cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach to the description of quasi-bands in nuclei near double closed shells

Abstract Quasi-band structures in nuclei near double closed shells are shown to be well described by the aligned coupling scheme wave functions. This alignment of nucleons in their magnetic substates occurs for nuclei such as 40 Ar, 56 Fe and 41 K which are presented as examples.
Vapor pressures, liquid molar volumes, vapor non-idealities, and critical properties of some fluorinated ethers: CF3OCF2OCF3, CF3OCF2CF2H, c-CF2CF2CF2O, CF3OCF2H, and CF3OCH3; and of CCI3F and CF2CIH

Vapor pressures, compressibilities, expansivities, and molar volumes of the liquid phase have been measured between room temperature and the critical temperature for a series of fluorinated ethers: CF 3 OCF 2 OCF 3 , CF 3 OCF 2 CF 2 H, c -CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 O, CF 3 OCF 2 H, and CF 3 OCH 3 . Vapor-phase non-idealities were measured for each compound, but only for samples of high vapor density. Critical temperatures and pressures and approximate melting and boiling temperatures are reported. Apparatus calibrations were checked with measurements on the well characterized materials: CFCl 3 , (R11) and CF 2 ClH (R22).
The impact of proficiency survey programs on laboratory antimicrobial susceptibility testing

“Much of the data cited is derived from Proficiency Surveys of the College of American Pathologists. The opinions and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not of The College of American Pathologists. Such determinants include the immunologic and nutritional status of the host; the site of infection; the etiologic microbial agent; the susceptibility of the offending microbe to antimicrobial agents; the pharmacokinetics of the drug(s) being considered together with recognized adverse and beneficial interactions between host and infectious agent, host and antimicrobial, infectious agent and antimicrobial. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test aids in the determination of only one of these factors, and when considered in isolation from the other determi-
Calculation of nonlocal corrections to fresnel optics: Two step potential model of Na on Al

Abstract A jellium model of a Na overlayer on an Al substrate is studied by the numerical solution of the random phase approximation for the nonretarded density response in order to determine the lowest order corrections to its classical optical properties. The overlayer width is sufficient to allow an extra surface collective mode, whose consequences are examined within the d-parameter formalism.
Team-triggered coordination of networked systems

This paper proposes an approach for improved methods of performing event- and self-triggered communication and control on networked systems. Current self-triggered strategies are known to be quite conservative whereas event-triggered approaches are costly to implement on distributed systems that rely on wireless communication for information transmission. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel class of team-triggered coordination laws that combine ideas from event- and self-triggered control, are implementable on networked systems, and maintain desired levels of performance. We characterize the asymptotic convergence properties of team-triggered strategies and show that they perform no worse than self-triggered approaches in terms of required communication. Simulations on a multi-agent formation control problem illustrate our results.
A hierarchy of e-Research needs understanding value delivery in distributed IT services

Computing services are defined via various models, most of which are technology focused. As services become more diverse and divisions between them less clear-cut, a new way of describing and comparing IT services for research is needed. We present a hierarchy of the needs experiences by an individual carrying out e-Research. It considers each area of need and how a service provider might meet them through delivery of value. These start with the data the research is carried out with, moving through hardware factors, higher level needs such as applications, through to human rather than technical services such as support and strategy. We use these to compare two e-Research service types as an initial example, and then discuss the results and the further interpretation of the model.
Suicide Attempts in the “Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families” Program

Objective: To compare clinical characteristics of youths who had attempted suicide recently, previously but not recently, repeatedly, or never. Method: The sample comprised 4,677 youths receiving services between 1993 to 1998 in 22 communities and participating in the national evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program. Data on suicide attempts, demographics, and clinical characteristics were obtained from intake interviews and referring agencies. Chi-square and univariate analyses of variance were used for between-group comparisons. Results: Twenty-one percent of the sample had a history of attempted suicide. Previous and repeat attempters were more likely to have a history of family violence and substance abuse. Repeat attempters were most likely to have depression, while never and previous (but not recent) attempters were more likely to have conduct disorder. Other clinical differences were also found. Conclusions: Among children receiving mental health services, those who attempt suicide experience more and different types of distress, depending on the recency and frequency of attempts. Clinicians should be aware that depression is not a necessary factor in predicting suicide attempts and that suicide risk is also associated with violent and aggressive behaviors.
The millimeter and submillimeter wave spectrum of the ν8+ν9 state of HNO3

Le spectre microonde est enregistre a l'aide de la meme technique en modifiant la cellule. Les frequences des transitions calculees et les constantes deduites de l'analyse qui utilise l'hamiltonien de distorsion centrifuge de Watson reduit dans le cas d'un rotateur aplati sont en bon accord
Murco: An opportunistic network coding framework in multi-radio networks

In this paper, we introduce a new framework for network coding in a multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh network. Our proposed protocol called Murco, is the first practical work in this area that embraces a distributed solution of network coding in a multi-radio multi-channel network. Murco has been fully implemented and evaluated as a high performance mesh backbone. Experiments indicate very promising results not just on throughput, but also on end-to-end delay. Murco does not depend on any special channel assignment algorithm or routing protocol. Therefore, it offers a total compatibility with existing technologies.
Duodenal varices secondary to inferior vena cava obstruction.

