cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4-D Perturbation Analysis of Conflict Scenarios

*A method is presented for perturbing air traffic scenarios and analyzing the resulting conflicts. The perturbations consist of a specified range of spatial and temporal modifications of the trajectories, and the analysis identifies all possible conflicts within the perturbation range. This method enables new scenarios to be generated for simulation testing of air traffic management tools and concepts. Some potential applications are presented, such as the analysis of the sensitivity of a scenario to temporal perturbations, the prediction of areas of high-density traffic, and the estimation of conflict probabilities for long-range (one-to-six hour) trajectory predictions. A study of discrete and interpolated conflict detection accuracy as a function of the surveillance-sampling period is also presented, showing that interpolated detection halves the number missed conflicts when compare to discrete detection and that accuracy degrades significantly when the sampling period exceeds twelve seconds. I. Introduction To effectively cope with projected increased traffic demands on the National Airspace System (NAS), new operational concepts and tools are being researched and developed. The development must ensure that aircraft are separated at or above safe separation minima. When aircraft are predicted to violate the prescribed separation minima, they are said to be in conflict. Concepts that resolve conflicts and maintain safe separation are called separation assurance (SA) concepts. The effectiveness of SA concepts is evaluated through simulation using traffic scenarios that have conflicting flights. SA concepts need to be robust, so simulations need to be performed over a wide variety of scenarios containing diverse collections of conflicts. One can generate traffic scenarios containing conflicts from scratch, 1 but a more common practice is to generate scenarios by perturbing recorded scenarios derived from field observations or high-fidelity flight simulations. 2-4 This process shifts the original scenario trajectories in space and/or time to generate new scenarios with alternate sets of conflicts. These scenarios then drive simulations or exercise SA algorithms. Unfortunately, NAS simulations, especially ones involving live participants, can be extremely costly and time consuming. Therefore, efficiently identifying scenarios that have interesting or challenging sets of conflicts is desirable. Manual perturbations can be used to achieve this, but they risk not adequately representing the full range of potential scenarios. A more conservative approach is to generate a large number of randomly perturbed scenarios and then to evaluate them to detect conflicts. As the number of random perturbations increases, more potential conflicts are identified, but it is an extremely
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in south australia

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a significant cause of death of infants, representing 15-20% of infant mortality and being responsible for about 60% of deaths of babies aged 1 to 7 mth in South Australia. The incidence of SIDS in South Australia is 1.7/1000 live births. The age limits usually recognized for SIDS are 2 wk to 2 yr. Most deaths (90%) in this series occurred between 1 and 7 mth of age, with a maximum at 2 to 4. SIDS was found to be commoner in winter than in summer, in babies of low birth weight, and in twins. Clinical findings at the time of death varied; in many, nothing abnormal was found. Respiratory infection is common in children of the SIDS age group; 56% of a control group of babies reaching 4 mth of age had respiratory tract infection in the previous 4 wk. At autopsy in SIDS, a mild degree of bronchiolitis, upper respiratory tract infection or otitis media is often found. However, infection should not be indicated as a cause of death unless it is felt that it was sufficiently severe to have been the probable cause of death. The importance of prompt counselling of parents cf infants dying of SIDS cannot be over emphasized, since most, left to their own devices, will wonder whether they could have prevented the death. They need to realize that the cause of death was SIDS, and not any of the factors frequently noted in association with SIDS. By admitting that the cause of SIDS is unknown, an important step towards recognition of the cause may have been taken.
Wheat-Germ Diets for Insects: Rearing the Boll Weevil and the Salt-Marsh Caterpillar

The use of wheat-germ diets for insects is reviewed. Modification of these diets and nutritional experiments conducted with them are discussed. Larvae of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, developed to adults on wheat-germ diet if cholesterol was included in the diet. Oviposition of boll weevil adults in wheat-germ diet was similar to that in germinated cottonseed diet. Moths of the salt-marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury), reared on wheat-germ diet and on casein diet containing corn oil, had deformed wings. However, when linolenic acid was added to the casein diet, the moths emerged with normal wings, an indication that this insect has a dietary requirement for linolenic acid. Linseed oil was used as a source of linolenic acid in the wheat-germ diet. Because wheat-germ diet was shown to be deficient in sterol and linolenic acid for certain species, quantitative requirements for these nutrients should be investigated when other species are reared on wheat-germ-based diets.
A response to ‘Assessing levels of endangerment in the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) using the Language Endangerment Index (LEI)’, by Nala Huiying Lee & John Van Way

