cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Are an Important Cause of Acute Kidney Injury in Children

Objective To characterize nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. Study design We conducted a retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with AKI through the use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis code 584.5 or 584.9 from January 1999 to June 2010. Medical records were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of AKI and to quantify NSAID administration. Pediatric RIFLE criteria were used to codify AKI. Patients were not classified as having NSAID-associated AKI if they had a diagnosis explaining AKI or comorbid clinical conditions predisposing to AKI development. Results Patients (N = 1015) were identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision screening. Twenty-one children had clinical, laboratory, and radiographic studies suggesting NSAID-associated acute tubular necrosis and 6 had findings suggesting NSAID-associated acute interstitial nephritis, representing 2.7% (27 of 1015) of the total cohort with AKI and 6.6% when excluding complex patients with multifactorial AKI. Children with NSAID-associated AKI had a median (range) age of 14.7 years (0.5-17.7 years); 4 patients (15%) were P P = .013), and a longer length of stay (median 10 vs 7 days, P = .037). Conclusions NSAID-associated AKI accounted for 2.7% of AKI in this pediatric population. AKI typically occurred after the administration of correctly dosed NSAIDs. Young children with NSAID-associated AKI may have increased disease severity.
Effects of paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immediate-release and extended-release metoprolol.

Study Objective. To compare the effects of paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER) formulations of metoprolol. Design. Prospective, randomized, open-label, 3-way crossover study. Setting. General clinical research center. Subjects. Fifteen healthy volunteers with at least one active cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP2D6 allele (CYP2D6*1 or CYP2D6*2). Intervention. In each of three phases conducted in random sequence, subjects received one of three metoprolol formulations administered on day 1: a single dose of metoprolol ER 100 mg, a single dose of metoprolol ER 200 mg, or two 100-mg doses of metoprolol IR administered 12 hours apart. Oral paroxetine 20 mg/day was then given alone on days 2–7 and coadministered with the same metoprolol formulation on day 8. Subjects received each of the other two formulations during the next two phases, with a 14-day washout period between each phase. Measurements and Main Results. After receiving metoprolol on days 1 (before paroxetine) and 8 (after paroxetine), S- and R-metoprolol pharmacokinetic parameters and exercise heart rate and blood pressure responses were measured. The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of both S- and R-metoprolol for each formulation were increased approximately 3- and 4-fold, respectively, by paroxetine. Paroxetine significantly increased the S- and R-metoprolol maximum concentration (Cmax) of each formulation and increased the elimination half-life of both isomers approximately 2-fold. When metoprolol IR was given with paroxetine, the S-metoprolol Cmax was significantly greater than that of either the 100-mg or 200-mg ER products. The maximum effect of metoprolol IR on heart rate was significantly greater than that of metoprolol ER 200 mg, independent of whether the agents were administered alone or with paroxetine. Both the heart rate and systolic blood pressure area under the effect-time curve values were significantly decreased by paroxetine. Conclusion. Paroxetine significantly inhibits the metabolism of both metoprolol IR and ER, resulting in an increase in the magnitude and duration of β-blockade. The potential risk of adverse effects from excessive β-blockade may be greater with metoprolol IR than with metoprolol ER because of the significantly higher peak S-metoprolol plasma concentrations achieved with the IR formulation. Thus, if paroxetine treatment is indicated in patients receiving metoprolol, use of the ER formulation may reduce the risk of adverse effects.
How Did We Get This Far Apart? Disengagement, Relational Dialectics, and Narrative Control

In this layered account, the author explores the disintegration of the relationship with his fiance. Through the concept of relational dialectics, the author explores the multiplicity of tensions in the relationship and the patterns of communication and interaction through which they are displayed. These tensions include the dialectics of closeness—separateness, certainty— uncertainty, and openness—closedness. Similarly, the relationship is viewed through the concept of the chaos narrative and stands as a noncanonical exemplar for romantic relationships. Finally, as authors of our own life stories, the author questions the moral responsibilities we have toward each other, both in the living of our life stories and in the telling of them. The events in this narrative corresponded with the hurricane season of 2004, which serves as a backdrop to the story.
The synthesis of carbon-14 labeled (R)-4-(dipropylamino)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole-6-carboxamide hippurate. A partial ergoline with 5-HT1A agonist activity and an 125I-labeled analog

Partial ergoline agonists such as (R)-4-(dipropylamino)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]-indole-6-carboxamide (LY228729, 1a) mimic a locked conformational analog of serotonin and in fact possess potent in vitro activity as agonists of the 5-HT1A receptor. In the course of pre-clinical investigation of 1a for potential use as an anxiolytic agent, 1b was prepared in a five step synthesis from K14CN. In addition, an 125I-analog of 1a was prepared for aid in the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Buffalograsses to Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Feeding

