cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moon: Central peak heights and crater origins

Abstract The heights of central peaks in lunar craters are directly proportional to crater diameters, implying that peak height is a function of crater-forming energy. A similar relationship exists for terrestrial meteorite and TNT craters whose uplifts are of rebound origin. A rebound origin for lunar central peaks implies an impact origin for central peak craters. Correlation of peak heights and crater depths provides direct evidence for lava filling of crater floors.
Office-Based Injection Laryngoplasty for the Management of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

Summary Objective Office-based injection laryngoplasty (OBIL) is a common method of addressing glottal insufficiency. This retrospective chart review identifies the demongraphics, laterality, technique, success rate, injectates, and complications of OBIL performed over a 3-year period at a single institution. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods All OBILs performed for the management of UVFP by the senior author over 3 years (2007–2009) were identified from billing records. The age, gender, laterality, underlying disease process, augmentation material, route of injection, and complications were recorded. Results Eighty-two OBILs were attempted on 57 patients. The most common route of access was transoral (85.6%). All OBILs were able to be completed. Injectates used were hyaluronic acid derivatives (57.3%), calcium hydroxyapatite (16%), and Cymmetra (16.5%). Three complications (3.7%) occurred. Thirty percent of patients ultimately elected for thyroplasty or ansa reinnervation, 22% found their condition to self-resolve, 14% died, and 25% were lost to follow-up. Conclusions Using a variety of approaches, OBIL is possible in almost all patients. The single surgeon transoral route using a rigid angled telescope and curved injection needle was the most commonly used approach. Multiple injectates can be used and have good safety records. The final disposition of patients may be variable and warrants further investigation.
WE‐E‐BRA‐02: Use of the 4D Phantom to Test Real‐Time Targeted Radiation Therapy Device Accuracy

Purpose: To create a motion fixture capable of testing real‐time targeted radiation therapydelivery systems. Method and Materials: The 4D Phantom is a custom positioning system with stages for accurate reproduction of 3D internal tumor motion and 1D external surrogate motion. A standard film box filled with solid water was sent through two 3D lungtissue trajectories, one from 4DCT and spirometry data and the other measured from a fiducial marker that had been bronchoscopically implanted in a canine lung. An external trigger synchronized motion with the beginning of therapy, and the 4D Phantom gated the linear accelerator via a reed relay based on the real‐time longitudinal position of treatment isocenter. The gating windows, 3mm and 4mm long, encompassed end‐expiration for each motion trajectory. A four‐field, 6MV, 3DCRT plan from a randomly chosen lungcancer patient was delivered and measured for static and for gated and ungated treatments with each motion trajectory. The distance from the edge of the film to the edge of the treatment field was used to align pairs of films for analysis in RIT. Results: The dose distributions' relative positions varied within 2–6mm. Post‐alignment comparisons between static and motion films revealed large misdosed regions. The gated films had fewer areas and smaller magnitudes of dosimetric error than did the ungated films, but hot spots of 10% error were present even in the gated films. Conclusion: The experiment revealed a systematic shift in that the dose was centered at an average phantom position rather than the planned treatment isocenter. Additionally, although gating reduces dosimetric errors due to tissue motion, they can occur during gated radiation delivery. Further work is needed to determine if static film dosimetry is sufficient for QA of gated therapy. The 4D Phantom is capable of improved real‐time targeted radiation therapy QA.
Cancer Mortality and Air Force Bases

Nationally, counties with an Air Force Base were found to have significantly higher incidences of cancer mortality during 1950-1969 compared to counties without an Air Force Base.
Solvent extraction for separating micellar-solubilized contaminants and anionic surfactants.

Decontamination of contaminant-laden surfactant solutions is critical to successful implementation of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR). Solvent extraction was studied for removing micellar-solubilized contaminants having low equivalent alkyl carbon numbers (EACNs) from surfactant solutions. Factors influencing the solvent extraction of micellar-solubilized contaminant were studied, including surfactant concentration, solution salinity, solvent solubilization, and solvent/solution volumetric ratio. A model was developed to quantify the impacts of these factors on contaminant removal. The good agreement between experimental results and model predictions corroborates assumptions made in the model development. From these results, it is concluded that extracting solvents must have much higher EACNs than that of the contaminant to reduce the micellar solubilization of the solvents, which can significantly reduce contaminant removal efficiency. However, the highest EACN solvent is not necessarily the best one for contaminant removal due to other constraints (e.g., molecular weight and viscosity). Increasing the total surfactant concentration or salinity of an anionic surfactant solution increases its contaminant solubilization capacity but reduces the contaminant removal efficiency by solvent extraction. Continuous column extraction operated at a low column surface loading rate allowed contaminant partitioning to approach equilibrium conditions, and multistage column extraction was able to improve the contaminant removal efficiency while minimizing solvent requirement.
Using decision theory for strategic decision making in the convention industry

Abstract Managers use the concept of strategic planning to help reduce their uncertainty in the decision process. The use of decision models, such as decision theory, can help convention industry executives make better decisions. An example dealing with a decision as to the possible expansion of a county-owned convention center which is interested in attracting larger conventions is provided. Sample calculations provide a practical basis for applying the modeling techniques.
Superconducting transition in Nb/Gd/Nb trilayers.

