cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Overstress Model Applied to Normal and Pathological Behavior of Some Engineering Alloys

The isotropic, small strain viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) is introduced. This version is applicable to low, high, constant and variable homologous temperature. It is shown that the overstress dependence enables the modeling of the difference in creep behavior found when a creep test is started at the same stress level upon loading and unloading. Adding a constant to the growth law of the state variable equilibrium stress enables the modeling of rate independence and of negative rate sensitivity that can be found in the dynamic strain-aging regime. It is shown that rate independence and relaxation found in 9Cr-1Mo steel at 400 °C can be modeled with a version of VBO that needs only seven constants. Theories dealing with the modeling of “pathological” behavior of engineering alloys are now beginning to appear and will be extended.
Microwave Interference Detection of Subsurface Water

This study is intended to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of using radio wave interference at microwave frequencies to locate the depth to an underground water surface or water pocket. Due to the many variables involved, and a relatively low level of knowledge of microwave behavior in soil, it was felt that a controlled laboratory study should be the first phase, followed by field evaluation. This technical note presents the results of the laboratory feasibility tests.
Emotional reactivity and regulation in anxious and nonanxious youth: a cell-phone ecological momentary assessment study.

Background: Reviews have highlighted anxious youths’ affective disturbances, specifically, elevated negative emotions and reliance on ineffective emotion regulation strategies. However, no study has examined anxious youth’s emotional reactivity and regulation in real-world contexts. Methods: This study utilized an ecological momentary assessment approach to compare real-world emotional experiences of 65 youth with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or social phobia (ANX) and 65 age-matched healthy controls (CON), ages 9–13 years. Results: Hierarchical linear models revealed that ANX reported higher levels of average past-hour peak intensity of nervous, sad and upset emotions than CON youth but similar levels during momentary reports of current emotion. As expected, ANX youth reported more frequent physiological reactions in response to a negative event; however, there were no group differences in how frequently they used cognitive–behavioral strategies. Avoidance, distraction and problem solving were associated with the down-regulation of all negative emotions except nervousness for both ANX and CON youth; however, group differences emerged for acceptance, rumination and physiological responding. Conclusions: In real-world contexts, ANX youth do not report higher levels of momentary negative emotions but do report heightened negative emotions in response to challenging events. Moreover, ANX youth report no differences in how frequently they use adaptive regulatory strategies but are more likely to have physiological responses to challenging events. They are also less effective at using some strategies to down-regulate negative emotion than CON youth.
Biosynthesis of Diacetyl in Bacteria and Yeast

Both diacetyl and acetoin were produced by cell-free extracts and cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aerobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus brevis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 299, whereas only acetoin was produced by cell-free extracts and cultures of Streptococcus lactis, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, and S. cerevisiae strains 513 and 522. Cell-free extracts that produced diacetyl did not produce it from acetoin; they produced it from pyruvate, but only if acetyl-coenzyme A was was added to the reaction mixtures. Production of diacetyl by S. cerevisiae 299 was prevented by valine, inhibited by sodium arsenite, and stimulated by pantothenic acid. Valine did not prevent the production of acetoin. E. coli and the three strains of S. cerevisiae did not decarboxylate α-acetolactate but did use acetaldehyde in the production of acetoin from pyruvate. The other organisms produced acetoin from pyruvate via α-acetolactate.
I. Perceptions of the emotional correlates of dysmenorrhea.

DYSMENORRHEA, the difficult and painful experience of menstruation, is defined as primary, essential, or congenital if present from the onset of menarche, and secondary or acquired if associated with organic pelvic disease. Psychogenic or functional dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain of a psychic or mental origin for which there is no anatomic or pathologic explanation. Considerable gynecologic literature on dysmenorrhea states that the psyche and the feelings of well-being within women may be affected by these monthly pains, in turn leading frequently to anxiety neuroses. Kistner4 states that psychiatrists not only call this reverse reasoning, but feel that dysmenorrhea is the signal of a deeper lying emotional disorder and not the causal factor in such neurotic anxieties. Dalton’s findings’ on dysmenorrhea show it to be primarily physiological “. . . once the physiological problems are cleared up, the dysmenorrhea disappears and does not recur.” Kistner* confirms this
Clearance function of type C receptors of atrial natriuretic factor in rats

