cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A CFD Euler solver from a physical acoustics-convection flux Jacobian decomposition

We introduce a continuum, i.e. non-discrete, upstream-bias formulation that rests on the physics and mathematics of acoustics and convection. The formulation induces the upstream-bias at the differential equation level, within a characteristics-bias system associated with the Euler equations with general equilibrium equations of state. For low subsonic Mach numbers, this formulation returns a consistent upstream-bias approximation for the non-linear acoustics equations. For supersonic Mach numbers, the formulation smoothly becomes an upstream-bias approximation of the entire Euler flux. With the objective of minimizing induced artificial diffusion, the formulation non-linearly induces upstream-bias, essentially locally, in regions of solution discontinuities, whereas it decreases the upstream-bias in regions of solution smoothness. The discrete equations originate from a finite element discretization of the characteristic-bias system and are integrated in time within a compact block tridiagonal matrix statement by way of an implicit non-linearly stable Runge-Kutta algorithm for stiff systems
Fidelity of reduced‐order models for large‐scale nonlinear orifice viscous dampers

Large viscous dampers are increasingly incorporated into the designs, whether new or retrofit, of bridge structures and buildings throughout the world. These devices substantially reduce wind and seismic displacements and forces through heat dissipation. The magnitude of these civil structures and the displacement reductions required, as well as forces dissipated, require large damping devices to effectively reduce the demands imparted to the protected structure. Test specifications presently rely on sinusoidal inputs for validation purposes. This paper investigates the appropriateness of varying test stimuli and modeling complexity on parameter identification of large-scale damping devices. The focus herein is on the specific class of devices identified as orifice fluid viscous dampers. Synthetic data sets are considered first in the analysis, with measured data from full-scale tests following. It is shown that currently employed damper quantification tests relying on harmonic excitation, and a grossly simplified system representation, are inappropriate from the system-identification point of view, and that experimental tests utilizing broadband random excitations allow the development of robust mathematical models for design purposes as well as computational efficiency and structural health monitoring applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Larval feeding habits of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)

The host-plant relationships of the Hepialidae are discussed in relation to host range and larval tunnelling behaviour. Larvae are mostly phytophagous on live angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes and mosses. Generally they specialize as feeders of leaf, stem/branch or root tissue, but dietary transitions from leaf to stem and root to stem occur in some species. An early period of mycophagy where larvae feed on fungi or dead decaying plant tissue is recorded in a wide range of species that feed on live embryophytes in later instars. Feeding patterns of the Hepialidae are compared with those of other major lepidopteran taxa and the evolutionary implications of hepialid feeding habits for the origin and derivation of larval host-plant relationships in Lepidoptera are discussed. It is suggested that the developmental transition from mycophagy to phytophagy in the Hepialidae is the result of partial ‘suppression’ of mycophagy in the generalist feeding ancestor of Lepidoptera.
Wet oxidation of organic compositions: Mixed nitric and hydrochloric acids with ammonium perchlorate as oxygen donors

Abstract The wet oxidation of organic compositions as introductory manipulation in the determination of micro- and macrogram metallic and non-metallic elements is described. The principal oxygen donor in this procedure is perchloric acid generated in situ. Mixed nitric and hydrochloric acids are employed to convert ammonium perchlorate to perchloric acid. The three mixed acids then serve as superior solvent for the organic matter to be oxidised. Conditions are particularly suited for the oxidation of large samples. Reaction rates are repressively controlled to give assurance against violent oxidation. Applications include organic compositions, essentially of cellulose, sugars and polyhydric alcohols, or proteins. Conditions prevail in the leisurely application of reaction time to provide maximum effects from nitric acid. This provision is the key to slowly advancing oxidation potential. The final high potential provided by perchloric acid over the temperature range 150° to 203°, stepwise increasing, completes oxidations with no accompanying menacing carbonisations. Reaction times involve 50 to 60-min digestions.
Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin-3 mRNA in rat brain after cortical impact injury

Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) mRNA expression were measured in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) following unilateral injury to the cerebral cortex. To obtain reliable data on the co-expression of neurotrophin genes, adjacent coronal sections from the same rat brains were hybridized in situ with BDNF and NT3 cRNA probes. BDNF mRNA increased at 1, 3, and 5 hr after unilateral cortical injury in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site and bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus. NT3 mRNA did not change significantly following injury. Our results suggest that TBI produces rapid increases in BDNF mRNA expression in rat brain without changes in NT3 mRNA expression, a finding which differs from studies of ischemia and seizures. It is possible that increased levels of BDNF mRNA rather than NT3 are important components of pathophysiological responses to TBI. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Benzene polymerization in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-AlCl3 ionic liquid

Abstract Poly(p-phenylene) films were prepared by the electropolymerization of benzene in an ambient-temperature molten salt, or ionic liquid, consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-aluminum chloride. Polymerization was carried out in melts of varying acidity in neutral buffered melts. The films were then examined in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-aluminum chloride melts of varying acidity. The polymerization and electrochemical behavior of the films are independent of melt acidity; the films show reasonably facile electrochemical behavior.
Does transforming growth factor-β1 predict for radiation-induced pneumonitis in patients treated for lung cancer?

