cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology Review of Outside Material: When Does It Help and When Can It Hurt?

Purpose Pathology review is performed for patients when care is transferred to a tertiary care center after diagnostic tissue has been obtained. While it has many benefits, this practice can lead to unforeseen difficulties in doctor-patient communication and patient well-being, especially if a diagnosis is overturned or modified years after treatment. The aim of this analysis is to identify clinical situations in which pathology review can result in challenging discussions between patients and oncologists. Patients Representative case scenarios are presented in the subspecialty area of hematopathology. Analysis of the clinical benefits and possible harm to patients, pathologists, and treating oncologists that may ensue from pathology review is performed. Results Pathology review may result in a valuable second opinion and expert subclassification. However, problematic situations may arise with pathology review, especially if the patient has already undergone definitive treatment and is referred to an acad...
Percutaneous management of stones in a patient with sacral agenesis

We report a case of a patient with sacral agenesis and nephrolithiasis in whom percutaneous nephrostolithotomy was used to treat the stone disease. Sacral agenesis is an uncommon congenital anomaly involving the lower vertebral bodies and is associated with urinary tract dysfunction. Nephrolithiasis in a patient with sacral agenesis poses a problem in access for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy because of the associated presence of renal ectopia. We describe our technique and the special considerations necessary for successful access.
Health Effects and Toxicity of Phosgene : Scientific Review

The chemistry and toxicology of phosgene are reviewed at length. Manufacture, physical and chemical properties and industrial application of this important chemical intermediate are presented. Both acute and chronic exposure studies on animals and some human exposure data are also discussed. Pathology of phosgene poisoning and reliable therapeutic measures are critically examined.
Performance of Alternative Diets Containing Solvent-Extracted Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Compared to Traditional Diets for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and Hybrid Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus × Ictalurus furcatus

Two concurrent pond studies were initiated in April 2011 to evaluate feeds containing solvent-extracted distillers dried grains with solubles (SE-DDGS) in both 28 and 32% protein catfish feeds. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were stocked in multiple-batch production ponds at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) and hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus, in single-batch production ponds at the National Warmwater Aquaculture Center (NWAC), Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial with two protein levels (32 and 28% protein), with and without 20% SE-DDGS. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation, and managed similarly to a commercial farm for 186 d at UAPB and 172 d at NWAC. For channel catfish, two-way ANOVA showed significant effects of both protein level (28% being better than 32%) and protein source (20% SE-DDGS diets being better than traditional diets) on yield, survival, total diet fed, and feed conversion ratio (FCR), due primarily to effects on the understocked fingerlings. Partial budget analysis suggested that the 28% protein diet with the 20% SE-DDGS was preferred economically for the prevailing feed costs. For hybrid catfish, two-way ANOVA did not show significant differences in total diet fed, yield, survival, and processing yields, but use of SE-DDGS resulted in a lower FCR. Results showed that both channel and hybrid catfish can utilize 20% SE-DDGS in the diet without adversely affecting production or processing characteristics.
Prefailure damage processes in highly filled glass/mica/epoxy composites

In the present study, the prefailure damage processes of a series of short glass fiber/mica/epoxy composites under three-point bending were elucidated using acoustic emission (AE) coupled with in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. This study consisted of a detailed investigation of the damage tolerance of composite systems that had constant inorganic content of 75% by weight with a varying ratio of glass fibers to mica. The flexural strength was found to increase from 11 to 21 ksi as the glass fiber content increased (mica content decreased), while the flexural modulus decreased from 5.0 to 2.5 Msi. By monitoring the AE during flexural deformation of the glass fiber-to-mica ratio composites, it was determined that low amplitude (0–42 db) AE events, which occurred throughout the deformation process, were caused by matrix cracking, whereas the high-amplitude (43–100 db) AE events, which occurred just prior to failure, were caused by a fiber-related mechanism. In situ SEM observations of the composites during flexural deformation allowed a correlation between the AE and the damage mechanisms as a function of strain. In the all-mica composite, microcracking initiated in the linear region at preexisting flaws, on the order of 10 μm, located at the mica interface. These microcracks grew along the mica contours over the majority of the deformation process, emitting low-amplitude events, until final fracture occurred at relatively low strains. In the glass fiber-containing composites, microcracking initiated in the linear region at preexisting flaws and voids, on the order of 10 μm. These microcracks grew slowly, emitting low-amplitude events, as the strain increased, but were prevented from causing failure at low strains because of the toughening effect of the glass fibers. At sufficiently high strains, however, fiber breakage and fiber pull-out occurred that corresponded to the high-amplitude events detected by the AE. At strains just prior to failure, catastrophic crack growth occurred, producing a rapid increase in both low-and high-amplitude events, causing ultimate failure.
Flux density and breakthrough times for water and tracer in a spatially variable, compacted clay soil

