cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Limited Capital-Labor Accord”: May It Rest in Peace?

This essay takes on a major pillar of the social structures of accumulation (SSA) literature: the “limited capital-labor accord.” The accord is shorthand for an industrial relations structure based...
Increased Vasopressin Secretion from Hypothalamic Cultures Following Administration of Exogenous Vasopressin mRNA

Abstract In Brattleboro rats, exogenous vasopressin (VP) mRNA can be accumulated, transported, and translated by magnocellular neurons. To determine whether this phenomenon may also occur in magnocellular neurons of normal rats, dispersed hypothalamic neuronal cultures of fetal Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to VP mRNA. The cultures were maintained in either control medium or medium containing the cAMP elevating drugs, IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), and forskolin for 23 or 30 days of culture to induce VP synthesis and secretion. Following removal of the IBMX and forskolin at Day 23, VP secretion into the medium declined to baseline by 30 daysin vitro,but administration of VP mRNA to these cultures on Day 30 resulted in a 5-fold increase in VP content of the medium (P = 0.005) after 6 h and a 2.5-fold increase after 24 h (P = 0.002). Administration of VP mRNA to the cultures treated continuously with IBMX and forskolin also resulted in a small increase in VP secretion which did not reach significance after either 6 or 24 h. When cultures prepared with continuous I/F were exposed to antisense VP mRNA, VP secretion into the media was decreased by 58%, and VP immunoreactive perikayra were difficult to observe. This demonstrates that the increase in VP release observed after the addition of sense VPmRNA did not reflect a nonspecific effect of the addition of mRNA to the culture medium. Autoradiography of cultures administered3H- or32P-VP mRNA for 24 h revealed silver grains associated with varicosities, perikarya, and neuritic processes of neurophysin (NP)-positive, but not NP-negative neurons. These results suggest that exogenously administered mRNA has access to cell translation systems in cultured hypothalamic neurons as well as magnocellular neurons of Brattleboro rats.
An engery‐resolved electron stimulated desorption (ESD) study of oxygen‐exposed Ag (110)

Energy-resolved ESD data obtained from Ag(110) after exposure to oxygen at room temperature are presented. The oxygen is found to desorb predominantly as a hydroxyl species. The surface hydrogen apparently originates from the bulk silver and is only removed slowly over many sample anneals. OH+ desorbs with an energy of 4.7 eV, and H+ desorbs with an energy of 3.0 eV. The results suggest that oxygen adsorbs at two or more different bonding sites on this surface. OH+ desorbs by ESD from the most prevalent of these sites, and O+ desorbs from another site which seems to fill first upon oxygen exposure. The primary beam energy is an important ESD variable since exciting the Ag 3d core levels results in a substantial reduction in the OH+ desorption yield.
A note on relations between sets.

From the definition of a strong and weakn-ary relation betweenn sets, given in a previous paper (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,27, 477–492), it follows that for a given set ofn sets and givenn-ary relationR between them there can exist only one strong relation, but a large number of weak ones. An expression for the total number of possible weak relations is derived and the notion of the degree of weakness of a relation is introduced and discussed.
Diltiazem potentiates the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet aggregation

Platelet aggregation in vivo occurs through the combined effects of many agonists. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation but its antiaggregate effects can be overcome by the synergistic action of sodium arachidonate (AA) plus platelet activating factor (PAF). We tested the effect of a calcium entry-blocking agent, diltiazem, on AA-PAF-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma from seven healthy volunteers. The studies were done before and after aspirin (100 mg/day) administration for 7 to 10 days. Stimulation of platelet was done in vitro by AA, PAF, or both. Before aspirin treatment, diltiazem (2 micrograms/ml) added in vitro to the platelet-rich plasma inhibited platelet aggregation induced by AA (0.75 mmol/L) by 50%. When PAF was used the inhibition of aggregation was obtained at a lower concentration of diltiazem (0.4 to 1 microgram/ml). After aspirin treatment, AA-induced aggregation was inhibited, and PAF alone (30 nmol/L) produced a first-wave aggregation followed by complete disaggregation. When AA and PAF were added together a full aggregation of postaspirin treatment platelets was obtained. Diltiazem added in vitro at the clinically attainable concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml produced a complete inhibition of this AA-PAF synergism on platelet aggregation. These results suggest that administration of a combination of low-dose aspirin and diltiazem may be of greater benefit than aspirin alone for prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases where platelets are involved in the pathogenesis.
Acoustic detection and classification of microchiroptera using machine learning: Lessons learned from automatic speech recognition

