cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular prosthetics for long-term functional imaging with fluorescent reporters

Voltage-sensitive fluorescent reporters can reveal fast changes in membrane potential in neurons and cardiomyocytes. However, in many cases, illumination in the presence of the fluorescent reporters results in disruptions to action potential shape that limits the length of recording sessions. We show here that a molecular prosthetic approach, previously limited to fluorophores, rather than indicators, can be used to substantially prolong imaging in neurons and cardiomyocytes.
41 Depressive symptoms in pregnancy: the role of sleep timing

Introduction Insufficient and disrupted sleep in pregnancy is significantly associated with antenatal and postnatal depression, which affects up to 20% of perinatal women. Sleep timing is another important sleep variable that represents sleep preferences besides sleep duration, and mid-point of sleep strongly correlates with chronotype and dim light melatonin onset. In the general population delayed sleep mid-point contributes to poor cardiometabolic and psychological function. Emerging data in pregnancy suggest that later sleep mid-point is related to gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. However, it is currently unknown whether sleep timing plays a role in depressive symptoms in pregnancy. Methods Pregnant women at least 28 weeks’ gestation were recruited from a large academic medical centre and invited to complete surveys about their sleep, including typical bedtimes and wake-times, as well as demographic information. Presence of depressive symptoms was determined by a current diagnosis of depression or a score ≥10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Sleep mid-point was calculated as halfway between sleep onset and rise time. Results Overall, 1599 women were included, of which 30% had depressive symptoms. Demographics are shown in table 1. Women with depressive symptoms had similar bedtimes to controls (11:00pm vs. 10:54pm, p Discussion This study provides initial evidence of a link between self-reported late sleep midpoint and depressive symptoms in pregnancy. These findings suggest that sleep timing is important for maternal health and further studies investigating the potential role of chronotype and circadian timing in perinatal depression should be explored.
Hibernate in the classroom

Hibernate is an open source, "ultra-high performance, object/relational persistence and query service for Java" [1]. Using Hibernate, together with tools such as AndroMDA, Xdoclet, and Middlegen, a developer can dramatically reduce the time taken to prototype an application. Hibernate includes all that one would expect of a sophisticated ORM tool. Features include transparent persistence, dirty checking, efficient fetching strategies (lazy and eager) and a two-level cache. Development with Hibernate can proceed in a top-down, bottom-up, middle-out or meet-in-the-middle fashion [2].
Single cell manipulation in cell culture media with Self-Locking Optoelectronic Tweezers across a large area

We report a novel Self-Locking Optoelectronic Tweezers (SLOT) for single-cell manipulation in cell culture media across a large area. SLOT overcomes two major technical barriers of conventional optoelectronic tweezers (OET) toward high throughput single-cell manipulation. Its unique lateral, ring-shaped phototransistor design enables manipulation in high conductivity media (1 S/m) and overcomes a fundamental blurry optical pattern issue for single-cell manipulation in large area (> 1 cm2).
Response of white adipocyte of mouse and rabbit to catecholamines and ACTH. 2. Stability and restoration of activity of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase of adipocyte plasma membrane.

The isolated intact white adipocyte of the Swiss mouse responds to both ACTH and catecholamines by an elevation of cAMP levels and an increase in lipolysis. However, in the isolated plasma membrane of the mouse adipocyte, adenylate cyclase loses its responsiveness to ACTH but retains its ability to respond to catecholamines. This lack of responsiveness to ACTH by adenylate cyclase of mouse adipocyte plasma membrane can be overcome, at least partially, by addition of GPP (NH)p, an analog of GTP, to the assay medium. The data on mouse adipocyte membrane suggests that the coupling of ACTH receptor to adenylate cyclase is dependent on GTP and that catecholamine-activation of adenylate cyclase is less dependent on this nucleotide. The isolated intact white adipocyte of adult New Zealand rabbit responds to ACTH, but does not (or only weakly) respond to catecholamines. In contrast to the mouse plasma membrane preparation, adenylate cyclase of adipocyte membrane of the rabbit responds to ACTH. And the addition of GPP(NH)P is not required to demonstrate the ACTH sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. The difference between mouse and rabbit adipocyte membrane in the requirement for GPP(NH)P in ACTH action is not readily explained. The lack of catecholamine sensitivity of rabbit membrane enzyme cannot be reversed by addition of GPP(NH)P or adenosine deaminase. These two adenylate cyclase model systems using mouse and rabbit adipocyte plasma membrane may be useful tools for the study of the specificity and mechanism of action of lipolytic hormones such as ACTH and catecholamines.
Theoretical Realism and Theoretical Equivalence