The overwhelming majority of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptors in kidney and vascular tissues do not mediate any of the known functional effects of the hormone. To test whether these receptors (C-ANF receptors) function as clearance receptors for circulating ANF-(1-28), we determined the effects of C-ANF-(4-23) [des[Gln18Ser19Gly20Leu21Gly22]rANF-(3-23)-NH2], a specific ligand of C-ANF receptors, on the pharmacokinetics and hydrolysis of 125I-labeled ANF-(1-28) in anesthetized rats. Radioactivity in plasma was characterized by trichloroacetic acid solubility and high-pressure liquid chromatography. C-ANF-(4-23) (1 and 10 micrograms.min-1.kg body wt-1) led to marked dose-dependent increases in initial plasma concentration of administered 125I-ANF-(1-28) and decreases in its volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), metabolic clearance rate (MCR), and appearance of hydrolytic products ([125I]monoiodotyrosine and free 125I) in plasma (Pm). At the highest dose, C-ANF-(4-23) decreased Vss from 97 +/- 12 to 36 +/- 2 ml/100 g body wt, MCR from 50 +/- 4 to 12 +/- 1 ml.min-1.100 g body wt-1, and Pm from 54 +/- 8 to 11 +/- 2% of initial plasma 125I-ANF-(1-28). The data demonstrate that C-ANF receptors are mainly responsible for the very large volume of distribution and fast MCR of ANF in the rat. In this manner, C-ANF receptors are likely to play an important role in the homeostasis of circulating ANF.
Health care reform: what history doesn't teach.

The paper begins by tracing the historical development of American medicine as practice, profession, and industry from the eighteenth century to the present. This historical outline emphasizes shifting conceptions of physicians and physician ethics. It lays the basis for showing, in the second section, how contemporary controversies about the physician’s role in managed care take root in medicine’s past. In the final two sections, I revisit both the historical analysis and its application to contemporary debates. I argue that historical narratives can function as “master narratives” that suppress or leave out historical facts. I bring to the surface what is covered up by the master narrative approach, and show its relevance to contemporary ethical debates. I conclude by proposing that preserving the integrity of medicine will require modifying the master narratives we tell about physicians. The integrity of medicine also offers new perspectives for thinking about managed care and the broader topic of health care reform.
InP substrate evaluation by MOVPE growth of lattice matched epitaxial layers

InP substrates form the starting point for a wide variety of semiconductor devices. The surface morphology produced during epitaxy depends critically on the starting substrate. We evaluated (1 0 0)-oriented InP wafers from three different vendors by growing thick (5 μm) lattice-matched epilayers of InP, GaInAs, and AlInAs. We assessed the surfaces with differential interference contrast microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Wafers with near singular (1 0 0) orientations produced inferior surfaces in general. Vicinal substrates with small misorientations improved the epitaxial surface for InP dramatically, reducing the density of macroscopic defects while maintaining a low RMS roughness. GaInAs and AlInAs epitaxy step-bunched forming undulations along the miscut direction. Sulfur-doped wafers were considered for singular (1 0 0) and for 0.2° misorientation toward (1 1 0). We found that mound defects observed for InP and GaInAs layers on iron-doped singular wafers were absent for singular sulfur-doped wafers. These observations support the conclusion that dislocation termination at the surface and expansion of the step spiral lead to the macroscopic defects observed.
Bone Changes and Fracture Risk in Individuals Infected With HIV

The life expectancy of individuals infected with HIV has improved greatly since the institution of combination antiretroviral therapy. However, many metabolic derangements have been discovered with long-term combination antiretroviral treatment, including lipodystrophy; insulin resistance; and, more recently, abnormal bone metabolism. It is well-documented that bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV-positive patients is lower compared with the expected BMD in non-HIV-positive patients. The underlying cause of lower BMD is unknown but is thought to be a multifactorial process. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of antiretroviral exposure and duration of treatment, antiretroviral type, and cumulative HIV viral exposure on bone health. Here we review the bone changes that occur with HIV infection and treatment.
Root-parasitic nematodes enhance soil microbial activities and nitrogen mineralization.

Obligate root-parasitic nematodes can affect soil microbes positively by enhancing C and nutrient leakage from roots but negatively by restricting total root growth. However, it is unclear how the resulting changes in C availability affect soil microbial activities and N cycling. In a microplot experiment, effects of root-parasitic reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus reniformis) on soil microbial biomass and activities were examined in six different soils planted with cotton. Rotylenchulus reniformis was introduced at 900 nematodes kg−1 soil in May 2000 prior to seeding cotton. In 2001, soil samples were collected in May before cotton was seeded and in November at the final harvest. Extractable C and N were consistently higher in the R. reniformis treatments than in the non-nematode controls across the six different soils. Nematode inoculation significantly reduced microbial biomass C, but increased microbial biomass N, leading to marked decreases in microbial biomass C:N ratios. Soil microbial respiration and net N mineralization rates were also consistently higher in the nematode treatments than in the controls. However, soil types did not have a significant impact on the effects of nematodes on these microbial parameters. These findings indicate that nematode infection of plant roots may enhance microbial activities and the turnover of soil microbial biomass, facilitating soil N cycling. The present study provides the first evidence about the direct role of root-feeding nematodes in enhancing soil N mineralization.
Differential Diagnostics for Lithium Ion Battery Cells Connected in Series