A case has been reported of duodenal varices secondary to long-standing obstruction of the inferior vena cava. The varices produced nodular defects in the descending duodenum. Opacification of the portal vein by these collaterals was demonstrated on venography. This is a rare cause of duodenal varices never previously reported.
The abortion debate: can this chronic public illness be cured?

PIP: Abortion has provided one of the most noxious, disturbing, and unending of all American moral and legal struggles. The issue forces us to think about the most difficult kind of ethical issues, e.g., the moral status of the fetus and the meaning of human "life" and "personhood." The win-at-all-costs attitude among the leading advocacy groups has created gross stereotypes. While most arguments heard today were also heard prior to the Roe vs. Wade decision, the tone has radically changed. Better organization has meant hotter rhetoric and a nastier public style. We need to move the abortion debate along; it is now as stagnate as it is nasty. We need creative discussion and realistic compromise. The pre-Roe arguments in favor of choice have changed. Then, the movement to legalize abortion rested on the following: 1) illegal abortions were killing and maiming women; 2) women should have a backup to ineffective contraception; 3) the number of unwanted pregnancies should be reduced; only wanted children should be born, as a matter of child welfare; 4) women should have the right to make the abortion decision; 5) everything possible should be done to change the economic and domestic circumstances forcing women into unwanted pregnancies. The argument benefited women, children, and society. The many abortion myths that have since taken prominence cloud an already difficult issue. The ongoing tension rests with the conflict between the moral and legal issues. Is it possible to combine legal freedom and seriousness about the moral questions? Only if we recognize the equality of both positions' moral traditions, accept public discussion, the need for compromise, the need to do everything possible to change the economic and social circumstance leading to the abortion choice, and the need for meaningful counseling of women considering abortion.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Orbit: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Prognostic Features of 20 Cases

Purpose To evaluate a series of orbital diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) for prognostic features and therapeutic outcomes. Design Retrospective multicenter case study of clinical and immunohistochemical features of 20 patients. Methods Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features were correlated with outcomes. Immunohistochemistry for biomarkers including Bcl-6, CD5, CD10, CD20, FOXP1, GCET1, and MUM1 was performed to differentiate between 2 major genetic subtypes of DLBCL: activated B-cell-like (ABC) and germinal center B-cell-like (GCB). Results Sixteen patients presented with unilateral and 4 with bilateral tumors. Three had bony erosion of the orbit on imaging studies. Of 14 patients with detailed follow-ups, 3 had a prior or concurrent lymphomatous disease; 8 had stage I disease (limited to the orbit) at presentation; and 3 were newly diagnosed with systemic (stage IV) DLBCL. Localized disease was treated with combined systemic chemotherapy, including rituximab and radiation with no deaths to date; there was 1 death related to systemic DLBCL. Clinical staging was the best predictive method and no immunohistochemical feature or subcategory (ABC vs GCB) correlated with outcome. Conclusions Primary orbital DLBCL has a more favorable prognosis than systemic DLBCL and may arise from a preexistent hematolymphomatous neoplasm (4 out of 20 cases). In our series, orbital DLBCL had a 57% likelihood of being restricted to the ocular adnexa. Clinical staging was more helpful in predicting outcome than any single immunohistopathologic feature or combination of biomarkers. Orbital radiation of 30 gray in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy with rituximab can achieve disease-specific survival approaching 100% in purely localized cases.
Comparison of the effects of pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma calcitonin in normal man.

