cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a presynaptic inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on sympathetic neurotransmission to the myocardium

Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on sympathetic neurotransmission to the myocardium. Intravenous infusion of 5-HT (20 μg/kg/min) produced a decreased in mean blood pressure and caused significant impairment of cardioacceleration observed during the stimulation of right post-ganglionic cardiac sympathetic nerve. The pressor and tachycardic responses to norepinephrine as well as tyramine were potentiated during 5-HT infusion. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT on responses to cardiac nerve stimulation was not prevented by desipramine. Prior treatment with cyproheptadine prevented the depressor effect of 5-HT and significantly antagonized the inhibitory action of 5-HT on the positive chronotropic effect of cardiac nerve stimulation. Methysergide administration to a different group of dogs antagonized the effect of 5-HT on blood pressure, but did not alter the impairment of cardioacceleration caused by 5-HT during cardiac nerve stimulation. Neither cyproheptadine nor methysergide had any effect on the responses to cardiac nerve stimulation. These results suggest that 5-HT inhibits sympathetic neurotransmission ot the myocardium via an action on ‘tryptaminergic’ receptors which may be located on sympathetic nerve terminal and that these receptors can be selectively blocked by cyproheptadine but not by methysergide.
Evidence for successful acceptance of irradiated free gingival allografts in dogs.

Free graft samples were excised and frozen to -55/sup 0/C. Subsequently the grafts were exposed to 2.5 x 10/sup 6/ rads of /sup 60/Co ..gamma..-radiation. The irradiated allogeneic grafts were later reconstituted and surgically transferred to four recipient subjects. Three autogenous nonirradiated grafts were also placed as controls. The animals were killed so as to furnish healing data at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 40 days postoperatively. Fourteen allografts were evaluated. They were judged to be nonantigenic, immunologically incompetent and nonviable. However, retention of an essentially unaltered connective tissue corium may have been instrumental in supporting subsequent epithelial regeneration from adjacent host tissue, while being passively incorporated into a very dynamic receptor zone. The graft thus served as a scaffolding for connective tissue deposition and attachment. It appears that the experimental regime obviated the immunologic interference usually encountered in allografting procedures. Thus, high intensity irradiation of the graft tissue may have rendered the tissue to be immunologically tolerable. Further studies are required to ascertain the duration of the host's immunologic unresponsiveness to the alien tissue, as well as ultimate structural and biologic fate of the transplanted tissues. Experiments are now in progress which have been designed to test the extentmore » of immunologic sensitization induced by the grafted tissue.« less
Comparison of field correlations in multiply scattered quasi-monochromatic light

An experiment is described that directly compares the degradations, with the number of scattering mean free paths, of two field correlations that may be used to form gates for imaging techniques in scattered light: the correlation of the scattered wave with an unscattered reference wave and the correlation of two wave-vector components of the scattered wave itself. Results for 20-µm polymer spheres show that the latter correlation is consistently larger well into the multiple-scattering regime (up to 10 mean free paths) for wave-vector separations less than at least 50 mm-1 and that the two correlations tend to merge in this scattering regime for larger wave-vector separations.
All‐subsets regression under effect heredity restrictions for experimental designs with complex aliasing

We consider an all-subsets regression method for models under effect heredity restrictions for experimental designs with complex aliasing, whose number of potential main effects and two-factor interactions exceed the number of runs. In this paper, we present an algorithm that systematically attempts to fit all such models. We illustrate the algorithm with two published experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of fluorinated dinitrobenzenes on erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase.

Die Acetylcholinesterase der Erythrozytenmembranen wurde mit 1, 5-Difluor-2, 4-dinitrobenzol starker inaktiviert als mit 1-Fluor-2, 4-dinitrobenzol. Nach Difluordinitrobenzol-Behandlung war die restliche enzymatische Aktivitat hitze- und harnstoffunempfindlich. Die Inaktivierung des Fermentes war konzentrations-, zeit- und temperaturabhangig.
Stratigraphic Relations of Type Section of Lower Triassic Dinwoody Formation in Wyoming to Exposures in Idaho Overthrust Belt and Northwest Utah: ABSTRACT