A great many philosophers have thought it impossible that there should exist two distinct theories between which no possible evidence could discriminate. This doctrine, and more rarely its denial, have often been the cynosure of dogmas and disputes about conventions within physical theory, about simplicity, about measurement in quantum mechanics, and most recently, about radical translation. The list is long enough to make it important to know whether or not the doctrine is true. I shall argue that it is, indeed, not true.
Building a Business Plan for DSpace, MIT Libraries Digital Institutional Repository

The paper presents an overview of the methodology and results of the MIT Libraries' business plan development project for DSpace (http://www.dspace.org/), MIT's digital institutional repository. The introductory section includes a description of DSpace, the objectives of the business plan project, and the current status of the DSpace project. The methodology section explains the process and tools with which the business plan was developed. The remainder of the paper describes the results of the business plan project, including the DSpace service definition, the cost model, potential funding sources, and future DSpace plans.
Xenopus Embryo: Neural Induction

Neural induction is the process by which the embryonic ectoderm is instructed to become the nervous system rather than the epidermis (skin). It is accomplished in two steps via signalling interactions with the adjacent mesoderm; first, dorsal ectoderm acquires an anterior neural fate by the blockade of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling, and second, the neural ectoderm acquires anterior–posterior polarity via graded concentrations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), retinoids and Wnts. Keywords: organizer; molecular signals; noggin; chordin; cerberus
Comparison of the switching behavior of silver metal oxide contact materials

An investigation of the switching behavior of internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide and silver tin, indium oxide contact materials was undertaken in which detailed, computer supported analysis of changes in the performance (contact weld force, electrical resistance and temperature change) was evaluated. In addition, the impact of electrical switching on the physical characteristics of the material (contact erosion and surface morphology) was examined. The silver tin, indium oxide materials exhibited significantly higher resistance to erosion than the silver cadmium oxide materials. The resistance to welding as well as changes to electrical resistance and temperature were comparable and were more dependent on oxide level than on materials. The results suggest that internally oxidized silver tin, indium oxide could serve as a nontoxic replacement for internally oxidized silver cadmium oxide.
Humorous Contemporary Jewish-American Authors: An Overview of the Criticism

It is necessary for me to start with a disclaimer. This essay is meant only to suggest some of the things that have already been done with humor in contemporary Jewish-American literature and perhaps to suggest possible new areas of research. In no way does it intend to offer new insights or to be comprehensive. I am merely trying to demonstrate the range and the diversity of scholarship in this area. This article is not meant to be read from beginning to end, but is rather meant to be read selectively, with the reader choosing those authors and those critics most relevant to current research concerns and interests.
Short-pulse tunable color-center lasers

We review our recent results in the development of broadly tunable picosecond and femtosecond color center lasers operating in the near IR wavelength region. As active materials we use color centers with high optical gain in NaCl, KCl, and KBr hosts. All systems can be efficiently pumped with Nd:YAG laser lines. Using synchronous mode- locking, pulses with typically 5-10 picosecond duration and nanoJoule energy levels are obtained. The combined tuning range of these actively mode-locked lasers extends from approximately 1.4-2.4 micrometers without gap. In all cases the pulses are nearly bandwidth limited, with the notable exception of the NaCl laser. We show that coherent photon seeding can be used in this case to drastically improve the pulse quality by reducing high-frequency noise and spectral bandwidth. Pulses with femtosecond time duration, operating in the 1.5-1.6 micrometers range, are realized using passive mode- locking with semiconductor saturable absorbers. Using the absorbers in single- and coupled-cavity configurations, these lasers are particularly simple in that they require only a continuous-wave pump. Finally we demonstrate that the laser active color center systems can be used also as high- gain amplifiers. Employing a single two-pass amplification scheme, femtosecond pulses from a 1.5 micrometers oscillator are amplified to microJoule energy levels and used to generate femtosecond IR spectral continua.
Extended-area deposition of homogeneously sized nanoparticles using modified inert gas condensation technique

Abstract The inert gas condensation (IGC) process was modified to synthesize and directly deposit thin films of homogeneously sized NanoParticles (NPs) over a large surface area. We replaced the single 2 mm hole that is used to extract the nanoparticle beam with a multiple-hole pattern consisting of 25 holes, each 0.31 mm in diameter, arranged as a 5 × 5 array. The resultant deposition covered a larger substrate area of 144 mm2 but the NPs were deposited only on the substrate area in front of the holes, leaving the rest of the area devoid of NPs. Thus in order to achieve deposition over the entire substrate area a single slit gasket was used and the substrate was continuously rotated during the synthesis process using an 8 rpm motor. The slit used was 20 mm long and 0.13 mm wide. A deposition over the entire substrate area of 350 mm2 was achieved using this single slit IGC. Homogeneous NPs of Copper, Silver, Indium Nitride and Aluminum Nitride doped with Erbium, were deposited over (111) p-type Silicon wafer. Field emission scanning electron microscopy study demonstrated uniformity in the size of these NPs. Thus NP deposition area was increased from 1–2 mm2 to 350 mm2 using our modifications to the standard IGC.
Influence of moisture content on microbial activity and silage quality during ensilage of food processing residues

