cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopists Can Reduce Postoperative Opioid Use.

Abstract Despite the harrowing opioid crisis in the United States, the use of opioids to combat musculoskeletal pain continues to be widespread. In the setting of hip arthroscopy, approximately one-third of patients are on opioids while awaiting surgery to address the pain that results from femoracetabular impingement syndrome. In addition, the use of opioids to address pain postoperatively is common practice. With the rapid rise of hip arthroscopy in the United States, it is paramount that other modes of pain relief are promoted by surgeons in conjunction with allied health professionals, such as physical therapists. In fact, early physical therapy has been shown to decrease the use of postoperative opioids by 10%. The use of complementary and alternative therapies should be common practice in the in the orthopaedic setting to assist in reducing the number of opioids used for both pre and postoperative pain management. While this may be a small piece of the opioid crisis puzzle, it is up to all of us in the medical community to do our part and change the direction of the current opioid crisis.
Blocking the Light at the End of the Tunnel? Optimal Teleworking Agreements and Management's Revealed Preferences when Vaccine Is on the Horizon

During a pandemic companies adopt teleworking agreements even if they put zero weight on its workforce welfare, as long as the quality of its future product may be a ected by current health outcomes of its workers. News about a vaccine leads to an increase in the scope of teleworking agreements if and only if the management puts a strictly positive weight on its workforce welfare. Ceteris paribus, a rational management would never reduce the scope of teleworking agreements when vaccine is on the horizon. If new safety protocols appear successful in limiting or avoiding the health risks for tasks done on-site (e.g. lack of viral transmission with in-person teaching under a hybrid model), the reduction in the scope of teleworking agreements will be excessive if managers do not understand Lucas' Critique.
Theology and Reason

“Theology and Reason” In this chapter, Lorkowski sets the groundwork and context for an analysis of theological arguments, especially those that try to show the existence of a higher power. The author first limns the distinction between natural and revealed theology, and then argues that the former should take precedence over the latter. Lorkowski then refutes two common families of view, that we should not apply reason to theological matters and that we cannot apply reason to theological matters. Finally, the author briefly outlines how arguments are to be evaluated generally before situating natural theology of this type into the Western tradition.
Crisis and non-crisis short selling and bank enforcement actions

Abstract Employing standard informed trading intuition, we develop testable hypotheses regarding short selling before and after bank enforcement action (EA) initiations. For U.S.-listed bank firm data for 2007 to 2012, we find strong support for differentiated short seller activity and skill in crisis versus non-crisis periods. In financial crises, short sellers predominantly position prior to EAs. The EA initiations then act as information-homogenizing and profit-taking events reducing incentives to remain positioned. In contrast, EAs in non-crisis periods appear to serve as wake-up calls that attract additional short selling. Our findings offer potentially important insights for regulators considering short sellers’ reactions to EA announcements in general, during financial crises, and when not experiencing a broad financial crisis.
Stochastic Programming and Distributionally Robust Optimization Approaches for Location and Inventory Prepositioning of Disaster Relief Supplies

In this paper, we study the problem of disaster relief inventory prepositioning under uncertainty. Specifically, we aim to determine where to open warehouses and how much relief item inventory to preposition in each, pre-disaster. During the post-disaster phase, prepositioned items are distributed to demand nodes, and additional items are procured and distributed as needed. There is uncertainty in the (1) disaster level, (2) locations of affected areas, (3) demand of relief items, (4) usable fraction of prepositioned items post-disaster, (5) procurement quantity, and (6) arc capacity. We propose and analyze two-stage stochastic programming (SP) and distributionally robust optimization (DRO) models, assuming known and unknown uncertainty distributions, respectively. The first and second stages correspond to pre- and post-disaster phases, respectively. We propose a Monte Carlo Optimization procedure to solve the SP and a decomposition algorithm to solve the DRO model. To illustrate potential applications of our approaches, we conduct extensive experiments using a hurricane season and an earthquake as case studies. Our results demonstrate the (1) the robustness and superior post-disaster operational performance of the DRO decisions under various distributions compared to SP decisions, especially under misspecified distributions and high variability, (2) the trade-off between considering distributional ambiguity and following distributional belief, and (3) computational efficiency of our approaches.
Activity Monitoring for Early Detection and Management of Toxicity in Patients Undergoing Chemoradiation for Gastrointestinal Malignancy.