We report the observation of oscillations in the superconducting transition temperature {ital T}{sub {ital c}} of Nb/Gd/Nb trilayers as the Gd layer thickness {ital d}{sub Gd} is varied. The {ital T}{sub {ital c}} minimum occurs at {ital d}{sub Gd}{approx_equal}13 A. The results are consistent with our previous study of Nb/Gd multilayers and are in support of the theoretical prediction of a {pi}-phase junction in superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor systems. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
MBSSAS: a code for the computation of Margules parameters and equilibrium relations in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution systems

Abstract The computer code MBSSAS uses two-parameter Margules-type excess-free-energy of mixing equations to calculate thermodynamic equilibrium, pure-phase saturation, and stoichiometric saturation states in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution (SSAS) systems. Lippmann phase diagrams, Roozeboom diagrams, and distribution-coefficient diagrams can be constructed from the output data files, and also can be displayed by MBSSAS (on IBM-PC compatible computers). MBSSAS also will calculate accessory information, such as the location of miscibility gaps, spinodal gaps, critical-mixing points, alyotropic extrema, Henry's law solid-phase activity coefficients, and limiting distribution coefficients. Alternatively, MBSSAS can use such information (instead of the Margules, Guggenheim, or Thompson and Waldbaum excess-free-energy parameters) to calculate the appropriate excess-free-energy of mixing equation for any given SSAS system.
Pheromone‐mediated upwind flight of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, in a forest

Lymantria dispar L. males flying upwind in a pheromone plume in a forest were video-recorded at 2.5, 10 and 20 m from the source of pheromone. Males flew slower and steered more across the wind as they approached the source. In concert, their ground speed decreased and track angles increased. In contrast to these changes, their drift angles were fairly constant and the transverse component of image flow, above and/or below the moths eyes, showed almost no change. The inter-turn duration (time between sequential turns), a temporal aspect of the male flight manoeuvres, showed a consistent but relatively small increase as the distance from the source increased. The flight tracks narrowed as the males approached close (2.5 m) to the source. Because of unpredicted correlations between physical variables (i.e. temperature, wind velocity) and the distance from the source, we used principal components analysis to generate a set of completely independent variables. Greater than 90% of the variability in the data could be explained by four principal factors which corresponded well with known relationships in the flight manoeuvres. All four of these factors showed a significant regression against distance to the source. Although uncontrolled factors such as temperature and wind velocity may have contributed to changes in flight behaviour, recent data indicate that, in addition to concentration, certain temporal and spatial characteristics (i.e. burst period, burst return period) of plumes in wind vary systematically with distance from the source. We propose that L.dispar males might adjust their flight manoeuvres in response to these changes.
Comments and corrections to "Nonreciprocity in magnetoelectric crystals"

For original paper see C.M. Krowne, ibid., vol.31, no.3, pp.2209-14 (1995). A more rigorous derivation is provided along with a discussion of the electric and magnetic susceptibility tensor contributions to the electric and magnetic polarizations which lead to an assessment of nonreciprocity.
Chaotic Vibrations of Beams: Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations

A simply supported buckled beam governed by a Euler Bernoulli beam equation with transverse loading and non linear membrane stretching effect has been studied. By using a stable, explicit finite difference scheme to solve the governing partial differential equation it has been demonstrated that various problems are easily handled
Increasing the electrochemically available active sites for heat-treated hemin catalysts supported on carbon black

Abstract A nano-sized non-noble metal catalyst containing hemin supported on carbon black was synthesized for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The hemin supported on carbon black was heat-treated (HT), and subjected to additional ultrasound treatments to increase the BET surface area and available active sites for the ORR. The HT hemin supported on carbon black was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET surface area analysis. The catalytic activity of the synthesized electrocatalysts was analyzed with cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode (RDE), and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE). The effect of BET surface area on formal potential, anodic and cathodic peak currents, limiting currents, half wave potentials, and kinetic rate constant for ORR were studied. We found an apparent correlation between catalytic activity and BET surface area for this particular catalyst. Increasing BET surface area, the ORR catalytic activity increases significantly. Our research on HT hemin indicates that the catalytic activity for ORR significantly improves by reducing the particle size and increasing the surface area.
Tiazofurin-induced autosecretion of IL-6 and hemoglobin production in K562 human leukemia cells

