cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction To Phased Array Radars

AbstractThis paper describes a phased array radar emphasizing differences from conventionalradars and explores the operational advantages of these differences.Subjects include the general principal of beam formation by the phasing of RF emissionsfrom a large number of radiating elements, the establishment of bandwidth and element spac-ing constraints and the relationship of the phase shifter and time delay units. Frequencyscanned arrays are contrasted with phase steered arrays, and the architectural possibilitiesassociated with corporate fed, space fed, and reflecting arrays are covered in comparative terms. The paper highlights the operational advantages of phased arrays from the stand-point of traffic handling capacity. The operational advantage of bandwidth, inertialessscanning and reliability are given consideration. System situations which justify phasedarrays are delineated. Finally, the latest trend in phased arrays, that of total solidstate architectures, is singled out as an example.IntroductionThe phased array radar has evolved a viable solution to shortcomings of conventionalradars utilizing passive reflectors to form a beam in space; the phased array in turn mustpay a price for its enhanced capabilities and generally that price is in economics. Thispaper will heuristically establish the difference between conventional reflector radarsand phased arrays and will then discuss the application advantages of the phased array.Common Elements of Conventional and Phase Array RadarsTo make the distinctions that exist between conventional and phased array radars aspossible, it is useful to layout the element of both that are the same and then forever putthem aside and investigate the element that differ significantly. The litany below identi-fies those elements from which a radar engineer with blinders, which allowed him to seeonly one element at a time, could not distinguish whether a radar was a phased array or aconventional radar (see Figure 1).
Automated extraction and validation of children’s gait parameters with the Kinect

Gait analysis for therapy regimen prescription and monitoring requires patients to physically access clinics with specialized equipment. The timely availability of such infrastructure at the right frequency is especially important for small children. Besides being very costly, this is a challenge for many children living in rural areas. This is why this work develops a low-cost, portable, and automated approach for in-home gait analysis, based on the Microsoft Kinect. A robust and efficient method for extracting gait parameters is introduced, which copes with the high variability of noisy Kinect skeleton tracking data experienced across the population of young children. This is achieved by temporally segmenting the data with an approach based on coupling a probabilistic matching of stride template models, learned offline, with the estimation of their global and local temporal scaling. A preliminary study conducted on healthy children between 2 and 4 years of age is performed to analyze the accuracy, precision, repeatability, and concurrent validity of the proposed method against the GAITRite when measuring several spatial and temporal children’s gait parameters. The method has excellent accuracy and good precision, with segmenting temporal sequences of body joint locations into stride and step cycles. Also, the spatial and temporal gait parameters, estimated automatically, exhibit good concurrent validity with those provided by the GAITRite, as well as very good repeatability. In particular, on a range of nine gait parameters, the relative and absolute agreements were found to be good and excellent, and the overall agreements were found to be good and moderate. This work enables and validates the automated use of the Kinect for children’s gait analysis in healthy subjects. In particular, the approach makes a step forward towards developing a low-cost, portable, parent-operated in-home tool for clinicians assisting young children.
Impairment in Platelet Aggregation in Congenital Heart Disease

Platelet function and coagulation studies were performed on 65 children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and five wtih acquired heart disease, varying in age from 2 wk to 17 yr. Approximately 11% of the children with CHD had mild bleeding symptoms, and 9% had prolonged bleeding times, despite normal platelet counts. In 14 of 37 children (37.8%) with cyanotic CHD and four of 28 (14.3%) with the acyanotic variety, platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), noradrenalin, and connective tissue suspension was impaired. The possibility of a platelet inhibitory factor in plasma was unlikely. Platelet content of ADP was normal, and high concentrations of exogenous ADP produced an improvement in aggregation, suggesting that the disturbance may be due to defective release of intrinsic ADP from the platelets. Impairment in aggregation was correlated with the severity of hypoxemia and polycythemia in cyanotic patients. Coagulation data did not support the concept that disseminated intravascular coagulation is a frequently associated finding in cyanotic CHD. Our findings reveal a disturbance in platelet function, until now, not commonly associated with CHD.
Wittgenstein and William James: Wittgenstein and The Varieties of Religious Experience

