cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality factors predict spicy food liking and intake

A number of factors likely affect the liking of capsaicin-containing foods such as social influences, repeated exposure to capsaicin, physiological differences in chemosensation, and personality. For example, it is well known that repeated exposure to capsaicin and chilies can result in chronic desensitization. Here, we explore the relationship between multiple personality variables – body awareness/consciousness, sensation seeking, and sensitivity to punishment, and sensitivity to reward – and the liking and consumption of capsaicin-containing foods. As expected, a strong relationship was found between liking of spicy foods and frequency of chili consumption. However, no association was observed between frequency of chili consumption and the perceived burn/sting of sampled capsaicin. Nor was there any association between perceived burn/sting of capsaicin and any of the personality measures. Private Body Consciousness did not relate to any of the measures used in the current study. Sensation Seeking showed positive correlations with the liking of spicy foods, but not non-spicy control foods. Sensitivity to Punishment showed no relation with frequency of chili consumption, and nonsignificant negative trends with liking of spicy foods. Conversely, Sensitivity to Reward was weakly though significantly correlated with the liking of a spicy meal, and similar nonsignificant trends were seen for other spicy foods. Frequency of chili consumption was positively associated with Sensation Seeking and Sensitivity to Reward. Present data indicate individuals who enjoy spicy foods exhibit higher Sensation Seeking and Sensitivity to Reward traits. Rather than merely showing reduced response to the irritating qualities of capsaicin as might be expected under the chronic desensitization hypothesis, these findings support the hypothesis that personality differences may drive differences in spicy food liking and intake.
The interleukin (IL)-2 family cytokines: Survival and proliferation signaling pathways in T lymphocytes

Lymphocyte populations in the immune system are maintained by a well-organized balance between cellular proliferation, cellular survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis(. One of the primary fu...
3H-dopamine accumulation by rat brain synaptic vesicles in a membrane-impermeable medium.

Summary 3 H-Dopamine (DA) accumulation by storage vesicles from whole rat brain was significantly stablized in a buffer system based upon the membrane-impermeant D-potassium tartrate. 3 H-DA uptake saturated by twenty minutes (Km 2.1 × 10 −5 M) and remained stable for periods of 40–60 minutes. Accumulated DA was rapidly exchangeable with exogenous DA. Total levels of accumulation (pmol/mg protein) were 41.7 ± 2.9 (37°), 11.9 ± 2.5 (4°), 31.3 ± 1.8 (absence of ATP), 26.3 ± 2.7 (reserpine, 10 −6 M), 26.1 ± 0.67 (no ATP + reserpine 10 −6 ), and 14.6 ± 2.4 (carbonylcyanide-p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone, FCCP, 10 −6 M). Depletion of endogenous DA levels by pretreatment of the animals with α-methyl-p-tyrosine greatly diminished the reserpine-insensitive DA accumulation. After depletion of endogenous DA, ATP-independent uptake was significantly retarded, but eventually reached near-control levels. This uptake was abolished in the presence of FCCP (10 −6 M). The results suggest that endogenous levels of DA and ATP contribute to the reserpine- and ATP-insensitive DA accumulation observed in vesicles from untreated animals. HPLC analysis demonstrated no conversion of DA to norepinephrine (NE) in the course of the experiments.
High-pressure liquid chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry of heme a, Heme a dimethyl ester and acetyl heme a dimethyl ester

Abstract Field desorption mass spectroscopy was shown to be a valid technique for determining the molecular weights of hemins and hemin esters, as well as of porphyrins. The observed base peaks of ligand-free protoheme IX, protoheme IX dimethyl ester, and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester correspond well to the molecular weights of these compounds and the base peak for hematoporphyrin corresponds to the molecular weight of this porphyrin minus two molecules of water. The technique was employed to confirm the molecular weights of heme a, heme a dimethyl ester, and acetyl heme a dimethyl ester. Heme a dimethyl ester was prepared by reaction of heme a with trimethyloxonuim tetrafluoroborate and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The isolated product was converted to the acetylated derivative by reaction with acetic anhydride and was subsequently purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A field desorption spectrum of heme a shows a base peak at 582 which is in agreement with previous deductions of the structure of this prostetic group. Base peaks of the heme a ester and its acetylated derivative demonstrate that the two carboxyl groups have been methylated and the single hydroxyl group has been acetylated without alteration of the molecule.
NLRP3 inflammasome activation: CD36 serves double duty.

