cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing System Security with UML Misuse Deployment Diagrams

Useful enhancements to UML for security exist, including for the requirements and analysis/design stages: notably misuse case diagrams/descriptions, mis-sequence diagrams, UMLpac, and security patterns. These all consider security attacks on software functionality. This paper considers the system architecture when analyzing security. The advantage of the proposed misuse deployment diagram is that in distributed processing (e.g., client/server) where you put your defense software is as important as having it. This new diagram gives a bird's eye view of possible security attacks, and the security defenses or layers to mitigate them. This technique can be used in more than software development, since it may be used in audit, testing, security planning, and security education.
Design of Novel Optical Router Controller and Arbiter Capable of Asynchronous, Variable length Packet Switching

This paper presents a novel optical router controller for asynchronous, variable-length packet switching with fast, fair, and wavelength-aware arbitration. The efficient hardware implementations are evaluated in terms of the area and delay for various switch sizes with the Xilinx XCV1000E field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip.
Responsibilities of General Surgery: Training for the Future: Presidential Address

The future responsibilities of general surgery are directly dependent on the training afforded future surgeons. Surgeons will be capable of doing only what they have been trained to do. In turn, surgical training is dependent on the training environment, practice pattern needs, the changing spectrum of surgical diseases, the competition, both within and outside general surgery, and the role forecast for surgeons in the future. TRAINING ENVIRONMENT The training environment varies widely across the country, affecting the kind of surgeon emerging from any given region. For example, city and county hospitals, which care predominantly for indigent populations, emphasize trauma and all the diseases of the underemployed. In these programs, there is usually emphasis on direct care of patients by the residents, who therefore develop independent care skills earlier. In contrast, a university-based program is often predominantly a tertiary care environment, accepting referrals through the reputation and skills of a subspecialty-oriented
LXXVI. On the problem of the Heat Recuperator

Abstract By means of the Laplace Transformation, any physical problem characterized by a partial differential equation, the solution of which must satisfy prescribed initial and boundary conditions, can formally be transformed into a boundary problem for an ordinary differential equation.
The impact of privacy indicators on search engine browsing patterns

Laboratory studies have shown that when online search en-gines’ results are annotated with privacy indicators, someconsumers will pay a premium to make purchases from sitesthat have better privacy policies. To examine whether pri-vacy indicators in search results also influence browsing be-havior outside the laboratory, we conducted a field studyin which participants used a search engine with privacy in-dicators. We collected over 15,000 search queries from 460participants over a 10-month period. We found that whensearch results were annotated with privacy indicators, par-ticipants were more likely to visit sites with high privacyratings, even when they appeared towards the bottom of thesearch results page. Sites with low privacy ratings did nothave significantly different visitation rates than sites withoutany privacy ratingsProceedings of the 5th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, SOUPS 2009, Mountain View, California, USA, July 15-17, 2009.
Pyoderma gangrenosum involving the eyelid.

• A 62-year-old man was seen with an ulcer of the left upper eyelid of two weeks' duration. Over the previous 40 years, similar ulcers had intermittently developed elsewhere on his skin and spontaneously resolved over several months leaving atrophic scars. A biopsy specimen of the eyelid lesion showed epidermal ulceration with acute inflammation and liquefactive necrosis of the underlying dermis. Microorganisms and vasculitis were not present. On the basis of the clinical history and a compatible biopsy specimen, the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum was made. This is an uncommon, idiopathic, ulcerating skin disease that may also have ocular manifestations. Eyelid ulcers have not previously been reported, to our knowledge. The diagnosis is established by clinical history and exclusion of other causes of ulceration.
Carbanion-Accelerated Claisen Rearrangements Asymmetric Induction with Chiral Phosphorus-Stabilized Anions

The carbanion-accelerated Claisen rearrangement has been extended to include phosphorus carbanion-stabilizing groups. The appropriately substituted allyl vinyl ethers are synthesized by the nucleophilic addition of allyl oxides to phosphorus-substituted allenes, which are obtained in one step from simple starting materials. The phosphorus-stabilized, carbanion-accelerated Claisen rearrangements proceed rapidly at room temperature in high yield, and the rearrangements are highly site- and stereoselective. The first examples of asymmetric induction in the Claisen rearrangement with chiral, phosphorus, anion-stabilizing groups are described. The observed asymmetric induction is highly dependent on the structure of the auxiliary and the metal counterion involved. Both internal and relative diastereoselectivity are high. A model for the observed sense of internal diastereoselectivity is proposed that is founded in the current understanding of the structure of phosphorus-stabilized anions.
From cause to effect and from effect to cause

