cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of size distribution on the particle concentration effect and trace metal partitioning in rivers

The particle concentration effect (p.c.e.) is an unexpected decline in partition coefficients (Kd) as suspended particulate matter (SPM) increases. This anomaly has been attributed to a variety of causes, but most often to the existence of colloidal forms of the adsorbate, which are included, in error, in the dissolved fraction when calculating Kd. To test this hypothesis we have directly measured colloidal, macroparticulate, and truly dissolved metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Al, Mn, Ag) monthly for one year (6/96–7/97) in four Connecticut rivers having a range of ancillary biogeochemical characteristics. These include factors that are all likely to influence partitioning between dissolved and solid phases, such as DOC, pH, and competing cations. The p.c.e. is clearly evident in these rivers, and explicit consideration of colloidal metals eliminates or reduces this anomaly in nearly all cases. Furthermore, a substantial portion of metals occurs in the colloidal fraction, and the amount of colloidal metals increases with SPM. Both of these conditions are necessary for the colloidal model to explain the p.c.e.. Important differences are observed among rivers and metals, and in some cases systematic decreases in Kd continue even when colloidal metals are taken into account. This additional decrease can be eliminated by excluding large particles having negligible surface complexation sites. When corrections are applied for both colloids and large particles, Kd values become truly constant.
Consequences of Physical Abuse and Neglect in Children

Abstract Research interest in the effects of abuse and neglect in children is relatively recent. Clinical case reports suggested pervasive deleterious physical and psychological consequences of maltreatment. Indeed, empirical efforts confirm these initial impressions. Abused and neglected children display deficits in intellectual and academic functioning. In addition, they exhibit a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders, such as depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, aggressiveness, and conduct problems. Despite the above findings, a number of methodological shortcomings limit conclusions drawn from the literature. These include: (a) use of heterogeneous subject samples, (b) failure to match subjects on relevant variables, and (c) use of psychometrically weak assessment devices. This review examines functioning in abused and neglected children in four areas: (1) medical, (2) cognitive and intellectual, (3) emotional adjustment and psychopathology, and (4) social development. Several recommendations for future research are offered, including the need for increased: (a) descriptive information about abused and neglected populations, and (b) use of assessment instruments which delineate specific deficits in child functioning.
Triple point on the melting curve and polymorphism of nitrogen at high pressure.

Raman spectra of solid and fluid nitrogen to pressures up to 120 GPa and temperatures up to 2500 K reveal that the melting line exhibits a maximum near 70 GPa, followed by a triple point near 87 GPa, after which the melting temperature rises again. Fluid nitrogen remains molecular over the entire pressure range studied, and there is no sign of a fluid-fluid transition. Solid phases obtained on quenching from the melt above 48 GPa are identical to the recently discovered $\ensuremath{\iota}$ and ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phases. We find that kinetics plays a major role in the experimentally observed phase changes and account for the metastability of various crystalline molecular phases and the existence of an amorphous single bonded $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{N}$.
Two mechanisms contribute to the superinduction of poly(I)·poly(C)-induced human fibroblast interferon production

Abstract The cumulative interferon yield from cultures of poly(I)·poly(C)-induced human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4) in the first 24 hr after induction is increased (superinduced) approximately 50-fold by appropriate treatment with 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and cycloheximide. Two components have been defined in the biochemical mechanism of this paradoxical enhancement. The content of polyadenylated interferon mRNA in induced and superinduced FS-4 cells was assayed by translation in oocytes in Xenopus laevis . First, as reported earlier (P. B. Sehgal, D. S. Lyles, and I. Tamm, Virology 89 , 186–198, 1978), interferon mRNA is approximately 14-fold more stable in the continuous presence of DRB (40 μ M ) than in inhibitor-free controls. Second, estimates of the content of interferon mRNA during the first 3 hr of induction in control cultures and in those exposed to DRB alone or cycloheximide alone are consistent with a 3- to 4-fold higher apparent rate of synthesis of interferon mRNA in treated cultures than would be expected if cycloheximide had no effect on transcription and DRB (40 AM) inhibited transcription ∼80% (P. B. Sehgal, I. Tamm, and J. Vilbek, Virology , 70 , 256–259; 542–544, 1976).
Broad Band Correlation Measurements with an x‐y 'Scope

A broad band correlation technique using an x‐y oscilloscope has been developed. When two noise signals are applied to the inputs of the oscilloscope, a characteristic pattern is formed on the oscilloscope face. It is shown that an equal intensity contour of the pattern, which may be obtained by photographing, is an ellipse and that the correlation depends only on the eccentricity and the angle of inclination of the ellipse. The bandwidth of this correlator is only limited by the oscilloscope. The instrument has been used to measure the correlation between fluctuations measured by two spatially separated probes in a plasma.
Estimation of arteriolar volume flow from dual-slit red cell velocity: an in vivo study.