The impact of Blissus occiduus Barber feeding on resistant ('Prestige') and susceptible ('378') buffalograsses, Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, was evaluated through measurement of carbon exchange rate, light and carbon assimilation (A-C(i)) curves, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and nonstructural carbohydrates. No significant differences in carbon exchange rates were observed between infested and control plants for 378 at 5 and 10 d after infestation; however, at 20 d after chinch bug introduction, significant differences in carbon exchange rates between infested and control 378 plants were detected. Carbon exchange rates were similar between infested and control Prestige plants at 5,10, and 20 d after infestation, suggesting that resistant plants can allocate energy for recovery from chinch bug injury. Significant differences in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the apparent photosynthetic electron transport ratio were observed between infested and control 378 plants, whereas, no significant differences in the photochemical efficiency of PSII and the electron transport ratio were detected between control and infested Prestige plants. Blissus occiduus-infested 378 and Prestige plants consistently had similar or higher levels of nonstructural carbohydrates compared with their respective control plants. These data suggest that both resistant and susceptible buffalograsses increase levels of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to B. occiduus feeding. This research also suggests compensatory photosynthesis takes place in Prestige but not in 378.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photochemical/Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Hexadentate Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Ligands.

Three hexadentate, podand-type, polypyridyl ligands, (5-bpy-2C)3Bz, (4-bpy-2C-Ph)3Et, and (4-phen-2C-Ph)3Et, and their Ru(II) and Fe(II) complexes have been prepared. Reaction of these ligands with...
The Sources of Pakistani Attitudes toward Religiously Motivated Terrorism

This study is interested in understanding public opinion in Pakistan toward terror attacks. Specifically, this study explores (1) the general picture of attitudes in Pakistan toward terrorism and (2) which individuals are most likely to support terrorism in Pakistan. The study aims to give insights into how pervasive a support base exists for terrorism as a tactic in Pakistan and it seeks to isolate the individual-level traits that account for the variation we see among Pakistani Muslims regarding their level of acceptance of terrorism against Pakistani and Indian targets. The study finds that a large majority of Pakistanis oppose terrorism but terrorism directed at Indian targets is more tolerated than terrorism against Pakistani targets. The study also finds that those who are most supportive of Talibanization in Pakistan are the most supportive of terrorism.
Multiresolution motion estimation and target detection

Detecting and characterizing motion in a scene can play a critical role in target detection algorithms, since many targets can be camouflaged so completely that, if they are not moving, they are nearly undetectable. However, once they begin moving, they `popout' and are immediately detected. Estimating motion is also important in human vision modeling, because motion is generally detected with peripheral vision, which can cover the field of regard much more quickly than foveal vision. In this paper, we present two hierarchical multiresolution methods for computing the optical flow in a scene. We use statistical properties of the resulting flow fields to compute a motion feature vector, which we relate to the conspicuity of the moving target in a scene via a neural network.
Switching prescription drugs to over the counter: consumers may benefit financially in examples from the US.

EDITOR—Cohen et al say that switching drugs to over the counter increases costs for most insured patients in the United States because of resultant changes in drug benefits.1 Most health plans restrict drug coverage and increase copayments when one member of the class is made available over the counter. However, evidence from recent switches from prescription to over the counter shows that …
Laminar flame propagation with volumetric heat loss and chain branching-termination reactions

Abstract The steady propagation of the planar laminar premixed flame in the doubly-infinite domain, with chain branching-termination reactions and weak volumetric heat loss, is studied using activation energy asymptotics. Two flame propagation regimes are identified and analyzed: a fast recombination regime in which the recombination reaction occurs in a steady-state manner with the high-activation-energy branching reaction in an overall reaction region which is much thinner than that of diffusion, and an intermediate recombination regime in which the recombination region is much thicker than the branching region but much thinner than the diffusion region. The analysis yields the characteristic dual solution, extinction turning point flame response, and shows that the flame propagation speed is reduced to e −1 2 of the adiabatic value for both reaction mechanisms. The generality of this limit flame speed is noted.
Aplysia gastrointestinal tract motility: Spontaneous activity and pharmacological sensitivity

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated preparations of Aplysia californica esophagus, anterior gizzard, posterior gizzard and rectum exhibit spontaneous motility. Posterior gizzard produced the largest contractions of regular magnitude and frequency. 2. 2. Acetylcholine (Ach) caused tonic contractions in esophagus, anterior gizzard, posterior gizzard and rectum. In posterior gizzard ACh increased the magnitude and frequency of spontaneous rhythmic contractions; whereas in rectum ACh inhibited rhythmic contractions. Atropine (Atr) blocked the effects of ACh on posterior gizzard and on tonic contraction of rectum but Atr falied to block the inhibitory effects of ACh on rectum. 3. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) inhibited spontaneous contractions and ACh-elicited contractions in esophagus and posterior gizzard. In contrast, in rectum 5-HT caused tonic contraction, initiated or increased rhythmic contractions and enhanced the response to ACh. Cinanserin blocked the effects of 5-HT in posterior gizzard but mimiced or increased the effects of 5-HT in rectum. 4. 4. The presence of excitatory, inhibitory and enhancing effects of ACh and 5-HT along the gastrointestinal tract of A. californica is compared to the known effects of ACh and 5-HT on other molluscan nerve and muscle preparations.
Dynamic three-dimensional MR renography for the measurement of single kidney function: initial experience.