The theory of probability employs a deductive method of thinking which traces effect from cause. Statistics uses an inductive method of thinking and tries to trace cause from effect. This noble goal can be successfully achieved if and only if a researcher deals with a homogeneous data set. A homogeneous data set is generated logically and then it is to be tested statistically. The homogeneity principle bridges the gap between probability theory and applied statistics and makes statistics as precise as the theory of probability. In this role statistics opens new horizons for estimating parameters when the central limit theorem is not applied.
The status of theoretical K‐shell ionization cross sections by protons

The accuracy of PIXE analysis depends on inner-shell ionization cross sections that are often calculated in the ECPSSR theory which accounts with analytical functions for the energy (E) loss and Coulomb (C) deflection of the projectile plus for the perturbed-stationary state (PSS) and relativistic (R) nature of the target's inner shell. Although the ECPSSR is within 10% overall agreement with the K-shell data - as the proton energy falls below 0.1 to 1 MeV, respectively, in ionization of light- to heavy-target atoms - the ECPSSR increasingly overestimates the empirical database of Paul and Sacher (1989). Except for an enhancement of this overestimate at low energies, a modified ECPSSR based on the Chen-Crasemann (1985, 1989) plane wave Bom approximation - evaluated with the exact limits for the momentum transfers and the Dirac-Hartree-Slater wavef unctions-yields cross sections that remain within 10% of the data and the ECPSSR theory. Codes that use only the exact limits instead of the energy-loss function are confirmed to be improper for evaluation of the ECPSSR. Further enhancement of the cross sections at the low energies is limited to light target atoms after the function derived in the separated atom approach to account for the PSS effect is joined with an expression obtained in the united atom limit. An empirical database, updated with cross sections from post-1989 publications, is normalized to the modified ECPSSR theory and various forms of the Coulomb deflection factor are revisited.
Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study.

Background: Severe sepsis is common and frequently fatal, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause. Although severe sepsis is often attributed to uncontrolled and unbalanced inflammation, evidence from humans with infection syndromes across the breadth of disease is lacking. In this study we describe the systemic cytokine response to pneumonia and determine if specific patterns, including the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers, are associated with severe sepsis and death. Methods: This is a cohort study of 1886 subjects hospitalized with CAP through the emergency departments in 28 US academic and community hospitals. We defined severe sepsis as CAP complicated by new-onset organ dysfunction, following international consensus conference criteria. We measured plasma tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 (interleukin 6), and IL-10 levels daily for the first week and weekly thereafter. Our main outcome measures were severe sepsis and 90-day mortality. Results: A total of 583 patients developed severe sepsis (31%), of whom 149 died (26%). Systemic cytokine level elevation occurred in 82% of all subjects with CAP. Mean cytokine concentrations were highest at presentation, declined rapidly over the first few days, but remained elevated throughout the first week, beyond resolution of clinical signs of infection. Cytokine levels were highest in fatal severe sepsis and lowest in CAP with no severe sepsis. Unbalanced (high/low) cytokine patterns were unusual (4.6%) and not associated with decreased survival. Highest risk of death was with combined high levels of the proinflammatory IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine activity (hazard ratio, 20.5; 95% confidence interval, 10.8-39.0) (P.001). Conclusions: The circulating cytokine response to pneumonia is heterogeneous and continues for more than a week after presentation, with considerable overlap between those who do and do not develop severe sepsis. Unbalanced activation is uncommon, and mortality is highest w hen b oth p roinflammatory a nd a ntiinflammatory cytokine levels are high.
All-trans-retinoic acid induces CD52 expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia

It is well known that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) can induce myeloid cell differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. In this study, we found that ATRA treatment of the APL cell line NB4 induced the expression of CD52, both at transcriptional and translational levels. CD52 is a 21- to 28-kDa nonmodulating cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein expressed on lymphocytes and monocytes, but not in human myeloid cells. The ATRA-dependent induction of CD52 expression was not observed in non-promyelocytic leukemia cell lines such as K562, U937, and HL-60, suggesting that induction of CD52 by ATRA may be specific to leukemic cells that express promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML-RARalpha) or are at the promyelocytic stage of myeloid development. Antibodies against CD52 are used therapeutically against lymphocytes in certain leukemias and in patients undergoing transplantation. An ATRA-induced high level of CD52 expression might potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target in treatment of APL.
Is Transesophageal Echocardiography Necessary before D.C. Cardioversion in Patients with a Normal Transthoracic Echocardiogram

