cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emprunts européens en japonais

The article discusses over 260 European borrowings in Japanese. In most cases they are Anglicisms (often of French origin). The research was conducted on the basic vocabulary (excluding technical and specialist terminology) consisting of about 6000 words. The list should not be considered a finished project but is the outcome of a preliminary research. Since Japan opened to the Western world and Western languages relatively recently (in the second half of the nineteenth century), the vocabulary is relatively new. The vocabulary discussed in the article is divided into two categories: necessary ( de necessite ) and unnecessary ( de luxe ) borrowings.
Incidence of seizures following initial ischemic stroke in a community-based cohort: The Framingham Heart Study

Abstract Purpose We examined the incidence of seizures following ischemic stroke in a community-based sample. Methods All subjects with incident ischemic strokes in the Framingham Original and Offspring cohorts between 1982 and 2003 were identified and followed for up to 20 years to determine incidence of seizures. Seizure-type was based on the 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. Disability was stratified into mild/none, moderate and severe, based on post-stroke neurological deficit documentation according to the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) protocol and functional status was determined using the Barthel Index. Results An initial ischemic stroke occurred in 469 subjects in the cohort and seizures occurred in 25 (5.3%) of these subjects. Seizure incidence was similar in both large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (6.8%) and cardio-embolic (CE) (6.2%) strokes. No seizures occurred following lacunar strokes. The predominant seizure type was focal seizure with or without evolution to bilateral convulsive seizure. One third of participants had seizures within the first 24h from stroke onset and half of all seizures occurred within the first 30days. On multivariate analysis, moderate and severe disability following stroke was associated with increased risk of incident seizure. Conclusions Seizures occurred in approximately 5% of subjects after an ischemic stroke. One third of these seizures occurred in the first 24h after stroke and none followed lacunar strokes. Focal seizures with or without evolution in bilateral convulsive seizures were the most common seizure type. Moderate and severe disability was predictive of incident seizures.
Prevalence and causes of work disability among working-age U.S. adults, 2011-2013, NHIS.

Background Chronic conditions are among the major causes of work disability (WD), which is associated with lower employment, less economic activity, and greater dependence on social programs, while limiting access to the benefits of employment participation. Objective/hypothesis We estimated the overall prevalence of WD among working-age (18-64 years) U.S. adults and the most common causes of WD overall and by sex. Next, we estimated the prevalence and most common causes of WD among adults with 12 common chronic conditions by sex and age. We hypothesized that musculoskeletal conditions would be among the most common causes of WD overall and for individuals with other diagnosed chronic conditions. Methods Data were obtained from years 2011, 2012, and 2013 of the National Health Interview Survey. WD was defined by a "yes" response to one or both of: "Does a physical, mental, or emotional problem NOW keep you from working at a job or business?" and "Are you limited in the kind OR amount of work you can do because of a physical, mental or emotional problem?" Results Overall, 20.1 million adults (10.4% (95% CI = 10.1-10.8) of the working-age population) reported WD. The top three most commonly reported causes of WD were back/neck problems 30.3% (95% CI = 29.1-31.5), depression/anxiety/emotional problems 21.0% (19.9-22.0), and arthritis/rheumatism 18.6 (17.6-19.6). Musculoskeletal conditions were among the three most common causes of WD overall and by age- and sex-specific respondents across diagnosed chronic conditions. Conclusions Quantifying the prevalence and causes of work disability by age and sex can help prioritize interventions.
SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF AMINE OXIDASE

The tyramine oxidase activity of liver extracts found by Hare (1), the aliphatic amine oxidase activity of brain, kidney, and liver extracts observed by Pugh and Quastel (2), and the adrenalin oxidase activity of similar extracts noted by Blaschko, Richter, and Schlossman (3) were brought under a common enzyme view-point by the latter authors. They were able to show (4) that extracts of brain, instestine, kindey, and liver from a number of mammals or representatives of the birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes all acted to absorb oxygen in the presence of several amine substrates. Hare (1) had shown that tyramine and phenethylamine form ammonia in the course of such oxidations, and Richter (5) showed that an ethylamino and a dimethylamino compound, as well as a number of methylamino and amino compounds, all yield the corresponding alkyl-amines or ammonia in the enzymic oxidation. The conslusion that the demonstrated variey of such enzymic activity can be acribed to the presence of a single type pf amine oxidase was dependent in large part on observations that the relative activities of a preparation from one source on a series of substrates bear some relation to the relative activities exhibited by a preparation from another source. Further evidence depended on the action of certain amines as inihibitors and apparent competition between substrates when two oxidizable substrates are present in the system. The degree to which relative activities of different enzyme preparations were constant in a series of substrates was not good in the data reported, and the fact that Hare (1) had not been able to note activity of the liver preparations she used upon adrenalin as the substrate appeared to require special explanations.
Implementation of a Self-Directed Training Program at Old Dominion University Libraries

