cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an embryonic skeletogenic mesenchyme lineage in a sea cucumber reveals the trajectory of change for the evolution of novel structures in echinoderms

Background: The mechanisms by which the conserved genetic “toolkit” for development generates phenotypic disparity across metazoans is poorly understood. Echinoderm larvae provide a great resource for understanding how developmental novelty arises. The sea urchin pluteus larva is dramatically different from basal echinoderm larval types, which include the auricularia-type larva of its sister taxon, the sea cucumbers, and the sea star bipinnaria larva. In particular, the pluteus has a mesodermally-derived larval skeleton that is not present in sea star larvae or any outgroup taxa. To understand the evolutionary origin of this structure, we examined the molecular development of mesoderm in the sea cucumber, Parastichopus parvimensis. Results: By comparing gene expression in sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sea stars, we partially reconstructed the mesodermal regulatory state of the echinoderm ancestor. Surprisingly, we also identified expression of the transcription factor alx1 in a cryptic skeletogenic mesenchyme lineage in P. parvimensis. Orthologs of alx1 are expressed exclusively within the sea urchin skeletogenic mesenchyme, but are not expressed in the mesenchyme of the sea star, which suggests that alx1 + mesenchyme is a synapomorphy of at least sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Perturbation of Alx1 demonstrates that this protein is necessary for the formation of the sea cucumber spicule. Overexpression of the sea star alx1 ortholog in sea urchins is sufficient to induce additional skeleton, indicating that the Alx1 protein has not evolved a new function during the evolution of the larval skeleton. Conclusions: The proposed echinoderm ancestral mesoderm state is highly conserved between the morphologically similar, but evolutionarily distant, auricularia and bipinnaria larvae. However, the auricularia, but not bipinnaria, also develops a simple skelotogenic cell lineage. Our data indicate that the first step in acquiring these novel cell fates was to re-specify the ancestral mesoderm into molecularly distinct territories. These new territories likely consisted of only a few cells with few regulatory differences from the ancestral state, thereby leaving the remaining mesoderm to retain its original function. The new territories were then free to take on a new fate. Partitioning of existing gene networks was a necessary pre-requisite to establish novelty in this system.
Skeletal Aspects of Non-Accidental Injury

Inflicted non-accidental skeletal injuries form a small but important part of the spectrum of child abuse, with the majority of skeletal injuries occurring in children under 2 years of age. Radiology plays a vital role in the detection and evaluation of these skeletal injuries. A thorough detailed radiological evaluation should be undertaken to investigate a child appropriately for a suspected inflicted non-accidental injury to accurately detect and possibly date any injuries and also to exclude normal variants of growth that may mimic fractures. In some cases, the survey may diagnose an underlying metabolic or genetic disorder of the bone that may predispose the child to fracturing. While radiology plays an important role in the dating of injuries, the dating of fractures from radiological appearances is difficult and imprecise. Any fracture may be the result of an inflicted injury or accidental event. Therefore, it is important that all fractures identified are correlated with any relevant clinical history. Certain injuries, such as rib and metaphyseal fractures, require a more specific method of causation and therefore carry a higher degree of suspicion of being the result of an inflicted injury compared with other fracture types, which are relatively non-specific in their mechanisms of causation, such as skull and clavicular fractures. In all cases, correlation with clinical history is mandatory.
The synthesis of deoxy-α-Gal epitope derivatives for the evaluation of an anti-α-Gal antibody binding

Abstract α-Gal epitopes (also termed as α-Gal) are carbohydrate structures bearing the α- d -Gal-(1→3)-β- d -Gal terminus 1 and are known to be the antigen responsible for antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. Terminal 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-deoxy-Gal derivatives of α-Gal were synthesized. Inhibition ELISA using mouse laminin was established to determine the binding affinity of the synthesized α-Gal derivatives. 4-Deoxy-α-Gal derivative 7 showed a significant reduction in antibody recognition. The IC 50 value was 15-fold poorer than the standard α-Gal epitopes α- d -Gal-(1→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)-β- d -Glc-NHAc ( 39 ) and α- d -Gal-(1→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)-β- d -Glc-OBn ( 40 ). A similar observation was seen with 2-deoxy-α-Gal derivative 5 , whose IC 50 value was nearly tenfold higher than the standards. Interestingly, substitution at the terminal 3-position resulted in only a fourfold decrease in antibody recognition, suggesting a possible point of future derivation. Finally, 6-deoxy-α-Gal derivative 8 exhibited similar antibody recognition to both α-Gal epitope 39 and α-Gal epitope 40 . This strongly suggests that derivatization at the 6-position can be accomplished without loss of antibody recognition. These findings can be utilized for the future design of other α-Gal derivatives.
Developing a low-cost high-quality software tool for dynamic fault-tree analysis

