cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of H2 clearance curves used to measure blood flow in rat sciatic nerve.

1. By use of the H2 clearance technique, blood flow was measured in the sciatic nerve of healthy, anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats at rest, during inferior vena cava occlusion and during 5-hydroxytryptamine infusion. The purpose was to clarify the mechanisms underlying the biexponential curves which are commonly obtained using this technique. 2. An analysis of the frequency distribution of rate constants of 270 nerve and thirty-three arterial samples indicated that H2 clearance rates cluster below 20 ml min-1 100 g-1 and between 70 and 100 ml min-1 100 g-1. This suggests that at least two compartments are present. 3. The contribution of diffusion was studied by recording H2 clearance immediately following circulatory arrest. Slow clearance rates (median = 2.4 ml min-1 100 g-1) were observed, indicating that diffusion is not likely to contribute significantly to nutritive flow under most situations. 4. The contribution of arteriovenous shunts to H2 clearance was assessed by determining H2 clearance during inferior vena cava occlusion and the infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both manoeuvres caused abolition of, or a significant reduction in the weight of, the fast component which indicates that this compartment is closely related to arteriovenous shunts in nerve. 5. By use of a multi-compartmental model, it was shown that H2 clearance should follow a multi-exponential course, where the weights of the components reflect the relative volumes of each compartment and the exponents represent the relative flow (i.e. flow per unit volume) in each compartment. 6. By use of other mathematical models, estimates were made for the clearance rates attributable to polarographic oxidation of H2 at the tip of the microelectrode (0.2 ml min-1 100 g-1) and to diffusion to air (2 ml min-1 100 g-1). The latter estimate is very close to the measured value of 2.4 ml min-1 100 g-1. 7. These findings indicate that it is possible to separately assess nutritive and non-nutritive flow by application of biexponential analysis to H2 clearance curves. The data suggest that the fast component of a H2 clearance curve is closely associated with arteriovenous shunts, while the slower component is likely to represent capillary flow. Processes such as diffusion to air or oxidation of H2 by the electrode are very slow and therefore are unlikely to distort the assessment of blood flow by using this technique.
Utilizing Natural Supports to Lower the Cost of Supported Employment.

This study explored the effect of utilizing natural supports strategies on the cost of supported employment in the state of Wisconsin. Data presented here suggest that the use of natural supports r...
Very early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease: a novel presenilin 1 mutation.

Background Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is linked to mutations in three autosomal dominant genes: PS1, PS2 and APP. The clinical presentation and age of onset of mutations is variable. Objectives The aim of this report is to describe a novel PS1 mutation believed to be causal for a very early onset of AD. Methods This is a case history using information from medical records, relative interviews and genetic testing results to describe the pre-clinical prodrome and clinical course of a patient with EOFAD. Results A previously undescribed G206V mutation in PS1 was found in the proband. Conclusion The G206V mutation in PS1 is probably causal of a case of EOFAD with significant premorbid features. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Consistent Christology of Paul Tillich

Tillich claimed often and vehemently that the risk of faith in Jesus as the Christ ‘lies in quite a different dimension from the risk of accepting uncertain historical facts’.1 The ultimate concern expressed in and through Christology is free from the contingencies of history and the consequent possibility of falsification. Yet many critics have accused Tillich of making covert historical assumptions in an inconsistent manner, thus failing in practice to make good his claims. I wish to defend Tillich on his own systematic grounds from such criticism, but also finally to raise the question whether his grounds are tenable.
Using the American alligator and a repeated-measures design to place constraints on in vivo shoulder joint range of motion in dinosaurs and other fossil archosaurs

Using the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs (crocodylians and birds), recent work has reported that elbow joint range of motion (ROM) studies of fossil dinosaur forearms may be providing conservative underestimates of fully fleshed in vivo ROM. As humeral ROM occupies a more central role in forelimb movements, the placement of quantitative constraints on shoulder joint ROM could improve fossil reconstructions. Here, we investigated whether soft tissues affect the more mobile shoulder joint in the same manner in which they affect elbow joint ROM in an extant archosaur. This test involved separately and repeatedly measuring humeral ROM in Alligator mississippiensis as soft tissues were dissected away in stages to bare bone. Our data show that the ROMs of humeral flexion and extension, as well as abduction and adduction, both show a statistically significant increase as flesh is removed, but then decrease when the bones must be physically articulated and moved until they separate from one another and/or visible joint surfaces. A similar ROM pattern is inferred for humeral pronation and supination. All final skeletonized ROMs were less than initial fully fleshed ROMs. These results are consistent with previously reported elbow joint ROM patterns from the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs. Thus, studies that avoid separation of complementary articular surfaces may be providing fossil shoulder joint ROMs that underestimate in vivo ROM in dinosaurs, as well as other fossil archosaurs.
Induction of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferation by Xenobiotics

