cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work hope and the socioemotional functioning of offenders

WORK HOPE AND THE SOCIOEMOTIONAL FUNCTIONING OF OFFENDERS By David B. Guion, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013. Major Director: Victoria A. Shivy Associate Professor Department of Psychology For offenders returning to society at record levels, securing work looms as one of the most crucial factors in successful reentry. Work hope is a construct that seeks to measure the relative presence of goals of securing desired work, thoughts about how to achieve those goals, and agency to achieve those goals, even in the presence of obstacles. This study sought to examine relationships among work hope, the socioemotional variables of attachment, emotion regulation, physical, relational, and workplace victimization, and coping, and the career-related variables of perceptions of career-related barriers and complexity level of career goals. The sample comprised cohorts from eight different correctional centers (N = 111, 72.1% male, M = 37.97, SD = 10.02), who participated in three waves of a longitudinal study. Four path models were run to model the relationship among work hope and the socioemotional variables, but none of the models satisfied all designated fit indices. The model with the combination of the most adequate fit and theoretical support found significant direct effects from Time 1 anxious attachment, but not avoidant attachment, to Time 1 difficulties with emotion regulation. Significant direct effects were found from Time 1 avoidant attachment and difficulties with emotion regulation, but not anxious attachment, to Time 3 avoidant coping. Significant direct effects were also found from Time 3 avoidant coping to Time 3 work hope. Relational, physical, and workplace victimization were not significantly related to work hope or other socioemotional variables. This study also found that work hope was significantly related to perceptions of career-related barriers (r = -.30). Overall, study findings add to the construct validity of work hope and highlight the importance of addressing socioemotional variables such as attachment, emotion regulation, and coping in preparing offenders for successful reentry and obtaining work.
Is withholding hydration a valid comfort measure in the terminally ill

Withholding or withdrawing medical hydration from a dying patient may seem to be unwarranted at best, unethical or even criminal at worst. The author, however, suggests otherwise.
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Venous Thromboembolism in the Adolescent Female

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a bimodal distribution in the pediatric population and most frequently occurs in neonates and adolescents. Adolescent females have unique risk factors for venous thromboembolism which often occurs in the extremities, lungs, and cerebral sinus venous system in these patients. Diagnosis and evaluation of venous thromboembolism in adolescent females depends on the clinical presentation and location of clot. Treatment typically involves anticoagulation and long-term sequelae include recurrent thrombosis and post-thrombotic syndrome.
Utilization of a quality reporting system to increase faculty participation in resident operative assessment.

Abstract Background A quality collaborative across our hospital system was initiated to track surgical outcomes. We sought to determine whether incorporating a resident operative performance assessment into this quality collaborative would increase the quantity and quality of these assessments and impact relevant milestones. Methods A resident operative assessment was added to a quality reporting system required to be completed by faculty at the completion of 2 operations. Three milestones directly related to operative performance were analyzed–Patient Care 3, Medical Knowledge 2, and Interpersonal and Communication Skills 3. Residents were divided in 2 groups: quality collaborative (≥10 operative assessments) and no quality collaborative ( Results Faculty participation was 86% with 407 assessments completed from February to October 2019. A difference in the rate of change in resident performance for Patient Care 3 (+0.95 vs +0.55; P = .04) and Interpersonal and Communication Skills 3 (+1.05 vs +0.52; P = .02) was observed for those residents in the quality collaborative group (n = 20) compared with baseline data. Conclusion Addition of an operative assessment to a mandatory quality collaborative increases faculty participation and impacts resident milestone determination. These findings highlight opportunities to find innovative and efficient methods to improve faculty engagement.
Sex and tissue-specific evolution of developmental plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster.

