LLOME. Using an unbiased proteomic screen, we identified the motor adaptor protein JIP4 as an LRRK2 partner at the lysosomal membrane. LRRK2 can recruit JIP4 to lysosomes in a kinase-dependent manner via the phosphorylation of RAB35 and RAB10. Using super-resolution live-cell imaging microscopy and FIB-SEM, we demonstrate that JIP4 promotes the formation of LAMP1-negative tubules that release membranous content from lysosomes. Thus, we describe a new process orchestrated by LRRK2, which we name LYTL (LYsosomal Tubulation/sorting driven by LRRK2), by which lysosomal tubulation is used to release vesicles from lysosomes. Given the central role of the lysosome in PD, LYTL is likely to be disease relevant.
Normal and superconducting properties of K x W O 3

The resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, Hall coefficient, and superconducting transition temperature have been measured in ${\mathrm{K}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ for $0.20l~xl~0.32$ over the temperature rangee 1.5 to 375 K. The normal-state transport properties show temperature- and composition-dependent anomalies qualitatively similar to those observed in ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, except that they occur at higher temperatures. This critical temperature has the same dependence on composition as observed in ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. This behavior is in contrast to that of ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in which no anomalies are observed. The superconducting transition temperature also has the same general dependence on composition as in ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{x}$ W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, except it is lower for any given $x$ value rising slowly as $x$ decreases below 0.32, dropping to a minimum near $x=0.25$, then increasing again as $x$ decreases below 0.25.
Defining deformity thresholds for the use of augmented glenoids in arthritic shoulders with posterior glenoid bone loss

Abstract Background Despite increasing utilization, little guidance is offered regarding appropriate indications for posterior augmented glenoid implants. The purpose of this study is to virtually assess the effect of implant selection on glenoid resurfacing and joint line restoration in osteoarthritic shoulders with posterior glenoid wear. Methods Thirty-three CT scans were randomly selected from a cohort of osteoarthritic shoulders with Walch B2 or B3 deformities. Imascap SAS (Wright Medical, Memphis, TN) was used to assess bony deformities and plan glenoid resurfacing. Implants simulated included: standard Pegged Cortiloc, and 15° and 25° half-wedge augments. Each component was planned for a version correction to neutral and 10° retroversion, inclination was maintained within 5° of neutral and the component was medialized until bony support reached 80%. Implantation failure was defined as: greater than 20% cancellous bone support, central peg perforation, or joint line medialization relative to the pathologic joint (accounting for polyethylene thickness). Excessive lateralization was defined as creation of a joint-line >4 mm lateral to the pathologic joint-line. Results The mean retroversion deformity in this cohort was 23.7° (range: 13°-37°). When correcting to neutral, the corrective reaming alone failed in 72.7% (24/33) of cases compared to 15.2% (5/33) when correcting to 10° of implant retroversion. When correcting to neutral version failure was decreased with a 15° (27.3%; 9/33; P Conclusion This study helps to clarify the severity of glenoid deformities more appropriately addressed with the use of a half-wedged augmented glenoid. Both the severity of glenoid deformity and the desired implant version affect appropriate indications for the use of augmented glenoids. The risk of excessive joint-line lateralization in shoulders with less severe deformities should not be ignored. These considerations, in addition to individual soft tissue tension should be considered when planning and performing glenoid resurfacing. Level of evidence Level III; Treatment Study
Augustine and Contemporary Political Theory: Toward an Augustinian Republicanism

Augustine’s political thought has witnessed a renaissance in recent years as political theorists and theologians have appropriated Augustinian insights for their constructive and critical purposes. This chapter surveys the three most influential varieties of political Augustinianism within contemporary political theory, including the realism of Reinhold Niebuhr and Herbert Deane; the liberalism of Robert Markus, Paul Weithman, and Eric Gregory; and the communitarianism of John Milbank and Stanley Hauerwas. It also identifies a fourth and emerging strand—republicanism—that might be better equipped to diagnose and address the crises of our age.
An extended polynomial chaos expansion for PDF characterization and variation with aleatory and epistemic uncertainties

Abstract This paper presents an extended polynomial chaos formalism for epistemic uncertainties and a new framework for evaluating sensitivities and variations of output probability density functions (PDF) to uncertainty in probabilistic models of input variables. An ”extended” polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) approach is developed that accounts for both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, modeled as random variables, thus allowing a unified treatment of both types of uncertainty. We explore in particular epistemic uncertainty associated with the choice of prior probabilistic models for input parameters. A PCE-based Kernel Density (KDE) construction provides a composite map from the PCE coefficients and germ to the PDF of quantities of interest (QoI). The sensitivities of these PDF with respect to the input parameters are then evaluated. Input parameters of the probabilistic models are considered. By sampling over the epistemic random variable, a family of PDFs is generated and the failure probability is itself estimated as a random variable with its own PCE. Integrating epistemic uncertainties within the PCE framework results in a computationally efficient paradigm for propagation and sensitivity evaluation. Two typical illustrative examples are used to demonstrate the proposed approach.
On the Diversity and Limits of Human Explanations.

