cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour and its adaptive significance in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes

Genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity have been suggested as mutually exclusive ways by which adaptation to environmental heterogeneity can be accomplished. The genetic and environmental components of variation in the darkness of brown pupae of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes were investigated. Variation in darkness was found to be both genetic and environmental, with the darkness of the pupation site having a significant influence on the darkness of pupae, thus allowing for the production of cryptic brown pupae in nature. These results suggest that the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in a trait need not be to the exclusion of the maintenance of genetic variation in that trait. The results of field experiments show that cryptic pupae have a higher probability of escaping predation relative to noncryptic pupae.
The Effects of Culture and Institutional Context on Inter-Country Variance of Outsourcing Practices

Based on a review of previous theoretical and empirical research on outsourcing, I developed a framework to explain antecedents of inter-country variance of outsourcing practices. In this framework, I introduced two important factors that account for this variance: culture and institutional context. I argued that firms in societies with lower levels of uncertainty avoidance and power distance will exhibit higher levels of outsourcing. Further, firms operating in societies with developed institutional context are expected to have higher levels of outsourcing when compared to firms operating in societies with weak levels of institutional development.
Screening for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Bipolar disorder is a significant mental health problem among perinatal women; however, little attention has been devoted to methods of screening for bipolar disorder during this phase of women’s life cycle. There is a need for reliable and valid screening instruments for perinatal women. This paper presents a review of 11 self-report measures used to screen bipolar disorder in the general population and discusses their applicability to screening among perinatal women. Published psychometric data, including reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of each self-report instrument, is presented and critiqued. We make recommendations for screening in clinical practice and highlights priorities for future research. The need for more research in this area is emphasized.
Nursing management of congestive heart failure. Part 2

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common clinical problem and in its advanced stage has a poor prognosis. Approximately 400,000 individuals develop heart failure each year (Parmley 1989). CHF can be caused by coronary artery disease such as myocardial infarction, ischemia and hypertension. Should heart failure occur as a result of acute myocardial infarction, a classification tool developed by Killip can be used to assess the degree of CHF. Killip's classification is organised into the following four categories: Class I: no heart failure Class II: mild to moderate failure Class III: acute pulmonary oedema Class IV: cardiogenic shock (Killip, as cited by Benz 1989). This system helps in organising clinical signs and symptoms of heart failure. Due to the fact that CHF is now the most common hospital discharge diagnosis for those over the age of 65, critical care nurses need to be able to recognise complications and intervene rapidly (Parmley 1989) in collaboration with medical staff. The purpose of this paper is first to discuss cardinal signs and symptoms and clinical data associated with CHF. Second, critical care nurses' management of CHF is organised around common nursing diagnoses.
The impact of prison crowding on male and female imprisonment rates in Minnesota: A research note

The relationship between gender and criminal sentencing is examined by using longitudinal data from the State of Minnesota. Employing regression time-series analysis, we test whether gender-specific levels of prison crowding interact with mitigated departures from Minnesota's sentencing guidelines in mediating the relationship between gender and rate of imprisonment. Results suggest that legally mandated sentencing factors are important in determining severity of sanction for both males and females, but that male offenders are more likely than females to receive mitigated departures when crowding levels are high in male prisons. This relationship exists even though the women's prison in Minnesota is actually more overcrowded than the male prisons. Such findings, which contradict previous research on determinate sentencing, highlight the complexity and difficulty of isolating the effect of gender on criminal sentencing.
5 technologies that will shape the web

It was 1997-eons ago, in internet years?and the Web was only beginning to take off. People used dial-up modems to get online, and Netscape Navigator was the browser of choice. Google was still a research project of two Stanford students, and Facebook-well, Mark Zuckerberg was a 13-year-old having his Star Wars-themed bar mitzvah. Flash forward to 2011. The Web has since reinvented itself time and again: when businesses embraced it in the late 1990s, when Google dominated search in the early 2000s, when user-generated content became prominent in the mid-2000s. Today the Web is going through another reinvention, morphing into a place where our social interactions are ever more important. And the main force behind this phenomenon is, of course, Facebook, led by Zuckerberg, now a 27-year-old billionaire.
Th1 CD4+Cells Adoptively Transfer Experimental Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis☆