Developmental plasticity influences the size of adult tissues in insects. Tissues can have unique responses to environmental perturbation during development; however, the prevalence of within species evolution of tissue-specific developmental plasticity remains unclear. To address this, we studied the effects of temperature and nutrition on wing and femur size in D. melanogaster populations from a temperate and tropical region. Wings were more sensitive to temperature, while wings and femurs were equally responsive to nutrition in both populations and sexes. The temperate population was larger under all conditions, except for femurs of starved females. In line with this, we observed greater femur size plasticity in response to starvation in temperate females, leading to differences in sexual dimorphism between populations such that the slope of the reaction norm of sexual dimorphism in the tropical population was double that of the temperate population. Lastly, we observed a significant trend for steeper slopes of reaction norms in temperate than in tropical females, but not in males. These findings highlight that plasticity divergence between populations can evolve heterogeneously across sexes and tissues and that nutritional plasticity can alter sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster.
β-endorphin differentially contributes to food anticipatory activity in male and female mice undergoing activity-based anorexia.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) has a lifetime prevalence of up to 4% and a high mortality rate (~5-10%), yet little is known regarding the etiology of this disease. In an attempt to fill the gaps in knowledge, activity-based anorexia (ABA) in rodents has been a widely used model as it mimics several key features of AN including severely restricted food intake and excessive exercise. Using this model, a role for the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system has been implicated in the development of ABA as Pomc mRNA is elevated in female rats undergoing the ABA paradigm. Since the Pomc gene product α-MSH potently inhibits food intake, it could be that elevated α-MSH might promote ABA. However, the α-MSH receptor antagonist SHU9119 does not protect against the development of ABA. Interestingly, it has also been shown that female mice lacking the mu opioid receptor (MOR), the primary receptor activated by the Pomc-gene-derived opioid β-endorphin, display blunted food anticipatory behavior (FAA), a key feature of ABA. Thus, we hypothesized that the elevation in Pomc mRNA observed during ABA may lead to increased β-endorphin concentrations and MOR activation to promote ABA. Further, given the known sex differences in AN and ABA, we hypothesized that MORs may contribute differentially in male and female mice. Using wild-type and MOR knockout mice of both sexes, a MOR antagonist and careful analysis of food anticipatory behavior and β-endorphin levels, we found 1) increased Pomc mRNA levels in both female and male mice that underwent ABA, 2) increased β-endorphin in female mice that underwent ABA, and 3) blunted FAA in both sexes in response to MOR genetic deletion yet blunted FAA only in males in response to MOR antagonism. The results presented provide support for both hypotheses and suggest that it may be the β-endorphin resulting from increased Pomc transcription that supports the development of some features of ABA.
Risk of Mental and Sleep Disorders After the Diagnosis of Adrenal Adenomas: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background: Adrenal adenomas are incidentally diagnosed in 7% of adults undergoing abdominal imaging. Mild autonomous cortisol secretion is present in 50% of adrenal adenomas, and even “nonfunctioning” adrenal adenomas demonstrate abnormal steroid profile. We aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of mental and sleep disorders in patients with adrenal adenomas and to 2) determine the risk of mental and sleep disorders after the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma in patients compared to the referent subjects from the same population Methods: Using a medical records linkage system, we identified adult patients living in the Olmsted County, MN diagnosed with an adrenal adenoma during 1995–2017. Patients with overt hormone excess were excluded. Every patient with adenoma was matched by sex and age to a referent subject from the same population. Subjects were followed until death or end of the study. Mental health related comorbidities and sleep disorders were assessed at baseline and during follow up. Results: Our cohort included 1004 patients with adrenal adenomas and 1004 referent subjects (58% women, median age of 63 years). Patients were more likely to smoke (70% vs 54%, p <0.001) and had a higher BMI (30 kg/m2 vs 28 kg/m2, p < 0.001). Within 5 years prior to the index date (diagnosis of adenoma), and after adjusting for BMI and smoking, patients demonstrated a higher prevalence of depression (Odds ratio, OR of 1.3 (CI95% 1.1–1.6), p=0.02), anxiety (OR of 1.4 (CI95% 1.1–1.8, p=0.003), substance abuse disorders (OR of 2.4 (CI 95% 1.7–3.4), p<0.001), but not insomnia (OR of 1.2 (CI95% 0.9–1.7) and sleep related breathing disorders (OR of 1.3 (CI 95% 0.9–1.7). During follow-up, starting 1 year after the diagnosis, patients demonstrated a higher risk of new onset depression (HR of 1.9, CI95%1.5–2.4), anxiety (HR of 1.5,CI95% 1.2–1.9), schizophrenia (HR of 1.7, CI95% 1.2–2.4), and substance abuse disorders (HR of 1.6, CI95% 1.2–2.0). Risk of sleep disorders 1 year after diagnosis was also high for insomnia (HR of 1.4, CI95% 1.1–1.9), sleep-related breathing disorders (HR of 1.8, CI95% 1.4–2.3), hypersomnias of central origin (HR of 2.0, CI95%1.04–3.96), parasomnias (HR of 2.4, CI95%1.2–4.7), and sleep-related movement disorders(HR of 1.9, CI95%1.3–2.6). Conclusion: Patients with adenomas are at increased risk for mental and sleep disorders, possibly explained by the underlying subtle cortisol secretion. Further prospective studies with an in-depth characterization of both hormonal secretion and mental/sleep disorders are needed. Reversibility or improvement of mental health and sleep disorders with adrenalectomy should be investigated.
The Internal Point of View in Private Law

