cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freshwater Fish Mercury Concentrations in a Regionally High Mercury Deposition Area

We sampled and analyzed individually, edible dorsal muscle from largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides (n=138) and yellow perch (YP), Perca flavescens (n=97) from 15 lakes to investigate potential local impacts of mercury emis- sion point sources in northeastern Massachusetts (MA), USA. This area was identified in three separate modeling exercises as a mercury deposition hotspot. In 1995, 55% of mercury emissions to the environ- ment from all MA sources came from three municipal solid waste combustors (trash incinerators) and one large regional medical waste incinerator in the study area. We determined the mercury accumulation history in sediments of a lake centrally located in the study area. Recent maximum mercury accumulation rates in the sediment of the lake of ~ 88 μg/m 2 /year were highly elevated on a watershed area adjusted basis compared to other lakes in the Northeast and Minnesota. Fish from the study area lakes had significantly (p=0.05) greater total mercury concen- trations than fish from 24 more rural, non-source- impacted lakes in other regions of the state (LMB n=238, YP n=381) (LMB: 1.5-2.5 x; YP: 1.5 x). The integration of this extensive fish tissue data set, depositional modeling projections, historical record of mercury accumulation in sediments of a lake in the area, and knowledge of substantial mercury emissions to the atmosphere in the area support designation of this area as a mercury depositional and biological concentration hotspot in the late 1990s, and provides further evidence that major mercury point sources may be associated with significant local impacts on fisheries resources.
Characteristic infra-red absorption frequencies of organophosphorus compounds—VI. Bonds between phosphorus and nitrogen

Abstract In cyclic compounds, and others containing NPN groups, ν PN is assigned to the region 1170–1438 cm −1 . In compounds in which resonance hybrids involving PN appear unlikely ν PN is found in the range 1325–1400 cm −1 . It is suggested that this upper limit would be exceeded in compounds of this type containing fluorine substituents. The literature assignments for PN bonds are discussed and it is suggested that this bond is best identified by indirect correlations. Such correlations are described for PNH 2 , PNHR, PNR 2 , , PNC and PNP groups. As a result of these correlations it is concluded that ν PN should be assigned to the range 873–1053 cm −1 .
Congenital paraurethral cysts in two newborn girls: differential diagnosis, management strategies, and spontaneous resolution.

Abstract Background At least five types of interlabial masses of different etiologies may present in a female neonate. The more serious type of interlabial mass must be differentiated from the benign and self-resolving paraurethral or hymenal cyst. Clues include appearance and color of the mass and the location of the mass in relation to the urethral meatus and the vaginal opening. Clinicians should be able to distinguish lesions that require aggressive intervention, i.e. surgery, from those that self-resolve and merely require observation. Case Two unrelated newborn girls each had a protruding faint-yellow-colored spherical interlabial cyst. The cyst was located anterior to the vaginal orifice and partially obscured the urethral meatus. Neither girl had any voiding problems. No other congenital anomalies were detected. Both cysts resolved rapidly and completely without surgical intervention. Summary and Conclusion Paraurethral cysts of the newborn and hymenal cysts rarely cause urinary obstruction or spotting, and are self-resolving. When positively identified, no evaluation of upper urinary tract is required and neither aspiration of cyst contents or marsupialization procedure is necessary.
Hydrocarbon-induced hyaline droplet nephropathy in male rats during senescence

Male rats administered unleaded gasoline rapidly develop nephropathy characterized by accumulation of hyaline droplets in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). This acute response is implicated in development of renal carcinoma in male rats exposed chronically to wholly volatilized gasoline. A major constituent of hyaline droplets is alpha 2 mu-globulin, a protein of hepatic origin for which the rate of synthesis declines during aging. Little information, however, is presently available on possible age-dependent susceptibility of male rats to hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy. In kidneys of untreated male Fischer 344 rats the number of constitutive hyaline droplets declined progressively with increasing age. Electrophoresis of renal cortical homogenates revealed a protein with Mr about 18 X 10(3), probably alpha 2 mu-globulin, in young (3.5 months old) male rats and total absence of this protein in aged (26 months old) males. RIA confirmed that constitutive levels of renal and hepatic alpha 2 mu-globulin in old rats were less than 1.5% of those in young adults. Unleaded gasoline (0.4 ml/kg/day, po, 5 days) caused accumulation of hyaline droplets in renal PCT of 3.5-month-old males accompanied by a marked increase (about twofold) in the renal content of alpha 2 mu-globulin, whereas the same treatment was without effect in 26-month-old rats. Finally, in the renal cortex of young rats the activities of the lysosomal proteases cathepsin B and D were increased following gasoline administration, presumably in response to protein accumulation. However, in 26-month-old rats cathepsin B activity was unaffected, while cathepsin D was increased by gasoline administration. Thus, we conclude that animal age is an important determinant in the development of hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy and only rats which produce large amounts of alpha 2 mu-globulin are susceptible to development of this pathology.
Efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat.