Previous reports have established the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptors (IL-6R) in several human leukemia cells and found that IL-6 and the IL-6R could be expressed in cell lines with erythroid/megakaryocytic features. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in megakaryocytic differentiation. The finding that endogenous IL-6 levels in serum increased after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment suggests that IL-6 may play some role in the recovery of hematopoietic systems. This observation may assist the understanding of erythroid regeneration caused by antineoplastic agents such as tiazofurin. Tiazofurin inhibits the activity of IMP dehydrogenase. Its exposure to K562 cells at 10 μM tiazofurin stimulates erythroid differentiation. Stimulation of cells with tiazofurin gave a significant increase in IL-6 production. Its levels were quadrupled after 2 days of culture. Tiazofurin also caused a trivial reduction in the percentage of cells with the IL-6R. This evidence implies that tiazofurin produced no significant effect on the IL-6R. Tiazofurin also increased the percentage of benzidine-positive cells representing hemoglobin production, confirmed by GpA expression. We concluded that IL-6 is rate limiting in regard to hemoglobin production and that IL-3 could be used for clinical benefit to stimulate erythropoiesis and synergize with tiazofurin. Am. J. Hematol. 54:301–305, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studies of Nonwovens Part II : Mechanics of Lightly Bonded Fabrics

The nature of bonds in staple nonwovens bonded with thermoplastic fibers is examined with optical and scanning elec tron microscopes. The adhesive joints in rayon-vinyon and polyester-polyester systems are of the improper type, i.e., failure occurs at the bond interface. A quantitative method of characterizing the level of bonding in lightly bonded nonwovens is presented, based on dis tributions of effective fiber length and orientation. The first two moments of the effective length distribution are linearly related to binder concentration and bonding temperature in lightly bonded webs. An empirical relationship between breaking strength and bonding variables is also presented.
Ring macromolecules in topologically restricted environments

We analyze the effect of disorder on the statistics of a ring macromolecule by a computer simulation. We show how the statistics of the ring change from obeying self-avoiding to lattice animal statistics. We find a scaling relationship to characterize this crossover behavior. We further show how this problem maps onto a related study on two-dimensional vesicles with a pressure difference.
The aminopyrine breath test does not correlate with histologic disease severity in patients with cholestasis

To determine whether the aminopyrine breath test can be used to document the presence of cirrhosis in patients with cholestatic liver disease, 19 patients (13 primary biliary cirrhosis, 4 sclerosing cholangitis and 2 chronic extrahepatic bile duct obstruction) underwent clinical and biochemical evaluations, liver biopsies and an aminopyrine breath test. Results were compared with those in 10 patients with biopsy-proven chronic active hepatitis with bridging and/or cirrhosis and in 22 healthy subjects. The aminopyrine breath test results in the 10 cholestatic patients with cirrhosis were not significantly different from the results in precirrhotic cholestatic patients (mean ± S.D., 11.2 ± 5.0 vs. 11.6 ± 2.8 %dose per 2 hr, p < 0.05) or healthy subjects (11.5 ± 2.9 %dose per 2 hr). In contrast, the results in the patients with chronic hepatitis were markedly depressed (3.2 ± 1.9 %dose per 2 hr, p < 0.05). The aminopyrine breath test results did not correlate with results of conventional liver function tests in the cholestatic patients. These results demonstrate that the aminopyrine breath test is not clinically useful in identifying the presence of cirrhosis in patients with cholestatic liver disease, and provide further evidence that decreased microsomal enzyme function is a late feature of cholestatic liver disease.
Separation of indenestrol A and B isomers and enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been developed for the separation of substituted indenestrol A and B isomers on different columns. The isomers were separated by normal-phase liquid chromatography with a silica gel column. Enantiomers of these compounds were separated by chiral HPLC and the most successful separations were achieved with a Chiralcel OJ column.
Occurrence of Milnacipran-Associated Morbilliform Rash and Serotonin Toxicity

OBJECTIVETo report the development of morbilliform rash and serotonin toxicity after the addition of milnacipran to a patient's medication therapy.CASE SUMMARYA 57-year-old white female presented to the emergency department because of a full-body morbilliform rash, which appeared 9 days after initiation of milnacipran 50 mg twice daily. In the emergency department the patient's vital signs were: heart rate 121 beats/min, blood pressure 180/100 mm Hg, and temperature 38.9 °C. The patient reported diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, restlessness, and increased muscle pain. Her history included recurrent breast cancer first diagnosed in 1999, hypertension, fibromyalgia, depression, osteopenia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, insomnia, and endometriosis. Her home medications included milnacipran, fluoxetine, alprazolam, zolpidem, zoledronic acid, anastrozole, doxepin, ranitidine, levocetirizine, doxazosin, tramadol, vitamin D, and ferrous gluconate. The patient's increased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperatur...
Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in oak–hickory forests along a historic gradient of nitrogen and sulfur deposition

