cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contingent fee caps, screening, and the quality of legal services

Abstract In theory, contingent fees can reduce the effects of informational asymmetries by allowing clients to screen low-quality attorneys who obtain smaller awards in expectation. We experimentally examine whether clients possess the sophistication necessary to design screening contracts and how contingent fee caps affect a client's ability to screen. When contingent fees are unrestricted, we find that most subjects are able to design contracts that screen low-quality attorneys, resulting in an increase in the quality of legal services. However, we find that contingent fee caps decrease the frequency of screening even if the cap is non-binding. Caps on contingent fees also reduce clients’ ability to extract surplus, allowing attorneys to earn greater profits.
Dermatitis following systemic prednisolone: Patch testing with prednisolone eye drops

Although positive reactions to topical corticosteroids can occur in over 1% of a patch-test population, systemic reactions to oral corticosteroids are uncommon. A 45-year-old woman who gave a clear history of the generalization of a cutaneous eruption following oral prednisolone was positive on patch testing using prednisolone eye drops.
Inroads to Integrative Health Care: Registered Nurses’ Personal Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affects Professional Identity and Nursing Practice:

Nurses are increasingly using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for relief of personal health issues. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to explore how nurses’ TCM experiences affect nurses’ professional identities and practices. Symbolic interaction is the research framework used. Mixed methods of coding facilitate data analysis. Sociological theories explain the findings. The study included 20 semistructured interviews of 10 practicing nurses and 10 faculty members in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota. The data provide the basis for several new conclusions. Nursing subspecialty practice norms determine how TCM experience affects nurses’ professional identities and nursing practices. Mutable nursing careers enable nurses to incorporate TCM into their nursing ‘‘toolbox.’’ Among the significant findings from this study is that nurses try TCM and share that information with others, creating inroads for integration of TCM into Western medicine.
The social nature of natural childbirth

This paper aims to develop a better understanding of what proponents of natural childbirth mean by "natural." Using a biosocial approach to birth that posits that all birth is both social and natural, the paper investigates how proponents represent the relationship between nature and society. The study asks about what kinds of nature-society relationships are expressed in proponents' representations of natural childbirth. The study examines how natural childbirth is represented by proponents in popular non-fictional English language books written for pregnant women. Claims in these books are not taken as reality, but are analyzed as ideas about nature-society relations. The central finding is that these authors simultaneously emphasize the naturalness of birth and showcase three types of social practices that they describe as being integral to natural childbirth: (1) activity during birth, (2) preparation before birth, and (3) social support, both in an individual and in a broader socio-cultural sense. At least for these authors, it is these social practices that allow natural childbirth to be natural. These findings on the social nature of natural childbirth challenge current social science scholarship, in which natural childbirth is characterized as an essentializing and nostalgic attempt to return to nature.
Quantitative determination of circulating immune complexes by inhibition of the hemolytic activity of polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factor.

Abstract A practical and sensitive method for detection and quantification of soluble complement-fixing immune complexes in sera of patients with various disease states has been developed. The assay is based on inhibition of complement-dependent sheep red cell hemolysis mediated by polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factor. Aggregated human IgG was used as an in vitro model of C-fixing human immune complexes and was quantified by its ability to inhibit hemolysis of sensitized sheep red cells by isolated IgM rheumatoid factor. The limit of sensitivity of this assay was 1–3 μg/ml. Fixation of complement in competition with isolated IgM rheumatoid factor, resulting in inhibition of hemolysis of sensitized sheep red cells, was used for detection and quantification of immune complexes in human sera. IgM rheumatoid factor was incubated with sensitised sheep red cells followed by addition of test sera; guinea pig complement was added; and the amount of IgM rheumatoid factor mediated hemolysis was determined spectrophotometrically and referred to a standard curve of inhibition of hemolysis by increasing amounts of aggregated human gamma-globulin. Good discrimination between sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared with normal and hospitalized subjects was found.
Task parameter effects on the performance of rats with unilateral hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract Rats with unilateral lesions to the lateral hypothalamus (ULH) showed a deficit in making contraversive responses in a T-maze. This deficit was more severe in animals required to turn from a run down a long stemmed T-maze than in animals tested in a short stemmed T-maze. When ULH rats were required to turn contraversively in an L-maze, their ipsiversive bias was broken up more quickly than when they were tested in the T-maze. The strength of the positional bias of ULH animals is discussed with respect to its modifiability by task demands.
Glycolytic enzyme activities in malignant cells grown in vitro and in vivo.