Recent studies implicate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in elaborating sterile inflammation. CD36 serves a dual role by priming Il1b transcription and inducing assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, leading to the release of active IL-1β.
Laser spectroscopy of chemically reactive species

We report the observation of stimulated emission pumping spectra in the NCO radical formed in a supersonic free jet expansion by the reaction between photolytically generated CN radicals and O2. The spectra give rotationally resolved information on high lying vibrational levels that are difficult or impossible to detect by conventional single photon spectroscopic techniques. These new data provide detailed insight into the Renner-Teller, spin-orbit and Fermi-resonance coupling in the molecule. They also provide a solid basis for future state- selected chemical and dynamical studies involving this important radical species.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
993 ISOLATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION FOLLOWT SEVERE POSTNATAL SHOCK

Four term neonates 3-14 days old had isolated pulmonary hypertension (PH) 2-10 days following postnatal hypotensive shock (BP 110 in O2); none had symptoms in the first 2 days of life. After resuscitation and successful medical and/or surgical therapy of the underlying disorder, each infant developed heart failure (CHF), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and X-ray signs of pulmonary edema. Catheterization 2-10 days after the shock revealed PH at or above systemic levels (systolic pressure = 60-100 mmHg), but no anatomic heart disease. CHF requiring digitalis persisted for 6-12 months: RVH persisted for 1-3½ years. All 4 children were asymptomatic by 2 yrs. with normal intracardiac pressures at followup catheterization (1-2½ yrs.). The findings in these infants differ from those reported with PFC or 1° PH, and support the hypothesis that severe shock, with but hypoxemia, may result in prolonged but reversible PH. The direct cause may be related to acidemia, tissue hypoxia, micro-emboli, or hypotension itself. The findings also suggest a possible contribution of shock in the genesis of other neonatal forms of PH.
Characterizing semi-interpenetrating polymer networks composed of poly(vinyl chloride) and 5–15% of oligomeric MDI isocyanate cross-linked networks ☆

Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) were prepared from PVC and 5‐15 wt.% of di-(4,4-diisocyanatophenyl)methane (MDI) oligomers by directly mixing the liquid MDI with small (150 mm dia.) porous (30% voids) unplasticized PVC particles at low temperatures followed by hot press curing. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths increased significantly when these small amounts of isocyanate networks were created in PVC. These SIPN blends exhibited tan d peak temperatures and single distinct loss modulus, E 00 , peaks at temperatures lower than those of PVC which had been exposed to the same processing temperatures. These observations rule out the presence of large PVC domains distinct from PVC/isocyanate SIPN domains and pure thermoset domains. A substantial fraction of the isocyanate appears to exist in SIPN type phases in these blends. Considerable amounts of unextracted residue (about 30‐36%) remained after 48 h of continuous THF extraction of these SIPN blends. A crude correlation was noticed between the amounts of SIPN residue present and the mechanical strength improvements. Mathematical modeling of DMTA-derived Tg data by a Tg third power blend composition equation was employed to understand SIPN structures and the nature of PVC/isocyanate interactions. DMTA measurements of segmental mobility indicated that the isocyanate had a lower cross-link density when diluted in PVC than in the pure cured isocyanate. Fitting experimental Tg values gave parameters indicating that both the binary hetero-interactions (enthalpic effects) and the conformational redistributions (entropi c effects) during the binary hetero-interactions contributed to SIPN formation. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expressive Electronic Journal Writing: Freedom of Communication for Survivors of Acquired Brain Injury

In addition to the impaired ability to effectively communicate, adults with acquired brain injury (ABI) also experience high incidences of depression, social isolation, and decreased quality of life. Expressive writing programs have been shown to be effective in alleviating these concomitant impairments in other populations including incarcerated inmates (Lane, Writing as a road to self-discovery, F & W, Cincinnati 1993). In addition, computer applications such as email have been suggested as an effective means of improving communication and social isolation in adults with brain injury (Sohlberg et al. [2003]. Brain Injury, 17(7), 609–629). This investigation examines the effects of on-line expressive journal writing on the communication, emotional status, social integration and quality of life of individuals with brain injury.
Weight management in amateur wrestling.

Context:Unhealthy weight loss practices continue to plague amateur wrestling. The National Collegiate Athletic Association weight loss guidelines are beneficial but have not solved the problem.Evid...
Protease activated receptors modulate aortic vascular tone

Abstract The effect of agonists of the known protease activated receptors (PAR), the thrombin and the PAR-2 receptors, on vasoactive mediator release and vascular tone were studied using rings of rat aorta. Stimulation of aortic rings with the thrombin receptor agonist, Trap-14, or the PAR-2 agonist, SLIGRL, resulted in a rapid release of nitric oxide. Trap-14 and SLIGRL-induced nitric oxide release was reduced by pre-treatment with BQ-788, an ET B endothelin receptor-specific antagonist. Consistent with a role for endothelin-1 receptor activation in Trap-14 and SLIGRL-induced nitric oxide release, endothelin-1 levels were increased significantly following 5 min treatment of aortic rings with Trap-14 or SLIGRL. Cumulative addition of Trap-14 to aortic rings denuded of endothelium resulted in dose-dependent contraction with an EC 50 value of 23 ± 5 μM, whereas SLIGRL addition failed to induce aortic contraction. These data suggest that the known protease activated receptors are functionally coupled to nitric oxide release. In addition, the thrombin receptor appears to modulate both vasodilator and contractile responses, whereas the PAR-2 receptor is linked only to vasodilation.
A systematic review of mandatory influenza vaccination in healthcare personnel.

