cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personalized Medicine: Temper Expectations

The 1 June Policy Forums, “The ultimate genetic test” (R. Drmanac, p. [1110][1]) and “Whole-genome sequencing: The new standard of care?” (L. R. Brunham and M. R. Hayden, p. [1112][2]), discuss clinical breakthroughs that might be possible through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We offer a
Classification of some finite Blaschke products as metric endomorphisms

Abstract It is shown that for n = 1, 2, 3,…, 0 ⩽ t z n (z − t) (1 − zt) restricted to the unit circle has Lebesgue measure theoretic entropy given by h = log 1 2 {(n + 1) + (n − 1) t 2 + [(n + 1) 2 − 2(n 2 + 1) t 2 + (n − 1) 2 t 4 ] 1 2 } . It is also shown that none of these maps are isomorphic as metric endomorphisms.
Violence and the dream people : the Orang Asli in the Malayan emergency, 1948-1960

"Violence and the Dream People" is an account of a little-known struggle by the Malayan government and the communist guerrillas, during the 1948-1960 Malayan Emergency, to win the allegiance of the Orang Asli, the indigenous people of the peninsular Malaya. The author argues that the use of force by both sides in their attempts to woo or coerce the jungle dwellers to support one side or the other in the conflict, caused tensions among the Orang Asli that resulted in counter violence against the interlopers and internecine killings in the tribal groups. This study challenges the depiction of the Orang Asli as naive innocents, unwittingly manipulated by outsiders for their own purposes. Heavily outnumbered, they looked to their own resources to survive, in the face of relocation, conscription, random bombings, and haphazard killing. Leary argues that they were shrewd enough to recognize the winning side and backed their judgment with force where necessary. "Violence and the Dream People" is an important study of a much neglected facet of the Malayan Emergency and of the history of the indigenous peoples of the Malay Peninsula."
A "New" Theory of Management

This article presents a "new" theory of management for the new millennium: "new" not because singularly the ideas are recent, but because the combination of these older ideas collectively is novel. To some extent, this article represents the reestablishment of previously existing employment ethics that for various and sundry reasons lapsed into disuse in the past several decades. This article discusses employee relations ethics (ERE) in terms of an ERE credo and a set of assumptions. The modern millennium mission states that all organizations (public and private) should primarily be employee centered, not owner or administrator controlled, customer or client driven, or both.
A 90–100-GHz 4 $\times$ 4 SiGe BiCMOS Polarimetric Transmit/Receive Phased Array With Simultaneous Receive-Beams Capabilities

This paper presents a 4 × 4 transmit/receive (T/R) SiGe BiCMOS phased-array chip at 90-100 GHz with vertical and horizontal polarization capabilities, 3-bit gain control (9 dB), and 4-bit phase control. The 4 × 4 phased array fits into a 1.6×1.5 mm2 grid, which is required at 94 GHz for wide scan-angle designs. The chip has simultaneous receive (Rx) beam capabilities (V and H) and this is accomplished using dual-nested 16:1 Wilkinson combiners/divider with high isolation. The phase shifter is based on a vector modulator with optimized design between circuit level and electromagnetic simulation and results in 1 dB and gain and phase error, respectively, at 85-110 GHz. The behavior of the vector modulator phase distortion versus input power level is investigated and measured, and design guidelines are given for proper operation in a transmit (Tx) chain. The V and H Rx paths result in a gain of 22 and 25 dB, respectively, a noise figure of 9-9.5 (max. gain), and 11 dB (min. gain) measured without the T/R switch, and an input P1 dB of -31 to -26 dBm over the gain control range. The measured output Psat is ~ -5 dBm per channel, limited by the T/R switch loss. Measurements show ±0.6- and ±0.75-dB variation between the 4 × 4 array elements in the Tx mode (Psat) and Rx mode, respectively, and 40-dB coupling between the different channels on the chip. The chip consumes 1100 mA from a 2-V supply in both the Tx and Rx modes. The design can be scaled to >10 000 elements using polyimide redistribution layers on top of the chip and the application areas are in W-band radars for landing systems.
Calibration and Field Validation of Four Double-Crossover Diamond Interchanges in VISSIM Microsimulation

Calibration and validation results for modeling double-crossover diamond (DCD) interchanges in a microsimulation environment are presented. The VISSIM simulation tool and detailed field data collected at four operational DCDs in the United States help to describe modeling challenges, calibration steps, and validation results in the form of delay, travel time, and queuing estimates. DCD interchanges are rapidly being deployed across the United States, accelerated by their ability to process high volumes of especially left-turning traffic at interchanges at a greatly reduced construction cost as that of other interchange alternatives. In the absence of an analytical methodology for evaluating these interchanges, simulation currently represents the only option for evaluating the operational performance of DCDs. Although other research has applied simulation to DCD evaluation, this study is able to present detailed validation results from field data collected at four fully operational U.S. DCDs. The results s...
SPECTRAL OBSERVATION OF SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN FROM AROMATIC ENDOPEROXIDES IN SOLUTION

Abstract— The characteristic near-infrared emission band of O2 (1Δg) at 1.28 μm has been recorded from carbon tetrachloride solutions of the 1, 4-endoperoxides of 1,4-dimethyInaphthalene and 1, 4-dimethoxy-9.10-diphenylanthracene undergoing thermal decomposition.
Regulation of secondary metabolism in higher plants. Effect of alkaloids on a cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase.

