cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of buffer management strategies for relational database systems

In this paper we present a new algorithm, DBMIN, for managing the buffer pool of a relational database manaegememt system. DBMIN is based on a new model of relational query behavior, the query locality set model (QLSM). Like the hot set model, the QLSM has an advantage over the stochastic models due to its ability to predict future reference hehavior. However, the QLSM avoids the potential problems of the hot set model by separating the modeling of referr-ence bahavior from any particular buffer management algorithm. After introducing the QLSM and describing the DBMIN algorithm, we present a performance evaluation methodology for evaluating buffer manage-ment algorithms in a multiuser environment. This methodology employed a hybrid model that comhines features of both trace driven and distribution driven simulation models. Using this model the performance of the DBMIN algorithm in a multiuser environment is compared with that of the hot set algorithm and four more traditional buffer replacement algorithms.
Reforming labor market institutions : unemployment insurance and employment protection

This paper explores the characteristics of both optimal and actual unemployment insurance and employment protection. It then sketches potential paths for reforms in both rich and middle-income countries. It reaches three main conclusions: There is a role for both state-provided unemployment insurance and employment protection. In rich countries, one challenge is to combine unemployment insurance with strong incentives for the unemployed to take jobs. Financial incentives are unlikely to be enough at the low end of the wage scale. The other challenge is to redefine employment protection by reducing administrative constraints and judicial intervention, and relying more on financial incentives. In middle-income countries, the main challenge is to move from the current system of high severance payments and employment protection to a system of state-provided unemployment benefits and lower severance payments.
Imperfect Information, On-the-Job Training, and the Employer Size-Wage Puzzle: Theory and Evidence *

This paper develops a two-period labor market model with imperfect information and on-thejob training, and uses data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohorts (NLSY79) to test its predictions. We find that training does not explain the positive relationship between employer size and wage. In addition, for industries that display sizewage premium, workers in large establishments are more likely to receive on-the-job training but their return to training is smaller. Our theory, substantiated by the new empirical evidence, suggests that it is not large firms, per se, but firms that hire better workers who are paying a wage premium.
Do Capital Income Taxes Hinder Growth

One of the main arguments against raising capital income tax rates is that doing so discourages savings and investment and hinders economic growth. However, academic research on taxes and growth suggests that this argument has no real basis. And the primary alternatives to capital income taxation — labor income taxes and increased government borrowing — carry their own potentially adverse effects on growth.
Comparing a hyperspectral Monte-Carlo approach for simulating water surface reflectance signatures based upon radiative transfer theory: simulating clear water and Caribbean Sea bottom types

A homogeneous water column hyperspectral Monte Carlo modeling approach is compared to an analytical solution to a radiative transfer model system for irradiance. Both mathematical models and the solution approaches describe the transfer of irradiant light in a homogeneous medium. The analytical model has been previously used to describe the transfer of irradiant energy in a homogeneous water column, with and without fluorescence source terms as well as a direct specular or a collimated irradiance source term. The response of the water surface reflectance under solar irradiance or an artificial collimated light source is thus modeled. Synthetic reflectance signatures generated from the 2 mathematical models described the interaction of irradiant photon flux in terms of the 2 flow irradiance equations. The Monte Carlo model is used for creating synthetic coastal water color or reflectance signatures for clear waters with different bottom reflectance signatures using dat collected in the Caribbean Sea region. The analytical mode has suggested proportionality between the absorption and backscatter coefficients around 0.29. In this paper the proportionality factor for clear water using the Monte Carlo model or irradiance was found to vary, but averaged around 0.26. This compares to 0.33 form other published values used in simple remote sensing algorithms. Results suggest that the optical pathlength will be a dominant factor influencing the ability of the Monte Carlo model to accurately represent measured or known reflectance signatures. The hyperspectral Monte Carlo mathematical modeling results also suggest the value of the technique for calculating the backscattering coefficient in waters with varying suspended matter, dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton pigments.
Combinational Evidence that Intrinsic Disorder Provides Broad Association Profiles

Using a simple lattice model approach that captures the combinatorial essence of a short intrinsically disordered peptide binding to a larger protein surface we provide evidence that non-specific peptides with moderate amounts of disorder can bind to a larger array of protein surfaces than their ordered counterparts.
Evolutionary role of abortive transcript as a primer for DNA replication

Abortive cycling features transcription initiation by RNA polymerase in both prokaryote and eukaryote. It is known that T7 RNA polymerase produces abortive transcripts up to eight ribonucleotides in length depending on the initial sequence of the DNA message. On the other hand, T7 RNA polymerase initiates DNA replication from the T7 primary origin by synthesizing primers. And the shortest primer from the φ1 · 1B promoter in the primary origin also seems to be eight ribonucleotides in length. Therefore, it is likely that the longest abortive transcript serves as the shortest primer for T7 DNA replication from the primary origin. Considering that promoters often exist in DNA replication origins for example, E. coli oriC and many eukaryotic origins, the early DNA replication system appears to have taken advantage of the abortive cycling of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that already existed before the emergence of DNA world. The evolutionary primitive RNA polymerase could do both transcription and priming of DNA replication. Accordingly, abortive cycling would play an important role in evolution at the emergence of DNA world. The priming activity of the primitive RNA polymerase would be taken over by primase later, which seems to be a specialized RNA polymerase for abortive cycling.
Universal internalization or pluralistic micro-theories?