Abstract The purpose of the study was to reassess the utility of transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) together with dosimetric and tumor parameters as a predictor for radiation pneumonitis (RP). Of the 121 patients studied, 32 (26.4%) developed grade ⩾ 1 RP, and 27 (22.3%) developed grade ⩾ 2 RP. For the endpoint of grade ⩾ 1 RP, those with V30 > 30% and an end-RT/baseline TGF-β1 ratio ⩾ 1 had a significantly higher incidence of RP than did those with V30 > 30% and an end-RT/baseline TGF-β1 ratio
The role of curriculum in organizational significant change planning

Purpose – With significant change as an ongoing challenge, the development and use of a flexible change curriculum is identified as a success factor that will allow an organization to optimize the outcome from change transformations.Design/methodology/approach – After discussing significant change, this paper will contrast two organizations in support of a flexible curriculum taking into account multiple theories addressing change, learning, planning, utilization of a curriculum, and assessment, all to enhance the change transformation experience.Findings – The research, investigation, introduction, implementation and refinement of the action plan play a very important role in how the enterprise accommodates change. It is further suggested that at the heart of any action plan is a flexible curriculum by which the organization can use a formulated educational plan to adjust its current mode of operation to incorporate an ongoing change philosophy.Research limitations/implications – The intent is to identif...
Chemical probes of DNA structure in chromatin

Understanding the way genes work requires detailed knowledge of the organization of DNA in the chromatin complex. The difficulties associated with the study of this large macromolecular assembly present an interesting challenge to both biologists and chemists.
Case report of an epidural cervical Onchocerca lupi infection in a 13-year-old boy

A 13-year-old boy presented with fever and neck pain and stiffness, which was initially misdiagnosed as culture-negative meningitis. Magnetic resonance images of the brain and cervical spine demonstrated what appeared to be an intradural extramedullary mass at the C1–3 level, resulting in moderate cord compression, and a Chiari Type I malformation. The patient underwent a suboccipital craniectomy and a C1–3 laminectomy with intradural exploration for excisional biopsy and resection. The lesion containing the parasite was extradural, extending laterally through the C2–3 foramina. Inflammatory tissue secondary to Onchocerca lupi infection was identified, and treatment with steroids and doxycycline was initiated. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic, with MR images demonstrating a significant reduction in lesional size. However, 10 weeks postoperatively, the infection recurred, necessitating a second operation. The patient was treated with an additional course of doxycycline and is cur...
Exergy analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming

The performance of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming (SMR) is evaluated using exergy analysis, with emphasis on exergy flows, destruction, waste, and efficiencies. A steam methane reformer model was developed using a chemical equilibrium model with detailed heat integration. A base-case system was evaluated using operating parameters from published literature. Reformer operating parameters were varied to illustrate their influence on system performance. The calculated thermal and exergy efficiencies of the base-case system are lower than those reported in literature. The majority of the exergy destruction occurs due to the high irreversibility of chemical reactions and heat transfer. A significant amount of exergy is wasted in the exhaust stream. The variation of reformer operating parameters illustrated an inverse relationship between hydrogen yield and the amount of methane required by the system. The results of this investigation demonstrate the utility of exergy analysis and provide guidance for where research and development in hydrogen production via SMR should be focused.
Freestanding Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Performance Following the 60 Percent Rule A Matter of Fit

The 60 percent rule has served as a controversial policy change within the postacute care sector since its revision in 2004, requiring inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) to admit no less th...
Ruthenium red-induced loss of matrix K+ from uncoupled heart mitochondria.

