cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection and phylogenetic analysis of coastal bioaerosols using culture dependent and independent techniques

Abstract. Bioaerosols are emerging as important yet poorly understood players in atmospheric processes. Microorganisms can impact atmospheric chemistry through metabolic reactions and can potentially influence physical processes by participating in ice nucleation and cloud droplet formation. Microbial roles in atmospheric processes are thought to be species-specific and potentially dependent on cell viability. Using a coastal pier monitoring site as a sampling platform, culture-dependent (i.e. agar plates) and culture-independent (i.e. DNA clone libraries from filters) approaches were combined with 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene targeting to obtain insight into the local atmospheric microbial composition. From 13 microbial isolates and 42 DNA library clones, a total of 55 sequences were obtained representing four independent sampling events. Sequence analysis revealed that in these coastal samples two fungal phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, predominate among eukaryotes while Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominate among bacteria. Furthermore, our culture-dependent study verifies the viability of microbes from all four phyla detected through our culture-independent study. Contrary to our expectations and despite oceanic air mass sources, common marine planktonic bacteria and phytoplankton were not typically found. The abundance of terrestrial and marine sediment-associated microorganisms suggests a potential importance for bioaerosols derived from beaches and/or coastal erosion processes.
Jacobians in Constrained Nonlinear Optimization

In constrained optimization problems the rates of change of the objective function with respect to the independent nonbasic variables have been interpreted as shadow prices, dual variables, and Lagrange multipliers. These derivatives are shown here to be ratios of Jacobians of the transformations between certain sets of variables. This result extends the Kuhn-Tucker conditions of nonlinear programming to optimum seeking problems in which information about the objective and constraint functions can be obtained only by direct measurement, the functions not being given in closed analytic form. Other derivatives helpful for maintaining feasibility during a search are also shown to be ratios of Jacobians. An example shows how these results might be incorporated into algorithms for seeking a constrained optimum.
The role of radial motion in the dynamic plasticity of rods

Abstract For a radial shear wave generated by a dispersive, incident plastic wave that impinges upon a silicone lubricated, infinitesimally elastic interface, experimental data introduced here reveal that there is an equipartition of energy between the longitudinal and radial components of the incident wave. The former reflects from a quasi-fixed boundary and, because of the lubrication, the latter reflects from a free surface.
Indian Water Settlements: The Prerequisites of Successful Negotiation

Beginning in the late 1970s, the federal government adopted a policy of negotiating, rather than litigating, conflicts over Indian water claims. In the ensuing years numerous settlements have been authorized by Congress. According to the literature on dispute resolution, successful negotiations are usually characterized by a specific set of conditions. This paper assesses the extent to which Indian water settlements are characterized by these conditions.
Regression function estimation from dependent observations

Abstract We consider the problem of estimating a regression function with nonrandom design points and dependent errors. We construct a spline estimate of the regression function and obtain its rate of convergence. It turns out that the dependence of the observations is reflected in this rate.
The Modeling and Analysis of a Package-Scale Circulating Fluidized Combustor

The preliminary analysis of a package-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor through modeling and experimentation was performed to help determine particle trajectories and carbon burnout efficiency. The CFB consisted of a primary fast fluidizing bed and two bubbling beds. The fluidized bed models found in literature and a freeboard model utilizing a commercial code, FLUENT, were used in simulations. Primary gas velocity of the fast fluidizing bed was varied between 4.9 and 12.2 m/s and gas temperatures were varied between 800 and 1200 K. For comparison with computations of hydrodynamics, a scaled down version of the combustor was run using granulated plastic particles at 300 K.The results of computations showed that the freeboard has a very complex flow with many recirculation zones that usually become larger and move away from the walls with increasing primary velocity. There was less particle movement in the experiments than in the simulations due to the differences in particle diameters, the type of particles, the gas temperature, and the scaling geometry.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Are faces perceived as configurations more by adults than by children

Abstract Adult face recognition is severely hampered by stimulus inversion. Several investigators have attributed this vulnerability to the effect of orientation on encoding relational aspects of faces. Previous work has also demonstrated that children are less sensitive to orientation of faces than are adults. This has been interpreted as reflecting an increasing reliance on configural aspects of faces with increasing age and expertise. Young, Hellawell, and Hay (1987) demonstrated that for adults the encoding of relations among facial parts is, indeed, sensitive to orientation. When chimeric faces are upright, the top half of one face fuses with the bottom half of the other, making the person depicted in the top half difficult to recognize. This effect (the composite effect) is not seen when the faces are inverted. The present study obtained the composite effect for 6-year-old and 10-year-old children, just as for adults. The composite effect was found to an equal degree at all ages tested and was seen ...
Proposal For The Integration Of Digital Optical Storage Into The Mass Storage System (MSS) At The National Center For Atmospheric Research (NCAR)

