cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of bias and temperature on one-dimensional ballistic transport in a planar double-gate quantum wire transistor

Abstract The combined effects of bias and temperature on one-dimensional ballistic transport in a planar double-gate quantum wire transistor are investigated. A simple formula that quantitatively describes both effects is derived and found to fit experiments well. Other energy broadening factors are found to be significant. Furthermore, due to the strong confinement potential in the device, the current quantization is still observable at a temperature up to 26 K or with a drain bias up to 12 mV.
Microscopic mechanisms and mechanics of craze growth and fracture

Abstract Isolated air crazes have been produced in thin films of polystyrene (PS) bonded to copper grids by straining these in tension. The craze thickness profile, r(x), was directly determined from a series of transmission electron micrographs taken along the craze. Local values of the craze fibril volume fraction v 1 and fibril extension ratio λ were established at frequent intervals along the craze by optical densitometry of the micrographs. The craze surface displacement profile w(x), craze surface stress profile S(x) and the true stress a t in the craze fibrils are computed from these parameters. The λ(x) profile provides conclusive evidence that the craze increases in thickness as it grows in length by drawing new polymer from the craze surface into the fibrils rather than by creep of the existing fibrils. The S profile exhibits a modest maximum at the craze tip but falls slowly over a distance of about 15 μm behind the craze tip to a value about 10% below the applied tensile stress. The λ of the d...
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: evidence for abnormal adrenergic function.

Subjects with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency with self-mutilation) exhibit an apparently unique pattern of adrenergic dysfunction characterized by elevated plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and an absence of pressor response to acute sympathetic stimulation. Patients with a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase without self-mutilation do not exhibit these abnormalities of adrenergic function.
Interchain Disulfide Bonding in Human IgG2 Antibodies Probed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Human IgG2 exists as a mixture of disulfide-linked structural isoforms that can show different activities. To probe the contribution of specific cysteine residues to the formation of structural isoforms, we characterized a series of Cys-->Ser mutant IgG2 recombinant monoclonal antibodies, focused on the first C(H)1 cysteine and the first two hinge cysteines. These residues participate in the formation of structural isoforms that have been noted by nonreduced capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. We show that single Cys-->Ser mutants can greatly reduce heterogeneous disulfide bonding in human IgG2 and maintain in vitro activity. The data demonstrate the feasibility of applying site-directed mutagenesis to reduce disulfide bond heterogeneity in human IgG2 while preserving the activity of this therapeutically important class of human antibodies.
A syntactic pattern recognition approach to seismic discrimination

Abstract Syntactic pattern recognition is proposed for seismic discrimination. Seismic waves are divided into fixed-length segments and then converted into sentences i.e., a string of primitives, where the primitives are selected by clustering procedures. The nearest-neighbor decision rule is applied for classification. The dynamic programming technique is used for string distance computation. Pattern grammar and parsing are briefly discussed. The experimental results of real earthquake/explosion data are presented; the satisfactory results show a promising future of the syntactic approach.
PIWI Proteins Are Dispensable for Mouse Somatic Development and Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Pluripotent Stem Cells

PIWI proteins play essential and conserved roles in germline development, including germline stem cell maintenance and meiosis. Because germline regulators such as OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 are known to be potent factors that reprogram differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we investigated whether the PIWI protein family is involved in iPSC production. We find that all three mouse Piwi genes, Miwi, Mili, and Miwi2, are expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) at higher levels than in fibroblasts, with Mili being the highest. However, mice lacking all three Piwi genes are viable and female fertile, and are only male sterile. Furthermore, embryonic fibroblasts derived from Miwi/Mili/Miwi2 triple knockout embryos can be efficiently reprogrammed into iPS cells. These iPS cells expressed pluripotency markers and were capable of differentiating into all three germ layers in teratoma assays. Genome-wide expression profiling reveals that the triple knockout iPS cells are very similar to littermate control iPS cells. These results indicate that PIWI proteins are dispensable for direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer, excluding skin cancer, among women in the United States, with an estimated 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 64,640 new cases of carcinoma in situ diagnosed in 2013 (American Cancer Society, 2013). Fortunately, in the United States, the overall five-year relative survival rate for women with breast cancer, inclusive of all stages, is 89% (Howlader et al., 2011), making women with breast cancer the largest group of cancer survivors in the United States at 2.9 million women (American Cancer Society, 2013). However, survivorship comes with long-term and late effects related to cancer and/or cancer treatment for a large number of breast cancer survivors. One of the most common and problematic phenomenon experienced by breast cancer survivors is adjuvant therapy-related cognitive decline (Bender et al., 2006; Downie, Mar Fan, Houede-Tchen, Yi, & Tannock, 2006; Hurria et al., 2006; Jenkins et al., 2006; Mehnert et al., 2007; Schagen et al., 1999; Schilder et al., 2009; Shilling & Jenkins, 2007). A large body of evidence exists to objectively support these reported deficits (Falleti, Sanfilippo, Maruff, Weih, & Phillips, 2005). In addition, growing evidence suggests that women with breast cancer have poorer cognitive function compared to healthy women prior to the initiation of adjuvant therapy (Hermelink et al., 2007; Schilder et al., 2010; Wefel et al., 2004; Wefel, Saleeba, Buzdar, & Meyers, 2010). Even small changes in cognitive function can have a major impact on a survivor’s quality of life, affecting relationships with family and friends, educational and career decisions, job performance, emotional state, the ability to make informed treatment decisions, and adherence to cancer therapy (Boykoff, Moieni, & Subramanian, 2009; Munir, Burrows, Yarker, Kalawsky, & Bains, 2010; Myers, 2012; Stilley, Bender, Dunbar-Jacob, Sereika, & Ryan, 2011; Tchen et al., 2003; Von Ah, Habermann, Carpenter, & Schneider, 2013). However, discrepancies remain in the percentage of women with breast cancer exhibiting cognitive changes, the severity of the change, and the specific cognitive domains affected (Falleti et al., 2005; Janelsins et al., 2012). It also remains unclear if all women with breast cancer or only a subset of these women are at risk for poorer cognitive function at pretreatment or for cognitive decline with therapy. Therefore, understanding the variability in cognitive changes in women with breast cancer is key to better predict which women are most at risk for poorer pretreatment cognitive function, as well as cognitive decline with adjuvant therapy, and to tailor and personalize interventions to mitigate the effects of cognitive changes for these women.
Erupting thunder: Race and class in the 20th century plays of August Wilson

