cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Description of Traffic Flow

We propose a traffic model based on microscopic stochastic dynamics. We built a Markov chain equipped with an Arrhenius interaction law. The resulting stochastic process is comprised of both spin-flip and spin-exchange dynamics which models vehicles exiting, entering and interacting in a two-dimensional lattice environment corresponding to a multi-lane highway. The process is further equipped with a novel look-ahead type, anisotropic interaction potential which allows drivers/vehicles to ascertain local fluctuations and advance to new cells forward or sideways. The resulting vehicular traffic model is simulated via kinetic Monte Carlo and examined under both, typical and extreme traffic flow scenarios. The model is shown to correctly predict both qualitative as well as quantitative traffic observables for any highway geometry. Furthermore it also captures interesting multi-scale phenomena in traffic flows after a simulated accident which lead to oscillatory, dissipating, traffic waves with different periods per lane.
Regulation of DLG Localization at Synapses by CaMKII-Dependent Phosphorylation

Discs large (DLG) mediates the clustering of synaptic molecules. Here we demonstrate that synaptic localization of DLG itself is regulated by CaMKII. We show that DLG and CaMKII colocalize at synapses and exist in the same protein complex. Constitutively activated CaMKII phenocopied structural abnormalities of dlg mutant synapses and dramatically increased extrajunctional DLG. Decreased CaMKII activity caused opposite alterations. In vitro, CaMKII phosphorylated a DLG fragment with a stoichiometry close to one. Moreover, expression of site-directed dlg mutants that blocked or mimicked phosphorylation had effects similar to those observed upon inhibiting or constitutively activating CaMKII. We propose that CaMKII-dependent DLG phosphorylation regulates the association of DLG with the synaptic complex during development and plasticity, thus providing a link between synaptic activity and structure.
A NETWORK-BASED APPROACH TO INTEGRATED ENTERPRISE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

Concurrent Engineering (CE) is concerned with improving the product development process by considering the early stages of product design, and of the disparate factors associated with the life cycle of the product. Much of the research done so far in CE is focused on the internal operations of an enterprise. However, early participation of suppliers and customers in CE is generally considered to be of significant benefit. While this may be of considerable advantage, there still remains the need for a methodology for modeling the integrated enterprise CE process, connecting suppliers, manufacturers and customers as a seamless network. Such a methodology for modeling the integrated enterprise CE process will give insights on how to improve the system performance. What is giving added urgency to the need for such a methodology are the recent developments in communications, primarily based on Internet technologies, that readily allows for the linking of information systems between organizations. This paper aims to address this need for a methodology by proposing an approach, called Trans-Nets, that allows for an abstraction of information, removing many of the complexities, while retaining the ability to analyze the more important characteristics of the system. In this paper, the basis of Trans-Nets, including the definitions and operations, is described. Then, an example is presented to illustrate how Trans-Nets can be applied to integrated enterprise modeling of the CE process, to identify system bottlenecks and to investigate possible improvements. A test bed system is then described that implements the principles of Trans-Nets. Overall, the Trans-Nets approach offers three main advantages. First, multiple perspectives can be modeled at earlier design stages without undue complexity. Second, an approach that allows users to examine the interaction between different considerations so that important attributes such as costs and lead times can be readily calculated and bottleneck areas identified. Third, it applies a mathematical formalism to the problem, with the potential of being relatively straightforward to computerize.
A double-blind controlled trial comparing cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and placebo in the treatment of lupus glomerulonephritis.

Thirty-eight patients with lupus glomerulonephritis entered a 10-week in-hospital trial of immunosuppressive therapy. They were permitted prednisone ≤ 0.5 mg/kg/day for extrarenal manifestations and were randomly assigned to receive, in addition, cyclophosphamide or azathioprine or placebo. Renal function, urine sediment, proteinuria, anti-DNA, C3, and symptoms were assessed before and after therapy. This represents the first double-blind controlled comparison of two immunosuppressive drugs commonly used in nonmalignant diseases. Cyclophosphamide was significantly superior to both azathioprine and placebo for all six measures together and for the three renal measures alone. Cyclophosphamide was significantly better than placebo with regard to proteinuria, urinary RBC, and serum C3. Azathioprine was not significantly better than placebo in any individual measure. Although cyclophosphamide led to somewhat greater improvement than did azathioprine, additional long-term data will be necessary to establish the role of either drug in the routine management of lupus glomerulonephritis.
The Availability and Hazard of a System Under a Cumulative Damage Process With Replacements

