cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESD Robust Fully Salicided 5-V Integrated Power MOSFET in Submicron CMOS

A novel high electrostatic discharge (ESD), robust fully salicided 5-V integrated CMOS power MOSFET design is developed and demonstrated without the use of conventional salicide blocking ballast resistor. This scheme builds the ballast resistors on the top of the source and drain, without any increase in silicon footprint unlike prior methods, while maintaining standard transistor parametric performance.
The Implications of Mental Stress for Cardiovascular Disease

Evidence points to a significant role for psychological factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mental stress, including psychological, psychosocial, or emotional stress, is recognized as a risk factor for the development of CVD. It also seems to contribute to the onset of—and can directly precipitate acute—coronary syndromes (ACS), fatal arrhythmias, and acute heart failure.
Spectral Response of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles to Capacitive Charging: Morphology Effects.

We report a study of the shape-dependent spectral response of the gold nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance at various electron densities to provide mechanistic insight into the role of capacitive charging, a topic of some debate. We demonstrate a morphology-dependent spectral response for gold nanoparticles due to capacitive charging using single-particle spectroscopy in an inert electrochemical environment. A decrease in plasmon energy and increase in spectral width for gold nanospheres and nanorods was observed as the electron density was tuned through a potential window of −0.3 to 0.1 V. The combined observations could not be explained by existing theories. A new quantum theory for charging based on the random phase approximation was developed. Additionally, the redox reaction of gold oxide formation was probed using single-particle plasmon voltammetry to reproduce the reduction peak from the bulk cyclic voltammetry. These results deepen our understanding of the relationship between optical and elec...
The Late Cretaceous ‘Blunt-Snouted’ Bony Fish, Thryptodus zitteli (Actinopterygii: Tselfatiiformes), from the Tombigbee Sand of Alabama, U.S.A., and Comments on Preservational and Ontogenetic Variations of Thryptodus Rostra

Thryptodus zitteli Loomis, 1900, is an enigmatic Late Cretaceous bony fish with a blunt rostrum formed by the massive left and right premaxillae. This paper documents a rostral specimen of the species from the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation in west-central Alabama that demonstrates the existence of T. zitteli along the eastern shoreline of the Late Cretaceous Mississippi Embayment. It also constitutes the geologically youngest record for Thryptodus, indicating that the genus lived through at least until the late Santonian and possibly as late as the early Campanian. In addition, this paper discusses the variation in preservation of Thryptodus rostra due to taphonomy as well as the pattern of symphysial fusion between the two premaxillae and that of rostral development and abrasion through ontogeny.
Dendritic and Hyperbranched Macromolecules — Precisely Controlled Macromolecular Architectures

The development of procedures for the synthesis of dendritic macromolecules by either the convergent or divergent growth approaches is outlined with emphasis placed on the controlled manipulation of three-dimensional structure. The utility of these techniques to prepare a wide variety of different dendritic structures is then discussed in terms of the three distinct regions associated with these novel macromolecular systems — the central core, the interior building blocks, and the chain ends. Control of these regions, coupled with changes in the synthetic approach, gives tailor-made dendritic macromolecules with predetermined physical properties and/or function. The application of current spectroscopic methods to the structural elucidation of dendritic macromolecules is then detailed along with an examination of the influence of dendritic structure on the physical properties of these novel materials. Finally, a comparison is made with the related class of highly branched polymers, hyperbranched macromolecules, and the manipulation of structure/function for these materials is examined.
Longitudinal Effects of Supplemental Forage on the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera ) Microbiota and Inter- and Intra-Colony Variability

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) provide vital pollination services for a variety of agricultural crops around the world and are known to host a consistent core bacterial microbiome. This symbiotic microbial community is essential to many facets of bee health, including likely nutrient acquisition, disease prevention and optimal physiological function. Being that the bee microbiome is likely involved in the digestion of nutrients, we either provided or excluded honey bee colonies from supplemental floral forage before being used for almond pollination. We then used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the effects of forage treatment on the bees' microbial gut communities over four months. In agreement with previous studies, we found that the honey bee gut microbiota is quite stable over time. Similarly, we compared the gut communities of bees from separate colonies and sisters sampled from within the same hive over four months. Surprisingly, we found that the gut microbial communities of individual sisters from the same colony can exhibit as much variation as bees from different colonies. Supplemental floral forage had a subtle effect on the composition of the microbiome during the month of March only, with strains of Gilliamella apicola, Lactobacillus, and Bartonella being less proportionally abundant in bees exposed to forage in the winter. Collectively, our findings show that there is unexpected longitudinal variation within the gut microbial communities of sister honey bees and that supplemental floral forage can subtly alter the microbiome of managed honey bees.
Approaches to Study Spine Biomechanics: A Literature Review