(2003). Erupting thunder: Race and class in the 20th century plays of August Wilson. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 17, Radical Perspectives on Race and Racism, pp. 339-358.
Heavy Particle Therapy in Acromegaly

Seventeen acromegalic and two chromophobe adenoma patients were treated with pituitary irradiation using 900 Mev alpha particies. Following therapy three patients with concurrent diagnoses of diabetes mellitus no longer required insulin. Male acromegalic patients had a relatively high level of urinary estrogens prior to therapy which subsequently decreased. Levels of serum phosphorus, serum growth hormone, urinary steroids and gonadotropins decreased. Eighteen patients are still living; one patient died of coronary occlusion three and a haif years after treatment. Since the doses which can be delivered to the pituitary gland are considerably greater than those delivered by conventional roentgen or gamma irradiation, better control and further iife extension in acromegaly is expected. (auth)
Effect of body colour of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) on predation by dragonfly nymphs.

. Gold and black Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) fry were stocked in 0.043-m3 hapas along with early instar dragonfly nymphs to determine the effect of body colour of the tilapia on vuinerability to predation by the insect. Hapas were stocked with either: 10 gold fry, 10 black fry and no dragonfly nymphs (10-10-0); 5 gold fry, 5 black fry and 2 dragonfly nymphs (5-5-2); 10 gold fry, 10 black fry and 2 dragonfly nymphs (10-10-2); or 10 gold fry, 10 black fry and 3 dragonfly nymphs (10-10-3). Four levels of predation were assessed: no predation, 1 dragonfly nymph per 5 fish, 1 per 6.7 fish, and 1 per 10 fish. Hapas were censused daily for 14 days. Fish that had been eaten were replaced with similar-sized fish to restore stocking densities. Average daily predation rate ranged from 0.24 to 3.0 and averaged 1.94 fry/dragonfly nymph/day. Average daily predation rates for all treatments were significantly (P = 0.05) different and were a function of both dragonfly and fish stocking rates. Dragonfly nymphs ate significantly more black fish than gold fish in the 10-10-2 and 10-10-3 treatments: overall (10-10-2, 10-10-3 and 5-5-2 treatments combined), dragonfly nymphs ate significantly more black (324) than gold (245) tilapia. Results from this study indicate that the bright body colour of the gold tilapia does not increase rate of predation by dragonfly nymphs.
SUGAWARA'S THEORY OF CURRENTS AND VECTOR MESONS.

It is argued that recently proposed tests for Sugawara's theory of currents do not actually follow from the theory. The impossibility of having at the same time finite-$c$-number Schwinger terms for the vector currents and $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}$ mass mixing holds in that model also. Problems with the inclusion of the baryon-number current are pointed out.
Dangerous fatigue conditions: a study of police work and law enforcement administration

Sleep deprivation data from various nations have shown a lack of sleep contributing to a number of severe and destructive workplace accidents. Here, a triangulated research strategy focusing on pre‐existing data, survey administration, and personal interviews from multiple law enforcement agencies (police, sheriff, and highway patrol) was implemented to study conditions which induce dangerous levels of fatigue in law enforcement personnel. Initial findings reveal extraordinarily high numbers of hours worked weekly per officer. Graveyard shifts, overtime, college education reimbursement, secondary employment, and other factors have all proven to invite excessive work while the PSQ metric data indicate that officers receive remarkably insufficient or otherwise poor rest. This combination of excess work and reduced sleep perilously heightens the risk of officer injury, compromised public safety, and the possibility of significant civil liability damage awards for avoidable accidents.
Marital Satisfaction in Later Life: An Examination of Equity, Equality, and Reward Theories.

