cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal pragmatism and comparative constitutional law

This chapter, for inclusion in the Elgar Handbook on Comparative Constitutional Theory (edited by Gary Jacobsohn and Miguel Schor) considers the place of legal pragmatism in comparative constitutional law. The article first defines legal pragmatism as a theory that is anti-formal, eclectic, contextual, and instrumental, and articulates and responds to some common critiques of these central tenets. It then explains that while legal pragmatism is sometimes viewed by its adherents (such as Richard Posner) as being mostly of relevance in United States constitutional theory, it actually has much to say to the field of comparative constitutional law. The chapter argues that the insights of pragmatism can usefully be viewed in synthesis with important tools of comparative constitutionalism, such as proportionality, in order to suggest ways in which those tools can be broadened and improved. It also can help to point out the importance of “blind spots” that are deemphasized in existing theories, like questions of remedy and case selection.
Designing a Successful Collaborative Wiki: The Choice between Outcome Quality and Online Community Needs

Designing a collaborative platform that produces project outcomes of high quality and allows for wisdom of the crowds to come together in the achievement of a common goal can be a challenge. Literature often addresses the interplay between designing for online community needs and outcome/product quality as coexistence, where design implementations in one positively affect the other. However, Human-Computer Interaction research has shown that performance and satisfaction need not be dependent on each other. This paper performs a theoretical analysis of the literature on the topic and identifies design gaps for collaborative projects. Findings derived by this theoretical analysis challenge existing design perspectives by demonstrating that there is often a tradeoff between designing for online community needs and outcome quality for these projects. Claims were developed that lead to research questions identifying the most important elements and design considerations are provided along with potential future directions for advancing the understanding of this relationship.
Sensitivity analysis for SoC performance benchmark against interconnect parasitic resistance and capacitance beyond 10-nm FinFET technology

This paper discusses the performance impact of interconnect parasitic resistance and capacitance for SoC (System on Chip) design beyond 10-nm FinFET technology. As technology scaling advances, the impact of BEOL (Back End of Line) is recognized as one influencer on operating performance. Using typical logic standard cells, sensitivity analysis by DOE (Design of Experiments) shows that the parasitic resistance on wire loads makes a large impact on the cell propagation delay especially with strong cell drivability. Multiple benchmarks show the same tendency that operating performance is degraded by parasitic resistance when strong drivability cells are engaged.
Genetic Basis of Health Disparity

People of the African diaspora often have a high prevalence of certain common and complex diseases, and genetic predisposition has been proposed as one of the causes. Genetic studies have identified variation or mutations in genes that are commonly associated with both common and complex diseases. The completion of the human genome sequence and technological advances, including the so-called genome-wide association studies, have identified genetic variants that are associated with increased disease risks/resistance in individuals of the African diaspora. The patterns of genetic variations in different populations could shed some light on the biological mechanisms underlying health disparities.
Extremal aspects of the Erdos-Gallai-Tuza conjecture

Erd?s, Gallai, and Tuza posed the following problem: given an n -vertex graph G , let ? 1 ( G ) denote the smallest size of a set of edges whose deletion makes G triangle-free, and let α 1 ( G ) denote the largest size of a set of edges containing at most one edge from each triangle of G . Is it always the case that α 1 ( G ) + ? 1 ( G ) ? n 2 / 4 ? We also consider a variant on this conjecture: if ? B ( G ) is the smallest size of an edge set whose deletion makes G bipartite, does the stronger inequality α 1 ( G ) + ? B ( G ) ? n 2 / 4 always hold?By considering the structure of a minimal counterexample to each version of the conjecture, we obtain two main results. Our first result states that any minimum counterexample to the original Erd?s-Gallai-Tuza Conjecture has "dense edge cuts", and in particular has minimum degree greater than n / 2 . This implies that the conjecture holds for all graphs if and only if it holds for all triangular graphs (graphs where every edge lies in a triangle). Our second result states that α 1 ( G ) + ? B ( G ) ? n 2 / 4 whenever G has no induced subgraph isomorphic to K 4 - , the graph obtained from the complete graph K 4 by deleting an edge. Thus, the original conjecture also holds for such graphs.
Troski i kłopoty związane z wdrażaniem rozwiązań w pracy zawodowej Badania nieustannie wskazują nam, że dla wyników programu ważniejszy jest sposób jego realizacji niż to jaki jest McLaughlin i in. 1975

The article analyzes the professional situation of employees dealing with professional tasks in the field of resocialization, starting from various stages of professional development. According to the author, there are many rehabilitation people who excellently perform their duties and are concerned about the broader structural issues that prevent curatorial supervision and conditional release as appropriate forms of work with charges and should be generally recognized components ensuring public safety and justice within the system orchard-penitentiary. Working in this profession requires commitment and great responsibility and sensitivity, if we actually assume an offer of assistance, while among employees there are people who do not work in this type of professional tasks. It is important that individual values are consistent with practices based on responsible actions aimed at reducing recidivism, and compulsory training for staff can help to educate competent specialists. Too often, however, core values are ignored when making decisions about employment and assessing the effectiveness of employees related to social rehabilitation institutions.
THE MAGNESIUM-AIR CELL

