cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Networking strategies for minority managers

Executive Overview The article focuses on networking strategies utilized by minority managers. It states that diversity management is a significant challenge with the potential to grant organizations a strong competitive advantage. It examines informal networks of white and of minority managers and how these networks impact on their careers. It mentions that the writer interviewed over 60 middle-level managers with similar jobs in several firms in the Fortune 500. It states that fast-track minorities created networks that were significantly different from networks of their fast-track white counterparts, as well as other minority counterparts who were not fast-tracked. It suggested that formal minority networks can be of benefit to organizations with racially diverse networks working best.
Heat Transfer From an Open- or Closed-Bore Cylinder Situated Longitudinal to a Freestream

Essais en soufflerie pour determiner la reponse locale du transfert de chaleur a la surface externe d'un cylindre longitudinal vis-a-vis de differences de temperature
A Behavioral Study of Regularity, Irregularity and Rules in the English Past Tense

Opposing views of storage and processing of morphologically complex words (e.g., past tense) have been suggested: the dual system, whereby regular forms are not in the lexicon but are generated by rule, while irregular forms are explicitly represented; the single system, whereby regular and irregular forms are computed by a single system, using associative connections; and a system whereby phonological rules relate both regular and irregular past to present tense forms. Two reaction time experiments investigated the production of the past tense in English in response to the auditory presentation of the present tense of the verb. The first experiment addressed the methodology of presenting regulars and irregulars in blocked form as in a previous study (Jaeger et al. in Language 72:451–497, 1996). Blocked presentation results showed longer RTs for the elicitation of irregular pasts than for regular pasts; however, there were no differences between regular and irregular elicitation when the presentation was randomized, indicating that it is rules that are being primed. The second experiment tested whether the response time advantage found for blocked regular verbs in the first experiment might also extend to irregular verb forms exhibiting the same sub-regularity (e.g., sing-sang may prime ring-rang). Results showed a trend towards slower RTs when past tense forms from different sub-regularities follow one another, suggesting interference between one sub-regularity and another.
Solitary horizontal cells in culture--I. Their electrical properties.

Abstract Membrane properties of solitary horizontal cells were examined under current- and voltageclamp conditions. The resting membrane potential was mainly determined by K ions. The cells produced all-or-none action potentials and showed non-linear current-voltage relationships with inwardand outward-going rectification. Pharmacological and ion-substitution experiments under voltage-clamp conditions revealed that the ionic current was separated into at least four components; a Ca current and three types of K currents (a K current through an anomalous rectifier, a transient outward current, and a maintained outward current). The action potentials and the non-linear current-voltage relationships of solitary horizontal cells were explained from these ionic currents.
Genetic, cytological, and ultrastructural characterization of a temperature-sensitive lethal in Drosophila melanogaster ☆

Genetic analysis of a strain of Drosophila melanogaster revealed that a recessive mutation [l(1)ERts] causing temperature-sensitive embryonic lethality is located in the distal region of the X chromosome approximately at map position 18. At 22–25°C mutant embryos exhibit normal viability, and all eggs arrest prior to gastrulation if they are reared at 29°C. The mutant is biphasic, exhibiting a maternal effect which is expressed throughout the first 8 hr of development as well as a second temperature-sensitive period (TSP) during the first 3 days of larval life. Larvae exposed to the restrictive temperature (RT) during the second TSP must also spend the remainder of larval and pupal life and the time of normal eclosion at RT to die as fully developed pupae which fail to eclose. Light and electron microscopy of arrested embryos reveal disturbances in the distribution of nuclei, cytoplasm, and yolk and abnormal configurations of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The cause of pupal death during the second lethal period is unknown.
In situ visualization of the biocontrol rhizobacterium Enterobacter cloacae with bioluminescence

Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
The Practice and Perceptions of School Counsellors: A View from Urban China

The profession of school counselling in China is in relative infancy. A qualitative analysis of in-person interviews with fourteen high school counsellors sought to identify salient factors currently facing the profession in two urban Chinese schools. The counsellors described the development and practice of school counselling as well as their own view of the profession. Results are discussed in the context of relevant literature in China and compared to the current and historical development of school counselling around the world.
Convolutional Transformations of Binary Sequences: Boolean Functions and Their Resynchronizing Properties