A large population will likely experience lower back pain during their lifetime. Severe cases of lower back pain can sometimes be caused by back conditions or diseases, eventually being alleviated through surgical procedure. Skilled surgeons can make educated decisions on the best procedure for their patients, but the development of a spine model that can estimate biomechanical properties of the spine could aid in surgical decision-making. This paper discusses the current state of the art of four approaches used to study spine biomechanics: in vivo experimentation, in vitro cadaveric testing, finite element analysis, and musculoskeletal modeling. It is concluded that using a combination of these methods can lead to more accurate spine models that could possibly lead to clinical use.
Socioeconomic development, health interventions and mortality decline in Costa Rica

Costa Rica, whose life expectancy was 74 years by 1985, has reached a health level comparable to a developed country. The health achievements of this country are product of political and socioeconomic circumstances as well as of right public health policies. Until about 1970 the features of Costa Rica mortality, although somewhat better than the Latin American average, evolved in a similar way to the rest of the region. In particular, the decades of 1940s and 1950s saw dramatic improvements in life expectancy, thanks mainly to the import of low-cost, high-effectiveness health technologies. In the 1970s, however, Costa Rica departed from a regional pattern of stagnation and managed to close the gap with developed countries in terms of mortality levels. A dramatic decline in the infant mortality rate from 60 to 19 per 1,000 took place in this decade. The main determinants of this breakthrough were health interventions, notably a primary health care program, even though favorable socioeconomic conditions and a reduced fertility also played a role. Ecological data and other evidence suggest that up to three fourths of the mortality decline was accounted for contemporary improvements in public health services, with about 40 percent attributable to primary health care interventions. Furthermore, by targeting interventions on the less privileged population, these interventions had the merit of reducing geographic and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality.
Role of the Gut⁻Liver Axis in Driving Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Injury.

For decades, parenteral nutrition (PN) has been a successful method for intravenous delivery of nutrition and remains an essential therapy for individuals with intolerance of enteral feedings or impaired gut function. Although the benefits of PN are evident, its use does not come without a significant risk of complications. For instance, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD)—a well-described cholestatic liver injury—and atrophic changes in the gut have both been described in patients receiving PN. Although several mechanisms for these changes have been postulated, data have revealed that the introduction of enteral nutrition may mitigate this injury. This observation has led to the hypothesis that gut-derived signals, originating in response to the presence of luminal contents, may contribute to a decrease in damage to the liver and gut. This review seeks to present the current knowledge regarding the modulation of what is known as the “gut–liver axis” and the gut-derived signals which play a role in PN-associated injury.
The Effects of Hepatitis C Infection and Treatment on All-cause Mortality Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLwH) are commonly co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Most co-infected individuals can achieve a sustained HCV virologic response after treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). However, the effect of HCV co-infection and DAA treatment on mortality after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown for PLwH. Methods We analyzed data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Participants included those who had prevalent HIV or seroconverted during follow-up; all were antiretroviral-naive and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free prior to their first visit after 1 October 1994. The follow-up lasted 10 years or until 30 September 2015. We used parametric g-computation to estimate the effects of HCV infection and DAA treatment on mortality had participants initiated ART at study entry. Results Of the 3056 eligible participants, 58% were female and 18% had HCV. The estimated 10-year all-cause mortality risk in the scenario in which no PLwH had HCV was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0-18.0%). The 10-year mortality risk difference for HCV infection was 4.3% (95% CI 0.4-8.9%) and the risk ratio was 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9). The risk difference for DAA treatment was -3.8% (95% CI -9.2-0.9%) and the risk ratio was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-1.1). Conclusions HCV co-infection remains an important risk factor for mortality among PLwH after initiating ART according to modern guidelines, and DAAs are effective at reducing mortality in this population. HCV prevention and treatment interventions should be prioritized to reduce mortality among PLwH.
The Effects of Speech Compression Algorithms on the Intelligibility of Two Individuals With Dysarthric Speech

Purpose Telemedicine, used to offset disparities in access to speech-language therapy, relies on technology that utilizes compression algorithms to transmit signals efficiently. These algorithms ha...
Line Drawings, Feature Extraction, and Symbol Recognition: SSPR’90 Working Group Report

This report summarizes the discussions of the Working Group on the Line Drawing, Feature Extraction, and Symbol Recognition, of the IAPR 1990 Workshop on Syntactic and Structural Pattern Recognition, Murray Hill, NJ, 13–15 June 1990. The somewhat awkward mix of topics was, nevertheless, very popular: nineteen people attended, six from Japan, three from the UK, two from Germany, two from France, one from Korea, and the rest from the USA. The discussion moderator was Dov Dori, and Patrick Wang served as scribe.
Educational attainment and cardiovascular disease in the United States: A quasi-experimental instrumental variables analysis.

