cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of incubation temperatures on the retention of bacteriophage by a culture of Streptococcus lactis.

Mother cultures propagated in a dairy or cheese plant frequently fail to produce acid at a normal rate, as evidenced by the time required for the culture to coagulate milk. The duration of slow acid production by mother cultures is quite variable and may last for a few days or weeks, or the culture may never produce acid at its previous rate. When a mother culture fails to produce acid satisfactorily, it generally is discarded and a new culture obtained. However, the policy of some plants is to hold a slow acid-producing culture at a favorable growth temperature until coagulation occurs and then make further transfers from it. Future transfers from such a culture may show normal acid production after a few transfers. Cultures obtained from cheese plants and dairies experiencing difficulty with slow mother cultures for periods of rather short duration were found to contain bacteriophage. I t appeared feasible to determine the duration of bacteriophage in a sensitive culture of Streptococcus lactis and to study some of the characteristics of the secondary-growth organisms resulting from the action of bacteriophage. Nichols and Ineson (4) attributed starter recovery in commercial cultures to a mixture of several strains in the starter, some strains being unaffected by bacteriophage. Hunter (2) stated that the mechanism by which resistant forms originate after lysis of a culture by phage has not been explained satisfactorily. Yakovlev (5) noted that secondary-growth cultures were temporarily resistant to bacteriophage when grown on solid media; on liquid media their resistance was permanent but they remained carriers of bacteriophage. Hunter (2) found that under certain circumstances a phage-coccus mixture could be subcultured daily in milk and lysis did not occur. Such cocci, in the presence of symbiotic phage, showed resistance to lysis by other phage strains. Nelson et al. (3) state that the inhibitory principal (bacteriophage) may have a destabilizing effect on the cell when the changes involved in the loss of sensitivity characteristics are effected. The destabilized cell then may undergo either a gain or loss of sensitivity to various filtrates, the direction of the change being conditioned by factors at present unknown. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Propagation of cultures. Cultures of S. lactis were transferred in skimmilk which had been autoclaved for 15 min. at 15 lb. pressure. An inoculation of approximately 1.0 per cent was employed.
Analysis of fossil‐fuel fractions by on‐line coupled microcolumn HPLC capillary column GC‐MS

A multidimensional LC-GC-MS system was developed and used to analyze complex fossil-fuel samples. The electron-acceptor stationary phase, 5 μm 2,4-dinitrophenylmercaptopropylsilica, was packed into a 0.32-mm × 350-mm microcapillary liquid chromatography (μLC) column. Aromatic fractions eluted from the μLC system at 12 μL/min and were diverted to the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) by a ten-port switching valve with 50 and 7.6-μL loops. Concurrent cosolvent evaporation occurred in a 0.32-mm × 3-m precolumn ahead of a 0.25-mm × 30-m DB-5 analytical column. Solvent vapors exited through an open-split interface. The utility of the μLC-GC-MS system was demonstrated through the analyses of solvent refined coal, kerosene, and crude oil.
CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIC EFFECTS ON HEIGHT AND OSSEOUS DEVELOPMENT IN SEXUALLY UNDERDEVELOPED YOUNG BOYS

IT is OBVIOUSLY necessary that those interested in chorionic gonadotropic therapy for sexually underdeveloped children be kept informed of the observations and results which are being affected in the field at the present time. In the past few years, several reports were made by this writer (I) on the good gonadal responses evoked through the use of gonadotropic therapy. It was also reported that there developed certain premature manifestations in some of the young children where gonado-tropic therapy was being given intensively in severe cases, particularly in cases of intraabdominal cryptorchidism. These evidences of precocity were manifested by the appearanc of suprapubic hair, hypertrophy of the phallus, priapism and ‘break’ in voice. At that time, it was stated that these precocious manifestations though undoubtedly undesirable were not to be considered as too serious and ought not to discourage the institution of gonadotropic treatment at an early age;
Numerical Simulation of Iridectomy for Surgical Treatment of Glaucoma

Pupillary block can lead to a convex bowing of the iris surface due to the increased posterior chamber pressures, and this, in turn, can partially block the outflow pathway through the Trabecular Meshwork (TM). This condition leads to Angle-closure glaucoma by elevating the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) of the eye to very high levels. To alleviate this condition, a surgical process called iridectomy can be performed to create an opening on the iris surface that enables an alternate route for the flow from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber. This, in turn, reduces the elevated pressure in the eye. In the present work, flow simulations are performed in a three-dimensional model of the human eye, with reduced irido-lenticular gap and partial-blockage of the TM, to model the flow and pressure distribution associated with pupillary block and angle-closure glaucoma. Iridectomy is simulated by creating holes on the iris surface at different locations. The effect of angular locations of the iridectomy holes on the pressure and flow distributions are analyzed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Bilateral synovial cysts of the temporomandibular joint.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial (ganglion) cyst is a rare condition, with only nine cases previously reported in the literature; all of these cases were unilateral.1–9 Our case is unique in that it represents the first report of bilateral TMJ ganglion cysts. It includes computed tomography (CT), CT-arthrography, and magnetic resonance imaging as part of the diagnostic workup.
Mist/Steam Heat Transfer in Confined Slot Jet Impingement