PURPOSE: Transesophageal echocardiography has emerged as an accepted approach before D.C. cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. The frequency of atrial thrombi detected on transesophageal echocardiography has varied from 7% to 23%. Many patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography have had a previous transthoracic echocardiogram. Though transthoracic echocardiography has a low yield for the detection of intracardiac thrombi, it is highly accurate in diagnosing a structurally abnormal heart. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of thrombi detected by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with an entirely normal transthoracic echocardiogram and hence the advocacy of a selective approach in performing transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing D.C. cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. METHODS: 112 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation who had undergone transesophageal echocardiography before D.C. cardioversion were evaluated. They all had a transthoracic echocardiogram within the 2 months preceding their transesophageal echocardiogram. Based on their transthoracic echocardiographic study, they were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of patients with a normal transthoracic echocardiogram and Group 2, those with an abnormal study. RESULTS: Thrombi or spontaneous echo contrast were found in 14 of 112 patients (16%). All however were detected in Group 2 patients. There was no patient with a normal transthoracic echocardiogram who had thrombus on his/her transesophageal echocardiogram. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a selective approach may be exercised in the use of transesophageal echocardiography prior to D.C. cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. Patients with an entirely "normal" transthoracic echocardiogram may proceed directly to cardioversion without a precardioversion transesophageal echocardiogram.
A Kirchhoff method for the computation of finite-frequency body wave synthetic seismograms in laterally inhomogeneous media

Summary. A modified version of the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral can be used to synthesize elastic wavefields in media for which velocity is a function of range, x, as well as depth, z. The essence of the method is that rays are traced from both source and receiver to some intermediate surface, σ. The field at the receiver is then given by an integral over σ, whose integrand is a particular product of the values of the source and receiver wavefields. The surface σ is not a reflector since the medium is continuous across it. Geometrical ray theory (GRT) is used to calculate the source and receiver wavefields on σ. When either the source or receiver wavefield has a caustic in σ then the GRT amplitude is infinite and, in theory, the method breaks down. However, numerical breakdown can be avoided by parameterizing the GRT amplitudes so that their singularities are integrable and choosing σ so that caustics of the source rayfield and caustics of the receiver rayfield do not intersect on σ. We refer to this alternative as the extended Kirchhoff-Helmholtz (EKH) method. For reasons of economy EKH may be a practical alternative to the more theoretically correct procedure of using many surfaces: e.g. for two surfaces, tracing rays from the source to the first surface σ1, then from every point on σ1, to every point on the second surface σ2, then from the receiver to σ2, then integrating over the product manifold σ1σσ2. In this paper we give examples of the errors that arise when caustics on C are treated as integrable singularities. First the EKH method is compared with the WKBJ method for a stratified medium, then the EKH method is compared with the ordinary Kirchhoff-Helmholtz method where σ intersects no caustics. Errors in the EKH method take the form of small spurious phases which generally arrive later in time than correct arrivals. The arrival times of these error phases can be changed by adjusting σ. For some velocity models these phases can be eliminated completely. The EKH method is not as fast as the Maslov (extended WKBJ) method because of the amount of ray tracing needed. However, one of the attractive features of the EKH procedure is that its underlying theory is very simple.
The role of free radicals and p53 in neuron apoptosis in vivo

Apoptosis is a mechanism of cell death operative in the normal development and regulation of vertebrate tissues and organ cellularity. During the postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum, extensive granule neuron apoptosis occurs that may regulate the final granule cell to Purkinje cell stoichiometry observed in the adult. Cerebellar granule cells are highly sensitive to genotoxic agents such as gamma-irradiation and methylazoxymethanol during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. We demonstrate that ionizing radiation induces extensive cerebellar granule cell death via apoptosis in vivo. In p53 null mice, however, the cerebellar granule cells do not undergo apoptosis in response to gamma-irradiation. In mice heterozygous for the p53 allele, the granule cells apoptosis is delayed, indicating an intermediate response. The developmental apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells, however, occurs similarly in wild-type and p53 null mice. Therefore, neurons undergo p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis, depending upon the initiating stimulus that triggers DNA fragmentation. In contrast to x-ray damage, the extensive death of cerebellar granule cells induced by methylazoxymethanol was found to be independent of the DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis, and was also independent of expression of p53. Ablation of neuron progenitor cells with genotoxic agents may occur by p53-dependent apoptosis or by p53-independent mechanisms not associated with DNA fragmentation.
Ethnicity and Mortality in the United States: Individual and Community Correlates

Ethnic gaps in mortality persist in the United States but the specific causes remain elusive. We propose a broader mortality framework that includes neighborhood characteristics....The concentration of African Americans in the neighborhood of residence in addition to individual socioeconomic status fully account for differential mortality between African American and non-Hispanic white men and women. For Mexican Americans the concentration of Hispanics in the neighborhood slightly enhances their significant mortality advantage. From additional analyses it appears that the pathway between residential segregation and mortality is routed through poorer neighborhood economic conditions for men and high levels of female headship in segregated neighborhoods for women. (EXCERPT)
Disc electrophoresis of rat plasma lipoproteins.