This paper presents a new method for estimating the capacity of a lithium ion battery cell in the presence of a reference cell — the parameters of which are well characterized — in series with it. The method assumes that both cells are cycled using the same current trajectory starting from the same state of charge (e.g. fully charged). Voltage measurements for both cells as well as current measurements for the series string constitute the input to a nonlinear least squares minimization problem. The goal of this problem is to estimate the capacity of the cell given the difference between its voltage and that of the reference cell. We refer to this as the differential estimation problem, and use Monte Carlo simulation to compare it to the more traditional approach of estimating the capacity of each cell in a battery string independently using its current/voltage measurements. Two key conclusions emerge from this simulation. Compared to traditional estimation, differential estimation results in capacity estimates whose variance is (i) twice as sensitive to voltage measurement noise but (ii) significantly less sensitive to current measurement noise. This makes differential estimation more appealing for battery packs with high current measurement noise and low voltage measurement noise.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Colonial and Postcolonial Circumstances in the Education of Pacific Peoples

A historical dialectic exists between colonial powers and indigenous populations in the Pacific, where education is perceived by local elites and colonialists as the key to economic development. A major factor determining the nature of the present-day relation between traditional and Western forms of schooling is the actual colonial status of the population in question. In newly independent nations, indigenous forms of internal social differentiation and highly valued intellectual traditions play a significant role in shaping educational systems in a way they no longer do for peoples who have been incorporated into colonizing nations.
Hemodynamic effects of aerosol propellants. II. Pulmonary circulation in the dog.

Abstract The inhalation of trichlorofluoromethane (FC11), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC114) and dichlorodifluoromethane (FC12) caused a reduction in mean aortic blood pressure but not only FC11 and FC114 caused a reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The primary cause of the fall is decrease inpulmonary blood flow. When blood flow to a lobe is kept constant and the adrenergic alpha receptors are blocked by injection of phentolamine, the inhalation of FC11 caused vasodilation. In the intact circulation, the vasodilation is masked by release of catecholamines which constrict the pulmonary blood vessels.
Introns outperform exons in analyses of basal avian phylogeny using clathrin heavy chain genes.

Abstract Neoaves is the most diverse major avian clade, containing ~ 95% of avian species, and it underwent an ancient but rapid diversification that has made resolution of relationships at the base of the clade difficult. In fact, Neoaves has been suggested to be a “hard” polytomy that cannot be resolved with any amount of data. However, this conclusion was based on slowly evolving coding sequences and ribosomal RNAs and some recent studies using more rapidly evolving intron sequences have suggested some resolution at the base of Neoaves. To further examine the utility of introns and exons for phylogenetics, we sequenced parts of two unlinked clathrin heavy chain genes (CLTC and CLTCL1). Comparisons of phylogenetic trees based upon individual partitions (i.e. introns and exons), the combined dataset, and published phylogenies using Robinson–Foulds distances (a metric of topological differences) revealed more similarity than expected by chance, suggesting there is structure at the base of Neoaves. We found that introns provided more informative sites, were subject to less homoplasy, and provided better support for well-accepted clades, suggesting that intron evolution is better suited to determining closely-spaced branching events like the base of Neoaves. Furthermore, phylogenetic power analyses indicated that existing molecular datasets for birds are unlikely to provide sufficient phylogenetic information to resolve relationships at the base of Neoaves, especially when comprised of exon or other slowly evolving regions. Although relationships among the orders in Neoaves cannot be definitively established using available data, the base of Neoaves does not appear to represent a hard polytomy. Our analyses suggest that large intron datasets have the best potential to resolve relationships among avian orders and indicate that the utility of intron data for other phylogenetic questions should be examined.
Reusable C++ code for an electron-phonon simulation

This poster describes the code developed for simulations of disordered electron-phonon systems. This code uses the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) and is designed to be easily changed when the physicists want to change aspects of the simulation.
On the computation of the demagnetization tensor for uniformly magnetized particles of arbitrary shape. Part I: Analytical approach

A Fourier space formalism based on the shape amplitude of a particle is used to compute the demagnetization tensor field for uniformly magnetized particles of arbitrary shape. We provide a list of explicit shape amplitudes for important particle shapes, among others: the sphere, the cylindrical tube, an arbitrary polyhedral shape, a truncated paraboloid, and a cone truncated by a spherical cap. In Part I of this two-part paper, an analytical representation of the demagnetization tensor field for particles with cylindrical symmetry is provided, as well as expressions for the magnetostatic energy and the volumetric demagnetization factors.
Ptindamental Problem In Computing Radiating Flow Fields With Thick Shock Waves

Possible reasons for the failure of the Navier-Stokes equations to yield realistic profiles of the temperature and density through the structure of a hypersonic shock wave are investigated. Models for bulk viscosity in a monatomic gas are examined which yield a realistic thickness for the shock-wave density profile, but not the temperature profile, and hence are not satisfactory. A tentative computational model for nitrogen is explored which yields considerably more realistic results than the Navier-Stokes equations. This model involves a nonlinear stress-strain tensor, nonlinear heat flux vector, and nonequilibrium rotational energy.
Design and package technology development of Face-to-Face die stacking as a low cost alternative for 3D IC integration

