cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cobalt silicide formation by ion mixing

Abstract Backscattering spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the mixing in Si/Co and Co/Si bilayers, deposited onto SiO 2 substrates, induced by irradiation with 300 keV Xe + ions. The ion range was near the CoSi interface in each case. The irradiation was performed at temperatures and doses ranging from -194 to +245 °C and from 2 × 10 15 to 5 × 10 16 Xe + ions cm -2 respectively. The irradiation produces intermixing at all temperatures. The X-ray results show that at room temperature Co 2 Si is formed, while above room temperature both Co 2 Si and CoSi are formed simultaneously. At room temperature, 100 and 200 °C the total amount of silicide formed increases with the square root of the xenon dose. The temperature dependence of mixing (“ Q curve”) at the doses of 10 16 and 5 × 10 16 Xe ions cm -2 for both bilayer types rises rapidly above 24 °C and changes little below that temperature. The apparent activation energy extracted from the high temperature part of the Q curve is 0.33 ± 0.05 eV. These results confirm that in the temperature-activated regime, the phases observed after ion mixing are the same as those found on thermally annealing the sample.
Cellular exposure to muscle relaxants and propofol could lead to genomic instability in vitro.

Anesthesia is widely used in several medical settings and accepted as safe. However, there is some evidence that anesthetic agents can induce genomic changes leading to neural degeneration or apoptosis. Although chromosomal changes have not been observed in vivo, this is most likely due to DNA repair mechanisms, apoptosis, or cellular senescence. Potential chromosomal alterations after exposure to common anesthetic agents may be relevant in patients with genomic instability syndromes or with aggressive treatment of malignancies. In this study, the P388 murine B cells were cultured in vitro, and spectral karyotyping (SKY) was utilized to uncover genomewide changes. Clinically relevant doses of cisatracurium and propofol increased structural and numerical chromosomal instability. These results may be relevant in patients with underlying chromosomal instability syndromes or concurrently being exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. Future studies may include utilization of stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes to further confirm the significance of these results.
Photochemical Ozone Formation, Simplified

. atmospheric chemistry — hydrocarbons — local scale — modelling (processes)Manuscript received: 14 April 2004.Final version: 8 July 2004.Theintentofthiscommunicationistoprovideadiagrammaticpicture of photochemical ozone formation which neverthe-lesscontains,andinpartexplains,whyreductionofprecursorhydrocarbon (HC) emissions makes everyone’s ozone expo-sure lower while reduction in nitric oxide (NO) emissions,the other major precursor, leaves many areas with higher (notlower) ozone exposure.Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of ozone formation that nev-erthelessincludesmanyoftheotherwiseobscurefeaturesofasophisticated photochemical model.There are four recogniz-ably distinct segments in Fig. 1, lettered A–D and separatedby dotted lines. For the most part this understanding comesfrom Graham Johnson.
Lung Development in the Fetal Primate Macaca nemestrina. I. Growth and Compositional Changes

Lung Development in the Fetal Primate Macaca nemestrina. I. Growth and Compositional Changes
The evolution of insurance markets under adverse selection

This paper applies a floating-point genetic algorithm to an insurance model in which the principals who underwrite insurance contracts cannot observe the risk characteristics of the agents who sign those contracts. Under perfect rationality, the equilibria of this model are analogous to those in Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976). The learning version of the model exhibits interesting transition dynamics as well as novel outcomes. When the learning model converges to the equilibrium from the model with perfect rationality, pooling contracts break down over time and the set of contracts bifurcates, with one group of principals serving high-risk agents and another group serving low-risk agents. When there are relatively few low-risk agents in the market, the economy converges to contracts that provide full insurance for high-risk agents, while low-risk agents are not served at all. When there are relatively few high-risk agents in the market, some types of pooling contracts are sustainable. These last two results are at odds with the outcomes under models of perfect rationality.
2nd International Symposium on Gait and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis: interventions for gait and balance in MS

AbstractPurpose: To provide a review of the 2nd International Symposium on Gait and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), emphasizing interventions in gait and balance for people with MS. Method: Review of current research on interventions used with people having MS and with people having other disorders that may provide novel insights into improving gait and balance and preventing falls in people with MS (pwMS). Results: Nine speakers provided evidence-based recommendations for interventions aimed at improving gait and balance dysfunction. Speaker recommendations covered the following areas: balance rehabilitation, self-management, medications, functional electrical stimulation, robotics, sensory augmentation, gait training with error feedback and fall prevention. Conclusions: The causes of gait and balance dysfunction in pwMS are multifactorial and therefore may benefit from a wide range of interventions. The symposium provides avenues for exchange of evidence and clinical experience that is critical in f...
Problem-Based Learning and Information Literacy: A Natural Partnership

Due to student overreliance on search engines and the time constraints of one-shot instruction sessions, librarians struggle to teach many of the information literacy skills that students need to conduct successful research. Problem-based learning (PBL) provides a way to integrate information literacy naturally into an assignment or course by guiding students through the research process as they work to find a solution to a problem. This article first explains the PBL process, then describes the design and implementation of a PBL project in a required first-year general education course. Finally, it details the Association of College & Research Libraries’ (ACRL) Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education addressed by the project, as well as possible future modifications.
Spatial resolution and noise tradeoffs in pinhole imaging system design: a density estimation approach.