A three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) renographic method to measure single kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and split renal function was developed that is based on renal signal intensity measurements during 2–3 minutes after intravenous injection of a low dose (2 mL or 0.01 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine. In nine subjects, single kidney MR GFR indices correlated well with technetium 99m (99mTc) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) clearance (r = 0.7–0.8) for GFR values of 7–48 mL/min. MR right kidney split renal function values (range, 32%–59%) also correlated well with 99mTc-DTPA radionuclide measurements (r = 0.76); differences between the two methods averaged 0.8% ± 8. MR renography was performed along with contrast material–enhanced MR imaging of the kidneys and renal arteries and added 8 minutes or less to the total examination time. © RSNA, 2003
Turbulent dissipation rates and the random occurrence of coherent events

Abstract In this Letter, we suggest that the transport properties and dissipation rates of a wide class of turbulent flows are determined by the random occurrence of coherent events that correspond to certain orbits which we call homoclinic excursions in the high dimensional strange attractor. Homoclinic excursions are trajectories in the non-compact phase space that are attracted to special orbits which connect saddle points in the finite region of phase space to infinity and represent coherent structures in the flow field.
Abundance of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron and Other Light Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation and the Problem of Cosmic-ray Origin

A combination of sensitive and insensitive photographic emulsions is used to improve the accuracy of measurement of the specific energy loss of relativistic nuclei. In recent years, various new theories of the origin of cosmic rays have been proposed. These proposed theories are classified according to the proposed mechanism for acceleration of the nuclei of the primary cosmic radiation or according to the assumptions made concerning the source region. The most abundant elements in the known universe are hydrogen, helium, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium, and silicon. This chapter focuses on the production of lithium, beryllium, and boron fragments in energetic collisions between nuclei. The nuclear fragments of an average star produced by a singly charged particle in the light nuclei of the emulsion must carry 7.95 units of charge, assuming a contribution from carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei proportional to their geometric cross-sections. The absence or scarcity of lithium, beryllium, and boron nuclei in the primary radiation indicates that as far as the distribution between light and heavy elements is concerned, the chemical composition at the source is similar to the average chemical composition of the universe.
The HAQ compared with the MDHAQ: "keep it simple, stupid" (KISS), with feasibility and clinical value as primary criteria for patient questionnaires in usual clinical care

The health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) is the questionnaire most widely used to assess and monitor patients with rheumatic diseases. The HAQ includes 20 activities grouped into 8 categories of 2 or 3 (and queries the use of "aids and devices" and "help from another person" to perform these activities), and visual analog scales (VAS) for pain and patient global estimate of status. Use of the HAQ in usual care over the years has led to several modifications to develop a multidimensional HAQ (MDHAQ). The MDHAQ includes 10 activities, one from each category of the HAQ plus 2 complex activities-walk 2 miles or 3 km-all on one side of a page for easy "eyeball" review by a clinician; pain, global and fatigue VAS with 21 circles rather than 10-cm lines for ease of scoring; recent medical history; review of systems; a query about exercise; and scoring templates for the 3 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Core Data Set patient-reported measures-physical function, pain, and global estimate-for a routine assessment of patient index data (RAPID3) composite score. Both the HAQ and MDHAQ involve 2 sides of one sheet of paper, and are completed by patients in 5 to 10 minutes. The HAQ requires 42 seconds to score, compared with 5 to 10 seconds for RAPID3 on the MDHAQ.
Partial purification of renal alkaline phosphatase by electrophoresis on paper.

