cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fourier treatment of nonlinear optics

As the spatial angular bandwidth and temporal frequency bandwidth of nonlinear optical interactions is increased it becomes necessary to fully account for the effects of diffraction, anisotropy, and dispersion upon propagation through the volume of the nonlinear optical media. This increased bandwidth is required in order to increase the peak intensities through focusing or the use of ultrashort pulses and thereby increase the strength and efficiency of nonlinear interactions, or in order to increase the information capacity of the optical fields. The increased bandwidth appears to significantly complicate the simple plane wave coupled mode analytic formulation, however in the paper we show that in the Born regime of weak scattering a simple Fourier decomposition mechanism can be employed that fully accounts for the spatial, temporal, and polarization structure of the nonlinearly generated fields. This momentum space approach allows simple visualizations of the process, allows optimizations of the efficiency, resolution, and bandwidth of the nonlinearity, and enables the design and interpretation of novel interaction geometries. The momentum space solution begins with a 3-D spatio-temporal Fourier transformation of the vector field applied to the planar boundary of the nonlinear optical medium.
Communicability of the Emotional Connotation of Type.

The communicabllity of the emotional connotation of type was investigated in this study. Typographers, student instructional technologists, and naive readers rated 30 typefaces using a semantic differential scale. The results indicated that different typefaces arouse similar results in different subject groups, and that different subject groups agree on the emotional connotations of typefaces. The agreement of these results with previous studies suggests the use of typeface connotation as a variable in typeface selection.
2,3‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

[279-31-2][959680-36-5] C5H10N2 (MW 98.15) InChI = 1S/C5H10N2/c1-2-5-3-4(1)6-7-5/h4-7H,1-3H2 InChIKey = PWHOCEZDDSHQTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (carbonyl-olefin metathesis of cyclopropenes1) Note: 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane bis-hydrochloride has been synthesized and is stable relative to 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (free hydrazine). Data for both compounds will be included. Alternate Names: 2,3-diaza-norbornane. Physical Data: free hydrazine: mp 53°C.2 Solubility: Free hydrazine: soluble in most organic solvents (Et2O, C6H6, MeOH, CHCl3). Bis-hydrochloride salt: soluble in DMSO and MeOH, soluble in DCE at 70°C. Form Supplied in: both the free hydrazine and the bis-hydrochloride salt are white solids. Analysis of Reagent Purity: Free hydrazine: 1H-NMR (C6D6) δ 3.14 (s, 2H), 3.04 (br s, 2H), 1.26 (s, 2H), 1.23–1.16 (m, 4H).3 Bis-hydrochloride salt: 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) δ 6.7 (br s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 1.78–1.67 (m, 6H).1 Preparative Methods: a Diels–Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene and the corresponding azodicarboxylate yields the bicyclic hydrazine core (eq 1). Subsequent hydrogenation and hydrolysis yield the free hydrazine (basic hydrolysis)4 or the bis-hydrochloride salt (acidic hydrolysis).1 (1) Purification: the bis-hydrochloride salt can be used without further purification, but may be recrystallized from hot EtOH/hexanes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Free hydrazine: readily oxidized in air and highly hygroscopic.5 Difficult to maintain purity. Bis-hydrochloride salt: somewhat hygroscopic. Stored under air in a dry box over several weeks.
Anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria from wetwood of living trees.

Obligately anaerobic, mesophilic, cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the wetwood of elm and maple trees. The isolation of these bacteria involved inoculation of selective enrichment cultures with increment cores taken from trees showing evidence of wetwood. Cellulolytic bacteria were present in the cores from seven of nine trees sampled, as indicated by the disappearance of cellulose from enrichment cultures. With two exceptions, cellulolytic activity was confined to the darker, wetter, inner section of the cores. Cellulolytic bacteria were also present in the fluid from core holes. The cellulolytic isolates were motile rods that stained gram negative. Endospores were formed by some strains. The physiology of one of the cellulolytic isolates (strain JW2) was studied in detail. Strain JW2 fermented cellobiose, D-glucose, glycerol, L-arabinose, D-xylose, and xylan in addition to cellulose. In a defined medium, p-aminobenzoic acid and biotin were the only exogenous growth factors required by strain JW2 for the fermentation of cellobiose or cellulose. Acetate and ethanol were the major nongaseous end products of cellulose fermentation. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA of strain JW2 was 33.7 mol%. Cellulolytic bacteria have not previously been reported to occur in wetwood. The isolation of such bacteria indicates that cellulolytic bacteria aremore » inhabitants of wetwood environments and suggests that they may be involved in wetwood development.« less
Gender, Power, and Trust in Couple Therapy With Survivors of Childhood Abuse

Couples in which a partner experienced child abuse often have exceptional relational stresses, most notably, the difficulty of adult survivors trusting their partners. Power imbalances between partners can accentuate distrust, thereby posing even greater challenges in the relationship. Clinical processes centered in theory guided by relational feminism can be helpful. The author introduces relational trust theory, which articulates how the intermingling of gendered power interactions and adult-survivor power responses negatively impact relational connection. This theory draws on relational ethics and Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy, which addresses gendered power processes, to help clinicians cultivate mutuality and trust between partners. Case composites show how this theory has been applied in couple therapy.
[Primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum, exclusing the papilla of vater; a clinicopathologic study of 31 cases].

