cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retention of Fluoride with Chewable Tablets and a Mouthrinse

Fluoride concentration and volume of expectorates collected after chewing or rinsing with three different supplemental fluoride preparations were determined. Fluoride contained in the administered dose was measured and amount of fluoride in the collected volume was subtracted from it to yield the amount of fluoride retained. Retentions of 41, 20, and 7% of the dose were found with a NaF tablet, an APF tablet, and an APF rinse, respectively.
Feasibility assay in phase-separated anaerobic treatment of cheese industry wastewater

This research was conducted as a part of continuous development of innovative bioprocess technology for the treatment of high strength wastewater. Mixed cheese processing wastewater was tested for the feasibility of phase separated anaerobic digestion in batch mode. Three concentrations of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) made by dilution of raw wastewater were tested for acidification of organics in the wastewater at two pHs, 6.0 and neutral. More than 95% of fat, 97% of soluble protein and 100% of lactose in the mixed waste were acidified in the acidogenic phase. Three different concentrations of artificial substrate consisting of a mixture of short chain organic acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids, along with alcohol were investigated for waste stabilization in methanogenic phase experiments. More than 95% of SCOD reduction was achieved in the methanogenic phase. This translated that 73.5–83.8% of organics in the wastewater could be recovered as energy (methane gas) instead of massive production of sludge.
Studying categorical data over time

Abstract A review of recently developed simple techniques for analyzing data in the form of proportions from replicated, cross-sectional, sample surveys. (A) One variable over time—tests for homogeneity, pooling homogeneous proportions, tests for linear trends with as few as three time points, tests for departures from linearity; (B) Two variables with a constant percentage difference—four fold tables as rudimentary causal models, decomposing change with linear flow graphs; (C) Extension of the flow graph techniques to—three or more variables and changing coefficients; (D) Comments implying panel designs are somewhat over-rated and successive cross-sections somewhat under-rated.
On the dental arcade reconstructions of Ramapithecus

A review and analysis of recent published discussions on the dental arcades of Ramapithecus are presented. The Walker and Andrews tooth row and palatal reconstruction is considered most accurate; however, a number of modifications to their total facial reconstruction are suggested. The author further provides a necessary historical framework and intra-species variation model to interpret the phylogenetic significance of the reconstruction. Given this essential comparative framework, it is shown that Walker and Andrews' interpretation better supports a possible phyletic relationship between Ramapithecus and hominids than the earlier, parabolic dental arcade reconstruction.
Large sets with holes

We study large sets of disjoint Steiner triple systems “with holes”. The purpose of these structures is to extend the use of large sets of disjoint Steiner triple systems in the construction of various other large set type structures to values of v for which no Steiner triple system of order v exists, i.e., v ≡ 0, 2, 4, or 5 (mod 6). We give constructions for all of these congruence classes. We describe several applications, including applications to large sets of disjoint group divisible designs and to large sets of disjoint separable ordered designs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leading Edge Serrations on Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Number

This study determines the utility of abstractions of wing leading edge features observed across the natural world when operated at low Reynolds numbers and at low aspect ratio. Flat plates are some of the most well understood aerodynamic shapes and thus provide a good baseline case from which to build an understanding of the effects of leading edge serrations. Thus an aspect ratio 2 thin flat plate is tested first in pure rectangular planform and subsequently across a range of leading edge serration densities. Forces are recorded across a range of Reynolds number from 140,000 to 210,000 and smoke flow visualization is also performed. Ultimately, the serrations were found to present little benefit at low angles of attack, however showed potential promise at higher Re numbers. The small serrations at low angles of attack showed the greatest increase in lift coefficient. The medium serrations showed little difference from the flat plate at all angles of attack. The large serrations showed a decrease in lift and increase in drag coefficients at all angles of attack, yet still demonstrated the best stall angle performance. Pre-stall lift departures on the lift curve observed by others were also observed for the large serrations. Trailing edge serrations resulted in promoting much earlier stall implying that the same mechanism responsible for extending stall when serrations are placed on the leading edge, have the opposite effect on the trailing edge.
Functional Changes in Human Pial Arteries (300 to 900 μm ID) Within 48 Hours of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose —Animal studies of cerebral arteries 2 to 3 days after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) provide evidence of arterial change such as hyperresponsiveness to contractile agonists. There is evidence that small arteries, as well as those large enough to be seen on angiography, may be involved. To directly test these possibilities, the contractile and dilator responses of pial artery segments taken from patients up to 48 hours after SAH were compared with those from patients having elective surgery for an aneurysm (Clip) and with those from normal brain vessels overlying tumors (controls). Methods —Segments were mounted on a resistance artery myograph for measurements of wall force changes. Results —There were no differences in maximum contractility (Emax) of the 3 groups of segments. The responses of the SAH segments to K+ (30 mmol/L) were 60.7±4.6% of Emax (n [number of vessels]=18), which was significantly greater than those of controls (29.9±5% Emax) (n=20). Clip responses were the same as control. Contractions of SAH segments to norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) were 54.3±7.9% Emax (n=12), and these were significantly greater than those of controls (15.1±6.2% Emax) (n=25). All SAH segments showed spontaneous contractile activity of varying patterns. Spontaneous activity did not occur in the Clip group and occurred in only 50% of control segments. Dilation to acetylcholine was numerically less in SAH and Clip segments than in controls, but differences were not statistically significant. The change in agonist responsiveness could result from exposure to agents that damage the blood vessel wall, resulting in partial depolarization of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Conclusions —Small human pial arteries are hyperresponsive to contractile agents and show spontaneous contractile activity within 48 hours of SAH. Such effects could result in narrowed resistance arteries and reduction in cerebral blood flow. These effects emphasize the wisdom of early therapeutic intervention.
Eastern-Boundary Contribution to the Residual and Meridional Overturning Circulations