Abstract In this investigation the projections of the hippocampal formation to the septal area and hypothalamus were studied in the rat with the combined use of3H-amino acid radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. The results indicate that all of the fibers which project to the hypothalamus and the majority of fibers which project to the septum arise from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. The projection to both of these areas are topographically organized along the longitudinal axis of the hippocaapal formation. Specifically, fibers from subicular cortical cells situated at the septal end of the hippocampal formation which project through the medial part of the dorsal fornix terminate in the dorsomedial quadrant of the lateral septal nucleus and in the dorsal portion of the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Fibers from progressively more posteroventral levels of the hippocampal formation which project through more lateral portions of the dorsal fornix and fimbria terminate in progressively more lateral and ventral quadrants of the lateral septal nucleus and in progressively more ventral portions of the pars posterior. Concerning the specific origin of the fornix system, fibers from only the prosubiculum and subiculum project through both the pre- and postcommissural fornix. Hippocampal pyramidal cells from all CA fields have a restricted projection through the precommissural fornix and terminate in the caudal half of the septum while the presubiculum projects solely through the postcommissural fornix.
Use of flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the effect of water chemistry for the study of the bioaccumulation of cadmium in Menidia beryllina (cope), the tidewater silverside

Abstract In laboratory controlled experiments using Menidia beryllina, the Tidewater Silverside (fish), it was shown that the salinity of the water affects accumulation of cadmium. The concentration of cadmium was determined using a previously described flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. In general, the higher the salinity, the less cadmium is accumulated in fish. At low or no salinity, higher concentrations of cadmium are found in fish. Elimination of cadmium occurred at a faster rate in fish exposed to higher levels of salinity. It is proposed that the low bioaccumulation of cadmium in high saline waters was due to competition between the free Cd2+ ion, Ca2+, and Cl− ion preventing Cd2+ from entering fish.
Thermal fatigue in polycrystalline alumina

Damage accumulation in polycrystalline alumina subjected to cyclic thermal loading was studied via non-destructive elastic modulus and internal friction measurements. These nondestructive techniques were sensitive to cracks formed by thermal loading. Thermal shock damage was observed to saturate as a function of an increasing cumulative number of thermal shock cycles. The observed power law relationship between the damage saturation and thermal shock difference implies a fatigue-like power law relation in stress. The exponent has a value of approximately 12 for the range of ΔT included in this study. Thermal shock damage induced changes in internal friction were found to be a function of a crack damage parameter. These thermal fatigue results of polycrystalline (unreinforced) alumina are also compared to thermal fatigue results for SiC whisker-alumina composites.
States' Compliance with International Requirements: Gender Equality in EU Enlargement Countries

The article explores government compliance with international pressures measured as policy adoption and institutional reform. The findings reveal that government compliance is determined by the domestic political system and depends on the configuration of political actors mobilized in support of reform. Legislative reform is facilitated by a strong women’s movement and mobilized female parliamentarians. Institutional reform depends on the strength of the women’s movement and its ability to form coalitions with political actors within government elites, most importantly governing parties. Finally, the effect of women’s movements’ actors on the institutional reform is moderated by the ideology of political parties in power.
Principles of CDK regulation

As key regulators of the cell cycle, the cyclin-dependent kinases must be tightly regulated by extra- and intracellular signals. The activity of cyclin-dependent kinases is controlled by four highly conserved biochemical mechanisms, forming a web of regulatory pathways unmatched in its elegance and intricacy.
ARCHAEOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE: The Holocene Record

▪ Abstract Although human-induced changes to the global environment and natural biotic resources, collectively labeled “global change” and the “biodiversity crisis,” have accelerated with industrialization over the past 300 years, such changes have a much longer history. Particularly since the rise of agriculturally based societies and associated population expansion during the early Holocene, humans have had cumulative and often irreversible impacts on natural landscapes and biotic resources worldwide. Archaeologists, often working closely with natural scientists in interdisciplinary projects, have accumulated a large body of empirical evidence documenting such changes as deforestation, spread of savannahs, increased rates of erosion, permanent rearrangements of landscapes for agriculture, resource depression and depletion (and in many cases, extinction) in prehistory. In some areas and time periods, environmental change led to long-term negative consequences for regional human populations, whereas in ot...
The physical nature of Titan's aerosols: laboratory simulations.

