cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond platelet functional testing: value in the aggregate.

In a review of functional testing methods for the antiplatelet effect of P2Y 12 antagonists, featured in this issue of Biomarkers in Medicine, Price and Barker succinctly summarize several pharmacodynamic (PD) tests of platelet reactivity/function, namely light transmission aggregometry (LTA), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), VerifyNow P2Y12 and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry [1]. The article largely focuses on the application of these PD assays to the evaluation of a registered antiplatelet agent, clopidogrel, in the postapproval clinical arena. An important finding that has been established utilizing these tests is the substantial inter individual variation in the platelet inhibitory effect of clopidogrel and the resultant consequences on clinical outcome. Beyond clopidogrel, these, and alternative assays, have played an important role in the identification and preclinical and clinical pharmaco logical evaluation of novel antiplatelet agents. Recent reports on ticagrelor and elinogrel, novel direct-acting P2Y 12 antagonists, have utilized the aforementioned assays to provide important data on the PD profile of these agents compared with clopidogrel [2,3]. Similarly, platelet function testing, supplemented by a variety of complementary assays, has played a critical role in the identification and clinical development of prasugrel, a thirdgeneration thienopyridyl P2Y 12 antagonist [4–6]. Prasugrel, like clopidogrel, is a prodrug that must be converted to an active metabolite (AM) that binds to and inhibits platelet P2Y 12 ADP receptors and, therefore, inhibits ADP-mediated platelet aggregation, and a variety of other prothrombotic and proinflammatory activities [7]. Early preclinical evaluation of prasugrel using LTA documented that it provides approximately equivalent levels of platelet inhibition as clopidogrel but at a tenth of the dose [4]. Numerous
Damping and vibration considerations for the design of optical systems in a launch/space environment

Engineering philosophies for the design of optical systems launched into space and operating in a vacuum or cryovacuum environment are reviewed. Particular attention is given to sources of energy dissipation which are usually lumped under a single modal parameter denoted as the equivalent viscous damping coefficient. Caging and/or damping system components or application of viscoelastic materials and/or dry friction devices are considered to be alternative methods for stabilizing instruments sensitive to motion.
Current broadening as a mechanism for anticyclogenesis at the Northwest Corner of the North Atlantic Current

[1] The warm North Atlantic Current, flowing north just east of the Grand Banks, makes an abrupt turn to the east near 51°N. As the waters flow through this region, known as the Northwest Corner, the current broadens and weakens, effectively splitting into two zonal yet variable flows forming what is generally known as the Subpolar Front. The Northwest Corner also has the curious property that it expands and expels anticyclonic vortices on a quasi-regular basis, approximately every 2-1/2 months. Using an energy budget approach we show that this anticyclogenesis can be accounted for in terms of a kinetic energy convergence due to the broadening of the flow as it passes through the region. The principal export route for the newly formed eddies appears to be density-driven subduction, i.e. sinking, driven by severe heat-loss due to the exposed position of these warm waters in the southern Labrador Sea.
The Use of Qualitative Methods in the Study of Wellness in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

TOPIC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) effects on children and families. PURPOSE. To describe the gaps in current ADHD literature, exploring the role of qualitative research methods to study the health and well-being of children and families with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS. In light of the difficult problems ADHD children experience and the low efficacy of many medical and psychological treatment, a need exists for understanding the contexts and everyday circumstances under which ADHD children and their families achieve well-being.
SMI 2012: Short Sketch based 3D modeling with curvature classification

In this paper, we introduce a simple method for sketching 3D models in arbitrary topology. Using this method, we have developed a system to convert silhouette sketches to 3D meshes that mostly consists of quadrilaterals and 4-valent vertices. Because of their regular structures, these 3D meshes can effectively be smoothed using Catmull-Clark subdivision. Our method is based on the identification of corresponding points on a set of input curves. Using the structure of correspondences on the curves, we partition curves into junction, cap and tubular regions and construct mostly quadrilateral meshes using this partitioning.
Extragalactic Supernova Remnants

Because the supernova remnants (SNRs) in other galaxies are at well-defined distances and because in many cases the reddening within extragalactic samples is more uniform than is the case for the Galactic SNR sample, extragalactic SNRs are fundamental to improving our understanding of SNR evolution. Here methods for identifying SNRs are reviewed and the current status of observational research is explored. The data do not unambiguously support the simple Sedov picture of SNR expansion, although it may be that the data can be reconciled with this picture if sufficient variation in initial conditions are allowed.
Accumulation of ayapin and scopolin in sunflower plants treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid☆

Abstract Ayapin has been identified in sunflower plants which have been treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Ayapin was not found in untreated sunflower plants. A quantitative procedure has been devised for determination of ayapin in plant tissue. Using this procedure and previously reported quantitative methods for scopolin and scopoletin, these three coumarins have been found to increase significantly in the 2,4-D-treated sunflower plants.
Distribution of gas in the roots of Pisum sativum

