cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NeuroScholar's electronic laboratory notebook and its application to neuroendocrinology.

Scientists continually relate information from the published literature to their current research. The challenge of this essential and time-consuming activity increases as the body of scientific literature continues to grow. In an attempt to lessen the challenge, we have developed an Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) application. Our ELN functions as a component of another application we have developed, an open-source knowledge management system for the neuroscientific literature called NeuroScholar (http://www. neuroscholar.org/). Scanned notebook pages, images, and data files are entered into the ELN, where they can be annotated, organized, and linked to similarly annotated excerpts from the published literature within Neuroscholar. Associations between these knowledge constructs are created within a dynamic node-and-edge user interface. To produce an interactive, adaptable knowledge base. We demonstrate the ELN's utility by using it to organize data and literature related to our studies of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH). We also discuss how the ELN could be applied to model other neuroendocrine systems; as an example we look at the role of PVH stressor-responsive neurons in the context of their involvement in the suppression of reproductive function. We present this application to the community as open-source software and invite contributions to its development.
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Agonist Improves Cardiac Performance in the Chronic Model of Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Rats

Cardiomyopathy in the setting of coronary artery disease (ischemic cardiomyopathy) is the major cause of heart failure in the developed world and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The degree of left ventricular dysfunction in this setting is often out of proportion to the amount of overtly infarcted tissue. Moreover, how decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients leads to impaired contractility remains incompletely understood. The PHD prolyl hydroxylases are oxygen-sensitive enzymes that transduce changes in oxygen availability into changes in the stability and activity of the HIF transcription factor, a master regulator of genes that promote survival in a low oxygen-environment. We found that cardiac-specific PHD inactivation in mice causes ultrastructural, histological, and functional changes reminiscent of ischemic cardiomyopathy over time. Moreover, chronic expression of a stabilized HIFa variant in cardiomyocytes also led to dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, we show that HIFa is upregulated in a murine model for ischemic cardiomyopathy, as well as samples of patients with chronic ischemia and cardiomyopathy. Together, our data establish that chronic PHD inactivation, and consequent HIF activation, plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
PRE-CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MEDI-493, A HUMANIZED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV). • 721

PRE-CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MEDI-493, A HUMANIZED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV). • 721
Research highlights: microfluidic single-cell analysis from nucleic acids to proteins to functions

We highlight recent reports using microfluidic systems to perform single-cell analysis. It has been demonstrated on numerous occasions that population averages are often not representative of single-cell behavior. These differences in behavior can be caused by stochastic fluctuations in temporal response, changes in the surrounding instructive environment, or hard-coded genetic changes. Because of the similar length scales, microfluidic approaches have been well-suited to isolating, analyzing, and culturing single-cells to better understand this heterogeneity. Here, we discuss recent works in which microfluidic researchers have extended single-cell characterization approaches, in order to improve analysis from nucleic acids to proteins to final functional behavior. Nucleic acid detection can be amplified beyond what is possible with fluorescence in situ hybridization using droplet-enabled PCR-activated cell sorting. Multiplexed protein detection that overcomes the problems with off-target antibody binding which are associated with traditional immunofluorescence is achieved with single-cell western blotting. Proliferation, migration, and secretion are analyzed in rare circulating tumor cells isolated in microwells. The next steps will be getting these new tools into the hands of a growing number of biologists and developing new tools to report on single-cell epigenetic modifications.
Structure of V thin films on Al(100) using XPD, LEED, and LEIS

Abstract We have used X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and low energy ion scattering (LEIS) to determine the atomic structure of V thin films grown on the Al(100) single crystal surface. For V film thicknesses ranging from 0.75 ML–7 ML, the LEED patterns show no significant changes from the p(1 × 1) symmetry of a clean Al(100) surface, other than becoming more diffuse for higher V coverage. XPD and LEIS spectra indicate that during the initial deposition (1–3 ML) V atoms diffuse into the Al lattice, and tend to accumulate at the surface during subsequent deposition. Strain associated with the lattice mismatch for V and Al is likely relieved by the formation of a surface alloy during the first few ML's of V deposition. For 7 ML V coverage, XPD and LEED showed that an ordered V structure is stabilized on the Al(100) surface. Due to the close resemblance of the V and Al XPD polar scans, we conclude that V and Al are occupying similar lattice sites in tetragonally distorted bcc lattice, although the specific lattice location of the V and Al atoms is not clear.
Phytic acid represents 10 to 15% of total phosphorus in alfalfa root and crown

Abstract Phytic acid, myo‐inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphate. the major storage form of phosphorus (P) in seeds, comprises 60 to 90% of total seed P. Phytic acid has also been observed in other vegetative and reproductive tissue including roots although no studies to date have unequivocally demonstrated that phytic acid is indeed present in roots. Three methods (ferric precipitation, ion‐exchange chromatography, and high voltage paper electrophoresis) were used to demonstrate that phytic acid is a P‐containing compound within the root and crown tissue of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Phytic acid P was found to represent from 10 to 15% of total root and crown P.
Fractional quantization in ac conductance of Al x Ga 1-x As capacitors

