cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel programming in maude

Declarative programming greatly facilitates the conceptual aspects of the programming task. In this approach, programming the solution to such a problem becomes a matter of formally axiomatizing the problem in an adequate logic. In this way, the essential aspects of the problem can be captured and expressed in the program, which becomes easier to understand than programs written in conventional languages. This freedom from the idiosyncratic choices of low level representation and control forced upon a programmer by conventional languages brings also with it a freedom from sequentialization and this opens up new possibilities for parallelism. Besides, since rigorous reasoning about concurrent programs can be more difficult than reasoning about sequential ones, the need for approaches amenable to formal methods is even greater than usual in a parallel context, and this makes declarative approaches particularly attractive. However, in spite of the benefits offered by declarative programming, this approach has so far been confined to functional programming, where the underlying logic is equational logic--in first order or higher order versions depending on the language--or to relational programming based on Horn logic. In both the functional and relational cases the logic describes static, Platonic, structures such as functions and relations on sets. This makes such approaches nice but limited, especially when the problems that have to be resolved have a dynamic character. Applications of this kind include operating systems, simulations, information systems, communications software, and robotics. Certainly, attempts to deal with such issues in a functional or relational context have been made--for example, the functional treatment of input-output issues with streams, or the entire subfield of concurrent logic programming attest to this fact--but it seems fair to say that, up to now, they have for the most part been somewhat inconclusive because they have either involved baroque and complicated solutions, or have compromised the original connections with logic in the search for operational flexibility. It seems to us that these difficulties are intrinsic not to the idea of declarative programming, but to the standard logics on which the functional and relational approaches
Partition of selected antioxidants in corn oil-water model systems.

Keywords: Partition coefficient; antioxidants; α-tocopherol; Trolox; carnosol; carnosic acid; methyl carnosate; rosmarinic acid; gallic acid; propyl gallate; catechin; corn oil triglycerides; emulsion; Tween 20
Why does semantics matter to the study of religion

Beware of meaning! Meaning is not an entity. It does not refer to anything. This essay is an attempt to describe Donald Davidson's theory of semantics. It took Davidson some time to realize that his truth conditional theory of meaning entailed a radical repudiation of traditional correspondence and coherence theories of meaning. We now have a third theoretical alternative in semantics. In this theory "truth" is left undefined. It is essential that you grasp firmly the fact that truth does not refer, or, "connect-up" anything that makes a sentence true. That is the work of epistemology, or perhaps psycho-neurology. The first theoretical task, therefore, is to describe truth, or meaning, as "convention-T". The second principle, the principle of charity, provides an explanation for testing the theory. The third principle, the principle of holism, provides the theoretical framework for truth-conditions and charity. The theory provides new and powerful refutations of relativism and the notion that semantics must be reduced to the function of the brain, sensations, specific stimuli, and the like. It also provides warrants for denying that religion is "symbolic" of experience of the numinous, the sacred, or other "given" foundations of what might be described as "religious experience". Davidson's theory has important, if not radical, consequences for the study of religion. The essay briefly describes a few of these.
SELECT!: Crop Variety Selection Software for Microcomputers

The selection of a good crop variety is an important management decision producers make for their farm. It can often mean the difference between breaking even and making a profit Agronomists often struggle with summarizing and accurately describing variety performance due to the large amount of data and the many methods for describing performance. The software program, SELECT! version 1.0, is a microcomputer based decision support system for selecting crop varieties. SELECT! links variety traits and trial characteristics with actual variety performance. Its objectives are to assist producers, county agents, and other crop consultants in evaluating crop variety adaptation and performance using data from evaluation trials conducted by the agricultural experiment station, and to provide producers with production information regarding crops and varieties. Varieties selected by producers should be planted and evaluated on a trial basis using their farm management practices.
Dynamic Behavior of Piezoelectric Recurve Actuation Architectures

A new family of piezoelectric actuators, called Recurves, exhibits high work per volume and have the extra benefit of performance and packaging tailorability. The focus of this paper is the dynamic performance of this novel actuation scheme. Two dynamic models, a detailed transfer matrix model and a simpler rod approximation model, are presented to predict the steady state frequency response of a general Recurve actuator driving a mass and spring load. Results from a 2 3 design of experiments are given that validate these models and demonstrate the impact of the architectural design parameters on the dynamic behavior of a generic Recurve actuator.
Modelling of dislocation structures in materials

Abstract A phenomenological model of the evolution of an ensemble of interacting dislocations in an isotropic elastic medium is formulated. The line-defect microstructure is described in terms of a spatially coarse-grained order parameter, the dislocation density tensor. The tensor field satisfies a conservation law that derives from the conservation of Burgers vector. Dislocation motion is entirely dissipative and is assumed to be locally driven by the minimization of plastic free energy. We first outline the method and resulting equations of motion to linear order in the dislocation density tensor, obtain various stationary solutions, and give their geometric interpretation. The coupling of the dislocation density to an externally imposed stress field is also addressed, as well as the impact of the field on the stationary solutions.
Starch biosynthesis: mechanism for the elongation of starch chains.

