cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of serum in protease-induced stimulation of 3T3 cell division past the monolayer stage.

TREATMENT of a confluent, quiescent 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell monolayer with low concentrations of various proteases is sufficient to induce a new round of cell division1,2. It was suggested that modification of the 3T3 surface conformation from the non-agglutinable to the agglutinable state after protease treatment might have been responsible for the initiation of this round of cell division. More recently, however, Glynn et al.3 demonstrated that modification of the 3T3 cell surface from the agglutinable to the non-agglutinable state was not sufficient in itself to induce a new round of cell division. In the light of this and other unpublished work from our laboratory I have re-evaluated the role of various culture conditions in the induction of 3T3 cell division after a brief treatment with Pronase. I found that induction of cell division after treatment of a confluent 3T3 monolayer with protease depends both qualitatively and quantitatively on the serum in the growth medium and that this requirement varies from cell line to cell line. Furthermore, my results suggest that the modification in surface architecture detected as enhanced agglutinability after brief proteolysis is not sufficient to induce a new round of cell division.
Organization: Critical for Holistic Processing

Previous research has indicated that categorizing stimuli containing multi-dimensional information was better when the stimuli were schematic human faces than if they were either polygons or number matrices. It has also been shown that faces are perceived holistically, and that faces with organized inner features are detected more quickly than faces with unorganized inner features. This study used the speeded classification task and found that faces with organized inner features are perceived holistically whereas faces with unorganized inner features showed little evidence for holistic processing. These results suggest that information about organized faces is perceived very efficiently. The implications for using a face as a data display are discussed.
The intergalactic medium

It is remarkable that a small space satellite mission can be created that has, potentially, the capability of detection of the dark matter of the universe, and in particular, detection of the intergalactic medium. I describe the approach for such a sample mission, and I also briefly comment on, and illustrate, black holes; black holes represent another candidate for the “missing” baryonic dark matter in the Universe.
Analysis of Polymorphisms and Haplotype Structure of the Human Thymidylate Synthase Genetic Region: A Tool for Pharmacogenetic Studies

5-fluorouracil (5FU), a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, inhibits the DNA replicative enzyme, thymidylate synthase (Tyms). Prior studies implicated a VNTR (variable numbers of tandem repeats) polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the TYMS gene as a determinant of Tyms expression in tumors and normal tissues and proposed that these VNTR genotypes could help decide fluoropyrimidine dosing. Clinical associations between 5FU-related toxicity and the TYMS VNTR were reported, however, results were inconsistent, suggesting that additional genetic variation in the TYMS gene might influence Tyms expression. We thus conducted a detailed genetic analysis of this region, defining new polymorphisms in this gene including mononucleotide (poly A:T) repeats and novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) flanking the VNTR in the TYMS genetic region. Our haplotype analysis of this region used data from both established and novel genetic variants and found nine SNP haplotypes accounting for more than 90% of the studied population. We observed non-exclusive relationships between the VNTR and adjacent SNP haplotypes, such that each type of VNTR commonly occurred on several haplotype backgrounds. Our results confirmed the expectation that the VNTR alleles exhibit homoplasy and lack the common ancestry required for a reliable marker of a linked adjacent locus that might govern toxicity. We propose that it may be necessary in a clinical trial to assay multiple types of genetic polymorphisms in the TYMS region to meaningfully model linkage of genetic markers to 5FU-related toxicity. The presence of multiple long (up to 26 nt), polymorphic monothymidine repeats in the promoter region of the sole human thymidylate synthetic enzyme is intriguing.
Schools for Thought: A Science of Learning in the Classroom

Schools for Thought provides a straightforward, general introduction to cognitive research and illustrates its importance for educational change. If we want to improve educational opportunities and outcomes for all children, we must start applying what we know about mental functioning-how children think, learn, and remember in our schools. We must apply cognitive science in the classroom. Schools for Thought provides a straightforward, general introduction to cognitive research and illustrates its importance for educational change. Using classroom examples, Bruer shows how applying cognitive research can dramatically improve students' transitions from lower-level rote skills to advanced proficiency in reading, writing, mathematics, and science. Cognitive research, he points out, is also beginning to suggest how we might better motivate students, design more effective tools for assessing them, and improve the training of teachers. He concludes with a chapter on how effective school reform demands that we expand our understanding of teaching and learning and that we think about education in new ways. Debates and discussions about the reform of American education suffer from a lack of appreciation of the complexity of learning and from a lack of understanding about the knowledge base that is available for the improvement of educational practice. Politicians, business leaders, and even many school superintendents, principals, and teachers think that educational problems can be solved by changing school management structures or by creating a market in educational services. Bruer argues that improvement depends instead on changing student-teacher interactions. It is these changes, guided by cognitive research, that will create more effective classroom environments. A Bradford Book
Follicular development and ovulation in extremely obese women receiving depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate subcutaneously