F2F stacking provides an alternative 3D packaging solution for multi-chip integration without use of TSV. High density interconnection can be achieved with direct Face-to-Face (F2F) stacking to enable high bandwidth die to die interface. Simplified stacking process and lower development cost make F2F stacking an attractive solution for cost sensitive applications. A comparative study of performance was performed on F2F stacked Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) die in a flip chip organic package. The paper first presents thermal analysis to address power density increase, hot spot and temperature variations in the F2F package. Next the paper focuses on electrical performance validation including both IO and power delivery analysis. With appropriate chip design and optimization, we demonstrate that F2F stacking induced thermal and electrical impacts can be controlled to meet speed and performance specs equivalent to 2D system. The manufacturing design rules have been optimized to meet yield requirements as well as ensuring product reliability.
Grand unification and possible matter-antimatter domain structure in the Universe

The theory and basic concepts for the development of a matter-antimatter domain cosmology are outlined within the framework of the grand unified gauge theory paradigm. It is shown how spontaneous CP symmetry breaking leads to such a domain sturcture in the universe. Astrophysical data such as the cosmic gamma-ray background spectrum, cosmic-ray p flux measurements, and galaxy clustering are found to favor this point of view. Future tests of this form of big-bang cosmology are suggested and discussed, including tests using deep underwater cosmic ray neutrino detectors.
The inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase by hydrated pyruvate

Abstract The lactate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate by NADH was studied using a spectroscopic method. The inhibitory effect exhibited by high concentrations of pyruvate was investigated in phosphate and 2,2-diethylmalonate buffers. Kinetic studies were carried out in which the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was monitored at various stages of pyruvate hydration, H 2 O + CH 3 COCO 2 − ⇋ CH 3 C(OH) 2 2C0 2 − . Buffered solutions of different initial relative amounts of ketopyruvate and hydrated pyruvate (2,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid) were also preincubated with the enzyme and NAD + . Kinetic runs were initiated in the resultant solutions at various stages of incubation by the introduction of NADH. The results of the present investigation indicate that hydrated pyruvate is a major inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase and forms an inhibitory complex with the enzyme and oxidized coenzyme.
Sex differences in self- and teachers' reports of self-esteem in preadolescents

The short form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was administered to 952 fourth- and fifth-grade chiMren (482 males, 470 females)from 41 classes. The children's teachers completed Coopersmith's Behavior Rating Form, a measure of self-esteem-related behavior. In the self-ratings, girls were significantly lower than boys; in the teachers' ratings, girls were significantly higher. In 32 of the 41 classes, boys ranked higher in their self-ratings than in the teacher ratings; the reverse was true for girls - a highly significant difference. This pattern of findings did not occur in the 8 classes which had male teachers. Issues concerning the measurement and conceptualization of self-esteem are discussed. Since the mid-1960s, much research has been focused on sex differences in selfesteem. The present study was undertaken to help clarify the nature of sex differences in self-rated and teacher-rated self-esteem, and the relationship between the two measures. In the context of this research, a number of important questions concerning the measurement and conceptualization of self-esteem have arisen. Recent studies on sex differences in self-esteem have used a wide variety of instruments and have produced an equally varied set of results. Perhaps the most frequent finding is an absence of statistically significant sex differences in selfreported self-esteem (Carlson, 1965; Carpenter & Busse, 1969; Damico, 1975;
The Integral Fast Reactor Concept: Physics of Operation and Safety

The Integral Fast Reactor concept employs a pool layout, a uranium-plutonium-zirconium metal alloy fuel, and a closed fuel cycle based on pyrometallurgical reprocessing and injection casting refabr...
The rationally uninformed electorate: Some experimental evidence

This essay reports on a series of twenty-four election experiments in which voters are allowed to decide between voting retrospectively and purchasing contemporaneous information about the candidate challenging the incumbent. Each experiment consists of a series of election periods in which dummy candidates choose spatial positions which represent either their policy while in office or a promise about policy if elected. Subjects (voters) are told the value to them of the incumbent's policy, but they must decide, prior to voting, whether or not to purchase information about the value of the challenger's promise. In general, our data conform to reasonable expectations: voters purchase less information and rely more on retrospective knowledge when the candidates' strategies are stable, and their likelihood of purchasing information during periods of instability is tempered by the likelihood that their votes matter, by the reliability of the information available for purchase, and by the degree of instability as measured by changes in each voter's welfare.
Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase release from isolated nuclei and nucleoli by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride

Abstract Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are spontaneously released from nuclei and nucleoli after addition of a low concentration of ammonium sulfate. This release occurs even in the presence of hypertonic sucrose buffers that are known to prevent the loss of RNA polymerases from nuclei. Release of RNA polymerases is inhibited by the addition of a serine esterase inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PhMeSF), to suspensions of nuclei or nucleoli even in the presence of ammonium sulfate. GTP but not ATP is partially effective in preventing the release of RNA polymerase I from nucleoli isolated in the absence of PhMeSF. Studies of nuclear and nucleolar transcription indicate that there is a higher level of endogenous RNA polymerase activity in these organelles isolated in the presence of PhMeSF. When RNA polymerases are solubilized from paired nuclear and nucleolar samples isolated in the presence and absence of PhMeSF, the specific activity of RNA polymerases is higher when these enzymes are solubilized from these organelles isolated in the presence of this agent.
Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s

This article examines the role of mass marketing and retailing in the recreation of Soviet society in the NEP period (1921--28). In 1921, the state established the State Department Store (GUM), a model retail enterprise that operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM's stores served as instruments of the Bolsheviks' goals of conquering private enterprise and rebuilding it along socialist lines and of democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM also served as an agent of publicity. Its advertising and promotional campaigns communicated to the population the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behaviors. In its efforts to create a socialist consumer culture, GUM recast the functions and meanings associated with the everyday activities of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the transformation of the economy and society. Ultimately, however, GUM's efforts to build communism through consumerism were unsuccessful and only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement.
Use of Suppression Subtractive Hybridization for Differential Gene Expression in Stroke Discovery of CD44 Gene Expression and Localization in Permanent Focal Stroke in Rats

Background and Purpose —CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in endothelial cell recognition, lymphocyte trafficking, and regulation of cytokine gene expression in inflammatory diseases. The present report describes the discovery of upregulated CD44 gene expression and its spatial and temporal distribution in the brain after focal stroke. Methods —Rats were subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) strategy was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Northern blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the expression of CD44 and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS-2) mRNA. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine CD44 expression and cellular distribution. Results —CD44 upregulation after focal stroke was discovered by the SSH approach and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Northern blot using a pooled poly(A)+ RNA revealed 3 splice variants of CD44 mRNA, and their inducible expression started at 6 hours (5.3-fold increase over sham operation), peaked at 24 hours (28.6-fold increase), and persisted up to 72 hours (17.8-fold increase) after MCAO. A parallel induction profile of HAS-2 mRNA was observed in the ischemic brain tissue. The levels of CD44 were markedly elevated at 6 hours (1.8-fold increase over sham; n=3), 24 hours (2.9-fold, peak induction; P <0.01), and 72 hours (2.4-fold increase; P <0.05) after MCAO by means of Western analysis. Immunohistochemical and confocal microscopy confirmed that constitutive expression of CD44 is limited to microvessels in normal brain but is strongly induced after ischemia, where the immunoreactive signal mainly resided in endothelial cells and monocytes. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry demonstrated that a marked induction of CD44 in the ischemic lesion is dominantly located in microglia and a subset of macrophages. Conclusions —The discovery of concomitant induction of CD44 and HAS-2 mRNA expression and the localization of CD44 in the microglia, macrophages, and microvessels of the ischemic brain tissue suggest that an active interaction between CD44 and hyaluronan may occur and play a role in the known inflammatory response and tissue remodeling after stroke.
Permeability-porosity relationships of shallow mudstones in the Ursa Basin, northern deepwater Gulf of Mexico

[1] In the Ursa Basin, Gulf of Mexico, in situ mudstone permeability near the seafloor declines from 1.1 × 10−16 to 5.8 × 10−19 m2over a depth of 578 m. We can reproduce this in situ permeability-porosity behavior through consolidation experiments in the laboratory. We use uniaxial constant-rate-of-strain consolidation experiments to measure permeability-porosity relationships and derive in situ permeabilities of 31 mudstone samples collected at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1324 and U1322. Although these mudstones have similar grain-size distributions, permeability at a given porosity varies significantly between the samples due to small variations in composition or fabric. We calculate an upscaled permeability relationship based on the observed permeability variation in the samples and determine a resultant large-scale permeability anisotropy of around 30. Based on this upscaled relationship and observations of in situ pressure, we calculate upward fluid flow rates of 0.5 mm/yr. We find that given the observed compressibility, permeability, and the geologic forcing at Ursa, overpressures are predicted as observed in the subsurface. The primary mechanism for overpressure generation at Ursa is sediment loading due to rapid burial. Low vertical permeabilities, accompanied by high sedimentation rates, can cause severe overpressure near the seafloor, which controls fluid flow and can reduce slope stability as observed in the Mississippi Canyon region. Such flow systems, especially at intermediate depths on passive margins, are important due to their control over macroscale behavior such as topographic gradient of continental slopes and submarine landslides, but have been largely understudied in the past.
Effects of retionoids on invasion of organ cultures of chick chorioallantoic membrane by adenovirus transformed cells