Current automatic acoustic detection and classification of microchiroptera utilize global features of individual calls (i.e., duration, bandwidth, frequency extrema), an approach that stems from expert knowledge of call sonograms. This approach parallels the acoustic phonetic paradigm of human automatic speech recognition (ASR), which relied on expert knowledge to account for variations in canonical linguistic units. ASR research eventually shifted from acoustic phonetics to machine learning, primarily because of the superior ability of machine learning to account for signal variation. To compare machine learning with conventional methods of detection and classification, nearly 3000 search-phase calls were hand labeled from recordings of five species: Pipistrellus bodenheimeri, Molossus molossus, Lasiurus borealis, L. cinereus semotus, and Tadarida brasiliensis. The hand labels were used to train two machine learning models: a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for detection and classification and a hidden Markov model (HMM) for classification. The GMM detector produced 4% error compared to 32% error for a baseline broadband energy detector, while the GMM and HMM classifiers produced errors of 0.6 +/- 0.2% compared to 16.9 +/- 1.1% error for a baseline discriminant function analysis classifier. The experiments showed that machine learning algorithms produced errors an order of magnitude smaller than those for conventional methods.
Models for mediated reactions at film modified electrodes : controlled electrode potential

Abstract Models have been developed previously for redox reactions mediated in films on electrode surfaces. As developed by Saveant and coworkers for steady state rotating disk voltammetry, a redox species, P, confined in the film is electrolyzed at the mass transport limited rate to form Q. Q is able to undergo reaction with a species, A, present in solution and able to permeate the film, to regenerate P and form product B; A + Q →k1 B + P. The reaction may occur either in the bulk of the film or at the film-solution interface. Here, the models are modified to include control of the electrode potential such that the concentration of P and Q at the electrode surface are parameterized by the Nernst equation. As long as no P and Q are lost from the film, the Nernstian condition will govern most electrode systems at steady state. Control of the electrode potential allows (1) simplified determination of the kinetic characteristics for some reaction schemes, and (2) evaluations where a second electrolysis occurs at a potential sufficiently close to the redox potential of P/Q that there are advantages in not applying potential sufficient to electrolyze P at the mass transport limited rate. This includes reactions where the formal potentials for P/Q and A/B are within 200 mV of each other as well as cases where a larger applied potential exceeds the solvent limit or leads to film decomposition. Equations are also provided for the electrolysis of A to B at the electrode surface as governed by the Nernst equation. Methods for evaluating experimental data are outlined.
Gerontology and Geriatric Issues and Trends in U.S. Nursing Programs: A National Survey

Elderly persons in the United States constitute an increasing proportion of our population impacting nursing education. The purpose of this study was to survey geriatric and gerontology issues and trends in U.S. baccalaureate schools of nursing since the advent of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's (AACN's) Older Adults: Recommended Baccalaureate Competencies and Curricular Guidelines for Geriatric Nursing Care . A national mail survey of all accredited AACN baccalaureate programs was conducted, resulting in 202 responses and a 36% response rate. The results show that half of the respondents reported integrating geriatrics/gerontology, and half reported having stand-alone geriatric/gerontology courses. Results indicate key issues that warrant further investigation. These include: (1) faculty preparation related to geriatrics and gerontology; (2) gaps in implementing the AACN's Older Adults: Recommended Baccalaureate Competencies and Curricular Guidelines for Geriatric Nursing Care in both stand-alone courses and integrated curricula; and (3) the extent to which the AACN's Older Adults: Recommended Baccalaureate Competencies and Curricular Guidelines for Geriatric Nursing Care is addressed in undergraduate curricula. Trends noted include planning to offer and retaining required stand-alone geriatric/gerontology courses. These results may be useful to nurse educators and researchers who are grappling with nursing education issues concerning geriatric and gerontology preparation. Of importance is that nursing curricula reflect nursing faculty's commitment to addressing the health care needs of the burgeoning number of elderly persons in society.
The predominant form in which neurofilament subunits undergo axonal transport varies during axonal initiation, elongation, and maturation.

The forms in which neurofilament (NF) subunits undergo axonal transport is controversial. Recent studies from have provided real-time visualization of the slow axonal transport of NF subunits by transfecting neuronal cultures with constructs encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP)-conjugated NF-M subunits. In our studies in differentiated NB2a/d1 cells, the majority NF subunits underwent transport in the form of punctate NF precursors, while studies in cultured neurons have demonstrated transport of NF subunits in predominantly filamentous form. Although different constructs were used in these studies, transfection of the same cultured neurons with our construct yielded the filamentous pattern observed by others, while transfection of our cultures with their construct generated punctate structures, confirming that the observed differences did not reflect variances in assembly-competence among the constructs. Manipulation of intracellular kinase, phosphatase, and protease activities shifted the predominant form of GFP-conjugated subunits between punctate and filamentous, confirming, as shown previously for vimentin, that punctate structures represent precursors for intermediate filament formation. Since these prior studies were conducted at markedly differing neuronal differentiation states, we tested the alternate hypothesis that these differing results reflected developmental alterations in NF dynamics that accompany various stages of neuritogenesis. We conducted time-course analyses of transfected NB2a/d1 cells, including monitoring of transfected cells over several days, as well as transfecting cells at varying intervals prior to and following induction of differentiation and axonal neurite outgrowth. GFP-conjugated subunits were predominantly filamentous during the peroid of most robust axonal outgrowth and NF accumulation, and presented a mixed profile of punctate and filamentous forms prior to neuritogenesis and following the developmental slowing of neurite outgrowth. These analyses demonstrate that NF subunits are capable of undergoing axonal transport in multiple forms, and that the predominant form in which NF subunits undergo axonal transport varies in accord with the rate of axonal elongation and accumulation of NFs within developing axons. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 48:61–83, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A study of the adrenal status in hypertension.