ABSTRACT This paper describes the theoretical and experimental basis of high performance magnesium-air (Magair) primary cells. The Magair cell is based on the use of an air (oxygen) cathode, a magnesium alloy anode, and a neutral salt electrolyte. The cell has an open circuit voltage of 1.60 volts, with operating voltages of 1.30 volts at 10 ma/cm 2 of air electrode surface and 1.00 volt at 60 ma/cm 2 . The design calls for the repeated use of the relatively expensive air cathode and cell case by employing periodic replenishment of the inexpensive anode and electrolyte. The saline electrolyte can be made up from any surface water, thus only the anode and salt need to be provided for replenishment in most applications. The energy density is between 45 to 60 watt-hours per pound for single use, increasing to 500 watt-hours per pound of carried material for repeated use (based on dry weight of cell plus replenishment anodes and salt). The cost of electricity with repeated use is less than the cost using common dry cells.
Ethics, Employees and Contractors: Financial Conflicts In and Out of Government

In recent decades, the federal government has greatly expanded its use of contractors to perform services, and now purchases more than $260 billion in services every year. The government has increasingly turned to contractors to accomplish its programmatic goals, and contractor personnel are now performing tasks that in the past had been performed by government employees. While government employees are subject to strict ethics standards, most of these standards do not apply to contractor personnel. If a federal employee makes a recommendation on a matter that could affect her financial interest, she could be subject not only to administrative discipline but also to criminal prosecution. In most cases, a contractor employee who has that same financial interest and makes the same recommendation is not subject to any consequences. In fact, the government does not have any systematic way of even finding out when contractor personnel have such conflicts of interest. The personal conflicts of interest of contractor personnel are largely unregulated. This article the disparity between the strict regulation of employees and the lax regulation of contractor personnel; explores possible explanations for the wide disparity in standards for these two groups; and suggests several research questions that should be answered prior to deciding whether to impose strict financial conflict standards on contractor personnel.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the retina in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

The presence of specific cytokines and the number and distribution of leukocytes were determined in the retinas of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Using immunohistocytochemical techniques, three retinas from patients with AIDS had focal infiltration by T-lymphocytes and macrophages. These specimens stained positively for tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in cells identified morphologically as macrophages and glial cells and showed prominent reactive gliosis. The retinas from seven other affected patients had minimal leukocytic infiltration and no TNF-a reactivity; gliosis was present in only one. The retinas from clinically normal patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contained no TNF-a-positive cells. Using in situ hybridization for HIV, four of five patients with AIDS had rare positive cells. No interferon-7 was detected in any of the retinal tissues tested. These data suggest a role for TNF-a in the development of AIDS-related retinal disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:1829-1835,1992
Part 7: Rewards, Motivation, and Performance

Ideally students have interest and motivation to learn what librarians teach, but some students need external inducements. Educational psychologists have made extensive investigations into the best...
TCT-259 1000 Minimalist TAVR: Sapien through Sapien-3

Minimalist (MA) TAVR has contributed to wider acceptance of TAVR. Previous reports of MA-TAVR confirmed its safety and less resource utilization. These reports compared local and general anesthesia, and patients were treated either with an older generation self-expandable or balloon-expandable valve
Exploring the Association of Communication Satisfaction with the Oil and Natural Gas Industry and Risk Perceptions of Shale Energy Development

Despite the vast literature on shale energy development, surprisingly little empirical research has been conducted on the shale energy communicators, communication practices, and community outreach...
Sheroes: Feasibility and Acceptability of a Community-Driven, Group-Level HIV Intervention Program for Transgender Women

Transgender women experience disproportionate risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. We piloted 'Sheroes', a peer-led group-level intervention for transgender women of any HIV status emphasizing empowerment and gender affirmation to reduce HIV risk behaviors and increase social support. Participants (N = 77) were randomized to Sheroes (n = 39) or a time- and attention-matched control (n = 38). Sheroes is 5 weekly group sessions; topics include sexuality, communication, gender transition, and coping skills. Control participants attended 5 weekly group movie sessions. At 6-month follow up, HIV-negative and unknown status Sheroes participants reported reductions in condomless intercourse and improved social support compared to control. Among participants living with HIV, both the control and intervention groups reduced their total number of sex partners; this change was sustained at 6-month follow-up for Sheroes participants but not for control participants relative to baseline. Sheroes was deemed highly feasible and acceptable to participants; findings support preliminary efficacy of Sheroes.
Ultrasonic Lamb Waves for Wireless Power Transfer