Summary Primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum, excluding the papilla of Vater, are rare. Thirty-one cases were found at necropsy at the Mayo Clinic from 1910 through 1953, an incidence of 0.12 per cent. Twenty-seven of the 31 tumors were adenocarcinomas; the remaining 4 were sarcomas of various types. There was no evidence in this series that a benign ulcer had undergone neoplastic change. Metastasis had occurred in 20 of the 31 cases. The commonest sites of metastasis were the regional lymph nodes and the liver. The commonest clinical features in this series were pain, loss of weight, vomiting and anemia. Melena, jaundice and an abdominal mass were also prominent findings. A lesion was found by roentgenologic examination in 15 of 22 cases. In no case was a correct diagnosis made without positive roentgenologic evidence of the lesion.
Developments in the Study of Child Soldiers

Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. By Wessells Michael. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. 284 pp., $50.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-674-02359-8), $18.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-674-03255-2). Child Soldiers in the Age of Fractured States. By Gates Scott, Reich Simon. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010. 310 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-822-96029-4). Civil wars are devastating. Beyond causing more than 16 million deaths since WW II, they devastate a state's social and economic well-being, yielding increases in infant mortality, destruction of education systems and infrastructure, and spreading of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The impacts of civil wars reach beyond the warring state's borders as well. Scholars have documented how the flood of refugees spread diseases, for instance, while the fear of destabilization decrease FDI to disrupt neighboring states’ economies. Even states far from the conflict cannot insulate themselves from civil wars, as diseases and narcotics spread, and havens open for terrorist organizations (Collier, Elliott, Hegre, Hoeffler, Reynal-Querol, and Sambanis 2003; Ghobarah, Huth, and Russett 2003). Among the many consequences of civil conflicts, perhaps none is as heartbreaking or has as long-term impact as war's effect on children. Not only do children frequently bear the brunt of calamities during and following a conflict (Azam and Hoeffler 2002), but they regularly find themselves fighting on the front lines. Child soldiers—largely defined as those under 18—fought for either government or rebel forces in at least 20 states since 2004 (Child Soldiers Global Report 2008). Dozens of NGOs have responded to this with commendable efforts to both prevent the usage of child soldiers and provide assistance for rehabilitation and reintegration (Morse 2008). Scholars are increasingly becoming aware of this issue, seeking to provide an enhanced understanding of how children become involved in conflicts, how they can best learn to lead productive lives following demobilization, and what future steps must be taken by researchers and policymakers to battle the problem. The books reviewed here make significant leaps in our understanding of child soldiers, providing theory, evidence, and advice that should help reform policy and spur additional research. Perhaps the most remarkable features of the set …
Comments on Graham Crookes and Al Lehner's “Aspects of Process in an ESL Critical Pedagogy Teacher Education Course”

* Graham Crookes and Al Lehner's reflective and insightful account of their application of a critical pedagogical orientation to an actual teacher education classroom (Vol. 32, No. 2, Summer 1998) is indeed promising. Fostering the development of a critical pedagogy in future teachers is an inspiring and thought-provoking challenge, but it is perhaps also misleading because of the lack of guidance on practical issues associated with critical pedagogy. Current work on alternative pedagogies addresses such topics as social identity and voice (Peirce, 1995), power (Auerbach, 1993; Pennycook, 1989), the morality of teaching (Jackson, Boostrom, & Hansen, 1993; Johnston, Juhsz, Marken, & Ruiz, 1998), (participatory) action research (Auerbach, 1994; Crookes, 1993, 1998), and the development of a critical pedagogical approach to research and teaching (see Crawford, 1978; Crawford-Lange, 1981; Pennycook, 1994). Because of the emphasis on these areas and related issues, teachers, most often in vain, search the literature for discussions of concrete pedagogical implications. Crookes and Lehner's candid and timely recognition that there are "few accounts of the processes involved in implementing [critical pedagogy] in a S/FL [second or foreign language] teacher education context" (p. 319) is well taken. Their reflective and detailed report of experiences in a teacher education classroom contributes to the collective knowledge. However, just as in the teacher education context, there are few actual accounts of the implementation of a critical pedagogical orientation within the S/FL classroom. Despite the proliferation of discussion regarding critical pedagogy and S/FL classrooms, few authors have suggested what it might look like fleshed out in an actual classroom. Several authors have attempted to develop processes and principles that represent broad characterizations of the use of critical pedagogy (see Crawford-Lange, 1981). Unfortunately, few reports discuss the application of these principles to language teaching at the introductory level. Students in perhaps their most impressionable, initial state are socialized into the role of language learners through their early
False Hopes and Best Data: Consent to Research and the Therapeutic Misconception