Zacks (Failure distribution associated with general renewal damage processes. In: Nikulin M, Commenges D, Haber C (eds) Probability statistics and modelling in public health. Springer, Berlin, pp 465–475, 2006) studied the reliability function, the hazard function and the distribution of the failure time when a system is subject to a cumulative, compound renewal damage process. The failure occurs when the damage process crosses a threshold β. In the present paper these results are generalized to the model where the system is replaced after failures. Two cases are considered: instant replacement and random positive replacement time. The distribution of the age of the current renewal cycle, as well as its excess life, and the availability function are studied. We derive also the distribution of total time in (0, t) at which the system has been operational.
Complexity as a determinant of visual field effects for random forms

Abstract Visual field effects for random forms differing in complexity but matched in association value were determined. Four, eight or twelve point forms were presented unilaterally 2° in the left and right visual fields at individually determined durations to three groups of seventeen familial righthanded males. After a delay of about 10 sec, the subject decided whether a form presented in central vision was the same as or differed from the stimulus. The predicted right visual field superiority for four point forms and no field difference for eight point forms were found. A right visual field superiority for twelve point forms was obtained contrary to expectation.
Cultivating California: Growers, Specialty Crops, and Labor, 1875-1920

California's climate and geography divide the state into a number of diverse and productive subregions, each with its own specialty crops, economy and cultural identity. Yet, ever since journalist Carey McWilliams coined the phrase "factories in the field", students of California agriculture have largely characterized speciality crop growers in monolithic terms - as people devoid of any ideology or culture except the desire to cut costs and maximize profits. In the early years, every grower was not in fact like every other, David Vaught argues, whether one examines their labour systems, recruiting methodds, harvest needs, marketing strategies, farm size, or their relationships with their communites, unions and the state. In this work, Vaught shows how fruit and nut growers were neither industrialists nor agrarians. From the outset, he explains, these "horticulturalists" saw themselves as guardians of California's unique culture - raising crops for market while self-consciously building healthy and prosperous communities. The hard work, foresight and devotion to detail required to nurture an orchard or vineyard made them, they insisted, cultivators of a better society. This heightened self-image gained credence as California became synonymous, in the minds of millions of Americans, with fresh fruit and produce. Over time, Vaught concludes, labour relations, seasonal and other pressures beyond their control, the vagaries of distant markets and their own racial ambivalence undermined the growers' horticultural ideal.
Be It Resolved: Writing Resolutions to Influence Health Policy

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NMR and infrared study of cation motion in vitreous and polycrystalline TlPO3

Abstract The activation energy for Tl+ conduction in TlPO3 glass is obtained from analysis of temperature-dependent motional narrowing for Tl205 NMR spectra and determinations of the localized far infrared (FIR) vibrational frequency for Tl+. Use is made of the phenomenological equation of Hendrickson and Bray to analyze the NMR data, yielding Ea = 1.19 eV; the measured FIR Tl+ vibrational frequency of 80 cm−1 yields Ea = 1.09 eV. No significant ionic conduction is observed in polycrystalline TlPO3. Differential scanning calorimeter measurements yield a glass transition temperature Tg of 96°C and the onset of crystallization temperature of 132°C. Measurements of the Tl205 chemical shift interaction as a function of frequency indicate that (1) the Tl+ sites in both polycrystalline and glassy TlPO3 are ionic, the sites in the polycrystal being slightly more ionic than in the glass; (2) the chemical shift interaction is anisotropic in the glass and isotropic in the polycrystal; and (3) distributions in the values of the principal components of the chemical shift tensor exist in the glass, corresponding to a variety of TlO bond lengths and bond strengths.
Effects of sibling coviewing on children's interpretations of television programs

Forty‐two first and second grade children viewed two television programs by themselves or with siblings who were either 3 to 6 years older or 0 to 2 years older. Children's interpretations of essential content and evaluations of program characters were assessed. Viewing and assessment took place in the children's schools. Results indicated that children were not influenced in their interpretations of essential program content when viewing with siblings, but were influenced in their general evaluations of program characters by siblings who were 3 to 6 years older. Analyses of videotaped conversations revealed possible reasons for different mediation effects.
Reduced binding of epidermal growth factor by avian sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells

Abstract Rat cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus and Fujinami sarcoma virus bound 5–10% of the amount of epidermal growth factor (EGF) bound by normal cells. Scatchard plot analysis indicated that the reduction in binding by transformed cells was due to a decreased number of receptors rather than to altered binding affinity. In experiments with temperature sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus and Fujinami sarcoma virus significant loss of EGF binding occurred within one hour of shift from non-permissive to permissive temperature. Conditioned media from various normal and transformed cell lines were examined for the ability to inhibit EGF binding to normal cells or to cause “down regulation” of EGF receptors. No activity of either type was found. EGF-dependent phosphorylation in isolated membrane preparations was also examined. Membranes from normal cells displayed EGF-dependent phosphorylation of a M r 180,000 protein presumed to be the EGF receptor. This activity was absent in membranes from transformed cells. The data suggest a close correlation between activation of avian sarcoma virus transforming gene products and modulation of the EGF growth regulatory system.
Is philanthropy being used by corporate wrongdoers to buy good will