Internal mist/steam blade cooling technology has been considered for the future generation of Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS). Fine water droplets of about 5 μm were carried by steam through a single slot jet onto a heated target surface in a confined channel. Experiments covered Reynolds numbers from 7500 to 25,000 and heat fluxes from 3 to 21 kW/m 2 . The experimental results indicate that the cooling is enhanced significantly near the stagnation point by the mist, decreasing to a negligible level at a distance of six jet widths from the stagnation region. Up to 200 percent heat transfer enhancement at the stagnation point was achieved by injecting only ∼1.5 percent of mist. The investigation has focused on the effects of wall temperature, mist concentration, and Reynolds number.
Determinants of leisure time physical activity participation among Latina women.

The goal of this study was to examine leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among Latina women and to determine factors influencing their LTPA participation. The ecological model was employed as a theoretical framework in order to examine attitudes, social support, and constraints affecting physical activity. Surveys and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Results showed that although women's LTPA participation was low, they had positive attitudes toward LTPA, and they believed they had high levels of support for LTPA. The most often mentioned constraints included lack of child-care and lack of time. Attitudes toward LTPA, social support for LTPA, and certain constraints were significant predictors of LTPA participation. Results of the in-depth interviews complemented the survey data.
Effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on electrical activity of globus pallidus and neostriatum

Abstract The electrical activity (electroencephalogram, EEG) and oxygen tension of the globus pallidus and neostriatum were studied in anesthetized rats under hyperbaric oxygenation (100% oxygen at 5 atm absolute). An increase in oxygen tension was correlated with an increase in electrical activity in the globus pallidus. The changes in oxygen tension and EEG of the neostriatum did not appear to be significant. Exposure to a hyperoxic environment produced an initial desynchronization of the EEG which was observed in only the globus pallidus. The results of this study suggest a correlation between oxygen tension, electrical activity, and pathological changes observed in selected subcortical nuclei.
Calcified brainstem cavernoma in a patient with hundreds of intracranial cavernomas.

IntroductionUnexpected identification of hundreds of lesions on intracranial imaging can be a disconcerting discovery, but familiarity with the possible etiologies of such a finding may help guide further evaluation. We present a case report and literature review of multiple intracranial cavernous h
Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on Mammalian cells and chromosomes in vitro

Human peripheral blood and HeLa cells were irradiated in vitro at the ultrasonic frequency of 65 kHz. The whole blood and HeLa cell suspensions were exposed to continuous and pulsed ultrasonic power levels of 0.12, 0.16, 0.72, 1.12 and 2.24 W for a period of one minute. The method of ultrasonic irradiation was carried out with the whole blood or HeLa cell suspensions coupled directly to a cylindrical transducer while heating of the cell suspensions in excess of 41 C was avoided. Irradiated and unirradiated peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome cultures were prepared and scored for selected numerical and morphological aberrations. There was no significant difference in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations between irradiated and unirradiated cells.
Contents of cadmium, mercury and lead in edible mushrooms growing in a historical silver-mining area

Three harmful metals were determined using AAS techniques in 285 samples of fruiting bodies of 15 wild-growing edible mushroom species. The mushrooms were collected from a forest on the fringe of a historical area of silver mining. The metals were also determined in a topsoil organic layer sampled from nine sites within the observed area. As compared to background levels from unpolluted sites from several European countries, cadmium contents were considerably elevated in nearly all the tested species; lead contents were increased in most of the species, while mercury contents were elevated only in certain species. Thus, many species from the observed area may contribute considerably to the body burden of the metals. Agaricus silvaticus accumulated cadmium extremely and Lepista nuda accumulated mercury. There were no obvious simple positive relationships between the contents of the observed metals in fruiting bodies and the contents of total metals in the soil organic layer.
Inhibition of mixed-function oxidation of p-nitroanisole in perfused rat liver by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Abstract The effect of dinitrophenol (52 μ m ), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, on p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in the perfused rat liver was examined. Dinitrophenol inhibited p-nitroanisole metabolism 70% in perfused livers from fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats, and 30% in livers from normal rats, but had no effect on this reaction in isolated microsomes. Rates of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in livers from fed, phenobarbitaltreated rats were not inhibited by dinitrophenol unless the pentose phosphate shunt was first inhibited by 6-aminonicotinamide pretreatment. Dinitrophenol diminished cellular concentrations of ATP and NADPH 30 and 50%, respectively. Since mixed-function oxidation requires NADPH, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that dinitrophenol interrupts the synthesis and/or transfer of reducing equivalents from the mitochondria into the extramitochondrial space by interfering with energy-dependent NADPH synthesis and substrate shuttle mechanisms. In addition, dinitrophenol diminished conjugation reactions 57 and 89% in all metabolic states studied, most likely because it decreased UDP-glucose levels considerably (40 to 60%).
Inhibition of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in perfused rat liver by potassium cyanide.

