cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency Locking in a Forced Mathieu-van der Pol System

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a Mathieuvan der Pol equation, which is forced both parametrically and nonparametrically. It is shown that the steady state response can consist of either 1:1 frequency locking, or 2:1 subharmonic locking, or quasiperiodic motion. The system displays hysteresis when the forcing frequency is slowly varied. We use perturbations to obtain a slow flow, which is then studied using the bifurcation software package AUTO. This study was motivated by an application to a MEMS device.
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase (SOD3): Tissue-Specific Expression, Genomic Characterization, and Computer-Assisted Sequence Analysis of the Human EC SOD Gene

Abstract We have isolated and characterized over 10,000 bp of the human EC SOD gene (SOD3 or EC 1.15.1.1) and its 5′- and 3′-flanking regions. Human genomic Southern blot analysis supports the existence of a single gene, without evidence for pseudogenes. The human EC SOD gene spans approximately 5900 bp. The gene can be divided into 3 exons and 2 introns. The 720-bp coding region is uninterrupted and located within exon 3. The 560 bp 5′ to the transcription start site were sequenced. No obvious TATA box was identified. A variety of conserved cis elements were identified by database searching. Exon 3 is surrounded by an Alu -J repetitive element in reverse orientation at the 5′ and by an Alu -Sx repetitive element in the 3′-flanking DNA. The relative levels of EC SOD tissue-specific expression were determined by RNA gel blot analysis. Adult heart, placenta, pancreas, and lung had the most expression, followed by kidney, skeletal muscle, and liver. Little EC SOD message was found in the brain. A second unique mRNA, approximately 4.2 kb in length, was highly expressed in skeletal muscle. When tissue enzyme activity is compared to relative mRNA levels, there is a marked disparity in the brain, pancreas, and lung, suggesting that these tissues have enhanced affinity for circulating EC SOD or translate the EC SOD message more efficiently than other tissues. These results indicate that the EC SOD gene contains unique transcriptional regulatory elements and that its expression may be regulated at the post-transcriptional or post-translational level. The characterization of the human EC SOD gene should now allow the development of further insights into its biology and provide the basis for studies of its role in human heritable disorders.
Living with severe anxiety disorders: relatives' distress and reactions to patient behaviours

Psychological distress and complaints of relatives living with agoraphobic and obsessive compulsive patients were examined. Nineteen per cent of relatives reported clinical levels of psychological distress. Relatives' complaints about patients were focused on four primary areas of patient behaviour: chronic sick role/family burden, anxiety symptoms, interpersonal problems, and problems in their relationship with the patient. The focus of complaints and relatives' self- report of psychological distress were not correlated with each other or with socioeconomic status, various measures of patients' initial symptom severity, or relatives' criticism or hostility as measured by the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). However, relatives' distress was significantly correlated with a measure of patients' initial overall functioning and marginally correlated with relatives' emotional over-involvement as measured by the CFI. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trend analysis of monthly sulfur dioxide emissions in the conterminous United States, 1975-1984

Abstract Trends in monthly sulfur dioxide emissions for the 48 conterminous United States during the decade 1975–1984 are identified using a robust nonparametric procedure. Statistically significant downward trends are indicated in 32 States, upward trends appear in 10 States, and no significant trend is apparent in six States. Geographically, a distinct regional pattern of emission increases and decreases is evident with declines dominating the Eastern and Western States; increases aligning longitudinally from border to border in most of the Great Plains States, in several New England States, and in Georgia; and no trends frequently occurring in proximity to the upward trending emissions in the Plains States. A time-series decomposition of the monthly values indicates that one distinct emissions pattern commonly occurred through the period of record. This pattern is characterized by an initial emissions increase that peaks between 1977 and 1978, followed by a shallow and undulating decrease through the end of 1984. It is suggested that this signature represents the ‘national’ trend for the period. In addition, five regions of coherent sulfur dioxide emissions behavior are defined on the basis of seasonal occurrence of maximum and minimum emission loadings. A winter-summer, latitudinal opposition is apparent in the timing of emissions maxima, whereas an equinox-summer, longitudinal opposition is apparent in the timing of emissions minima.
Amitriptyline-induced supersensitivity of a central muscarinic mechanism: lithium blocks amitriptyline-induced supersensitivity.

Abstract Chronic treatment with amitriptyline produces dose-dependent supersensitivity of a central muscarinic cholinergic mechanism involved in the regulation of core body temperature. The authors demonstrated that chronic treatment with lithium prevents the induction of this response. The potential clinical and theoretical significance of this finding is set forth.
Conceptualizing Instructional Leadership: The Voices of Principals.