Abstract Starch granules from eight diverse plant sources all had active starch synthases and branching enzymes inside the granules. The enzymes synthesized both amylose and amylopectin from ADPGlc. Pulsing of the granules with ADP-[14C]Glc gave synthesis of starch that on reduction and glucoamylase hydrolysis gave 14C-labeled d- glucitol. The pulsed label could be chased by nonlabeled ADPGlc to give a significant decrease of 14C-label in d -glucitol. Evidence further indicated that the synthase forms a high-energy covalent complex with d -glucose and the growing starch chain, and that the d -glucopyranosyl group is added to the reducing end of the growing starch chain by a two-site insertion mechanism.
Organo-modified smectite for the gas chromatographic separation of various compounds

Abstract The gas chromatographic (GC) separation capability of an organo-smectite complex containing methylbenzyldioctadecylammonium compound and an amide additive has been investigated. The results obtained indicate that for separation of alcohol, ester, ketone and hydrocarbon mixtures studied the organo-smectite complex proved to be a GC adsorbent superior to many commercial materials with short retention times and good resolution properties. It is a versatile and economical material suitable for general analytical separation problems. Thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on the organo-clay to obtain thermal stability and d001 spacing information.
Carbon dioxide in the aortic arch: coronary effects and implications in a swine study.

Purpose: CO2 angiography is considered dangerous in the aortic arch where bubbles may cause critical cerebral and cardiac ischemia. We investigated CO2 distribution, physiologic effects in the heart, methods of detection and treatments. Methods: Eight pigs had CO2 and iodinated contrast arch angiograms in supine and both lateral decubitus positions. An electrocardiogram, physiologic data and cardiac ultrasound were obtained. Therapies included precordial thumps and rolls to lateral decubitus positions. Results: Supine high descending aorta CO2 injections floated retrograde up the arch during diastole and preferentially filled the right coronary artery (RCA): mean score 3.5 (of 4), innominate artery 2.4, left coronary artery 1.2; n = 17; p = 0.0001. Aortic root injections preferentially filled the RCA when the animal was supine, left coronary in the right decubitus position, and showed a diffuse pattern in the left decubitus position. Right decubitus rolls filled both coronaries causing several lethal arrhythmias. Precordial thumps successfully cleared CO2. Ultrasound is a sensitive detector of myocardial CO2. Conclusion: Arch distribution of CO2 primarily involves the RCA. Diagnostic ultrasound detects cardiac CO2 well. Precordial thumps are an effective treatment.
Amelioration by beraprost sodium, a prostacyclin analogue, of established renal dysfunction in rat glomerulonephritis model

Abstract Effects of beraprost sodium, a chemically stable prostacyclin analogue, on renal dysfunction in an experimental rat model of glomerulonephritis were investigated. Beraprost sodium (30, 100 and 300 μg/kg) was orally given twice daily from the late stage of nephritis in which renal dysfunction was already developed. Beraprost sodium treatment inhibited the increase in urinary protein, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and the decrease in creatinine clearance. The elevation of serum creatinine was also inhibited by predonisolone (1 mg/kg). However, captopril (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (20 and 60 mg/kg) failed to inhibit the elevation of serum creatinine. In the beraprost sodium-treated nephritic rats, the increase in mRNA levels for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and collagen in the kidney was inhibited. These results suggest that beraprost sodium ameliorates developed renal dysfunction and is possibly an effective agent for the treatment of human glomerulonephritis.
Cognitive processing of uncertainty: Its effect on pupillary dilation and preference ratings

The prediction of greater pupillary dilation as unpredictability (induced by random-turn shapes) increased was supported (p <.001) in studies involving 40 young adults and 10 children. The postulated linearity of this increase found support, except in cases where apparent stimulus-selection strategies attenuated the dilation at higher levels of variability. Those Ss who did preference ratings concomitantly with the intake of visual unpredictability evidenced significantly greater dilation (p <.001) at the time of reporting the rating. Both children and adults dilated significantly less to the shapes after prolonged experience with similar stimuli. indicating development of either ability to handle variability or to selectively filter input, but age was not a factor. The lack of any significant relationship between pupillary dilation and preference indicated the need for more definitive work in determining when these two indices profitably complement each other. Finally, adults dilated more to provocative auditory stimuli than to the visual shapes.
Protein carboxyl methylation increases in parallel with differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.