Purpose/objective(s) Higher levels of physical activity assessed by step count have been associated with lower risk of hospitalization during cancer treatment. We hypothesize that it is feasible to use activity data to identify patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation for gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy who are at high risk for emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations, and to successfully trigger and execute triage visits for symptom management. Materials/methods This prospective study randomized patients to activity monitoring versus observation. Each group was provided an activity monitor. If a patient in the intervention arm had 20% decreased activity or 20% increase in heart rate from their baseline, a triage visit was triggered to evaluate and treat symptoms. In the observation group, activity data was recorded but no triage visit was triggered. Baseline step count and heart rate were established during a one-week period between radiation simulation and treatment start. The primary endpoint was to demonstrate an increased rate of triage visits in the activity monitoring group compared to observation. Secondary outcomes included rates of ED visits and hospitalizations. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were computed using logistic regression modeling. Results A total of 40 patients were enrolled on the study: 22 in the intervention group and 18 in the observation group. Primary disease sites included anus (n = 4), gastric/esophagus (n = 14), hepatobiliary (n = 4), pancreas (n = 7), and rectum (n = 11). Median age was 60 years in the intervention arm and 62.5 years in the observation arm (P = 0.69). The median radiation dose and fractionation were similar among the two groups. Average baseline daily step counts were similar in the two groups (5,103 in intervention group vs. 5,668 in observation group, P = 0.43). Average daily step counts decreased from week 1 to week 5 in both groups (-960 steps in observation group and -1,164 steps in the intervention group). There was an increased rate of triage visits in the intervention arm compared to the observation arm (86.4% v 38.9%, OR 9.95, 95% CI 2.12-46.56, P = 0.015). Rates of ED visits and hospitalizations were numerically lower in the intervention group compared to the observation group (9.1% vs 22.2%, P = 0.31; 4.5% vs 16.7%, P = 0.31, respectively). Patients with anal (-1456 steps) cancer showed the largest decrease in mean daily step count over the treatment course. Medical intervention was more common in the intervention group compared to observation (P Conclusion This study supports the feasibility of actively monitoring patient's daily step and heart rate data to successfully trigger triage visits for patients at high risk for toxicity. Further studies are ongoing and may support the use of automated activity monitoring to decrease the rates of ED visits and hospitalizations.
Static quark anti-quark pair in SU(2) gauge theory.

We study singlet and triplet correlation functions of a static quark-antiquark pair defined through gauge invariant timelike Wilson loops and Polyakov loop correlators in finite temperature $SU(2)$ gauge theory. We use the L\"uscher-Weisz multilevel algorithm, which allows us to calculate these correlators at very low temperatures. We observe that the naive separation of singlet and triplet states, in general, does not hold nonperturbatively; however, it is recovered in the limit of small separation, and the temperature dependence of the corresponding correlators is indeed very different.
Adding Value to the Core Business Curriculum: Innovative Use of IS Courses

Over the past few years, our institution has been in the process of rethinking the structure of our College of Business curriculum. This is motivated by three major factors: Demands of industry for the inclusion of “soft skills” in our curriculum, the recent emphasis by AACSB on assessment of student learning, and dissatisfaction with the performance of the core MIS course. This paper describes our response to those pressures: a pilot curriculum that emphasizes skill development and assessment, content integration, and information technology concepts and use. Although early in the delivery of this new curriculum, preliminary results indicate that this newly structured curriculum effectively delivers MIS/IT content while simultaneously building students’ soft skills. The remainder of this paper briefly describes the motivation for the changes, the structure of the new curriculum, and anecdotal evidence of the new program’s effectiveness.
Tracking multiple mobile targets using cooperative Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we present a decentralized cooperative multiple target tracking method for multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The decentralized cooperative multi-target tracking algorithm incorporates an optimal sensor management scheme and a cooperative path planner. To localize and track targets, a set of Extended Kalman Filters (EKFs) is used onboard each UAV and resulting target estimates are shared among UAVs. The sensor management scheme determines optimal gimbal poses to track the maximum number of targets using a greedy algorithm and a path planner is used to coordinate desired trajectories of UAVs. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using simulation results.
Male horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus use multiple sensory cues to locate mates

The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism's success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability to detect mates using senses that have different ranges in a variable aquatic environment. In this contribution we review the sensory cues that male horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus are known to use when locating mates and then provide new data that shed light on this subject. Dur- ing the breeding season, females migrate into shore during high tides to spawn. Males attach to females as they approach the beach or are attracted to pairs already spawning. Vision is well established as an important cue in attracting males. Although chemoreception is well known in other marine arthropods, and horseshoe crabs have the anatomy available, there are few studies on chemical cues in this species. Experiments are presented here that provide evidence for chemical cue use. We show that the at- traction, and retention, of attached and satellite males to actively spawning females and mating pairs involves multimodal cues (Current Zoology 56 (5): 485-498, 2010).
Cooperative evolution on the intertwined spirals problem

