cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrofitting and re-powering as a control strategies for curtailment of exposure of underground miners to diesel aerosols

A study was conducted to examine the potential of diesel emissions control strategies based on retrofitting existing power packages with exhaust aftertreatment devices and repowering with advanced power packages. The retrofit systems, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF), were evaluated individually using a US EPA tier 2 (ter 2) engine operated under four steady-state conditions and one transient cycle. The DOC effectively curtailed emissions of CO, and to some extent organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and aerosol number concentration. The DPF system offered substantially higher reductions in OC and EC mass and aerosol number concentrations. Both, the DOC and DPF achieved reductions in the aforementioned emissions without adversely affecting emissions of NO2 and nano-sized aerosols. The strategy of repowering with an advanced system was examined using a US EPA tier 4 final (tier 4f) engine equipped with a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system and diesel exhaust fluid-based selective catalytic reduction system, but not with a DPF system. The tier 4f engine contributed substantially less than the tier 2 engine to the EC and OC mass, aerosol number, and CO, NO, and NO2 concentrations. The tier 4f engine was very effective in reducing aerosol mass, NO, and NO2 concentrations, but it was not equally effective in reducing aerosol number concentrations. The implementation of viable exhaust after treatment systems and advanced diesel power packages could be instrumental to the underground mining industry to secure a clean, economical, and dependable source of power for mobile equipment.
Position: Manual Refactoring (by Novice Programmers) Considered Harmful

In recent years, the issue of quality in introductory and end-user programming has become increasingly prominent. In particular, the poor quality of block-based programs has been shown to harm the educational effectiveness in this programming domain. As a result, there has been a growing interest in code quality and its improvement practices among researchers and educators. Refactoring—transforming code to remove quality problems while preserving semantics—is taught as a common and practical technique for improving code quality. To maximize pedagogical effectiveness, some educators advocate teaching students to refactor by hand to elucidate the mechanics behind refactoring instead of relying on tools that transform code automatically. In this position paper, we argue that this pedagogical approach is counterproductive. We advocate teaching refactoring similarly to compilation, a technique that students start applying automatically right away, but learn its inner workings only much later in the curriculum. Even professional developers are advised to avoid carrying out complex refactoring transformations by hand, as this activity leads to hard-to-trace bugs as well as wastes time and effort. To put appropriate tools for improving software quality into the hands of Scratch programmers, we created an automated refactoring infrastructure for Scratch, and we argue that such facility should become a mainstay of programming environments for blocks.
Effects of Enhancement and Degree of Doneness on Trained Sensory Panel Ratings of Beef Strip Loin Steak Palatability

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of enhancement on trained sensory panel palatability ratings of beef strip loin steaks of three quality grades cooked to three degrees of doneness (DOD).Materials and MethodsUSDA Prime, Low Choice, and Low Select strip loins (n = 72; 24/grade) were used in the study. Within each quality grade, one-half were enhanced to 108% green weight with a water, salt, and alkaline phosphate solution. Strip loins were aged for 21 d, fabricated into 2.5 cm steaks, vacuum packaged, and frozen at -20°C until further analysis. Consecutively cut steaks were paired, with one steak from each pair assigned to trained sensory panel evaluation and the other to Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) determination. Steak pairs from each strip loin were assigned to one of three DOD: Rare (60°C), Medium (71°C), and Very Well Done (82°C). Steaks were cooked using clamshell grills and internal temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. Sensory panelists were trained according to procedures described by the American Meat Science Association Sensory Guidelines (2015) and evaluated samples for initial and sustained juiciness, myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, overall tenderness, beef identity, beef flavor intensity, salt intensity, and off-flavor intensity on continuous 100 mm line scales with verbal anchors at each end and midpoints.ResultsAmong the 3 quality grades, enhanced steaks were similar (P > 0.05) for initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness. Additionally, all enhanced steaks rated higher (P Low Choice > Prime). Enhanced steaks, regardless of quality grade, were similar (P > 0.05) to non-enhanced Prime steaks for initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, myofibrillar tenderness, and overall tenderness. Panelists rated non-enhanced Prime steaks higher (P 0.05) to non-enhanced Low Choice steaks for myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness. Additionally, when cooked to Rare, non-enhanced Prime steaks were similar (P > 0.05) to non-enhanced Low Choice steaks for initial juiciness. As DOD increased, panelists’ ratings for initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, myofibrillar tenderness, and overall tenderness decreased (P Medium > Very Well Done). For instrumental tenderness, all enhanced treatments and non-enhanced Prime steaks had similar (P > 0.05) WBSF values. However, in non-enhanced steaks, Low Select steaks had higher (P < 0.05) WBSF values than either Prime or Low Choice steaks. Moreover, Rare steaks had lower WBSF values (P < 0.05) than Medium and Very Well Done steaks.ConclusionAfter enhancement, palatability traits were unaffected by quality grade, with few differences found among quality grade treatments in enhanced samples. These results indicate enhancement does not provide an additive effect with marbling level for beef palatability traits.
Experimental behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete beams under fire conditions