: Cells of mouse neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 in the confluent phase of growth can catalyze the formation of endogenous protein carboxyl methyl esters, using a protein carboxyl methylase and membrane-bound methyl acceptor proteins. The enzyme is localized predominantly in the cytosol of the cells and has a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons. Treatment of the cells with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA), agents that induce morphological and electrophysiological differentiation, results in a marked increase in protein carboxyl methylase activity. Maximal levels are reached 6–7 days after exposure to the agents, a time course that closely parallels the development of electrical excitability mechanisms in these cells. Serum deprivation also causes neurite outgrowth but does not enhance electrical excitability or enzyme activity. The capacity of membrane-bound neuroblastoma protein(s) to be carboxyl methylated is increased by the differentiation procedures that have been examined. However, the increase in methyl acceptor proteins induced by DMSO or HMBA is the largest and its time course parallels electrophysiological differentiation. In contrast, serum deprivation induced a small increase that reached maximal levels within 24 h. The data suggest that increased protein carboxyl methylation is a developmentally regulated property in neuroblastoma cells and that at least two groups of methyl acceptor proteins are induced during differentiation: a minor group related to morphological differentiation and a major group that may be related to ionic permeabilitys mechanisms of the excitable membrane.
Skeletal muscle protein balance in mTOR heterozygous mice in response to inflammation and leucine

Sepsis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may decrease skeletal muscle protein synthesis by impairing mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activity. The role of mTOR in regulating muscle protein synthesi...
A compact 60 GHz sub-harmonically pumped mixer MMIC integrated with an image rejection filter

In this paper we present a sub-harmonically pumped image-rejection mixer MMIC for antenna-integrated modules in the 60 GHz-band. The mixer MMIC consists of a mixing part and a filter part. The filter has two /spl lambda//2 microstrip resonators and has a mutual-inductive coupling and a capacitive one between its input and output ports, which results in transmission zeros near the pass band. In the mixing part an electrical short circuit for an LO signal is provide by the filter characteristics at an LO frequency instead of a conventional /spl lambda//4-open-stub. The fabricated image-rejection mixer MMIC, of which size is only 1.0 mm/spl times/1.5 mm, shows a conversion loss of 11/spl sim/13 dB and an image rejection ratio of more than 30 dB in a pass-band of 60/spl sim/61.1 GHz when an LO frequency is 29.5 GHz.
Solution structure of Pyrococcus furiosus RPP21, a component of the archaeal RNase P holoenzyme, and interactions with its RPP29 protein partner.

RNase P is the ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein metalloenzyme responsible for cleaving the 5'- leader sequence of precursor tRNAs during their maturation. While the RNA subunit is catalytically active on its own at high monovalent and divalent ion concentrations, four protein subunits are associated with archaeal RNase P activity in vivo: RPP21, RPP29, RPP30, and POP5. These proteins have been shown to function in pairs: RPP21-RPP29 and POP5-RPP30. We have determined the solution structure of RPP21 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) using conventional and paramagnetic NMR techniques. Pfu RPP21 in solution consists of an unstructured N-terminus, two R-helices, a zinc binding motif, and an unstructured C-terminus. Moreover, we have used chemical shift perturbations to characterize the interaction of RPP21 with RPP29. The data show that the primary contact with RPP29 is localized to the two helices of RPP21. This information represents a fundamental step toward understanding structure-function relationships of the archaeal RNase P holoenzyme.
Inferring the origin of metastases from cancer phylogenies

Determining the evolutionary history of metastases is a key problem in cancer biology. Several recent studies have presented inferences regarding the origin of metastases based on phylogenies of cancer lineages. Many of these studies have concluded that the observed monophyly of metastatic subclones favored metastasis-to-metastasis spread ("a metastatic cascade" rather than parallel metastases from the primary tumor). In this article, we argue that identifying a monophyletic clade of metastatic subclones does not provide sufficient evidence to unequivocally establish a history of metastatic cascades. In the absence of a complete phylogeny of the subclones within the primary tumor, a scenario of parallel metastatic events from the primary tumor is an equally plausible interpretation. Future phylogenetic studies on the origin of metastases should obtain a complete phylogeny of subclones within the primary tumor. This complete phylogeny may be obtainable by ultra-deep sequencing and phasing of large sections or by targeted sequencing of many small, spatially heterogeneous sections, followed by phylogenetic reconstruction using well-established molecular evolutionary models. In addition to resolving the evolutionary history of metastases, a complete phylogeny of subclones within the primary tumor facilitates the identification of driver mutations by application of phylogeny-based tests of natural selection.
Axon-glia Synapses Are Highly Vulnerable to White Matter Injury in the Developing Brain

