cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology, democracy and institutional change

This is the capstone chapter in a book on digital democracy that is, in the end, fundamentally about institutional change. The book is not merely cautious in its overall assessment but also cautionary, particularly as the contributors seek to understand the institution of democracy in relation to two social developments – digitalization and globalization – that have certainly been disruptive if not also potentially revolutionary. To understand these developments, one must deploy a theory of institutional change operating along three inter-related dimensions: functional, political, and cultural. Regardless of how the most optimistic scholars and theorists have at times conceptualized the new forms of transnational governance that seem to be emerging (particularly in the internet domain, via so-called ‘multistakeholderism’), the broader public seems to have experienced these forms not as a new kind of democracy but as democracy’s negation – a kind of digital technocracy. The elites who populate the various fora of transnational governance – who occupy their positions by virtue of functional power within business, bureaucratic, and technical networks – remain effectively immune from removal by any bottom-up collective political mobilization against them (something especially true with regard to algorithmic transparency and accountability). No wonder populism surges in such an environment: This is no longer democracy, at least not in a historically recognizable sense, but rather an elite technocracy, legitimized by paler forms of transparency and participation, at least as compared to citizen voting within a historically constructed political community in which such mobilization and removal is possible. One likely result is a kind of political-cultural resistance that may contribute to the overall ‘stickiness’, or ‘hysteresis’, of traditional forms of representative government on the national level in the face of the seeming functional demands posed by digitalization and globalization. Representative government within a demos-based political community possesses a degree of specifically democratic legitimacy – derived ‘of’ a people, in a Lincoln sense – that governance networks, no matter how transparent and participatory, simply cannot muster. It is therefore a category mistake to describe them in autonomously democratic terms; they are, instead, an extension of technocratic/administrative governance on the national level. The challenge is thus to find a way to reconcile their existence (including the often significant functional advantages they bring) with the continued popular association of democracy with representative government on the national level. This demands rigorous oversight of such networks – a task to which increasing transparency and participation rights contribute. Rather than seeing ‘multistakeholderism’ as a vehicle for democratization in its own right, it should be seen as a way of reducing information costs that facilitates democratically legitimate oversight by representative governmental bodies that are constituted elsewhere.
Self-heating in advanced CMOS technologies

On advanced technology nodes, increases in power density, non-planar architectures and different material systems can exacerbate local self-heating due to active power dissipation, which can affect device performance and reliability in various ways. This paper presents an overview of the research on self-heating in transistors and discusses modulators, measurement schemes, spatio-temporal sensitivities, and impacts on performance and reliability. As the industry continues to scale dimensions and power densities, the significance of self-heating effects will continue to grow, and a robust frame-work to fully assess it, and deal with its impacts to circuits and IP blocks are essential.
Assessment of the geriatric patient.

UNLABELLED In its final report, the 1981 White House Conference on Aging recommended that "Comprehensive foot care be provided for the elderly in a manner equal to care provided for other parts of the human body, to permit patients to remain ambulatory: IMPLEMENTATION Remove current Medicare exclusions which preclude comprehensive foot care." The ability to ambulate requires appropriate foot health as a catalyst. Keeping patients walking is a goal that needs to be met if older persons are to maintain a high degree of quality in their lives. Given the high prevalence of foot problems in elderly persons, especially in those patients with chronic diseases and mental health problems, foot care needs are essential. Foot health, care, and foot health promotion should be part of comprehensive health care for older Americans. The ability to remain active and ambulatory is one means of assuring dignity and self-esteem for the elderly.
Potent Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Photoreductants with β-Diketiminate Ancillary Ligands

In this work, we outline a strategy to prepare a class of improved visible-light photosensitizers. Bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands are demonstrated to be potent excited-state electron donors. Evaluation of the photophysical and electrochemical properties establishes the excited-state redox potentials of the complexes, and Stern–Volmer quenching experiments inform on the kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer to the model substrates methyl viologen (MV2+) and benzophenone (BP). Compared to fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), widely regarded as a state-of-the-art photoreductant, the complexes we describe have excited-state redox potentials that are more potent by 300–400 mV and rates for photoinduced electron transfer that are accelerated by as much as a factor of 3. These complexes emerge as promising targets for application in photocatalytic reactions and other photochemical processes.
Proof of a Mixed Arithmetic-Mean, Geomertic-Mean Inequality

(1994). Proof of a Mixed Arithmetic-Mean, Geomertic-Mean Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 355-357.
1.1 – The Core Principles of Physiology