Significant increase in the number of peroxisomes in liver parenchymal cells and in the activity of H2O2 generating peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation enzyme system, accompanied by an increase in certain other hepatic enzymes, are produced by the administration of several structurally dissimilar hypolipidemic agents and some other xenobiotics. Continued feeding of these non-mutagenic peroxisome proliferators for extended periods of time results in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats and mice. Available evidence indicates that maximal peroxisome prolfieration is a tissue-specific phenomenon restricted largely to the hepatocyte. The mechanism by which structurally diverse peroxisome proliferators produce a similar pleiotropic response is not known, but the tissue specific biological response and rapid rate of transcription of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation enzyme genes support the hypothesis that these agents act by binding to a specific recognition molecule(s). Identification and molecular characterization of peroxisome proliferator-specific receptor(s) will be necessary to understand the tissue-specific and species-sensitive differences in the induction of peroxisome proliferation. Since hepatocarcinogenicity by peroxisome proliferators is not attributable to their direct effect on DNA, it is postulated that oxidative stress emanating from sustained induction of peroxisome proliferation plays a role in the initiation and/or promotion of carcinogenesis. Whether the oxidative stress or the continued peroxisome proliferator-receptor interactions lead to amplification or rearrangement of the peroxisomal β-oxidation genes or oncogenes remains to be elucidated.
Theory to Practice in Distributive Negotiation: Being Strategically and Tactically Contentious

There is some research on how to act competitively in distributive negotiation – and a million “tips” on moves and countermoves to make. These are often presented with the words “Always” and “Never”, which should tell you to take them with a grain of salt.In this paper, I first present a structured approach for preparing for and conducting distributive negotiation. The strategic section is based on the second chapter of Leigh Thompson’s The Heart and Mind of the Negotiation, supplemented with my own commentary and examples. Next, I provide a list of commonly encountered tactics, and some suggestions on how to employ them or respond to your counterpart’s use of them. The discussion of tactics draws upon four negotiation texts: Leigh Thompson’s The Heart and Mind of the Negotiator; Herb Cohen’s You Can Negotiate Anything; Roger Fisher and William’s Ury’s Getting to Yes; William Ury’s Getting Past No.This resource aims to provide negotiation teachers and trainers with a convenient teaching resource to supplement classroom activities on this topic.
MEAN LIVES AND ANGULAR CORRELATIONS IN $sup 57$Co WITH THE $sup 54$Fe($alpha$,p$gamma$)$sup 57$Co REACTION.

The reaction $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p\ensuremath{\gamma})^{57}\mathrm{Co}$ with incident $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies of 9 and 10 MeV has been used to investigate the properties of $^{57}\mathrm{Co}$ levels below 3 MeV in excitation. Using the Dopplershift-attenuation method, mean lives were obtained for 11 excited levels. These results are as follows: $\ensuremath{\tau}(1.22 \mathrm{MeV})=0.084\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(1.68 \mathrm{MeV})={0.26}_{\ensuremath{-}0.09}^{+0.12}$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(1.76 \mathrm{MeV})=0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(1.89 \mathrm{MeV})=0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(1.92 \mathrm{MeV})=0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.31 \mathrm{MeV})=0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.48 \mathrm{MeV})={0.036}_{\ensuremath{-}0.011}^{+0.014}$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.60 \mathrm{MeV})=0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.73 \mathrm{MeV})=0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.80 \mathrm{MeV})=0.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, and $\ensuremath{\tau}(2.87 \mathrm{MeV})=0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, all in psec. In addition multipole mixing ratios were obtained for several transitions. Arguments are given for a spin assignment of $J=\frac{7}{2}$ to the 2.31- MeV level.
Entrance of Radioactive Phosphorus into Sphingomyelin of Various Tissues of Cat

ConclusionsRadioactive phosphorus is incorporated into sphingomyelin to the greatest extent in the liver, the lung, and the intestinal mucosa. With the exception of the lung the tissues distribute themselves in approximately the same order for sphingomyelin activity as for total phospholipid activity. The lung is relatively higher in the case of sphingomyelin. Radioactivity in sphingomyelin reaches a maximum at about two days in most tissues. In the case of liver the total phospholipid fraction appears to be many times more active than sphingomyelin, indicating that this phospholipid, though possessing a certain definite activity, plays only a small part in phospholipid phosphorus metabolism in this organ.The author is indebted to Miss Sylvia Levy for one-half of the radioactivity measurements and to Dr. William F. Bale and Dr. S. N. Van Voorhis for preparation of radioactive phosphorus.
Local cortical blood flow and oxygen consumption during isoflurane-induced hypotension. Results in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping.