Abstract Structural changes were studied in adrenal glands from 78 adrenalectomized hypertensive patients and 220 hypertensive patients examined at autopsy. The findings were compared with those from 220 normotensive autopsied cases. Adrenocortical adenomas were ten times more frequent in hypertensive than in normotensive persons. Only 5 per cent of the adenomas were identified as producing aldosterone. Cell densities of the zona glomerulosa in hypertensive adrenalectomy material were significantly greater than in autopsied normotensive and hypertensive cases, possibly reflecting a relative hypoactivity of the outermost cortical zone. Nodular overgrowths of adrenal cortex were about twice as frequent in hypertensive as in normotensive persons, and dehydrogenase activity of the nodules reflected an abnormality of their metabolism. Adrenal weights, lipoid content, venous wall thickness, and other morphologic aspects investigated were not significantly different in the hypertensive and control series.
Analysis Techniques in AC/DC Power Systems

Many present-day industrial power systems have combined ac/dc power distribution systems. A typical example is a coal mine power system, where ac is used for running the mining equipment and dc is used for track haulage, etc. Also, the topology of the dc network is constantly changing due to the movement of locomotives along the track. Methods are described that can be used to carry out load-flow and short-circuit analyses of such a system.
A newly recognized type of slickenside striation

Abstract This note summarizes current views on the origin of slickenside striations and points to the existence of a type of striation not readily explained by established genetic ideas. Such striations have been seen on fault surfaces in naturally deformed shale and in experimentally deformed paraffin wax. They are defined by arrays of shallow, slip-parallel ridges and grooves of millimetric width and below. On any given slip-surface, the ridges are as common as the grooves and display similar dimensions and profile shapes. Across any pair of slip-surfaces in contact at the end of faulting, ridges protruding from one surface fit into or nest with grooves on the other surface. The origin of these features is not yet understood.
VOLCANIC FLUIDIZATION AND THE HEART MOUNTAIN DETACHMENT, WYOMING

The presence along the Heart Mountain detachment in Wyoming of microbreccia containing volcanic glass grains with primary shapes and accreted grains equivalent to accretionary and armored lapilli supports the concept that injection of volcanic gases along the fault produced fluidization. The probable source of the volcanic contribution was a fixed feeder pipe, now beneath the Crandall intrusive complex, which left a trail of intrusives akin to a hotspot trace in the moving allochthon. Volcanic gas carrying glass and fluidized microbreccia was injected in sill-like fashion along a bedding horizon near the base of the Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite, resulting in gravitative collapse and spreading, probably catastrophic, of the overlying carbonate and volcanic massif.
Using Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting to Observe Ribosome Assembly Intermediates in vivo

The assembly of the E. coli ribosome small subunit has been widely studied and characterized in vitro. Despite this, ribosome biogenesis in living cells remains poorly understood. This is a very complex process in which an rRNA is transcribed, folded, cleaved, and modified, while also binding with 20 different proteins. Very little is known about how the tertiary structure of the ribosomal RNA changes during assembly. There are a number of structure-probing methods that can be used to study rRNA in vivo, but virtually all of them lack the time resolution necessary to study a process like ribosome synthesis, which is completed within a few minutes.Hydroxyl radical footprinting can be used to probe in vivo rRNA structure. The hydroxyl radicals which probe the rRNA can be produced in milliseconds using synchrotron X-rays. With this technique it is possible to examine ribosome assembly with meaningful time resolution. The hydroxyl radicals cleave the RNA backbone in solvent accessible regions, giving cleavage patterns that reflect regions of flexibility and rigidity within an RNA.For the purpose of examining ribosome assembly, it is nascent ribosomes that are of interest, not pre-existing ribosomes that are already assembled. Therefore, the nascent ribosomes must be isolated from the background of pre-existing ribosomes. It has been shown that cells can take up labeled nucleosides that have been added to their growth media and incorporate them into nascent RNA transcripts. These can then be isolated using affinity methods. Once the nascent, assembling rRNA has been isolated, it can be analyzed by primer extension. The reverse transcriptase terminates at the cleavage sites. The cDNA fragments are then able to be analyzed by either slab gel, capillary electrophoresis, or high-throughput sequencing methods.
What an Algorithm Is