The Lower Triassic Dinwoody Formation, the oldest Triassic unit in the Cordilleran miogeosyncline, rests unconformably on underlying Permian rocks. The type section of the Dinwoody is on the northeastern flank of the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming. As this locality is near the eastern margin of the Early Triassic depositional basin, the formation is relatively thin (52 m) and largely composed of clastic sediments. To the west, the Dinwoody thickens abruptly and the amount of interbedded limestone increases. In the Bear Lake-Montpelier region of the southeastern Idaho overthrust belt, the thickness increases to about 380 m. Although significant amounts of interbedded carbonate are present here, intertonguing red beds and evidence of periodic shoaling also characterize this transitional area. In northwest Utah, the Dinwoody thickens to 410 m and includes numerous interbeds of limestone. Conodont biostratigraphic zonation of the Dinwoody Formation permits detailed correlation and establishes the timing of the Early Triassic transgression eastward over the Wyoming shelf. This short-lived event was followed by westward progradation of terrigenous sediments from the shelf into the depositional basin. On the basis of color change of conodont elements, which relates to depth and duration of burial, thermal maturity of the Dinwoody Formation increases southwestward. The color End_Page 566------------------------------ alteration index (CAI) ranges from 1 at the type section to 1.5 to 2 in transitional and basinal areas. Because CAI values of 1 to 2 correspond to the thermal interval of oil generation, a vast area of Lower Triassic rocks has productive potential. End_of_Article - Last_Page 567------------
Summary of Group 8: Development and extension of linkage methods.

The diverse contributions to Group 8 focus on the development and extension of linkage methods, and share themes that are organized around approaches to analysis. The themes discussed include issues of the accuracy of estimates of marker identity-by-descent (IBD) information, the influence of such IBD information on linkage detection, and methods for dealing with genetic heterogeneity and multiple testing. In addition, challenges were identified and solutions were offered for coping with some of the common problems of complex trait analysis, including trait model selection and computational compromises. Analytic approaches based on Bayesian and Monte Carlo methods were prominent, and provided optimistic results.
Influencing the Probability for Graduation at Four-Year Institutions: A Multi-Model Analysis

The purpose of this study is to identify student and institutional characteristics that influence the probability for graduation. The study delves further into the probability for graduation by examining how far the student deviates from the institutional mean with respect to academics and affordability; this concept is referred to as the “match.” The validity of the matching model is tested using a multivariate analysis with select variables from the Beginning Postsecondary Study: 1996/2001 (BPS:96/01) and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Traditional multivariate models examine the importance of both student and institutional characteristics but assume the two are independent of one another. This study is different in that it uses the matching model to examine the relationship between student and institutional characteristics. The results are compared to more frequently used models and show that the relationship between students and their institutions plays an important role in understanding the probability for graduation.
CNS stimulants: two distinct mechanisms of action for amphetamine-like drugs

Abstract CNS behavioral stimulants can be subdivided into 2 classes of drugs. The amphetamine class of drugs are direct releasers, as well as re-uptake inhibitors, of dopamine and norepinephrine and these effects are demonstrable both in vivo and in vitro using brain slices or synaptosomes. Drugs in the non-amphetamine class block dopamine and/or norepinephrine reuptake, but enhance dopamine release in vivo only, with no evidence of enhanced release in vitro . This differentiation between monoamines by the non-amphetamine drugs is due to differences in storage and releasable pools of dopamine and norepinephrine. These differences should be taken into account when comparing the pharmacology of these 2 monaminergic neuronal systems.
Management of blunt liver injury safety profile of the nonoperative management

Abstract Background. Multiple studies support the nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt liver injury (BLI). Hemodynamically unstable patients remain a clear-cut indication for operative management. This study elucidates the failure rate of NOM as well as the etiology of unsuccessful NOM. Methods. A retrospective chart review of 538 trauma admissions with documented BLI was conducted at a level I trauma center. BLI was classified according to the AAST Organ Injury Scale. Variables included were age, grade of the liver injury, associated organ injuries, injury severity scale, transfusion requirement, and the need for exploratory laparotomy. Laparotomy was defined as delayed when patient needed operation after departure from the emergency department. Delayed exploratory laparotomy was considered a failure of NOM when surgery was performed to control liver hemorrhage. Results. Mean age was 35 years; 55% were men. Mean BLI grade was 2.4 and ISS was 23. Thirty-six percent had other associated intraabdominal injury. Of the 538 patients, only 102 (19%) went to operation and 20 were delayed. Of these, 18 patients had other injuries as primary cause for exploration (spleen, hollow viscus, abdominal compartment syndrome, etc.). Only two patients (0.005%) failed NOM; both had Grade V injury and both required surgery within 4 h from admission. Conclusion. The success rate of NOM in the stable patient with BLI is nearly 100%. Heightened care should be emphasized on patients with other intraabdominal injury or large fluid resuscitation who may fail NOM.
Getting started in calculus

This paper is intended as a primer for a Calculus course. I present an approach that my students have been enjoying, and that focuses on the emergence of two basic insights that are connected with the beginnings of Calculus. Perhaps other teachers will also find the strategy helpful.
Group B streptococcus infection induces trophoblast apoptosis

