cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Treatment of Trucks in Roundabout Analyses

Trucks are not always addressed explicitly in planning studies and operational analyses, even though they are a very important part of the nation’s economic engine. Most planning studies account for trucks as a percentage of the total traffic flow. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) converts trucks into autos through the use of a passenger car equivalency (PCE) factor. If the PCE is 2, then a truck is assumed to be equivalent to two autos. However, trucks are beginning to receive more attention, including that in the context of capacity assessments. A recent research effort focused on developing a level-of-service assessment for trucks and for enhancing the way that the impact of trucks is taken into account on freeways, arterials, and roundabouts. This paper focuses on the roundabout aspects of that research. The three roundabout-related objectives in the project were (a) to refine the PCE values used to convert trucks into auto equivalents for the flow on roundabout approaches, (b) to recalibrate the cap...
The Influence of Point Defects on Two Dimensional Diffusion Kinetics

The problems associated with two-dimensional diffusion of impurities coupled with point defects are outlined. The relative importance of the generation, diffusion and surface recombination rates are examined and the implications for 2-D modelling are discussed. Experimental results for the diffusion coefficient of interstitials indicate that the point defects can have orders of magnitude faster diffusivity than dopants. For accurate 2-Dprofiles, a large simulation space is needed to solve for the defects even though the impurity diffusion of interest occurs in the near surface region. The lateral extent of the diffusion profile is determined by the surface recombination rates of the defects. Results indicate that different technologically important interfaces, such as nitride and pad oxide have different recombination rates. The time dependence of the lateral decay isexperimentally investigated and indicates a steady state condition being reached. Parameters are extracted for the 2-D process simulator SUPREM-IV and the computer simulations are compared with experiment.
Employers Beware: Degrees And Certifications Dont Guarantee The Quality Of An Information Technology Applicant

Due to the shortage of qualified information technology (IT) professionals and the supply of available IT jobs, a new industry has surfaced in search of profits. Many individuals and organizations seek to either bypass the traditional educational process or obtain fraudulent credentials with the purpose of securing a high paying IT job. This paper is discusses the trend of fraudulent credentials, their impact on organizations, and reasons why the quality of information technology job applicants cannot be guaranteed based on their degrees and/or certifications.
Reply to "Urinary Tract Infections: Resistance Is Futile".

We thank Dr. Wenzler and Dr. Danziger ([1][1]) for their comments on our recent paper ([2][2]) and appreciate their insightful perspective on the use of aminopenicillins for selected urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci. As they point out, our data provide
Agency Requests, Gubernatorial Support and Budget Success in State Legislatures *

This is a study of the budget success of state administrative agencies. Although a number of recent studies provide valuable information about environmental influences on state and local government expenditures, relatively little is known about the factors that affect the budgets of individual administrative units. Existing studies typically focus on the state as the unit of analysis, and report findings about the correlates of state (or state plus local) government expenditures in total and by the major fields of education, highways, public welfare, health, hospitals et al. The United States Bureau of the Census provides an invaluable service for this scholarship by collecting state and local government data and ordering it into categories that permit state-to-state comparisons. When political scientists and economists rely exclusively on Census Bureau publications, however, they preclude an attack on certain aspects of the expenditure process. In order to report data by the comparable fields of education, highways, public welfare etc., the Bureau of the Census rearranges the expenditures made by individual state agencies. As a result we know little about the factors that affect the budgets of individual agencies. And because it is the agency's budget that is the focus of budget-making, we have no systematic information about many of the influences that might affect government expenditures. Chief among the unknowns are the influence of each agency's budget request in the expenditure process, and the support given to the agencies by the governor.
Sound Generation and Scattering From a Rotor in a Nonuniform Flow

A three-dimensional rotating annular cascade model is formulated, and the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic response of a fan to an incident disturbance is presented. The efiects of the rotor speed on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic response is analyzed. The unsteady sectional lift is afiected by the rotation primarily near the tip of the blade. Also, the fan rotation scatters the incident frequency into acoustic modes of difierent frequencies. This frequency scattering can be strong, and the excited acoustic waves are shown to have signiflcantly difierent amplitudes. Finally, the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations, present in the annular cascade model but not in the linear cascade model, are shown to be essential for correctly calculating the aeroacoustic and aerodynamic response.
Dog Bite Health Burden in Alaskan Communities 2002–12.

Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Anchorage In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Health
Food for thought... on evidence-based toxicology.

