cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibromyalgia and headache : an epidemiological study supporting migraine as part of the fibromyalgia syndrome

Fibromyalgia is defined by widespread body pain, tenderness to palpation of tender point areas, and constitutional symptoms. The literature reports headache in about half of fibromyalgia patients. The current epidemiological study was designed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of headache in fibromyalgia patients. Treatment-seeking fibromyalgia patients were evaluated with measures for fibromyalgia, chronic headache, quality of life, and psychological distress. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and t-tests were used to identify significant differences, as appropriate. A total of 100 fibromyalgia patients were screened (24 fibromyalgia without headache and 76 fibromyalgia with headache). International Headache Society diagnoses included: migraine alone (n=15 with aura, n=17 without aura), tension-type alone (n=18), combined migraine and tension-type (n=16), post-traumatic (n=4), and probable analgesic overuse headache (n=6). Fibromyalgia tender point scores and counts and most measures of pain severity, sleep disruption, or psychological distress were not significantly different between fibromyalgia patients with and without headache. As expected, the fibromyalgia patients with headache scored higher on the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) (62.1±0.9 vs 48.3±1.6, p 60 in 80% of fibromyalgia plus headache patients, representing severe impact from headache, and 56–58 in 4%, representing substantial impact. In summary, chronic headache was endorsed by 76% of treatment-seeking fibromyalgia patients, with 84% reporting substantial or severe impact from their headaches. Migraine was diagnosed in 63% of fibromyalgia plus headache patients, with probable analgesic overuse headache in only 8%. General measures of pain, pain-related disability, sleep quality, and psychological distress were similar in fibromyalgia patients with and without headache. Therefore, fibromyalgia patients with headache do not appear to represent a significantly different subgroup compared to fibromyalgia patients without headache. The high prevalence and significant impact associated with chronic headache in fibromyalgia patients, however, warrants inclusion of a headache assessment as part of the routine evaluation of fibromyalgia patients.
Contemporary and Traditional Wall-System Failures

Prior to the 20th century, building walls were often constructed of stone or brick up to several feet thick. Such massive walls served not only to support the floors and roof but also to keep out the weather. In the early 1900s economic pressures and the need for taller buildings led to the development of thinner, lighter, and less costly wall systems. While these thinner walls did not usually carry gravity loads, they often involved a combination of materials and components requiring more complex leak control and connection/support mechanisms. A wide variety of unanticipated problems, such as accumulated differential thermal or moisture expansion, increased water leakage due to a lack of drainage redundancy, and cracking or displacement related to material incompatibility, sometimes accompanied these new wall systems.
Physiological and pharmacological properties of responses to GABA and ACh by abdominal motor neurons in Manduca sexta

1. GABA, ACh, and other agents were applied by pressure ejection to the neuropil of the third abdominal ganglion in the isolated nerve cord of Manduca sexta. Intersegmental muscle motor neurons with dendritic arborizations in the same hemiganglion were inhibited by GABA (Fig. 2) and excited by ACh (Fig. 5). 2. Picrotoxin was a potent antagonist of GABA (Fig. 4A). Bicuculline reduced GABA responses in some motor neurons (Fig. 4C), but had no effect on many other motor neurons. Curare reduced ACh responses (Fig. 6A). Bicuculline was an effective ACh antagonist in most motor neurons tested (Fig. 6B). 3. Motor neurons with dendrites across the ganglion from the ejection pipette exhibited different responses to GABA and ACh. Contralateral motor neurons often showed smaller, delayed hyperpolarizing GABA responses (Fig. 7). On two occasions, contralateral motor neurons had excitatory responses (Fig. 8). Contralateral motor neurons were hyperpolarized by ACh (Fig. 9). The inhibitory responses had only slightly longer latencies than ipsilateral excitatory ACh responses (Fig. 10A). The contralateral inhibitory ACh responses, but not the ipsilateral excitatory ACh responses, were eliminated by TTX (Fig. 10B). 4. A model, which includes inhibitory interneurons that cross the ganglionic midline to inhibit their contralateral homologs and motor neurons (Fig. 11), is proposed to account for contralateral responses to GABA and ACh and antagonistic patterns of activity of motor neurons during mechanosensory reflex responses.
Seizures down-regulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors in hippocampal formation.