Abstract This paper presents results from an experimental study on the behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams subjected to combined effects of structural loading and fire exposure. Five large-scale UHPFRC beams, fabricated with different batch mix proportions, were tested to evaluate the structural behavior and spalling performance under ambient and fire conditions. The test variables included the presence of polypropylene fibers, load level and fire exposure scenario. The test results show that UHPFRC beams are highly susceptible to explosive spalling in the compression zone (on the sides) of the beam section leading to lower fire resistance, as compared to conventional normal or high strength concrete beams. When polypropylene fibers are present in UHPFRC, the extent of fire induced spalling decreases, resulting in higher fire resistance. Results from fire resistance experiments indicate that higher load level aid in release of pore pressure through tensile cracking and decrease the extent of spalling in UHPFRC beams. In addition, UHPFRC beams with polypropylene fibers exhibit better performance under design fire scenarios with distinct cooling phase than under fire scenarios without a decay phase.
The Multidisciplinarity in Chronic Pelvic Pain Management

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is one of the most demanding areas of pain management. A multidisciplinary, multimodal approach represents the highest quality of care and is becoming more and more the standard of care in this field. Delivering a multidisciplinary service is not simply a matter to offer a summation of different discipline expertise; it requires an actual integration between them and with different behavioral and social aspects. Organizational aspects are crucial and the key professional figure of Clinical Case Coordinator has to be implemented. All this requires an effort from clinicians, and caregivers in general, to become familiar with Patients Reported Outcomes (PRO) and outcomes measurement instruments. Value in healthcare represents one of the most interesting challenges in the future. CPP multidisciplinary services are in the frontline to depict this future.
Optical Traps and Colloidal Phase Transitions for Ultra-Broadband Optical Limiting

Focused electro-magnetic radiation concentrates nanoparticles relying only on the magnitude of the optical electric field and ignoring its frequency. This enables broadband optical limiting in the infrared when coupled with a colloidal phase transition.
The Library as a Campus Sustainability Hub: A Case Study in Increasing Community Engagement & Collaboration in Sustainability through Academic Libraries

As the topic of sustainability becomes more relevant to all types of libraries, two academic science librarians share a case study on identifying and filling gaps in sustainability-related engagement, education, and collaboration at a mid-sized R1 research university. Seeking to transform their academic library into a Campus Sustainability Hub, the two authors began working towards this ambitious goal by establishing strong partnerships with sustainability-minded organizations and individuals both on and off campus, as well as by prioritizing the creation of community-centered programming that would engage audiences in sustainability content, research, and activism. After more than a year of building collaborations and fostering community engagement, they were successful in accomplishing their goal of establishing their academic library as a Campus Sustainability Hub. This case study provides more details on how the librarians reached this goal, including why they initially decided to undertake such a large task, how they chose to define a “Sustainability Hub,” what benchmarks they needed to meet in order to obtain this status, how they reached these benchmarks, and how they plan on continuing to grow this initiative.
Transnational leisure, ethnic identity conflict and life satisfaction among fourth-generation young adult Korean ethnic minority in China

This study explored how engaging in transnational leisure activities affected ethno-cultural identity conflict and life satisfaction among fourth-generation young adult Chaoxianzu, a Korean ethnic ...
Characteristics of premature creep failure in over-tempered base metal of grade 91 steel weldment

Abstract In this work, characteristics of premature creep failure in the over-tempered base metal (OT-BM) of a Grade 91 steel weldment are investigated with specially designed creep experiments and advanced microstructure characterization. In situ digital image correlation (DIC) strain measurements reveal that local creep strain as high as 100% accumulated in the OT-BM, compared with only 10% nominal strain over the gauge length. The creep strain rate in the OT-BM is identical to that in the intercritical heat-affected zone and fine-grained heat-affected zone at the secondary creep stage and early tertiary stage, but faster at the late tertiary stage. Microstructural analysis shows that highly recovered microstructure in the OT-BM leads to the lowest hardness, the largest grain size, the lowest fraction of coincidence site lattice boundaries, and the lowest localized strain energy. Dislocation creep and transgranular creep fracture are the dominant deformation and fracture mechanisms in the OT-BM under the current creep testing condition of a low temperature (550 °C) and a high stress (215 MPa).
The Role of Race in Relations of Social Support to Hippocampal Volumes Among Older Adults