We compared the effects of exogenous pentagastrin and meal-stimulated gastrin on plasma immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in various studies of 13 normal adult men. Bolus intravenous injection of pentagastrin (0.5 μg/kg) produced increases of iCT in 8 of 9 men. There was a linearly increasing response of iCT concentrations to increasing doses of pentagastrin (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/kg) and to achieved serum immunoreactive pentagastrin concentrations (r=0.72, P<0.01). To determine the effects of endogenous gastrin upon peripheral iCT concentrations, we measured serum immunoreactive gastrin (iG) and plasma iCT in four men at frequent intervals for 240 min after ingestion of low-(100 mg) and high- (400 mg) calcium meals. Serum iG increased in all subjects, with a peak at ∼30 min. However, plasma iCT levels were unchanged from basal throughout the study. The increase of pentagastrin (0.3 pmol/ml) which caused a barely detectable increase of iCT was five-to tenfold greater than the mean maximal increases of gastrin after low- and high-calcium meals (0.04 and 0.06 pmol/ml, respectively). These results suggest that increases of plasma iCT concentrations after administration of pentagastrin in man reflect pharmacologic phenomena and that postprandial gastrin secretion may be insufficient to affect peripheral iCT concentrations.
Analysis of factors affecting angle ANB

Cephalometric analyses based on angular and linear measurements have obvious fallacies, which have been discussed in detail by Moyers and Bookstein. However, the clinical application of such an analysis by the orthodontic profession in treatment planning is widely accepted. Variations of angle ANB are commonly used to determine relative jaw relationships in most of the cephalometric evaluations. Several authors, including points A and B influences angle ANB, as does rotational growth of the upper and lower jaws. In addition, the authors point out that growth in a vertical direction (distance N to B) and an increase of the dental height (distance A to B) may contribute to changes in angle ANB. For a Class I relation (Wits = 0 mm), a mathematical formula has been developed which enables the authors to study the geometric influence of angle ANB caused by the following four effects: (1) rotation of the jaws and/or occlusal plane relative to the anterior cranial base; (2) anteroposterior position of N relative to point B, (3) vertical growth (distance N to B); (4) increase in dental height (distance A to B). It was observed that, contrary to the common belief that an ANB angle of 2 +/- 3.0 degrees is considered normal for a skeletal Class I relation, the calculated values of angle ANB will vary widely with changes in these four controlling factors under the same skeletal Class I conditions (Wits = 0 mm). Therefore, in a case under consideration, angle ANB must be corrected for these geometric effects in order to get a proper perspective of the skeletal discrepancy. This is facilitated by comparing the measured ANB angle with the corresponding ANB angle calculated by a formula for a Class I relationship. The corresponding calculated angle ANB can be taken from the tables which are based upon the formula using the same values for SNB, omega (angle between occlusal plane and anterior cranial base), b (which is distance N to B) and a (dental height measured as perpendicular distance A to occlusal plane plus perpendicular distance occlusal plane to B). The difference between actual and calculated angle ANB is a measurement of the severity of the skeletal discrepancy. This leads to a new definition of what denotes skeletal Class II and III relationships, since and angle ANB calculated for a skeletal Class I (Wits = 0 mm) can vary widely and can be either negative or positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Control of molecular polymorphisms by a structured carbohydrate / ceramic delivery vehicle — aquasomes

Abstract Molecular denaturation of polypeptides and other macromolecular pharmaceuticals upon surface adsorption from an aqueous environment is almost inevitable. Molecular denaturation, coupled with a net increase in entropy, accounts for the net negative ΔG and frequent irreversible nature of surface adsorption. The consequence of this interaction is that surface immobilized drugs lose their dynamic freedom and thus, all too often, their biological activity. A drug delivery system based on a novel surface modification process to help reverse the constraining activity of surfaces is described. Beginning with preformed carbon ceramic nanoparticles and self-assembled calcium-phosphate dihydrate particles (colloidal precipitation) to which glassy carbohydrates are then allowed to adsorb as a nanometer thick surface coating, a molecular carrier is formed. The carbohydrate coating functions as a dehydroprotectant and stabilizes subsequently non-covalently bound immobilized members of biochemically reactive surface members such as pharmaceuticals. Many of the physical properties of this enabling system have been characterized in vitro and in animal models. Antigen delivery, drug delivery, and hemoglobin delivery experiments are described.
Violence and Economic Conditions in the United States, 1973-2011 Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Patterns in the National Crime Victimization Survey

To more fully understand how economic conditions and the latest economic downturn might be associated with rates of violence, this research examines a variety of economic indicators and their relationships to subgroup rates of violence overall and by victim–offender relationship. We find that the recent recession of 2007 to 2009 has not produced significant increases in victimization for any of the groups or violence types analyzed here. We also find that several economic indicators are associated with violence during the 1973 to 2000 period, yet these same factors fail to be significantly correlated with the trends from 2001 to 2011. This suggests that historical conditions unique to the more recent period are moderating the relationships between trends in the macroeconomy and violence, and that future research should focus on developing and modeling indicators of various potential moderating influences. We also caution, however, that this recent change in the association between the economy and the viol...
Moving toward community policing: the role of postmaterialist values in a changing profession

