cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior Genetics of Flexible Life Histories in Milkweed Bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus)

Insects often face uncertain or unpredictable environments and must make appropriate adjustments in their life histories. Adaptations to predictable environments are well-known, and there is an extensive literature on the use of photoperiod, the most reliable seasonal cue, to time diapause, migration, reproduction and related responses. The difficulty comes when photoperiod (or any other cue) is unreliable. Under such conditions, the best strategy for an organism is to remain flexible, and the most obvious way to do so is via behavior, in particular those behaviors such as migration and diapause that allow choices of where and when to breed. Behavior can thus be an important element of a life history “strategy” (Dingle 1982, 1984).
Conditions on Occupational Therapy: Effects on Occupational Performance, 5th Edition (2017).

Embracing the client-centered philosophy is essential in the field of occupational therapy to maintain the uniqueness of the profession. At the same time, it is critical for practitioners to have k...
T Cells as an Emerging Target for Chronic Pain Therapy.

The immune system is critically involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. However, T cells, one of the main regulators of the immune response, have only gained interest more recently in investigations on chronic pain pathophysiology. Emerging clinical data suggest that patients with chronic pain have a different phenotypic profile of circulating T cells compared to controls. At the preclinical level, findings on the function of T cells are mixed and differ between nerve injury, chemotherapy, and inflammatory models of persistent pain. Depending of the type of injury, the subset of T cells and the sex of the animal, T cells may contribute to the onset and/or the resolution of pain, underlining T cells as a major player in the transition from acute to chronic pain. Specific T cell subsets release mediators such as cytokines and endogenous opioid peptides that can promote or suppress, or even resolve pain. Inhibiting the pain promoting functions of T cells and/or enhancing the beneficial effects of pro-resolution T cells may offer new disease-modifying strategies for the treatment of chronic pain, which is highly needed in view of the current opioid crisis.
Can dietary patterns modify risk for CKD

Dietary patterns, representing a combination of foods, nutrients, and beverages in a diet, are a more realistic representation of one’s overall dietary intake compared with individual nutrients or foods and they account for potential interaction between nutrients and food components ([1][1]).
Association of pemphigus and pemphigoid with osteoporosis and pathological fractures

Patients with pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP) have potential risk factors for osteoporosis and/or fractures. To determine whether pemphigus and BP are associated with osteoporosis and fractures in the US, a cross-sectional study of 198,102,435 adults was performed, including 4506 with pemphigus and 8864 with BP from the 2006–2012 National Emergency Department Sample, a 20% sample of emergency care visits throughout the US. Pemphigus was associated with higher odds (multivariate logistic regression; adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence intervals]) of osteopenia (2.20 [1.59–3.05]), osteoporosis (2.54 [2.16–2.98]), osteomalacia (29.70 [4.05–217.83]), and pathological fractures (2.04 [1.42–2.91]). BP was associated with osteoporosis (1.55 [1.39–1.73]) and pathological fractures (1.52 [1.22–1.88]). When compared to BP, pemphigus was associated with higher odds of osteopenia (1.59 [1.06–2.41]), osteoporosis (1.38 [1.18–1.63]), and fractures (1.26 [1.04–1.53]), particularly of the ulna and radius (3.17 [1.23–8.17]). Patients with pemphigus or BP as well as long-term systemic corticosteroid use had highest odds of osteoporosis and fractures. No data were available on treatments for pemphigus or BP. Pemphigus and BP were associated with osteopenia, osteoporosis, and pathologic fractures. Patients with PEM and BP may benefit from increased screening for osteoporosis and interventions to prevent fractures.
Prototypical Work Situations: A Robust, Flexible Means for Representing Activity in a Work Domain:

Representing the results is a key component in the analysis of cognitive work. Many structures have been developed for representing the results of Cognitive Work Analysis, but the representation of...
Longitudinal Growth in Single-Word Intelligibility Among Children With Cerebral Palsy From 24 to 96 Months of Age: Effects of Speech-Language Profile Group Membership on Outcomes

Purpose We examined whether there were differences among speech-language profile groups of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in age of crossing 25%, 50%, and 75% intelligibility thresholds; age of greatest intelligibility growth; rate of intelligibility growth; maximum attained intelligibility at 8 years; and how well intelligibility at 36 months predicts intelligibility at 96 months when group membership is accounted for. Profile groups were children with no speech motor impairment (NSMI), those with speech motor impairment and language comprehension that is typically developing (SMI-LCT), and those with speech motor impairment and language comprehension impairment (SMI-LCI). Method Sixty-eight children with CP were followed longitudinally between 24 and 96 months of age. A total of 564 time points were examined across children (M = 8.3 time points per child, SD = 2.6). We fitted a nonlinear random effects model for longitudinal observations, allowing for differences between profile groups. We used the fitted model trajectories to generate descriptive analyses of intelligibility growth by group and to generate simulations to analyze how well 36-month intelligibility data predicted 96-month data accounting for profile groups. Results Children with CP who have NSMI have different growth and better intelligibility outcomes than those with speech motor impairment. Children with SMI-LCT tend to have better outcomes but similar intelligibility growth as children with SMI-LCI. There may be a subset of children that cut across SMI-LCI and SMI-LCT groups who have severe speech motor involvement and show limited growth in intelligibility. Conclusions Intelligibility outcomes for children with CP are affected by profile group membership. Intelligibility growth tends to be delayed in children with speech motor impairment. Intelligibility at 3 years is highly predictive of later outcomes regardless of profile group. Intervention decision making should include consideration of early intelligibility, and treatment directions should include consideration of augmentative and alternative communication.
College athletes and the influence of academic and athletic investment on sense of belonging