Abstract An end-product indole alkaloid, catharanthine, inhibits a membrane-bound cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase of the higher plant, Vinca rosea . Kinetic analysis revealed the alkaloid to be a reversible, linear, non-competitive inhibitor (K i =1 mM) with respect to its substrates, geraniol and NADPH. Comparable inhibition of the solubilized monooxygenase by catharanthine tends to exclude a mechanism based upon disruption of membrane organization. On the basis of its inhibition of solubilized hydroxylase in the presence and absence of sodium cholate, it is also unlikely that catharanthine competes for putative phospholipid binding site(s). Two additional end-product alkaloids, vinblastine and vindoline were less inhibitory. Since the hydroxylase catalyzes one of the first committed steps in the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids, these observations suggest feedback control of the pathway by catharanthine.
Measurement and processing of scattered ultrawideband/short-pulse signals

High quality ultrawide-band measurements provide a basis for understanding the transient scattering phenomena necessary for the development of short-pulse radar target identification and detection schemes. This paper describes several techniques used at Michigan State University (MSU) for the acquisition, processing, and interpretation of ultra-wideband scattering data. By performing measurements over a sufficiently large bandwidth, the early- time specular nature of a radar target and the late-time resonant behavior can be observed simultaneously within a single target signature. Special attention has been given at MSU to enhancing the equivalent bandwidth of the measurement system through a spectral slicing and extrapolation method. Observation and interpretation of the various scattering phenomena and their dependance on target aspect are then interpreted through several visualization techniques, including scattering plots, frequency-time plots and images.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EMF1 and PRC2 Cooperate to Repress Key Regulators of Arabidopsis Development

EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 (EMF1) is a plant-specific gene crucial to Arabidopsis vegetative development. Loss of function mutants in the EMF1 gene mimic the phenotype caused by mutations in Polycomb Group protein (PcG) genes, which encode epigenetic repressors that regulate many aspects of eukaryotic development. In Arabidopsis, Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2), made of PcG proteins, catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) and PRC1-like proteins catalyze H2AK119 ubiquitination. Despite functional similarity to PcG proteins, EMF1 lacks sequence homology with known PcG proteins; thus, its role in the PcG mechanism is unclear. To study the EMF1 functions and its mechanism of action, we performed genome-wide mapping of EMF1 binding and H3K27me3 modification sites in Arabidopsis seedlings. The EMF1 binding pattern is similar to that of H3K27me3 modification on the chromosomal and genic level. ChIPOTLe peak finding and clustering analyses both show that the highly trimethylated genes also have high enrichment levels of EMF1 binding, termed EMF1_K27 genes. EMF1 interacts with regulatory genes, which are silenced to allow vegetative growth, and with genes specifying cell fates during growth and differentiation. H3K27me3 marks not only these genes but also some genes that are involved in endosperm development and maternal effects. Transcriptome analysis, coupled with the H3K27me3 pattern, of EMF1_K27 genes in emf1 and PRC2 mutants showed that EMF1 represses gene activities via diverse mechanisms and plays a novel role in the PcG mechanism.
The Linoleic Acid Metabolite, (13S)-Hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic Acid, Augments the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway by Attenuation of Receptor Dephosphorylation DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE IN SYRIAN HAMSTER EMBRYO TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES

In Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) fibroblasts, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity regulates the metabolism of endogenous linoleic acid to (13S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S)-HPODE). (13S)-HPODE stimulates EGF-dependent mitogenesis in a SHE cell phenotype, which expresses tumor suppressor genes (supB+), but was not effective in a variant that does not express these suppressor genes (supB-). In the present study, we have investigated the potential effects of this lipid metabolite on the EGFR signaling pathways in these two SHE cell lines. Treatment of quiescent SHE cells with EGF produced a rapid, transient increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR. Dependence on EGF concentration for EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation was similar in both SHE cell lines, but a more prolonged phosphorylation was detected in the supB- variant. Incubation of supB+ cells with (13S)-HPODE and EGF increased EGFR autophosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation on several signaling proteins with Src homology-2 domains including GTPase-activating protein. The lipid metabolite did not significantly alter EGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in the supB- variant. Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was also measured. The addition of (13S)-HPODE increased the extent and duration of MAP kinase tyrosine phosphorylation in supB+ cells but not in the supB- variant. MAP kinase activity in supB+ cells, as measured in immunoprecipitates from cells after the addition of EGF, was increased by the presence of (13S)-HPODE. The addition of (13S)-HPODE did not directly alter EGFR kinase activity or the internalization of the EGFR. However, the addition of (13S)-HPODE to supB+ cells extended the tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR in response to EGF. The dephosphorylation of the EGFR was measured directly, and a slower rate was observed in the supB- compared with the supB+ cells. Incubation of the supB+ cells with (13S)-HPODE attenuated the dephosphorylation of the EGFR. Thus, (13S)-HPODE stimulates EGF-dependent mitogenesis and up-regulation of EGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of the EGFR. This study shows that a metabolite of an essential dietary fatty acid, linoleic acid, can modulate tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of key signal transduction proteins in a growth factor mitogenic pathway.
Community Colleges and the School-to-Work Transition: A Multilevel Analysis

This study aims to illuminate whether the context of community colleges results in more positive outcomes for students. More specifically, the multilevel analysis aims to predict the race, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) gaps in student outcomes, and how these are impacted by state coordination. Measures of state coordination include level of state funding, years of existence of state community college system, number of local institutions, type of governance board, degree to which the state is involved in program approval and centralization rank. Results suggest that state coordination has influence over wages in that a higher percentage of state funding was associated with a wider gender gap in earnings. Additionally, the variables associated with more positive outcomes in terms of the race gap in wages were program approval by the state and the presence of a coordinating board. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential of multilevel models in examining the school-to-work transition. Future research should be directed toward developing additional models of state coordination.
Driving point and transfer impedance computation

THERE ARE a number of power system problems in which the driving point and transfer impedances of the network are required. In the past, the network analyzer has been widely used to determine these impedances by measurement; however, there is a serious question as to whether the accuracy obtainable with analyzer measurements is sufficient for all purposes. An example where analyzer accuracy is questionable is in the determination of open-circuit impedances, sometimes referred to as self and mutual impedances, for use in loss equations. Several methods of computing such impedances digitally have been described.1
Nonlinear control of a trolley crane system

This paper addresses the control system design for a trolley crane system. The challenges in the control design task arise from the under-actuated nonlinear multi-input multi-output nature of the system. The trolley crane system has three-degrees of freedom that need to be controlled: the lateral and vertical positions of the load and its angular oscillations. The paper develops a nonlinear controller for the trolley crane system using Lyapunov functions and a modified version of sliding-surface control. The nonlinear controller guarantees stability of the closed-loop system and also ensures that the internal dynamics are well-behaved. Theoretical bounds are established for trajectory tracking errors. Simulation results demonstrate the performance and robustness of the developed control system.
Multilign: an algorithm to predict secondary structures conserved in multiple RNA sequences

Motivation: With recent advances in sequencing, structural and functional studies of RNA lag behind the discovery of sequences. Computational analysis of RNA is increasingly important to reveal structure–function relationships with low cost and speed. The purpose of this study is to use multiple homologous sequences to infer a conserved RNA structure. Results: A new algorithm, called Multilign, is presented to find the lowest free energy RNA secondary structure common to multiple sequences. Multilign is based on Dynalign, which is a program that simultaneously aligns and folds two sequences to find the lowest free energy conserved structure. For Multilign, Dynalign is used to progressively construct a conserved structure from multiple pairwise calculations, with one sequence used in all pairwise calculations. A base pair is predicted only if it is contained in the set of low free energy structures predicted by all Dynalign calculations. In this way, Multilign improves prediction accuracy by keeping the genuine base pairs and excluding competing false base pairs. Multilign has computational complexity that scales linearly in the number of sequences. Multilign was tested on extensive datasets of sequences with known structure and its prediction accuracy is among the best of available algorithms. Multilign can run on long sequences (> 1500 nt) and an arbitrarily large number of sequences. Availability: The algorithm is implemented in ANSI C++ and can be downloaded as part of the RNAstructure package at: http://rna.urmc.rochester.edu Contact: ude.retsehcor.cmru@swehtam_divad Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spatial scaffolding for sociable robot learning

Spatial scaffolding is a naturally occurring human teaching behavior, in which teachers use their bodies to spatially structure the learning environment to direct the attention of the learner. Robotic systems can take advantage of simple, highly reliable spatial scaffolding cues to learn from human teachers. We present an integrated robotic architecture that combines social attention and machine learning components to learn tasks effectively from natural spatial scaffolding interactions with human teachers. We evaluate the performance of this architecture in comparison to human learning data drawn from a novel study of the use of embodied cues in human task learning and teaching behavior. This evaluation provides quantitative evidence for the utility of spatial scaffolding to learning systems. In addition, this evaluation supported the construction of a novel, interactive demonstration of a humanoid robot taking advantage of spatial scaffolding cues to learn from natural human teaching behavior.
Epidemiology of medications use in pregnancy

