cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical angiographic regression of atherosclerosis after partial ileal bypass

Clinical documentation of atherosclerotic plaque regression has been difficult to obtain. This is a report of a patient with severe and early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with regression of at least three major atherosclerotic lesions demonstrated by coronary arteriography 10 years after partial ileal bypass operation. The patient's total plasma cholesterol was reduced over these 10 years, ranging from 40% to 23%, from the preoperative level of 757 mg/dl. Sequential arteriograms were assessed independently by several arteriographers and blindly by the Arteriography Review Panel of the Program on Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). The readings were analyzed by 4 grading methods. Unanimously, marked regression was read in the proximal left circumflex artery (70% leads to 20%), middle segment of the right coronary artery (45% leads to 20%), and in the distal right coronary artery (80% leads to 50%). Thus, by any and all of the methods used, there was significant regression of arteriographically demonstrated atherosclerotic lesions.
Understanding the impacts of Costa Rica's PES: Are we asking the right questions?

Abstract PES is an increasingly mainstream tool for influencing land-use decisions on private land and Costa Rica's experience provides critical insight. We review findings of PES impacts on forest cover, a proxy for forest-based ecosystem services. National studies conclude that PES has not lowered deforestation rates. Yet in northern Costa Rica, there is evidence of additionality for PES-related avoided deforestation. Moreover, sub-national studies of bi-directional forest cover change, along with farm-level interview data and an understanding of ground-based operations, demonstrate that avoided deforestation is an incomplete measure of PES impact. Sub-national case studies suggest PES is associated with agricultural abandonment and net gains in forest cover via forest regeneration and plantation establishment. Explanations include that forest regeneration has always been an accepted PES modality for some regions. Also, early PES cohorts have an implicit spatial correlation with pre-PES incentives focusing exclusively on reforestation. Without understanding de facto PES implementation, it is impossible to appropriately evaluate PES impacts or discern whether PES outcomes—positive or negative—are due to PES design or its implementation. This distinction is critical in refining our understanding of both the utility and limitations of PES and has some practical implications for PES-style REDD initiatives.
The alligator gut microbiome and implications for archosaur symbioses

Among vertebrate gastrointestinal microbiome studies, complete representation of taxa is limited, particularly among reptiles. Here, we provide evidence for previously unrecognized host-microbiome associations along the gastrointestinal tract from the American alligator, a crown archosaur with shared ancestry to extinct taxa, including dinosaurs. Microbiome compositional variations reveal that the digestive system consists of multiple, longitudinally heterogeneous microbiomes that strongly correlate to specific gastrointestinal tract organs, regardless of rearing histories or feeding status. A core alligator gut microbiome comprised of Fusobacteria, but depleted in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria common to mammalians, is compositionally unique from other vertebrate gut microbiomes, including other reptiles, fish, and herbivorous and carnivorous mammals. As such, modern alligator gut microbiomes advance our understanding of archosaur gut microbiome evolution, particularly if conserved host ecology has retained archosaur-specific symbioses over geologic time.
SITE OF ACTION OF HYPOXIA AND INHALED NO IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF NEWBORN PIGS DETERMINED BY MICROFOCAL ANGIOGRAPHY. • 1795

SITE OF ACTION OF HYPOXIA AND INHALED NO IN THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF NEWBORN PIGS DETERMINED BY MICROFOCAL ANGIOGRAPHY. • 1795
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in newborn infants: Low activity level in preterm infants†

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase catalyzes the formation of cholesterol ester by the transesterification of free cholesterol in serum high-density lipoproteins, the fatty acid donor being HDL lecithin, which in the process is converted to lysoleeithin. ] The latter leaves the HDL particle and, after binding to serum albumin, is rapidly removed from the circulation by various tissues, chief among them the liver? Thus LCAT, an enzyme synthesized in the liver and acting in the circulation, is the key enzyme that controls the metabolism of lipoprotein phospholipid. 3,4 The accumulation of lecithin in a specific low-density lipoprotein (lipoprotein X) in preterm infants maintained on total parenteral nutrition, including lntralipid (a commercial preparation that contains 1.2% lecithin), might be due to impaired clearing of the infused lecithin because of low LCAT activity? Indeed, earlier studies showed that LCAT activity is lower at birth in full-term infants than in adults 6-9 and may be lowest in VLBW infantsJ ~ The aim of this study was to evaluate LCAT activity levels at birth (in cord blood) in a large number of infants ranging in gestational age from 25 to 42 weeks, as well as to quantitate concomitantly the concentration of the main serum lipids, triglyceride, cholesterol, and lecithin, in cord blood.
Multi-ion screening in uncompensated semiconductors.

