cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attribute domain discovery for hidden web databases

Many web databases are hidden behind restrictive form-like interfaces which may or may not provide domain information for an attribute. When attribute domains are not available, domain discovery becomes a critical challenge facing the application of a broad range of existing techniques on third-party analytical and mash-up applications over hidden databases. In this paper, we consider the problem of domain discovery over a hidden database through its web interface. We prove that for any database schema, an achievability guarantee on domain discovery can be made based solely upon the interface design. We also develop novel techniques which provide effective guarantees on the comprehensiveness of domain discovery. We present theoretical analysis and extensive experiments to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: Past, present, and future

Advanced pancreatic cancer is a devastating illness characterized by significant morbidity and a brief median survival. Although standard chemotherapy with gemcitabine achieves only modest improvements in survival and quality of life, classic cytotoxic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil, pemetrexed, irinotecan, exatecan, cisplatin, or oxaliplatin, given alone or in combination with gemcitabine, have not proved superior. Thus, more recent trials have focused on targeting the biologic characteristics of pancreatic cancer. Although phase III trials of farnesyl transferase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors have not improved survival, encouraging preliminary results have been observed in phase II studies of inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor and the epidermal growth factor receptor.
A graceful return of the drachma

Abstract A country participating in a monetary union is constrained by loss of control over seigniorage revenue. Once the government reaches its fiscal limit on ordinary taxation, it cannot turn to seigniorage for financing. We show that a monetary union country can increase its seigniorage revenue by reissuing its own currency even as it fully honors all outstanding debt obligations. We use a simple cash-in-advance model, with domestic currency demand motivated by the need to pay taxes, to show that this policy effectively redistributes seigniorage revenue away from other monetary union members toward the acting country. The magnitude of the seigniorage created by currency reissue is limited both by the relative size of the country and by money demand, and, therefore, by the tax base. If this seigniorage revenue is insufficient, some additional seigniorage is available by allowing the new currency to grow and depreciate over time and domestic real wages to fall.
Epicardial Coronary Blood Flow Including the Presence of Stenoses and Aorto-Coronary Bypasses—I: Model and Numerical Method

A computer model and numerical method for calculating left epicardial coronary blood flow has been developed. This model employs a finite-branching geometry of the coronary vasculature and the one-dimensional, unsteady equations for flow with friction. The epicardial coronary geometry includes the left main and its bifurcation, the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries, and a selected number of small branches. Each of the latter terminate in an impedance, whose resistive component is related to intramyocardial compression through a linear dependence on left ventricular pressure. The elastic properties of the epicardial arteries are taken to be non-linear and are prescribed by specifying the local small-disturbance wave speed. The model allows for the incorporation of multiple stenoses as well as aorto-coronary bypasses. Calculations using this model predict pressure and flow waveform development and allow for the systematic investigation of the dependence of coronary flow on various parameters, e.g., peripheral resistance, wall properties, and branching pattern, as well as the presence of stenoses and bypass grafts. Reasonable comparison between calculations and earlier experiments in horses has been obtained.
Universal Lipid Screening in Children and Adolescents: A Baby Step toward Primordial Prevention?

There is clear pathologic evidence that the process of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD)2 begins in childhood with the deposition of fatty streaks within the arterial walls and subsequently progresses into fibrous plaques throughout adolescence and early adulthood. This evidence has generated a substantial interest outside of primary and secondary CVD prevention and a focus toward primordial prevention. The recent National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents updated recommendations for the identification, management, and treatment of all major cardiovascular risk factors in pediatrics (1). These guidelines, which have also been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), address issues related to nutrition, physical activity, tobacco, high blood pressure, lipids, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. One major challenge of this integrated approach is accounting for the fact that the manifestation of CVD typically occurs later in life and a variety of environmental factors influence the progression or attenuation of risk. One updated NHLBI recommendation that is likely to cause controversy is the recommendation of universal screening for dyslipidemia by the age of 9–11 years and subsequently at an age of 17–21 years. Lipid screening should be performed with either a fasting lipid panel [total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, non–HDL-C, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)] or a nonfasting lipid panel (total cholesterol, HDL-C, non–HDL-C). Initiatives and research emerging over the past 2 decades have led to a variety of approaches and attitudes toward screening for pediatric dyslipidemias, which have produced conflicting recommendations and variations in clinical practice. In 1992, the National Cholesterol Education Program first recommended a tiered approach to pediatric lipid screening, in which a fasting lipid profile was recommended if the child had a positive family history of premature CVD or dyslipidemia, had an unknown …
Theory of optical gain from four-wave mixing instabilities in quantum wells

We predict that in a typical pump-probe setup four-wave mixing instabilities associated with biexcitonic correlations in a single semiconductor quantum well can yield large optical gain in the probe and background-free four-wave mixing directions.
Prompt and delayed fluorescence from benzophenone

Abstract Excitation of benzophenone in solution at room temperature using a pulsing nitrogen laser (3371 A, ≈ 6 nsec) leads to prompt fluorescence, phosphorescence, and E-type delayed fluorescence. The first complete spectral distribution of the benzophenone fluorescence is presented.
Filling and mining the reactive metabolite target protein database.