Abstract Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MCR) have been previously shown to decline in the hippocampal formation (HPF) of amygdala-kindled rats. Seizures have been proposed as the process responsible for this down-regulation. We now demonstrate similar down-regulation of MCR within HPF in 3 additional methods of inducing seizures: electroconvulsive shock, entorhinal kindling and entorhinal lesion. Two key parameters which causally link the MCR declines with seizures are their time course and reversal with anticonvulsants. The transient decline of MCR induced by entorhinal lesion-induced seizures parallels the time course established in amygdala kindling. Further, phenobarbital could block both these seizures and the MCR declines. Together, this supports the relationship of seizures causing the declines. We postulate that the MCR down-regulation represents an endogenous inhibitory response of neurons that are intensely and repeatedly depolarized during the seizures. neurons that are intensely and repeatedly depolarized during the seizures.
Phase imaging of moving DNA molecules and DNA molecules replicated in the atomic force microscope

Phase imaging with a tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) has many advantages for imaging moving DNA and DNA-enzyme complexes in aqueous buffers at molecular resolution. In phase images molecules can be resolved at higher scan rates and lower forces than in height images from the AFM. Higher scan rates make it possible to image faster processes. At lower forces the molecules are imaged more gently. Moving DNA molecules are also resolved more clearly in phase images than in height images. Phase images in tapping mode AFM show the phase difference between oscillation of the piezoelectric crystal that drives the cantilever and oscillation of the cantilever as it interacts with the sample surface. Phase images presented here show moving DNA molecules that have been replicated with Sequenase in the AFM and DNA molecules tethered in complexes with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
From the mouth of babes and infants you have established strength

Abstract This article tries to establish a new interpretation of Psalm 8,3, without undertaking any text‐changes. It shows that the combination of mouth and strength is a common figure in the HB, and in the expression “the mouth of babes and infants” the motif of the mouth as an organ of power is combined with the idea of the breath of life which the new‐born receives from God (Gen 2,7) as a power which enables them to overcome the forces of death that are always present at creation. This interpretation, together with the rest of the psalm, can be arranged in a common royal field of motifs where man serves as a vice‐royal only subordinated to God who is the real King. Finally some hints to a possible structure of the psalm is given.
Tumor angiogenic vasculature targeting with PAMAM dendrimer-RGD conjugates

PAMAM dendrimer-RGD-4C peptide conjugate was synthesized and in vitro targeting efficacy to integrin receptor expressing cells was studied by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
Modeling and Fabrication of a Micro Thermocouple Array

A prototype micro thermocouple array, to detect the temperature change within the neighborhood of a single cell, was produced as a proof of concept. Thermal modeling was performed to determine feasibility of the design and parametrically evaluate dimensions. The device consisted of a 3 × 3 array of type-T thermocouple junctions (copper and constantan), spaced 50 μm apart. A micro-fabricated wiring layer, intermediate post layer, and connecting junction layer were used. The intermediate post layer was designed to decrease the effect of the thermocouple wiring layer on the cell freezing response.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATION VOTING STRUCTURE AND TRANSIT INVESTMENT BIAS: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS WITH SOCIAL EQUITY IMPLICATIONS

Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are the conduit through which billions of federal and state transportation dollars are funneled annually for regional transportation facilities. MPO transportation investments are guided by long-term regional transportation plans that are implemented through short-term transportation improvement plans. Because transportation investments shape land use patterns, decisions by MPOs have important implications for regional land use patterns and, by implication, social equity. For their part, MPO decisions are made by a board whose composition varies widely across the nation. They are not elected to serve on the MPO, however, and MPOs are not required by federal law to have balance in voting. Therefore, the potential exists for MPO decisions to be biased and favor certain investments beneficial to particular metropolitan areas' interests at the expense of others. This study reviews MPOs generally, discusses variation in their voting structures, and reports results fro...
Solitary waves as fixed points of infinite-dimensional maps in an optical bistable ring cavity

Phase-locked solitary waves are shown to be the stable fixed points of an infinite-dimensional map obtained from a bistable optical ring cavity.
Reviewing the Mid-First Millennium BC 14C “warp” using 14C/bristlecone pine data

Abstract AMS-based 14 C measurements have been obtained on 53 dendrochronologically-dated Bristlecone pine ( Pinus longaeva ) wood samples in decadal increments spanning 2300–2750 cal BP with particular interest focused on the decades centered on 2405 cal BP and 2625 cal BP. In general, there is overall agreement with the current IntCal04/09 consensus calibration curve for this period. For the 2400–2410 cal BP interval, our Bristlecone-based 14 C value is consistent with the 14 C value obtained by Belfast on Irish oak for that decade but not on German oak values obtained by Seattle. Our 14 C value for the 2620–2630 cal BP interval is consistent with the German oak (Heidelberg)-based 14 C decadal value. The 10 Be-based reconstruction of 14 C variations over the 2620–2630 cal BP interval also supports the Heidelberg data although clearly additional clarifications are required before the current tree ring-based 14 C and ice core-based 10 Be data for this interval can be accurately interpreted and valid inferences obtained.
Factorial effects in the categorization of externally distributed stimulus samples

