cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Warning Statements on Understanding of the Negative Health Consequences of Smoking.

Introduction Pursuant to the Tobacco Control Act (TCA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing new cigarette health warnings to convey the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Aims and methods This study assessed which of 15 revised warning statements (10 on topics similar to TCA statements and 5 on other topics) promoted greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks relative to TCA statements. In February 2018, adolescent and adult smokers and adolescents susceptible to smoking (n = 2505) completed an online experiment. Control condition participants viewed TCA statements; treatment condition participants viewed combinations of TCA and revised statements. Analyses compared revised statements to TCA statements on the same health topic or to randomly selected TCA statements if there were no statements on the same topic. Results Relative to TCA statements, 12 of 15 revised statements were more likely to be considered new information, and 12 resulted in more self-reported learning. Three revised statements made participants think more about health risks than TCA statements; the reverse was true for one revised statement. Participants rated most TCA and revised statements as moderately believable and informative. Seven revised statements were found to be less believable and factual, and one revised statement more believable and factual. Treatment condition participants correctly selected more smoking-related health conditions than control condition participants (13.79 versus 12.42 of 25). Conclusions Findings suggest that revised statements can promote greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks. Results informed FDA's selection of warning text that was paired with images for testing in a follow-up study. Implications The US FDA may adjust the text of the cigarette warning statements provided in the TCA if the revised statements promote greater public understanding of the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Most of the revised warning statements tested were more likely to be considered new information and resulted in more self-reported learning compared with paired TCA statements, providing support for using revised statements as part of cigarette health warnings. These results informed the development of pictorial cigarette warnings by FDA that were tested in a follow-up study and included in a proposed rule.
Sociodemographic and metabolic risk characteristics associated with metabolic weight categories in the Women's Health Initiative.

Author(s): Cordola Hsu, Amber R; Ames, Susan L; Xie, Bin; Peterson, Darleen V; Garcia, Lorena; Going, Scott B; Wong, Nathan D; Anton-Culver, Hoda | Abstract: To identify sociodemographic and metabolic correlates of weight categories in postmenopausal women.MethodsThe Women's Health Initiative enrolled 161 808 postmenopausal women ages 50-79. We included those free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and with CVD risk factors and biomarkers (n = 19 412). Normal weight was defined as a BMI ≥18.5 and l25 kg/m2 and waist circumference l88 cm and overweight/obesity as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 or waist circumference ≥88 cm. Metabolically healthy was based on l2 and metabolically unhealthy ≥2 traits: triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg or antihypertensives or diuretics, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl or diabetes medication, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol l50 mg/dl. Polytomous multinomial logistic regression with generalized link logit function provided the odds of metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUHO) according to demographic and risk factor measures.ResultsAmong the 19 412 postmenopausal women, 2369 (12.2%) participants had prevalent diabetes. Advanced age was associated with an increased odds of MUHNW as compared with the MHNW after adjusting for covariates [odds ratio (OR) 1.04, P l 0.0001]. Black/African American ethnicity was associated with a decreased odds of MUHNW (OR 0.64, P l 0.0001) and MUHO (OR 0.77, P = 0.0004), while an increased odds for MHO (OR 1.50, P l 0.0001) as compared with White MHNW.ConclusionsAdvanced age and ethnicity are important indicators of metabolic weight categories among postmenopausal women.
Another look at frontline employee productivity propensity: a job demands – resources approach

The current work contributes to the front line employee (FLE) performance literature by utilizing a Job Demands-Resources perspective to delineate the effect of productivity propensity on job stres...
QSEMG: Quantitative Surface Electromyography: Origins and Applications in Physical Rehabilitation

In a review of the topic, Pollock, Baer, Pomeroy, and Langhorne (2009) concluded that surface electromyography (SEMG) biofeedback does not appear to have any positive benefit for recovery for loss ...
Tuning the electrowetting behavior of quantum dot nanofluids.

Abstract Hypothesis The electrowetting behavior of droplets can be altered by the inclusion of salts, surfactants, or nanoparticles. We propose that varying the properties of cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide quantum dots will affect the electrowetting behavior of fluorescent nanofluids. Information gathered will allow for greater control of fluid properties when designing a colloidal system in an electrowetting environment. Experiments Aqueous-based quantum dots were functionalized with mercaptocarboxylic acid ligands of various chain length and binding motifs by a room temperature phase transfer method. The size and concentration of the quantum dot were varied, and droplets of the resulting nanofluids were exposed to increasing amounts of voltage. The change in contact angle was evaluated and correlated to the surface chemistry, size, and concentration of the quantum dots. Findings Quantum dot nanofluids with longer alkyl chains have the most pronounced change in contact angle and were the most stable under applied voltage. The size of the nanoparticles does not significantly impact the electrowetting behavior at low concentration (3 µM), but nanofluids containing smaller diameter quantum dots show enhanced electrowetting behavior at higher concentration (27 µM). The fluorescent properties of the QD nanofluids studied were not affected after repeated electrowetting cycles.
Development of structural testing equipment for impact and complex loading

