cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcomputer networking in an inexpensive way

M icrocomputers are found in almost every school, and the number of users in schools is rising. A study by Market Data Retrieval, Inc. shows that almost 96% of K-12 public schools during the 1986/87 academic year used one or more microcomputers in their teaching/learning process. The Apple computer had 80.3 percent of the market share (Electronic Learning, 1987). Many reasons contributed to the increase of public school microcomputer use. Among those, the decrease of microcomputer prices, availability of funds, diversity of educational software, and improvement of computer literacy are worth mentioning. Meanwhile, the school's approaches to housing microcomputers differed. Some schools followed the trend toward decentralization of microcomputers and put them in the classrooms, while others centralized the micros in the lab. Argument about the advantages or disadvantages of one system over the other are not the scope of this manuscript (that decision is administrative). The purpose of this study is to describe a practical microcomputer networking procedure for schools. California State University, Bakersfield (CSUB) has employed an inexpensive method of connecting microcomputers together in the Apple Lab. In this lab, students are able to watch the instructor's demonstration while they are sitting in front of their CRTs without a need for computer projection or complicated and costly network facilities. To help the reader understand the system, we will briefly explain the networking systems. One of the characteristics of network systems is resource sharing. This means a computer can be shared by a group of users. Networking shows a lot of promise in educational computing. Through these systems students can access public databases for computer-assisted instruction purposes. Tutorial lessons and homework exercises can be
The Organization of High-Speed Memory for Parallel Block Transfer of Data

This paper describes the organization of a multi-module memory, designed to facilitate parallel block transfers. All modules are assumed to be identical, and the individual modules can fetch or store no more than one word or word group during any single memory cycle. Parallel block transfers are made possible in multimodule memories by utilizing a device called the memory circulator and by organizing the memory in a particular way. The memory circulator consists of a bank of interconnected registers, one for each memory, and control circuitry. The memory system is organized so that ascending logical addresses are distributed cyclically among the modules. If there are 2b modules, then any individual word is accessed by using the least significant b bits of a memory address to select a module and by using the remaining bits to select an address within a module. The memory circulator can load and store a contiguous block of 2b words by selecting all modules and broadcasting a single address to all modules. A contiguous block can be displaced in memory by a multiple of 2b words by broadcasting different load and store addresses for a block of data. The circulator control circuitry includes a masking capability so that blocks smaller than 2b can be moved in this fashion. When the displacement of a block transfer is not a multiple of 2b a physical circulation of the data in the memory circulator registers is required.
Phosphorescence in type IIb diamonds

Abstract Spectroscopic properties, including phosphorescence spectroscopy, were collected for 354 natural type IIb diamonds, 7 natural type IIa diamonds, along with 24 HPHT-treated diamonds and 18 HPHT synthetic diamonds. The only phosphorescence bands observed in the natural diamonds were centered at 500 and 660 nm. The relative intensity and half-life of these measured bands corresponded well with the boron concentration. None of the treated or synthetic diamonds showed the 660 nm band. However, these samples did have the 500 nm band; the synthetics had much higher intensity than the comparable natural diamonds. The phosphorescence spectra are correlated to data collected from infrared absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy and these results provide additional evidence of the mechanism responsible for the observed phosphorescence.
Ecology Shapes Birdsong Evolution: Variation in Morphology and Habitat Explains Variation in White-Crowned Sparrow Song

Ecological variation appears to underlie the evolution of mating signals in many taxa, yet understanding of how this process occurs over time is limited. Here, I investigate whether changes over time in a well-studied mating signal—birdsong—are attributable to ecological factors that affect signal production and transmission. Var- iation in the acoustic properties of songs is thought to be affected by the mechanics of sound production as well as by features of the habitat that affect sound transmission. To determine whether these mechanisms contribute to song variation, I compare patterns of mor- phological and habitat variation with variation in song structure among populations of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leuco- phrys) at two time points separated by 35 years. Among contem- porary (2005) populations, vegetation density and bill size explain significant variation in song structure. The direction of change in song structure between 1970 and 2005 is also consistent with the direction of change in vegetation density. These findings suggest that variation in factors that affect signal production and transmission explains significant variation in white-crowned sparrow song.
Characterization of clones of tumorigenic feline cells transformed by a chemical carcinogen

Tumorigenic clonal lines derived from soft agar colonies induced by DMBA-transformed feline embryo cells were isolated and characterized. The morphologically altered clonal cells formed large aggregates, growing in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base and forming colonies in soft agar with high efficiency. When inoculated into athymic nude mice, chemically altered clonal cells produced progressively growing sarcomas. Cells established from the tumors morphologically resembled the DMBA-transformed feline embryo cells and were characterized as cat cells by karyological analysis. The tumorigenic lines were negative for feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), and for "gag-X" the transformation-related polyprotein which is encoded by the replication defective feline sarcoma virus.
Beam control and a new laboratory testbed for adaptive optics in a maritime environment

