cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiologic evaluation of pulmonary function in the candidate for lung resection.

From July 1, 1974, to December 31, 1990, 2340 patients who underwent pulmonary resection were evaluated by comprehensive analysis of pulmonary function. Pulmonary function test criteria for resection were (1) pneumonectomy: forced expiratory volume in 1 second greater than 2 L; forced expiratory flow rate from 25 % to 75% greater than 1.6 L; maximum voluntary ventilation greater than 55%; (2) lobectomy: forced expiratory volume in 1 second greater than 1 L; forced expiratory flow rate from 25% to 75% greater than 0.6 L; maximum voluntary ventilation greater than 40%; (3) wedge or segmental resection: forced expiratory volume in 1 second greater than 0.6 L; forced expiratory flow rate from 25% to 75% greater than 0.6 L; maximum voluntary ventilation greater than 35%. Split perfusion lung scan and Reichel exercise stress testing were utilized as indicated. When these values of pulmonary function have been applied, a more precise method of selecting patients for various types of pulmonary resection has resulted in a lower mortality while denying operation to less than 1% of the patients who are considered for surgical resection.
ASSESSING THE DICE MODEL: UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH THE EMISSION AND RETENTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

Analysis of the DICE model indicates that it contains unsupported assumptions, simple extrapolations, and misspecifications that cause it to understate the rate at which economic activity emits greenhouse gases and the rate at which the atmosphere retains greenhouse gases. The model assumes a world population that is 2 billion people lower than the ’base case' projected by demographers. The model extrapolates a decline in the quantity of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of economic activity that is possible only if there is a structural break in the economic and engineering factors that have determined this ratio over the last century. The model uses a single equation to simulate the rate at which greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere. The forecast for the airborne fraction generated by this equation contradicts forecasts generated by models that represent the physical and chemical processes which determine the movement of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean. When these unsupported assumptions, simple extrapolations, and misspecifications are remedied with simple fixes, the economic impact of global climate change increases several fold. Similarly, these remedies increase the impact of uncertainty on estimates for the economic impact of global climate change. Together, these results indicate that considerable scientific and economic research is needed before the threat of climate change can be dismissed with any degree of certainty.
One Church, Plural Theologies

At any earlier time in this century, pluralism referred to a religious pluralism in which the Church was regarded as one sect among many. Today, the meaning of pluralism has been expanded to include irreligion as well as religion. In fact, the pluralist society in which the Church vies for allegiance is largely a secular society. This is true of the West in general, and it probably became true in Europe before it became so in the United States. How it became so in the States is a long story that need not be told here.
5-HT release in nucleus accumbens rescues social deficits in mouse autism model

Dysfunction in prosocial interactions is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie sociability are poorly understood, limiting the rational development of therapies to treat social deficits. Here we show in mice that bidirectional modulation of the release of serotonin (5-HT) from dorsal raphe neurons in the nucleus accumbens bidirectionally modifies sociability. In a mouse model of a common genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder-a copy number variation on chromosome 16p11.2-genetic deletion of the syntenic region from 5-HT neurons induces deficits in social behaviour and decreases dorsal raphe 5-HT neuronal activity. These sociability deficits can be rescued by optogenetic activation of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons, an effect requiring and mimicked by activation of 5-HT1b receptors in the nucleus accumbens. These results demonstrate an unexpected role for 5-HT action in the nucleus accumbens in social behaviours, and suggest that targeting this mechanism may prove therapeutically beneficial.
Quality improvement using new technology to assess and reduce FDG PET/CT radiotracer infiltrations.

313Background: The reported aggregated PET/CT 18F-FDG radiotracer injection infiltration rate from 3 centers in 6 studies is 15.2% (425 infiltrations/2804 patients). Infiltrations can negatively af...
Beyond Human Perception: Sexual Dimorphism in Hand and Wrist Radiographs Is Discernible by a Deep Learning Model

Despite the well-established impact of sex and sex hormones on bone structure and density, there has been limited description of sexual dimorphism in the hand and wrist in the literature. We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict sex based on hand radiographs of children and adults aged between 5 and 70 years. Of the 1531 radiographs tested, the algorithm predicted sex correctly in 95.9% (κ = 0.92) of the cases. Two human radiologists achieved 58% (κ = 0.15) and 46% (κ = − 0.07) accuracy. The class activation maps (CAM) showed that the model mostly focused on the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal base or thumb sesamoid in women, and distal radioulnar joint, distal radial physis and epiphysis, or 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint in men. The radiologists reviewed 70 cases (35 females and 35 males) labeled with sex along with heat maps generated by CAM, but they could not find any patterns that distinguish the two sexes. A small sample of patients (n = 44) with sexual developmental disorders or transgender identity was selected for a preliminary exploration of application of the model. The model prediction agreed with phenotypic sex in only 77.8% (κ = 0.54) of these cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated a machine learning model to perform a task in which human experts could not fulfill.
Use of Physical Activity Monitoring Devices by Families in Rural Communities: Qualitative Approach

