cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of adsorbed monolayers. The surface chemical bond

Results from new electron and ion spectroscopies with surface sensitivities of less than 1% of a monolayer have greatly increased our knowledge of structure and bonding at the solid-vacuum interface. We present here a case-history of some of the major conclusions of these surface structural studies. Results on metal single crystal surfaces of surface composition using Auger electron spectroscopy, bond energetics using thermal desorption spectroscopy, and bonding geometries using low-energy electron diffraction and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy are highlighted. A wide variety of bonding geometries and bond energies are found — one of the major reasons for the diverse reactivity and chemistry of surfaces. Recent work combining vacuum, surface science techniques with studies at solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces shows promise in extending our understanding of surface structure and bonding to these interfaces.
Mechanisms Involved in the Development of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Summary The use of radioactive (cobalt 60 -labeled) vitamin B 12 constitutes a new method for studying intestinal absorption of vitamin B 12 . This tool has been useful in elucidating mechanisms involved in the development of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Four distinct mechanisms can be identified. These are: a) deficiency of intrinsic factor, b) bacterial or parasitic interference with normal absorption of vitamin B 12 , c) defective absorptive capacity of the intestinal mucosa, and d) inadequate dietary intake of vitamin B 12 The pathologic physiology involved in each of these categories is discussed, and illustrative cases are presented.
Serum concentrations and effects of detomidine delivered orally to horses in three different mediums

Abstract Objective To compare the effect of orally delivered detomidine on head posture when administered alone or in combination with two different food items, and to determine the serum concentrations of detomidine after oral delivery. Study Design Prospective randomized experimental study. Animals Fifteen adult grade mares weighing 328–537 kg. Methods The horses were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups (five horses each). The groups were given detomidine (0.06 mg kg −1 ): alone; mixed with 3 mL of an apple sauce and gum mixture; or mixed with 3 mL molasses. Head droop, measured before treatment and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 minutes after treatment, was used to evaluate sedation. Yohimbine (0.1 mg kg −1 IV) was administered after the 90-minute evaluation. Blood samples were collected from the detomidine-alone group before treatment and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after treatment. Sera were analyzed for detomidine equivalent concentrations by an ELISA. Head droop percentages were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Significant mean head droop developed in each treatment group by 30 minutes and persisted until reversal with yohimbine. After yohimbine administration, head positions returned to 87–91% of pre-treatment levels. There were no significant differences among the oral treatment groups at any time. Mean serum detomidine equivalents increased slowly until 45-minute post-administration, but never exceeded 30 ng mL −1 . Conclusions Orally administered detomidine results in measurable serum drug concentrations using any of the delivery mediums investigated, and can be expected to produce profound head droop in horses approximately 45 minutes after administration.
Tight glycemic control regulates fibronectin expression and basement membrane thickening in retinal and glomerular capillaries of diabetic rats.

PURPOSE. To determine whether tight glycemic control prevents development of basement membrane (BM) thickening in retinal and glomerular capillaries of diabetic rats and whether the extent to which BM thickening develops is linked to fibronectin (FN) overexpression and the degree of hyperglycemia. METHODS. Retinal and renal cortical tissues obtained from the tightly controlled diabetic (TC), poorly controlled diabetic (D), and nondiabetic (N) control rats were subjected to morphometric and biochemical analyses. In both tissues, capillary BM thickening was determined by electron microscopy, and FN protein level was assessed by Western blot analysis. Routine measurements of blood glucose level and glycohemoglobin level were performed throughout the study. RESULTS. The HbA1c level was significantly increased in D rats, but not in TC rats, compared with those of the N rats with a concomitant increase in capillary BM thickness and FN protein expression in retinal and renal tissues. A strong correlation was observed between retinal and glomerular capillary BM thickness (r = 0.79, P = 0.0001), between retinal and kidney FN protein levels (r = 0.7, P = 0.005), between HbAlc and FN protein levels in the retina (r = 0.66, P = 0.006) and kidney (r = .84, P = 0.0003), and between HbAlc level and BM thickness in retinal (r = 0.76, P = 0.0002) and renal tissues (r = 0.64, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS. In diabetes BM thickening develops in retinal and glomerular capillaries in a correlated manner. Tight glycemic control may be beneficial in preventing the pathologic development of capillary BM thickening and FN overexpression in retinal and renal tissues, two target tissues of diabetic microangiopathy.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pyomyositis

Pyomyositis is a relatively rare entity in temperate climates. Because of its rarity and its nonspecific clinical and radiographic findings, pyomyositis may be misdiagnosed and may cause severe morbidity and mortality. We present magnetic resonance imaging findings in two cases of pyomyositis. Magnetic resonance imaging was helpful in differentiating other pathological processes from pyomyositis, outlining the extent of involvement, and localizing the fluid collection.
Contribution of quark-mass-dependent operators to higher twist effects in deep-inelastic scattering.