Context: Influenza is a major cause of patient morbidity. Mandatory influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) is increasingly common yet has uncertain clinical impact. This study systematically examines published evidence of the benefits and harm of influenza vaccine mandates. Evidence acquisition: MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Conference Proceedings Citations Index were searched and analyzed in 2013. Studies must have assessed the effect of a requirement of influenza vaccination among HCP for continued employment or clinical practice. Studies were not limited by comparison group, outcome, language, or study design. Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed bias risk. Evidence synthesis: Twelve observational studies were included in the study from 778 citations. Following implementation of a vaccine mandate, vaccination rates increased in all eight studies reporting this outcome, exceeding 94%. Three studies documented increased vaccination rates in hospitals with mandates compared to those without (po0.001 for all comparisons). Two singleinstitution studies reported limited, inconclusive results on absenteeism among HCP. No studies reported on clinical outcomes among patients. Medical and religious exemptions and terminations or voluntary resignations were rare. Conclusions: Evidence from observational studies suggests that a vaccine mandate increases vaccination rates, but evidence on clinical outcomes is lacking. Although challenging, large healthcare employers planning to implement a mandate should develop a strategy to evaluate HCP and patient outcomes. Further studies documenting the impact of HCP influenza vaccination on clinical outcomes would inform decisions on the use of mandatory vaccine policies in HCP. (Am J Prev Med 2014;47(3):330–340) & 2014 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
End-tidal carbon dioxide for monitoring primary closure of gastroschisis

Abstract Previous criteria for primary reduction of the herniated viscera in newborn infants with gastroschisis included intraoperative respiratory rate, cardiac indices, degree of visceroabdominal disproportion, size of defect, and lower extremity turgor. From 1976 through 1993, 129 neonates with gastroschisis were treated at Children's Hospital of Oklahoma. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) monitoring was standard therapy beginning in 1985. The authors evaluated the effect of abdominal closure on ETCO 2 to determine if there was a particular ETCO 2 level at which closure was not feasible. There was no difference in overall mortality, birth weight, or postoperative ventilation requirements between children who had closure before 1985 (ie, without ETCO 2 monitoring) and those who had repair after 1985. However, more cases in the 1985–1993 group had primary closure, and none of these required conversion to a staged procedure. An ETCO 2 of ≥50 suggests that primary closure may be unsafe. These data suggest that infants with gastroschisis can have primary closure based on intraoperative ETCO 2 monitoring; no additional invasive monitoring would be necessary to assess closure.
High-dose calcitriol and carboplatin in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer

Calcitriol acts synergistically with carboplatin in preclinical models of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The authors sought to test high-dose oral calcitriol in combination with carboplatin in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Seventeen patients received oral calcitriol (0.5 microg/kg) on day 1 and intravenous carboplatin (AUC 7 or AUC 6 in patients with prior radiation) on day 2, repeated every 4 weeks. PSA response was the primary end point and was defined as a 50% reduction confirmed 4 weeks later. Palliative response (2-point reduction or normalization of pain on the present pain intensity [PPI] scale without increased analgesic consumption) was also examined. One of 17 patients (6%, 95% CI, 0-28) achieved a confirmed PSA response. Four patients (24%, 95% CI, 7-49) had PSA reductions ranging from 24 to 38%. Of the 15 patients with a PPI > or = 1 point on entry, 3 (18%, 95% CI, 4-48) met criteria for palliative response. Treatment-related toxicity was mild and generally similar to that expected with single-agent carboplatin. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, the addition of oral calcitriol to carboplatin in this study was not associated with an increase in the response rate when compared with the reported activity of carboplatin alone.
Low-electronegativity overlayers and enhanced semiconductor oxidation: Sm on Si(111) and GaAs(110) surfaces

Abstract : Thin mixed valence overlayers (1 monolayer) of Sm deposited on Si or GaAs cleavage surfaces prior to oxygen exposure give rise to oxidation promotion effects of unprecedented magnitude. In contrast with this, purely divalent Sm overlayers (thickness 1 monolayer) exhibit negligible oxidation promotion activity. We examine the role of metal electronegativity and metal-semiconductor interface morphology in determining the specific catalytic activity of the overlayer.
The role of adenovirus early region 1A in the regulation of early regions 2A and 1B expression

