cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poroelastic models for fault reactivation in response to concurrent injection and production in stacked reservoirs

Abstract Concurrent production and injection in stacked reservoirs as commonly conducted in unconventional resource exploitation potentially influences reactivation of nearby faults. Using three-dimensional, fully-coupled poroelastic finite-element simulations, we assessed the potential for reactivation of a barrier normal fault in a normal-faulting stress regime for twelve generic injection–production scenarios that differ in the depth of injection and production, and in the position and distance relative to the dipping fault plane. The simulations display significant variation in the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) with depth along the fault plane for these scenarios, reflecting differences in pore pressure distribution and associated poroelastic changes in normal and shear stress across the fault. Based on the CFS trends with depth we find that 1.) concurrent production and injection reduces or increases the fault reactivation potential in the injection reservoir depending on the lateral position and the distance of the wellbores relative to the fault plane; 2.) the fault is most prone to reactivation with stacked wellbores and injection into the upper reservoir within the hanging wall or the lower reservoir within the footwall, and 3.) the fault is least prone to injection-induced reactivation for stacked wellbores and injection into the lower reservoir within the hanging wall at wellbore-to-fault distances ten times the reservoir thickness. With decreasing wellbore-to-fault distance, induced poroelastic shear stresses and thus CFS increase, making injection only into the lower reservoir, without concurrent production, the most stable configuration at close distance. These simulations demonstrate the importance of the coupled poroelastic effects and of the three-dimensional arrangement of injection and production wellbores on fault reactivation. Our results are intended to provide general guidance for further detailed site-specific geomechanical evaluations needed for induced seismic hazard assessment.
Object exploration during the transition to sitting: A study of infants at heightened risk for autism spectrum disorder.

Learning to sit promotes infants' object exploration because it offers increased access to objects and an improved position for exploration (e.g., ). Infants at heightened risk (HR) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit delays in sitting and differences in object exploration. However, little is known about the association between sitting and object exploration among HR infants. We examined changes in object exploration as HR infants (N = 19) and comparison infants with no family history of ASD (Low Risk; LR; N = 23) gained experience sitting independently. Infants were observed monthly from 2.5 months until 1 month after the onset of independent sitting. At 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, infants completed standardized developmental assessments, and HR infants were assessed for ASD symptoms at 36 months. Although HR infants began sitting later than LR infants, both groups increased time spent grasping, shaking, banging, and mouthing objects as they gained sitting experience. Groups only differed in time spent actively mouthing objects, with LR infants showing a greater increase in active mouthing than HR infants. Findings suggest that HR infants experience a similar progression of object exploration across sitting development, but on a delayed time scale.
Successful treatment of acute heart failure in COVID-19-induced cytokine storm with tocilizumab: a case report

Background SARS-CoV-2 is known to induce a cytokine storm, a hyperinflammatory state driven by up-regulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and immunomodulatory chemokines that may result in acute heart failure. Case summary A 65-year-old woman with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 developed shock with multiorgan system failure, including acute biventricular heart failure, 2 weeks after the initial onset of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The patient experienced myocardial recovery within 48 h after administration of tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, and multiple supportive vasoactive medications. Discussion The differential diagnosis of acute heart failure in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection is broad, including sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo syndrome, viral lymphocytic myocarditis, and acute coronary syndrome. Immunomodulatory treatment with tocilizumab may benefit patients who develop cardiogenic shock associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm.
Constructive Self-Cannibalism: Pediatric Affiliation Between an Academic University and a Community Hospital

By complementing rather than competing with community hospitals, academic medical centers can enhance the quality of local family-centered expert care, limit referrals and transfers, and increase f...
The relationship among early functional milestones and core deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is now the highest among the developmental disabilities in the United States, with recent statistics estimates of 1 in every 54 children. While growing attention on the early intervention services is warranted, what is not well understood is the relationship between the core deficits of ASD and the early functional skills in young children with ASD. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between early developmental functional skills and behavioral outcomes in the core deficits of ASD. The secondary objective was to determine if the onset of early developmental functional milestones were related to age of diagnosis. Methods The current study is a secondary data analysis of the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge cohort from the Simons Foundation Research Initiative (SFARI). Study objectives were examined using multiple linear regression analyses. To address the first objective, independent analyses were conducted for each behavioral subscale (Communication, Repetitive Behavior, Atypical Behavior, Social Reciprocity, and Peer Interaction). For the second objective a linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between core deficits and age of diagnosis. Results Multiple early functional milestones were significantly associated with current communication deficits, including the month of first independent walking (b = 0.11, p = .03), using words (b = -0.05, p = .02), and using combined phrases (b = 0.20, p Conclusion This study represents one of the first attempts at examining relationships among the acquisition of early functional milestones and outcomes in children with ASD. The current study may provide critical information related to the screening, diagnosis and intervention prescription for young children with ASD.
Growth of heterolayered [cubic-TaC(111) + rhombohedral-Ta3C2(0001)] nanocomposite thin films on Al2O3(0001)