To maintain a therapeutic misconception is to deny the possibility that there may be major disadvantages to participating in clinical research that stem from the nature of the research process itself. It could be argued that the research project has been peer-reviewed for scientific merit and approved for ethical acceptability by an institutional review board (IRB), the problem of the therapeutic misconception is not significant enough to warrant intervention. The neutral explainer would be responsible to the IRB and would be trained to emphasize those aspects of the research situation about which the IRB has the greatest concern. This approach might be especially appropriate when the investigator is also the subject's treating physician and the methodology used is likely to be interpreted as therapeutic in intent. The unique aspects of clinical research include the goal of creating generalizable knowledge; the techniques of randomization; and the use of a study protocol, control groups, and double-blind procedures.
Variation of Molecular Alignment as a Means of Resolving Orientational Ambiguities in Protein Structures from Dipolar Couplings

Residual dipolar couplings for pairs of proximate magnetic nuclei in macromolecules can easily be measured using high-resolution NMR methods when the molecules are dissolved in dilute liquid crystalline media. The resulting couplings can in principle be used to constrain the relative orientation of molecular fragments in macromolecular systems to build a complete structure. However, determination of relative fragment orientations based on a single set of residual dipolar couplings is inherently hindered by the multi-valued nature of the angular dependence of the dipolar interaction. Even with unlimited dipolar data, this gives rise to a fourfold degeneracy in fragment orientations. In this Communication, we demonstrate a procedure based on an order tensor analysis that completely removes this degeneracy by combining residual dipolar coupling measurements from two alignment media. Application is demonstrated on (15)N-(1)H residual dipolar coupling data acquired on the protein zinc rubredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum dissolved in two different bicelle media.
Asymptotic Behavior of Generalized Eigenfunctions inN-Body Scattering

Abstract In this paper an asymptotic expansion is proved for locally (at infinity) outgoing functions on asymptotically Euclidian spaces. This is applied to N -body scattering where the two-body interactions are one-step polyhomogeneous symbols of order −1 or −2 (hence long-range and short-range, respectively). The asymptotic behavior of the N -body resolvent applied to Schwartz functions is thereby deduced away from the singular set, where some of the potentials do not decay at infinity.
In-process defect inspection and characterization study for dry etching chrome-on-quartz binary masks

With the inherent advantages of good Critical Dimension (CD) control and good pattern fidelity, dry etching of Chrome-on- Quartz (COG) binary masks is necessary for production of 0.18um or below technology generation masks. Chrome dry etching process, however, tends to produce more defects than the traditional wet etch processes. We have conducted in-process defect inspection studies, which have identified several defect sources and have proposed process controls that minimize the number and size of defects from the entire dry etch process. This paper discusses the design of a defect test vehicle and describes an approach and methodology of defect inspection as a means of understanding the creation mechanisms of process related defects. A Lasertec Corporation (i)-line inspection system is employed along with different microscopy and metrology tools to identify and characterize these defects that can be attributed to the various steps in this entire dry etch process. Our results demonstrate that this approach of in-process inspection is very effective at identifying defects and their sources as they become evident at different process steps.
Oral history centres and collections: a selective bibliography

Purpose – -- The purpose of this paper is to identify unique oral history centres and collections which provide users with training and research methodology techniques necessary to planning an effective oral history programme Design/methodology/approach -- This article provides a list of oral history centres and collections with unique oral history programmes. Most centres listed also offer the user detailed instructions on planning oral history programmes and use of the collection in research methodology courses. The bibliography is an international list of oral history programmes and collections. Findings -- There are numerous oral history programmes within university departments, museums, and as part of state and regional organizations. Originality/value -- This bibliography includes international as well as programmes in the USA. The annotations describe the oral history programmes' subject content, and will be of interest to scholars looking to start and expand on research with an oral history method...
Altering the Superconductor Transition Temperature by Domain-Wall Arrangements in Hybrid Ferromagnet-Superconductor Structures

The $[\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt}{]}_{n}/\mathrm{Nb}/[\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt}{]}_{n}$ hybrids with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy reveal enhanced superconductivity with the presence, and the arrangements, of domain walls, where superconductivity persists. An in-plane field can manipulate the domain walls from labyrinth to stripe patterns and drive the hybrids from normal to superconducting. We observe anisotropic superconductivity in hybrids with stripe domains, along which enhanced superconductivity is realized.
Oxidative metabolism of encainide: polymorphism, pharmacokinetics and clinical considerations