Formalisme autocoherent rendant compte de facon explicite de la difference de l'effet d'ecran des electrons libres sur un donneur dans un systeme a un ion et dans un systeme a n ions; application a Si:P metallique non compense et mise en evidence d'une amelioration significative de l'accord entre les valeurs theoriques et experimentales de la mobilite des electrons
Dementia Caregiving Studies: A Typology for Family Interventions

The number of elders in the population with some degree of cognitive impairment or dementia is expected to increase 500% over the next 50 years. In that few elderly individuals are institutionalized, this means manyfamilies will have the experience of providing home care for a cognitively impaired or demented elder. The health and well-being of all family members-regardless of whether they are direct caregivers or not-are affected by having a demented elder in the home. This article is a review of caregivng literature ofthe past decade to identify and classify interventions that have been successful in assisting caregivers of impaired elders. The intent ofthis classification is to generate a typology of empirically based interventionsfor nurses and other service providers who work with families caring for a cognitively impaired elder in the home.
Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Children

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continues to be a frequent and important cause of morbidity in children. Postoperative vomiting (POV) is more commonly studied in children than postoperative nausea because of a child’s inability to effectively express distress after experiencing nausea. POV is problematic in children and is one of the leading postoperative complaints from parents and the leading cause of readmission to the hospital. POV occurs twice as frequently in children as in adults, increasing until puberty and then decreasing to adult incidence rates. Gender differences are not seen before puberty. POV remains a main cause of morbidity in children because severe vomiting can be associated with dehydration, postoperative bleeding, pulmonary aspiration, and wound dehiscence. While children have an increased potential for dehydration and the resulting physiologic impairments, other associated results such as a delay in hospital discharge or an overnight or longer hospital admission also must be considered. The two most common emetogenic surgical procedures evaluated in children are strabismus repair and adenotonsillectomy. The approach to the management of PONV and POV in children is similar to that in adults. However, as the rate of POV is more frequent in children than in adults, more children are candidates for antiemetic prophylaxis. The management approach is multifactorial and involves proper preoperative preparation, risk stratification, rational selection of antiemetic prophylaxis, choice of anesthesia technique, and a plan for postoperative antiemetic therapy. It is important to identify children at moderate-to-high risk for POV as prophylactic antiemetic therapy is useful in these children. Antiemetics of choice for POV in children include dexamethasone, dimenhydrinate, perphenazine, ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron, and tropisetron. The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT3) antagonists are the antiemetic drugs of first choice for POV prophylaxis in children because as a group they have greater efficacy for preventing vomiting than nausea. The 5-HT3 antagonists can be effectively combined with dexamethasone with an increase in efficacy. If possible, regional anesthesia should be considered. For those undergoing general anesthesia, the baseline POV risk should be reduced. Children at moderate-to-high PONV risk should receive combination therapy with two or three prophylactic antiemetics from different antiemetic drug classes. Reference to and the use of PONV guidelines and management algorithms help improve cost-effective postoperative care.
Prospective evaluation of clinical criteria to select older persons with acute medical illness for care in a hypothetical home hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate criteria to select older persons who need hospitalization for common acute medical illnesses for care in a hypothetical home hospital. DESIGN: Prospective record review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older admitted to the general medical service of a community- based university hospital. MEASUREMENTS: We developed illness-specific selection criteria to identify older persons with certain acute medical conditions for treatment in a hypothetical home hospital. The selection criteria were reviewed prospectively against all community-dwelling older patients admitted to the general medical service of a community-based university hospital over a 4-month period. We determined eligibility for home hospital admission based on information available at the time of admission and then tracked the patient's hospital course. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven admissions of 143 patients were reviewed. The selection criteria identified 33% of patients admitted to the acute hospital with one of the three target diagnoses as eligible for a home hospital model of care had it been available. Eligible patients experienced shorter lengths of stay (3.7 vs 5.4 days, P =.012), fewer mean number of procedures performed (0.98 vs 1.70, P =.001), fewer mean number of complications (0.17 vs 0.56, P = .010), and fewer events that could be handled only in the acute hospital setting (P =.036). In addition, in logistic regression analysis, three criteria for home hospital ineligibility, pulmonary congestion associated with ischemic chest pain (odds ratio 6.85, 95% CI 2.64, 17.81), the presence of an acute coexisting illness requiring hospitalization independent of the target conditions (odds ratio 2.66, 95% CI 1.11, 6.41), and significant pulmonary congestion after initial treatment (odds ratio 14.4, 95% CI 1.77, 117.41) were significantly associated with items difficult to accomplish at home. CONCLUSIONS: Criteria can be delineated that identify older persons with acute medical illnesses who may be suitable for treatment in a home hospital.
Model strategy for village development in the Czech Republic

The model strategies discussed in this article represent different ways of possible village development in the Czech Republic. We used typologies of strategies from business strategic management for their definition. Twenty municipalities, where structured interviews were carried out with their mayors, were chosen randomly from among 100 villages where a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2012 (Faltova Leitmanova, et al., 2012). Based on the qualitative analysis of the structured interview summaries, eight model strategies were ascertained. These include integration strategy, service differentiation, spending cuts, usage of municipal property, stabilization of village population, business support, fundraising, and identification of the inhabitants with the village (village pride). The most commonly applied model strategy is integration, followed by village population stabilization.
College student health in the 21st century