While the athletic and academic experiences of student-athletes have been frequently examined by scholars (Houle & Kluck, 2015; Rettig & Hu, 2016), there is a lack of research into which investment creates a sense of belonging on campus for student-athletes. Other factors, such as sport status, have only been conceptually discussed, while transfer status and gender, have been examined in non-athlete populations, highlighting a gap in our college student understanding of sense of belonging. We used structural modeling to examine the relationship between athletic investment, academic investment, and demographics within a context of student-athletes. Results indicated as both athletic and academic investment increase, the student-athlete’s sense of belonging on campus decreased. Additionally, student-athletes who were transfers, in team sports, or men were more likely to have a reduced sense of belong on campus.
Waves, modes, communications, and optics: a tutorial

Modes generally provide an economical description of waves, reducing complicated wave functions to finite numbers of mode amplitudes, as in propagating fiber modes and ideal laser beams. But finding a corresponding mode description for counting the best orthogonal channels for communicating between surfaces or volumes, or for optimally describing the inputs and outputs of a complicated optical system or wave scatterer, requires a different approach. The singular-value decomposition approach we describe here gives the necessary optimal source and receiver “communication modes” pairs and device or scatterer input and output “mode-converter basis function” pairs. These define the best communication or input/output channels, allowing precise counting and straightforward calculations. Here we introduce all the mathematics and physics of this approach, which works for acoustic, radio-frequency, and optical waves, including full vector electromagnetic behavior, and is valid from nanophotonic scales to large systems. We show several general behaviors of communications modes, including various heuristic results. We also establish a new “M-gauge” for electromagnetism that clarifies the number of vector wave channels and allows a simple and general quantization. This approach also gives a new modal “M-coefficient” version of Einstein’s A&B coefficient argument and revised versions of Kirchhoff’s radiation laws. The article is written in a tutorial style to introduce the approach and its consequences.
Epigenetic prediction of 17β-estradiol and relationship to trauma-related outcomes in women

Abstract 17β-estradiol (E2) levels in women correlate with multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms, including those that are stress-related. Furthermore, prior work from our group has demonstrated that E2 status influences DNA methylation (DNAm) across the genome. We developed and validated a DNAm-based predictor of E2 (one of four naturally occurring estrogens) using a training set of 183 females and a test set of 79 females from the same traumatized cohort. We showed that predicted E2 levels were highly correlated with measured E2 concentrations in our testing set (r ​= ​0.75, p ​= ​1.8e-15). We further demonstrated that predicted E2 concentrations, in combination with measured values, negatively correlated with current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (β ​= ​−0.38, p ​= ​0.01) and major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses (β ​= ​−0.45, p ​= ​0.02), as well as a continuous measure of PTSD symptom severity (β ​= ​−2.3, p ​= ​0.007) in females. Finally, we tested our predictor in an independent data set (n ​= ​85) also comprised of recently traumatized female subjects to determine if the predictor would generalize to a different population than the one on which it was developed. We found that the correlation between predicted and actual E2 concentrations in the external validation data set was also high (r ​= ​0.48, p ​= ​3.0e-6). While further validation is warranted, a DNAm predictor of E2 concentrations will advance our understanding of hormone-epigenetic interactions. Furthermore, such a DNAm predictor may serve as an epigenetic proxy for E2 concentrations and thus provide an important biomarker to better evaluate the contribution of E2 to current and potentially future psychiatric symptoms in samples for which E2 is not measured.
T-Bet Enables Tissue-Restricted B Cell Memory and Influenza Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Antibodies

We describe two functionally distinct influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific memory B cell populations (Bmem) in mice and humans, distinguished by T-bet expression. In mice, both T-bet- and T-bet HA-specific B cells emerge within 6 days of influenza infection, persist indefinitely, and transiently express the memory markers CD38, CD73, PD-L2 and CD80. However, while T-bet- Bmem arise in all secondary lymphoid tissues and recirculate, T-bet Bmem neither arise nor migrate within lymphatics, but remain in the spleen. Human HA-specific Bmem display similar features: while T-bet- Bmem are found in all secondary lymphoid tissues, T-bet Bmem are exclusively found in spleen and blood. Using conditional T-bet knockout mice, we show that T-bet B cells are required for the majority of neutralizing and HA stalk-specific IgG2a/c antibodies. Together, these findings show T-bet expression is a durable and conserved feature that discriminates Bmem with distinct origins, tissue distributions, and epitope specificities.
Associations of teacher characteristics with preschool suspensions and expulsions: Implications for supports