“The outward face of nature need not alter, but the expressions of meaning in it alter” (VRE, 424) “ … we may very likely find no one essence, but many characters which may alternately be equally important in religion” (VRE, 32) After the publication of his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1921, Wittgenstein abandoned philosophy. He taught elementary school in a small village in Austria and helped design a house in Vienna for his sister, preserving the philosophical “silence” he thought appropriate both to ethics and to a work of philosophy offering “the final solution of the problems” (TLP, 5). By the mid-1920s, however, he was working on philosophy again, convinced that the Tractatus contained major mistakes. He returned to Cambridge in 1929, where he composed a paper on logical form that he soon repudiated, and, toward year's end, a “Lecture on Ethics.” In that first year back in Cambridge, Wittgenstein met a young student of philosophy, Maurice O'Connor Drury, who was to become a lifelong friend. Drury was one of those serious, unpretentious people whom Wittgenstein tolerated, sought out, and opened up to. Originally planning on the priesthood, Drury became a physician and a psychiatrist at St. Patrick's Hospital in Dublin. It was to Drury's flat in Dublin that Wittgenstein came when he left Austria in 1938; and again in 1948 after he resigned his Cambridge professorship. Drury was with Wittgenstein when he died in 1951.
Flumazenil does not affect the increase in rat hippocampal extracellular glutamate concentration produced during thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that often occurs as a consequence of acute or chronic liver failure. Previous reports have suggested that alterations in amino acid neurotransmission, particularly glutamate, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HE. The objectives of the present study were to test the hypothesis that extracellular glutamate concentration is increased during HE, and to determine if flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, alters the extracellular concentration of glutamate during HE. The experimental approach involved using microdialysis probes to measure rat hippocampal extracellular glutamate concentration. HE was brought about as a result of thioacetamide-induced liver failure. Thioacetamide produced behavioral and metabolic effects, such as somnolence, hyperventilation and hyperammonemia, consistent with stage three HE. Comparison with saline-treated rats demonstrated that HE was associated with a significant increase (p=0.010) in extracellular hippocampal glutamate concentration. Administration of flumazenil caused a transient increase in arousal level, but did not affect the increase in glutamate concentration (p=0.93). These results corroborate the theory that glutamate neurotransmission is altered during HE and suggest that the flumazenil arousal of HE rats is not mediated by a change in extracellular glutamate concentration.
Numerical Study of Liquid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Microchannel with In-Line Array of bars

*† The unsteady flow and heat transfer in a microchannel with periodically mounted in-line array of vortex-generated bars (VG bars) are investigated numerically using a threedimensional model at various Reynolds numbers and arrays of VG bars. Conjugate heat transfer calculations were used to study the conduction in the solid bars and convection in the fluid. The governing equations in continuum regime were solved by a control volume based finite difference method. Numerical data are presented and discussed to evaluate the performance of the bar arrays periodically mounted in a microchannel. It was found that the array of VG bars affected the strength of oscillating flow in the microchannel, and the heat transfer was significantly enhanced due to the presence of the VG bars. Nomenclature Ac = cross-section area of microchannel Cp = specific heat, dh = hydraulic diameter f = friction factor h = heat transfer coefficient H = microchannel height, μm k = thermal conductivity L = microchannel length L r = the periodic length vector
A New Quantitative Roughness Measurement and its Application in the Polysilicon/Silicon Dioxide Interface

A quantitative approach for characterizing the interface roughness between two materials by cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) is proposed. This approach is based on obtaining an interface height distribution curve (IHDC). The interface roughness can be characterized quantitatively by extracting from IHDC three parameters: the mean, median and maximum interface height. This new method has been applied in the characterization of the interface between thermally grown silicon dioxide and polycrystalline silicon thin films deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition. It is shown that high temperature processing yields an interface that has higher roughness.
A case-based review of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

