cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racism and preparation for bias within African American families.

Objectives: Exposure to racism experienced by caregivers poses a threat to child developmental outcomes. The current study examines the effects of caregiver-experienced racism on the development of internalizing behaviors for African American children during a sensitive period in their development of racial awareness. Two aspects of caregiver-provided ethnic racial socialization (ERS), cultural socialization and preparation for bias, were assessed as moderators. Supported by prior research, cultural socialization was hypothesized to be protective. Given that research on preparation for bias in early childhood is sparse or inconclusive, no directional hypothesis was formulated for the moderation effect of preparation for bias. Method: A community-recruited, low-income sample of 130 African American caregivers and their children (T3 Mage = 6.20, T4 Mage = 7.17) reported on past-year experiences with racism, ERS practices, and child internalizing behaviors. Path analyses were utilized to assess the influence of caregivers' racist experiences and ERS practices on children's first grade internalizing behaviors after controlling for kindergarten levels. Results: Cultural socialization was not a significant protective factor as hypothesized. However, caregivers' past-year experiences with racism predicted more anxious and sad behaviors in children when caregivers reported using more preparation for bias. Conclusions: The effects of caregivers' racism experiences on their 6-year-old children's internalizing behaviors were contingent on their use of preparation for bias socialization. This study adds to the literature on racism and further elucidates the role preparation for discrimination plays in developmental outcomes for young African American children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Chapter 16 – Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Disorders

Publisher Summary Lymphoproliferative disorders manifest with uncontrolled hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues. They are a heterogeneous group of diseases that range from reactive polyclonal hyperplasia to true monoclonal diseases. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of disrupted lymphocyte homeostasis caused by defective fas-mediated apoptosis. Normally, as part of the downregulation of the immune response, activated B and T lymphocytes up-regulate fas expression and activated T lymphocytes up-regulate expression of fas ligand. Fas and fas ligand interact triggering the caspase cascade, leading to cellular apoptosis. Patients with ALPS have a defect in this apoptotic pathway leading to chronic lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and secondary malignancies. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) results from acquired clonal disorders of the pluripotent or multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell. It is characterized by absolute and/or functional cytopenias with usually a hypercellular or normocellular bone marrow containing less than 20% blasts. It has the propensity to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia whereas chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of the primitive hematopoietic stem cell and is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. This abnormal chromosome results from reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of chromosome 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11).
Management pathway for emergency department patients in the setting of the opioid epidemic and emergency department overcrowding.

Objective The United States is currently in the midst of a major opioid addiction epidemic, of which the primary drivers are a sharp increase in prescription opioid pain medications, their misuse, and the inordinate illicit use of opioids. Declared a national health emergency, the opioid crisis puts enormous pressure on various systems, including increasing overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) and forced changes in prescribing practices. We are piloting a newlydeveloped ED opiate pathway to streamline ED care for patients who frequently present at the ED for chronic pain management or other recurrent pain-causing medical problems. Methods Patients at risk of possible opioid addiction are identified and their records are reviewed. If there is no narcotics agreement in place, the ED care team contacts the primary care physician and any other service providers involved in the patient's care to create a comprehensive pain management program. Results Our pathway is simple and geared toward streamlining and improving care for patients with opioid addiction and misuse. We looked at seven patients in this pilot study with mixed results regarding decreasing future ED visits. Conclusion This strategy may both limit opioid usage and abuse as well as limit ED visits and overcrowding by streamlining ED care for patients who frequently present for chronic pain management or other recurrent medical problems.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Transformational Leadership Education Session for Nurse Leaders and Nurse Educators

Background Transformational leadership is one of the most utilized models of leadership across the disciplines. It can positively impact the leader-follower relationship, performance of the leader, and productivity of the organization. Objective The purpose of the project was to assess the impact of an educational session on the recognition and execution of transformational leadership characteristics for nurse leaders and nurse educators. Methods An interactive transformational leadership education session aimed to affect the recognition and execution of nurse leaders' and nurse educators' transformational leadership characteristics. Results A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test yielded a statistically significant increase in idealized influence (behavior), and an increase in intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation. Conclusions This project creates the infrastructure for future ongoing initiatives focusing on the beneficial impact of transformational leadership development for nurse leaders and educators. Implications for nursing A supportive environment for transformational leadership development may take the institution to the next level regarding engagement, productivity, and performance, all of which are vital to organizational success.
Enhancing Thermal Ablation of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound with Phase Shift Nanodroplets and Multi-focus Ablation Patterns