Summary Cell proximity has a profound effect on the glycolytic enzyme levels observed in mammalian cells grown in vitro. Hexokinase activity generally increased with the increasing cell density of both untransformed and virus-transformed cultures. In contrast, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were generally elevated only in crowded cultures of transformed cells. A spontaneous experimental mouse tumor cell line (EMT6) exhibited cell crowding-dependent elevations in glycolytic enzyme levels when cultured in vitro. The glycolytic enzyme levels of experimental mouse tumors grown in vivo, on the other hand, were constant and normally less than those observed in cultured EMT6 cells.
Integrating Male and Female Elements in a Woman's gEnder Identity

Despite advances in female developmental theory since the 1970s, there remains a lingering tendency to stereotype and polarize gender identity. The key to this puzzle may be found in the legacy of early libido theory, which offers an unintegratable solution for women. This is because in order for a woman to claim femininity according to this early theory, her masculine trends in development must be repudiated and `overcome.` A contemporary theory based on primary femininity suggests that this early theoretical `either/or` dilemma puts forward a developmentally immature solution. The analysis of a thirty-year-old woman, and a commentary contrasting `old` and `newer` ways of thinking on the part of the analyst, demonstrate that an interweaving pattern of paternal identifications and male body representations, together with the female body image and female identifications, is necessary to create a mature gender identity portrait. The female body representation and maternal identifications may indeed be enhan...
Ku70 Is Required for Late B Cell Development and Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class Switching

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (HC) class switch recombination (CSR) is a late B cell process that involves intrachromosomal DNA rearrangement. Ku70 and Ku80 form a DNA end-binding complex required for DNA double strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Ku70−/− (K70T) mice, like recombination activating gene (RAG)-1– or RAG-2–deficient (R1T or R2T) mice, have impaired B and T cell development at an early progenitor stage, which is thought to result at least in part from defective V(D)J recombination (Gu, Y., K.J. Seidl, G.A. Rathbun, C. Zhu, J.P. Manis, N. van der Stoep, L. Davidson, H.L. Cheng, J.M. Sekiguchi, K. Frank, et al. 1997. Immunity. 7:653–665; Ouyang, H., A. Nussenzweig, A. Kurimasa, V.C. Soares, X. Li, C. Cordon-Cardo, W. Li, N. Cheong, M. Nussenzweig, G. Iliakis, et al. 1997. J. Exp. Med. 186:921–929). Therefore, to examine the potential role of Ku70 in CSR, we generated K70T mice that carry a germline Ig HC locus in which the JH region was replaced with a functionally rearranged VH(D)JH and Ig λ light chain transgene (referred to as K70T/HL mice). Previously, we have shown that B cells from R1T or R2T mice carrying these rearranged Ig genes (R1T/HL or R2T/HL mice) can undergo CSR to IgG isotypes (Lansford, R., J. Manis, E. Sonoda, K. Rajewsky, and F. Alt. 1998. Int. Immunol. 10:325–332). K70T/HL mice had significant numbers of peripheral surface IgM+ B cells, which generated serum IgM levels similar to those of R2T/HL mice. However, in contrast to R2T/HL mice, K70T/HL mice had no detectable serum IgG isotypes. In vitro culture of K70T/HL B cells with agents that induce CSR in normal or R2T/HL B cells did lead to the induction of germline CH transcripts, indicating that initial signaling pathways for CSR were intact in K70T/HL cells. However, treatment with such agents did not lead to detectable CSR by K70T/HL B cells, and instead, led to cell death within 72 h. We conclude that Ku70 is required for the generation of B cells that have undergone Ig HC class switching. Potential roles for Ku70 in the CSR process are discussed.
Neuroprotective role of δ-opioid receptors in cortical neurons

We recently demonstrated that δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation protects cortical neurons against glutamate-induced injury. Because glutamate is a mediator of hypoxic injury in neurons, we hypothe...
Octopamine neuromodulation regulates Gr32a-linked aggression and courtship pathways in Drosophila males.

Chemosensory pheromonal information regulates aggression and reproduction in many species, but how pheromonal signals are transduced to reliably produce behavior is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the pheromonal signals detected by Gr32a-expressing chemosensory neurons to enhance male aggression are filtered through octopamine (OA, invertebrate equivalent of norepinephrine) neurons. Using behavioral assays, we find males lacking both octopamine and Gr32a gustatory receptors exhibit parallel delays in the onset of aggression and reductions in aggression. Physiological and anatomical experiments identify Gr32a to octopamine neuron synaptic and functional connections in the suboesophageal ganglion. Refining the Gr32a-expressing population indicates that mouth Gr32a neurons promote male aggression and form synaptic contacts with OA neurons. By restricting the monoamine neuron target population, we show that three previously identified OA-FruM neurons involved in behavioral choice are among the Gr32a-OA connections. Our findings demonstrate that octopaminergic neuromodulatory neurons function as early as a second-order step in this chemosensory-driven male social behavior pathway.
Ship Service Life and Naval Force Structure