Explains Inglehart’s theory that in advanced industrial societies, individual values have moved from materialism to a greater emphasis on freedom, self‐expression and the quality of life, or “postmaterialism”, and observes that postmaterialists want to work with people they like and to do interesting work rather than have a high salary or job security. Applies Inglehart’s theory of societal value change to assess a police organizational reform. Conducts a survey of the Washington State Police. Finds that command staff show the highest profession of postmaterialist values and troopers show the lowest. Believes leadership turnover is more likely than conversion to new values to bring about management commitment to community policing.
Differential expression of tyrosinated tubulin in Spisula solidissima polar bodies

The C-terminus of α-tubulin can be reversibly modified by a specific tyrosine ligase to yield an isoform known as Tyr-tubulin. Tyr-tubulin is typically found in more dynamic microtubule arrays such as the mitotic spindle, as opposed to stable structures like centrioles and flagella. In developing systems, it is expressed in relatively undifferentiated, proliferative cell types but is replaced by detyrosinated (Glu-) tubulin during differentiation. We found Tyr-tubulin highly enriched in a single polar body of Spisula solidissima embryos. Quantitation of DNA content by Hoechst staining indicates that polar body 1 (with twice the DNA content of polar body 2) is the Tyr-tubulin–positive cell. Other than the apoptosis marker caspase, this is, to our knowledge, the first distinguishing marker antigen for polar bodies, particularly for one polar body vs. another. This localization of Tyr-tubulin is unlikely to be a byproduct of the meiotic process itself, because it arises after ejection of both polar bodies is complete. Although polar bodies are typically thought of as a terminally differentiated vestige of meiosis, the localization of this more dynamic tubulin isoform suggests an active role in early development. Developmental Dynamics 232:216–220, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parkinsonism following dystonia in three patients

Three patients who presented initially with dystonia and subsequently developed typical idiopathic parkinsonism were evaluated. One patient presented with a writer's cramp, one with axial dystonia, and one with Meige syndrome. All three displayed amelioration of their dystonia with progression of their parkinsonism over a period of 2 to 15 years. Treatment with levodopa gave some relief of the parkinsonism symptoms in two patients but exacerbated or reactivated the dystonia. It is suggested that both the dystonia and the parkinsonism represent the changing clinical expression of the same disorder at different times in its evolution.
Ovals in Figueroa planes

A class of ovals, called theOvali di Roma, is constructed in the non-Desarguesian finite Figueroa planes of odd order.
Functionalized self-assembled monolayers for measuring single molecule lectin carbohydrate interactions.

Abstract The specific interactions between sugar-binding proteins (lectins) and their complementary carbohydrates mediate several complex biological functions. There is a great deal of interest in uncovering the molecular basis of these interactions. In this study, we demonstrate the use of an efficient one-step amination reaction strategy to fabricate carbohydrate arrays based on mixed self-assembled monolayers. These allow specific lectin carbohydrate interactions to be interrogated at the single molecule level via AFM. The force required to directly rupture the multivalent bonds between Concanavalin A (Con A) and mannose were subsequently determined by chemical force microscopy. The mixed self-assembled monolayer provides a versatile platform with active groups to attach a 1-amino-1-deoxy sugar or a protein (Con A) while minimizing non-specific adhesion enabling quick and reliable detection of rupture forces. By altering the pH of the environment, the aggregation state of Con A was regulated, resulting in different dominant rupture forces, corresponding to di-, tri- and multiple unbinding events. We estimate the value of the rupture force for a single Con A–mannose bond to be 95 ± 10 pN. The rupture force is consistent even when the positions of the binding molecules are switched. We show that this synthesis strategy in conjunction with a mixed SAM allows determination of single molecules bond with high specificity, and may be used to investigate lectin carbohydrate interactions in the form of carbohydrate arrays as well as lectin arrays.
Motor learning interference is proportional to occlusion of LTP-like plasticity

Learning interference occurs when learning something new causes forgetting of an older memory (retrograde interference) or when learning a new task disrupts learning of a second subsequent task (anterograde interference). This phenomenon, described in cognitive, sensory, and motor domains, limits our ability to learn multiple tasks in close succession. It has been suggested that the source of interference is competition of neural resources, although the neuronal mechanisms are unknown. Learning induces long-term potentiation (LTP), which can ultimately limit the ability to induce further LTP, a phenomenon known as occlusion. In humans we quantified the magnitude of occlusion of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-induced increased excitability after learning a skill task as an index of the amount of LTP-like plasticity used. We found that retention of a newly acquired skill, as reflected by performance in the second day of practice, is proportional to the magnitude of occlusion. Moreover, the degree of behavioral interference was correlated with the magnitude of occlusion. Individuals with larger occlusion after learning the first skill were (1) more resilient to retrograde interference and (2) experienced larger anterograde interference when training a second task, as expressed by decreased performance of the learned skill in the second day of practice. This effect was not observed if sufficient time elapsed between training the two skills and LTP-like occlusion was not present. These findings suggest competition of LTP-like plasticity is a factor that limits the ability to remember multiple tasks trained in close succession.
Reversion from deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) in an SV40-transformed human fibroblast line

