cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Citizen Journalism” in the Syrian Uprising: Problematizing Western Narratives in a Local Context

This article analyzes the term ‘citizen journalism’ against the backdrop of the Arab uprisings in order to show how it overlooks the local context of digital media practices. The first part examines videos emanating from Syria to illustrate how they blur the lines between acts of witnessing, reporting, and lobbying, as well as between professional and amateur productions, and civic and violent intentions. The second part highlights the genealogies of citizenship and journalism in an Arab context and cautions against assumptions about their universality. The article argues that the oscillation of Western narratives between hopes about digital media's role in democratization in the Arab World and fears about their use in terrorism circumscribe the theorization of digital media practices.
A Calculation of Edge Smear in Far-Field Holography Using a Short-Cut Edge Trace Technique

Edge smear in far field holography as function of interference orders, using short-cut trace technique
Basal cell carcinoma on the ear is more likely to be of an aggressive phenotype in both men and women.

Background We observed that basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the ear demonstrates a more aggressive phenotype compared with other body sites. Objective We sought to determine if it is statistically significant that BCC on the ear is more aggressive. Methods We queried our 2009 database for all BCCs biopsied from the ear. Multiple data points, including tumor subtype and risk level, were analyzed for 100 BCCs on the ear and 100 BCCs on the cheek. Results BCC on the ear was diagnosed 471 times. Of the first 100 occurrences of BCC on the ear, 57% were high risk compared with 38% on the cheek (odds ratio 2.16, 95% confidence interval 1.23-3.81, P = .01). Men were more likely to have BCC on the ear: 79% male on the ear and 53% male on the cheek ( P Limitations The data were retrieved from a single year at our institution, and there could potentially be regional bias given that the population of data is from a single institution. Many of the specimens we evaluate are reviewed in consultation and may thus represent a selection bias. Conclusion BCC on the ear presents as an aggressive phenotype in the majority of cases for both men and women, and it occurs much more frequently in men. Knowledge of this information can help guide physicians and ensure that these tumors are adequately biopsied and treated.
Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on French Government and its Relationship to Business

European integration has served to loosen the ties that have traditionally bound French business and government by decreasing the independence of French govenment, which can no longer formulate policy unilaterally, while it has increased that of French business, which now looks as much to Europe as to the nation-state for policy-making, and more to the market and one another than the state for financing. European integration has also reduced the flexibility of government at the implementation stage, with the EU regulatory model replacing France's administrative model. The result is an unbalancing of France's traditional ‘statist’ model of policy-making, and potential problems for French democracy.
The pre-choice screening of options

Abstract Fifty years of research on behavioral decision making has produced four major revolutions in how unaided decision making is viewed. In this article we review the four revolutions, with particular emphasis on the last two - the comparative rareness of choice in real-life decision making and the two-step nature of decision making. Image Theory provides the framework for the discussions, focusing on recent empirical research on the role of screening in decision making.
The complete nucleotide sequence of the ilvGMEDA Operon of Escherichia Coli K-12

In this report we present the complete nucleotide sequence of the ilvGMEDA operon of Escherichia coli. This operon contains five genes encoding four of the five enzymes required for the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. We identify and describe the coding regions for these five structural genes and the structural and functional features of the flanking and internal regulatory regions of this operon. This new information contributes to a more complete understanding of the overall control of the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine.
Alarm pheromones of rainbow darters: responses to skin extracts of conspecifics and congeners

Rainbow darters Etheostoma caeruleum exposed to extracts from macerated skin of both conspecifics and of yoke darkers E. juliae responded with decreased activity. Both species have epidermal sacciform cells that are candidates as the source of the pheromone.
Europa's dynamic icy crust

Abstract— Europa's icy crust records active resurfacing by tectonic and thermal processes over tens of millions of years, as rapidity demonstrated by a paucity of craters. Tidal working causes rotational torque, surface stress, internal heating, and orbital evolution, which can explain the formation of observed tectonic crack patterns, ridges, crustal displacement, and chaotic terrain by processes involving connections between the surface and the underlying ocean through cracks, melt sites, and occasional impacts. These processes were recent, and thus most likely continue today. The permeability of the crust allows exchange of materials, including oxidants and exogenic organics from the surface and endogenic substances from the ocean, such that a habitable biosphere might extend to within a few centimeters of the surface. Continual changes in environmental conditions in the ice crust, such as deactivation of individual cracks after thousands of years (due to non-synchronous rotation) and crustal thawing (releasing any trapped organisms), could provide drivers for biological adaptation, as well as opportunity for evolution.
Multiple-fault rupture of the M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake from fault zone trapped waves