Old Dominion University Library staff recently implemented a self-directed staff training program after a succesful six month pilot project by two units in the Library. Influenced by similiar programs at other libraries, the plan is voluntary and collaborative. Its primary objectives are to assist employees with developing the skill sets necessary to meet 21st century library challenges.
Insect Olfactory Receptors: An Interface between Chemistry and Biology

Abstract Insects rely on their olfactory systems to detect relevant chemical cues in the environment and drive several important behaviors such as finding food and mates. A wide variety of olfactory receptor proteins mediate the detection of structurally diverse odorant molecules and convert it into a neuronal signal. Here we describe the roles of the three known families of insect olfactory receptors: odorant receptors (Ors), ionotropic receptors (Irs), and CO2-sensitive gustatory receptors (Grs). For each chemoreceptor family, we review its evolution, structure/function, and role in insect behavior. The roles of a few other protein families involved in supporting roles of odor detection and clearance are also discussed. Lastly, we describe various methodologies used to characterize insect olfactory receptors and their potential impact to identify odorants with potential use in modifying the behaviors of disease-transmitting insects and agricultural pests.
Keynote: Why a Cyber Security Career for a Woman?

Cyber Security is one of the fastest growing fields in Computer Science with so many opportunities and tough problems to solve. Cyber Security is also a very lucrative field to be in. However, the percentage of women and disadvantaged minorities in cyber security is dismal. This paper motivates mainly women as to why they should pursue a career in Cyber Security.
Best practices for businesses promoting bicycling

The benefits of active commuting (walking and biking to work) are well documented, though rates of participation remain low in the United States. Workplace policies, programs and environment can be...
Listeria monocytogenes and Other Listeria spp. in Meat and Meat Products A Review.

Long known as an animal pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes has recently been recognized as a important foodborne agent in human disease. The widespread distribution of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in nature and an association with domestic livestock makes the occasional presence of these bacteria on raw meats almost unavoidable. Contamination of ready-to-eat meat products with L. monocytogenes poses a special threat to public health because of the organism's ability to grow at refrigeration temperatures and its pathogenicity within certain segments of the population. This paper reviews the prevalence of Listeria spp. in meat and meat products, analyzes the potential for survival and growth of listeriae on fresh meats and during meat processing, and addresses the effect of various meat preservation parameters on L. monocytogenes .
Role of Surface Tension in Gas Nanobubble Stability under Ultrasound

Shell-stabilized gas nanobubbles have recently captured the interest of the research community for their potential application as ultrasound contrast agents for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer. However, the very existence of submicron gas bubbles (especially uncoated bubbles) has been a subject of controversy in part due to their predicted Laplace overpressure reaching several atmospheres, making them supposedly thermodynamically unstable. In addition, the backscatter resulting from ultrasound interactions with nanoparticles is not predicted to be readily detectable at clinically relevant frequencies. Despite this, a number of recent reports have successfully investigated the presence and applications of nanobubbles for ultrasound imaging. The mechanism behind these observations remains unclear but is thought to be, in part, influenced heavily by the biophysical properties of the bubble-stabilizing shell. In this study, we investigated the effects of incorporating the triblock copolymer surfactant...
Exploring Orthodox Jewish Masculinities with Eyes Wide Open

Eyes Wide Open (Einayim Petukhoth), Haim Tabakman’s 2009 feature debut, explores the masculinity of strictly Orthodox Jewish men, carefully noting the various practices that shape it – work, religion, clothes, family, social context and community, sexual desire –, but also the fissures that emerge in their performances. Drawing on Judith Butler’s theory of the performativity of gender practices and R.W. Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity, this paper argues that the film explores the practices through which Haredi masculinity is performatively established, but it also shows that this hegemonic masculinity is never perfectly embodied by any man. It is precisely its protagonists’ “failures” to perfectly perform masculinity – most centrally with regard to bodily discipline and sensations, and their religious meaning – that open up a space in which a shift in Haredi masculinity might become possible that poses a challenge not only to religious, but also to secular hegemonic masculinity.
Distal interphalangeal joint injuries.