Minima are found in the ac conductance (100 kHz) of ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{GaAs}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{GaAs}$ capacitors at voltages corresponding to fractional fillings, frac13; and frac23;, of the lowest spin-split Landau level of an accumulation layer on ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{GaAs}$. These are the first observations of a fractional quantum effect in which electron motion is perpendicular rather than parallel to the ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GaAs}}{{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}}$ interface.
Test results of a high precision cathode strip chamber based on plastic streamer tubes

Abstract We have designed, built, and tested a cathode strip chamber constructed with plastic streamer tubes and printed circuit strip boards produced by industry. The prototype consists of 3 identical layers, each with an area of 50 cm × 100 cm. The prototype was tested in cosmic rays at the Texas Test Rig and a 190 GeV muon beam at CERN. A spatial resolution of 45 ± 3 μm was obtained in cosmic rays, with comparable result (53 ± 1 μm) in the muon beam. The resolution is limited by amplifier noise in the charge measurement, not by intrinsic factors. We studied the dependence of the spatial resolution on the incident angle of the muon, and found good agreement with theoretical expectation. The prototype was tested with two gas mixtures, one flammable and the other nonflammable. We found no dependence of the resolution on the gas mixture, if resolutions are compared at the same pulse height.
Enantiomers of 11-hydroxy-10-methylaporphine having opposing pharmacological effects at 5-HT1A receptors

The two enantiomers of the title compound have been prepared by different synthetic routes. Both bind strongly to 5-HT1A receptors from rat forebrain membrane tissue. However, in a guinea pig ileum preparation, the (R)-enantiomer exhibits properties consistent with its being an agonist, whereas the (S)-enantiomer shows no agonist effect, but it blocks the actions of the (R)-enantiomer and of 8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT1A agonist. These data are presented as a rare example of enantiomers which demonstrate opposite pharmacological effects at the same receptor.
Development of a sustained-release aspirin tablet.

Several sustained-release aspirin tablets, some of which are capable of attaining and maintaining plasma salicylate concentrations of about 30 mcg./ml. for 8 hr. after ingestion from a total dose of 975 mg. aspirin are described. The design of the final tablet characteristics was guided by analysis of plasma salicylate concentrations in vivo, and the rate of aspirin release in vitro.
Emergency medicine Joint Fellowship Curriculum.

Abstract Background The authors describe a Joint Fellowship Curriculum instituted for emergency medicine fellows in diverse fellowships. The curriculum is based on commonalities established among the varying fellowships offered within their Department of Emergency Medicine. Fellowships included in the curriculum development include Disaster/Emergency Medical Services, International Emergency Medicine, Health Policy, Ultrasonography, and Medical Toxicology. Objectives The focus of this educational activity is to promote the development of the fellow into an expert within their field of specialization. Discussion Recognizing that topics such as scholarly activities, career development, clinical practice of medicine, business of medicine, and personal development are universally applicable to a variety of emergency medicine fellowships, the curriculum attempts to provide uniform instruction. The quality and applicability of this instruction was assessed and found to have been very well received by the participating fellows. Conclusion The authors encourage academic emergency medicine departments with a number of fellowship training opportunities to consider providing such a uniform curriculum of instruction as well.
On Some Enigmas Surrounding a Riddle Canon by Brahms

ABSTRACT Even for a riddle canon, Brahms9s setting of the text ““Mir laachelt kein Fruuhling,”” WoO 25 (1877), presents more than its share of enigmas. The solution to this haunting spiral canon is relatively straightforward. But questions remain concerning both the freely composed ending that Brahms had hoped would be published (through which the piece could be made suitable for performance), and the identity of the author of the canon9s poetic text (which expresses profound hopelessness and a sense of utter loss). Documenting the entire publication process sheds light on the former question; and as for the more intriguing matter of poetic authorship, documentary and stylistic evidence points to Brahms himself. By these lights, ““Mir laachelt kein Fruuhling”” not only stands alone in Brahms9s oeuvre but constitutes a deeply personal confession.
Seasonal and annual load of herbicides from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico

Water samples collected from rivers in the Mississippi River Basin were analyzed for selected herbicides to evaluate their discharge to the Gulf of Mexico and to identify their predominant source a...
The Child Health Research Centers: twenty-one years of promoting the development of pediatrician scientists from 1990-2011.