Seasonally produced biomass such as sugar beet pulp (SBP) and tomato pomace (TP) needs to be stored properly to meet the demand of sustainable biofuel production industries. Ensilage was used to preserve the feedstock. The effect of moisture content (MC) on the performance of ensilage and the relationship between microorganism activities and MC were investigated. For SBP, MC levels investigated were 80, 55, 30, and 10% on a wet basis. For TP, MC levels investigated were 60, 45, 30, and 10%. Organic acids, ethanol, ammonia, pH and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were measured to evaluate the silage quality. Ensilage improved as the MC decreased from 80 to 55% for SBP and from 60 to 45% for TP. When the MC decreased to 30%, a little microbial activity was detected for both feedstocks. Storage at 10% MC prevented all the microbial activity. The naturally occurring microorganisms in TP were found to preserve TP during silage and were isolated and determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results suggest that partial drying followed by ensilage may be a good approach for stabilization of food processing residues for biofuels production.
Equipartition in a Model of Turbulence

Three different kinds of scaling are observed in a toy model of turbulence (“GOY”). The first has a multifractal spectrum of exponents. The second is a simple static selfsimilarity solution. The third phase is dynamic but has simple scaling. This last previously unreported equipartition behavior is discussed. It is drastically different from the other two in terms of its scaling exponent(s) and emerges when the energy flux on the boundaries vanishes (no dissipation and no forcing).
Nuclear transition strength systematics in the Pb region

Abstract We studied the inelastic α-particle scattering from 204 Pb and 206 Pb. Together with a previous experiment the results show that the transition strengths to the 3 − , 5 − , 2 + and 4 + states in 208 Pb are unaltered in 207 Pb and 209 Bi, and the 3 − , 2 + and 4 + strengths are unchanged in 204 Pb, 206 Pb, 207 Pb, 206Bi . A comparison is made to other experiments.
The Case for Promoting the Nigerian Pidgin Language

Nigeria is a nation of tremendous socio-cultural diversities – in historical background, ethnicity, religion, belief, and especially language, which more often than not is the strongest factor giving identity, harmony, and continuity to ethnic groups, shaping the perceptions of their members. John Paden sees language as ‘a major mechanism of social communication between sub-systems …and… of expressing values, culture and ethnicity within a sub-system’.1 It is easy to see, in this light, how the most difficult problems of the entire political fabric of Nigeria are related to its great diversity of language.
Performance of proportionate-type NLMS algorithm with gain allocation proportional to the mean square weight deviation

The complex colored water-filling algorithm for gain allocation has been shown to provide improved mean square error convergence performance, relative to standard complex proportionate-type normalized least mean square algorithms. This algorithm requires sorting operations and matrix multiplication on the order of the size of the impulse response at each iteration. In this paper, the mean square weight deviation and two suboptimal gain allocation algorithms are presented. They are motivated by similar algorithms introduced before for real-valued signals and systems. The presented algorithms no longer require sorting. It is shown that they provide significant computational complexity savings while maintaining comparable mean square error convergence performance. The algorithms are also investigated in the case of unknown input correlation matrix and speech input signals.
Chromosomal distribution in interspecific in vitro hybrid cells

Abstract Cells of two species, mink (Mustela vision) and cattle (Bos taurus) were grown in culture. After trypsinization, the cells were mixed in equal proportions, cold-shocked and plated. Fusion of cells followed within 24 h, but did not persist. Instead, recombination took place following tetrapolar mitosis and hybrid mink-cattle cells resulted. These gradually became the dominant cell of the culture. When hybrid cells made up 95 per cent of the culture, they were again subjected to a decline in temperature. At this time, they reversed to parental lines within 72 h. When an aneuploid mink cell was used instead of a normal diploid cell, both processes, hybridization and reversal, were severely curtailed. From these experiments, it has been concluded that in normal cells a mechanism (distribution control) strictly regulates movement of a haploid set of mitotic chromosomes into daughter cells upon cell division. It is also inferred that oncogenesis involves (primarily or secondarily) loss of this regulatory process.
Spinor metrics, spin connection compatibility and spacetime geometry from spin geometry

We show first that it is possible to consider the charge conjugation matrix as a metric (inner product) on the spin space. This metric is complementary to the usual Dirac spinor metric in that the Dirac metric defines the inner product of a spinor with a conjugate spinor, whereas the charge conjugation metric defines the inner product of a spinor with another spinor. The invariance group of the Dirac metric, U(2, 2), is distinct from that of the charge metric, Sp(4; ), but their joint subgroup, Sp(4; ), contains the cover of the Lorentz group, Sl(2; ). It is possible to find a spin connection that is metric compatible with both spin metrics, and also compatible with covariant constancy of the Dirac matrices, and this condition also then determines the spacetime curvature as the spin curvature. However, we show that if the condition of covariant constancy of the Dirac matrices is relaxed, it is possible to maintain metricity for both spin metrics, and to obtain both spacetime curvature and torsion from the spin curvature.
Stress and strain localization three-dimensional modeling for particle-reinforced metal matrix composites