A model of the thermocline linearized around a specified stratification and the barotropic linear winddriven Stommel solution is constructed. The forcings are both mechanical (the surface wind stress) and thermodynamical (the surface buoyancy boundarycondition). The effects of diapycnal diffusivity and of eddy fluxesofbuoyancy,parameterizedintermsofthelarge-scalebuoyancygradient,areincluded.Theeddyfluxes of buoyancy are especially important near the boundaries where they mediate the transport in and out of the narrow ageostrophic down-/upwelling layers. The dynamics of these narrow layers can be replaced by effective boundary conditions on the geostrophically balanced flow. The effective boundary conditions state that the residual flow normal to the effective coast vanishes. The separate Eulerian and eddy-induced components may be nonzero. This formulation conserves the total mass and the total buoyancy while permitting an exchangebetweentheEulerianandeddytransportofbuoyancy withinthedown-/upwellinglayers.Inturn, this exchange allows buoyancy gradients along all solid boundaries, including the eastern one. A special focus is on the buoyancy along the eastern and western walls since east‐west buoyancy difference determines the meridional overturning circulation. The inclusion of advection of buoyancy by the barotropic flow allows a meaningful distinction between the meridional and the residual overturning circulations while retaining the simplicity of a linear model. The residual flow in both meridional and zonal directions reveals how the subsurface buoyancy distribution is established and, in particular, how the meridional buoyancy gradient is reversed at depth. In turn, the horizontal buoyancy gradient maintains stacked counterrotating cells in the meridional and residual overturning circulations. Quantitative scaling arguments are given for each of these cells, which show how the buoyancy forcing, the wind stress, and the diapycnal and eddy diffusivities, as well as the other imposed parameters, affect the strength of the overturn.
Improved methods to determine optimal currents in electrical impedance tomography

An electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system that uses the optimal current method to inject currents and the regularized Newton-Raphson algorithm to reconstruct an image of resistivity distribution is discussed. Iterative methods to derive the optimal current patterns through iterative physical measurements are developed. Direct methods to first determine the resistance matrix of a resistivity distribution through a set of current bases is injected and the measured voltage responses are stored. This permits iterative reconstruction techniques to operate on the stored data without requiring lengthy data taking from the object and reduces the effects of motion artifacts. The direct methods have superior performance as compared to the iterative methods in both optimal current and voltage generation. The results obtained with three sets of current bases are studied. >
Toll-like receptors in tonsillar epithelial cells

Summary Objective The Waldeyer’s ring, comprised of the nasopharyngeal tonsil, the paired tubal tonsils, the paired palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil, is arranged in a circular orientation around the wall of the throat. The location of the palatine tonsils, specifically, enables these structures to come in direct contact with potentially harmful inhaled and ingested material that exist in their native form since digestive enzymes are not present in the oral cavity. Thus, the tonsillar epithelium must not only serve a protective role but it must also function in an antigen-sampling role. Previous studies involving the tissues of the Waldeyer’s ring have been focused on the adaptive immune system, with little consideration toward the innate immune system. Studies have demonstrated that the tonsils are capable of producing proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines. In addition, other studies have highlighted the importance of epithelial cells in this response. Therefore, we postulate that toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize components of pathogenic organisms, may play a key role in the innate immune response in tonsillar epithelial cells. TLRs are innate pattern recognition receptors, which produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon ligation. In this study, we examine the expression and function of TLRs in the tonsillar epithelial cell lines, UT-SCC-60A and UT-SCC-60B. Additionally, we demonstrate successful isolation of primary tonsillar epithelial cells and examine TLR expression in these cells. Methods We utilized endpoint RT-PCR, real time RT-PCR, and flow cytometric analysis to determine TLR expression. To assess TLR function, cells were stimulated with TLR ligands and supernatants were assayed for secretion of cytokines. Results UT-SCC-60A and UTSCC-60B express TLR mRNA and TLR protein, and the observed responses to the TLR ligands, Pam3Cys and Poly I:C suggest that TLR2 and TLR3 are functional in these cells. Additionally, primary tonsillar epithelial cells express TLRs. Conclusions TLRs are expressed in human tonsillar epithelial cells and may play a vital role in the immunological outcomes in this tissue.
A high-speed, high-precision data acquisition and processing system for experiments producing steady-state periodic signals