[1] We studied the complex multiple-faulting pattern of the 40-km-long rupture zone of the 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake with fault zone trapped waves generated by near-surface explosions and aftershocks, and recorded by linear seismic arrays deployed across the surface rupture. The explosion excited trapped waves, with relatively large amplitudes at 3–5 Hz and a long duration of S coda waves, are similar to those observed for aftershocks but have lower frequencies and travel more slowly. Three-dimensional finite difference simulations of fault zone trapped waves indicate a 75- to 100-m-wide low-velocity and low-Q zone (waveguide) along the rupture surface on the Lavic Lake fault (LLF) in the Bullion Mountains. The S velocity within the waveguide varies from 1.0 to 2.5 km/s at depths of 0–8 km, reduced by ∼35–45% from the wall rock velocity, and Q is ∼10–60. The pattern of aftershocks for which we observed trapped waves shows that this low-velocity waveguide has two branches in the northern and southern portions of the rupture zone, indicating a multiple-fault rupture at seismogenic depth. North of the Bullion Mountains, although only the rupture segment on the northwest LLF broke to the surface, a rupture segment on a buried fault also extended ∼15 km in the more northerly direction from the main shock epicenter. To the south, the rupture on the LLF intersected the Bullion fault (BF) and bifurcated. The rupture on the south LLF extended ∼10 km from the intersection and diminished while there was minor rupture on the southeast BF, which dips to the northeast and disconnects from the LLF at depth. Thus the analysis of fault zone trapped waves helps delineate a more complex set of rupture planes than the surface breakage, in accord with the complex pattern of aftershock distribution and geodetic evidence that the Hector Mine event involved several faults which may also rupture individually. Our simulations of dynamic rupture using a finite element code show that generic models are able to produce the general features of the northern part of the rupture, including slips on subparallel fault segments. The models indicate that such a faulting pattern is physically plausible and consistent with observations.
Performance modeling and analysis for a large heterogeneous distributed system: UCLA-SEASnet

We address the performance analysis of Locus1 [PopeWalk85] family - distributed and heterogeneous networks rendering parallel PC-Interface2 service. This is a modeling effort that was completed in the face of partial system knowledge. We first present the SEASnet environment - a trend setting educational computing paradigm. We derive the workload characteristics within SEASnet, and define three general classes of users: Interactive, High-Interactive, and Communication-Intensive. These classes apply to other heterogeneous environments as well. We present a series of performance measurements we conducted with the various user classes, under various system configurations and load profiles. We then construct a queueing network model that describes SEASnet. Emphasis is made on simplicity and functionality of the model. In spite of the fact that complete internal system description was not given, we demonstrate modeling capability of the global parameters of interest. We show the model to be valid under various load patterns, user class combinations, and system configutations.Applying the queueing network model, we derive Capacity and Flow Assignment (CFA) algorithms to synthesize future configurations for such systems from performance requirements, cost constraints, and anticipated loads. In order to minimize system delay, and maximize resource utilization, we address issues of load sharing among sessions, and examine task assignment policies within our sub-optimizing algorithms.
The interplay of physical aging and degradation during weathering for two crosslinked coatings

Abstract Polymer molecular relaxation, or ‘physical aging’, is a very important influence on permeability and mechanical properties of any polymer below its glass transition. ‘Physical aging’ occurs as even an unstressed polymer gradually relaxes towards its equilibrium conformation. This and the shorter term response to stress happen over periods much longer than the typical cycle of an accelerated weathering test, thus important properties of a polymeric coating may be affected by the difference in frequency between natural and artificial exposures, in addition to other factors. Further, ‘physical aging’ is affected by chemical changes to the polymer network caused by the degradation during a weathering exposure. In this investigation, purely physical aging was compared with the effect of concurrent chemical degradation by measuring ‘enthalpy recovery’ and mechanical stress relaxation at a variety of temperatures and at various stages during accelerated weathering exposure. The effect of physical aging was quite apparent in both an epoxy-polyamide coating and a polyester-urethane coating. Changes in physical aging behaviour during degradation were different for the two coatings, which points to further reasons for discrepancy between accelerated weathering and natural exposure.
Combined Cisplatinum and Laser Thermal Therapy for Palliation of Recurrent Head and Neck Tumors

In recent years endoscopically controlled laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) has been increasingly accepted as a minimally invasive method for palliation of advanced or recurrent head and neck or gastrointestinal cancer. Previous studies have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy can potentiate endoscopic laser thermal ablation of obstructing tumors leading to improved palliation in advanced cancer patients. Eight patients with recurrent head and neck tumors volunteered to enroll as part of an ongoing phase II LITT clinical trial, and also elected to be treated with systemic chemotherapy (cisplatin, 80 mg/m2) followed 24 h later by palliative laser thermal ablation. Laser treatments were repeated in patients with residual disease or recurrence for a total of 27 LITT sessions. Four of the 8 patients treated with laser thermal chemotherapy remained alive after a median follow-up of 12 months. Of the 12 tumor sites treated, complete responses were located in the oral cavity (3), oropharynx (1), hypopharynx (1), maxillary sinus (1), and median survival for these patients was 9.5 months. This initial experience with cisplatinum-based laser chemotherapy indicates both safety and therapeutic potential for palliation of advanced head and neck cancer but this must be confirmed by longer follow-up in a larger cohort of patients.
Exploring comfortable and acceptable text sizes for in-vehicle displays