This paper examines the current NCAR MSS, MSS use requirements, a possible optical systems design, MSS magnetic-to-optical conversion plans, and some cost considerations.
Fatigue crack detection and localization using reference-free method

This work focuses on fatigue crack detection, crack tip localization and quantification in plate like structures using a reference-free method. In many practical applications the environmental conditions in which a structure is operated do not remain same over time. Sensor signals, thus, collected for the damaged state cannot be compared directly with the baseline because a change in the signal can be caused by several factors other than a structural damage. Therefore, reference-free methods are needed for damage detection. Two methods have been discussed in this paper, one with collocated sensors and the other using matching pursuit decomposition (MPD) to detect waves undergoing mode conversion from fatigue crack tip. The time of flight (TOF) of these mode converted waves along with their respective velocities are further used to localize the crack tip and ultimately find the extent of crack. Both these approaches were used to detect fatigue cracks in aluminum plates made of 6061 alloy. These samples were instrumented with collocated piezoelectric sensors and tested under constant amplitude fatigue loading. Crack tip localization was done from the TOF information extracted for mode converted waves using MPD. The crack lengths obtained using this reference-free technique were validated with experimental crack lengths and were found to be in good agreement.
Aggressive surgical effort and improved survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE Residual disease after initial surgery for ovarian cancer is the strongest prognostic factor for survival. However, the extent of surgical resection required to achieve optimal cytoreduction is controversial. Our goal was to estimate the effect of aggressive surgical resection on ovarian cancer patient survival. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIC ovarian cancer undergoing primary surgery was conducted between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998. The main outcome measures were residual disease after cytoreduction, frequency of radical surgical resection, and 5-year disease-specific survival. RESULTS The study comprised 194 patients, including 144 with carcinomatosis. The mean patient age and follow-up time were 64.4 and 3.5 years, respectively. After surgery, 131 (67.5%) of the 194 patients had less than 1 cm of residual disease (definition of optimal cytoreduction). Considering all patients, residual disease was the only independent predictor of survival; the need to perform radical procedures to achieve optimal cytoreduction was not associated with a decrease in survival. For the subgroup of patients with carcinomatosis, residual disease and the performance of radical surgical procedures were the only independent predictors. Disease-specific survival was markedly improved for patients with carcinomatosis operated on by surgeons who most frequently used radical procedures compared with those least likely to use radical procedures (44% versus 17%, P < .001). CONCLUSION Overall, residual disease was the only independent predictor of survival. Minimizing residual disease through aggressive surgical resection was beneficial, especially in patients with carcinomatosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
Electrolytic denitrification: Long term performance and effect of current intensity

The long-term performance of the biofilm-electrode reactor is demonstrated for denitrification. The total nitrate and nitrite concentration, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), total organic carbon (TOC), color, and viable cell count in the effluent, were monitored to evaluate the performance of the reactor. Initially, the applied electric current intensity was varied from 0 to 100 mA. A nitrate removal efficiency exceeding 98% was achieved at a current of 20 mA when phosphate was used as a buffer. Current intensities between 20 to 25 mA resulted in the lowest effluent concentrations of nitrate, whereas, lower current intensities affected proportionately less nitrate reduction. For higher current intensities, hydrogen inhibition and charge induced repulsion caused decreased reduction efficiencies. ORP was governed by both the concentrations of hydrogen and effluent nitrate. A total nitrate removal efficiency of 85% was achieved at a current level of 25 mA in the absence of any nutrient. No appreciable change occurred in viable cell count in the effluent with time.
Effects of Confinement on Molecular Motor-Driven Self-Assembly of Ring Structures

Active transport by kinesin molecular motors has been used to assemble ring nanocomposites comprised of biotinylated microtubules and streptavidin-coated quantum dots. Here we studied the effects of two-dimensional surface confinement on ring self-assembly using substrates of microfluidic channels or periodic post arrays. Microfabricated devices were composed of gold–silicon oxide surfaces where the gold surfaces were functionalized with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers, which enabled selective adsorption of kinesin to silicon surfaces. Confinement of ring self-assembly within microfluidic channels was observed as a change in the distribution of ring diameters, specifically by placing an upper limit on the diameter capable of forming in the channels. Confining assembly using periodic post arrays where the edge-to-edge spacing was 2 μm resulted in a significantly smaller average diameter when compared against those formed in arrays with 5 and 10 μm spacing. Differences in diameters formed in 5 and 10 μm arrays were not observed. Observations of ring composite assembly along channel edges on the top surface, as well as around posts in the arrays confirm the fundamental role of active transport-induced mechanical strain in initiating the self-assembly process.
Is Vagueness Sui Generis?1

