cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chianti zebrafish mutant provides a model for erythroid-specific disruption of transferrin receptor 1.

Iron is a crucial metal for normal development, being required for the production of heme, which is incorporated into cytochromes and hemoglobin. The zebrafish chianti ( cia ) mutant manifests a hypochromic, microcytic anemia after the onset of embryonic circulation, indicative of a perturbation in red blood cell hemoglobin production. We show that cia encodes tfr1a , which is specifically expressed in the developing blood and requisite only for iron uptake in erythroid precursors. In the process of isolating zebrafish tfr1 , we discovered two tfr1 -like genes ( tfr1a and tfr1b ) and a single tfr2 ortholog. Abrogation of tfr1b function using antisense morpholinos revealed that this paralog was dispensable for hemoglobin production in red cells. tfr1b morphants exhibited growth retardation and brain necrosis, similar to the central nervous system defects observed in the Tfr1 null mouse, indicating that tfr1b is probably used by non-erythroid tissues for iron acquisition. Overexpression of mouse Tfr1 , mouse Tfr2 , and zebrafish tfr1b partially rescued hypochromia in cia embryos, establishing that each of these transferrin receptors are capable of supporting iron uptake for hemoglobin production in vivo. Taken together, these data show that zebrafish tfr1a and tfr1b share biochemical function but have restricted domains of tissue expression, and establish a genetic model to study the specific function of Tfr1 in erythroid cells.
Congruence between muscle activity and kinematics in a convergently derived prey-processing behavior

Synopsis Quantification of anatomical and physiological characteristics of the function of a musculoskeletal system may yield a detailed understanding of how the organizational levels of morphology, biomechanics, kinematics, and muscle activity patterns (MAPs) influence behavioral diversity. Using separate analyses of these organizational levels in representative study taxa, we sought patterns of congruence in how organizational levels drive behavioral modulation in a novel raking prey-processing behavior found in teleosts belonging to two evolutionarily distinct lineages. Biomechanically divergent prey (elusive, robust goldfish and sedentary, malleable earthworms) were fed to knifefish, Chitala ornata (Osteoglossomorpha) and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Salmoniformes). Electromyography recorded MAPs from the hyoid protractor, jaw adductor, sternohyoideus, epaxialis, and hypaxialis musculature, while sonomicrometry sampled deep basihyal kinesis and contractile length dynamics in the basihyal protractor and retractor muscles. Syntheses of our results with recent analyses of cranial morphology and raking kinematics showed that raking in Salvelinus relies on an elongated cranial out lever, extensive cranial elevation and a curved cleithrobranchial ligament (CBL), and that both raking MAPs and kinematics remain entirely unmodulated—a highly unusual trait, particularly among feeding generalists. Chitala had a shorter CBL and a raking power stroke involving increased retraction of the elongated pectoral girdle during raking on goldfish. The raking MAP was also modulated in Chitala, involving an extensive overlap between muscle activity of the preparatory and power stroke phases, driven by shifts in hypaxial timing and recruitment of the hyoid protractor muscle. Sonomicrometry revealed that the protractor hyoideus muscle stored energy from retraction of the pectoral girdle for ca. 5–20 ms after onset of the power stroke and then hyper-extended. This mechanism of elastic recoil in Chitala, which amplifies retraction of the basihyal during raking on goldfish without a significant increase in recruitment of the hypaxialis, suggests a unique mechanism of modulation based on performance-enhancing changes in the design and function of the musculoskeletal system.
Life History Strategy and Young Adult Substance Use

This study tested whether life history strategy (LHS) and its intergenerational transmission could explain young adult use of common psychoactive substances. We tested a sequential structural equation model using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. During young adulthood, fast LHS explained 61% of the variance in overall liability for substance use. Faster parent LHS predicted poorer health and lesser alcohol use, greater neuroticism and cigarette smoking, but did not predict fast LHS or overall liability for substance use among young adults. Young adult neuroticism was independent of substance use controlling for fast LHS. The surprising finding of independence between parent and child LHS casts some uncertainty upon the identity of the parent and child LHS variables. Fast LHS may be the primary driver of young adult use of common psychoactive substances. However, it is possible that the young adult fast LHS variable is better defined as young adult mating competition. We discuss our findings in depth, chart out some intriguing new directions for life history research that may clarify the dimensionality of LHS and its mediation of the intergenerational transmission of substance use, and discuss implications for substance abuse prevention and treatment.
Scapulothoracic Endoscopy for the Painful Snapping Scapula: Endoscopic Anatomy and Scapuloplasty Technique