The atmosphere of Titan is known to contain aerosols, as evidenced by the Voyager observations of at least three haze layers. Such aerosols can have significant effects on the reflection spectrum of Titan and on the chemistry and thermal structure of its atmosphere. To investigate some of these effects laboratory simulations of the chemistry of Titan's atmosphere have been done. The results of these studies show that photolysis of acetylene, ethylene, and hydrogen cyanide, known constituents of Titan's atmosphere, yields sub-micron sized spheres, with mean diameters ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 micron, depending on the pressures of the reactant gases. Most of the spheres are contained in near-linear aggregates. The formation of the aggregates is consistent with models of Titan's reflection spectrum and polarization, which are best fit with non-spherical particles. At room temperature, the particles are very sticky, but their properties at low temperatures on Titan are presently not known.
Diet selection and plant nutritional quality in Attwater's pocket gopher (Geomys attwateri)

Many above-ground and fossorial rodents are generalized herbivores, either ingesting various types of monocots and dicots to balance nutrients in their diet or avoiding some plants because they contain secondary plant metabolites. Attwater's pocket gopher (Geomys attwateri) is a common rodent in bunchgrass-annual forb communities in Texas whose diet contains both monocot and dicot plants, with a preference for perennial dicots (as compared to their availability). We reduced availability of dicots with an herbicide and predicted that, because of their importance in the diet, the proportion of dicots in the diet of G. attwateri would not be affected. We found no difference in dicot content in the diet of animals on plots with dicots reduced (DR plots) compared to plots with natural abundance of dicots (DP plots), and that preferences for dicots (compared to their availability) increased on DR plots while preferences for perennial monocots (compared to their availability) decreased. Dicot roots contained more lipid, soluble carbohydrate, Mg, K, and Ca than monocot roots. During the summer non-breeding season, dicot shoots contained more protein, lipid, soluble carbohydrate, Na, Mg, P, and Ca than monocot shoots. During the winter breeding season, content of protein, soluble carbohydrate, Na, Mg, P, K, and Ca was higher in dicot shoots than monocot shoots. Low protein content and high neutral detergent fiber content in diet plants may limit reproduction especially during the summer non-breeding season. We hypothesized that increased use of extant burrow systems, extension of burrow systems on plots with reduced availability of dicots, or extension of tunnels into dicot areas off DR plots may have enabled G. attwateri to maintain the concentration of dicots in the diet. Larger burrow systems would increase intraspecific interactions and could explain lower residency time and decreased density of G. attwateri reported by other studies on plots with low abundance of dicots. We suggest that, in spite of similarity in abundance of dicots in diets of animals on DR and DP plots, ingestion of inadequate amounts of dicots or mixtures of dicot species that did not provide sufficient concentrations of nutrients may have led to a reduction in reproduction on DR plots reported in other studies.
Nonprofit Health Systems: A Promising New Class of Corporate Citizen

Leading nonprofit health systems are demonstrating that communities can benefit from the emergence of this new class of corporate citizens. Just as the business sector has produced many good corporate citizens to the great advantage of American society, health systems with sufficient financial and organizational gravitas increasingly are assuming these roles, and in so doing, are making positive differences in their communities. More system leaders, however, must find compelling reasons to assume these demanding roles. They also must learn how to play citizenship roles more fully and effectively if the potential social good available through health systems' corporate citizenship is to be realized.
Non-darcy mixed convection in a vertical porous channel with discrete heat sources at the walls

Abstract A numerical study of mixed convection in a parallel-plate vertical channel filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium and containing discrete heat sources at the walls is performed using the Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy model. The evolution of buoyancy-assisted mixed convection is examined for both the Darcy and the non-Darcy regimes. The results indicate that as the Darcy number is decreased, the location of flow separation from the cold wall did not change while reattachment moved further downstream. The Nusselt number increased with decreasing Darcy number and the effect of Darcy number is more pronounced over the first heat source and in the non-Darcy regime.
Nonequilibrium sodium ionization in laminar boundary layers

Abstract : The injection of sodium as a trace contaminant into a laminar boundary layer was considered. Three ionizing reactions were studied and it was found that the ionization by collision with atomic oxygen was the most significant. The peak electron concentration was determined as a function of the scaling parameter, Px/U sub e. Comparisons were made with the predicted clean air variations with the same parameter. Stream tube predictions (neglecting diffusion) were also made and compared with the more exact results. The relative ionization of clean air and sodium was assessed as a function of altitude and amount of injection material. Bortner's rates were used for the nonequilibrium sodium ionization.
A sequential extraction to determine the distribution of apatite in granitoid soil mineral pools with application to weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA

Abstract Mineral weathering in soils is an important source of many nutrients to forest ecosystems. Apatite, a Ca phosphate mineral, occurs in trace amounts in virtually all igneous and metamorphic rocks and is often found as small mineral inclusions in more weathering-resistant silicate minerals. To better understand the distribution of apatite in soils and its exposure to soil solutions, a sequential extraction method was developed to selectively dissolve minerals from soils so that the amount of apatite in contact with soil solutions versus that armored by silicate minerals could be quantified. The use of three molarities of HNO3 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 M) at three temperatures (0, 10, or 20 °C) was explored and it was found that apatite congruently dissolved in 1 M HNO3 at all three temperatures, but did not completely dissolve in weaker HNO3 solutions. Soil horizons, glacial till (i.e., soil parent material), and individual minerals separated from till collected from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH, were subjected to a 4-step sequential extraction. Chemical analyses of the extracts indicate that 1 M NH4Cl (pH 7; 20 °C) removes exchangeable ions, 1 M HNO3 at 20 °C primarily dissolves apatite in contact with solutions, 1 M HNO3 at 200 °C primarily dissolves biotite and chlorite (and apatite armored by them), and a mixture of concentrated HNO3, HCl, and HF at 200 °C dissolves the more refractory minerals including muscovite, alkali feldspar, plagioclase feldspar and quartz (and apatite armored by these minerals). This extraction method was applied to soil profiles from HBEF to demonstrate that it could be used to interpret the abundance of apatite and other minerals as a function of depth. Approximately 70% of the apatite in the HBEF soil parent material is exposed to soil solutions; the remaining 30% is armored in more weathering-resistant micas and feldspars. In the upper soil horizons, the only apatite that has not been weathered from the soil occurs as inclusions in micas and feldspars and thus the rate of dissolution of apatite in weathered soil horizons is controlled by silicate mineral dissolution.
Inhibition of oncorna virus and cellular DNA polymerases by natural and synthetic polynucleotides

We have compared the relative inhibitory activity of several synthetic and natural ribonucleic acids against four cellular and two viral DNA polymerases. We have found that except for poly(rA)-dependent DNA polymerase (which copies poly(rA) strand of poly(rA) · (dT)10 in the presence of Mn2+ at an efficiency higher than that of any template) all other human cell polymerases tested (3–4-S) DNA polymerase, 6–7-S DNA polymerase, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) either were not inhibited by poly(A), poly(C), poly(U), tRNA and ribosomal RNA or were inhibited only at very high concentrations of these agents compared to those required for inhibition of endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase from murine leukemia virus (MLV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Furthermore, following thiolation, poly(C) and ribosomal RNA were potent inhibitors while still retaining their selectivity. These results show that natural and synthetic polynucleotides were far more inhibitory to viral enzymes than to cellular enzymes, except for poly(rA)-dependent DNA polymerase.
Reserve Size, Conspecific Density, and Translocation Success for Black Rhinoceros

Abstract Fighting and accidental injury commonly cause black rhinoceros (rhino; Diceros bicornis) death after release. Smaller reserves and higher conspecific density after release (release density) might increase a rhino's encounter rate with hazards like fenced boundaries and conspecifics. We conducted a science-by-management experiment on the influence of reserve size and release density on rates of movement, association, and injury and death amongst 39 black rhinos during the first 100 days after their release into 4 Namibian and 8 South African reserves ranging in size from 670 ha to 45,000 ha. Association rates were negatively related to reserve size and positively correlated with release density. There was also a negative relationship between the proportion of the reserve traversed by individual rhinos and reserve size. In reserves ≥18,000 ha association rates were consistently zero but became elevated in reserves ≤11,500 ha and at release densities ≤9 km2/rhino. Daily displacement did not increase...
Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd

The Texas State Bison Herd is directly descended from the herd assembled from 5 wild-caught bison by Charles Goodnight in the 1880s. In 1997, 36 bison were used to establish a herd at Caprock Canyons State Park. To aid in the development of a long-term genetic conservation plan for this population, we examined and analyzed allelic variation at 54 microsatellite loci representing each of the nuclear chromosomes in the bison genome. The current Texas State Bison Herd population exhibits low genetic diversity and heterozygosity levels compared with bison at Yellowstone National Park and Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Parentage analysis indicates that relatively few adults have contributed offspring in the last 5 years, leading to low effective population size estimations and a rapid increase in the average age of animals in the herd. The very limited number of original founders, multiple population bottlenecks over the last 120 years, and chronically small population size, coupled with genetic drift and inbreeding, have resulted in dangerously low levels of genetic diversity. This, in turn, has likely triggered demographic problems such as low recruitment and high calf mortality rates. Population viability analysis based on current population demography reveals that there is a 99% chance of extinction of the herd within the next 41 years. Based on these findings, the continued existence of this historically important bison population appears doubtful without the introduction of new genetic variation from another plains bison herd.
A GPU Parallelization of the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation for Applications in Flexible Multibody Dynamics

The Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) has been widely used to carry out the dynamics analysis of flexible bodies that undergo large rotation and large deformation. This formulation is consistent with the nonlinear theory of continuum mechanics and is computationally more efficient compared to other nonlinear finite element formulations. Kinematic constraints that represent mechanical joints and specified motion trajectories can be introduced to make complex flexible mechanisms. As the complexity of a mechanism increases, the system of differential algebraic equations becomes very large and results in a computational bottleneck. This contribution helps alleviate this bottleneck using three tools: (1) an implicit time-stepping algorithm, (2) fine-grained parallel processing on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), and (3) enabling parallelism through a novel Constraint-Based Mesh (CBM) approach. The combination of these tools results in a fast solution process that scales linearly for large numbers of elements, allowing meaningful engineering problems to be solved. Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the Department of the Army (DoA). The opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the DoA, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Electrocardiographic artifact: Cardioversion with paralytics?

Summary Electrocardiograph artifacts are known to occur in uncontrolled muscle activity, classically in seizures. With the use of therapeutic hypothermia in post cardiac arrest patients in modern ICUs, occurrence of EKG artifact is common due to shivering in patients. We present a 52-year-old admitted to the intensive care unit post cardiac arrest secondary to cyclobenzaprine overdose been treated with therapeutic hypothermia for cerebral protection. Within 5h of cooling, his cardiac monitor started to show persistent wide complex tachycardia with a rate of more than 300/min. It was decided to give loading dose of amiodarone. Before starting amiodarone it was seen that the arterial line showed a normal waveform with a rate of 70/min and BP of 140/70mmHg. The paradoxical waveform was presumptively attributed to shivering of patient. Patient was paralyzed with vecuronium and the cardiac monitor changed to normal sinus rhythm with a rate of 70/min almost immediately. Arrhythmias are unique among transient pathologies because even in the absence of symptoms and other clinical correlations, they often lead to intensive investigations and treatments. When artifacts mimic arrhythmias, these tests are unnecessary and can be potentially dangerous.
Individuals, Courts, and the Development of European Social Rights:

This article examines how litigation before the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has contributed to the development of social rights. It argues that variations in the nature of supranational rights, powers of supranational courts, and ease of access influence the opportunities individuals have to engage these courts to enforce and expand entitlement to social protection. It demonstrates that individuals have pursued social-rights claims at a much higher rate before the ECJ than the ECHR but have also begun to respond to creative ECHR interpretation that extends social rights in directions not available under European Union law. In weaving together a complementary but not a comprehensive set of social protections, the two supranational courts are constructing a safety net that extends well beyond the original intentions of member countries and empowers some of the most vulnerable members of society.
Alternating permutations and the mth descents

A half-descent of an alternating permutation @p is an event that @p"2"i>@p"2"i"+"2, which is defined and studied in Huber and Yee (2010) [18]. The notion of half-descents is generalized to mth descents. Bivariate generating functions for permutations classified according to the numbers of mth descents and inversions are given. Connections to the results on half-descents and alternating permutations are indicated. It is also shown how to specialize the presented results to obtain some other previous work on permutations.
An integrated framework for interactive multimedia presentations in distributed multimedia systems

An interactive multimedia presentation in a distributed multimedia system requires synchronization of media streams, preprocessing media for content-based retrieval and low-bandwidth transmission over network, and user interface for interacting multimedia presentations. The power of synchronization models is limited to the synchronization specifications and user interactions. We propose an event-based synchronization model that can handle time-based actions while enabling user interactions like backward and skip. For effective transmission of multimedia data, the multimedia data needs to be preprocessed. The sprite generation and moving objects segmentation can reduce the required bandwidth significantly. We propose a method for multiresolution sprite which will allow reproduction of the video at different resolutions. The object segmentation will be extracted by generating a closed boundary for the object. Since the video data may also exist in a compressed format, we also propose to extract new features from the compressed video. We will consider compressed data that is generated by Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) which has been used in MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 \cite{MPEG-4} and H263.1. The user will be provided a high-level user interface to access the contents of the presentation. We will test this integrated framework on distance education project over the Internet.
Adaptive Binary Trees Visualization with Respect to User-Specified Quality Measures

Many algorithms have been designed to visualize binary trees efficiently with respect to a quality measure. While each algorithm is suitable for drawing particular categories of binary trees, an effort to compile these algorithms to maximize the quality of drawings has not been realized. Our first step is to create a system that determines the type of a binary tree and then selects an algorithm to draw the tree depending upon the specified quality measures. Currently, our system recognizes six types of binary trees (AVL, Complete, Fibonacci, Random, Unbalanced-tothe- left, Unbalanced-to-the-right) and allows the user to choose from eleven quality measures (Area, Aspect Ratio, Total Edge Length, Maximum Edge Length, Uniform Edge Length, Closest Leaf, Farthest Leaf, Size, Minimum Angle Size, Average Angle Size, Angular Resolution). Experiments show that our adaptive visualization system outperforms any system using a single binary tree drawing algorithm. In addition, our approach allows the user to select multiple quality measures and automatically detects the best available binary tree drawing algorithm.
Education and advancement in allergy.