A growing effort in NLP aims to build datasets of human explanations. However, the term explanation encompasses a broad range of notions, each with different properties and ramifications. Our goal is to provide an overview of diverse types of explanations and human limitations, and discuss implications for collecting and using explanations in NLP. Inspired by prior work in psychology and cognitive sciences, we group existing human explanations in NLP into three categories: proximal mechanism, evidence, and procedure. These three types differ in nature and have implications for the resultant explanations. For instance, procedure is not considered explanations in psychology and connects with a rich body of work on learning from instructions. The diversity of explanations is further evidenced by proxy questions that are needed for annotators to interpret and answer open-ended why questions. Finally, explanations may require different, often deeper, understandings than predictions, which casts doubt on whether humans can provide useful explanations in some tasks.
The Turbulent History of Bringing Anthropology to Life in the United States

ReviewJohn P. Jackson Jr. and David J. Depew, Darwinism, Democracy, and Race: American Anthropology and Evolutionary Biology in the Twentieth CenturyRoutledge, New York, NY, 2017, 240 pp.ISBN: 978-1138628175, $140.00 (Hbk)
Homology theory and the De Rham theory

We have defined the De Rham cohomology groups Hl(X, d) for a smooth manifold X. These groups came from a sequence of maps \({C^\infty }(X,{\Lambda ^{l - 1}}(X))\xrightarrow{d}{C^\infty }(X,{\Lambda ^l}(X))\xrightarrow{d}{C^\infty }(X,{\Lambda ^{l + 1}}(X))\) and Hl(X, d) = Ker d/Im d. We saw that the dimension of H0(X, d) measured the number of connected components of X, and we saw, at least for the circle X = S1, that the dimension of H1(X, d) measured the number of “holes” in X. We shall now develop similar groups for simplicial complexes. We shall study a sequence of maps \({C_{l - 1}}\xleftarrow{\partial }{C_l}\xleftarrow{\partial }{C_{l + 1}},\) where each Ck is an abelian group and where \({\partial ^2} = 0\).
Predictors of Outcome in Status Epilepticus in the Neuro ICU (P7.172)

Objective/Background: Previous studies have shown that outcome for patients with status epilepticus (SE) strongly depends on etiology. New guidelines promoting aggressive early treatment with anticonvulsants may improve outcome. Methods: We reviewed the clinical course of 60 consecutive patients admitted to the Neuro ICU with a primary diagnosis of SE or seizures requiring intubation upon admission. All patients received 1st and 2nd line anticonvulsants followed by propofol or midazolam infusions after intubation and were monitored with continuous video EEG for at least 12 hours. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to determine predictors of outcome such as disposition (home, long term facility, or death) among age, etiology (history of epilepsy, anoxia, or neurologic insults) and treatment duration. Results: Of 8 patients who were discharged home and 1 who signed out AMA, 8 (88.9[percnt]) had a prior history of epilepsy. There were 18 deaths, of which 9 (50[percnt]) had hypoxia/anoxia as an etiology. Families elected for comfort measures in 17 of these cases. Thirty-two patients were treated for more than 2 weeks with an average length of stay of 34.6 days. These patients experienced medical complications such as sepsis 12 (75[percnt]), pneumonia 2 (50[percnt]), fever 11 (84[percnt]), meningitis 4 (100[percnt]), and hydrocephalus 5 (100[percnt]). These patients were also more likely to have a percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy (PEG) tube and tracheostomy placed prior to discharge to a long term acute care facility 24(88.9[percnt]). Conclusions: Previous studies have shown mortality from SE to be as high as 65[percnt]. While aggressive treatment with anticonvulsants may be associated with improvement in overall mortality (30[percnt] in the present study), patients are treated for long periods of time, experience various medical complications when mortality is still highly associated with anoxia, and a history of epilepsy remains the best predictor of good outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Osias has nothing to disclose. Dr. McVey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ayvaz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Frontera has nothing to disclose. Dr. McWilliams-Dunnigan has nothing to disclose.
From Processes to ODEs by Chemistry