The use of prescribed and over-the-counter medications in pregnancy is on the rise. Many women become pregnant at an older age and with preexisting medical conditions that require pharmacotherapy. In addition, pregnancy is associated with profound changes in the physiology of virtually every organ in the body, which affect medications' pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Despite all of these, pregnant women are still considered therapeutic orphans, as the majority of current therapeutics were never studied in pregnancy. The goals of this review are to synthesize the available information regarding the epidemiology of medications use and the state of drug research in pregnancy, in an effort to highlight the need for pharmacologic research in pregnancy.
The efficacy of Familias Unidas on drug and alcohol outcomes for Hispanic delinquent youth: Main effects and interaction effects by parental stress and social support

a b s t r a c t Introduction: Drug and alcohol use disproportionately affect Hispanic youth. Despite these disparities, few empirically supported preventive interventions are available to ameliorate this public health con- cern among Hispanic youth. This study examined the effects of Familias Unidas, relative to Community Practice, in reducing past 90-day substance use, alcohol and marijuana dependence, and having sex while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Additionally, this study explored whether Familias Unidas' effects varied by environmental context, namely parental stress and social support for parents. Methods: A total of 242 delinquent Hispanic youth aged 12-17 years and their primary caregivers were randomized to either Familias Unidas or Community Practice and assessed at three time points. Results: Familias Unidas was efficacious in reducing past 90-day substance use, illicit drug use, and in reducing the proportion of youth with an alcohol dependence diagnosis, relative to Community Practice. Results also showed a reduction in the proportion of youth who reported having sex while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. No differences between conditions were observed in past 90-day alcohol use or marijuana dependence. Intervention effects on illicit drug use and alcohol dependence varied by environmental context. For example, Familias Unidas was most efficacious for adolescents with parents exhibiting high stress and lower levels of social support. Conclusions: Familias Unidas was efficacious in reducing some drug and alcohol related outcomes. The findings also support the concept of targeting family-based interventions, such as Familias Unidas, for adolescents with parents exhibiting high stress and low levels of social support.
Tracking of metallic targets using a retro-reflective array at 26 GHz

This paper presents a design concept to aid in the detection and tracking of objects in a cluttered environment. The goal is to uniquely identify large, relatively cylindrical metallic objects in a warehouse setting. In addition to the challenge of determining the object's precise location, it is also desirable to uniquely identify each cylinder. The application is similar to RFID but differs in that much longer range of operation is needed and operation on metallic objects is required. Target tracking can generally be accomplished with the use of retro-reflectors which are able to return an incident signal back in the same direction with an RCS that is independent of angle of arrival for a large range of incidence angles. In free space applications corner reflectors adequately accomplish this task. In a cluttered environment, target tracking may be accomplished by modulating the backscatter. Corner reflectors' purely passive nature does not allow for external modulation and, as such, they cannot be employed in situations where range gating alone is insufficient for target identification. The current application requires the use of a planar retro-reflective structure which is capable of providing large RCS, signal modulation, and can operate on metallic surfaces. To achieve small dimensions, a RF tag with large RCS operation in the frequency range from 25.5–26.5 GHz is proposed. A particular planar patch antenna retro-reflective array is used. The design of the retro-reflective array itself is discussed in a separate conference submission. Herein, the incorporation of modulation into the RF tag and system level performance are discussed.
Physical activity in a large sample of adults with intellectual disabilities

Background: Few studies have documented physical activity (PA) and overweight and obesity in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) using both self-report and objective methods. We sought to characterize PA in adults with ID and examine the associations between self-reported activity types, objectively-measured PA, and objectively-measured body mass index (BMI). Methods: Self-reported PA and BMI were measured on 294 adults with ID. Accelerometry was collected on 131 of those participants. Differences in BMI and accelerometry by demographic factors and activity types were examined. Results: Among the participants, 79.6% were overweight or obese and 23.7% met recommended PA guidelines. The mean amount of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) per week was 108.6 minutes. The most common activities reported were walking (53.7%) and inside chores (42.5%). Twenty-six percent reported no activity. Biking and jogging/running was associated with lower BMI. Self reports of playing basketball, softball, and outside chores were associated with increased MVPA. Conclusion: In this sample of adults with ID, most participants were overweight or obese and PA levels were below national averages. Select self-reported activities and greater objectively measured PA were associated with lower BMI.
RosettaHoles: Rapid assessment of protein core packing for structure prediction, refinement, design, and validation

