cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Universe of Neighboring Societies Based Upon the Ethnographic Atlas

We have developed a universe of neighboring societies using the Ethnographic Atlas. The Universe can be used in research problems where it is desirable to examine a society and its neighbor; 736 pairs of societies are listed.
Adverse effects of risperidone on eye movement activity: A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients

Risperidone is a novel and clinically effective atypical antipsychotic medication with a unique biochemical profile. To contrast the neurophysiological effects of this new medication with those of a typical antipsychotic medication, we performed quantitative measurements of saccadic eye movements in a series of antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients treated with either risperidone or haloperidol. Patients were tested before and after 1 month of treatment, and a matched group of healthy subjects was tested twice over a similar time interval. Risperidone, but not haloperidol, was associated with prolonged latency and decreased peak velocity and accuracy of saccadic eye movements that was detectable 4 weeks after treatment initiation. The adverse effects of risperidone may be due to the lack of development of acute tolerance to its powerful serotonergic (5-HT2A) antagonism, which could be responsible for the disruption of brainstem physiology in regions controlling saccadic eye movements.
Resistance-curve toughening in ductile/brittle layered structures: Behavior in Nb/Nb3Al laminates

A study has been made of the fracture toughness and resistance-curve behavior of a laminate consisting of alternating layers of brittle Nb3Al intermetallic and ductile Nb metal, using layer thicknesses of ∼500 and 125 μm, respectively. Effective resistance-curve toughening of Nb3Al was achieved in such a coarse-scale layered structure with only 20 vol.% of the Nb reinforcement phase. Specifically, the toughness of Nb3Al was increased from ∼1 MPa✔m to well over 20 MPa✔m (and as high as 70 MPa✔m in certain samples) after several millimeters at stable crack growth. These values are significantly greater than other Nb/Nb3Al composites containing Nb as ∼ 20 μm sized particulates or 1–2 μm thick Nb layers (in the form of a microlaminate), both containing at least 40 vol.% of the ductile phase. The source of such ductile-phase toughening was attributed to crack blunting at, and renucleation across, the ductile Nb layers, which in turn led to extensive bridging and plastic deformation within the Nb layers in the crack wake. Since the extent of crack trapping by the ductile layer and plastic deformation are limited by layer thickness, the present coarser-scale laminates tend to display better fracture resistance compared to composites with finer-scale ductile reinforcements.
Tetrahydropapaveroline in Parkinson’s Disease and Alcoholism: A Look Back in Honor of Merton Sandler

Although Dr. Merton Sandler's extensive and vigorous research program over the years has been concerned mainly with classical biogenic amines, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and MAO inhibitors, he and his group contributed a significant early Parkinson's disease-related study of a non-classical or "aberrant" biogenic amine. The formation and production of this amine, the dopamine-derived mammalian alkaloid, tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), is in fact dependent on MAO activity. As reviewed here, that study provided the groundwork for and indeed stimulated many later investigations of mammalian alkaloids in numerous laboratories around the world.
On the Reflection of Light at 45° Angle of Incidence

When light is incident at an angle of 45° on the interface between a transparent medium and an absorbing medium, the complex amplitude reflection coefficients r p and r s for the p and s polarizations are related by r p = r s 2. It follows that the intensity reflectances are similarly related, i.e. R p = R s 2 where R = S r S 2, as has been previously noted, and that the reflection phase shift for the p polarization is double that for the s polarization, i.e. i p = 2 i s where i = arg r, which, as far as can be ascertained, is a new result. Two other interesting consequences of light reflection at 45° are that (1) ellipsometry at this angle determines the complex reflection coefficient r s in both magnitude and phase, and (2) the angular beam deviation on refraction when both media are transparent is equal to the polarization (or ellipsometric) angle . This is one of the simplest possible relations between propagation directions and polarization directions, i.e. between two properties, one related to geo...
Permeability-porosity data sets for sandstones

As every geophysicist knows, the reflection amplitude versus angle for reflection from an interface between two elastic rocks is given by the Zoeppritz equation. The Zoeppritz equation in the forward mode predicts the amplitude of the reflection, given the angle, the compressional and shear velocities, and densities of the rocks that form an interface. It is possible to turn the Zoeppritz equation around and ask, given the reflection amplitude and angle, compressional velocities and densities, what is the shear velocity of the lower rock? This turning around of the equation is called the inverse mode of the Zoeppritz equation. A popular procedure for inverting Zoeppritz's equation is to first make the Bortfeld type approximation of the Zoeppritz equation as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[R\ =\ \mathrm{b}\ {+}\ \mathrm{m\ sin^{2}}{\theta}\] \end{document} Where R is the reflection amplitude, b and m are constants, relative to 𝛉, containing the rock parameters, and 𝛉 is the angle of reflection. Then using this formula, if the amplitude is plotted versus the sin2 𝛉, a straight line is obtained and b and m are determined from the graph since b is the zero angle-intercept and m is the slope. One limitation of this procedure is that the approximation should not be used beyond an angle of 30°. Another limitation of the approximation is that a 70% error in the derived shear- wave velocity can occur (Demirbag and Coruh, 1988). One look at the Zoeppritz equation shows why approximations of its functional dependence on the rock parameters are made. The amplitude is related to the rock parameters via a quite complicated algebraic expression. Until now we have not been able to invert the algebraic expression exactly, but have to first make approximations. It's actually amazing that the Zoeppritz equation with its proliferation of trig functions of the reflection angle and the square root functions of the rock …
A multichannel optical correlator