Evidence suggests social support may buffer brain pathology. However, neither its association with hippocampal volume, a marker of Alzheimer's disease risk, nor the role of race in this association has been fully investigated. Multiple regression analyses examined relations of total social support to magnetic resonance imaging-assessed gray matter (GM) hippocampal volumes in the total sample (n = 165; mean age = 68.48 year), and in race-stratified models of African American and White older adults, adjusting for select covariates. Results showed greater social support was associated with greater GM hippocampal volumes among African American older adults only (p < .01). Our findings suggest greater total social support may play a role in supporting the hippocampus, particularly among African American older adults, who had lower hippocampal volumes than their White counterparts. Further research is needed to test these questions longitudinally and examine which aspects of social support may promote hippocampal integrity, specifically.
Single and double shell ignition targets for the national ignition facility at 527 nm

Converting and using the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to deliver 527 nm light instead of its current 351 nm would allow the laser to deliver more energy and power to ignition targets. We update previous 527 nm target design work to reflect more contemporary target designs using high-density carbon capsules and low density helium gas filled Hohlraums. We extend single shell capsule designs based on current experimental results to higher energy and power and also explore double shell capsules, both driven by green light. These studies were completed using detailed pulse shapes found for targets that converged with acceptable 2D implosion symmetries and then used the Lava Lamp II code to confirm their feasibility at NIF. A 1.2× dimensional scaleup of one tuned NIF target at the limit of its current 351 nm capabilities and shot 170827 uses 3.3 MJ, at the limit of the current NIF's 527 nm capability. With the less-structured pulse of a double shell target, 3.7 MJ could be delivered by the laser. Our LPI calculations do not preclude operation at 527 nm, particularly for low fill Hohlraums, and suggest that the stimulated Raman backscatter may be no worse than the small quantities seen in 170827; stimulated forward Raman scattering may be present. If Stimulated Brillouin Scattering is too great, the much greater laser bandwidth available at 527 nm could be used to decrease backscatter. These larger targets with higher energy and power may offer a better chance of achieving ignition with only modest changes to the NIF laser.
Combined histopathological risk score using TP53 protein expression, CD8+ T cell density and intratumoral budding is an independent predictor of neoadjuvant therapy response in rectal adenocarcinoma.

AIMS Neoadjuvant therapy is the recommended treatment for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma; however, there remains significant variability in response to therapy. Tumour protein 53 (TP53) has been associated with therapy response and prognosis with conflicting data. Recently, we demonstrated that immune cell density and intratumoral budding (ITB) are predictive factors in rectal cancer. We investigated the predictive value of TP53 immunohistochemistry with CD8+ T cell density and ITB on pretreatment biopsies of rectal adenocarcinoma for response to neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Pretreatment biopsies of rectal adenocarcinoma from 117 patients with neoadjuvant therapy were analysed for TP53 expression by immunohistochemistry, ITB, CD8+ T cell density and mismatch repair protein (MMR) status. Most rectal adenocarcinomas displayed aberrant TP53 expression (86 of 117, 74%). Compared to wild-type TP53, aberrant TP53 expression was associated with proficient MMR status (P = 0.003) and low CD8+ T cell density (P = 0.001). Aberrant TP53 was significantly associated with a partial to poor response to neoadjuvant therapy [odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-5.62, P = 0.04]. A combined histopathological risk score (HRS) was created using CD8+ T cell density, ITB and TP53 expression. Patients were separated into low (none to one factor) and high (two to three factors) HRS categories. In the multivariable model, patients with a high HRS were 3.25-fold more likely to have a partial or poor response to neoadjuvant therapy (95% CI = 1.48-7.11, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that aberrant TP53 expression, high ITB and low CD8+ T cell density in pretreatment biopsies can help predict response to neoadjuvant therapy. These biomarkers may be helpful in identifying patients at risk for therapy resistance.
Acute Inflammation Confers Enhanced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we demonstrate that an inflammatory pulmonary environment at the time of infection mediated by lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice confers enhanced protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months postinfection. This early and transient inflammatory environment was associated with a neutrophil and CD11b+ cell influx and increased inflammatory cytokines. In vitro infection demonstrated that neutrophils from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice exhibited increased association with M. tuberculosis and had a greater innate capacity for killing M. tuberculosis. Finally, partial depletion of neutrophils in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice showed an increase in M. tuberculosis burden, suggesting neutrophils played a part in the protection observed in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. These results indicate a positive role for an inflammatory environment in the initial stages of M. tuberculosis infection and suggest that acute inflammation at the time of M. tuberculosis infection can positively alter disease outcome. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis disease, is estimated to infect one-fourth of the world's population and is one of the leading causes of death due to an infectious disease worldwide. The high-level variability in tuberculosis disease responses in the human populace may be linked to immune processes related to inflammation. In many cases, inflammation appears to exasperate tuberculosis responses; however, some evidence suggests inflammatory processes improve control of M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we show an acute inflammatory stimulus in mice provides protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months, suggesting acute inflammation can positively affect M. tuberculosis infection outcome.
Automatic segmentation of brain metastases using T1 magnetic resonance and computed tomography images.