Abstract Preschool children subjected to suspension and expulsion miss valuable educational opportunities and are more likely to experience academic failure and grade retention. These forms of exclusionary discipline are more frequent in preschool settings than in K–12 education classrooms. Previous research has examined the prevalence and influencing factors of exclusionary discipline in early childhood settings, but less is known about what this looks like in a well-resourced state-funded preschool program that includes characteristics that have been shown in prior research to be associated with reducing the likelihood of exclusionary discipline incidents (e.g., low student–teacher ratios, program resources to assist teachers in managing child behaviors). This study examines reports of exclusionary discipline actions in a large, well-resourced, state preschool program for low-income 4-year-olds and examines whether report of these disciplinary actions varies by teacher characteristics. The study also reports teachers’ reasons for engaging in these practices. Data are drawn from annual surveys of 147 teachers working in the state preschool program from 2016 to 2018. We find that at least one child was subject to some form of exclusionary discipline in more than a quarter of responding teachers’ classrooms. Suspension was the most common form of exclusionary discipline. Teachers with fewer years of experience teaching preschool were more likely to report engaging in exclusionary discipline than more experienced teachers. Concerns regarding the safety of the child, the child’s peers, or program staff were cited by nearly all teachers as a reason for using exclusionary discipline.
I am blue: a toddler's Raynaud's phenomenon.

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a well-known disorder of self-limiting paroxysmal vasospasms occurring in small arteries of the digits, in the order of skin pallor (white), followed by cyanosis (blue), ending with hyperemia (red). These designative triphasic colour changes with exposure to cold, or emotional response is diagnostic in adults. RP is a very rare phenomenon in the young paediatric population as noted by Nigrovic et al with 123 patients <19 year old in a large children's centre over 10 years and only 4 patients being <2 years old, with 69% of these being primary RP. To our knowledge, this is the youngest documented case of Raynaud's disease that has not required treatment.
A Novel Intrinsic Measure of Data Separability.

In machine learning, the performance of a classifier depends on both the classifier model and the separability/complexity of datasets. To quantitatively measure the separability of datasets, we create an intrinsic measure -- the Distance-based Separability Index (DSI), which is independent of the classifier model. We consider the situation in which different classes of data are mixed in the same distribution to be the most difficult for classifiers to separate. We then formally show that the DSI can indicate whether the distributions of datasets are identical for any dimensionality. And we verify the DSI to be an effective separability measure by comparing to several state-of-the-art separability/complexity measures using synthetic and real datasets. Having demonstrated the DSI's ability to compare distributions of samples, we also discuss some of its other promising applications, such as measuring the performance of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and evaluating the results of clustering methods.
Fire and post-fire management alters soil microbial abundance and activity: A case study in semi-arid shrubland soils

Abstract Soil microbial communities play a key role in ecological processes; however, the effects of fire, and post-fire management practices such as hydroseeding, on microbial abundance and activity are still poorly known. We sampled surface soil (0–10 cm) from unburned (UNB), burned and naturally regenerating (NAT), and burned but hydroseeded (HYD) chaparral stands on the campus of California State University San Marcos five years after fire. Soil was analyzed for microbial biomass carbon (C), bacterial taxonomic composition at the phylum level, and microbial activity (enzyme activity and nitrification) to test the hypothesis that fire and hydroseeding would significantly alter microbial abundance and activity. Total soil nitrogen (N) and C, microbial C, enzyme activity, and nitrification rate were significantly lower in burned stands than in the UNB stand; however, some of these patterns were affected by hydroseeding. Carbon inputs from hydroseeding, and associated changes in the composition of colonizing plant species, caused soil C and N and microbial C to be similar in the HYD and UNB stands. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa were similar for the UNB, HYD, and NAT stands, and there were no significant differences in taxonomic diversity between the stands. Activities of key C (β-glucosidase, peroxidase) and nutrient (N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), phosphatase) cycling enzymes were significantly lower in burned stands, but hydroseeding did not affect their activities, and the declines in enzyme activity were due in part to declines in microbial biomass, soil C and N pools, and increases in pH. Our data suggest that fire and post-fire treatments alter soil microbial biomass and activity for years after fire, which will affect ecosystem C and N cycling and management of fire-prone semi-arid shrublands like chaparral.
Cold-formed steel member bending stiffness prediction