Abstract A multichannel parallel optical pattern recognition system is proposed. The synthesis of a large capacity matched filter is discussed. The technique uses a phase mask and telescopic arrangement for the mass filter construction. The processing capacity of the proposed optical correlator, which is over 400 times of a single channel system, is evaluated.
Using Lagrangians of hypergraphs to find non-jumping numbers(II)

Let r>=2 be an integer. A real number @[email protected]?[0,1) is a jump for r if for any @e>0 and any integer m>=r, any r-uniform graph with n>n"0(@e,m) vertices and density at least @[email protected] contains a subgraph with m vertices and density at least @a+c, where c=c(@a)>0 does not depend on @e and m. A result of Erdos, Stone and Simonovits implies that every @[email protected]?[0,1) is a jump for r=2. Erdos asked whether the same is true for r>=3. Frankl and Rodl gave a negative answer by showing an infinite sequence of non-jumping numbers for every r>=3. However, there are a lot of unknowns on determining whether or not a number is a jump for r>=3. In this paper, we find two infinite sequences of non-jumping numbers for r=4, and extend one of the results to every r>=4. Our approach is still based on the approach developed by Frankl and Rodl.
An Open Trial of Pemoline in Drug-Dependent Delinquents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective Adolescents with conduct disorder and substance use disorders have high rates of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); ADHD may contribute to the severity and persistence of substance use disorders and antisocial behaviors. Treatment of ADHD may help patients utilize substance and other behaviorally focused treatment. Yet little is known about the response of ADHD symptoms to psychopharmacological intervention in substance-dependent delinquents. Method Pilot data are presented for 13 male adolescents with conduct disorder, substance use disorders, and ADHD, in a residential substance use treatment program. Patients were treated with pemoline. Scores from the Conners Hyperactivity Index and continuous performance tasks were obtained at baseline and after about 1 month of treatment with pemoline. Physical activity measurements were also assessed at baseline and 1 month. Postmedication assessments were obtained after at least 1 week at maximal dosage (1.2 to 3.3 mg/kg). Results Mean Conners Hyperactivity Index scores declined 13.9% ( p p Conclusions Preliminary data indicate that pemoline may be a useful treatment for ADHD in substance-dependent delinquents; the authors propose a controlled trial of pemoline in such youths.
An overview of the 1976 New York academy of science meeting.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, endurance running was gaining popularity at an exponential rate. Paul Milvy organised the scientific and medical conference entitled ‘The Marathon: Physiological, Medical, Epidemiological, and Psychological Studies’ associated with 1976 New York Marathon and sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences to provide a forum for scientists to interact and to publish the proceedings to serve as a resource for future sports medicine research. The conference was a major success and the published proceedings have continued to be a significant resource for those in exercise science and sports medicine over the past 30 years. The challenge for this meeting is to bring forward the many new findings on marathon running and fill many of the gaps in our knowledge of exercise performance and human health that have occurred since 1976.
Determinants of Low-fat Eating Behaviors among Midlife African American Women

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to explore midlife African American women's low-fat eating habits in the context of health attitudes, social support, and food preferences. Design A cross-sectional design was used. Settings One Midwestern and 1 national African American women's organization were targeted for data collection. Participants African American women between the ages of 45 and 64. Main Outcome Measures Health Attitudes Scale, Social Support Scale, Eating Behaviors subscale, and Low-Fat Eating subscale. Analysis A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Results Highly educated women did not engage in better eating habits than women with less education. Family members provided more criticism and friends provided more encouragement for healthful eating. However, only family encouragement and criticism for healthful eating and food preferences remained predictive of low-fat eating habits in midlife African American women in the final regression model. Conclusions and Implications Changing attitudes may not influence changes in behaviors. Women experience family support as a significant influence to eating habits. Future nutrition interventions should be inclusive of women at every educational level and have a multidimensional focus that targets family involvement and changing behaviors.
The Influence of Sterol Composition on Transbilayer Diffusion Rates