Abstract Background Subcutaneous depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) has not been studied in the extremely obese population (BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 ). The purpose of this 26-week prospective experimental study was to determine incidence of ovulation and follicular development among women with Class 1, 2 and 3 obesity after receiving DMPA-SC. Methods Five normal-weight, five Class 1-2 obese, and five Class 3 obese women received subcutaneous injections of 104 mg DMPA-SC at baseline and 12 weeks later. Weekly progesterone levels, bimonthly estradiol (E 2 ), and monthly medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) levels were measured by immunoassay methods for a total of 26 weeks in each subject. Results Ovulation did not occur in any subject more than 1 week after the first injection. There was large intersubject and intrasubject variability in E 2 levels, and fluctuating E 2 levels were more frequent among obese women than normal-weight women. Median MPA levels remained above the level needed to prevent ovulation but, compared with normal-weight subjects, were lower among Class 1-2 obese and lowest among Class 3 obese subjects. Conclusion Fluctuating E 2 levels reflective of follicular development occurred more often among Class 1, 2 and 3 obese women than normal-weight women after DMPA-SC injections. Median MPA levels were consistently lowest among Class 3 obese women but remained above the level needed to inhibit ovulation. Further studies should more fully address the pharmacokinetics of DMPA-SC in extremely obese women.
Dimorphism in fungal pathogens of mammals, plants, and insects.

The capacity for pathogenic fungi to change morphology during their lifecycle is widespread. However, relatively few fungi are considered dimorphic, which refers to the ability to switch between two morphologies, yeast and hyphae (Table 1). These pathogens can be roughly subdivided into thermal (morphologic switch induced by temperature) and non-thermal dimorphic fungi (Table 1). Table 1 Dimorphic fungal pathogens. Worldwide, the thermally dimorphic fungi cause several million human infections each year. In the United States, Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides spp. are estimated to infect 500,000 and 150,000 persons annually, respectively [1,2]. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis has recently increased and its endemic range has extended beyond the Southwest to include eastern Washington state [3]. Although the thermally dimorphic fungi typically infect healthy hosts, these pathogens account for 5.3% of fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients [4]. Immunosuppressed patients are at risk for respiratory failure and extrapulmonary dissemination [4]. Phytopathogenic dimorphic fungi have had a major impact on urban landscapes and agriculture. Ophiostoma ulmi, which caused the first Dutch elm disease epidemic, has been replaced by a more virulent species, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, which has destroyed millions of elm trees in the US and Europe [5]. Taphrina deformans, the etiologic agent of peach leaf curl, results in economic losses of $2.5–3 million in the US [6]. Although Ustilago maydis, which causes corn smut, is not a major agricultural threat, the galls (i.e., huitlacoche) caused by infection are eaten as a delicacy [7]. Entomopathogenic fungi have been utilized to control insects harmful to agriculture and to study how pathogens control host behavior [8,9].
Experimental evaluation of discoidin domain receptor 2 as an ideal target for development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs

Osteoarthritis; DDR2; Articular Cartilage; Mouse Model; Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs
Reduction of p+-n+ Junction Tunneling Current for Base Current Improvement in Si/SiGe/Si Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

A reduction of parasitic tunneling current by three orders of magnitude in epitaxial p+-n+ junctions grown by Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (RTCVD) compared to previously published ion implantation results is reported. These results are very important for the reduction of base current in scaled homojunction and Si/SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar transistors. High reduction in tunneling currents allows higher limits to transistor base and emitter dopings. Significant tunneling was observed when the doping levels at the lighter doped side of the junction were of the order of 1×1019cm−3 for both Si/Si and SiGe/Si devices. These results were confirmed by I-V measurements performed at different temperatures. Since the tunneling current is mediated by midgap states at the junction, these results demonstrate the high quality of the epitaxial interface.
Fast simulation of lumped-element loaded AMC antenna systems using embedded element theory

In this paper we present a new efficient method for the simulation of low-profile antenna systems with Artificial Magnetic Conducting (AMC) ground planes that incorporate tunable lumped-elements. This technique works by first extracting an impedance matrix consisting of lumped elements and feed elements from a full-wave method of moments simulation. The embedded element theory is then employed to estimate the feed impedance of the AMC/antenna system with any set of arbitrary loading.
A ‘Glaring Misunderstanding'? Schleiermacher, Barth and the Nature of Speculative Theology