Sophisticated modeling and analysis methods are being developed in academic and industrial research labs for reliability engineering and other domains. The evaluation and evolution of such methods based on use in practice is critical to research progress, but few such methods see widespread use. A critical impediment to disseminating new methods is the inability to produce, at a reasonable cost, supporting software tools that have the: usability and dependability characteristics that industrial users require; and evolvability to accommodate software change as the underlying analysis methods are refined and enhanced. The difficulty of software development thus emerges as a key impediment to advances in engineering modeling and analysis. This paper presents an approach to tool development that attacks these problems. Progress requires synergistic, interdisciplinary collaborations between application-domain and software-engineering researchers. The authors have pursued such an approach in developing Galileo: a fault tree modeling and analysis tool. These innovations are described in two dimensions: (1) the Galileo core reliability modeling and analysis function; and (2) the authors' work on software engineering for high-quality, low-cost modeling and analysis tools.
The Effects of Peer Tutoring on Academic Performance of Students With Disabilities in Grades 6 Through 12: A Synthesis of the Literature:

This synthesis examined the effects of peer tutoring on academic performance of students with disabilities in Grades 6 through 12. Twelve studies met all the criteria for this synthesis: (a) original studies, (b) published in peer-reviewed journals between 1997 and 2007, (c) investigated peer tutoring in special education students in Grades 6 through 12, and (d) implemented peer tutoring as an intervention and measured the effect on the academic outcomes of students with disabilities. Findings revealed that peer tutoring has a positive academic effect on students with disabilities in Grades 6 through 12, regardless of disability type. Peer tutoring was reported as effective for special education students in both general education and special education settings. Peer tutoring implemented across subject areas also showed positive academic effects. Each of the 12 studies implemented peer tutoring in at least one content area (e.g., language arts, math, science, and social studies).
On the Representativeness of Behavior Observation Samples in Classrooms.

School consultants who rely on direct observation typically conduct observational samples (e.g., 1 30-min observation per day) with the hopes that the sample is representative of performance during the remainder of the day, but the representativeness of these samples is unclear. In the current study, we recorded the problem behavior of 3 referred students for 4 consecutive school days between 9:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. using duration recording in consecutive 10-min sessions. We then culled 10-min, 20-min, 30-min, and 60-min observations from the complete record and compared these observations to the true daily mean to assess their accuracy (i.e., how well individual observations represented the daily occurrence of target behaviors). The results indicated that when behavior occurred with low variability, the majority of brief observations were representative of the overall levels; however, when behavior occurred with greater variability, even 60-min observations did not accurately capture the true levels of behavior.
POSSIBLE AGGREGATION BIASES IN ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH AND A MECHANISM APPROACH TO ACCIDENT MODELING

In accident reconstruction, individual road accidents are treated as essentially deterministic events, although incomplete information can leave one uncertain about how exactly an accident happened. In statistical studies, on the other hand, accidents are treated as individually random, although the parameters governing their probability distributions may be modeled deterministically. Here, a simple deterministic model of a vehicle/pedestrian encounter is used to illustrate how naively applying statistical methods to aggregated data could lead to an ecological fallacy and to Simpson's paradox. It is suggested that these problems occur because the statistical regularities observed in accident data have no independent status, but are simply the result of aggregating particular types and frequencies of mechanisms.
Joint optimization of stream allocation and beamforming and combining weights for the MIMO interference channel

We propose an algorithm to allocate streams and find the corresponding beamforming and combining weights that maximize the sum rate of a set of interfering multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) links. Our algorithm iteratively computes the beamforming and combining weights of each link and determines how many streams, if any, are allocated to each link. Assigning zero streams to a link is desirable whenever the interference introduced by activating that link outweighs the throughput contributed by the link. We present numerical results to illustrate that our algorithm achieves a sum rate higher than previously reported algorithms at high interference, and that it achieves similar performance to the top-performing algorithms at medium and low interference. In one high-interference example with many links, our algorithm achieves a 65% higher sum rate than the best-known alternative.
Planned Versus Provisional Use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Smokers Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Postmortem and angiographic studies have demonstrated that thrombosis is the primary cause of coronary artery occlusion in smokers. Further, smokers have high levels of fibrinogen, increased platelet aggregation, and more platelet-dependent thrombin generation than do nonsmokers, suggesting that glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor use during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be especially useful among smokers. We evaluated a subpopulation of active smokers in the REPLACE-2 trial to assess the effect of treating smokers with bivalirudin and provisional GP IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned GP IIb/IIIa blockade. The REPLACE-2 trial enrolled 1,558 smokers and 4,305 nonsmokers. Smokers who were treated with bivalirudin had an absolute 3.2% increase in the composite end point of death and myocardial infarction at 48 hours compared with smokers who were treated with heparin and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (7.7% vs 4.5%, p = 0.008, interaction p = 0.016). This difference was ameliorated when GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used consistently in a previous trial that compared bivalirudin with heparin during PCI (4.6% vs 6.7%, p = 0.322). In conclusion, these results suggest that smokers may derive particular benefit with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors for decreasing myocardial infarction and death after PCI. These findings require further validation from other large, randomized trials.
Multi-channel constant current (MC 3 ) LED driver

