cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Deformity Correction

Dror Paley. New York: Springer; 2001. 750 pages. $225.00. The frontispiece of Nicholas Andry's 1741 monograph entitled L'Orthopedie depicts a seated woman, surrounded by children, holding a yardstick upon which is written haec est regula recti ("this is the standard for alignment"). Indeed, both before and after Andry produced his seminal volume, the relationship between lameness and limb deformity was recognized by all who proposed methods for aligning misshapen extremities. As often happened, however, correction of a deformity at one level of a limb failed to completely restore the extremity's biomechanical axis because of an unrecognized malalignment elsewhere in the appendage. Now, 260 years after the publication of Andry's monograph, Dror Paley has written a remarkable book that, perhaps for the first time, permits complete fulfillment of Andry's standard for alignment in the correction of complex limb deformities. Principles of Deformity Correction evolved from a course taught by Paley and his coworkers in Baltimore. The book, which deals exclusively with lower limb deformities, is divided into two parts. The first ten chapters present a step-by-step technique for deformity analysis, starting with the basic concepts of normal and abnormal limb alignment as well as a method for measuring and recording deviations from the norm. Paley has developed a standardized nomenclature …
Culture Aeration in Polythermostat

A system for the aeration of cultures growing in a polythermostat temperature-gradient block was developed. This system provided both aeration and agitation of the cultures, while allowing the growth to be followed spectrophotometrically. The necessity for aeration of cultures growing in a polythermostat was experimentally shown.
Genetic Counseling Considerations in Molecular Diagnosis

The focus of this chapter is to discuss the clinical and counseling applications of molecular genetic testing. Genetic Counseling is a term most strictly applied to the communication process in which individuals and families engage with specially trained health professionals in a process of education and counseling in reference to a disability, disease, or trait that might be caused by a genetic change. This service has historically been performed in conjunction with the provision of clinical genetic services. Genetic counselors are specifically trained health professionals, certifiable by nationally recognized boards, to perform genetic counseling. Concurrent with the expansion of the molecular diagnostic laboratory capabilities to detect genetic changes, the role of genetic counselors has evolved in the more than 30 yr since its professional inception and now includes practitioners in a variety of settings, including clinical, academic, laboratory, research, industry, and public health. An extensive body of literature has accumulated relevant to the practice of genetic counseling, much of it generated by researchers in fields other than medical or clinical genetics. The literature represents a heterogeneous mixture of disciplines, philosophical and cultural assumptions, methodology, and populations sampled.
Notes and blood data on some small mammals of Durham county, North Carolina.

These data were gathered during the investigation of another problem (Foreman, J. Cell, and Comp. Physiol. 44: 421–430,1954). The trapping was conducted with the sole aim of collecting, alive, specimens of as many of the indigenous species of small mammals as possible. The rodents were of primary interest, and the author sought as many different habitat types as he could find in the area. Those trap sites that happened to yield a species poorly represented in the area were trapped repeatedly. Each trap was set where it was thought to be most likely to catch the desired species, and no effort was made to take random samples or otherwise measure relative or absolute population densities. The traps were made of 3/16” wire mesh, and the doors and rocking type treadles were made of thin galvanized iron. The traps were 3.5” × 3.5” × 12”. The bait used was a mixture of rolled oats and peanut butter; occasionally a little beef suet was added. Most of the trapping was done in the Duke University Forests, but some sites were selected at other places in the county. The trapping …
ESTIMATES OF FITNESS IN ERODWM POPULATIONS WITH INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION.

One factor affecting the fitness of a genotype in a population is competition. Competition and competitive ability have been defined in many ways. This study is concerned with genetic variation in competitive ability in annual plants. The definition of competitive ability used in this study is the ratio of seed production (fecundity) of a genotype in competition with other individuals to the seed production (fecundity) of a genotype when grown alone at a comparable density. Many studies have examined genetic variation in interspecific competition (e.g., Lerner and Ho, 1961 in Tribolium; Ayala, 1969, 1970 in Drosophila; Solbrig and Simpson, 1974, 1977 in dandelions). Variation in intraspecific competition has been found in Linum (Khan et al., 1975), soybeans (Schutz and Brim, 1967) and barley (Allard and Adams, 1969). Further studies are needed on this topic. How is the fitness of a genotype in competition related to the fitness of that genotype growing without competition? What is the relationship between intraspecific and interspecific competitive abilities of a genotype? Differences in interspecific competitive performance among mixed cultures of Erodium cicutarium and E. obtusiplicatum have been found (Martin and Harding, 1981). In a mixed culture of populations of E. cicutarium and E. obtusiplicatum that are sympatric in nature, each of the two populations was favored at lower frequencies, leading to the prediction of a stable equilibrium. In mixed cultures of E. cicutarium and E. obtusipli-
Skeletal muscle blood flow independently modulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake

Insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU) occurs principally in skeletal muscle. To directly examine whether skeletal muscle perfusion (F) can directly and independently modulate IMGU, we combined the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and leg balance techniques [leg glucose uptake (LGU) = arteriovenous glucose difference (delta AVG) x F]. Young (< 40 yr) healthy lean subjects were studied during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia of approximately 23 microU/ml (group I, n = 8) and approximately 950 microU/ml (group II, n = 6). Femoral delta AVG and leg F were measured, and LGU was calculated at baseline after approximately 200 min of steady-state hyperinsulinemia alone and during a superimposed intrafemoral artery infusion of methacholine hydrochloride designed to increase leg F two- to threefold. In groups I and II, insulin raised the delta AVG approximately 4- and 14-fold, respectively (P < 0.0001). Leg F was unchanged during the low-dose insulin infusion (group I) but increased 112 +/- 35% in group II (P < 0.001). During methacholine infusion the delta AVG narrowed 35.9 +/- 6.8% (P < 0.01) and 20.5 +/- 4.8% (P < 0.05) in groups I and II, respectively. Leg F rose 224 +/- 30% (P < 0.01) and 79 +/- 13% (P < 0.05) above the flow rate achieved with insulin alone. Thus, during methacholine flow modulation, LGU increased 116 +/- 36% (P < 0.01) and 47 +/- 11% (P < 0.05) in groups I and II, respectively. In conclusion, skeletal muscle perfusion during hyperinsulinemia can act as an independent determinant of IMGU.
Epidemiology of Injury in Community Club and Youth Sport Organizations

Often regarded as a rite of childhood and significant cultural unifying agent, participation in highly organized pediatric and adolescent sport activities is extensive, with more than 60 million American youth involved in organized sport activities annually. Many of these young people participate in non-school community-based settings, which will be the focus of this chapter. This focus is particularly important given that participants in these venues often do not have similar access to immediate health care as that experienced by participants in high schools, for example, where athletic trainers are often employed.
Systematic comparison of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi screens for essential genes

We compared the ability of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and CRISPR/Cas9 screens to identify essential genes in the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562. We found that the precision of the two libraries in detecting essential genes was similar and that combining data from both screens improved performance. Notably, results from the two screens showed little correlation, which can be partially explained by the identification of distinct essential biological processes with each technology.
The National Osteoporosis Foundation's methods and processes for developing position statements

The methods and processes described in this manuscript have been approved and adopted by the NOF Board of Trustees on November 11, 2015. This manuscript has been peer-reviewed by the NOF Research Committee and Osteoporosis International. The National Osteoporosis Foundation frequently publishes position statements for the benefit of educating healthcare professionals and the general public on a particular issue and/or concern related to preventing osteoporosis and/or promoting strong bones throughout the lifespan. This manuscript represents the official methods and processes adopted by the NOF Board of Trustees for the purpose developing future position statements in a transparent and unbiased manner.
High Frequency Electrical Stimulation of Lateral Habenula Reduces Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Rats

Background: Development of new strategies that can effectively prevent and/or treat alcohol use disorders is of paramount importance, because the currently available treatments are inadequate. Increasing evidence indicates that the lateral habenula (LHb) plays an important role in aversion, drug abuse, and depression. In light of the success of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the LHb in improving helplessness behavior in rodents, we assessed the effects of LHb HFS on ethanol-drinking behavior in rats. Methods: We trained rats to drink ethanol under an intermittent access two-bottle choice procedure. We used c-Fos immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological approaches to examine LHb activity. We applied a HFS protocol that has proven effective for reducing helplessness behavior in rats via a bipolar electrode implanted into the LHb. Results: c-Fos protein expression and the frequency of both spontaneous action potential firings and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents were higher in LHb neurons of ethanol-withdrawn rats compared to their ethanol-naive counterparts. HFS to the LHb produced long-term reduction of intake and preference for ethanol, without altering locomotor activity. Conversely, low-frequency electrical stimulation to the LHb or HFS applied to the nearby nucleus did not affect drinking behavior. Conclusions: Our results suggest that withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure increases glutamate release and the activity of LHb neurons, and that functional inhibition of the LHb via HFS reduces ethanol consumption. Thus, LHb HFS could be a potential new therapeutic option for alcoholics.
Gender and Policy Implementation: Analyzing and Predicting the Progress of Congressional Bills Targeting Homeless Women, 1977–1987

