cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serendip: Topic model-driven visual exploration of text corpora

Exploration and discovery in a large text corpus requires investigation at multiple levels of abstraction, from a zoomed-out view of the entire corpus down to close-ups of individual passages and words. At each of these levels, there is a wealth of information that can inform inquiry — from statistical models, to metadata, to the researcher's own knowledge and expertise. Joining all this information together can be a challenge, and there are issues of scale to be combatted along the way. In this paper, we describe an approach to text analysis that addresses these challenges of scale and multiple information sources, using probabilistic topic models to structure exploration through multiple levels of inquiry in a way that fosters serendipitous discovery. In implementing this approach into a tool called Serendip, we incorporate topic model data and metadata into a highly reorderable matrix to expose corpus level trends; extend encodings of tagged text to illustrate probabilistic information at a passage level; and introduce a technique for visualizing individual word rankings, along with interaction techniques and new statistical methods to create links between different levels and information types. We describe example uses from both the humanities and visualization research that illustrate the benefits of our approach.
Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase are localized around mitochondria: An immunocytochemical study

Argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase are soluble cytoplasmic enzymes of the urea cycle. Previous biochemical studies using permeabilized hepatocytes showed that these enzymes are organized in situ, and function as if they are located next to the outer membrane of mitochondria. We have now confirmed and extended those observations in intact liver by means of immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level. Morphometric analysis of the electron micrographs shows that argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase are located in the immediate vicinity of the mitochondria, predominantly next to the cytoplasmic surface of the outer membrane. Some immuno-specific protein is also observed in the endoplasmic reticulum in the immediate vicinity of the mitochondria. These results support our previous biochemical findings, and additionally suggest that virtually all of the argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase of the liver parenchymal cell are located just outside the mitochondria. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pyramids that bound surface patches

This paper describes how to construct a pyramid which has the property that if its vertex is translated to any point on a given rational Bezier surface patch with positive weights, the patch will lie completely outside the pyramid. This pyramid can facilitate operations such as loop detection in surface intersection. Earlier literature asserted that the complement of a normal bounding cone or pyramid is a surface bounding cone or pyramid. This paper proves that the reverse of this statement is always true, but that the statement itself is true only under certain conditions spelled out in the paper.
Laser-heating effect on raman spectra of individual suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes

We studied the Raman spectra of 21 individual suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using different excitation laser powers. The results indicate that the laser-heating effect is more significant for suspended SWNT than nanotubes sitting on a substrate. The spectral variations of these individual SWNTs induced by different laser power shed new light on the temperature dependence of Raman spectra and electronic properties of SWNTs. By analyzing the frequency downshift of each nanotube induced by increased laser power, the temperature coefficient of radial breathing mode (RBM) frequency ωRBM is supposed to be diameter- and chirality-dependent, whereas that of the G-band frequency ωG+ is not. The behaviors of full width at half-maximum (fwhm) and intensity ratio between anti-Stokes and Stokes spectra (IAS/IS) of RBM with increasing laser power reflected the temperature increase and the consequent variation in the electronic density of states (DOS) of SWNT. The variation of resonance intensity with...
Thermal bleaching of rhodopsin as a two stage process

Abstract We have suggested in a previous publication (1) that there may be two chromophores present in the rhodopsin molecule. The exact nature of these, or the difference between them is not clear, although there is an abundance of evidence available (2–6) to suggest that there may well be two retinal Schiff bases in native rhodopsin. In a purely thermal bleaching reaction in the dark, two clear reaction steps are shown to occur and while these may or may not involve the same chromophore, it will be shown that the reactions involve quite different activation energies and markedly different entropies of activation.
Phospholipids in Dairy Products. I. Determination Choline in Mik Fat

Summary A modified Roman micromethod has been found applicable to the analysis of extracted milk fat for choline. A method for the determination of choline-bearing phospholipids in dairy products was thus found.
Presacral extramedullary hematopoiesis: An alternative hypothesis

Idiopathic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the production of blood cells outside of the bone marrow without an underlying hematological pathology. This article examines the rare case of idiopathic EMH in the presacral area. A 65-year-old woman with a past medical history of a total abdominal hysterectomy and a negative hematological history presented with back and leg pain. MRI revealed a presacral mass. Fine needle aspiration revealed a diagnosis of EMH. The patient was managed conservatively with serial imaging. We present this patient with rare idiopathic, presacral EMH and review the literature on this topic. The current pathophysiology suggests that sacral fractures release hematopoietic stem cells, which in turn replicate to form an EMH mass. This review suggests a second mechanism in which surgical manipulation of the uterine tissue releases mesenchymal stem cells. These cells differentiate into stromal tissue that interacts with multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in order to form an EMH mass. Thus, idiopathic, presacral EMH may develop from either bone fractures or surgical manipulation of the uterus. Management of these patients should include watchful waiting unless intractable pain, new-onset weakness, or bowel/bladder dysfunction develops.
A General Framework for Learning Curve Reliability Growth Models

