cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systems Innovations for Urban Transportation

Innovative transportation system concepts have been identified which could contribute significantly to easing urban transportation problems, while satisfying companion criteria of technological, economic, and social feasibility. Such systems could be available within 5 to 15 yrs if contained within a vigorous federal program of research, development, and demonstration. No one system, public or private, has been found that can be designed to perform all of the functions required to accommodate urban travel several decades from now. Rather, a variety of specialized systems designed to serve distinctive travel functions have been formulated. Three types of urban travel have been identified: major activity center travel, local area travel, and extended area travel. A major federal program of research, development, and demonstration of innovative systems of urban transportation has been recommended on the basis of these study findings.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Solids with the Use of Synchrotron Radiation

Publisher Summary Over the past four or five years, synchrotron radiation has been widely used for spectroscopy in the range 50-1000A. Perhaps the most useful features of synchrotron sources, especially the new storage rings, are: intense continuum emission throughout the vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray regions, extreme stability for photometric purposes, ultra high vacuum environment, polarized radiation, and nanosecond the structure. The combination of great versatility and unique capability, especially in the soft X-ray region, makes the use of synchrotron radiation very promising. Much work has recently been carried out with synchrotron radiation in order to extend the general knowledge of optical response farther into the extreme ultraviolet. This chapter discusses some of this work and gives a view of such spectroscopy. Future efforts with synchrotron radiation almost certainly will involve the more difficult “stage two” experiments, high resolution Compton and Raman scattering, electron emission spectroscopy, modulation spectroscopy, etc. Before commenting on these new directions, this chapter summarizes the recent photoabsorption results.
Purification and characterization of diphosphopyridine nucleosidase from pig brain.

Abstract Particulate diphosphopyridine nucleosidase from pig brain has been solubilized with trypsin and purified 8000-fold. The purified material appeared to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge; an s20,w value of 2.5 and a molecular weight of 26,000 were derived for the enzyme. The protein gave one precipitin band, indicative of one species of antigen, to a specific rabbit antibody. Less than 5% contaminant was present in the purified material as determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Amino acid composition of the pig brain enzyme differed significantly from that of Bacillus subtilis diphosphopyridine nucleosidase. The purified enzyme and the acetone powder exhibited identical catalytic properties with respect to hydrolysis of diphosphopyridine nucleotide, 3-acetylpyridine exchange, and specificity for DPN+ and TPN+, as well as identical pH profiles. The trypsin-solubilized enzyme, and material solubilized with lipase, had molecular weights of 26,000 and 25,000 (±1,000), respectively, on Sephadex G-100. Both solubilized forms of the enzyme had the same electrophoretic mobility as determined by a staining technique developed to test for catalytic properties of mammalian diphosphopyridine nucleosidases. These results indicate that the purified material possesses the same catalytic properties present in the acetone powder and that solubilization with trypsin does not alter the native protein since it is identical with lipase-solubilized material.
Alaska SAR Facility Archive and Operations System

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute have initiated a program to receive, record, process, and archive synthetic-aperture radar and optical images at the Fairbanks campus. Data will be acquired from the European Space Agency E-ERS-1 and the National Space Development Agency of Japan J-ERS-1 spacecraft. The author focuses on the system which catalogs and archives signal data and derived data products, and provides an interactive product order function for users. A mission planning subsystem provides the capability to predict satellite swath coverage of the spacecraft, manages data acquisition requests, and produces an operations schedule for the receiving ground station and the SAR processing system. >
Kant’s Conception of Duty: An Expanded View

In “Kantian Moral Character Coming Off the Ropes: Is the Kingdom of Ends a Sound Principle of Moral Education?,” Christopher Martin looks at readings of Immanuel Kant that seek to reconcile a divide between, on the one hand, scholarship that criticizes Kant’s moral philosophy as empty formalism, and on the other hand, scholarship that aims to contest charges by emphasizing Kant’s context-specific, communally situated writings on moral life and moral education. Martin rightly, as I see it, rejects an approach that would seek to resolve this divide by minimizing or omitting those aspects of Kant’s philosophy that have been dismissed as empty formalism; and he recommends — rightly again, in my view — that as we read Kant we keep in mind Kant’s assertion that the duty of respect for the moral law lies at the heart of morality.
A New Journal Is Born

The need for a new journal for the field of disability studies has been declared for some time and from various perspectives. Without naming them there are only four journals which characterize themselves as being in the field of disability studies. There is one journal published in the United Kingdom which was very international, but over the last several years it has almost exclusively published articles written from the viewpoint of the social model, used qualitative methodology, and had a sociological orientation. There is a second journal published in the United Kingdom which was very international, but it was written from the viewpoint of medical rehabilitation, used narrow quantitative methodology, and had a medical orientation. It often publishes articles which downplay the role of people with disabilities. There is nothing wrong with these orientations (except for discounting the views of people with disabilities), but they are not the only ones.
Global warming and changes in ocean circulation