Instructional leadership has long been advocated as a primary responsibility of principals. What is unclear, however, is the role that instructional leadership plays in the current high-stakes testing era in the daily work lives of principals, how they practice as instructional leaders, and toward what instructional outcomes they strive. This study focused on how principals understand the relationship between their daily work and the improvement of instruction in their schools. The study incorporates the voices of 20 principals. Multiple conceptions of instructional leadership are identified and problematic aspects of these conceptions are discussed.
Aquatic animals as indicators of environmental exposures

Abstract Aquatic animals are useful as indicators of many kinds of pollutants in the aquatic environment. The presence of pollutants in the general environments of air, land, and water is reflected in their accumulations in and effects on aquatic organisms because the aquatic portion of the biosphere is often the “sink”; for human‐generated pollutants. Aquatic animals lend themselves particularly well to the study of special phenomena, such as carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. The use of aquatic animals and systems adds an important dimension to research on those pollutants that may affect wildlife and human health.
Abstract 1112: Whole exome and whole genome sequence analysis of lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Recent molecular characterization of this disease through large-scale sequencing efforts has identified distinct subsets driven by mutant oncogenes or kinase fusion proteins, many of which can be inhibited with targeted therapies. Despite these advances, almost half of all lung cancers still lack an identifiable driver. Here, we describe the genomic profiling of 230 normal-paired lung adenocarcinoma samples included as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) effort. All samples were subjected to whole exome analysis, copy number profiling and a subset were also subjected to whole genome sequencing. Mutation calling was performed with the MuTect algorithm. To identify significantly mutated genes, we used the MutSig CV algorithm, a statistically rigorous analysis that takes into account nucleotide context, gene-expression, replication time, and somatic background mutation rate. Mutation rate in lung adenocarcinoma was quite high with an average of 242 mutations/tumor observed (median: 161, range: 11-1328). In total, we identified mutations in over 13,500 genes of which 10 genes reached statistical significance (q Citation Format: Juliann Chmielecki, Mara Rosenberg, Marcin Imielinski, Bryan Hernandez, Michael Lawrence, Andrey Sivachenko, Kristian Cibulskis, Douglas Voet, Carrie Sougnez, Stacey Gabriel, Gad Getz, Matthew Meyerson, The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Whole exome and whole genome sequence analysis of lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1112. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1112
The scope and limitations of first generation expert systems

Abstract It is clear that expert system's technology is one of AI's greatest successes so far. Currently we see an ever increasing application of expert systems, with no obvious limits to their applicability. Yet there are also a number of well-recognized problems associated with this new technology. I shall argue that these problems are not the puzzles of normal science that will yield to advances within the current technology; on the contrary, they are symptoms of severe inherent limitations of this first generation technology. By reference to these problems I shall outline some important aspects of the scope and limitations of current expert system's technology. The recognition of these limitations is a prerequisite of overcoming them as well as of developing an awarenness of the scope of applicability of this new technology.
Sex Pheromones of Noctuid Moths. Xxii. the External Morphology of the Antennae of Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis zea, Prodenia ornithogalli, and Spodoptera exigua,

The antennae of the noctuid moths Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), the cabbage looper; Heliothis zea (Boddie), the corn earworm; Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, the yellow-striped armyworm; and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), the beet armyworm, are setiform with many flagellar segments. Eight types of sensilla occur on the antennae of all 4 species: Bohm bristles on the scape and pedicel; and on the flagellum, sensilla chaetica, 3 types of sensilla trichodea, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, and ear-shaped sensilla for which the name sensilla auricillica (singular auricillicum) is proposed. The general pattern of numbers and distribution of these sensilla is similar in all 4 species. Sexual dimorphism is not marked. Except in H. zea males (but not females), which have some type 1 trichodea in rows on the basal half of the flagellum, sexual differences appear as slight variations in the number and distribution of the sensilla.
Biased Brownian motion as the operating principle for microscopic engines

Abstract The hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to drive the motion of motor proteins along a biopolymer. These motor proteins are the smallest engines known and, in the absence of an ATP-to-adenosine diphosphate chemical potential, they execute Brownian motion. Therefore, it is reasonable to imagine that the energy released in ATP hydrolysis is used to bias, or rectify, Brownian motion in one direction. In this paper, we show, in terms of Fokker-Planck equations that we solve analytically, how a net flow can occur along a periodic potential, provided that this potential has an anisotropy and that there is an energy input. We work out two cases: one case where the energy input comes from a fluctuation of the periodic potential in time and one case where a variation of temperature within a period is maintained. An interesting feature of these systems is that they need “the correct amount” of thermal noise. Without thermal noise or with too much thermal noise, no net flow occurs and, in this sense, the systems we discuss are one more example of the lately much discussed phenomenon of stochastic resonance.
Dependence of Rate of Creep on the Orientation of the Tensile Axis for Heavily Oriented Graphite