In reliability growth models, system performance improves during prototype testing, as design changes are made and operating procedures and the environment are modified. There is great interest in predicting the ultimate performance of the system, using only the epochs of the failures that occur early in the testing program. This paper constructs a general framework for learning-curve models of reliability growth, including many different model variations that have previously been analyzed. Numerical trials indicate the difficulty of estimating ultimate performance; the maximum likelihood estimator is unstable for small testing intervals with a small number of systems on test. Bayesian procedures are recommended for implementation.
Unique issues in assessing work function among individuals with psychiatric disabilities.

With the admission of people who experience psychiatric disabilities in the state–federal vocational rehabilitation system and the Social Security disability rolls in the 1960s, assessment of their capacity to work has been a major concern. Given the rising rates of claims for psychiatric disability in both the public and the private sectors, and the disappointing employment outcomes of people with psychiatric disabilities compared to those with other disabilities, there have been numerous initiatives to accurately assess their employment potential. Historically, such assessment within the Social Security Administration has relied upon evaluation of a person's medical impairment, but numerous studies suggest a weak relationship between measures of psychiatric diagnosis or symptoms and work outcome. Efforts have been undertaken to identify valid and reliable methods of assessing the ability of people with psychiatric disabilities to work. The authors review (a) methods of assessing work function for this population, and (b) the literature on predictors of work functioning and the nature of psychiatric disability, and suggest implications for disability determination policies and for future research.
Smoking and Fatal Prostate Cancer in a Large Cohort of Adult Men

The authors examined the relation between smoking and the risk of fatal prostate cancer in a large prospective mortality study of 450,279 men who were cancer free at enrollment in 1982. During 9 years of follow-up, 1,748 deaths occurred from prostate cancer. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to adjust for other risk factors. Current cigarette smoking was associated with fatal prostate cancer (rate ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.56). The rate ratio was greater at younger ages, decreasing from 1.83 (95% CI 1.04-3.24) among men below the age of 60 years to 1.11 (95% CI 0.79-1.58) among men aged 80 years and above (p for trend = 0.16). No trend in risk was observed with the number of cigarettes per day or with the duration of smoking among current smokers at baseline, and no increased risk was found among former smokers. Race did not significantly modify the association between cigarette smoking and fatal prostate cancer. These data, together with those of three other large prospective studies that find higher death rates from prostate cancer in current cigarette smokers, and inconsistent findings in incidence studies suggest that smoking may adversely affect survival in prostate cancer patients.
Synthesis of vinyl acetate on Pd-based catalysts

Vinyl acetate (VA) synthesis over Pd–Au catalysts is an important industrial reaction that has been studied extensively; however, there is no consensus regarding the reaction mechanism, the active site, the key intermediates, and the role of Au. Recent results from our laboratories using a combination of surface science and kinetic methods on technical and model catalytic systems have established that the VA synthesis reaction is structure sensitive, including being dependent on the Pd–Au particle size. The role of Au is to isolate surface Pd atoms into Pd monomeric sites thereby enhancing the VA formation rate and selectivity. This paper reviews the current understanding of this reaction on Pd, Pd–Au, and Pd–Sn catalysts.
The use of satellite observations for atmospheric radiation studies

The problem of satellite observation of infrared radiation is studied in terms of geometric and spectral variation of atmospheric radiation. As an aid in interpretation of satellite observations, the anisotropy of out-going radiation at the top of the atmosphere and at the satellite level is computed for different atmospheric models and spectral regions to characterize radiation from the lower, middle, and high troposphere. It is shown that limb darkening is an extremely sharp property of the atmosphere as viewed from an orbiting satellite.
MLPQ: a linear constraint database system with aggregate operators

The paper describes the MLPQ constraint database system. The query language of MLPQ is SQL extended with linear arithmetic constraints. The input and output databases are linear constraint databases (LCDBs). An important feature of the MLPQ system is that it can handle aggregate operators, Min, Max, Sum, Avg, etc. In MLPQ, these operators are evaluated for a series of linear programming (LP) problems. This approach provides an efficient way of evaluation of SQL queries with aggregate operators on linear constraint databases.
Depressive Symptoms, Brain Volumes and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: The Women’s Health Initiative MRI Study