The disc electrophoresis of lipoproteins of unfractionated rat plasma is described. The plasma was prestained with Sudan black B and electrophoretically separated at polyacrylamide gel concentrations of 7.5, 5, and 3.75%. At least four lipoprotein components were observed, and an additional 2–3 components in the main gel and 2–5 components in the spacer gel possibly were present. Densitometry of the resolved gel patterns indicated good reproducibility. Thin-layer chromatography of lipids extracted from the Sudan black B-binding components confirmed the lipoprotein nature of these components of rat plasma. A comparison of the disc electrophoretic patterns of human serum and rat plasma suggested that the low-density lipoprotein components of rat plasma are smaller in size than those of human serum.
Calpain Inhibition Attenuates iNOS Production and Midzonal Hepatic Necrosis in a Repeat Dose Model of Endotoxemia in Rats

Systemic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) induces hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation and neutrophil infiltration in various organs including the lung, kidney and liver. A rat endotoxemic neutrophilic hepatitis model (repeat dose LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.v. 24 hours apart) was developed exhibiting hepatic neutrophil infiltration and mid-zonal hepatic necrosis. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of the intracellular enzyme calpain in the development of neutrophilic hepatitis with midzonal necrosis in this model. A second goal was to compare the observed protective effects of calpain inhibition with a relatively selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) and an inhibitor of coagulation, heparin. When compared to rats administered LPS alone, administration of calpain 1 inhibitor prior to LPS significantly reduced hepatic iNOS expression, hepatic neutrophil infiltration and attenuated midzonal hepatic necrosis. Administration of AG or heparin prior to LPS also decreased liver iNOS expression, hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver pathology comparable to calpain inhibition. Blood neutrophil activation, as measured by the neutrophil adhesion molecule CD11b integrin, was upregulated in all the LPS treated groups regardless of inhibitor administration. We conclude that amelioration of liver pathology via calpain inhibition is likely dependent on the down-regulation of iNOS expression in the rat model of LPS-mediated hepatitis.
Test results for a heat-treated 4-cell 805-MHz superconducting cavity

Assessing superconducting technology for potential upgrades to existing proton accelerators as well as applications to future high-current machines necessitates developing expertise in the processing and handling of multicell cavities at useful frequencies. In order to address some of these technological issues, Los Alamos has purchased a 4-cell 805-MHz superconducting cavity from Siemens AG. The individual cavity cells were double-sided titanium heat-treated after equatorial welding, then the irises were welded to complete the cavity assembly. The resulting high RRR (550-730) in the cells enables stable operation at higher cavity field levels than are possible with lower RRR material. Additionally, the high thermal conductivity of the material is conducive to RF and high peak power processing. The cavity was also cleaned at Los Alamos with high-pressure water rinsing. Results from the initial cavity tests, utilizing various processing techniques, are presented.
A new high-voltage electric field instrument for studying sprites

The high-voltage (HV) electric field detector is a new high-voltage, high-impedance, double Langmuir probe instrument designed for stratospheric electric field measurements. In the Sprite Balloon Campaign 2002-2003, this HV instrument was used to measure electric fields between 100 and 200 V/m associated with lightning discharges, which is nearly an order of magnitude higher than previously reported above 30 km in altitude. This increased range is made possible by the availability of new low-leakage HV operational amplifiers. This is a critical instrument, since a large quasi-DC electric field associated with positive cloud-to-ground lightning is a primary component of most sprite generation mechanisms. The difficulty that exists when making electric field measurements in the high-resistance environment of the stratosphere is presented, and how this difficulty is remedied is described. The HV detector is compared to another electric field instrument, the low-voltage detector, used simultaneously on the Sprite Balloon Campaign to verify the accuracy of the HV probes. Finally, a large field perturbation (E/sub z//spl ap/-101 V/m and E/sub x//spl ap/79 V/m) measured by the HV detector during Flight 1, correlated with nearby +15-kA and +53-kA cloud-to-ground strokes, is presented.
Genetic Analysis of Complex Interactions Among Components of the Mitochondrial Import Motor and Translocon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A highly conserved, Hsp70-based, import motor, which is associated with the translocase on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, is critical for protein translocation into the matrix. Hsp70 is tethered to the translocon via interaction with Tim44. Pam18, the J-protein co-chaperone, and Pam16, a structurally related protein with which Pam18 forms a heterodimer, are also critical components of the motor. Their N termini are important for the heterodimer's translocon association, with Pam18's and Pam16's N termini interacting in the intermembrane space and the matrix, respectively. Here, using the model organism Saccharo- myces cerevisiae, we report the identification of an N-terminal segment of Tim44, important for association of Pam16 with the translocon. We also report that higher amounts of Pam17, a nonessential motor component, are found associated with the translocon in both PAM16 and TIM44 mutants that affect their interaction with one another. These TIM44 and PAM16 mutations are also synthetically lethal with a deletion of PAM17. In contrast, a deletion of PAM17 has little, or no genetic interaction with a PAM18 mutation that affects translocon association of the Pam16:Pam18 heterodimer, suggesting a second role for the Pam16:Tim44 interaction. A similar pattern of genetic interactions and enhanced Pam17 translocon association was observed in the absence of the C terminus of Tim17, a core component of the translocon. We suggest the Pam16:Tim44 interaction may play two roles: (1) tethering the Pam16:Pam18 heterodimer to the translocon and (2) positioning the import motor for efficient engagement with the translocating polypeptide along with Tim17 and Pam17.
Evolutionary diversification of insect innexins.