On each trial a sample point randomly drawn from one of two normal probability distributions was exhibited to S, who had to guess whether the sample was a “1” or a “2.” He was then given feedback, which was determined by which of the two distributions the sample point derived from. Two continua were employed: dot position on a file card, and groyness of square in. patches. Three levels of d’ were employed. The function giving the probability of a response “1” for different sample values was sharper for the higher d’ conditions, and for the dot position continuum. Cessation of feedback resulted in improved performance for the low d’ condition. Incentive payoff, confidence ratings, and experimenter had virtually no effects on task performance.
Using geographic plume analysis to assess community vulnerability to hazardous accidents

Abstract This paper describes a methodology that can be used to determine the demographic composition of a population affected by the release of toxic substances at truck accident sites. In this Geographic Plume Analysis (GPA) approach, a chemical dispersion model provides a toxic dispersal “footprint”, given information about local weather conditions and the type of chemical released. This footprint is superimposed on a demographic database to determine the composition of the affected population. The GPA approach is tested in the city of Des Moines, Iowa, to determine whether different racial and income groups are disproportionately affected by the hazards from accidents. The locations of 45 intersections that experienced the highest frequency of truck accidents from 1990 to 1992 were obtained. At each location, a plume footprint was generated, based on the release of chlorine, a commonly transported toxic material in Des Moines. Similar plumes were generated at 50 random locations in the city and similar estimates were made. The results indicated that areas most likely to experience exposure to hazardous materials transported by trucks were those with a higher proportion of minorities and low-income households, as compared to the city as a whole.
Copper at the front line of the host-pathogen battle.

Copper (Cu) is a transition metal used by life from bacteria to eukaryotes in many cellular processes as a biochemical cofactor and a signaling molecule. However, while Cu plays critical cellular roles, it can be toxic when allowed to accumulate to levels well beyond cellular needs. This razor's edge between the essentiality and toxicity of Cu is emerging as a critical host defense mechanism at the heart of the host-pathogen axis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the innate immune response commandeers the toxic properties of Cu to attack invading infectious organisms, while pathogenic bacteria and fungi have implemented robust mechanisms for Cu resistance. The fact that Cu resistance mechanisms are frequently found among pathogens, and required for virulence, suggests that this is an important aspect of survival in the host. Here, we suggest answers to four fundamental questions about our current understanding of the role of Cu in microbial pathogenesis.
Hydrogen effects on the mechanical and fracture behavior of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glass

Recently developed Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glasses have considerable potential for use in a variety of advanced engineering applications due to their extraordinarily high strength, moderate toughness and high strength-to-weight ratio. Active research is under way to elucidate the fundamental flow, fracture and subcritical crack-growth behavior of bulk metallic glasses using conventional fracture mechanics methodologies made possible by their availability in bulk metallic glasses using conventional fracture mechanics methodologies made possible by their availability in bulk form. However, the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical and fracture behavior of the bulk metallic glasses and the fundamental nature of the interaction of hydrogen with the amorphous microstructure has received almost no attention. Accordingly, the objective of the present work is to investigate the effects of pre-charged hydrogen on the mechanical and fracture behavior of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glass, specifically hardness and crack-propagation behavior under both monotonic and cyclic loading. In addition, characterization of the metallic glass using high-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction together with differential scanning calorimetry was performed to assess the effect of hydrogen on the amorphous microstructure. It is found that whereas intrinsic toughness is degraded by pre-charged hydrogen, the apparent resistance to fatigue crack growth is improved.more » Such conflicting results are interpreted by a mutual competition between degradation of the material's inherent resistance to crack extension and a reduced crack driving force by various crack tip shielding mechanisms.« less
Coexistence and environmental filtering of species‐specific biomass in an African savanna

Biomass density is a key metric of vegetation abundance, but understanding how community assembly processes, such as environmental filtering and competitive exclusion, affect biomass distributions of coexisting species has proven logistically challenging. Here we apply airborne remote sensing to study the ecosystem-scale distribution of species-specific, woody plant biomass and its relation to topographic and hydrologic gradients in a South African savanna. We also spatially analyzed variation in biomass among species to understand patterns of coexistence, mapping the species and biomass over one million trees across 10 500 ha. We found the biomass of dominant woody species to be weakly but significantly related to environmental filters, where a combination of 10 topographic and edaphic variables accounted for <15% of the variance in the biomass of any given species. Distance to nearest stream was the only environmental variable significantly correlated to all species' biomass. Despite an overall negative...
Cristaux de graphite en forme de cigare et a structure conique

Abstract The product of the electrolytic dissolution of martensite is an amorphous impure carbon. During heat-treatment of that carbon at 2800°C, cigar-shaped crystals of graphite are formed, the length of which ranges from a few microns to 250μ with a ratio length: dia. of about 10. In the cigars, the graphitic layers have the shape of an obtuse cone the axis of which is coincident with the axis of the cigar. The cigar is probably formed by a single sheet coiled around the axis in a helix, each turn of the helix having the shape of a cone. The angular shift Θ of the (hk0) crystallographic directions from one whorl to the next one in the helix was measured: On sample G1, Θ ~ 26°. In the cigars of sample G2, Θ ~ 61°, with probably Θ = 60°, and all graphitic layers have the same stacking arrangement as in a perfect graphite crystal. The growth mechanism of the cigars probably involves mass transfer through the gas phase.
Optimal placement of NAK-suppressing agents for reliable multicast: a partial deployment case