Nonfeedback shift registers (finite-memory encoders) can be profitably adopted to perform transformations of binary sequences. The output sequence is convolutionally obtained by ``sliding'' the encoding device along the input sequence and producing a symbol at each shift. Invertible transformations are characterized and decoding schemes are analyzed. The crucial point in the decoding problem is that the simple finite-memory feedback decoder presents the undesirable well-known error propagation effect, while the nonfeedback decoder contains, in general, an indefinite number of stages. Finite-memory nonfeedback decoding is feasible, however, if some constraint is imposed on the input sequences, or, equivalently, if some decoding error is tolerated. The analysis is conducted through the concepts of resynchronizing states of Boolean functions. The algebraic properties of resynchronizing states are carefully analyzed; it is shown that they can be assigned only in special sets, termed clusters, which form a lattice. Moreover, each cluster of resynchronizing states is possessed by a set of Boolean functions, which form a subspace of the vector space of all Boolean functions. The presented analysis provides a formal tool to relate finite-memory nonfeedback decoding to the constraint imposed on the input generating source.
Nusselt Number Data Scattering in Natural Convection in Porous Media

Analytical solutions derived in this paper confirm the experimental and numerical results revealing widespread Nusselt number data scattering in natural convection in porous media. The weak non-linear method of solution is used to evaluate the Nusselt number in a porous layer heated from below and subject to weak boundary and domain imperfections. Little attention has been paid so far to the effect that the lower branch of the imperfect bifurcation has on the average Nusselt number. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the latter effect and explain the reason behind the scattering of data. The comparison of the results with existing experimental and numerical data confirms the findings. In addition the latter effect is shown to be essential in ones ability to control heat transfer enhancement via natural convection in porous metal foams, for example.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Guanosine Tetra- and Pentaphosphate Promote Accumulation of Inorganic Polyphosphate in Escherichia coli

Abstract High levels of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp), generated in response to amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli, lead to massive accumulations of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP). Inasmuch as the activities of the principal enzymes that synthesize and degrade polyP fluctuate only slightly, the polyP accumulation can be attributed to a singular and profound inhibition by pppGpp and/or ppGpp of the hydrolytic breakdown of polyP by exopolyphosphatase, thereby blocking the dynamic turnover of polyP. The K ivalues of 10 μm for pppGpp and 200 μm for ppGpp are far below the concentrations of these nucleotides in nutritionally stressed cells. In the complex metabolic network of pppGpp and ppGpp, the greater inhibitory effect of pppGpp (compared with ppGpp) leading to the accumulation of polyP, may have some significance in the relative roles played by these regulatory compounds.
Dying Pacific Hot Spot

A team of scientists at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics report that they have evidence for a new hot spot in the Pacific Ocean. Their discovery was described by Barbara H. Keating at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore late last month. The predicted hot spot, located in the Caroline Islands, halfway between Hawaii and Japan, is the first to show evidence of waning, Keating said. Hot spots are sources of hot rock that may come from the earth's mantle, explained Keating, assistant professor of marine geology and paleomagnetics at the University of Hawaii. The hot rock melts through oceanic crust and forms a chain of volcanic islands and submarine volcanos. These volcanics show a strict age progression from oldest to youngest.
Heterogeneous nucleation in foams as assessed by in-line ultrasonic measurements

The conditions prevailing during the nucleation stage of the thermoplastic foam extrusion process in which a physical foaming agent is involved are one of the key steps in the design and optimization of the process. The conditions that induce phase separation and bubble nucleation are obviously linked to the solubility parameters, i.e., temperature and pressure at a given foaming agent content, conditions that can be probed during degassing experiments. It has been reported that adding a nucleating agent can significantly modify these degassing conditions. An in-line detection method based on ultrasonic sensors has proven to be sensitive to the onset of the phase separation. This method was used to investigate the influence of both talc and foaming agent concentrations on the nucleation cell density and degassing conditions for polystyrene-HFC-134a mixtures. A qualitative model based on foaming agent concentration gradient near the nucleating agent particles is proposed.
Structural and biochemical evidence for an autoinhibitory role for tyrosine 984 in the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor.

Tyrosine 984 in the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor, between the transmembrane helix and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, is conserved among all insulin receptor-like proteins from hydra to humans. Crystallographic studies of the tyrosine kinase domain and proximal juxtamembrane region reveal that Tyr-984 interacts with several other conserved residues in the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain, stabilizing a catalytically nonproductive position of α-helix C. Steady-state kinetics measurements on the soluble kinase domain demonstrate that replacement of Tyr-984 with phenylalanine results in a 4-fold increase in k cat in the unphosphorylated (basal state) enzyme. Moreover, mutation of Tyr-984 in the full-length insulin receptor results in significantly elevated receptor phosphorylation levels in cells, both in the absence of insulin and following insulin stimulation. These data demonstrate that Tyr-984 plays an important structural role in maintaining the quiescent, basal state of the insulin receptor. In addition, the structural studies suggest a possible target site for small molecule activators of the insulin receptor, with potential use in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Synergistic Effects on Crystalline Cellulose Degradation between Cellulosomal Cellulases from Clostridium cellulovorans