OZLEM EQUILS, KELLY DORAN, JAMES MCGREGOR, CALVIN HOBEL, University of California, Pediatrics, Los Angeles, California, University of California, San Diego, Pediatrics, San Diego, California, University of Southern California, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles, California, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California OBJECTIVE: Group B streptococci (GBS) is one of the leading causes of prematurity, and neonatal infection. Here, we assessed the cytotoxic effect of GBS infection on trophoblasts. STUDY DESIGN: We used JEG3 syncytiotrophoblast and 3A first trimester cytotrophoblast cell lines and either infected them with GBS or treated them with GBS extract. In order to assess whether trophoblast invasion was necessary for GBS induced trophoblast death, we infected JEG3 cells with invasiveness associated gene (iag) mutant GBS. In order to assess the effect of B-hemolysin on GBS induced torphoblast death, we treated JEG3 cells with GBS extract obtained from B-hemolysin mutant GBS. Trophoblast death was assessed by measuring supernatant lactate dehydrogenase release. Cell invasion was assessed by microscopic examination. RESULTS: We observed that in JEG3 syncytiotrophoblast and 3A first trimester cytotrophoblast cell lines both infection with GBS and treatment with GBS cell wall extract induced cell death as compared to uninfected and media treated cells respectively. We observed that iagGBS was poorly invasive in trophoblasts as compared to wild type bacteria; however iagGBS infection was significantly cytotoxic in JEG3 trophoblast cells. We observed that treatment of JEG3 trophoblast cells with cell extract from B-hemolysin deleted mutant was not cytotoxic. CONCLUSION: Trophoblasts provide a barrier between fetal circulation and placenta. Our data suggests that GBS invades and induces trophoblast cell death; which may impair fetal-placental barrier and consequently allow bacterial penetrance into fetal circulation. GBS-induced trophoblast death may provide an alternative mechanism for GBS-pathogenesis in neonatal GBS infection as well as preterm delivery.
Whey protein gel composites of soybean and linseed oils as a dietary method to modify the unsaturated fatty acid composition of milk lipids

Abstract Dairy products are an important source of nutrients in diets of many persons in developed countries. One criticism of milk fat is its low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular the omega-3 fatty acids (FA). Various methods to protect unsaturated FA from rumen biohydrogenation have been developed. The most promising method employs formaldehyde, a carcinogen, and thus of limited application in many parts of the world due to regulatory exclusion. A novel gel based on whey protein, water, and oil [US Patent Application 20040058003 A1 (Pending); US Patent Application 20050089550 A1 (Pending)] was developed at the University of California in Davis. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of this whey protein gel composite as a dietary delivery method to modify the FA composition of triacylglycerol (TG) and phospholipid (PL) fractions, as well as TG sn -2 composition of milk lipids, compared to feeding either unprotected or calcium salts of the oils. Four primiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The supplemental lipid was a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of soybean oil/linseed oil (S/L) added to a total mixed ration. Soybean oil was selected as a source of n6 and linseed as a source of n3 FA. The S/L supplement was fed in one of four physical forms including: (1) oil (Oil) where S/L was added directly to the diet unmodified, (2) calcium salts (CaS) of S/L, (3) whey protein concentrate (WPC) gel complex of S/L, and (4) whey protein isolate (WPI) gel complex of S/L. Each diet provided a similar amount of total FA. Dietary treatment had no effect on dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk fat proportion. Unsaturated FA composition of the TG and PL increased with WPI. Linoleic acid (C18:2) concentration in TG averaged 2.77, 3.53, 3.59 and 6.35 g/100 g FA and linolenic acid (C18:3) averaged 0.97, 1.33, 1.73 and 4.09 g/100 g FA for Oil, CaS, WPC and WPI, respectively. Total C18:1 trans FA decreased from 4.01 g/100 g FA for Oil to 2.50 g/100 g FA for WPI. Similar changes in PUFA content of PL and sn -2 of TG occurred. The lower trans FA, and higher PUFA, in milk fat are a result of reduced rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA in WPI. Feeding whey protein isolate gel complex successfully increased the PUFA of milk lipids without affecting productive performance. This protein gel offers a practical dietary method to modify the PUFA composition of milk lipids, by the type of FA protected, to allow changes in both the nutritional value of milk fat as well as potential changes in its manufacturing properties.
Extracardiac arteriovenous fistulas in the thorax.

Abstract The historical background and delineation of the clinical features in the various types of extracardiac arteriovenous aneurysms within the thorax are described. To illustrate each type, there are presented detailed reports of three unusual cases: 1. 1. Rupture of the aorta into the pulmonary artery: clinically diagnosed, verified by intracardiac catheterization, and made unusual by long survival. 2. 2. Rupture of the aorta into the superior vena cava: clinically diagnosed, proved by oxygen content of venous blood at various sites, and confirmed at autopsy. 3. 3. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas: the second reported case complicated by subacute bacterial endarteritis, which was eradicated by heavy penicillin therapy. Later, lobectomy and dissection of two smaller lesions in other lobes cured the condition. Newer techniques of radiological examination, including planimetry and angiocardiography, determination of oxygen content of peripheral venous blood, and intracardiac catheterization, are now available in suitable cases to aid in the diagnosis. Intensification of the classical murmur on inspiration was noted in each of our three cases and needs further, study as a possible diagnostic clue.
Absorption Ratios of Biological Stains