ABSTRACTThis study examines congressional policymaking and funding support for homeless women during the 1980s. Contemporary research shows that this time period marked an important demographic shift in the composition of homeless individuals in the United States, as women, children, and families comprised a larger portion of homeless populations. Using Schneider and Ingram’s (1993; 1997) Degenerative Policy Design, I used logistic regression and predicted probabilities to analyze federal congressional bills on homelessness during a 10-year period from 1977 to 1988. Results indicate that bills targeting homeless women, children, and families increased over time, but there was substantive policy action for these groups. This aligns with Schneider and Ingram’s theory that groups like homeless women, who are constructed as dependent and needy but politically powerless, garner congressional elite sympathy but no monetary resources at the national level.
Uniparallel execution and its uses

We introduce uniparallelism: a new style of execution that allows multithreaded applications to benefit from the simplicity of uniprocessor execution while scaling performance with increasing processors. A uniparallel execution consists of a thread-parallel execution, where each thread runs on its own processor, and an epoch-parallel execution, where multiple time intervals (epochs) of the program run concurrently. The epoch-parallel execution runs all threads of a given epoch on a single processor; this enables the use of techniques that are effective on a uniprocessor. To scale performance with increasing cores, a thread-parallel execution runs ahead of the epoch-parallel execution and generates speculative checkpoints from which to start future epochs. If these checkpoints match the program state produced by the epoch-parallel execution at the end of each epoch, the speculation is committed and output externalized; if they mismatch, recovery can be safely initiated as no speculative state has been externalized. We use uniparallelism to build two novel systems: DoublePlay and Frost. DoublePlay benefits from the efficiency of logging the epoch-parallel execution (as threads in an epoch are constrained to a single processor, only infrequent thread context-switches need to be logged to recreate the order of shared-memory accesses), allowing it to outperform all prior systems that guarantee deterministic replay on commodity multiprocessors. While traditional methods detect data races by analyzing the events executed by a program, Frost introduces a new, substantially faster method called outcome-based race detection to detect the effects of a data race by comparing the program state of replicas for divergences. Unlike DoublePlay, which runs a single epoch-parallel execution of the program, Frost runs multiple epoch-parallel replicas with complementary schedules, which are a set of thread schedules crafted to ensure that replicas diverge only if a data race occurs and to make it very likely that harmful data races cause divergences. Frost detects divergences by comparing the outputs and memory states of replicas at the end of each epoch. Upon detecting a divergence, Frost analyzes the replica outcomes to diagnose the data race bug and selects an appropriate recovery strategy that masks the failure.
National Invective and Environmental Exploitation in Thomas Bernhard’s Frost

Frost belongs to the distinctively Austrian genre of the anti-Heimat novel and as such critiques the state of affairs in the Second Republic. Bernhard specifically condemns his homeland’s hypocritical stance toward its National Socialist past and its postwar attempt to reinvent itself by fetishizing its unspoiled Alpine scenery and wholesome rustic citizenry. His national invective is rooted in environmental as much as political history. In the course of the novel, forests are harvested by the cellulose industry and an entire river drainage is dammed for the construction of a major power plant, which is modeled on the Glockner-Kaprun hydroelectric facility, one of many modernization projects carried out under the mantle of a New Austria but whose origins extend back to the era of German-Austro fascism.
Parents? and Children?s Preferences about Parents Sharing about Children on Social Media

Prior research shows that parents receive a number of benefits through sharing about their children online, but little is known about children?s perspectives about parent sharing. We conducted a survey with 331 parent-child pairs to examine parents? and children?s preferences about what parents share about their children on social media. We find that parents and children are in agreement in their perception of how often and how much information parents share about their children on social media. However, there is disagreement about the permission-seeking process: children believe their parents should ask permission more than parents think they should, and parents believe they should ask for permission more often than they actually do, especially younger parents. We describe two categories of content that children are okay, or not okay, with their parents sharing about them. We offer design directions for managing parent sharing.
Abstract P111: Revascularization in Perioperative Myocardial Infarction After High Risk Surgery is Associated With Reduced Mortality

Background: The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is 5-35% after high-risk vascular surgeries, and increases mortality. We sought to determine the incidence of PMI after abdomi...
Visibility is a Trap: The Ethics of Police Body-Worn Cameras and Control

The growing use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) in law enforcement poses ethical and privacy threats to be considered by policy makers. Law enforcement adoption of surveillance technology often outpace...
The Study in Perspective

This book has presented a personological investigation of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The goal has been to develop an account that answers important questions about men’s lives. The focus has not been on proving one answer to be better than another but on developing an account that retains the richness of men’s lives as they are lived. The different chapters suggest that there is wisdom in each of the three approaches to the study of lives described in Chapter 1; at issue is discovering where in the study of lives that wisdom is valuable.
The patient protection and Affordable Care Act: a primer for hand surgeons.