We present a novel method called RosettaHoles for visual and quantitative assessment of underpacking in the protein core. RosettaHoles generates a set of spherical cavity balls that fill the empty volume between atoms in the protein interior. For visualization, the cavity balls are aggregated into contiguous overlapping clusters and small cavities are discarded, leaving an uncluttered representation of the unfilled regions of space in a structure. For quantitative analysis, the cavity ball data are used to estimate the probability of observing a given cavity in a high-resolution crystal structure. RosettaHoles provides excellent discrimination between real and computationally generated structures, is predictive of incorrect regions in models, identifies problematic structures in the Protein Data Bank, and promises to be a useful validation tool for newly solved experimental structures.
$CPT$ violation and the standard model

Spontaneous $\mathrm{CPT}$ breaking arising in string theory has been suggested as a possible observable experimental signature in neutral-meson systems. We provide a theoretical framework for the treatment of low-energy effects of spontaneous $\mathrm{CPT}$ violation and the attendant partial Lorentz breaking. The analysis is within the context of conventional relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in four dimensions. We use the framework to develop a $\mathrm{CPT}$-violating extension to the minimal standard model that could serve as a basis for establishing quantitative $\mathrm{CPT}$ bounds.
Spin wave resonance in FeAlN films

Results are presented on the 33-GHz ferromagnetic resonance and spin wave resonance spectra of single and multilayer NiFe/FeAlN films deposited by RF diode sputtering. The following films were prepared: FeAlN/glass, NiFe/glass, NiFe/FeAlN/glass and NiFe/FeAlN/NiFe/glass. For all the FeAlN films a spectrum of volume spin waves is observed. The exchange constant A calculated from the spin wave resonance spectrum is between 1.6 and 1.8*10/sup -6/ erg cm/sup -1/. The effective anisotropy field 4 pi M/sub s/ and g-values are -17.7 kOe, 18.1 kG, 2.19 and -9.1 kOe, 9.4 kG, 2.14 for the FeAlN and the NiFe, respectively. In the bilayer and the trilayer films, an extra resonance is observed which lies at a field value in between the NiFe and FeAlN resonances for the in-plane applied field. This resonance is attributed to a surface spin wave mode. >
“The Spanish Fury”: A political geography of soccer in Spain

Soccer in Spain functions as a powerful ideological apparatus. Historically, the under-performance of the national selection (“Spanish Fury”) was attributed to a lack of patriotism on part of players from ethno-regional peripheries. The recent successes (2008, 2012 Euro Cup and 2010 World Cup) of Spanish soccer are hailed as proof of a modern country that has finally overcome its regional divisions. Or has it? This article will explore soccer as a contested ideological terrain between Spanish, Basque and Catalan nationalism. The peripheries have been instrumental in the development of Spanish soccer and the “Spanish Fury,” as I will show in this paper, while they remain at odds with the idea of a central “Spain.” This paper explores soccer as a schismogenic system of integration and disintegration that affect center–periphery relationships. I will explore the historical-particular mechanisms, achievements and impasses of ethnic, racial and national identity construction in three epochs: the pre-Franco dic...
Impact Stresses in Human Head-Neck Model

An experimental investigation of the transient response of the dynamic loading of a life-like model of the human head is described. The models were made of polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate material that had a Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio similar to those of the cranial bone, and its shape was anatomically similar to an adult human skull. The importance of the magnitude and type of impacting force, type of neck support, and location of the impacting force are analyzed. Pressure and stress distributions are presented for different times during the impacting period and implications of the results for head injury are considered.
Ultrastructure of the salivary glands, alimentary canal and bacteria-like organisms in the Asian citrus psyllid, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease bacteria

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri, Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the principal vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the putative bacterial agent of citrus greening/huanglongbing (HLB); currently the most serious citrus disease worldwide. Las is transmitted in a persistent–propagative manner by ACP, and the salivary glands and midgut have been suggested as transmission barriers that can impede translocation of Las within the vector. However, no detailed ultrastructural studies have been reported on these organs in this or other psyllid species, although some bacterium-like structures have been described in them and assumed to be the causal agents of HLB. In this study, we describe the ultrastructure of the salivary glands, filter chamber, other parts of the alimentary canal, and other organs and tissues of ACP including the compound ganglionic mass (in the thorax) and the bacteriome (in the abdomen). Furthermore, in addition to two ultrastructurally apparently different symbiotic bacteria found in the bacteriome, other morphological types of bacteria were found in the gut epithelial cells and salivary glands of both Las-infected (quantitative polymerase chain reaction positive) and noninfected (quantitative polymerase chain reaction negative) ACP. These results show the importance of immunolabeling, fluorescence in situ hybridization, or other labeling techniques that must be used before identifying any bacterium-like structures in ACP or other vectors as Las or other possible agents of HLB. This ultrastructural investigation should help future work on the cellular and subcellular aspects of pathogen–psyllid relationships, including the study of receptors, binding sites, and transmission barriers of Las and other pathogens within their psyllid vectors.
Shannon: An Information-Optimal de Novo RNA-Seq Assembler