From the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human n the 1980s, few senior-level pediatricians received National Institutes of Health (NIH) or foundation funding for the study of childhood diseases. Pediatric subspecialty training focused on clinical care and usually lasted only 2 years. Research training usually emphasized functional and physiologic concepts rather than laboratory-based training experiences. Few academic centers engaged in preclinical scientific discovery, and most pediatricians interested in research careers had limited options when seeking professional mentorship and career development. A minority of pediatric departments had the resources and research infrastructure to support the development of young investigators. Physician scientists bring a valuable perspective to biomedical research because their clinical training enables them to bridge the gap between basic science investigation and treating disease. Yet, medical doctors declined from 37% of NIH grantees in the 1970s to 26% in 1987. In 1988 Healy and in 2005, Ley andRosenberg referred to the physician investigator as an “endangered species” and warned of the need to address their declining numbers in biomedical research. Nevertheless, recent data from the NIH suggest that this trend continues. To remediate this problem, the NIH established a number of key initiatives, including new career development programs, such as theChildHealthResearchCenters (CHRC)K12,which funds early career physician-scientists, K24 awards for established investigators to mentor junior faculty, K30 awards to provide support for training in translational research, the K99-R00 transition to independence award, andmore recently, and the Clinical and Translational Science Award, which contains an investigator training component (KL2 mechanism). In the late 1980s, academic leaders in pediatrics conceived the CHRC program to fill the gap in training and to provide sustainedmentoring and laboratory-based training during the formative early faculty development period byproviding protected time in research training in laboratories of established scientific leaders. This new programwould develop a generation of physician scientists with an exceptional training background in both clinical pediatrics and basic science. The leadership of the Association ofMedical School Pediatric Department Chairs and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) director, Duane Alexander, MD, endorsed this vision for the CHRC program. In 1990, theNICHDinitiated theCHRCtoprovide resources to pediatric departments and children’s hospitals for training of
Determining the Validity and Reliability of Elastographic Analytics Using Rotator Cuff Muscles

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and reliability of using elastography and subsequent image analysis to evaluate two rotator cuff muscles. Elastography imaging was conducted on the infraspinatus muscles of four cadavers. Next, elastography imaging was conducted on the supraspinatus muscles of 10 human subjects. Image analysis was conducted retrospectively to determine the relative computed strain value. Pearson correlations and two-tailed t tests for equal variance were used to demonstrate an interclass correlation (ICC) for two researchers performing image analysis. A significance value of P < .05 was set a priori. In the cadaver portion of the study, a Pearson correlation had an r = 0.99, and a two-tailed t test for equal variance showed P = .08. In the human portion of the study, a Pearson correlation had an r = 0.92, and a two-tailed t test for equal variance yielded a P < .05. When all elastography images from both portions of the experiment were combined, the analysis showe...
A clinical assessment strategy for maternal acquaintance-attachment behaviors.

The Acquaintance-Attachment Assessment Strategy for Maternal Behaviors (AASMB) is a strategy for assessing maternal attachment in the clinical area. The strategy is based on an eclectic conceptual framework and reflects the progressional nature of the attachment process. A review of the literature summarizes the phases of the attachment process—acquaintance, attachment, and bonding—and the maternal behaviors associated with each phase. The acquaintance and attachment phases are found during the first year of the infant's life and are of interest to the nurse who is assessing the maternal-infant relationship. These phases form the basis for constructing the Opportunity and Proximity-Seeking subscales of the AASMB. The AASMB can be easily utilized by nurses in clinical settings to assess mother-infant dyads for which early maternal-infant separation during the first year is common, such as occurs with premature or ill infants.
Season and fertilization affect the post-harvest flower life of anthurium

Abstract Cut anthurium ( Anthurium andraeanum Andre, cultivar ‘Ozaki’) flower post-harvest vase life as affected by seasonal and factorial combinations of N, P and K was tested. Vase life varied from 8 to 69 days. Mean maximum temperature during the two months before harvest and during post-harvest life were positively related and explained ∼53% of the variation. At the investigated fertilizer rates, high N reduced flower post-harvest life at 22°C which was alleviated by K, whereas P did not influence cut flower post-harvest life. Nitrogen- and K-fertilization explained ∼13% and ∼17%, respectively of the variation. The type of fertilizer affected the reason for the end of the flower post-harvest life. Spadix necrosis and spathe condition was important at low N- and P- and high K-fertilizer rates. Loss of spathe gloss was important at high N- and low K-fertilization levels. Pre-harvest factors explained 63–71% of the variance of post-harvest life. Optimum fertilizer rate for maximum post-harvest life was 0 kg ha −1 year −1 N; 224 and 448 kg ha −1 year −1 K were equally effective.
Far-ultraviolet sensitivity and photoreactivation of Hirsutella thompsonii.