Abstract Starting with a concentrate of alkaline phosphatase activity prepared from horse kidney, the activity may further be separated from protein contaminants by electrophoresis on filter paper. A threefold increase in the enzyme activity per unit mass of protein is achieved in one step.
Uncertainty Sets for Robust Unit Commitment

For robust unit commitment problems addressing load, renewable energy generation, and demand response uncertainties, constructing a proper uncertainty set plays an important role in determining the conservativeness of the model. In this letter, we discuss different approaches to construct uncertainty sets based on historical data, with the purpose of reducing the conservativeness while maintaining the same level of robustness of the solution.
The impact of ethnicity on attitudes toward health care reform in New Mexico

Abstract Latinos tend to have significantly lower levels of access to general and top quality medical care than do non-Latino whites, and although disparities in access to health care have diminished for all other minority groups over time, they have widened for Latinos. Given these trends, current attempts to provide universal health care at both the national and state levels across the United States have large implications for the health status of Latinos. The objective of this analysis is to determine whether Latinos have different attitudes regarding health reform than non-Latino whites. Our data are from a statewide random digit dialing telephone survey of New Mexico residents, age 18 and older, conducted in the Fall of 2007. With a Latino population of 44% and ongoing health care reform efforts by the state legislature, New Mexico is an ideal location for this analysis. After controlling for a host of individual level factors, our findings suggest that while Latinos are less likely to identify health care as a salient state issue relative to the economy and crime, they are more likely than non-Latino whites to believe affordable health care programs are important. Finally, Latinos view employers, more than government or individuals, to be responsible for expanding health care coverage.
The effects of choice and source of constraint on children's attributions of preference.

Abstract One hundred and twenty female children (40 each from the first, third, and sixth grades) were presented with videotaped presentations of a female child choosing between two toys. Depending upon condition, subjects then viewed the actor either playing with her initially preferred toy (Unconstrained choice) or being forced to play with her initially non-preferred toy (Constrained choice). Additionally, the source of the actor's freedom or constraint was represented as either adult mediated or environmentally mediated. All subjects rated the actor's liking for each of the toys, how much the actor wanted to play with each toy, and which toy the actor would choose to take home with her. The two major findings which emerged were: (1) Contrary to prediction, children of all three age levels tended to use cues reflecting both the actor's choice and the actor's behavior in inferring her liking for each of the toys. (2) As predicted, the degree to which observers' attributions of toy liking corresponded to inferred attitude of the adult (who either approved or prohibited the actor's choice) was an inverse function of age. The similarities between the findings of this study and the data from studies of adult attitude attribution and children's moral attributions are considered in the discussion.
Low-complexity atlas-based prostate segmentation by combining global, regional, and local metrics.

Purpose: To improve the efficiency of atlas-based segmentation without compromising accuracy, and to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method on MRI-based prostate segmentation application. Methods: Accurate and efficient automatic structure segmentation is an important task in medical image processing. Atlas-based methods, as the state-of-the-art, provide good segmentation at the cost of a large number of computationally intensive nonrigid registrations, for anatomical sites/structures that are subject to deformation. In this study, the authors propose to utilize a combination of global, regional, and local metrics to improve the accuracy yet significantly reduce the number of required nonrigid registrations. The authors first perform an affine registration to minimize the global mean squared error (gMSE) to coarsely align each atlas image to the target. Subsequently, atarget-specific regional MSE (rMSE), demonstrated to be a good surrogate for dice similarity coefficient (DSC), is used to select a relevant subset from the training atlas. Only within this subset are nonrigid registrations performed between the training images and the target image, to minimize a weighted combination of gMSE and rMSE. Finally, structure labels are propagated from the selected training samples to the target via the estimated deformation fields, and label fusion is performed based on a weighted combination of rMSE and local MSE (lMSE) discrepancy, with proper total-variation-based spatial regularization. Results: The proposed method was applied to a public database of 30 prostate MR images with expert-segmented structures. The authors’ method, utilizing only eight nonrigid registrations, achieved a performance with a median/mean DSC of over 0.87/0.86, outperforming the state-of-the-art full-fledged atlas-based segmentation approach of which the median/mean DSC was 0.84/0.82 when applying to their data set. Conclusions: The proposed method requires a fixed number of nonrigid registrations, independent of atlas size, providing desirable scalability especially important for a large or growing atlas. When applied to prostate segmentation, the method achieved better performance to the state-of-the-art atlas-based approaches, with significant improvement in computation efficiency. The proposed rationale of utilizing jointly global, regional, and local metrics, based on the information characteristic and surrogate behavior for registration and fusion subtasks, can be extended naturally to similarity metrics beyond MSE, such as correlation or mutual information types.
Ascending-Ramp Biphasic Waveform Has a Lower Defibrillation Threshold and Releases Less Troponin I Than a Truncated Exponential Biphasic Waveform