This final report provides an overview of the goals and accomplishments of this project. Modeling and observational work has raised the possibility that global warming may cause changes in the circulation of the ocean. If such changes would occur they could have important climatic consequences. The first technical goal of this project was to investigate some of these possible changes in ocean circulation in a quantitative way, using a state-of -the-art numerical model of the ocean. Another goal was to develop our ocean model, a detailed three-dimensional numerical model of the ocean circulation and ocean carbon cycles. A major non-technical goal was to establish LLNL as a center of excellence in modelling the ocean circulation and carbon cycle.
Effect of Passive Immunization or Maternally Transferred Immunity on the Antibody Response to a Genetic Vaccine to Rabies Virus

A plasmid vector, termed pSG5rab.gp, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus was tested in young adult or neonatal mice in the presence of maternally transferred immunity or passively administered antibodies to rabies virus for induction of an antibody response. Mice born to rabies virus-immune dams developed an impaired antibody response to genetic immunization at 6 weeks of age, as had been previously observed upon vaccination with an inactivated viral vaccine. Similarly, mice passively immunized with hyperimmune serum showed an inhibited B-cell response upon vaccination with the pSG5rab.gp vector, resulting in both cases in vaccine failures upon challenge with a virulent strain of rabies virus. In contrast, the immune responses of mice vaccinated as neonates in the presence of maternal immunity or upon passive immunization to rabies virus with the pSG5rab.gp construct were only marginally affected.
Assessing medical decision making using human patient simulation.

BACKGROUND: This pilot study describes an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) developed using Human Patient Simulation (HPS). METHODS: Eight residents completed two iterations of this HPS OSCE containing seven stations and utilizing checklists, global ratings, and scoring sheets. RESULTS: The first- and second-year residents scored similarly with mean scores of 64/104 and 62/123, respectively. No statistical difference was noted between the resident scores. CONCLUSIONS: The HPS OSCE is feasible for small groups. A larger study will be needed to determine the effectiveness of this tool for evaluation.
Change of Molar Volume and Interdiffusion Coefficients in the System MgO‐Cr2O3

The interdiffusion coefficients in the system MgO-Cr2O3 were measured in the MgO phase. They are concentration-dependent and increase linearly, below 1600°C, with increasing mole fractions of cation vacancies. Interdiffusion coefficients calculated by the Boltzmann-Matano and Wagner treatments for the system MgO-Cr2O3 are compared; some of those obtained by the Boltzmann-Matano treatment are about 70% greater than those obtained by Wagner's analysis. Wagner's treatment gives correct values for the interdiffusion coefficients. The results of the Boltzmann-Matano treatment show the effect of neglecting the molar volume change in the system.
How depolymerization can promote polymerization: the case of actin and profilin

Rapid polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments in response to extracellular stimuli is required for normal cell motility and development. Profilin is one of the most important actin-binding proteins; it regulates actin polymerization and interacts with many cytoskeletal proteins that link actin to extracellular membrane. The molecular mechanism of profilin has been extensively considered and debated in the literature for over two decades. Here we discuss several accepted hypotheses regarding the mechanism of profilin function as well as new recently emerged possibilities. Thermal noise is routine in molecular world and unsurprisingly, nature has found a way to utilize it. An increasing amount of theoretical and experimental research suggests that fluctuation-based processes play important roles in many cell events. Here we show how a fluctuation-based process of exchange diffusion is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization.
Standard D2 and Modified Nodal Dissection for Gastric Adenocarcinoma

The quality of surgical treatment is a major determinant of cancer treatment outcomes; however, controlling surgical quality is a difficult task. Surgical treatment of gastric cancers, and especially the benefits of nodal dissection, has been a topic of debate and no consensus has been reached to date. The D2 nodal dissection defined, standardized, and practiced in Japan is a technically challenging procedure but carries better locoregional disease control. This article reviews the current definition of D1, D1 plus, and D2 nodal dissections, as well as the nodal dissection technique, indications for its modification, and the learning curve.
What crossword puzzles teach us about information

This paper studies crossword puzzles as a vehicle for analyzing information in a rigorous yet meaningful fashion. The paper asks, how does information operate in the context of crossword puzzles? A model is proposed that quantifies the difficulty of a puzzle P with respect to its clues. Given a clue-answer pair (c,a), we model the difficulty of guessing a based on c using the conditional probability Pr(a | c); easier mappings should enjoy a higher conditional probability. The model is tested on a corpus of puzzles taken from The New York Times. Additionally, we discuss how the notion of information implicit in our model relates to more easily quantifiable types of information that figure into crossword puzzles.
Efficiency in the Use of Hotellings T2

summary Alternative scale models are compared with regard to the Pitman efficiency of Hotelling’s Tf in tests for means. A basic decomposition identifies subspaces of the parameters in which one model is more efficient than another, or the two models have equal efficiency. Local and global bounds for relative Pitman efficiencies are given with reference to these subspaces. Applications include efficiency comparisons of marginal and conditional tests in a given model. and a comparison of the sensitivities of selected T2 tests regarding psychological profiles in treated and control groups of children.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Red-Light Running Camera Enforcement in Raleigh, North Carolina