This paper examines the evolution cooperation on the intertwined spirals problem. Multiple cooperation mechanisms are tested. Cooperation evolves fairly easily for each of the cooperation mechanisms, producing compact, successful team based solutions. Importantly, the team members' fitness is relatively poor.
A survey of large time asymptotics of simulated annealing algorithms

Simulated annealing is a probabilistic algorithm for minimizing a general cost function which may have multiple local minima The amount of randomness in this algorithm is controlled by the “temperature”, a scalar parameter which is decreased to zero as the algorithm progresses. We consider the case where the minimization is carried out over a finite domain and we present a survey of several results and analytical tools for studying the asymptotic behavior of the simulated annealing algorithm, as time goes to infinity and temperature approaches zero.
Fermi surface of NaxCoO2.

Doping evolution of the Fermi surface topology of ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is studied systematically. Both local density approximation (LDA) and local spin density approximation (LSDA) predict a large Fermi surface as well as small hole pockets for doping levels $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$. In contrast, the hole pockets are completely absent for all doping levels within $\mathrm{L}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}+U$. More importantly, we find no violation of Luttinger's rule in this system. The measured Fermi surface of ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ can be explained by its half-metallic behavior and agrees with our $\mathrm{L}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}+U$ calculations.
s- AND p-WAVE NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY. PART IV. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE kev REGION

Abstract A new high-resolution collimation-detection system has been developed for neutron total cross-section measurements in the kev region. The instrument has a variable opening between conical polyethylene collimating surfaces and admits neutrons emitted from the Li(p,n) Be reaction at about 160° with respect to the direction of the protons. The neutrons are detected by two separate banks of boron trifluoride counters. Neutron energy spread is relatively constant over a wide range of neutron energies. The resolution is apparently limited at present by nonuniformity of the thin Li targets. The optimum resolution obtainable with a reasonable counting rate has been calculated. Measurements have been made of the yield at 160° of the small extraneous background scattered into the detectors by the target backing and other sources. The total cross section for Bi209 has been measured from 10 to 136 kev; prominent s-wave resonances occur at 12, 15, 32, 44.5, 68, 80, 84, 94, 101, 112, 116, and 134 kev in addition to five other less prominent levels and three known resonances below 10 kev. A resolution correction was applied to the first four resonances and the peak cross sections corrected in this manner are close to the theoretical values. The average level spacing is 10 ± 3 kev per s-wave channel (spin state). An estimate has been made of the neutron widths Γn by a new method (see previous paper). The s-wave strength function based on more than twenty resonances is (0.57 ± 0.17) × 10−4.
Activating the NaK pump with monensin increases aminoisobutyric acid uptake by mouse fibroblasts

Abstract Monensin rapidly tripled the initial rate and extent of α-aminoisobutyric acid accumulation by Swiss 3T3 cells. This ionophore catalyzes the electroneutral exchange of external Na for cellular protons and stimulates the NaK pump by suppling it with more Na. The stimulation of the NaK pump and α-aminoisobutyric acid uptake exhibited a similar dependence on monensin concentration. Ouabain prevented monensin from increasing α-aminoisobutyric acid transport. Aminoisobutryic acid transport was more than doubled at low doses of monensin that activated the NaK pump by elevating cell Na without significantly changing cell K. The rapid activation of α-aminoisobutyric acid transport is probably due to the hyperpolarizing effect of stimulating the electrogenic NaK pump. The stimulation of the NaK pump is quiescent fibroblasts by serum or growth factors may be sufficient to activate the Na-dependent amino acid transport systems.
Histamine H1 receptors in the brain and spinal cord of the cat.

The regional distribution of histamine H1 receptors in the feline brain and spinal cord was determined in vitro using the radio-actively labeled histamine H1 antagonist, [3H]pyrilamine. This distribution of H1 receptors, which was different from that reported for other species, was highest in the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies. Intermediate levels of binding were observed in the cerebral cortical and limbic regions, corpus striatum, colliculi, cerebellum, and medulla. The lowest binding was found in the pons and spinal cord. Binding in the spinal cord was concentrated in the gray matter, but the number of binding sites detected in the dorsal and ventral horns did not differ. The equilibrium dissociation constants for [3H]pyrilamine were similar for the various regions and were in the range of 2–3 nM and the pharmacological characteristics of the feline brain and spinal H1 receptors were similar to those found in the brains of other mammalian species with the exception of the guinea pig.
Possibilities and limitations on the use of latent energy of vaporization in energy reservoirs

