cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced diastereoselectivity in asymmetric crotylation reactions using propargylic dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes.

Hexacarbonyl dicobalt complexes of propargylic acetals undergo Lewis acid catalyzed crotylation reactions with enhanced levels of diastereoselectivity (dr 6 to >20:1, syn/anti) while efficiently producing stereochemically well-defined homoallylic ethers. These results are in contrast to uncomplexed propargylic acetals, which undergo the crotylation reactions with low selectivity (dr < 2:1, syn/anti). After removal of the cobalt complex, the reactions afford propargylic ethers in high yields.
A model for aperiodicity in earthquakes

Abstract. Conditions under which a single oscillator model coupled with Dieterich-Ruina's rate and state dependent friction exhibits chaotic dynamics is studied. Properties of spring-block models are discussed. The parameter values of the system are explored and the corresponding numerical solutions presented. Bifurcation analysis is performed to determine the bifurcations and stability of stationary solutions and we find that the system undergoes a Hopf bifurcation to a periodic orbit. This periodic orbit then undergoes a period doubling cascade into a strange attractor, recognized as broadband noise in the power spectrum. The implications for earthquakes are discussed.
Testing Separability in a Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System: The Case of Nigerian Demand for Meat

Abstract This study investigates consumer demand for meat products in Nigeria and tests if any of the meat products are separable from one another. Estimating a generalized nested demand system, the Rotterdam model was selected using an adjusted likelihood ratio test. Results indicate that mutton and pork are more elastic than beef and poultry. Only pork was found to be separable from other meat types. 1. Introduction To date there has been very few empirical studies focusing on demand analysis for Nigeria. The majority of studies have focused on production issues because of limited data availability for consumers and other constraints. An exhaustive search on consumer demand for meat in Nigeria using various national and international archives (including that of Agricola) has not been fruitful. Pursuing an analysis of consumer demand for meat types in Nigeria will provide initial insight into consumer responsiveness to price changes and allow more precise welfare calculations that are necessary for policy analysis. The study’s objectives are: (i) to investigate the appropriate demand model in the analysis of the consumer demand for meat using the Generalized Ordinary Differential Demand System; (ii) to test the separability structure between the meat products in order to gain a better understanding of Nigerian consumer choices in protein (meat) demand; and (iii) to suggest the policy as well as the disciplinary implications of the findings. The paper is organized as follows. First, some background information on Nigeria is provided. Then, Section 2 presents the separability concepts and the review of related studies. The discussion of the data and the estimation procedure are given in 1
A local area computer for data acquisition and control

A low-cost control and data acquisition computer system for accelerators was developed to be used in distributed-architecture control systems. This local area computer (LAC) can be viewed as a low-cost replacement for the CAMAC crate and its associated computer. It is based on the STD bus backplane, a low-end industrial standard and currently runs on a 8088-based processor card. Communication with other computers on the system is achieved through a specially designed small-computer-system-interface (SCSI)-Ethernet controller, which can be programmed to allow data transmission only during a specific time slot. This mechanism avoids network delays due to collisions and enables the LAC to dump its entire database at regular intervals for retrieval by one or several hosts. Software, written in C and running under the VRTX real-time executive, mimics the easy access to hardware typical of CAMAC modules, allowing interfacing to control system software developed at other laboratories. Most of the LAC components are off-the-shelf items. However, some peripherals specific to accelerators, such as high-stability voltage references and charge analog-to-digital converters, were developed in-house. >
Notes on Certain (0,2) Correlation Functions

In this paper we shall describe some correlation function computations in perturbative heterotic strings that, for example, in certain circumstances can lend themselves to a heterotic generalization of quantum cohomology calculations. Ordinary quantum chiral rings reflect worldsheet instanton corrections to correlation functions involving products of elements of Dolbeault cohomology groups on the target space. The heterotic generalization described here involves computing worldsheet instanton corrections to correlation functions defined by products of elements of sheaf cohomology groups. One must not only compactify moduli spaces of rational curves, but also extend a sheaf (determined by the gauge bundle) over the compactification, and linear sigma models provide natural mechanisms for doing both. Euler classes of obstruction bundles generalize to this language in an interesting way.
Shadow Price Implications of Several Stochastic Dominance Criteria

Stochastic dominance criteria can be, but seldom are explicitly, applied to problems having continuous variables. A previously developed model is modified to facilitate exploration of sets of shadow price vectors for decreasing (non-increasing) absolute risk aversion stochastic dominance (DSD), a combination, TGSD, of third degree stochastic dominance (TSD) and generalized stochastic dominance (GSD) and a combination, DGSD, of DSD and GSD. The model is illustrated by applying it to two risk efficient (primal) solutions of a problem by Anderson, Dillon and Hardaker. For each of the two primal solutions and, where relevant, three risk aversion coefficient intervals, selected aspects of the sets of shadow price vectors consistent with TSD, DSD, TGSD and DGSD are compared with each other and with sets of shadow price vectors consistent with GSD and second degree stochastic dominance (SSD).
Quinone Diazides for Olefin Functionalization

The utility of quinone diazides in materials science is vast and well-documented, yet this potentially useful motif has languished in the annals of organic synthesis. Herein we show that modern tools of catalysis can be employed with free or suitably masked quinone diazides to unleash the power of these classic diazo compounds in the context of both inter- and intramolecular olefin cyclopropanation.
Objective transmission gratings for large schmidt telescopes.

