cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgery clerkship orientation: evaluating temporal changes in student orientation needs

Abstract Background Surgery clerkship students at our institution receive a standardized orientation covering objectives, requirements, grading, and expectations. Limited data exist regarding the student perceptions of this approach. Methods Surveys were provided to students to rate the importance of orientation topics and their satisfaction with topic conclusion. Scores between student groupings over the clerkship year were analyzed with Student t tests and analysis of variance with Scheffe adjustments. Results Significant differences in the mean importance rating between topics exists ( P P P = .03). Early clerkship students want more time devoted to hospital tours and expectations compared with later students (31% vs 8%). Conclusions Orientation needs for students change over the clerkship year. Beginning students prefer basic direction for time spent on the ward. Later students prefer information regarding shelf preparation. Surgery course directors can adapt the orientation based on the experience of clerkship students.
Shelf Life (2009)

F or a long time to come, economists, pundits, and politi- cians will be wondering what to do about the largest and deepest economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s and how it happened, yet again. Overlooked is the fact that we are simultaneously running two intertwined defcits with very different time scales, dynamics, and politics. The frst defcit is short-term and has to do with money, credit, and how we create and account for wealth, which is to say a matter of economics. However diffcult, it is probably repairable in a matter of a few years, give or take, most likely in the time-honored fashion of stimulating even more consumer spending and causing greater environmental disorder. The second is an ecological defcit. It is permanent, in signifcant ways unrepairable, and potentially fatal to civilization. The economy, as Herman Daly has pointed out for decades, is a subsystem of the biosphere, not the other way around. Accordingly, there are short-term solutions to the frst defcit that might work for a while, but they will not restore longer-term ecological solvency and will likely make it worse. Ecological debt cannot be remedied so easily, and in the case of climate destabilization, no matter what we do, it is a steadily—perhaps rapidly—worsening condition with which humankind will have to contend for a long time to come. University of Chicago geophysicist David Archer puts it this way:
Plasmonic filter array for on-chip near-infrared spectroscopy

We demonstrate an ultra-compact on-chip spectrometer for near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy based on narrow-band band-pass filter array. Each individual filter consists of a plasmonic metallic grating with subwavelength period and extremely narrow slits on a quartz substrate, with a polymer cover layer as the waveguide layer. A narrow-band guided-mode resonance (GMR) associated with a surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) gives rise to the narrow-band transmission spectrum. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of fabricated filter’s spectrum is measured to be from 7 to 13 nm, and the operation bandwidth of the entire filter array covers wavelength range over 270 nm from 1510 to 1780 nm. We measure the NIR absorbance spectrum of xylene using our filter array device to demonstrate its application as a spectrometer.
The effects of transportation hazards on shelf life of packaged potato chips

Abstract Kettle cooked potato chips packaged inside metallized oriented polypropylene bags were used to evaluate the effects of simulated transportation on shelf life. While shelf life testing provides accurate results for shelf dating, the research project assessed whether or not subjecting packaged products to known transportation hazards can increase or accelerate the deteriorative factors that affect the shelf life of a produce. By stressing the packages through laboratory simulated transportation hazards, it created failures to the packages that would not have normally shown up during a traditional test protocol, such as accelerated shelf life testing (ASLT). Results showed packages evaluated through a simulated transport test reported an average oxygen transmission rate three times greater than samples having not been transport tested. Outcomes from this study showed the rate at which some properties of the food and package can increase as a result of the simulated transportation, versus standard ASLT with only increased temperature and humidity. Differences of significance were observed between the simulated transportation and the standard ASLT samples when comparing headspace composition, moisture content, and TBA testing ( P
Paper Electrophoretic Study of Ca45 Binding in Sera of Normal, Parathyroidectomized and Estrogen Treated Rats.

Summary(1) In the normal rat most of the Ca45 is bound to albumin and α-globulin. (2) After parathyroidectomy the Ca45 decreases in the albumin and increases in the α-globulin fraction. (3) In animals treated with estrogen most of the Ca45 was present in the β and gamma-globulin components. (4) In the parathyroidectomized-estrogen-treated animals highest amounts of Ca45 were found in either albumin, α- or β-globulin fractions.
First Site-Specific Incorporation of a Noncanonical Amino Acid into the Photosynthetic Oxygen-Evolving Complex

In photosystem II (PSII), water is oxidized at the oxygen-evolving complex. This process occurs through a light-induced cycle that produces oxygen and protons. While coupled proton and electron transfer reactions play an important role in PSII and other proteins, direct detection of internal proton transfer reactions is challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the unnatural amino acid, 7-azatryptophan (7AW), has unique, pH-sensitive vibrational frequencies, which are sensitive markers of proton transfer. The intrinsically disordered, PSII subunit, PsbO, which contains a single W residue (Trp241), was engineered to contain 7AW at position 241. Fluorescence shows that 7AW-241 is buried in a hydrophobic environment. Reconstitution of 7AW(241)PsbO to PSII had no significant impact on oxygen evolution activity or flash-dependent protein dynamics. We conclude that directed substitution of 7AW into other structural domains is likely to provide a nonperturbative spectroscopic probe, which can be used to define inte...
Nickel, Platinum and Zirconium Germanosilicide Contacts to Heavily Phosphorous Doped Silicon-Germanium Alloys for Advanced CMOS Source/Drain Junctions