The post-translational modification of proteins is a well-known endogenous mechanism for regulating protein function and activity. Cellular proteins are also susceptible to post-translational modification by xenobiotic agents that possess, or whose metabolites possess, significant electrophilic character. Such non-physiological modifications to endogenous proteins are sometimes benign, but in other cases they are strongly associated with, and are presumed to cause, lethal cytotoxic consequences via necrosis and/or apoptosis. The Reactive Metabolite Target Protein Database (TPDB) is a searchable, freely web-accessible (http://tpdb.medchem.ku.edu:8080/protein_database/) resource that attempts to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date listing of known reactive metabolite target proteins. In this report we characterize the TPDB by reviewing briefly how the information it contains came to be known. We also compare its information to that provided by other types of “-omics” studies relevant to toxicology, and we illustrate how bioinformatic analysis of target proteins may help to elucidate mechanisms of cytotoxic responses to reactive metabolites.
Associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Sporobolus wrightii in riparian habitats in arid South-western North America

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of Sporobolus wrightii and AM fungal communities were assessed at four riparian sites in south-east Arizona which represented upper terrace or lower floodplain habitats and perennial or intermittent river reaches. Colonization was co-ordinated with growth/reproductive stages of plants at three sites with higher levels from February to May when plants were primarily vegetative and lower levels in September and December during seed set and onset of dormancy. Fifteen species of AM fungi were associated with S. wrightii, includingGlomus , Acaulospora, Paraglomus and Archaeospora species. Species richness ranged from 9 to 13 AM fungal species per site.
Multiple transmitter performance with appropriate amplitude modulation for free-space optical communication

The propagation of a free-space optical communications signal through atmospheric turbulence experiences random fluctuations in intensity, including signal fades, which negatively impact the performance of the communications link. The gamma–gamma probability density function is commonly used to model the scintillation of a single beam. One proposed method to reduce the occurrence of scintillation-induced fades at the receiver plane involves the use of multiple beams propagating through independent paths, resulting in a sum of independent gamma–gamma random variables. Recently an analytical model for the probability distribution of irradiance from the sum of multiple independent beams was developed. Because truly independent beams are practically impossible to create, we present here a more general but approximate model for the distribution of beams traveling through partially correlated paths. This model compares favorably with wave-optics simulations and highlights the reduced scintillation as the number of transmitted beams is increased. Additionally, a pulse-position modulation scheme is used to reduce the impact of signal fades when they occur. Analytical and simulated results showed significantly improved performance when compared to fixed threshold on/off keying.
Place-Based Education at Island Community School

This qualitative case study of Island Community School 1 provides a detailed description of how one school incorporated place-based, environmentally conscious education over the course of more than a decade. The study explored the conditions that supported and constrained this approach in an isolated rural community. Data came primarily from interviews with educators, students, and community members but also from participant observation. Four themes helped explain relevant dynamics: leadership by the principal, interaction with seasonal residents, teachers' varied practices, and school culture invested in student inquiry. The research illustrated an approach that prepared students in one rural community with environmental awareness and skills that might serve them wherever they choose to live as adults.
The central limit theorem for m-dependent variables

In a previous paper (4) central limit theorems were obtained for sequences of m-dependent random variables (r.v.'s) asymptotically stationary to second order, the sufficient conditions being akin to the Lindeberg condition (3). In this paper similar theorems are obtained for sequences of m-dependent r.v.'s with bounded variances and with the property that for large n, where s′n is the standard deviation of the nth partial sum of the sequence. The same basic ideas as in (4) are used, but the proofs have been simplified. The results of this paper are examined in relation to earlier ones of Hoeffding and Robbins(5) and of the author (4). The cases of identically distributed r.v.'s and of vector r.v.'s are mentioned.
Hamiltonian cycles in vertex symmetric graphs of order 2 p 2

Abstract We prove that every connected vertex symmetric graph of order 2 p 2 , where p is a prime, is Hamiltonian.
Economic impact of new interventional therapies: are we asking the right questions?