This paper summarizes the author’s work of developing various impact testing equipment and equipment for simulating complex earthquake loading for structural research. The equipment include large d...
On the Ungerboeck and Forney Observation Models for Spatial Combining And Their Application to 5G Millimeter-Wave Bands

Equivalent discrete-time models for a variety of spatial combining techniques operating in a frequency-selective multipath fading channel are derived. The equivalent discrete-time models are used to perform computer simulations of the post-equalizer bit error rate over a frequency-selective multipath channel whose derivation preserved polarization state information. Two sets of computer simulations were performed. In the first set, the performance of co-located cross-polarized antenna elements was investigated. The results showed that maximum likelihood combining maximizes polarization diversity, but that maximum ratio combining and selection combining were very competitive in the case where the cross-polarized antennas produce one strong channel and a relatively weak channel. Elliptical combining, using a 90° hybrid coupler, produced the worst results. The second set of simulations used a combination of spatial and cross-polarized antenna elements, for a total of eight antenna elements. The simulation results showed that maximum likelihood combining was best, followed by maximum ratio combining, equal gain combining, and selection combining. Again, elliptical combining was the worst, leading to the conclusion that other combining techniques are preferred in frequency-selective fading environments.
Data Management from the DCS to the Historian

Abstract The oil and gas industry produces great volumes of data on an ongoing basis. This data must be acquired, stored, curated, and made available properly for data science to be able to take place. This process starts at the sensor and continues via systems such as the control system and the historian. In this journey, information and operational technologies converge. Sensor data is acquired and transmitted through various systems to arrive at the control system, which then makes it available through various protocols for consumption by analysis software. Historians save the data and make it available to the human user as diagrams. Documents and simulation data can also be integrated into the picture. This complex landscape is discussed in this chapter.
Profound Weakness and Blurry Vision in a Pandemic: A Case Report

Author(s): O’Keefe, Jacy M.; Grall, Kristi J.H. | Abstract: Introduction: Neuro-Behcet’s disease (NBD) is a manifestation of Behcet’s disease, a relapsing inflammatory multisystem disease. Data on patients with autoimmune disease in the setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited.Case Report: We discuss the case of a 22-year-old male with SARS-CoV-2 who presented to the emergency department with weakness and vision changes. Brain imaging showed enhancing lesions. History revealed possible autoimmune disease. A diagnosis of NBD exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 was made.Conclusion: Patients with SARS-CoV-2 are presenting with exacerbations of systemic illnesses. Although NBD is uncommon, medical professionals need to consider this in the differential of central nervous system disorders, as it is a potentially treatable condition.
Accessory pathway ablation in Ebstein anomaly: A challenging substrate.

Background Catheter ablation of accessory pathways (APs) in Ebstein anomaly (EA) has been associated with a high recurrence risk. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of AP ablation in EA in an early (1990–2004) vs a recent (2005–2019) era and identify variables associated with recurrence. Methods A retrospective review of all catheter ablations for supraventricular tachycardia in EA at our institution was performed. Results We identified 76 patients with median (25th–75th quartiles) age 9 (2.6–13.3) years. Of these patients, 52 had AP alone, 12 had atrial flutter, 3 had atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and 9 had AP plus at least 1 additional arrhythmia. Of the 61 patients with APs, a total of 78 separate APs were identified: 40 right-sided, 37 septal, and 1 left-sided. Acute success for AP first procedure was 89% and did not differ between early and recent eras (89% vs 88%; P = .48). However, 19 patients (31%) required repeat procedures (average 1.4 per patient) due to AP recurrence or ablation failure at first attempt. In comparison to early era, recent era ablations had significantly lower recurrence rates at 1 year (62% vs 19%; P = .005). At median follow-up of 2.5 (0.2–7) years, ultimate AP elimination after all procedures was 93%. Younger age at time of electrophysiological study ( Conclusion Outcomes for AP ablation in patients with EA have improved, but there is still a relatedly high recurrence risk requiring repeat procedures.
Invisible elbow

Compared to standards of efficiency or intention, social interaction entails incessant error followed by error-correction. Most order in social structures and processes therefore results not from rational action but from constraints on the correction of errors. Analytically but not concretely we can separate those constraints into culture (historically accumulated shared understandings and their representations) and previously established social relations. Counterfactual accounts, which are crucial to social explanation, acquire their validity from the accurate mapping and explanation of changes in culture and social relations, including their impact on error-correction.
Determining the relative risk of hospitalisation and surgery of fall injury patients

Falls are one of the most common cause of nonfatal and fatal injuries in the U.S. costing over an estimated $54 billion annually. A significant percentage of patients presenting to hospital emergen...
Two notes on labor