The algorithm, a building block of computer science, is defined from an intuitive and pragmatic point of view, through a methodological lens of philosophy rather than that of formal computation. The treatment extracts properties of abstraction, control, structure, finiteness, effective mechanism, and imperativity, and intentional aspects of goal and preconditions. The focus on the algorithm as a robust conceptual object obviates issues of correctness and minimality. Neither the articulation of an algorithm nor the dynamic process constitute the algorithm itself. Analysis for implications in computer science and philosophy reveals unexpected results, new questions, and new perspectives on current questions, including the relationship between our informally construed algorithms and Turing machines. Exploration in terms of current computational and philosophical thinking invites further developments.
Crystal Structure of β1,3-Glucuronyltransferase I in Complex with Active Donor Substrate UDP-GlcUA

β1,3-Glucuronyltransferase (GlcAT-I) is an essential enzyme involved in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis. GlcAT-I is an inverting glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid (GlcUA) to the common growing linker region Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xyl that is attached to a serine side chain of a core protein. Previously the structure of GlcAT-I has been solved in the presence of the donor product UDP and an acceptor analog Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xyl (Pedersen, L. C., Tsuchida, K., Kitagawa, H., Sugahara, K., Darden, T. A. & Negishi, M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 34580–34585). Here we report the x-ray crystal structure of GlcAT-I in complex with the complete donor UDP-GlcUA, thereby providing structures of an inverting glycosyltransferase in which both the complete donor and acceptor substrates are present in the active site. This structure supports the in-line displacement reaction mechanism previously proposed. It also provides information on the essential amino acid residues that determine donor substrate specificity.
Ectopic decidual cell reaction in para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes in the presence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma during pregnancy

Bilateral para-aortic lymphadenectomy is routine prior to radical surgery in cancer of the cervix. A pregnant patient with invasive cancer of the cervix and ectopic decidual cell reaction in para-aortic and pelvic nodes is presented. A decidual cell reaction in frozen sections of para-aortic lymph nodes could be confused with metastatic disease. Pathogenesis of ectopic decidual cell reaction is discussed.
Morphological alterations induced by prostaglandins E1, F2α and A1 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines

Abstract Monolayer cultures of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast tumor cell lines were treated with prostaglandins PGE 1 , PGF 2α and PGA 1 in a concentration range of 10 −12 –10 −4 M and studied at ultrastructural level. Electron microscopic examinations of both cell lines revealed that PGE 1 , PGF 2α and PGA 1 induced morphological changes at concentrations above 10 −8 M. In both the small and large MDA-MB-231 cells, deformation of mitochondrial cristae, increased density of mitochondrial matrix and accumulation of lysosomal-like vesicles were observed. In the nuclei morphological, modifications included, the presence of nuclear bodies, occasional nuclear inclusions, nucleolar budding and the disappearance of the nucleolar granular components. In MCF-7 cells, disorganization of mitochondrial cristae and an increase in their matrix density were also observed. At nuclear level, little or no morphological alterations were observed. The results also indicated that the plasma membranes of both cell lines were the most sensitive organelles to PGs action as in many cells their microvilli were either shortened and spherical in shape or absent.
Ethanol inhibits the formation of endoperoxide metabolites in human platelets.

Abstract Ethanol preincubated with human platelet rich plasma (PRP) inhibited the formation of endoperoxide metabolites in a dose dependent fashion. The lowest inhibitory concentration was within the reported range of blood levels reached by tolerable amounts of alcohol ingestion.
TLC SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEOMYCIN SULFATE, POLYMYXIN B SULFATE, AND BACITRACIN ZINC IN OINTMENTS

The development of a thin-layer chromatography method for the separation and identification of polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and bacitracin zinc in ointments, either alone or in combinations, is described. The ointments were dispersed in chloroform and the components of interest were extracted into an aqueous 0.1 N hydrochloric acid layer. The stationary phase was silica gel G and the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, ammonium hydroxide, and water (3 : 3 : 2 : 2 : 1.5, v/v) or methanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, ammonium hydroxide, and water (4 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 1.5, v/v). Detection was performed by spraying with a 0.2% solution of ninhydrin in 1-butanol. A number of commercial samples were analyzed using the described method. Our method worked on all brands tested, except one brand of the three-component ointment (Brand A), which contained interfering excipients. A sample clean-up step was developed to remove the interferences. The method described ...
Minimizing the maximum absolute deviation

In a recent educational technical note in SIGMAP, [3], Swanson and Woolsey outlined how one can determine the unknown parameters of a linear model under the criterion of minimizing the sum of absolute deviations. This note will demonstrate that one can also use linear programming procedures under the criterion of minimizing the maximum absolute deviation. This transformation to a linear programming problem is known, but not of wide extent; and is useful when one is trying to identify "outliers".
T-shell rendering and manipulation