IN polycrystalline material1 general deformation by slip requires co-operative slip by five independent systems. Graphite is known to deform easily by slip along its basal plane2, but such slip contributes only two independent systems. Other deformation mechanisms, such as non-basal plane slip, grain boundary sliding or cracking, twinning, or intracrystalline cracking must therefore operate in conjunction with basal plane slip. A series of experiments was designed to determine whether basal plane slip or some other deformation mechanism was the rate controlling mechanism during creep. The dependence on orientation of the creep rate of heavily oriented graphite (ZTA, National Carbon) was used for these experiments. By applying the same tensile stress to samples the axes of which were inclined at different angles to the average c-direction, different combinations of resolved shear stress and tensile stress were applied along the basal planes, “c”-axes, and the different kinds of grain boundaries, thereby causing different creep rates.
Gammopathy in hamsters with xenogeneic tumours.

A PREVIOUS communication described the heterotransplantation of human heteroploid cells derived from a prostatic adenoma (MA 160) into nonimmunosuppressed 2-d-old hamsters1. Most animals receiving subcutaneous implants of 107 cells rejected them after 14 d (regressors). In some (27%), however, there was progressive tumour growth (persistors). This was associated with morphological signs of immunological stimulation as evidenced by a pronounced proliferation of plasma cells in lymph nodes, hepatic portal areas, spleen and kidneys. One biological expression of this proliferation was the presence of antibody directed against membrane antigens of living MA160 cells. At the time of peak tumour growth, fluorescent antibody titres as large as 1:1,280 were demonstrated in sera from animals with large tumours.
“Leading from behind”: neoclassical realism and operation Odyssey Dawn

In March 2011, President Barack Obama ordered US air and naval forces to commence Operation Odyssey Dawn in Libya to impose a no-fly zone. The decision by the Obama Administration to intervene in a limited and supporting role in Libya is an important development in US foreign policy. Operation Odyssey Dawn presents scholars with a valuable opportunity to analyze and explore how US foreign policy is made and what roles domestic politics and elite perceptions play in decisions to use force. The author argues that neoclassical realism is a useful and compelling theoretic framework with which to analyze Operation Odyssey Dawn. While the Administration intervened in response to perceived external-level threats to US national interests, salient intervening domestic-level variables and elite perceptions shaped and guided the tenor and scope of the operation.
Dynamics and Control of a Tether Sling Stationed on a Rotating Body

This paper analyzes the dynamics of a tether sling stationed on a rotating moon or asteroid. Emphasis is placed on the out-of-plane motion induced when the facility is located at a nonpolar latitude. Although significant out-of-plane oscillations are found in the open-loop behavior, the motion stabilizes about some finite amplitude. The mechanism for this stabilization is analyzed and the out-of-plane oscillation is characterized with respect to system parameters. Further stabilization of the system is shown to be possible by modulating the tether length, maintaining the reusable nature of the system.
Rapid sample processing for LC-MS-based quantitative proteomics using high intensity focused ultrasound.

A new sample processing workflow that uses high intensity focused ultrasound to rapidly reduce and alkylate cysteines, digest proteins and then label peptides with 18O was developed for quantitative proteomics applications. Each step was individually refined to minimize reaction times, peptide loses and undesired by-products or modifications. By using this novel workflow, mouse plasma proteins were successfully denatured, alkylated, in-solution digested, and 18O labelled in < 10 min for subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry. Performance was evaluated in terms of the number of mouse plasma peptides and proteins identified in a shotgun approach and the quantitative dynamic range. The results were compared with previously published results obtained using conventional sample preparation methods and were found to be similar. Advantages of the new method include greatly simplified and accelerated sample processing, as well as being readily amenable to automation.
Differences in phosphorylation of the two large subunits of brine shrimp Na,K-ATPase.

Analysis of purified Na,K-ATPase from brine shrimp nauplii revealed two molecular forms of the alpha subunit separable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [G.L. Peterson, R.D. Ewing, S.R. Hootman, and F.P. Conte (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253:4762]. The molecular form with lower mobility is designated alpha 1 and the one with higher mobility, alpha 2, in a neutral or alkaline gel system. Differences in Na+-dependent, K+-sensitive phosphorylation of these two molecular forms have been investigated by directly measuring the radioactivity present in each phosphoprotein after separation of the two forms by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of Na+,Mg2+, and ATP, when the ATP concentration is above 1 microM, both alpha subunits are phosphorylated, although the phosphoprotein content of alpha 1 is considerably greater than that of alpha 2. Below 1 microM ATP, the phosphoprotein content of alpha 2 is even further reduced. These striking differences in phosphorylation at low ATP concentrations are not due to a greater instability of the alpha 2 phosphoprotein during the long electrophoresis times or during fixation, staining, and destaining. The proportion of total phosphoprotein content in alpha 2, as well as the relationship between phosphoprotein content and ATP concentration, is unchanged when the radioactive analysis is performed on frozen gels that have been electrophoresed for shorter times, even though the actual amount of phosphorylation is 15 times greater than with fixed gels. Since the concentration of alpha 1 and alpha 2 vary during development [G.L. Peterson, L. Churchill, J.A. Fisher, and L.E. Hokin (1982) J. Exp. Zool. 221:295], the differences in phosphorylation may be relevant to differences in Na,K-ATPase activity during different development stages.
MRI-Derived Restriction Spectrum Imaging Cellularity Index is Associated with High Grade Prostate Cancer on Radical Prostatectomy Specimens.

