cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis in Mesophyll Protoplasts and Bundle Sheath Cells of Various Types of C4 Plants IV. Enzymes of kespiratory Metabolism and Energy Utilizing Enzymes of Photosynthetic Pathways

Summary A study was made of the distribution of energy utilizing enzymes of carbon assimilation and key enzymes of respiratory metabolism between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of 3 groups of C4 plants: NADP-malic enzyme species, NAD-malic enzyme species, and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase species. A number of enzymes of photosynthetic metabolism including some energy utilizing enzymes of carbon assimilation and photorespiratory enzymes showed preferential distribution between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Pyruvate Pi dikinase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase were predominantly localized in mesophyll preparations of all 3 groups of C4 species. NADP-malic enzyme species, as compared with NAD-malic enzyme and PEP carboxykinase species, showed much higher activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase in mesophyll cells. Phosphoribulokinase of the regenerative phase of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway was localized in bundle sheath cells of all 3 C4 groups. Enzymes of the reductive phase of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway, glycerate-3-phosphate kinase, NADP)-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and triose-phosphate isomerase were high in activity in both photosynthetic cell types of the various species examined. In a qualitative evaluation of energy requirements in carbon assimilation in C photosynthesis ATP would be required in mesophyll cells for pyruvate Pi dikinase; in bundle sheath cells for phosphoribulokinase; NADPH would be required in mesophyll cells for NADP-malate dehydrogenase; and ATP and NADPH would be required in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells for the reductive phase of carbon assimilation. Aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase, suggested to have a role in C4 photosynthesis in some C4 species, were high in activity in both cell types in NAD-malic enzyme and PEP carboxykinase species with relatively low activity in NADP-malic enzyme species. Enzymes apparently associated with dark respiratory metabolism including glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondria, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase of glycolysis were relatively active in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in species of all 3 groups. However, on a chlorophyll basis the cytochrome c oxidase activity was 2 to 3 fold higher in activity in bundle sheath than in mesophyll cells. In particular with Zea mays the cytochrome c oxidase was about 4 fold more active in bundle sheath than in mesophyll cells. Enzymes which may be involved in photo respiratory metabolism were primarily associated with bundle sheath cells. The results are discussed with respect to sites of energy utilization in C4 metabolism and differences in carbon assimilation in 3 C4 groups.
Mapping and validation of a gene for soybean aphid resistance in PI 567537

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a major pest on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in North America. Aphid resistance has been found on plant introduction (PI) 567537, but its genetic characterization is unknown. The objectives of this study were to identify the resistance genes in PI 567537 using molecular markers and validate them in a different genetic background. A mapping population of 86 F4 lines from a cross between PI 567537 and a susceptible parent E00003 was investigated for aphid resistance in both greenhouse and field trials. A genomic region associated with the aphid resistance in PI 567537 was revealed on chromosome 16 (linkage group J) with molecular markers. This locus was coincidently located in the same region as Rag3 and explained most of the phenotypic variation, ranging from 87.4 % in the greenhouse trial to 78.9 % in the field trial. This resistance gene was further confirmed in an F2 population derived from a cross of PI 567537 × Skylla. The segregation of the F2 population indicated that the aphid resistance in PI 567537 was most likely controlled by a single dominant gene, which was the one we mapped in the F4-derived population. This gene was designated Rag3b since it is located in the same region as Rag3. The mapping of the aphid resistance gene in PI 567537 could be useful in marker-assisted selection when employing PI 567537 as an aphid resistance source.
Studies on Effects of Certain Quinones: II. Photosynthetic Incorporation of 14CO2 by Chlorella

The effects of various quinone herbicides and fungicides on the photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation and the incorporation of 14C among the products of photosynthesis in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was investigated. Addition of 30 μm 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (dichlone), 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (06K-quinone), or 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranil) inhibited CO2 fixation, whereas 1,4-benzoquinone had no effect. Treatment with 3 μm or higher concentrations of dichlone, 06K-quinone or 1,4-benzoquinone also produced marked changes in the pattern of 14C distribution. A noticeable effect was an increase in the proportion of 14C in sucrose and glycine accompanied by a reduction in 14C lipids and glutamic acid. These changes appear to occur as a result of shifts in the flow of carbon along various biosynthetic pathways of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. It is suggested that inactivation of coenzyme A and shortage of reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide in the quinone-treated cells inhibited the synthesis of lipids and glutamic acid, thereby diverting more carbon into sucrose and glycine.
Profiles of the relationship between phonology and language in late talkers