An economist is a surgeon with an excellent scalpel and a rough-edged lancet, who operates beautifully on the dead and tortures the living.Nicholas Chamfort (1741–1794) The cost of health care attracts intense attention every decade or so, when professors, presidents, and popular media trumpet
Electrode Phenomena during Anodic Bonding of Silicon to Sodium Borosilicate Glass

Electrode phenomena during anodic bonding of silicon to sodium borosilicate glass are examined. The cathodic reaction, reduction of sodium, does not usually limit the reaction rate. The anodic reaction, oxidation of the silicon, requires very high electric fields in the anodic depletion layer and is the limiting electrode reaction. The ohmic drop in the glass determines the rate of establishment of the high interfacial fields. The transient current response under constant voltage conditions is modeled over the timescale of interest for bonding by a simple equivalent circuit. The current response model is also applicable to the initial transient during electrode polarization of glass at a blocking anode.
Acquisition of adjectives and adverbs in sentences written by hearing impaired and aphasic children.

Abstract The effect of an instructional package, which included modeling, reinforcement, and remedial feedback on the rate, accuracy, and topography of sentences composed by four hearing impaired and aphasic children, was examined. In a specially designed classroom, students wrote sentences describing a stimulus picture on acetate sheets placed on the stage of an overhead projector which was built into each student's desk. This arrangement provided the teacher and other students immediate and continuous visual access to each student's sentences. In a multiple baseline design across behaviors, model sentences were projected and token reinforcment and remedial feedback were made contingent upon writing correct sentences containing prenominal adjectives only, then adverbs only, then prenomial adjectives plus adverbs. During baseline all student displayed poor written language skills and seldom wrote sentences containing modifiers. When the instructional package was implemented, all students demonstrated significant increases in response rate, accuracy, and percentage of correct sentences including prenominal adjectives and adverbs.
Epitopes of human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase deduced from a cDNA sequence.

Abstract The sequence and structure of human testis-specific L-lactate dehydrogenase [LDHC4, LDHX; (L)-lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27] has been derived from analysis of a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone comprising the complete protein coding region of the enzyme. From the deduced amino acid sequence, human LDHC4 is as different from rodent LDHC4 (73% homology) as it is from human LDHA4 (76% homology) and porcine LDHB4 (68% homology). Subunit homologies are consistent with the conclusion that the LDHC gene arose by at least two independent duplication events. Furthermore, the lower degree of homology between mouse and human LDHC4 and the appearance of this isozyme late in evolution suggests a higher rate of mutation in the mammalian LDHC genes than in the LDHA and -B genes. Comparison of exposed amino acid residues of discrete antigenic determinants of mouse and human LDHC4 reveals significant differences. Knowledge of the human LDHC4 sequence will help design human-specific peptides useful in the development of a contraceptive vaccine.
Urethral compression for the treatment of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence: is history repeating itself?

After more than a century since the first prostatectomy was described by Young, the debate continues regarding the optimal treatment of postprostatectomy incontinence (PPI). PPI remains a devastating and frustrating complication for both patients and urologists alike. Since compressive devices for male incontinence were first described in 1750, the evolution of increased urethral resistance as a means to confer continence has progressed. The work by Fassi-Fehri et al. relays this group’s experience with the InVance device [1]. Passive urethral compression, which was once abandoned, has now re-emerged. Urethral resistance can be conceptualized as either dynamic or fixed. Treatment can also be categorized along the same divisions. Fixed compressive devices confer continence by obstructing outflow, but this resistance can be overcome with sufficient elevation of intra-abdominal pressure. Dynamic compressive devices use variations in pressure that can be modified to achieve continence. The first example of this is the Vincent apparatus described in the 1960s [2]. This device was worn externally and a bulb that conferred differing degrees of pressure could be manually adjusted, resulting in variable degrees of perineal compression. This pressure was transmitted to the bulbar urethra with resultant obstruction and thus continence. The first artificial urinary sphincter was described in 1947 by Foley [3]. This was an externally placed device with a controlling apparatus placed in the patient’s
Becoming digital: Using personal digital histories to engage teachers in contemporary understandings of teaching social studies

Abstract Given that social studies pedagogy often runs in direct opposition to how students best learn, social studies teacher preparation must intervene by providing teachers robust experiences for inquiry, interpretation, creation, and personal meaning making. Digital history represents an area of innovation in social studies that can be a useful context for providing such interventions. This research applies a design-based methodology to develop a teacher education activity that reflects research on digital history and how students learn best by constructing and extending prior knowledge, processing information into knowledge, and scaffolding. Design-based research has proven to be suitable as an intervention for classroom settings in that it can be rapidly refined in response to ongoing research on an intervention. The research asked what methods and tools can teacher educators use to promote digital history in their classrooms. Through the project, 200 teacher education students, over four iterative design phases, learned to process historical information into knowledge using technology to communicate refined versions of their knowledge to outside audiences. Seven design factors and six commonalities and differences were identified as influencing the design process. The results of this design-based research informed the development of generalizations and guidelines for designing similar digital history projects.
Electrophysiological Studies of Human Face Perception. I: Potentials Generated in Occipitotemporal Cortex by Face and Non-face Stimuli