Abstract Gas content of Pisum sativum root tips was determined by observing their density changes when subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The density of the root tissues at atmospheric pressure decreased with distance from the tip. Gas content of the meristem was less than 0.05% total tissue volume. Gas content increased with distance from the tip, approaching 1% at a distance of 4 mm from the tip.
MOSAIC 5SE : a 6 fJ high-performance bipolar technology

MOSAIC 5SE, Motorola's scaled and enhanced double polysilicon bipolar technology, has demonstrated world class performance in digital and analogue applications. A minimum power-delay product of 5.4 fJ in current mode logic (CML) ring oscillator circuits and a noise figure of 0.9 dB at 1.2 GHz with 18 dB of gain are the best reported results in the digital and analogue world. High-bit-rate (Gbit/s) communication, RF and low-voltage electronics will benefit by this advancement.
Relative density of states and the second virial coefficient of the hard-sphere gas

The first two terms of the high energy expansion of the relative density of states for two hard spheres (needed for the computation of the second virial coefficient at high temperature) are obtained directly from the analytic expression for the phase shifts. This is enough to give the classical second virial and the first quantum correction.
The role of proximity plasmon modes on noble metal surfaces in scanning tunneling microscopy

Light emission from Cu(111) and Au(110) surfaces in the scanning tunneling microscope has been characterized. Fluorescence spectra are interpreted as arising from inelastic tunneling excitation of radiative tip-induced plasmon modes. Maps of integral phonon intensity measured simultaneously with topography are used to visualize the localized nature of these modes.
Suicide Gene Therapy for Intrinsically Drug Resistant Solid Tumors

Abstract The failure of available anticancer drugs to cure the common human solid tumors is thought to be caused by their poor selective toxicity. As demonstrated herein, suicide gene therapy offers the potential to improve selective toxicity.
New evidence on the efficiency of the steepest-edge simplex algorithm

Abstract Recent developments in interior point solution techniques of linear programming diverted attention from the simplex method. Performance of the simplex method in various environments is well documented. Some variants of the simplex method, however, have not been fully investigated for their efficiency. This paper focuses on one such method: the steepest-edge simplex algorithm. New computational evidence reported here raises the possibility that the steepest-edge algorithm might be more efficient than previously believed and therefore deserves more attention from researchers.
Successes and Challenges for Flow Control Simulations

A survey is made of recent computations published for synthetic jet flow control cases from a CFD workshop held in 2004. The three workshop cases were originally chosen to represent different aspects of flow control physics: nominally 2-D synthetic jet into quiescent air, 3-D circular synthetic jet into turbulent boundary-layer crossflow, and nominally 2-D flow-control (both steady suction and oscillatory zero-net-mass-flow) for separation control on a simple wall-mounted aerodynamic hump shape. The purpose of this survey is to summarize the progress as related to these workshop cases, particularly noting successes and remaining challenges for computational methods. It is hoped that this summary will also by extension serve as an overview of the state-of-the-art of CFD for these types of flow-controlled flow fields in general.
Strong-field effects in solids

We present results of non-perturbative high-order harmonic generation and photon-assisted tunneling driven by intense mid-infrared laser in solids. These strong-field effects are intimately related and occur in a limit where the laser-field competes with crystal bonding.
Are We Doing Our Civic Duty?—A Call for PS Symposium Submissions

1. Our military is composed of how many services? 2. In round numbers, what is the Defense Department's budget request for 2007? 3. What percent of the military is enlisted personnel as compared to officers? 4. What percent of active duty military are women? 5. What is a Raptor? 6. Our military (apart from embassy personnel) are stationed in how many countries? 7. How many nuclear weapons do we have ready for launching? 8. How many active duty personnel are there? 9. What is a War College? 10. Which is the highest rank: captain, major, or commander? 11. What percent of world military expenditures are made by the United States? 12. How many times has Congress declared war? 13. What are the elements of "just war" theory? 14. What percent of personnel are African American? Hispanic? 15. What is the pay for newly enlisted personnel?
Caroline's Candy Shop: An In‐Class Role‐Play of the Revenue Cycle

Recently, Bain et al. (2002) emphasized the critical importance of the transaction‐processing cycles and internal control topics to undergraduates in an Accounting Information Systems (AIS) course. The current article outlines an in‐class, roleplay exercise designed to provide students with a working understanding of the revenue cycle and its related key documents. Additionally, the exercise encourages students to consider risk exposures, internal controls, and technological opportunities to improve business processes. A pre‐/post‐test reveals that the in‐class role‐play is a successful learning exercise that significantly increases students' understanding of the revenue cycle. The test also indicates that students enjoy the experience.
Forces on Conductor Segments and Magnetized Ferrous Cores using a Three Dimensional Finite Element Vector Potential Method