On the dominant view of vagueness, if it is vague whether Harry is bald, then it is unsettled, not merely epistemically, but metaphysically, whether Harry is bald. In other words, vagueness is a type of indeterminacy. On the standard alternative, vagueness is a type of ignorance: if it is vague whether Harry is bald, then, even though it is metaphysically settled whether Harry is bald, we cannot know whether Harry is bald. On my view, vagueness is neither a type of indeterminacy nor a type of ignorance. Rather, it is sui generis.
Potential for Reducing Indoor Styrene Exposure from Copied Paper through Use of Low-Emitting Toners

Abstract Tests were conducted using 53-L dynamic chambers to determine airborne styrene emission rates over time from freshly copied paper. Copies were produced on a single photocopier using two toners manufactured for this copier but having different styrene contents. The resulting emission models were used to predict whether indoor styrene concentrations resulting from copied paper in a typical office might be significantly reduced by use of a low-emitting toner for a given copier. The styrene emissions were best represented by either a 3rd-order decay model or by a power law model having an exponent between 0.3 and 0.5 (R2 = 0.94–0.99). The two toners resulted in copied paper having significantly different styrene emissions (p < 0.01), with unit mass emissions over 1000 hr being nine times greater with the higher-emitting toner. But copied paper is predicted to produce peak indoor styrene concentrations in a typical office no more than 1% of the World Health Organization health-based guideline. Thus, f...
Contribution of the interosseous membrane to distal radioulnar joint constraint.

Purpose Although forearm injuries are accompanied frequently by rupture to the interosseous membrane (IOM) diagnosis of the extent of IOM injury is difficult. In this study we evaluated distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) laxity caused by both partial and complete IOM disruption and compared these quantitative measurements with the common clinical manual evaluation of DRUJ laxity and dislocatability. Methods Human cadaveric forearms (n = 8) were used in this study. Skin, muscles, and tendons were removed. The specimens were mounted on an experimental apparatus that allowed the radius to move freely about the fixed ulna. Tests were performed in neutral rotation, 60° pronation, and 60° supination. Under various conditions of IOM sectioning testing was performed by volary and dorsally translating the radius relative to the ulna in the coronal plane of the radius. Testing was performed both qualitatively as would be performed in the clinic and quantitatively with an instrumented probe. Results Our results show that dorsal dislocation of the radius relative to the ulna strongly suggests distal IOM rupture. Disengagement of the radius from the DRUJ indicated injury to the distal and middle IOM. The distal IOM constrained volar and dorsal laxity of the radius at the DRUJ in all forearm rotation positions. The midportion of the IOM constrained laxity except in the volar direction of the pronated forearm. The proximal IOM did not constrain the proximal radius except dorsally for the pronated forearm position. Conclusions The IOM, in particular the distal IOM, plays an important role in constraining dorsal dislocation of the radius at the DRUJ.
Building a sensor network of mobile phones

Mobile phones have two sensors: a camera and a microphone. The widespread and ubiquitous nature of mobile phones around the world makes it attractive to build a large-scale sensor network using the phones as its sensor nodes. There are several interesting challenges in realizing such a system, such as providing efficient methods for the sensor nodes to make their data available to the network, allowing the sensor network applications to access the data from potentially disconnected and highly mobile devices, ensuring that privacy constraints are met, and allowing application developers to program the sensor network as required to build new applications. We demonstrate an initial system prototype that addresses some of these concerns.
THE USEFULNESS OF TOUCH PREPARATION CYTOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND PROSTATIC CAPSULE INVOLVEMENT IN PREDICTION OF PROSTATE CANCER RECURRENCE

AbstractPurpose: Touch preparation cytology has been used in oncology as a technique to assist in predicting local tumor recurrence. We prospectively investigated the relationship between this cytological evaluation and the standard histological method of assessing specimens, measuring the distance from the tumor to the various anatomical boundaries and disease recurrence in radical retropubic prostatectomy patients.Materials and Methods: In a prospective study of 91 consecutive clinical stages T1c and T2 cancer cases radical retropubic prostatectomy touch preparation cytology was performed intra-operatively in an anatomical fashion (apex, posterior, lateral right and left, and base). A single blinded cytopathologist reviewed all prostate touch preparation specimens and categorized them as malignant, benign or atypical cells. Benign or atypical cells were classified as negative cytology. Detailed histological margin analysis of the surgical specimens was also done in which distances between the tumor from...
Moisture absorption behavior of epoxies and their S2 glass composites