We investigate the collective behavior of processes in terms of differential equations, using chemistry as a stepping stone. Chemical reactions can be converted to ordinary differential equations, and also to processes in a stochastic process algebra. Conversely, certain stochastic processes (in Chemical Parametric Form, or CPF) can be converted to chemical reactions. CPF is a subset of π-calculus, but is already more powerful that what is strictly needed to represent chemistry: it supports also parameterization and compositional reuse of models. The mapping of CPF to chemistry thus induces a parametric and compositional mapping of CPF to differential equations; the indirect mapping through chemistry is easier to define and understand than a direct mapping. As an example, we derive a quantitative interleaving law from the differential equations.
On the Detectability of Primordial Deuterium in QSO Absorption Systems

A detailed examination of the detectability of the Lyman series of deuterium in QSO absorption-line systems shows that observations of the high-order Lyman lines in clouds of very high column density, low velocity dispersion (such as “damped Lyα systems”), and low heavy element abundance might produce efficient and precise measures of the deuterium to hydrogen ratio at early epochs in the evolution of galaxies.
Neural Networks for Iterative Learning Control

Iterative learning control is a method of determining the control signal required to drive a plant to a desired state. This paper gives a brief description of the development of learning control and gives one solution using a two neural network system. One network emulates the plant, the other is the controller. The controller learns to control the plant by learning to control the plant emulator. Results of a computer simulation of this method are also given.
Developing Grid Based Infrastructure for Climate Modeling

In this paper we discuss the development of a high performance climate modeling system as an example of the application of Grid based technology to climate modeling. The climate simulation system at Argonne currently includes a scientific modeling interface (Espresso) written in Java which incorporates Globus middleware to facilitate climate simulations on the Grid. The climate modeling system also includes a high performance version of MM5v3.4 modified for long climate simulations on our 512 processor Linux cluster (Chiba City), an interactive web based tool to facilitate analysis and collaboration via the web, and an enhanced version of the Cave5D software capable of visualizing large climate data sets. We plan to incorporate other climate modeling systems such as the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model (FOAM) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR) Community Climate Systems Model (CCSM) within Espresso to facilitate their application on computational grids.
Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California I: Interpreting rates and controls based on soil concentration-depth profiles

Abstract The spatial and temporal changes in element and mineral concentrations in regolith profiles in a chronosequence developed on marine terraces along coastal California are interpreted in terms of chemical weathering rates and processes. In regoliths up to 15 m deep and 226 kyrs old, quartz-normalized mass transfer coefficients indicate non-stoichiometric preferential release of Sr > Ca > Na from plagioclase along with lesser amounts of K, Rb and Ba derived from K-feldspar. Smectite weathering results in the loss of Mg and concurrent incorporation of Al and Fe into secondary kaolinite and Fe-oxides in shallow argillic horizons. Elemental losses from weathering of the Santa Cruz terraces fall within the range of those for other marine terraces along the Pacific Coast of North America. Residual amounts of plagioclase and K-feldspar decrease with terrace depth and increasing age. The gradient of the weathering profile bs is defined by the ratio of the weathering rate, R to the velocity at which the profile penetrates into the protolith. A spreadsheet calculator further refines profile geometries, demonstrating that the non-linear regions at low residual feldspar concentrations at shallow depth are dominated by exponential changes in mineral surface-to-volume ratios and at high residual feldspar concentrations, at greater depth, by the approach to thermodynamic saturation. These parameters are of secondary importance to the fluid flux qh, which in thermodynamically saturated pore water, controls the weathering velocity and mineral losses from the profiles. Long-term fluid fluxes required to reproduce the feldspar weathering profiles are in agreement with contemporary values based on solute Cl balances (qh = 0.025–0.17 m yr−1). During saturation-controlled and solute-limited weathering, the greater loss of plagioclase relative to K-feldspar is dependent on the large difference in their respective solubilities instead of the small difference between their respective reaction kinetics. The steady-state weathering rate under such conditions is defined as R = q h · m sol M total · 1 S v · b s · The product of qh and the ratio of solubilized to solid state feldspar (msat/Mtotal) define the weathering velocity. The weathering gradient bs reflects the kinetic rate of reaction where Sv is the volumetric surface area of the residual feldspar. Both this rate expression and the spreadsheet calculations produce similar plagioclase weathering rates (R = 5–14 × 10−16 mol m−2 s−1) which agree with those reported for other environments of comparable climate and age. Weathering-dependent concentration profiles are commonly described in literature. The present paper provides methods by which these data can yield a more fundamental understanding of the weathering processes involved.
Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO2: Implications for Diamond Formation in Quartzites from Kazakhstan