SUMMARY The far-ultraviolet (FUV; 200–300 nm) sensitivity of four pathotypes of Hirsutella thompsonii, representative of three separate taxonomic varieties of the species, was investigated. The UV inactivation curves for the four strains were indistinguishable. A mutant exhibiting enhanced conidiation derived from the HTF-72 strain was more FUV sensitive than the four wild type strains (fluence enhancement factor ≅ 1.5). All strains were capable of efficiently photoreactivating FUV damage by a process which appeared to enzymatic.
Minimum-effect model of geomagnetic excursions applied to auroral zone locations.

The discovery of many brief but large excursions of the paleomagnetic field in the time period 10, 000 to 30, 000 years B. P. together with the observed absence of excursions in coetaneous records from different sites led to the construction of minimum-effect models of geomagnetic excursions utilizing dipole anomaly sources close to the observations sites. We investigate here the modification of the auroral zone resulting from a minimum-effect model consisting of a main, geocentric dipole (Me) and a radial dipole at the core-mantle boundary (Ms) representing the source of the geomagnetic anomaly. The location and size of the auroral zone is found as a function of the location, strength and direction (in or out) of the source. The auroral zone is displaced toward a positive source (Ms·Me>0) and reduced in size; and it is displaced away from a negative source (Ms·Me<0) and enlarged. An example based on plausible model parameters shows that the auroral zone can be displaced equatorward by 15° to 20° in certain longitudes. If excursions mark times of a reduced main dipole field, an additional equatorward displacement of perhaps 10° can be expected.
Using value images to adjust intensity in 3D renderings and photographs

We present a technique for manipulating the intensity values in a 3D computer generated image or photograph. Artists often make value sketches of a scene before beginning the final painting. This value sketch is based on the lighting of the scene, but is not simply a faithful copy of it. The artist uses the value sketch to experiment with the placement and tone values of large masses of light and dark areas. This results in increased coherency and focus in the final image, and also guides the viewer to the important elements of the image. The artist can do this because our eyes are sensitive to local luminance variation [Livingstone 2002]. Photographers and computer animators, on the other hand, do not have the luxury of simply changing the tone values of a rendering to create the image they want. Instead, they manipulate the lighting and the surface qualities of the scene objects to achieve the desired effect. A typical rendered scene in a high-quality animation film will have anywhere from ten to a hundred lights, placed in strategic locations. Similarly, photographers and film studios use spotlights and other special-purpose lighting to create better photographs.
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles

Most studies that have developed and validated models and instruments in consumer affairs research have used U.S. samples. As a result, their cross-cultural generalizability remains unknown. This study reports a cross-cultural examination of a scale for profiling consumers' decision-making styles using a New Zealand sample. Examination of the scale's psychometric properties (i.e., dimensionality and reliability) offers general support for the scale's applicability to a different culture. Some differences were detected, however. The paper concludes with a discussion of these differences and the implications of the findings.
Modeling and Simulation of the Interface Temperature Between a Heated Silicon Tip and a Substrate

This article presents an analytical model and finite difference simulations that predict the interface temperature between a heated atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and a substrate. The thermal resistances for the tip, interfacial contact between the tip and substrate, and spreading into the substrate are all considered. The thermal properties and geometry of the tip closest to the apex govern heat transport through the entire tip. The models thus r uire boundary-constricted thermal conductivity in the tip and a separate thermal resistance to account for the geometry at the tip apex. The tip-substrate interface temperature depends upon the contact impedance, contact force, and ambient environment thermal conductivity. For a silicon tip, the combined thermal resistance of the substrate and contact is on the order of 107–108 K/W and dominates the heat transfer. The model identifies dimensionless parameters that govern the tip-substrate interface temperature, which can inform cantilever design and applicati...
XAS investigation of the structure and function of Ni in acireductone dioxygenase

Acireductone dioxygenases (ARDs) are enzymes involved in the methionine recycle pathway, which regulates aspects of the cell cycle. Klebsiella pneumoniae produces two enzymes that share a common polypeptide sequence and differ only in the metal ion present. Reaction of acireductone (1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene) with Fe-ARD and dioxygen produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, the α-ketoacid precursor of methionine. Ni-ARD reacts with acireductone and dioxygen to produce methylthiopropionate, CO, and formate and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway. An X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study of the structure of the catalytic Ni center in resting Ni-ARD enzyme and the enzyme−substrate complex is reported. This study establishes the structure of the Ni site in resting Ni-ARD as containing a six coordinate Ni site composed of O/N-donor ligands including 3−4 histidine residues, demonstrates that the substrate binds to the Ni center in a bidentate fashion by displacing two...
Preliminary x-ray Thomson scattering using the hybrid x-pinch as a probe source