Clostridium cellulovorans produces a multienzyme cellulose-degrading complex called the cellulosome. In this study, we determined the synergistic effects on crystalline cellulose degradation by three different recombinant cellulosomes containing either endoglucanase EngE, endoglucanase EngH, or exoglucanase ExgS bound to mini-CbpA, a part of scaffolding protein CbpA. EngE, EngH, and ExgS are classified into the glycosyl hydrolase families 5, 9, and 48, respectively. The assembly of ExgS and EngH with mini-CbpA increased the activity against insoluble cellulose 1.5- to 3-fold, although no effects on activity against soluble cellulose were observed. These results indicated that mini-CbpA could help cellulase components degrade insoluble cellulose but not soluble cellulose. The mixture of the cellulosomes containing ExgS and EngH showed higher activity and synergy degrees than the other cellulosome mixtures, indicating the synergistic effect between EngH and ExgS was the most dominant effect among the three mixtures for crystalline cellulose degradation. Reactions were also performed by adding different cellulosomes in a sequential manner. When ExgS was used for the initial reaction followed by EngE and EngH, almost no synergistic effect was observed. On the other hand, when EngE or EngH was used for the first reaction followed by ExgS, synergistic effects were observed. These results indicated that the initial reactions by EngH and/or EngE promoted cellulose degradation by ExgS.
The effects of acoustic mismatch on internal dielectrically transduced micromechanical resonators

This paper presents a supplement to the theory of internal dielectric transduction presented in [1] by including the effects of acoustic mismatch on the resonant frequency and motional impedance of internal dielectrically transduced micromechanical resonators. Analytical expressions for the mode shapes in said resonators are mathematically derived and verified for various dielectric and resonator body materials by comparing numerical simulation results in MATLAB with finite element analysis (FEA) results using COMSOL. Correction factors for mismatched materials are presented to aid in the precise and optimal design of internal dielectrically transduced micromechanical resonators for applications up to tens of gigahertz.
Parameter estimation of delay systems

An algorithm for parameter estimation of a class of stochastic hereditary systems, including state-space systems and systems with delays, is presented. In particular, the form of a linear input-output operator A is assumed subject to the determination of a vector of parameters gamma . Measurements are made of the process x=A( gamma )z, where z is a Gaussian noise process. The maximum likelihood estimate of gamma given the (discrete or continuous) measurements of x is obtained by minimizing a Hilbert space norm. The norm is differentiable, so efficient optimization software is applicable. A pair of simple examples are given to show the style and versatility of the method. >
Color superconductivity in dense quark matter

Matter at high density and low temperature is expected to be a color superconductor, which is a degenerate Fermi gas of quarks with a condensate of Cooper pairs near the Fermi surface that induces color Meissner effects. At the highest densities, where the QCD coupling is weak, rigorous calculations are possible, and the ground state is a particularly symmetric state, the color-flavor locked (CFL) phase. The CFL phase is a superfluid, an electromagnetic insulator, and breaks chiral symmetry. The effective theory of the low-energy excitations in the CFL phase is known and can be used, even at more moderate densities, to describe its physical properties. At lower densities the CFL phase may be disfavored by stresses that seek to separate the Fermi surfaces of the different flavors, and comparison with the competing alternative phases, which may break translation and/or rotation invariance, is done using phenomenological models. We review the calculations that underlie these results and then discuss transport properties of several color-superconducting phases and their consequences for signatures of color superconductivity in neutron stars.
Should Adolescents Go Back to the Basics?: A Review of Teaching Word Reading Skills to Middle and High School Students

The purpose of this review was to explore the effectiveness of teaching basic reading skills to adolescents. Studies that were published in the past 20 years from 1986 to 2006 were selected and reviewed on the basis of specific criteria for inclusion. Results indicated that there were 23 studies that met the criteria. Findings revealed that various programs and methods designed to teach basic reading skills were implemented with adolescents to determine their effectiveness on word identification, fluency, and comprehension skills. An analysis revealed an overall strong effect of teaching basic reading skills on adolescents' reading achievement performance, particularly on their fluency performance. Limitations and directions for future research are described as well as implications for secondary educators.
Associations between delinquency and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.