Abstract This paper presents an equation that gives the relationships between energies, saturated pressures, and temperatures, and volumes of vaporization for a wide variety of different kinds of pure elements and compounds and which is approximately independent of kind of substance. This new equation is then combined, in graphical form, with vapor pressure equations for a number of pure substances to construct a plot that can be used to solve problems regarding allowable relationships between kind of compound, volumes, pressures, temperatures, and capacity of the energy reservoir. The work was restricted to pure compounds, no attempt was made to consider possibilities of two-component or multi-component systems.
Histological and biomechanical evaluation of calcium phosphate coatings applied through surface‐induced mineralization to porous titanium implants

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate surface-induced mineralization (SIM) as a potential technique to apply ceramic coatings to metal orthopaedic implants. Cylindrical titanium porous-coated implants were either coated by SIM or plasma-spray (PLS) techniques with calcium phosphate, or left uncoated (CTL). The implants were bilaterally implanted into the intramedullary canal of the proximal femur of 24 adult New Zealand white rabbits segregated into the following groups: PLS/CTL, SIM/CTL, and SIM/PLS. After 6 weeks in vivo, biomechanical and histologic evaluations were completed. Biomechanically, SIM had consistently greater mechanical interlock than PLS implants. However, CTL implants had greater mechanical interlock than both PLS and SIM. The small sample size prevented statistical evaluation and definitive biomechanical conclusions. Histologically, SIM and PLS had significantly greater ingrowth than CTL implants (p < 0.05). The SIM coating technique produced similar ingrowth characteristics as standard PLS coatings, yet may prevent osteolysis by providing a stronger, more reliable, covalent bond between the ceramic and metal.
Introduction to software product lines adoption

This tutorial describes a phased, pattern-based approach to software product line adoption. It reviews the challenges of product line adoption; introduces a roadmap for phased, product line adoption; describes adoption planning artifacts; and establishes linkages with other improvement efforts.
Strain Enhancement within Cantilevered, Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Scavenging Devices

We present the current status of cantilevered MEMS vibrational energy harvesting devices with sol-gel-derived lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as the active layer. Sol-gel-deposited PZT typically suffers from lower piezoelectric constants than those from other deposition methods, but it remains a simple method for depositing PZT films onto arbitrary wafer sizes and is a scalable process. Several different cantilever geometries are explored in order to improve power output by increasing the fraction of the material strained during deflection. Finite element analysis estimates of the mechanical strain within these cantilevers, when driven at resonance, demonstrate that choice of cantilever shape can significantly affect their power output.
A non-linear elastic model of contraction of ischaemic segments

Previous studies have characterised the motion of the myocardium using a linear time varying elastance model, ie, they have sought to characterise the relationship between left ventricular volume and internal pressure as linear, but with time varying slopes over the cardiac cycle. However, the motion of myocardium during regional ischaemia has not been characterised by such models. Studies of totally ischaemic tissue and of myocardium in diastole have characterised the relationship between tension or stress and segment length as exponential. It is the purpose of this study to present a new model in which myocardial contraction is expressed as an exponential, but time varying elastic relationship. In this model tension, T, is related to segment length according to the formula T=eα(t)L+β, where α(t) rises with systole and falls in diastole. This model was applied to the motion of hypokinetic segments noted in a series of conscious dogs studied for other purposes. Hypokinetic segments display early systolic bulging, decreased systolic shortening, and early diastolic recoil. These particular types of segment motion are naturally predicted by this model. Furthermore, the motion of myocardial segments as they become increasingly ischaemic may be predicted, including a gradual shift to the right and narrowing of the tension-length loop. α was noted to be independent of loading change, and thus may be viewed as an index of contractility. This model thus predicts the pattern of motion of hypokinetic segments and provides new insight into myocardial contractility.
Limited information estimation and testing of Thurstonian models for paired comparison data under multiple judgment sampling