This paper presents two finite element based methods for the calculation of forces on conductor segments and magnetized ferrous cores in three dimensional magnetic fields. The formulation is based on the three dimensional magnetic vector potential and the curl curl equation. Results of use of the two methods in the calculation of forces in two examples are reported. The first example is that of two currentcarrying conductors (bus bars), while the second example is that of an iron cored armature (coil) and keeper. These two relatively simple examples were chosen for purposes of comparing the three dimensional finite element results with existing two dimensional methods and closed form approximations. The results of comparison of these forces are presented here. This comparison confirms the validity and desirability of the present 3D formulation of forces by highlighting some of the limitations of the known analytical and two dimensional methods in certain applications. The two methods presented here are applicable to a variety of problems of force calculations in various electrical devices and machinery.
Multiple mechanisms of perichondrial regulation of cartilage growth.

We previously observed that the perichondrium (PC) and the periosteum (PO) negatively regulate endochondral cartilage growth through secreted factors. Conditioned medium from cultures of PC and PO cells when mixed (PC/PO-conditioned medium) and tested on organ cultures of embryonic chicken tibiotarsi from which the PC and PO have been removed (PC/PO-free cultures) effect negative regulation of growth. Of potential importance, this regulation compensates precisely for removal of the PC and PO, thus mimicking the regulation effected by these tissues in vivo. We have now examined whether two known negative regulators of cartilage growth (retinoic acid [RA] and transforming growth factor-beta1 [TGF-beta1]) act in a manner consistent with this PC/PO-mediated regulation. The results suggest that RA and TGF-beta1, per se, are not the regulators in the PC/PO-conditioned medium. Instead, they show that these two factors each act in regulating cartilage growth through an additional, previously undescribed, negative regulatory mechanism(s) involving the perichondrium. When cultures of perichondrial cells (but not periosteal cells) are treated with either agent, they secrete secondary regulatory factors into their conditioned medium, the action of which is to effect precise negative regulation of cartilage growth when tested on the PC/PO-free organ cultures. This negative regulation through the perichondrium is the only activity detected with TGF-beta1. Whereas, RA shows additional regulation on the cartilage itself. However, this regulation by RA is not "precise" in that it produces abnormally shortened cartilages. Overall, the precise regulation of cartilage growth effected by the action of the perichondrial-derived factor(s) elicited from the perichondrial cells by treatment with either RA or TGF-beta1, when combined with our previous results showing similar--yet clearly different--"precise" regulation by the PC/PO-conditioned medium suggests the existence of multiple mechanisms involving the perichondrium, possibly interrelated or redundant, to ensure the proper growth of endochondral skeletal elements.
An upper bound on the number of cuts needed in Gomory's method of integer forms

The cut discipline of Gomory's first finiteness proof for the method of integer forms is used to derive an upper bound on the number of cuts required to obtain solution to pure integer programs.
A study of the biologic falsely positive reactions for syphilis in children

Summary 1. An incidence of 11 per cent of biologic falsely positive reactors has been observed in a series of 400 selected infants and young chilren. 2. Passive transfer was noted in 66 per cent of infants born of mothers treated for syphilis and in only 5 per cent of infants born of mothers with the biologic falsely positive reaction. No antisyphilitic treatment should be given to these infants. 3. Eighteen per cent of infants born of mothers with biologic falsely positive reactions developed a similar reaction, whereas only 8 per cent of infants born of mothers treated for syphilis had this reaction. 4. The incidence of systemic disease associated with biologic falsely positive reactions was not high, probably because of the very young age of the patients.
DYNAMICS OF A BIS-INTERCALATOR DNA COMPLEX BY 1H-DETECTED NATURAL ABUNDANCE 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY

The dynamics of the DNA oligomer d(CGCTAGCG)2 (CTSYM) and its complex with the dye 1,1-(4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-4,8-diazaundecamethylene)-bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)-quinolinium tetraiodide (TOTO) (CTSYMTOTO) bis-intercalated at the 5‘-CT-3‘ sequence steps have been determined from NMR relaxation parameters. Longitudinal and transverse 13C relaxation rates and heteronuclear NOE relaxation data were acquired and have been analyzed in the context of the Lipari and Szabo model-free formalism. The overall rotational correlation time for the CTSYM is 3.44 ns and the CTSYMTOTO is 3.48 ns. The generalized order parameters (S2) for methine carbons in the CTSYM and CTSYMTOTO are relatively high but nonuniform for the molecules and show sequence context and conformation-dependent variations. Average values of S2 = 0.79 ± 0.02 for the CTSYM, S2 = 0.80 ± 0.04 for the CTSYMTOTO aromatic spins, S2 = 0.76 ± 0.02 for the CTSYM, and S2 = 0.83 ± 0.05 for the CTSYMTOTO deoxyribose spins were ...
Monte Carlo calculations of transient photocurrents

Abstract In this paper we show the results of a simple Monte Carlo calculation simulating transient photocurrents in low mobility material. We have applied these calculations to four different distributions of bulk traps for various temperatures and applied fields.
Mentally retarded teenagers: adolescent behavior disturbance and its relation to family environment.