Summary form only given. X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) has been shown to be a powerful diagnostic for the field of high energy density plasma physics and warm dense matter (WDM) research1. The stringent photometric and bandwidth requirements have historically relegated XRTS probe sources to high energy laser plasma sources or free electron lasers. Standard x-pinch configurations in which two or more fine wires cross and subtend an angle of about 30° forming an “X” between an anode and cathode can produce extremely intense, sub-nanosecond bursts of continuum and line radiation from micron-scale sources. The hybrid x-pinch is a relatively new configuration based on conical W-Cu alloy electrodes with a short 1-2mm gap that is closed by a fine wire typically 50-150μm in diameter resulting in an easier-to-load setup while maintaining similar performance characteristics2. We explore the possibility of utilizing the hybrid x-pinch as a novel XRTS probe source by examining certain spectral and temporal attributes of a range of materials in a hybrid x-pinch configuration on the XP (500kA, 50ns) and COBRA(1MA, 100ns) pulsed power platforms. We conclude that a Ti hybrid x-pinch can produce >1012 photons/sr in Ti He-α (4.75keV) radiation and satisfy the noncollective scattering bandwidth requirement of ΔE/E ≤ 0.01. Al hybrid x-pinch produced Al He-β (1.87keV) radiation also appears to meet the photometric requirement while satisfying the collective scattering regime bandwidth requirement of ΔE/E ≤ 0.002. Measurements of photon fluence, bandwidth, source size, burst duration, applicability to the relevant scattering regime and initial scattering results will be discussed.
Fabrication, Morphology and Properties of Soybean Oil-Based Composites Reinforced with Continuous Glass Fibers

Novel thermosetting composites were successfully prepared using glass fiber as a reinforcement for soybean and LoSatSoy oil-based resins prepared by cationic copolymerization with styrene and divinylbenzene. The effect of the matrix composition and glass fiber loading on the morphology, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the resulting composites were extensively investigated. Increasing the glass fiber loading from 0 to 50 wt.-% in the composites resulted in a significant increase in Young's modulus from 150 to 2 730 MPa and ultimate tensile strength from 7.9 to 76 MPa. The correlation between the experimental mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced composites with values calculated by various empirical models was also analyzed. Increasing the crosslinking of the matrix resulted in composites with improved thermal and mechanical properties. These soybean oil-based composites have good structure damping properties and potential applications where the reduction of both unwanted noise and vibration is important.
Sodomites and Police in Paris, 1715

Abstract The Archives of the Bastille in the Bibliotheque de G Arsenal include hundreds of police reports, none of them currently available in English or even in print, about male same-sex relations in Paris during the first half of the eighteenth century. The documents translated here, interrogations of eight men arrested in 1715, provide information about networks and prostitution, age and class, surveillance and deception in the sodomitical subculture of the capital.
An Evaluation of Naïve Bayesian Anti-Spam Filtering Techniques

An efficient anti-spam filter that would block all spam, without blocking any legitimate messages is a growing need. To address this problem, we examine the effectiveness of statistically-based approaches Naive Bayesian anti-spam filters, as it is content-based and self-learning (adaptive) in nature. Additionally, we designed a derivative filter based on relative numbers of tokens. We train the filters using a large corpus of legitimate messages and spam and we test the filter using new incoming personal messages. More specifically, four filtering techniques available for a Naive Bayesian filter are evaluated. We look at the effectiveness of the technique, and we evaluate different threshold values in order to find an optimal anti-spam filter configuration. Based on cost-sensitive measures, we conclude that additional safety precautions are needed for a Bayesian anti-spam filter to be put into practice. However, our technique can make a positive contribution as a first pass filter.
Faraday Cup Measurements of the Energy Spectrum of Laser-Accelerated Protons

Summary form only given. Several experiments at NTF study the interaction of laser-created plasmas with large external magnetic fields. Examples include a "solar wind" experiment that studies the development of a shock when an ablation plasma flow interacts with a strong magnetic field, and an isochoric heating experiment, in which the effect of a confining external magnetic field on target heating will be investigated. The plasmas can be created with one of our two multi-terrawatt laser systems, Tomcat (up to 10 TW), and Leopard (up to 100 TW). The laser absorption on target can be characterized by analyzing the energy spectrum of protons emitted from the target surface, which are either from a contamination layer on the target or from the target itself. The measurements, performed with Faraday cups, yield both the hot electron temperature (characteristic for electrons which directly absorb the laser energy) and the cold electron temperature (characteristic for the bulk of the target electrons, which is indirectly heated by the hot electrons). The energy spectrum measurements have been carried out with Tomcat pulses with Lip to 4 J pulse energy and 1 ps duration. For an optimized focal spot size, a hot electron temperature of up to 4.3 keV and a cold electron temperature of 0.8 keV were measured, corresponding to an absorbed laser intensity of 1016 W/cm2. In the near future, when the high-energy laser Leopard will be fully operational, intensities of up to 1019W/cm2 will be used in our experiment.
DRAM energy management using software and hardware directed power mode control