We look at the contribution of quark-mass-dependent twist-4 operators to the second moments of spin-averaged structure functions and the Bjorken sum rule. Its contribution is non-negligible in the former case due to large Wilson coefficients. We also discuss the values of the twist-4 spin-2 nucleon matrix element within present experimental constraints.
Efimov physics in ultracold three-body collisions

We discuss some of our recent work on the near-threshold behavior of ultracold three-body collisions and their relation to a recent experiment [T. Kraemer, et al., Nature 440, 315 (2006)]. In particular, we discuss the role of Efimov physics in this experiment and other ultracold collisions and how this role can be understood within the adiabatic hyperspherical representation.
A measurement of the spin-up rate of the SMC X-1 X-ray pulsar

A reanalysis of 1971 Uhuru observations of SMC X-1 has determined the pulsation period to be 0/sup s/.71748 +- 0/sup s/.00026. Combining these early-epoch Uhuru observations with other more recent observations we have determined that the average spin-up rate of the SMC X-1 X-ray pulsar is P/P=-(7.7 +- 0.8) x 10/sup -4/ yr/sup -1/. We interpret this to imply that the dissipative processes which maintain the spin-up rate of Her X-1 and Cen X-3 at a relatively low value are not an important factor in the SMC X-1 accretion process.
Variable satellite DNA's in the African green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops

A heavy component of Cercopithecus aethiops DNA has been observed which comprises a small but variable portion of the monkey genome. This variability exists both within and among different monkey cell lines. In general, cell lines with larger amounts of this heavy component showed virus-induced host DNA synthesis on lytic infection with SV-40 virus. The heavy component, which has a buoyant density of about 1.711 g/ml in CsCl, consists of at least two minor satellite DNA's, designated components β and γ. By in situ hybridization, component γ was localized to the pericentromeric heterochromatin of monkey chromosomes in all cell lines examined. In contrast, component β sequences were scattered over the monkey karyotype. Component γ reassociated with more precision than component β. However, neither component β nor component γ reassociated as rapidly and completely as component α, the major monkey satellite DNA which comprises 20–25 percent of the monkey genome.
A simulation of commuter rail possibilities

Abstract A simple model of commuter rail line supply and demand characteristics is described. By varying assumptions and the nature of the rail service proposed, the resulting energy, cost and travel time impacts can be analyzed. In addition, the model is extremely useful in exploring fare structures and other policies. An existing railroad line in the North Central Texas region is used as a case study.
Freeze the number of Medicare-subsidized graduate medical education positions.

The national debate over the nation's physician workforce continues. 1 There is increasing consensus that we are educating too many physicians, and a general agreement exists that this excess is reflected in too many subspecialists. 1,2 Some believe that market forces of supply and demand will ultimately resolve the generalist-subspecialist dilemma. Indeed, salaries for generalists are rising, income for subspecialists is falling, and managed care organizations are increasingly requiring subspecialists to serve as primary care providers or laying them off. Medical students seem to be responding to the marketplace by indicating an increasing interest in generalist careers. Within the relatively short period of time between 1992 and 1994, graduating seniors have increased their interest in generalism from 14% to 23% (unpublished data, Association of American Medical Colleges, 1995). Those who favor regulation argue that the market moves too slowly and that the patient care needs of academic health centers continue
Synesthesia and creativity in fine arts students: An Empirical Look

Abstract: A survey of 358 fine arts students at three large universities indicated that 23% (84) experienced synesthesia in a spontaneous and consistent manner, and 49% (175) reported no such experience. From this subject pool, 61 synesthetes and 61 controls, equated on gender, major, year in school, and verbal intelligence, received a battery of four creativity measures. The synesthetes scored significantly higher than controls on all four creativity measures; and their self‐rated frequency and vividness of synesthesia though significantly intercorrelated, correlated marginally with the measures of creativity. The results are consistent with anecdotal reports that synesthetes are often involved in musical and artistic fields, and possessive of a high degree of creativity.
Ignition testing of fabrics and fabric/cushion systems

The ignition behavior of furniture upholstery fabrics appears to be influenced by fabric variables (weight, weave, construction, and backcoating), test conditions, and substrate as much as by the chemical composition of the fiber.
Current Controversies in the Management of Pediatric Patients with Well-Differentiated Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer: A Review

Current treatment strategies for pediatric patients with nonmedullary, well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) are derived from single-institution clinical cohorts, reports of extensive person...
Solving planar location problems by global optimization

In this paper we review global optimization techniques and their application to location problems. The following techniques are reviewed: Big Square Small Square, Big Cube Small Cube, Big Triangle Small Triangle, Big Segment Small Segment, DC Optimization and the Ordered Median formulation. These techniques are described, and examples for their implementation for various location problems are given.
Kazachstania intestinalis sp. nov., an ascosporogenous yeast from the gut of passalid beetle Odontotaenius disjunctus