The first college student health services were developed in the early to mid-1800s. The Cadet Hospital was built by West Point in 1830 primarily in response to respiratory illnesses that ran rife through the Academy each winter.1 The hospital not only provided care for ill students but also allowed them to be separated from the general student population. The role of similar infirmaries in preventing the spread of disease among students was likely a primary driver of the development of college student health programs in the 19th century. A more comprehensive model was developed by Amherst College in 1861 after the college president expressed concern about the large numbers of students who had to leave school due to illnesses and observed that “students of our colleges have bodies which need care and culture as well as the intellectual and moral powers and which need this care at the same time with higher … Address correspondence to Terrill Bravender MD, MPH, 1540 East Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: tdbrave{at}umich.edu
An interactive visual analytics framework for multi-field data in a geo-spatial context

Climate research produces a wealth of multivariate data. These data often have a geospatial reference and so it is of interest to show them within their geospatial context. One can consider this configuration as a multi field visualization problem, where the geospace provides the expanse of the field. However, there is a limit on the amount of multivariate information that can be fit within a certain spatial location, and the use of linked multivari ate information displays has previously been devised to bridge this gap. In this paper we focus on the interactions in the geographical display, present an implementation that uses Google Earth, and demonstrate it within a tightly linked parallel coordinates display. Several other visual representations, such as pie and bar charts are integrated into the Google Earth display and can be interactively manipulated. Further, we also demonstrate new brushing and visualization techniques for parallel coordinates, such as fixedwindow brushing and correlationenhanced display. We conceived our system with a team of climate researchers, who already made a few important discov eries using it. This demonstrates our system’s great potential to enable scientific discoveries, possibly also in oth er domains where data have a geospatial reference.
An outcome space algorithm for optimization over the weakly efficient set of a multiple objective nonlinear programming problem

This article presents for the first time an algorithm specifically designed for globally minimizing a finite, convex function over the weakly efficient set of a multiple objective nonlinear programming problem (V1) that has both nonlinear objective functions and a convex, nonpolyhedral feasible region. The algorithm uses a branch and bound search in the outcome space of problem (V1), rather than in the decision space of the problem, to find a global optimal solution. Since the dimension of the outcome space is usually much smaller than the dimension of the decision space, often by one or more orders of magnitude, this approach can be expected to considerably shorten the search. In addition, the algorithm can be easily modified to obtain an approximate global optimal weakly efficient solution after a finite number of iterations. Furthermore, all of the subproblems that the algorithm must solve can be easily solved, since they are all convex programming problems. The key, and sometimes quite interesting, convergence properties of the algorithm are proven, and an example problem is solved.
Venus: On the phase variation of CO2 line profiles

The shapes of Venus' CO2 profiles are found to vary with solar phase angle. High-resolution spectra of the P16 and P14 lines in the 8689- and 7820-A bands, respectively, are presented for phase angles ranging from 6 to 158 deg. The scattering mean free path at 80 mbar, approximately the effective pressure, is 1.7 km. Use of the van de Hulst (1974) similarity relations with simple parametric scattering models is inadequate to separate effects due to the scattering phase function from those due to inhomogeneities in depth when one attempts to determine the atmospheric structure by fitting a family of such models over a wide range of phase angles.
Production, Purification, and Capsid Stability of Rhinovirus C Types

The rhinovirus C (RV-C) were discovered in 2006 and these agents are an important cause of respiratory morbidity. Little is known about their biology. RV-C15 (C15) can be produced by transfection of recombinant viral RNA into cells and subsequent purification over a 30% sucrose cushion, even though yields and infectivity of other RV-C genotypes with this protocol are low. The goal of this study was to determine whether poor RV-C yields were due to capsid instability, and moreover, to develop a robust protocol suitable for the purification of many RV-C types. Capsid stability assays indicated that virions of RV-C41 (refractory to purification) have similar tolerance for osmotic and temperature stress as RV-A16 (purified readily), although C41 is more sensitive to low pH. Modification to the purification protocol by removing detergent increased the yield of RV-C. Addition of nonfat dry milk to the sucrose cushion increased the virus yield but sacrificed purity of the viral suspension. Analysis of virus distribution following centrifugation indicated that the majority of detectable viral RNA (vRNA) was found in pellets refractory to resuspension. Reduction of the centrifugal force with commiserate increase in spin-time improved the recovery of RV-C for both C41 and C2. Transfection of primary lung fibroblasts (WisL cells) followed by the modified purification protocol further improved yields of infectious C41 and C2. Described herein is a higher yield purification protocol suitable for RV-C types refractory to the standard purification procedure. The findings suggest that aggregation-adhesion problems rather than capsid instability influence RV-C yield during purification.
Modeling hypoxia stress response pathways