Cultured cells from Micropolyspora faeni-sensitized donors can adoptively transfer murine experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EHP). To determine whether the CD4+ cells responsible for transfer have characteristics of Th1 or Th2 cells, we established cell lines from lung-associated lymph nodes of M. faeni-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice by culturing with antigen and either IFN-gamma, IL2, and anti-IL4, or IL4. Cell lines were stimulated regularly with antigen, fresh antigen-presenting cells, and the cytokine/anti-cytokine antibody cocktail. At various times after initiation of culture, cells were injected intravenously into recipients, which were then challenged intratracheally with M. faeni and sacrificed and the extent of pulmonary inflammatory response was determined. IFN-gamma, IL4, and IL10 levels were determined in supernatants of cell cultures stimulated with M. faeni to characterize the cell lines as Th1 (IFN-gamma, but low IL4 and IL10 secretion) or Th2 (IL4 and IL10, but low IFN-gamma secretion). Cell lines were differentiated into either Th1 (IFN-gamma = 310 +/- 45 U/ml, IL4 = 0.10 +/- 0.1 U/ml, IL10 = 1750 +/- 75 pg/ ml, >99% CD4+) cell lines by Day 16 of culture or Th2 cell lines (IFN-gamma = 1.8 +/- 1.0 U/ml, IL4 = 830 +/- 388 U/ml, IL10 = 51,700 +/- 10,900 pg/ml, >96% CD4+) by Day 30. Th1 cell lines were able to adoptively transfer EHP whereas Th2 cell lines were unable to adoptively transfer EHP. The ability to transfer EHP was directly related to the amount of IFN-gamma and inversely to the amount of IL4 secreted by antigen-stimulated cells. We conclude that it is possible to produce CD4+ cell lines with either Th1 or Th2 characteristics from lung-associated lymph nodes of mice exposed to M. faeni and that only Th1 CD4+ cell lines can adoptively transfer EHP.
Intracellular labeling of β-actin mRNA using reverse transcriptase incorporated biotin-dUTP into the actin cortical mat of corneal epithelial cells

Abstract The intracellular distribution of β-actin mRNA in whole embryonic corneal epithelia is detected using primed in situ hybridization (PRINS) and analyzed with confocal laser microscopy. This is a relatively new technique that may be more specific in targeting mRNA faster than traditional in situ methods. The principle is that unlabeled oligonucleotide primers complementary to specific mRNAs are used by the reverse transcriptase enzyme to synthesize cDNA in situ . The enzyme incorporates biotin-labeled dUTP into the complementary copy of mRNA. The intracellular distribution of the biotin labeled mRNA copy is detected using avidin-FITC combined with confocal microscopy. Confocal laser microscopy allows analysis of whole tissues in both the XY en face focal plane and the XZ cross-sectional focal plane. Human β-actin primers show that the distribution of β-actin mRNA is heavily concentrated at the optical plane that contains the actin-cortical mat. The label appears primarly in the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of basal cells and with less intensity at the interface between the periderm and basal cells. These results differ from our previous β-actin mRNA distribution studies using traditional in situ hybridization techniques using the same oligonucleotide probe. In conclusion, this method may be useful for identifying areas of concentrated mRNA in tissues but appears to have a lower sensitivity than traditional in situ hybridization in whole tissue.
METHANOL PRODUCTION DURING CHEMOTAXIS TO AMINO ACIDS IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS

The 20 common amino acids act as attractants during chemotaxis by the Gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis. In this study, we report that all amino acids induce B. subtilis to produce methanol both upon addition and removal of the chemoeffector. Asparagine-induced methanol production is specific to the McpB receptor and aspartate-induced methanol production correlates with receptor occupancy. These findings suggest that addition and removal of all amino acids cause demethylation of specific receptors which results in methanol production. We also demonstrate that certain attractants cause greater production of methanol after multiple stimulations. CheC and CheD, while affecting the levels of receptor methylation, are not absolutely required for either methylation or demethylation. In contrast, CheY is necessary for methanol formation upon removal of attractant but not upon addition of attractant. We conclude that methanol formation due to negative stimuli indicates the existence of a unique adaptational mechanism in B. subtilis involving the response regulator, CheY.
Wavelet-based gaussian waveform for spotlight synthetic aperture radar

A new wavelet based Gaussian waveform is proposed. The proposed waveform takes advantage of both the Gaussian waveform and the wavelet-based waveform for improving the performance in range detection. The new waveform can completely remove the near-sidelobes and push the far-sidelobes out of the detecting boundary. As a result, it is particularly suitable for use by the spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
Recruiting Black/African American men for research on prostate cancer prevention.

BACKGROUND Black/African American men die of prostate cancer at a greater rate relative to other males. During the period from 1992 to 1998, prostate cancer incidence rates in the United States were 234.2 per 100,000 persons among non-Hispanic black males and 144.6 per 100,000 persons among white males. The reasons for these increased rates of prostate cancer among black males are largely unknown, but increased mortality is associated with late detection. The authors conducted a longitudinal study of black men that investigated prostate cancer prevention behaviors within this population. The purpose of the current article is to identify successful recruitment strategies that were reported by participants in this study of prevention behaviors. METHODS Qualitative research methods were used to elucidate men's thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding prostate cancer prevention behaviors and to identify strategies for attracting black men to research programs and retaining them in these programs. RESULTS Ethnocentric recruitment strategies that were identified included the development of tailored printed materials; the use of targeted locations; and a personalized, participatory approach for engaging potential participants. We contacted 498 black men and enrolled a cohort of 277 non-Hispanic black males (75% of whom were recruited within a 9-week period) in the current study. CONCLUSIONS Unlike other studies that reported difficulty in recruiting African American men, the current study did not encounter such difficulties. The authors attribute their success to culturally attractive Afrocentric materials; cultural sensitivity; a caring, professional, personalized ethnic approach; respect; and participatory involvement of the target population. Nonetheless, the authors did encounter barriers, such as lack of physician interest and lack of trust in quality medical care. These barriers must be overcome before black males can be engaged and retained in research studies on prostate cancer prevention. Cancer 2004;100:1017–25. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
New discriminatory level for glucosidase activity to diagnose epididymal obstruction or dysfunction.