The 8-h urinary metabolic profiles of encainide and its oxidized metabolites, O-desmethyl- (ODE), 3-methoxy-O-desmethyl- (MODE), N-desmethyl- (NDE) and N, O-didesmethyl- (DDE) encainide were studied in a group of 112 normal Caucasians. Nine of these subjects (8%) were defective in their ability to 4-hydroxylate debrisoquine. The cumulative frequency distribution of the 8-h recovery ratio of encainide/ODE indicated two distinct populations in complete concordance with the debrisoquine phenotyping. The subjects with an 'extensive metabolizer' (EM) phenotype had a ratio from 0.003 to 0.9 whereas the PM group had values from 7.4 to 48. In addition, no MODE was detected in the urine from 'poor metabolizers' (PM). The oxidative metabolism of encainide, specifically the O-demethylation pathway, is, therefore, polymorphically distributed and controlled by the same genetic factor(s) that determine the 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine. In EM subjects, ODE and MODE are the major metabolites in plasma and their concentrations are much greater than those of unchanged drug. As ODE is a more potent antiarrhythmic agent than encainide and MODE is at least equipotent, these metabolites significantly contribute to the overall antiarrhythmic effect in EM patients. The low plasma concentrations of ODE and MODE in PM subjects would be expected to result in inefficacious therapy when usual doses of encainide are administered. However, in such individuals, chronic oral therapy results in accumulation of unmetabolized encainide to far higher levels than in EM subjects. As encainide itself has intrinsic antiarrhythmic activity at these concentrations, this generally results in the desired clinical response. Despite pronounced interphenotypic differences in encainide's disposition and pharmacokinetics, the polymorphic oxidative metabolism appears to have limited consequences for the drug's clinical efficacy.
Surface chemistry of Al2O3 deposition using Al(CH3)3 and H2O in a binary reaction sequence

Abstract Sequential surface chemical reactions for the controlled deposition of Al2O3 were studied using transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A binary reaction for Al2O3 chemical vapor deposition (2Al (CH3)3 + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 6CH4) was separated into two half-reactions: (A) AlOH + Al(CH3)3 → Al-O-Al(CH3)2 + CH4; (B) Al-O-Al(CH3)2 + 2H2O → Al-O-Al(OH)2 + 2CH4. The trimethylaluminum [Al(CH3)3] (TMA) and H2O reactants were employed alternately in an ABAB … binary reaction sequence to achieve controlled Akl2O3 deposition. FTIR analysis of these surface reactions was performed in situ in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber using high surface area alumina membranes. The AlOH and AlCH3 surface species were monitored by the infrared absorbance of the AlO-H stretching vibrations between 3800 and 2600 cm−1 and the AlC-H3 stretching vibrations between 2942 and 2838 cm−1. The optimal conditions for controlled Al2O3 growth were observed using TMA and H2O exposures at 0.3 Ton on substrates at 500 K. The spectra revealed that both the (A) and (B) reactions were self-limiting and complete. The thermal stabilities of the AlOH and Al(CH3)x surface species on alumina were also measured versus annealing between 300 and 900 K. In addition, the deposition of amorphous Al2O3 thin films was demonstrated on Si (100) using the ABAB … binary reaction sequence.
Laparoscopy as the primary modality for the treatment of women with endometrial carcinoma

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to assess the feasibility of laparoscopy in the treatment of women with early stage endometrial carcinoma and to compare the surgical outcome, cost, and quality of life among these patients with those treated with laparotomy. METHODS A prospective study was conducted over 2 years in which all women with early stage endometrial carcinoma who could tolerate laparoscopic surgery were treated with laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO), and lymphadenectomy. Women with a similar disease stage who underwent similar surgical procedures through laparotomy in the previous 2 years were used as the control group. Both groups were compared with regard to their characteristics, surgical outcome, and cost and were interviewed regarding their quality of life. RESULTS Eighty-six of 90 women with endometrial carcinoma underwent LAVH. The procedure was converted to laparotomy in 5 patients (5.8%). Laparoscopic surgery thus was successful in 90% of the women. There were no significant differences noted between those women who underwent LAVH and those who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) (n = 57) with regard to patient characteristics, type of surgical procedure, preoperative and postoperative hematocrit, complications, patient recall of postoperative pain, and tumor recurrence. LAVH patients had significantly smaller body mass indices, a longer surgical time, more pelvic lymph nodes, a smaller decrease in postoperative hematocrit, received less pain medication, had a shorter hospital stay, an earlier return to full activity and work, and a higher level of satisfaction with their treatment, although their procedures had a higher cost compared with TAH patients. CONCLUSIONS The majority of women with early stage endometrial carcinoma can be treated with laparoscopy with an excellent surgical outcome, shorter hospitalization, earlier recovery, and improved quality of life, but with a higher financial cost. Cancer 2001;91:378–87. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Electronic structure of spinel