While an increasing number of philosophers and community activists argue in favor of corporate philanthropy, the practice is not without its critics. A number of firms that have restated suspect earnings also appear on lists of top corporate givers or are ranked among most ethical firms, prompting the suspicion that companies are using philanthropy as a kind of moral window-dressing. This paper explores whether restating firms are (1) using philanthropy to divert public attention away from suspect financial results; or (2) making donations to buy good will or a better reputation after they have been required to restate suspect earnings. Our results paint a mixed picture of the morality of corporate philanthropy. Firms forced to restate suspect earnings do seem to be using philanthropy either to divert attention away from their lackluster earnings or to elicit good will from the large community after such restatements. However, the reverse is not true. Just because a firm is a top giver, it does not follow that it is more likely to be a restater of earnings. Nor did we find evidence that firms ranked as very ethical are more likely to be restaters than non-restaters. Firms engage in philanthropy for a variety of reasons. We should not uncritically praise them for their giving, but neither should we regard with a cynical eye all corporate reputations for goodness or all corporation donations.
Synchronization of parametrically pumped electron oscillators with phase bistability.

Stochastic motions of parametrically pumped electron oscillators synchronize abruptly when the pump power exceeds a threshold and the oscillators are radiatively cooled in a cylindrical Penning trap. Self-organized collective behavior far from thermal equilibrium is manifested by the coherent, phase-bistable motion of the electrons'center of mass, which was observed. Synchronized electrons are an ideal probe of the radiation field of a trap cavity, opening the way to a new generation of electron magnetic-moment measurements and to sideband cooling of an electron motion to mK temperatures
Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation

[1] Preliminary observational evidences are presented showing that the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions are subject to heavy loading of absorbing aerosols, i.e., dust and black carbon, which possess spatial and temporal variability that are closely linked to those of the Asian monsoon water cycle. Consistent with the Elevated Heat Pump hypothesis, we find that increased loading of absorbing aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the pre-monsoon season is associated with a) increased heating of the upper troposphere, with the formation of a warm-core upper level anticyclone over the Tibetan Plateau in April–May, b) an advance of the monsoon rainy season in northern India in May, and c) subsequent increased rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, and decreased rainfall over East Asia in June–July.
Preference for ethanol in the rhesus monkey following chronic infusion of ethanol into the cerebral ventricles

Abstract In rhesus monkeys acclimated to primate restraining chairs, cannulae were implanted bilaterally in the lateral cerebral ventricles. Solutions of ethanol (8 or 12%), acetaldehyde (0.1 %) or paraldehyde (0.1 %) were infused chronically in a volume of 0.1 ml every 15 min around the clock. Each animal was offered a choice of water or a solution of ethanol which was increased in concentration from 3–30% over an 11–13 day sequence. The results showed that in three of four monkeys, the chronic infusion of ethanol evoked sudden and intermittent increases in ethanol intake which varied in terms of onset of preference as well as concentrations preferred. The other two substances had no reliable effect on preference except that in two of three monkeys, acetaldehyde infused intraventricularly evoked an increase in ethanol intake after the chronic infusions had been terminated. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of abnormal ethanol-preference induced by intracerebral ethanol is not species-specific.
Synthesis and molecular structures of zirconium complexes that contain bidentate amido ligands

Abstract Zirconium complexes that contain bidentate amido ligands, Zr2{EtN(CH2)3NEt}4 (1), Zr2{PhN(CH2)2NPh}4 (2), Zr{Me3SiN(CH2)3NSiMe3}2 (3) and Zr{trans-N,N′-diphenyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane}Cl2(THF)2 (4), have been prepared by the reaction of lithium diamido reagents with ZrCl4, and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular structures of complexes 1–4 are discussed.
The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises: A Study of the Chinese Garment Factories in New York City

As part of current efforts to understand the role of ethnicity in entrepreneurship, the present study investigates the cultural/ethnic aspects of the Chinese garment factories in New York City. It was found that enclave enterprises function differently than those in the center economy. The often assumed incompatibility of traditional values, personalism, familism and informal social relations which prevail in the enclave economy are important assets for the entrepreneurial pursuits of Chinese in the ethnic enclave in New York City. The skillful use of non-economic resources is vital in the establishment of the efficient but small garment factories which are best suited for: (1) the exploitation of the opportunity structure of New York's garment industry, (2) the maximization of capital and labor resources, and (3) the neutralization of management/labor conflicts. Contrary to the claims of many social scientists that ethnic enterprises are riven by conflicts and burdened by low productivity, the present st...
Genetics of IgE and allergy: Serum IgE levels in twins