Invasion of chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) organ cultures by rat 3Y1 cells transformed by the highly oncogenic human adenovirus type 12 (3Y1/12-10 cells) was inhibited by several retinoids tested. The anti-invasive activity of the retinoids was dependent on retinoid concentration and continuous (4d) exposure of the CAM. The 50% retinoid dose (dose effective in achieving a response in half of the organ cultures) that inhibited invasion was 0.85 μg/ml of retinol palmitate, 0.39 μg/ml of retinoic acid, or 0.16 μg/ml of retinol acetate. This dose was of the same order of magnitude as that which induced CAM differentiation, and was three-to fourfold less than the dose that caused cytotoxic damage of CAM. In addition, the retinoids inhibited 3Y1/12-10 cell growth by approximately 40% at levels over 10-fold higher than those needed for anti-invasion activity. The findings suggest that the anti-invasive activity of retinoids was at least partly due to direct induction of cell differentiation of the CAM host tissue.
Possible Biomarkers for the Early Detection of HIV-associated Heart Diseases: A Proteomics and Bioinformatics Prediction

The frequency of cardiovascular disorders is increasing in HIV-infected individuals despite a significant reduction in the viral load by antiretroviral therapies (ART). Since the CD4 + T-cells are responsible for the viral load as well as immunological responses, we hypothesized that chronic HIV-infection of T-cells produces novel proteins/enzymes that cause cardiac dysfunctions. To identify specific factors that might cause cardiac disorders without the influence of numerous cofactors produced by other pathogenic microorganisms that co-inhabit most HIV-infected individuals, we analyzed genome-wide proteomes of a CD4 + T-cell line at different stages of HIV replication and cell growth over > 6 months. Subtractive analyses of several hundred differentially regulated proteins from HIV-infected and uninfected counterpart cells and comparisons with proteins expressed from the same cells after treating with the antiviral drug Zidovudine/AZT and inhibiting virus replication, identified a well-coordinated network of 12 soluble/diffusible proteins in HIV-infected cells. Functional categorization, bioinformatics and statistical analyses of each protein predicted that the expression of cardiac-specific Ca2 + kinase together with multiple Ca2 + release channels causes a sustained overload of Ca2 + in the heart which induces fetal/cardiac myosin heavy chains (MYH6 and MYH7) and a myosin light-chain kinase. Each of these proteins has been shown to cause cardiac stress, arrhythmia, hypertrophic signaling, cardiomyopathy and heart failure (p = 8 × 10− 11). Translational studies using the newly discovered proteins produced by HIV infection alone would provide additional biomarkers that could be added to the conventional markers for an early diagnosis and/or development of specific therapeutic interventions for heart diseases in HIV-infected individuals.
Alterations of B lymphocyte FcγR II expression and ligand binding capacity induced by various activators

Abstract Murine B lymphocytes cultured with F(ab')2 anti-mouse μ or δ lost (85%) the capacity to bind antigen-IgG antibody complexes as assessed by flow microfluorometry. Anti-μ-induced loss of binding of complexes was concentration, time, and temperature dependent, reversible, and not due to decreased expression of the receptor because binding of monoclonal anti-FcγR II to B lymphocytes cultured with anti-μ was unaffected. Activation of PKC and elevation of [Ca2+]i obtained by culturing B lymphocytes with the combination of PMA and Ca2+ ionophore induced a similar loss of binding of Cx. Since stimulation of B lymphocytes with anti-μ also activates PKC and elevates [Ca2+]i, these changes may be involved in the anti-μ-induced alterations in the binding of complexes to FcγR II. In contrast to the effects of other activators, LPS caused increased expression (threefold) of B lymphocyte FCγR II as measured by the binding of both complexes and monoclonal anti-FcγR II. Thus, different B lymphocyte activators have distinct effects on FcγR II expression or ligand binding capacity and can thereby affect FcγR II-generated regulatory signals.
Potential of invasive and native solitary specialist bee pollinators to help restore the rare cowhorn orchid (Cyrtopodium punctatum) in Florida.

Cyrtopodium punctatum is a rare epiphytic orchid in southern Florida, made rare by historical over-collection. We examined the potential pollination of this orchid by the recently naturalized orchid bee (Euglossa viridissima), recorded as a pollinator of the orchid in tropical America, and found that this orchid bee is not a pollinator of the plant. We sought to learn what is responsible for relatively heavy fruit set in a Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden population of C. punctatum, and determined that the native oil-collecting bee, Centris errans, is the most important pollinator. C. punctatum flowers at Fairchild have 18 times the fruit set of flowers in Everglades National Park. The difference is probably due to the many species and individuals of oil-reward plants in the Malpighiaceae in the garden, compared to one uncommon native species in the park. Female C. errans visit these oil-reward flowers to obtain edible oils to provision their brood. Cyrtopodium flowers appear to mimic the oil-reward flowers of the Malpighiaceae to attract Centris bee pollinators, much as many Oncidium orchids do in tropical America. We recommend that Brysonima lucida, a rare native malpighiaceous shrub, and C. punctatum be planted together in Everglades National Park and other natural areas to attempt to increase C. errans pollination, to restore and enhance the long-term survival of the orchid. Planting model malpighiaceous plants to enhance Centris bee pollination may be a useful restoration tactic for other rare orchid mimics in the American tropics, including Atlantic Forest in Brazil.
Plant-level maintenance decision support system for throughput improvement