This chapter summarizes the core principles of human physiology. It begins with the definition of human physiology as “the integrated study of the normal function of the human body.” It discusses reductionism, the explanation of a system on the basis of its parts, and contrasts this to holism, in which the behavior of the parts is altered by their context within the whole. The core principles include: (1) cells are the functional unit of life; (2) physiological systems seek homeostasis; (3) causal mechanisms within the body obey physical and chemical laws; (4) our bodies are the product of evolution of prior forms; (5) our bodies transform matter and energy into body materials and physiological work; (6) the function of body parts follows their form; (7) coordinated control of body systems requires signaling at all levels of organization; (8) control systems use negative feedback, anticipatory or feed-forward control, or developmental or threshold control; and (9) physiology is quantitative.
On the evaluation of large homogeneous plastic strains: The mean angle of orientation of linear elements during straining in the evaluation of homogeneous plastic strains

A simple technique is proposed for the evaluation of large strain increments such as those that occur in some metal-forming processes or in orthogonal metal cutting. This method depends on the use of the usual equations for the transformation of strain in two dimensions modified to include a correction due to the change in the orientation of the element during straining. This correction has been calculated for various values of strain and of initial angular orientation of the strained element, and it is shown that the average value of the element orientation, during straining, used in the equations for the transformation of “natural” strain gives excellent results.
Strategische Steuerung – von der Balanced Scorecard zu Strategy Maps

Die deutsche Versicherungswirtschaft befindet sich auch 15 Jahre nach der Deregulierung von 1994 im steten Wandel. Die Entwicklungen des europaischen Versicherungsrechtes (VVG-Reform), die Ratifizierung des Alterseinkunftegesetzes zum 1. Januar 2005, neue bilanzielle Regelungen (IAS/IFRS und BilMoG) und MaRisk/Solvency II haben erneut Handlungszwang aber auch erhebliche Unsicherheit in der Umsetzung dieser gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen erzeugt. Die okonomischen Auswirkungen und Mechanismen sind nur schwer abzuschatzen. Gleichzeitig verandert sich das Wettbewerbsumfeld nachhaltig durch sich andernde Bedurfnisse und Verhaltensweise von Kunden, Konsolidierung der Vertriebswege sowie durch Verscharfung des Wettbewerbs durch kurzere Produktinnovationszyklen
Discussion board posts about Jewish interfaith relationships and intermarriage: Romantic love, independence, concern for children, and ethnicity

DISCUSSION BOARD POSTS ABOUT JEWISH INTERFAITH RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERMARRIAGE: ROMANTIC LOVE, INDEPENDENCE, CONCERN FOR CHILDREN, AND ETHNICITY Miriam Kan April 19, 2012 Following previous studies on the rate of increase and behavior of the American Jewish intermarried, this study sought to determine what individuals are discussing about Jewish interfaith relationships and intermarriage. Four scholarly issues were identified as topics of concern: romantic love, independence, concern for children, and ethnicity. Two Internet discussion boards, interfaithfamily.com and joi.org, were analyzed using the four topics as a basis for narrative analysis. The messages analyzed on interfaithfamily.com and joi.org showed that these four topics are not restricted to the scholarly literature, but are also discussed in public among individuals concerned with Jewish interfaith relationships and intermarriage who come from a mix of religious affiliations. Nearly three quarters of the population posting comments on the discussion boards were women, who identified themselves broadly as either Jewish or Christian. The findings suggest that individuals discuss all four of these topics.
Bilateral Choroidal Osteomas in Rosai-Dorfman Disease

Purpose:The purpose of this case report is to describe a case of bilateral choroidal osteomas in Rosai-Dorfman disease, a rare pseudolymphomatous disorder.Methods:A case report was conducted.Result...
The millimeter-wavelength absorption of sulfuric acid vapor measured under simulated Venus conditions

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the 2–4 millimeter-wavelength rotational absorption spectrum of H2SO4 vapor pressure-broadened by CO2 have been made under simulated Venus conditions using a semi-confocal microwave open resonator. Results of the measurements are used to derive an absorption model based on the JPL Millimeter Spectral Line Catalog using a Van Vleck-Weisskopf lineshape. The millimeter-wavelength H2SO4 vapor absorption predicted by this derived model contrasts with extrapolation of the absorption model of Kolodner and Steffes (1998), which is based on the results of centimeter-wavelength measurements made under similar conditions. The results of the measurements presented here and other laboratory measurements under Venus conditions have been used to develop a Venus microwave radiative transfer model. This model can be used to predict the wavelength-dependent brightness temperature observed by remote sensing platforms and Earth-based radio telescopes. Based on the results of the new model for H2SO4 vapor absorption, previously measured brightness temperature variations >10 K in the 3 millimeter wavelength range are unlikely directly due to variations in the abundance of gaseous H2SO4.
A chemical probe for dehydrobutyrine