Several lamellar gratings of 18-in. aperture, with 300 diffraction elements per inch, have been made for determining stellar spectra with wide angle telescopes. Central orders are missing at λ4800, and weak at adjacent wavelengths. The two, equal first orders are about 1^m weaker than spectra by a prism or echelette grating. Dispersion is linear. The procedure of manufacture is adaptable to larger size. The wavelength at which the central order is missing can be controlled by varying the lamellae thickness. The lamellae are evaporated strips of quartz of 0.5-µ thickness, covering half the face of the support a spectacle crown, plane parallel plate of ¾-in. thickness. The lamellae were deposited by thermal evaporation.
Exact Synthesis of 3-Qubit Quantum Circuits from Non-Binary Quantum Gates Using Multiple-Valued Logic and Group Theory

We propose an approach to optimally synthesize quantum circuits from non-permutative quantum gates such as Controlled-Square-Root-of-Not (i.e. Controlled-V). Our approach reduces the synthesis problem to multiple-valued optimization and uses group theory. We devise a novel technique that transforms the quantum logic synthesis problem from a multi-valued constrained optimization problem to a group permutation problem. The transformation enables us to utilize group theory to exploit the properties of the synthesis problem. Assuming a cost of one for each two-qubit gate, we found all reversible circuits with quantum costs of 4, 5, 6, etc, and give another algorithm to realize these reversible circuits with quantum gates.
Constructing force-closure grasps

This paper presents fast and simple algorithms for directly constructing force-closure grasps based on the shape of the grasped object. The synthesis of force-closure grasps finds in dependent regions of contact for the fingertips, such that the motion of the grasped object is totally constrained. A force- closure grasp implies equilibrium grasps exist. In the reverse direction, we show that most nonmarginal equilibrium grasps are force-closure grasps.
Collaborative storage management in sensor networks

In this paper, we consider a class of sensor networks where the data is not required in real-time by an observer; for example: a sensor network monitoring a scientific phenomenon for later play back and analysis. In such networks, the data must be stored in the network. Thus, in addition to battery power, storage is a primary resource; the useful lifetime of the network is constrained by its ability to store the generated data samples. We explore the use of collaborative storage techniques to efficiently manage data in storage constrained sensor networks. The proposed collaborative storage technique takes advantage of spatial correlation among the data collected by nearby sensors to significantly reduce the size of the data near the data sources. In addition, local coordination can be used to adjust the sampling rate to match the required application fidelity. We show that the proposed approach provides significant savings in the size of the stored data vs. local buffering. These savings allow the network to operate for a longer time without exhausting storage space. Furthermore, the savings reduce the amount of data that will eventually be relayed in response to queries or upon eventual collection of the data. In addition, collaborative storage performs load balancing of the available storage space if data generation rates are not uniform across sensors (as would be the case in an event driven sensor network), or if the available storage varies across the network.
The Benefits of Retail Therapy: Making Purchase Decisions Reduces Residual Sadness

Abstract People often shop when feeling sad, but whether and why shopping reduces residual (lingering) sadness remains an open question. Sadness is strongly associated with a sense that situational forces control the outcomes in one's life, and thus we theorized that the choices inherent in shopping may restore personal control over one's environment and reduce residual sadness. Three experiments provided support for our hypothesis. Making shopping choices helped to alleviate sadness whether they were hypothetical (Experiment 1) or real (Experiment 2). In addition, all experiments found support for the underlying mechanism of personal control restoration. Notably, the benefits of restored personal control over one's environment do not generalize to anger (Experiments 2 and 3), because anger is associated with a sense that other people (rather than situational forces) are likely to cause negative outcomes, and these appraisals are not ameliorated by restoring personal control over one's environment.
Direct carbon–carbon bond formation via soft enolization: aldol addition of α-halogenated thioesters

α-Halo thioesters undergo soft enolization and syn-selective direct aldol addition to aldehydes in the presence of MgBr2·OEt2 and i-Pr2NEt to produce α-halo-β-hydroxy thioesters.
Early assessment of apoptosis in isolated islets of Langerhans.