In the current global scenario of extreme competition, factors such as productivity, availability, quality and cost of operations play a vital role in the success of a company. A critical component...
Ab initio calculation of infrared intensities for hydrogen peroxide

Infrared intensities are predicted for the fundamental vibrations of H2O2 using atomic polar tensors obtained from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations employing a 4‐31G basis set. The theoretical atomic polar tensors for H2O2 are compared to theoretical atomic polar tensors reported for H2O and for CH3OH, and the absolute intensities calculated quantum mechanically for H2O2 are compared to the previously reported intensities for H2O2 obtained by transferring a hydrogen atomic polar tensor to H2O2 from H2O and from CH3OH. These comparisons enable estimates to be made for the infrared intensities of H2O2 as follows: A1 = 14.5 km mol−1, A2 = 0.91 km mol−1, A3 = 0.058 km mol−1, A4 = 123 km mol−1, A5 = 46.2 km mol−1, and A6 = 101 km mol−1. Charge, charge flux, and overlap contributions to the dipole moment derivatives are computed for H2O2 and compared with those reported for H2O and CH3OH.
Salbutamol worth trying.

I read with interest the Best BET “Is nebulised salbutamol indicated in bronchiolitis?”1 Perhaps this is the wrong question. As emergency physicians perhaps the more pertinent question is: does salbutamol decrease the need for hospital admission? We have addressed this question in a randomised controlled trial that compared adrenaline with salbutamol.2 We found that salbutamol decreased the need for admission. This decrease was sustained at 3 …
69 DNA-binding studies of large antiviral polyamides

Polyamides are minor groove DNA-binding agents derived from the natural product distamycin A. PA1 is a large 12 ring polyamide discovered by NanoVir LLC; it is bioactive against the HPV16 virus in cell and tissue culture (Edwards et al., 2011). To better understand the basis of this phenomenon, the interactions of PA1 with the regulatory sequence of the HPV16 genome (7662–122 bp) are being examined. Using affinity cleavage as detected by capillary electrophoresis, with PA1 attached to methyl propyl ethidium iron EDTA, 10 binding sites of PA1 were identified in this part of the HPV genome. Polyamide perfect binding sites were as predicted by recognition rules (Dervan & Edelson, 2003). Quantitative DNaseI footprinting indicates that both perfect and single mismatch sites are bound with Kds in the low nm range. Interestingly, a wide range of Kds are observed for double mismatch sites (1–60 nm) and are under examination. This work will permit us to build a map of PA binding to HPV sequences, thus informing me...
Controversy in Ophthalmology at the Beginning of the 20th Century: Opinions Voiced in the Archives, Especially on Cataract and Glaucoma

Volumes of the Archives of Ophthalmology from the early years of the 20th century include original articles as well as reports of proceedings of important ophthalmologic conferences held in the United States, Great Britain, and on the European continent. Original articles often provided new information, but speakers at conferences frequently offered lucid opinions on topics relevant to practitioners that were not found elsewhere in journals from that era, and these reports give us a sense of their thinking, particularly about therapeutic practices and knowledge of cataract and glaucoma.
Contributors to Hypervigilance in a Military and Civilian Sample

Hypervigilance toward ambiguous or threatening stimuli is a prominent feature in many trauma survivors including active and returning soldiers. This study set out to investigate the factors that contribute to hypervigilance in a mixed sample. One hundred forty-five individuals, 50 of whom were war zone veterans, filled out a series of questionnaires including the Hypervigilance Questionnaire (HVQ; Kimble, Fleming, & Bennion, 2009). Other participants included military cadets, college undergraduates, and a traumatized community sample. In this sample, a history of military deployment and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms independently predicted hypervigilance. The findings suggest that deployment to a war zone, in and of itself, can lead to hypervigilant behavior. Therefore, characterizing hypervigilance as pathological in a veteran sample must be done so with caution.
Identification of Outliers in Hyperspectral Raman Image Data by Nearest Neighbor Comparison