Abstract Objective Late-life depressive symptoms (DS) increase the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the elderly. Our objectives were to examine the relationship between elevated DS and regional brain volumes including frontal lobe subregions, hippocampus and amygdala, and to determine whether elevated DS were associated with increased subclinical cerebrovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Methods DS were assessed an average of 8 years prior to structural brain MRI in 1372 women. The 8-item Burnam regression algorithm was used to define DS with a cut-point of 0.009. Adjusting for potential confounders, mean differences in total brain, frontal lobe subregions, hippocampus and amygdala volumes and total ischemic lesion volumes in the basal ganglia and the cerebral white and gray matter outside the basal ganglia were compared between women with and without DS. Results Depressed women had lower baseline global cognition and were more likely to have prior hormone therapy history. After full adjustment, DS at baseline were associated with smaller superior and middle frontal gyral volumes. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes, and ischemic lesion volumes were similar in depressed and non-depressed women. Limitations Depression was not assessed based on semi-structured interview, and MRI scans were obtained cross-sectionally rather than longitudinally. Longitudinal MRI assessments will be necessary to define the temporal relationships between DS and frontal lobe volumes. Conclusions Elevated DS were associated with lower volumes in certain frontal lobe subregions but not in the medial temporal lobe structures. Our findings support the role of frontal lobe structures in late-life DS among women.
Ultra-thin PtFe-nanowires as durable electrocatalysts for fuel cells

Ultra-thin PtxFey-nanowires (PtxFey-NWs) with a diameter of 2–3 nm were successfully prepared through a solution-phase reduction method at Pt–Fe compositions from 1:1 to 2:1. The carbon supported PtxFey-NWs (PtxFey-NWs/C) demonstrated higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and better electrochemical durability than conventional Pt/C catalyst. After 1000 cycles of 0–1.3 V (versus RHE), the relative electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of Pt2Fe1-NW/C dropped down to 46%, which was two times better than Pt/C catalyst, and the mass activity at 0.85 V (versus RHE) for Pt1Fe1-NW/C was 39.9 mA mg − 1-Pt, which is twice that for Pt/C (18.6 mA mg − 1-Pt).
Myxomatous Degeneration of Cardiac Valves

A retrospective study of ten patients with myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves revealed two patients with “floppy valve syndrome” and eight patients with isolated myxomatous change of apparently diverse etiology. The myxomatous degeneration can be seen in a minor degree in normal valves and to a greater extent in clinical and experimental diseases of unknown etiology. The difficulties encountered in the surgical treatment of patients with myxomatous degeneration of the cardiac valves are related to the friability of the aorta and the valve annulus.
Unexpected Role for the B Cell-Specific Src Family Kinase B Lymphoid Kinase in the Development of IL-17–Producing γδ T Cells

The Ag receptors on αβ and γδ T cells differ not only in the nature of the ligands that they recognize but also in their signaling potential. We hypothesized that the differences in αβ- and γδTCR signal transduction were due to differences in the intracellular signaling pathways coupled to these two TCRs. To investigate this, we used transcriptional profiling to identify genes encoding signaling molecules that are differentially expressed in mature αβ and γδ T cell populations. Unexpectedly, we found that B lymphoid kinase (Blk), a Src family kinase expressed primarily in B cells, is expressed in γδ T cells but not in αβ T cells. Analysis of Blk-deficient mice revealed that Blk is required for the development of IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Furthermore, Blk is expressed in lymphoid precursors and, in this capacity, plays a role in regulating thymus cellularity during ontogeny.
Social Cues of (Un)Trustworthy Team Members

This study investigates the way in which and the extent to which students engage in social categorization during the process of self-selecting team members for a team assignment. The discovery-oriented method of grounded theory was used. Data were gathered from a sample of 38 undergraduate marketing and management students using the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique. Results indicate that, when faced with having too little information about classmates, students use a variety of social cues to cognitively categorize classmates, and then make a series of inferences about their personality, values, and trustworthiness based on the category in which they are placed. In addition, students use the inferences to help make decisions about who to approach and who to avoid during the self-selection process. Making inferences about classmates based on the social category in which they are placed, rather than on individual merit, is stereotyping. Behaving differently toward classmates based on the social category in which they are placed is discrimination. All 38 students who participated in this study reported that they have used social cues to help decide who to approach and who to avoid during team formation, and 13 reported doing so every time they have self-selected team members.
Long-Term Care and a Good Quality of Life Bringing Them Closer Together

Long-term care policies and programs in the United States suffer from a major flaw: They are balanced toward a model of nursing home care that, regardless of its technical quality, tends to be associated with a poor quality of life for consumers. This article proposes quality-of-life domains-namely, security, comfort, meaningful activity, relationships, enjoyment, dignity, autonomy, privacy, individuality, spiritual well-being, and functional competence. It argues that these kinds of quality-of-life outcomes are minimized in current quality assessment and given credence only after health and safety outcomes are considered. Five trends are reviewed that might lead to a more consumer-centered emphasis on quality of life: the disability rights movement, the emphasis on consumer direction, the growth of assisted living, increasing attention to physical environments, and efforts to bring about culture change in nursing homes. Building on these trends, the article concludes with strategies to move beyond current stalemates and polarized arguments toward forms of long-term care that are more compatible with a good quality of life.
Clinical confirmation of ECG criteria for left atrial rhythm