The Naval Sea Systems Command has conducted several interdisciplinary studies recently, motivated by a need to address the high cost and extended duration of naval vessel design and construction. Naval architecture and force structure studies have been key components of these efforts. Two general approaches are available: development of alternative future fleet design and programming concepts, and changes in ship expected service life policy. These are not mutually exclusive alternatives, service life is a key variable in future force planning regardless of any other variables considered. In this paper, issues associated with both approaches are described and discussed. Potential implications for future naval force structure planning are identified and recommendations for future work are suggested.
Imaging Tumor Burden in the Brain with 89Zr-Transferrin

The effective management of tumors in the brain imposes several unique clinical challenges. For example, the complete surgical resection of a primary brain tumor—a critical factor influencing prognosis—is often complicated by atypical tumor margins or proximity to essential neurologic tissue (1,2). Moreover, because the blood–brain barrier can obstruct the delivery of systemically administered therapeutics, the pharmacokinetic limitations of drugs designed to address primary or metastatic brain tumors can severely dampen clinical responses (3). With some success, noninvasive imaging modalities have been invoked to address these challenges. One of the most visible examples of progress has been the use of MR imaging to localize a tumor mass or to monitor tumor burden after therapy (4). However, the low sensitivity of this modality, and its inability to distinguish tumors from nonmalignant pathologies (infection), precludes its application to some common clinical issues (e.g., detection of residual or recurrent subclinical disease). Because of its comparatively lower detection limit, and its ability to intercalate tumor biology independent of morphologic changes, nuclear medicine technologies (e.g., PET) are regarded as an attractive complement to anatomic imaging. Indeed, several clinical studies have been conducted with common (18F-FDG) and investigational radiotracers (3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine, 11C-labeled amino acids), resulting in some degree of disease contrast and effectively establishing proof of concept (5). However, shortcomings have been documented and are generally attributed to obfuscating uptake in normal brain tissue, ongoing questions concerning mechanism of action, and the practical limitations of studying radiotracers with rapid decay kinetics. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that 89Zr-transferrin, a radiotracer we previously developed to target transferrin receptor (TFRC) in prostate cancer (6), could be a generally useful tool for the detection and monitoring of tumor burden in the brain. Indeed, there is a known tropism of transferrin for primary and metastatic brain tumors (7,8), leading several groups to exploit this property therapeutically by coupling transferrin to anticancer drugs to foster tumor-specific delivery (9–12). Moreover, our previous work with this radiotracer (and with 89Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies) resulted in high-contrast images of tumors, with generally low uptake in normal tissues (13,14). Part of the success can be attributed to 89Zr itself—the radionuclide has highly attractive physical properties such as its long half-life (~78 h), which is well suited to the length of time required for large biomolecules such as transferrin to distribute in vivo (15). Collectively, these observations led us to profile the avidity of primary brain tumor models for 89Zr-transferrin.
Intestinal Perfusion in Hemorrhagic Shock

Dogs were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm. Hg and maintained at this level for 4 to 5 hours, or until 40 per cent of their maximum bleeding volume was taken back spontaneously. When the superior mesenteric artery was autoperfused at normal rates with arterial blood, only 2 of 22 animals survived. On the other hand, when a donor animal was included in the perfusion system, a significantly higher (P=0.03) fraction survived (5 out of 14). If the removed blood was not reinfused as soon as 40 per cent of the maximum bleeding volume was taken back but the hypertensive period was maintained for a full 5 hours, then only 1 dog out of 9 survived as long as 35 hours, despite the fact that all 9 dogs in this group were given additional transfusions equal to the "take-up" volume.
Diagnostic utility of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in myelodysplastic syndrome.

We read with great interest the article of Stetler-Stevenson et al,[1][1] which brings surface-marker analysis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to the attention of the scientific community and provides evidence for its possible utilization. However, we have some comments and questions related to
Comparison of Two Wood Plastic Composite Extruders Using Bootstrap Confidence Intervals on Measurements of Sample Failure Data

The authors analyze the strength of wood plastic composite (WPC) boards, an emerging engineered wood composite.
The influence of transition metal solutes on the dislocation core structure and values of the Peierls stress and barrier in tungsten

Several transition metals were examined to evaluate their potential for improving the ductility of tungsten. The dislocation core structure and Peierls stress and barrier of 1/2〈111〉 screw dislocations in binary tungsten–transition metal alloys (W1−xTMx) were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The periodic quadrupole approach was applied to model the structure of the 1/2〈111〉 dislocation. Alloying with transition metals was modeled using the virtual crystal approximation and the applicability of this approach was assessed by calculating the equilibrium lattice parameter and elastic constants of the tungsten alloys. Reasonable agreement was obtained with experimental data and with results obtained from the conventional supercell approach. Increasing the concentration of a transition metal from the VIIIA group, i.e. the elements in columns headed by Fe, Co and Ni, leads to reduction of the C′ elastic constant and increase of the elastic anisotropy A = C44/C′. Alloying W with a group VIIIA transition metal changes the structure of the dislocation core from symmetric to asymmetric, similarly to results obtained for W1−xRex alloys in the earlier work of Romaner et al (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 195503). In addition to a change in the core symmetry, the values of the Peierls stress and barrier are reduced. The latter effect could lead to increased ductility in a tungsten-based alloy. Our results demonstrate that alloying with any of the transition metals from the VIIIA group should have a similar effect to alloying with Re.
Allocating capacity in parallel queues to improve their resilience to deliberate attack