Abstract The validity of estimating arteriolar volume flow rate from measurements of vessel internal diameter and dual-slit centerline RBC velocity was examined in vivo using the principle of conservation of mass flow. Dual-slit red cell velocity and internal diameter were obtained from cat sartorius muscle arterioles at sites upstream and downstream from arteriolar bifurcations and along tapered arteriolar segments. Volume flow was calculated from these measurements on the assumption that the dual-slit velocity is related to average blood velocity in some constant fashion in vivo as reported for blood flow in glass tubes. If this assumption is correct, the calculated volume flow should be identical at upstream and downstream locations. The data obtained are consistent with this interpretation: there was no significant difference in the calculated volume flow across either arteriolar bifurcations or tapered arteriolar segments. The small differences which were seen in individual experiments were not related to any of the other variables measured, but appeared related to measurement uncertainty. Thus, the data imply that within the limits of experimental error the dual-slit method gives a rather constant estimate of average blood velocity in vivo and can, therefore, provide a means by which microvessel volume flow can be assessed in the intact microvasculature.
Specific gravity as an alternative to creatinine for estimating urine concentration in captive and wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Samples.

The measurement of hormones in urine has become a widely used technique in primatology. Because urine concentration varies according to fluid intake, concentration must be measured in each sample collected, and hormone values are always expressed per unit of concentration. Traditionally, creatinine has been used as a concentration index, but some studies in humans have shown that creatinine varies among populations and even within and between individuals within a population, and that it begins to degrade after just one freeze–thaw cycle. In addition, creatinine measurement is relatively time-consuming and expensive and creates hazardous waste. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific gravity, or the ratio of the density of a sample to that of water, is highly correlated with creatinine measurement in urine samples collected from captive chimpanzees at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana and wild chimpanzees at the Ngogo study site in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. We found that specific gravity and creatinine were highly correlated in both captive (N=124) and wild (N=13) chimpanzee samples, and that specific gravity measurement was robust to actual and simulated transport conditions and repeated freeze–thaw cycles. We recommend that researchers consider specific gravity measurement as a preferable alternative to creatinine measurement in their studies of primate endocrinology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:130–135, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Navigating HIV, Pregnancy, and Childbearing in South India: Pragmatics and Constraints in Women's Decision Making

Based on ethnographic research conducted in 2004 and 2002–3, this article examines how poor women living with HIV in Tamilnadu, India navigate decisions about pregnancy and birth, and demonstrates that these decisions are influenced by a complex web of sociocultural factors. I argue that these decisions are informed by: 1) institutional interests of the state, NGOs, and international aid donors; 2). cultural constructions of gender and of the self; 3). Christian-based organizations; and 4). support group organizations, known as “networks” for people living with HIV/AIDS. Childbearing decisions emerged through a synthesis of coexisting structures and discourses which sometimes converged at the same conclusion despite differences in their underlying logics. I argue that the discourse of “positive living” fostered by the networks provided women with a framework for making reproductive decisions that was enabling. The article highlights how women pragmatically negotiated these various factors as they engaged ...
Topographically Controlled Mesoscale Flow Anomalies on the Continental Shelf off Southern Sierra Leone and Liberia

Abstract Analyses of records from current meters moored on the continental shelf off Liberia and southern Sierra Leone during March and April of 1972 indicate that the flow at that time was dominated by low-frequency oscillations in the near-inertial and sub-inertial range. However, dynamic velocities calculated from hydrocast and XBT data using standard geostrophic approximations were frequently incorrect in both magnitude and sign when compared to the appropriate portions of the velocities recorded by the proximal current meters. Horizontal plots of the topography on isothermal surfaces in areas where the ageostrophic flow was found revealed that the density field there was significantly deformed over small (radius of curvature as small as 2 km) bathymetric elements. Orientation of the principal axis of variance for the current meter records also suggests that the mesoscale flow undergoes strong topographic steering on this low-latitude shelf.
The Validation of Models of Complex Systems

This paper begins with a short review of various approaches to validation proposed in the modeling literature. It then discusses three alternative views of models: (1) the concept of model in mathematical logic, (2) the conventional (empiricist) view of models in the social sciences, and (3) an alternative view that sees models as the products of metaphor construction and interpretation. This third view leads to the identification of four different areas in model validation: (1) evaluation of adequacy of metaphors, (2) observation, measurement, and experimentation, (3) internal validation, and (4) external validation. The process of external validation proposed here recognizes that models are inherently partial, incomplete, and somewhat idiosyncratic and need to be confronted and compared with each other to produce new insights collectively.
Current Utility of Staging Laparoscopy for Pancreatic and Peripancreatic Neoplasms