SUMMARY Pain-free stability in the DIP joint is essential for effective stable pinch. Distal interphalangeal joint injuries usually achieve this function when treated as described. Stiffness in the DIP joint is not ideal, but its presence after treatment is not a major functional limitation if the joint is painless and aligned in the proper position. Mallet fingers are common injuries that usually are treated in extension splinting. Profundus injuries are uncommon injuries that require a high degree of clinical suspicion and are complex to repair. Due to its close proximity, the PIP joint can suffer from coexistent, unrecognized injury. Furthermore, the uninjured PIP joint can become stiff from unnecessary splinting. Therefore, it is essential that the PIP joint be carefully assessed and treated, if necessary, so that full motion can be maintained in the PIP joint. As with any hand injury, treatment and rehabilitation of the DIP joint should be designed to be effective, yet should not compromise overall hand function. It is logical that the more traumatic the injury, the stiffer the joint will become. It is equally logical that more involved surgical repairs also have a high yield of postoperative stiffness. The treating physician is encouraged to share this knowledge with the patient prior to initiating treatment, as this will decrease patient dissatisfaction.
ASSEMBLY OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT IRON-SULFUR CLUSTERS

Synthetic routes to iron-sulfide-thiolate clusters are described. The intermediacy of Fe(II)-thiolate complexes in these syntheses has led to a systematic examination of the reactions of FeCl2 with thiolates. The complexes [Fe(SR)4]2-, [Fe2(μ2 -SR)2(SR)4]2-, [Fe4 (β2-SR)6 - (SR)4]2-, and [Fe 3(β2-SR)3Cl6]3- have been isolated. The reactions of strongly reducing [Fe(SEt)4]2- with elemental sulfur is shown to yield examples of all known types of synthetic Fe-S-SR clusters: [Fe2S2 - (SEt)4]2-, [Fe3S4 (SEt)4]3-, [Fe4S4(SEt)4]3-, [Fe4S4(SEt)4]2- and [Fe6 S9(SEt)2]4- The clusters [Fe2S2(SR)4]2- and [Fe4 S4(SR)4]2- are well-developed analogues of ferredoxin protein redox sites. Those of the [Fe3(μ2-S)4(SR)4]3- type possess the Fe:S2- ratio found in the 3-Fe S = 1/2 site of inactive aconitase but are not site analogues owing to their S = 5/2 ground state. The protein 3-Fe site problem, which involves at least two different types of clusters, is considered and structural models are presented. A simple one-step synthesis of the clusters [Fe4 S4 (SR)4]3-, analogues of 4-Fe sites of reduced ferredoxins, is introduced. Structures of bi-, tri-, and tetranuclear Fe(II)-thiolates, and of Fe3Si4 and Fe6S9 and reduced Fe4S4 clusters are presented.
Tomato chlorotic spot virus Identified in Marsdenia floribunda in Florida

Marsdenia floribunda (Brongn.), also known as Madagascar jasmine, waxflower, and Hawaiian wedding flower, is a flowering plant in the milkweed family, Apocynaceae, and is native to Madagascar. Mars...
Histoplasma capsulatum: Mechanisms for pathogenesis

Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is a major mycosis on the global stage. Acquisition of the fungus by mammalian hosts can be clinically silent or it can lead to life-threatening systemic disease, which can occur in immunologically intact or deficient hosts, albeit severe disease is more likely in the setting of compromised cellular immunity. H. capsulatum yeast cells are highly adapted to the mammalian host as they can effectively survive within intracellular niches in select phagocytic cells. Understanding the biological response by both the host and H. capsulatum will facilitate improved approaches to prevent and/or modify disease. This review presents our current understanding of the major pathogenic mechanisms involved in histoplasmosis.
Abstract TP328: Platelet Hyperactivity Leads to Increased Microthrombi After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice

Rationale: Microthrombosis has been suggested as a major factor contributing to delayed neurological deterioration in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Autopsy studies in humans show mi...
Research on Testing System and Test Method for Charging Facilities of Electric Vehicles

In order to improve the safety and reliability of electric vehicle charging facilities, it is necessary to develop a complete testing system and method. First of all, we introduced the module of electric vehicle charging facilities test system and the function of each part, intelligent control can realize automatic test, improve product safety, reliability, reduce cost, established a complete testing methods and systems to promote the electric vehicle charging facilities industrialization process.
A Qualitative Evaluation of a Home-based Palliative Care Program Utilizing Community Health Workers in India.

Aim: In India, the need for rural palliative care is increasing with the rising number of people diagnosed with late-stage cancers. Rural areas also have a shortage of trained medical personnel to deliver palliative care. To address these needs, a home-based palliative care program using community health workers (CHWs) to facilitate care delivery was developed to extend the reach of a cancer center's palliative care services outside of Kolkata, India. The research question guiding this qualitative study was, how feasible, useful, and acceptable was this program from the perspectives of the clinical team and CHWs who delivered the intervention? Methods: This qualitative descriptive study used a grounded theory approach and the iterative constant comparative method to collect and analyze data from the key stakeholder interviews. Ten qualitative interviews took place at the Saroj Gupta Cancer Center and Research Institute and were conducted with the CHWs who delivered the home-based palliative care intervention (n = 3) and the clinical team who provided them with training, support, and supervision (n = 7). Results: Three major themes emerged (a) CHWs' desire and need for more training, (b) the need for tailoring of existing intervention protocols and modifying expectations of stakeholders, and (c) the need for considerations for ensuring program sustainability. Conclusions: The study provided evidence that the utilization of CHWs to facilitate delivery of palliative care is a feasible model worthy of consideration and further research testing in low-resource settings.
SKIPing Together: A Motor Competence Intervention Promotes Gender-Integrated Friendships for Young Children

