cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The equine CD1 gene family is the largest and most diverse yet identified

The CD1 family is a group of non-polymorphic MHC class I-like molecules that present lipid-based antigens to T cells. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes from immune adult horses recognize lipids from the cell wall of an important equine pathogen, Rhodococcus equi. These findings suggest an important role for the equine CD1 antigen presentation system in protective immune responses to microbial pathogens in the horse. In this study, we characterized and mapped the equine CD1 gene cluster. The equine genome was found to contain 13 complete CD1 genes; seven genes were classified as homologues of human CD1a, two CD1b, one CD1c, one CD1d, and two CD1e, making it the largest CD1 family to date. All but one of the eqCD1 molecules were expressed in all antigen-presenting cells investigated. The major amino acid differences between equine CD1 isoforms are located in the predicted antigen binding site, suggesting that a variety of lipid antigens can be presented. R. equi survives and replicates within professional phagocytes by arresting phagosome maturation between the early endosome and late phagosome. Based on the absence of a tyrosine sorting motif in all eqCD1a, CD1a molecules are predicted to co-localize with R. equi in the early endosome. Here, they could acquire lipid antigen and present it to T lymphocytes. The extraordinarily large number of CD1 molecules in the horse may reflect their crucial role in immunity to R. equi.
Child temperament moderates effects of parent-child mutuality on self-regulation: a relationship-based path for emotionally negative infants.

This study examined infants’ negative emotionality as moderating the effect of parent–child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) on children’s self-regulation (n = 102). Negative emotionality was observed in anger-eliciting episodes and in interactions with parents at 7 months. MRO was coded in naturalistic interactions at 15 months. Self-regulation was measured at 25 months in effortful control battery and as self-regulated compliance to parental requests and prohibitions. Negative emotionality moderated the effects of mother–child, but not father–child, MRO. Highly negative infants were less self-regulated when they were in unresponsive relationships (low MRO), but more self-regulated when in responsive relationships (high MRO). For infants not prone to negative emotionality, there was no link between MRO and self-regulation. The “regions of significance” analysis supported the differential susceptibility model not the diathesis–stress model.
External prognostic validations and comparisons of age- and gender-adjusted exercise capacity predictions.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to externally validate the prognostic value of age- and gender-based nomograms and categorical definitions of impaired exercise capacity (EC). Background Exercise capacity predicts death, but its use in routine clinical practice is hampered by its close correlation with age and gender. Methods For a median of 5 years, we followed 22,275 patients without known heart disease who underwent symptom-limited stress testing. Models for predicted or impaired EC were identified by literature search. Gender-specific multivariable proportional hazards models were constructed. Four methods were used to assess validity: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), right-censored c-index in 100 out-of-bootstrap samples, the Nagelkerke Index R2, and calculation of calibration error in 100 bootstrap samples. Results There were 646 and 430 deaths in 13,098 men and 9,177 women, respectively. Of the 7 models tested in men, a model based on a Veterans Affairs cohort (predicted metabolic equivalents [METs] = 18 − [0.15 × age]) had the highest AIC and R2. In women, a model based on the St. James Take Heart Project (predicted METs = 14.7 − [0.13 × age]) performed best. Categorical definitions of fitness performed less well. Even after accounting for age and gender, there was still an important interaction with age, whereby predicted EC was a weaker predictor in older subjects (p for interaction Conclusions Several methods describe EC accounting for age and gender-related differences, but their ability to predict mortality differ. Simple cutoff values fail to fully describe EC’s strong predictive value.
Title: Legal and Economic Issues with the Courts' R ulings in Pickett v. Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc., a Buyer Power Case

In the historic cattle trial, Pickett v Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc., Plaintiff cattlemen alleged that Tyson/IBP used captive (contracted) supplies of cat tle ready for slaughter to manipulate the cash market, in violation of the 1921 Packers & Sto ckyards Act (PSA). After a five week Trial in Federal Court, the Jury found Tyson/IBP guilty o n all counts and assessed actual damages of $1.28 billion, which applied to a large but unspeci fied number of cattle, likely 10-50 million head. Justice for Plaintiff cattlemen was short, as the T rial Judge set aside the Jury’s verdict—a rare but not unprecedented legal action—and entered summary judgment for Tyson. The Eleventh Appellate Court subsequently sided with the Trial J udge. In 2006, the United States Supreme Court denied without comment Plaintiff’s Petition t o rehear the case, thus ending legal activities in Pickett v Tyson and effectively killing similar legal action pending un der the same Trial Judge against two other major beef packers, E xcel (Cargill) and Swift (ConAgra). Together the three packers account for over 70% of fed cattle slaughter. In essence Pickett was filed under the PSA, tried under Sherman and Clayton antitrust law, and overturned, in part, under the Robinson-Patman Act, with the Trial Court and the Appellate Court implicitly appointing themselves as fact-find ers. This is not how the American judicial and legislative system is supposed to function. The Courts gave a narrow and extreme interpretation to the antitrust rule of reason and to the meaning of “unfair” in the PSA. The PSA as well as the Sherman and Clayton Acts may be greatly weakened if not essentially repealed if the Courts’ Opinions in Pickett come to dominate case law.
Short channel amorphous-silicon TFTs on high-temperature clear plastic substrates [LED display applications]

