cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The concept of steady-state foliation

Abstract A steady-state foliation is thought of as a foliation with constant orientation and intensity in a rock undergoing steady-state flow. The problem discussed is whether such straininsensitive foliations exist in rocks and how they might be distinguished from the more familiar, strain-sensitive foliations. Steady-state foliations would be useful indicators of stress or of strain-rate, yet misleading if used as indicators of finite strain. One requirement for maintenance of steady-state foliations is operation of processes that locally weaken grain shape preferred orientation or reduce grain aspect ratios, or destroy lithological layering during flow. These are the inverses of the processes normally discussed in connection with foliation development. Many such processes are known, though the details of how and when they operate efficiently enough to stabilize a foliation are unknown. There is, however, a tendency for some of them to operate more efficiently at high strains, high temperatures and in flow regimes with high vorticity. Natural and experimental high-temperature shear zones are accordingly one environment in which steadystate foliations may be encountered. An experiment is described in which a thin specimen of para-dichlorobenzene was given a large shearing deformation at 90% of its absolute melting point. A steady-state foliation was not produced, but the technique is a promising one for further microstructural studies where in situ observation of material undergoing large deformations is desirable.
Adaptive guaranteed cost control of systems with uncertain parameters

Guaranteed cost control is a method of synthesizing a closed-loop system in which the controlled plant has large parameter uncertainty. This paper gives the basic theoretical development of guaranteed cost control, and shows how it can be incorporated into an adaptive system. The uncertainty in system parameters is reduced first by either: 1) on-line measurement and evaluation, or 2) prior knowledge on the parametric dependence of a certain easily measured situation parameter. Guaranteed cost control is then used to take up the residual uncertainty. It is shown that the uncertainty in system parameters can be taken care of by an additional term in the Riccati equation. A Fortran program for computing the guaranteed cost matrix and control law is developed and applied to an airframe control problem with large parameter variations.
How to optimize the use of MRI in anatomic ACL reconstruction

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most current diagnostic imaging procedure for suspected ACL injuries. It is an accurate, highly sensitive and specific tool for the diagnosis of ACL tears, graft tears and associated injuries. However, it can also be used for various other aspects of anatomic ACL reconstruction.
Two related pseudogenes are the result of a gene duplication in the goat β-globin locus

Abstract We report the nucleotide sequence of two goat β-globin pseudogenes, ψβ x and ψβ z , each of which is linked upstream from a functional goat β-globin gene. Comparison to the functional β A gene indicates that these two pseudogenes share several identical mutations. These include alterations of the ATA box, an early frameshift mutation in exon 1 and alterations of the universal GT/AG excision sequence of IVS1. The shared deleterious mutations indicate that the two pseudogenes diverged from a common defective sequence. Comparison of the pseudogenes with the functional β A and β C genes reveals that the ψβ x - β C pair and ψβ Z - β A pair may have been created by a single en bloc duplication event. The persistence and duplication of defective sequences may indicate a role for these pseudogenes as a spacer or regulator.
Relation of Success and Nontraditional Career Choice to Selection for Dating and Friendship

Women who succeed in traditionally male-dominated fields have previously been found to experience lower social acceptance, both from men in romantic contexts and from women in platonic contexts. The present study examined whether such preferences continue to exist. Participants were 256 university students (110 men, 146 women) with an average age of 21.4 yr. (SD = 3.6). They answered the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Modern Sexism Scale and also responded to four descriptions of stimulus persons which represented the variables of traditional versus nontraditional field and successful versus nondescribed academic performance. Results indicated that men preferred to date women in traditional careers (independent of their success). This finding was unrelated to men's scores on sex role orientation or egalitarianism and sexism. However, in platonic relationships, women favored women in nontraditional careers as friends.
Unexpected ambidoselectivity in crossed-aldol reactions of α-oxy aldehyde trichlorosilyl enolates

Abstract The ambido-, stereo- and enantioselectivity of the phosphoramide-promoted aldol reactions of α-oxy aldehyde trichlorosilyl enolates with benzaldehyde has been investigated. Analysis of the products from α-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy α-deuterioacetaldehyde trichlorosilyl enolate confirmed that this 1,2-bis-silyloxyethene derivative reacted as a tert-butyldimethylsilyl enolate rather than trichlorosilyl enolate in the aldol reaction with very high ambidoselectivity. The phosphoramide-coordinated trichlorosilyl group acted as an organizing center for the aldol reaction. From the aldol process, excellent anti-diastereoselectivity could be achieved. The enantioselectivity remained moderate to low for both anti- and syn-diastereomer with a wide range of phosphoramide catalysts. α-Triisopropylsilyloxy, phenoxy and benzyloxy acetaldehyde trichlorosilyl enolates also reacted in a similar fashion with benzaldehyde to give aldol products with varying degrees of selectivities.
The use of photolithographic marker technique for the probe of the diffusing species in high-temperature oxidation