Chronic painful snapping scapula is characterized by inflammation and scarring of 1 or more bursae in the infraserratus space and is often refractory to conservative treatment. Surgical treatment involves excision of the bursae, as well as partial scapulectomy of the superomedial impinging region; both open and endoscopic approaches have been described with good results. Scapulothoracic endoscopy is technically difficult, and the potential complications can be serious. This report describes an endoscopic approach that can be performed with only 2 medial parascapular portals for visualization and instrumentation. The endoscopic anatomy of the infraserratus space is revisited, and 3 anatomic landmarks (serratus anterior, subspinous bursal curtain, and superomedial bony angle) are identified for safe dissection and intraoperative orientation. The surgical field is subdivided into 3 anatomic zones (superomedial space, subspinous space, and scapular bony angle), and the anatomic boundaries of these zones are demonstrated. The decompression procedure is subdivided into 4 stages (superomedial bursectomy, subspinous adhesiolysis, tuberoplasty, and scapuloplasty), and a measured resection technique for scapuloplasty is performed. The use of newer motorized rasps permits optimal bony resection, and additional portals are unnecessary. Overall, the step-by-step technique provides a methodical approach for safety, reproducibility, and optimization of the procedure.
Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity : Analyses of the NHANES I

Study objectives Sleep deprivation has been hypothesized to contribute toward obesity by decreasing leptin, increasing ghrelin, and compromising insulin sensitivity. This study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a large United States sample to determine whether sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain. Design Longitudinal analyses of the 1982-1984, 1987, and 1992 NHANES I Followup Studies and cross-sectional analysis of the 1982-1984 study. Setting Probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants Sample sizes of 9,588 for the cross-sectional analyses, 8,073 for the 1987, and 6,981 for the 1992 longitudinal analyses. Measurements and results Measured weight in 1982-1984 and self-reported weights in 1987 and 1992. Subjects between the ages of 32 and 49 years with self-reported sleep durations at baseline less than 7 hours had higher average body mass indexes and were more likely to be obese than subjects with sleep durations of 7 hours. Sleep durations over 7 hours were not consistently associated with either an increased or decreased likelihood of obesity in the cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Each additional hour of sleep at baseline was negatively associated with change in body mass index over the follow-up period, but this association was small and statistically insignificant. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that sleep duration is associated with obesity in a large longitudinally monitored United States sample. These observations support earlier experimental sleep studies and provide a basis for future studies on weight control interventions that increase the quantity and quality of sleep.
Blame by Proxy: Political Retributivism & Its Problems, A Response to Dan Markel

In his article, Retributive Justice and the Demands of Democratic Citizenship, Dan Markel explores the overlaps between democratic and retributive values and concludes that even amoral conduct becomes blameworthy once it is proscribed by a democracy under sufficient liberal conditions. In this response, I explore why, to my thinking, Markel’s theory of political retributivism fails to be either a genuine retributive theory or a theory of political obligation. First, Markel’s theory is not a genuine retributive theory because retribution entails a particularistic evaluation, whereas Markel’s theory is aggregative and formalistic and thereby reduces contextualized moral judgment to formula, test, and ex ante legal designation. In this way, Markel’s theory has the virtue of being clean but not correct. In fact, the full measure of moral blameworthiness is to be found neither in code nor casebook - court nor classroom. It is the product of neither executive action nor judicial pronouncement. To the contrary, it arises out of the exercise of human intuition and practical reason, applied concretely to the particular offender and his act. Second, Markel’s theory is not a genuine theory of political obligation because Markel is unwilling to tolerate all that the liberal state may command. Specifically, Markel is uncomfortable calling immoral certain just-liberal offenses. Accordingly, he draws arbitrary and ad hoc substantive lines. Ultimately then, under Markel’s theory, the liberal state enjoys broad deference to criminalize conduct and morally obligate its citizenry but, critically, only in those circumstances where the liberal state and Dan Markel happen to see eye-to-eye.
Evaluation of lactic acid-producing Bacillus and Sporolactobacillus for antilisterial activity

Fifty-five strains of Bacillus (53 B. laevolacticus and 2 B. racemilacticus) and 31 strains of Sporolactobacillus (3 S. inulinus, 19 S. laevus, and 9 S. racemicus) were screened for specific inhibitory activity against 8 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Putative producer strains were propagated in Eugon, lactobacillus MRS, or sporolactobacillus broths (48-96 h, 37 o C, 9.4% CO 2 ). Assays to detect inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes were carried out on Eugon or Bacto-Agar at 37 o C (9.4% CO 2 ). Inhibition was absent in direct assays using spot-on-the-lawn techniques but was found in well diffusion assays, and in deferred assays using stabinoculation techniques. Cell-free supernatant fluids of cultured MRS broths demonstrated superior inhibition to cell-free supernatants from Eugon and sporolactobacillus broths. The inhibitory activity of cell-free supernatant fluids was lost after neutralization (0.5M NaOH) or by dialysis (10,000 Da exclusion limit). The observed inhibition was most likely due to production of lactic acid
An empirical study on amikacin and ceftriaxone-induced release of endotoxin from bacterium