Neutral α-glucosidase activity was measured in seminal plasma of 30 patients consulting for infertility with a variety of disorders, and compared with 25 normal controls. Significantly more of the study populations (asthenozoospermia, 4/6; oligozoospermia, 3/5; azoospermia 8/15) had a neutral α-glucosidase activity less than 10 mIU/mL as compared with control samples (3/25). Also the mean (± SD) neutral α-glucosidase activity in patients with asthenozoospermia (11.7 ± 9.2) oligozoospermia (11.3 ± 7.2), and post vasectomy azoospermia (5.3 ± 3.4) was significantly (p <. 05) less than ejaculate from controls (21.2 ± 14). A seminal α-glucosidase level of 10 mlU/mL appears to be a useful discriminatory marker in the diagnosis of epididymal obstruction or dysfunction.
Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function.

Le cadre de cette discussion utilise la definition clinique de la diastole pour examiner les phenomenes de la relaxation isovolumique, le remplissage rapide protodiastolique, le diastasis, la contraction auriculaire et la telediastole
Van der waals modulated spectral intensities: Application to infrared absorption

A formulation is presented of the effects of van der Waals interaction on infrared intensities. The theory takes account of induction and dispersion interactions (including charge interpenetration) and is applicable to fluids of arbitrary density. The transition moments are developed from generalized van der Waals-induced moments, and expressions are obtained for the adsorption coefficient in terms of generalized charge densities and charge-density (hyper)susceptibilities
Delayed unions of the tibia.

Nonunion of the tibial shaft is a common problem that can be disabling. Treatment may require multiple operative procedures, prolonged hospitalization, and years of disability before a union is obtained or an amputation is performed. Most tibial fractures heal after the initial treatment1-4, but nonunion is seen by all practitioners who treat tibial fractures. Early recognition of a potential nonunion followed by early intervention will reduce the ultimate time to union and lessen the surgeon's and patient's frustration. This Instructional Course Lecture provides an overview of tibial delayed unions and the treatment options available to manage this diverse group of clinical problems. We believe that most tibial nonunions can be treated by most orthopaedic surgeons without referral. A delayed union is an ununited fracture that continues to show progress toward healing or that has not been present for long enough to satisfy an arbitrary time standard for nonunion. A failure to see evidence of union on radiographs at various time-points ranging from twenty to twenty-six weeks has been used by several authors as the criterion for defining delayed union5-9. The lack of precision in the definition diminishes its value in published reports. Delayed union might best be thought of as the point at which one should consider altering treatment to achieve union. Although the determination of a delayed union of a tibial fracture is frequently made at around twenty weeks, it may be possible to recognize delayed unions of certain fractures, especially Gustilo10 type-III open fractures, sooner. Nonunion of a fracture occurs when the normal biologic healing processes of bone cease, so that solid healing will not be achieved without further treatment. Nonunion has been defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a fracture that occurred a minimum …
Vulnerability scanning for buffer overflow

With new applications being launched each day, the number of vulnerabilities to attack increases. Attackers find new ways to attack any application they come across. Some attacks are successful because the application is vulnerable due to the vulnerabilities in files assisting in the proper functioning of the application. Although the area of attacks is vast, buffer overflow attacks form the basis for most attacks. Hence it would be a great boon to the software industry if their products were made secure from buffer overflow attacks. This paper introduces a tool, which is used to locate vulnerable files, which in turn have been the root cause for buffer overflow.
Caloric Restriction and Aging: Controversial Issues

It has long been held that food restriction extends the life span of rodents and other species by decreasing caloric intake and slowing the rate of aging. Recent findings challenge these concepts. This review assesses these controversial issues. The conclusion is that caloric restriction underlies the life extension of rats, but not of Drosophila. Mortality characteristics show that food restriction slows the rate of aging of rats and, in some studies, of mice. However, in other mouse studies and in Drosophila, mortality characteristics have been interpreted as indicating that it delays the start but does not slow the rate of aging; the author believes that this interpretation is faulty. These differences in mortality responses to food restriction provide a potentially powerful tool for uncovering basic mechanisms underlying its life-prolonging action. A hypothesis is presented for use in the search for these mechanisms.
Agreement in endovascular thrombolysis patient selection based on interpretation of presenting CT and CT-P changes in ischemic stroke patients

