cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histone Deacetylase Inhibition by Sodium Butyrate Chemotherapy Ameliorates the Neurodegenerative Phenotype in Huntington's Disease Mice

The precise cause of neuronal death in Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. Although no single specific protein-protein interaction of mutant huntingtin has emerged as the pathologic trigger, transcriptional dysfunction may contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in HD. Pharmacological treatment using the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate to modulate transcription significantly extended survival in a dose-dependent manner, improved body weight and motor performance, and delayed the neuropathological sequelae in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. Sodium butyrate also increased histone and Specificity protein-1 acetylation and protected against 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity. Microarray analysis showed increased expression of α- and β-globins and MAP kinase phosphatase-1 in sodium butyrate-treated R6/2 mice, indicative of improved oxidative phosphorylation and transcriptional regulation. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that transcriptional dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of HD and suggest that therapies aimed at modulating transcription may target early pathological events and provide clinical benefits to HD patients.
A boundary‐layer treatment for turbulent detonation waves

The profile of turbulent intensity versus Reynolds number from bursts found in an ignition front agrees with the Orr‐Sommerfeld solutions for unstable boundary‐layer flow. This result provides the first evidence of a formal connection between bursting transition to turbulence in flows which share the boundary‐layer approximation but which are otherwise unrelated.
Experimental evidence of bark beetle adaptation to a fungal symbiont

The importance of symbiotic microbes to insects cannot be overstated; however, we have a poor understanding of the evolutionary processes that shape most insect-microbe interactions. Many bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) species are involved in what have been described as obligate mutualisms with symbiotic fungi. Beetles benefit through supplementing their nutrient-poor diet with fungi and the fungi benefit through gaining transportation to resources. However, only a few beetle-fungal symbioses have been experimentally manipulated to test whether the relationship is obligate. Furthermore, none have tested for adaptation of beetles to their specific symbionts, one of the requirements for coevolution. We experimentally manipulated the western pine beetle-fungus symbiosis to determine whether the beetle is obligately dependent upon fungi and to test for fine-scale adaptation of the beetle to one of its symbiotic fungi, Entomocorticium sp. B. We reared beetles from a single population with either a natal isolate of E. sp. B (isolated from the same population from which the beetles originated), a non-natal isolate (a genetically divergent isolate from a geographically distant beetle population), or with no fungi. We found that fungi were crucial for the successful development of western pine beetles. We also found no significant difference in the effects of the natal and non-natal isolate on beetle fitness parameters. However, brood adult beetles failed to incorporate the non-natal fungus into their fungal transport structure (mycangium) indicating adaption by the beetle to particular genotypes of symbiotic fungi. Our results suggest that beetle-fungus mutualisms and symbiont fidelity may be maintained via an undescribed recognition mechanism of the beetles for particular symbionts that may promote particular associations through time.
Implant-based immediate breast reconstruction in the previously augmented patient.

Summary Background Millions of women have undergone augmentation mammaplasty with implants and breast cancer continuing to be the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in female patients. Reconstructive surgeons will inevitably encounter breast cancer patients with prior augmentation. Implant-based techniques represent the most common form of breast reconstruction overall and remains a common option among those who were previously augmented. Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes of implant-based reconstruction in previously augmented women. Methods A retrospective review from September 2004 to December 2009 was performed. 38 women (63 breasts) with a history of prior augmentation (PA) who underwent implant-based reconstruction were identified and compared to a non-prior augmented (NPA) control group (77 patients; 138 breasts). Normative data, augmentation details, reconstruction method, complication rates, and revision rates were evaluated. Results The total complication rate was significantly different between the two groups with 18 complications (28.6%) occurring in 9 PA breasts and 20 complications (14.5%) in 19 NPA breasts (p-value 0.037). When analyzed by specific complication subtypes, capsular contracture was the only complication that bordered significance between the two cohorts (p-value 0.057). Complication rates were otherwise similar regardless of augmentation or reconstruction type. Conclusion Implant-based reconstruction is a safe option for previously augmented patients that is able to provide outcomes similar to non-augmented patients. Results are not affected by the location of previous implants or the implant-based reconstruction method. There may be a higher incidence of capsular contracture in the previously augmented patient that warrants further investigation and preoperative discussion.
Histological analyses of the host response of two aspen genotypes to wounding and inoculation with Hypoxylon mammatum