The relationship between adolescent adjustment problems and different family environments was examined in 25 mildly retarded individuals. Analysis of the data revealed that those from supportive families were the least likely to experience serious behavior disturbances. When they did, as in the case of those from homes in which dependency was encouraged, it was most likely to be a form of emotional disturbance. Those from families characterized by conflict were most likely to act out and adopt antisocial forms of behavior. Factors in each of the family situations which may have had a shaping effect on the adjustment patterns were elaborated.
Spermiogenesis in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana): A study of cytoplasmic events including cell volume changes and cytoplasmic elimination

The process by which spermatid cytoplasmic volume is reduced and cytoplasm eliminated during spermiogenesis was investigated in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. At early phases of spermiogenesis, newly formed, rounded spermatids were found within spermatocysts. As acrosomal development, nuclear elongation, and chromatin condensation occurred, spermatid nuclei became eccentric within the cell. A cytoplasmic lobe formed from the caudal spermatid head and flagellum and extended toward the seminiferous tubule lumen. The cytoplasmic lobe underwent progressive condensation whereby most of its cytoplasm became extremely electron dense and contrasted sharply with numerous electron-translucent vesicles contained therein. At the completion of spermiogenesis, many spermatids with their highly condensed cytoplasm still attached were released from their Sertoli cell into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. There was no evidence of the phagocytosis of residual bodies by Sertoli cells. Because spermatozoa are normally retained in the testis in winter and are not released until the following breeding season, sperm were induced to traverse the duct system with a single injection of hCG. Some spermatids remained attached to their cytoplasm during the sojourn through the testicular and kidney ducts; however, by the time the sperm reached the Wolffian duct, separation had occurred. The discarded cytoplasmic lobe (residual body) appeared to be degraded within the epithelium of the Wolffian duct. It was determined that the volume of the spermatid was reduced by 87% during spermiogenesis through a nuclear volume decrease of 76% and cytoplasmic volume decrease of 95.3%.
Finding saddle points using stability boundaries

The task of finding saddle points on potential energy surfaces plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of a micro-molecule as well as in studying the folding pathways of macro-molecules like proteins. This paper primarily focusses on computing saddle points on potential energy surfaces. A stability boundary based approach that explores the dynamic and geometric characteristics of stability boundaries of a nonlinear dynamical system has been used to compute saddle points. A novel ray-adjustment procedure is used to trace the stability boundary. A simpler version of the algorithm has also been used to find the saddle points of symmetric systems. Our approach was also successful in finding saddle points on higher dimensional energy surfaces.
Electric-field-induced first-order Raman scattering in pure KCl and KBr

Electric-field-induced first-order Raman scattering (FIFORS) by the normally Raman inactive LO and TO phonons is observed in the pure alkali halide crystals KCl and KBr under electric fields of 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ V/cm. Cross sections for the FIFORS--active modes are calibrated and the results compared with a theoretical model.
Isolation and Identification of the Volatile Fatty Acids Present in Hickory Sawdust Smoke

SUMMARY Acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, n-valeric, isocaproie, and n-caproic acids were identified in hickory sawdust smoke by gas chromatography, and the relative amounts of each were determined. Formic acid could not be identified, because the flame ionization detector was not sensitive to this acid. A total of eight columns were evaluated, and three of these which gave best separation were used for identification by retention times as well as infrared spectrophotometry.
Image compression and denoising via nonseparable wavelet approximation

It was shown in (Acta Math. Sci. 22 (1) (2002) 19) that two-dimensional nonseparable scaling function interpolation has better convergence results than scalar wavelet systems in some cases based on several experimental results. In this paper, we present applications of two-dimensional nonseparable wavelet approximation. The algorithms are developed by using two-dimensional nonseparable scaling function interpolation to perform image compression and image denoising. Comparing with the separable counterparts, our results show that there are some improvements and advantages of two-dimensional nonseparable scaling function interpolation.
Inhibition of thyroidal iodide concentrating by triiodothyronine: evidence for an effect not due to depression of thyrotrophin but dependent on the pituitary.

