cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POSING AND SOLVING VERBAL PROBLEMS

Anyone who has taught the textbook sec tions on verbal problems in an algebra course knows that students have trouble solving these problems. Consequently, there is a tendency to change solving verbal problems into doing exercises by giving students algorithms for each of the stan dard types of problems in textbooks. Since textbook verbal problems are difficult for students and atypical of real-world appli cations of mathematics, why do teachers bother with them? Some reasons given for teaching these textbook story problems are that students need to know how to solve them and that they should learn generalizable problem solving strategies. It is argued that textbook verbal problems must be important be cause they are in the textbooks, which is not necessarily true. Also, there is scant evi dence to support the claim that teaching the types of verb?l problems found in most textbooks will improve general problem solving abilities. As teachers, we should not abandon teaching word problems. We should try to find interesting and useful problems for students to solve and develop more effec tive strategies to help people learn how to solve verbal problems.
Algorithm 1012: DELAUNAYSPARSE: Interpolation via a Sparse Subset of the Delaunay Triangulation in Medium to High Dimensions

DELAUNAYSPARSE contains both serial and parallel codes written in Fortran 2003 (with OpenMP) for performing medium- to high-dimensional interpolation via the Delaunay triangulation. To accommodate the exponential growth in the size of the Delaunay triangulation in high dimensions, DELAUNAYSPARSE computes only a sparse subset of the complete Delaunay triangulation, as necessary for performing interpolation at the user specified points. This article includes algorithm and implementation details, complexity and sensitivity analyses, usage information, and a brief performance study.
Equity Returns in the Banking Sector in the Wake of the Great Recession and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis1

This study finds that equity returns in the banking sector in the wake of the Great Recession and the European sovereign debt crisis have been driven mainly by weak growth prospects and heightened sovereign risk and to a lesser extent, by deteriorating funding conditions and investor sentiment. While the equity return performance in the banking sector has been dismal in general, better capitalized and less leveraged banks have outperformed their peers, a finding that supports policymakers’ efforts to strengthen bank capitalization.
Emergence of lanes and turbulent-like motion in active spinner fluid

Assemblies of self-rotating particles are gaining interest as a novel realization of active matter with unique collective behaviors such as edge currents and non-trivial dynamic states. Here, we develop a continuum model for a system of fluid-embedded spinners by coarse-graining the equations of motion of the discrete particles. We apply the model to explore mixtures of clockwise and counterclockwise rotating spinners. We find that the dynamics is sensitive to fluid inertia; in the inertialess system, after transient turbulent-like motion the spinners segregate and form steady traffic lanes. At small but finite Reynolds number instead, the turbulent-like motion persists and the system exhibits a chirality breaking transition leading to a single rotation sense state. Our results shed light on the dynamic behavior of non-equilibrium materials exemplified by active spinners. Emergent collective behaviour has recently been addressed in systems of self-rotating particles, where motion, in particular, is an emergent phenomenon rather than a basic ingredient. Here, the authors derive a continuum model for mixtures of clockwise and counterclockwise Quincke spinners, demonstrating the emergence of same-spin phase separation, traffic lanes, sustained turbulent-like motion, and a chirality breaking transition depending on the fluid inertia of the system.
Pretreatment and optimization of reducing sugar extraction from indigenous microalgae grown on brewery wastewater for bioethanol production

The aim of this study was to select a suitable pretreatment method and optimize total reducing sugar extraction from indigenous Scenedesmus sp. grown on brewery wastewater for bioethanol production. Microalgal biomass was pretreated using a microwave, autoclave, water bath, and oven with HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, and KOH, followed by the optimization of the best pretreatment method and hydrolytic agent using response surface methodology for reducing sugar extraction. Four independent variables (acid concentration, microwave power, temperature, and extraction time) were then considered in the optimization and model development process; results showed that the maximum reducing sugar content was achieved in a microwave with HCl. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression coefficient (0.983) also showed that the developed model was significant (P < 0.05) and fitted to the experimental data, respectively. The optimum conditions of an acid concentration of 1.68 N, microwave power of 1200 W, the temperature of 145 °C, and extraction time of 19 min were predicted a maximum total reducing sugar production of 175.5 mg/g. The experimental result of total reducing sugar obtained at optimum conditions was 172.5 mg/g, which was well close to the predicted value, verifying the appropriateness of the model. The highest bioethanol yield of 0.08 g ethanol/g microalgal biomass was obtained at 24-h fermentation time with a fermentation efficiency of 88.15%. This study demonstrates the possibility of bioethanol production from indigenous microalgae grown on brewery wastewater through microwave-assisted acid extraction of reducing sugar.
Racial/Ethnic Disparity Trends in Children's Mental Health Care Access and Expenditures From 2010 to 2017: Disparities Remain Despite Sweeping Policy Reform.