Summary form only given. Hypoxic stress is a consequence of the decrease in oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. Oxygen is essential for energy production, since it is the terminal electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) of the mitochondria. This makes the condition of low oxygen availability (hypoxia) deleterious to living cells and proper adaptation techniques must be employed by the cell for survival. The main sensors for cellular partial pressure alterations and hypoxia are three hydroxylases, known as prolyl hydroxylase domain containing proteins (PHDs) namely PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3. They initiate a cascade of cell signaling through a family of transcription factors appropriately named as Hypoxia Inducible factor (HIF). There are currently three members HIF-1, HIF-2 and HIF-3, each of them is an HIF heterodimer, possessing α and β factor subunits coded by 6 genes (HIF1α, ARNT (Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator), EPAS1 (Endothelial PAS domain containing protein 1), ARNT2, HIF3α and ARNT3 respectively). When enough oxygen is available, the proline residue in the Oxygen Dependent Degradation (ODD) domain of HIF-1α undergoes non-reversible hydroxylation in the presence of PHD2. During normoxia, HIF-1α is hydroxylated by PHD2, and the hydroxylated HIF-1α interacts with von Hippel-Lindua tumor suppressor protein (VHL) and is degraded by ubiquitination. But during hypoxia, PHD2 is inhibited which results in HIF-1α stabilization. Stabilized HIF-1α enters the nucleus and heterodimerizes with HIF-1β and binds the DNA via the Hypoxia Response Elements (HRE) within the promoter regions of the target genes. HIF-regulated target genes enable cells to induce an adaptive response by increasing glycolysis, angiogenesis and other patho-physiological events or undergo cell death by promoting apoptosis or necrosis. The decision of adaptation or cell death depends on the extent of hypoxic stress faced by the cells. The adaptive response during hypoxic stress is mainly observed in solid tumors, where the increased demand for oxygen is met by the up-regulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, glycolysis and other physiological events. Hence, proper understanding of hypoxia stress response pathway is critical for understanding the mechanism of tumor cell adaptation to hypoxia and to develop efficient therapeutic interventions. Using prior knowledge of hypoxia stress response pathways from the literature, a Boolean model of it is developed and simulated. This model allows for a better understanding of the perturbations of hypoxia response, which is derived from complex multivariate interactions of biological molecules.
Synaptic regulation of protein synthesis and the fragile X protein

Protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites, often near synapses. Polyribosomal aggregates often appear in dendritic spines, particularly during development. Polyribosomal aggregates in spines increase during experience-dependent synaptogenesis, e.g., in rats in a complex environment. Some protein synthesis appears to be regulated directly by synaptic activity. We use “synaptoneurosomes,” a preparation highly enriched in pinched-off, resealed presynaptic processes attached to resealed postsynaptic processes that retain normal functions of neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, and various postsynaptic responses including signaling pathways and protein synthesis. We have found that, when synaptoneurosomes are stimulated with glutamate or group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists such as dihydroxyphenylglycine, mRNA is rapidly taken up into polyribosomal aggregates, and labeled methionine is incorporated into protein. One of the proteins synthesized is FMRP, the protein that is reduced or absent in fragile X mental retardation syndrome. FMRP has three RNA-binding domains and reportedly binds to a significant number of mRNAs. We have found that dihydroxyphenylglycine-activated protein synthesis in synaptoneurosomes is dramatically reduced in a knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome, which cannot produce full-length FMRP, suggesting that FMRP is involved in or required for this process. Studies of autopsy samples from patients with fragile X syndrome have indicated that dendritic spines may fail to assume a normal mature size and shape and that there are more spines per unit dendrite length in the patient samples. Similar findings on spine size and shape have come from studies of the knockout mouse. Study of the development of the somatosensory cortical region containing the barrel-like cell arrangements that process whisker information suggests that normal dendritic regression is impaired in the knockout mouse. This finding suggests that FMRP may be required for the normal processes of maturation and elimination to occur in cerebral cortical development.
The expression of Troponin T1 gene is induced by ketamine in adult mouse brain.