I would like to devote the first article of this series that I am writing after my move to the US to the topic that has become my chair’s designation, i.e. evidence-based toxicology. this topic is really close to my heart. It all began in 1993, when my friend edmund “edi” Neugebauer co-edited the book “Handbook of Mediators in Septic Shock” (Neugebauer and Holaday, 1993). To the best of my knowledge, this was the first book to apply principles of evidence-based medicine (eBM) not only to clinical studies but also to animal studies and in vitro experimental work. So, when I started at eCVAM in 2002 and was developing ideas for possible directions to take, my list included evidence-based toxicology, i.e. the translation of eBM (for an introduction to this see, for example, Mayer, 2004) to toxicology, as a most interesting option. I was most fortunate that a Ph.D. student of mine at that time, Sebastian Hoffmann, who is a statistician by training, not only joined me to go from Konstanz to eCVAM, but agreed to refocus his thesis under my supervision to developing the concepts of an evidence-based toxicology (eBt). His thesis “evidence-based in vitro toxicology,” submitted in January 2005 to the University of Konstanz (Hoffmann, 2005), is the first extensive publication on EBT, as far as I am aware. Sure, there were a few previous attempts to link eBM and toxicology (Buckley and Smith, 1996), especially in the discussion around the toxicity of amalgam (Dodes, 2001). Also, Phil Guzelian and co-authors (Guzelian et al., 2005) independently developed a concept for eBt, though they took a different approach, focusing on causation and not on method evaluation (see below). One might ask whether these “Food for thought” articles are not the opposite of evidence-based. they are by purpose personal, provocative, not really peer-reviewed, not evaluated by statistics, broad in scope, etc. that is correct, but they also do not pretend to produce new knowledge but try to challenge common beliefs and stimulate new thinking. By this, they might, however, occasionally initiate a systematic review in the spirit of eBM and eBt. With this disclaimer in mind, let’s get into evidence-based science. Consideration 1: EBM tries to solve some problems that are strikingly similar to those of toxicology
Range-based trilateration using multipurpose cost function optimization with Lagrangian multipliers

In this paper, a novel trilateration positioning technique is proposed that jointly addresses the conventional rangebased trilateration localization and measurements outliers detection and processing. The proposed scheme contains three components: (a) detecting outliers, (b) minimizing outliers impact; (c) minimizing conventional noise impact The method is based on a linear regression model in which the noise and outliers vector effect is considered simultaneously. The cost function includes an l1-norm minimization component to detect outliers. Once detected, the contaminated ranges are either removed from measurements or corrected. The proposed scheme has been simulated and compared with the recently proposed Linearized LS (L-LS), range-based LS (R-LS), and Squared-Kange Least Squares (SR-LS) approach. The results shows that the proposed approach is able to detect 97% of single introduced outliers and leads to less position error variance compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Complement Systems and Allergy Diseases

This chapter has reviewed various complement pathways, physiologic activities, biologic properties of complement fragments and receptors related to allergic diseases, and immunomodulation related to intravenous gamma globulin. It has also listed various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases benefiting from immune globulin and discussed autoimmune urticarial and selected diseases and syndromes associated with excessive complement activation and clinical associations and therapeutics.
Aid Policy Conclusions in an Era of Financial Crisis

In 1997 Asia became the site of a financial crisis that spread to threaten markets and economies around the world. Despite the persistently positive economic performance of most East and Southeast Asian countries – characterized by high growth rates, low inflation rates, high private savings, budget surpluses, and strong exports international currency speculators attacked Asian currencies and provoked a panicked withdrawal of massive amounts of short-term capital. Starting with the Thai baht and spreading to currencies up along the east coast of Asia, affected currencies lost half of their value in less than a year. Stock markets in those countries dropped by about 50 per cent (IMF 1998c). Accustomed to their recent economic successes, many in Asia struggled to understand why the crisis occurred, why it has been so severe and what the implications are for the East Asian model of development.
Brain muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating water intake and Fos following cerebroventricular administration of bethanecol in rats

