cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tailoring Interfacial Interactions via Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles Improves Performance of Parts Created by 3D Printing

Decorating nanoparticle surfaces with end-tethered chains provides a way to mediate interfacial interactions in polymer nanocomposites. Here, polymer-grafted nanoparticles are investigated for their impact on the performance of polymer structures created by fused filament fabrication (FFF). The nanoscale organization of poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted nanoparticles (PMMA-g-NPs) in PMMA matrices is examined via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS data indicate that all nanocomposites exhibit particle–particle interactions, indicating that nanoparticles are locally clustered. Additionally, increasing the loading level of PMMA-g-NPs produces modest changes in Tg but significant increases in the complex viscosity and storage modulus, suggesting that the number density of entanglements between graft chains and the matrix polymer increases with increasing PMMA-g-NP content. Increasing the number density of entanglements and the formation of localized clusters manifest at the macroscale: Dynamic mechanic...
Chat as Expected: Learning to Manipulate Black-box Neural Dialogue Models.

Recently, neural network based dialogue systems have become ubiquitous in our increasingly digitalized society. However, due to their inherent opaqueness, some recently raised concerns about using neural models are starting to be taken seriously. In fact, intentional or unintentional behaviors could lead to a dialogue system to generate inappropriate responses. Thus, in this paper, we investigate whether we can learn to craft input sentences that result in a black-box neural dialogue model being manipulated into having its outputs contain target words or match target sentences. We propose a reinforcement learning based model that can generate such desired inputs automatically. Extensive experiments on a popular well-trained state-of-the-art neural dialogue model show that our method can successfully seek out desired inputs that lead to the target outputs in a considerable portion of cases. Consequently, our work reveals the potential of neural dialogue models to be manipulated, which inspires and opens the door towards developing strategies to defend them.
Effect of intermediate support on critical stability of a cantilever with non-conservative loading: Some new results

Abstract The introduction of intermediate support can significantly alter the stability characteristics of an elastic structure subjected to non-conservative loading; this follows from investigations carried out almost three decades ago. A majority of these investigations however assume the non-conservative loading to have the form of a follower force. A new type of non-conservative loading in the from of a dynamic moment was recently introduced in the literature using both theory and experiments and it behooves us to investigate the effect of intermediate support on structures with such type of loading. The dynamic moment is proportional to the curvature of a point on the structure; critical stability is therefore investigated in the two-parameter space defined by the locations of the intermediate support and the point of curvature measurement. For a cantilever beam with terminal dynamic moment, the investigations reveal a rich set of instability transitions not observed heretofore; these include multiple stability transitions between divergence and flutter and between different modes of flutter, transitions occurring with and without jumps in the critical load, orderly and random flutter-to-flutter transitions, and multiple instability transitions involving jumps in the critical load. The jump in the critical load is also observed for the cantilever beam with follower force; this jump, which was reported to be absent in earlier work, results from the veering phenomenon.
Finding proteases that make cells go viral

The activation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein via cleavage by host cell proteases is essential for viral infectivity, and understanding the mechanisms for HA protein cleavage and how they may differ depending on the biological context is important for the development of flu treatments. However, the HA proteases involved in the activation of many viral strains remain unidentified. In this issue, Harbig et al. identify a repertoire of proteases that cleave HA and determine the proteases' functionality against specific HA glycoproteins.
Laryngeal Pathologies Associated with the Genre of Singing and Professional Singing Status in a Treatment-Seeking Population.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Singers have high vocal demands and are at increased risk of developing voice disorders. Different singing genres place different technical demands on the voice. However, differences in laryngeal pathology based on genre have not been well-researched. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of laryngeal pathology in different genres of professional and amateur singers who present with a voice complaint. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS Retrospective review of patients seen at a tertiary laryngology practice. Self-identified singers who reported their primary singing genre and categorized their singing as a full-time job, part-time job, or amateur involvement were included. Type and prevalence of pathology were calculated based on genre and professional status. RESULTS Of the 302 self-identified singers, 54% (n = 164) had laryngeal pathology. Among those with pathology, the most common finding was fibrotic lesion (38.4%, 63/164). Genres in which a majority of singers had pathology were other (69.2%, 9/13), choral (64.7%, 11/17), pop (63.2%, 12/19), musical theater (61.4%, 43/70), country (100%, 4/4), and Latin (100%, 2/2). The highest prevalence of pathology was seen in part-time professional singers (62.2%, 41/66) and full-time professionals (60.8%, 62/102), compared to amateurs (45.1%, 60/133). CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal pathology is prevalent in singers presenting with a voice complaint. Regardless of genre or professional status, fibrotic lesions were the most common pathological finding. This study provides preliminary data on the prevalence of different laryngeal pathologies found in singers by genre and degree of professional involvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2076-2080, 2021.
To Give or Not to Give: RhD Immunoglobulin for an RHD *39 Pregnant Woman with Sickle Cell Disease.

