cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptation and the perception of facial age

We examined how the perceived age of adult faces is affected by adaptation to younger or older adult faces. Observers viewed images of a synthetic male face simulating ageing over a modelled range from 15 to 65 years. Age was varied by changing shape cues or textural cues. Age level was varied in a staircase to find the observer's subjective category boundary between "old" and "young". These boundaries were strongly biased by adaptation to the young or old face, with significant aftereffects induced by either shape or textural cues. A further experiment demonstrated comparable aftereffects for photorealistic images of average older or younger adult faces, and found that aftereffects showed some selectivity for a change in gender but also strongly transferred across gender. This transfer shows that adaptation can adjust to the attribute of age somewhat independently of other facial attributes. These findings suggest that perceived age, like many other natural facial dimensions, is highly susceptible to adaptation, and that this adaptation can be carried by both the structural and textural changes that normally accompany facial ageing.
Modeling of Screw-Plate Systems for Mandibular Fracture Repair

Fractures of the mandible are a common form of traumatic injury. These fractures may be repaired using miniplates secured to cortical bone with screws. In the present research, the authors measure the pull-out strengths of cortical screws using a standard test paradigm and develop a finite element model to analyze forces acting on these screws. Pull-out strengths are measured in a tri-laminate synthetic material that mimics the cortical layers and cancellous bone of the mandible. A finite-element (FE) model is developed to analyze the mechanics of deformation of the model bone during the pullout process. Issues that are important for the proper modeling of both normal and fractured mandibles are also considered.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
On a trigonometric inequality of vinogradov

The sum f(m, n)=∑a=1m−1(|sinπanm||sinπam|) arises in bounding incomplete exponential sums. In this article we show that for positive integers m, n with m>1, f(m, n)<(4π2) m log m+0.38m+0.608+0.116 d2m, where d=(m, n). This improves earlier bounds for f(m, n). The constant 4π2 in the main term is shown to be best possible.
Time-Resolved L-Shell Spectra from Ions with Z=40-47 in Two and Four Wire X Pinches

Summary form only given. Time-resolved L-shell X-ray spectra from single X pinches at 400 kA, and two X pinches in parallel, each with about 225 kA, have been obtained from medium Z materials (Z=40-47). This was accomplished using a new, specially designed Kentech X-ray streak camera combined with a focusing spectrograph with spatial resolution (FSSR) mica crystal spectrograph. The experiments were carried out on the 450 kA, 100 ns (full width at half maximum) XP pulser at Cornell University. A very short delay triggering system makes it possible to record the beginning of an X-ray burst with a temporal resolution of about 10 ps. The streak camera sweep is triggered either by the UV generated during the X-pinch breakdown process or by the XUV pulse radiated just before the main X-ray pulse. An X-ray pulse from an X pinch usually begins with a strong burst of continuum radiation. After a very short time, on the order of tens of ps, the continuum burst will subside, and radiation from the spectral lines of Ne-like ions will appear. This line radiation will continue for the remainder of the overall X-ray output pulse, becoming superimposed upon any subsequent continuum bursts that should occur. Line widths were observed to change with time, indicating a change in ion velocity and/or plasma density. There was no evidence of energetic electrons in the initial part of the X-ray pulse. In fact, spectral lines corresponding to transitions in relatively cold, weakly ionized wire material, and excited by electrons with energies of more than 10 keV, were generally observed in the X-ray radiation more than 100 ps after the initial "thermal" X-ray burst. The fine structure of Ne-like spectra along the isoelectronic sequence for Z=40-47 is currently being investigated
Dissecting Hematopoiesis and Disease Using the Zebrafish

The study of blood has often defined paradigms that are relevant to the biology of other vertebrate organ systems. As examples, stem cell physiology and the structure of the membrane cytoskeleton were first described in hematopoietic cells. Much of the reason for these successes resides in the ease with which blood cells can be isolated and manipulated in vitro. The cell biology of hematopoiesis can also be illuminated by the study of human disease states such as anemia, immunodeficiency, and leukemia. The sequential development of the blood system in vertebrates is characterized by ventral mesoderm induction, hematopoietic stem cell specification, and subsequent cell lineage differentiation. Some of the key regulatory steps in this process have been uncovered by studies in mouse, chicken, and Xenopus. More recently, the genetics of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been employed to define novel points of regulation of the hematopoietic program. In this review, we describe the advantages of the zebrafish system for the study of blood cell development and the initial success of the system in this pursuit. The striking similarity of zebrafish mutant phenotypes and human diseases emphasizes the utility of this model system for elucidating pathophysiologic mechanisms. New screens for lineage-specific mutations are beginning, and the availability of transgenics promises a better understanding of lineage-specific gene expression. The infrastructure of the zebrafish system is growing with an NIH-directed genome initiative, providing a detailed map of the zebrafish genome and an increasing number of candidate genes for the mutations. The zebrafish is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of normal and disease-related hematopoiesis.
A space just for YOU: specialized learning centers