Abstract Education and advancement in allergy have been considered from the point of view of allergy organizations including the starting of the first clinic in allergy, the founding of the Society for the Study of Asthma and Allied Conditions, The Society for the Study of Allergy, the American College of Allergists, The International Correspondence Club of Allergy, Forum on Allergy, and International Association of Allergology. Consideration was given to the divisions of education in allergy including undergraduate education, postgraduate education, and lay education. The correlation was made between the incidence of allergy in relation to the number of allergists. Publications in allergy included not only those of the United States but also recognition was given to foreign journals devoted to allergy, as well as comment on allergy sections of certain other medical associations and periodicals. Recent incomplete surveys of the present status of undergraduate education in allergy in American medical schools were reviewed along with a review of the state medical societies having allergy sections. Foundations pertaining to allergy indicated a step forward in allergy education and research at various levels. Certification in allergy was commented upon and the hope of an early clarification and settlement was expressed.
Type 2 Diabetes and 10-Year Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Mexican Americans

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes has been linked with increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment among older adults and with premature mortality in young and middle-aged adults. No studies have evaluated the association between diabetes and dementia among Mexican Americans, a population with a high burden of diabetes. We evaluated the association of diabetes with incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) among older Mexican Americans while accounting for competing risk from death. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study included 1,617 participants 60–98 years of age from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging followed up to 10 years from 1998. We evaluated the association between diabetes and dementia/CIND with competing risk regression models. RESULTS Participants free of dementia/CIND at baseline ( n = 1,617) were followed annually up to 10 years. There were 677 (41.9%) participants with diabetes, 159 (9.8%) incident dementia/CIND cases, and 361 (22.3%) deaths. Treated and untreated diabetes (hazard ratio 2.12 [95% CI 1.65–2.73] and 2.15 [1.58–2.95]) and dementia/CIND (2.48 [1.75–3.51]) were associated with an increased risk of death. In models adjusted for competing risk of death, those with treated and untreated diabetes had an increased risk of dementia/CIND (2.05 [1.41–2.97] and 1.55 [0.93–2.58]) compared with those without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that the association between type 2 diabetes and dementia/CIND among Mexican Americans remains strong after accounting for competing risk of mortality. Treatments that modify risk of death among those with diabetes may change future dementia risk.
The Rôle of Spanish and Teachers of Spanish in American Education

Author's Summary— Discussion of (1) The Modern Language Teacher's need to formulate and define his aims; (2) certain errors and weaknesses of which we ourselves have been guilty, especially the limitation of objectives to “reading knowledge”; (3) the erroneous and unjust charges of our most bitter opponents and the educational deceptions and perversions involved in the substitutes with which modern languages have been replaced in our schools, especially the “Social Subjects”; (4) the superior social values inherent in the study of language and literature, with particular reference to Spanish.
Novel microfluidic interconnectors for high temperature and pressure applications

Reliable microfluidic interconnectors are one of the basic building blocks of integrated fluidic and chemical reaction systems-on-chip. Though many ideas have been proposed and implemented in the literature for creating different kinds of macro-to-micro fluidic connections, development of integrated on-chip connectors for high temperature and pressure microfluidic applications has not been properly studied. Such connectors will be indispensable in true on-chip chemical processing applications for reactions which require more severe operating conditions than those possible using currently available interconnection techniques. In this paper we present novel microfluidic interconnects that can be used in applications involving operating temperatures of up to 275 °C and pressures in excess of 315 Psi (21.43 atm). The only wetted surfaces in this design are teflon, silicon and pyrex glass, making the design inert to most chemicals. High-pressure leakage, pull-out and high-temperature durability tests conducted on the interconnect show that the connections obtained are superior to those reported in the literature using other techniques. Structural analysis of the interconnect is carried out to illustrate the effect of interconnect geometry on strength and high-pressure performance.
Histone acetylation regulates prostate ductal morphogenesis through a bone morphogenetic protein–dependent mechanism

