cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of express lane eligibility on Medicaid and CHIP enrollment among children.

We estimate the impact of Express Lane Eligibility (ELE) implementation on Medicaid/CHIP enrollment in eight states using 2007-2011 data from the Statistical Enrollment Data System. We use fixed effects difference-in-differences models to allow the experience of non-ELE states to serve as a counterfactual to assess the changes in the ELE states. Across specifications, ELE effects on Medicaid enrollment among children were consistently positive, ranging between 4.0 and 7.3 percent, with most estimates statistically significant at the 5 percent level. Our results imply ELE has been an effective way for states to increase enrollment and retention among children eligible for Medicaid/CHIP.
A Field Theoretical Approach to Medical Natural Language Processing

A parser for medical free text reports has been developed that is based on a chemistry/physics inspired ldquofield theoryrdquo for word-word sentence-level dependencies. The transition from the linguistic world to the world of interacting particles with potential energies is guided by a psycholinguistics thought experiment related to the amount of ldquoworkrdquo required to bring a reference word into an anchored configuration of words. Calibration experiments involving four and five grams were conducted. Data from these experiments were used as a knowledge source for estimating field conditions for words in sentences sampled from a corpus of medical reports. The result of the parser is a dependency tree that represents the global minimum energy state of the system of words for a given sentence. The system was trained and tested on a corpus of radiology reports. Preliminary performance, as quantified by link recall and precision statistics, is 84.9% and 89.9%, respectively.
Vulnerability of pulmonary capillaries during severe exercise.

The pulmonary capillaries are vulnerable to mechanical failure during strenuous exercise It is remarkable that it has taken so long to recognise how vulnerable the pulmonary capillaries are to mechanical failure during strenuous exercise. After all, the extreme thinness of the capillary wall was appreciated when the first electron micrographs were obtained by Low in 1952. We now know that the total area of the blood-gas barrier (BGB) in the human lung is 50–100 m2 and that for more than half of this enormous area the thickness is only 0.2–0.3 μm.1 The result is that during severe exercise when the pulmonary vascular pressures rise to high levels, the capillary wall stresses become extremely high approaching the breaking stress of collagen.2 It is not surprising therefore that changes in the integrity of the BGB occur under these conditions. Perhaps investigators were initially misled by early data from cardiac catheterisation procedures which suggested …
Agnostic learning of general geometric patterns and multi-instance learning in R/sup d/

The concept class of geometric patterns has been heavily studied and has applications in pattern recognition. Pr evious work on this concept class has been restricted to one or two dimensions or to finite and discretized domains. We present an algorithm to learn a very flexible generalization of previously studied geometric patterns in any constantdimensional real space, making its potential applicabilit y to pattern matching very high since it can operate on any data representable as a constant-dimensional array of values. To our knowledge, these classes of patterns are more complex than any class of geometric patterns previously studied. We also give variations of our algorithms to learn the union of constant-dimensional geometric objects from multiple-instance examples.
Jaw tremor during stuttering block: an electromyographic study.

Abstract Facial tremor from the jaws of three adult male stutterers was transduced into smoothed electromyographic signals for measurement of the frequency and amplitude of the tremor. Each subject performed three tasks: (a) speaking twelve monosyllables starting with the /p/ phoneme, (b) speaking twelve monosyllables starting with the /b/ phoneme, and (c) five isometric contractions of the jaw muscles. Statistical analysis of the resulting mean data for these tasks revealed that: (1) the frequency of the tremor was not different for stuttering and isometric contraction, and (2) the amplitude of the tremor was not different between the stuttering and isometric tasks. These findings are discussed in terms of a learning factor in stuttering behavior and in terms of a possible therapy implication.
WORLD RELIGIONS AND THE FINALITY OF CHRIST: A CRITIQUE OF HANS KÜNG'S ON BEING A CHRISTIAN

Kung's case for the relevance of Christianity and his program for dialogue with other religions include claims for the exclusive uniqueness and normativity of Christ. This article raises the following questions: (1) Are such claims necessary for personal commitment to Christ and for fidelity to the New Testament witness? (2) Do they allow for genuine dialogue with other religions? (3) Are they even possible in the light of prevalent norms for theological and historical-critical methodology?
Vesicular transport and apotransferrin in intestinal iron absorption, as shown in the Caco-2 cell model

The potential roles of vesicular transport and apotransferrin (entering from the blood) in intestinal Fe absorption were investigated using Caco-2 cell monolayers with tight junctions in bicameral ...
Effects of freshwater and saltwater adaptation and dietary salt on fluid compartments, blood pressure, and venous capacitance in trout

Trout are of interest in defining the relationship between fluid and salt balance on cardiovascular function because they thrive in freshwater (FW; volume loading, salt depleting), saltwater (SW; v...
New Communication Channels: Changing the Nature of Customer Engagement