Cerebral cortical blood flow (lCoBF) and metabolic rate for oxygen (lCoMRO2) were studied in eight patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping. The patients were anesthetized with fentanyl 10 micrograms/kg and 70% nitrous oxide combined with 30% oxygen. Hypotension was induced with isoflurane. A thermal diffusion probe was used to measure lCoBF, and arterial and cerebral venous blood samples were obtained for measurement of arterio-cerebral venous O2 content difference. Measurements were made prior to hypotension, during hypotension (to mean arterial pressure approximately 50 mmHg), and posthypotension. Mean lCoBF decreased from 69 +/- 20 mL/100 g/min at normotension to 59 +/- 13 mL/100 g/min during hypotension (P less than .03, NS) and was 61 +/- 18 mL/100 g/min upon return to normotension (all values mean +/- 1 SD). The lCoMRO2 averaged 3.9 +/- 1.6 mL/100 g/min and 3.1 +/- 1.5 mL/100 g/min, respectively (P less than .03, NS) for normotension upsilon hypotension. Values for cerebral venous PO2 and O2 saturation also did not differ significantly between study periods. These results indicate that isoflurane-induced hypotension during fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia allows maintenance of a constant lCoBF and oxygen delivery.
LGBT Strengths: Incorporating Positive Psychology Into Theory, Research, Training, and Practice

This article serves as the first in a series of 4 articles providing a theoretically and empirically informed approach to understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals and communities from the perspective of positive psychology. Termed LGBT strengths, this perspective aims to complement existing perspectives in LGBT psychology focused on distress and pathology to provide a more balanced and representative understanding of LGBT lives. In the present article we provide an introduction to the 3 pillar model of positive psychology and its relevance to the unique experiences of LGBT individuals. Drawing connections between positive psychology and related strengths-based concepts within the existing literature in LGBT psychology, we provide evidence for LGBT strengths across the 3 pillars and within diverse populations of sexual and gender minorities. Discussing the role and importance of fostering a psychological science of these strengths informed by an understanding of the diversity and complexity of LGBT lives, we conclude with an overview of the goals of this series and introduce the subsequent articles in the series which will address implications of LGBT strengths for theory, research, training, and practice.
Clinical and pathologic features of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical and pathologic differences between vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women cared for in a tertiary referral center. METHODS Between January 1997 and June 2008, 145 women received care at our institution for VIN and VIN-associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). All patients' demographic characteristics and recurrence histories were recorded throughout the study period and were retrieved retrospectively. Menopausal status was self-reported at the time of initial diagnosis. χ, odds ratio, and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS The median age was 50 years (range = 19-91 y) with 77% (111/145) of patients white, 20% (29/145) African American, and 3% (5/145) other ethnicity. Sixty percent of patients diagnosed with VIN were current smokers, 18% (26/145) were immunocompromised (positive for human immunodeficiency virus/transplant/steroids), and 30% (44/145) had concomitant or previous lower genital tract dysplasia. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or VIN-related cancer recurred in 57 (39%) of 145 patients; of these, 40 (71%) had recurrence of VIN and 18 (29%) had recurrence of cancer. Fifty-one percent (74/145) of patients were menopausal at initial VIN diagnosis. Among women with VIN, the odds of initially presenting with a VIN-related SCC was 3.2 times greater in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women (confidence interval = 1.5-7.1, p < .01), and postmenopausal women were more likely to present with stage II to IV SCC (p = .021). Recurrence risk of SCC, but not VIN, was associated with menopause status (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Among women with VIN, the risk of SCC is higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women both initially and at recurrence. Excisional therapies to identify occult invasion are especially important for postmenopausal women with VIN.
Ultrasonographic manifestations of severe acute pancreatitis in children