Background—We tested the hypothesis that the shape of the shock waveform affects not only the defibrillation threshold but also the amount of cardiac damage. Methods and Results—Defibrillation thresholds were determined for 11 waveforms—3 ascending-ramp waveforms, 3 descending-ramp waveforms, 3 rectilinear first-phase biphasic waveforms, a Gurvich waveform, and a truncated exponential biphasic waveform—in 6 pigs with electrodes in the right ventricular apex and superior vena cava. The ascending, descending, and rectilinear waveforms had 4-, 8-, and 16-millisecond first phases and a 3.5-millisecond rectilinear second phase that was half the voltage of the first phase. The exponential biphasic waveform had a 60% first-phase and a 50% second-phase tilt. In a second study, we attempted to defibrillate after 10 seconds of ventricular fibrillation with a single ≈30-J shock (6 pigs successfully defibrillated with 8-millisecond ascending, 8-millisecond rectilinear, and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms). T...
Metal film over nanosphere (MFON) electrodes for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): Improvements in surface nanostructure stability and suppression of irreversible loss

The stability and reproducibility of most SERS-active electrode surfaces are far from ideal. We have focused on this problem by developing and characterizing a metal film over nanosphere (MFON) electrode which solves these shortcomings. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of representative molecules were used to characterize and evaluate the electrochemical and SERS performance of MFON electrodes. Tremendous stability to extremely negative potential excursions is observed for MFON electrodes as compared to standard metal oxidation reduction cycle (MORC) roughened electrodes. Consequently, irreversible loss of SERS intensity at negative potentials is not observed on these MFON electrodes. We conclude that MFON electrodes present a significant advantage over MORC electrodes because SERS enhancement is not lost upon excursion to extremely negative potentials. This work demonstrates that the MFON substrate, while easily prepared and temporally stable, offers unprecedented stability and reproducibility for electrochemical SERS experiments. Furthermore, one can conclude that irreversible loss is not a distinguishing characteristic of electrochemical SERS and consequently cannot be used as evidence to support the chemical enhancement mechanism.
Hemodynamic effects of plasma volume expansion and prognostic implications in acute myocardial infarction.

Nine of eleven patients studied within fifteen hours from the onset of acute myocardial infarction had an abnormal response to plasma volume expansion in that stroke volume did not increase when left ventricular filling pressure was elevated. In contrast, in five patients studied more than fifteen hours after myocardial infarction and in five control patients stroke volume was increased when left ventricular filling pressure was elevated by plasma volume expansion. All patients have been followed for a mean of five months, and no patient died of pump failure or had significant heart failure. Often the hemodynamic response to plasma volume expansion within fifteen hours after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction is abnormal, but it is not useful in predicting prognosis. The abnormal hemodynamic response may be transient, improving during early convalescence. It represents an interaction between left ventricular compliance and function, both of which may be changing rapidly early after acute myocardial infarction.
Optimal Body Weight for the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Normal‐weight Physically Active Men

Although 36% of US men are normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2), the health benefits of greater leanness in normal-weight individuals are seldom acknowledged. To assess the optimal body weight with respect to minimizing coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, we applied Cox proportional hazard analyses of 20,525 nonsmoking, nondiabetic, normal-weight men followed prospectively for 7.7 years, including 20,301 who provided follow-up questionnaires. Two-hundred and forty two men reported coronary artery bypass graph (CABG) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and 82 reported physician-diagnosed incident myocardial infarction (267 total). The National Death Index identified 40 additional ischemic heart disease deaths. In these normal-weight men, each kg/m2 decrement in baseline BMI was associated with 11.2% lower risk for total CHD (P = 0.005), 13.2% lower risk for nonfatal CHD (P = 0.002), 19.0% lower risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction (P = 0.01), and 12.2% lower risk for PTCA or CABG (P = 0.007). Compared to men with BMI between 22.5 and 25 kg/m2, those <22.5 kg/m2 had 24.1% lower total CHD risk (P = 0.01), 27.9% lower nonfatal CHD risk (P = 0.01), 37.8% lower nonfatal myocardial infarction risk (P = 0.05), and 27.8% lower PTCA or CABG risk (P = 0.02). In nonabdominally obese men (waist circumference <102 cm), CHD risk declined linearly with declining waist circumference. CHD risk was unrelated to change in waist circumference between 18 years old and baseline except as it contributed to baseline circumference. These results suggest that the optimal BMI for minimizing CHD risk lies somewhere <22.5 kg/m2, as suggested from our previous analyses of incident diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in these men.
NMR structure of the complex between the Tfb1 subunit of TFIIH and the activation domain of VP16: structural similarities between VP16 and p53.