Text size and intra-character density are important factors affecting usability and safety of in-vehicle digital displays. This research sought to determine the minimum text size that users find comfortable and acceptable for use in a car, and compare two languages utilizing character sets with very different intra-character densities. Self-reports of minimum comfortable English text sizes were found to be compatible with the minimum criteria outlined in previous research. Minimum comfortable traditional Chinese text sizes were found to be slightly larger. Implications for future research and driver distraction guidelines are discussed.
Effect of Concrete Properties on Transfer Lengths in Concrete Rail-Road Ties

This paper presents findings from a current research project titled “Quantifying the Effect of Prestressing Steel and Concrete Variables on the Transfer Length in Pretensioned Concrete Crossties” that is funded by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Specifically, the paper focuses on the effect of concrete properties on the resulting transfer lengths. These properties include concrete consistency (slump), compressive strength at the time of prestress transfer, the water-to-cementitious (W/C) ratio, the aggregate type, and the use of a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA). Pre-tensioned concrete prisms were cast in the laboratory and transfer lengths were determined from surface strain measurements that were obtained prior-to and immediately after prestress transfer (de-tensioning). The concrete compressive strength at de-tensioning was determined using cylindrical concrete test specimens that were match-cured to the temperature of the pre-tensioned concrete members. The release strengths investigated were 3500 psi (24.13 Mpa), 4500 psi (31.03 Mpa), and 6000 psi (41.37 Mpa). The effect of concrete consistency on the transfer length was evaluated by varying the slump between 3″ (76.20 mm) and 9″ (228.60 mm) while maintaining release strength of 4500 psi (31.03 Mpa) and a W/C ratio of 0.32. The effect of W/C ratio on transfer length was evaluated by maintaining release strength of 4500 ±220 psi (31.03 ± 1.52 Mpa) and a slump of 6 ± 1/2″ (152.40 ± 12.7 mm) while varying the W/C between 0.27 and 0.42. These values represent the extreme values used in the North American concrete tie industry that were noted by the authors during research that was conducted in 2010–2011[15]. Results for each parameter type will be compared and discussed in this paper. Transfer length results obtained during earlier work [4] conducted by the authors at a W/C ratio of 0.32 will be compared. Finally, results will be presented from transfer length measurements that were obtained on identical-sized prisms that were manufactured with concrete mixtures that used different aggregate sources and also the use of a viscosity-modifying admixture.Work presented in this paper was conducted on two wire samples with generic labels [WG] and [WH]. Laboratory prism specimens of size 3 ½″ (88.9 mm) × 3 ½″ (88.9 mm) each with 4 wires were cast to measure transfer lengths. These proportions were chosen to replicate the original concrete crosstie wire-to-concrete proportions. Potential usage of these prisms in estimating transfer lengths was validated in another phase [5] and is not discussed here.Essential information obtained from results allowed researchers to discuss attributed influence of each concrete property on transfer length. The research knowledge acquired from this study will give proper insight about transfer length and will be helpful to manufacture a better product by adjusting concrete mix design.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Communication issues in determining departmental local area networks requirements

One of the major issues when configuring networks is about the way in which the decision on what kind of a network to install is made. The Electrical Engineering Department at Southern University has recently gone through this process. This paper addresses the related network design issues as a class project simulation of the different network designs. The simulation details the network simulation and the network connectivity issues. A comparison of the various designs is presented and the reason for the choice of the final configuration is also given.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis and unusual properties of an 8,12-bis-pivalic acid analog of bilirubin

Abstract A sterically congested analog of bilirubin with propionic acid groups replaced by pivalic acids (1) was synthesized from methyl 3-(2,4-dimethyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-l H -pyrrol-3-yl)-2-methylpropionate ( 8 ). UV-visible and NMR spectroscopic analyses of 1 suggest intramolecular hydrogen-bonding and a preference for a ridge-tile conformation. The activation parameters for MP conformational inversion of 1 were determined by dynamic NMR analysis to be ΔH‡ 19.7 ± 1.4 kcal/mole and ΔS‡ + 10.4 ± 4.5 eu. Molecular dynamics computations predict a global energy minimum for a somewhat more open ridge-tile conformation as compared with bilirubin. Circular dichroism of the pigment complex with human serum albumin gives a bisignate Cotton effect: Δe 431 max = −51, Δe 382 max = +30, with the opposite signed order as compared with that found for the parent mesobilirubin-XIIIα: and bilirubin.
Expression of polycomb group protein EZH2 in nevi and melanoma.