There is substantial evidence to link early graft loss after islet transplantation to isolation-induced islet cell apoptosis. Measurement of caspase 3 activity and detection of the lost cell membrane asymmetry, revealed by annexin V binding, are newly available assays that allow the analysis of early events of apoptosis.
Does Voice Matter for Youth Reports of Tobacco Use? An Interactive Voice Response Experiment

Does Voice Matter for Youth Reports of Tobacco Use? An Interactive Voice Response Experiment
RELATIVE PRICE CHANGES AS AGGREGATE SUPPLY SHOCKS

This paper proposes a theory of supply shocks, or shifts in the short-run Phillips curve, based on relative-price changes and frictions in nominal price adjustment. When price adjustment is costly, firms adjust to large shocks but not to small shocks, and so large shocks have disproportionate effects on the price level. Therefore, aggregate inflation depends on the distribution of relative-price changes: inflation rises when the distribution is skewed to the right, and falls when the distribution is skewed to the left. We show that this theoretical result explains a large fraction of movements in postwar U. S. inflation. Moreover, our model suggests measures of supply shocks that perform better than traditional measures, such as the relative prices of food and energy.
A one-dimensional embedding complex

We give the 1rst explicit computations of rational homotopy groups of spaces of “long knots” in Euclidean spaces. We de1ne a spectral sequence which converges to these rational homotopy groups whose E 1 term is de1ned in terms of familiar Lie algebras. For odd k we establish a vanishing line for this spectral sequence, show the Euler characteristic of the rows of this E 1 term is zero, and make calculations of E 2 in a 1nite range. c 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
Firms as social actors

This essay asks what firms are, whether they are 'real' social actors, and whether their actions can be traced without remainder to the actions of living people or whether there is some irreducible aspect of their existence or operation that must be attributed to the organization itself. It describes firms as ongoing, multilateral relational contracts from whose operation - that is, from performance over time by specific individuals in the roles and relationships defined by the contract - emerge the firm's idiosyncratic routines and capabilities. It emphasizes the role of entrepreneurs in the creation of firms and the close dependence of organizational capabilities on human performance, and argues that this account is consistent with a reasonable individualism that allows for social outcomes to be determined by the actions and interaction of individuals. It then proposes that firms are nonetheless institutional facts and thus ontologically subjective but epistemically objective components of reality, and concludes with directions for future work. Scholars and jurists have long puzzled over how to think about organizations, associations of individuals characterized by one or a very few governing objectives and, generally, some sort of central plan designed to achieve them. This is particularly true of business firms, organizations dedicated to the production and sale of goods for profit. Social scientists have not yet resolved the interrelated ontological and epistemological questions of just what these ubiquitous social objects are, whether and in what sense they are 'real' social actors, and whether their actions and effects can ultimately be traced without remainder to the actions of living human beings in the here and now or, contrarily, whether there is some irreducible aspect of their existence or operation that can only be attributed to the organization itself. Courts and legal theorists, meanwhile, have struggled with the normative dimension of the problem, the granting of unitary legal personality to business firms and its implications for the rights and powers of individuals and collectives. My purpose here is to address this complex of questions, not comprehensively, but with primary emphasis on the ontological and epistemological issues raised by firms. I will try to say precisely what firms are, how they originate, and how their actions are linked to the intentionality and
Fast maximum entropy approximation in SPECT using the RBI-MAP algorithm

Presents a method for approximating constrained maximum entropy (ME) reconstructions of SPECT data with modifications to a block-iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm. Maximum likelihood (ML)-based reconstruction algorithms require some form of noise smoothing. Constrained ME provides a more formal method of noise smoothing without requiring the user to select parameters. In the context of SPECT, constrained ME seeks the minimum-information image estimate among those whose projections are a given distance from the noisy measured data, with that distance determined by the magnitude of the Poisson noise. Images that meet the distance criterion are referred to as feasible images. The authors find that modeling of all principal degrading factors (attenuation, detector response, and scatter) in the reconstruction is critical because feasibility is not meaningful unless the projection model is as accurate as possible. Because the constrained ME solution is the same as a MAP solution for a particular value of the MAP weighting parameter, /spl beta/, the constrained ME solution can be found with a MAP algorithm if the correct value of /spl beta/ is found. The authors show that the RBI-MAP algorithm, if used with a dynamic scheme for estimating /spl beta/, can approximate constrained ME solutions in 20 or fewer iterations. The authors compare results for various methods of achieving feasible images on a simulation of Tl-201 cardiac SPECT data. Results show that the RBI-MAP ME approximation provides images and quantitative estimates close to those from a slower algorithm that gives the true ME solution. Also, the authors find that the ME results have higher spatial resolution and greater high-frequency noise content than a feasibility-based stopping rule, feasibility-based low-pass filtering, and a quadratic Gibbs prior with /spl beta/ selected according to the feasibility criterion. The authors conclude that fast ME approximation is possible using either RBI-MAP with the dynamic procedure or a feasibility-based stopping rule, and that such reconstructions may be particularly useful in applications where resolution is critical.
An FSK demodulator for Bluetooth applications having no external components