The first note addresses the question of minimum wage when substance constraint is recognized and effective. In that case, imposing a minimum wage can increase employment and help workers. The second is concerned with training cost incidence in case the acquired skills are generalized or specialized.
Lipton and Rowe's Apologia for Delaware: A Short Reply

Three themes animate Martin Lipton and Paul Rowe's thoughtful response to my critical evaluation of Unocal's fifteen-year history. First, they maintain that affording shareholders a primary role in the governance of takeovers depends on a commitment to the stock market's informational efficiency. Second, they claim that allowing shareholders to amend or repeal a poison pill ignores empirical evidence that the existence of a poison pill is associated with higher takeover premiums. Third, they assert that the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) reflects an implicit mega-principle that assigns control over takeovers to managers. This short reply corrects Lipton and Rowe's misunderstanding of the importance of market efficiency in assessing the efficiency of a primary role for shareholders in takeover decision making; suggests that the impact of a poison pill on takeover premiums depends entirely on what a court will allow a target company to do with its pill; and, finally, complicates Lipton and Rowe's argument that the structure of the DGCL implies a primary takeover role for the board.
Replication error rates for G.dGTP, T.dGTP, and A.dGTP mispairs and evidence for differential proofreading by leading and lagging strand DNA replication complexes in human cells.

Abstract We have determined the fidelity of DNA replication by human cell extracts in reactions containing excess dGTP. Replication errors were scored using two M13 DNA substrates having the replication origin on opposite sides of the lacZ α-complementation gene. The data suggest that the average rates for replication errors resulting from G(template), T•dGTP, and A•dGTP mispairs are 25 × 10−6, 12 × 10−6, and 3 × 10−6, respectively. The data also suggest that error rates for both the (+) and(-) strands differ by less than 2-fold when they are replicated either as the leading or lagging strand. This is in contrast to the 33- and 8-fold differences observed earlier for G•dTTP and C•dTTP mispairs on the (+) strand when replicated by the leading or lagging strand complex (Roberts, J. D., Izuta, S., Thomas, D. C., and Kunkel, T. A.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1711-1717). Thus, the relative fidelity of the leading and lagging strand replication proteins varies with the mispair and sequence considered. Misincorporation of dGTP preferentially occurs at template positions where dGTP is the next correct nucleotide to be incorporated. This “next nucleotide” effect is characteristic of reduced exonucleolytic proofreading and suggests that these replication errors are normally proofread efficiently. Fidelity measurements performed in the absence or presence of dGMP, an inhibitor of proofreading exonuclease activity, suggest that the leading strand replication complex proofreads some mispairs more efficiently than does the lagging strand replication complex.
History Effects and Verification

This paper shows how type effect systems can be combined with model-checking techniques to produce powerful, automatically verifiable program logics for higher-order programs. The properties verified are based on the ordered sequence of events that occur during program execution — an event history. Our type and effect systems automatically infer conservative approximations of the event histories arising at run- time, and model-checking techniques are used to verify logical properties of these histories.
Rethinking the Category of Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha

This paper reexamines the category of Chinese Buddhist apocrypha, sūtras composed in China rather than translated from Indian originals. Scholars have insisted on their importance for the study of Chinese Buddhist practices. I propose that the relationship between Indian Buddhist and local Chinese practices may be more ambiguous than this analysis suggests. I take my evidence from dhāraṇī sūtras. The Book of Consecration (Taisho 1331) has been interpreted as a Chinese Buddhist apocryphon. A list of deities reminiscent of Taoist registers appears in the opening section of this sūtra. But here some dhāraṇīs transcribed into Chinese characters in earlier translations of dhāraṇī sūtras are broken up and turned into lists of deities. This may be apocryphal, but in some translations of another dhāraṇī sūtra a dhāraṇī is translated as a list of deities. The distinction between translation and apocryphal composition is difficult to draw. The preoccupation with the Chinese setting and practice might also lead to f...
The closed-mindedness that wasn't: need for structure and expectancy-inconsistent information

Social-cognitive researchers have typically assumed that individuals high in need for structure or need for closure tend to be closed-minded: they are motivated to resist or ignore information that is inconsistent with existing beliefs but instead they rely on category-based expectancies. The present paper argues that this conclusion is not necessarily warranted because previous studies did not allow individual differences in categorical processing to emerge and did not consider different distributions of category-relevant information. Using a person memory paradigm, Experiments 1 and 2 shows that, when categorical processing is optional, high need-for-structure individuals are especially likely to use this type processing to reduce uncertainty, which results in superior recall for expectancy-inconsistent information. Experiment 2 demonstrates that such information is also more likely to be used in judgment making, leading to judgmental moderation among high need-for-structure individuals. Experiments 3 and 4 used a person memory paradigm which requires categorical processing regardless of levels of need for structure. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrate that, whether expectancy-consistent or -inconsistent information is recalled better is a function of whether the majority of available information is compatible or incompatible with an initial category-based expectancy. Experiment 4 confirmed that the extent to which high need-for-structure individuals attend to different types of information varies with their distribution. The discussion highlights that task affordances have a critical influence on the consequences of categorical processing for memory and social judgment. Thus, high need for structure does not necessarily equate closed-mindedness.
Transmission genetics of allorecognition in Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria:Hydrozoa).