Background: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a polycombgroup protein that regulates the cell cycle, has recently been implicatedin the progression of several human cancers. We sought to determinethe pattern of EZH2 expression in benign and malignant melanocytictumors to see if EZH2 might play a role in melanoma pathogenesisand progression.Methods: We identified and reviewed 11 compound nevi, 13dysplastic nevi, 13 Spitz nevi, 9 in situ melanomas, 10 non-metastaticinvasive melanomas and 19 melanomas metastatic to lymph nodesfrom the University of Michigan pathology archives. Sectionsimmunostained with anti-EZH2 antibody were scored independentlyand blindly for staining intensity on a scale of 1–4 by threedermatopathologists. Results were analyzed and compared statistically.Results: We observed an incremental increase in EZH2 expressionfrom benign nevi to melanoma: scores of 1.18 and 1.08 for ordinaryand dysplastic nevi, 1.7 and 1.78 for Spitz nevi and in situ melanoma,and 1.9 and 3.0 for invasive and metastatic melanoma, respectively.EZH2 expression for metastatic melanoma was significantly highercompared with invasive and in situ melanoma and benign nevi(p 0.01).Conclusions: EZH2 protein levels increase incrementally frombenign nevi to melanoma, which suggests that EZH2 may play a rolein the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma.McHugh JB, Fullen DR, Ma L, Kleer CG, Su LD. Expression ofpolycomb group protein EZH2 in nevi and melanoma.J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34: 597–600.
Deletion of the preprotachykinin A gene in mice does not reduce scratching behavior elicited by intradermal serotonin

Itch is thought to be signaled by a sub-population of pruritogen-selective C-fiber primary afferents. To assess a possible role of the neuropeptide, substance P (SP), in the central neurotransmission of itch, we investigated itch-related scratching behavior elicited by intradermal injection of serotonin (5-HT; 0.03-0.3%) in normal mice (wildtype, WT) and knockout mice (KO) with deletion of the preprotachykinin A gene. Both KO and WT groups showed dose-related increases in the number of 5-HT-evoked scratching bouts over the 44 min observation period. There were no significant differences in the numbers or durations of scratching bouts between WT and KO groups, although KO mice exhibited numerically more spontaneous and 5-HT-evoked scratching. It is concluded that either SP is not involved in the central neurotransmission of itch-related scratching behavior in this strain of mouse, or that compensatory developmental changes in the KO mice allow itch-related signaling.
Can the Sensitivity of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Be Increased?

The author analyzed and compared Mini-Mental State Exam and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) scores for 48 patients with Alzheimer's disease to determine whether improvements could be made in the ADAS. Results suggest that cognitive ability could be more accurately evaluated by shortening the number of words on the ADAS word recall task and reducing the number of trials on the word recognition task. These modifications would increase the likelihood of identifying medication effects.
Gastric polyps in pediatrics: an 18-year hospital-based analysis.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Gastric polyps are recognized as either an incidental finding on routine gastroscopy or a frequent occurrence in patients with polyposis syndromes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, clinical presentation, and histological subclassification of gastric polyps identified on esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients. METHODS: We performed an 18-yr retrospective study of all pediatric ( RESULTS: Gastric polyps were reported in 40 procedures (0.07%) performed in 35 (male:female 1.3:1) patients with a mean (SEM) age at diagnosis of 14.4 (0.9) yr. Polyps were more frequent in white than in black patients (adjusted ratio 1.4:1). The histological subtypes included hyperplastic-inflammatory (42%), fundic gland (40%), hamartomatous (10%), adenomatous (5%), and heterotopic polyps (3%). Fundic gland polyps were frequently encountered in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (81%). These patients tended to be asymptomatic at the time of their surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and frequently harbored histological changes of either dysplasia (31%) or indeterminate of dysplasia (19%). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperplastic polyps are the most frequently identified gastric polyps in our pediatric population. Fundic gland polyps are common in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis wherein they tend to harbor histological changes of dysplasia. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the temporal progression of dysplasia to gastric cancer in patients with fundic gland polyps, and to establish esophagogastroduodenoscopy surveillance guidelines.
Characterizing petroleum- and shale-derived jet fuel distillates via temperature-programmed kováts indices

Abstract The Kovats retention indices of nearly 200 hydrocarbons expected to be found in jet fuel distillates of petroleum and shale oils were determined on two open tubular gas chromatographic columns of different polarity under conditions of linear temperature programming. The overall precision for the indices was indicated by the mean values of the 95% confidence levels, i.e. ±0.06 for the OV-101 column and ±0.09 for the OV-17 column. Several specification JP-4 jet fuels were characterized and tentative peak assignments made.
Facile reduction of early transition metal halides with nonconventional, mild reductants. 6. A new, lower-temperature, solid-state synthesis of the cluster hexamolybdenum dodecachloride Mo6Cl12 from MoCl5, via chloromolybdic acid, (H3O)2[Mo6(μ3-Cl)8Cl6] · 6H2O