This research effort expanded on a previous research effort funded by the North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Program. The original report, published in December 2004, looked into the safety effects of an automated red-light running (RLR) program in Raleigh, North Carolina. The primary shortcoming of the initial analysis was the limited data set used in the after period: only 5 months of data at 14 intersections. The initial findings indicated that RLR cameras decreased all five collision categories studied: total, RLR-related, angle, rear-end, and injury collisions. This research effort expanded on the data set used in the initial study by including 46 months of after data. The comparison group methodology was the primary analysis method used; however, the strength of this study versus others of its kind is in the selection of treatment and comparison sites that were done in a pseudorandom fashion. The authors show that the comparison sites chosen for this analysis should follow a very similar patte...
Effect of selenium on the immunocompetence of patients with head and neck cancer and on adoptive immunotherapy of early and established lesions.

Supplementation with 200 microg/day of sodium selenite during therapy for squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) of the head and neck, e.g., surgery, radiation, or surgery and radiation, resulted in a significantly enhanced cell-mediated immune responsiveness. The enhanced responsiveness was evident during therapy and following conclusion of therapy. In contrast, patients in the placebo arm of the study showed a decline in immune responsiveness during therapy. The results from studies on mice inoculated with SQCC cells expressing the receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and supplemented with Se (2.00 ppm) indicated that Se significantly retards the clinical appearance of tumors; peritumoral injections of 2,000 IU of IL-2 resulted in 50% reduction in the size of established tumors and 72% of early tumors. The combined data suggested that local immunotherapy with IL-2 in hosts supplemented with Se may represent an effective modality of treatment for the prevention of recurrences at the site of conventionally treated primary tumors.
Mining Dictyoglomus turgidum for Enzymatically Active Carbohydrases

The genome of Dictyoglomus turgidum was sequenced and analyzed for carbohydrases. The broad range of carbohydrate substrate utilization is reflected in the high number of glycosyl hydrolases, 54, and the high percentage of CAZymes present in the genome, 3.09% of its total genes. Screening a random clone library generated from D. turgidum resulted in the discovery of five novel biomass-degrading enzymes with low homology to known molecules. Whole genome sequencing of the organism followed by bioinformatics-directed amplification of selected genes resulted in the recovery of seven additional novel enzyme molecules. Based on the analysis of the genome, D. turgidum does not appear to degrade cellulose using either conventional soluble enzymes or a cellulosomal degradation system. The types and quantities of glycosyl hydrolases and carbohydrate-binding modules present in the genome suggest that D. turgidum degrades cellulose via a mechanism similar to that used by Cytophaga hutchinsonii and Fibrobacter succinogenes.
Hormone-induced changes in the in vitro DNA-binding activity of the chicken progesterone receptor.

Previous analyses have indicated that steroid hormone receptors undergo an allosteric change in structure upon binding by the steroid ligand. This structural change was envisioned as an intramolecular unmasking of the protein's DNA-binding domain, thus allowing the receptor to function in gene regulation. We report an analysis of the effect of hormone on the DNA-binding activity of the chicken progesterone receptor. Using an isocratic elution of DNA affinity columns we show that unliganded receptor (aporeceptor) can bind a 23-basepair progesterone response element with high affinity and a high degree of sequence preference. Hormone causes a 1.5-fold increase in affinity for the PRE sequence and a 2-fold decrease in affinity for nonspecific DNA. Kinetic analysis of the off-rate of receptor-DNA complexes is consistent with this minor effect of hormone. In addition, gel retardation analysis of receptor-progesterone response element complexes further substantiates that hormone is not required for sequence-spe...
A maximum entropy method for combining AOGCMs for regional intra-year climate change assessment