A microlithographic-marker experiment was conducted instead of a conventional kinetics study using thermogravimetry, to study the oxidation of pure Ni and a Ni-1 at.% Cr alloy. A composite marker, consisting of a 10-nm-thick Mo layer under a 150-nm-thick Pt layer, was designed, and the method for photolithographic deposition of inert markers is described. The micron scale of the marker eliminates any ambiguity in marker identification, which is frequently encountered with conventional markers, whose size may exceed that of the microstructural features controlling oxidation. Transverse-sectioning techniques were employed for TEM and SEM analysis to detect the markers. The regularity of the markers provides a more reliable demarcation of original interface positions. The position of the markers suggests that small additions of Cr significantly promote inward transport of oxygen. The presence of the markers appears to affect only marginally the oxidation kinetics and local oxide morphology.
Hypomethylation of the rat aryl sulfotransferase IV gene and amplification of a DNA sequence during multistage 2-acetylaminofluorene hepatocarcinogenesis

Rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase IV (AST IV), which catalyses sulfuric acid esterification of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to its ultimate carcinogenic form, is differentially expressed during multistep 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) hepatocarcinogenesis. Two molecular mechanisms associated with this effect involve modulation of mRNA translational capacity at the early stages, and gene transcription at the late stages of the carcinogenic process. To characterize further the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the transient regulation of the enzyme expression, an AST IV cDNA was used to assess the change in methylation profile and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the gene domain of genomic DNA derived from rats at different stages of carcinogenesis. The onset of hypomethylation of the AST IV gene domain and amplification of a 5.3-kb DNA sequence was found to correlate with the stage in AAF hepatocarcinogenesis, where rats begin to exhibit irreversible loss in hepatic enzyme expression and the liver becomes committed to hepatoma formation. This represents the first observation of both altered methylation status of AST IV gene domain and amplification of a DNA sequence whose expression may play a role in the genesis and/or progression of neoplastic transformation of initiated cells during AAF hepatocarcinogenesis.
Noise immunity characteristics of CMOS receivers and effects of skewing/damping CMOS output driver switching waveform on the ‘simultaneous’ switching noise

Abstract A detailed study of the characteristics of CMOS receiver noise immunity and the effects of skewing CMOS output drivers on simultaneous switching noise was performed. Closed-form equations are given to calculate the simultaneous switching noise and the number of V DD /V SS bond pads-packagem pins in multichip modules. Guidelines for grouping and optimal skewing of CMOS output drivers to reduce the total effective power/ground noise are discussed. Performance trade-offs in using an additional damping resistor in the output driver circuit to reduce power/ground noise were analyzed. Design curves are given to minimize the ‘effective’ switching noise without much trade-off in output driver speed.
A Strategy for Teaching Writing.

Our students have so often been stifled by what Anderson terms as the "closed system" of education that prevails in most American schools-a system that is concerned with "the sorting, classifying, and cataloging of attics full of useless, unlovely, and undiscarded psychic antiques."47 If the student shows any creativity or originality, or attempts to rearrange material, he is wrong or has failed. To permit this attitude to dominate the foreign language curriculum as it has in the past, will mean a continued decline in the popularity of our discipline. If, on the other hand, we develop a curriculum based on the creative nature and communicative purpose of language, we can offer students a unique learning experience-a learning experience which encourages them to experiment and challenges their cognitive abilities. We have something to offer all students not just those who desire to become language specialists. Even if a student does not attain fluency in the language, he can sharpen his intellectual powers through foreign language study at any level.
Abstract C45: Inhibition of antiapoptotic BCL2 members facilitates interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) mediated prodeath signaling in breast cancer cells

Antiestrogens (AEs) have long been a standard treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients. However, antiestrogen resistance, either de novo or acquired, is a major hurdle for effective therapy in breast cancer patients. To address this, the underlying mechanisms of antiestrogen resistance must be understood. Antiestrogens are known to induce apoptosis in sensitive breast cancer cells. The tumor suppressor gene interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) plays a key role in signaling to proapoptotic BH3 only BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family members (i.e., BIK, PUMA, and BMF). In an attempt to understand IRF1-mediated signaling in AE sensitivity, AE-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cells were made to overexpress IRF1 or a dominant negative IRF1 (dnIRF1; lacks the transactivation domain of IRF1 but retains the DNA-binding domain). We found that IRF1 regulates the transcription of proapoptotic BIK, BMF, and PUMA, which are necessary to induce apoptosis in AE-sensitive cells. Conversely, AE-resistant breast cancer cells have low IRF1 expression and increased levels of antiapoptotic BCL2 and BCLW. Previous work by our group showed that the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ can be used to induce IRF1 expression in AE-resistant cells, and restores the responsiveness of these cells to fulvestrant (Faslodex; ICI 182,780) through BH3-mediated apoptosis, suggesting a key role of IRF1 in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. We also discovered that the pan BCL2 inhibitor GX15-070 (obatoclax) significantly reduces cell proliferation and, in combination with fulvestrant or tamoxifen, results in a synergistic inhibition of cell growth in AE-resistant breast cancer cells. Treatment with obatoclax in AE-resistant cells results in a reduction in Beclin1 (BECN1) protein levels with a corresponding increase in cleaved caspase-7, indicating a possible role of autophagy and apoptosis in GX15-070-induced cell death. Moreover, overexpression of BECN1 in AE-resistant cells enhances obatoclax-mediated cell death. Collectively, our data demonstrate that a combination of obatoclax and an antiestrogen increases the levels of free BH3 domain proteins, thus facilitating mitochondrial dysfunction, and rendering breast cancer cells more susceptible to tumor cell death by IRF1-mediated signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr C45.
Social Protection and Social Policy: Key Issues and Debates