The Affordable Care Act is the largest and most comprehensive overhaul of the United States healthcare industry since the inception of the Medicare and Medicaid. Contained within the 10 Titles are a multitude of provisions that will change how hand surgeons practice medicine and how they are reimbursed. It is imperative that surgeons are equipped with the knowledge of how this law will affect all physician practices and hospitals.
Uroplakins as Markers of Urothelial Differentiation

In studying the physiology and diseases of a given organ, the identification of the major differentiation products of that particular organ is a crucially important step. Detailed knowledge on the structure and function of these molecules, which are frequently accumulated in large quantities during cellular differentiation, help elucidate the molecular basis of important physiological processes, such as muscle contraction. Mutations of many of the tissue-specific products have been found to be the underlying causes for many organ-restricted diseases. The availability of promoters of some of these tissue-specific genes enables one to drive various transgenes including mutated differentiation products, specific oncogenes, dominant negative mutants of various receptors, to express uniquely in the target organ. The resultant pathology and abnormal physiology can yield great insights on the functions of the differentiation products per se and various test molecules, as well as the mechanisms of many human diseases. It is in this context that the recent identification of uroplakins as the major differentiation products of mammalian urothelium is important, as this has made it possible to employ many approaches, that have proven to be fruitful in other organ systems, for elucidating the biochemical mechanisms of urothelial growth and differentiation. In this paper, we will discuss what has been learned recently about the uroplakin molecules and their possible role in urothelial differentiation.
Synthetic peptides of the Rab effector domain inhibit vesicular transport through the secretory pathway.

Abstract Synthetic peptides of the putative effector domain of members of the ras-related rab gene family of small GTP-binding proteins were synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi and intra-Golgi transport in vitro. Inhibition of transport by one of the effector domain peptides was rapid (t1/2 of 30 s), and irreversible. Analysis of the temporal site of peptide inhibition indicated that a late step in transport was blocked, coincident with a Ca2(+)-dependent prefusion step. The results provide novel biochemical evidence for the role of members of the rab gene family in vesicular transport in mammalian cells, and implicate a role for a new downstream Rab effector protein (REP) regulating vesicle fusion.
Robustness of FDM-FDCP Modulation to Phase Noise in Millimeter Wave Systems

We propose a simple discrete phase noise model for millimeter wave channels and evaluate its impact on different modulation classes. In particular, we characterize the performance of both OFDM and FDM-FDCP degraded by the phase noise of our model. Our results show that FDM-FDCP outperforms OFDM under this phase noise model. The key characteristics of FDM-FDCP that mitigate degradation from phase noise are highlighted. Our results indicate that extending the length of the frequency-domain cyclic prefix in the FDM-FDCP waveform further mitigates the impact of phase noise.
Measurements on W and Z Production and Decay from the UA2 Experiment at the CERN \(\bar{p}p\) Collider

A summary is presented of results from the UA2 experiment on the production and decay of the W and Z bosons. A comparison is made with expectations of the standard electroweak model, and the QCD model for strong interactions. Experimental uncertainties relevant to past and future measurements in the UA2 detector are briefly discussed.
Fútbol! Why Soccer Matters in Latin America by Joshua H. Nadel

Nadel, Joshua H. Futbol! Why Soccer Matters in Latin America . Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014.
Using quartz fabric intensity parameters to delineate strain patterns across the Himalayan Main Central thrust

Abstract Disagreements over how to define shear zones within packages of pervasively recrystallized rock impede our ability to map and correlate these structures. Here, we explore a new approach for delineating the spatial extents of shear zones using quartz petrofabric, temperature, and kinematic data collected from two transects across the Main Central thrust (MCT) in western Bhutan. We calculated cylindricity, a fabric intensity parameter that has been previously interpreted as a proxy for finite strain magnitude, for each sample. Cylindricity values (measured on a scale from 0 to 1) increase upward from 0.11 to 0.47 between 2.3 and 1.3 km below the MCT, vary between 0.55 and 0.93 between 700 m below and 200 m above the MCT, and decrease upward from 0.68 to 0.37 between 2.4 and 11.7 km above the MCT. Fabric intensity increases with proximity to the MCT and defines a ~900 m-thick zone of elevated intensity that overlaps spatially with an interval of inverted metamorphism. Our results add to a growing number of recent studies that suggest that spatial patterns of fabric intensity, when integrated with temperature data and kinematic observations, can be used to delineate relative strain patterns across shear zones in the Himalaya and elsewhere.
Left Atrial Strain Correlates with Elevated Filling Pressures in Pediatric Heart Transplantation Recipients.