Health communication and marketing professionals represent an exceptionally diverse field in their backgrounds and professional interests. A common factor among those who develop and implement heal...
Textural Infornation in SAR Images

A multiplicative model was used to relate the image variance for a given land-use category to the individual variances associated with image speckle and target texture. Speckle was treated as a random process governed by signal fading and was considered to be statistically independent of the textural variations associated with the spatial variations of the scattering properties of visually "uniform" distributed targets. Seasat SAR imagery of Oklahoma was used to evaluate the textural autocorrelation function of five land-use categories: water, forest, pasture, urban, and cultivated. It was found that the maximum classification accuracy achievable using first-order statistics was 72 percent and that this level of accuracy was obtainable only by significantly degrading the spatial resolution in order to increase the number of independent samples per pixel. In contrast, second-order statistics-specifically, image contrast and inverse moment-provided a classification accuracy of 88 percent, with only a modest degradation in spatial resolution. A second study using SIR-A imagery of five forested regions has shown that the use of textural information can improve the classification accuracy among the five forest types from 75 to 93 percent.
Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig.

The sexual behavior of male and female guinea pigs from mothers receiving testosterone propionate during most of pregnancy was studied after the attainment of adulthood. As a part of the investigation, the responsiveness of the females to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate was determined. The larger quantities of testosterone propionate produced hermaphrodites having external genitalia indistinguishable macroscopicalty from those of newborn males. Gonadectomized animals of this type were used for tests of their responsiveness to estradiol benzoate and progesterone and to testosterone propionate. The capacity to display lordosis following administration of estrogen and progesterone was greatly reduced. Male-like mounting behavior, on the other hand, was displayed by many of these animals even when lordosis could not be elicited. Suppression of the capacity for displaying lordosis was achieved with a quantity of androgen less than that required for masculinization of the exte...
Fathering and the Cultural Construction of Brothers in Two Hispanic Societies

Psychoanalytic theorists (Bettelheim 1977:105-106, 236-277; Spiro 1982:98-101) interpret the representation of siblings in myths and popular folktales as symbolic recastings of parent-child relations. Spiro (1982:98-101) observed that male sibling rivalry in myths is an expression of male oedipal rivalry where the brother as well as the father appear as "obstacles" to monopolizing the mother's affections. This paper describes and explains contrasting representations of male siblings in similar folktales in two different cultures in the Hispanic world. It argues that representations of brothers in popular folktales told by Cfaceres (Spain) and Nahuat (Mexico) villagers vary according to the father's relationship with his sons. I contend that Cgaceres fathers play a relatively minor role in caring for infant children and, consequently, reproduce in their sons weaker "relational abilities" (Chodorow 1978:169) that storytellers represent by depicting brothers as autonomous and hoardingrather than sharing their wealth-and as sexual rivals. The comparatively reduced relational capacities are part of nuclear family
Commentary on On the Theoretical, Conceptual, and Philosophical Foundations for Research in Mathematics Education

Lester’s paper is a significant contribution to mathematics education research (MER) because it sets a vision and provides a framework for mathematics education researchers to think about the purposes and nature of their field. My reaction to the paper is organized into three sections. In the first section I react to Lester’s concern about the current political forces in the U.S. to define scientific research in education rigidly, and offer a possible reason—apart from political ideology—for the emergence of these forces. In the second section I recapitulate Lester’s outline and model for theory-based research in mathematics education, and I interpret his paper as a call to the MER community to respond to the current political forces that (inappropriately) shape our field. Also, in this section, I describe reasons implied from Lester’s paper as to why graduate programs in mathematics education must strengthen the theory and philosophy components of their course requirements. The third, and final, section addresses the role of mathematical context in MER, a topic absent from the paper’s narrative. Despite the absence of such explicit discussion, I found in Lester’s paper important elements on which to base the argument that theory-based mathematics education research must be rooted in mathematical context. An implication of this argument is the need to strengthen the quality of the mathematics component in graduate programs in mathematics education. I will illustrate this argument and its implication with an example concerning the proof-versus-argumentation phenomenon.
Automated Complex Permittivity Characterization of Ceramic Substrates Considering Surface-Roughness Loss

This paper presents a new method to extract the frequency-dependent dielectric constant and loss tangent of ceramic substrates from high frequency measurements of cavity resonators. A cavity resona...
Allometric heterochrony in the Pliocene-Pleistocene planktic foraminiferal clade Globoconella