Background The routine use of staging laparoscopy in patients with radiographically resectable pancreatic and peripancreatic neoplasms remains controversial. Study Design We reviewed a prospective database that identified 1,045 patients who underwent staging laparoscopy for radiographically resectable pancreatic or peripancreatic tumors between 1995 and 2005. Radiographic resectability was determined by review of radiographic reports, surgeons' notes, and cross-sectional imaging studies. Factors were assessed for their association with the laparoscopic identification of radiographically occult unresectable disease. Recursive partitioning was used to build a decision tree, with laparoscopic identification of unresectable disease as the outcomes, including only patients since 1999 (modern imaging) and factors available preoperatively. Results Unresectable disease was identified laparoscopically in 145 of the 1,045 radiographically resectable patients (14%). Factors associated with radiographically occult unresectable disease included the time period of the study, whether imaging was performed at our institution (internal versus external imaging), primary site, histology, weight loss, and jaundice. Primary site (pancreatic versus nonpancreatic) was identified as the strongest predictor of yield. In patients with nonpancreatic tumors, the yield of laparoscopy was 4%. In patients with pancreatic tumors, the yield of laparoscopy was 14% overall, but was 8.4% in patients with internal imaging versus 17% in patients with external imaging (p Conclusions During the time period of this study, the yield of staging laparoscopy decreased and exceeded 10% only for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. When high-quality cross-sectional imaging reveals no evidence of unresectable disease, routine staging laparoscopy may not be warranted for pancreatic or peripancreatic tumors other than presumed pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Evaluating text descriptions of mathematical graphs

One approach to making graphs more accessible has been the incorporation of natural language descriptions of graphs into multimodal assistive technologies. MathTrax is software targeted at middle and high school students that employs a Math Description Engine (MDE) [1] to produce a textual description of graphs, as well as a visual and auditory representation of the graphs. Our study compared descriptions generated by the MDE to those generated by teachers of high school math, in order to better understand how to optimize the structure and content of mathematical graph descriptions. Feedback from these experts is compiled into suggestions for description templates to improve graphs descriptions, as well as design recommendations for future applications.
WOMEN'S MENTAL HEALTH: Some Directions for Research

Some key issues regarding gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders, the course of mental illness, and the use of services are reviewed, along with their diagnosis and psychopharmacologic treatment. Implications for clinical practice are examined, as are directions for future research that will ensure the presence of women's mental health as a major element in the national agenda on women's health.
Safe Device for a Theatrical Hanging

A low-cost hanging system was requested by the Theatre Department for the production of Henry V. Design constraints were developed with an emphasis on the actor’s safety. To that end, biomechanical literature related to head and neck injury was reviewed. During testing of the device, acceleration measurements were made for comparison with literature values. Finite element analysis was performed on the structural support to determine its effectiveness. The final design met all of the criteria and was tested extensively by the designers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of linear poly (N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)ethylenimine), a PEI/PEO hybrid, and its interactions with lithium triflate

Abstract Linear poly(ethylenimine) (LPEI) has been modified by reductive alkylation to form linear poly( N -(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)ethylenimine) (LPEI-G2) as verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The resulting LPEI-G2 has short methyl-capped oligo(ethylene oxide) side-chains attached to the LPEI backbone. Characterization of pure LPEI-G2 and LPEI-G2 complexed with lithium triflate (LiTf) was carried out over a variety of concentrations using infrared (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impedance techniques. Initial spectroscopic studies indicated that at a 20:1 oxygen atom to lithium ion ratio, “free” ions are the dominant triflate species present. At the same composition, the electrolyte has a Tg of −60 °C and a conductivity 7×10 −5 S cm −1 at 60 °C. The vibrational spectra and conductivity values of samples at O:Li compositions of 20:1 and 5:1 will be discussed.
Explicit Relations for the Radial Distribution Functions for One-Dimensional Lattice (Arbitrary Spacing) Fluids and Solutions

It is pointed out that the size of the matrix required to formulate the grand partition function for a one-dimensional lattice fluid for a fixed and finite range of the interatomic potential varies linearly with the density of lattice points used and hence is much smaller and more manageable than the expected size (which varies exponentially with the same quantity) and thus allows very fine grids to be examined. Using the matrix treatment of the grand partition function, it is shown that the radial distribution function for a one-dimensional fluid or solution can be formulated as an explicit matrix product which is simply performed by computer. The resulting distribution functions (which can be extrapolated to the continuum by varying the lattice spacing) are useful as starting solutions for the iterative solution of integral equations for three-dimensional fluids.
Temperature Dependence of the Kinetics of Elementary Combustion Reactions of Refractory Species