Allorecognition is ubiquitous, or nearly so, amongst colonial invertebrates. Despite the prominent role that such phenomena have played both in evolutionary theory and in speculations on the origin of the vertebrate immune system, unambiguous data on the transmission genetics of fusibility ( i.e. , the ability of two individuals to fuse upon tissue contact) is lacking for any metazoan outside of the phylum Chordata. We have developed lines of the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongzcarpus (Phylum Cnidaria) inbred for fusibility and here report results of breeding experiments establishing that fusibility segregates as expected for a single locus with codominantly expressed alleles, with one shared allele producing a fusible phenotype. Surveys of fusibility in field populations and additional breeding experiments indicate the presence of an extensive allele series.
Sample preparation, data collection, and preliminary data analysis in biomolecular solution X-ray scattering.

In addition to the classic methods of structural biology - X-ray crystallography and NMR, solution X-ray scattering (SAXS) is starting to play an important role in experiential structural investigation of biological macromolecules. Ease of SAXS data collection and sophistication of its data analysis tools increasingly used as black boxes can be seen as both a blessing and a curse. On one hand, a sample set aside for solution scattering will always yield experimental data, including cases when macromolecule cannot be crystallized or when it is too large for application of solution NMR. On the other hand, any sample, whether pure or contaminated, whether mono- or polydisperse, will yield scattering data and it is up to the user to ensure the absence of artifacts in them and to choose a proper structural modeling strategy. We will discuss experimental aspects of X-ray solution scattering including sample preparation, data collection, as well as the steps in data processing and preliminary analysis that need to be carried out to ensure the absence of artifacts. Our goal is to summarize everything than can possibly go wrong with SAXS data measurement so that the user can have confidence in the data before they enter structural modeling.
Metabolism of a nitrogen-enriched coastal marine lagoon during the summertime

We measured metabolism rates in a shallow, nitrogen-enriched coastal marine ecosystem on Cape Cod (MA, USA) during seven summers using an open-water diel oxygen method. We compared two basins, one directly receiving most of the nitrogen (N) load (“Snug Harbor”) and another further removed from the N load and better flushed (“Outer Harbor”). Both dissolved oxygen and pH varied greatly over the day, increasing in daylight and decreasing at night. The more N-enriched basin frequently went hypoxic during the night, and the pH in both basins was low (compared to standard seawater) when the oxygen levels were low, due to elevated carbon dioxide. Day-to-day variation in gross primary production (GPP) was high and linked in part to variation in light. Whole-ecosystem respiration tended to track this short-term variation in GPP, suggesting that respiration by the primary producers often dominated whole-system respiration. GPP was higher in the more N-loaded Snug Harbor. Seagrasses covered over 60 % of the area of the better-flushed, Outer Harbor throughout our study and were the major contributors to GPP there. Seagrasses covered 20 % of the area in Snug Harbor for the first 5 years of our study, and their contribution to GPP was relatively small. The seagrasses in Snug Harbor died off completely in the 6th year, but GPP remained high then and in the subsequent year. Overall, rates of phytoplankton GPP were relatively low, suggesting that benthic micro- and macro-algae may be the dominant primary producers in Snug Harbor in most years. Net ecosystem production in both Snug Harbor and the Outer Harbor was variable from year to year, showing net heterotrophy in some years and net autotrophy in others, with a trend towards increasing autotrophy over the 7 years reported here.
Structure, energetics and reactivity of ternary complexes of amino acids with Cu(II) and 2,2′-bipyridine by density functional theory. A combination of radical-induced and spin-remote fragmentations

The structures, electron distributions and dissociation energies of gas-phase ternary complexes of Cu(II) with 2,2'-bipyridine and leucine, isoleucine and lysine were addressed by density functional theory using the hybrid B3LYP functional, effective core potentials and the 6-31 + G(d) and LANL2DZ basis sets. The calculations confirm the previously suggested structures, in which amino acid carboxylates coordinate to the Cu atom by the carboxylate and alpha-amino groups in square-planar complexes. The dissociation energies for consecutive eliminations of CO(2) and alkyl radicals from isomeric singly charged complexes of leucine and isoleucine correlate with the ion relative abundances observed in collisionally activated dissociation mass spectra. Doubly charged lysine complexes show extremely low dissociation energies that are consistent with the <1 eV center-of-mass collision energies that were used in previous CAD studies. The calculated charge and spin densities point to radical-induced dissociations of singly charged complexes with an open-electron shell. In contrast, the unpaired electron is virtually inert in doubly charged, open-shell complexes that undergo charge-induced, spin-remote dissociations in the amino acid residues.
“I Was Impolite to Her Because That's How She Was to Me”: Perceptions of Motive and Young Adults' Communicative Responses to Underaccommodation