Allometric analysis of the size-shape relationships in the Pliocene-Pleistocene planktic foraminiferal Globorotalia (Globoconella) puncticulata-inflata plexus reveals several heterochronic modes underlying the morphological evolution of the clade. The ancestral lineage, G. puncticulata, is a peramorphocline, showing a pre-displacement mode of heterochrony between 3.5 Ma and 3.0 Ma and an acceleration mode from 3.0 to 2.7 Ma. A different peramorphosis process, isometric giantism (hypermorphosis), in the ontogeny of the ancestral stocks of Globoconella occurred at about 3.5 Ma and gave rise to the G. inflata lineage. The descendant lineage, G. inflata, appears to have adopted a paedomorphosis trend by delaying the onset of the neanic stage in ontogeny during the period of 3.5 to 2.35 Ma, resulting in a series of transposition allometries. During the interval of 2.4 to 1.73 Ma, the allometries shifted to the opposite direction, signifying a pre-displacement trend. Evolu- tionary stasis marks the evolution during 1.73 to 0.25 Ma. Neoteny concluded the final evolutionary stage of the G. inflata lineage during the latest Quaternary (0.26 to 0.05 Ma). The enormous plasticity and fluctuations in morphology of G. inflata are attributed to the highly positive allometric growth during the ontogeny and the wide-range transposing allometries in the phyletic history. The major changes in heterochronic mode coincide with paleoceanographic events, suggesting that the mor- phological evolution in the Globoconella clade has been modulated by changes in paleoceanographic conditions.
Cultural history, not ecological environment, is the main determinant of human behaviour

Towner et al. [[1][1]] question the methods and the theoretical framework of our study of behavioural variation among Native American tribes of Western North America [[2][2]]. Here we show that their concerns are unfounded and that our results are robust. We also clarify the theoretical issues that
Kinetic Studies of the Photogeneration of Silver Nanoparticles

Stable, intensely Raman active silver nanoparticles are photogenerated by visible light from silver ions in a thin polymer film within a diffraction-limited focal area. The emission is resolved both spectrally and temporally to demonstrate that the source of the signal is surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from multiple silver nanoparticles generated in the diffraction-limited spot. The time evolution of the SERS signal is sigmoidal in shape and well described by Avrami phase transformation kinetics. The rate constant for the Avrami transformation depends linearly on illumination intensity, consistent with single photon photoreduction of the silver percholorate starting material as the limiting step to form silver nanoparticles. The asymptotic kinetic growth SERS signal exhibits a linear dependence on illumination intensity. Avrami analysis of the kinetics indicates that transformation is constrained to two dimensions, consistent with the ∼10 nm thin film nature of the sample. The technique presente...
Mixed Polarity in Polarization-Induced p–n Junction Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes

Polarization-induced nanowire light emitting diodes (PINLEDs) are fabricated by grading the Al composition along the c-direction of AlGaN nanowires grown on Si substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). Polarization-induced charge develops with a sign that depends on the direction of the Al composition gradient with respect to the [0001] direction. By grading from GaN to AlN then back to GaN, a polarization-induced p–n junction is formed. The orientation of the p-type and n-type sections depends on the material polarity of the nanowire (i.e., Ga-face or N-face). Ga-face material results in an n-type base and a p-type top, while N-face results in the opposite. The present work examines the polarity of catalyst-free nanowires using multiple methods: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), selective etching, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), and electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy. Selective etching and STEM measurements taken in annular bright field (ABF) mode demons...
Optical Properties of Pseudomorphic InxGa1−xAs Quantum Wells

The luminescence properties of MBE-grown pseudomorphic InxGa1−xAs—GaAs quantum-well structures are examined as a function of photoexcitation intensity and temperature. The structures examined consist of single In0.28Ga0.72As or (isolated) multiple In0.16Ga0.84As pseudomorphic wells sandwiched between thick, unstrained GaAs confining layers. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectra for these samples, which range in quantum-well thickness from 17 A to 50 A, consist of a single feature attributable to transitions associated with n = 1 electron and j = 3/2, Mj = 3/2 > - hole states. Spectral widths of these peaks are very narrow (7–11 meV), even for a heavily spike-doped sample (Si, ND ∼ 1018 spike-doped at well center). Emission intensities for the quantum-well structures are studied as a function of excitation intensity over the range 3 × 102 ≤ Pex ≤ 6 x 1O4 W/cm2, and one of the samples (x = 0.16, 50 A undoped wells) prepared as a laser structure is shown to support stimulated emission at an excitation intensity < 104 W/cm2. The excellent luminescence properties of these structures are shown to degrade rapidly with increasing temperature, with radiative efficiencies dropping more than two orders of magnitude over the temperature range 20K – 180K. One possible explanation for this behavior is proposed.
Blood and pituitary adrenocorticotrophin in adrenalectomized rats with hypothalamic lesions.