We develop models that lend insight into how to design systems that enjoy economies of scale in their operating costs, when those systems will subsequently face disruptions from accidents, acts of nature, or an intentional attack from a well-informed attacker. The systems are modeled as parallel M/M/1 queues, and the key question is how to allocate service capacity among the queues to make the system resilient to worst-case disruptions. We formulate this problem as a three-level sequential game of perfect information between a defender and a hypothetical attacker. The optimal allocation of service capacity to queues depends on the type of attack one is facing. We distinguish between deterministic incremental attacks, where some, but not all, of the capacity of each attacked queue is knocked out, and zero-one random-outcome (ZORO) attacks, where the outcome is random and either all capacity at an attacked queue is knocked out or none is. There are differences in the way one should design systems in the face of incremental or ZORO attacks. For incremental attacks it is best to concentrate capacity. For ZORO attacks the optimal allocation is more complex, typically, but not always, involving spreading the service capacity out somewhat among the servers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 58: 731-742, 2011
Interaction of luminance and higher-order statistics in texture discrimination

Most studies of texture processing are based on textures in which individual pixel statistics are varied and spatial correlations are absent (‘‘IID textures’’), or textures in which spatial correlation structure is varied and luminance, or first-order, statistics are held constant. Here we jointly examine simple pixel statistics and fourth-order spatial correlation structure along the continuum of ‘‘even’’ and ‘‘odd’’ isodipole textures of Julesz, Gilbert and Victor [Julesz, B., Gilbert, E.N., & Victor, J.D. (1978). Biological Cybernetics, 31(3) 137–140], as well as their interactions. Absolute efficiency to detect either kind of statistical cue is low: approximately 0.05 for luminance statistics, and 0.004 for isodipole statistics. Above threshold, isodipole statistics must change by approximately four times the amount that pixel statistics must change to generate an equally salient texture. When pixel statistics and isodipole statistics are simultaneously varied, the two texture cues combine by probability summation and perceptual distances are approximately Euclidean. Superimposed on this picture are subtle foreground/background asymmetries that suggest properties of the visual mechanisms that are sensitive to these image statistics. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Crystal field and molecular orbital calculation of the optical transitions in Ce doped alkaline earth sulfide (MgS, CaS, SrS, and BaS) phosphors

Abstract The effect that different alkaline earth sulfide host materials have on the Ce+3 5d→4f optical transitions is investigated using self-consistent field-configuration interaction calculations. The results are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined transition energies for MgS : Ce, CaS : Ce, SrS : Ce, and BaS : Ce. The red shift of the spectroscopy of BaS : Ce relative to that of SrS : Ce was correctly predicted. In addition, calculated oscillator strengths of the electronic transitions in SrS : Ce and BaS : Ce were fit with Gaussian shapes to model the vibronic structure. Both absorption and emission spectra were generated, and were found to have good agreement with experimental spectra. Point charge-crystal-field calculations were employed in an attempt to account for the experimentally observed trend, but failed to do so. A population analysis of the configuration interaction states indicates that the trend in emission energies is caused by differing extents of covalency experienced by the Ce 5d orbitals in the various host materials.
Mariama Barry, Ken Bugul, Calixthe Beyala, and the Politics of Female Homoeroticism in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Literature

The emergence of African feminism and womanism has elucidated pivotal issues that African women face in a patriarchal society that undermines their existence. However, such movements reinforce the dominant presence of heterosexual standards in denying the reality of its most marginalized subset, same-sex love interactions. This article explores the relationship between culture, society, law, gender, free will, and sexuality. I unravel the strategies of writing female homoerotic desire, displaying the ingenious literary devices, adroit techniques, and skills that allow three African women writers—Mariama Barry, Ken Bugul, and Calixthe Beyala—to cre- ate a narrative space in which female sexuality is viewed through complex lenses that alternate, combine, or contradict heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality.
Multilateralism, Bilateralism, and Exclusion in the Nuclear Proliferation Regime

I use the nuclear proliferation regime to show that dyadic diplomacy is not necessarily incompatible with the building of a multilateral regime; bilateralism is not the opposite of multilateralism, but an efficient component thereof+ Although this point will not be new to most students of institutions, no general rationale has so far been offered on the complementarity of bilateral and multilateral diplomacy+ Start- ing from a characterization of proliferation as the result of a large number of prisoner's dilemmas played out between states engaged in local dyadic rivalries, I demonstrate that it is possible for the superpowers to design an optimal mix of threats and bribes in which states with low compliance costs join the regime on the terms of the multi- lateral treaty alone; states with intermediate compliance costs need additional cus- tomized incentives, delivered through bilateral agreements; and states with high compliance costs are not only left out of the regime but also punished for nonpartici- pation+ I draw a few comparative statics that I systematically test on Nuclear Prolif- eration Treaty ~NPT! membership data+ I discuss the applicability of the model to the currency, trade, and aid regimes+
Guest Editor's Introduction: Interactive Narrative

The guest editor introduces this special issue on interactive narrative. The three theme articles present three approaches to resolving the conflict between story and interactivity.
An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children.