In my response I revisit the question whether internalization should be conceived as representation or as instantiation. Shepard's ingenuity lies partly in allowing both interpretations. The down side of this facile generality of internalization is its immunity to falsification. I describe evidence from 3-D apparent motion studies that speak against geodesic paths in cases of underspecified percepts. I further reflect on the applicability of internalization to normal, well-specified perception, on the superiority of Gestalt principles, as well as on the evolutionary and developmental implications of the concept. The commentaries to the target article reveal an astonishing lack of agreement. This not only indicates that a satisfactory unifying theory explaining perception in the face of poorly specified stimuli does not exist. It also suggests that for the time being we have to be pluralistic and should treat internalization as a source of inspiration rather than as an irrefutable theory.
Determination of Picogram Quantities of Vanadium in Calcite and Seawater by Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Electrothermal Vaporization

We developed a method to measure picogram quantities of vanadium in calcite and seawater by isotope dilution (ID) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using electrothermal vaporization (ETV) to introduce the sample into the plasma. A 50V isotope spike enriched to 44 atom % was equilibrated with samples, followed by chemical purification by cation exchange chromatography. Samples were introduced into the ETV unit with a Pd modifier and heated to 1000 °C. This quantitatively eliminates the ClO+ isobaric interference with V at m/z 51 for solutions up to 0.5 N HCl. The procedural blank was 0.27 pg of V. Corrections for 50Ti and 50Cr, which interfere with the 50V signal, were made by measurement of 49Ti and 53Cr. These isobaric interferences and variable ArC levels were the limiting sources of error in the ID measurement and diminished the detection limit to 6 pg of V. The detection limit for nonisotope dilution applications was 0.3 pg of V. Measurement precision on the same sample of dissolved calcite...
THE BLACK BOTTLE. A CONSIDERATION OF THE ROLE OF CHARCOAL IN THE TREATMENT OF POISONING IN CHILDREN.

The literature on the use of adsorbent charcoal as an emergency antidote for the treatment of ingested poisons is reviewed. It is shown that this agent, presently somewhat neglected, has a wide spectrum of activity and when properly used is probably the most valuable single agent we possess.
A membrane-based, high-efficiency, microfluidic debubbler

In many lab-on-chip applications, it is necessary to remove bubbles from the flow stream. Existing bubble removal strategies have various drawbacks such as low degassing efficiency, long degassing time, large dead volumes, sensitivity to surfactants, and the need for an external vacuum or pressure source. We report on a novel, simple, robust, passive, nozzle-type, membrane-based debubbler that can be readily incorporated into microfluidic devices for rapid degassing. The debubbler is particularly suitable to operate with microfluidic systems made with plastic. The debubbler consists of a hydrophobic, porous membrane that resembles a normally closed valve, which is forced open by the working fluid's pressure. To illustrate the operation of the debubbler, we describe its use in the context of a chip containing a bead array for immunoassays. Our debubbler was able to completely filter gas bubbles out of a segmented flow at rates up to 60 µl s−1 mm−2 of membrane area.
Successful treatment of achalasia in childhood by pneumatic dilatation

Ten consecutive patients (ages 10 to 17) with achalasia of the esophagus diagnosed by radiographic, manometric, and endoscopic criteria were treated by forceful pneumatic dilatations of the lower esophageal sphincter. A good to excellent response was seen in eight of the ten patients, manifested by disappearance of vomiting, improvement in dysphagia, and weight gain. A decrease in resting gastroensophageal sphincter pressure was documented in four patients tested. Short-term complications of fever or chest pain were seen following three of 18 procedures; however, barium swallow was negative for perforation and symptoms resolved spontaneously without treatment. Our findings suggest that pneumatic dilatation may produce similar results as surgical esophagomyotomy (Heller procedure) without the immediate operative morbidity, cost, and potential long-term side effects.
Length-based vehicle classification using event-based loop detector data