Recent studies of microdiamonds from orogenic belts related to continental collisions induced experimentalists to explore new crystallization media possible for diamond synthesis. This has led to considerable progress in diamond-synthesis experiments under high pressures and high temperatures. Diamond was found to grow in a wide variety of systems, which drastically differ from the metal-solvent-catalyst media that have been known since the 1950s in industrial diamond syntheses. The newer systems include a variety of melts consisting of silicate, carbonate, sulfur-carbon, as well as carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C-O-H) supercritical fluid systems in the presence of different oxides. Our experimental program has focused on systems compositionally approximating natural sites of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, where abundant microdiamonds occur. Yet to be explored are SiO 2 -rich systems that constitute an important diamond-bearing lithology in the world-famous Kokchetav ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terrane. The purpose of this study is to determine what effect the presence of SiO 2 has on the synthesis of diamond from C-O-H supercritical fluid. Experiments performed in a Walker-style multianvil apparatus at T = 1450–1500°C and P = 8–8.5 GPa on the Si-C-O-H system at different levels of oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ) have led us to the conclusion that diamond crystallization requires more reduced media than its counterpart synthesized in Mg-C-O-H and Ca-Mg-C-O-H systems at similar pressures, temperatures, and times.
Pt@Pd(x)Cu(y)/C core-shell electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells.

A series of carbon-supported core–shell nanoparticles with PdxCuy-rich cores and Pt-rich shells (Pt@PdxCuy/C) has been synthesized by a polyol reduction of the precursors followed by heat treatment to obtain the PdxCuy/C (1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 5) cores and the galvanic displacement of PdxCuy with [PtCl4]2– to form the Pt shell. The nanoparticles have also been investigated with respect to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests that the cores are highly alloyed and that the galvanic displacement results in a certain amount of alloying between Pt and the underlying PdxCuy alloy core. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the Pt@PdxCuy/C catalysts (where y > 0) have mean particle sizes of <8 nm. Compositional analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) clearly shows Pt enrichment in the near-surface region of the nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammograms sh...
Effect of Al3+ Contaminant on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Performance

To correlate the cationic contaminant uptake of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM) with the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) performance, CCMs were contaminated by saturating in varying concentrations of H2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solution, establishing ex-situ equilibrium cation uptake. The CCMs were then assembled and tested in single cell hardware to determine the performance as a function of cationic contamination level. Smaller CCM coupons were also saturated at the same time as the full-size CCM and were characterized by acid site titration to determine the cationic occupation fraction. It is found that the acid site occupation in the CCM increased and the cell performance decreased with increased Al ion concentration in the solution. With less than 10% occupation, the cell performance dropped from 1000 mA/cm 2 to 100 mA/cm 2 at 0.6 V. Upon re–protonation of the CCM with
Optimized geometry compression for real-time rendering

Most existing visualization applications use 3D geometry as their basic rendering primitive. As users demand more complex data sets, the memory requirements for retrieving and storing large 3D models are becoming excessive. In addition, the current 3D rendering hardware is facing a large memory bus bandwidth bottleneck at the processor to graphics pipeline interface. Rendering 1 million triangles with 24 bytes per triangle at 30 Hz requires as much as 720 MB/sec memory bus bandwidth. This transfer rate is well beyond the current low-cost graphics systems. A solution is to compress the static 3D geometry as an off-line pre-process. Then, only the compressed geometry needs to be stored in main memory and sent down to the graphics pipeline for real-time decompression and rendering. The author presents several new techniques for compression of 3D geometry that produce 2 to 3 times better compression ratios than existing methods. They first introduce several algorithms for the efficient encoding of the original geometry as generalized triangle meshes. This encoding allows most of the mesh vertices to be reused when forming new triangles. Their second contribution allows various parts of a geometric model to be compressed with different precision depending on the level of details present. Together, the meshifying algorithms and the variable compression method achieve compression ratios of 30 and 37 to one over ASCII encoded formats and 10 and 15 to one over binary encoded triangle strips. The experimental results show a dramatically lowered memory bandwidth required for real-time visualization of complex data sets.
The allocative efficiency of centrally planned foreign trade: A programming approach to the Czech case