Local ablative treatment is a common intervention for cancers of soft tissues such as breast or liver, but they are invasive, requiring incision. High intensity focused ultrasound is being explored as an extracorporeal non-invasive option. This technology can be used to create a small focal spot of high pressures capable of thermally ablating targets as small as a grain of rice. However, this therapy carries a risk of off-target effects such as skin burns. Here, we describe a method that combines phase-shift nanodroplets (PSNDs) with multi-focus sonications to enhance volumetric ablation and ablation efficiencies while increasing the pre-focal temperatures by less than 6°C Furthermore, multi-focal ablation of 4 foci performed the best, generating a mean ablation volume of $120.2\pm 22.4\ \text{mm}^{3}$ and ablation efficiency of 0.04 mm3/J when compared to an ablation volume of $61.2\pm 21.16\text{mm}^{3}$ and ablation efficiency of 0.02 mm3/J in single foci case.
Activated Carbon Fibers via Reductive Carbonization of Cellulosic Biomass for Adsorption of Nonpolar Volatile Organic Compounds

Abstract Reductive carbonization of cellulosic fibers via nano-sized nickel catalyst in the presence of hydrogen was examined for production of activated carbon fibers (ACFs). The results showed that 99.5 % of oxygen originally presented in the biomass was removed as measured by using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), with over 63 % carbon in form of reductive species. Such reductive ACFs demonstrated high adsorption capacities for non-polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Particularly, the reductive ACFs absorbed benzene at a capacity that was 8 times higher than traditionally prepared carbon fibers. That can be attributed to both the reductive surface chemistry and morphology generated by the activity of the nanocatalysts. The unique network structure of the ACFs also provided a fine conductivity, that made it possible for efficient material regeneration via electrothermal desorption. The absorbed VOCs could be completely released within 1 min upon application of a moderate electrical current, and the regenerated materials could regain 100 % of its adsorption capacity even after repeated adsorption and desorption cycles. This work demonstrated for the first time the use of nanocatalyst-assisted reductive carbonization in manipulating surface properties of bio-based carbon materials, promising the production of a new class of carbon materials for industrial applications including air quality control, gas separation, and fuel storage.
Financial Trends of Florida Hospitals Pre and Post the Affordable Care Act

Although Florida did not expand Medicaid via the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the state transitioned all of its full-benefit Medicaid enrollees from fee-for-service to managed care in 2014. This paper explores the financial trends in Florida hospitals in light of these significant federal and state policy changes. A linear spline with a knot at year 2014 was used to estimate the change in the slope of hospital finances before and after 2014. Florida Agency for Health Care Administration provided the Florida hospital financial data for years 2010-2018. The study sample was a panel of 1,600 unique hospital-year observations with 187 unique hospitals. The growth of Florida not-for-profit hospitals operating profits have slowed down in the post ACA years. Investor-owned hospitals appear unaffected by the ACA and maintained their dominance in the Florida hospital market. Public hospitals may have turned a corner with improving profitability.
Sonic Health Attacks by Pulsed Microwaves in Havana Revisited [Health Matters]

Presents the results of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) report, “An Assessment of Illness in U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies." it is almost exactly three years since the publication of my article “Strange Reports of Weaponized Sound in Cuba” [2]. There, it was first hypothesized that “[a]ssuming that the reported events are reliable, there is actually a scientific explanation for the source of sonic energy. It could well be from a targeted beam of high-power microwave pulse radiation” [2]. In examining plausible causes of the described illnesses, the NASEM report makes that point that, among the mechanisms the study committee considered, the most plausible mechanism to explain these cases, especially in individuals with distinct early symptoms, appears to be directed, pulsed RF (microwave) energy.
Pain-dependent learning in healthy volunteers.

A state-dependent learning paradigm was studied in which healthy adult volunteers studied/encoded and recalled information from short passages, neutral in their content, in one of the following con...
A viscoelastic Eshelby inclusion model and analysis of the Cell-in-Gel system

Abstract We develop a viscoelastic generalization of the elastic Eshelby inclusion solution, where the inclusion and surrounding matrix are two different viscoelastic solids and the inclusion’s eigenstrain is a time-periodic oscillatory input. The solution exploits the Correspondence Principle of Linear Viscoelasticity and a Discrete Fourier Transform to efficiently capture the steady-state oscillatory behavior of the 3-D mechanical fields. The approach is illustrated here in the context of the recently-developed in vitro Cell-in-Gel system, where an isolated live cardiomyocyte (the inclusion) is paced to contract periodically within a soft hydrogel (the matrix), for the purpose of studying the effect of mechanical load on biochemical signals that regulate contractility. The addition of viscoelasticity improves the fidelity of our previous elastic Eshelby inclusion analysis of the Cell-in-Gel system by accounting for the time-varying fields and the resulting hysteresis and dissipated mechanical energy. This mathematical model is used to study the parametric sensitivities of the relative stiffness of the inclusion, the inclusion’s aspect ratio (slenderness), and the cross-link density of the hydrogel matrix.
Hybrid rice development in Indonesia: constraints and opportunities