As the MOSFET dimensions continue to shrink, source/drain contact resistance is emerging as the dominant component of the MOSFET parasitic series resistance. To meet the series resistance requirements of future MOSFETs, contact resistivity values near 10−8 ohm-cm2 are required. Selective Si1−xGex source/drain technology has been proposed as an alternative to ionimplantation to form the ultra-shallow junctions of future CMOS technology nodes. One of the key advantages of this technology is the smaller band gap of Si1−xGex, which provides a smaller contact barrier height, an essential requirement for reducing the contact resistivity. We have previously reported low-resistivity of Ni germanosilicide NiSi1−xGex and Pt germanosilicide PtSi1−xGex contacts to boron doped Si1−xGex alloys. In this work, Zr germanosilicide, Zr(Si1−xGex)2 was considered as an alternative material with a higher thermal stability than Ni and Pt germanosilicides. The contact resistivity values for different contact materials were measured using four-terminal Kelvin structures. The results from this work show that both Zr and Pt germanosilicides yield high contact resistivity values around 10−7 ohm-cm2. On the other hand Ni germanosilicide contacts can reach 10−8 ohm-cm2 with further improvements using a thin layer of Pt under Ni.
Teaching Human Sexuality Using Guided Design

A psychology course in human sexuality has been taught for several years at two primarily liberal arts universities using a structured small-group format originally developed for teaching engineeri...
Effect of a sustained difference in hemodialytic clearance on the plasma levels of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate.

BACKGROUND The protein-bound solutes p-cresol sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) accumulate to high plasma levels in renal failure and have been associated with adverse events. The clearance of these bound solutes can be altered independently of the urea clearance by changing the dialysate flow and dialyzer size. This study tested whether a sustained difference in clearance would change the plasma levels of PCS and IS. METHODS Fourteen patients on thrice-weekly nocturnal hemodialysis completed a crossover study of two periods designed to achieve widely different bound solute clearances. We compared the changes in pre-dialysis plasma PCS and IS levels from baseline over the course of the two periods. RESULTS The high-clearance period provided much higher PCS and IS clearances than the low-clearance period (PCS: 23 ± 4 mL/min versus 12 ± 3 mL/min, P < 0.001; IS: 30 ± 5 mL/min versus 17 ± 4 mL/min, P < 0.001). Despite the large difference in clearance, the high-clearance period did not have a different effect on PCS levels than the low-clearance period [from baseline, high: +11% (-5, +37) versus low: -8% (-18, +32), (median, 25th, 75th percentile), P = 0.50]. In contrast, the high-clearance period significantly lowered IS levels compared with the low-clearance period [from baseline, high: -4% (-17, +1) versus low: +22% (+14, +31), P < 0.001). The amount of PCS removed in the dialysate was significantly greater at the end of the high-clearance period [269 (206, 312) versus 199 (111, 232) mg per treatment, P < 0.001], while the amount of IS removed was not different [140 (87, 196) versus 116 (89, 170) mg per treatment, P = 0.15]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an increase in PCS generation prevents plasma levels from falling when the dialytic clearance is increased. Suppression of solute generation may be required to reduce plasma PCS levels in dialysis patients.
Operations for inflammatory bowel disease.

Operations for inflammatory bowel disease are attended by specific complications that may be serious or fatal. A knowledge of the hazards involved in the operative treatment of these patients will, it is hoped, contribute to a lessening of the complications and deaths and improve the ability of the surgeon to safely treat his patient.
Osmotic Stress Reduces Ca2+ Signals through Deformation of Caveolae

Caveolae are membrane invaginations that can sequester various signaling proteins. Caveolae have been shown to provide mechanical strength to cells by flattening to accommodate increased volume when cells are subjected to hypo-osmotic stress. We have previously found that caveolin, the main structural component of caveolae, specifically binds Gαq and stabilizes its activation state resulting in an enhanced Ca(2+) signal upon activation. Here, we show that osmotic stress caused by decreasing the osmolarity in half reversibly changes the configuration of caveolae without releasing a significant portion of caveolin molecules. This change in configuration due to flattening leads to a loss in Cav1-Gαq association. This loss in Gαq/Cav1 association due to osmotic stress results in a significant reduction of Gαq/phospholipase Cβ-mediated Ca(2+) signals. This reduced Ca(2+) response is also seen when caveolae are reduced by treatment with siRNA(Cav1) or by dissolving them by methyl-β-cyclodextran. No change in Ca(2+) release with osmotic swelling can be seen when growth factor pathways are activated. Taken together, these results connect the mechanical deformation of caveolae to Gαq-mediated Ca(2+) signals.
Binding Pathways of a G-Protein Biased μ-opioid Receptor agonist under Clinical Evaluation