In reliable multicast, receivers use negative acknowledgments (NAKs) to inform the sender about their packet loss. The growth in the number of NAK messages received by the sender results in the well-known feedback (or NAK) implosion problem. Therefore, one important issue for reliable multicast protocols is to utilize an effective mechanism to collect NAK messages from the receivers. One way to avoid feedback implosion at the sender site is to place NAK-suppression agents on the internal nodes (routers) of the network. These agents will forward a single copy of the incoming NAK messages toward the sender site and will suppress additional redundant copies coming from the receivers.In this paper, we consider an agent placement (activation) problem for reliable multicast. First, we assume a network environment where a number of internal nodes (routers) have NAK-suppression capabilities. Then, we try to select a subset of these nodes for NAK suppression task for a given reliable multicast application. Our main selection criteria is to choose a minimum number of such nodes for the task and have a notion of load-balancing among them. In this context, we study two agent activation problems: the Load-Balanced Agent Activation Problem (LBAAP) and the Budgeted Agent Activation Problem (BAAP) and present efficient algorithms for optimal activation of agents. The problems that we consider in this paper are generalized versions of the respective problems introduced by Daescu et al. [3].
Learner–Instructor Telephone Interaction: Effects on Satisfaction and Achievement of Online Students

The telephone has a long history as a distance learning technology. This study investigated its impact on the satisfaction and achievement of online students. To measure satisfaction, the expectancy disconfirmation paradigm was used. Online students completed an instrument based on this paradigm at the beginning and end of the semester. A randomly selected treatment group received one telephone call from their instructor during the first two weeks of the semester. Achievement was measured by course grade. The study found that the telephone call had no significant effect on the level of satisfaction reported and that grades of the treatment group were slightly lower than those of the control group. Despite these findings, the majority of students (65%) rated their online experience as having exceeded their expectations.
A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides

A low-temperature synthesis of fatty alkanolamides, fatty diamides and fatty aralkylamides directly from triglycerides and primary amines provides essentially quantitative yields of the various products. The reactions run to completion in 3–12 h at temperatures of 50–60°C, approximately 100°C lower than employed in present conventional practice. The amines are used in excess and serve as solvent, reagent and, perhaps, as catalyst. The amides were characterized by melting point and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. If the mixed amides produced from the various natural triglyceride mixtures of fats and oils are acceptable products, this synthetic method provides these products in satisfactory quality while conserving energy and avoiding the intermediate production of free fatty acids or their esters.
Thermal constraint considerations in design of a heat recovery boiler

Abstract Heat recovery boilers are typically designed to conform to the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I on Power Boilers. While the unfired pressure vessel design rules of Section VIII of the ASME Code have evolved to accommodate a wide range of vessels and loading conditions (including system thermal loads), Section I of the Code remains characteristically simple, specifying explicit rules only for primary loading (pressure mainly). By and large, the combination of boilermaker experience and Section I rules makes for robust boilers. However, departure from conventional design, although in conformance to the explicit rules of Section I, can result in premature failures. This paper describes one such design of a heat recovery boiler in a hardwood Kraft pulp mill, wherein system thermal stresses induced on superheater tube-to-tube tie welds were high enough to result in weld toe cracking and early tube leaks. A finite element stress analysis of the design showed that operational thermal stresses due to constraint imposed by the tie welds were in excess of the tube material yield strength and above a level that would be considered acceptable for design. The analysis highlights the need for considering effects of thermal constraint in designs that otherwise meet the basic Code requirements for boilers.
Merkel cell carcinoma in the setting of HIV infection.

Merkel cell carcinoma has been found to have an increased incidence among immunosuppressed patients, specifically organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. HIV similarly depresses the immune response of infected persons. We report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in an HIV-infected patient who died from liver metastases 2 years after his tumor was diagnosed. The purpose of this report is to describe the possible relationship between HIV and MCC and to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and aggressive management of MCC. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:309-12.)
The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss

Abstract An animal model of postmenopausal bone loss can be defined as a living animal in which spontaneous or induced bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency can be studied, and in which the characteristics of the bone loss and its sequalae resemble those found in postmenopausal women in one or more respects. Although in comparison to humans, the skeletal mass of rats remains stable for a protracted period during their lifespan, rats can be ovariectomized to make them sex-hormone deficient, and to stimulate the accelerated loss of bone that occurs in women following menopause. Ovariectomy induced bone loss in the rat and postmenopausal bone loss share many similar characteristics. These include: increased rate of bone turnover with resorption exceeding formation; an initial rapid phase of bone loss followed by a much slower phase; greater loss of cancellous than cortical bone; decreased intestinal absorption of calcium; some protection against bone loss by obesity; and similar skeletal response to therapy with estrogen, tamoxifen, bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and exercise. These wide-ranging similarities are strong evidence that the ovariectomized rat bone loss model is suitable for studying problems that are relevant to postmenopausal bone loss.
Plasma profiles of the sex steroids and gonadotropins in maturing female spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Abstract Plasma testosterone concentrations were low through the spring and early summer, concentrations began rising in late July and reached maximum levels by ovulation in September. Plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone were low throughout sexual maturation until ovulation when a significant increase occurred. Plasma androstendione and 17β-estradiol concentrations were high throughout sexual maturation, and decreased significantly at ovulation. Plasma 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one concentrations were low throughout maturation, and increased significantly at ovulation. Plasma gonadotropin I concentrations paralleled those of estradiol and exceeded gonadotropin II levels prior to ovulation. Plasma concentrations of gonadotropin II were low throughout the spring and summer, increasing dramatically at ovulation.
Coupled-channel calculation of the phase variation in the scattering of α-particles by Ni isotopes

It is shown that coupled-channel calculations can fit very well the recent data by Meriwether et al. of the scattering of α-particles of 25 to 100 MeV by Ni isotopes. It is shown in particular that the energy variation of the phase of the inelastic scattering cross section relative to that of the elastic cross section is reasonably explained in this way.
Structural Criteria for the Rational Design of Selective Ligands. 2. Effect of Alkyl Substitution on Metal Ion Complex Stability with Ligands Bearing Ethylene-Bridged Ether Donors.

A novel approach is presented for the application and interpretation of molecular mechanics calculations in ligand structural design. The methodology yields strain energies that (i) provide a yards...
Low-power programmable signal processing

This paper presents the potential of using programmable analog signal processing techniques for impacting low-power portable applications like imaging, audio processing, and speech recognition. The range of analog signal processing functions available results in many potential opportunities to incorporate these analog signal processing systems with digital signal processing systems for improved overall system performance. Programmable, dense analog techniques enable these approaches, based upon programmable transistor approaches. We show experimental evidence for the factor of 1000 to 10,000 power efficiency improvement for programmable analog signal processing compared to custom digital implementations in vector matrix multipliers (VMM), CMOS imagers with computation on the pixel plane with high fill factors, and large-scale field programmable analog arrays (FPAA), among others.
Two‐Year Cycles of Abundance of Age‐0 Rainbow Trout in Lake Superior Tributaries

Abstract Two-year cycles of abundance of age-0 rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) occurred in two of five Michigan streams where annual population estimates were made in 1967–1974. The cause(s) was not determined, but the cycles could not be related to density of juvenile salmonids, abundance of spawners, meteorological conditions, or abiotic stream characteristics.
Recent rural growth in China: the performance of the rural small-scale enterprises, 1980–86

This article focuses on the evaluation of the process of growth in rural China since the 1978 rural economic reforms. By dividing the rural economy into two sectors: the agricultural sector and the RSE (rural small scale enterprises) sector, it analyses the relative contributions of labour, capital and other factors. Two major findings are that the RSE sector has its marginal labour productivity double that of the agricultural sector over 1980–86 and the high-income regions (mainly the coastal provinces open to world exports) exhibited a positive role of increasing returns to scale. This trend lends strong support to the market-based incentives offered by the openness in free trade which influenced the coastal provinces of the RSE sector.
Basalt weathering across scales

Abstract Weathering of silicate minerals impacts many geological and ecological processes. For example, the weathering of basalt contributes significantly to consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and must be included in global calculations of such consumption over geological timeframes. Here we compare weathering advance rates for basalt (wDβ), where D and β indicate the scale at which the rate is determined and surface area measured, respectively, from the laboratory to the watershed scales. Data collected at the laboratory, weathering rind, soil profile and watershed scales show that weathering advance rate of basalt is a fractal property that can be described by a fractal dimension (dr ≈ 2.3). By combining the fractal description of rates with an Arrhenius relationship for basalt weathering, we derive the following equation to predict weathering advance rates at any spatial scale from weathering advance rates measured at the BET scale: w D β = k 0 ( β a ) d r − 2 e − E a / R T . Here, k0 is the pre-exponential factor (1.29 × 107 mm3 mm− 2 yr− 1), Ea is the activation energy (70 kj mol− 1), and a is a spatial constant related to the scale of measurement of BET surface area (10− 7 mm). The term, ( β a ) d r − 2 , is the roughness. The roughness fractal dimension can be conceptualized as a factor related to both the thickness of the reaction front and the specific surface area within the reaction front. However, the above equation can also be written in terms of a surface fractal dimension and the hypothetical average grain radius. These fractal dimensions provide insight into reaction front geometry and should vary with lithology. Once the surface area discrepancy has been accounted for using this method, we find a one to two order of magnitude range in weathering advance rates measured at any scale or temperature that can be attributed to factors such as changes in erosional regime, parent lithology, mechanism, climate, composition of reacting fluid, and biological activity. Our scaled equation, when used to predict global basalt CO2 consumption based upon global lithologic maps, yields an uptake flux (1.75 × 1013 mol CO2 yr− 1) within the predicted error of fluxes estimated based upon riverine measurements.
A computer simulation of the effect of temperature on the threshold atomic displacement energy in tungsten metal