Absorption ratios are supplied for most of the dyes used as biological stains.The use of these ratios will enable the analyst to identify the stains conveniently, and will also frequently afford information of considerable value respecting their purity.
LEGAL RESEARCH, LEGAL WRITING, AND LEGAL ANALYSIS: PUTTING LAW SCHOOL INTO PRACTICE

When I began law school, I thought my goal was to master— and memorize—every case, statute, and rule I would need to practice law. I would put all this knowledge into a magic briefcase. Then when a client came to see me with a problem, I would reach into my magic briefcase and pull out the obvious answer! I was wrong. First, no one could ever memorize enough law to make my magic briefcase work; one visit to the library shows how naive I was. Second, most legal questions do not have obvious answers. If the answers were obvious, clients would not be willing to pay much for a lawyer’s services. Instead of memorizing cases that would solve easy problems, I learned that researching, analyzing, and writing about the law occurs as a complex, interwoven process. Through that process, lawyers learn of the law that exists and then fashion arguments, documents, and transactions to solve clients’ problems; novel approaches are steeped in the cases, statutes, and rules that the lawyer has located through thorough research. That process—not magic—is the practice of law. In all law school classes, students learn legal analysis. In classes devoted to legal research and writing, students weave analysis into research and writing and learn how to practice law. 1 This article intro
Feasibility and diagnostic value of catheter-based ultrasonic systems for intravascular imaging: in vitro comparisons with MRI

In order to assess the potential image quality of catheter-based ultrasonic imaging and its implications for diagnostic as well as therapeutic use, the authors imaged, in vitro, human renal, iliac, and femoral arteries obtained from autopsy. Ultrasonic imaging was performed using 20- and 30-MHz focused disk transducers of 2-mm and 1-mm-diameter active apertures, respectively. Correlative images from a 2-T, high-resolution magnetic resonance imager (MRI), as well as specimen photomicrographs were also taken. Preliminary results suggest that images of diagnostic quality can be routinely obtained, and catheter-based ultrasonic imaging can serve as an effective adjunct to vascular angioplasty and surgery. >
Automated Image Analysis for Distortion Compensation in Sequencing Gel Electrophoresis

A computerized method is described for correcting systematic distortion of images from slab gel electrophoresis. Such distortions can lead to misinterpretation of the information contained in the gel. The method is useful for data analysis in one-dimension slab gel electrophoresis where the information is manifested in rectangular shaped bands, such as conventional restriction digest or sequencing gels, and the distortions can be adequately described by continuous low-order polynomial functions. The purpose is to eliminate human skill and judgement from the process and to minimize human interaction, which would be useful in any future attempts to automate the analysis of electrophoretic gels.
Gene profiling of canine B-cell lymphoma reveals germinal center and postgerminal center subtypes with different survival times, modeling human DLBCL.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype, and fewer than half of patients are cured with standard front-line therapy. To improve therapeutic options, better animal models that accurately mimic human DLBCL (hDLBCL) are needed. Canine DLBCL (cDLBCL), one of the most common cancers in veterinary oncology, is morphologically similar to hDLBCL and is treated using similar chemotherapeutic protocols. With genomic technologies, it is now possible to molecularly evaluate dogs as a potential large-animal model for hDLBCL. We evaluated canine B-cell lymphomas (cBCLs) using immunohistochemistry and gene expression profiling. Canine B-cell lymphoma expression profiles were similar in many ways to hDLBCLs. For instance, a subset had increased expression of NF-κB pathway genes, mirroring human activated B-cell (ABC)-type DLBCL. Furthermore, immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) ongoing mutation status, which is correlated with ABC/germinal center B-cell (GCB) cell of origin in hDLBCL, separated cBCL into two groups with statistically different progression-free and overall survival times. In contrast with hDLBCL, cBCL rarely expressed BCL6 and MUM1/IRF4 by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, these studies identify molecular similarities to hDLBCL that introduce pet dogs as a representative model of hDLBCL for future studies, including therapeutic clinical trials.
A rapid and efficient replica plating technique

A new type of apparatus for replica plating is described, which reduces operator error and fatigue. Several replica plates can be made immediately, thus eliminating the need for a master plate in many cases.
Relevant scales in zooplankton ecology: Distribution, feeding, and reproduction of the copepod Acartia hudsonica in response to thin layers of the diatom Skeletonema costatum