The ability of certain μ-opioid receptor agonists to preferentially activate G protein-dependent over β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways holds great potential for the design of improved therapeutic agents. In fact, some opioid molecules that exhibit limited arrestin recruitment have been shown to display effective analgesia with reduced adverse effects compared to the classical opioid analgesic morphine. One of these molecules, TRV130, was recently shown to induce less respiratory depression and constipation than morphine, and is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for acute pain management. To elucidate the molecular determinants responsible for the binding of TRV130 at the μ-opioid receptor, thus informing future design of improved analgesics with reduced adverse effects, we report here multi-microsecond, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of this ligand binding to the recently disclosed active μ-opioid receptor crystal structure. Analysis of over 45 μs of molecular dynamics simulations of TRV130 provides insight into its binding pathways, including information about several long-lived states of the ligand bound within the so-called extracellular vestibule, and a stable binding mode of the ligand at the accepted orthosteric binding site. Analysis of this predicted bound state reveals testable hypotheses of ligand-receptor interactions that may guide the structure-based design of improved opioid analgesics.
Initial Value Problems

In this chapter we derive numerical methods to solve the first-order differential equation $$\displaystyle{ \frac{dy} {dt} = f(t,y),\;\;\text{ for }\;0 <t, }$$ (7.1) where $$\displaystyle{ y(0) =\alpha. }$$ (7.2) This is known as an initial value problem (IVP), and it consists of the differential equation (7.1) along with the initial condition in (7.2). Numerical methods for solving this problem are first derived for the case of when there is one differential equation. Afterwards, the methods are extended to problems involving multiple equations.
Convergence of Cash Recovery Rate

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the convergence of cash recovery rate. The fact that, for a wide range of projects, recovery rate converges to the capital recovery factor has an economic significance in evaluating corporate profitability. A corporation invests in a variety of projects, each having a different cash recovery pattern. However, if it is reasonable to assume that a mix of such projects as well as the cash flow patterns of these projects are reasonably stable over time, then corporate investments is regarded as repeated investments in a given composite project with a given cash flow pattern over its life. For a mature corporation, this may be a reasonable assumption. While it is true that a corporation continually seeks new ventures, their impact on the composite project seems to be relatively small in many cases.
Observer-Based Sequential Control of a Nonlinear Two-Time-Scale System with Multiple Slow and Fast States

Abstract: This paper extends the method of sequential control of a two-time-scale system with multiple slow and fast states from full-state feedback to observer-based feedback. It provides a guideline for the number and role of the observers needed, and proposes a Lyapunov design method for the selection of observer dynamics. The use of lower-order reduced subsystems simplifies the observer design. Using an extension of the existing composite Lyapunov analysis the stability of the full-order system including the controller and the observer in the loop is investigated. The procedure is demonstrated on a nonlinear two-time-scale system which is a combination of two springs, two masses and two dampers. Results in the paper demonstrate that the observer design methodology for a nonlinear system with one slow and one fast state can be extended to a system with multiple slow and fast states. The extended composite Lyapunov analysis is proposed to find an upper bound of the perturbation parameter up to which the full-order closed-loop system including the controller and the observer is stable.
Data assimilation method for fractured reservoirs using mimetic finite differences and ensemble Kalman filter

Optimal management of subsurface processes requires the characterization of the uncertainty in reservoir description and reservoir performance prediction. For fractured reservoirs, the location and orientation of fractures are crucial for predicting production characteristics. With the help of accurate and comprehensive knowledge of fracture distributions, early water/CO 2 breakthrough can be prevented and sweep efficiency can be improved. However, since the rock property fields are highly non-Gaussian in this case, it is a challenge to estimate fracture distributions by conventional history matching approaches. In this work, a method that combines vector-based level-set parameterization technique and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for estimating fracture distributions is presented. Performing the necessary forward modeling is particularly challenging. In addition to the large number of forward models needed, each model is used for sampling of randomly located fractures. Conventional mesh generation for such systems would be time consuming if possible at all. For these reasons, we rely on a novel polyhedral mesh method using the mimetic finite difference (MFD) method. A discrete fracture model is adopted that maintains the full geometry of the fracture network. By using a cut-cell paradigm, a computational mesh for the matrix can be generated quickly and reliably. In this research, we apply this workflow on 2D two-phase fractured reservoirs. The combination of MFD approach, level-set parameterization, and EnKF provides an effective solution to address the challenges in the history matching problem of highly non-Gaussian fractured reservoirs.
Gut Microbiota: Potential for a Unifying Hypothesis for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.