Abstract A fully dynamical computer model of a bcc crystal is used to compute the displacement energy (ED ) spectrum of primary knock-on (PKO) atoms in Tungsten. ED is found to be quite directionally dependent and, when the crystal is assigned a nonzero temperature, to have a spread in energy greater than that predicted by a simple two-body argument. Furthermore, when an energy of 5 to 10 eV greater than ED is given to the PKO in the (100) direction, there is a significant chance that an uncorrelated Frenkel pair will be produced.
Phenotypic heterogeneity for cells bearing surface immunoglobulin in human lymphoid lines.

Abstract Long-term cultures of human lymphoid lines, even after subcloning, were found to contain a mixture of surface immunoglobulin (SIg) positive and negative cells using three different techniques. Cell culture (TM) was mixed with anti-Ig antisera plus complement to lyse SIg positive cells. The remaining SIg negative viable cells were separated on a bovine serum albumin gradient, cultured, and sampled at different time points. Within 24–48 hr the same percentage of cells were SIg(+) as prior to treatment with antisera plus complement. Culturing the same cells with frequent additions of fresh or “spent” culture media failed to alter the ratio of Ig positive/ negative cells. Mechanisms for in vitro regulation of SIg are discussed.
THERMAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION: SAMPLE PREPARATION UTILIZING GRAPHITE AS A DILUENT*

A sample preparation method has been developed which produces both standard and unknown samples of the same size, shape, composition and density (a necessary condition for minimum error). A solution of standard or unknown material was pipetted onto graphite wetted with acetone, the material was dried and mixed with additional graphite to give a homogeneous mixture containing≥99% graphite. Portions of the mixture were pressed into uniform cylindrical pellets. Application of the method to the activation analysis of several copper compounds gave results which generally agreed with analysis by thiosulfate titration of liberated iodine to within less than 1%.
Processes of Change in Work/Home Incompatibilities: Employed Mothers 1986–1999

This study examined multi-level change processes occurring in the lives of employed mothers in response to work and family incompatibilities. Data were collected from 158 professional women in seven waves of data spanning 13 years. The data were subjected to qualitative analysis following Colaizzi's (1978) method. Seven themes emerged: (a) individual mutabilities, (b) James Baldwin's paradox, (c) time enough (d) coping, (e) incremental change, (f) new occasions teach new duties, and (g) strength from others.
Residual α2-macroglobulin in fetal calf serum and properties of its complex with thrombin

Summary Active α2-macroglobulin (α2M) has been shown to persist in commercial preparations of fetal bovine serum. Reaction with trypsin and the mitogenic protease thrombin leads to cleavage of the polypeptide chain of α2M, with simultaneous conversion to a fast electrophoretic form. The trapped protease is fully active toward low molecular weight synthetic substrates, but reacts slowly if at all with the protein inhibitor hirudin (M.W. 12,200). Addition of methylamine to fetal bovine α2M leads to covalent incorporation of the amine into the protein, but the subsequent and apparently spontaneous conversion from the slow to the fast electrophoretic form seen with human α2M is not observed. Sedimentation velocity studies of intact and modified fetal bovine α2M show that a small shape change results from reaction with proteases but that, in contrast to the human protein, no shape change results from reaction with methylamine.
Influence of Cooked Wheat Bran on Bowel Function and Fecal Excretion of Nutrients

The effect of cooked wheat bran on fecal wet and dry weight, fecal nutrients and transit time was investigated in 10 men. The study was divided into three 18-day periods. Five subjects received the experimental diet supplemented with 15g (raw) of AACC wheat bran (B) served in a cooked form during the first period, no bran (NB) in the second, and B in the third. The remaining five subjects received, in order, NB, B, and NB. Fecal wet and dry weight were significantly higher (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) when the subjects received B (172 ± 39 and 43 ± 3 g/day) than when they received NB (143 ± 34 and 36 ± 4). Fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) on B (8.3 ± 2.2 g/day) than on NB (5.1 ± 2.6 g/day). Fecal NDF correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with fecal wet and dry weights, and moisture. Bran induced significantly higher (p < 0.01) fecal losses of energy, nitrogen and ash, but these losses were too small to be important nutritionally.
Rapid preparation and purification of alkaline phosphatase and 125I-labeled antibody by minicolumn gel centrifugation chromatography.