Control SV40- transformed human fibroblasts can be readily adapted to growth on medium containing galactose as sole hexose source (galactose-MEM). However, most cells from a line of SV40- transformed skin fibroblasts from a patient with galactosemia (galactose- 1- phosphate Uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency) died in galactose-MEM. Surviving cells of this line either grew in completely sugar-free media or had acquired significant amounts of GALT activity. Two presumptive revenant cell lines with GALT activity were characterized in detail. The expression of GALT in these two lines was stable in nonselective conditions. Each had different reaction maximum velocities with respect to uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) concentration as compared to residual activity in the parental cell strain or control cells. Both appeared to demonstrate heat-inactivation profiles for GALT that differed from the parental cells or controls. UDPG concentration was found to significantly alter the thermostability of GALT. A competitive radioimmunnoassay for GALT showed that these two lines had amounts of the GALT protein comparable to that of the parental cell strain or control cells. The electrophoretic mobility of GALT from the two presumptive revertants was found to differ from control cells. It was concluded that structural gene changes were probably responsible for the apparent reversion in these lines.
Valacyclovir-Induced Psychosis and Manic Symptoms in an Adolescent Young Woman With Genital Herpes Simplex

Background Genital herpes is a common and painful infection. Its prevalence within the United States is estimated to be 40 million to 60 million people. Three medications, acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir, have been shown to reduce the duration and severity of the disease. Objective The authors report on the first known case of valacyclovir-induced psychosis with symptoms of mania in a young woman with no previous psychiatric history. Method The patient presented with irritable mood and grandiose delusions 72 hours after starting valacyclovir for genital herpes. Valacyclovir treatment was stopped, and risperidone was initiated. Results The symptoms continued after stopping the valacyclovir, but improved with risperidone. Discussion There are reports of neuropsychiatric side effects with valacyclovir's structural analogs in elderly patients with renal dysfunction. Clinicians should be aware that valacyclovir may induce psychosis with manic presentation in young, healthy patients without a psychiatric history.
Flat focusing lens designs having minimized reflection based on coordinate transformation techniques

Two-dimensional far-zone focusing lenses are designed using the coordinate transformation approach that feature minimized reflections from the lens boundaries. A flat lens of trapezoidal cross section completely converts incident waves with cylindrical wavefronts into transmitted waves with planar wavefronts. A rectangular lens with reduced non-magnetic material parameters that incorporates a nonlinear coordinate transformation features a significantly reduced amount of reflections compared with the non-magnetic lens based on a linear transformation. The improved reflection performance of each new lens design is verified using a full-wave finite-element analysis and compared with previously reported transformation optical lenses.
Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients

Pregnancy after transplantation is common, particularly for women with kidney transplants. Several potential complications need to be considered in counseling women who wish to resume their reproductive life after transplantation; complications can occur that impact both the mother and the fetus. This manuscript reviews the common potential problems associated with pregnancy in maternal renal transplant recipients and discusses current information about fetal outcomes after in utero exposure to immunosuppressive agents. It is important to impart the potential risks and complications of pregnancy in renal transplant recipients to both the mother and her partner before embarking upon pregnancy, and pre-conception counseling is recommended to begin at the time of pre-transplant evaluation.
Inferring population-level contact heterogeneity from common epidemic data

Models of infectious disease spread that incorporate contact heterogeneity through contact networks are an important tool for epidemiologists studying disease dynamics and assessing intervention strategies. One of the challenges of contact network epidemiology has been the difficulty of collecting individual and population-level data needed to develop an accurate representation of the underlying host population’s contact structure. In this study, we evaluate the utility of common epidemiological measures (R0, epidemic peak size, duration and final size) for inferring the degree of heterogeneity in a population’s unobserved contact structure through a Bayesian approach. We test the method using ground truth data and find that some of these epidemiological metrics are effective at classifying contact heterogeneity. The classification is also consistent across pathogen transmission probabilities, and so can be applied even when this characteristic is unknown. In particular, the reproductive number, R0, turns out to be a poor classifier of the degree heterogeneity, while, unexpectedly, final epidemic size is a powerful predictor of network structure across the range of heterogeneity. We also evaluate our framework on empirical epidemiological data from past and recent outbreaks to demonstrate its application in practice and to gather insights about the relevance of particular contact structures for both specific systems and general classes of infectious disease. We thus introduce a simple approach that can shed light on the unobserved connectivity of a host population given epidemic data. Our study has the potential to inform future data-collection efforts and study design by driving our understanding of germane epidemic measures, and highlights a general inferential approach to learning about host contact structure in contemporary or historic populations of humans and animals.
100 femtosecond/100 nanometer near-field probe