Although social policy scholars have debated a large number of social protection issues over the years, new issues have arisen as innovative programs have been introduced in the developing world and scholars in development studies have become involved in the field. This article examines a number of these issues and reviews key social protection debates in an attempt to promote clarity and consensus about the role of social protection in social policy today.
Landscape of Contradictions: The Bourgeois Mind and the Colonization of Tokyo's Suburbs

Tokyo's suburban landscape has been treated in two distinct fields of research to date: urban history and literary studies. Urban historians have traced the effects of suburban population growth along the rail lines extending into the Musashi Plain to the west of the city from the beginning of the twentieth century. At the same time, literary scholars have identified the Musashi Plain as a special site or topos of modern nature writing since the publication of Kunikida Doppo's Musashino in 1898. This essay brings the issues of these two fields together to reappraise the meaning of suburban living within the mental landscape of the early twentieth-century Tokyo suburbanite. The focus is on two texts by popular novelist Tokutomi Roka, who moved to the suburban farming hamlet of Kasuya in 1907. Roka's romantic sensibility toward the landscape and his internal emotional dilemmas are interpreted as integral to one another and forming an archetypal pattern for the bourgeois male intellectual's experience of the...
The special historical section of the journal of american college health.

It has been a labor of love serving as the guest editor for this special historical issue of the Journal of American College Health (JACH) that commemorates the founding of the first structured col...
A criterion of integrability for perturbed nonresonant harmonic oscillators. ``Wick ordering'' of the perturbations in classical mechanics and invariance of the frequency spectrum

We introduce an analogue to the renormalization theory (of quantum fields) into classical mechanics. We also find an integrability criterion guaranteeing the convergence of Birkhoff's series and an algorithm for modifying the hamiltonian to fix the frequency spectrum of the quasi-periodic motions. We point out its possible relevance to the transition to chaos.
Is rotavirus a population of reassortants

Rotaviruses appear to exist as heterogeneous populations of reassortants and related variants. This phenomenon is consistent with the quasispecies concept of RNA viruses, and suggests that gene reassortment is a crucial evolutionary mechanism for this segmented virus. It also explains puzzling epidemiological findings and controversial results of vaccine-efficacy studies.
Scaling considerations of mesocosm wetlands in simulating large created freshwater marshes

Abstract To explore the effects of experimental scale on ecological functions in wetlands, flow-through mesocosm wetlands (1 m 2 ) were compared over the first two growing seasons to a large, created, flow-through wetland (10 000 m 2 ) over four growing seasons. Hydrology was generally similar with mean hydraulic loading rates of 7.8 cm day −1 for the large wetland (excluding an extensive flooding year of 1995) and 6.3 cm day −1 for mesocosms. Mean hydraulic retention time was 2.1 days for the large wetland and 1.7 days for mesocosms. Temperature of surface water decreased slightly from inflow to outflow in mesocosms, while it increased in the large wetland. Conductivity of water in mesocosms showed no significant changes from inflow to outflow, while it decreased significantly in the large wetland. Phosphorus was retained effectively in the large wetland for 3 of 4 years and was retained in the mesocosms during the first of 2 years. Phosphorus was exported in the second year in the mesocosms, when dissolved oxygen (DO) and redox potential dropped significantly. Net aboveground primary productivity was similar between mesocosm wetlands (∼353 g m −2 year −1 ) and the large wetland (∼380 g m −2 year −1 ). Extensive shading with no open space may have led to cooler water temperatures and lower water column productivity in the densely vegetated mesocosms than in the large wetland in the second year. Less surface turbulence in the mesocosms due to less fetch affected DO too. These conditions may have stimulated development of reduced conditions in mesocosm soils more rapidly than in the large wetland, thereby causing the release of phosphorus. Scale of experiments and mesocosm artifacts must be considered before the results from mesocosm studies are generalized to large field-scale wetlands.
Addressing High Infant Mortality in the Developing World: A Glimmer of Hope

* Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics FSB — : fresh stillbirth HBB — : Helping Babies Breathe NMR — : neonatal mortality rate NRP — : Neonatal Resuscitation Program Extraordinary progress has been made in reducing infant mortality in the developed world over the past 7 decades, with death rates during the first year of life falling by more than 90% since my own birth in 1941. However, infant mortality rates in the developing world are still nearly 10 times higher than in the United States (Fig 1). Two articles in this month’s Pediatrics suggest that help is on the way to narrow this unacceptable gap.1,2 FIGURE 1 Infant mortality. From: United Nations. Department of Economic and Scientific Affairs, Populations Division. 2011. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. CD-ROM Edition. It has been estimated that early birth asphyxia is responsible for nearly one-third of the neonatal mortality rate (NMR), as well as contributing substantially to neurodevelopmental disability.3 To address this problem in the United States, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Heart Association developed the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), which has been highly successful, with >3 million health care providers completing the course in the United States alone. This success has led >130 other countries, from both the developed and developing world, to express interest in adopting the NRP curriculum. But is NRP really an appropriate model for the developing world? At least 1 intervention attempting to do just that produced disappointing results,4,5 perhaps because of differences in the environment, personnel, and equipment associated with … Address correspondence to John Kattwinkel, MD, University of Virginia, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail: jk3f{at}virginia.edu
Silicon for industry: Component design, mass production, and the move to commercial markets at Fairchild semiconductor, 1960–1967

Abstract Most accounts of the microelectronics revolution have emphasized the role of military patronage and procurement in the shaping of silicon technology and the consolidation of the semiconductor industry. Little attention has been devoted, however, to the silicon industry's shift from military to commercial markets in the early and mid‐1960s. Drawing on an examination of Fairchild Semiconductor, the firm that initiated this shift, this essay argues that the silicon industry's expansion into non‐military markets was indissociable from deep changes in manufacturing, organizational structures as well as component and system technologies. Special attention is devoted to the ways in which Fairchild created a user base for its products in the computer and consumer electronics industries by hiring engineers from these sectors and encouraging them to design components as well as applications for the firm's potential customers. This article also examines how Fairchild introduced mass production techniques fr...
The cosmic environment for the growth of complexity

The unifying scenario fo cosmic evolution is outlined by following the natural changes among radiation, matter and life in standard, big-bang cosmology. Using aspects of non equilibrium thermodynamics, especially energy flow considerations, we argue that it is the contrasting temporal behavior of various energy densities that have given rise to the environments needed for the emergence of galaxies, stars, planets, and life forms. We furthermore argue that a necessary (though perhaps not sufficient) condition--a veritable prime mover--for the emergence of such ordered structures of growing complexity is the expansion of the Universe itself. Neither demonstrably new science nor appeals to non-science are needed to explain the impressive hierarchy of generative change, from atoms to galaxies, from cells to society.
Antischizophrenic drugs: Differential plasma protein binding and therapeutic activity

Abstract The percentage of free neuroleptic drug unbound to plasma protein is much higher for the respective metabolites of chlorpromazine and thioridazine, 7-hydroxychlorpromazine and mesoridazine, than for the parent drugs. The therapeutic activities of chlorpromazine and thioridazine may be mediated to a major extent by 7-hydroxychlorpromazine and mesoridazine respectively. Measuring free levels of the active metabolites of neuroleptics as well as the parent drugs may facilitate regulation of neuroleptic doses to secure optimal therapeutic responses.
Effect of aging on the marmoset periodontium

The periodontium of old marmosets is characterized by a narrow, serrated cribriform plate of alveolar bone, a loss of tinctorial identification of Sharpey's fibers and a decrease in the cellular elements of the periodontal ligament. The attachment fibers are frequently calcified. In contrast to the blue periodontal ligament and pink alveolar bone in alcian blue-PAS stained sections of adult marmosets, the periodontal ligament stains pink and the alveolar bone deep red in old animals. Aged marmosets also have degenerative changes in the periodontal vasculature not seen in younger adults. The changes are similar to those described in aged human periodontal tissues.
Which motor nerve conduction study is best in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

There is debate regarding how best to utilize ulnar motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) to identify ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). We used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to compare absolute across-elbow MNCV with MNCV difference between elbow and forearm segments (VDIF) when recording from abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles. Also, we determined how their utility was impacted by low amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). We studied 85 subjects with UNE and 77 subjects with carpal tunnel syndrome but without clinical evidence of UNE. The UNE group was divided into three subgroups based on CMAP amplitude. At 95% specificity, MNCV sensitivities were 80% at ADM and 77% at FDI, and VDIF sensitivities were 51% at ADM and 38% at FDI. The ROC curves showed MNCV to be superior to VDIF across all amplitude subgroups; however, confidence intervals overlapped when amplitude was high.
The Dynamics of Issues Activation and Response: An Issues Processes Model