The Naval Postgraduate School is developing a laboratory environment for testing advanced beam control methods for compensation of atmospheric turbulence in adaptive optics for use in a maritime environment. This paper presents a multichannel transverse adaptive filter for beam control. Adaptive filters are useful for such control due to the constantly changing nature of atmospheric turbulence. A multichannel filter is required due to the multiple deformable mirror input commands and wavefront sensor output measurements in the system. The filter is augmented with an integrated bias estimator. Additionally, this paper describes a method for generating horizontal-like atmospheric turbulence by using two liquid crystal spatial light modulators. The development and components of the new laboratory testbed are described, and preliminary simulation results are presented.12
Effects of cadmium on E-cadherin and VE-cadherin in mouse lung

Exposure to Cd(2+) via inhalation or intratracheal instillation results in pulmonary edema, which is followed by the influx of leukocytes, the proliferation of type II pneumocytes and eventual scarring and fibrotic changes. While the general toxic effects of Cd(2+) in the lung have been well characterized, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be elucidated. Previously we have shown that Cd(2+) can disrupt the adhering junctions between various types of epithelial and endothelial cells in culture, most likely by perturbing the function of the Ca(2+) dependent cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and VE-cadherin respectively. The objectives of this study were to determine whether respiratory exposure to Cd(2+) can alter the localization of E-cadherin and VE-cadherin in the lung, and to determine whether this effect may play a role in the acute pneumotoxic response to Cd(2+). Male CF-1 mice were exposed to CdCl(2) (0, 16.25, 32.5, 65 or 130 nmoles in 50 microl saline) via intratracheal instillation. After 24 hours, the lungs were removed and either subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage or analyzed for histopathologic changes. The results showed that Cd(2+) caused an increase in lung weight and in the protein content of the lavage fluid. These effects were accompanied by a pronounced decrease in the amount of E-cadherin in epithelial cells of the alveoli and small bronchioles and of VE-cadherin in vascular endothelial cells. Assessment of cell membrane integrity with ethidium homodimer-1 showed no evidence of severe injury or death in alveolar epithelial cells. These findings suggest that E-cadherin and VE-cadherin may be important early targets of Cd(2+) toxicity in the lung.
Positive and Negative Affect in Parents and Adolescents: Gender and Assessment Method Considerations

This study examined adolescents’ self-reports and parents’ reports of adolescents’ positive and negative affect toward their parents, as well as mothers’ and fathers’ self-reports of positive and negative affect toward their adolescents. Based on behavioral observations, adolescent–parent interactions were examined to determine the relation between adolescent–parent behavior, adolescents’ perceptions of parental affect, and parents’ perceptions of adolescent affect. Gender of adolescents, gender of parents, and adolescent gender by parent gender interaction effects were studied as was adolescents’ age. Findings suggest that parent gender (i.e., mothers and fathers) and adolescent gender (i.e., boys and girls) are important considerations when studying affect in parent–adolescent relationships. Age-related differences were not evident. Results are discussed with an eye toward improving the assessment of parent–adolescent affect by using multiple methods of assessment such as direct behavioral observations and multiple informants on questionnaire measures.
Mixed Uranium Chloride Fluorides UF6-nCln and Methoxyuranium Fluorides UF6-n(OCH3)n: A Theoretical Study of Equilibrium Geometries, Vibrational Frequencies, and the Role of the f Orbitals

The title compounds, the uranium (VI) fluoride chlorides (UF6-nCln, n = 0-6) and methoxyuranium (VI) fluorides [UF6-n(OCH3)n, n = 0-5], have been studied using relativistic density functional theory. Applying the B3LYP hybrid functional and an effective core potential on uranium, equilibrium geometries have been calculated for these molecules. In addition, harmonic vibrational frequencies have been computed for the chloride fluorides. Calculated frequencies have been compared to experiment where possible. All experimentally observed bands have been assigned, based on these calculations. The average deviation between theoretical and experimental frequencies is 15.6 cm-1 for 23 experimental modes. Theory always underestimates the experimental frequencies. This can be explained by the calculated bond lengths that are somewhat too long. The electronic structure of the uranium (VI) chloride fluorides has been investigated using scalar relativistic calculations and the PW91 functional. Periodic trends in the role and bonding contribution of the uranium 5f orbitals are discussed.
Measurement of double-layer forces at the polymer film/electrolyte interfaces using atomic force microscopy: Concentration and potential-dependent interactions