Abstract The objective of this paper is to provide a simplified method for predicting the bending stiffness of thin-walled cold-formed steel members subject to elastic (or inelastic) local or distortional buckling. In thin-walled cold-formed steel members for serviceability and consideration of deformations (second-order effects) it is important to account for the loss of cross-section bending stiffness due to the use of slender elements and/or yielding. Although existing design specifications provide some guidance on how to predict the stiffness, limited information is available for cross-sections subject to distortional buckling or undergoing inelastic local and/or distortional buckling. Existing tests and shell finite element analysis on cold-formed steel beams failing in local or distortional buckling are used as the basis for the study conducted herein. Stiffness of the conducted tests and finite element models is compared with predictions based on the Effective Width Method and Direct Strength Method. Relationships between local and distortional cross-section slenderness and the observed and predicted secant stiffness up to the peak load are examined. New design expressions to predict cold-formed steel member bending stiffness depending on cross-section slenderness are presented. The new methods are proposed for adoption in cold-formed steel specifications.
Petrology and Geochemistry of Barberton Komatiites and Basaltic Komatiites: Evidence of Archean Fore-Arc Magmatism

Publisher Summary The Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) is one of several mid- to late-Archean greenstone belts that lie along the eastern margin of the Kaapvaal craton. The nature of the melting process that gave rise to such unusual magmas has been the subject of diverse speculation. Initially, some very non-uniformitarian processes were proposed, including leaks from persistent magma oceans. The BGB consists of a number of tectonic blocks sutured together and folded by tectonic processes, and appears to be an example of a fold and thrust belt. The presence of the ultra-mafic units within this convergent setting does not require that they were produced by the subduction zone itself. The Komati Fm. lies above the Theespruit Fm., and is separated from it by the Komati fault. While there is still much work to be done on the timing of events, it appears that at least part of the Komati and Theespruit are coeval, and that the former was thrust over the latter by a collisional event. The Komati Fm. is separated into an upper and lower part.
Renin angiotensin system gene polymorphisms modify angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors' effect on cognitive function: the health, aging and body composition study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of polymorphisms in renin angiotensin system genes on the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) exposure and global and executive cognitive function in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand seventy-five participants: mean age 73.6, 58% Caucasian, 52% female, 15% taking ACE-Is, 8 years of follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: The outcomes were longitudinal change in Executive Clock Drawing Test-1 (CLOX1), the Digit Symbol Substitution test, and the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. The genetic polymorphisms included angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion deletion (ACEID) in the ACE gene and the M235T and 6AG polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene. RESULTS: For the CLOX1 outcome, there was significant interaction between 6AG and M235T polymorphisms in the AGT gene and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) in Caucasian participants (P=.01 for both polymorphisms) independent of blood pressure levels. Specifically, ACE-I exposure was protective against CLOX1 score decline in carriers of the AA genotype of the 6AG and the CC genotype of the M235T (for the ACE-I vs non-ACE-I groups, P=.01 for 6AG and P=.005 for M235T) but not the other genotypes. These associations were not significant with other cognitive tests, with ACEID, or in African Americans. CONCLUSION: ACE-Is may provide a protective effect on executive function in Caucasians with AGT gene polymorphisms known to be associated with greater renin angiotensin system activity. If confirmed in a pharmacogenetic trial, ACE-Is may be found to have additional cognitive protection in a select group of elderly individuals.
A TRIBUTE TO DEAN HOWARD I. KALODNER

As I review the list of those who have been asked to write about Dean Howard I. Kalodner, I feel that bittersweet tug of time passing. I am the only person on the list who attended the Law School in the years before the Dean's arrival. Like Job's messenger and Melville's Ishmael, I alone have survived to tell about it. This is a serious responsibility. If we wish to understand our­ selves in the present, we must understand our past. So it is only in the context of the history of the Law School that Dean Kalodner's remarkable contributions to our alma mater can be fully appreciated. Journey with me, then, back to the summer of 1977, as we drive down Wilbraham Road, past the vacant lot where the Blake Law Center someday will stand. We turn right on Tinkham Road, and pull into the Law School's old temporary campus. There, we find an institution in limbo. Its past as a part-time night school recently behind it, the school has determined to join its celebrated Eastern sisters in the ranks of full-time institutions of legal education. The rented space from which it is launching this venture, however, leaves, kindly speaking, a lot to be desired. Flies buzz through doors propped open for relief from the August heat. The undersized, overcrowded classrooms nevertheless are stifling, and in them it is hard to see and to hear. The library is basic, and specialized facilities, such as moot courtrooms, are non-existent. Clinical programs are unheard of. There is no law review. The tal­ ented and exciting teachers the Bakers, Dunns, Harpazes, and Metzgers, to name but four are still outnumbered. Superimposed upon these difficulties is an administrative chaos that dominates and demoralizes the life of the school. Third year students have spent their first year amidst strife and turmoil that
Oxygen and Nitrogen Vibration in the Thermosphere