The ductility of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (PR MMCs) is reduced by the localization of stress and strain, which is exacerbated by microstructural heterogeneity, especially particle clustering. Herein, the effect of particle distribution on the macroscopic and microscopic response has been studied using three distinct types of three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model: a repeating unit cell, a multiparticle model, and a clustered particle model. While the repeating unit cell model represents a cubic periodic array of particles, the multiparticle model represents a random distribution of particles contained in a cube of matrix material, and the clustered particle model represents an artificially clustered distribution of particles. These models were used to study the macroscopic tensile stress-strain response as well as the underlying stress and strain fields. The results indicate that a clustered microstructure leads to a stiffer response with more hardening than that of random and periodic microstructures. Plastic flow and hydrostatic stress localization in the matrix and maximum principal stress localization in the particles are significantly higher in the clustered microstructure. Damage is expected to initiate in the cluster regions leading to low ductility.
Biotechnology, Invertebrate Pathology, and Cell Culture

It has become apparent from publications, meetings, and discussions that there is an increasing interest in biotechnological advances and applications to insect pathology, particularly in the United States and Japan. To provide direct exchange of information among the diverse areas of gene manipulation and biotechnology as related to invertebrate pathology, the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for Promotion of Science were appraoched to sponsor a U.S.–Japan seminar on this subject. Both organizations jointly agreed to sponsor the seminar by supporting the travel and living expenses of eight United States and eight Japanese participants. Following the grant approval, the number of participants was enlarged to include additional university and industry experts from the United States, Canada, Germany, India, Israel, Kenya, and Switzerland. This brought the total number of participants to 36 and gave the meeting an international, rather than binational character. Consequently, the seminar provided a unique international opportunity for direct contacts and direct exchange of information among the diverse areas of gene manipulation and biotechnology applications to invertebrate pathology.
The generation of magnetic fields in astrophysical bodies. X - Magnetic buoyancy and the solar dynamo

The magnetic field appearing as bipolar magnetic regions at the surface of the sun represents the lines of force from a general azimuthal field of the order of 100 gauss somewhere beneath the surface. The amplification time, as a consequence of the nonuniform rotation, is of the order of 10 years. But magnetic buoyancy brings the azimuthal field up through much of the convective zone in a time rather less than 10 years, raising the question of where the azimuthal field can be retained long enough to be amplified. We show that magnetic fields can be retained for long periods of time in the stable radiative region beneath the convective zone, but unfortunately the solar dynamo cannot function there because turbulent diffusion is an essential part of its operation. The only possible conclusion appears to be that the dynamo operates principally in the very lowest levels of the convective zone at depths of 150,000 km or more, where the gas density is 0.1 g/cu cm, and the fields are limited to 50 gauss.
Science in the Preschool Classroom: A Programmatic Research Agenda to Improve Science Readiness.

Research Findings: This article focuses on preschool science, an important but underresearched school readiness domain. There is considerable activity surrounding quality science in early childhood classroom practices, including state standards, curricula with science activities, and an extensive literature on potential best practices. However, there is very little empirical research focused on the effectiveness of these practices. The present article presents preliminary investigative research, a necessary first step in pursuing a research area that has been underexplored. The first study uses a large, ethnically diverse statewide database of Head Start children's school readiness to show that children end their pre-kindergarten year with science readiness scores significantly lower than readiness scores in all other measured domains. The second study identifies low self-efficacy in science and time-management issues as two possible barriers for why preschool teachers may have difficulty teaching science...
Effectiveness of accelerated radiotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and borderline prognostic factors without distant metastasis: a retrospective review.