The influence of moisture exposure on the behavior of three toughened epoxy–amine systems (scrimp resins SC11, SC15, and SC79, Applied Poleramic, Inc., Benicia, CA) was investigated. Neat resin samples were conditioned by immersion in distilled water at 71°C and in an environmental chamber at 85% relative humidity and 87.8°C until saturation. The equilibrium weight gain ranged from 1.8 to 3.8% for the resins. The long-chain, low-crosslink-density epoxy system (SC11) absorbed the highest amount of water and was saturated first, and it was followed by the medium-crosslink-density (SC15) and high-crosslink-density materials (SC79). The moisture diffusivity decreased with the increasing crosslink density of the resins. The percentage reduction of the glass-transition temperature (Tg) at equilibrium moisture absorption was highest for the low-crosslink molecule. The percentage reductions for the medium-crosslink and higher crosslink systems were comparable. A net weight loss after drying was observed for the SC11 and SC79 resin systems. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the segment breakage and leaching of molecules from the epoxy–amine network. The effects of moisture cycling on Tg were dependent on the epoxy–amine morphology. During the drying stage, Tg increased to a value higher than that of the unaged dry systems. The S2 glass composite samples were conditioned under identical conditions for the resin system. Composite systems absorbed less moisture than the neat resins as expected. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The periodic thermally developed regime in ducts with streamwise periodic wall temperature or heat flux

Abstract When a tube or duct flow is subjected to a streamwise periodic variation of wall temperature or wall heat flux, a periodic thermally developed regime is established at sufficient distances from the inlet. In the developed regime, similar heat-transfer characteristics occur in successive streamwise modules whose length is equal to the period of the imposed variation. A methodology was developed for obtaining universal solutions for the periodic fully developed regime. The end result of the development enables the wall heat flux distribution corresponding to any given wall temperature variation to be determined via the summing of a simple series. A similar series enables the wall temperature to be determined when the heat flux distribution is given. The series contains influence coefficients which represent the solution for an array of pulses. A procedure for determining these influence coefficients is presented which circumvents the need to solve the differential energy equation. The use of the methodology was illustrated by application to sine wave wall temperature and heat flux distributions.
Evidence consistent with eocene glaciation in a South Pacific deep sea sedimentary core

Abstract Two independent micropaleontological examinations of core 13-4 of the Eltanin collection, taken at 57°46.2′S and 90°47.6′W show that the lower four meters of the core penetrate Eocene sediments. Electron microscope examination of the quartz grains from the Eocene portion of the core reveal surface features that have been attributed by several authors to glacial action. This evidence suggests that Antarctic glaciation existed during the Eocene.
Increased expression of mu opioid receptors in animals susceptible to diet-induced obesity

Abstract Stimulation of mu opioid receptors preferentially increases the intake of a high fat diet. In this paper we investigated whether there was a difference in the expression of mu opioid receptors between animals susceptible (Osborne–Mendel) or resistant (S5B/Pl) to obesity induced by eating a high fat diet. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that Osborne–Mendel rats eating a chow diet had an increased number of mu opioid receptors in the arcuate nucleus when compared to S5B/Pl rats. These immunohistochemical findings were supported by Real Time-PCR which demonstrated that the mRNA level of mu opioid receptors was also increased in the hypothalamus of Osborne–Mendel rats compared to S5B/Pl rats. Low doses of the mu opioid receptor agonist DAMGO [ d -Ala 2 - N -Me-Phe 4 -Glycol 5 ]-enkephalin administered to Osborne–Mendel rats caused a significant increase in the preference for a diet high in fat. The same doses of DAMGO switched the diet preference of S5B/Pl rats to high fat but did not significantly increase food intake. The combination of these findings suggests that the increased levels of hypothalamic mu opioid receptors in Osborne–Mendel rats may contribute to their preference for a diet high in fat and increase their susceptibility to becoming obese.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Targeted Nanoglobular Dual-Modal Imaging Agent for MR Imaging and Image-Guided Surgery of Prostate Cancer

Purpose To synthesize and evaluate a peptide targeted nanoglobular dual modal imaging agent specific to a cancer biomarker in tumor stroma for MRI and fluorescence visualization of prostate tumor in image-guided surgery.
Planning for code buffer management in distributed virtual execution environments

Virtual execution environments have become increasingly useful in system implementation, with dynamic translation techniques being an important component for performance-critical systems. Many devices have exceptionally tight performance and memory constraints (e.g., smart cards and sensors in distributed systems), which require effective resource management. One approach to manage code memory is to download code partitions on-demand from a server and to cache the partitions in the resource-constrained device (client). However, due to the high cost of downloading code and re-translation, it is critical to intelligently manage the code buffer to minimize the overhead of code buffer misses. Yet, intelligent buffer management on the tightly constrained client can be too expensive. In this paper, we propose to move code buffer management to the server, where sophisticated schemes can be employed. We describe two schemes that use profiling information to direct the client in caching code partitions. One scheme is designed for workloads with stable run-time behavior, while the other scheme adapts its decisions for workloads with unstable behaviors. We evaluate and compare our schemes and show they perform well, compared to other approaches, with the adaptive scheme having the best performance overall.
Optimal response to attacks on the open science grid