Abstract We report the formation of highly-oriented B1-TaC(111) and rhombohedral-Ta3C2(0001) phases on Al2O3(0001) substrate during ultrahigh vacuum dc magnetron sputtering of a TaC target in 5 mTorr Ar/C2H4 gas mixtures with 0.1% and 1% ethylene partial pressures pc at substrate temperatures Ts = 1123 K and 1273 K. We determined the as-deposited layer morphology, crystallinity, microstructure, and spatial compositional variation using X-ray diffraction along with scanning and transmission electron microscopies and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. We find that the layers grown using pc = 0.1% exhibit strongly facetted surfaces with columnar grains while those grown using higher pc = 1% are rough with irregular features. Films deposited using higher pc show primarily B1-TaC 111 reflections. Layers grown at the lower Ts (= 1123 K) and lower pc exhibit highly-oriented two-phase mixture of rhombohedral-Ta3C2(0001) and B1-TaC(111) twins, oriented with respect to the Al2O3(0001) substrate as: ( 111 ) TaC ∥ ( 0001 ) T a 3 C 2 , [ 2 ¯ 11 ] TaC ∥ [ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] T a 3 C 2 and ( 111 ) TaC ∥ ( 0001 ) T a 3 C 2 , [ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 2 ] TaC ∥ [ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] T a 3 C 2 and ( 0001 ) T a 3 C 2 ∥ ( 0001 ) A l 2 O 3 , [ 10 1 ¯ 0 ] T a 3 C 2 ∥ [ 11 2 ¯ 0 ] A l 2 O 3 . Interestingly, we observe the Ta3C2 phase near the film/substrate interfaces and TaC phase on top of the Ta3C2 layers. We suggest that stoichiometric Ta3C2 phase is more stable than sub-stoichiometric B1-TaC on Al2O3(0001) as a consequence of which TaC grains form over the Ta3C2 layers. These results suggest the exciting possibility of highly-oriented growth of cubic-TaC and/or layered-Ta3C2 phases with the appropriate choice of deposition parameters.
Development of type 2 diabetes in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity

OBJECTIVE Adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity have an 8-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our goal was to determine the incidence and risk factors for T2D in adolescents with PCOS and obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Retrospective chart review of girls aged 11-21 years with confirmed PCOS (oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism) diagnosis between July 2013 and Aug 2018 and at least one follow-up visit and BMI >85%ile. T2D incidence, defined with an HbA1c ≥6.5%, was calculated. A nested case-control study with 1:3 matching by race, ethnicity, and BMI was performed to determine predictors of T2D diagnosis. RESULTS Four hundred ninety-three patients with PCOS (age 15.6 ± 1.9 years, BMI 36.2 ± 6.3 kg/m2 ) were identified with a follow-up of 1018 person-years. Twenty-three developed T2D (incidence 22.6/1000 person-years) with diagnosis a median of 1.8 years (2 months-5.5 years) after PCOS diagnosis. T2D risk was higher in girls with a prediabetes HbA1c (5.7%-6.4%) (HR 14.6 [4.8-44.5]) and among Hispanic girls with an elevated HbA1c and alanine aminotransferase (HR 19.0 [3.7-97.2]) at the time of PCOS diagnosis. In the 1:3 matched cohort, T2D risk was 18.7 times higher (OR 18.66 [2.27-153.24]) for every 0.1% increase in HbA1c at the time of PCOS diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Girls with PCOS and obesity have an 18-fold increase in T2D incidence compared to published rates in non-PCOS youth. Hispanic girls with elevated HbA1c and ALT are at particular risk. Due to the morbidity associated with youth onset T2D, these findings argue for better screening and prevention approaches in this population.
The influence of jaw-muscle fibre-type phenotypes on estimating maximum muscle and bite forces in primates

Numerous anthropological studies have been aimed at estimating jaw-adductor muscle forces, which, in turn, are used to estimate bite force. While primate jaw adductors show considerable intra- and ...
Sex working and the Bible

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS CHAPTER 3: RAHAB'S DEAL CHAPTER 4: SOLOMON AND THE TWO PROSTITUTES CHAPTER 5: ANNOINTING WOMAN: "In Memory of Her": The Prequel CHAPTER 6: THE WHORE BABYLON: Violence against Prostitutes CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS: Amendments to Liberation Hermeneutics APPENDIX 1: Discussion Questions
Are meniscal tears and articular cartilage injury predictive of inferior patient outcome after surgical reconstruction for the dislocated knee