Objectives: We evaluate a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique to improve detection of aggressive prostate cancer. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of presurgical prostate MRI scans using an advanced diffusion weighted imaging technique called Restriction Spectrum Imaging (RSI), which can be presented as a normalized z-score statistic (RSI z-score). Scans were acquired prior to radical prostatectomy. Prostatectomy specimens were processed using whole mount sectioning and regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around individual prostate cancer (PCa) tumors. Corresponding ROIs were drawn on the MRI imaging and paired with ROIs in regions with no pathology. RSI z-score and conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were recorded for each ROI. Paired t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: We evaluated 28 patients with 64 regions of interest (28 benign and 36 PCa). The mean difference in RSI z-score (PCa ROI – Benign ROI) was 2.17 (SE = 0.11; p <0.001) and in ADC was 551 mm2/sec (SE = 80 mm2/sec; paired t-test, p <0.001). The differences in the means among all groups (benign, primary Gleason 3 and primary Gleason 4) was significant for both RSI z-score (F3,64 = 97.7, p <0.001) and ADC (F3,64 = 13.9, p <0.001). A t-test was performed on only PCa tumor ROIs (n=36) to determine prostate cancer aggressiveness (Gleason 3 vs. Gleason 4) revealing that RSI z-score was still significant (p = 0.03), whereas, ADC values were no longer significant (p = 0.08). In multivariable analysis adjusting for age and race, RSI z-score was associated with PCa aggressiveness (OR 10.3, 95%CI: 1.4-78.0, p=0.02) while ADC trended to significance (p=0.07). Conclusions: The RSI derived normalized cellularity index (RSI z-score) is associated with aggressive prostate cancer as determined by pathologic Gleason scores. Further utilization of RSI techniques may serve to enhance standardized reporting systems.
Simulation of Astrophysical Processes in the Laboratory

A PLASMA gun (or plasma source) has been developed which can project plasmoids1 (plasma-magnetic entities) across a magnetic field (in a vacuum) at speeds up to 107 cm./sec. A Taylor-instability jet2 produced in a plasma supported against gravity by magnetic field may thus be simulated and studied in the laboratory. The track left by the plasmoid in crossing a magnetic field is luminous1 because of the recombination light of the ions and electrons which have been left behind as ‘debris’. The track may thus be photographed.
Growth/decay of transverse acceleration waves in nonlinear elastic media

Abstract A study of transverse acceleration wave phenomena in the context of nonlinear elasticity is carried out. Using singular surface theory, exact amplitude expressions for acceleration waves arising from a sinusoidal boundary condition (BC) are obtained and their temporal evolution and propagation speeds determined. It is shown that amplitude blow up is possible only if the medium ahead is in motion, otherwise a constant amplitude wave occurs. Analytical results are illustrated numerically using simple computational methods/tools. Lastly, erroneous results that were reported in a recently published related study are noted and/or corrected.
Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean Tailored to Small Sample Sizes, with Applications to Survey Sampling

The validity of standard confidence intervals constructed in survey sampling is based on the central limit theorem. For small sample sizes, the central limit theorem may give a poor approximation, resulting in confidence intervals that are misleading. We discuss this issue and propose methods for constructing confidence intervals for the population mean tailored to small sample sizes. We present a simple approach for constructing confidence intervals for the population mean based on tail bounds for the sample mean that are correct for all sample sizes. Bernstein's inequality provides one such tail bound. The resulting confidence intervals have guaranteed coverage probability under much weaker assumptions than are required for standard methods. A drawback of this approach, as we show, is that these confidence intervals are often quite wide. In response to this, we present a method for constructing much narrower confidence intervals, which are better suited for practical applications, and that are still more robust than confidence intervals based on standard methods, when dealing with small sample sizes. We show how to extend our approaches to much more general estimation problems than estimating the sample mean. We describe how these methods can be used to obtain more reliable confidence intervals in survey sampling. As a concrete example, we construct confidence intervals using our methods for the number of violent deaths between March 2003 and July 2006 in Iraq, based on data from the study “Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: A cross sectional cluster sample survey,” by Burnham et al. (2006).
Heats of solution and dilution for polyvinyl chloride in cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran

Abstract Heats of solution and dilution for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran have been measured at 30°C for samples ranging in molecular weight from 23,200 to 155,400, as well as for several polymers with special histories. The results show that normal PVC is a mixture of crystalline and glassy phases. The degree of crystallinity is relatively low, ca. 20%, and decreases with increase in molecular weight. Annealing does not modify the crystallinity significantly, but quenching from the melt can reduce it to low levels and possibly even to zero. A tentative method is presented for estimating the degree of crystallinity from residual heats obtained from heat of solution measurements. These residual heats are independent of concentration or solvent used and are properties only of the polymer. Also, Maron theory λ's have been calculated from the heat of dilution data, and these agree with the λ's evaluated from osmometry. This agreement confirms the Maron theory argument that heat...
Microangiographic and histologic studies of vascular anatomy of the femur and tibia distal to femoral and iliac arteriovenous fistulas in dogs.

The anatomy of intra-osseous vessels of bones distal to a femoral or an iliac arteriovenous fistula was studied by histologic and microangiographic methods. The venous and sinusoidal vessels were dilated and heavily filled with contrast medium from 3 to 60 weeks after construction of the fistula. The nutrient artery and its branches are smaller in caliber in bones distal to the fistula at three weeks but appeared to return to approximately normal size later in the experimental period. The anatomic findings appear to provide an important link in a hypothesis to explain the increase in total bone seen distal to an arteriovenous fistula.
Dynamic Studies of the Tumour Suppressor Protien PTEN Binding to Membranes Composed PI(4,5)P2 and Various Anionic Lipids

The tumor suppressor gene, Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) encodes a protein that is involved in many human cancers. It binds to the plasma membrane to dephosphorylate the 3-position of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate producing phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2). PTEN is an agonist to PI 3-kinase, thereby inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and controlling cell proliferation and survival. PTEN membrane association depends strongly on the composition and lateral distribution of the lipids in the membrane. Using stopped flow kinetic and steady state fluorescence experiments, we characterize the different steps associated with PTEN membrane association and dissociation.We find that PTEN membrane association is governed by the nature of the anionic lipids in the model membrane and their lateral distribution. It has been found previously that PTEN interacts synergistically with phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). When comparing the kinetics of PTEN binding to PC/PS (30%) and PC/PI(4,5)P2 (5%) vesicles, we find a faster kon value and slower koff rate constant for the PI(4,5)P2 containing vesicles. When both PS and PI(4,5)P2 are present in the vesicles, we find the fastest association rate constants. In model membrane systems, PS and PI(4,5)P2 show only limited co-localization. Therefore, the question arises whether PS in biological membranes is the second binding partner, in addition to PI(4,5)P2, of PTEN. We hypothesize that phosphatidylinositol (PI), which forms domains with PI(4,5)P2, may replace PS in at least some physiological scenarios as the second binding partner. We find that PTEN binding to PI vesicles is as strong as PTEN binding to PS vesicles, confirming the hypothesis that PTEN binding to PS or PI is non-specific electrostatic. This finding is a major paradigm shift in the PTEN field.
An investigation into the relative manipulability of four voting systems

This paper contains a study about decision making in groups. The author analyzes the manipulability of four voting systems: Borda, Coombs, Hare, and plurality. The Hare voting system was found to be the least manipulable; the Borda, the most manipulable. The results of this study indicate that the logical possibility of manipulation threatens the legitimacy of voting outcomes.
Sensing rich drive trains for modern mechatronic systems: second year progress report

This paper explores the advantages of sensing rich approaches to the design and operation of the power transmission mechanism or drive train under servo control. The drive train is a fundamental element of any motion control system. Three specific cases are presented: 1) vision-based online trajectory generation for contour following for a two link manipulator, 2) the use of vision image and other sensors such as accelerometers and gyros for end-effector sensing, and 3) sensor-based controller tuning of indirect drive train using accelerometers on the load side. For each of the three cases, the advantages are demonstrated by experiments.
Osteoporosis and the orthopaedic surgeon: basic concepts for successful co-management of patients’ bone health

Osteoporosis has been recognised as a public health concern for at least three decades but it has been relatively recent that the push has been for orthopaedic surgeons to take a more active role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Most often these patients are encountered after they have suffered a fracture making secondary prevention the area where orthopaedists may exert the greatest influence on patient care. The purpose of this article is to provide a succinct framework for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with decreased BMD. Patients are deemed to have decreased BMD if they have suffered a fragility fracture, a fracture caused by a low-energy traumatic event. These patients are often encountered in the emergency department and admitted for further treatment of their fractures or recommended for follow-up in the clinic. Regardless of treatment course these are opportunities for the orthopaedic surgeon to intervene in the osteoporotic disease process and positively affect a patient’s bone health. This article compiles the available literature on osteoporosis and presents it succinctly with the incorporation of both a diagnosis algorithm and treatment profile table. With the use of these two tools, orthopaedic surgeons everywhere should be able to take a more active role in their patients’ bone health.
Modifying rhizosphere microbial communities to enhance nutrient availability in cropping systems