Many leading private law theorists claim to analyze private law from an internal point of view; a vantage point within which private law doctrine, institutions and procedure enjoy pride of place. Private law theory of a generation ago distinguished the internal from external points of view, valorizing the former and criticizing the latter for ignoring the normativity of private law or for mistaking private law for public law or regulation. The New Private Law, by contrast, asserts the complementarity of internal and external points of view, partly by emphasizing the value of functionalist analyses of legal form. In this article, we canvas leading accounts of the internal point of view in private law (provided by corrective justice and civil recourse theorists, respectively) and identify their shortcomings: notably, their inability to ground assertions about the normative and explanatory priority of the internal point of view, and about its relationship (whether of exclusivity or complementarity) to external points of view. We offer an alternative, and we think better, rendering of the internal point of view, drawing on the work of John Finnis. Amongst other things, our account vindicates the New Private Law’s alluring but elusive promise of perspectival integration, showing how private law may be understood as an interlocking set of practices of public practical deliberation equally concerned with reasoned compliance and behavioral conformity with practically reasonable laws.
Increasing Vulnerability and the Limits of Resilience Among Latin American Immigrants

The articles in this volume contribute to the study of three long term trends that have impacted the increased vulnerability of Latin American immigrants. These trends are: worsening labor conditions in stratified labor markets; Latino racialization and its resulting immigrant discrimination; and the changing patterns of Latin American immigration due to shifting circumstances in origin and destination countries. In general, the Great Recession exacerbated immigrant vulnerability, but Latin American immigrants responded with resilient strategies. They adjusted to labor market conditions and resisted the effects of the crisis. However, the experiences of the most vulnerable Latino immigrants also show that there are limits to their resilience. The limits of immigrants’ resilience are different in the US and Spain. In the case of the US, immigrants’ resilience is limited by the implementation of punitive immigration laws. In the case of Spain, the depth and length of the economic crisis have provoked the return of a significant number of immigrants to their countries of origin. This concluding article is structured into two sections. First, I briefly provide an introduction on the causes of increasing immigrant vulnerability and describe the effects of labor market conditions and immigrant legislation on immigrants’ vulnerability. Second, I provide evidence on the limits of immigrants’ resilience, by describing return migrations from Spain and deportations from the US. To close the volume I identify research areas and policy orientations to further explore the experience of Latinos using a transatlantic comparative perspective.
Place and Perception: Understanding the Relationship between Geography and Attitudes on Voting and Political Identity

How does place affect the development of cultural beliefs? Previous studies of American political sub-cultures have largely treated culture as exogenous, determined by migratory patterns. Despite high population mobility in the United States, political culture is often assumed to change at a glacial pace and that culture is geographic, and not dependent on individual-level characteristics. It is not clear, however, how citizens acquire cultural attitudes after the “founder” groups have been replaced. Moreover, the use of demographic information to define cultural differences requires often untested inferences about the meaning or importance of these demographic characteristics. This paper seeks to create a survey-based measure of intra-state political culture based on a battery of questions on core attitudes towards political corruption, voter turnout, and the role of parties, and the government in the political system. We find some evidence for the existence of four distinct cultural types in Ohio. Since the measure is survey-based, it allows us to uncover direct causal relationships between individual characteristics and cultural beliefs. We find some evidence that place, measured by population density and region, affects individual cultural orientations. We discuss the implications of our results and the importance of developing survey-based measures of intra-state political culture.
Expression of functional light-activated ion channels in embryonic chick muscle (731.1)

Optogenetic tools allow for fine control of targeted populations of neurons. Muscle cells are an electrically excitable cell type that could be targeted for regulation by optogenes. Our lab studies...
WE-G-204-07: Automated Characterization of Perceptual Quality of Clinical Chest Radiographs: Improvements in Lung, Spine, and Hardware Detection

Purpose: To develop and validate more robust methods for automated lung, spine, and hardware detection in AP/PA chest images. This work is part of a continuing effort to automatically characterize the perceptual image quality of clinical radiographs. [Y. Lin et al. Med. Phys. 39, 7019–7031 (2012)] Methods: Our previous implementation of lung/spine identification was applicable to only one vendor. A more generalized routine was devised based on three primary components: lung boundary detection, fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering, and a clinically-derived lung pixel probability map. Boundary detection was used to constrain the lung segmentations. FCM clustering produced grayscale- and neighborhood-based pixel classification probabilities which are weighted by the clinically-derived probability maps to generate a final lung segmentation. Lung centerlines were set along the left-right lung midpoints. Spine centerlines were estimated as a weighted average of body contour, lateral lung contour, and intensity-based centerline estimates. Centerline estimation was tested on 900 clinical AP/PA chest radiographs which included inpatient/outpatient, upright/bedside, men/women, and adult/pediatric images from multiple imaging systems. Our previous implementation further did not account for the presence of medical hardware (pacemakers, wires, implants, staples, stents, etc.) potentially biasing image quality analysis. A hardware detection algorithm was developed using a gradient-based thresholding method. The training and testing paradigm used a set of 48 images from which 1920 51×51 pixel2 ROIs with and 1920 ROIs without hardware were manually selected. Results: Acceptable lung centerlines were generated in 98.7% of radiographs while spine centerlines were acceptable in 99.1% of radiographs. Following threshold optimization, the hardware detection software yielded average true positive and true negative rates of 92.7% and 96.9%, respectively. Conclusion: Updated segmentation and centerline estimation methods in addition to new gradient-based hardware detection software provide improved data integrity control and error-checking for automated clinical chest image quality characterization across multiple radiography systems.
Isothermal Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Directly from Respiratory Clinical Specimens