We relate Thurstonian models for paired comparisons data to Thurstonian models for ranking data, which assign zero probabilities to all intransitive patterns. We also propose an intermediate model for paired comparisons data that assigns nonzero probabilities to all transitive patterns and to some but not all intransitive patterns. There is a close correspondence between the multidimensional normal ogive model employed in educational testing and Thurstone's model for paired comparisons data under multiple judgment sampling with minimal identification restrictions. Alike the normal ogive model, Thurstonian models have two formulations, a factor analytic and an IRT formulation. We use the factor analytic formulation to estimate this model from the first and second order marginals of the contingency table using estimators proposed by Muthen. We also propose a statistic to assess the fit of these models to the first and second order marginals of the contingency table. This is important, as a model may reproduce well the estimated thresholds and tetrachoric correlations, yet fail to reproduce the marginals of the contingency table if the assumption of multivariate normality is incorrect. A simulation study is performed to investigate the performance of three alternative limited information estimators which differ in the procedure used in their final stage: unweighted least squares (ULS), diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS), and full weighted least squares (WLS). Both the ULS and DWLS show a good performance with medium size problems and small samples, with a slight better performance of the ULS estimator.
When the Rules of Discourse Change, but Nobody Tells You: Making Sense of Mathematics Learning From a Commognitive Standpoint

In this article we introduce a research framework grounded in the assumption that thinking is a form of communication and that learning a school subject such as mathematics is modifying and extending one’s discourse. This framework is then applied in the study devoted to the learning of negative numbers. The analysis of data is guided by questions about (a) the discourse on negative numbers as such, and the features that set it apart from the mathematical discourse with which the students have been familiar when the learning began; (b) students’ and teacher’s efforts toward the necessary transition to the new meta-discursive rules, and (c) effects of the learning teaching process, that is, the extent of discursive change resulting from these efforts. Our findings lead to the conclusion that discursive change, rather than being necessitated by an extradiscursive reality, is spurred by communicational conflict, that is, by the situation that arises whenever different interlocutors seem to be acting according to differing discursive rules. Another conclusion is that school learning requires an active lead of an experienced interlocutor and is fuelled by a realistic communicational agreement between her and the learners.
In Defence of QALYs

ABSTRACT A recent article has claimed that one of the significant benefits which people in the UK derive from the existence of the National Health Service must be lost if the Service adopts the QALY maximisation principle to allocate medical resources. The argument fails, partly because its author conflates two distinct benefits. The first is almost certainly important, but there is no reason to believe that it would be lost if the principle were introduced (while there is some reason to believe that the benefit would actually be greater). The second, once it is isolated from others with which it may be confused, is much less obviously important; and in any case there is again no reason to believe that it would be lost. Moreover, to argue against the principle on the ground that the second benefit would disappear is really to beg the question against the principle. We could not justify our rejection of the principle on the ground that the principle's adoption would mean that we lost the second benefit.
On what there is: Representation and history

Premise: our representational system has had a relatively invariant core throughout human history (cf. Sellars's “manifest image”). Major theses: (i) When philosophical argument establishes the existence of an entity, that entity is a representing, not a represented. (ii) Most of the documents in the history of philosophy are on a par (as dialogical resources) with current philosophical literature for establishing or controverting such existence claims. (iii) The use of mathematics (initially the mathematized neo-Platonism of classical mechanics) allowed modern physical science to break with the perennial system of representation; in consequence, a portion of the representings of modern physical scientists do not belong to the historically invariant core. This limits the dialogical resources of physical science and the applicability of arguments from perennial philosophy to science. It also explains the relative irrelevance of pre-17th century science to contemporary physical scientists in contrast to the relevance of pre-17th century philosophy to contemporary philosophers. It also supports thesis (iv), that logic (broadly conceived) in central to all serious philosophical enterprises, since logic is the central tool for exhibiting and criticizing the rationale(s) of our representational system(s). Support for these theses will be found in the paper.
Processes of Knowledge Production in Social Movements as Multi-level Power Dynamics

Most literature related to the study of processes of knowledge production within social movements neglects how power relations between participants rooted on structural inequalities shape such processes. It also underestimates how such inequalities and the very dynamics of movements intersect in the setting up of the ‘boundaries’ of ‘insidership’ and ‘outsidership’, as well as of the terms implicit in different forms of participation. This article makes a review of theoretical and methodological literature that is relevant to the study of processes of knowledge production within social movements. Based on that review, it proposes the concept of ‘multi-level power dynamics’ as a tool for future research on the way in which such processes are shaped by power relations between movement members endowed with, or experiencing a differentiated access to different forms of knowledge, as well as with actors within the state and networks promoting the diffusion of ideas and strategies.
Transpolar potential saturation models compared