Abstract Ruthenium red induces the loss of endogenous K+ from isolated beef heart mitochondria treated with an uncoupler. This induction of K+ loss occurs at the same ruthenium red titer as the inhibition of the Ca2+-uniporter. This raises the possibility that ruthenium red may alter the Ca2+-uniporter in such a way as to produce a K+-conducting channel.
RF ablation at audio frequencies preferentially targets tumor - a finite element study

Radio Frequency (RF) ablation has become of considerable interest as a minimally invasive treatment for primary and metastatic liver tumors. Major limitations are small lesion size, which make multiple applications necessary and incomplete killing of tumor cells, resulting in high recurrence rates. RF ablation is typically carried out in the frequency range of around 500 kHz. Measurements have shown a marked difference in electrical conductivity between normal liver tissue and tumor tissue. The difference is most pronounced at frequencies below 100 kHz, where tumors exhibit around two times higher conductivity compared to normal tissue. Conductivity is similar for tumor and normal liver at 500 kHz. We created Finite Element Method (FEM) models of the RITA model-30 multi-prong probe. The probe was placed in a tumor of 20 mm diameter. We simulated 12 minute, temperature controlled RF ablation at 95/spl deg/C at frequencies of 20 kHz and 500 kHz. At 20 kHz we observed increased current density within the tumor boundaries. This resulted in an increase in lesion size by 29% at a frequency of 20 kHz compared to 500 kHz.
Change in number and activation of androgen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the medial amygdala in response to chemosensory input

In many species social behaviors are dependent on integration of chemosensory and hormonal cues. Many chemosensory stimuli are detected by the vomeronasal organ, which projects to many regions that contain steroid receptors, including the medial amygdala. In male hamsters, testosterone is known to acutely increase in response to chemosensory stimulation, and can facilitate sexual behavior by direct action within the medial amygdala. Conspecific stimuli activate the anterior (MeA) and posterior (MeP) medial amygdala, while heterospecific stimuli activate only MeA. Chemosensory stimuli with different social significance differentially activate the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of MeA and MeP. Therefore, it is likely that steroids differentially facilitate stimulation of the medial amygdala by various chemosensory stimuli. We used Fos expression to examine activation of androgen receptor (AR)-containing cells in the medial amygdala by heterospecific and conspecific stimuli in intact male hamsters and castrated males with testosterone (T)-replacement. The number of AR-immunoreactive (-ir) cells was significantly different from control and between stimuli in intact males, but not in T-replaced castrates. Fos activation was similar in all animals. The results are consistent with a change in number of AR-ir cells in intact animals due to acute increases in testosterone caused by chemosignals.
A Vlasov equation for pressure wave propagation in bubbly fluids

The derivation of effective equations for pressure wave propagation in a bubbly fluid at very low void fractions is examined. A Vlasov-type equation is derived for the probability distribution of the bubbles in phase space instead of computing effective equations in terms of averaged quantities. This provides a more general description of the bubble mixture and contains previously derived effective equations as a special case. This Vlasov equation allows for the possibility that locally bubbles may oscillate with different phases or amplitudes or may have different sizes. The linearization of this equation recovers the dispersion relation derived by Carstensen & Foldy. The initial value problem is examined for both ideal bubbly flows and situations where the bubble dynamics have damping mechanisms. In the ideal case, it is found that the pressure waves will damp to zero whereas the bubbles continue to oscillate but with the oscillations becoming incoherent. This damping mechanism is similar to Landau damping in plasmas. Nonlinear effects are considered by using the Hamiltonian structure. It is proven that there is a damping mechanism due to the nonlinearity of single-bubble motion. The Vlasov equation is modified to include effects of liquid viscosity and heat transfer. It is shown that the pressure waves have two damping mechanisms, one from the effects of size distribution and the other from single-bubble damping effects. Consequently, the pressure waves can damp faster than bubble oscillations.
Problem Based Learning and the Business School Environment

This paper attempts to create a research cycle for Problem Based Learning and in so doing help substantiate the use of PBL in business school environments. The paper starts with a review of learning and memory in order to extract key concepts needed for the analysis. Memory concepts extracted centered on the concept of analogy or metaphor and of memory optimizing constructs such as scripts and templates. The processes of assimilation and appropriation were learning concepts retrieved. Second, the overlap between action research and PBL was used to derive an action research cycle for PBL. Next, the cycle's viability was demonstrated by mapping an actual PBL activity to the new cycle. Finally, the paper positions PBL and more specifically, the research cycle for PBL, in light of the ongoing changes in the general business school environment. In total, the paper presents a model for using and justifying PBL in business curricula.
An Assay and Screening Procedure for Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

A clinical method for measuring serum GOT activity and its application as a screening test for GOT are described. Results for sera, compared by two popular methods, correlated well. This method may be suitable for routine use as a screening test in the blood bank.
MurJ and a novel lipid II flippase are required for cell wall biogenesis in Bacillus subtilis.