A new algorithm for removal of cosmic spikes from hyperspectral Raman image data sets is presented. Spectra in a 3 × 3 pixel neighborhood are used to identify outlier-contaminated data points in the central pixel of that neighborhood. A preliminary despiking of the neighboring spectra is performed by median filtering. Correlations between the central pixel spectrum and its despiked neighbors are calculated, and the most highly correlated spectrum is used to identify outliers. Spike-contaminated data are replaced using results of polynomial interpolation. Because the neighborhood contains spectra obtained in three different frames, even large multi-pixel spikes are identified. Spatial, spectral, and temporal variation in signal is used to accurately identify outliers without the acquisition of any spectra other than those needed to generate the image itself. Sharp boundaries between regions of high chemical contrast do not interfere with outlier identification.
Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th Edition. Randall C. Baselt. Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications, 2009, 1720 pp, $247.50. ISBN 978-0- 9626523-7-0

When the eighth edition of “Baselt” thudded onto my desk as the mail cart sailed past my open door, I happened to be looking up oxycodone metabolism in my well-used fifth edition (©2000). It was immediately obvious that the eighth edition was thicker and heavier than the fifth, and I was excited to see what the newest edition had to offer. Although the fifth edition lists only 2 oxycodone metabolites, I was pleased to see the eighth edition included structures for 6 metabolites. Clearly it is time for me to update my personal library, but what does the eighth edition offer that is not present in the seventh edition (©2004)? The eighth edition of Baselt’s text includes 222 new entries, bringing the total number to more than 950 compounds. New drugs included in the latest edition cover the spectrum of compounds recently approved for human use …
Traumatic brain injury and dopaminergic degeneration: the long-term risks require greater attention

ISSN 1758-2024 10.2217/NMT.11.71 © 2011 Future Medicine Ltd Neurodegen. Dis. Manage. (2011) 1(6), 433–435 1Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, USA *Author for correspondence: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, USA; Tel.: +1 310 267 1781; mchesselet@mednet.ucla.edu Traumatic brain injury and dopaminergic degeneration: the long-term risks require greater attention
Phase dynamics of electromagnetically induced transparency

We have studied phase dynamics in EIT. We observed how the transmission decreases and recovers when the phase of the optical field changes abruptly. The result can be used for the fast control of EIT.
Elicitation behavior during mediated information retrieval

Abstract What elicitations or requests for information do search intermediaries make of users with information requests during an information retrieval (IR) interaction-including prior to and during an IR interaction-and for what purpose? These issues were investigated during a study of elicitations during 40 mediated IR interactions. A total of 1557 search intermediary elicitations were identified within 15 purpose categories. The elicitation purposes of search intermediaries included requests for information on search terms and strategies, database selection, search procedures, system's outputs and relevance of retrieved items, and users' knowledge and previous information-seeking. The transition sequences from one type of search intermediary elicitation to another were also investigated. These findings are compared with results from a study of end-user questions [Nahl D. & Tenopir C. (1996) Affective and cognitive searching behavior of novice and end-users of a full-text database. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(4), 276–286] and a study of user elicitations of search intermediaries [Wu, Mei Mei (1993) Information interaction dialog: A study of patron elicitation in the information retrieval interaction. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University, New Brunswick. UMI Order Number 9320541] to develop an Information Retrieval Elicitation Task Model. Implications of the findings for the development and design of IR systems are also discussed.
A Story of Changing Instructional Practice by a Research Scientist Learning How to Turn Future Earth Science Teachers into Masters of Content in a Clinical Preparation Pilot Program

ABSTRACT The American Museum of Natural History's (AMNH) master of arts in teaching (MAT) Earth Science pilot program has a unique faculty structure in which postdoctoral scientists on joint research and education appointments are directly involved in clinical teacher preparation. The goal of involving these scientists is to help turn the future teachers into masters of geoscientific content, but it might have the added benefit of providing the scientists with educational experience and pedagogical knowledge they can then apply to their own teaching of university-level courses. This is important because great attention is focused on reforming precollege science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, but university degree completion rates indicate that less than half of all incoming STEM degree aspirants actually attain their STEM degrees, with completion rates as low as ∼20% for some racial and ethnic groups. Specific to the geosciences, the number of undergraduate degrees awarded per year h...
A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles.

True crocodiles (Crocodylus) are the most broadly distributed, ecologically diverse, and species-rich crocodylian genus, comprising about half of extant crocodylian diversity and exhibiting a circumtropical distribution. Crocodylus traditionally has been viewed as an ancient group of morphologically conserved species that originated in Africa prior to continental breakup. In this study, these long-held notions about the temporal and geographic origin of Crocodylus are tested using DNA sequence data of 10 loci from 76 individuals representing all 23 crocodylian species. I infer a time-calibrated species tree of all Crocodylia and estimate the spatial pattern of diversification within Crocodylus. For the first time, a fully resolved phylogenetic estimate of all Crocodylia is well-supported. The results overturn traditional views of the evolution of Crocodylus by demonstrating that the true crocodiles are not “living-fossils” that originated in Africa. Rather, Crocodylus originated from an ancestor in the tropics of the Late Miocene Indo-Pacific, and rapidly radiated and dispersed around the globe during a period marked by mass extinctions of fellow crocodylians. The findings also reveal more diversity within the genus than is recognized by current taxonomy.