Previously shell rendering was shown to be an ultra fast method of rendering digital surfaces represented as sets of voxels. The purpose of this work is to describe a new extension to the shell rendering method that creates a new representation of surfaces called t-shells using triangulated surface elements. The great speed of the shell rendering technique is made available to rendering triangulated surfaces through the use of data structures that describe the shell and through algorithms that traverse this information to produce the two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional data. In traditional shell rendering, each shell element (a voxel) is represented by a triple comprised of the offset of the voxel from the start of the row, the neighborhood code of the voxel, and the surface normal. We modify this data structure by replacing the neighborhood code with a code that indicates the Marching Cubes configuration of polygons (1 of 256 possible triangulated configurations) within that area (rather than the rasterization of a single, uniform shell element as was originally done). We present the general t-shell algorithm as well as the results of the two implementations as applied to input data which consist of different objects from various parts of the body and various modalities with a variety of surface sizes and shapes. We present some sample renditions as well as the results of timing experiments which demonstrate that the t-shell rendering is not only much faster than hardware-based rendering but is also capable of handling scenes that are much larger than those the hardware is capable of rendering while producing renditions of comparable quality.
Reproductive Behavior of Hexaploid/Diploid Wheat Hybrids 1

The bottleneck restricting introgression of useful genes directly from diploid into hexaploid wheats is the low number of BC1F1 seeds obtained. In crosses between hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) and Aegilops squarrosa L. (DD) or T. urartu Thum. (AA), this bottleneck may be overcome simply by pollinating a sufficient number of F1 spikes. However, hybrids between hexaploid wheat cultivars (T. aestivum) and T. monococcum L. (AA) generally are highly female-sterile, often having no pistils. One T. monococcum accession, PI 355520, when crossed with T. aestivum, produced hybrids with female fertility in the same range as that of T. aestivum/A. squarrosa or T. aestivum/T. urartu hybrids, ca. 0.5 to 1.0 backcross seed per spike. We found that female fertility was controlled by two duplicate genes in PI 355520, and that this accession can be used as a bridging parent to introgress genes from other T. monococcum accessions into hexaploid wheat. Pairing of homologous chromosomes was less frequent and weaker in such crosses than in T. aestivum/A. squarrosa crosses, but homoeologous bivalents occurred at a rate of almost 0.5 II per cell. Restitution division was detected in crosses involving all three diploid species and was confirmed cytologically in crosses with PI 355520. Chromosome numbers of BC1F1 plants ranged from 35 to 67; plants with 49 or more chromosomes occurred at frequencies of 0.09 to 0.21 among progeny of A. squarrosa and T. urartu and 0.29 in progeny of T. aestivum/T. monococcum crosses involving PI 355520. These results are consistent with those of previous studies, demonstrating the potential of direct Hexaploid/diploid crosses for rapidly introgressing useful genes into Hexaploid wheat with minimum disturbance of the background genotype.
Seismic evidence of mylonite reflectivity and deep structure in the Kettle dome metamorphic core complex, Washington

The first direct test of the seismic reflectivity of mylonites is provided by a seismic reflection profile over a mylonite zone exposed in the Kettle dome metamorphic core complex, northeastern Washington. The mylonite zone developed at mid-crustal levels and has undergone a minimum of retrogression and cataclasis during uplift. Downdip projection of the exposed mylonite zone into the seismic profile indicates that the compositionally layered mylonite zone is reflective and traceable to at least 5-km depth as a complex zone of multicyclic reflections. The seismic data also show that the crust beneath the Kettle dome is characterized by abundant, strongly reflective, moderately dipping layers down to at least 18 km. These layers can be interpreted in terms of compressional or extensional orogenic events or a combination of both. Models for the structure and genesis of metamorphic core complexes must take these data into account.
Sensitizers, protectors and oncogenic transformation in vitro

Abstract Systems developed to assay oncogenic transformation in vitro represent a rapid and powerful tool to screen and compare new radiosensitizers in their carcinogenic potential, and to search for compounds that reduce or inhibit carcinogenesis produced by both radiation and sensitizers. An established line of mouse embryo fibroblasts (C3HC3H10T12 cells) has been used to determine the incidence of transformation produced by a variety of 2 and 5 substituted nitroinnidazoles; these include metronidazole, desmethylmisonidazole, misonidazole, SR 2508, SR 2555, Ro-07–0741, RSLI-1047 and RSU-1021. Most of these sensitizers produce a similar level of transformation; for example a three day exposure of aerated cells to a concentration of 1 mM of the drug results in a transformation incidence comparable to 1 Gy of X rays. The notable exception is SR 2508 which produces a five-fold higher incidence of transformation. The potential carcinogenicity of sensitizers must be considered in choosing which of the currently available new drugs is to be used in clinical trials as an alternative to misonidazole. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a known free radical scavenger, has been shown to reduce the level of transformation produced by radiation and sensitizers. To be effective, SOD must be present for prolonged periods during the fixation and expression period of the transformation process.
Some Early Speculations on the Origin of Human Races

T HE publication of Professor Count's anthology This Is Race has done much to stimulate interest in the history of research and speculation concerning the races of man, a subject which historians of science have only begun to explore. In 1946 Count (p. 142) divided the history of raciology into four periods-the eighteenth-century (to 1815), the pre-Darwinian period (1815-1860), the post-Darwinian period (1860-1914), the twentieth-century (since 1914)-and went on to describe the leading developments of the second period, with some reference to the earlier work of Blumenbach and Kant.' The present article deals with the period before 1815 and especially with theories of race formation.
Comparative Evaluations of Mass Spectral Databases