Past research has shown that underaccommodation, defined as communication that at least one participant in an interaction perceives as insufficiently adjusted for his or her needs, has negative psychological consequences for recipients. However, we know relatively little about how people respond to it communicatively, and how perceptions of motive—which have been shown to influence psychological reactions—affect these responses. In two studies, six types of responses to underaccommodation were identified: asking questions, confronting, stopping the interaction, changing the subject, expressive nonverbal negative affect, and ignoring/playing along. The relationships between these responses, inferred motive, and psychological outcomes were also investigated. Perceptions of negative motive were found to positively predict participants' stopping the interaction and expressing nonverbal negative affect, and to negatively predict ignoring/ playing along. This constellation of communicative responses was also as...
Highly Stable Explicit Temporal Integration for Discrete Element Computations

AbstractThis paper presents the adaptation of a semi-implicit time integration scheme that has been reported in the literature and its implementation for use in discrete element methods (DEM). The computational efficiency of DEM methods is primarily associated with the selection of time increment sizes, as dictated by stability requirements, and other factors that depend on the particulars of the DEM implementation and the problems solved. The proposed time integration scheme and the associated DEM are developed for problems pertaining to rigid-particle interaction and interaction of elastic bodies that are modeled as a cluster of rigid interconnected particles. Verification studies that consider nonlinear problems demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is unconditionally stable and accurate even for large time step sizes and when applicable does not require any inversions of the system matrices. Assessment studies on the accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency of the method have been conducted...
Replacement of inadvertently discontinued tunneled jugular high-flow central catheters with tract recannulation: technical results and outcome.

Purpose To determine the technical and clinical outcomes of recannulating the tracts of inadvertently discontinued high-flow tunneled internal jugular central venous catheters. Materials and Methods Retrospective review was performed of 49 patients who underwent 57 replacements of inadvertently discontinued catheters by recannulation from January 1997 through January 2005. The study group was divided into successful and failed recannulation groups. Technical results were evaluated for duration the catheter had been out, tract age, and laterality (ie, right vs left). Infection rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and the infection rate per 100 catheter days was calculated. Intent-to-treat function rate (including failed recannulations) was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Seventy percent ( n = 40) of discontinued catheters were right-sided and 30% ( n = 17) were left-sided. The overall technical success rate was 86% ( n = 49). The technical success rates were 100% ( n = 10), 89% (32 of 36), and 64% (seven of 11) for catheters that had been outside the body for less than 12 hours, 12–24 hours, and more than 24 hours, respectively. P values for successful versus failed recannulations for tract age, the time the catheter was out, and laterality were .02, .04, and .68, respectively. The infection rate for successful recannulations at 6 months was 24% ± 9% (0.22 infections per 100 catheter days). Functional catheter rates at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 55% ± 8%, 46% ± 8%, 29% ± 10%, and 5% ± 3%, respectively. Conclusions Recannulating tunneled high-flow jugular catheter tracts has a high technical success rate, particularly when they have fallen out less than 24 hours earlier and have a mature tract. The outcomes of recannulated catheters (ie, infection and function rates) are within the upper limit of results of de novo placement and over-the-wire exchange of catheters in the literature.
Constituents of the boll weevil, anthonomus grandis boheman—III lipids and fatty acids of subcellular particles of pupae

Abstract 1. 1. Phospholipids were the principal lipids in the microsomes, nuclei and mitochondria of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. 2. 2. The major fatty acid in the phospholipids of the boll weevil was octadecadienoic acid (18:2) followed by octadecenoic acid (18:1) and hexadecanoic acid (16:0). The weight of neural lipid varied in the subcellular particles, but the ratios of fatty acids remained the same. 3. 3. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidly ethanolamine were present in equal amounts in the mitochondria, and phosphatidyl choline predominated in the other subcellular particles of the boll weevil. 4. 4. Triglycerides made up about 50 per cent of the neutral lipids of the nuclei, microsomes and cytoplasm. The principal neutral lipids of the cell mitochondria were diglycerides and monoglycerides.
The symmetric group and the spin generalized scf method

Some of the historical background for the development of the spin generalized self-consistent field methods is discussed. The important early work by Wigner, Weyl, Young, Heitler, Dirac, Serber, Yamanouchi and Kotani is emphasized.
THE REJECTION OF THE TRIFFIN PLAN AND THE ALTERNATIVE ACCEPTED

