cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternating Copolymers of Dithienyl-s-Tetrazine and Cyclopentadithiophene for Organic Photovoltaic Applications

As a new emerging electron deficient building block, s-tetrazine (Tz) shows high electron affinity, which is even higher than the commonly used benzothiadiazole units. This property makes Tz a very promising electron withdrawing unit for low band gap conjugated polymers, especially for organic solar cell materials. We report the synthesis and property of five alternating copolymers of s-tetrazine and cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene (CPDT), which are bridged with a thiophene unit. Methyl, hexyl, and/or 2-ethylhexyl groups are introduced onto thiophene and CPDT units to tune the solubility, UV absorption, frontier molecular orbital energy levels, and interchain stacking property of the resulting polymers. These polymers are stable up to 220 °C and decompose to dinitrile compounds with the breaking of Tz linkage at a higher temperature. Efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated by blending these polymers with (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), and they reached a power co...
Non-oblivious hashing

Non-oblivious hashing, where the information gathered by performing “unsuccessful” probes determines the probe strategy, is introduced and used to obtain the following results for static lookup on full tables: An O(1) worst case scheme that requires only logarithmic additional memory (improving on the [FKS84] linear space upper bound).An almost sure O(1) probabilistic worst case scheme, without any additional memory (improving on previous logarithmic time upper bounds).Enhancements to hashing: Solving (a) and (b) in the multikey record environment, search can be performed under any key in time O(1); finding the nearest neighbor, the rank, etc. in logarithmic time.Our non-oblivious upper bounds are much better than the appropriate oblivious lower bounds.
Change in the Mode of Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by (4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonoxyl Derivatives of Conformationally Constrained Choline Analogues

A chiral, five-step synthesis of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4-dimethylmorpholine (12) from (R)- and (S)-2-methylglycidols gives an overall yield of 63%. Morpholines (R)- and (S)-12 are converted into 2-(azidomethyl)-2,4-dimethylmorpholine (15) via 2,4-dimethyl-2-[[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonoxy]methyl]morpholine (14). The tertiary morpholines 12, 14, and 15 are quaternarized to afford 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethylmorpholinum iodide (2), 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-[[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonoxy]methyl]morpholinium iodide (3), and 2-(azidomethyl)-2,4,4-trimethylmorpholinium iodide (4), respectively, which all inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These morpholinium inhibitors are compared with conformationally constrained aryl hemicholinium AChE inhibitors. Enantiomers of 2 and 4 are reversible competitive inhibitors of AChE, with values of Ki = 360 +/- 30 microM for (S)-2, 650 +/- 90 microM for (R)-2, 450 +/- 70 microM for (S)-4, and 560 +/- 30 microM for (R)-4, respectively. Enantiomers of 3 are noncompetitive inhibitors of AChE with values of Ki = 19.0 +/- 0.9 microM for (S)-3 and 50 +/- 2 microM for (R)-3, respectively. AChE shows a 2-fold chiral discrimination in the case of inhibition by 2 and 3. Inhibition also changes from competitive to noncompetitive when (3-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (18) [Ki = 0.21 +/- 0.06 microM; Lee, B. H., Stelly, T. C., Colucci, W. J., Garcia, J. G., Gandour, R. D., and Quinn, D. M. (1992) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5, 411-418] is converted into [3-[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonoxy]phenyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (5), Ki = 6.0 +/- 0.5 microM. These results indicate that the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group controls the mode of inhibition.
The clinical course of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

BACKGROUND Although patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have an increased risk of developing second primary malignancies, including lung carcinoma, there is virtually no information about their clinical outcomes. To evaluate this, the authors reviewed their 20-year institutional experience with CLL patients who also had lung carcinoma. METHODS The records of patients with diagnoses of both CLL and lung carcinoma seen between January 1977 and July 1998 were reviewed. The data collected included patient demographics, the tumor histology and stage, the type of treatment for both CLL and lung carcinoma, the presence of a third malignancy, the disease status at last follow-up, and the first site of relapse. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. RESULTS From January 1977 to July 1998, 1329 patients with CLL were seen at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Twenty-six (1.9%) also had lung carcinoma (19 males and 7 females). The median age of patients at the time CLL was diagnosed was 61 years, and for patients with lung carcinoma it was 68 years. Twenty-two patients (85%) were current or former smokers. Histologically, the lung carcinomas included 6 squamous cell carcinomas, 19 nonsquamous carcinomas, and 1 small cell carcinoma. Ten patients (38%) had a third malignancy; these malignancies included melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, and colon carcinoma. Thirteen patients underwent surgical resection and 13 were treated nonsurgically for lung carcinoma. A poor performance status precluded surgery for 3 patients with Stage I tumors and limited chemotherapy for all patients with advanced disease. The median survival following the diagnosis of lung carcinoma for patients treated surgically was 25 months, and for those treated nonsurgically it was 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 2% of patients with CLL develop lung carcinoma. In this study, 85% of the patients were smokers. These patients had a high risk of a third primary malignancy. Lung carcinoma was diagnosed a decade after CLL. Patients who develop both diseases die of lung carcinoma and not CLL or other solid tumors. CLL and poor performance status limit treatment, particularly for patients with unresectable lung carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:1720–3. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Effect of cold exposure on drug action and hepatic drug metabolism in the rat.