A paucity of data exists on the effects of articular cartilage and meniscal injury in the setting of knee dislocations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether concomitant intra-articular injuries at the time of multiligament reconstruction for knee dislocation are associated with inferior outcomes. The records of patients who underwent surgical treatment for multiligament knee injury between 1992 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients included had a PCL-based multiligament knee injury or a minimum of three disrupted ligaments, both indicative of knee dislocation. A logistic regression model was used to determine whether articular cartilage injuries (grade 2 involving ≥50 % of the condylar width or greater, or any grade III/IV lesions) and meniscus tears are predictors of IKDC outcome scores collected at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Of the 121 patients who met inclusion criteria, 2-year minimum follow-up was available on 95 patients (79 %). The cohort was 77 % male and had a median age of 32 years (16–62) at the time of surgery and was followed for an average of 6 years. Articular cartilage injury was present in 40 % of knees: medial femoral condyle (20 %); medial tibial plateau (9 %); lateral femoral condyle (5 %); lateral tibial plateau (4 %); patella (18 %); trochlear (5 %). Meniscal injury was present in 56 % of patients (isolated medial, 22 %; isolated lateral, 22 %; combined, 12 %). IKDC scores were significantly lower for patients with any cartilage damage (p = 0.03), combined medial and lateral meniscus tears (p = 0.02), medial-sided articular cartilage damage (p = 0.03), medial femoral condyle (p = 0.04) and trochlear (p = 0.03) lesions. Articular cartilage damage and meniscus tears are frequently associated with a knee dislocation. This study showed IKDC scores were significantly lower for patients with cartilage damage or combined medial and lateral meniscus tears at mid-term follow-up of 6 years. IV.
Understanding Metaphors: The Paradox of Unlike Things Compared

Since Aristotle, many writers have treated metaphors and similes as equals: any metaphor can be paraphrased as a simile, and vice-versa. This property of metaphors is the foundation of standard comparison theories of metaphor comprehension. On this view, metaphors such as “my job is a jail” are literally false, and so cannot be directly interpreted. Instead, such “irrational” assertions are converted to similes (i.e., my job is like a jail) and understood as any literal comparison would be. Comparison theories rely on three assumptions: (1). Literal interpretations have unconditional priority; (2). Metaphor interpretation is optional, triggered whenever a literal interpretation fails to make sense in context; (3). Following assumptions (1) and (2), metaphor processing is not only more difficult than literal, but involves different processing mechanisms. I argue that none of the above assumptions hold. In addition, I show that metaphors cannot always be paraphrased as similes. The different forms of a metaphor – the comparison and categorical forms – have different referents. In comparison form, the metaphor vehicle refers to the literal concept, e.g., in my lawyer is like a shark, the term “shark” refers to the literal fish. In categorical form, my lawyer is a shark, “shark” refers to an abstract (metaphorical) category of predatory creatures. This difference in reference makes it possible for a metaphor and its corresponding simile to differ (a) in interpretability and (b) in meaning. Because a metaphor cannot always be understood in terms of its corresponding simile, I conclude that comparison theories of metaphor are fundamentally flawed. Metaphors can be processed directly as categorization assertions. Furthermore, when such metaphors are novel, they create new categories that are available for public discourse.
The Jessner’s-Trichloroacetic Acid Peel: An Enhanced Medium-Depth Chemical Peel

The Jessner's-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel is a procedure developed by Monheit to produce a safe, effective medium-depth chemical peel for the treatment of photoaged skin, actinic keratoses, and superficial acne scars. The technique of pretreatment degreasing and combination chemicals allow a deeper penetration for the 35% TCA, increasing its efficacy while preserving its safety. Technique and methods are reviewed.
Discrete Inverse and State Estimation Problems: With Geophysical Fluid Applications

Preface Part I. Fundamental Machinery: 1. Introduction 2. Basic machinery 3. Extensions of methods 4. The time-dependent inverse problem: state estimation 5. Time-dependent methods (continued) Part II. Applications: 6. Applications to steady problems 7. Applications to time-dependent fluid problems References Index.
Alcohol, calories, and appetite.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines current aspects that the controlled clinical studies are superior to self-recall surveys in reporting credible caloric intakes, and they have repeatedly provided evidence for a lack of body mass maintenance by alcohol. Investigators examining the disposition of the energy of ingested alcohol have commonly noted little or no increased heat production (thermic effect) with alcohol intake. Nutrition research has long considered individuals to spontaneously maintain a relatively steady energy intake and body mass. Even obese individuals are regarded to maintain a relatively stable (but physiologically undesirable) weight. Individuals reporting alcohol consumption in the Lipid Research Clinic's Prevalence Study described mean alcohol intakes of 6%–18% of daily energy for women and 8%–15% for men. Studies of energy balance have consistently described fairly constant average daily calorie intake that has relatively small variance for each individual. The more detailed our knowledge becomes regarding the mediators regulating food intake, the less credible is a simple hypothesis of a “caloristat” that monitors our energy status and directs our appetites.
CEO Compensation and Shareholder Value Orientation Among Large US Firms