Background: Several studies support the impact of information communication technology–based interventions to promote physical activity among youth. However, little is known on how technology can be used by the entire family to encourage healthy behavior. Previous studies showed that children and youth rely and are dependent upon the decisions and values of their caregivers when it comes to having a healthy lifestyle. Thus, the exploration of behavior and attitudes of the entire family is needed. Objective: The study aimed to explore (1) perceptions of how the use of physical activity tracking devices (Fitbit Zip) by families in rural communities influence their patterns of participation in physical activity, (2) how attitudes toward physical activity change as a result of using physical activity tracking devices as a family, and (3) what factors influence participation in physical activity among families in rural communities. Methods: A total of 11 families with 1 to 3 children of different ages (7-13 years) took part in semistructured group interviews following 2 weeks of using physical activity tracking devices (Fitbit Zip) as a family. The participants were asked to discuss their experience using the Fitbit Zip as a family, the motivation to be physically active, the changes in their pattern of participation in those activities, the level of engagement by different family members, and the factors that affected their participation. All interviews were voice-recorded with the participants’ permission and later transcribed verbatim using pseudonyms. To analyze the data, the principal investigator (IS) used open, axial, and selective coding techniques. Results: A total of 3 themes and several subthemes appeared from the data. The families in rural communities reported no or minimal changes in physical activities as a result of using physical activity tracking devices (Fitbit Zip) because of a lack of interest or an already active lifestyle. However, the attitude toward physical activity was altered. The family members reported an increased awareness of their activity level, introduced more conversations about active and healthy lifestyles, and changed their view of physical activity to a more positive one. The participants described the changes they were able to make and the constraining factors that stopped them from making further changes in their lifestyle. Conclusions: Technology might serve as a facilitator to participation in physical activity among families. Technology can motivate the change in attitude toward active recreation. As long-term changes in lifestyle require internal motivation, the change in the attitude might have a more long-lasting impact than the change in the immediate behavior. More longitudinal studies are needed to further explore long-term change in both behavior and attitude toward physical activity. Additional exploration of constraints to participation in physical activity among families is also an important area of exploration.
Gastric carcinoids: Does type of surgery or tumor affect survival?

Abstract Background Gastric carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. They are typically managed according to their etiology. However, there is little known about the impact of surgical strategy on the long-term outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients who underwent resection of gastric carcinoids at 8 institutions from 2000 to 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. Tumors were stratified according to subtype (I, II, III, IV) and resection type (local resection, LR or formal gastrectomy, FG). Clinicopathological parameters, recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between groups. Results Of 79 patients identified with gastric carcinoids, 34 had type I lesions associated with atrophic gastritis, 4 had type II lesions associated with a gastrinoma, 37 had type III sporadic lesions, and 4 had type IV poorly-differentiated lesions. The mean age of presentation was 56 years in predominantly Caucasian (77%) and female (63%) patients. Mean tumor size was 2.4 cm and multifocal tumors were found in 24 (30%) of patients with the majority occurring in those with type I tumors. Lymph node positive tumors were seen in 15 (19%) patients and 7 (8%) had M1 disease; both most often in type IV followed by type III tumors. R0 resection was achieved in 56 (71%) patients while 15 (19%) had R1 resections and 6 (8%) R2 resections. Patients with type I and III tumors were equally likely to have a LR (50% and 43% respectively) compared to FG while those with type II and IV all had FG with one exception. Type IV tumors had the poorest RFS and OS while Type II tumors had the most favorable RFS and OS (p Conclusion Gastric carcinoid treatment should be tailored to tumor type, as biologic behavior rather than resection technique is the more important factor contributing to long-term outcomes.
A scalable sparse Cholesky based approach for learning high-dimensional covariance matrices in ordered data

Covariance estimation for high-dimensional datasets is a fundamental problem in machine learning, and has numerous applications. In these high-dimensional settings the number of features or variables p is typically larger than the sample size n. A popular way of tackling this challenge is to induce sparsity in the covariance matrix, its inverse or a relevant transformation. In many applications, the data come with a natural ordering. In such settings, methods inducing sparsity in the Cholesky parameter of the inverse covariance matrix can be quite useful. Such methods are also better positioned to yield a positive definite estimate of the covariance matrix, a critical requirement for several downstream applications. Despite some important advances in this area, a principled approach to general sparse-Cholesky based covariance estimation with both statistical and algorithmic convergence safeguards has been elusive. In particular, the two popular likelihood based methods proposed in the literature either do not lead to a well-defined estimator in high-dimensional settings, or consider only a restrictive class of models. In this paper, we propose a principled and general method for sparse-Cholesky based covariance estimation that aims to overcome some of the shortcomings of current methods, but retains their respective strengths. We obtain a jointly convex formulation for our objective function, and show that it leads to rigorous convergence guarantees and well-defined estimators, even when $$p > n$$ . Very importantly, the approach always leads to a positive definite and symmetric estimator of the covariance matrix. We establish both high-dimensional estimation and selection consistency, and also demonstrate excellent finite sample performance on simulated/real data.
Modeling the Chemistry and Properties of Multinuclear Manganese Enzymes