Abstract Serum IgE levels are an important risk factor in allergic disease resulting from immediate-type hypersensitivity. IgE levels of middle-aged male monozygous twins (54 pairs) and dizygous twins (39 pairs) were measured and a significant genetic effect on IgE levels was observed (H = 0.592). A significant genetic effect was also noted in twin children (H = 0.789). The statistical relationship between IgE levels and atopic disease, as well as aspects of the methods of analysis of twin data, is discussed.
A Convex Entropy for a Hyperbolic System with Relaxation

Abstract We explicitly construct a convex entropy function for a hyperbolic system with relaxation. This entropy is defined in the sense of Chen, Levermore, and Liu, which resembles Boltzman's H-Theorem for kinetic equations. This construction follows the idea of Suliciu's energy function for a rate-type mixed hyperbolic-elliptic system. Such an entropy will be useful in proving the entropy property of the relaxation schemes introduced by Jin and Xin for conservation laws.
Angular distribution of dissociated deuterons by impact of 2-16-MeV O8+

The angular distributions of dissociated deuterons for electron capture and ionization by bare oxygen ions with energies from 2 to 16 MeV in collision with molecular deuterium targets were measured. The dependence of the differential cross sections on the alignment of the molecular axis with respect to the beam axis was determined. The results show that in the transfer ionization and transfer excitation processes, the deuterium molecules are more likely to be aligned perpendicular to the incident beam than parallel to the beam. This feature can be qualitatively interpreted as resulting from the interference of capture amplitudes from the two atomic centers. In the double ionization and ionization excitation processes, little alignment dependence was observed.
Postoperative outcomes in intimal aortic angiosarcoma: A case report and review of the literature

Intimal angiosarcoma is a most unexpected cause of aortic occlusion. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman with intimal angiosarcoma that manifested with the triad of congestive heart failure, acute renal failure, and abdominal angina. A review of the literature and discussion of postoperative outcomes follows.
Tests of refractories in argon-oxygen refining of metal

As the result of comparative tests of refractories of different forms in the lining of the cylindrical portion of a 10-ton converter using argon-oxygen refining it was established that the most resistant of the tested materials is the periclase-spinellide refractory with the addition of chrome-alumina-spinellide. These parts may be recommended for lining the cylindrical portion of a pilot production argon-oxygen refining unit.
Lipopolysaccharide induces oxidative cardiac mitochondrial damage and biogenesis

Objective : The responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) damage mitochondria by generating oxidative stress within the organelles. We postulated that LPS damages heart mitochondrial DNA and protein by oxidation, and that this is recovered by oxidative mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis. Methods and results : Systemic crude E. coli LPS administration decreased mtDNA copy number and mtDNA gene transcription in rat heart caused by oxidant deletion of mtDNA. The fall in copy number was reflected in proteomic expression of several mitochondria-encoded subunits of Complexes I, IV, and V. Recovery of mtDNA copy number involved biogenesis as indicated by mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) and DNA polymerase-γ expression. The transcriptional response also included nuclear accumulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1) and mRNA expression for redox-regulated nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and -2). Conclusions : These novel findings disclose a duality of reactive oxygen species (ROS) effect in the heart’s response to LPS in which oxidative mitochondrial damage is opposed by oxidant stimulation of biogenesis.
Phased-array piezoelectric actuators using a buckling mechanism having large displacement amplification and nonlinear stiffness

Novel designs of an array of piezoelectric stack actuators using a unique buckling mechanism are presented in this paper. Multiple PZT actuator units with high gain displacement amplification mechanisms are arranged in parallel with spatial phase differences. Having an inherent kinematic singularity, the buckling mechanism provides not only an extremely high gain of displacement amplification, but also varying stiffness and nonlinear force-displacement characteristics. The phased array PZT actuator exploits this nonlinearity for gaining a large output displacement as well as for combining multiple PZT stacks in parallel without conflicting with each other. Three specific designs of arrayed buckling actuators are presented. The aggregate output force-displacement relationship is analyzed and its profile is shaped with respect to spatial phase differences and nonlinear stiffness and force characteristics of individual PZT buckling actuator units.
Public and Private Investment and The Growth Process in Developing Countries