Bacterial phosphothreonine lyases, or phospholyases, catalyze a unique post-translational modification that introduces dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) or dehydroalanine (Dha) in place of phosphothreonine or phosphoserine residues, respectively. We report the use of a phospha-Michael reaction to label proteins and peptides modified with Dha or Dhb. We demonstrate that a nucleophilic phosphine probe is able to modify Dhb-containing proteins and peptides that were recalcitrant to reaction with thiol or amine nucleophiles under mild aqueous conditions. Furthermore, we used this reaction to detect multiple Dhb-modified proteins in mammalian cell lysates, including histone H3, a previously unknown target of phospholyases. This method should prove useful for identifying new phospholyase targets, profiling the biomarkers of bacterial infection, and developing enzyme-mediated strategies for bioorthogonal labeling in living cells.
Active surveillance documents rates of clinical care seeking due to respiratory illness.

Background Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease worldwide. However, the overall community prevalence of infections has not been properly assessed, as standard surveillance is typically acquired passively among individuals seeking clinical care. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in which participants provided daily diaries and weekly nasopharyngeal specimens that were tested for respiratory viruses. These data were used to analyze healthcare seeking behavior, compared with cross-sectional ED data and NYC surveillance reports, and used to evaluate biases of medically attended ILI as signal for population respiratory disease and infection. Results The likelihood of seeking medical attention was virus-dependent: higher for influenza and metapneumovirus (19%-20%), lower for coronavirus and RSV (4%), and 71% of individuals with self-reported ILI did not seek care and half of medically attended symptomatic manifestations did not meet the criteria for ILI. Only 5% of cohort respiratory virus infections and 21% of influenza infections were medically attended and classifiable as ILI. We estimated 1 ILI event per person/year but multiple respiratory infections per year. Conclusion Standard, healthcare-based respiratory surveillance has multiple limitations. Specifically, ILI is an incomplete metric for quantifying respiratory disease, viral respiratory infection, and influenza infection. The prevalence of respiratory viruses, as reported by standard, healthcare-based surveillance, is skewed toward viruses producing more severe symptoms. Active, longitudinal studies are a helpful supplement to standard surveillance, can improve understanding of the overall circulation and burden of respiratory viruses, and can aid development of more robust measures for controlling the spread of these pathogens.
Telomere Dysfunction Activates p53 and Represses HNF4α Expression Leading to Impaired Human Hepatocyte Development and Function

Background and aims Telomere attrition is a major risk factor for end-stage liver disease. Due to a lack of adequate models and intrinsic difficulties in studying telomerase in physiologically relevant cells, the molecular mechanisms responsible for liver disease in patients with telomere syndromes remain elusive. To circumvent that, we used genome editing to generate isogenic human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) harboring clinically relevant mutations in telomerase and subjected them to an in vitro, stage-specific hepatocyte differentiation protocol that resembles hepatocyte development in vivo. Approach and results Using this platform, we observed that while telomerase is highly expressed in hESCs, it is quickly silenced, specifically due to telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) down-regulation, immediately after endoderm differentiation and completely absent in in vitro-derived hepatocytes, similar to what is observed in human primary hepatocytes. While endoderm derivation is not impacted by telomere shortening, progressive telomere dysfunction impaired hepatic endoderm formation. Consequently, hepatocyte derivation, as measured by expression of specific hepatic markers as well by albumin expression and secretion, is severely compromised in telomerase mutant cells with short telomeres. Interestingly, this phenotype was not caused by cell death induction or senescence. Rather, telomere shortening prevents the up-regulation and activation of human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) in a p53-dependent manner. Both reactivation of telomerase and silencing of p53 rescued hepatocyte formation in telomerase mutants. Likewise, the conditional expression (doxycycline-controlled) of HNF4α, even in cells that retained short telomeres, accrued DNA damage, and exhibited p53 stabilization, successfully restored hepatocyte formation from hESCS. Conclusions Our data show that telomere dysfunction acts as a major regulator of HNF4α during hepatocyte development, pointing to a target in the treatment of liver disease in telomere-syndrome patients.
Flame Resistant Cotton Fabric Containing Casein and Inorganic Materials Using an Environmentally-Friendly Microwave Assisted Technique

New methods for formulating flame retardant cotton fabrics have been achieved by applying a microwave-assisted technique with low amounts of solvent. Trials using cotton fabrics treated with casein from bovine milk and eco-friendly inorganic materials, urea and diammonium phosphate, were completed successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 45 ° angle (clothing textiles test), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were carried out for the treated cotton fabrics. When the treated fabrics were tested using the 45 ° angle flame, the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing embers upon self-extinguishing. All untreated cotton fabrics showed limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of about 18 % oxygen in nitrogen. For formulations with casein, urea and diammonium phosphate, LOI values of treated fabrics were 32.0–44.0 % oxygen in nitrogen when add-on values for the formulation were 9.71–23.5 wt%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.
Banking on Blind Faith? Islamic Finance, Consumer Protection and Public Policy