The rise of shareholder value orientation among US firms has been studied extensively during the past few decades as a key component of financialisation. The firm-level mechanisms of how such institutional changes have affected firm behaviours are not well understood, however. This study examines the relationship between the shareholder value orientation of firms and financial rewards for the executive managers who run those companies. Using compensation data for 290 CEOs for an 11-year period, I demonstrate that CEOs at the firms with the appearance of shareholder value orientation – such as monitoring and incentive-alignment mechanisms – receive greater compensation than non-shareholder-value-orientation CEOs. Moreover, when the firms strengthen the appearance of shareholder value orientation, CEO pay increases the subsequent year. This suggests that firms adopt monitoring and incentive-alignment mechanisms in order to gain the appearance of shareholder value orientation rather than to curb executive compensation. By employing such symbolic management tactics, top managers at such firms earn greater legitimacy, a better reputation, and a higher valuation of the firms and executive talent. The findings suggest that executive compensation has played an important role in providing incentives for top managers to make strategic decisions that conform to the shareholder value maximisation principle.
Identifying Demand from Online Auction Data

The paper presents a framework for estimating a demand system from price data generated by a large scale auction platform such as eBay. Auction prices are used to identify characteristics of the joint distribution using an order statistics like approach where the bidder's "revealed preference" in equilibrium enables inference of valuations. Two approaches are presented for identifying the full joint distribution. Sklar's Theorem is used to show the complete joint distribution can be inferred from combining information from the first step with information on the marginal distributions inferred from prices of auctions with no competition. A multiple market model is used to show variation in the number of auctions for the same product can be used to provide bounds on the joint distribution. The paper presents additional results for when the number of participants is unobserved, when the number of competing auctions is unobserved and when there is observed bidder heterogeneity.
Recognizing assembly tasks using face-contact relations

A novel method for programming a robot, called the assembly-plan-from-observation (APO) method, is proposed. The APO method aims to build a system that has the capability of observing a human performing an assembly task, understanding the task based on the observation, and generating the robot program to achieve the same task. Assembly relations that serve as the basic representation of each assembly task are defined. It is verified that such assembly relations can be recovered from the observation of human assembly tasks, and that from such assembly relations it is possible to generate robot motion commands to repeat the same assembly task. An APO system based on the assembly relations is demonstrated. >
Microbial fixation of methane carbon at 2.7 Ga: Was an anaerobic mechanism possible?

[1] In Earth's history, the most extreme episode of 13C-depletion in sedimentary organic matter occurred about 2.7 billion years ago. This isotopic excursion is widely interpreted as resulting from increased burial of organic carbon derived from microbial fixation of 13C-depleted methane. Modern microbial physiologies involve either oxygen or sulfate as electron acceptors in such processes. Until now, the isotopic signal has been exclusively assigned to growth of aerobic, methanotrophic bacteria and consequently interpreted as an indication for the presence of molecular oxygen in Late Archaean surface environments. The alternative anaerobic pathway involving sulfate as the electron acceptor was dismissed because this process has been considered inefficient in producing biomass sufficient to account for significant fractions of 13C-depleted carbon in some Archaean rocks. Calculations based on recent findings at two modern sites now show, however, that anaerobic processes could account for the Archaean signal.
OLHARES CINEMATOGRÁFICOS FEMININOS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARADA DOS FILMES – A MULHER SEM CABEÇA E LONGE DELA

Este artigo analisa a emergencia de um olhar feminino no fazer cinematografico contemporâneo que se contrapoe ao olhar cinematografico masculino hegemonico do cinema hollywoodiano. Para ilustrar essa questao, sao analisados comparativamente dois filmes dirigidos por mulheres: A mulher sem cabeca ( La mujer sin cabeza – 2008), de Lucrecia Martel, e Longe dela ( Away From Her – 2006), de Sarah Polley
Morphology and Reproductive Processes of the L Forms of Bacteria I. Streptococci and Straphylocci

The production of L forms from cocci, the conditions necessary for their multiplication, and their morphology have been studied for several years. In each strain studied, only a few organisms produced L forms. Transplants from these grew poorly at first, and growth on agar and in broth became abundant only after long cultivation. Multiplication in the form of small granules was observed only when the organisms were embedded in agar and occasionally in coagulated blood serum. On the surface of hard agar, the organisms increased in size but did not multiply. Abundant growth developed on membrane filters of appropriate size, extending into the filters as branching irregular masses. On gelatin, on most samples of coagulated serum, and on silica gel, the organisms grew to a very large size, and occasionally colonies developed by multiplication of large bodies. This multiplication occurred by irregular enlargement and separation into fragments. Growth in broth and in semisolid agar also occurred by multiplication of large bodies, but, in addition, the development of viable granules was observed inside the large bodies in broth culture. After the L forms began to grow abundantly, their nutritional requirements were simple; they no longer required animal serum. Their ability to multiply and their morphological characteristics depended to a large extent on the physical properties of the environment.
Role of calcium, glutamate neurotransmission, and nitric oxide in spreading acidification and depression in the cerebellar cortex.