Abstract Flux density values, computed from observed infiltration and outflow measurements at 184 locations in a 0.3-m-thick, 9m × 23m layer of compacted clay subsoil, are compared to effective flux density values that are based on breakthrough time distributions for water and Br− tracer over the same area. Results suggest that both water and tracer move at similar rates, but considerably faster than expected, on the basis of flux density alone, and that only a small fraction of the total pore space is involved in active transport. The ramifications of these findings are explored against the background of effective porosity, degree of compaction, and observed changes in bulk density with time.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of aqueous systems: applications to the study of biological membranes

Abstract Fourier transform infrared, transmission spectroscopy is presented as a technique with great potential for the study of aqueous membrane preparations. The methodology of spectra acquisition and data reduction is outlined. Various spectral parameters derived from FT-IR 1 spectra provide extremely sensitive means to study individual vibrational modes both in model and natural membranes and to monitor changes induced by external factors such as temperature or the addition of perturbants.
Projected photovoltaic energy impacts on US CO2 emissions: an integrated energy environmental–economic analysis

The potential role of photovoltaic technologies in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the USA was evaluated using an energy–environment–economic systems model. With a range of assumptions about future scenarios up to 2030, the model results provide an objective quantitative assessment of the prospects for photovoltaics in a competitive market. With the projected improvements in cost and efficiency, photovoltaics will compete favorably as a general source of electricity supply to the grid by about 2010 in southwestern USA. This analysis indicates that photovoltaics has the potential to reach a total installed capacity of 140 GW by the year 2030, and to displace a cumulative 450 million metric tons of carbon emissions from 1995 to 2030. At the projected 2030 capacity, photovoltaics could displace over 64 million metric tons of carbon emissions a year. Under constraints on carbon emissions, photovoltaics becomes more cost effective and would further reduce carbon emissions from the US energy system. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural Information Services in Less Developed Countries.

Tentative pour dresser le bilan du developpement des services d'information dans le domaine de l'agriculture dans les pays en developpement. Ce bilan porte sur les vingt dernieres annees. Ce bilan s'appuie sur une reflexion preliminaire sur les raisons de cet interet pour l'information agricole dans ces pays. Les problemes et les solutions recommandees sont presentes sur la base d'experiences achevees ou en cours
THE POWER OF NEGATIVE THINKING

Ideas are often expressed in a negative way to call attention to a drastic need for change. To many educators such criticism is unwarranted and undesirable. Here an in-depth view of these educators' intolerance of negatively expressed ideas and opinions is presented. The effects of this approach are discussed.
Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupting behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the speaking rates, interrupting behaviors, and response time latencies (RTL) produced by stuttering and nonstuttering children and their mothers, and t...
Notch regulates wingless expression and is not required for reception of the paracrine wingless signal during wing margin neurogenesis in Drosophila.

In the developing wing margin of Drosophila, wingless is normally expressed in a narrow stripe of cells adjacent to the proneural cells that form the sensory bristles of the margin. Previous work has shown that this wingless is required for the expression of the proneural achaete-scute complex genes and the subsequent formation of the sensory bristles along the margin; recently, it has been proposed that the proneural cells require the Notch protein to properly receive the wingless signal. We have used clonal analysis of a null allele of Notch to test this idea directly. We found that Notch was not required by prospective proneural margin cells for the expression of scute or the formation of sensory precursors, indicating Notch is not required for the reception of wingless signal. Loss of Notch from proneural cells produced cell-autonomous neurogenic phenotypes and precocious differentiation of sensory cells, as would be expected if Notch had a role in lateral inhibition within the proneural regions. However, loss of scute expression and of sensory precursors was observed if clones substantially included the normal region of wingless expression. These ‘anti-proneural’ phenotypes were associated with the loss of wingless expression; this loss may be partially or wholly responsible for the anti-proneural phenotype. Curiously, Notch- clones limited to the dorsal or ventral compartments could disrupt wingless expression and proneural development in the adjacent compartment. Analysis using the temperature-sensitive Notch allele indicated that the role of Notch in the regulation of wingless expression precedes the requirement for lateral inhibition in proneural cells. Furthermore, overexpression of wingless with a heat shock-wingless construct rescued the loss of sensory precursors associated with the early loss of Notch.
Fabrication and Properties of Translucent SrI $_2$ and Eu:SrI $_2$ Scintillator Ceramics