Background Noninvasive assessment of diastolic function in pediatric heart transplantation (PHTx) patients is important for monitoring of rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and nonspecific graft failure. We hypothesized that left atrial strain (LAS) would correlate with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and that cutoff values to identify elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressure could be derived for clinical practice and future testing. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a prospectively collected cohort of PHTx patients undergoing same-day cardiac catheterization with biopsy and transthoracic echo. There were 70 patients with 85 clinical encounters. Traditional mitral inflow Doppler, LAS, LV diastolic strain and strain rate, and ratios for mitral E to LV diastolic strain and strain rate were assessed. Correlation with PCWP was performed, and receiver operator characteristic curves were generated for an elevated mean PCWP, acute rejection, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Results Decreased LAS during the atrial reservoir phase (Ɛres) correlated with higher invasively measured PCWP (r = –0.40, P 22.0% had 100% negative predictive value; Ɛres was superior to other measures of diastolic function. Subanalyses for recent acute rejection (n = 9) showed good discriminatory ability for Ɛres of 14.5% (sensitivity 89%, specificity 74%). Conclusions LAS correlates with invasively measured PCWP and can identify elevated pressures better than traditional and other advanced diastolic function parameters. Use of LAS in PHTx patients may aid in noninvasive monitoring for rejection and nonspecific graft dysfunction.
Presence of onconeural antibodies in sarcoidosis patients with parasarcoidosis syndrome.

Background Bothersome symptoms from sarcoidosis can develop in the absence of identified granulomas. These parasarcoidosis complaints can include small fiber neuropathy, diaphoresis, dysautonomia, and fatigue. Similar issues are also encountered in some cancer patients, especially those with onconeural antibodies. Methods Serum was obtained for onconeural antibody testing from sarcoidosis patients with parasarcoidosis symptoms seen at the University of Cincinnati Sarcoidosis clinic during a six month period. Detection of antibodies was performed using an onconeural antibody panel. Results A total of 268 patients with sarcoidosis and one or more features suggesting parasarcoidosis symptoms were enrolled in the study. Of these, 60 (22.4%) had one or more positive onconeural antibodies. In a control group of 46 non sarcoidosis patients seen in the interstitial lung disease clinic, there were only three patients with a positive antibody (Chi square=6.143, p=0.0132). A subgroup of sarcoidosis and control patients completed the small fiber neuropathy screening list. Sarcoidosis patients had a significantly higher score than the control patients (sarcoidosis: 7 [0-49] (Median [range] versus non sarcoidosis: 3 [0-31], p=0.0074). However, no significant differences were measured in the SFNL scores for sarcoidosis patients with an onconeural antibody (9 [3-36]) versus without (7 [0-49]). Conclusion In patients with parasarcoidosis symptoms, approximately 30% have evidence of onconeural antibody production. This may be a potential cause for parasarcoidosis symptoms in some patients.
Abstract TP422: Comparison of Natural History and Effect of Intracranial Stent Placement Between Patients With Intra-Dural and Those With Sub-Arachnoid Intracranial Arterial Stenosis

Background: Intracranial stenosis can be located in intradural or subarachnoid space. It is unclear whether there are any differences in ipsilateral ischemic stroke risk, cerebral hemorrhage and de...
Spectrum of myelinated pulmonary afferents (III) cracking intermediate adapting receptors.

Conventional one-sensor theory (one afferent fiber connects to a single sensor) categorizes the bronchopulmonary mechanosensors into the rapidly adapting receptors (RARs), slowly adapting receptors...
Termini restraining of small membrane proteins enables structure determination at near-atomic resolution.

Small membrane proteins are difficult targets for structural characterization. Here, we stabilize their folding by restraining their amino and carboxyl termini with associable protein entities, exemplified by the two halves of a superfolder GFP. The termini-restrained proteins are functional and show improved stability during overexpression and purification. The reassembled GFP provides a versatile scaffold for membrane protein crystallization, enables diffraction to atomic resolution, and facilitates crystal identification, phase determination, and density modification. This strategy gives rise to 14 new structures of five vertebrate proteins from distinct functional families, bringing a substantial expansion to the structural database of small membrane proteins. Moreover, a high-resolution structure of bacterial DsbB reveals that this thiol oxidoreductase is activated through a catalytic triad, similar to cysteine proteases. Overall, termini restraining proves exceptionally effective for stabilization and structure determination of small membrane proteins.
Online Gatekeepers to Commerce and Culture

This Article provides a definition of “gatekeeper” in the context of digital markets. Within that discussion, it also asks whether the term is useful within antitrust. The Article also discusses potential concerns with gatekeepers that go beyond the standard litany of antitrust theories of harm—namely, information asymmetries and the representations made to users and businesses.
Fabrication of optical components and micro- and nanofluidic devices in polymers by 172 nm direct photoablation

Complex 3D structures having lateral and depth resolutions of <1 µm and 20 nm, respectively, are fabricated in various polymers, including PMMA, ABS, CR-39, and others, by a direct photoablation process utilizing 172 nm radiation from flat microplasma-driven excimer lamps. The developed process does not require any toxic or photosensitive materials, and, therefore, may be performed outside of a clean room. The fabricated 3D structures may also serve as a master mold for PDMS and the curing of other materials.
Seismology and Seismicity