The forces between colloidal probes and several polymer films were measured by atomic force microscopy in the presence of a series of electrolyte solutions. For Nafion films using a negatively charged silica tip, a repulsive force was obtained at different concentrations of NaClO4. A similar result was obtained for an anion exchange membrane with a positively charged probe. Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) theory was employed to calculate the surface potential and hence, the surface charge. The surface charge density (∼0.3μC/cm2) was independent of electrolyte concentration. The slope for plot of potential drop vs ln[cs] was ∼0.020 V. A theoretical treatment based on GCS theory was employed to account for the above results. For a poly(vinylferrocene) (PVF) film, potential-dependent force curves were obtained, which were qualitatively different from that previously reported for an electronically conducting polymer film electrode.1
On PMU location selection for line outage detection in wide-area transmission networks

The optimal PMU locations to collect voltage phase angle measurements for detecting line outages in wide-area transmission networks are investigated. The problem is established as one of maximizing the minimum distance among the voltage phase angle signatures of the outages, which can be equivalently formulated as an integer programming problem. Based on a greedy heuristic and a linear programming relaxation, a branch and bound algorithm is proposed to find the globally optimal PMU locations. Using this algorithm, the optimal tradeoff between the number of PMUs and the outage detection performance is characterized for IEEE 14, 24 and 30 bus systems. The algorithm is shown to find the globally optimal PMU locations in a small number of iterations. It is observed that it is sufficient to have roughly one third of the buses providing PMU measurements in order to achieve the same outage detection performance as with all the buses providing PMU measurements.
The mandibular complete overdenture

Mandibular complete overdenture treatment has been available for decades, but its use was limited when the treatment relied on retained teeth as overdenture abutments. This treatment, however, is currently experiencing more popularity than ever before. In fact, dentistry may be experiencing a philosophical shift, in which mandibular implant overdenture treatment may become the new standard of care for the treatment of the edentulous mandible. Practitioners are looking for simplified treatments that can provide cost-effective alternatives to more complex implant prosthodontic procedures. Implant overdentures provide a strong return for the investment in treatment time and expense and are a treatment suited to the lower socioeconomic status of many edentulous patients. The clinical outcome of this treatment is significantly better than that achieved with conventional mandibular dentures, especially when patients are experiencing technical problems because of compromised prosthesis retention or stability.
Human Values and Social Issues: An Introduction

Values are an important and unique construct in social psychological research. In many ways they offer insight into human belief and behavior that other concepts, particularly attitudes, cannot provide. Milton Rokeach is remembered as a pioneer in the study of human belief and behavior, particularly in the study of values. In this essay we review the essential insights that Rokeach offered and the ways that those insights have been applied in the study of social issues such as racism, political behavior, social justice, and social change. We also briefly introduce the articles in this collection.
14C)LYSINE PEPTIDES SYNTHESIZED IN AN IN VITRO ESCHERICHIA COLI SYSTEM IN THE PRESENCE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL.

[ 14 C]lysine peptides formed in an Escherichia coli system stimulated by poly A were separated on carboxymethylcellulose using the methods of Stewart & Stahmann (1962) and Smith & Stahmann (1963) . Di-lysine, which is not precipitated by tungstate ( Smith & Stahmann, 1963 ), was found in greater amounts in chloramphenicol-treated incubation mixtures than in the equivalent controls. Although chloramphenicol at a concentration of 67 μ g/ml. caused a 60 % inhibition in the production of [ 14 C]lysine peptides precipitable by tungstate, it produced only a 23% inhibition of total peptide bond formation and no inhibition of the number of [ 14 C]lysine peptide chains formed. At a chloramphenicol concentration of 400 μ g/ml., which effects a 90% inhibition of the incorporation of [ 14 C]lysine into tungstate-precipitable peptides, there was found only a 55% inhibition of total [ 14 C]lysine peptide bond formation and a 23% inhibition in the number of [ 14 C]lysine peptide chains produced.
Interval Estimation for Extreme Value Parameter with Censored Data

The Weibull distribution is widely used in the parametric analysis of lifetime data. In place of the Weibull distribution, it is often more convenient to work with the equivalent extreme value distribution, which is the logarithm of the Weibull distribution. The main advantage in working with the extreme value distribution is that unlike the Weibull distribution, the extreme value distribution has location and scale parameters. This paper is devoted to a discussion of statistical inferences for the extreme value distribution with censored data. Numerical simulations are performed to examine the finite sample behaviors of the estimators of the parameters. These procedures are then applied to real-world data.
Terror's True Nightmare? Reevaluating the Consequences of Terrorism on Democratic Governance

Some scholars argue that terrorism has few adverse consequences for political and civil liberties in democracies and that fears about a reversal of freedoms due to counterterror programs are unjustified. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that democracies respond to terrorism in ways that curtail at least some of the rights that define democratic governance. In an analysis of a large sample of the world's nations, this study finds that terrorism has deleterious effects on regimes’ respect for civil and human rights but few consequences for overall political access. I conclude that terrorism has measurable negative influences on particular aspects of democracy.
Noncontact diffuse correlation spectroscopy for noninvasive deep tissue blood flow measurement