Abstract In this paper the efficiency of the allocation of Czech trade with the member countries of OECD is investigated by means of a linear programming model. We find that considerable losses in this trade occurred in both of the years 1962 and 1964 examined. The bulk of the losses occurs in the allocation of exports and their magnitude is very dependent on the foreign elasticity of demand. Balance of payments constraints, on the other hand, are not an important cause of misallocation.
Interaction between calcium and ligand-binding sites of the purified acetylcholine receptor studied by use of a fluorescent lanthanide

Abstract The acetylcholine receptor isolated from Torpedo ocellata binds about 10 moles of a fluorescent lanthanide, terbium, per mole α-bungarotoxin-binding site, a process which is accompanied by a fluorescence enhancement (λexcitation 295 nm, λemission 546 nm) which allows detection of receptor-Tb3+ complexes at μM concentrations. In presence of calcium two types of terbium-binding site are revealed, both with terbium dissociation constants of 18 ± 0.5 μM. About 60% of the sites bind calcium with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.1 ± 0.1 mM. Sites which interact with calcium also interact with activators of neural transmission, carbamylcholine and decamethonium, but not with the inhibitors, d-tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin. Whether the displacement of calcium by chemical mediators is directly responsible for activator-induced changes in ion permeability of neural membranes is an important question raised by our experiments. The results show that fluorescent lanthanides can be an important tool in such studies.
Seasonal oxygen depletion in Chesapeake Bay

The spring freshet increases density stratification in Chesapeake Bay and minimizes oxygen transfer from the surface to the deep layer so that waters below 10 m depth experience oxygen depletion which may lead to anoxia during June to September. Respiration in the water of the deep layer is the major factor contributing to oxygen depletion. Benthic respiration seems secondary. Organic matter from the previous year which has settled into the deep layer during winter provides most of the oxygen demand but some new production in the surface layer may sink and thus supplement the organic matter accumulated in the deep layer.
Response of Broiler Breeder Females to Feed Restriction Below Recommended Levels. 1. Growth and Reproductive Performance

Arbor Acre broiler breeders were used to determine the effects on growth and reproductive performance of quantitative feed restriction below breeder recommended levels. Feed treatments were: 8% above standard (+8%); standard feeding program (STD); and 8 (-8%), 16 (-16%), and 24% (-24%) below standard. Proportional decreases in feed allocation resulted in corresponding decreases in body weight, frequency of double-yolked eggs, and number of days in production. Egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and female mortality to 64 wk of age were not significantly (P greater than or equal to .05) affected by the reduction in feed intake. Shell quality was significantly improved with the -16 and -24% feed treatments. A delay in sexual maturity caused a significant (P less than or equal to .05) decrease in average rate of lay (%hen-day) but not in total settable eggs for treatments -16 and -24% to 64 wk of age.
Hybrid Prismatic/Tetrahedral Grid Generation for Viscous Flows Around Complex Geometries

A method for the generation of hybrid prismatic/tetrahedral grids is described for complex three-dimensional geometries, including multibody domains, and employed for viscous flows around an aircraft. The prisms cover the region close to each body's surface, while tetrahedra are created elsewhere. A special method is presented that allows the generation of single-block, nonoverlapping prismatic meshes even in complex geometries that contain narrow gaps and cavities. Examples of cases treated by this method include wing-engine configurations as well as multi-element wings. The second development is a combined octree/advancing front method for the generation of the tetrahedra of the hybrid mesh. The main feature of this octree-based tetrahedra generator is that it does not require the creation of a background mesh by the user for the determination of the grid-spacing and stretching parameters. These are determined via an automatically generated octree. The hybrid grid generator is robust, geometry independent, and requires no user intervention. The suitability of hybrid meshes for capturing viscous flow phenomena is demonstrated by simulation of viscous flows around a high-speed civil transport type of aircraft configuration. Reduction in computer resources has been substantial, allowing flow simulations to be performed on workstations rather than supercomputers.
Acute sex steroid withdrawal increases cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-associated clusterin in men

Exogenous androgens can lower HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, yet men with low serum testosterone have elevated rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). HDL function may better predict CVD risk than absolute HDL-C quantity. We evaluated the acute effects of medical castration in men on HDL-C, cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL protein composition. Twenty-one healthy men, ages 18-55, received the GnRH antagonist acyline and one of the following for 28days: Group 1: placebo, Group 2: transdermal testosterone gel and placebo, Group 3: transdermal testosterone gel and an aromatase inhibitor. Sex steroids, fasting lipids, and cholesterol efflux to apoB-depleted serum were measured in all subjects. The HDL proteome was assessed in Group 1 subjects only. In Group 1, serum testosterone concentrations were reduced by >95%, and HDL-C and cholesterol efflux capacity increased (p=0.02 and p=0.03 vs. baseline, respectively). HDL-associated clusterin increased significantly with sex steroid withdrawal (p=0.007 vs. baseline). Testosterone withdrawal in young, healthy men increases HDL-C and cholesterol efflux capacity. Moreover, sex steroid deprivation changes HDL protein composition. Further investigation of the effects of sex steroids on HDL composition and function may help resolve the apparently conflicting data regarding testosterone, HDL-C, and CVD risk.
TH-D-M100A-01: What Does It Mean to Sign Attestation Statements?

