cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphate alteration of chloride behavior at the boehmite-water interface: New insights from ion-probe flow adsorption microcalorimetry.

Abstract Surface complexation of phosphate to aluminum oxyhydroxides can alter surface reactivity depending on the time-scale and mode of attachment. The effects of phosphate adsorption on reactivity of boehmite (γ-AlOOH) particles were investigated using ion-probe flow adsorption microcalorimetry (ipFAMC). Consistent with previous studies on adsorption energetics, probing the surface of pristine γ-AlOOH with chloride ions yielded endothermically unimodal temperature signals with a measured molar heat of exchange (ΔHexc) of −3.1 kJ/mol. However, when the surface of γ-AlOOH was probed with chloride following phosphate complexation, significant changes in surface reactivity resulted. Irrespective of phosphate loading, the typical endothermic response of the chloride-surface hydroxyl interaction was replaced with a multi-modal energy signature consisting of exothermic and endothermic features. These features indicate that in the presence of phosphate, the overall nature of the interaction of chloride with specific surface hydroxyls located on different exposed planes and their subsequent reactivity was transformed to a more complex environment accompanied by two or more short-lived secondary reactions. It was also shown that phosphate-promoted surface alteration of γ-AlOOH was highly selective to probing with chloride since no changes in reactivity were observed when nitrate was employed as the primary ion probe under identical experimental conditions.
Wikipedia Beyond the English Language Edition: How do Editors Collaborate in the Farsi and Chinese Wikipedias?

Do models of collaboration among contributors of Wikipedia generalize beyond the larger, western editions of the encyclopedia? In this study, we expanded upon the known collaborative mechanisms on the English Wikipedia and demonstrated that the collaboration model is best captured through the interplay of these mechanisms. We annotated talk page conversations for types of power plays or vies for control over edits that are made to articles, to understand how policy and power play mechanisms in editors' discussions account for behavior in English (EN), Farsi (FA), and Chinese (ZH) language editions of Wikipedia. Our findings show that the same power plays used in EN exist in both FA and ZH but the frequency of their usage differs across the editions. These variations suggest that editors in different language communities value contrasting types of policies to compete for power while discussing and editing articles. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of how collaboration models developed from a western perspective translate to non-western languages.
Spatial Temporal Denoised Thermal Source Separation in Images of Compact Pulsed Thermography System for Qualification of Additively Manufactured Metals

We introduce a Spatial Temporal Denoised Thermal Source Separation (STDTSS) unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithm for detection of material flaws in additively manufactured (AM) metals using pulsed thermography (PT) images obtained with compact infrared (IR) camera. Quality control of actual AM structures is necessary before their deployment, because AM metals can contain defects, such as pores, due intrinsic features of AM process. The PT nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method is based on recording material surface temperature transients with IR camera following thermal pulse delivered on material surface with flashlight. The PT method has advantages for NDE of arbitrary size AM structures because the method involves one-sided non-contact measurements and fast processing of large sample areas captured in one image. To reduce the cost and enable in-service NDE in spatially constrained environment, it is highly desirable to develop PT with compact and inexpensive IR camera. However, data cube obtained with PT based on compact IR camera suffers from strong thermal noises and loss of features due to relatively low sampling rate. The purpose of STDTSS algorithm is to compensate for uncertainties detection due to reduced resolution of low-cost hardware. The STDTSS algorithm consists of spatial and temporal denoising using Gaussian and Savitzky–Golay filtering, followed by the matrix decomposition using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to automatically detect flaws. We construct a compact PT system based on FLIR A65 camera, and demonstrate performance of STDTSS method in detection of imprinted calibrated defects in AM stainless steel 316L specimens.
Plasticity of the gastrocnemius elastic system in response to decreased work and power demand during growth

Elastic energy storage and release can enhance performance that would otherwise be limited by the force-velocity constraints of muscle. Although functional influence of a biological spring depends on tuning between components of an elastic system (the muscle, spring-driven mass and lever system), we do not know whether elastic systems systematically adapt to functional demand. To test whether altering work and power generation during maturation alters the morphology of an elastic system, we prevented growing guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) from jumping. We compared the jump performance of our treatment group at maturity with that of controls and measured the morphology of the gastrocnemius elastic system. We found that restricted birds jumped with lower jump power and work, yet there were no significant between-group differences in the components of the elastic system. Further, subject-specific models revealed no difference in energy storage capacity between groups, though energy storage was most sensitive to variations in muscle properties (most significantly operating length and least dependent on tendon stiffness). We conclude that the gastrocnemius elastic system in the guinea fowl displays little to no plastic response to decreased demand during growth and hypothesize that neural plasticity may explain performance variation.
Reconciling Risk Allocation and Prevalence Estimation in Public Health Using Batched Bandits.