Young children typically report primarily same-gender friendships across childhood. However, there is growing awareness of the benefits of gender-integrated friendships and gender integration in schools, especially for social-emotional domains. The current study tested whether Successful Kinesthetic Instruction for Preschoolers (SKIP), an evidence-based motor competence intervention led by physical education teachers, promotes gender-integrated friendships in preschool-aged children. Results documented that children (Mage = 47.38, SD = 6.21 months, range = 36.67–60.25 months) assigned to the SKIP condition (n = 56) as compared to a control free-play condition (n = 37) showed higher motor skill competence and were more likely to report gender-integrated friendships post intervention. Growth in girls’ reports of gender-integrated friendships, in particular, drove the intervention effect on gender-integrated friendships. These findings highlight one example of how motor competence interventions can also result in benefits in social-emotional domains.
The expanding role of renal mass biopsy

Abstract Usage of renal mass biopsy has increased in recent years, ranging from selected clinical scenarios to routine implementation in some institutions. Major tasks for the field of diagnostic histopathology include discriminating primary renal cell cancers from other tumors, especially metastases, hematolymphoid tumors, and urothelial carcinoma. Within primary renal cell neoplasms, relevant distinctions include recognizing clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, which despite its resemblance to clear cell cancer is nonaggressive, as well as discriminating oncocytoma from chromophobe carcinoma. Helpful immunohistochemical markers include PAX8 for verification of primary renal cell lineage and carbonic anhydrase IX for support of clear cell subtype. Cytokeratin 7 is generally considered the best marker for discriminating oncocytoma from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, showing only rare positive cells in oncocytoma and greater staining in chromophobe carcinoma. For metastatic tumors, attempting to discriminate clear cell from non-clear cell types may be important for treatment selection.
Using technology to increase student (and faculty satisfaction with) engagement in medical education

Faculty dissatisfaction with diminishing levels of student engagement in lifestyle medicine sessions prompted this exploratory project that compared differences in students’ substantive engagement ...
Use of an Online Crowdfunding Platform for Unmet Financial Obligations in Cancer Care

This cross-sectional study identified characteristics of patients using an online crowdfunding platform for unmet financial obligations associated with cancer care.
Cross-linked GO membranes assembled with GO nanosheets of differently sized lateral dimensions for organic dye and chromium separation

Abstract Membrane microstructure and separation performance largely depend on the property of building units and its subsequent patterning. In this work, three differently sized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by a simple centrifugation method. Supported GO membranes were then fabricated based on these separated GO nanosheets. GO nanosheets of different lateral sizes show varied degree of oxidation and distribution of oxygenated groups at both edge and in-plane areas, which leads to different membrane microstructure and separation performance. The swelling and long-term stability of GO membrane were addressed by a pre-crosslinking process with ethylenediamine (EDA). The ultimate separation performance of these GO/EDA membranes was affected by several factors such as cross-linking density, d-spacing, and microstructure like wrinkles all relating to the lateral size of GO nanosheets. Specifically, compared to smaller GO nanosheets, larger GO sheets have more surface groups and thus higher cross-linking density. In terms of microstructure, larger sheets tend to form more surface wrinkles which could sacrifice the membrane separation performance. GO membranes were tested in different pH conditions for separating methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and chromium (VI). Overall, exceptional rejection rates of higher than 99.0% were achieved at optimal separation conditions. MB separation performance has been found closely related to GO lateral size at specific pH environments.
When Times Collide: Ward Churchill's Use of an Epideictic Moment to Ground Forensic Argument

During Denver's 1991 Columbus Day parade, fifty Native Americans briefly blocked the parade. As part of the trial of four protesters, Ward Churchill authored a legal brief that contributed to their...
A Critical Assessment of a Reflexive, Phenomenological Approach to the Residential Treatment of Troubled Youth

The author describes an unusual residential treatment program that uses a phenomenological and existential approach rooted in a critical humanism. This program bypasses the usual power struggles between staff and youth by recognizing youth autonomy and “intentionality,” and it uses the principles of authenticity, validation, reciprocity, and reflexivity to guide staff actions toward and in response to youth. This model has the advantage of recognizing that youth are persons and moral subjects, but it also has the disadvantages of expecting too much from youth, of problems of supervision and accountability of staff, and it ignores the power of nurturing relationships.
Cooperative Navigation Using Pairwise Communication with Ranging and Magnetic Anomaly Measurements