Despite major advances in pharmacological and device-based therapies, systemic hypertension (HTN) continues to be the major, modifiable risk factor for most cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment resistant HTN (RH) is present in ≈15% to 20% of hypertensive patients, with few treatment options. These facts provide an opportunity to develop novel hypotheses to advance this field. Over 60 years ago, Irvine Page1 proposed a mosaic theory where interplay of multiple factors integrate to increase blood pressure (BP). This fostered establishment of cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanisms altered in HTN. However, how these diverse factors integrate to impair BP control remains a challenge. Furthermore, why some factors are prohypertensive in one individual and not in another, and where prohypertensive signals originate, remains an enigma. In this Viewpoint, we propose that the gut and gut microbiota could be one missing link and provide a potential unifying concept. We summarize most recent evidence for involvement of gut microbiota in BP control and HTN. We present our thoughts on the current state and relevant knowledge gaps to be addressed to determine whether targeting gut microbiota and related pathology would be a next frontier in HTN therapeutics. Gut dysbiosis and microbial functions contribute to pathological effects beyond the gastrointestinal system. Gut microbiota play a role in BP regulation, and gut dysbiosis has been observed in multiple animal models of HTN.2–5 Our group was among the first to document HTN-associated gut dysbiosis and an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.2,3 This was associated with a decrease in acetate- and butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in the lactate-producing bacteria. High-fiber diet and acetate supplementation correct gut dysbiosis, increase the abundance of acetate-producing bacteria, and are associated with lower BP in DOCA-salt mice.5 Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit …
JPEG-Phase-Aware Convolutional Neural Network for Steganalysis of JPEG Images

Detection of modern JPEG steganographic algorithms has traditionally relied on features aware of the JPEG phase. In this paper, we port JPEG-phase awareness into the architecture of a convolutional neural network to boost the detection accuracy of such detectors. Another innovative concept introduced into the detector is the "catalyst kernel" that, together with traditional high-pass filters used to pre-process images allows the network to learn kernels more relevant for detection of stego signal introduced by JPEG steganography. Experiments with J-UNIWARD and UED-JC embedding algorithms are used to demonstrate the merit of the proposed design.
Nonprofit Pay in a Competitive Market: Wage Penalty or Premium?:

Two competing theories argue that the nonprofit sector pays differently: Nonprofit employees may accept lower pay to be able to do meaningful work for a good cause, or they may earn higher pay due ...
Randomized Controlled Trials of Technology-Based HIV/STI and Drug Abuse Preventive Interventions for African American and Hispanic Youth: Systematic Review.

Background: HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and drug abuse remain significant public health concerns in the United States, and African American and Hispanic youth are disproportionately affected. Although technology-based interventions are efficacious in preventing and reducing HIV/STI and licit/illicit drug use behaviors, relatively little is known regarding the state of the science of these interventions among African American and Hispanic youth. Objective: The aim of this review is to identify and examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of technology-based HIV/STI and/or drug abuse preventive interventions for African American and Hispanic youth. Methods: We searched electronic databases (ie, PubMed, Proquest, PsycINFO, Ebscohost, Google Scholar) to identify studies between January 2006 and October 2016. RCTs of technology-based interventions targeting African American and Hispanic youth HIV/STI risk behaviors, including sexual risk, licit and illicit drug use, and HIV/STI testing were included. Results: Our search revealed a total of three studies that used an RCT design and included samples comprised of >50% African American and/or Hispanic youth. The follow-up assessments ranged from two weeks to six months and the number of participants in each trial ranged from 72 to 141. The three interventions were theory-driven, interactive, and tailored. The long-term effects of the interventions were mixed, and outcomes included reductions in sex partners, licit drug use, and condomless anal sex acts. Conclusions: Although technology-based interventions seem promising in the prevention of HIV/STI and drug abuse among African American and Hispanic youth, more research is needed. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017;3(4):e96]
Assessing Empowerment at HSIs: An Adapted Inputs-Environments-Outcomes Model

Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) play a critical role in advancing postsecondary access and success for Latinx students. Scholarship has begun to examine how HSIs influence Latinx student experiences and outcomes, yet much remains to be explored. In an effort to inform future research of Latinx students at HSIs, we argue that student experiences and outcomes should be based on notions of empowerment given the historically marginalized status of this group. We propose a model to guide assessment on Latinx empowerment at HSIs, which builds on the Inputs-Environments-Outcomes (IEO) model (Astin & Antonio, 2012) and integrates critical theoretical frameworks, namely critical race theory and community cultural wealth. In proposing an adapted IEO model assessing Latinx empowerment, we encourage scholars and practitioners to expand notions of what constitutes success and excellence at HSIs in terms of how they educate and empower Latinx students.
Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Complications in the Dermatology Medicare Population.