Bacterial surface polysaccharides are synthesized from lipid-linked precursors at the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane before being translocated across the bilayer for envelope assembly. Transport of the cell wall precursor lipid II in Escherichia coli requires the broadly conserved and essential multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) exporter superfamily member MurJ. Here, we show that Bacillus subtilis cells lacking all 10 MOP superfamily members are viable with only minor morphological defects, arguing for the existence of an alternate lipid II flippase. To identify this factor, we screened for synthetic lethal partners of MOP family members using transposon sequencing. We discovered that an uncharacterized gene amj (alternate to MurJ; ydaH) and B. subtilis MurJ (murJBs; formerly ytgP) are a synthetic lethal pair. Cells defective for both Amj and MurJBs exhibit cell shape defects and lyse. Furthermore, expression of Amj or MurJBs in E. coli supports lipid II flipping and viability in the absence of E. coli MurJ. Amj is present in a subset of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and is the founding member of a novel family of flippases. Finally, we show that Amj is expressed under the control of the cell envelope stress-response transcription factor σM and cells lacking MurJBs increase amj transcription. These findings raise the possibility that antagonists of the canonical MurJ flippase trigger expression of an alternate translocase that can resist inhibition.
Some Remarks on the Polymorphism of Smectics

Abstract We discuss the nature of the order in the main smectic phases (A, C, and B) together with the related phase transitions. (1) The B phase may correspond to a plastic crystal, or to a system of weakly coupled solid layers: to discriminate between these two models, acoustical studies using shear waves appear to be most promising, (2) the transitions A  N, C  N, C  A (where N stands for nematic) may be of second order in certain cases, which will allow for a number of interesting experiments. The C  A transition should be very similar to the λ transition of helium, and some critical exponents which are not accessible in helium could be measured here. The N  A transition is similar to the onset of superconductivity in a metal. A bend (or twist) deformation tends to suppress the A phase just as a magnetic field destroys superconductivity. In the N phase the twist and bend elastic constants should show pretransitional anomalies. The C  N transition is more complex. A tentative calculation suggests...
Unselected Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome Are Mostly Nonsynonymous and Often Deleterious

Received 1 April 2003/Accepted 8 November 2003 Mutation rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomes have been estimated using purified reverse transcriptase or single-round infection system. Since small sequences were used as templates, the overall mutation rates could only be extrapolated and the biological significance of mutations is unknown. For direct estimation of HIV-1 mutation rates and understanding of the potential biological influences of mutations, we obtained 19 complete or nearly full-length proviral genomes from single-round-infected adherent cells of lymphocytes by using a lambda phage library method and a long-range PCR technique. Analysis of 160,000 bp of sequences showed that the overall mutation rate of HIV-1 genomes was 5.4 10 5 per base per replication cycle. On average, 1.1 mutations (range, 0 to 3) were generated in each viral genome during one infection cycle. Inspection of the mutations in the HIV-1 genome revealed that all site mutations within protein-coding regions were nonsynonymous mutations. Among all mutations, half were deleterious (premature stop codon and deletions) and would result in defective genomes. By applying the same system to an HIV-1 genome with a G262A mutation in the thumb region of the reverse transcriptase, a significant increase was observed in deletion and insertion mutation rates but no increase in the overall mutation rate in viral genomes was found. Genetic variation among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates is extensive. The highly error-prone reverse transcriptase (RT) is the primary reason for the high levels of genetic variation in HIV (6, 16, 29, 32, 41–43). High yields of virus production and a short viral-replication cycle also contribute to the mutation frequency in the HIV genome (14, 39, 46). On the basis of genetic variation and positions in the phylogenetic tree, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) has been divided into three groups (M, N, and O). Among them, group M viruses are most prevalent and responsible for the global AIDS epidemic. They have been further divided into 9 subtypes and 15 circulating recombinant forms (22; http://hiv-web.lanl.gov/content /hiv-db/CRFs/CRFs.html). The variation in amino acid sequences in the envelope gene among those subtypes can be as high as 30%. This high genetic variability has become a major obstacle to the development of a broadly protective AIDS vaccine and has caused difficulties in gene-based viral detection and viral load measurement. In addition, the variation in amino acid sequences within an infected individual can be as high as 20% (44). This high level of genetic variation is one of the main reasons for the rapid emergence of resistant viral strains during antiretroviral therapy and immune escape mutants in infected individuals. Therefore, it is imperative to study and understand mechanisms of viral mutation and to determine how mutations affect viral biology, drug resistance, and vaccine development. Mutation rates in HIV-1 genomes have been studied in two
Structure of the B3 domain from Arabidopsis thaliana protein At1g16640.