This and the following two papers describe event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by visual stimuli in 98 patients in whom electrodes were placed directly upon the cortical surface to monitor medically intractable seizures. Patients viewed pictures of faces, scrambled faces, letter-strings, number-strings, and animate and inanimate objects. This paper describes ERPs generated in striate and peristriate cortex, evoked by faces, and evoked by sinusoidal gratings, objects and letter-strings. Short-latency ERPs generated in striate and peristriate cortex were sensitive to elementary stimulus features such as luminance. Three types of face-specific ERPs were found: (i) a surface-negative potential with a peak latency of approximately 200 ms (N200) recorded from ventral occipitotemporal cortex, (ii) a lateral surface N200 recorded primarily from the middle temporal gyrus, and (iii) a late positive potential (P350) recorded from posterior ventral occipitotemporal, posterior lateral temporal and anterior ventral temporal cortex. Face-specific N200s were preceded by P150 and followed by P290 and N700 ERPs. N200 reflects initial face-specific processing, while P290, N700 and P350 reflect later face processing at or near N200 sites and in anterior ventral temporal cortex. Face-specific N200 amplitude was not significantly different in males and females, in the normal and abnormal hemisphere, or in the right and left hemisphere. However, cortical patches generating ventral face-specific N200s were larger in the right hemisphere. Other cortical patches in the same region of extrastriate cortex generated grating-sensitive N180s and object-specific or letter-string-specific N200s, suggesting that the human ventral object recognition system is segregated into functionally discrete regions.
Carney triad: a syndrome featuring paraganglionic, adrenocortical, and possibly other endocrine tumors.

Background: Two young women, each with paraganglioma and gastric stromal tumor, were encountered in the middle 1970s. One also had an adrenal cortical adenoma and the other pulmonary chondroma. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the combination of tumors might represent a rare syndrome, similar cases were searched for. Five additional patients with gastric stromal tumor, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma were found, and all were young women. None had a family history of the tumors. The combination of the three tumors was later referred to as the Carney triad. Features of the Syndrome: Among 77 patients with the syndrome, 85% were women and 15% were men. Onset ranged from 7 to 48 yr (mean, 20 yr). The gastric lesion was usually the presenting tumor (75%), followed by the lung lesion (15%) and the paraganglionic tumor (10%). Twenty percent of the patients had adrenocortical adenoma(s), and 10% had esophageal leiomyoma(s). All the tumors were multifocal. The gastric and paraganglionic tumors metasta...
Blue sky in SOI: new opportunities for quantum and hot-electron devices

The combination of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates with ultrathin Si and insulator layers opens new opportunities for quantum effect and hot-electron devices. Unlike their III–V predecessors, these devices have the crucial advantage of potential integrability with dominant silicon technology. We discuss three examples of such SOI devices: a three-terminal real-space transfer transistor with a low-barrier dielectric; a vertical tunneling transistor with an ultrathin tunneling gate oxide; and a lateral interband tunneling transistor. None of these devices has progressed beyond a rudimentary proof-of-concept demonstration, but the strong nonlinearities of their characteristics deriving from quantum tunneling or hot-electron injection, as well as their unique scaling behavior, make them an interesting playground for innovative device research. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
When Stresses Collide

In this issue of Biology of Reproduction, Wale and Gardner present evidence on the inability of embryos cultured at 20% oxygen to detoxify ammonium.
The Construction of Away Messages: A Speech Act Analysis

Previous research suggests that ‘‘away messages’’ in instant messaging express informational and entertainment communicative goals while displaying a users’ identity. This study investigated the extent to which these communicative goals are reflected in the language structure of away messages, by examining the speech acts performed through the production of 483 away messages crafted by 44 participants. The messages were also analyzed for the use of non-standard orthography and humor. The results show that the messages were constructed primarily with assertives, followed by expressives and commissives, but rarely with directives, confirming that away messages tend to reflect both informational and entertainment goals. Non-standard orthography and humor were also common, although experienced participants used fewer non-standard forms than less experienced participants. These findings are discussed in terms of computer-mediated discourse and online self-presentation.
An improved sliding mode control

The trajectory tracking problem of a nonlinear system is considered. A new format of selecting a robust control is presented for a general class of nonlinear, time-varying systems with modeling uncertainties. A chronic problem in the sliding mode control technique is the undesirable oscillations of the controls even with small amplitudes. The earlier proposed strategies for smoothing only attenuate them. The control law presented removes these oscillations. >
The primordial anisotropy polarization pathfinder array (PAPPA): instrument overview and status