This paper reviews the constraints and opportunities of hybrid rice development in Indonesia. Indonesia has released more than a hundred hybrid rice varieties; Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) developed 21 varieties. Extensive trials were conducted on the various aspects of seed production by government sectors and private companies. Significant progress has been made in hybrid rice seed production, with seed yield increasing from 1 t/ha to 3 t/ha. Various problems should be considered to develop a good seed production system. The constraints are the low outcrossing rate, shortage of suitable land, high cost and labor, lack of trained personnel, climatic fluctuations in rainfall and temperature, and limited hybrid rice seed grower. Private sectors investment in hybrid rice has been increased. Positive support from government and private companies will boost hybrid rice’s adoption rapidity. Collaboration of hybrid rice dissemination across institutions was a meaningful way to encourage hybrid rice adoption. Optimizing seed production technologies could significantly increase the present level of hybrid seed yield. The opportunities are an increase of rice demand, various materials genetic, distribution of rice ecosystem, and public-private sector partnership that developed on hybrid seed production to accelerate the adoption of hybrid rice. It supports not only the research and development but also the dissemination and adoption.
Defending Constitutional Rights

Perceptive writings and opinions of a powerful figure in twentieth-century civil rights legislation Federal Judge Frank M. Johnson of Alabama decided many of the most important civil rights and liberties cases in twentieth-century American history. During the 1950s and sixties, his decisions supported Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights fighters in their struggles for justice and equality. Johnson extended the Constitutional defense of individual rights for women, students, prisoners, mental health patients, poor criminal defendants, and voters during his active judicial career, which lasted until 1991. This collection assembles some of Johnson's most thought-provoking and insightful essays, many published as journal articles that explain and defend a number of his decisions. Also included in this volume is the first published transcript of a 1980 public television interview with Bill Moyers, in which Johnson personally explains his historic decisions. Meticulously detailed and documented, yet accessible to a wide range of readers, this book explores the constitutional ideals that Johnson forged and defended as he persistently overcame public officials' resistance to constitutional rights and social change.
Many-Body Theory of Tunneling: Polarons in Schottky Junctions

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. The main effort is to continue the discussion of the many-body theory which was started by Schrieffer in Chapter 21 of this volume. Following this a particular example of a many-body effect will be given. This example occurs in metal-semiconductor (Schottky) tunneling, and arises from the electron-phonon interaction.
Oil Price Uncertainty Index: Capturing Media Information

We develop a new oil price uncertainty index (OPUX) based on newspaper and social networking coverage. Our index improves on the existing oil ETF volatility index (OVX) because financial markets are inefficient insofar as prices do not reflect all information (Shiller, 1981). Several pieces of evidence, including a media audit of 14,233 newspaper articles and 502 tweets, indicate that our OPUX predicts changes in the uncertainty of oil prices. Specifically, our results demonstrate that the OPUX improves ability to predict oil price volatility (the standard deviation of daily prices for a given month) between 24% and 30%. The intuition behind our results is that the existing OVX is fairly smooth, whereas actual oil price volatility shows considerably more fluctuation in step with media coverage (see Figure 1, Panels A, B and C). Collectively, newspaper and social media coverage are powerful predictors of future volatility in the oil market.
Stages of Change

Allen, L. A., Escobar, J. I., Lehrer, P. M., Gara, M. A., & Woolfolk, R. L. (2002). Psychosocial treatments for multiple unexplained physical symptoms: A review of the literature. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 939–950. Salkovskis, P. M. (1989). Somatic problems. In K. Hawton, P. M. Salkovskis, J. Kirk, & D. M. Clark (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pediatric tumours: pseudotumour or a tumour?

Differentiation between tumours and pseudo-tumours is essential for planning adequate treatment and for estimating outcome and future prognosis. Per definition, tumour and pseudo-tumours are lesions that look alike on ultrasound (US), computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Misinterpretation may lead to a significant delay of adequate treatment for malignant tumours or on the contrary may result in over-treatment of a tumour-like, benign lesion. The essential question is how does a radiologist reliably differentiate between both entities? Typically, he will use anatomical imaging studies like US, CT or MRI. A tumour is suspected when a focal density or signal alteration is seen displacing or infiltrating adjacent structures with or without a matching contrast enhancement and possibly surrounded by vasogenic edema. Unfortunately, many pseudo-tumours including abscesses, resolving hematomas, vascular malformations, benign cysts, and even metabolic disorders may have similar imaging features. In addition, a frequent, difficult question is the differentiation between postsurgical changes and residual tumour after recent tumour surgery or between radiation induced lesions and recurrent or residual tumour. The recent development of functional MRI sequences like diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI sequences facilitates the differentiation between tumours and pseudo-tumours. It is impossible to present a complete list of pseudo-tumours, however the current presentation will discuss how a multidisciplinary, multi-imaging and multi-sequence approach may facilitate differentiation between tumors and pseudo-tumours.
A behavioral approach to group dynamics: I. Reinforcement and prompting of cohesiveness in group therapy