While there have been several studies and proposals for energy conservation for CPUs and peripherals, energy optimization techniques for selective operating mode control of DRAMs have not been fully explored. It has been shown that as much as 90% of overall system energy (excluding I/O) is consumed by the DRAM modules, serving as a good candidate for energy optimizations. Further; DRAM technology has also matured to provide several low energy operating modes (power modes), making it an opportunistic moment to conduct studies exploring the potential benefits of mode control techniques. This paper conducts an in-depth investigation of software and hardware techniques to avail of the DRAM mode control capabilities at a module granularity for energy savings.
Multiaxis Three-Dimensional Flat Woven Preforms - Tube Carrier Weaving

A multiaxis three-dimensional (3D) flat woven preform and a weaving method have been developed. The structure has five yarn sets, which are bias(+) and bias(—), warp, filling and Z-yarns. The weaving method has been introduced to form the structure. An experimental prototype was constructed to trial the method. In this technique, called “tube-carrier weaving”, bias(+) and bias(—) yarns are closely laid all over the surface. The preliminary study shows that the structure and weaving method seem feasible under the test conditions.
Beyond execution time: expanding the use of performance models

Improved performance is a major motivation for using parallel computation. However, performance models are frequently used only to predict an algorithm's execution time, not to accurately evaluate how the choices of architecture, operating system, interprocessor communication protocol, and programming language also dramatically affect parallel performance. We have developed an analytic model for synchronous iterative algorithms running on distributed-memory MIMD machines, and refined it for disrete-event simulation. The model describes the execution time of a single run in terms of application parameters such as the number of iterations and the required computation in each, and architectural parameters such as the number of processors, processor speed, and communication time. Our experience has shown us that an analytic model can not only accurately predict an algorithm's performance but can also match the algorithm to an appropriate architecture, identify ways to improve the algorithm's performance, quantify the performance effects of algorithmic or architectural changes, and provide a better understanding of how the algorithm works. >
Topology control in heterogeneous wireless networks: problems and solutions

Previous work on topology control usually assumes homogeneous wireless nodes with uniform transmission ranges. In this paper, we propose two localized topology control algorithms for heterogeneous wireless multihop networks with nonuniform transmission ranges: directed relative neighborhood graph (DRNG) and directed local minimum spanning tree (DLMST). In both algorithms, each node selects a set of neighbors based on the locally collected information. We prove that (1) the topologies derived under DRNG and DLMST preserve the network connectivity; (2) the out degree of any node in the resulting topology by DLMST is bounded; while the out degree of nodes in the topology by DRNG is not bounded; and (3) the topologies generated by DRNG and DLMST preserve the network bi-directionality.
An AluI fragment isolated from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), maps to the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA cistron.

Abstract The relationship between a 217-bp AluI fragment (SnAluI-33c) from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) which hybridizes to the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and the ribosomal RNA genes was examined by Southern analysis and comparative hybridization. Restriction enzymes with recognition sites mapped in the lake trout rDNA cistron were used to digest genomic DNA into fragments of predetermined size. Comparison of the hybridization pattern of SnAluI-33c with those of two rDNA-specific probes placed this fragment within the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA cistron, approximately 3 kb upstream (5′) of the 18S gene. This finding is consistent with in situ hybridization experiments showing hybridization of this fragment to sites of rDNA [Reed, K.M. and Phillips, R.B., Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 70 (1995) 104–107]. Based on cross hybridization and sequence comparisons, homologous sequences are present in other salmonid species.
Doing as I say: The Influence of Bottom-Boxers in the Hospitality Industry

Doing as I say: The Influence of Bottom-Boxers in the Hospitality Industry Why do companies of from varying industries have difficulty getting a true read on the acceptance of product/service offerings or pricing strategies? Could it be changes in preferences between the survey and purchase decision, perhaps caused by the survey itself, the inability to predict future preferences, the effect of information acquisition, or a variety of other biases in measuring and reporting intentions? There is considerable evidence that inconsistencies often exist between what people say they will do and what they actually do. Lusk et al. investigated how differences in measuring stated purchase intentions and actual behavior were thought to arise from strategic responses.
Labeling Network Event Records for Intrusion Detection in aWireless LAN

A data mining approach to network intrusion detection requires a training dataset of network event records labeled as either normal or an attack type. Since there are too many events to track, such datasets are typically very large. This is particularly so in a WLAN where number of non-wired devices communicating with the WLAN can be too many and adhoc. This creates a problem for the domain expert in labeling all records in the training dataset which is used to train a machine learner. We present a simple approach by which the number of network records the expert has to examine is a relatively small proportion of the given training dataset. A clustering algorithm is used to form relatively coherent groups which the expert examines as a whole to label records as one of four classes: red (definite intrusion), yellow (possibly intrusion), blue (probably normal), and green (definite normal). An ensemble classifier-based data cleansing approach is then used to detect records that were likely mislabeled by the expert. The proposed approach is investigated with a case study of a real-world WLAN. An ensemble classifier-based intrusion detection model built using the labeled training dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of the labeling approach and the good generalization accuracy
Single Crystal Gallium Nitride on Silicon Using SiC as an Intermediate Layer