Abstract The glutamatergic system has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease, which also have a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Treatment with ketamine, a non-competitive glutamate N-methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is known to have paradoxical effects of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. We investigated gene expression in brain tissue of adult mice treated with ketamine to characterize the expression profiles and to identify the affected metabolic pathways. Adult male mice were treated by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either s(+)ketamine (80 mg/kg) or distilled water (as the control). Fifty genes were differentially expressed in ketamine-treated mouse brains compared with control mice using oligonucleotide microarray analysis, and the expression of Troponin T1 (Tnnt1) gene was consistently elevated (2- to 4-fold) (p
Thick data: adding context to big data to enhance auditability

Big data is one of the most important developments in business this decade. In response, there are growing calls for auditors to themselves adopt big data techniques. In this paper, we argue that if auditors are to be successful in incorporating big data into their practices and take advantage of the undoubted potential of big data for more accurate analysis of the burgeoning data available about their clients, then they need to see big data as a means towards an end and not as an end in itself. Thick data is a new ethnographic approach that uncovers the meaning behind big data visualisation and analysis. When applied to auditing, thick data is about adding context to the enhanced quantitative analysis that big data promises. By using the medium of the analysis of the tone at the top, the thick data approach can be incorporated into auditing practice in a way that is consistent with established audit practice.
Breaching the Blood-Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery

Molecular "hitchhiking" through receptor-mediated transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier is a CNS drug delivery strategy. In this issue of Neuron, Niewoehner et al. (2014) describe a modular anti-transferrin receptor Fab approach for shuttling therapeutic antibodies into the brain.
Surge Protection for AC Motors-When Are Protective Devices Required?

AC motors require surge protection. However, rotating machinery arresters and capacitors are not required on the terminals of all ac motors. Often the distribution system parameters provide inherent surge protection. A simplified method is provided for determining when additional surge protection equipment is required at motor terminals.
A Comparison of US and Canadian Mortality in 1998

On average, Americans die earlier than Canadians. An estimate based on comparing the number of actual US deaths with the number that would have obtained had Canadian age- and sex-specific death rates applied to the US population shows an excess number of US deaths in 1998 amounting approximately to 253,000. Excess US deaths were especially numerous among older women, middle-aged men, and nonwhites. Circulatory diseases were the major cause of excess deaths. Prevalences of two of the major risk factors for circulatory deaths—smoking and hypertension—were higher in Canada than in the US. But obesity was higher in the US, suggesting a likely important role that obesity plays in higher mortality in the US relative to Canada. Comparisons of the level, age pattern, and causes of US and Canadian mortality, however, raise more questions than currently available data can answer.
Umweltverhalten und Toxikologie der Wachse

Pflanzliche und tierische Wachse sind als chemisch relativ stabile, nicht toxische Substanzen seit langem Hilfsstoffe des Menschen. Die Wachse haben in der Natur Schutzfunktionen gegen Umwelteinflusse. Dieser Schutz ist nur moglich durch eine weitgehende Bestandigkeit gegen die Umwelt, was auch geringe biologische Abbaubarkeit bedeutet. Es ist daher verstandlich, das Wachse im menschlichen und tierischen Organismus praktisch unverdaulich und untoxisch sind. Die teilsynthetischen Wachse auf Basis Montanwachs – einem fossilen Pflanzenwachs – sind in ihrem Aufbau den Naturwachsen ahnlich; sie gleichen ihnen daher im Umweltverhalten und sind toxikologisch vollig harmlos. Auch vollsynthetische Wachse wie Polyathylenwachse und Polyathylenwachsoxidate haben nach den bisher vorliegenden Ergebnissen keine nachteiligen Einflusse auf die Umwelt. Unter Berucksichtigung der gunstigen toxikologischen Eigenschaften ist es begreiflich, das Wachse eine weltweite lebensmittelrechtliche Zulassung erlangt haben. Environmental Behaviour and Toxicology of Waxes Plant and animal waxes are chemically relatively stable nontoxic substances and are used by humans since ages. In the nature waxes have protective function against environmental influences. This protective action is possible due to great resistance of the waxes towards environment, which also means low biological degradability. Obviously, waxes are undigestible and non-toxic in human and animal organism. Partially synthesized waxes based on montana wax, a plant fossil wax, have a structure similar to natural waxes, and therefore they resemble natural waxes with regard to environmental behaviour and are fully harmless from toxicological viewpoint. Also fully synthetic waxes, such as polyethylene waxes and polyethylene oxide waxes have, according to results obtained so far, no undesirable effects on environment. Waxes have been approved in foods worldwide, obviously due to their favorable toxicological properties.
Toward a Race Pedagogy for Black Faculty

Educators are consciously or unconsciously guided by pedagogy and make critical decisions about praxis—content, strategy, structure—based on their pedagogical beliefs. The intentional use of pedago...
Reducing the Illicit Trade in Endangered Wildlife: The Market Reduction Approach

The market reduction approach is a crime reduction strategy that aims to reduce and disrupt stolen goods markets, in addition to reducing theft levels by making it more risky for thieves to sell st...
Multivariate Risk Aversion and Intertemporal Substitution

Researchers often assume that preferences over uncertain consumption streams are representable by
Application and Architecture of Power Dispatching & Distribution System Using Big Data Technology