Summary Ramets derived from root sprouts of two quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) parents were either mechanically wounded or wounded and inoculated with mycelium of Hypoxylon mammatum. Female aspen parents were considered either resistant or susceptible based on a 30-year field trial of their open-pollinated progenies that had 21% and 93% mortality, respectively, caused by H. mammatum. Each stem was wounded twice at the base and in the nonlignified zone. Samples were taken 5 mm above the site of wounding at 7 and 14 days. Histochemicals used were phloroglucinol-HCl and Sudan Black B to detect lignin and suberin, respectively. Thin sections of the resistant aspen ramets showed intensive staining phloroglucinol-HCl, which was localized along both sides of the wound margin. Collenchyma callus was well developed by day 7 and was derived from the phloem tissue internal to the cell walls staining positive for phloroglucinol-HCl, near the vascular cambium. In contrast, the tissues of susceptible aspen ramets were less stained, the stained cells were less scattered and less collenchyma callus had formed than on the resistant ramets. The presence of the fungus increased the amount of staining observed with phloroglucinol-HCl and delayed wound closure in both aspen genotypes. No distinguishing pattern could be identified between the two aspen genotypes with respect to suberin formation. When comparing stem response to phloroglucinol-HCl with respect to the tissue type on the same stem (succulent versus woody), the inoculation of older woody tissue resulted in a more defined host response and thus were better in separating the two aspen genotypes.
The detection, characterization and tracking of recent Aleutian Island volcanic ash plumes and the assessment of their impact on aviation

The Aleutian Islands of Alaska are home to a number of major volcanoes which periodically present a significant hazard to aviation. During summer of 2008, the Okmok and Kasatochi volcanoes experienced moderate eruptive events. These were followed a dramatic, major eruption of Mount Redoubt in late March 2009. The Redoubt case is extensively covered in this paper. Volcanic ash and SO2 from each of these eruptions dispersed throughout the atmosphere. This created the potential for major problems for air traffic near the ash dispersions and at significant distances downwind. The NASA Applied Sciences Weather Program implements a wide variety of research projects to develop volcanic ash detection, characterization and tracking applications for NASA Earth Observing System and NOAA GOES and POES satellites. Chemistry applications using NASA AURA satellite Ozone Monitoring System (OMI) retrievals produced SO2 measurements to trace the dispersion of volcanic aerosol. This work was complimented by advanced multi-channel imager applications for the discrimination and height assignment of volcanic ash using NASA MODIS and NOAA GOES and POES imager data. Instruments similar to MODIS and OMI are scheduled for operational deployment on NPOESS. In addition, the NASA Calipso satellite provided highly accurate measurements of aerosol height and dispersion for the calibration and validation of these algorithms and for corroborative research studies. All of this work shortens the lead time for transition to operations and ensures that research satellite data and applications are operationally relevant and utilized quickly after the deployment of operational satellite systems. Introduction
Calibration of CFD Model for Mist/Steam Impinging Jets Cooling

In the heavy-frame advanced turbine systems, steam is used as a coolant for turbine blade cooling. The concept of injecting mist into the impinging jets of steam was experimentally proved as an effective way of significantly enhancing the cooling effectiveness in the laboratory under low pressure and temperature conditions. However, whether mist/steam cooling is applicable under actual gas turbine operating conditions is still subject to further verification. Recognizing the difficulties of conducting experiments in an actual high-pressure, high-temperature working gas turbine, a simulation using a CFD model calibrated with laboratory data would be an opted approach. To this end, the present study conducts a CFD model calibration against the database of two experimental cases including a slot impinging jet and three rows of staggered impinging jets. Using the experimental results, the CFD model has been tuned by employing different turbulence models, computational cells, wall y+ values, and selection of near-wall functions. In addition, the effect of different forces (e.g. drag, thermophoretic, Brownian, and Saffman’s lift force) are also studied. None of the models are good predictors for all the flow regions from near the stagnation region to far-field downstream of the jets. Overall speaking, both the standard k-e and RSM turbulence models perform better than other models. The RSM model has produced the closest results to the experimental data due to its capability of modeling the non-isotropic turbulence shear stresses in the 3-D impinging jet fields. For the 3-D flow fields, the nearest element from the wall must be set to approximately unity (y+ ≈ 1) to capture the correct flow structure. The simulated results showed that the calibrated CFD model could predict the heat transfer coefficient of steam-only case within 2 to 5% deviations from the experimental results for all the cases. When mist is employed, the prediction of wall temperatures is within 5% for a slot jet and within 10% for three-row jets.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Graphle: Interactive exploration of large, dense graphs