This paper examines the relative contribution of public and private investment to per capita GDP growth in developing countries. It extends the basic neoclassical model of growth by separating investment into its public and private components, and estimates this model for a sample of ninety-five developing countries over the period 1970-90 using both cross-sectional and panel data. Using data on relative supplies of public and private capital stock, rates of return to public and private investment are also computed. The results suggest that once other determinants of growth, such as human capital formation, population growth, and technical progress, are taken into account, public and private investment have differential effects on growth, and that these effects are characterized by marked regional and inter-temporal variations. Copyright 1997 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tumor necrosis factor and monocytes are released during hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator involved in many physiologic processes including immunity, inflammation, and metabolism. A relationship between TNF and hemorrhagic shock has not been clearly demonstrated. To help understand the role of TNF in hemorrhagic shock we developed a hemorrhagic shock model to measure TNF and monocyte levels during hemorrhage and resuscitation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to a 50% blood loss (30 ml/kg) over 2 min and left in shock for 58 min. The animals were then resuscitated with two times blood loss (60 mukg) using lactated Ringers over 1 h. This model results in 75% mortality within 3 days (LD 75). Blood samples (2 ml) were obtained at intervals during shock and resuscitation, and assayed for TNF concentrations and white blood cell counts. Despite a marked fall in total leukocytes (24 600 pre-hemorrhage to 11 300 post-hemorrhage, P
Noise reduction in gridded airs brightness temperature grids using the MODIS Obscov algorithm

We have adapted the MODIS Observation Coverage (Obscov) algorithm to the gridding of the AIRS L1b calibrated brightness temperatures, and developed a “Numeric-Obscov” implementation capable of utilizing the AIRS Tophat PSF dataset [1, 2]. We show that Obscov significantly reduces AIRS gridded-artifacts from a day to a season over winter 2005. The Obscov algorithm provides a physically accurate gridding model using spatial response information within the IFOV. Previously, Obscov has been used with an approximate triangular PSF, to allow for billions of integrals to be calculated per daily grid. We evaluated the Obscov algorithm via inter-comparison with MODIS-Aqua . Over a day, RMS noise is improved at high latitudes at 0.5°×1°. When averaged over a week or more, RMS noise is reduced globally by almost 40%.
Local feature analysis: A statistical theory for reproducible essential dynamics of large macromolecules

Multivariate statistical methods are widely used to extract functional collective motions from macromolecular molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In principal component analysis (PCA), a covariance matrix of positional fluctuations is diagonalized to obtain orthogonal eigenvectors and corresponding eigenvalues. The first few eigenvectors usually correspond to collective modes that approximate the functional motions in the protein. However, PCA representations are globally coherent by definition and, for a large biomolecular system, do not converge on the time scales accessible to MD. Also, the forced orthogonalization of modes leads to complex dependencies that are not necessarily consistent with the symmetry of biological macromolecules and assemblies. Here, we describe for the first time the application of local feature analysis (LFA) to construct a topographic representation of functional dynamics in terms of local features. The LFA representations are low dimensional, and like PCA provide a reduced basis set for collective motions, but they are sparsely distributed and spatially localized. This yields a more reliable assignment of essential dynamics modes across different MD time windows. Also, the intrinsic dynamics of local domains is more extensively sampled than that of globally coherent PCA modes.
Measuring Vascular Permeability in Mice

Noninvasive techniques have been developed for the assessment of vascular parameters, including vascular permeability, in normal and diseased tissues of mice. In this protocol, mice are injected with an appropriate fluorescent tracer. The effective average vascular permeability (P) of a region of vessels is measured by single-photon microscopy. Additionally, the vascular permeability of individual vessel segments within ~600 µm of a tumor/window interface is measured by multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy (MPLSM).
An integrated approach for modelling and managing golf course water quality and ecosystem diversity

Models can help planners assess the potential impacts of planned land development. However, pollutant yield results from common watershed water quality models are inadequate and must be coupled with other important ecosystem component models to assess the overall impact of land development and management. For example, golf course development typically replaces agricultural or native lands with intensively managed grassland with potential impacts on water quality, as well as avian and aquatic species habitat. An integrated modelling concept was demonstrated using readily available models and data for a hypothetical golf course within the Little Kitten Creek Watershed near Manhattan, KS, USA. A watershed water quality model (EUTROMOD) combined with local fish habitation data and habitat suitability index modelling was used to simulate the overall ecosystem impact of projected golf course design and management actions. Models were calibrated using data for grass and native prairie conditions, and future scenarios were simulated to guide design and management actions. Compared with the native conditions, good golf course management was simulated to increase annual nitrogen (N) yield by 148% and phospohorus (P) yield by 24% with little impact on runoff or erosion, while a poor management scenario increased the N yield by 380%. This change in aquatic nutrient levels along with concurrent projected changes in stream habitat led to a potential impact on three of four fish species analyzed. Avain habitat was also impacted depending upon design and management of non-playing area. An overall design and management plan was developed with the goal of maintaining predevelopment levels of water quality and habitat. Sustainable water quality management must include proper soil and water conservation, irrigation scheduling, and fertilizer and pesticide management. Appropriate features must be designed into numerous contiguous area (1.2 ha minimum for grassland and 0.8 ha minimum for woodland) of non-playing area (rough, riparian area, etc.) to meet avian habitat needs. And a diversity of stream habitat conditions must be maintained, including clear pool and gravel-substrate riffle zones, and permanent and intermittent streams. This integrated modelling approach demonstrated the utility of a simplistic framework for analyzing and assessing ecosystem impacts of land development. Further work should integrate and test more complex models and interrelationships between models for lands undergoing a variety of ecosystem changes.
Special Matrices and Shape Factors for Linear Empirical Similitude Method