The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) is one of several similar responses to a perceived need for better data on language vitality. My remarks here are framed as a direct reply to Lee & Van Way's article, but really address larger issues in the ongoing debate about a perceived need to classify, inventory, and enumerate endangered languages. Lee & Van Way focus on one aspect of ELCat, the Language Endangerment Index (LEI), discussing a number of shortcomings in other current models. As an instrument for determining the level of language endangerment, the LEI is presented as a preferable alternative to other metrics, including Fishman's (1991) Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS), or EGIDS, the Expanded scale, based on the work of Lewis & Simons (2010), or UNESCO's (2003) expert scale. Lee & Van Way's discussion presupposes that such metrics are needed, and that it is beneficial to have a method for measuring vitality. Specifically, they argue that ‘for those concerned with preserving the world's fragile linguistic diversity, it is desirable to be able to quantify language vitality’. This is the underlying assumption of not only ELCat and LEI, but of other language catalogues, such as the Ethnologue (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig 2015), UNESCO's Atlas (Moseley 2010), and other vitality metrics, as discussed in Lee & Van Way.
Experimental Analysis of the Dilution Process in a Gas Turbine Combustor Simulator

High temperatures within the primary vane of a gas turbine system have been known to cause turbine blade failure due to high temperatures and stark, unexpected non-uniformities in the expelled gaseous product. Thus, to aid in the prevention of these costly and potentially dangerous failures, this study aimed to find ways to experimentally decrease temperature spontaneity at the nozzle by employing a blunt object and guide vanes to the common dilution hole approach to cool the primary air in a gas turbine simulator. Previous computational studies outlining these scenarios were experimentally produced, and verified the initial hypothesis that adding a blunt body and guide vanes, separately, to the simulator would provide more uniform exit temperature conditions. However, it was also found that, while similar in mixture capability, the guide vane approach appears to be the more feasible option due to a smaller resulting pressure drop and ease of implementation.
The use of CD47-modified biomaterials to mitigate the immune response.

Addressing the aberrant interactions between immune cells and biomaterials represents an unmet need in biomaterial research. Although progress has been made in the development of bioinert coatings, identifying and targeting relevant cellular and molecular pathways can provide additional therapeutic strategies to address this major healthcare concern. To that end, we describe the immune inhibitory motif, receptor–ligand pairing of signal regulatory protein alpha and its cognate ligand CD47 as a potential signaling pathway to enhance biocompatibility. The goals of this article are to detail the known roles of CD47–signal regulatory protein alpha signal transduction pathway and to describe how immobilized CD47 can be used to mitigate the immune response to biomaterials. Current applications of CD47-modified biomaterials will also be discussed herein.
The ideological importance of worldview: An experimental investigation of the moderating effects of dangerous and competitive worldviews on ideological attitudes

Abstract Considerable research attention has focused on dispositional traits (e.g. worldview beliefs, personality) as predictors of ideological attitudes, suggesting that ideology tends to be consistent in individuals over time. However, an emerging approach suggests that ideological attitudes may play a functional role associated with coalition affiliation, suggesting flexibility in attitudes across contexts that differ in terms of their coalitional relevance. Further, evolved coalitional mechanisms should be particularly sensitive to threats and competition from out-groups, and past research has demonstrated that perceptions of danger and competition are important predictors of ideology. As such, the present research investigated differences in participants' agreement across a host of ideological statements which differed in their coalitional relevance, and examined dangerous world beliefs (DWB) and competitive world beliefs (CWB) as moderators of the differences in participants' agreement with each statement. Across three topics (social mobility, 2nd Amendment rights, and personal freedom), DWB and CWB played an important role in predicting agreement with ideological statements, and these effects differed depending on the ideological content presented. Implications for these findings and suggestions for continued development of the research design are discussed.
THE GRADIENT THEORY OF THE POLARIZATION OF THE BOWEL

This chapter discusses the gradient theory of the polarization of the bowel. The only way in which one can alter a gradient in the bowel is by raising or lowering the irritability or tonus or some other attribute of one or more segments of the bowel. To make a gradient of activity steeper in the small bowel one must make the duodenum more active or the ileum less active than these parts normally are. In the lower forms of animal life, there is only a slight polarity or gradient of rhythmicity in the heart. The polarity becomes well marked and fairly permanent only in the higher animals. Signs of a gradient in rhythmicity have been found in several tubular organs. In the small bowel of laboratory animals it is easy to demonstrate a gradient in the rate of rhythmic contraction. In primitive tubular animals and primitive hearts the direction of peristalsis or of the beat can be reversed by stimulating the aboral end or by placing the tube in the field of an electric current in such a way as to change the polarity.
Virtual Team Basics