A wide variety of biological data can be modeled as network structures, including experimental results (e.g. protein-protein interactions), computational predictions (e.g. functional interaction networks), or curated structures (e.g. the Gene Ontology). While several tools exist for visualizing large graphs at a global level or small graphs in detail, previous systems have generally not allowed interactive analysis of dense networks containing thousands of vertices at a level of detail useful for biologists. Investigators often wish to explore specific portions of such networks from a detailed, gene-specific perspective, and balancing this requirement with the networks' large size, complex structure, and rich metadata is a substantial computational challenge. Graphle is an online interface to large collections of arbitrary undirected, weighted graphs, each possibly containing tens of thousands of vertices (e.g. genes) and hundreds of millions of edges (e.g. interactions). These are stored on a centralized server and accessed efficiently through an interactive Java applet. The Graphle applet allows a user to examine specific portions of a graph, retrieving the relevant neighborhood around a set of query vertices (genes). This neighborhood can then be refined and modified interactively, and the results can be saved either as publication-quality images or as raw data for further analysis. The Graphle web site currently includes several hundred biological networks representing predicted functional relationships from three heterogeneous data integration systems: S. cerevisiae data from bioPIXIE, E. coli data using MEFIT, and H. sapiens data from HEFalMp. Graphle serves as a search and visualization engine for biological networks, which can be managed locally (simplifying collaborative data sharing) and investigated remotely. The Graphle framework is freely downloadable and easily installed on new servers, allowing any lab to quickly set up a Graphle site from which their own biological network data can be shared online.
On the queue-overflow probabilities of distributed scheduling algorithms

In this paper, we are interested in using large-deviations theory to characterize the asymptotic decay-rate of the queue-overflow probability for distributed wireless scheduling algorithms, as the overflow threshold approaches infinity. We consider ad-hoc wireless networks where each link interferes with a given set of other links, and we focus on a distributed scheduling algorithm called Q-SCHED, which is introduced by Gupta et al. First, we derive a lower bound on the asymptotic decay rate of the queue-overflow probability for Q-SCHED. We then present an upper bound on the decay rate for all possible algorithms operating on the same network. Finally, using these bounds, we are able to conclude that, subject to a given constraint on the asymptotic decay rate of the queue-overflow probability, Q-SCHED can support a provable fraction of the offered loads achievable by any algorithms.
Propagation of measles virus in cultures of chick embryo cells.

SummaryAn egg-adapted strain of measles virus has been propagated in cultures of chick embryo cells throughout 24 serial passages. Beginning with the 6th passage an abrupt decrease occurred in the time required to attain maximal concentration of virus in the fluid. The concentration of virus was comparable to that found in cultures of infected primate cells. In the 5th chick cell passage the virus began to produce cytopathic changes closely resembling those occurring in human epithelial cells infected with measles virus. The identity of the agent was confirmed in neutralization tests with measles antisera. In chick cells maintained with a medium of known composition virus production approached that in cultures nourished with serum and tissue extracts. Inoculation of rabbits with the virus propagated in chick cells was followed by development of neutralizing antibodies specific for the agent of measles.
Nonlinear effects of power amplification on multicarrier spread spectrum systems

We present a study of the distortion caused by power amplifiers driven by multicarrier spread-spectrum (MCSS) signals. The details of a time-domain technique for nonlinear amplifier characterization are presented as an alternative to the conventional, network analyzer methods. The bandpass nonlinear model and the associated AM-AM and AM-PM transfer characteristics are employed in order to predict the spectral regrowth as a function of the spreading gain. The predictions differ by approximately 2 dB from the measured results.
Emotional Bidders-An Analytical and Experimental Examination of Consumers' Behavior in a Priceline-Like Reverse Auction

E-commerce has proved to be fertile ground for new business models, which may be patented (for up to 20 years) and have potentially far-reaching impact on the e-commerce landscape. One such electronic market is the reverse-auction model popularized by Priceline.com. There is still uncertainty surrounding the survival of such new electronic markets currently available on the Internet. Understanding user behavior is necessary for better assessment of these sites' survival. This paper adds to economic analysis a formal representation of the emotions evoked by the auction process, specifically, the excitement of winning if a bid is accepted, and the frustration of losing if it is not. We generate and empirically test a number of insights related to (1) the impact of expected excitement at winning, and frustration at losing, on bids across consumers and biddings scenarios; and (2) the dynamic nature of the bidding behavior-that is, how winning and losing in previous bids influence their future bidding behavior.
Lyapunov, Floquet, and singular vectors for baroclinic waves

The dynamics of the growth of linear disturbances to a chaotic basic state is analyzed in an asymptotic model of weakly nonlinear, baroclinic wave-mean interaction. In this model, an ordinary differential equation for the wave ampli- tude is coupled to a partial differential equation for the zonal flow correction. The leading Lyapunov vector is nearly par- allel to the leading Floquet vector 1 of the lowest-order un- stable periodic orbit over most of the attractor. Departures of the Lyapunov vector from this orientation are primarily ro- tations of the vector in an approximate tangent plane to the large-scale attractor structure. Exponential growth and de- cay rates of the Lyapunov vector during individual Poincar´ e section returns are an order of magnitude larger than the Lya- punov exponent 0.016. Relatively large deviations of the Lyapunov vector from parallel to 1 are generally associated with relatively large transient decays. The transient growth and decay of the Lyapunov vector is well described by the transient growth and decay of the leading Floquet vectors of the set of unstable periodic orbits associated with the attrac- tor. Each of these vectors is also nearly parallel to 1. The dynamical splitting of the complete sets of Floquet vectors for the higher-order cycles follows the previous results on the lowest-order cycle, with the vectors divided into wave- dynamical and decaying zonal flow modes. Singular vec- tors and singular values also generally follow this split. The primary difference between the leading Lyapunov and singu- lar vectors is the contribution of decaying, inviscidly-damped wave-dynamical structures to the singular vectors.
The Selendang Ayu Shipwreck and Oil Spill: Considering Threats and Fears of a Worst‐Case Scenario