A comprehensive issues processes model is outlined, based on a typology of 4 key types of publics found in public relations. These groups differ based on their levels of knowledge and involvement and can be labeled active (high knowledge and high involvement), aroused (high involvement and low knowledge), aware (high knowledge and low involvement), and inactive (low knowledge and low involvement). Issue activation encompasses 4 key processes (and a series of subprocesses) that take people from a state of inactivity to activism. Issue response by a targeted organization represents the complementary process. Four principal response strategies are outlined, one for each of the 4 types of publics in the model. These include negotiation (active publics), intervention (aroused publics), education (aware publics), and prevention (inactive publics). Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A simple proof of the Banach contraction principle

We give a simple proof of the Banach contraction lemma. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 55M20.
UV-IR mixing and the quantum consistency of noncommutative gauge theories

We study the quantum-mechanical consistency of noncommutative gauge theories by perturbatively analyzing the Wilsonian quantum effective action in the matrix formulation. In the process of integrating out UV states, we find new divergences having dual UV-IR interpretations and no analogues in ordinary quantum field theories. The appearance of these new UV-IR divergences has profound consequences for the renormalizability of the theory. In particular, renormalizability fails in any nonsupersymmetric noncommutative gauge theory. In fact, we argue that renormalizability generally fails in any noncommutative theory that allows quantum corrections beyond one loop. Thus, it seems that noncommutative quantum theories are extremely sensitive to the UV, and only the softest UV behavior can be tolerated.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FRAMED UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

Abstract The dynamic response of framed underground structures under conditions of plane strain is numerically determined in this work. The soil deposit surrounding such structures is assumed to be horizontally layered and resting on a rigid base from which shear waves originate, and to exhibit linear elastic or viscoelastic material behavior. The methodology consists of applying the Laplace transform with respect to time to the governing equations of motion of the soil and the structure and subsequently constructing dynamic stiffness influence coefficients for typical soil and structure elements. A numerical inversion of the solution obtained by the finite element methodology employing these influence coefficients in the transformed domain yields the response as a function of time. Numerical examples to illustrate the method and demonstrate its advantages are presented.
Methods for indole alkaloid synthesis. Compatibility of the 16-methoxy substituent with the indole-2,3-quinodimethane strategy to aspidosperma-type indole alkaloids

Abstract The imine 8 , on treatment with 10 gave 11 , from which the derived sulfoxide 12 underwent intramolecular Pummerer cyclization to give 14 .
Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of S0 vibrational levels in formaldehyde-d

Abstract High resolution dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectra of excited vibrational levels in S0 HDCO up to 10 000 cm−1 energy were recorded in a free-jet expansion. Excitation to the 000 rotational level in 40 and 41 S1 HDCO yielded pure vibrational spectra that are free from rotational congestion. The 162 transitions (133 unique vibrational levels) assigned in these spectra have been fit to a multiresonant Hamiltonian model, which includes harmonic frequencies ( ω i 0 ) , anharmonic constants (xij), and resonance constants (K). The assigned vibrational states were fit to the model with a standard deviation of 4.02 cm−1. Extensive vibrational mixing is observed throughout the spectra. Six harmonic constants, eight anharmonic constants, and four resonance constants (K44,1, K66,1, K44,66, and K33,5) were determined experimentally. The 18 experimentally determined spectroscopic constants, with the exception of ω 1 0 and K66,1, were found to agree within 6 cm−1 of ab initio calculated values.
Plant volatiles and density-dependent conspecific female odors are used by Asian citrus psyllid to evaluate host suitability on a spatial scale

We investigated how chemical cues derived from female Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuway- ama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and their host plants affect host acceptance choices by conspecifics. In four-choice cage and two-choice olfactometer assays, female psyllids avoided conspecific female cues in a density-dependent manner. However, odors from citrus plants actively damaged by psyllid feeding were attractive to conspecific females. When odors from feeding-damaged plants were presented simul- taneously with odors from female D. citri, attraction of female conspecifics was no longer observed as compared with a clean air control in olfactometer assays. In subsequent experiments, D. citri females were released within arenas that contained actively feeding-damaged or non-damaged (control) citrus plants, each with previously psyllid-infested and uninfested young leaves. D. citri development is linked to the presence of these newly emerging leaves which is the only site of nymphal development. Female D. citri were initially attracted by the actively damaged plants as com- pared with non-damaged controls. After acceptance of plants that were actively damaged by feeding, D. citri females preferentially chose and settled on uninfested young leaves as compared with previously infested young leaves. A herbivore-induced plant volatile attractant and a female- specific odor repellent appear to be complementary foraging cues providing psyllids with information at two spatial scales: (1) the whole plant level for choosing a plant potentially harboring male conspecifics for mating, and (2) the within plant level to reduce intra-conspecific competi- tion by identifying previously exploited resources.
Micro-windmill for optical scanning and flow measurement