The Herpes Simplex Virion Protein 16 (VP16) activates transcription through a series of protein/ protein interactions involving its highly acidic transactivation domain (TAD). The acidic TAD of VP16 (VP16TAD) has been shown to interact with several partner proteins both in vitro and in vivo, and many of these VP16 partners also bind the acidic TAD of the mammalian tumor suppressor protein p53. For example, the TADs of VP16 and p53 (p53TAD) both interact directly with the p62/Tfb1 (human/yeast) subunit of TFIIH, and this interaction correlates with their ability to activate both the initiation and elongation phase of transcription. In this manuscript, we use NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetery (ITC) and site-directed mutagenesis studies to characterize the interaction between the VP16TAD and Tfb1. We identify a region within the carboxyl-terminal subdomain of the VP16TAD (VP16C) that has sequence similarity with p53TAD2 and binds Tfb1 with nanomolar affinity. We determine an NMR structure of a Tfb1/ VP16C complex, which represents the first high-resolution structure of the VP16TAD in complex with a target protein. The structure demonstrates that like p53TAD2, VP16C forms a 9-residue α-helix in complex with Tfb1. Comparison of the VP16/Tfb1 and p53/Tfb1 structures clearly demonstrates how the viral activator VP16C and p53TAD2 shares numerous aspects of binding to Tfb1. Despite the similarities, important differences are observed between the p53TAD2/Tfb1 and VP16C/Tfb1 complexes, and these differences demonstrate how selected activators such as p53 depend on phosphorylation events to selectively regulate transcription.
High Spatial Resolution Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations of Markarian 231

Observations of Markarian 231 at 1.1 μm taken with NICMOS on the Hubble Space Telescope are described. The brightness of the object in the near‐infrared, and the inherent short‐term stability of the NICMOS optical and instrumental system, enables the application of special observational and analysis techniques that effectively increase high spatial resolution. By these means, we set an upper limit on the size of the core of the active galactic nucleus at 8 mas, corresponding to a radial projected distance of ~3 pc from the center of Markarian 231.
The Importance of Recent Ice Ages in Speciation: A Failed Paradigm

Late Pleistocene glaciations have been ascribed a dominant role in sculpting present-day diversity and distributions of North American vertebrates. Molecular comparisons of recently diverged sister species now permit a test of this assertion. The Late Pleistocene Origins model predicts a mitochondrial DNA divergence value of less than 0.5 percent for avian sister species of Late Pleistocene origin. Instead, the average mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence for 35 such songbird species pairs is 5.1 percent, which exceeds the predicted value by a factor of 10. Molecular data suggest a relatively protracted history of speciation events among North American songbirds over the past 5 million years.
Predation on Egg Masses of the Douglas-fir Tussock Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

A stocking technique was used during 1977–81 to assess predation on egg masses of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), in Oregon, Idaho, and California. Predators removed ca. 14% of stocked egg masses. The remainder of the egg masses not completely destroyed lost ca. 38% of their original complement of eggs. Three species of birds, the red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis L.; the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis L.; and the Nashville warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla (Wilson); and a treeforaging ant, Camponotus sp. probably modoc Wheeler, are implicated as primary predators.
Phasic estradiol levels and bias for immediate rewards

Some of life's greatest challenges involve denying oneself short-term rewards in the pursuit of long-term goals. Deciding to enroll in a PhD program in lieu of taking a high-paying job out of college, with the hopes of a more rewarding career in the future, is one such decision. On a day-to-day
Does income inequality harm the environment?: Empirical evidence from the United States

Abstract This study revisits the growth-inequality-environment nexus in the context of country-specific time series data. The short- and long-run effects of income inequality, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the U.S. are examined using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. We find that more equitable distribution of income in the U.S. results in better environmental quality in the short- and long-run. It is also found that, in both the short- and long-run, economic growth has a beneficial effect on environmental quality, whereas energy consumption has a detrimental effect on the environment.
Changes in protein kinases in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Implications for drug therapy.

There is ample evidence for the involvement of aberrant protein phosphorylation reactions in aging and age-associated neurological disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in particular. The exact nature of this involvement, however, is not yet elucidated. In the brain tissue of AD patients, there are numerous examples of altered protein phosphorylation pathways. Individual protein kinases and phosphorylation by these kinases in AD brain tissues have been found to be altered. Protein kinases studied include protein kinase C (PKC), protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), casein kinase II (CKII), Ca++/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, all of which are thought to be necessary for cell survival. Interestingly, different protein kinases are involved in different aspects of AD pathology. It is postulated that the perturbation of amyloid β/A4-protein precursor (APP) metabolism triggers abnormal protein phosphorylation reactions responsible for dysfunction and eventual death of neurons in the brain. The association of APP mutation with certain familial types of AD strongly suggests that there might be a link between aberrant APP metabolism, protein phosphorylation cascades and the eventual expression of AD pathology (plaques and tangles) and neurodegeneration. In summary, recent studies emphasise the prime importance of protein phosphorylation in aging and AD. This raises the possibility that future pharmacological interventions might be devised to interfere with this kinase cascade for the prevention or treatment of age-associated neurological disorders.
Multifoliations on Open Manifolds.