Background To evaluate the agreement in patient selection based on computed tomography (CT) and CT-perfusion (CT-P) imaging interpretation between stroke specialists in stroke patients considered for endovascular treatment.
Compositional Dependence of the Magnetomechanical Effect in Substituted Cobalt Ferrite for Magnetoelastic Stress Sensors

This paper reports on a systematic system of the effects of Mn and Cr substitution on the magnetomechanical properties of cobalt ferrites, which hold promise for non-contact stress sensing applications due to their strong magnetomechanical coupling. Magnetomechanical tests were performed on sintered bulk CoMnx Fe2-x O4 and CoCry Fe2-y O4 by measuring the change in surface field versus the sample strain under tension. The stress sensitivity first increases as a result of Mn or Cr substitution, peaks at x=0.2 and y=0.4, and decreases below that of pure cobalt ferrite at high Mn or Cr content. The strain derivative exhibits similar dependence on the Mn and Cr content. The results can be interpreted by considering stress-induced changes in magnetization against anisotropy, in which case the strain derivative and stress sensitivity are proportional to the ratio of saturation magnetostriction lambda S to anisotropy K. Mn or Cr substitution reduces both lambdaS and K. However, for substitute contents in the vicinity of x=0.2 and y=0.4, K decreases more rapidly than lambdaS, causing lambdaS/K and hence the strain derivative and stress sensitivity to increase
Precoder Design for Amplify and Forward Relaying With Complex Field Network Coding

In this correspondence, multiuser relay systems with amplify and forward relaying protocol are considered. To make transmission delays as short as possible, the concept of complex field network coding is applied. The relays transmit for all users simultaneously instead of using conventional relaying transmissions over orthogonal channels such as time-division multiplexing for each user. Three transmission schemes with two or three time-slot delays and symbol rates 1/2, 2/3, and 1 are examined. Based on the derived pairwise error probability expressions, optimal precoders achieving the maximum diversity and best coding gains are designed without changing the original ergodic capacity regions. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed designs.
Quantum-Dot Molecules for Potential Applications in Terahertz Devices

The experimental and theoretical results of the electronic and optical properties of quantum dot artificial molecules (AMs), formed by pairs of electronically coupled quantum dots (QDs), are presented here in order to identify the necessary conditions for the development of new types of terahertz (THz) injection lasers based on intraband carrier transitions. We have performed analytical calculations to obtain the spatial strain distribution in vertically aligned (In,Ga)As QDs grown on (001) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Electronic coupling of the dots, mainly governed by the thickness of the separating barrier between the dot layers, is allowed due to the strain field-assisted self-organization of the dots. The calculated strain field reproduces our cross sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations very well. We further take into account the microscopic effects of the spatial strain distribution on carrier confinement potentials, and compute the electronic structure of the AM. Our calculations of the peak luminescence energies are in good agreement with our experimental results and those of others. The growth of quantum dot molecules represents a major step in tailoring the electronic and optical properties of the nanostructures.
A Review of Osteocyte Function and the Emerging Importance of Sclerostin

➤ Osteocytes, derived from osteoblasts, reside within bone and communicate extensively with other bone cell populations to regulate bone metabolism. The mature osteocyte expresses the protein sclerostin, a negative regulator of bone mass.➤ In normal physiologic states, the protein sclerostin acts on osteoblasts at the surface of bone and is differentially expressed in response to mechanical loading, inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandin E2, and hormones such as parathyroid hormone and estrogen.➤ Pathologically, sclerostin dysregulation has been observed in osteoporosis-related fractures, failure of implant osseous integration, metastatic bone disease, and select genetic diseases of bone mass.➤ An antibody that targets sclerostin, decreasing endogenous levels of sclerostin while increasing bone mineral density, is currently in phase-III clinical trials.➤ The osteocyte has emerged as a versatile, indispensable bone cell. Its location within bone, extensive dendritic network, and close communication with systemic circulation and other bone cells produce many opportunities to treat a variety of orthopaedic conditions.
Systematic and comparative anatomy of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae), sans Oncidiinae

On the basis of floral and vegetative morphology, 63 tropical American genera have been recognized within Maxillarieae. We were able to examine anatomical material of all subtribes, excluding Oncidiinae. Stegmata with conical silica bodies occur in leaves and stems of all subtribes excluding Ornithocephalinae, and pericyclic stegmata found in roots are characteristic of Lycastinae. Lycastinae and Maxillariinae are characterized by foliar glands, foliar fibre bundles and tilosomes. Endodermal cells are U-thickened in most Zygopetalinae; O-thickened in most Lycastinae, Ornithocephalinae and Telipogoninae; variously thickened in Maxillariinae; and thin-walled in Cryptarrhena lunata. Water-storage cells varied from thin-walled to variously banded throughout Maxillarieae. Cladistic analyses using anatomical characters yielded no resolution among subtribes, illustrating that anatomical characters are of limited value in assessing relationships within this tribe. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 144, 251–274.
A comparison of response characteristics from web and telephone surveys