There are two factors that contribute to interest in vibrational temperatures in the thermosphere. First, the probability of conversion of vibrational energy into kinetic energy in collisions is generally small, so it is likely that vibrational temperatures differ from kinetic temperatures. Second, the rates of a number of important aeronomic reactions may depend on the vibrational levels of the participating molecules. Unfortunately, there is little information on several potentially important reactions that produce or destroy vibrating molecules, so vibrational temperatures remain largely uncertain.
Emulating a Portuguese Model: The Slave Policy of the West India Company and the Dutch Reformed Church in Dutch Brazil (1630–1654) and New Netherland (1614–1664) in Comparative Perspective

This article presents a new perspective on the master-slave relationship in New Netherland in order to complement the existing theories on the treatment of slaves in that Dutch colony. It shows how prior to the loss of Dutch Brazil, the West India Company modeled its slave policy after Portuguese practices, such as the formation of black militias and the use of Christianity as a means to foster slave loyalty. It also points out that in the initial slave policy of the Dutch Reformed Church was characterized by the ambition to replace the Iberian Catholic Church in the Americas. While the Reformed Church in the early decades of the Dutch colonial expansion was characterized by a community-building spirit and a flexible attitude toward newcomers, the loss of Brazil shattered the dream of a Protestant American continent and gave way to a more exclusivist approach with a much stronger emphasis on orthodoxy. This led to a dramatic change in attitude vis-a-vis slaves, which is reflected in the segregationist policies―both at a social and a religious level―in later Dutch slave colonies such as Suriname.
A Brief Summary of Kuiper Belt Research

Ideas about the contents of the Solar System beyond Neptune and Pluto can be traced back to at least Edgeworth (1943, 1949) and Kuiper (1951), who speculated on the existence of pre-planetary small bodies in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune - remnants of the accretion process in the primordial Solar Nebula. The basis for the speculation was primarily the argument that the Solar Nebula was unlikely to have been abruptly truncated at the orbit of Neptune, and that in the trans-Neptunian accretion timescales were too long for bodies larger than about ˜ 1000 km in radius to have formed in the 4.5 billion year age of the Solar System. Another important theoretical argument relevant to this region of the Solar System is related to the origin of short period comets. Fernandez (1980) suggested that the short period comets may have an origin in a disk of small bodies beyond Neptune, rather than being “captured” from the population of long period comets originating in the Oort Cloud, the latter scenario having considerable difficulty reconciling the observed flux of short period comets with the exceedingly low efficiency of transfer of long period comet orbits to short period ones by means of the gravitational perturbations of the giant planets. The new scenario received further strength in the numerical work of Duncan et al. (1988) and Quinn et al. (1990) which showed that the relatively small orbital inclinations of the Jupiter-family short period comets were not consistent with a source in the isotropic Oort Cloud of comets but could be reproduced with a source in a low-inclination reservoir beyond Neptune’s orbit. Duncan et al. named this hypothetical source the Kuiper Belt, and the name has come into common use in the last decade (although other names are also in use, e.g. Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt, and trans-Neptunian objects). A recent theoretical milestone was the work by Holman and Wisdom (1993) and Levison and Duncan (1993) on the long term stability of test particle orbits in the trans-Neptunian Solar System. This work showed that low-eccentricity, low-inclination orbits with semimajor axes in excess of about 43 AU are stable on billion year timescales, but that in the region between 35 AU and 43 AU orbital stability times range from 107 yr to more than 109 yr [see, for example, figure 1 in Holman (1995)]. Orbital instability in this intermediate region typically leads to a close encounter with Neptune which causes dramatic orbital changes, with the potential for subsequent transfer to the inner Solar System. Thus, this region could in principle serve as the reservoir of short period comets at the present epoch. However, the idea of a kinematically cold — i.e. low-eccentricity, low-inclination — population in this region is at odds with recent observations, and the question of the origin of short period comets remains unsettled at the present time.
Getting Hip to the Hop: A Rap Bibliography/Discography

This bibliographic/discographic essay examines works which may be used to develop a core collection on Rap music. A selected bibliography and discography is also provided.
Optical bistability in BDN dye

We report optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot filled with BDN saturable absorbing dye occurring due to an intensity-dependent phase shift. A four-level model is used to show that the phase shift arises from nonresonant dispersion due to an excited metastable state which is excited in the process of saturable absorption. Preliminary experiments confirm the theoretical predictions.
PROTCOM: searchable database of protein complexes enhanced with domain-domain structures.