Controversy exists as to which of several ECG criteria are necessary for the diagnosis of left atrial (LA) rhythm. We performed invasive electrophysiologic study in five patients (6 to 15 years-of-age) who had symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) that could not be controlled by aggressive pharmacologic treatment. All patients were found to have automatic atrial tachycardia with the earliest site of activation during SVT in the LA. The ECG of each patient demonstrated negative P waves in lead I. The frontal plane P wave axis ranged between +90 to +270 degrees in each of our patients. Spontaneous "dome-and-dart" P waves occurred in lead V1 in two of our patients. We conclude that the necessary criterion for the diagnosis of LA rhythm should be negative P waves in lead I. The finding of "dome-and-dart" P waves in V1 is an additional useful and definitive criterion but is not present in each case.
Deciduous Woodlands in Mediterranean California

Despite the widespread perception of dominance of evergreen sclerophylls, some Mediterranean climate regions have significant representation of winter-deciduous species. In California, deciduous oaks dominate extensive regions. In central California, the blue oak, Quercus douglasii, dominates interior foothills that have wet winters and long dry summers; valley oak, Q. lobata, and garry oak, Q. garryana also are found in interior, hot summer locations. In southern California, the Englemann oak, Q. englemannii is found in interior, hot summer regions while the evergreen Q. agrifolia dominates nearer the coast where summers are less severe. Deciduous species can occur alone, or mixed with broadleaved evergreen trees or shrubs, and/or conifers. As severity of summer drought increases, whether due to climate or soil conditions, deciduousness becomes increasingly favored.
TAXES AND SPECULATIVE BEHAVIOR IN LAND AND REAL ESTATE MARKETS

Land and real estate speculation are common in many countries, and attempts to control them vary in both style and scope. This paper addresses the effectiveness of several approaches to discouraging land and real estate speculation, concluding that land holding taxes, short term gains taxes, and transaction taxes have all proven to be relatively unsuccessful methods of control. The paper discusses housing price booms and busts in the United States, and describes attempts to control speculation, notably the Vermont Land Gains Tax, the Taiwan Land Value Increment Tax, and the Real Property Gains Tax of Japan.
Assessment of root uptake and systemic vine-transport of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium by melon (Cucumis melo) during field production

Among melons, cantaloupes are most frequently implicated in outbreaks and surveillance-based recalls due to Salmonella enterica. There is limited but compelling evidence that associates irrigation water quality as a significant risk of preharvest contamination of melons. However, the potential for root uptake from water and soil and subsequent systemic transport of Salmonella into melon fruit is uncharacterized. The aim of this work was to determine whether root uptake of S. enterica results in systemic transport to fruit at high doses of applied inoculum through sub-surface drip and furrow irrigation during field production of melons. Cantaloupe and honeydew were grown under field conditions, in a silt clay loam soil using standard agronomic practices for California. An attenuated S. enterica sv. Typhimurium strain was applied during furrow irrigation and, in separate plots, buried drip-emitter lines delivered the inoculum directly into the established root zone. Contamination of the water resulted in soil contamination within furrows however Salmonella was not detected on top of the beds or around melon roots of furrow-irrigated rows demonstrating absence of detectable lateral transfer across the soil profile. In contrast, positive detection of the applied isolate occurred in soil and the rhizosphere in drip injected plots; survival of Salmonella was at least 41 days. Despite high populations of the applied bacteria in the rhizosphere, after surface disinfection, internalized Salmonella was not detected in mature melon fruit (n=485). Contamination of the applied Salmonella was detected on the rind surface of melons if fruit developed in contact with soil on the sides of the inoculated furrows. Following an unusual and heavy rain event during fruit maturation, melons collected from the central area of the beds, were shown to harbor the furrow-applied Salmonella. Delivery of Salmonella directly into the peduncle, after minor puncture wounding, resulted in detection of applied Salmonella in the sub-rind tissue below the fruit abscission zone. Results indicate that Salmonella internalization from soil and vascular systemic transport to fruit is unlikely to occur from irrigation water in CA production regions, even if substantially above normal presumptive levels of contamination. Although contaminated irrigation water and subsequently soil in contact with fruit remains a concern for contamination of the external rind, results suggest an acceptable microbial indicator threshold and critical limit for the presence of Salmonella in applied water may be possible by defining appropriate microbiological standards for melon irrigation in California and regions with similar climate, soil texture, and crop management practices.
The cost of treating ribavirin-induced anemia in hepatitis C: the impact of using recombinant human erythropoietin.