The thyroid/serum radioiodide concentration ratio (T/S) of rats receiving thiouracil (TU) was depressed to a significantly greater degree by treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) than by hypophysectomy. Differences in iodine intake did not account for this finding. T3 failed to lower the T/S (>6) of hypophysectomized rats which were given TU, whereas in unoperated rats on a TU regimen the same dose of T3 reduced the T/S to 1. It is concluded that in addition to its inhibiting effect on thyrotrophin production T3 can also interfere with thyroidal iodide concentrating by another mechanism involving the pituitary in a mediating or permissive capacity.
A multiobjective production costing model for analyzing emissions dispatching and fuel switching (of power stations)

A model is presented for evaluating cost and employment impacts of effluent dispatching and fuel switching as means for reducing emissions from thermal power plants. Effluent dispatching refers to the operation of a generation system so that power plants with higher emission rates generate less than they would under least cost dispatching. The model is a multiobjective generalization of standard probabilistic production costing algorithms which allows plants to have alternate fuels. It produces tradeoff curves which show the costs and coal field job losses associated with reductions of SO/sub 2/ emissions. To illustrate the model's capabilities, it is applied to the state of Ohio's generation system. >
Reports of parental attitudes by stuttering and by nonstuttering children.

Thirty-four male stutterers (17 mild and 17 moderate-severe) and 34 nonstutterers, all in the sixth and seventh grades of school, completed the Children’s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (CRPBI...
Images of Fluid Flow: Art and Physics by Students

In Spring 2003, a new experimental course on flow visualization was offered to a mixed class of Fine Arts Photography and Engineering students. Course content included fluid flow physics, history of photography with respect to the relationship of science and art, as well as flow visualization and photography techniques. Issues such as "What makes an image art? What makes an image scientific?" were addressed. The class focused on studio/laboratory experiences for mixed teams of students. In Spring 2004 these concepts were distilled into an engineering outreach experience for middle school girls. The spectacular images resulting from these experiments show that flow visualization can be both performed and appreciated by a broad spectrum of people. Thus flow visualization may represent a new bridge between scientists and non-scientists.
Imaginal technology and management information processing: a review of the applied literature

This paper reviews the pertinent literature on the role that cues or symbols play in structuring and processing information in problem and decision making
Analysis of HGPRT − CRM + human lymphoblast mutants

Three 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of the human diploid lymphoblast line MGL-8 were studied. The inactivation by heat of both HGPRT activity and antigenicity of the HGPRT immunologically cross-reacting material of the A30 mutant cells were not protected by PRPP, indicating that the HGPRT in A30 cells has an altered PRPP binding site, leading to lack of stabilization and rapid degradation of the enzyme. Two dimensional separations of the immunoprecipitates from extracts of the parental and mutant cell lines showed that the A35 mutant CRM has a more acidic isoelectric pH, while the A30 CRM has a more basic isoelectric pH and that the A30 protein has a faster rate of degradation than the wild-type HGPRT. The A30 CRM also has a smaller molecular size than the wild-type enzyme.
Modulation domain blind speech separation in noisy environments

We propose a noise robust blind speech separation (BSS) method by using two microphones. We perform BSS in the modulation domain to take advantage of the improved signal sparsity and reduced musical tone noise in this domain over the conventional acoustic frequency domain processing. We first use modulation domain real and imaginary spectral subtraction (MRISS) to enhance both magnitude and phase spectra of the noisy speech mixture inputs. We then estimate the direction of arrivals (DOAs) of the speech sources from subband inter-sensor phase differences (IPDs) by using an asymmetric Laplacian mixture model (ALMM), cluster the full-band IPDs via the estimated DOAs, and perform time-frequency masking to separate the source signals, all in the modulation domain. Experimental evaluations in five types of noises have shown that the performance of the proposed method is robust in 0-10dB SNRs and it is superior to acoustic domain separation without MRISS.
A Thinner Thinnest Path Using Directional Transmissions in a Network

The thinnest path is defined herein as the route that minimizes the number of nodes within receiving range of a set of transmitting nodes, where the transmitting nodes act so as to relay a message from its sender to the intended recipient. Directional transmissions allow for a reduction in number of nodes within receiving range of the set of transmitting nodes, the average thinnest path solutions are reduced fifty percent in sample sets of ten nodes. The substantial exclusion reduces the probability of detection and message exploitation in a potentially vulnerable network.
The role of perioperative chewing gum on gastric fluid volume and gastric pH: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Study objective To determine if preoperative gum chewing affects gastric pH and gastric fluid volume. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Data sources included Cochrane, PubMed, and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2012 and reference lists of known relevant articles without language restriction. Randomized controlled trials in which a treatment group that chewed gum was compared to a control group that fasted were included. Relevant data, including main outcomes of gastric fluid volume and gastric pH, were extracted. Results Four studies involving 287 patients were included. The presence of chewing gum was associated with small but statically significant increases in gastric fluid volume (mean difference=0.21 mL/kg; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.39; P = .03) but not in gastric pH (mean difference=0.11 mL/kg; 95% confidence interval, −0.14 to 0.36; P = .38). Gastric fluid volume and gastric pH remained unchanged in subgroup analysis by either sugar or sugarless gum type. Conclusions Chewing gum in the perioperative period causes small but statically significant increases in gastric fluid volume and no change in gastric pH. The increase in gastric fluid most likely is of no clinical significance in terms of aspiration risk for the patient. Elective surgery should not necessarily be canceled or delayed in healthy patients who accidentally chew gum preoperatively.
How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom

How Britain Got the Blues: The Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom, by Roberta Freund Schwartz, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing, Book Series ‘Ashgate Popular and ...
Representability in mixed integer programming, I: characterization results

Abstract We define the concept of a representation of a set of either linear constraints in bounded integers, or convex constraints in bounded integers. A regularity condition plays a crucial role in the convex case. Then we characterize the representable sets (Theorem 2.1) and provide several examples of our representations. A consequence of our characterization is that the only representable sets are those from ‘either/or’ constraints. This latter case can be treated by generalizations of techniques from the disjunctive methods of cutting-plane theory (e.g. [2] and [30]). The representations given here are intended for use as part of the constraints of a larger optimization problem, where they often can serve to tighten the (linear or convex) relaxation. The study of representations was initiated by Meyer and in the linear case we continue the development in [35].
The Impact of Plus-Sized Wheel/Tire Fitment on Vehicle Stability4

Abstract Plus-sizing in the tire industry is the growing practice of replacing a vehicle’s original equipment wheel size with a larger diameter wheel and replacing the tire with a lower-aspect-ratio tire of the same diameter. This practice is normally associated with aftermarket sales, and there is a growing trend for vehicle dealerships to fit these larger wheels/tires to new cars. This paper discusses the general practice and its effect on some of the performance characteristics of vehicles. A vehicle taken from the NHTSA New Car Assessment Program’s rollover “Star” rating program is used to illustrate the impact of plus sizing on static stability. Some of the dynamic tire effects that could influence vehicle stability are discussed, and preliminary testing data on the dynamic impact of plus sizing are presented.
LANG, LANG MAY THE LADIES STAND: A BALLAD MOTIF IN THE BOOK OF JUDGES

The biblical books of Exodus and Judges each contain a long narrative song with striking analogies, performative as well as structural, to the Scots ballads that William Motherwell writes about in ...
Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscle activity as a function of wrist joint angle during two-digit grasping.

Fingertip forces result from the activation of muscles that cross the wrist and muscles whose origins and insertions reside within the hand (extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles, respectively). Thus, tasks that involve changes in wrist angle affect the moment arm and length, hence the force-producing capabilities, of extrinsic muscles only. If a grasping task requires the exertion of constant fingertip forces, the Central Nervous System (CNS) may respond to changes in wrist angle by modulating the neural drive to extrinsic or intrinsic muscles only or by co-activating both sets of muscles. To distinguish between these scenarios, we recorded electromyographic (EMG) activity of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the thumb and index finger as a function of wrist angle during a two-digit object hold task. We hypothesized that changes in wrist angle would elicit EMG amplitude modulation of the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles. In one experimental condition we asked subjects to exert the same digit forces at each wrist angle, whereas in a second condition subjects could choose digit forces for holding the object. EMG activity was significantly modulated in both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles as a function of wrist angle (both p < 0.05) but only for the constant force condition. Furthermore, EMG modulation resulted from uniform scaling of EMG amplitude across all muscles. We conclude that the CNS controlled both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles as a muscle synergy. These findings are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of synergies and common neural input across motor nuclei of hand muscles.
Comparison of the carbon bond and SAPRC photochemical mechanisms under conditions relevant to southeast Texas

Abstract Gridded, regional photochemical models use simplified photochemical reaction mechanisms, and two commonly used mechanisms are the SAPRC and the carbon bond (CB) mechanism. Versions of the mechanisms currently in use include SAPRC99 and the CB-IV mechanism. For most urban areas, the CB-IV and SAPRC mechanisms yield similar results, but for the modeling done of the summer of 2000 in southeast Texas, the SAPRC mechanism leads to concentrations of ozone that are 30–45 ppb higher than with CB-IV. The differences are due to differences in both reaction rate/stoichiometry parameters and condensation methods in the mechanisms. Major reasons for the differences are: (1) the products of the reactions of aromatics with hydroxyl radical, which are more reactive in the SAPRC formulation, (2) the overall balancing of radical generation and termination reactions, which lead to higher radical concentrations in the SAPRC formulation, and (3) the production of higher aldehydes, which is greater in the SAPRC formulation. The differences between the mechanisms is particularly relevant for evaluating attainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone concentrations averaged over 8 h.
Implications of the Victimization Syndrome for Clinical Intervention with Crime Victims

Because most victims pass through somewhat predictable emotional stages, a crisis model of intervention applicable in a generic sense to victims of crime is proposed.
A Study of East African Kinship and Marriage Using a Phylogenetically Based Comparative Method