Introduction Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have repeated episodes of red blood cell (RBC) sickling and microvascular occlusion that manifest as pain crises, acute chest syndrome, and chronic hemolysis. These clinical sequelae usually increase during pregnancy. Given the racial distribution of SCD, patients with SCD are also more likely to have rarer RBC antigen genotypes than RBC donor populations. We present the management and clinical outcome of a 21-year-old pregnant woman with SCD and an RHD*39 (RhD[S103P], G-negative) variant. Case Presentation Ms. S is B positive with a reported history of anti-D, anti-C, and anti-E alloantibodies (anti-G testing unknown). Genetic testing revealed both an RHD*39 and homozygous partial RHCE*ceVS.02 genotype. Absorption/elution testing confirmed the presence of anti-G, anti-C, and anti-E alloantibodies but could not definitively determine the presence/absence of an anti-D alloantibody. Ms. S desired to undergo elective pregnancy termination and the need for postprocedural RhD immunoglobulin (RhIG) was posed. Given that only the G antigen site is changed in an RHD*39 genotype and the potential risk of RhIG triggering a hyperhemolytic episode in an SCD patient, RhIG was not administered. There were no procedural complications. Follow-up testing at 10 weeks showed no increase in RBC alloantibody strength. Discussion/Conclusion Ms. S represents a rare RHD*39 and partial RHCE*ceVS.02 genotype which did not further alloimmunize in the absence of RhIG administration. Her case also highlights the importance of routine anti-G alloantibody testing in women of childbearing age with apparent anti-D and anti-C alloantibodies.
Iola Leroy, or Consciousness Uplifted: Milton, Harper's Epic, and America's National Sin

This paper is a structuralist interpretation of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's Iola Leroy as a literary epic. Recognizing the novel's epic characteristics significantly modifies our critical view of Harper, her novel, and her main character. Iola is transformed from an accommodationist figure into an African-American national epic heroine; Iola Leroy is transformed from a manifestation of sentimental fiction into a power national political statement of African-American potential; and Harper herself is transformed from a nineteenth-century African-American lecturer, novelist, poet, and reformer into, arguably, the first American poet to ever write a successful national epic.
Structure-activity relationship of phenolic analogues as anti-melanoma agents: a drug metabolism drug design approach

1123 Tyrosinase, an enzyme abundantly found in melanocytes, was selected as a molecular target for the development of anti-melanoma drugs. 4-Hydroxyanisole (4-HA), a simple phenolic agent, was shown to be metabolized by tyrosinase to cytotoxic o-quinones and have anti-melanoma activity. However in clinical trials, 4-HA caused severe liver damage due to its metabolism by liver P450 enzymes to the cytotoxic p-quinone/arene epoxide. In current work, we investigated 24 phenolic agents (2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxy derivatives) to identify compounds that are significantly metabolized by tyrosinase but not by the P450 enzymes and hence limiting their toxicity towards the liver. Tyrosinase/O2 metabolizing system, rat liver microsomal/P450s preparations, murine B16-F0 and human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells were used to evaluate the metabolism of these phenols and their toxicity against melanoma cells. 4-Hydroxy derivatives showed substantial metabolism by mushroom tyrosinase/O2 metabolizing system compared to their 3-hydroxy and 2-hydroxy derivatives. The order of metabolism for 4-hydroxy derivatives by tyrosinase/O2 was 4-HA, 4-hydroxytoluene, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid>4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol>4-hydroxy benzophenone>>ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. Amongst the 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxy derivatives no distinctive order was observed when phenolic agents were metabolized by the P4502E1 induced rat liver microsomal preparations. The order of metabolism by rat liver microsomal preparations for 4-hydroxy derivatives was 4-HA>4-hydroxytoluene>>4-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The toxicity of all 24 phenolic agents was investigated against murine B16-F0 cells and the order of toxicity (LD50 (48 h)) for 4-hydroxy derivatives was in the following order: 4-HA> ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate>>>4-hydroxyoluene, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol>>4-hydroxybenzophenone>4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The toxicity of 4-hydroxy derivatives was also investigated against human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells and a similar pattern was observed. In summary, we identified ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as two potential lead anti-melanoma compounds which were minimally metabolized by rat liver microsomal preparations for further in vitro and in vivo toxicology, drug metabolism and efficacy investigations.
Precision Engineering Design Process for Optimal Design Based on Engineering Sciences

Concepts of precision engineering design process for optimal design where engineering sciences contribute in the successful good design are elaborated in this paper. Scientific theory and practicality are discussed in this paper. Factors necessary for a complete product or systems design are detailed and application of mathematical design optimization in producing a good design are shown. Many applicable engineering design examples are itemized to show relevancy of the optimal design theory to engineering design. Future trends of optimal design with respect to the 4th industrial revolution of digitization are presented. Paper sets to elaborate that most of the engineering and scientific design problems can be optimized to a good design based on many new/advanced optimization techniques.
Photoplethysmography-Based Blood Pressure Estimation Using Deep Learning