White oak (Quercus alba L.) leaf litter decomposition rates and patterns of N, S and P immobilization and release in decomposing litter were quantified in oak–hickory forests in the Ohio river valley along a long-term (several decades) bulk atmospheric deposition gradient from Illinois, Indiana to Ohio. Historical data on deposition patterns between 1956–1985 showed that 30-y cumulative annual total (wet+dry) SO4–S concentrations were 19.9, 20.8 and 23.9 kg ha−1 y−1 and total (wet+dry) N concentrations were 5.99, 6.57 and 7.50 kg ha−1 y−1 in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, respectively. In 1988–1989, amounts of total dry N deposition in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio were, respectively 2.71, 3.21, and 3.88 kg ha−1 y−1. Annual decay rates based on 19 months of decomposition data increased (p<0.05) with increased N deposition and were −0.294, −0.480, and −0.720, respectively. The decay rates correlated highly with both the total N concentration in the forest floor (r2=0.869, p<0.0001) and the amount of total dry N deposition (r2=0.999, p=0.007). Nitrogen mineralization from the litter was highest in Ohio and lowest in Illinois. Immobilization of S and P occurred only in Illinois. Litter at both the Ohio and Indiana sites showed a net mineralization of S and P but the rates were higher in Ohio. The results of the study suggest that atmospheric N inputs can affect litter decomposition and nutrient mineralization in oak–hickory forests in the lower Midwestern United States.
An Inadequate Pulmonary Vascular Capacity and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Broilers

Broilers are susceptible to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS; ascites syndrome) when their pulmonary vascular capacity is anatomically or functionally inadequate to accommodate the requisite cardiac output without an excessive elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure. The consequences of an inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity have been demonstrated experimentally and include elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) attributable to noncompliant, fully engorged vascular channels; sustained pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); systemic hypoxemia and hypercapnia; specific right ventricular hypertrophy, and right atrioventricular valve failure (regurgitation), leading to central venous hypertension and hepatic cirrhosis. Pulmonary vascular capacity is broadly defined to encompass anatomical constraints related to the compliance and effective volume of blood vessels, as well as functional limitations related to the tone (degree of constriction) maintained by the primary resistance vessels (arterioles) within the lungs. Surgical occlusion of 1 pulmonary artery halves the anatomical pulmonary vascular capacity, doubles the PVR, triggers PAH, eliminates PHS-susceptible broilers, and reveals PHS-resistant survivors whose lungs are innately capable of handling sustained increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac output. We currently are using i.v. microparticle injections to increase the PVR and trigger PAH sufficient in magnitude to eliminate PHS-susceptible individuals while allowing PHS-resistant individuals to survive as progenitors of robust broiler lines. The microparticles obstruct pulmonary arterioles and cause local tissues and responding leukocytes to release vasoactive substances, including the vasodilator NO and the highly effective vasoconstrictors thromboxane A(2) and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. Nitric oxide is the principal vasodilator responsible for modulating (attenuating) the PAH response and ensuing mortality triggered by i.v. microparticle injections, whereas microparticle-induced increases in PVR can be attributed principally to 5-HT. Our observations support the hypothesis that susceptibility to PHS is a consequence of anatomically inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity combined with the functional predominance of the vasoconstrictor 5-HT over the vasodilator NO. The contribution of TxA(2) remains to be determined. Selecting broiler lines for resistance to PHS depends upon improving both anatomical and functional components of pulmonary vascular capacity.
Effect of a One-Way Tracheotomy Speaking Valve on the Incidence of Aspiration in Previously Aspirating Patients with Tracheotomy

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence of aspiration in previously aspirating patients with tracheotomy after use of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve. Twenty consecutive inpatients from the acute care setting of a large urban tertiary care teaching hospital were included. All subjects had objective documentation of aspiration by a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing prior to placement of a one-way tracheotomy speaking valve, from 2 to 7 days of valve use with intelligible speech production, and no surgery to the upper aerodigestive tract except tracheotomy. Results indicated that incidence of aspiration was not affected by use of a one-way tracheotomy speaking valve. These results are in agreement with previous observations that subjects either aspirated or swallowed successfully regardless of tracheotomy tube occlusion status. Also, no significant differences were found between aspiration status and time since tracheotomy, time off ventilator, or duration of valve use. It was concluded that use of a one-way speaking valve provided mostly nondeglutitive benefits and should not be considered to promote successful swallowing for patients with tracheotomy in the acute care setting.
Classical and Neo-Classical Cruise-Dash Optimization

Cruise-dash flight performance is analyzed in the context of singular perturbations. Attention is given to the problem of determining an atmospheric flight path between given end points which minimizes a linear combination of time and fuel. It is shown that nonconvexity in the fuel-flow vs. airspeed graph has important consequences in optimum-cruise problems with time restrictions. Certain velocity regions are nonoptimal for cruise-dash and optimal cruise-dash sometimes requires time-shared operation between two altitude-airspeed points. Calculations are presented illustrating the occurrence of time-shared operation between two altitude-airspeed combinations for optimal cruise-dash.
Error made in reports of main field decay

A special session, “Decay of the Main Field,” was held at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, 11 December 2003. Two of the presentation topics were the recent main dipole field decay indicated by the International Geomagnetic Field (IGRF) representation and the unique properties of the second and third field harmonics obtained from the IGRF. The Earth's dipole field is certainly decaying, but neither at the strength nor rate announced at the AGU meeting. And the higher harmonics of the IGRF are especially important for any calculation of the expected magnetic field at a location on the Earth's surface, but only for that purpose. The large second and third field harmonics mainly arise because of the offset of the Earth's main dipole field from the geographical center.
The Prefabricated Interior: Defining the Topic