De novo assembly of short RNA-Seq reads into transcripts is challenging due to sequence similarities in transcriptomes arising from gene duplications and alternative splicing of transcripts. We present Shannon, an RNA-Seq assembler with an optimality guarantee derived from principles of information theory: Shannon reconstructs nearly all information-theoretically reconstructable transcripts. Shannon is based on a theory we develop for de novo RNA-Seq assembly that reveals differing abundances among transcripts to be the key, rather than the barrier, to effective assembly. The assembly problem is formulated as a sparsest-flow problem on a transcript graph, and the heart of Shannon is a novel iterative flow-decomposition algorithm. This algorithm provably solves the information-theoretically reconstructable instances in linear-time even though the general sparsest-flow problem is NP-hard. Shannon also incorporates several additional new algorithmic advances: a new error-correction algorithm based on successive cancelation, a multi-bridging algorithm that carefully utilizes read information in the k-mer de Bruijn graph, and an approximate graph partitioning algorithm to split the transcriptome de Bruijn graph into smaller components. In tests on large RNA-Seq datasets, Shannon obtains significant increases in sensitivity along with improvements in specificity in comparison to state-of-the-art assemblers.
Allies or Antagonists? Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era

In the early twentieth century, amid heightening industrial tensions, many large corporations introduced welfare work to co-opt their employees' loyalties and pacify public anger. Many of the techniques and ideas of what became known as “welfare capitalism” were adapted from charity aid and settlement work. Over time, however, labor relations moved from being identified as a social reform issue—bound up with other issues on which the new profession of social work concentrated—to a business management prerogative. This article argues that professionalization played a significant role in these developments. Philanthropic reformers initially claimed welfare work as part of their professional agenda. However, in the second decade of the century, the social work profession began to narrow its field of operations. As social work's ambivalent claims on the factory and shop floor atrophied, business schools were introducing elements of industrial social work into their new management curriculums. The burgeoning field of professional labor management incorporated welfare work as one of its essential tools.
Treatment of Tibial Hemimelia Combined with Leg Lengthening

Tibial Hemimelia is very rare. The treatment is difficult, because the deformity of the leg is severe with flexion contracture of the knee and club foot. And the shortening of the leg is noticed in born, and the leg length discrepancy is increased with growth. The results of treatment of 3 legs in 2 children with tibial hemimelia are presented. At first, we had done arthroplasty of the knee and ankle by Brown techunique, or Putti technique, without amputation of the leg. Their leg length discrepancy and at increased gradually with growth. At 7 years old, and at 8 years old, we had lengthened their legs by Callotasis with Orthofix. Amount of lengthening was 5.3cm and 8.0cm vespectively. After these procedures, they were able to walk vigorously with small orthosis.
Initial clinical use of a novel mechanical thrombectomy device, XCOILTM, in hemodialysis graft and fistula declot procedures

With over 18 000 patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis treatment in more than 350 dialysis centers, Turkey today has the fifth largest chronic hemodialysis patient population among European countries (1). In the United States, there are approximately 370 000 hemodialysis patients (2). Frequent thrombosis is well described in both dialysis arteriovenous (AV) grafts and fistulae (2). One and two-year patency rates for dialysis grafts have been reported to be 60%–80% and 50%–70%, respectively (2). This represents a major source of hospital admissions, increasing hospital costs and patient morbidity in most countries. Thrombosed fistulae and grafts can be declotted using pharmacomechanical techniques combining thrombolysis and thrombectomy, or by mechanical thrombectomy alone (3, 4). The medical literature suggests that technical success rates for thrombolysis of thrombosed fistulae ranges from 76%–96% (5–7). However, all declotting procedures carry a risk of distal arterial embolization and hemorrhagic complications (4). Large randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating thrombolysis and thrombectomy procedures for thrombosed dialysis grafts show a 3%–18% occurrence rate of adverse events (8–10). XCOIL™ (NexGen Medical Systems Inc.) is a new FDA-approved, catheter-based mechanical thrombectomy device (11) (Fig. 1). Preclinical animal studies have shown that XCOIL™ enables safe and effective percutaneous thrombectomy of soft acute and firm chronic thrombus in arteries and veins without the use of thrombolytics (11 ). The aim of this clinical study was to preliminarily evaluate the safety and effectiveness of XCOIL™ mechanical thrombectomy for the endovascular treatment of thrombosed AV grafts and fistulae. Figure 1. a, b Photograph (a) of fully assembled XCOIL™ mechanical thrombectomy device, including actuated loops, within the intravascular basket (Encapsulator™, NexGen Medical Systems Inc.). Bench-top demonstration of two different sized XCOIL TM loops ...
Kondratieff Waves as War Cycles