Objective To discuss amikacin and ceftriaxone-induced release of ESBLs and non-ESBLs from Escherichia coli and its relationship of endotoxic content-potency at different concentration and different time.Methods ESBLs and non-ESBLs-produced Escherichia coli were isolated,cultivated and identified by routine method.The releasing endotoxin contents at 0.1 MIC(minimum inhibitory concentrations),0.5 MIC,1.0 MIC,10 MIC after 2h,4h,8h of bacterium handling(find endotoxic standard curve)were measured respectively by colouration-basilaris-substantia tachypleus amebocyte lysate(mini-slab method)and the morphologic changes of bacteria were observed.Results The released endotoxic content of amikacin-or ceftriaxone-induced non-ESBLs from Escherichia coli and amikacin-induced ESBLs from Escherichia coli increased with antibiotic concentration and cultural time within the range of 0.5 MIC,but endotoxic content significantly diminished with increased antibiotic concentration when antibiotic concentration exceed 0.5 MIC.The released endotoxic content of ceftriaxone-induced ESBLs from Escherichia coli increased slowly with antibiotic concentration within the range of 10 MIC concentration.The released endotoxic content reached maximum at 10 MIC.The released endotoxic content at different bacterium concentrations was as the following oeder:0.5 MIC1.0 MIC10 MIC.The released endotoxic content at different time was as the following order:8h4h2h.The shape of bacterium was changed by amikacin from sphero-rhabditiform to dolicho-rhabditiform,while by ceftriaxone changed from rhabditiform to long-chain-form or filament-form.Conclusion The capability of ceftriaxone-induced release of endotoxin from Escherichia coli is significantly stronger than that of amikacin,and the morphologic changes of bacteria caused by ceftriaxone were more significant.For clinical treatmentg of infectious diseases the first dosage of medication should increase to reach the effective bactericidal concentration but not the bacteriostasis concentration in order to receive better therapeutic effects.
Discussion about effects of current situation in China on the acceptance of foreign data in worldwide pediatric clinical trials

Analyzing current situation in worldwide pediatric clinical trials,consideration should be covered as such issues below,including globe data,subpopulation data of Asia,affect factors in clinical pharmacology and medical practice when foreign data are accepted.The clear thinking is science based,it will be helpful to encourage conducting clinical trials in children and avoid unnecessary trials.
On the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of a discrete series representation

Lower bounds to the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of discrete series are given for semisimple Lie groups with finite center by showing that the K-finite vectors are torsion free with respect to enveloping algebras of certain unipotent subgroups. In particular we prove two folk theorems about the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension. The first is that the holomorphic (or anti-holomorphic) discrete series are the “smallest” and representations with Whittaker models for minimal parabolic subgroups are the “largest” (a more precise result in the quasi-split case is due to Kostant). We also show that if G is quaternionic and not of type A or C, then the quaternionic discrete series is the “smallest”.
Value of electrocardiograms ordered by junior medical officers in the emergency department.

The diagnostic rationale for patients with chest pain requires an electrocardiogram (ECG) often limited by low pretest values and widely variable post-test values. We assess the value of ECG ordered and interpreted by internal medicine junior medical officers in our emergency department (ED). Participants enrolled in this study included patients who presented to the ED for chest pain between June and October 2014. Seventeen leads ECG were performed systematically when an ECG was judged required by the medical officer in charge and interpreted by a blinded medical officer and ED attending. Ultrasensitive troponin T (usTrop T) and creatinine were also withdrawn. Junior medical officers ordered ECG more commonly for atypical chest pain (57 vs 43%, P = 0.049). Univariate and multivariate analysis did not demonstrate a statistically discordant diagnosis between the medical officer and the attending throughout the study period and between the different rotations. We demonstrated 97% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 92% positive predictive value, 98% negative predictive value and 96% accuracy. Our junior medical officers demonstrated an overall high proficiency in the clinical and bedside setting. This finding reinforces our ECG education in the undergraduate curriculum, highlights the importance of the intensive recapitulation sessions undergone at the beginning of the training programme and our daily internal medicine staff discussions rarely performed in other EDs as reported with our experience.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with leukemia

Eighteen human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients were found among 211 previously treated adult patients with a variety of leukemias who had been multiply transfused before April 1985. Patients known to be homosexual or intravenous drug users were excluded from this study. The spouse of one HIV-seropositive patient became HIV infected and subsequently developed the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients with leukemia who were multiply transfused before the availability of screening of blood products for HIV antibody should be counseled regarding their individual risks of HIV infection and the risk to sexual contacts.
Emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coal miners.