Conclusions1. Blood ACTH concentration of adrenalectomized rats, treated with DCA for two weeks, and then subjected to the acute stress of ether anesthesia and bleeding was found to be 11 mu per 100 ml. 2. Suitably placed hypothalamic lesions prevented this rise in blood ACTH. 3. Pituitary ACTH was maintained at a level approximately 50% of that found in adrenalectomized rats without lesions. 4. The effective lesions interrupted the supraopticohypophyseal tract as evidenced by their location and by the presence of marked diabetes insipidus.
E. coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin B Subunit as a Platform for the Delivery of HIV Gag p24 Antigen

Multiple vaccination strategies have been devised against HIV-1 including delivery of HIV moieties in attenuated or replication defective recombinant microbial agents alone or in combination with priming agents in form of soluble proteins or naked DNA. For the priming agents to be effective, adjuvants might be essential in directing the immune response to a desired outcome. E. coli enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) is an effective adjuvant and carrier for other proteins and epitopes. Here we show that conjugation of HIV gag p24 to LTB enhances the T cell response to gag p24 by increasing rate of T cell division compared to other treatments. Because HIV vaccines are likely to be multivalent, we further investigated whether gag p24 inhibits antigen presentation of an unrelated antigen, OVA. Addition of gag p24 to OVA-responsive DO.11.10 cell culture did not have adverse effects on antigen presentation. Interestingly, the presence of LTB in these cultures significantly increased proliferation of DO.11.10 cells. In all, the results suggest the use of LTB to boost immune responses against HIV gag p24 in systemic priming regimens with oral recombinant HIV vaccines.
A Tactical Separation Assurance System for Terminal Airspace

A tactical separation assurance prototype system is evaluated for its fitness to support the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) in a complex terminal airspace environment that includes a mix of visual- and instrument-approach aircraft, Mode C intruders, and limited trajectory-intent data. Fast-time simulation experiments using air traffic data from human-in-the-loop simulations and live Terminal Radar Control (TRACON) operations featuring a mix of visual and instrument approaches and Mode C intruders are performed to assess the performance and benefits of the system in a near-term national airspace system (NAS). It is found that nuisance alerts attributable to aircraft on visual approach are eliminated with a high-severity alerting option. With a normal lowseverity alerting option, Mode C intruder alerts are reduced more than 50% as compared to the Conflict Alert system, a legacy function in STARS. The trajectory intent information that is most effective in reducing false alerts is identified and found to be available in STARS or easily adapted from existing NAS automation.
Investigation on acute mixed gas inhalation reaction in a plastic hardware of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To investigate and analyze the reason for inhalation reaction of acute mixed gas in a plastic hardware of Shenzhen City,and prevent the occurrence of similar events.[Methods]The epidemiology and occupational hygienes were adopted for the monitoring of the concentration of harmful substances in screen printing production line positions of a closed workshop.The mass spectrometric analysis was performed on surface washing water,screen washing agent,oil water,ink and other volatile gases,and health status investigation was on workers with inhalation reaction.[Results]According to the survey,preliminary determination was that the acute mixture gases inhalation reaction was due to the workplace air containing a high level of organic solvent.[Conclusion]The closed screen printing workshop with surface washing water,screen washing agent,oil water,and other volatile gases should have perfect ventilation plant detoxification systems,and workers should understand the chemical composition of toxicants and their personal protective equipment must be sufficient and effective.
Disorders of the cervical spinal cord in older patients.

Cervical spondylosis with compression of the spinal cord is the most common producer of spastic paraparesis of the lower extremities in middle-aged and elderly persons. Other conditions which are likely to produce this picture, often combined with impaired function of the arms, are subacute combined degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Features which are important in differential diagnosis are listed.Intermittent cervical traction produces at least temporary clinical improvement in most cases of cervical spondylosis, and sometimes the degree of improvement is remarkable in view of the underlying abnormality of bone and cartilage.
A Time of Change