Abstract Microorganisms can contribute significantly to improving nutrient-use efficiency in cropping systems. Traditional approaches to increasing the number of beneficial microorganisms have been hampered by competition with indigenous populations. New opportunities exist as a result of advances in molecular genetics. Compounds produced by the plant can regulate bacterial genes, and this information can be used to induce natural and/or foreign genes supplied to soil bacteria. New techniques make it possible to maintain introduced plasmids in soil bacteria, and inserting into those plasmids particular genes that enhance mineral availability, disease resistance, or pesticide degradation will be an important tool for managing future cropping systems.
The Cassville Convention: Aborted Birth of a Southern Presbyterian Church

(1980). The Cassville Convention: Aborted Birth of a Southern Presbyterian Church. The Historian: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 612-630.
Gender-based feature analysis in campus-wide WLANs

Rapid WLAN deployment has led to various research challenges and scenarios. In this paper we come up with a technique to classify users into social groups and then use this information to investigate the usage behavior of these groups. Grouping of users can be done based on diverse parameters like gender, major or other interest groups. In this paper we show the general methodology used to accomplish WLAN user groupings with an example of grouping by gender in a major university campus. The usage patterns of Males and Females are contrasted based on this grouping. Possible applications of this work encompass user profiling; studying gender gaps in social sciences; announcement/advertisement customization to target groups.
Geometry, basis set, and correlation energy dependence of computed protonation energies of carbonyl bases

Abstract The protonation energies of H 2 CO and its monosubstituted derivatives RCHO, where R is CH 3 , NH 2 , OH, and F, have been evaluated at various levels of theory to determine the dependence of absolute and relative protonation energies on geometry, basis set, and correlation effects. Reliable absolute protonation energies require at least a basis set as large as 6-31G∗∗, the inclusion of correlation, and optimized Hartree—Fock 6-31G∗ geometries. Consistent relative protonation energies can be obtained at the Hartree—Fock level with smaller basis sets.
Epithelial ovarian cancer and recreational physical activity: A review of the epidemiological literature and implications for exercise prescription.

Abstract Despite the publication of two dozen observational epidemiological studies investigating the association between recreational physical activity (RPA) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk and survival over the past two decades, taken collectively, data from retrospective and prospective studies are mixed and remain inconclusive. Objective Our primary purpose was to conduct a careful review and summary of the epidemiological literature depicting the association between EOC and RPA in the framework of identifying factors which may be impeding our ability to observe consistent associations in the literature. Secondly, in the backdrop of the more broad scientific evidence regarding the benefits of RPA, we provide a summary of guidelines for practitioners to utilize in the context of exercise prescription for cancer patients, including a discussion of special considerations and contraindications to exercise which are unique to EOC patients and survivors. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search via PubMed to identify epidemiologic investigations focused on the association between RPA and EOC. To be included in the review, studies had to assess RPA independently of occupational or household activities. Results In total, 26 studies were identified for inclusion. Evidence of a protective effect of RPA relative to EOC risk is more consistent among-case control studies, with the majority of studies demonstrating significant risk reductions between 30 and 60% among the most active women. Among cohort studies, half yielded no significant associations, while the remaining studies provided mixed evidence of an association. Conclusions Given the limitations identified in the current body of literature, practitioners should not rely on inconclusive evidence to dissuade women from participating in moderate or vigorous RPA. Rather, emphasis should be placed on the greater body of scientific evidence which has demonstrated that RPA results in a plethora of health benefits that can be achieved in all populations, including those with cancer.
Reproductive isolation and the expansion of an invasive hybrid swarm

Biological invasions involving hybridization proceed according to prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. Yet few comparisons of reproductive isolation have been carried out to understand how different mechanisms prevent or promote invasions involving hybridization. Here we present a study of prezygotic and postzygotic isolation between non-native red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and native blacktail shiner (C. venusta stigmatura) from the Coosa River basin (USA) to better understand the formation and expansion of invasive hybrid swarms. We conducted spawning trials to measure mating preferences and raised broods from crosses to assay hybrid viability through early juvenile development. Females of both species were more responsive to conspecific mates, although blacktail shiner females responded more often to heterospecific mates than did red shiner females. Fecundity of red shiner females was also higher than blacktail shiner females. Heterospecific crosses resulted in lower fertilization and egg hatching rates, but we found no other evidence of inviability. Rather, we found comparatively low larval mortality of F1 hybrids, which is suggestive of heterosis. These findings support prior inferences of assortative mating from genetic descriptions of hybridization, and that the invasion in the Coosa River is likely proceeding due to interspecific competition and intrinsic hybrid viability.
Perspectives of Preservice Foreign Language Teachers.