This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the recently reported fast spreading acidification and transient depression in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. Spreading acidification was evoked by surface stimulation in the rat and mouse cerebellar cortex stained with the pH-sensitive dye neutral red and monitored using epifluorescent imaging. The probability of evoking spreading acidification was dependent on stimulation parameters; greater frequency and/or greater amplitude were more effective. Although activation of the parallel fibers defined the geometry of the spread, their activation alone was not sufficient, because blocking synaptic transmission with low Ca(2+) prevented spreading acidification. Increased postsynaptic excitability was also a major factor. Application of either AMPA or metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists reduced the likelihood of evoking spreading acidification, but stronger stimulation intensities were still effective. Conversely, superfusion with GABA receptor antagonists decreased the threshold for evoking spreading acidification. Blocking nitric oxide synthase (NOS) increased the threshold for spreading acidification, and nitric oxide donors lowered the threshold. However, spreading acidification could be evoked in neuronal NOS-deficient mice (B6;129S-Nos1(tm1plh)). The depression in cortical excitability that accompanies spreading acidification occurred in the presence of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and NOS inhibitors. These findings suggest that spreading acidification is dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and glutamate neurotransmission with a contribution from both AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors and is modulated by nitric oxide. Therefore, spreading acidification involves both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. We hypothesize that a regenerative process, i.e., a nonpassive process, is operative that uses the cortical architecture to account for the high speed of propagation.
Factitiously Low Amylase Values

When a commercial substrate was used in the determination of serum amylase activities of patients with acute pancreatitis, results much higher than those reported by the manufacturer with similar patients were found. A failure to quantitate all of the reducing groups liberated during incubation may account for the lower results. A modified saccharogenic method has been developed, which, by increasing the ratios of starch to enzyme and copper to reducing sugars, considerably extends the range of the determination. Unequivocally elevated serum and urine amylase values can be measured without repetition of all or part of the test and with good precision.
Inhibitory action of CGS 21680 on cerebral cortical neurons is antagonized by bicuculline and picrotoxin—is GABA involved?

The possibility of an involvement of endogenously released GABA in the inhibitory actions of A1 and A2a adenosine receptor agonists on rat cerebral cortical neurons discharges was examined using the GABAA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. The A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), the A2a agonist CGS 21680 and the non-selective receptor agonist, adenosine, depressed neuronal firing. Applications of bicuculline or picrotoxin enhanced the spontaneous firing rate of cortical neurons, indicating the presence of ongoing GABA-ergic inhibition. Antagonism of GABAA receptors blocked the depressant effects of CGS 21680 on neuronal firing; was without effect on CPA-evoked inhibitions and tended to reduce the duration of adenosine-evoked inhibitions. These results suggest that the depressant effects of A2a receptor activation are due to an increase in GABA-ergic inhibition, likely as a consequence of increased GABA release. GABA does not appear to be involved in adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing.
Boar sperm cytoplasmic droplets: Their ultrastructure, their numbers in the epididymis and at ejaculation and their removal during isolation of sperm plasma membranes

Cytoplasmic droplets of the boar are progressively lost from the flagellum of boar spermatozoa during epididymal transit, at ejaculation and during the nitrogen cavitation technique for isolation of plasma membranes. Apparently very fragile, these structures are broken up in the fluids of the reproductive tract and in the buffer used during the nitrogen cavitation procedure. The maximal potential contamination of cytoplasmic droplet internal vesicular membranes in plasma membrane fractions was determined to be 2.2% of the entire membrane surface area collected. The highly sensitive silver-stained, two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide (PAGE) gels of boar sperm plasma membranes did not reveal cytoplasmic droplet, internal membrane, marker polypeptides, further demonstrating the high purity of plasma membrane preparations. In addition, freeze-fracture demonstrates that the internal membranes of the cytoplasmic droplet show few intramembranous particles and these may contribute little protein to plasma membrane preparations. The presence of two forms of vesicular elements in boar sperm cytoplasmic droplets (typical vesicles and collapsed vesicles) is described.
β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase Expression during Spermatogenesis: Stage-Specific Regulation by t Alleles and Uniform Distribution in +-Spermatids and t-Spermatids