An injection-locked oscillator in combination with a phase detector is shown to make a very effective frequency-shift keying (FSK) demodulator for Bluetooth applications. The dynamic behavior allows automatic tuning from outside the locking range. Two tuning methods are described which eliminate the need for external components, allow fast tuning and can handle low-frequency data. A cancellation technique is used which minimizes filtering requirements. The demodulator was fabricated in a bi-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology with L/sub eff/ = 0.25 /spl mu/m. The die area was 0.09 mm/sup 2/ and the current consumption was 0.8 mA with a supply voltage of 2.8 V.
Synthesis of an o-Nitrobenzyl Attached A1 Adenosine Receptor Antagonist, a Prodrug Approach

Abstract The o-nitrobenzyl group, possessing distinct advantage of being photolabile under mild conditions, was successfully connected to 8-(5,6-epoxynorbornan-2-yl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine (5), a high specific A1 adenosine receptor antagonist. The resulting compound 4 would have potential use as a prodrug.
Supplementing National Menu Labeling

The US Food and Drug Administration’s forthcoming national menu labeling regulations are designed to help curb the national obesity epidemic by requiring calorie counts on restaurants’ menus. However, posted calories can be easily ignored or misunderstood by consumers and fail to accurately describe the healthiness of foods. We propose supplemental models that include nutritional information (e.g., fat, salt, sugar) or specific guidance (e.g., “heart-healthy” graphics). The goal is to empower restaurant patrons with better data to make healthier choices, and ultimately to reduce obesity prevalence.
MLPACK: a scalable C++ machine learning library

MLPACK is a state-of-the-art, scalable, multi-platform C++ machine learning library released in late 2011 offering both a simple, consistent API accessible to novice users and high performance and flexibility to expert users by leveraging modern features of C++. MLPACK provides cutting-edge algorithms whose benchmarks exhibit far better performance than other leading machine learning libraries. MLPACK version 1.0.3, licensed under the LGPL, is available at http://www.mlpack.org.
Dynamics of oscillators coupled by a medium with adaptive impact

In this article, we study the dynamics of coupled oscillators. We use mechanical metronomes that are placed over a rigid base. The base moves by a motor in a one-dimensional direction and the movements of the base follow some functions of the phases of the metronomes (in other words, it is controlled to move according to a provided function). Because of the motor and the feedback, the phases of the metronomes affect the movements of the base, whereas on the other hand, when the base moves, it affects the phases of the metronomes in return. For a simple function for the base movement (such as y = γx[rθ1 + (1 − r)θ2] in which y is the velocity of the base, γx is a multiplier, r is a proportion, and θ1 and θ2 are phases of the metronomes), we show the effects on the dynamics of the oscillators. Then, we study how this function changes in time when its parameters adapt by a feedback. By numerical simulations and experimental tests, we show that the dynamic of the set of oscillators and the base tends to evolve towards a certain region. This region is close to a transition in dynamics of the oscillators, where more frequencies start to appear in the frequency spectra of the phases of the metronomes. We interpret this as an adaptation towards the edge of chaos.
Base-station selections for qos provisioning over distributed multi-user MIMO links in wireless networks

We propose the QoS-aware BS-selection and the corresponding resource-allocation schemes for downlink multi-user transmissions over the distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) links, where multiple location-independent base-stations (BS), controlled by a central server, cooperatively transmit data to multiple mobile users. Our proposed schemes aim at minimizing the BS usages and reducing the interfering range of the distributed MIMO transmissions, while satisfying diverse statistical delay-QoS requirements for all users, which are characterized by the delay-bound violation probability and the effective capacity technique. Specifically, we propose two BS-usage minimization frameworks to develop the QoS-aware BS-selection schemes and the corresponding wireless resource-allocation algorithms across multiple mobile users. The first framework applies the joint block-diagonalization (BD) and probabilistic transmission (PT) to implement multiple access over multiple mobile users, while the second one employs time-division multiple access (TDMA) approach to control multiple users' links. We then derive the optimal BS-selection schemes for these two frameworks, respectively. In addition, we further discuss the PT-only based BS-selection scheme. Also conducted is a set of simulation evaluations to comparatively study the average BS-usage and interfering range of our proposed schemes and to analyze the impact of QoS constraints on the BS selections for distributed MIMO transmissions.
Scalable loading of a two-dimensional trapped-ion array