Dinuclear manganese complexes have been prepared using two similar ligands 2-OHsalpn and salpn. These complexes span the Mn-oxidation states from II/II to IV/IV. The [Mn(2-OHsalpn)]2 complexes have been demonstrated to be efficient functional models for the manganese catalases, and suggest a mechanism for inactivation of the enzymes. The high valent system [MnIV(salpn)(μ-O]2 can be successively protonated on the oxo bridges, which leads to changes in Mn-Mn distance, magnetic exchange and reaction chemistry. The second protonation leads to reductive decomposition of the dimer to MnIII monomers, likely accompanied by oxidation of water.
Catalytically sustainable, palladium-decorated graphene oxide monoliths for synthesis in flow

Abstract Continuous flow synthesis is an essential route towards high throughput manufacturing of fine chemical and pharmaceutical products. The mentioned chemistries are often catalyzed by solid-supported catalysts via packed beds which are characterized by multiple issues such as high pressure-drops, micro channeling through the bed, and leaching of the metallic catalyst into the product stream. These issues lower the overall process efficiency. Three dimensional (3D) structures, known as monoliths, with high porosity and mechanical robustness, offer the ideal properties to be used macroscopic supports for metallic catalyst particles. This approach has shown to alleviate several known issues with catalyst packed beds effectively. Herein centimeter-scale monolithic catalysts of palladium (Pd)-decorated, covalently-bonded graphene oxide (GO) layers have been prepared via a completely aqueous, one-pot system. These monolithic composite structures were designed for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions in flow. As highly engineered materials, monoliths’ properties such as oxygen content and Pd catalyst ionic species were tuned via microwave irradiation and ethanol vapor reduction treatments. The optimal monolithic catalysts showed over 5 h of operational longevity in flow, which was 300% higher than the conventional Pd on GO catalyst packed beds. As a proof of concept, the monolithic catalyst was successfully used as a model structure for nondestructive X-ray CT-scan elemental and porosity mapping in the centimeter scale.
HUMAN CAPITAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL : THE RISE OF SECONDARY SCHOOLING IN AMERICA, 1910-1940

The landlord who lives in town has only a financial interest and must be reached from the financial side. He may well be reminded that when he offers his farm for sale it will be to his advantage to advertise, 'free transportation to a good graded school." Those who have no children to attend school are often indifferent as to school privileges, but they more than others should be interested in securing to the children of the whole community the best educational advantages possible. They may be secure and independent at present, but if they live out their years with no children to depend upon in old age, they must of necessity rely upon someone, they know not whom, who is today in the public schools. Their only safeguard lies in giving the best advantages possible to all.
Cardiovascular risk assessment: The foundation of preventive cardiology.

The foundation of preventive cardiology begins with knowing the patient's baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk from which the patient-clinician risk discussion informs on the best ways to lower risk through lifestyle management, as well as a decision about the initiation and intensity of pharmacologic therapy. Global CVD risk assessment involves estimation of cardiovascular risk using a basic panel of risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study championed the first such risk scores, followed by others around the world. Most recently, the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) have been recommended in the United States as a starting point in CVD risk assessment. Persons at low ( 20%) 10-year risk are recommended for both lifestyle and pharmacologic therapy to reduce risk. Assessing the presence of one or more "risk enhancing" factors is intended to inform the treatment decision in those at borderline (5-<7.5%) or intermediate (7.5-20%) risk, with the use of coronary calcium scores to further refine the treatment decision. Moreover, not all those with ASCVD are treated equal, and recent guidelines provide criteria for identifying those at very high risk. While current techniques best predict long-term risk of CVD events, biomarkers strategies are being developed to predict near-term events, and other imaging techniques such as coronary CT angiography and vascular MRI hold promise to identify vulnerable plaque. Validation and incorporating into clinical practice such state of the art techniques will be vital to moving CVD risk assessment to the next level.
Dynamic Value Stream Optimization for Manual Assembly in the Learning Factory for Cyber-Physical Production Systems