Purpose of reviewCoal mining remains a major industry that has workers at risk for developing chronic lung disease. Aside from simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis, the development of emphysema and obstructive lung disease independent of smoking may be underappreciate
Natriuretic effect of atriopeptin III in rats with papillary necrosis.

This study compared the effects of atriopeptin III (AP III) on sodium excretion and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) in control rats and in rats pretreated with 2-bromoethylamine (BEA) to produce papillary necrosis. In control rats, infusion of AP III (100 ng.kg-1.min-1) increased sodium excretion from 2.2 +/- 0.7 to 6.4 +/- 0.9 microeq.min-1.g kidney wt-1 and RIHP from 6.8 +/- 0.7 to 8.7 +/- 0.9 mmHg, whereas glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow were unaltered. Similar results were obtained in rats pretreated with BEA 48 h before the experiment. In rats studied 6 wk after BEA treatment, the papilla was absent and there was atrophy of juxtamedullary nephrons. AP III did not alter sodium excretion or RIHP in this group of rats. These results indicate that 1) an intact renal papilla and/or juxtamedullary nephron population may be required for the natriuretic effect of AP III; 2) the papillary injury 48 h after BEA is not sufficient to abolish the natriuretic response to AP III; and 3) elevations in RIHP may play a role in the natriuretic response to AP III.
Drugs. Differential pulse polarography of cacodylate injections

A method was developed for the analysis of cacodylate injections, using differential pulse polarography for measuring As(III). The cacodylate molecule is decomposed to As(V) by heating with Mg(NO3)2.6H20; As(V) is then chemically reduced to As(III) and polarographed in 1M HCl supporting electrolyte. The method of standard addition is used for quantitation. Recoveries based on the analysis of synthetic cacodylic acid solutions containing approximately 9 mg arsenic/ml ranged from 99.1 to 101.7%.
In Vitro Correlation of Acoustic Parameters with Tissue Histopathology for Cancer Detection in the Human Prostate

In this paper we will present initial results from an ongoing project at the University of Missouri-Columbia which focuses on prostate cancer detection using transrectal ultrasound [1,2]. The project goal is the development of effective screening procedures for the detection and grading of prostate cancer with specific objectives of: 1) cutting mortality rate by improving upon the early detection of prostate cancer; 2) providing information on the severity of the cancer as input to the treatment decision process; and 3) reducing health care costs and inconvenience to the patient by reducing the number of needle biopsies performed.
Molecular and Pharmacologic Properties of the Anticancer Quinolone Derivative Vosaroxin: A New Therapeutic Agent for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Vosaroxin is a first-in-class anticancer quinolone derivative that targets topoisomerase II and induces site-selective double-strand breaks in DNA, leading to tumor cell apoptosis. Vosaroxin has chemical and pharmacologic characteristics distinct from other topoisomerase II inhibitors due to its quinolone scaffold. The efficacy and safety of vosaroxin in combination with cytarabine were evaluated in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a phase III, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (VALOR). In this study, the addition of vosaroxin produced a 1.4-month improvement in median overall survival (OS; 7.5 months with vosaroxin/cytarabine vs. 6.1 months with placebo/cytarabine; hazard ratio [HR] 0.87, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.73−1.02; unstratified log-rank p $$=$$ 0.061; stratified log-rank p $$=$$ 0.024), with the greatest OS benefit observed in patients ≥60 years of age (7.1 vs. 5.0 months; HR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.62−0.92; p $$=$$ 0.003) and patients with early relapse (6.7 vs. 5.2 months; HR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.59−1.00; p $$=$$ 0.039), two AML patient groups that typically have poor prognosis. Here we review the chemical and pharmacologic properties of vosaroxin, how these properties are distinct from those of currently available topoisomerase II inhibitors, how they may contribute to the efficacy and safety profile observed in the VALOR trial, and the status of clinical development of vosaroxin for treatment of AML.
African Influences in Atlantic World Culture: Julie Dash's Daughters of the Dust

