cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebraic codes for improving the reliability of tape storage

This paper describes an operational software package for protecting the integrity of tape files with the use of a sophisticated algebraic code, which provides a large amount of protection against a wide variety of possible types of errors for a relatively modest amount of redundancy. The software is implemented on a Univac 1108 computer. Each 36-bit computer word is treated as three 12-bit digits.
Formalizing and validating UML architecture description of web systems

Web systems are self-descriptive software components which can automatically be discovered and engaged, together with other web components, to complete tasks over the Internet. Unified Modeling Language (UML), a widely accepted object-oriented system modeling and design language, and adapted for software architecture descriptions for several years, has been used for the web system description recently. However, it is hard to detect the system problems, such as correctness, consistency etc., of the integration of Web services without a formal semantics of web services architecture. In this paper, we proposed an approach to solving this issue by translating the UML web service architecture description into a formal modeling language - SO-SAM, and verify the correctness of the web system design using model checking techniques. We presented this approach through an imaging processing scenario in the distributed web application.
Echtzeitaspekte beim Einsatz von Funktechnologien im Feldbusbereich

Der Einsatz von Funktechnologien im Feldbusbereich stellt eine sinnvolle Erweiterung hinsichtlich Flexibilitat, Ubertragungssicherheit und Kosten dar. Weitere wesentliche Aspekte in der Automatisierungstechnik sind der Determinismus und die Echtzeitfahigkeit des gesamten Feldbussystems. Moderne Funktechnologien bieten auch in diesem Punkt Realisierungsmoglichkeiten, die diesen Anforderungen genugen.
Evaporation of macrolayer in nucleate boiling near burnout

Abstract The mechanism of nucleate boiling heat transfer near burnout has been investigated by studying the evaporation of the liquid macrolayer underneath the vapor mass. It is proved that heat conduction across the macrolayer and evaporation at the free surface is not a mode efficient enough to account for the major portion of heat transfer. The alternative model proposed is a macrolayer primarily consumed through evaporation of much thinner microlayers at the bottom of vapor stems penetrating the macrolayer. Analysis based upon the proposed mechanism shows that the macrolayer does not totally dry out in a vapor-mass cycle before boiling crisis. Other mechanisms accountable for the consumption of the macrolayer are also discussed.
Government size, productivity, and economic growth: The post-war experience

A substantial portion of the slowdown in productivity and economic growth in the seventies and eighties cannot be ascribed to traditional factors. We have found one potential additional source: the dramatic growth in the scale of government. Employing a theoretical model of output growth, we derive an equation which controls for cyclical influences and which permits distinguishing the effects of government growth on the economic base from the effects on the economic growth rate. We find that increases in the scale of government lead to statistically significant reductions in both the economic base and the economic growth rate. In addition, we find that most of this government-induced retardation of economic activity arises from reductions in productivity rather that reductions in the employment of factors.
Protein adaptation and biogeography: Threshold effects on molecular evolution.

Protein adaptations to the physical environment play critical roles in determining the biogeographical distributions of species. The study of closely related species in habitats differing slightly in temperature or pressure offers an excellent experimental approach for discerning environmental thresholds of protein perturbation and the types of amino acid substitutions that are effective in maintaining optimal protein properties. These adaptations may involve amino acid replacements other than at the active site residues involved in catalysis or binding, a discovery with implications for the debate between adherents to the Neutralist and Selectionist points of view.
Casein Kinase II Binds to and Phosphorylates Cytoplasmic Dynein

We have isolated a 27-kDa protein that binds to cytoplasmic dynein. Microsequencing of a 17-amino acid peptide of this polypeptide yielded a sequence which completely matched the predicted sequence of the β subunit of casein kinase II, a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase. Affinity chromatography using a dynein column indicates that both the α and β subunits of casein kinase II are retained by the column from rat brain cytosol. Although dynactin is also bound to the column, casein kinase II is not a dynactin subunit. Casein kinase II does not co-immunoprecipitate with dynactin, and it binds to a dynein intermediate chain column which has been preblocked with excess p150Glued, a treatment that inhibits the binding of dynactin from cytosol. Bacterially expressed and purified rat dynein intermediate chain can be phosphorylated by casein kinase II in vitro. Further, native cytoplasmic dynein purified from rat brain can also be phosphorylated by casein kinase II in vitro. We propose that CKII may be involved in the regulation of dynein function possibly by altering its cargo specificity or its ability to interact with dynactin.
A one year follow-up of relaxation response meditation as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome.