Abstract Reduction of MoCl 5 with Bi in a sealed borosilicate ampule at 350 °C, followed by sublimation of by-product BiCl 3 and addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid, yielded chloromolybdic acid, (H 3 O) 2 Mo 6 (μ 3 -Cl) 8 Cl 6 · 6H 2 O, in 80% yield (unoptimized) after double recrystallization. Chloromolybdic acid was thermolyzed to Mo 6 Cl 12 in 95% yield.
Funktionalisierte Template für den konvergenten Aufbau von Polyethern: Synthese der HIJK‐Ringe von Gymnocin A

Leiterverlangerung: Der Erfolg einer Epoxidoffnungsstrategie zur Synthese leiterformiger Polyether hangt davon ab, ob die entstehenden Produkte weiter umgesetzt werden konnen. Mithilfe zweier funktionalisierter Template wurde ein Fragment von Gymnocin A synthetisiert, das vier differenzierte Stellen fur die darauffolgende Fragmentkupplung enthalt (siehe Schema; Bn=Benzyl).
Supporting creativity with awareness in distributed collaboration

Based on qualitative analysis of three groups collaborating on a research task in a distributed setting, we identify four breakdowns in creativity: (1) Minority ideas were under-considered; (2) Novel ideas were easily lost; (3) There was a lack of critical evaluation of perspectives; (4) Reflexivity was weak during convergence. We propose two design strategies, illustrated with mock-ups, to support creativity with awareness: (1) Automatically summarize and recommend ideational activities from system logs; (2) Allow collaborators to enter status of work activity, making these activity updates visible on social and temporal dimensions. Our analysis also suggests an integrated framework of metrics to evaluate creativity as a long-term collaborative activity.
Reassessment of Biases in Predicted Nitrogen Flows to the Duodenum by NRC 2001

Abstract The appearance of numerous plots in recent literature from which the residuals are plotted against observed values ( Y ) to assess a model's potential bias raises this question: should residuals be regressed against Y or against predicted values ( Y ˆ )? The answer requires knowing the expected relationship under the assumption of an unbiased model. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to derive the expected relationship between residuals, Y , and Y ˆ ; 2) to determine whether Y or Y ˆ should be used for the assessment of bias; and 3) to reassess the extent of mean and linear bias in the prediction of N flows to the duodenum by the NRC (2001). In the simplest case, we can assume a true model of the form Y = Xβ + ɛ . This model is estimated by Y = Xb + e , and Y ˆ = X b . The correlation between the residual vector e and the vector of observations Y can easily be derived. The numerator of the correlation coefficient is shown to be equal to e′e , the residual sum of squares. The denominator of this correlation is equal to the square root of e′e multiplied by the total sum of squares. Algebraic simplifications show that the correlation between e and Y is equal to the square root of (1-R 2 ). That is, under the assumption of an unbiased model, the residuals are correlated with the observed values and the slope of e regressed on Y is equal to (1-R 2 ). Thus, a graph of e versus Y will show a positive slope between e and Y unless the model is a perfect predictor (i.e., R 2 is equal to 1.0). Significant slopes linking e to Y have been erroneously interpreted as evidence of biased models in the NRC (2001). Conversely, the slope of e regressed on Y ˆ is expected to be zero under the assumption of an unbiased model. Therefore, residuals should be regressed against Y ˆ and not Y . When Y ˆ , as opposed to Y , was used to assess biases in the prediction of flows to the duodenum of microbial N, nonammonia-nonmicrobial N and nonammonia N in NRC (2001), mean biases became nonsignificant and linear biases over the range of predicted values are of the same magnitude or smaller than the standard errors of measurements reported in literature. Thus, although N flow predictions from NRC (2001) may not be precise, they appear to have insignificant and inconsequential biases.
The positive science of ethics in France: German influences onDe la division du travail social

What was Durkheim doing—in the sense of an intended social action—in writing De la Division du travail social? At least a part of the answer is that Durkheim's project was linguistic—i.e., he was attempting to replace an outworn vocabulary of Cartesian metaphysics with a more Germanic lexicon—one in which simplicity gave way to complexity, the abstract to the concrete, the ideal to the real, deduction to induction, rationalism to empiricism, and so on. To some extent, this was motivated by the superiority—widely acknowledged among intellectuals of the Third Republic—of German science and Protestant scientific education. But an additional motivation was Durkheim's belief that only a real, concrete entity—society as a “thing” (chose)—could provide an object worthy of the veneration of the “new man” of the Republic. Durkheim's attempt to construct a science of social facts was therefore itself subsidiary to another, “higher” purpose—i.e., the construction of a moral authority (real, concrete, complex) adequate to the needs of the Third French Republic. Rather than an end in itself, Durkheim's sociology should thus be seen as a means to other ends—i.e., the “construction” of a particular kind of “fact”—within a specific social and historical context.
Atypical depression in an outpatient psychiatric population