Two matched therapy groups in an outpatient clinic were studied for 9 months, from start to termination, in terms of process and outcome. The research draws upon two disciplines for its theoretical and openational structure: (1) small group dynamics, and (2) operant conditioning. In the experimental group, the therapist was trained to use techniques of social reinforcement to facilitate the development of intermember cohesiveness—also termed intimacy, solidarity, or affection. In the comparison group, the therapist, who was matched along several traits with the experimental group's therapist, used a more conventional, intuitive, group-centered approach in dealing with the group. The patient's group behavior was measured by content analysis codes that assessed the area of cohesiveness on individual and group process levels. Interaction Process Analysis and Sign Process Analysis (an interpersonal affect code) were used to score on-going, “live” group behavior. A sociometric questionnaire, and symptom checklists were administered after each 3-month interval and at the start of therapy. The results indicate that the patients in the experimental group showed significantly more cohesiveness and earlier symptomatic improvement than those in the comparison group. Data from the scoring of on-going group interaction as well as from the sociometric questionnaire indicate that patients in the experimental group also develop more independence from the therapist than do the patients in the comparison group. The potency of the therapist in shaping and modifying group dynamic behaviors is established by the data for both groups whether or not the therapist is programmed or aware of the contingencies of his interventions. The findings support the utility of a reinforcement or learning approach to the understanding and practice of group therapy.
Neural crest contributions to the lamprey head

The neural crest is a vertebrate-specific cell population that contributes to the facial skeleton and other derivatives. We have performed focal DiI injection into the cranial neural tube of the developing lamprey in order to follow the migratory pathways of discrete groups of cells from origin to destination and to compare neural crest migratory pathways in a basal vertebrate to those of gnathostomes. The results show that the general pathways of cranial neural crest migration are conserved throughout the vertebrates, with cells migrating in streams analogous to the mandibular and hyoid streams. Caudal branchial neural crest cells migrate ventrally as a sheet of cells from the hindbrain and super-pharyngeal region of the neural tube and form a cylinder surrounding a core of mesoderm in each pharyngeal arch, similar to that seen in zebrafish and axolotl. In addition to these similarities, we also uncovered important differences. Migration into the presumptive caudal branchial arches of the lamprey involves both rostral and caudal movements of neural crest cells that have not been described in gnathostomes, suggesting that barriers that constrain rostrocaudal movement of cranial neural crest cells may have arisen after the agnathan/gnathostome split. Accordingly, neural crest cells from a single axial level contributed to multiple arches and there was extensive mixing between populations. There was no apparent filling of neural crest derivatives in a ventral-to-dorsal order, as has been observed in higher vertebrates, nor did we find evidence of a neural crest contribution to cranial sensory ganglia. These results suggest that migratory constraints and additional neural crest derivatives arose later in gnathostome evolution.
The effect of Te on the physical properties of GeAsS glasses

Abstract Stoichiometric, chalcogen-excess and chalcogen-deficient As-rich GeAs sulphotelluride glasses were synthesized. Liquid immiscibility was observed for glasses containing 40%, 0% (stoichiometric) and −30% excess chalcogen, whereas −60% excess chalcogen glasses were homogeneous at all S:Te ratios. For stoichiometric glasses, the two immiscible phases formed an emulsion-like microstructure and were As-, Te-rich on the one hand, and Ge-, S-rich on the other with respect to the bulk composition. In −30% excess chalcogen glasses, the worm-like microstructure of the two glasses was continuous throughout the region of immiscibility. Although the scale of the phase separation in the latter was submicroscopic, its presence was revealed by a red shift of the absorption edge of these glasses, and by anomalies in the compositional dependence of the electrical resistivity, the glass transition temperature and the softening point.
Fe Nanowires in Nanoporous Alumina: Geometric Effect versus Influence of Pore Walls