Abstract In terms of globalization, producing companies are facing a high international competition. Therefore, many companies have to enable their production systems and their employees for mass customization. Especially in manual assembly, rising product variance and complexity can lead to a lower overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and higher error rates. In order to master rising product variance and complexity, digital assistance systems can support the production manager and the assembly worker by providing, transmitting and receiving product information ongoing and in real-time. This paper presents a process model for selecting digital assistance systems and developing an agile work organization in the learning factory for cyber-physical production systems (LVP). Based on an assembly scenario of remote-controlled cars, participants are supported by a digital dashboard, which visualizes their net production time, open capacity and level of synchronization in real time. First observations in the LVP show that participants are able to analyze their current value stream, detect the bottleneck assembly station and optimize their value stream by shifting participants to assembly stations with a higher net-production time or shifting assembly tasks to other assembly stations with a lower net-production time independently.
High-Performance Atomically-Thin Room-Temperature NO2 Sensor

The development of room-temperature sensing devices for detecting small concentrations of molecular species is imperative for a wide range of low-power sensor applications. We demonstrate a room-temperature, highly sensitive, selective, stable, and reversible chemical sensor based on a monolayer of the transition-metal dichalcogenide Re0.5Nb0.5S2. The sensing device exhibits a thickness-dependent carrier type, and upon exposure to NO2 molecules, its electrical resistance considerably increases or decreases depending on the layer number. The sensor is selective to NO2 with only minimal response to other gases such as NH3, CH2O, and CO2. In the presence of humidity, not only are the sensing properties not deteriorated but also the monolayer sensor shows complete reversibility with fast recovery at room temperature. We present a theoretical analysis of the sensing platform and identify the atomically sensitive transduction mechanism.
A high salt meal does not impair cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy young adults.

A high sodium (Na+ ) meal impairs peripheral vascular function. In rodents, chronic high dietary Na+ impairs cerebral vascular function, and in humans, habitual high dietary Na+ is associated with increased stroke risk. However, the effects of acute high dietary Na+ on the cerebral vasculature in humans are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute high dietary Na+ impairs cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy adults. Thirty-seven participants (20F/17M; 25 ± 5 years; blood pressure [BP]: 107 ± 9/61 ± 6 mm Hg) participated in this randomized, cross-over study. Participants were given a low Na+ meal (LSM; 138 mg Na+ ) and a high Na+ meal (HSM; 1,495 mg Na+ ) separated by ≥ one week. Serum Na+ , beat-to-beat BP, middle cerebral artery velocity (transcranial Doppler), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PET CO2 ) were measured pre- (baseline) and 60 min post-prandial. Cerebrovascular reactivity was assessed by determining the percent change in middle cerebral artery velocity to hypercapnia (via 8% CO2 , 21% oxygen, balance nitrogen) and hypocapnia (via mild hyperventilation). Peripheral vascular function was measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Changes in serum Na+ were greater following the HSM (HSM: Δ1.6 ± 1.2 mmol/L vs. LSM: Δ0.7 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p < .01). Cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia (meal effect: p = .41) and to hypocapnia (meal effect: p = .65) were not affected by the HSM. Contrary with previous findings, FMD was not reduced following the HSM (meal effect: p = .74). These data suggest that a single high Na+ meal does not acutely impair cerebrovascular reactivity, and suggests that despite prior findings, a single high Na+ meal does not impair peripheral vascular function in healthy adults.
Abstract 16091: Cardiac Mechanical Determinants of Exercise Function in Differing Fontan Heart Failure Phenotypes

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the association of contractility, afterload, and diastolic dysfunction to exercise function between patients with heart failure and pres...
Acid–base dysregulation and chemosensory mechanisms in panic disorder: a translational update

Panic disorder (PD), a complex anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, represents a poorly understood psychiatric condition which is associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide. Recently however, neuroimaging and panic provocation challenge studies have provided insights into the pathoetiology of panic phenomena and have begun to elucidate potential neural mechanisms that may underlie panic attacks. In this regard, accumulating evidence suggests that acidosis may be a contributing factor in induction of panic. Challenge studies in patients with PD reveal that panic attacks may be reliably provoked by agents that lead to acid–base dysbalance such as CO2 inhalation and sodium lactate infusion. Chemosensory mechanisms that translate pH into panic-relevant fear, autonomic, and respiratory responses are therefore of high relevance to the understanding of panic pathophysiology. Herein, we provide a current update on clinical and preclinical studies supporting how acid–base imbalance and diverse chemosensory mechanisms may be associated with PD and discuss future implications of these findings.
Doctor as Street-Level Bureaucrat

Doctor as Street-Level Bureaucrat Doctors are street-level bureaucrats, making decisions that can have particularly significant effects on vulnerable people. Often when we’re faced with a choice be...
Teachers’ Use of Specific, Contingent, and Varied Praise:

Behavior-specific praise is a research-based classroom management strategy that promotes appropriate student behaviors. Praise specificity, however, may not be the only characteristic of praise tha...
New Zealand Police’s Policing Excellence and Prevention First Strategy: A New Approach to Police Service Delivery