This essay has a double aim. First, it will discuss key insights from past and recent scholarship on African influences in Atlantic world cultures. The overview will show the contributions of key, yet largely unknown, scholarship on African retentions in the Atlantic world that deserves more attention for its implications for literary genealogies. Using Julie Dash's 1997 novel Daughters of the Dust, which was adapted from a 1991 film of the same title, as an example, the second part of this essay will examine the ways in which the literary narrative recreates historical and cultural tropes of traditional African societies as they are refigured in the Black Atlantic world, under the conditions of African-Americans during slavery. Dash's book helps us trace Africanisms in the Gullah culture of Coastal South Carolina to their origins in African traditions, following these threads as they are woven into African-American migrations to Harlem and homecomings to the South, as well as celebrations of African aesthetics and preservation of a circum-Atlantic memory. By placing Daughters of the Dust in its proper historical contexts, we see that the forced alienation of Africans in the Americas did not prevent the strong survival and reinvention of African cultures and aesthetics in the United States.
New perspectives on atrial fibrillation and stroke

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is directly implicated in embolic stroke and suspected in a large proportion of cryptogenic stroke. The current stroke-prevention strategy in embolic and cryptogenic stroke starts with arrhythmia detection, followed by risk stratification and treatment for those deemed to be at increased risk. This approach is practical and widespread; however, more recent findings have questioned its validity. Arrhythmia detection is dependent on the length and fidelity of monitoring. Long-term monitoring using implanted recorders improves arrhythmia detection in patients with cryptogenic stroke. A large proportion of patients with cryptogenic stroke, however, were shown not to have any AF. Moreover, in patients with permanent pacemakers who also experienced thromboembolic events, AF did not always precede thromboembolisation. These results raise cause and effect questions about the role of AF, the arrhythmia, in thrombus formation and embolisation. Moreover, risk estimation scores; such as Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes and previous Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack, Vascular disease and female sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc), have a suboptimal predictive accuracy and the mechanism relating their individual components to thrombogenesis is unknown. Given these limitations, a more comprehensive and mechanistic evaluation of atrial disease is needed to better identify patients at risk for stroke and AF. Atrial fibrosis, quantified using late gadolinium enhancement cardiac MRI, is associated with reduced atrial function, stroke and the presence of left atrial thrombus in patients with AF. Biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin have also been linked to increased thromboembolic risk and AF.
Abstract 3910: Acetylation of ΔNp63α by Tip60 affects its stability

p63, a member of the transcription factor p53 family, exists as six different isoforms due to the usage of alternative promoter sites and splicing. ΔNp63α is the most abundant and predominant isoform and is identified to being involved in epithelial morphogenesis. ΔNp63α expression is up-regulated in non-melanoma skin cancers. We have identified ΔNp63α as a potential target for acetylation by the Tat Interacting Protein 60 kDa (TIP60) histone acetyltransferase (HAT) by mass spectometry. Co-expression of ΔNp63α with Tip60 leads to stabilization of ΔNp63α protein levels. The change in protein levels are not due to an increase in transcription or translation, and is likely the result of stabilization by post-translational modification as confirmed by half-life studies in presence of cycloheximide and measurement of transcript levels by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. This was further supported by our observations that ΔNp63α and Tip60 interact using immunoprecipitation studies. ΔNp63α levels are not affected by Tip60 HAT mutant, but increased with Tip60 double sumoylation mutant which retains its acetyltransferase ability. These results identify a possible biologically important interaction between ΔNp63α and Tip60, warranting further investigation. Citation Format: Andrew J. Stacy, Zachary J. Smith, Jin Zhang, Madhavi Kadakia. Acetylation of ΔNp63α by Tip60 affects its stability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3910. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3910
Tetanus: A Potential Public Health Threat in Times of Disaster.

Background Tetanus is a potentially fatal condition that is rare in urban environments but is seen in developing countries and post-natural-disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this report was to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of tetanus in the trauma patient. Methods A thorough literature review was conducted to look for the most current and thorough guidelines on the prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus. PUBMED (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), and Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Collaboration; Oxford, United Kingdom) databases were searched for articles in English, published from 2005 to 2015, using the keywords "Tetanus," "Trauma/Surgery," and "Disaster." Controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, trials of adult patients, published guidelines, expert opinions, and review articles were selected and extracted. Results Current vaccination schedules in developed countries provide prophylaxis for tetanus. However, when severe natural disasters occur, many patients may not be able to provide a reliable vaccination history. In these situations, tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is indicated; if resources are not limited, both tetanus toxoid and TIG should be given to those with high-risk wounds. If resources are limited, TIG should be reserved for those that would benefit most or those least likely to have the protective antibodies. Conclusions Although tetanus is a disease that has a low incidence in the developed world due to high rates of immunization, during large-scale natural disasters, compounding factors like the types of injuries, lack of medical services and supplies, and the delay in treatment associated with an already low immunization rate result in an increased incidence and outbreaks of the disease that has higher mortality in an underdeveloped society. It is important for the urban physician that cares for trauma and critical patients to become familiar with the protocols for treatment and immunization of patients that have tetanus-prone wounds, as well as recognize the potential for outbreaks in the settings of major natural disasters. Finkelstein P , Teisch L , Allen CJ , Ruiz G . Tetanus: a potential public health threat in times of disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):339-342.
Performance Measurement with Factor Models