The biology of cerebral white matter injury has been woefully understudied, in part because of the difficulty of reliably modeling this type of injury in rodents. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the predominant form of brain injury and the most common cause of cerebral palsy in premature infants. PVL is characterized by predominant white matter injury. No specific therapy for PVL is presently available, because the pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we report that two types of mouse PVL models have been created by hypoxia-ischemia with or without systemic coadministration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS coadministration exacerbated hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury and led to enhanced microglial activation and astrogliosis. Drug trials with the antiinflammatory agent minocycline, the antiexcitotoxic agent NBQX, and the antioxidant agent edaravone showed various degrees of protection in the two models, indicating that excitotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory forms of injury are involved in the pathogenesis of injury to immature white matter. We then applied immunoelectron microscopy to reveal fine structural changes in the injured white matter and found that synapses between axons and oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) are quickly and profoundly damaged. Hypoxia-ischemia caused a drastic decrease in the number of postsynaptic densities associated with the glutamatergic axon-OPC synapses defined by the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters, vGluT1 and vGluT2, on axon terminals that formed contacts with OPCs in the periventricular white matter, resulted in selective shrinkage of the postsynaptic OPCs contacted by vGluT2 labeled synapses, and led to excitotoxicity mediated by GluR2-lacking, Ca(2+) -permeable AMPA receptors. Overall, the present study provides novel mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PVL and reveals that axon-glia synapses are highly vulnerable to white matter injury in the developing brain. More broadly, the study of white matter development and injury has general implications for a variety of neurological diseases, including PVL, stroke, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclerosis.
A 3D Nonlinear Anisotropic Spherical Inflation Model for Intracranial Saccular Aneurysm Elastodynamics

Cerebral aneurysms occur in weakened areas of artery walls resulting in a ballooning out of the wall filled with blood. A major catalyst for mathematical modeling of intracranial saccular aneurysms has been the axisymmetric membrane derivations in Shah and Humphrey (1999, Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 593—599) and David and Humphrey (2003, Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 1143—1150). We expand on the foundational membrane dynamics to develop a blood-aneurysm-cerebrospinal fluid model from the fully three-dimensional nonlinear elastic equations of motion with system coupling at both inner and outer fluid— aneurysm boundaries consistent with Navier-Stokes. We derive the 3D elastodynamics and determine subsequent governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the three general material symmetries possible under the classic initial assumption of axisymmetry. We employ biologically motivated strain-energy functions to numerically solve the equations and observe resulting aneurysm cyclic stretches, thicknes...
A novel approach to fingerprint pore extraction

Automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) have become a popular tool in many security and law enforcement applications. Most of these systems rely on the matching of fingerprints using the position and orientation of ridge endings and bifurcations within the fingerprint image. While this information is sufficient for matching fingerprints in small databases, it is not discriminatory enough to provide good results on large collections of fingerprint images. This paper presents a means of obtaining additional discriminatory information from fingerprint images by demonstrating a novel method to extract the locations of sweat pores from the grayscale fingerprint image. This is achieved through the implementation of a modified minimum squared error approach. The proposed algorithm is capable of obtaining good results even from images obtained from basic 500 dpi optical live-scan devices despite the common belief that images obtained at this resolution are not of high enough quality. Results of the proposed method are demonstrated on fingerprint images taken both from a common live-scan device and the inked prints of the NIST 4 database. An explanation of the approach is presented, the results are discussed, and future research possibilities are put forth.
The New Metropolitan Reality in the US: Rethinking the Traditional Model

This paper critically evaluates the traditional metropolitan model of an urban core and a homogeneous suburban ring. Using place data from the US Bureau of the Census from 1980 to 2000, it examines 1639 suburbs from a sample of 13 metropolitan areas in the US. Poor, manufacturing, Black and immigrant suburbs are identified to show that metropolitan areas are less a simple dichotomous structure and more a mosaic of very diverse suburban places. The results suggest the need for more subtle frameworks in order better to understand the structure of contemporary metropolitan areas.
Statistical Damage Identification by Frequency Response Function Based Residual Force Minimization

Systems for structural health monitoring and prognosis systems will increase the performance and safety of future aerospace structures. A key component of SHM is damage identification, defined herein as the process of using dynamic measurements and an analytical structural model to numerically quantify damage and assess the associated estimation uncertainty. In the current work, a new algorithm for damage identification in noisy systems is developed and validated analytically. The algorithm is based on the Bayesian linear optimal estimate in the form of generalized least-squares minimization. The cost-function combines the dynamic residual force vector and parameter regularization, with each term weighted by the inverse of its covariance matrix. An exact sensitivity formulation is incorporated, along with a statistically consistent iterative algorithm which finds an optimally linearized point and then performs the parameter estimation in a single step. The output is an updated set of parameter values and variances. The method is validated on two structurally damped mass-spring systems with additive noise: a grounded 2-degree-of-freedom oscillator and a damped version of the Kabe 8-degree-of-freedom satellite structure system identification problem. In addition, a widely referenced statistical damage detection algorithm from the literature is implemented to provide a comparison. The analytical validations demonstrate excellent performance, in terms of accuracy to known damage cases and resilience against increasing levels of additive noise. In the majority of cases, the new algorithm performs better than the second comparison algorithm. Nomenclature Nω = Number of discrete frequency lines d N = Number of degrees-of-freedom k ω = k
Constraint evaluation in inverse electrocardiography using convex optimization