Phylogenetic analysis of insect innexins supported the hypothesis that six major clades of insect innexins arose by gene duplication prior to the origin of the endopterygote insects. Within one of the six clades (the Zpg Clade), two independent gene duplication events were inferred to have occurred in the lineage of Drosophila , after the most recent common ancestor of the dipteran families Culicidae and Drosophilidae. The relationships among this clades were poorly resolved, except for a sister relationship between ShakB and Ogre. Gene expression data from FlyAtlas supported the hypothesis that the latter gene duplication events gave rise to functional differentiation, with Zpg showing a high level of expression in ovary, and Inx5 and Inx6 showing a high level of expression in testis. Because unduplicated members of this clade in Bombyx mori and Anopheles gambiae showed high levels of expression in both ovary and tests, the expression patterns of the Drosophila members of this clade provide evidence of subdivision of an ancestral gene function after gene duplication.
Stability of Late Pleistocene Reef Mollusks from San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Abstract Stability of Cenozoic reefs has been documented previously by assessing stability of coral assemblages; however, the stability of other components of reef communities, such as mollusks, is unknown. To investigate whether reef mollusks form stable associations of species, mollusks from a reef decimated by brief sea-level fall within the Sangamon interglacial were compared to those of the reef that reassembled when sea level returned (after 1100–1500 years) at Cockburn Town, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Additionally, to investigate whether mollusks within reefs were unique to that environment, assemblages from fossil reefs were compared to the assemblage of the adjacent subtidal carbonate-sand facies. A total of 54 species and 4832 individuals were observed within twenty-one quadrats of both reefs and the subtidal sand. Taphonomic alteration was documented to determine if taphonomic histories were similar. Taxonomic composition of assemblages was compared with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. To...
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Recommendation Statement

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has updated the 1996 recommendations for screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the supporting scientific evidence. A Grade B recommendation, which means the UPSTF recommends clinicians provide the service to eligible patients, is made that men age 65 to 75 who have ever smoked have a one-time screening by ultrasonography. A Grade C recommendation (no recommendation for or against routine screening) has been made for men in this age group who have never smoked. Because women have low prevalence of AAA-related death, the USPSTF recommends against routine screening for AAA for asymptomatic patients (Grade D).
Diagnostic Criteria for Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders: Integration and Suppression of Cultural Evidence in DSM-IV:

This paper documents the work of the NIMH Culture and Diagnosis Committee on schizophrenia from its inception in 1991 through publication of the final version of DSM-IV. Detailed comparisons are made between the committee's suggested text and the final published text of the manual, both for general cultural considerations regarding schizophrenia and for specific diagnostic criteria. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the successes and failures of DSM-IV as a culturally relevant document and a restatement of the rationale for the centrality of culture to any understanding of schizophrenia.
Organized Labor and the Unionization of Hispanic, Chinese, and Filipino Americans:

This work adds a systematic understanding of the diverse relationships of immigrants and minorities to organized labor in the United States. Using Current Population Survey data from 1994 to 2013, I interrogate the unionization of Hispanic, Chinese, and Filipino Americans. In comparison to whites, native-born and established immigrant Hispanics have higher rates of unionization, Filipinos (both immigrant and native born) are much likelier to join unions, and Chinese immigrants are less likely to be unionized and more likely to leave unions. Labor market position continues to have a profound effect on unionization; however, solidaristic characteristics also shape patterns of unionization.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY I. EXPERIMENTS WITH PURE SALTS.