Ten of thirteen original participants with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) participated in a one year follow-up study to determine whether the effects of Relaxation Response Meditation (RRM) on IBS symptom reduction were maintained over the long-term. From pre-treatment to one-year follow-up, significant reductions were noted for the symptoms of abdominal pain (p=0.017), diarrhea (p=0.045), flatulence (p=0.030), and bloating (p=0.018). When we examined changes from the original three month follow-up point to the one year follow-up, we noted significant additional reductions in pain (p=0.03) and bloating (p=0.04), which tended to be the most distressing symptoms of IBS. It appears that: (1) continued use of meditation is particularly effective in reducing the symptoms of pain and bloating; and (2) RRM is a beneficial treatment for IBS in the both short- and the long-term.
On the role of ocean‐atmosphere interaction in midlatitude interdecadal variability

A simple midlatitude ocean-atmosphere model is used to investigate possible roles of coupled feedback in interdecadal climate variability over the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Stochastic forcing by atmospheric internal variability maintains variance in both uncoupled and coupled cases. Coupling contributes to creating an interdecadal mode with distinct spatial pattern and preferred time scale, seen as a broad spectral peak. A near-analytic solution for the coupled interdecadal mode suggests that the most important parameter in determining the period is the zonal length scale of the atmospheric wind stress feedback over the region. Subject to this scale, the period is then determined by oceanic Rossby wave dynamics, which tends to give westward propagation in subsurface fields. The dipolar sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are generated primarily by the advection of climatological SST by geostrophic current. Although the magnitude of the feedback of SST to atmospheric response is much smaller than atmospheric internal variability, its effects are significant.
Effective chemotherapy of an abdominal liposarcoma

L I P O S A R ( 3 0 M A i s a n extremely u n c o m m o n t umor in children. K a u f f m a n and Stout 1 in 1959 found 15 wel l -documented cases in the l i te ra ture and a d d e d 13 cases which they had seen in consul ta t ion over a thir ty year period. I n 1960, Enter l ine and associates, 2 reviewed the experience with this tumor a t the Univers i ty of Pennsylvania Hospi ta l and the Presbyter ian HospitM (Phi ladelphia) dur ing the per iod f rom 1940 to 1957. Of a to ta l of 53 cases only 3 were inpat ients under 20 years of age. Ti le t r ea tment of choice for pat ients with resectable l iposarcomas is wide surgical excision.a, 2 W h e n this can be done, there is an excellent possibility of comple te eradicat ion of the mal ignancy. I f complete surgical excision is not possible, rad ia t ion therapy may offer pa l l ia t ion and occasionally will result i n longterm survival? The fol lowing is a repor t of a child with an abdomina l l iposarcoma who was t reated wi th chemotherapeut ic agents following unsuccessful surgical excision and radia t ion therapy. T h e appa ren t successful outcome in this pa r t i cu la r pa t i en t suggests tha t this ap-
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of doped and undoped multilayer (SiO2/Ta2O5) coatings on fused silica (SiO2) substrates

Abstract We report results from our use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to obtain chemical and structural features of dielectric multilayer (SiO 2 /Ta 2 O 5 ) mirror coatings. For the ion beam sputtered multilayers studied here, we obtained Ti/Ta atom ratios in the range of 0.07–1.01. Relatively minor amounts Fe and Cr appear in the spectra at a constant atom ratio, Cr/Fe, of 0.41±8.31%. All the samples show maxima in the radial distribution functions between 1 and 2 A, assigned to Ta–O bonds.
Who benefits from diabetes self-management interventions? The influence of depression in the Latinos en Control trial

Depressive symptoms are common among adults with diabetes. Depression and social support may influence diabetes self-management. This study aimed to examine change in depressive symptoms and the role of depression and support on clinical and dietary outcomes among Latinos with type 2 diabetes participating in a diabetes self-management intervention. Participants (N = 252) were randomized to the intervention or usual care. Mixed effects models were used to examine interaction effects between intervention status and depressive symptoms (Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score) and support for diabetes self-management behaviors at baseline. Outcomes were measured at baseline and 4 and 12 months and included dietary quality, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Intervention participants had lower CES-D scores at follow-up than control participants. An interaction effect between intervention status and CES-D scores predicted diet quality. Latinos with depressive symptoms may derive the greatest benefits from diabetes self-management interventions. Additional research on support during diabetes self-management interventions is warranted.
Comparing variances and means when distributions have non-identical shapes

The paper compares several methods for computing robust 1-α confidence intervals for σ 1 2-σ 2 2, or σ 1 2/σ 2 2, where σ 1 2 and σ 2 2 are the population variances corresponding to two independent treatment groups. The emphasis is on a Box-Scheffe approach when distributions have different shapes, and so the results reported here have implications about comparing means. The main result is that for unequal sample sizes, a Box-Scheffe approach can be considerably less robust than indicated by past investigations. Several other procedures for comparing variances, not based on a Box-Scheffe approach, were also examined and found to be highly unsatisfactory although previously published papers found them to be robust when the distributions have identical shapes. Included is a new result on why the procedures examined here are not robust, and an illustration that increasing σ 1 2-σ 2 2 can reduce power in certain situations. Constants needed to apply Dunnett’s robust comparison of means are included.
Authigenesis of trace metals in energetic tropical shelf environments