Abstract Purpose: The standard treatment for patients with unresectable or medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and good prognostic factors (e.g., weight loss [WL] ≤5% and Karnofsky performance status [KPS] ≥70) is induction chemotherapy followed by definitive radiotherapy to the primary site at 1.8–2.0 Gy per fraction with a total dose of 60–63 Gy to the target volume. Patients with poor prognostic factors usually receive radiotherapy alone, but the fractionation schedule and total dose have not been standardized. To attempt to optimize irradiation doses and schedule, we compared the effectiveness of accelerated radiotherapy (ACRT) alone to 45 Gy at 3 Gy per fraction with standard radiation therapy (STRT) of 60–66 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction in regard to tumor response, local control, distant metastasis, toxicity, and survival. Methods and Materials: Fifty-five patients treated with radiation for NSCLC at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1990 and 1994 were identified. All 55 patients had node-positive, and no distant metastasis (N+, M0) of NSCLC. Two cohorts were identified. One cohort (26 patients) had borderline poor prognostic factors (KPS less than 70 but higher than 50, and/or WL of more than 5%) and was treated with radiotherapy alone to 45 Gy over 3 weeks at 3 Gy/fraction (ACRT). The second cohort (29 patients) had significantly better prognostic factors (KPS ≥70 and WL ≤5%) and was treated to 60–66 Gy over 6 to 6 1 2 weeks at 2 Gy per fraction (STRT) during the same period. Results: In the first cohort treated by ACRT, the distribution of patients by AJCC stage was IIB 8%, IIIA 19%, and IIIB 73%. Sixty-two percent had KPS 5%. The maximum response rate as determined by chest X-ray was 60% among 45 of 55 patients who were evaluable for response: combined complete responses (20%) and partial responses (40%). Overall survival in these patients was 13% at 2 and 5 years, with a locoregional control rate of 42% and a freedom from distant metastasis rate of 54%. The ACRT cohort treated with 3 Gy per fraction had significantly lower KPS scores (p = 0.003) and greater WL (p = 0.063) than the cohort STRT treated with 2 Gy per fraction. However, treatment results and toxicity were not significantly different between the two cohorts in spite of significantly better prognostic factors in the STRT cohort. Conclusions: Despite having worse prognostic factors, the cohort treated with radiotherapy alone to 45 Gy at 3 Gy per fraction over 3 weeks (ACRT) had response rates, locoregional control, and overall survival comparable to those in the cohort treated by a total dose of 60–66 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction over 6 to 6 1 2 weeks (STRT). Given that accelerated treatment schedules decrease treatment time and cost less, these may, in the current health care environment, be important factors for health care providers to consider in treating patients who have locally advanced NSCLC and borderline poor prognostic factors.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of tri-substituted benzamidrazones.

A series of N1,N1,N3-tri-substituted benzamidrazones of the general formula [PhC(NHR)NNMe2] (R = Me, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, Bn, Ph; 1a–f) was synthesized via condensation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with the corresponding imidoyl chloride, [PhC(Cl)NR]. Multinuclear NMR data, and zero-point energy DFT calculations conducted with the B3LYP functional and 6–31G+(d,p) basis set, suggest that these compounds exist as a single tautomer in solution; possessing a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond and a structure dominated by the localised resonance structure ArC(NHR)N–NMe2. An X-ray crystallographic study upon PhC(NHPh)NNMe2 (1f) demonstrated that this compound adopts an identical tautomer in the solid state. Reactions of [PhC(NHMe)NNMe2] (1a) with [LMCl2]2 (M = Ru, L = cymene; M = Rh, Ir, L = Cp*) results in the stoichiometric formation of products of the formula [LM{PhC(NMe)NHNMe2}Cl]+Cl− (2a–c) in which the amidrazone chelates the metal in a κ2-N1,N3-coordination mode. Formation of this five-membered chelate occurs with a concomitant tautomerisation of the amidrazone ligand to an alternative tautomer, i.e. [PhC(NMe)NHNMe2], the latter tautomer is expected to be readily energetically accessible based upon the aforementioned DFT calculations. This series of salts may be deprotonated with lithium hexamethyldisilazide to form the corresponding charge neutral complexes [LM{PhC(NMe)NNMe2}] (3a–c). In contrast, the reaction of N1,N1,N3-tri-substituted benzamidrazones with [(cymene)RuCl2]2 in the presence of NaOAc yielded a mixture of cyclometallation (C–H activation) and amidrazone chelation/deprotonation (N-H activation) products. Reaction of 1a yielded an inseparable mixture of products, whilst the reaction of 1c resulted in formation of the cyclometallated product [LM{C6H5C(NiPr)NHNMe2}] (L = cymene, M = Ru; 4a) in a modest 62% yield. This latter complex could be isolated as a crystalline orange solid, full characterisation including single crystal X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the amidrazone coordinates in a κ2-N2,C-coordination mode.
Contrastive rhetoric: A case of nominalization in Japanese and English discourse

Abstract This paper argues for the rhetorical differences in nominalization (nominal clauses and nominal predicates) in novelistic discourse between Japanese and English. Following partly the findings in my earlier studies, I argue that nominalization expresses objectification while the da -predicate creates personal and subjective effects (partly through the use of the topic-comment structure), and that in Japanese these contradictory forces help create a rhetorical style which I call “rhetoric of commentation.” In English, nominalization occurs significantly less frequently and the subject-predicate relationship remains primary in sentence construction as well as in rhetorical effect in discourse. The rhetorical differences contrasted in this study resonate with various other features of the structure and use of the Japanese language vis-a-vis English. The paper emphasizes the importance of contrastive studies in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of cross-linguistic differences in how different cultures view the world, how such views are manifested through language and rhetoric, and how the worlds (re)created in discourse express similar yet different perspectives and meanings.
Properties of RRe2Al10 (R=Y, Gd–Lu) crystals