1. Susan J. Leclair, PhD[⇑][1] 1. University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA 1. Address for Correspondence: Susan J. Leclair, PhD, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Massachusetts, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, sleclair{at}umassd.edu 1. Explain the role of immunochemical testing as a substitute for bone marrow examination in CLL. 2. List the most common immmunophenotype for classic chronic lymphocyte leukemia. 3. Explain the clinical utility of the new prognostic markers for CLL. 4. List the results of the laboratory tests used to routinely evaluate chronic lymphocytic leukemia. INTRODUCTION The diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has undergone a profound expansion in scientific and medical understanding in the last decade. Commonly held beliefs of signs and symptoms at time of diagnosis, required laboratory testing, and choices of therapy have all changed. A 34-year old male medical laboratory science (MLS) student tested his own blood as part of an exercise in the use of an automated instrument. His initial CBC is seen in Table 1. Figure 1 shows an oil immersion magnification view of the lymphocytes on his peripheral blood smear. He agreed to see his primary care physician the next day. The repeat CBC was ordered the next day and the results were essentially unchanged. When questioned the physician said that a viral infection could be the cause. The patient later remarked that he had no obvious signs and symptoms although focused questioning brought out a state of fatigue, night sweats, and a mild viral infection that took over 6 weeks to get over. As is typical with many newly diagnosed patients with CLL, he did not have an anemia or thrombocytopenia. Please see Figure 2. Family history includes a father who died from a lymphoproliferative (non-Hodgkin lymphoma) disorder in the 1980s. Some studies have suggested that there may be a familial risk of leukemia in relatives of lymphoproliferative disorder patients.1 At its base definition, CLL is a monoclonal production of greater than 5x109 B lymphocytes/L mature-looking but dysfunctional lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.2 While small… ABBREVIATIONS: CLL – chronic lymphocytic leukemia, IgVH – immunoglobulin heavy chain mutation, ZAP 70 - zeta chain associated protein kinase 70, FISH – fluorescent in situ hybridization, ATM – Ataxia telangiectasia mutated 1. Explain the role of immunochemical testing as a substitute for bone marrow examination in CLL. 2. List the most common immmunophenotype for classic chronic lymphocyte leukemia. 3. Explain the clinical utility of the new prognostic markers for CLL. 4. List the results of the laboratory tests used to routinely evaluate chronic lymphocytic leukemia. [1]: #corresp-1
Progression of Heterotopic Ossification around the Elbow after Trauma.

Background: This study addresses the null hypothesis that there is no expansion of heterotopic ossification (HO) in the elbow beyond what can be seen early on. Methods: The area of HO was measured on lateral radiographs of 38 consecutive patients that had operative treatment of HO between 2000 and 2013. Measurements from radiographs obtained between 3 to 7 weeks were compared to measurements from radiographs made 3 months or more after injury. Results: There was no significant difference between the average area of HO on the first (median 2.8 square centimeters, Q1: 1.5, Q3: 5.1) and later radiographs (median of 2.8 square centimeters, Q1: 1.4, Q3: 5.0) (P = 0.99). Discussion: According to our results the area of HO does not expand beyond what can be seen early in the disease process.
What is political incivility

ABSTRACTUsing 23 novel indicators and a 1,000+ sample representative of a full undergraduate population we examined: how much consensus there was about perceptions of the incivility/civility of various categories of speech/behavior; and whether political incivility is a unidimensional or multidimensional latent construct. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest perceived political incivility is a multidimensional construct. Insulting utterances, deception, and behaviors tending to shut down inclusive ongoing discussion can be treated as distinct, underlying aspects of incivility. More than 75% of respondents viewed all 23 indicators, except issue-oriented attacks, as very, mostly, or somewhat uncivil. If replicated on a representative national sample, standardized indicators of political incivility should be constructed and routinely employed in national surveys of political attitudes and behavior.
The John A. McAllister Civil War Envelope Collection

By June 1861 an “Envelope Mania” had taken hold of the Union, which, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer, was an economic boon for engravers, stationers, and printers who had “no cause to complain of a lack of business” while others struggled to adjust to the new wartime economy. This collecting fad was made possible by recent innovations to methods of graphics printing. Civil War–era printers in the North fed the frenzy by producing patriotic, sentimental, and satiric illustrations that covered the entire fronts of wrappers and rendered them nearly unusable as anything other than collectors’ items. Consequently, many of these pieces never made it into circulation, but rather were saved in the scrapbooks of “collectors of curiosities” like Philadelphian John A. McAllister (1822–1896), who gave his collection of Civil War ephemera to the Library Company of Philadelphia in 1886.
Keep it simple: vascular risk factors and focal exam findings correctly identify posterior circulation ischemia in “dizzy” patients

Dizziness is a common chief complaint of patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). Physicians must quickly and accurately identify patients whose etiology is most likely ischemia. Additional tools are available, but often require further training (vestibular testing) or are costly and not always readily available (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)). This study evaluates the ability of a routine history and simple physical examination to correctly identify dizzy patients with posterior circulation ischemia, and the added utility of CT angiography (CTA). We performed a retrospective analysis of all individuals presenting to the ED with a reported chief complaint of dizziness. Neurology was consulted and CTA ordered at the discretion of the ED provider. Demographic, medical, and radiographic variables were evaluated along with final diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to determine factors associated with ischemia, the sensitivity of vascular risk factors and focal exam findings in predicting ischemia, and the additional benefit, if any, of CTA. One thousand two-hundred sixteen individuals meeting inclusion criteria presented to the ED over a 2 year period and were included in analysis. One hundred (8.2 %) were diagnosed with posterior circulation ischemia. For the entire cohort, age (OR 1.4 per 10 years, p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.3 per 10 mmHg, p < 0.0001), and focal exam findings (OR 28.69, p < 0.0001) were most significantly associated with ischemia in multivariable modeling. When age, race, sex, presence of vascular risk factors, and focal neurologic findings were entered into ROC analysis, the AUC for correctly identifying posterior circulation ischemia was 0.90. In the subset of patients who underwent CTA (n = 87), the AUC did not improve (0.78 with and without CTA in ROC analysis, p = 0.52). A vascular risk assessment and neurological examination are adequate for risk stratification of ischemia in the dizzy patient and should remain the standard evaluation.
The Influence of Community Disadvantage and Masculinity Ideology on Number of Sexual Partners: A Prospective Analysis of Young Adult, Rural Black Men.