We investigated the interaction of the copepod Acartia hudsonica in relation to thin layers of the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Thin layers have recently received much attention, since they are common and persistent features in the water column, often overlooked by traditional sampling methods. Their frequent abundance in coastal oceans and the high biomass associated with them has led to the assumption that they are important grazing sites of calanoid copepods. We employed 2-m tall tower tanks that allowed us to simulate thin layers. Three variables representative of three time scales were considered: the distribution of copepods in the tanks (time scale of minutes), fecal pellet production as a proxy for ingestion rate (time scale of hours), and egg production rate (time scale of .12 h). A. hudsonica responded significantly but very little to the thin layers in terms of their distribution. Given a choice, there was a slightly higher tendency to swim through a patch of diatoms than to swim around it. Fecal pellet production was slightly lower in the thin-layer treatments than in the homogeneous controls. Egg production was not influenced by differential distribution of diatoms in the tanks, which indicated that the copepods dealt equally well with patchy food as when the same numbers of cells were available in a homogeneous distribution. Time series experiments showed that ingested carbon is integrated over time scales of .12 h. Therefore, smallscale fluctuations of food in space and time do not necessarily translate into small-scale fluctuations in reproductive output.
Obesity, Fat Patterning and Cardiovascular Risk

The hypothesis that where adipose tissue is located on the body is an important predictor of health has been the subject of intense research over the past 10 to 15 years. The concept of an “apple shaped” body being associated with higher risk than a “pear shaped” body has appeared in the lay literature, and as a result, questions concerning fat distribution are being directed to physicians and other health care professionals. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the history and major findings in the area of fat distribution, and to point out current controversies and future directions of research.
Extremes of nonexchangeability

For identically distributed random variables X and Y with joint distribution function H, we show that the supremum of |H(x,y)-H(y,x)| is 1/3. Using copulas, we define a measure of nonexchangeability, and study maximally nonexchangeable random variables and copulas. In particular, we show that maximally nonexchangeable random variables are negatively correlated in the sense of Spearman's rho.
The Size of the Market Sector Around the World

There have been very few measurements of the size of the market sector around the world. This analysis reexamines a 1960 estimate that only 10% of mankind lives in "'fully commercial economics." Figures ranging from 14.9 to 51% of world population and income were obtained, with the more credible numbers around 20%.
A 32–48 Gb/s Serializing Transmitter Using Multiphase Serialization in 65 nm CMOS Technology

A power-efficient transmitter is proposed using a multiphase serializer, multiphase dividers using injection-locked oscillators, and a high-speed multiplexing structure to relax the timing constraints. With this architecture, bit times near 1 FO-4 gate delay are achieved using only nominal V T devices in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The divider and serializer operate over a wide range of data rates between 32 and 48 Gb/s limited mainly by the operation range of the frequency synthesizer. The transmitter occupies 0.4 mm 2 and consumes 88 mW from a 1.2 V supply which corresponds to 1.8 pJ/bit of power efficiency.
Observations on the Intellectual History of Ethnology and other Social Sciences in Yugoslavia

As anthropologists turn increasingly to the study of complex societies, they are led to reflect on the role that social science plays in national ideologies and the ways in which the current state and development of social science reflect other cultural states and processes. Indeed, such reflections can usefully be turned on our own society. One sees that it is much more appropriate to discard old notions of the distinction between ‘science’ and ‘folklore’ and to regard the social science of a particular society, however sophisticated and presumably objective, as an important part of its subjective ideology about itself and the world and thus a part of its own folk theory about the relations of man to society and of men to men. This paper is a sketch of some of the interrelationships between Yugoslav social science and other aspects of Yugoslav culture, with primary emphasis on ethnology.
The Relationship between Residential Land Use Patterns and the Educational Outcomes of Economically Disadvantaged Students in Texas.

Disparate outcomes resulting from economic segregation in public primary schools have been the subject of much debate and litigation. Little research, however, examines whether negative outcomes ma...
Social and Structural Factors Affecting Psychiatric Consultation in the Ambulatory Medical Setting

The kinds of help primary care physicians requested from a psychiatric consultant in an ambulatory medical clinic are described. Based upon data from 173 encounters involving fifty-four physicians ...
SparkMaster: automated calcium spark analysis with ImageJ