An increasing number of patients with multiple brain metastases are being treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Manually identifying and contouring all metastatic lesions is difficult and time-consuming, and a potential source of variability. Hence, we developed a 3D deep learning approach for segmenting brain metastases on MR and CT images. Five-hundred eleven patients treated with SRS were retrospectively identified for this study. Prior to radiotherapy, the patients were imaged with 3D T1 spoiled-gradient MR post-Gd (T1 + C) and contrast-enhanced CT (CECT), which were co-registered by a treatment planner. The gross tumor volume contours, authored by the attending radiation oncologist, were taken as the ground truth. There were 3 ± 4 metastases per patient, with volume up to 57 ml. We produced a multi-stage model that automatically performs brain extraction, followed by detection and segmentation of brain metastases using co-registered T1 + C and CECT. Augmented data from 80% of these patients were used to train modified 3D V-Net convolutional neural networks for this task. We combined a normalized boundary loss function with soft Dice loss to improve the model optimization, and employed gradient accumulation to stabilize the training. The average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) for brain extraction was 0.975 ± 0.002 (95% CI). The detection sensitivity per metastasis was 90% (329/367), with moderate dependence on metastasis size. Averaged across 102 test patients, our approach had metastasis detection sensitivity 95 ± 3%, 2.4 ± 0.5 false positives, DSC of 0.76 ± 0.03, and 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance of 2.5 ± 0.3 mm (95% CIs). The volumes of automatic and manual segmentations were strongly correlated for metastases of volume up to 20 ml (r=0.97,p<0.001). This work expounds a fully 3D deep learning approach capable of automatically detecting and segmenting brain metastases using co-registered T1 + C and CECT.
Band Sampling for Hyperspectral Imagery

Band sampling (BSam) is an innovative concept for hyperspectral imaging, which is derived from signal sampling in communications/signal processing as well as sampling theory in information theory. It is quite different from band selection (BSel) in several aspects. First of all, BSam ``samples'' bands with a given fixed BSam rate (BSamR) as opposed to BSel, which ``selects'' appropriate bands according to the number of bands to be selected. Second, BSam requires no specific means of sampling bands compared to BSel, which requires a specific rule to select bands such as band prioritization (BP) criteria or band search strategies. Third, BSam samples bands without prior band knowledge or specific applications in contrast to BSel, which considers certain bands more significant than other bands according to various applications. Two strategies are developed for BSam. One is from information theory. Under a completely blind and unknown environment, the maximum entropy is achieved by the uniform distribution. This suggests that one best strategy for BSam is uniform band sampling (UBSam). Another strategy is random BSam (RBSam) analogous to random signal sampling in compressive sensing (CS) where the bands sampled by RBSam are random but are not deterministic like the bands selected by BSel. Interestingly, UBSam and RBSam generally perform better than custom-designed BSel methods. To illustrate its potential utility of BSam in various applications, target detection, anomaly detection, and image classification are studied through extensive experiments for demonstration.
A brief history of masting research.

Although it has long been recognized that seed production by many forest trees varies greatly from year to year, masting (along with ‘mast fruiting’, ‘mast seeding’ and ‘masting behaviour’) as a co...
Potential of infrared temperature measurements for the online estimation of the state-of-charge of a Li-polymer battery