This study extended equity, equality, and reward theories, which have been well examined in younger populations, to predictions of marital satisfaction of older adults. One hundred-thirty-five elde...
Distribution of benzo[a]pyrene and coronene with respect to particle size in pasadena aerosols in the submicron range

Abstract Two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and coronene (COR) were studied. Although reported equilibrium vapor concentrations of BaP are much higher than atmospheric concentrations, detectable amounts of BaP were not found in the gas phase. Coronene vapor pressures are too low for this species to appear in the gas phase. Aerosols were size fractionated by an eight stage low pressure impactor capable of size fractionation down to 0.05 μm dia. After ultrasonic extraction with benzene, each stage of the impactor was analyzed for BaP and COR by thin layer Chromatographie and spectrophotofluorometric (TLC-SPF) analysis. About 75% of the BaP and 85% of the COR are associated with particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 0.26 μn. Almost one half of the total mass of both PAHs is associated with aerosols in a very narrow size range (0.075–0.12 μm). Total concentrations ranged between 0.39 and 1.06 ng m −3 for BaP and between 1.81 and 6.66 ng m −3 for COR. The distributions of both PAHs with respect to particle size were unimodal.
Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

Abstract The Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem supports multimillion-dollar commercial and recreational fisheries. The ecological effects caused by fishing gear that is lost when cut or broken after snagging on the bottom is a growing concern to managers and scientists. Few data exist, however, to assess the impacts of lost fishing gear to benthic organisms and habitat structure. In this study, 63 offshore coral reef and hard-bottom sites were surveyed during 2001 to quantify the impacts of lost fishing gear to coral reef sessile invertebrates. Lost hook-and-line fishing gear accounted for 87% of all debris (N=298 incidences) encountered and was responsible for 84% of the 321 documented impacts to sponges and benthic cnidarians, predominantly consisting of tissue abrasion causing partial individual or colony mortality. Branching gorgonians (Octocorallia) were the most frequently affected (56%), followed by milleporid hydrocorals (19%) and sponges (13%). Factors affecting the impacts of lost fishing gear include sessile invertebrate density, the density of lost fishing gear, and gear length. While lost hook-and-line fishing gear is ubiquitous in the Florida Keys, less than 0.2% of the available milleporid hydrocorals, stony corals, and gorgonians in the habitats studied are adversely affected in terms of colony abrasions and partial mortality.
Analytical synthesis of brachistochrones in an arbitrary velocity field

Abstract Consider the problem of finding the brachistochrone between two specified points on the boundary of an area having a spatially varying velocity field. The arbitrary velocity field can be synthesized from a set of simple functions, for example, by a Fourier representation or a power‐series expansion. Now consider the analogous brachistochrone problem, using the corresponding end points, for each of the simple functions. Each of these problems is more easily solved than the prototype problem. The solution to the original brachistochrone problem can be expressed in terms of the solutions to the set of brachistochrone problems on the simpler surfaces. This synthetic approach has the advantage that each of the specified sets of functions becomes the solution for some extreme condition.
Open source project to aid ionosphere physics research

In the past decade, the Open Source Model for software development has gained popularity and has had many major achievements: emacs, Linux, the Gimp, and Python, to name a few. The basic idea is to provide the source code of the model or application, a tutorial on its use, and a feedback mechanism with the community so that the model can be tested, improved, and archived. Given the success of the Open Source Model, it may prove valuable in the development of scientific research codes. With this in mind, we are “open sourcing” the SAMI2 low- to mid-latitude ionospheric model that was recently developed at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using [18-F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).

Conventional non-invasive imaging modalities of atherosclerosis such as coronary artery calcium (CAC)1 and carotid intimal medial thickness (C-IMT)2 provide information about the burden of disease. However, despite multiple validation studies of CAC3-5, and C-IMT2,6, these modalities do not accurately assess plaque characteristics7,8, and the composition and inflammatory state of the plaque determine its stability and, therefore, the risk of clinical events9-13. [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) imaging using positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has been extensively studied in oncologic metabolism14,15. Studies using animal models and immunohistochemistry in humans show that FDG-PET/CT is exquisitely sensitive for detecting macrophage activity16, an important source of cellular inflammation in vessel walls. More recently, we17,18 and others have shown that FDG-PET/CT enables highly precise, novel measurements of inflammatory activity of activity of atherosclerotic plaques in large and medium-sized arteries9,16,19,20. FDG-PET/CT studies have many advantages over other imaging modalities: 1) high contrast resolution; 2) quantification of plaque volume and metabolic activity allowing for multi-modal atherosclerotic plaque quantification; 3) dynamic, real-time, in vivo imaging; 4) minimal operator dependence. Finally, vascular inflammation detected by FDG-PET/CT has been shown to predict cardiovascular (CV) events independent of traditional risk factors21,22 and is also highly associated with overall burden of atherosclerosis23. Plaque activity by FDG-PET/CT is modulated by known beneficial CV interventions such as short term (12 week) statin therapy24 as well as longer term therapeutic lifestyle changes (16 months)25. The current methodology for quantification of FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaque involves measurement of the standardized uptake value (SUV) of an artery of interest and of the venous blood pool in order to calculate a target to background ratio (TBR), which is calculated by dividing the arterial SUV by the venous blood pool SUV. This method has shown to represent a stable, reproducible phenotype over time, has a high sensitivity for detection of vascular inflammation, and also has high inter-and intra-reader reliability26. Here we present our methodology for patient preparation, image acquisition, and quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using SUV, TBR, and a global parameter called the metabolic volumetric product (MVP). These approaches may be applied to assess vascular inflammation in various study samples of interest in a consistent fashion as we have shown in several prior publications.9,20,27,28
A new pressure swing adsorption process for high enrichment and recovery