The role of the adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) in the regulation of expression of early regions 2A (E2A) and 1B (E1B) has been investigated by microinjection of cloned segments of viral DNA into cultured cells. Plasmids carrying adenoviral sequences that code for the DNA binding protein (DBP) associated with either the early or the late E2A promoter (at map coordinates 75 and 72, respectively), or both promoters, were injected into cell nuclei in the presence or absence of a plasmid DNA containing early region 1A. The injected cells were scored for the expression of the DNA binding protein by indirect immunofluorescence using specific antisera. These studies suggest that the product(s) encoded by early region 1A differentially control the expression of the DNA binding protein. DBP produced from the early promoter is stimulated by addition of the E1A region. By contrast E1A gene product(s) inhibit the synthesis of the DBP species transcribed from the late promoter. It has been shown previously by a variety of studies that E1A regulates E1B expression. However, experiments in which E1B DNA was microinjected together with E1A and E2A suggest that the DNA binding protein may have a stimulatory effect on the synthesis of E1B products.
Molecular characterization of a testis-specific estrogen sulfotransferase and aberrant liver expression in obese and diabetogenic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice

Sulfation represents a major pathway for the inactivation of steroid hormones such as estrogens and is catalyzed by a group of enzymes called sulfotransferases. Aberrant regulation of an estrogen sulfotransferase has been demonstrated previously in the livers of obese and diabetogenic C57BL/KsJ-db/db strain mice. In this paper, we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of a full-length complementary DNA for estrogen sulfotransferase from mouse testis. The mouse estrogen sulfotransferase complementary DNA encodes 295 amino acids. It shares 88%, 77%, 75%, and 68% identity in amino acid sequence with the rat liver, human liver, guinea pig adrenal, and bovine placental estrogen sulfotransferase, respectively. The mouse enzyme was expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was affinity purified, and milligram quantities of pure enzyme were obtained after cleavage of the fusion protein with thrombin. The expressed enzyme exhibits a high substrate specificity toward estrogens, including estradiol and estrone. Neither dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, nor a simple phenolic compound, 4-nitrophenol appears to be a substrate. Northern hybridization indicates that messenger RNA (1.3 kilobases) for the estrogen sulfotransferase is expressed exclusively in the testes in control C57BL/KsJ mice. However, both the messenger RNA and protein are dramatically induced in the livers of obese and diabetogenic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. In contrast to the liver, the constitutive expression of the enzyme in the testis is not affected by the db/db genotype. These results recapitulate the species-specific nature in the tissue distribution of estrogen sulfotransferase and suggest complex regulatory mechanisms in its expression under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
Transient-free working-set statistics

Transient-free average working-set size and transient-free missing-page rate for a finite sample of a reference string are defined. Use of these statistics is appropriate if the contents of the working set at the start of the recorded string are unknown. If a certain stationarity condition holds, these statistics provide unbiased estimates of expected working-set sizes, missing-page probabilities, and interreference distance probabilities. Two other pairs of estimators are shown to be biased. Expressions for the transient-free statistics are obtained in terms of interval statistics. Several methods of computation are discussed, the usefulness of each depending on length of the sample, number of distinct references, and the amount of main storage available to the computer performing the calculations. In particular, methods are described for handling long strings containing many distinct page names.
Slow backbone dynamics of chicken villin headpiece subdomain probed by NMR C'-N cross-correlated relaxation.

We have investigated slow correlated motions of neighboring carbonyl and nitrogen nuclei in the backbone of chicken villin headpiece subdomain. Cross-correlated chemical shift modulation experiments were performed at three temperatures where the protein remains in its folded state. The results at 8 °C demonstrate the presence of microseconds to milliseconds timescale motions for a number of residues belonging both to helices and unstructured regions. As the temperature is raised, the motions become progressively less visible. The reduction of the contributions of slow motions into the cross-correlated relaxation rate with the rise in temperature is caused by the increase of the chemical exchange rate constants for the slow motion processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the effects of near-field and distributed atmospheric turbulence on the performance of an adaptive optics system

A wave optics simulation has been used to compare the performance of adaptive optics systems in the presence of near-field and distributed turbulence. For a given total turbulence strength, the Greenwood frequency and the log-amplitude variance will degrade a phase-only adaptive optics system both because of the uncorrectable amplitude variations and because the scintillations will cause errors in the wavefront sensor and reconstructor.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dennis A. Deslippe, ‘Rights, Not Roses' Unions and the Rise of Working-Class Feminism, 1945–80. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000. xii + 259 pp. $49.95 cloth; $21.95 paper.