Identifying an appropriate benchmark is an essential step in assessing a manager's performance. In the prospectus or fund advertising materials, a benchmark for the fund is typically identified, and the performance of the fund relative to that benchmark is given. The issue of concern is whether or not the benchmark provided has a similar risk profile to the fund. Excerpt UVA-F-1673 Rev. Nov. 27, 2012 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT WITH FACTOR MODELS Identifying an appropriate benchmark is an essential step in assessing a manager's performance. In the prospectus or fund advertising materials, a benchmark for the fund is typically identified, and the performance of the fund relative to that benchmark is given. The issue of concern is whether or not the benchmark provided has a similar risk profile to the fund. Factor models, such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), generate a benchmark return for each fund based on its beta or systematic risk. Specifically, the expected return for a fund according to the CAPM (which I refer to below as RFundCAPMBenchmark) is given by Equation 1: RFundCAPMBenchmark Rrisk-free Fund(RMKT – Rrisk-free). (1) The beta of the fund is estimated by calculating the slope of the regression line of the excess return of the fund (RFund – Rrisk-free) on the excess return of the market (RMKT – Rrisk-free). Using this estimate of beta and the average returns of the market portfolio and the risk-free asset, we can compute the expected return of the fund, given the systematic risk taken by the manager. The value added by the manager or alpha is the difference between the total return on the fund for the period (RFund) and the benchmark return for the fund as determined by the CAPM formula (RFundCAPMBenchmark) given in Equation 2: . . .
Current Results of Single Ventricle Palliation of Patients With Double Inlet Left Ventricle.

Background Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) is a heterogeneous single ventricle anomaly in which initial presentation, and consequently, timing and palliation mode vary based on morphology and degree of pulmonary or systemic outflow obstruction. Very few reports, mostly old, focused on palliation outcomes of DILV. We report current-era results and examine whether morphologic and subsequently surgical factors influence survival. Methods Fifty-eight infants with DILV underwent single ventricle palliation. Echocardiographic examination showed pulmonary (n = 29, 50%), systemic outflow tract (n = 11, 19%), and arch (n = 17, 29%) obstruction. Factors associated with death or transplantation were examined. Results Forty-four patients (76%) required neonatal first-stage palliation: modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (n = 15, 26%), Norwood (n = 15, 26%), or pulmonary artery band (n = 14, 24%), whereas 14 (24%) received primary Glenn. There was 1 hospital death (2%) and 2 interstage deaths before Glenn, in addition to 1 late death that was noncardiac. Overall 10-year survival was 94% and was comparable for different palliative surgeries ( p = 0.49). Three patients (6%) underwent heart transplantation after first-stage palliation (n = 1) or after Glenn (n = 2) for ventricular noncompaction (n = 1), ventricular and atrioventricular valve dysfunction (n = 1), and pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (n = 1). Overall 10-year freedom from death or transplantation was 87% and was comparable for different palliative surgeries ( p = 0.58). On regression risk analysis, none of the tested morphologic or surgical variables was associated with the risk of death or transplantation. Conclusions Current outcomes of multistage palliation of DILV are relatively good compared with published reports of other single ventricle anomalies. Survival is not greatly affected by cardiac morphology or initial palliative surgery type.
3D Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of five-fold multiply twinned gold nanoparticle

The formation mechanism of five-fold multiply twinned nanoparticles has been a long-term topic because of their geometrical incompatibility. So, various models have been proposed to explain how the internal structure of the multiply twinned nanoparticles accommodates the constraints of the solid-angle deficiency. We investigate the internal structure, strain field and strain energy density of 600 nm sized five-fold multiply twinned gold nanoparticles quantitatively using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging, which is suitable for the study of buried defects and three-dimensional strain distribution with great precision. Our study reveals that the strain energy density in five-fold multiply twinned gold nanoparticles is an order of magnitude higher than that of the single nanocrystals such as an octahedron and triangular plate synthesized under the same conditions. This result indicates that the strain developed while accommodating an angular misfit, although partially released through the introduction of structural defects, is still large throughout the crystal.
Kinetic-Theory Relation of Thermal Conductivity to other Gas Properties