[1] We compare four explanations of transpolar potential saturation: (1) the magnetic field at the stagnation point weakens, thereby limiting magnetic reconnection; (2) a dimple develops at the stagnation point, which limits the inflow rate to the reconnection line; (3) the magnetopause becomes blunt and the bow shock recedes, thus giving more room for the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere, thereby reducing the need for magnetic reconnection; (4) the region 1 current system usurps the Chapman-Ferraro current system and saturates when the J x B force it generates balances solar wind ram pressure. The paper's point is that all four mechanisms involve a limit on the strength of the region 1 current system and that the criterion for the onset of transpolar potential saturation in each mechanism is that the region 1 current system generates a magnetic field that is about as strong as the dipole field at the dayside magnetopause. This circumstance prevents tests to discriminate between the four mechanisms based on predictions that relate to their dependencies on the region 1 current system. The group as a whole, however, can be tested to see whether their common criterion that relates the onset of transpolar potential saturation to the total current flowing in the region 1 system holds. The criterion can be formulated in terms of predictions that relate transpolar potential saturation to the strength of the interplanetary electric field, solar wind ram pressure, and ionospheric conductance. Published data analyses and MHD simulations reasonably confirm these predictions.
A new design for CPW-fed broadband circularly polarized square slot antenna

In this paper, we propose a new antenna design of square slot antenna with broadband circular-polarization operations. By feeding an asymmetric T-shaped co-planar waveguide (CPW) and a grounded metal strip in the slot, two CP bands can be excited at the adjacent bands near the first resonant band of the square slot. By further embedding an L-shaped grounded metal strip, two CP bands can be combined to form a wide CP bandwidth. Finally, the impedance match of the wide CP band can be obtained by slitting the asymmetric T-shaped CPW. The proposed CP slot antenna can achieve a 3-dB axial bandwidth (CPBW) of 50%, which is completely enclosed by the VSWR ≤ 2 impedance band.
The PIPPIN machine: simulations of language processing

This article describes two simulations which, together, are intended to help students make the leap from writing programs in a simple high-level language to understanding how such programs come to be translated and executed on a simple computer. The first program simulates the compilation of an assignment statement from a typical programming language into a mock assembly language. The second program simulates the fetch-execute cycle on a computer built expressly to process that same assembly language. We describe the design and use of each simulator, and conclude with anecdotes about our experiences using these tools in class.
Remote sensing’s use in disaster research: a review

This paper examines articles published between 1972‐1998 that utilize remote sensing in hazard and disaster research. Delineating trends in the production and content of the articles may encourage those who are performing or contemplating such research to alter and/or expand their analyses in new or alternate directions. The review of articles indicates that the technique is primarily used to detect, identify, map, survey and monitor existing hazards and/or their effects. Secondary goals are to provide damage assessments, improve planning, or provide data for mitigation, preparation, relief, response, and warning efforts. Articles addressing hazard/disaster process modeling have rarely been published. It is suggested that if remote sensing is to be used more effectively to reduce unnecessary suffering from damaging environmental events, hazard and/or disaster process models be incorporated into future research.
Spirometry effects on conventional and multiple flow exhaled nitric oxide in children

AbstractObjective: Clinical and research settings often require sequencing multiple respiratory tests in a brief visit. Guidelines recommend measuring the concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) before spirometry, but evidence for a spirometry carryover effect on FeNO is mixed. Only one study has investigated spirometry carryover effects on multiple flow FeNO analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate evidence for carryover effects of recent spirometry on three exhaled NO summary measures: FeNO at 50 ml/s, airway wall NO flux [J′awNO] and alveolar NO concentration [CANO] in a population-based sample of schoolchildren. Methods: Participants were 1146 children (191 with asthma), ages 12–15, from the Southern California Children’s Health Study who performed spirometry and multiple flow FeNO on the same day. Approximately, half the children performed spirometry first. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate differences in exhaled NO summary measures associated with recent spirometry te...
High-level design of digital computers using optical logic arrays

An optical computing model used in a number of projects consists of arrays of optical logic gates interconnected in free space. The arrangement of optical logic arrays and optical interconnects is governed by the complexity of the optics rather than by the needs of the digital circuits being implemented. Thus, unlike an electronic technology, the physical layout of a digital optical computer that adheres to this model cannot easily be separated from the functional behavior since they are tightly coupled. In order to manage digital design for this optical computing model there is a need for developing a methodology to the design process. Progress toward such a methodology at Rutgers University is described here.
Social support agents for older adults: longitudinal affective computing in the home

Loneliness and social isolation are significant problems in older adult populations. We describe the design of a multimodal conversational agent-based system designed to provide longitudinal social support to isolated older adults. Results from a requirements analysis study and a remote “Wizard-of-Oz” study are presented that inform the design of the autonomous social support agent. An exploratory pilot study was conducted in which the agent was placed in the homes of 14 older adults for a week. Results indicate high levels of acceptance and satisfaction of the system. Results also indicate that when the agent proactively draws elders into interactions, triggered by a motion sensor, it is more effective at addressing loneliness than when the agent passively relies upon elders to initiate interactions. We discuss future research opportunities for affective computing to address this important societal problem.
A Search for Best Constants in the Hardy-Littlewood Maximal Theorem