Cholesterol is a uniquely important sterol to mammalian cell membranes and has been shown to suppress the translocation of lipids between leaflets of a bilayer and therefore plays an important role in maintaining lipid asymmetry. Leaflet composition is regulated by the active transport of lipids by membrane proteins, while thermal diffusion across a membrane tries to randomize the leaflet composition. We have measured the transbilayer diffusion rates for three different sterols over a wide range of compositions. The sterols studied were all cholesterol analogs; including dihydrocholesterol, ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, and stigmasterol, an unsaturated plant sterol. Temperature was varied to determine its influence on transbilayer diffusion rates. We find that sterol structure does have an influence on the rate at which lipids move between bilayer leaflets. Transbilayer diffusion measurements were made using a sodium dithionite assay to monitor the location of lipid analogues within DMPC/sterol liposomes.
Estimating the Accuracy of Jury Verdicts

Average accuracy of jury verdicts for a set of cases can be studied empirically and systematically even when the correct verdict cannot be known. The key is to obtain a second rating of the verdict, for example, the judge’s, as in the recent study of criminal cases in the United States by the National Center for State Courts (NCSC). That study, like the famous Kalven-Zeisel study, showed only modest judge-jury agreement. Simple estimates of jury accuracy can be developed from the judge-jury agreement rate; the judge’s verdict is not taken as the gold standard. Although the estimates of accuracy are subject to error, under plausible conditions they tend to overestimate the average accuracy of jury verdicts. The jury verdict was estimated to be accurate in no more than 87 percent of the NCSC cases (which, however, should not be regarded as a representative sample with respect to jury accuracy). More refined estimates, including false conviction and false acquittal rates, are developed with models using stronger assumptions. For example, the conditional probability that the jury incorrectly convicts given that the defendant truly was not guilty (a “Type I error”) was estimated at 0.25, with an estimated standard error (s.e.) of 0.07, the conditional probability that a jury incorrectly acquits given that the defendant truly was guilty (“Type II error”) was estimated at 0.14 (s.e. 0.03), and the difference was estimated at 0.12 (s.e. 0.08). The estimated number of defendants in the NCSC cases who truly are not guilty but are convicted does seem to be smaller than the number who truly are guilty but are acquitted. The conditional probability of a wrongful conviction, given that the defendant was convicted, is estimated at 0.10 (s.e. 0.03).
Intraoperative cytology of osseous lesions.

Cytologic preparations were made from 53 biopsies of osseous and related lesions submitted for intraoperative diagnosis. Smears made by scraping the surface of the lesion and spreading the material obtained on a glass slide were most commonly used. These preparations were found to be valuable adjuncts to frozen sections because cytologic details were so much more clearly visible. Among specific diagnostic features found to be particularly helpful were the large numbers of nuclei found in most of the multinucleated cells from giant-cell tumors but in few osteoclasts from other lesions; the met achromatic staining of osteoid in air-dried, Romanowsky-stained smears from osteosarcomas; and the ease with which multinucleated cells can be identified in smears from chondrosarcomas. The characteristic appearance of chondroblasts from a chondroblastoma; the distinctive appearances of osteoclasts and multinucleated histiocytes from eosinophilic granulomas; the unique appearance of synovial cells from pigmented synovitis; and the ease with which small cells of a metastatic carcinoma could be distinguished from hematopoietic bone-marrow cells were other significant findings. These and other features of the lesions encountered are presented in greater detail. Diagn Cytopathol 1985;1:5-12.
The estimation of protein contamination in ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The phenol reagent is shown to be suitable for determining the degree of protein contamination in ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations derived from nucleoproteins and to offer the advantages of rapidity and the need for only small samples. Amounts of protein in the range 0.5 – 5.0 μg. of protein in 1-mg. samples of RNA can be determined with an accuracy of ±5%. The significance of the lower values obtained is doubtful.
Cannulation of the right atrium via left thoracotomy