Cybersecurity is a growing concern, especially in open grids, where attack propagation is easy because of prevalent collaborations among thousands of users and hundreds of institutions. The collaboration rules that typically govern large science experiments as well as social networks of scientists span across the institutional security boundaries. A common concern is that the increased openness may allow malicious attackers to spread more readily around the grid. We consider how to optimally respond to attacks in open grid environments. To show how and why attacks spread more readily around the grid, we first discuss how collaborations manifest themselves in the grids and form the collaboration network graph, and how this collaboration network graph affects the security threat levels of grid participants. We present two mixed-integer program (MIP) models to find the optimal response to attacks in open grid environments, and also calculate the threat level associated with each grid participant. Given an attack scenario, our optimal response model aims to minimize the threat levels at unaffected participants while maximizing the uninterrupted scientific production (continuing collaborations). By adopting some of the collaboration rules (e.g., suspending a collaboration or shutting down a site), the model finds optimal response to subvert an attack scenario.
Camera models based on data from two calibration planes

Abstract An image is a projection of a three dimensional space onto a two dimensional space. Camera calibration supplies the model parameter values that are needed to compute the line of sight ray in space that corresponds to a point in the image plane. Three models, which were based on data from two calibration planes, are compared with the classical pin-hole camera model. Tests were performed which determined the accuracy of the four modeling techniques for solid state and vidicon cameras. Different lenses were also tested. The two plane linear spline model had the best accuracy; the two plane quadratic model performed nearly as well and had smaller time and storage requirements. The pin-hole camera model was uniformly outperformed by the two plane models, particularly for the vidicon camera tested.
DARTs take aim at BiTEs.

Since taken on by biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, bispecific antibodies experience a remarkable revival. In this issue of Blood , Moore et al provide evidence that antibody engineering can push the performance envelope further. 1
Cropping intensity impacts on soil aggregation and carbon sequestration in the Central Great Plains.

The predominant cropping system in the Central Great Plains is conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow. We investigated the effect of 15 yr of cropping intensities, fallow frequencies, and tillage (CT and no-till [NT]) practices on soil organic C (SOC) sequestration, particulate organic matter (POM), and wet aggregate-size distribution. A crop rotation study was initiated in 1990 at Akron, CO, on a silt loam. In 2005, soil samples were collected from the 0- to 5- and 5- to 15-cm depths in permanent grass, native prairie, and cropping intensities (CI) that included winter wheat, corn (Zea mays L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), and summer fallow. The native prairie was sampled to provide a reference point for changes in soil parameters. The most intensive crop rotation significantly increased C sequestration compared with the other CIs where fallow occurred once every 2 or 3 yr. Legume presence in the rotation did not improve SOC sequestration relative to summer fallow. Significant amounts of macroaggregates were associated with grass and intensive cropping compared with the rotations that included fallow. Reduced fallow frequency and continuous cropping significantly increased soil POM near the surface compared with NT wheat-fallow. Macroaggregates exhibited a significant positive relationship with SOC and POM. A significant negative correlation was observed between microaggregates and POM, especially at 0- to 5-cm depth. Overall, a positive effect of continuous cropping and NT was observed on macroaggregate formation and stabilization as well as SOC and POM.
Self-determination as non-domination Ideals applied to Palestine/Israel

This article conceptualizes self-determination as non-domination, and distinguishes this from the more standard concept of self-determination as noninterference. Principles of non-domination imply relationships between self-determining units and the joint regulation of such relationships. To understand the application of this model, I suggest that we should assume the situation and claims of indigenous people as the norm rather than the exception. This model of self-determination implies federalism as a mode of being together with other self-determining units. Many discussions of federalism, however, assume that autonomous units are large, homogeneously occupied, contiguous territories. Suspending this assumption opens ways of conceiving federal relations as more local, plural, and horizontal. I suggest that this model of self-determination as non-domination and the patchwork federalism it sometimes implies may enable a vision of Israeli Jews and Palestinians dwelling peacefully together in bi-national fe...
TREATMENT OF MICROVASCULAR MICRO-EMBOLIZATION USING MICROBUBBLES AND LONG-TONE-BURST ULTRASOUND: AN IN VIVO STUDY