A noncontact diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) probe has been developed using two separated opti- cal paths for the source and detector. This unique design avoids the interference between the source and detector and allows large source-detector separations for deep tissue blood flow measurements. The noncontact probe has been calibrated against a contact probe in a tissue-like phantom solution and human muscle tissues; flow changes concur- rently measured by the two probes are highly correlated in both phantom (R 2 ¼ 0.89, p < 10 −5 ) and real-tissue (R 2 ¼ 0.77, p < 10 −5 , n ¼ 9) tests. The noncontact DCS holds promise for measuring blood flow in vulnerable (e.g., pressure ulcer) and soft (e.g., breast) tissues without
Intermodal logistics: The interplay of financial, operational and service issues

Abstract This research addresses strategic planning for an interregional, hub based, intermodal logistics network operated by a logistics service provider. A tabu search meta-heuristic is used to solve a mathematical optimization model that extends the p-hub median model for interacting hub location-allocation problems to the domain of intermodal logistics. An empirical study based on a subset of US freight flows shows that intermodal logistics networks differ significantly from traditional over-the-road logistics networks in their hub locations, network structure, and their use of direct and inter-hub shipments. Furthermore, intermodal logistics networks are more sensitive to changes in service requirements and costs.
Orthogonal Main-Effect Plans for Asymmetrical Factorial Experiments

Plans for asymmetrical factorial experiments which permit uncorrelated estimates of all main effects when the interactions are negligible are described. The construction of these plans is based upon the principle of proportional frequencies of the factor levels. The possibilities of blocking these main-effect plans, the randomization procedure and the method of analysis are presented.
Comment on the classical limit of spectral line broadening theory and Kirchhoff's law

Abstract A theory for combined Doppler and pressure broadening has recently been proposed by Nienhuis [Physica 66 (1973) 245]. We show that his dynamical classical limit can obtained as a result of binary collisions in which the radiator returns to its initial translational state after every collision, and thus the Doppler effect is not fully incorporated.
Términos de género natural e identidades teóricas

Kripke afirma en Naming and Necessity que existen ciertas similitudes entre los nombres propios y los terminos de genero natural. Una de ellas radica en que ambos tipos de expresiones figuran en enunciados de identidad que, en caso de ser verdaderos, son necesarios a posteriori; en el caso de los terminos de genero natural Kripke denomina a estos enunciados �identidades teoricas�. Kripke sostiene que esta similitud se sigue de otra, consistente en que ambos tipos de expresiones son designadores rigidos. Mi objetivo en este articulo es alegar que, aunque cabe sostener que los terminos de genero natural son designadores rigidos, esta propiedad de los terminos de genero natural no permite justificar el rasgo de necesidad que Kripke atribuye a las identidades teoricas. A este respecto centrare mis consideraciones en un tipo de terminos de genero natural, los terminos de sustancias quimicas, a los que aludire como �terminos de sustancia�.
The synthesis and properties of some carboxy-substituted analogs of butter yellow

A seven step synthesis of 3,3 0 -bis(carbomethoxy)-4,4 0 -bis-(dimethylamino)-azobenzene from anthranilic acid is described. It has been found that the carbomethoxy groups affect the required oxidative azo coupling and methylation steps. Perborate coupling of 2-carbomethoxy-N-acetyl-p-phenylenediamine gives the corresponding azo compound in good yield, but the reaction also produces variable amounts of an azoxy compound. Tetramethylation of 3,3 0 -bis(carbomethoxy)-4,4 0 -diaminoazobenzene requires forcing conditions [(CH3O)2SO2 at 160 � C]. Protonation of 3,3 0 -bis(carbomethoxy)-4,4 0 -bis-(dimethylamino)azobenzene gives the ammonium ion tautomer because the carbomethoxy groups force the adjacent dimethylamino groups out-of-plane. In contrast, protonation of 3,3 0 -bis(carbomethoxy)-4,4 0 -diaminoazobenzene and 4,4 0 -bis(dimethylamino)azobenzene-3,3 0 -dicarboxylic acid gives the azonium ion tautomer. # 2002
Receptor cell regeneration and connectivity in olfaction and taste.