Abstract The fundamental band gap between conduction and valence bands in aluminate spinels has been found to be at least 8·1 eV; the optical reflectivity peak at this energy possibly represents the lowest-energy exciton. In crystals with non-stoichiometric Al/Mg ratios, the intensity of this first reflection peak appears to decrease with increasing Al/Mg ratio; however, the peak energies themselves are essentially independent of stoichiometry. It seems likely that spinel and olivine in spinel-structure will have electronic transport behavior similar to that of olivine in its normal structure.
Three-dimensional em modeling

Three-dimensional (3D) interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) dsta is still in its infancy, due to a lack of practical numerical solutions for the forward problem. However, a number of algorithms for simulating the responses of simple 3D models have been developed over the last ten years, and they have provided important new insight. Integral equation methods have been more successful than differential equation methods, because they require calculating the electric field only in small anomalous regions, rather than throughout the earth. Utilizing a vector-scalar potential approach and incorporating symmetry through group theory improves the general 3D integral equation solution. Thin-sheet integral equation formulations have been particularly useful. Much recent research has focused on hybrid methods, which are finite element differential equation solutions within a mesh of limited extent, with boundary values determined by integrating over the interior fields. An elegant eigencurrent technique has been developed for calculating the transient response of a thin 3D sheet in free space, but general 3D time domain responses have only been calculated by Fourier transforming frequency domain results. Direct time domain calculations have been carried out only for 2D bodies.
Is cooking at home associated with better diet quality or weight-loss intention?

Objective To examine national patterns in cooking frequency and diet quality among adults in the USA, overall and by weight-loss intention. Design Analysis of cross-sectional 24 h dietary recall and interview data. Diet quality measures included total kilojoules per day, grams of fat, sugar and carbohydrates per day, fast-food meals per week, and frozen/pizza and ready-to-eat meals consumed in the past 30 d. Multivariable regression analysis was used to test associations between frequency of cooking dinner per week (low (0–1), medium (2–5) and high (6–7)), dietary outcomes and weight-loss intention. Setting The 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects Adults aged 20 years and over (n 9569). Results In 2007–2010, 8 % of adults lived in households in which someone cooked dinner 0–1 times/week and consumed, on an average day, 9627 total kilojoules, 86 g fat and 135 g sugar. Overall, compared with low cookers (0–1 times/week), a high frequency of cooking dinner (6–7 times/week) was associated with lower consumption of daily kilojoules (9054 v. 9627 kJ, P=0·002), fat (81 v. 86 g, P=0·016) and sugar (119 v. 135 g, P<0·001). Individuals trying to lose weight consumed fewer kilojoules than those not trying to lose weight, regardless of household cooking frequency (2111 v. 2281 kJ/d, P<0·006). Conclusions Cooking dinner frequently at home is associated with consumption of a healthier diet whether or not one is trying to lose weight. Strategies are needed to encourage more cooking among the general population and help infrequent cookers better navigate the food environment outside the home.
Effects of central amygdaloid nucleus lesions on ingestion, taste reactivity, exploration and taste aversion.

Abstract Central amygdaloid nucleus lesions in rats had no effect on recovery of preoperative body weight and food consumption levels. The brain damaged rats also recovered preoperative levels of water consumption as rapidly as control rats but then developed a mild but persistent hypodipsia. The experimental rats also drank less than control rats when food deprived and showed marginally reliable decreases in 0.1% quinine solution consumption and latency to consume a novel food. There was no detectable lesion effect on 0.1% saccharin solution consumption, exploration of a novel environment or formation of a learned taste aversion. It is suggested that the central amygdaloid nucleus has a role in mediating the relationship between food and water intake and in some taste mediated consummatory behavior.
Multivariate maximum entropy identification, transformation, and dependence

This paper shows that multivariate distributions can be characterized as maximum entropy (ME) models based on the well-known general representation of density function of the ME distribution subject to moment constraints. In this approach, the problem of ME characterization simplifies to the problem of representing the multivariate density in the ME form, hence there is no need for case-by-case proofs by calculus of variations or other methods. The main vehicle for this ME characterization approach is the information distinguishability relationship, which extends to the multivariate case. Results are also formulated that encapsulate implications of the multiplication rule of probability and the entropy transformation formula for ME characterization. The dependence structure of multivariate ME distribution in terms of the moments and the support of distribution is studied. The relationships of ME distributions with the exponential family and with bivariate distributions having exponential family conditionals are explored. Applications include new ME characterizations of many bivariate distributions, including some singular distributions.
Comments on “algorithms for reporting and counting geometric intersections”

Comments on the paper by Bentley and Ottman (ibid., vol.28, p.643-7, 1979) which presents an algorithm for reporting all K intersections among N planar line segments in 0((N+K) log N) time and 0(N+K) storage. With a small modification that storage requirement can be reduced to 0(N) with no increase in computational time, which is important because K can grow as 0(N2).
Extended Early Childhood Intervention and School Achievement: Age Thirteen Findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study