The brain regions and receptor subtypes involved in water intake following central cholinergic stimulation have been incompletely characterized. To examine whether drinking and brain Fos-immunoreactivity (ir) induced in rats by central administration of bethanecol is reversed by either the preferential M1 antagonist pirenzepine, the M3 antagonist 4-DAMP, or their combination. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted with cerebroventricular cannulae. The muscarinic agonist, bethanecol was used as the dipsogenic agent. Either nonselective (atropine) or selective muscarinic receptor antagonists were injected together with bethanecol to determine blockade of drinking. In parallel studies, Fos-ir was assessed in discrete brain regions. Bethanecol-induced drinking was completely blocked by atropine or by a combination of pirenzepine and 4-DAMP; these latter antagonists alone produced sub-total inhibition of drinking. In contrast, water intake induced by angiotensin II was unaffected by combination of pirenzepine and 4-DAMP. Fos-ir was induced by bethanecol in many brain regions previously implicated in body fluid regulation, including subfornical organ and the magnocellular supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. Induced Fos-ir was substantially but not completely prevented by co-injection of either pirenzepine or 4-DAMP, but their combination did not seem markedly more effective than either alone. Drinking induced by brain muscarinic receptor stimulation seems to proceed by a combination of M1 and M3 receptor subtypes. Drinking induced by angiotensin II occurs independently of this mechanism. Fos-ir induced in fluid-related brain regions by bethanecol either uses additional receptor type(s) or is less easily blocked than drinking behavior.
Towards a Dataset for Human Computer Communication via Grounded Language Acquisition

The Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics fields have made significant progress towards developing robust component technologies (speech recognition/synthesis, machine translation, image recognition); advanced inference mechanisms that accommodate uncertainty and noise; and autonomous driving systems that operate seamlessly on our roads. In spite of this, we do not yet know how to talk to the machines we build or have them speak to us in natural language; how to make them smarter via simple, natural language instructions; how to understand what they are about to do; or how to work with them collaboratively towards accomplishing some joint goal. In this paper, we discuss our work towards building a dataset that enables an empirical approach to studying the relation between natural language, actions, and plans; and introduce a problem formulation that allows us to take meaningful steps towards addressing the open problems listed above.
Differences in mutation patterns of diagnostic versus post-chemotherapy samples in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

8079 Background: Many clinical trials in metastatic NSCLC patients who failed first-line chemotherapy have utilized pre-treatment, diagnostic tissues for marker assessment. BATTLE was a randomized, biopsy-driven clinical study in patients with metastatic NSCLC previously treated with systemic therapy. Fresh biopsies were obtained at the time of enrollment for biomarker evaluation. We hypothesized that molecular abnormalities found at the time of enrolment in BATTLE would differ from baseline, pre-chemotherapy, diagnostic tissue. Methods: We isolated DNA (SPRI-TE-based DNA recovery and cleanup methodology) from 82 matched pre-chemotherapy and BATTLE formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Mutations were assessed by MALDI-TOF MS (MassArray, Sequenom Inc) using a lung cancer panel of 16 genes/140 assays (AKT1, BRAF, CTNNB1, EGFR, ERBB2, FGFR3, HRAS, KRAS, MEK1, MEK2, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN, and STK11) and were compared between pre-chemotherapy versus BATTLE samples. Results: Mutations were ident...
Chapter 16 – Paint Analysis

The forensic analysis of coatings is an important part of many investigations. From art forgeries to hit-and-run accidents to kidnappings, coatings can be a powerful form of physical evidence. Coatings, especially paint, provide samples that are chemically complex yet relatively straightforward to analyze and yield distinctive results. The forensic analysis of automotive paints, in particular, in the modern forensic laboratory is important. The Paint Data Query database provides important information about automotive manufacturers and styles that provides for accurate sourcing of known and questioned paint samples.
Race, Cognitive Biases, and the Power of Law Student Teaching Evaluations

Decades of research shows that students' professor evaluations are influenced by factors well-beyond how knowledgeable the professor was or how effectively they taught. Among those factors is race. While some students' evaluative judgments of professors of color may be motivated by express racial animus, it is doubtful that such is the dominant narrative. Rather, what likely takes place are systematic deviations from rational judgment, whereby inferences about other people and situations are illogically drawn. In short, students' cognitive biases skew how they evaluate professors of color. In this Article, I explore how cognitive biases among law students influence how they perceive and evaluate law faculty of color. In addition, I contend that a handful of automatic associations and attitudes about faculty of color predict how law students evaluate them. Moreover, senior, especially white, colleagues often resist considering the role of race in law students' evaluations because of their own inability to be mindful of their own cognitive biases. Lastly, given research largely from social and cognitive psychology, I suggest a handful of interventions for law faculty of color to better navigate classroom dynamics.
Prevalence and Indicators of Household Smoking Bans Among American Indians

