cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Shoot Apex during the Early Development of the Fern Marsilea vestita

Marsilea is an aquatic fern which can be grown in sterile culture and which passes through a juvenile phase before reaching adulthood. It is therefore an ideal plant to use in examining the events at the shoot apex which lead up to the production of juvenile and, later, adult leaves. Allsopp1 has suggested that in Marsilea a small apical meristem initiates primordia with a relatively limited capacity for development, and Cutter2 states in her review: “It is thus held that there is an important correlation between the size of the shoot apex and the extent of development of the leaf primordia to which it gives rise, leaf primordia formed on a large apex being capable of developing into adult leaves, whereas those formed on a small apex are considered to have only a limited capacity for growth and development. Apical regions of well-nourished sporelings with adult leaves are seen by inspection to be larger than those of less-well-developed sporelings with juvenile leaves, but no detailed study of changes in size of the apex in Marsilea has yet been undertaken”. The object of this communication is to find out whether there is any correlation between the size of the shoot apex and the production of juvenile or adult leaves.
The effect of tungstate on nitrate assimilation in higher plant tissues.

Tungstate is not only a competitive inhibitor of molybdate uptake and utilization in Azotobacter vinelandii, but also inhibits growth of this organism when nitrate or nitrogen is the sole nitrogen source. The effect of tungstate on the formation of active nitrate reductase in suspension cultures of tobacco XD cells and intact barley shoots was examined. In both cases tungstate prevented the formation of active enzyme. Because of its broad biological spectrum of action, tungstate may be used to selectively prevent nitrate reduction. It will now be possible to examine the regulation of nitrate uptake and of other steps of the nitrate assimilation pathway in higher plants without the complications introduced by the functioning of the pathway. 13 references, 2 figures, 2 table.
Role of Method of Stimulus Presentation in Research on Recognition of Facial Affect

Previous research regarding recognition of facial affect and personality variables has produced apparently contradictory findings. One reason for these inconsistencies may be varieties of experimental methods employed by different researchers. To investigate this possibility, the relation between three personality variables, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, and accuracy in recognition of facial affect was examined with three methods of stimulus presentation: slide presentation, photographic display, and tachistoscopic administration. The nontachistoscopic methods correlated moderately and positively. Extraversion correlated positively with the ability to recognize facial expression with the nontachistoscopic methods. Psychoticism correlated negatively with correct affect recognition, although only for tachistoscopic presentation. Neuroticism did not correlate with recognition of facial affect using any of the methods. Possible explanations and limitations are discussed.
Meaning of the Death of an Elderly Father: Two Sisters' Perspectives

Multiple bereaved adult children, as siblings, have rarely been studied. We expand the paradigm of bereavement research to explore the ways that two sisters describe the experience and meaning of the death of their elderly father. The two sisters each participated in two separate qualitative ethnographic interviews, followed by standard qualitative analyses of the transcribed narratives. The findings yield contrasting perspectives of the sisters' disparate views of their family, of their father, and their views of each other, that provide insight into the complexity of the sharp differences in their reactions to their father's death. Their views of their father's death reflected their particular relationship with their father, their non-shared experiences over the life course, and their personal world views. Differences and contradictions in the views of multiple siblings can broaden our understanding of bereavement and of the processes central to parent-child ties at the end of life.
Electrical Noise Analysis of an Integrated Patch-Clamp Amplifier

This paper presents an evaluation of electrical noise sources and signal-to-noise limitations in a fabricated integrated patch-clamp amplifier. We also present numerical calculation of the theoretical noise of the patch-clamp system. Our fabricated device was measured to have less than 4pA of rms noise at 10 kHz bandwidth, similar in performance to commercial bench- top systems. The integrated patch-clamp can accurately measure nano-Amperes of current and is intended for a high-throughput system that can screen a large number of cells in parallel. The fabricated device consumes 1480 by 1300 mum of silicon area and 3.2 mW at 3.3 V of power. The device was fabricated using AMI 0.5 mA Micron technology.
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of adult rhabdomyoma by fine needle aspiration: report of a case and a brief literature review.

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a valuable, noninvasive, commonly used technique in the diagnoses of head and neck tumors. Adult rhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor of striate muscle tissue usually located in the head and neck region. Cytomorphologically, the tumor cells have eosinophilic finely granular cytoplasm, which sometimes can mimic other tumors. We report a case of adult rhabdomyoma, which was initially misinterpreted as granular cell tumor on FNA biopsy due to lacking of typical cytological features of adult rhabdomyoma. We recommend that adult rhabdomyoma should be included in differential diagnoses when the cytological features are suggestive of granular cell tumor. A panel of immunohistochemical stains including S100, desmin, and myoglobulin may also be helpful in making correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The fasciitis-morphea complex in children.