Both Friedrich Schleiermacher and Karl Barth attempted to keep Christian dogmatic theology free from abstract philosophical speculation. However, Barth thinks that Schleiermacher is guilty of the very speculative theology to which Schleiermacher is so averse. This article will defend the claim that Barth misreads Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre, such that Schleiermacher's theological method and formulations are just as anti-speculative as Barth's. To defend this claim, this article examines what Barth considers to be speculative theology as well as his accusation that Schleiermacher is guilty of such speculative proposals. After considering Barth's challenges, this article defends Schleiermacher's methodology and theology as anti-speculative. Finally, several additional accusations against Schleiermacher (those of Bruce McCormack and Thomas Curran) are overcome.
Fast Flow Analysis with Godel Hashes

Flow analysis, such as control-flow, data-flow, and exception-flow analysis, usually depends on relational operations on flow sets. Unfortunately, set related operations, such as inclusion and equality, are usually very expensive. They can easily take more than 97% of the total analyzing time, even in a very simple analysis. We attack this performance bottleneck by proposing Godel hashes to enable fast and precise flow analysis. Godel hashes is an ultra compact, partial-order-preserving, fast and perfect hashing mechanism, inspired by the proofs of Godel's incompleteness theorems. Compared with array, tree, traditional hash, and bit vector-backed set implementations, we find Godel hashes to be tens or even hundreds of times faster for performance in the critical operations of inclusion and equality. We apply Godel hashes in real-world analysis for object-oriented programs. The instrumented analysis is tens of times faster than the one with original data structures on DaCapo benchmarks.
Volunteer guides in nature reserves: exploring environmental educators’ perceptions of teaching, learning, place and self

In the following case study, we examine the interplay between self-perception, environmental perception, and the interests and practice of volunteer trail guides who were recruited to provide educational services for visitors to a natural reserve in Northern California. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 guides and observations of training sessions and educational walks, we found that although individual perspectives of volunteers varied regarding the role of an educator for the reserve, guides shared common interests in teaching and learning and in the place itself. Active guides were drawn to the program by an interest in teaching and learning, had a previous relationship to the place, and held an image of themselves that matched their perceived image of a guide. These findings on the relationship of perception and participation support existing research on issues of identity in environmental education, and extend our current understanding of volunteer participation in interpretation and educati...
Grain boundary defects in block copolymer systems: Bulk and thin film results

Ordered periodic morphologies are the hallmark of most discussions of the microphase-separated state in block copolymer systems yet actual materials contain a myriad of defects. Perhaps the most important of these defects are those which constitute the regions between ordered grains. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to investigate the grain boundary morphology of diblock copolymers in both bulk and thin film geometries. These experiments show that constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces are often useful descriptors, not only for the equilibrium morphology of microphase-separated copolymers, but also for the microphase-separated morphology within grain boundaries.
Long-term sensitization of mechanosensitive and -insensitive afferents in mice with persistent colorectal hypersensitivity

Afferent input contributes significantly to the pain and colorectal hypersensitivity that characterize irritable bowel syndrome. In the present study, we investigated the contributions of mechanically sensitive and mechanically insensitive afferents (MIAs; or silent afferents) to colorectal hypersensitivity. The visceromotor response to colorectal distension (CRD; 15-60 mmHg) was recorded in mice before and for weeks after intracolonic treatment with zymosan or saline. After CRD tests, the distal colorectum with the pelvic nerve attached was removed for single-fiber electrophysiological recordings. Colorectal afferent endings were located by electrical stimulation and characterized as mechanosensitive or not by blunt probing, mucosal stroking, and circumferential stretch. Intracolonic zymosan produced persistent colorectal hypersensitivity (>24 days) associated with brief colorectal inflammation. Pelvic nerve muscular-mucosal but not muscular mechanosensitive afferents recorded from mice with colorectal hypersensitivity exhibited persistent sensitization. In addition, the proportion of MIAs (relative to control) was significantly reduced from 27% to 13%, whereas the proportion of serosal afferents was significantly increased from 34% to 53%, suggesting that MIAs acquired mechanosensitivity. PGP9.5 immunostaining revealed no significant loss of colorectal nerve fiber density, suggesting that the reduction in MIAs is not due to peripheral fiber loss after intracolonic zymosan. These results indicate that colorectal MIAs and sensitized muscular-mucosal afferents that respond to stretch contribute significantly to the afferent input that sustains hypersensitivity to CRD, suggesting that targeted management of colorectal afferent input could significantly reduce patients' complaints of pain and hypersensitivity.
Manometry in the Conduct of Artificial Pneumothorax