Abstract A new pressure swing adsorption process is developed to deliver a highly enriched product of a strongly adsorbed component. This new process employs an inert column between two adsorbent columns for compression and recycling of the product stream of the strongly adsorbed component by the product stream of the weakly adsorbed component. This internal recycling reduces the high operating cost which may arise from external recycling by a mechanical device. The process is analyzed for a dilute system with linear isotherms and no mass transfer resistances. The variables which affect the enrichment ( E ) of the solute are the ratio of void volumes of the inert to the adsorbent column ( V ), product cut from purge stream in the adsorbent column (θ), pressure ratio ( P ) and separation factor (β). For given feed conditions ( P and β), V and θ have limited ranges for production of a clean carrier-gas product. The V range is mainly dependent upon β. E can be maximized at minimum θ for fixed V or at minimum V for fixed θ. When V is fixed, E is increased dramatically as θ decreases below 0.3; when θ is fixed, E is almost independent of V . The difference between this process and the conventional process becomes large as P increases.
β-phosphorothioate analogs of nucleotide sugars are resistant to hydrolytic degradation and utilized efficiently by glycosyltransferases

Abstract The α- and β-phosphorothioate analogs of UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc, in which a sulfur is exchanged for a non-bridging oxygen at one of the phosphate groups, have been synthesized and tested for their resistance to enzymatic degradation and for their usefulness in glycosyl-transferase reactions. The α analogs were found to be no more resistant to hydrolysis than the native nucleotide sugars, but as previously reported (R. B. Marchase et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 916: 157) the βS analogs were approximately 10 times more resistant. The βS analog and native UDP-Glc were found to have comparable Km's when used in assays for glucosylphosphoryl dolichol synthase with rat liver and hen oviduct microsomes, although the apparent Vmax of the reaction was about twofold higher for the analog, presumably due to its resistance to degradation. Partially purified 4β-galactosyltransferase exhibited a Vmax with (βS) UDP-Gal that was only slightly lower than that with UDP-Gal and a Km that was slightly increased. The effectiveness of the analog was especially apparent in assays for 4β-galactosyltransferase on intact sperm and in rat liver homogenates, in which hydrolysis of the normal substrate was very rapid and net incorporation was at least 4 times greater with the βS analog in each system.
Influence of Molecular Weight on Phase Transition Entropies of a Thermotropic Nematic Polyester

Abstract We report the values of isotropisation enthalpies and entropies of some model compounds, oligomers, and polymers of poly(2,2′-methyl-4,4′-oxyazoxybenzene dodecanedioyl), a thermo-tropic nematic polymer with moderately low transition temperatures and regularly alternating rigid-flexible units in the main chain. The values of ΔHIN and ΔIN increase rapidly with increasing molecular weight, to reach a plateau at M n > 3,000 g/mole. Results are interpreted in terms of increasing participation of the flexible aliphatic spacer units in the ordering process of the nematic phase. In the polymer, the entire repeating unit is aligned by the nematic potential.
Language, Rule-Governed Behavior, and Cognitivism: On Moerk's Integration of Skinner's and Chomsky's Approaches to Language

This is a friendly critique of Moerk’ s synthesis of cognitive and behavioral approaches to language. The critique addresses four dangers we all have trouble avoiding: (a) the confusion of rule-governed and contingency-controlled behavior, (b) the acceptance of the mentalistic implications common to cognitive terminology, (c) the nonrigorous use of behavioral concepts, and (d) the acceptance of the structuralist limitations common to linguistics.
Organic photochemistry with 6.7 eV photons: 4-vinyl cyclohexene

Aus 4-Vinylcyclohexen (I) erhalt man bei der Photolyse Reaktionsgemische, aus denen die Ole- ?ne (II)-(IV) isoliert werden konnen.
Exploring the minimal dose of amiodarone with antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic activity