Young, rural Black men are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), a consequence, in part, of multiple sexual partnerships. We conducted a prospective study that examined the influence of masculinity ideology on changes in numbers of sexual partners in this population. We focused on a set of high-risk attitudes termed reputational masculinity. Community disadvantage during young adulthood was examined as a risk factor for reputational masculinity ideology, and vocational commitment was examined as a potential protective factor. The sample included 505 African American men ages 19 to 22 from high-poverty rural communities. Men reported their numbers of sexual partners during the past three months, masculinity ideology, community disadvantage, and vocational commitment. Follow-up data were collected 18 months after baseline assessment. Negative binomial modeling was used to test study hypotheses. Results indicated that community disadvantage was associated with increases in re...
Use of the Gravimetric Diluter in Microbiological Work.

Manual dilutions of food samples (e.g., 1:10 dilution) for microbiological investigations are cumbersome. We tested an automatic diluter (Model GD-600 Gravimetric Diluter, Spiral System, Inc., Bethesda, MD) for accuracy and sterility for microbiological work and found that the system provided ±0.1 to +0.2 g of accuracy in delivering a commanded amount of diluent. The delivered diluent was essentially sterile, with a few samples giving 1 to 4 colonies per ml after plating. With this system, weighing and dilution are fast, easy, and accurate.
New Animal Models for Hepatitis C

The hepatotropic hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and chronically infects 130–150 million people worldwide. The severe consequences the virus has for liver health, especially if left untreated, and the lack of a vaccine continue to make HCV a relevant global health problem. A considerable challenge in studying HCV is the virus’ host tropism, which is limited almost exclusively to humans and chimpanzees. The lack of suitable and ethical animal model systems has hindered our abilities to mechanistically decipher interactions of HCV with its mammalian host and to develop vaccines. However, encouraging advances, especially in the refinement of humanized mouse models, have created new opportunities for studying HCV pathogenesis and host antiviral responses in vivo. Additionally, the discovery of hepaciviruses in other organisms and advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technologies have created further avenues for exploration. The ultimate goal is to develop tractable small animal models for HCV, which optimally recapitulate all parts of the viral life cycle and present with clinically relevant manifestations of viral hepatitis. Such new models would undoubtedly shed light on both the biology and clinical consequences of chronic hepatitis C infection.
The Structure of Glycine Dihydrate: Implications for the Crystallization of Glycine from Solution and Its Structure in Outer Space

Glycine, the simplest amino acid, is also the most polymorphous. Herein, we report the structure determination of a long unknown phase of glycine, which was first reported by Pyne and Suryanarayanan in 2001. To date, this phase has only been prepared at 208 K as nanocrystals within ice. Through computational crystal-structure prediction and powder X-ray diffraction methods, we identified this elusive phase as glycine dihydrate (GDH), representing the first report on the structure of a hydrated glycine structure. The structure of GDH has important implications for the state of glycine in aqueous solution and the mechanisms of glycine crystallization. GDH may also be the form of glycine that comes to Earth from extraterrestrial sources.
Managing Metadata in Web-Scale Discovery Systems: Spiteri, Louise F. (Ed.) London: Facet Publishing, 2016, ix+ 197 pp., $85.00, ISBN 978-1-78330-069-3.