This chapter provides insight into virtual team theory, with particular focus on characteristics, success factors, and challenges that are common to virtual teams. It presents critical characteristics of virtual teams and the impact these characteristics have during virtual team implementation. Individual virtual teams often create their own interculture : an online space constructed by its members where all members are immigrants. The chapter provides a basic comparison of virtual team and face-to-face team characteristics. As virtual teams pass information back and forth via technology to accomplish organizational goals, effective communication creates usable and useful information ( knowledge ). Successful virtual teams construct an online workspace where they routinely transfer knowledge with few misunderstandings. Challenges to virtual team performance and communication are plentiful. The chapter discusses ten common challenges that most often impact the performance of virtual teams, whether international or not.
Engaging patients and consumers in research evidence: Applying the conceptual model of patient and family engagement.

Abstract Objective This essay discusses applying the Conceptual Framework for Patient and Family Engagement to partnerships with patients and consumers to increase their use of research evidence in healthcare decisions. The framework’s foundational principles hold that engagement occurs on a continuum across all levels of healthcare—from direct care to policymaking—with patients and healthcare professionals working in full partnership and sharing responsibility for achieving a safe, high-quality, efficient, and patient-centered healthcare system. Discussion Research evidence can serve as a critical decision-making tool in partnerships between patients and health professionals. However, as the framework suggests, without patient and consumer engagement in the design, planning, interpretation, and dissemination of research findings, it is unlikely that the broader consumer population will find research evidence useful, much less use it, to guide their healthcare decisions. Understanding what factors influence patient and consumer engagement can lead to effective strategies that enable meaningful partnerships between patients and researchers. Conclusion Understanding patient and consumer perspectives of research evidence is critical to engaging them in meaningful partnerships that produce actionable research findings that they can in turn use in partnership with health professionals to improve their own health and the healthcare system as a whole.
Combining next-generation sequencing and protein design-A systematic approach to vaccine development

E of broadly neutralizing antibodies is a major goal of vaccine development. Antibody identification and immunogen design are two critical components of a rational vaccine design strategy and have become the focus of recent technology development. We demonstrated that next-generation sequencing could capture 106-107 diverse antibody sequences from peripheral blood sample of HIV-1 infected donors, thus enabling an in-depth analysis of somatic population, maturation pathway and lineage intermediates. We further extended the application of this technology, now termed antibodyomics, to the de novo antibody identification. Using a novel evolution-based method, we identified over a dozen of broadly neutralizing VRC01-like antibodies from a HIV-infected individual, C38. Despite their low representation in the sequenced repertoire and low homology to the known VRC-1 like antibodies, these antibodies could potently neutralize ~80% of the HIV-1 isolates. In terms of immunogen design, the concept of “epitope-scaffolds” has been recently advanced as a possible solution and showed some success in the design of epitope-specific antigens. Using a novel protein design technique of transplanting epitope onto heterologous protein scaffolds, we designed over 100 epitope-scaffold immunogens for three major epitopes on the HIV-1 viral spike V1/V2, V3 and MPER. A subset of these designed proteins have been validated experimentally and some showed nanomolar binding affinity for the target broadly neutralizing antibodies, making these promising vaccine candidates. It is foreseeable that the combined use of antibodyomics and protein design will provide a powerful tool for vaccine development for HIV, as well as for other infectious diseases.
Parenting styles and home literacy opportunities: Associations with children's oral language skills

This study examined associations among parenting style, home literacy practices, and children's language skills. A total of 181 ethnically diverse parents, primarily African American, and their preschool-aged child participated. Results suggest that an authoritative parenting style was positively associated with informal home literacy (book reading) practices and formal literacy (parental teaching) practices whereas an authoritarian parenting style was negatively associated with informal home literacy practices. Informal home literacy experience was positively and parents' teaching literacy was negatively related to children's oral language scores. In a mediational model, parents who were more likely to have authoritative parenting style provided their children with informal (reading) home literacy experiences, which in turn, was associated with children's oral language skill. Parent education was positively related to home literacy experiences and directly related to children's oral language skill. Findings suggest that researchers should acknowledge multiple aspects of parenting when considering relations among home literacy practices and children's language and literacy development. Highlights Parenting style is associated with parents' engagement in home literacy activities with children. The relation between parenting style and children's oral language skills is mediated by the home literacy environment. Parent education has a strong and direct impact on children's oral language skills.
Beliefs and Attitudes about Science and Mathematics in Pre-Service Elementary Teachers, STEM, and Non-STEM Majors in Undergraduate Physics Courses