We evaluated the effects of participation in an extended program of compensatory education for 559 low-income, inner-city African American children up to seventh grade. The intervention is the federal and state-funded Chicago Child-Parent Center and Expansion Program, which began in 1967. Groups included 426 children who participated in the program from preschool to grades 2 or 3 and 133 children whose participation ceased in kindergarten. After taking into account initial differences in achievement at kindergarten entry and at the end of kindergarten, and after taking into account sample selection bias, program participation for 2 or 3 years after preschool and kindergarten was associated with significantly higher reading achievement up to seventh grade and with lower rates of cumulative grade retention and special education placement (4 to 5 years postprogram). Children participating in the follow-on program for 3 years had significantly higher reading achievement in seventh grade and a lower rate of grade retention than 3 year participants. Only 3 year participants had significantly higher math achievement than the comparison group. Study findings provide rare longitudinal evidence of the beneficial effects of a large-scale community-based program of extended early childhood intervention.
Clinical evaluation of positioning verification using digital tomosynthesis and bony anatomy and soft tissues for prostate image-guided radiotherapy.

Purpose To evaluate on-board digital tomosynthesis (DTS) for patient positioning vs. two-dimensional (2D) radiography and three-dimensional cone beam (CBCT). Methods and Materials A total of 92 image sessions from 9 prostate cancer patients were analyzed. An on-board image set was registered to a corresponding reference image set. Four pairs of image sets were used: digitally reconstructed radiographs vs. on-board orthogonal paired radiographs for the 2D method, coronal-reference DTS vs. on-board coronal DTS for the coronal-DTS method, sagittal-reference DTS vs. on-board sagittal DTS for the sagittal-DTS method, and planning CT vs. CBCT for the CBCT method. The registration results were compared. Results The systematic errors in all methods were Conclusion DTS could provide equivalent results to CBCT when the bony anatomy is used as landmarks for prostate image-guided radiotherapy. For soft tissue-based positioning verification, coronal DTS produced equivalent results to CBCT, but sagittal DTS alone was insufficient. DTS could allow for comparable soft tissue-based target localization with faster scanning time and a lower imaging dose compared with CBCT.
Reconstruction of some hybrid phylogenetic networks with homoplasies from distances.

Suppose G is a phylogenetic network given as a rooted acyclic directed graph. Let X be a subset of the vertex set containing the root, all leaves, and all vertices of outdegree 1. A vertex is “regular” if it has a unique parent, and “hybrid” if it has two parents. Consider the case where each gene is binary. Assume an idealized system of inheritance in which no homoplasies occur at regular vertices, but homoplasies can occur at hybrid vertices. Under our model, the distances between taxa are shown to be described using a system of numbers called “originating weights” and “homoplasy weights.” Assume that the distances are known between all members of X. Sufficient conditions are given such that the graph G and all the originating and homoplasy weights can be reconstructed from the given distances.
Centralized versus decentralized decision-making for recycled material flows.

A reverse logistics system is a network of transportation logistics and processing functions that collect, consolidate, refurbish, and demanufacture end-of-life products. This paper examines centralized and decentralized models of decisionmaking for material flows and associated transaction prices in reverse logistics networks. We compare the application of a centralizedmodelforplanningreverseproductionsystems,where asingleplannerisacquaintedwithallofthesysteminformation and has the authority to determine decision variables for the entire system, to a decentralized approach. In the decentralized approach, the entities coordinate between tiers ofthesystemusingaparametrizedflowfunctionandcompete withintiersbasedonreachingapriceequilibrium.Wenumerically demonstratetheincreaseinthetotalnetprofitofthecentralized system relative to the decentralized one. This implies that one may overestimate the system material flows and profit if thesystemplannerutilizesacentralizedviewtopredictbehaviors of independent entities in the system and that decentralized contract mechanisms will require careful design to avoid losses in the efficiency and scope of these systems.
Cognitive abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Purpose of reviewThe current review aims to describe and evaluate research on cognitive difficulties associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) published between January 2007 and June 2008.Recent findingsThe reviewed studies provide additional evidence that negative appraisals and decremen
Solar sources of heliospheric energetic electron events : Shocks or flares?

Electrons with near-relativistic (E≳30 keV, NrR) and relativistic (E≳0.3 MeV) energies are often observed as discrete events in the inner heliosphere following solar transient activity. Several acceleration mechanisms have been proposed for the production of those electrons. One candidate is acceleration at MHD shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with speeds ≳1000 km s−1. Many NrR electron events are temporally associated only with flares while others are associated with flares as well as with CMEs or with radio type II shock waves. Since CME onsets and associated flares are roughly simultaneous, distinguishing the sources of electron events is a serious challenge. On a phenomenological basis two classes of solar electron events were known several decades ago, but recent observations have presented a more complex picture. We review early and recent observational results to deduce different electron event classes and their viable acceleration mechanisms, defined broadly as shocks versus flares. The NrR and relativistic electrons are treated separately. Topics covered are: solar electron injection delays from flare impulsive phases; comparisons of electron intensities and spectra with flares, CMEs and accompanying solar energetic proton (SEP) events; multiple spacecraft observations; two-phase electron events; coronal flares; shock-associated (SA) events; electron spectral invariance; and solar electron intensity size distributions. This evidence suggests that CME-driven shocks are statistically the dominant acceleration mechanism of relativistic events, but most NrR electron events result from flares. Determining the solar origin of a given NrR or relativistic electron event remains a difficult proposition, and suggestions for future work are given.
Electronic rulemaking: a public participation research agenda for the social sciences