In the Introduction, the editor provides a short summary of the history of library catalogs and access to information, moving quickly through the issues related to non-purchased resources, born-dig...
Long-term risk of second malignancies in women with ductal carcinoma in situ or early-stage invasive breast cancer after breast conservation treatment.

e12103Background: Women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or early stage breast cancer have a good prognosis after breast conservation treatment (BCT), and are at risk for second malignant neopl...
Keynote address V: Some ambitious NASA mission concepts

Brian is a JPL Fellow and the Manager of the JPL Space Robotics Technologies Program at JPL since 2010. He a B.S. Physics and B.A. Mathematics, University of California at Santa Barbara (highest honors) (1973) and a M.S. Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California (1993). In the 1980s he worked as robotics engineer assigned to Mars Rover Sample Return Mission. Between 1985 and 2005 he was the Supervisor, JPL Robotic Vehicles Group, during which time the group was responsible for the development of the Sojourner Mars Rover electronics, on-board software, mission operations software tool development, and the actual mission operations of Sojourner. Group members continued in similar key roles on MER and MSL rovers. Between 1995 and 2003 he was the Principal Investigator of the Nanorover and Nanorover Outposts and from 2004 to present, the Principal Investigator of the All-Terrain Hex-Limbed, Extra-Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) which has six wheels on the ends of six limbs that can be used for general-purpose manipulation as well as extremeterrain mobility. He was awarded NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal, for contributions to planetary rover research in 1992.
Shock Wave Mitigation Using Liquids

Mitigation of shock waves can be achieved using many different approaches. In this work, an experimental study of passive shock wave mitigation using planar liquid sheets (water or cornstarch suspensions) was completed. The goal was to better understand how planar a liquid sheet could mitigate a planar incident shock wave. The experimental setup consisted of a horizontal shock tube with a square inner cross-sectional area. The shock mitigation effects were studied using high-speed visualization techniques and pressure measurements. Incident shock waves with shock Mach numbers \(M_s = 1.34\) and 1.46 were generated in the shock tube. A square test section frame was designed to hold a rectangular liquid sheet, with a thickness of 5 mm or 10 mm, using plastic membranes and cotton wires to maintain the planar shape and minimize bulge of the liquid sheet. High-speed schlieren and direct high-speed visualization techniques were used to observe the shock wave interaction with the liquid sheets. High-frequency pressure sensors mounted upstream and downstream of the liquid sheet, measured shock wave speed, overpressure, and impulse. Experiments varied by types and thicknesses of liquid sheets and incident shock Mach numbers. Results showed that no transmitted shock wave was observed downstream of the liquid sheets, but compression waves induced by the shock-accelerated liquid coalesced into a shock wave further downstream. A lower peak overpressure and impulse were measured when using thicker liquid sheets, and the cornstarch sheets showed lower peak overpressures and impulses compared to water sheets.
Interventions to improve endocrine therapy adherence in breast cancer survivors: what is the evidence?

Endocrine therapy reduces the risk of breast cancer recurrences and mortality in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer survivors. However, non-adherence to treatment remains a significant problem. The aim of this study was to review current literature and ongoing trials to identify interventions employed to improve adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in breast cancer survivors. We searched PubMed and the National Library of Medicine registry of clinical trials using the terms “breast cancer” and “adherence” or “compliance” and “intervention” and “medication” or “endocrine therapy” or “hormone therapy” to identify published studies as well as ongoing clinical trials. Three hundred and sixty-three studies were identified; five studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies enrolled postmenopausal women diagnosed with early stage HR+ breast cancer. Providing educational materials was the most common intervention implemented to improve adherence to one or more aromatase inhibitors. None of the studies found a significant improvement in adherence with the intervention evaluated. Twelve clinical trials investigating various interventions, mostly based on technology, to improve AET adherence were also identified. Improving adherence to AET in HR+ breast cancer survivors is an urgent medical need. While newer clinical trials are overcoming some of the limitations seen with published studies, tailored interventions led by clinicians need further investigation. Our study highlights the unmet clinical need to develop and test feasible interventions to improve AET adherence in HR+ breast cancer survivors to extend their long-term survival.
Cytomorphology and sonographic features of ectopic thymic tissue diagnosed in paediatric FNA biopsies.