Abstract Gel centrifugation chromatography was used for the preparation, purification and concentration of enzyme and 125I-labeled antibody. Low-molecular-weight reactants were rapidly and efficiently removed from either 125I-labeled antibody or enzyme—antibody conjugates by centrifugation of the reaction mixture through a minicolumn of Sephadex. Further purification of both radiolabeled and enzyme labeled antibodies were possible by the application and elution of each labeled antibody through a minicolumn of Protein A Sepharose. Minicolumns were constructed from readily available inexpensive components and allowed the rapid preparation and purification of antibody of high specific enzyme, and radioactivity. No difference between the 125I, or enzyme labeled antibody detection limit could be detected by a direct solid-phase immunoassay.
Virtual interface environment workstations

A head-mounted, wide-angle, stereoscopic display system controlled by operator position, voice and gesture has been developed at NASA's Ames Research Center for use as a multipurpose interface environment. This Virtual Interface Environment Workstation (VIEW) system provides a multisensory, interactive display environment in which a user can virtually explore a 360-degree synthesized or remotely sensed environment and can viscerally interact with its components. Primary applications of the system are in telerobotics, management of large-scale integrated information systems, and human factors research. System configuration, research scenarios, and research directions are described.
Cardiovascular and affective consequences of ruminating on a performance stressor depend on mode of thought.

Psychological detachment from work is important for facilitating recovery. This can be threatened by rumination, or thinking about the day's stressors. Rumination may lead to distress, fatigue and extended activation of stress-related systems, but findings are not unequivocal. Level of construal (abstract or concrete) and type of mentation (imagery or verbal thought) used during stressor-focused rumination may shape physiological and affective responses and impact recovery. This study tested whether blood pressure (BP) and anxiety responses to stressor-focused rumination differ by mentation type and construal level. Healthy undergraduates (n = 136) performed a speech stressor and then completed a rumination task in one of four randomly assigned conditions: concrete imagery, abstract imagery, concrete verbal thought or abstract verbal thought. Anxiety and continuous BP were assessed. Concrete rumination led to greater BP, whereas rumination with abstract construals led to lower BP. Furthermore, participants in the abstract conditions had greater increases in anxiety following stressor-focused rumination than in the concrete conditions. Results suggest that the immediate physiological and psychological consequences of stressor-focused rumination depend upon mode of thought.
Peripheral median nerve block impairs precision pinch movement.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a simulated peripheral median nerve lesion on precision pinch movement by the thumb and index finger. Methods A median neuropathy was created by blocking the median nerve at the wrist using an anesthetic. The subjects ( n =5) were asked to perform pulp-to-pulp precision pinch movements before and after the nerve block. Digit motion data was obtained with a marker-based motion analysis system. Results The radial offset of the thumb tip, as defined by the minimum distance of the thumb tip to the flexion-extension plane of the index finger, showed an increase of 11.2mm after the nerve block. For the thumb, the nerve block caused a decrease in the range of motion at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, and a compensatory increase in the range of motion at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. The range of motion ratio (MCP:IP) changed from 1:4.8 (pre-block) to 1:1.0 (post-block). The maximum flexion angle at the MCP joint increased from 18.8° (pre-block) to 33.7° (post-block), and maximum flexion angle at the IP joint decreased from 42.6° (pre-block) to 18.8° (post-block). For the index finger, the nerve block caused a decrease in the range of motion at the MCP joint, and compensatory increases in the ranges of motion at the proximal and distal interphalangeal (PIP and DIP) joints. The range of motion ratio (MCP:PIP:DIP) changed from 1:1.1:0.7 (pre-block) to 1:2.4:1.8 (post-block). The maximum flexion angle at the MCP joint decreased from 56.8° (pre-block) to 34.6° (post-block), and the maximum flexion angle at the PIP joint increased from 51.2° (pre-block) to 76.0° (post-block), but the change at the DIP joint was insignificant. Conclusions The median nerve block caused remarkable degradation of the pinch performance as quantified by an inaccurate pulp-to-pulp contact of the thumb to the index finger and an alteration of joint motion of the digits. Significance Many fine manual tasks require accurate pulp-to-pulp positioning of the thumb to the index finger. Within the hand, the median nerve is critical to the fine sensorimotor function due to the motor supply and the sensory endings to the thumb and index finger. People with median neuropathies (for example, carpal tunnel syndrome) experience clumsiness while performing simple manual tasks. The current approach to the examination of precision pinch movement may be utilized to quantify the apparent hand clumsiness observed in individuals with peripheral neuropathy such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
Analysis of Relationship between Blood Stream Infection and Clinical Background in Patients' Lactobacillus Therapy by Data Mining