Kondratieff long economic waves are found in the core of the world-system, at least in synchronized price movements, from 1495 through 1945. These long economic waves are synchronous with a cycle of war between core nations, in which an escalatory war upswing recurs roughly every 50 years. These great power wars apparently play a central role in the economic long wave, especially in connection with inflationary periods on long wave upswings. The long waves of economics and war in the core of the world-system can be traced through ten repetitions since 1495; since around 1945, however, war, prices and production have diverged. Over five centuries, the war cycle has lengthened somewhat, the wars themselves have shortened, and their severity has increased a hundredfold.
Declines in Crime and Teen Childbearing: Identifying Potential Explanations for Contemporaneous Trends

The previous 25 years have witnessed remarkable upheavals in the social landscape of the United States. Two of the most notable trends have been dramatic declines in levels of crime as well as teen childbearing. Much remains unknown about the underlying conditions that might be driving these changes. More importantly, we do not know if the same distal factors that are responsible for the drop in crime rates are similarly implicated in falling rates of teen births. We examine four overarching potential explanations: fluctuations in economic opportunity, shifting population demographics, differences in state-level public policies, and changes in expectations regarding health and mortality. We combine state and year-specific data from existing secondary sources to model trajectories of violent crime and teen fertility over a 20-year period from 1990 to 2010 using simultaneous fixed-effects regression models. We find that 4 of the 20 predictors examined—growth in the service sector of the labor market, increasing racial diversity especially among Hispanics, escalating levels of migration, and the expansion of family planning services to low-income women—offer the most convincing explanations for why rates of violent crime and teen births have been steadily decreasing over time. Moreover, we are able to account for almost a quarter of the joint declines in violent crime and teen births. Our conclusions underscore the far reaching effects that aggregate level demographic conditions and policies are likely to have on important social trends that might, at first glance, seem unrelated. Furthermore, the effects of policy efforts designed to target outcomes in one area are likely to spill over into other domains.
Predictability Versus Adaptability

The issue is particularly interesting when considering the class of large, complex, real-time, time-critical, highly reliable systems. In this case, large means systems with several million lines of high level software code built on distributed and parallel architectures. While the architectures of these systems may be exceedingly complex, these systems still require highly predictable and reliable behavior. Systems of this class are found in military, telecommunications, commercial avionics, nuclear, and business applications. Many of these systems operate in a highly adaptive, unpredictable and changing environment; therefore, the systems are required to be highly reactive. Also, the complexity of these systems’ architectures increases the probability that a portion of the system will fail. If the system is designed to be highly adaptive, its ability to overcome the complex environments and potential faulty behavior may be greatly enhanced.
Monitoring and analysing of healthy crowd's measles in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region The antibody Level,2009

Objective Summary purpose understand the whole crowd of district health measles antibody horizontal.Methods spot check 1893 0-25 people,health of years old,at random among the city in 11 alliance,use enzymes to unite the immunity and absorb the test to measure the measles IgG antibody. Result 1893 blood specimens measured,the number of the measles IgG antibody is positive 1285,positive rate is 67.88%,it is that the market 88.00%that the positive rate is the highest,it is that the market 53.30%to be the minimum,examined by x2,there are very remarkable differences between the areas.The measles antibody reaches 850 people in competence of protecting,the protecting rate is 44.90%,drip and spend 896 in geometric average,man's positive rate is 69.58%,drip and spend 870 in geometric average;Women's positive rate is 66.33%,drip and spend 922,is examined by x~2 in geometric average,there is no remarkable difference among the sex.There are significance differences among the age groups,15-25 years old group antibody level relatively low,0- years old group antibody competence most high.Conclusion The poor alliance city of measles antibody,the hidden danger that the existence measles prevails and breaks out,do a good job of immunity and immunity of strengthening conscientiously,do the prevention work of the measles well.
Nuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy and Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in Operable Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

AbstractA total of 71 patients with prostate carcinoma who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy had preoperative measurement of serum prostate specific antigen levels and subsequent nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy analysis of the resected tumors. Prostate specific antigen levels were determined by a commercially available prostate specific antigen radioimmunometric assay (normal range 0 to 4.0ng./ml.). The paraffin-embedded blocks of the prostate specimens were analyzed by flow cytometry for nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content using Hedley’s technique and propidium iodide staining. A strong association was found between nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy patterns and preoperative prostate specific antigen values. All patients with tetraploid and aneuploid tumors had elevated preoperative prostate specific antigen values. By contrast, all patients with preoperative antigen values of less than 4ng./ml. had diploid tumors (p <0.0034). Prostate specific antigen levels were proportional to the e...
Anterior pituitary concentrations of gonadotropins, GnRH-receptors and ovarian characteristics following early weaning in beef cows.