Let \(Mf(x) = \sup(1/2r)\int^{x+r}_{x-r} |f(t)|\;dt\) be the centered maximal operator on the line. Through a numerical search procedure, we have conjectural best constants for the weak-type 1-1 estimate (3/2) and the Lp estimate (the constant B(p,1) such that \(M(|x|^{-1/p}) = B(p,1)|x|^{-1/p}).\) We prove that these constants are lower bounds for the best constants and discuss the numerical evidence for the conjectures.
Glucocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid sensitivity of mitogen stimulated and unstimulated human lymphocytes

GLUCOCORTICOIDS exert widespread suppressive effects on lymphocytes of most species1,2. Sensitivity to the hormones is thought to vary with the state of lymphocyte maturation and differentiation. Immature thymic lymphocytes, for example, are more sensitive than mature thymic-dependent lymphocytes1,3. Furthermore, in vitro studies have suggested that glucocorticoid sensitivity varies with the state of mitogen or antigen-induced activation. Nowell4 observed that prednisolone-21-phosphate reduced the number of mitoses induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), and noted that this inhibition required the presence of glucocorticoids during the first 24 h of exposure to PHA. When glucocorticoids were added 48 h after PHA, a time when mitoses had not yet appeared, they had no effect on the number of mitoses measured 2 d later. Tormey et al.5 extended these results to show that prednisolone-21-phosphate inhibited incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and cytidine into PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, and found that delayed addition of steroid resulted in diminished inhibition.
The Value of Gender Studies to Professional Communication Research.

This article reviews selected gender scholarship that informs the study of professional communication as well as some recent articles on professional communication that make use of gender studies. ...
Direct Calculation of Power System Stability Using the Impedance Matrix

The impedance matrix combined with the Norton equivalent and some loads as fixed impedances serve to reduce the number of buses that must be carried in high-speed computer memory. Noniterative techniques are used to gain speed and a Thevenin equivalent is used to check out-of-step conditions of individual machines. Representations of induction motors, generators (salient and nonsalient), govemors, and regulators are conventional.
Aluminum chelation principles and recent advances

Acute Al toxicity is not common. Toxicity from prolonged Al exposure has become much less common, but still occurs occasionally. The potential contribution of Al to Alzheimer's disease and related disorders is not resolved. Diagnosis of Al accumulation and treatment of Al toxicity can be achieved with chelators. The biology and chemistry of Al relevant to its chelation are reviewed. The approaches that have been used to assess potential Al chelators are summarized. The chemistry of desferrioxamine and the hydroxypyridinones in relation to Al chelation and the results of the more recent studies with these agents are reviewed. There is very little clinical experience with the hydroxypyridinones as Al chelators. The results of chemical and animal studies suggest they have potential to replace desferrioxamine, as orally effective Al chelators. However, adverse effects associated with the use of 1,2-dimethyl-3,4-hydroxypyridinone (deferiprone) dampen enthusiasm for the hydroxypyridinones as Al chelators. The uses of Al chelators to enhance Al removal, concentration, detection and speciation are reviewed. The role of Al chelators in the environment and their production by plants to reduce Al toxicity is summarized.
An Almost Paperless Organic Chemistry Course with the Use of iPads

The advancement of tablet computer technology has progressed rapidly in the past three years to the point where organic chemistry can be almost completely paperless. Students in one section of organic chemistry were provided iPads equipped with the application Notability to use in lecture to take notes and to use in the laboratory as a laboratory notebook. All laboratory assignments were completed, submitted, graded, and returned to the students electronically. Student feedback about using iPads in class was very positive, with 9-out-of-12 students preferring to use an iPad to take notes rather than the traditional paper and pencil method.
Regeneration of diploid alfalfa plants from cells grown in suspension culture

Abstract Chromosome manipulation and breeding were used to produce a cultivated diploid alfalfa clone (HG2) which possessed the ability to regenerate plants from suspension cultures. Callus colonies and regenerated plantlets were obtained at a planting density as low as 2 · 10 3 cells/ml, but colony development was enhanced by greater density, and 2 · 10 4 cells/ml was near the optimum. Ability to regenerate (96% of colonies) and the proportion of diploid plants (70%) both remained high after one transfer and a total of 21 days in suspension. Regeneration decreased with time in suspension culture to 48% at 56 days, 3.5% at 77 and zero after 98 days. A similar decrease in regeneration capacity was observed when HG2 was maintained as a solid callus. Clone HG2 is expected to provide the basic material for future experiments on variant selection.
Carcinogenicity of fibers and films: A theory