This paper deals with different responses from various Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Models (AOGCMs) at the regional scale. What can be the best use of AOGCMs for assessing the climate change in a particular region? The question is complicated by the consideration of intra-year month-to-month variability of a particular climate variable such as precipitation or temperature in a specific region. A maximum entropy method (MEM), which combines limited information with empirical perspectives, is applied to assessing the probability-weighted multimodel ensemble average of a climate variable at the region scale. The method is compared to and coupled with other two methods: the root mean square error minimization method and the simple multimodel ensemble average method. A mechanism is developed to handle a comprehensive range of model uncertainties and to identify the best combination of AOGCMs based on a balance of two rules: depending equally on all models versus giving higher priority to models more strongly verified by the historical observation. As a case study, the method is applied to a central US region to compute the probability-based average changes in monthly precipitation and temperature projected for 2055, based on outputs from a set of AOGCMs. Using the AOGCM data prepared by international climate change study groups and local climate observation data, one can apply the MEM to precipitation or temperature for a particular region to generate an annual cycle, which includes the effects from both global climate change and local intra-year climate variability.
Late Fall Home Ranges of Three Golden Mice, Peromyscus nuttalli

From October 22 to December 8, 1951, during the course of a small mammal study in Knox County, Tennessee, a condition became apparent in regard to three golden mice ( Peromyscus nuttalli ) that seems worthy of mention. Part of the study involved home range and population estimates. Livetraps, placed at 25 feet intervals, were used to accumulate data for these estimates. The method employed to calculate the home ranges was that used by Man ville (Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 73:1–83, 1949). The home ranges drawn for the three golden mice were long but narrow, apparently following a strip of bushes …
ECONOMIC THREAT AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN INCARCERATION: THE CASE OF POSTBELLUM GEORGIA

Economic threat figures prominently in recent explanations of lethal social control directed against blacks after the Civil War. As the position of whites and blacks became more similar, racial antagonisms intensified and found expression in efforts to suppress and intimidate blacks through lynchings and executions. This paper applies the economic threat hypothesis to the exercise of nonlethal social control in Georgia between 1874 and 1936. Time series analysis indicates that declines in racial inequality slightly increased racial disparities in incarceration. More noticeably, they decreased the black male incarceration rate and increased its white counterpart. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and empirical implications of the results.
Ubiquitous Parallel Computing from Berkeley, Illinois, and Stanford

The ParLab at Berkeley, UPCRC-Illinois, and the Pervasive Parallel Laboratory at Stanford are studying how to make parallel programming succeed given industry's recent shift to multicore computing. All three centers assume that future microprocessors will have hundreds of cores and are working on applications, programming environments, and architectures that will meet this challenge. This article briefly surveys the similarities and difference in their research.
Low space-bandwidth product signal extrapolation using a new robust iterative random grain allocation scheme

Abstract The extrapolation in the space domain of a partially observed low space-bandwidth product (SBP) sequence or, equivalently, the resolution of the Fourier spectra in the frequency domain, in the presence of appreciable noise, is considered. The unknown sequence estimate is based on a number of acquired samples on a given measurement interval and the prior knowledge of the signal frequency bandlimit. Using an approach similar to a Monte-Carlo method, the extrapolated sequence samples are constructed from variably sized elementary grains. The new iterative algorithm, at each iteration step, based on a random-number generator, decides both the sample position to be considered and the sign of a grain that might be added to the current sample value. A sample update in each iteration step is either accepted or rejected in accordance with an appropriate decision rule. While exploiting the extrapolated sequence frequency bandlimit as a constraint, this decision rule is based on a non-increasing l1-norm of ...
Capitalizing on the internet opportunity

Purpose – To investigate how business‐to‐business (B2B) firms view the opportunities and threats of the internet and determine which firms are most likely to gain from the internet.Design/methodology/approach – A nation‐wide survey of marketing, sales and MIS managers in B2B firms provides the data necessary to explore the impact of the internet.Findings – Managers view the internet positively as it will reduce customer service costs and allow firms to tighten relationships with customers. The positive potential outweighs the negative potential of increased competition and new pricing models. However, not all will benefit.Practical implications – While there is much optimism about the internet, those most likely to benefit are those firms already proficient at forging close customer relationships.Originality/value – This paper provides lessons about who will benefit from the internet.
Relationship between regional wall shear stress and carotid plaque composition using 3 T MRI and patient-specific computational fluid dynamics

Plaque vulnerability arises from the interplay among factors including plaque composition (PC) and wall shear stress (WSS). To date, the relationship between spatial WSS and PC is not established.
Antigenic regions of bovine somatotropin as defined by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Three distinct antigenic regions of bovine somatotropin (bST) were identified on the basis of the ability of a set of monoclonal antibodies to bind to proteolytic fragments and deletion variants of recombinant bST (rbST) in Western blot analyses. One of the regions is further subdivided into two epitopes on the basis of the cross-reaction of somatotropins from several species with the same set of antibodies in solid-phase RIA. The RIA and Western blot results suggest that amino acids 134–150, 181–190 and the amino terminus may be involved in the binding specificity of antibodies to the bovine somatotropin molecule. The total of four antigenic regions on the bST molecule parallels results described for human somatotropin. Labeled antibody competition tests were used to show that the epitope involving amino acids 134–150 is spatially separated from the other three epitopes.
Differences in separation and divorce. A longitudinal perspective.