Amiodarone in doses of 200 to 400 mg/day has shown promise in secondary prevention trials for reducing mortality in patients surviving myocardial infarction who have complex ventricular ectopy or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, or both. In an attempt to explore the lowest dose of amiodarone with antiarrhythmic and hemodynamic activity, we studied 48 patients (mean age 53 +/- 11 years, ejection fraction 23 +/- 9%, clinical heart failure in 85%) with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. This was a 3-month, randomized, parallel, double-blind pilot study comparing placebo (n = 16) with amiodarone 50 mg/day (n = 15) and 100 mg/day (n = 17). Patients randomized to amiodarone received a mean loading dose of 422 mg/day for the first study week. At the end of the 12 weeks, amiodarone (100 mg) significantly reduced ventricular premature complexes (177 +/- 64 to 98 +/- 38/hour), couplets (8 +/- 3 to 4 +/- 2/hour), and runs of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (13 +/- 7 to 3 +/- 2/day), all p or = 7% (absolute) in 11 of 29 patients taking amiodarone as compared with only 1 of 15 placebo patients (p = 0.02). In these 11 patients with the greatest measurable hemodynamic improvement, amiodarone significantly increased ejection fraction (21 +/- 7% to 33 +/- 11%, p < 0.01), stroke volume index (28 +/- 9 to 40 +/- 7 ml/m2, p < 0.01) and decreased end-systolic volume index (116 +/- 48 to 92 +/- 44 ml/m2, p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rapid detection of human chromosome 21 aberrations by in situ hybridization

Plasmid clones containing up to 94 kilobases of single-copy DNA from band q22.3 of chromosome 21 and a complete pool of insert DNA from a chromosome 21 recombinant library have been used to rapidly detect numerical and structural aberrations of chromosome 21 by in situ hybridization in both metaphase and interphase cells. A trisomic karyotype, diagnostic of Down syndrome, is readily detected in nonmitotic cells because the majority of their nuclei exhibit three discrete foci of hybridization, in contrast to normal diploid cells, which show two foci. Chromosomal translocations involving chromosome 21 sequences were also detected with these probes, and the intranuclear location of 21q22.3 DNA sequences in "normal" human brain neurons was established with the plasmid DNA probe set. These results suggest that chromosome 21-specific probes may have utility in clinical diagnostics, especially by facilitating the direct analysis of interphase cells.
Interfacial photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels upon alginate-poly(l-lysine) microcapsules for enhanced biocompatibility

The biocompatibility of microcapsules made by the co-acervation of alginate and poly(l-lysine) (PLL) was enhanced by coating the surface of these microcapsules with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel. The hydrogel was formed by an interfacial photopolymerization technique using visible light from an argon ion laser. The light absorbing chromophore, eosin Y, was immobilized on the microcapsule surface. This restricted the formation of the PEG hydrogel to the surface of the microcapsule. The presence of the PEG gel on the surface was confirmed by fluorescent dextran entrapment, by direct visualization after dissolution of the underlying membrane and by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The biological response of such microcapsules was evaluated by intraperitoneal implantation in mice. The PEG-coated microcapsules were found to be less inflammatory and were seen not to elicit a fibrotic response, as was the case with alginate-PLL microcapsules.
A 50-year overview of perinatal medicine

Infant mortality in 1990 was approximately one-tenth that of 1950 in most of the industrialized countries of the world. The forces of change included the social-political climate, advent of neonatal intensive care, better insight into nutritional requirements of preterm infants and application of basic science to the study of events around the time of birth, and illnesses of the neonate. Attention has been paid to the advantages of human milk for the newborn infant, the importance of maternal bonding and involvement of both parents in care of the infant. Prenatal diagnosis, with option of abortion, has reduced the prevalence of some serious disorders of the fetus.
A plausible theory of retribution

Kant believed all and only the guilty should be punished. Other retributivists believed that only guilt should bring punishment down on a person. In neither way is the retributive theory sufficiently distinguished from utilitarianism for, on contingent grounds, the utilitarian may agree with either of these theses. The advantage of PRJ is that it brings out the difference between retributivism and utilitarianism more sharply while at the same time it manages to be a less stern and unyielding view than traditional retributivism. The retributivist need not deny the core of good sense in utilitarianism, and he certainly need not deny the connection between morality and happiness. His view is that punishment does not have to produce good consequences in order to be justified. It suffices that it be deserved and that it not produce a set of clearly bad consequences. If it is true that punishment generally does have bad consequences which more than outweigh its good consequences then retributivists and utilitarians should join hands in their condemnation of punishment. The heart of the difference between the retributivist and the utilitarian is that the latter counts punishment itself as an evil but believes that, generally speaking, it is an evil which is instrumental in the production of enough good to out-weigh its intrinsic demerit. The retributivist does not regard punishment as an evil. The pain of punishment is not by itself a reason for not punishing (so long as it is not excessive). Insofar as utilitarianism is the view that no considerations but those of utility should justify punishment, it is only one side of that counterfeit coin the other side of which is Kant's dictum: “...Woe to him who creeps through the serpent-windings of Utilitarianism to discover some advantage that may discharge him from the Justice of Punishment, or even from the due measure of it....” It is irrational for Kant to rule out concern for utility but it is also irrational for the utilitarian to rule out concern for retribution. I have tried to show in this paper that the two main aspects of a plausible theory of retribution - PRJ and that the punishment should fit the crime - can be vindicated in terms of acceptable beliefs one of which is incompatible with utilitarianism (PRJ), and one of which does not derive the respect we accord it from any connection with utilitarianism. I emphasize, however, what I previously stated, that the retributivist does not have to believe that retributive justice must prevail at all costs. What is asked for is the recognition that one purpose of punishment (and not the one purpose) can justifiably have nothing to do with utility. The sensible retributivist will concede, and gladly, that there are more things in heaven and earth than retribution.
“Strong” narrativity—a response to Hutto