Described here is a technique of right atrial cannulation to establish cardiopulmonary bypass for repairing descending thoracic/aortic arch aneurysms via left thoracotomy. This technique provides satisfactory venous return and can be used for retrograde cerebral perfusion during aortic surgery. The technique is safe and has been extensively used by the authors. Left thoracotomy or thoraco-abdominal incision is used for the repair of aneurysms of distal aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta (DTA) and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). Safe and effective cannulation is an integral part of the operative repair. The femoral vein is generally cannulated for venous drain- age during these operations. We describe a technique of cannula- tion of the right atrium via a left thoracotomy. TECHNIQUE Left postero-lateral thoracotomy or thoraco-abdominal incision is made depending on the planned operative repair. The diaphragm is divided from its attachment on the chest wall in a circular fashion in patients with thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms. The pericar- dium in opened vertically posterior to the left phrenic nerve from the level of the left inferior pulmonary vein to the diaphragm. Pericardial stay sutures are applied. Intrapericardial portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is exposed. Heparin is administered. Direct cannulation of the aorta is carried out. The heart may need to be retracted cranially using a sponge-on-a-holder to expose the IVC. A 3-0 Prolene pledgetted suture (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) is used for placing one diamond-shaped purse-string suture on the posterior aspect of the IVC. Ventilation is occasionally discontinued as the expansion of the contralateral lung may interfere during can- nulation. A right-angled wire-reinforced venous cannula (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) is placed via the IVC purse string, with the tip directed cranially, in such a way that the tip of the single- stage cannula lies in the mid-portion of the right atrium. The purse string is tightened, and the cannula is secured to the snugger with a heavy silk tie (Fig. 1A and B). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is established. A vent is placed in the left ventricle via the base of the left inferior pulmonary vein. A short segment of bypass tubing can be used to connect the arterial and venous lines using suitable connectors if deep hypo- thermic circulatory arrest (DHTCA) is planned. During circulatory arrest, the patient is placed in the Trendelenburg position, arterial line is clamped and the bridging line opened to establish retro- grade cerebral perfusion at a flow rate of near 1.0 l/min maintain- ing central venous pressure at <15 mmHg (Fig. 1C). The right atrial cannula is removed following weaning off CPB. The purse-string suture is tied, and often an additional reinforcing suture applied.
On the Use of Verbal Reports in Reading Research

In 1917, E. L. Thorndike focused attention on the processes, particularly the reasoning processes, involved in reading. More than 50 years later, following the hiatus imposed by behaviorism, Simons (1971) reemphasized that research should focus more on the reading process than on the product of reading if progress were to be made toward understanding the nature of comprehension. However, observing and understanding the comprehension process seems more easily proposed than actualized. We have generally inferred the process from products, such as differential performance on different comprehension questions, perhaps collected under different conditions. Researchers interested in studying the cognitive processes involved in reading have recently shown interest in the use of verbal reports to gather data on aspects of the reading process (Bridge & Winograd, 1982; Brown & Day, 1983; Garner, 1982; Johnston & Afflerbach, 1983; Kavale & Schreiner, 1979; Marr, 1983; Olshavsky, 1976-77). This interest is actually a continuation of the long, if sporadic, history of verbal report data in reading research (Huey, 1908; McCallister, 1930; Piekarz, 1954; Strang, 1964, 1970). Verbal reporting, especially introspection, had been an important component of psychological investigation, including reading research, prior to the rise of behaviorism
Diffraction of elastic waves by a wedge with free boundaries

The scattering of elastic waves set up by a transient body force in the interior of an infinite wedge is investigated by transform methods when the wedge has free surfaces. Exact forms are found for those stress components which are required to vanish at the free surfaces, while the remaining elastodynamic field components can be found by application of Green's identity. Two distinct forms of solution are found. The solution which applies to the case of diffraction by a convex wedge does not hold in the non-convex case; the correction needed to satisfy the edge condition in the anomalous case is associated with a mode transformation which is not present in the convex wedge.
Trust-Based Decision-Making for Energy-Aware Device Management

Smart energy systems are able to support users in saving energy by controlling devices, such as lights or displays, depending on context information, such as the brightness in a room or the presence of users. However, proactive decisions should also match the users’ preferences to maintain users’ trust in the system. Wrong decisions could negatively influence users’ acceptance of a system and at worst could make them abandon the system. In this paper, a trust-based model, called User Trust Model (UTM), for automatic decision-making is proposed, which is based on Bayesian Networks. The UTM’s construction, the initialization with empirical data gathered in an online survey, and its integration in an office setting are described. Furthermore, the results of a user study investigating users’ experience and acceptance are presented.
Evaluation and Use of a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay in Cats Experimentally Infected with Bartonella Henselae Genotype I and Bartonella Henselae Genotype II