Islamic finance in its broadest sense has existed since the early years of Islam. While Islamic finance has much to offer with regard to financial management and ethical investing, it lacks cohesive and overarching regulatory structures. This chapter addresses these concerns by focusing on two central themes: (1) the importance of faith or religion for some people when it comes to financial decisions, and (2) the potential consumer protection concerns with respect to regulating what is or what is not “Islamic” in western financial markets. The chapter argues that Islamic finance, has much to offer to global finance, but its current practice falls far short of Islamic economic and ethical ideals.
Platelet Application on Wound Healing

According to the WHO, the most common disease is hypertension. Certain situations are easily overlooked. In most cases, major bleeding caused by trauma is not considered a disease, and thousands are suffering from it. The treatment towards bleeding is still very old fashion because there is no certain improvement since the beginning of the 20th century. Platelet is one of the key factors of wound healing. The formation of a plug plays a crucial role in preventing heavy bleeding. There are many studies describing the function of the platelet, such as its function on dentistry or recovery after chemotherapy. However, the main original function of the platelet is also distinguishable. This article will introduce the nanotech based GS5-MOF and its function of an artificial wound healing enhancer and a healing speed up enzyme.
Evolution of Plant Niche Construction Traits in Biogeomorphic Landscapes

By virtue of niche construction traits, plants play a significant role in shaping landscapes. The resultant outcome is a change in the selective environment, which influences the evolution of these same plants. So far almost all biogeomorphic models have assumed that niche construction traits are invariant in time. On the other hand, niche construction studies have assumed that independent abiotic changes are either nonexistent or are simply linear. Here, I considered the concomitant evolution of plant niche construction traits during landscape development. I constructed a geo-evolutionary model that couples a population genetic module with a landscape development module. Allowing plants to evolve always results in landforms different from those that appear when evolution is not accounted for. The topographic difference between cases with and without evolution ranges from a small difference in the steady-state topography, to drastic differences in landforms. The amount of difference is contingent upon forms of landscape development and the strength of geo-evolutionary coupling. Allowing the landscape to develop while evolution occurs changes evolutionary trajectories for niche construction traits. The landscape can even develop spatial structures that suppress selection. Model results clearly support the need to integrate niche construction theory and biogeomorphology to better understand both.
Self-attraction and natural curvature in null DNA.

Abstract Forces of self-attraction inherent in DNA are unmasked when its ionic charge is neutralized. On the global level, self-attraction operates between segments to condense null (charge-neutralized) DNA into a segment-rich particle. Locally, self-attraction tends to contract an individual segment along its axis. If certain conditions are satisfied, the compressed segment buckles outward from the original line of the axis. Its most stable shape is then curved, or, as an extreme case, even completely folded. Buckling conditions are derived and shown to be met by DNA thus explaining the high degree of ordered curvature and folding in the observed morphologies of condensed null DNA The central concept employed is the buckling persistence length. It is evaluated for null DNA (40–50 bp) and agrees with experimental data (<60 bp). It helps in understanding the observed cooperative unit in the condensation/decondensation equilibrium (about 60 bp) and the observed size of digestion fragments unstable in the co...
Representations of finite and compact groups

Groups and counting principles Fundamentals of group representations Abstract theory of representations of finite groups Representations of concrete finite groups. I: Abelian and Clifford groups Representations of concrete finite groups. II: Semidirect products and induced representations Representations of concrete finite groups. III: The symmetric groups Compact groups The structure of compact semisimple groups The representations of compact semisimple groups Multilinear algebra (Appendix A) The analysis of self-adjoint Hilbert-Schmidt operators (Appendix B) Bibliography Index.
Advice About Life Plans From Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings in Always-Married and Divorced Families During Late Adolescence

The frequency of advice about life plans that older adolescents in always-married and divorced families received from mothers, fathers, and siblings was examined. Also, a pattern-analytic approach that grouped adolescents according to the amount of advice about life plans received from each parent and a sibling was employed to explore the connections between patterns of advice and adolescents' future occupational, educational, and family plans. The sample included 544 and 95 older adolescents in always-married and divorced families, respectively. Findings suggested that while adolescents relied on mothers for advice in both always-married and divorced families, adolescents in divorced families depended on fathers and siblings for advice less often than did adolescents in always-married families. Although there was some evidence of family context differences in the connections between patterns of advice and life plans, overall, adolescents in both family contexts who received more advice from a parent and, in some cases, a sibling compared to other adolescents were the most positive about their future life plans.
Barbara Lawson. Collected Curios.