In addition to the Correction in Vol. iii, No. 3, January 20, 1921, on page 149, Vol. iii, No. 2, November 20, 1920, line 13, for 92.57 read 89.10; page 154, lines 15, 28, and 32, for O read O+10; page 155, line 3 of the figure legend, for O read O+10.
Culture and changing landscape structure

Culture changes landscapes and culture is embodied by landscapes. Both aspects of this dynamic are encompassed by landscape ecology, but neither has been examined sufficiently to produce cultural theory within the field. This paper describes four broad cultural principles for landscape ecology, under which more precise principles might be organized. A central underlying premise is that culture and landscape interact in a feedback loop in which culture structures landscapes and landscapes inculcate culture. The following broad principles are proposed: 1. Human landscape perception, cognition, and values directly affect the landscape and are affected by the landscape. 2. Cultural conventions powerfully influence landscape pattern in both inhabited and apparently natural landscapes. 3. Cultural concepts of nature are different from scientific concepts of ecological function. 4. The appearance of landscapes communicates cultural values.
Long-chain bases in the sphingolipids of atherosclerotic human aorta

Long-chain bases were prepared from human aorta sphingomyelin by a combined enzymatic hydrolysis-alkaline hydrolysis procedure and these bases were isolated by thin-layer chromatography. Aldehydes, obtained from the long-chain bases by periodate oxidation, were converted to 1,3-dioxolane derivatives. Dioxolanes were identified and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography before and after catalytic hydrogenation, and before and after separation into saturated, monoene, and diene dioxolane fractions. The monoene dioxolanes were converted to aldehydes by reductive ozonolysis with dimethyl sulfide and these aldehydes were isolated and identified as dioxolane derivatives. The double bond positions in the major diene component were established by reductive ozonolysis and permanganate-periodate oxidation. Sphingenines in the cerebroside-sulfatide and sulfatide fractions of aorta were converted to aldehydes by the reductive ozonolysis of intact sphingolipids and these aldehydes were analyzed as the dioxolanes. Human aorta sphingomyelin contained significant amounts of 4-hexadecasphingenine, 4-heptadecasphingenine, sphinganine, 4-sphingenine, and 4,x14-sphingadienine. Small amounts of hexadecasphinganine, 4-tetradecasphingenine, a sphingadienine isomer, an unknown sphinganine, and two unknown diene long-chain bases were also found in sphingomyelin. The presence of a branched-chain 4-sphingenine was tentatively established and the possible presence of a sphingenine isomer was suggested. The major sphingenines were the same in the sphingomyelin, sulfatide, and cerebroside-sulfatide fractions of human aorta.
Teacher Training: Effects of Directed Rehearsal on the Teaching Skills of Physical Education Majors

Directed rehearsal was used to improve the teaching skills of six preservice elementary physical education teachers during a teaching practicum. The teaching skills lesson introduction, lesson closure, task presentation, and general and specific subject-matter feedback were assessed using a multiple baseline design across behaviors for each teacher. Social validity, in the form of the acceptability of directed rehearsal as a teacher training intervention, was also assessed using a questionnaire. Directed rehearsal was effective in improving the teaching skills of the teachers to either 100% correct implementation or, in the case of subject-matter feedback, to an established rate. In addition, the intervention was acceptable to the teachers and the practicum instructor. These results extend both the error correction and the research on teacher education literatures.
Understanding internalized HIV/AIDS-related stigmas in the Dominican Republic: a short report.

HIV/AIDS-related stigmas can become internalized, resulting in declines in physical and mental health. Pathways to internalized HIV-related stigma (IS), characterized by persistently negative, self-abasing thoughts, are not well established among women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in the Dominican Republic (DR). Identifying factors involved in self-directed shaming and blaming is important, given the high HIV prevalence in the DR's most vulnerable populations. The present study sheds light on factors involved in negative and self-abasing thoughts in WLWHA in the DR by examining the relationship between depression, perceived HIV-related stigma from the community (PSC), perceived HIV-related stigma from family (PSF), and IS. The Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (IA-RSS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10), and an instrument designed to measure perceived HIV-related stigma from the community and family was administered to 233 WLWHA in Puerto Plata, DR. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordered multiple logistic regression. Results showed that depression (OR = 1.60; p < .05), PSC (OR = 3.68; p < .001), and PSF (OR = 1.60; p < .01) were positively associated with IS. These findings indicate that IS-reducing interventions should address HIV-related depression. Additionally, HIV-related treatment and care services should work with WLWHA to adopt healthier attitudes about how community members view people living with HIV/AIDS in the DR.
Aus Erfahrungen lernen: Der PIMS-Ansatz

In ihrem Buch „A Passion for Excellence“1 nennen Thomas Peters und Nancy Austin PIMS die „weltweit umfassendste Datenbank fur strategische Informationen“. Wir konnen noch einen Schritt weiter gehen: PIMS ist einzigartig. Es ist die einzige in der Welt existierende Datenbank fur Unternehmensstrategie, die eine Vielzahl verschiedenster Branchen, Produkte und Markte abdeckt.
Nonlinear signal models: geometry, algorithms, and analysis