Abstract This paper reports on the development of a micro-windmill. The device consists of a 0.6 mm diameter rotor with four spokes connecting a 10 μm wide outer ring with a 10 μm wide inner ring. A hinged polysilicon plate along each spoke is water-assembled or manually assembled to stand 100 μm high. Rotation of the windmill has been observed in an air stream with pressure of less then 40 N/m2. However, the windmill would not spin under the same conditions when the air stream pressure was 26 N/m2. The micro-windmill has been successfully used as an optical scanner, with angular repeatability of 5° and angular variation of 2° perpendicular to the scan direction.
Transient response of premixed methane flames

Abstract The response of premixed methane–air flames to transient strain and local variations in equivalence ratio is studied during isolated interactions between a line–vortex pair and a V-flame. The temporal evolution of OH and CH is measured with planar laser-induced fluorescence for N 2 -diluted flames with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. One-dimensional laminar flame calculations are used to simulate the flame response to unsteady strain and variations in reactant composition. When the reactant composition of the vortex pair and the V-flame are identical, the measurements and predictions show that the peak mole fractions of OH and CH decay monotonically in lean, stoichiometric, and rich flames. We also investigate the effects of a vortex pair with a leaner composition than the V-flame. In a stoichiometric flame, the leaner vortex enhances the decay of both OH and CH. In a rich flame, we observe an abrupt increase in OH-LIF signal and a disappearance of CH-LIF signal that are consistent with a previous experimental investigation. Our results indicate that the previously observed OH burst and CH breakage were caused by a difference in the equivalence ratios of the vortex pair and the main reactant flow. A numerical study shows that N 2 dilution enhances the response of premixed flames to unsteady strain and variations in stoichiometry. Reaction-path and sensitivity analyses indicate that the peak OH and CH mole fractions exhibit significant sensitivity to the main branching reaction, H + O 2 ↔ OH + O. The sensitivity of OH and CH to this and other reactions is enhanced by N 2 dilution. As a result, N 2 -diluted flames provide a good test case for studying the reliability of chemical kinetic and transport models.
Mutational Breeding and Genetic Engineering in the Development of High Grain Protein Content

Cereals are the most important crops in the world for both human consumption and animal feed. Improving their nutritional values, such as high protein content, will have significant implications, from establishing healthy lifestyles to helping remediate malnutrition problems worldwide. Besides providing a source of carbohydrate, grain is also a natural source of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, specific oils, and other disease-fighting phytocompounds. Even though cereal grains contain relatively little protein compared to legume seeds, they provide protein for the nutrition of humans and livestock that is about 3 times that of legumes. Most cereal seeds lack a few essential amino acids; therefore, they have imbalanced amino acid profiles. Lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), and tryptophan (Trp) are among the most critical and are a limiting factor in many grain crops for human nutrition. Tremendous research has been put into the efforts to improve these essential amino acids. Development of high protein content can be outlined in four different approaches through manipulating seed protein bodies, modulating certain biosynthetic pathways to overproduce essential and limiting amino acids, increasing nitrogen relocation to the grain through the introduction of transgenes, and exploiting new genetic variance. Various technologies have been employed to improve protein content including conventional and mutational breeding, genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, and genomic analysis. Each approach involves a combination of these technologies. Advancements in nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics continue to improve public knowledge at a rapid pace on the importance of specific aspects of food nutrition for optimum fitness and health. An understanding of the molecular basis for human health and genetic predisposition to certain diseases through human genomes enables individuals to personalize their nutritional requirements. It is critically important, therefore, to improve grain protein quality. Highly nutritious grain can be tailored to functional foods to meet the needs for both specific individuals and human populations as a whole.
A Non-Interior Path Following Method for Convex Quadratic Programming Problems with Bound Constraints

We propose a non-interior path following algorithm for convex quadratic programming problems with bound constraints based on Chen-Harker-Kanzow-Smale smoothing technique. Conditions are given under which the algorithm is globally convergent or globally linearly convergent. Preliminary numerical experiments indicate that the method is promising.
The key equation for one-point codes and efficient error evaluation ☆

Abstract In this article, the key equation and the use of error evaluator polynomials are generalized from the case of BCH codes to one-point codes. We interpret the syndrome of the error vector e as a differential ωe which has simple poles on the support of e and, in general, at the one-point Q used to define the codes. The decoding problem is to find a function f and differential φ having poles only at Q such that fωe=φ. Then if f has a simple pole at an error position P, the error value is eP=(φ/df)(P). We amend an iterative algorithm that computes a Grobner basis for Ie, the ideal of functions vanishing on the support of e, so that it also computes the corresponding error evaluators. That is, we produce fωe for each f in the Grobner basis.
Macroinvertebrate community structure across a wetland hydroperiod gradient in southern New Hampshire, USA