Technology is ubiquitous in the lives of our students, faculty, and staff, and often they are expected to "just know" how to use it for academic purposes. This doesn't always mean, however, that they really know how to transfer technology skills to their research. Since the 1990s, the University of Michigan Library has been supporting this knowledge transfer at the Knowledge Navigation Center (KNC) and Faculty Exploratory; in 2008 we began serving primarily undergraduates in a similar facility called the TechDeck.Open to the entire university community, over 70% of KNC clients are graduate students who are scanning articles for their teaching or research, creating posters or web pages, or formatting their dissertations. The Exploratory was specifically designed for faculty, to help them explore and apply new technology in their teaching, research and professional communication. In addition to consultations, faculty attend workshops on creating web pages or presentations, or manipulating images.Developed with the needs of undergraduates in mind, and located on the busy first floor of the Undergraduate Library, the TechDeck is open evenings and Sunday afternoons. The Tech Suites across the room from the TechDeck include the Brainstorming Room (with a CopyCam, whiteboards and projector), the Presentation Practice Room (with a video camera and screen capture software), and the Editing Room (with editing software and media conversion decks). The same professional and student staff operate all three facilities, creating more flexibility in scheduling, more seamless service, and a student staff with a broader range of experience and knowledge. This in turn enables the library to provide a higher quality service.This poster session will highlight the similarities and differences between these facilities and discuss staffing models to support them all.
Shape invariance and the exactness of the quantum Hamilton–Jacobi formalism

Abstract Quantum Hamilton–Jacobi theory and supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM) are two parallel methods to determine the spectra of a quantum mechanical systems without solving the Schrodinger equation. It was recently shown that the shape invariance, which is an integrability condition in SUSYQM formalism, can be utilized to develop an iterative algorithm to determine the quantum momentum functions. In this Letter, we show that shape invariance also suffices to determine the eigenvalues in quantum Hamilton–Jacobi theory.
Ethical Principles in Geriatric Nephrology

Seven principles are suggested to resolve ethical issues raised by medical developments affecting an aging society. First, there must be clear identification of the goals of medical treatment. Second, treatments must consider the whole person. Third, physiological concerns are more important than chronological age. Fourth, a patient's choice must be respected when choice is the result of an informed decision-making process. Fifth, access has to be equitable while respecting the sixth principle which requires allocation of resources. Finally, society must more clearly identify the appropriate principles to guide the care of the dying person.
How agencies can support integrated communications

Abstract How can outside agencies support integrated communications? The total quality management (TQM) literature on supplier-buyer relationships is reviewed, and an interview study of eight leading American TQM companies is described. The study suggests that integrated communication is best supported when the client company develops a long-term partnership with a small number of agencies. Two approaches are suggested for corporations with multiple product lines or brands to consolidate the number of agencies: (1) assign one agency for each communication channel, which is responsible for integrating the communication channels “horizontally” across business units; or (2) assign one agency to each business unit responsible for integrating business units “vertically” across all communication channels within the unit.
How do lesbian women develop serenity

This article considers how lesbian women recover from alcoholism and develop serenity in the context of a homophobic society. We review what is known about the incidence and lethality of alcoholism in lesbian women. We critique Finnegan and McNally's (1987) five‐stage conceptual framework of lesbian and alcoholic identity development, which is based on the disease model of recovery. We present our own model, based on our own recovery experiences. The Deevey‐Wall model describes factors that may determine how shaming social environments may affect drinking behavior and recovery in lesbian women. In conclusion, we explain Wall's theory of self‐hate as a survival mechanism in traumatically hostile environments.
Cu(II), Ag(I) and Pt(II) bipyridine oligomer metallomacrocycles that function as efficient host complexes for the encapsulation of alkali ion guests

Abstract Two open-chain bipyridine oligomers (1 and 2) were coordinated to Cu(II) (3 and 4) and Ag(I) (5 and 6) metal centers producing the corresponding closed-pocket monometallic macrocycles. The oligomers were also coordinated to two Pt(II) dichloride moieties (7 and 8) producing the bimetallic oligomeric complexes. The metallated complexes were more efficient alkali ion extractors than the free ligands and they displayed unique ion selectivities based on the nature of the metallomacrocycle that was formed. The largest monometallic Ag(I) system (6) displayed the highest extraction efficiency (EE) values for all ions (Na+, K+, and Cs+) with an ion selectivity order of Na+ > K+ > Cs+. The bimetallic Pt(II) systems (7 and 8) were less efficient overall than the monometallic complexes at extracting ions, but displayed greater ion selectivity. The ion selectivity order for these complexes was Cs+ > K+ > Na+. The uncomplexed host transition metal systems were characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and the ion-encapsulated host–guest systems were characterized using ESI and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV–Vis spectroscopy.
A comparative study of approaches to dynamic location problems

Abstract We compare the performance of seven approximate methods for locating new capacity over time to minimize the total discounted costs of meeting growing demands at several locations. Comparisons are based on results for two industrial planning problems from India, and are given for both discrete-time and continuous-time frameworks. We also discuss strategies for combining different methods into possibly more effective hybrid approaches.
Predictive parameters in biologic assessment of low-stage retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection.