The focus of this article is on the relationship between phonological and language development in children who were identified as slow in expressive language development at 21 to 32 months of age. A detailed retrospective review of 12 children who were followed for six months to a year or longer is presented. Lexical, syntactic, and phonological information from clinical records was analysed to determine if language and phonological domains were developing commensurately. All sub jects displayed phonological and language behaviours that were com mensurate at their initial evaluation. At the one-year follow-up data point, 25% of the subjects no longer displayed an expressive language delay. The majority of subjects were still delayed in development and no longer displayed language and phonological skills that were commensu rate. For half of the subjects, phonological behaviours lagged behind developmental language level. Profiles regarding the time when phono logical and language domains separate are propo...
Polycation to polyanion by rapid alkaline hydrolysis

Homopolymers and copolymers of [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trialkylammonium chloride were synthesized, characterized, and hydrolysis of the ester functional group was studied as a function of pH. Hydrolysis was found to be rapid under basic conditions, converting the cationic [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trialkylammonium chloride units into anionic acrylate salt monomer residue and choline chloride or its alkyl derivative, thereby transforming the polycation into a polyanion. The ester group under neutral or acidic pH is remarkably stable, although hydrolysis is catalyzed by carboxylate ions. Blends of these polymers with other polymers containing stable cationic groups remain in aqueous solution upon converting the functional groups from cationic to anionic by alkaline hydrolysis.
What students say about gender in hiring software professionals

We asked students to make hiring decisions for a program manager and a software engineer for a fictitious software company. In one population of students, a pool of four candidates was provided. In another population of students, the candidates differed from the first in that the descriptions of two of the candidates were represented by the opposite gender. This poster provides evidence to help answer the following research questions: 1) Does gender matter in the rate of selection among candidates? and 2) Does gender matter in how candidates are perceived? Through analyzing students' work, we show that gender plays a role: the female candidate is more popular and assumptions and perceptions about candidates vary with gender.
1031–33 Intravenous Triiodothyronine in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure

Thyroid hormone metabolism is frequently abnormal in patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF), with low triiodothyronine (T3) levels associated with poor hemodynamics and increased mortality. Studies have suggested that intravenous (i.v.) T3 improves hemodynamics acutely in patients immediately post-bypass surgery. To assess the safety of i.v. T3 (which may have unique inotropic mechanisms) in CHF, 22 patients with class III or IV CHF were given an Lv. T3 bolus ± 6 hour infusion (total dose range 0.05 – 1.7 /.μg/kg) under hemodynamic and ECG monitoring. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) by indirect calorimetry and LVEF by echo were measured at baseline and 2–4 hours post dosing. Results No patient had angina or sustained supraventricular or ventricular ectopy and mean heart rate (HR) did not change significantly (94 ± 16 to 98 ± 13 bpm, p = NS), with only 3/22 patients having an increase in HR g 10 bpm. There was no significant change in mean BMR (2221 ± 899 to 2449 ± 682 Kcal/day, p = NS) and only minimal change in mean core temperature (36.8 ± 0.4 to 37.3 ± 0.6°C, P = 0.007), reflecting a peak temperature 38.0–38.5°C in 4 patients. Cardiac output increased by g 1.0 L/mm in 11/22 patients (g50% increase over baseline in 8/22 patients) with no significant change in LVEF (22 ± 7 to 23 ± 6%, P = NS) or filling pressures. Conclusion Acute intravenous T3 administration is well tolerated in patients with advanced CHF and has potential hemodynamic benefit warranting further investigation.
Sunday Working and Family Time

Abstract This parliamentary term seems likely to witness major industrial relations ‘reforms’ in Australia. Allegedly these changes will increase the competitiveness of Australian industry through reducing standardisation and facilitating more flexible arrangements. This threatens to accelerate the process of recent decades that some have called the ‘demise of the standard working hours’. Perhaps as a response to this change, the notion of ‘unsociable hours’ of work has simultaneously gained some currency. However, there is very little information on the prevalence of employment at unsocial times or on its effects. This article uses information drawn from time-use surveys to show how the proportion of working-age Australians engaged in paid work on a Sunday—the day traditionally reserved for rest—has changed since 1974. It goes on to analyse the kinds of activities particularly reserved for Sundays and how Sunday work impacts on these activities. It also examines the question of whether those who work on ...
Boron trifluoride monohydrate, a highly efficient catalyst for thioacetalrzation [1]

Boron trifluoride monohydrate, an inexpensive superacid, was found to be an efficient catalyst for thioacetalization.
Model for entropy production and pressure variation in confined turbulent mixing

A quasi-one-dimensional model for the planar, confined shear layer is constructed with the purpose of obtaining estimates of entropy production and pressure variation due to turbulent mixing. The turbulent Prandtl and Lewis numbers are assumed to be unity. It is found that entropy production is strongly coupled to the intrinsic compressibility, with total pressure losses becoming significant as the convective Mach number increases
Pegfilgrastim, a sustained-duration form of filgrastim, significantly improves neutrophil recovery after autologous marrow transplantation in rhesus macaques