Let M m be a C ~ manifold, and let <pM:M--*BGL,, denote the map classifying the tangent bundle T M of M. M is open if M t ? M has no compact component. Haeflinger [2], showed that an open manifold M admits a C r codimension k foliation if and only if ~0 M lifts to a map q ) : M ~ B F ~ x BGLm_k, where BF k is the Haefliger's classifying space for codimension k foliations [3]. According to [6, p. 406], a multifoliation o~ on M is a collection of t foliations {ff~ .. . . . ~ } on M with codlin ~ = k ~ , such that all the intersections are "transverse", that is, at any point of M, cod im(rJ~ t~ . . . c~z .~s )=k~ ,+ ... +k~ for all subset {i I . . . . . i~} = {1 . . . . . t}, where r~.~j denotes the tangent bundle to ~ . In particular, these intersections themselves determine foliations. In this note, we are
Building grounded theory in action research through the interplay of subjective ontology and objective epistemology

In this article, I contribute to the discourse on building theory within the context of action research. Specifically, drawing on advaita (non-dualism) philosophy from Hinduism, I describe a holistic framework which views life as holistic, that is, comprising both subjective and objective views of reality and thus promoting interplay between ontological subjectivity and epistemological objectivity. I illustrate with examples, how anchored in a holistic paradigm, I used principles of constant comparison in developing the theoretical category of sacredness in its various dimensions. I also describe two dimensions that characterized this process: researcher as insider-outsider and researcher's affirmations and ambivalences.
Intracoronary delivery of bone-marrow-derived stem cells

Ischemic heart disease is the single greatest killer of Americans and its complications are a major cause of congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias while signifiicantly contributing to increased health care costs and reduced patient quality of life. Advances in medical therapy, although signifiicant over the past decade, are still inadequate in regards to targeting the prime underlying pathology, the irreversible loss of damaged or dead cardiomyocytes. Research into the use of cell transplantation therapy to treat cardiac diseases, with the goal of improving cardiac function, shows promise. The aim of this review will be to discuss the potential therapeutic effects of myocardial stem cell and progenitor cell therapy delivered by an intracoronary route with special reference to treatment of infarcted myocardium.
A system for vehicle classification from range imagery

In this project we consider automated vehicle location and classification systems. Current systems which utilize loop detectors or video cameras have deficiencies. Video based systems are sensitive to environmental conditions and do not perform well in vehicle classification. The new generation of range or distance sensors that are being developed offer the promise of sensors which are not sensitive to lighting conditions and provide information which should give better vehicle detection and classification percentages than current systems. The focus of this project is to develop an automated vehicle location and classification system based upon imagery obtained from range sensors. Image analysis operators and classification methods are developed for vehicle classification. Preliminary results indicate that accurate vehicle classification can be obtained.
Control of a Nonlinear Wing Section Using Leading- and Trailing-Edge Surfaces

The control of nonlinear aeroelastic response of a wing section with a continuous stiffening-type structural nonlinearity is examined through analytical and experimental studies. Motivated by the limited effectiveness of using a single, trailing-edge control surface for the suppression of limit-cycle oscillations of a typical wing section, improvements in the control of limit-cycle oscillations are investigated through the use of multiple control surfaces, namely, an additional leading-edge control surface. The control methodology consists of a feedback linearization approach that transforms the system equations of motion via Lie algebraic methods and a model reference adaptive control strategy that augments the closed-loop system to account for inexact cancellation of nonlinear terms due to modeling uncertainty. Specifically, uncertainty in the nonlinear pitch stiffness is examined. It is shown through simulations and experiments that globally stabilizing control may be achieved by using two control surfaces.
Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World

Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery. eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. vii. 322 pp., figures, index.
Formation and Microstructure of Mg‐Si‐O–N Glasses

Bulk oxynitride glasses in the Mg-Si-O–N system were prepared by melting mixtures of SiO2, MgO, and Si3N4 powders and the microstructures and compositions of the glasses were analyzed by electron microscopy, energy and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis, and energy loss spectrometry. The melting experiments indicate the presence of a limited glass-forming region in the system. For the melting conditions used, nitrogen was found to be a necessary constituent of the melts to prevent crystallization on cooling. Extension of the miscibility gap in the binary MgO-SiO2 system into the Mg-Si-O–N system results in phase separation in most of the glasses. A partial plot of the miscibility gap in the Mg–Si-O–N system is established from analysis of the composition of the phases formed during phase separation of the glasses.
Pan-colonic decrease in interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with slow transit constipation