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the earth. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology. A field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. On the other hand, the seismicity refers to the geographic and historical distribution of earthquakes.
Being heard on sexual orientation: An analysis of testimonies at public hearings on an anti-discrimination bill

In 2001, Maryland became the twelfth state to pass legislation that prohibits discrimination against gays, lesbians, and bi-sexuals in employment, housing, and public accommodations. As part of a ten-year effort to pass such protections, the Governor of Maryland established a Commission to Study Sexual Orientation Discrimination. The Commission held five public hearings throughout the state in 2000 and used the testimonies to prepare a report which helped pave the way for the passage of the legislation. This article is an analysis of 113 oral testimonies, both for and against the legislation. Such information may be helpful in other states where anti-discrimination efforts are on-going.
A low-power analog-to-digital converter for multi-gigabit wireless receiver in 90nm CMOS

This paper presents a very low-power (3mW, 3.9mW) and high-speed (3GS/s, 5GS/s) flash ADC in a deep sub-micron CMOS technology. To save power and area, unnecessary building blocks of ADC are excluded. Optimization of comparator has been fully analyzed to reduce random offsets due to process scaling. Fabricated in 90nm CMOS, the experimental results demonstrate that the ADC occupying 0.0108mm2 active area achieves an effective resolution bandwidth (ERBW) of 1.25GHz and figure-of-merit (FOM) of 0.35pJ/conversion-step. The peak differential non-linearity (DNL) and integral non-linearity (INL) are 0.4LSB. The results obtained in this work is used to satisfy the stringent power requirement of a wireless mixed-signal receiver, specifically suitable for multi-gigabit amplitude shift keying (ASK) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) demodulations.
Passport: secure and adoptable source authentication

We present the design and evaluation of Passport, a system that allows source addresses to be validated within the network. Passport uses efficient, symmetric-key cryptography to place tokens on packets that allow each autonomous system (AS) along the network path to independently verify that a source address is valid. It leverages the routing system to efficiently distribute the symmetric keys used for verification, and is incrementally deployable without upgrading hosts. We have implemented Passport with Click and XORP and evaluated the design via micro-benchmarking, experiments on the Deterlab, security analysis, and adoptability modeling. We find that Passport is plausible for gigabit links, and can mitigate reflector attacks even without separate denial-of-service defenses. Our adoptability modeling shows that Passport provides stronger security and deployment incentives than alternatives such as ingress filtering. This is because the ISPs that adopt it protect their own addresses from being spoofed at each other's networks even when the over-all deployment is small.
Coupled s -wave and d -wave states in the heavy-fermion superconductor U 1 − x Th x Be 13

In the heavy-fermion superconductor ${\mathrm{U}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Th}}_{x}{\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$, superconducting states coexist for thorium concentrations $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.06$. Assuming $s$-wave and $d$-wave symmetries for these states, we derive a Ginzburg-Landau free-energy expression which couples $s$- and $d$-wave states and is rotationally invariant, in contrast to the free-energy expression proposed by P. Kumar and P. W\"olfle Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1954 1987. We discuss in detail the consequences that follow from our free-energy relation. In particular, we predict that in the above system there are two eigenfrequencies associated with the dynamics of phase oscillations (internal Josephson effect) which are characteristic of the $s$-wave and $d$-wave states.
Functional traits in agriculture: agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services

Functional trait research has led to greater understanding of the impacts of biodiversity in ecosystems. Yet, functional trait approaches have not been widely applied to agroecosystems and understanding of the importance of agrobiodiversity remains limited to a few ecosystem processes and services. To improve this understanding, we argue here for a functional trait approach to agroecology that adopts recent advances in trait research for multitrophic and spatially heterogeneous ecosystems. We suggest that trait values should be measured across environmental conditions and agricultural management regimes to predict how ecosystem services vary with farm practices and environment. This knowledge should be used to develop management strategies that can be easily implemented by farmers to manage agriculture to provide multiple ecosystem services.
New Approaches for Designing and Evaluating Food Fortification Programs

Historically, food fortification programs were often undertaken with little attention to issues such as micronutrient bioavailability, optimal levels of addition, or efficacy or to monitoring impact on nutritional status, health, and human function. Several developments in recent years have enabled substantial progress to be made in the design and evaluation of fortification programs. The methodology for estimating the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes in a population and tolerable upper intake levels has been established and can be used as the basis for estimating desirable amounts of nutrient addition. More attention is being paid to assessing the bioavailability of nutrients (especially minerals) using stable and radioactive isotopes, and bioavailability of iron compounds can be estimated from changes in total body iron calculated from the ratio of transferrin receptors to serum ferritin. Procedures for quality control of the fortification process have been established. New approaches to monitoring the impact of fortification over time include assessment of liver retinol stores using retinol isotope dilution. In summary, the design and evaluation of food fortification programs now requires a series of formative research procedures on the part of nutritionists, which were not often expected or conducted in the past.
National multi-cohort time trends in adolescent risk preference and the relation with substance use and problem behavior from 1976 to 2011