The database of protein complexes (PROTCOM) is a compilation of known 3D structures of protein– protein complexes enriched with artificially created domain–domain structures using the available entries in the Protein Data Bank. The domain–domain structures are generated by parsing single chain structures into loosely connected domains and are important features of the database. The database (http://www.ces.clemson.edu/compbio/protcom) could be used for benchmarking purposes of the docking and other algorithms for predicting 3D structures of protein–protein complexes. The database can be utilized as a template database in the homology or threading methods for modeling the 3D structures of unknown protein–protein complexes. PROTCOM provides the scientific community with an integrated set of tools for browsing, searching, visualizing and downloading a pool of protein complexes. The user is given the option to select a subset of entries using a combination of up to 10 different criteria. As on July 2006 the database contains 1770 entries, each of which consists of the known 3D structures and additional relevant information that can be displayed either in text-only or in visual mode.
Extent of spontaneous cross-flow via the anterior communicating artery in steno-occlusive carotid artery disease.

Abstract Purpose: Our purpose was to evaluate the agreement of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) measurements and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings in determining the extent of spontaneous cross-flow via the anterior communicating artery (AcoA) in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Methods: Thirty adult patients with suspected uni- or bilateral high-grade carotid artery stenosis were prospectively examined by DSA and angle-corrected TCCS. The extent of cross-flow was determined considering retrograde flow in the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and sideto-side differences of the A1-segments of the ACA and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) by both techniques. Cross-flow was angiographically categorized by means of a four-step scale. DSA findings were correlated with side-to-side differences in mean blood flow velocity as well as flow direction measured by TCCS. Results: Twenty-seven of 30 patients had a uni- or bilateral ICA stenosis of...
English loanwords in Japanese: Some cultural implications

Abstract The various loanward dictionaries published in Japan over the past two decades have been growing in size, from some 20,000 entries in the mid-60s to well over 30,000 by the 80s. The sociolinguistic interest in the growth is focused on the cultural implications of such a wholesale borrowing, among other features. The categories of loanword use, the functions of loanwords, their proscriptions in some situations, and so on are of interest, as is the similarity of the sophistication of their use to the usage of Chinese loans of over a millenium ago. This presentation will address the following areas: (1) a specification of the ever more complicated categories of borrowings and their intricate uses in Japanese; (2) an analysis of the developing functions of the loans; (3) a discussion of the cultural attitudes which permit much borrowing in some semantic areas, less in others, to the point of rejection in some ; (4) a brief discussion of how the present process of wholesale borrowing of English words has certain similarities to the wholesale borrowing of Chinese language and culture some 1400 years ago. The latter point emphasizes how language borrowing is but part of an overall process of cultural interaction.
Effect of pressure on the fermi surface of Zr

Abstract Pressure derivatives of Fermi surface cross sections of Zr along major symmetry directions were obtained using the fluid He phase shift technique. The values range from -8 × 10-4 to 3 × 10-3 kbar-1 as compared to the free electron scaling prediction of ∼ 7 × 10−4 kbar -1.
Gas flow proportional counter for low temperature conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract The construction of a simple gas flow proportional counter suitable for operation between 100 K and 400 K without the need for an evacuated cryogenic system is described. Different gas mixtures have been studied over the temperature range and it was found that He/5% CO is most suitable at 100 K. The system has been tested using standard foils to obtain the optimum operating conditions. Low concentration iron based samples have also been studied to show the importance of investigating surface phenomena at different temperatures.
An Evaluation of Methods for the Estimation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Site‐Specific Diagnostic Tests

The performance of diagnostic tests is often evaluated by estimating their sensitivity and specificity with respect to a traditionally accepted standard test regarded as a gold standard in making the diagnosis. Correlated samples of binary data arise in many fields of application. The fundamental unit for analysis is occasionally the site rather than the subject in site-specific studies. Statistical methods that take into account the within-subject corelation should be employed to estimate the sensitivity and the specificity of diagnostic tests since site-specific results within a subject can be highly correlated I introduce several statistical methods for the estimation of the sensitivity and the specificity of site-specific diagnostic tests. I apply these techniques to the data from a study involving an enzymatic diagnostic test to motivate and illustrate the estimation of the sensitivity and the specificity of periodontal diagnostic tests. I present results from a simulation study for the estimation of diagnostic sensitivity when the data are correlated within subjects. Through a simulation study, I compare the performance of the binomial estimator P BE , the ratio estimator P RE , the weighted estimator P WE , the intracluster correlation estimator P IC , and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) estimator P GEE in terms of biases, observed variances, mean squared errors (MSE), relative efficiencies of their variances and 95 per cent coverage proportions. I recommend using P BE when ? = 0.1 recommend use of tile weighted estimator P WE when ? = 0.6. When ? = 0.2 or ? = 0.4, and the number of subjects is at least 30, P GEE performs well.
Analysis of laser calorimetric data

Adiabatic laser calorimetry, which is the most widely used method for studying the absorption coefficients of low-loss materials, can be adapted to study both the bulk and surface absorption by using a long rod sample geometry. In the limiting case of small heat losses, calculations of the thermal rise curves obtained in laser calorimetry indicate that two regions of constant slope can be expected. The first of these can be identified with the bulk absorption coefficient only and the second with the sum of the surface and bulk absorptions. Experimental data illustrating this two-slope behavior are presented.
The independent use of self-instructions for the acquisition of untrained multi-step tasks for individuals with an intellectual disability: A review of the literature