• Objective. —To describe the clinical presentation and treatment of the combined syndrome of fasciitis and morphea in children. Setting. —The rheumatic disease clinic of a university children's hospital. Patients. —Six children who were referred for signs or symptoms of fasciitis were observed. Selection Procedures. —All children who were referred for fasciitis were included in the study. Interventions. —Therapy included prednisone initially and subsequent long-term treatment with penicillamine and alternate-day doses of prednisone. Measurements and Results. —Symptoms of morphea appeared 1 year before to 4 years after the first signs of fasciitis were observed. The fasciitis was characterized by usually symmetrical, centrifugal swelling, pain, and contracture formation. The morphea and fasciitis did not appear in the same areas of the body. Conclusions. —The fasciitis and morphea are clearly linked manifestations. The fasciitis, but not the morphea, appears to respond to treatment with steroids. Treatment with penicillamine may ameliorate the sclerosis of the morphea but does not stop new lesions from appearing. ( AJDC . 1992;146:733-736)
Women's Spirituality Research: Doing Feminism

I was first introduced to issues of gender, religion, and feminist research about 10 years ago, rather late in my career. Before that time I had been working on my dissertation research with a Hawaiian Kahuna's alternative healing group, one I characterized as a new religion. My graduate program at U.C. San Diego emphasized qualitative research methods, and so I engaged in participant-observation for over a year, conducted intensive in-depth interviews with the student apprentices, and took a life history of the Kahuna healer. Having immersed myself in the setting along with the students I learned to access altered states of consciousness to perceive and direct invisible "energy" ("ki") for healing purposes.1 This phenomenological research gave me an insider's understanding of the group's structure and dynamics, its rituals, its specialized use of language, and its worldview. My introduction to the alternative healing class was my first contact with the fascinating and rich area of the sociology of religion,2 and this experience informed my decision to study a feminist, witches' coven. After earning my doctorate in 1985, I relocated to Seal Beach and taught part-time at several campuses in the California State University system. In 1988 a Long Beach colleague, Wendy Lozano (now Griffin), invited me to accompany her to a witch-sponsored Spring Equinox ritual. At first I declined as I didn't consider witches to be serious, or perhaps I was somewhat afraid of what we might find. Shortly thereafter, I reconsidered out of curiosity as well as a desire to begin new research. Wendy and I attended the event together and were introduced to the world of Dianic Witchcraft, a Craft tradition that is radical feminist, separatist, and
The flow of ionized gas from a globule in interstellar space

Abstract The flow of ionized gas from a globule in interstellar space illustrates rather well the various physical processes that often occur in or near ionization fronts. Thus the non-ionized gas is largely shielded from the incident radiation by the HII region that forms around it. The low frequency photons are absorbed more easily in this region so that the typical photon reaching the front has more than average energy, and the usual processes govern the thermal balance of the gas. In the case of a globule the front is strong D type, so that it advances subsonically into the gas ahead of it, but the ionized gas streams away supersonically in the rear. The strong D condition provides one of the boundary conditions needed to define the flow; this conclusion is similar to one reached by Axford 6 ) when he was studying the expansion of a spherically symmetrical HII region around a star. Finally some estimates are made for the mass of gas likely to be contained in the globule, and of the condition for it to be stable against gravitational collapse.
Susceptibility to acoustic trauma in young and aged gerbils

The effect of age on susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), the effect of gender on the interaction of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and NIHL, and the relative contributions of ARHL and NIHL to total hearing loss are poorly understood. The issues are difficult to resolve empirically in human subjects because of lack of control over extrinsic variables and for ethical reasons. Accordingly, these issues were examined in a well-studied animal model of both ARHL and NIHL, the Mongolian gerbil. Animals were exposed to an intense tone (3.5 kHz, 113 dB SPL, 1 h) either as young adults (6-8 months) or near the end of the average lifespan of the species (34-38 months). Hearing thresholds were determined with the auditory brainstem response (ABR). ARHL was approximately 5-10 dB, with slightly more observed in males at 16 kHz (p<0.05). NIHL of approximately 15-20 dB was similar for the young and old groups, suggesting no differences in susceptibility as a function of age. There were no gender differences in NIHL. The relative contributions of ARHL and NIHL to total hearing loss in aged, noise-exposed gerbils were predicted by an addition of ARHL and NIHL in dB, similar to an international standard on hearing loss allocation, ISO-1999 [Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure and Estimation of Noise-Induced Hearing Impairment (1990)]. Previous evaluations of ISO-1999 using the gerbil animal model concluded that addition of ARHL and NIHL in dB overpredicts total hearing loss. However, in these studies, ARHL was large and nearly equal to NIHL. In the current study, where ARHL was much less than NIHL, addition of the two factors in dB, as recommended by ISO-1999, results in fairly accurate predictions of total hearing loss.
Integrating research and action: a systematic review of community-based participatory research to address health disparities in environmental and occupational health in the USA