Through case studies of gender relations in two unions, the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) and the International Union of Electrical Workers (IEU), Dennis A. Deslippe argues that working-class feminists were at the vanguard of resurgent feminism in the 1960s and 1970s. In the book's opening chapters, Deslippe synthesizes scholarship in labor and women's history to reiterate that working-class feminists helped shape the policy oriented activism of the union movement and women's organizations between 1945 and the passage of the landmark Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Labor unions actively promoted equal pay legislation after passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 initiated a new phase of labor and management relations characterized by “social unionism”, seeking justice through legislative action, in addition to collective bargaining. Unions pursued equal pay legislation as another means to protect “men's” jobs and wages against competition from lower paid female workers, but rank-and-file women embraced its potential for gender equity. Deslippe adds depth to this fairly familiar story by suggesting that union women's “shifting consciousness” toward an equal rights perspective also occurred because automation exposed the capriciousness of categorizing jobs by sex and led to layoffs.
A Black Ghetto's Research on a University

The worst thing that can happen to operations research is that our conception of what it ought to be becomes equivalent to our conception of what it is. In a changing world, even equilibrium must be dynamic.
Principals' Social Interactions with Teachers: How Principal-Teacher Social Relations Correlate with Teachers' Perceptions of Student Engagement.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to link the social interactions between principals and their teachers to teachers’ perceptions of their students’ engagement with school, empirically testing the theoretical proposition that principals influence students through their teachers in the US charter school environment. The mediating influence of latent beliefs of trust and support are tested in this process. Design/methodology/approach – By analyzing pooled network and survey data collected in 15 Indianapolis charter schools using stepwise, fixed-effects regression techniques, this study tests the association between interactions of principals and teachers, on the one hand, and teachers’ perceptions of student engagement, on the other. The extent to which latent beliefs about teachers – in particular, trust in teachers and support of teachers by the administrators – mediate this relationship is also tested. Findings – Direct relationships between principal-teacher interactions and latent beliefs of trust and support are confirmed. Direct relationships between latent beliefs and perceptions of academic and school engagement are also confirmed. There is a relationship between principal-teacher interactions and teacher perceptions of student engagement, but the mediating effect of latent beliefs of trust and support accounts for much of the direct association. The reachability of the principal remains a significant and direct influence on teachers’ perceptions of academic engagement after accounting for trust and support. Research limitations/implications – Moving beyond principals’ personality dispositions in management and turning to the social relationships that they form with teachers adds to the understanding of how principal leadership affects student learning. Empirically distinguishing between the actual interactions and social dispositions of principals helps inform practical implications. Focussing on how principals’ social interactions with teachers influence teachers’ perceptions of students’ engagement provides a theoretical link as to how principals indirectly influence student achievement. Practical implications – The relationships that principals build with teachers have real implications on the beliefs of trust and support among teachers in a school and have a ripple effect on teachers’ perceptions of student engagement. These findings therefore suggest that frequently moving principals among schools is not an ideal policy. Originality/value – This study tests the theoretical boundaries of school organization research by using a within-schools design with charter schools. It also links leadership research to outcomes typically restricted to research on school culture and climate.
Interference of photoelectric and nuclear resonance absorption, and magnetic splitting of 6.25 keV γ rays of 181Ta

The interference of nuclear resonance absorption with photoelectric absorption has been observed for the 6.25 keV El γ rays of 181Ta in single-line and magnetically-split absorption spectra, in quantitative agreement with theory. From the magnetic splitting in longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields the g-factor ratio g(92)/g(72) = 1.75 ± 0.03 was obtained.
An Experimental Field Test of Automotive Headway Maintenance/Collision Warning Visual Displays

Motor vehicle crashes resulting from one vehicle striking the rear-end of another are one of the most common types of crashes involving two or more vehicles. The National Safety Council reported (Accident Facts, 1992) that there were approximately 11.3 million motor vehicle crashes in 1991 of which 2.7 million were rear-end crashes (about 23.8% of the total). These crashes accounted for 33% of all collisions involving two or more vehicles. To address the rear-end crash problem, a color LCD display designed to indicate safe following distances was mounted in the instrument panel of an 1990 Olds Toronado Trofeo. The vehicle was also equipped with a laser range finder, forward view video camera, eye view camera, video multiplexer, and computer-controlled video cassette recorder. One hundred and eight drivers from three age groups participated in this field experiment in one of three display symbology conditions. Drivers were not explicitly instructed on how to use the headway displays. Data analyses indicate...
Wittgenstein's critique of the "tractatus" view of rules