On December 8, 2004, the Selendang Ayu, a Malaysian-flagged freighter, ran aground off Unalaska Island in Alaska's Aleutian chain. Despite rescue efforts by the United States Coast Guard, six of the Selendang Ayu's crew members died. In addition to the deaths, more than 300,000 gallons of heavy bulk fuel oil spilled into the sea. Much of the oil washed onto the island's shores, into areas providing cultural, recreational, subsistence, and commercial fishing resources for residents of the renewable resource community of Dutch Harbor/Unalaska. The purpose of this article is to identify and examine different dimensions of risk, based on qualitative research conducted in 2005. We use a contextual constructionist approach to understand risk, which conceptualizes risk as an objective hazard, threat, or danger that is mediated through social and cultural processes. Research methods included 31 personal interviews, participatory observation, and a review of media coverage. Findings revealed several dimensions of risk perceived by residents: the incident in relation to Dutch Harbor/Unalaska as a high-risk community and more general current events; threats to the community's annual $1 billion seafood industry; threats to Alaska Native subsistence culture; and issues of future risk and uncertainty. Interviews and observations support our conclusion that the Selendang Ayu incident represented a "shot across the bow" that could have been a "worst case" if oil had contaminated commercial fish processing. Residents believe that it is only a matter of time before another, more damaging accident occurs. Given this general perception, it is important to more clearly assess risk in Dutch Harbor/Unalaska and help the community increase resilience to the multiple hazards it faces. More broadly, Dutch Harbor/Unalaska serves as an example-all communities could benefit from better risk assessments and increased attention to resiliency.
Influence of shear and deviatoric stress on the evolution of permeability in fractured rock

[1] The evolution of permeability in fractured rock as a function of effective normal stress, shear displacement, and damage remains a complex issue. In this contribution, we report on experiments in which rock surfaces were subject to direct shear under controlled pore pressure and true triaxial stress conditions while permeability was monitored continuously via flow parallel to the shear direction. Shear tests were performed in a pressure vessel under drained conditions on samples of novaculite (Arkansas) and diorite (Coso geothermal field, California). The sample pairs were sheared to 18 mm of total displacement at 5 mm/s at room temperature and at effective normal stresses on the shear plane ranging from 5 to 20 MPa. Permeability evolution was measured throughout shearing via flow of distilled water from an upstream reservoir discharging downstream of the sample at atmospheric pressure. For diorite and novaculite, initial (preshear) fracture permeability is 0.5–1 � 10 � 14 m 2 and largely independent of the applied effective normal stresses. These permeabilities correspond to equivalent hydraulic apertures of 15–20 mm. Because of the progressive formation of gouge during shear, the postshear permeability of the diorite fracture drops to a final steady value of 0.5 � 10 � 17 m 2 . The behavior is similar in novaculite but the final permeability of 0.5 � 10 � 16 m 2 is obtained only at an effective normal stress of 20 MPa.
An Exploratory Study of Arm-Reach Dynamics Under Several Levels of Gravity

Four adult male subjects made vertical reaching movements, upward and downward, over 10, 20, and 30 in. distances; these movements were performed under weightlessness (0-0g), Martian gravity (0-38g), Earth gravity (l-0g), and 1-3G. The movements were recorded with a movie camera running at 64 frames per second. The subject's arm was considered as consisting of two rigid parts: the upper arm and the lower arm. Three instantaneous velocities over the entire movement were derived from the film records to describe the motion of these parts: the linear velocities of the centres of mass in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and the angular velocity of each part. Reach times, both maximum angular velocities and maximum lower arm velocity were selected as criterion measures. They were found to be affected by reach distance, reach direction, and gravity level (in descending order of importance). The need to study accelerations, force or torque reactions, and energy expenditures during movements is indicated.
Interfacial Electrochemistry of Pyrite Oxidation and Flotation: II. FTIR Studies of Xanthate Adsorption on Pyrite Surfaces in Neutral pH Solutions