Ultrasonic guided plate waves (Lamb waves) can be used to transfer power along the length of metal plates, achieving longer distance wireless power transfer (WPT), while not being impeded by electromagnetic shielding from the metal plate. In this article, a fundamental study on the performance of Lamb wave WPT is presented, including modeling, simulations, and experimental verification. By using Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC), ${d}_{33}$ -mode, piezoelectric transducers bonded to a $64\,\,\text {mm} \times 406\,\,\text {mm} \times 1.6$ mm aluminum plate using an epoxy, power transfer of 0.47 W with 56% overall power transfer efficiency was achieved at a 204-mm distance. The measured frequency response of the power transfer efficiency matches well with the simulated results, and the effects of complex load impedance matching and transducer sizing were investigated. It is shown that the location where the efficiency is maximized roughly corresponds to the zero-order symmetrical mode (S0) standing wave patterns due to reflections from the plate edges. For practical implementation, the effect of using different methods to temporarily or permanently bond the MFC transducers to the metal plate was also investigated, as well as the effect of electrically grounding the metal plate.
Recombinant Mn Peroxidase from Corn Grain Has an Excellent Electrocatalytic Effect in a Designed Amperometric Biosensor To Detect Hydrogen Peroxide at Low Concentrations

For the first time, we introduce a novel enzymatic biosensor using recombinant plant-produced Mn peroxidase (PPMP) extracted from corn grain to fabricate a facile, fast, and cost-beneficial biosensor for electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The PPMP-modified gold electrode (PPMP/Au) showed excellent amperometric detection for the selective and sensitive enzymatic detection of H2O2. A wide linear range of 0.005–2.5 mM and a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1.3 μM (1.3 × 10–6 mol L–1) were observed. The newly developed biosensor also displayed high sensitivity with a detection limit of 8.2 μM using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and 7.0 μM when applying cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode also showed excellent electrochemical performance for the determination of H2O2 in orange juice as low as 7.5 μM when applying LSV and 2.6 μM using an amperometric technique. It is expected that the modified gold electrode has the potential for applications in bioassays, environmental chemistry, and ...
Economic estimates of invasive wild pig damage to crops in 12 US states

Abstract We report the results of a survey on invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa L.) damage and control in 12 US states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas). The crops chosen for this study represent the “second tier” in terms of economic importance after the six crops that were the subject of Anderson et al. (2016). The survey was distributed by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) in the summer of 2019 to a sample of producers in each of the states (except California) of the following six crops: hay, pecans (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch), melons (cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis), honeydew (Cucumis melo L. (Inodorus Group)), and watermelon (Citrullus Schrad.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), and cotton (Gossypium L.). In California, where there the crops of economic importance differed from the other states in the study, damages were calculated for producers of hay, almonds (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb), grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), sod, carrots (Daucus L.), lettuce (Lactuca L.), and strawberries (Fragaria L.). In total, 7438 respondents completed the questionnaire. Findings indicate that damage can be substantial. The highest yield loss estimates occurred for hay in Texas. Control efforts were common, but no control method was rated by the majority of producers as very effective. Extrapolating crop damage estimates to the state-level in 12 states with reportable damage yielded an estimated crop loss of $272 million/yr. Though large, this number likely represents only a small fraction of the total damage by wild pigs in these states because it only includes crop damage to six crops. We hope findings from this survey will help guide control efforts and research, as well as serve as a benchmark against which the effectiveness of future control efforts can be measured.
Reoccurrence of Stroke in a Patient With Peri-Device Leak of WATCHMAN Device.

Atrial fibrillation is the leading cause of cardioembolic stroke, with emboli most commonly originating from the left atrial appendage. We report the case of a 71-year-old male with left atrial app...
Polarmetric phase imaging for plasma current profile measurement

Detailed knowledge of the structure of the poloidal magnetic field in tokamak plasmas is essential to an understanding of the startup phase, disruptions and general tokamak confinement problems. A non-perturbing technique for obtaining a measure of the magnetic field is via Faraday rotation of the polarization of a probe beam. The choice of probing wavelength is a compromise between maximizing the expected Faraday rotation angle (αλ2) whilst minimizing refractive bending due to plasma density gradients (αλ2) and elliptization of probe, beam due to plasma birefringence (Voight effect αλ3). The far infrared region of the spectrum is most useful in this application, though for most tokamak plasmas, maximum rotation angles are ≳20° so that some care must be taken to ensure an accurate measurement is obtained.
Rapidly Progressive Muscle Weakness

Rapidly progressive muscle weakness is a common type of neuromuscular emergency seen in the neurocritical care unit. In this chapter, we categorize common causes of rapidly progressive muscle weakness according to the area of neuraxis involved and the specific characteristics of each of these conditions. 1. Anterior horn cells – poliomyelitis, West Nile virus-related weakness 2. Nerve – Guillain-Barre syndrome, Vasculitic neuropathy 3. Neuromuscular junction – Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, botulism 4. Muscle – Necrotizing myositis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis 5. Miscellaneous – mercury poisoning, puffer fish induced, tick paralysis, hypokalemia
Structural modeling of GSK3β implicates the inactive (DFG-out) conformation as the target bound by TDZD analogs