This Communication presents a statistical analysis of the distributions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology/Environmental Protection Agencyj Mass Spectrometry Data Center Mass Spectral Database and the Wiley Registry of Mass Spectra according to sizes (peaks per spectrum) of spectra. The differences in the distributions are explained in terms of the different philosophies under which the two databases were built. The Wiley Registry is a collection that attempts to include all available spectra, including spectra of unique compounds derived from the literature. The NIST collection selects primarily spectra of interest for chemical analysis.
Boraheterocycles via cyclic hydroboration

Abstract The cyclic hydroboration of dienes and polyenes provides a valuable route to organoborane heterocycles. Many of these provide interesting new organic structures for study. Some of these derivatives have proven to be highly useful new reagents for organic synthesis. Finally, the ready conversion of such organoboranes to other organic derivatives provides a valuable new means for achieving stereochemical control in synthesis and in providing a versatile new route to carbon ring derivatives.
Problems in the interpretation of blood pressure changes seen in rats fed a breakfast cereal

Abstract Systolic blood pressures were measured on the same animals by direct and indirect methods. A tail cuff was used for the indirect measurements, and the direct measurements were obtained with a strain gauge after a needle was inserted into a major artery. Good agreement was found between normal values and elevated pressures produced by norepinephrine, but gross differences were observed in a nutritional experiment in which oatmeal was fed. Credibility requires that blood pressure changes be demonstrated by direct as well as by indirect measurements.
Comparison of the Devonian-Mississippian Boundary Sequence of Western Montana with the Appalachian Basin: ABSTRACT

There is remarkable similarity between the Devonian-Mississippian Sappington formation of western Montana and the Ohio shale-Bedford shale-Berea sandstone-Sunbury shale sequence of the Appalachian basin. The comparison is based on composition, color, and ordered succession of lithologic types, sedimentary structures such as channeled sand- and siltstones, ripple marks (oscillation, current, and interference), and cross-stratified sand- and siltstones, flow rolls (ball and pillow structures), paleogeographical and paleoecological interpretations, and fossils. Both areas bear a similar relation to the Cordilleran and Appalachian geosynclines, respectively. In each case the strata involve a lower dark shale of late Devonian age, intermediate light-colored shales and siltstones or sandstones of Mississippian age, and an upper dark shale. This relationship can be summarized as follows: Table One significant difference is in the presence of an algal (oncolite)--sponge biostrome (Unit E) which has wide distribution in the western area that is apparently absent in the Appalachian basin. End_of_Article - Last_Page 528------------
Household allocations and endogenous information: The case of split migrants in Kenya

Abstract One of the main elements separating different models of intrahousehold allocations is the household information set. This paper tests for the endogeneity of the household information set in a context where household members cannot observe each other easily: spousal information in the context of split urban migration in Kenya. Based on unique data, it finds that split migrant couples in the Nairobi slums invest considerable resources into information acquisition substituting visits, monitoring by siblings, and budget submissions before remitting. Comparisons of pre-marital search characteristics between current split and joint migrants are consistent with the hypothesis that those anticipating split migration change their marital search behavior to mitigate the consequences of pending imperfect information.
Bridging the Gap between Organization Theory and the Practice of Managing Growth: The Dynamic System Planning Model

For several decades researchers have attempted to explain the process of organization growth and development. The various models devised can be divided into roughly two categories: those which emphasize nature, and those emphasizing nurture as the cause for change. The Dynamic System Planning Model is described, which borrows from both traditions, in particular from open systems theory and from the individual learning models. Issues outlined in this model are the frequently mentioned concerns of presidents of small changing firms. Although based in open system theory, it translates readily into practical application in day‐to‐day management, as interviews with presidents attest.
A Thermographic Study of Heat Distribution During Ultra-Speed Cavity Preparation

Thermography was employed to determine the pattern of heat generation, distribution and dissipation during ultra-high speed cavity preparation. Results indicate an increase in intrapulpal temperature during cutting procedures. No significant differences in the cooling effectiveness between air-water spray and air alone were found. Thermography appears to be an effective research tool for determining thermal changes.
Oxyfluorination of Wood-Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites to Improve Adhesion

Oxyfluorination was evaluated on a series of wood-fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite (WPCs) formulations as a means to improve the adhesion of a water-based acrylic coating. The oxyfluorination increased the acrylic coating peel load to WPCs by 179%, yielding adhesion levels higher than those obtained on control maple. For oxyfluorinated surfaces, the WPC formulation had a significant impact on the acrylic coating paint. Formulations without maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent developed better adhesion than formulations with the coupling agent. Formulations with polypropylene also performed better than formulations with high density polyethylene and so did formulations with pine compared with those with maple. Interestingly, the adhesion improvement imparted by oxyfluorination was higher for those formulations that were least amenable to bonding with the acrylic coating, i.e., those containing the coupling agent and high density polyethylene. Contact angle measurements and ATR-FTIR spectro...
Sodium and potassium content of isolated nuclei.