Suicide was the second leading cause of death for 14–17 years olds in 2002. Prior studies indicate that suicidal behaviors are especially common among juvenile delinquents, yet this association has not been examined in a national sample. The 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System was used to examine associations between suicidal behaviors and delinquency in a nationally representative sample of 14–17 year olds. Results indicated that delinquent adolescents were more likely to have seriously considered suicide (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.44), made a suicide plan (AOR = 4.90), attempted suicide (AOR = 10.08), and required medical treatment after attempting suicide (AOR = 14.61) compared to their nondelinquent counterparts. Delinquency was significantly related to suicidal behaviors for boys and girls, but the magnitudes of effects were larger for girls. This finding suggests that delinquent youth, particularly delinquent girls, should be targeted in interventions to reduce suicidal behaviors.
Pullout Resistance Factors for Inextensible Mechanically Stabilized Earth Reinforcements in Sandy Backfill

This paper presents results from a laboratory program of 402 pullout tests of inextensible reinforcements used for walls of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE). Results focus on the evaluation of pullout resistance factors for ribbed-steel strip and welded-steel grid reinforcements embedded in sandy backfill that marginally met AASHTO requirements for select granular fill. This project used Texas Tech University's large-scale MSE test box with dimensions of 12 × 12 × 4 ft and an applied overburden capacity of 40 ft of backfill. This test box facilitated pullout testing at a scale not unlike typical field construction. The research design evaluated pullout resistance factors for both ribbed-strip and welded-grid reinforcements for a variety of independent variables, including overburden pressure, reinforcement length, level of compaction, grid wire size, and grid geometry, such as transverse and longitudinal wire spacing. Appropriate statistical analyses were used to interpret the data within the context o...
Pulmonary Function Characteristics in Patients With Different Patterns of Methacholine Airway Hyperresponsiveness

Study objectives The American Thoracic Society guidelines for methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness include a ≥ 20% reduction in FEV 1 or a ≥ 40% reduction in specific airway conductance (sGaw). The objectives of the current study are to assess the concordance between these two criteria and to characterize the pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms of patients with different patterns of methacholine hyperresponsiveness. Study design A prospective study of 248 consecutive patients referred for methacholine bronchoprovocation testing. Results Positive methacholine hyperresponsiveness was noted in 179 patients; 139 patients (78%) had a ≥ 20% reduction in FEV 1 , whereas 40 patients (22%) had a ≥ 40% reduction in sGaw alone without a significant change in FEV 1 . The former group had the following: (1) higher baseline lung volumes, (2) lower baseline values of FEV 1 and sGaw, (3) forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF 25–75 )/FVC ratios compared to patients with a reduction in sGaw alone (0.72 ± 0.26 vs 0.97 ± 0.28, mean ± SD; p Conclusions First, a substantial number of patients have a reduction in SGaw alone in response to methacholine, and secondly, this response is seen in patients with a higher FEF 25–75 /FVC ratio. Since the FEF 25–75 /FVC ratio is thought to be an index of airway size relative to lung size, we speculate that the larger intrinsic airway size relative to lung size may explain the differences in baseline parameters and patterns of methacholine hyperresponsiveness.
Finitely and Multiply Separated Synthesis of Link and Geared Mechanisms Using Symbolic Computing

A computer amenable symbolic computing approach for the synthesis of six different link and geared mechanisms is presented. Burmester theory, complex number algebra, and loop closure equations are employed to develop governing equations for the mechanism to be synthesized. Closed-form and iterative solution techniques have been developed which permit synthesis of six-link Watt and Stephenson chains for function, path, and motion generation tasks with up to eleven precision points. Closed-form solution techniques have also been developed for the synthesis of geared five-bar, six-bar, and five-link cycloidal crack mechanisms, for synthesis tasks with up to six finitely and multiply separated precision points. The symbolic manipulation language MACSYMA is used to simplify the resulting synthesis equations and obtain closed-form solutions. A design methodology which demonstrates the feasibility and versatility of symbolic computing in computer-aided mechanisms design is outlined. A computer program which incorporates these synthesis procedures is developed. Two examples are presented to illustrate the role of symbolic computing in an automated mechanism design process.
A new integral-equation-based, full-wave layered interconnect simulator

Full-wave simulators are required for accurate modeling of high-performance, 3D interconnects. However, current full-wave solvers are too inefficient to handle large interconnect problems. In this paper, a new efficient, integral-equation-based, full-wave layered interconnect simulator (UA-FWLIS) is developed by using analytical methods and incorporating physics-based expansion function. The accuracy of the simulator developed using this strategy is validated by comparing with commercial simulator tools.
Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosí: The Life and Times of Antonio López de Quiroga

Displaying exemplary business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit in precapitalist times, Antonio Lopez de Quiroga became the largest silver refiner of the Spanish empire in the seventeenth century. Bakewell's study, first published in 1988, traces the emigrant Spaniard's life and career against the backdrop of Potosi, the great Andean mining center."
Structure and Epitaxy of Silver/Gold Microclusters on MgO