IT HAS BEEN FOUR years since the promulgation of the Triffin plan for the internationalization of the foreign exchange component of world monetary reserves.' Triffin's diagnosis and prescription, coinciding with the growing conspicuousness of the world's monetary disorder, touched off a vigorous debate. In attempting to abstract from the discussion the central points at issue, several difficulties arise. The sheer volume of literature on the subject is already nearly overwhelming; for example, an examination of a sample of six English-language journals2 reveals that an average of three articles directly about the Triffin plan or addressed to the problems which Triffin raises has appeared in each journal since the 1960 publication of Gold and the Dollar Crisis. Moreover, these discussions have proliferated in foreign-language journals, through the financial press, and, perhaps most widely, in bank letters and reviews. Consistent with the volume and variety of these commentaries, different authors have examined the plan from widely different points of view. For example, Sir Roy Harrod believes that the cornerstone of any rebuilding of international financial arrangements should be an increase in the price of gold.3 Professor Angell, on the other hand,
Effects of alcohol and blood alcohol concentration limb on sexual risk-taking intentions.

Objective: Although there have been numerous investigations of alcohol's relationship to sexual risk taking, the vast majority of these studies have not examined whether the biphasic nature of alcohol intoxication differentially influences risky sexual decisions. Thus, a laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limb on sexual risk-taking intentions. Method: Participants (N = 150; 51.3% male) were randomly assigned to consume alcoholic drinks (target peak BAC = .08%) or nonalcoholic drinks and then completed a hypothetical sexual risk assessment involving an opposite-gender new partner while on either the ascending BAC limb or descending BAC limb. Results: Alcohol intoxication resulted in increased sexual risk-taking intentions indirectly through its influence on perceived intoxication and, subsequently, sexual arousal. An interaction of beverage condition and BAC limb condition indicated that alcohol's effects on perceived intox...
Automatic lattice determination for two-dimensional crystal images

Electron crystallography determines the structure of membrane proteins and other periodic samples by recording either images or diffraction patterns. Computer processing of recorded images requires the determination of the reciprocal lattice parameters in the Fourier transform of the image. We have developed a set of three programs 2dx_peaksearch, 2dx_findlat and 2dx_getlat, which can determine the reciprocal lattice from a Fourier transformation of a 2D crystal image automatically. 2dx_peaksearch determines a list of Fourier peak coordinates from a processed calculated diffraction pattern. These coordinates are evaluated by 2dx_findlat to determine one or more lattices, using a-priori knowledge of the real-space crystal unit cell dimensions, and the sample tilt geometry. If these are unknown, then the program 2dx_getlat can be used to obtain a guess for the unit cell dimensions. These programs are available as part of the 2dx software package for the image processing of 2D crystal images at http://2dx.org.
Adventures in flatland

Plaud and Vogeltanz (1997) present applied behavior analysis as a valuable extension of behavior therapy to resolve clinical concerns. In so doing, they overlook the undeniable fact that, as yet, no one model has proven itself to be superior either theoretically or clinically. In this commentary, I take serious issue with their unidimensional view of behavior theory. As far as their evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy is concerned, I am in total agreement. Finally, the point is made in this commentary that, for the most part, the ultimate value of any behavior theory or model should be judged in terms of its contributions to society at large and to individual well-being.
How Far Can We Go if We Keep Marching

From “Black Collectivities: A Conference,” held May 3–4, 2013, at Northwestern University’s Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the University of Chicago’s Arts Incubator. This article combines remarks and images offered at the conference in response to a presentation by Claire Tancons with an article written for an unpublished collection, edited by filmmaker Mark Street, that ruminates on the city as a cinematic utopia. Both the conference and the book echoed concerns in Cauleen Smith’s current art practice, which involve collaboration with a high school marching band and her research into Sun Ra’s time in Chicago. Together the cinematic and the social relational threads highlight the complex roles of a filmmaker who engages her community and examines art’s political and creative stakes. Smith concludes that an artist must sometimes operate outside civil codes but that ethics are always in play.
Tritrichomonas foetus: characterization of isolates and partial purification of a secreted cytotoxin.

Putative virulence factors including extracellular proteases, hemagglutinin, hemolysins, and soluble cytotoxins may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis. The cytotoxicity, hemagglutinating, and hemolytic activity of Tritrichomonas foetus isolate ATCC #30003 and several field isolates were compared. All isolates were hemolytic toward mouse and bovine erythrocytes but not other tested species. The isolates varied significantly in hemagglutinating ability and cytotoxin production. A 40,000 Da soluble cytotoxin was partially purified and characterized. Chromatography separated cytotoxic activity from hemagglutinating and hemolytic activity but not from protease activity. However, protease assays indicated that protease activity was inversely correlated with cytotoxic activity. Characterization studies indicated that cytotoxic activity was destroyed by heat and acidic conditions but repeated freeze/thawing did not diminish activity. Target cell specificity assays showed Henle cells were twice as sensitive to the effects of the cytotoxin as Vero cells. These results suggest that T. foetus isolates vary in the production of virulence factors and produce a soluble relatively stable non-protease cytotoxic protein capable of killing cultured mammalian cells in vitro.
Effect of Valence and Concentration of Counterions on Electrophoretic Mobility of DNA in a Solid-State Nanopore