Introduction: Integrating research and action represents a goal and key principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR), but there has been little effort to synthesise the literature to evaluate whether such integration is occurring. Objectives: (1) To examine the extent to which CBPR integrates action to effect community-level change and (2) to ascertain factors that facilitate such integration. Methods: Original articles reporting on CBPR in environmental and occupational health in the USA were identified primarily through a MEDLINE search. Inceptions, processes, methods and outcomes of the projects were reviewed. Results: In 14 of the 20 studies reviewed, CBPR led to community-level action to improve the health and well-being of the community members. Observational studies that investigated problems posed by the affected community and that incorporated qualitative methods were more likely to lead to action. The collaboration among government scientists, university researchers and community partners emerged as a new model of CBPR partnerships that effectively integrates research and action. Conclusions: To help CBPR better integrate research and action, a shift towards community-initiated and action-oriented observational studies might be needed.
Regulation of dendritic calcium release in striatal spiny projection neurons.

The induction of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD) in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) requires coactivation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and L-type Ca2+ ch...
The effect of counterions on coacervation and solubilization in oil-external and middle-phase microemulsions

Abstract The effect of hydrated radii, valency, and concentration of counterions on the coacervation of aqueous petroleum sulfonate solutions and on the solubilization capacity of oil-external and middle-phase microemulsions was investigated. The critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) for coacervation increased with Stokes' hydrated radii of monovalent counterions. The CEC for CaCl2 was much lower than that predicted by either the Stokes' hydrated radii or the ionic strength. For mixed electrolytes containing NaCl and CaCl2, it was concluded from the shift in CEC that 1 mole of CaCl2 is equivalent to 16 to 19 moles of NaCl. The changes in relative concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 for coacervation exhibited additive behavior. The maximum solubilization of brine in oil-external microemulsions occurred at a specific salt concentration. For mixed electrolytes containing NaCl and CaCl2, the shift in electrolyte concentration for maximum solubilization showed that 1 mole of CaCl2 is equivalent to about 4 moles of NaCl. These results suggest that the equivalence ratio of CaCl2 to NaCl is strikingly different in aqueous solutions and oil-external microemulsions. For solubilization in middle-phase microemulsion containing mixed NaCl and CaCl2, it was concluded from the shift in optimal salinity that 1 mole of CaCl2 is equivalent to about 16 moles of NaCl. Here also the changes in NaCI and CaC12 concentrations showed additive behavior. The equivalence ratio of CaCl2 and NaCl appears to be independent of oil chain length in the present study. As shown by the equivalence ratio of CaCl2 to NaCl, the formation of middlephase microemulsions appears to be similar to coacervation of aqueous surfactant solutions and quite different from the solubilization of water in oil-external microemulsions.
Reactive and proactive aggression: Similarities and differences

The purpose of the current study was to elaborate the nomological net surrounding the constructs of reactive (RA) and proactive aggression (PA). Typically examined in the context of children, the current study utilized a sample of 211 young adults to examine the relations between reactive and proactive aggression and measures of general personality and social information processing, as well as maladaptive behavioral correlates such as crime, substance use, and riskier sex. Both raw and residualized scores were examined. Using raw scores, the primary differences between RA and PA were related to Neuroticism (i.e., RA more strongly related) and externalizing behaviors (i.e., PA more strongly). The authors comment on the similarity of findings when using raw scores and the divergence of findings using residualized scores and argue for a cautious interpretation of differences based on residualized scores. The authors conclude that the role of Neuroticism warrants further exploration as a means for understanding the heterogeneity of aggressive behavior.
Enhancing Science Teaching Self-Efficacy in Preservice Elementary Teachers

Many studies have defined science anxiety, attitude toward science and low science teaching self-efficacy. This paper attempts to show the interrelatedness of these traits, and using the construct of personal self-efficacy as a foundation, describe methods for building science teaching confidence in preservice teachers. Teaching self-efficacy beliefs refers to teachers' confidence in their own teaching abilities which is reflected in their teaching behaviors. To improve the ability, effectiveness and feelings of success in elementary teachers, science educators need to include strategies to improve attitudes toward science and increase teaching self-efficacy in teacher preparation courses.
Endoscopic treatment of chronic radiation proctopathy