Abstract The dependence of the rate coefficients of gas—phase oxidation reactions of monatomic and diatomic refractory species on temperature is discussed. Examples given pertain primarily to Al and B species reactions in the 300–1900 K range. These reactions show a wide variety of ln k(T) vs. T—1 behavior patterns. It is shown that, because of this variety, it is not yet possible to make reliable predictions regarding reactions for which no experimental data on temperature dependence are available. However, some guidance is given toward making preliminary estimates. Quantitative kinetic data on the reactions are given and the importance of their thermochemistry is discussed. The experimental method (HTFFR) used to obtain these data is briefly reviewed.
260 DISSOCIATION OF THYROID HORMONE STIMULATED RESPIRA-TION AND Na/K ATPase ACTIVITY IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (BAT) AND LIVER IN THE NEWBORN RABBIT

260 DISSOCIATION OF THYROID HORMONE STIMULATED RESPIRA-TION AND Na/K ATPase ACTIVITY IN BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (BAT) AND LIVER IN THE NEWBORN RABBIT
Flow predictions within hydrocyclones

The aim of this article is to illustrate the type of internal flows that can develop within hydrocyclone separators at low and high Reynolds numbers based on the Navier-Stokes equation and the RANS-equation, respectively. The following three examples are used: a 5 mm hydrocyclone; a 76 mm Rietema hydrocyclone; and a 250 mm hydrocyclone with different cone angles. The simulations provide an estimate of the mean pressure and mean velocity fields of the continuous phase in the absence of an air core and a dispersed phase.
Photoperiodic regulation of adrenal hormone secretion and aggression in female Syrian hamsters

Seasonal changes in the length of the daily photoperiod induce significant changes in social behavior. Hamsters housed in winter-like short photoperiods (SP) can express significantly higher levels of aggression than hamsters housed in long photoperiods (LP) that mimic summer. The mechanisms responsible for increasing aggressiveness in SP-exposed female hamsters are not well understood but may involve seasonal changes in the endocrine system. In experiment 1, the effects of SP exposure on the circulating levels of three adrenal hormones were determined. Short photoperiod exposure was found to significantly depress the circulating levels of cortisol and the adrenal androgen dehydropiandrosterone (DHEA) but significantly increased the circulating levels of the sulfated form of DHEA, DHEAS. Experiment 2 examined the effects of gonadal hormones on several different measures of aggression including its intensity in females housed in both long and short photoperiod. Exposure to SP resulted in high levels of aggression regardless of the endocrine state of the animal or the measure used to quantify aggression. In contrast, administration of estradiol to hamsters housed in LP significantly reduced aggression. The data of the present study support the hypothesis that SP-housed females are more aggressive than LP-housed females because SP exposure renders females insensitive to the aggression-reducing effects of ovarian hormones.
Fragmentation characteristics of peptide-metal ion adducts under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization post-source decay time-of-flight mass spectrometric conditions.

Fragmentation reactions of sodium-cationized enkephalin peptides generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization were studied using post-source decay (PSD) with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Several matrices and analyte–matrix sample preparation methods were evaluated for high-intensity ion currents that could last for the entire PSD analysis. A triple dried-droplet sample preparation procedure with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix was found to yield abundant longer-lasting ion signals of the peptide–Na+ ion adducts. The principal decay product of these adduct ions is the [bn−1 + Na + OH]+ ion, which provides an unambiguous identification of the C-terminal residue of a peptide. In some peptides, the loss of a second residue from the C-terminus is also observed. No other sequence-specific ions were observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azilsartan decreases renal and cardiovascular injury in the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in treating hypertension. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a novel ARB, azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M) will prevent renal and cardiovascular injury in the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat (SHROB), a model of cardiometabolic syndrome. Male SHROB were treated with vehicle or AZL-M orally for 56 days. Vehicle treated normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats served as controls. The effects of AZL-M on kidney injury, vascular endothelial and heart functions, lipid profile, and glucose tolerance were assessed. AZL-M demonstrated anti-hypertensive effects along with markedly improved vascular endothelial function in SHROB. In these rats, AZL-M demonstrates strong kidney protective effects with lower albuminuria and nephrinuria along with reduced tubular cast formation and glomerular injury. AZL-M treatment also improved left ventricular heart function, attenuated development of left ventricular hypertrophy, and reduced cardiac fibrosis in SHROB. Overall, these findings demonstrate kidney and heart protective effects of AZL-M in SHROB, and these effects were associated with its ability to lower blood pressure and improve endothelial function.
TH‐C‐201C‐10: Registration Using Nanotube Stationary Tomosynthesis: Comparison of 3D/3D to 3D/2D Methods