Blood pressure (BP) measurement is an important measure of health status, yet simple and accurate measurement techniques have remained elusive. In this paper, we present a novel transfer learning-based blood pressure estimation algorithm that requires only few seconds of the photoplethysmography (PPG) signal as input. The proposed algorithm utilizes visibility graph to create images embedded with features related to the waveform morphology. The algorithm is evaluated using the data from the Multi-parameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC) II database. Results show that the difference between the estimated and reference BP for the systolic BP (SBP) and for the diastolic BP (DBP) are -0.080 ± 10.097 mmHg and 0.057 ±4.814 mmHg, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach for estimating BP.
Reflected Schrödinger Bridge: Density Control with Path Constraints

How to steer a given joint state probability density function to another over finite horizon subject to a controlled stochastic dynamics with hard state (sample path) constraints? In applications, state constraints may encode safety requirements such as obstacle avoidance. In this paper, we perform the feedback synthesis for minimum control effort density steering (a.k.a. Schrodinger bridge) problem subject to state constraints. We extend the theory of Schrodinger bridges to account the reflecting boundary conditions for the sample paths, and provide a computational framework building on our previous work on proximal recursions, to solve the same.
The Optimality of Multi-stage Venture Capital Financing: An Option-Theoretic Approach

For venture capital firms, facing undiversifiable risks, multi-staged financing is an optimal contract which offers significant risk reduction at a cost of only slightly lower potential return. The optimality does not depend on the presence of moral hazard and agency problems. Our theoretical model of multi-stage financing, largely based on Asian option pricing theory, allows us to compute the risk reduction ratio due to multi-staging. The return on a staged financing plan is equivalent to an exchange of a straight equity stake for that acquired through stochastic averaging over time. We compare standard deviation ratios for staged vs. up-front financings as well as across asset classes. We find that risk mitigation due to multi-staging is significant in and of itself and enough to markedly improve venture capitalâ€™s risk-reward ratios relative to alternatives.
Chinese Revolutions: Twentieth Century

China was once seen as having a population that was unusually prone to ‘rebellion’ but not susceptible to ‘revolutions,’ that is, upheavals capable of doing more than just changing who was on the throne. The twentieth century, however, saw a series of interconnected revolutions (e.g., one associated with the name Sun Yat-sen and others with Mao Zedong), which between them thoroughly transformed the country. These events fit in well with some standard ideas about revolution promulgated by social theorists primarily interested in and most knowledgeable about the Western and Russian examples, but in other regards call them into question.
Effects of conceptual representation on learning from hypermedia

Studying complex systems is increasingly important in many domains. Several features shared by complex systems hinder deep understanding. For example, understanding complex systems involves thinking about multiple interdependent levels, non-linear causality and/or emergence. Conceptual representations offer opportunities to become integrating frameworks across different domains. This study investigates how alternative conceptual representations embodied in hypermedia can help middle school students better understand a complex system, the human respiratory system. We designed two versions of instructional hypermedia based on structure-behavior-function theory. SBF is a conceptual representation that is part of the disciplinary toolbox of biologists and thus is an appropriate representation for learning in this domain. One hypermedia was function-centered while the other was structure-centered. We contrasted the instructional effects of these two alternative conceptual representations. Students using the function-centered hypermedia developed deeper understanding than those using the structure-centered version on one of the two measures. Implications and limitations are discussed.
World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919-1930

Introduction 1. World War I as anchor 2. Structural foundations of a new Japan 3. Internationalism 4. Democracy 5. Disarmament 6. World power 7. Culture of peace 8. Hamaguchi Osachi and the triumph of the new Japan Conclusion Bibliography.
1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐N‐[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)methanesulfonamide

[82113-66-4] C5H9F6NO4S2Si (MW 353.34) InChI = 1S/C5H9F6NO4S2Si/c1-19(2,3)12(17(13,14)4(6,7)8)18(15,16)5(9,10)11/h1-3H3 InChIKey = MLIRNWUYOYIGBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alternate Names: TMSNTf2. (Lewis acid catalyst for a variety of organic transformations) Physical Data: colorless liquid, bp: 115 °C (2 Torr). Solubility: soluble in most common organic solvents, commonly used in dichloromethane, toluene, diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: easily prepared in situ through protodesilation by mixing commercially available allyltrimethylsilane (or any TMS enol ether) and Tf2NH. Originally prepared by mixing Tf2NH with trimethylsilane at low temperature or mixing AgNTf2 with TMSCl. Handling, Storage, and Precaution: flammable, corrosive, very hygroscopic.
Osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge of the talus in a horse