Endocrine changes in the hypophyseal-ovarian axis associated with early calf removal were investigated in anestrous beef cows. Tissues were collected and analyzed from multiparous beef cows slaughtered at O (n = 8), 36 (n = 8) or 72 h (n = 8) after calf removal during the fifth week after calving. Cows that exhibited estrus; had postmortem signs of a recent ovulation or had serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) indicative of an ovulatory surge, were excluded from the analysis. Five control cows that were not slaughtered exhibited estrus from 30 to 84 h after calf removal. Seven additional cows were continuously kept with their calves and did not exhibit estrus until 72 +/- 9 d after calving. Serum concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (estradiol) averaged 8.2 +/- 1.7, 7.5 +/- 2.0 and 9.1 +/- 1.5 pg/ml at 0, 36 and 72 h, respectively, but they averaged 22.8 +/- 4.7 pg/ml prior to estrus in control cows. Therefore, observations were assumed to represent events that occur prior to the rise in serum concentrations of estradiol that occurs during proestrus. Volume of fluid from the largest ovarian follicle tended to be greater (P less than .10) at 72 h (1.5 +/- .2 ml) than at 0 h (1.1 +/- .1 ml) or 36 h (1.0 +/- .1 ml). Follicular-fluid concentrations of estradiol, but not progesterone, were positively correlated (P less than .01) with follicular volume. However, numbers of small (less than 100 microliters), medium (100 to 400 microliters) and large follicles (greater than 400 microliters) as based on fluid volume, as well as follicular-fluid concentrations of estradiol and progesterone, did not differ among treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Location Isn't Everything: Proximity, Hospital Characteristics, Choice of Hospital, and Disparities for Breast Cancer Surgery Patients.

Objective Assess the relative importance of proximity and other hospital characteristics in the choice of hospital for breast cancer surgery by race/ethnicity. Data SEER-Medicare data. Study design Observational study of women aged >65 years receiving surgery for stage I/II/III breast cancer diagnosed in 1992-2007 in Detroit (N = 10,746 white/black), Atlanta (N = 4,018 white/black), Los Angeles (N = 9,433 white/black/Asian/Hispanic), and San Francisco (N = 4,856 white/black/Asian). We calculated the distance from each patient's census tract of residence to each area hospital. We estimated discrete choice models for the probability of receiving surgery at each hospital based on distance and assessed whether deviations from these predictions entailed interactions of hospital characteristics with the patient's race/ethnicity. We identified high-quality hospitals by rates of adjuvant radiation therapy and by survey measures of patient experiences, and we assessed how observed surgery rates at high-quality hospitals deviated from those predicted based on distance alone. Principal findings Proximity was significantly associated with hospital choice in all areas. Minority more often than white breast cancer patients had surgery at hospitals with more minority patients, those treating more Medicaid patients, and in some areas, lower quality hospitals. Conclusions Residential location alone does not explain concentration of racial/ethnic-minority breast cancer surgery patients in certain hospitals that are sometimes of lower quality.
Green’s Functions

This chapter discusses a non-homogeneous linear second-order ordinary differential equation, with given boundary conditions, by presenting the solution in terms of an integral. The function G(x, t) is called Green's function after the English mathematician George Green, who pioneered work in this area in the 1830s. The chapter demonstrates three methods of constructing Green's functions—that is, by using the Dirac-δ function, variation of parameters, and eigenfunction expansions. A second method for constructing Green's function is based on the theorem that uses the technique called variation of parameters to find a particular solution to certain second-order differential equations. The chapter also discusses the Fredholm alternative and Green's function for the Laplacian in higher dimensions. Then, the fundamental solution or the free space Green's function (the situation with no boundary conditions) for the negative Laplacian in two and three dimensions is derived in the chapter.
Nullification in the air: Interference neutralization in multi-hop wireless networks

Interference neutralization (IN) is an interference management technique that allows simultaneous transmission of multiple links by nullifying their mutual interference in the air via cooperation among the transmitters. Although IN has been studied from information theoretic perspective, its potential for a general multi-hop wireless network has not been explored. The goal of this paper is to understand IN in a multi-hop wireless network from networking perspective. We first establish an IN reference model. Based on this reference model, we develop a set of feasibility constraints for a subset of links to be active simultaneously. By identifying each eligible neutralization node (called neut), we study IN in a general multi-hop network and develop a set of necessary constraints to characterize neut selection, IN, and scheduling. These constraints allow us to study the performance of multi-hop networks without the need of getting involved into onerous signal design issues at the physical layer. Finally, we apply our IN model and constraints to study a throughput maximization problem and show that the use of IN can generally increase network throughput. In particular, throughput gain is most significant when the node density increases.