Abstract The capacity of adult mammalian gustatory and olfactory receptor cells to regenerate and make synaptic reconnections provides examples that may be useful in initiating replacement of other kinds of sensory receptor cells. The sensory code for taste quality may not be degraded by taste receptor cell turnover because axons probably recouple to the appropriate type of new receptor cell by axon-receptor cell affinity. Experiments on the development and regeneration of taste receptor cells suggest that they regenerate and turn over by recapitulating the late but not the early steps in taste bud development. To evaluate the replacement of vertebrate olfactory receptors, we began by characterizing the spatial pattern of primary olfactory projections in rainbow trout. contiguous clusters of HRP-labeled olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) make highly divergent projections to the olfactory bulb. Retrograde transport of fluorescent latex beads revealed that a given restricted site in the glomerular layer received axons from ORNs widely scattered in the epithelium. Hence, ORN axons do not form point-to-point or regional topographic maps. Rather, the olfactory epithelial sheet makes a plane-to-point or holographic-like projection, since any given point in the glomerular layer receives information from the entire olfactory epithelial plane. Receptor cells that reacted with the lectin pokeweed agglutinin were highly dispersed in the olfactory epithelium with axons widely scattered in the olfactory nerve. Yet, as a consequence of the extensive reaggregation of axons at the nerve-bulb interface, the lectin-positive axons fasciculated and converged into a subregion of the glomerular layer. This is consistent with the view that there are many dispersed sets of ORNS whose axons fasciculate and converge to subregions of the olfactory bulb.
Size and Angular Location Estimates of Fish Schools Using Spatial Correlation

Computer simulation based on a point scatterer model has been used to investigate the problem of estimating fish school location and dimensions using split-beam processing of hydroacoustic data. Estimates are derived from the temporal crosscorrelation of signals received by transducer halves, the peak correlation amplitude being related to the variance of the scatterer locations (fish school width) and the time shift of the peak being related to the mean of the scatterer locations (fish school angular position). These estimates are formed with vertically and horizontally separated transducer halves and combined with echo arrival time to provide three-dimensional position and size. It is demonstrated that fluctuations in the estimated angular size decrease as the ratio of pulse length to echo length decreases. The effect of additive noise, uncorrelated between acoustic channels, has also been studied. Noise causes width estimates to be biased toward larger values, owing to decorrelation between the acoustic channels. The location estimates, however, remain unbiased for signal-to-noise ratios down to approximately -5 dB.
Splitting properties and jump classes

We show that the promptly simple sets of Maass form a filter in the lattice ℰ of recursively enumerable sets. The degrees of the promptly simple sets form a filter in the upper semilattice of r.e. degrees. This filter nontrivially splits the high degrees (a is high ifa′=0″). The property of prompt simplicity is neither definable in ℰ nor invariant under automorphisms of ℰ. However, prompt simplicity is easily shown to imply a property of r.e. sets which is definable in ℰ and which we have called the splitting property. The splitting property is used to answer many questions about automorphisms of ℰ. In particular, we construct lowd-simple sets which are not automorphic, answering a question of Lerman and Soare. We produce classes invariant under automorphisms of ℰ which nontrivially split the high degrees as well as all of the other classes of r.e. degrees defined in terms of the jump operator. This refutes a conjecture of Soare and answers a question of H. Friedman.
Formation of complex organics from acetylene catalyzed by ionized benzene.

We present direct evidence for low temperature associative charge transfer (ACT) reactions of acetylene onto the benzene cation that catalyze the conversion of acetylene molecules into polymerized cations and for high temperature addition/elimination reactions that lead to the generation of naphthalene-type ions. At low temperatures acetylene molecules bind noncovalently to the benzene cation, where partial charge transfer from the ion activates an acetylene molecule for addition polymerization with other associated acetylene molecules, thus amounting to catalytic cyclization/polymerization of the acetylene molecules. At high temperatures the barrier of the covalent addition of acetylene to the benzene cation to form a styrene-type ion is measured as 3.5 kcal/mol. The second acetylene addition followed by H elimination to form a naphthalene-type ion is calculated to be highly exothermic and without a barrier. These reactions can explain the formation of complex organics by gas phase ion−molecule reactions...
Shape-Tree Semilattice

A new, self-dual approach for morphological image processing, based on a semilattice framework, is introduced. The related morphological erosion, in particular, shrinks all 'objects` in an image, regardless to whether they are bright or dark. The theory is first developed for the binary case, where it is closely related to the adjacency tree. Under certain constraints, it is shown to yield a lattice structure, which is complete for discrete images. It is then generalized to grayscale functions thanks to the tree of shapes, a recently introduced generalization of adjacency trees.
Monitoring of MOCVD reactants by UV absorption

In this paper, we describe how UV absorption measurements can be used to measure the flow rates of metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactants. This method utilizes the calculation of UV extinction coefficients by measuring the total pressure and absorbance in the neat reactant system. The development of this quantitative reactant flow rate monitor allows for the direct measurement of the efficiency of a reactant bubbler. We demonstrate bubbler efficiency results for TMGa, and then explain some discrepancies found in the TMAl system due to the monomer to dimer equilibrium. Also, the UV absorption spectra of metal organic and hydride MOCVD reactants over the wavelength range 185 to 400 nm are reported.
Microcomputer‐assisted morphometric analysis of airsacculitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in immunised and nonimmunised chickens 1