GaN films have been grown atop SiC intermediate layers on Si(001) and Si(111) substrates using supersonic jet epitaxy (SJE). GaN growth temperatures ranged between 600 °C and 775 °C. Methylsilane (H3SiCH3) was used as the single source precursor for SiC growth and triethylgallium (TEG) and ammonia (NH 3) were the sources for GaN epitaxy. The GaN growth rate was found to depend strongly on substrate orientation, growth temperature, and flux. Structural characterization of the films was done by transmission electron diffraction (TED) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Growth of GaN on SiC(002) produces a cubic or mixed phase of cubic and wurtzite depending on growth conditions. Growth on SiC(111) produces predominantly wurtzite GaN(0002). Minimum rocking curve widths for GaN(0002) on SiC/Si(111) and GaN(002) on SiC/Si(001) are 0.6° and 1.5°, respectively. Cross Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (XTEM) was also performed.
Segregation in Job Hierarchies: West Virginia Coal Mining, 1906–1932

When blacks began to leave the South, one of their first stops was the West Virginia coal fields. There they met with reasonable success. Until the Depression, high-paying machine jobs were open to them and job segregation had almost no impact on their wages, but management positions were off-limits with a few exceptions for all-black workforces. The findings suggest two patterns worth more attention in studies of other industries.
OASISNET: an OASIS network simulator

This paper describes a Web-based simulator of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) mandated Open Access Same-Time Information System (OASIS) network. OASIS is the real-time information network/electronic bulletin board whose specification are spelled out in FERC Order 889. The purpose of the simulator is to provide a tool for study of the various aspects of a multi-node OASIS network and to gain a strong intuitive feel for its operations. For a specified simulation period, the OASISNET simulator reproduces the behavior of an OASIS network using the same communications medium as the actual system, the Internet, and with multiple players using the simulator simultaneously. Users dynamically interact with the simulator through World Wide Web (WWW) browsers. Salient features of the simulator are its modular architecture, the ability to simulate multi-node OASIS network operations and to accept simultaneous access from remote users through the use of client/server technology. The simulation focuses on the dissemination and use of the available transmission capability information. Sample applications of the new simulator are discussed.
Use of far field basilar artery stenting for recurrent middle cerebral artery ischemia.

Intracranial artery angioplasty and stenting are generally performed for ipsi-territory stroke prevention in stenotic disease; however, few options exist for chronic occlusion of a proximal feeding vessel. In such circumstances intracranial angioplasty and stenting of a neighboring vascular field may improve collateral flow to the territory of the occluded vessel. A case of basilar artery (BA) stenting is presented, performed to improve collateral flow in a man experiencing recurrent middle cerebral artery (MCA) strokes, despite superior temporal artery (STA)–MCA bypass for internal carotid artery occlusion. Following BA stenting, the patient had complete cessation of MCA ischemia and improved cerebrovascular reserve by single photon emission CT. BA stenting was found to be a safe and effective means of improving collateral flow to mitigate recurrent MCA infarctions. Far field interventions should be considered in selected patients who fail other treatments.
Iridium-192 Interstitial Brachytherapy as Adjunctive Treatment for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors

Eleven dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were treated with surgery and iridium-192 ((192)Ir) interstitial brachytherapy. Minimum tumor doses ranged from 47.2 to 63.3 Gy. Treated tumors were classified as grade II (n=7) or III (n=4). Five dogs had recurrences with a median progression-free interval of 1391 days, and six dogs had no recurrence at a median follow-up time of 942 days. Acute adverse effects were well tolerated, and late effects were mild. One dog developed a second tumor of a different cell type in the radiation treatment field.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A and Islet Vascularization Are Necessary in Developing, but Not Adult, Pancreatic Islets

Pancreatic islets are highly vascularized mini-organs, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A is a critical factor in the development of islet vascularization. To investigate the role of VEGF-A and endothelial cells (ECs) in adult islets, we used complementary genetic approaches to temporally inactivate VEGF-A in developing mouse pancreatic and islet progenitor cells or in adult β-cells. Inactivation of VEGF-A early in development dramatically reduced pancreatic and islet vascularization, leading to reduced β-cell proliferation in both developing and adult islets and, ultimately, reduced β-cell mass and impaired glucose clearance. When VEGF-A was inactivated in adult β-cells, islet vascularization was reduced twofold. Surprisingly, even after 3 months of reduced islet vascularization, islet architecture and β-cell gene expression, mass, and function were preserved with only a minimal abnormality in glucose clearance. These data show that normal pancreatic VEGF-A expression is critical for the recruitment of ECs and the subsequent stimulation of endocrine cell proliferation during islet development. In contrast, although VEGF-A is required for maintaining the specialized vasculature observed in normal adult islets, adult β-cells can adapt and survive long-term reductions in islet vascularity. These results indicate that VEGF-A and islet vascularization have a lesser role in adult islet function and β-cell mass.
Orthogonal cut view generation for CT scanned data