This paper analyzes the tradeoff between spatial resolution and noise for simple pinhole imaging systems with position-sensitive photon-counting detectors. We consider image recovery algorithms based on density estimation methods using kernels that are based on apodized inverse filters. This approach allows a continuous-object, continuous-data treatment of the problem. The analysis shows that to minimize the variance of the emission-rate density estimate at a specified reconstructed spatial resolution, the pinhole size should be directly proportional to that spatial resolution. For a Gaussian pinhole, the variance-minimizing full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the pinhole equals the desired object spatial resolution divided by √2. Simulation results confirm this conclusion empirically. The general approach is a potentially useful addition to the collection of tools available for imaging system design.
A virtues approach to personality

Abstract The structure of virtue was investigated through the development and construct validation of the Virtues Scale (VS), a 140-item self-report measure of virtues. A factor analysis of responses from 390 participants revealed four factors: Empathy, Order, Resourcefulness, and Serenity. Four virtue subscales constructed from the highest loading items on each factor were correlated with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) scales in two additional samples ( n s=181 and 143). One of these samples also completed the DIT measure of Kohlbergian moral development. Meaningful, replicated correlations between the virtue subscales and personality scales and complete lack of relationships between the virtues scales and the DIT indicate that virtue is a function of personality rather than moral reasoning and cognitive development.
Towards a fault model for AspectJ programs: step 1 -- pointcut faults

We argue that a fault model is needed for effective testing of AspectJ programs. As a starting point for a fault model, we identify categories of pointcut-related fault types, propose a format for describing individual fault types, and give an in-depth description of an example fault type.
The Quest for Organizational Meaning: Identifying and Interpreting the Symbolism in Organizational Stories

The interest in organizational culture has led to collecting and cataloging the themes in stories from many organizations. Here stories and other accounts of organizational life are interpreted on ...
Colorado potato beetle response to soil amendments: A case in support of the mineral balance hypothesis?

Abstract The mineral balance hypothesis [Phelan, L.P., Norris, K.H., Mason, J.F., 1996. Soil management history and host preference by Ostrinia nubilalis: evidence for plant mineral balance mediating insect–plant interactions. Environ. Entomol. 25, 1329–1336] suggests that the organic matter and microbial activity associated with organically managed soils afford a buffering capability to maintain nutrient balance in plants. An optimal nutrient balance, in turn, results in both good plant growth and resistance to herbivory. Effects of soil amendment practices on Colorado potato beetle populations in potato fields and their interactions with crop rotation and two pest management approaches were investigated in the present study. Beetle densities were generally lower in plots receiving manure soil amendments in combination with reduced amounts of synthetic fertilizers compared to plots receiving full rates of synthetic fertilizers, but no manure. Crop rotation and pest management approaches had little or no effect. Unlike beetle abundance, plant height and canopy cover were comparable between plots receiving manure and synthetic fertilizer. Furthermore, tuber yields were higher in manure-amended plots. In direct accordance with the mineral balance hypothesis, there was a dramatic dissimilarity in mineral composition of potato leaves collected from manure-amended and synthetic fertilizer-treated plots. Overall, there were differences in concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Boron concentration was most dramatically affected by the soil amendment. Mineral content of potato leaves explained 40–57% of the variation in the Colorado potato beetle populations observed among the experimental plots.
Bigeneric nonperturbative strings

Abstract The zero dimensional hermitian matrix models with asymmetric potentials include a family of bigeneric ( p , q ) multicritical models which have nontrivial double-scaling continuum limits. These exhibit more general critical behaviors than the k multi-critical models that occur for even potentials. They are related to a simpler construction which we call the k bigeneric models. The specific heat of the k th bigeneric model coincides with that of the k th multicritical model for odd genus, but vanishes for all even genus. We provide a number of explicit examples of bigeneric string equations.
Low temperature thermal conductivity of some composite materials

Abstract Thermal conductivity data are presented for several samples: Gd 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 8 H 2 O pressed powders with and without copper fibres, pressed powders of NaCl and KCl, cloth base phenolic sheet, epoxy resin-bonded glass fibre laminate, and AGOT graphite in the presence of helium gas. Measurements on all samples were made in the 1–4 K range and on the phenolic sheet and glass fibre laminate at 70 K as well.
Pulmonary aspergillosis appearing as chronic nodular disease in chronic granulomatous disease.