ABSTRACTThough much attention has been centered on the prefabrication of architecture there has been virtually no pointed discussion on the influence and importance of prefabrication within the interior environment. A review of the literature revealed that whereas a paucity of explicit research has focused on this subject, there is however an abundance of evidence regarding the prefabrication of the interior environment dating back thousands of years and most significantly from the late nineteenth century to the present. As such, the historical topic of prefabricated interior design does, in fact, exist and merits directed exploration. This article defines the topic and develops the historical context of prefabricated interior design with the critical discussion addressing its development from the late nineteenth century to the present. In the prefabrication of the interior, one can look to distinct elements or prefabricated wholes. The conception of these elements or constructs has often informed constru...
Influence of Intracellular Thiol and Polyamine Levels on Radioprotection by Aminothiols

We examined the effect of manipulating the levels of two endogenous radioprotectors, glutathione (GSH) and polyamines, on the ability of exogenous aminothiols to protect Chinese hamster ovary cells from the lethal effects of γ-radiation. Treatment with 0·5 mmol dm−3 buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) for 24 h depleted GSH levels to < 1% of control and significantly sensitized the cells to irradiation in air. Undepleted control cells were protected by WR-1065 (4 mmol dm−3; 30-min preirradiation treatment at 37°C) by 2·09-fold (range 1·98–2·21) at the 10% survival level, whereas BSO-treated cells were protected by a factor of 1·98 (range 1·95–2·14) at this survival level. Thus, GSH depletion had no significant effect on the radioprotective capacity of WR-1065. Treating cells with 1 mmol dm−3 α-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) for 48 h depleted the polyamines putrescine and spermidine to very low levels, while spermine was not significantly depleted. DFMO also sensitized cells to aerobic irradiation. WR-1065 protec...
Following the Flow in Chambers

This article summarizes the current progress in imaging the sequence of blood flow inside the cardiac chambers. Observations from experimental models and computational fluid dynamics have been compared with in vivo findings from phase contrast MRI, high-resolution Doppler imaging, and echo particle imaging velocimetry. The discussion includes chamber and valve geometry and its role in asymmetric flow propagation with an emphasis on the cardiac mechanical sequence that helps stabilize the redirected blood streams. Mapping intracardiac flow patterns in health and disease provides a rich and challenging field of research that warrants careful application in future investigations.
Jet quenching measurements at RHIC

Experimental observation of jet quenching in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions is one of the most remarkable discoveries at RHIC. High-pT hadron suppression, disappearance of back-to-back jets, and strong away-side modification at intermediate to low pT have provided us many insights into the matter created at RHIC. Particularly, angular correlations have become a powerful tool to study the QCD matter through its interactions with jets. Di-hadron correlations reveal significant broadening and softening of associated hadrons on the away side of a triggered high-pT particle. Many mechanisms have been proposed to accommodate the data, including the intriguing Mach cone shock waves in a thermalized hydrodynamic matter, which can be discriminated by 3-particle correlations. Here a brief overview of these remarkable experimental measurements on jet quenching is presented and implications of these measurements are discussed.
Use of hematocrit changes as an indicator of blood loss in adult trauma patients who receive intravenous fluids

Objectives To validate the use of changes in hematocrit as anindicator of blood loss in adult trauma patients receiving IV fluids and to identify parameters of hematocrit changes that may differentiate between patients with and without hemorrhage. Design A descriptive, retrospective chart review. Sample/setting A convenience sample of 90 adult trauma patients at an urban level I trauma center emergency department who received IV fluids for whom hematocrit measurements were available. Methods Records were reviewed for patients withdocumented hematocrit readings before and after receiving 2 L of IV fluid, noting the time between hematocrit measurements. Patients were divided into groups: Group 1 consisted of 74 subjects with no hemorrhaging ( 500 ml of blood loss). Results In group 1 (nonhemorrhage group), the mean hematocrit change was −5.3%; in group 2 (hemorrhage group) the hematocrit change was −8.3%. The findings showed a statistically significant difference ( p Conclusion Hematocrit determinations are a valid indicator of blood loss in trauma patients receiving IV therapy. The use of repeat hematocrit readings for clinicians trying to differentiate those with significant blood loss and the effects of IV fluid administration remains limited.
System-level variation analysis for interconnection networks

This paper analyzes the impact of interconnect variation at the system-level in terms of clock frequency based on a fast and efficient system-level design methodology. Various types of interconnect variations are compared, including the overlay, critical dimension (CD), and inter-layer dielectric variations. The results indicate that the CD variation has a larger impact on the overall clock frequency of the processor, especially for a logic core at a smaller technology node.
The thermodynamic properties of 2-methylaniline and trans-(R,S)-decahydroquinoline