Abstract Aims Preference for risky activities is an important developmentally graded predictor of substance use. Population-level trends in adolescent risk preference, as well as the way in which risk preference may be a conduit to risk behavior, have never been documented. The present study examines population-level trends in risk preference among U.S. high school seniors for the 36 years from 1976 to 2011, as well as trends in the association between risk preference and substance use and other problem behaviors. Methods Data were drawn from yearly nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of US high school seniors ( N = 91,860). Risk preference was measured consistently with two items. Marijuana and cocaine use, binge drinking, and conduct problems were assessed. Trends were tested using JoinPoint software. Results The mean level of reported risk preference among US 12th graders has increased over time, especially in the 1980s. For example, the proportion of high school females who reported enjoying activities that were “a little dangerous” more than doubled, from 4.9% in 1976 to 10.8% in 1988. While risk preference reports among adolescent males leveled off in 1992, risk preference reports among females show a continued positive overall slope through 2011. The magnitude of the association between risk preference and marijuana use has increased over time. Conclusions Reported preference for risky activities has increased among adolescents in the US, especially among young women. Reported risk preference is increasingly associated with a higher use of marijuana. Our findings argue for the importance of placing risk preference within a multi-level framework that attends to historical variation.
Abnormalities of male-specific FRU protein and serotonin expression in the CNS of fruitless mutants in Drosophila.

The fruitless gene in Drosophila produces male-specific protein (FRUM) involved in the control of courtship. FRUM spatial and temporal patterns were examined in fru mutants that exhibit aberrant male courtship. Chromosome breakpoints at the locus eliminated FRUM. Homozygous viable mutants exhibited an intriguing array of defects. In fru1 males, there were absences of FRUM-expressing neuronal clusters or stained cells within certain clusters, reductions of signal intensities in others, and ectopic FRUMexpression in novel cells. fru2 males exhibited an overall decrement of FRUM expression in all neurons normally expressing the gene. fru4 and frusat mutants only produced FRUM in small numbers of neurons at extremely low levels, and no FRUM signals were detected in fru3 males. This array of abnormalities was inferred to correlate with the varying behavioral defects exhibited by these mutants. Such abnormalities include courtship among males, which has been hypothesized to involve anomalies of serotonin (5-HT) function in the brain. However, double-labeling uncovered no coexpression of FRUMand 5-HT in brain neurons. Yet, a newly identified set of sexually dimorphic FRUM/5-HT-positive neurons was identified in the abdominal ganglion of adult males. These sexually dimorphic neurons (s-Abg) project toward regions of the abdomen involved in male reproduction. The s-Abg neurons and the proximal extents of their axons were unstained or absent in wild-type females and exhibited subnormal or no 5-HT immunoreactivity in certain fru- mutant males, indicating that fruitless controls the formation of these cells or 5-HT production in them.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES OF CURVED-STRAIGHT NEUTRON GUIDE SYSTEMS

The spatial intensity distribution of neutrons emerging from a curved guide is far from uniform, particularly at short wavelengths, and curved guides are sometimes followed by a straight section of...
Experimental validation of formaldehyde rotational state selection

We present experimental observations for the rotational state selection of formaldehyde. Data were acquired by using an electrostatic hexapole to focus a supersonic beam of formaldehyde seeded in argon into the ionizer of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Empirical focusing spectra agree with theoretical predictions when a rigorous quantum mechanical treatment is used to calculate the Stark effect for the rotational states of formaldehyde. These results have implications in the production of beams of cold molecules.
Theoretical computations of spontaneous vibration-rotation raman scattering from OH(X 2Φ) and NO(X 2Φ)

Abstract Absolute values of Q-branch line intensities for OH(X2 Φ) and NO(X2 Φ) has been calculated, primarily for use in making measurements in flames. The effects of spin-orbit interaction, spin uncoupling, vibration-rotation interaction, and anharmonicity has been included in the calculations simultaneously in a self-consistent fashion. A-doubling is neglected. Multiconfigurational self-consistent field calculations of static polarizabilities are used to approximate the required electronic matrix elements. Complete derivations and discussion of the wave functions and matrix elements are included for clarity and to point out restrictions and approximations. Results of the calculations for NO agree well with room temperature measurements of Raman cross sections. No experimental data are available for OH.
Changes in teacher efficacy during the early years of teaching: A comparison of four measures