Abstract Length-based vehicle classification is an important topic in traffic engineering, because estimation of traffic speed from single loop detectors usually requires the knowledge of vehicle length. In this paper, we present an algorithm that can classify vehicles passing by a loop detector into two categories: long vehicles and regular cars. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of event-based loop detector data that contains every vehicle detector actuation and de-actuation “event”, therefore time gaps between consecutive vehicles and detector occupation time for each vehicle can be easily derived. The proposed algorithm is based on an intuitive observation that, for a vehicle platoon, longer vehicles in the platoon will have relatively longer detector occupation time. Therefore, we can identify longer vehicles by examining the changes of occupation time in a vehicle platoon. The method was tested using the event-based data collected from Trunk Highway 55 in Minnesota, which is a high speed arterial corridor controlled by semi-actuated coordinated traffic signals. The result shows that the proposed method can correctly classify most of the vehicles passing by a single loop detector.
The Nb-Ti-Si ternary phase diagram: Determination of solid-state phase equilibria in Nb- and Ti-rich alloys

Ternary Nb-Ti-Si phase equilibria have been investigated for the metal-rich end of the ternary phase diagram using scanning electron microscopy, XRD, and electron beam microprobe analysis. Microstructural and microchemical observations have been used to define isothermal sections at temperatures of 1500 and 1340 °C. These temperatures delineate regimes defined by liquid-solid reactions. Additional isothermal sections were estimated at 1350,1320, and 1150 °C using these data. A broad range of Nb and Ti compositions were investigated for Si concentrations up to 35.0 %. Alloys containing up to four phases, Nb(Ti)5Si3, Ti(Nb)5Si3, (Nb,Ti)3Si, and (Nb,Ti,Si) were studied. The effect of Ti on the eutectoid reaction, (Nb,Ti)3Si → (Nb,Ti,Si) + Nb(Ti)5Si3 was investigated, as was the effect of Nb on the peritectoid reaction, Ti(Nb)5Si3 + (Nb,Ti,Si) → (Nb,Ti)3Si.
Evaluating anthropogenic risk of grassland and forest habitat degradation using land-cover data.

The effects of landscape context on habitat quality are receiving increased attention in conservation biology. The objective of this research is to demonstrate a landscape-level approach to mapping and evaluating the anthropogenic risks of grassland and forest habitat degradation by examining habitat context as defined by intensive anthropogenic land uses at multiple spatial scales. A landscape mosaic model classifies a given location according to the amounts of intensive agriculture and intensive development in its surrounding landscape, providing measures of anthropogenic risks attributable to habitat isolation and edge effects at that location. The model is implemented using a land-cover map (0.09 ha/pixel) of the conterminous United States and six landscape sizes (4.4, 15.2, 65.6, 591, 5300, and 47800 ha) to evaluate the spatial scales of anthropogenic risk. Statistics for grassland and forest habitat are extracted by geographic overlays of the maps of land-cover and landscape mosaics. Depending on landscape size, 81 to 94 percent of all grassland and forest habitat occurs in landscapes that are dominated by natural land-cover including habitat itself. Within those natural-dominated landscapes, 50 percent of grassland and 59 percent of forest is within 590 m of intensive agriculture and/or intensive developed land which is typically a minor component of total landscape area. The conclusion is that anthropogenic risk attributable to habitat patch isolation affects a small proportion of the total grassland or forest habitat area, while the majority of habitat area is exposed to edge effects.
Ultrastructure of the ‘Zooxanthella’ Endodinium Chattonii in Situ

INTRODUCTIONRecent experiments with symbiosis in the flatworm Convoluta roscqffensis Graff (Provasoli, Yamasu & Manton, 1968; Provasoli, Yamasu & Mabuchi, 1969) reveal an important area in the investigation of algal-invertebrate associations, demonstrating the potential of studies based on the principle of cross-infections using various experimental symbionts. The studies which these authors describe are feasible only if detailed taxonomic data are available to facilitate rapid identification of symbionts in situ. This kind of experimentation is impossible in symbiotic systems involving ‘zooxanthellae’, because of the general failure to provide adequate descriptions of the genera and species included in this ill-defined group. Admittedly, the situation shows signs of improvement. We now know that the ‘zooxanthella’ associated with C. convoluta Abildgaard is a diatom belonging to the genus Licmophora (Ax & Apelt, 1965; Apelt, 1969), the morphological criteria for the identification of Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal have been redefined (Taylor, 1969 a) and a revised taxonomic description of this species is now available (Kevin, Hall, McLaughlin & Zahl, 1969). Nevertheless, we are still a long way from achieving a representative collection of well known experimental symbionts for use in comparative studies. It therefore seems worthwhile (not merely an exercise in micro-taxonomy and micro-horticulture) to continue to collect, identify and describe the range of genera and species that may be hidden among the ‘zooxanthellae’. The present paper is one in a series (see Taylor, 1969 a, b, c) intended to explore the potential variety of these organisms.
A note on mathematical models for learning

It is shown that a rational learning curve developed by Estes for paired associate learning is a special case of a more general function. The latter is the product of two functions and assumes that the discovery and fixation aspects of learning are independent. The indications are that the form of one of the functions has not been tested sharply by Estes in the paired associate learning setting.
An ab initio study of ZrB2–SiC interface strength as a function of temperature: Correlating phononic and electronic thermal contributions