One of the most significant changes in American society in the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in the number of separations and divorces. Between 1962 and 1981, the number of divorces in the United States tripled (National Center for Health Statistics, 1982). From 1970 to 1977, the divorce rate in the United States increased 79 percent (Camara et al., 1980). In the past several years, however, while the number of divorces has continued to increase, the divorce rate has stabilized. Nevertheless, there are currently over one million divorces granted annually in the United States. Since there is an average of one child per divorcing couple, these divorces represent a serious disruption in the lives of more than three million people every year (Bloom et al., in press). Current projections suggest that the near future will be little different from the recent past, and that about one-third of married persons between 25 and 35 years of age in 1975 will divorce (Camara et al., 1980).
RELIABILITY OF THE GRAPHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO HANDWRITING ANALYSIS.

Three graphoanalysts judged specimens of handwriting for five personality traits: attention to detail, domineeringness, persistence, self-consciousness, and stubbornness. The average inter-judge correlation was .78. Reliability is, therefore, established. Advantages of handwriting analysis that enhance its potential validity are pointed out, especially its vulnerability to faking and artifactual changes.
A Histologic Study of Age Changes in the Adult Human Periodontal Joint (Ligament)

This study evaluated the histological age changes in 80 periodontal joints from 24 human cadavers ranging in age from 20 to 90 years. The limitations of such a descriptive study were reviewed to prevent overextrapolation of the findings to whole populations. In the young speciments, the bone surface of the tooth socket was smooth and regular with the insertion of Sharpey's fibers evenly distributed in the woven bone. Interstitial lamellae were found between secondary osteons in the alveolar bone. Copious periodontal fibers passed around small vascularized interstitial spaces to insert evenly into the cementum as Sharpey's fibers. Numerous cells, probably fibroblasts, were present within and between the fiber bundles. Like the bone surface, the cemental surface was smooth and regular. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present. Cemental splits were found both intracementally and at the cemento-dentinal junction. In the older specimens, the periodontal surface of the alveolar bone was jagged and uneven with Sharpey's fibers inserting irregularly into the woven bone. Subjectively an increased amount of internal remodeling was seen in the periodontal bone. A relative decrease in both suspensory fibers and cellular content was noted in the periodontal ligaments of the older specimens. Large vascularized interstitial spaces encroached upon areas formerly occupied by periodontal fibers and bone. Fat cells also were observed replacing the suspensory fibers. The cementum showed an irregular surface into which Sharpey's fibers were unevenly inserted. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present, and cemental splits were seen with the same frequency as in the young specimens. There was a tendency for greater cemental apposition, particularly in the apical region of the tooth. In many respects the aging periodontal joint showed atrophic and degenerative changes similar to those in cranio-facial sutures. However, these changes did not include either bony ankylosis or osteoporosis related to increasing age. In summary, the periodontal joints of the younger specimens were well organized while those of the older specimens showed a more irregular structure and a decrease in fiber and cellular content. Intermediate changes were seen in the intermediate age groups.
Unique example of amyloid aggregates stabilized by main chain H-bond instead of the steric zipper: molecular dynamics study of the amyloidogenic segment of amylin wild-type and mutants

Most proteins do not aggregate while in their native functional states. However, they may be disturbed from their native conformation by certain change in the environment, and form unwanted oligomeric or polymeric aggregates. Recent experimental data demonstrate that soluble oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins are responsible for amyloidosis and its cytotoxicity. Human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin) is a 37-residue hormone found as fibrillar deposits in pancreatic extracts of nearly all type II diabetics. In this study we performed in silico mutation analysis to examine the stability of the double layer five strand aggregates formed by heptapeptide NNFGAIL segment from amyline peptide. This segment is one of the shortest fragments that can form amyloid fibrils similar to those formed by the full length peptide. The mutants obtained by single glycine replacement were also studied to investigate the specificity of the dry self-complementary interface between the neighboring β-sheet layers. The molecular dynamics simulations of the aggregates run for 20 ns at 330 K, the degree of the aggregate disassembly was investigated using several geometry analysis tools: the root mean square deviations of the C(α) atoms, root mean square fluctuations per residue, twist angles, interstrand distances, fraction of the secondary structure elements, and number of H-bonds. The analysis shows that most mutations make the aggregates unstable, and their stabilities were dependent to a large extent on the position of replaced residues. Our mutational simulations are in agreement with the pervious experimental observations. We also used free binding energy calculations to determine the role of different components: nonpolar effects, electrostatics and entropy in binding. Nonpolar effects remained consistently more favorable in wild type and mutants reinforcing the importance of hydrophobic effects in protein-protein binding. While entropy systematically opposed binding in all cases, there was no clear trend in the entropy difference between wildtype and glycine mutants. Free energy decomposition shows residues situated at the interface were found to make favorable contributions to the peptide-peptide association. The study of the wild type and mutants in an explicit solvent could provide valuable insight into the future computer guided design efforts for the amyloid aggregation inhibitor.
A boundary thin obstacle problem for a wave equation

(1989). A boundary thin obstacle problem for a wave equation. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 14, No. 8-9, pp. 1011-1026.
Nanobiology: particles slip cell security.