Daily administration of filgrastim decreases the duration of severe neutropenia in the clinical setting. A sustained-duration form of filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, significantly reduces scheduling protocols to a single injection per chemotherapy cycle while maintaining therapeutic efficiency. We examined the ability of a single injection of pegfilgrastim to significantly improve neutrophil recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation (AuBMT) in rhesus macaques. On day 1, postmyeloablation (920 cGy x-irradiation) and AuBMT, animals received either 0.1% autologous serum for 18 consecutive days (n=13), or single doses of pegfilgrastim via the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.) route (300 or 100 micro g/kg), or a single dose of filgrastim at 300 micro g/kg via the s.c. or i.v. route, or filgrastim at 10 micro g/kg via the s.c. route (n=4) on a daily basis (range=days 12-17). Pharmacokinetic parameters and neutrophil recovery were assessed. A single dose of pegfilgrastim via the i.v. or s.c. route was as effective as daily filgrastim administration, resulting in significant improvement of neutrophil recovery after myeloablation and ABuMT. Effective pegfilgrastim plasma concentrations were maintained in neutropenic animals until after the onset of hematopoietic recovery. Enhanced pharmacokinetics in AuBMT cohorts are consistent with self-regulating, neutrophil-mediated clearance.
Coordinated Regulation of Actin Filament Turnover by a High-Molecular-Weight Srv2/CAP Complex, Cofilin, Profilin, and Aip1

Abstract Background: Dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton requires rapid turnover of actin filaments, which is regulated in part by the actin filament severing/depolymerization factor cofilin/ADF. Two factors that cooperate with cofilin are Srv2/CAP and Aip1. Human CAP enhances cofilin-mediated actin turnover in vitro, but its biophysical properties have not been defined, and there has been no in vivo evidence reported for its role in turnover. Xenopus Aip1 forms a cofilin-dependent cap at filament barbed ends. It has been unclear how these diverse activities are coordinated in vivo. Results: Purified native yeast Srv2/CAP forms a high molecular weight structure comprised solely of actin and Srv2. The complex is linked to actin filaments via the SH3 domain of Abp1. Srv2 complex catalytically accelerates cofilin-dependent actin turnover by releasing cofilin from ADP-actin monomers and enhances the ability of profilin to stimulate nucleotide exchange on ADP-actin. Yeast Aip1 forms a cofilin-dependent filament barbed end cap, disrupted by the cof1-19 mutant. Genetic analyses show that specific combinations of activities mediated by cofilin, Srv2, Aip1, and capping protein are required in vivo. Conclusions: We define two genetically and biochemically separable functions for cofilin in actin turnover. One is formation of an Aip1-cofilin cap at filament barbed ends. The other is cofilin-mediated severing/depolymerization of filaments, accelerated indirectly by Srv2 complex. We show that the Srv2 complex is a large multimeric structure and functions as an intermediate in actin monomer processing, converting cofilin bound ADP-actin monomers to profilin bound ATP-actin monomers and recycling cofilin for new rounds of filament depolymerization.
Learning with Technologies: A Virtual and Spiritual Paradox

How one individual delivers learning in world religions via internet discussion groups and other e‐enabled technologies.
Generalized multicircumcenter trajectories for optimal design under near-independence

This work deals with trajectory optimization for a network of robotic sensors sampling a spatio-temporal random field. We examine the problem of minimizing over the space of network trajectories the maximum predictive variance of the estimator. This is a high-dimensional, multi-modal, nonsmooth optimization problem, known to be NP-hard even for static fields and discrete design spaces. Under an asymptotic regime of near-independence between distinct sample locations, we show that the solutions to a novel generalized disk-covering problem are solutions to the optimal sampling problem. This result transforms the search for the optimal trajectories into a geometric optimization problem. Constrained versions of the latter are also of interest as they can accommodate trajectories that satisfy a maximum velocity restriction on the robots. We characterize the solution for the unconstrained and constrained versions of the problem as generalized multicircumcenter trajectories, and provide distributed algorithms to find them.
Counseling African Americans to Control Hypertension (CAATCH) Trial A Multi-Level Intervention to Improve Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Blacks

Despite strong evidence of effective interventions targeted at blood pressure (BP) control, there is little evidence on the translation of these approaches to routine clinical practice in care of hypertensive blacks. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multilevel, multicomponent, evidence-based intervention compared with usual care in improving BP control among hypertensive blacks who receive care in community health centers. The primary outcomes are BP control rate at 12 months and maintenance of intervention 1 year after the trial. The secondary outcomes are within-patient change in BP from baseline to 12 months and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Counseling African Americans to Control Hypertension (CAATCH) is a group randomized clinical trial with 2 conditions: intervention condition and usual care. Thirty community health centers were randomly assigned equally to the intervention condition group (n=15) or the usual care group (n=15). The intervention comprises 3 compo...
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting penaeid baculovirus