ABSTRACTObjective: Ribavirin-induced anemia (RIA) is a common adverse effect of chronic hepatitis C treatment. Studies have shown that the use of epoetin decreases the need for ribavirin dose reduction or discontinuation. The primary objective was to calculate the incremental cost of treating hepatitis C in those without versus with RIA, using either the strategy of ribavirin dose reduction/discontinua­tion or epoetin. The secondary objective was to calculate the incremental cost of using epoetin versus no epoetin to treat RIA, per ribavirin dose reduction/discontinuation averted.Methods: Estimates from the literature and decision-analytic techniques were used to model treatment patterns and estimate the cost of managing RIA in genotype 1, 2, and 3 subjects. Sensitivity analyses were used to address uncertainty.Results: Clinically significant RIA, a reduction in hemoglobin of ≥ 2 g/dL (1.2 mmol/L), developed in 72% of patients in observational studies. The incremental cost of treating chronic hepatitis C ...
Ambient noise and temporal patterns of boat activity in the US Virgin Islands National Park

Human activity is contributing increasing noise to marine ecosystems. Recent studies have examined the effects of boat noise on marine fishes, but there is limited understanding of the prevalence of this type of sound source. This investigation tracks vessel noise on three reefs in the US Virgin Islands National Park over four months in 2013. Ambient noise levels ranged from 106 to 129dBrms re 1μPa (100Hz-20kHz). Boat noise occurred in 6-12% of samples. In the presence of boat noise, ambient noise in a low-frequency band (100-1000Hz) increased by >7dB above baseline levels and sound levels were significantly higher. The frequency with the most acoustic energy shifted to a significantly lower frequency when boat noise was present during the day. These results indicate the abundance of boat noise and its overlap with reef organism sound production, raising concern for the communication abilities of these animals.
The optimal drop shape for vortices generated by drop impacts: the effect of surfactants on the drop surface

Subsurface vortices are frequently created when a falling drop strikes a flat water surface. Prior work has demonstrated that the shape of the drop at the point of impact is critical in determining how deep or how fast the resulting vortex will penetrate into the water bulk. In the present study, the details of this phenomena are explored by using surfactants to vary surface tension. Specifically, Triton X-100 monolayers are created on the surface of the drop, and on the flat water surface. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no single optimal drop shape resulting in best vortex penetration. Rather, the data suggest that the optimal shape depends on the surface tension of the falling drop. An attempt is made to reconcile contradictory results in the literature using this result.
Recent Developments in the Fabrication and Operation of Germanium Detectors

Although developed and first demonstrated more than 40 years ago, germanium detectors still represent the gold standard in detecting γ radiation for energies ranging from approximately 100 keV to 10 MeV. The combination of high-efficiency and excellent energy resolution and many recent technological developments have significantly increased the range of applications for Ge detectors. We review the state of the art in the fabrication and operation of Ge detectors by mapping recent developments in Ge detector technologies to a range of applications. These include research in nuclear physics, fundamental physics, and astrophysics, as well as applications in medical imaging and homeland security. Ge detector technologies will remain vitally important for applied and basic research instruments for high-sensitivity γ-ray detection in the future.
Photosynthetic pigments estimate diet quality in forage and feces of elk (Cervus elaphus)

Understanding the nutritional dynamics of herbivores living in highly seasonal landscapes remains a central challenge in foraging ecology with few tools available for describing variation in selection for dormant versus growing vegetation. Here, we tested whether the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in forage and feces of elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1785) were correlated with other commonly used indices of forage quality (digestibility, energy content, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and nitrogen content) and diet quality (fecal nitrogen, fecal NDF, and botanical composition of the diet). Photosynthetic pigment concentrations were strongly correlated with nitrogen content, gross energy, digestibility, and NDF of elk forages, particularly in spring. Winter and spring variation in fecal pigments and fecal nitrogen was explained with nearly identical linear models estimating the effects of season, sex, and day-of-spring, although models of fecal pigments were consistently a...
Osmoregulation in water-deprived rats drinking hypertonic saline: effect of area postrema lesions.

Rats drank rapidly when 0.3 M NaCl was the only drinking fluid available after overnight water deprivation, consuming ∼200 ml/24 h. Although such large intakes of this hypertonic solution initially...
Surface Wave Effects on the Ballistic Response of Brittle Materials

Abstract Prior experimental studies [1] , [2] , [3] have shown substantial improvement in the ballistic performance of ceramics due to surface treatment with thin coatings; however, no correlation between layer properties and degree of improvement has been found and no mechanism has yet been identified. It is certainly true that the high strain rates present in a ballistic event will cause surface waves to form and it is plausible that the interaction of these waves with surface flaws may contribute significantly to cracking and failure. In the present work a computational framework is developed to study the role of surface waves in brittle materials. Extension of this framework to multi-layer systems should provide insight into whether or not the observed surface-treatment effect in ceramics can be attributed to surface wave suppression.
Hybrid 2.5-µm HgCdTe 128 × 128 detectors for spaceborne uses