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of lactobacillus therapy and the background risk factors on blood stream infection in patients from our hospital clinical microbiology database by data mining. The data was analyzed by data mining software, i.e. "ICONS Miner" (Koden Industry Co., Ltd.). The significant "If-then rules" were extracted from the decision tree between bacteria detection on blood samples and patients' treatments, such as lactobacillus therapy, anti- biotics, various catheters, etc. The chi-square test, odds ratio and logistic regression were applied in order to analyze the effect of lactobacillus therapy to bacteria detection. From odds ratio of lactobacillus absence to lactobacillus presence, bacteria detection risk of lactobacillus absence was about 2 (95%CI: 1.57-2.99). The significant "If-then rules", chi-square test, odds ratio and logistic regression showed that lactobacillus therapy might be the significant factor for prevention of blood stream infection. Data mining is useful for extracting background risk factors of blood stream infection from our clinical database.
Net grassland carbon flux over a subambient to superambient CO2 gradient

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have a profound effect on the structure and function of plant communities. A previously grazed, central Texas grassland was exposed to a 200-µmol mol−1 to 550 µmol mol−1 CO2 gradient from March to mid-December in 1998 and 1999 using two, 60-m long, polyethylene- covered chambers built directly onto the site. One chamber was operated at subambient CO2 concentrations (200–360 µmol mol−1 daytime) and the other was regulated at superambient concentrations (360–550 µmol mol−1). Continuous CO2 gradients were maintained in each chamber by photosynthesis during the day and respiration at night. Net ecosystem CO2 flux and end-of-year biomass were measured in each of 10, 5-m long sections in each chamber. Net CO2 fluxes were maximal in late May (c. day 150) in 1998 and in late August in 1999 (c. day 240). In both years, fluxes were near zero and similar in both chambers at the beginning and end of the growing season. Average daily CO2 flux in 1998 was 13 g CO2 m−2 day−1 in the subambient chamber and 20 g CO2 m−2 day−1 in the superambient chamber; comparable averages were 15 and 26 g CO2 m−2 day−1 in 1999. Flux was positively and linearly correlated with end-of-year above-ground biomass but flux was not linearly correlated with CO2 concentration; a finding likely to be explained by inherent differences in vegetation. Because C3 plants were the dominant functional group, we adjusted average daily flux in each section by dividing the flux by the average percentage C3 cover. Adjusted fluxes were better correlated with CO2 concentration, although scatter remained. Our results indicate that after accounting for vegetation differences, CO2 flux increased linearly with CO2 concentration. This trend was more evident at subambient than superambient CO2 concentrations.
Resonance and supergain effects in small ferromagnetically or dielectrically loaded biconical antennas

The input impedance and the radiation pattern of thin biconical antennas which contain materials of high dielectric permittivity \epsilon and high magnetic permeability \mu can be evaluated by methods due to Schelkunoff and Tai. Examination of numerical results shows that resonances of the input impedance are obtainable for antenna lengths much shorter than that of the ordinary half-wave dipole. It becomes also apparent, however, that the impedance bandwidth at these resonances is narrow and decreases with increasing \epsilon and \mu . Analysis of the pertinent equations leads to the following conclusions concerning radiation patterns: 1) The pattern of an antenna which is small in terms of free-space wavelengths \lambda and is also small in terms of material wavelengths, \lambda/\sqrt{\mu\epsilon} , is essentially that of a small current element in air; 2) If the biconical antenna is small in terms of free-space wavelengths, but is large in terms of material wavelengths the radiation pattern is also that of a small current element, except in certain well defined and very narrow frequency bands where multilobe or narrow lobe patterns appear. A similar "supergain" effect has been noted by Knudsen [33] in his discussion of small loops which carry currents of varying phase.
Evidence for a critical contribution of haploinsufficiency in the complex pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1). A dominant-negative mechanism has been inferred based upon dominant inheritance, mulitimerization of monomers to form microfibrils, and the dramatic paucity of matrix-incorporated fibrillin-1 seen in heterozygous patient samples. Yeast artificial chromosome–based transgenesis was used to overexpress a disease-associated mutant form of human fibrillin-1 (C1663R) on a normal mouse background. Remarkably, these mice failed to show any abnormalities of cellular or clinical phenotype despite regulated overexpression of mutant protein in relevant tissues and developmental stages and direct evidence that mouse and human fibrillin-1 interact with high efficiency. Immunostaining with a human-specific mAb provides what we believe to be the first demonstration that mutant fibrillin-1 can participate in productive microfibrillar assembly. Informatively, use of homologous recombination to generate mice heterozygous for a comparable missense mutation (C1039G) revealed impaired microfibrillar deposition, skeletal deformity, and progressive deterioration of aortic wall architecture, comparable to characteristics of the human condition. These data are consistent with a model that invokes haploinsufficiency for WT fibrillin-1, rather than production of mutant protein, as the primary determinant of failed microfibrillar assembly. In keeping with this model, introduction of a WT FBN1 transgene on a heterozygous C1039G background rescues aortic phenotype.