More than 58 million nonsmokers in the U.S. encounter secondhand smoke that leads to tobacco-related diseases and deaths every year, making voluntary household smoking bans an important public health goal. American Indians/Alaska Natives are rarely included in research related to household smoking bans. Further, most studies dichotomize household smoking bans into complete bans versus partial/no bans, rendering it impossible to determine if partial and no bans are associated with different or similar risk factors. Using the 2014 Cherokee Nation American Indian Adult Tobacco Survey, our study sought to identify prevalence of household smoking bans, their extent, and their correlates in an American Indian population. This cross-sectional analysis used multinomial logistic regression to determine correlates of complete, partial, and no household smoking bans. Results indicated that approximately 84% of Cherokee households have a complete ban. Younger age, female gender, higher education, higher household income, respondent’s nonsmoking status, good health, better awareness of harms related to secondhand smoke, visits with a healthcare provider within the past year, and children in the home were positively and significantly associated with complete household smoking bans. Additionally, there were notable differences between correlates related to partial bans and no bans. These results provide insight for the development of more appropriate interventions for American Indian households that do not have a complete household smoking ban.
MULTIPHASE FLOW IN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC AND GEOTHERMAL ERUPTIONS

ABSTRACT: Explosive volcanic or geothermal eruptions are those eruptions (or parts of eruptions) in which the continuous phase of the erupting fluid is, or becomes, gas and the dispersed phase is liquid or solid. In explosive eruptions, fluids can flow at velocities exceeding 100 meters/second (m/s); vent velocities up to 500 and 600 m/s have been inferred from field evidence. These eruptions discharge fluids that range in composition from nearly pure H 2 O to heavily massladen mixtures of vapor, rock, molten droplets of magma, and ash. The high velocity in explosive eruptions is gained by conversion to kinetic energy of enthalpy of hot rock and gas in reservoirs that are under lithostatic or hydrostatic pressure. Shallow eruptions in which reservoir pressures are only of the order 1-10 MPa (10-100 bars) can eject rocks up to 20 km laterally; deeper eruptions in which the lithostatic pressure is on the order of 100-1000 MPa (1-10 kbar) can eject plumes that rise into the stratosphere. A characteristic of the complex multicomponent, multiphase fluids in volcanic and geothermal environments is their low sound velocity. When gas is the continuous phase, sonic velocities are typically on the order of 100 m/s; in liquid with a small fraction of gas bubbles, the sonic velocity can be as low as 1-10 m/s. In explosive eruptions or flow from geothermal wells, fluid velocities can be greater than the sonic velocity. Therefore, both subsonic and supersonic flow can occur in geologic settings. The importance of the low characteristic velocities of geologic fluids has not been widely recognized and, as a result, the importance of supersonic flow in geologic processes has generally been underestimated.
6.8 Reconstructing Landscape Evolution by Dating Speleogenetic Processes

Speleology and karst geomorphology are making important contributions to evolution of landscapes, thanks to more refined dating techniques, more specialized and advanced instruments, and intensive studies of caves and karst terrains. This chapter provides eight cases where cave and karst studies have made, or are making, new strides in the reconstruction of landscape evolution by dating cave deposits. Some of these study areas include world renowned caves such as Carlsbad Cavern and Lechuguilla Cave in the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico, Jewel and Wind caves in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. The authors offer added detail on the caves of the Guadalupe Mountains and Grand Canyon.
Epigenetic Factors in the Neoplastic Response to Polyoma Virus

One could hardly speak of epigenetic matters before an audience at the University of Chicago without taking cognizance of the outstanding contributions that have come from that institution to the field of epigenetics. Among them, and quite relevant to the work described in this report, are the classical works of Dr. F. R. Lillie and Dr. Hsi Wang on the formation of feathers. In a series of experiments that lead to the delineation of the specific morphogenetic functions of the epithelial and the mesenchymal components of feather follicles (1), Dr. Lillie and Dr. Wang developed a pattern of analysis that has found increasing use in developmental biology, and is beginning to find application in experimental oncology. It is safe to predict that the debt of oncologists to those original investigations will continue to increase.
Serum Ribonuclease for Detecting Pancreatic Cell Necrosis

Pancreatic necrosis is one of the major potential events in the course of acute pancreatitis [1]. It is believed to be the consequence of ischemia [2] occurring early during the phase of circulatory insufficiency, perhaps potentiated by injury from activated pancreatic enzymes which have leaked into the tissues. The late complications of pancreatitis, including abscesses, arise in large measure because of these dead tissues [3]. Detection of pancreatic necrosis may therefore be crucial for anticipating and preventing those complications.
The Night Of : A Remake ‘Original’

The remake is a particularly problematic mode of adaptation that crystallises the combative nature of discourse surrounding notions of adaptation as legitimate creative endeavour. This chapter explores The Night Of as a series which, despite its identity as a remake of the BBC series Criminal Justice (2008–2009), is capable of overriding its own status as a remake; emerging instead as a conspicuously authored HBO ‘original’ affiliated with the generic markers of the crime drama, the courtroom drama and the prison drama, it imbibes yet it also eclipses the text it adapts.
Information seeking behavior of the poor: the study of parents’ school choice decisions