. A technique for detecting shrimp haculovirus based upon the sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. Baculovirus antiserums were developed in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Wells of microagglutination plates were coated with guinea-pig antiserum. Various dilutions of the purified virus preparation suspended either in Hanks’ balanced salt solution (BSS) or in 30% hepatopancreas tissue in BSS were placed in wells. After washing, secondary anti-serum (rabbit antibaculovirus serum) was added. Goat horseradish peroxidase-labelled anti-rabbit globulin was used to detect reactions between baculovirus and rabbit antiserum. At least 10 ng viral protein could be detected by the technique.
Behavioral science-informed technology interventions for change in residential energy consumption

Behavior change represents an important new approach to addressing the energy crisis. Utility companies and private companies are deploying sensor-based power meters and related residential electricity monitoring technologies with the view that monitoring energy use will eventually result in a reduction in energy consumption. The success of these technologies depends largely on homeowners responding to the data with appropriate changes in their consumption behavior. Most energy feedback interfaces, however, have not been designed through a human-centered process and display data in ways that are unlikely to change behavior. Our proposal is to design interactive interfaces that combine a deeply human-centered process with insights from behavioral economics to reduce residential energy consumption. This paper describes our current research to develop and evaluate interactive interfaces based on three motivational categories: cognitive, social, and affective.
Time-forms, nature's generators and communicators of emotion

Dynamic forms, called sentic forms, are described as language elements of a natural, biologically evolved language of communicating and generating emotions. These forms are genetically programmed into the central nervous system, and can be stored and recognized by computers and robots, and can serve as a basis of real time emotional communication between them and humanes. Music and art also utilize these forms to store and embody emotional meaning. A double-stream theory of music is outlined-including two principles of unconscious musicality which can be realised on a computer-allowing one to create first-rate meaningful interpretations without manual performance or dexterity. New social opportunities and dangers are discussed arising from simulation and virtual reality which may exceed the average human in emotional eloquence. Real-real time is introduced as a concept to include human time-consciousness. >
Proton spin-spin relaxation time of peel and flesh of navel orange varieties exposed to freezing temperature

Proton spin-spin relaxation times (T2) of peel (albedo and flavedo) and juice sacs (flesh segments) of navel oranges were measured at 10 MHz using a Bruker Minispec PC 110 NMR spectrometer. The oranges were subjected to chilling (5 ◦ C) and freezing (−7 ◦ C) temperatures for 20 h and warmed to room temperature before peeling for T2 measurements. The exposure to chilling or freezing temperature did not affect the T2 values of peel, but freezing caused an appreciable decrease (∼15%) in the T2 values of flesh segments of the varieties of navel oranges studied. When the peel was exposed to −20 ◦ C, the T2 showed a drastic reduction suggesting that the peel did not freeze at −7 ◦ C. The possible cause of reduction in the T2 values when exposed to freezing temperature may be damage to the juice sac membrane and leakage of juice out of the sac. The difference in the T2 values between juice sacs of freeze-affected and normal oranges can potentially be used for detection of freeze-damaged fruits.  2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Pulmonary embolism and spiral computerized tomographic scans.

Purpose of reviewThe potential impact of helical computerized tomography (CT) on earlier diagnosis and earlier treatment of pulmonary embolism and improved health outcomes is significant. The purpose of this review is to summarize the state-of-the-art of radiographic pulmonary embolism detection and
From Illness as Culture to Caregiving as Moral Experience

Taking care of a spouse with Alzheimer's disease validates the author's insistence on the primacy of patients' experience of illness, while deepening his questioning of the application of the illness–disease distinction and clarifying the moral processes of caregiving.
PigWin: Meaningful Load Estimation in IEEE 802.11 Based Wireless LANs

In this paper, we propose a novel definition of the term load, which overcomes the weaknesses of traditional metrics for measuring load. We then present PigWin, which is a load estimation technique for IEEE 802.11 based Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) operating in the infrastructure mode. PigWin can also be applied to modified versions of the 802.11 MAC, such as Exponential Increase Exponential Decrease (EIED). PigWin performs the actual load estimation through analysis of the contention window size, which was used for every recent and successful uplink frame transmission. Through simulations using ns-2, we demonstrate the efficacy of PigWin, when applied to both the legacy 802.11 MAC and EIED. We also show how our definition of load helps us to obtain more meaningful load estimates.
Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats.