Background There is ongoing debate about whether education or socioeconomic status (SES) should be inputs into cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction algorithms and clinical risk adjustment models. It is also unclear whether intervening on education will affect CVD, in part because there is controversy regarding whether education is a determinant of CVD or merely correlated due to confounding or reverse causation. We took advantage of a natural experiment to estimate the population-level effects of educational attainment on CVD and related risk factors. Methods and findings We took advantage of variation in United States state-level compulsory schooling laws (CSLs), a natural experiment that was associated with geographic and temporal differences in the minimum number of years that children were required to attend school. We linked census data on educational attainment (N = approximately 5.4 million) during childhood with outcomes in adulthood, using cohort data from the 1992–2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 30,853) and serial cross-sectional data from 1971–2012 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 44,732). We examined self-reported CVD outcomes and related risk factors, as well as relevant serum biomarkers. Using instrumental variables (IV) analysis, we found that increased educational attainment was associated with reduced smoking (HRS β −0.036, 95%CI: −0.06, −0.02, p < 0.01; NHANES β −0.032, 95%CI: −0.05, −0.02, p < 0.01), depression (HRS β −0.049, 95%CI: −0.07, −0.03, p < 0.01), triglycerides (NHANES β −0.039, 95%CI: −0.06, −0.01, p < 0.01), and heart disease (HRS β −0.025, 95%CI: −0.04, −0.002, p = 0.01), and improvements in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HRS β 1.50, 95%CI: 0.34, 2.49, p < 0.01; NHANES β 0.86, 95%CI: 0.32, 1.48, p < 0.01), but increased BMI (HRS β 0.20, 95%CI: 0.002, 0.40, p = 0.05; NHANES β 0.13, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.32, p = 0.05) and total cholesterol (HRS β 2.73, 95%CI: 0.09, 4.97, p = 0.03). While most findings were cross-validated across both data sets, they were not robust to the inclusion of state fixed effects. Limitations included residual confounding, use of self-reported outcomes for some analyses, and possibly limited generalizability to more recent cohorts. Conclusions This study provides rigorous population-level estimates of the association of educational attainment with CVD. These findings may guide future implementation of interventions to address the social determinants of CVD and strengthen the argument for including educational attainment in prediction algorithms and primary prevention guidelines for CVD.
3. EMPATHY AND SELF-COMPASSION CORRELATE WITH PERFORMANCE IN PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS

Background Empathy and self compassion have emerged as strong, potentially modifiable corollaries with burnout, though little is known about how these correlate with resident performance over time. Objectives Assess residents’ empathy and self-compassion during residency over time, and how these correlate with pediatric milestone scores. Methods As part of the Pediatric Resident Burnout - Resilience Study Consortium, we performed a subanalysis of a prospective cohort including all residents from 55 institutions. In each of the 3 data cycles, residents completed online cross-sectional surveys which included validated assessments of burnout (Maslach), empathic concern (EC; Interpersonal Reactivity Index), and self-compassion (SC; Neffs Self Compassion). Programs provided linked milestone data for each respondent. We fit linear mixed model growth curves predicting competency domain scores (mean milestones within each of the ACGME competencies) from EC, SC, PGY level, data cycle, interaction of data cycle x PGY, and with random intercepts and PGY slopes within learner and within program. Results 4929/4946 residents had responses for all variables. For all 6 competency areas (Medical Knowledge-MK, Patient Care-PC, Interpersonal Communication Skills-ICS, Problem Based Learning Improvement-PBLI, Systems-Based Practice-SBP, Professionalism-PROF), domain scores increased with PGY, as expected. EC and SC were associated with ICS and PROF domain scores; SC was associated with MK and PC; EC was associated with PBLI and SBP; (p Conclusion In a national longitudinal sample of pediatric residents, empathy and/or self-compassion were correlated with all ACGME core competencies. Targeting interventions to modify empathy and self-compassion may support efforts to mitigate burnout and improve performance.
Examining the Validity of the World Health Organization's Long-Standing Hearing Impairment Grading System for Unaided Communication in Age-Related Hearing Loss

Objective This review article overviews a presentation at the Hearing Across the Lifespan 2018 Conference, which examined the data from 5 data sets having pure-tone thresholds and functional measur...
Gene Therapy with Single-Subunit Yeast NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (NDI1) Improves the Visual Function in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Mice Model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Mitochondrial dysfunction mediated loss of respiration, oxidative stress, and loss of cellular homeostasis contributes to the neuronal and axonal degenerations permanent loss of function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model (EAE) of multiple sclerosis (MS). To address the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated visual loss in EAE mice, self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) containing the NADH-dehydrogenase type-2 (NDI1) complex I gene was intravitreally injected into the mice after the onset of visual defects. Visual function assessed by pattern electroretinogram (PERGs) showed progressive loss of function in EAE mice were improved significantly in NDI1 gene therapy-treated mice. Serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed that progressive thinning of inner retinal layers in EAE mice was prevented upon NDI1 expression. The 45% optic nerve axonal and 33% retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss contributed to the permanent loss of visual function in EAE mice were ameliorated by NDI1-mediated prevention of mitochondrial cristae dissolution and improved mitochondrial homeostasis. In conclusion, targeting the dysfunctional complex I using NDI1 gene can be an approach to address axonal and neuronal loss responsible for permanent disability in MS that is unaltered by current disease modifying drugs.
Chapter 5 – Membrane Polar Lipids