We conducted a field study to examine the influence of hydroperiod and concomitant changes in abiotic (wetland size, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and water temperature) and biotic (predatory fish presence) characteristics on macroinvertebrate communities in isolated wetlands in southern New Hampshire. Invertebrates were sampled using dipnet sweeps in 42 wetlands with short (<4 months), intermediate (4–11 months) or long (permanent) hydroperiods in 1998 and 1999. We found that invertebrate genera richness, and to a lesser degree abundance, increased linearly along the hydrological gradient, and in response to temperature and dissolved oxygen. Relative abundance of genera also differed markedly with respect to hydroperiod. Most notably, invertebrate communities changed from Acilius-dominated communities to Notonecta-dominated communities. Invertebrate relative abundances in permanent wetlands also differed with respect to the occurrence of predatory fish. Some genera (e.g., Libellula, and Dytiscus) were more likely to occur in permanent wetlands without fish, whereas other genera (e.g., Buena, and Basiaeshna) were more likely to occur in wetlands with predatory fish. Because aquatic invertebrate communities differed markedly with respect to wetland hydroperiod, and in relation to the occurrence of predatory fish, it is essential to retain a diversity of wetlands in the landscape to ensure the long-term persistence of aquatic invertebrate biodiversity.
Breastfeeding and cardiovascular disease: where's the beef?

One of many controversies over the benefits of breastfeeding has been the potentially positive impact of breastfeeding on the incidence of adult cardiovascular disease. Studies in infants, as confirmed by the article by Demmers et al1 in this issue of Pediatrics , have consistently found higher levels of total cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in breastfed infants versus those fed modern-day formulas. This should come as no surprise, because breast milk does not come in a “low-fat, zero-cholesterol” package. Thus, a major difference between formulas and breast milk is the much lower content of cholesterol in infant formulas. … Address correspondence to Frank R. Greer, MD, Wisconsin Perinatal Center, Meriter Hospital, 202 S Park St, Madison, WI 53715. E-mail: frgreer{at}wisc.edu
Findings of Case Histories on the Long-Term Performance of Seepage Barriers in Dams

In a vast majority of cases, seepage barriers increase the reliability of dams. However, it is important to recognize that seepage barriers often drastically increase hydraulic gradients around the boundaries of the barrier, and through any windows or defects in the barrier. The result is increased water pressures and hydraulic gradients behind and around the barrier. These increased pressures and gradients have potential to provide the catalyst for initiation of several modes of internal erosion that were either unlikely or less likely without the seepage barrier. As a consequence, seepage barriers give rise to the potential for additional mechanisms of internal erosion and piping in the dam and the foundation. A compendium of 30 case histories of dams that have had seepage barriers in place for over 10 years has been assembled, and observations and insights garnered from these case studies were compiled. Finite-element seepage and deformation analyses have been performed to provide better understanding of the performance of seepage barriers and the mechanisms that affect their performance. This paper presents a summary of our findings from the case histories and the analyses performed.
Drug-Excipient Interactions of Seproxetine Maleate Hemi-Hydrate: Isothermal Stress Methods

Seproxetine maleate hemi-hydrate was originally formulated with pregelatinized starch, to provide 1 and 20 mg free base equivalent gelatin capsule dosage forms for storage at 25°C and 40°C. HPLC analysis after 3 months revealed the formation of a 1,4 Michael addition adduct in each case. No additional degradation products were detected. To pursue a less interactive formulation, 5 mg formulation equivalent mixtures of seproxetine maleate hemi-hydrate were prepared with pregelatinized starch, lactose, and talc; thus, three distinctly different excipient classifications. These were evaluated in additional isothermal stress experiments at 25°C, 40°C, and 50°C. The results indicated that each excipient interacted with the drug in a unique chemically and thermally dependent manner. Thus, the drug-pregelatinized starch data may be represented by an Arrhenius type relationship, with activation energy of 32 kcal/mol, and formation of the previously described adduct. However, the drug-lactose data suggest reaction ...
A modified model for vibration-dissociation coupling phenomena.