Objective To examine trends in mental health care use for Black and Latinx children and adolescents. Method Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2010–2017 were analyzed to assess trends among youth ages 5–17 in use and expenditures for any mental health care, outpatient mental health care, and psychotropic medication prescription fills. Unadjusted trends for all youth and the subpopulation of youth reporting need for mental health care and disparities adjusting for need were examined. Results Between 2010 and 2017, Black youth rates of any past year mental health care use decreased (from 9% to 8%), while White (from 13% to 15%) and Latinx (from 6% to 8%) youth rates increased. Among the subpopulation with need and in regression analysis adjusting for need, we identified significant Black–White and Latinx–White disparities in any mental health care use and any outpatient mental health care use in 2010–2011 and 2016–2017, with significant worsening of Black–White disparities over time. White youth were more than twice as likely as Latinx youth to use psychotropic medications, and Latinx–White and Black–White disparities in psychotropic medication prescription fills persisted over time. Black–White disparities existed in overall mental health expenditures (2016–2017) and outpatient mental health expenditures (2010–2011 and 2016–2017). Conclusion Affordable, ubiquitous access to mental health care for Black and Latinx youth remains an elusive target. Significant disparities exist in receiving mental health care despite reforms and policies designed to increase mental health care access in the general population. Additional outreach and treatment strategies tailored to the cultural, linguistic, and structural needs of youth of color are required.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis

Recently, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as rescue therapy for newborns with overwhelming early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis. To determine which clinical factors best predict mortality and to evaluate the outcome of this therapy, a retrospective examination of the clinical course and outcome of ECMO-eligible newborns with early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis was undertaken. The study period was divided into two phases based on when ECMO was initially used at Kosair Children's Hospital as therapy for septic neonates. Phase 1 (pre-ECMO) was the period from January 1, 1982, through June 15, 1986, and phase 2 (ECMO) from June 16, 1986, through December 31, 1989. Newborns with gestational age greater than or equal to 34 weeks, birth weight greater than or equal to 2000 g, and evidence of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis were eligible for study. Only newborns who received mechanical ventilation were evaluated. Sixteen patients from phase 1 met the above criteria. Of those, 10 exhibited no sign of hypotension and all survived. Of the 6 patients with hypotension, 3 died. Forty patients were identified from phase 2. Seven patients remained normotensive and all survived. Thirty-three patients were hypotensive, of which 15 received ECMO and 13 survived. Of the 18 who did not receive ECMO, 7 died. Regarding all hypotensive newborns, those who did not receive ECMO had a trend toward lower survival (P less than .06) and were more likely to die if they were of lower birth weight, manifested a persistent acidosis (pH less than or equal to 7.25), and had an absolute neutrophil count less than 500 cells/mm3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NINE MYTHS OF ON-LINE TEACHING

Have you noticed there is a push for on-line courses at Oklahoma colleges and universities? Many of us have been urged to transform our courses into web-enhanced or totally on-line courses. Like anything else, some people are doing it badly while others have learned a great deal, and we can benefit from their knowledge.
Wave-CAIPI for highly accelerated 3D imaging

Purpose To introduce the wave-CAIPI (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging) acquisition and reconstruction technique for highly accelerated 3D imaging with negligible g-factor and artifact penalties. Methods The wave-CAIPI 3D acquisition involves playing sinusoidal and gradients during the readout of each encoding line while modifying the 3D phase encoding strategy to incur interslice shifts as in 2D-CAIPI acquisitions. The resulting acquisition spreads the aliasing evenly in all spatial directions, thereby taking full advantage of 3D coil sensitivity distribution. By expressing the voxel spreading effect as a convolution in image space, an efficient reconstruction scheme that does not require data gridding is proposed. Rapid acquisition and high-quality image reconstruction with wave-CAIPI is demonstrated for high-resolution magnitude and phase imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping. Results Wave-CAIPI enables full-brain gradient echo acquisition at 1 mm isotropic voxel size and R = 3 × 3 acceleration with maximum g-factors of 1.08 at 3T and 1.05 at 7T. Relative to the other advanced Cartesian encoding strategies (2D-CAIPI and bunched phase encoding) wave-CAIPI yields up to two-fold reduction in maximum g-factor for nine-fold acceleration at both field strengths. Conclusion Wave-CAIPI allows highly accelerated 3D acquisitions with low artifact and negligible g-factor penalties, and may facilitate clinical application of high-resolution volumetric imaging. Magn Reson Med 73:2152–2162, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic aspect analysis of the organization adaptation to changes in the environment through a portfolio of projects

The possibility of applying the general provisions of synergy, as an integrative discipline, to the methodology for the organization development management through portfolios of projects was considered. Comparative analysis of the traditional classical and synergistic approaches to the evolutionary development of systems was given. The concept of bifurcations in development systems, as sudden and unexpected changes in organizational processes, was examined. Methodological principles of monitoring the organization development portfolio, which provide ongoing control of the organization development progress within established deviations of the defined indicators were presented. The cases of growth of internal entropy of the system and loss of property of adaptation to the environment based on a system approach were reviewed. Application of value approach to synergistic organization development management based on investigating the indicators of the organization adaptation to changes in the environment was proposed. The algorithm of using the synergistic management for evolutionary organization development were presented, control calculations to analyze the results on the example of the operating enterprise were conducted.
Images of Women in Weekly Male Comic Magazines in Japan