We report observations by high resolution electron microscopy of model catalysts produced by impregnating MgO smoke particles with inorganic clusters. With the use of very low beam currents the substrates are of sufficiently low noise that we have been able to image cleanly both single atoms and very small clusters of size l-2nm in sufficient detail to determine their atomic structure. Two types of metal structures are observed: single atoms decorating atomic steps and in a few cases two-dimensional surface rafts, and a population of mainly single crystal with a few multiply twinned particles. The single crystal particles are pseudomorphically epitaxed on the MgO substrates.
PKCδ activation mediates angiogenesis via NADPH oxidase activity in PC-3 prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND PKCδ is generally known as a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative enzyme in human prostate cancer cells. METHODS Here, we investigated the role of PKCδ on the growth of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that sustained treatment with a specific PKCδ activator (ψδ receptor for active C kinase, ψδRACK) increased growth of PC-3 xenografts. There was increased levels of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31-positive cells in PC-3 xenografts, representative of increased tumor angiogenesis. Mechanistically, PKCδ activation increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by binding to and phosphorylating NADPH oxidase, which induced its activity. Also, PKCδ-induced activation of NADPH oxidase increased the level of HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS Our results using tumors from the PC-3 xenograft model suggest that PKCδ activation increases angiogenic activity in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells by increasing NADPH oxidase activity and HIF-1α levels and thus may partly be responsible for increased angiogenesis in advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 71: 946–954, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bridgeless High-Power-Factor Buck Converter

A bridgeless buck power factor correction rectifier that substantially improves efficiency at low line of the universal-line range is introduced. By eliminating input bridge diodes, the proposed rectifier's efficiency is further improved. Moreover, the rectifier doubles its output voltage, which extends useable energy of the bulk capacitor after a dropout of the line voltage. The operation and performance of the proposed circuit was verified on a 700-W, universal-line experimental prototype operating at 65 kHz. The measured efficiencies at 50% load from 115 and 230 V line are both close to 96.4%. The efficiency difference between low line and high line is less than 0.5% at full load. A second-stage half-bridge converter was also included to show that the combined power stages easily meet Climate Saver Computing Initiative Gold Standard.
Synchronization in Random Weighted Directed Networks

We assess synchronization of oscillators that are coupled via a time-varying stochastic network, modeled as a weighted directed random graph that switches at a given rate between a set of possible graphs. The existence of any graph edge is probabilistic and independent from the existence of any other edge. We further allow each edge to be weighted differently. Even if the network is always instantaneously not connected, we show that sufficient information is propagated through the network to allow almost sure local synchronization as long as the expected value of the network is connected, and that the switching rate is sufficiently fast.
Sintered CdTe Nanocrystal Thin Films: Determination of Optical Constants and Application in Novel Inverted Heterojunction Solar Cells

In this paper, we report a novel heterojunction solar cell based on sintered CdTe and CdSe nanocrystal thin films using solution-based deposition. For the absorber layer, CdTe thin films were made using a layer-by-layer deposition process consisting of spin coating colloidal CdTe nanocrystals followed by a sintering step. The optical constants for these sintered CdTe films were accurately determined through a combination of optical modeling and measurements. For the all-solution processed p–n heterojunction, we focus on CdSe nanocrystal thin films due to their excellent compatibility with solution processing. For the optimized inverted structure (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Cr/Au), a high open-circuit voltage $(V_{\rm oc})$ of 593 ± 32 mV with an efficiency of 1.9 ± 0.2% was obtained under simulated one sun illumination. These preliminary results demonstrate that this novel inverted heterojunction structure has the potential to produce a high-quality CdSe/CdTe junction for utilization in heterojunction solar cells.
Atravesando el océano pensando en los TBI: arbitraje inversionista-Estado en los tratados bilaterales de inversión chinos

Resumen Si bien China empezo a suscribir tratados bilaterales de inversion (TBI) en la decada de 1970, se nego a otorgar a los inversionistas extranjeros el derecho a demandar al gobierno anfitrion en las cortes internacionales de arbitraje. Pocos se dan cuenta de que los negociadores chinos de tratados han abandonado de hecho esta restriccion en casi todos los TBI suscritos desde 1998, incluidos aquellos con Latinoamerica. Los academicos han sugerido que China revirtio su politica con el proposito de respaldar en el exterior a los inversionistas chinos o para ajustar su estrategia general de liberalizacion economica. No obstante, los TBI de China con Mexico, el Peru y Colombia, asi como su caso de arbitraje con el Peru, contradicen estas teorias. Sostengo que China empezo a firmar TBI abiertos para sopesar los riesgos de otorgar acceso abierto a los paises europeos y a los Estados Unidos, para los cuales el libre acceso constituye una condicion clave. China experimento gradualmente con el arbitraje abierto, al igual que ha experimentado gradualmente con muchos cambios economicos desde la Reforma y Apertura iniciada en 1978. Esta teoria porta consecuencias interesantes para los futuros TBI chinos –a medida que las cortes internacionales de arbitraje amenazan con convertir este experimento en permanente, China ha anadido nuevas restricciones que acercan los TBI chinos al modelo estadounidense y hacen que sea mas posible un TBI EE. UU.-China–. Sin embargo, los Estados Unidos evitan los TBI con paises exportadores de capital, y China es hoy en dia un gran exportador de capital. El principal obstaculo para las negociaciones EE. UU.-China podria ser ya no las diferencias entre los dos paises, sino mas bien sus similitudes.
Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and a congenital bilobar left atrial appendage.