Preparation of SrI2 and Eu:SrI2 ceramics is reported on for the first time. Translucent ceramics were sintered by hot-pressing. Thermal analysis on SrI2 and EuI2 starting powders was used to identify dehydration temperatures and informed the choice of sintering conditions. Optical transmission was found to decrease with increasing temperature and time. Microstructure studies (grain size and texture) were used to evaluate variations in optical transmission between samples. Scintillation characterization was carried out on 5 wt% Eu:SrI2 ceramics. X-ray radio-luminescence spectra showed both the characteristic Eu2+ emission band and a lower-intensity, broad emission in the visible. Scintillation lifetimes were shorter than those previously reported for single-crystal samples, and afterglow was substantially lower. A light yield of 21 000 ph/MeV was calculated from the photopeaks under γ-irradiation. Like single-crystal samples, Eu:SrI2 ceramics were found to have a very proportional response with γ -ray energy.
A Wind-Tunnel Study of Spinning Conical Disk Decelerators at Mach 4

An experimental investigation was made of the aerodynamic torque and drag characteristics of several configurations of rotating conkal disk models placed hi a supersonic Mach 4 stream. A basic shape of 73° half angle was used and solid surface configurations as well as "porous" ones were tested. Experiments seem to indicate that at a given supersonic Mach number, the torque coefficient of a highly porous configuration can be approximately expressed as a function of a single variable parameter (Reynolds number related to the peripheral velocity) and two constants which depend on geometry of the disk. For a selected geometric configuration, torque coefficient is inversely proportional to the porosity of the surface. For solid surface disks, torque increases rapidly when grooves (or other "deformations") are present which are oriented in the radial direction. Circumferential grooves or slots produce only a relatively small torque increase. A suggestion is made about an aerodynamically "optimal" network of a spuming filamentary decelerator. Drag coefficient of rotating disks varies consistently with the degree of porosity. Within the range of spin rates tested, CD remained constant, independent of rotation.
σB-dependent expression patterns of compatible solute transporter genes opuCA and lmo1421 and the conjugated bile salt hydrolase gene bsh in Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can persist and grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions including low pH and high osmolarity. The alternative sigma factor σ B contributes to L. monocytogenes survival under extreme conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify and confirm specific σ B-dependent genes in L. monocytogenes and to characterize their expression patterns under various stress conditions. opuCA, lmo1421 and bsh were identified as putative σ B-dependent genes based on the presence of a predicted σ B-dependent promoter sequence upstream of each gene. opuCA and lmo1421 encode known and putative compatible solute transporter proteins, respectively, and bsh encodes a conjugated bile salt hydrolase (BSH). Reporter fusions and semi-quantitative RT-PCR techniques were used to confirm σ B-dependent regulation of these stress-response genes and to determine their expression patterns in response to environmental stresses. RT-PCR demonstrated that opuCA, lmo1421 and bsh transcript levels are reduced in stationary-phase L. monocytogenes ΔsigB cells relative to levels present in wild-type cells. Furthermore, BSH activity is abolished in a L. monocytogenes ΔsigB strain. RT-PCR confirmed growth-phase-dependent expression of opuCA, with highest levels of expression in stationary-phase cells. The L. monocytogenes wild-type strain exhibited two- and threefold induction of opuCA expression and seven- and fivefold induction of lmo1421 expression following 10 and 15 min exposure to 0·5 M KCl, respectively, as determined by RT-PCR, suggesting rapid induction of σ B activity in exponential-phase L. monocytogenes upon exposure to salt stress. Single-copy chromosomal opuCA–gus reporter fusions also showed significant induction of opuCA expression following exposure of exponential-phase cells to increased salt concentrations (0·5 M NaCl or 0·5 M KCl). In conjunction with recent findings that indicate a role for opuCA and bsh in L. monocytogenes virulence, the data presented here provide further evidence of specific σ B-mediated contributions to both environmental stress resistance and intra-host survival in L. monocytogenes.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Myoclonic Seizures