High-brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs) are promising for various lighting applications, such as the backlighting of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels and the street lighting. Many backlighting and street lighting applications require the multi-channel constant current (MC3) driver to achieve better performance and higher reliability. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a simple and effective MC3 LED driver and explain its control concept and mechanisms. Coupled inductor concept is employed in the driver's circuit to improve the output current cross regulation. This paper also provides a general model to describe the current cross regulation (CCR) among multi-channel outputs mathematically. By using this model, factors that affect cross regulation can be easily located and analyzed. Simulation results are provided to verify the concept.
Workshop: Encouraging information-rich engineering design

Students frequently spend too little time understanding the problem in their design projects and jump to solutions without considering alternatives. This leads to inefficient use of time and suboptimal results in the final design. Instead of re-inventing the wheel, students need to explore and understand the work of others applied to similar situations, using strong information gathering, application, and evaluation skills. Ultimately, these reinforce core skills needed for students to be lifelong learners, i.e., determining where they have gaps in knowledge and determining how to fill those gaps efficiently and effectively. This workshop will provide a conceptual model and examples of activities that will help instructors keep students problem-focused, allowing them to generate and weigh alternatives, and ultimately settle on a solution that is most promising to meet their stakeholders' needs. Participants will take away techniques they can apply to their own engineering design courses. This workshop aligns with FIE's focus on turning Research into Practice.
Non-English Response Detection Method for Automated Proficiency Scoring System

This paper presents a method for identifying non-English speech, with the aim of supporting an automated speech proficiency scoring system for non-native speakers. The method uses a popular technique from the language identification domain, a single phone recognizer followed by multiple language-dependent language models. This method determines the language of a speech sample based on the phonotactic differences among languages. The method is intended for use with non-native English speakers. Therefore, the method must be able to distinguish non-English responses from non-native speakers' English responses. This makes the task more challenging, as the frequent pronunciation errors of non-native speakers may weaken the phonetic and phonotactic distinction between English responses and non-English responses. In order to address this issue, the speaking rate measure was used to complement the language identification based features in the model. The accuracy of the method was 98%, and there was 45% relative error reduction over a system based on the conventional language identification technique. The model using both feature sets furthermore demonstrated an improvement in accuracy for speakers at all English proficiency levels.
Auditors Influence On Earnings Management: Evidence From The Alternative Minimum Tax

New alternative minimum tax provisions in 1986 gave managers a strong incentive to choose income decreasing accruals to lower financial net income and tax liability. This study of seventy-two stock life insurance firms from 1984 to 1989 shows that income decreasing discretionary accruals differs significantly across companies audited by (then) Big Eight audit firms, and the firms with the greatest market share appear to allow great client discretion in determining accruals.
The role of mass transport limitation and surface heterogeneity in the biophysical characterization of macromolecular binding processes by SPR biosensing.

This chapter presents an introduction to the kinetic analysis of SPR biosensor data for the determination of affinity and kinetic rate constants of biomolecular interactions between an immobilized and a soluble binding partner. The need to be aware of and critically tests the assumptions underlying the analysis models is emphasized and the consequences for the experimental design are discussed. The two most common sources of deviation in SPR surface binding kinetics from the ideal pseudo-first order binding kinetics of bimolecular reactions are mass transport limitations and the heterogeneity of the surface sites. These problems are intrinsic to the use of a biosensor surface for characterizing interactions. The effect of these factors on the observed binding kinetics, and strategies to account for them are reviewed, both in the context of mathematical data analysis, as well as the design of the experiments and controls.
Some observations of the reproduction of the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio.

Observations of the reproductive behavior of eye gnats (Hippelates Pusio Loew) indicated that both sexes require 36 hr for sexual maturation of the imago before insemination occurs. During this period the gonads undergo considerable change. Marked transformation of the sperm cells occurs in the testes and development of the primary follicle of the ovary is initiated. Sexually mature males inseminated as many as four sexually mature females in a 24 hr period. Insemination did not appear to affect the rate of development of female ovaries. However, unmated females required a longer period for initiation of oviposition than mated females. Females laid an average of 26 eggs in an 18-day period. This number is a little more than half the number of ovarioles present in the ovaries.
Retrospective cohort study on period of incubation and survival among former commercial plasma donors infected with HIV in Hebei province