Theoretical relations among measurable quantities can be used to test the consistency of experimental data or to calculate one property from measurements of another. The kinetic theory of dilute gases relates the thermal conductivity to the viscosity and other properties. For monatomic gases the molecular weight is the only additional property needed, the relation is simple and nearly exact, and can be usefully applied.1 The relation becomes much more complicated for polyatomic gases, and there has been a series of theoretical advances over the last thirteen years.2–7 The crudest relation requires at least the specific heat and a self-diffusion coefficient. More accurate relations must further include two major effects — inelastic collisions and (for polar gases) the resonant exchange of rotational energy. These require further knowledge of at least a collision number for rotationally inelastic collisions and an exchange correction, which must be calculated from the molecular dipole (and perhaps quadrupole) moment and the spectroscopic rotational constants of the molecule. A discussion will be given of the bounds that can be put on the thermal conductivity in light of available knowledge of these various other properties. In some cases there are better prospects for improving our knowledge of thermal conductivity by measurement of some auxil iary property (e.g., thermal transpiration or the radiometer effect) than by additional direct measurements of conductivity.8
Are working memory and behavioral attention equally important for both reading and listening comprehension? A developmental comparison.

We investigated the extent to which working memory and behavioral attention predicted reading and listening comprehension in grades 1 through 3 and, whether their relative contributions differed by modality and grade. Separate grade samples (N = 370; ns = 125, 123, and 122 for grades 1, 2, and 3 respectively) completed multiple measures of word reading, working memory, and parallel measures of reading and listening comprehension. Teachers and parents provided behavioral attention ratings. Concurrently, working memory was more important for listening than for reading comprehension and predicted significant variance in both modalities across grades, after controlling for background measures and behavioral attention ratings. For both modalities, working memory explained the greatest proportion of variance in grade 3. Behavioral attention predicted variance in grades 1 and 2 for reading comprehension and all grades for listening comprehension. Subsidiary analyses demonstrated that the influence of working memory and behavioral attention on reading comprehension was indirect, through word reading and listening comprehension both concurrently and also longitudinally between grades 1–3. These findings indicate that delivery of classroom materials orally will not always be beneficial to the young beginner reader or one who struggles with word decoding, and that children with poor working memory/attention may require additional support to access meaning from both written and spoken text.
Public Reporting of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes: Moving Beyond the Status Quo.

Importance More than 20 years have passed since public reporting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes first began in New York State, but reporting remains a polarizing issue. Observations Advocates of public reporting point to the strong incentive that public disclosure of outcomes data provides for institutions and clinicians to improve clinical care and to the importance of enabling patients to make informed choices about their care. Critics highlight the methodological challenges that impede fair and accurate assessments of care quality as well as reporting’s unintended consequences. Public reporting of PCI outcomes has only been implemented in 5 states, but reporting efforts for multiple conditions and procedures are now proliferating nationally, propelled by the notion that transparency improves the quality of health care and fosters trust in health care institutions. Careful evaluation of the evidence to date for PCI in particular, however, suggests that enthusiasm for such efforts should be tempered. Conclusions and Relevance Public reporting has not achieved its primary objectives. Policy makers should consider variations of reporting that might strengthen care quality, empower patients, and mitigate undesirable repercussions.
Amazon Mechanical Turk as a platform for borderline personality disorder research

Researchers investigating the psychological processes underlying specific mental health problems often have difficulties achieving large enough samples for adequately powered studies. This can be particularly problematic when studying psychopathology with low base rates in typical samples (i.e., undergraduate and community). A relatively new approach to recruitment and testing employs online crowdsourcing to rapidly measure the characteristics and behavior of large numbers of people. We tested the feasibility of researching borderline personality disorder (BPD) in this manner using one large crowdsourcing site, Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Specifically, we examined prevalence rates of psychopathology in a large MTurk sample, as well as the demographic, psychosocial, and psychiatric characteristics of individuals who met criteria for BPD. These characteristics were compared across three groups: those who met criteria for BPD currently, those who met criteria for remitted BPD, and those who had never met criteria for BPD. The results suggest that MTurk may be ideally suited for studying individuals with a wide range of pathology, from healthy to intensely symptomatic to remitted.
Activity, Passivity, and Perceptual Discrimination in Aristotle

This paper offers a new interpretation of Aristotle’s account of basic perceptual discrimination in On the Soul II 11. This is the discrimination of single perceptible qualities like, e.g., ‘red’, ‘sweet’, ‘hot’ of which even the simplest animals on the scala naturae are capable. It is argued that, for Aristotle, basic perceptual discrimination is largely—but not entirely—a causal process in the course of which a perceptible quality is isolated from the matter of a sensory input. That isolation is interpreted as the result of a juxtaposition of the sensory input with a neutral perceptual value provided by the perceptual soul. The contrast resulting from that juxtaposition is basic phenomenal content like, e.g., ‘red’, ‘hot’, ’sweet’. Basic perceptual discrimination is thus interpreted as the production of phenomenal content in the animal organism. The paper ends with a discussion of the underlying notion of ‘juxtaposition’ of perceptual input with the soul and an interpretation of basic perceptual awareness as the reception of discriminated content.
Syntax and Model-Theoretic Semantics