Abstract This work focuses on understanding correlations between thermal conduction and mechanical strength in a model high temperature material interface. Analyses examine single crystal ZrB2, single crystal SiC, and a 〈0 0 0 1〉–〈1 1 1〉 ZrB2–SiC interface using a framework based on Car Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) ab initio simulation method from 500 K to 2500 K. Analyses indicate that the strength reduction with increase in temperature is strongly correlated to phonon and electron thermal diffusivity change. With increase in temperature, phonon thermal diffusivity increases in the case of ZrB2 and reduces in the cases of SiC as well as the interface. Electron contribution to thermal diffusivity increases with temperature increase in the case of interface. Examination of change in thermal properties at different mechanical strain levels reveals that the mechanisms of strength and thermal property change with increase in temperature may be similar to the mechanisms responsible for property change with change in applied strain.
On the support of *-symmetric units in group algebras

(1996). On the support of *-symmetric units in group algebras. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 1207-1215.
Glucose permeability of lipid bilayer membranes

Abstract Bimolecular lipid membranes have been prepared from total phospholipid extracts of human red cells. The electrical properties and water permeability of these membranes were similar to values reported earlier for other bilayer membranes. The urea permeability coefficient was 5.7·10 −7 cm/sec. The upper limit of the sorbitol permeability coefficients was 3·10 −8 cm/sec. The upper limit of the glucose permeability coefficient was estimated to be 10 −10 cm/sec, some 10 6 -fold lower than that of the human red cell. These observations suggest that sugar transport involves membrane constituents other than lipids. The lipid bilayer model may prove to be a useful tool for the isolation and characterization of membrane proteins that may function as carriers.
Unstable Angina Pectoris: An Interventional Approach to Management:

The therapy of unstable angina has changed consider ably in the last 15 years. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology has led to many of the changes. Thrombus, platelet activation, progression of athero sclerosis, and coronary vasospasm all appear to have a role. Initial management in unstable angina should begin with aggressive medical therapy with nitrates, calcium antagonists, beta blockers, and aspirin. In patients who are refractory to aggressive medical management, early cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography is in dicated. The literature appears to confirm that patients with unstable angina who are stabilized with aggressive medical therapy fare as well as those treated with emer gency bypass surgery. Percutaneous transluminal coro nary angioplasty (PTCA) is the treatment of choice in medically refractory unstable angina patients with single-vessel coronary disease.New approaches include culprit lesion angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, coronary sinus retroperfusion, and new c...
Temperature activation of certain respiratory enzymes of stenothermophilic bacteria.

The results of this study of the effect of temperature on the respiratory mechanism of five stenothermophilic bacteria may be summarized as follows:— 1. The respiratory mechanism and its various components of the stenothermophilic bacteria were found to function at temperatures below the minimum temperature for growth of these organisms. In every case the rates of the individual reactions involved in the respiratory chain increased exponentially with temperature until the temperature at which inactivation became apparent was reached. 2. The mean activation energies, calculated from the "best" value for the slope of the straight lines resulting from a plot of log rate against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature were: Dehydrogenases: 28,000 to 28,500 calories per gram molecule. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, glycine, β-alanine, monosodium glutamate, (asparagine). 19,500 to 20,500 calories per gram molecule. Ethyl alcohol, succinate, pyruvate, lactate, acetate. 19,500 to 20,500 calories per gram molecule. Ethyl alcohol, succinate, pyruvate, lactate, acetate. 15,000 calories per gram molecule. Formate. Cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b and c (substrate: p-phenylenediamine): 16,800 calories per gram molecule. Cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c (substrate: hydroquinone): 20,200 calories per gram molecule. Catalase: 4,100 calories per gram molecule. Complete aerobic respiratory system (plus added glucose): 29,500 calories per gram molecule. 3. The identity of the energies of activation of the respiratory system and its enzymic components at temperatures above and below the minimum temperature for growth of the stenothermophilic bacteria was demonstrated. 4. An attempt has been made to indicate a relationship between the nature of the substrate and the activation energy by grouping substrates on the basis of common µ values obtained for their dehydrogenation by resting cell preparations of stenothermophilic bacteria. The dehydrogenation reactions have been found to be the rate-controlling reactions in the aerobic respiratory system of these bacteria.
Developing standards for affordances on embedded devices: poster abstract