Three ascosporogenous yeast strains were isolated from the gut of the passalid beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus, inhabiting on rotten oak trees. DNA sequence comparison and other taxonomic characteristics identified the strains as a novel species in the genus Kazachstania. The name Kazachstania intestinalis sp. nov. (type strain EH085(T) = ATCC MYA-4658(T) = CBS 11839(T)) is proposed for the strains. The yeast is homothallic, producing persistent asci with 1-4 spheroidal ascospores. Molecular phylogeny from ribosomal RNA gene sequences placed this novel species on the basal lineage of a clade including Kazachstania lodderae, Kazachstania exigua, Kazachstania martiniae, and other related Kazachstania spp., but none of those species was a close sister to K. intestinalis.
Vestige of a Pleistocene thermal activity in Iceland

Last summer (1934) I found several pieces of a brownish-red, brick-like rock in an inter-Glacial moraine deposit in Iceland. This find, it is believed, furnishes evidence for a Pleistocene thermal activity in that island. The present-day thermal activity in Iceland is unequalled in intensity and extent. On the accompanying map (Fig. 1) all known localities of hot springs have been plotted, and in order to give a better idea of the proportions, the little square in which the legend of the map is printed has been drawn so as to represent the area of Yellowstone National Park on exactly the same scale. Since the intensity of the thermal activity is not less in Iceland than in Yellowstone, it is readily understood that the hot springs of Iceland are of great geologic importance. They are responsible for a large number of extensive deposits of chlorides, sulfates, and of native sulfur, as well as silica sinter, and last but not least, they have over large areas acted on the adjacent rocks and transformed them into clay-like substances. A question immediately presenting itself to the geologist is therefore the antiquity of this impressive thermal activity. Can it be traced farther back than those thousand and some years constituting the written history of Iceland? We do know that the lifetime of the individual springs varies considerably. Several of the voluminous alkaline springs are at least 1000 years old, but several examples are also known of springs which came into existence and entirely disappeared in less than one year.
What is the best way to measure renal fibrosis?: A pathologist’s perspective

Interstitial fibrosis is a hallmark structural correlate of progressive and chronic kidney disease. There remain many uncertainties about how to best measure interstitial fibrosis both in research settings and in evaluations of renal biopsies performed for management of individual patients. Areas of uncertainty include determination of the composition of the matrix in a fibrotic parenchyma, the definition of how the interstitium is involved by fibrosing injuries, the choice of histologic stains for evaluation of renal fibrosis, and the reproducibility and robustness of measures currently employed by pathologists, both with and without the assistance of computerized imaging and assessments. In this review, we address some of these issues while citing the key studies that illustrate these difficulties. We point to future approaches that may allow a more accurate and meaningful assessment of renal interstitial fibrosis.
Nanophase processing of amorphous alloys

Abstract Since the pioneering work on the formation of amorphous alloys by Duwez and coworkers using rapid quenching, a number of different strategies for producing metallic glasses have emerged. However, the problem of processing bulk amorphous alloys remains an elusive goal. We have been exploring the possibilities of using a nanophase ultrafine amorphous particles, of approximately 5 nm, that can be compacted into bulk forms in situ. We have used both joule heating and magnetron sputtering methods to synthesize amorphous alloys of NiTi, NiTb, PdY, and Ti1Al. These alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Preliminary results on sintering, crystallization, and mechanical properties of these nanophase materials are discussed.
VIS: Technology for multicultural teacher education

“If a picture is worth a thousand words,” and if the research continues to support the importance of visual information, then VIS is a significant instructional tool. VIS can be a tool to enable both teachers and students to present and receive knowledge in more effective ways for the twenty-first century. A global awareness is increasingly important; ideas and values of others need to be shared effectively. VIS can assist in making the education of future teachers more meaningful, particularly in the area of understanding multicultural perspectives. The students experience more “realism” through the use of visual information. Educators of the future can embrace the new technology more easily if it is modeled as a part of their educational experience. Technology is a part of the 1990’s and will play an increasingly significant role in education globally in the twenty-first century information age. Appropriate use of technology such as the VIS system is effective, efficient, enjoyable, and can help provide excellence in education. It allows for expression and expansion of concepts and can focus attention on key issues. It is a valuable tool, and in the hands of a master teacher, can assist in both the cognitive and affective domains. VIS is a tool worth investigating.
Collision-induced far-infrared absorption in helium-argon mixtures and nitrogen at high pressure