The authors were interested in the frequency and associated symptoms of atypical major depressions and dysthymia in an outpatient psychiatric population. Of 1,000 consecutive admissions to an outpatient psychiatric clinic, 115 were given diagnoses of major depression and another 102 the diagnosis of dysthymia using DSM-III-R criteria. On the basis of a modified version of the Columbia criteria for atypical depression and/or complaints of both hyperphagia and hypersomnia, patients were categorized into nontypical and atypical subtypes. In addition, demographic characteristics, past personal and family histories of psychiatric illnesses, and present symptomatology were obtained. Of the 175 patients who were diagnosed with major depression, 62 (36%) met criteria for definite or probable atypical depression using the Columbia criteria and 71 (46%) using the reversed neurovegetative symptom criteria. Of the 102 patients who were diagnosed with dysthymia, 43 (43 %) met criteria for the atypical subtype using the Columbia criteria and 54 (54%) by the reversed symptom criteria. In general, the atypical and nonatypical groups were more similar than different. In particular, the two groups differed little in demographic characteristics or in symptoms that historically have been associated with by steroid, atypical, anxious, or endogenomorphic subtypes of depression. While there was substantial overlap between the two competing definitions of atypical depression, many patients satisfied only one or the other criteria. Atypical major depression and dysthymia are frequently encountered forms of mood disorders seen in outpatient populations, although the prevalence is highly determined by definitions and thresholds. The pattern of symptoms are more alike than dissimilar to those observed in nonatypical mood disturbances. Depression 1:268–274 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conformational and Aggregation Properties of a PEGylated Alanine-rich Polypeptide

The conformational and aggregation behavior of PEG conjugates of an alanine-rich polypeptide (PEG-c17H6) were investigated and compared to that of the polypeptide equipped with a deca-histidine tag (17H6). These polypeptides serve as simple and stimuli-responsive models for the aggregation behavior of helix-rich proteins, as our previous studies have shown that the helical 17H6 self-associates at acidic pH and converts to β-sheet structures at elevated temperature under acidic conditions. In the work here, we show that PEG-c17H6 also adopts a helical structure at ambient/subambient temperatures, at both neutral and acidic pH. The thermal denaturation behavior of 17H6 and PEG-c17H6 is similar at neutral pH, where the alanine-rich domain has no self-association tendency. At acidic pH and elevated temperature, however, PEGylation slows β-sheet formation of c17H6, and reduces the apparent cooperativity of thermally induced unfolding. Transmission electron microscopy of PEG-c17H6 conjugates incubated at elevated temperatures showed fibrils with widths of ∼20-30 nm, wider than those observed for fibrils of 17H6. These results suggest that PEGylation reduces β-sheet aggregation in these polypeptides by interfering, only after unfolding of the native helical structure, with interprotein conformational changes needed to form β-sheet aggregates.
Biomechanical analysis of cross-country skiing techniques

The development of new techniques for cross-country skiing based on skating movements has stimulated biomechanical research aimed at understanding the various movement patterns, the forces driving the motions, and the mechanical factors affecting performance. Research methods have evolved from two-dimensional kinematic descriptions of classic ski techniques to three-dimensional analyses involving measurement of the forces and energy relations of skating. While numerous skiing projects have been completed, most have focused on either the diagonal stride or the V1 skating technique on uphill terrain. Current understanding of skiing mechanics is not sufficiently complete to adequately assess and optimize an individual skier's technique.
Low-Frequency Variability in the Equatorial Atlantic

Abstract Low-frequency v and u component oscillations in the eastern equatorial Atlantic are addressed using lime series of up to 1.5 years duration from the lower portion of the main thermocline. A distinct frequency separation is observed with characteristic time scales of 1 month for v and 4–8 months for u. The principal v component oscillations correspond to seasonally modulated, linear, equatorially trapped Rossby-gravity waves, apparently generated at the surface in the central equatorial Atlantic by shear instability between the South Equatorial Current and the North Equatorial Countercurrent. Their length and time scales are well defined and they agree with theoretical predictions. The principal u component oscillations correspond to the deep zonal jets observed by recent profiling experiments in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The vertical scales found here agree with the results from the other oceans; however, insufficient data are available anywhere to ascertain zonal scales. Linear theory would...
Spirituality and Management

Describes some of the challenges that face managers who try to integrate their spirituality with their work, focusing on values, tasks and problems that emerge in more than one spiritual tradition. Examines five such themes: compassion, right livelihood, selfless service, work as a form of meditation, and problems of pluralism.
Freehand 3D ultrasound calibration using an electromagnetically tracked needle