Objective To determine whether oral administration of L-lysine to cats would lessen the severity of conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV-1). Animals 8 healthy young adult cats. Procedure Cats received oral administration of lysine monohydrochloride (500 mg, q 12 h) or placebo (lactose) beginning 6 hours prior to inoculation of virus. The left conjunctival sac received a 50-microl suspension of FHV-1 grown in cell culture (1.8 X 10(8) tissue culture infective dose50) on day 1. Cats were evaluated and scores given for clinical signs each day for 21 days. Samples for virus isolation were collected from the eye and throat every third day. Plasma lysine and arginine concentrations were measured prior to the study and on days 3, 14, and 22. Results Cats that received lysine had less severe conjunctivitis than cats that received placebo. Virus isolation results did not differ between the groups. Plasma lysine concentration was significantly higher in cats that received lysine, compared with control cats, whereas plasma arginine concentrations did not differ between groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Oral administration of 500 mg of lysine to cats was well tolerated and resulted in less severe manifestations of conjunctivitis caused by FHV-1, compared with cats that received placebo. Oral administration of lysine may be helpful in early treatment for FHV-1 infection by lessening the severity of disease.
Stimulus-specific adaptation in specialized neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

Abstract The inferior colliculus (IC) of the big brown bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ) contains specialized neurons that respond exclusively to highly specific spectrotemporal patterns such as sinusoidally frequency modulated (SFM) signals or directional frequency modulated sweeps (FM). Other specialized cells with I-shaped frequency response areas (FRAs) are tuned to very narrow frequency bands (1–2 kHz) in an amplitude-tolerant manner. In contrast, non-specialized neurons respond to any stimulus with energy in their frequency response area. IC neurons in several mammalian species, including bats, demonstrate stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), a reduction in response to a high-probability stimulus. To evaluate the relation between stimulus selectivity and SSA, we presented sounds using an oddball stimulus paradigm and recorded extracellular responses of IC neurons. SFM-selective cells ( n = 10), FM-selective cells ( n = 7), and cells with I-shaped FRAs ( n = 13) did not show SSA under any of the conditions tested (NSSI = 0.009, 0.033, 0.020 respectively). However, non-specialized neurons ( n = 52) exhibited various levels of SSA (NSSI = 0.163), with a subset of these cells displaying strong adaptation. These findings suggest that SSA is not a ubiquitous characteristic of all neurons in the bat IC, but is present only in a subset of non-specialized neurons.
Challenges in the design and implementation of the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial--lessons for comparative effectiveness trials.

Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are an important component of comparative effectiveness (CE) research because they are the optimal design for head-to-head comparisons of different treatment options.Purpose To describe decisions made in the design of the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial to ensure that the results would be widely generalizable.Methods Review of design and implementation decisions and their rationale for the trial.Results The MUST Trial is a multicenter randomized controlled CE trial evaluating a novel local therapy (intraocular fluocinolone acetonide implant) versus the systemic therapy standard of care for noninfectious uveitis. Decisions made in protocol design in order to broaden enrollment included allowing patients with very poor vision and media opacity to enroll and including clinical sites outside the United States. The treatment protocol was designed to follow standard care. The primary outcome, visual acuity, is important to patients and can be evalu...
EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC MORPHINE ON DELAY DISCOUNTING IN PIGEONS

When reinforcers of different magnitudes are concurrently available, choice is greater for a large reinforcer; that choice can be reduced by delaying its delivery, a phenomenon called delay discounting and represented graphically by a delay curve in which choice is plotted as a function of delay to the large reinforcer. Morphine, administered acutely, can alter responding for large, delayed reinforcers. In this study, the impact of morphine tolerance, dependence and withdrawal on choice of delayed reinforcers was examined in six pigeons responding to receive a small amount of food delivered immediately or a larger amount delivered immediately or after delays that increased within sessions. Acutely, morphine decreased responding for the large reinforcer, and the effect was greater when morphine was administered immediately, rather than 6 hr, before sessions. During 8 weeks of daily administration, morphine produced differential effects across pigeons, shifting the delay curve downward in some and upward in others. In all pigeons, tolerance developed to the response-rate-decreasing effects of morphine but not to its effects on delay discounting. When chronic morphine treatment was discontinued, rate of responding decreased in four pigeons, indicating the emergence of withdrawal; choice of the large reinforcer increased, regardless of delay, in all pigeons, an effect that persisted for weeks. These data suggest that chronic morphine administration has long-lasting effects on choice behavior, which might impact vulnerability to relapse in opioid abusers.
The fair and efficient division of the Winsor family silver