In many public health settings, there is a perceived tension between allocating resources to known vulnerable areas and learning about the overall prevalence of the problem. Inspired by a door-to-door Covid-19 testing program we helped design, we combine multi-armed bandit strategies and insights from sampling theory to demonstrate how to recover accurate prevalence estimates while continuing to allocate resources to at-risk areas. We use the outbreak of an infectious disease as our running example. The public health setting has several characteristics distinguishing it from typical bandit settings, such as distribution shift (the true disease prevalence is changing with time) and batched sampling (multiple decisions must be made simultaneously). Nevertheless, we demonstrate that several bandit algorithms are capable out-performing greedy resource allocation strategies, which often perform worse than random allocation as they fail to notice outbreaks in new areas.
Ife Oracle in Itsekiri Social System of Nigeria

Itsekiri people came from Egypt after the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. They arrived and settled in the present Warn Kingdom in about 28 B.C in Gborodo, Ureju and Ode Itsekiri. The leaders of the teams were Iset, Iweret and Ipi. The word Oritse which means God in Itsekiri appears to be closer to Osiris, god of the Nile than those of their neighbours - Urhobo, Ijaw and Ilaje. Ra, the god of the sun in Egypt that helps the crops to mature is the wife of Umalokun in Itsekiri, the provider of sea foods. Ife oracle with its 256 literary corpus is a compendium of the cultural practices of the people. It includes the metaphysical and psychic studies of the people, a source of ethics and discipline of the people. It must be sustained to raise the spiritual level of the people. The phenomenological approach was employed by the authors to examine the historical configuration of the Itsekiri social system and the place of Ife oracle. It was concluded that Ife oracle, as compendium of knowledge and reality, is the access point to understanding our human inheritance and realizing our core values. Upon this, it was recommended that Ife oracle is not fetish. Rather it is a valid and reliable source of knowledge.
A 0.25/spl mu/m CMOS based 70V smart power technology with deep trench for high-voltage isolation

Presents a 0.25/spl mu/m CMOS based smart power platform on a P++ substrate with a deep trench high-voltage isolation as a low-cost alternative to SOI in realizing significant analog shrink, reduction of substrate parasitics and 70V high-side capability without affecting analog matching and process complexity.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is based on the premise that observable variables are imperfect indicators of certain underlying, or latent, constructs. For example, variables used in the regression and path analytical models of Chapter 1, such as father’s education (FaEd), degree aspirations (Degre Asp), and highest held academic degree (Degree), can be thought of as imperfect indicators of the latent constructs parents’ socioeconomic status (PaSES), general academic motivation (AcMotiv), and one’s own socioeconomic status (SES), respectively. If more than one observed indicator variable is available to measure a particular latent construct, CFA allows the researcher to cluster these variables in prespecified, theory-driven ways to evaluate to what extent a particular data set “confirms” what is theoretically believed to be its underlying structure. Thus, the CFA approach to multivariate data analysis does not let a particular data set dictate, identify, or discover underlying dimensions [as is the case with other variable reduction techniques such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) or principal components analysis (PCA)]; rather, it requires the researcher to theorize an underlying structure and assess whether the observed data “fits” this a priori specified model. In doing so, CFA provides a framework for addressing some of the problems associated with traditional ways of assessing a measure’s validity and reliability.
An integrated shape and intensity coding scheme for face recognition

This paper introduces a new face coding scheme which employs an enhanced Fisher classifier (EFC) operating on integrated shape and intensity features. The dimensionalities of the shape and the intensity image spaces are first reduced using the principal component analysis, constrained by the EFC for enhanced generalization. The reduced shape and the intensity features are then integrated through a normalization procedure to form integrated features. Experiments using 600 face images from the FERET database of varying illumination and corresponding to 200 subjects, whose facial expression can vary, show the feasibility of the new face coding scheme. In particular, the EFC achieves 98.5% recognition rate using only 25 features. Our experiments also show that the integrated shape and intensity features carry the most discriminating information followed in order by textures, shape vectors, masked images and shape images.
Safe programming with pointers through stateful views

The need for direct memory manipulation through pointers is essential in many applications. However, it is also commonly understood that the use (or probably misuse) of pointers is often a rich source of program errors. Therefore, approaches that can effectively enforce safe use of pointers in programming are highly sought after. ATS is a programming language with a type system rooted in a recently developed framework Applied Type System, and a novel and desirable feature in ATS lies in its support for safe programming with pointers through a novel notion of stateful views. In particular, even pointer arithmetic is allowed in ATS and guaranteed to be safe by the type system of ATS. In this paper, we give an overview of this feature in ATS, presenting some interesting examples based on a prototype implementation of ATS to demonstrate the practicality of safe programming with pointer through stateful views.
ONYX-015 Works Synergistically with Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Cell Lines and Primary Cultures Freshly Made from Lung Cancer Patients