Introduction Ectopic thymic tissue can arise as an asymptomatic neck mass, which may be detected on imaging studies. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of ectopic thymic tissue in paediatric FNAs and to the correlate clinical, radiological and cytomorphological findings. Methods FNAs in children with neck and mediastinal lesions performed between January 2012 and July 2016 were reviewed for cases of ectopic thymus. These were then evaluated and correlated with the cytology findings. Results Of 739 FNAs, 13 (1.8%) cases from 11 patients showed ectopic thymic tissue. The targeted lesions were in the thyroid (n = 7), submandibular region (n = 1), superior mediastinum (n = 1) and paratracheal region (n = 1). The most common indication was for microcalcifications concerning for papillary thyroid carcinoma on ultrasound (n = 6). Imaging findings included fusiform lesions with linear and punctuate bright echoes. The cytology evaluation showed small lymphocytes with discohesive epithelioid cells in most cases, and proteinaceous fluid in the cystic case. There were rare macrophages and Hassall's corpuscles. Flow cytometry and/or immunostains were performed in all cases, supporting thymic origin. Conclusion Ectopic thymic tissue is rarely present as a neck mass or thyroid nodule on FNA biopsy. The ultrasound imaging findings reveal a well-defined fusiform lesion with punctate bright echoes that could be misinterpreted as papillary thyroid carcinoma. The aspirates show a small lymphoid population, immunophenotypically compatible with thymic T-cells, in addition to scattered epithelial cells. Therefore, knowledge of the typical ultrasonographic and cytopathological features can help make a definitive diagnosis and avoid more invasive procedures in paediatric patients.
Unraveling historical introgression and resolving phylogenetic discord within Catostomus (Osteichthys: Catostomidae)

Porous species boundaries can be a source of conflicting hypotheses, particularly when coupled with variable data and/or methodological approaches. Their impacts can often be magnified when non-model organisms with complex histories of reticulation are investigated. One such example is the genus Catostomus (Osteichthys, Catostomidae), a freshwater fish clade with conflicting morphological and mitochondrial phylogenies. The former is hypothesized as reflecting the presence of admixed genotypes within morphologically distinct lineages, whereas the latter is interpreted as the presence of distinct morphologies that emerged multiple times through convergent evolution. We tested these hypotheses using multiple methods, to including multispecies coalescent and concatenated approaches. Patterson’s D-statistic was applied to resolve potential discord, examine introgression, and test the putative hybrid origin of two species. We also applied naive binning to explore potential effects of concatenation. We employed 14,007 loci generated from ddRAD sequencing of 184 individuals to derive the first highly supported nuclear phylogeny for Catostomus. Our phylogenomic analyses largely agreed with a morphological interpretation,with the exception of the placement of Xyrauchen texanus, which differs from both morphological and mitochondrial phylogenies. Additionally, our evaluation of the putative hybrid species C. columbianus revealed a lack introgression and instead matched the mitochondrial phylogeny. Furthermore, D-statistic tests clarified all discrepancies based solely on mitochondrial data, with agreement among topologies derived from concatenation and multispecies coalescent approaches. Extensive historic introgression was detected across six species-pairs. Potential endemism in the Virgin and Little Colorado Rivers was also apparent, and the former genus Pantosteus was derived as monophyletic, save for C. columbianus. Complex reticulated histories detected herein support the hypothesis that introgression was responsible for conflicts that occurred within the mitochondrial phylogeny, and explains discrepancies found between it and previous morphological phylogenies. Additionally, the hybrid origin of C. columbianus was refuted, but with the caveat that more fine-grain sampling is still needed. Our diverse phylogenomic approaches provided largely concordant results, with naive binning useful in exploring the single conflict. Considerable diversity was found within Catostomus across southwestern North America, with two drainages [Virgin River (UT) and Little Colorado River (AZ)] reflecting unique composition.
Dynamics of pro-market institutions and firm performance

We analyze how pro-market institutions affect firm performance in emerging markets. Integrating transaction costs and signaling theory, we advance three arguments. First, we separate four dynamic components of pro-market institutions: intensifying and fading pro-market reforms and intensifying and fading pro-market reversals. Second, we propose an asymmetric dynamic view whereby not only intensifying reforms but also fading reversals improve firm performance, while not only fading reforms but also intensifying reversals reduce performance. Finally, we argue that more efficient firms perform better under each of the dynamics. We test these arguments on a sample of 1092 firms from 34 emerging markets during 1998–2011.
Pion inelastic scattering from sup 20 Ne

Angular distributions for {sup 20}Ne({pi}{sup {plus minus}}, {pi}{sup {plus minus}}{prime}) were measured on the Energetic Pion Channel and Spectrometer (EPICS) at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). Data were taken with both {pi}{sup {plus}} and {pi}{sup {minus}} over an angular range of 12{degree} to 90{degree} for T{sub {pi}}=180 MeV and with {pi}{sup +} from 15{degree} to 90{degree} for T{sub {pi}}=120 MeV. The data were analyzed using both the distorted-wave impulse approximation (DWIA) and the coupled-channels impulse approximation (CCIA) with collective transition densities. In addition, microscopic transition densities were used in the DWIA analysis for states in the lowest rotational bands. The transitions to the 6.73-MeV 0{sup +} and several 1{sup {minus}} states, including the states at 5.79 MeV and 8.71 MeV, were studied using several models for the transition density. Strong evidence for the importance of two-step routes in pion inelastic scattering was seen in several angular distributions, including the 5.79-MeV 1{sup {minus}}, the first three 4{sup +} states, and the 8.78-MeV 6{sup +}. 100 refs., 81 figs., 33 tabs.
The Public Philosophy