Elementary teachers often hold inaccurate beliefs about the Nature of Science (NoS) and have negative attitudes toward science and mathematics. Using a pre-post design, the current study examined beliefs about the NoS, attitudes toward science and mathematics, and beliefs about the teaching of mathematics and science in a large sample study (N = 343) of pre-service teachers receiving a curriculum-wide intervention to improve these factors in comparison with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM majors in other physics courses (N = 6697) who did not receive the intervention, over a 10-year period. Pre-service teachers evidenced initially more negative attitudes about mathematics and science than STEM majors and slightly more positive attitudes than non-STEM majors. Their attitudes toward mathematics and science and beliefs about the NoS were more similar to non-STEM than STEM majors. Pre-service teachers initially evidenced more positive beliefs about the teaching of mathematics and science, and their beliefs even increased slightly over the course of the semester, while these beliefs in other groups remained the same. Beliefs about the NoS and the teaching of mathematics and science were significantly negatively correlated for STEM and non-STEM majors, but were not significantly correlated for pre-service teachers. Beliefs about the NoS and attitudes toward mathematics and science were significantly positively correlated for both pre-service teachers and STEM students pursing the most mathematically demanding STEM majors. Attitudes toward science and mathematics were significantly positively correlated with accurate beliefs about the teaching of mathematics and science for all student groups.
Vav3 oncogene, a quanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac/Rho GTPases, is a coactivator for nuclear receptors and involved in human breast cancer.

2518 Our previous study revealed that Vav3 oncogene is overexpressed in human prostate cancer, activates androgen receptor (AR), and stimulates growth in prostate cancer cells. The current study is to determine the role of Vav3 in human breast cancer. We found that Vav3 activates estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha), stimulates growth of breast cancer cells, and potentiates EGF activity for cell growth and ER-alpha activation. Vav3, as a signal molecule, also activates ER-alpha partially via PI3K-Akt signaling. Consistent with its function for AR, the DH domain of Vav3 is responsible for ER-alpha activation. Further analysis revealed that Vav3 upregulates the activities of both steroid hormone receptors ER-alpha, progesterone receptor (PR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and non-steroid hormone receptors, such as retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR-alpha). Vav3 also showed an additive effect with other coactivators, including SRC1, TIF2, RAC3/SRC3, and E6-AP. Furthermore, we found that Vav3 interacts with both AR and ER-alpha via the DH domain, suggesting that Vav3 functions as a coactivator for nuclear receptors. More importantly, we found that Vav3 is overexpressed in 82% of human breast cancer. Our data suggest that Vav3 oncogene is a protein with multiple functions, including a novel coactivator activity for nuclear receptors in addition to the quanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity for Rho family GTPases. Vav3 oncogene may play a critical role in breast cancer.
Inverse mapping with sensitivity analysis for partial selection in interactive evolution

Evolutionary algorithms have shown themselves to be useful interactive design tools. However, current algorithms only receive feedback about candidate fitness at the whole-candidate level. In this paper we describe a model-free method, using sensitivity analysis, which allows designers to provide fitness feedback to the system at the component level. Any part of a candidate can be marked by the designer as interesting (i.e. having high fitness). This has the potential to improve the design experience in two ways: (1) The finer-grain guidance provided by partial selections facilitates more precise iteration on design ideas so the designer can maximize her energy and attention. (2) When steering the evolutionary system with more detailed feedback, the designer may discover greater feelings of satisfaction with and ownership over the final designs.
Would glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have efficacy in binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa? A review of the current literature

Abstract Binge eating, eating an abnormally large amount of food in a discrete period of time with a sense of loss of control over eating, is a defining feature of the eating disorders binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Both BED and BN are important public health problems for which there are few medical treatments. However, almost all drugs with central nervous system-mediated weight loss properties studied thus far in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in persons with BED or BN have been efficacious for reducing binge eating behavior. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, marketed for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, produce weight loss in a dose dependent manner and have favorable psychiatric adverse event profiles. We hypothesize that GLP-1 receptor agonists will safely reduce binge eating behavior in individuals with BED or BN, including those with co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and propose that randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of GLP-1 receptor agonists be conducted in persons with BED and those with BN. To support this hypothesis, we review studies of GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor agonists in preclinical models of binge eating, studies of GLP-1 levels in individuals with BED or BN, and preliminary data of GLP-1 receptor agonists in humans with abnormal eating behavior.
Immune Deficiency, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Lymphoproliferative Disorders

This book presents data regarding mechanisms of immunity against and the resulting spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) diseases which can ensue depending on the type and degree of immune deficiency occurring in an individual patient. Focus is on lymphoproliferative diseases, especially opportunistic malignant B cell lymphomas, occurring in predisposed immune deficient individuals. However, a growing spectrum of diseases have been recently associated with EBV (1). Empirical evidence that immune deficiency is important in lymphomagenesis stems from reports of lymphomas in renal transplant recipients and in children with inherited immunodeficiency (2).
‘Show me what it’s supposed to look like’: Exploring mindfulness-based support for early career teachers in an era of neoliberal reform:

In an era of top-down mandates and neoliberal reform policies, early career teachers must receive sustained social and emotional support as part of their regular professional development in order t...
Acute and Recurrent Demyelination Induced by Wild-Type and Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Mouse Hepatitis Virus. Electron-Microscopic Studies

Weanling mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus, develop an acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis [1]. Demyelination occurs as a result of virus-induced destruction of oligodendrocytes [6]. The severity of the myelitis is related to virus dose, inoculation route, age, and strain of mice [9]. Further, the manifestation of the disease is significantly altered by inoculation of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of MHV [3]. The attenuated viruses produce fewer fatalities, while retaining the ability to destroy oligodendrocytes. This report describes the morphologic changes leading to acute and recurrent demyelination in the spinal cord of mice infected with wild type and ts mutants of MHV.
Thyroid stimulating hormone testing in ED evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation and various psychiatric diagnoses.

BACKGROUND Previous studies of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in Emergency Department (ED) patients largely have centered on patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In our ED patients with AF as well as patients with Psychiatric diagnoses (psych) are screened. The purpose of the present study was to compare TSH levels in the 2 groups. Our hypotheses were that an abnormal TSH and/or AF predicted the need for hospital admission and that TSH is more likely decreased in AF and increased in psych patients. METHODS Our goal in the study was to compare the use of TSH testing in two ED populations, AF vs. psych patients. The study was a cross sectional cohort of AF vs. psych patients who had TSH levels drawn in the ED over a two year period. Our laboratory ranges were used to determine high vs. low TSH. Two chart examiners collected data after a training process. Charts were reviewed extracting demographic data, TSH levels, outcome (admit vs. discharge), history of AF, thyroid disease, psych diagnoses, presence of CHF, diabetes, hypertension. We compared AF vs. Psych groups using chi square and t-tests for parametric data. Odds ratios were calculated for comparisons between the 2 groups. For non-parametric data Mann Whitney U was used. A logistic regression was performed with the outcome of admission vs. discharge to find predictors of hospital admission. Kappa was calculated for inter-rater agreement. An a priori power analysis showed 80% power with 2 groups of 100 with an absolute difference of 20% between the 2 groups. RESULTS 252 patients were included, 101 with AF and 152 Psych. Demographics differed in age only with AF patients being older. Mean TSH for AF vs. 2.4 for AF, 2.9 for psych (NS) with no differences in percentages with high or low TSH in the 2 groups. Fifty-three patients had abnormal TSH levels (21%), 27% of AF and 17% of Psych patients (NS). There were significant differences in incidence of CHF, DM, HTN, and tachycardia with more in the AF group (P < 0.001). Significantly more of the psych patients had a history of hypothyroidism (OR 2.28). Our logistic regression showed that taking into account demographics including age, the only predictors of admission were the presence of CHF (aOR 18.6) and having a diagnosis of AF (aOR 4.0). CONCLUSION There were no differences in TSH levels between the 2 groups. Twenty-one percent had an abnormal level. CHF and AF predicted hospital admission on regression analysis. Many with these AF or Psych diagnoses had abnormal ED TSH levels that could be useful in diagnosis, maintenance, or continuous treatment for their conditions diagnoses.
Clinical Manifestation and Natural History of Gastroparesis.

Although gastroparesis was described more than 60 years ago, the natural history and the long-term outcome are still being clarified. The patients with more severe gastroparesis often seek health care treatment in university medical centers specializing in gastrointestinal motility disorders and hence reports in the literature tend to be based on this population and may not be representative of the entire spectrum. The clinical manifestations of gastroparesis are heterogeneous but a significant proportion of patients end up with substantially poorer quality of life. In this article, the focus is on the clinical presentation and natural history of gastroparesis.
Dual carrier-cargo hydrophobization and charge ratio optimization improve the systemic circulation and safety of zwitterionic nano-polyplexes