Abstract We evaluated authigenic changes of Fe, Mn, V, U, Mo, Cd and Re in suboxic, periodically remobilized, tropical shelf sediments from the Amazon continental shelf and the Gulf of Papua. The Cd/Al, Mo/Al, and U/Al ratios in Amazon shelf sediments were 82%, 37%, and 16% less than those in Amazon River suspended sediments, respectively. Very large depletions of U previously reported in this environment were not observed. The Cd/Al ratios in Gulf of Papua sediments were 76% lower than measurements made on several Papua New Guinea rivers, whereas U/Al ratios in the shelf sediments were enriched by approximately 20%. Other metal/Al ratios in the Papua New Guinea river suspended sediments and continental shelf sediments were not distinguishably different. Comparison of metal/Al ratios to grain size distributions in Gulf of Papua samples indicates that our observations cannot be attributed to differences in grain size between the river suspended sediments and continental shelf sediments. These two shelves constitute a source of dissolved Cd to the world ocean equal to 29–100% of the dissolved Cd input from rivers, but only 3% of the dissolved Mo input and 4% of the dissolved U input. Release of Cd, Mo, and U in tropical shelf sediments is likely a result of intense Fe and Mn oxide reduction in pore waters and resuspension of the sediments. Since we do not observe depletions of particulate Fe and Mn in the shelf sediments most of these dissolved metals must reoxidize in the overlying waters and reprecipitate. As Cd exhibits the largest losses on these tropical shelves, we examined the ability of newly formed Fe and Mn oxides to adsorb dissolved Cd using a geochemical diffuse double-layer surface complexation model and found the oxide surfaces are relatively ineffective at readsorbing Cd in seawater due to surface-site competition by Mg and Ca. If the remobilization and reoxidation of Fe and Mn occurs frequently enough before sediment is buried significant amounts of Cd may be removed from the oxide surfaces. Because a much greater percentage of Mn than Fe becomes remobilized in these shelf sediments, metals closely associated with Mn oxides (like Cd) are more likely to show losses during deposition.
Production and characterization of antisera specific for chlorinated biphenyl species: Initiation of a radioimmunoassay for aroclors

Abstract Antisera to 4-amino-4′-monochlorobiphenyl, 2-amino-4,5,3′,4′-, and 3-amino-2,6,2′,6′-tetrachlorobiphenyl have been produced in rabbits by conjugating these compounds to proteins using the mixed anhydride method. Extensive characterization studies indicated the antisera were fairly specific to their nonaminated biphenyl analogs. Values for these isomers in Aroclors by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography correlated well for several of the antisera. Suggestive evidence is presented indicating the feasibility of employing radioimmunoassays for determining the Aroclor product number and concentration in environmental samples. A feature of the assay is the use of nonionic detergents to solubilize the extremely hydrophobic chlorinated biphenyls in a manner permitting their binding to antibodies.
Genomics Research: World Survey of Public Funding

Over the past two decades, genomics has evolved as a scientific research discipline. Genomics research was fueled initially by government and nonprofit funding sources, later augmented by private research and development (RD we requested information about each organization's funding of genomics research. Of these organizations, 48 responded and 34 reported genomics research expenditures (of those that responded but did not supply information, some did not fund such research, others could not quantify it). The figures reported here include all the largest funders and we estimate that we have accounted for most of the genomics research funding from government and nonprofit sources. Aggregate spending on genomics research from 34 funding sources averaged around $2.9 billion in 2003 – 2006. The United States spent more than any other country on genomics research, corresponding to 35% of the overall worldwide public funding (compared to 49% US share of public health research funding for all purposes). When adjusted to genomics funding intensity, however, the United States dropped below Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Canada, as measured both by genomics research expenditure per capita and per Gross Domestic Product.
THE 2005 AND 2010 AMAZONIAN DROUGHTS AS SEEN BY MODIS