Abstract Infrared spectra of short carbon chain ferric xanthates (Fe(SSCOCR)3) were systematically characterized and compared with that of their corresponding alkali xanthates and dixanthogens. Ferric xanthates display an intense absorption band at the frequencies of 1260-1235 cm-1 (in KBr), depending on the carbon number of the alkyl chain. The bands have been assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibration of C-O-C linkage. The absorption bands shift to lower frequencies in organic solvents like carbon tetrachloride. The position of the C-O-C bands in the corresponding dixanthogen appears at higher frequencies in the range of 1260-1270 cm-1 and shows no shift in the organic solvents. The adsorption of short chain xanthates on the surfaces of synthetic high purity pyrite microcrystalline in neutral pH solutions has been investigated. Both dixanthogen and ferric xanthate characteristic IR peaks have been observed. The quantity of dixanthogen is much greater than that of ferric xanthates for all the xanthates studied. For the pyrite-ethyl xanthate system, when the xanthate-reacted pyrite is rinsed with hexane, nearly all the dixanthogen formed on the pyrite surfaces is washed away. The remaining spectrum of the washed xanthatedpyrite resembles that of the corresponding ferric xanthate. In addition, a sharp peak has been observed at 1090 cm-1 on the hexane-washed pyrite surfaces, possibly indicating that ethyl xanthate ions are specifically adsorbed on pyrite surfaces. These results suggest that ferric-xanthate compounds are formed in the pyrite-xanthate systems as surface compounds on the pyrite surfaces and/or as a separate precipitate phase in the bulk solution.
The Effect of Payer Status on Survival of Patients with Stage I/II Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: NCDB 1998-2011.

BACKGROUND One of the challenges to improving access to care is identifying disparities in health care. To determine the influence of insurance status on outcome for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyzed data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) from 1998-2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 299,914 patients diagnosed with NSCLC registered in the NCDB were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was the outcome variable, and payer status was the primary predictor variable. Other variables included stage, grade, lymph node status, age, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, income, education, distance travelled, cancer program, diagnosing/treating facility, treatment delay, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Multivariate Cox regression was used to investigate the effect of payer status on OS while adjusting for secondary predictive factors. RESULTS The majority of patients diagnosed at stage I-II had Medicare (61.72%), while less than one third were privately insured (29.57%). In univariate analysis, the median OS was 2.90, 3.42, 3.86, 4.19, and 6.23 years for Medicare, Medicaid, uninsured, unknown, and privately insured patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between insurance status and OS. Interaction effects of treatment between radiation and surgery were statistically significant: patients receiving radiation in addition to surgery had a 37% increased mortality compared to patients undergoing surgery alone. Compared to receiving no treatment (radiation, surgery, chemotherapy), the 5-year direct adjusted survival probability increased by 44.70%, 40%, 3.91%, 9.42%, 31.56% and 33.20% for patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy, surgery alone, chemotherapy alone, radiation alone, radiation plus surgery, and radiation plus surgery and chemotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSION Insurance status proved to be a statistically significant predictor of OS, which remained true after adjusting for all other factors. Uninsured and Medicaid patients had the highest mortality. Multivariate analysis revealed that chemotherapy in addition to surgery provided the best 5-year direct adjusted survival probability.
Evaluation of Recreation in Water Developments

Enhancement of fish and wildlife and outdoor recreation opportunities is now recognized as a valid and vital purpose of developing the nation’s water resources. The challenge before the planner is to reflect these purposes both in project design and economics. Recognition of their benefits to society has required the development of economic evaluation factors (benefits) comparable to others used in (1) establishing economic feasibility of projects and (2) allocating costs among purposes served. The latter is necessary because costs assigned to some beneficiaries must, by law, be rapid. Evaluations were initially based on recreationists’ expenditures but were found incomparable with net benefits assigned to other project purposes. Daily unit values applicable to expected human use were developed administratively using limited data and expert judgment and have been used satisfactorily since 1961. Benefits not adequately reflected by on-site recreational use, such as waterfowl conservation refuges, are evaluated by reference to alternate costs. Further experience with fee recreation will permit the collection of data to reassess the schedule of daily values.
The Care of Children in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and Disasters

In the complex humanitarian emergencies (CHE) setting, population health vulnerabilities are exacerbated by disruption of preventive medical services (particularly vaccination programmes), acute medical care, sanitation, food supply, and shelter. Children under the age of five are consistently found to experience higher mortality rates than any other age group, and for that reason, surveillance programmes should specifically tract under-five mortality (U5M) in addition to overall mortality and disease rates. Except in the immediate post-disaster setting of events such as earthquakes or events with sustained violence, trauma-related mortality and morbidity is overshadowed by that caused by infectious diseases. While the specific ratios of one disease over another may vary based on the unique characteristics of an affected population and the nature of the CHE/disaster itself, historically, four conditions consistently emerge as the most common killers of young children—diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infections, malaria, and measles. Malnutrition serves as a major causal risk factor for mortality.
MicroRNAs in Cancer Progression