Ca sparks are elementary Ca-release events from intracellular Ca stores that are observed in virtually all types of muscle. Typically, Ca sparks are measured in the line-scan mode with confocal laser-scanning microscopes, yielding two-dimensional images (distance vs. time). The manual analysis of these images is time consuming and prone to errors as well as investigator bias. Therefore, we developed SparkMaster, an automated analysis program that allows rapid and reliable spark analysis. The underlying analysis algorithm is adapted from the threshold-based standard method of spark analysis developed by Cheng et al. (Biophys J 76: 606-617, 1999) and is implemented here in the freely available image-processing software ImageJ. SparkMaster offers a graphical user interface through which all analysis parameters and output options are selected. The analysis includes general image parameters (number of detected sparks, spark frequency) and individual spark parameters (amplitude, full width at half-maximum amplitude, full duration at half-maximum amplitude, full width, full duration, time to peak, maximum steepness of spark upstroke, time constant of spark decay). We validated the algorithm using images with synthetic sparks embedded into backgrounds with different signal-to-noise ratios to determine an analysis criteria at which a high sensitivity is combined with a low frequency of false-positive detections. Finally, we applied SparkMaster to analyze experimental data of sparks measured in intact and permeabilized ventricular cardiomyocytes, permeabilized mammalian skeletal muscle, and intact smooth muscle cells. We found that SparkMaster provides a reliable, easy to use, and fast way of analyzing Ca sparks in a wide variety of experimental conditions.
Is no evidence of disease activity a realistic goal for patients with multiple sclerosis

approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapies reduce brain lesions and relapses by targeting immune-mediated mechanisms; in some cases, they may have additional neuroprotective effects. The individual response to treatment and the adverse effect profile of these DMTs vary among patients, making treatment decisions complex. Owing to the advent of these therapeutic options and additional therapies under investigation, goals and standards for the success and failure of MS therapy need to be established. For instance, we need to have unifying standards to change medications after treatment failure. Such standards could be used in clinical trials but, more important, they could be used in the clinic—the ul
Generalized Fourier-grid Hamiltonian approach to the Dirac equation: variational solution without basis set

Abstract A variational procedure without the need of using L 2 basis set expansion or trial wave functions is introduced for efficient and accurate treatment of relativistic quantum-mechanical eigenvalue problems. The method, based on the extension of the Fourier-grid Hamiltonian technique, is free from the problems of variational collapse. Further, the procedure does not require the computation of potential matrix elements and the eigenvectors provide directly the amplitude of wave functions at the space grid points. The simplicity and accuracy of the method is illustrated for a case study of the Dirac-Coulomb-field equation.
Brain activity across the development of automatic categorization: a comparison of categorization tasks using multi-voxel pattern analysis.

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 8 January 2013 Available online 17 January 2013 Previous evidence suggests that relatively separate neural networks underlie initial learning of rule-based and information-integration categorization tasks. With the development of automaticity, categorization be- havior in both tasks becomes increasingly similar and exclusively related to activity in cortical regions. The present study uses multi-voxel pattern analysis to directly compare the development of automaticity in dif- ferent categorization tasks. Each of the three groups of participants received extensive training in a different categorization task: either an information-integration task, or one of two rule-based tasks. Four training ses- sions were performed inside an MRI scanner. Three different analyses were performed on the imaging data from a number of regions of interest (ROIs). The common patterns analysis had the goal of revealing ROIs with similar patterns of activation across tasks. The unique patterns analysis had the goal of revealing ROIs with dissimilar patterns of activation across tasks. The representational similarity analysis aimed at exploring (1) the similarity of category representations across ROIs and (2) how those patterns of similarities compared across tasks. The results showed that common patterns of activation were present in motor areas and basal ganglia early in training, but only in the former later on. Unique patterns were found in a variety of cortical and subcortical areas early in training, but they were dramatically reduced with training. Finally, patterns of representational similarity between brain regions became increasingly similar across tasks with the develop- ment of automaticity.
Loss of the insular ribbon: another early CT sign of acute middle cerebral artery infarction.

Although computed tomography (CT) remains the most frequently used imaging examination in acute cerebral infarction, its sensitivity for early detection of strokes remains limited. In middle cerebral artery (MCA) strokes less than 6 hours old, loss of definition of the gray-white interface in the lateral margins of the insula ("insular ribbon") was observed. The acute and subacute CT findings in 11 retrospective and 16 prospective patients are presented. Loss of the insular ribbon was detected in 12 of the prospective cases and in all 11 retrospective cases. The insular ribbon is supplied by the insular segment of the MCA and its claustral branches. With cessation of MCA flow, the insular ribbon becomes the region most distal from the anterior and posterior cerebral collateral circulations. Consequently, the insular ribbon effectively becomes a watershed arterial zone. Loss of the insular ribbon is thus a reflection of acute edema due to infarction. Loss of the insular ribbon appears to be another frequen...
The Biology of the Normal ACL

The anterior cruciate ligament is an amazing and complex structure. The orchestration of proteins and cells to form a functional ligament that is capable of constantly fixing small injuries is truly amazing. In this chapter, we will briefly review the major structural components of this important ligament in an effort to set the stage for future chapters describing what happens after an ACL injury, how we might best restore the diverse population of cells and exquisitely complicated structure of this beautiful ligament, and how we may be able to utilize the biology to improve future clinical treatment options.
Effect of α-Cyclodextrin-Cinnamic Acid Inclusion Complexes on Populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in Fruit Juices