This chapter is meant as an introduction to some of the basic notions of the kind of syntax and semantics that we will be developing in the book. We attempt to point out how some of the linguistic concerns arising when we study natural language syntax surface again when we look at semantics from a linguistic point of view. The concerns we discuss are: (i) motivating analyses on the basis of the structure of natural languages (sections 1.2 and 2.2), (ii) the role of native speakers’ intuitions (sections 1.3 and 2.3) and (iii) the relationship of grammars to the mechanisms involved in speech production and understanding (sections 1.4 and 2.4).
Cooperative learning: a model for teaching

Cooperative learning provides a socially and intellectually stimulating model for the instruction of nursing students. It is one method of encouraging students to take responsibility for their own learning. Students are often able to explain a concept to another student in a unique way not used by faculty. This model harnesses and directs that student input in a constructive manner to increase achievement and accountability for all involved. Faculty must continue to examine how nursing is taught. The world is changing far too rapidly to do "business as usual." Cooperative learning is one strategy that can be used to motivate students to take active and responsible roles in their learning.
Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Optimization Model and Algorithm for Resilience Analysis and Enhancement

Resilience is a critical ability of process systems to adapt and recover rapidly from the impact of disruptive events. This paper addresses the resilient design and operations of process systems after the occurrence of disruption events. A general framework for resilience optimization is proposed with three steps. First, a set of disruptive events are identified through a preliminary risk assessment. Next, a nonlinear two-stage adaptive robust optimization model is developed. The model consists of two objective functions to optimize the resilience and total capital cost simultaneously. Additionally, the model determines network configuration, equipment capacities, and capital costs in the first stage, and the number of available processes and operating levels in each time period in the second stage. Finally, the resulting problem is solved with a tailored solution algorithm, which integrates the inexact parametric algorithm for handling the fractional objective function and the column-and-constraint generation algorithm for handling the multi-level optimization problem. The applicability of the proposed framework is illustrated through the superstructure optimization of shale gas processing and natural gas liquids recovery processes.
Analysis of Systematic Losses in Hybrid Envelope Tracking Modulators

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the intrinsic losses in hybrid envelope tracking power supply modulators used in envelope tracking power amplifier systems. The losses are computed entirely symbolically in terms of system parameters and a single design parameter. Resulting formulations are used to provide design insight into optimum biasing to minimize losses in a hybrid configuration, and establish the theoretical upper bound of achievable efficiency. To illustrate the value of this analysis, a Rayleigh distributed waveform is used to evaluate the performance of the hybrid modulator to describe OFDM and other complex modulation schemes. This paper demonstrates that the common convention of biasing the linear converter’s output stage to have zero average current is generally suboptimal from a loss perspective, and establishes how efficiency can be improved without modifying the underlying circuit topology. These findings are validated with a series of simulations modeling a hybrid modulator implemented in a 180-nm CMOS process. This paper derives for the first time, the intrinsic theoretical losses in the hybrid envelope modulator configuration.
Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose

Abstract Background Opioid overdose-related hospitalizations continue to rise in the United States. These hospitalizations are frequently associated with arrhythmia which can increase in-hospital mortality and resource utilization. We describe temporal trends in the hospitalizations for opioid overdose, associated arrhythmias, and their impact on in-hospital mortality, length of stay and cost of hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to identify incidence of arrhythmia and their impact on in-hospital outcomes with opioid overdose hospitalizations. Methods The study utilized data from the National Inpatient Sample from January 2005 to September 2015. Previously employed International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes were utilized to identify opioid overdose and associated arrhythmias. The analysis was performed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Temporal trends were measured using Jonckheere-Terpstra Trend test. Results A total of 430,460 adult hospitalizations with opioid overdose were included in this study. Atrial fibrillation (N = 17,695, 4.1%) was the most frequent arrhythmia associated with opioid overdose, the trend of which increased significantly during the study period. All-cause in-hospital mortality increased substantially with arrhythmias, highest with ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The incidence of arrhythmias was associated with longer length of stay and higher cost of hospitalizations as well. Conclusions Incidence of new-onset arrhythmia with opioid overdose lead to higher in-hospital mortality which can further increase the length of hospitalization and cost of care.
Case Study 6: Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder

This case discusses Susan, a 20-year-old female college student with alcohol use disorder, and explores the practical considerations that should be taken into account when prescribing pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder in the adolescent and young adult patient population. It reviews the indications, mechanisms of action, dosing, and current evidence base for acamprosate, naltrexone, and disulfiram.