Les bandes dessinees, publiees sous forme de magazines hebdomadaires, sont au Japon un formidable produit commercial, qui se vend par milliards de copies annuellement. Les bandes dessinees sont bien plus que de simples sources de divertissement. Le present article s'interesse particulierement aux bandes dessinees destinees au public masculin, qui se subdivisent en trois categories : romance et fantastique, drame, et pornographie. Les questions soulevees dans cette analyse sont les suivantes : (1) Quelles sont les differentes personnalites et occupations feminines ? Sont-elles en accord avec les stereotypes au sujet des femmes japonaises ? (2) Quels sont les phantasmes des hommes decrits dans ces magazines ? (3) Les comportements decrits dans ces magazines sont-ils retenus comme normes culturelles ? Servent-ils des interets politiques et sociaux en encourageant la domination masculine et la subordination feminine ? (4) Pourquoi les crimes violents demeurent-ils rares au Japon en depit de la popularite de ces magazines dans lesquels on trouve facilement un discours de la violence masculine envers les femmes et meme envers les hommes ? En conclusion, il apparait que la popularite de ces magazines est d'autant plus justifiee qu'il y a un changement culturel qui s'opere dans la societe japonaise au niveau de l'egalite des sexes
Hypersensitive and enzyme responses in potato tuber tissue treated withVerticillium dahliae and arachidonic acid

Wound-healing tuber tissues from two potato cultivars, one resistant (cv. Reddale) and one susceptible (cv. Kennebec) to Verticillium wilt caused by the fungusVerticillium dahliae were treated with elicitor preparations of either an autoclaved mycelial extract of the fungus or with the fungal component arachidonic acid (AA). Wound-healing tissues were analyzed for hypersensitive cell browning (HCB) and alterations in lipoxygenase (LOX), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (PER) activities, because all three enzymes are thought to be involved in the hypersensitive response and plant defense. Healing Reddale tissues that were treated with the elicitors exhibited a much more rapid and intense HCB than did the healing Kennebec tissues. By 96 h, Reddale tissues treated with either elicitor preparation appeared dark brown and necrotic. Treated Kennebec tissues appeared only slightly darker than the controls after 96 h. LOX, PPO and PER activities in treated Reddale tissues were significantly less than that found in the control after 48 h, and by 96 h PPO and PER activities were nearly zero. In contrast, LOX activity in AA-treated Kennebec disks was higher than in the control at 96 h, while the activities of PPO and PER had decreased to about 60% of the control at the same time period. Our results show that HCB is strongly correlated withV. dahliae and AA elicitor treatments in the resistant vs. the susceptible cultivar, while the overall role of the three enzymes in cell browning and death remain unclear.
Pain perception in a man with total corpus callosum transection

While classical and current theories of pain emphasize the critical role of central neural pathways that represent the contralateral body surface and cross within the spinal cord, the role of neural input representing the ipsilateral body surface is uncertain. In the present experiments with a complete corpus callosum-sectioned patient, both tactile and low intensity noxious stimuli (43-47 degrees C) ipsilateral to the responding cerebral hemisphere were poorly perceived and/or rated low on verbal and visual analogue scales (VAS). Surprisingly, however, high intensity noxious thermal stimuli (49-51 degrees C) were rated on verbal or visual analogue scales as very intense and unpleasant, thereby reflecting both sensory-discriminative and motivational-affective dimensions of pain. Thus, the pathways and mechanisms subserving this ipsilateral input have high thresholds for activation, but once activated are sufficient to evoke all of the critical dimensions of the experience of pain.
Fine structure of scale development in the teleost, Brachydanio rerio

Mature and embryonic scales of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, were examined by light and electron microscopy. Each scale consists of a mineralized “osseous layer” superficially and a deeper, non-mineralized, “fibrillary plate.” The mineralizing matrix contains randomly oriented filaments in decalcified sections, whereas the fibrillary plate is composed of orthogonally arranged lamellae of banded collagen fibrils embedded in electron dense material. Scale papillae and small scales first appear in the midbody region of fry between 0.95 and 1.14 cm long. The matrix of the osseous layer is produced prior to the fibrils of the fibrillary plate. Foci of mineral deposition appear in this matrix soon after its production, and increase gradually in number and extent. Cells surrounding the periphery of the scale are continuous with two layers of cells beneath the inner surface and with two layers extending a variable distance over the superficial surface. These “scale-associated” cells are separated from the dermal collagen by other investing cell processes. The probable roles of these cells in scale formation are discussed and the need for further investigation of the fish scale as a mineralizing system is stressed.
Correlates of prisoner misconduct