PAPPA is a balloon-based experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background using candidate technology for an eventual Einstein Inflation Probe mission. It will survey a 20° × 20° patch of sky with 0.5° angular resolution covering 3 passbands centered at 89, 212 and 302 GHz. Detection will be accomplished via antenna-coupled transition edge sensors (TESs) with SQUID-based readouts. In the eventual flight package, band defining filters and MEMS-based polarization modulators will be incorporated into the superconducting microstrip transmission lines that terminate in resistors that are thermally coupled to the TESs. The MEMS switches will allow on-chip polarization modulation that is faster than significant detector gain variations. The initial configuration will incorporate a simplified focal plane augmented by quasioptical polarization modulation. We describe the overall instrument design and present a summary of the current progress.
Further explorations of the empirical and theoretical aspects of the emulation theory

The emulation theory of representation articulated in the target article is further explained and explored in this response to commentaries. Major topics include: the irrelevance of equilibrium-point and related models of motor control to the theory; clarification of the particular sense of “representation” which the emulation theory of representation is an account of; the relation between the emulation framework and Kalman filtering; and addressing the empirical data considered to be in conflict with the emulation theory. In addition, I discuss the further empirical support for the emulation theory provided by some commentators, as well as a number of suggested theoretical applications.
The use of m pulse sequences in the study of nonlinearities in the brainstem auditory evoked response

The auditory system is represented by a third-order Volterra series, and the cross-section function resulting from applying the cross-correlation method with an m pulse sequence as the input is derived in terms of Volterra kernels. The function can be used to predict system responses to pulse trains of different pulse rates. It is therefore concluded that the m pulse sequence may be an effective and efficient stimulus for studying nonlinear rate effects in neurological systems. >
Feasibility of High Speed Furnace Drawing of Optical Fibers

The domain of operating conditions, in which the optical fiber-drawing process is successful, is an important consideration. Such a domain is mainly determined by the stresses acting on the fiber and by the stability of the process. This paper considers an electrical resistance furnace for fiber drawing and examines conditions for process feasibility. In actual practice, it is known that only certain ranges of furnace temperature and draw speed lead to successful fiber drawing. The results obtained here show that the length of the heated zone and the furnace temperature distribution are other important parameters that can be varied to obtain a feasible process. Physical behavior close to the boundary of the feasible domain is also studied. It is found that the iterative scheme for neck-down profile determination diverges rapidly when the draw temperature is lower than that at the acceptable domain boundary due to the lack of material flow. However, the divergence rate becomes much smaller as the temperature is brought close to the domain boundary. Additional information on the profile determination as one approaches the acceptable region is obtained. It is found that it is computationally expensive and time-consuming to locate the exact boundary of the feasible drawing domain. From the results obtained, along with practical considerations of material rupture, defect concentration, and flow instability, an optimum design of a fiber-drawing system can be obtained for the best fiber quality.
A zinc finger protein from Candida albicans is involved in sucrose utilization.

Abstract A sucrose-inducible alpha-glucosidase activity that hydrolyzes sucrose in Candida albicans has been demonstrated previously. The enzyme is assayable in whole cells and was inhibited by both sucrose and maltose. A C. albicans gene (CASUC1) that affects sucrose utilization and alpha-glucosidase activity was cloned by expression in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suc2 mutant (2102) devoid of invertase genes. CASUC1 enabled the S. cerevisiae mutant to utilize both sucrose and maltose. DNA sequence analysis revealed that CASUC1 encodes a putative zinc finger-containing protein with 28% identity to a maltose-regulatory gene (MAL63) of S. cerevisiae. The gene products of CASUC1 and MAL63 are approximately the same size (501 and 470 amino acids, respectively), and each contains a single zinc finger located at the N terminus. The zinc fingers of CASUC1 and MAL63 comprise six conserved cysteines (C6 zinc finger) and are of the general form Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa6-Cys-Xaavariable-Cys-Xaa2-Cys-+ ++Xaa6-Cys (where Xaan indicates a stretch of the indicated number of any amino acids). Both contain five amino acids in the variable region. CASUC1 also complemented the maltose utilization defect of an S. cerevisiae mutant (TCY-137) containing a defined mutation in a maltose-regulatory gene. The sucrose utilization defect of type II Candida stellatoidea, a sucrase-negative mutant of C. albicans, was corrected by CASUC1. Determinations of alpha-glucosidase activity in whole cells revealed that activity was restored in transformants cultivated on either sucrose or maltose. To our knowledge, this is the first zinc finger-encoding gene, as well as the first putative regulatory gene, to be identified in C. albicans.
Understanding conditions for which biological effects of nonionizing electromagnetic fields can be expected