In this paper, we present TFTs with excellent short-channel performance, fabricated at a temperature of 180/spl deg/C on clear plastic substrates. The performance of the TFTs on this clear plastic substrate is as good as that of TFTs made on glass substrates at the same temperature. In contrast to previous work on high temperature plastic substrates, the substrates were freestanding and not mounted to rigid substrates for fabrication, which is critical for maintaining a clean and clear back surface for the optical devices (e.g. OLEDs). These results will enable AMOLED displays on clear plastic substrates.
On a conjectured inequality for the largest zero of Jacobi polynomials

P. Leopardi and the author recently investigated, among other things, the validity of the inequality \(n\theta_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}\! − 1, β > − 1. The domain in the parameter space (α, β) in which the inequality holds for all n ≥ 1, conjectured by us, is shown here to require a small adjustment—the deletion of a very narrow lens-shaped region in the square { − 1 < α < − 1/2, − 1/2 < β < 0}.
Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug intake, loss of control over intake, and impairment in social and occupational function. Animal models have been developed for various stages of the addiction cycle with a focus in our work on the motivational effects of drug dependence. A conceptual framework focused on allostatic changes in reward function that lead to excessive drug intake provides a heuristic framework with which to identify the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in the development of drug addiction. Neuropharmacologic studies in animal models have provided evidence for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical mechanisms in specific brain reward and stress circuits that provide the negative motivational state that drives addiction. The allostatic model integrates molecular, cellular and circuitry neuroadaptations in brain motivational systems produced by chronic drug ingestion with genetic vulnerability, and provides a new opportunity to translate advances in animal studies to the human condition.
Two Process Models in the Economic Design of an X Chart

Abstract Studies of the economic design of control charts often involve the modeling of process quality control within a definite cost structure in order to determine parameters of the control scheme which are optimal in a cost sense. In the modeling stage, it is usually convenient to assume that the distribution of the time a process remains in control has the memoryless property. This paper shows, by comparison with an alternative model, that such an assumption may be far from robust.
Reducing Torque Pulsation of Multi-Phase Interior Permanent Magnet Machines

High torque pulsation is the major disadvantage of most IPM machine configurations. Choosing proper number of stator slots and winding distribution as well as increasing number of phases are among the possible solutions for reducing torque pulsation. In this paper, multi-phase interior permanent magnet motors with fractional-slot stator and double layer winding distribution are studied. It is shown that despite other IPM machines; the introduced multi-phase IPM machines have a very low torque pulsation. Seven and nine-phase IPM machines have been designed using the same method. The approach can be extended to the machines with any number of phases. For comparison purposes, IPM machines with common configuration are also considered. It is shown that the torque pulsation of the proposed IPM machines is significantly lower than the conventional ones. Nonlinear finite element method is used to analyze different machine configuration.
Regulation of Intestinal Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Levels by a Zinc-Deficient Diet and cDNA Cloning of Editing Protein in Hamsters

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary zinc on intestinal apoB mRNA editing in hamsters. Apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) is synthesized from the same gene as apoB-100 by a post-transcriptional, site-specific cytidine deamination, a process known as apoB mRNA editing. A cDNA encoding the hamster apoB mRNA editing enzyme was obtained by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the deduced amino acid sequence was found to possess high amino acid sequence identity to apoB mRNA editing enzymes from several other species. Editing activity was detected in the small intestine and colon but, like humans, none was detected in the liver. Analysis by RT-PCR indicated that the small intestine possessed the highest expression of editing enzyme mRNA abundance, whereas both liver and small intestine expressed relatively high levels of apoB mRNA. The influence of dietary zinc on intestinal apoB mRNA editing levels was examined in Golden Syrian hamsters (7 wk old) assigned to one of the following three dietary treatments: Zn-adequate (ZA, 30 mg Zn/kg diet), Zn-deficient (ZD, <0. 5 mg Zn/kg diet), or Zn-replenished (ZDA, ZD hamsters receiving ZA diet for last 2 d) for 7 wk. Hamsters consuming the ZD diet had modestly but significantly lower intestinal editing activity than ZA hamsters. Intestinal editing activity in the ZDA group was not different from that of ZA hamsters. Data derived from these studies contribute to the understanding of lipoprotein metabolism in hamsters, a suitable model for the study of atherosclerosis.
PRACTITIONERS CORNER: Lag Order and Critical Values of a Modified Dickey-Fuller Test