In all, 30% of patients felt to have clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer in fact have pathologic stage B disease. Although patients with clinical stage A nonseminoma currently enjoy a very high change for cure, a better assignment of therapy at diagnosis could lead to an overall decrease in the morbidity of treatment. This study analyzed orchiectomy specimens from 102 patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer, all of whom underwent pathologic staging via retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND). Various parameters of the orchiectomy specimen were analyzed to determine wheter or not clinical staging could be improved on the basis of these factors. Statistical analysis resulted in the following model. If the orchiectomy specimen consisted of 100% embryonal carcinoma the patient was classified as being at high risk for retroperitoneal metastasis. In the absence of this finding the aneuploid cell line as determined by flow cytometry was considered. If the percentage of aneuploid cells in the S phase was less than 29% the patient was felt to be at low risk for retroperitoneal metastasis. If this percentage was greater than 29% the patient was classified as being at high risk. Using this paradigm, 77% of pathologic stage A patients and 91% of pathologic stage B patients were correctly classified. The test efficiency was 82%. This pilot study resulted in an interesting model that should be tested prospectively in consecutive patients to determine whether it is clinically useful.
Screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic children with Down syndrome: cost-effectiveness of preventing lymphoma.

Celiac disease is now recognized as a relatively common disease. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition subcommittee on celiac disease recently published recommendations for testing and treatment.1 The subcommittee recommended that high-risk groups such as first-degree relatives of patients with celiac disease and individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Turner’s syndrome, short stature, permanent dentition enamel erosion, and Down syndrome be screened with the antitissue transglutaminase antibody test. Screening for a disease is appropriate if the disease has serious consequences, if before onset of the disease there is a detectable latent phase, and there exists a treatment that … Address correspondence to Neal S. LeLeiko, MD, PhD, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Brown University, 593 Eddy St, MPH 126, Providence, RI 02903. E-mail: neal_leleiko{at}brown.edu
An empirical test of the efficiency of the ADR market

Abstract This study examines the weak form efficiency of foreign equities — American Depository Receipts — traded in the U.S. The results of serial correlation and runs tests on a sample of listed and NASDAQ ADRs for the years 1974–1978 were consistent with weak form efficiency.
Induction of progressive profound hypocitraturia with increasing doses of topiramate.

OBJECTIVES To provide prospective, longitudinal evidence of the effects of topiramate, an antiepileptic medication prescribed for migraine headaches, on stone-risk factors, specifically as pertaining to dosing and rapidity of onset. METHODS Patients scheduled to begin topiramate therapy were recruited to participate in the study. Enrolled subjects collected a pretreatment 24-hour urine specimen with subsequent 24-hour urine specimens collected 5 days after beginning topiramate and after each dose escalation. RESULTS Six subjects enrolled in the study, 4 of whom completed two additional urine collections after initiating topiramate therapy. The pretreatment urine collections of the 4 subjects with additional samples revealed the following mean (range) values: urine volume 1550 (1300 to 1900) mL, pH 6.75 (6 to 7), creatinine 1436.3 (1196 to 1590) mg/day, calcium 305.8 (209 to 423) mg/day, and citrate 606.8 (290 to 860) mg/day. Five days after initiation of topiramate, mean calcium decreased to 211.5 mg/day (31% decrease), and mean citrate decreased to 398 (99 to 804) mg/day, an average decrease of 39.8% (6.5% to 65.9%) per patient. After a dose escalation, calcium increased to 286.8 mg/day, but citrate decreased further to 209 (119 to 353) mg/day, an average decrease of 65.1% (57.9% to 71.7%) per patient from pretreatment levels. CONCLUSIONS Topiramate therapy induces a profound decrease in urinary citrate levels, equivalent to the levels seen in distal renal tubular acidosis. Citrate levels decrease quickly after the start of topiramate therapy and continue to decrease with escalating doses.
Liver transplantation in the child.