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) controls many physiological pathways, and is implicated in many diseases including Alzheimer's and several cancers. GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of target residues in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPTAU) contributes to MAPTAU hyperphosphorylation and subsequent formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Inhibitors of GSK3β protect against Alzheimer's disease and are therapeutic for several cancers. A thiadiazolidinone drug, TDZD-8, is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting GSK3β with demonstrated efficacy against multiple diseases. However, no experimental data or models define the binding mode of TDZD-8 with GSK3β, which chiefly reflects our lack of an established inactive conformation for this protein. Here, we used metadynamic simulation to predict the three-dimensional structure of the inactive conformation of GSK3β. Our model predicts that phosphorylation of GSK3β Serine9 would hasten the DFG-flip to an inactive state. Molecular docking and simulation predict the TDZD-8 binding conformation of GSK3β to be inactive, and are consistent with biochemical evidence for the TDZD-8-interacting residues of GSK3β. We also identified the pharmacophore and assessed binding efficacy of second-generation TDZD analogs (TDZD-10 and Tideglusib) that bind GSK3β as non-ATP-competitive inhibitors. Based on these results, the predicted inactive conformation of GSK3β can facilitate the identification of novel GSK3β inhibitors of high potency and specificity.
The effects of the Affordable Care Act on access and outcomes of colon surgery.

Abstract Background Insurance status has been strongly associated with both access to and outcomes of colon resection (CRS). Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), individual states opted to participate in Medicaid expansion (ME) and adopt essential health benefits (EHB). Methods We performed a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DID) analysis of 2012–2017 state-level inpatient claims with risk adjustment. We examined frequency of emergent presentation and in-hospital death. Subset analyses were performed by insurance type. Results Among the 73,961 CRS patients, 49.6% were in a state with both ME and EHB, 34.7% presented emergently, and 2.0% died. Adoption of ME and EHB was associated with a significant, 24%, reduction in the likelihood of in-hospital mortality, and no significant change in emergent presentation for CRS. Conclusions The ACA’s ME was strongly associated with a decrease in mortality following colon resection among Medicaid beneficiaries. These findings support the adoption of healthcare policies that improve access to insurance.
Learning Sequential Distribution System Restoration via Graph-Reinforcement Learning

A distribution service restoration algorithm as a fundamental resilient paradigm for system operators provides an optimally coordinated, resilient solution to enhance the restoration performance. The restoration problem is formulated to coordinate distribution generators and controllable switches optimally. A model-based control scheme is usually designed to solve this problem, relying on a precise model and resulting in low scalability. To tackle these limitations, this work proposes a graph-reinforcement learning framework for the restoration problem. We link the power system topology with a graph convolutional network, which captures the complex mechanism of network restoration in power networks and understands the mutual interactions among controllable devices. Latent features over graphical power networks produced by graph convolutional layers are exploited to learn the control policy for network restoration using deep reinforcement learning. The solution scalability is guaranteed by modeling distributed generators as agents in a multi-agent environment and a proper pre-training paradigm. Comparative studies on IEEE 123-node and 8500-node test systems demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution.
Repair of the myometrial scar defect at repeat caesarean section: a modified surgical technique.

Background To investigate whether the existing surgical technique for uterine closure at repeat lower segment Caesarean section (LSCS) can be modified to achieve adequate residual myometrial thickness (RMT) to ensure scar integrity and reduce complications in future pregnancy. Methods Women with a significant scar defect at repeat LSCS had the anterior uterine wall closed by a single experienced obstetrician with a technique focused on recognition, mobilisation and apposition of the retracted myometrial edges at the boundary of the defect. This was aimed at anatomical restoration of the lower segment. The RMT at the scar area was assessed by postnatal pelvic ultrasound scan at three months. Results Thirty women with a history of at least one previous CS, incidentally found to have a large defect at operation underwent the technique with prior consent. A postnatal scan showed a mean residual myometrial thickness of 8.4 mm (SD ±1.3 mm; range 5.6-11.0 mm). The average operating time was 91 mins and the average blood loss 728 ml. Two women who underwent the repair have gone on to have a further uneventful CS. Conclusion This modified technique resulted in scan evidence of an RMT indicative of uterine wall stability postnatally and offers the potential for reducing the risk of rupture and placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in future pregnancy.
Estrutura remuneratória dos servidores ativos civis do Executivo federal