Despite epicardial coronary artery reperfusion by percutaneous coronary intervention, distal micro- embolization into the coronary microcirculation limits myocardial salvage during acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis using ultrasound and microbubbles (sonothrombolysis) is an approach that induces microbubble oscillations to cause clot disruption and restore perfusion. We sought to determine whether this technique could restore impaired tissue perfusion caused by thrombotic microvascular obstruction. In 16 rats, an imaging trans- ducer was placed on the biceps femoris muscle, perpendicular to a single-element 1-MHz treatment transducer. Ultrasound contrast perfusion imaging was performed at baseline and after micro-embolization. Therapeutic ul- trasound (5000 cycles, pulse repetition frequency 5 0.33 Hz, 1.5 MPa) was delivered to nine rats for two 10-min sessions during intra-arterial infusion of lipid-encapsulated microbubbles; seven control rats received no ultra- sound-microbubble therapy. Ultrasound contrast perfusion imaging was repeated after each treatment or control period, and microvascular volume was measured as peak video intensity. There was a 90% decrease in video in- tensity after micro-embolization (from 8.6 ± 4.8 to 0.7 ± 0.8 dB, p , 0.01). The first and second ultrasound-micro- bubble sessions were respectively followed by video intensity increases of 5.8 ± 5.1 and 8.7 ± 5.7 dB (p , 0.01, compared with micro-embolization). The first and second control sessions, respectively, resulted in no significant increaseinvideointensity(2.4±2.3and3.6 ±4.9)comparedwithmicro-embolization(0.6±0.7dB). Wehavedevel- oped an in vivo model that simulates the distal thrombotic microvascular obstruction that occurs after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Long-pulse-length ultrasound with microbubbles has a therapeutic effect on microvascular perfusion and may be avaluable adjunct to reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. (E-mail: pacellajj@upmc.edu) 2015 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
Directed cell killing (apoptosis) in human lymphoblastoid cells incubated in the presence of farnesol: Effect of phosphatidylcholine

Previously reported observations have shown that trans-trans farnesol inhibits incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine and reduces the growth rate of the human acute leukemia CEM-C1 cell line (Melnykovych, G., Haug, J.S. and Goldner, C.M. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 543-548). These findings have now been followed up in order to establish a relationship between the inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis and the ensuing cell shrinkage and cell death which takes place at higher concentrations of farnesol or upon long incubation. The present results show that after incubation in the presence of farnesol the cells decrease in viability. Their nuclear DNA becomes fragmented at internucleosomal linker regions, showing characteristic pattern of bands at 180 to 200 base-pair intervals. This farnesol-induced effect was also demonstrated by flow cytometry by staining the cellular DNA with propidium iodide and was partially reversible with phosphatidylcholine.
On the Definition of a Heat Wave

Abstract Heat waves are a major cause of weather-related deaths. With the current concern for global warming it is reasonable to suppose that they may increase in frequency, severity, duration, or areal extent in the future. However, in the absence of an adequate definition of a heat wave, it is impossible to assess either changes in the past or possible consequences for the future. A set of definitions is proposed here, based on the criteria for heat stress forecasts developed by the National Weather Service (NWS). Watches or warnings are issued when thresholds of daytime high and nighttime low heat index (Hi) values are exceeded for at least two consecutive days. The heat index is a combination of ambient temperature and humidity that approximates the environmental aspect of the thermal regime of a human body, with the NWS thresholds representing a generalized estimate of the onset of physiological stress. These thresholds cannot be applied directly nationwide. In hot and humid regions, physical, social...
Antibody Elbow Angles are Influenced by their Light Chain Class

We have examined the elbow angles for 365 different Fab fragments, and observe that Fabs with lambda light chains have adopted a wider range of elbow angles than their kappa-chain counterparts, and that the lambda light chain Fabs are frequently found with very large (>195{sup o}) elbow angles. This apparent hyperflexibility of lambda-chain Fabs may be due to an insertion in their switch region, which is one residue longer than in kappa chains, with glycine occurring most frequently at the insertion position. A new, web-based computer program that was used to calculate the Fab elbow angles is also described.
Effects of Time and Frequency on Insulation Test of Transformers

Permanently grounded transformers mnust be given the insulation test by inducing the necessary voltage across the windings. The A. I. E. E. Standards specify that the time of induced voltage tests be the same as for high potential test. In certain cases where the transformers are of very large capacity the induced voltage must be made at a frequency several times higher than normal. Since the dielectric strength of most insulating materials decreases with an increase in the frequency, an investigation has been made to determine the proper and fair length of time to make induced voltage test when the frequency is higher than normal. Following are the main points brought out in the investigation, Above a certain voltage, time of voltage application as well as voltage causes failure of insulation. The dielectric strength can be expressed as a function of both time and voltage by an equation on of the form Kv. = A(a + 1-a/?T in which A is the kilovolts necessary to cause failure in one minute ``a'' is a constant representing the ratio of strength for infinite time to the one minute strength and T is time in minutes. The value of ``a'' varies for different materials apparently depending mostly on the dielectric loss.
1619 EFFECT OF AGE AND SEX ON THE RESPONSE OF GLOMERULI TO ANTI-GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIBODY IN RATS