Fe nanowires were fabricated by electrodeposition into nanoporous alumina templates grown in sulfuric and oxalic acid by a pulse electrodeposition. A 42 nm diameter Fe nanowire grown in sulfuric anodized pores is essentially a single-crystalline object that grows preferentially so as to align its (110) axis along the long axis of the pore. Its coercivity is 1654 Oe and a squareness of 0.66 for axially aligned magnetic fields. For an Fe nanowire grown in oxalic anodized pores, both (110) and (200) diffraction peaks are observed, suggesting a polycrystalline object. Its coercivity and squareness are reduced to 1120 Oe and 0.47, respectively. Increasing pore diameter results in improved crystallinity for the nanowires deposited in the oxalic templates. However, their coercivities and squareness are reduced because of the decreased aspect ratio and hence shape anisotropy. We ascribe the differing crystallinity observed for nanowires grown in the two sets of templates to differences in the material properties ...
MODELING THE LOCATION OF GREENBELTS AS A MEANS FOR AIR QUALITY CONTROL

Abstract This paper deals with the uptake of air pollutants by vegetation, in particular forest canopies, and the integration of this factor in the design of greenbelts as one component, together with emission abatement and land-use planning, of a comprehensive urban air quality control strategy. This integration involves the use of a grid diffusion model and the extension of the concept of pollution transfer coefficient as a function of the amounts and locations of vegetation. The traditional air pollution control cost-effectiveness optimization model is extended to account for vegetation variables, and alternative solution procedures are reviewed.
Controlled drug release by a nanorobot

A tiny, locked box made of DNA opens up to release drug molecules in the presence of target cells.
Use of Escherichia coli O 86 :B7 in the adsorption of anti-A and anti-B from blood typing sera.

The Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli O86:B7, has somatic A and B antigens that can be utilized to adsorb anti-A and anti-B from blood typing sera. Adsorption of anti-B is highly effective, one adsorption with heat-killed bacteria for one hour being sufficient to remove anti-B from most type A or O sera. Adsorption of anti-A is less efficient, especially with type O sera. Adsorption with these organisms caused slight loss in activity of an anti-P1 serum, but no reduction in antibody titer or avidity was detected in adsorptions using a wide range of other human antisera. The bacterial method of processing is a simple and rapid means whereby sera such as anti-Lub, anti-k and anti-Vel may be rendered free of anti-B.
A child with reading impairment and a family history of adrenoleukodystrophy

The clinical course of a 6-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) who underwent allogeneic stem-cell transplantation during an early clinical stage is described. Twenty-three months after transplant, he remains neurologically stable, but with moderate neurological sequelae; the serum very long chain fatty acid profile has improved, but not normalized. The indications, mechanism of action, and complications of bone marrow transplantation in ALD are discussed briefly, along with other potential therapies.
Varying Perspectives on the Treatment of Domestic Violence in New Zealand

Women's refuges have existed in New Zealand since 1973 and today over two hundred various community and national level organizations work with victims and perpetrators of domestic violence, sexual assault, elder abuse, and child endangerment. New Zealand service providers and government officials view their work in the area of violence against women as part of an international effort with an obligation to uphold the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, or CEDAW as it is widely known, a treaty ratified by the country in 1985. While there is considerable governmental and nongovernmental support for those whose lives are touched by violence, there is also considerable tension over how to best design and deliver the services to those who need them. New Zealand is a diverse nation with a large indigenous population and growing Pasifika and Asian communities. Many of the recent debates center on how to best design programs for a multicultural population while still privile...
Immediate loading of the edentulous mandible: delivery of the final restoration or a provisional restoration--which method to use?

Purpose Edentulous patients desire restoration of their chewing ability as soon as possible after placement of dental implants. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with evidence that immediate loading of implants placed into the anterior mandible can predictably provide the patient with early functional rehabilitation. Two methods are presented that illustrate delivery of the final restoration or a provisional implant-borne prosthesis immediately after implant placement. Materials and methods A literature search was performed which produced 14 articles in the English literature that provided sufficient evidence that immediate loading is now not experimental and can be recommended as an acceptable treatment alternative. Results Two practical methods to achieve immediate function are presented in a step-wise manner to illustrate how to deliver this service to the patient. Conclusion Based on our literature review, immediate loading of the edentulous mandible with an implant-borne restoration is an acceptable and predictable method to deliver efficient return of function for the edentulous patient.
Skill performance in open videoscopic surgery

Introduction Application of minimally invasive surgery represents the future of modern surgical care. Previous studies by our group provided a novel way for viewing open surgery using a rigid endoscope attached to charged coupled device (CCD) camera in proximity to the surgical field using a robotic arm (AESOP) and a stabilizing fulcrum (Alpha port).
Supported Pt and Re–Pt on Alumina Prepared by Sol-Gel Synthesis within SituWater Formation: Role of Rhenium