The Declaration of Independence, the first centralizing, crystalizing document in the public philosophy because of its role in the founding of the American nation, is not, of course, the actual origin of the public philosophy. By 1776 there had already existed an indigenous American political tradition for a century and a half, beginning with the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1619 and the Mayflower Compact a year later. This was an articulate tradition, possessing strong convictions regarding the meaning of political order and lacking only the sense that it was the basis of national unity, a lack supplied by the Declaration.
Spatial Frequency Tolerant Visual Object Representations in the Human Ventral and Dorsal Visual Processing Pathways

Primate ventral and dorsal visual pathways both contain visual object representations. Dorsal regions receive more input from magnocellular system while ventral regions receive inputs from both magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Due to potential differences in the spatial sensitivites of manocellular and parvocellular systems, object representations in ventral and dorsal regions may differ in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales. To test this prediction, we asked observers to view blocks of images from six object categories, shown in full spectrum, high spatial frequency (SF), or low SF. We found robust object category decoding in all SF conditions as well as SF decoding in nearly all the early visual, ventral, and dorsal regions examined. Cross-SF decoding further revealed that object category representations in all regions exhibited substantial tolerance across the SF components. No difference between ventral and dorsal regions was found in their preference for the different SF components. Further comparisons revealed that, whereas differences in the SF component separated object category representations in early visual areas, such a separation was much smaller in downstream ventral and dorsal regions. In those regions, variations among the object categories played a more significant role in shaping the visual representational structures. Our findings show that ventral and dorsal regions are similar in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales and argue against a dissociation of these regions based on differential sensitivity to different SFs.
Property Inference Attacks on Fully Connected Neural Networks using Permutation Invariant Representations

With the growing adoption of machine learning, sharing of learned models is becoming popular. However, in addition to the prediction properties the model producer aims to share, there is also a risk that the model consumer can infer other properties of the training data the model producer did not intend to share. In this paper, we focus on the inference of global properties of the training data, such as the environment in which the data was produced, or the fraction of the data that comes from a certain class, as applied to white-box Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNNs). Because of their complexity and inscrutability, FCNNs have a particularly high risk of leaking unexpected information about their training sets; at the same time, this complexity makes extracting this information challenging. We develop techniques that reduce this complexity by noting that FCNNs are invariant under permutation of nodes in each layer. We develop our techniques using representations that capture this invariance and simplify the information extraction task. We evaluate our techniques on several synthetic and standard benchmark datasets and show that they are very effective at inferring various data properties. We also perform two case studies to demonstrate the impact of our attack. In the first case study we show that a classifier that recognizes smiling faces also leaks information about the relative attractiveness of the individuals in its training set. In the second case study we show that a classifier that recognizes Bitcoin mining from performance counters also leaks information about whether the classifier was trained on logs from machines that were patched for the Meltdown and Spectre attacks.
Theorising community participation: successful concept or empty buzzword?

What is community participation and how do we measure it? These questions are important as people with intellectual and developmental disabilities continue to experience exclusion, as policymakers ...
Case Study 5: Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach – Functional Analysis

This case describes Tom, a 14-year-old male who has been using marijuana regularly with his friends after school. An outline of the functional analysis of substance using behavior from the adolescent community reinforcement approach (A-CRA) is utilized to obtain detailed clinical information and influence the goals of treatment. Tom’s triggers and positive consequences are reinforcing his cannabis use. Without intervention, he will likely continue spending time with friends in an environment encouraging substance use with minimal parental supervision. Discovering alternative peer networks or activities after school can decrease risk for use. Finding healthier, substance-free ways to achieve some of the benefits Tom sees in using substances should be explored. Providing material about its effect on Tom’s relationships can be used later as reinforcements for change.
Reduction of scaling in microwave induced membrane distillation on a carbon nanotube immobilized membrane