Increasingly, web surveys are being used to supplement telephone survey data and some predict internet methods will one day replace telephone interviews as the primary method for surveying general populations. Despite these trends, few studies have systematically compared response differences between the two methods. This article describes a study in which both telephone and web surveys were used to collect data on the corporate reputation of an international firm. Findings reveal significant differences in sample characteristics, response effects and overall costs. In addition to demographic differences, the web garnered a lower response rate, more item omissions, and produced more negative or neutral evaluations than did the telephone survey. Factor structure for the corporate reputation construct was simpler in the web-based data. Predictability of behavioural measures was essentially equivalent between the two modes; however, cost-per-contact was significantly lower in the web survey.
Combining iterative SOVA and Log-MAP algorithms for turbo decoding

This paper considers combining the iterative soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) and the logarithm maximum a posteriori (Log-MAP) algorithm for decoding turbo codes. We examine the differences between the two algorithms and discuss the suitability of combining both algorithms. In the proposed hybrid decoding scheme, frames are first applied with SOVA iterations with error detection for iteration termination. After a fixed maximum number of SOVA iterations, the erroneous frames are continued with Log-MAP iterations. In order to reduce the number of necessary Log-MAP iterations, the extrinsic soft output from the last SOVA iteration are selectively fed to the first Log-MAP iteration as initial a priori input. The benefit of this hybrid decoding scheme is that both the original low complexity by SOVA and the high performance by Log-MAP are well maintained.
Seventh workshop on hot topics in system dependability (HotDep'11)

We are pleased to present to the community the proceedings of HotDep'11, the seventh instance of the HotDep workshop series. The goals of Hot-Dep are to bring forth cutting-edge research ideas spanning the various domains of dependable systems, and to build linkages between two communities with active interest in dependability research, namely researchers who attend traditional dependability conferences such as DSN and ISSRE, and those who attend mainstream systems conferences such as SOSP, OSDI, and EuroSys. To achieve these goals, the workshop has been alternating between a dependability conference in odd years and a systems conference in even years. This year, we have kept the tradition of previous meetings by selecting a program committee with a mix of researchers from both communities: • Lorenzo Alvisi, University of Texas at Austin • Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau, University of Wisconsin, Madison • Byung-Gon Chun, Intel Labs Berkeley • Arun Iyengar, IBM Research • Mohamed Kaâniche, LAAS-CNRS • Daniel Mosse, University of Pittsburgh • Priya Narasimhan, Intel Labs/Carnegie Mellon University • James Plank, University of Tennessee • Andre Schiper, EPFL • Alexander Shraer, Yahoo! Research • Atul Singh, NEC Labs, Princeton • Marco Vieira, University of Coimbra • Lidong Zhou, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing
Effect of Endovascular Interventions on General Surgery Trainee Operative Experience; a Comparison of Case Log Reports.

Background Vascular surgery fellowship training has evolved with the widespread adoption of endovascular interventions. The purpose of this study is to examine how general surgery trainee exposure to vascular surgery has changed over time. Methods Review of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education national case log reports for graduating Vascular Surgery Fellows (VF), and general surgery residents (GSR) from 2001 to 2012 was performed. Results The number of GSR increased from 1021 to 1098, and the number of VF increased from 96 to 121 from 2001 to 2012. The total number of vascular cases done by VF increased by 1161 since 2001 (298–762), whereas the total number of vascular cases done by GSR has decreased by 40% during this time period (186–116). Vascular fellows increase was due primarily to an increase in endovascular experience; a finding not noted in general surgery residents. Conclusions Vascular fellow case log changes are due primarily to an increase in endovascular experience that has not been mirrored by general surgery trainees. Open surgery experience has decreased overall for general surgery residents in all major categories, a change not seen in vascular surgery fellows.
Attending Surgeons’ Leadership Style in the Operating Room: Comparing Junior Residents’ Experiences and Preferences

Purpose Recent studies have focused on surgeons' nontechnical skills in the operating room (OR), especially leadership. In an attempt to identify trainee preferences, we explored junior residents' opinions about the OR leadership style of teaching faculty. Methods Overall, 20 interns and 20 mid-level residents completed a previously validated survey on the style of leadership they encountered, the style they preferred to receive, and the style they personally employed in the OR. In all, 4 styles were explored; authoritative : leader makes decisions and communicates them firmly; explanatory : leader makes decisions promptly, but explains them fully; consultative : leader consults with trainees when important decisions are made, and delegative : leader puts the problem before the group and makes decisions by majority opinion. Comparisons were completed using chi-square analysis. Results Junior resident preference for leadership style of attending surgeons in the OR differed from what they encountered. Overall, 62% of residents encountered an authoritative leadership style; however, only 9% preferred this (p Conclusions Junior resident preference of leadership style in the OR differs from what they actually encounter. This has the potential to create unwanted tension and may erode team performance. Awareness of this difference provides an opportunity for an educational intervention directed at both attendings and trainees.
Finitely Generated Metabelian Groups