Sol-gel chemistry offers flexible methods for the preparation of porous metal oxides such as the transition aluminas used as catalyst supports. The physical properties of sol-gel materials depend on the nature of the reactants, the rate of mixing, and the conditions of drying. Sol-gel chemistry has also been investigated for the preparation of supported metal catalysts such as Pt on metal oxides, including Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and SiO{sub 2}, and Sn-Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In the synthesis of Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, the physical properties of the porous material were controlled by the synthesis conditions, but only little control of the Pt dispersion was achieved. The bimetallic catalysts had high surface areas and pore volumes, but a typical Pt dispersion was not high (e.g., a H/Pt ratio of 0.3 was found for a sample containing 1 wt% Pt and 0.9 st% Sn). Because the oxophilic metal Re in Re-Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts evidently helps to maintain the dispersion of Pt, the authors investigated the role of Re in influencing the dispersion of Pt in Re-Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} prepared by a sol-gel synthesis. Alumina-supported samples were prepared in the initial absence of water under conditions allowing uniform reaction of the precursors. The precursorsmore » were Al(O-s-Bu){sub 3}, Pt(acac){sub 2}, and Re{sub 2}(CO){sub 10} in s-butyl alcohol. Acetic acid was included in the reactant mixture because it catalyzes the dehydration of the alcohol, leading to in situ formation of water uniformly in the medium and thereby to control of the rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions that lead to formation of a gelatinous precipitate. The gelatinous precipitate was transformed into porous products by calcination in air. 10 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less
Effect of Media Grain Shape on Particle Straining during Filtration

This paper investigates how straining mechanisms of angular media (crushed limestone) provide improved filtration performance compared to rounded media (river stone). Columns of granular media were set in resin, sectioned, photographed, and digitized to produce a three-dimensional model of pore space geometry. This process was repeated for four filter media, each representing different grain shapes or packing densities. From measured pore throat distributions, a stepwise particle movement model was used to estimate the maximum volume of particles that could be stored in the bulk of the filter media. The results showed that the more angular the media, the wider the range of particle sizes that could be strained in the bulk of the filter. The stepwise model was applied only to individual particles; trapping of colloidal particles was not considered. However, when individual particles are too small to be strained, the same pore throat trapping contributes to the physical capture of avalanches and flocculates. Thus the findings of this work are relevant to deep bed filtration applications where headloss results from straining, such as storm-water best management practices or soil filters.
Engaging art: the next great transformation of America's cultural life

Edited by Steven J. Tepper and Bill Ivey, Routledge, 2008, 398 pp., $95.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-96041-0, $27.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-415-96042-7 In 1982, when the compact disc was on the c...
The quartz-envelope heater: A new heater for metal-organic chemical vapor deposition systems

Two methods are currently used for heating substrates in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD): rf heating and quartz lamp heating. This paper reports a new method, the quartz-envelope heater, and describes its use for producing undoped GaAs with AsH3 and TMG in an MOCVD system. Also discussed are growth-rate and morphological studies, variations of electrical properties with different growth parameters, and refinements to the present heater design.
Arterial stiffening following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

Acute inflammatory responses are linked to a transient increase in risk of a cardiovascular event, and this risk may be mediated by a concomitant reduction in vascular function. Humans experience an acute inflammatory response as a consequence of infection, injury, or muscle damage. We measured macrovascular function before and after eccentric exercise to determine whether muscle damage from unaccustomed exercise has an unfavorable effect on the large elastic arteries. A total of 27 healthy sedentary or recreationally active men (age 18-38 years) participated in either bilateral leg press eccentric exercise or unilateral elbow flexor eccentric exercise. Postexercise muscle damage was confirmed by significant reductions in isometric strength and increases in muscle soreness (P < 0.05). Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity was significantly elevated 48 h after leg exercise (808 ± 31 vs. 785 ± 30 cm/s; P < 0.05) and arm exercise (790 ± 28 vs. 755 ± 24 cm/s; P < 0.05). There were no changes in mean arterial pressure. C-reactive protein was elevated after leg exercise but not after arm exercise. The increase in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity 48 h after arm exercise was associated with muscle strength (r = -0.47; P < 0.05) and creatine kinase concentrations (r = 0.70; P < 0.01). We concluded that eccentric exercise in both small and large muscle mass translates to transient, unfavorable changes in central macrovascular function and that the increase in central arterial stiffness after small muscle eccentric exercise is associated with indicators of muscle damage.
Framing the Debate: Ethical Research in the Information Age:

Qualitative researchers have always been concerned about using ethical practices, but this goal has become more difficult now that we are able to communicate with individuals around the world for social, professional, and educational purposes. The result is that researchers who study electronic communities or describe on-line communications must change their commonly used research tools and adapt their activities to these new environments. This article explores the possibilities of on-line research, frames the discussion of ethical issues by relating it to ethical qualitative practice, and offers suggestions for appropriate ways in which to use these tools. Through investigation and personal experience, this research demonstrates that little has been done thus far and calls for a debate on this topic. The article concludes with a set of guidelines for ethical electronic research.
Lifetime testing of sapphire and sculpted silica fiber scalpels