Using a nationwide sample of 5586 state-prison inmates, relationships between the frequency of officially reported institutional misconduct (as reported by the inmates) and certain preinstitutional and institution-related inmate traits were examined. Findings indicate that rule-breaking behavior is associated with being young, black, and male, having a relatively high number of prior convictions, having been unemployed prior to incarceration, and having been imprisoned for a relatively long period of time. Furthermore, such misconduct shows no relationship to domestic status, educational achievement, alcohol and drug problems, military service, income level, current offense, interaction with family and friends outside of prison, hours spent outside of cell, and daily activity. Policy implications are addressed. Misconduct is considered within the broad context of interaction among inmate traits, prison-level characteristics, and extrainstitutional factors.
The polarization of neutrons from the Li7(p, n)Be7 reaction (II)

Abstract The polarization of the Li7(p, n)Be7 neutrons has been deduced from measurements of the left-right asymmetry in the scattering of these neutrons from a liquid oxygen analyzer. Angular distributions of the polarization (Pn) were measured at 2.2, 2.6 and 3.0 MeV covering angular ranges (laboratory system) of from 30° to 70°, 30° to 115° and 30° to 70°, respectively. For neutrons emitted at 50°, additional measurements were made at proton energies between 2.1 and 3.1 MeV. At 2.6 MeV Pn is close to zero at 105° and 115°, suggesting that at least two states formed by the same initial channel spin and having l 1 +l 2 ≧ 2 contribute to the reaction. The polarization at 50° as a function of energy decreases rapidly from about 0.5 at 2.15 MeV to a broad minimum centered at 2.45 MeV where the polarization is about 0.2 and then increases to a constant value near 0.3 at bombarding energies above 2.7 MeV. Polarizations and differential cross sections calculated assuming that the reaction is described by the levels in Be8 which were postulated by Macklin and Gibbons to account for their measured total cross sections are not consistent with the experimental data. The results of calculations based on several other sets of level parameters are discussed. The unequal values of the reduced widths for emission of protons and neutrons observed for at least one level in Be8 are explained in terms of the mixing by electromagnetic effects of states in Be8 with the same spin and parity, but different isobaric spin.
George Zografi and the Science of Solids and Surfaces

This special edition of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is dedicated to Professor George Zografi (Emeritus Professor and former Dean of the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy), and celebrates his long and distinguished career as a scientist, teacher, and mentor. Much has already been written by others about Professor Zografi’s personal and academic life,1,2 and we do not wish to recreate these excellent biographies in this editorial. Instead, we would like to highlight the unique journey that led to Professor Zografi’s numerous ground-breaking scientific accomplishments in several key areas of pharmaceutical science over the last fifty years.
Gain : Paul's Visits To Jerusalem

1) Gal. i I8 ff., ii I ff. 2) Acts ix 26 ff., xi 27 ff. (xii 25), xv I ff., xviii 22, XXi 17 ff. 3) There are essentially seven positions: (i) Gal. ii equals Acts xv (J. B. LIGHTFOOT, Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, [loth ed.; London: Macmillan & Co., I890], pp. 123-28), (2) Gal. ii equals Acts xi (W. M. RAMSAY, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen [Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, I960], pp. 57-9), (3) Gal. ii equals Acts xi equals Acts xv (M. S. ENSLIN, Christian Beginnings [New York: Harper & Brothers, I938], pp. 228-29), (4) Gal. ii equals Acts xviii (J. KNOX, Chapters in a Life of Paul [New York: Abingdon, 1950], (5) Gal. ii equals Acts xv I-4, 12 (J. WEISS, Earliest Christianity [,,Harper Torchbooks"; New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, I959], I, chap. ii), (6) Gal. ii equals Acts xi plus Acts xv (BERNARD ORCHARD, CBQ, VII [I945] 377-97: BJRL, XXVIII [I944] I54-74), (7) Gal. ii equals a visit nowhere mentioned in Acts. (T. W. MANSON, Studies in the Gospels and Epistles, ed. M. BLACK [Philadelphia: Westminster Press, I962], pp. I76 ff.). For brief summary and evaluation of the first five of these positions, see G. B. CAIRD, The Apostolic Age (London: Duckworth, I955), Appendix A, or ,,Chronology of the New Testament", IDB, I, 605 ff. 4) Some scholars want to talk about their position being a matter of general agreement. F. W. BEARE, "The Sequence of Events in Acts ix-xv and the Career of Peter", JBL, LXII (I943), 297, n. 3, not only speaks of general agreement that Gal. ii equals Acts xi equals Acts xv, but also thinks it is the ,,only possible solution". (Compare, however, W. KtUMMEL, ,,Das Urchristentum", TR, XVII [I948-49], 30-3I) J. N. SANDERS, "Peter and Paul in the Acts", NTS, II (I955), 136, however, says he is following "the generally received opinion" when he assumes that Gal. ii I ff. equals Acts xi 29-30, xii 25. It seems better, however, to speak of a "stalemate among conflicting reconstructions". (C. E. FAW, "The Anomaly of Galatians", Biblical Research, IV I960, 26).
Analysis of a model of membrane potential for a skin receptor.