This article has two related aims: to evaluate some of the principal (and often untested) hypotheses for sociocultural variation in family organization among East African societies and to offer insights into both the strengths and weaknesses of the phylogenetic method for comparative anthropological studies at regional levels. We start with the expectation that the relatively fine scale variation in traits observed at the regional level is a result of adaptations to local and institutional features. As such, historical continuities will disappear as descendant populations adapt to their new environments, thereby generating a new level of independence between daughter populations. In presenting both conventional and phylogenetically informed tests of a range of hypotheses for family variation among East African societies, this article provides an empirically based assessment of the validity of this view. [kinship, marriage, phylogenetic method, comparative method, East Africa]
Early Proterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks in central Colorado, U.S.A., Part I: Petrography, stratigraphy and depositional history

Abstract Early Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Salida area include two exceptionally well-preserved sections of undeformed volcanogenic rocks: a northern section nearly 4000 m thick and a southern section 1700 m thick. The stratigraphic and lithologic character of the sections are the same, indicating that they were formed contemporaneously in the same subaqueous environment. The suite is strongly bimodal, consisting of felsic volcaniclastic rocks (50%), mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (22%), and gabbro/diabase sheets (23%). The remaining rocks are mostly pelitic metasediments. The felsic rocks, which dominate the upper portions of both sections, comprise four distinct facies: crystal-lithic tuff breccia, crystal-lithic lapilli-breccia tuff, bedded tuff, and massive tuff. Lithic fragments are typically foreign, dominated by pelitic material. Crystal clasts are feldspar, mainly plagioclase, and quartz. Sequences of these facies, representing cycles of eruptive activity, are uniform in thickness and extend along strike for the entire width of Precambrian exposure, up to 4 km, but individual facies units, especially the coarser ones, are limited in their lateral extent. Individual sequences average about 100 m thick, but continuous exposures of felsic rocks locally exceed 600 m. Primary sedimentary structures and vertical and lateral variations indicate deposition, typically following remobilization as debris flows and turbidites, in a shallow marine environment of low relief. Mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks form accumulations up to 600 m thick and extend uniformly for several kilometers along strike, although individual units are more restricted laterally. The principal rock types are basalt flows, basaltic lithic breccia, pillow lava/pillow breccia, bedded basaltic lapillistone, and laminated basaltic tuff, all deposited in a submarine setting. Accumulations, typically including several types, are interbedded with felsic rocks, but mechanical mixing of mafic and felsic volcaniclastics is rare, suggesting separate eruptive centers for the mafic and felsic volcanics. The northern section may be more proximal than the southern section, as indicated by the greater abundance of flows, the thicker sheets of gabbro, and the greater abundance of mafic rocks relative to felsic rocks. Gabbro/diabase sheets, up to 350 m thick and dominantly concordant, intrude throughout both sections. They are characterized by lack of internal differentiation, simple mineralogy consisting of plagioclase and hornblende, pseudomorphous after pyroxene, and sub-ophitic texture. The minor pelitic material indicates that the area was accessible to continental sediment sources, although their location is not known. The Salida bimodal volcanic suite is part of a more extensive accumulation of similar 1700–1800 Ma supracrustal rocks that extends west to the Gunnison area and perhaps south into northern New Mexico.
Photovoltaic thermal module concepts and their performance analysis: A review

This paper presents a review of the available literature covering the latest module aspects of different photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors and their performances in terms of electrical as well as thermal output. The review covers detailed description of flat-plate and concentrating PV/T systems, using liquid or air as the working fluid, numerical model analysis, experimental work and qualitative evaluation of thermal and electrical output. Also an in-depth review on the performance parameters such as, optimum mass flow rate, PV/T dimensions, air channel geometry is presented in this study. Based on the thorough review, it is clear that PV/T modules are very promising devices and there exists lot of scope to further improve their performances. Appropriate recommendations are made which will aid PV/T systems to improve their efficiency and reducing their cost, making them more competitive in the present market.
X-Ray Quantitative Analysis of Coal By The Reference Intensity Method

Twenty-four coal samples representing the four major rank types were analyzed by the X-ray RIM methodology which includes mass absorption analysis by X-ray transmission and quantitative X-ray powder diffraction. Twenty-three separate mineral species were observed in the samples, many of which could be quantified in the whole coal analysis. Several mineral species at levels of 5 weightpercent or less were observed only in the ashed scans. Some dehydration and reconstitution reactions were observed in the ashing process, including the combination of organically bound alkaline-earth elements and sulfur to form bassanite and magnesium sulfates. Quartz and kaolinite dominated the silicate mineral portion of the mineralogy, whereas calcite and siderite represented the carbonate; pyrite with associated sulfate oxidation products were generally present as well. The X-ray transmission studies were successful in estimating the carbonaceous matter in the whole coal samples and comparison of the chemical oxides derived from the X-ray data with direct analyses from the Penn State data sheets revealed good correlations, although significant departures occurred for some species and a systematic underestimation of aluminum oxide from the X-ray clay peaks was observed. This study suggests that the RIM procedure can be applied to coal mineral and amorphous component analysis on a routine basis.
In Situ Flow Activates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Luminal Caveolae of Endothelium with Rapid Caveolin Dissociation and Calmodulin Association