Abstract Exposure of male rats to a temperature of 4°C for 4 days decreased the sleeping time response to hexobarbital and meprobamate, but not to barbital. Plasma concentrations of these drugs present at the time the righting reflex was regained were lower in the cold-exposed rats, indicating that the observed decrease in sleeping time was not due to decreased central nervous system sensitivity to these agents. The onset time of hexobarbital, meprobamate and barbital hypnosis was similar in cold-exposed and control rats, suggesting that altered drug absorption is not responsible for the observed differences in duration of drug response. The decline of brain and plasma concentrations of zoxazolamine was more rapid in the cold-exposed animal. The metabolism of hexobarbital and aminopyrine was significantly elevated in isolated perfused livers from cold-exposed rats. Hepatic microsomal N -demethylase activity, hexobarbital and meprobamate oxidation, CO-binding pigment, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were increased in the cold-exposed rat. Experiments with 2- 14 C-glycine indicated that the in vivo incorporation of this isotope into hepatic microsomes was increased significantly in the cold-exposed rat. These results indicate that cold exposure stimulates hepatic drug metabolism and suggest that this stimulation is mediated via an accelerated synthesis of the hepatic drug-metabolizing system.
An application of vertex packing to data analysis in the evaluation of pavement deterioration

The analysis of data concerning the deterioration of pavement over time yielded a problem of aggregating the data in a manner that preserved independence of the aggregated data points and maximized the number of points. We show that this problem can be modeled as a maximum cardinality vertex packing problem on a proper internal graph and thus can be solved very efficiently by a greedy algorithm.
Food resources affect female distribution and male mating opportunities in the iguanian lizard Uta palmeri

Abstract Abstract. A previous study found that food of the San Pedro side-blotched iguanian lizard was more abundant around seabird nest-sites (blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii , and brown booby, S. leucogaster ), and that mating success of male lizards correlated with territory food quality, as measued by the cumulative number of booby chicks recorded in weekly censuses during the lizard breeding season. In the present study, descriptive data suggest that lizard density is correlated with the density of seabird nesting sites. Spatial distribution and social behaviour of adult male and female lizards differ, however. Females are not aggressive, lack territoriality and have highly overlapping home ranges, but males are aggressive, many are territorial, and male territories can contain several female home ranges. The number of females resident on a male's territory is a good index of mating success for the territorial male: 87% of matings observed involved a territorial male and a resident female. A food supplement experiment for half of the breeding season explored whether food distribution affects the placement of female home ranges. Experimental females shifted home ranges into supplemented areas, compared with control females, whose home ranges changed little. Females apparently responded to changes in food and not male distribution, because males did not alter territory locations during food addition. There was an increase in courtship rates for males in the food addition zone, suggesting that mating opportunities were affected by the food supplement. These results support the hypothesis, generated by a previous selection-gradient analysis, that variation in territory food quality contributes to variation in male mating success and indirect selection on male head size. In addition, contrasting these results with published information for Uta stansburiana supports the Emlen & Oring (1977, Science , 187, 215-223) hypothesis that ecological factors affecting the distribution of the limiting sex, and the ability of the other sex to monopolize mates are important mating system determinants.
Irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking as a factor in nuclear power plant aging

Irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a form of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) that has occurred infrequently during the last two decades in in-core components of nonsensitized austenitic stainless steel. IASCC is apparently a time-dependent phenomenon, which does not manifest itself until a minimum residence time or threshold fast neutron fluence has been attained in an appropriate material/environment combination. Until now, IASCC has been observed in components that are readily removable, such as fuel rod and absorber tube cladding. The problem is being mitigated in the BWR by alloy impurity control. Hydrogen water chemistry is another highly promising remedy currently under qualification. An extensive effort is underway to improve our understanding of IASCC.
Supervisory Control of Robots Using RoboLeader