This is the true story of the actual use of a formal, decentralized division procedure to allocate silver heirlooms among eight grandchildren fairly and efficiently without distasteful direct monetary payments. Each grandchild's stated preferences for objects in contention were roughly represented by a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function. Allocations were made as they would be in a market for probability shares in the objects, assuming each grandchild had a fixed amount of an artificial currency and made optimal purchases. The market-clearing equilibrium prices were chosen as in a second-price auction to reward honest reporting. Although the procedure was decentralized and most participants did not fully understand it or the preference information desired, it handled all major considerations well and was regarded as equitable.
The application of autonomous underwater vehicles for interdisciplinary measurements in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays

An ODYSSEY autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was deployed in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays in September 1998 to collect chlorophyll fluorescence, optical backscattering (880 nm), and physical data. It sampled the region mainly in a sawtooth pattern with horizontal resolution between B120 m at the middle of the water column and with vertical resolution of 0.1 m. The data were used to quantify various features in both physical and bio-optical properties in the Bays. In particular, an upwelling front with enhanced chlorophyll fluorescence was found off the coast of Race Point. Chlorophyll patches with along-track spatial scales less than 3.6 km were found southeast of Plymouth and southwest of Race Point. Southeast of Plymouth, strong sediment re-suspension was also evident. In the early fall, the water column was characterized by three layers: warm and fresh surface water; cold and salty bottom water; and a transition (pycnocline) layer with sharp vertical temperature and salinity gradients. A relatively thin chlorophyll maximum layer was evident in the strong pycnocline. This work represents one of the first successful applications of AUVs for interdisciplinary coastal research. Our results demonstrate that AUVs can provide high-quality, concurrent measurements of physical and bio-optical properties in a very effective manner. Some future uses of AUVs are suggested.
Empirical Histograms in Item Response Theory with Ordinal Data.

The purpose of this research is to describe, test, and illustrate a new implementation of the empirical histogram (EH) method for ordinal items. The EH method involves the estimation of item response model parameters simultaneously with the approximation of the distribution of the random latent variable (τ) as a histogram. Software for the EH method with ordinal items (having more than two response options) has not been readily available in the past but was created for the present research. Simulation results suggest that with larger (but not smaller) numbers of quadrature points, graded-model item parameter estimates from the EH method are highly accurate when the τ distribution is either normal or skewed. Results for expected a posteriori scores depend on the magnitude of τ.
Unprimed stem completion is only moderately predicted by word frequency and length

Factors that determine unprimed performance in word-stem completion were investigated. Researchers’ descriptions of materials used in word-stem completion suggest that normative word frequency, number of alternative completions, and response length are believed to be important. A total of 160 students provided normative responses to each of 914 multiple-completion three-letter word stems, resulting in over 12,000 unique responses. Although the number of alternative responses made correlated well with the number possible, word frequency and length were extremely variable in their relation to response frequency across stems. Creating more precise materials for implicit memory studies appears to require consulting normative response data.
Pattern routing: use and theory for increasing predictability and avoiding coupling

Deep submicron effects, along with increasing interconnect densities, have increased the complexity of the routing problem. Whereas previously we could focus on minimizing wirelength, we must now consider a variety of objectives during routing. For example, an increased amount of timing restrictions means that we must minimize interconnect delay. But, interconnect delay is no longer simply related to wirelength. Coupling capacitance has become a dominant component of delay due to the shrinking of device sizes. Regardless, the most important objective is producing a routable circuit. Unfortunately, this often conflicts with minimizing interconnect delay as minimum delay routes create congested areas, for which an exact routing cannot be realized without violating design rules. In this work, we use the concept of pattern routing to develop algorithms that guide the router to a solution that minimizes interconnect delay - by considering both coupling and wirelength-without damaging the routability of the circuit. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part demonstrates that pattern routing can be used without affecting the routability of the circuit. We propose two schemes to choose a set of nets to pattern route. Using these schemes, we show that the routability is not hindered. The second part builds on the previous part by presenting a framework for coupling reduction using pattern routing. We develop theory and algorithms relating pattern routing and coupling. Additionally, we give suggestions on how to extend our theory and use our algorithms for both global and detailed routing.
A two-dimensional numerical FET model for DC, AC, and large-signal analysis

A numerical model is presented allowing calculation of the dc, ac, and large-signal parameters of field-effect transistors (FET's). The numerical procedure is based on finite-difference approximations to the full time-dependent set of equations. The scheme presented uses centered difference quotients and an implicit treatment of the continuity equation. It is shown to be absolutely stable and accurate for time steps below 1 ps. A set of numerical data calculated for one typical example is compared systematically with experimental values. Excellent agreement between measured and computed values is found for the dc characteristics. Small-signal solutions, obtained by Fourier transform methods are also close to the empirical values. The good fit between experiment and numerical simulation is a thorough validation of both the physical model and the numerical procedure.
Clopyralid effects on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and nontarget species