Nanoparticles with alternating striations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ligands cross the cell membrane by a direct mechanism — a route that delivers them to the main compartment of the cell while leaving the membrane undisrupted.
Determination of the effective zero point of contact for spherical nanoindentation

Accurate determination of the “zero point,” the first contact between an indenter tip and sample surface, has to date remained elusive. In this article, we outline a relatively simple, objective procedure by which an effective zero point can be determined accurately and reproducibly using a nanoindenter equipped with a continuous stiffness measurement option and a spherical tip. The method relies on applying a data shift, which ensures that curves of stiffness versus contact radius are linear and go through the origin. The method was applied to fused silica, sapphire single crystals, and polycrystalline iron with various indenter sizes to a zero-point resolution of ≈2 nm. Errors of even a few nanometers can drastically alter plots and calculations that use the data, including curves of stress versus strain.
A Trinuclear Intermediate in the Copper-Mediated Reduction of O2: Four Electrons from Three Coppers

The reaction of metal complexes with dioxygen (O2) generally proceeds in 1:1, 2:1, or 4:1 (metal:O2) stoichiometry. A discrete, structurally characterized 3:1 product is presented. This mixed-valence trinuclear copper cluster, which contains copper in the highly oxidized trivalent oxidation state, exhibits O2 bond scission and intriguing structural, spectroscopic, and redox properties. The relevance of this synthetic complex to the reduction of O2 at the trinuclear active sites of multicopper oxidases is discussed.
Tridentate Ligand Effects on Enthalpies of Protonation of (L3)M(CO)3 Complexes (M = W, Mo)

Titration calorimetry has been used to determine the enthalpies of protonation (ΔHHM) for the reaction of (L3)M(CO)3 complexes, where M = W and Mo and L3 = cyclic and noncyclic tridentate ligands o...
Magnesium chloride supported high mileage catalysts for olefin polymerization. XIII. Effect of external Lewis base on ethylene polymerization

The effect of external Lewis base (Be) on the polymerization of ethylene by the MgCl2/ethyl benzoate/p-cresol/AlEt3/TiCl4 catalyst was studied by activation with AlEt3 alone without the use of methyl-p-toluate. The initially formed active site concentration, [Ti], is about doubled in the absence of Be; at 50°C about 93% of the total titanium became catalytic. The same increment of [Ti] was observed without Be. The rate constants of propagation are not appreciably affected by Be; the values are the same at 50° with and without Be. At other temperatures the kp values are somewhat smaller without Be. One major effect was the very large k values for chain transfer with aluminum alkyls in the absence of Be as compared to those with Be. This can be attributed to the greater monomeric AlEt3 concentration in the former, but in much smaller amounts in the presence of Be due to complexation. The rate constants of chain transfer with hydrogen are not much affected by Be. However, the termination rate constants are generally much smaller when Lewis base is not present.
SU-FF-I-35: Do Lead Aprons Reduce Patient CT Doses?

Purpose: Hitherto, the Radiology community has assumed that scatter radiation in CT originates within the patient, and that any use of lead aprons would have no measurable effect on patient (scatter) doses. In this study, we investigated the validity of this assumption, and quantified the potential for reducing patient (scatter) doses in CT when lead aprons are placed adjacent to the directly irradiated region. Method: Thermoluminscent dosimeters(TLDs) were used to measure dose distributions in three anthropomorphic phantoms (newborn, 10‐year old, and adult male). Phantoms were scanned on a 4‐slice GE Lightspeed CT scanner using 140 kV, 900 mAs, and contiguous axial scanning. We performed a chest CT scan of each phantom with approximately 45 TLDs distributed through the directly irradiated chest region, and distal regions (head and abdomen). A second CT was also performed with the head and abdomen regions wrapped with a 0.5 mm equivalent lead apron. We estimated the effect of the lead apron on regional doses, as well as the change in total energy absorbed. Results: As expected, the addition of a lead apron had no effect on doses in the directly irradiated chest region. The addition of a lead apron reduced head doses by about 40%, and abdominal doses by about 25%. However, the scatter radiation in the “head” accounts for ∼3% of the total energy imparted to the patient, and the corresponding value for the abdomen is ∼7%. As a result, the reduction in total energy imparted to the patient from the introduction of lead aprons was only ∼5%. Conclusions: Our results show that lead aprons reduce patient doses from “external scatter” by about 5%. The origin of “external scatter” in CT merits additional study.
Allocation of nuptial gifts in tree crickets changes with both male and female diet