Importance The ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States has been fueled by prescription opioids. Increases in opioid-related deaths and complications mandate clinicians in all fields to scrutinize their prescribing patterns. Objective To characterize the current status and potential complications of opioid prescribing practices among dermatologists for Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study used Medicare Part D prescriber data to evaluate opioid prescriptions by dermatologists from January 1 to December 31, 2014. The number of prescribers, opioid claims, beneficiaries, and days supplied as well as the type of opioid and geographic location of prescribers were extracted and analyzed. The top 1% of dermatologists prescribing opioids were identified and compared with a random sample of the same size among the remaining dermatologists based on sex, geographic location, type of practice, and time in practice. A systematic literature review was conducted to estimate the outcome of opioid prescribing practices on the exposed population. Main Outcome and Measures Practice characteristics, epidemiologic factors, and consequences of opioids prescribed by dermatologists. Results Of the 12 537 dermatologists in the study, 5305 (42.3%) prescribed no opioid claims, 5408 (43.1%) prescribed 1 to 10 opioid claims, and 1824 (14.5%) prescribed more than 10 opioid claims. Among dermatologists prescribing at least 10 opioid claims, a mean of 1.0 opioid claims was given to each beneficiary, with a supply lasting a mean of 4.4 days. A total of 108 dermatologists (93.9%) in the top 1% of opioid prescribers (n = 115) work in a surgical practice. Estimates suggest that opioids prescribed by dermatologists could annually lead to 3877 to 7602 beneficiaries continuing to use opioids at 1 year and 1825 to 4209 continuing to use opioids at 3 years. A total of 9882 to 22 806 beneficiaries could experience gastrointestinal tract or central nervous system adverse effects and 588 to 999 could experience fractures. Conclusions and Relevance Opioid prescribing among dermatologists is limited and concentrated in the surgical setting, but it may be associated with a substantial number of adverse events that serve as a reminder to emphasize nonopioid pain medications in the postoperative setting.
(pre-)scripted creativity: an examination of the creativity movement in spain's contemporary music education literature

Creativity is a pervasive topic in current discourses on music education inSpain. Creativity is commonly seen as universal. Also, the construct is oftenseen as entirely positive and as a desirable personality trait. This paper challengesthese premises. It unpacks creativity’s contingency as a cultural constructattached to a particular set of ideas and values, and it examines thisnotion as part of a particular regime of truth. The paper begins by contextualizingthe Spanish creativity movement within music education and bydelineating the socio-political and economic coordinates that surrounded itsemergence in contemporary Spain. Then, the paper approaches creativity asa pedagogical object, and it explores this construct’s ambivalent associationwith long-standing tropes about curriculum design and the social role ofeducation. Discourses on creativity in Spanish music education ultimatelycontribute to the fabrication of an ideal type of student and, by extension,to the «creation» of a particular kind of Spanish citizen. The paper ends byexamining potential dissonances between creativity’s hoped-for outcomesand its actual effects.
Bernoulli, Jacob I (1654–1705)

Jacob I. Bernoulli is the first mathematician of the famous Bernoulli family with important contributions to the infinitesimal calculus, mechanics, theories of variation, and probability. His lifetime is a mathematical period of consolidation and exploitation of the great discoveries of the seventeenth century (Leibniz, Newton) and their application to the investigation of scientific problems in mechanics. With his brother Johann he developed the infinitesimal calculus with great algorithmic skills and conceptual depth (e.g., theory of series). Jacob I. Bernoulli applied infinitesimal methods systematically to geometric problems. With his solutions of optimization problems (e.g., Brachystochrone), he inspired L. Euler to develop the theory of variation, which gave a strong impact to the development of analytical mechanics. In physics, Jacob I. Bernoulli found important results in the mechanics of solid and elastic bodies. He delivered several theorems on an elastic beam which is bent by an external force. With his ‘Ars conjectandi,’ Jacob I. Bernoulli founded the mathematical theory of probability with interdisciplinary application in natural and social sciences. The famous law of large numbers was introduced in the ‘Ars conjectandi.’ Besides probability, the ‘Ars conjectandi’ also contains reflections about certainty, necessity, random, moral, and calculable expection.
A Gradient Estimate for the Ricci–Kähler Flow

We show that for a complete solution to theRicci–Kahler flow where the curvature, the potential andscalar curvature functions and their gradients are bounded depending ontime, the absolute value of both the scalar curvature and the gradientsquared of a modified potential function are bounded byC/t.
Functions Defined Implicitly by Equations