Objective:To review the ultrasonographic characteristics and causes of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) in children.Methods:The ultrasonographic findings and clinical data of 65 children with SAP that was confirmed by clinical diagnosis or autopsy were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Ultrasonographic manifestations of SAP in children were demonstrated as follows:the pancreases were enlarged to varying degrees,or even to an abnormal shape,with irregular or ill-defined margins;the echo patterns of the pancreas were diverse which included hyperechogenicity,hypoechogenicity or heterogeneous echogenicity;fluid collections in the peripancreatic space and spaces in the abdominal cavity as well as pseudocyst formation were frequently seen;the pancreas of primary SAP presented an abnormal shape and diffuse swelling,with heterogeneous or decreased but no increased echogenicity,and was frequently associated with pseudocyst formation;in secondary SAP,with exception of traumatic SAP,the pancreas had no abnormal shape but showed the presence of localized swelling,with enhanced but no decreased echogenicity,and was not complicated by pseudocyst formation.Among the 65 children,the csuse of SAP was trauma in 28 cases(43.1%),infections in 18 cases(27.6%),idiopathy in 15 cases(23.2%),systemic non-infectious diseases in 3 cases(4.6%),and postoperative stress response in 1 case(1.5%).Conclusion:Ultrasonography can accurately i nd the imaging changes of the pancreas in children with SAP,which can help make an early diagnosis and judgment of its causes,and thereby effectively reduce the mortality in these children.
Treatment of stage IV carcinoma of the prostate.

SUMMARY Accurate diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of the prostate is essential to rational management of this disease. Once dissemination outside the periprostatic area is established, treatment is essentially limited to systemic efforts to control or suppress tumor growth and local efforts to minimize secondary effects of tumor deposits. Disseminated tumor limited to pelvic nodes constitute a possible exception to this statement since excisional and radiotherapeutic efforts to eradicate these foci may be successful. At the present time, changes in a number of objective and subjective parameters are utilized to assess the effect of therapeutic endeavors. When these are taken as a group and combined with a clinical judgment, they undoubtedly have merit. On the other hand, when utilized in a relative fashion as isolated indicators of tumor responsiveness or recurrence, their value is limited. Since most patients with disseminated carcinoma of the prostate die from their disease, critical analysis of survival data is at present likely to provide the most accurate assessment of a therapeutic endeavor. Estrogen administration or orchiectomy seem to be the systemic measures which combine relatively limited risk of morbidity with the greatest hope of initially controlling disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. Of these, evidence suggests that low dose estrogen therapy, 1 mg stilbestrol daily, provides the best opportunity for long-term control. Although length of survival does not seem to depend on the time at which the therapy is instituted, our prejudice is usually to start treatment when dissemination is recognized. The hope of providing a longer period of a better life by this practice requires evaluation. Combining local measures such as transurethral resection with systemic measures may add to patient comfort and longevity. Recurrent progression of tumor after initial hormonal measures is often difficult to recognize and accept. In patients with recurrent tumor activity, measures based on the concept of persistence of hormone dependence have produced disappointing results. More sophisticated selection techniques may identify a small group of patients in whom this approach is likely to produce desirable changes. For the most part chemotherapeutic agents hold greater promise of effective therapy in this group of patients.
NMR Study of LiBH4 with C60

LiBH4 doped with 1.6 mol % well-dispersed C60 is studied with solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Variable-temperature hydrogen NMR shows large changes between the data upon first heating and after exposure to 300 °C. After heating, a large fraction on the order of 50% of the hydrogen signal appears in a motionally narrowed peak, similar to a previous report of LiBH4 in a porous carbon aerogel nanoscaffold. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR of 13C in a 13C-enriched sample finds the C60 has reacted already in the as-mixed (unheated) material. Dehydriding and rehydriding result in further 13C spectral changes, with nearly all intensity being found in a broad peak corresponding to aromatic carbons. It thus appears that the previously reported improved dehydriding and rehydriding kinetics of this material at least partially result from in situ formation of a carbon framework. The method may offer a new route to dispersal of hydrides in carbon support structures.
Hairy Slices: Evaluating the Perceptual Effectiveness of Cutting Plane Glyphs for 3D Vector Fields

Three-dimensional vector fields are common datasets throughout the sciences. Visualizing these fields is inherently difficult due to issues such as visual clutter and self-occlusion. Cutting planes are often used to overcome these issues by presenting more manageable slices of data. The existing literature provides many techniques for visualizing the flow through these cutting planes; however, there is a lack of empirical studies focused on the underlying perceptual cues that make popular techniques successful. This paper presents a quantitative human factors study that evaluates static monoscopic depth and orientation cues in the context of cutting plane glyph designs for exploring and analyzing 3D flow fields. The goal of the study was to ascertain the relative effectiveness of various techniques for portraying the direction of flow through a cutting plane at a given point, and to identify the visual cues and combinations of cues involved, and how they contribute to accurate performance. It was found that increasing the dimensionality of line-based glyphs into tubular structures enhances their ability to convey orientation through shading, and that increasing their diameter intensifies this effect. These tube-based glyphs were also less sensitive to visual clutter issues at higher densities. Adding shadows to lines was also found to increase perception of flow direction. Implications of the experimental results are discussed and extrapolated into a number of guidelines for designing more perceptually effective glyphs for 3D vector field visualizations.
Enhanced in utero allogeneic engraftment in mice after mobilizing fetal HSCs by α4β1/7 inhibition