A novel DNA binding motif, the B3 domain, has been identified in a number of transcription factors specific to higher plant species, and was recently found to define a new protein fold. Here we report the second structure of a B3 domain, that of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein, At1g16640. As part of an effort to ‘rescue’ structural genomics targets deemed unsuitable for structure determination as full-length proteins, we applied a combined bioinformatic and experimental strategy to identify an optimal construct containing a predicted conserved domain. By screening a series of N- and C-terminally truncated At1g16640 fragments, we isolated a stable folded domain that met our criteria for structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the B3 domain of At1g16640 consists of a seven-stranded β-sheet arranged in an open barrel and two short α-helices, one at each end of the barrel. While At1g16640 is quite distinct from previously characterized B3 domain proteins in terms of amino acid sequence similarity, it adopts the same novel fold that was recently revealed by the RAV1 B3 domain structure. However, putative DNA-binding elements conserved in B3 domains from the RAV, ARF, and ABI3/VP1 subfamilies are largely absent in At1g16640, perhaps suggesting that B3 domains could function in contexts other than transcriptional regulation.
Characteristics of the Phagocytic Cup Induced by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invade the urothelial umbrella cells by using the zipper mechanism. However, the details of the early events of this invasion, such as the formation of the phagocytic cup, are not yet well understood. We show here, using thin section electron microscopy and immunogold labeling, that the plasma membrane curves around the bacterial surface in the phagocytic cup. There exists a uniform gap between the bacterium and the urothelial membrane, and actin filaments are present in the phagocytic cup. We suggest that the action–reaction between the mechanical forces generated by pilus retraction of the bacterium and the actin polymerization in the urothelial cell plays a role in maintaining the phagocytic cup. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:597–604, 2008)
Comparison of Sampling Techniques Used in Studying Lepidoptera Population Dynamics

Four methods (light traps, foliage samples, canvas bands, and gypsy moth egg mass surveys) that are used to study the population dynamics of foliage-feeding Lepidoptera were compared for 10 species, including gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Samples were collected weekly at 12 sites during a 15-wk period in 1995–2001. For each non–gypsy moth species, light trap and canvas band estimates were regressed against foliage sample to determine how well they predict population abundance. Gypsy moth estimates obtained from foliage and under canvas bands were compared with counts of egg masses using a similar linear model. All comparisons were made on three spatial scales: plot (200 ha), forest (2,000–3,000 ha), and study site (200,000 ha). Abundance of moths collected by light traps were good predictors of population size compared with counts of larvae on foliage, whereas mixed results were obtained for canvas bands. Both foliage samples and canvas band samples proved to be good predictors of gypsy moth population size on the plot and forest scale, although only foliage samples provided good estimates at the study site scale. For all comparisons, predictability of light traps and canvas bands increased with increasing spatial scale.
A Transplantable Beryllium-Induced Chondrosarcoma of Rabbits

Intravenous injections of zinc beryllium silicate induced the formation of a chondrosarcoma in the tibia of a rabbit. This tumor metastasized to the lungs. Both the primary and the metastatic tumors were successfully transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eyes of six rabbits. The histological appearance of the primary tumors and of the transplanted tumors is described.
Hands-on education in robotics for talented youth in developing countries

This paper describes the design and implementation of an international educational program Roboteka: In Step with the Future. This program was established to empower talented youth, ages 10 to 16, in developing countries who are strongly interested in science and technology. Funded largely by a USAID grant, the objective of the program was to bring hands-on experience with robotics and computer science to the youth. During the first summer, Roboteka's summer camp participants were challenged to invent practical applications of computer science and robotics, and concurrently to think about solving the problems of everyday life through games, critical thinking, education, teamwork, friendship, and other activities. Although the first year's pilot program was intentionally without formal controls or performance metrics, exit interviews revealed high satisfaction among most participants, both the youth and the staff. Future camps will come to use more formal methods to measure performance and draw formal conclusions.
First-Principles Atomic Force Microscopy Image Simulations with Density Embedding Theory.

We present an efficient first-principles method for simulating noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) images using a “frozen density” embedding theory. Frozen density embedding theory enables one to efficiently compute the tip–sample interaction by considering a sample as a frozen external field. This method reduces the extensive computational load of first-principles AFM simulations by avoiding consideration of the entire tip–sample system and focusing on the tip alone. We demonstrate that our simulation with frozen density embedding theory accurately reproduces full density functional theory simulations of freestanding hydrocarbon molecules while the computational time is significantly reduced. Our method also captures the electronic effect of a Cu(111) substrate on the AFM image of pentacene and reproduces the experimental AFM image of Cu2N on a Cu(100) surface. This approach is applicable for theoretical imaging applications on large molecules, two-dimensional materials, and materials surfaces.
Arthroscopic Removal of Symptomatic Proximal Humerus Locking Plates With Bone-Void Filler Augmentation