Abstract The effect of potassium cyanide on p -nitroanisole O -demethylation in perfused rat livers has been examined. Cyanide (2 m m ), an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase, diminished p -nitroanisole O -demethylation by 50–75% in perfused livers from normal and phenobarbital-treated rats, but had much less effect on hepatic microsomal p -nitroanisole O -demethylation. The inhibition was also observed in livers where the activity of the pentose phosphate shunt was abolished by pretreatment with 6-aminonicotinamide. Cyanide infusion decreased hepatic ATP ADP ratios and cellular concentrations of glutamate, α-ketoglutarate, and isocitrate, but caused an increase in the NADPV + NADPH ratio. Rates of NADPH generation via the pentose phosphate shunt were unchanged by cyanide, and hepatic concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate were markedly increased by cyanide. Thus, inhibition of p -nitroanisole metabolism could not be explained solely by a direct interaction of cyanide with mixed-function oxidases or diminished NADPH generation via the pentose cycle. These data indicate that cyanide inhibits mixed-function oxidation in intact cells by diminishing the generation of NADPH from sources other than the pentose cycle. Further, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that some NADPH for mixed-function oxidation arises from cyanidesensitive mitochondrial sources.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis and clinical findings in a newborn with prenatally diagnosed rec(7)dup(7q)inv(7)(p22q31.3)pat.

We report prenatal and early postnatal findings in a newborn with a partial trisomy of chromosome 7 (7q31.3-qter), arising from meiotic recombination of a paternal pericentric inversion, inv(7)(p22q31.3). The inversion breakpoints were localized and the regions of duplication and deletion were defined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using a series of locus-specific and subtelomeric probes. To our knowledge, only three cases involving a recombinant 7 with duplication of 7q have been reported, two of these being first cousins. The clinical findings in our patient included skeletal abnormalities, facial dysmorphism, dilated cerebral ventricles, microretrognathia and short neck. These findings and some aspects of the neonatal course were consistent with the phenotype previously reported for duplication of distal 7q, without associated monosomy for sequences from another chromosome.
Behavior and single gene substitution in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Mating and courtship differences with w, cn, and bw loci.

The effect of single allele substitutions into an isogenic background in Oregon-R inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster on courtship and mating patterns has been studied. A comparison has been made between the white locusw, w co ,w e , the wild typew + ,cn, bw, andcn bw to test the effect of eye pigmentation in influencing courtship and mating patterns. It was found thatw, w e ,w co ,cn, andbw females were more successful in mating than were wild-type andcn bw females,cn bw females being less successful than wild-type females. Also,w andcn bw males were equally successful in mating but less successful than wild-type males during the 20-min test period. The mutant males performed as well as the wild-type after courtship was initiated. The behavioral parameters measured were (1) courtship latency, the time from exposure of male to female until orientation; (2) mating speed, the time from beginning of orientation of male to female until successful copulation; and (3) copulation time.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Responses in the Immunopathogenesis of Human Onchocerciasis

It is not clear what role immediate hypersensitivity immune responses have in the pathogenesis of human onchocerciasis, but it is certain that these responses are prominent both in the course of natural infection and during the Mazzotti reactions that follow treatment with diethylcarbamazine. In humans, the levels of total serum IgE associated with onchocerciasis are as high or higher than those associated with almost any helminth infection, although specific IgE antibodies to Onchocerca volvulus appear to be a small and still poorly characterized fraction of the total serum IgE. Evidence about the relationship of these prominent IgE responses in patients with onchocerciasis to the onchocercal skin disease that manifests as pruritus and papular eruptions is conflicting, but in a guinea pig model of ocular pathology induced by onchocerca microfilariae evidence for the pathogenetic importance of IgE and immediate hypersensitivity is much less equivocal. The suggestive findings from this model make it imperative to carry out similar studies of Onchocerca-affected human eyes to determine whether immediate hypersensitivity responses play a similar critical role in the pathogenesis of the ocular lesions in humans. No one knows for certain what role immediate hypersensitivity responses have in the immunopathogenesis of onchocerciasis; current studies are still attempting to define the presence and character of the responses in patients or are developing models of ocular pathology in animals in which immediate hypersensitivity immune responses are prominent. Though such responses may involve many different inflammatory pathways, one thinks of the classic immediate hypersensitivity reactions as those involving IgE antibody, eosinophils, and the mediatorrich tissue mast cells or blood basophils. Evidence for the participation of each of these components of immediate hypersensitivity reactivity in onchocerciasis is described below.
The Central Role of Philosophy in a Study of Community Dialogues