Free fatty acids are at best a minor component of most membranes, as large quantities are known to disrupt membranes through a “detergent effect” (See Chapter 13). When the concentration of free fatty acids in solution reaches a threshold value known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC; see Chapter 13), the fatty acids aggregate into mostly spherical structures known as micelles (Fig. 5.1). Other structures, including ellipsoids, are also possible. A typical fatty acid micelle is an aggregate with the hydrophilic carboxylic acid heads in contact with the surrounding water and the hydrophobic tails sequestered away from water in the dry micelle center. Micelles can accommodate membrane phospholipids, thus destroying the membrane through the detergent effect. Critical micelle concentrations for fatty acids decrease with increasing chain length and increase with increasing double bonds.
A Stochastic Control Approach to Futures Trading with Regime Switching

We study the problem of dynamically trading futures in a regime-switching market. Modeling the spot asset price as a Markov-modulated diffusion process, we derive the no-arbitrage price dynamics for the futures contracts and formulate a continuous-time trading problem. By analyzing the associated system of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations, we solve for the investor's value function and optimal strategies. We apply our methodology to the Regime-Switching Exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (RS-XOU) model and provide numerical examples to illustrate the investor's optimal positions and wealth process.
Clinical implications of Y chromosome microdeletions among infertile men

Male factor infertility contributes significantly to couples facing difficulty achieving a pregnancy. Genetic factors, and specifically those related to the Y chromosome, may occur in up to 15% of men with oligozoospermia or azoospermia. A subset of loci within the Y chromosome, known as the azoospermia factors (AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc), have been associated with male infertility. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that microdeletions of at least a subset of these regions may also have impacts on systemic conditions. This review provides a brief review of male infertility and the structure of the Y chromosome, and further highlights the role of Y chromosome microdeletions in male infertility and other systemic disease.
How fast can fast-folding proteins autonomously fold in silico?

In microcanonical molecular dynamics simulations, fast-folding proteins CLN025 1 and Trp-cage 2 can autonomously fold to conformations with Cα root mean square deviations (RMSDs) of 1.0−1.4 A from the experimentally determined native conformations 3 . However, the folding times of CLN025 and Trp-cage predicted from the simulations 3 are more than 4−10 times longer than the experimental values 4,5 , indicating an accuracy gap between experiment and simulation for folding speed. Here I report how combining a new protein simulation method 6 and a revised AMBER forcefield 7 results in accurate folding of CLN025 and Trp-cage in 40 distinct, independent, unrestricted, unbiased, and isobaric−isothermal molecular dynamics simulations. According to a survival analysis of these simulations using a Cα-and-Cβ RMSD cutoff of 0.98 A, the simulated folding times of CLN025 at 293 and 300 K and Trp-cage at 280 and 300 K are 279 ns (95% CI: 204−380 ns), 198 ns (95% CI: 146−270 ns), 2.4 μs (95% CI: 1.8−3.3 μs), and 0.8 μs (95% CI: 0.6−1.0 μs), respectively. The corresponding experimental values are 261 ns, 137 ns, 2.4 μs, and 1.4 μs, respectively 4,5 . These results show that CLN025 and Trp-cage now can autonomously fold in silico as fast as they do in experiments, indicating that the accuracy of folding simulations begins to overlap with the accuracy of folding experiments. This represents a step forward in combining simulation with experiment to develop algorithms that predict structure and dynamics of a globular protein from its sequence for artificial intelligence of biomedical research.
Locality of Random Digraphs on Expanders.

We study random digraphs on sequences of expanders with bounded average degree and weak local limit. The threshold for the existence of a giant strongly connected component, as well as the asymptotic fraction of nodes with giant fan-in or giant fan-out are local, in the sense that they are the same for two sequences with the same weak local limit. The digraph has a bow-tie structure, with all but a vanishing fraction of nodes lying either in the unique strongly connected giant and its fan-in and fan-out, or in sets with small fan-in and small fan-out. All local quantities are expressed in terms of percolation on the limiting rooted graph, without any structural assumptions on the limit, allowing, in particular, for non tree-like limits. In the course of proving these results, we prove that for unoriented percolation, there is a unique giant above criticality, whose size and critical threshold are again local. An application of our methods shows that the critical threshold for bond percolation and random digraphs on preferential attachment graphs is $p_c=0$, with an infinite order phase transition at $p_c$.
AP physics: A closer look