Male tree crickets, Oecanthus nigricornis, offer a nuptial gift to females during mating in the form of a secretion from a dorsal metanotal gland. I examined the effects of male and female nutrient limitation on allocation of the gift. Males were fed 14C radiolabeled amino acids, placed onto high- or low-quality diets and then mated with females also maintained on high- or low-quality diets. Female acquisition of radiolabel increased, and residual radiolabel within the metanotal gland decreased, over time verifying that gift size correlates with duration of courtship feeding. High-diet females produced greater egg numbers and allocated proportionally more of the male-derived amino acids to their ovaries. As predicted, duration of courtship feeding was greater for males on high-quality diets and females on low-quality diets. Amino acid transfer, measured as the proportion of total radiolabel transferred to the female, showed a significant interaction between male and female diet. High-diet females acquired available radiolabel more rapidly from high-diet males, but low-diet females acquired available radiolabel more rapidly from low-diet males. The causes of these differences between feeding duration and nutrient allocation are discussed.
Presidential Popularity and Congressional Voting: a Reexamination of Public Opinion as a Source of Influence in Congress:

IN ORDER to achieve his policy goals, the President must persuade Congress to support his preferences. Richard Neustadt (1960) suggests that the President's task is eased considerably if he is popular with the public. More recent quantitative studies tend to supports Neustadt's conclusions (Edwards 1976, 1977, 1980; Bond and Fleisher 1980). Although the findings of these studies have gained wide acceptance, major conceptual and methodological flaws in the analyses raise doubts about the importance of public opinion as a source of presidential influence in Congress. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the link between the President's popularity with the public and the success of his policy preferences in Congress using a research design that corrects some of the major problems in previous studies. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section reviews and critiques past research on the relationship between public opinion and presidential success in Congress. The second section describes the data and measures used in our analysis. The third section presents results indicating that the effect of public opinion on presidential success in Congress is more limited than previous work would suggest, while the final section offers conclusions and possible explanations of the limited influence of public opinion on presidential-congressional relations.
Variation of contact potential with crystal face for germanium

A method is presented for measuring with high resolution the differences in the areal average work functions of the different crystal faces of any non-insulator available as a fairly large single crystal. The method has been applied to germanium, cleaned by certain techniques in high vacuum, and gives a reproducible pattern of values correlated with crystallographic directions. The results found were φ(100)$φ(110) $φ(111), with φ(100)−φ(111)≅ 0.06 eV, φ(110)−φ(111)≅ 0.015 eV, these values being insensitive to bulk doping. While these differences found for germanium are on the order of one-tenth those known to exist between different faces of tungsten, it must be borne in mind that differences measured on the actual macroscopic faces will in general be less than those between ideal atomic surfaces. Before the face differences in work function for semiconductors can be explained, surface space charge potential and electrostatic dipole barrier at each face must be measured separately.
Effect of phenytoin on calcium disposition in pregnant and nonpregnant mice

Abstract The effect of phenytoin (DPH) on absorption and distribution of calcium in the male, female, and pregnant female mouse was evaluated. Pretreatment with phenytoin (80 mg/kg, ip × 5 days) significantly reduced the po absorption of 45 Ca in all three treatment groups. Distribution studies at 24 hr demonstrated that DPH pretreatment reduced femur bone concentration of IV administered 45 Ca to 40% of control value in all treatment groups. No significant effect of DPH was observed in the 24-hr soft tissue (liver, kidney, and brain) accumulations of 45 Ca. Fetal (Day 18) concentrations of radioactivity at 24 hr following 45 Ca administration were 25-fold greater than maternal soft tissue and approximated values observed in maternal bone, but no significant effect on fetal concentrations of 45 Ca was observed in phenytoin-pretreated mice. These results suggest that the fetal active uptake system of calcium differs significantly from intestinal or bone active transport systems and is probably not affected by chronic phenytoin therapy.
Effects of Allelochemics on the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon; Effects of Catechol, L-Dopa, Dopamine, and Chlorogenic Acid on Larval Growth, Development, and Utilization of Food

L-Dopa inhibited survival, growth, pupation, and pupal weight of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). It inhibited growth by reducing assimilation of food and by reducing the efficiency of conversion of assimilated food into insect tissue, but had no effect on amounts ingested. Catechol did not inhibit survival or ingestion, but inhibited growth and pupation. It inhibited growth by reducing the efficiency of conversion of assimilated food. Chlorogenic acid and dopamine had no apparent effect on survival, growth, pupation, or pupal weight.
Dynamical coupling of the stratosphere and mesosphere in the 2002 Southern Hemisphere major stratospheric sudden warming