Over the past several months, the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport has undergone substantial change. The journal began publication in 2008, and the first issue was a collection of the invited speeches and reactions given at the first Scholarly Colloquium held in January at the NCAA annual convention. The pattern continued uninterrupted for the five years: the talks given at the Scholarly Colloquium in January were published in the June issue of JIS. The December issues of JIS were a collection of peer reviewed, original scholarship devoted to the study of intercollegiate sport. This issue is the last of that pattern. Initially the Scholarly Colloquium and the Journal were made possible with the support of then-NCAA President Myles Brand, but at no point did the NCAA own JIS or have any editorial control over the Journal. The Forum for the Scholarly Study of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education owned the Journal, and its Board of Directors, all scholars, served as the editorial board. The NCAA did, however, generously fund the Scholarly Colloquium and had purchased many subscriptions to JIS. In 2013, NCAA representatives informed the Board that the NCAA had decided to stop funding the Scholarly Colloquium and would not renew any subscriptions to the Journal (Grasgreen, 2013; Wolverton, 2013). Thus, this issue of JIS is the end of a chapter; it will likely be the last collection of speeches and reactions from a Scholarly Colloquium. This separation from the NCAA, however, marks a new and exciting chapter in the life of JIS. The Journal’s editorial board wanted to continue to publish, and, happily, Human Kinetics, our publisher, was also eager to continue. The Board assigned the rights of ownership (and the risks and rewards associated with that ownership) to Human Kinetics and remained on as the editorial board with control of the content of the Journal. Simply put, JIS is now much like many other academic journals. What will JIS look like in the future? We will continue to publish high-quality, scholarly articles examining intercollegiate sport from a variety of disciplinary and cross-disciplinary perspectives. We will also feature special issues focusing on single topics relevant to our audience. The immediate plan is to continue with two issues per year and to continue the mission of the Board:
Feasibility: An important but neglected issue in patient hand hygiene

Background Patient hand hygiene may be a useful strategy to prevent acquisition of pathogens and to reduce the risk for transmission by colonized patients. Several studies demonstrate that patients and long-term-care facility (LTCF) residents may have difficulty using hand hygiene products that are provided; however, none of them measure feasibility for patients to use different hand hygiene products. Methods A convenience sample of 42 hospitalized patients and 46 LTCF residents was assessed for their ability to use 3 hand sanitizer products (8-oz pushdown pump bottle, 2-oz pocket-sized bottle with a reclosable lid, and alcohol-impregnated hand wipes). The time (seconds) required for accessing each product was compared among acute-care patients and LTCF residents. Participants provided feedback on which product they preferred and found easiest to use. Results Of 88 participants, 86 (97.7%) preferred the pushdown pump, 2 (2.3%) preferred the bottle with the reclosable lid, and none preferred the hand wipes. For both hospitalized patients and LTCF residents, the average time required to access the pushdown pump was significantly less than the time required to access the other products (pushdown pump, 0.45 seconds; bottle with reclosable lid, 3.86 seconds; and wipes, 5.66 seconds; P Conclusions Feasibility and ease of use should be considered in the selection of hand hygiene products for patients and LTCF residents.
Illuminating the (in)visibility of female scholars: a gendered analysis of publishing rates within educational technology journals from 2004 to 2015

ABSTRACTThis research study utilized bibliometric methods to analyze publication rates among female and male lead authors in six prominent, peer-reviewed journals in Educational Technology (ET) fields over the past 12 years. The aim of the inquiry was to determine if differences or trends exist in the number of articles published by each gender. Data analysis revealed notable differences in publication rates between genders, and key findings indicate that while women overall published less than half of the articles from all journals sampled, two journals with a focus on primary and secondary (P-12) educational contexts have consistently published more articles written by female lead authors than male authors. The findings of this study hold practical relevance in terms of addressing the (in)visibility of female scholars in ET fields and may be used to promote discussions and actions related to the intersections between gender, equity, and the culture of scholarly publishing.
Challenge of Engaging All Students via Self-Paced Interactive Electronic Learning Tutorials for Introductory Physics.

Students who used interactive electronic learning tutorials performed well on subsequent assessments, but students who were assigned to use the tutorials as a self-study tool performed poorly.
Catalytic Reduction of Bisulfite by Myoglobin/Surfactant Films

The voltammetry of bisulfite at a film formed with myoglobin was studied in aqueous solutions. A broad wave was observed for the reduction of bisulfite. Using controlled potential electrolysis, the reduction at potentials positive of the FeII/FeI wave formed dithionite exclusively. As the potential approached the region for the FeII/FeI reduction, bisulfite was reduced primarily to HS−. Even at the negative potentials, some dithionite was still formed, which could then be electrochemically reduced to thiosulfate. Analysis of the formation of HS−, dithionite and thiosulfate during the electrolysis was consistent with the parallel formation of HS− and dithionite, the latter of which was reduced to thiosulfate. Thiosulfate was verified by chemical analysis of the products from controlled potential electrolysis of the solution, and dithionite was observed spectroscopically using spectroelectro−chemistry.
Polo-like kinase 3, hypoxic responses, and tumorigenesis