Yellow starthistle is a problematic invasive plant in the western United States. Attempts to control it often include the use of herbicides although herbicides can have detrimental effects on desired native species. We studied the effect of clopyralid on a native bunchgrass and vernal pool community in the Central Valley of California. Areas invaded by yellow starthistle were treated with clopyralid, and the presence and cover of all species was monitored for 2 yr. There were significant differences in species cover between treated and untreated plots 2 yr after treatment (P 5 0.0001). These included a decline in cover of yellow starthistle and other native and exotic members of the Asteraceae and Apiaceae families in both years and a decline of exotic members of the Fabaceae family in the second year. There also were decreases in the frequency of the Asteraceae (P , 0.0001), Apiaceae (P , 0.05), Fabaceae (P , 0.05), and Polygonaceae (P , 0.05) families 1 yr after treatment, and the Asteraceae (P , 0.05) and Fabaceae (P , 0.05) families 2 yr after treatment. We also observed a significant negative effect of clopyralid on fecundity measures of a native Viola species during the first year of application (P 5 0.0074). This effect did not persist into the second year, when violets were more common and produced more flowers in treated plots (0.02 , P , 0.05).
The Daxue ( Great Learning ) and the Zhongyong ( Doctrine of the Mean )

In the historical development of classical Confucian philosophy, the two brief treatises known as Daxue 大學 (Great Learning) and Zhongyong 中庸 (Doctrine of the Mean) are among the most important milestones marking the transition of Confucian thought, from the kernels of ancient wisdom encapsulated in the early canonic writings: The Shujing 書經 (Classic of Documents), The Yijing易經 (Classic of Changes) and The Shijing 詩經 (Classic of Poetry) together with the diffuse ethical teachings set forth in the name of Confucius in the Lunyu 論語 (The Analects), toward the gradual emergence of Confucianism as a spiritually profound and intellectually complex philosophical system. In this light, their position as foundational documents in the history of classical Chinese thought parallels that of the Platonic Dialogues in transforming the diffuse concepts of the pre-Socratics into a unified mode of philosophical inquiry. Alongside the related integral arguments presented in the pre-Qin writings attributed to Mencius and Xunzi, now supplemented by a handful of independent treatises outside of the received tradition that have been rediscovered among the archaeological treasures unearthed in China in recent years (including such texts as those known under the titles: Taiyi sheng shui太一生水 (The Great One Gave Birth to Water), Xing zi ming chu性自命出 (Nature comes from Mandate), Hengxian恆先 (The Constant Precedes), and Wuxingpian五行篇 (Five Actions), these works set the terms of discourse and the modes of argumentation that gradually crystallized through the centuries from Han through Tang to form the primary discourse of the Confucian strain of early Chinese thought. Ultimately, these works came to provide the core ideas and issues of the great revival of Confucian thought, in response to the profound spiritual challenge of Buddhist philosophy, that took shape during the Northern and Southern Song periods (a movement conventionally known in contemporary Sinological writings as “Neo-Confucianism”), and continued to dominate intellectual life in China through the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, down to the end of imperial period and beyond.
Narcissism and newlywed marriage: Partner characteristics and marital trajectories.

Despite narcissism’s relation with interpersonal dysfunction, surprisingly little empirical research has been devoted to understanding narcissism’s effect on intimate relationships in general or marital relationships in particular. The current study addressed this gap using longitudinal data from a community sample of 146 newlywed couples assessed 6 times over the first four years of marriage. First, we examined partner characteristics associated with higher levels of narcissism to determine the degree to which couples were matched on narcissism and related traits. Second, we examined how narcissism predicted the trajectory of marital quality over time, testing narcissism’s association with initial levels of relationship functioning (the intercept) and changes in relationship functioning (the slope). Results indicated a small degree of homophily but otherwise no clear pattern of partner characteristics for individuals higher in narcissism. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that wives’ total narcissism and entitlement/ exploitativeness scores predicted the slope of marital quality over time, including steeper declines in marital satisfaction and steeper increases in marital problems. Husbands’ narcissism scores generally had few effects on their own marital quality or that of their wives. These findings are notable in indicating that the effects of personality characteristics on marital functioning may take some time to manifest themselves, even if they were present from early in the marriage. Future research into the mediating psychological and interpersonal processes that link wives’ narcissism with poorer marital functioning over time would be valuable.
Fracture of the Superior Pelvic Quadrant in a Child