Summary A 12-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated for chronic recurrent right hindlimb cellulitis and severe lameness. Chronic tibiotarsal joint sepsis and osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge were diagnosed and confirmed cytologically, arthroscopically and histologically. Trauma and secondary cellulitis and chronic septic arthritis were suspected aetiological factors.
Lifecycle of Scientific Workflows and their Provenance: A Usage Perspective

Scientific workflows are representations of generally one, but sometimes more, process(es) in the scientific method. They combine data and computational procedures into a configurable, structured set of steps that implement semi-automated computational solutions of a scientific problem. Each atomic step in a scientific workflow uses a technology to carry out the computation or data processing. Thus, as technology progresses the requirements and motivations for usage of scientific workflows evolve with it. The first part of this invited talk aims to explore this evolution of how scientific workflows are used from late 1990s to date and discusses the advantages gained from this usage. In the second half we delve into current and expected advantages of scientific workflow systems as they mature from art to commodity, with a focus on provenance of scientific workflows and related products.As has been proven by recent workshops, challenges and community interest, capturing provenance information for computational experiments and simulations is a significant advantage of using scientific workflows to conduct computational studies. Many scientific workflow systems today provide provenance recording functionality. However, lack of generic tools to support usage of the collected information limits the usage of the provenance functionality by different users. This talk concludes by presenting a vision for creating a provenance framework to support a series of steps in the lifecycle of provenance information starting from data collection, which could serve multiple data and computational models, to the usages of this data.
Changes in Animal Tissue After Hydrocortisone Administration: Production of Dystrophic Calcification of Cardiac Muscle in Mice by Hydrocortisone

Changes in Animal Tissue After Hydrocortisone Administration: Production of Dystrophic Calcification of Cardiac Muscle in Mice by Hydrocortisone
Progressive ratio performance maintained by buprenorphine, heroin and methadone in Macaque monkeys

Abstract The relative reinforcing efficacy of buprenorphine (0.01–0.10 mg/kg/inj.), heroin (0.01–0.10 mg/kg/inj.), methadone (0.03–0.25 mg/kg/inj.) and saline were compared in Macaque male monkeys using progressive ratio procedures. Responding for drugs and food (1 g banana pellet) was maintained on a second order FR 4 (VR 16:S) schedule of reinforcement that required an average of 64 responses for each injection or food pellet. After 40 sessions (10 days) of stable performance, the number of responses for each drug injection was systematically increased until monkeys reached a breakpoint defined by 2 consecutive days of no drug injections. Progressive ratio breakpoints for heroin at intermediate and high doses (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg/inj.) were two to three times higher than for any other drug (P
Mechanisms of the metabolic syndrome

Increasing obesity has led to a marked increase in the metabolic syndrome, a clustering of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The metabolic syndrome affects roughly 25% of adults over the age of 20 and up to 45% over age 50 in our society. Attention has focused on defining the pathophysiology of the syndrome to describe key diagnostic features and develop therapies to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular complications.
Recovery of urinary continence following radical prostatectomy: the impact of prostate volume--analysis of data from the CaPSURE Database.

Purpose: Improved urinary function following radical prostatectomy due to bladder outlet obstruction from subclinical benign prostatic hyperplasia has been described. We determined if prostate volume determined by preoperative transrectal ultrasound could predict recovery of urinary function and continence following radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We identified all 4,984 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy in the CaPSURE national disease registry of men with prostate cancer. Only the 2,097 men who had data available on preoperative prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound, and complete preoperative and postoperative data available on urinary function using the UCLA-PCI were selected for study. Transrectal ultrasound volume was categorized as less than 25, 25 to 50 cc or greater than 50 cc. Univariate and mixed multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between transrectal ultrasound based prostate volume and continence, as measured by urinary function scores 6...
(salen)MnIII compounds as nonpeptidyl mimics of catalase. Mechanism-based tuning of catalase activity: a theoretical study.

We present the results of the first theoretical investigation of salen−manganese complexes as synthetic catalytic scavengers of hydrogen peroxide molecules that mimic catalase enzymes. Catalase mim...
How Listening to Students Can Help Schools to Improve.

In this article, findings from a study of 150 10th-grade students attending 10 Boston public high schools are presented. Data obtained from surveys and interviews with the students in the study are used to illuminate how student perspectives on their school experiences can be used to strengthen reform efforts. Themes such as teacher-student relationships, the impact of high stakes testing, concerns about discipline and safety, and student goals and motivation are explored. Implications for how such a research strategy can be used to assist efforts to improve urban high school are proffered to policy makers and school district leaders.
Electron Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium in p–n Junctions

The concepts of the recently proposed “generalized field theory” — a theory which attempts to differentiate completely between active and passive transport processes—are applied to forward conduction in p–n junctions. The predictions of the theory agree very closely with the results of experiments.
Long term trends in earnings inequality: What the CPS can tell us