Abstract A linear model for the membrane potential of a nerve ending associated with a sense-of-touch skin receptor is formulated and analyzed. Because the nerve has cytoplasmic extensions and is stimulated through a membrane strain mechanism, the model is a generalized cable equation with linear oblique boundary conditions (i.e. boundary conditions involving both time and space derivatives). The model is stimulated through a certain conductance parameter.We establish solutions for the problem and we consider a particular physiological question, both analytically and computationally, of determining conditions on parameters and stimulus which give threshold level potential values at a particular boundary point.
Contamination of groundwater by atrazine and selected metabolites

Abstract Groundwaters from an agricultural PA watershed were analyzed for atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, and the desethylated (DEA), and desisopropylated (DIA) atrazine metabolites. Atrazine and both metabolites were found in most groundwaters including deep wells, a spring and groundwaters about to become streamflow. The highest concentrations of atrazine and the dominant metabolite, DEA, were found in groundwaters draining areas dominated by corn production, especially after the first major groundwater recharge period following herbicide application.
Students with disabilities in post-secondary education: the perspectives of wheelchair users

Changes in higher education in the United States usually occur in response to societal attitudes and social and legislative policies. Over the past 15 years, post-secondary institutions have experienced a significant increase in the enrolment of students with disabilities, a trend that has resulted in more wheelchair users in colleges and universities. Wheelchair users have unique problems among students with disabilities because of the presence of physical barriers in university environments and some negative attitudinal barriers. In this study, the university life experience of six students with disabilities, who used a wheelchair to attend school, was explored. A qualitative methodology involving one-on-one interviews was used with two undergraduate and four postgraduate students attending a large urban university. The interview sessions were analysed and the data coded into descriptive themes. The six major themes were: what college education means to us; making choices; personal support network; institutional responsibility; university community; and self-promotion–a much-needed business tool. ‘Experience is a wholesome process’ had emerged as a meta-theme connecting all six themes together into describing the student educational experience. The data obtained describe university life from the perspective of these participants. Barriers to participating in university life are identified and facilitating factors for satisfactory university life are explored. Further research is recommended to understand the factors in a university environment that prevent students who are disabled and use a wheelchair from succeeding. A few suggestions recommended by the researcher are: rural and suburban institutions could be studied separately; studies could be done exclusively with undergraduate or postgraduate students; separate studies should be done with students with different disability categories and disability levels; the support network could be included in the data collection. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Acetylcholinesterase-staining synaptosomes from rat hippocampus: relative frequency and tentative estimation of internal concentration of free or 'labile bound' acetylcholine

This investigation is an electron microscopic, histochemical study of the localization of acetylcholinesterase on membranes in partially fractionated sucrose homogenates of the hippocampal formation. A large number of stained membranes were observed; staining was lost after addition of1 μM paraoxon, placement of lesions in the septum and omission of acetylthiocholine from the incubation media. Addition of iso-OMPA (10−4 M) to the media did not alter the staining. Thus, the staining appeared to be due to the presence of specific acetylcholinesterase localized to afferent neurons. Only a minority of the stained membranes were synaptosomal membranes. Most of them appeared to be broken unmyelinated axons, postsynaptic processes, and mitochondria. However, a measurable portion of synaptosomal profiles were completely stained and comprised approximately 6% of the total number of profiles. On the basis of existing evidence, these were tentatively assumed to be cholinergic. After calculation of the volumes of these presumed cholinergic synaptosomes, it was estimated that the concentration of free or ‘labile bound’ acetylcholine within these terminals was about2mM. However, this is probably an underestimation.
Oxidative stress-induced calcium signalling in Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract The effects of oxidative stress on levels of calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) in Aspergillus nidulans were measured using strains expressing aequorin in the cytoplasm (Aeq cyt ) and mitochondria (Aeq mt ). When oxidative stress was induced by exposure to 10-mM H 2 O 2 , the mitochondrial calcium response (Ca mt 2+ ) was greater than the change in cytoplasmic calcium (Ca c 2+ ). The Ca mt 2+ response to H 2 O 2 was dose dependent, while the increase in [Ca c 2+ ] did not change with increasing H 2 O 2 . The increase in both [Ca c 2+ ] and [Ca mt 2+ ] in response to oxidative stress was enhanced by exposure of cells to Ca 2+ . The presence of chelator in the external medium only partially inhibited the Ca mt 2+ and Ca c 2+ responses to oxidative stress. Reagents that alter calcium fluxes had varied effects on the Ca mt 2+ response to peroxide. Ruthenium red blocked the increase in [Ca mt 2+ ], while neomycin caused an even greater increase in [Ca mt 2+ ]. Treatment with ruthenium red and neomycin had no effect on the Ca c 2+ response. Bafilomycin A and oligomycin had no effect on either the mitochondrial or cytoplasmic response. Inhibitors of both voltage-regulated calcium channels and intracellular calcium release channels inhibited the Ca 2+ -dependent component of the Ca mt 2+ response to oxidative stress. We conclude that the more significant Ca 2+ response to oxidative stress occurs in the mitochondria and that both intracellular and extracellular calcium pools can contribute to the increases in [Ca c 2+ ] and [Ca mt 2+ ] induced by oxidative stress.
Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A New Method for Performing Real-Time Characterization of Aerosol Particles