Collected Curios: Missionary Tales from the South Seas. BARBARA LAWSON. Montreal: McGill University Libraries, 1994. Fontanus Monograph Series III. xvi. 313 pp., 24 illustrations, appendices, bibliography, index. $35.00 (cloth).
Negative group delay circuit based on a multisection asymmetrical directional coupler

In this paper, we present a novel passive negative group delay (NGD) circuit based on directional couplers. By cascading several directional couplers with appropriate coupling coefficients, we are able to synthesize negative group delay with a broad bandwidth at the coupled port of the multisection directional coupler. Unlike conventional NGD circuits that use bandstop structures with lumped elements, such as inductors and capacitors, to realize negative group delay, the proposed design provides a fully distributed realization of NGD circuit. Therefore, this novel NGD circuit is very promising to be integrated into high frequency designs.
28A. Natural Healing and Cooking

Focus Area: Experiential Workshop In this experiential Natural Healing and Cooking workshop, attendees will get a “taste” of how to use food as medicine. This session introduces attendees to a proven, practical, and delicious way to fight and protect against obesity, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and cancer—through the power of the plate. The founders of the UCSD Natural Healing and Cooking program encapsulate their 8-week program into a dynamic, 90-minute, interactive class that allows the audience to use all of their senses to enjoy an energetically balanced, whole-food, plant-based meal that is easy enough for the busiest person to recreate at home. Lessons draw from nutrition science, epidemiology, and time-tested principles (and cuisines) from around the world.
An introduction to electromagnetic induction in the ocean

Abstract The governing equations for the induction of electromagnetic fields in the ocean by ionospheric and oceanic sources are presented. A uniformly conducting layered model and a nonuniformly conducting thin-sheet model are discussed with reference to the interpretation of fields observed in the ocean. A procedure for the separation of the electric field continuum into parts of ionospheric and oceanic origin is presented.
Trends in labor efficiency among American hospital markets

The health care sector is one of the most labor intensive sectors of the economy. As a major player in health service delivery, hospitals must closely examine their largest cost — labor expenses. This study evaluates trends in the efficiency of health care labor among urban hospital markets. More specifically, it assesses the hypothesis that technological changes and market and regulatory pressures have increased aggregate labor efficiency. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), this study evaluates labor efficiency in 1989 and 1993 in 298 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with two or more hospitals. Results of this study suggest that between 1989 and 1993, hospital markets generally demonstrated higher labor inefficiencies. The U.S. health care system could save approximately $16.6 billion in 1993 by eliminating hospitals' excessive use of health care provider labor.
Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia rates in patients with COPD and asthma

Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are included in several national pneumococcal vaccination recommendations whereas asthma patients are not. The objective of this study was to evaluate pneumonia-related hospitalization risk in patients with COPD or asthma and vaccination impact.
Pigment Transformation and Induction in Hamster Malignant Amelanotic Melanocytes

Hamster malignant amelanotic melanocytes were incubated in vitro with RNA and DNA from DMBA-induced hamster benign Blue Nevi. Of 6 experiments, temporary pigment induction occurred in 4, and permanent pigment transformation once. In the transformed culture, following initial pigmentation of more than 90% of cells, most of the pigment transformants subsequently died, but a stable population containing 1% heavily pigmented cells survived. The pigmented survivors exhibited markedly decreased in vitro growth capacity, proliferating only ⅕ as rapidly as the amelanotic cells. Amelanotic survivors showed features of increased contact inhibition including parallel orientation, decreased maximum plate density, and increased adherence to the culture plate. The latter feature alone also occurred temporarily in 4 cultures showing only pigment induction. It appears that benign Blue Nevi of hamsters contain genetic and epigenetic determinants of pigmentation lacking in malignant amelanotic melanocytes of this species. In addition, other genetic determinants seem to be present which are capable of modifying in vitro growth and surface properties of the malignant cells in the direction of more "normal" behavior. Under the conditions of these experiments, transfer both of a characteristic differentiated function, pigmentation, and of more "normal" growth and surface behavior characteristics from a benign melanoma to a malignant melanoma cell line has been observed. These findings suggest need for further experimental investigations to determine whether the neoplastic character of malignant melanoma is necessarily irreversible.
Algorithms for quantized precoding in MIMO OFDM beamforming systems