During this decade, the Amazon region in South America has suffered two severe droughts in the short span of five years ––2005 and 2010. The 2005 drought, dubbed a once-in-a-century drought, has been the focus and driver of many studies on the drought sensitivity of Amazon forests. These studies present a complex, and sometimes contradictory, picture of how these forests have responded to the 2005 drought. In particular, Saleska et al. (Science, 2007) reported excessive greening of the forests in response to the drought. But, this has now been proven by Samanta et al. (GRL, 2010) to be artifact of atmospheric-corruption of the satellite data analyzed by Saleska et al. (2007). In the first part of my talk, I will focus on the Saleska et al. and Samanta et al. studies. On the heels of the 2005 drought, came an even stronger drought in 2010, as indicated by record low river levels in the 109 years of bookkeeping. How have the forests responded to this record-breaking drought? Did they green-up or brown-down? I will address this in the second part of my talk. The objective of my talk will be to emphasize the care required in analysis and interpretation of satellite data.
A NOTE ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF PERIODIC “CASH FLOW”

MOST FINANCIAL analysts agree that the magnitude "periodic net income plus provision for depreciation, depletion, and amortization" is a significant business parameter. They argue that it is typically a reasonably good approximation of a firm's periodic net cash flow from income account transactions and consequently a measure of a firm's ability to fulfil its capital account obligations.' A few of these analysts go further than this, however. They suggest that the magnitude is linked not only to a firm's solvency but also to its future earnings. Thus Bohmfalk, following a common and not too fortunate, practice of speaking of the magnitude simply as "cash flow," maintains that
An Analytical Demonstration of Hartley Oscillator Action

An analytical solution of the Hartley oscillator circuit is made to determine the amplitude of the alternating voltage of the output wave in terms of the tube and circuit parameters. The approach to the solution makes use of a rotating vector, which alternately gains and decays in amplitude, applied to idealized tube characteristics. The growth and decay of the vector points up the regions of amplification and nonamplification of the oscillation. The paper is divided into sections: I. The differential equation of the circuit is set up with the aid of certain simplifying assumptions and put in a form for convenient use. II. The equation is applied to a class C condition using an idealized tube characteristic without saturation. The points of demarcation between amplification and nonamplification are determined and the amplitude of the alternating output voltage is calculated. III. The equation is applied to a class C condition using an idealized tube characteristic with saturation but otherwise following the procedure of Section II.
Babbling and Chewing: Jaw Kinematics from 8 to 22 months.

Abstract Empirical gaps remain regarding infant mandibular kinematics observed during naturally occurring episodes of chewing and pre-linguistic vocalizations during the first 2 years of life. Vertical jaw displacement was measured from a typically developing infant from 8 to 22 months. Infant jaw kinematics was measured for vowel babble, non-variegated and variegated babble, and chewing. Results indicated that measures of kinematic variability were significantly less for chewing than all babble categories. These measures changed across age for chewing: (a) peak vertical jaw elevation decreased in variability, while (b) jaw displacement and (c) speed of movement increased in variability. Kinematics for vowel babble were characterized as exhibiting less jaw displacement with higher average vertical jaw position than other babble types and chewing. Developmentally, jaw kinematics for babble changed for jaw displacement and average vertical jaw position. These changes were related to decreased episodes for vowel babble productions and increased episodes for variegated babble and reduplicative syllables. These results suggest that developmental processes such as non-overlapping task-demands likely differentiate trajectories of jaw movement for infant chewing and babble. Infant jaw kinematics for babble cannot be predicted from observations of adult speakers or from non-speech behaviors observed for infants or adults.
Comparative aspects of luteinization of granulosa cell cultures at the biochemical and ultrastructural levels

Abstract Granulosa cells harvested from rhesus monkey preovulatory follicles and cultured for six days were studied at the fine structural and biochemical level. Comparisons between “luteinized” and “nonluteinized” cells were made and differences in fine structure were correlated with the capacity of cell cultures to secrete progestin into the medium. Luteinization in culture is indistinguishable from that observed in vivo . LH and FSH induce luteinization via cyclic-3′,5′-AMP production. Prostaglandins also may be involved.
Haemophilia therapy: assessing the cumulative risk of HIV exposure by cryoprecipitate.

Most of the world’s haemophilia population live in countries with developing or emerging economies. As such, they do not have access to viral inactivated clotting product. Many are treated with cryoprecipitate made from locally supplied blood. The rationale for using cryoprecipitate instead of viral inactivated products is based on an implicit belief that because blood banks can provide reasonably safe products by using modern testing procedures, transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses is rare. However, the risk of acquiring a blood-borne infection is cumulative, and haemophilia patients treated with cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma are exposed to hundreds or thousands of donors during their lifetime. The risk that an HIV-infected person will be a donor during the ‘window period’ is directly related to the incidence of HIV in the country where the donation occurs. To illustrate the extent of this problem, we devise a model for estimating the risk that a person with haemophilia will encounter HIV-contaminated cryoprecipitate as a function of years of treatment and the underlying incidence rate of HIV among blood donors. We apply the model to two countries with different incidence rates of HIV, Venezuela and the USA. Over a lifetime of treatment (60 years), the cumulative risk of HIV exposure for a person with haemophilia receiving monthly infusion of cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma of 15 donors is significant, 2% in the USA and 40% in Venezuela. Considering the cumulative risk for transmitting HIV to patients with haemophilia through cryoprecipitate treatment, medical care providers should carefully evaluate the use of cryoprecipitate in any but emergency conditions or when no virally inactivated products are available.
Water tubing injury: An overlooked boating injury statistic