Two-dimensional arrays of trapped-ion qubits are attractive platforms for scalable quantum information processing. Sufficiently rapid reloading capable of sustaining a large array, however, remains a significant challenge. Here with the use of a continuous flux of pre-cooled neutral atoms from a remotely located source, we achieve fast loading of a single ion per site while maintaining long trap lifetimes and without disturbing the coherence of an ion quantum bit in an adjacent site. This demonstration satisfies all major criteria necessary for loading and reloading extensive two-dimensional arrays, as will be required for large-scale quantum information processing. Moreover, the already high loading rate can be increased by loading ions in parallel with only a concomitant increase in photo-ionization laser power and no need for additional atomic flux.
Chemical shifts in amino acids, peptides, and proteins: From quantum chemistry to drug design

▪ Abstract This chapter discusses recent progress in the investigation and use of 13C, 15N, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and chemical shift tensors in proteins and model systems primarily using quantum chemical (ab initio Hartree-Fock and density functional theory) techniques. Correlations between spectra and structure are made and the techniques applied to other spectroscopic and electrostatic properties as well, including hydrogen bonding, ligand binding to heme proteins, J-couplings, electric field gradients, and atoms-in-molecules theory, together with a brief review of the use of NMR chemical shifts in drug design.
Inductance of Circuit Structures for MIT LL Superconductor Electronics Fabrication Process With 8 Niobium Layers

Inductance of superconducting thin-film inductors and structures with linewidth down to 250 nm has been experimentally evaluated. The inductors include various striplines and microstrips, their 90° bends and meanders, interlayer vias, etc., typically used in superconducting digital circuits. The circuits have been fabricated by a fully planarized process with 8 niobium layers, developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory for very-large-scale superconducting integrated circuits. Excellent run-to-run reproducibility and inductance uniformity of better than 1% across 200-mm wafers have been found. It has been found that the inductance per unit length of stripline and microstrip line inductors continues to grow as the inductor linewidth is reduced deep into the submicron range to the widths comparable to the film thickness and magnetic field penetration depth. It is shown that the linewidth reduction does not lead to widening of the parameter spread due to diminishing sensitivity of the inductance to the linewidth and dielectric thickness. The experimental results were compared with numeric inductance extraction using commercial software and freeware, and a good agreement was found for 3-D inductance extractors. Methods of further miniaturization of circuit inductors for achieving circuit densities> 10 6 Josephson junctions per cm 2 are discussed.
Power Couples: Changes in the Locational Choice of the College Educated, 1940–1990

College educated couples are increasingly located in large metropolitan areas. These areas were home to 32 percent of all college educated couples in 1940, 39 percent in 1970, and 50 percent in 1990. We investigate whether this trend can be explained by increasing urbanization of the college educated or the growth of dual career households and the resulting severity of the colocation problem. We argue that the latter explanation is the primary one. Smaller cities may therefore experience reduced inflows of human capital relative to the past and thus become poorer.
Export entrepreneurship and trade structure in Latin America during good and bad times

The authors use a new dataset on export transactions for a large set of Latin American and Caribbean and comparator countries to assess the extent of "export entrepreneurship" during periodsof fast export growth (2005-2007) and depressed external demand (2008-2009). Export entrepreneurship is equated with the extensive margin of exports, namely the advent of new exporting firms, new export products, and new export market destinations. The main findings are: (1) annual exporter entry, exit, and survival rates in Latin America and the Caribbean are quite similar to what is observed in other countries, and entry rates across sectors are quite similar but survival rates appear to be highest in agriculture; (2) the relative size of entrants into export markets (relative to incumbents) tended to be lower for natural resource-abundant countries during 2005-2007, but less so during the crisis years of 2008-2009; (3) entry rates tend to be lower in sectors in which a country has revealed comparative advantage, however, exit rates and survival rates of new exporters are higher in those sectors; and (4) the low growth of exports during the global recession of 2008-2009 in Latin America and the Caribbean was due to lower growth in exports of incumbent firms' pre-existing products and destinations, while new products and destinations tended to attenuate the recession's effects. Overall, the data suggest that the Latin American and Caribbean region appears to be no less entrepreneurial in terms of the extensive margins of exports than comparator countries.
The surface chemistry of hydrocarbon fragments on transition metals: towards understanding catalytic processes

In this review the surface chemistry of hydrocarbons on transition metal surfaces is discussed, with focus on the contributions from the surface science community, and specifically the author's group, to an understanding of the mechanism of this chemistry at a molecular level. The clean production of alkyl surface moieties on well characterized metals and the study of the thermal chemistry of those moieties are described. Alpha, beta and gamma hydride eliminations, reductive elimination with hydrogen or other alkyl groups, methylene insertions, and C—C bond breaking reactions, are all introduced. Particular emphasis is given to the discussion of catalytic hydrogenation processes.
Total synthesis of the polyene macrolide dermostatin A