Background and Objective: Sapphire and sculpted silica fiber scalpels were evaluated for performance as they aged. Performance was determined by measuring their useful lifetime, forward transmission, incision depth, and the thermal coagulation thickness at the sides and bottom of the incision. Study Design/Materials, and Methods: Aging was performed with a chicken breast model. Performance measurements were made at periodic intervals. Sapphire scalpels were cooled with air or saline. Results: The air-cooled, frosted sapphire scalpels had the longest useful lifetime, whereas the saline-cooled, frosted sapphire scalpels had the shortest. Aging deteriorated the forward transmission of the sculpted silica fiber scalpels the most. Little difference was found between the averages of all incision measurements. Two of the saline-cooled, frosted sapphire scalpels fractured during the aging process. Conclusion: Aging influences the scalpel lifetime, but there was no evidence that the aging process significantly affected the incision size. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
[(TpMe,Ph)2Zn2(H3O2)]ClO4: a new H3O2 species relevant to zinc proteinases

Abstract A dinuclear zinc(II) complex has been isolated from the reaction of Zn(ClO4)2 with TpMe,Ph (TpMe,Ph=hydrotris(5,3-methylphenylpyrazolyl)borate). We have characterized this species by a high quality X-ray crystal structure (R1=3.83%), and found it to contain a H3O2 bridge. We discuss the relevance of this structure in terms of hydrolytic zinc enzymes that utilize hydrogen-bond stabilized water nucleophiles to perform peptide bond cleavage.
Diffractive optics in an ultraviolet attitude sensor

A diffractive optical surface was inserted in a wide field of view ultraviolet sensor to increase the aperture and waveband of the system with no increase in size or weight. The diffractive optical surface was etched in sapphire using binary optics fabrication techniques.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isoxazolodihydropyridinones: 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides onto 2,4-Dioxopiperidines

Practical and efficient methods have been developed for the diversity-oriented synthesis of isoxazolodihydropyridinones via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides onto 2,4-dioxopiperidines. A select few of these isoxazolodihydropyridinones were further elaborated with triazoles by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. A total of 70 compounds and intermediates were synthesized and analyzed for drug likeness. Sixty-four of these novel compounds were submitted to the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository for high-throughput biological screening.
Decreased meiotic reciprocal recombination in subtelomeric regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Reciprocal recombination (chiasma formation) between homologs appears to be essential for promoting chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. However, chiasmata that form near the ends of chromosomes are much less efficient at promoting segregation. To determine the frequency of reciprocal recombination near the end of a chromosome, genetic markers were inserted at ~7 kb intervals within the leftmost 30 kb of chromosome I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of recombination between the markers indicated that meiotic reciprocal recombination rates were much lower than on the rest of the chromosome and that rates increased with distance from the telomere. Thus, S. cerevisiae has evolved a mechanism that minimizes the occurrence of chiasmata that cannot promote meiotic segregation. Low rates of recombination were independent of the SIR2 and SIR3 gene products, suggesting that any mechanism for suppressing recombination was different from transcriptional repression due to a telomere position effect.
Can personality assessment predict future depression? A twelve-month follow-up of 631 subjects.

Abstract Background Personality assessment provides a description of a person's fundamental emotional needs and of the higher cognitive processes that modulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Prior studies by us examined personality and mood at the same time. Assessing personality may allow prediction of mood changes over time in a longitudinal study, as described in earlier prospective studies by Paula Clayton and others. Method A group of 631 adults representative of the general population completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Center for Epidemiological Studies depression scale (CES-D) at baseline and one year later. Results TCI scores at baseline accounted for gender differences in levels of depression. TCI personality scores were strongly stable (range in r = .78 to .85 for each of seven dimensions) whereas mood was only moderately stable ( r = .62) over the twelve-month follow-up. Baseline personality scores (particularly high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness) explained 44% of the variance in the change in depression. Baseline levels and changes in Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness explained 52% of the variance in the change in depression at follow-up. Limitations The follow-up sample was representative of the target population except for slightly lower Novelty Seeking scores. Clinical relevance Observable personality levels strongly predict mood changes. Personality development may reduce vulnerability to future depression.
Collective electron effects in molecular liquids