Abstract Some of the most powerful influences on the development of teacher efficacy are mastery experiences during student teaching and the induction year. Bandura's theory of self-efficacy suggests that efficacy may be most malleable early in learning, thus the first years of teaching could be critical to the long-term development of teacher efficacy. Yet few longitudinal studies exist that track efficacy across these early years. This study reports changes in teacher efficacy from entry into a teacher preparation program through the induction year. Multiple quantitative assessments of efficacy were used including Gibson and Dembo's Teacher Efficacy Scale, Bandura's assessment of Instructional Efficacy, and an instrument designed to reflect the specific context and goals of the preparation program studied. Results indicated significant increases in efficacy during student teaching, but significant declines during the first year of teaching. Changes in efficacy during the first year of teaching were related to the level of support received.
Object tracking initialization using automatic moving object detection

In this paper we present new methods for object tracking initialization using automated moving object detection based on background subtraction. The new methods are integrated into the real-time object tracking system we previously proposed. Our proposed new background model updating method and adaptive thresholding are used to produce a foreground object mask for object tracking initialization. Traditional background subtraction method detects moving objects by subtracting the background model from the current image. Compare to other common moving object detection algorithms, background subtraction segments foreground objects more accurately and detects foreground objects even if they are motionless. However, one drawback of traditional background subtraction is that it is susceptible to environmental changes, for example, gradual or sudden illumination changes. The reason of this drawback is that it assumes a static background, and hence a background model update is required for dynamic backgrounds. The major challenges then are how to update the background model, and how to determine the threshold for classification of foreground and background pixels. We proposed a method to determine the threshold automatically and dynamically depending on the intensities of the pixels in the current frame and a method to update the background model with learning rate depending on the differences of the pixels in the background model and the previous frame.
Nanostructured Membranes for Enzyme Catalysis and Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Macroporous membranes functionalized with ionizable macromolecules provide promising applications in high capacity toxic metal capture, nanoparticle syntheses, and catalysis. Our low-pressure membrane approach has good reaction and separation selectivities, which are tunable by varying pH, ionic strength, or pressure. The sustainable green chemistry approach under ambient conditions and the evaluation of a reactive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane is described. Two distinct membrane types were obtained through different methods: 1) a stacked membrane through layer-by-layer assembly for the incorporation of enzymes (catalase and glucose oxidase), providing tunable product yields and 2) Fe/Pd nanoparticles for degradation of pollutants, obtained through an in situ green synthesis. Bioreactor–nanodomain interactions and mixed matrix nanocomposite membranes provide remarkable versatility compared to conventional membranes.
Tunnel monitoring with an advanced InSAR technique

The detection and monitoring of subsurface excavations has a variety of applications in both the civil and defense domains. We have developed a novel InSAR method (Homogenous Distributed Scatterer (HDS)-InSAR) that exploits both persistent point and coherent distributed scatterers by using adaptive multilooking of statistically homogenous pixel neighborhoods. In order to enhance the detection of small scale structures in low SNR environments a matched parametric spatio-temporal model is fit to the deformation signal. We illustrate the performance of our new method for the city of Vancouver over the last nine years using InSAR stacks of RADARSAT-1 and RADARSAT-2 data.
Ligand Exchange on Colloidal CdSe Nanocrystals Using Thermally Labile tert-Butylthiol for Improved Photocurrent in Nanocrystal Films

As-prepared CdSe nanocrystals were ligand exchanged using tert-butylthiol, which yielded stable CdSe nanocrystal inks in the strong donor solvent tetramethylurea. The efficacy of ligand exchange was probed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT-IR spectroscopy. By studying sequential exchanges of tetradecylphosphonic acid and then tert-butylthiol, TGA and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic evidence clearly demonstrated that the ligand exchange is essentially quantitative. The resulting tert-butylthiol-exchanged CdSe nanocrystals undergo facile thermal ligand expulsion (≤200 °C), which was studied by TGA-mass spectrometry. Mild thermal treatment of tert-butylthiol-exchanged CdSe nanocrystal films was found to induce loss of quantum confinement (as evidenced by UV-vis spectroscopy) and provided for increased electrochemical photocurrent, electron mobility, and film stability. Pyridine-exchanged CdSe nanocrystals were employed as a control system throughout to demonstrate the beneficial attributes of tert-butylthiol exchange; namely, lower organic content, better colloidal stability, improved interparticle coupling, and vastly increased electrochemical photocurrent response upon illumination.
Fault Slip Rates at Depth from Recurrence Intervals of Repeating Microearthquakes

Unique attributes in sequences of recurring, similar microearthquakes at Parkfield, California, provide a means for inferring slip rate at depth throughout the active fault surface from the time intervals between sequence events. Application of the method using an 11-year microseismicity record revealed systematic spatial and temporal changes in the slip rate that were synchronous with earthquake activity and other independent measures of fault-zone slip. If this phenomenon is found to be generally common behavior in active faults, it forms the basis for a method to monitor the changing strain field throughout a seismogenic fault zone.