Of the three main doctrines of the Tractatus, namely, the picture theory of meaning, the truth-functional thesis, and the theory that all logical truths are tautologies, at least the truth-functional thesis was un equivocally repudiated by Wittgenstein by 1930.1 Motivated by the desire to provide an account of the definiteness of sense contained in the seemingly vague sentences of ordinary language, the truth-functional thesis held that on any occasion when a sentence of ordinary language was meant and understood, the sentence was analyzable into the elementary propositions of which it was a logical product. Implicit in it was a view of rules which, when made explicit, can be seen to be the target of several of the themes about rules propounded in the Philoso phical Investigations. The purpose of this paper is to relate Wittgenstein's dissatisfaction with the truth-functional thesis (early statements of which appear in 1930 when he returned to philosophy) to the critique of the Tractatus view of rules which can be discerned in the Philosophical Investigations. The topic of rules is not so prominent in the text of the Tractatus as it is in Wittgenstein's published works from the Philosophical Grammar to the Philosophical Investigations. During the period in which the Trac tatus was conceived and written, Wittgenstein was aware of no special philosophical problem attaching to the concept of "rule". He used the term in an unselfconscious and unreflective way. It achieved importance for him as a problematic concept2 only after he had made some attempts in the early thirties to correct what he had come to believe were fundamental errors in the Tractatus philosophy. In the Philosophical Grammar, the Blue and Brown Books, and in the seven parts of the Remarks on the Foundation of Mathematics written form 1937 through 1945, can be seen the trail of the development of his thought on rules up until the version that is found in various clusters of remarks in the text of
CPDES3: A preconditioned conjugate gradient solver for linear asymmetric matrix equations arising from coupled partial differential equations in three dimensions

Abstract Many physical problems require the solution of coupled partial differential equations on three-dimensional domains. When the time scales of interest dictate an implicit discretization of the equations a rather complicated global matrix system needs solution. The exact form of the matrix depends on the choice of spatial grids and on the finite element or finite difference approximations employed. CPDES3 allows each spatial operator to have 7, 15, 19, or 27 point stencils and allows for general couplings between all of the component PDE's and it automatically generates the matrix structures needed to perform the algorithm. The resulting sparse matrix equation is solved by either the preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) method or by the preconditioned biconjugate gradient (BCG) algorithm. An arbitrary number of component equations are permitted only limited by available memory. In the sub-band representation used, we generate an algorithm that is written compactly in terms of indirect induces which is vectorizable on some of the newer scientific computers.
On the Phyllosoma Larvae of the Genus Scyllarides Gill (Decapoda, Scyllaridae) 1)

[Bisher ist nur eine Scyllariden-Art, Evibacus princeps, vom Golf von Kalifornien gemeldet worden. Jedoch fand man zwei Typen von scyllariden Phyllosoma-Larven in Planktonsammlungen, die 1957 dem Golf entnommen worden waren. Man nahm an, das die am zahlreichsten vorhandene Larve der Art Evibacus princeps zugehore, die seltenere wurde als Phyllosoma X bezeichnet. Kurzlich durchgefuhrte Studien an erwachsenen Scyllariden haben gezeigt, das noch eine zweite Art, Scyllarides astori, im Golf vorkommt. Es wird angenommen, das Phyllosoma X die Larve dieser Art ist. Gewisse Larven sind fruher irrtumlich der Gattung Scyllarides zugeordnet worden; sie gehoren wahrscheinlich zur Gattung Scyllarus., Bisher ist nur eine Scyllariden-Art, Evibacus princeps, vom Golf von Kalifornien gemeldet worden. Jedoch fand man zwei Typen von scyllariden Phyllosoma-Larven in Planktonsammlungen, die 1957 dem Golf entnommen worden waren. Man nahm an, das die am zahlreichsten vorhandene Larve der Art Evibacus princeps zugehore, die seltenere wurde als Phyllosoma X bezeichnet. Kurzlich durchgefuhrte Studien an erwachsenen Scyllariden haben gezeigt, das noch eine zweite Art, Scyllarides astori, im Golf vorkommt. Es wird angenommen, das Phyllosoma X die Larve dieser Art ist. Gewisse Larven sind fruher irrtumlich der Gattung Scyllarides zugeordnet worden; sie gehoren wahrscheinlich zur Gattung Scyllarus.]
Elastodynamic Tailoring of Motion Conversion Mechanisms by Using Fiber Reinforced Composites

A new analytical model has been developed in order to investigate the po tential benefits of using fiber-reinforced composites in motion conversion mechanisms of internal combustion engines. The model consists of a quasi-static lamination analysis of hollow, circular, filament-wound connecting rods, combined with an elastodynamic analy sis of a complete mechanism whose connecting rod is the only flexible link. A comprehen sive parametric study has been focused on the material system, lay-up and cross-sectional dimensions of the connecting rod. The results indicate that the operation of motion con version mechanisms can be improved significantly by employing connecting rods made of properly tailored composites, as an alternative to the commonly used steel alloys.
Balloon film strain measurement

A discussion is presented of the results of a flight test program in which scientific research balloon material strain was measured in order to determine stress levels. Attention is given to material strain characteristics during the inflation, launch, ascent, and flight of a natural shape, zero-pressure scientific balloon. Measurements were conducted with a simple thin film strain transducer. Thermal, meridional and circumferential strain history data for the test flight are given.
Cancer screening in the primary care setting: the role of the primary care physician in screening for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers.