In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT) is a novel nonmyeloablative approach that results in donor-specific tolerance and mixed allogeneic chimerism. Clinical application is limited by low levels of donor cell engraftment. Competition from endogenous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for limited "space" in fetal hematopoietic organs remains a significant barrier to successful IUHCT. AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor, and firategrast, an α4β1 and α4β7 integrin inhibitor (α4β1/7), have been shown to disrupt HSC retention in the postnatal hematopoietic niche. We hypothesized that maternal administration of AMD3100 and/or firategrast prior to IUHCT would mobilize endogenous HSCs from the fetal liver (FL) and result in preferential FL homing of donor HSCs and enhanced long-term engraftment following IUHCT in an allogeneic mouse model. We demonstrate that (1) both agents cross the placenta with rapidly detectable fetal serum concentrations following maternal administration; (2) firategrast treatment alone or with AMD3100 mobilizes endogenous HSCs from the FL and results in increased FL homing of donor HSCs following IUHCT; and (3) enhanced donor HSC homing following firategrast treatment translates into increased long-term multilineage donor cell engraftment. This approach highlights the potential of mobilization strategies to overcome barriers to successful engraftment and increase the clinical promise of IUHCT.
Prognostic outlier genes for enhanced prostate cancer treatment.

Aim: To review the current landscape of outlier genes in the field of prostate cancer. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed. Results: Prostate cancer continues to be a significant worldwide health issue. In the era of personalized medicine, more emphasis is being placed on the ability to determine the timing, intensity and type of treatment, according to each patient's unique disease. Several commercial tests are available to determine the risk of aggressive prostate cancer based on genomic biomarkers and gene expression. Outlier genes represent a form of cancer classification that focuses on bimodal expression of a gene in a specific subset of patients. Outlier genes identified in prostate cancer include TMPRSS2–ERG, SPINK1, ScHLAP1, NVL, SMC4 and SQLE. Conclusion: Classifying patient prostate cancers by outlier genes may allow for individualized cancer therapies and improved cancer therapy outcomes.
Tilt table testing to diagnose pseudosyncope in the pediatric population

Objective Pseudosyncope can be difficult to distinguish from true syncope. Often, pediatric patients with pseudosyncope undergo multiple tests and referrals before the appropriate diagnosis is reached. The purpose is to describe the utility of the head-up tilt table test to elicit the diagnosis of pseudosyncope in the pediatric population. Design Retrospective chart review from November 2012 to December 2015 of patients age ≤23 years referred for 30-minute, 80-degree tilt table test. Pretest probability for pseudosyncope was high if there was no response to traditional management, atypical episodes, occurrence during undesirable exercise, or prolonged episode duration. Inductive techniques were utilized to persuade patients of the likelihood of experiencing an episode during the procedure. Pseudosyncope was confirmed when a patient had normal vital signs during their event and had reflex responses to disruptive maneuvers. Results Tilt table testing was performed on 89 patients [median age 16 years (5–23); 26% male] with the majority (60%) being negative for pseudosyncope, including 51 true negatives and 2 false-negatives. Of the 36 patients with syncope during tilt table testing, 28 were diagnosed with vasovagal syncope and 8 with pseudosyncope [median age 16 years (15–21); 38% male]. Pseudosyncope episodes were observed immediately in 2 patients. All patients with late-onset pseudosyncope required inductive techniques prior to the recorded episode. Conclusions Pseudosyncope can be identified during tilt table testing if inductive techniques are utilized in patients with a high index of suspicion. Disruptive maneuvers are excellent adjunctive methods to confirm the diagnosis. Tilt table testing is an effective means to identify pseudosyncope and allow appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
MEA and Piperazine Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel

Abstract Two methods were developed to measure the corrosion of 1010 carbon steel and 316L stainless steel in solutions of ethanolamine, piperazine, and several other linear amines at high temperature and pressure. The effect of amine concentration, CO2 loading, and temperature were measured. The first method uses Swagelok® steel cylinders heated in ovens to accelerate corrosion of the metal surface, which is then estimated by measuring dissolved metal. Although the steel cylinder method gave reasonable corrosion rates for 316L SS, it significantly under predicted the corrosion rate of 1010 CS. This is likely due to the weakly adhering passive film that was protective only at the stagnant conditions in the non-agitated cylinders. The second method uses an electrical resistance probe to measure corrosion in a bench-scale thermosiphon apparatus, which was constructed to simulate more realistic flow conditions. Both methods were used to examine a series of linear amines and their results were compared. Corrosion of the electrical resistance probe by a variety of degraded piperazine solutions from pilot plants was measured. Loading was found to be the dominant factor in piperazine corrosion. Counterintuitively, corrosion rates of stainless steel decrease at high loadings, probably due to the formation of a FeCO3 film. Degraded piperazine was only slightly more corrosive than clean piperazine at most conditions. Over a wide variety of conditions, 1010 carbon steel showed lower corrosion rates in piperazine solutions than 316L stainless steel.
Predicting Application Failure in Cloud: A Machine Learning Approach