Abstract Radiation therapy for pelvic organ malignancy can result in chronic radiation proctopathy with significant morbidity. Treatments include medical and endoscopic techniques with surgical intervention reserved for resistant cases. There is limited efficacy data and no standardization of treatment regimens, which makes therapeutic recommendations somewhat anecdotal. The more frequently used endoscopic techniques are described in detail with recommendations for particular patient scenarios based on our experience.
The process of care in preventive in-home comprehensive geriatric assessment.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the process of care of a program of in-home comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and to determine: (1) if there are major findings in all domains of CGA (medical, functional, mental health, and social/ environmental), (2) if there is a continued clinical yield when CGA is repeated annually, and (3) factors that affect patient adherence with recommendations from CGA. DESIGN: Descriptive prospective study of subjects allocated to the intervention group of a 3-year randomized trial of preventive in-home CGA. SETTING: Homes of participants living in an urban setting. PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 75 years or older and living at home who received the intervention (N = 202 subjects, mean age 80.8 years, 70% female, 95% white, 64% living alone). INTERVENTION: Annual in-home CGA and quarterly home visits by gerontologic nurse practitioners for 3 years. MEASUREMENTS: Detailed data were collected prospectively on clinical problems detected by CGA, and specific recommendations were made for these problems using an instrument developed explicitly for this project to study the CGA process. Subject adherence with these recommendations was also recorded. RESULTS: Major problems were identified in all domains of CGA; the most common problems were medical. In the first year, 76.7% of subjects had at least one major problem identified that was either previously unknown or suboptimally treated. One-third of subjects had additional major problems identified during the second and third years. A constant number of therapeutic and preventive recommendations was made each year (11.5 per subject annually). Subject adherence varied by type of recommendation (ANOVA, F = 108.4, P <.001); adherence was better for referrals to a physician than for referrals to a non-physician professional or community service or for recommendations involving self-care activities (Scheffe's test, P < .001). CONCLUSION: In these community-dwelling older people, there was a continued yield of problems identified and recommendations made when CGA was repeated annually for 3 years, supporting the practice of repeat CGA in older people in the community. Subject adherence with recommendations from CGA varied by type of recommendation, but further work is needed to determine additional factors that affect this adherence and to determine the association between the yield of CGA (i.e., problems identified, recommendations given and adherence with these recommendations) and important clinical outcomes.
Possible solution to the 27Al puzzle

Abstract B (E2) transition rates between 27 Al states and spectroscopic factors for nucleon pickup from 28 Si calculated in the Coriolis bandmixing model are found in good agreement with experiment if an oblate shape is assumed for 27 Al.
Institutionalized Uncertainty, The Rule of Law, and The Sources of Democratic Stability:

The third wave of democratization has been accompanied by two innovative theoretical claims that procedural regime attributes have systematic consequences for substantive outcomes under democracy and authoritarianism. Many “rule of law” claims associate democracy with lower risks and greater predictability over outcomes than authoritarianism. The “institutionalized uncertainty” claim expects nearly the opposite pattern. Each has important implications for regime support and thus for regime (in)stability. This article argues that neither approach effectively captures global patterns of risk and predictability. A reconsideration shows that both approaches mischaracterize both regime types. Predictability is shown to vary at least as much across as between the two regime types. This is the result of factors exogenous to procedures, such as structures of political, social, and economic conflict. As a result, these structural conditions, rather than regime features alone, explain outcomes such as democratic in...
Gamma Regressive Individuals Control Charts for Influenza Activity

[This abstract is based on the author’s abstract.] The specificity of gamma regression-based individuals control charts is considered for estimating the reasonable expectations for errors associated with influenza outbreak detection. It is shown how the..
Update on the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes has emerged as the modern day epidemic that is currently affecting over 220 million people worldwide and claiming at least 1.1 million lives in 2005 alone. The rise in diabetes is largely attributed to the epidemic of obesity together with sedentary lifestyle as well as unhealthy dietary habits. Despite evidence that glycemic control as well as control of other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia decreases morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population, control of glycemia and other CVD risk factors remains largely suboptimal making the concept of prevention of diabetes very appealing to control CVD risk, especially that such a risk is already increased in people in the prediabetic stage. Several large controlled trials have been completed testing various options for diabetes prevention. In this paper we present an update on prevention of type 2 diabetes highlighting the major recent trials completed to date in this very important area of investigation.
Forces due to waves on submerged structures