Abstract Changes in Current Population Survey (CPS) topcoding rules in the 1990s artificially increased measured earnings inequality. We create a time-consistent CPS data series and compare trends in earnings inequality from 1975 to 2001.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 75

Abstract The literature pertaining to nuclei with A = 75 has been reviewed, and a summary of the nuclear structure properties is presented here. This compilation marks a departure from the Nuclear Data Sheets style in that: 1) Emphasis is placed upon summaries of the nuclear structure information rather than compilation of all the data. 2) Complete data sets for each type of reaction are stored in the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) at the Nuclear Data Project, but only portions of the data are included here. 3) The complete compilation, i.e., drawings, data sheets, and references, has been produced from computer files. 4) Comments have been kept to a minimum, thus leaving it to the reader to refer to the original work for fine details. 5) The compilers have not included all nuclear quantities that could be deduced from the data, e.g., transition matrix elements, parameters for suggested rotational bands, etc. The 74Se(n,γ) data have been reinterpreted by the compilers and a neutron separation energy of 8027.4 keV 15is suggested for 75Se. All Q—values have been adopted from the compilation of Wapstra et al. (74WaBG) except as noted. It is hoped that researchers who generate data which are superior to those which were available at the time of this compilation will submit their results to the Nuclear Data Project for inclusion in the ENSDF.
Dose spread functions in computed tomography: a Monte Carlo study.

Purpose: Current CT dosimetry employing CTDI methodology has come under fire in recent years, partially in response to the increasing width of collimated x-ray fields in modern CT scanners. This study was conducted to provide a better understanding of the radiation dose distributions in CT. Methods: Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate radiation dose distributions along the z axis arising from CT imaging in cylindrical phantoms. Mathematical cylinders were simulated with compositions of water, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polyethylene. Cylinder diameters from 10 to 50 cm were studied. X-ray spectra typical of several CT manufacturers (80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp) were used. In addition to no bow tie filter, the head and body bow tie filters from modern General Electric and Siemens CT scanners were evaluated. Each cylinder was divided into three concentric regions of equal volume such that the energy deposited is proportional to dose for each region. Two additional dose assessment regions, central and edge locations 10 mm in diameter, were included for comparisons to CTDI{sub 100} measurements. Dose spread functions (DSFs) were computed for a wide number of imaging parameters. Results: DSFs generally exhibit a biexponential falloff from the z=0 position. For a very narrowmore » primary beam input (<<1 mm), DSFs demonstrated significant low amplitude long range scatter dose tails. For body imaging conditions (30 cm diameter in water), the DSF at the center showed {approx}160 mm at full width at tenth maximum (FWTM), while at the edge the FWTM was {approx}80 mm. Polyethylene phantoms exhibited wider DSFs than PMMA or water, as did higher tube voltages in any material. The FWTM were 80, 180, and 250 mm for 10, 30, and 50 cm phantom diameters, respectively, at the center in water at 120 kVp with a typical body bow tie filter. Scatter to primary dose ratios (SPRs) increased with phantom diameter from 4 at the center (1 cm diameter) for a 16 cm diameter cylinder to {approx}12.5 for a 32 cm diameter cylinder. The SPRs increased dramatically at the center of the phantom compared to the edge. For the three equal area regions, the edge to center SPRs for a 32 cm diameter phantom were {approx}1.8, 3.5, and 6.3, respectively. Conclusions: DSFs demonstrate low amplitude long ranging tails which reach considerable distances in cylindrical phantoms. The buildup that results from these long-ranged tails increases at the center of the field (at z=0) with increasing scan length. The DSF distributions lend a better understanding of the trends in CT dose deposition over a range of relevant imaging parameters. The DSFs as well as other related data are available to interested parties using EPAPS at http://www.aip.org/pubservs/epaps.html.« less
Milk Intolerance: Lactose Intolerance and Cow's Milk Protein Allergy

Abstract Parents and health care providers often incorrectly use the term milk intolerance to describe a wide spectrum of symptoms seen in infants who have problems digesting cow's milk. The most common reasons for milk intolerance are the negative reactions to lactose or cow's milk protein. Identification and correct diagnosis of lactose intolerance or cow's milk protein allergy is imperative to correctly recommend alterations in feeding practices or suggest formula changes.
Conic lagrangian singularities

Abstract We classify conic Lagrangian holomorphic map germs with Z 2 symmetry, in terms of homo geneous generating families. The motivating example is the Gauss map of the theta divisor of a principally polarized abelian variety.
Diseases Potentially Transmitted Through Corneal Transplantation