Summary Inflammation caused by inoculation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) into the air sacs was compared in chickens previously exposed by intramuscular injection of MG with that produced in nonimmunised chickens. Air sacs from chickens inoculated with Frey's media, from those receiving only intramuscular injections of MG, and from nonimmunised non‐challenged birds were included in the evaluations. The airsacculitis produced in immunised chickens was more severe at 48 hours post‐challenge infection than that produced in nonimmune chickens. At 96 hours after challenge, the airsacculitis in nonimmunised chickens was significantly more severe than that produced in chickens of any other experimental group. The protective effect of immunisation at 96 hours was demonstrated clearly by using the techniques of ring‐stabilisation for collection, processing, and embedding of air sacs and microcomputer‐assisted morpho‐metric analysis. Air sac wall thickness and area measurements correlated positively with subjecti...
Receding Horizon Control of HIV

This paper describes a model of the immunologic response of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in individuals. It then illustrates how a Receding Horizon Control (RHC) methodology can be used to drive the system to a stable equilibrium in which a strong immune response controls the viral load in the absence of drug treatment. We also illustrate how this feedback methodology can overcome unplanned treatment interruptions, inaccurate or incomplete data and imperfect model specification. We consider how ideas from stochastic estimation can be used in conjunction with RHC to create a robust treatment methodology. We then consider the performance of this methodology over random simulations of the previously considered clinical conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DATA ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIRING TIME ON THE PROPERTIES OF SOME WHITEWARE BODIES

Data have been obtained by firing a variety of whiteware bodies in commercial kilns to a given pyrometric cone deformation at different rates of temperature increase, indicating that the faster rate of firing gives lower water absorption and greater firing shrinkage.
Improvement to the anticollision protocol specification for 900MHz Class 0 radio frequency identification tag

This paper proposes a modification to the existing anticollision protocol put forth in version 1.0 protocol specification for 900MHz Class 0 RFID Tag. The version 1.0 specification uses a binary tree approach to singulate one RF tag ID at a time. The proposed change reduces the overall read time of a given number of RFID tags by resetting to the appropriate node, for every consecutive read cycle. The present standard resets to the root node of the binary tree for every read cycle.
Aggregation Properties of the Chromonic Liquid Crystal Benzopurpurin 4B

Optical polarization, absorption, and scattering studies along with confocal microscopy reveal that Benzopurpurin 4B forms aggregates of micrometer size at very low concentrations in aqueous solution. A chromonic liquid crystal phase is stable at room temperature down to concentrations as low as 0.4 wt %, which can only be possible if the aggregates contain an ample amount of water. The kinetics of aggregate formation are extremely slow, with changes going on for days before equilibrium is reached. The stacking free energy change is estimated to be 10.3 ± 0.4 kBT, which is in the higher range of values for recently studied chromonic liquid crystals. However, the very low concentration of the liquid crystal phase puts it in a different class, probably more similar to Scheibe or Jelly aggregates than the typical chromonic systems that are formed by simple stacks of molecules.
Managing pain in feline patients.

This article reviews the current knowledge of pain assessment in cats and the most effective methods for its alleviation. Excellent acute pain management is achievable in cats by using opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), α 2 -agonists, and local anesthetics. A multimodal approach using agents that work at different places in the pain pathway is encouraged because this can have added benefits. Management of chronic pain in cats can be challenging, but there is now an approved NSAID for long-term use. As we gain experience with less traditional analgesics, such as gabapentin, and critically evaluate complimentary therapies, our ability to provide comfort to this population of cats should improve.
Determinants of public health expenditure: some evidence from Indian states

This study examines the evolution of public health expenditure in India. A panel data model is used to explain the main factors which affect public health expenditure in the period 1971 to 1991. The empirical results show that the key determinants in the explanation of the regional health expenditure are real state per capita income and literacy rate, while other structural demand variables such as the proportion of the state population over age 60, population per primary health care center and population per doctor are statistically insignificant factors. An income elasticity of 0.47 implies that health care is not a luxury good.
A step toward DSM‐V: cataloguing personality‐related problems in living

Intractable problems with DSM-IV’s Axis II mandate an entirely new approach to the diagnosis of personality-related pathology. The Five-Factor Model of personality provides a scientifically grounded basis for personality assessment, and Five-Factor Theory postulates that personality pathology is to be found in characteristic maladaptations that are shaped by both traits and environment. A four-step process of personality disorder (PD) diagnosis is proposed, in which clinicians assess personality, problems in living, clinical severity, and, optionally, PD patterns. We examine item content in five problem checklists to update the list of personality-related problems used in Step 2 of the four-step process. Problems were reliably assigned to relevant factors and facets, and a number of additions were made to an earlier catalogue. The four-step process can be used by clinicians, and may be incorporated in a future DSM. This article is a U.S. government publication and is in the public domain in the United States.
Monastrol, a prototype anti-cancer drug that inhibits a mitotic kinesin, induces rapid bursts of axonal outgrowth from cultured postmitotic neurons.