Tumor initiation and progression have been widely investigated and ongoing work implicates microRNAs (miRNAs) as central players. miRNAs can control proliferation and differentiation as well as apoptosis, consistent with miRNAs functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Specific miRNAs have been shown to play roles in the overlapping fields of cancer stem cells and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize existing data to elucidate the role of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and potential strategies using miRNAs for cancer therapy or as biomarkers.
Natural Law and Human Nature

What is it that a teacher of corporation law can bring to a discussion of natural law? Perhaps it is principally his concern with the problem of the criticism of rules of law. I am awed, of course, by the mass of learning which has accumulated around varying concepts of natural law­ learning which I have not even systematically sampled. But twenty years of teaching law have so heightened my concern over lawless debates about justice and law as to remove many inhibitions. Without apology, therefore, I may discuss the utility of a concept of natural law as a basis for the criticism of rules and institutions of positive law. But first let me summarize the change which these twenty years have brought about in the law schools in
Comparison of chromosome constitution in chronic myelocytic leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders.

The frequency of the Ph1 chromosome in freshly aspirated marrow cells of 14 patients with typical chronic myelocytic leukemia processed by a "direct technic" without resort to culture or colchicine was significantly higher (> 75 per cent) than that observed in the cultured blood cells (< 35 per cent) of the same subjects. The karyotypic abnormally of the abbreviated G-group chromosome would appear not to be related to therapy, since the frequency with which it occurred was not materially affected by treatment (including radiation). The Ph1 chromosome was not observed in any of the metaphases of blood or marrow of 12 subjects who had developed a leukemia-like picture complicating either myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera or myeloid metaplasia. A new chromosome abnormality—a shortened D-group chromosome—was observed with about the same frequency in the blood and marrow metaphases of a female patient with treated chronic myelocytic leukemia. This new karyotypic abnormality was associated with the highest frequency of the Ph1 chromosome in cultured blood cells in the group studied. The Ph1 chromosome was observed in the metaphases of a patient with the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The variations of the morphology of the Ph1 chromosome are discussed and illustrated, especially in relation to the Y-chromosome. In four patients with an atypical picture of CML, the Ph1 chromosome was not observed either in the marrow or cultured blood.
Overwintering Potential of the Green Cloverworm in Iowa

Field trials to examine overwintering potential of Plathypena scabra (F.) in central Iowa were conducted with moths and pupae in the winter of 1968–1969, and with moths only in the winters of 1971–1972 and 1972–1973. No survival was ever obtaincd in field cages containing the insects. Cabinet trials were conducted with pupae at temperatures of −17.8, −3.9, 4.4, 12.8, and 26.7°C. At −17.8°C, 100% mortality occurred in 7 days. Pupae tested at −3.9°C had 100% survival after 8 days, 40% survival after 13 days, and 0% survival after 33 days. Pupae at 4.4°C survived 45 days without mortality, but all were dead after 90 days. A 12.8°C constant temperature lengthened the pupal stadium to 28.1 days and caused 20% mortality. Mortality at 26.7°C was only 6.7%, and the mean pupal stadium was 8.4 days. Supercooling-point determinations indicated that the larva was significantly more susceptible to cold temperatures, that the prepupa and adult were similar in response, and that the pupa was significantly less susceptible to cold temperatures than other stages. Temperature data were collected during the winter of 1971–1972 to determine the actual temperatures present in probable overwintering sites under litter. Supercooling data indicated that the larva was the least likely, and the pupa the most likely overwintering stage. Cabinet trials indicated, however, that the pupa could not survive the temperatures present during 1971–1972. The adult was shown in several winter studies not to survive. The conclusion is drawn, therefore, that it is unlikely that the larval, prepupal, pupal, or adult stages of the green c1ovenworm can overwinter in central-Iowa litter habitats.
On the Flame and Vorticity Characteristics of a Fluidically Stabilized Premixed Turbulent Flame

Flame stabilization is the act of maintaining combustion in the presence of a high-speed premixed flow, and continues to be an important process that influences the performance and limitations for propulsion applications. A common approach for current generation flame holders involves the employment of a low-speed recirculation zone where hot combustion products are maintained and act as a continuous ignition source. The recirculation zone is often induced using a wake-generating bluff body that is submerged in the flow, or through the use of a rearward-facing step. A fluidic-based flame holder using a transverse slot jet issuing into a cross flow offers potential thrust and efficiency benefits for propulsion. The transverse slot jet flame holder has been shown to develop a low-speed recirculation zone capable of stabilizing a stationary flame, analogous to a rearward-facing step (i.e. a wall-bounded bluff body). The fluidic flame holder provides competitive flame holding performance to the mechanical counterpart, while having enhanced combustion rates that result in higher combustor efficiencies and/or shorter burners. The mechanisms contributing to the enhanced combustion rates are discussed. Turbulent flame structures were investigated for various flame holders with emphasis on the downstream shear region. The role of baroclinic torque on turbulent flame structure evolution and the flowfield will be described. Comparisons will be made to a rearward-facing step flame holder. The details of the turbulent flow with combustion will be described, showing the potential advantages achieved using fluidics.
Rare-Earth Doped In1−xGaxP Prepared by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