Transmission of donor disease to the corneal graft recipient appears to be a rare event. Nevertheless, the subject merits careful attention because of the broad spectrum of diseases these cases represent, the potential for transmission of other disorders, and the difficulties in diagnosis they pose. Infections, neoplastic diseases, and corneal disorders may be acquired by corneal transplantation. Very serious are viral infections, but only rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and hepatitis B have had documented transmission. Bacterial and fungal infections are a clear hazard to the graft. On rare occasions, the recipient has died. Although the transmission of local corneal disorders and dystrophies has yet to be documented, the potential seems clear, particularly with tissue from young donors where evidence for dystrophies, such as keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy, has yet to appear. Fortunately, in the United States, screening techniques appear to be largely effective in detecting donors who harbor diseases that are potentially transmittable.
Multipronged Approach for Incorporating Sustainability into an Undergraduate Civil Engineering Curriculum

AbstractOver the past few decades, there has been growing emphasis on sustainable development and a growing need to train students to think sustainably in preparation for their careers as practicing engineers. Thinking sustainably requires the consideration of not only environmental impacts but also societal and economic impacts. Thus, teaching future engineers to think sustainably requires a multifaceted, multipronged approach. To that end, a team of faculty from the Departments of Civil, Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington acquired funding from the National Science Foundation to implement a project entitled “Engineering Sustainable Engineers.” The project was designed to infuse undergraduate curricula in the three departments with sustainability, which was augmented by incorporating sustainability emphasis into other aspects of the undergraduate experience. Key program elements were (1) learning modules developed for courses across all levels of matriculation w...
REquirements TRacing On target (RETRO) enhanced with an automated thesaurus builder: An empirical study

Several techniques have been proposed to increase the performance of the tracing process, including use of a thesaurus. Some thesauri pre-exist and have been shown to improve the recall for some datasets. But the drawback is that they are manually generated by analysts based on study and analysis of the textual artifacts being traced. To alleviate that effort, we developed an application that accepts textual artifacts as input and generates a thesaurus dynamically, we call it Thesaurus Builder. We evaluated the performance of REquirements TRacing On target (RETRO) with a Thesaurus generated by Thesaurus Builder. We found that recall increased from 81.9% with no thesaurus to 87.18% when the dynamic thesaurus was used. We also found that Okapi weighting resulted in better recall and precision than TF-IDF weighting, but only precision was statistically significant.
Vapor phase nucleation and growth of menthol on carbon, glass and fuzed quartz substrates

Abstract The morphology of the hetero-epitaxy of menthol on carbon, fuzed quartz and glass substrates is investigated for inert gas transport vapor deposition. Substrate temperatures of 22–24°C are utilized, some 19°C less than the melting temperature of menthol. Formation of an intermediate lifetime liquid menthol drop state is observed, which has a significant effect on deposit growth morphology. It is suggested that liquid supercooling, latent heat of condensation and low thermal conductivity to the substrate all contribute to maintenance of the liquid state with connective turbulence causing fluctuations in instantaneous heat of condensation input to menthol nuclei by modulating local flux rates. Formation of the observed intermediate liquid stage tends to decrease initial sticking coefficient and results in deposit growth by menthol crystallite stacking, branching and network formation. A related morphological growth mechanism was first discussed by Wagner and Ellis for whisker development in the vapor-liquid-solid deposition of silicon. There are significant differences in the mechanisms and parameters important to the actual formation of the liquid state, however, and consequently the growth morphology for menthol is much more complex.
2,3-Benzo-7-phosphanorbornadiene Complexes: Synthesis and Chemistry

The reaction of benzyne with 3,4-dimethylphosphole pentacarbonylmolybdenum complexes affords the corresponding 2,3-benzo-7-phosphanorbornadiene complexes through [4+2] cycloaddition. The condensation takes place on the less hindered side of the phosphole ring corresponding to the phosphorus substituent as shown by the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the phenyl derivative (2). The strain at the bridge of 2 (C−P−C angle ca. 80°) induces a variety of splitting reactions. Upon decomplexation by dppe at 110 °C in toluene, phenylphosphinidene is generated and recovered as phenylphosphine. Upon sulfurization under the same conditions, [PhPS2] is formed and trapped as a [4+2] adduct with 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. Potassium tert-butylate attacks the bridge in THF at −78 °C and, after methylation and hydrolytic workup, yields [Ph(Me)P(OH)Mo(CO)5].
PROTECTING BASE-ISOLATED STRUCTURES FROM NEAR-FIELD GROUND MOTION BY TUNED INTERACTION DAMPER

This paper deals with the combined use of a low-damping base-isolation system and a semiactive control system referred to as a tuned interaction damper (TI damper). The TI damper generates friction-type forces (rigid-plastic behavior) through interactions between the primary isolated structure and an auxiliary structure. Because of its energy-dissipation nature, a base-isolated structure controlled by a TI damper is inherently stable, and as a semiactive control device, its operation requires only minimal external power. The efficacy of the proposed hybrid system is examined through a numerical simulation for a five-story scaled building subjected to near-field ground motions. A sensitivity analysis on the parameter dependence of the structural response on control force limit, stiffness ratio, and frequency ratio is presented. By tuning these parameters to optimal values, the performance of the base-isolated structure equipped with a TI damper can be enhanced. Based on the numerical simulation results, it is concluded that a TI damper is capable of suppressing the base drift of base-isolated structures subjected to near-field earthquake ground motions while maintaining the superstructure interstory drift and accelerations at small levels.
Existence and Properties of AN Equilibrium State with Beam-Beam Collisions