IT is well known that the concentration of sodium is low and that of potassium high in the intra-cellular space of most mammalian tissues. Nevertheless, an appreciable amount of each has been found in preparations of mitochondria isolated by differential centrifugation from homogenates of various tissues, particularly liver1–4 and kidney5. The purpose of the present communication is to report on the association of sodium with another cellular component, the nucleus.
Fluoride glass starting materials - Characterization and effects of thermal treatment

The production of heavy metal fluoride (HMF) glasses, and the effects of thermal treatments on the HMF glasses are investigated. ZrF4, BaF2, AlF3, LaF3, and NaF were utilized in the synthesis of zirconium-barium-lanthanum-aluminum-sodium fluoride glass. The purity of these starting materials, in particular ZrF4, is evaluated using XRD analysis. The data reveal that low temperature heating of ZrF4-H2O is effective in removing the water of hydration, but causes the production of ZrF4 and oxyfluorides; however, dehydration followed by sublimation results in the production of monoclinic ZrFe without water or oxyfluoride contaminants.
Long-Term Management of Depression

Abstract Major depression is often a chronic and recurrent disorder. Findings from a landmark study, the Pittsburgh Study of Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression, demonstrate that full doses of antidepressants prevent recurrent depression and that maintenance therapy lasting at least 5 years may be required for patients with severly recurrent disease. In addition, psychotherapy is a useful adjunct to antidepressant maintenance therapy in prolonging the duration between recurrent episodes. The currently accepted approach to preventing recurrent depression is to treat the acute episode to full remission and follow up by maintaining the patient on the full, acute dose used to achieve the initial response. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been studied in recurrent depression and are rational choices for initial maintenance therapy because of demonstrated efficacy, safety, and tolerance during long-term therapy.
Katalyse XX. Die Beziehung zwischen der Ordnung einer Reaktion und ihrem Temperaturkoeffizienten

1. Nullmolekulare Reaktionen haben grosere Temperaturkoeffizienten als monomolekulare Reaktionen, wahrend die Temperaturkoeffizienten von diesen wiederum groser sind als die der polymolekularen Reaktionen.
Dissipation length scales in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames

Line imaging of Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF is used to investigate the energy and dissipation spectra of turbulent fluctuations in temperature and mixture fraction in several flames, including CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/N{sub 2} jet flames at Reynolds numbers of 15,200 and 22,800 (DLR-A and DLR-B) and piloted CH{sub 4}/air jet flames at Reynolds numbers of 13,400, 22,400, and 33,600 (Sandia flames C, D, and E). The high signal-to-noise ratio of the 1D Rayleigh scattering images enables determination of the turbulent cutoff wavenumber from 1D dissipation spectra. The local length scale inferred from this cutoff is analogous to the Batchelor scale in nonreacting flows. The measured thermal dissipation spectra in the turbulent flames are shown to be similar to the model spectrum of Pope for turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. Furthermore, for flames with Lewis number near unity, the 1D dissipation spectra for temperature and mixture fraction are shown to follow nearly the same rolloff in the high-wavenumber range, such that the cutoff length scale for thermal dissipation is equal to or slightly smaller than the cutoff length scale for mixture fraction dissipation. Measurements from the piloted CH{sub 4}/air flames are used to demonstrate that a surrogate cutoff scale may be obtained from the dissipation spectrummore » of the inverse of the Rayleigh signal itself, even when the Rayleigh scattering cross section varies through the flame. This suggests that the cutoff length scale determined from Rayleigh scattering measurements may be used to define the local resolution requirements and optimal data processing procedures for accurate determination of the mean mixture fraction dissipation, based upon Raman scattering measurements or other multiscalar imaging techniques. (author)« less
Electroelastic Green's functions for transversely isotropic piezoelectric media and their application to the solution of inclusion and inhomogeneity problems

Abstract Explicit formula are obtained for the coupled electroelastic Green's functions for a transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium. Four Green's functions are seen to exist which represent the coupled elastic and electric response to an applied unit point force or point electric charge. The resulting expressions are obtained by utilizing the contour integral representation of the Green's functions derived by Deeg [1]. The evaluation of the contour integrals then follows Willis' work [2] in anisotropic elasticity. When piezoelectric coupling is absent, the results reduce to those for uncoupled elasticity and electrostatics. The use of the electroelastic Green's functions in the analysis of piezoelectric inclusion and inhomogeneity problems is then illustrated. Finally, explicit expressions are obtained for a set of four tensors analogous to Eshelby's tensor for elastic inclusions. These expressions can be readily utilized in the solution of numerous problems in the micromechanics of piezoelectric solids such as defects, fracture mechanics, and composite materials.
Massively parallel non-equilibrium brownian dynamics simulations for complex fluids: The rheology of brownian suspensions