Abstract Scientific interest in the interaction of nonionizing electromagnetic fields with biological systems is longstanding, but often still controversial. Theories, models and computer simulations have usually emphasized physical interactions with subsystems (e.g. cell membranes) of a biological system. By extending this first necessary physical step to a second step of explicitly and quantitatively considering chemical changes, increased understanding appears possible. In the case of “strong fields”, the role of field-altered chemistry is important to electrochemotherapy [Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, Suppl. (1991) 567] and creation of transdermal microconduits [Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 49 (1999) 11; J. Controlled Release 61 (1999) 185; J. Invest. Dermatol. 116 (2001) 40] For “weak fields” (a topic with much more controversy) consideration of chemical change shows that organized multicellular systems can be understood to respond to extremely small electric [Chaos 8 (1998) 576] or magnetic fields [Nature 405 (2000) 707]. In contrast, isolated individual cells interacting via voltage-gated channels [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 3740; Biophys. J. 75 (1998) 2251; Bioelectromagnetics 20 (1999) 102], or processes without “temperature compensation” [Biophys. J. 76 (1999) 3026], appear implausible. Satisfactory understanding is likely only if experimental and theoretical work is reconciled, which should therefore be emphasized. The interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological systems is of interest because of fundamental scientific curiosity, potential medical benefits and possible human health hazards.
Switchgrass Harvest and Storage

The feedstock characteristics of the conversion platform will influence the optimal harvest and post harvest management practices for switchgrass. However, many of the harvest management practices are tied to plant phenology and will be similar across platforms. Proper harvest and storage of switchgrass will help provide a consistent and high-quality feedstock to the biorefinery. Bioenergy-specific switchgrass strains are high-yielding and in most cases can be harvested and baled with commercially available haying equipment. Many options are available for packaging switchgrass for storage and transportation, but large round bales or large rectangular bales are the most readily available and are in use on farms. Large round bales tend to have less storage losses than large rectangular bales when stored outside, but rectangular bales tend to be easier to handle and load a truck for transport without road width restrictions. Although there is limited large-scale experience with harvesting and storing switchgrass for bioenergy, extensive research, as well as a history of harvesting hay crops for livestock in many agroecoregions, makes harvesting and preserving switchgrass for bioenergy feasible at the landscape scale.
Radioimmunoassay of Porcine Alpha Fetoprotein

The development of a radioimmunoassay for porcine alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is described. Antibodies to AFP were produced in rabbits by injecting polyacrylamide gel slices containing AFP. Alpha fetoprotein was purified from amniotic fluid by ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alpha fetoprotein prepared in this manner was estimated to be >95% pure and was suitable as a reference standard for a radioimmunoassay. The radioimmunoassay was sensitive over a range of 0.6-34 ng. Levels of AFP in chorionic and amniotic fluids from 40-day-old fetal pigs from 8 sows were 171 ± 24 and 256 ± 20 pg/mI, respectively. Maternal serum levels were 16 ± 2 ng/ml at estrus and did not show a significant increase until Day 35 (23 ± 2 ng/ml) of gestation. From Day 50 to Day 110 of gestation, maternal serum levels of AFP were highest at Day 70 (58 ± 14 ng/ml); the values at this stage of gestation were quite variable, ranging from 21 to 180 ng/ml. Serum levels of AFP in boars were 16 ± 2 ng/ml and this AFP was shown to behave identically upon ion exchange chromatography to the AFP in a mixture of sera from boar and newborn pigs. The assay described provides a basis for determining correlations between AFP levels in fetal-maternal compartments and fetal survival and maturity in swine.
Minimizing the Routing Cost During Logic Extraction

This paper describes techniques for reducing the routing cost during logic extraction. Two routing cost functions derived from the global structure of a boolean network are analyzed and the effectiveness of each cost function is compared against the conventional literal savings cost function. Experimental results obtained with these routing cost functions are presented and discussed in detail.
Optimal cluster-head deployment in wireless sensor networks with redundant link requirements

In this paper, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) deployment problem is posed: in a two-level heterogeneous WSN, we need to optimally determine the location of cluster-heads in order to minimize communication power. We require that each sensor node connects to at least p cluster-heads for reliability, and each cluster-head can accept at most q connections. The optimization problem in formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem. To overcome the fact that a MINLP solver fails to solve large-scale cases or obtain a global optimum, we propose an iterative decomposition algorithm and use a randomized multi-start technique for global optimization. We also propose an incremental deployment approach and use it to solve the original problem as if the WSN is built incrementally. Numerical results show that the decomposition algorithm is very efficient. While the incremental deployment method is slower in each run, it produces a better solution distribution compared to the pure multi-start approach. Both, however, are capable of solving large-scale problems.
NP-hardness of bit allocation in multiuser multicarrier communications