The equilbrium phase distribution of stored colliding electron beams is studied from the viewpoint of Vlasov-Fokker-Planck (VFP) theory. Numerical integration of the VFP system in one degree of freedom revealed a nearly Gaussian equilibrium with non-diagonal covariance matrix. This result is reproduced approximately in an analytic theory based on linearization of the beam-beam force. Analysis of an integral equation for the equilbrium distribution, without linearization, establishes the existence of a unique equilbrium at su ciently small current. The role of damping and quantum noise is clari ed through a new representation of the propagator of the linear Fokker-Planck equation with harmonic force. Presented at the 18th Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on Quantum Aspects of Beam Physics, Capri, Italy, Ocotber 15-20, 2000 To appear in proceedings published by World Scienti c, Singapore. Work supported in part by Department of Energy contracts DE-FG03-99ER41104 and DE-AC0376SF00515.
The Orientalization of Asian women in America

Abstract This paper addresses “Orientalization,” which I define as the objectification of Asian women as the “Oriental Woman”—the stereotypical image of the Exotic Other—in the discursive practices in the United States. This process is seen in the history of immigration, in U.S. military involvement in the Far East, and in the contemporary discourse surrounding Asian American women. The “Oriental Woman” is seen as a “controlling image,” with a political effect on the distribution of membership and power in the North American culture. However, there are increasing attempts by Asian American women to reject Orientalization and to make their own voices heard.
Measurements of scalar dissipation in a turbulent piloted methane/air jet flame

This paper describes the first results from a new experimental facility that combines line-imaging measurementsof Raman scattering, Rayleight scattering, and laser-induced CO fluorescence. Simultaneous single-shot line measurements of major species, temperature, mixture fraction, and the radial component of scalar dissipation are obtained in partially premixed methane/air jet flames (25% CH4, 75% air, by volume). The experimental setup and methods of data analysis are described. Results from a laminar jet flame and a piloted turbulent flame (Sandia flame D) are presented. The laminar and turbulent flames both show a local minimum in the average scalar dissipation near the stoichiometric mixture fraction. In the turbulent flame, the radial component of the instantaneous scalar dissipation near the stoichiometric condition displays a log-normal distribution at high values and an exponential distribution at low values. This is attributed to variation in the orientation of the three-dimensional mixture fraction gradient relative to the one-dimensional measurement. The effect of scalar dissipation on flame structure is examined, based on average species mass fractions doubly conditioned upon mixture fraction and scalar dissipation. The length scale of fluctuations in mixture fraction in the turbulent reaction zone is derived from the measured single-shot radial profiles at each streamwise location. This macro length scale is well resolved by the present methods, shows correlation over radial distances of a few millimeters, and grows with streamwise distance as the jet flame spreads. The length scale for fluctuations in scalar dissipation is less than 1 mm at each of the measured streamwise locations in the turbulent flame.
Influence of the atmospheric aerosol on albedo

Abstract The possible climatic effects of the secular increase of aerosols from man's activities have been coupled with the microphysics of the aerosol properties. The magnitude of the critical aerosol absorption coefficient to backscatter coefficient, (babs/ bbs)critical, was estimated for a model atmosphere corresponding to cooling or heating of the earth with increasing aerosol concentration. The babs/bbs ratio was calculated with Mie theory assuming a Junge particle size distribution and spherical particles as a function of the imaginary part of the particle refractive index (particle light absorption) and the size distribution slope. Comparing the babs/bbs ratio calculated from Mie theory to the critical babs/ bbs, cooling might ensue if the imaginary part is less than 10−3 while heating may result if it is greater than 0.1.
Cerebral white matter in the centrum semiovale exhibits a larger N-acetyl signal than does gray matter in long echo time 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.

Long echo time (272 ms) 1H magnetic resonance spectro-scopic imaging was used to measure the relative magnitudes of the N-acetylaspartate (NAA) signal in a variety of anatomically defined brain structures (centrum semiovale, thalamus, medial frontal cortex, and genu of the corpus callosum) composed primarily of gray matter or white matter. Six normal young adult humans aged 30–40 were studied. With a 95% level of statistical confidence, the white matter in the centrum semiovale (CSO) produced a more intense NAA signal than did the gray matter in the thalamus and the frontal cortex. Differences between the white matter regions were also noted. The CSO white matter's NAA signal yielded a larger NAA signal than did the white matter of the genu of the corpus callosum. Possible reasons for the anatomical variation in the cerebral NAA signal intensity are discussed.
Recent literature on lichens—201