Background: Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are required for normal intestinal motility. ICC are found throughout the human colon and are decreased in the sigmoid colon of patients with slow transit constipation. Aims: The aims of this study were to determine the normal distribution of ICC within the human colon and to determine if ICC are decreased throughout the colon in slow transit constipation. Patients: The caecum, ascending, transverse, and sigmoid colons from six patients with slow transit constipation and colonic tissue from patients with resected colon cancer were used for this study. Methods: ICC cells were identified with a polyclonal antibody to c-Kit, serial 0.5 μm sections were obtained by confocal microscopy, and three dimensional software was employed to reconstruct the entire thickness of the colonic muscularis propria and submucosa. Results: ICC were located within both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. Two networks of ICC were identified, one in the myenteric plexus region and another, less defined network, in the submucosal border. Caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon displayed similar ICC volumes. ICC volume was significantly lower in the slow transit constipation patients across all colonic regions. Conclusions: The data suggest that ICC distribution is relatively uniform throughout the human colon and that decreased ICC volume is pan-colonic in idiopathic slow transit constipation.
Perceived shape and its dependency on perceived slant.

Koffka's suggestions that perceived shape and perceived slant "will be coupled together so that if one changes, the other changes also" and that errors in perceived shape vary as some function of errors in perceived slant were examined. Ss described, by means of appropriate response mechanisms, the shapes and slants of trapezoids. Shape and slant responses were made both monocularly and binocularly. The changes in reported shape varied as a function of changes in reported slant. Also, shape response errors varied as a function of slant response errors under monocular viewing when Ss had no prior binocular experience with the trapezoid. The functions relating perceived shape to perceived slant were comparable to the function predicted by the Beck and Gibson shape-slant invariance hypothesis.
Removal time and efficacy of Riddell Quick Release Face Guard Attachment System side clips during 1 football season.

Context In the National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement, “Acute Management of the Cervical Spine-Injured Athlete,” the technique recommended for face-mask (FM) removal is one that...
The power of possibility: causal learning, counterfactual reasoning, and pretend play

We argue for a theoretical link between the development of an extended period of immaturity in human evolution and the emergence of powerful and wide-ranging causal learning mechanisms, specifically the use of causal models and Bayesian learning. We suggest that exploratory childhood learning, childhood play in particular, and causal cognition are closely connected. We report an empirical study demonstrating one such connection—a link between pretend play and counterfactual causal reasoning. Preschool children given new information about a causal system made very similar inferences both when they considered counterfactuals about the system and when they engaged in pretend play about it. Counterfactual cognition and causally coherent pretence were also significantly correlated even when age, general cognitive development and executive function were controlled for. These findings link a distinctive human form of childhood play and an equally distinctive human form of causal inference. We speculate that, during human evolution, computations that were initially reserved for solving particularly important ecological problems came to be used much more widely and extensively during the long period of protected immaturity.
Local throughput performance of packet radio networks with transmitting power control

The authors have formulated the local throughput of packet radio networks (PRNs) with sparse topologies under these circumstances. Computer simulation has been used to show that (1) the multi-channel operation, together with the use of directional antennas, can increase the throughput of sparse PRNs by more than an order of magnitude, and (2) one can obtain comparable throughput performance with fewer codes by assigning codes to edges instead of nodes in CDMA (code-division multiple access) systems. >
Alcohol Outlets and Community Levels of Interpersonal Violence Spatial Density, Outlet Type, and Seriousness of Assault

This study examined the association between alcohol outlets and violence. Employing Cincinnati block groups as units of analysis, the authors estimated spatially lagged regression models to determine if the variation in spatial density of alcohol outlets is related to the spatial density of simple and aggravated assaults. The authors estimated separate models for off-premise outlets, bars, and restaurants. The results revealed a positive and significant association between outlet density and assault density. This association held for simple and aggravated assaults and for total outlet density and the density of each type of outlet. Further tests showed the outlet-violence association to be stronger for off-premise outlets relative to bars and restaurants and for simple relative to aggravated assaults. Estimation of attributable fractions (AFs) showed that off-premise outlets may account for approximately one-quarter and one-third of simple and aggravated assaults, respectively.
The Romantic Syndrome: Poetry

In this and the next two chapters we are to give an idea of how a style may be defined with relative precision by means of our seven axes of bias. We have chosen “romanticism” for study because this seems to be both an important concept and also a singularly vague one as it is currently employed.1 It is therefore a good test case for our purposes. I propose to try to show (1) that the seven biases leave distinguishable traces in the culture of the period, marking different types of theoretical behavior in characteristically different ways, and (2) that it is possible to reach substantial agreement among observers regarding the presence or the absence of these marks in specific poems, philosophical writings, and other cultural products. Thus (it is my contention) an analysis in terms of our several axes has the following advantage: a very vague and loose notion of romanticism is replaced by a relatively precise and relatively operational definition — a definition that first specifies each of a number of “romantic characteristics,” or “marks,” by designating a certain range of positions on a given axis, and then formulates instructions for ascertaining whether a particular poem or other work of art has, or lacks, the marks in question.