Resumo A administracao publica federal passa por um momento de aperto fiscal, e, como o gasto com pessoal e um dos maiores componentes da despesa, mostra-se importante avaliar sua composicao. Para isso, este artigo analisa detalhadamente a estrutura remuneratoria das carreiras do Executivo federal civil. O texto mostra que a maioria dos servidores federais civis esta entre os 10% mais bem remunerados do pais, recebendo, em certos casos, um premio salarial com relacao a esfera privada. Analisamos tambem que servidores com as mesmas atribuicoes tem remuneracao significativamente diferente, dependendo do orgao da administracao direta ou da entidade da administracao indireta em que trabalham. Alem disso, evidenciamos a prociclicalidade da despesa com pessoal ativo do Executivo, possivelmente liderada em tempos de recessao. Dito isso, uma agenda de reforma administrativa e importante para racionalizar as carreiras do servico publico, trazendo a remuneracao a realidade brasileira e premiando servidores de alto desempenho por meio de metas de medio e longo prazos.
Selective and directed growth of silicon nanowires by tip-enhanced local electric field

We present a method to trigger highly selective and directed growth of individual silicon nanowires based on an electrically biased atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. The biased tip affects the nanowire growth behavior right from the initial stage. In particular, the locally intensified electric field at the AFM tip apex assists the dissociation of the precursor gas molecules and exerts augmented electrostatic force on the catalyst/NW assembly. Therefore, the electrically biased tip can be a candidate tool for the direct synthesis/integration of semiconductor nanomaterials on temperature-sensitive substrates.
Managing Information Systems Competence for the Competitive Advantage: An Empirical Analysis

During the past two decades, both business managers and academic researchers have shown considerable interest in understanding how information systems (IS) lead to competitive advantages in a firm. The present study builds on this interest to examine the nature of IS competence and delineate the process by which IS competence lead to sustainable competitive advantages. Conceptually, IS competence is considered a multidimensional construct, with the quality of the IT infrastructure, IT-business expertise, and the relationship infrastructure. We present a model that elaborates on the interrelationships between IS competence and competitive advantages along with one key contextual antecedent (the intensity of organizational learning), pose a series of hypotheses, and present the results of an empirical test that involved structural equation modeling, using data collected via a national mail survey from chief IT executives from 202 manufacturing firms. While the quality of the IT infrastructure did not have any significant effect on competitive advantages of the firm, the quality of IT-business expertise and the relationship infrastructure were found to be significantly related to competitive advantages. The results of the study indicated that the intensity of organizational learning was significantly related to all three factors: the quality of the IT infrastructure, IT-business expertise, and the relationship infrastructure. IS competence was also found to partially mediate the relationship with regard to the competitive advantages.
Coherent control of cavity quantum electrodynamics for quantum nondemolition measurements and ultrafast cooling

Quantum nondemolition measurements and ultrafast cooling of single spins are critical for scalable quantum computation. For such purposes, quantum evolution in a coupled structure of a nanodot, a microcavity, and a waveguide can be coherently controlled to establish efficient quantum pathways connecting in sequence an electron spin, a charged exciton, a cavity photon, and finally a flying photon in the waveguide. As an example of suppressing unwanted dynamics in complex solid-state systems, pulse shaping is employed to switch the nanodot-cavity coupling on demand and to perform robust quantum operation.
Critical Approaches to American Working-Class Literature

Introduction: "How Do We Read Working-Class Texts?" Michelle Tokarczyk I. The Realities of Working-Class Life Introductory Comments-Tokarczyk 1. "Between the Outhouse and the Garbage Dump: Locations in/of Collapse" Paula Rabinowitz 2. "Work is a War, or All Their Lives They Dug Their Graves" Renny Christopher 3. "Respectability, Refinement, and the Underclass: Uncle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" Sylvia Cook II. Pedagogy and Promises Introductory Comments-Tokarczyk 4. "Ladder or Bridge: Working-Class Women Poets on Education, Class Consciousness, and the Promise of Upward Mobility" Karen M. Kovacik 5. "Charlotte as a Working-Class Heroine in Tom Wolfe's I am Charlotte Simmons" David McCracken 6. "Teaching the Anthology: Pedagogy vs. Canon" Nicholas J. Coles III. The Experience of Poverty Introductory Comments-Tokarczyk 7. "A Question of Agency: Representations of Poor Women and Public Assistance in Short Stories" Michelle Tokarczyk 8. "The Culture of Poverty in Sherman Alexie's Indian Killer" Michele A. Fazio 9. "Cultural Geography and Local Economies: The Lesson from Egypt, Maine" Phoebe S. Jackson IV. Reconsidering Class, Gender, and Nation Introductory Comments-Tokarczyk 10. "A Body of Work: Imperial Labor and the Writing of American Manhood in London's The Sea-Wolf" Matthew Brophy 11. "'The Man in the Family': Staging Gender in Waiting for Lefty and American Protest Theatre" Maria F. Brandt 12. "Henry Roth's Re-Imagination of Class Consciousness through the National Subject from Call It Sleep to the Mercy of a Rude Stream Novels: Class Consciousness, Nationalist Politics, and Working-Class Studies in the Age of Postcolonial Theory" Timothy Libretti
Subsonic loads on wings having sharp leading edges and tips