Abstract In the mouse, gamete recognition is mediated in part by the binding of sperm surface β1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase) to specific oligosaccharide residues on the zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3 (D. J. Miller, M. B. Macek, and B. D. Shur. Nature 357, 589-593, 1992). The expression of GalTase on the sperm surface is regulated by alleles within the distal segment of the T/t complex and results in a haploid-specific increase in GalTase expression on spermatids and sperm from t-bearing males, suggesting that differences in sperm GalTase activity may contribute to t-sperm transmission ratio distortion (B. D. Shur and N.F. Scully. Genet. Res. Camb. 55, 177-181, 1990). In this study, we characterized the expression of GalTase RNA during wild-type and T/t-mutant spermatogenesis and analyzed the potential role of GalTase in transmission ratio distortion. Using northern blot analysis, S1 nuclease protection assays, and in situ hybridization, it was found that spormatogenic cells predominantly express the long form of the GalTase RNA, which encodes the GalTase protein that is preferentially targeted to the cell surface in somatic cells. In wild-type testes, GalTase RNA accumulates during the maturation of primary spermatocytes, reaches peak levels prior to meiosis, and decreases at meiosis. GalTase RNA accumulates to similar levels during the maturation of +/t and t/t primary spermatocytes, but unlike wild-type, the level of GalTase RNA in t-bearing spermatocytes remains elevated during meiotic division. Consequently, spermatids in t-mutant testes inherit higher levels of GalTase RNA than do wildtype spermatids, which likely accounts for the haploid-specific increase in surface GalTase activity characteristic of spermatids from t-bearing mice. The functional significance of the increased GalTase activity during t-sperm transmission ratio distortion was determined by examining the distribution of GalTase RNA and surface GalTase protein in haploid spermatids from heterozygous +/t males. Result show that + and t spermatids have similar levels of GalTase RNA assayed by quantitative in situ hybridization and similar levels of surface GalTase protein assayed by PCR genotyping of spermatids separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. These results indicate that although the expression of GalTase is regulated by alleles within the distal segment of the T/t complex, transmission ratio distortion in +/t mice is not likely due to haploid-specific differences in sperm surface GalTase activity.
One Physical Educator's Career Cycle: Strong Start, Great Run, Approaching Finish

Purpose This article is nested within a longitudinal project examining 6 teachers' journeys along their career cycles (Lynn & Woods, 2010; Woods & Earls, 1995; Woods & Lynn, 2001). Two participants from the initial 6 continue to teach K–12 physical education; 1 of these participants, Everett, is examined in the current study. This veteran teacher's career-cycle movement and the environmental factors that both enhanced and constrained his career development are examined through the lens of Fessler and Christensen's career cycle model (1992). Method Data sources included: 8 formal interviews with Everett; formal interviews with his university teacher educators, student-teacher supervisor, principal, and spouse; informal interviews; field notes; and systematic teaching observations. An interpretative framework was used to assess the perceptions and meanings Everett gave to experiences as a physical educator and coach. Results Several factors acutely influenced Everett's career progression, including: (a) his...
Women's health and the FDA.

Recently, Susan Wood resigned from her post of assistant commissioner for women's health and director of the Office of Women's Health at the FDA after the agency leadership had chosen to delay indefinitely a decision about switching emergency contraception to nonprescription status. She writes that in doing so, they were taking an action that harms women's health.
Chromosomal sites of DNA-membrane attachment in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that both the chromosomal replication point and the chromosomal origin in Escherichia coli are associated with a structure possessing the sedimentation properties and enzyme sensitivities characteristic of membrane. The data suggest that both newly synthesized DNA strands and template DNA strands are bound at this replication point and that both strands are also bound at the origin.
Adolescent peer influence processes: Conceptualization and measurement☆

Starting from the theoretical literature on interpersonal influence, this paper raises questions regarding what measurement strategies can be usefully employed to assess the import of peer influence processes on scholastic behavior of high school students. Distinction is made between peer influences and those of normative climates of schools. Using several alternative measures of peer influences, it is shown that one's substantive conclusions about the impact of peer influences on scholastic performance and about the relationships between peer influences and normative climates of schools are very much dependent on what measure of peer influence one employs.
On ground-confluence of term rewriting systems

Abstract It is undecidable whether or not a finite Noetherian term rewriting system is ground-confluent. This undecidability result holds even when systems involving only unary function symbols and one constant are being considered, or when left-linear or right-linear monadic systems are being considered. On the other hand, if all right-hand sides of rules of a finite Noetherian rewriting system R are either ground terms or proper subterms of the corresponding left-hand sides, then it is decidable whether or not R is ground-confluent.
Influence of sex, maturity and host substances on pheromones in the guts of the bark beetles, Ips paraconfusus and Dendroctonus brevicomis

Abstract Pheromones and metabolites of host (ponderosa pine) compounds were found in association with the hindgut of both naturally fed and of non-fed, host vapour-exposed bark beetles, Ips paraconfusus and Dendroctonus brevicomis . Much smaller amounts were found in the corresponding heads and mid guts. Sex-specific differences in content of pheromones were observed as in earlier studies. Exposure of I. paraconfusus to vapours of a pheromone component, ipsenol and other monoterpene alcohols resulted in their accumulation in the hindgut but relatively very low amounts in the head. The possible sites of pheromone biosynthesis are discussed. Exposure of male I. paraconfusus to vapours of host compounds, myrcene and α-pinene, revealed that immature adults do not produce the pheromone components, ipsenol and ipsdienol, as mature adults do while both immature and mature sexes produced another pheromone component, cis -verbenol, as well as trans -verbenol and myrtenol. Immature D. brevicomis adults did not contain pheromones until their exposure to vapours of (−)-α-pinene which caused production of trans -verbenol but only about 10% that of mature adults treated similarly. Verbenone, a male-produced inhibitory pheromone of D. brevicomis , apparently was not synthesized from (−)-α-pinene in females nor was its synthesis in males enhanced by exposure to this host compound.
Salting-Out or -In by Fluctuation Theory