Measurements leading to the calculation of the ideal-gas thermodynamic properties for 2-methylaniline and trans-(R,S)-decahydroquinoline are reported. Experimental methods included combustion calorimetry, adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston gauge manometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (dsc). Entropies, enthalpies, and Gibbs energies of formation were derived for the ideal gas at selected temperatures for both compounds. Critical properties were determined for 2-methylaniline with the dsc. Measured combustion enthalpies, vapor pressures, critical properties, and ideal-gas entropies were compared with estimated and experimental literature values. 59 refs., 7 figs., 15 tabs.
Dopaminergic unit activity in freely moving cats: Lack of relationship to feeding, satiety, and glucose injections

The activity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was recorded from freely moving cats during feeding and satiety, and following injections of glucose. At no time during feeding or in the postprandial satiety period was there a significant increase or decrease in firing rate of these neurons relative to baseline. Additionally, no change in firing rate was observed following injections of glucose (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) or glucose in combination with insulin (300 mg/kg glucose and 0.8 units/kg insulin).
The aggressiveness of Sphaeropsis sapinea on Austrian pine varies with isolate group and site of infection

Summary The aggressiveness of the A and B isolate groups (morphotypes) of Sphaeropsis sapinea on shoot tips and lower stems of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) was compared. The distinct differences in aggressiveness between the two S. sapinea groups, previously reported for other conifers, are confirmed for Austrian pine. However, the relative aggressiveness of the B group isolate varied by site of infection. Although the B group isolate of S. sapinea was not aggressive on shoot tips of Austrian pine, it was aggressive on stems of this host. Resume L'agressivite des groupes morphologiques A et B de Sphaeropsis sapinea a ete comparee sur des extremites de pousses et a la base des tiges chez le pin noir d'Autriche. Les nettes differences d'agressivite entre ces deux groupes, deja mentionnees chez d'autres coniferes, ont ete confirmees chez le pin noir. Cependant, l'agressivite relative du groupe B variait selon le site d'infection. Ce groupe n’etait pas agressif sur l'extremite des pousses, mais l’etait au niveau du tronc des pins noirs d'Autriche. Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Aggressivitat von Isolaten der Gruppe A und B (Morphotypen) von Sphaeropsis sapinea auf Triebspitzen und im Stammbereich von Pinus nigra untersucht. Die von anderen Koniferen beschriebenen ausgepragten Unterschiede in der Aggressivitat dieser beiden S. sapinea-Gruppen, wurden an Schwarzkiefer bestatigt. Die relative Aggressivitat der B-Gruppe variierte jedoch in Abhangigkeit vom Infektionsort. Obwohl die B-Gruppen an Triebspitzen von P. nigra weniger Nekrosen verursachte, war sie an Stammen dieses Wirtes aggressiv.
Red cell enzyme activity during blood storage and reactivation of phosphofructokinase

Activities of 21 red cell enzymes were measured in 15 units of CPD-Al anticoagulated blood before and after 35 days of storage. Paired t-tests revealed that five of the enzyme activities decreased significantly after 35 days of storage (P less than 0.05) while four increased significantly after storage (P less than 0.05). The most striking change was in phosphofructokinase (PFK), which decreased an average of 33% (P less than 0.005). Mean lactate dehydrogenase activity increased to 128% of its zero-day activity (P less than 0.005). Percent red cell survival, determined by reinfusion of a 51Cr-tagged aliquot of stored blood into the autologous donor, was highly correlated with 35-day ATP levels (r = 0.97; P less than 0.001). No significant relationships between two measures of red cell survival and any of the nine significantly altered enzymes were found. Studies of reactivation of PFK in hemolysates using 4 mM concentrations of numerous compounds indicate that the compounds or combinations of compounds used which reactivate PFK significantly all contain at least one high-energy phosphate group. These data suggest that loss of PFK activity during storage may be due to loss of organic phosphates. Whether the changes described have an important role in blood transfusion remains to be determined.
National trends in vertebral augmentation procedures for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures

Abstract Background Vertebral compression fractures represent a serious health care problem. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty have been gaining popularity in the treatment of symptomatic compression fractures that are often secondary to osteoporosis or neoplasia. Methods We use the NIS database from 1993 through 2004 to examine trends in VCFs. Patients with VCFs were identified using primary diagnostic codes (ICD-9—pathologic vertebral fracture, 733.13) and cross-referenced with ICD-9 procedure codes (ICD-9—VAPs, 78.49; kyphoplasty, 81.66; and vertebroplasty, 81.65). Results In 2004, more than 23 000 VAPs were performed nationwide on an inpatient basis for VCFs. This represented a 12 900% increase in the number of procedures performed since 1993. Approximately 60% of patients were female and aged 65 to 84 years. Nearly 60% of vertebroplasties and 25% of kyphoplasties were on patients admitted from the ED. Large-sized hospitals and those hospitals located in the southern United States accounted for most of the cases. The mean LOS was 3.7 days for kyphoplasty and 7.3 days for vertebroplasty. The final discharge disposition, home vs institution (nursing home, rehabilitation), was 50:50 for vertebroplasty and 77:23 for kyphoplasty. The mean hospital charges for both procedures were comparable, and the total “national bill” was ∼$672 million in 2004. Conclusions With the continued aging of the population, VCFs represent an increasingly important health care issue. The staggering increase in the number of minimally invasive VAPs performed illustrates the continued adoption of these innovative technologies and early trends in their applications.
Playing with leadership and expertise: military tropes and teamwork in an arg