Summary 1.The use of the water manometer has made induction of pneumothorax much safer. 2.Without obtaining free manometer fluctuations, the operator is not certain that the tip of the needle lies in the pleural sac. 3.The normal intrapleural pressure varies from minus 10 to minus 6 cm. on inspiration and minus 7 to minus 4 cm. on expiration. 4.As air enters the pleural sac. the intra-pleural pressure slowly increases If this increase does not occur, the tip of the needle has perforated the visceral pleura and lies within the lung or a bronchus or there is excessive lability of the mediastinum. If it rises too rapidly, there is an accumulation of fluid or the tip of the needle is in a pocket formed by pleural adhesions. 5.The patient should always assume the same posture each time pneumothorax is performed. 6.The "true" reading: i. e. total displacement of fluid or double that in one limb, should always be recorded. 7.The needle should be of 17–20 gauge, the connecting rubber tubing as short as is practicable, and the manometer tube of 3–5 mm. inside diameter.
Scalable thread scheduling and global power management for heterogeneous many-core architectures

Future many-core microprocessors are likely to be heterogeneous, by design or due to variability and defects. The latter type of heterogeneity is especially challenging due to its unpredictability. To minimize the performance and power impact of these hardware imperfections, the runtime thread scheduler and global power manager must be nimble enough to handle such random heterogeneity. With hundreds of cores expected on a single die in the future, these algorithms must provide high power-performance efficiency, yet remain scalable with low runtime overhead. This paper presents a range of scheduling and power management algorithms and performs a detailed evaluation of their effectiveness and scalability on heterogeneous many-core architectures with up to 256 cores. We also conduct a limit study on the potential benefits of coordinating scheduling and power management and demonstrate that coordination yields little benefit. We highlight the scalability limitations of previously proposed thread scheduling algorithms that were designed for small-scale chip multiprocessors and propose a Hierarchical Hungarian Scheduling Algorithm that dramatically reduces the scheduling overhead without loss of accuracy. Finally, we show that the high computational requirements of prior global power management algorithms based on linear programming make them infeasible for many-core chips, and that an algorithm that we call Steepest Drop achieves orders of magnitude lower execution time without sacrificing power-performance efficiency.
Collaborative sensing and control in large-scale transportation systems

Transportation is the circulatory system of our economy. Yet many of our traditional transportation systems are inadequate to serve the needs of the 21st century. Thus, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has been proposed as a promising direction to provide innovative services in various modes of transport and traffic management. Researchers have accumulated abundant knowledge for designing ITS systems based on surveys and feedbacks from users and operators. However, the data collected from these manually conducted methods are often incomplete, inaccurate and out-of-date. Thus, based on these data, the applications, correlations and interactions among different forms of transportation are under-exploited [1]. This inefficiency calls for a new architecture, which collaboratively integrates sensing and control aspects in the data processing chain of ITS systems, i.e., data acquisition, data analysis, and data utilization, from multimodal transit systems, e.g., taxicab, bus, and subway, by fully automatic realtime methods. Because of the limited understanding on how to collaboratively interconnect different transit systems for realworld applications, we face an urgent and challenging task to investigate the theory and practice in order to coordinate the sensing and control aspects efficiently and collaboratively. To accomplish this task, this research aims at (i) addressing a fundamental challenge that uniquely defines sensing and control aspects in ITS - heterogeneity, (ii) proposing a design for a multi-level architecture to collaboratively handle different procedures of ITS datasets, and (iii) testing our architecture in one of the largest transportation systems in the world as reference implementation in real-world scenarios.
Complete-member Ethnography Epistemological Intimacy, Complete-membership, and Potentials in Critical Communication Research

Within the vast array of ethnographic research methodology, complete-member ethnography (CME) is one ethnographic inquiry whose methodological development is still in infantile in intercultural com...
A review of the first 12 months of the S.A. pilot survey of material serum alphafoetoprotein screening for foetal neural tube defects

Neural tube defects represent the most common congenital nervous system malformation. In September 1977, a pilot survey of the measurement of material serum afoetoprotein (AFP) at 16–20 wk gestation, for the prenatal diagnosis of open neural tube defects was introduced. This survey was preceded by the accumulation of sufficient data for the calculation of reference percentile values for the relevant gestational ages. All assays were performed using the Behring Werke R.I.A. G-nost kit. The present test protocol will be discussed together with future modifications subsequent to the data generated from the first 12 months of the S.A. Pilot Survey. With approximately 3000 tests having been performed, 4 anencephalic foetuses and 1 spina bifida have been detected. Even though complete individual case records of all patients after delivery are not yet available, it does appear that maternal serum AFP screening is effective in reducing the number of severe birth defects.
CFD Study on Jet Location of the Ventilated Supercavitation

Based on multi-phase CFD method,numerical calculation about the ventilation hole position to the cavitation flow field influence was carried out.The research indicates that the location of the jet on the vehicle is important for the ventilated cavitating.Reasonable jet location can make the drag of the system smaller and the diameter and length of the cavity shape increase more than 5%and 20%.An effective method to design the jet location of the supercavitating vehicles was provided.
The sexual revolution, AIDS and the gynecologist.