Cats have been shown to be infected with Bartonella henselae genotype I, B. henselae genotype II, and B. clarridgeiae. Feline bartonellosis infections and the strains involved in these infections are important in both veterinary and human medicine. Nucleic acid amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are being used in both research and diagnostics as tools for understanding many infectious diseases. Bartonella bacteremia in cats is detected by blood culture; however, because of the limitations of culture (delayed turnaround time and sensitivity limits), PCR may be a more efficient method for identifying infected cats. Three distinct PCR assays that could differentiate among B. henselae genotype I, B. henselae genotype II, and B. clarridgeiae were developed and used to detect as few as 3.2 organisms. Fourteen cats experimentally infected with B. henselae genotype I and B. henselae genotype II were followed by bacterial culture and PCR through the course of infection, including periods of primary and relapsing bacteremia. The PCR assay was positive in 11 of the 14 cats for periods of 1-9 weeks after culture became negative. Of the 223 blood specimens that were culture negative, the PCR assay was positive in 38 (17%) of the specimens. Two of the 14 cats developed relapsing bacteremia. The 2 B. henselae genotypes were amplified in the cats and the bacteremic phase of these infections as determined by PCR lasted for a longer period than previously determined by culture. Using laboratory assays such as PCR to understand the strains involved in feline bartonellosis and the course of the infection is important in the understanding of these zoonotic agents. The importance of Bartonella henselaeas an emerg- ing pathogen is recognized more each day by veteri- narians, cat owners, and physicians. Bartonella hen- selae causes a wide spectrum of diseases and diverse pathology in humans, and the domestic cat has been shown to be the reservoir for several Bartonella spe- cies. 1,5,6,13 Diseases in humans primarily depend on the immune status of the patient. Cat scratch disease, the most common syndrome caused by B. henselae in im- munocompetent patients, is usually a localized self- limiting disease that resolves in time. Sequela to cat scratch disease occurs in 14% of cases and manifests in serious clinical conditions. 24 Unusual manifestations that have been reported include cases of encephalitis, retinitis, conjunctivitis, hepatic granulomas, osteomy- elitis, pulmonary disease, and endocarditis. 24 Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis, caused by B. hen- selae in immunocompromised patients, involve mul- tiple organs and are serious life-threatening diseases. Bartonella henselae has been shown to establish per-
Linear Parametric Models Applied to Hydrological Series

The aim of this paper is to describe, and solve in same cases, the problems that arise in hydrological daily time series modeling developed via linear parametric models. The preliminary analysis, the identification, and the simulation steps of the standard procedure are thoroughly studied. The effects of Box and Cox transformation are commented on, a procedure to smooth the seasonal component is described, and a new technique for the initial parameter estimation of fractional models is introduced and tested. The revised procedure was applied to the time series of Tevere daily flows.
Imaging dipping sediments at a salt dome flank - VSP seismic interferometry and reverse-time migration

Summary We present results of applying seismic interferometry to image dipping sediments abutting a salt dome. We create a set of synthetic traces representing a multi-level, walk away Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) for a model composed of a simplified Gulf of Mexico vertical-velocity gradient and an embedded overhanging salt dome. The sediment reflectors in the model dip up towards the salt dome flank. To process these data, we create a set of redatummed traces using seismic interferometry. This is done without having to perform any velocity analysis or moveout corrections. Each of these redatummed traces mimics the output of a downhole source and down-hole receiver pair. The linear v(z) gradient enables the redattumed data set to illuminate and capture reflections from both the salt-dome flank and the upward turning sediments. We then apply pre-stack depth migration to these traces to produce the final image of the beds and the salt dome flank. The final migrated results demonstrate that the reflected turning ray energy from both the salt flank and sediments are adequate to create structurally correct images using the combination of seismic interferometry and prestack depth migration.
Single-shot two-photon action cross section measurement

We report on a one-shot approach for measuring two-photon action cross section without tuning the excitation wavelength. The results obtained by this method show good agreement with that obtained by conventional methods using tunable lasers.
The influence of temperature on the impact behavior of unidirectional glass fiber-epoxy composite

The influence of temperature on the impact behavior of unidirectional glass fiber-epoxy composite was studied in the range of −20 and 150°C using a 3-point drop weight test at a constant impact velocity of 2.2 m/s (5 mph). The impact energy per unit deformed volume was found to be very sensitive to the ratio length/thickness of the specimens. When the ratio was 4, the impacted specimens exhibited extensive delamination (shear failure) and the energy absorbed by the composite was about 14 MJ/m3 between −20 and 100°C, and 18 MJ/m3 at 150°C. At length/thickness above 16 the failure was mostly in tension, and the impact energy approached a constant value of about 3.5 MJ/m3, independent of temperature.
Demographic Diversity and Change in the Central American Isthmus

Demographic Diversity and Change in the Central American Isthmus. Anne R. Pebley and Luis Rosero-Bixby. eds. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997.736 pp.
Distributed Processing Involving Personal Computers and Mainframe Hosts

This paper surveys some of the issues involved in building useful distributed systems involving PC's and hosts. Alternative communications techniques for micro-mainframe communication are compared. The point of view is presented that the PC user should be provided with a unified view of the heterogeneous distributed system to which he is connected. The proposed method is to formalize the notion of a service request and provide distributed services by function shipping service requests to remote nodes able to provide the service, e.g., personal computers will ship requests which they cannot satisfy locally to hosts on the network. Providing a unified view of data which allows PC application programs to access files on mainframes is an example of a service which can be built by intercepting and shipping service requests. Examples from current IBM products are used to illustrate approaches. The views presented are the authors' own, based on systems research in progress at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
The Social Validity of Program-Wide Positive Behavior Support.