In clinic practice, a series of transaxial views are usually obtained from a patient in the CAT scanner system. There are interests to present this data at different oblique views. Experience of implementing the generation programs shows the necessity to minimize its processing time in an on line environment. An orthogonal view generation program seems to be the best. This program allows user to specify an orthogonal cut in the displayed view interactively. The processing time for the specified cut is less than four minutes. A second subsequent cut can be drawn in the first generated cut. This orthogonal view generation program permits curvelinear cuts in the displayed view. This curvelinear cut provides a very untradirional dis play in radiology. It is useful in displaying a slice-sectional view of the spinal column of patients. Neuradiologists are interested in using this capability to study the dimension of the spinal column. In this paper, the orthogonal view generation program will be described in detail. The features of this display program will be compared with a number of other alternative programs.
Protection of Sugar Beet Stecklings against Aphids and Viruses by Cover Crops and Aluminium Foil

SUMMARY Stecklings were grown without cover, between rows of mustard or barley, or with strips of aluminium foil between the rows. Stecklings in open beds, with or without foil, were larger than those beneath cover crops. In 1966, Stecklings in plots with mustard cover were the most heavily infested with Myzus persicae, but in 1967 most M. persicae were on Stecklings in the open beds. Aphis fabae were always most abundant in the open beds, and there were few on Stecklings under cover crops. Very few plants beneath cover crops contracted virus yellows. The metal strips also decreased yellows incidence, but much less so than the cover crops, and less than they affected aphid infestation.
Plastic scintillator block as photon beam monitor for EGRET calibration

The EGRET (Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope) detector has been calibrated at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator) and, to a lesser degree, at the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Bates Linear Accelerator Center. To monitor the photon beams for the calibration, a plastic scintillator block, 5 cm*5 cm in cross section, 15 cm in length, and viewed by a single photomultiplier tube, was used for the entire beam energy range of 15 MeV to 10 GeV. The design operation, and method of analysis of the beam intensity are presented. A mathematical framework has been developed to treat the general case of a beam with multiphoton beam pulses and with a background component. A procedure to deal with the fluctuations of the beam intensity over a data-taking period was also developed. The photon beam monitor is physically sturdy, electronically steady, simple to construct, and easy to operate. Its major merits lie in its sheer simplicity of construction and operation and in the wide energy range it can cover. >
Humoral Immune Response and Expression of Spontaneous Postnatal Amelanosis in Dam Line Chickens

The delayed amelanotic (DAM) chicken line, has been developed as a model of human vitiligo. Vitiligo in humans and chickens is characterized symptomatically by spontaneous loss of, integumentary pigmentation and is often associated with uveitis. In humans, vitiligo is also associated with increased frequencies of several autoantibodies, suggesting a state of immune hyperreactivity. An adult DAM chicken population was tested for levels of circulating antibody after challenge with sheep red blood cells or Brucella abortus. There was a significantly higher mean titer level to both antigens in the amelanotic birds than in normally pigmented birds. The severity of feather amelanosis and visual defects was associated with increased antibody levels. This suggests that amelanosis and blindness in DAM chickens may be associated with elevated antibody responses to foreign antigens and perhaps with a generalized state of hyperimmunity.
Evolutionary Ecology of Unisexual Fishes

The evolutionary ecology of unisexual fishes is distinguished from that of closely related sexual species by two peculiar aspects of their genetics: First, they reproduce, in effect, asexually, and second, their genomic constitutions are invariably identical to those of F1 hybrids. Thus, a major difficulty in analyzing the evolutionary ecology of these species is to determine the extent to which the distinct phenomena of asexuality and hybridity contribute to their successes and failures. That is, where abundance indicates the success of a particular unisexual fish species, is it successful there because it reproduces asexually or because it possesses a hybrid genotype? The ecological consequences of asexuality, in turn, can be more finely divided. Asexually reproducing organisms do not pay the cost of meiosis (Williams, 1975), and, hence, an asexual species has twice the intrinsic rate of increase r of a comparable sexual species (Maynard Smith, 1978). On the other hand, asexual species lack genetic recombination and cannot generate the multiplicity of genotypes possible in a sexual species. This paucity of genotypic variation may limit the effectiveness of selection and, hence, evolutionary potential or it may reduce the aggregate effectiveness of resource utilization because there cannot be a spectrum of “specialized” genotypes in the population.