Purpose: To evaluate traditional 3D/3D and 3D/2D rigid registration strategies for tomosynthesisimages obtained from the Nanotube Stationary Tomosynthesis (NST) geometry. Method and Materials: NST is a multi‐source kV imager which is mounted on a linear accelerator gantry. The multiple sources allow imaging without gantry motion before and concurrent with radiation treatment. Due to the nature of the reconstructed images it is not immediately clear how to register tomosynthesisimages to planning CTs. Depending on the amount of angular sampling in the geometry better performance can be achieved with 3D/3D registration as is the case with cone‐beam CT or 3D/2D registration as is the case with portal imaging.Tomosynthesisimages contain angular sampling somewhere in between these two extremes. The question remains whether NST images should be considered a set of 2D projections or a 3D volume for the purpose of rigid registration. Simulated NST images were used to evaluate treatment time rigid registration for patient setup. Two GPU‐accelerated planning CT to tomosynthesis rigid registration methods were considered characterized by the domain in which the similarity metric is computed. Results: Simulated data sets suggest that evaluation of the similarity metric in projection space reduces mean target registration error (mTRE) and increases speed over reconstruction space methods. A rate limiting step of the 3D/3D method is the requirement for repeated iterative reconstructions. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that 3D/2D methods are faster and result in decreased mTRE over 3D/3D methods for rigid registration of NST images. It is suggested that 3D/2D methods will be faster in cases where a significant number of reconstructions must be generated. Conflict of Interest: This work is partially funded by a grant from Siemens Medical.
Deposited Dielectrics For III-V Semiconducting Devices

Options for coating III-V semiconducting material with insulating layers are discussed with regard to the physical and electrical properties of the deposited layers. Emphasis is on those techniques which minimize charging effects in the interfacial layers. Results on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium antimonide and indium gallium arsenide are discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SYNTHESIS AND DEPROTONATION/ALKYLATION REACTIONS OF THE CHIRAL CARBENE COMPLEX TP'(CO)(NO)MO=C(OME)(ME)

The Fischer carbene complex Tp‘(CO)(NO)MoC(OMe)(Me) (1) has been synthesized, and functionalization of the carbene methyl substituent has been achieved via deprotonation/alkylation reaction sequences. The chiral metal center produced moderate diastereoselectivity. Isomeric, geometric, and thermodynamic features are discussed for the complexes Tp‘(CO)(NO)MC(OMe)(R) (M = W, R = Me; M = Mo, R = Me, Et, Ph, −CH2CH2CHCH2, −C(H)(Me)CH2CHCH2), and evidence of a substantial metal carbene rotational barrier is presented. Important structural features for Tp‘(CO)(NO)MoC(OMe)(Ph) (7), which was characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, include a short molybdenum−carbon bond distance to the carbene (2.085(4) A) and a carbene carbon−oxygen bond distance of 1.356(5) A.
Early to bed: how sleep benefits children's memory

Children learn differently than adults: they have smaller knowledge bases and thus must rely more on rote learning. Incomplete development of cortical circuits and other cognitive systems leads to additional differences. Now a study argues that differences in sleep-dependent memory processing may be another important source of these differences.
Comparative social network analysis in a leaf-roosting bat

Even though social network analysis provides an important tool to characterize and compare societies, no studies have used its analytical applications to characterize patterns of sociality in bats. Here I use social network analysis to characterize and compare patterns of sociality between three populations of the leaf-roosting bat Thyro- ptera tricolor. Sites differed in the density of furled leaves used by T. tricolor for roosting. Finca had more leaves per hectare (77), followed by Urena (58), and Esquinas (7). The time period over which the probability of association is halved based on fitted models was 1,086 days for Finca, 714 days for Urena, and 303 days for Esquinas. Finca and Urena had very similar network topologies, with several small clusters, high-clustering coefficients, short path lengths, low node betweenness, and high network robust- ness. Social networks at Esquinas were composed of one large cluster and several small isolated ones. Esquinas also had high-clustering coefficients, but path length and node betweenness were high. Network resilience was lower in Esquinas compared to Finca and Urena. These results show that, unlike many other forest-dwelling bats that switch roosts regularly, T. tricolor does not exhibit a typical fission-fusion social system, and that resource availability seems to affect social networks in this bat. In addition, this study highlights the importance of emigrating individuals in maintaining social cohesion, establishing network connect- edness, and determining network robustness.
Internal Mammary — Coronary Artery Anastomosis: “No-Touch” Technique

Abstract A simple technique for internal mammary–coronary artery anastomosis that can be applied to all branches of the coronary circulation is described. The anastomosis can be constructed in 10 to 15 minutes. This technique eliminates pinching of the internal mammary artery by forceps.
Causal Inference from Descriptions of Experimental and Non-Experimental Research: Public Understanding of Correlation-Versus-Causation