We investigated the effectiveness of RoboLeader, an intelligent agent that could help the human operator control a team of robots, for enhancing the overall human-robot teaming performance. We compared the operators' target detection performance in the 4-robot and 8-robot conditions. The results showed that the participants detected significantly fewer targets with 8 robots vs. 4 robots. Although there were no significance differences between the RoboLeader and Baseline (no RoboLeader) conditions for target detection, the Roboleader group reduced their mission completion times by approximately 13% compared to Baseline. Those participants with higher spatial ability detected more targets than did those with lower spatial ability. Participants experienced significantly higher workload with 8 robots compared to the 4-robot condition, and those with better attentional control reported lower workload than did those with poorer attentional control.
An Exponential Number of Generalized Kerdock Codes

If n − 1 is an odd composite integer then there are at least 2 (1/2)√ n pairwise inequivalent binary error-correcting codes of length 2 n , size 2 2 n , and minimum distance 2 n −1 − 2 (1/2) n −1 .
The spin‐glass transition in three dimensions: Is it understood?

The current state of understanding of the spin‐glass transition in three‐dimensional systems was the topic of a symposium at the 31st Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Panelists were A. J. Bray, J. Mydosh, A. Ogielski, J. Souletie, and A. Zippelius. M. B. Salamon moderated and prepared this summary. The consensus is that there is, indeed, a phase transition in three‐dimensional Ising spin glasses, that its properties are dominated by strong critical slowing down, and that the scaling behavior of the nonlinear susceptibility provides the best indicator of its presence. The ordered phase is still not understood in the view of the panel, and evidence seems against interpretations based on modifications of mean‐field solutions.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Dienestrol in the Presence of Methyltestosterone

A gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of dienestrol in the presence of methyltestosterone. Dienestrol was extracted from tablets and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography of its bis-(trimethylsilyl)ether. The bis-(trimethylsilyl)ether of alizarin was used as an internal standard. Preliminary experiments indicate that the method is applicable in the presence of other androgens and corticosteroids.
Unimolecular and bimolecular reactions in the C6H6+· system. Experiment and theory

Abstract The results of an experimental and theoretical study of unimolecular and bimolecular reactions in the C6H6+· system are reported. The kinetic energy release distributions for the fragmentation of metastable C6H6+· ions were measured and the bimolecular reactions between C6H4+· and H2, cyclic C4H4+· and C2H2, linear C4H4+· and C2H2, and between C2H2+· and linear C4H4 have been studied. The results of these experiments and absolute unimolecular rate constants and product branching ratios from PIPECO studies are compared with the predictions of the transition state switching model form of statistical rate theory. In general, good agreement was found between the experimental results and the calculations. The calculated total unimolecular rate constants are in excellent agreement with the experimental data (for total energies of 15.0–15.7 eV). Below total energies of 16.5 eV the measured and calculated branching ratios are in good agreement. Above 16.5 eV the agreement becomes increasingly poor. These results were interpreted as indicating that above 16.5 eV the rate of fragmentation is no longer slow compared to the rate of isomerization and so products derived from simple bond cleavages are favored over reactions requiring isomerization to different ion structures. The measured kinetic energy distribution for C6H5+ is broader than the calculated distribution; for C4H4+· the measured and calculated distributions are in good agreement, and for C3H3+ the measured distribution is narrower than the calculated distribution. The measured distribution for C6H4+· peaks at large values of kinetic energy, indicating a substantial barrier along the reaction coordinate in this channel. No reaction was observed between cyclic C4H4+· and C2H2 and between C6H4+· and H2. Reaction between linear C4H4+· and C2H2 occurs at a rate slower than the collision rate, and the experimental and theoretical results indicate that the reaction occurs through a long-lived C6H6+·* intermediate complex. Charge transfer between C2H2+· and C4H4 occurs at the collision rate. Most of the charge transfer is direct. However, the experimental and theoretical results indicate that some trajectories sample the deep C6H6+· well.
Dye leveling in PET fibers. II. Mathematical model

A mathematical model is developed for the dye leveling process. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical data supports the validity of the proposed model. Also, the applicability of the proposed model is shown through its effectiveness in predicting leveling times, when the working temperature is above the Tg of the fibers. The results demonstrate that chain mobility is a prerequisite for rapid leveling, and that morphological changes in the fiber during the migration process are important and must be considered.
Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems

Drawing on the rich and unexplored Bell Canada archives in Montreal, Martin analyses the development of the telephone system in Canada, particularly in Ontario and Quebec, from 1878 to 1920. Bell Telephone originally envisaged the telephone as a business tool for a relatively small group of male professionals. The women who worked as operators -- an occupation which rapidly became a female ghetto -- played a key role in mediating the demands of telephone users and the limitations of the new technology. The many women who began to use the telephone for domestic, two-way communication eventually forced Bell Telephone to change its approach and ultimately transformed the telephone's social impact. Through a critical examination of the political and economic aspects of the development of telephone systems, Martin outlines changes in the nature of women's economic experience and in their participation in the community. She analyses the transformation of the telephone into a "public utility," stressing the ever-present economic incentives at the base of Bell Canada's decision making. She also examines the impact of this new technology on women and the labour process and on women's social and cultural practices. Her study not only provides an important understanding of a particular period but also insight into the effect of new communication technology on social structure.
Shear Effects in Hot-Wire Measurements

When a circular cylinder is placed in a two-dimensional shear flow, a lift force is experienced by the cylinder. In the case of hot-wire measurements in the viscous sublayer, this will give rise to a displacement of the wire from its true position. The resultant measurements are found to be in error if the wire length to diameter ratio is > 300 and the shear gradient of the flow is large.
Mechanisms of tempered martensite embrittlement in low alloy steels

An investigation into the mechanisms of tempered martensite embrittlement (TME), also know as “500°F” or “350°C” or one-step temper embrittlement, has been made in commercial, ultra-high strength 4340 and Si-modified 4340 (300-M) alloy steels, with particular focus given to the role of interlath films of retained austenite. Studies were performed on the variation of i) strength and toughness, and ii) the morphology, volume fraction and thermal and mechanical stability of retained austenite, as a function of tempering temperature, following oil-quenching, isothermal holding, and continuous air cooling from the austenitizing temperature. TME was observed as a decrease in bothKIc and Charpy V-notch impact energy after tempering around 300°C in 4340 and 425°C in 300-M, where the mechanisms of fracture were either interlath cleavage or largely transgranular cleavage. The embrittlement was found to be concurrent with the interlath precipitation of cementite during temperingand the consequent mechanical instability of interlath films of retained austenite during subsequent loading. The role of silicon in 300-M was seen to retard these processes and hence retard TME to higher tempering temperatures than for 4340. The magnitude of the embrittlement was found to be significantly greater in microstructures containing increasing volume fractions of retained austenite. Specifically, in 300-M the decrease inKIc, due to TME, was a 5 MPa√m in oil quenched structures with less than 4 pct austenite, compared to a massive decrease of 70 MPa√m in slowly (air) cooled structures containing 25 pct austenite. A complete mechanism of tempered martensite embrittlement is proposed involving i) precipitation of interlath cementite due to partial thermal decomposition of interlath films of retained austenite, and ii) subsequent deformation-induced transformation on loading of remaining interlath austenite, destabilized by carbon depletion from carbide precipitation. The deterioration in toughness, associated with TME, is therefore ascribed to the embrittling effect of i) interlath cementite precipitates and ii) an interlath layer of mechanically-transformed austenite,i.e., untempered martensite. The presence of residual impurity elements in prior austenite grain boundaries, having segregated there during austenitization, may accentuate this process by providing an alternative weak path for fracture. The relative importance of these effects is discussed.
Matrix remodeling during endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification, the process by which most of the skeleton is formed, is a powerful system for studying various aspects of the biological response to degraded extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, the dependence of endochondral ossification upon neovascularization and continuous ECM remodeling provides a good model for studying the role of the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) not only as simple effectors of ECM degradation but also as regulators of active signal-inducers for the initiation of endochondral ossification. The daunting task of elucidating their specific role during endochondral ossification has been facilitated by the development of mice deficient for various members of this family. Here, we discuss the ECM and its remodeling as one level of molecular regulation for the process of endochondral ossification, with special attention to the MMPs.
Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act

1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act. 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment-water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations. 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration. 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations. 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g−1organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive finite element analysis of large strain elastic response

Abstract Some basic studies and developments for adaptive procedures in large strain finite element analysis are presented: an evaluation of higher-order elements, two pointwise indicators for errors in stresses, a mesh generator for remeshing on the deformed configuration of the body, and a general mapping scheme for transferring solution variables across models. The methods discussed constitute the ingredients of a proposed adaptive process that is demonstrated in solutions of two-dimensional stress analyses of rubber-like materials including contact conditions.
The effect of antilymphocyte serum on experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

Abstract The effect of systemically injected anti-hamster lymphocyte serum (ALS) on chemical carcinogenesis of the buccal pouch has been studied in thirty Syrian hamsters. In ten animals the right buccal pouch was painted with a 0.5 per cent solution of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in heavy mineral oil. Ten animals were painted with DMBA and also injected intraperitoneally with 0.45 ml. of ALS. The remaining ten animals served as untreated controls. There was a higher incidence of carcinoma in the ALS DMBA group and a suggestion of earlier tumor development. Histologically, the ALS DMBA group presented a consistent tumor pattern with more deep invasion and more anaplasticity than the control group. The pouches of the ALS DMBA group were more extensively involved in the development of neoplastic changes.
Studies on the sorption of elemental mercury vapor by soils.