Freehand 3D ultrasound allows intra-operative imaging of volumes of interest in a fast and flexible way. However, the ultrasound device must be calibrated before it can be registered with other imaging modalities. We present a needle-fiducial based electromagnetic localization approach for calibrating freehand 3D ultrasound as a prerequisite for creating an intra-operative navigation system. Although most existing calibration methods require a complex and tedious experiment using a customized calibration phantom, our method does not. The calibration set-up requires only a container of water and only several frames (three to nine) to detect an electromagnetically tracked needle tip in a 2D ultrasound image. The tracked needle is dipped into the water and moved freehand to locate the tip in the ultrasound imaging plane. The images that show the needle tip are recorded and the coordinates are manually or automatically identified. For each frame, the pixel indices, as well as the discrete coordinates of the tracker and the needle, are used as the inputs, and the calibration matrix is reconstructed. Three group positions, each with nine frames, are recorded for calibration and validation. Despite the lower accuracy of the electromagnetic tracking device compared to optical tracking devices, the maximum RMS error for calibration is 1.22mm with six or more frames, which shows that our proposed approach is accurate and feasible.
First Year-of-Life Mortality Among Infants with Oral Clefts: New York State, 1983–1990

Abstract This study examined the mortality experience of children with oral clefts using the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry. Infants born in the years 1983 to 1990 to New York residents, diagnosed with an oral cleft and matched to their birth certificate were included in the analysis. Children with oral clefts were compared to a sample of live births from the years 1983 to 1990 without malformations. Children with cleft palate without additional malformations had a statistically nonsignficant adjusted risk of 1.2 when compared to children with no malformations. Children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate had a 1.1 adjusted risk. However, 35% of children with oral clefts had associated malformations and experienced much higher mortality. Children with oral clefts should be carefully evaluated for additional malformations; if none are found, their mortality appears not to be elevated.
Derivation of partial sequence of human beta chain messenger RNA from mutation data.

Biological Sciences: Derivation of Partial Sequence of Human β Chain Messenger RNA from Mutation Data
Dialoguing the Latina Experience in Higher Education

In this article, the authors discuss experiences and processes in their professional development as Latina academics. They frame their dialogue chronologically around the following themes: family background, graduate school, experiences with colleagues, participation in academia, interactions with students, and situations that inspire and motivate. By sharing their per- spectives on issues linked to their status as women of color, the authors con- struct meaning and identify potential strategies for recruitment and success of minority students and academics. Resumen: En este articulo discutimos experiencias y procesos de desarrollo profesional como mujeres de origen hispano en el ambito academico universitario de los EE.UU. Nuestro dialogo se construye cronologicamente conforme a los siguientes temas; el entorno familiar, los estudios de postgrado, experiencias con los colegas y nuestra participacion en el ambito academico, las interacciones con nuestros alumnos, y las situaciones que nos inspiran y nos motivan. Al compartir nuestras perspectivas vinculadas a nuestra identidad como mujeres de minorias etnicas, damos sentido a identificamos posibles estrategias para el reclutamiento y el exito de los estudiantes y academicos de grupos minoritarios.
Job satisfaction survey among employees in small businesses

This study applied Job Descriptive Index (JDI) to measure job attitudes among approximately 80 employees of four different small businesses. Through a standardized procedure, each employee filled out the survey form, responded to a structured interview, and then completed the survey form again. Employees showed significant difference in job satisfaction before and after the structured interview. Medians from four dimensions – work, supervision, promotion, and co‐worker – were found to besimilar to norms but the medians of pay were much lower than the norm. Nevertheless, pay did not represent the lowest correlation with job satisfaction. Satisfaction at supervision did. Also employees reported work to have the highest correlation with job satisfaction. Demographic factors, such as age, work status, gender, and seniority did not show significant impact over job satisfaction.
Serious Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case-Control Study

We conducted a case-control study to determine the incidence and clinical features of and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty-five patients who had 37 episodes of P. aeruginosa infection from 1990 through 1992 were identified. Most of the patients (92%) were homosexual men with low CD4+ lymphocyte counts and a history of AIDS. The annual incidence rates of P. aeruginosa infection were 3.5% (1990), 6.3% (1991), and 8.7% (1992). Most infections were community-acquired (68%) and involved the respiratory tract (73%). Patients were more likely than HIV-infected controls to have AIDS and had more AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses. The overall mortality was 36%. Recurrent episodes were common (39%)
Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the mountains of southern California, USA

The relationship between modern pollen assemblages and modern vegetation along two elevational transects within the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of southern California, USA, is demonstrated using cluster analysis of the pollen data. Cluster analysis separates the Sonora Desert vegetation, Valley grassland/agricultural land and chaparral vegetation types on the San Jacinto Mountains transect. Chaparral is not easily separated on the San Bernardino Mountains transect, probably due to the presence of Quercus dumosa (scrub oak) there. The lower montane Quercus – Pinus (oak – pine) community is distinct from other forest types, and can be subdivided palynologically based upon relative importance of Quercus, Pinus and Cupressaceae [primarily Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar)] pollen. Subdivisions include Quercus – Pinus – Cupressaceae, Quercus – Cupressaceae – Pinus and Quercus – Pinus assemblages. Higher elevation Pinus – Abies (pine – fir) and Pinus-dominated communities are also differentiated from on...
Pediatric Resuscitation Mock Code Practice Impacts Selected Skills