A 23-year-old female sustained a large avulsion injury to the groin while water tubing on a local waterway. The laceration began at the mons pubis, extended along the labia majora with involvement of the external anal sphincter. The pubic bone and the pectineus muscle were exposed. Six weeks after surgery, she had resumed full activity without sequlae. Lack of data and the potential for significant injury caused by water tubing as described in this case report are a real concern. Water tubing injury should be classified as a primary accident type and analyzed by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Estimation and Inference of Diffusion Coefficients in Complex Biomolecular Environments

The 1-D diffusion coefficient associated with a charged atom fluctuating in an ion-channel binding pocket is statistically analyzed. More specifically, unconstrained and constrained molecular dynamics simulations of potassium in gramicidin A are studied. Time domain transition density based inference methods are used to fit simple stochastic differential equations and also to carry out frequentist goodness of fit tests. Particular attention is paid to varying the time between adjacent time series observations due to the well-known "non-Markovian noise" that can appear in this system due to inertia and other unresolved coordinates influencing the dynamics. Different types of non-Markovian noise are shown by the goodness of fit tests to be statistically significant on vastly different time scales. On intermediate scales, a Markovian model is not rejected by the tests; models calibrated at these intermediate scales demonstrate a predictive capability for some physical quantities. However, in this intermediate regime, ergodic sampling does not occur over the length of a time series, but a local diffusion coefficient is deemed statistically acceptable for the observed raw data. It is demonstrated that a linear mixed effects model can be used to summarize the variation induced by slow unresolved degrees of freedom acting as a non-Markovian noise source. The utility of quantitative criteria for assessing low-dimensional stochastic models calibrated from time series generated by high-dimensional biomolecular systems is briefly discussed. Less coarse-grained data summaries of this type show promise for better understanding the kinetic signature of unresolved degrees of freedom in time series coming from simulations and single-molecule experiments.
Neonatal encephalopathy in the term infant: neuroimaging and inflammatory cytokines.

The interrelationship between inflammation and ischemia is complex and poorly understood in the developing nervous system. In the preterm newborn, maternal infection may predispose to white matter injury and may be associated with cytokine elevation. In the term infant, few studies exist linking elevation of cytokines with encephalopathy and poor neurodevelopmental outcome. This review discusses the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, neonatal encephalopathy, and neuroimaging parameters.
Beneficial Effects of Magnesium Supplementation

Magnesium is an essential mineral necessary for optimal cellular health and well-being. Many adults in the United States fail to get recommended amounts of magnesium from their diets. Even so, symp...
Reversal of advanced left ventricular dysfunction following aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis.

Abstract A series of 12 consecutive patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis complicated by severe left ventricular dysfunction was reviewed. Ventricular dysfunction was reflected by pulmonary congestion, edema, renal and hepatic dysfunction, and by severely depressed ejection fractions (mean, 13%; range=0-20%). Aortic valve replacement was accompanied by mitral commissurotomy in 1 patient and aortocoronary bypass in 5. Three of 5 patients with greater than 50% coronary obstruction died without reversal of heart failure, and 1 of the 5 died after a stroke. The 1 survivor of this group has done well. All 7 patients with minimal or no coronary disease survived operation and are now in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Postoperative catheterization (2 to 12 months) in 6 patients showed improved cardiac index and filling pressures. Left ventricular diastolic volume fell from 159 to 82 ml/m 2 , and ejection fraction rose from 13 to 45%. We conclude that left ventricular dysfunction owing to aortic stenosis alone is reversible and that AVR results in great clinical improvement. When coronary disease is present, survival may be accompanied by great improvement but the operative mortality is much higher.
INTEGRATION AND SCHOLASTIC PERFORMANCE: A PILOT STUDY OF CHICAGO PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES ATTENDING THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO

Summary.--Grade point averages of 897 white university students representing 25 public high schools in Chicago were examined. Socioeconomic status and individual ability were taken into consideration. A comparison was then made of the scholastic performance of whire smdents who attended integrated high schools and that of whire students who attended white-segregated high schools. With no refinement as to ability or socioeconomic starus, white smdents from integrated high schools performed as well as white srudents who attended white-segregated high schools. However, when the above average abilicy-above average socioeconomic status groupsare compared, the findings are barely significant (if P = .05). This leaves open the question of whether there may be some slight suppression of achievement associated with attendance at an integrated high school. More research is necessary before definite conclusions can be reached. In 1954 the Supreme Court, in Brown 9. Topeka Board of Edibcation, outlawed segregated schools. The court held that even under conditions of apparent equality, separate schools could not provide equal educational opportunity, in that Negroes in segregated schools suffer psychological damage which prevents them from learning. Throughout the long legal tussle which has ensued, there has been considerable concern that in desegregated schools the advanced student would be held back by the retarded student, the gifted by the less gifted, the white by the Negro. It is to this issue that we address ourselves. Specifically, we embarked on this study to answer the following question: Has desegregation (or integration) adversely affected the scholastic performance of white students? There exist in the literature empirical studies bearing on this question. One such study was conducted in the public schools of the District of Columbia (3). The achievemenc level of pupils in Grades 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 were compared before and after school integration. It was found that integration had not retarded the advancement of high ability students, Negro or white. Similar results were reported by Frank H. Stallings in a study of Louisville Public Schools. He compared the achievemenc level in Grades 2, 6, and 8 and found that "the scholastic achievement of neither the white nor the Negro pupils suffered during the initial period of integration; (in fact), there were substantial gains. . . . There were significant gains for the whites whether they were in schools with only a few Negroes enrolled or with a substantial per cent of Negro pupils" (5). In another study of the Berkeley, California, school system, two matched groups of superior students were compared, one of which had gone to an all
Barriers to immunizations: Multiethnic parents of under- and unimmunized children speak.

Purpose: Childhood immunizations are one of the greatest pubic health success stories. Despite the fact that many children receive immunizations according to the recommended schedule, there are many that lag behind. The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers to immunizations in parents whose children are not fully immunized by age 2. Data source: Thirteen focus groups, on four different islands (Oahu, Kauai, Maui, Hawaii) were held with a total of 64 parents. Verbatim transcripts were utilized for content analysis. Conclusion: Five core themes emerged as barriers to childhood immunizations, parental, transportation, financial, child, and organization. The majority of responses were in the parental core theme, which included the sub-themes of issues, beliefs, knowledge, and fears. Implications for practice: Recommendations included identification of specific barriers to target immunization interventions strategies, public policy changes, identification and case management of high risk families, and minimization of organizational barriers.
Accelerated Life Test Plans for Predicting Warranty Cost

Warranty is an important sales feature for many products, especially consumer products. Manufacturers usually want to predict the warranty cost as early as possible for various purposes. This can be done by using the accelerated life tests conducted in the early stages of the product life cycle. This paper describes a method for predicting the warranty cost, and its confidence interval for a product population that will experience varying stress levels in the field. The paper also presents 3-level best compromise accelerated life test plans. The plans choose the optimal values of the low stress level and the corresponding sample allocation to minimize the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimate of the warranty cost. An application example is presented to illustrate the test plans. The test plans are robust against the misspecification of the warranty length, and other parameters.
Basal forebrain moderates the magnitude of task-dependent amygdala functional connectivity

Animal studies reveal that the amygdala promotes attention and emotional memory, in part, by driving activity in downstream target regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Prior work has demonstrated that the amygdala influences these regions directly through monosynaptic glutamatergic signaling, and indirectly by driving activity of the cholinergic basal forebrain and subsequent downstream acetylcholine release. Yet to date, no work has addressed the functional relevance of the cholinergic basal forebrain in facilitating signaling from the amygdala in humans. We set out to determine how blood oxygen level-dependent signal within the amygdala and cholinergic basal forebrain interact to predict neural responses within downstream targets. Here, we use functional connectivity analyses to demonstrate that the cholinergic basal forebrain moderates increased amygdala connectivity with both the PFC and the hippocampus during the processing of biologically salient stimuli in humans. We further demonstrate that functional variation within the choline transporter gene predicts the magnitude of this modulatory effect. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence for the importance of cholinergic signaling in modulating neural pathways supporting arousal, attention and memory in humans. Further, our results may shed light on prior association studies linking functional variation within the choline transporter gene and diagnoses of major depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
A New Organismal Systems Biology: How Animals Walk the Tight Rope between Stability and Change