Liver transplantation has become the accepted mode of therapy for the patient with end-stage liver disease, with a 1-year success rate of approximately 70%. This is particularly true in the child in whom the indications are sometimes more clear cut than in the adult patient. The limiting factor to transplantation, however, remains the availability of suitable pediatric donor livers. Presently, the major indication for pediatric liver transplantation is extrahepatic biliary atresia. Other diseases in the pediatric patient treatable by this modality are chronic obstructive liver diseases, primary tumors of the liver, and a variety of metabolic disorders such as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, and tyrosinemia, as well as acute and subacute hepatic failure resulting from viral or toxin insult. Liver transplantation is no longer an experimental procedure but now is an accepted therapy. This has resulted in large part because of improved surgical techniques, perioperative management, and immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin.
Ceremonial dialogic greetings among the Kuna Indians of Panama

Ceremonial dialogue is the form in which chiefs among the Kuna Indians of Panama perform myth, history, and personal experience to the Kuna community. Arkan kae, the ritual greeting between two chiefs from separate villages, is also performed in this way. The language of arkan kae, like the language of Kuna ceremonial dialogue more generally, is ritual, metaphorical, and poetic. With regard to content, arkan kae deals with the health of the chiefs and their villages, their travels, and their experiences. While not as ritually elaborated or structured, the arkan kae pattern of ceremonial dialogic greeting emerges between two friends or family members who have not seen one another for a long time, as they report and narrate to one another about their experiences during the period when they were separated. It should also be pointed out that the ceremonial dialogic model for speech, widespread in indigenous, oral societies in Latin America, is gradually but sometimes brutally becoming replaced with another model, with which it has long been in competition and conflict, the European derived, monologic and literate model.
RFLP and RAPD mapping in flax (Linum usitatissimum)

A map of flax (Linum usitatissimum) using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), and comprising 15 linkage groups containing 94 markers, has been developed covering about 1000 cM. The mapping populations were the F2 populations from two crosses between diverse cultivars. From one cross, CI1303 and Stormont Cirrus, 20 RFLP and 520 RAPD markers were analyzed. Thirteen RFLP and 80 RAPD markers were on the 15 linkage groups, in addition to one sequence-tagged site (STS). Seven polymorphic RAPD markers were found to have unusual segregation patterns. RAPDs were expressed as dominant markers, but for these markers a prevalence of the progeny lacked a band rather than the expected one-fourth ratio. However, these exceptions may be related to the instability of the genome of Stormont Cirrus in which stable and heritable genomic changes can be induced by environmental factors. The current map could be used for the identification of markers linked to loci controlling the ability to generate heritable changes in response to environmental growth conditions, and to develop anchor loci with STSs for a more general application.
Desensitization of sensitized 304 stainless steel by laser surface melting

Laser surface melting was used to desensitize the surface layer of sensitized 304 stainless steel. The degree of sensitization was determined quantitatively for sensitized and sensitized then laser surface melted samples from the modified ASTM-262 practice E test to be 45% and 0%, respectively. Grain-boundary melting which occurs in the heat-affected zone is believed to contribute the desensitization in the solid. X-ray diffraction results did not show any phase transformation in the melted layer or in the heat-affected zone. The results of the tensile tests indicate that sensitized stainless steel regains its corrosion resistance properties and, in addition, its mechanical properties seem to be enhanced by the laser surface melting.
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine during Pregnancy: Pregnancy and Infant Health Outcomes

Objective To assess pregnancy and birth outcomes in infants born to women who did or did not receive tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine during pregnancy. Study design Retrospective cohort. Pregnant women 12-45 years of age who received Tdap at Intermountain Healthcare facilities and their infants were identified and compared with mother-infant pairs without documented Tdap from May 2005 through August 2009. Primary measures included pregnancy outcomes and infant health outcomes at birth through 12 months. Results From 162 448 pregnancies we identified 138 women (0.08%) with documented Tdap administration during pregnancy (cases); 552 pregnant women without documented Tdap were randomly selected as controls. Of 138 immunized women, 63% received Tdap in the first trimester and 37% after. Tdap was given most commonly as wound prophylaxis. The incidence of spontaneous or elective abortion was no greater in Tdap cases than in controls. There were no significant differences in preterm delivery, gestational age, or birth weight between groups. One or more congenital anomaly was identified in 3.7% (95% CI 1.2%-8.5%) of case infants and 4.4% (95% CI 2.7%-6.5%) of control infants ( P = .749). In infants born to women receiving Tdap during pregnancy, 3.6% (0.8%-10.2%) had International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , Clinical Modification diagnoses consistent with complex chronic conditions within 12 months compared with 10.4% (95% CI 7.2%-14.4%) of infants of controls ( P = .054). Conclusions Documented Tdap administration during pregnancy was uncommon and occurred most often in the first trimester as prophylaxis following trauma. No increase in adverse outcomes was identified in infants born to women receiving Tdap compared with infants of controls.
Multiaxial thermal damage of collagenous membranes