Empirical Similitude Method (ESM) is a technique developed to enhance the applicability of similarity methods to incorporate more realistic experimental data and scaling effects. Much of the development has been motivated by the premise of forging a relationship between experiential information and physical systems that have inherent non–linear variables and factors affecting their response. We augment this procedure by incorporating the Toeplitz and Hankel matrices, and solve the modified linear ESM problem using the conjugate gradient method, highlighting the potential benefits in the process. A simple deflection example is illustrated for lucidity and a comparison is made between all the available methods for contrast. A final extension into the use of shape factors is made using a numerical example.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Late Pleistocene Ice-Proximal Glaciomarine Subaerial Delta and Submarine Outwash Fan Lithofacies, Fraser Lowland, British Columbia, Canada: ABSTRACT

Field study of sedimentary textures, structures, and lithofacies of upper Pleistocene sediment deposited when glaciers retreated from a fjord indicate local depositional history and environment. Three discrete lithofacies sequences are inferred to be ice-proximal deltaic and submarine outwash-fan deposits of a glaciomarine environment. Two delta-plain sequences are composed of planar-stratified and large-scale trough-cross-bedded sands and clast-supported gravels. Delta-front facies comprise interstratified sands, silty sands, and pebbly sands that contain ripple and climbing-ripple cross-stratification. Mud drapes on ripples indicate that traction currents were episodic but frequent. Nonrippled sands are reverse to normally graded or normally graded low-density gravity-flow deposits or discontinuous underflow deposits. Structureless sands resulted from grain flow or settled from a turbid overflow plume. Prodeltaic facies dominated by muds are rhythmically interstratified with sand and are deposited from turbid overflow plumes. Other coarser-grained sands are turbidites associated with slumps, slide blocks, and debr s-flow deposits shed off the delta front. The submarine outwash-fan sequence comprises scour channels End_Page 477------------------------------ infilled by matrix-supported gravel overlain by mass-flow deposits of planar-interstratified sand and mud. Channel infills are overlain by stratified matrix-supported gravels and sands and structureless clast-supported gravels deposited by debris flows which deformed underlying sands. Inasmuch as submarine outwash-fan sequences characteristically contain matrix-supported gravels, planar-interstratified sand and mud infill of channels and lack large-scale trough cross-bedding, they can be distinguished from deltaic sequences. End_of_Article - Last_Page 478------------
Molecular mechanisms of cellular mechanosensing

Mechanical forces direct a host of cellular and tissue processes. Although much emphasis has been placed on cell-adhesion complexes as force sensors, the forces must nevertheless be transmitted through the cortical cytoskeleton. Yet how the actin cortex senses and transmits forces and how cytoskeletal proteins interact in response to the forces is poorly understood. Here, by combining molecular and mechanical experimental perturbations with theoretical multiscale modelling, we decipher cortical mechanosensing from molecular to cellular scales. We show that forces are shared between myosin II and different actin crosslinkers, with myosin having potentiating or inhibitory effects on certain crosslinkers. Different types of cell deformation elicit distinct responses, with myosin and α-actinin responding to dilation, and filamin mainly reacting to shear. Our observations show that the accumulation kinetics of each protein may be explained by its molecular mechanisms, and that protein accumulation and the cell's viscoelastic state can explain cell contraction against mechanical load.
Multi-scale quasistatic damage evolution for polycrystalline materials

Abstract We present a new multi-scale model for linking higher order microstructure descriptions to failure initiation and damage propagation in polycrystalline media. The model gives an accurate local field description for predicting damage nucleation at the length scale of the polycrystalline texture. The new method allows the recovery of the local damage microstructure inside domains of microtexture and has the capability to capture the conditions for component failure through the propagation of damage across macroscopic length scales. Computational examples for damage evolutions for different load cases demonstrate the potential of this model. In the simulations component level failure is seen in the form of damage appearing along ligaments with length scales comparable to the structural component.
Executive Summary of Joint Task Force Practice Parameters on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis

Rhinitis is a significant cause of widespread morbidity, medical treatment costs, reduced work productivity and lost school days. Although sometimes mistakenly viewed as a trivial disease, symptoms of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis may significantly impact a patient's quality of life, by causing fatigue, headache, cognitive impairment and other systemic symptoms. In addition, many antihistamines commonly used for treatment can themselves cause performance impairment that may contribute to fatal automobile accidents, work place accidents, decreased work productivity and in children, impaired school performance. Appropriate management of rhinitis may be an important component in effective management of coexisting or complicating respiratory conditions, such as asthma, sinusitis, or chronic otitis media. Rhinitis may be caused by allergic, non-allergic, infectious, hormonal, occupational, and other factors. Defining the causes of rhinitis in an individual is important because different rhinitis syndromes may require different therapeutic approaches for optimal management, an important consideration as more treatment options become available. This Executive Summary reviews key points about diagnosis and management of rhinitis contained in the comprehensive document, Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis: Complete Guidelines of Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and Joint Task Force Algorithm and Annotations for Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis. These documents represent a consensus opinion of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, a national panel co-sponsored by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council on Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Integrating visual cues for the reconstruction of visible surfaces

As research in Computer Vision has progressed, it has been realized that the information available from a single "shape-from" algorithm is not sufficient to solve the general vision problem. This paper describes an ongoing research project that integrates three "shape-from" modules, namely: the shape-from-stereo, shape-from-shading, and shape-from-texture. Each of these visual sensing methodologies provides three-dimensional information for the surfaces in the scene.
Pursuing dynamic reorganization in auditory cortex using chronic, multichannel unit recordings in awake, behaving cats

We implanted microelectrode arrays bilaterally into auditory cortex of trained cats in order to assess dynamic cortical reorganization. Cats were trained to listen to a series of tone-pip pairs and respond to the pair that had different frequencies. Over several months of training, a gradual decrease (−4.2×10−4 Weber Fractions/training day) in the frequency discrimination threshold occurred (p<0.00001). Neural recordings from a trained cat not performing the task were obtained for 5 days. Temporal and frequency response properties remained stable over this time. These techniques are useful for a variety of studies on learning-induced cortical plasticity.
The biochemical bonding of cefoxitin to a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene surface

Cefoxitin was bound to a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface with tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC). Bactericidal concentrations of cefoxitin were achieved with very small doses of the antibiotic. Elution of cefoxitin from microporous PTFE occurs by two concurrent first-order processes, each occurring at a different rate constant. Bound cefoxitin inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in a bioassay. Finally, cefoxitin can be adsorbed to TDMAC-treated microporous PTFE in vivo when the antibiotic is administered locally or intravenously. The application of antibiotic bonding to the prevention of vascular prosthetic infections is discussed.
Estrogenic restoration of functional pancreatic islet cytoarchitecture in diabetes (db/db) mutant C57BL/KsJ mice: relationship to estradiol localization, systemic glycemia, and persistent hyperinsulinemia.

The diabetes (db/db) genotype mutation induces a hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic endometabolic state in C57BL/KsJ mice, manifesting a type 2 NIDDM diabetes-obesity syndrome (DOS) in this hyperphagic, leptin receptor (lf) defective model. The severity of the DOS induced by the single gene, homozygous-recessive mutation may be therapeutically moderated by gonadal steroids and pre-steroidal metabolites. The current studies define the estradiol (E2)-modulated phenotypic, systemic, cytochemical, and cellular metabolic responses to db/db mutation expression as compared to littermate control (+/?) indices. The db/db mutation induced dramatic age- and DOS severity-related increases in body weights, blood glucose, and serum insulin concentrations relative to +/? indices between 4-week-old (i.e., initial onset stage of DOS phenotype) and 16-week-old (i.e., chronic stage of DOS) groups. Chronic, low-dose (0.1μg/3.5 days) E2 treatment (E2-HRx) significantly reduced the obesity mass and blood glucose levels of db/db mutants relative to oil-HRx groups. Similarly, E2-HRx maintained pancreatic glucose utilization rates and pancreatic tissue weights in db/db mutants to near +/? indices. Concurrent amelioration of db/db-enhanced pancreatic lipogenesis and islet hypercytolipidemia occurred following E2-HRx. Pancreatic islet lipo-deposition was markedly reduced in db/db mutants following E2-HRx, and the restoration of islet size and cellular insulin concentrations correlated with β-cell cytoplasmic regranulation of insulin secretory vesicles. In chronic E2-HRx db/db groups, autoradiographic localization of 3H-E2 was demonstrated in the nuclear compartments of regranulated, nonhypertrophic islet cell populations, including insulin-containing β-cells. In chronic E2-HRx db/db mutants, β-cell insulin granulation was prominent in mildly hypertrophic pancreatic islets, with cytodistribution patterns and concentrations comparable to normal +/? indices. In contrast, E2-HRx maintained the systemic hyperinsulinemia characteristic of oil-HRx db/db mutants. The results of these studies indicate that the severity of the type 2 NIDDM endometabolic syndrome induced by the db/db genotypic mutation may be influenced by E2-HRx, including reduction of the islet hypercytolipidemia and hypertrophic atrophy which are indicators of impending pancreatic involution in this mutant model. The hypercytolipidemia-induced demise of β-cell cytoarchitecture was reduced by E2-HRx, including the reestablishment of islet β-cell cytogranulation. These data suggest that the severity of genomic db/db-mutation expression may be modified by E2-HRx, with the gonadal steroid probably acting as a nuclear-specific stimulatory transcriptional modulator of cellular glucometabolic cascades in the absence of leptin-directed homeostatic influences.
Two-photon deep tissue ex vivo imaging of mouse dermal and subcutaneous structures