Open reduction internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures is often accomplished with proximal humerus locking plates. While these plates have a good track record, they can become symptomatic and require removal once the fracture has healed. Open hardware removal is associated with a number of additional risks to the patient, including infection, scarring, nerve damage, and blood loss. In addition, the recovery time after open hardware removal may be prolonged, thereby predisposing the patient to postoperative stiffness. The purpose of this article is to describe a technique for removing proximal humerus locking plates arthroscopically. Although technically demanding, the benefits of this technique include smaller incisions, quicker recovery time, decreased risk of infection, and reduced blood loss. Arthroscopy also provides the surgeon with the ability to address concomitant intra-articular pathology at the time of surgery. Additionally, we use a bone-void filler to reduce the risk of fracture through stress caused by previous screw holes.
Pavement Repairs’ Long-Term Performance over Expansive Soil

Expansive soil is considered one of the most common causes of pavement distresses. Depending upon the moisture level, expansive soils will experience changes in volume due to moisture fluctuations from seasonal variations. The objective of this research was to evaluate existing repair projects on selected roadways. Those roadways experienced failures in the form of fatigue and rutting in the wheel path, and longitudinal (faulted) cracking including edge cracking. The causes of those failures were mainly linked to high plasticity expansive soil and narrow pavement. The study involved visual survey, field and laboratory testing, surface condition/ride data and structural design calculations for three project sites. The study concluded, from 3-14 years of performance records, that geogrid reinforcement, lime-treated subgrade and cementtreated base were found to be effective treatment options for low-volume roadways where high plasticity expansive soil exists.
Detecting Insider Attacks with Video Websites using Distributed Image Steganalysis (Abstract Only)

The safety of information inside of cloud networks is of interest to the network administrators. In a new insider attack, inside attackers merge confidential information with videos using digital video steganography. The video can be uploaded to video websites, where the information can be distributed online, where it can cost firms millions in damages. Standard behavior based exfiltration detection does not always prevent these attacks. This form of steganography is almost invisible. Existing compressed video steganalysis only detects small-payload watermarks. We develop such a strategy using distributed algorithms and classify videos, then compare existing algorithms to new ones. We find our approach improves on behavior based exfiltration detection, and on the existing online video steganalysis.
Argument scope in inductive reasoning: Evidence for an abductive account of induction

Our ability to induce the general from the specific is a hallmark of human cognition. Inductive reasoning tasks ask participants to determine how strongly a set of premises (e.g., Collies have sesamoid bones) imply a conclusion (Dogs have sesamoid bones). Here, we present evidence for an abductive theory of inductive reasoning, according to which inductive strength is determined by treating the conclusion as an explanation of the premises, and evaluating the quality of that explanation. Two inductive reasoning studies found two signatures of explanatory reasoning, previously observed in other studies: (1) an evidential asymmetry between positive and negative evidence, with observations casting doubt on a hypothesis given more weight than observations in support; and (2) a latent scope effect, with ignorance about potential evidence counting against a hypothesis. These results suggest that inductive reasoning relies on the same hypothesis evaluation mechanisms as explanatory reasoning.
Lattice dynamics in perovskite halides CsSn X 3 with X = I , Br , Cl

The first-principles linear response method is used within the local-density approximation to calculate the full phonon band structures and phonon density of states (DOS) of $\mathrm{CsSn}{X}_{3}$ ($X=\text{Cl}$, Br, or I) in different phases. The relations between soft phonon modes and phase transitions are investigated. We find soft phonon modes only in the cubic and tetragonal phases, not in the orthorhombic and monoclinic phases. A dispersionless soft phonon branch spreads from the k point $M$ to $R$ in the Brillouin zone of the cubic phase. The lower symmetry tetragonal phase results from the condensation of the soft phonon mode at the k point $M$. Furthermore, the condensation of the soft phonon mode at the k point $Z$ in the Brillouin zone of tetragonal phase results in the orthorhombic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ phase. To facilitate comparison with experimental data, we calculate infrared spectra for the cubic phase. At this point only a limited comparison with experimental data is possible. We find that the calculated modes agree with the available experimental data when we assign the second and third calculated modes to the experimental first and second modes. The lowest calculated mode is at a frequency where the phonon DOS has a maximum value. So the strong phonon-phonon interaction results in short phonon lifetime or strong broadening, which could explain why this mode has not been observed. Our first-principles calculated IR spectra show that the third observed mode in IR absorption is actually the highest longitudinal optical (LO) rather than transverse optical mode. We show, furthermore, that a strong LO-plasmon coupling may be expected in these materials and can explain observed Raman data for ${\mathrm{CsSnI}}_{3}$.
Metallacrowns: From Discovery to Potential Applications in Biomolecular Imaging