Despite employing the architectures designed for high service reliability and availability, cloud computing systems do experience service outages and performance slowdown. In addition to these, large-scale cloud systems experience failures in their hardware and software components which often result in node and application (e.g., jobs and tasks) failures. Therefore, to build a reliable cloud system, it is important to understand and characterize the observed failures. The goal of this work is to identify the key features that correlate to application failures in cloud and present a failure prediction model that can correctly predict the outcome of a task or job before it actually finishes, fails or gets killed. To accomplish this, we perform a failure characterization study of the Google cluster workload trace. Our analysis reveals that, there is a significant consumption of resources due to failed and killed jobs. We further explore the potential for failure prediction in cloud applications so that we can reduce the wastage of resources by better managing the jobs and tasks that ultimately fail or get killed. For this, we propose a prediction method based on a special type of Recurrent NeuralNetwork (RNN) named Long Short-Term Memory Network(LSTM) to identify application failures in cloud. It takes resource usage measurements or performance data for each job and task, and the goal is to predict the termination status (e.g., failed and finished etc.) of them. Our algorithm can predict task failures with 87%accuracy and achieves a true positive rate of 85% and false positive rate of 11%.
Introduction: The Genesis Palimpsest

C. S. Lewis is a well-known novelist and literary critic but less familiar is his theological study of animals and ethical arguments urging human concern for their wellbeing. This chapter includes a brief introduction to the subject of Lewis and animals. It also highlights the importance of the biblical origin myths in Genesis for Lewis’s animal writing. Genesis is a palimpsest, a textual presence, to which Lewis returns often. This is a concept considered throughout the book as Lewis returns readers frequently and imaginatively to the Garden of Eden where humans and animals lived together in peace.
Folate and phototherapy: What should we inform our patients?

Background Ultraviolet (UV) degradation of folate has been studied in vitro and in vivo, but comprehensive reviews of the subject and recommendations for supplementing folate are lacking, especially for women of childbearing age, in whom decreases in folate predisposes newborns to neural tube defects. Objective We reviewed the effects of phototherapy on folate and provide a recommendation for women of childbearing age on phototherapy. Methods PubMed was searched for in vivo studies comparing folate levels before and after phototherapy. Results There is no evidence of decreased folate levels after UVA exposure. Decreased folate levels after sun exposure were limited to subjects taking folate supplements. Studies using narrowband UVB showed mixed results, potentially explained by dose-dependent degradation of folate; exposure >40 J/cm 2 cumulatively and >2 J/cm 2 per treatment were associated with 19%-27% decreases in serum folate levels, while lower doses did not affect folate levels. Limitations Extensive variability in results from studies and lack of considering confounders. Conclusions We recommend all women of childbearing age on phototherapy take 0.8 mg/day of folate supplements, as suggested by current guidelines for women of childbearing age, to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in unplanned pregnancy.
Uncertain Truths: On the Limits of the Critique of Globalization and the Sciences

As anti-globalization and anti-science rhetoric become central to right-wing agendas, the study of food allows social scientists and humanities-oriented scholars to rethink their posture towards bo...
Using natural language processing tools to develop complex models of student engagement

This paper examines the effect of different linguistic features (as identified through Natural Language Processing tools) on affective measures of student engagement using a discovery with models approach. We build on previous literature, using automated detectors that identify when a middle-school student using an online mathematics tutor is experiencing boredom, confusion, frustration, or engaged concentration, to identify which problems are most engaging (or not) at scale. We then apply previously validated NLP tools to determine the degree to which engagement findings may be related to the linguistic properties of word problems, contributing to a growing literature on the effects of language on mathematics learning.
Girls' self-efficacy in the context of neighborhood gender stratification.

Abstract Scholars have linked neighborhood characteristics to self-efficacy, but few have considered how gender factors into this association. We integrate literature on neighborhoods, gender stratification, and self-efficacy to examine the association between women's relative resources among neighborhood residents and adolescents' self-efficacy. We hypothesize that girls report more self-efficacy when they reside in neighborhoods where women have more socioeconomic resources relative to men. We test this hypothesis using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and the 1990 Census. Results from multilevel regression models with gender-interacted effects indicate the neighborhood level of women's relative resources was not associated with boys' self-efficacy. However, girls reported higher self-efficacy when women's relative resources in their neighborhoods were greater. This association persisted after including potential individual- and neighborhood-level confounding variables. Our study underscores the importance of attending to gendered processes when understanding how neighborhoods impact youth.
Reprogramming the Endocardium: Trials and Tribulations.