While polymeric nano-formulations for RNAi therapeutics hold great promise for molecularly-targeted, personalized medicine, they possess significant systemic delivery challenges including rapid clearance from circulation and the potential for carrier-associated toxicity due to cationic polymer or lipid components. Herein, we evaluated the in vivo pharmacokinetic and safety impact of often-overlooked formulation parameters, including the ratio of carrier polymer to cargo siRNA and hydrophobic siRNA modification in combination with hydrophobic polymer components (dual hydrophobization). For these studies, we used nano-polyplexes (NPs) with well-shielded, zwitterionic coronas, resulting in various NP formulations of equivalent hydrodynamic size and neutral surface charge regardless of charge ratio. Doubling nano-polyplex charge ratio from 10 to 20 increased circulation half-life five-fold and pharmacokinetic area under the curve four-fold, but was also associated with increased liver enzymes, a marker of hepatic damage. Dual hydrophobization achieved by formulating NPs with palmitic acid-modified siRNA (siPA-NPs) both reduced the amount of carrier polymer required to achieve optimal pharmacokinetic profiles and abrogated liver toxicities. We also show that optimized zwitterionic siPA-NPs are well-tolerated upon long-term, repeated administration in mice and exhibit greater than two-fold increased uptake in orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenografts compared to commercial transfection reagent, in vivo-jetPEI®. These data suggest that charge ratio optimization has important in vivo implications and that dual hydrophobization strategies can be used to maximize both NP circulation time and safety.
Pursuing Certification, Licensure and Credentials as Re-entry Tools

Programs housed in correctional facilities that provide care and training for dogs have been in existence in the United States since the 1980s. More recently, directors of these programs have incorporated forms of recognition to document the expertise that inmates acquire through participation. This chapter begins with insights from the research literature on the mass incarceration issue in the United States, approaching it from the perspective that the incarcerated and those under some sort of court supervision represent a huge population of potential postsecondary students. Next, the chapter explores both the promise and the barriers to delivering programs that yield tangible markers of success—certification, licensure, and credentials of various types. The chapter then examines specific routes to verifying success with dog care and training. Some of these strategies include: earning the AKC Canine Good Citizen certificate or passing a therapy or service dog test, gaining approval from the Department of Labor for the program to qualify as an internship for licensure, partnering with a professional organization, collaborating with a vocational school or postsecondary institution to award a certificate to inmates, and reducing the time remaining on sentences for exemplary work. The chapter concludes with the assertion that the “next generation” of educational programs will require partnerships with postsecondary institutions and community members so that dog care and training experiences in correctional facilities become more effective intervention in terms of supporting rehabilitation, desistance, and re-entry.
Observation of charge transfer in mixed-dimensional heterostructures formed by transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and PbS quantum dots

We report an experimental study on charge transfer properties of mixed-dimensional heterostructures formed by zero-dimensional PbS quantum dots and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Monolayers of ${\mathrm{MoSe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ were fabricated by mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition techniques, respectively. PbS quantum dots with diameters of 2.3 and 5 nm were synthesized by a hot-injection method and characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The quantum dots were deposited on the ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{MoSe}}_{2}$ monolayers to form heterostructures. Photoluminescence and transient absorption measurements were performed on the heterostructures as well as individual materials to reveal their photocarrier dynamics. We found that the holes excited in ${\mathrm{MoSe}}_{2}$ can efficiently transfer to both 2.3- and 5-nm PbS quantum dots, while electrons in these quantum dots cannot transfer to ${\mathrm{MoSe}}_{2}$. Similar charge transfer properties were observed between ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ and the 5-nm PbS quantum dots, while no charge transfer was observed between ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ and the 2.3-nm quantum dots. These results provide useful information for understanding the physical mechanism of charge transfer in mixed-dimensional heterostructures and for developing PbS quantum-dot-based mixed-dimensional materials.
A clustering-based scenario generation framework for power market simulation with wind integration

A critical step in stochastic optimization models of power system analysis is to select a set of appropriate scenarios and significant numbers of scenario generation methods exist in the literature. This paper develops a clustering based scenario generation method, which aims to improve the performance of existing scenario generation techniques by grouping a set of correlated wind sites into clusters according to their cross-correlations. Copula based models are utilized to model spatiotemporal correlations and the Gibbs sampling is then used to generate scenarios for day-ahead markets. Our results show that the generated scenarios based on clustered wind sites outperform existing approaches in terms of reliability and sharpness and can reduce the total computational time for scenario generation and reduction significantly. The clustering-based framework can therefore provide a better support for real-world market simulations with high wind penetration.
Performance Evaluation of the Probabilistic Optimal Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay tolerant networks are challenged networks that are characterized by intermittent connectivity that randomly impacts end-to-end performance. One way to improve the quality of communications is by routing data (i.e., bundles) through more than one channel or end-to-end path whenever the case permits. We analyze the probabilistic optimal routing problem for this case through the formulation of a queuing model with vacations that serve to represent the transmission of data bundles over channels of sporadic availability. Despite transmissions could be scheduled in some cases (e.g., knowledge of the expected contact plan can be known in space networks) we assume unpredictable transmission opportunities where it is not possible to establish the sequence of future contacts beforehand. This makes the analysis applicable to different kinds of delay tolerant networks. For example, with the Licklider Transmission Protocol, when a disruption occurs in the midst of a bundle transmission, the service can be temporarily stopped and restarted at the next contact opportunity. A numerical solution of the model illustrates the trade-offs that exist in the optimization of bundle flows over multiple space channels.
La liaison variable chez les locuteurs français septentrionaux et méridionaux