Mercury vapor sorption by soil increased curvilinearly with the increase of soil moisture content until a maximum was reached. A further increase of moisture content caused a decline in mercury sorption. The percent moisture contents which gave maximal increase of203Hg vapor sorption in these soils coincide quite closely with their water-holding capacity values at 1/3 bar.
Hepatitis C Virus Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Triggers Production of Lambda-Interferons by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) represent a key immune cell in the defense against viruses. Through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), these cells detect viral pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an Interferon (IFN) response. pDCs produce the antiviral IFNs including the well-studied Type I and the more recently described Type III. Recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated Type III IFNs in HCV clearance. We examined the IFN response induced in a pDC cell line and ex vivo human pDCs by a region of the HCV genome referred to as the HCV PAMP. This RNA has been shown previously to be immunogenic in hepatocytes, whereas the conserved X-region RNA is not. We show that in response to the HCV PAMP, pDC-GEN2.2 cells upregulate and secrete Type III (in addition to Type I) IFNs and upregulate PRR genes and proteins. We also demonstrate that the recognition of this RNA is dependent on RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs) and Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), challenging the dogma that RLRs are dispensable in pDCs. The IFNs produced by these cells in response to the HCV PAMP also control HCV replication in vitro. These data are recapitulated in ex vivo pDCs isolated from healthy donors. Together, our data shows that pDCs respond robustly to HCV RNA to make Type III Interferons that control viral replication. This may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCV.
Influence of cardiomegaly on disordered breathing during exercise in chronic heart failure.

Aims Heart failure (HF) patients breathe with a rapid shallow pattern during exercise. This study examined the relationship between cardiac size and tachypnoeic breathing in HF patients during exercise. Methods and results Thirty-seven HF patients [age = 55 ± 13 years, ejection fraction (EF) = 27 ± 10%, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class = 2.3 ± 1.2] and 42 controls (CTL) (age = 56 ± 14 years, EF = 63 ± 8%) were recruited. Participants underwent maximal exercise testing, pulmonary function testing, and chest radiography for calculation of total thoracic cavity volume (TTCV), diaphragm, heart, and lung volumes. Heart failure patients were divided into two groups: Group A = cardiac volume < median (n = 18) and Group B = cardiac volume ≥ median of the HF patients (n = 19). There was no difference between groups for TTCV (CTL = 8203 ± 1489 vs. Group A = 8694 ± 1249 vs. Group B = 8195 ± 1823 cm3). Cardiac volume was different between groups for both absolute (CTL = 630 ± 181 vs. Group A = 894 ± 186 vs. Group B = 1401 ± 382 cm3, P< 0.001 for all comparisons) and %TTCV (CTL = 8 ± 2 vs. Group A = 10 ± 1 vs. Group A = 18 ± 5%, P< 0.001 for all comparisons). Similarly, total lung volume as a %TTCV was significantly different among the groups (CTL = 70 ± 4 vs. Group A = 65 ± 5 vs. Group A = 58 ± 7%, P< 0.01 for all comparisons). In HF patients, there was a trend (P = 0.10) towards an independent association between cardiac size and tidal volume (VT) at 75% of VO2 peak whereas this relationship was statistically significant at VO2 peak (P = 0.02) as patients with larger cardiac size had reduced VT. Conclusion This study demonstrates the close relationship between cardiac size and breathing pattern during exercise in HF patients. These results suggest cardiac size may pose a significant constraint on the lungs during exercise and may contribute to tachypnoeic breathing.
Corrosion Behavior of a Graphite Fiber/Magnesium Metal Matrix Composite in Aqueous Chloride Solution