Normal cardiac function is heavily dependent on effective coronary circulation. Coronary perfusion abnormalities, congenital or, much more commonly, acquired, are the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite many advances in our understanding of fundamentals of heart and blood vessel biology, therapeutic options for patients with advanced coronary artery disease are still pretty much limited to mechanical interventions and palliation. Recent discoveries in developmental cardiovascular biology, combined with a better understanding of cellular reprogramming, offer new insights into the origin of coronary vasculature that, perhaps, one day can lead to new therapeutic applications.1 Article, see p 984 The embryonic heart emerges at E7.5 as a cardiac crescent2 and remains avascular until the establishment of coronary circulation after midgestation.3 Although the last few years have witnessed an emergence of a broad outline of key steps involved in formation of the coronary vasculature, many important questions remain. In particular, the origin(s) of coronary endothelial and smooth muscle cells and geographical and temporal specification of their precursors remain the matter of an ongoing debate. Equally important unresolved questions center on what accounts for a relatively high degree of coronary patterning, differences in embryonic versus adult coronary vascular bed growth and regeneration, specification of arterial versus venous endothelial cell identity, and the nature of signaling pathways regulating and guiding coronary vascular growth. While it is commonly accepted that proepicardium contributes to the development of coronary smooth muscle cell,3,4 the origin of coronary vascular endothelial cells (CVECs) has been long mired in controversy. The advent of Cre-loxP reporter-based lineage tracing techniques has greatly advanced our ability to study developmental cell origins, but these tools are not without their own problems and limitations.3 Data derived from analysis of epicardium-specific Cre mouse lines showed that although …
Concentrations of immune marker in newborn dried blood spots and early childhood development: Results from the Upstate KIDS Study.

Background Evidence shows cytokine dysregulation in children with developmental disabilities. The association between immune activity during the perinatal period and child development is less clear. Methods We examined the relationship between newborn concentrations of immune markers and child development. Within Upstate KIDS, a population-based birth cohort (2008-2010, upstate New York), we assayed immune markers, which are postulated to have neuro-modulatory effects, in newborn dried blood spots (NDBS, n = 3038). Mothers completed the Ages & Stages Questionnaire© (ASQ) for their children repeatedly through age 36 months. At 30 and 36 months, mothers also reported whether their children received any developmental services. We used generalised linear mixed models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics to test associations. Results Sixteen immune markers were associated with failing ASQ in unadjusted models. After full adjustment (for gestational age, mode of delivery, parity, pregnancy smoking, etc.), we observed that higher levels of 4 markers, including platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67, 0.89), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.94), stromal cell derived factor-1 (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.98), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.98) were associated with lower odds of ASQ failure. The associations did not exist if correction for multiple comparisons was performed, except for PDGF-AA. Analyses with developmental service use revealed similar null findings. Conclusions Immune marker concentrations in NDBS may not be associated with developmental delay in the general population. Newborn concentrations of growth factor PDGF-AA may be protective of developmental delay in childhood.
Analogical reasoning in the context of acquiring problem solving expertise

Computational studies of analogical reasoning and “learning by analogy” are just beginning. As infants in the developmental scale of research on these topics, we stand to inherit much from historically more mature academic approaches. Two of the most important contributions of other academic traditions: metaphor and analogy are common in everyday thinking and expression; they arise routinely while assimilating novel experience to existing knowledge.
It Ain't Easy Being Green: Exploring the Gap between Macro and Micro Green Agendas

The green gap is traditionally thought of as the gap between how consumers intend to behave in regards to green living and how they actually behave. We extend the idea of the green gap by demonstrating a gap between the macro agenda of saving the planet as exercised by green advertisers and the micro-agenda of saving one’s own part of the planet, or at the very least, of not wasting one’s part of it as perpetuated by consumers. We then provide suggestions for green advertisers in bridging this gap between advertising and consumers.
Quasiconformal groups and the conical limit set

Quasiconformal groups. For n ≥ 2 we let R n denote euclidean n-space with the standard orthonormal basis e 1 ,...,e 1 \({{\bar{\mathbb{R}}}^{n}} = {{\mathbb{R}}^{n}} \cup \left\{ \infty \right\}\) its one point compactification equipped with chordal metric.
Childbearing, Externalities of