Ad-hoc virtual teams often lack tools to formalize leadership and structure collaboration, yet they are often successful. How does this happen? We argue that the emergence of leadership and the development of expertise occurs in the process of taking action and in direct response to a lack of structure. Using a twinned set of eight modality sliders, we examine the interactions of fourteen players in an alternate reality game. We find that players adopted military language and culture to structure and arrange their play. We determine that it is critical to account for the context of play across these modalities in order to design appropriately for effective in-game virtual organizing.
Central Configurations and Hyperbolic / Elliptic Motion in the Three-Body Problem

A refined classification of motion for the planar three-body problem with zero total energy is presented. In addition, the structure and size of the sets of initial conditions are obtained. Limited results for the spatial problem are also given.
Purification of a sugarbeet pectin modifying enzyme system from Aspergillus niger by antibody affinity column chromatography

Polyclonal antibodies were raised against polygalacturonases partially purified from culture filtrates of Aspergillus niger grown on sugarbeet pectin or polygalacturonic acid. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for polygalacturonase was developed and the antisera were exploited in immuno-affinity chromatography to remove polygalacturonase from a mix of sugarbeet modifying enzymes. This approach has facilitated the preparation of an enzyme mix, containing a pectin deacetylase and demethoxylase together with an arabinofuranosidase, free from polygalacturonase, in a rapid, simple procedure.
Regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the puerperium

Spontaneous regression of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare occurrence. The authors describe a patient presenting with a ruptured AVM with a feeding artery aneurysm during second trimester of pregnancy. The feeding artery with aneurysm was clipped and the hematoma removed. The AVM subsequently spontaneously regressed by serial angiography during the postpartum period. The authors believe this is the first reported case of spontaneous regression of cerebral AVM early after pregnancy. The dramatic regression noted in the postpartum period in this case suggests the particular significance of hormonal factors in the dynamics of growth and rupture of an AVM.
Effect of Two-Scale Roughness on Boundary Layer Transition Over a Heated Flat Plate: Part 1—Surface Heat Transfer

An experimental study was conducted to investigate surface heat transfer and boundary layer development associated with flow over a flat test surface covered with two roughness scales. Two-scale roughness was used because in-service aeroengines commonly display larger roughness concentrated at the leading edge with smaller roughness distributed downstream. The first scale, covering up to the first 5 cm of the test surface, was in the form of a sandpaper strip, an aluminum strip, or a cylinder. The second roughness scale covered the remainder of the test surface (2 m) in the form of sandpaper or a smooth surface. In Part 1, the surface heat transfer results are examined. Even though the roughness scales were hydraulically smooth, they induced significantly earlier transition onset, with the two-dimensional roughness causing earlier transition than three-dimensional roughness. All of the rough/smooth cases unexpectedly triggered earlier transition than rough/rough cases. This indicated that the scale of the step-change at the joint between two roughness scales was predominant over the downstream roughness on inducing early transition. Reducing the overall height of the step change was shown to have a greater effect on transition than the specific geometry of the roughness scale.
Measurements of bouncing of small latex spheres

Abstract The sticking probabilities of uncharged 1.27 μm polystyrene latex spheres striking target surfaces at normal incidence in vacuum were measured. The exact form of the probability function could not be established, but the capture limit velocities V ∗ above which bouncing predominated and below which sticking usually occurred were determined. These were 83 and 91 cm/sec for polished stainless steel and polished quartz surfaces. These results, combined with theory, suggest the classical expression for the adhesion energy of small particles is inadequate, possibly because it ignores the influence of elastic flattening of the adhering bodies. These results thus agree with the previous theoretical prediction of the author.
Disruption of Endothelial Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Accelerates Diet-Induced Atherogenesis in LDL Receptor-Null Mice

Objective— Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is widely expressed in vessel walls, and it9s activation by agonists showed beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of endothelial cell (EC) PPARγ in atherogenesis is not fully understood. Methods and Results— To assess the contribution of endothelial-specific PPARγ in atherosclerosis, EC-specific PPARγ disruption and LDL receptor (LDLR) double-knockout (PPARγ ΔEC /LDLR −/− ) mice were developed. When challenged with a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks, PPARγ ΔEC /LDLR −/− mice exhibited severe atherosclerotic lesions compared to either their littermate controls or macrophage-specific PPARγ disruption and LDLR double knockout (PPARγ ΔMΦ /LDLR −/− ) mice. Metabolic analysis showed severe dyslipidemia and significant increase in systolic blood pressure in the PPARγ ΔEC /LDLR −/− mice. Histological analysis and real-time quantitative PCR suggested an exacerbated inflammation in PPARγ ΔEC /LDLR −/− mice, as revealed by the increases of proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage infiltration in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo endothelial permeability was also increased by endothelial PPARγ disruption. Bone-marrow transplantation studies, which reconstituted hematopoietic PPARγ, demonstrated that the accelerated atherogenesis was due to endothelial PPARγ deficiency. Conclusion— Endothelial PPARγ plays an important protective role in atherogenesis.
A dual-labeling method for identifying differentially expressed genes: use in the identification of cDNA clones that hybridize to RNAs whose abundance in tomato flowers is potentially regulated by gibberellins