A theory based on frustrated phagocytosis is advanced to explain the carcinogenesis of fibers and films. Exocytosis combined with flexion of a foreign body permits the escape of superoxide radicals which, in a manner similar to that postulated for ionizing radiation, induces somatic mutations. The theory is subject to experimental verification, and offers hope for the development of preventive therapy which can be used to prevent some of the fibrosis and cancer resulting from asbestos inhalation.
Computing mammographic density from a multiple regression model constructed with image-acquisition parameters from a full-field digital mammographic unit.

Breast density (the percentage of fibroglandular tissue in the breast) has been suggested to be a useful surrogate marker for breast cancer risk. It is conventionally measured using screen–film mammographic images by a labor-intensive histogram segmentation method (HSM). We have adapted and modified the HSM for measuring breast density from raw digital mammograms acquired by full-field digital mammography. Multiple regression model analyses showed that many of the instrument parameters for acquiring the screening mammograms (e.g. breast compression thickness, radiological thickness, radiation dose, compression force, etc) and image pixel intensity statistics of the imaged breasts were strong predictors of the observed threshold values (model R2 = 0.93) and %-density (R2 = 0.84). The intra-class correlation coefficient of the %-density for duplicate images was estimated to be 0.80, using the regression model-derived threshold values, and 0.94 if estimated directly from the parameter estimates of the %-density prediction regression model. Therefore, with additional research, these mathematical models could be used to compute breast density objectively, automatically bypassing the HSM step, and could greatly facilitate breast cancer research studies.
Evaluation of the phase composition of amylose by FTIR and isothermal immersion heats

Abstract Amylose, a linear component of starch, has been shown to be directly responsible for many of starch's physical properties. In this study isothermal DSC assisted by FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the phase composition of amylose under various pH conditions and while shear was used to disrupt chain–chain interactions. The analysis was based on a three-phase model consisting of crystalline (type B and single helices), amorphous, and network (physical entanglements and hydrogen bonds related) environments. Varying the pH of the water present in the samples enables the detection of the presence of the networks. Such networks, preferentially located in the amorphous phase, were found to be more reactive to chemical and probably thermal modifications. However, when chain entanglements or hydrogen bond networks are found near or in the helix of the crystalline phase, the polymer becomes more resistant to chemical and physical modification. Furthermore, it was observed that pH and shear could be used to control the morphology, orientation and phase content of amylose, which had a significant impact on the biodegradability of the treated samples.
Susceptibility of larvae ofHeliothis zea, H. virescens, andH. armigera [lep.: Noctuidae] to 3 baculoviruses

The pattern of virulence (based on inclusion bodies) for 3 baculoviruses ofHeliothis, i.e. a unicapsid, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HzSNPV); a multicapsid, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaMNPV); and a granulosis virus (HaGIV) was the same (HzSNPV>HaMNPV>HaGIV) for 3 species ofHeliothis. Based on numbers of nucleocapsids, however, the HaGIV was ca 2X more virulent than the HaMNPV for larvae ofH. virescens, (F.), and the HaMNPV was about 6X more virulent than the HaGIV for larvae ofH. armigera (Hubner). The fastest rate of larval mortality was obtained with HzSNPV. Although the mortality rate for HaGIV was faster than that of HaMNPV forH. virescens andH. armigera, it was slower than that of HaMNPV for larvae ofH. zea (Boddie).
Parameter passing: a window into students' views of programming (abstract)

One reason that Pascal is considered an appropriate introductory programming language for computer science majors is that Pascal permits the creation of modular programs by using logically independent procedures. However this advantage of Pascal is utilized only if students learn to manage parameter passing well enough to harness Pascal's power. In particular, students should learn to use the stylistic conventions accepted by the professional programming community and to understand the reasons for these conventions. This study examined student knowledge and beliefs relating to parameter passing in Pascal. During interviews, students were asked to predict which programs from a collection of similar programs would work according to specification and which would not work due to variable access errors or parameter passing errors. Also during interviews, students were asked to rate program versions on several stylistic criteria, including ease of comprehension, ease of debugging, and ease of modification. Programming experts were asked to rate the same program versions on the same criteria. This paper will discuss these inter-views. In particular students' views of the larger programming process will be discussed.