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimal bit allocation for a multiuser multicarrier communications. Some of the existing papers comment, without a proof, on the intractability of the problem and provide algorithms resulting in suboptimal bit allocation to reduce the computation complexity. A formal proof for classifying this problem as being NP-hard is presented in this article.
Organizing Principles for Science Education Partnerships: Case Studies of Students' Learning About 'Rats in Space' and 'Deformed Frogs'

We describe how science education partnerships composed of educational researchers, technologists, classroom teachers, natural scientists, and pedagogy experts can create effective instructional innovations using Internet technologies. We show that our Scaffolded Knowledge Integration framework gives partnerships a head start on effective designs. We illustrate this process with the Deformed Frogs partnership and the Rats in Space partnership. We conclude with suggestions for future partnerships.
Even-mode characteristics of the bilateral slotline

Transmission line data for the even-mode characteristics of a bilateral slotline (double-sided slotline) are presented. The slotline is analyzed by the spectral Galerkin method, and results are presented for the slot wavelength and characteristic impedance for substrates having epsilon /sub r/=2.22, 3.5, 6.0, 9.8, and 12.8. The results are presented for 0.01 >
Slow-exchange C3-symmetric cryptand/trispyridinium inclusion complexes containing non-linear guests: a new type of threaded structure

Abstract Slow-exchange C3-symmetric inclusion complexes were successfully prepared based on a new cryptand/trispyridinium recognition motif as confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and molecular modeling. These inclusion complexes are the first examples of a new type of threaded structure with non-linear guests.
Detection of anti-listeriolysin O in dairy cattle experimentally infected with Listeria monocytogenes

A dot-blot assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect listeriosis in dairy cattle were developed that detected anti-listeriolysin O antibodies in the serum of cows experimentally infected with Listeria monocytogenes. The tests utilized purified listeriolysin O (LLO) as the detection antigen and streptolysin O (SLO) to absorb cross-reacting antibodies. The two tests were compared with an agglutination test that used formalin-killed whole L. monocytogenes cells. Blood samples were collected periodically from 17 cows after intramammary gland infection, and the development of anti-LLO antibodies was followed by an agglutination test, the dot-blot test, and the ELISA. In general, an agglutination titer of > 640 was needed for a positive dot-blot anti-LLO test for nonpregnant cows. However, 1 pregnant cow with an agglutination titer of 20 was positive in the dot-blot test. The ELISA was as sensitive as the dot-blot assay but gave a quantitative measurement to distinguish serum samples of positive reactors from cross-reactors. The specificity of the LLO-based tests was further evaluated using serum from cows that had been experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus, 17 of which had agglutination titers for L. monocytogenes > 640. These elevated agglutination titers were probably due to cross-reacting bacterial antigens because serum from 9 of 17 of these animals did not react to the purified LLO antigen. A positive response to the LLO-based dot-blot and ELISA assays is indicative of previous or current infection with L. monocytogenes.
History of imaging in orthodontics from Broadbent to cone-beam computed tomography

The history of imaging and orthodontics is a story of technology informing biology. Advances in imaging changed our thinking as our understanding of craniofacial growth and the impact of orthodontic treatment deepened. This article traces the history of imaging in orthodontics from the invention of the cephalometer by B. Holly Broadbent in 1930 to the introduction of low-cost, low-radiation-dose cone-beam computed tomography imaging in 2015.
A phase II trial of lithium, bevacizumab, temozolomide, and radiation for newly diagnosed glioblastomas (GBM).

e13033 Background: Invasion is a dominant escape mechanism following angiogenic blockade in glioblastomas (GBM). Lithium has shown anti-invasive activity in glioma cells by inhibiting Glycogen Synt...
Decreased pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity in sickle erythrocytes.

We have previously shown that physiologic concentrations of hemin cause marked inhibition of several red blood cell (RBC) enzymes. Because endogenous heme content is elevated in sickle RBCs, we have examined the activity of hemin-sensitive enzymes in these RBCs. One of the hemin- sensitive enzymes, pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase (PNMK), was shown to have decreased activity in sickle RBCs relative to RBCs of equivalent cell age. The other hemin-sensitive enzymes, including adenylate kinase (AK), pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (P5N), 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and aldolase, had activities that were appropriate for cell age. We have also examined the affinity of the hemin-sensitive enzymes to hemin. Using two different methods, PNMK was shown to have the highest binding affinity to hemin. The exquisite sensitivity of PNMK to inhibition by hemin, coupled with the enzyme9s high affinity to hemin, may account for the decrease in PNMK activity and the lack of significant decrease in the other hemin- sensitive enzymes in sickle RBCs. These results suggest that the increased endogenous heme content in sickle RBCs may be responsible for the decrease in PNMK activity. Whether the increased endogenous heme content of sickle RBCs can cause hemolysis indirectly by inhibiting RBC enzymes remains to be determined.
Density, age structure, and length of queen conch (Strombus gigas) in shallow-water aggregations in the Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve, Belize.