The high-resolution imaging spectrometer (HIRIS) is a facility instrument on the earth observing system (EOS) platform. The instrument simultaneously collects 1000 cross track 30- × 30-m footprints of data with each footprint imaged in 192 continuous spectral channels covering the 0.40-2.45-μm spectral band. Each channel has a spectral sampling interval of ~10 nm. This spatial coverage is achieved by using two focal plane area arrays. One array is a 64 × 1000 silicon CCD which covers the 0.4-1.0-μm spectral region, and the other is a 150 × 1000 shortwave HgCdTe area array covering the 1.0-2.45-μm spectral region. The HgCdTe focal plane functional requirements are given in Table I. As can be seen, the 150 × 1000 array is achieved by mosaicking together five smaller arrays. The current 128 × 128 devices were developed as a step toward fabricating the larger HIRIS arrays.
Adenosine is not responsible for local metabolic control of coronary blood flow in dogs during exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to quantitatively evaluate the role of adenosine in coronary exercise hyperemia. Dogs (n = 10) were chronically instrumented with catheters in the aorta and coronary sinus, and a flow probe on the circumflex coronary artery. Cardiac interstitial adenosine concentration was estimated from arterial and coronary venous plasma concentrations using a previously tested mathematical model. Coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, heart rate, and aortic pressure were measured at rest and during graded treadmill exercise with and without adenosine receptor blockade with either 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) or 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-PST). In control vehicle dogs, exercise increased myocardial oxygen consumption 4.2-fold, coronary blood flow 3.8-fold, and heart rate 2.5-fold, whereas mean aortic pressure was unchanged. Coronary venous plasma adenosine concentration was little changed with exercise, and the estimated interstitial adenosine concentration remained well below the threshold for coronary vasodilation. Adenosine receptor blockade did not significantly alter myocardial oxygen consumption or coronary blood flow at rest or during exercise. Coronary venous and estimated interstitial adenosine concentration did not increase to overcome the receptor blockade with either 8-PT or 8-PST as would be predicted if adenosine were part of a high-gain, negative-feedback, local metabolic control mechanism. These results demonstrate that adenosine is not responsible for local metabolic control of coronary blood flow in dogs during exercise.
SELF-ESTEEM, STRESS, AND DEPRESSION AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS

In a study of 29 graduate students, self-ratings of stress correlated with low scores on self-esteem but were not related to an objective indicator of actual stress. Both self-rated stress and low self-esteem scores were related to scores on depression, with a weak interaction effect.
Lemniscates and Equipotential Curves of Green's Function

(1935). Lemniscates and Equipotential Curves of Green's Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
Blood volume and aldosterone secretion in hypertension and primary aldosteronism.

SummaryTwo cases of primary aldosteronism were demonstrated to have expanded extracellular fluid, total blood volume, and plasma volume, with restoration toward normal after removal of adrenocortical adenomas. Red cell volumes were normal in both. No increase in urinary aldosterone was observed in 5 patients with essential hypertension. Blood volume was normal or slightly decreased. Increased urinary aldosterone without hypervolemia was observed in 2 patients with malignant hypertension. Thus increased total blood volume in hypertensive patients, due solely to plasma volume and anemia (low hematocrit), should prove a useful addition to the diagnostic screen for primary aldosteronism.
Getting an angle in advertising: The effect of camera angle on product evaluations.

Two studies explored how and why the camera angle used to photograph products in ads may affect viewers’ product evaluations. The findings suggest that such camera angle effects are likely to emerg...
Hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and organic anxiety syndrome.

Abstract The author describes a case of functional hypoparathyroidism with hypocalcemia that developed in a patient after ablation of a parathyroid adenoma. The patient's clinical presentation was characterized by a severe anxiety state. The literature on the neuropsychiatric manifestations of hypoparathyroidism indicates that anxiety states are not uncommon in this condition and suggests that hypoparathyroidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of organic anxiety syndrome.
Atomistic modeling of phonon transport in turbostratic graphitic structures

Thermal transport in turbostratic graphitic systems is investigated by using an atomistic analytical model based on the 4th-nearest-neighbor force constant approximation and a registry-dependent interlayer potential. The developed model is shown to produce an excellent agreement with the experimental data and ab initio results in the calculation of bulk properties. Subsequent analysis of phonon transport in combination with the Green's function method illustrates the significant dependence of key characteristics on the misorientation angle, clearly indicating the importance of this degree of freedom in multi-stacked structures. Selecting three angles with the smallest commensurate unit cells, the thermal resistance is evaluated at the twisted interface between two AB stacked graphite. The resulting values in the range of 35 × 10−10 K m2/W to 116 × 10−10 K m2/W are as large as those between two dissimilar material systems such as a metal and graphene. The strong rotational effect on the cross-plane thermal...
Visceral nociception: consequences, modulation and the future.