The human tendency to conflate correlation with causation has been lamented by various scientists (Kida, 2006; Stanovich, 2009), and vivid examples of it can be found in both the media and peer-reviewed literature. However, there is little systematic data on the extent to which individuals conflate correlation with causation. In three experiments, we presented people with one of four research vignettes generated from the combination of two independent variables: whether the vignette described an experimental or non-experimental design, and whether it revealed a positive or negative association. Upon reading their vignette, participants selected inferences that could be drawn from the findings. Participants drew causal inferences from non-experimental vignettes as often as they did from experimental vignettes, and more frequently for causal statements and directions of association that fit with intuitive notions than for those that did not. We discuss our findings in relation to other biases in human thinking.
High-temperature expansions of bures and fisher information priors

For certain infinite and finite-dimensional thermal systems, we obtain\char22{}incorporating quantum-theoretic considerations into Bayesian thermostatistical investigations of Lavenda\char22{}high-temperature expansions over inverse temperature $\ensuremath{\beta}$ induced by volume elements (quantum Jeffreys' priors) of Bures metrics. Similarly to Lavenda's results based on volume elements (Jeffreys' priors) of (classical) Fisher information metrics, we find that in the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}0$ the quantum-theoretic priors either conform to Jeffreys' rule for variables over $[0,\ensuremath{\infty}],$ by being proportional to $1/\ensuremath{\beta},$ or to the Bayes-Laplace principle of insufficient reason, by being constant. Whether a system adheres to one rule or to the other appears to depend upon its number of degrees of freedom.
Building a Replisome Solution Structure by Elucidation of Protein-Protein Interactions in the Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase Holoenzyme

Assembly of DNA replication systems requires the coordinated actions of many proteins. The multiprotein complexes formed as intermediates on the pathway to the final DNA polymerase holoenzyme have been shown to have distinct structures relative to the ground-state structures of the individual proteins. By using a variety of solution-phase techniques, we have elucidated additional information about the solution structure of the bacteriophage T4 holoenzyme. Photocross-linking and mass spectrometry were used to demonstrate interactions between I107C of the sliding clamp and the DNA polymerase. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, analytical ultracentrifugation, and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements were used to demonstrate that the C terminus of the DNA polymerase can interact at two distinct locations on the sliding clamp. Both of these binding modes may be used during holoenzyme assembly, but only one of these binding modes is found in the final holoenzyme. Present and previous solution interaction data were used to build a model of the holoenzyme that is consistent with these data.
White matter lesion volumes and caudate volumes in late-life depression.

Background Decreased caudate volumes and increased white matter lesions (WMLs) are associated both with aging and late-life depression, but the relationship between the two is unclear. We examined the association between WML and caudate volume, hypothesizing there would be a negative association, which would be stronger for WMLs located in anterior regions. We additionally hypothesized that this association would be stronger in depressed subjects. Method This MRI study included 182 elderly depressed and 64 elderly control subjects. Our imaging analysis procedures divided the brain into anterior and posterior halves. WML volume in each half was calculated, as were left and right caudate volumes. A statistical model incorporating WML volumes, age, total brain volume, diagnosis, and gender was used to examine caudate volumes. Results WML volume was negatively associated with total and right caudate volume. This association was stronger for WMLs in the anterior half of the brain. Anterior WML volume was additionally negatively associated with right caudate volume in depressed subjects, but not in controls. Conclusions Using unadjusted levels of significance, WML volume is negatively associated with right caudate volume in both older populations, but with left caudate volume only in depressed individuals. When statistical corrections for multiple comparisons are used, the finding is limited to a negative association between WML volume and right caudate volume, primarily in depressed subjects. This study demonstrates one mechanism by which WMLs may disrupt frontostriatal circuits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic alternatives for chronic urticaria: An evidence-based review, part 2

Objective To evaluate the use of alternative therapies for chronic urticaria refractory to first-line treatments in an evidence-based manner. Data Sources MEDLINE searches were performed cross-referencing urticaria with the names of multiple therapies. Articles were then reviewed for additional citations. Articles published after 1950 were considered. Study Selection All articles, including case reports, were reviewed for soundness and relevance. Results Experience has been reported for a wide variety of alternative therapies in the treatment of chronic idiopathic and physical urticarias. Evidence for most agents is limited to anecdotal reports. The therapies reviewed are also categorized based on criteria of safety, efficacy, convenience, and cost. The less preferred alternative agents in the second part of this review are divided between third-line therapies and others that are unable to be firmly recommended or that seem promising but lack substantial evidence. Conclusions Third-line alternative agents should be considered in patients with chronic urticaria who are severely affected and unresponsive to antihistamines and second-line therapies. Although monitoring for toxicity is important in management with third-line agents, safety remains favorable for most agents compared with corticosteroids.
Methods for the analysis of mortality risks across heterogeneous small populations: examination of space-time gradients in cancer mortality in North Carolina counties 1970-75.