Epileptic seizures in children occur in a variety of forms. While it may be difficult to classify some attacks, most seizures may be broadly divided into five groups: major motor (grand mal), petit mal, psychomotor (temporal lobe), myoclonic and autonomic. This writing is devoted to a discussion of the clinical manifestations, EEC findings, etiology, prognosis and treatment of myoclonic epilepsy of childhood. The data presented are based on approximately 1,500 children with myoclonic seizures who have been studied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital Epilepsy Clinic. In 1,150 patients, myoclonic seizures appeared during the first two years of life, most commonly between 3 and 9 months of age; and in the remaining 350 children, after the first two years of life, usually between 3 and 7 years of age. We classify myoclonic epilepsy into two types on this basis of age at onset. 1. Myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. In previous writings, we referred to this form of epilepsy as "minor motor epilepsy." Other terms currently in usage are "infantile spasms," "hypsarrhythmia" and "massive myoclonic seizures." 2. Myoclonic epilepsy of older children. This form of epilepsy is designated by many physicians as "petit mal variant," "head-dropping spells," "headbobbing spells," "akinetic seizures," "Lennox syndrome" and "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome." CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS The predominant clinical feature of myoclonic epilepsy is a sudden flexor spasm of the body musculature, although extensor spasms are sometimes observed. The clinical manifestations vary, depending upon the posture of the patient. Recumbent Although this spell in the recumbent patient varies somewhat in clinical manifestations, it most commonly consists of a sudden flexion of the head with a simultaneous outward thrust of the upper extremities and flexion of the thighs on the abdomen. It is sometimes preceded by a short cry, laugh or giggle.
Less Skilled Readers Have Less Efficient Suppression Mechanisms

One approach to understanding the component processes and mechanisms underlying adult reading skill is to compare the performance of more skilled and less skilled readers on laboratory experiments. The results of some recent experiments employing this approach demonstrate that less skilled adult readers suppress less efficiently the inappropriate meanings of ambiguous words (e.g., the playing card vs. garden tool meanings of spade), the incorrect forms of homophones (e.g., patients vs. patience), the typical-but-absent members of scenes (e.g., a tractor in a farm scene), and words superimposed on pictures. Less skilled readers are not less efficient in activating contextually appropriate information; in fact, they activate contextually appropriate information more strongly than more skilled readers do. Therefore, one conclusion that can be drawn from these experiments is that less skilled adult readers suffer from less efficient suppression mechanisms.
Test generation and fault localization for quantum circuits

It is believed that quantum computing will begin to have a practical impact in industry around year 2010. We propose an approach to test generation and fault localization for a wide category of fault models. While in general we follow the methods used in test of standard circuits, there are two significant differences: (2) we use both deterministic and probabilistic tests to detect faults, (2) we use special measurement gates to determine the internal states. A fault table is created that includes probabilistic information. "Probabilistic set covering" and "probabilistic adaptive trees" that generalize those known in standard circuits, are next used.
Contribution of propionic acid bacteria to lipolysis of Emmental cheese

Compared to many cheeses, lipolysis of Emmental is generally low. It concerns about 1-2% of cheese fat and the amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) varies from 2 to 7 g.kg -1 of ripened cheese. In this work, we studied the extent of lipolysis due to propionic acid bacteria (PAB). The re- lease of FFAs during the ripening of Emmental cheeses made from microfiltered milk, with or with- out propionic acid bacteria (PAB) was followed. The usual cooking step in the cheese process (up to 50 o C and 30 min) inactivated the lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34) and the main factor in the lipolysis of Emmental cheese was shown to be the lipolytic activity of PAB. This activity was strain-dependent and not related to the production of propionic acid in cheese. The most abundant FFAs were palmitic acid, oleic acid, myristic acid and stearic acid as in milk fat and it was concluded that lipolytic activity of PAB is non-specific. Lastly, an interaction still not elucidated was evidenced between certain PAB strains and thermophilic lactobacilli strains regarding lipolysis extent in Emmental cheese. propionic acid bacteria / lipolysis / free fatty acid / Emmental cheese
Redesigning Personnel Preparation Lessons Learned and Considerations for Program Enhancement

Changing legal requirements, economic demands, accountability, and student demographics focus the need for reform among personnel preparation programs. Although redesign efforts in general and special education teacher preparation programs have increased, little evidence from research describes enhancement initiatives. In this article, the authors report the findings of an investigation of contextual variables related to reforming teacher preparation as reported by project personnel at Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) who were awarded 325T priority grants by the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) during a 5-year period. This study employed a sequential mixed-methods design, which included (a) the administration of a survey to all project directors and (b) interviews with a purposive sample of project directors. From the analysis, results and future implications are included.
A US$35 Million “Hole in the Ground” Metropolitan Fragmentation and Cleveland’s Unbuilt Downtown Subway