It is widely appreciated that visceral pain differs significantly from pain that arises from cutaneous structures. Visceral pain is difficult for both the patient and physician to localize because it is diffuse in character and is typically referred to cutaneous structures. Further, there are differences between acute, post-operative visceral pain and the altered sensations associated with the so-called functional bowel disorders (e.g. non-ulcer dyspepsia, non-cardiac chest pain and irritable bowel syndrome). A variety of considerations suggests that sensory inputs from the fiscera, like nociceptive inputs from the skin, can be sensitized. Accordingly, inputs from the viscera that are not typically perceived may give rise to discomfort and pain if either visceral afferent fibres are sensitized or central neurones undergo a change in excitability ('central sensitization') after persistent visceral input. The anatomy and potential mechanisms associated with visceral hyperalgesia will be considered as will new information about opioid modulation of visceral inputs to the spinal cord.
Protein-Protein Interactions Mediated by Helical Tertiary Structure Motifs.

The modulation of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) by means of creating or stabilizing secondary structure conformations is a rapidly growing area of research. Recent success in the inhibition of difficult PPIs by secondary structure mimetics also points to potential limitations, because often, specific cases require tertiary structure mimetics. To streamline protein structure-based inhibitor design, we have previously described the examination of protein complexes in the Protein Data Bank where α-helices or β-strands form critical contacts. Here, we examined coiled coils and helix bundles that mediate complex formation to create a platform for the discovery of potential tertiary structure mimetics. Though there has been extensive analysis of coiled coil motifs, the interactions between pre-formed coiled coils and globular proteins have not been systematically analyzed. This article identifies critical features of these helical interfaces with respect to coiled coil and other helical PPIs. We expect th...
Model (in)validation and fault detection for systems with polynomial state-space models

This paper addresses the problem of (in)validation of polynomial state-space models, that is, checking whether a discrete-time uncertain polynomial state-space model can explain noisy experimental input/output data. We first recast this problem as a polynomial optimization problem and present asymptotically tight invalidation certificates by appealing to well-known moments-based relaxations. In the second part of the paper, we show how a model-based run-time fault detection algorithm can be developed based on a notion of T-detectability, which enables the proposed model invalidation approach to be applied in receding horizon fashion to detect faults. The efficacy of the proposed methods are illustrated with some numerical and practical examples.
Dance Is Academic

Studying dance in college is exciting. The learning is palpable. In dance courses, you develop verbal language that reinforces your body’s knowledge. When your body finally understands a concept, y...
The Politics of Climate Change Is More Than the Politics of Capitalism

Discussion of global climate change is shaped by the intellectual categories developed to address capitalism and globalization. Yet climate change is only one manifestation of humanity’s varied and...
Case Volume-Outcomes Associations Among Patients With Severe Sepsis Who Underwent Interhospital Transfer.

OBJECTIVES Case volume-outcome associations bolster arguments to regionalize severe sepsis care, an approach that may necessitate interhospital patient transfers. Although transferred patients may most closely reflect care processes involved with regionalization, associations between sepsis case volume and outcomes among transferred patients are unclear. We investigated case volume-outcome associations among patients with severe sepsis transferred from another hospital. DESIGN Serial cross-sectional study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. SETTING United States nonfederal hospitals, years 2003-2011. PATIENTS One hundred forty-one thousand seven hundred seven patients (weighted national estimate of 717,732) with severe sepsis transferred from another acute care hospital. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We examined associations between quintiles of annual hospital severe sepsis case volume for the receiving hospital and in-hospital mortality among transferred patients with severe sepsis. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay and total charges. Transferred patients accounted for 13.2% of hospitalized severe sepsis cases. In-hospital mortality was 33.2%, with median length of stay 11 days (interquartile range, 5-22), and median total charge $70,722 (interquartile range, $30,591-$159,013). Patients transferred to highest volume hospitals had higher predicted mortality risk, greater number of acutely dysfunctional organs, and lower adjusted in-hospital mortality when compared with the lowest-volume hospitals (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.90). In stratified analysis (p < 0.001 for interaction of case volume by organ failure), mortality benefit associated with case volume was limited to patients with single organ dysfunction (n = 48,607, 34.3% of transfers) (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.80). Treatment at highest volume hospitals was significantly associated with shorter adjusted length of stay (incidence rate ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98) but not costs (% charge difference, 95% CI: [-]18.8, [-]37.9 to [+]0.3). CONCLUSIONS Hospital mortality was lowest among patients with severe sepsis who were transferred to high-volume hospitals; however, case volume benefits for transferred patients may be limited to patients with lower illness severity.
Cannabis use and bone mineral density: NHANES 2007–2010