A vortex-lattice method for predicting the aerodynamics of wings having separation at the sharp edges in incompressible flows is extended to compressible subsonic flows using a modified Prandtl-Glauert transformation. Numerical results showing the effect of freestream Mach number on the aerodynamic coefficients are compared with available experimental data for several planforms. It is shown that the proposed method is suitable for predicting the aerodynamic loads on low-aspect wings at moderate angles of attack for high subsonic freestream Mach number. The method is limited to angles of attack up to 12 deg for high subsonic freestream Mach number and to angles of attack up to 20 deg for Mach number not exceeding 0.5.
Why Hasn’t Economic Growth Killed Religion ?

Economic growth has not led to a decline in religion despite past predictions that it would. I use a formal model of religious competition to show how economic growth produces counteracting effects on religious participation in an open religious market, while economic growth will have little effect in a religious market that is already secularized due to religious regulations. Theories predicting the decline of religion due to rising opportunity costs of religious demand and supply ignore (...)
Nutrition: Antioxidant activity of fresh apples

Vitamin C is used as a dietary supplement because of its antioxidant activity, although a high dose (500 mg) may act as a pro-oxidant in the body1,2. Here we show that 100 g of fresh apples has an antioxidant activity equivalent to 1,500 mg of vitamin C, and that whole-apple extracts inhibit the growth of colon- and liver- cancer cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that natural antioxidants from fresh fruit could be more effective than a dietary supplement.
A Review of “Curiosity, Inquiry, and the Geographical Imagination”

As described in the title, the author builds an elegantly crafted argument on being a geographer by examining the nature of curiosity-driven inquiry, which in some situations, resulted in an insigh...
Issues in the transition to teams

The process of “retrofit” change from traditional work structures to a team structure is described from the viewpoint of employees engaged in the process. Results of extensive interviews and factor analysis of a questionnaire administered to a large group of incipient team members revealed four general factors of concern in this transition to teams. Relationships between these factors and performance improvement over time were found.
Is There an Implicit Theology in the Practice of Ordinary Law

Law is not a social science. Its sister disciplines are not economics, sociology, social psychology, and political science. Does law have a sister discipline? This paper is an inquiry into whether the affinities between law and theology are such that law and theology might be viewed as sister disciplines, each a source of help to the other in its own understanding of what it contributes to thought and action in the world.
Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence are unreliable in the diagnosis of autoimmune premature ovarian failure: a controlled evaluation

Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence have been used to detect ovarian autoimmunity, but to our knowledge the rate of false positive findings using this method has never been reported. Here we examine whether a commercially available ovarian antibody test system, using cynomologous monkey ovary, might be useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune premature ovarian failure. The test was performed in a blinded manner in 26 young women with 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure, in 26 control women with regular menstrual cycles (matched for age, race, and parity) and 26 control men (matched for age and race). We also compared the frequency of other autoantibodies associated with ovarian autoimmunity. As a group young women with premature ovarian failure had an increased incidence of thyroid and gastric parietal cell autoimmunity (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, however, nearly one third (31%) of normal control women had ovarian antibodies using the commercially available test. One half of young women with premature ovarian failure were found to have ovarian antibodies (P = 0.26). In our own laboratory we found similar results and we were unable to improve the specificity of the test. None of 26 men were found to have ovarian antibodies (P < 0.001). Since approximately one third of normal women were found to have ovarian antibodies using the system under study, we conclude that ovarian antibodies as detected by this indirect immunofluorescence method have poor specificity. The specificity of any ovarian antibody test should be established before it is used clinically.
Effects of temperature on sustained swimming performance and swimming kinematics of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus.