Abstract Recently our research group has developed aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry, an instrumental method for the real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles. Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry couples two-laser aerodynamic particle sizing with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to measure both the size and composition of single particles. One of the aims of this research is to provide more detailed measurements of atmospheric aerosol particles than are currently available for epidemiological studies. Current aerosol data mainly consist of particle mass concentration measurements, which are employed to correlate particle concentration with effects on mortality and morbidity. Sample spectra of several different particle classifications are shown. Monitoring ambient aerosols over time demonstrates that significant changes in particle chemical composition can occur without correspondingly large changes in the total size distribution. Also, certain metal species (such as iron, lea...
In vivo stereological assessment of caudate volume in man: effect of normal aging.

Summary Using intermediate weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a systematic sampling stereological method in 39 normal volunteers aged 24-79 years old, we demonstrated a marked ageassociated decline in caudate nuclei volume (r : -0.69, p < 0.0001). The mean absolute volume of the caudate nuclei in this study (9.4 cm 3) was almost identical to that reported in a previous autopsy study and further confirms the validity of this stereological technique for use with MR images. This technique will provide a method for measuring the caudate and other nuclei in vivo, from brain images and, as such, a research tool to correlate age-associated changes in cognitive, sensory and motor function with caudate nucleus volume and other brain regions. The caudate nuclei have been traditionally considered to be associated primarily with motor function (I). However recent studies indicate that the caudate nuclei are involved in the mediation of complex behavior (2,3,4). Many of these complex behaviors, especially those related to memory and attention, are known to decline with aging (5,6). The caudate nuclei are affected in a wide variety of disorders including Huntington's Chorea and Hallevorden-Spatz disease. In the early stages of many of these diseases, especially Huntington's Chorea, patients develop behavioral and cognitive symptoms which resemble those seen in primary psychiatric disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder (7,8). These findings suggest that the caudate nuclei may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of these disorders and in aging-related cognitive decline (5). However, attempts to study changes in the caudate nuclei in these disorders and in aging have been hampered by the lack of in vivo methods of assessing caudate nuclei volume. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), minute changes in individual structures, particularly in subcortical gray matter such as the caudate, are more easily visualized. Further, the development of a systematic sampling stereological method for determining volumes allows for the rapid, precise and efficient determination of the volumes of these structures. These stereologic methods and variations of these methods have been used in a number of morphometric studies to estimate volume of ventricles, cortex, and individual components of subcortical gray matter such as hippocampus and amygdala, using autopsy specimens (I0,12) and computer tomography images (13). We report the first application of a systematic sampling stereological method for the in vivo determination of caudate nuclei volume changes with normal aging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Survival and song: Women poets of the Harlem Renaissance

This paper concerns Black women poets of the Harlem Renaissance. Considered by modern critics to have adopted anachronistic subject matter and to be out of step with the militant race‐consciousness of the period, these poets have been largely neglected in discussions of the 1920's, despite the fact that this was the most significant flowering of Black women's writing until the 1960's. I provide an interpretive model that reveals the rebellious messages in this verse, one that helps explain the poets’ imaginative choices by placing them in their historical context and linking them to a female poetic tradition. This approach makes clear the affirming nature of Renaissance poetry by women and makes it accessible to us today, anticipating as it does contemporary issues and forging a modern sensibility.
Food and feeding dynamics of the larval Antarctic fish Nototheniops larseni

The feeding dynamics of larvae of the Antarctic fishNototheniops larseni were analyzed from data collected over three years in Bransfield Strait and adjacent waters (Antarctica). Seasonal feeding was examined from 1977/1978 (November–March). The diel feeding cycle was investigated during a 96 h station established in February 1976, while food selection was analyzed using larvae and zooplankton samples collected in February 1982. Hatching occurs in early spring, and larvae fed on eggs of calanoid copepods and on cyclopoid copepods. Copepod eggs were the principal food near the pack ice, and cyclopoids in open waters. Cyclopoids were the staple food in summer. Eggs of the Antarctic krillEuphausia superba were ingested selectively and formed major portions of the larval summer diet in neritic (Joinville Island) and oceanic (Elephant Island) spawning areas ofE. superba. In the fall, copepods predominated in the diets. Most abundant and most frequently ingested prey in summer and fall wereOncaea spp. Feeding commenced at dawn and continued at least until dusk. Krill eggs were taken chiefly during morning hours and egg incidence declined during the day, suggesting that eggs were ingested soon after spawning. Prey size at the onset of feeding was estimated as 0.130 to 0.330 mm. Size-selective feeding was evident in small larvae, while in larger larvae median prey length remained constant. High feeding incidence among yolk-sac larvae in spring, high overall feeding incidence in summer, and size-selective foraging of small larvae suggested favorable feeding conditions in the 1977/1978 season. Yolk-absorption times in Antarctic fish larvae vary on a scale of weeks and may be further retarded due to early feeding. Hence, year-to-year variability of yolk incidence inN. larseni indicated variable biotic environments of early feeding larvae rather than temporal shifts of hatching periods. As hatching periods are constant between years in contrast to the variable retreat of the pack ice and subsequent onset of the production cycle in space and time, maternal yolk reserves are probably utilized to compensate for such variations.
Serum neuron-specific enolase is a marker for neuronal damage following status epilepticus in the rat