Since the 1980s, the New Zealand Police have attempted to introduce a number of extensive change management programmes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their core services: Project Blueprint, Policing 2000, Policing Excellence and Prevention First. The latest change management programmes ‘Policing Excellence and Prevention First’ arose from three circumstances that were placing pressure on the delivery of policing services: (1) the impact of the 2007 global financial crisis on public sector funding and budgets; (2) unsustainable increases in demand for police services and (3) the need for police to modernize, coupled with opportunities to lift productivity, for example through the better use of technology. The New Zealand Police’s operating environment had become increasingly complex in the decade prior to the 2007 global crisis. Crime, however, was declining, but the actual social cost of crime had been increasing. The New Zealand Government viewed the situation as unsustainable as the increasing costs were placing a heavy burden on the wider Justice Sector, with Justice Sector costs increasing 79% between 1999 and 2009. At the same time, there was an increasing demand for police services, which reflected the changes in social, demographic and economic conditions. In response to these pressures, the New Zealand Police identified a number of organizational improvement opportunities that could increase productivity and deliver efficient, sustainable services. These opportunities were developed and implemented under the two separate programmes called Policing Excellence and Prevention First. This chapter will describe and examine these programmes, and evaluate how successful they have been since their introduction in 2009–2010.
Technical Note: An inversion algorithm to estimate maximum and minimum horizontal stress based on field test data for sleeve fracturing

Abstract An algorithm is developed to estimate maximum and minimum horizontal stress using experimental data from sleeve fracturing experiments. The algorithm is developed by analyzing the crack initiation, propagation and interaction behavior between primary and secondary cracks based on the Finite Element Method with Cohesive Zone elements. Five key quantities can be obtained from data curves and comprise the basis of the algorithm in a manner consistent with an approximate model based on stress analysis around the borehole. The algorithm has been validated by 100 synthetic data cases covering various parameter combinations. Moreover, quantifying the degree of uncertainty in the stress prediction indicates strongest dependence on detecting when the borehole deformation from the first fracture(s) is impacted by growth of secondary fracture(s). Validity based on simulated data motivates new methods for high resolution strain sensing during sleeve fracturing especially for the purpose of accurately detecting secondary fracture initiation.
Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet: explaining immune complex disease in 1906.

What only one person accomplish in a lifetime? Pirquet, an exceedingly curious pediatrician with acute powers of observation and deduction, not only solved the riddle of serum sickness and developed the concept of allergy, but also made contributions to the study of nutrition and aging.
A stochastic integral equation method for modeling the rough surface effect on interconnect capacitance

In This work we describe a stochastic integral equation method for computing the mean value and the variance of capacitance of interconnects with random surface roughness. An ensemble average Green's function is combined with a matrix Neumann expansion to compute nominal capacitance and its variance. This method avoids the time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations and the discretization of rough surfaces. Numerical experiments show that the results of the new method agree very well with Monte Carlo simulation results.
Utilization of Direct Estimation Method to Predict the Maximum Acceptable Weight of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Lift

The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness and accuracy of using the direct estimation method to determine a worker's lifting capacity or MAWOL of symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting tasks. Sixteen lifting tasks involving four different lifting angles and lifting frequencies were studied. In the first part of the study, ten male subjects performed sixteen lifting tasks to predict the MAWOL for each task condition using the psychophysical method. In the second session of the study, the MAWOL for sixteen task conditions were estimated using the direct estimation method. The results of this study indicate that direct estimation is an accurate method to establish MAWOL quickly for a series of lifting tasks. Analysis of the MAWOLs determined by two different methods indicated no significant difference between these two values. However, a significant difference was found between the direct estimated MAWOLs and the psychophysical predicted MAWOLs at the frequency of 1 lift/min with 30° or 60°...
ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION : A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF NEOPLASIA

Neoplastic cells simultaneously harbor widespread genomic hypomethylation, more regional areas of hypermethylation, and increased DNA-methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) activity. Each component of this "methylation imbalance" may fundamentally contribute to tumor progression. The precise role of the hypomethylation is unclear, but this change may well be involved in the widespread chromosomal alterations in tumor cells. A main target of the regional hypermethylation are normally unmethylated CpG islands located in gene promoter regions. This hypermethylation correlates with transcriptional repression that can serve as an alternative to coding region mutations for inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, including p16, p15, VHL, and E-cad. Each gene can be partially reactivated by demethylation, and the selective advantage for loss of gene function is identical to that seen for loss by classic mutations. How abnormal methylation, in general, and hypermethylation, in particular, evolve during tumorigenesis are just beginning to be defined. Normally, unmethylated CpG islands appear protected from dense methylation affecting immediate flanking regions. In neoplastic cells, this protection is lost, possibly by chronic exposure to increased DNA-MTase activity and/or disruption of local protective mechanisms. Hypermethylation of some genes appears to occur only after onset of neoplastic evolution, whereas others, including the estrogen receptor, become hypermethylated in normal cells during aging. This latter change may predispose to neoplasia because tumors frequently are hypermethylated for these same genes. A model is proposed wherein tumor progression results from episodic clonal expansion of heterogeneous cell populations driven by continuous interaction between these methylation abnormalities and classic genetic changes.
Electron paramagnetic resonance observations on the cytochrome c-containing nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes

Nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes, an enzyme containing one heme c and four Cu atoms/subunit of Mr = 88,000, was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at 9.2 GHz from 6 to 80 K. In the oxidized state, low spin ferric cytochrome c was observed with gz = 3.10 and an axial Cu resonance was observed with g parallel = 2.17 and g perpendicular = 2.035. No signals were detected at g values greater than 3.10. For the Cu resonance, six hyperfine lines each were observed in the g parallel and g perpendicular regions with average separations of 45.2 and 26.2 gauss, respectively. The hyperfine components are attributed to Cu(I)-Cu(II) S = 1/2 (half-met) centers. Reduction of the enzyme with dithionite caused signals attributable to heme c and Cu to disappear; exposure of that sample to N2O for a few min caused the reappearance of the g = 3.10 component and a new Cu signal with g parallel = 2.17 and g perpendicular = 2.055 that lacked the simple hyperfine components attributed to a single species of half-met center. The enzyme lost no activity as the result of this cycle of reduction and reoxidation. EPR provided no evidence for a Cu-heme interaction. The EPR detectable Cu in the oxidized and reoxidized forms of the enzyme comprised about 23 and 20% of the total Cu, respectively, or about one spin/subunit. The enzyme offers the first example of a nitrous oxide reductase which can have two states of high activity that present very different EPR spectra of Cu. These two states may represent enzyme in two different stages of the catalytic cycle.
Replantación de Eucalyptus grandis : efectos de la quema de residuos y fertilización en suelos arenosos del noreste de Entre Ríos

La tasa de corta o tala rasa de las plantaciones de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden en la region noreste de Entre Rios supera las 5.000 ha anuales La mayor parte de las mismas son manejadas en un 2"° o 3" ciclo por medio de sus rebrotes. Sin embargo, la alternativa de replantacion y cambio de los materiales geneticos ha sido planteada como una tecnica para mejorar la productividad Uno de los mayores inconvenientes al decidir la replantacion es el tratamiento de los residuos que quedan de la tala rasa, siendo muy comun su quema para simplificar las tareas de plantacion. En este trabajo se evaluaron 2 ensayos de replantacion: uno que permite comparar el crecimiento de la replantacion en un sitio preparado con quema de residuos y otro sitio con escollerado sin quema de residuos. El crecimiento en diametro y area basal al 3er ano de las parcelas en las que se escollero el residuo fue superior al de las parcelas quemadas; asimismo, las parcelas en que se quemaron los residuos presentaron altos niveles de defoliacion despues de una temporada seca. En el otro ensayo, se evaluo el crecimiento de la replantacion en respuesta a la aplicacion de fertilizantes en un sitio donde los residuos habian sido escollerados y quemados. El incremento en area basal, en respuesta al fosfato diamonico, fue significativo, con el tratamiento de fertilizante superando al testigo en 40% (5,60 vs. 3,96 m-'.ha ') a los 45 meses de edad. La practica de la quema de residuos, por sus potenciales efectos negativos sobre el suelo, debe evitarse en los suelos arenosos; la fertilizacion puede compensar estos efectos, aunque estudios de largo plazo son necesarios para evaluar las consecuencias que tiene el actual manejo de quema de residuos y replantacion en los sitios de la region.
PULMONARY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES AND CYTOKINE AND ANTIOXIDANT mRNA LEVELS IN THE LUNGS OF YOUNG AND OLD C57BL/6 MICE AFTER EXPOSURE TO TEFLON FUMES

Our past studies in rats have confirmed the high pulmonary toxicity of inhaled Teflon fumes containing ultrafine particles. These previous studies had been performed in young adult animals. We hypothesized that older animals would be more susceptible to induction of an inflammatory response. The purpose of our study was to characterize the acute pulmonary inflammatory response in the lungs of healthy C57BL/6 adult mice of 8wk and 18 mo of age after short-term (30 min) exposure to low concentrations (<50 mug/m3) of singlet ultrafine PTFE fume particles. Mice were exposed to air, 1 x 105, 2.5 x 105, or 5 x 105 particles/cm3 for 30 min and sacrificed 6 h postexposure. Median particle size was ~20 nm. Lung lavage and total RNA isolation of the lung were performed. Message levels for the interleukins IL-1, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6, for interferon (IFN), for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF, for Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and for metallothionein (Mt) were measured. Compared to the previo...
Fixed Forms and Fluid Powers: Intersubjective Cosmos and Personhood