Herein we provide full details of studies which culminated in the first total synthesis of the polyene macrolide dermostatin A, confirming our earlier stereochemical assignment. A highly convergent synthesis was developed, featuring the cyanohydrin acetonide method for polyol construction and a Stille approach to polyene introduction. The strategies and tactics developed en route should be of value for the preparation of other members of the polyene macrolide class, as well as analogs of the dermostatins.
Measuring implicit and explicit attitudes toward foreign-accented speech

This study applies concepts and methods from the domain of Implicit Social Cognition to examine language attitudes toward foreign and U.S. accented speech. Implicit attitudes were measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that incorporated audio cues as experimental stimuli. Explicit attitudes were measured through self-report questionnaires. Participants exhibited a pro-U.S. accent bias on the IAT measure but a pro-foreign accent bias on explicit measures. This divergence supports the conclusion that implicit and explicit attitudes are separable attitude constructs resulting from distinct mental processes and suggests that language attitudes research—which has traditionally measured only explicit attitudes—would benefit by incorporating indirect measures. The Associative-Propositional Evaluation Model is proposed as a comprehensive and consistent theory to explain the cognitive processing of language attitudes.
Strategic IPOs and product market competition

We examine firms’ incentives to go public in the presence of product market competition. As a result of their greater ability to diversify idiosyncratic risk in the capital market, public firms’ owners tolerate higher profit variability than owners of private firms. Consequently, public firms adopt riskier and more aggressive output market strategies than private firms, which improves the competitive position of the former vis-�a-vis the latter. This strategic benefit of being public, and thus, the proportion of public firms in an industry, is shown to be positively related to the degree of competitive interaction among firms in the output market, to demand uncertainty, and to the idiosyncratic portion of this uncertainty. Additional empirical predictions concern the effect of a firm’s initial public offering on its market share and on its rivals’ valuations. We test the model’s predictions and find empirical support for most of them.
Tricarbamate of 1,3,5‐Triaminobenzene via Curtius Rearrangement of Trimesic Acid and Subsequent Nitration

Abstract The triethyl tricarbamate of 1,3,5‐triaminobenzene was prepared from trimesic acid in five steps with 70% overall yield. The tricarbamate underwent nitration to give the mono‐, di‐, or trinitro analogs in excellent yield.
Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure management: a review of field-based studies

Livestock manure management accounts for almost 10% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture globally, and contributes an equal proportion to the US methane emission inventory. Current emissions inventories use emissions factors determined from small-scale laboratory experiments that have not been compared to field-scale measurements. We compiled published data on field-scale measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from working and research dairies and compared these to rates predicted by the IPCC Tier 2 modeling approach. Anaerobic lagoons were the largest source of methane (368 ± 193 kg CH4 hd(-1) yr(-1)), more than three times that from enteric fermentation (~120 kg CH4 hd(-1) yr(-1)). Corrals and solid manure piles were large sources of nitrous oxide (1.5 ± 0.8 and 1.1 ± 0.7 kg N2O hd(-1) yr(-1), respectively). Nitrous oxide emissions from anaerobic lagoons (0.9 ± 0.5 kg N2O hd(-1) yr(-1)) and barns (10 ± 6 kg N2O hd(-1) yr(-1)) were unexpectedly large. Modeled methane emissions underestimated field measurement means for most manure management practices. Modeled nitrous oxide emissions underestimated field measurement means for anaerobic lagoons and manure piles, but overestimated emissions from slurry storage. Revised emissions factors nearly doubled slurry CH4 emissions for Europe and increased N2O emissions from solid piles and lagoons in the United States by an order of magnitude. Our results suggest that current greenhouse gas emission factors generally underestimate emissions from dairy manure and highlight liquid manure systems as promising target areas for greenhouse gas mitigation.
Concurrent Design and Manufacturing for Mechanical Systems

The conventional product development process employs a design-build-break philosophy. The sequentially executed product development process often results in a prolonged lead-time and an elevated product cost. The proposed concurrent design and manu facturing (CDM) paradigm employs physics-based computational methods together with computer graphics techniques for product de sign. This proposed approach employs Virtual Prototyping (VP) technology to support a cross-functional team in analyzing product per formance, reliability, and manufacturing cost early in the product development stage; and in conducting quantitative trade-off for design decision making. Physical prototypes of the product design are then produced using Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique primarily for de sign verification purposes. The proposed CDM approach holds potential for shortening the overall product development cycle, improving product quality, and reducing product cost. A software tool environment that supports CDM for mechanical s...
A characteristic-free proof of a basic result on D-modules