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless systems can offer significant diversity and transmit beamforming with receive combining provides a method to achieve this diversity with simple receive processing. The maximum gains in terms of array gain and diversity, however, requires perfect channel knowledge at the transmitter. In the absence of perfect channel knowledge, the channel information can be quantized at the receiver and sent back to the transmitter using a low-rate feedback link. In the case of narrowband channels, considerable work has been done in reducing the feedback information while maintaining bit-error-rate performance close to the case of perfect channel knowledge. This work, however, does not naturally extend to the case of frequency selective channels and leads to an explosion in the feedback overhead. In this paper, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered as a low complexity implementation of MIMO beamforming combining over frequency selective channels. Two broad classes of algorithms are discussed for quantizing channel information - clustering and transform. The clustering algorithms group the subcarriers and choose a common frequency-domain representation of the channel information for each group. Thus the feedback rate depends on the number of groups and not on the number of subcarriers. The transform algorithms quantize the channel information in time-domain where the transform essentially decorrelates the channel information. Both the algorithms provide significant compression of channel information maintaining bit-error-rate performance close to the case of perfect channel knowledge.
Signal Processing-Based Direction Finder for Transient Capacitor Switching Disturbances

This paper develops a signal processing, time-frequency analysis-based analytic solution to locate transient capacitor switching disturbances. The flow of transient disturbance energy caused by the capacitor switching is determined by the time and frequency localized phase difference. Cross time-frequency analysis provides time- and frequency-localized phase difference between the transient voltage and current disturbance waveforms which determine the direction of transient disturbance energy flow. The time and frequency localization properties of the proposed scheme allows one to expand the application to complicated power distribution systems without knowledge of system parameters, capacitor size, and configuration. The proposed scheme has been verified by the electromagnetic transients program simulation for all possible spatial locations of the capacitor switching.
Biological reactors as renal substitutes.

It is the goal of research on renal substitutes to develop systems that may be more physiologic in that they provide continuous purification, provide selective adaptive transport mechanisms, are suitable for in situ use and aid other physiologic processes. In an effort to meet these goals, the concept of using specific strains of microorganisms (biological reactors) was studied. Batch reactor studies, carried out in uitro with normal urine in an aerobic environment, were done to assess the mass transfer characteristics of select strains of microorganisms, based upon the removal of nitrogenous metabolites. Appreciable quantities of these metabolites (urea, creatinine and uric acid) were removed. Studies indicated that mixed strains of microorganisms are required and that interdependence among the, different strains exists. For certain solutes, such as creatinine, there was a temperature dependence. While further work is required, these background studies stimulate further research into the possibility of applying nature's own mechanisms for the treatment of renal failure. Whether as viable species or as carriers of enzymes, biological reactors may be useful in combination with other present technologies and in the design of future treatment modalities.
Thermally Stable Oxygen and Nitrogen Implant Isolation of C-Doped Al0.35Ga0.65As

Oxygen and nitrogen ion implantation have been applied, for the first time, to C-doped Al 0.35 Ga 0.65 As layers produce high resistivity regions (p s ≥ 1×10 10 Ω/□) that are stable after annealing at 900 oC. A dose threshold for stable compensation for both O and N ions was found above 8×10 13 cm -2 for samples doped at 2×10 18 cm -3 . Although O implantation has been reported to form stable compensation in Si-doped and Be-doped AlGaAs, the ability of nitrogen implantation to produce thermally stable compensation has not been previously reported and may be due to a C-N complex. The existence of this C-N complex is supported by results for O- and N-implants into C-doped GaAs where N formed thermally stable compensation but O did not. Sheet resistance data versus anneal temperature and estimates of the depth of the defect levels are reported. This result will have application to heterojunction bipolar transistors and complementary heterostructure field effect transistor technologies that employ C-doped AlGaAs or GaAs layers along with high temperature post-isolation processing.
Microwave transport in the emeraldine form of polyaniline.

The conductivity and dielectric constant of the emeraldine polymer are studied at a frequency of 6.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ Hz as a function of temperature T and protonation levels spanning from insulating emeraldine base [${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$(295 K)\ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$ (\ensuremath{\Omega} cm${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$] to conducting emeraldine salt [${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$(295 K)\ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{0}$ (\ensuremath{\Omega} cm${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$]. The microwave conductivity is larger than the dc conductivity by many orders of magnitude for the base but approaches that of dc for more conducting emeraldine salts. For lowly protonated emeraldine polymers the dielectric constant is small and almost temperature independent. For higher protonation levels the dielectric constant is linear in T with deviations observed at maximum protonation level. The dielectric constant increases monotonically with protonation for intermediate and higher-level protonated emeraldine salts. The temperature dependence of microwave conductivity differs from that of dc, especially at lower temperatures. In general, the data support the phase segregation of polymer into ``metallic islands'' and insulating background with localization prevailing at low temperatures. In view of the presence of barriers within the metallic islands and the increase of coherence length of the charge carriers with temperature, the phrase of ``textured metallic islands'' is introduced to describe the delicate role of temperature on the interplay between localization and delocalization. We review the relevance of some of the transport models to emeraldine polymers.
Ionic interaction of amiloride and uridine 5′-triphosphate in nebulizer solutions