The article deals with pathophysiology of HIV and SIDA, epidemiology of HIV in women, prophylactic management of SIDA by education and testing, and ethical and legal issues of this pathology
Evaluation of Risk for Osteoporotic Fracture

Publisher Summary Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by decreased bone strength with a consequent increase in skeletal fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This decreased bone strength depends on both the quantity of bone as measured by bone mineral density (BMD) using dual x-ray absorptiometry or DXA and the quality of bone, which depends on microarchitecture, macroarchitecture, and microdamage. This chapter briefly reviews the diagnostic value of BMD by DXA, of clinical risk factors, and of the potential utility of combining BMD measurement and clinical risk factors using the new world health organization algorithm in predicting fracture risk. Clinical risk factors for fracture may be used in one of four ways: to determine patients at intermediate to high risk of fracture who may be appropriate for BMD testing, situations where BMD is not available to determine patients who are intermediate or high risk of fracture and in whom treatment should be considered, they may be used in combination with BMD to determine the probability of fracture, and in combination with BMD to help choose which patients to treat. This indicates that clinicians will be unable to treat everyone. Therefore, clinicians need to treat those individuals at high risk of fracture and not treat those who are at low risk. The use of fracture risk assessment using both BMD measurement and clinical risk factors in a case-finding approach will hopefully help target therapies to those who need it most.
The Coup and Its Aftermath

The military coup staged in Egypt in the summer of 2013 cut short the life of the Muslim Brotherhood crescent. This chapter discusses why the rise of the Brotherhood-affiliated political parties and figures was a troublesome development for Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The chapter discusses how these two countries waged an anti-Brotherhood campaign and supported the military coup in Egypt. The chapter also discusses how and why Turkey and Qatar reacted to the coup in Egypt differently. Yet, the impact of the coup for both countries has been the same: Turkey and Qatar found themselves increasingly isolated in the region. The chapter claims that to break this isolation, Turkey and Qatar have developed even stronger relations.
Primary Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Arising from an Ovarian Mature Cystic Teratoma in a 12-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report.

Abstract Background Ovarian mature cystic teratomas (MCTs) rarely transform to primary primitive neuroectodermal tumors. This case report offers evidence that MCTs might have undetected microfoci of malignant neural tumors. Case We describe the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with right-sided abdominal pain and distention. Intraoperative findings revealed a right ovarian MCT. However, pathology showed a 0.5-cm focus of malignant neural tumor within the 11-cm MCT. Summary and Conclusion This patient will need close follow-up with a multidisciplinary team because the clinical implications of this transformation has yet to be defined.
Discrete Internal Space and its Visibility

In this paper we consider a version of extended space-time with the inter- nal space of two discrete points. A comptex metric structure for the internal space is suggested in order to use a common generalized differential calculus and a common wedge product for both gravity and the Standard Model. In this extended space-time there are some testable predictions near the electroweak energy scale: the Higgs mass of 350 GeV and the existence of a scalar particle from the gravity sector with mass of 440 GeV.
Clinical characterization of novel chromosome 22q13 microdeletions.

Abstract Introduction The advent of chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) for evaluation of patients with multiple congenital anomalies has made it possible to define chromosomal imbalances with greater precision and resolutions significantly smaller than possible by standard G-banded chromosome analysis. We describe two patients with novel chromosomal anomalies involving chromosome 22q13, a locus also associated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). Objective We aim to characterize the novel phenotypic and genotypic findings of two patients with 22q13 microdeletions, distinct from PMS, comparing and contrasting with features of PMS. Results Case 1 is a 4-year-old boy with global developmental delay, esotropia, moderate aortic root dilation, genu valgum, and in-toeing gait. MRI brain for evaluation of neonatal hypotonia revealed a left cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst. He referred on newborn hearing screening, and diagnostic auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed left profound retrocochlear hearing loss. Surgical intervention for the arachnoid cyst was deferred, with spontaneous resolution at age two years without hearing recovery. CMA revealed a novel, de novo 5.1 Mb microdeletion of 22q13.31q13.33 not involving SHANK3, a gene typically deleted in PMS. Case 2 is a 6-year-old girl with some features also seen in patients with PMS but also several atypical features. She has a complex chromosomal rearrangement including a 5.3 Mb 22q13 microdeletion (not including SHANK3) and de novo 2.1 Mb gain of 22q11. Conclusion As diagnostic sensitivity improves, smaller chromosomal imbalances will be detectable related to milder or different phenotypes. We present two patients with novel deletions of chromosome 22q13 associated with multiple congenital anomalies and features distinct from PMS.
Changes in transcript expression patterns as a result of cryoprotectant treatment and liquid nitrogen exposure in Arabidopsis shoot tips