Objective To examine the state of incubation period and survival time of former commercial plasma donors (FCPDs) infected with HIV.Methods All objects infected with HIV were from Hebei province and found from general investigation for FCPDs in 1995.The infector cohort by 142 cases was used to estimate incubation period.In the infector cohort,the time which infectors entered the cohort was their infection time,which was the middle value of the origin date,which was January 1,1995.The onset of AIDS was defined as an outcome event.End point of observation was Dec 31,2010.There were 192months in all from beginning to end.The AIDS cohort by 57 cases was used to estimate the survival of the patients.In the patient cohort,the time of AIDS onset was defined as the time entering the cohort,and death of AIDS was defined as an outcome event.The cumulative incidence ratio,cumulativc mortality,illness intensity and mortality intensity were analyzed through Kaplan-Meier. Results During the observation period,123 cases of 142 infectors developed into AIDS,the cumulative incidence was 86.42％ (123/142)and the intensity was 8.53/100 person-years and the median time of incubation period was 112.0 months (95％ CI:108.8-115.2).The death dates of 57 patients were from 1 to 24 months after onset. The cumulative mortality was 100％,and the intensity was 250.66/100 person-years and the median survival time was 3.0 months (95 ％ CI:1.8 - 4.2 ).It was estimated that the median time was 115.0 months (9.6 years )from infection to death.Conclusion The median times of incubation and median survival time were 112.0and 3.0 months,respectively. Key words: Blood donors; HIV; Virus latency; Survival period
Terminal Loop Cutaneous Ureterostomy: An Experimental Study and its Clinical Application

Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy is a technique to enhance the blood supply and, thereby, decrease the complication rate with stomas. An animal study and experience with 20 patients with long-term followup support this contention.
Joint sensor duty cycle scheduling with coverage guarantee

Using optical sensors for indoor monitoring has been widely adopted in many smart building applications. An important design problem in this space is to explore the tradeoff between energy consumption and coverage quality. While it is important that the sensors achieve full coverage (i.e., every interesting target point can be monitored by at least one sensors), it is often a waste of energy to keep sensors on all the time as events are typically stochastic and rare and most of the time the sensors are on idle monitoring. In this paper we design efficient sensor duty cycles to ensure that any target point of interest is still covered sufficiently frequently while only a subset of sensors are kept on at any time slot. We denote by the maximum dark length for each target point p as the maximum duration in which p is covered at least once. We formulate two optimization problems: the min max dark length scheduling and the min average dark length scheduling. For both versions we provide efficient, practical algorithms with provable approximation guarantee. The two algorithms have been tested on two real testbed scenarios to evaluate its efficiency and coverage quality.
Retinoid kinetics in eye tissues of VPP transgenic mice and their normal littermates.

PURPOSE VPP mice, which possess a mutant transgene for opsin (V20G, P23H, P27L), exhibit a progressive rod degeneration that resembles one form of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. In the present study the association of the development of VPP rod degeneration with abnormal operation of the retinoid visual cycle was examined. METHODS Dark-adapted VPP mice and normal littermates were anesthetized and the pupils dilated. One eye of each animal was illuminated for 2 minutes; the other eye was shielded from the light and served as a control. Each animal was then dark adapted for a defined period (0-300 minutes) and killed. Retinoids contained in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and extracellular medium were recovered by means of formaldehyde-, isopropanol- and ethanol-based extractions and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Total amounts of retinoid recovered from unilluminated eyes of 2-month-old normal and VPP mice were 425 +/- 90 picomoles per eye and 115 +/- 33 picomoles per eye, respectively (mean +/- SD). Relative distributions of retinoids within normal and VPP eyes were similar. In normal and VPP animals, illumination for 2 minutes produced a similar immediate reduction in the molar percent of total retinoid represented by 11-cis retinal in the retina (average reduction of 34% and 28% in normal and VPP animals, respectively) and a similar transient increase of all-trans retinal in the retina. In both groups the decline of all-trans retinal was accompanied by an increase in total retinyl ester. In normal and VPP animals, a period of approximately 40 minutes or more preceded initiation of the recovery of 11-cis retinal in the retina, and the time course of this recovery was generally similar to that for the decline of retinyl ester. The overall dark-adaptation period required for half-completion of 11-cis retinal recovery was approximately 150 minutes. In neither group did illumination produce a substantial peak of all-trans retinol in the retina. CONCLUSIONS The evident approximately fourfold reduction of total retinoid in the eyes of 2-month-old VPP mice is consistent with histologic and electroretinographic abnormalities determined in previous studies. Despite this marked abnormality in retinoid content, retinoid cycling in the VPP is remarkably similar to that in normal littermates. The data place constraints on the functional consequences of any abnormality in retinoid processing that may be present at this stage of the VPP rod degeneration.
Automated Assessment of the Quality of Peer Reviews using Natural Language Processing Techniques