Abstract Cross-correlation by upconversion has been used to measure pulse widths below 100 fs emitted from an aluminum-coated fiber near-field tip of the variety reported by Betzig et al. [Science 251 (1991) 1468]. The pulses are 0.8 μm center-wavelength with 76 MHz repetition rate generated by a Ti: sapphire mode-locked laser. The size of the probe is estimated at 100 nm by SEM micrographs and previous experience with similar probes used in our continuous wave NSOM systems. We measure average tip output powers of ∼ 1 nW for average input powers of ∼ 500 μW.
Syntactic Development in Adolescents With a History of Language Impairments: A Follow-Up Investigation

Purpose Syntactic development in adolescents was examined using a spoken discourse task and standardized testing. The primary goal was to determine whether adolescents with a history of language impairments would differ from those with a history of typical language development (TLD). This is a companion study to one that examined these same adolescents 2 years earlier (M. A. Nippold, T. C. Mansfield, J. L. Billow, & J. B. Tomblin, 2008). Method The participants were 15-year-old adolescents with a history of specific language impairment (SLI; n = 102), nonspecific language impairment (NLI; n = 77), or TLD (n = 247). A sample of spoken discourse was elicited using a Peer Conflict Resolution (PCR) task and analyzed for mean length of T-unit, clausal density, and subordinate clause use. In addition, 2 subtests from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Third Edition (E. Semel, E. H. Wiig, & W. A. Secord, 1995), Concepts and Directions and Recalling Sentences, were administered. Results On the PCR ...
The impact of immigration on native earnings in the United States, 1940 to 1980

Abstract Prior research on the impact of immigration on native earnings in the United States has produced contradictory and inconclusive results. Using 1940 to 1980 census data, this study investigates the effect of immigration on the earnings of U.S. born citizens. A modified version of human capital, and the equilibrium model provide the theoretical framework. Results show that when we look at cross-sections, for every decade studied, except 1940, immigration had positive effects on the earnings of native born Americans. After controlling for possible simultaneity bias, and using panel regression analysis, the author found different results. Although not completely eliminated, the impact of immigration was substantially reduced. Based on his results and past research findings, the author recommends that U.S. immigration policy make it easier for foreign doctoral graduates and other professionals to adjust their status should they wish to live in the United States, adding that such practice would in the long run add to the productive capacity of the country. He recommends that U.S. corporations invest abroad and pay competitive wages to workers to discourage illegal inflows.
Influence of mild to severe flow alterations on invertebrates in three mountain streams

Invertebrates were compared upstream versus downstream from diversions on three small, headwater streams in the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Flow alteration of these streams varied from mild (some aspect of all natural flow components was transferred downstream) to severe (nearly 100% of the flow was diverted for 10–11 months of the year). The analysis was separated into periods of frequent (diversion gates often opened and closed; April–October) and infrequent flow fluctuations (stable low flows due to constant diversion; November–March). Invertebrates appeared resilient to mild flow alterations as neither the abundance, diversity, nor spatial and temporal variation in abundance and diversity differed upstream versus downstream during either period. In severely diverted streams, however, total invertebrate density downstream from the diversion was only 50% of upstream. Invertebrate diversity was also reduced; ten taxa abundant upstream were absent in downstream sections. Chironomids, ostracods and Ameletus spp. comprised 80% of total invertebrate density during constant, low flow conditions in the severely diverted streams. Although all taxa in the severely diverted streams recovered (drift) during the period of frequent flow fluctuations, spatial and temporal variation (coefficient of variation) in both density and the number of taxa was significantly greater downstream. Depending on the frequency with which free-flowing conditions were re-established, many invertebrate populations (especially mayflies and some stoneflies) declined or were even locally extirpated (e.g. Hesperoperlapacifica, Megarcyssignata, Neothremmaalicia, Polyceliscoronata). Downstream communities in severely diverted tributaries appeared to fluctuate between two stable endpoints; a depauperate low-flow community dominated by chironomids and ostracods and a more abundant and diverse natural-flow community dominated by mayflies, chironomids, ostracods, stoneflies and caddisflies. Water abstraction (extent and timing of diversion) could be managed to minimize risks to downstream ecological resources.
Famous faces but not remembered spaces influence vertical line bisections