There are a number of situations where medical physicists must make statements attesting to the credentials of individuals or training programs. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) recently revised its regulations in 10 CFR Part 35 for the training and experience (T&E) of an authorized user, an authorized medical physicist, and a radiation safety officer in the medical use of radioactive materials. The T&E regulations require an attestation by individuals on signed preceptor statements in order to be authorized/listed on a license to use radioactive materials. The attestation is a new, added requirement. What are the expectations of the individual who signs the attestation? Are there legal implications? In order to acquire CAMPEP accreditation for either GraduateMedical Physics programs or Medical Physics Residency programs requires that the program submits a self study document stating explicitly what must be done to complete the program and showing documentation that these requirement have been met. After review of this self study, a survey team conducts an on‐site visit to verify that the program is operating in a manner consistent with what is described in the self study. If successful, accreditation is granted for a period of 5 years. Renewal requires submission of an updated self study. What happens to the individuals attesting to the validity of the program if graduates are involved in medical events? Is there liability for the institution or the individuals? This session will generate discussion on these topics. Speakers: Ralph Lieto, M.S., FAAPM — Implications of NRC Part 35 and Preceptor Statements — an AAPM Perspective. Francis (Chip) Cameron, J.D. — Implications of NRC Part 35 and Preceptor Statements — an NRC Perspective. Bruce Gerbi, Ph.D., FAAPM — CAMPEP Accreditation: stating expectations and verifying performance.
Achievement of Bevalac Rapid Mode Switching

Rapid changes of ion, intensity, beam line, and output energy between two modes have been achieved. The techniques for switching among the Bevalac's several injectors are described. Energy level limits at the output (for q/A=1/2) are 470-2100 MeV/n (high power) or 50-1050 MeV/n (low power). Depending on specific field value differences, the total time required for a mode change is less than one minute. This mode of operation greatly improves program efficiency in interleaving medical and nuclear science programs at the Bevalac.
Anticancer Activity of VDR-Coregulator Inhibitor PS121912

PS121912 has been developed as selective vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coregulator inhibitor starting from a high throughput screening campaign to identify new agents that modulate VDR without causing hypercalcemia. Initial antiproliferative effects of PS121912 were observed that are characterized herein to enable future in vivo investigation with this molecule. Antiproliferation and apoptosis were determined using four different cancer cell lines (DU145, Caco2, HL-60 and SKOV3) in the presence of PS121912, 1,25-(OH)2D3, or a combination of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and PS121912. VDR si-RNA was used to identify the role of VDR during this process. The application of ChIP enabled us to determine the involvement of coregulator recruitment during transcription, which was investigated by RT-PCR with VDR target genes and those affiliated with cell cycle progression. Translational changes of apoptotic proteins were determined with an antibody array. The preclinical characterization of PS121912 includes the determination of metabolic stability and CYP3A4 inhibition. PS121912 induced apoptosis in all four cancer cells, with HL-60 cells being the most sensitive. At sub-micromolar concentrations, PS121912 amplified the growth inhibition of cancer cells caused by 1,25-(OH)2D3 without being antiproliferative by itself. A knockout study with VDR si-RNA confirmed the mediating role of VDR. VDR target genes induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 were down-regulated with the co-treatment of PS121912. This process was highly dependent on the recruitment of coregulators that in case of CYP24A1 was SRC2. The combination of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 reduced the presence of SRC2 and enriched the occupancy of corepressor NCoR at the promoter site. E2F transcription factors 1 and 4 were down-regulated in the presence of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 that in turn reduced the transcription levels of cyclin A and D, thus arresting HL-60 cells in the S or G2/M phase. In addition, proteins with hematopoietic functions such as cyclin-dependent kinase 6, histone deacetylase 9 and transforming growth factor beta 2 and 3 were down-regulated as well. Elevated levels of P21 and GADD45, in concert with cyclin D1, also mediated the antiproliferative response of HL-60 in the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and PS121912. Studies at higher concentration of P121912 identified a VDR-independent pathway of antiproliferation that included the enzymatic and transcriptional activation of caspase 3/7. Overall, we conclude that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist at low concentrations but interacts with more targets at higher concentrations leading to apoptosis mediated by caspase 3/7 activation. In addition, PS121912 showed an acceptable metabolic stability to enable in vivo cancer studies.
Direct Rate Measurements of Eruption Plumes at Augustine Volcano: A Problem of Scaling and Uncontrolled Variables