An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children
Word spotting in scanned images using hidden Markov models

A hidden-Markov-model (HMM)-based system for font-independent spotting of user-specified keywords in a scanned image is described. Word bounding boxes of potential keywords are extracted from the image using a morphology-based preprocessor. Feature vectors based on the external shape and internal structure of the word are computed over vertical columns of pixels in a word bounding box. For each user-specified keyword, an HMM is created by concatenating appropriate context-dependent character HMMs. Nonkeywords are modeled using an HMM based on context-dependent subcharacter models. Keyword spotting is performed using a Viterbi search through the HMM network created by connecting the keyword and nonkeyword HMMs in parallel. Applications of word-image spotting include information filtering in images from facsimile and copy machines, and information retrieval from text image databases. >
A Concept Analysis of Self-Efficacy Among Chinese Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus

Aim This paper is a report of concept analysis of self-efficacy in elderly with diabetes in China. Methods Literature was systematically retrieved from 2000 to 2011 using five databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, OVID, PsycInfo, and Web of Science. The key words used in the search were self-efficacy, diabetes, type 2, aged, self-care, and China. The electronic search was supplemented by a manual search of current issues of periodicals and follow-up of other cited materials, where appropriate. A total of 45 articles were retrieved. After a careful review of the 45 articles most relevant to the topic, 31 articles remained. They were used to complete a concept analysis using Walker and Avant's technique. Results Four defining attributes of self-efficacy were identified: (a) cognitive recognition of requisite specific techniques and skills required to undertake diabetes self-management, (b) perceived expectations of the outcomes of self-management, (c) confidence in the capability to perform self-management, and (d) sustained efforts in self-management of diabetes. Conclusions Self-efficacy has been an important determinant in self-management among elderly with diabetes. The application of self-efficacy should be incorporated into decision-making and problem-solving procedures when caring for older adults with diabetes.
Intein Clustering Suggests Functional Importance in Different Domains of Life

Inteins, also called protein introns, are self-splicing mobile elements found in all domains of life. A bioinformatic survey of genomic data highlights a biased distribution of inteins among functional categories of proteins in both bacteria and archaea, with a strong preference for a single network of functions containing replisome proteins. Many nonorthologous, functionally equivalent replicative proteins in bacteria and archaea carry inteins, suggesting a selective retention of inteins in proteins of particular functions across domains of life. Inteins cluster not only in proteins with related roles but also in specific functional units of those proteins, like ATPase domains. This peculiar bias does not fully fit the models describing inteins exclusively as parasitic elements. In such models, evolutionary dynamics of inteins is viewed primarily through their mobility with the intein homing endonuclease (HEN) as the major factor of intein acquisition and loss. Although the HEN is essential for intein invasion and spread in populations, HEN dynamics does not explain the observed biased distribution of inteins among proteins in specific functional categories. We propose that the protein splicing domain of the intein can act as an environmental sensor that adapts to a particular niche and could increase the chance of the intein becoming fixed in a population. We argue that selective retention of some inteins might be beneficial under certain environmental stresses, to act as panic buttons that reversibly inhibit specific networks, consistent with the observed intein distribution.
Fluorine-18 labeled thia fatty acids for PET imaging of fatty acid oxidation in heart and cancer

Myocardial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) imaging is a noninvasive technique that can measure FAO rates in tissues for research applications in animals and humans, as well as clinical applications in managing patients with metabolic disorders. FAO imaging has great potential in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure. Applications of FAO imaging in oncology and endocrinology are also highly anticipated. For over 20 years, our laboratory has investigated fluorine-18 labeled thia-substituted fatty acid analogs as positron emission tomography (PET) probes of myocardial FAO. These FAO probes share a common design motif of metabolic trapping in the myocardium subsequent to their commitment to the mitochondrial FAO pathway, in analogy to the design of 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) as a metabolically trapped probe of glucose transport and phosphorylation. This mini-review describes the development of these FAO probes, from the seminal 6-thia substituted analog, 14-[ 18 F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoate (FTHA), to the most recently developed oleate-based FAO analog, 18-[ 18 F]fluoro-4-thia-oleate (FTO). It is shown that small changes in thia fatty acid analog structure can exert profound differences in the biodisposition and specificity of these probes to indicate myocardial FAO, particularly in conditions of oxygen deprivation. The potential of these probes for imaging of FAO in cancer is supported by initial uptake studies in cultured cancer cells. Thus, 18 F-labeled thia fatty acid analogs have significant potential to play an important role as clinical PET probes of FAO in cardiovascular diseases, oncology, and future anticipated applications in endocrinology and neurology.
Improve the signal-to-noise ratio of ultrasound-switchable fluorescence technique for deep-tissue high-resolution fluorescence imaging

Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) technique has been recently developed for imaging centimeter-deep tissues with microscopic resolution. Its signal-to-noise can be significantly improved via the method described in this study.
Illustrations of Fungi—XXXII

Pileus convex, solitary, 5-IO cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, very viscid, yellowish-brown, grayish-brown, or reddishbrown, sometimes streaked, becoming darker and duller with age; context compact, pale-yellowish, darker with age, unchanging when wounded, edible; tubes I.5-2.5 mm. long, plane or convex in mass, adnate or slightly decurrent, somewhat depressed, darkmelleous, unchanging when wounded, darker with age, mouths i mm. in diameter, nearly circular, the edges adorned with reddishbrown dots; spores oblong-fusiform, smooth, yellowish-brown, 6-9 X 2.5-4A; stipe slightly tapering downward, pale-yellow to reddish-brown, glandular-dotted both above and below the annulus, solid, yellowish and unchanging within, about 3-6 cm. long, I-2 cm. thick; annulus large, membranous, white to slightly brownish, glandular-dotted, persistent. This large and striking edible species occurs in sandy soil in coniferous or mixed woods throughout Europe and the eastern United States, being more abundant in cooler regions. It exhibits several variations and has received several names, but is
Hodgkin's Disease. I. Negative Skin Reactions to Gland Extracts

Because of the recent interest aroused by Frei1 in demonstrating a diagnostic skin reaction to the whole extracts of glands in the virus disease lymphogranulomatosis (4th venereal disease) it was decided to observe the skin reactions on patients with Hodgkin's disease to the extracts of Hodgkin's diseased glands. Although the etiology of this disease remains obscure there are some2 who believe it may be due to a virus. Skin reactions can be obtained with the extract of skin lesions in small pox and vaccinia, a virus disease.The injection of filtrates of Hodgkin's glands has been used in treatment of the disease but the skin reactions to these filtrates have not been described adequately. Skin reactions to a preparation from Hodgkin's diseased glands were reported as negative in 3 cases by Fox and Farley.3Here we are further recording the negative results obtained in 11 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated by Roentgen ray in whom the diagnosis was assured by biopsy. All but one patient showed a skin rea...
Butterfly diversity in Yinpingshan Nature Reserve of Dongguan,South China

A four-time investigation with line transect method was conducted on the butterfly diversity in Yinpingshan Nature Reserve of Dongguan in 2010-2011.Forty-two species of butterfly belonging to 31 genera and 9 families were identified.Pieridae had the most abundant individuals,followed by Papilionidae,Nymphalidae,and Satyridae.Nymphalidae was the highest in species richness,followed by Papilionidae,and Pieridae.The Shannon index and abundance of the butterfly were the highest in July,followed by in May,November,and February.Due to the rapid social and economic development,the Yinpingshan Nature Reserve suffered great environmental stress,leading to the significantly lower species richness and abundance of butterfly than that in the peripheral areas of the Pearl River Delta.It was suggested that more attention should be taken to restore and improve the environmental quality during the process of urban development,so that the biodiversity could be effectively protected.
Adapting ASR for under-resourced languages using mismatched transcriptions

Mismatched transcriptions of speech in a target language refers to transcriptions provided by people unfamiliar with the language, using English letter sequences. In this work, we demonstrate the value of such transcriptions in building an ASR system for the target language. For different languages, we use less than an hour of mismatched transcriptions to successfully adapt baseline multilingual models built with no access to native transcriptions in the target language. The adapted models provide up to 25% relative improvement in phone error rates on an unseen evaluation set.
On the relationship between the number of a broker’s real estate listings and transaction outcomes

This paper documents that sellers who employ brokerage offices that list a large number of properties (“active brokerages”) obtain higher selling prices, smaller negotiated discounts from the corresponding list prices, and shorter times on the market for their listed properties. Sellers who employ active brokerages list their properties at prices that are closer to our hedonic model’s predicted prices. Interestingly, properties that are listed at discounts relative to their predicted prices are snapped up more quickly only if they are associated with brokerages that list a relatively small number of properties. In addition, properties listed by active brokerages are less likely to be listed “as is” and are more likely to have their defects repaired prior to being listed. Moreover, because the efficacy of brokerage services varies across brokerage offices, the results also suggest that the use of an indicator variable for the use of brokerage services is not sufficient to capture the complete impact of the use of a real estate broker on transaction outcomes. In addition, the Appendix discusses the concern for potential endogeneities between the number of brokerage listings and transaction outcomes. It documents that the Durban–Wu–Hausman test indicates that exogeneity cannot be rejected.
Curzon’s Complaint (1892)