A wide variety of experiments investigate the response of a sample to a steady-state periodic excitation. We describe a computerized data acquisition and processing system for experiments of this type assembled from relatively inexpensive, commercially available components which has been optimized for highly precise determinations of the magnitude and relative phasing of drive and response signals having frequencies from 1 μHz to approximately 1 MHz. Through the use of timing control with a precision of 1 part in 109 and high speed on-line signal processing, the system combines a very high rate of data acquisition with extended signal averaging times, enabling it to acquire an uninterrupted data stream consisting of at least 109 samples. Furthermore, the system acts as a digital filter which can be tuned to completely reject unwanted signals of any frequency other than the exact signal frequency. This allows accurate characterization of sample response even when obscured by other, extraneous signals of substantially larger magnitudes as long as they have at least somewhat different frequencies. Oscillatory experiments on very dilute polymer solutions, including oscillatory flow birefringence, dynamic viscoelasticity, oscillatory electric birefringence and dielectric measurements, are important examples of this type of measurement situation, in which the experiment depends critically on accurate determination of the magnitude and phasing of weak response signals, frequently under extremely poor signal-to-noise conditions. The system has an aggregate sampling rate of 1 MHz and up to four input channels. The potential for distortion of the results by aliasing frequencies may limit the input signal frequency to less than 500 kHz for one channel. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Narrowband interference suppression in a spread-spectrum system using vector space methods

The author develops vector-space interference-excision (VSIE) methods that suppress the sidelobes of a sine-wave interferer, in addition to the central lobe, while removing little signal power. THE (threshold excision) and VSIE are applied to synthetic data sets consisting of a binary PN (pseudonoise) sequence in Gaussian background noise and sine-wave interference. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and bit-error rates are given for four models in which up to 40% of the spectrum exceeds a threshold 7 dB above the average background level. The SNR after VSIE is close to the SNR with no interference present and as much as 8 dB better than the SNR after THE. >
Use of sensor-based feedback technology in reducing home energy consumption

Traditionally the energy crisis has been addressed through advances in (a) efficient technologies allowing users to carry out the same function with less energy, (b) offsets from non-renewable energy sources through renewable sources, and (c) pricing and regulatory measures [1].
Development of Proportional Counters Using Photosensitive Gases and Liquids

An introduction to the history and to the principle of operation of wire chambers using photosensitive gases and liquids is presented. Their use as light sensors coupled to Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters and BaF2, as well as their use in Cherenkov Ring Imaging, is discussed in some detail.
Behavioural Syndromes, Partner Compatibility and Reproductive Performance in Steller’s Jays

The concept of partner compatibility in monogamous animals implies that individuals may reproduce better when paired to a partner with similar traits than to a higher quality, but dissimilar individual. We investigated whether partner similarities in traits that are linked in a behavioural syndrome influence reproductive performance in a wild population of Steller’s jays. In some years, pairs more similar in explorative tendencies and in willingness to take risks initiated nests earlier and were more likely to fledge offspring than dissimilar pairs. Benefits of behavioural similarity differed among breeding seasons, being most pronounced in a year with late breeding onset after a severe winter. Pairing patterns for behavioural traits also varied among years and traits, and assortative pairing of behaviourally similar partners was not only common overall, but was also correlated across the three explorative and risk-taking tendencies. Pair members with behavioural similarities may yield more compatible and complementary partnerships. Our results indicate that compatibility across a suite of behavioural traits (i.e. a behavioural syndrome) may be beneficial for assortative pairs and support the hypothesis that the combination of traits in behavioural syndromes in itself might be a target for selection.
Local Space-Time Adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods for Time-Dependent Waves