Well, here I am again. I last typed an introduction to this series in 1979 when I assumed the role of ‘‘compiler’’ from Bill Culberson. That introduction was for list 101. I annotated and databased until 1991, when I completed list 143. Since then this project has been carried forward by the exceptional and dedicated efforts of my colleague Ted Esslinger. During Ted’s tenure the entire series was transformed for the web from our files by Einar Timdal and his colleagues, so that everyone everywhere can now search 27,000þ references with the click of a mouse and a few keyboard strokes (at http://www.toyen.uio.no/ botanisk/bot-mus/lav/sok_rll.htm). However, the completeness of this series depends on the assistance of all our colleagues who continue to send copies of their research for inclusion. Without your help, Ted and I, who work and teach at smaller universities, would not be able to ‘‘track down’’ the extraordinary diversity of lichen literature published around the world. We owe a special thanks to Bill Buck at The New York Botanical Garden who continues to send copies of lichen articles gleaned from the extensive botanical literature housed at his institution. I am truly pleased to be contributing to this series once more, and with your help it will continue to be a valuable resource to all of us who study these intriguing organisms.
Robust modeling and forecasting of diesel particle number emissions rates

This paper develops predictive models for high-frequency particle number emissions rates, analogous to the models that have been developed for gaseous emissions and particulate mass. Data from diesel buses under real-world driving conditions is used and predictive models are based on engine operating variables, vehicle kinematic variables, vehicle specific power, and gaseous mass emissions rates. Particular focus is devoted to estimation and forecasting that is robust to outliers and asymmetric error distributions. The models based on a combination of vehicle kinematic variables and gaseous emissions offer good data fits when compared to models based on engine operating variables. Furthermore, least absolute value minimization leads to superior out-of-sample predictive accuracy compared to conventional, least squares minimization.
A primer on molecular biology for imagers: VII. Molecular imaging probes.

Imagine administering a chemical in a live animal, looking at its interactions at molecular and cellular level, and identifying in real time various physiologic and pathologic conditions. To many people, this idea may feel like science fiction. Novel chemicals that are in research and development should help to make such a scenario a research and clinical reality in many applications. These chemicals under investigation that are used to probe molecular function at the molecular and cellular level in vitro, ex vivo, and or in vivo are called molecular probes (MPs). They provide high sensitivity for imaging minute molecular systems such as receptors, enzymes, and transporters. MPs are classified according to the imaging techniques with which they are used, and the selection of MPs is dependent on the type of imaging modality. MPs can be radioactive or nonradioactive and be designed to image endogenous or exogenous genes, messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts, or the expressed proteins (receptors, enzymes, and transporters). MPs that target proteins have been a major focus because they are expressed in large numbers (thousands to millions of copies per cell) and can allow the accumulation of the MPs in a specific site or tissue and thus can produce good signal-to-noise ratio. Also, protein expression is the ultimate result of genetic processing and hence imaging protein expression is a good choice. Imaging is mainly used for assessing morphology noninvasively. However, much excitement has been generated regarding the potential of using MPs to image specific
Impacts of the introduced biocontrol agent, Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on the seed production and population dynamics of Cirsium ownbeyi (Asteraceae), a rare, native thistle

Abstract The release of non-native insects to control noxious weeds is commonly used to combat invasions without disturbing the environment through chemical or mechanical methods. However, introduced biological control agents can have unintended effects. This study was initiated to evaluate potential non-target effects of the flowerhead weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus Frolich, on Cirsium ownbeyi S.L. Welsh, a rare, native and short-lived perennial thistle in northwestern Colorado, northeastern Utah, and southwestern Wyoming. C. ownbeyi represents one of 22 known native hosts on which this introduced weevil has naturalized. The study population remained stable over the eight years of the study despite floral damage by the biocontrol beetle. The growth rate ( λ ) from a count-based population viability analysis of the population was 1.03; however, large inter-year variation indicates this rare species is still vulnerable to local extirpation. The biocontrol weevil consistently damaged the developing seeds over the course of the study independent of changes in overall population size and variation in the number of flowering individuals. The target species, Carduus nutans L. (musk thistle) is generally absent near the study plots, which may limit the population levels of R. conicus that can be sustained in this area. Although R. conicus utilizes C. ownbeyi as a host plant, the late flowering period of this native thistle and the small size of the flower heads may limit the demographic impact of R. conicus on C. ownbeyi .
Impact of pramipexole on the onset of levodopa-related dyskinesias.

Dyskinesias are a major complication of dopaminergic therapy in the long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the CALM-PD trial, subjects were initially randomized to levodopa or pramipexole and could later add levodopa if needed. After adjusting for disease duration and daily levodopa dosage, the incidence of dyskinesias after initiating levodopa was not significantly different among subjects initially randomized to levodopa and those initially randomized to pramipexole. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society