This paper responds to Dan Hutto’s paper, ‘Narrative Self-Shaping: a Modest Proposal’. Hutto there attacks the “strong” narrativism defended in my recent book, ‘Self, Value and Narrative’ and in recent work by Marya Schechtman. I rebut Hutto’s argument that non-narrative forms of evaluative self-shaping can plausibly be conceived, and defend the notion of implicit narrative against his criticisms. I conclude by briefly indicating some difficulties that arise for the “modest” form of narrativism that Hutto defends.
Estimating Housing Mortality from Loss Records

A life table for housing is developed with the use of 1979–1980 loss data for one to three unit structures in Indianapolis, IN. Special attention is paid to methods of data collection and to estimation techniques. Use of the life table and assumptions made in its application are stressed. Also, standard loss projection curves are tested against life table results.
Specific binding of [11C]spiroperidol in rat brain in vivo.

: Spiroperidol labeled with carbon-11, a shortlived positron-emitting radionuclide, was used to determine the time course of specific binding of this radio-ligand to the neuroleptic receptor in vivo in the rat. The three major brain pools-specifically bound, non-specifically bound and free (unbound)-were determined over a 60-min time course by a rapid filtration technique, utilizing (-)- and (+)-butaclamol pretreatments to assess total and nonspecifically bound activities, respectively, in striatum and cerebellum. The ratio of specifically to nonspecifically bound pools in the striatum was 4.1 at 30 min and 5.1 at 60 min. Thus [11C]spiroperidol may be useful for labeling neuroleptic receptors in vivo for serial studies using positron emission transaxial tomography.
A comprehensive theory of the human person from philosophy and nursing

This article explores a problem of the articulation of an adequate account of the human person in both philosophical and nursing theory. It follows the lead of philosopher Norris Clarke in suggesting that there has been a significant division in the way philosophers have looked at the human person and goes on to suggest that this division is paralleled in prominent nursing theories. The paper reviews and argues for the synthesis of two contemporary philosophic theories of the person that arise from the traditional philosophical division, and uses Clarke's account to show the ontological need for such a synthesis if we are to have a more adequate account of the human person. Next, accounts of the person identified in a number of the prominent theories of nursing are briefly reviewed revealing the vast complexity of the person encountered in nursing practice. It is suggested that each new theory of nursing is founded, at least in part, on the need to account for attributes of the person missing from prior nursing theories. It will be seen that the synthesized account of the person argued for here more adequately accounts for the various attributes identified in these nursing accounts and it is hoped that this synthesized account will serve as a somewhat more complete basis for a continued exploration of the persons encountered in nursing practice in its many and varied manifestations.
Aggregate morphology of nano-TiO2: role of primary particle size, solution chemistry, and organic matter

A systematic investigation was conducted to understand the role of aquatic conditions on the aggregate morphology of nano-TiO2, and the subsequent impact on their fate in the environment. In this study, three distinctly sized TiO2nanoparticles (6, 13, and 23 nm) that had been synthesized with flame spray pyrolysis were employed. Nanoparticle aggregate morphology was measured using static light scattering (SLS) over a wide range of solution chemistry, and in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). Results showed that primary nanoparticle size can significantly affect the fractal dimension of stable aggregates. A linear relationship was observed between surface areas of primary nanoparticles and fractal dimension indicating that smaller primary nanoparticles can form more compact aggregate in the aquatic environment. The pH, ionic strength, and ion valence also influenced the aggregate morphology of TNPs. Increased pH resulted a decrease in fractal dimension, whereas higher ionic strength resulted increased fractal dimension particularly for monovalent ions. When NOM was present, aggregate fractal dimension was also affected, which was also notably dependent on solution chemistry. Fractal dimension of aggregate increase for 6 nm system in the presence of NOM, whereas a drop in fractal dimension was observed for 13 nm and 23 nm aggregates. This effect was most profound for aggregates comprised of the smallest primary particles suggesting that interactions of NOM with smaller primary nanoparticles are more significant than those with larger ones. The findings from this study will be helpful for the prediction of nanoparticle aggregate fate in the aquatic environment.
Balance theory as a model for coordinating delivery of rural mental health services