Abstract The corrosion behavior of a graphite fiber/magnesium composite has been studied in dilute chloride solutions by immersion, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical techniques. The composite consisted of graphite fibers coated with magnesium Alloy AZ91C hot pressed between thin foils of Alloy AZ31B. Within five days of immersion in 0.001 N NaCl, severe localized corrosion developed at the edges of the material where exposed graphite fibers existed. The reaction was accompanied by visible hydrogen evolution over the entire surface, and the attack was through the foil covering into the underlying matrix material. Electrochemical measurements in chloride solution of borated boric acid (pH 8.4, 1000 ppm Cl−) revealed significant galvanic currents between the magnesium foil and graphite fibers. These currents increased as the surface area ratio of graphite to magnesium increased. From this work, it is concluded that galvanic interaction plays an important role in the aqueous corrosion of...
Chromomagnetic instability and the LOFF state in a two flavor color superconductor

We explore the relation between the chromomagnetic instability of a homogeneous two flavor color superconductor and the LOFF state. We perturb the free energy of the 2SC by generating a small net momentum for the quark pair. We find that the imaginary Meissner mass of a particular gluon implies that the LOFF state is energetically favored.
Frequency response function adaptation for reconstruction of combustion signature in a 9-L diesel engine

An accelerometer as a low-cost non-intrusive transducer for sensing the combustion events in a diesel engine was investigated via the reconstruction of in-cylinder pressure using an adapting frequency response function (FRF). As the noise introduced into the accelerometer signal and the response to combustion vary with the operating condition, the FRF computed from a single operating condition only works for the same or similar conditions. To overcome this limitation, an adaptation process for the FRF was explored. Robustness of FRF over additional operational conditions with start of injection, start of combustion, and load variations was greatly improved. Frequency domain analysis shows that only the low-frequency content is determinant for the in-cylinder pressure reconstruction, and the adaptation of the first and second (0 Hz and 121 Hz) harmonics of the FRF results in the greatest improvement for the in-cylinder pressure estimation accuracy. The 0 Hz harmonic is adjusted based on the pre-measured in...
Spatial correlation matrix selection using Bayesian model averaging to characterize inter-tree competition in loblolly pine trees

Many applications of statistical methods for data that are spatially correlated require the researcher to specify the correlation structure of the data. This can be a difficult task as there are many candidate structures. Some spatial correlation structures depend on the distance between the observed data points while others rely on neighborhood structures. In this paper, Bayesian methods that systematically determine the ‘best’ correlation structure from a predefined class of structures are proposed. Bayes factors, Highest Probability Models, and Bayesian Model Averaging are employed to determine the ‘best’ correlation structure and to average across these structures to create a non-parametric alternative structure for a loblolly pine data-set with known tree coordinates. Tree diameters and heights were measured and an investigation into the spatial dependence between the trees was conducted. Results showed that the most probable model for the spatial correlation structure agreed with allometric trends f...
An analytical method for measuring the decentration of lens module

In this paper, an analytic procedure has been developed for the root cause identification of the lens module decentration. By analyzing the lens module according to a predetermined analysis process to generate analysis parameters corresponding to the lens module, and measured performance data can then be compared with these simulated data for validation. This can reveals very valuable information to help fine tune the injection mold.
Ethanol Metabolism in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives

The relationship between oral contraceptives (OCs) and ethanol metabolism in women was examined in a group of 40 female social drinkers between the ages of 21-30. 20 women taking OCs and 20 not taking OCs were given a moderate dose of ethanol (0.52 g/kg) during the menstrual intermenstrual and premenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle. The group of women taking OCs demonstrated a significantly decreased ethanol elimination rate (105 mg/kg/hour) than those not taking OCs (121 mg/kg/hour P.<005). Ethanol disappearance rate was also significantly decreased for women taking OCs (0.015%/hour) than women taking not them (0.019%/hour P<.001). These results were consistent across the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle and when body leanness was taken into consideration. The decreased rate of ethanol metabolism in women taking OCs is consistent with reports of other drugs having decreased metabolic rates in women taking birth control pills. These results suggest that women taking OCs should be cautioned concerning their possible interaction with ethanol as well as other drugs. (authors modified)
A new plastic receptacle for solid phase immunoassays

Abstract A new, simple, inexpensive plastic device for solid phase immunoassay, the through- passage receptacle (TPR), with a large ratio of surface area to volume, is described. It was substantially more efficient in non-specific protein adsorption and specific immunological binding than the conventional wells of microtiter plates. It was also easier to wash since washing was facilitated by a through-passage with a gravity flow. This device, which should be more conductive to automation than currently used receptacles, should increase the sensitivity and decrease the incubation time of the solid phase immunoassay technique.
Efficiency analysis of electric irrigation pumping plants in the upper midwest, U.S.A.