Summary This article presents an outline of a complex and dense “nexus” of meanings inherent to religious power and knowledge in the traditions of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking indigenous people of the Northwest Amazon. It demonstrates how Baniwa cosmology can be understood through the notion of intersubjectivity in which the deities and spirits, the religious specialists, and sacred instruments form an integrated whole. “Matter” and “Spirit” combine and separate in a myriad of ways in Baniwa cosmogony, cosmology, ontology, and eschatology. “Spirit” inhabits all forms, while ancestral “power and knowledge” are transmitted across generations through the living “owners” (or, “keepers”) and “masters” of religious traditions. The vehicles of meaning through which the universe came into being and is reproduced for all times, or can be destroyed by enemy outsiders are homologous in their material forms (bones, elongated tubes, flutes). These forms are infused with powerful, nonmaterial lifeforces (fluids, such as blood, saliva; breath) of the deities and hence of the origins of the cosmos. Ancestral knowledge and power together are critical to creating, reproducing, or destroying the universe; they are embodied and “emplaced” throughout the Baniwa sacred geography, as sources of life that are constantly circulating in fluid forms throughout the cosmos, renewed through ceremonial specialists and their sacred instruments. The notion of cosmic intersubjectivity allows us to understand how the whole universe is considered to be a living being, materialized through a variety of sacred instruments.
Anterior Nasal Resistance in Obese Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate nasal resistance in obese children with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), study the correlation between nasal resistance and severity of OSAS using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and examine the association of gender and body mass index (BMI) with this measurement. Study Design Retrospective analysis. Methods Active anterior rhinomanometry was used to determine anterior nasal resistance (aNR) during wakefulness in the supine position during tidal breathing. Thirty obese children with OSAS (aged 13.8 ± 2.6 years, BMI z score 2.6 ± 0.4) and 32 matched obese controls (aged 13.6 ± 2.3 years, BMI z score 2.4 ± 0.4), were studied. Unpaired t tests and Spearman correlation were performed. Results The OSAS group had significantly higher aNR than the non-OSAS group during inspiration (P = .012) and expiration (P = .003). A significant correlation between inspiratory aNR and AHI was found for the OSAS group (r = 0.39, P = .04). The aNR did not correlate with BMI z score or with either gender. Conclusions We noted a higher aNR in obese children with OSAS as compared to obese controls, and the aNR on inspiration correlated significantly with AHI. These findings suggest that a causal or augmentative effect of high inspiratory aNR may exist for obese children who exhibit OSAS. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 124:2640–2644, 2014
A radar brightness and altitude image of a portion of Venus

High-resolution radar data, taken from over the 1500-km circular area that was at the center of the planetary disk on June 20, 1972, show that this part of Venus is nearly flat and cratered. The largest crater is 160 km across, but only about 500 m deep. The smallest craters that can be resolved are about 35 km across.
The influences of electrical potential and surface finish on the fatigue life of surgical implant materials.

The influence of both imposed anodic potential in Ringer's solution and surface finish on the fatigue lives of annealed 316 type stainless steel and annealed pure titanium were measured and statistically compared to fatigue data run in air. The applied potentials in simulated extracellular fluid approximated conditions existing within the body while also producing the types of surface defects actually found on removed long time implants within the time interval of the accelerated R. R. Moore fatigue tests. Differentiating tests were run at single levels of applied cyclic stress well above the endurance limits. In Ringer's solution, the fatigue life of the 316 stainless steel decreased with increasing applied potential, and at +500 mV was significantly shorter than when run in air. At each condition, the 316 stainless steel was independent of initial surface finish. In contrast, the fatigue life of titanium improved rapidly with increasingly fine surface finishes. Furthermore, compared to air, the application of +500 mV in Ringer's solution improved the life of the rough surface finished material and markedly increased the number of cycles to failure for the electropolished specimens.
Comments on "The Adjoint Method and Its Application to Trajectory Optimization"

A STUDY of the problem of a minimum time transfer between two coplanar circular orbits assuming a constant thrust acceleration has been made, utilizing the Gradient Technique. Optimal steering programs were obtained for values of (thrust acceleration)/(initial gravitational acceleration) from 0.05 to 3.0 and for (radial transfer distance)/(initial orbit rad) values from 0.05 to 1.0. Numerous initial steering programs were used, including those of the form presented by Faulders and by Jurovics and Mclntyre. In all cases, the optimal steering programs obtained were of the form presented by Faulders. Thus the solution presented by Jurovics and Mclntyre appears to be erroneous. For the values of distance ratio (0.5) and acceleration ratio (0.166667) considered by Faulders, a (minimum transfer time)/(time per radian in initial orbit) equal to 3.20608 was obtained. This is substantially in agreement with Faulders' value. For the values of distance ratio (0.1628) and acceleration ratio (1.7343) considered by Jurovics and Mclntyre, a (minimum transfer time)/(time per radian in initial orbit) equal to 0.60946 was obtained. This is a substantial improvement over their solution. The terminal constraint errors for each of the foregoing solutions were less than 3 X 10. ~ Solutions have been obtained using an analog computer as well as the IBM 7090.
Relation Among Average Speed, Flow, and Density and Analogous Relation Between Density and Occupancy