Local space-time adaptive methods are developed including high-order accurate nonreflecting boundary conditions (NRBC) for time-dependent waves. The time-discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) variational method is used to divide the time-interval into space-time slabs, the solution advanced from one slab to the next. Within each slab, a continuous space-time mesh is used which enables local sub-time steps. By maintaining orthogonality of the space-time mesh and pre-integrating analytically through the time-slab, we obtain an efficient yet robust local space-time adaptive method. Any standard spatial element may be used together with standard spatial mesh generation and visualization methods. Recovery based error estimates are used in both space and time dimensions to determine the number and size of local space-time elements within a global time step such that both the spatial and temporal estimated error is equally distributed throughout the space-time approximation. The result is an efficient and reliable adaptive strategy which distributes local space-time elements where needed to accurately track time-dependent waves over large distances and time. Numerical examples of time-dependent acoustic radiation are given which demonstrate the accuracy, reliability and efficiency gained from this new technology.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Qualitative Research in Distance Education: An Analysis of Journal Literature 2005-2012.

This review study examines the current research literature in distance education for the years 2005 to 2012. The author found 382 research articles published during that time in four prominent peer-reviewed research journals. The articles were classified and coded as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. Further analysis found another category of articles in which qualitative data were obtained but results were reported as quantitative. The analysis shows that the publication of purely qualitative research occurs least often in The American Journal of Distance Education than in the other journals. The analysis also shows that, on average, prominent journals are publishing less qualitative research now than they were 2005. This study shows the need for further research and analysis of the methodologies currently utilized in distance education.
How did bacteria come to be

Bacteria in the modern taxonomic sense are one of the three Domains. They must have split from the other two after the bulk of the development of biochemistry and cell biology had taken place. Up to the time of the Last Universal Ancestor (LUA) the world had been monophyletic with little stable diversity. This is to say that as advances took place the older forms were eliminated and diversity was only temporary. Two kinds of events could, in principle, permit stable diversity to arise. One kind occurs when two nearly simultaneous, different advances occur, both of which overcome the same problem. While the previous type would be supplanted, if the new types did not compete with each other, new niches and habitats could lead to stable diversity. The second kind is a saltation or macroevolutionary event that greatly expands the biota and reduces previous constraints and thereby drastically reduces competition; this generally leads to a 'species radiation' and results in the development of a spectrum of biological types some of which persist and do not compete with each other. It is proposed that the two splits to yield the three Domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, resulted from one of each of these two processes leading to diversity. One arose from the consequences of cells accumulating substances from the environment, thus increasing their internal osmotic pressure. This resulted in two nearly simultaneous biological solutions: one (Bacteria) was the development of the external sacculus, i.e. the formation of a stress-bearing exoskeleton. The other (Eukarya) was the development of cytoskeletons and mechanoenzymes, i.e. formation of an endoskeleton. The other event causing diversity was the invention of an effective way to tap a new energy source and allow the biomass to increase extensively permitting a radiation of many different types of organisms. I suggest that this seminal advance was the development of methanogenesis. This caused a short-lived expansion and radiation before oxygen-producing photosynthesis allowed a still more major expansion and decreased the number of methanogens. Some details of these processes are elaborated. In particular, the evolutionary process that permitted the development of a sacculus, interpreted in light of the bacterial physiology of today's organisms is presented. It is argued that many great advances arise by developing a number of totally different processes for other purposes that can then each be modified to combine for yet another purpose.
New Serum Creatinine Assay Standardization: Implications for Drug Dosing

Objective:To describe the development of new serum creatinine assay standards and discuss their implications for various drug dosing scenarios.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1990–August 2006) was performed to identify literature on newly developed serum creatinine assay standards and the impact those standards will have on drug dosing.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Data on the development of new creatinine assay procedures and the effect that these new values will have on drug dosing were extracted from identified references.Data Synthesis:The National Kidney Foundation's current practice guidelines recommend standardization of serum creatinine assay calibration to increase assay accuracy. This will result in a lower than the current range of values being considered normal, as well as lower value patient values. These lower creatinine values will result in higher calculated glomerular filtration rates and creatinine clearance (Clcr) estimates, resulting in the difficulty of clinicians applying these ...
Comparative field analyses of rapid analyte measurement platform and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays for West Nile virus surveillance