The problem of cooperative localization for a small group of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a Global Navigation Satellite System-denied environment is addressed in this paper. The presented app...
Mechanistic Cutting Force Model and Specific Cutting Energy Prediction for Modulation Assisted Machining

Abstract This paper presents a mechanistic model for analytical cutting force and specific energy prediction for modulation assisted turning. Kinematics of the process is used to analyze the cut surface topography and derive the uncut chip thickness variation for various modulation parameters. It is found that uncut chip thickness is governed by successive spindle rotations and can be represented in the form of trigonometric functions. The cut and no-cut phase durations are controlled by the modulation frequency and amplitude. Cutting (machining) forces are predicted based on the orthogonal cutting mechanics. The thin shear plane angle is predicted considering oscillations in the cutting velocity, resultant effective rake angle and by employing the well-known Minimum Energy Principle (MEP). In order to accurately predict the shear forces, length of the shear plane is estimated directly from the uncut and cut part surface geometries, which incorporates waviness of the surface. Analytical chip thickness predictions and proposed cutting force models are combined used to predict the specific cutting energy in MAM. Experimental results verify accuracy of developed force models in estimating cutting forces and energy in orthogonal modulated assisted turning of Al6061 T6511.
Chemical Biology Tools for Examining the Bacterial Cell Wall

Bacteria surround themselves with cell walls to maintain cell rigidity and protect against environmental insults. Here we review chemical and biochemical techniques employed to study bacterial cell wall biogenesis. Recent advances including the ability to isolate critical intermediates, metabolic approaches for probe incorporation, and isotopic labeling techniques have provided critical insight into the biochemistry of cell walls. Fundamental manuscripts that have used these techniques to discover cell wall-interacting proteins, flippases, and cell wall stoichiometry are discussed in detail. The review highlights that these powerful methods and techniques have exciting potential to identify and characterize new targets for antibiotic development.
“The people’s commune is good”: precarious labor, migrant masculinity, and post-socialist nostalgia in contemporary China

Post-socialist China is characterized by the loss of social and economic safety nets for workers, particularly the most marginalized. Scholars and others have assumed that informal laborers lack th...
Leveraging Peptaibol Biosynthetic Promiscuity for Next-Generation Antiplasmodial Therapeutics

Malaria remains a worldwide threat, afflicting over 200 million people each year. The emergence of drug resistance against existing therapeutics threatens to destabilize global efforts aimed at controlling Plasmodium spp. parasites, which is expected to leave vast portions of humanity unprotected against the disease. To address this need, systematic testing of a fungal natural product extract library assembled through the University of Oklahoma Citizen Science Soil Collection Program has generated an initial set of bioactive extracts that exhibit potent antiplasmodial activity (EC50 25 μM, selectivity index > 250). The unique chemodiversity afforded by these fungal isolates serves to unlock new opportunities for translating peptaibols into a bioactive scaffold worthy of further development.
Dendritic cells stimulate primary human cytolytic lymphocyte responses in the absence of CD4+ helper T cells.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes are typically generated from unfractionated suspensions of human lymphocytes by stimulating with heterogeneous APCs and exogeneous growth factors. We have found that human blood dendritic cells can directly stimulate allogeneic human CD8+ T cells to proliferate and express antigen-specific cytotoxic activity. These primary responses, which are accompanied by the release of T cell growth factor(s), are induced in the absence of CD4+ helper T cells and are not inhibited by anti-CD4 mAb. Both antigen-specific CTL as well as nonspecific NK cells can be elicited by dendritic cells. The NK cell response can be depleted at the precursor level by panning with an anti-CD11b mAb, which removes a CD11b+/CD28-, CD16+ subset from the starting CD4- responders. Allogeneic blood monocytes are neither stimulatory nor inhibitory of these primary CD4- MLRs, even though monocytes present alloantigen in such a way as to be recognized as specific targets for CTL that have been sensitized by dendritic cells. The number of CD8+ cells that are blast transformed and express an activated phenotype (i.e., HLA DR/DQ+, CD25/IL-2R+, CD45R-) reaches 30-40% of the culture at day 4-5, the peak of the helper-independent response. We conclude that antigen-presentation by dendritic cells is sufficient in itself to prime cytolytic precursors. We speculate that using dendritic cell stimulators and CD4- responders in MLRs may be more efficient than standard tissue typing approaches for the detection of subtle, but important class I MHC-restricted histoincompatibilities in human transplantation.
Lightning Rod Improvement Studies