This study examines some finite-sample properties of a new modified Dickey-Fuller test, called the DF-GLS test, which has been shown to be more powerful than standard unit-root tests. The study shows the lag order can significantly affect the critical values of the test. This points to the importance of correcting for the lag order effect in implementing the DF-GLS test. Approximate lag-adjusted finite-sample critical values for the DF-GLS test are provided, which can be straightforwardly computed from response surface equations.
Reactive-infiltration processing of SiC-metal and SiC-intermetallic composites

Liquid-phase reactive infiltration is a rapid and net-shape method of synthesizing silicon carbide composites. We use reactive infiltration of carbon with Si–A1 and Si–Cu melts to prepare composites consisting of interpenetrating networks of β–SiC and a secondary phase assemblage containing ductile metal (A1–Si) or a metal silicide (Si–Cu). The mechanisms of phase formation have been characterized. It is shown that a rapid initial reaction upon infiltration forms a largely stationary SiC network, within which the secondary phase constitution evolves due to solute rejection and liquid phase diffusion processes. Both homogeneous composites and those with controlled composition gradients have been synthesized.
Thread shuffling: Combining DVFS and thread migration to reduce energy consumptions for multi-core systems

In recent years, multi-core systems have become mainstream in computer industry. The design of multi-cores takes advantage of thread-level parallelism in emerging applications that are computationally intensive and highly parallel. Energy efficiency is one of the biggest challenges in the design of multi-core systems, and workload imbalance among parallel threads is one of sources of energy inefficiency. Many techniques based on dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) are proposed to save energy consumptions on multi-cores, but all of them assume that each core in a multi-core system contains only one hardware context and only one thread can execute on one core at a time. However, mainstream multi-core systems are moving to have simultaneous multithreading (SMT) support in cores, and existing DVFS-based techniques are not effective to achieve maximum energy savings. In this paper, we present a novel technique called thread shuffling, which combines thread migration and DVFS to achieve maximum energy savings and maintain performance on a multi-core system supporting SMT. Thread shuffling is implemented and simulated in a cycle-accurate ×86 multi-core system. The experiments show that it achieves up to 56% energy savings without performance penalty for selected Recognition, Mining and Synthesis (RMS) applications from Intel Labs.
Optimum fusion of correlated local decisions

A distributed detection system consisting of a number of local detectors and a fusion center is considered. Each detector makes a decision for the underlying binary hypothesis testing problem based on its own observations and transmits its decision to the fusion center where the global decision is derived. The local decision rules are assumed to be given, but the local decisions are correlated. The correlation model is expressed by a finite number of conditional probabilities. The optimum decision fusion rule in the Neyman-Pearson sense is derived and analyzed. The performance of the distributed detection system versus the degree of correlation between the local decisions is studied for a special correlation structure that can be indexed by a single parameter. It is shown that system performance degrades as the degree of correlation between local decisions increases. >
Elevated CO2 decreases leaf fluctuating asymmetry and herbivory by leaf miners on two oak species

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) represents small, random variation from symmetry in otherwise bilaterally symmetrical characters. Significant increases in FA have been found for several species of plants and animals in response to various stresses, including environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated CO2 on leaf symmetry of two oak species, Quercus geminata and Q. myrtifolia, and the responses of three species of leaf miners and one gall-making species to random variation in leaf morphology. Leaf FA decreased with an increase in CO2 concentration. There were fewer asymmetric leaves and lower levels of asymmetry on leaf width and leaf area on elevated CO2 compared with ambient CO2. Leaf miners responded to leaf asymmetry, attacking asymmetric leaves more frequently than expected by chance alone. Differences in secondary chemistry and nitrogen (N) content between symmetric and asymmetric leaves may be responsible for these results due to lower levels of tannins and higher levels of N found on asymmetric leaves of Q. myrtifolia and Q. geminata.
“It Brought the World to this Coast”: The World Premiere of Eugene O'Neill'S Lazarus Laughed at the Pasadena Community Playhouse

Almost two years after its completion in May of 1926, Eugene O'Neill's Lazarus Laughed received its premiere production—not in New York. This “Play for an Imaginative Theatre,” clearly the most theatrically demanding of all of O'Neill's works, made its first appearance in California, at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, opening April 9, 1928. Not since the days when his earliest one-act plays were produced at the Wharf Theatre in Provincetown, Massachusetts, had an O'Neill play failed to result in a New York production.
Lattice-based identification schemes secure under active attacks

There is an inherent difficulty in building 3-move ID schemes based on combinatorial problems without much algebraic structure. A consequence of this, is that most standard ID schemes today are based on the hardness of number theory problems. Not having schemes based on alternate assumptions is a cause for concern since improved number theoretic algorithms or the realization of quantum computing would make the known schemes insecure. In this work, we examine the possibility of creating identification protocols based on the hardness of lattice problems. We construct a 3-move identification scheme whose security is based on the worst-case hardness of the shortest vector problem in all lattices, and also present a more efficient version based on the hardness of the same problem in ideal lattices.
Molecular characterization of Warthin tumor