Abstract The chaotic nature of rural mental health services is due, at least in part, to a lack of consistent theory guiding their purpose and structure. The failure to plan mental health care systematically for rural areas is a result of diverse opinions and policies grounded in changing social, political, and economic conditions. The Balance Theory of Coordination ( Litwak & Meyer, 1966 ) offers a viable perspective to guide service system development and evaluation. This article identifies current difficulties in the rural mental health systems, offers balance theory as a basis for further work, and posits a model for case management rooted in balance theory. The intent is to stimulate research and theory development for rural mental health systems.
Atrazine and phenanthrene degradation in grass rhizosphere soil

Abstract Organic contaminants often disappear more quickly from planted than from non-planted soils. Five grass species (Sudan grass, ryegrass, tall fescue, crested wheatgrass and switch grass) were grown in soils without (Phase I) or with (Phase II) prior atrazine (ATR) and phenanthrene (PHE) amendment to study the degradation of these compounds by rhizosphere microorganisms. In suspensions of soil without prior chemical exposure, no significant loss of ATR was observed after 16 days incubation. The most probable number (MPN) of ATR-degrading bacteria in the soils was below detection. Phenanthrene degradation was observed in suspensions inoculated with all soils, but the rates of degradation were not significantly different among them. The number of PHE-degrading bacteria was similar in planted and non-planted soils (105 cells g−1 soil) except the number in tall fescue soil was significantly higher than in non-planted soil. In the Phase II study, both compounds were mineralized whether or not soils had been conditioned with ATR or PHE. Prior amendment with either ATR or PHE significantly reduced the acclimation period preceding the onset of mineralization. However, enumeration procedures detected ATR-degrading bacteria only in ATR-amended soils. Prior exposure to PHE did not alter the number of PHE-degrading bacteria significantly.
Synthesis and characterization of nearly stoichiometric titanium disulfide

Abstract Nearly stoichiometric titanium disulfide has been synthesized by direct reaction between the elements using an optimal procedure and characterized by thermogravimetric and chemical analyses, ammonia intercalation rate, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and X-ray diffraction. The most nearly stoichiometric TiS 2 that can be prepared is Ti 1.0021±0.0010 S 2 , so that a slight excess of titanium is always present. This excess titanium inhibits the initial opening of the van der Waals gap during ammonia intercalation. The small titanium excess is the primary source of conduction electrons in TiS 2 , which supports the view that TiS 2 is an extrinsic semiconductor rather than a semimetal.
Ionic Winds for Enhanced Cooling in Portable Platforms

While cooling of the microchip continues to receive significant interest in most electronic devices, portable platforms such as notebooks, multi-use cellular phones, and ultra-mobile personal computers (PCs) present unique thermal management challenges as well. Cooling non-processor components such as wireless devices and the skin of the device are becoming the important thermal management drivers, and volume and power constraints are limiting the practicality of including larger or additional conventional fans. Ionic wind engines are devices which generate air flow with no moving parts, and feature low power consumption and a small volumetric footprint. An ionic wind is produced when positive air ions are accelerated in a particular direction by an electric field, and exchange momentum with neutral air molecules, thus generating a body force on the air. In the presence of an existing bulk flow, an ionic wind distorts the boundary layer and increases the local cooling effect at a heated wall. A free-standing ionic wind engine with an electrode gap of approximately 1 mm has been constructed. Experiments show that the ionic wind engine can enhance the local heat transfer coefficient of a low-speed flow by as much as 50%. The impact of the ionic wind is shown to increase with current and decrease as the bulk flow increases.
Severe Pulmonary Toxicity After Myeloablative Conditioning Using Total Body Irradiation: An Assessment of Risk Factors

Purpose To assess factors associated with severe pulmonary toxicity after myeloablative conditioning using total body irradiation (TBI) followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Methods and Materials A total of 101 adult patients who underwent TBI-based myeloablative conditioning for hematologic malignancies at Duke University between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed. TBI was combined with high-dose cyclophosphamide, melphalan, fludarabine, or etoposide, depending on the underlying disease. Acute pulmonary toxicity, occurring within 90 days of transplantation, was scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Actuarial overall survival and the cumulative incidence of acute pulmonary toxicity were calculated via the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using a log-rank test. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors independently associated with acute severe pulmonary toxicity. Results The 90-day actuarial risk of developing severe (Grade 3–5) pulmonary toxicity was 33%. Actuarial survival at 90 days was 49% in patients with severe pulmonary toxicity vs. 94% in patients without ( p Conclusions Severe acute pulmonary toxicity is prevalent after TBI-based myeloablative conditioning regimens, occurring in approximately 33% of patients. The number of prior chemotherapy regimens appears to be an important risk factor.
Bayesian analysis of outlier problems using divergence measures