Among the results presented here are: There are only countably many isomorphism classes of finitely generated metabelian groups; Finitely generated metabelian groups satisfy the maximal condition for normal subgroups (a result by P. Hall).
Management of the Gallbladder Before and After Bariatric Surgery

Cholecystectomy is common following bariatric surgery procedures, making the assessment of gallbladder disease a critical component of post-bariatric surgery care. From the standpoint of patient education, there must be an emphasis on adherence to prophylactic therapy, should it be prescribed by the surgeon. For the bariatric surgeon, a conscientious decision must be made regarding the necessity and timing of a cholecystectomy. This chapter will describe the pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstone formation, specifically addressing the unique changes that occur after bariatric surgery; discuss the role of prophylactic cholecystectomy and other management strategies of gallbladder disease; and, finally, address the systems-based challenges in the work-up and management of biliary problems after bariatric surgery.
Moving from Protection to Resiliency: A Path to Securing Critical Infrastructure

The events of 9/11 brought renewed focus to critical infrastructure, but the security of infrastructure has been and continues to be an issue outside the scope of any one event or country. Oil pipeline attacks in Iraq, massive blackouts in Italy, the United States, and Russia, submarine cable failures in the Atlantic, accidental and intentional failures of infrastructure are an increasing and complex problem. The issue of infrastructure security is a global problem both is applicability and connectivity. All nations are dependent on infrastructure and many of these infrastructures cross international borders and some span the globe. A problem facing all nations is that they have the responsibility for securing infrastructure but critical aspects are owned by the private sector. This though is only one of many problems facing infrastructure security: 1) infrastructures are interdependent on each others reliability 2) infrastructures are large, dynamically unsynchronized, and complex 3) sharing information about infrastructure vulnerabilities is severely hampered by fears of regulation and competition. Along with these direct obstacles there are larger economic forces that complicate the issue. The markets driving infrastructure are geared towards maximizing efficiency to increase profit and not maximizing protection, which can result in public vulnerabilities.
Why Modularity Does Not (and Should Not) Explain Intellectual Property

This five-page essay responds to Henry Smith's article, "Intellectual Property as Property: Delineating Entitlements in Information."A virtual cottage industry of intellectual property (IP) models has sprung up in recent years. To the mix, Professor Smith adds modularity, in which there are intense interactions within, and few interactions between, components.Before displacing more traditional explanations, however, the theory faces substantial obstacles. This essay articulates six such challenges: (1) explaining why modularity should be IP's defining feature, (2) accounting for the roles played by IP statutes and doctrine, (3) specifying clear boundaries for innately imprecise patents and copyrights, (4) justifying discerned differences between patent and copyright, (5) rationalizing the enhanced injunctive relief suggested by the model, and (6) proving the game is worth a new empirical candle.
Polymorphism in phenobarbital: discovery of a new polymorph and crystal structure of elusive form V

This report highlights the discovery of a new polymorph of the anticonvulsant drug phenobarbital (PB) using polymer-induced heteronucleation (PIHn) and unravelling the crystal structure of the elusive form V. Both forms are characterized by structural, thermal and VT-Raman spectroscopy methods to elucidate phase transformation behavior and shed light on stability relationships.
The Pyramid and the Machine: Founding Visions of the Nation in the Life of James Wilson

This chapter of Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law (Harvard U. Press, Feb. 2007) takes up the problem of lawyers in the American Revolution through the star-crossed life of founding father James Wilson: successful lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence, member of the Constitutional Convention, and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. The chapter describes the ways in which American constitutionalism created pluralist institutional conditions in which lawyers would thrive by serving as brokers between interests and the state. Wilson, however, never quite grasped the Madisonian genius of American constitutionalism, nor its promise for the legal profession. Against the pluralist Madisonian machine of government among competing factions, Wilson imagined American constitutionalism as a pyramid resting on the moral consensus of a common moral faculty. Wilson's and Madison's ideas, the chapter suggests, were importantly different, and only the latter really grasped what the constitutional scheme had established. Ultimately, Wilson's increasingly feverish ideas about the moral faculty and the theoretical basis of U.S. constitutionalism even led to his imprisonment for debt and to his pathetic demise while fleeing his creditors, all while still a sitting Supreme Court justice.
NOx Reduction from Biodiesel Fuels