In the 1940s–1950s, Cleveland, Ohio, transit officials and a varied coalition of allies sought to construct a subway to distribute riders throughout downtown. Through two unsuccessful campaigns in ...
Spectroscopic investigation of the formation of PuO2Cl+ and PuO2Cl2 in NaCl solutions and application for natural brine solutions

The chloride complexation of the PuO22+ ion has been studied in acidic NaCl solutions with electrolyte concentrations as high as 5 mol kg−1 at 23°C by using conventional absorption spectrophotometry. Plutonyl and its complexes have ionic strength-dependent molar absorptivities that were determined in NaClO4, the first essential step in the quantitative analysis of chloride complexation. The distributions of species for the Pu complexes, PuO22+, PuO2Cl+, and PuO2Cl2o, formed under the conditions investigated, were determined by peak-fitting of optical absorption spectra. The apparent stability constants of the Pu(VI) chloro complexes were calculated at each NaCl concentration. Specific ion-interaction theory parameters were determined for the plutonyl chloro complexes and the electrolyte constituents, then compared with the literature data. The calculated values for log β° were determined to be 0.23 ± 0.03 and −1.7 ± 0.2 for the mono and bis chloro complexes, respectively. Spectra of Pu(VI) in brines representative of waters at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, the licensed nuclear waste repository in a salt formation at Carlsbad, NM, USA, were measured and modeled by using the thermodynamic data and ion interaction parameters were determined. In these brines, less than 10% of the total Pu(VI) concentration exists as the Pu(VI) aquo ion, whereas about 90% is present as Pu(VI) chloro complexes.
Production of ethane and water in comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake

[1] Ethane (C2H6) and water (H2O) were detected in Comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake between UT 1996 March 23.4 (Rh = 1.08 AU preperihelion) and 1996 April 12.2 (Rh = 0.64 AU preperihelion). Our long-slit infrared spectra featured both high spectral dispersion and high spatial resolution about the nucleus, permitting the extraction of rotational temperatures, production rates, and spatial distributions of species along the slit. Production rates were measured for water (on four dates) and ethane (on three dates). Their average relative abundance was C2H6/H2O = (6.2 ± 0.7) × 10−3. The spatial distributions of C2H6 and H2O molecules in the coma were consistent with both species being released directly from the nucleus on all dates, although asymmetries about the nucleus are seen for both gas and dust.
Modeling and control of micro air vehicles with biologically-inspired morphing

Morphing is attractive as a control effector that can dramatically alter the flight characteristics of an aircraft. In particular, morphing can use biologically-inspired approaches that note the similarity in size and airspeed between a micro air vehicle and birds. This paper introduces several types of morphing that have been implemented and flown on vehicle. A generalized modeling framework and control synthesis are presented to enable autonomous operation of such vehicles. An example of a gull-wing aircraft is shown to demonstrate the methodology.
Tight‐binding calculations of the valence bands of diamond and zincblende crystals

Using the tight-binding method, the valence band structures and densities of states for C, Si, Ge, GaAs, and ZnSe are calculated. Very good agreement is obtained with other calculations when all nearest- and one second-nearest-neighbor interactions are included. The effects of the various interactions on the density of states are discussed. Mit der „tight-binding”-Methode werden die Valenzbandstrukturen und Zustandsdichten fur C, Si, Ge, GaAs und ZnSe berechnet. Sehr gute Ubereinstimmung mit anderen Rechnungen wird erreicht, wenn alle Wechselwirkungen mit nachsten und nur eine Wechselwirkung mit zweitnachsten Nachbarn berucksichtigt werden. Die Einflusse verschiedener Wechselwirkungen auf die Zustandsdichte werden diskutiert.
Whole Earth high-resolution earthquake forecasts

SUMMARY Since 1977 we have developed statistical short- and long-term earthquake forecasts to predict earthquake rate per unit area, time and magnitude. The forecasts are based on smoothed maps of past seismicity and assume spatial and temporal clustering. Our new program forecasts earthquakes on a 0.1 ◦ grid for a global region 90N–90S latitude. We use the PDE catalogue that reports many smaller quakes (M ≥ 5.0). For the long-term forecast we test two types of smoothing kernels based on the power law and on the spherical Fisher distribution. The effective width of these kernels is much larger than the cell size, thus the map discretization effects are insignificant. We employ adaptive kernel smoothing which improves our forecast both in seismically quiet and active areas. Our forecasts can be tested within a relatively shorttime period since smaller events occur with greater frequency. The forecast efficiency can be measured by likelihood scores expressed as the average probability gains per earthquake compared to spatially or temporally uniform Poisson distribution. Another method uses the error diagram to display the forecasted point density and the point events. Our short-term forecasts also assume temporal clustering described by a variant of Omori’s law. Like the long-term forecast, the short-term version is expressed as a rate density in location, magnitude and time. Any forecast with a given lower magnitude threshold can be recalculated, using the tapered Gutenberg–Richter relation, to larger earthquakes with the maximum (corner) magnitude determined for appropriate tectonic zones.
Robust Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm in the Presence of Mismatches