This article proposes a social science research agenda that will reflect on and inform the development of new information technology-based approaches to the electronic collection, distribution, synthesis. and analysis of public commentary in the regulatory rulemaking process. It identifies one critical area of an ongoing governance transformation: the use of web-based programs to collect public commentary on proposed agency rules. In the tradition of reflexive modernization, this article calls for deeper social science reflection during the development of a technological design in order to tap its democratic potential.
Experiences of social stigma and implications for healthcare among a diverse population of HIV positive adults.

Stigma profoundly affects the lives of people with HIV/AIDS. Fear of being identified as having HIV or AIDS may discourage a person from getting tested, from accessing medical services and medications, and from disclosing their HIV status to family and friends. In the present study, we use focus groups to identify the most salient domains of stigma and the coping strategies that may be common to a group of diverse, low-income women and men living with HIV in Los Angeles, CA (n=48). We also explore the impact of stigma on health and healthcare among HIV positive persons in our sample. Results indicate that the most salient domains of stigma include: blame and stereotypes of HIV, fear of contagion, disclosure of a stigmatized role, and renegotiating social contracts. We use the analysis to develop a framework where stigma is viewed as a social process composed of the struggle for both internal change (self-acceptance) and reintegration into the community. We discuss implications of HIV-related stigma for the mental and physical health of HIV-positive women and men and suggestions for possible interventions to address stigma in the healthcare setting.
Gender: An Intersectionality Perspective

Intersectionality, the mutually constitutive relations among social identities, is a central tenet of feminist thinking and has transformed how gender is conceptualized in research. In this special issue, we focus on the intersectionality perspective in empirical research on gender. Our goal is to offer a “best practices” resource that provides models for when and how intersectionality can inform theory and be incorporated into empirical research on psychological questions at individual, interpersonal, and social structural levels. I briefly summarize the development of the intersectionality perspective, and then review how the realization of its promise has been diverted by preoccupation with intersectionality as a methodological challenge. I conclude with a discussion of why intersectionality is an urgent issue for researchers invested in promoting positive social change.
Unusual isoamylase in cancer‐associated hyperamylasemia

Hyperamylasemia and hyperamylasuria were found in two patients with carcinoma of the pancreas and in two other patients with carcinoma of the lung. Detailed isoamylase analyses were conducted on the serum amylase of three and the urine amylase of all four of these patients, using a modified chromatographic procedure. The studies demonstrated the existence, in one of the lung cancer patients and in one of the patients with pancreatic cancer, of an unusual component of amylase given the designation "Y." This component had also been noted in some human milk samples. In one of the lung cancer patients, an isoamylase was found in the serum and urine after radiation treatment that was close to but not identical to the Y isoamylase in chromatographic position. Although a relationship of isoamylase component Y to generating tissue is suggested by these findings, such a relationship of isoamylase component Y to generating tissue is suggested by these findings, such a relationship remains to be proven.
Determination of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, using capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Abstract High-dosage methotrexate therapy requires careful monitoring of the drug in serum to ensure minimal toxic effects. A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the separation and quantitation of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, using high-voltage capillary zone electrophoresis combined with laser-induced fluorescence detection is described. The detection limit for methotrexate is as low as 5·10−10M (signal-to-noise ratio=3), while that for 7-hydroxymethotrexate is 2·10−9M. The linearity of the system extends over nearly four orders of magnitude for both methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. The extraction efficiency for the drug and its metabolite from serum is 80–85% using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. Quantitation of methotrexate in serum was possible in the 10−10M range, nearly two orders of magnitude lower than that currently obtainable by existing methods. Good correlation (r=0.99) for serum methotrexate concentrations was obtained with an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique. Comparison with an enzyme inhibition assay also provided similar results
@BabySteps: design and evaluation of a system for using twitter for tracking children's developmental milestones

The tracking of developmental milestones in young children is an important public health goal for ensuring early detection and treatment for developmental delay. While numerous paper-based and web-based solutions are available for tracking milestones, many busy parents often forget to enter information on a regular basis. To help address this need, we have developed an interactive system called @BabySteps for allowing parents who use Twitter to track and respond to tweets about developmental milestones using a special hashtag syntax. Parent responses are parsed automatically and written into a central database that can be accessed via the web. We deployed @BabySteps with 14 parents over a 3-week period and found that parents were able to learn how to use the system to track their children's progress, with some using it to communicate with other parents. The study helped to identify a number of ways to improve the approach, including simplifying the hashtag syntax, allowing for private responses via direct messaging, and improving the social component. We provide a discussion of lessons learned and suggestions for the design of interactive public health systems.
Three New Species of Lagenophryid Peritrichs (Ciliophora) Ectocommensal on Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans from Madagascar1