Fig 1. (A) The 2D midesophageal view of the LAA showing SEC. The arrow points to the echo density that is questionable for thrombus. (B) Pulsed-wave Doppler of the LAA showing a velocity <20 cm/s. (C) A trimmed 3D view of the LAA showing a bilobed appendage with an arrow pointing to the endocardial fold that was originally thought to be thrombus.
The Role of Culture in Prevention Research

Although in the U.S. the quality of children's mental health often lags behind their physical health, public policy and attitudes remain unresponsive to the pressing need for mental health education and treatment. Further, mental health concerns remain a disproportionate challenge for some groups of children, particularly for children of color, urban residents, and girls. Researchers must therefore look carefully at the role of culture in prevention. This article considers the generalizability of the construct "culturally relevant pedagogy" to the design of preventive interventions, using the development of the author's curriculum, the BrainPower program, as an example.
The age of transfused blood predicts hematocrit response among critically ill surgical patients.

Nearly all critically ill surgical patients are anemic within 72 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) admission.1 Although most anemic ICU patients receive a packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion, such transfusions are associated independently with worse outcomes and have been shown to afford questionable benefit in terms of oxygen consumption.2 Many of the adverse effects of pRBC transfusions are believed to be the result of a storage lesion, which is characterized by time-dependent accumulation of inflammatory mediators as well as depletion of essential nutrients such as adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Storage of pRBCs also impairs both erythrocyte deformability and oxygen offloading, as well as results in time-dependent hemolysis.3 Based on these experimental findings, we sought to investigate the relationship between the age of transfused blood and the resultant change in recipient hematocrit level among critically ill surgical patients. Because the primary goal of pRBC transfusion is to increase oxygen delivery via an increase in the hematocrit level, this relationship is of clinical relevance. However, despite numerous investigations concerning the adverse effects of the storage lesion, the specific relationship between age of blood and change in hematocrit level has not been investigated among critically ill patients. The hypothesis of this study was that transfusion of older blood, as compared with newer blood, results in a lesser increment in the hematocrit level. Furthermore, to assess the clinical relevance of the increment in hematocrit, we hypothesized that a lesser increment in post-transfusion hematocrit level would be associated with the need for a subsequent pRBC transfusion.
The neural bases of empathic accuracy.

Theories of empathy suggest that an accurate understanding of another's emotions should depend on affective, motor, and/or higher cognitive brain regions, but until recently no experimental method has been available to directly test these possibilities. Here, we present a functional imaging paradigm that allowed us to address this issue. We found that empathically accurate, as compared with inaccurate, judgments depended on (i) structures within the human mirror neuron system thought to be involved in shared sensorimotor representations, and (ii) regions implicated in mental state attribution, the superior temporal sulcus and medial prefrontal cortex. These data demostrate that activity in these 2 sets of brain regions tracks with the accuracy of attributions made about another's internal emotional state. Taken together, these results provide both an experimental approach and theoretical insights for studying empathy and its dysfunction.
Drug Discontinuation Effects Are Part of the Pharmacology of a Drug

Most reviews of drug withdrawal effects focus on drugs of potential abuse such as opioids, benzodiazepines, etc. Abrupt discontinuation of many other drugs used in medicine cause withdrawal syndromes, some of which can be fatal. Discontinuation of a number of cardiovascular drugs can increase risk of cardiovascular events above that of people not taking these drugs. These include β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, aspirin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), and heparin. Rebound hypertension occurs after abrupt cessation of many antihypertensive drugs. The possibility of discontinuation syndromes has usually been neglected until adverse clinical events force them to be noticed. Attention to the possibility of drug discontinuation effects is an important part of drug safety evaluation.
Moisture: Effects of Water Stress on Trees

Water stress is an important factor limiting the growth and productivity of forests. It can decrease growth directly through its effect on turgor, or indirectly by limiting carbon gain. Water availability can also alter the allocation of carbohydrates between the root and shoot. Trees resist excessive rates of water loss through stomatal regulation, a process which may be mediated by the level of growth regulators transported from the roots during periods of soil water deficits. An indirect effect of water stress on photosynthesis, due to a reduction of gaseous diffusion caused by stomatal closure, often has been noted. However, stress effects in the mesophyll may be more important limitations to photosynthesis than that caused by decreased diffusion of CO2 into the leaf. Responses to water stress, including osmotic adjustment, are also discussed.
Modeling Future Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the United States: National Trends and Racial and Ethnic Disparities.