Physics departments should award students college course credit for high scores on either the algebra- or calculus-based Advanced Placement physics exam.
“Pure Caucasian Blood”: Libel by Racial Misidentification in American Newspapers (1900–1957)

Utilizing critical race theory, we can better understand the role that the American legal system and newspapers played in their efforts to maintain the racial status quo prior to the civil rights m...
Aortic Neck Dilatation Following Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Abstract Objective Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become a mainstay of treatment for a variety of thoracic aortic pathologies. Expansion of the proximal aortic neck after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms has been demonstrated; however, dilatation of the proximal aortic neck after TEVAR has not been well described. We sought to describe remodeling of the proximal neck following TEVAR. Methods This is a retrospective, single institution review of patients who underwent TEVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and dissection with aneurysmal degeneration from 2010 to 2019. Postoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed and aortic diameter was measured in orthogonal planes using 3-dimensional centerline reconstruction software. The primary outcome was change in aortic diameter at the proximal aortic neck as compared to the initial postoperative computed tomography scan. Clinical and operative data were analyzed to identify factors associated with significant neck dilatation. Results Of 87 patients who underwent TEVAR during the study period, 30 met inclusion criteria. Median follow up was 20.5 months. Median age was 67 years, and 15 patients (50%) were female. The proximal aortic neck experienced an overall increase over time in aortic diameter. Five mm distal to the graft showed the greatest rate of expansion, with a median increase of 1.3, 2.9, and 6.2 mm at one year, two years, and three years, respectively. When comparing patients who had mean expansion at this location of >2.0 mm/year to patients who did not, a higher percentage had dissection pathology (81.8% vs. 31.6%, P = 0.008), had graft placement at aortic landing zone 2 (36.4% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.028), and were smokers (100% vs. 52.6%, P = 0.006). Higher percent oversizing was shown to be associated with significant aortic neck dilatation for true aneurysms only. Conclusions Aortic neck dilatation occurs over time for the majority of patients following TEVAR with the distal neck experiencing the highest rate of expansion. Dissection pathology, aortic landing zone 2, and smoking were found to be associated with a higher rate of neck dilatation.
Descriptives and baseline ecological momentary assessed predictors of weight change over the course of psychological treatments for binge eating disorder.

Abstract Objective The objectives were to examine individual variability in weight change across psychological treatments for binge-eating disorder (BED) and to examine baseline predictors (i.e., BED symptoms, affect, and appetite) of weight change using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Method Adults with BED (N = 110) enrolled in a randomized clinical trial in which they received one of two psychological treatments for BED. At baseline, participants completed a 7-day EMA protocol measuring BED symptoms, affect, and appetite. Height and weight were measured at baseline, mid-treatment, end-of-treatment, and follow-up, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results On average, participants evidenced a 2% increase in BMI at end-of-treatment and a 1% increase between end-of-treatment and 6-month follow-up assessments. Although results showed that BMI increased over time, the quadratic term reflected a deceleration in this effect. There were interactions between positive affect and the linear trajectory across time predicting BMI, indicating that individuals reporting higher positive affect at baseline evidenced a flatter trajectory of weight gain. There was a main effect of overeating as assessed by EMA and interactions between overeating and linear and quadratic trajectories across time predicting BMI. Individuals who reported greater overeating at baseline had higher BMI across time. However, the BMI of individuals with lower overeating increased linearly, and increases in BMI among those with average or high rates of overeating appeared to stabilize over time. Conclusion Despite the variability in weight change, baseline positive affect and overeating may be ecological targets for improving weight outcomes in psychological treatments for BED.
Johne's disease:

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among beef and dairy cattle in Florida, USA. This was a retrospective seroprevalence study on serum samples from 32?011 cattle originating from 75 herds. Selection was limited to whole herds being tested for diagnostic purposes by owners considering participation in the voluntary Johne's Control Programme or the voluntary Florida Johne's Disease Herd Status Programme. Data were obtained from the Florida State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and USDA-APHIS statewide submission of specimens for Johne's testing from 1999 to 2001. Specimens were evaluated using a commercial IDEXX ELISA kit with a published sensitivity and specificity of 50 and 99%, respectively. Overall prevalence in the sample population was 6.5%; prevalence in beef and dairy cattle was 7.4 and 6.3%, respectively. 83% of herds included in the study had one or more positive cows in the herd. Larger herds (>100 head) had statistically higher herd prevalence than herds with less than 100 cattle. The true prevalence estimate was calculated to be 11.2%. Although within-herd prevalence was lower than previously reported in Florida, seroprevalence appears to be widely distributed and pervasive among Florida cattle. Our findings suggest there could be 168?000 or more cattle in Florida infected with the organism. There is a need for increased awareness of the disease and implementation of control methods appropriate for each individual herd.
Being to Being: Sartre, Ramchandra Gandhi, and Abhinavagupta on Intersubjectivity