The purpose of this study is to investigate information seeking behavior of immigrants in disadvantaged communities in the state of CO, USA, using school choice decisions as a problematic situation. The study investigated the extent to which immigrant families in poor neighborhoods took advantage of school choice policies and the extent to which these decisions were mediated by information seeking activities.,Quantitative study using survey questionnaire was used. The study design used everyday life information seeking behavior (Savolainen, 1995) and information-poverty lived-experiences of poor people (Chatman and Pendelton, 1995) as a framework and theoretical lens, respectively. Parents of school-age children who met the criteria of “poor” based on the federal poverty guideline were recruited to participate in the study.,The study found that only 21 per cent (24 families out of 113) participated in school choice programs. Within the smaller group of parents that took advantage of school choice policy, 72 per cent gathered information before choosing a school, and of this group, about 80 per cent asked friends followed by school visit and a phone call to schools as information sources. Library use as sources of information was also selected by 61 per cent of the respondents. One important finding of this study is that although a majority of the families are aware of school choice policy, their level of participation is low and that is largely due to their economic and life circumstances.,Access to quality education is widely investigated and multiple entities have a stake in it, including parents, policymakers, researchers and school districts. The social implications of this study are significant in that the mere presence and awareness of school choice policy did not translate into increased participation by parents from disadvantaged communities for whom the policy was designed to benefit. Consistent with findings in the extant literature, parents in low socio-economic status also value quality education for their children. To address the issue of low participation in school choice, cities need to work toward strengthening schools and library systems in poor neighborhoods instead of diverting resources away.,Based on two theoretical accounts – i.e. the information-poverty lived-experiences of poor people, or the outsiders, (Chatman, 1999, 1996), and theory of everyday life information seeking (Savolainen, 1995) – this study investigated how immigrants and disadvantaged communities seek, acquire and use information to navigate school choice policy in the city of Aurora, CO. The findings of this study are relevant for educators, policymakers, libraries, school districts, cities, counties and parents to determine the necessary policy measures that are required to increase school choice participation by immigrants and disadvantaged communities.
Far from the Family Tree: Queering Genealogies and Literary Archives in Outono aquí by Mario Regueira

This article offers an analysis of the ways in which Mario Regueira’s novel, Outono aqui, and its characters challenge the silence imposed upon non-hegemonic national and sexual identities and narratives. Outono aqui establishes—through a series of intertextual references—a literary genealogy that exceeds the limits of sexuality, language, and nation, to offer a queer Galician literary aesthetic that, far from marginal, can only be understood in a transnational and transhistoric context.
Classifying Regulatory Approaches of Jurisdictions for Accessory Dwelling Units: The Case of Long Island:

Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are a strategy for providing affordable rental housing. We suggest a typology of regulatory approaches in Long Island, New York, differentiating between jurisdiction...
Promoting Breast Cancer Awareness and Clinical Breast Examination in the LMIC: Experiences from Tajikistan, Pakistan and Kenya

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and a leading cause of cancer death among women living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) despite declining mortality in high-income countries. The rising morbidity and mortality from breast cancer is fueled by a number of factors including late presentation, poor access to medical care, and less than optimal diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Reducing the breast cancer burden in LMICs will require improving early detection and overcoming barriers to accessing the health system as well as making diagnosis and treatment more affordable. While North American guidelines advocate for mammography as the most effective screening approach, most developing countries do not have ready access to the technology, nor the trained workforce needed to perform and interpret mammograms. In this paper, we present perspectives from Tajikistan, Kenya, and Pakistan and report on efforts to address the burden of breast cancer through screening and early detection programs. Given the significant proportion of women diagnosed with breast cancer in LMICs who present pre-menopausally and with higher grade tumors, widespread screening mammography may not be the most cost-effective approach. Based on the current evidence and our experience in LMICs, we suggest an approach which prioritizes population-wide education and self and clinical breast exams as a cost-conscious intervention likely to result in a population-wide shift toward early detection and better survival rates from breast cancer.
The Impact of Gradual and Immediate Nicotine Reduction on Subjective Cigarette Ratings