Existing theories on wave forces on large submerged structures are reviewed. The equations regarding wave forces and moments on piles do not apply because inertial forces are predominant on a submerged structure which has a principle horizontal dimension equal or larger than the vertical dimension. Several models of simple geometric structures were installed in a two-dimensional laboratory wave tank. The magnitude of the vertical and horizontal loads on the structure by the wave action were determined experimentally. Values of coefficient of inertia were obtained for experimental data. Results of data wer plotted in dimensionless form to provide a correlation between ratios of wave length to water depth, wave height to wave length, and dimensionless force for a number of different shapes of structures. Measurements were also obtained for one of the models of forces due to irregular, wind-generated waves. Comparison between forces caused by regular waves and irregular waves was made. It is concluded that forces due to waves, particularly due to irregular waves generated by wind are highly variable, but results presented may be sufficient for preliminary designs.
Dynamic spectrum access: from cognitive radio to network radio

Dynamic spectrum access is a new spectrum sharing paradigm that allows secondary users to access the abundant spectrum holes or white spaces in the licensed spectrum bands. DSA is a promising technology to alleviate the spectrum scarcity problem and increase spectrum utilization. While DSA has attracted many research efforts recently, in this article, we discuss the challenges of DSA and aim to shed light on its future. We first give an introduction to the state-of- the-art in spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. Then, we examine the challenges that prevent DSA from major commercial deployment. We believe that, to address these challenges, a new DSA model is critical, where the licensed users cooperate in DSA and hence much more flexible spectrum sharing is possible. Furthermore, the future DSA model should consider the political, social, economic, and technological factors all together, to pave the way for the commercial success of DSA. To support this future DSA model, the future cognitive radio is expected to have additional components and capabilities, to enforce policy, provide incentive and coexistence mechanisms, etc. We call the future cognitive radio with the expanded capabilities a network radio, and discuss its architecture as well as the design issues for future DSA.
Does Child Abuse and Neglect Increase Risk for Perpetration of Violence Inside and Outside the Home

OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which abused and neglected children perpetrate 3 different types of violence within and outside the home (criminal violence, child abuse, and intimate partner violence) and determine whether childhood maltreatment leads to an increased risk for poly-violence perpetration. METHOD: Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children (ages 0-11) with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and/or neglect (n = 676) were matched with children without such histories (n = 520) and assessed in young adulthood (average age 29). Official criminal records in conjunction with self-report data were used to assess violent outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, individuals with histories of child abuse and/or neglect were significantly more likely to be poly-violence perpetrators, perpetrating violence in all 3 domains (relative risk = 1.26). All forms of childhood maltreatment (physical and sexual abuse and neglect) significantly predicted poly-violence perpetration. CONCLUSIONS: These findings expand the cycle of violence literature by combining the distinct literatures on criminal violence, child abuse, and partner violence to call attention to the phenomenon of poly-violence perpetration by maltreated children. Future research should examine the characteristics of maltreated children who become poly-violence perpetrators and mechanisms that lead to these outcomes. Language: en
An experimental method to measure initiation events during unstable stress-induced martensitic transformation in a shape memory alloy wire

An experimental configuration is demonstrated that captures features of the initiation of unstable stress-induced transformation in a shape memory alloy (SMA). The apparatus uses circulating fluids through the grips and a heat sink and thermoelectric devices to control the temperature profile of a specimen within a mechanical testing machine. The configuration can be used to restrict the initiation of phase transformation to a small region of interest of the free length, while permitting full-field optical tracking, infrared imaging, use of laser extensometry, and monitoring of load and extension. In this way, some longstanding difficulties in the measurement of thermo-mechanical phenomena in SMA wire have been resolved. The size of initiation stress peaks can be accurately measured for both transformation directions without changing the wire geometry, the temperature of a region of interest can be selected over a wide range, and imaging can be performed for multiple loading cycles and for events that occur from static to near dynamic rates. The motivation for this work is to produce high quality data for use in calibrating numerical models that study thermo-mechanical coupling during unstable transformation behavior.
Improving Marketing Decisions

Response models can be used to improve organizational effectiveness through a process involving three steps: (1) intervention, (2) implementation, and (3) improvement (Schultz and Henry 1981). Intervention takes place when management recognizes a need for change in the way decisions are made and activity to meet that need is initiated. One example would be the development of a marketing decision model to aid in planning and forecasting. If the resulting model actually changes the way decisions are made, we can think of the model as having been implemented. If, in addition, the model improves the decision process, we would call this implemented model successful. Successful implementation is the goal of marketing science.
My own private kiosk: privacy-preserving public displays