The project we highlight in this article stems from our philosophical work on moral disagreements that appear to be—and sometimes are—intractable. Deliberative democratic theorists tout the merits of dialogue as an effective way to bridge differences of values and opinion, ideally resulting in agreement, or perhaps more often resulting in greater mutual understanding. Could dialogue mitigate disagreements about a controversial education policy such as affirmative action? Could it foster greater understanding? We conceived of a project that would simultaneously fulfill two goals that we had as philosophers, education researchers, and aspiring public intellectuals. First, it would allow us to use philosophy in research, grounding our mixed methods research in a philosophically informed framework. The tools and analytic techniques that are particular to philosophers felt uniquely suited for an empirical study concerning political theory. Second, we aimed to use philosophy in the community. We were able to put our own expertise in philosophy and race-conscious education policy to good use by purposefully creating opportunities for diverse community members in our larger metropolitan area to engage in dialogue and deliberation with each other over the issue of affirmative action.
A spirit of camaraderie: The impact of pair programming on retention

We conducted a quasi-experimental study of pair programming versus solo programming, in the context of a required, four-hour, intermediate level-course that focuses on the acquisition of a second language (C/C++). We found pair programming served as a protective factor for the retention of female students and less experienced students. Our findings support those of prior studies that suggested that pair programming may improve retention for female students and also suggest that pair programming strategies may help to shorten the long pre-requisite chain typically found in CS programs, reduce time to degree, and promote student productivity during undergraduate studies. We also found that solo programmers relied more heavily on TA assistance, which implies that resource-constrained departments might better meet student needs or handle larger groups of students with existing resources through the use of pair programming.
Hyperlexia and Dyslexia in Autism: Hitting a Moving Target

The diagnostic histories of autism, dyslexia, and hyperlexia are complex. Because these conditions share both convergent and diver­gent properties, it is important to under­stand these relationships, especially in the case of research and how we interpret bodi­es of work which span decades of fluc­tuating criteria. It is also important to syn­the­size what we already know about the morpho­logy of these con­di­tions and pinpoint what we still don’t. Autism and dyslexia, for instance, share antipodal cerebral morpho­logies, such as minicolumnar den­sity, neuropil width, cell size, corpus callo­sal volume, gyral complexity, gyral window size, and cerebral volume, while hyperlexia has not been studied in this fashion, although it sha­res much in common with autism. Mean­while, the fluctuation in criteria of dyslexia over the years, means that older studies, such as some of the most highly cited in post­mortem research, have potentially used more heterogeneous groups of subjects than dys­lexia research typically uses today. Con­sider­ably, these older studies are often the basis of current animal model and genetics research. In conclusion, in consideration of the continued flux in criteria, particularly the proposed change from “Reading Disorder” to the broa­der “Specific Learning Disorder” within the DSM-5, we strongly recommend a separation of the various reading disorders under their own headings to promote specificity of diag­nosis and treatment, and to support better research.
Minds in the making

Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States. By James W. Trent Jr. University of California Press: 1994. Pp. 356. $30.
A13C NMR study of some di-, tetra-, and hexa-hydropyridazines

Abstract The room-temperature 13C nmr spectra of ten hydropyridazines were analyzed in an attempt to determine the most stable conformatlons(s) of each. In contrast to earlier findings, dihydropyridazine 1 was found to be planar. The most stable conformations of tetrahydropyridazines 2 b and 2 d were found to be half-chairs, while tetrahydropyridazines 3 b and 3 c were most probably in boat configurations with both 3,6-substituents in pseudoequatorial positions. The 13C nmr spectra of 4,5-dibromohexahydropyridazines 4 a and 4 b were consistent with a mixture of three chair conformations formed by axial-equatorial nitrogen Inversions.
Recovery from immersion in water. An index of metabolism and the condition of the gonads in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Popillia japonica Newm.