Although lightning rods have long been used to limit damage from lightning, there are currently no American standards for the shape and form of these devices. Following tradition, however, sharp-tipped Franklin rods are widely installed despite evidence that, on occasion, lightning strikes objects in their vicinity. In recent tests of various tip configurations to determine which were preferentially struck by lightning, several hemispherically tipped, blunt rods were struck but none of the nearby, sharper rods were ‘‘hit’’ by lightning. Measurements of the currents from the tips of lightning rods exposed to strong electric fields under negatively charged cloud bases show that the emissions consist of periodic ion charge bursts that act to reduce the strength of the local fields. After a burst of charge, no further emissions occur until that charge has moved away from the tip. Laboratory measurements of the emissions from a wide range of electrodes exposed to strong, normalpolarity thunderstorm electric fields show that positive ions are formed and move more readily over sharp-tipped electrodes than over blunter ones. From these findings, it appears that the electric field rates of intensification over sharp rods must be much greater than those over similarly exposed blunt rods for the initiation of upwardgoing leaders. Calculations of the relative strengths of the electric fields above similarly exposed sharp and blunt rods show that although the fields, prior to any emissions, are much stronger at the tip of a sharp rod, they decrease more rapidly with distance. As a result, at a few centimeters above the tip of a 20-mm-diameter blunt rod, the strength of the field is greater than that over an otherwise similar, sharper rod at the same height. Since the field strength at the tip of a sharpened rod tends to be limited by the easy formation of ions in the surrounding air, the field strengths over blunt rods can be much stronger than those at distances greater than 1 cm over sharper ones. The results of this study suggest that moderately blunt metal rods (with tip height‐to‐tip radius of curvature ratios of about 680:1) are better lightning strike receptors than are sharper rods or very blunt ones.
Upgrading the Social Service Work Force in Britain: Lessons for Part-Time Social Work Education in the U.S.

Abstract A new model of part-time social work education, leading to a nationally-recognized credential, has been introduced in Britain to professionalize members of the social service work force who are not trained for the jobs they perform. Based on research on the CSS training model (including interviews in 1978, 1980, and 1982 with British government officials, CCETSW staff, and college and social agency personnel involved in CSS training), this paper describes the development of this new type of training. It provides information on curriculum design, accreditation standards, and the results of a number of pilot programs. Issues that have emerged with the development of these programs in Britain are discussed and some observations pertaining to related issues in the U.S. are offered.
Analysis of Impulsive Choice: Assessing Effects of Implicit Instructions.

College students exhibited impulsivity if, in the first of 2 sessions, they consistently chose an immediate, small reinforcer (15-s cartoon video followed by 75 s of waiting) over a delayed, large reinforcer (55-s prereinforcer delay, 25-s video, 10 additional s of waiting), or self-control if they showed the opposite preference. Previously, Navarick (2001) found that informing impulsive participants in Session 2 that the viewing time was longer on their nonpreferred schedule reduced impulsive choice to about .50; informing self-controlled participants that the video started sooner on their nonpreferred schedule had no effect. In addition to facilitating discrimination between reinforcers, the instructions to impulsive participants could have implied a request to choose the indicated schedule (a demand characteristic) or that the nonpreferred schedule was somehow more advantageous. Effects of these potentially implicit instructions were assessed by presenting them as explicit instructions to determine if they again produced a decrease in impulsive choices in impulsive participants and no change in self-controlled participants. In contrast to the previous pattern, impulsive and self-controlled participants conformed similarly to the experimenter’s stated schedule preference, and showed similar, variable preferences in response to the general schedule characterization. The previous instructions reduced impulsivity by facilitating discrimination between the large and small reinforcers and not by conveying these implicit messages.
An exopolyphosphatase of Escherichia coli. The enzyme and its ppx gene in a polyphosphate operon

A gene, ppx, that encodes a novel exopolyphosphatase of 513 amino acids (58,133 Da) was found downstream of the gene for polyphosphate kinase, ppk. Transcription of the ppx gene depends on the ppk promoters, indicating a polyphosphate (polyP) operon of ppk and ppx. Exopolyphosphatase, purified to homogeneity from overproducing cells, is judged to be a dimer of 58-kDa subunits. Orthophosphate is released processively from the ends of polyP approximately 500 residues long, but chains of approximately 15 residues compete poorly with polyP as substrate; ATP is not a substrate. Mg2+ (1 mM) and a high concentration of K+ (175 mM) support optimal activity.
Role of the Intracellular Domain of IL-7 Receptor in T Cell Development