In preschool settings, the majority of interventions are individualized for children at high risk for challenging behavior. However, a few early childhood sites have begun to conceptualize and impl...
A Decade of Reversal: An Analysis of 146 Contradicted Medical Practices

Objective: To identify medical practices that offer no net benefits. Methods: We reviewed all original articles published in 10 years (2001-2010) in one high-impact journal. Articles were classified on the basis of whether they addressed a medical practice, whether they tested a new or existing therapy, and whether results were positive or negative. Articles were then classified as 1 of 4 types: replacement, when a new practice surpasses standard of care; back to the drawing board, when a new practice is no better than current practice; reaffirmation, when an existing practice is found to be better than a lesser standard; and reversal, when an existing practice is found to be no better than a lesser therapy. This study was conducted from August 1, 2011, through October 31, 2012. Results: We reviewed 2044 original articles, 1344 of which concerned a medical practice. Of these, 981 articles (73.0%) examined a new medical practice, whereas 363 (27.0%) tested an established practice. A total of 947 studies (70.5%) had positive findings, whereas 397 (29.5%) reached a negative conclusion. A total of 756 articles addressing a medical practice constituted replacement, 165 were back to the drawing board, 146 were medical reversals, 138 were reaffirmations, and 139 were inconclusive. Of the 363 articles testing standard of care, 146 (40.2%) reversed that practice, whereas 138 (38.0%) reaffirmed it. Conclusion: The reversal of established medical practice is common and occurs across all classes of medical practice. This investigation sheds light on low-value practices and patterns of medical research.
Extranets and XML: The Next Internal Control Challenge

The purpose of this article is to describe the shift of business-to-business trading from Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to extranets and to discuss some of the internal con-trol challenges created by extranets and the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). This technology raises internal control issues because extranets use the World Wide Web to communicate and because XML is such a powerful and flexible programming language.
Personalized Pricing and Price Fairness

Mobile web technology enables discriminatory, or personalized, pricing for many more consumer good categories than has traditionally been the case. Setting prices according to individual valuations, however, generates adverse consumer reaction unless consumers are invited to participate in the price-formation process. Consumer perceptions of price fairness are key to the sustainability of any discriminatory pricing regime. Perceptions of price fairness, in turn, are hypothesized to be shaped by “self-interested inequity aversion” in which prices tend to be regarded as unfair, and purchase probabilities fall, if others are perceived to pay a lower price, while prices tend to be regarded as more fair, and consumers more likely to purchase, if inequity is in the buyers favor. Our experimental data also shows that the implications of inequity aversion for sellers can be at least partially reversed if consumers are allowed to participate in the price-formation process by negotiating the price they pay. The primary implication of our findings is that, in order to be viable, any system of discriminatory pricing for consumer goods should invite consumers to have a stake in the price they pay. Such participatory pricing may provide one way out of the current trap of Hi–Lo, or promotional, pricing that neither retailers nor manufacturers regard as sustainable.
Super bowl XLVII TV advertising in the USA: male and female impressions among college students

The Super Bowl is one of the highest profile sporting events in the USA. Each year, over 100 million American consumers watch the Super Bowl. Its popularity is driving marketing forces such as TV commercials, corporate sponsorship, publicity, social media, entertainment and economic activities at the host cities. This research paper analyzes the impressions of XLVII Super Bowl Advertising among college students to determine what characteristics of the ads were significant what implications there may be for Super Bowl advertisers. Among other things, our probit model indicates that a commercial that is perceived to be sexier, other things being equal, has a 30 % higher chance of convincing the consumer to try it regardless of whether the consumer is a male or female. Furthermore, our results show that disappointing commercials have about a 24 % less chance of persuasion. Moreover, the likelihood of trying a product whose commercial was disappointing, not perceived to be sexy, cool, or funny is about 41 % less than a product whose commercial was perceived to be otherwise.
ON THE CAPACITY OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS

We establish some new results on the capacity of wireless sensor networks that employ single-user - detection, and we present the implications of our r esults on the scalability of such networks. In particular, we find bounds on the maximum achievable per-sensor end-to-end throughput, λe, and the maximum number of simultaneously successful wireless transmissions, Nt max , under a more general network scenario than previously considered . Furthermore, in the derivation of our results, we m ake no restrictions on the mobility pattern of the sensor and the destination nodes or on the number simultaneous transmissions and/or receptions that the nodes are capable of maintaining. In our derivation, we also analyze the effect of parameters such as the area of the network domai n, A, the path loss exponent, γ, the processing gain, G, and the SINR threshold, β. Specifically, we prove the following results for a wireless sensor network of N sensor nodes and M destination nodes that are equipped with omnidirec tional antennas:
Asia’s Economic Integration in the Global Economy and the Importance of Investments in Female Education