Abstract The complex rheology of colloidal suspensions under shear flows is a direct consequence of shear-induced microstructural changes. Non-equilibrium Brownian Dynamics (NEBD) simulations can be used to study and understand this rheology and its relationship to the suspension microstructure. However, system size effects can influence the observed rheology and structural evolution. In this paper, we describe a data parallel algorithm for NEBD appropriate for a SIMD architecture and apply it to simulate systems of >250,000 Brownian disks under simple shear. The evolution of the shear and normal stesses is explained by detailed examination of the shear-induced microstructure. A transition to a string phase is seen consistent with experiments and smaller simulations, showing it not to be an artifact of simulation size effects.
Ian: a 7-year old with prenatal drug exposure and early exposure to family violence.

CASE A 7(1/2)-year-old boy is brought to a new primary care pediatrician because his grandparents, who have legal custody, want a "fresh look" at his behavior. Ian's grandmother begins the history with the comment, "He started out kind of rough." He was exposed to methamphetamine and marijuana throughout gestation and his mother had bipolar disease and hypertension. A Cesarean section for failure to progress was followed by normal Apgar scores and an unremarkable neonatal course. Ian's parents physically fought during the first 6 months of his life; at that time, the parents separated and the grandparents assumed care. Ian was expelled from three preschools due to physical aggression directed at other children. He also found it difficult to separate from his grandmother. In first grade, Ian often ran out of the classroom and was verbally, and at one time, physically abuse to his teacher. When he was expelled from school, the grandparents decided to home school Ian. Ian learned to read about 100 words and his spelling improved. Currently, Ian is in the first grade in a class of 10 children with behavioral problems; Ian has his own aid to insure his safety while in school. His teacher reports frequent fidgety behavior, difficulty sitting in his seat or at circle time, and trouble focusing on learning tasks. While his grandparents describe Ian as a "sweet and happy" child at home, they are concerned with repetitive behaviors (e.g., frequent flushing of the toilet because he worried that it is broken and brushing his teeth over 10 times each day), fear of leaving the house, and insisting on order to certain things such as his toys and having a "meltdown" when they are not in order. Severe tantrums are limited to once each month. A receptive and expressive language disorder was diagnosed at 4-years old followed by speech therapy and a social skills-language group program. A few months before the current pediatric visit, Ian had psychoeducational testing: The Wechsler Intelligence Scale-IV revealed verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) of 75 and a performance IQ of 108 with a full scale score of 81. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 indicated a probability of autism with significant scores in stereotype behavior, communication, and social interactions. During the physical examination, he constantly moved while in chair and required frequent redirection and refocusing on many tasks. Eye contact was appropriate, but he often used words out of context with scripted references to videos at home. Foul language was used both randomly and directed to the examiner. After saying, "here comes the bitch," he apologized. Ian demonstrated appropriate joint attention and reciprocal play without over-focusing on a single toy. Growth measurements were at the 95th percentile. Physical and neurological examinations were normal with the exception of mild asymmetry of auricle size and slightly abducted auricles in association with mildly small palpebral fissures.
Atrial natriuretic factor in gynecologic malignancy

Objective: To determine whether plasma atrial natriuretic factor (AND levels are different in patients with gynecologic malignancy compared with those in healthy, nonpregnant women, and if differences do exist, whether chemotherapy plays a role. Methods: We compared the plasma levels of ANF in nonpregnant women free of malignancy (group 1, n = 25) and in patients with malignancy receiving at least one course of platinum-based chemotherapy (group 2, n = 32). To differentiate the contributory role of chemotherapy, another group of patients (group 3, n = 18) was studied before the initiation of chemotherapy. Results: The ANF values (mean ± standard error [SEl) in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 7.3 ± 0.3, 13.8 ± 0.8, and 14.6 ± 1.8 fmol/mL of plasma, respectively. Significant differences ( P ≤ .001) occurred between groups 1 and 2 and 1 and 3, but not between 2 and 3. In comparing groups 2 and 3 for a specific type of cancer, there were no significant differences. The respective values (mean ± SE) for endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancer before chemotherapy were 9.9 ± 1.7, 15.05 ± 2.6, and 18.5 ± 4.3 fmol/mL. After chemotherapy, the values remained at 9.3 ± 1.5, 15.03 ± 1.06, and 14.6 ± 2.2 fmol/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Plasma ANF levels in gynecologic cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy, nonpregnant women. Levels were higher before chemotherapy started, thus negating the idea that chemotherapy may initiate the production and release of ANF.
Developing the aggregate empirical side of computational social choice

The aggregate empirical side of computational social choice has received relatively little attention. This paper provides a progress report on our on-going research project on statistical characterizations of the outcomes of vote-casting processes. We describe a statistical model that is capable of generating voting situations for three-candidate elections that have a distribution very similar to that of observed voting situations. We show that our simulated voting situations can provide interesting insights into the question of which voting rule is most likely to identify the best candidate.