p53 mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) have been detected in >50% of lung cancers. Wild-type p53 can prevent replication of damaged DNA and promote apoptosis of cells with abnormal DNA. A human adenovirus, ONYX-015, which has a deletion in the E1B region, has shown tumor-specific cytolytic effect in tumor cells with nonfunctional p53 and antitumor efficacy that can be augmented by chemotherapeutic agents. A recent report from an independent group, however, indicates that wild-type p53 is necessary for the infection of this replicating virus, and it is in direct contradiction to previous observations of the ONYX group. In this study, we carried out cytopathic effect (CPE) assays using ONYX-015 on five human lung cancer cell lines with known p53 status. Two of these cell lines, NCI-H522 and NCI-H1703, have mutations and LOH in their p53 gene. Both lines were lysed in a dose-dependent manner and showed 100% cytolysis at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. Two additional cell lines, NCI-H2347 and NCI-H838, both of which have wild-type p53 gene, showed near complete lysis at a multiplicity of infection of 1. We demonstrate here that the lung cancer cells with nonfunctional p53 are at least 10 times more sensitive to ONYX-015 cytolysis than the lung cancer cells with wild-type p53. In addition, standard chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxol and cisplatin) showed a synergistic effect when combined with ONYX-015, and this effect was p53 mutant dependent. Furthermore, we tested the cytolytic effect of ONYX-015 on a panel (n = 7) of primary first-passage cultures made from freshly resected lung cancers. ONYX-015 lysed primary lung cancer cells in six of seven (86 %) primary cultures. Two of four primary cultures treated with chemotherapeutic agents had a synergistic effect with ONYX-015. Our data indicate that wild-type p53 is not required for the infection of this replicating virus, and also we demonstrate that ONYX-015 is effective alone and works synergistically with chemotherapeutic agents in lung cancer cell lines and primary cultures. This study suggests that ONYX-015 may be effective, especially in combination with conventional chemotherapy, in the treatment of patients with lung cancer.
Observation of the 6 2P12−7 2P12 M1 transition in atomic thallium vapor

The 6 2P12−7 2P12 (292.7 nm) M1 transition in Tl is observed and its matrix element m = 〈7 2P12 |μZ| 6 2P12〉 is measured. Tl vapor is illuminated by a pulsed linearly polarized laser beam (λ = 292.7 nm). Interference between m and the Stark-induced 6 2P12−7 2P12 E1 amplitude in finite electric field E results in circular polarization of 535 nm fluorescence proportional to m/E, which is detected. The result is m = −(2.11 ± 0.30) × 10−5 | eh/2mec| in agreement with theory. The ultimate goal of this research is to detect parity violation in the neutral weak interaction by observation of a helicity dependence in the 6 2P12−7 2P12 absorption when the laser light is circularly polarized.
Mobile radar bias estimation using unknown location targets

In target tracking systems using radars on moving platforms the locations of these platforms is available from GPS based estimates. However, these estimated locations are subject to errors that are, typically, stationary autocorrelated random processes, i.e., slowly varying biases. In situations where there are no known-location targets to estimate these biases, the next best recourse is to use targets of opportunity at fixed but unknown locations. It is shown that these biases can be estimated in such a scenario, i.e., they meet the complete observability condition. Following this, the achievable accuracy for a generic scenario is evaluated. It is shown that accurate georegistration can be obtained even with a small number of measurements.
OPTIMAL SENSOR SELECTION FOR STRUCTURAL OBSERVABILITY IN DISCRETE EVENT SYSTEMS MODELED BY PETRI NETS

Abstract This paper studies sensor selection problems in Discrete Event Systems modeled by Petri nets with outputs (i.e., Petri nets with both transition sensors and place sensors). The goal is to place sensors so as to maintain the property of structural observability, i.e., the ability to uniquely determine the system state based on sensor information and knowledge of the initial state of the system. The paper establishes that the place sensor selection problem (given a fixed labeling function) is NP -complete; but the transition sensor selection problem (given a fixed set of place sensors) can be solved efficiently in time that is polynomial in the number of places and transitions.
Zinc absorption from the small intestine in young calves

Zinc-65 was injected directly into various sites throughout the small intestine of Holstein calves fed a low zinc diet. Zinc absorption was determined by comparing zinc-65 content of blood, liver, kidney, lung, heart, pancreas, rib, muscle, and other tissues. Tissue zinc-65 was plotted against site of injection expressed as percentage of intestinal length from proximal to distal ends. Zinc absorption occurred throughout the small intestine with the amount absorbed per centimeter of length about equal throughout the small intestine. This is in contrast to conclusions from studies of rats indicating more absorption in the proximal part of the small intestine. The difference appears to have been due to artifacts in the procedures with rats. However, species and dietary differences may have affected relative findings between this and earlier work.
Win-Win Ecology: How the Earth's Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise. Michael L. Rosenzweig. 2003. Oxford University Press, New York. 211 pp. $27 hardback.