In this paper, the Kirkwood−Buff formalism was used to examine the effect of the addition of a salt on the gas solubility. A general expression for the derivative of the Henry constant with respect to the salt concentration was thus derived. The obtained equation was used to correlate the experimental solubilities as a function of the salt molality. The correlation involves one parameter, which has to be determined from the experimental data. In addition, it requires information about the molar volume of the salt solution and the mean activity coefficient of the salt. It has been shown that the experimental solubilities can be well correlated when an accurate expression for the mean activity coefficient of the salt is used. It was also shown that the well-known Sechenov equation constitutes a particular case of the obtained expression. The general expression allowed one to find a criterion for the prediction of the kind of salting (salting-in or salting-out) for dilute salt solutions. According to this cr...
Partnership proposed for ocean observation

A report released on 1 March 2012 proposes a formal partnership between the ocean-observing communities and the global shipping industry for the systematic long-term study of the ocean water column from surface to depth. According to the report, the rationale for the proposal is that commercial ships on the high seas offer a cost-effective opportunity to contribute to directly addressing a significant observational deficiency. “The ocean is vastly under observed, particularly below the ocean surface, where satellites cannot measure the ocean's properties,” according to the report, “OceanScope: A proposed partnership between the maritime industries and the ocean observing community to monitor the global ocean water column,” prepared by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research/International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (SCOR/IAPSO) Working Group 133. “Observations below the surface depend on getting platforms (ships, moored buoys, floats, gliders, etc.) to locations far beyond the coasts, which can be expensive,” the report states.
Magnetic resonance angiography of the pediatric abdomen and pelvis

Although abdominal and pelvic vascular disease is much less common in children than in adults, MR angiographic techniques widely used in adults can also be readily applied in the pediatric population with suspected vascular disease. MR techniques, equipment, and image analysis software are in a continual state of development and refinement. Given the advantages of MR angiography (i.e., its absence of ionizing radiation, capability to obtain images without iodinated contrast material, and limited invasiveness), the applications of MR angiography in the pediatric abdomen and pelvis are likely to continue to increase.
Factors affecting hydrogen release from lithium alanate (LiAlH4)

Abstract The release of hydrogen from two batches of milled LiAlH 4 –2 mol % TiCl 3 was studied by temperature-programmed desorption and in-situ X-ray diffraction. Milling at room temperature can cause decomposition into Li 3 AlH 6 . Our results suggest that the decomposition occurs because the TiCl 3 addition reduces the temperature of the LiAlH 4 to Li 3 AlH 6 decomposition to values near room temperature.
Cardiology: the past, the present, and the future

### The birth Although there is abundant evidence that the critical importance of the heart was appreciated during prehistory as well as in ancient times, its function was first defined by William Harvey, a British physician. The inspiration for his seminal discovery, considered by historians as
Effect of phenobarbital on 99mTc-IDA scintigraphy in the evaluation of neonatal jaundice

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with 99m Tc-IDA derivatives was used to evaluate 40 neonates with mixed jaundice. Fourteen patients proved to have biliary atresia. The remaining 26 patients had intrahepatic cholestasis with patent extrahepatic ducts. Sixteen of the 40 patients underwent examinations without phenobarbital stimulation. Sixteen patients had two examinations, one before and one after 3–7 days of phenobarbital therapy. The remaining 8 patients had their initial examinations after phenobarbital therapy. The results of this study show that administration of phenobarbital in a dose of 5mg/kg/day for at least 5 days prior to the examination enhances and accelerates biliary excretion of IDA compounds and thereby significantly increases the accuracy of 99m Tc-IDA scintigraphy in differentiating extrahepatic biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis. Its routine use in the evaluation of neonatal jaundice is therefore highly recommended.
Standard nitrogen adsorption data for α-alumina and their use for characterization of mesoporous alumina-based materials

Nitrogen adsorption isotherm measured at −196 °C for a macroporous α-alumina (α-Al2O3) is reported. This isotherm is compared with the previously reported adsorption data measured on LiChrospher 1000 silica and with available reference isotherms measured at moderate and high relative pressures on macroporous aluminas. The isotherm reported in this work for α-Al2O3 and that recorded previously on LiChrospher 1000 silica were used as reference data for adsorption characterization of ordered and disordered mesoporous aluminas by α s -plot analysis and pore size analysis. It is shown that both reference isotherms provide almost identical adsorption characteristics of the aforementioned mesoporous aluminas, indicating that the available reference data for the silica surface are also suitable for adsorption analysis of alumina-based materials.
GOAT (goes over all terrain) vehicle: a scaleable robotic vehicle