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) across patient populations of all ages. We have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay that enables rapid, low-cost detection of M. pneumoniae from nucleic acid extracts and directly from various respiratory specimen types. The assay implements calcein to facilitate simple visual readout of positive results in approximately 1 h, making it ideal for use in primary care facilities and resource-poor settings. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 100 fg by testing serial dilutions of target DNA ranging from 1 ng to 1 fg per reaction, and no cross-reactivity was observed against 17 other Mycoplasma species, 27 common respiratory agents, or human DNA. We demonstrated the utility of this assay by testing nucleic acid extracts (n = 252) and unextracted respiratory specimens (n = 72) collected during M. pneumoniae outbreaks and sporadic cases occurring in the United States from February 2010 to January 2014. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 88.5% tested on extracted nucleic acid and 82.1% evaluated on unextracted clinical specimens compared to a validated real-time PCR test. Further optimization and improvements to this method may lead to the availability of a rapid, cost-efficient laboratory test for M. pneumoniae detection that is more widely available to primary care facilities, ultimately facilitating prompt detection and appropriate responses to potential M. pneumoniae outbreaks and clusters within the community.
Basic Transmission Line Theory

The theory of transmission lines is briefly discussed in this chapter. Three types of transmission lines are outlined: lossless LC transmission lines, lossy RLC transmission lines, and RC transmission lines [71]-[73]. Proper understanding and interpretation of transmission line behavior is essential to the design and analysis of interconnect in high speed integrated circuits. No closed form solution exists for the transient response of an RC transmission line as shown in section 2.1, therefore, approximate models for RC interconnect are presented in section 2.2 [24], [25]. Since the effects of inductance on the repeater insertion process is introduced later in this research monograph, some background behind the process of inserting repeaters into RC interconnect is introduced in section 2.3 [39]-[45].
Political Socialization of U.S. and Japanese Adults: The Impact of Adult Roles on College Leftism

The study of political socialization has long neglected the influence of adult roles on adult political belief and behavior, in favor of attention to the supposedly formative experiences of childhood and adolescence. Similarly, although we have numerous studies of the background and politicization of the student activists of the 1960s, we have almost no systematic evidence of how the leftism and activism of their college years has weathered the transition to adulthood. This article presents a study of the relative effects of adult role experience—occupation, family, and voluntary associational membership—versus the enduring influence of college political beliefs and participation on samples of student activists and nonactivists of the 1960s in the United States and Japan. Citing the methodological weaknesses of earlier political socialization research, the authors use true longitudinal data and causal modeling and multivariate data analysis techniques. The results indicate that, although college identific...
Atrial Burst Pacing with Biphasic and Monophasic Waveforms for Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Biphasic pacing is a novel mode of pacing that was suggested to increase cardiac conduction velocity as compared with cathodal monophasic pacing. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rapid atrial pacing to convert atrial fibrillation (AF) to normal sinus rhythm. Methods: Multiple biphasic (anodal/cathodal), reverse biphasic (cathodal/anodal), and monophasic (cathodal) atrial pacing therapies were performed among 12 patients undergoing left atrial catheter ablation for AF. The efficacy end point was successful conversion of AF to sinus rhythm, and safety end point no induction of ventricular arrhythmias. Patients were paced at three cycle lengths (100, 200, and 333 msec) for 60 seconds at three locations (right and left atrial appendages and coronary sinus). Results: Among the 66 biphasic (anodal/cathodal) pacing procedures one procedure in a patient with chronic AF, which involved pacing at the left atrial appendage with a cycle length of 200 msec, led to conversion of AF to sinus rhythm. None of the 66 monophasic pacing procedures or the 66 reverse biphasic (cathodal/anodal) pacing procedures was associated with AF termination. None of the biphasic pacing procedures was associated with induction of ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions: Rapid atrial pacing using a variety of waveforms at the cycle length and output used in the current study was found to be safe. There was a single success in converting a chronic AF to sinus rhythm. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012;17(1):22–27
Induced changes in the osmotic concentration of the coelenteron fluid of the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea

Abstract 1. 1. Osmotic concentrations were determined on the coelenteron fluid of Condylactis gigantea exposed to concentrations of seawater varying from 575 to 1350 mOsm/kg. No deaths occurred during the experimental periods. 2. 2. Anemones transferred directly from one salinity to another experienced changes in coelenteron osmotic concentration toward that of the new medium. Less than 6 hr was required to establish a new steady state. 3. 3. Coelenteron fluid in starved anemones was hypo-osmotic to environmental seawater. 4. 4. Osmotic concentration of coelenteron increased after the ingestion of food. Maximum values were obtained at 24 hr after food ingestion.
Entanglement Entropy of 2D Conformal Quantum Critical Points: Hearing the Shape of a Quantum Drum

The entanglement entropy of a pure quantum state of a bipartite system A union or logical sumB is defined as the von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrix obtained by tracing over one of the two parts. In one dimension, the entanglement of critical ground states diverges logarithmically in the subsystem size, with a universal coefficient that for conformally invariant critical points is related to the central charge of the conformal field theory. We find that the entanglement entropy of a standard class of z=2 conformal quantum critical points in two spatial dimensions, in addition to a nonuniversal "area law" contribution linear in the size of the AB boundary, generically has a universal logarithmically divergent correction, which is completely determined by the geometry of the partition and by the central charge of the field theory that describes the critical wave function.
The problem of communicating Zen understanding: A microanalysis of teacher-student interviews in a North American Zen monastery

Sometimes the dialogue which you read inkoans or the dialogue that takes place in the interview room doesn't make sense, it's not intended to make sense because it's not a rational, linear sequential thing, thisBodhidharma, whatever you think it is it's not. It's not an idea, it's not a concept, it's alive and it's working. How to see that, how to express that is what the dynamics of interview, ofDharma talk are about.
Elective single mothers and their children: The missing fathers

Elective single mothers are adult, unmarried women who intentionally become mothers. This study utilized longitudinal data about 17 Caucasian, elective single mothers and their children to identify fathers' roles in these families, and to understand children's views of their fathers. These single mothers and their children resided for the first six years of the children's lives in father-absent households. By age six, most of the children had “ghost fathers,” whom they had never met or knew little about. The data suggest that the father often becomes a family secret, and that children may blame themselves for their fathers' absence.
Deficient cerebral clearance of vasculotropic mutant Dutch/Iowa Double Aß in human AßPP transgenic mice

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a prominent pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease and related familial CAA disorders. However, the mechanisms that account for the cerebral vascular accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) have not been defined. Recently, we reported novel transgenic mice (Tg-SwDI) expressing neuronally derived Swedish/Dutch/Iowa vasculotropic mutant human A beta precursor (A betaPP) that develop early-onset and robust accumulation of fibrillar cerebral microvascular A beta. Deficient clearance of Dutch/Iowa mutant A beta from brain across the capillary blood-brain barrier into the circulation may contribute to its potent cerebral accumulation. To further evaluate this theory, we generated a new transgenic mouse (Tg-Sw) that is nearly identical to Tg-SwDI, except lacking the Dutch/Iowa A beta mutations. Tg-Sw and Tg-SwDI mice expressed comparable levels of human A betaPP in brain and not in peripheral tissues. However, Tg-SwDI mice strongly accumulated Dutch/Iowa mutant A beta in brain, particularly in the cerebral microvasculature, whereas Tg-Sw mice exhibited no accumulations of wild-type A beta. Conversely, Tg-SwDI mice had no detectable Dutch/Iowa mutant A beta in plasma whereas Tg-Sw mice exhibited consistent levels of human wild-type A beta in plasma. Together, these findings suggest that while wild-type A beta is readily transported out of brain into plasma, Dutch/Iowa mutant A beta is deficient in this clearance process, likely contributing to its robust accumulation in the cerebral vasculature.
Landfill degradation of vinyl compositions

The ideal degradable vinyl compound would disappear into the landfill, forming biomass without toxic contaminants, while evolving gas that could be used for fuel, without the additives used causing loss of processing or service life. The types of additives that might be useful in promoting such behavior are discussed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Validity of a back pain classification scale for detecting psychological disturbance as measured by the MMPI

Constructed a Back Pain Classification Scale (BPCS) to detect serious psychological disturbance in low back pain patients, validated against the MMPI. One hundred and twenty patients with low back pain were classified as functional or organic on the basis of BPCS scores. The group identified as psychologically disturbed (functional) had significantly higher MMPI elevations on Scales F, HS, D, HY, PD, MF, PA, PT and SC. None of their scale scores was significantly lower than the group identified as organic. T-scores above 70 were present only on Scales 1 and 3, which suggests a high incidence of essentially neurotic disorders in patients classified as functional. The use of the BPCS as a viable alternative to the MMPI in the medical setting was discussed.
A computational method for calculating heat transfer and airflow through a dual-airflow window

An airflow window has great potential for conserving energy and improving indoor air quality in residential buildings. Existing airflow windows use a single airflow path, and their energy performance can be studied using several computational models. A dual-airflow window with triple glazing can conserve more energy than a single-airflow window, because the former works like a cross-counterflow heat exchanger. However, no suitable computer programs can be used to evaluate the energy performance of the dual-airflow window. This paper proposes a four-step computational method that uses both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and coded radiation calculations to determine airflow and heat transfer through the window. Experimental tests on a full-scale dual-airflow window system were used to obtain various indoor and outdoor air and window surface temperatures for validating the computer method. The agreement between the computed and measured temperatures is very good.
Photoactivation of amino-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones for release of carboxylate and phenolate leaving groups using visible light.