A review is textual feedback provided by a reviewer to the author of a submitted version. Peer reviews are used in academic publishing and in education to assess student work. While reviews are important to e-commerce sites like Amazon and e-bay, which use them to assess the quality of products and services, our work focuses on academic reviewing. We seek to help reviewers improve the quality of their reviews. One way to measure review quality is through metareview or review of reviews. We develop an automated metareview software that provides rapid feedback to reviewers on their assessment of authors’ submissions. To measure review quality, we employ metrics such as: review content type, review relevance, review’s coverage of a submission, review tone, review volume and review plagiarism (from the submission or from other reviews). We use natural language processing and machine-learning techniques to calculate these metrics. We summarize results from experiments to evaluate our review quality metrics: review content, relevance and coverage, and a study to analyze user perceptions of importance and usefulness of these metrics. Our approaches were evaluated on data from Expertiza and the Scaffolded Writing and Rewriting in the Discipline (SWoRD) project, which are two collaborative web-based learning applications.
A fast atlas-guided high density diffuse optical tomography system for brain imaging

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging functional brain imaging tool capable of assessing cerebral concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) during brain activation noninvasively. As an extension of NIRS, diffuse optical tomography (DOT) not only shares the merits of providing continuous readings of cerebral oxygenation, but also has the ability to provide spatial resolution in the millimeter scale. Based on the scattering and absorption properties of nonionizing near-infrared light in biological tissue, DOT has been successfully applied in the imaging of breast tumors, osteoarthritis and cortex activations. Here, we present a state-of-art fast high density DOT system suitable for brain imaging. It can achieve up to a 21 Hz sampling rate for a full set of two-wavelength data for 3-D DOT brain image reconstruction. The system was validated using tissue-mimicking brain-model phantom. Then, experiments on healthy subjects were conducted to demonstrate the capability of the system.
Jacob & Esau Today: The End of a Two Millennia Paradigm?

The paradigm of Jacob & Esau, which portrayed Jewish-Christian relations for two-millennia, has collapsed in the aftermath of the Holocaust and the foundation of the State of Israel. Portrayals of Jacob & Esau have changed radically in both European and Israeli cultures. The two have moved in both parallel and opposite directions. Europeans have embraced the traditional Jewish Jacob and declared him European, indeed a model for European culture. Israeli writers, in contrast, have distanced themselves from the Jewish Jacob, whether rabbinic or Zionist, and converted him into a universal type, a lover and a mourner. Esau has been largely absent in non-Jewish discourse but has enjoyed rehabilitation among both Zionists and post-Zionists, most notably, among the Jewish Settlers. The new Jacob & Esau part with the traditional Jewish and Christian typologies. They mark an unprecedented age in Jewish history, and a new period in Jewish-Christian relations.
Management Information Systems with student CD and MISource 2007

Chapters cover what instructors want students to know about MIS while Extended Learning Modules (XLMs) show students what they can do with MIS. A contemporary writing style and a wealth of examples engage students like no other MIS text. Arranged with chapter opening cases that highlight how an organization has successfully implemented many of the chapter’s concepts and chapter closing cases that help students apply what they just learned gives students the hands-on knowledge that is applicable in both their personal and professional experiences. Table of contents Chapter 1 The Information Age in Which You Live: Changing the Face of BusinessXLM A Computer Hardware and Software Chapter 2 Major Business Initiatives: Gaining Competitive Advantage with ITXLM B The World Wide Web and the Internet Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses: Building Business IntelligenceXLM C Designing Databases and Entity-Relationship Diagramming Chapter 4 Decision Support and Artificial Intelligence: Brainpower for Your BusinessXLM D Decision Analysis with Spreadsheet Software (Office 2007)XLM D Decision Analysis with Spreadsheet Software (Office 2003 Version) (on CD) Chapter 5 Electronic Commerce: Strategies for the New EconomyXLM E Network Basics Chapter 6 Systems Development: Phases, Tools, and TechniquesXLM F (on CD) Building a Web Page with HTML Chapter 7 Enterprise Infrastructure and Integration: Building the Dynamic EnterpriseXLM G (on CD)Object-Oriented Technologies Chapter 8 Protecting People and Information: Threats and Safeguards XLM H Computer Crime and Digital Forensics Chapter 9 Emerging Trends and Technologies: Business, People, and Technology TomorrowXLM I (on CD)Building and E-PortfolioXLM J Implementing a Database with Microsoft Access (Office 2007)XLM J Implementing a Database with Microsoft Access (Office 2007) (on CD)XLM K (on CD)Careers in BusinessXLM L (on CD)Building Web Sites with FrontPageXLM M (on CD) Programming in Excel with VBAProjectsGroup ProjectsElectronic Commerce ProjectsGlossaryNotesPhoto CreditsIndex
Comparative analysis of internet topology data sets