There is a pressing need to evaluate the effects of multiaxial stresses on the kinetics of thermal denaturation and conversely to evaluate the effects of heating on the subsequent multiaxial properties. No such data are available. We present data on bovine epicardium that reveal the effects of two special cases of mechanical loading during isothermal heating: biaxial isotonic and biaxial isometric tests. General findings include: (1) free-shrinkage condition yields a much more compliant and extensible tissue; (2) isometric condition near the original natural configuration yields a much less extensible and stiffer material; (3) high strain isometric and high load isotonic conditions yield a spectrum of alterations, with less general deviation from the native response; (4) increased isotonic load both delays onset of shrinkage and decreases equilibrium shrinkage; (5) increased temperature both hastens shrinkage and increases equilibrium shrinkage. Thermal damage under multiaxial stresses is thus a very complex process, one that merits much greater attention.
Minimax regret treatment choice with finite samples

Abstract This paper applies the minimax regret criterion to choice between two treatments conditional on observation of a finite sample. The analysis is based on exact small sample regret and does not use asymptotic approximations or finite-sample bounds. Core results are: (i) Minimax regret treatment rules are well approximated by empirical success rules in many cases, but differ from them significantly–both in terms of how the rules look and in terms of maximal regret incurred–for small sample sizes and certain sample designs. (ii) Absent prior cross-covariate restrictions on treatment outcomes, they prescribe inference that is completely separate across covariates, leading to no-data rules as the support of a covariate grows. I conclude by offering an assessment of these results.
The grammatical ingredients of counterfactuality

Counterfactual constructions convey the meaning that the speaker believes a certain proposition not to hold. This article investigates the morphosyntactic composition of counterfactual conditionals and counterfactual wishes and the question of how the form of counterfactuals is related to their meaning. Across languages, there are combinations of tense, mood, and aspect morphemes that are used repeatedly in the expression of counterfactuality. I discuss the role of all three components.
Overall survival analysis of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Background: Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NAC) followed by esophagectomy are more likely to have negative margins at resection, be downstaged, and have improved overall survival (OS). The specific aim of this study was to analyze OS outcomes using NAC followed by esophagectomy at a single, tertiary care academic medical center. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 106 patients that underwent NAC with platinum-based chemotherapy plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or capecitabine followed by esophagectomy from September 1996 to May 2011. OS was analyzed by the Kaplan Meier method. Results: Initial staging determined that of 106 patients, 62% had stage III (n=66), 31% stage II (n=33), and 7% had stage I disease (n=7). Following NAC, 92.5% (n=98) were resected with negative (R0) margins and pathologic staging revealed 59% (n=62) were downstaged, 9% (n=10) were upstaged, and 32% (n=34) remained at the same stage. A pathologic complete response (pCR) was achieved in 29% (n=31) of the cohort. Median OS was 35.2 months for all patients, 42 months for downstaged patients, 13 months when upstaged, and 17 months for those who remained at the same stage (P=0.08). OS by histological type was 30 months for adenocarcinoma and 71 months for squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.06). Conclusions: NAC was effective in downstaging 59% of patients and effectively increased the chance for an R0 resection. These patients, in turn, had improved OS compared to the median OS. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed a trend towards more favorable OS.
Self-heating effects in basic semiconductor structures

Investigates the effects of self-heating on the high current I-V characteristics of semiconductor structures using a fully coupled electrothermal device simulator. It is shown that the breakdown in both resistors and diodes is caused by conductivity modulation due to minority carrier generation. In isothermal simulations with T=300 K, avalanche generation is the source of minority carriers. In simulations with self-heating, both avalanche and thermal generation of minority carriers can contribute to the breakdown mechanism. The voltage and current at breakdown are dependent on the structure of the device and the doping concentration in the region with lower doping. For all structures, except highly doped resistors with poor heating sinking at the contacts, the temperature at thermal breakdown ranged from 1.25T/sub i/ to 3T/sub i/, where T/sub i/ is the temperature at which the semiconductor goes intrinsic. Hence, it is found that T=T/sub i/ is not a general condition for thermal (or second) breakdown. From these studies, an improved condition for thermal breakdown is proposed. >
Adaptive neural network based power system stabilizer design

Power system stabilizers (PSS) are used to generate supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency power system oscillations. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional PSS (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the literature. Based on the analysis of existing techniques, this paper presents an indirect adaptive neural network based power system stabilizer (IDNC) design. The proposed IDNC consists of a neuro-controller, which is used to generate a supplementary control signal to the excitation system, and a neuro-identifier, which is used to model the dynamics of the power system and to adapt the neuro-controller parameters. The proposed method has the features of a simple structure, adaptivity and fast response. The proposed IDNC is evaluated on a single machine infinite bus power system under different operating conditions and disturbances to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness.
The receptive-expressive gap in the vocabulary of young second-language learners: Robustness and possible mechanisms.