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging technology that has much potential in desalination and treatment of saline waste. Although MD has shown its ability to treat high salinity waters, membrane fouling is still one of the major issues that limit the long-term stability of MD. In this paper, we report the reduction in scaling during microwave induced membrane distillation (MIMD), where the feed water is heated by microwave irradiation instead of conventional thermal heaters. MD was carried out using a carbon nanotube immobilized membrane using highly concentrated aqueous calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and barium sulfate solutions, and it was observed that the decline in flux over time was significantly less in MIMD. As compared to conventional heating, the salt deposition on the membrane was 50–79% less during microwave heating. Scanning electron microscopy analysis also showed that the morphologies of the deposited salts from MIMD were different from those from conventional MD. The decrease in scale formation was also confirmed by dynamic light scattering studies which showed that microwave heating formed smaller particles than those via conventional heating. The study clearly demonstrated that MIMD not only generated a higher flux, but also had significantly less fouling with the inorganic scalants studied here.
Influence of compressive strength, fiber reinforcement, and thickness on spall and breach performance of concrete elements impacted with high-aspect-ratio fragments

Abstract Concrete specimens were subjected to impact from a high-aspect-ratio fragment to illustrate and quantify the effect of compressive strength, thickness, and fiber reinforcement on spall and breach performance. Thickness was found to affect the transition between breaching and spalling, with thicker specimens producing less breached area and eventually only spall. Greater compressive strength was found to produce increased spall response. However, when breach occurred, greater concrete compressive strength meaningfully decreased the breach area. The inclusion of fiber reinforcement notably decreased the breach and spall responses of reinforced concrete elements impacted by a high-aspect-ratio fragment.
Assessing the Economic Value of Pharmacy Resident Participation in an Investigational Drug Service

Purpose:Completion of postgraduate residency training gives pharmacists an opportunity to gain advanced practice experience, yet the availability of these positions is often limited. Through partic...
Causal inference for comprehensive cohort studies

In a comprehensive cohort study of two competing treatments (say, A and B), clinically eligible individuals are first asked to enroll in a randomized trial and, if they refuse, are then asked to enroll in a parallel observational study in which they can choose treatment according to their own preference. We consider estimation of two estimands: (1) comprehensive cohort causal effect -- the difference in mean potential outcomes had all patients in the comprehensive cohort received treatment A vs. treatment B and (2) randomized trial causal effect -- the difference in mean potential outcomes had all patients enrolled in the randomized trial received treatment A vs. treatment B. For each estimand, we consider inference under various sets of unconfoundedness assumptions and construct semiparametric efficient and robust estimators. These estimators depend on nuisance functions, which we estimate, for illustrative purposes, using generalized additive models. Using the theory of sample splitting, we establish the asymptotic properties of our proposed estimators. We also illustrate our methodology using data from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) randomized trial and observational registry to evaluate the effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass grafting on 5-year mortality. To evaluate the finite sample performance of our estimators, we use the BARI dataset as the basis of a realistic simulation study.
Perceived Mistreatment and Emotional Capability Following Aggressive Treatment of Robots and Computers

Robots (and computers) are increasingly being used in scenarios where they interact socially with people. How people react to these agents is telling about the perceived empathy of such agents. Mistreatment of robots (or computers) by co-workers might provoke such telling reactions. This study examines perceived mistreatment directed towards a robot in comparison to a computer. This will provide some understanding of how people feel about robots in collaborative social settings. We conducted a two by two between-subjects study with 80 participants. Participants worked cooperatively with either a robot or a computer agent. An experiment confederate would either act aggressively or neutrally towards the agent. We hypothesized that people would not perceive aggressive speech as mistreatment when an agent was capable of emotional feelings and similar to themselves; that participants would perceive the robot as more similar in appearance and emotionally capable to themselves than a computer; and so would observe more mistreatment with a robot. The final results supported our hypotheses; the participants observed greater mistreatment for the robot, but not the computer. Also participants felt significantly more sympathetic towards the robot and believed that it was much more emotionally capable.
The hidden injustices of advancing solar geoengineering research

Advancing solar geoengineering research is associated with multiple hidden injustices that are revealed by addressing three questions: Who is conducting and funding solar geoengineering research? How do those advocating for solar geoengineering research think about social justice and social change? How is this technology likely to be deployed? Navigating these questions reveals that solar geoengineering research is being advocated for by a small group of primarily white men at elite institutions in the Global North, funded largely by billionaires or their philanthropic arms, who are increasingly adopting militarized approaches and logics. Solar geoengineering research advances an extreme, expert–elite technocratic intervention into the global climate system that would serve to further concentrate contemporary forms of political and economic power. For these reasons, we argue that it is unethical and unjust to advance solar geoengineering research.
Degrees of Rate Control at Non(pseudo)steady-State Conditions

The degrees of rate control enable identification of rate-controlling transition states and species during (pseudo)steady-state reaction. We demonstrate a method for identifying rate-controlling tr...