A Bayesian approach is presented for detecting influential observations using general divergence measures on the posterior distributions. A sampling-based approach using a Gibbs or Metropolis-within-Gibbs method is used to compute the posterior divergence measures. Four specific measures are proposed, which convey the effects of a single observation or covariate on the posterior. The technique is applied to a generalized linear model with binary response data, an overdispersed model and a nonlinear model. An asymptotic approximation using Laplace method to obtain the posterior divergence is also briefly discussed. Cet article presente une approche de Bayes pour depister des observations influentes a l'aide de mesures de divergence generale appliquees aux distributions a posteriori. Une approche fondee sur l'echantillonnage, utilisant la methode Gibbs ou Metropolis avec Gibbs, est utilisee afin de calculer les mesures de divergence a posteriori. Quatre mesures specifiques sont proposees, communiquant les effets d'une seule observation ou facteur a posteriori. La technique est appliquee a un modele lineaire generalise avec donnees de reponse binaires, a un modele surdisperse et a un modele nonlineaire. Une approximation asymptotique utilisant la methode de Laplace dans le but d'obtenir une divergence a posteriori est egalement discutee.
The Complex Flagellar Torque Generator of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flagella act as semirigid helical propellers that are powered by reversible rotary motors. Two membrane proteins, MotA and MotB, function as a complex that acts as the stator and generates the torque that drives rotation. The genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 contains dual sets of motA and motB genes, PA1460-PA1461 (motAB) and PA4954-PA4953 (motCD), as well as another gene, motY (PA3526), which is known to be required for motor function in some bacteria. Here, we show that these five genes contribute to motility. Loss of function of either motAB-like locus was dispensable for translocation in aqueous environments. However, swimming could be entirely eliminated by introduction of combinations of mutations in the two motAB-encoding regions. Mutation of both genes encoding the MotA homologs or MotB homologs was sufficient to abolish motility. Mutants carrying double mutations in nonequivalent genes (i.e., motA motD or motB motC) retained motility, indicating that noncognate components can function together. motY appears to be required for motAB function. The combination of motY and motCD mutations rendered the cells nonmotile. Loss of function of motAB, motY, or motAB motY produced similar phenotypes; although the swimming speed was only reduced to ∼85% of the wild-type speed, translocation in semisolid motility agar and swarming on the surface of solidified agar were severely impeded. Thus, the flagellar motor of P. aeruginosa represents a more complex configuration than the configuration that has been studied in other bacteria, and it enables efficient movement under different circumstances.
An intelligent assistant for requirements validation

The process of determining user requirements for software systems is often plagued with uncertainty, ambiguity, and inconsistency. Rapid prototyping offers an iterative approach to requirements engineering that can be used to alleviate some of the problems with communication and understanding. Since the systems development process is characterized by changing requirements and assumptions, involving multiple stakeholders with often differing viewpoints, it is beneficial to capture the justifications for the decisions in the development process in a structured manner. Thisdesign rationale captured during requirements engineering can be used in conjunction with the rapid prototyping process to support various stakeholders involved in systems development. CAPS (the Computer Aided Prototyping System) has been built to help software engineers rapidly construct prototypes of proposed software systems. REMAP (Representation and MAintenance of Process knowledge) provides a conceptual model and mechanisms to represent and reason with (design) rationale knowledge. In this paper, we describe how in the context of evolving requirements, the CAPS system augmented with REMAP helps firm up software requirements through iterative negotiations via examination of executable prototypes and reasoning with design rationale knowledge.
Determination of the life properties of beta alumina tubes

Abstract A method has been developed for the determination of the life properties of beta alumina tubes for the sodium-sulphur battery. The tubes are placed int
The effects of aminophylline and nifedipine on contractility of isolated pregnant human myometrium.

To characterize the effects of aminophylline and nifedipine on pregnant human myometrium, in vitro contractility studies were performed on myometrial strips obtained at cesarean section. The strips were stimulated with oxytocin (800 mU/L) to simulate labor and then were exposed to increasing concentrations of aminophylline (40, 100, and 400 μmol/L) or nifedipine (5, 10, and 20 μg/L). Both drugs produced a dose-related decrease in contraction strength, as measured by the time-integrated force of contraction. Aminophylline lengthened the period of contraction in a manner that was not dose dependent. Low-dose nifedipine (5 μg/L) increased the period of contraction, but higher doses had no effect on-frequency. Both drugs produced a net reduction in the effectiveness of labor, as measured by the average force (time-integrated force divided by period). These results indicate that both aminophylline and.nifedipine may be clinically useful tocolytic agents.
Whole-mount immunostaining of Drosophila skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle undergoes marked functional decay during aging in humans, but the cell biological mechanisms responsible for this process are only partly known. Age-related muscle dysfunction is also a feature of aging in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Here we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol, which takes place over 3 d, for whole-mount immunostaining of Drosophila flight muscle. The skeletal muscle is fixed and permeabilized without any tissue freezing and dehydration so that antigens are accessible for staining with appropriate antibodies and the overall tissue ultrastructure is well preserved. This technique can be used to identify age-related cellular changes driving skeletal muscle aging and for characterizing models of human muscle disease in Drosophila.