Objectives: Determine the utility of a computer-controlled mannequin in training and assessment of resident pediatric resuscitation skills. Determine if mock code practice is beneficial in maintaining mastery of critical pediatric resuscitation skills. Methods: A prospective randomized study of 22 interns (12 pediatric, 10 emergency medicine) randomized to: Group 1 (cases who participated in 3 mock codes over a 6 month period) and Group 2 (controls who did not receive mock code practice). Each intern was randomly paired in teams of two who participated at baseline in two code scenarios using the Laerdal Simbaby. The interns alternated airway and circulatory management responsibility. At 6 months all interns returned to the simulator in pairs to participate in another two pediatric code scenarios. All sessions were videotaped and time of computer initiation of scenario events recorded. Videos were examined by a pediatric emergency physician (blinded to Group participation) using a structured recording form. A general linear model was used to assess differences in response times and Fisher's exact tests for categorical data. Results: Whether in charge of airway or circulatory management, at post test interns who had completed mock codes required less time to: recognize the need for bag mask ventilation (Diff 5.6 seconds, p < 0.005), initiate BVM (Diff 2.7 seconds, p < 0.006), intubate (Diff 22 seconds, p < 0.03), and recognizing the need for chest compressions (Diff 24 seconds, p < 0.03). There were no differences in times for recognizing the need for fluid resuscitation or for factors such as appropriate mask size, rate of ventilation, intubation success (including number of attempts), compression techniques, or IO placement. Conclusions: Computer controlled mannequins provide reproducible measurable experiences. This study demonstrates that mock code practice may impact some, but not all, aspects of pediatric resuscitation skill retention.
A Proposed International Geomagnetic Reference Field for 1965-1985

A set of spherical harmonic models describing the Earth's main magnetic field from 1965 to 1985 has been developed and is proposed as the next revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). A tenth degree and order spherical harmonic model of the main field was derived from Magsat data. A series of eighth degree and order spherical harmonic models of the secular variation of the main field was derived from magnetic observatory annual mean values. Models of the main field at 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1980 were obtained by extrapolating the main-field model using the secular variation models.
The ARH adaptor protein regulates endocytosis of the ROMK potassium secretory channel in mouse kidney

Renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels are exquisitely regulated to adjust renal potassium excretion and maintain potassium balance. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis plays a critical role, limiting urinary potassium loss in potassium deficiency. In renal disease, aberrant ROMK endocytosis may contribute to potassium retention and hyperkalemia. Previous work has indicated that ROMK endocytosis is stimulated by with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases, but the endocytotic signal and the internalization machinery have not been defined. Here, we found that ROMK bound directly to the clathrin adaptor molecule autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH), and this interaction was mediated by what we believe to be a novel variant of the canonical "NPXY" endocytotic signal, YxNPxFV. ARH recruits ROMK to clathrin-coated pits for constitutive and WNK1-stimuated endocytosis, and ARH knockdown decreased basal rates of ROMK endocytosis, in a heterologous expression system, COS-7 cells. We found that ARH was predominantly expressed in the distal nephron where it coimmunoprecipitated and colocalized with ROMK. In mice, the abundance of kidney ARH protein was modulated by dietary potassium and inversely correlated with changes in ROMK. Furthermore, ARH-knockout mice exhibited an altered ROMK response to potassium intake. These data suggest that ARH marks ROMK for clathrin-dependent endocytosis, in concert with the demands of potassium homeostasis.
SU-FF-I-15: Investigation of An Innovative ROI Imaging Approach and Its Potential to IGRT

Purpose: In radiation therapy, it is not uncommon that one is interested only in a region of interest (ROI) of the patient and that the center of the ROI does not coincide with the rotation center. Recent development of CTimaging theory allows the design of innovative approaches to imaging ROIs. The benefits of ROI imaging include the reduction of imaging dose to the patient and of scatter and other artifacts. In this work, we propose a new ROI imaging approach and investigate its potential application to image‐guidedradiation therapy.Method: Scanning approaches have been proposed for imaging such ROIs through Normal varying dynamically illuminationcollimation of imaging x‐ray beam. In this study, we investigate and develop new imaging approach that uses a constant illuminationcollimation while using an effective, general trajectory through shifting detector and source in such a way that the x‐ray illumination always covers the ROI. From such data that contain truncations, the backprojection‐filtration (BPF) algorithm can be used for reconstructing the ROI images.Results: We have performed numerical studies to validate and evaluate this imaging approach. In these studies, we have used digital phantoms to generate data with and without noise. The results of our preliminary numerical studies indicate that ROI imaging without varying the source collimation during data acquisition can be achieved. Conclusion: ROI imaging without varying the source collimation during data acquisition can be achieved through varying the detector and source positions. The implication of the work to image‐guidedradiation therapy can be potentially high.