Traditional signal processing systems, based on linear modeling principles, face a stifling pressure to meet present-day demands caused by the deluge of data generated, transmitted and processed across the globe. Fortunately, recent advances have resulted in the emergence of more sophisticated, nonlinear signal models. Such nonlinear models have inspired fundamental changes in which information processing systems are designed and analyzed. For example, the sparse signal model serves as the basis for Compressive Sensing (CS), an exciting new framework for signal acquisition. In this thesis, we advocate a geometry-based approach for nonlinear modeling of signal ensembles. We make the guiding assumption that the signal class of interest forms a nonlinear low-dimensional manifold belonging to the high-dimensional signal space. A host of traditional nonlinear data models can be essentially interpreted as specific instances of such manifolds. Therefore, our proposed geometric approach provides a common framework that can unify, analyze, and significantly extend the scope of nonlinear models for information acquisition and processing. We demonstrate that the geometric approach enables new algorithms and analysis for a number of signal processing applications. Our specific contributions include: (i) new convex formulations and algorithms for the design of linear systems for data acquisition, compression, and classification; (ii) a general algorithm for reconstruction, deconvolution, and denoising of signals, images, and matrix-valued data; (iii) efficient methods for inference from a small number of linear signal samples, without ever resorting to reconstruction; and, (iv) new signal and image representations for robust modeling and processing of large-scale data ensembles.
Applications of Frequent Pattern Mining

Frequent pattern mining has broad applications which encompass clustering, classification, software bug detection, recommendations, and a wide variety of other problems. In fact, the greatest utility of frequent pattern mining (unlike other major data mining problems such as outlier analysis and classification), is as an intermediate tool to provide pattern-centered insights for a variety of problems. In this chapter, we will study a wide variety of applications of frequent pattern mining. The purpose of this chapter is not to provide a detailed description of every possible application, but to provide the reader an overview of what is possible with the use of methods such as frequent pattern mining.
Comment on “Aftershock Statistics for Earthquakes in the St. Lawrence Valley” by Azadeh Fereidoni and Gail M. Atkinson

Fereidoni and Atkinson (2014) analyzed the aftershock sequences of four M ≥4.5 earthquakes that occurred in eastern Canada from 1982 to 2010 to estimate the Omori‐law parameters for those aftershock sequences. They then used this information to assess the modern rate of aftershocks of the 1663 earthquake in the area of Charlevoix, Quebec. When they compared the estimated aftershock rate with the observed rate of modern seismicity at Charlevoix, they reported that the observed modern earthquake rate is higher than that predicted even using the Omori‐law parameters from the most active aftershock sequence in eastern Canada that they analyzed. From this, they concluded that the current seismic activity in the Charlevoix area is not likely due to ongoing aftershocks of the 1663 earthquake. The major conclusion of Fereidoni and Atkinson (2014) described in the previous paragraph is illustrated in figure 5 of their article. This figure, reproduced here in Figure 1, shows four charts, each for a different minimum aftershock magnitude threshold, that plot seismicity rate versus elapsed time. In addition to curves of predicted aftershock activity rates as a function of time, each chart also has several data points. In this comment, I express differences with both the data points and the predicted aftershock activity rates in Figure 1 (fig. 5 of Fereidoni and Atkinson, 2014). Figure 1. Modified reproduction of figure 5 of Fereidoni and Atkinson (2014), which shows a comparison of the predicted and observed event rates for the 1663 M 7.0 earthquakes for different magnitude completenesses. The × symbols on each figure have been added to show the 300‐yr earthquake rates found from the data in Table 1. Regarding the data in Figure 1, I do not understand the black datapoints (labeled “Complete observation”). For reference, in Table 1 I list the earthquakes from the Charlevoix …
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Devices - Functional Mechanical Designs

Mitral regurgitation is a complex disorder involving a multitude of components of the mitral apparatus. With the desire for less invasive treatment approaches, transcatheter mitral valve therapies (TMVT) are directed at these components and available at varying stages of development. Therapeutic advancements and the potential to combine technologies may further improve their efficacy and safety. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement, while preserving the mitral apparatus, may emerge as an alternative or even a more suitable treatment option. In addition, early data on transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation are encouraging and this approach may be an alternative to reoperation in the high-risk patient. This review details the expanding functional mechanical designs of current active TMVT.
Geo-Acoustic Noise Levels in a Deep Ocean Borehole