Biomolecular imaging holds great promise for the future of medical diagnosis, drug design, and therapy guidance. Opportunities for both in vivo applications and in vitro assays ranging from gene expression to pathology to elucidate biochemical processes in cells are amenable to these methods. In recent years, the field has grown rapidly and attracted the attention of not only biologists but also physicists, chemists, and engineers. In this article, we begin with a brief review of molecular imaging agents and several common clinical imaging techniques. We then provide an overview of metallacrowns (MCs) and their structures, followed by a discussion of how MCs have been developed into promising biomolecular probes for imaging.
Which Moral Foundations Predict Willingness to Make Lifestyle Changes to Avert Climate Change in the USA

Jonathan Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory identifies five moral axes that can influence human motivation to take action on vital problems like climate change. The theory focuses on five moral foundations, including compassion, fairness, purity, authority, and ingroup loyalty; these have been found to differ between liberals and conservatives as well as Democrats and Republicans. Here we show, based on the Cornell National Social Survey (USA), that valuations of compassion and fairness were strong, positive predictors of willingness to act on climate change, whereas purity had a non-significant tendency in the positive direction (p = 0.07). Ingroup loyalty and authority were not supported as important predictor variables using model selection (ΔAICc__). Compassion and fairness were more highly valued by liberals, whereas purity, authority, and in-group loyalty were more highly valued by conservatives. As in previous studies, participants who were younger, more liberal, and reported greater belief in climate change, also showed increased willingness to act on climate change. Our research supports the potential importance of moral foundations as drivers of intentions with respect to climate change action, and suggests that compassion, fairness, and to a lesser extent, purity, are potential moral pathways for personal action on climate change in the USA.
Developmental Mathematics Students: Who are They and What is Their Mathematics Self-Efficacy?

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine differences in developmental mathematics students’ self-efficacy within the demographic data from the survey. Data from a sample of 240 Intermediate Algebra students at a single four-year university using the Mathematics Self-Efficacy Results indicate that males possess higher levels of mathematics self-efficacy and confidence with their mathematical abilities than females. Students who completed a lower developmental mathematics course prior to Intermediate Algebra possess lower levels of mathematics self-efficacy. The results of this study suggest developmental mathematics instructors should refine their teaching methodologies by incorporating strategies to increase their student’s self-efficacy.
A review of research on embodied energy of buildings using bibliometric analysis

Abstract The share of embodied energy within the total life cycle of a building is expected to increase and become more significant as low energy and net-zero energy buildings become the norm. In the last two decades, many researchers have studied the embodied energy of buildings and published their findings. However, a comprehensive, quantitative analysis of the literature on the embodied energy of buildings is missing. In this study, in order to provide a better understanding of the field as a whole, a bibliometric approach is applied to create a knowledge map and discover more information about the topic. The primary knowledge structure and the topics for study were discovered by analyzing the keywords and abstract terms of 398 papers published from 1996 to 2015. The results show that life cycle assessment is the keyword with the greatest frequency of occurrence and design is the keyword that has the highest number of co-occurrence relationships with other keywords in the 398 papers. The major three research areas for the embodied energy of buildings are life cycle assessment (LCA), building design, and greenhouse gas emissions. By using the bibliometric method, this study analyzes previous studies to provide new insights into the embodied energy of buildings.
Chemical exposures in recently renovated low-income housing: Influence of building materials and occupant activities

Health disparities in low-income communities may be linked to residential exposures to chemicals infiltrating from the outdoors and characteristics of and sources in the home. Indoor sources comprise those introduced by the occupant as well as releases from building materials. To examine the impact of renovation on indoor pollutants levels and to classify chemicals by predominant indoor sources, we collected indoor air and surface wipes from newly renovated "green" low-income housing units in Boston before and after occupancy. We targeted nearly 100 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including phthalates, flame retardants, fragrance chemicals, pesticides, antimicrobials, petroleum chemicals, chlorinated solvents, and formaldehyde, as well as particulate matter. All homes had indoor air concentrations that exceeded available risk-based screening levels for at least one chemical. We categorized chemicals as primarily influenced by the occupant or as having building-related sources. While building-related chemicals observed in this study may be specific to the particular housing development, occupant-related findings might be generalizable to similar communities. Among 58 detected chemicals, we distinguished 25 as primarily occupant-related, including fragrance chemicals 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (HHCB). The pre- to post-occupancy patterns of the remaining chemicals suggested important contributions from building materials for some, including dibutyl phthalate and xylene, whereas others, such as diethyl phthalate and formaldehyde, appeared to have both building and occupant sources. Chemical classification by source informs multi-level exposure reduction strategies in low-income housing.
Case 10 Status Epilepticus Following Recreational Drug Insufflation

A 21-year-old male presented to the emergency department in status epilepticus. He was hyperthermic, tachycardic, and hypertensive with hyperreflexia and clonus. Laboratory workup revealed a metabolic acidosis with associated hyperlactatemia. He was admitted to the intensive care unit where he was sedated, mechanically ventilated, and externally cooled. His hospital course was complicated by an aspiration pneumonia and rhabdomyolysis but he fully recovered.
Epidemiological perspective: Radicalization of human mind