Chronic nodular pneumonia is unusual in children. Three children are described who presented with diffuse nodular pulmonary disease and in whom lung biopsy demonstratedAspergillus infection. One child was known to have chronic granulomatous disease of childhood (CGD) and further investigation demonstrated CGD in the other two patients as well. These cases indicate thatAspergillus infection and CGD should be considered in the differential diagnosis in children who present with chronic diffuse nodular pneumonia.
Dyadic processes of disclosure and reciprocity in bargaining with communication

We offer a study revealing the mechanisms through which communication helps actual bargaining behavior outperform economic predictions. The possibility of individually strategic behavior in the presence of private information leads to game-theoretic predictions of less than full efficiency. We present a one-stage, simultaneous offers bargaining game in which buyers and sellers have independent, privately held valuations for the item being sold (i.e. a bilateral auction with two-sided private information). In three communication treatments, parties are: (a) allowed face-to-face communication prior to submitting offers; (b) allowed written communication prior to submitting offers; or (c) allowed no-communication prior to submitting offers. When parties are allowed pre-play communication, we find nearly full efficiency (98%). We examine two systematically predictable aspects of dyadic interaction—disclosure and reciprocity—to explain how negotiators achieve this efficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research progress in the surgery of coronary occlusive disease

Abstract These experimental and clinical reports in the literature indicate that direct coronary artery surgery is feasible and technically possible, but they also point out that endarterectomy is fraught with hazards and that there is a need for maintaining perfusion of the left ventricle while operating on the left coronary artery and its branches. All of the procedures used today for the surgical treatment of coronary occlusive disease are still in the experimental stage. At this time, however, the standard Vineberg internal mammary artery implant appears to be a reasonable procedure for obstructive disease involving the anterior descending artery. After suitable laboratory investigation clinical trials of other procedures utilizing the vascular implant concept probably are also warranted. In direct coronary artery surgery the right coronary artery can be operated upon successfully with an acceptable operative mortality rate by the use of cardiopulmonary by-pass. Procedures upon the left coronary artery, at this time, probably should be attempted only after careful considerations and preferably at a time when methods of maintaining myocardial support have been perfected. With all procedures, careful control studies are needed so that the effect of operative intervention can be weighed against the natural progression of the disease. There are numerous intriguing and challenging possibilities open to the surgical investigator for revascularizing the myocardium. The surgical approach to coronary artery disease is still very much in its infancy, as the results of research have been modest and the clinical trials disappointing, though they are improving rapidly. Because of the widespread nature of the disease and the fact that it is the number one cause of death in the United States today, further intensive investigation into this disease is of great importance and significance.
The Arch: Born in the Sewer, Raised to the Heavens

The great ancient civilizations all knew about the arch yet the Greeks relegated its use to underground sewers and never raised an arch above ground: Why? The Egyptians, the Babylonians, the Assyrians and of course the Romans all exploited the arch as a means of spanning and enclosing space. Yet, curiously, Greece, one of the most cultured of the ancient civilizations and the builder of magnificent temples used stone in a most unnatural way, as a beam. The arch as a construction technique is intimately connected to the material of which it is constructed, namely masonry. Stone, when used as a beam is limited by size, scale and proportion. The Greeks certainly understood this as they closely spaced columns to support stone lintels. They also meekly tried to use stone in an A-frame configuration using a corbelled arch in Mycenea (1325 BC) but they never made the transition to the true arch using stone voussoirs. WHY? Perhaps the answer lies in a lack of understanding of the mechanics of the materials and the nature of compression and tension.
Analysis of Immittance Spectroscopy Data: Model Comparisons, Universality?, and Estimation of Distributions of Activation Energies

Immittance spectroscopy [IS] involves the measurement of the small-signal frequency response of dielectrics, semiconductors, electrolytes, biological cells, and polycrystalline, amorphous, and single-crystal electrically conducting materials. Analysis of such data to provide insight into the detailed, microscopic, physicochemical processes present in the full electrode and bulk material system is a crucial part of IS. Background information on IS and a discussion of its strengths and weaknesses are presented. The use of weighted, complex, nonlinear-least-squares for direct data fitting and for the solution of the ill-posed inversion problem of estimating continuous distributions of activation energies for important response models and for experimental data is illustrated. Replacements for the widely used, but incorrect, complexelectric- modulus data-analysis relations proposed long ago by C. T. Moynihan and associates for disordered ionic conductors, are presented and discussed. Recent proposals for various kinds of universal response behavior are examined and found to be unjustified. The present analysis methods are illustrated by applying them to 24°C data on a lithium aluminosilicate glass and to data over a wide temperature range on single-crystal CaTiO 3 :30%Al 3+
Patterns of cellular uptake and effects on cell survival using antimetallothionein oligodeoxyribonucleotide conjugates in vitro.

Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) offer the potential for the sequence-specific modulation of viral and cellular gene expression. However, several problems such as efficient delivery into cells, metabolic stability and delivery to specific cellular targets may limit their usefulness. Studies were designed to demonstrate that the covalent conjugation of an 18-mer ODN complementary in sequence to mRNA ODN with various polypeptide ligands, including poly(L-rysine), phospho-mannan and asialo-orosomucoid, elicits a pattern of enhanced yet differential uptake into Chang and V79 cells in culture. Viability of cells exposed to conjugated ODNs was measured using a colorimetric assay (MTT). The ODNs covalently linked to poly(L-lysine) reveal an increased efficiency of antisense-directed cell killing from concentrations greater than 3 µM to less than 100 nM. Finally, poly(L-lysine) is also cytotoxic, particularly at extremes of molecular weight. Hence, these studies indicate that synthetic ODNs conjugated to peptides may offer enhanced cellular uptake leading to more efficient antisense activity. However, the cytotoxicity of ODN conjugates may limit their usefulness as research tools or therapeutic agents.
Extirpation of the bulbo‐urethral glands in bulls

Inhalt: Es wird die Methode zur Exstirpation deu Glandulae bulb our ethr ales beim Bullen beschrieben uizd der Effekt bei 2 Tieren dargestellt. Contents: The bulbo-urethral glands were extirpated on purpose of studying the effect of selective extirpation on the bovine semen. The glands were approached from an incision in the perineal legion below the anus. The text describes the details of the operation in two bulls.
Studies of Madagascan Ptiliidae (Coleoptera) 4: The genus Bambara including eight new species and the first account of blindness and aptery in the genus

This is the fourth report detailing Ptiliidae collected from forest litter by the Moravian Museum (Brno, Czech Republic) expeditions to Madagascar 2010–2013. Eight new species are described and figured: B. edwardi sp. n.; B. lanquidula sp. n.; B. merina sp.n.; B. opaca sp. n.; B. problematica sp. n.; B. secubita sp. n.; B. thomasi sp. n. and B. verecunda sp. n., and new data recorded for B. dybasi Johnson. Problems concerning the genital morphology and species determination of the parthenogenetic members of the genus are discussed in relation to the findings, and the first blind and apterous species reported. A key to the known species from the island is provided.
A probability propagation in hypertrees

This paper introduces a mathematical model of a probability propagation in hypertrees. Suppose that a probability measure P on a set of random variables factors on a hypertree. That is, there is for each node a non-negative function \p of the configurations of the random variables represented by the node such that P is the product of these functions: P = \7P \p. Each pair (\3Y, {\p}) forms a factorization network of P, where \3Y is a Markov-tree representation of the hypertree. This paper introduces a local computation of the factorization network relative to an arbitrary subset of random variables, and derives the invariant properties of the network. Based on the invariance, the marginal of P on the given subset of random variables can be computed by propagating the local computation in the network.
Effect of testosterone on n-methyl-d, l-aspartate-induced growth hormone secretion in male swine.

Abstract Previous research from our laboratory demonstrated that n-methyl-d, l-aspartate (NMA), a potent agonist of glutamate, increased growth hormone (GH) secretion in barrows and boars. To determine if testosterone modulates NMA-induced GH secretion, Poland China × Yorkshire swine were challenged with NMA in a model that compared GH responses in boars with those of barrows or barrows treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Boars and barrows weighing 112.6 ± 1.4 kg (mean ± SE) were fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters. Barrows (n = 16) were given i.m. injections of TP (25 mg in corn oil) twice daily from d 0 to d 6. Boars (n = 16) and control barrows (n = 15) received twice daily injections of corn oil. On d 6, blood was sampled every 15 min for 4 h. Two h after sampling began, all animals received an i.v. injection of NMA at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Mean testosterone concentrations (ng/ml serum) were similar ( P > .1) for boars (8.1 ± 0.8) and barrows receiving TP (7.3 ± 0.3), but were greater in both cases ( P P > .1) among groups and averaged 2.7 ± .2 ng/ml serum across treatments. Serum concentrations of GH after NMA increased ( P
Two New Neotropical Species of Platynota with Comments on Platynota stultana Walsingham and Platynota xylophaea (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Abstract. Two new species of Platynota are described and illustrated: P. subtinae, new species, from Venezuela, Bolivia, and Paraguay, and P. meridionalis, new species, from Argentina. Although both have been reared only from cotton (Gossypium sp., Malvaceae), they are suspected to be polyphagous, as are nearly all other species in the genus. Two morphological characters of the male genitalia of the new species, i.e., transtilla densely covered with large thorns and juxta deeply excavated in the middle, are most similar to each other and to Platynota stultana Walsingham, described from northwestern Mexico. The two new species are compared to Platynota stultana and P. xylophaea (Meyrick), the latter native to Argentina, with which the new species are superficially similar.
HyFinBall: A Two-Handed, Hybrid 2D/3D Desktop VR Interface for Multi-Dimensional Visualization