Le but de la presente etude est de decrire le statut de la liaison en francais moderne en fonction des caracteristiques des locuteurs, surtout leur lieu d’origine, et des facteurs linguistiques. Une analyse de 2.498 sites de liaison produits par 40 locuteurs du projet Phonologie du francais contemporain et du Corpus Montpellier-Rognes montre que les locuteurs âges du sud affichent un taux de liaison plus eleve que celui des jeunes locuteurs du sud et de tous les locuteurs du nord. Le sexe des locuteurs, cependant, n’a pas d’effet significatif sur les resultats et la difference selon la region est significative seulement chez les locuteurs âges. Les resultats selon la classe grammaticale du mot liaisonnant montrent que certaines liaisons, comme apres tres and dans , se font presque toujours, tandis que d’autres restent variables, comme apres quand et les formes du verbe etre. D’autres liaisons ne se font que rarement, comme apres les noms pluriels, pas et jamais , et d’autres formes verbales. En ce qui concerne la consonne de liaison, /t/ se trouve plus souvent dans les liaisons qui restent variables et /z/ dans les liaisons frequentes et rares.
Free (Z/p)n-complexes and p-DG modules

Abstract We reformulate the problem of bounding the total rank of the homology of perfect chain complexes over the group ring F p [ G ] of an elementary abelian p-group G in terms of commutative algebra. This extends results of Carlsson for p = 2 to all primes. As an intermediate step, we construct an embedding of the derived category of perfect chain complexes over F p [ G ] into the derived category of p-DG modules over a polynomial ring.
Histone demethylase UTX/KDM6A enhances tumor immune cell recruitment, promotes differentiation and suppresses medulloblastoma

The deregulation of epigenetic pathways has been implicated as a critical step in tumorigenesis including in childhood brain tumor medulloblastoma. The H3K27me3 demethylase UTX/KDM6A plays important roles in development and is frequently mutated in various types of cancer. However, how UTX regulates tumor development remains largely unclear. Here, we report the generation of a UTX-deleted mouse model of SHH medulloblastoma that demonstrates the tumor suppressor functions of UTX, which could be antagonized by the deletion of another H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3/KDM6B. Intriguingly, UTX deletion in cancerous cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) resulted in the impaired recruitment of host CD8+ T cells to the tumor microenvironment through a non-cell autonomous mechanism. In both mouse medulloblastoma models and in human medulloblastoma cells, we showed that UTX activates Th1-type chemokines, which are responsible for T cell migration. Surprisingly, our results showed that the depletion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells did not affect mouse medulloblastoma growth. Nevertheless, the UTX/chemokine/T cell recruitment pathway we identified may be applied to many other cancers and may be important for improving cancer immunotherapy. In addition, UTX is required for the expression of NeuroD2 in precancerous progenitors, which encodes a potent proneural transcription factor. Overexpression of NEUROD2 in CGNPs decreased cell proliferation and increased neuron differentiation. We showed that UTX deletion led to impaired neural differentiation, which could coordinate with active SHH signaling to accelerate medulloblastoma development. Thus, UTX regulates both cell-intrinsic oncogenic processes and the tumor microenvironment in medulloblastoma. Our study provides insights into both medulloblastoma development and context dependent functions of UTX in tumorigenesis.
Excision of a Rare Triquetral Body Fracture Nonunion

Aside from the more common dorsal avulsion fractures, isolated triquetral body fractures are a rare injury and often missed. When they are identified, conservative treatment via immobilization is often the standard of care for initial treatment. Rarely, triquetral body fractures can develop into symptomatic nonunions, causing considerable pain and disability. Multiple classification schemes have been described to categorize triquetrum fractures; however, distal triquetrum fractures fit into none of the established models. There is scarce literature describing treatment of triquetral body fracture nonunions. The few reports that exist often use a variation of open reduction internal fixation with or without grafting as treatment. We present the case of an unusual triquetral body fracture nonunion that was successfully treated via surgical excision of the ununited distal fragment.
City Action: Civic Capacity and the Greening of the American City