Collision-induced far-infrared translational absorption in equimolar helium-argon mixtures and translational-rotational absorption in nitrogen are reported for pressures up to 7 kbar. For both systems, the results reveal small but significant contributions to the absorption at high densities from both ternary and quaternary collisions, as well as from binary collisions.
OPERATING COST OPTIMIZATION OF A BATCH PROCESS

The operating conditions are found for a batch chemical process that minimize the operating cost when given a weekly production rate. In solving for the optimum, a regression model is used along with a first principles dynamic model to reduce computation costs. Two nonlinear programming algorithms are used in sequence to both ensure reaching the true optimum and to reduce computation time. Computation costs were reduced ten fold. The value of local optima and a sensitivity analysis are also discussed.
Modeled response of the West Nile virus vector Culex quinquefasciatus to changing climate using the dynamic mosquito simulation model

Climate can strongly influence the population dynamics of disease vectors and is consequently a key component of disease ecology. Future climate change and variability may alter the location and seasonality of many disease vectors, possibly increasing the risk of disease transmission to humans. The mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus is a concern across the southern United States because of its role as a West Nile virus vector and its affinity for urban environments. Using established relationships between atmospheric variables (temperature and precipitation) and mosquito development, we have created the Dynamic Mosquito Simulation Model (DyMSiM) to simulate Cx. quinquefasciatus population dynamics. The model is driven with climate data and validated against mosquito count data from Pasco County, Florida and Coachella Valley, California. Using 1-week and 2-week filters, mosquito trap data are reproduced well by the model (P < 0.0001). Dry environments in southern California produce different mosquito population trends than moist locations in Florida. Florida and California mosquito populations are generally temperature-limited in winter. In California, locations are water-limited through much of the year. Using future climate projection data generated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research CCSM3 general circulation model, we applied temperature and precipitation offsets to the climate data at each location to evaluate mosquito population sensitivity to possible future climate conditions. We found that temperature and precipitation shifts act interdependently to cause remarkable changes in modeled mosquito population dynamics. Impacts include a summer population decline from drying in California due to loss of immature mosquito habitats, and in Florida a decrease in late-season mosquito populations due to drier late summer conditions.
Respiratory Failure in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Of 852 patients admitted to Cook County Hospital with bacteriologically-proved pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 suffered respiratory failure. Of these 16, 5 died and 11 recovered. On follow-up, the survivors demonstrated significant improvement in oxygenation, but continued to show a severe restrictive ventilatory defect. Our patients, unlike those in previous reports, did not show airway obstruction. The principles of management are the same as for other pulmonary patients. Arterial blood gas analyses should be done on patients with advanced tuberculosis so that abnormalities of gas exchange will not be missed.
Effect of Dose on Gamma Irradiation Induced Formation of Free Radicals in Freeze‐Dried Natural Actomyosin

Freeze-dried preparations of actomyosin from chicken breast muscle were irradiated in liquid nitrogen with gamma radiation from a ce-sium-137 source at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kGy. The ESR spectra at – 130°C were recorded with an EPR spectrometer. Signal intensities increased linearly with radiation. Analysis of data indicated a ten-fold rise in dose resulted in an almost seven-fold increase in number of free radicals generated. Determining the extent of such interaction on a major structural protein can help assess type and extent of reactions which might occur on irradiation of animal products.
Does Targeted Nerve Implantation Reduce Neuroma Pain in Amputees

Background Symptomatic neuroma occurs in 13% to 32% of amputees, causing pain and limiting or preventing the use of prosthetic devices. Targeted nerve implantation (TNI) is a procedure that seeks to prevent or treat neuroma-related pain in amputees by implanting the proximal amputated nerve stump onto a surgically denervated portion of a nearby muscle at a secondary motor point so that regenerating axons might arborize into the intramuscular motor nerve branches rather than form a neuroma. However, the efficacy of this approach has not been demonstrated.
The e-tailer's dilemma

The e-tailer's dilemma refers to the difficulty web-based retailers (or e-tailers) have experienced in achieving profitability. The problem centers on the need to increase effective (purchasing) visitors and on the increased costs associated with the electronic commerce infrastructure upgrades necessary to service these additional visitors. This may lead e-tailers into a cycle of achieving increased revenues that are merely offset by rising costs. There are ample examples where commonly employed metrics (unique visitors, page views, sales, etc.) suggest success while companies struggle to obtain profitability. This paper examines several aspects of this dilemma. The formalization of both the tangible and intangible aspects of an electronic commerce infrastructure is proposed. Next, an intuitive, utility-based model to help describe and interpret e-tail visitor dynamics is developed. Finally, a visitor function model of e-tail profitability incorporating necessary infrastructure improvements and visitor characteristics is developed.
Assisted ventilation for patients with cystic fibrosis.

Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 1 month to 32 years of age, had 51 episodes of assisted ventilation. Thirty-five (69%) died after 1 to 395 days of mechanical ventilation and six others (12%) died in the hospital 1 to 42 days after assisted ventilation therapy was discontinued. Only three patients survived longer than one year after discharge. These results are much poorer than those reported for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of other causes probably because of the different natural history and response to therapy in CF. Patients with CF whose conditions progressively deteriorated despite optimal therapy and no longer respond to antibiotic and physical therapy are not good candidates for mechanical ventilation. The occasional patient with good baseline status in whom acute respiratory failure develops should be considered for assisted ventilation. ( JAMA 239:1851-1854, 1978)
Managing peer relations: A dimension of teacher self-efficacy that varies between elementary and middle school teachers and is associated with observed classroom quality

Abstract This study examined the nature of teachers' self-efficacy, differences between elementary and middle school teachers' self-efficacy and the implications for observed classroom quality. Teachers (N = 101; 61% female and 85% European American) completed a survey and 96 were observed teaching two different classes. The sample included 6th grade (n = 44) and 7th grade (n = 30) teachers from six middle schools and 5th grade teachers (n = 27) from twelve feeder elementary schools. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that teachers' self-efficacy for managing peer relations is a distinct dimension from teachers' self-efficacy for classroom management, instruction and student engagement. Teachers felt less efficacious about managing peer relations compared to classroom management and instruction. Further, middle school teachers reported lower self-efficacy for classroom management and managing peer relations compared to elementary school teachers. For elementary and middle school teachers, their self-efficacy for classroom management and for managing peer relations was associated with some aspects of observed classroom quality.
Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Creation with Helium-Ion Microscope

We investigate a method to create nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond using a focused-helium-ion-microscopy. Near-surface NV centers can be created with spatial resolution below 0.6um. NV center spectral linewidths at various optical and microwave frequencies were also studied.
Velocity autocorrelation functions in model liquid metals

Starting from interatomic potentials and static radial distribution functions, a self-consistent iteration scheme has been used to calculate velocity autocorrelation functions in liquid metals. The interatomic forces are treated directly. The calculation bypasses the details of the many-body dynamics and it is not necessary to introduce any additional parameters. Several simplifications may be used without introducing appreciable deviations. The results are in good agreement with computer experiments on liquid sodium at 383 K, suggesting that the velocity autocorrelation function may be a simpler quantity than previously supposed.
The influence of fatty acids on tribological and thermal properties of natural oils as sustainable biolubricants

Experiments were conducted using bio-based liquid lubricants, such as avocado, canola (rapeseed), corn, olive, peanut, safflower, sesame, and vegetable (soybean) oils to study their friction and wear properties. A thermogravimetric analysis and variable-temperature viscosity analysis were conducted to study the thermal response of the lubricants in a high temperature environment. It was found that avocado oil showed the best friction and wear performance when compared to other natural oils. It was determined that the viscosity at room temperature, thermal decomposition, and thermal-oxidative stability of the natural oils was heavily influenced by the variability of the fatty acid composition within the natural oils. These factors influenced the tribological performance of the natural oils and are discussed in this paper.
Stable pessimistic attributions interact with socioeconomic status to influence blood pressure and vulnerability to hypertension.

We investigated the relationship of pessimistic attributional style (specifically, stable attributions for negative events) and socioeconomic status (SES) to cardiovascular and catecholamine profiles in a biracial sample of 37 postmenopausal women (aged 39–64 years) not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Blood pressure (BP) variation in response to the demands of daily life was assessed by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring on a typical workday. Subjects were classified into groups by stable pessimistic attributions (high vs. low pessimism) and by SES (high vs. low). Significant SES × pessimism interactions were found. Low SES/high pessimism women demonstrated higher systolic BP (SBP) during the day, evening, and sleep periods of 24-hour ambulatory monitoring compared with the other three groups. A greater proportion of this group was in the hypertensive range (≥140/90 mm Hg) compared with the other groups (57% vs. 8%–29%). Low SES/high pessimism women also reported reduced available social support comp...
Geomorphology–A Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic Landforms, 3rd Edition

Geomorphology is the study of how landscapes form. This deceptively simple description encompasses a branch of geoscience that is teeming with fundamental questions of how landscapes develop similar or different morphologies, and whether their developments can be explained historically or modeled theoretically. Geomorphology also involves the surface processes that inexorably convert rock into sediment. Because the study of either landforms or landsculpting is linked to active processes commonly occurring on human timescales, it might be fair to classify geomorphologists as the existentialists of geology.
Respiratory viral infection in obliterative airway disease after orthotopic tracheal transplantation.