The effects of a 6 degrees C difference in water temperature on maximum sustained swimming speed, swimming energetics and swimming kinematics were measured in the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (Teleostei: Scombridae), a primarily coastal, pelagic predator that inhabits subtropical and temperate transition waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. New data for chub mackerel acclimated to 18 degrees C are compared with published data from our laboratory at 24 degrees C. Twelve individuals acclimated to each of two temperatures (15.6-26.3 cm fork length, FL, and 34-179 g at 18 degrees C; 14.0-24.7 cm FL and 26-156 g at 24 degrees C) swam at a range of speeds in a temperature-controlled Brett-type respirometer, at the respective acclimation temperature. At a given fish size, the maximum speed that S. japonicus was able to maintain for a 30-min period, while swimming steadily using slow, oxidative locomotor muscle (U(max,c)), was significantly greater at 24 than at 18 degrees C (52.5-97.5 cm s(-1) at 18 degrees C and 70-120 cm s(-1) at 24 degrees C). At a given speed and fish size, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO(2)) was significantly higher at 24 than at 18 degrees C because of a higher net cost of transport (1073-4617 J km(-1) kg(-1) at 18 degrees C and 2708-14895 J km(-1) kg(-1) at 24 degrees C). Standard metabolic rate, calculated by extrapolating the logO(2) versus swimming speed relationship to zero speed, did not vary significantly with temperature or fish mass (126.4+/-67.2 mg O(2) h(-1) kg(-1) at 18 degrees C and 143.2+/-80.3 mg O(2) h(-1) kg(-1) at 24 degrees C; means +/- S.D., N=12). Swimming kinematics was quantified from high-speed (120 Hz) video recordings analyzed with a computerized, two-dimensional motion-analysis system. At a given speed and fish size, there were no significant effects of temperature on tail-beat frequency, tail-beat amplitude or stride length, but propulsive wavelength increased significantly with temperature as a result of an increase in propulsive wave velocity. Thus, the main effects of temperature on chub mackerel swimming were increases in both U(max,c) and the net cost of swimming at 24 degrees C. Like other fishes, S. japonicus apparently must recruit more slow, oxidative muscle fibers to swim at a given sustainable speed at the lower temperature because of the reduced power output. Thus, the 24 degrees C mackerel reach a higher speed before they must recruit the fast, glycolytic fibers, thereby increasing U(max,c) at 24 degrees C. By quantifying in vivo the effects of temperature on the swimming performance of an ectothermic species that is closely related to the endothermic tunas, this study also provides evidence that maintaining the temperature of the slow, oxidative locomotor muscle at 6 degrees C or more above ambient water temperature in tunas should significantly increase sustainable swimming speeds, but also increase the energetic cost of swimming, unless cardiac output limits muscle performance.
Moving the Essence of Inquiry into the Classroom: Engaging Teachers and Students in Authentic Science

Facilitating children in classrooms in developing images of science consistent with current practice, and in understanding what science is, what science is not, and the relevancy of science to society has been a long-standing goal of science education in the United States. US education reform documents in the last decade consider inquiry, combined with teaching about nature of science, a central component of science instruction at all grade levels. But, inquiry can be a confusing term. This chapter will focus on promising ways to support teachers and children in developing in-depth understandings of science, using essential features of scientific inquiry, in particular the use of evidence by scientists and making sense of observations. The construct of authenticity as an important theoretical construct will be discussed. In a process of grappling with and making sense of data and through negotiation of ideas with peers and experts in a social context, the learner gains an individual and internalized understanding of science.
River discharge into the Bay of Bengal in an inverse ocean model

[1] The seasonal cycle of river runoff in the Bay of Bengal is estimated by assimilating climatological salinity/temperature and precipitation data into an ocean model of intermediate complexity. The resulting optimized river-transport field fits independent land-based observations within their error bars. Six precipitation products are discussed for their ability to reproduce the observed salinity field within the Bay.
Synthesis of subgenomic RNAs by positive-strand RNA viruses.

f b w t ( t g s p t n p Many RNA viruses encode more than one gene on a single genomic RNA. Yet only the first gene, or open reading frame (ORF), on a normal eukaryotic mRNA is translated. Thus, downstream genes on viral genomes are expressed either via novel translational events or, more commonly, by deployment of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs). Subgenomic RNAs of positive-strand viruses have the same 39 ends as genomic RNA, but have deleions at the 59 ends to bring the 59 end of the RNA in proximity with the start codon of downstream (on genomic RNA) ORFs. Because replication is required for sgRNA synthesis, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is always translated first, directly from genomic RNA of positive-strand RNA viruses. sgRNAs express products needed during intermediate and late stages of infection, such as structural or movement proteins. Taxa of (1) sense viruses that produce sgRNAs inlude animal viruses in the order Nidovirales (Coronairidae and Arteriviridae families) and the families Togairidae, Caliciviridae, Nodaviridae, and Astroviridae, plant iruses of the Luteoviridae, Bromoviridae, Tombusviridae, nd Closteroviridae families, and the Tobravirus, Carlairus, Tymovirus, Potexvirus, Hordeivirus, Tobamovirus, obemovirus, and Furovirus genera. Subgenomic RNA ynthesis has been studied more in plant viruses than in nimal viruses. This is probably because a greater perentage of all plant viruses make sgRNAs and also ecause plant viruses, with smaller genomes and highly fficient replication, are often more amenable than anial viruses to studies of RNA replication mechanisms, specially in cell-free extracts. The similarities between
A Rapid and Noninvasive Method for Detecting Tissue-Limited Mosaicism: Detection of i(12)(p10) in Buccal Smear from a Child with Pallister-Killian Syndrome

Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS), a rare disorder, is characterized by tissue-limited or tissue-specific mosaicism. The characteristic chromosome abnormality associated with PKS is i(12p), which is seen predominantly in skin fibroblast cultures. Diagnosis of i(12p) has been carried out on buccal smears before and was shown to be an easy and feasible method. All previously published studies used alpha-satellite probes for the diagnosis and as such have several pitfalls. Our approach, using dual-color, locus-specific probes, has high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of i(12p). Using statistical analysis, we have also confirmed that the signal pattern in interphase nuclei is consistent with isochromosome 12p.
Photolysis of adenosylcobalamin and radical pair recombination in ethanolamine ammonia-lyase probed on the micro- to millisecond time scale by using time-resolved optical absorption spectroscopy.