Abstract Objective. Warthin tumor of the salivary gland is composed of oncocytic epithelium with a prominent follicular lymphoid infiltrate. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clonality of this lymphoid component by means of polymerase chain reaction technology. Study design. DNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue from 20 cases of typical Warthin tumor of the salivary gland and amplified by polymerase chain reaction to assess B- and T-cell clonality. Results. No dominant clonal populations were identified in any tumor. However, minor clonal expansions of both B and T cells were detected in up to 50% of tumors (immunoglobulin H, 50%; T-cell antigen receptor β, 10%; T-cell antigen receptor γ, 5%). No tumors showed evidence of bcl-2 proto-oncogene translocation, whereas 95% contained detectable Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Conclusion. The B- and T-cell components of Warthin tumor are polyclonal with oligoclonal expansion of both T and B cells in some lesions.
Conducting Community Health Needs Assessments in Rural Communities: Lessons Learned

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 requires all nonprofit hospitals in the United States to conduct a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) at least every 3 years. With this law in its infancy, the best practice to conduct an assessment that complies with the law is unknown. Research designs vary across states and agencies, and little is known about the reliability or representativeness of results. The rural community group model (RCGM) is a newly developed model designed for conducting assessments in rural communities. Key components of the model are disseminating surveys, conducting key informant interviews, facilitating focus groups, and integrating secondary data of county-level health behaviors and outcomes. It has been used to conduct CHNAs on more than half the critical access hospitals in North Dakota (58%). Given this large sample size, which used the same methodology, this article provides an evaluation of the model focusing on lessons learned and challenges encountered in the conduct of CHNAs. Particular strategies for assessment planners are warding off group think, monitoring against bias creep in data collection, and integrating multiple data sources to inform decision making. The model is recommended for replication in rural settings to provide meaningful feedback that allows a hospital to match long-term planning with community needs.
From Genes to Numbers: Effective Population Sizes in Human Evolution

The effective population size has become a central aspect of our understanding of the ancient structure of human populations. It is through this concept that the genetic variation of present-day humans may inform us about the number and relationships of humans in the past. However, effective population size itself is not a demographic parameter. If the theoretical model does not apply accurately to human evolution, then inferences based on the estimates of effective population size may be in error. Here, I present the theoretical basis of effective population size, including many of the demographic and evolutionary conditions that can confound the relationship of genetic variation and population size.
Relative biologic effectiveness and oxygen enhancement ratio at various depths of a 910-MeV helium ion beam.

(1971). Relative Biologic Effectiveness and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio at Various Depths of a 910-McV Helium Ion Beam. Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 353-357.
Abstract 12569: Aerobic Exercise Improves Heart Rate Recovery After an ICD

Background and Purpose: Sudden cardiac arrest is thought to be due to alterations in the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise testing is mediated by parasympathetic reactivation. Low HRR (≤ 12 bpm after 1 minute) is independently associated with all-cause mortality. Aerobic exercise improves parasympathetic cardiovascular functioning by lowering HR and increasing stroke volume. The purpose of this study was to determine if HRR at 1 and 5 minutes could be improved with aerobic exercise in persons with an ICD. Methods: 160 patients with a prior ICD implant (40% primary prevention and 60% secondary prevention), mean age 55 ±12 years, 77.5% male, 89% Caucasian, and 100% beta-blocked, entered a randomized clinical trial of aerobic exercise after an ICD. Aerobic exercise consisted of home walking 5 hours/week x 8 weeks, followed by walking for 150 minutes/week x 16 weeks at 60-80% of maximum HR achieved at treadmill test. At baseline, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks participants completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test using a modified Balke treadmill protocol. HRR was calculated [peak heart rate (HR)-recovery at 1 and 5 minutes] using 12 lead EKG recordings. Analysis of co-variance was used to determine if a change in HRR from baseline to 8 weeks and 24 weeks was related to exercise training. Results: In the sample, lower mean baseline HRR (bpm) at 1 and 5 minutes was associated with having an ICD implanted for primary prevention (p≤0.001), BMI>29 (p≤0.001), sedentary life-style (p≤0.001), diabetes (p≤0.001), hypertension (p≤0.001), age >55yrs (p≤0.001), and EF%≤35% (p≤0.001). Mean HRR was significantly improved in exercise vs usual care at 8 weeks [1 minute p≤0.01, (mean+SD: EX 18.8±9.3 UC 16.4±9.6 bpm)] and [5 minutes p≤0.003 (EX 40.5±9.3 UC 37.0±9.6 bpm)], but not at 24 weeks [1 minute p≤0.20, (mean+SD: EX 18.2±9.5 UC 17.2±8.4 bpm)] and [5 minutes p≤0.09 (EX 39.8±16.0 UC 37.5±14.4 bpm)]. Conclusions: HRR can be improved with aerobic exercise training in patients at high risk for cardiac arrest who have an ICD, perhaps through augmenting parasympathetic cardiovascular mechanisms. Low HRR is a surrogate marker for poor health and risk for mortality.
Discrimination by the Selective Service System in the Vietnam Era