Adults and children learning a second language show difficulty accessing expressive vocabulary that appears accessible receptively in their first language (L1). We call this discrepancy the receptive–expressive gap. Kindergarten Spanish (L1) – English (L2) sequential bilinguals were given standardized tests of receptive and expressive vocabulary in both Spanish and English. We found a small receptive–expressive gap in English but a large receptive–expressive gap in Spanish. We categorized children as having had high or low levels of English exposure based on demographic variables and found that the receptive–expressive gap persisted across both levels of English exposure. Regression analyses revealed that variables predicting both receptive and expressive vocabulary scores failed to predict the receptive–expressive gap. The results suggest that the onset of the receptive–expressive gap in L1 may have been abrupt. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying the phenomenon.
Gait Generation For Legged Robots

Ahstruct-Gait generation is the formulation and selection of a sequence of coordinated leg and body motions that propel a legged robot along a desired path. Approaches to gait generation can be classified into control, behavioral, rule-based, and constraintbased paradigms. We survey these models of gait generation and introduce the Ambler, a hexapod robot that can circulate its legs to produce unique gaits. Then we present kinematic, collision, terrain, support, and stability constraints available for gait generation, and discuss our progress using a constraint-based method to generate the Ambler's gait. I. INTRODUCTION In comparison to wheeled mechanisms, legged rnechnisms require complex design, move slowly, and are difficult to control. However, for locomotion over rough or discontinuous terrain, legged mech'anisms are potentially superior to wheeled mech,uiisms.[ 11 Legged mechanisms make discrete terrain contacts and avoid undesirable footholds while wheeled mechanisms have rollers in continuous contact with the ground. The posture of a wheeled mechanism is dependent upon the terrain, but a legged mechanism can isolate its body from tlie ten ani- ' achieving a more stable stunce' and allowing smooth level motion. Legged locomotion is theoretically more energy efficient because body propulsion does not expend as much energy in soil compaction and body motion can occur in a level plane decoupled from the effects of gravity. Legged mechanisms can actively position their center of gravity to maximize stability. Dead reckoning (estimating position by integrating motion over time) can be more accurate in a legged machine where feet make discrete contacts and do not slip or skid like a wheel. The complexity in the design of legged mechanisms can be achieved, a$ is demonstrated by the working systems examined in this paper. We believe that the slow, smooth motion of legged devices is advantageous in rough terrain where caution (and, sometimes, sensing) will limit the speed of wheeled and legged mechanisms alike. The significant drawback to legs has been the difficulty in control. For a slow-moving walker, this challenge is not in moving the individual legs, a$ this is directly analogous to well-unders tood manipulator control, but in the coordination of leg and body motions. The legged robot, either with a real-time controller, low-level planner, or as an artifact of its architecture, must generate a sequence of leg and body motions, a gait, that will propel it along some path. Gait yeneralion is the formulation and selection of a sequence of coordinated leg and body motions that propcl the robot along a desired path. In this paper we survey several approaches taken toward gait generation aid present some of and discuss our work on gait generation for the Ambler.
Hybrid wind/PV/fuel cell generation system

In this paper an energy system composed of three energy conversion devices, namely photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, and a fuel cell is proposed. A fuzzy logic controller has been designed to provide power to a home on a continuous basis and a hydrogen fuelling station. This controller directs power to a fixed voltage DC bus. The fixed voltage bus supplies the house load, while the excess power is directed to the batteries first and an electrolyzer second, which is used to generate hydrogen for supplying vehicles and a stationary fuel cell. Simulation results proved the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller.
RNA-sequence analysis of human B-cells

RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) allows quantitative measurement of expression levels of genes and their transcripts. In this study, we sequenced complementary DNA fragments of cultured human B-cells and obtained 879 million 50-bp reads comprising 44 Gb of sequence. The results allowed us to study the gene expression profile of B-cells and to determine experimental parameters for sequencing-based expression studies. We identified 20,766 genes and 67,453 of their alternatively spliced transcripts. More than 90% of the genes with multiple exons are alternatively spliced; for most genes, one isoform is predominantly expressed. We found that while chromosomes differ in gene density, the percentage of transcribed genes in each chromosome is less variable. In addition, genes involved in related biological processes are expressed at more similar levels than genes with different functions. Besides characterizing gene expression, we also used the data to investigate the effect of sequencing depth on gene expression measurements. While 100 million reads are sufficient to detect most expressed genes and transcripts, about 500 million reads are needed to measure accurately their expression levels. We provide examples in which deep sequencing is needed to determine the relative abundance of genes and their isoforms. With data from 20 individuals and about 40 million sequence reads per sample, we uncovered only 21 alternatively spliced, multi-exon genes that are not in databases; this result suggests that at this sequence coverage, we can detect most of the known genes. Results from this project are available on the UCSC Genome Browser to allow readers to study the expression and structure of genes in human B-cells.
Ungulate stimulation of nitrogen cycling and retention in Yellowstone Park grasslands