Whereas the ventral visual processing stream mediates facial and object recognition, the dorsal stream mediates recognition of spatial relationships. In addition, ventral lesions have been reported to induce visual inattention to the upper visual field and dorsal lesions inattention to the lower field. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that activation of the ventral stream will induce an upward attentional bias and activation of the dorsal stream, a downward bias, as assessed by vertical line bisection tests. Twelve healthy right-handed individuals performed vertical line bisections. During these trials, either pictures of famous faces or dots in different spatial locations were presented above and below the line. The participants were asked to recognize and remember the faces or locations of dots while they performed the bisections. In control trials, they were no faces or dots. An upward bias was observed in all conditions. This upward bias was significantly increased in the face recog...
The calibration and error analysis of an artificial mirrored sky converted to a clear sky luminance distribution

Abstract An inexpensive conversion of a mirrored artificial sky from an overcast sky source to a clear sky source allows more extensive model investigation. For a solar altitude angle of 40°, the model sees the relative CIE standard clear sky luminance distribution away from the sun caused by a low perimeter source illuminating a cloth drape covering the mirrored walls. Problems in calibrating the “sky” are explained and compared to a model in a similar real sky and a computer calculation. The errors due to a shifts in angular relationship to the luminance distribution of a close artificial sky source are calculated for different room locations, window types and model sizes.
Long-term follow-up of patients with early atherosclerosis

Purpose: Patients with premature peripheral vascular disease may respond differently than their older counterparts. To determine the impact of early onset of atherosclerosis on outcome, we decided to compare a group of these patients with a group of patients with typical onset of atherosclerosis with regard to early complications, indications for intervention, site of disease at initial presentation (aortoiliac, infrainguinal, or cerebrovascular), and long-term outcomes (secondary revascularization, amputation, and death). Method: All patients younger than 50 years old requiring operative intervention between 1987 and 1992 were retrospectively compared with a group of patients greater than 60 years old, randomly selected from patients who underwent operation during the same time period. Patients were evaluated and compared for indications, risk factors, and early and late outcomes. Results: Patients with early onset atherosclerosis at the aortoiliac or infrainguinal level had a higher late amputation rate (17% versus 3.9%, p =0.02) and poorer overall outcome than their older cohorts. Patients with cerebrovascular disease in both cohorts had similarly good prognoses. Conclusion: Aortoiliac or infrainguinal disease diagnosed in patients less than 50 years of age portends a poorer outcome than does similar disease in an older patient population.
The effects of aprotinin on outcome from cerebral ischemia in the rat.

The administration of aprotinin has been associated with a reduction in cardiac surgery-related stroke. Intrinsic neuroprotective properties of this drug have not been evaluated in laboratory outcome models of cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aprotinin exhibits neuroprotective effects against either global or focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Fasted rats were administered aprotinin (30,000 or 60,000 KIU/kg) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) IV before global ischemia (10 min bilateral carotid occlusion with mean arterial pressure 30 mm Hg) or focal ischemia (75 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]). Five days after global ischemia, the percentage of dead hippocampal CA1 neurons (mean +/- SD) was similar among the groups (small-dose aprotinin: 49 +/- 31, n = 15; large-dose aprotinin: 55 +/- 31, n = 13; vehicle: 47 +/- 31, n = 16; P = 0.74). After 7 days' recovery from MCAO, no difference among the groups was observed for either neurologic score (P = 0.99) or cerebral infarct volume (small-dose aprotinin: 136 +/- 80 mm (3), n = 23; large-dose aprotinin: 132 +/- 101 mm3, n = 11; vehicle: 121 +/- 81 mm3, n = 21; P = 0.87). Implications: Aprotinin offers no neuroprotection against either global or focal cerebral ischemia in the rat when administered as a single preischemic bolus. (Anesth Analg 1999;88:1-7)
Identification of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle

Achieving greater understanding of the genomic influence on milk synthesis in dairy cows represents a daunting challenge. Bovine-specific microarrays have allowed for high-throughput gene expressio...
Full Spectrum Emission and Hybrid OLEDs from Silicon Nanoparticles

This study demonstrates that in-line etching processes can be created to size the nanoparticles and produce a surface passivation layer. Photoluminescence measurements have been carried out to examine the dry etching process. It is found that the PL of Si nanocrystals (Si-NCs) blueshifts when the dry etching reduces the size of Si-NCs, consistent with the well-know quantum confinement effect. Hence, Si-NCs are considered promising materials for optical applications including light emitting diodes.
Direct observation of individual atoms on metals

Abstract The ability to observe the structure of surfaces and to monitor the processes occurring on them with atomic resolution is crucial to a better understanding of surface properties. The field ion microscope provides this capability routinely, and with the atom probe the chemical identity of single atoms can be ascertained as well. Recent work with these techniques, aimed at a better understanding of atomic events on metal surfaces, will be reviewed with special emphasis on the following topics: (1) Observation of atomic binding sites. (2) Interfacial structure. (3) Chemical analysis on the atomic level. (4) Determination of binding energies. (5) Atomic events in surface diffusion.
Hydraulic Cylinder Velocity Control With Energy Recovery: A Comparative Simulation Study