This paper presents the concept, working prototype and design space of a two-handed, hybrid spatial user interface for minimally immersive desktop VR targeted at multi-dimensional visualizations. The user interface supports dual button balls (6DOF isotonic controllers with multiple buttons) which automatically switch between 6DOF mode (xyz + yaw,pitch,roll) and planar-3DOF mode (xy + yaw) upon contacting the desktop. The mode switch automatically switches a button ball’s visual representation between a 3D cursor and a mouse-like 2D cursor while also switching the available user interaction techniques (ITs) between 3D and 2D ITs. Further, the small form factor of the button ball allows the user to engage in 2D multi-touch or 3D gestures without releasing and re-acquiring the device. We call the device and hybrid interface the HyFinBall interface which is an abbreviation for ‘Hybrid Finger Ball.’ We describe the user interface (hardware and software), the design space, as well as preliminary results of a formal user study. This is done in the context of a rich, visual analytics interface containing coordinated views with 2D and 3D visualizations and interactions
A CARBOXY-TERMINAL SPECIFIC ASSAY FOR HUMAN PARATHYROID HORMONE

SUMMARY An homologous carboxy-terminal specific immunoradiometric assay for human parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been developed which uses an antiserum raised in a goat against intact human PTH. This assay has been applied to the measurement of circulating PTH in man; the reference preparation was a 53–84 fragment prepared from native human parathyroid hormone. PTH was detectable in all the normal subjects studied (range 0·1–0·79 ng/ml) and elevated concentrations were found in a group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (range 0·82–25·5 ng/ml). Carboxy-terminal hormone concentrations were particularly raised in uraemic subjects (range 1–02–52–5 ng/ml) but some patients with vitamin D deficient osteomalacia had concentrations within the normal range (0·5–2·4 ng/ml). All patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism had elevated concentrations (range 1·0–2·8 ng/ml) and in patients with idiopathic or surgical hypoparathyroidism the concentration ranged from undetectable to 0·4 ng/ml. These results have been compared with those obtained using an amino-terminal specific assay. In normal subjects carboxy-terminal immuno-reactive hormone concentrations were, on average, three times higher than those measured in the amino-terminal assay (C:N ratio 3·28). In patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism this ratio was dependent on renal function and the plasma calcium concentration. The disappearance of endogenous carboxy-and amino-terminal PTH from the circulation of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism was studied. Amino-terminal reactive PTH disappeared much more rapidly (t½= 1·5 min) than carboxy-terminal hormone (t½= 2·75 h). It is hoped that the carboxy-terminal specific assay described here will be of value in the further study of the secretion and metabolism of PTH.
The Case ∣ Fever, rash, and positive Ehrlichia antibodies

A 21-year-old Asian woman presented with a waxing and waning course of low-grade fevers, malaise, pain in the small joints of her hands, a faint facial rash, and hair loss over a period of several weeks. Except for the findings mentioned above, her physical exam was unremarkable. Laboratory studies revealed leukopenia (2.5 10/ml), anemia (11.3 g/ dL), and thrombocytopenia (100 10/ml). Antibody testing revealed positive direct antinuclear antibodies (1186 AU/ml), positive Antistreptolysin O titer (310 IU/ml), positive Epstein–Barr virus immunoglobulin IgG antibody (3186 AU/ml), positive Ehrlichia chaffeensis IgM (1:60) and IgG (1:512), and positive human granulocytic ehrlichiosis IgG (1:512) by indirect fluorescent antibody. Of note, IgM titers for Epstein–Barr virus and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis were negative. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis testing was also negative. In the presence of multiple positive serologies, laboratory data, and some clinical features, the patient was presumptively treated for ehrlichiosis with a 14day course of doxycycline. At a 4-week follow up, repeat Ehrlichia chaffeensis IgM and IgG titers were further elevated (1:1024 and 1:2048, respectively) and retreatment with minocycline was initiated. Due to drug intolerance the patient discontinued the treatment. A urinalysis revealed 3þ protein; 24 h urine protein measured 0.6 gm/day and in the following week increased to 1.7 gm/day. A renal biopsy was performed.
Electronic information security

The US Department of Defense (DoD), civilian agencies, and private corporations, which process vast amounts of information, share the same problems but perceive and emphasize them differently. DoD wants the exclusive right to develop technology and establish guidelines; the primary need is for products that focus on the secure disclosure of information. Civilian agencies do not care about who administers policies, as long as required security programs have budget support and provide for the integrity of their information. Private companies share the principal need for integrity of information but are more cost-conscious than civilian agencies. The author reviews the policies, programs, and market conditions that affect information security, showing the necessity for the formulation and execution of a uniform policy that balances the inputs and interests of all three sectors. >
A Position Sensitive Proportional Counter for Neutron Radiography