This article focuses on the role of primary care physicians in cancer screening. In particular, it provides an evidence-based approach to screening for five different cancers: breast, cervical, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate. These five cancers were chosen because they account for more than half of the total cancer deaths among men and women, and controversies exist for their screening strategies.
Vorticity dynamics for transient high-pressure liquid injectiona)

The liquid jet from a round orifice during the transient start-up and steady mass flux periods of a high pressure injector is studied via Navier-Stokes and level-set computations. Via post-processing, the role of vorticity dynamics is examined and shown to reveal crucial new insights. A brief review of relevant literature is made. An unsteady, axisymmetric full-jet case is solved. Then, a less computationally intensive case is studied with a segment of the jet core undergoing temporal instability; agreement with the full-jet calculation is satisfactory justifying the segment analysis for three-dimensional computation. The results for surface-shape development are in agreement with experimental observations and other three-dimensional computations; the initial, axisymmetric waves at the jet surface created by Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability distort to cone shapes; next, three-dimensional character develops through an azimuthal instability that leads to the creation of streamwise vorticity, lobe shapes on the cones, and formation of liquid ligaments which extend from lobes on the cones. The cause of this azimuthal instability has been widely described as a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. However, additional and sometimes more important causes are identified here. Counter-rotating, streamwise vortices within and around the ligaments show a relationship in the instability behavior for jets flowing into like-density fluid; thus, density difference cannot explain fully the three-dimensional instability as previously suggested. Furthermore, the formation of ligaments that eventually break into droplets and the formation of streamwise vorticity are caused by the same vortical dynamics. Waviness is identified on the ligaments which should result in droplet formation. The nonlinear development of the shorter azimuthal waves and ligament waves explains the experimental results that droplet sizes are usually smaller than KH wavelengths. The higher the relative velocity and/or the lower the surface tension the shorter are the values of the most unstable wavelengths.
Improving Barrier Through Orientation in Processing

Permeabilite et proprietes moleculaires d'un bon film barriere; conditions de mise en œuvre qui conduisent a une orientation. Mise en œuvre du polyethylene haute densite, terephtalate de polyethylene, polyamide et copolymere ethylene-alcool vinylique
Diary of a working boy: Creative resistance among anonymous workbloggers

A B S T R A C T ■ Anonymous workbloggers — employees who write online diaries about their work — are often simultaneously productive workers and savage critics of the organizational cultures in which they toil. This research focuses on a small group of white-collar workers from the Greater Manchester and Lancashire area, who risk their jobs by writing publicly about their office experiences under assumed identities. Countering the notion that resistance to corporate culture leads to `confusion and emptiness' (Willmott, 1993: 538), this study contributes to the recent revival of interest in worker misbehavior and recalcitrance. By focusing on workers as authors, it addresses a shortcoming in the existing critical literature, which treats informal employee resistance as an intellectually and artistically unsophisticated phenomenon. Drawing parallels with the lives and work of authors such as Franz Kafka and T.S. Eliot, it evaluates whether embedded writers, in spite of their ambivalence about the alternativ...
OntoMODEL: Ontological Mathematical Modeling Knowledge Management in Pharmaceutical Product Development, 1: Conceptual Framework

Pharmaceutical product development is a critical step in the path of a drug therapy from its discovery to its delivery to the patient. It is capital-intensive, time-consuming, and extremely information- and knowledge-intensive. This presents various challenges to manage the information and knowledge involved in a systematic, reusable, and user-friendly manner. Knowledge, in this context, means decision-making knowledge and mathematical knowledge that capture the families of mathematical models that exist in this domain. In this paper, which is the first of this two-part series of papers, we describe OntoMODEL, which is an ontological tool for mechanistic mathematical model management that facilitates systematic and standardizable methods for model storage, usage, and solution. [Suresh and co-workers have presented discussions on OntoMODEL at AIChE meetings in San Francisco, CA (2006) and Salt Lake City, UT (2007), as well as at the 18th European Symposium on Computer-Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-18) ...
The effect of thermal cycling on interfacial bonding in a ceramic matrix composite reinforced with a metallic ribbon

Ceramic matrix composite materials have great potential for high temperature applications, and are often subject to thermal cycling. As a result, thermal cycling studies on ceramic matrix composites can yield valuable information regarding their potential for high temperature service. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of the maximum temperature used in thermal cycling and the number of such cycles on the interfacial bonding strength of soda lime glass reinforced with Nichrome ribbons.
Direct synthesis of pyridine derivatives.