If the 1723 Persian cession of the “length of the Caspian Sea” were to be taken at face value, one may suppose that the Russian-Persian boundary in the Caspian would have run at the water-line along the Persian coast. This would have not been an anomaly. For example, in consequence of the Persian-Ottoman war of 1821–1823 and the ensuing Treaty of Erzerum in 1847, the Persian-Ottoman boundary in the Shatt al-Arab waterway was fixed such that, with the exception of the frontage off Mohammareh, present-day Khorramshahr, and Abadan, the Ottoman empire gained sovereignty over the entire width of the waterway up to the left bank, but Persia had the right to navigate the river.1
A particle swarm optimization method for the capacity configuration of wind & hydropower & coal for the energy base delivering to the load center

This paper propose a model to deal with the capacity allocation problems of configuration of wind & hydropower & coal combined transmission from the energy bases to the load centers by high voltage DC. A comprehensively optimal objective function is established considering the investment cost of lines and converter station cost, line power loss cost, operation cost, clean energy curtailment cost and clean energy revenue. Besides, the constraints of power system security and peak load regulating capacity are considered in this model. Due to the complex of the optimal model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the merits of probability expression and superposition state is chose to solve the objective function. Finally the west grid with abundant wind & hydropower & coal resources is used as the case study. The results can validate the proposed model and algorithm is feasible and effective.
CD34+ Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Demonstrate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Potential In Vitro and in Vivo.

We have previously described methods to use either stromal cell co-culture or embryoid-body (EB) formation to support the hematopoietic development of undifferentiated human ES cells (both H1 and H9 cell lines). Either FBS-based media or serum-free media with specific cytokines can be used to derive CD34+ cells, CD45+ cells and hematopoietic progenitors as identified by colony-forming cell (CFC) assays that give rise to mature myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cells. Genes such as RUNX1, HOXB4, TAL1, and GATA2, all known to be expressed during early hematopoiesis are up-regulated during hematopoietic differentiation of human ES cells. Here, we advance these studies to demonstrate that human ES cell-derived CD34+ cells function as early hematopoietic precursors in surrogate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) assays. The long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) assay is commonly used to quantify hematopoietic precursors that can be maintained in culture for 5 or more weeks. Human cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ cells have a LTC-IC frequency of approximately 1:30. We demonstrate LTC-ICs can also be identified from human ES cell-derived CD34+ at a frequency of approximately 1:400. These results suggest CD34+ cells from human ES cells are more heterogeneous than CD34+ cells from CB. Furthermore, we now demonstrate in vitro culture of human ES cell-derived CD34+ cells identify these cells as lymphocyte precursors. Here, we used a natural killer (NK) cell-initiating cell assay (NK-IC) where CD34+ cells are cultured on AFT024 stromal cells in media containing IL15, IL7, and other defined cytokines for 2–4 weeks. Under these conditions, both CB and human ES cell-derived cells give rise to lymphoid cells (NK cells) with over 40% CD45+CD56+ cells. Under alternative culture conditions, CD3+ T cells can also be produced from CD34+ human ES cell-derived cells. Therefore, CD34+ cells derived from human ES cells represent both myeloid and lymphoid precursor cells. Since it is not possible to define a HSC population based solely on in vitro assays, we have examined the potential for human ES cell-derived hematopoietic cells to engraft in sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice. Detection of scid-repopulating cells (SRCs) are considered a better surrogate for HSCs. Bone marrow, peripheral blood, and splenocytes were examined for human CD34+ and CD45+ cells 3–6 months after injection of human ES cell-derived blood cells. PCR for human chromosome 17-specific alpha-satellite DNA was also done to confirm the presence of human cells in all mice showing evidence of engraftment. We consistently find stable engraftment with 0.5–3% human CD45+ cells in the bone marrow of these mice. To better define these cells as HSCs, secondary transplants also demonstrate stable engraftment. Importantly, no teratomas are demonstrated in mice injected with differentiated human ES cells. These results demonstrate that HSCs with long-term engraftment and multi-lineage potential can be routinely and efficiently generated from human ES cells.
The Laboratory Experiment Versus Field Research

At the turn of the century, Norman Triplett (1897-1898) conducted a simple laboratory experiment in which people were asked to wind fishing reels in the presence or absence of others. Triplett’s intent was to explain a phenomenon he observed while racing a bicycle—namely, that racers performed better when competing against others than when racing against the clock. By using a laboratory experiment to isolate the variables of interest and testing hypotheses about them, Triplett was among the first psychologists to study a social psychological phenomenon using a method that in this century has gained widespread prominence in the social and behavioral sciences.
Fish larval supply to and within a lagoonal estuary: multiple sources for Barnegat Bay, New Jersey