Controlling the electrophoretic mobility of DNA in a solid-state nanopore is critical to the development of the nanopore technology for sequencing DNA because, under typical experimental conditions, DNA moves through a nanopore too fast for its sequence to be detected. One could expect that increasing the electrostatic screening of the DNA charge in a nanopore would reduce the force driving DNA through and consequently the DNA translocation velocity. In free solution electrophoresis experiments, increasing either the valence or the concentration of counterions in an electrolyte was shown to affect mobility of DNA. Through extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the feasibility of controlling electrophoretic mobility of DNA in a solid-state nanopore. In our simulations, a double stranded DNA molecule is placed in the center of a 3-nm-radius nanochannel. The system is solvated in an electrolyte containing either Na(+), Mg(2+), spermidine(3+) or spermine(4+) ions. An external electric field is applied and the resulting displacement of DNA is recorded. We have found that the valence and concentration of counterions can dramatically alter the electrophoretic mobility of DNA in a nanopore. In monovalent or divalent electrolytes, increasing the concentration was found to decrease the electrophoretic mobility, whereas in spermidine and spermine electrolytes, the direction of the DNA motion could be reversed. Analysis of the interaction between DNA and the surrounding electrolyte revealed that the reduction of the electrophoretic mobility is caused not only by the presence of counterions, but also by the hydrodynamic drag of an electro-osmotic flow near the DNA surface.
First Records of a European Cladoceran, Bythotrephes Cederstroemi, in Lakes Erie and Huron

Adult forms of the cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi Schoedler (Cercopagidae), a widespread European freshwater zooplankter, occurred in the stomachs of four common species of Lake Erie fish (yellow perch, Perca flavescens; white perch, Morone americana; white bass, M. chrysops; and walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) collected in early October 1985. The fish were collected at several stations in the nearshore open waters of the central basin between Ashtabula and Huron, Ohio. Other investigators have seen this species in other locations in Lake Erie and also in Lake Huron. The report of B. cederstroemi in Lake Huron in December 1984 appears to be the first record of this species in North America.
Accuracy of measurement of star images on a pixel array

Algorithms are developed for predicting the accuracy with which the brightness of a star can be determined from its image on a digital detector array, as a function of the brightness of the background. The assumption is made that a known profile is being fitted by least squares. The two profiles used correspond to ST images and to ground-based observations. The first result is an approximate rule of thumb for equivalent noise area. More rigorous results are then given in tabular form. The size of the pixels, relative to the image size, is taken into account. Astronometric accuracy is also discussed briefly; the error, relative to image size, is very similar to the photometric error relative to brightness.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from gastric submucosal arterial collaterals secondary to splenic artery occlusion: treatment by splenectomy and partial gastric devascularization

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from gastric submucosal arterial collaterals secondary to splenic artery occlusion: treatment by splenectomy and partial gastric devascularization
Spinal nNOS regulates phrenic motor facilitation by a 5-HT2B receptor- and NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism

Abstract Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) by a mechanism that requires spinal serotonin (5-HT) receptor activation and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity. Here, we investigated whether: (1) spinal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is necessary for AIH-induced pLTF; (2) episodic exogenous nitric oxide (NO) is sufficient to elicit phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) without AIH (i.e. pharmacologically); and (3) NO-induced pMF requires spinal 5-HT2B receptor and NOX activation. In anesthetized, mechanically ventilated adult male rats, AIH (3 × 5-min episodes; 10% O2; 5 min) elicited a progressive increase in the amplitude of integrated phrenic nerve bursts (i.e. pLTF), which lasted 60 min post-AIH (45.1 ± 8.6% baseline). Pre-treatment with intrathecal (i.t.) injections of a neuronal NOS inhibitor (nNOS-inhibitor-1) near the phrenic motor nucleus attenuated pLTF (14.7 ± 2.5%), whereas an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor (1400 W) had no effect (56.3 ± 8.0%). Episodic i.t. injections (3 × 5 μl volume; 5 min) of a NO donor (sodium nitroprusside; SNP) elicited pMF similar in time-course and magnitude (40.4 ± 6.0%, 60 min post-injection) to AIH-induced pLTF. SNP-induced pMF was blocked by a 5-HT2B receptor antagonist (SB206553), a superoxide dismutase mimetic (MnTMPyP), and two NOX inhibitors (apocynin and DPI). Neither pLTF nor pMF was affected by pre-treatment with a protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor (KT-5823). Thus, spinal nNOS activity is necessary for AIH-induced pLTF, and episodic spinal NO is sufficient to elicit pMF by a mechanism that requires 5-HT2B receptor activation and NOX-derived ROS formation, which indicates AIH (and NO) elicits spinal respiratory plasticity by a nitrergic-serotonergic mechanism.
Model study of fluctuations and switching in amorphous semiconductors