The quantum yield and kinetics of decay of cob(II)alamin formed by pulsed-laser photolysis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl; coenzyme B12) in AdoCbl-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium have been studied on the 10−7−10−1 s time scale at 295 K by using transient ultraviolet−visible absorption spectroscopy. The aim is to probe the mechanism of formation and stabilization of the cob(II)alamin−5′-deoxyadenosyl radical pair, which is a key intermediate in EAL catalysis, and the influence of substrate binding on this process. Substrate binding is required for cobalt−carbon bond cleavage in the native system. Photolysis of AdoCbl in EAL leads to a quantum yield at 10−7 s for cob(II)alamin of 0.08 ± 0.01, which is 3-fold smaller than for AdoCbl in aqueous solution (0.23 ± 0.01). The protein binding site therefore suppresses photoproduct radical pair formation. Three photoproduct states, Pf, Ps, and Pc, are identified in holo-EAL by the different cob(II)alamin decay kinetics (subscrip...
A mechanical balance-type lysimeter for use in remote environments

Abstract A simple weighing lysimeter has been designed and tested in the Alpine tundra environment of the Colorado Front Range. Features of the instrument include lightweight, easy field assembly and maintenance free operation. The lysimeter is unaffected by ambient temperatures and has electrical controls and data output, making remote operation possible. Field tests show that the data obtained are reliable and compare favourably with published results. Comparative tests show that a hydrostatic lysimeter is unacceptable for use in Alpine tundra environments.
Effect of oil viscosity on recovery processes in relation to foam flooding

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oil viscosity on the oil-recovery efficiency in porous media. The pure surfactants (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate and various alkyl alcohols) were selected to correlate the molecular and surface properties of foaming solutions with viscosity, and the recovery of oil. Oil-displacement efficiency was measured by water, surfactant-solution and foam-flooding processes, which included 2 types of foams (i.e., air foam and steam foam). A significant increase in heavy-oil recovery was observed by steam foam flooding compared with that by air foam flooding, whereas for light oils, the steam foam and air foam produced about the same oil recovery. An attempt was made to correlate the chain-length compatibility with the surface properties of the foaming agents and oil-recovery efficiency in porous media. For mixed foaming systems (C12 SO4 Na + Cn H2n+1 OH), a minimum in surface tension, a maximum in surface viscosity, a minimum in bubble size and a maximum in oil recovery were observed when both components of the foaming system had the same chain length. These results were explained on the basis of thermal motions (i.e., vibrational, rotational and oscillational) and the molecular packing of surfactants at the gas-liquid interface. The effects of chain-length compatibility and the surface properties of mixed surfactants are relevant to the design of surfactant formulations for oil recovery under given reservoir conditions.
Wide angle light scattering in shock-laser interaction

Any change of gas density in a flowfield is accompanied by a change in the refractive index. The sharpest change is found in a shock wave, which has a very small thickness. Light disturbances propagating across this sharp change deviate from their original path and make the shock easily visible in schlieren and shadowgraph images. An optical phenomenon is presented where a very wide angle scattering of light is observed due to interaction between a shock wave and a laser beam.
MRI for Detecting Silicone Breast Implant Rupture: Meta-analysis and Implications

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting silicone breast implant rupture, and to explore implications of the use of MRI for screening and estimating the prevalence of rupture among asymptomatic women. The study consisted of a meta-analysis of published studies with the calculation of sensitivity and specificity as independent parameters, the summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and other clinically important values such as positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value. Participants included women with breast implants who underwent both MRI and subsequent implant removal. Eighteen studies, performed primarily in academic settings, with approximately 1,039 women and 2,036 implants met entry criteria. Most studies involved women with symptomatic implants. Assuming that sensitivity and specificity were independent parameters, the summary sensitivity was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71-83) and the summary specificity was 91% (95% CI, 86-94). Using ROC meta-analysis methodology, the odds ratio describing the overall accuracy of the test was 40.1 (range, 18.8-85.4). There was substantial heterogeneity across studies. Studies using breast coils, those with convenience samples, larger studies, and studies of lower report quality tended to report higher levels of accuracy. The quality of study reports was generally poor. Among symptomatic women, PPV was fairly high. Among lower prevalence populations, PPV appeared to be insufficient to warrant use as a screening tool. MRI is moderately accurate in detecting silicone breast implant rupture. However, MRI should remain a confirmatory diagnostic test and should not be used to screen asymptomatic women.