A prototype position-sensitive proportional counter was investigated for use in neutron imaging applications. The counter uses a converter foil of 6LiF and a collimation grid to achieve improved resolution compared to counters filled with a neutron-sensitive counting gas. The proportional counter consists of a grid of 36 1-mil pyrolytic carbon coated quartz fibers on 2.5 mm centers. Because of the high resistance of the collector wires and the distributed capacitance to ground, the rise time of a pulse will increase with distance along the collector. This rise-time information is used to determine the position of an event to accuracies less than 1 mm along the wire. Standard nuclear instrumentation techniques are utilized with readout on a multichannel pulse height analyzer or on a storage scope. Tests performed with alpha particles showed that a geometry using collector wires off center by 0.5 mm produced the best resolution. The best resolution achieved was 0.59 mm FWHM, but the off-center geometry was not used for the neutron imaging experiments because of difficulties in achieving stable operation. Neutron images produced by this counter had an unsharpness of 5.5 mm (3.3 mm FWHM) and a contrast of 55%; this was wijh a 6LiF converter foil (100?). Images with 10B and Gd converter foils showed unsatisfactory contrasts.
Fluxes and budgets of anthropogenic metals in the Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins off Los Angeles: Review and reassessment

Sediment cores collected during 1990–1991 from the Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins were dated by 210Pb and analyzed for a suite of metals to update the record of metal contamination. Downcore profiles of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb in the eastern slope and throughout the basin floor are characterized by a steady increase since the turn of the century to a subsurface maximum dated around 1970 and then followed by a decrease toward recent years. This trend is consistent with the history of metal emissions from sewage outfalls. The decreases from the subsurface maxima toward the sediment-water interface reflect improvements in wastewater treatment and source control practices. The distribution of anthropogenic Ba indicates that it was contributed by offshore dumping, primarily in the north San Pedro Basin. Budgets of anthropogenic metals in the deep basin account for about 12% of the Cr, 3% of the Zn, 8–9% of the Pb, and 5% of the Cu, Ag and Cd discharged from sewage outfalls. From residence times and transport pathways of water masses in the SM-SP Basin, it can be inferred that most sewage metals in the dissolved form and on fine particles are exported further offshore.
Paraquat and ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation.

Abstract A lipid peroxidation system consisting of phospholipid liposomes, paraquat, ADP, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase was constituted using ferritin as the sole source of iron. Lipid peroxidation was completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase, essentially not affected by mannitol, but markedly stimulated by catalase. Similar effects of these scavenging agents were observed in incubations void of ADP. These data suggest that O 2 ⨪ , produced by the redox cycling of at, can release iron from ferritin and thereby promote lipid peroxidation. The effects of catalase and mannitol suggest that the initiation of peroxidation, in either the presence or absence of ADP, is not significantly dependent upon the hydroxyl radical produced via an iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction.
Coadjoint Orbits of Central Extensions of Gauge Groups

We study geometrically the coadjoint orbits of the central extensions of gauge groups over arbitrary manifolds. We show that these orbits are classified by a dimension one foliation with a transverse measure, together with a leafwise connection. For the case of a two-dimensional torus with standard trivial foliation, we show that the holonomies along the leaves give a complete invariant for the regular coadjoint orbits. We investigate in detail the Kronecker foliation of a torus using a new construction which we call asymptotic holonomy.
Influence of Acute Coffee Consumption on Postprandial Oxidative Stress

Background: Coffee has been reported to be rich in antioxidants, with both acute and chronic consumption leading to enhanced blood antioxidant capacity. High-fat feeding is known to result in excess production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, promoting a condition of postprandial oxidative stress. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that coffee intake following a high-fat meal would attenuate the typical increase in blood oxidative stress during the acute postprandial period. On 3 different occasions, 16 men and women consumed a high-fat milk shake followed by either 16 ounces of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee or bottled water. Blood samples were collected before and at 2 and 4 hours following intake of the milk shake and analyzed for triglycerides (TAG), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Results: Values for TAG and MDA (P , 0.001), as well as for H2O2 (P , 0.001), increased significantly following milk shake consumption, with values higher at 4 hours compared with 2 hours post consumption for TAG and H2O2 (P , 0.05). TEAC was unaffected by the milk shake consumption. Coffee had no impact on TAG, MDA, H2O2, or TEAC, with no condition or interaction effects noted for any variable (P . 0.05). Conclusions: Acute coffee consumption following a high-fat milk shake has no impact on postprandial oxidative stress.
The Mystery of Hysteria and the Crossroads of Power: Commentary on Paper by Sam Gerson

“Hysteria and Humiliation,” it is argued, performs a small miracle, weaving inner and outer perspectives on a seemingly mysterious condition into a clinically useful formulation. Its bold new thinking is shown to clear up many conceptual problems about the state of mind and sufferings that a diagnosis of “hysteria” usually designates. This paper, it is suggested, also puts paid to the classical denigration of women implicit in the very category of hysteria itself, thus advancing the psychoanalysis of power.
Atomistic examinations of the solid-phase epitaxial growth of silicon