The non-invasive determination of deep tissue three dimensional structure and biochemistry is the ultimate goal of optical biopsy. Two-photon microscopy has been shown to be a particularly promising approach. The use of infrared radiation in two-photon microscopy is critical for deep tissue imaging since tissue absorption and scattering coefficients for infrared light are much lower than for shorter wavelengths. Equally important, tissue photodamage is localized to the focal region where fluorescence excitation occurs. This report demonstrates that, by means of high resolution two-photon microscopy, skin and subcutaneous tissue structures can be imaged utilizing their endogenous fluorescence. From a freshly prepared tissue punch of a mouse ear, we were able to resolve in 3D both the living and cornified keratinocytes in the epidermis, the collagen/elastin fibers in the dermal layer and the cartilage in the subcutaneous layer. The ability to non-invasively acquire 3D structures of these tissue components may find application in areas such as non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer and the study of wound healing processes.
Requirements for mask technology from the view point of SOC and FLASH memory trends (Invited Paper)

Semiconductor devices are making important role in our life. Many semiconductor chips will be used to every thing, and we will receive the various services anywhere anytime through a digital network. There are so many applications using semiconductor products that support such a ubiquitous era, and it is expected that mobile, automobile and PC/AV applications will have the great growth from now on. In this paper, we describe the lithography technology trend and requirements for mask technology from the view point of SOC and FLASH memory trend. From the device development trend, it is expected that FLASH memory become driving force of lithography technology. To realize hp45nm node and beyond, the installation of hyper-NA ArF-immersion tools with low-k1 technique is the key issue. With this, DFM (Design For Manufacturability) is the key technology and a continuous approach of systematic DFM technique is important in order to reduce chip cost. Also, Mask DFM is needed to realize cost-effective low-k1 process and it drives reasonable mask cost and TAT. In order to reduce mask cost in device development and small volume production, we expect greatly that maskless lithography (ML2) become a leading tool in lithography.
Neuromaturation of multiples.

Etiology of preterm birth and degree of maturation are the primary determinants of a preterm infant's survival and complications. Multiple gestation increases the likelihood of preterm birth but its influence on rate of maturation or complications of prematurity has been controversial, primarily because of confounding variables (e.g. race, aetiology of preterm delivery, degree of prematurity and pregnancy complications). Very low birthweight preterm multiples have virtually the same rates of neonatal mortality, complications and neuromaturation as preterm singletons of the same gestational age. There is no advantage of delivering twins or higher order multiples before 30 weeks gestation, unless a fetus decompensates in utero. Survival improves for near term intermediate-size preterm multiples while intrauterine growth decelerates and placental and fetal neuromaturation accelerate. These data and the high fetal death rate at term support delivery of multiples as soon as there is fetal lung maturity, and consideration of elective delivery of twins at 35-38 weeks gestation and triplets at 33-35 weeks gestation.
Evacuation in Ice: Ice Loads on a Lifeboat During Field Trials

Full-scale field trials of a conventional lifeboat in pack ice have yielded insights into the design and operation of evacuation craft in ice. The multi-year trials program used an instrumented lifeboat to investigate design considerations such as powering and propulsion, hull form, maneuvering, ice loads and ergonomics. Operational issues that have been examined include ice management for emergency evacuation, coxswain competence and training. This paper focuses on local ice loads measured on the hull during aggressive operations in pack ice. Field measurements are presented and the implications for design and safe operations are discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Learning from Lectures: Effects of Cooperative Review

Abstract We examined the effects of cooperative and individual review of lecture material on subsequent free-recall performance. College students listened to a prerecorded lecture in one of four experimental conditions: (a) individual notetakers who reviewed their notes individually after the lecture; (b) dyads who took notes during the lecture with the expectation of cooperatively reviewing the material after the lecture; (c) dyads in which one partner listened to the lecture without taking notes and subsequently summarized the information to a partner who took notes during the lecture; and (d) dyads whose members took notes individually without expecting to review cooperatively but who did in fact review cooperatively after the lecture. Students who expected to review individually but did so cooperatively out-performed students who reviewed alone. Dyad partners who did not take notes but cooperatively reviewed performed as well as partners who took notes and individuals who took notes and reviewed indiv...