The March–April 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, provided an opportunity to directly measure the flux of gas, aerosol, and ash particles during explosive eruption. Most previous direct measurements of volcanic emission rates are on plumes from fuming volcanoes or on very small eruption clouds. Direct measurements during explosive activity are needed to understand the scale relationships between passive degassing or small eruption plumes and highly explosive events. Conditions on April 3, 1986 were ideal: high winds, clear visibility, moderate activity. Three measurements were made: 1) an airborne correlation spectrometer (Cospec) provided mass flux rates of SO2; 2) treated filter samples chemically characterized the plume and 3) a quartz crystal microcascade impactor provided particle size distribution. Atmospheric conditions on April 3 caused the development of a lee wave plume, which allowed us to constrain a model of plume dispersion leading to a forecast map of concentrations of SO2 at greater distances from the vent. On April 3, 1986, the emission rate of SO2 at Augustine was 24,000 t/d, one of the largest direct volcanic rate measurements yet recorded with a Cospec. The results, coupled with analytical results from samples simultaneously collected on filters, allow us to estimate HCl emissions at 10,000 t/d and ash eruption rate at 1.5×106 t/d. Based on other data, this ash eruption rate is about 1/50 of the maximum rate during the March–April activity. Filter samples show that the gas:aerosol proportions for sulfur and chlorine are about 10:1 and 4:1, respectively. By contrast, measurements of Augustine's plume, together with ground-based gas sampling in July 1986 when the volcano was in a posteruptive fuming state, are 380 t/d SO2 and approximately 8000 t/d HCl with no ash emission. The observations of large Cl releases at Augustine support the Cl abundance conclusions of Johnston (1980) based on study of melt inclusions in the 1976 lavas. The results reinforce the need for more measurements during eruptions and for better understanding of scaling of volcanic emissions of various eruptive components.
Subdivision of nature reserves and the maintenance of species diversity

The roles of area—its size, shape and possible subdivision—in the conservation of species is an important but controversial topic1–5. The fundamental assumption is that nature reserves act as habitat islands in an inhospitable sea of environment that has been modified by man, and thus that the empirical and theoretical findings of island biogeography are pertinent. Empirical studies of oceanic islands and continental habitat islands show that larger areas hold more species. The relationship between these two variables is such that a 100% increase in area produces roughly a 25% increase in species. Thus, two small habitat islands which have more than this 25% difference in their species composition, hold more species than a single habitat island of the same total area. This is probably due to microhabitat differences between these two smaller habitat islands. Yet, even against a constant ecological background, stochastic fluctuations (‘turnover’) of species due to random colonization and extinction6 will cause inter-island variation in species composition.
Determination of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO) with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC): survey of stability of KDO and optimal hydrolytic conditions.

Abstract A new method for 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid (KDO) determination using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography was developed. KDO is well separated from Neu5Ac, and the response was linear from 20 pmol to 5 nmol. The method was used to examine the stability of KDO under various hydrolytic conditions and to survey optimal hydrolytic conditions for release of KDO.
Failures by SOHIC in Sour Hydrocarbon Service

This article discusses two failures experienced in spiral-welded pipeline/piping due to stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC). The first identified SOHIC failure occurred in 1974, before the term SOHIC was coined. A second failure occurred in 1998 in the piping system handling aggressive sour natural gas liquid (NGL) service. The conditions leading to SOHIC failures and differences between the two failures are discussed. The influence of these failures on company standards is covered.
Epistemology and probability