(2004). Win-Win Ecology: How the Earth's Species Can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise. Michael L. Rosenzweig. 2003. Oxford University Press, New York. 211 pp. $27 hardback. Environmental Practice: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 84-85.
Control of cholesterol biosynthesis in Schwann cells

Cholesterol accounts for over one-fourth of total myelin lipids. We found that, during development of the rat sciatic nerve, expression of mRNA for hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, was up-regulated in parallel with mRNA for P0, the major structural protein of PNS myelin, and with ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT), the rate-limiting enzyme in cerebroside biosynthesis. To help establish the nature of this coordinate regulation of myelin-related genes, we examined their steady-state mRNA levels in cultured primary Schwann cells. We also assayed synthesis of cholesterol and cerebroside to distinguish how much control of synthetic activity for these two myelin lipids involved mRNA levels for HMG-CoA reductase and CGT, and how much involved post-mRNA control mechanisms. Addition of forskolin to cells cultured in media supplemented with normal calf serum resulted in up-regulation of P0 and CGT mRNA expression and cerebroside synthesis, without corresponding increases in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA or cholesterol synthesis. Cholesterol synthesis increased approximately threefold in Schwann cells cultured with lipoprotein-deficient serum, without any increase in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA. Furthermore, addition of either serum lipoproteins or 25-hydroxycholesterol decreased cholesterol synthesis without altering HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels. We conclude that, as in other tissues, cholesterol synthesis in Schwann cells is regulated primarily by intracellular sterol levels. Much of this regulation occurs at posttranscriptional levels. Thus, the in vivo coordinate up-regulation of HMG-CoA reductase gene expression in myelinating Schwann cells is secondary to intracellular depletion of cholesterol, as it is compartmentalized within the myelin. It is probably not due to coordinate control at the level of mRNA expression.
A new antibacterial compound from Luo Han Kuo fruit extract (Siraitia grosvenori)

Luo Han Kuo fruit (Siraitia grosvenori Swingle) has been used in China for centuries as a sweetening agent, and also used to treat sore throat and cough. In our recent study, a new bioactive compound, (2R,3S,4S)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-5,3'-bimethoxy-7-(trans-2-propenal)-3,4-flavandiol (1), named siraitiflavandiol was obtained. The structure has been determined on the basis of spectroscopic studies including 1D and 2D NMR ((1)H, (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), CD, EI-MS, and HR-EI-MS spectra. The new compound was evaluated in vitro for its inhibitory ability against the growth of oral bacterial species Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and yeast Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 6, 24, and 6 microg/ml, respectively.
Hydrocarbons of experimental and natural gas hydrates, Gulf of Mexico continental slope

Abstract Gas hydrate was experimentally precipitated for the first time in the deep sea using natural starting materials. The experiments were performed using a research submarine on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope at a water depth of 540 m at 9.0–9.2°C. Starting materials were thermogenic hydrocarbon gases similar in composition to gases in underlying subsurface reservoirs. These gases vented to the water column in association with sea-floor mounds of natural yellow-orange gas hydrate (structure II). The vent gases were captured in transparent Lexan tubes at ambient conditions, and precipitation of white to yellow gas-hydrate dendrites and coatings was seen to occur within minutes. Experimental hydrates show δ13C of methane and C1–C5 hydrocarbon compositions that are similar to the vent gases from which they precipitated.
FoxO1 is required in endothelial but not myocardial cell lineages during cardiovascular development

Background: The forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 is involved in cell cycle regulation during cardiovascular development. Systemic loss of FoxO1 results in lethality at embryonic day 10.5 with severe cardiovascular defects; however, the cell-type-specific requirements for FoxO1 in cardiovascular development are unknown. Here we examine the role of FoxO1 using a conditional loss of function approach. Results: Loss of FoxO1 in differentiated cardiac myocytes has no apparent effect on cardiovascular development. In contrast, endothelial-specific FoxO1 deficiency in Tie2Cre;FoxO1fl/fl embryos results in lethality at E10.5, which recapitulates the FoxO1-null phenotype. Tie2Cre;FoxO1fl/fl embryos have an intact differentiated endothelium, but display defective remodeling of vasculature. Additional effects on heart development include reduced myocardial trabeculation, which is likely secondary to the endothelial abnormalities, and hypoplasia of endocardial cushions. Conclusions: The phenotype of Tie2Cre;FoxO1fl/fl mutant embryos demonstrates that FoxO1 is required specifically in endothelial cells to regulate formation of the heart and vasculature during development. Developmental Dynamics 241:803–813, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Disintegration as a Requisite of Resocialization