The low-temperature vapor deposition of silicon thin films and the ion implantation of silicon can result in the formation of amorphous silicon layers on a crystalline silicon substrate. These amorphous layers can be crystallized by a thermally activated solid-phase epitaxial (SPE) growth process. The transformations are rapid and initiate at the buried amorphous to crystalline interface within the film. The initial stages of the transformation are investigated here using a molecular dynamics simulation approach based upon a recently proposed bond order potential for silicon. The method is used first to predict an amorphous structure for a rapidly cooled silicon melt. The radial distribution function of this structure is shown to be similar to that observed experimentally. Molecular dynamics simulations of its subsequent crystallization indicate that the early stage, rate limiting mechanism appears to be removal of tetrahedrally coordinated interstitial defects in the nominally crystalline region just behind the advancing amorphous to crystalline transition front. The activation barriers for this interstitials migration within the bulk crystal lattice are calculated and are found to be comparable to the activation energy of the overall solid-phase epitaxial growth process simulated here.
Note on tachyon actions in string theory

A number of spacetime fields in string theory (notably the metric, dilaton, bosonic and type 0 bulk closed-string tachyon, and bosonic open-string tachyon) have the following property: whenever the spacetime field configuration factorizes in an appropriate sense, the matter sector of the world-sheet theory factorizes into a tensor product of two decoupled theories. Since the beta functions for such a product theory necessarily also factorize, this property strongly constrains the form of the spacetime action encoding those beta functions. We show that this constraint alone--without needing actually to compute any of the beta functions--is sufficient to fix the form of the two-derivative action for the metric-dilaton system, as well as the potential for the bosonic open-string tachyon. We also show that no action consistent with this constraint exists for the closed-string tachyon coupled to the metric and dilaton.
Bar pressing for food reinforcement after lesions of efferent pathways from lateral hypothalamus.

Abstract Lesions were placed in the major known efferent fiber pathways of the lateral hypothalamic feeding area of rats in an attempt to determine the route by which signals relevant to food-motivated behavior are conveyed to extrahypothalamic structures. The rats with lesions were deprived of food for 24 hr and then placed in a Skinner box where bar presses delivered food pellets. While lesions within the lateral hypothalamic feeding area resulted in gross decrements in bar pressing, large lesions of the medial forebrain bundle rostral or caudal to the lateral hypothalamic feeding area or of the periventricular fiber system produced no decrements in comparison to control rats.
Binocular Vision and Stereopsis

The study of binocular stereoscopic vision – our ability to extract depth information from the slight differences in the viewpoints of the two eyes – has attracted great interest from the public as well as scientists ever since Sir Charles Wheatstone first demonstrated his stereoscope to the Royal Society in 1838. Now, two of the major researchers in the field have reviewed the status quo in a wonderfully comprehensive, erudite, and closely argued monograph that is destined to become a classic.
A Parametric Study of Dipolar Chain Theory with Applications to Ketone Mixtures

Dipolar interactions, which traditionally have been very difficult to model or predict accurately, have a significant effect on the phase behavior of a plethora of systems of industrial importance ...
Electrically and Thermally Conducting Nanocomposites for Electronic Applications

Nanocomposites made up of polymer matrices and carbon nanotubes are a class of advanced materials with great application potential in electronics packaging. Nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes as fillers have been designed with the aim of exploiting the high thermal, electrical and mechanical properties characteristic of carbon nanotubes. Heat dissipation in electronic devices requires interface materials with high thermal conductivity. Here, current developments and challenges in the application of nanotubes as fillers in polymer matrices are explored. The blending together of nanotubes and polymers result in what are known as nanocomposites. Among the most pressing current issues related to nanocomposite fabrication are (i) dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the polymer host, (ii) carbon nanotube-polymer interaction and the nature of the interface, and (iii) alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix. These issues are believed to be directly related to the electrical and thermal performance of nanocomposites. The recent progress in the fabrication of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes as fillers and their potential application in electronics packaging as thermal interface materials is also reported.
Translation of terranes: Lessons from central Baja California, Mexico

Baja California is one of the best modern examples of a continental block, or terrane, that is translating hundreds of kilometers along a highly obliquely divergent plate. The central domain of Baja California is particularly appropriate as a modern analogue for terrane translation because it has a relatively simple late Neogene history and is a buoyant continental block that is likely to be preserved in any future accretion to the North American continent. In contrast, the deep, dense oceanic crust of the Gulf of California, where the main transform faults of the plate boundary lie, has little preservation potential. It is surprising that there is little strike-slip faulting in the central domain of Baja California, even though the plate boundary has a rift angle (angle between rift trend and azimuth of plate motion), alpha, of only 20°. Recent field data confirm modeling studies of oblique rifting and show that there is a predictable change in fault type, fault orientation, and extension direction with changing rift angle. That is, from secondary structures alone, one can predict the approximate obliquity of rifting and the orientation of the plate motion. With rift angles of 0°–20°, strike-slip faults at low angles to the rift trend will dominate the secondary structures; with rift angles from ∼ 20° to ∼ 35°, there are strike-slip faults subparallel to the rift trend and normal faults 20°–40° clockwise from the rift trend in dextral shear; above ∼ 35°, normal faults are dominant, and there are few or no strike-slip faults as secondary structures.
Characterization of silicon parallel-plate electrostatic actuator in partially conducting aqueous solution