We describe a single-step conversion of various N-vinyl and N-aryl amides to the corresponding pyridine and quinoline derivatives, respectively. The process involves amide activation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of 2-chloropyridine followed by π-nucleophile addition to the activated intermediate and annulation. Compatibility of this chemistry with sensitive N-vinyl amides, epimerizable substrates, and a variety of functional groups is noteworthy.
P02.175. A randomized controlled pilot study assessing quality of life, stress and feasibility of yoga practice in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer

Methods With IRB approval a prospective randomized study was conducted of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Patients were randomized to yoga practice or control group. Both groups (15 patients in each) completed questionnaires and provided saliva samples at baseline and at 12 weeks for cortisol level evaluation. After surgery, the yoga group received 2 individual weekly sessions followed by 8 weekly group sessions and were provided with a gentle yoga DVD for home use at least once per week.
Class II correction using the bimetric distalizing arch

Abstract This retrospective study evaluates the treatment outcome after the use of the Wilson bimetric distalizing arch (BDA) (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, CO) and edgewise mechanics. The study consisted of 18 patients (5 men and 13 women) from 9 to 19 years of age, selected from the practice of one of the authors. The patients were treated using the BDA to correct their Class II molar relationships. Each patient was overcorrected to a Class I relationship and then was treated with fixed edgewise mechanics. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were compared at pretreatment and posttreatment time periods. Overall, both maxillary and mandibular incisors flared as a result of appliance therapy. Class I correction was primarily a result of maxillary molar distalization with some mandibular molar mesial movement. Proper application of the second phase of treatment appears to help minimize the side effects that were seen in previous studies.
Heparin sequencing using enzymatic digestion and ESI-MSn with HOST: a heparin/HS oligosaccharide sequencing tool.

Mass spectrometry, and specifically sequential stages of mass spectrometry (MSn), is an established tool for the analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, and more recently glycosaminoglycans. As this trend continues, the development of algorithms for the rapid and automatic interpretation of mass spectra to identify glycan structure is also expected to grow as an active field of research. The methodology described herein utilizes a combination of enzymatic digestion, ESI-MS, and MSn for the sequencing of small heparin oligosaccharides. The heparin oligosaccharide sequencing tool (HOST) is a basic software application that was developed to aid in the integration and analysis of the data generated from these experiments, facilitating the process involved in arriving at sequence information. The sequences of several heparin oligosaccharides were determined using this method to illustrate proof of principle. Tandem MS is a very rapid and efficient tool for oligosaccharide analysis when limited amounts of material...
Electromagnetic Field of a Gaussian Beam with an Elliptical Cross Section

The electromagnetic field associated with a generalized beam is analyzed theoretically, where the beam may take on an irradiance cross section described by a gaussian function with arbitrary elliptical symmetry. For this analysis, the field is represented by an expansion into an angular spectrum of plane waves. Expressions for the field components throughout a medium that is free of sources are found by use of an asymptotic approximation that is common in gaussian-beam analysis. In addition, more-precise expressions for these components are found, which are valid outside the neighborhood of focus. Near focus, gaussian beams may have only approximately gaussian cross sections, and in this region the behavior of beams without circular symmetry is greatly complicated. The effects of noncircular symmetry are discussed in some detail, and a method for correcting a beam to produce circular symmetry is described.
Piezo- and thermo-optical properties of Bi 12 GeO 20 . III. The dispersion theories and models

In this third paper of our series, some consequences of the theories for the refractive and the rotatory dispersion are examined. It is shown that the Sellmeier-Drude and the Lorentz-Lorenz formulas for the dispersion of the refractive index are equivalent, and in fact are special cases of a more general equation. In a similar vein, the classical oscillator model of Vysin and the quantum calculations of Agranovich, for the rotatory dispersion, are shown to be equivalent for a nonmolecular crystal. This equivalence is used to analyze and interpret the Agranovich type of equation that we deduced from our measurements reported in the first two papers. It is found that the oscillator parameters specified by our data and this equation are reasonable in the light of completely unrelated experiments and considerations.
Are mercury emissions from geologic sources significant? A status report.

Geologic sources of atmospheric mercury include areas of fossil and current geothermal activity, recent volcanic activity, precious and base metal deposits, and organic rich sedimentary rocks. Early estimates of emissions from these sources were not based on measurements of mercury fluxes but implied based on the difference between emissions from anthropogenic point sources and wet/dry deposition estimates. In the past ∼7 years significant progress has been made in development of methods for the measurement of mercury emissions, definition of those parameters most important in controlling emissions and scaling up emissions from natural source areas. This paper summarizes the work done on scaling of emissions from discrete areas of natural enrichment and from the State of Nevada, which is situated within a global belt of mercury enrichment. Preliminary data indicate that elemental mercury is the predominant (>95%) form of mercury being emitted from these sources. Scaling results suggest that the value used in early models to represent emissions from global mercuriferous belts is too low by at least three times.
Techniques of intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping

Cardiac mapping during sinus rhythm and during spontaneous or induced ventricular arrhythmias is a promising technique that offers a variety of potential strategies to improve our ability to locate abnormal areas in the heart that are the seat of arrhythmias. If surgical procedures are to become more limited in scope in an attempt to salvage myocardium, mapping will need to be used to a greater extent. However, it remains to be established which mapping technique will prove most sensitive and specific in detecting sites of arrhythmia, and whether the localizing method used allows a more directed surgical intervention to be successful.