The cellular hypoxic response contributes to cell transformation and tumor progression. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a key transcription factor that mediates transcription of genes whose products are essential for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. The activity of HIF-1 is largely regulated by the abundance of its alpha subunit (HIF-1α), which is primarily regulated by an oxygen-dependent and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation process. The HIF-1α protein level is also regulated by protein kinases through phosphorylation. Polo-like kinase 3 (Plk3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase with a tumor suppressive function. Plk3 phosphorylates and destabilizes HIF-1α. Plk3 also phosphorylates and stabilizes PTEN, a known regulator of HIF-1α stability via the PI3K pathway. Our latest study showed that the Plk3 protein is suppressed by hypoxia or nickel treatment via the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We discovered that Seven in Absentia Homologue 2 (SIAH2) is the E3 ubiquitin ligase of Plk3 and that Plk3 in turn destabilizes SIAH2. Given the role of SIAH2 in promoting stability of HIF-1α, our work reveals a novel mutual regulatory mechanism between Plk3 and SIAH2, which may function to fine-tune the cellular hypoxic response. Here we discuss the role of Plk3 in the hypoxic response and tumorigenesis in light of these latest findings.
Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas in men of all races.

Abstract To examine potential racial differences in Mediterranean diet scores and whether these differences are associated with the prevalence of colorectal adenoma (CRA), a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial was performed. The authors hypothesize that people consuming a more Mediterranean-like diet have lower odds of CRA. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was used to determine the presence of colorectal adenoma. Mediterranean diet scores were calculated from food frequency questionnaire responses. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between Mediterranean diet scores and the odds of prevalent CRA, as well as the joint effects of race and diet. Asians, followed by blacks, had higher Mediterranean diet scores than whites. Generally, men with better Mediterranean diet scores (altMED) had lower odds of CRA, but black and Asian men had even lower odds of prevalent CRA with better altMED diet scores than did white men with higher altMED diet scores. In this study population, all men had lower odds of prevalent CRA, but black and Asian men, who had higher (more favorable) altMED diet scores than whites, had even lower odds of prevalent CRA compared with white men. An altMED diet prescription may be especially beneficial for certain subpopulations who may be at higher risk of CRA.
"I Just Don't Know": An Exploration of Women's Ambivalence about a New Pregnancy.

Abstract Purpose We sought to examine how ambivalence manifests in women's lives after confirmation of a new pregnancy by exploring women's feelings, attitudes, and experiences regarding pregnancy intentions, the news itself, and related pregnancy decision making. Study Design We recruited women aged 15 to 44 and at less than 24 completed weeks of gestational age from urban, walk-in pregnancy testing clinics in New Haven, Connecticut, from June 2014 to June 2015. We obtained quantitative and qualitative data via an enrollment survey and face-to-face, semistructured interviews, respectively. Transcripts were analyzed using framework analysis. Results The sample included 84 women. Participants had a mean age of 26 years and were on average 7 weeks estimated gestational age at enrollment. Most identified as Black (54%) or Hispanic (20%), were unmarried (92%), and had at least one other child (67%). More than one-half (55%) described feelings of ambivalence regarding their current pregnancy. We identified ambivalence as a frequent and complex thread that represented distinct but overlapping perspectives about pregnancy: ambivalent pregnancy intentions, ambivalent response to new diagnosis of pregnancy, and ambivalence as uncertainty or conflict over pregnancy decision-making. Sources of ambivalence included relationship status, pregnancy timing, and maternal or fetal health problems. Conclusions This study improves on previous findings that focus only on ambivalence related to pregnancy intention or to decision making, and explores women's mixed, fluctuating, or unresolved feelings and attitudes about pregnancy before many participants had completed pregnancy decision making. Acknowledging and exploring sources of ambivalence regarding pregnancy may help health providers and policymakers to comprehensively support women with respect to both their experiences and reproductive goals.
Control of Distributed Structures

The motion of distributed structures is governed by partial differential equations to be satisfied inside a given domain defining the structure and by boundary conditions to be satisfied at points bounding this domain. In essence, distributed structures are infinite-dimensional systems, so that control of distributed structures presents problems not encountered in lumped-parameter systems. Indeed, for the most part, the control theory was developed for lumped-parameter systems, and many of the concepts are not applicable to distributed systems. The situation is considerable better in using modal control, which amounts to controlling a structure by controlling its modes. In this case, many of the concepts developed for lumped-parameter structures do carry over to distributed-parameter structures, as both types of structures can be described in terms of modal coordinates. The main difficulty arises in computing the control gains, as this implies infinite-dimensional gain matrices. This question can be obviated by using the independent modal-space control method, but this requires a distributed control force, which can be difficult to implement. Implementation by point actuators is possible, but this implies control of a reduced number of modes, i.e., modal truncation. Another approach to the control of distributed structures is direct feedback control, whereby the sensors are collocated with the actuators, and the actuator force at a given point depends only on the sensor signal at the same point. Here the difficulty is in deciding on suitable control gains. Damping tends to complicate matters, except for the case of proportional damping. Indeed, in this case modal controls can be designed with the same ease as for undamped structures.
Fisher's exact approach for post hoc analysis of a chi-squared test