A valve configuration including a hydraulic accumulator for energy recovery is proposed for velocity control of hydraulic cylinders. A control design incorporating a low-level adaptive robust controller and high-level logic is presented. The benefits of independent cylinder pressure control, regeneration flows, and the proposed energy recovery system are compared. Simulation results show the proposed configuration provides significant energy savings compared to the other system configurations following the same velocity trajectory. An explanation of the advantages of the proposed configuration over previous configurations is given, showing why the proposed configuration makes increased recycling of system flows possible. Results for constant pressure source and a load-sensing pump show that different control objectives are appropriate for different supply pressure setups. Additional applications and further study of the proposed configuration are discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Optimization of batch fermentation processes. II. Optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations

Optimization methods based on the continuous maximum principle and the calculus of variations were used to calculate optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations. These methods were first applied to several general models to develop effective techniques for the numerical solution of the equations. Subsequently, these methods were applied to two particular models, derived from experimental data, and the optimum temperature profiles were determined. The results indicated that an improvement, in penicillin yield of about 15% was possible if the optimum temperature profiles were followed.
Post-licensure experience with rotavirus vaccination in high and middle income countries; 2006 to 2011

Rotavirus causes one-third to one-half of severe diarrheal disease in children under the age of five years worldwide. In 2006 two rotavirus vaccines became available and, in the intervening years, approximately thirty countries have introduced them into their immunization programs, primarily in high-income and middle-income settings. Major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations have been observed in a number of these locations, and in select countries, there have been impacts on gastroenteritis mortality associated with rotavirus vaccine introduction. In addition to these direct health benefits, reduced gastroenteritis risk has been documented in unvaccinated groups, including older children and adults, suggesting indirect benefits (i.e. herd immunity). In this paper, we summarize what has been learned from programs studying post-licensure vaccine effectiveness, impact on health-care utilization and death, safety issues (namely, intussception and the detection of adventitious viruses) and the potential selective pressure of vaccination on the diversity of rotavirus genotypes.
The Noble American Science of Imperial Relations and Its Laws of Race Development

Political scientists in early-twentieth-century America who traced the nineteenth-century origins of their field pointed to the British theorist and statesmen, George Cornewall Lewis (1806–1863). His best-known work is An Essay on the Government of Dependencies (1841). Lewis defined the science of politics as comprising three parts: the nature of the relation between a sovereign government and its subjects, the relation between the sovereign governments of independent communities, and “the relation of a dominant and a dependent community; or, in other words, the relation of supremacy and dependence.” Modern writers, however, had not yet taken up the nature of the political relation of supremacy and dependency in any systematic way.
GENDERING JOB COMPETITION: IMMIGRATION AND AFRICAN AMERICAN EMPLOYMENT IN CHICAGO, 1990-2000

This investigation of demographic changes between 1990 and 2000 within African American employment concentrations in Chicago finds that the effects of immigration on African American employment differ by gender. Black women increasingly shared their niche industries with immigrant women without being displaced, a pattern of coexistence that indicates the primacy of gender in sorting women into employment. By contrast, similar patterns were absent between African American and immigrant men, and several niche industries reflected competition. Yet economic restructuring more significantly affected African American male and female employment than immigration. Among women, these same trends also affected immigrants. Both groups were adversely affected by the growth of low-wage employment in female-dominated, care-work jobs—their primary industries of overlap. These findings underscore the significance of gender in problematizing ethnic/racial divisions of labor and the need to consider economic consequences th...
Oral health experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescent women: A qualitative descriptive study

Abstract Background Oral health may plan an important role in the general health of adolescents who are pregnant and parenting. However, little is known about the socio-behavioral and environmental experiences that may affect the adolescent woman's oral health and quality of life. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore oral health experiences among adolescent women who were pregnant and parenting. Design This was a qualitative descriptive study. Participants Twenty-four adolescent women who were pregnant and parenting, 14–18 years of age, who read and spoke English and were enrolled in an alternative school-based program. Methods Manifest and latent content analysis were conducted by hand with data from face-to-face interviews, observations, field notes, and reflective journaling. Member checks confirmed credibility of the qualitative findings. Results Four themes emerged from the oral health data: perceptions, knowledge and practices, myths and misconceptions, and values. Conclusion Nurses may play a key role in improving the oral health status of adolescents who are pregnant and parenting. Oral health should be a routine part of every general health assessment.