Large single crystals of rare-earth rhenium aluminide $R{\text{Re}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{10}$, with $R=\text{Y}$, and Gd--Lu were grown out of an Al-rich solution. Single crystal x-ray diffraction data confirmed the orthorhombic $Cmcm$ structure for all members: $R=\text{Gd-Dy}$ with $\text{Tb}{\text{Re}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{10}$-structure type (formula unit per cell $Z=8$); $R=\text{Y}$, and Ho--Lu with ${\text{LuRe}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{10}$-structure type $(Z=12)$. There is no evidence of a localized $3d$ electron moment in $R=\text{Y}$ and Lu; $R=\text{Yb}$ is nonmagnetic down to 1.8 K, but develops an enhanced electronic specific heat of $\ensuremath{\sim}95\text{ }\text{mJ}\text{ }{\text{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Ordering temperatures range from ferromagnetic order in $R=\text{Gd}$ with ${T}_{\text{c}}=7.2(1)\text{ }\text{K}$, antiferromagnetic order in $R=\text{Tb}$ at ${T}_{\text{N}}=5.0(3)\text{ }\text{K}$, to $R=\text{Dy}$, Ho, and Er giving magnetic ordering temperatures of ${T}_{\text{mag}}=1.7(1)$, $\ensuremath{\le}0.4$, and 1.1(2) K, respectively. All compounds have effective moments close in value to that of free ${R}^{3+}$ at high temperatures.
Fluorine-18 and carbon-11 labeled amphetamine analogs—Synthesis, distribution, binding characteristics in mice and rats and a PET study in monkey

No-carrier-added (NCA) (+-)-p-[18F]fluoroamphetamine (2a) and (+-)-6-[18F]fluoro-3,4-methylene-dioxy-amphetamine (2b) were synthesized through a multistep synthesis by nucleophilic substitution of the appropriate precursors (p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 1a and 6-nitropiperonal 1b, respectively) with [18F]fluoride followed by condensation with nitroethane and reduction with LAH in 20-30% yield (EOB) in a synthesis time of 90-109 min from EOB. NCA (-)-[11C]methamphetamine (4a) and (+-)-3,4-methylene-dioxy-N-[11C]methamphetamine (4b) were synthesized by methylation of the appropriate desmethyl precursors 3a and 3b with [11C]H3I in 40-60% yield (EOB) in a synthesis time of 30 min from EOB. Animal studies in mouse and rat revealed that the relative tissue uptake of these radiotracers was kidneys > lungs > liver > spleen > brain > heart > blood. The uptakes of these radiotracers in mouse brain were high and similar at 5 min post-injection (approx. 5%/g) but radioactivity then declined rapidly (approx. 1%/g at 60 min post-injection). For compounds 2a and 2b, the activity in the femur did not increase with time indicating in vivo defluorination may not be the major route of metabolism. Monoamine uptake inhibitors (nomifensine, fluoxetine and nisoxetine) did not inhibit but enhance the uptake of (-)-[11C]methamphetamine (4a) in the rat brain by greater than 50%. A PET study in a Rhesus monkey revealed that the uptakes of (-)-[11C]methamphetamine in different brain regions were similar and the retention of the radioactivity in these regions remained constant throughout the study. Analysis of arterial plasma by HPLC showed that 50% of radioactivity remained as 4a at 60 min post-injection.
Progesterone resistance in endometriosis: Link to failure to metabolize estradiol

Endometriosis is the most common cause of pelvic pain and affects an estimated 5 million women in the US. The biologically active estrogen estradiol (E2) is the best-defined mitogen for the growth and inflammation processes in the ectopic endometriotic tissue that commonly resides on the pelvic organs. Progesterone and progestins may relieve pain by limiting growth and inflammation in endometriosis but a portion of patients with endometriosis and pelvic pain do not respond to treatment with progestins. Moreover, progesterone-induced molecular changes in the eutopic (intrauterine) endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis are either blunted or undetectable. These in vivo observations are indicative of resistance to progesterone action in endometriosis. The molecular basis of progesterone resistance in endometriosis may be related to an overall reduction in the levels of progesterone receptors (PRs) and the lack of the PR isoform named progesterone receptor B (PR-B). In normal endometrium, progesterone acts on stromal cells to induce secretion of paracrine factor(s). These unknown factor(s) act on neighboring epithelial cells to induce the expression of the enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17beta-HSD-2), which metabolizes the biologically active estrogen E2 to estrone (E1). In endometriotic tissue, progesterone does not induce epithelial 17beta-HSD-2 expression due to a defect in stromal cells. The inability of endometriotic stromal cells to produce progesterone-induced paracrine factors that stimulate 17beta-HSD-2 may be due to the lack of PR-B and very low levels of progesterone receptor A (PR-A) observed in vivo in endometriotic tissue. The end result is deficient metabolism of E2 in endometriosis giving rise to high local concentrations of this local mitogen. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying progesterone resistance and failure to metabolize E2 in endometriosis are reviewed.
Evidence-Based Health Promotion Programs for Schools and Communities