Upon exposure to visible light, 2-pyrrolidino-substituted 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinones photocyclize to give benzoxazolines with quantum yields of 0.07−0.10 in CH2Cl2, 0.02−0.04 in CH3CN, and <0.01 in 30% aq CH3CN. With carboxylate or phenolate leaving groups incorporated via coupling to a 5-hydroxymethyl group of the quinones, the photocyclizations give benzoxazolines that eliminate the leaving groups in a dark reaction. Lifetimes for elimination of 4-YC6H4OH in 30% phosphate buffer in CD3CN (pD 7) at 17 °C are 13.1, 0.54, and 0.13 h for Y = H, CF3, and CN, respectively, and the linear equation log k (h-1) = 0.998(−pKa) + 8.80 gives a best fit to the data. Carboxylate leaving groups are rapidly eliminated upon photolysis of the quinones in aq CH3CN to produce an o-quinone methide intermediate that is trapped by 4 + 2 cycloaddition with unreacted starting material or with added 3-(dimethylamino)-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. The ortho-quinone methide is observed at 339 and 455 nm by conventional absor...
Picture Perception: A Bird's-Eye View:

This review discusses recent work in picture perception by pigeons. Much of this work springs from re search begun nearly 30 years ago by R.J. Herrnstein and his associates showing that pigeons can very ably discriminate color slides of real world objects.1 Many other investi gators have subsequently contrib uted to our growing understanding of complex visual processing by pi geons, including D.S. Blough, J. Cerella, J.D. Delius, S.E.G. Lea, D.A. Riley, and A.A. Wright; the in terested reader should consult the recommended readings listed at the end of this article to gain a fuller ap preciation of the important contribu tions of these researchers. In this re view, I focus on the research that my collaborators and I have conducted since 1988. First, though, it is in structive to consider why one would ever investigate picture perception by nonhuman animals, generally, and by pigeons, particularly. Clearly, prior to the development of representational art and photogra phy, human beings only rarely needed to discriminate anything other than three-dimensional visual stimuli (the most likely case of two dimensional discrimination involves shadows). The fact that adults and even very young children are so adept at discriminating two dimensional representations of ob jects is therefore of particular interest because of its possible species spec ificity, given that we presently know of no other animals that spontane ously draw or otherwise accurately reproduce visual ?cons of real-world stimuli. Also of concern is that so much of our evidence of picture per ception by human beings relies on their verbal reports. The study of nonverbal creatures can tell us if lan guage importantly participates in the I picture perception process. We surely are not alone among animals in possessing retinal receptors and an elaborate postreceptor nervous system. The similarity of our visual system to that of many other verte brates further urges that we explore the species generality of picture per ception. Finally, the pigeon's well developed sense of vision, ease of housing and training, and longevity in captivity all argue persuasively for the pigeon as a model organism for the study of picture perception. The pigeon is significantly the favorite subject of students of op?rant condi tioning. We thus know a great deal about how contingencies of rein forcement and punishment affect its pecking behavior?the prime be havioral indicator of picture percep tion by this species. This review examines both func tional and structural aspects of pic ture perception by pigeons. All of this work has exploited the powerful methods and measures of op?rant behavior analysis.
The morphology of globus pallidus projection neurons in the rat: an intracellular staining study.

Abstract The morphology of 23 intracellular stained projection neurons of rat globus pallidus (GP) was studied in light microscopic preparations. The somatic size of these projection neurons was highly variable. The somatic area ranged from 78 to 353 μm2. The 23 neurons were divided into aspiny and spiny types, based on the existence of dendritic spines. Sixteen neurons were aspiny and 7 were of the spiny type. THe aspiny neurons tended to have a larger soma than the spiny neurons. Fourteen of the 23 projection neurons possessed a discoidal dendritic field w3ith the flat plane parallel to the border between the GP and the neosatriatum. All of the 14 neurons having a discoidal dendritic field were of the aspiny typeand were located throughout the GP. The other 9 neurons, which include all the 7 aspiny types, had radiating dendritic fields with a variety of shapes and were located only in the medical region of the GP. The axons of a majority (i.e. 21 of 23) of the projection neurons emitted multiple collaterals with large boutons en-passant and boutons terminaux within the GP. The main axons were traced to varying distances from their somata. Four of them were traced into the substantia nigra. Two of these 4 emitted multiple collaterals at various rostro-caudal levels in the entopeduncular nucleus, and all 4 axons had one or two collaterals in the subthalamic nucleus. This study revealed that the rat GP contains two types of projection neurons having different dendritic morphologies. The axon reconstruction indicate that the activity of both types of neurons can influence multiple basal ganglia targets, including the GP itself.
Social capital and the target population