We solve the inverse problem of electrocardiography by finding an admissible solution in the intersection of sets defined by available constraints based on torso data and a priori assumptions. We use this approach to test the utility of various constraints and the effect of error in the forward model.
Histopathology of Lung Cancers among Smokers and Nonsmokers in Florida

A study was undertaken of the relationship between lung cancer cell type and age, race, sex and smoking characteristics. The study population consisted of 35 183 cases of microscopically confirmed carcinoma of the lung, first diagnosed between 1981 and 1985, among residents of the state of Florida. The data suggested that the histological types of lung cancer observed varied by age, sex and the use of cigarettes. The number of cigarettes smoked per day did not appear to influence the cell types observed. The study indicated that adenocarcinomas occurred more frequently in lung cancer cases diagnosed at earlier ages, among both men and women. Among women who smoked, there was an increased proportion of small cell carcinomas compared to nonsmoking women, while in male smokers, the increase appeared primarily in squamous cell carcinomas.
Zero-degree injection line for PILAC, the proposed Los Alamos Pion Linac

An optimized injection line for PILAC, the proposed Los Alamos Pion Linac, is presented. With the other optimized components (pion source, accelerator, and high-resolution beamline and spectrometer), the system is capable of delivering 10/sup 9/ 920 MeV pions per second to the target. Issues concerning the linear transport are touched upon, but the emphasis is on the tuning process for the nonlinear elements used for aberration correction. The beam-optics code MARYLIE was used for all nonlinear optimizations and to evaluate the performance of the line. The line was optimized for 380 MeV pions (peak of pion production). >
STORM HYDROGRAPHS FROM SMALL URBAN CATCHMENTS

The Rational Runoff method is reviewed was found to be a special case of the kinematic wave solution under a uniform rainfall excess. In this study, a moving average procedure is introduced to the kinematic wave model. The kinematic wave solution is modified from an instantaneous rainfall to an average rainfall over a period of time of concentration. The revised kinematic wave solution provides the complete storm hydrograph with a peak flow consistent with the Rational Runoff method. This new method was tested using 25 observed rainfall-runoff events from four urban catchments, and yielded a new formula for estimating the time of concentration. The moving average procedure was also examined by continuous non-uniform rainfall events. In general, the kinematic wave solution with the moving average procedure provides close agreements with more sophisticated watershed models for drainage areas up to 150 acres.
A Note on Degenerate and Spectrally Degenerate Graphs

A graph G is called spectrally d-degenerate if the largest eigenvalue of each subgraph of it with maximum degree D is at most *. We prove that for every constant M there is a graph with minimum degree M, which is spectrally 50-degenerate. This settles a problem of Dvořak and Mohar (Spectrally degenerate graphs: Hereditary case, arXiv: 1010.3367). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Contract grant sponsors: ERC Advanced grant, USA-Israeli BSF grant, Oswald Veblen Fund, and Bell Companies Fellowship.)
The mid genes of Rhizobium sp strain TAL1145 are required for degradation of mimosine into 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone and are inducible by mimosine.

Mimosine is a toxin present in the tree-legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), including its root nodules and the root exudates. The leucaena-nodulating Rhizobium sp. strain TAL1145 degrades mimosine (Mid(+)) and utilizes it as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Twelve TAL1145 mutants defective in mimosine degradation (Mid(-)) were made through Tn3Hogus, TnphoA or kanamycin-resistance-cassette insertions. A 5.0 kb PstI fragment of TAL1145, subcloned from a cosmid clone containing mid genes for mimosine degradation, complemented most of the Mid(-) mutants. Sequencing this fragment and the adjacent 0.9 kb PstI fragment identified five genes, midA, midB, midC, midD and midR, of which the first three genes encode ABC transporter proteins involved in mimosine uptake, while midD encodes an aminotransferase required for degrading mimosine into 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, and midR is a regulatory gene encoding a LysR-type transcriptional activator. The location of MidA in the periplasm was shown by making two midA : : phoA fusions, which made active alkaline phosphatase in the periplasm. The various mid : : gus and midA : : phoA fusions were inducible by mimosine, and a midD : : gus fusion mutant showed beta-glucuronidase activity in the leucaena nodules, indicating that midD is expressed in the nodules. Similarly, a midA : : phoA fusion expressed alkaline phosphatase activity in the leucaena nodules, indicating that mimosine induces midA transcription in the bacteroids. mid genes are specific for the Mid(+) strains of leucaena Rhizobium and are absent in strains of other Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium spp.
The efficient allocation of resources in education