A method of analyzing mortality rates in heterogeneous populations is presented. This method, appropriate for the investigation of mortality rates in small geographic areas (e.g., counties) where the forces of mobility operate to selectively “package” persons, is applied to the determination of whether a spatial west-east gradient in cancer mortality rates existed in North Carolina over the period 1970 to 1975. A significant gradient (as well as a significant temporal trend) is determined to exist in the data, though only for particular race, age and sex-specific demographic groups. Several alternate hypotheses are presented to explain the existence of the spatial gradient in these particular demographic groups.
Assessing target search performance: the free-response operator characteristic model

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a standard method for quantifying the performance of a detection task where the signal of interest is embedded in noise. ROC analysis has been applied to a variety of signal detection problems including medical imaging, acoustics, and automated target detection (ATD). The free response operating characteristic (FROC) curve generalizes the ROC model for search problems. The FROC model is appropriate when multiple detections are possible and the number of false alarms is unconstrained. The shape of the FROC curve depends on the underlying probability distributions for the signal and noise. The general FROC model is presented and parameter estimation is discussed. An example illustrates the approach.
Abstract CN06-01: Cancer stem cells and the EMT.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell-biological program that enables both normal and neoplastic epithelial cells to acquire mesenchymal characteristics. In the case of carcinoma cells, this enables them to invade and to disseminate. In addition, once disseminated, the EMT enables carcinoma cells to extravasate and to establish an initial foothold in the parenchyma of distant organs. Of note, the EMT may be triggered in carcinoma cells by signals that they receive from the adjacent activated stroma, and the proclivity of primary carcinoma cells to activate the EMT program in response to such signals may be an indication of their eventual tendency to invade and metastasize. In addition, activation of the EMT program empowers carcinoma cells to enter into the stem cell state, as defined by their tumor-initiating potential. Importantly, however, cells that have passed through an entire EMT program and become entirely mesenchymal are not qualified to enter into the CSC state and seed metastases. Hence, partial activation of this program would be appear to be optimal for entrance into this state and acquisition of tumor-initiating potential. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):CN06-01. Citation Format: Robert A. Weinberg. Cancer stem cells and the EMT. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN06-01.
Restriction enzyme analysis of the nuclear 45s ribosomal DNA of six cultivated Alliums (Alliaceae)

Estimates of the phylogenetic relationships among cultivated and wildAllium species would benefit from identification of objective molecular characters. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the nuclear 45s ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were identified among two of five accessions of each of six cultivated Alliums. Restriction enzyme sites forBamHI,DraI,EcoRI,EcoRV,SacI, andXbaI were mapped. Different lengths of the rDNA repeat unit among the cultivated Alliums were due to sizes of the intergenic spacer. Nineteen polymorphic restriction enzyme sites were discovered and used to estimate phylogenetic relationships. Cladistic analyses based on Wagner parsimony were completed without an outgroup and resulted in two equally most parsimonious trees of 22 steps. A combined analysis of differences at RE sites in the ribosomal (19 characters) and chloroplast (15 characters) DNA generated a single most parsimonious tree of 39 steps. Single trichotomies were observed at 40 and 41 steps. Strict consensus of the three trees of 41 or fewer steps consisted of a lineage forA. tuberosum, a second forA. ampeloprasum andA. sativum, and a third forA. cepa, A. fistulosum, andA. schoenoprasum. Estimates of phylogenetic relationships based on variability at restriction enzyme sites in the rDNA and chloroplast DNA agree with the classification scheme ofTraub. Because of the predominance of autapomorphies, restriction enzyme analysis of the nuclear 45s rDNA is of limited use in estimating phylogenies amongAllium sections. However it is useful in the establishment of interspecific hybridity.
Spin relaxation of of rubidium atoms induced by collisional modification of the Rb hyperfine interaction

Spin relaxation of Rb atoms induced by collisional modification of the hyperfine interaction has been measured for $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ in He, Ne, and Ar buffer gases at high magnetic field. The relaxation rates at 40 kG are 0.028 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{Torr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ in He, 0.029 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{Torr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ in Ne, and 0.041 ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{Torr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ in Ar. The corresponding relaxation rates for $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ are approximately 4.9 times larger, in accord with theory. Cross sections for the binary $\ensuremath{\delta}a(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}})$ collisional interaction are estimated to be $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\delta}a(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}))(\mathrm{Rb}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{He})=2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\delta}a(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}))(\mathrm{Rb}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Ne})=1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Anomalous relaxation, ${R}^{*}$, is present in the same degree at 40 kG as at low magnetic field, lending strong support to earlier attributions of ${R}^{*}$ to the $\ensuremath{\delta}a(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}})$ interaction in Rb-atom-noble-gas-atom van der Waals molecules.
Prenatal diagnosis of acrania associated with amniotic band syndrome.