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to shed light on opportunities for social capital during the conceptualization and initial implementation of innovative social enterprises dedicated to violence prevention and youth empowerment in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a two-tiered interview process over a nine-month period with 27 social entrepreneurs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, attention is given to with whom, where and in what ways these innovators accessed and utilized the skills and knowledge necessary to develop and administer social entrepreneurial programs. Findings – The findings reveal more than any other social actor the target population featured most frequently in interviews with social entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications – Because of the small scale of the study and the specific focus of the social entrepreneurs, the implications of the study are not generalizable to social entrepreneurs across fields. Practical implications – The findings are valuable because they...
Teaching computer classes using mind mapping techniques

Participates will learn how to use the student's prior knowledge (experience) a long with images to teach computer skills.
Detection of cyclodiene insecticide resistance-associated mutations by single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis

Cyclodiene insecticide resistance is associated with replacements of a single amino acid within the putative lining of a δ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride ion channel gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl). Only two resistance-associated amino acid replacements have been identified; alanine to serine in Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, Aedes aegypti, and Tribolium castaneum and alanine to glycine as a second allele in D. simulans. Here we report that single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of genomic DNA, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for exon 7 of the Rdl gene, can be used to genotype strains or individuals of all of these insects. This technique also appears simultaneously to distinguish between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, sibling species only reliably identifiable by examination of male genitalia. The relative advantages of this genotyping technique against other PCR-mediated techniques in monitoring for insecticide resistance are discussed.
CD40 Signaling to the Rescue: A CD8 Exhaustion Perspective in Chronic Infectious Diseases

Chronic infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, among others, cause severe morbidity and mortality globally. Progressive decline in CD8 functionality, survival, and proliferative potential—a phenomenon referred to as CD8 exhaustion—is believed to be responsible for poor pathogen control in chronic infectious diseases. While the role of negative inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 in augmenting CD8 exhaustion has been extensively studied, the role of positive costimulatory receptors remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how one such costimulatory pathway, CD40–CD40L, regulates CD8 dysfunction and rescue. While the significance of this pathway has been extensively investigated in models of autoimmunity, acute infectious diseases, and tumor models, the role played by CD40–CD40L in regulating CD8 exhaustion in chronic infectious diseases is just beginning to be understood. Considering that monotherapy with blocking antibodies targeting inhibitory PD-1-PD-L1 pathway is only partially effective at ameliorating CD8 exhaustion and that humanized CD40 agonist antibodies are currently available, a better understanding of the role of the CD40–CD40L pathway in chronic infectious diseases will pave the way for the development of more robust immunotherapeutic and prophylactic vaccination strategies.
Effects of galvanic interactions of sulfides on extraction of precious metals from refractory complex sulfides by bioleaching

Abstract A process employing bioleaching was conceptually developed and tested for the recovery of precious metals from complex sulfide ores and tailings. Since the precious metals were associated with the sulfide minerals, a bulk sulfide flotation concentrate was produced and then subjected to bioleaching using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans , before final treatment of residues by cyanidation to extract the gold and silver. In agreement with the galvanic series of sulfides, our experimental results demonstrate that in a mixed sulfide concentrate containing pyrite (FeS 2 ), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (Cu FeS 2 ), the biooxidation-leaching of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena proceeded preferentially, while that of pyrite was retarded compared with bioleaching of a chiefly pyrite concentrate. This was reflected in the recovery of precious metals also. A recovery of over 95% of gold and 98% of silver from the complex sulfide ore concentrate could be achieved after bioleaching ahead of cyanidation extraction.
An Investigation of the Circulation over Second Point Bar, Lake Mendota

The flow of water in the middle and surface layers around and over a lake bar was examined in terms of horizontal and vertical velocities, and divergence. These quantities were mapped and the patterns correlated with the general current velocity, wind conditions, and obstruction by the bar. 1) The bar caused two types of flow around it. In the unstratified layer above the thermocline the flow continued right over the bar, although the exact pattern of motion depended upon the current speed and the geography of the bar. 2) In the thermocline there was a strong tendency for the water to flow around the bar, although considerable upwelling and sinking of the layer occurred. Helical rotors appeared on either side of the bar. 3) Internally consistent and detailed patterns of circulation were observed on a small scale without excessive expenditure of time or money.
Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase and the Molecular Pathogenesis of Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) has recently been shown to be the defective enzyme underlying the infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL). In this paper, we review the enzymology of PPT, evidence for its localization in lysosomes, and recent advances in understanding the metabolic defect caused by PPT deficiency. Absence of PPT activity in lysosomes isolated from INCL lymphoblasts is demonstrated. A model for the formation of the storage bodies in INCL involving defective autophagocytic proteolysis is proposed.
Circuit simulation using matrix exponential method