Several platforms continuously collect and provide Internet topology measurement data to the public. In this paper, we analyze the data provided by such public Internet topology measurement platforms. In particular, we analyze the router level probe data sets from USC/ISI Ant census, CAIDA Archipelago (Ark), UW information Plane (iPlane), Measurement Lab (M-Lab), and RIPE NCC Atlas and Autonomous System level BGP data sets from CAIDA, Internet Research Lab (IRL), and CIDR. We provide insights into the characteristics of the platforms and the properties of the data sets sampled by these platforms. We further compare the topology coverage of these platforms.
Abstract ES7-1: Challenges in the management of locoregional recurrence

The increasing trend toward tailoring treatment of the primary breast cancer with limited surgery of both the breast and axilla has increased the challenge of managing locoregional recurrence (LRR). In the era when patients uniformly had axillary dissection, the appropriateness of repeat sentinel node biopsy was not a question. Similarly, the dogma that all ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences must be treated with mastectomy if the breast has been previously irradiated is also being challenged. LRR events are infrequent with modern multi-modality therapy, and there are no randomized trials to address these questions. Re-operative sentinel node (SN) biopsy after breast conserving surgery therapy (BCT) has been shown to be feasible, with the likelihood of identifying additional SNs related to the number of nodes excised at the time of initial SN biopsy. The accuracy of SN biopsy after mastectomy is less clear. However, the impact of identification of nodal disease on management of LRR is controversial. In a study of 12 patients with isolated chest wall recurrence post mastectomy, 10/12 had successful mapping and 7/10 had an axillary SN. The absence of nodal metastases was an indication to avoid supraclavicular RT (Johnson J. Ann Surg Oncol 2016;23:715). In a study of 83 patients with in breast (n=79) or chest wall recurrence who were clinically node negative, 47 had axillary surgery and 36 did not. At a median of 4.2 years after LR, rates of axillary and non-axillary local recurrence, distant metastases, and death did not differ significantly between groups (Ugras S. Ann Surg Oncol 2016). With the findings of the CALOR trial that systemic chemotherapy is beneficial in the management of LRR, the finding of axillary metastases is less likely to influence systemic therapy than in the past and repeat axillary staging could potentially be avoided. In the untreated breast, drainage to the contralateral axilla is very rare and contralateral axillary metastases classify a patient as Stage IV. After initial axillary dissection, between 4% and 33% of patients with local recurrence will have contralateral axillary drainage. In a systemic review of 48 cases of contralateral nodal recurrence without other distant metastatic disease, at a mean follow-up of 50.3 months disease free survival was 65% and overall survival 83% after treatment that included both local and systemic therapy (Moossdorff M. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015;41:1128). These findings raise the possibility that in the setting of LR, contralateral axillary metastases should be treated aggressively for cure after excluding distant metastases. Citation Format: Morrow M. Challenges in the management of locoregional recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES7-1.
The Twilight of the Minimum Contacts Test

The minimum contacts test has set the limits on the long-arm jurisdictional reach of U.S. courts since 1945. Although the International Shoe case that ushered in the test is routinely hailed as having created a fairer and more flexible jurisdictional regime than the "implied consent" rubric that preceded it, whether this is actually so is now open to serious question. In a rash of four decisions from 2011 to 2014 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that attempted exercises of long-arm jurisdiction were unconstitutional. While the results in three of the four cases were utterly predictable, those opinions contain language that could proved to highly constrictive of the personal jurisdiction of U.S. courts. In the one case in which the decision was not predictable, the Court splintered badly and failed to produce a majority decision. U.S jurisdictional law now contains two notable and arguably new features. One is that the need of the plaintiff to have access to at least one reasonable forum is not part of the jurisdictional calculus. The other is that jurisdiction over corporations based on activity unrelated to the operative events of the lawsuit now appears to be limited to the corporation's principal place of business and state of incorporation, with few or any forums beyond that being available. As a result, minimum contacts as a test of fairness rooted in the Due Process Clause is in its twilight. As a verbal formulation, minimum contacts is likely to endure. But it now produces results in jurisdictional cases that are as constricted as those of the pre-International Shoe implied consent regime. This article argues that to return the minimum contacts test to its fairness origins, courts at a minimum must take into account the plaintiff's need to have access to a reasonable forum.
The Role of the Obstetric Liaison Psychiatrist

There have been many dramatic changes in obstetric practice in Great Britain during the past two decades.
Diving Birds: A Field Study of Benthic and Piscivorous Foragers