Transcripts related to abiotic stress, oxidation, and wounding were differentially expressed in Arabidopsis shoot tips in response to cryoprotectant and liquid nitrogen treatment. Cryopreservation methods have been implemented in genebanks as a strategy to back-up plant genetic resource collections that are vegetatively propagated. Cryopreservation is frequently performed using vitrification methods, whereby shoot tips are treated with cryoprotectant solutions, such as Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2) or Plant Vitrification Solution 3 (PVS3); these solutions remove and/or replace freezable water within the meristem cells. We used the model system Arabidopsis thaliana to identify suites of transcripts that are up- or downregulated in response to PVS2 and PVS3 treatment and liquid nitrogen (LN) exposure. Our results suggest that there are many changes in transcript expression in shoot tips as a result of cryoprotection and that these changes exceed the number detected as a result of LN exposure. In total, 180 transcripts showed significant changes in expression level unique to treatment with either the cryoprotectant or cryopreservation followed by recovery. Of these 180 transcripts, 67 were related to stress, defense, wounding, lipid, carbohydrate, abscisic acid, oxidation, temperature (cold/heat), or osmoregulation. The responses of five transcripts were confirmed using qPCR methods. The transcripts responding to PVS2 + LN suggest an oxidative response to this treatment, whereas the PVS3 + LN treatment invoked a more general metabolic response. This work shows that the choice of cryoprotectant can have a major influence on the patterns of transcript expression, presumably due to the level and extent of stress experienced by the shoot tip. As a result, there may be divergent responses of study systems to PVS2 and PVS3 treatments.
Engineering Representations to Support Evidence-based Clinical Practice:

This paper provides an introduction to Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) and Ecological Interface Design (EID), as important complements to more conventional Human Factors Engineering approaches....
Reply to ‘Low‐grade intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: an idea whose time has not yet come’: evidence‐based medicine suggests that the time is now

In the above-referenced commentary,1 Murali Varma raises two valid concerns regarding implications for communication from the message of our study2. First, introducing a term ”Atypical Intraductal Proliferation (AIP)” or “low-grade intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P)” for which there are no well-defined morphological cut-offs or criteria and, second, for the risk of overtreatment. In this author's experience which is based on current2 and previous studies,3-6 AIPs represent significant lesions and must be distinguished from HGPIN. Morphologically, the vast majority of AIPs present with cribriform morphology which have been increasingly recognized as significant lesions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection.

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). Resonant excitation without fluorescence detection – for example, a differential transmission measurement – can determine some properties of the emitting system, but does not allow applications or measurements based on the emitted photons. For example, the measurement of photon correlations, observation of the Mollow triplet, and realization of single photon sources all require collection of the fluorescence. Incoherent excitation with fluorescence detection – for example, above band-gap excitation – can be used to create single photon sources, but the disturbance of the environment due to the excitation reduces the indistinguishability of the photons. Single photon sources based on QDs will have to be resonantly excited to have high photon indistinguishability, and simultaneous collection of the photons will be necessary to make use of them. We demonstrate a method to resonantly excite a single QD embedded in a planar cavity by coupling the excitation beam into this cavity from the cleaved face of the sample while collecting the fluorescence along the sample's surface normal direction. By carefully matching the excitation beam to the waveguide mode of the cavity, the excitation light can couple into the cavity and interact with the QD. The scattered photons can couple to the Fabry-Perot mode of the cavity and escape in the surface normal direction. This method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization, but the excitation polarization is restricted by the propagation direction of the excitation beam. The fluorescence from the wetting layer provides a guide to align the collection path with respect to the excitation beam. The orthogonality of the excitation and detection modes enables resonant excitation of a single QD with negligible laser scattering background.
Milk and other dairy foods in relation to prostate cancer recurrence: Data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor (CaPSURE™).