Synopsis The amount of knowledge in the biological sciences is growing at an exponential rate. Simultaneously, the incorporation of new technologies in gathering scientific information has greatly accelerated our capacity to ask, and answer, new questions. How do we, as organismal biologists, meet these challenges, and develop research strategies that will allow us to address the grand challenge question: how do organisms walk the tightrope between stability and change? Organisms and organismal systems are complex, and multi-scale in both space and time. It is clear that addressing major questions about organismal biology will not come from ‘‘business as usual’’ approaches. Rather, we require the collaboration of a wide range of experts and integration of biological information with more quantitative approaches traditionally found in engineering and applied mathematics. Research programs designed to address grand challenge questions will require deep knowledge and expertise within subfields of organismal biology, collaboration and integration among otherwise disparate areas of research, and consideration of organisms as integrated systems. Our ability to predict which features of complex integrated systems provide the capacity to be robust in changing environments is poorly developed. A predictive organismal biology is needed, but will require more quantitative approaches than are typical in biology, including complex systems-modeling approaches common to engineering. This new organismal systems biology will have reciprocal benefits for biologists, engineers, and mathematicians who address similar questions, including those working on control theory and dynamical systems biology, and will develop the tools we need to address the grand challenge questions of the 21st century.
Satellite Male Groups in Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus polyphemus

Horseshoe crabs arrive on the beach in pairs and spawn in the high intertidal during the springtime, new and full moon high tides. Unattached males also come to the beach, crowd around the nesting couples and compete with attached males for fertilizations. Satellite males form large groups around some couples while ignoring others, resulting in a nonrandom distribution that cannot be explained by local environmental conditions or habitat selection. In experimental manipulations, pairs that had satellites regained them after they had been removed whereas pairs with no satellites continued nesting alone, which means that satellites were not simply accumulating around the pairs that had been on the beach the longest. Manipulations also revealed that satellites were not just copying the behaviour of other males. Based on the evidence from observations and experiments, the most likely explanation for the nonrandom distribution of satellite males among nesting pairs is that unattached males are preferentially attracted to some females over others. Females with many satellites were larger and in better condition, but did not lay more eggs, than females with few or no satellites.
Fault current reduction using inverter controlled energy storage for shipboard MVAC power system

We have shown that an electronically controlled Energy Storage System (ESS), co-located with the main power source in a ship MVAC power system, can be used to absorb part of the fault current so that protective equipment can operate at reduced stress thus prolonging their life and increasing the reliability of the devices. Analysis and simulation results show that the method effectively reduces fault current in a multi-generator power system, but may not be feasible for a shipboard system due to the constraints imposed by cost effectiveness, size, availability of required hardware and energy storage capacity.
High-performance devices for a 0.15- mu m CMOS technology

Devices have been designed and fabricated in a CMOS technology with a nominal channel length of 0.15 mu m and minimum channel length below 0.1 mu m. In order to minimize short-channel effects (SCEs) down to channel lengths below 0.1 mu m, highly nonuniform channel dopings (obtained by indium and antimony channel implants) and shallow source-drain extensions/halo (by In and Sb preamorphization and low-energy As and BF/sub 2/ implant were used. Maximum high V/sub DS/ threshold rolloff was 250 mV at effective channel length of 0.06 mu m. For the minimum channel length of 0.1 mu m, the loaded (FI=FO=3, C=240 fF) and unloaded delays were 150 and 25 ps, respectively. >
Telecommunications and Industrial Development

Given a demonstrable correlation between telecommunications and industrial development, an interesting underlying question is: How can a telecommunication system be planned to achieve overall industrial development goals? A response could focus on the technical capabilities of a network, on the telecommunication equipment supply arrangements, and on the tariff structure. High telephone density is a technical attribute of primary importance because telecommunications' value for industrial development is that it provides an infrastructure. This value is not realized until a "critical mass" of telephone density is achieved. Where demand for telecommunication service substantially exceeds supply, screening criteria can be used to give certain classes of users higher priority in concert with industrial development goals. A second area of importance is the selection of plant technology which involves decisions that will affect technical capabilities of the network for 15-20 years or more; for example, crossbar, and electronic switching systems each possess certain advantages which should be considered in the light of local conditions. A local telecommunication equipment manufacturer is a participant in national industrial development. Efficient production of equipment might be supported by continuous and substantial demand from trading partners within a block such as the Andean Common Market. To reduce a telecommunication company's equipment costs, competitive procurement and negotiated allocation of supply contracts are two methods that are feasible particularly with transmission equipment such as microwave radios and cable. Alternatively, where a favored supplier relationship exists, the telecommunication company could benefit from the support of a research, development and engineering group in assessing its product choices. Tariff structure is a major allocator of telecommunication resources that is controllable by telecommunication planners. Price rationing is a conservative response to unsatisfied demand but does not respond fully to the needs of industrial development. Seeking to achieve a "critical mass" of telephone density through subsidized rates would be more responsive. Other tariff structure issues include use of measured versus flat rate local services, selection of criteria for drawing of local calling area boundaries and utilizing local calling area size as a basis for discrimination in rates. In response to inflation, continual modification of tariff structure is more sensitive to the needs of industrial development than the indexing of the rates, although the latter option requires fewer analytical resources.
A dual-system framework to understand preference construction processes in choice☆