Rapid detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in mosquito pools is essential for predicting epizootics and epidemics. We compare the efficiency and sensitivity of the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from 2005 to 2008 from field mosquito populations in Mercer County, NJ. Overall, 316 pools tested negative and 115 pools tested positive for WNV. Eighty-nine pools tested positive using RAMP and all were confirmed by RT-PCR; 26 pools were WNV-negative using RAMP but positive using RT-PCR. False-positives from RAMP were not detected in our four-year study, indicating that RAMP is a reliable tool when used to augment existing RT-PCR-based WNV surveillance programs. Local mosquito control programs using RAMP will benefit from its ease of use, quick results, and lack of false positives but should understand the sensitivity of this test when compared to RT-PCR. Used with standard methods, RAMP will enhance existing mosquito control and WNV surveillance by providing rapid results and improved mosquito management decisions.
A Mechanistic Approach to Antiepileptic Drug Interactions

OBJECTIVE:To describe the primary types of antiepileptic drug (AED) interactions by using a mechanistic approach.DATA SOURCES:A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and bibliographies of recent review articles and published abstracts.DISCUSSION:AEDs are associated with a wide range of drug interactions, including hepatic enzyme induction and inhibition and protein-binding displacement. Hepatic induction by AEDs affects the metabolism of a limited number of drugs with low therapeutic indices. Anticipation of induction interactions and careful clinical monitoring may alleviate potential problems. Most commonly used AEDs are eliminated through hepatic metabolism catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine induce CYP and UGT enzymes. Lamotrigine is a weak inducer of UGT. Valproate is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of UGT enzymes, epoxide hydrolase, and CYP2C enzymes. Felbamate induces CYP3A4, but inhibit...
Role of Alpha/Beta Interferon in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Pathogenesis: Effect of an Attenuating Mutation in the 5′ Untranslated Region

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) is an important equine and human pathogen of the Americas. In the adult mouse model, cDNA-derived, virulent V3000 inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) causes high-titer peripheral replication followed by neuroinvasion and lethal encephalitis. A single change (G to A) at nucleotide 3 (nt 3) of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the V3000 genome resulted in a virus (V3043) that was avirulent in mice. The mechanism of attenuation by the V3043 mutation was studied in vivo and in vitro. Kinetic studies of virus spread in adult mice following s.c. inoculation showed that V3043 replication was reduced in peripheral organs compared to that of V3000, titers in serum also were lower, and V3043 was cleared more rapidly from the periphery than V3000. Because clearance of V3043 from serum began 1 to 2 days prior to clearance of V3000, we examined the involvement of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) activity in VEE pathogenesis. In IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice, the course of the wild-type disease was extremely rapid, with all animals dying within 48 h (average survival time of 30 h compared to 7.7 days in the wild-type mice). The mutant V3043 was as virulent as the wild type (100% mortality, average survival time of 30 h). Virus titers in serum, peripheral organs, and the brain were similar in V3000- and V3043-infected IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice at all time points up until the death of the animals. Consistent with the in vivo data, the mutant virus exhibited reduced growth in vitro in several cell types except in cells that lacked a functional IFN-alpha/beta pathway. In cells derived from IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice, the mutant virus showed no growth disadvantage compared to the wild-type virus, suggesting that IFN-alpha/beta plays a major role in the attenuation of V3043 compared to V3000. There were no differences in the induction of IFN-alpha/beta between V3000 and V3043, but the mutant virus was more sensitive than V3000 to the antiviral actions of IFN-alpha/beta in two separate in vitro assays, suggesting that the increased sensitivity to IFN-alpha/beta plays a major role in the in vivo attenuation of V3043.
Survival of host blood proteins in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks: a time course study.

ABSTRACT Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821 larvae were fed on mice and allowed to molt under laboratory conditions. A liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic study was conducted to identify the type of mammalian proteins present in the derived nymphal ticks at different time intervals after molting. Albumin was present for 85 d; transferrin was present for 29 d; and, more importantly, hemoglobin remained detectable for up to 309 d postmolting. Peptides of actin, keratin, and tubulin are highly similar between mouse and tick, and therefore, unambiguous assignment of these proteins to different species was not possible. Establishing a time line for the persistence of hemoglobin, one of the most abundant blood proteins, at detectable levels in ticks after the bloodmeal and molting advances our efforts to use this protein to identify the host species.
Iron Reduction by Juvernile Macrocystis Pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh

Iron occurs in the ocean at low concentrations and is required for metabolic processes of virtually all terrestrial and marine organisms. Iron exists primarily in the ferric (Fe3+) state in aerobic marine environments, forming highly insoluble hydroxides and phosphates. A dynamic cycle reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), and then oxidizing back to Fe(III) through interactions with oxygen and organics has been theorized (Morgan & Stumm 1965). Total iron ranges from about 10 to 35 nM in oceanic seawater (North 1980; Windom & Wallace 1980) and probably exists largely as ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3.
Outsourcing Self-Regulation