Embedded devices are ubiquitous in our environment, including computing systems as widely diverse as digital watches, automobile dashboards, factory controllers, thermostats and other appliances. Traditionally, little attention has been paid to the user interface in such low-cost, dedicated-function devices. However, new technologies such as touchscreens are changing the landscape of embedded user interface design. Additionally, recent research has demonstrated that usability can have a significant effect on embedded device efficiency. Research on programmable thermostats in particular points to the need for proficient and consistent user interface design in order to realize energy savings nationwide. We discuss preliminary results from an in-depth usability study conducted on five programmable thermostat interfaces (three touchscreen, one web, and one-button based) with 31 participants. Our research suggests that users lacked a consistent mental model of how to interact with buttons, text, icons, and other features of the device. We hypothesize that discrepancies between perceived and actual affordances on the device had a measurable impact on users' ability to successfully accomplish key tasks on the thermostats.
Performance Evaluation of Asynchronous MC-DS-CDMA under Random Spreading and Correlated Fading

The effects of inter-carrier interference (ICI) and aperiodic random spreading sequences on the performance of asynchronous multicarrier code division multiple access (CDMA) systems with correlated fading among sub-carriers are investigated in this research. To obtain the maximal ratio combining (MRC) filter, random parameters including asynchronous delays, correlated Rayleigh fading and spreading sequences are averaged to find the unconditional covariance matrix of the interference-plus-noise vector. We demonstrate that the ICI in the system proposed by Kondo and Milstein can be mitigated by assigning a common random spreading sequence over all sub-carriers for each user, rather than using a set of distinct spreading sequences. Moreover, the analytic expression for the bit error probability (BEP) can be obtained with the Gaussian approximation. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the accuracy of our analysis. Finally, various design tradeoffs including the number of sub-carriers, fading correlations, ICI and multipath effect are also presented in simulation.
The Generalized Stein/Rubinstein Covariance Formula and Its Application to Estimate Real Systematic Risk

This paper generalizes Stein's Stein, C. 1973. Estimation of the mean of a multivariate normal distribution. Proc. Prague Sympos. Asymptotic Statistics, September 1973., Rubinstein's Rubinstein, M. 1973b. A comparative static analysis of risk premiums. J. Bus.46October 604-615; Rubinstein, M. 1976. The valuation of uncertain income streams and pricing of options. Bell J. Econom. Management Sci.7Autumn 407-425., and Losq and Chateau's Losq, E., J. P. D. Chateau. 1982. A generalization of the CAPM based on a property of covariance operator. J. Financial and Quant. Anal.17December 783-797. covariance formula to the case where both variables are functions of multivariate normal random variables. The resulting formula is extremely useful for either implicit functions of, or nonpolynomials of, multivariate normal random variables, such as exponential functions. An application of the use of the generalized Stein/Rubinstein covariance formula to the estimation of real systemic risk is provided to illustrate the results.
Psychosis, polydipsia, and water intoxication. Report of a fatal case.

In the absence of complicating medical illness, psychogenic polydipsia has been regarded as a fairly benign process. This paper reports on a case of rapidly fatal water intoxication secondary to psychogenic polydipsia in a psychotic woman. A review of the literature revealed a strong association between psychosis and water intoxication in compulsive water drinkers. The possible role of neuroendocrine changes in psychosis is discussed and the danger of thiazide diuretics in psychogenic polydipsia is emphasized.
ADOPTION OF INNOVATIVE CARIES-CONTROL SERVICES IN DENTAL PRACTICE: A SURVEY OF WASHINGTON STATE DENTISTS

To assess the adoptability of the medical model for caries control, the authors surveyed general dentists about their use of four caries-control services among adult patients: salivary functioning tests, fluoride varnishes, chlorhexidine rinses, and pit-and-fissure sealants. Responses indicated that leaders in the dental community and those with a wider network of professional colleagues were likely to adopt new services more quickly than other dentists. Earlier adopters also had more correct information about these services than later or nonadopters. Overall, the knowledge base of the services studied in this survey was not uniform, making adoption of the medical model for caries control premature.
Accuracy of Long Momentary Time-Sampling Intervals: Implications for Classroom Data Collection

The accuracy of various momentary time-sampling (MTS) interval lengths in estimating continuous measures of behavior and the implications for classroom data collection procedures were examined. Continuous interval recording records were simulated to provide standards against which to assess MTS interval lengths of 30 seconds and 5, 10, and 20 minutes. Standards were constructed to simulate behavior that occurred during 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the total intervals observed. Each MTS percent occurrence estimate was compared to the percent occurrence represented by the standard. The data revealed that short MTS interval lengths were more accurate and that level of percent occurrence did not differentially affect MTS estimates. The ability of MTS to reflect increasing and decreasing behavior trends and the interaction of MTS interval lengths with various percent occurrence levels also were examined.
Urban and rural ambient air aldehyde levels in Schenectady, New York and on Whiteface Mountain, New York

Abstract The air in the city of Schenectady, NY was sampled daily and analyzed for the presence of low molecular weight aldehydes during the months of June–August 1983. The diurnal variation of the aldehyde concentrations was also determined over a two day period during August. The dominant aldehyde was formaldehyde and its concentration varied from about 1–31 ppb. There was also observed a significant daily variation that appeared to correlate with traffic conditions. The technique was also used to monitor the aldehyde levels on the summit of Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, NY at the SUNYA Atmospheric Sciences Research Center. The monitoring was done on a daily basis during the week of 14–20 August and, during that week, every 3 h for a 3-day period. The two dominant aldehydes were formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and they varied in concentration from about 0.8–2.6 and 0.2–0.8 ppb, respectively.
Species-specific evolution of class I MHC genes in iguanas (order: Squamata; subfamily: Iguaninae).