The incidence and clinical course of immunologically mediated renal injuries are known to vary with age and sex. We studied the effect of these two factors on the in vivo binding of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (aGBM) in 6 week old (Y, n=18 rats) and 10 month old (A, n=15 rats) Munich-Wistar rats, both males (M, n=18 rats) and females (F, n=15 rats). Following intravenous administration of 125I-labelled aGBM in a dose of 3-20 μg/g BW, the degree of aGBM binding by glomeruli was examined. The amount of aGBM bound per single glomerulus (aGBM/gl) was closely correlated with plasma aGBM level in YM (r=0.95), AM (r=0.85) and AF (r=0,96). At a comparable plasma aGBM level, aGBM/gl was significantly lower in Y than A (P<0.001 in both M and F). This difference persisted even when aGBM/gl was corrected by an index of GBM surface area (P<0.001 in both M and F). Amount of aGBM bound per gram of glomerular protein, however, did not differ significantly between Y and A, due to wide variability in glomerular protein content. Functional response to aGBM binding, as assessed by percent reduction in whole kidney GFR at comparable plasma aGBM level, tended to be more pronounced in Y than A. Results from M and F were comparable for these parameters. These data indicate that, of the two epidemiological factors tested, age, but not sex, has an important influence on the glomerular response to this type of immunological insult.
Spontaneous Adrenal Hemorrhage with Associated Masses: Etiology and Management in 6 Cases and a Review of 133 Reported Cases

Background Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage associated with a mass is uncommon and treatment strategies are not standardized. Current treatment modalities range from supportive management and blood transfusion to embolization or immediate operative extirpation. Our objectives were to describe six cases from a single institution and to perform a literature review of the etiology of the condition and recommended management of patients with hemorrhagic adrenal masses.
Predicate prediction for efficient out-of-order execution

Predicated execution is an important optimization even for an out-of-order processor, since it can eliminate hard to predict branches and help to enable software pipelining. Using predication with out-of-order execution creates a naming bottleneck, because there can be multiple definitions reaching a use, and not knowing which use is the correct one can stall the processor.In this paper, we examine using predicate prediction to speculatively allow execution to proceed in the face of multiple definitions. We show that the penalty for mispredicting a predicate is not as severe as mispredicting a branch. Thus, making it advantageous to replace hard to predict branches with predicate predictions. We present a predicate misprediction recovery architecture that replays instructions through the renamer to link up the correct dependencies on a misprediction. This approach allows us to avoid putting the predicted false path instructions in the issue queue reducing the pressure on the dynamic out-of-order scheduler.
Effect of application timing and method on efficacy and phytotoxicity of 1,3‐D, chloropicrin and metam‐sodium combinations in squash plasticulture

BACKGROUND: Metam-sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin are widely used soil fumigants. Combined application of metam-sodium and 1,3-D + chloropicrin is intended to improve efficacy and broaden spectrum of control, but little is known about the effect on crop safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of application timing of fumigant combinations on soilborne pest and disease control (nematodes, soil fungi and weeds) and growth of squash. Two separate tests with chisel-injected and drip-applied fumigant combinations and plant-back times ranging from 1 to 4 weeks were conducted in Tifton, GA, USA, in spring and fall 2002. RESULTS: Fumigant combinations using 1,3-D, chloropicrin and metam-sodium were as effective as methyl bromide in controlling Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, Pythium irregulare Buis., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Cyperus esculentus L. Chisel-applied combinations were more effective in terms of root-knot nematode control than drip-applied combinations. Root-knot nematode reduced squash yields by up to 60%. Phytotoxicity problems and lower yields were observed during spring, especially following 1,3-D + chloropicrin and when plant-back periods were shorter. CONCLUSION: The main problem with fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide may not be reduced efficacy but, in particular for 1,3-D products, loss of flexibility in terms of longer plant-back periods. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Searching for an optimal path in a tree with random costs

We consider the problem of finding an optimal path leading from the root of a tree to any of its leaves. The tree is known to be uniform, binary, and of height N, and each branch independently may have a cost of 1 or 0 with probability p and 1-p, respectively. We show that for p 1/2, every algorithm which guarantees finding an exact cheapest path, or even a path within a fixed cost ratio of the cheapest, must run in exponential average time. If, however, we are willing to accept a near optimal solution almost always, then a pruning algorithm exists which finds such a solution in linear expected time. The algorithm employs a depth-first strategy which stops at regular intervals to appraise its progress and, if the progress does not meet a criterion based on domain-specific knowledge, the current node is irrevocably pruned.
Evaluation of seasonal forecast skill over China

Abstract Since Sept. 26, 1997, the Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) has been making experimental, near real-time seasonal global forecasts. Images of these forecasts, at daily to seasonal time scales, are provided on the World Wide Web, and experimental digital forecast products are made available to international collaborators. Over Asia, these experimental forecasts are now being used to drive regional prediction and various application models at National Taiwan University (NTU) and the Hong Kong Observatory. Roads et al. [Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82 (2001) 639] and Terra Chen et al. [Atmos. Oceanogr. Sci. 12 (2003a) 377] previously discussed the basic forecast and analysis system. The purpose of this paper is to discuss specific synoptic characteristics of recent seasonal forecasts as a guide to further application and development.
High Street Prices of Syringes Correlate with Strict Syringe Possession Laws