Abstract Background The amniotic band syndrome is a collection of fetal malformations associated with fibrous bands that appear to entrap or entangle various fetal parts in utero and can affect any organ or system and cause a single or multiple anomalies. The anomaly, acrania, is characterized by partial or complete absence of the calvarium with abnormal brain tissue development. Literature reports association of amniotic band syndrome and acrania postnatally, but not diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound. Case A young woman, gravida 1, para 0, presented for an initial prenatal visit at 35 weeks’ gestation and had a first ultrasound that showed a single intrauterine pregnancy at 36 weeks’ gestation. This ultrasound also showed polyhydramnios, absence of or a very small cerebrum with either anencephaly or acrania. A targeted ultrasound scan was performed on the following day, which confirmed acrania in view of the fact that we did see an absence of the flat bones of the skull with a substantial amount of abnormal brain tissue present surrounded by a fetal membrane. The patient was counseled, and labor induction was scheduled with a male infant delivered weighing 1763 g after a spontaneous vaginal delivery. The infant was diagnosed with acrania, given supportive care, and died 11 hours later. Conclusion Diagnosis of cranial bone defects can be established by ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy. The prenatal diagnosis of acrania associated with amniotic bands by transvaginal ultrasound was visualized in the third trimester in this case; therefore, appropriate counseling and treatment options were offered.
p-Chlorophenylalanine alters pacing of copulation in female rats

Abstract When tested in apparatus that allowed them to determine their contacts with conspecifics, including sexually active male rats, estrogen- and progesterone-treated female rats systematically treated with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, showed reduced frequency of coital contacts and reduced duration of interactions with sexually active males. PCPA administration did not alter contacts with noncopulating males or other females nor did treated females differ from controls in ability to display lordosis or posing, both stereotyped behaviors characteristic of female rats in behavioral estrus. It is suggested that the alteration of temporal pacing of copulation in the PCPA-treated females is a result of drug-induced changes in the processing of exteroceptive stimuli.
Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus

Background—Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus, but the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in this setting are incompletely understood. Recent studies have shown altered mitochondrial dynamics in diabetes mellitus with increased mitochondrial fission and production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the contribution of altered dynamics to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results—We observed mitochondrial fragmentation (P=0.002) and increased expression of fission-1 protein (Fis1; P<0.0001) in venous endothelial cells freshly isolated from patients with diabetes mellitus (n=10) compared with healthy control subjects (n=9). In cultured human aortic endothelial cells exposed to 30 mmol/L glucose, we observed a similar loss of mitochondrial networks and increased expression of Fis1 and dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), proteins required for mitochondrial fission. Altered mitochondrial dynamics was ass...
Surface Influenced Phase Separation in Organic Thin Films on Drying

Kinetics of phase separation at the air/polymer interface in a binary polymer mixture on evaporation of common solvent is studied. The lateral dimension of the highly anisotropic, pancake-like, minority phase increases with a growth exponent of 2 / 3 , identical to late-stage growth under (classical) thermal quench at interface. The wetting-layer formed at the surface is directly visualized using atomic force microscopy. In contrast to the thermal quench, during drying the kinetics depends on the initial condition (i.e., initial concentration, co) that is resealed to obtain a master curve.
Quality of information concerning cervical disc herniation on the Internet.

Abstract Background Context Many Americans seek and are influenced in their decision making by medical information on the Internet. Past studies have repeatedly found information on most medical Web sites to be deficient and of low quality. Physicians must remain aware of the quality and reliability of the information available on the Internet for patient education purposes. Purpose To assess quality and authorship of Internet Web sites regarding a common cervical spine disorder, cervical disc herniation. Study Design The present study is a systematic quality assessment survey of Web sites concerning cervical disc herniation. Methods Fifty relevant and unique sites were identified. The five most popular search engines were used to identify 100 Web sites using the search term, “cervical disc herniation.” Using a validated technique, three orthopedic surgeons independently generated content quality scores and accuracy scores, then integrated into a single final total summary score for each Web site. Results Four of the five identified top-scoring Web sites were found to be commercial and one was academic. Most of the Web sites were found to be physician sponsored, followed by academic and commercial. Conclusions There is wide variability in Web site quality, with most of the Web sites failing to be sufficiently comprehensive and accurate. Physicians treating patients with cervical disc herniation must remain vigilant in guiding their patients to proper information on the Internet.