[1] NCEP data and a NCAR TIME-GCM simulation are used to explore the dynamical coupling of the stratosphere and mesosphere during the 2002 Southern Hemisphere major stratospheric sudden warming. The analyses suggest the possibility of feedback interactions between the planetary wave forcing and the mesospheric/stratospheric mean state changes. Multiple strong planetary waves before the warming penetrate into the mesosphere and weaken the polar jet. They alter the wave transmission condition in favor of more upward-poleward propagation of the wave energy at progressively lower altitudes. The jet reversal and the planetary wave surf zone also descend from the mesosphere down to the stratosphere, making wave breaking more likely at decreasing altitudes with each wave episode. These changes in the wave transmission and breaking conditions in the mesosphere and stratosphere may be critical for the extensive major stratospheric warming.
Radar reflectivity in snowfall

Backscattering properties of dry snowflakes at different microwave frequencies are examined. It is shown that the Rayleigh approximation does not often provide the necessary accuracy for snowflake reflectivity calculations for radar wavelengths used in meteorology; however, another simple approximation, the Rayleigh-Gans approximation, can be safely used for such calculations. Reflectivity-snowfall rate relationships are derived for different snow densities and different radar frequencies. It is shown that dual-wavelength radar measurements can be used for estimating the effective sizes of snowflakes. Experimental data obtained during radar snowfall measurements in the WISP project of 1991 with the NOAA X- and Ka-band radars are found to be consistent with the described theoretical results. >
The trade balance effects of U.S. foreign direct investment in Mexico

This paper examines the effect of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico on U.S. exports to and imports from Mexico. The rise of intrafirm exports and imports following U.S. FDI in Mexico suggests that FDI affects trade flows. Empirical estimation proceeds with tests for stationarity and cointegration. The finding of cointegration among the variables leads to estimation of the hypothesized relationships with a vector error-correction model. Impulse response functions and variance decomposition reveal that FDI leads to increased exports and imports during the time period considered.
NONCOLLINEAR MAGNETIC ORDERING IN SMALL CHROMIUM CLUSTERS

We investigate noncollinear effects in antiferromagnetically coupled clusters using the general, rotationally invariant form of local spin-density theory. The coupling to the electronic degrees of freedom is treated with relativistic non-local pseudopotentials and the ionic structure is optimized by Monte-Carlo techniques. We find that small chromium clusters (N \le 13) strongly favor noncollinear configurations of their local magnetic moments due to frustration. This effect is associated with a significantly lower total magnetization of the noncollinear ground states, ameliorating the disagreement between Stern-Gerlach measurements and previous collinear calculations for Cr_{12} and Cr_{13}. Our results further suggest that the trend to noncollinear configurations might be a feature common to most antiferromagnetic clusters.
Harmonic maps between complex projective spaces

Using the DoCarmo-Wallach theory, we classify (homogeneous) polynomial harmonic maps of complex projective spaces into spheres and complex projective spaces in terms of finite dimensional moduli spaces. We make use of representation theory of the (special) unitary group to give, for a spherical range, the exact dimension and, for complex projective spaces, a lower bound of the dimension of the moduli spaces.
Adverse Side-Effects Associated With G-CSF in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Administration of the myeloid growth factor G-CSF after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is usually well tolerated, and associated with rapid hematopoietic engraftment. We report a high incidence (50%) of side-effects associated with post-transplant G-CSF in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic HLA-identical sibling peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. One or more of the following signs and symptoms were observed shortly after the subcutaneous injection of G-CSF: dyspnea, chest pain, nausea, hypoxemia, diaphoresis, anaphylaxis, syncope and flushing. These reactions led to discontinuation of G-CSF in the majority of patients. Predictive factors could not be identified, and the underlying mechanism leading to these reactions is unknown.
The impact of interprocedural analysis and optimization in the Rn programming environment

In spite of substantial progress in the theory of interprocedural data flow analysis, few practical compiling systems can afford to apply it to produce more efficient object programs. To perform interprocedural analysis, a compiler needs not only the source code of the module being compiled, but also information about the side effects of every procedure in the program containing that module, even separately compiled procedures. In a conventional batch compiler system, the increase in compilation time required to gather this information would make the whole process impractical. In an integrated programming environment, however, other tools can cooperate with the compiler to compute the necessary interprocedural information incrementally. as the program is being developed, decreasing both the overall cost of the analysis and the cost of individual compilations.A central goal of the Rn project at Rice University is to construct a prototype software development environment that is designed to build whole programs, rather than just individual modules. It employs interprocedural analysis and optimization to produce high-quality machine code for whole programs. This paper presents an overview of the methods used by the environment to accomplish this task and discusses the impact of these methods on the various environment components. The responsibilities of each component of the environment for the preparation and use of interprocedural information are presented in detail.