Background—Accurate forecasting of cardiovascular disease mortality is crucial to guide policy and programming efforts. Prior forecasts often have not incorporated past trends in rates of reduction in cardiovascular disease mortality. This creates uncertainties about future trends in cardiovascular disease mortality and disparities. Methods and Results—To forecast US cardiovascular disease mortality and disparities to 2030, we developed a hierarchical bayesian model to determine and incorporate prior age, period, and cohort effects from 1979 to 2012, stratified by age, sex, and race, which we combined with expected demographic shifts to 2030. Data sources included the National Vital Statistics System, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) single-year population estimates, and US Bureau of Statistics 2012 national population projections. We projected coronary disease and stroke deaths to 2030, first on the basis of constant age, period, and cohort effects at 2012 values, as is most commonly do...
Improved Function and Reduced Pain after Swimming and Cycling Training in Patients with Osteoarthritis

Objective Arthritis and its associated joint pain act as significant barriers for adults attempting to perform land-based physical activity. Swimming can be an ideal form of exercise for patients with arthritis. Yet there is no information on the efficacy of regular swimming exercise involving patients with arthritis. The effect of a swimming exercise intervention on joint pain, stiffness, and physical function was evaluated in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Using a randomized study design, 48 sedentary middle-aged and older adults with OA underwent 3 months of either swimming or cycling exercise training. Supervised exercise training was performed for 45 min/day, 3 days/week at 60-70% heart rate reserve for 12 weeks. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index was used to measure joint pain, stiffness, and physical limitation. Results After the exercise interventions, there were significant reductions in joint pain, stiffness, and physical limitation accompanied by increases in quality of life in both groups (all p Conclusion Regular swimming exercise reduced joint pain and stiffness associated with OA and improved muscle strength and functional capacity in middle-aged and older adults with OA. Additionally, the benefits of swimming exercise were similar to the more frequently prescribed land-based cycling training. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01836380.
The United States and Diffusion of Power in the Security Council

U.S. support for the United Nations, both public and private, has experienced a severe long-run decline. This is indicated by official statements about the United Nations, U.S. percentage contributions to UN programs, and polls of public and congressional opinion. Declining support has paralleled loss of U.S. influence in General Assembly voting and decreased U.S. enthusiasm for the body. Diffusion of power has also weakened the U.S. position in the Security Council. But, in contrast to the Assembly, the Security Council has maintained its image as a useful and valuable body because the much-maligned veto provides a control not available in the Assembly. The Security Council may even have improved its image in recent years because of its peacekeeping performance in the Middle East. Under these circumstances, the Security Council now serves the United States—as formerly it served-the Soviet Union—by providing an institutional foundation for maintaining a tolerable political position within the United Nations.
Toxicity of selected insecticides applied to western spruce budworm

The contact toxlaty of 100 insecticides to last stage larvae of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman was tested by topical application in a 10-yr series of screening experiments. Pyrethroids were generally the most toxic group of chemicals tested. Compounds more toxic than the standard, mexacarbate, at LD90 were: bioethanomethrin, (+) cis -resmethrin, (+) trans -resmethrin, (+) cis -phenothrin. ENT 29117 (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (IR,3S,E) 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-3-tetrahydrothiophenylidenmethyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate), resmethrin, and NRDC 143 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate). Mexacarbate spray was tested on the western spruce budworm at selected developmental stages. First instars were least susceptible at both LD50 and LD90; instars 3–5 and 6th instars weighing less than 110 mg were most susceptible. Since long-term laboratory realing of insects did not change their responses to 3 representative chemicals periodically tested during this series of experiments, the results represented a valid estimate of relative toxicity.
Pedagogy, Pessimism, and the Politics of Conformity: A Reply to Linda McNeil