Background High-fat dairy, particularly whole milk, in healthy men may increase risk of aggressive prostate cancer. However, data are limited regarding dairy after prostate cancer diagnosis. Method We conducted a prospective study among 1334 men with non-metastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor. Men answered a food frequency questionnaire in 2004-2005 (median 2 years after diagnosis) and were followed until 2016 for recurrence, defined as: prostate cancer death, bone metastases, biochemical recurrence, or secondary treatment. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between whole and low-fat milk; total, high-fat, and low-fat dairy; and other dairy items and risk of recurrence. Results During a median follow-up of 8 years, we observed 137 events. Men who consumed >4 servings/week versus 0-3 servings/month of whole milk had an 73% increased risk of recurrence (HR: 1.73; 95%CI: 1.00, 2.98; P-value = 0.04). Body mass index (BMI) modified the association (P-interaction = 0.01). Among men with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2, >4 servings/week versus 0-3 servings/month of whole milk was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of recurrence (HR: 2.96; 95%CI: 1.58, 5.54; P-value < 0.001). No association was seen in men with BMI <27 kg/m2. Low-fat milk and other dairy foods were not associated with recurrence. Conclusion In conclusion, whole milk consumption after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence, particularly among very overweight or obese men. Men with prostate cancer who choose to drink milk should select non-fat or low-fat options.
Hypothermia, pH, and Postoperative Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Massively Transfused Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective To determine the relationships between hypothermia and pH at surgery end and postoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in massively transfused adult cardiac surgery patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single tertiary care, academic medical center. Participants A total of 395 adult patients having cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass who were massively transfused during an 8-year period. Patients were excluded if they did not receive an antifibrinolytic drug during surgery. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Body temperature and pH at surgery end were recorded. Postoperative RBC transfusion, a surrogate for postoperative bleeding, was the study’s primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were postoperative fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion, postoperative platelet transfusion, reoperation for bleeding, and mortality. Patients with hypothermia did not have more postoperative RBC transfusion (p = 0.56), but patients with acidosis or alkalosis received more RBCs after surgery (p = 0.04). There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups. In multivariate analysis, both acidosis and alkalosis were independently associated with postoperative RBC transfusion (p = 0.01 and p Conclusion Hypothermia at surgery end has no association with postoperative RBC transfusion in massively transfused cardiac surgery patients, but pH derangements are associated with increased postoperative transfusion. Thus, normalization of blood pH may be important in reducing postoperative bleeding in massively transfused cardiac surgery patients.
MiRDR-OSG: MicroRNA dynamic regulation analysis utilizing open science grid

MicroRNA is a type of short non-coding RNAs, which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expressions. It has been well-documented that human microRNAs contribute in the disease development, such as cancers and obesity. While most microRNA functional studies heavily rely on the regulatory interactions between microRNAs and their target messenger RNAs, the accumulating evidence has shown that the altered availability of microRNAs, their target, and other types of endogenous RNAs competing are able to affect the microRNA-target interactions efficiently, which reflects the dynamic and conditional property of microRNA-mediated gene regulation. Here we present a new computational pipeline, miRDR-OSG, that utilizing the high-throughput computing resource provided by Open Science Grid to study the dynamic regulation of microRNAs in cancer development with the consideration of both competing and cooperative mechanisms. A large-scale genomic dataset from over four thousand patients with 9 major types of cancer was used to demonstrate the usage of miRDR-OSG. As a result, we identified 10,726 microRNA regulatory interactions that only occurred in a specific stage and/or cancer type. This observation demonstrated the dynamic and conditional microRNA regulation during cancer progression. miRDR-OSG is freely available at http://sbbi.unl.edu/miRDR.
Theory-Based Diagnosis and Remediation of Writing Disabilities.

Abstract Writing disabilities have received far less attention than reading disabilities. This relative neglect is concerning because children are routinely referred to school psychologists for assessment of writing problems that range from poor handwriting or spelling to failure to complete written assignments to inability to communicate in grammatical, coherent written text. To assist school psychologists in better serving the needs of writing-disabled children, this article (a) briefly reviews recent trends in the research on writing, including a change in emphasis from the product to the process of writing; (b) introduces a theory-based model that is being developed for differential diagnosis of writing disabilities at the neuropsychological, linguistic, and cognitive levels; (c) presents cases and patterns in cases that illustrate differential diagnosis of writing disabilities at the linguistic level; and (d) suggests possible interventions for specific
Operation of pneumatically-actuated membrane-based microdevices for in situ analysis of extraterrestrial organic molecules after prolonged storage and in multiple orientations with respect to Earth’s gravitational field

Abstract Pneumatically-actuated monolithic membrane microvalves are powerful microfluidic tools that can be integrated into programmable microfluidic architectures (PMAs) for multiple portable chemical analysis applications, including point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, environmental science, space exploration, etc…. However, these systems have not seen wide-scale deployment in industry or spaceflight due in part to (1) a concern that these systems may have a limited shelf-life and (2) a concern that performance depends on specific device orientation in a gravitational field. To address these concerns, we functionally tested a Mars Organic Analyzer microdevice fabricated in 2005 after 10 years of storage under ambient conditions. Using a square wave with a 500 millisecond (ms) actuation pulse width and a 1000 ms period and operating under vacuum at −980 millibar (mbar) from ambient pressure, all pneumatically-actuated valves opened in less than 1 h. The vacuum required to actuate an open valve ranged from −218 to −175 mbar from ambient pressure. The microvalves were then programmed to transfer fluid through the microdevice for flow rate characterization. Fluidic transfer occurred at a flow rate of 122 ± 8 microliters/minute (μL/min) right-side up in Earth’s gravitational field and 114 ± 14 μL/min upside down in Earth’s gravitational field, indicating likely successful implementation in an orbital microgravity environment. This demonstration that microdevices retain full functionality after over 10 years of storage combined with successful operation in multiple orientations in Earth’s gravitational field further validates the value of microdevices based on these microvalves for fluidic manipulation and sample handling in outer planetary missions.
Molecular clock redux in miniature