Three studies demonstrate a novel phenomenon--self-regulatory outsourcing--in which thinking about how other people can be instrumental (i.e., helpful) for a given goal undermines motivation to expend effort on that goal. In Experiment 1, participants who thought about how their partner helped them with health goals (as opposed to career goals) planned to spend less time and effort on health goals in the upcoming week. This pattern was stronger for depleted participants than for nondepleted participants. In Experiment 2, participants who thought about how their partner helped them with academic-achievement goals procrastinated more, leaving themselves less time for an academic task, than did participants in two control conditions. This pattern was stronger for participants who were told that procrastinating would drain their resources for the academic task than for participants who were told that procrastinating would not drain their resources for that task. In Experiment 3, participants who decreased their effort after thinking of an instrumental significant other reported higher relationship commitment to that individual than did participants who did not decrease their effort. The possibility for shared (or transactive) self-regulation is discussed.
NMR observations of drawn polymers. VII. Nylon 66 fibers

Wide-line NMR spectra have been obtained on an oriented sample of drawn nylon 66 fibers at temperatures between −196°C and 200°C and at alignment angles between the fiber axis and the magnetic field of 0°, 45°, and 90°. At −196°C, 20°C, and 180°C, the complete angle dependence of the NMR spectrum has been measured. The second moments of these spectra have been compared to theoretical second moments calculated for various models of chain segmental motion in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the low-temperature segmental motion (γ process) and the high-temperature segmental motion (αc process). In agreement with earlier suggestions, the present results indicate that the γ process consists of segmental motion in noncrystalline regions. The overall decrease in second moment caused by the γ process is consistent with a model in which all noncrystalline segments rotate around axes nearly fixed in space. Furthermore, this decrease shows a pronounced dependence on the alignment angle. It is believed that this is due to tie molecules which become highly oriented along the fiber axis during drawing; their axes of rotation will therefore be nearly parallel to the fiber axis. The segments in noncrystalline entities such as chain folds and chain ends are less well oriented along the fiber axis and make an essentially isotropic contribution to the second moment decrease. The second moment at 180°C indicates the presence of considerable motion in the crystalline regions, and this motion is denoted the αc process. The second moment Sc of the crystalline regions is strongly dependent on the alignment angle, the predominant feature being a relatively high value of the second moment when the fiber axis is directed parallel to the magnetic field. This is in qualitative, but not quantitative, agreement with the motional model recently advanced by McMahon, which assumes full rotation of the chains around their axes. Excellent quantitative agreement with experiment has been obtained by superimposition of rotational oscillation around the chain axis of amplitude roughtly 50°, and torsion of the chains with neighboring CH2 groups oscillating around the CC bond with a relative amplitude of about 40°. A model in which the chains perform rotational jumps of 60° between two equilibrium sites has also been considered (60° flip-flop motion). A distinction between this model and rotational oscillation has not been possible.
DETERMINING THE TOP-ANTITOP AND ZZ COUPLINGS OF A NEUTRAL HIGGS BOSON OF ARBITRARY CP NATURE AT THE NLC

The optimal procedure for extracting the coefficients of different components of a cross section which takes the form of unknown coefficients times functions of known kinematical form is developed. When applied to e + e → tt+Higgs production at √ s = 1TeV and integrated luminosity of 200 fb 1 , we find that the tt →Higgs CP-even and CP-odd couplings and, to a lesser extent, the ZZ →Higgs (CP-even) coupling can be extracted with reasonable errors, assuming the Higgs sector parameter choices yield a significant production rate. Indeed, the composition of a mixed-CP Higgs eigenstate can be determined with sufficient accuracy that a SM-like CPeven Higgs boson can be distinguished from a purely CP-odd Higgs boson at a high level of statistical significance, and vice versa.
Periodontal-Systemic Disease Education in United States Dental Hygiene Programs

The relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease has gained much attention in recent years in the dental profession and from national health care agencies. Two third-party providers are now modifying their dental reimbursements for patients who have periodontal disease and are pregnant or have cardiovascular disease. However, there are few reports in the dental or dental hygiene literature about how students are taught this information and how it is incorporated into the didactic and clinical aspects of the curriculum. A thirty-item survey and cover letter on these subjects were emailed to the directors of the 286 accredited dental hygiene programs in the United States in 2007. The response rate was 63 percent. According to these responses, the three most emphasized topics regarding oral-systemic disease are diabetes, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease. Most programs (90 percent) use journal articles for instructional content, and 87 percent use the American Academy of Periodontology website for reference. Only 4 percent have content taught jointly with nursing, medical, or allied health students. The majority of directors (87 percent) indicated they could use more evidence-based educational materials to help teach the concepts to students. Only 9 percent of survey respondents thought that nurses and physicians are knowledgeable about the relationship of oral health to systemic disease. The findings indicate that dental hygiene program directors are confident about the education on oral-systemic content provided to their dental hygiene students, but would like additional evidence-based materials to help their students learn this topic.
Sequence, mapping and disruption of CCC1, a gene that cross-complements the Ca(2+)-sensitive phenotype of csg1 mutants.