Abstract We determined the serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase (s-NSE) in rat pups of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age and in adult rats that were subjected to lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE). Damage to brain regions was rated on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 5 (>50% cell loss). Rat pups of 1–2 weeks of age had a higher baseline s-NSE than the adults. Following SE, 1 week old rat pups had no elevation of s-NSE and no histologic evidence of damage. At older ages the increases in NSE ranged from 18.9±0.8 ng/ml in the 2 week old (vs. 11.5±0.5 control) to 35.8±2.1 ng/ml in the 3 week old (vs. 12.1±0.8 control). In the adult rats s-NSE increased from 5.4±0.4 in the control animals to 30.4±1.3 after SE. The different brain regions examined had distinctive ontogenic profiles for SE-induced damage. Elevation of s-NSE after SE correlated with overall histologic evidence for damage.
Automata: a teaching aid for mathematical machines

This paper discusses a practical programming language specially designed to aid teachers and students of Computer Science courses which deal with mathematical machines. The first section outlines the motivation for developing such a language in the Computer Science curriculum. Next the criteria which were used to design the language are listed. The characteristics of Automata, the interpreter of this language, are discussed next. Concluding remarks note the results of using Automata as a teaching aid in three Computer Science courses at the Pennsylvania State University. The User's Guide to Automata is attached as the Appendix.
Syncoilin, an intermediate filament-like protein linked to the dystrophin associated protein complex in skeletal muscle.

Syncoilin is a member of the intermediate filament protein family, highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Syncoilin binds α-dystrobrevin, a component of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC) located at the muscle cell membrane, and desmin, a muscle-specific intermediate filament protein, thus providing a link between the DAPC and the muscle intermediate filament network. This link may be important for muscle integrity and force transduction during contraction, a theory that is supported by the reduced force-generating capacity of muscles from syncoilin-null mice. Additionally, syncoilin is found at increased levels in the regenerating muscle fibres of patients with muscular dystrophies and mouse models of muscle disease. Therefore, syncoilin may be important for muscle regeneration in response to injury. The aims of this article are to review current knowledge about syncoilin and to discuss its possible functions in skeletal muscle.
Altered epididymal sperm maturation and cytoplasmic droplet migration in subfertile male Alox15 mice

Mammalian spermatozoa complete their morphogenesis and acquire their fertilizing potential in the epididymis. Prominent among the hallmarks of epididymal sperm maturation is the proximal-distal migration of the cytoplasmic droplet (CD), the last remnant of the spermatogenic cell cytoplasm, down the sperm flagellum. Failure to shed the CD has been associated with male infertility. Because of the presence of the organelle degradation enzyme 15-lipoxygenase (15LOX) in sperm CD, we hypothesize that subfertile male Alox15 mice lacking the 15Lox gene display sperm CD anomalies. Caput and cauda epididymal sperm samples from seven adult Alox15 and seven wild-type (wt) males of equal age were examined by differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with wt males, Alox15 males had significantly more spermatozoa with a retained CD in both caput (P = 0.004) and cauda (P = 0.005) epididymidis. TEM and DIC analyses revealed intact mitochondria present in the CDs of epididymal Alox15 spermatozoa. The CDs of wt spermatozoa, however, had a smooth appearance and contained only hollow membrane vesicles, with no intact mitochondria embedded in their CD matrix. Epithelial lesions, phagocytosis-like figures, and missing or aberrant apical blebs were observed in the caput epididymidis of Alox15 males. Thus, the process of epididymal sperm maturation and CD migration is altered in Alox15 males. Aberrant sperm maturation might contribute to the reduced fertility and smaller litter size of Alox15 mice, a rare example of subfertile mutants displaying normal spermatogenesis but altered epididymal sperm maturation.
Control variate techniques for monte carlo simulation: control variates techniques for monte carlo simulation

In this paper we present an overview of classical results about the variance reduction technique of control variates. We emphasize aspects of the theory that are of importance to the practitioner, as well as presenting relevant applications.
Strain and housing affect cocaine self-selection and open-field locomotor activity in mice