Discrimination by the Selective Service System in the Vietnam Era is an analysis of how the conscription system was structured in such a way that ethnic minorities, people with limited education and/or the economically disadvantaged were statistically more likely to be ordered into combat. Created by an Act of Congress in 1917, the Selective Service was implemented in response to the lack of American volunteers to join the military during WWI. As military needs for conscripted soldiers varied over the years, so too did the laws governing conscription. These reenacted draft laws produced a myriad of different exemption and deferment statuses. 1951 was a pivotal year regarding draft law because for the first time, able-bodied college students under the age of 24 would be deferred so long as they remained in school full-time (classification 2-S). Their non-student counterparts were classified 1-A (immediately draft eligible). This designation identified the men 18 years of age and older who would most likely be involuntarily conscripted into the military (and most likely be killed or maimed in combat). As the Vietnam War ramped up dramatically during the 1960s, the need for American soldiers outstripped the supply of volunteers (as it did during WWI when there was no deferment for college students). Anti-war protests on college campuses ramped up as well. By focusing exclusively on the comparison of the “1-A” and “2-S” draft classifications during the most intensive Vietnam combat of the 1960’s, I will argue that, beginning in 1965 with the organization called Students for a Democratic Society, draft-deferred students formed and maintained the grassroots anti-war movement that finally brought the Vietnam War to an end in 1973. In researching this topic, several books on the subject were located, each of which contained references to other relevant publications.
VARIATION IN THE BREEDING SYSTEM OF ELYMUS CANADENSIS.

The breeding system has a profound effect on the genetic structure of plant populations. Highly inbred species, for example, have little pollen flow between populations or subdivisions within populations and, as a result, may be capable of maintaining adaptations to micro-environmental variation more readily than predominantly outbred species (Allard et al., 1972; Hamrick and Allard, 1972; Hamrick and Holden, 1979). Inbreeding species also have lower rates of recombination which may allow them to maintain adaptive combinations of unlinked genes (Allard et al., 1968; Allard et al., 1972). Furthermore, while inbreeding species can maintain high levels of polymorphism within populations (Allard et al., 1968; Marshall and Allard, 1970a) the frequency of heterozygotes is greatly reduced. Such changes in genotype frequencies could influence interactions between genotypes and their local environments. Therefore, before meaningful interpretations can be made of the genetic structure of plant populations, a thorough knowledge of the breeding system must be obtained. Strangely, although the plant evolution literature abounds with descriptions of genetic variation for morphometric traits, relatively few studies have considered variation in the breeding system. Those studies that exist demonstrate that the proportion of self-fertilization may vary in time (Harding and Tucker, 1964, 1969; Kannenberg and Allard, 1967; Kahler et al., 1975) or space (Allard et al., 1968; Antonovics, 1968; Marshall and Allard, 1970b; Hamrick and Allard, 1972; Brown
ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE*

This article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Arabian exemplifies its commitment to saving plantation society in the British Caribbean from the twin threats posed by slave emancipation and free trade in sugar. These voyages also show how the British imperial state's involvement in immigration frequently immersed it in ethical controversy. Its strictly limited response to the Irish Famine contributed to mass death. Its modest effort to create better lives in Australia for a few thousand Irish orphans led to charges that it was dumping immoral paupers on its most promising colonies. Its eagerness to bolster sugar production in the West Indies put ‘liberated’ slaves in danger.
Neospora-like encephalomyelitis in a calf: pathology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity.

Protozoal encephalomyelitis was diagnosed in a 3-day-old calf that was stunted, weak, and recumbent. Grossly, the calf had contracted tendons in the forelegs, a slightly domed skull, a porencephali...
Automatic Entity Recognition and Typing in Massive Text Corpora

In today's computerized and information-based society, we are soaked with vast amounts of natural language text data, ranging from news articles, product reviews, advertisements, to a wide range of user-generated content from social media. To turn such massive unstructured text data into actionable knowledge, one of the grand challenges is to gain an understanding of entities and the relationships between them. In this tutorial, we introduce data-driven methods to recognize typed entities of interest in different kinds of text corpora (especially in massive, domain-specific text corpora). These methods can automatically identify token spans as entity mentions in text and label their types (e.g., people, product, food) in a scalable way. We demonstrate on real datasets including news articles and yelp reviews how these typed entities aid in knowledge discovery and management.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Matrix Metalloprotease 3 Exacerbates Hemorrhagic Transformation and Worsens Functional Outcomes in Hyperglycemic Stroke".

Matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP3) is a zinc endopeptidase that has the ability to digest and degrade the basal lamina and tight junction proteins causing increased blood–brain barrier disruption.1 We showed that acute hyperglycemia increased MMP3 activity in the brain after stroke and this was associated with exacerbated cerebral hemorrhage and worse functional outcomes. Both pharmacological and molecular inhibition of MMP3 reduced the injury and improved the outcomes. It was previously shown that MMP3 plays …
An extended regimen of clomiphene citrate in women unresponsive to standard therapy

An extended regimen of clomiphene consisting of 250 mg of clomiphene for 8 days followed by the administration of 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 6 days later was administered to 13 oligomenorrheic women who had previously failed to ovulate when treated with 250 mg of clomiphene for 5 days and hCG. Eight of these 13 women ovulated. Their postovulatory mean progesterone (P) level 7 days after hCG was 16 +/- 2 ng/ml. Three pregnancies occurred during 25 treatment cycles. Posttreatment estrogen levels were higher when women were treated for 8 days than for 5 days. Women ovulating after 8 days of treatment had increased concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) prior to hCG administration and higher pretreatment levels of estrogen and T, compared with women who did not ovulate. Changes in the timing of hCG administration may induce ovulation in some women who fail to ovulate when hCG is given on day 14. Because this 8-day regimen of clomiphene and hCG was successful in more than 50% of women failing to ovulate after 5 days, this regimen should be used prior to human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) therapy.
On the effects of hepatitis B immunization among children aged 1-6 years in Zhaoping county

Objective To learn about the effects of hepatitis B immunization among children aged 1-6 years in Zhaoping county,so as to provide a scientific basis for the control and immunization of hepatitis B.Methods Collected blood samples were quantitatively detected for HBsAg and HBsAb by electrochemiluminescence method(Abbott Laboratories).Results A total of 150 children were examined,among which HBsAg positive rate was 0.67%(1/150) and HBsAb positive rate 45.33%(68/150).There was no significant difference between the sexes in HBsAb positive rate(P0.05),but significant difference was found between groups of different ages(P0.05).Conclusions HBsAg infection is in a low level among children aged 1-6 years in Zhaoping county and the situation of HBsAb positive rate is not optimistic.Therefore,health education on prevention and control of hepatitis B should be strengthened,vaccination given properly and antibody detection enhanced.
Ground-Coupled Airwaves at Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, and their Potential for Eruption Monitoring

An abnormally high number of explosion quakes were noted during the monitoring effort for the 2007 eruption of Pavlof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula. In this study, we manually cataloged the explosion quakes from their characteristic ground-coupled airwaves. This study investigates how the ground-coupled airwaves might be used in a monitoring or analysis effort by estimating energy release and gas mass release. Over 3 × 104 quakes were recorded. The energy release from the explosions is approximated to be 3 × 1011 J, and the total gas mass (assuming 100 % water) released was 450 t. The tracking of explosion quakes has the potential to estimate relative eruption intensity as a function of time and is thus a useful component of a seismic monitoring program.
Alphavirus protease inhibitors from natural sources

Display Omitted Alphavirus infections are neglected tropical diseases for which there are no antiviral therapies or vaccines available.The non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) protease is considered to be a promising target for antiviral drug discovery.A molecular docking analysis of 2174 plant-derived natural products with alphavirus nsP2 proteases has been carried out.A total of 127 phytochemical ligands have shown promising docking affinities to one or more of the nsP2 proteases. Alphaviruses such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), O'Nyong-Nyong virus (ONNV), Ross River virus (RRV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), are mosquito-transmitted viruses that can cause fevers, rash, and rheumatic diseases (CHIKV, ONNV, RRV) or potentially fatal encephalitis (EEEV, VEEV, WEEV) in humans. These diseases are considered neglected tropical diseases for which there are no current antiviral therapies or vaccines available. The alphavirus non-structural protein 2 (nsP2) contains a papain-like protease, which is considered to be a promising target for antiviral drug discovery. In this work, molecular docking analyses have been carried out on a library of 2174 plant-derived natural products (290 alkaloids, 664 terpenoids, 1060 polyphenolics, and 160 miscellaneous phytochemicals) with the nsP2 proteases of CHIKV, ONNV, RRV, EEEV, VEEV, WEEV, as well as Aura virus (AURV), Barmah Forest Virus (BFV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Sindbis virus (SINV) in order to identity structural scaffolds for inhibitor design or discovery. Of the 2174 phytochemicals examined, a total of 127 showed promising docking affinities and poses to one or more of the nsP2 proteases, and this knowledge can be used to guide experimental investigation of potential inhibitors.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, Autoregulation and the PVI Reflection Point: Pathological ICP

Observations reported by Gray and Rosner (1986, 1987a, 1987b) have demonstrated PVI to be a function of CPP. They used an experimental model in which ICP was normal and the CPP was reduced by gradual SABP decrements using ATP infusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured at each CPP decrement which allowed identification of the CPP at which autoregulation was impaired. PVI was found to be a complex function of CPP, varying directly with CPP within the autoregulatory range, and indirectly below the autoregulatory range. The “reflection point” between these two functions was found to correspond with the point at which impairment of autoregulations occurred: about 50 mm Hg.
The Role of Biomaterials in Stimulating Bioelectrodes