Abstract The knowledge of the battery status in terms of state-of-health (SoH), state-of-charge (SoC), and state-of-power (SoP) is of great significance for the efficient usage of the available stored energy and to ensure the safety of electric vehicles. The SoC is the equivalent of the fuel tank gage as it indicates the amount of energy that can still be extracted from the battery before a recharge. Many techniques have been proposed in the literature for the estimation of the SoC based on more or less complex mathematical approaches. In general, the electric parameters of the battery were used. This work aims to trace a new path for the estimation of the SoC of a lithium polymer battery using thermal parameters instead of electric ones. Temperature measurements are already used in battery management systems with a different function than SoC evaluation. The approach presented here aims to give a more prominent role to the temperature data collected during the battery operation. This can serve as a main or secondary (cross-check) tool for the online estimation of the battery Soc. The battery temperature is measured during the discharge phase at a constant current and the following resting phase. Thermal imaging in the infrared band is applied to assess the presence of 2d inhomogeneity on the battery surface. The experimental data are coupled to an extensive theoretical analysis based on the lumped parameter model applying Newton's law of cooling in transient conditions. The first objective is the estimation of the open-circuit voltage over time, which is unknown during the operation. It is put in correlation to the SoC calculated with the Coulomb counting method. The open-circuit voltage versus SoC curve is essential for the online SoC determination. Theoretical results have been validated with the data of a multi-step test cycle performed on purpose. Finally, a new method for the online SoC estimation based on temperature measurements has been set up and validated.
Fluid Film Lubrication

Fluid film bearings are machine elements that should be studied within the broader context of tribology. The three subfields of tribology - friction, lubrication, and wear - are strongly interrelated. The last decade has witnessed significant advances in the area of fluid film lubrication and its applications, and this second edition offers a look at some of these advances. This edition adds to the fundamentals of fluid film lubrication, a discourse on surface effects and the inclusion of treatment of flow with significant inertia within the section on turbulence. Basic ideas of the multigrid method are conveyed along with multilevel multi-integration in the treatment of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. New chapters have been included on ultra-thin films, both liquid and gaseous, and lubrication of articulating joints and their replacement. Some of the most recent literature is discussed.
Biological roles for 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides. I. Lipolytic agents in isolated rat epididymal adipose cells and substrates for adipose tissue phosphodiesterase.

Abstract All 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides (3′,5′-CNS) tested, with the exception of thymine derivatives, were effective lipolytic agents in “permeable” rat epididymal adipose cells (adipocytes), but cells were most sensitive to cyclic AMP and its butyryl derivatives. With the exception of cyclic CMP and the butyryl derivatives of cyclic AMP, all 3′,5′-CNS were substrates for a partially purified adipose tissue phosphodiesterase (PDE); cyclic GMP and IMP were even more effective than cyclic AMP. Potency among 3′,5′-CNS as lipolytic agents was not inversely related to susceptibility to attack by PDE. Kinetic analyses of rates of lipolysis provided no evidence for interconversions among 3′,5′-CNS as a prerequisite for activation of lipolysis. Experiments with combinations of 3′,5 -CNS suggested that all activated the same lipolytic mechanism; only the thymine compounds inhibited basal and cyclic nucleotide-stimulated lipolysis, and these inhibitions were noncompetitive. 2′,3′-CNS did not stimulate lipolysis, but did inhibit the effects of cyclic AMP. Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and K + , in concentrations found in Krebs-Ringer buffers, drastically inhibited cyclic nucleotide-stimulated lipolysis in permeable adipocytes; the action of Mg 2+ appeared to be on inhibition of permeability, rather than on activation of PDE. Theophylline was as effective a lipolytic agent in permeable cells as it was in cells used with standard Krebs-Ringer buffers. Other 3′,5′-CNS did not protect cyclic AMP from attack by adipose tissue and liver PDE's.
Modification and Production of BAC Transgenes

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are the vectors of choice for the construction of genomic DNA libraries and, as such, have proven instrumental in the generation of large-scale physical maps; positional cloning projects; and the sequencing of human, mouse, and a plethora of other genomes. A number of methods have recently been developed to modify BAC DNA (e.g., insertion, deletion, substitution), making BACs even more useful for functional genomic research. This unit describes two protocols for BAC modification in E. coli, one that allows for specific changes at a given DNA sequence and another that is more suited for rapid and nonspecific integration of foreign DNA (such as a reporter cassette) into a BAC insert. In addition, a simple and reliable method for preparing BAC DNA for pronuclear microinjection is also provided.
Combined heat and power systems with dual power generation units and thermal storage

SUMMARY The objective of this paper is to study the performance of a combined heat and power (CHP) system that uses two power generation units (PGU). In addition, the effect of thermal energy storage is evaluated for the proposed dual-PGU CHP configuration (D-CHP). Two scenarios are evaluated in this paper. In the first scenario, one PGU operates at base-loading condition, while the second PGU operates following the electric load. In the second scenario, one PGU operates at base-loading condition, while the second PGU operates following the thermal load. The D-CHP system is modeled for the same building in four different locations to account for variation of the electric and thermal loads due to weather data. The D-CHP system results are compared with the reference building by using conventional technology to determine the benefits of this proposed system in terms of operational cost and carbon dioxide emissions. The D-CHP system results, with and without thermal storage, are also compared with that of single-PGU CHP systems operating following the electric load (FEL), following the thermal load (FTL), and base-loaded (BL). Results indicate that the D-CHP system operating either FEL or FTL in general provides better results than a single-PGU CHP system operating FEL, FTL, or BL. The addition of thermal storage enhances the potential benefits from D-CHP system operation in terms of operational cost savings and emissions savings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On positive spectral density functions