Background The long-term survival after human lung transplantation is limited by bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Clinically, community-acquired respiratory viral infections have been correlated with an increased incidence of BOS. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of respiratory viral infections in chronic lung allograft rejection using the murine orthotopic tracheal transplantation model. Methods Eighty orthotopic tracheal transplants were performed using BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Recipient mice were infected intranasally with Sendai virus (SdV), a murine parainfluenza type I virus. Experiments altering the infectious dose, infection time, harvest time, allogeneic response, and viral response were performed. Tracheal allograft rejection was monitored using percent fibrosis and lamina propria to cartilage ratio measurements. Interferon-γ ELISPOT analysis against irradiated donor (BALB/c) splenocytes was used as immunologic indicator of alloreactivity after transplantation. Results Sendai virus infection revealed a dose-dependent transient suppression of alloreactivity with a decrease in tracheal allograft fibrosis and frequency of alloreactive T cells at 30 days. This immunosuppression was reversed by day 60, leading to increased tracheal allograft fibrosis with a concomitant increase in the frequency of interferon-γ producing alloreactive T cells. Pretransplant sensitization with donor antigens prevented the initial suppression of alloreactivity due to SdV infection. Furthermore, pretransplant immunization against SdV infection resulted in rapid clearing of the infection and reduced the immunopathology of rejection. Conclusions Respiratory viral infections can cause enhanced tracheal allograft rejection despite the initial phase of transient immunosuppression. Early treatment or vaccination against the respiratory infections may represent a viable intervention to reduce the risk of chronic rejection.
The Sub-parsec, Geometrically Thick, Self-Gravitating Accretion Disk in the Nucleus of NGC 3079

We have mapped, for the first time, the full velocity extent of the water maser emission in NGC 3079. Based on the analysis of the spectral-line maps, we propose a nearly edge-on, massive, thick, and .ared disk for the geometric model of the inner parsec. The disk orbits a mass of {approx} 2 x 10{sup 6} M{sub {circle_dot}} enclosed within 0.4 pc, most likely a supermassive black hole. The disk is most likely self-gravitating, clumpy, and supportive of star formation. The presence in our VLBI continuum images of an aging synchrotron component, which is not collinear with the previously imaged jet, might be suggestive of changes in jet orientation. The jet may coexist on pc-scales with a wide-angle out flow, that is related to the kpc-scale superbubble and that is inferred from the observation of dense molecular material at high latitudes above the disk.
A useful formula for departures from Rutherford backscattering

Abstract I review a theory of departures from Rutherford backscattering due to perturbing nuclear forces encountered at ion beam energies where the elastic-scattering cross section begins to deviate from its Rutherford value due to Coulomb scattering. Least-squares fits to data and optical-potential-model calculations for four important ion projectiles, hydrogen, helium, carbon, and oxygen, are presented. I find a simple formula that determines departures from Rutherford backscattering for hydrogen to oxygen ions incident on a wide range of targets. Recent carbon- and oxygen-ion experiments by the Helsinki group (E. Rauhala, private communication) give further support to the theory.
Supplementary Control of Prime-Mover Speed Governors

THE development of interconnected systems has required improvements in the manual and automatic control of load, frequency, and time. The speed governors of the prime movers have always provided the medium for supplementary control of frequency, load, and time. Experience with various types of control devices and the factors influencing their functioning have been discussed frequently in the technical literature. Recently the problem has been given renewed attention1–5 with an effort to correlate experience with theory and to provide a basis for determining the proper characteristics of governors2 and their supplementary control.
Therapeutics and the history of psychiatry.

Reflexion epistemologique sur la base de l'oeuvre et des derniers ecrits de Jack Pressman, sur les pratiques medicales et la psychiatrie et analyse des tendances actuelles et futures de l'historiographie de la psychiatrie.
Completions of Local Rings with an Isolated Singularity

Abstract It is shown that all equicharacteristic complete local rings can be realized as completions of local rings whose proper localizations are all regular. The only restriction in the mixed characteristic case is that the prime integer cannot be a nonzero zerodivisor in any proper localization of the complete ring. The constructed examples are unique factorization domains whenever possible and in general are as close to being UFDs as the hypothesis will allow.
Buoyancy Variation and Reduction in Aedes Aegypti Pupae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Most pharate pupae of Aedes aegypti forced to ecdyse in inverted tubes and attach to an inverted air-water interface (at 23 ± 2°C) were permanently less buoyant than pupae ecdysing at an upright interface. This is apparently due to reduced ventral air space gas volume. A mechanism which accounts for both temporary and permanent changes in pupal buoyancy and the possible adaptive significance of this mechanism are discussed.
Investigation of Optimal Parameter Space for High-Speed, High-Precision Micromilling

In this paper, it is shown that due to scale effects in micromilling, tool size is a key parameter to consider in parameter optimization for productivity in a high-speed, high-precision micromilling operation. In this preliminary study, a method is proposed to determine the optimal tool sizes for roughing and finishing cuts in a micromilling operation, and corresponding feedrate and spindle speed profiles to maximize productivity. An objective function is developed for minimization, subject to a set of constraints. This paper will develop the framework of the optimization method and will consider constraints for sufficient reduction of geometric errors and achievability under spindle speed power limitations in particular. An algorithm is presented to solve the objective function assuming use of a roughing tool and a finishing tool. A numerical case study is presented to illustrate the implementation of the method.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Tyrosine kinase activity of skeletal muscle during insulin infusion in humans.

Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase is stimulated by insulin in vivo, and this provides a mechanism by which the signal from insulin is transmitted into target cells. This study examined the time course of the in vivo activation of the kinase. Five nondiabetic Pima Indians had a euglycemic clamp at an insulin dose of 600 mU/min.m2, resulting in plasma insulin concentrations of about 15 nM by 30 min. Percutaneous muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and at regular intervals during insulin infusion, and the in vivo and in vitro tyrosine kinase activities were measured. There was a rapid in vivo activation of the kinase, detectable at less than 10 min and reaching a maximum within 30 min of insulin infusion. The time course of in vivo kinase activity, plasma insulin concentrations, and insulin-mediated glucose disposal rates displayed parallel patterns, indicating close interrelationships among these variables. The insulin concentration at which the kinase activity was maximal was about 10 nM both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, however, this maximum increased with the degree of the kinase activation in vivo, indicating that the kinase potential in vitro is dependent on previous insulin exposure in vivo. We conclude that in vivo activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in human skeletal muscle is a rapid process, related to insulin action on glucose disposal, and that circulating insulin primes inactive insulin receptor molecules for subsequent tyrosine kinase activation by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated.
Correlations of Melatonin Content in Pineal Gland, Blood, and Brain of Some Birds and Mammals

Diurnal, rhythmic variation of melatonin content in the pineal gland, blood serum, and brain have been found in chickens, with greater amounts present in all tissues during nighttime than during daytime. Similar daily rhythms appear to occur in the pineal gland and serum of rats and in the serum and urine of humans. It is proposed that these correlated fluctuations in melatonin levels are causally related, elevated pineal content resulting in increased melatonin content of the blood and increased accumulation by the brain. The brain of chickens, especially the hypothalamus, appears to accumulate melatonin and is probably a primary site of action of melatonin.
CrfA, a Small Noncoding RNA Regulator of Adaptation to Carbon Starvation in Caulobacter crescentus

Small noncoding regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play a key role in the posttranscriptional regulation of many bacterial genes. The genome of Caulobacter crescentus encodes at least 31 sRNAs, and 27 of these sRNAs are of unknown function. An overexpression screen for sRNA-induced growth inhibition along with sequence conservation in a related Caulobacter species led to the identification of a novel sRNA, CrfA, that is specifically induced upon carbon starvation. Twenty-seven genes were found to be strongly activated by CrfA accumulation. One-third of these target genes encode putative TonB-dependent receptors, suggesting CrfA plays a role in the surface modification of C. crescentus, facilitating the uptake of nutrients during periods of carbon starvation. The mechanism of CrfA-mediated gene activation was investigated for one of the genes predicted to encode a TonB-dependent receptor, CC3461. CrfA functions to stabilize the CC3461 transcript. Complementarity between a region of CrfA and the terminal region of the CC3461 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and also the behavior of a deletion of this region and a site-specific base substitution and a 3-base deletion in the CrfA complementary sequence suggest that CrfA binds to a stem-loop structure upstream of the CC3461 Shine-Dalgarno sequence and stabilizes the transcript.
Comparison of a Picture-Sort Food-Frequency Questionnaire With 24-hour Dietary Recalls in an Elderly Utah Population

Objective:To evaluate the 137-item Utah Picture-sort Food-frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in the measurement of usual dietary intake in older adults.Design:The picture-sort FFQ was administered at baseline and again one year later. Three seasonal 24-hour dietary recall interviews were collected during the year between the two FFQs. Mean nutrient intakes were compared between methods and between administrations of the FFQ.Setting:The FFQ interviews were administered in respondents' homes or care-centres. The 24-hour diet recalls were conducted by telephone interview on random days of the week.Subjects:Two-hundred-and-eight men and women aged 55–84 years were recruited by random sample of controls from a case–control study of nutrition and bone health in Utah.Results:After adjustment for total energy intake, median Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the two picture-sort FFQs were 0.69 for men aged ≤69 years, 0.66 for men aged >69 years; and 0.68 for women aged ≤69 years, 0.67 for women aged >69 years. Median correlation coefficients between methods were 0.50 for men ≤69 years old, 0.52 for men >69 years old; 0.55 for women ≤69 years old, 0.46 for women >69 years old.Conclusions:We report intake correlations between methods and administrations comparable to those reported in the literature for traditional paper-and-pencil FFQs and one other picture-sort method of FFQ. This dietary assessment method may improve ease and accuracy of response in this and other populations with low literacy levels, poor memory skill, impaired hearing, or poor vision.
The Universe of Minds.