Background: Epigenetic factors influence stem cell function and other developmental events but their role in prostate morphogenesis is not completely known. We tested the hypothesis that histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is required for prostate morphogenesis. Results: We identified the presence of class I nuclear HDACs in the mouse urogenital sinus (UGS) during prostate development and found that Hdac 2 mRNA abundance diminishes as development proceeds which is especially evident in prostatic epithelium. Blockade of HDACs with the inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) decreased the number of prostatic buds formed in UGS explant cultures but not the number of buds undergoing branching morphogenesis. In the latter, TSA promoted an extensive branching phenotype that was reversed by exogenous NOGGIN protein, which functions as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor. TSA also increased Bmp2 promoter H3K27ac abundance, Bmp2 and Bmp4 mRNA abundance, and the percentage of epithelial cells marked by BMP-responsive phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 protein. TSA exposed UGS explants grafted under the kidney capsule of untreated host mice for continued development achieved a smaller size without an obvious difference in glandular histology compared with control treated grafts. Conclusions: These results are consistent with an active role for HDACs in shaping prostate morphogenesis by regulating Bmp abundance. Developmental Dynamics 244:1404–1414, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GH and IGF-I differentially increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and jejunum of parenterally fed rats

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) selectively increase tissue mass. We compared the fractional rate of protein synthesis (Ks in skeletal muscle, jejunal mucosa and muscularis, and liver to investigate the differential effects of GH and IGF-I on tissue protein synthesis. Surgically stressed rats were maintained with hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and given recombinant human (rh) GH (rhGH), rhIGF-I, rhGH + rhIGF-I (800 or 800 + 800 micrograms/day, respectively), or TPN alone. After 3 days, a flooding dose of valine (800 mumol with 5.56 MBq L-[3,4-3H]valine) was administered, and rats were killed 20 min later. Body weight gain, nitrogen retention, and serum IGF-I concentrations confirmed that GH plus IGF-I additively increased anabolism. Serum insulin concentrations were significantly increased by GH and decreased by IGF-I. GH significantly increased Ks in skeletal muscle and jejunal muscularis, IGF-I significantly increased Ks in jejunal mucosa and muscularis, and neither GH nor IGF-I altered Ks in liver. GH and IGF-I differentially increase tissue protein synthesis in vivo.
The Rise of American High School Sports and the Search for Control, 1880–1930

Although they play an important role in the lives of many young men and women, high school sports are largely absent from the narrative of sport history. Many scholars focus their attention and sch...
White matter hyperintensity patterns in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy.

Objective: To identify different white matter hyperintensity (WMH) patterns between 2 hemorrhage-prone cerebral small vessel diseases (SVD): cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertensive arteriopathy (HA). Methods: Consecutive patients with SVD-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from a single-center prospective cohort were analyzed. Four predefined subcortical WMH patterns were compared between the CAA and HA groups. These WMH patterns were (1) multiple subcortical spots; (2) peri–basal ganglia (BG); (3) large posterior subcortical patches; and (4) anterior subcortical patches. Their associations with other imaging (cerebral microbleeds [CMBs], enlarged perivascular spaces [EPVS]) and clinical markers of SVD were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The cohort included 319 patients with CAA and 137 patients with HA. Multiple subcortical spots prevalence was higher in the CAA compared to the HA group (29.8% vs 16.8%; p = 0.004). Peri-BG WMH pattern was more common in the HA- vs the CAA-ICH group (19% vs 7.8%; p = 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, presence of multiple subcortical spots was associated with lobar CMBs (odds ratio [OR] 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.50, p = 0.039) and high degree of centrum semiovale EPVS (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.56–3.80, p p = 0.002), deep CMBs (OR 2.46; 95% CI 1.44–4.20, p = 0.001), total WMH volume (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.04, p = 0.002), and high BG EPVS degree (OR 8.81; 95% CI 3.37–23.02, p Conclusion: Different patterns of subcortical leukoaraiosis visually identified on MRI might provide insights into the dominant underlying microangiopathy type as well as mechanisms of tissue injury in patients with ICH.
Immunology of Sperm-Induced Infertility

Sperm, seminal plasma and ejaculate contain antigens capable of eliciting antibodies. Why then do most females not become sterile after intercourse? Do phagocytes ingest spermatozoa? Do tissue and serum enzymes inactivate spermatic antigens? Experiments indicate that these events, among others, partly safeguard against sperm-destroying antigen-antibody reactions.
Planetary modernisms: provocations on modernity across time

Readers of this journal are likely to agree with the premises that motivate Susan Stanford Friedman’s important new book; namely, that Europe was not the exclusive or self-generating origin of mode...
RATIONALITY, MARKETS, AND INSTITUTIONS

Subsidiary awareness and focal awareness are mutually exclusive. If a pianist shifts his attention from the piece he is playing to the observation of what he is doing with his fingers while playing it, he gets confused and may have to stop. This happens generally if we shift our focal attention to particulars of which we had previously been aware only in their subsidiary role. … The arts of doing and knowing, the valuation and the understanding of meanings, are … only different aspects of extending our person into the subsidiary awareness of particulars which compose the whole. Polanyi (1962, pp. 56, 65) As we have no immediate experience of what other men feel, we can form no idea of the manner in which they are affected, but by conceiving what we ourselves would feel in a like situation. Smith (1759; 1982, p. 9) This division of labor … is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion. It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain propensity in human nature which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another. … It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Smith (1776; 1981, pp. 25–7)
Recruitment, Promotion, and Retention of Women in Academic Medicine: How Institutions Are Addressing Gender Disparities.