A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a weakly stationary random field (indexed by the integer lattice of an arbitrary finite dimension) to have a spectral density which is bounded between two positive constants. As a corollary, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for a positive continuous spectral density. The conditions involve `linear' dependence coefficients.
Gender differences in knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding

The literature presented evidence that the opinions and attitudes of the father or male partner towards breastfeeding have a strong positive correlation with breastfeeding initiation and duration. Men are also found less knowledgeable about breastfeeding and are more positive towards formula feeding than women. Using a survey of college-aged men and women, this study provides in-depth understanding of gender differences in knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding. The Infant Feeding Knowledge Test and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale were included in the questionnaire in addition to questions about the respondents' intention to breastfeed, exposure to breastfeeding during infancy and socio-demographic characteristics of the family of origin. The final sample consists of 181 women and 88 men enrolled in a university in the Southern US. Linear regressions with gender interaction terms were estimated in order to isolate the gender-specific correlations between their family background and their knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding. A series of Chi-square tests examined whether the regression coefficients were significantly different between men and women. Results support existing evidence of gender gap in breastfeeding knowledge and attitude. More importantly, the study reveals that the influence of one's family background on their knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding is significantly different between men and women. It suggests a possibility of greater disagreement regarding feeding choices within a higher socioeconomic status (SES) couple. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Foraging efficiency and small game: The importance of dovekie (Alle alle) in Inughuit subsistence

ABSTRACT The archaeological site at Iita in Northwest Greenland offers a unique opportunity to investigate the importance of small game in Inughuit (Polar Eskimo) and Thule subsistence. The presence of large colonies of dovekie (Alle alle) at Iita has played a key role in attracting people to this area for the past eight hundred years. An estimated 15 million pairs of dovekie breed along the northwest coast of Greenland during the summer months, offering humans access to reliable meat for winter storage as well as bird skins for clothing. Of the +25,000 faunal remains recovered from the 2006 excavation of two winter houses at Iita, dating from AD 1400–1920, the majority were dovekie bones (N= 17,287), which suggests a reliance on these small birds. Under optimal foraging models, the presence of small animals in the diet is generally associated with reduced foraging efficiency, but many such interpretations do not account for the changed costs and benefits associated with mass capture. Ethnographic account...
Hydrogen sulfide and cerebral microvascular tone in newborn pigs.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that appears to be involved in numerous biological processes, including regulation of blood pressure and vascular tone. The present study is d...
Using atmospheric chemistry and storm track information to explain the variation of nitrate stable isotopes in precipitation at a site in central Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Stable isotopes of NO3− (δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3−) were monitored in precipitation at a central Pennsylvania site during six storm events in 2005 to determine whether information on atmospheric oxidants (e.g., O3, NO2, and NOx), and storm tracks (using the NOAA HYSPLIT model) were capable of explaining observed seasonal and within-storm isotopic variation. Results showed that δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3− in precipitation varied significantly during individual storm events. Seasonally, δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3− in precipitation followed a pattern of depletion during the summer months and enrichment during the winter months. NO3− precursor concentrations and atmospheric oxidants were useful for explaining the seasonal and within-storm variation of δ15N–NO3− for all six storm events as evidenced by negative relationships with NO2:NOx ratios and ozone (O3). In comparison, δ18O–NO3− was positively related to O3 in three dormant season storms, which suggested that the O3 oxidation pathway was important for producing the high δ18O–NO3− observed in wintertime precipitation. Storm track information was especially useful for describing differences in δ15N–NO3−. Cool-sector storms originating from the E/NE produced slightly negative δ15N–NO3− values characteristic of automobile emissions, whereas warm-sector storms with tracks from the SW/S/SE produced slightly positive δ15N–NO3− values characteristic of coal-fired emissions. Lightning also may have been an important source of atmospheric NO3− during two warm-sector thunderstorms. This study showed that (1) information about oxidant levels can be useful to predict the seasonal and within-storm variation of NO3− stable isotopes in precipitation, and (2) knowledge of storm tracks (warm-sector versus cool-sector) may be important for determining sources of NO3− in wet deposition.
Symmetric ILP: Coloring and small integers