Why do some cities tackle social problems such as climate change more proactively than others? Urban sociology emphasizes structural features of cities that explain variable efforts by municipal governments and developers. Yet cities appear agentic when they engage in coordinated efforts to address local problems — city action. This paper understands geographic variation in city action as the interplay of both formal exercises of authority by city administrations and uptake of new practices among organizations within the city. Both are enabled by civic capacity, which is indicated by a city’s persistent differences in the presence of nonprofit organizations. Geographic dispersion of green construction from 2000 to 2016 confirms that civic capacity shapes the disparity in climate-related city action. The civic capacity effect is greatest early on, because nonprofit organizations are themselves first adopters of green construction. Public policy also has a legitimating effect but is endogenous to prior individual certifications. These findings illuminate institutional determinants of responses to climate change, the varied consequences of civic capacity as a feature of cities, and an organizational understanding of cities as collective actors.
Trainee Reliance on Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Objective The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program is an option to trainees to help alleviate federal education debt. The prevalence of PSLF utilization and how this may impact career decisions of trainees is unknown. The purpose of this study was to understand the prevalence, impact, and understanding of PSLF participation on trainees. Design IRB-approved anonymous survey asking study subjects to report demographics, financial status, and reliance on PSLF. In addition, study subjects were asked to report their participation in PSLF, the possible impact of PSLF participation on career decisions, and to identify the qualifications needed to complete PSLF. Setting Online anonymous survey. Participants The survey was offered to all physician trainees in all specialties at the University of Texas, Southwestern, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Results There were 934 respondents, yielding a 37.6% response rate. A total of 416/934 (44.5%) respondents were actively or planning on participating in the PSLF program with 175/934 (18.7%) belonging to a surgical specialty. Those belonging to a surgical specialty were more likely to be PSLF participants compared to medical specialties (53.1% versus 42.6%, p = 0.01). For those participating in PSLF, 82/416 (19.7%) stated this participation impacted career decisions. A total of 275/934 (29.4%) respondents obtained and 437/934 (46.8%) wanted to receive formal training/lectures in regards to the PSLF program. Of those actively or planning on participating in the PSLF program, only 58/416 (13.9%) were able to correctly identify all of the qualifications/criteria to complete the program. Conclusions A large proportion of trainees rely on the PSLF program for education loan forgiveness with approximately 20% reporting participation impacted career decisions. Additionally, the majority may not fully understand PSLF criteria. Programs should strongly consider providing a formal education regarding PSLF to their trainees.
Effect of Devulcanized Rubber Modification on the Performance Grade, Fatigue Cracking Resistance, and Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Binders

AbstractModification of asphalt binders has been one of the common techniques to overcome the climatic and traffic-related distresses that develop in bituminous materials. Over the past decade, man...
Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: What Do We Know about Democracy?

In this chapter, we provide an overview of previous research on democracy. We depict some of the most salient “stylized facts” about democracy that have been emphasized and much debated in the literature. Because a reevaluation of the existing empirical evidence is not our main focus, we present these patterns diagrammatically without using formal econometric techniques. Although these patterns may not correspond to causal relationships, they are still informative about the correlates of democracy in the data, thus potentially informative about the type of models we should develop. In the final two sections we discuss the existing approaches to democracy and explain how our approach differs from and contributes to the existing literature. Measuring Democracy The first challenge facing a quantitative analysis of the patterns of democracy is to develop reliable and informative measures. There has been much controversy over this issue in political science, mostly because there is disagreement about what actually constitutes a democracy. Many scholars, however, accept the definition proposed by Schumpeter (1942), who argued that democracy was …the institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote. (p. 250) In practice, then, democracy is associated with a particular set of institutions, such as free and fair elections, the accountability of politicians to the electorate, and free entry into politics.
Dielectric and Magnetic Materials and Boundary Conditions

We have so far considered only electromagnetic fields in vacuum, in order not to obscure the most essential features of the theory by details associated with properties of matter. However, some interesting physical effects, and many of the most important practical applications result from the electromagnetic properties of matter. The interaction of matter with electric and magnetic fields derives from the fact that a material’s behavior observed at the macroscopic level depends strongly on its microscopic structure, and that matter is composed of charged particles. For example, the periodic properties of the elements are a consequence of the atomic electrons residing in nested sets of orbital shells (resulting from certain quantum mechanical rules). Electrons in the outermost (valence) shell also make the largest contribution to the electrical properties of materials. Exact treatment of these topics requires detailed knowledge of condensed matter physics, including quantum theory, and is beyond the scope of this book. Instead, this chapter is limited to an empirical, mostly macroscopic, treatment of Maxwell’s equations applied to dielectric and magnetic materials. We will restrict ourselves to low energies and low frequencies (adiabatic variations).