A method for identifying cDNA clones that hybridize to differentially expressed RNAs is described. Briefly, the RNA population in which the RNAs of interest are more abundant is used as a template for the synthesis of 35S-labeled cDNAs and another RNA population in which the RNAs of interest are less abundant is used as a template for the synthesis of 32P-labeled cDNAs. The labeled cDNAs are pooled and hybridized to plaque or colony lifts constructed from a cDNA library. Clones that hybridize to RNAs that are differentially expressed are identified using differential autoradiography/fluorography to discriminate between the 32P and 35S isotopes. We have used this method to identify cDNA clones that hybridize to mRNAs that are more abundant in the flowers of wild-type tomato than in the flowers of mutants that have low endogenous levels of gibberellins.
Children's Marking of Verbal –s by Nonmainstream English Dialect and Clinical Status

Purpose Children's marking of verbal –s was examined by their dialect (African American English [AAE] vs. Southern White English [SWE]) and clinical status (specific language impairment [SLI] vs. typically developing [TD]) and as a function of 4 linguistic variables (verb regularity, negation, expression of a habitual activity, and expression of historical present tense). Method The data were language samples from 57 six-year-olds who varied by their dialect and clinical status (AAE: SLI = 14, TD = 12; SWE: SLI = 12, TD = 19). Results The AAE groups produced lower rates of marking than did the SWE groups, and the SWE SLI group produced lower rates of marking than did the SWE TD group. Although low numbers of verb contexts made it difficult to evaluate the linguistic variables, there was evidence of their influence, especially for verb regularity and negation. The direction and magnitude of the effects were often (but not always) consistent with what has been described in the adult dialect literature. Conc...
Mechanism of Chemical Activation of Nrf2

NF-E2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) promotes the transcription of many cytoprotective genes and is a major drug target for prevention of cancer and other diseases. Indeed, the cancer-preventive activities of several well-known chemical agents were shown to depend on Nrf2 activation. It is well known that chemopreventive Nrf2 activators stabilize Nrf2 by blocking its ubiquitination, but previous studies have indicated that this process occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) binds to Nrf2 and orchestrates Nrf2 ubiquitination, and it has been a widely-held view that inhibition of Nrf2 ubiquitination by chemopreventive agents results from the dissociation of Nrf2 from its repressor Keap1. Here, we show that while the activation of Nrf2 by prototypical chemical activators, including 5,6-dihydrocyclopenta-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (CPDT) and sulforaphane (SF), results solely from inhibition of its ubiquitination, such inhibition occurs predominantly in the nucleus. Moreover, the Nrf2 activators promote Nrf2 association with Keap1, rather than disassociation, which appears to result from inhibition of Nrf2 phosphorylation at Ser40. Available evidence suggests the Nrf2 activators may block Nrf2 ubiquitination by altering Keap1 conformation via reaction with the thiols of specific Keap1 cysteines. We further show that while the inhibitory effects of CPDT and SF on Nrf2 ubiquitination depend entirely on Keap1, Nrf2 is also degraded by a Keap1-independent mechanism. These findings provide significant new insight about Nrf2 activation and suggest that exogenous chemical activators of Nrf2 enter the nucleus to exert most of their inhibitory impact on Nrf2 ubiquitination and degradation.
Rh/SiO2: catalyst characterization and study of the hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopropane

Abstract The adsorption of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and oxygen and X-ray line profile analysis have been investigated on a series of Rh SiO 2 catalysts made by ion exchange with Rh(NH3)5(H2O)3+ and by impregnation with Rh4(CO)12 and Rh6(CO)16. The percentage exposed (Dh) of the series of catalysts as measured by hydrogen chemisorption at 25 °C varied from 11 to 108%. Ease of reduction of the oxidized catalysts decreased as Dh increased and reduction in hydrogen was incomplete in hydrogen at 25°C except for the catalysts of smallest Dh. The rates of hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopropane (MCP) at 0 °C decreased with increasing Dh by a factor of about 9 over the range of Dh of the series of catalysts for catalysts pretreated 02, 300 °, 0.5;H2,300 °,1;He, 450 °, 1 where the last number in each triad was the time of exposure in hours. Omission of He,450 °, 1 led to decreased rates and augmented structure sensitivity, but H2,25 °, 1 without He,450 °, 1 led to inverted structure sensitivity, presumably because of residual oxygen on rhodium. The activation energy for hydrogenolysis was about 37 kJ mol−. The ratio of isobutane to butane in the products was about 20 for Dh = 11%, declined rapidly with increasing Dh and became about 3.5 for Dh > 50%. Pretreatment conditions (temperature of pretreatment by H2, presence or not of terminal He,450 °, 1) had little effect on the ratio.