We propose a stable explicit numerical integration method based on matrix exponential operator that enables accurate large time stepping for transient analysis. We utilize Krylov subspace projection to reduce the computational complexity of matrix exponential. Numerical experiments show the advantages of the proposed method over backward Euler in terms of accuracy and performance.
Combinatorial properties of personal probabilities

Abstract The experiment examined the degree to which personal probabilities, subjective probabilities which need not have objective counterparts, conform to probability theory. Subjects gave personal probability estimates for complex and elementary events. The degree of conformity to probability theory was evaluated by the degree to which probabilities for complex events were equal to the proper combination of the probabilities for elementary events. While there was not perfect conformity, use of the proper rules from probability theory yielded better descriptions in the four conditions studied than did alternate improper rules.
The blood factors I and i in primates including man, and in lower species

Human-type blood factors I and i have been investigated in several primate species including man, and in other mammals. The anti-I tests were performed with the original antiserum which led to the discovery of blood factor I. The anti-i serum used was obtained from a patient with severe idiopathic hemolytic anemia. Both antisera were similar in serological reactivity, except for their difference of specificity. Human adults, in general, have blood factor I but lack factor i; those very rare adults of type i who lack factor I have the factor i instead. In newborn human infants the factor I is still undeveloped and blood factor i is present in its place. In all other species only juvenile and adult animals have so far been tested. Chimpanzees lack blood factor I but have the factor i, which could be interpreted as phylogeny paralleling ontogeny; however, gibbons lack both factors I and i while orangutan has an intermediate position. All Catarrhini tested, namely, yellow baboons, geladas, patas, mangabeys, macaques, African green, talapoin and Sykes monkeys lack blood factor I but have the factor i. Among Platyrrhini the results are less uniform: Capuchins have very strong blood factor I and a weak factor i, while squirrel and spider monkeys have factor i and little or no factor I. On the other hand, marmosets have both factors I and i well developed. Only two single prosimians were tested: slow loris had factor i but no factor I, while potto lacked both factors I and i. Among non-primate animals, sheep, goat, deer, cat and South American agoutilack both factors I and i; dog and rat lack factor I but have a weak factor i, while rabbit has a very strong factor I but lacks the factor i. Bearing in mind the relatively small number of animals tested within each species, the present study indicates a heterophile behavior of the blood factors I and i in mammals, in that their distribution cuts across taxonomic lines.
Environmentally Induced Discharges in a Solar Array

In the continuing effort to simulate discharges seen during geomagnetic substorms, the charging and discharging characteristics of an electrically isolated solar array segment are being studied. A solar array segment is floated while bombarded with monoenergetic electrons at various angles of incidence. The potentials of the array surface and of the interconnects are monitored using Trek voltage probes, to maintain electrical isolation. A back plate is capacitively coupled to the array to provide information on the transients accompanying the discharges. Several modes of discharging of the array were observed at relatively low differential and absolute potentials (a few kilovolts). A relatively slow discharge response in the array was observed discharging over one second, with currents of nanoamps. Single faster discharges were also seen which lasted a few tenths of a millisecond and with currents on the order of microamps.
Electrochemical polishing of hydrogen sulfide from coal synthesis gas

An advanced process has been developed for the separation of H{sub 2}S from coal gasification product streams through an electrochemical membrane. This technology is developed for use in coal gasification facilities providing fuel for cogeneration coal fired electrical power facilities and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell electrical power facilities. H{sub 2}S is removed from the syn-gas by reduction to the sulfide ion and H at the cathode. The sulfide ion migrates to the anode through a molten salt electrolyte suspended in an inert ceramic matrix. Once at the anode it is oxidized to elemental sulfur and swept away for condensation in an inert gas stream. The syn-gas is enriched with the H{sub 2}. Order-of-magnitude reductions in H{sub 2}S have been repeatably recorded (100 ppm to 10 ppm H{sub 2}S) on a single pass through the cell. This process allows removal of H{sub 2}S without cooling the gas stream and with negligible pressure loss through the separator. Since there are no absorbents used, there is no absorption/regeneration step as with conventional technology. Elemental sulfur is produced as a by-product directly, so there is no need for a Claus process for sulfur recovery. This makes the process economically attractive since it is much less equipment intensive than conventional technology.