We evaluated spatial variation in fish larval supply to a temperate, lagoon type estuary (Barnegat Bay, New Jersey) by determining species composition, size, and stage into inlets (n = 2), thoroughfares between adjacent estuaries (n = 3), and within the estuary (n = 4) in seasonal, synoptic sampling on night time flood tides during 2010–2014. Larval supply, as sampled with identical plankton nets (1 m diameter, 1 mm mesh) was dominated by post-flexion stage individuals (most 5–10 but reaching 70+ mm) from species spawned in the Atlantic Ocean from a variety of sources (e.g., Sargasso Sea, outer and inner continental shelf) and in the bay. While abundance for individual species varied among locations and years, in general, the larval composition was similar across inlets, thoroughfares, and within the bay within the same seasons. Homogenization across locations was likely the result of the tidal exchanges between the ocean, the estuary, and the adjacent locations. These exchanges provide numerous, redundant sources of larvae to this estuarine nursery. The similarity in larval supply among inlets, thoroughfares, and within the estuary indicates that the longer term study location behind Little Egg Inlet is representative for this, and probably other, estuaries along the New Jersey shore.
Stability of grassland soil C and N pools despite 25 years of an extreme climatic and disturbance regime

Citation: Wilcox, K. R., Blair, J. M., & Knapp, A. K. (2016). Stability of grassland soil C and N pools despite 25years of an extreme climatic and disturbance regime. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 121(7), 1934-1945. doi:10.1002/2016jg003370
Detection of leukemic clone maturation in vivo by premature chromosome condensation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the technique of premature chromosome condensation to detect the in vivo maturation of abnormal elements in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute leukemia. Patients were chosen for study if there were a clinical suggestion of in vivo maturation and a leukemic clone exhibiting a distinguishable karyotypic abnormality. Mature peripheral blood granulocytes were enriched by two- step Ficoll-Hypaque gradient sedimentation and fused with mitotic Chinese hamster ovary cells to induce the formation of prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC). These PCC were then analyzed for chromosome number per cell (in the case of patients with a numerical abnormality) or by G-banding (in the case of specific translocations). Of 13 patients chosen for study, 12 showed karyotypic evidence for maturation of the abnormal elements in vivo. Maturation was observed in a number of clinical situations including before treatment in benign CML and myelodysplasia, after low-dose and high-dose chemotherapy in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and in remission. These results suggest that the technique of premature chromosome condensation can be a powerful tool in better understanding the biology of disease and mode of response to therapy in vivo in patients with leukemia and preleukemic syndromes, especially during treatment with agents thought to induce maturation of the leukemic elements.
Phase 1 trial, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of dasatinib combined with crizotinib in children with recurrent or progressive high-grade and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Background Progressive/recurrent high-grade and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) are fatal. Treatments targeting molecular pathways critical for these cancers are needed. Methods We conducted a phase 1 study (rolling-six design) to establish the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of dasatinib, an oral platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) inhibitor, and crizotinib, an oral c-Met inhibitor, in such patients. Pharmacokinetics of both agents were performed. Biomarkers of cellular pathway activation in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were evaluated before and after administration of dasatinib. PDGFRA and MET amplification, and PDGFRA mutations were studied in tumor samples. Results Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study (median age: 11.9 years). Eleven patients had DIPG. Glioblastoma accounted for 40% of cases. Dasatinib at 50 mg/m2 and crizotinib at 130 mg/m2 or 100 mg/m2 were poorly tolerated when administered twice daily. Drug administration was then switched to once daily. Dasatinib administered at 50 mg/m2 and crizotinib at 215 mg/m2 once daily was the MTD. Dose-limiting toxicities consisted of diarrhea, fatigue, proteinuria, hyponatremia, rash, and grade 4 neutropenia. Only two patients received therapy for at least 6 months. No objective radiologic responses were observed. Pharmacokinetics of dasatinib and crizotinib were comparable to previous studies. A statistically significant decrease in the ratio of p-AKT/total AKT in PBMC occurred after dasatinib administration. PDGFRA and MET amplification were found in four and two cases, respectively. Only one of 10 tumors harbored a PDGFRA mutation. Conclusions This drug combination was poorly tolerated and its activity was minimal. We do not recommend further testing of this combination in children.
Young children’s picture-books as a forum for the socialization of emotion:

Guided by Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, this article examined whether characters in emotion picture-books express and talk about emotions in ways that are consistent with theory and research on children’s emotions. In general, we found that picture-books recommended by experts in social-emotional development contain content that is fairly consistent with published research in early childhood. We also found parents’ reading of the picture-books was consistent with the content analysis, even though we recorded their spontaneous emotion-based language in addition to the text presented in the picture-books. The findings also suggested that reading of emotion picture-books may increase preservice teachers’ references to emotions, which could translate into greater use of emotion language in the early childhood classroom. Results are discussed with regard to the role of picture-books as an important source of emotion-related information for children, parents, and teachers.