As the new energy resources including scenery storage have been well accessed into power grid, the operation process of power dispatching and distribution involves the massive, multi type, high complex data which contain the real-time data, plan data, warning and monitoring data, environmental data. Nowadays, the application of big data focused on single analysis of structured and semi-structured data. And the deep learning analysis hasn’t been concerned, transforming power gird data into knowledge is the inevitable trend in the development of smart grid. In this paper, the power dispatching and distribution data were analyzed in detail from the data source, data characteristics, the trend of application etc. According to the new requirement of smart grid now and in the future, the potential application with big data technology was studied in the field of smart grid and the reference opinions was provide by intelligent analysis and decision which are accurate, security, economic, comprehensive optimal features. Finally, to meeting requirement of the power dispatching & distribution data analysis, power dispatching and distribution data system architecture was designed which is an integrated software/hardware, storage-computation-communication trinity. And it was proved that power dispatching and distribution data system architecture have strong supporting, service and safety ability.
Genome-wide linkage scans for type 2 diabetes mellitus in four ethnically diverse populations-significant evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in African Americans: the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Research Group.

Background Previous studies have shown that in addition to environmental influences, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a strong genetic component. The goal of the current study is to identify regions of linkage for T2DM in ethnically diverse populations. Methods Phenotypic and genotypic data were obtained from African American (AA; total number of individuals [N] = 1004), American Indian (AI; N = 883), European American (EA; N = 537), and Mexican American (MA; N = 1634) individuals from the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes. Non-parametric linkage analysis, using an average of 4404 SNPs, was performed in relative pairs affected with T2DM in each ethnic group. In addition, family-based tests were performed to detect association with T2DM. Results Statistically significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 4q21.1 (LOD = 3.13; genome-wide p = 0.04) in AA. In addition, a total of 11 regions showed suggestive evidence for linkage (estimated at LOD > 1.71), with the highest LOD scores on chromosomes 12q21.31 (LOD = 2.02) and 22q12.3 (LOD = 2.38) in AA, 2p11.1 (LOD = 2.23) in AI, 6p12.3 (LOD = 2.77) in EA, and 13q21.1 (LOD = . 2.24) in MA. While no region overlapped across all ethnic groups, at least five loci showing LOD > 1.71 have been identified in previously published studies. Conclusions The results from this study provide evidence for the presence of genes affecting T2DM on chromosomes 4q, 12q, and 22q in AA; 6p in EA; 2p in AI; and 13q in MA. The strong evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q in AA provides important information given the paucity of diabetes genetic studies in this population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Noncontiguous, Intersubunit Binding Site for Calmodulin on the Skeletal Muscle Ca2+ Release Channel

Both apocalmodulin (Ca(2+)-free calmodulin) and Ca(2+)-calmodulin bind to and regulate the activity of skeletal muscle Ca(2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor, RYR1). Both forms of calmodulin protect sites after amino acids 3630 and 3637 on RYR1 from trypsin cleavage. Only apocalmodulin protects sites after amino acids 1982 and 1999 from trypsin cleavage. Ca(2+)-calmodulin and apocalmodulin both bind to two different synthetic peptides representing amino acids 3614-3643 and 1975-1999 of RYR1, but Ca(2+)-calmodulin has a higher affinity than apocalmodulin for both peptides. Cysteine 3635, within the 3614-3643 sequence of RYR1, can form a disulfide bond with a cysteine on an adjacent subunit within the RYR1 tetramer. The second cysteine is now shown to be between amino acids 2000 and 2401. The close proximity of the cysteines forming the intersubunit disulfide to the two sites that bind calmodulin suggests that calmodulin is binding at a site of intersubunit contact, perhaps with one lobe bound between amino acids 3614 and 3643 on one subunit and the second lobe bound between amino acids 1975 and 1999 on an adjacent subunit. This model is consistent with the finding that Ca(2+)-calmodulin and apocalmodulin each bind to a single site per RYR1 subunit (Rodney, G. G., Williams, B. Y., Strasburg, G. M., Beckingham, K., and Hamilton, S. L. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 7807-7812).
Petrology and Sedimentation of Jackfork Sandstones, Arkansas: ABSTRACT