This paper presents techniques for handling symmetries in integer linear programs where variables can take integer values, extending previous work dealing exclusively with binary variables. Orthogonal array construction and coloring problems are used as illustrations.
Economics of Organization and Management: An Integrative Course Proposal

This article proposes a new approach, based on the economics of organization and management (EOM), to the core business course in managerial economics. EOM is a relatively new area of economic study that seeks to understand managerial decisions and activities within organizations. The proposed course will provide students with a framework for integrating business concepts across the curriculum, introduce more substantive and direct managerial applications, and create an environment conducive to interactive learning. The justifications for these statements are delineated in a discussion of the limitations of current perspectives and the benefits of adopting the integrative approach.
Vorticity Generation by Contoured Wall Injectors

A class of contoured wall fuel injectors was designed to enable shock-enhancement of hypervelocity mixing for supersonic combustion ramjet applications. Previous studies of these geometries left unresolved questions concerning the relative importance of various axial vorticity sources in mixing the injectant with the freestream. The present study is a numerical simulation of two generic fuel injectors which is aimed at elucidating the relative roles of axial vorticity sources including: baroclinic torque through shock-impingement, cross-stream shear, turning of boundary layer vorticity, shock curvature, and diffusive flux. Both the magnitude of the circulation, and the location of vorticity with respect to the mixing interface were considered. Baroclinic torque and cross-stream shear were found to be most important in convectively mixing the injectant with the freestream, with the former providing for deposition of vorticity directly on the fue1/air interface.
G1 arrest and high expression of cyclin kinase and apoptosis inhibitors in accumulated activated/memory phenotype CD4+ cells of older lupus mice

A general characteristic of lupus-prone mice (and humans) is the expedited accumulation of large numbers of presumably self-reactive activated/memory phenotype T cells. The mechanism by which these cells escape apoptosis has not been defined. We used activated/memory phenotype CD4+ cells from male BXSB mice with early-life severe lupus-like disease to investigate cell cycle status and apoptosis susceptibility, and to determine the role of corresponding genes in survival of these cells. In vitro acridine orange staining indicated that most of the rapidly accumulating memory phenotype CD4+ T cells of 4-month-old male BXSB mice are G1 arrested. Long-term bromodeoxyuridine in vivo labeling also showed that with advanced age, there was a shift of the CD4+ CD44(hi) male cells from predominantly cycling to predominantly noncycling. Moreover, the CD4+ CD44(hi) cells of older males were refractory to anti-CD3-induced proliferation and apoptosis. Using a multiprobe RNase protection assay encompassing riboprobe panels for cell cycle and apoptosis-related genes, we found that these cells exhibited high expression of certain members of the Ink4 (p18Ink4C) and Cip/Kip (p21Cip1) families of cyclin kinase inhibitors as well as of the apoptosis-inhibiting Bcl-xL gene. Western blot analysis confirmed increased levels of Bcl-xL and p21Cip1, and also identified increases in another cyclin kinase inhibitor, p27Kip1. We propose that in autoimmunity, self-reactive CD4+ cells are subjected to successive rounds of activation/division that eventually lead to a build-up in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Once high levels of such inhibitors are reached, they cause refractoriness to further activation, impaired cell cycle entry and resistance to apoptosis, a situation akin to replicative senescence.
Heuristics as a Basis for Assessing Creative Potential: Measures, Methods, and Contingencies

Studies of creative thinking skills have generally measured a single aspect of creativity, divergent thinking. A number of other processes involved in creative thought have been identified. Effective execution of these processes is held to depend on the strategies applied in process execution, or heuristics. In this article, we review prior studies, examining the procedures used to measure these heuristics. Evidence for the reliability and validity of these measures is provided where available. In addition, we propose alternative methods for the measurement of heuristics. The implications of measuring heuristics on the study of creativity are discussed.
The influence of dynamic strain aging on resistance to strain reversal as assessed through the Bauschinger effect

Abstract The Bauschinger effect of three commercially produced medium carbon bar steels representing different microstructural classes with similar tensile strengths and substantially different yielding and work-hardening behaviors at low-strain was evaluated at room temperature and in situ at temperatures up to 361 °C. The influence of deformation at dynamic strain aging temperatures as a means to produce a more stable dislocation structure was evaluated by measuring the resistance to strain reversal during in situ Bauschinger effect tests. It was shown that the three medium carbon steels exhibited substantial increases in strength at dynamic strain aging temperatures with the peak in flow stress occurring at a test temperature of 260 °C for an engineering strain rate of 10 −4 s −1 . Compressive flow stress data following tensile plastic prestrain levels of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 increased with an increase in temperature to a range between 260 °C and 309 °C, the temperature range where dynamic strain aging was shown to be most effective. The increased resistance to flow on strain reversal at elevated temperature was attributed to the generation of more stable dislocation structures during prestrain. It is suggested that Bauschinger effect measurements can be used to assess the potential performance of materials in fatigue loading conditions and to identify temperature ranges for processing in applications that utilize non-uniform plastic deformation (e.g. shot peening, deep rolling, etc.) to induce controlled residual stress fields stabilized by the processing at temperatures where dynamic strain aging is active.
Gas exchange responses to continuous incremental cycle ergometry exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension in humans