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to determine (1) whether there is a relationship between dive time and pause time in diving birds, (2) why might this relationship be similar between benthic and piscivorous species, and (3) how benthic and piscivorous species differ in their dive-pause relationships, and what factors might be responsible for these differences. Most diving ducks, such as buffleheads (Bucephala albeola) and common eiders (Somateria mollisima) are benthic foragers that search for relatively sessile prey such as snails, amphipods, crustaceans, or aquatic vegetation located on the bottom substrate. Other divers, such as the common loon (Gavia immer) and the western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) are piscivorous foragers, which must pursue and capture evasive fish prey. Diving birds have a number of physiological adaptations to help them cope with their inability to breathe under water including relatively large lungs, a greater oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood, increased storage of oxygen in myoglobin, redistribution of blood flow to the heart, and a slowing of the heart rate during dives.
Headache in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Diagnosis, Including Migraine and Its Subtypes

This chapter reviews the evaluation and diagnosis of children and adolescents who present with episodic migraine and its subtypes. The first part of the chapter describes the evaluation of headaches in children and adolescents. Clinical pearls on common temporal patterns, likelihood of secondary headache, proper examination, and shortcuts to diagnosis are presented. An extensive section on pediatric headache characteristics is provided to expedite diagnosis. Guidelines on ancillary pediatric workup are provided, in particular when and how to look for secondary causes of headache. Key epidemiologic features of pediatric headache that bear on diagnosis are summarized. Crucial diagnostic criteria for pediatric episodic migraine with and without aura are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of pediatric hemiplegic migraine and basilar-type migraine.
Development of a Multiplex Assay for Concurrent Diagnoses and Detection of HIV-1, HIV-2, and Recent HIV-1 Infection in a Single Test

Abstract Laboratory assays that can accurately distinguish recent (occurring within the past year) from long-standing (>1 year) HIV infection are crucial for understanding HIV transmission dynamics in a population. However, often these efforts are confounded by inaccurate HIV diagnosis and the presence of HIV-2 in the population being surveyed. This study describes development of a multiplex assay that can simultaneously perform HIV diagnosis, HIV serotyping, and detection of recent HIV-1 infection in a single well. HIV diagnosis and HIV-2 serotyping were accomplished by coupling beads with an HIV-1 p24-gp41 fusion protein and HIV-2 peptide from gp36 immunodominant region, respectively. HIV-1 recent infection detection was accomplished by coupling beads with limiting amounts of multi-subtype gp41 immunodominant protein, recombinant immunodominant region, group M (rIDR-M). Assay conditions, including concentration of coupled antigens, were systematically optimized using well-characterized specimens with kn...
“A History Written by Our Bodies”: Artistic Activism and the Agonistic Chinese Voice of Mad For Real’s Performances at the End of the Twentieth Century

This chapter focuses on three works by the Chinese artist duo Mad For Real (Cai Yuan and JJ Xi) dating from 1999 to 2000. Jump, Piss, and Fight are interventional performance works that operate at the borders of the art establishment, mainstream politics, and the British cultural landscape. The works are discussed in the light of shifting contexts of global politics after a period of nearly two decades as vital agonistic interventions calling for participation and validation in an exclusionary art world.
Interface solutions of partial differential equations with point singularity

Abstract Partial differential equations (PDEs) such as those that describe linear elastic fracture mechanics admit analytic solutions with low regularity at crack tips. Existing numerical methods for such PDEs suffer from the constraint of this low regularity and fail to deliver an optimal high-order rate of convergence. We approach this problem by (i) choosing an artificial interface to enclose the center of low regularity and (ii) representing the solution in the interior of artificial interface as unknown linear combination of known low-regularity modes of the solution. This results in an interface formulation of the original PDE, and the linear combination is represented in the interface conditions. By enforcing the smooth component of the numerical solution in the interior domain to be approximately zero, a least squares problem is obtained for the unknown coefficients. The solution of this least squares problem will provide the approximate interface conditions for the numerical solution of the PDE in the exterior domain. The potential of our interface formulation is favorably demonstrated by numerical experiments on one- and two-dimensional Poisson equations with low-regularity solutions. High-order numerical solutions of unknown coefficients and PDEs are obtained. This proves the potential of the proposed interface formulation as the theoretical basis for solving linear elastic fracture mechanics problems. We address the relations between our interface formulation and domain decomposition methods, as well as a regularization strategy for the Poisson–Boltzmann equation with singular charge density.
An Overview of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: Approaches, Business Applications, and Challenges

Load Monitoring (LM) is a fundamental step to implement effective energy management schemes. LM includes Intrusive LM (ILM) and Non-Intrusive LM (NILM). Compared with intrusive approaches, non-intrusive approaches enjoy low cost, easy installation, and promising scalable commercialization potentials. This paper provides a survey of effective NILM system framework and advanced load disaggregation algorithms, reviews load signature models, presents existing datasets and performance metrics, summarizes commercial applications such as demand response, highlights the challenges, and points out future research directions.
Accessibility of Medical Diagnostic Equipment for Patients With Disability: Observations From Physicians