BACKGROUND A recent clinical trial showed that an immediate transition to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, compared with a gradual transition, produced greater reductions in smoking behavior, smoke exposure, and dependence. However, there was less compliance with the instruction to smoke only VLNC cigarettes in the immediate versus gradual reduction condition. The goal of this study was to test whether nicotine reduction method alters subjective ratings of VLNC cigarettes, and whether subjective ratings mediate effects of nicotine reduction method on smoking behavior, smoke exposure, dependence, and compliance. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial conducted across 10 sites in the United States. Smokers (n = 1250) were randomized to either a control condition, or to have the nicotine content of their cigarettes reduced immediately or gradually to 0.04 mg nicotine/g of tobacco during a 20-week study period. Participants completed the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ). RESULTS After Week 20, the immediate reduction group scored significantly lower than the gradual reduction group on multiple subscales of the mCEQ (ps < .001). The Satisfaction subscale of the mCEQ mediated the impact of nicotine reduction method on smoke exposure, smoking behavior, dependence, compliance, and abstinence. Other subscales also mediated a subset of these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS An immediate reduction in nicotine content resulted in lower product satisfaction than a gradual reduction, suggesting that immediate reduction further reduces cigarette reward value. This study will provide the Food and Drug Administration with information about the impact of nicotine reduction method on cigarette reward value. IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that an immediate reduction in nicotine content will result in greater reductions in cigarette satisfaction than a gradual reduction, and this reduction in satisfaction is related to changes in smoking behavior and dependence.
Repeated evolution of circadian clock dysregulation in cavefish populations

Abstract Circadian rhythms are nearly ubiquitous throughout nature, suggesting they are critical for survival in diverse environments. Organisms inhabiting environments with arrhythmic days, such as caves, offer a unique opportunity to study the evolution of circadian rhythms in response to changing ecological pressures. Here we demonstrate that the cave environment has led to the repeated disruption of the biological clock across multiple populations of Mexican cavefish, with the circadian transcriptome showing widespread reductions in rhythmicity and changes to the timing of the activation/repression of genes in the core pacemaker. Then, we investigate the function of two genes with decreased rhythmic expression in cavefish. Mutants of these genes phenocopy reductions in sleep seen in multiple cave populations, suggesting a link between circadian dysregulation and sleep reduction. Altogether, our results reveal that evolution in an arrhythmic environment has resulted in dysregulation to the biological clock across multiple populations by diverse molecular mechanisms.
New AUV Adaptive Behaviors for Subsea Data Exfiltration

This paper describes new adaptive behaviors native to the REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The new behaviors represent the expansion of the vehicle's capabilities to monitor vehicle and mission health and progress. We implemented the new framework to facilitate the application of REMUS vehicles to the data mule problem in general and specifically to the scenario of retrieving data from an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS). Access to high-quality data from these off-shore stations would improve our understanding of the internal structure and rupture properties of faults, and could allow advanced warning of short-term seismic risk. However, retrieval of off-shore data remains complicated. Fiber optic cable stations are expensive to deploy; as is sending research vessels to retrieve data from autonomous stations. Oceanographic Systems Laboratory (OSL) collaborated with the Ocean Bottom Seismograph and Optical Modem Labs at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) to develop a solution. [1] Using an AUV to transport data from the sea floor requires specific autonomy to enhance vehicle endurance, reliability and communications quality awareness. The new capabilities described here address limitations of reactive vehicle monitoring strategies, which focus on problems rather than mission progress. Our new implementation features vehicle introspection infrastructure that allows the AUV to assess progress and make robust choices for performance improvement. OSL developed a suite of REMUS capabilities to allow the AUV to make a long distance transit to the seafloor station, autonomously launch and monitor retrieval of the data, and make the transit back to deliver the data. Depending on the size of the data, data samples or meta data may be communicated by the vehicle over the horizon via Iridium before the vehicle performs the final transit. To broaden the impact of the new vehicle introspection controls, we are currently organizing a system of mission progress metrics and plan to leverage that system to expose adaptive capabilities systematically across objectives.
Simulations and symmetries

Author(s): Modi, C; Chen, SF; White, M | Abstract: We investigate the range of applicability of a model for the real-space power spectrum based on N-body dynamics and a (quadratic) Lagrangian bias expansion. This combination uses the highly accurate particle displacements that can be efficiently achieved by modern N-body methods with a symmetries-based bias expansion which describes the clustering of any tracer on large scales.We showthat at lowredshifts, and formoderately biased tracers, the substitution of N-body-determined dynamics improves over an equivalent model using perturbation theory by more than a factor of two in scale, while at high redshifts and for highly biased tracers the gains are more modest. This hybrid approach lends itself well to emulation. By removing the need to identify haloes and subhaloes, and by not requiring any galaxy-formation-related parameters to be included, the emulation task is significantly simplified at the cost ofmodelling a more limited range in scale. 2020 The Author(s).
Rh alloimmunization in chronically transfused patients with thalassemia receiving RhD, C, E, and K matched transfusions