Ubiquitous, high-resolution, large public displays offer an attractive complement to wearable displays. Unfortunately, the inherently public nature of these public displays makes them unsuitable for displaying sensitive information. We present EyeGuide, a wearable system that allows the user to obtain information quickly from a public display without sacrificing privacy. To this end, EyeGuide employs a lightweight head-worn eye-tracker for hands-free object selection and an earphone for private communication. Our system supports public displays that are dynamic (e.g., a large plasma screen) and static (e.g., a large printed map). In our printed map scenario, EyeGuide whispers verbal directions via earphone to a user, based on where they are looking on the map. Using a technique we call "gaze steering," the system guides the user's eye position to specific locations. In our dynamic public display scenarios, EyeGuide presents documents (e.g., maps) that contain sensitive data in a way that preserves privacy.
Short-term cigarette smoke exposure induces reversible changes in energy metabolism and cellular redox status independent of inflammatory responses in mouse lungs

Cigarette smoking leads to alteration in cellular redox status, a hallmark in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study examines the role of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in the impairment of energy metabolism and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction. Male A/J mice were exposed to CS generated by a smoking machine for 4 or 8 wk. A recovery group was exposed to CS for 8 wk and allowed to recover for 2 wk. Acute CS exposure altered lung glucose metabolism, entailing a decrease in the rate of glycolysis and an increase in the pentose phosphate pathway, as evidenced by altered expression and activity of GAPDH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively. Impairment of GAPDH was found to be due to glutathionylation of its catalytic site cysteines. Metabolic changes were associated with changes in cellular and mitochondrial redox status, assessed in terms of pyridine nucleotides and glutathione. CS exposure elicited an upregulation of the expression of complexes II, III, IV, and V and of the activity of complexes II, IV, and V. Microarray analysis of gene expression in mouse lungs after exposure to CS for 8 wk revealed upregulation of a group of genes involved in metabolism, electron transfer chain, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial transport and dynamics, and redox regulation. These changes occurred independently of inflammatory responses. These findings have implications for the early onset of alterations in energy and redox metabolism upon acute lung exposure to CS.
Privacy management for portable recording devices

The growing popularity of inexpensive, portable recording devices, such as cellular phone cameras and compact digital audio recorders, presents a significant new threat to privacy. We propose a set of technologies that can be integrated into recording devices to provide stronger, more accurately targeted privacy protections than other legal and technical measures now under consideration. Our design is based on an informed consent principle, which it supports by the use of novel devices and protocols that automate negotiations over consent and ensure appropriate safeguards on recorded data. We define the protocols needed for this purpose and establish their security. We also describe a working prototype implementation that safeguards audio recorded by laptop PCs in a wireless network.
Failure of a Second and Third Generation Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator to Sense Ventricular Tachycardia: Implications for Fixed-Gain Sensing Devices

SPERRY, R.E., et al.: Failure of a Second and Third Generation Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator to Sense Ventricular Tachycardia: Implications for Fixed-Gain Sensing Devices. Failure to sense ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is rare. We report a case in which persistent undersensing of monomorphic and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia occurred with a second and third generation ICD using fixed-gain sensing. This occurred despite adequate R wave sensing during sinus rhythm. The use of an endocardial sensing lead did not correct the problem. Failure to sense ventricular tachycardia in the third generation device with fixed-gain sensing occurred late after implantation and was discovered only at follow-up electrophysiology testing of the ICD. This problem could not be corrected by reprogramming of the device, and was not related to lead dislodgement. Placement of a new device with an automatic-gain sensing algorithm and use of previously implanted epicardial leads with better sensing characteristics provided appropriate sensing of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The case illustrates the importance of testing the sensing of all ventricular arrhythmias in patients with fixed-gain ICD's. Follow-up electrophysiology testing and evaluation of epicardial and endocardial leads may be necessary in certain cases to ensure adequate sensing of ventricular tachyarrhythmias late after implantation.
Absolute instability in the near-wake of two-dimensional bluff bodies

The linear inviscid instability of a family of mean velocity profiles which is representative of the near wake of two-dimensional bluff bodies is studied on a locally parallel basis. Restricting attention to the incompressible case, both the influence of the centerline velocity and the ratio of wake width to individual mixing layer thickness are explored. The parameters are identified for which the flow is absolutely unstable locally, i.e. for which instability waves amplifying in the upstream direction exist. This feature plays an important role when the attempt is made to explain the selection of a particular vortex shedding mode, i.e. to predict the shedding frequency, for instance. Different possibilities of feedback loops, such as the one proposed by Koch, as well as other mode selection criteria, notably the one used by Pierrehumbert, and their relevance to particular types of wakes are discussed. For top-hat wakes bounded by thin mixing layers a new criterion is proposed which properly accounts for the influence of the initial mixing layer thickness. In addition, the effects of a recirculating region near the body and of initial mixing layer curvature on the near-wake stability are considered qualitatively. Finally, the possible bearing of these concepts on the observed mode competition between the Karman and the varicose mode is examined.
Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit is critical in predicting growth response of "cool-season" grass Festuca arundinacea to temperature change.