A detailed field investigation along the intricately folded and faulted Frontal Ouachitas for the first time permits accurate sampling of sandstones encompassing the entire Jackfork section. The resulting petrographic information supplements paleocurrent studies and sedimentary structures in postulating a provenance and dispersal system. Rocks of the Frontal Ouachitas consist approximately 30 percent of sandstone deposited by mass flow or turbidity currents and 70 percent of shale, mostly contorted by downslope movement after deposition. Exposures along a southern belt consist of 75 percent of sandstone; only negligible amounts of gravity-deformed, argillaceous rocks are present in this southern belt. Approximately 200 thin sections were analyzed from measured sections and isolated areas. Along the Frontal Ouachitas, the sandstone is predominantly fine-grained quartz arenite and wacke (range 0.07 to 0.31 mm; average 0.14 mm), high in polycrystalline quartz, and having less than 1 percent feldspar, 2.5 percent unstable rock fragments, a stable heavy-mineral suite, and varying amounts of matrix. These rocks are moderately sorted to moderately well sorted although pressure solution has masked and altered the original texture. Stylolites along bedding planes and sutured, interlocking grain contacts indicate considerable removal of silica by post-depositional means, a small amount remaining as quartz overgrowths. More argillaceous wacke shows highly corroded quartz grains due to local i creases in pH but with little grain interpenetration. Dominantly friable sandstone along the southern belt has comparable grain sizes but a marked increase in matrix and decreased post-depositional changes. The matrix probably reduced the flow of silica-removing waters, also forming a cushion that would reduce number of point contacts. Feldspar content may approach 10 percent but remains lower than that of the Stanley sandstone. Basinal filling was mainly from the end (east), aided by sediment bypassing through the Illinois basin. A volcanic archipelago (Llanoria) probably contributed the feldspar. Rocks throughout the Frontal Ouachitas apparently were deposited along a steep, south-dipping, unstable slope. West-flowing, bottom-hugging turbidity currents concentrated the sand in the deepest part of the east-west trending Ouachita trough which today is exposed as the rocks of the southern belt. Care must be taken when interpreting sandstone-shale ratios in flysch basins where the greatest sand content is along the basin axis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 542------------
Hard at work on your behalf

![Figure][1] There are so many opportunities for us to show how we improve patient safety and outcomes through rational medication use. On behalf of the Board of Directors and the staff at ASHP, I’d like to welcome you to Rosemont and to ASHP’s Summer Meeting! I’m happy to be here
Indirect-pathway neurons lose their spines in Parkinson disease.

The Cav1.3 calcium channel is found on striatopallidal neurons expressing the D2 dopamine receptor. A new study finds that in an animal model of Parkinson disease, this channel is involved in degeneration of dendritic spines on striatal projection neurons.
Optimization of Materials for Thermomagnetic Cooling

We review thermoelectric transport in a magnetic field. The key physical effect for thermomagnetic cooling is the Ettingshausen effect. We describe the design principles, measurement difficulties and areas where more work can prove fruitful in an exploration of cryogenic refrigeration based on this effect. New principles are discussed to guide the search for new materials and their development.
The Relationship between Cognitive Load Measurements and Estimates of Computer Input Control Skills

This paper discusses several methods of estimating task difficulty of onscreen object movement tasks for three subject groups using five standard computer input devices (touchscreen, mouse, keyboard, trackball, and locking trackball). The subject groups are as follows: 19 computer-experienced adults, 39 normally developing children, and 15 children with mental retardation. Three separate measurements of cognitive load (mastery, speed, and user characteristics) are reported between user groups to compare conclusions about input device difficulty across different measurement techniques. Results indicate that speed measurements tend to emphasize similarity in device efficiency for skilled users, but that mastery measurements are essential to represent device effectiveness, particularly for unskilled users. Cognitive as well as physical user characteristics were associated with the successful acquisition of device control skills with training. Because each of the measurements used separately result in differe...
Stent thrombosis is not increased following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus taking metformin

Abstract Objective Recent studies have suggested that metformin may inhibit endothelialization following limus-eluting stent (LES) placement and may increase the risk of stent thrombosis. Therefore, we assessed the impact of metformin on stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients who receive drug-eluting stents (DES). Methods We assessed the impact of metformin and stent type on stent thrombosis, MACE, and death in NIDDM patients following DES placement. Of the 1201 patients included, 74.8% received LES, 25.2% received paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES), and 55% were taking metformin. Results There was no difference in stent thrombosis, regardless of stent type or metformin use. While Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated reduced MACE (p = 0.007) and death (p = 0.006) with metformin use, multivariate analysis demonstrated that stent type and metformin use were not associated with outcome. Conclusion In NIDDM patients, metformin use or stent type following DES placement did not increase stent thrombosis and MACE rates.
Sex and autoantibody titers determine the development of neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus-prone mice

Emotional disturbances are among the most common neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE, a systemic autoimmune disease with a strong female predominance. In this study, we evaluated young MRL/lpr mice, directly comparing males and females. MRL/lpr females exhibited significant depression as early as 5 weeks (at which time elevated levels of autoantibodies were already present), as compared to MRL/lpr males, where depression was noted only at 18 weeks. Depression was significantly correlated with autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, NMDA receptor, and ribosomal P. Our results are consistent with a primary role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of early neuropsychiatric deficits in this lupus model, which translate into gender-based differences in clinical phenotype.
Three-dimensional stereo using photometric ratios

We present a novel robust methodology for corresponding a dense set of points on an object surface from photometric values, for 3-D stereo computation of depth. The methodology utilizes multiple stereo pairs of images, each stereo pair taken of exactly the same scene but under different illumination. With just 2 stereo pairs of images taken respectively for 2 different illumination conditions, a stereo pair of ratio images can be produced; one for the ratio of left images, and one for the ratio of right images. We demonstrate how the photometric ratios composing these images can be used for accurate correspondence of object points. Object points having the same photometric ratio with respect to 2 different illumination conditions comprise a well-defined equivalence class of physical constraints defined by local surface orientation relative to illumination conditions. We formally show that for diffuse reflection the photometric ratio is invariant to varying camera characteristics, surface albedo, and viewpoint and that therefore the same photometric ratio in both images of a stereo pair implies the same equivalence class of physical constraints.
How Well Do Commonly Used Language Instruments Measure English Oral-Language Proficiency?