Terminally postmitotic neurons continue to express many of the kinesin-related proteins known to configure microtubules during mitosis. Drugs that inhibit these kinesins are being developed as anti-cancer agents with the hope that they will inhibit proliferation of tumor cells without having adverse effects on the nervous system. The prototype, termed monastrol, inhibits the kinesin known as Eg5, which is essential for maintaining separation of the half-spindles. Eg5 is also highly expressed in neurons, particularly during development. Exposure of cultured sympathetic neurons to monastrol for a few hours increased both the number and the growth rate of the axons. With additional time, the overall lengths of the axons were indistinguishable from controls. Sensory neurons showed a similar short-term increase in axonal growth rate. However, prolonged exposure resulted in shorter axons, suggesting that sensory neurons may be more sensitive to toxic effects of the drug. Nevertheless, the overall health of the cultures was still far more robust than cultures treated with taxol, a drug commonly used for anti-cancer therapy. On the basis of these results, we conclude that Eg5 normally generates forces that oppose axonal growth, presumably by partially suppressing the forward advance of microtubules. We speculate that local regulation of Eg5 could be a means by which neurons coordinate rapid bursts of axonal growth with appropriate environmental cues. The comparatively modest toxic effects on the neurons over time are a hopeful sign for clinicians interested in using anti-Eg5 drugs for cancer therapy. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:10 –16, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Graft copolymers of polysaccharides with thermoplastic polymers. A new type of filled plastic

A series of starch graft copolymers and one cellulose graft copolymer were prepared containing 40-50 percent synthetic polymer. The monomers used (styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate) were chosen to give grafted synthetic polymers with varying glass transition temperatures (Tg). These graft copolymers were extruded, in the absence of any added thermoplastic homopolymer, to give strong, continuous polysaccharide-filled plastics which are biodegradable and which exhibit little or no die swell. Properties of plastics varied with the Tg of the thermoplastic portion. Starch-g-polystyrene and starch-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) were hard and brittle, while graft copolymers prepared from methyl and butyl acrylate were more flexible and leathery. The graft Uopolymers with lower Tg grafts required less torque and could be extruded at lower temperatures. In the methyl acrylate series, a graft copolymer prepared from gelatinized starch was more easily extruded than one prepared from granular starch, and addition of water produced a water-filled extrudate of excellent quality. The surprising feature of these results is that the matrix polymers, starch and cellulose, are rigid, nonsoftening materials. Grafting of a thermoplastic polymer to these matrix polymers would not be expected to give an extrudable product. The results are explained as powder flow followed by fusion or sintering of the graft polymers under the temperature and pressure conditions in the die.
The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of us Policy Towards Israel-Palestine

ABSTRACT Doctoral Candidate in Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech, 560 McBryde Hall – 0137, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA. rhaija@vt.edu
Note on Photographing Embryos and Hatchlings of Leiobunum sp. Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

SUMMARY We reared a lab culture of Leiobunum sp. harvestmen adults in 2011, and captured several unique photo images of developing eggs and a hatchling. These images are perhaps the first to be recorded for this genus.
2-(2′-Pyridyl)pyrroles: Part II. Spectroscopic investigation of pyridylpyrrole alcohol complexes

A homologous series of 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrroles were studied as a possible model system for intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in molecules that can act as both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Steady state spectroscopic methods were used to assess the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in dilute solutions of 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrroles in the absence and presence of alcohols. The absorption and fluorescence properties of such solutions were investigated to determine the relevance of such hydrogen bonding interactions in the ground and excited state behavior of the 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrroles. Over the concentration range studied, no evidence was found for the formation of hydrogen-bonded 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrrole dimers. However, it was determined that 3,5-dimethyl-2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrrole forms weak (K ∼ 5–12 M−1) 1∶1 hydrogen-bonded complexes with methanol and t-butyl alcohol in the ground state, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrrole forms both 1∶1 and 1∶2 complexes with the same alcohols. Despite the formation of hydrogen-bonded 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrrole alcohol complexes, no experimental evidence was found for excited state proton transfer in such complexes.
A mathematical theory of traffic hysteresis

This paper presents a mathematical theory for modeling the hysteresis phenomenon observed in traffic flow. It proposes that acceleration, deceleration and equilibrium flow should be distinguished in obtaining speed-concentration and/or occupancy relationships, such that the phase transitions from one phase to another can be correctly identified. The analysis shows that the speed-concentration curves obtained following this approach are hysteresis loops, as predicted by the theory. The paper also gives a discussion of the general properties of the proposed modeling equations and examines the relationship between traffic hysteresis and stop-start waves observed in traffic flow.
Strain controlled thermomutability of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Carbon nanotubes are superior materials for thermal management and phononic device use due to their extremely high thermal conductivity and unique one-dimensional geometry. Here we report a systematic investigation of the effects of mechanical tensile, compressive and torsional strain on the thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes using molecular dynamics simulation. In contrast to conventional predictions for solids, an unexpected dependence on the applied strain is revealed by the low-dimensional nature and tubular geometry of carbon nanotubes. Under tension, the thermal conductivity is reduced due to the softening of G-band phonon modes. Under compression—in contrast to the case for conventional theories for solids—geometric instabilities lower the thermal conductivity due to the scattering, shortening of the mean free path and interface resistance that arise from localized radial buckling. We find that when torsional strain is applied, the thermal conductivity drops as well, with significant reductions once the carbon nanotube begins to buckle. This thermomutability concept—the ability to control thermal properties by means of external cues—could be used in developing novel thermal materials whose properties can be altered in situ.
Measurement of the point-spread function in a layered system.