Signals from the IL-7R are uniquely required for T cell development and maintenance, despite the resemblance of IL-7R to other cytokine receptors and the apparent sharing of common signaling pathways. This unique requirement could either reflect unique expression of IL-7R or IL-7, or it could indicate that the IL-7R delivers unique signals. To determine whether the IL-7R provided unique signals, we exchanged its intracellular domain with that of other cytokine receptors: IL-4R, IL-9R, and prolactin receptor (PRLR). Chimeric receptors were used to reconstitute development of IL-7R(-/-) hemopoietic progenitors by transducing the receptors in retroviral vectors. Whereas IL-7R(-/-) thymocytes are arrested at the double-negative stage, IL-4R, IL-9R, or PRLR all imparted some progression to the double-positive stage. IL-4R and PRLR gave only small numbers of thymocytes, whereas IL-9R gave robust alphabeta T cell development and reconstitution of peripheral CD4 and CD8 cells, indicating that it can duplicate many of the functions of IL-7R. However, IL-9R failed to reconstitute rearrangement of the TCRgamma locus or development of gammadelta T cells. Thus, the IL-7R signals required in the alphabeta T cell lineage (such as survival and proliferation) are not unique to this receptor, whereas rearrangement of the TCRgamma locus may require a signal that is not shared by other receptors.
Induction by Transforming Growth Factor β of Pemphigus Vulgaris Antigen Activity in Mouse Papilloma Cells

Induction of a marker of epidermal spinous cells, pemphigus antigen activity, was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in murine papilloma cells exposed to human transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Detection of pemphigus antigen activity required exposure of cells to 1.4 mM Ca2+ for 3 h just prior to immunoassay. The brief exposure to Ca2+ may be necessary for translocation of intracellular pemphigus antigen to the cell surface, where it is accessible to antibody. Cells grown in medium containing 0.02-0.04 mM Ca2+ were shown previously to be primarily basal cells characterized by pemphigoid antigen activity. Following treatment with 0.25-25 pg/ml TGF-beta for 44 h under 0.02-0.04 mM Ca2+ conditions, 63 +/- 9% (SD) of cells were pemphigus positive. This percentage was comparable to that of positive control cultures exposed to 1.4 mM Ca2+ for 44 h (70 +/- 10%) and was up to 2-fold that of solvent control cultures. Pemphigus antigen activity was significantly induced by 0.1-25 pg/ml TGF-beta, out of a tested range of 10(-5)-10(3) pg/ml. The total number of papilloma cell colonies was unaffected by treatment with 0.1-25 pg/ml TGF-beta but was reduced greater than 90% by treatment with 10(3)-5 x 10(3) pg/ml TGF-beta. The described immunofluorescence assay for pemphigus antigen activity may be useful for preliminary evaluation of differentiation-inducing agents in anticarcinoma therapy.
On a non-isothermal model of free fluid films

Abstract The drawing of thin fluid films and fibers from highly viscous fluid melts is a common engineering process in the chemical and textile industry. A standard procedure for the manufacture of free thin films is film casting. The widely used, one-dimensional model of film casting considered here is based on a slender body approximation of the Navier–Stokes equations with moving boundaries, paired with kinematic assumptions. The model equations describe the flow of the viscous fluid between the die exit and a take-up point and permit variations in film width and film thickness. A heat transfer equation accounts for the heat loss due to cooling. We will address the following two objectives here: First we put existence and uniqueness of stationary solutions for the equations of non-isothermal film casting on a rigorous analytical basis. This objective is tackled with the help of continuity arguments and a variant of the maximum principle. Our second objective is the study of the linearized equations. We will prove semigroup results for the linearization about steady state and shed light on the long-term regularity of solutions. Among other things we obtain the validity of the spectral mapping theorem for the semigroup and the spectrally determined growth property. These results form the basis for computational studies in the literature about the linear stability of stationary solutions and the potential onset of physical instabilities.
In vitro synthesis and processing of herpes simplex virus type 2 gG-2, using cell-free transcription and translation systems.

Abstract Translation of in vitro-synthesized herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) gG-2 mRNA in a reticulocyte lysate system was used to study the processing of HSV-2 gG-2. In the presence of canine pancreatic microsomal membranes, a single species that is protected from trypsin digestion was detected. This product comigrates with the 104,000-Mr (104K) high mannose intermediate seen in HSV-2-infected-cell lysates. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H treatment of the in vitro-synthesized 104K protein yielded a single product migrating at 100 K. The 72K and 31K cleavage products of gG-2 were not observed in the in vitro system. These data show that the molecular weight of the nonglycosylated form of the gG-2 protein is 100,000 and that the cotranslational processing of this protein in the endoplasmic reticulum yields the 104K high-mannose intermediate.
Modeling and Simulation of Context-Awareness