Bioelectrodes are used to produce or measure electrical activity in the body for electrophysiological stimulation or monitoring. This chapter focuses on electrodes for use in stimulation, which is achieved by establishing electrical fields in the tissue, using electrodes. These electrodes transduce electrons (the charge carrier for the electrical circuitry used in therapeutic stimulation devices) to ions (the charge carrier in the body), allowing electric charge to be injected into tissue.
Status of Inertial Confinement Fusion Research at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory is engaged in a long-range program to investigate the merits of Krypton-Flouride (KrF) lasers as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) drivers. Because of their intrinsic short wavelength (0.25 μm), broad bandwidth (∼0.5%), smooth spatial beam profile, and precise and flexible temporal pulse-shaping capabilities, KrF lasers appear to be an attractive ICF driver candidate from the laser-target interaction physics standpoint. Additionally, the use of a gaseous lasing medium with the potential of high overall system efficiency preserves a direct path to energy production. Current cost pro-jections for MJ-class KrF systems show it to be affordable. The present Los Alamos KrF experimental facility, AURORA, has recently begun integrated system experiments. It has already achieved more than 100 TW/cm2 on target with >1 kJ of energy. The facility is designed to deliver 5 kJ to the target with a 5-ns pulse length and a spot size ∼200 μm. Shaped pulses from 2–20 ns can also be tested. The system employs angular multiplexing, where 96 beam pulses are overlapped into a single, 500-ns beam train. The 96 beam paths are offset and staggered thorough the amplifier chain to provide spatial and temporal separation of the individual beams. The energy from each amplifier is extracted continuously over the 500-ns electron-beam pumping duration. The appropriate time delay is then removed from each beam segment so that they are simultaneously recombined at the target plane. The first target physics experiments will be x-ray conversion experiments, followed by experiments on the effects of laser pulse shaping and bandwidth on target performance.
SMT decoder dissected: word reordering

We describe a decoder for statistical machine translation which allows controlled reordering of the words generated in the target language. After a general discussion of the structure of a decoder a particular implementation is discussed which allows for word-to-word and phrase-to-phrase translation. Word reordering is used to improve the translation quality. We analyze the effect of the length of this reordering window on the search space and the translation quality. Results for Chinese-to-English and Arabic-to-English translation tasks are presented.
Physical Binding of a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen (NNK) Metabolite to the Human TP53 Gene with Ramifications for DNA Damage and Mutations

The most prevalent and carcinogenic of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines is 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). NNK is a potent carcinogen that causes numerous types of cancers, most commonly lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas. The diazonium ion formed through the enzymatic metabolism of NNK by cytochrome P450s, can bind chemically to DNA (DNA damage). These adducts, if not repaired, can cause mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. We do not have a complete understanding of the binding of the diazonium ion to DNA which is important for future preventative strategies of NNK-associated cancers. The focus of this research is to computationally model and understand the physical interactions between the NNK diazonium ion and exon 5 of the human TP53 gene. We used a Lamarckian genetic algorithm to minimize a physics-based free energy function that allows us to estimate the free energy differences between the NNK diazonium ion along with TP53 in an unbound state and when they are physically bound. The free energy function employs pair-wise terms that evaluate dispersion, Pauli repulsions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatics and desolvation, along with a term for the lost conformational energy when the molecules bind. We will present the most probable NNK diazonium ion-TP53 physical binding sites and discuss how DNA damage (pyridyloxobutylated adducts in particular) may be occurring when it is exposed to this tobacco-specific carcinogen.
The molecular biology of amino acid biosynthesis in plants.

All living organisms have a fundamental requirement for nitrogen as a component of amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. It is not surprising, therefore, that there are broad similarities in nitrogen metabolism in plants, animals and microorganisms, and that many enzymes involved in the biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism are shared by all groups of organisms. Indeed several of the plant genes which encode enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism have been cloned by virtue of their sequence homology to their counterparts in microorganisms and mammals. However, the physiology of nitrogen metabolism is clearly very different in plants; one example in which this is particularly apparent is the biochemistry associated with photorespiration. In recent years the cloning of some of the genes involved in nitrogen metabolism has enabled cell-specific expression and metabolic regulation type experiments to be undertaken, which in turn directly address questions relating to metabolism and physiology in plants.
Toward Nucleating the Concept of the Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF): Perspective from the Principal Actors.

Wastewater resource recovery has been advocated for decades; necessary structural pathways were long-ago articulated, and established and emerging technologies exist. Nevertheless, broad wastewater valorization remains elusive. In considering implementation barriers, the argument is made that decision-makers focus on avoiding permit violations and negative publicity by embracing a conservative/safe approach–seemingly ignoring research on economic/environmental benefits. Conversely positing that economics is a primary barrier, we investigated, characterized, and described nontechnical socio-political barriers to realizing wastewater resource recovery. Principal actors in the Pacific NW region of the U.S. (representing a progressive populace facing stringent water quality regulations) were interviewed. Results revealed that economics were, indeed, the primary barrier to implementation/expansion of the WRRF concept. Consistent throughout interviews was a prevalent sense that the “cost of doing something (dif...
4-Bromo-N-phenyl-aniline.