Noise levels recorded by a deep-ocean (5.5 km) borehole seismograph were found to vary by up to 20 dB during a 64-day continuous reading period. Noise level above 5 Hz is controlled by storms, shipping, and biological sources. Noise below 5 Hz appears to be completely controlled by sea state, even though the sensors are almost 6 km below the ocean surface. At least two mechanisms are observed for transmission of energy at the sea surface to the ocean floor. One mechanism appears to yield seismic energy proportional to the wave energy apparently at a frequency twice that of the wave frequency (microseisms). This mechanism is observed at frequencies below 5 Hz. At higher frequencies, white noise is observed and increases in level with sea state. This energy is probably caused by breaking waves. Comparison of noise levels observed in the borehole with levels obtained by ocean bottom sensors at and near the site shows that weaker acoustic sources can be detected in the borehole than on the ocean floor, implying that low noise levels in the borehole more than compensate for signal loss.
Anti-Osteoporotic Therapy After Fragility Fracture Lowers Rate of Subsequent Fracture: Analysis of a Large Population Sample.

Background: This investigation assessed the effectiveness of initiating anti-osteoporotic therapy after a fragility fracture in preventing subsequent fractures. Methods: The Truven Health MarketScan databases, which contain de-identified, integrated, person-specific claim data, were queried from 2003 to 2012. The study population included individuals fifty years of age or older who sustained a fragility fracture, defined as any fracture of the wrist, proximal part of the humerus, hip, or vertebra, and had three years of continuous enrollment following fracture. Patients were stratified into either an anti-osteoporotic therapy group or a no-treatment group. Subsequent fracture was defined as a fragility fracture occurring more than ninety days following the index fracture. Subjects were followed for three years. Unadjusted and age and sex-adjusted odds ratios for subsequent fracture were calculated for both groups. Results: This investigation included 31,069 subjects, of whom 10.6% were treated with anti-osteoporotic therapy following the index fracture. The anti-osteoporotic therapy group was older and had a greater proportion of female patients compared with the no-treatment group. The three-year subsequent fracture rates were 7.5% in the anti-osteoporotic therapy group and 9.7% in the no-treatment group. Unadjusted odds ratios for subsequent fracture showed that the anti-osteoporotic therapy group experienced a risk reduction of 33% after an index wrist fracture, 48% after an index proximal humeral fracture, 28% after an index hip fracture, 20% after an index vertebral fracture, and 25% after all fractures combined. Age and sex-adjusted odds ratios showed that the anti-osteoporotic therapy group experienced a reduction in risk of 50% after an index wrist fracture, 52% after an index proximal humeral fracture, 34% after an index hip fracture, 43% after an index vertebral fracture, and 40% after all fractures combined. The number needed to treat to prevent a subsequent fragility fracture was twenty-eight after an index wrist fracture, twenty after an index proximal humeral fracture, twenty-six after an index hip fracture, twenty-five after an index vertebral fracture, and twenty-seven after all fractures combined. Conclusions: Treatment with anti-osteoporotic therapy after a fragility fracture leads to a 40% decrease in the three-year risk of subsequent fracture, when adjusted for age and sex. Initiation of anti-osteoporotic therapy following a fragility fracture can prevent a subsequent fracture over the following three years in approximately one of every twenty-seven patients treated. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Nuremberg Precedent

For the first time in history, after World War II, an international tribunal judged and sentenced high-level politicians and senior military officers for their responsibilities, or their consenting part, in the commitment of crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The creation of this tribunal, its Charter and its judgments, have extended the traditional scope of international humanitarian law, in adding international criminal law and justice to the laws of Geneva and the Hague.
‘Knights of the Air’: joyful slaughter and the pleasures of moral survival

AbstractIn this paper I investigate ‘joyful slaughter’, the pleasures of sanctioned killing, as represented in diaries and letters written during combat by World War I airmen of the British Royal Flying Corps. I suggest killing as only one, and potentially the least pleasurable, aspect of combat scenarios by examining its connection to a range of ‘regulating’ and ‘mobilising’ emotional practices centred in the interdependent geographies of chivalrous duty and exhilarating flight. I make the case for the triumph of joyful survival over joyful slaughter as a consequence of the moral performance of killing rather than being killed.
Perioperative Medical Evaluation of the Patient Undergoing RARP

Prostate cancer surgery is an elective event that is designed to prevent progression and metastases that are predicted to occur many years from diagnosis without curative therapy. Therefore perioperative deaths or significant comorbidity represent a significant detriment in the impact of surgery compared to watchful waiting. While surgeons may commonly utilize a patient’s primary and specialty medical teams to prepare one for surgery, large institutions such as the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have dedicated departments designed to assist with the medical issues surrounding cancer therapy. In this chapter, the director of MD Anderson’s Internal Medicine Perioperative Assessment Center (IMPAC) outlines the indications and strategies available to optimize a patient’s journey towards a safe surgical cure.