To counter the growing body of literature disputing that average vehicle speed is the ratio of flow to density, the relation is shown to hold as an identity when the variables are defined in the manner described by Edie. In similar fashion, the analogous relation between density and occupancy is shown to be true. These identities are illustrated with data measured by paired loop detectors, which underscores that Edie's definitions are natural ways to treat the variables. The detector data are further used to show that any disputes surrounding the validity of these identities are largely the result of having defined (i.e., measured) the traffic variables in some other ways.
THE EFFECTS OF GRADED LEVELS OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN THE SKIN OF GROWING RATS

Abstract Male weanling rats were fed isocaloric diets containing from 10% to 45% casein, in steps of 5%, for three weeks. Maximum growth was observed in animals fed diets containing 25% or more casein and averaged twice as much weight gain as rats fed the 10% casein diet. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline reflected growth and was low in the 10% casein-fed animals. The other diet groups whose weight gains were similar had similar urinary hydroxy-proline values. The in vitro synthesis of skin collagen revealed that diets of 20%, 25% and 30% casein stimulated the greatest rates of collagen synthesis at this age. The higher protein diets showed characteristics of collagen metabolism similar to low protein diets, probably due to the decrease in protein synthesis from the earlier high rates of synthesis in these animals. The effect of dietary protein level on collagen metabolism suggests that tissue development should be considered when growth is used as an indicator of protein nutritional status.
THE FORMATION OF PARTIAL TRIMETHYLSILYL ETHERS OF BILE ACID METHYL ESTERS, AND THEIR ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract 1. 1. Bile acid (methyl ester) trimethylsilyl ethers were made with dioxane as solvent. The rate of derivative formation of diferent hydroxyl groups varied, and the reaction could usually be controlled so that only the derivatives of equatorial hydroxyls were produced. 2. 2. The partial trimethylsilyl ethers were valuable in the gas chromatographic analysis of bile acids since they provided high resolution of structurally similar compounds as well as information concerning both the number and the position of bile acid hydroxyl groups. 3. 3. The time course of formation and disappearance of the partial ethers of certain bile acids could be described by mathematical expressions based on first-order kinetics. Such rate studies were useful as additional criteria for identification of bile acids by gas chromatography.
Reaction of wild and domesticated Triticum and Aegilops species to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne).

Twenty-nine accessions of wild wheats and commercial cultivars of Triticum monococcum var. boeoticum, T. urartu, T. timopheevii var. araraticum, T. turgidum var. dicoccoides, durum wheat T. turgidum var. durum, and bread wheat T. aestivum, were hosts for Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. naasi, assessed by egg production in glasshouse and field tests. No sources of resistance to Meloidogyne were found in Triticum. Four host races of M. incognita reproduced on durum and bread wheat cultivars. One accession of Aegilops squarrosa from Afghanistan was resistant to four host races of M. incognita and four isolates of M. javanica, but not to M. naasi. Twelve other A. squarrosa accessions from Afghanistan and Iran and related Aegilops spp. were hosts for all Meloidogyne spp. The potential for development of Meloidogyne-resistant wheat cultivars is discussed.
Institutionalizing Industry: The Changing Forms of Contract

A replication of Macaulay's 1963 study of Wisconsin manufacturers shows that manufacturers are using a new type of contract to govern changed transactions and to establish new form of industrial organization. This article seeks to specify these changes and to demonstrate their theoretical significance by constructing an empirically and theoretically informed analytical framework. This framework establishes relations of meaning between discrete contracts, job shop production, and classical contract law; between openterm contracts, mass production, and neoclassical contract law; and between long-term agreements, flexible production, and a “shadow” relational contract law. It demonstrates that long-term agreements constitute a new device for governing exchange, that they are part of a broader change from mass production to flexible production, and that their distinctive features are not recognized by neoclassical contract law.
An Overview of Surveys of Mental Health Consumers' Preferences for Housing and Support Services

Objective: The author examined the methodology and results of studies that surveyed mentally ill clients' preferences related to housing and support services to gain an overview of demographic characteristics, current and preferred housing situations, and preferred types of staff supports and social and material supports in a nationally representative sample of clients. Methods: Through mailings to state departments of mental health and local mental health providers and advocates, a national survey of residential providers, and other contacts with mental health agencies, the author identified a total of 43 studies of mental health consumers' preferences for housing and supports conducted between 1986 and 1992. The results of26 of the studies whose methodologies permitted comparison of findings were summarized. Results: Consumers consistently reported that they would prefer to live in their own house or apartment, to live alone or with a spouse or romantic partner, and not to live with other mental health ...