Healthy People 2020 includes an objective to increase the proportion of elementary, middle, and senior high schools that provide comprehensive school health education to prevent health problems in the following areas: unintentional injury; violence; suicide; tobacco use and addiction; alcohol or other drug use; unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted infections (STI); unhealthy dietary patterns; and inadequate physical activity. These specific goals are part of the efforts of Healthy People 2020 to increase the proportion of elementary, middle, and senior high schools that have health education goals or objectives that address the knowledge and skills articulated in the National Health Education Standards. A focus on Pre-K through 12 health education is a prerequisite for the implementation of a coordinated, seamless approach to health education as advocated by the Healthy People Curriculum Task Force and incorporated into the Education for Health framework. To help accomplish these goals, this article views the role of education as part of the broader socioecologic model of health. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to identify evidence-based, peer-reviewed programs, strategies, and resources. The results of this review are presented organized as sexual health, mental and emotional health, injury prevention, tobacco and substance abuse, and exercise and healthy eating. Evidence-based implementation strategies, often considered the missing link, are recommended to help achieve the Healthy People 2020 objective of increasing the prevalence of comprehensive school health education programs designed to reduce health risks for children. (Am J Prev Med 2011;40(2):207-219) © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Safety of percutaneous coronary atherectomy with deep arterial resection.

Abstract Percutaneous coronary atherectomy is currently under investigation as an alternative procedure to percutaneous balloon angioplasty for the relief of high grade obstructive lesions. With this method, tissue is mechanically resected from the area of stenosis. Because the depth of resection cannot be controlled with the device used, it is possible to remove not only intimal atherosclerotic material but also deeper arterial structures. In this regard, it is of interest that catheter disruption of the internal elastic lamina in animal studies, with exposure of underlying medial elements, resulted in subsequent thrombotic occlusion of the damaged vessel. 1 Although mechanical resection of tissue by atherectomy may result in the exposure of medial or even adventitial tissues, the risk of deep arterial resections in humans with coronary atherectomy has not been reported.
FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders

The differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders can be challenging, especially early in the disease course. PET imaging with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been used to identify characteristic patterns of regional glucose metabolism in patient cohorts with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as variant forms of parkinsonism such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBGD). In this study, we assessed the utility of FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of individual patients with clinical parkinsonism. 135 parkinsonian patients were referred for FDG PET to determine whether their diagnosis could be made accurately based upon their scans. Imaging-based diagnosis was obtained by visual assessment of the individual scans and also by computer-assisted interpretation. The results were compared with 2-year follow-up clinical assessments made by independent movement disorders specialists who were blinded to the original PET findings. We found that blinded computer assessment agreed with clinical diagnosis in 92.4% of all subjects (97.7% early PD, 91.6% late PD, 96% MSA, 85% PSP, 90.1% CBGD, 86.5% healthy control subjects). Concordance of visual inspection with clinical diagnosis was achieved in 85.4% of the patients scanned (88.4% early PD, 97.2% late PD, 76% MSA, 60% PSP, 90.9% CBGD, 90.9% healthy control subjects). This study demonstrates that FDG PET performed at the time of initial referral for parkinsonism accurately predicted the clinical diagnosis of individual patients made at subsequent follow-up. Computer-assisted methodologies may be particularly helpful in situations where experienced readers of FDG PET images are not readily available.
Implementation of the Veterans Health Administration National Pain Management Strategy

Since its introduction in 1998, the VHA National Pain Management Strategy has introduced and implemented a series of plans for promoting systems improvements in pain care. We present the milestones of VHA efforts in pain management as reflected by the work of the Strategy. This includes the development of the Strategy and its current structure as well as a review of important initiatives such as “pain as the fifth vital sign” and the stepped care model of pain management.
The development of moral beliefs: A retrospective study

The present study tested a model of moral belief development based on Erikson’s (1963) and McAdams’ (1989) theories of personality development. The sequence of moral belief development is beliefs about outcomes, outcome certainty, beliefs about humanity, and social concern. The developmental antecedents of these beliefs were measured using 13 rationally constructed scales based on background data items. The belief and developmental scales were given to a sample of 246 undergraduates. Using a series of hierarchical blocked regressions, we found a pattern among the beliefs that supported a stage or contingent sequence model of belief development. The results suggest that a supportive, conventional and consistent family environment is a major antecedent of beliefs about outcomes and outcome certainty. Adjustment to the demands of adult culture rather than peer culture is the major antecedent of belief about humanity and social concern.
Oral antiplatelet therapy for percutaneous coronary revascularization