Over the last several decades, Asian labor markets have experienced significant adjustments resulting from their increased integration into the global market which have transformed women’s relationship within the labor market. In general, women have gained access to jobs in primarily low-skilled manufacturing industries and the service sector but have secured limited access to higher-skilled positions where there is more room for advancement. This is, in part, a result of the shortfalls in women’s education relative to males. Asia’s future competitiveness in the global economy and women’s economic empowerment in these countries hinge on the way Asia manages its investments in human capital. This paper evaluates the data on educational outcomes in Asia, drawing particular attention to regions that face significant gender gaps, and examines the directions in which Asia should take its investments in women’s education in order to improve women’s engagement in the economy and to allow these countries to take better advantage of the global market.
Adapting the Posterior Probability of Diagnosis Index to Enhance Evidence-Based Screening: An Application to ADHD in Primary Care

This study adapts the Posterior Probability of Diagnosis (PPOD) Index for use with screening data. The original PPOD Index, designed for use in the context of comprehensive diagnostic assessments, is overconfident when applied to screening data. To correct for this overconfidence, we describe a simple method for adjusting the PPOD Index to improve its calibration when used for screening. Specifically, we compare the adjusted PPOD Index to the original index and naive Bayes probability estimates on two dimensions of accuracy, discrimination and calibration, using a clinical sample of children and adolescents (N = 321) whose caregivers completed the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale to screen for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and who subsequently completed a comprehensive diagnostic assessment. Results indicated that the adjusted PPOD Index, original PPOD Index, and naive Bayes probability estimates are comparable using traditional measures of accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve), but the adjusted PPOD Index showed superior calibration. We discuss the importance of calibration for screening and diagnostic support tools when applied to individual patients.
Closed-Form Design Equations for Controlling Vibrations in Connected Structures

In this article, derivation of closed-form equations for solving the vibration control problem of two adjacent connected structures is presented. The closed-form solution is derived for a passive control method, where the structures are connected via a stiffness and damping element in parallel. The design of the connection elements is based on minimizing the absolute displacement transmissibility of the connected structures when ground acceleration is the input. The method is demonstrated for two connected multi-story buildings subject to the El Centro earthquake ground motion. Results show that the response of the connected buildings is reduced relative to the unconnected case.
Abstract P4-06-04: Gamma-secretase inhibitors suppress the activation of NFκB and the expression of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 in triple negative breast cancer cells

Background: Inflammation mediators, such as NF-kappa B (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), play major role in breast cancer pathogenesis, progression, and relapse. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive breast cancers and often has a poor outcome, in which Notch pathways are highly activated. However, role of crosstalk between Notch and inflammation mediators in TNBC progression and recurrence is poorly understood. The present study determines: 1) whether NFκB is highly activated in TNBC cells such as MDA-MB-231 (claudin-low-like) and MDA-MB-468 (basal-like), compared to ER-positive cells (MCF-7); 2) whether TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 are highly expressed in TNBC cells, compared to MCF-7 cells; 3) whether Notch inhibition by gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) significantly decrease NFκB activation and the expression of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 in TNBC cells; 4) whether GSI inhibits TNBC cell migration. Material and Methods: MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7 cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 media with 10% FBS. The cells were exposed to GSIs such as DAPT and RO4929097 for 18 hours. Nuclear NFκB activation was determined by using the TransAM NFκB p65 kit (Active Motif). The expressions of TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, and IFNγ were determined by the ELISA kits (RD and 2) Notch inhibition by GSIs significantly decrease NFκB activation and the expression of TNFα, and IL-8 in TNBC cells. These results support the hypothesis that the crosstalk between Notch and NFκB lead to activation of inflammation mediators such as TNFα and IL 8, which contribute to TNBC progression and recurrence. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-04.
Ambient Synthesis of Au144(SR)60 Nanoclusters in Methanol

We report a facile, one-pot method for synthesizing atomically monodisperse Au144(SR)60 nanoclusters under ambient conditions. In this method, gold salt precursor is first mixed with excess thiol and tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr) in methanol to form Au(I)-SR polymers. Then, Au(I)-SR is reduced by excess NaBH4 (aqueous solution) to form nanoclusters. Interestingly, the initially formed, polydisperse Au nanoparticles are size-focused into two monodisperse gold nanoclusters: Au144(SR)60 (major product) and Au25(SR)18 (side product) over a ∼5 h period. The side product (Au25(SR)18) can be easily removed by washing the product with acetone, giving rise to pure Au144(SR)60. This method is applicable to a number of thiol ligands, including PhC2H4SH and various CnH2n+1SH (where n = 4−8). Some critical parameters to obtain pure Au144(SR)60 have been identified, including the methanol solvent (as opposed to toluene traditionally used), large thiol-to-Au ratios (≥4), the presence of O2 and tetraoctylammonium ha...
A Nomogram to Predict Hypertrophy of Liver Segments 2 and 3 After Right Portal Vein Embolization