Abstract This study reveals distinct differences between perceived proficiency and actual proficiency of foreign language teaching candidates. It indicates that during the foreign language teaching methodology course, candidates developed greater realism about their own abilities and about the need for further language development. The investigation shows how motivations change over time for learning a foreign language, and it provides specific ideas for improving preparation programs for foreign language teaching candidates.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data for BaCu(C2O4)2·6H2O

An indexed powder diffraction pattern and related crystallographic data are reported for a new phase, BaCu(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, which was a major product in the coprecipitation of barium and copper oxalates.
The Cavitation Theory of Homogenization

Summary The valve clearances in a Manton-Gaulin homogenizing valve operating with both water and milk were determined for various pressures and used in the calculation of velocity distribution, Reynolds number, and minimum theoretical pressure in the valve crevice. The analysis showed that cavitation could occur. Results obtained in homogenization of milk with several commercial and experimental valves are discussed with reference to theories of homogenization. Effective homogenization was accomplished in the Manton-Gaulin and a rounded-entrance valve even when sufficient back pressure was applied to prevent cavitation. The correlation between valve clearance and the U.S.P.H.S. index indicates that the mechanism of homogenization involves velocity or velocity gradient. Tests with Venturi tubes provided conditions where cavitation occurred, yet homogenization was relatively ineffective in comparison with that accomplished by commercial valves. The results reported do not support either the cavitation or the impact theories of homogenization.
X -linked Progressive Cone Dystrophy: Clinical Characteristics of Affected Males and Female Carriers

The authors evaluated nine affected males and six female carriers from a four-generation family with X-linked cone dystrophy. As the affected males grew older, visual acuity deteriorated, central scotomas deepened, and macular changes became more prominent. There was granularity of the macula in younger individuals and bull's eye lesions and central geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the older subjects. The retinas of some affected males had a bronze-green tapetal-like sheen. Color vision was impaired in all affected males and resembled an acquired type II defect (Verriest classification). One younger subject had paradoxical pupillary constriction to darkness. Visual-evoked potential (VEP) latencies were prolonged in some affected males, suggesting that photoreceptor degeneration caused transsynaptic degeneration of ganglion cells. All female carriers had visual acuities of 20/30 or better, but some showed mild ophthalmoscopic changes and abnormalities of color vision, electroretinograms (ERGs), and VEPs.
Adrenergic stimulation of taurine transport by the heart.

A high-affinity transport system that is specific for beta-amino acids has been delineated in rat hearts. This system transports the cardiotonic sulfonic amino acid taurine. beta-Adrenergic stimulation increases the transport capacity without effect on alpha-amino acid uptake, as does stimulation with adenosine 39,59-monophosphate or theophylline. The existence of such an uptake system for taurine in the heart accounts for the high intra- to extracellular concentration gradient that is maintained, and suggests that cardiac stress is associated with increased taurine uptake. This may explain why taurine is the only amino acid to be markedly elevated in congestive heart failure. Taurine is a modifier of calcium fluxes in the heart, as are beta-adrenergic agonists. The presence of this uptake system suggests a link between beta-adrenergic stimulation of calcium and taurine fluxes.
The Consortium in Higher Education.

That institutions of higher education should cooperate with one another is hardly an uncommon idea. In recent years, especially since colleges and universities began to feel pressures for growth and, later, constraints of financial stringency, the general concept of interinstitutional cooperation has been advocated with enthusiasm and near unanimity; national commissions have recommended it and governments have virtually demanded it. But what is much less common is knowledge about the formal arrangements by which cooperation has been achieved widely in the United States and now is the object of serious consideration and some application in other countries. The consortium is not the only application of the cooperative idea. Councils, coordinating boards, compacts, federations, are all forms of cooperative arrangements among colleges and universities, but the inter‐institutional lexicon is not exact and these forms are not distinct. Because the consortium is the most formal and complex organization for inter‐institutional cooperation, it represents well almost all of the characteristics and problems of all cooperative endeavor between higher educational institutions. Thus, the observations and conclusions made about the consortium have a broader applicability. This discussion will address four basic questions about inter‐institutional cooperation as represented by the consortium: What motivates colleges and universities to cooperate with one another? What are the advantages of inter‐institutional cooperation? What are the disadvantages? What are the organizational and managerial problems of the consortium?
Medication Use Among Inner-City Patients After Hospital Discharge: Patient-Reported Barriers and Solutions