Many of the potential applications of mobile robots require a small to medium sized vehicle that is capable of traversing large obstacles and rugged terrain. Search and rescue operations require a robot small enough to drive through doorways, yet capable enough to surmount rubble piles and stairs. This paper presents the GOAT (Goes Over All Terrain) vehicle, a medium scale robot which incorporates a novel configuration which puts the drive wheels on the ends of actuated arms. This allows GOAT to adjust body height and posture and combines the benefits of legged locomotion with the ease of wheeled driving. The paper presents the design of the GOAT and the results of prototype construction and initial testing.
Contact-type delayed hypersensitivity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Assuming that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease of hypersensitivity, the authors studied the reactivity of rheumatoid patients to two contact allergens applied to the skin. Diminished susceptibility to contact sensitization was observed. Sensitization was not influenced by corticosteroids. Super le base del supposition que arthritis rheumatoide es un morbo de hypersensibilitate le autores studiava le reactivitate de patientes rheumatoide a duo allergenos de contacto, applicate al pelle. Esseva observate un reducite susceptibilitate de sensibilisation a contacto. Le sensibilisation non esseva influentiate per corticosteroides.
Gender and nutritional status at the household level among Gwembe Valley Tonga children, 0-10 years

Gender bias usually favors males, yet among the matrilineal Gwembe Tonga of Zambia, females appear to receive preferential treatment. It is hypothesized that children in polygynous households will have increased levels of malnutrition due to the dilution of resources. Further, if gender bias is observed, it will favor females. The presence of preferential treatment during preadolescence is assessed by measuring physical status in the household. Monogamous or polygynous status of households is considered in this analysis of 188 children of age 0-10 years. The sample, 63 households from two rural villages, includes 47 females and 49 males in monogamous households and 52 females and 40 males in polygynous households. Comparisons of nutritional status are made with < or =-2.0 SD as indicative of stunting (height-for-age), wasting (weight-for-height), and chronic underweight (weight-for-age). Boys have better nutrition in monogamous households-40.8% stunted and 24.5% underweight compared to 62.5% stunted (P = 0.021), 42.5% underweight (P = 0.036) in polygynous households. Female stunting does not differ significantly by household type (40.4% monogamous, 42.3% polygynous). Low levels of wasting in either sex regardless of household type were observed. Girls have better physical status than boys in polygynous households, thereby supporting our combined hypotheses and demonstrating gender bias in pre-adolescents.
Lateral inhibition in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat: a microiontophoretic study.

Abstract The spontaneous firing rates of non-prepotential (NPP) units of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus are quite low so it has not been possible to determine whether side band tones are inhibitory when presented alone. Microiontophoretically-applied excitatory amino acids can be used to excite non-spontaneous cells directly. Using this technique it can be shown that side band tone bursts 1 2 to 3 4 octave above the characteristic frequency (CF) of a NPP unit inhibit the amino acid-induced firing. Side band tones which inhibited the amino acid-induced firing were beyond the tuning curve. Side band tones within the tuning curve produced excitation. Both, however, usually reduced the activity evoked by a CF tone burst (i.e., two-tone interaction). The data suggests that lateral inhibition and two-tone interactions are separate phenomena in the auditory system and that lateral inhibition may play a critical role in determining the shape of the tuning curve of NPP units.
Distributions of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the retinal layers of pigeon red and yellow fields

The activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in submicrogram samples from layers of pigeon retina. Red and yellow fields were sampled separately to investigate quantitatively the relationship between these enzymes of acetylcholine metabolism and the gradient of inner plexiform layer complexity, increasing from the yellow field to the red. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were concentrated in and near the inner plexiform layer, within which two peaks of activity for each enzyme were obtained. The distributions of enzyme activities indicate that populations of amacrine cells in the pigeon retina are cholinergic. The quantitative similarities between the enzyme activities in red and yellow fields suggest that the cholinergic system may not be specifically involved in the increase in inner plexiform layer complexity across the pigeon retina.
Double ionization of helium by a single photon with energy 89-140 eV.

We have calculated the energy and angular distributions for double ionization of He by one photon, over the range of photon energies 89--140 eV. Our results compare favorably with experimental data.
Using the polymerase chain reaction to estimate mutation frequencies and rates in human cells

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has had a significant impact on molecular studies of human mutagenesis, mainly in the acceleration of molecular characterisation of mutant genes in cells isolated by a phenotypic selection. PCR can also be used to study genetic alterations in cells which have not undergone phenotypic selection. By modifying the standard PCR parameters, the presence of mutations can be assayed in single human cells, creating the potential to determine mutation rates in gametes on a cell-by-cell basis (Section I). Alternatively, PCR can be used to selectively amplify a mutant gene in a pool of normal genomes and thus determine a mutation frequency (Section II). Current applications of these two approaches are summarised and critically reviewed.