Microwave transitions in the rotational spectrum of carbonyl sulfide molecules provide a timing reference that can be used to develop chip-scale atomic clocks.
A qualitative study of barriers to genetic counseling and potential for mobile technology education among women with ovarian cancer

National guidelines recommend genetic counseling for all ovarian cancer patients because up to 20% of ovarian cancers are thought to be due to hereditary cancer syndromes and effective cancer screening and prevention options exist for at-risk family members. Despite these recommendations, uptake of genetic counselling and testing is low. The goal of this study was to identify barriers to and motivators for receipt of genetic counseling along with preferences regarding potential use of a mobile application to promote genetic counseling. Three focus groups were conducted including 14 women with a diagnosis of epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal or fallopian tube cancer. Topics included understanding of genetic counseling, perceived pros and cons, preferences for receiving health information, and familiarity with mobile phone technology. Transcripts were analyzed using standard procedures of qualitative thematic text analysis and descriptive coding techniques. Six major themes regarding barriers to and motivators of genetic counseling and use of mobile technology in promoting genetic counseling emerged: (1) need for information, (2) relevance, (3) emotional concerns, (4) family concerns, (5) practical concerns, and (6) mobile application considerations. These data reiterate previously reported barriers to genetic counseling as observed in other populations. Participants were supportive of the use of mobile technology for promoting uptake of genetic counseling.
Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase in the Kidneys

Three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and two of cyclooxygenase (COX) are expressed in the normal kidney. Neuronal (type I) NOS is expressed heavily in the macula densa, where it blunts the tubuloglomerular feedback response that increases afferent arteriolar tone in proportion to distal NaCl delivery and in the cortical and inner medullary collecting ducts where it impairs tubular Na+entry. Endothelial (type III) NOS is expressed in endothelial cells where it mediates the endothelium-derived relaxing factor response and in the thick ascending limb, where it inhibits tubular NaCl reabsorption. Inducible (type II) NOS is widely expressed after cytokine challenge. It participates in cell death following sepsis or ischemia of the kidney. COX-1 is expressed in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of renal vasculature and in the medullary collecting ducts where it antogonizes arginine vasopressin and inhibits Na+reabsorption. COX-2 is expressed in the macula densa cells and adjacent thick ascending limb where it enhances renin section and inhibits tubular NaCl reabsorption. NOS and COX isoforms interact extensively to fulfill their major roles of adapting renal function to changes in salt and water intake or blood pressure.
The Role of Alcohol in Cocaine Dependence

The relationships between the patterns of alcohol and cocaine use are examined using information derived from the authors’ research data and from the literature. Excessive alcohol drinking was very prevalent among males seeking treatment for cocaine dependence at a Veterans Administration hospital in West Los Angeles. Fifty percent met DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence. The drug-related behaviors of patients with the diagnosis of dependence on cocaine only were compared with those of patients dependent on cocaine and alcohol. The progression of the cocaine addiction was not significantly different in those two groups. However, patients with dependence on cocaine and alcohol were more likely to be users of other drugs of abuse. Concerning psychosocial behaviors, both groups maintained employment and stable interpersonal relationships throughout significant periods of their addictive career. One year after drug treatment, both subsamples showed significant improvement in terms of cocaine and alcohol use and social adjustment. Research implications and the possibility that both dependent conditions may share neurobehavioral reinforcing mechanisms are discussed.
The nine rings puzzle, 3 ways: a Rosetta Stone for programming paradigms

This paper presents an alternate and nifty illustration to programming paradigms - an ancient Chinese puzzle - the ingenious nine linked rings puzzle. The goal is to remove all nine rings from the puzzle's handle. The basic premise to the solution is - to remove a ring, the ring before it must be the lead ring. In order to make any ring a lead ring, all other in front of it must be removed. The puzzle is intrinsically recursive and therefore dovetails with a recursive solution. However, a declarative solution using the logic paradigm also demonstrates the strength and expressiveness of the paradigm. Three ways of implementing the puzzle are presented, including a synthesized and somewhat unnatural iterative algorithm to solve the puzzle. The nine linked rings puzzle is yet another great example of taking an ancient puzzle and applying modern day algorithmic approaches to express computations in a variety of approaches - a Rosetta stone for programming paradigms. The actual puzzle and solutions have been presented in a programming language course with encouraging and positive feedback from students. For a CS1 introduction to recursion, the recursive approach may also be utilized.