Adaptive beamforming is known to have resolution and interference rejection capability when the array steering vector is precisely known. However, the performance of adaptive beamforming techniques may degrade severely in the presence of mismatches between the assumed array response and the true array response. In this paper, we propose robust adaptive beamforming algorithm based on explicit modeling of uncertainties in direction of arrival (DOA) of the desired signal and the diagonal loading technique. The proposed algorithm has nearly optimal performance under good conditions, provides the robustness against some types of mismatches and makes the mean output array SINR consistently close to the optimal one. Simulation results validate substantial performance improvements relative to other popular adaptive beamforming methods
Calcium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Prospective Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials

The potential effects of inadequate or excessive calcium supply on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are receiving growing attention. We review experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence regarding the role of calcium intake in the development of CVD in adults. In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies have shown that calcium may affect the risk of developing CVD through multiple mechanisms including blood cholesterol, insulin secretion and sensitivity, vasodilation, inflammatory profile, thrombosis, obesity, and vascular calcification. A number of prospective epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between dietary calcium intake and CVD incidence or mortality in middle-aged and older adults. The results were inconsistent, and the pooled data do not strongly support a significant effect of greater dietary calcium intake on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) or stroke. Only a few prospective studies have examined calcium supplement use in association with risk of CVD. The pooled data show no significant benefits of calcium supplement use in reducing the risk of CAD or stroke. No randomized clinical trial has specifically tested the effect of calcium supplementation on CVD as its primary endpoint. Secondary analyses in existing trials to date suggest a neutral effect of calcium (with or without vitamin D) supplements on CVD events, but do not allow for a definitive conclusion. A large percentage of Americans, particularly older adults, fail to meet the US recommendations for optimal calcium intake and are encouraged to increase daily calcium consumption. More prospective cohort studies and large-scale randomized trials are needed to further evaluate the risks or benefits of calcium supplementation on CVD endpoints as the primary pre-specified outcome.
Origin and size distribution of secondary nuclei

Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
Subtyping of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Antibody by Radioimmunoassay

The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been shown to possess distinct subtypes (adw, ayw, adr, and ayr). A commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to HBsAg (Ausab, Abbott Laboratories North Chicago, Ill.) has been modified to detect the subtypes of HBsAg as well as the subtype-specific anti-HBs reactivities (anti-d, anti-y, and anti-w). This method has the advantages of general availability, ease of performance, and increased sensitivity over conventional subtyping methods of agar gel diffusion and counterelectrophoresis.
Goals as Excuses or Guides: The Liberating Effect of Perceived Goal Progress on Choice

Consumer choices are often driven by multiple goals (e.g., career and family), each of which if viewed in isolation may appear to suggest conflicting choices. This article examines the effect of initial goal pursuit on consumers’ interest in pursuing unrelated or even conflicting goals. Four studies were conducted to test whether perceived goal progress hinders the pursuit of the focal goal. These studies demonstrate that in the course of self-regulation progress along one goal liberates people to pursue inconsistent goals. Furthermore, merely planning to make goal progress in the future may facilitate incongruent choice of immediate action. P eople’s choices are usually driven by multiple underlying goals, each of which if viewed in isolation may appear conflicting. For example, individuals simultaneously believe in saving for retirement as well as taking luxurious vacations, doing well academically and socializing actively with friends, and so forth. Previous research has often portrayed the self-regulation processes as involving setting abstract goals that then motivate consistent choice of actions (Gollwitzer 1999; Higgins 1997; Locke and Latham 1990). The empirical work supporting this basic premise has focused mainly on situations where the individual has set a single goal. If individuals simultaneously hold multiple goals, an account of consumer behavior needs to address the manner in which consumers pursue sequential choices among these potentially conflicting goals. This article examines subsequent consumer choice following initial goal pursuit. We propose that when individuals hold multiple goals, the pursuit or the intention to pursue the initial goal (hereafter referred to as the focal goal) may liberate the individual to subsequently pursue unrelated or even conflicting goals (e.g., succumbing to temptation). For instance, the opening of a new savings account may suggest to the individuals that one’s goal of saving for the future is being actively pursued, and, as a result, new savers might become more willing to spend money on indulgences. Specifically, this article explores the hypothesis that actions that are used to infer goal progress act to liberate the individual and thereby increase the likelihood of pursuing incongruent actions, whereas the same actions interpreted in terms of
A CHARACTER DEMONSTRATING THE OCCURRENCE OF MATING IN MALE CACTOBLASTIS CACTORUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