The idea of solving an equation f(p,x) = 0 for x as a function of p, say x = s(p), plays a huge role in classical analysis and its applications. The function obtained in this way is said to be defined implicitly by the equation. The closely related idea of solving an equation f(x) = y for x as a function of y concerns the inversion of f. The circumstances in which an implicit function or an inverse function exists and has properties like differentiability have long been studied. Still, there are features which are not widely appreciated and variants which are essential to seeing how the subject might be extended beyond solving only equations. For one thing, properties other than differentiability, such as Lipschitz continuity, can come in. But fundamental expansions in concept, away from thinking just about functions, can serve in interesting ways as well.
Oxygen consumption during viniyoga practice in adults

Context: The purpose of this study was to measure the oxygen consumption (VO2) during Viniyoga yoga movements (asanas) and to compare VO2walking among adults. Methods: Yoga practitioners (n = 10) were recruited to measure VO2while at rest (30 min), practicing yoga (16 movements with different variations), and treadmill walking at 2 mph (10 min) and 3 mph (10 min). VO2was measured using a whole-room indirect calorimetry. Each yoga movement was categorized by body orientation as standing, lying, and sitting. The differences in VO2between yoga and walking were examined using Pearson's correlations. Differences in VO2between poses (standing, sitting, and lying) were examined using linear regression models. VO2. Results: Mean yoga-VO2for the entire yoga session was 3.7 (standard deviation [SD] 0.43, range: 4.4–8.9) ml/kg/min. Yoga-VO2varied by body orientation: standing = 7.5 (SD = 1.5) ml/kg/min, lying = 5.3 (SD = 1.0) ml/kg/min, and sitting = 5.4 (SD = 1.1) ml/kg/min. After adjusting for body mass, frequency of yoga practice, and resting energy expenditure, female gender was negatively associated with mean yoga VO2for standing (B = −112.19, P
Clinton Scandals—Twenty-First-Century Version, But Not Bill

Benghazi and “her emails” became mantras for the right wing during the lead up to and during the 2016 presidential campaign. These two incidents are less scandal than poorly executed policy and bad judgment, but they raise the interesting proposition that Hillary Clinton’s prior celebrity and the animosity that came with it may have generated sufficient fervor to make these incidents appear to be scandals. Certainly, the prevalence of Republican rallying cries of “lock her up” have become a part of our pop culture and the analysis of YouTube clips containing references to the incidents in the chapter demonstrates their penetration into our pop culture.
Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects in a Randomized Trial of Literacy-Adapted Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pain Psychoeducation, and Usual Medical Care for Multiply Disadvantaged Patients With Chronic Pain.

Abstract Differences among patients can moderate the impact of evidence-based treatments (ie, heterogeneity of treatment effects), leading patients to get more or less benefit. The Learning About My Pain study was a randomized, comparative effectiveness trial of a 10-week literacy-adapted group cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain (CBT) versus pain psychoeducation groups (EDU) versus usual medical care. We examined potential sociodemographic and cognitive moderators of treatment effect among participants with post-treatment assessments (N = 241). Analyses were conducted using moderation in the PROCESS macro in SPSS and significant interactions were explored further. Education and primary literacy moderated the difference between CBT and EDU on pain intensity, and primary literacy, health literacy, and working memory moderated the difference between CBT and EDU on pain interference. Analyses revealed few significant moderation effects relative to usual medical care. No moderators were identified for depression. Neither sex nor minority status moderated any differences between groups. Patients with lower education, literacy, and working memory gained more benefit from CBT than EDU. When provided sufficient guidance and structure in a way that is meaningfully adapted, highly disadvantaged patients achieved as much benefit as less disadvantaged patients, suggesting that the literacy-adapted CBT more successfully met the needs of this population. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01967342 Perspective This article presents findings related to heterogeneity of treatment effects for simplified group psychosocial treatments for chronic pain. The results suggest that educationally, cognitively, or literacy disadvantaged patients benefit most from the more structured approach of literacy-adapted CBT rather than EDU, whereas less disadvantaged patients benefit from either treatment.
Convex Relaxations of the Network Flow Problem Under Cycle Constraints

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimizing the flows in a lossless flow network with additional nonconvex cycle constraints on nodal variables; such constraints appear in several applications, including electric power, water distribution, and natural gas networks. This problem is a nonconvex version of the minimum-cost network flow problem (NFP), and to solve it, we propose three different approaches. One approach is based on solving a convex approximation of the problem, obtained by augmenting the cost function with an entropy-like term to relax the nonconvex constraints. We show that the approximation error, for which we give an upper bound, can be made small enough for practical use. An alternative approach is to solve the classical NFP, that is, without the cycle constraints, and solve a separate optimization problem afterwards in order to recover the actual flows satisfying the cycle constraints; the solution of this separate problem maximizes the individual entropies of the cycles. The third approach is based on replacing the nonconvex constraint set with a convex inner approximation, which yields a suboptimal solution for the cyclic networks with each edge belonging to at most two cycles. We validate the practical usefulness of the theoretical results through numerical examples, in which we study the standard test systems for water and electric power distribution networks.
BOREAS TGB-12 Rn-222 Activity Data over the NSA