The demand for energy around the world is increasing, specifically the demand for petroleum-based energy. Appeasing this growing energy demand without irreparably damaging the environment is of primary concern. With rising fuel prices and environmental concerns, alternative fuels could satisfy the need for renewable energy with low environmental impact. Some of the more popular alternative fuels for new vehicles are ethanol, hydrogen, and biodiesel. Although gasoline engines are expected to be replaced by hydrogen-powered fuel cells, compression-ignition engines, the diesel engines, are expected to remain in use for high-power applications because of limitations of hydrogen-storage densities. The viable environmental friendly alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines is methyl esters (commonly known as biodiesel), which is derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Using biodiesel instead of conventional diesel fuel reduces emissions such as the overall life cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2), particu...
Analyzing the Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on South Africa’s Exports to the U.S – Theory and Evidence

This paper uses Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models to analyse the impact of changes in exchange rate have on export performance. The results show that in the case of South Africa, while a weak Rand benefits exporters, a volatile currency does increase uncertainty in export markets.
A Disposable Planar Paper-Based Potentiometric Ion-Sensing Platform

Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used tools for fast and accurate ion sensing. Herein their design is simplified by embedding a potentiometric cell into paper, complete with an ISE, a reference electrode, and a paper-based microfluidic sample zone that offer the full function of a conventional ISE setup. The disposable planar paper-based ion-sensing platform is suitable for low-cost point-of-care and in-field testing applications. The design is symmetrical and each interfacial potential within the cell is well defined and reproducible, so that the response of the device can be theoretically predicted. For a demonstration of clinical applications, paper-based Cl− and K+ sensors are fabricated with highly reproducible and linear responses towards different concentrations of analyte ions in aqueous and biological samples. The single-use devices can be fabricated by a scalable method, do not need any pretreatment prior to use, and only require a sample volume of 20 μL.
A double-blind comparison of dezocine and morphine in patients with acute renal and ureteral colic.

AbstractThe safety and analgesic efficacy of dezocine and morphine in the treatment of acute renal or ureteral colic due to calculi were evaluated in 2 multicenter, double-blind studies, comparing 10mg. dezocine and 10mg. morphine in 88 patients, and 15mg. dezocine and 10mg. morphine in 61 patients. All patients received an intramuscular injection of the test drug, and pain intensity and pain relief were evaluated through 4 hours after drug administration. Vital signs, degree of sedation and adverse effects also were recorded. Mean efficacy scores were virtually identical for 10mg. dezocine and 10mg. morphine but 15mg. dezocine produced consistently better analgesia than 10mg. morphine. This superiority of 15mg. dezocine was statistically significant on the pain analogue scale at 1 to 4 hours. More morphine-treated than dezocine-treated patients withdrew from each study because of inadequate pain relief. The frequency of adverse effects was not significantly different between groups in either study and no...
Behavioral and demographic correlates of diabetes, hypertension and overweight among the Catawba Indian Nation.

OBJECTIVE In 1998, the Catawba Diabetes and Health Survey (CDHS) was conducted among adult members of the Catawba Indian Nation living in the Carolinas to determine the prevalence of diabetes and other health conditions, and to assess the population's health-related behaviors. DESIGN A population-based sample of adult members of the Catawba Indian Nation (N = 633) were surveyed by telephone or in person regarding health status and health-related behaviors. Logistic regression was used to determine demographic and behavioral correlates of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight among the Catawba. RESULTS Age-adjusted prevalence rates of self-reported diabetes, hypertension and overweight were 12.3%, 29.1%, and 63.8%, respectively. Older age was related to diabetes, hypertension, and overweight (P<.0001 each), and heavier weight status was related to diabetes (P = .026) and hypertension (P<.0001). Nearly 40% of the Catawba are physically inactive (29.5% men, 46.5% women). Physical inactivity was related to diabetes and hypertension among men only, and related to overweight among women only (P<.05 each). Current smoking was inversely related to overweight among men and women (P = .002). Dietary behavior was not associated with the health outcomes. CONCLUSION Given the high rates of overweight and physical inactivity, reducing the rates of both may be very important for the health of the Catawba, considering their association with diabetes and hypertension.
Karl Schwesig’s Schlegelkeller: Anatomy of a Rejected Warning of Prewar Violence at LIFE Magazine

This essay examines the 1939 decision by Time, Inc., publisher of LIFE magazine, to reject Schlegelkeller, an eyewitness account of early pre-Holocaust violence by German artist Karl Schwesig. While scholars have suggested a number of reasons why the American press minimized or failed to report the Nazi decimation of Jews and other marginalized groups, we borrow from two influential works by sociologist C. Wright Mills to suggest that an intricate intersection of social statuses, along with ideological perspectives, institutional norms, and personal temperament, may explain why LIFE rejected Schlegelkeller. We discuss the implications of this decision in light of both the magazine’s internal metrics and the response of the American news media to prewar violence in Europe.
Functional Sulfobetaine Polymers: Synthesis and Salt-Responsive Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Droplets