Externalities of childbearing are the costs or benefits of bearing and raising children that do not fully accrue to the parents, but instead are passed on to society, and which are not mediated by economic markets. If there were no externalities of this sort, then optimal individual fertility decisions would lead to socially optimal fertility, and there would be little role for government policy in reproductive decision-making. However, in the real world, externalities are pervasive, particularly in the modern welfare state. The ways these externalities arise include: dilution of the per capita share of collective wealth (including natural resources and environmental amenities, public capital stock and communal lands, and the burden of public debt); cost spreading for public goods (such as the military); public sector intergenerational transfers (expenditures on health, education, or pensions, for example); and other governmental expenditures. In addition, there may be scale returns, induced technical change, demonstration effects of fertility choices, and social interactions. These will be discussed, and where possible, quantitative evaluations will be given.
Attitudes of intensivists in the UK to withdrawal of futile therapy.

We aimed to determine the current practice and attitudes of consultants in intensive care medicine when withdrawing futile life-sustaining therapy. Published guidelines suggest variation in withdrawal of futile life-sustaining therapy and are therefore not prescriptive [1]. Although there is an awareness of differing practices, the extent of these variations is not established.
Magnetic Field Dosimetry - Biophysical and Clinical Aspects

Electromagnetic field (EMF) dosimetry has been developed by two parallel but interacting and complimentary streams: theoretical and experimental. Theoretical dosimetry deals with simplified models, while experimental dosimetry concerns the development of methods and instruments suitable for measuring and calculating physical quantities of EMF energy that is imparted to an absorbing body, such as characteristics of internal fields, specific absorption rate (SAR) or related variables1’2 The basic theoretical dosimetry is well developed for homogeneous objects, while dosimetric models for inhomogeneous systems (such as living tissues) need considerable work. The absorption and distribution of electromagnetic energy in the human body is a very complex phenomenon that depends on the mass, shape and size of the target, the orientation of this target with respect to the field vector, the electrical properties of both the body and the environment. Other variables that may play a substantial role in possible biological effects are those that characterize the environment (e.g. ambient temperature, relative humidity and body insulation) and those that characterize the individual (age, sex, physiological state, activity level, disease, etc.) Such information is essential for assessing therapeutic effectiveness of electromagnetic signals and for extracting diagnostic information from the observed field effects. The exact knowledge of coupling between the source of EMF and the target/model tissue can be extremely helpful in engineering for the optimization of the shape and size of applicators.
Secure Sensor Design for Resiliency of Control Systems Prior to Attack Detection

We introduce a new defense mechanism for stochastic control systems with control objectives, to enhance their resilience before the detection of any attacks. To this end, we cautiously design the outputs of the sensors that monitor the state of the system since the attackers need the sensor outputs for their malicious objectives in stochastic control scenarios. Different from the defense mechanisms that seek to detect infiltration or to improve detectability of the attacks, the proposed approach seeks to minimize the damage of possible attacks before they actually have even been detected. We, specifically, consider a controlled Gauss-Markov process, where the controller could have been infiltrated into at any time within the system's operation. Within the framework of game-theoretic hierarchical equilibrium, we provide a semi-definite programming based algorithm to compute the optimal linear secure sensor outputs that enhance the resiliency of control systems prior to attack detection.
Mogamulizumab: a new tool for management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) poses unique treatment challenges, given its range of presentations and numerous systemic therapy options. These options often lack comparative evidence or are characterized by low response rates and short remission duration in relapsed/refractory disease. The approval of mogamulizumab, a humanized, glycoengineered IgG1κ monoclonal antibody targeting the chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) chemokine receptor, brings a novel tool into the spectrum of treatment options for advanced CTCL and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). CCR4 is expressed in almost all cases of ATLL, and in a majority of CTCLs, particularly when blood involvement is present. In a Phase III randomized trial, mogamulizumab was associated with 28% overall response rate among patients with relapsed CTCL, median progression-free survival of 7.7 months, and median duration of remission of 14.1 months. Responses are more frequent among patients with Sezary syndrome and within the blood compartment. Common adverse effects include rash and infusion reactions, which are usually low grade. Sentinel reports indicate that exposure to mogamulizumab may result in severe or refractory graft vs host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, highlighting the need for vigilance and expert management. Further research may establish incremental efficacy of combining mogamulizumab with cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents in CTCL, ATLL, and possibly other lymphomas and even solid tumors.
Abstract 631: Reduced Liver X Receptor Alpha S198 Phosphorylation in Bone Marrow Protects against Atherosclerosis and Obesity in Mouse Models

Accumulation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages in arterial walls leads to atherosclerosis, the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. Obesity is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and b...