Over the last few decades, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has emerged as a model for understanding the influence of natural selection on genetic diversity in populations as well as for investigating the genetic basis of host resistance to pathogens. However, many vertebrate taxa remain underrepresented in the field of MHC research, preventing its application to studies of disease, evolution, and conservation genetics in these groups. This is particularly true for squamates, which are by far the most diversified order of non-avian reptiles but have not been the subject of any recent MHC studies. In this paper, we present MHC class I complementary DNA data from three squamate species in the subfamily Iguaninae (iguanas): the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus), and the green iguana (Iguana iguana). All sequences obtained are related to the few published class I genes from other squamates. There is evidence for multiple loci in each species, and the conserved α-3 domain appears to be evolving in a species-specific manner. Conversely, there is some indication of shared polymorphism between species in the peptide-binding α-1 and α-2 domains, suggesting that these two regions have different phylogenetic histories. The great similarity between α-3 sequences in marine iguanas in particular suggests that concerted evolution is acting to homogenize class I loci within species. However, while less likely, the data are also compatible with a birth and death model of evolution.
Identity Verification, Control, and Aggression in Marriage:

In this research we study the identity verification process and its effects in marriage. Drawing on identity control theory, we hypothesize that a lack of verification in the spouse identity (1) threatens stable self-meanings and interaction patterns between spouses, and (2) challenges a (nonverified) spouse's perception of control over the environment. In response to both of these circumstances, spouses increase control over their partners to counteract disturbances to self-in-situation meanings and to regain the perception of control over their environment. When increased control over the partner does not reaffirm one's identity or restore the perception of control, one may use aggression to gain control. Analysis of data from newly married couples over the first two years of marriage provides results that are consistent with this thesis. In general, we see how the lack of identity verification is tied to the control process, leads to dysfunctional interaction patterns in marriage, and more broadly threatens a stable social structure.
Symmetry breaking and stabilization of critical phase.

Anisotropic quantum XY spin chains in a quasiperiodic (QP) transverse field provide a very interesting and a rich class of one-dimensional models exhibiting extended (E), localized (L), and critical (C) phases in addition to a magnetic transition to long-range order. The interesting feature in this class of models is the fact that the intermediate C phase exists in a finite window of size determined by the magnitude of spin-space anisotropy. Furthermore, even a small amount of anisotropy in the spin space destroys the fractal phase boundary between the E and L phases of the isotropic model.
Chronic isolated fallopian tube torsion.

Objective To describe a case of chronic isolated fallopian tubal torsion in a woman without identifiable risk factors and discuss the difficulty of diagnosis. Design Case report. Setting University-based reproductive endocrinology and infertility center. Patient(s) Multiparous woman with no risk factors of torsion of the fallopian tube presenting with chronic right lower quadrant pain. Intervention Laparoscopy with subsequent salpingectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Resolution of symptoms. Preservation of ovary and future fertility. Result(s) Patient's symptoms resolved after salpingectomy. Information regarding future fertility is pending. Conclusion(s) Isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare and often difficult to diagnose. Despite ultrasonographic evidence of arterial and/or venous flow to the adnexa, adnexal torsion cannot be ruled out. If clinical suspicion for torsion is high, early diagnosis and treatment via laparoscopy is encouraged as a means of preserving fallopian tube integrity and maintaining fertility, especially in reproductive-age women.
The N15 component of the brainstem auditory evoked potential: a measure of hippocampal activity in schizophrenics?

The negative wave component of the brainstem auditory evoked potential at approximately 15 ms has been found to be related to activity in the hippocampus. Since hippocampal abnormalities have been reported among schizophrenic patients, it is obvious that a reliable electrophysiological measure of hip-pocampal activity might be useful in the study of schizophrenia. For instance, it may be hypothesized that the N15 wave of the BAEP would be abnormally reduced in amplitude for schizophrenics compared to controls, based on the previously reported misalignment of neurons in the hippocampus for schizophrenics. The measurement of the N15 is complicated by the presence of a postauricular muscle reflex in some individuals. We attempted an analysis of the N15 wave based on distributional characteristics for schizophrenics and control subjects. The nature of the N15 wave is described and potential lines of investigation are proposed.
Nonresonant Background Suppression in Femtosecond Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering for Flame Thermometry at 5000 Hz