Abstract This research examines three tests commonly used to assess the English oral-language proficiency of students who are English language learners (ELLs): the Language Assessment Scales—Oral, the Woodcock-Munoz Language Survey, and the IDEA Proficiency Test. These tests were given to native English-speaking non-Hispanic White and Hispanic students from varied socioeconomic levels. Since these tests use native-language proficiency as the standard by which responses are evaluated, it is reasonable to expect native English speakers to perform extremely well on these instruments. The extent to which the native speakers of the language do not perform well on these instruments calls their validity into question. Findings indicated that none of the native English-speaking children who took the Woodcock-Munoz Language Survey scored in the “fluent” or “advanced fluent” English ability. One hundred percent of the students scored in the “fluent English speaking” range of the Language Assessment Scales—Oral, and...
The Object-Based Simon Effect: Grasping Affordance or Relative Location of the Graspable Part?.

Reaction time is often shorter when the irrelevant graspable handle of an object corresponds with the location of a keypress response to the relevant attribute than when it does not. This object-based Simon effect has been attributed to an affordance for grasping the handle with the hand to the same side. Because a grasping affordance should differentially affect keypress responses only when they are made with different hands, we conducted three experiments that measured the object-based Simon effect for frying pan stimuli using between- and within-hand response sets. When the relevant stimulus dimension was color, neither the object-based Simon effect nor the location-based Simon effect varied across response sets. When upright-inverted orientation judgments were made for the frying pan and for nongraspable stimuli derived from it, there again was no significant difference in size of the between- and within-hand Simon effects for any of the stimuli. The results provide evidence that the Simon effect for graspable frying pan stimuli is because of relative location of the handle and not to a grasping affordance.
Potential flow past a sinusoidal wall by direct variation

Abstract The problem of semi-infinite potential flow past a sinusoidal wall is solved by direct variation. The direct variation proceeds from the theorem of Kelvin that states that potential flows in simply connected domains possess a minimum kinetic energy. The difficulties due to the semi-infinite domain are discussed and resolved. Trial functions which are natural solutions of the field equation and the far-field boundary condition, and which satisfy the periodicity of the flow are used. The resulting system of linear equations becomes ill-conditioned as the wall height and number of trial solutions are increased, but accurate evaluations of streamlines and field velocities for wall heights up to 0.9 are found by using established numerical methods.
Engineering unnatural variants of plantazolicin through codon reprogramming

Plantazolicin (PZN) is a polyheterocyclic natural product derived from a ribosomal peptide that harbors remarkable antibiotic selectivity for the causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis. To simultaneously establish the structure–activity relationship of PZN and the substrate tolerance of the biosynthetic pathway, an Escherichia coli expression strain was engineered to heterologously produce PZN analogues. Variant PZN precursor genes were produced by site-directed mutagenesis and later screened by mass spectrometry to assess post-translational modification and export by E. coli. From a screen of 72 precursor peptides, 29 PZN variants were detected. This analogue collection provided insight into the selectivity of the post-translational modifying enzymes and established the boundaries of the natural biosynthetic pathway. Unlike other studied thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins, the biosynthetic machinery appeared to be finely tuned toward the production of PZN, such that the cognate enzymes did not p...
Effect of lindane on nitroreductase and dechlorinase enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract A previously reported acceleration of parathion metabolism in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of lindane-pretreated rats could have been due to either a prolonged residence time of parathion or increased GI nitroreductase activity or both. Thus to determine the effect on GI nitroreductase and dechlorinase activity, 20 mg kg lindane or 535 mg kg neomycin were administered daily, by gavage, to weanling F-344 rats. Enzyme activity in the small intestine and cecum were assayed after 2 weeks and 5 weeks of treatment. Neomycin treatment inhibited the activity of both enzymes in the cecum but had no significant effect on enzyme activity in the small intestine, suggesting the presence of mucosal nitroreductase and dechlorinase in the small intestine. In contrast, lindane, which had no effect on enzyme activity in the cecum, significantly increased nitroreductase activity in the small intestine after treatment for 5 weeks. This increased nitroreductase may account for the previously reported lindane-parathion interaction and could influence the metabolism, toxicity, and risk assessment of many other environmental nitro-compounds that become toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic upon reduction of their nitro-groups.