This paper explores and critiques Sartre’s conception of being-for-others from a non-dual (advaita) perspective. His conception of intersubjectivity as being-for-others views the primary relation b...
Novel Inactivating homozygous PAPSS2 Mutation in two siblings with Disproportionate Short Stature

Abstract Background Variants in PAPSS2 (3’-PhosphoAdenosine 5’-Phosphosulphate Synthetase 2) present with varying degrees of brachyolmia (short trunk, platyspondyly, mild long bone abnormalities). Our objective is to present the phenotype of male and female siblings with the same novel inactivating variant in PAPSS2. Case report A Jordanian female (case 1), born to consanguineous parents, was referred at 10 years for short stature (SS). She had normal laboratory work up including normal growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing. Spine x-rays done for clinical scoliosis revealed platyspondyly. She attained an adult height of 143.5 cm (-3 SDS). Years later, her brother (case 2) was referred at 21 months of age for SS. His laboratory work up and bone age were normal. His growth velocity declined at 6 years of age, but normal growth factors did not suggest GH deficiency. He returned during puberty and disproportionate body measurements were noted. The skeletal survey revealed platyspondyly, increasing suspicion for growth plate pathology. Exome sequencing in the family revealed a homozygous variant, p.His496Pro (H496P) in PAPSS2 (NM_004670.3:c.1487A>C). Both parents are carriers of the same variant. Discussion PAPSS2 assists with the sulfonation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) and the sulfonation of proteoglycans in the cartilage, necessary for endochondral bone formation. PAPSS2 inactivating variants present with skeletal dysplasia and elevated DHEA. Conclusion This novel variant in PAPSS2 manifested with mild brachyolmia but disproportionate SS in male and female siblings. Biochemical phenotype with low circulating DHEA-S and high DHEA levels reflect the sulfonation defect.
INTUSSUSCEPTION IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Intussusception is one of the lesser known intestinal complications of cystic fibrosis and occurs in approximately 1% of patients. Clinical details are presented of 22 episodes of intussusception occurring in 19 patients over 4 years of age. The average age at onset was 9 9/12 years (Range 4 to 16 years). Most patients were in good or excellent clinical condition and all had pancreatic insufficiency. An operation was performed for 19 of the 22 episodes; resection was required twice. The etiology of the intussusception was felt to be the accumulation of thick putty-like inspissated material in the cecum. Reasons are given for urging the judicious use of the barium enema as a means of reducing the intussusception. Intussusception occurs more frequently than commonly thought and may even be the presenting complaint of the undiagnosed patient with cystic fibrosis.
The Equational Logic of Iterative Processes

We describe a formalization of the equational logic of flowchart algorithms which has been shown to apply to a large class of other iterative processes connected with the theory of computation.
Reconstitution of active transport catalyzed by the purified sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from canine renal medulla.

Abstract Microsomal sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) was prepared from canine renal medulla by the method of Kyte. The two polypeptides of the enzyme were co-purified to homogeneity by solubilization with sodium cholate in the presence of egg lecithin and by removal of contaminating protein by sedimentation. This purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was reconstituted into lipid vesicles by slow removal of the cholate. A fraction of this enzyme was oriented in the vesicle membranes in such a way as to catalyze active uptake of 22Na+, dependent on externally added ATP and inhibitable by internally trapped cardiac glycosides, to a level 3-fold higher (60 mm) than the initial concentration of Na+ within the vesicles (20 mm). Double label experiments with 42K+ and 22Na+ indicated that the ratio of K+ efflux to Na+ uptake is far below the 2:3 ratio of K+ influx to Na+ efflux observed in nerve axons and erythrocyte ghosts. Parallel experiments employing 36Cl- and 22Na+ demonstrated that 36Cl- is co-transported along with 22Na+ in the amount necessary to maintain bulk electrical neutrality of charge transported across the membrane. The mechanism of selective transport of Cl- along with actively pumped Na+, rather than exchange of K+ for Na+, cannot be explained by the observation that the permeability of the vesicles to Cl- is roughly 2-fold higher than that for K+. It appears that this reconstituted (Na+ + K+)-ATPase either is capable of pumping Cl- as well as Na+ or is equipped with some specific mechanism for translocating Cl- along with actively pumped Na+.
Interpretation and the “Investigative” Concept of Criticism

My subject is the popular view in philosophy that a work of art is essentially a bundle of meanings and that one of the main charges of the art critic, therefore, is to interpret art. The version of the view that I will address is the one that we find in the philosophy of Arthur Danto, along with supporting arguments from Monroe Beardsley and Richard Wollheim. My critique develops lines of argument hinted at, but never fully developed by Susan Sontag, in her seminal essay “Against Interpretation.”
Steroid-binding properties and stabilization of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors from rat thymus cells.