Abstract The model developed by Ma for the initiation of threshold switching is used as the basis for a master equation description of the fluctuation spectrum of the number of carriers. The system size expansion is used to derive explicit expressions for the fluctuation spectrum in terms of the parameters of the model. It is shown that the study of the power spectra of current fluctuations about stationary states is a useful way of investigating the physical mechanisms responsible for switching.
Tumor site prediction using spatiotemporal detection of subclinical hyperemia in experimental photocarcinogenesis

We demonstrate that a spatial and temporal analysis of subclinical hyperemia reliably predicts specific areas at high risk for skin tumor development during photocarcinogenesis. To determine detailed spatiotemporal patterns of inflammatory angiogenesis foci in a relatively large area, we developed a mesoscopic (between microscopic and macroscopic) imaging approach. This method relies on our earlier finding that the combination of a spectral analysis of hemoglobin with diffuse-light-suppressed imaging can increase the image resolution, contrast and penetration depth to visualize microvasculature Hgb content in the large tissue area. In our recent study, SKH1 hairless albino mice were irradiated for 10 weeks with a carcinogen dose of UVB. Using our newly developed mesoscopic imaging methods, we imaged the mice over 20 - 30 weeks after stopping UVB, and excised hyperemic/non-hyperemic areas at several different timepoints. We show that persistent hyperemic foci can predict future tumor formation. In particular, our imaging approach allows us to assess the spatial and temporal extent of subclinical inflammatory foci, which in turn can predict sites of future overlying tumor formation. In addition, although COX-2 inhibitors are known to suppress skin cancer development in humans, it remains unclear whether the chemopreventive activity of COX-2 inhibitors are chiefly attributable to their anti-inflammatory effects. Our study provides evidence that subclinical subepithelial inflammatory foci occur prior to overt tumor formation, and that these areas are highly predictive for future tumor formation, that celecoxib’s ability to suppress tumorigenesis is tightly linked to its ability to reduce the area of subclinical inflammatory foci.
Careers and Socialization

This review examines important developments in the field of socialization and careers since the mid-1970's, a period during which the field has come into maturity. Definitions of the two concepts are examined. Putting the two concepts together, career is viewed as a longterm "bundle" of socialization experiences, as the person moves in, through, and out of various work-related roles over the span of his or her work life. A career spectrum is used to organize the literature. Three general areas are examined, from micro to macro: individual processes, person-environment interaction processes, and institutional processes. Areas of relative strength and weakness in the literature are assessed, and conclusions for the practicing manager are presented.
Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides: ribosome pausing during the translation of reovirus S1 mRNA.

Abstract The steady-state distribution of translating ribosomes on the reovirus serotype 1 Lang strain polycistronic sl mRNA and the monocistronic s4 mRNA was mapped using a sensitive primer extension assay and cDNA clones of the S1 and S4 genes. The distribution of translating ribosomes on the reovirus s1 and s4 mRNAs was not uniform. Major positions of ribosome pausing were detected in both rabbit reticulocyte and wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing systems programmed with wild-type and site-directed mutant mRNAs. Two of the ribosome pause sites represent initiation and termination, rate-limiting steps of translation. For the polycistronic sl mRNA, analysis of mutants in which either the σ1 ORF1 initiation codon or the σ1 NS ORF2 initiation codon was eliminated by site-directed mutagenesis unequivocally established the identity of the specific ribosome pauses with specific ORF translational events. Ribosomes were far less uniformly distributed along the overlapping ORF regions of the polycistronic s1 mRNA than they were along the ORF of the monocistronic s4 mRNA. Furthermore, the rate-limiting initiation event at the σ1 NS ORF2 AUG led to ribosome stacking and elongation arrest in the σ1 ORF1. These results begin to provide a conceptual framework for the dynamics of translation of complex as compared to simple viral mRNAs and suggest that ribosome activity may vary at multiple discrete regions on an mRNA.
γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) IN THE RAT BRAIN: RE‐EVALUATION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND THE POST‐MORTEM INCREASE1

—GABA levels determined after the brain was removed, then frozen, were found to be generally compatible to levels after the brain was frozen in situ provided removal and freezing were effected in less than 60 s. Optimal GABA values were realized when the brain was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 30 s of death. Beginning at 60 s post-mortem, GABA levels increased until the 4th min with the greatest rate occurring between 60 and 120 s at 30 μg/g/min. When frozen brains were dissected into regions by a partial thawing technique, post-mortem increases were not found to occur. Microwave irradiation, investigated as a potential sampling technique for GABA assay, showed considerable variability between samples and was rejected as a practical alternative at this time.
On equality of line type and variety type of real hypersurfaces in Cn

Recently McNeal proved, by analytic methods, that the D’Angelo type of a boundary point of a convex domain agrees with the maximal order of contact of the boundary with complex lines. We give an elementary geometric proof and generalization of McNeal’s theorem.