Polarization suppression of the nonresonant background in femtosecond CARS measurements is demonstrated. Single-laser-shot spectra recorded at 5000 Hz are fit to determine temperature in unsteady flames over the temperature range 500-1800 K.
Compact, Walkable, Diverse Neighborhoods:Assessing Effects on Residents

What research supports the view that compact, walkable, diverse (CWD) neighborhoods are beneficial for urban residents? To make this assessment, we searched the literature to try to understand the current status of evidence regarding claims about the CWD neighborhood. We find that research linking CWD neighborhoods to effects on residents coalesces around three main topics: social relations, health, and safety. We conclude that on the basis of the literature reviewed, most of the intended benefits of the CWD neighborhood have been researched and found to have significant, positive effects for urban dwellers. While physical factors are but one element affecting behavior and outcomes, and the issues of self-selection and causality remain, overall, key dimensions of the CWD neighborhood have been found to positively affect social interaction, health, and safety.
Association between infection early in life and mental disorders among youth in the community: a cross-sectional study

The objective of this study was to examine the association between infection early in life and mental disorders among youth in the community. Data were drawn from the MECA (Methods in Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent psychopathology), a community-based study of 1,285 youth in the United States conducted in 1992. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between parent/caregiver-reported infection early in life and DSM/DISC diagnoses of mental disorders at ages 9-17. Infection early in life was associated with a significantly increased odds of major depression (OR = 3.9), social phobia (OR = 5.8), overanxious disorder (OR = 6.1), panic disorder (OR = 12.1), and oppositional defiant disorder (OR = 3.7). These findings are consistent with and extend previous results by providing new evidence suggesting a link between infection early in life and increased risk of depression and anxiety disorders among youth. These results should be considered preliminary. Replication of these findings with longitudinal epidemiologic data is needed. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
The Floor Projection Maze: A novel behavioral apparatus for presenting visual stimuli to rats.

There is a long tradition of studying visual learning in rats by presenting stimuli vertically on cards or monitors. The procedures are often labor intensive and the rate of acquisition can be prohibitively low. Available evidence suggests that rats process visual information presented in the lower visual hemifield more effectively than information presented in the upper visual hemifield. We capitalized on these findings by developing a novel apparatus, the Floor Projection Maze, for presenting visual information directly to the floor of an exploratory maze. Two-dimensional (2D) visual stimuli were presented on the floor by back-projecting an image from a standard digital projector to the semi-transparent underside of the floor of an open maze. Long-Evans rats rapidly acquired easy 2D visual discriminations (Experiment 1). Rats were also able to learn a more difficult shape discrimination in dramatically fewer trials than previously reported for the same discrimination when presented vertically (Experiment 2). The two choice discrimination task was adapted to determine contrast sensitivity thresholds in a naive group of rats (Experiment 3). Contrast sensitivity thresholds were uniform across three subjects, demonstrating that the Floor Projection Maze can be used for visual psychophysics in rats. Our findings demonstrate that rats can rapidly acquire visual tasks when stimuli are presented horizontally on the floor, suggesting that this novel behavioral apparatus will provide a powerful behavioral paradigm in the future.
Content-Based Language Instruction: Investigating the Effectiveness of the Adjunct Model

This article describes the adjunct model of language instruction, in which English/ESL courses are linked with content courses to integrate better the reading, writing, and study skills required for academic success in the university setting. Following a rationale for the adjunct model and a description of its key features as employed in the Freshman Summer Program (FSP) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the findings of two studies carried out at UCLA are presented: (a) former students' evaluation of the program and (b) follow-up interviews with selected ESL students and results of a simulated examination comparing the FSP follow-up students and non-FSP ESL students. The nation's colleges and universities are faced with the mounting challenge of educating a steady stream of underprepared students entering higher education. These incoming students, both from language majority and language minority backgrounds, enter the university lacking the essential skills required to succeed academically, such as the ability to synthesize lecture and text material and to express this information clearly in written assignments and on examinations. Language minority students, in addition to being deficient in academic skills, also may be less proficient in English, thus further limiting their potential for university success. In terms of university admissions, language minority students comprise an ever-increasing segment of the undergraduate population. In the state of California, for example, the number of Hispanic high-school graduates grew from 22,000 in the mid-1960s to 52,000 in the mid-1980s, and the number of Asian high-school
A reply to gentleman and Marovich

Gentleman and Marovich in their short communication [Comm. ACM 17, 5 (May 1974) 276-277] make the claim that for FORTRAN “… the language definitions require that subprograms can be separately compiled…,” citing the ANSI FORTRAN standard X3.9-1966 as their authority.
High Authority Morphing Structures