I. Introduction, 189. — II. An outline of the model, 191. — III. The objective function, 195. — IV. The constraints, 198. — V. The pattern of enrollments and resource use within the educational sector, 203. — VI. The choice of educational techniques, 207. — VII. Optimal total resource use by education, 209. — VIII. The importation of educated labor, 212. — IX. Conclusions, 214.
INDIA'S POLITICAL FUTURE

Joan V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, I958, 269 pp. $5.00. G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of HighCaste Hindus, London, The Hogarth Press, I957, 343 pp. $4.75. S. V. Kogekar and Richard L. Park, eds., Reports on the Indian General Elections, 1951-1952, New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, I956, 322 pp. $4.00. W. H. Morris-Jones, Parliament in India, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, I957, 4I7 pp. $8.50. Gene D. Overstreet and Marshall Windmiller, Communism in India, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, I959, 603 pp. $Io.o0. Richard L. Park and Irene Tinker, eds., Leadership and Political Institutions in India, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, I959, 486 pp. $io.oo. Myron Weiner, Party Politics in India: The Development of a Multi-Party System, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, I957, 3I9 pp. $5.00.
Summing planar open string loops on a worldsheet lattice with Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries

We extend the lightcone worldsheet lattice approach to string theory, proposed in 1977 by Giles and me, to allow for coincident D-branes. We find a convenient lattice representation of Dirichlet boundary conditions, which the open string coordinates transverse to the D-branes satisfy. We then represent the sum over all planar open string multiloop diagrams by introducing an Ising spin system on the worldsheet lattice to keep track of the presence or absence of fluctuating boundaries. Finally we discuss a simple mean field treatment of the resulting coupled Ising/coordinate worldsheet system. The interplay between Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions leads to a richer phase structure, within this mean field approximation, than that found by Orland for the original system with only Neumann conditions.
Dynamic Modeling of Starting Capabilities of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines

An analytical technique is developed for predicting the mass flow rate and heat addition in a liquid propellant rocket engine fuel system during the initial portion of an engine start. The analysis emphasizes nozzle jacket heat exchange; specifically, flow and heat transfer characteristic influence on power availability. The outstanding feature of this model is the accurate representation of fluid properties during phase change, and the subsequent affect on mass flow rates. The model also considers conduction and energy storage within the nozzle walls and makes use of extensive hydrogen heat convection data. The analytical technique is applied to a proposed 20,000-Ib thrust expander engine for the determination of the minimum initial nozzle jacket metal temperature that will promote starting at various operating conditions. The energy content of engine fuel flow during the initial portion of startup is compared to predicted turbomachinery torque requirements to determine start capability. Starting capability is determined for various initial nozzle metal temperatures at fuel inlet pressures of 50 and 70 psi at sea level. The minimum initial jacket metal temperature that will produce enough energy to overcome predicted turbine breakaway torque is determined to be 135°R for 70-psi and 385°R for 50-psi inlet pressures.
Graft Formation in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana

Three phases of cohesion between the stock and scion are observable during the formation of compatible autografts in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. The first phase of cohesion: (a) lasts four to five days, (b) is correlated with an accumulation of dictyosomes along the graft interface and with callus proliferation in the stock and scion, and (c) is characterized by a tensile strength of approximately 5 g breaking weight (BW) mm"2 graft area (GA) by 5 d after grafting. The second phase of cohesion lasts from days 5 -20 after grafting and is correlated with (a) an interdigitation of callus cells at the graft interface, (b) the differentiation of vascular tissue across the graft interface, and (c) a 20-fold increase in the tensile strength of the graft union to approximately 100 g BW mm 2 GA by 20 d after grafting. This cohesive strength is comparable to that of an intact, non-grafted stem. The third phase of cohesion is characterized by a levelling off of the increase in tensile strength of the graft union with time at approximately 125 g BW mm"2 GA. The results of this study are discussed relative to other structural studies of and proposed mechanisms for graft development.
Capacitive Properties of Polyaniline/Nickel Hydroxide Composites Prepared by Using 4-Amino Thiophenol as the Structure Directing Agent

Polyaniline/Nickel hydroxide composites were successfully obtained on the Au substrate pretreated by 4-ATP. They were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scan electron microscopy (SEM). The capacitance performance of PANI/Ni (OH)2 composites were studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The specific capacitance of Polyaniline/Nickel hydroxide composite is up to 310 F/g at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 in 1.0 mol/L Na2SO4 solution. Electrode mass increases from 0.14 mg to 0.21 mg, specific capacitance decreases 7.7%. A symmetric capacitor was assembled by using PANI/Ni (OH)2 as both of the positive and negative electrodes and 1 M Na2SO4 as the electrolyte. It displays a energy density of 6.0 Wh kg-1 at the power density of 3125 W kg-1, which is much higher than symmetric capacitor assembled by PANI-PANI (4.9 Wh kg-1) and Ni (OH)2-Ni (OH)2 (3.5 Wh kg-1).
Studies on the Age Resistance of Swine to Group A Rotavirus Infection