This research is motivated by one of our survey studies to assess the potential influence of introducing zebra mussels to the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada. One research question in this study is to investigate the association between the boating activity type and the awareness of zebra mussels. A chi-squared test is often used for testing independence between two factors with nominal levels. When the null hypothesis of independence between two factors is rejected, we are often left wondering where does the significance come from. Cell residuals, including standardized residuals and adjusted residuals, are traditionally used in testing for cell significance, which is often known as a post hoc test after a statistically significant chi-squared test. In practice, the limiting distributions of these residuals are utilized for statistical inference. However, they may lead to different conclusions based on the calculated p-values, and their p-values could be over- o6r under-estimated due to the unsatisfactory performance of asymptotic approaches with regards to type I error control. In this article, we propose new exact p-values by using Fisher's approach based on three commonly used test statistics to order the sample space. We theoretically prove that the proposed new exact p-values based on these test statistics are the same. Based on our extensive simulation studies, we show that the existing asymptotic approach based on adjusted residual is often more likely to reject the null hypothesis as compared to the exact approach due to the inflated family-wise error rates as observed. We would recommend the proposed exact p-value for use in practice as a valuable post hoc analysis technique for chi-squared analysis.
A Cluster Analysis of Challenging Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder

We apply cluster analysis to a sample of 2,116 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in order to identify patterns of challenging behaviors observed in home and centerbased clinical settings. The largest study of this type to date, and the first to employ machine learning, our results indicate that while the presence of multiple challenging behaviors is common, in most cases a dominant behavior emerges. Furthermore, the trend is also observed when we train our cluster models on the male and female samples separately. This work provides a basis for future studies to understand the relationship of challenging behavior profiles to learning outcomes, with the ultimate goal of providing personalized therapeutic interventions with maximum efficacy and minimum time and cost.
Change of salivary fluoride level with intake of fluoride releasing lozenges: A pilot study

AIM Long-term, low-level fluoride concentrations in saliva are highly effective in caries prevention and remineralization. The aim of the present two-phased study was to test whether fluoride-releasing lozenges compared to placebo significantly raise salivary fluoride levels above baseline achieved by 1100 ppm fluoride toothpaste in a double-blind, crossover pilot study. METHODS In phase 1, a four-arm crossover basic study, four participants used one dissolvable lozenge with .25, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 mg fluoride for 1 hour. In phase 2, the three-arm crossover main study, 11 participants used three lozenges per day for 1 hour for 1 week, establishing long-term salivary fluoride levels dissolving 0 (control), 0.5 and 1.5 mg fluoride lozenges. Saliva was collected at baseline; during lozenge use; 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes later; and early the next morning. Salivary fluoride levels were determined by laboratory diffusion analysis. RESULTS In phase 1, 5 minutes after using one lozenge, salivary fluoride levels were above baseline (0.03 ppm), reaching 0.13 ± 0.19 ppm for the 0.25 mg and 0.73 ± 0.75 ppm for the 1.5 mg fluoride lozenge, dropping to baseline after 60 minutes. In phase 2, after 1 week use of 0.5 and 1.5 mg lozenges, respectively, for the 0.5 mg lozenge for 15 minutes and the 1.5 mg lozenge 30 minutes after use, the salivary levels were significantly higher than baseline/control (0.02 ppm). During 1-hour lozenge use, fluoride levels >0.1 ppm were consistently achieved. CONCLUSIONS Fluoride lozenges achieved elevated salivary fluoride levels during use, but only for short periods after use.
Space Radiation Analysis Group

The Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG), based at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, is responsible for ensuring that astronauts are not exposed to radiation levels above NASA’s established limits. To perform this function, the group of health physicists, programmers and contractors provides: 1. Preflight astronaut exposure projections based on mission parameters. 2. Real-time radiation protection support. 3. Inflight radiation projections for extravehicular activity. 4. Assessments of radiation-producing equipment carried on board spacecraft. 5. Radiation monitoring instruments (Figs. 4.1 and 4.2) to measure radiation exposure and characterize the radiation environment inside and outside the spacecraft. 6. Crew radiation exposure modeling capabilities.
Abstract 12105: Temperature Variability During Targeted Temperature Management is not Associated With Neurological Outcomes following Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Recent studies on comatose survivors of cardiac arrest undergoing targeted temperature management (TTM) have reported similar outcomes at multiple target temperatures. However, details regarding core temperature variability during TTM and its prognostic implications remain unknown. Hypothesis: Increasing core temperature variability during TTM will predict poor neurological outcomes. Methods: We analyzed a prospectively collected cohort of 242 consecutive comatose survivors of cardiac arrest treated with TTM at a tertiary care hospital between 2007 and 2014. Core temperature variability was defined as the statistical variance (i.e. standard deviation squared) amongst all core temperature recordings during the maintenance phase of TTM. Poor neurological outcome at hospital discharge, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score >2, was the primary outcome. Death prior to hospital discharge was assessed as the secondary outcome. Results: Baseline patient characteristics are reported in Table 1. A poor neurological outcome was observed in 147 (61%) patients and 136 (56%) patients died prior to hospital discharge. In multivariable logistic regression, increased core temperature variability was not associated with increased odds of poor neurological outcomes (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.11-1.38, p=0.142) or death (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.12-1.53, p=0.193) at hospital discharge. Conclusions: In this study, individual core temperature variability during TTM was not associated with poor neurological outcomes or death at hospital discharge. Table 1. Baseline characteristics and clinical features. Data are presented as median (IQR) for continuous variables and number (percentage) of patients for categorical variables. N represents the number of non-missing values. CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management.
Seriatim ECSTM-ECPMIRS of the adsorption of carbon monoxide on Cu(100) in alkaline solution at CO2-reduction potentials