In some insects the selection of individuals which recover in equal periods of time from immersion in water may be used to obtain material of approximately uniform physiological state; Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen, was found to have a mean of recovery for the males 0.97 ± 0.542 minute later than the females, which would indicate a lower metabolic rate for the males. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., was found to have a mean of recovery from immersion in water of both sexes the same in August, while in September the males were retarded by 8.1 as compared with females. This would indicate that the males have and equal me abolic rate in August with the females and a lower rate in September. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen produce in the flies a condition of asphyxiation similar to immersion in water. [Vestigial] flies recover from immersion in water in a fashion similar to ‘wild’ flies. The recovery periods from immersion in water in the flies can be used to group individuals into those possessing approximately equal egg-laying capacities and to isolate spent individuals from others still capable of laying eggs. Yeast appears to be more of a stimulant to egg laying than it is to larval growth. Groups of flies which were fed yeast were found to average 71 per cent increase in egg laying over groups of flies that were not fed yeast. The O2 consumption of the groups of flies actively laying eggs, as contrasted with the groups which were not so active, was found in the former to be 32.9 per cent greater.
GDP estimates: Rationality tests and turning point performance

The reliability of BEA’s estimates, as measured by the magnitude and pattern of revisions, is highly important to economic policy-making and business decisions. We find evidence that the revisions are partially predicable using contemporaneously available information for the current quarterly estimates of GDP. Information about national income is found to significantly supplement the information found in the final current quarterly estimates of GDP in explaining the revisions to the latest-available estimates of GDP. However, there is little evidence of the predictability of revisions in GDI or national income. Finally, both the advance and final current quarterly estimates are found to do a reliable job of measuring GDP and GDI around cyclical peaks, but a less reliable job around cyclical troughs, the declines preceding the troughs are overstated and the upturns after the troughs are understated.
Value-based payment for physicians in Medicare: small step or giant leap?

The Physician Value-Based Payment Modifier (PVBPM) is the first national value-based purchasing program for physicians in fee-for-service Medicare. The concept of shifting from volume- to value-bas...
Novel Nonlinear Elastic Actuators for Passively Controlling Robotic Joint Compliance

The ability to control compliance of robotic joints is desirable because the resulting robotic mechanisms can adapt to varying task requirements and can take advantage of natural limb and joint dynamics. The implementation of controllable compliance in robots, however, is often constrained by the inherent instability of active compliance methods and by the limited availability of the custom, nonlinear springs needed by passive compliance methods. This work overcomes a major limitation of passive compliance by producing designs for two novel mechanisms capable of generating a wide variety of specifiable, nonlinear elastic relationships. One of these designs is physically implemented as a quadratic "spring" and is used to create a passively compliant robot joint with series-elastic actuation. A simple feed-forward algorithm is then experimentally shown to be sufficient to control independently and simultaneously both joint angle and joint compliance, regardless of the presence of external forces on the joint. We believe that this is the first physically constructed system to use antagonistic quadratic springs to successfully demonstrate open-loop, independent, and simultaneous control of both joint angle and joint stiffness. Because this approach better emulates the underlying joint mechanics used by animals, it may improve both the quality and variety of robotic movements.
US Hospice Industry Experienced Considerable Turbulence From Changes In Ownership, Growth, And Shift To For-Profit Status

The US hospice industry, which provides palliative and supportive care to patients with terminal illness, has undergone substantial changes during the last decade. The magnitude of these changes has not been fully captured in previous studies or reports. In this longitudinal study of hospices active in Medicare during 1999–2009, we analyzed Provider of Services files to understand key shifts in the industry. We found evidence of substantial turbulence. One-fifth of Medicare-certified hospices active in 1999 had closed or withdrawn from the program by 2009, and more than 40 percent had experienced one or more changes in ownership. The most prominent trend was the shift in ownership type from nonprofit to for-profit ownership. Four out of five Medicare-certified hospices that entered the marketplace between 2000 and 2009 were for-profit. Hospices also became larger, as the proportion with 100 or more full-time employees doubled to 5 percent from 1999 to 2009. Although each of the Census regions had more hos...
Not your grandmother's genetic algorithm

Summary form only given. Genetic algorithms (GAs)-search procedures inspired by the mechanics of natural selection and genetics-have been increasingly applied across the spectrum of human endeavor, but some researchers mistakenly think of them as slow, unreliable, and without much theoretical support. This talk briefly introduces GAs, but quickly shifts to a line of work that has succeeded in supporting GA mechanics with bounding design theory that has been used to demonstrate GA scalability, speed, and range of reliable applicability. Key elements of this theory are discussed to give insight into this accomplishment and to make the point that fast, scalable GAs may also be viewed as first-order models of human innovative or inventive processes. The talk highlights recent results in breaking the billion- variable optimization barrier for the first time, and points to a variety of opportunities for efficiency enhancement that should be useful in the application of genetic algorithms to a variety of software engineering problems.
Diagnostic fetal umbilical blood sampling in the management of isoimmunization