The paper attempts to describe the space of possible mind designs by first equating all minds to software. Next it proves some interesting properties of the mind design space such as infinitude of minds, size and representation complexity of minds. A survey of mind design taxonomies is followed by a proposal for a new field of investigation devoted to study of minds, intellectology, a list of open problems for this new field is presented.
Banning a risky product cannot improve any consumer's welfare (properly understood), with applications to FDA testing requirements

Banning a product can never improve the well-being of consumers properly understood, that is, understood as individual consumers' prospective and subjective utility. This proposition remains valid even when risk is incorporated into the analysis. Risk of inefficacy or adverse side effects is simply another dimension of each good, like taste, size, or location, about which the consumer has preferences. Government restrictions have the same effect on consumer welfare regardless of the dimension of the good that is restricted; in this regard there is nothing special about risk.
Optimum Stimulation Level

The notion that human behavior is sometimes instigated by the mere desire to attain a satisfactory level of stimulation has figured prominently among psychological theories investigating motivational tendencies as causes of people's actions. People tend to prefer intermediate levels of stimulation, referred to as the optimal stimulation level (OSL) in the literature. There are reliable individual differences in the amount of stimulation considered optimal by a given person. To attain a satisfactory level of stimulation, a person may engage in exploration of the environment. This suggests that OSL is a major determinant of consumer behaviors with strong exploratory elements. Indeed, research has shown that OSL is an important factor in explaining a wide variety of consumer behaviors with an exploratory component. Consumers seeking thrills, adventure, disinhibition, new experiences, fantasies, cognitive or sensory stimulation, escape from boredom, and alternation among familiar things have been identified as engaging in exploratory consumer behaviors in order to raise their level of stimulation in life. While it is generally believed that general personality traits have little explanatory value for consumer behavior, OSL is clearly an exception. Since many consumer behaviors have an exploratory component, the theoretical potential of OSL for understanding consumer behavior is substantial. Therefore, consumer researchers are encouraged to include OSL more often in their research design. Keywords: optimum stimulation level; exploratory behavior; consumer behavior; sensation seeking; innovativeness
Ribosomal DNA probe for differentiation of Babesia microti and B. gibsoni isolates

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether different isolates of Babesia microti could be distinguished from morphologically similar isolates of B. gibsoni by using a ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probe. A Babesia-specific rDNA probe was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of sequences from B. microti DNA using universal primers directed against highly conserved portions of the eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA gene. The chemiluminescent rDNA probe hybridized to Southern blots of restriction endonuclease-digested DNA preparations of different isolates of B. gibsoni from infected dogs and B. microti from infected humans and white-footed mice. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms served to differentiate these species. Although the hybridization patterns seen with DNAs from six B. microti isolates did not vary, those of the five B. gibsoni isolates did indicate genotypic variation. We concluded that isolates of B. microti and B. gibsoni can be differentiated on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism detected with a chemiluminescent rDNA probe.
Regulators of AWC-Mediated Olfactory Plasticity in Caenorhabditis elegans

While most sensory neurons will adapt to prolonged stimulation by down-regulating their responsiveness to the signal, it is not clear which events initiate long-lasting sensory adaptation. Likewise, we are just beginning to understand how the physiology of the adapted cell is altered. Caenorhabditis elegans is inherently attracted to specific odors that are sensed by the paired AWC olfactory sensory neurons. The attraction diminishes if the animal experiences these odors for a prolonged period of time in the absence of food. The AWC neuron responds acutely to odor-exposure by closing calcium channels. While odortaxis requires a Galpha subunit protein, cGMP-gated channels, and guanylyl cyclases, adaptation to prolonged odor exposure requires nuclear entry of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, EGL-4. We asked which candidate members of the olfactory signal transduction pathway promote nuclear entry of EGL-4 and which molecules might induce long-term adaptation downstream of EGL-4 nuclear entry. We found that initiation of long-term adaptation, as assessed by nuclear entry of EGL-4, is dependent on G-protein mediated signaling but is independent of fluxes in calcium levels. We show that long-term adaptation requires polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that may act on the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel type V OSM-9 downstream of EGL-4 nuclear entry. We also present evidence that high diacylglycerol (DAG) levels block long-term adaptation without affecting EGL-4 nuclear entry. Our analysis provides a model for the process of long-term adaptation that occurs within the AWC neuron of C. elegans: G-protein signaling initiates long-lasting olfactory adaptation by promoting the nuclear entry of EGL-4, and once EGL-4 has entered the nucleus, processes such as PUFA activation of the TRP channel OSM-9 may dampen the output of the AWC neuron.