Attempts to radically alter the behavior of individuals have been notably unsuccessful and call for explanation. It is suggested that: (1) Radical change, as opposed to ordinary change, requires resocialization rather than ordinary socialization; (2) Resocialization requires an intervening process of desocialization, a process in which the efficacy of old values is erased; (3) Desocialization occurs when interpersonal relations disintegrate. Operant conditions of social disintegration, and hence desocialization, are described for prisons and other total institutions where staff-inmate conflict is an important system-maintenance device.
The response of cereal receptors and identified interneurons in the cricket (Acheta domesticus) to airstreams

The directional properties of cereal afferents and the interneurons they innervate in the abdominal giant fiber system of the cricket (Acheta domesticus) were studied using laminar flow airstreams as a stimulus. 2. Each sensory neuron was excited when its associated mechanoreceptive hair was deflected in one direction. Background activity in these neurons was blocked when the hair was deflected in the polar opposite direction suggesting that the cell was hyperpolarized when deflected in the null direction (Fig. 1). 3. Each of the two morphological classes of receptor hair previously described (T-hairs and L-hairs) could be further subdivided into two types on physiological grounds. One type was excited when the hairs were deflected in one direction, consistent with their hinge plane, while others were excited when moved in the opposite direction (Fig. 2). 4. Two uniquely identified interneurons responded preferentially to airstreams directed at the specimen from positions ipsilateral to the giant axons (Figs. 3 and 4). 5. The directional response properties of the interneurons can be understood as the sum of excitatory input via the receptors on one cercus and inhibitory input from the other cercus. 6. Maximal activation of the interneurons occurs when T-hairs, on the cercus ipsilateral to the axons of the interneurons, are deflected toward the midline or L-hairs, on the same cercus, are deflected toward the body (Fig. 7).
Microvascular pressures in rat intestinal muscle during direct nerve stimulation

Abstract Microvascular pressures are assumed to be lowered by the vasoconstriction caused during increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This hypothesis was tested by direct simultaneous measurements of microvascular pressures and inner vessel diameters in rat intestinal muscle before and during sympathetic stimulation. Measurements of inner vessel diameter and pressure were made with a video micrometer and a servo-null pressure transducer, respectively. Direct sympathetic stimulation at 4, 8, and 16 Hz (5–7 V, 2-msec duration) was used to mimic increased sympathetic activity. Stimulation at 8 and 16 Hz caused a reduction in microvascular pressure and inner vessel diameters throughout the microcirculation. The primary site of pressure reduction was in the smallest arterioles during 8-Hz stimulation and in the largest arterioles during 16-Hz stimulation. These data are interpreted to indicate that the major site of microvascular pressure reduction shifted from the small to large arterioles as the frequency of sympathetic stimulation increased.
Tests of Mammalian Gonad-Stimulating Hormones on Gonads of Fishes:

Summary(1) FSH from beef pituitaries, powdered serum of the pregnant mare, and a commercial preparation of human pregnancy urine (Prolan, Elberfeld) were otherwise proved potent and then injected d...
The science, policy, and ethics of stem cell research

Human embryonic stem cells (ESC) have enormous medical potential, but human ESC research is morally and politically controversial because deriving ESC involves destroying the embryo. Thus, the debate on the morality of ESC research turns to the moral status of the human embryo. The article examines the science behind human ESC research, and then explains three different approaches to the moral status of the embryo. Some of the material in this paper is from previous and forthcoming publications. I argue for a compromise position that accords respect to the embryo as a form of human life, but which is distinct from Kantian respect for persons. I argue further that the distinction between embryos that are left over from infertility treatment and embryos that are created specifically for research purposes has no moral significance, and stems from failing to recognize that human embryos cannot be accorded Kantian respect.
Location management in 3G/4G wireless systems

This paper presents current and latest schemes for location management in next generation wireless systems (3G and 4G). First, the hierarchical reference model of 3G wireless systems is introduced. Then a dynamic inter-system location management technique is developed based on new concepts of boundary location area and boundary location register, which are suitable for inter-system roaming scenarios. Moreover, the corresponding mobility application part (MAP) protocol is designed for inter-system location registration and call delivery procedures. The performance is evaluated in terms of signaling costs, latency of location registration and call delivery, as well as call losses due to the inter-system roaming. For the 4G systems, a generic system model is introduced to incorporate the existing wireless local networks and cellular systems and so on. In particular, a new scheme for reducing costs in route optimization is introduced to solve the above problems. In this new scheme, route optimization is performed only when it minimizes the total cost function, which provides the optimal result from the viewpoint of link and signaling costs. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides the better performance.
FIELD VALIDATION OF DISPERSION MODELS FOR DENSE-GAS RELEASES*

The evaluation of atmospheric dispersion models has been an active concern of the atmospheric science community for the past two decades. During this period, investiagors were principally interested in how well an air quality model simulated the dispersion of trace gas emissions. Interest in the evaluation of heavier-than-air vapor dispersion models is a more recent development. A variety of statistical techniques and other measures for assessing the performance of air quality models have been proposed. We have conducted a review of the validation techniques used within the U.S. meteorological and atmospheric science communities and a review of the specific comparison parameters used in recent heavy-gas dispersion model validation studies. Following these reviews, a methodology based upon comparisons with field scale experiments was developed for evaluating models used to predict the atmospheric dispersion from continuous releases of denser-than-air toxic gases. This paper summarizes the findings from this study. Additional details can be found in Ermak and Merry (1988).
Cross‐cultural psychology and psychological anthropology: One paradigm or two?