Chronically transfused patients with thalassemia are at risk for red cell alloimmunization. No studies have specifically examined alloimmunization after implementation of prophylactic Rh (D, C, E) and K matched red cells in a racially diverse population of thalassemia patients and donors. This retrospective study examined Rh antibodies among 40 chronically transfused patients (Asian, White, Black, Indian, Middle Eastern) with thalassemia receiving a mean of 174 serologic prophylactic RhD, C, E, and K matched red cell units. We examined the patients' RH genotype, as well as donor race and Rh phenotypes over 3 transfusion events preceding antibody detection. Eighteen alloantibodies were detected in 13 of 40 patients (32.5%), with an alloimmunization rate of 0.26 antibodies per 100 units transfused. Thirteen antibodies (72.2%) were directed against Rh (5 anti-D, 4 anti-C, 2 anti-E, 1 anti-e, 1 anti-V), despite donor phenotypes that confirmed lack of transfusion of D, C, or E antigens to patients lacking the corresponding antigen(s). Ten of 40 patients had an altered RH genotype, but the Rh antibodies were not associated with patients with variant RH. Black donors with a known high frequency of RH variants provided 63% of the units transfused in the 3 visits preceding unexplained anti-Rh detection. Rh alloimmunization not explained by the thalassemia patients' RH genotype or the donors' serologic phenotype suggests more precise matching is needed, and the role of donor RH genotypes on alloimmunization should be explored. Extending Rh D, C, and E matching to include c and e would result in better-matched units and further minimize Rh alloimmunization.
Root water uptake of biofuel crops revealed by coupled electrical resistivity and soil water content measurements

Biofuel crops, including annuals such as maize (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and canola (Brassica napus L.), as well as high-biomass perennial grasses such as miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoiz), are candidates for sustainable alternative energy sources. However, large-scale conversion of croplands to perennial biofuel crops could have substantial impacts on regional water, nutrient, and C cycles due to the longer growing seasons and differences in rooting systems compared with most annual crops. However, due to the limited tools available to nondestructively study the spatiotemporal patterns of root water uptake in situ at field scales, these differences in crop water use are not well known. Geophysical imaging tools such as electrical resistivity (ER) reveal changes in water content in the soil profile. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a novel coupled hydrogeophysical approach with both time domain reflectometry soil water content and ER measurements to compare root water uptake and soil properties of an annual crop rotation with the perennial grass miscanthus, across three growing seasons (2009–2011) in southwest Michigan, USA. We estimated maximum root depths to be between 1.2 and 2.2 m, with the vertical distribution of roots being notably deeper in 2009 relative to 2010 and 2011, likely due to the drought conditions during that first year. Modeled cumulative ET of both crops was underestimated (2–34%) relative to estimates obtained from soil water drawdown in prior studies but was found to be greater in the perennial grass than the annual crops, despite shallower modeled rooting depths in 2010 and 2011.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetic Retinopathy Monitoring and Treatment.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Although screening and early treatment guidelines for DR have significantly reduced the disease burden, restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have changed real-world practice patterns in the management of DR. This review summarizes evolving guidelines and outcomes of the treatment of DR in the setting of the pandemic. Intravitreal injections for DR have decreased significantly globally during the pandemic, ranging from approximately 30 to nearly 100% reduction, compared to corresponding timepoints in 2019. Most studies on functional outcomes show a decrease in visual acuity on delayed follow-up. Changing practice patterns in the management of DR has led to fewer intravitreal injections and overall reduction in visual acuity on follow-up. As COVID variants emerge, it will be necessary to continue evaluating practice guidelines.
Exploring the Effect of Embedded Scaffolding Within Curricular Tasks on Third-Grade Students’ Model-Based Explanations about Hydrologic Cycling

Opportunities to generate model-based explanations are crucial for elementary students, yet are rarely foregrounded in elementary science learning environments despite evidence that early learners can reason from models when provided with scaffolding. We used a quasi-experimental research design to investigate the comparative impact of a scaffold test condition consisting of embedded physical scaffolds within a curricular modeling task on third-grade (age 8–9) students’ formulation of model-based explanations for the water cycle. This condition was contrasted to the control condition where third-grade students used a curricular modeling task with no embedded physical scaffolds. Students from each condition (n scaffold = 60; n unscaffold = 56) generated models of the water cycle before and after completion of a 10-week water unit. Results from quantitative analyses suggest that students in the scaffolded condition represented and linked more subsurface water process sequences with surface water process sequences than did students in the unscaffolded condition. However, results of qualitative analyses indicate that students in the scaffolded condition were less likely to build upon these process sequences to generate model-based explanations and experienced difficulties understanding their models as abstracted representations rather than recreations of real-world phenomena. We conclude that embedded curricular scaffolds may support students to consider non-observable components of the water cycle but, alone, may be insufficient for generation of model-based explanations about subsurface water movement.
Students with Questionable Values or Threatening Behavior: Precedent and Policy from Discipline to Dismissal