1. A competitive binding assay was adapted for determination of the specific binding of glucocorticoids to cytoplasmic receptors from rat thymus cells. The steroid–receptor complexes prepared by incubation of a cytoplasmic fraction from rat thymus cells with [1,2-3H2]cortisol or with [1,2,4-3H3]triamcinolone acetonide had rates of dissociation at 37°C similar to those from intact cells. 2. The cytoplasmic receptor was unstable at 3°C, but the rate of inactivation was decreased in the presence of 2.5mm-EDTA. The steroid–receptor complex was stable. 3. Rate constants for association and for dissociation, and association constants, were determined for the interactions of cortisol, cortexolone, dexamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide with the cytoplasmic receptor at 3°C. Differences in the association constants for different steroids could largely be accounted for by the differences in the rate constants for dissociation, but the rate constants for association did not vary greatly; the implications of these findings for the nature of the steroid-binding site are discussed. 4. A cytoplasmic fraction prepared from cells which had been incubated at 37°C under anaerobic conditions bound much less [1,2-3H2]cortisol than did a fraction from aerobic cells, but the binding capacity was restored after exposure of the anaerobic cells to O2. 5. The specific binding of [1,2-3H2]-cortisol to intact thymus cells incubated aerobically was not affected by the presence of 0.1mm-cycloheximide, nor did this concentration of cycloheximide inhibit the recovery of specific binding observed when anaerobic cells were transferred to an aerobic atmosphere. 6. The energy dependence of specific binding of cortisol to the receptor is discussed with reference to possible mechanisms.
Processing by MRE11 is involved in the sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DNA double-strand breaks

The caps on the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, keep the ends of chromosomes from appearing as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and prevent chromosome fusion. However, subtelomeric regions are sensitive to DSBs, which in normal cells is responsible for ionizing radiation-induced cell senescence and protection against oncogene-induced replication stress, but promotes chromosome instability in cancer cells that lack cell cycle checkpoints. We have previously reported that I-SceI endonuclease-induced DSBs near telomeres in a human cancer cell line are much more likely to generate large deletions and gross chromosome rearrangements (GCRs) than interstitial DSBs, but found no difference in the frequency of I-SceI-induced small deletions at interstitial and subtelomeric DSBs. We now show that inhibition of MRE11 3'-5' exonuclease activity with Mirin reduces the frequency of large deletions and GCRs at both interstitial and subtelomeric DSBs, but has little effect on the frequency of small deletions. We conclude that large deletions and GCRs are due to excessive processing of DSBs, while most small deletions occur during classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ). The sensitivity of subtelomeric regions to DSBs is therefore because they are prone to undergo excessive processing, and not because of a deficiency in C-NHEJ in subtelomeric regions.
Strategies for balance rehabilitation: fall risk and treatment.

: Identification of fall risk for patients with known vestibular hypofunction is important because it affects the management and the level of independence of these patients. Patients with bilateral vestibular loss, overall, have a greater incidence of falls than the general community-dwelling population over the age of 65 years. In younger patients, the incidence of falls may be related to severity of vestibular loss and to overconfidence or a lack of caution in activities. Preliminary reports suggest that vestibular rehabilitation can reduce the fall risk in patients with vestibular loss.
The visually impaired specialty diabetes educator: seeing is believing.

According to the CDC, there are more people with diabetes who are visually impaired than the entire type 1 population.
The preterm prediction study: Fetal fibronectin testing and spontaneous preterm birth

Objective To evaluate the presence of fetal fibronectin in the cervix and vagina as a screening test for spontaneous pretenn birth. Methods Two thousand nine hundred twenty-nine women at ten centers were routinely screened every 2 weeks from 22–24 to 30 weeks for cervical and vaginal fetal fibronectin. A positive test was defined as a value equal to or greater than 50 ng/mL. The relation between a positive test at four gestational ages and spontaneous preterm birth at various intervals after the test was determined. Results In each testing period, 3–4% of the fetal fibronectin tests were positive. The correlation between cervical and vaginal fetal fibronectin at the same visit was always approximately 0.7 ( P P Conclusion A positive cervical or vaginal fetal fibronectin test at 22–24 weeks predicted more than half of the spontaneous preterm births at less than 28 weeks (sensitivity 0.63). As the definition of spontaneous preterm birth was extended to include later gestational ages or when the fetal fibronectin test was performed later in pregnancy, the level of association between a positive fetal fibronectin test and spontaneous preterm birth, while remaining highly significant, tended to decrease. Although fetal fibronectin is an excellent test for predicting spontaneous preterm birth, we present no evidence that the use of this test will result in a reduction in spontaneous preterm birth.
Two-loop correction to Bhabha scattering