One species of Lagenophrys and two species of Operculigera are described for the first time. Lagenophrys machaerigera n. sp. was discovered on the freshwater crab Gecarcinautes goudoti and varies between two extreme forms in the structure of its lorica aperture. Operculigera carcini n. sp. was also found on G. goudoti and exhibits several characteristics that set it apart from other members of its genus. Some of these characteristics also suggest a phylogenetic link between O. carcini and the genus Lagenophrys. Operculigera madagascarensis n. sp. was discovered on the parastacid crayfish Astacoides granulimanus. The occurrence of O. madagascarensis on a Madagascan parastacid and other species of Operculigera on Chilean parastacids suggests that parastacids are the oldest hosts of the genus Operculigera. Continental drift is the most likely mechanism by which species of Operculigera and parastacids could have been dispersed to distant parts of the southern hemisphere. The absence of Operculigera on Australian parastacids may be due to its replacement by the genus Setonophrys on those hosts.
Effect of phosphorus modification on the microstructure and mechanical properties of DC cast Al-17.5Si-4.5Cu-1Zn-0.7Mg-0.5Ni alloy

Direct chill (DC) casting of an Al-17.5Si-4.5Cu-1Zn-0.7Mg-0.5Ni alloy with minor additions of Zr, V and Ti was performed and the effect of phosphorus modification on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that the addition of phosphorus refines the primary Si crystals remarkably but coarsens the eutectic Si in the DC cast billets. In the samples taken in 1/2 radius region of the billets of 100 mm in diameter, the average size of the primary Si particles in the unmodified alloy is 38 μm, while that in the modified alloys range from 13 to 26 μm, depending on the melt treatment time. The AlP particles as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the primary Si crystals were observed in the center of the primary Si particles. In the modified alloy, the achieved ultimate tensile strength is 320MPa and 433MPa respectively in the as-cast state and T6 state. The size of the primary Si particles is critical for the improvement of the mechanical properties of the alloy.
Fracture surface roughness as a gauge of fracture toughness: Aluminium-particulate SiC composites

Fracture toughnesses of several composites of aluminium alloys reinforced with particulate SiC have been measured. The variables were particulate size and volume fraction, and matrix alloy composition and heat treatment. Fracture surface profiles were measured and related to fractal dimension using the techniques of quantitative metallography. The fracture surface roughness was described well by fractals, but fracture toughness did not correlate with any measure of fracture surface roughness. An explanation for this behaviour is offered.
Bringing a chapter to a close

This editorial is the author's final act as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (TBME). All of this growth and success has brought great pressure on biomedical engineering journals, including TBME. The author is very proud that we have responded to the challenge. Our total submissions grew from 693 in 2005 and 888 in 2006, to 1219 in 2010, nearly 1500 in 2011, and an estimated 1700 for 2012. This year, there were 464 special issue submissions. We have steadily become more international, with more submissions from China than another other nation except the US and more submissions from Europe than from North America. In the last six years, we have grown from 42 to 93 Associate Editors to handle the great increase in submissions and will likely receive over 5000 reviews this year. We have become increasingly rigorous, accepting fewer than 25% of submitted articles, down from 33% in 2006. TBME publishes 3600 pages, up from 2300, including approximately 400 articles per year.
Genome-wide scans for heritability of fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations in hypertensive families

Aims/hypothesis The heritability of fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations in non-diabetic members of multiplex hypertensive families is unknown.
The Dynamic Ordered Dither Algorithm

Ordered dither is a popular method for printing/displaying continuous tone images on bi-level devices such as laser printers, ink-jet printers and liquid crystal flat panels; the success of this algorithm comes from its simplicity and its non recursive nature. A major contention about this technique is its poor performance for rendering sharp edges. To alleviate this problem, we propose a new half-toning method called the dynamic ordered dither algorithm; it is an adaptive scheme based on the standard ordered dither operation preceded by an adaptive high pass filter. The dynamic ordered dither algorithm yields a far better edge rendition while keeping the good properties of the standard dithering process, namely the preservation of the object location, the good color reproduction and the possibility to use parallel archi-tectures for processing pictures in real time.
A one-component, magnetic support-and-balance system.

Wind tunnel model one component magnetic support and balance system for sphere drag investigation at subsonic Mach numbers
Ultraviolet Absorption of Heavy Water Vapor

The absorption spectrum of the vapor of normal and heavy water has been examined in the ultraviolet down to 1450A. The long wave-length limit of the continuous absorption band is shifted towards shorter wave-lengths in the case of heavy water. Comparison with theory is made.