Combination therapy using nebulized amiloride hydrochloride and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) trisodium salt aerosols has been investigated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). Amiloride in aqueous solution precipitates in the presence of UTP, reducing drug concentrations. Interactions between these drugs and NaCl in solution were studied using phase-solubility techniques monitored by UV spectrophotometry. Elemental analyses were employed for precipitate characterization. Amiloride solubility was reduced by more than 85% in saline. Amiloride solubility decreased with increasing UTP concentration, resulting in formation of a precipitated complex. The theoretical molar ratio of complexes range from 1-3 amiloride:1 UTP. At most concentrations only 3 amiloride:1 UTP complex was observed in precipitate. This is a reflection of low Ksp for the 3:1 complex of 2.92 x 10(-11) M4 compared with 2.09 x 10(-4) M2 for amiloride alone. Equilibration over excess bulk solid resulted in higher solubility estimates and different phase solubility diagrams than solubility studies utilizing precipitation technique. This may be explained by the absence of amiloride in the solid state and its impact on complex equilibria with UTP. The solubility suppressing effects of UTP and saline were largely additive. A number of ionic interactions increase complex solubility profile of amiloride hydrochloride in the presence of UTP and NaCl.
An error components model of cost overruns and schedule slip on army R&D programs

What has been causing cost overruns and schedule slippages in Army major weapon-system R&D programs during the past ten years? This article addresses this question with emphasis on the effectiveness of an Army acquisition strategy entitled Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimating (TRACE). An empirical study employed a questionnaire and interviews with key personnel from all of the major Army Program Management Offices involved with R&D. The major research question was the following: What explanatory variables have been affecting R&D cost overruns and development time? This includes an evaluation of TRACE as a potential explanatory variable. Data was collected and analyzed using an error components multiple regression model. The major explanatory variables that appeared to explain cost overruns were technological risk of the program, education and experience of key program management office personnel, and the degree of “buy in” by the prime contractor. Strong statistical results indicate that TRACE is having little or no effect on cost overruns. In the case of development time, the major explanatory variables were seen to be technological risk of the program, testing, TRACE, education, and length of the R&D contract.
Catalytic Reaction Mechanism of Oxalate Oxidase (Germin). A Hybrid DFT Study

The mechanism of the catalytic reaction for oxalate oxidase has been investigated with the hybrid density functional method B3LYP. The models used in the calculations comprise of the manganese ion, three imidazoles, and one acetate, which model the active-site Mn(II) and its first-shell protein ligands. Moreover, the reactants, i.e., singly protonated oxalate and dioxygen, have been explicitly considered. The computational results suggest that the enzyme-oxalate complex can adopt two conformations, one with bidentate oxalate and 6-coordinate manganese and the second one with monodentate substrate and coordinatively unsaturated Mn(II). This second species reacts with dioxygen on the quartet potential energy surface, and in a rate-limiting step yields one CO2 molecule and a reactive intermediate, in which Mn(III) is coordinated by HOO(-) and a formyl radical anion. A subsequent fast spin transition, from the quartet to the sextet spin state, allows an electron transfer from the formyl radical anion to Mn(III) and leads to the product-enzyme complexes. It is proposed that the final step of the catalytic cycle involves protonation of these species and release of products. Taken together, the mechanistic proposal presented in this work agrees well with the available experimental data and provides an explanation for the very efficient coupling between the two-electron dioxygen reduction and oxalate oxidation performed by oxalate oxidase.
Impact of pharmacist integration in a pediatric primary care clinic on vaccination errors: A retrospective review

Abstract Objective To measure the impact of ambulatory clinical pharmacist integration in a pediatric primary care clinic on vaccination error rates and to evaluate missed opportunities. Methods A retrospective, quasi-experimental review of electronic medical records of visit encounters during a 3-month period compared vaccine error rates and missed opportunities between two pediatric residency primary care clinics. The intervention clinic has a full-time ambulatory clinical pharmacist integrated into the health care team. Pharmacy services were not provided at the comparison clinic. A vaccine error was defined as follows: doses administered before minimum recommended age, doses administered before minimum recommended spacing from a previous dose, doses administered unnecessarily, live virus vaccination administered too close to a previous live vaccine, and doses invalid for combinations of these reasons. Results 900 encounters were randomly selected and reviewed. The error rate was found to be 0.28% in the intervention clinic and 2.7% in the comparison clinic. The difference in error rates was found to be significant ( P = 0.0021). The number of encounters with greater than or equal to one missed opportunity was significantly higher in the comparison clinic compared with the intervention clinic (29.3% vs. 10.2%; P Conclusion The pediatric primary care clinic with a pharmacist had reductions in vaccination errors as well as missed opportunities. Pharmacists play a key role in the pediatric primary care team to improve the appropriate use of vaccines.
Candida infections in patients with acute leukemia: Ineffectiveness of nystatin prophylaxis and relationship between oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis

Ninety-three hospitalizations of 70 patients, who underwent induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia to determine the effectiveness of oral nystatin in preventing oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis were reviewed. Sixty-two percent of patients who received prophylactic nystatin and 58% of patients who did not receive nystatin developed oropharyngeal candidiasis; 11% of patients who received prophylaxis and 21% of those who did not receive prophylaxis developed systemic candidiasis. The use of oral nystatin did not significantly diminish the risk of developing either type of Candida infection. Oropharyngeal candidiasis occurred more commonly in patients who had severe and prolonged leukopenia, had received more parenteral antibiotics, and had developed chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Systemic candidiasis developed almost exclusively in patients who had prior oropharyngeal candidiasis. Guidelines for the empiric use of amphotericin B in these patients are provided.
Dissociation of Ethoxy Methyl Carbenium Hexachloroantimonate in Methylene Chloride Solution. I. Measurement of the Specific Conductivity and Dielectric Constant

Abstract The problems of measuring the specific conductivity of very low conductivity organic solutions are explored. A simple ac system using readily available components is described, and its limitations are examined. The low-frequency dielectric constant can also be determined with reasonable accuracy.
Primates in northern Viet Nam: A review of the ecology and conservation status of extant species, with notes on pleistocene localities

We discuss the distribution of living and fossil primates in northern Viet Nam, integrate new localities into the known ranges, and address the ecological parameters and status of extant primate species. In addition, we interpolate fossil specimens from Pleistocene cave sites into the discussion of current ranges. This approach provides a unique glimpse into the past ranges of extant species in a tropical setting, which is unavailable for most regions of the world. Finally, we review the effects of ecocide and other anthropogenic threats to nonhuman primates in Viet Nam.
Cloud Enabling Data Centers for Optimized Development and Test Operations

The demand from IT for the development organizations today are required to reduce capital expense and maximize existing investment. At the same time deliver high quality IT services for large development and testing teams that are geographically dispersed, with better visibility and control. As such, cloud computing with its widely-touted benefits made a convincing case for adoption. The imperative is to consolidate, virtualize and cloud enable the Data Centers in order to reduce escalating costs and free up resources to support growth and innovation.
Little house in the jungle: The causes of variation in house size among modern Kekchi Maya

Abstract Interpreting variation in the size and quality of houses is a difficult task for the archaeologist. Are larger houses a sign of a larger household, of a higher-status household, or of a household which has lived at the site longer than others? This paper uses ethnographic data on the Kekchi Maya to test these alternative explanations. The discussion reveals a complex relationship between social positions, wealth, and house size. It is suggested that houses serve different symbolic functions in settlements with different kinds of economies.
Predictors of skeletal complications in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The high rate of incidence of skeletal complications in women with metastatic breast carcinoma appears to contribute significantly to their morbidity. Although recent trials have demonstrated the efficacy of bisphosphonates in preventing skeletal complications in selected patients, to the authors' knowledge the incidence rate of skeletal complications in an unselected population of women with metastatic breast carcinoma is unknown. The current study was designed to examine the incidence rate of skeletal complications in a large unselected group of women with metastatic breast carcinoma to determine predictors of these complications. METHODS All women (n = 718) diagnosed with metastatic breast carcinoma between 1981–1991 at the study institution were studied retrospectively. RESULTS Greater than 50% of the women developed skeletal complications; among these women, 51% had > 1 complication. Approximately 80% of those with bone-limited disease at the time of diagnosis developed complications, as did 60% of those with bone and visceral disease and 21% of those with no bone disease. By univariate analysis, the site of initial metastatic disease, abnormal alkaline phosphatase, and a disease free interval of < 3 years were predictive of skeletal complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that bone involvement at the time of diagnosis was predictive of subsequent skeletal complications. CONCLUSIONS In this large retrospective study with extensive follow-up, skeletal complications were extremely common and repetitive, although complications predated patient death by ≥ 1 year in the group of women presenting with any bone disease. The presence of bone disease at the time of initial presentation was predictive of skeletal complications. In this group of patients, the authors were unable to identify a subgroup with a low rate of skeletal complications. Cancer 2000;89:363–8. © 2000 American Cancer Society.