The BOREAS TGB-12 team made measurements of soil carbon inventories, carbon concentration in soil gases, and rates of soil respiration at several sites to estimate the rates of carbon accumulation and turnover in each of the major vegetation types. Sampling strategies for soils were designed to take advantage of local fire chronosequences, so that the accumulation of carbon in regrowing mosses could be determined. All the data are used to: (1) calculate the inventory of carbon and nitrogen in moss and mineral soil layers at NSA sites, (2) determine the rates of input and turnover (using both accumulation since the last stand-killing fire and radiocarbon data), and (3) link changes in soil respiration rate to shifts in the C-14 content of soil CO2 to determine the average "age" respired CO2 . These Rn-222 activity data were collected from 15-Nov-1993 to 16-Aug-1994 over the NSA sites. They are useful for determining the rate of gas exchange between soil and the overlying atmosphere. The data in this data set are stored in tabular ASCII files.
Placing their bets: The influence of strategic investment on CEO pay‐for‐performance

Research Summary A number of studies examine the extent to which boards compensate CEOs for their firm's performance (i.e., pay‐for‐performance), but these studies typically do not incorporate what CEOs actually do to bring about those performance outcomes. We suggest that directors will make stronger internal attributions about firm performance when the CEO engages in high levels of corporate strategic investment. CEOs that invest in firm growth essentially “place their bets,” so the pay‐for‐performance relationship is stronger for them than it is for CEOs who do not invest as much in firm growth. We also theorize and find that directors make internal attributions about firm performance more for prestigious, but not less prestigious, CEOs and more when the directors collectively exhibit conservative, but not liberal, political ideologies. Managerial Summary Shareholders and other stakeholders often demand that CEOs should be paid for performance. In other words, CEOs should be paid well when the company is performing well and paid less when the company is not performing well. We add an additional dimension: boards might also consider what CEOs actually do to bring about performance outcomes. Our findings suggest that when CEOs make heavy corporate investments, they essentially “place their bets.” In this scenario, boards attribute performance to the CEO so that CEO compensation rises and falls with company performance. When CEOs make fewer corporate investments, their compensation is not as strongly associated with company performance. This primary relationship is particularly true when CEOs have high social recognition or when the directors are collectively conservative.
The Modem that Still Connects Us

The history of the modem demonstrates that digitization is a hybrid process, in which analog-digital techniques were (and still are) essential. As an indispensable “gateway technology,” the modem has integrated heterogeneous information infrastructures since the 1960s, by layering a digital system on top of an installed analog base. Its transparency (especially its visibility and audibility) has changed with changes in technology, the regulation of telecommunications, and user experiences. The surprising resiliency of the modem—its long life as an interim technology—challenges the digital technological progress narrative. Ironically, the most sustained progress narrative in this story celebrates rapid advances in the speed and functions of the supposedly outdated modem.
Breakfast in the Classroom Initiative and Students' Breakfast Consumption Behaviors: A Group Randomized Trial.

Objectives. To identify the effect of a Breakfast in the Classroom (BIC) initiative on the foods and drinks students consume in the morning.Methods. Sixteen public schools in Philadelphia, Pennsylv...
Patellofemoral kinematics in healthy older adults during gait activities.

Abstract The patellofemoral (PF) joint is susceptible to many pathologies resulting from acute injury, chronic disease and complications following surgical treatment of the knee. The objectives of this study were to describe case series measurements of patellar motion in healthy older adults as they performed three gait activities, determine patellar tendon angle and moment arm, and show if these quantities were activity dependent. A stereo radiography system was utilized to obtain the 3D PF kinematics of seventeen healthy people over 55 years of age (8F/9M, 66 ± 7.9 years old, 75.7 ± 20.5 kg) as they performed level walking, a step down, and a pivot turn. For a similar portion of the gait cycle, patellar flexion (6.2° ± 5.8) and average range of motion (ROM) (11.0° ± 5.9°) for walking with a step down was greater compared to the other gait activities (gait ROM 6.9° ± 4.3°, pivot ROM 5.7° ± 3.3°), while the average range of motion for patella tilt was greater during walking with a pivot turn (8.6° ± 3.9°). However, each subject displayed distinct PF kinematic trends during all activities with a few notable exceptions. Importantly, the knee extensor mechanism characteristics of patellar tendon angle and moment arm showed considerable variation across subjects but were largely unaltered by changing activities. The variation between subjects and the different behavior of the patella during the step down and pivot emphasized the need for analysis of a range of activities to reveal individual response to pathology and treatment in patellar maltracking and osteoarthritis.
The role of sense of community and motivation in the collaborative learning: an examination of the first-year design course