Recent advances in actuation technology and multifunctional materials have presented a unique opportunity to develop structures that have the ability to morph to a variety of shapes while under significant load constraints. One of the many applications of these “high-authority” systems is for morphing air wings for control and drag reduction. The exciting solution to this is the creation of a statically determinate structure that incorporates linear actuators to produce morphing capabilities. Statically determinate structures satisfy Maxwell’s necessary condition that the number of member forces equal the number of joint equilibrium equations. By imposing this condition on the structure it is possible to actively change the shape of the overall structure without resulting in failure. In a morphing foil, the only induced strain within passive members will be due to the hydrodynamic forces present. Deformation of the truss members is stretch-dominated—they do not experience bending—and thus improve the load carrying capacity of the structure. Of primary interest are Shape Memory Alloy (SMAs) actuators. SMAs are useful for shape morphing concepts where large forces are needed. A prototypical foil has been built around a statically determinate structure that incorporates linear actuators to produce morphing capabilities. These “smart” foils have been tested in a wind tunnel to examine their drag reduction capabilities.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Revisiting the compositions and volatile contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Mount Shasta region: implications for the formation of high-Mg andesites

Primitive chemical characteristics of high-Mg andesites (HMA) suggest equilibration with mantle wedge peridotite, and they may form through either shallow, wet partial melting of the mantle or re-equilibration of slab melts migrating through the wedge. We have re-examined a well-studied example of HMA from near Mt. Shasta, CA, because petrographic evidence for magma mixing has stimulated a recent debate over whether HMA magmas have a mantle origin. We examined naturally quenched, glassy, olivine-hosted (Fo87–94) melt inclusions from this locality and analyzed the samples by FTIR, LA-ICPMS, and electron probe. Compositions (uncorrected for post-entrapment modification) are highly variable and can be divided into high-CaO (>10 wt%) melts only found in Fo > 91 olivines and low-CaO ( 90 olivines. Restored low-CaO melt inclusions are HMAs (57–61 wt% SiO2; 4.9–10.9 wt% MgO), whereas high-CaO inclusions are primitive basaltic andesites (PBA) (51–56 wt% SiO2; 9.8–15.1 wt% MgO). HMA and PBA inclusions have distinct trace element characteristics. Importantly, both types of inclusions are volatile-rich, with maximum values in HMA and PBA melt inclusions of 3.5 and 5.6 wt% H2O, 830 and 2,900 ppm S, 1,590 and 2,580 ppm Cl, and 500 and 820 ppm CO2, respectively. PBA melts are comparable to experimental hydrous melts in equilibrium with harzburgite. Two-component mixing between PBA and dacitic magma (59:41) is able to produce a primitive HMA composition, but the predicted mixture shows some small but significant major and trace element discrepancies from published whole-rock analyses from the Shasta locality. An alternative model that involves incorporation of xenocrysts (high-Mg olivine from PBA and pyroxenes from dacite) into a primary (mantle-derived) HMA magma can explain the phenocryst and melt inclusion compositions but is difficult to evaluate quantitatively because of the complex crystal populations. Our results suggest that a spectrum of mantle-derived melts, including both PBA and HMA, may be produced beneath the Shasta region. Compositional similarities between Shasta parental melts and boninites imply similar magma generation processes related to the presence of refractory harzburgite in the shallow mantle.
Volume of the cingulate and outcome in schizophrenia

Abstract Background : Previous studies indicated that schizophrenia patients have reduced frontal volumes in comparison with normal, but among schizophrenics, reduced volumes of the posterior (temporal, parietal and occipital) cortex were associated with poor outcome. We examined whether this pattern is seen within the anteroposterior arch of the cingulate gyrus. Methods : MR images were acquired in 37 schizophrenia patients (Kraepelinian, n =13; non-Kraepelinian, n =24) and 37 controls, and CSF, gray and white matter volumes in individual Brodmann's areas (BA) of the cingulate arch (areas 25, 24, 23, 31, 30, 29) were assessed and examined in relation to outcome. Results : Schizophrenia patients had significant gray matter reductions in the absolute (mm 3 ) volume of Brodmann's area 24 in anterior cingulate and, when corrected for brain size, in the whole cingulate and retrosplenial (areas 29–30) cortex. White matter volumes were increased in right posterior cingulate (area 31). Schizophrenia patients also showed abnormal lateralization of white matter volumes in retrosplenial cortex (area 30) and had lower correlations between frontal and anterior cingulate regions than controls. Poor-outcome subgroup exhibited significant bilateral gray matter deficits in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices compared to good-outcome patients, while no white matter increases in these areas were seen. Conclusions : Poor outcome was associated with gray matter deficits in posterior cingulate while compensatory white matter increases in dorsal posterior regions may be related to better outcome. Possible consequences of this may include thought disorder, disturbance of consciousness, treatment resistance, and cognitive decline indicative of a dementing process as a superimposed or inherent part of this schizophrenia subtype.