Abstract Engineers from Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota were involved in irrigation pumping plant efficiency tests during 1978, 1979 and 1980. Performance characteristics were determined for 249 electric powered plants. The average operational efficiency of the plants wa 58%. These pumping plants use approximately 13% more energy than a properly sized, adjusted and maintained pumping plant. A procedure to determine the economic feasibility of pumping plant improvements is presented.
Monitoring austenite decomposition by ultrasonic velocity

The ultrasonic longitudinal velocity measured by the laser-ultrasonic technique is compared to dilatometry for the monitoring of austenite decomposition of low alloy steels. It is demonstrated that the technique could be an interesting alternative to dilatometry. The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocity and the various phases in steels is determined and used to calculate the decomposed austenite by a simple law of mixtures approximation. As a non-destructive and non-contact technique, laser-ultrasonics can be applied to monitor austenite transformation of real products in an industrial production line, which would be much more difficult with dilatometry.
Behavioral changes correlated with brain-stem auditory evoked responses in term infants with moderate hyperbilirubinemia

The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that newborn infants with moderate serum bilirubin concentrations have depressed Brazelton scores and increased brain-stem conduction time and that serum bilirubin levels correlate with Brazelton behavior scores and brain-stem auditory evoked response changes. Fifty term infants who were enrolled into either a low serum bilirubin group (less than 8 mg/dl) or a moderate serum bilirubin group (10 to 20 mg/dl) were tested with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and a brain-stem auditory evoked response test. Partial correlation analysis controlling for phototherapy revealed that increased bilirubin concentration correlated negatively with the Brazelton orientation and with state range clusters and individual Brazelton test items that involve auditory processing. Increased bilirubin concentration correlated with an increased latency of brain-stem auditory evoked response wave 4, 5. An increased interpeak 1-5 (brain-stem conduction time) correlated with the decreased animate visual and auditory item. We conclude that moderate hyperbilirubinemia in term infants affects both infant behavior, as measured by specific components of the Brazelton test, and brain-stem conduction time, as measured by the brain-stem auditory evoked response test.
A prospective cohort study of red wine consumption and risk of prostate cancer.

In light of recent, strong inverse findings between lifetime red wine consumption and prostate cancer among younger men, we revisited our previous cohort analysis to more thoroughly investigate red wine consumption and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). In 1986, HPFS participants reported their average consumption of red wine, white wine, beer and liquor during the past year, and their change in alcohol consumption over the prior 10 years. Prostate cancer diagnoses were ascertained on each biennial questionnaire and confirmed by medical record review. Between 1986 and 2002, 3,348 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed among 45,433 eligible participants. Using men who did not consume red wine as the reference, no linear trend was observed between red wine consumption and prostate cancer in the full analytic cohort (p-trend = 0.57). Among men with unchanged alcohol consumption in the prior 10 years, and those additionally 4 glasses/week, resulting in a lack of linear trend. These findings suggest that red wine does not contribute appreciably to the etiology of prostate cancer.
Xenon, osmium, and lead formed in O-shells and C-shells of massive stars

In this paper it is shown that the explosive products from O-shells of massive stars which contain Xe-124 with large overproduction factors do not contain any of the naturally occurring isotopes of Os and Pb. Further, it is shown that the explosive products from C-shells (explosive carbon burning) do contain Os and Pb along with Xe which is strongly enriched in r-Xe of anomalous isotopic composition. The composition of Os in this matter is probably s-like rather than r-like. Pb in this matter is enriched in Pb-208. The results and arguments of this paper have implications for studies of isotopic compositions of Xe, Os, and Pb in residues of the Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites.
Proofs of the Parisi and Coppersmith-Sorkin random assignment conjectures

Suppose that there are n jobs and n machines and it costs cij to execute job i on machine j. The assignment problem concerns the determination of a one-to-one assignment of jobs onto machines so as to minimize the cost of executing all the jobs. When the cij are independent and identically distributed exponentials of mean 1, Parisi [Technical Report cond-mat/9801176, xxx LANL Archive, 1998] made the beautiful conjecture that the expected cost of the minimum assignment equals $\sum_{i=1}^n (1/i^2)$. Coppersmith and Sorkin [Random Structures Algorithms 15 (1999), 113–144] generalized Parisi's conjecture to the average value of the smallest k-assignment when there are n jobs and m machines. Building on the previous work of Sharma and Prabhakar [Proc 40th Annu Allerton Conf Communication Control and Computing, [2002], 657–666] and Nair [Proc 40th Annu Allerton Conf Communication Control and Computing, [2002], 667–673], we resolve the Parisi and Coppersmith-Sorkin conjectures. In the process we obtain a number of combinatorial results which may be of general interest.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. 2005Supported by the Stanford Graduate Fellowship and Stanford Networking Research Center Grant 1005544-1-WAAXI.Supported in part by the NSF Grant ANI-9985446.Supported by Stanford Office of Technology Grant 2DTA112, Stanford Networking Research Center Grant 1005545-1-WABCJ, and NSF Grant ANI-9985446.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERISTOMIAL MEMBRANELLE OF SPIROSTOMUM AMBIGUUM.