Systematic instruction on multi-step tasks (e.g., cooking, vocational skills, personal hygiene) is common for individuals with an intellectual disability. Unfortunately, when individuals with disabilities turn 22-years-old, they no longer receive services in the public school system in most states and systematic instruction often ends (Bouck, 2012). Rather than focusing instructional time on teacher-delivered training on the acquisition of specific multi-step tasks, teaching individuals with disabilities a pivotal skill, such as using self-instructional strategies, may be a more meaningful use of time. By learning self-instruction strategies that focus on generalization, individuals with disabilities can continue acquiring novel multi-step tasks in post-secondary settings and remediate skills that are lost over time. This review synthesizes the past 30 years of research related to generalized self-instruction to learn multi-step tasks, provides information about the types of self-instructional materials used, the ways in which participants received training to use them, and concludes with implications for practitioners and recommendations for future research.
Collaboration and Resistance on the Southwest Frontier: Early Eighteenth-Century Qing Expansion on Two Fronts

In 1715 two unrelated international events, the emergence of the Zunghar Mongols in Central Eurasia and Japan’s decision to restrict copper exports to China triggered a burst in Qing expansion into two different regions over the next fifteen years (1715-30), the Kham territory of Eastern Tibet and tusi-controlled territories in neighboring Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. As this article will show, Qing officials posted to Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou during this fifteen-year period were in a very peculiar position. On the one hand, they were authorized to negotiate alliances and grant tusi offices to the local Kham elite in order to advance the Qing empire into Kham, while at the same time they were encouraged to eliminate the remaining tusi in Yunnan and Guizhou in order to consolidate civilian control throughout the southwest. In short, during this brief fifteenyear period both ends of the historical spectrum Peter Perdue describes as the process of Qing imperial expansion existed in the southwest: the use of tusi offices to extend Qing influence into Kham, and the elimination of tusi in the southwest in order to establish centralized civilian rule.
Mechanisms of Disease: a molecular genetic update on hereditary axonal neuropathies

Hereditary axonal peripheral neuropathies comprise a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are clinically subsumed under the name of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 2 (CMT2). Historically, two classes of CMT have been differentiated: demyelinating forms of CMT (CMT1), in which nerve conduction velocities are decreased, and the axonal CMT2 forms, in which nerve conduction velocities are preserved. Recently, a number of genes that are defective in patients with the main forms of CMT2 have been identified. The molecular dissection of cellular functions of the related gene products has only just begun, and detailed pathophysiological models are still lacking. The known CMT2-related genes represent key players in these pathways, however, and are likely to provide powerful tools for identifying targets for future therapeutic intervention.
90 MEASURED FINAL HEIGHT AND TARGET HEIGHT IN BOYS WITH CONSTITUTIONAL GROWTH DELAY

There is considerable dispute as to whether boys with constitutional growth delay (CGD) do reach their target height (mid-parental height + 6.5cm). To answer this question, patients with short stature and CGD seen at our institution within the last 15 years are being restudied. So far, 20 adult males have been seen and their height has been measured by stadiometer. At the initial presentation, chronological age was 14.0±1.6(SD)yr, bone age 11.4±1.7yr, height 147.4±7.1cm, testicular volume 5.6±3.7mL. A positive family history with late menarche >14yr in the mother and/or continued fast growth >16yr in the father could be elicited in 18/20 patients. When restudied, chronological age was 22.7±1.7yr (20.2-26.9), testicular volume 23.0±4.3mL, final height 171.9±5.2cm. This height was very close to the self-estimate of the patients (171.8±5.5cm). Moreover, it was not significantly different from the target height of 173.1±4.3cm and from the initial Bayley-Pinneau prediction of 172.2±6.7cm (paired t-test). We conclude that on the average our patients with CGD did reach their full height potential and Bayley-Pinneau predictions were useful.
Some observations on the effects of heat, exercise and hypohydration upon involuntary hypohydration in man

Four male subjects at a high level of physical fitness were put on a controlled diet 4 days prior to a 4-hr exposure in a hot room(49°C) in separate experiments at rest or with exercise on a treadmill and free or no access to drinking water.The experiments were repeated at 24°C.Each experiment was followed by a recovery period of 8 hr. The water intake during the heat exposure was roughly proportional to the work load. The rate of water consumption during the recovery period was independent of the level of hypohydration. Previously hypohydrated men took longer to regain their water debt than previously hydrated men.
Urban Governance and Business Improvement Districts: The Washington, DC BIDs