OBJECTIVE To better characterize medication-related problems among inner-city patients after hospital discharge and to suggest potential interventions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between August 9, 2005, and April 3, 2006, we interviewed 84 patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes at Grady Memorial Hospital in downtown Atlanta, GA, and contacted them by telephone about 2 weeks later. English-speaking patients who managed their own medications were studied. Patients reported their adherence with filling prescriptions and taking medications after discharge, as well as barriers to and potential enablers of proper medication use. RESULTS Most of the 84 respondents were African American (74 [88%]), male (49 [58%]), and middle-aged (mean age, 54.5 years). Only 40% of patients filled their prescriptions on the day of discharge, 20% filled them 1 or 2 days later, and 18% waited 3 to 9 days; 22% had not filled their prescriptions by the time of the follow-up telephone call (median, 12 days; interquartile range, 8-18 days). Transportation, cost, and wait times at the pharmacy were cited as the main barriers. Many patients reported it was somewhat or very difficult to understand why they were prescribed medications (21%), how to take them (11%), or how to reconcile them with the medications they had been taking before hospitalization (16%). About half the patients (40 [48%]) reported some degree of nonadherence after discharge. Patients noted that several forms of assistance could improve medication use after discharge, including lower medication costs (75%), a follow-up telephone call (68%), transportation to the pharmacy (65%), pharmacist counseling before discharge (64%), and a pillbox (56%). CONCLUSION Patients often delay filling prescriptions and have difficulty understanding medication regimens after hospital discharge. Interventions that reduce medication costs, facilitate transportation, improve medication counseling, and supply such organizing aids as pillboxes might be beneficial.
An analytical solution for competitive facilitated membrane transport

Abstract Facilitated transport with a “competitive binding” reaction mechanism occurs when two or more solutes (gas or liquid) are transported by competing with each other to reversibly react with the carrier molecule. In this study, competitive facilitated transport was analyzed with a different approach. The free (uncomplexed) carrier concentration, C * B was assumed to be constant. The resulting expression for C * B shows how the equilibrium constant for each reaction affects the transport of each solute. Model equations containing diffusion and reaction terms were solved analytically for the facilitation factor, F , of the solutes. This analytical expression for F was tested with experimental and modeling results from the literature. The trends in the data agreed well. This expression is an improvement over previous analytical results in that it can be used over the entire range of operating conditions from diffusion-limited to reaction-limited regimes to identify trends in the facilitation factor, although there are better ways, such as numerical methods, to predict the exact value of F .
Portable and remote electrochemical sensing system for detection of tricresyl phosphate in gas phase

Abstract A portable electrochemical sensor has been developed for determination of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in gas phase. An alkaline catalyst column was used in an automatic TCP sampling system where gasified TCP was hydrolysed to cresol, making it electrochemically detectable. Hydrolysates were then detected in the flow injection analysis (FIA). Amperometric measurements were performed utilizing the unicell, which includes a glassy carbon working electrode, a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode and a stainless steel auxiliary electrode. The response of the system was linear in the TCP concentration range of 5–300 ppb in the gas phase. Commercial jet engine oils containing small amounts of TCP were also analyzed and resulted in signals similar to those from the TCP test and calibration samples.
What is remembered about early childhood events

Almost 100 years ago, Freud identified infantile or childhood amnesia, the difficulty that most adults have remembering events from their first years of life. Recent research in cognitive psychology has in fact demonstrated a paucity of verbal memories of early life experiences. Although Freud believed that childhood memories are repressed, modern explanations for childhood amnesia focus instead on cognitive and social developmental advances of the early preschool years. According to the social interaction hypothesis, a narrative sense of self emerges as a result of parent-child conversations about the past. Implications of autobiographical memory research for models of adult attachment and psychotherapy are discussed.
Opposite Effects of Myosin Subfragment 1 on Binding of Cardiac Troponin and Tropomyosin to the Thin Filament

To better understand the regulation of striated muscle contraction, the effects of myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) on the actin binding of cardiac troponin and tropomyosin were investigated. Troponin's affinity for actin-tropomyosin was 4-fold stronger in the absence than in the presence of myosin S-1. CaCl2 had no effect on troponin binding to the thin filament in the presence of myosin S-1. The binding curve was weakly cooperative, implying interactions between adjacent troponin molecules. Myosin S-1 increased (40-200-fold) the affinity of tropomyosin for the thin filament, an effect opposite to the effect of myosin on troponin. This effect was highly cooperative and occurred in the presence of ADP or in the absence of nucleotide. Myosin altered the effect of ionic conditions on tropomyosin-actin binding, consistent with tropomyosin binding to a different site on F-actin in the presence of myosin. The results indicate that troponin-tropomyosin and strongly binding myosin cross-bridges do not compete for an F-actin binding site. Although repositioning of troponin-tropomyosin on the actin filament may be sterically required for tight myosin-actin binding, a myosin-induced conformational change in actin provides a better explanation for the complex effects of myosin on thin filament assembly.