Cinnamic acid (CA), a naturally occurring organic acid found in fruits and spices, has antimicrobial activity against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, but low aqueous solubility limits its use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of solubility-enhancing α-cyclodextrin-CA inclusion complexes against Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovars suspended in apple cider or orange juice at two different incubation temperatures (4 and 26°C). Two concentrations (400 and 1,000 mg/liter) of α-cyclodextrin-CA inclusion complex were aseptically added to apple cider inoculated with E. coli 0157:H7 (7 log CFU/ml) and orange juice inoculated with a cocktail of six Salmonella enterica serovars (7 log CFU/ml). Samples were extracted at 0 min, at 2 min, and at 24-h intervals for 7 days, serially diluted in 0.1 % peptone, spread plated in duplicate onto tryptic soy agar, and incubated at 35°C for 24 h. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 in apple cider were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) during the 7-day sampling period in all solutions regardless of temperature. Compared with the controls, populations were significantly reduced by the addition of 400 and 1,000 mg/liter inclusion complex, but reductions were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) between the two treatment groups (400 and 1,000 mg/liter). Salmonella was significantly reduced in all solutions regardless of temperature. There were significant differences between the control and each inclusion complex concentration at 4 and 26°C. Coupled with additional processing steps, α-cyclodextrin-CA inclusion complexes may provide an alternative to traditional heat processes.
An English Bill of Rights? Some Observations from Her Majesty's Former Colonies in America

Great Britain depends for the protection of its citizens' individual rights and liberties on Parliament, which struggled for centuries to wrest from the Crown the freedoms enjoyed today. In recent years, however, some have voiced the concern that a now omnipotent Parliament itself poses a threat to the freedoms it helped secure. Moreover, the protection of rights offered by the European Convention on Human Rights, which Britain signed but never implemented domestically highlights possible inadequacies in Parliament's protection of individual liberty. Thus the call has arisen for an English Bill of Rights. This paper focuses upon Lord Wade's proposed Bill, which would incorporate the European Convention into the domestic Law of Great Britain. It considers the implications such a Bill would have upon British constitutional structure, including the fundamental legal principles that one Parliament may not bind another and that the British judiciary may not overturn Acts of Parliament. The paper concludes that, in spite of these obstacles, the inherent flexibility of the Anglo-American system of law would permit enactment of a Bill of Rights.
A Programming Contest Strategy Guide

The ACM's International Collegiate Programming Contest (ICPC) is the world's oldest and largest programming contest. Although students can benefit both pedagogically and professionally from participating in this contest, participation in North America is far smaller than in the rest of the world, which we partially attribute to the perceived low payoff of participating in ICPC. We discuss the pedagogical benefits of participation in ICPC, which include higher student enthusiasm for computer science studies and better career prospects post-graduation, and present a set of cohesive strategies aimed at increasing involvement and success within the ICPC. For aspiring coaches and contestants, we also provide links and references for further study.
A tale of two perspectives on an impending supply disruption

The topic of buyer–supplier relationships has attracted much attention in the extant supply chain management literature, often from a buyer's perspective. But recently, a number of studies have begun to take a dyadic perspective, acknowledging that both parties in a buyer–supplier relationship may possess divergent perspectives on many issues. Unlike existing dyadic-view studies that have examined perceptual differences in general, we extend this dyadic-view stream of the literature and examine perceptual differences in the face of an impending supply disruption event. Using a scenario-based experiment, our results suggest that suppliers seem to have a greater expectation of both buyer opportunism and relationship continuance than what the buyers actually reported. Our results also indicate that the supplier seems to underestimate the influence of relational norms on relationship continuance more so than the buyer. Also, our results indicate that there is no significant difference between the supplier's and buyer's perceptions of the impact of buyer dependence on opportunism. Our findings suggest that both members of an exchange relationship should carefully manage the expectations and norms with their counterparts, particularly when the relationship might be strained by a supply disruption.
A Less Minimalist Approach to Teaching Aircraft Design

This papers presents information useful to someone interested in designing small radio controlled airplanes. It is a follow on to the paper titled "A Minimalist Approach to Teaching Aircraft Design" 1 . This paper is divided into three main sections. In the first section methods for selecting the airfoil, estimating power and thrust requirements, and predicting airplane performance are discussed. The second section focused on components selection and construction of the plane. This includes topic on electronics, batteries, and sizing the control surfaces. The final section discusses validating the final design using flight test. The paper provides more detail than was provided in the first paper. The information should help first time airplane designers design, build, and fly better planes.
Preliminary study on the efficacy and safety of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the treatment of children with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsed primary nephrotic syndrome