Current management of isoimmunization in pregnancy is predicted on the assumption that all sensitized women carry antigen-positive fetuses. In addition, management is based on indirect predictors of the magnitude of the fetal hemolytic disease. We present a preliminary report using a new approach of direct fetal blood sampling for the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. This form of evaluation provides specific information about fetal red blood cell antigen status and the degree of fetal anemia at an earlier gestational age than that validated by the Liley curves and eliminates empiricism from both the diagnosis and treatment of the isoimmunized pregnancy. The use of such a management protocol reduces the need for multiple invasive procedures in fetuses at little risk for disease and provides specific information about the status of those fetuses truly at risk.
Metal‐acid complexes with members of the tetracycline family III summary of blood level studies

Metal-acid complexes with tetracycline (TC) and demethylchlortetracycline (DM-CTC) have been evaluated for their ability to increase the levels of antibiotic in the blood of animals, where the acid constituents of the complexes were gluconic acid, various phosphoric acids, or bis-(1-carboxy-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphinic acid. Selected members of these three major groups each have generally resulted in higher blood levels by two of the following three routes of administration: oral, intramuscular, and intravenous. No single group of complexes has produced blood-level enhancement by all three routes.
Signal transduction molecules in gliomas of all grades

Purpose To interrogate grade II, III, and IV gliomas and characterize the critical effectors within the PI3-kinase pathway upstream and downstream of mTOR. Experimental design Tissues from 87 patients who were treated at UCSF between 1990 and 2004 were analyzed. Twenty-eight grade II, 17 grade III glioma, 26 grade IV gliomas, and 16 non-tumor brain specimens were analyzed. Protein levels were assessed by immunoblots; RNA levels were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification. To address the multiple comparisons, first an overall analysis was done comparing the four groups using Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient. Only if this analysis was statistically significant were individual pairwise comparisons done. Results Multiple comparison analyses revealed a significant correlation with grade for all variables examined, except phosphorylated-S6. Expression of phosphorylated-4E-BP1, phosphorylated-PKB/Akt, PTEN, TSC1, and TSC2 correlated with grade (P < 0.01 for all). We extended our analyses to ask whether decreases in TSC proteins levels were due to changes in mRNA levels, or due to changes in post-transcriptional alterations. We found significantly lower levels of TSC1 and TSC2 mRNA in GBMs than in grade II gliomas or non-tumor brain (P < 0.01). Conclusions Expression levels of critical signaling molecules upstream and downstream of mTOR differ between non-tumor brain and gliomas of any grade. The single variable whose expression did not differ between non-tumor brain and gliomas was phosphorylated-S6, suggesting that other protein kinases, in addition to mTOR, contribute significantly to S6 phosphorylation. mTOR provides a rational therapeutic target in gliomas of all grades, and clinical benefit may emerge as mTOR inhibitors are combined with additional agents.
Substance Abuse: Medical Student Awareness and Clinical Skills

Abstract Medical schoob continue to be challenged to provide effective curricula in substance abuse. Our study examined the perceived exposure of medical students to substance abuse topics. We found that the majority of upper-level students indicated a high level of exposure to substance abuse topics which are considered to be core knowledge by experts. Assessment of clinical skills performance using a standardized patient case, however, indicated that students were not able to demonstrate clinical proficiency in substance abuse topics despite their high level of perceived exposure to these topics.
Stochastic analyses and transfer functions for flows of the upper Delaware River

Abstract The stochastic structure of flow data for the upper Delaware River has been examined. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models have been synthesized to describe the random components of discharge time series. Effects of reservoir control on predictive flow models were examined in the context of combined deterministic-probabilistic models. Cross-correlation analysis has been used to describe the propagation of chance events through the system.
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Generated from Adult Somatic Cells by Nuclear Transfer

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are fully pluripotent in that they can differentiate into all cell types, including gametes. We have derived 35 ES cell lines via nuclear transfer (ntES cell lines) from adult mouse somatic cells of inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains. ntES cells contributed to an extensive variety of cell types, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in vitro and germ cells in vivo. Cloning by transfer of ntES cell nuclei could result in normal development of fertile adults. These studies demonstrate the full pluripotency of ntES cells.
Bilingual and biliteracy skills in young Spanish-speaking low-SES children: impact of instructional language and primary language proficiency

The purpose of this research was to better understand the bilingual and biliteracy skills of Spanish-speaking low-socio-economic status (low-SES) children who attended an English or a bilingual programme during preschool and kindergarten/first grade, and to determine whether their outcomes varied according to instructional language and primary language proficiency. Subjects included 254 kindergarten through second grade (ages 4–7 years) Hispanic students who were low-SES, spoke Spanish as their primary language, and who had parents with low levels of formal education. Results showed that these children entered preschool with very low levels of language and literacy skills in Spanish and English, but made excellent gains regardless of the language instructional programme they attended. Children in English vs. bilingual instruction had significantly higher scores in Spanish and English language and literacy skills at preschool entry than children entering bilingual programmes, but these differences disappea...
Developmental regulation of glutathione S-transferases.