Cannabis use is rising in the USA. Its relationship to cannabinoid signaling in bone cells implies its use could affect bone mineral density (BMD) in the population. In a national survey of people ages 20–59, we found no association between self-reported cannabis use and BMD of the hip or spine. Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug in the USA, and its recreational use has recently been approved in several US states. Cannabinoids play a role in bone homeostasis. We aimed to determine the association between cannabis use and BMD in US adults. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010, 4743 participants between 20 and 59 years old, history of cannabis use was categorized into never, former (previous use, but not in last 30 days), light (1–4 days of use in last 30 days), and heavy (≥5 days of use in last 30 days). Multivariable linear regression was used to test the association between cannabis use and DXA BMD of the proximal femur and lumbar spine with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity among other BMD determinants. Sixty percent of the population reported ever using cannabis; 47% were former users, 5% were light users, and 7% were heavy users. Heavy cannabis users were more likely to be male, have a lower BMI, increased daily alcohol intake, increased tobacco pack-years, and were more likely to have used other illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines). No association between cannabis and BMD was observed for any level of use (p ≥ 0.28). A history of cannabis use, although highly prevalent and related to other risk factors for low BMD, was not independently associated with BMD in this cross-sectional study of American men and women.
Customer participation in services: domain, scope, and boundaries

Extant service research considers several aspects of customer participation (CP) but lacks a clear and inclusive typology that delineates CP’s domain, scope, or boundaries. To address this gap, the authors build on a review of extant literature and propose a typology to classify CP into three categories—mandatory, replaceable, and voluntary. They demonstrate how this proposed typology improves the conceptual and empirical clarity of CP research. More specifically, the authors (1) suggest using “customer participation” to replace other terminologies such as coproduction and cocreation to reduce confusion; (2) conceptualize CP, customer engagement, and customer innovation as related but distinct concepts; (3) use the proposed typology to extend existing conceptualizations, integrate prior empirical research, and reconcile conflicting findings. Building on the enhanced conceptual clarity, managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
A decomposition method for nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programs

This paper examines the nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problems using a decomposition method. It is well known that a QCQP can be transformed into a rank-one constrained optimization problem. Finding a rank-one matrix is computationally complicated, especially for large scale QCQPs. A decomposition method is applied to decompose the single rank-one constraint on original unknown matrix into multiple rank-one constraints on small scale submatrices. An iterative rank minimization (IRM) algorithm is then proposed to gradually approach all of the rank-one constraints. To satisfy each rank-one constraint in the decomposed formulation, linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are introduced in IRM with local convergence analysis. The decomposition method reduces the overall computational cost by decreasing size of LMIs, especially when the problem is sparse. Simulation examples with comparative results obtained from an alternative method are presented to demonstrate advantages of the proposed method.
Gender and Water in a Changing Climate: Challenges and Opportunities

Climate change is exacerbating existing water insecurity globally, with significant gender consequences. Changes in water availability, access, scarcity and security play critical roles in shaping the ways that individuals, communities and countries are tackling existing and predicted climate change. Although climate change is already increasing vulnerabilities, marginalisation, and sufferings of many across the world, impacts are unevenly felt across social strata. Intersectionalities of social difference, especially along gender and class lines, differentiate the ways in which impacts of climate change are experienced and responded to. This is particularly evident in water-related productive and reproductive tasks, as climate change is expected to exacerbate both ecological degradation (e.g., water shortages) and water-related natural hazards (e.g., floods, cyclones), thereby transforming gender–water geographies. As such, it becomes imperative to undertake multi-scalar, critical and intersectional analyses to better inform both academic debates and policymaking. Heeding gendered implications of climate change is particularly important as patriarchal norms, inequities, and inequalities often place women and men in differentiated positions in their abilities to respond to and cope with dramatic changes in socioecological relations and changing waterscapes, as well as foregrounds the complex ways in which social power relations operate in communal responses to adaptation strategies that are increasingly proliferating globally. This chapter explores the nexus of gender-water-climate change to demonstrate how different groups of people understand, respond to, and cope with variability and uncertainties in a changing climate to reveal the challenges and prospects that exist. ​
Comparing performance of the Learnable Evolution Model and genetic algorithms

This paper describes an application of the Learnable Evolution Model (LEM) to a digital signal filter parameter identification problem and compares its performance to genetic algorithm solutions.
Effects of a Story Grammar Intervention With Repeated Retells for English Learners With Language Impairments

This study investigated the effects of a narrative intervention that employed repeated story retells and a Story Grammar Marker on the oral narrative skills of Spanish-speaking English learners wit...