Building on the dual-system theory of judgment, we propose an intuitive and deliberate framework for understanding the effects of preference construction in choice. We argue that while certain choice effects can be attributed primarily to rapid, unintentional, and intuitive processing, others arise from intentional and deliberate processing. We use this distinction to group choice effects previously identified in the literature, discuss evidence in support of the dual-system framework of preference construction, and propose new research directions. Since the defining property of intuitive versus deliberate mental processes is the degree to which they engage working memory, the proposed framework sheds light on how these previously identified effects will change with conditions such as the availability of cognitive resources. We conclude by calling for additional research to explore the interplay between intuitive and deliberate processing to determine which processes are implicated in generating a preference, as well as research on new moderators of choice effects based on the difference in the amount of willful information processing that underlies decision making.
Preventive strategies and therapeutic options for hereditary pancreatitis.

The elucidation of the precise molecular genetic defect in a large kindred with familial pancreatitis was one of the seminal events in pancreatology. 16 Expectations were high. Some anticipated that clinical trials designed to exploit this new understanding of the pathophysiology would start within 1 or 2 years. More than 2 years after the description of the gene defect, clinicians are beginning to understand that knowledge is power, but it may not be immediate power. Clinicians have known the exact molecular defect of several disorders, such as sickle cell anemia for more than 30 years, and in most of them have made only marginal progress in disease treatment. There have been no cures.
RECENT PROGRESS ON MASS TRANSFER IN SEMICLASSICAL SYSTEMS

We present a brief review of recent progress in the transfer of an electron from a circular Rydberg atom to an impinging ion. This field has attracted considerable interest since the "exotic" semiclassical properties of these atoms afford an opportunity to study mass transfer in a regime where dynamic pathways can be well controlled. We report developments in the past two years in electron transfer between oriented circular Rydberg atoms and protons at collision speeds comparable to the electron orbital speed. Newly discovered results have solved a number of outstanding puzzles in the classical mass transfer theory, such as the Thomas two-step mechanism. Also discussed is the application of circular Rydberg atoms as semiclassical objects in a number of very different areas ranging from atomic physics, beam-foil interactions, to astrophysics.
Multiplexity in Adult Friendships

"Multiplexity" is the overlap of roles, exchanges, or affiliations in a social relationship. In two cities, adult friendship dyads are examined for multiplexity in three affiliations: kin, neighbor, and coworker. Several factors are proposed to account for multiplex ties: limited opportunities for social contact; preference for the special similarities that kin, neighbors, and coworkers have; and preference for holistic and diffuse friendships. Two structural features are discovered: repetition of multiplexity, and segregation of affiliations. These mean that if multiplexity appears in one friendship, it tends to be repeated in others. But the categories kin, neighbor, and coworker seldom appear in the same friendship. Repetition and segregation are demonstrated by comparing observed friendships with expectations from a random-choice model. When social and demographic differentials in multiplexity are examined, they confirm the importance of both opportunities and preferences in motivating multiplex friendships. Consequences of multiplexity for friendship behavior are hypothesized, and one consequence (contact frequency) is analyzed. Neighbor multiplexity increases friendship contact, a reflection of high opportunities for contact among neighbor friends. Kin and coworker multiplexity do not increase friendship contact. When adults develop close friendships, they sometimes select their friends from among kin, neighbors, and coworkers. In social networks research, this overlap of two or more important social relationships is called multiplexity. Although some studies report the frequency of such overlap, no study has seriously examined the structure and importance of multiplexity in adult friendships. Does multiplexity occur throughout a person's friendship network? In other words, if one close friend is a relative, are other close friends also relatives? Are friendships often highly multiplex, for example, kin friends who are coworkers or neighbors as well? What encourages people to develop multiplex friendships, and what consequences does multiplexity have for the stability and energy of friendships? This paper concentrates on the structure of multiplexity and its causes in adult friendships in two urban populations, with less attention to
Prevention and Treatment of Dog Bites

Almost one half of all dog bites involve an animal owned by the victim's family or neighbors. A large percentage of dog bite victims are children. Although some breeds of dogs have been identified as being more aggressive than other breeds, any dog may attack when threatened. All dog bites carry a risk of infection, but immediate copious irrigation can significantly decrease that risk. Assessment for the risk of tetanus and rabies virus infection, and subsequent selection of prophylactic antibiotics, are essential in the management of dog bites. The dog bite injury should be documented with photographs and diagrams when appropriate. Family physicians should educate parents and children on ways to prevent dog bites.