Throughout history, radicalization has caused significant impact on the human race in terms of wars, genocide, and discrimination. The destructive side of radicalization often overshadows the conne...
Maximum Likelihood Methods

In dealing with the problem of estimating the parameters of a structural system of equations, we had not, in previous chapters, explicitly stated the form of the density of the random terms appearing in the system. Indeed, the estimation aspects of classical least squares techniques and their generalization to systems of equations are distribution free, so that no explicit assumption need be made with respect to the distribution of the error terms. On the other hand, in considering various tests of significance on 2SLS or 3SLS estimated parameters of a structural system, we have occasionally found it convenient to assert (joint) normality of the structural error terms. Under this assumption, the derivation of the asymptotic distribution of such estimators is simplified considerably.
Women’s Human Rights and Migration: Sex-Selective Abortion Laws in the United States and India

Sital Kalantry’s Women’s Human Rights and Migration: Sex Selective Abortion Laws in the United States and India addresses a long-existing gap in feminist theory at the intersection of a migrant woman’s experience and culturally motivated reproductive decisions. By recognising the possibility that ‘practices that are oppressive to women in one country context may not have a negative impact on women in another country context’ Kalantry takes an important step in creating a framework for evaluating competing human rights interests within the complex cultural contexts that arise in migrant-receiving countries. Her proposed framework rejects the decontextualisation and politicisation of the migrant woman’s experience in favour of an appropriately nuanced approach, which inhabits a context-specific interstitial space between cultural relativist and universalist arguments.
Numerical model for a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture driven by laminar/turbulent fluid in an impermeable rock

Abstract As hydraulic fracturing at high injection rates with low viscosity fluids grows in popularity, so also there is a growing need to include not only the more common laminar fluid flow, but also the turbulent and transition flow regimes in numerical simulators. One common scenario is embodied in the behavior of a radial (penny-shaped) hydraulic fracture where flow is turbulent near the inlet, laminar near the tip, and in transition somewhere between. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of this transition on hydraulic fracture growth through development and use of a numerical simulator for penny-shaped hydraulic fractures using the so-called drag reduction method to estimate the friction factor inside the crack for all relevant flow regimes. Upon solving this problem numerically for the case of zero toughness, comparing the results with fully laminar and fully turbulent asymptotic solutions shows that the early time behavior of radial hydraulic fractures is predominantly turbulent while large time behavior if predominantly laminar. The time scale associated with this transition determines the relevance of either limiting regime to practical cases, i.e. when the transition takes place in a small fraction of the total treatment time it suffices to approximate growth using the laminar asymptotic solution and when the transition requires are large time compared to the treatment time it suffices to approximate growth using the turbulent asymptotic solution.
Epidemiology of Aggressive Lymphomas

The three most common aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and as a group accounted for an estimated 24% of all lymphoid malignancies in the USA in 2016. DLBCL is the most common subtype, with an age-adjusted incidence of 6.95 cases per 100,000; is more common in whites; and has a 5-year relative survival of 59.6%. Key DLBCL risk factors include a family history of NHL, genetic loci, infections (HIV/AIDS, HCV, HBV), organ transplantation, certain autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus, Sjogren syndrome, celiac), and several suggestive behavioral factors (body mass, alcohol use, vegetable intake, and recreational sun exposure). BL is much rarer, with an age-adjusted incidence of 0.40 per 100,000 and a 5-year relative survival of 56.4%. BL is often classified as endemic (with a strong association with EBV and malaria), immunodeficiency-associated (with strong associations with HIV/AIDS and solid organ transplantation), and sporadic (with suggested associations with several lifestyle factors). PTCL has an age-adjusted incidence of 1.15 per 100,000; is more common in blacks than whites or Asian/Pacific Islanders; and has a 5-year relative survival of 56.0%. Risk factors are least well defined for this heterogeneous and less studied subtype but include a family history of NHL, HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, celiac disease, and some recently suggestive lifestyle factors. Established and suggested risk factors are both observed across many subtypes (including indolent subtypes) as well as being unique to a single or small group of subtypes, but there does not appear to be a unique risk factor profile for aggressive lymphomas as a group. In summary, the aggressive subtypes of DLBCL, BL, and PTCL have largely unique descriptive epidemiologies and risk factor profiles and thus likely distinct etiologies, with clear implications for understanding pathogenesis and primary prevention. Future research is needed to better characterize heterogeneity for existing and recently defined aggressive subtypes, identify additional risk factors, and link these factors to the molecular underpinnings of these diverse and important lymphoid malignancies.