Abstract The Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve (SCMR) was established in 1996 to protect the queen conch (Strombus gigas) fishery in southern Belize. However, no systematic survey of queen conch populations in the SCMR had been conducted. To determine the state of the queen conch population and to provide a baseline to measure management effectiveness, we conducted shallow-water surveys of historical conch fishing areas from 2006 — 2008 during July and August. We collected data on habitat, depth, maturity, length, and density. We sampled 1,778 conch at eight sites throughout the reserve. Conch were found primarily in seagrass meadows (88.6%) in an average depth of 1.7±0.01 m (range: 0.3–4.9 m). 93% of conch were juveniles and the percentage of juveniles in aggregations averaged 85.0±3.8 (range 28.6 — 100.00%). Average shell length was 14.6±0.1 cm (range: 6.5–25.0 cm) and varied among aggregations and among years within aggregations. 85% of conch were below the legal harvestable size for Belize. Average densi...
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—XXXIV. A New Humarina

(1939). Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—XXXIV. A New Humarina. Mycologia: Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 533-536.
Jet Substructure Classification in High-Energy Physics with Deep Neural Networks

At the extreme energies of the Large Hadron Collider, massive particles can be produced at such high velocities that their hadronic decays are collimated and the resulting jets overlap. Deducing whether the substructure of an observed jet is due to a low-mass single particle or due to multiple decay objects of a massive particle is an important problem in the analysis of collider data. Traditional approaches have relied on expert features designed to detect energy deposition patterns in the calorimeter, but the complexity of the data make this task an excellent candidate for the application of machine learning tools. The data collected by the detector can be treated as a two-dimensional image, lending itself to the natural application of image classification techniques. In this work, we apply deep neural networks with a mixture of locally connected and fully connected nodes. Our experiments demonstrate that without the aid of expert features, such networks match or modestly outperform the current state-of-the-art approach for discriminating between jets from single hadronic particles and overlapping jets from pairs of collimated hadronic particles, and that such performance gains persist in the presence of pileup interactions.
Abstract B55: Antioxidant intake and breast cancer survival among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: The New Mexico Women's Health Study

Background: Dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients, vitamins A, C and E, is reported to be associated with reduced carcinogenesis, and several case-control studies suggest these vitamins are associated with a reduced risk for breast cancer. Findings from cohort studies, however, are less consistent. To date, there are few studies that have examined the associations of vitamins A, C and E with breast cancer survival. Moreover, few studies have investigated differences in these associations by Hispanic (H) versus non-Hispanic white (NHW) ethnicity. This is important because previous research has indicated that these ethnic groups differ for both dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and survival. We evaluated the association of antioxidant vitamin intake with breast cancer survival and modification by ethnicity using data from a population-based study in New Mexico. Materials and Methods: Survival data for this study were collected in the Long Term Quality of Life (LTQOL) study, which is a 12 to 15 year follow-up of women who participated in the New Mexico Women9s Health Study (NMWHS), a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer conducted between 1992 and 1996. A total of 722 H and NHW cases, aged 20 to 80 years, were ascertained by the New Mexico Tumor Registry (year of diagnosis: 1992–1994). All nutritional information was collected at entry using a standardized food-frequency questionnaire. Death and cause of death was ascertained for cases from the National Death Index though 2008. Dietary intake and mortality data were available for a total of 686 (323 H and 363 NHW) women for these analysis. Generalized linear modeling (PROC GLM) was used to test for differences in antioxidant intake between H and NHW women, adjusting for total energy intake. Cox Proportional Hazards analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of vitamins A, C and E intakes with breast cancer survival, stratifying by ethnicity and adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: After adjusting for total energy intake, H women had significantly (p Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B55.
Epitaxial Dielectric Planarization for Multilayer HTSC Structures

Yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and CeO2 thin films were deposited on patterned (001) YSZ and (001) LaAIO3 substrates, respectively, using ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) at normal incidence and an ion beam energy of 500eV. All deposition took place at 600°C. An initial 1000A thick layer was evaporated at 0.2A/s before beginning IBAD at rates of 0.3A/s for YSZ and between 0.8A/s and 1.2A/s for CeO2. X-ray diffraction shows the YSZ films to grow epitaxially. The planarization mechanism for IBAD YSZ is similar to that previously observed for if-bias sputtering. CeO2 grows epitaxially on LaA103 but a second polycrystalline phase grows preferentially over the surface steps and inhibits the planarization process. The emergence of this phase appears to be related to highly incoherent growth of CeO2 over the stepped edges, which in turn is a function of the large lattice mismatch between CeO2 and LaA1O3 in the [001] direction.