Novel zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymers were synthesized, featuring alkene and alkyne groups embedded directly into the zwitterionic subunits. Alkene and alkyne versions of 1,3-propane sultone afforded access to functional zwitterionic methacrylates, which proved amenable to controlled free radical polymerization and copolymerization. These functional variants of polymer zwitterions exhibited desirable salt-responsive behavior characteristic of many polymer zwitterions, in which salt screened electrostatic interactions and resulted in droplet coalescence. Moreover, the presence of unsaturated groups in these polymers opens routes to facile chemistry at fluid–fluid interfaces and the preparation of robust polymer capsules.
Introduction to Biostatistics Ideas

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of biostatistics ideas. Biostatistics is the discipline concerned with the design and analysis of data from biomedical studies. It comprises a set of principles and methods for generating and using quantitative evidence to address scientific questions, for estimating unknown quantities, and for quantifying the uncertainty in estimates. Biostatistics is the search for truth (or at least true characteristics of populations). The two major tools of statistical inference are estimation and hypothesis testing. The study first introduces one of the seminal discoveries in the history of mathematics and science: the central limit theorem. Biostatistics comprises ideas and methods for quantifying the evidence in data to distinguish among competing hypotheses, for estimating unknown characteristics of populations, and for quantifying the uncertainty in those estimates. The essential idea is to use a statistic for a representative sample to estimate an unknown population parameter. A biostatistics mantra about data is: display, look, and think. Effective displays show the patterns of scientific import but also must provoke new questions about individual or subgroups of observations. When looking at data, one must be cognizant that it is human nature to overinterpret small data sets, that is, see patterns where none actually exists. The chapter concludes by explaining regression analysis.
Glycosaminoglycan and collagen metabolism in arylsulfatase B-deficient retinal pigment epithelium in vitro.

Regional differences in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen metabolism were studied using cells obtained from normal cats and those with deficient activity of arylsulfatase B (ASB), a lysosomal enzyme involved in GAG catabolism. Control and ASB-deficient RPE cultures initiated from superior equatorial (superior) and inferior equatorial (inferior) regions of the eye were radiolabeled for 72 hr with 3S SO4, and GAGs from the media and cell layers were analyzed separately. In ASB-deficient RPE, there was an accumulation of dermatan/chondroitin sulfate in the cell layer of cultures initiated from the superior region of the eye but not in those initiated from the inferior region. This agrees with previous in situ and in vitro morphologic observations that accumulation of inclusions in ASB-deficient RPE was greater in the superior region of the eye than in the inferior region. By contrast, media from ASB-deficient cultures initiated from the inferior region of the eye contained much higher levels of radiolabeled dermatan/chondroitin sulfate than ASB-deficient cultures from the superior region or normal cultures. Increased GAG content in the media may result from increased secretion of proteoglycans, increased turnover of cell surface or extracellular matrix components, or extrusion of lysosomal contents. These results indicate that one or more of these mechanisms vary regionally throughout the eye in the RPE of ASB-deficient animals. Collagen production was determined in normal and ASB-deficient RPE cultures. In normal RPE, no differences in collagen synthesis were noted between the inferior and superior regions. In ASB-deficient cultures, collagen synthesis was normal in those cultures initiated from the inferior region (an area of little or no GAG accumulation). However, significantly elevated rates of collagen synthesis were observed in cultures from the superior region of ASB-deficient eyes (an area of massive GAG accumulation). It appears that RPE collagen metabolism is not affected directly by ASB deficiency, but the increased rate of synthesis found in superior cultures may represent a response to accumulation of GAGs in the cell layer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:2035-2041,1991
Integrating implicit and explicit emotional assessment of food quality and safety concerns

Abstract Tools for automatic facial expression analysis (AFEA), frontal cortex (EEG) and cardiac electrical activity (ECG) may bring additional support to traditional sensory techniques for a better understanding of implicit physiological and emotional response to food. To enhance the understanding of consumer emotional response to food, participants (age: 18–29 years; n = 40, female = 31) were presented with videos (average 40 s) of food concerns (safety, hygiene and spoilage; called evented videos) and matched control (no food concern; called control videos) videos, while implicit emotional responses (AFEA, EEG and ECG) and expressed explicit emotional responses were measured concurrently. AFEA analyzed facial expressions for the six basic emotions (0 = not expressed; 1 = expressed); EEG measured frontal cortex asymmetry for motivational behavior tendency (right hemisphere activation = withdrawal: scared, sad and disgust; left hemisphere activation = approach: happy, surprised and angry; 10/20 system, 32 channels, 512 Hz), while ECG measured heart rate (bpm) changes. Explicit emotions were assessed using a list of emotional terms (n = 43) in a check-all-that-apply method and acceptability was rated on a 7-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely; 7 = like extremely). Withdrawal emotions, disgust and worried, were significantly chosen more for evented videos, while approach emotions (content, good, good-natured, interested, pleasant, pleased and satisfied) were significant for all control videos (p