Abstract Metropolitan areas have increasingly relied on the creation of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) as a way to focus on the special needs of retail and commercial centers. Whether part of the central city or a suburb, these relatively recent forms of organizations represent a new way to address sub-municipal issues. As such, they have become an important part of metropolitan governance and administration. The BIDs also clearly fit within the recent set of ideas represented by advocates of “new governance” that emphasizes both public/private partnerships and alternative institutional structures as strategies for addressing problems of metropolitan governance. This article examines four active BIDs in downtown Washington, DC. It presents the political and economic context of both the creation and operation of the four BIDs, relates them to new governance ideas, considers the extent that they have become an institutionalized form of metropolitan governance and finally, speculates on the extent tha...
Thalamic Mechanism of Pain: Shell Theory of Thalamic Nociception

In both cats and Japanese macaques, there are nociceptive specific (NS) and wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the shell region of the caudal ventrobasal (VB) complex of the thalamus. This comprises both the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis proper (VPM proper), and the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL). These two classes of nociceptive neurons are spatially segregated, WDR neurons being located both more anteriorly and in a narrow belt around the VB complex. Both NS and WDR neurons are somatotopically organized. These two classes of nociceptive neurons may constitute a thalamic link in the pain pathway from both the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and its trigeminal homologue, to the primary somatosensory cortex. Visceral sympathetic afferent inputs also project to the VPL part of the shell region of the caudal VB complex, there being viscerosomatic convergence onto both NS and WDR neurons. Visceral and cutaneous pain pathways thus appear to share a common projection locus in the shell region of the caudal VB complex.
Surface poisoning of synthetic and biological apatites

Abstract Bone mineral consists of small crystals of CO 3 -containing, Ca-deficient, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) with a large and reactive surface of 100–200m 2 g −1 . This paper reviews the action of various chemical moieties that adsorb on the crystal surfaces of synthetic and biological apatites and which poison their formation and growth. Three biologically relevant in vitro test systems are used to study the inhibition of HA formation: (a) solution transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to HA, (b) direct formation of HA from solution, and (c) growth of HA crystals. Naturally occurring condensed phosphates with POP bonds, such as P 2 O 7 and ATP, are effective in delaying or slowing the onset and/or the rate of formation of HA in all test systems at concentrations as low as 10 −5 to 10 −6 M . Because of these properties, condensed phosphates are thought to be involved in regulating biological mineralization. Diphosphonates (originally developed as detergents), with PCPbonds, act in a similar manner to condensed phosphates in inhibiting HA formation. Both molecular species strongly adsorb to forming HA critical nuclei, blocking growth to HA crystals. The stability of PCP bonds in aqueous media makes diphosphonates effective therapeutic agents for some metabolic bone disorders. Aluminum ion is effective in slowing the HA formation rate in systems (a), (b) and (c) by adsorbing on HA surfaces and blocking growth sites. This observation partly explains the impairment of mineralization (osteomalacia) associated with aluminum accumulation in bone seen in some patients on renal hemodialysis.
158: Prenatal diagnosis, antenatal surveillance, and timing of delivery for vasa previa: a national survey

home administration group vs. physician’s office group for both those with 1 PTD (25.6% vs. 39.4%) and with 2 or more PTD (34.7% vs. 50.7%). Logistic regression model results are presented in Table. CONCLUSION: Women enrolled in a 17P home administration program received a greater number of 17P injections and had lower rates of SPTD than those women that received 17P in an office setting. After controlling for significant clinical differences between the groups those having 17P home administration had a 43% lower risk for SPTD compared to women receiving 17P injections at their physician’s office.
Extramammary pacet's disease of the vulva: A clinicopathologic study of 13 cases

The clinicopathologic findings of 13 patients having extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva are discussed with emphasis on its histogenesis and biological behavior. For the purpose of study and assessment of prognosis, these cases were divided into two groups, those with an underlying invasive cutaneous adnexal adenocarcinoma, and those lacking an underlying invasive lesion. Four cases contained invasive cutaneous adnexal adenocarcinoma; in one of these the invasion was superficial. Three of the cases with an invasive lesion and three other cases showed in situ adenocarcinoma of sweat glands. Surgical treatment is mandatory for both groups of patients. The prognosis was excellent for the patients having Paget's disease without an underlying invasive carcinoma. From the literature, the prognosis of those with an underlying invasive carcinoma of the vulva appears to be less favorable. Multiple surgical excisions may be required to control the recurrences and metastases. A frequent association with other internal malignancy was observed. In four cases, second malignancies were found. Of special interest was the demonstration in one case of columns of neoplastic cells extending from involved sweat glands to the surface epithelium via the intradermal sweat duct. Our study leads us to support the concept that the Paget's cells, in a number of cases, are derived from an underlying carcinoma in situ of sweat gland origin.
Energy-harvesting devices: beyond the battery.

A wide variety of nanomaterials are being explored in the search for technologies that can extract energy from the environment to generate electrical power for sensors and other devices.