Abstract Social work faculty and university administrators confront a significant dilemma when students exhibit inappropriate or unethical behavior. Refusing admission or terminating problem students invokes a legal process that has not been clearly resolved in the courts; however, professional programs receive special privileges to broadly define academic performance. This legal refuge creates significant and unresolved challenges for social work faculty. Ethical issues and legal precedents are reviewed, in order to understand the rights of both the university and social work students. Recommendations include tightening the admissions process, counseling out, and the development of explicit dismissal procedures.
Inducing and Tracking Confusion with Contradictions during Complex Learning

Cognitive disequilibrium and its affiliated affective state of confusion have been found to positively correlate with learning, presumably due to the effortful cognitive activities that accompany their experience. Although confusion naturally occurs in several learning contexts, we hypothesize that it can be induced and scaffolded to increase learning opportunities. We addressed the possibility of confusion induction in a study where learners engaged in trialogues on research methods concepts with animated tutor and student agents. Confusion was induced by staging disagreements and contradictions between the animated agents, and then inviting the human learners to provide their opinions. Self-reports of confusion indicated that the contradictions were successful at inducing confusion in the minds of the learners. A second, more objective, method of tracking learners' confusion consisted of analyzing learners' performance on forced-choice questions that were embedded after contradictions. This measure was also found to be revealing of learners' underlying confusion. The contradictions alone did not result in enhanced learning gains. However, when confusion had been successfully induced, learners who were presented with contradictions did show improved learning compared to a no-contradiction control. Theoretical and applied implications along with possible future directions are discussed.
A Two-Level Architecture for Fuzzy Learning

Fuzzy learning algorithms provide an efficient method for generating approximating functions from training data. The approximations are obtained by constructing a fuzzy associative memory whose entries are determined locally using the information contained in the training set. A two-level fuzzy learning algorithm is introduced that incorporates error analysis into the approximation. The addition of a second fuzzy associative memory provides a significant improvement in the accuracy of the resulting approximations. The construction requires only one additional pass through the training data, maintaining the efficiency of the fuzzy learning algorithms. The improvement in accuracy is obtained without increasing the number of training instances, making this technique particularly suitable for problem domains in which the training information is unavailable or expensive to obtain.
Wireless Positioning Systems: Operation, Application, and Comparison

Positioning systems determine the location of a person or an object either relative to a known position or within a coordinate system. In the last few decades, various positioning systems have been motivated by demand and developed. This chapter provides an overview of the main positioning techniques: time of arrival (TOA), direction of arrival (DOA) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI). It then introduces positioning systems that are either in use or being developed for a variety of applications. Operations of these positioning systems are summarized using flowcharts and figures. In addition, the chapter compares positioning systems on the basis of system characteristics and performance parameters. Many of these positioning techniques and systems are introduced in greater details throughout different parts of the handbook. The chapter concludes by reviewing a number of emerging positioning systems and outlining some future applications.
Understanding Photoemission Spectra in Uranium Based Heavy Fermion Systems

For some time now spectroscopists have been puzzled by the lack of correspondence between Ce-based and U-based heavy fermion (HF) photoemission spectroscopy (PES). In 4f systems (most 4f compounds, not just HF) one generally observes a “two-peaked” structure1 associated with 4f PES, while most (again not just HF) 5f compounds yield a single broad triangular-shaped 5f intensity.2,3 Since there is substantial correspondence in bulk property data (such as specific heat) between 4f and 5f HF systems,4 it was a cause of some concern that PES failed to show this correspondence. Indeed it was difficult to understand how the very large overall widths of 5f spectra can be reconciled with features expected to be at least an order of magnitude narrower.
Chloridobis(dimethyl-glyoximato-κN,N')(4-methyl-pyridine-κN)cobalt(III) hemihydrate.

In the title complex, [Co(C4H7N2O2)2Cl(C6H7N)]·0.5H2O, the central CoIII ion, chelated by four N atoms of the two bidenate glyoximate ligands, exhibits a slightly distorted octa­hedral geometry. The axial positions are occupied by a chloride ion and the 4-methyl­pyridine N atom. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules in the crystal via the water mol­ecules, while the glyoximate ligands exhibit intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
When treatment fails with traumatized children...why

(2005). When Treatment Fails with Traumatized Children … Why? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-8.