Portal vein embolization (PVE) reduces the risks of hepatic insufficiency after major hepatectomy for small predicted liver remnant. The extent of liver hypertrophy after PVE depends on various clinical factors. We sought to develop a nomogram for predicting the increase in the volume of segments 2 and 3 after right PVE (RPVE). In 360 patients who underwent RPVE from 1998 through 2013, clinicopathologic data were analyzed, including body mass index (BMI), diabetes, aspirin use, viral hepatitis status, preoperative albumin level, total bilirubin level, prothrombin time, platelet count, type of liver neoplasm, preoperative chemotherapy, previous laparotomy or hepatectomy, segment 4 embolization, two-stage hepatectomy, and liver volumes before and after PVE. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify variables predicting the degree of hypertrophy of segments 2 and 3. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that BMI (p = 0.002), previous hepatectomy (p = 0.03), RPVE in the setting of two-stage hepatectomy (p < 0.001), and segment 4 embolization (p = 0.003) independently predicted the degree of hypertrophy of segments 2 and 3. Based on the fitted model, a nomogram was constructed. The constructed nomogram predicts the degree of hypertrophy of segments 2 and 3 after RPVE and can be used in clinical decision making for patients undergoing right hepatectomy.
Immigration Politics and Motherhood

Although anti-immigrant sentiment is a constant across the U.S. political landscape, it ebbs and flows with larger political and economic shifts. The current wave began in the 1990s, was energized by 9-11, and has now reached epic proportions. While 9-11 was a major tragedy in its own right, it also spawned a whole series of secondary tragedies for racially-subordinated immigrant groups, including Muslims, Arabs, Asians and Latinas/os. The violation of both the human and civil rights of Muslims and Arabs is inexcusable. At the same time, the hardship that has befallen Latina/o, and especially, Mexican immigrants, is the less visible collateral damage of the post-9-11 fallout. Through both Immigration, Customs and Enforcement's (ICE) draconian policies and the larger criminalization of immigrants, Mexican-origin families are suffering some of the most inhumane forms of punishment possible—forced separation. This can be seen in the ICE raids, deportations, and in the women, who, in response, have taken-up s...
The Analysis of Survey on Vertical Distribution of Known Flies in Yiwulv Mountain

Objective To investigate the distribution,composition and seasonal dynamics of known flies in Yiwulv Mountain at different heights.Method Three survey points were chosen at different representative heights in Yiwulv Mountain,the foot of the mountain,the halfway of the mountain and the top of the mountain.Through cage-lure method,we investigated the species distribution,composition and seasonal dynamics of known flies.The induced adult flies were poisoned with dichlorvos to death and then underwent classification registration to calculate the average monthly density of flies.Result The average total number of trapping adult flies was 10 248.5,a total of 60 species,and the ratio of female to male was 1∶ 1.4.The common fly species at different heights were Grow Fly,Silver Eyebrow Black Fly,Yearly Tooth Stock Fly,Black Chest Cone Flower Fly,Tibet Mo Fly,Double Hair Long Grass Fly,Summer Toilet Fly,Fork Leaf Green Fly,Fork Beautiful Fly,Silk Light Green Fly,New Six Original Fu Fly,Huge Ear Flaxen Fly and Black Tail Black Hemp Fly.All of the above mentioned 14 species of adult flies accounted for 89.8% of the total number.Conclusion The distribution,composition and seasonal dynamics of the known flies in Yiwulv Mountain were reported in the paper.
Management of End Stage Polycystic Kidney Disease with Renal Transplantation

AbstractThirty renal transplants have been done in 25 patients with end stage polycystic kidney disease. All but 2 allografts were from a cadaver donor and the average followup was 5 plus or minus 0.9 years. The 1 and 5-year patient survival rates after transplantation were 76 and 50 per cent, respectively, and allograft survival rates were 63.3 and 39.1 per cent at the same intervals. Of 14 patients at risk for more than 8 years 6 still have well functioning allografts. Nine patients underwent transplantation with both polycystic kidneys in situ and with no adverse sequelae resulting from the retained native kidneys. Despite the risk factors inherent in an older than normal population of cadaver allograft recipients, renal transplantation is an excellent method for treating end stage polycystic kidney disease and holds the prospect for long-term allograft and patient survival rates.
The sphygmographic hieroglyphics of Dr. Edgar Holden: a remarkable medical life in nineteenth-century Newark.

Pediatric and adolescent obesity are a growing problem in New Jersey and throughout the United States. The long-term health consequences may produce a generation of children with a shorter life expectancy than their parents have. A coordinated effort by parents, teachers, physicians, public health organizations, schools, and peers is essential in encouraging children who are currently overweight to lose weight and attain a normal body mass index and to prevent other children from becoming overweight.