Acute changes in pressure or shear stress induce the rapid release of nitric oxide (NO) from the vascular endothelium resulting in vasodilation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) regulates this flow-induced NO secretion. The subcellular location of flow-induced eNOS activity in the endothelium in vivo as well as the mechanisms by which hemodynamic forces regulate eNOS activity are unknown. The luminal cell surface of the endothelium, which is directly exposed to circulating blood stressors, has been examined for eNOS expression and functional activity. Immunoelectron microscopy of rat lung tissue shows eNOS labeling on the endothelial cell surface primarily within caveolae. Subcellular fractionation to purify luminal endothelial cell plasma membranes and their caveolae directly from rat lungs reveals that eNOS is not only concentrated but also enzymatically active in caveolae. Increasing vascular flow and pressure in situ rapidly activates caveolar eNOS with apparent eNOS dissociation from caveolin and association with calmodulin. Hemodynamic forces resulting from increased flow appear to transmit through caveolae to release eNOS from its inhibitory association with caveolin, apparently to allow more complete activation by calmodulin and other possible effectors. These data demonstrate a physiological relevant mechanotransduction event directly in caveolae at the luminal endothelial cell surface. Caveolae may serve as flow-sensing organelles with the necessary molecular machinery to transduce rapidly, mechanical stimuli and thereby regulate eNOS activity.
Graphs in Statistical Analysis: Is the Medium the Message?

Abstract In an influential article in the February 1973 issue of The American Statistician Frank Anscombe remarked that “[m]ost textbooks on statistical methods, and most statistical computer programs, pay too little attention to graphs.” This general observation no longer holds. Graphs of data are everywhere. Our children learn to draw and use bar charts in kindergarten and boxplots in the elementary grades; most newspapers and magazines regularly use graphical representation of data, and nearly all books on statistical methods use graphs. Graphs can be drawn in statistical packages, in spreadsheet programs, and in stand-alone graphics packages. Statisticians often bemoan the poor construction of the graphs produced, but even when the construction is adequate, graphs can be of little value. In this article, we argue that useful graphs must have a context induced by associated theory, and that a graph without the well-understood statistical context is hardly worth drawing.
Games in Culture Revisited: A Replication and Extension of Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959):

In their classic cross-cultural study "Games in Culture," Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959) delineated a three-category classification for games (i.e., physical skill, strategy, and chance) as well as...
The significance of developmental growth studies in evaluation of clinical allergy

Abstract Developmental growth studies comprising determinations of physical growth, of tissue texture as revealed by roentgenograms, and of psychologic expansion and personality throw significant light on the evaluation of clinical allergy both in the degree to which the constitution is affected and the progress of the allergic handicap.
The LIM domain is a modular protein-binding interface

Abstract LIM domains are zinc-binding protein sequences that are found in a growing number of proteins, including certain transcriptional regulators, proto-oncogene products, and adhesion plaque constituents. Here we define the biological activity of the LIM domain through studies of an adhesion plaque protein called zyxin that displays three C-terminal LIM domains. We have used our ability to reconstitute complexes between zyxin and its two known binding partners, α-actinin and the cysteine-rich protein (CRP), to examine the involvement of LIM domains in protein-protein interactions. We have determined that one of the three LIM domains of zyxin is necessary and sufficient to support the association of zyxin with CRP. Our findings demonstrate that the LIM domain functions as a specific protein-binding interface.
Evaluation of three methods for determining EMG-muscle force parameter estimates for the shoulder muscles.

Background Accurate prediction of in vivo muscle forces is essential for relevant analyses of musculoskeletal biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three methods for predicting muscle forces of the shoulder by comparing calculated muscle parameters, which relate electromyographic activity to muscle forces.
Suppression of Nuclear Factor-κB and Stimulation of Inhibitor κB by Troglitazone: Evidence for an Anti-inflammatory Effect and a Potential Antiatherosclerotic Effect in the Obese

To elucidate whether troglitazone exerts an antiinflammatory effect in humans, in vivo, we investigated the suppression of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in mononuclear cells (MNC) by this drug. We measured intranuclear NFκB, total cellular NFκB, inhibitor κB (IκB)α, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and p47phox subunit (a key component protein of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) in MNC. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-10 (antiinflammatory cytokine) concentrations were also measured as mediators of inflammatory activity that are regulated by the proinflammatory transcription factor NFκB. Seven nondiabetic obese patients were given 400 mg troglitazone daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and at weekly intervals thereafter. MNC were separated; and the levels of intranuclear...