It was recently demonstrated that the sequential or seriatim application of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) enables the correlation, under actual reaction conditions, of a specific structure on a Cu electrode surface with the generation of a particular CO-reduction product. As an extension of the operando hyphenated-technique approach, we paired ECSTM with electrochemical polarization-modulation IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy (ECPMIRS) to identify a delineating potential that affected the coverage, the molecular orientation, and the adlattice structure of CO adsorbed on Cu(100) in 0.1 M KOH under CO_2-reduction conditions. The results may have significant ramifications on the theory-based reaction mechanism for the formation of C_2 compounds, as well as insights into the mode of coordination between CO and zerovalent Cu.
Information Processing in Microtubules: Biomolecular Automata and Nanocomputers

To approach the cognitive capabilities of the human brain, computing technology must emulate brain structure at the intra-neuronal molecular level as well as the level of inter-neuronal networks. Strategies described by Forrest L. Carter (1984) and others at his historic meetings on Molecular Electronic Devices (in 1981, 1983, 1986) propose to implement nanometer scale (“nano” = 10-9; nanometer = 10-9 meter) computing through switching in arrays of polyacetylenes, Langmuir-Blodgett films, electro-optical molecules, proteins and/or a number of other materials. Carter envisioned three dimensional, molecular scale memory and switching densities of 1015 to 1018 elements per cubic centimeter, near the theoretical limit for charge separation and the density of subunit dipoles in protein assemblies such as microtubules (Hameroff, 1987).
The Impact of Category Captainship on the Breadth and Depth of Retail Assortment

This paper explores the consequences of a recent trend in consumer goods retailing where a retailer partners with a leading manufacturer and relies on this manufacturer for strategic recommendations regarding category management. We consider a model where multiple differentiated products compete to be included in the assortment at a retailer. We compare a scenario where the retailer selects its own assortment to maximize its profit to a scenario where the retailer delegates the assortment selection decision to one of the manufacturers (i.e., the category captain) who promises to deliver a target profit and drives additional traffic into the category. The category captain's ability to drive additional traffic is unknown to the retailer. While one would expect the category captain to exclude some of its competitors if given the power to modify the assortment, we find that this is not always the case. In particular, we show that the breadth (total number of products) and/or depth (overall appeal) of the assortment at the retailer can increase or decrease under category captainship in comparison to category management by the retailer. Furthermore, while the benefits that accrue to the category captain usually come at the expense of the non-captain manufacturers, we also identify conditions under which category captainship can be a win-win initiative for all the involved parties including the non-captain manufacturers.
The Moral Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism

Tim Rogan begins The Moral Economists with the question “What’s wrong with capitalism?” He might just as well have begun: “What’s left of humanism?” This book puts Rogan in the company of intellect...
A miRNA-Mediated Approach to Dissect the Complexity of Tumor-Initiating Cell Function and Identify miRNA-Targeting Drugs.

Summary Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) contribute to drug resistance and tumor recurrence in cancers, thus experimental approaches to dissect the complexity of TICs are required to design successful TIC therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that miRNA-3′ UTR sensor vectors can be used as a pathway-based method to identify, enrich, and analyze TICs from primary solid tumor patient samples. We have found that an miR-181ahigh subpopulation of cells sorted from primary ovarian tumor cells exhibited TIC properties in vivo, were enriched in response to continuous cisplatin treatment, and showed activation of numerous major stem cell regulatory pathways. This miRNA-sensor-based platform enabled high-throughput drug screening leading to identification of BET inhibitors as transcriptional inhibitors of miR-181a. Taken together, we provide a valuable miRNA-sensor-based approach to broaden the understanding of complex TIC regulatory mechanisms in cancers and to identify miRNA-targeting drugs.