There is a lack of information on plant response to multifactor environmental variability including the interactive response to temperature and atmospheric humidity. These two factors are almost always confounded because saturated vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) could have a large impact on plant growth. In this study using climate controlled mini-greenhouses, we examined the interacting influence of temperature and VPD on long-term growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), a cool season grass. From past studies it was expected that growth of tall fescue would decline with warmer temperatures over the range of 18.5–27°C, but growth actually increased markedly with increasing temperature when VPD was held constant. In contrast, growth declined in experiments where tall fescue was exposed to increasing VPD and temperature was held constant at 21°C. The inhibited growth appears to be in response to a maximum transpiration rate that can be supported by the tall fescue plants. The sensitivity to VPD indicates that if VPD remains stable in future climates as it has in the past, growth of tall fescue could well be stimulated rather than decreased by global warming in temperate climate zones.
Effects of acute ingestion of different fats on oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight and obese adults

Studies show that obese individuals have prolonged elevations in postprandial lipemia and an exacerbated inflammatory response to high fat meals, which can increase risk for cardiovascular diseases. As epidemiological studies indicate an association between type of fat and circulating inflammatory markers, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different fat sources on inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight and obese individuals. Eleven overweight and obese subjects consumed three high fat milkshakes rich in monounsaturated fat (MFA), saturated fat (SFA), or long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fat (O3FA) in random order. Blood samples collected at baseline, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postprandial were analyzed for markers of inflammation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP)), oxidative stress (8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α (8-epi) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)), and metabolic factors (glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acids, and triglycerides (TG)). O3FA enhanced NF-kB activation compared to SFA, but did not increase any inflammatory factors measured. Conversely, SFA led to higher ICAM-1 levels than MFA (p = 0.051), while MFA increased TG more than SFA (p < 0.05). CRP increased while TNF-α and 8-epi decreased with no difference between treatments. While most of the inflammatory factors measured had modest or no change following the meal, ICAM-1 and NF-κB responded differently by meal type. These results are provocative and suggest that type of fat in meals may differentially influence postprandial inflammation and endothelial activation.
Facilities and Instruments for Learning in the Gross Anatomy Laboratory

This chapter will cover the basics of the physical instruments recommended for a gross anatomy laboratory in which a dissection-based class is conducted. The specifics of the acquisition and maintenance of the anatomical materials, and the design of a laboratory for today’s learners, are covered in previous chapters of this section. Here, we focus more specifically on the physical attributes of the equipment in the room, rather than the room itself.
Minimalism About Human Rights: The Most We Can Hope For? *

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights presents one such more ambitious agenda. Its account of human rights extends well beyond minimalist assurances of bodily security, to comprise rights associated with the rule of law, political participation, work, education, and culture. In response to the criticism that minimalism is simply a political strategy—and not an especially plausible one—for defusing authoritarian objections to human rights by reminding authoritarians that they do not have to do very much to stay in compliance, Ignatieff denies that minimalism is simply strategic. The central idea of justificatory minimalism is that a conception of human rights should be presented autonomously: that is, independent of particular philosophical or religious theories that might be used to explain and justify its content. In a collection on Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity, Tu Wei-ming says about Confucianism: that "In its political philosophy the Confucian tradition lacks concepts of liberty, human rights, privacy, and due process of law.
Sin Papeles Undocumented Mexicanas in the Rural United States

Drawing on structural and life-cycle perspectives and a limited body of literature, this article explores the obstacle of illegal status to expanding views of self, the more equitable gender roles ...
Flame Propagation and Heat-Transfer Effects in Spark Ignition Engines