Abstract Let k be a field, let R be a ring of polynomials in a finite number of variables over k , let D be the ring of k -linear differential operators of R and let f ∈ R be a non-zero element. It is well-known that R f , with its natural D -module structure, has finite length in the category of D -modules. We give a characteristic-free proof of this fact. To the best of our knowledge this is the first characteristic-free proof.
STATE-TO-STATE CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS IN POLYATOMIC SYSTEMS: Case Studies

▪ Abstract This review illustrates the experimental study of chemical reaction dynamics using methods that select the quantum states and energy of the reactants and determine the quantum states and energy of the products. The focus is reaction dynamics in systems in which at least one of the reactants or products is a polyatomic molecule. The approach taken is to select four prototype reaction systems as case studies to demonstrate the detail of information and insight that can come from such experiments. Thus, the review is selective and neither claims nor attempts to be comprehensive. Reference to and discussion of theoretical reaction dynamics are included where computational results directly connect with the experiments.
Conservation of Endangered Species: Can Incentives Work for Private Landowners?

Abstract It has been argued that the traditional regulatory approach of the Endangered Species Act, based on land-use restrictions, has failed to protect endangered species on private land. In response, there has been a call for the use of incentives to complement this regulatory approach. This paper examines the potential of incentives programs to elicit conservation-oriented management choices from landowners. Data obtained from a survey of non-industrial private forest owners in Oregon and Washington is used to examine the effectiveness of various incentives. The results indicate that incentives, in particular compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest that conservation policy for private lands could be improved by relying on a combination of incentives, including financial incentives and assurances, rather than exclusively on the threat of regulation.
Sites of failure in muscle fatigue

The sites of failure in muscle fatigue were investigated by applying controlled tapping to a muscle tendon before and after fatigue of the muscle. The resulting reflex responses were evaluated to assess muscle activation (using the EMG signal for activation failure) and joint torque (for contractile failure). An instrumented hammer was used to tap the triceps muscle tendon and record the tapping force, while the triceps EMG signal and reflex joint torque were recorded to provide measures of the reflex responses. Elbow extensor muscle fatigue was induced through repeated voluntary isometric contraction. The subject generated elbow extension torque in a 6 sec on and 4 sec off pattern for 15 minutes. A rest period of ten minutes was used to let the acute fatiguing effects diminish. Identical tendon tapping tests were done before and after fatigue. Tendon reflex gain (calculated from the tapping force input to the reflex torque output) and tapping-induced EMG gain (calculated from the tapping force input to the reflex-mediated EMG output) were used to characterize tendon reflexes. Following fatigue, we recorded substantial reductions in maximal voluntary elbow extension torque, which was more severe in some subjects than in others. It was found that less severe muscle fatigue was associated only with contractile failure, as indicated by reduction in elbow extension torque but not in EMG response to the controlled tendon tapping. More severe fatigue was associated with both activation and contractile failures, as indicated by reductions in both EMG and joint torque responses to the controlled tendon tapping. The controlled tendon tapping minimized the variations in central drive to motor neurons and neural strategy associated with voluntary contractions and evaluation of the induced reflex EMG and joint torque helps us better understand the underlying mechanisms and sites associated with muscle fatigue.
Lepton number violation from colored states at the LHC

The possibility to search for lepton number violating signals at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the colored seesaw scenario is investigated. In this context the fields that generate neutrino masses at the one-loop level are scalar and Majorana fermionic color-octets of SU(3)C. Due to the QCD strong interaction these states may be produced at the LHC with a favorable rate. We study the production mechanisms and decays relevant to search for lepton number violation signals in the channels with same-sign dileptons. In the simplest case when the two fermionic color-octets are degenerate in mass, one could use their decays to distinguish between the neutrino spectra. We find that for fermionic octets with mass up to about 1 TeV the number of same-sign dilepton events is larger than the standard model background indicating a promising signal for new physics.
Discrete Denoising With Shifts

We introduce S-DUDE, a new algorithm for denoising discrete memoryless channel (DMC)-corrupted data. The algorithm, which generalizes the recently introduced DUDE (discrete universal denoiser), aims to compete with a genie that has access, in addition to the noisy data, also to the underlying clean data, and that can choose to switch, up to m times, between sliding-window denoisers in a way that minimizes the overall loss. When the underlying data form an individual sequence, we show that the S-DUDE performs essentially as well as this genie, provided that m is sublinear in the size of the data. When the clean data are emitted by a piecewise stationary process, we show that the S-DUDE achieves the optimum distribution-dependent performance, provided that the same sublinearity condition is imposed on the number of switches. To further substantiate the universal optimality of the S-DUDE, we show that when the number of switches is allowed to grow linearly with the size of the data, any (sequence of) scheme(s) fails to compete in the above sense. Using dynamic programming, we derive an efficient implementation of the S-DUDE, which has complexity (time and memory) growing linearly with the data size and the number of switches m . Preliminary experimental results are presented, suggesting that S-DUDE has the capacity to improve on the performance attained by the original DUDE in applications where the nature of the data abruptly changes in time (or space), as is often the case in practice.
Optimal transmitter eigen-beamforming and space-time block coding based on channel correlations