To determine whether swine become naturally age resistant to group A rotavirus infection, CO- lostrum-deprived, rotavirus-naive newborn pigs that were raised in isolation (n = 34) were studied. Neonatal pigs and pigs 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age were inoculated orally with group A porcine rotavirus or mock inoculum and euthanatized at 24, 3 1, or 48 hours post-infection. Nine sections of small intestine, cecum, and colon were harvested and immunohistochemically examined for evidence of rotavirus replication within enterocytes. Infectivity was semiquantified by intestinal segment, and a composite score was obtained for each animal. In pigs inoculated at 1 week ofage, enterocyte infection was mild and scattered; all other pigs became infected regardless of age or region of intestine, and older animals that became infected had infectivity scores similar to those of younger animals. In a second more limited study, pigs raised in the same isolation environment (n = 1 1) but previously exposed to virus and demonstrating rotavirus serum antibody had a much lower degree of enterocyte infection at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age (2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, after initial exposure to virus). Age resistance to clinical rotavirus disease in swine is due to factors other than an age-dependent development of resistance of enterocytes to infection, at least through 12 weeks of age.
Dislocation transmutation by tension twinning in magnesium alloy AZ31

Abstract The interaction between dislocations and { 10 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 ¯ 011 〉 twins appears to play an important role in the strain hardening behavior of Mg. Detailed transmission electron microscopy study was performed to investigate the concept of dislocation “transmutation” across twin boundaries. A previously proposed dislocation transmutation reaction is confirmed. For ( 10 1 ¯ 2 ) twins, the transmutation reactions involve [ a 1 ] or [ a 3 ] matrix dislocations resulting in 〈 c ± a 2 〉 dislocations, which populate the vicinity of the twin boundary. No other 〈 c + a 〉 slip systems are observed within the twins, despite the fact that the 〈 c ± a 2 〉 dislocations have similar or lower resolved shear stress, as compared to other slip systems. This suggests the 〈 c + a 〉 slip mode is source limited, since the observed slip systems are the only ones that can result from transmutation. The formation of a unit 〈 c + a 〉 dislocation in the twin is proposed to involve two consecutive reactions, necessitating dislocation pile-up in the matrix, and the associated dislocation configurations are evaluated in terms of elastic strain energy considerations. Dislocation reactions are proposed which could explain the presence of basal stacking faults of either I 1 or I 2 type inside twin. At the low stress levels typical of { 10 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 ¯ 011 〉 twinning dominated flow of textured polycrystals, the observed 〈 c ± a 2 〉 dislocations are most likely sessile. However, this could serve as a source mechanism for later deformation, and as a forest hardening mechanism against other slip systems. The interfacial reaction products could result in a dragging effect on twin boundary advancement, and establish a basis for subsequent rapid hardening.
Producing Small Domain Features Using Miktoarm Block Copolymers with Large Interaction Parameters

We demonstrate that small domain features (∼13 nm) can be obtained in a series of polystyrene (PS) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) block copolymers, PS–(PLA)2 and (PS)2–(PLA)2, that combine miktoarm molecular architectures with large interaction parameters. To supplement the experimental work, we used self-consistent field theory in tandem with the random phase approximation to explore and contrast the phase behavior of ABn and AnBn types of miktoarm block copolymers. Specifically, AB2 and A2B2 were found to be effective molecular architectures for inducing strong shifts in phase boundaries with copolymer composition and to simultaneously tune domain feature sizes. The performance of these systems is markedly different from the corresponding linear diblock copolymers and indicates the potential of macromolecular architecture control for future applications in lithography.
Abstract 4576: Immunization with CPG in combination with MHC class I and class II peptides stimulates rapid and strong tumor antigen-specific CTL responses in melanoma patients.