The dependence of the luminescent properties of rare-earth impurities on the band structure of the host compound semiconductor has been investigated. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to characterize the optical properties of rare-earth doped Ini1−xGaxP layers prepared by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy as a function of alloy composition. Thermal quenching of the Er3+, Yb3+, and Tm3+ related emission was observed over the temperature range of 15K to 360K with activation energies that depended on the alloy composition. From measurements of the thermally activated luminescence quenching, the energy levels of the isovalent erbium, ytterbium, and thulium in the alloys were determined. The variation of the position of the rare-earth related energy levels in the host semiconductor is explained in terms of a vacuum referred binding energy model that should have general applicability to other rare-earth doped semiconductor systems.
The Correspondence between the Price and Quality of Consumer Products in 10 Countries: Preliminary Results

This study investigates the relationship between the price and quality of consumer products in 10 countries. The study first focuses on the strength of the price-quality relationship for durable and nondurable products individually within each country and then compares the price-quality correlations across countries. A second focus of the study is to explain the variability in the price-quality conditions by using an ANOVA model with price variability and price level as two independent variables.
Investigation on Farmers Involved in Prevention of Agricultural Diffused Pollution

The recognizant degree and payment willingness of farmers to the agricultural diffused pollution were evaluated by using household survey method.The results indicated that only 35.5% farmers knew the concept of agricultural diffused pollution,61.8% farmers learned the knowledge related to chemical fertilizer,pesticide application and livestock breeding from the agriculture popularization department,50.0% farmers would reduce the application dosage of chemical fertilizer after learning the new techniques of low fertilizer and high benefit from the government's training and extension,and 89.1% farmers were willing to control the agricultural diffused pollution.The paper put forward the following suggestions: expanding the publicity scope of agricultural diffused pollution knowledge,strengthening the popularization system of agricultural science and technology on the base,and conducting the differential subsidy policy on agricultural diffused pollution prevention.
Survey on the iodine nutritional status among children and pregnant women before and after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt,Changde city

Objective To analyze the impact on the iodine nutrition among children and pregnant women after adjusting the iodine content in iodine salt. Methods The status of iodine nutrition under the level of iodine in salt of 20-50mg/kg in 2011 and 21-39mg/kg in 2014 was analyzed. Results A total of 120 and 150samples of iodized salt were tested among households in 2011 and 2014respectively,the median was 29.3mg/kg and 26.3mg/kg.A total of 636 and 150children's urine samples were tested,the median of urine iodine was 339.0μg/L and 276.5μg/L respectively.The ratio of the children's urine iodine less than 100μg/L accounted for 5.03% and 1.33%,and those more than 300μg/L accounted for62.40% and 36.70%.The total goiter rate of the children measured with ultrasound B was 4.17%(120)and 0.00%(150).A total of 45 and 60pregnant women's urine samples were tested,the median urine iodine was 269.2μg/L and218.6μg/L,the ratio of urine iodine less than 150μg/L accounted for 20.00%and 25.00%,and those more than 500μg/L accounted for 2.22% and 3.33%. Conclusion After iodine adjustment,the total goiter rate of the children,the median of the children and pregnant women's urine iodine dropped significantly.The iodine nutrition level among the children is no more over-excessive,but still more than the appropriate level.And the iodine nutrition is suitable for pregnant women in Changde city.The risks of excess and shortage of iodine nutrition level coexist in the population at the same time.
Immunization coverage rate of floating children and its affecting factors in Huzhou

Objective To know the vaccination status of floating children in Huzhou city.Methods 501 floating children aged from 1 to 6 years old were investigated for immunization coverage rate and its affecting factors by cluster sampling.The vaccination records were judged by the standard of Ministry of Health.Results The rate of establishing vaccination certificates for floating children was 91.02%.The qualified coverage rates of BCG,OPV,DPT,MV and HBV were 79.44%,74.65%,65.07%,64.07% and 78.04%,respectively.The qualified coverage rate of the 5 vaccines was 58.08%.Conclusion The coverage rates of various kinds of vaccines of floating children were low.Parents of the floating children lack knowledge of vaccination and are not fully aware of the importance of vaccination.
Design of biofuel supply chains with variable regional depot and biorefinery locations

Abstract We propose a multi-period mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the design and operational planning of cellulosic biofuel supply chains. Specifically, the proposed MILP model accounts for biomass selection and allocation, technology selection and capacity planning at regional depots and biorefineries. Importantly, it considers the location of regional depots and biorefineries as continuous optimization decisions. We introduce approximation and reformulation methods for the calculation of the shipments and transportation distance in order to obtain a linear model. We illustrate the applicability of the proposed methods using two medium-scale examples with realistic data.
Heart Rate Variability and Acute Musical Auditory Stimulation