We present a case report (with review of the literature) of a 3-year-old child who was struck by an automobile, sustaining a superior quadrant pelvic fracture that involved the sacroiliac joint, the adjacent ilium, and the acetabulum. This was successfully treated by open reduction and fixation with cannulated screws.
Psychometric analysis of the Systematic Observation of Red Flags for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Systematic Observation of Red Flags as an observational level-two screening measure to detect risk for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers when used with a video-recorded administration of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales. Psychometric properties of the Systematic Observation of Red Flags were examined in a sample of 247 toddlers of 16- to 24 months old: 130 with autism spectrum disorder, 61 with developmental delays, and 56 typically developing. Individual items were examined for performance to create an algorithm with improved sensitivity and specificity, yielding a total Composite score and Domain scores for Social Communication and Restricted Repetitive Behaviors. Codes indicating clear symptom presence were collapsed to yield a count of the number of Red Flags for the overall scale and each symptom domain. Results indicated significant group differences with large effects for the Composite, both Domain scores, and Red Flags score, and good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.84-0.87) between autism spectrum disorder and nonspectrum groups for the Composite, Social Communication Domain, and Social Communication Red Flags score. The Systematic Observation of Red Flags provides an observational screening measure for 16- to 24-month-olds with good discrimination, sensitivity, and specificity. A cutoff of 20 on the Composite is recommended to optimally detect autism spectrum disorder risk.
Determination of methadone hydrochloride in a maintenance dosage formulation

A colorimetric method for direct quantitative assay of methadone hydrochloride in liquid oral dosage forms is presented. The procedure involves the formation of a dye complex with bromothymol blue buffer solution. The resultant complex is extracted with benzene and measured spectrophotometrically. Duplicate tests on the formulation showed 99.2% of the labeled amount of methadone.
Pediatric Burn Resuscitation

Children have unique physiologic, physical, psychological, and social needs compared with adults. Although adhering to the basic tenets of burn resuscitation, resuscitation of the burned child should be modified based on the child's age, physiology, and response to injury. This article outlines the unique characteristics of burned children and describes the fundamental principles of pediatric burn resuscitation in terms of airway, circulatory, neurologic, and cutaneous injury management.
Performance Analysis of Low-Flux Least-Squares Single-Pixel Imaging

A single-pixel camera is able to computationally form spatially resolved images using one photodetector and a spatial light modulator. The images it produces in low-light-level operation are imperfect, even when the number of measurements exceeds the number of pixels, because its photodetection measurements are corrupted by Poisson noise. Conventional performance analysis for single-pixel imaging generates estimates of mean-square error (MSE) from Monte Carlo simulations, which require long computational times. In this letter, we use random matrix theory to develop a closed-form approximation to the MSE of the widely used least-squares inversion method for Poisson noise-limited single-pixel imaging. We present numerical experiments that validate our approximation and a motivating example showing how our framework can be used to answer practical optical design questions for a single-pixel camera.
Technological Neutrality and the Changing Normative Context of Applied Science Research

A popular notion or common picture of applied science sees it as putting basic science to work in solving the world’s problems. In this view, while the basic sciences enjoy considerable independence in pursuing research goals that come from the scientist’s own discipline and research interests, the ultimate research goals of applied science come from outside of science and the applied scientist can only choose which of those problems to work on and what means of solution to apply to them. • .
Adolescent friendship challenges in a digital context Are new technologies game changers, amplifiers, or just a new medium?

The authors analyzed 300 stories about adolescents’ friendship challenges in order to explore the roles of digital technologies in contemporary friendship conflicts. An initial round of analysis fa...
A Historical Background of Brazil’s Economy

This book is about the current, new Brazilian economy, which is also a foundation for the country’s future. Since the majority of the readers of this book are expected to be non-Brazilians, it is important to start this volume with a very short introduction to the economic history of the country, from its inception until now, and this is the only chapter in this book, along with the introduction, by a non-Brazilian.
Injectable Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

Each year, an increasing number of new molecular entities are characterized as having poor water solubility. For parenteral formulations, it is exceptionally important that solubility limitations are well understood so that the desired therapeutic activity can be achieved. Formulation approaches should be implemented to overcome the challenges of solubility for these new compounds. Techniques such as pH manipulation, salt formation, cosolvent or surfactant addition, or complexation may be used to increase aqueous solubility. Advanced techniques focused on increasing drug therapy through delivery of a stabilized dispersion can also be implemented. Formulations such as liposomes and nanosuspensions have been used to promote drug targeting, alter pharmacokinetics, and reduce toxicity without directly increasing molecular solubility. This chapter provides an overview of current formulation approaches used for injectable drugs and also covers advanced approaches in development. Considerations that are specific to injectable products will be reviewed first including buffering, tonicity, sterility, drug product stability, and manufacturing, before detailing formulation strategies used to formulate poorly water soluble compounds. The current authors would like to thank and acknowledge the significant contribution of the previous authors of this chapter from the first edition. This current second edition chapter is a revision and update of the original authors’ work.