The essential characteristics of the internal combustion engine are ultimately determined by the processes that take place in the combustion chamber. It is these processes that generate the power output, the heat losses, and the formation of pollutants and therefore determine the trade-off between efficiency and emissions. The need thus arises to identify and qualify the significant physical processes that take place in the combustion chamber. Only after this accomplishment is it possible to establish a control of the major parameters that influence the combustion process so desired design goals can be achieved. In the past an acceptable level of understanding of the phenomenon involved has been reached through an analysis of experimental evidence and the pursuit of theoretical investigations. The processes inside the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine involve a broad range of different subjects. The characterization includes chemistry, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, to mention a few of the most important fields as outlined in Fig. 1. Furthermore, the combustion process takes place in such a highly complex environment that an accurate and detailed description on a fundamental level cannot be done with present-day knowledge. Through numerous experiments a large amount of information has been acquired allowing the key processes to be identified and investigated in more detail. Guided by these experiments and the theoretical analysis, semiempirical methods have been used to develop the internal combustion engine, and such two-sided investigations are necessary for the successful development of the internal combustion engine. Though today’s engine is highly sophisticated, continued research efforts produce an increased understanding of the different processes leading to an improvement of the overall engine performance.
Memory throttling on BG/Q: a case study with explicit hydrodynamics

Power and energy efficiency are major concerns in future supercomputing systems. We expect that applications will be constrained to operate under a power budget and achieving the expected levels of performance will be challenging. Understanding how power is consumed by an application throughout its different phases will be necessary to shift power to those resources on the critical path. In this paper, we identify opportunities for shifting power between components for a representative kernel of explicit hydrodynamics codes. Based on a linear regression model, we dynamically throttle the memory system in regions with low memory bandwidth requirements on an energy-efficient supercomputer. Our results show that we can save a significant amount of power that could be used on resources on the critical path and, thus, maximize performance under the operating power budget.
Deriving Simpson’s Rule

Maple’s student package contains a built-in command for Simpson’s Rule for approximate numeric integration and an exploration of the companion built-in Trapezoidal Rule appears in Unit 14. Here, we explore a derivation of Simpson’s Rule.
Organic colonic lesions in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Background To determine whether IBS patients develop organic lesions compared to those without IBS, and to determine type and frequency of these organic colonic lesions. Material/methods Retrospective review of medical records of 622 IBS patients, ages 19-91 years, over fifteen years that underwent colonoscopy for new gastrointestinal symptoms during the course of their illness. Records of 642 non-IBS patients, who had colonoscopy for gastrointestinal complaints, were reviewed retrospectively as a comparison group. We abstracted and analyzed data related to demographics, history, diagnosis of IBS, and type of colonic lesions reported in the colonoscopy reports. Results Of the 622 patients diagnosed with IBS, the median duration of the IBS was 11 years (range=1 to 62 years). Colonoscopy findings were normal in 301 patients (48.4%) in the IBS group and 301 patients (46.9%) in the non-IBS group. Among the IBS group, the common organic colonic lesions were hemorrhoids (21.1%) polyps (20.3%) and diverticuli (19%) and angiodysplasia (11.9%). Among the non-IBS group, the common organic colonic lesions were hemorrhoids (22.6%), polyps (22.4%), diverticuli (20.6%) and angiodysplasia (12.1%). There was no difference in the prevalence of organic colonic lesions among patients with or without IBS (p > 0.05). Adjusting for the demographic variables and the number of lesions, there were no differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions IBS patients may also develop organic colonic lesions, thus colonoscopy, if indicated, should not be delayed in these patients because of the assumption that their symptoms are due to IBS alone.
When Parties Swing: Islamist Parties and Institutional Moderation in Malaysia and Indonesia:

This article examines the extent to which the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) are becoming more moderate in their strategy and ideology. The author contends tha...
A theory of mind–focused approach to anger management.

Patients with anger management problems tend to be unreflective patients who externalize blame for their problems with impulse control. This resistance to self-reflection may be symptomatic of such patients implicitly utilizing a primitive theory of mind that reflects psychic equivalence, the preten
A simple and selective liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of ε-aminocaproic acid in human plasma

Understanding the clinical pharmacology of the antifibrinolytic drug epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) is critical for rational drug administration in children. The aim of this study is to develop a reliable assay for the determination of EACA in human plasma. We describe a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay for EACA in human plasma. Sample preparation involved plasma dilution (1:2040), followed by reversed-phase chro- matographic separation and selective detection using tandem mass spectrometry. EACA had a linear range of 1 - 250 µg/mL. The intraday precision based on the standard deviation of replicates of quality control samples ranged from 4.7 to 10.4% and the accuracy ranged from 92-106%. The interday precision ranged from 4.6 to 9.8% and the accuracy ranged from 95-103%. Stability stud- ies showed that EACA was stable during the conditions for sample preparation and storage. The described method is robust and successfully employed for clinical studies of EACA in children.
Low-volume resuscitation for severe intraoperative hemorrhage: a step in the right direction.

The impact on outcomes resulting from crystalloids used with hemostatic close ratio resuscitation (HCRR) in intraoperative hemorrhage (IOH) has not been analyzed. We hypothesize a survival advantag...