INTRODUCTION: It was observed that auditory stimulation with music influences the cardiovascular system. In this study, we described the relationship between musical auditory stimulation and heart rate variability (HR). METHOD: Searches were performed with the Medline, SciELO, Lilacs and Cochrane databases using the following keywords: "Music," "autonomic nervous system", "sympathetic nervous system", "parasympathetic nervous system", "heart rate" and "ECG". RESULTS: Some studies showed that relaxant music acutely increase HRV through spectral analysis, while others reported that exciting music reduces global HRV. CONCLUSION: Music present acute responses that may be different depending on the style.
Robust Phase-Only Nulling for Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Phased Arrays

This paper describes a new unified approach for phase-only pattern nulling for adaptive and non-adaptive phased array antennas. The method eliminates trapping issues associated with other methods, while matching the loss performance of published optimal phase-only methods and producing solutions for problems for which other methods fail. The approach does not place any restrictions on array geometry or element parameters providing solutions for sparse arrays, conformal arrays and arrays with element failures. Discrete nulls and arbitrarily shaped sector nulls can be formed. The method is very fast providing solutions for arrays of up to 25,000 elements.
The Need for an Integrated Patient Navigation Pathway to Improve Access to Colonoscopy After Positive Fecal Immunochemical Testing: A Safety-Net Hospital Experience

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Delays in access to colonoscopy following positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) contribute to increased CRC incidence and mortality. To evaluate intervals from positive FIT result to receipt of colonoscopy among underserved safety-net populations. We retrospectively evaluated all average CRC risk adults who had positive FIT results from 2012 to 2015 at an ethnically diverse safety-net hospital system. Interval from positive FIT to receipt of colonoscopy was evaluated with Kaplan Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Among 467 patients with positive FIT (48.4 % men, 39.5 % black, 22.5 % white, 17.4 % Asian, 9.7 % Hispanic, mean age 59.5 ± 9.8 years), mean time from positive FIT to receipt of colonoscopy was 220.5 days (SD 158.5). Compared to men, there was a trend towards longer time from FIT positive to colonoscopy among women (237.1 vs. 198.7 days, p = 0.07). No race/ethnicity-specific disparities in time to colonoscopy were observed. Compared to 2012–2013, there was a 27.2 % reduction in time from FIT positive to colonoscopy in 2014–2015 (173.9 vs. 238.8 days, p < 0.01). Among patients undergoing colonoscopy, 46.3 % had adenomatous polyps, 27.4 % had high risk adenomatous polyps, and 5.6 % had CRC. Among an ethnically diverse safety-net hospital system, improvements in access to colonoscopy after positive FIT were observed. However, patients still waited nearly 6 months from time of positive FIT to undergoing colonoscopy. Delays in receipt of colonoscopy are complex and reflect system-level and individual patient-level barriers.
Long range robust multi-terawatt MWIR and LWIR atmospheric light bullets

There is a strong push worldwide to develop multi-Joule femtosecond duration laser pulses at wavelengths around 3.5-4 and 9-11μm within important atmospheric transmission windows. We have shown that pulses with a 4 μm central wavelength are capable of delivering multi-TW powers at km range. This is in stark contrast to pulses at near-IR wavelengths which break up into hundreds of filaments with each carrying around 5 GW of power per filament over meter distances. We will show that nonlinear envelope propagators fail to capture the true physics. Instead a new optical carrier shock singularity emerges that can act to limit peak intensities below the ionization threshold leading to low loss long range propagation. At LWIR wavelengths many-body correlations of weakly-ionized electrons further suppress the Kerr focusing nonlinearity around 10μm and enable whole beam self-trapping without filaments.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Delivered Cisplatin Restores Efficacy in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells.

Platinum resistance in ovarian cancer is the major determinant of disease prognosis. Resistance can first appear at the onset of disease or develop in response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Due to poor response to alternate chemotherapies and lack of targeted therapies, there is an urgent clinical need for a new avenue toward treatment of platinum-resistant (PR) ovarian cancer. Nanoscale delivery systems hold potential to overcome resistance mechanisms. In this work, we present tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a nanocarrier for cisplatin for treatment of PR ovarian cancer cells. The TMV-cisplatin conjugate (TMV-cisPt) was synthesized using a charge-driven reaction that, like a classic click reaction, is simple and reliable for large-scale production. Up to ∼1900 cisPt were loaded per TMV-cisPt with biphasic release profiles characterized by a fast half-life (t1) of ∼1 h and slow half-life (t2) of ∼12 h independent of pH. Efficient cell uptake of TMV was observed when incubated with ovarian cancer cells, an...