Abstract Objective Greater numbers of women in medicine have not resulted in more women achieving senior positions. Programs supporting the recruitment, promotion, and retention of women in academic medicine could help to achieve greater advancement of more women to leadership positions. Qualitative research was conducted to understand such programs at 23 institutions and, using the social ecological model, examine how they operate at the individual, interpersonal, institutional, academic community, and policy levels. Methods Telephone interviews were conducted with faculty representatives ( n = 44) of the Group on Women in Medicine and Science, Diversity and Inclusion, or senior leaders with knowledge on gender climate in 24 medical schools. Four trained interviewers conducted semistructured interviews that addressed faculty perceptions of gender equity and advancement, which were audiotaped and transcribed. The data were categorized into three content areas—recruitment, promotion, and retention—and coded a priori for each area based on their social ecological level of operation. Findings Participants from nearly 40% of the institutions reported no special programs for recruiting, promoting, or retaining women, largely describing such programming as unnecessary. Existing programs primarily targeted the individual and interpersonal levels simultaneously, via training, mentoring, and networking, or the institutional level, via search committee trainings, child and elder care, and spousal hiring programs. Lesser effort at the academic community and policy levels were described. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that many U.S. medical schools have no programs supporting gender equity among medical faculty. Existing programs primarily target the individual or interpersonal level of the social ecological interaction. The academic community and broader policy environment require greater focus as levels with little attention to advancing women's careers. Universal multilevel efforts are needed to more effectively advance the careers of medical women faculty and support gender equity.
MOF Immobilization on the Surface of Polymer-Cordierite Composite Monoliths through In-situ Crystal Growth

Abstract Scalable fabrication methods to concentrate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on the surface of monoliths are highly desirable for their deployment at an industrial scale. In this study, we report the growth of a thick layer of MOF film on the surface of Torlon-monolith composite adsorbent. In our previous work, we demonstrated immobilization of MOFs on monolithic substrates by various techniques including layer-by-layer + secondary growth and in-situ dip coating. Although these earlier methods showed promising results, the MOFs weight loading did not exceed 55 wt%. Here we demonstrate the improvement in coating a thicker film of MOF on the monolith walls using a novel technique that involves pre-seeding of MOF powder onto the monolith using a Torlon polymer solution. This coating procedure is not only simpler and eliminates the complexity of previously reported procedures, but also results in higher MOF loadings. Whereas the earlier loading was 52 wt% for MOF-74 (Ni) and 55 wt% for UTSA-16 (Co), the new loading has been found to be ∼73 wt% for MOF-74 (Ni) and a maximum of ∼80% for UTSA-16 (Co). In addition, the substrates treated with this new method have shown improved CO2 adsorption capacities with similar kinetics to that of the earlier method. This simple method opens up fascinating possibilities for scalable fabrication of MOF-coated monoliths with tuned properties tailored to various gas separation applications.
Reduced surgical success rate of rectus muscle plication compared to resection.

Purpose To evaluate the surgical success of rectus muscle plication compared to resection and to compare the short- and long-term changes in ocular alignment after both procedures. Methods The medical records of all patients who underwent a rectus muscle tightening procedure (resection or plication) at a single institution over a 5-year period by a single surgeon were reviewed retrospectively. Binocular alignment was recorded before and immediately after surgery and again at 6-12 weeks and final follow-up visit. Primary outcome was surgical success rate, defined as distance alignment of ≤10Δ for horizontal and ≤6Δ for vertical strabismus. Secondary outcomes were reoperation rate and postoperative alignment drift. Results A total of 72 surgeries were identified for inclusion: 48 resections and 24 plications. Surgical success was significantly higher in the resection group than in the plication group (89% vs 58%; P = 0.005) at both 6-12 weeks’ follow-up (P = 0.005) and at mean final follow-up of 19 ± 13 months (range, 3-56 months [n = 48]; P = 0.03). Reoperations were performed in 3 patients in the plication group (12.5%), all for undercorrection; there were no reoperations in the resection group (P = 0.03). Conclusions Rectus muscle plication has many potential advantages over resection, including sparing of the ciliary circulation. In our experience, however, patients treated with plication had lower surgical success rates and a higher reoperation rate. Surgeons should monitor their long-term results before considering plication as their procedure of choice over resection.