We studied how ungulates and a large variation in site conditions influenced grassland nitrogen (N) dynamics in Yellowstone National Park. In contrast to most grassland N studies that have examined one or two soil N processes, we investigated four rates, net N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and inorganic N leaching, at seven paired sites inside and outside long-term (33+ year) exclosures. Our focus was how N fluxes were related to one another among highly variable grasslands and how grazers influenced those relationships. In addition, we examined variation in soil δ15N among grasslands and the relationships between soil 15N abundance and N processes. Previously, ungulates were reported to facilitate net N mineralization across variable Yellowstone grasslands and denitrification at mesic sites. In this study, we found that herbivores also promoted nitrification among diverse grasslands. Furthermore, net N mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification (kg N ha–1 year–1, each variable) were postively and linearly related to one another among all grasslands (grazed and fenced), and grazers reduced the nitrification/net N mineralization and denitrification/net N mineralization ratios, indicating that ungulates inhibited the proportion of available NH4+ that was nitrified and denitrified. There was no relationship between net N mineralization or nitrification with leaching (indexed by inorganic N adsorbed to resin buried at the bottom of rooting zones) and leaching was unaffected by grazers. Soil δ15N was positively and linearly related to in situ net N mineralization and nitrification in ungrazed grasslands; however, there was no relationship between isotopic composition of N and those rates among grazed grasslands. The results suggested that grazers simultaneously increased N availability (stimulated net N mineralization and nitrification per unit area) and N conservation (reduced N loss from the soil per unit net N mineralization) in Yellowstone grasslands. Grazers promoted N retention by stimulating microbial productivity, probably caused by herbivores promoting labile soil C. Process-level evidence for N retention by grazers was supported by soil δ15N data. Grazed grassland with high rates of N cycling had substantially lower soil δ15N relative to values expected for ungrazed grassland with comparable net N mineralization and nitrification rates. These soil 15N results suggest that ungulates inhibited N loss at those sites. Such documented evidence for consumer control of N availability to plants, microbial productivity, and N retention in Yellowstone Park is further testimony for the widespread regulation of grassland processes by large herbivores.
When Employees Do Bad Things for Good Reasons: Examining Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors

We propose that employees sometimes engage in unethical acts with the intent to benefit their organization, its members, or both---a construct we term unethical pro-organizational behavior. We suggest that positive social exchange relationships and organizational identification may lead to unethical pro-organizational behavior indirectly via neutralization, the process by which the moral content of unethical actions is overlooked. We incorporate situational and individual-level constructs as moderators of these relationships and consider managerial implications and future research.
An FPGA Implementation for Solving Least Square Problem

This paper proposes a high performance least square solver on FPGAs using the Cholesky decomposition method. Our design can be realized by iteratively adopting a single triangular linear equation solver for modified Cholesky decomposition and forward/backward substitutions. Good performance is achieved by optimizing the Cholesky factorization algorithms, reordering the computation and thus alleviating the data dependency. Dedicated hardware architecture for solving triangular linear equations is designed and implemented for different precision requirements. Compared to software on a Pentium 4, our design achieves a significant speedup.
Scarecrow Plays a Role in Establishing Kranz Anatomy in Maize Leaves

More than a quarter of the primary productivity on land, and a large fraction of the food that humans consume, is contributed by plants that fix atmospheric CO(2) by C(4) photosynthesis. It has been estimated that transferring the C(4) pathway to C(3) crops could boost yield by 50% and also increase water use efficiency and reduce the need for fertilizer, particularly in dry, hot environments. The high productivity of maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and several emerging bioenergy grasses is due largely to C(4) photosynthesis, which is enabled by the orderly arrangement, in concentric rings, of specialized bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in leaves in a pattern known as Kranz anatomy. Here we show that PIN, the auxin efflux protein, is present in the end walls of maize bundle sheath cells, as it is in the endodermis of the root. Since this marker suggests the expression of endodermal genetic programs in bundle sheath cells, we determined whether the transcription factor SCARECROW, which regulates structural differentiation of the root endodermis, also plays a role in the development of Kranz anatomy in maize. Mutations in the Scarecrow gene result in proliferation of bundle sheath cells, abnormal differentiation of bundle sheath chloroplasts, vein disorientation, loss of minor veins and reduction of vein density. Further characterization of this signal transduction pathway should facilitate the transfer of the C(4) trait into C(3) crop species, including rice.
THE APPLICATION OF FERRITIN-CONJUGATED ANTIBODY TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN INFECTED CELLS : I. THE CELLULAR SURFACE.