Richard W. Brislin, Walter J. Lonner and Robert M. Thorndike. Cross‐Cultural Research Methods. New York John Wiley & Sons, 1973. v + 351 pp. Tables, charts, bibliography, and index. $16.95. Harry C. Triandis, in association with Vasso Vassiliou Yasumasa Tanaka and A. V. Shanmugam. The Analysis of Subjective Culture. A Volume in Comparative Studies in Behavioral Science: A Wiley Series, edited by Robert T. Holt and John E. Turner. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972. v + 382 pp. Tables, charts, and index. $16.95.
The wild animal story

The late nineteenth century witnessed the development of a new and very popular kind of animal story, the “realistic wild animal story.” Called a distinctly Canadian form of literature, it also became an important part of popular culture in the United States, especially at the beginning of the twentieth century. The wild animal story combined elements of nature writing and animal fiction. Traditionally, nature essays about animals emphasized more or less detached scientific observations of animals or the author’s emotional responses to them. Earlier forms of animal stories tended to be fictional accounts in which the animals were little more than humans in furry or feathery coats, whose narrative role was to instruct and morally elevate the reader. Sometimes the animal characters literally dressed in human clothing. English animal stories like Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books (1894, 1895) and Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows (1907), for example, presented animals as, essentially, English folks pursuing their roles in a social hierarchy. The more realistic sto-ries of domestic animals, such as dog stories, present animals as eager to serve their masters. In the realistic wild animal story, however, the animals “live for their own ends,” rather than for human ends. The stories emphasized the perspective of the animal itself. As Charles G. D. Roberts, one of the creators of the genre, put
Factors influencing fusion of rat palates grown in vitro.

A technique is described for growth in vitro of embryonic rat palatal tissue on defined and semi-defined media. Palatal fusion closely resembling that occurring in vivo is found in these preparations. Fusion occurs in a large number of cases even in the absence of an animal extract. However, development is improved if fetal calf serum is added to the synthetic medium. Using Leibovitz Medium L-15 with 20% fetal calf serum, complete fusion was obtained in 87% of the palates, partial fusion in 9% and no fusion was found in only 4% of the palates cultured. Incorporation of galactoflavin, a riboflavin antagonist in a riboflavin-deficient diet of the mother or in the culture medium results in a decreased number of complete fusions and corresponding increase in partial fusions. A suggestion is made as to the manner in which galactoflavin acts in vivo to produce palatal cleft, based on the incidence and type of clefts and the histological appearance of the palatal tissues. A method is described in which the tissue sections are sliced prior to culture so that the behavior of individual palatal shelves can be studied during the fusion process. Fusion occurs between shelves if the medial margins are apposed, regardless of whether the two shelves come from the same embryo, from littermate embryos, or from non-littermate embryos. Some possibilities for application of this technique are suggested.
A SIMPLIFIED STREAM MODEL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE EFFECTS

: Three methods of modeling acid mine drainage effects are discussed. A net alkalinity routing model is the simplest of these, but can be potentially misleading. It typically overestimates the effect of acid sources on pH by neglecting carbon dioxide transfer to the atmosphere. Inclusion of a simple carbon dioxide transfer function can substantially reduce errors in stream quality prediction. A plug flow reaeration equation, coupled with mass balancing at mixing points in a stream network provides modeling results comparable to those of more complex computerized solutions of chemical equilibrium equations. None of the models accounts for carbonate dissolution or oxidation and hydrolysis of ferrous iron.
In Vitro Fermentation of Dietary Carbohydrates Consumed by African Apes and Monkeys: Preliminary Results for Interpreting Microbial and Digestive Strategy

Primates derive significant nutritional benefits from hosting symbiotic, fermenting microbes in their gut, including the provision of energy from short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We measured fermentation parameters in fecal samples of 4 hindgut fermenting species (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Papio hamadryas, Cercopithecus neglectus) and 1 foregut fermenting species (Colobus guereza) to determine whether differences in SCFA profiles exist between the 2 digestive systems. We analyzed SCFA profiles, culture pH, and methane from fecal samples collected at the North Carolina Zoological Park. Results indicate that the captive individuals exhibit high total SCFA concentrations, with a particularly high acetate-to-propionate ratio. Methane levels were highest in the 2 ape species, and lowest in Colobus guereza and Cercopithecus neglectus. Total SCFA concentrations were similar between wild and captive-born Gorilla gorilla, although concentrations of acetate were significantly greater —and butyrate concentration and methane production significantly lower— in wild-caught gorillas relative to captive-born. These results are consistent with data on diet and digestive retention times among Catarrhini and have implications for our understanding of the interactions among diet, body mass, digestion, and how monogastric cercopithecines can consume either similar or greater levels of fiber than larger-bodied apes.
ASL and ESL