1. cDNA probes for individual isoenzymes of rat glutathione S-transferases were used to determine steady state levels of their mRNAs in liver and brain during development.2. Foetal livers were enriched in Yp transcripts (that are characteristic of hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas), but these forms decreased after the first week of postnatal development and were not detected in adult livers. In contrast, in adult brains Yp levels increased.3. Ya forms that were present at low levels in foetal and neonatal livers, increased markedly during development. Ya was not detected in brain.4. The Yb1 and Yb2 GSTs were present in higher amounts than Ya in foetal livers, and these isoenzymes also increased in adults.
On the effects of federal capital taxation on growing and declining areas

Abstract It has often been claimed that measures designed to stimulate capital formation at the national level will accelerate the decline of regions that are not growing. A number of simple models are employed to evaluate this claim, and it is found that the effect of national subsidies is ambiguous. Further, it is shown that on average the form of capital stimulus used in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 will tend to help higher-tax regions, which tend to be those that have experienced relative economic declines in recent years.
Intratracheal Pulmonary Ventilation vs. Conventional Ventilation in an Oleic Acid Lung Injury Model in the Young Lamb 197

Intratracheal Pulmonary Ventilation vs. Conventional Ventilation in an Oleic Acid Lung Injury Model in the Young Lamb 197
Estimation of facial central motor delay by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex of the dog.

Central delay time (CD) has been estimated for activation of limb muscles by electrical or transcranial magnetic coil (TMC) stimulation of motor cortex and ventral root outflow. In the present study, we used surface electrical stimulation of the motor cortex of the right hemisphere to produce evoked compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) from the contralateral orbicularis oris (o.r.), and orbicularis oculi (o.c.), in dogs. Monopolar electrical stimulation of the facial nerve at the cerebello-pontine (CP) angle yielded CMAP activation of ipsilateral facial muscles. These latencies when subtracted from those obtained by direct cortical stimulation established CD for activation of the seventh cranial nerve. Preliminary data with single pulse magnetic stimulation at high outputs (greater than 80%) revealed CMAP with onset latencies similar to the direct facial nerve stimulation at the CP angle by electrical means.
Quantification of MR brain image sequence by adaptive structure probabilistic self-organizing mixture

This paper presents a neural network based technique for the quantification of MR brain image sequences. We studied image statistics to justify the correct use of the standard finite normal mixture model and formulated image quantification as a distribution learning problem. From information theory, we used relative entropy as the information distance measure and developed an adaptive structure probabilistic self- organizing mixture to estimate the parameter values. New learning scheme has the capability of achieving flexible classifier shapes in terms of winner-takes-in probability splits of data, allowing data to contribute simultaneously to multiple regions. The result is unbiased and holds the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimation. To achieve a fully automatic function and incorporate the correlation between slices, we utilized a newly developed information theoretic criterion (minimum conditional bias/variance) to determine the suitable number of mixture components such that the network can adjust its structure to the characteristics of each image in the sequence. Compared with the results of the algorithms based on expectation- maximization, K-means, and Kohonen's self-organizing map, the new method yields a very efficient and accurate performance.
Characterization of mouse ribosomal gene fragments purified by molecular cloning.

Abstract Four mouse ribosomal gene fragments cloned in λgtWES were studied by restriction enzyme mapping and Southern transfer experiments. These fragments were found to contain 18S DNA and transcribed as well as non-transcribed spacer DNA. Variation in the structure of these mouse DNA inserts was limited to one region of spacer DNA. This variation may reflect real structural differences found in mouse ribosomal genes or possibly deletion events which occurred during cloning. The transcribed regions of the inserts appear identical to one another and restriction enzyme fragments from this region correspond to fragments observed in digests of total mouse DNA. These clones will be useful in studying the structure of transcribed spacer DNA including the ribosomal gene promoter.
Composite Boson Fields From Local and Nonlocal Fermionic Lagrangians

Path-integral methods are used to reformulate nonlocal effective fermion Lagrangians in terms of composite bilocal boson variables. The bosons' equations of motion are derived and some inconsistencies in previous treatments are circumvented. When linearized, the equations are of the Bethe-Salpeter type. The local four-fermion interaction is treated as a limiting case. A generalization of the usual $\ensuremath{\delta}$ distribution is constructed and it is applied to the renormalization of the theory. With its help one can also establish the formal equivalence between a four-fermion local Lagrangian and other Lagrangians containing bosons and fermions with Yukawa interactions.
N-acetylaspartate reductions in the mediodorsal and anterior thalamus in men with schizophrenia verified by tissue volume corrected proton MRSI