In this paper we present experimental results on the behavior of a silicon parallel-plate electrostatic actuator operated in a partially conducting aqueous solution. First, an experimental setup based on a laser position sensor is described for dynamic measurement of out-of-plate motion of MEMS structures in liquids. This set up is used to characterize motion of a surface-micromachined, polysilicon piston actuator operated in water using high- frequency drive signals to avoid charge migration that screens actuation potential. Results show that besides actuator design and fluid properties, voltage-displacement characteristics and pull-in phenomenon of parallel-plate actuators also depend on drive frequency.
Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in California waters: Cranial differentiation of coastal and offshore ecotypes

Coastal and offshore bottlenose dolphins in California waters are currently assessed and managed as separate stocks. Recent molecular studies (of mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellites) have shown the two populations to be genetically differentiated. This study investigated cranial osteological differentiation of the forms. The sample analyzed included 139 skulls from live captures, direct takes, fishery bycatch, and strandings; the skulls were assigned to form based on collection locality or mtDNA haplotype. The coastal form differs from the offshore form mainly in features associated with feeding: larger and fewer teeth, more robust rostrum, larger mandibular condyle, and larger temporal fossa. This suggests that it may feed on larger and tougher prey than the offshore form. Differences between the forms in other features of the skull may reflect differences in diving behavior and sound production. Approximately 86% of the stranded specimens were estimated to be of coastal origin; based on relative estimated sizes of the two populations and assuming similar mortality rates, this suggests that a coastal carcass is about 50 times more likely to beach than an offshore one. The morphological differences between the two ecotypes indicate evolutionary adaptation to different environments and emphasize the importance of conserving the relatively small coastal population and its habitat.
Flavonoid content in different legume germplasm seeds quantified by HPLC

Flavonoid content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and seed-coat colour was recorded from different legume seeds. Soybean seeds generally contained significantly higher amounts of daidzein (315–354 μg/g), genistein (438–458 μg/g), kaempferol (38–68 μg/g) and total measured flavonoids (892–917 μg/g), while cowpea and peanut seeds contained a significantly higher amount of quercetin (214–280 μg/g and 133–289 μg/g, respectively) than the other legumes tested. Significant variation for flavonoid content existed among and within legume species. Daidzein was significantly correlated with genistein and kaempferol (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001; r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), respectively. Genistein was also significantly correlated with kaempferol (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). Due to differences in genetic background, no consistent relationship was observed between seed-coat colour and flavonoid content. Variation observed in flavonoid content and seed-coat colour would be useful for legume breeding programmes and consumer use.
Reset Switching Probability of Resistive Switching Devices

The reset switching probability of resistive switching devices is characterized in array testing. The measured switching probability can be quantitatively explained based on the mechanism of a thermally activated reset process. An analytical model of switching probability is developed to describe the dependence of reset probability on operation parameters, including applied voltage, selection transistor gate voltage, and pulsewidth. The close fitting of the model with measurement also confirms the thermal reset mechanism. This quantitative switching probability model can be used to extrapolate key device parameters and may provide important guidance in yield improvement and memory evaluation.
What "Counts" as Educational Policy? Notes toward a New Paradigm

In my first article as a young PhD, which was published in the Harvard Educational Review, I argued that high school U.S. history curriculum, as represented in widely used textbooks, excises and thereby defines out of existence radical responses American workers have had to the problems they face on the job and in their communities (Anyon, 1979). This educational excision is one way that schooling mitigates against the development of working-class consciousness. In empirical and theoretical work since then, I have investigated knowledge and pedagogical experiences made available to students in different socialclass contexts (1980, 1981), and have attempted to understand the consequences of ways we conceptualize urban education, urban school reform, and neighborhood poverty. Recent arguments have aimed at unseating simplistic notions of the causes of urban poverty and low achievement in city districts, and explicating unexplored relations between urban education and movements for social change (e.g., 1995, 1997, 2005). In this chapter I think about education policy over the seventy-five years of Harvard Educational Review publication. During these decades, many K–12 policies have been written and implemented by federal, state, and local governments. Some of these have aimed at improving education in America’s cities and are my primary focus. Over the years, dominant strategies called upon to improve urban schools have included curricular, administrative, and funding reforms, as well as increases in educational opportunity and district/school accountability. A historical examination of policies can inform decisions we make today. Policy failures, for example, may demonstrate that we need to rethink strate-