Abstract Objective To explore attitudes and practices of physicians relating to accessible medical diagnostic equipment in serving patients with mobility disability. Design Open-ended individual telephone interviews, which reached data saturation. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim for qualitative conventional content analysis. Setting Massachusetts, the United States, October 2017-January 2018. Participants Practicing physicians from 5 clinical specialties (N=20). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Common themes concerning physical accessibility. Results Mean ± SD time in practice was 27.5±12.5 years; 14 practices had height-adjustable examination tables; and 7 had wheelchair-accessible weight scales. The analysis identified 6 broad themes: height-adjustable examination tables have advantages; height-adjustable examination tables have drawbacks; transferring patients onto examination tables is challenging; rationale for examining patients in their wheelchairs; perceptions of wheelchair-accessible weight scales; and barriers and facilitators to improving physical accessibility. Major barriers identified by participants included costs of equipment, limited space, and inadequate payment for extra time required to care for persons with disability. Even physicians with accessible examination tables sometimes examined patients seated in their wheelchairs. Conclusions Even if physicians have accessible equipment, they do not always use it in examining patients with disability. Future efforts will need to consider ways to eliminate these access barriers in clinical practice. Given small sample size, results are not generalizable to physicians nationwide and globally.
Lessons Learned from 50 Years of Hemoglobin Research: Unstirred and Cell-Free Layers, Electrostatics, Baseball Gloves, and Molten Globules

Significance: Over the past 50 years, the mechanisms for O2 storage and transport have been determined quantitatively on distance scales from millimeters to tenths of nanometers and timescales from seconds to picoseconds. Recent Advances: In this review, I have described four key conclusions from work done by my group and our close colleagues. (i) O2 uptake by mammalian red cells is limited by diffusion through unstirred water layers adjacent to the cell surface and across cell-free layers adjacent to vessel walls. (ii) In most vertebrates, hemoglobins (Hbs) and myoglobins (Mbs), the distal histidine at the E7 helical position donates a strong hydrogen bond to bound O2, which selectively enhances O2 affinity, prevents carbon monoxide poisoning, and markedly slows autoxidation. (iii) O2 binding to mammalian Hbs and Mbs occurs by migration of the ligand through a channel created by upward rotation of the His(E7) side chain, capture in the empty space of the distal pocket, and then coordination with the ferroprotoporphyrin IX (heme) iron atom. (iv) The assembly of Mbs and Hbs occurs by formation of molten globule intermediates, in which the N- and C-terminal helices have almost fully formed secondary structures, but the heme pockets are disordered and followed by high-affinity binding of heme. Critical Issues: These conclusions indicate that there are often compromises between O2 transport function, holoprotein stability, and the efficiency of assembly. Future Directions: However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying these conclusions provide the framework for understanding globin evolution in greater detail and for engineering more efficient and stable globins.
Percutaneous cardioplegic arrest before repeat sternotomy in patients with retrosternal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract Objective Redo sternotomy in patients with arterial cardiac structures adherent to the sternum carries a risk of catastrophic bleeding. In some of those cases, particularly if they have undergone multiple previous operations deep hypothermic circulatory arrest alone may not provide sufficient time for a controlled dissection.. Methods We present a series of 6 cases at risk for exsanguination during sternal reentry successfully reoperated using percutaneous cardioplegic cardiac arrest induced prior to completed sternal re-entry to avoid or minimize the hypothermic circulatory arrest time. Results All patients survived their complex operations. Conclusions Percutaneous cardioplegic arrest allows safer repeat sternotomy in patients with arterial cardiac structures adherent to the sternum.
Colloidal Luminaries for Architectural Lighting

Despite advances in modern architectural technology, the overarching design and principle behind architectural lighting has remained unchanged for centuries. In the current process, individually illuminated fixtures are strategically placed in order to illuminate a space. This system, while enjoyed throughout the modern world, has drawbacks in terms of electrical infrastructure and maintenance points. In this demonstration we present an alternative methodology by using light sources that illuminate multiple fixtures, which can be reliably fine tuned in color and illumination amounts. This model is shown here in small scale prototypes, along with preliminary simulations to predict lux (lumens/meter) measurements. This proposal promises a radically new way to think about architectural lighting design.
Plasma-Assisted Fuel Atomization and Multipoint Ignition for Scramjet Engines

Estimates of energy and power requirements for shortening the ignition delay time in hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet engines using nonequilibrium plasma generation of radicals show that the uniform vol...
BUILDing a community of female makers through hands-on experiences in a university MakerSpace

This full innovative practice paper presents data and the framework for implementation of BUILD, a women’s Maker initiative that dynamically weaves together female faculty and students to build engineering identities. Presenting one semester of activities and findings, this paper proposes a model for academic institutions and other stakeholders to launch similar initiatives. In the context of our program, female students and faculty gain expertise in machining and manufacturing while also building support systems through peer-to-peer and student-faculty mentoring that we expect will enable persistence through engineering and will illuminate the pathway to professorial careers.