Context-awareness is a key enabling technology for the design of future Internet and user-centric distributed applications. Contexts are situational information, which could be physical/logical, system/user-specific, explicit/implicit, and complete/incomplete, of processing and object entities embedded in a computation and communication environment. The use of contextual information offers great opportunities for enhancing the performance of systems with new applications beyond imagination. From the users viewpoint, augmented with contextual information, distributed applications can be made to adapt to the environment that it operates within. From the systems viewpoint, embodied with computation in the environment, the supporting infrastructure can be made dynamic as the environment changes. We have seen much ongoing research and applications of contextawareness in the"context" of pervasive and mobile computing, and some other general distributed computing. The research issues on context-awareness include context modeling, specification, acquisition, interpretation, and management. The supporting technologies touch upon many aspects of computer science ranging from sensor technology, network infrastructure, algorithm and language design, and HCI and AI. This presentation gives a brief overview of context-awareness, argues its importance, and then focuses on exploiting the roles of simulation in supporting the development of context-aware applications and systems. Examples include testing and debugging of context-aware software, synthesizing sensor data, and simulating context-aware infrastructures.
Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Diabetes Mellitus

of the Clinical Problem Diabetes inolderadultspresentsasignificantpublichealthchallenge. The prevalence of the disease increases sharplywith age, affecting 12.2%of adults aged 45 to 64 years but 21.8%of adults aged 65 to 74years.1Historically,diabetestreatmentgoalshave includedachievingnear-normal levelsofglucose (HbA1c<7%),bloodpressure (<130/ 80mmHg), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<100mg/dL [<2.59mmol/L])2 to reduce the riskof complications.However, clinical trials that informdiabetes recommendationshave tended toexclude older patients and those with significant comorbid illnesses. Thus, risk factor target goals are unclear in older patientswhohave numerous comorbidities and diminished functional status.
An introspection-based memory scraper attack against virtualized point of sale systems

Retail industry Point of Sale (POS) computer systems are frequently targeted by hackers for credit/debit card data. Faced with increasing security threats, new security standards requiring encryption for card data storage and transmission were introduced making harvesting card data more difficult. Encryption can be circumvented by extracting unencrypted card data from the volatile memory of POS systems. One scenario investigated in this empirical study is the introspection-based memory scraping attack. Vulnerability of nine commercial POS applications running on a virtual machine was assessed with a novel tool, which exploited the virtual machine state introspection capabilities supported by modern hypervisors to automatically extract card data from the POS virtual machines. The tool efficiently extracted 100% of the credit/debit card data from all POS applications. This is the first detailed description of an introspection-based memory scraping attack on virtualized POS systems.
Superoperator direct method least-squares analysis of NMR spectra☆

Abstract The first reported use of the superoperator direct method for the analysis of complex high-resolution NMR spectra is given; two symmetric four-spin compounds, dimethyl trans-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylate and cis-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid, are used as examples in this application. A weighted least-squares procedure based on an iteration of the transition matrix hD is presented as an alternative to the two basic iterative schemes presently in use, both of which are developed within the traditional framework. Certain computational differences between these approaches are discussed and it is noted that, in a sense, the direct method procedure is a unification of the two commonly used methods.
High-frequency VEP wavelets in early infancy: A preliminary study☆

Abstract The flash-evoked visual evoked potential (VEP) was recorded in 12 infants 0–12 weeks of age. Along with traditional low-frequency waves (1–35 Hz), high-frequency (50–100 Hz) wavelets were examined. No wavelets were apparent in records obtained from infants below 4 weeks of age, although the low-frequency waves were clearly present at all ages tested. Wavelets showed a steady increase in amplitude and a small decrease in implicit time across the time period studied. The changes in wavelet development can be interpreted as a reflection of the significant postnatal maturation of the primary visual system, particularly the maculo and visual cortex.
Democracy, autocracy, and intermediate associations in organizations: flexibility or unrestrained change?

Organizational participation has often been treated as a matter of securing the involvement of individuals in a more `democratic' structure. Organizational responsiveness has often been sought in increasing ease and rate of change. These parallel approaches are criticized in this paper as overreactions to a myth of autocratic organization. They give inadequate attention to formal factors which constrain or encourage participation. Both extreme individualism and extreme centralism are shown to overlook the importance of intermediate associations. Arguments based on collective goods, small group and network theories are used to show how intermediate associations could increase the effectiveness of collective participation in organizational action and the stability of organizational structure.
Study of Energy Storage Capacitor Reduction for Single Phase PWM Rectifier

It is well known that there exist second-order harmonic current and corresponding ripple voltage on dc bus for single phase PWM rectifiers. The low frequency harmonic current is normally filtered using a bulk capacitor in the bus which results in low power density. This paper studies the energy storage capacitor reduction methods for single phase rectifiers. The minimum ripple energy storage requirement is derived independent of a specific topology. Based on the minimum ripple energy requirement, the feasibility of the active capacitor's reduction schemes is verified. Then, we propose a bidirectional buck-boost converter as our ripple energy storage circuit that can effectively reduce the energy storage capacitance. Simulation and experimental results are provided for verification purposes.