SYNOPSIS. Electron-microscopic observations of Spirostomum ambiguum have demonstrated additional details of superficial and deep tubular connections with peristomial and somatic kinetosomes. The superficial peristomial tubules appear to connect adjacent rows of kinetosomes. Anatomically, they course distally from the proximal kinetosomal plate. The deep tubules run proximally from the kinetosomal plate. Those in the somatic region appear to enter the endoplasm; those in the peristomial region leave the kinetosome as bundles of either 10 or 11 tubules which steadily converge to form 2 compact rows of 10 tubular bundles. These tubules connect to 2 of the 3 rows of 10 cilia each, the rows of 3 being separated by membranous folds protruding perpendicular to the peristomial groove. The rows of bundles converge further, enter the endoplasm and fan out again into tubular sheets, some of which appear to course in an antero-posterior direction. Another set of tubules arises from each of the kinetosomes in the 3rd row of 10 kinetosomes and courses proximally at a different angle from those arising from the 2 other kinetosome rows. Terminations have not been observed for the deep somatic or peristomial tubules. Their possible role in producing the forceful longitudinal contraction of Spirostomum is discussed.
Nuclear motion effects in the photoionisation of CO2

A calculation of the photoionisation cross section of CO2 reveals that the sigma u shape resonance at approximately 19 eV, accessed by the 1 pi g and 4 sigma g valence levels, is reduced and broadened by coupling to the ground-state vibrational motion. Off resonance the effect of nuclear motion is negligible. Results are compared with experimental branching ratios.
Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Incidence and Diversity in Iowa Conservation Reserve Environments

The extended fallow period required by conservation reserve program contracts will likely heighten farmers' concerns about pests when returning acreage to production, particularly, wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). An extensive sampling program was conducted to estimate wireworm incidence anti subsequent pest potential of wireworms in Iowa conservation reserve land. Eighty-nine fields were sampled during May and June of 1995 and 1996. Wireworms were recovered from 45% of conservation reserve fields. Bait sampling provided a more precise means of detecting wireworm presence than core sampling. The spatial distribution of wireworms in Iowa, and consequent crop damage. probably is less restricted by environment than previously thought. This is attributable to the relatively large species diversity. Fourteen of the 15? elaterid species recovered have been associated wills or are considered serions pests of corn. As a result, integrated pest mamagement tactics, including insect pest scouting, will likely benefit the rist-averse grower in these newly converted lands.
Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics

Abstract Three studies explored women’s bifurcation of feminine identity as a response to threatening stereotypes in the domain of mathematics. Study 1 demonstrated that women in a math class who previously had completed a large number of math courses disavowed “feminine characteristics” strongly associated with stereotypes about women’s potential for math success (e.g., flirtatiousness, planning to have children) but not characteristics perceived to be weakly associated with these stereotypes (e.g., empathy, nurturance), more than women who had completed fewer math courses. Studies 2 and 3 directly manipulated stereotype threat by presenting a scientific article reporting stereotype-consistent sex differences in math aptitude. As predicted, women strongly identified with mathematics responded to this threatening article by disavowing feminine characteristics strongly associated, but not those weakly associated, with the relevant negative stereotypes, while women not strongly identified with mathematics showed no such differentiation in response. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Conversion of Methyl Oleate to Branched-Chain Hydroxy Fatty Acid Derivatives

As part of a project to develop new and expanded uses of oilseed products and by-products (such as biodiesel, fuel additives, and lubricants), studies were conducted on the synthetic conversion of oleic acid (in the ester form) to branched-chain fatty acid ester derivatives. In these studies, methyl oleate was epoxidized and subsequently treated with four different organocuprate reagents in the presence of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate to produce novel branched-chain hydroxy acid derivatives. For each reaction, the two distinct isomeric products (methyl 9-alkyl-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate and methyl 9-hydroxy-10-alkyloctadecanoate) were isolated in the pure forms. Details of the synthesis and characterization (GC-MS, NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry) of these compounds will be discussed.