Objective To investigate the efficacy and clinical significance of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the treatment of children with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsed primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS).Methods Children enrolled in this study all met the diagnostic criteria of PNS characterized by steroid-dependent and frequent relapse.ACTH was intravenously drip-ped slowly for 3-5 days every month,and each case was gradually reduced glucocorticosteroid until withdrawal.Simultaneously,the adrenocortical function was evaluated.Six children with maintenaned glucocorticosteroid treatment were as controls.Results From September to December 2010,14 children were recruited into ACTH group and 6 into control group.①12 cases of the ACTH group could be successfully reduced the dosage of hormone to withdrawal without recurrence.Urinary protein of 2 cases fluctuated due to infection and remained positive when the infection was under the control,and the dosage of GC increased.When urine protein changed to be negative,the dosage of GC reduced and ACTH impact was continued to be used.One case relapsed due to infection,the ACTH treatment was stopped and tacrolimus was used.② There was significant difference between 3,6,12 months usage of GC and before treatment in ACTH group(P0.05).There was no difference between 3,6,12 months usage of GC and before treatment in control group(P0.05).There was significant difference between ACTH group and control group after 6 and 12 months usage of GC(P0.05).③ Before treatment,the function of adrenal cortex in both ACTH and control groups was insufficiency.The function of adrenal cortex of 13 cases in ACTH group became normal in 9,11,and 13 cases after the treatment of 3,6 and 12 months,respectively.The function of adrenal cortex of 6 cases in the control group all decreased.④ In ACTH group,1 case had waist rash and 1 case heart rate speeded up.⑤ There was significant difference in height between the treatment of 6,12 months and before treatment in ACTH group.There was no difference in height before and after treatment in control group(P0.05).There was no significant difference in weight between the treatment of 3,6,12 months and before treatment in ACTH group.There was significant difference in weight between the treatment of 6,12 months and before treatment in control group(P0.05).⑥ There was significant difference in bone mineral density before and after treatment in ACTH and control groups(P0.05).Conclusions ACTH is effective to children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.Less side effects are observed compared with long-term application of glucocorticosteroid.Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.
Distinct lateral inhibitory circuits drive parallel processing of sensory information in the mammalian olfactory bulb.

The brain often processes different features of sensory information in separate pathways. For example, when seeing an object, information about colour and movement are processed by separate types of neurons in the eye. These neurons in turn relay information to different sets of brain areas, all of which are active at the same time. Such parallel processing was originally not thought to apply to information about smell. This was because in mammals, the two types of neurons in the brain area that processes smell seemed to play the same role. However, more recent work suggests that there are in fact differences in the responses of these two neuron types (called mitral cells and tufted cells) to odors, suggesting that the brain might use parallel processing for information about smells too. Information travels along neurons in the form of electrical signals, and this activity is often seen in the form of a series of “spikes”. In a process called lateral inhibition, the activity of one neuron can feed back and inhibit the activity of its neighbors. This is important for enhancing contrast; in terms of the sense of smell, lateral inhibition is thought to help distinguish between similar odors. A technique called optogenetics allows the activity of particular neurons in an animal’s brain to be controlled by shining light onto them. Geramita et al. have now used this technique in mice to investigate whether there are differences in how lateral inhibition works in mitral cells and tufted cells. This revealed that lateral inhibition affects mitral cells only when they are spiking at intermediate firing rates, whereas tufted cells are only affected by lateral inhibition when spiking at low firing rates. Using computer simulations, Geramita et al. show that these different responses mean that mitral cells are best at distinguishing similar smells when they are present at high concentrations, while tufted cells are best at distinguishing similar smells that are present at low concentrations. These differences also mean that, by working together, mitral and tufted cells can distinguish between smells much better than either type of neuron on its own. These results demonstrate that, as with the other senses, the brain processes information about smell using parallel pathways. Future work is now needed to see what effect switching off the activity of either mitral or tufted cells will have on an animal’s behavior.
Fiscal Implications of Population Aging

Publisher Summary The aging of the US and world populations has caused grave concern among experts about the ability of the nation, and other developed nations, to afford the programs that benefit the retired population, especially public pensions and health insurance. The linkages between population aging and the looming fiscal crisis are both direct and indirect. The most direct fiscal impacts of population aging will come in the form of rapidly increasing budget outlays for entitlement programs—those programs that provide automatic benefits to individuals based on statutory eligibility. The indirect fiscal impacts of aging stem from its effects on the three sources of economic growth: the composition of the workforce, national saving, and productivity. Slower projected growth in those factors means slower future economic growth, which has important impacts on both revenue and spending growth. This chapter describes these indirect impacts on the economy and their linkages to fiscal outcomes and discusses the direct impacts of population aging on budget outcomes and the long-term gap between revenues and outlays. One measure of the severity of the imbalance between spending and revenues in the current budget projections is the “fiscal gap,” which is a “present value” measure of the long-term deficit. Slower growth in the labor force and lower saving rates will cause the economy to grow more slowly, which will cause revenues to grow more slowly and spending to be higher.