Abstract Objective Deficits in the mediodorsal and anterior nuclei of the thalamus may contribute to the psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia. These thalamic nuclei have been found to be abnormal in schizophrenia and have close connections with other brain structures implicated in the disorder. We therefore examined schizophrenia-related alterations in brain metabolite levels specifically in the mediodorsal and anterior thalamic subregions. Method We used in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( 1 H MRSI) to measure N -acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr) in the mediodorsal and anterior thalamus in 22 male patients with schizophrenia and 22 male controls. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue segmentation and thalamic volume mask techniques were performed to distinguish the thalamus, extrathalamic gray and white matter, and CSF within the spectroscopic voxels. Results Compared to healthy subjects, patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower NAA in the mediodorsal and anterior thalamus bilaterally. No significant differences in Cho or Cr levels were seen. NAA was significantly higher in the left thalamus relative to the right in both groups. We found a strong negative correlation between left thalamic NAA and duration of illness, even after partialling out the effect of age. Tissue segmentation and thalamic volume mask techniques detected no group or lateralized differences in tissue type or CSF percentages, demonstrating that the metabolite reductions were not an artifact of spectroscopic voxel heterogeneity. Conclusions These findings suggest diminished function and/or structure in the mediodorsal and anterior thalamus in male patients with schizophrenia and support earlier research demonstrating schizophrenia-related abnormalities in the thalamus and its circuitry.
Cooling and cooling circuits for electric motors

Though thermal considerations are one of the major limitations to the output obtainable from electrical machines, the thermal design of machines and their cooling circuits seems seldom to be accorded quite the attention that is normally directed to the electrical and magnetic circuits. There are various ways in which the designer of an electric motor handles the losses occurring in the different parts of the machine: generally, by dissipation from the surface, but also by conduction from areas that are difficult to cool adequately to those where this is easier to achieve, and, where appropriate, by using the thermal capacity of the machine to even out peak or cyclic thermal loads. The superior dissipation obtained by blowing air over a surface rather than relying on natural convection and radiation results in all but the smallest motors relying on some form of forced cooling, in which cooling air is blown over the surfaces to be cooled by shaft-driven fans. Though the cooling-air paths of electric motors are often complicated by the need to cool all the many component parts of the machine in which losses occur and therefore in which heat is generated, nevertheless an application of quite simple considerations of fluid flow yield acceptable methods of estimating the resistance of the air paths. Similarly, the behaviour of the common types of fans used on electrical machines is developed, and, by way of illustration, graphical solutions are indicated for a few typical motor cooling circuits.
The virtual mass and lift force on a sphere in rotating and straining inviscid flow

Calcul de la force s'exercant sur une sphere unique en accelation par rapport a un fluide non visqueux soumis a une deformation pure et une rotation loin de la sphere. Cette force consiste en trois parties: la force de gradient de pression et une force de non trainee qui consiste en une force de masse virtuelle et une force de portance
Model uncertainty: theory and practical implications

A model is a representation of a system that can be used to answer questions about the system. In many situations in which models are used, there exists no set of universally accepted modeling assumptions. The term model uncertainty commonly refers to uncertainty about a model's structure, as distinguished from uncertainty about parameters. This paper presents alternative formal approaches to treating model uncertainty, discusses methods for using data to reduce model uncertainty, presents approaches for diagnosing inadequate models, and discusses appropriate use of models that are subject to model uncertainty.
Spoken language recognition in an office management domain

The authors highlight needs related to a voice interface and describe the implementation of a general-purpose spoken language interface, the Carnegie Mellon Spoken Language Shell (CM-SLS). CM-SLS provides voice interface services to different applications running on the same computer. CM-SLS was used to build the Office Manager, a collection of applications that includes an appointment calendar, a personal database, voice mail, and a calculator. The performance of several system components is described. >
The question-behavior effect: What we know and where we go from here

Researchers have consistently shown that questioning people about a future behavior influences the subsequent performance of that behavior. Since its first demonstration by Sherman (1980), two groups of researchers have built parallel streams of research investigating the self‐prophecy and mere‐measurement phenomenon. Both sets of scholars have clearly demonstrated the importance of questioning as a social influence technique and have shed light on at least two of the theoretical processes underlying observed effects. In the current paper, these researchers formally adopt a common label—the question–behavior effect—for these and similar effects. After providing a review of prior work in the area, the authors detail directions for future researchers interested in joining the investigation of this unique and persuasive form of social influence.