Abstract A knowledge of the interactions of radiation with molecular liquids such as glycerol, water and benzene has direct biological application in terms of understanding radiation damage to living material. Not only the amount of energy but the modes of energy deposition can be extracted from the dielectric functions if these are known over a sufficiently wide energy range. The experimental techniques and methods of data analysis which yield the dielectric functions are reviewed. The conditions necessary for the existence of collective electron effects in molecular liquids are considered and the collective behavior associated with a single oscillator and with a collection of oscillators is compared with the behavior of a free-electron gas. Experimental spectra for some molecular liquids in the energy region from 0 to 26 eV are analyzed for the degree of collective behavior exhibited.
ALCOHOL REINFORCEMENT AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS

The pleasant subjective effects produced by alcohol undoubtedly reinforce drinking behaviour. Alcohol positively reinforces or rewards drinking by producing a mild euphoria. Alcohol also has anxiolytic effects that negatively reinforce drinking. The reinforcing effects of alcohol are mediated by several neurochemical systems, with dopamine and serotonin playing major roles in reward and the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptor system playing a major role in negative reinforcement. Research from our laboratory suggests that the behavioural effects of alcohol change when blood alcohol levels are changing and that these changes correspond to alterations of specific neurochemical systems. Behavioural activation and reward effects appear to occur as blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) increase. Depressive and aversive effects of alcohol occur during the period when BACs decrease. The observed correlation between behavioural and neuropharmacological changes and alcohol consumption suggest that alcohol produces a unique cascade over time that may provide clues to its long-sought specific mechanisms of action. In alcohol-dependent individuals, chronic exposure to alcohol may alter the function and communication between the liver, brain and other vital organ systems involved in hunger and the maintenance of nutrition. Under such conditions, the importance of alcohol in the diet may be enhanced such that hunger signals in the alcohol-dependent individual motivate the consumption of alcohol. Therefore, hunger for alcohol may provide an additional source of reinforcement. Endogenous opioid mechanisms may be important in this form of alcohol reinforcement.
MRI of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: imaging appearance with and without the use of human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)

Purpose To describe the vertebral endplate and intervertebral disc space MRI appearance following TLIF, with and without the use of rhBMP-2, and to determine if the appearance is concerning for discitis/osteomyelitis.
Life along the Nafta Highway Transnational Living Strategies on the US/Mexico Border

This article examines the transnational living strategies utilized by women on the US/Mexico border while critically exploring the contradictory coexistence of successful transnational corridors, such as the NAFTA highway, and the poor residents who live alongside them. The article focuses on the transnational living strategies they use in order to improve their living conditions in Starr County, Texas. The author argues that transmigrant women and their families use migration and settlement in the Lower Rio Grande Valley as a way of improving their standard of living. However, the contradiction is that they end up living in an area known for its poor living conditions and high unemployment rates.This article is an ethnographic study of the ways in which women and their families negotiate poverty in a poor, rural border community while also showing how a poor and rural border area can both exacerbate and alleviate woman's poverty.
Some Interfacial Properties of a Nonaqueous Emulsion

Emulsions of glycerin and olive oil were formed using anionic surface-active agents. The two surfactants used were condensation products of ammonia and of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMP) with the fatty acids available in olive oil. The minimum concentration of ammonia needed for emulsification was found to be 0.6 mg./100 ml. and 0.84 mg./100 ml. at phase volumes of 0.40 and 0.58, respectively. The minimum concentration of AMP was 2 mg./100 ml. and 2.7 mg./100 ml. for phase volumes of 0.40 and 0.58, respectively. Total interfacial area was calculated from photomicrographs of the emulsions and correlated with interfacial tensions. The effective mean molecular areas of the surfactants, in the low concentrations employed, were sufficient to form 89 to 98 per cent interfacial coverage.
National information technology policy in a globalized world: building an IT workforce for Venezuela

In this paper we examine the effects of globalization on national level information technology (IT) policy. We compare national-level IT policies leading toward the development of a national-level information economy. We examine the IT policies from two long-established, successful, developed countries, Japan and Germany, distilling common policy elements. We then compare those elements to the newly created IT policy for the developing country of Venezuela, which is making the first, tentative steps toward developing an internal IT workforce. This new policy stresses the need for technological independence in a globalizing world and creation and maintenance of highly trained IT human resources. Due to the recent oil boom, Venezuela has claimed economic power and has the potential to provide Venezuela with opportunities that nations in similar stages of development do not have. Most importantly we stress the need for Venezuela to create national-level IT policy that fits it own needs.
Commercializing High-Technology Industries

In his article “From Firm to Networked Systems,” Thomas Hughes introduces concepts, such as “infrastructure” and “networking,” that are critical to today's managerial system, but, by focusing on electric utilities, the story he tells does not go beyond the arrival of the new science of electronics in the early twentieth century. Professor Hughes, therefore, does not consider the critical role of high-technology industries–that is, those that commercialized and brought to market new products based on new scientific learning—in exploring the evolution of managerial systems.