In patients suffering from primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), a raised pulmonary vascular resistance may limit the ability to increase pulmonary blood flow as work rate increases. We hypothesised that oxygen uptake (V˙O2) may not rise appropriately with increasing work rate during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Nine PPH patients and nine normal subjects performed symptom-limited maximal continuous incremental cycle ergometry exercise. Mean peak V˙O2 [1.00 (SD 0.22) compared to 2.58 (SD 0.64) l · min−1] and mean V˙O2 at lactic acidosis threshold [LAT, 0.73 (SD 0.17) compared to 1.46 (SD 0.21 · l) ml · min−1] were much lower in patients than in normal subjects (both P < 0.01, two-way ANOVA with Tukey test). The mean rate of change of V˙O2 with increasing work rate above the LAT [5.9 (SD 2.1) compared to 9.4 (SD 1.3) ml · min−1 · W−1, P < 0.01)] was also much lower in patients than in normal subjects [apparent δ efficiency 60.3 (SD 38.8)% in patients compared to 31.0 (SD 4.9)% in normal subjects]. The patients displayed lower mean values of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide than the normal subjects at peak exercise [29.7 (SD 6.8) compared to 42.4 (SD 5.8) mmHg, P < 0.01] and mean oxyhaemoglobin saturation [89.1 (SD 4.1) compared to 93.6 (SD 1.8)%, P < 0.05]. Mean ventilatory equivalents for CO2 [49.3 (SD 11.4) compared to 35.0 (SD 7.3), P < 0.05] and O2 [44.2 (SD 10.7) compared to 29.9 (SD 5.1), P < 0.05] were greater in patients than normal subjects. The sub-normal slopes for the V˙O2-work-rate relationship above the LAT indicated severe impairment of the circulatory response to exercise in patients with PPH. The ventilatory abnormalities in PPH suggested that the lung had become an inefficient gas exchange organ because of impaired perfusion of the ventilated lung.
Self-Organization, Entropy Production, and Physical Intelligence

Presenting thermodynamic systems from the modern thermodynamic point of view, an effort is made to discuss physical intelligence (PI) entirely in terms of thermodynamic forces, flows, stability. The following are noted: (a) A reasonable starting point for inquiry into PI is dissipative structures: ordered processes that require continuous production of entropy for their maintenance. The entropy production rate increases when irreversible processes form intricate networks capable of interacting with the environment in complex ways. High entropy production rates may be a necessary condition for PI. (b) Availability of a large number of dissipative structures, among which a system makes transitions when it interacts with its environment, may constitute an additional necessary condition for PI. Inter-state transitions enhance the rate of entropy production and they could ground a physical perspective on perception-action. (c) PI tied to dissipative structures would imply that it is non-algorithmic. (d) PI var...
Intracerebral transplantation of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells into fetal and newborn kittens

A human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD) was transplanted intracerebrally in fetal kittens in an attempt to repeat the recovery of an RD-114-like virus. No virus was recovered from six such transplant tumors. Similar transplant tumors formed by RD cells productively infected prior to transplantation with feline leukemia virus or murine sarcoma virus released viruses that were not detectably altered from the parent viruses.
n-dimensional codes for detecting and correcting multiple errors0

The paper introduces a new family of codes for detecting and correcting multiple errors in a binary-coded message. The message itself is arranged (conceptually) into a multidimensional rectangular array. The processes of encoding and error detection are based upon parity evaluations along prescribed dimensions of the array. Effectiveness of the codes is increased by introducing a “system check bit”, which is essentially a parity check on the other parity bits. Only three-dimensional codes are discussed in this paper, with parity evaluations along the horizontal, the vertical, and one main diagonal. However, the family of codes is not restricted to three dimensions, as evidenced by the discussion by Minnick and Ashenhurst on a similar multidimensional single-bit selection plan used for another purpose [6]. A four-dimensional code, correcting three and detecting four errors, has been developed; the extension to higher-dimensional codes with greater correction power is straightforward.