Great strides in interventional pharmacotherapy have been made over the past few decades, virtually all focused on optimizing peri-PCI antithrombotic therapy in order to reduce thrombotic complications. Our understanding of the role of platelets and of antiplatelet therapies in this process continues to evolve. Today, dual or even triple antiplatelet therapy has become standard of care at the time of PCI followed by dual therapy long-term in the majority of patients. However, currently available oral regimens are hampered by limitations including the need to initiate treatment at least a few hours before the procedure to achieve maximum benefit and the safety issues surrounding irreversible platelet inhibition in the uncommon, but not rare situations when a patient requires surgical revascularization. These limitations have led to the suboptimal “real-world” utilization of these proven agents and have fostered the development of a wide variety of alternative platelet inhibitors with theoretical, but still unproven clinical benefits. There are ample clinical data that strongly support the use of aspirin and clopidogrel in virtually all patients undergoing a PCI today. This review will highlight these data as well as emphasize the gaps in our understanding. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
When Tenure Protects the Incompetent: Results from a Survey of Department Chairs

This research uses data from a national survey of political science department chairs to explore when tenure protects incompetent faculty. The characteristics of the responding institutions and the procedures and standards they use when evaluating tenure applications were analyzed to determine how they related to the protection of the incompetent. The results reveal that tenure is most likely to shield incompetent faculty when collegiality plays a role in tenure decisions and when departments focus on the quantity of articles an applicant publishes. The findings also show that when departments demand that candidates publish in prestigious journals and when higher authorities at the institution have reversed positive departmental tenure recommendations, the probability that the incompetent are protected declines.
In honor of Wassily Leontief's 90th birthday

On 5 August 1995 Wassily Leontief celebrates his 90th birthday, and we have invited several papers about his contributions to economics to commemorate this occasion. Some colleagues know Professor Leontiefs year of birth as 1906, rather than 1905, so a few words of explanation are in order. Over the past decade, a historian of science unearthed nearly 80 documents concerning Professor Leontiefs family in the archives of St. Petersburg, dating as far back as 1742. This research produced a few surprises, and one of them is that Professor Leontief was born in 1905 and not 1906 as he had thought. A volume about this history, The Unknown Leontief, edited by S. Kalyadina, will be published by Rubikon in Russia this year. Wassily Leontief was Professor of Economics at Harvard University from 1933 until 1975, the year in which he came to New York University and founded the Institute for Economic Analysis. At the Institute he is currently investigating the configuration of clustering of scientific research activities that potentially precede the emergence of new, multi-disciplinary fields. This undertaking utilizes an extensive database of journal citations and is based on a generalization of the principles of economic interdependence that he made operational through inputoutput economics. The papers that follow, by A. Augusztinovics, A. Amsden, A. Rose, R. Dorfman, K. Polenske, B. Bjerkholt, and B. Hannon, provide a variety of perspectives about the man who received the Nobel Prize in 1973 for the creation of input-output economics. The authors range from individuals who worked closely with him for many years at Harvard to those who have never met him. Having had the opportunity to read all the papers, I would like to add two observations of my own. From the point of view of pure theory, Leontief offered his notion of general interdependence as an alternative to Walrasian general equilibrium. Subsequently, a synthesis has been achieved by the incorporation of Leontievian general interdependence within computable general equilibrium models. But this state of affairs
Neural control of quadrupedal and bipedal stance: Implications for the evolution of erect posture

The transition among hominids from quadrupedalism to bipedalism resulted in modifications in their musculoskeletal morphology. It is unclear, however, whether changes in the circuitry of the CNS were also necessary in order to accommodate the unique balance requirements of two-limb support. This study addresses the issue of modifications in control strategies by investigating the rapid, automatic postural responses of feline and human subjects to sudden disturbances of balance in the anteroposterior (AP) direction while they stand quadrupedally and bipedally on movable platforms. Postural responses are characterized in terms of segmental adjustments, generated AP shear forces, and electromyographic activity. Feline and human subjects correct posture similarly when standing quadrupedally. Furthermore, both species correct stance primarily with their hindlimbs and use their forelimbs as supportive struts. In contrast, both species use completely different correctional strategies when standing bipedally. Morphological restrictions, however, prevent cats from adopting the pillar-like plantigrade posture of human beings. Thus, the correctional strategies of bipedal cats are distinct from those of bipedal human subjects. It is concluded that 1) automatic postural response patterns of quadrupedal Felis and bipedal Homo reflect the different biomechanical characteristics of the initial postures rather than species differences in CNS circuitry controlling stance; 2) hindlimb-dominated posture control is probably a common and relatively ancient pattern; and 3) reorganization of hominid CNS circuitry was probably unnecessary because hindlimb control was already a feature of the system.