In her critique of my work, Linda McNeil performs the creditable service of pointing to a number of important issues that need to be clarified and debated as part of the ongoing task of developing a theoretical foundation for both an emancipatory mode of citizenship education and a more general theory of critical pedagogy. Unfortunately, in this case, her ability to single out and identify such issues has not been matched by a willingness to deal with them either insightfully or constructively. Moreover, McNeil's analysis appears to be both confused and confusing. It appears confused because the analysis is caught in a theoretical quandary regarding its indifference to the internal contradiction that exists between its stated concerns and its underlying ideology. More specifically, there is an underlying ideological tension and structured silence in McNeil's review over her stated interest in teacher mobilization and radical pedagogy, on the one hand, and her overdeterministic, one-sided, pessimistic view of human agency on the other. The review appears confusing because of its theoretical regressions, its misreading of the theory/practice relationship, its simultaneous denial of human agency and call for an emancipatory pedagogy, and its apparent misunderstanding of some of the theorists used in the service of its own defense. One example of some of the latter can be found in McNeil's use of language to combine concepts that represent theoretical contradictions. For example, how can one take McNeil's reading of Paulo Freire's work (1973) seriously when she uses a term like "technocratic praxis"? Or even worse, when she argues that Freire is concerned with the "need to situate the building of counterhegemonies." I suspect that Freire's work takes as its goal the elimination of all forms of hegemony. What I am arguing is that the use of
Brain Growth in the Harbor Porpoise and Pacific White-Sided Dolphin

There have been few studies of brain growth in cetaceans despite their potential importance for understanding cetacean, and generally mammalian, brain-behavior relationships. Among terrestrial mammals, and notably primates, high encephalization levels and long juvenile periods of dependency are associated with a prolonged period of brain development. I examined brain-growth patterns in the harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) and Pacific white-sided dolphin ( Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ). The brain of P. phocoena is substantially more mature throughout development than that of L. obliquidens , and brain-growth patterns are related generally to adult encephalization levels in these two species. Various factors, such as habitat type and body size, are likely to play an interrelated role in brain development in cetaceans.
An international track wheelchair with a center of gravity directional controller

An international track wheelchair (ITWC) with a center of gravity directional controller (COGDC) is described in this paper. The rules for international track competition disallow devices designed solely for steering. Equipment has been disqualified for having steering handles, crown compensators, and other lever systems. However, the rules do allow tie-rod linkage and the use of springs for dampening caster flutter. The chair described in this paper exploits the physical properties of wheeled vehicles to achieve directional control on the track. This controller is effective, because turning is only required in one direction. Three such track wheelchairs have been developed and were used at the Paralympics in Seoul, Korea, in October of 1988.
Inhibition Effect of Heavy Metal on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Lettuce

Taking lettuce as material,by hydroponic experiments,the effect of heavy metal elements Cu,Cr and Pb on seed germination and seedling growth were studied.The results showed that there was no significant difference(P0.05)in germination index among treatments at the low concentration(≤50mg/L)of Cu,Pb solution.The inhibitory effect of Cr solution was the most obvious,and with the increase of the concentration,the inhibition had risen sharply.The inhibitory effect of the three kinds of heavy metal solution on lettuce seedlings root were significantly greater than bud.The seedling root length and the shoot length were decreased,with the increase of salt concentration of heavy metals.And the toxicity of three kinds of heavy metal salts was KCr2O3Pb(NO3)2CuSO4.
Analysis of Developmental Strategy of US Navy Based on Evolvement of MK48 Series Torpedoes

The Developmental trend of torpedo in the United States of America is always concerned in the world.This paper describes the evolvement and the current status of MK48 series torpedoes,and the development of fiber optic wire-guided torpedo,and analyzes the relevant developmental strategy of torpedo in the US Navy.The referential experiences are summarized as follows: insisting the basic policy of need-leading and serial development;implementing the developmental strategy of definite aim and successive update;taking a flexible way to improvement and update;emphasizing on economic acceptance of weapon;obtaining new commercial off the shelf(COTS) technology from the innovations of small enterprises and so on..
Detection and Activity of Plantaricin F an Antibacterial Substance from Lactobacillus plantarum BF001 Isolated from Processed Channel Catfish.

Lactobacillus plantarum BF001 isolated from chilled processed channel catfish produced an antimicrobial substance active against selected bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Listeria , Micrococcus , Leuconostocs , Pediococcus , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Salmonella and Pseudomonas . The antimicrobial effect did not result from acidic fermentation products or hydrogen peroxide. Culture extracts showed a bactericidal mode of action, displayed optimal activity at pH 3.5, and retained full activity after 30 min at 100°C (pH 3.5). It was not conclusively proved that the substance, named plantaricin F, was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Its molecular weight was estimated by ultrafiltration studies to be under 10,000 daltons. The ability of plantaricin F to inhibit a wide-range of bacteria, including gram-positive and gram-negative foodborne pathogens, is of potential interest for food safety, and plantaricin F may have future applications as a food preservative.