The reproductive system of adult male Cactoblastis cactorum, the cactus moth, was examined to determine whether the mating status of males could be ascertained. In unmated males, the posterior portion of the primary ductus ejaculatorius simplex is opaque yellow in color and contains many small football-shaped hyaline granules 3-5 x 5-10 {mu}m in size. In mated males, the posterior simplex is clear and contains no granules. The presence or absence of these characters was found to be highly reliable and should be of value in determining mating status in marked-recaptured males of this species in a sterile insect release program directed against Cactoblastis. (author)
Management of Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation

Strictures of the bile duct are a well-recognized complication of liver transplant and account for more than 50% of all biliary complications after deceased donor liver transplant and living donor liver transplant. Biliary strictures that develop after transplant are classified as anastomotic strictures or nonanastomotic strictures, depending on their location in the bile duct. The incidence, etiology, natural history, and response to therapy of the 2 types vary greatly, so their distinction is clinically important. The imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis of biliary strictures is magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography because of its high rate of diagnostic accuracy and limited risk of complications. Biliary strictures that develop after liver transplant may be managed with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), or surgical revision, including retransplant. The initial treatment of choice for these strictures is ERC with progressive balloon dilation and the placement of increasing numbers of plastic stents. PTC and surgery are generally reserved for failures of endoscopic therapy or for anatomic variants that are not suitable for ERC. In this article, we discuss the classification of biliary strictures, their diagnosis, and the therapeutic strategies that can be used to manage these common complications of liver transplant.
Analyzing Profiles and Predictors of Students' Social-Ecological Engagement

Using data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (2002), this study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to explore the relationship between students’ engagement-related dispositions and their behavioral engagement in home, school, and community activities. The primary aim was to identify and describe the engagement characteristics of distinct subpopulations of students. Our higher-order LCA models yielded five subpopulation profiles of students’ social-ecological engagement. In contrast to extant participation-identification models, these new profiles suggested that the relationship between students’ behavioral engagement and their school-related identities and dispositions is nonlinear and nonhomogeneous. This major finding recommends comprehensive school–community improvement models as well as nuanced interventions that are tailor-made to fit the engagement needs and identity-related characteristics of each student subpopulation.
Active Commuting to Elementary School and Adiposity: An Observational Study

Abstract Background: Active commuting to school (ACS; walking or cycling to school) appears promising for decreasing children's obesity risk, although long-term studies are sparse. The aim was to examine whether kindergarten ACS was associated with fifth-grade adiposity. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten (n=7938). Enrollment in kindergarten (1998–1999) was nationally representative of the United States and follow-up occurred in 2004. Kindergarten ACS was the main exposure variable and fifth-grade BMI z-score was the main outcome measure. Covariates included (1) neighborhood safety and BMI z-score in kindergarten and (2) demographics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, single- vs. two-parent households, region of country, and urbanicity in fifth grade). Three interactions were included: school travel*neighborhood safety; school travel*BMI z-score (kindergarten); and school travel*socioeconomic status. Analysis of covar...
Minds online: teaching effectively with technology

Michelle D. Miller’s Minds Online provides a wealth of information for social work educators who want to incorporate technology into their classes and programs. The author, a Professor of Cognitive...
Particle flurries

Particle Flurries is an interactive approach to 3D flow visualization. The approach produces a "synoptic visualization" and is used to examine both internal and external flows. Synoptic visualizations give viewers a synopsis of all flow features simultaneously. Good examples of 2D synoptic visualizations are weather maps from both TV news reports and online Web pages. The human visual system is adept at finding patterns within larger contexts, and we hypothesize that synoptic visualization methods will help users find unexpected features more quickly and thus speed the understanding of complex 3D time-varying flows. Particle Flurries (PF) is our effort toward a synoptic visualization of complex pulsatile 3D flow.
The role of temperature in cloud droplet activation.