We present the two-loop virtual QED corrections to ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and Bhabha scattering in dimensional regularization. The results are expressed in terms of polylogarithms. The form of the infrared divergences agrees with previous expectations. These results are a crucial ingredient in the complete next-to-next-to-leading order QED corrections to these processes. A future application will be to reduce theoretical uncertainties associated with luminosity measurements at ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders. The calculation also tests methods that may be applied to analogous QCD processes.
Strain dependence of dynamic Young's modulus for human single osteons

Abstract The strain dependence of Young's modulus for human single osteons was investigated at frequencies near 103 Hz by means of a small acoustic speaker. On average, deviations from linear dependence occurred at 2% strain and plasticity followed at 4% strain. The modulus itself averaged at 12–14 GN/m2 and is comparable to values obtained both by Black (1972) and by Smith and Keiper (1965) for samples containing many osteons at frequencies of 350 and 500–3500 Hz respectively.
Gustatory Receptors: Not Just for Good Taste

Summary A recent study has found that a Drosophila gustatory receptor is required for thermotaxis. With other fly gustatory receptors having been shown to act in the detection of CO 2 , nutrients in the brain, and light, the roles of the so-called ‘gustatory receptors' clearly go way beyond peripheral detection of non-volatile chemicals.
Predicted spectrum of subthreshold rotational compound state resonance: pH2XE and oD2Xe

Abstract Rotational compound state resonances in subthreshold atom-diatom scattering are calculated for pH2Xe and oD2Xe via a complete partial-wave treatment yielding resonance energies and widths. The predicted resonance spectra might be observable in high resolution molecular beam scattering experiments.
The Negative Side of the Relationship Between Older Widows and Their Adult Children: The Mothers' Perspective

Possible reasons that relationships between older parents and their adult children do not contribute to the well-being of the older parents are explored in this qualitative study of 55 older widowed mothers. Some older mothers feel unappreciated by their children. Some older mothers provide substantial goods and services to their children, at great personal cost. The older mother-adult child relationship may be characterized by a power differential, such that some older mothers feel subordinate to their adult children. Exchange theory is applied to these phenomena.
The Wind-driven Circulation in Ocean Basins of Various Shapes

The ocean circulation induced by zonal winds has been derived for a triangular ocean basin. The method, which involves the “boundary layer” technique, can be extended to a more general wind system, and to ocean basins of arbitrary shape provided the boundaries are not too irregular. In low and mid-latitudes the principal effect of an inclination, θ, of the western boundary relative to a north-south direction is to widen the western current (Gulf Stream) by the factor (sec θ)1/3 and to reduce the current intensity by a similar factor. A variation in the circulation pattern associated with the variation in the value of the lateral eddy viscosity is noted. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00327.x
Sensing RF and microwave energy with fiber Bragg grating heating via soft ferromagnetic glass-coated microwires

Abstract We present results from a fiber Bragg grating-based microwave energy sensor. The sensor relies on a soft ferromagnetic glass-coated microwire that is bonded to the cladding of the grating. The microwire absorbs microwave energy and heats up thus raising the temperature of the fiber Bragg grating. Compared to a similar sensor that uses gold to absorb electromagnetic radiation, the microwire yields a sensor with greater sensitivity (∼10 times at f = 3.25 GHz) relative to the perturbation of the microwave field. With the sensor reported here, the best sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation corresponds to AC electric fields that have an average electric energy density of approximately 1.3 μJ/m3.
Arsenic in Ground Water of the United States: Occurrence and Geochemistry

Concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic in ground water vary regionally due to a combination of climate and geology. Although slightly less than half of 30,000 arsenic analyses of ground water in the United States were 1 μg/L, about 10% exceeded 10 μg/L. At a broad regional scale, arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L appear to be more frequently observed in the western United States than in the eastern half. Arsenic concentrations in ground water of the Appalachian Highlands and the Atlantic Plain generally are very low ( 1 μg/L). Concentrations are somewhat greater in the Interior Plains and the Rocky Mountain System. Investigations of ground water in New England, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin within the last decade suggest that arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L are more widespread and common than previously recognized. Arsenic release from iron oxide appears to be the most common cause of widespread arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L in ground water. This can occur in response to different geochemical conditions, including release of arsenic to ground water through reaction of iron oxide with either natural or anthropogenic (i.e., petroleum products) organic carbon. Iron oxide also can release arsenic to alkaline ground water, such as that found in some felsic volcanic rocks and alkaline aquifers of the western United States. Sulfide minerals are both a source and sink for arsenic. Geothermal water and high evaporation rates also are associated with arsenic concentrations 10g/L in ground and surface water, particularly in the west.
Cwikel and Quasi-Szegö Type Estimates for Random Operators

We consider Schrodinger operators with nonergodic random potentials. Specifically, we are interested in eigenvalue estimates and estimates of the entropy for the absolutely continuous part of the s...