We recently conducted an experiment to investigate the possible cooperation between genetic makeup and differential housing on cocaine self-administration in male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Cocaine self-selection was measured in a two-choice test with one choice being cocaine-HCl solution of 40 mg% in tap water and the other choice being plain tap water. Housing conditions began at weaning (21-23 days of age) and consisted of group housed (GH) with 2-3 mice per cage, and isolated housed (IH) with 1 mouse per cage. The results of this study revealed overall strain, sex and housing differences, with C57BL/6Js consuming more cocaine solution than DBA/2J subjects, females consuming more cocaine solution than males, and group housed consuming more than isolate housed subjects. In a second study, the effect of differential housing on open-field locomotor activity was investigated. Testing was conducted on two consecutive days, with subjects receiving an IP injection of saline on day 1, and 15 mg/kg cocaine HCl on day 2. Four behaviors were recorded, including: total distance, nosepokes, stereotypy, and margin time. Overall, the results revealed significant strain differences for stereotypy and nosepokes, and males were found to be more activated by cocaine than females. Additionally, DBA males tended to be differentially affected by housing condition, with IH showing suppressed locomotor activity as compared to GH subjects. Last, significant strain by housing interactions occurred in nosepokes and stereotypy time.
Heterogeneous Ca2+ influx along the adult calyx of Held: a structural and computational study

The calyx of Held is a morphologically complex nerve terminal containing hundreds to thousands of active zones. The calyx must support high rates of transient, sound-evoked vesicular release superimposed on a background of sustained release, due to the high spontaneous rates of some afferent fibers. One means of distributing vesicle release in space and time is to have heterogeneous release probabilities (Pr) at distinct active zones, which has been observed at several CNS synapses including the calyx of Held. Pr may be modulated by vesicle proximity to Ca2+ channels, by Ca2+ buffers, by changes in phosphorylation state of proteins involved in the release process, or by local variations in Ca2+ influx. In this study, we explore the idea that the complex geometry of the calyx also contributes to heterogeneous Pr by impeding equal propagation of action potentials through all calyx compartments. Given the difficulty of probing ion channel distribution and recording from adult calyces, we undertook a structural and modeling approach based on computerized reconstructions of calyces labeled in adult cats. We were thus able to manipulate placement of conductances and test their effects on Ca2+ concentration in all regions of the calyx following an evoked action potential in the calyceal axon. Our results indicate that with a non-uniform distribution of Na+ and K+ channels, action potentials do not propagate uniformly into the calyx, Ca2+ influx varies across different release sites, and latency for these events varies among calyx compartments. We suggest that the electrotonic structure of the calyx of Held, which our modeling efforts indicate is very sensitive to the axial resistivity of cytoplasm, may contribute to variations in release probability within the calyx.
The Value of Supplementary Vitamin Feeding in the Rearing of Dairy Calves

Summary Individual records were kept of 299 calves of the Station dairy herd. These were divided at random into four groups to determine the value of vitamin supplementation of the ration during the first 30 days, the critical period in the life of the calf. The vitamin supplements were of two kinds. One consisted of vitamin capsules containing vitamins A and D, together with ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid. Ascorbic acid was omitted after 10 days of age. The other was a special feeding oil containing vitamins A and D. The criteria used in evaluating the results were gains in liveweight to 15 days and to 30 days of age, number of cases of scours, age at which scours occurred, duration of scours, number of deaths, and cause of death in those which failed to survive the 30-day period of observation. The use of vitamin capsules containing ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid in addition to vitamins A and D was not found superior to supplementation with only vitamins A and D, and vitamin supplementation on the whole was of doubtful value, as shown by the bases of measurement used.
Ventrolateral pons mediates short-term depression of respiratory frequency after brief hypoxia.

Abstract The respiratory response to hypoxia is dynamic in the adult anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rat. Hypoxia elicits acute increases in both tidal volume (V t ) and respiratory frequency (f r ) followed by short-term increases in V t and short-term decreases in f r . After brief hypoxia ( t and f r decrease immediately, but where V t remains above, and f r drops below, baseline. These acute changes are followed by a short-term progressive decrease in V t and increase in f r to baseline. We have identified a potential neural mechanism that depends on the integrity of the ventrolateral (vl) pons. Our studies show that: (a) blockade of activity in the vl pons prevents the short-term decrease in f r after hypoxia (b) stimulation of the vl pons decreases f r , and (c) vl pontine expiratory neurons are activated after hypoxia. These neurons may not be acting through α 2 -adrenergic receptors, but their effect does depend on NMDA-type receptor function. We conclude that the vl pons is a critical element in the pontomedullary network that generates and modulates the f r response to acute hypoxia.
Estimation of marginal effects in semiparametric selection models with binary outcomes

This paper addresses the estimation of a semiparametric sample selection index model where both the selection rule and the outcome variable are binary. Since the marginal effects are often of primary interest and are difficult to recover in a semiparametric setting, we focus on developing an estimator for the marginal effects. This marginal effect estimator uses only observations where the selection probability is above a certain threshold. A key innovation is that this high probability set is adaptive to the data. We establish the large sample properties of the marginal effect estimator as well as those for an index estimator upon which it depends. Monte Carlo studies show that these estimators perform well in finite samples.