Immersion of chorioallantoic membranes infected by influenza virus in ferritin-conjugated antibody globulin prior to fixation permits recognition of viral antigen at the cellular surface. In some cases the antigen is confined to sites at which viral particles appear to be in process of release, whereas in others it is present along the entire cellular surface. During infection part or all of the cellular membrane presumably is transformed so that it contains the antigenic and structural components which coat the virus during emergence. It is suggested that detached fragments of cytoplasm possessing surface hemagglutinin but incapable of initiating infection constitute at least one form of "incomplete virus."
Design and analysis of a multi-channel cognitive MAC protocol for dynamic access spectrum networks

This paper proposes a decentralized cognitive radio based multi-channel MAC protocol for dynamic access spectrum (DSA) networks. In our proposed MAC protocol, each secondary user is equipped with a cognitive radio-based transceiver and multiple channel sensors. With the help of the two-way handshakes of control packets, the proposed MAC protocol enables the secondary users to opportunistically utilize the unused frequency spectrum while avoiding the collisions among secondary users and those between secondary and primary users. Applying the M/GY /1 queuing theory, we develop a rigorous analytical model to analyze the performance of our proposed MAC protocol in terms of aggregate throughput and packet transmission delay. We validate our developed analytical model through extensive simulations.
Hematocrit of the human cranial blood pool.

A technique is described utilizing the separate injection of gamma-labeled red cells and plasma, with subsequent measurement of the amount of each label found in the cranial portion of the head and in venous blood specimens. By this means the relationship between the hematocrit of the cranial blood pool and venous blood is determined. In the basic technique, Cr51 is used separately and sequentially as the label for both red cells and plasma. A modification of this technique using I131human serum albumin is described also. Only antecubital venipuncture for injection and sampling was utilized. The mean hematocrit of the human cranial blood pool was found to be 0.84 times the venous hematocrit by both dual tracer methods. This technique should be applicable to other organs. The distribution ratios of any gamma emitters in brain and blood should be similarly measurable.
A Linear $\Sigma$ – $\Delta$ Digital IF to RF DAC Transmitter With Embedded Mixer

A noise-shaped direct digital IF to RF (DIF2RF) DAC with embedded upconverter mixer is presented. The digital IF signal is noise shaped by a bandpass Sigma-Delta modulator with 1-bit IF output followed by a semidigital finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The current mode FIR filter combines scaled values of the local oscillator (LO) signal for performing reconstruction filtering and upconversion in a single module. The DIF2RF design modulates the digital IF signal with a digital LO signal. This topology eliminates the transconductance nonlinearity of conventional mixers and is inherently linear due to single-bit digital IF input. The presented architecture reduces clock jitter sensitivity of 1-bit DACs by masking IF clock transitions with LO signals. A prototype of the DIF2RF DAC is designed and fabricated in a five-layer metal 0.25-mum digital CMOS process. The architecture can be used in low-power software-defined digital-IF transmitters. The DIF2RF DAC consumes 49 mA from a 2.5-V supply, achieving -64.7-dBc third-order intermodulation at 1.03 GHz with a spurious-free dynamic range of 72 dB in a 15-MHz bandwidth.
Line shape analysis of the Raman spectrum of diamond films grown by hot-filament and microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition

Raman spectra were taken of 48 polycrystalline diamond films grown by hot-filament and microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and one gem-quality diamond, and characterized by fitting the spectra to a model line shape function. The line shape function contains three components: a narrow symmetric line at ~1333 cm–1, the Raman line of diamond; a band centered at ~1525 cm–1 ascribed to sp2-bonded carbon; and a broad background due to photoluminescence (PL). Four spectral parameters were observed to change from one specimen to another in an interrelated manner: (1) the linewidth of the diamond Raman line, which varies from ~3 to ~25 cm–1; (2) the intensity in the tails of the diamond Raman line, several halfwidths away from the peak; (3) the peak intensity ratio of the sp2-bonded carbon band to the diamond Raman line, which varies from ~0 to ~1; and (4) the intensity ratio of the PL background to the diamond Raman peak, which varies from ~0.03 to ~9. We suggest that the interrelated changes in the Raman spectra are due to changes in the abundance of sp2-bonded defect structures within the diamond crystallites. Polynuclear aromatic clusters are a possible model for these defect structures. Differences in film morphology, which were observed by SEM imaging, appear to be correlated with the changes in the Raman spectra. The peak position of the diamond Raman line is shifted to higher wave number in the CVD-grown films than in the gem, by as much as 3 cm–1, but this shift is not correlated with the other changes in the Raman spectra. As a function of deposition conditions, the defect-related features of the Raman spectra generally increase with increasing methane concentration or substrate temperature, and decrease with increasing oxygen concentration. A cyclic dependence of the defect-related features on deposition time is observed for one set of films grown by hot-filament CVD.