The demand for creating collaborative learning environments in technology education highlights the needs to enhance student collaborations in their learning process. Aiming to increase individual contributions of students to develop a more collaborative learning environment, this study investigated the relationships among sense of community, student motivation, and student contribution in a technology design course. The results revealed the mediating role of sense of community between student motivations and student contributions to group projects in a collaborative learning environment. The indirect mediation effect between intrinsic motivation and student contribution was stronger than the indirect mediation effect between extrinsic motivation and student contribution. This study also confirmed that during collaborative learning, academic achievements of students can be predicted by their contributions to their groups (B = .267, p < .001), extrinsic motivation (B = .40, p = .035), and amotivation (B = −082, p < .001). However, intrinsic motivation can also influence academic achievements through student contribution in a collaborative learning environment.
William Stern and Personalistic Thinking: Making Acquaintance

This chapter presents the foundational ideas of Stern’s personalistic psychology while introducing the reader to personal and academic developments within Stern’s life that helped shape his personalistic convictions. The foundational ideas discussed include (1) the distinction between persons and things, (2) the thesis of psychophysical neutrality, (3) the entelechy of personal doings, (4) goal systems in the dynamics of personal doings and adjustments, (5) the convergence of the person with his/her world, (6) the process of introception in adjusting one’s own goal system to the goals of others, (7) values and valuation, and (8) the distinction between personalism and individualism. The chapter concludes by noting that Stern’s opposition to a strict division between psychology and philosophy placed him at odds with the great majority of his contemporaries in psychology.
Discrete or Continuous?: The Quest for Fundamental Length in Modern Physics

The idea of infinity plays a crucial role in our understanding of the universe, with the infinite spacetime continuum perhaps the best-known example - but is spacetime really continuous? Throughout the history of science, many have felt that the continuum model is an unphysical idealization, and that spacetime should be thought of as 'quantized' at the smallest of scales. Combining novel conceptual analysis, a fresh historical perspective, and concrete physical examples, this unique book tells the story of the search for the fundamental unit of length in modern physics, from early classical electrodynamics to current approaches to quantum gravity. Novel philosophical theses, with direct implications for theoretical physics research, are presented and defended in an accessible format that avoids complex mathematics. Blending history, philosophy, and theoretical physics, this refreshing outlook on the nature of spacetime sheds light on one of the most thought-provoking topics in modern physics.
Fools, Bells and the Habit of Eating: Three Satires

Cupidity, corruption and conciliation are the themes of the three plays in this collection from one of South Africa's leading playwrights and novelists. The Mother of all Eating, a one-hander, with its central character a corrupt Lesotho official, is a grinding satire on materialism in which the protagonist gets his come-uppance. You Fool, How Can the Sky Fall? is an unbridled study in grotesquerie, reflecting a belief, traceable throughout Mda's work, that government by those who inherit a revolution is almost inevitably, in the first decade or two, hi-jacked by the smart operators. The Bells of Amersfoort, with its graphic portrayal of the isolation imposed by exile, picks up on the themes of the other two plays, but adds to them the concept of 'healing', both of the soul and of the land, in a lyrical work which holds out more hope than do its companions in this volume. The plays are introduced by Rob Amato, who directed much of Mda's earlier work.
Large Scale Estimation in Cyberphysical Systems using Streaming Data: a Case Study with Smartphone Traces

Controlling and analyzing cyberphysical and robotics systems is increasingly becoming a Big Data challenge. Pushing this data to, and processing in the cloud is more efficient than on-board processing. However, current cloud-based solutions are not suitable for the latency requirements of these applications. We present a new concept, Discretized Streams or D-Streams, that enables massively scalable computations on streaming data with latencies as short as a second. We experiment with an implementation of D-Streams on top of the Spark computing framework. We demonstrate the usefulness of this concept with a novel algorithm to estimate vehicular traffic in urban networks. Our online EM algorithm can estimate traffic on a very large city network (the San Francisco Bay Area) by processing tens of thousands of observations per second, with a latency of a few seconds. Note to Practitioners This work was driven by the need to estimate vehicular traffic at a large scale, in an online setting, using commodity hardware. Machine Learning algorithms combined with streaming data are not new, but it still requires deep expertise both in Machine Learning and in Computer Systems to achieve large scale computations in a tractable manner. The Streaming Spark project aims at providing an interface that abstracts out all the technical details of the computation platform (cloud, HPC, workstation, etc.). As shown in this work, Streaming Spark is suitable for imple- menting and calibrating non-trivial algorithms on a large cluster, and provides an intuitive yet powerful programming interface. The readers are invited to refer to the source code referred in this article for more examples. This article presents algorithms to sample and compute densities for Gamma random variables restricted to a hyperplane (i.e. distributions of the form Tij P j jTj = d with Tj independant Gamma distributions). It is common in this case to use Gaussian random variables because of closed form solutions to solve. If one considers positive valued distributions with heavy tails, our formulas using gamma distributions may be more suitable.