In the title compound, C12H10BrN, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 52.5 (1)°, whereas the pitch angles, or the angles between the mean plane of each aryl group `propeller blade' and the plane defined by the aryl bridging C—N—C angle, are 19.6 (2) and 36.2 (3)°. While the N—H group is not involved in hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, the structure exhibits a network of inter­molecular C—H⋯π and N—H⋯π inter­actions.
Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Their Hydroxylated Metabolites (OH-PCBs) on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plants metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into hydroxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs), which are sometimes more toxic than the parent PCBs. The objective of this research was to compare the toxicity of a suite of PCBs and OH-PCBs toward the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. While parent PCBs and higher-chlorinated OH-PCBs exhibited a low or nondetectable toxicity, lower-chlorinated OH-PCBs significantly inhibited the germination rate and plant growth, with inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) ranging from 1.6 to 12.0 mg L–1. The transcriptomic response of A. thaliana to 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-DCB), and its OH metabolite, 4′-OH-2,5-DCB, was then examined using whole-genome expression microarrays (Affymetrix). Exposure to 2,5-DCB and 4′-OH-2,5-DCB resulted in different expression patterns, with the former leading to enrichment of genes involved in response to toxic stress and detoxification functions. Exposure to 2,5-DCB induced multiple xenobiotic response genes, such as cytochrome P-450 and glutat...
Enhancement of the specificity of an enzyme-based biosensor for L-tryptophan

A new selective amperometric biosensor for reagentless L-tryptophan determination has been developed using immobilized tryptophan-2-monooxygenase (TMO, EC 1.13.12.3). This enzyme-based biosensor provides a rapid-response detection system for concentrations of L-tryptophan between 25 and 1,000μM in a batch mode system and between 100 and 50,000 μM in a flow-injection mode. The response time was 30 seconds, and the total analysis time was less than 3 minutes. The biosensor retained catalytic activity and fidelity of phenylalanine and tryptophan response for greater than 4 months with repeated usage. The biosensor selectivity to L-tryptophan was dramatically increased relative to phenylalanine when a competitive inhibitor of TMO, indole acetamide (IA), was included. The biosensor was successfully used for L-tryptophan determination in nutrition broth, giving values identical to those determined by HPLC analysis.
The loi de position and the acoustics of French mid vowels

This paper reports the results of two experiments on the acoustics of French mid vowels in a variety in which close-mid vowels ([e], [o], [o]) occur in open syllables and open-mid vowels ([ɛ], [oe], [ɔ]) in closed syllables, according to the loi de position. Open-mid allophones have consistently higher F1 realizations and more central F2 realizations than their close-mid counterparts, but are not consistently shorter. These results are problematic for accounts of the loi de position as a pattern of vowel reduction, with mid-vowel lowering and centralizing being caused by shortening. F1 and F2 distances between close-mid and open-mid allophones vary across different prosodic and consonantal contexts and these variations can be analyzed as resulting from duration-based undershoot. More broadly, the results have implications for the typology of closed-syllable vowel laxing: they suggest that tense and lax realizations cannot generally be derived from the same acoustic target via closed-syllable vowel shortening but have distinct acoustic targets.
Distant Freedom: St. Helena and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1840–1872

When cholera struck Brazil's largest cities and sugar zones for the first time in 1854 and 1855, it killed as many as 50,000 slaves. British diplomats responded with alarm, but not over the immense...
Muslim Interpreters in Colonial Senegal, 1850–1920: Mediation of Knowledge and Power in Lower and Middle Senegal River Valley

M’bayo’s new book about Muslim interpreters (or intermediaries) takes us back to the colonial French West African port of St. Louis, which, in 1850, was a springboard for French imperial ambitions ...
Mmp10 is required for post-translational methylation of arginine at the active site of methyl-coenzyme M reductase

Catalyzing the key step for anaerobic methane production and oxidation, methyl-coenzyme M reductase or Mcr plays a key role in the global methane cycle. The McrA subunit possesses up to five post-translational modifications (PTM) at its active site. Bioinformatic analyses had previously suggested that methanogenesis marker protein 10 (Mmp10) could play an important role in methanogenesis. To examine its role, MMP1554, the gene encoding Mmp10 in Methanococcus maripaludis , was deleted with a new genetic tool, resulting in the specific loss of the 5-(S)-methylarginine PTM of residue 275 in the McrA subunit and a 40-60% reduction in the maximal rates of methane formation by whole cells. Methylation was restored by complementation with the wild-type gene. However, the rates of methane formation of the complemented strains were not always restored to the wild type level. This study demonstrates the importance of Mmp10 and the methyl-Arg PTM on Mcr activity.