We have isolated, sequenced, mapped and disrupted a novel gene, CCC1, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This gene displays non-allelic complementation of the Ca2+-sensitive phenotype conferred by the csg1 mutation. The ability of this gene, in two copies per cell, to reverse the csg1 defect suggests it may have a role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis. The sequence of CCC1 indicates that it encodes a 322 amino acid, membrane-associated protein. The CCC1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XII. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Number L24112.
Prevalence and predictors of patient no-shows to outpatient endoscopic procedures scheduled with anesthesia.

Demand for endoscopic procedures scheduled with anesthesia is increasing and no-show to appointments carries significant patient health and financial impact, yet little is known about predictors of no-show. We performed a 16-month retrospective observational cohort study of patients scheduled for outpatient endoscopy with anesthesia at a county hospital serving the safety-net healthcare system of San Francisco. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations between attendance and predictors of no-show. In total, 511 patients underwent endoscopy with anesthesia during the study period. Twenty-seven percent of patients failed to attend an appointment and were considered “no-show”. In multivariate analysis, higher no-show rates were associated with patients with a prior history of no-show (odds ratio [OR] 6.4; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.4- 17.5), those with active substance abuse within the past year (OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.4-3.6), those with heavy prescription opioids/benzodiazepines use (OR 1.6; 95 % CI 1.0-2.6) and longer wait-times (OR 1.05; 95 % CI 1.00-1.09). Inversely associated with patient no-show were active employment (OR 0.38; 95 % CI 0.18-0.81), patients who attended a pre-operative appointment with an anesthesiologist (OR 0.52; CI 0.32-0.85), and those undergoing an advanced endoscopic procedure (OR 0.43; 95 % CI 0.19-0.94). In a safety-net healthcare population, behavioral and social determinants of health, including missed appointments, active substance abuse, homelessness, and unemployment are associated with no-shows to endoscopy with anesthesia.
Complexity of stability-based solution concepts in multi-issue and MC-net cooperative games

MC-nets constitute a natural compact representation scheme for cooperative games in multiagent systems. In this paper, we study the complexity of several natural computational problems that concern solution concepts such as the core, the least core and the nucleolus. We characterize the complexity of these problems for a variety of subclasses of MC-nets, also considering constraints on the game such as superadditivity (where appropriate). Many of our hardness results are derived from a hardness result that we establish for a class of multi-issue cooperative games (SILT games); we suspect that this hardness result can also be used to prove hardness for other representation schemes.
Preconceptual Risk Factors

Identification of risk factors and anticipation of shoulder dystocia will help prevent fetal injury.
Peano Acquires a Printing Press

In the three years between the First and Second International Congresses of Mathematicians, Peano was not only occupied with the continuing work on the Formulario and his usual teaching duties, but he also became involved in the activities of Mathesis, an organization of secondary school teachers of mathematics, which had been founded by Aurelio Lugli, Francesco Giudice, and Rodolfo Bettazzi in 1895. Both Peano and Padoa, who had graduated from the University of Turin in 1895 and was teaching in Pinerolo, 23 miles southwest of Turin, attended the meetings of the Turin section of Mathesis as early as 28 February, 1897. Burali-Forti joined the organization the following academic year, so that, with Giudice and Vacca in attendance, Peano and his followers were able to dominate the first congress of Mathesis, which took place in Turin in September 1898.
Anselm's Quiet Radicalism

It is characteristic of Anselm to adopt the formulations of his authorities while giving them meanings of his own, hiding conceptual disagreement by means of verbal echoes. Anselm's considerable originality sometimes goes unnoticed because readers see the standard Augustinian language and miss the fact that Anselm uses it to state un-Augustinian views. One striking instance of Anselm's quiet radicalism is his understanding of free choice and the fall. He seems to uphold standard Augustinian privation theory when he affirms that injustice is merely an absence of justice where justice should be; he seems also to be committed to the standard Augustinian view that everything that has being is created by God. A closer examination, however, shows that Anselm clearly has qualms about whether privation theory can do all of the work to which Augustine had tried to put it; and Anselm actually affirms that every free choice has being and yet is not created by God. I begin by showing that Anselm regards unjust acts a...
Medical Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors

The management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors takes into consideration the clinical stage of the disease, any symptoms from disease bulk or hormone overproduction, and the clinical pace of the disease. Options for therapy include observation, octreotide to reduce hormonal secretion, or other more toxic therapies such as interferon-α, chemotherapy, or molecularly targeted therapies under investigation. Surgery or embolic therapy to branches of the hepatic artery may also assist in the management of these patients.
Prognostic value of pre-operative serum MUC4 levels for predicting recurrence of pancreatic cancer

15160 Background: The human transmembrane mucin MUC4 is aberrantly expressed in approximately 75% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, but not in normal pancreatic tissue. Preliminary data suggest...
Role of atomistic structure in the stochastic nature of conductivity in substoichiometric tantalum pentoxide

First-principles calculations of electrical conductivity (σo) are revisited to determine the atomistic origin of its stochasticity in a distribution generated from sampling 14 ab-initio molecular dynamics configurations from 10 independently quenched models (n = 140) of substoichiometric amorphous Ta2O5, where each structure contains a neutral O monovacancy (VO0). Structural analysis revealed a distinct minimum Ta-Ta separation (dimer/trimer) corresponding to each VO0 location. Bader charge decomposition using a commonality analysis approach based on the σo distribution extremes revealed nanostructural signatures indicating that both the magnitude and distribution of cationic charge on the Ta subnetwork have a profound influence on σo. Furthermore, visualization of local defect structures and their electron densities reinforces these conclusions and suggests σo in the amorphous oxide is best suppressed by a highly charged, compact Ta cation shell that effectively screens and minimizes localized VO0 intera...
Effects of different exercises of the elders on their physical and metal indexes

Objective To explore the effect of exercise on the elders' physical and mental conditions.Methods 206 old college members were selected and divided into three groups based on their exercise metabolic equivalent.Their basic conditions were explored with two mental scales conducted,and some of their physical indexes were checked.ResultsSF-36 score and centricity fatness have statistic difference.The scores of happiness scale,fatness,blood pressure,cholesterol,glycerinate,HDL,LDL,blood glucose,plasma protein and immunity globulin(IgA,IgM,IgG) don't have statistic differences.Conclusion Exercises can improve the elders' physical and mental health.
Role of large Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in regulation of mesangial contraction by nitroprusside and ANP.

The patch-clamp method, in conjunction with measurements of cell contraction, was employed to investigate activation by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and guanylyl cyclase-stimulating ...
Histologic Typing of Ovarian Tumors: Definitions and Discussion

The word common has been used to describe certain epithelial ovarian tumors because approximately 75 to 80% of ovarian tumors belong in this general category. They arise from the basic germinal epithelium or mesothelium on the surface of the ovary and can be designated mesotheliomas with varying amounts and activities of the gonadal mesenchyme. The latter is known as the ovarian stroma and contains two elements: the potentially functioning element, or theca, and the supporting connective tissue. Thus all ovarian tumors are potentially hormone producing.
Reinforcement learning based computational adaptive optimal control and system identification for linear systems

Abstract The duality of estimation and control problems is a well known fact in control theory literature. Simultaneous parameter estimation while maintaining closed loop stability is a very difficult proposition and more so for unstable systems, even for linear systems. This typically motivates system identification to be performed only in offline experiments. Clearly, there is a need for a higher level abstraction for a control and identification scheme which acts in stages and prioritizes various aspects of the problem at each of these stages. The stage abstraction for the controller design in this paper is inspired by human intuition towards dealing with control and identification simultaneously and hence named “Intuitive Control Framework”. The first phase prioritizes stabilization of the system only. The controller moves onto the next phase after the unknown system is stabilized. The subsequent stages during this phase involve optimization with different performance metrics through adaptive learning. After enough information for identification is acquired, the control schemes developed for various optimal metrics are used to estimate the unknown parameters in the final phase. This narrative for selective prioritization of objectives and a higher level abstraction for control schemes is illustrated for a continuous linear time invariant state space realization with state feedback. Numerous real-world applications can benefit from this online system identification routine inspired by the human cognitive process. This offers a seamless integration of control and identification with a higher level of priorities. Such a framework is presented with explicit formulations for certain classes of dynamic systems, and evaluated with computer simulations as well as experimental results. An unstable multi-input multi-output linear system is used as an example to illustrate the approach.
Antitrust Law and Regulation

Laws and regulations touch nearly every aspect of our lives. Most states require children to wear a helmet when riding a bicycle. The US Department of Agriculture requires that your “cheese pizza” contain no more than 11% of a cheese substitute. Food containing more than one ingredient can be labeled “organic” only if at least 95% of its contents are organic. Your power company cannot raise its rates without regulatory approval.