Optimal transmitter designs obeying the water-filling principle are well-documented, and widely applied, when the propagation channel is deterministically known and regularly updated at the transmitter. Because channel state information (CSI) may be costly or impossible to acquire in rapidly varying wireless environments, we develop in this paper statistical water-filling approaches for stationary random fading channels. These approaches require only knowledge of the channel correlations that do not necessitate frequent updates, and can be easily acquired. Applied to a multiple transmit-antenna paradigm, our optimal transmitter design turns out to be an eigen-beamformer with multiple beams pointing to orthogonal directions along the eigenvectors of the channel's correlation matrix, and with proper power loading across the beams. The optimality pertains to minimizing a tight bound on the symbol error rate. The resulting loaded eigen-beamforming outperforms not only the equal-power allocation across all antennas, but also the conventional beamformer that transmits the available power along the strongest direction. Coupled with orthogonal space-time block codes, two-dimensional (2-D) eigen-beamforming emerges as a more attractive choice than conventional one-dimensional (1-D) beamforming with uniformly better performance, without rate reduction, and without complexity increase.
Democracy and noncitizen voting rights

The boundaries of democracy are typically defined by the boundaries of formal status citizenship. Such state-centered theories of democracy leave many migrants without a voice in political decision-making in the areas where they live and work, giving rise to a problem of democratic legitimacy. Drawing on two democratic principles of inclusion, the all affected interests and coercion principles, this article elaborates this problem and examines two responses offered by scholars of citizenship for what receiving states might do. The first approach involves expanding the circle of citizenship to include resident noncitizens. A second approach involves disaggregating the rights conventionally associated with citizenship from the legal status of citizenship and extending some of those rights, including voting rights, to resident noncitizens. This article argues that both approaches fall short of satisfying the democratic principles of inclusion, which call for enfranchising individuals not only beyond the boun...
Similarity and polarization in groups

The focus of this paper is the endogenous formation of peer groups. We study a model in which agents choose their peers prior to making decisions on multiple issues. Agents differ in how much they value the decision outcomes on one issue relative to another. While each individual can collect information on at most one issue, all information is shared within the group. Thus, the group's preference composition aspects the type of information that gets collected. We characterize stable groups, groups that are optimal for all their members. When information is free, stable groups must be sufficiently homogeneous. Furthermore, stability requires more similarity among extremists than among moderate individuals. When information is costly, a free rider problem appears, and makes extreme peers more desirable as they are more willing to invest in information acquisition. We show that, as group size grows, polarization arises and becomes increasingly extreme in stable groups. Finally, we illustrate that (inefficient) segregation can emerge in a finite heterogeneous population in which each agent selects which group to join. We demonstrate that segregation is easier to sustain the more extreme preferences are.
Family-Based Association Analysis of Alcohol Dependence Criteria and Severity

BACKGROUND: Despite the high heritability of alcohol dependence (AD), the genes found to be associated with it account for only a small proportion of its total variability. The goal of this study was to identify and analyze phenotypes based on homogeneous classes of individuals to increase the power to detect genetic risk factors contributing to the risk of AD. METHODS: The 7 individual DSM-IV criteria for AD were analyzed using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes defined by the pattern of endorsement of the criteria. A genome-wide association study was performed in 118 extended European American families (n = 2,322 individuals) densely affected with AD to identify genes associated with AD, with each of the 7 DSM-IV criteria, and with the probability of belonging to 2 of 3 latent classes. RESULTS: Heritability for DSM-IV AD was 61% and ranged from 17 to 60% for the other phenotypes. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the olfactory receptor OR51L1 was significantly associated (7.3 × 10(-8) ) with the DSM-IV criterion of persistent desire to, or inability to, cut down on drinking. LCA revealed a 3-class model: the "low-risk" class (50%) rarely endorsed any criteria and none met criteria for AD; the "moderate-risk" class (33%) endorsed primarily 4 DSM-IV criteria and 48% met criteria for AD; and the "high-risk" class (17%) manifested high endorsement probabilities for most criteria and nearly all (99%) met criteria for AD. One SNP in a sodium leak channel NALCN demonstrated genome-wide significance with the high-risk class (p = 4.1 × 10(-8) ). Analyses in an independent sample did not replicate these associations. CONCLUSIONS: We explored the genetic contribution to several phenotypes derived from the DSM-IV AD criteria. The strongest evidence of association was with SNPs in NALCN and OR51L1. Language: en