Modified model for vibration-dissociation relaxation coupling phenomena in nonequilibrium high temperature gas flow, discussing parameter U variation with kinetic temperature
Integral equation modeling of cylindrically periodic scatterers in the interior of a cylindrical waveguide

We examine the scattering from cylindrically periodic engine-like structures using integral-equation methods. The periodic scatterer is enclosed in a cylindrical waveguide, and the primary goal of this paper is to show that this type of geometry affords substantial computational reductions by exploiting the periodicity of the blade structure and characteristics of the modal scattering matrix of the engine-like termination. Also, as a result of the periodic waveguide termination, a limited number of modes are excited by a given incoming mode, and this is exploited for a further reduction of the storage requirements of the modal scattering matrix.
Field distributions in the rat tibia with and without a porous implant during electrical stimulation: a parameteric modeling

A finite-element method was used to calculate the electric field gradients and current densities present in a rat tibia modeled with a porous intermediary implant when capacitively stimulated. Results indicated that while the current density in the pores is reduced in comparison to the region just outside the pore by about one order of magnitude, a significant current density still exists in the pore region. Furthermore, the presence of the implant increases the current densities in the trabecular bone while decreasing these values in the cortical bone. Replacing the trabecular bone in the pore by saline increases the current density in the pore by three-fold, but decreases the voltage gradient by a similar factor. >
Study habits and Eysenck's theory of extraversion-introversion

Abstract Predictions derived from Eysenck's theory of personality were tested in two samples by relating extraversion scores to library study locations, frequency of study breaks, and self-report of factors which influence study location. The predicted main effects for study location were found, with extraverts occupying locations that provided greater external stimulation. Positive correlations were consistently found between extraversion and preferred level of noise, preferred level of socializing opportunities, and rated importance of socializing opportunities. The prediction that extraverts would take more frequent study breaks was supported in Sample 1 but not replicated in Sample 2. The data are interpreted as providing direct support for Eysenck's theory of behavioral differences and mixed indirect support for his theory of neurological differences between introverts and extraverts.
NSTAR—A capture gated plastic neutron detector

Abstract NSTAR (Neutron Sandwich Transmuter/Activation- γ Radiator) prototypes were developed and their performances were evaluated using radioactive sources and a pulsed neutron beam. The NSTAR operating principle is similar to that of Gd-loaded liquid scintillation detectors, where the scintillator has dual functions as neutron moderator and sensor of delayed capture γ -rays , but spatially separates scintillator from neutron converter components. The time dependent NSTAR response to neutrons consists of a prompt, energy related light flash followed by a delayed signal characteristic in both light output and delay time. This feature allows one to discriminate on average between neutrons and γ -rays and provides the basis for multiplicity determination. The detectors are scalable, economic to construct of environmentally benign components, and can be ruggedized. Prototype detector modules consist of 12×20×(50 or 100) cm3 stacks of plastic scintillator slabs (Saint Gobain BC-408) alternating with thin Gd converter films viewed by fast photomultipliers (Philips XP2041). The effective Gd/scintillator ratio is 0.5 wt%. Results of tests of NSTAR with 252Cf and neutrons from the D(d,n)3He reactions are in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on neutron transport simulations. Characteristics of the detector module include an average neutron capture time of 〈 t c 〉 = 21.7 ± 0.2 μ s and a detection efficiency of ɛ = 26 ± 3 % for DD neutrons. The NSTAR has been applied to determine the multiplicity distribution of neutrons produced in D(d,n)3He reactions by a neutron generator.
Resistance to Integrase Inhibitors

Integrase (IN) is a clinically validated target for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections and raltegravir exhibits remarkable clinical activity. The next most advanced IN inhibitor is elvitegravir. However, mutant viruses lead to treatment failure and mutations within the IN coding sequence appear to confer cross-resistance. The characterization of those mutations is critical for the development of second generation IN inhibitors to overcome resistance. This review focuses on IN resistance based on structural and biochemical data, and on the role of the IN flexible loop i.e., between residues G140-G149 in drug action and resistance.
Thinking inside the box: how T cell inhibitory receptors signal

T cells responding to tumor cells and chronic viral pathogens are ineffective because their function is suppressed by inhibitory receptors such as Tim-3. New work identifies the first component of the Tim-3 inhibitory signaling pathway in T cells (pages 1394–1400).
The Price is Right Again

The Price Is Right (TPIR) provides a wealth of material for studying statistics at various levels of mathematical sophistication. The authors have used elements of this show to motivate students from undergraduate probability and statistics courses to graduate level executive management courses. The material consistently generates a high degree of student engagement and lively discussion. This paper describes one classroom activity to help reinforce basic probability and statistics concepts and their potential use in decision making.
Netted or tangled? hydrophobic or hydrophilic? stiff or flexible? a review of some polyelectrolyte chemistry

In this talk, highlights and an interconnected thread of ideas will be presented in relation to the following specific areas of polyelectrolyte research: (1) the development of ion retardation resins, which are “snake-cage” or semi-interpenetrating polyelectrolyte systems that absorb ionic species reversibly; (2) the synthesis of specially and chelating ion exchange resins, by overcoming barriers to polymer reactivity; (3) reactive sulfonium monomers and polymers, in relation to coatings; (4) the enhancement, by chain stiffening, of the viscosifying effect of high molecular weight polyelectrolytes, in relation to improved water-flooding of oil wells. In the talk, the qualitative importance of the factors given in the title will be emphasized, and the influence of the work of Turner Alfrey will be illustrated.