The current epidemic of injection drug use in the United States and abroad has precipitated an increase in transmission of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human T-lymphotrophic virus II (HTLV-II) in injection drug users (IDUs) who share syringes and other injection equipment. Sharing is often due to a lack of available sterile syringes, which is, in part, a result of laws and regulations controlling the purchase and possession of syringes. These laws, in turn, raise the price of questionably sterile black market syringes, inadvertently encouraging the reuse and sharing of syringes. To date, very little information has been gathered on the street price of syringes in different communities. We surveyed 42 needle exchange programs (NEPs) in the United States in July and August 1998 to determine the street prices of syringes. The relationship among local laws regulating syringe possession, the enforcement of those laws, and street syringe prices...
Convergence or Divergence in Final‐Offer Arbitration in Professional Baseball

Many labor relations practitioners and theorists believe that final-offer arbitration by a neutral third party encourages union and management officials to resolve their bargaining differences. However, decision scientists have found that there is no median convergence between the parties. Using professional baseball in our model, we test the assumption that major league owners tend to maximize expected monetary value (EMV), finding that claims of divergence are invalidated in dispute management contexts where there is a broad range of other motivations for settling. Decision models offer even further support for the use of final-offer arbitration in such settings.
Growth, livability, feed consumption, and carcass composition of the Athens Canadian Random Bred 1955 meat-type chicken versus the 2012 high-yielding Cobb 500 broiler

A flock of the Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB), a 1955 meat-type chicken control strain, was raised alongside a flock of 2012 Cobb 500 fast feathering high-yielding broilers to determine selection changes over the past 57 yr. All birds were reared under management practices appropriate for the Cobb 500. Birds were weighed weekly and processed at 6, 8, and 10 wk. Whole carcass, carcass parts, and organs were weighed. Modern broilers outweighed ACRB at every age, ranging from 3.7 to 4.7 times the size of the ACRB. All parts and organs were compared as a percentage of live fasted BW. The ACRB had significantly heavier feet, wings, internal organs, and feathers. The modern Cobb broiler had double the breast and larger leg muscles and had a significantly greater fat pad. Despite the larger muscle mass, the supply organs, the heart and lungs, were significantly smaller in the Cobb broiler than the ACRB as a percentage of BW. Relative size of supply and other vital organs should be given consideration for genetic selection of the future broiler. Comparisons of ACRB weights and organ percentages with past published data indicates that the ACRB remains a consistent control strain.
Earth's Magnetism in the Age of Sail

Earth's Magnetism in the Age of Sail primarily focuses on the historical investigation of geomagnetism, and on geomagnetism and navigation, from 1500 to 1800. This well-written and well-documented book is highly enjoyable. Once the reader has cleared the first chapter, the remainder of the book is a historical treasure. The book is divided into two parts. Part I, which consists of four chapters, deals with the efforts to understand the Earth's magnetic field during the period under investigation. Part II, which has three chapters, describes the intersection of properties of the magnetic field with advances that were being made in navigational techniques in the period.
Dissipative solitons in normal-dispersion fiber lasers

Mode-locked fiber lasers in which pulse shaping is based on filtering of a frequency-chirped pulse are analyzed with the cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation. An exact analytical solution produces a variety of temporal and spectral shapes, which have not been observed in any experimental setting to our knowledge. Experiments agree with the theory over a wide range of parameters. The observed pulses balance gain and loss as well as phase modulations, and thus constitute dissipative temporal solitons. The normal-dispersion fiber laser allows systematic exploration of this class of solitons.
Use of Mount Detectors Plus Chalk as an Estrous Detection Aid for Dairy Cattle

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine effectiveness of mount detectors plus chalk as an estrous detection aid. Of 33 Holstein cows receiving more than one mount during continuous observations, three separate 30-min detection periods by a herdsman detected 20 (60.6%) of these cows in standing estrus. Use of either mount detectors, chalk, or mount detectors plus chalk indicated 31 (93.9%) of these cows in estrus. There were no false positives with estrous detection by the herdsman. Mount detectors and chalk had 28 and 38 false positives, respectively, compared with three false positives with the mount detectors plus chalk. Cows on three Holstein farms were assigned to treatments as 1) control, 2) cows with mount detectors, 3) cows with chalk, or 4) cows with mount detectors plus chalk. Based on 21-d estrous periods, treatments 1 to 4 resulted in 42.5, 56.6, 44.0, and 63.8% of estrous periods detected, respectively. Overall, cows not becoming pregnant on treatments 1 to 4 were 32.0, 23.0, 20.3, and 12.0%, respectively. Both cows with mount detectors and cows with mount detectors plus chalk had fewer days to second estrus than control cows and cows with chalk. Cows with mount detectors plus chalk had fewer days to conception than controls and cows with mount detectors. Cows with chalk had greatest days to conception.