A laboratory facility to measure the point-spread function (PSF) of water with the addition of scattering layers is described. The PSF was measuredby using an approximately Lambertian source and a camera that viewed this source but focused at infinity. Measurements for various optical path lengths with the scattering layer in three separate regions, i.e., near the source, near the camera, and an intermediate case, were performed. The PSF was found to depend strongly on the location of the scattering layer. For the same optical path length, the most diffuse PSF was found for the case of a scattering layer near the camera.
Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acids for Fibroblast Growth Factors 7 and 10, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, and Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Neonatal Ovine Uterus

In sheep, uterine development begins during fetal life but is only completed postnatally with proliferation and branching morphogenetic differentiation of the endometrial glandular epithelium (G) from the luminal epithelium (L) between birth or Postnatal Day (PND) 0 and PND 56. In other epithelial-mesenchymal organs, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7 and FGF-10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II play essential roles in ductal branching morphogenesis. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization analyses were used to study temporal and spatial alterations in expression of mRNAs for growth factors (FGF-7, FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, IGF-II) and their respective receptors (FGF receptor or FGFR2IIIb, c-met, and IGF-IR) in the developing neonatal ovine uterus. The RT-PCR analyses indicated that expression of FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, and IGF-II mRNAs increased in the neonatal uterus between PND 1 and 56. In situ hybridization analyses indicated that FGFR2IIIb and c-met mRNAs were expressed solely in uterine L and developing G, whereas IGF-IR was expressed in all uterine cell types, with highest levels in L and developing G. Both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were expressed in the endometrial stroma and myometrium, with IGF-I predominantly in the intercaruncular endometrial stroma. The highest levels of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA expression were detected in the intercaruncular endometrial stroma surrounding the nascent and proliferating glands. Immunohistochemistry revealed that phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinases-1 and -2 were most abundantly expressed in the nascent and proliferating glands of the developing neonatal uterine wall. These results implicate FGF-7, FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, and their epithelial receptors in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulating endometrial gland morphogenesis in the neonatal sheep uterus.
ExoS controls the cell contact mediated switch to effector secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Type III secretion is used by many gram-negative bacterial pathogens to directly deliver protein toxins (effectors) into targeted host cells. In all cases, secretion of effectors is triggered by host cell contact, although the mechanism is unclear. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, expression of all type III secretion-related genes is up-regulated when secretion is triggered. We were able to visualize this process using a green fluorescent protein reporter system and to use it to monitor the ability of bacteria to trigger effector secretion on cell contact. Surprisingly, the action of one of the major type III secreted effectors, ExoS, prevented triggering of type III secretion by bacteria that subsequently attached to cells, suggesting that triggering of secretion is feedback regulated. Evidence is presented that translocation (secretion of effectors across the host cell plasma membrane) of ExoS is indeed self-regulated and that this inhibition of translocation can be achieved by either of its two enzymatic activities. The translocator proteins PopB, PopD, and PcrV are secreted via the type III secretion system and are required for pore formation and translocation of effectors across the host cell plasma membrane. Here we present data that secretion of translocators is in fact not controlled by calcium, implying that triggering of effector secretion on cell contact represents a switch in secretion specificity, rather than a triggering of secretion per se. The requirement for a host cell cofactor to control effector secretion may help explain the recently observed phenomenon of target cell specificity in both the Yersinia and P. aeruginosa type III secretion systems.
Upconverted hot luminescence of Cr 4+ ions in Mg 2 GeO 4

Nonequilibrium excited vibronic states of Cr4+ ions in Mg2GeO4 were studied with the upconverted hot-luminescence technique. From the discrete spectral peaks observed, information on the nonradiative relaxation of the Cr4+ ions was obtained. The phonon modes involved in the nonradiative relaxation were measured to be ω1=451±20 cm-1, ω2=342±20 cm-1, and ω3=252±20 cm-1. The experiment also shows the presence of an electronic bottleneck centered at ∼2.1 eV. These findings are compared with results previously obtained in Cr4+-doped Mg2SiO4 and provide information on the nonradiative relaxation of the same ion in different host crystals.