Aerosols are prevalent in the atmosphere where they can serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here we report on new CCN measurements to characterize the temperature dependence of CCN activity for single component organic aerosol and secondary organic aerosol from the reaction of α-pinene and O(3) generated in the laboratory. For compounds with a weak dependence of water activity on temperature, the critical supersaturation of the particles can be well-modeled using temperature-dependent surface tension and Kohler theory. We also demonstrate that Kohler theory is valid for sparingly soluble compounds and can quantitatively explain the temperature-dependent activation properties of adipic acid aerosol over a broad range of temperatures. Accounting for temperature-dependent surface tension strongly affects CCN activity, and we anticipate that including this effect in global and regional model simulations may significantly change the estimated aerosol indirect forcing.
Does a Nation's Religious Composition Affect Generalized Trust? The Role of Religious Heterogeneity and the Percent Religious

Is religion more of an integrative or a divisive force in contemporary societies? We use multilevel analyses of World Values Survey data from 77,409 individuals in 69 countries to examine how both the percent of the population that is religious and the religious heterogeneity of a country are related to generalized social trust, the willingness of individuals to trust “most people.” When we first examine the main effects of the percent religious and religious heterogeneity we find no evidence that either variable is related to trust in the ways predicted by major theories. However, the combination of these two variables has a huge negative relationship with trust. Countries that are both highly religious and religiously heterogeneous (diverse) have, on average, levels of trust that are only half the average levels of countries with other combinations of these two variables. The results have important implications for understanding the role of religion in modern societies.
The Reversal Effect of Insulin on Diabetes-Induced Alterations In Beta Adrenergic and Muscarinic Receptors in Rat Prostate

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that 8 weeks after the induction of diabetes by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) there was a downregulation of beta adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat prostate, and that early insulin treatment (started 3 days after the onset of diabetes) prevented these alterations from occurring. In the present study, the effects of later insulin treatment (started 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes) on the reversibility of diabetes-induced alterations in beta adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in rat prostate were investigated. Three groups of rats were maintained for 16 weeks: 1) diabetics, 2) insulin-treated diabetics (subcutaneously injected with 5 to 8 U per day starting 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes) and 3) age matched controls. Binding studies with [3 H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) and [3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) showed a significantly lower density of beta adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the diabetic rat prostate than in prostate from either controls or insulin-treated diabetic animals. Inhibition of [3 H]DHA binding by isoproterenol, a beta adrenergic agonist, and binding of [3 H]QNB by carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, indicated the presence of low and high affinity agonist binding sites for each receptor. The relative proportion of high affinity to total binding sites as well as the low and high affinity constants were similar in all groups. These data indicate that insulin treatment, begun 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes, can reverse the diabetes-induced downregulation of both beta adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in STZ-diabetic rat prostates.
Windows of Opportunity: The Impact of Piracy and Delayed International Availability on DVD Sales

For many years movies have been released using a series of staggered release windows, where releases are strategically timed across different product and geographical markets. These release windows have meant that movies were released first in theaters and several months later on DVD, and in most cases were released first in the United States and later in international markets. These established release windows have come under increasing pressure from digital piracy. In responses, studios have changed their strategies to reduce these delays. Nonetheless, delayed releases persist for a variety of operational, financial, and regulatory reasons, which means that pirated digital DVD rips can be available for several weeks, and in some cases months, before the DVD is legally available in international markets.Our research seeks to measure the impact of this early piracy availability on DVD sales in legitimate channels. Our methodology uses observed box office revenue in the theatrical window to break the endogeneity between release window timing and DVD sales. Using data from 2009-2011, our results suggest that an additional 10-day delay between the availability of digital piracy and the legitimate DVD release date in a particular country is correlated with a 2-3% reduction in DVD sales in that country. This result is robust across a variety of different specifications and, as expected, is higher for high piracy countries than for lower piracy countries. Our results show how digital networks have increased the interconnection between geographically dispersed markets, and suggest a continued need for studios, their market partners, and government agencies to revisit established marketing and regulatory practices given the widespread availability of pirated content.
Relative airborne losses of commercial 2,4-D formulations from a simulated wheat field

The relative airborne losses of seven commercial 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) formulations were evaluated in a simulated wheat field. The formulations tested were butyl ester, isooctyl ester, two propylene glycol butyl ether esters, ethanol/isopropyl amine, and two dimethyl amines. The butyl and isooctyl esters exhibited the greatest airborne losses, followed by the propylene glycol butyl ether esters. The amines were nearly nonvolatile. Two to 4 days after application, the 2,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid metabolite of 2,4-D predominated in all air samples. This material as well as the 2,4-D acid predominated in all plant samples with only traces of the parent esters observed. No extractable 2,4-D related residues were detected in the soil.