Probability is sometimes regarded as a universal panacea for epistemology. It has been supposed that the rationality of belief is almost entirely a matter of probabilities. Unfortunately, those philosophers who have thought about this most extensively have tended to be probability theorists first, and epistemologists only secondarily. In my estimation, this has tended to make them insensitive to the complexities exhibited by epistemic justification. In this paper I propose to turn the tables. I begin by laying out some rather simple and uncontroversial features of the structure of epistemic justification, and then go on to ask what we can conclude about the connection between epistemology and probability in the light of those features. My conclusion is that probability plays no central role in epistemology. This is not to say that probability plays no role at all. In the course of the investigation, I defend a pair of probabilistic acceptance rules which enable us, under some circumstances, to arrive at justified belief on the basis of high probability. But these rules are of quite limited scope. The effect of there being such rules is merely that probability provides one source for justified belief, on a par with perception, memory, etc. There is no way probability can provide a universal cure for all our epistemological ills.
Voltage Biasing, Cyclic Voltammetry, & Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Neural Interfaces

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measure properties of the electrode-tissue interface without additional invasive procedures, and can be used to monitor electrode performance over the long term. EIS measures electrical impedance at multiple frequencies, and increases in impedance indicate increased glial scar formation around the device, while cyclic voltammetry measures the charge carrying capacity of the electrode, and indicates how charge is transferred at different voltage levels. As implanted electrodes age, EIS and CV data change, and electrode sites that previously recorded spiking neurons often exhibit significantly lower efficacy for neural recording. The application of a brief voltage pulse to implanted electrode arrays, known as rejuvenation, can bring back spiking activity on otherwise silent electrode sites for a period of time. Rejuvenation alters EIS and CV, and can be monitored by these complementary methods. Typically, EIS is measured daily as an indication of the tissue response at the electrode site. If spikes are absent in a channel that previously had spikes, then CV is used to determine the charge carrying capacity of the electrode site, and rejuvenation can be applied to improve the interface efficacy. CV and EIS are then repeated to check the changes at the electrode-tissue interface, and neural recordings are collected. The overall goal of rejuvenation is to extend the functional lifetime of implanted arrays.
ACOUSTIC DEWATERING AND DRYING (LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCY): STATE OF THE ART REVIEW

ABSTRACT The potential of ultrasonic energy to dry heat-sensitive materials was proven by studies conducted a number of years ago. Ultrasonic irradiation improved the rates of drying and the temperatures seldom exceeded 1 C above ambient. Recent developments in energy related areas of technology have caused a new search for more economical methods of drying. This paper reviews both past and present literature on acoustic dewatering and drying and discusses the current state of the technology. The studies reviewed represent a broad spectrum including effects at very low sonic to ultrasonic frequencies. The fundamental aspects and applications of the technique to a variety of materials are presented.
Spatial frequency models for multispectral image sharpening

Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity ofArizona, Tucson, AZ 85721andDaniel FilibertiBiomedical Information Communication Center, Oregon Hea1th Sciences University3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201ABSTRACTMany techniques have been developed and demonstrated to combine low spatial resolution multispectralimagery with relatively high resolution panchromatic imagery to accomplish multispectral "sharpening."We investigate here a particular approach, high frequency modulation, and show that care must be exer-cised in the design of spatial weighting functions in order to optimize the resulting fused image. Mathe-matical relationships are derived showing that, under reasonable assumptions, the modulation equationleads to a specific and intuitively satisfying form of the weighting function. Examples of sharpened mu!-tispectral images are presented demonstrating the predicted improvement when attention is given to thespatial weighting function.
Protein preference in protein-malnourished monkeys.

10 protein-malnourished monkeys and 8 dietary controls were run in a preference experiment designed to look at the differences in the way the 2 groups accepted foods containing various amounts of p...
PEMFC contaminant tolerance limit—CO in H2

Abstract Equations are derived from a generic, transient PEMFC contamination model to predict the effect of CO contaminant concentration in H 2 on both steady state performance losses and time constants. The resulting predictions allowed determination of the CO tolerance limit for the cases of a Pt and WC catalyst under specific operating conditions. An increase of the International Organization for Standardization CO tolerance limit of 0.2 ppm is possible because the CO concentration leading to a steady state performance loss of less than 1% is estimated at 0.2–0.9 ppm. An increase in CO tolerance limit is expected to reduce the analytical verification cost (quality control). The steady state performance loss is independent of catalyst loading thus avoiding a future standard change resulting from PEMFC cost reduction activities.
Flux qubits and readout device with two independent flux lines

We report measurements on two superconducting flux qubits coupled to a readout superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Two on-chip flux bias lines allow independent flux control of any two of the three elements, as illustrated by a two-dimensional qubit flux map. The application of microwaves yields a frequency-flux dispersion curve for 1- and 2-photon driving of the single-qubit excited state, and coherent manipulation of the single-qubit state results in Rabi oscillations and Ramsey fringes. This architecture should be scalable to many qubits and SQUIDs on a single chip.