This article examines research on various language and communication systems used with deaf children, and concludes that the two major approaches presently in use, oral English (OE) and manually co...
SMALLab: a mediated platform for education

In this article we describe the design and realization of SMALLab, a new Student Centered Learning Environment [SCLE] that utilizes interactive digital media in a multimodal sensing framework. We draw on methodologies from interactive art, computer music composition, animation, and educational technology to facilitate learning with digital media that emphasizes collaboration and human-to-human interaction. We describe the realization of this learning platform, and discuss the design of a complementary curriculum that helps students develop a deeper understanding of movement and sound.
When Do Opportunity Costs Count? The Impact of Vagueness, Project Completion Stage, and Management Accounting Experience

ABSTRACT: Management accountants have recently migrated toward a business partner role, and as a result they often assist management with the decision-making process. Thus, it is imperative that they excel at identification of relevant information such as opportunity costs. This study experimentally tests the prediction that management accounting experience mitigates the tendency to ignore opportunity costs with respect to two factors: opportunity cost vagueness and project completion stage. This study also investigates whether attending to opportunity costs has an impact on project continuance decisions. Results indicate that management accounting experience mitigates the effect of vague opportunity costs and project completion stage. It was also found that attention to opportunity costs acts as mediator and this in turn reduces the tendency to continue an existing project. This suggests that attending to opportunity costs influences decision-making and that it is likely to have an economic consequence.
After the Supreme Word: The Effect of McCreary County v. ACLU (2005) and Van Orden v. Perry (2005) on Support for Public Displays of the Ten Commandments

In this article, I explore the role that “reception” of Supreme Court cases plays in attitude change. By reception, I mean that individuals must be exposed to and understand Court cases to be influenced by them. I conducted a quasi-experiment during June 2005 to test whether receiving McCreary v. ACLU and Van Orden v. Perry increases the probability of attitude change on public displays of the Ten Commandments. I also examine the relationships among receiving cases, preexisting beliefs, source credibility, and attitude change. I find that receiving McCreary is associated with less support for the unconstitutional Kentucky display. Also, the effect of receiving Van Orden is related to one's preexisting beliefs.
Richard Weaver's Untraditional Case for Federalism

Although Richard M. Weaver's political writings do not offer a systematic examination of federalism, they include a defense of federalist arrangements. Because Weaver's federalism is central to his conservatism, and because his argument for federalism differs from more common conservative defenses of federalism offered in the twentieth century, his writings allow students of federalism to examine possible connections between federalism and conservative political thought. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Menstrual disorders in athletes

No one should interpret warnings to physically active women about the hazards of undernutrition as discouraging them from participating in vigorous physical activity. The 1997 ACSM position stand on the female athlete triad opens by stating that "the majority of girls and women derive significant health benefits from regular physical activity without incurring health risks. They should be encouraged to be physically active at all phases of their lives." Nevertheless, the ACSM has a long history of warning against exercising in an unhealthful manner. The ACSM position stand on the female athlete triad is in that responsible tradition.
An LQT mutant minK alters KvLQT1 trafficking

Cardiac IKs, the slowly activated delayed-rectifier K+ current, is produced by the protein complex composed of α- and β-subunits: KvLQT1 and minK. Mutations of genes encoding KvLQT1 and minK are re...
Effective interactions between grafted nanoparticles in a polymer matrix

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to delineate the separation dependent forces between two polymer-grafted nanoparticles in a polymer melt, the associated potential of mean force (PMF), and the molecular origins of these forces. The nanoparticle radius (=5, in units of the size of the chain monomers) and grafted brush length (=10) were held constant, while the grafting density and the polymer matrix length were varied systematically in a series of simulations. We first show that simulations of a single nanoparticle do not reveal any signatures of the expected autophobic dewetting of the brush with increasing polymer matrix length. In fact, density distributions of the matrix and grafted chains around a single nanoparticle appear to only depend on the grafting density but not on the matrix chain length in the regime where autophobic dewetting is expected, i.e., when the matrix chain length is equal to or longer than the graft chain length. We thus conjecture that two nanoparticle simulations might be more illuminating in these situations. Indeed, the calculated forces between two nanoparticles in a melt show that increasing the matrix chain length from 10 to 70 causes the inter-nanoparticle potential of mean force (PMF) to go from purely repulsive to attractive with a well depth on the order of kBT. These results are purely entropic in origin and arise from a competition between brush-brush repulsion and an attractive inter-nanoparticle interaction caused by matrix depletion from the inter-nanoparticle zone. The matrix-induced Asakura-Oosawa type inter-nanoparticle attraction, which dominates at intermediate nanoparticle separations especially in the case of long matrix chains, is thus implicated as the essential player in the autophobic dewetting phenomenon, which drives phase separation in these situations.
Current Perspective in Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia

Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) carries the worst prognosis among the chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Substantial bone marrow fibrosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly are the characteristic features of the disease. AMM is currently incurable and the available treatment agents are mostly palliative and do not prolong life. Two pathogenetic processes are responsible for the impaired hematopoiesis and the clinical manifestations. The primary disease process is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder which results in chronic myeloproliferation and atypical megakaryocytic hyperplasia. The secondary process of bone marrow fibrosis is the result of non-clonal fibroblastic proliferation and hyperactivity induced by growth factors abnormally shed from clonal megakaryocytes. Therefore, experimental treatment strategies may be directed towards either one or both of these disease processes. This report summarizes the current management options and new therapeutic endeavours.
Intrapartum Spontaneous Ureteral Rupture.

BACKGROUND:Although spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis during pregnancy has been reported, albeit rarely, spontaneous ureteral rupture is extremely rare.CASE:We present the case of a 22-year-old nulliparous woman with spontaneous ureteral rupture after vaginal delivery diagnosed on contrast-enh
Intergenerational and striatal CAG repeat instability in Huntington's disease knock-in mice involve different DNA repair genes

Modifying the length of the Huntington's disease (HD) CAG repeat, the major determinant of age of disease onset, is an attractive therapeutic approach. To explore this we are investigating mechanisms of intergenerational and somatic HD CAG repeat instability. Here, we have crossed HD CAG knock-in mice onto backgrounds deficient in mismatch repair genes, Msh3 and Msh6, to discern the effects on CAG repeat size and disease pathogenesis. We find that different mechanisms predominate in inherited and somatic instability, with Msh6 protecting against intergenerational contractions and Msh3 required both for increasing CAG length and for enhancing an early disease phenotype in striatum. Therefore, attempts to decrease inherited repeat size may entail a full understanding of Msh6 complexes, while attempts to block the age-dependent increases in CAG size in striatal neurons and to slow the disease process will require a full elucidation of Msh3 complexes and their function in CAG repeat instability.
The effect of metabolic inhibitors on the moth heart.

Abstract Electrical and mechanical activity in the moth myocardium were measured during treatment with the metabolic inhibitors 2:4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide. Effects of the two poisons were essentially the same, namely: 1. 1. An initial tachycardia was rapidly supplanted by a bradycardia. 2. 2. A gradual progressive diminution in the resting potential started within 1 min of the application of the DNP solution. The resting potential stabilized at 35–40 per cent of its original value after 8 min, although all spontaneous activity had ceased. 3. 3. Repolarization was enhanced, and all trace of a plateau disappeared. 4. 4. Threshold voltage increased (as measured from the resting potential). 5. 5. The mechanical contractile wave gradually lagged behind the coincident action potential. Electrical activity persisted after mechanical contraction had ceased.
DDT-Induced Inhibition of Avian Shell Gland Carbonic Anhydrase: A Mechanism for Thin Eggshells

The shell-forming glands of Japanese quail fed p,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE had carbonic anhydrase activity 16 to 19 percent lower than shell glands of quail on a diet free of pesticides.
Envelope Interferometry for Large-Scale Processing

An interferometry system is presented that is useful in large-scale measurements such as those of topographic maps. The envelope of a propagating wave is used to create the desired fringe patterns, representing range contours, through the interference of a light modulation function and an image modulation function. A number of variations are shown that either provide altitude contours or place the contour information on a spatial frequency carrier. This latter system offers the flexibility of electronic processing when the image is scanned. The comparison of contour patterns taken at different times provides an accurate indication of subtle surface deformations.
Admissible controls, modeling, and optimization for a new class of nonlinear stochastic delay systems

The paper deals with several fundamental issues that have not been previously addressed in the modeling and optimization of nonlinear stochastic delay systems. For an example, consider the special case of a system with a delayed control term of the form ƒ(u 1 (t + θ 1 ), u 2 (t + θ 2 )), where the delays θ i &#60; 0 are different and ƒ(·) is not the sum of functions of each of the controls separately. The class of adapted relaxed controls is no longer adequate as the class of admissible controls, at least in the sense that the infimum of the costs over this class is not the infimum over the class of ordinary controls, and the limit of convergent sequences might be meaningless. We deal with such issues of admissibility and optimization for a large class of systems that includes the above example. The appropriate extensions and the proofs are not obvious. The issues are crucial for the convergence of numerical approximations to optimal control problems, as well as for the optimization problem to be well-defined.