There is now ample evidence that the toll-like receptor 9 ligand CPG/PF-3512676 represents a potent adjuvant for peptide/protein-based cancer vaccines capable of stimulating ex vivo detectable tumor antigen (TA)-specific CD8+ T cell responses in patients with advanced melanoma. Although CD4+ T cells appeared to promote the expansion and functions of CD8+ T cells in experimental models, melanoma-associated helper peptides have been shown to paradoxically decrease CD8+ T cell responses to a multipeptide melanoma vaccine emulsified in Montanide, possibly by inducing antigen-specific Tregs. To further investigate this question, we have performed one Phase I study of immunization where patients with advanced melanoma were immunized with CPG, Montanide and the HLA-A2-restricted analog peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V either alone (Arm 1, n=5) or in combination with the pan-DR CD4 helper peptide NY-ESO-1 119-143 (Arm 2, n=7). Patients in both arms exhibited a rapid increase of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells that were detectable ex vivo by flow cytometry. Strikingly, the mean frequency of vaccine-induced NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells after 6 biweekly immunizations was five times higher in patients who also received the helper peptide. Melanoma patients immunized with the helper peptide (Arm 2) developed a rapid increase of Foxp3− NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T cells that produced Th-1 type cytokines and IL-21 ex vivo. As compared to Arm 1, melanoma patients included in Arm 2 developed vaccine-induced NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells that were more differentiated, produced more IFN-γ and exhibited higher cytolytic functions in ex vivo assays. Collectively, our data support the inclusion of well-defined MHC class II peptides in combination with CPG/PF-3512676 and MHC class I peptides in multipeptide melanoma vaccines to better augment the expansion, differentiation, IFN-γ production and lytic function of TA-specific CTLs in patients with advanced melanoma. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute grants R01CA90360 and R01CA157467 (to H.M. Zarour). Citation Format: Julien Fourcade, Zhaojun Sun, Ornella Pagliano, Joe-Marc Chauvin, Cindy Sander, Stergios Moschos, Ahmad Tarhini, Hussein Tawbi, John M. Kirkwood, Hassane M. Zarour. Immunization with CPG in combination with MHC class I and class II peptides stimulates rapid and strong tumor antigen-specific CTL responses in melanoma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4576. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4576
ANA Tutor: A Computer Program That Teaches the Antinuclear Antibody Test

We have developed an interactive personal computer program for teaching the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test to medical technologists. The program, called ANA-Tutor (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur Inc, Chaska, Minn), introduces the user to the microscope-based immunofluorescence assay for ANA and examines understanding of the test. ANA-Tutor is based on digital images of human epidermoid carcinoma cells that have been labeled with fluorescein-conjugated antibodies using a standard indirect immunofluorescence assay for ANA. The program requires minimal computer literacy and has a number of advantages over traditional approaches to teaching the ANA test.
Parallel goal-oriented adaptive finite element modeling for 3D electromagnetic exploration

Over the past 10 years, both academia and industry collected large amounts of EM data. Compared with the abundance of data, the processing capacity is the bottleneck to have deeper insight into the earth. To increase the 3D processing capacity, this dissertation focuses on developing a 3D EM data processing toolkit, which could connect from data to model, uncovering the conductivity distribution of the seafloor. The first part of the dissertation employs a parallel goal-oriented adaptive finite element method for 3D electromagnetic modeling. To efficiently discretize the model, we use the unstructured tetrahedral mesh to accommodate arbitrarily complex 3D conductivity variations. Accuracy of the finite element solution could be achieved through adaptive mesh refinement that is performed iteratively until the solution converges to the desired accuracy tolerance. Refinement is guided by the goal-oriented error estimation approach to generate the optimal mesh, such that accurate EM responses at the locations of the EM receivers could be calculated. To further improve the computational efficiency, our algorithm is parallelized over frequencies, transmitters and receivers. We benchmark the newly developed algorithm by validating the controlled-source EM solutions on a 1D layered model. Furthermore, we employ a 3D model with significant seafloor bathymetry variations and a heterogeneous subsurface to demonstrate the code's ability to model complex features. In the second part, we introduce the framework for 3D inversion of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data. Our code, named Modeling with Adaptively Refined Elements for 3D EM (MARE3DEM), uses a new variant of the regularized Occam method for the inversion. The forward solver introduced previously serves as the backbone to calculate the model response and jacobians. The forward and inverse meshes are decoupled, such that we could accommodate the size of the inverse problem without sacrificing the accuracy of the forward solution. The sensitivity kernels which describe the change of the responses with respect to the variation of model parameters are efficiently calculated using the adjoint method. We show the reliability and the potential of the inversion algorithm by applying it to the inversion of synthetic marine controlled-source EM data.
A feature learning approach for classifying buried threats in forward looking ground penetrating radar data

The forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FLGPR) is a remote sensing modality that has recently been investigated for buried threat detection. The FLGPR considered in this work uses stepped frequency sensing followed by filtered backprojection to create images of the ground, where each image pixel corresponds to the radar energy reflected from the subsurface at that location. Typical target detection processing begins with a prescreening operation where a small subset of spatial locations are chosen to consider for further processing. Image statistics, or features, are then extracted around each selected location and used for training a machine learning classification algorithm. A variety of features have been proposed in the literature for use in classification. Thus far, however, predominantly hand-crafted or manually designed features from the computer vision literature have been employed (e.g., HOG, Gabor filtering, etc.). Recently, it has been shown that image features learned directly from data can obtain state-of-the-art performance on a variety of problems. In this work we employ a feature learning scheme using k-means and a bag-of-visual-words model to learn effective features for target and non-target discrimination in FLGPR data. Experiments are conducted using several lanes of FLGPR data and learned features are compared with several previously proposed static features. The results suggest that learned features perform comparably, or better, than existing static features. Similar to other feature learning results, the features consist of edges or texture primitives, revealing which structures in the data are most useful for discrimination.