cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skateboarding, community and urban politics: shifting practices and challenges

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how skateboarding is impacted by the current neo-liberal economic and cultural climate of youth sport in the United States. Presently, youth sport is highly influenced by private entities and often packaged as a means to assuage parents that their children are gaining competitive life skills as well as character enhancing attributes. Skateboarding has typically been touted as an alternative to mainstream organised sport, due to its nonconformist, free-spirited, self-directed and creative elements. Yet, recent research suggests that skateboarding is evolving in several ways as it becomes an increasingly popular activity. Due to its popularity as one of the fastest growing participant sports new private stakeholders are leveraging this interest in order to synergistically market their brands. Simultaneously, these private stakeholders investing in skateboarding are now claiming that their contributions to skateboarding benefit the ‘public’ good in terms of health, youth and commu...
Debunking Arguments from Insensitivity

Heightened awareness of the origins of our moral judgments pushes many in the direction of moral skepticism, in the direction of thinking we are unjustified in holding our moral judgments on a realist understanding of the moral truths. A classic debunking argument fleshes out this worry: the best explanation of our moral judgments does not appeal to their truth, so we are unjustified in holding our moral judgments. But it is unclear how to get from the explanatory premise to the debunking conclusion. This paper shows how to get from here to there by way of epistemic insensitivity. First, we reconstruct Richard Joyce’s evolutionary debunking argument from insensitivity. Second, we raise epistemological difficulties for Joyce’s argument. Third, we develop and defend a new debunking argument from insensitivity.
A Toolkit for Nursing Clinical Instructors

Abstract Many nursing clinical instructors enter into the role without any teaching experience. This article outlines a toolkit for new clinical faculty based on in-the-trenches teaching knowledge, including sample schedules and handouts that are ready to implement. It also offers concrete suggestions for instructor preparation, organization, and collaboration with hospital staff.
Cardiac drug-drug interaction between HCV-NS5B pronucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone is determined by their specific diastereochemistry

Severe bradycardia/bradyarrhythmia following coadministration of the HCV-NS5B prodrug sofosbuvir with amiodarone was recently reported. Our previous preclinical in vivo experiments demonstrated that only certain HCV-NS5B prodrugs elicit bradycardia when combined with amiodarone. In this study, we evaluate the impact of HCV-NS5B prodrug phosphoramidate diastereochemistry (D-/L-alanine, R-/S-phosphoryl) in vitro and in vivo. Co-applied with amiodarone, L-ala,SP prodrugs increased beating rate and decreased beat amplitude in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), but D-ala,RP produgs, including MK-3682, did not. Stereochemical selectivity on emerging bradycardia was confirmed in vivo. Diastereomer pairs entered cells equally well, and there was no difference in intracellular accumulation of L-ala,SP metabolites ± amiodarone, but no D-ala,RP metabolites were detected. Cathepsin A (CatA) inhibitors attenuated L-ala,SP prodrug metabolite formation, yet exacerbated L-ala,SP + amiodarone effects, implicating the prodrugs in these effects. Experiments indicate that pharmacological effects and metabolic conversion to UTP analog are L-ala,SP prodrug-dependent in cardiomyocytes.
The impact of descriptive representation on “persistent” gender gaps: political engagement and political trust in Uruguay

ABSTRACTPersistent gender gaps in political engagement, which have been observed across the globe, continue to puzzle researchers. Given that the heightened legislative presence of a previously under-represented group has the potential to boost political involvement among citizens, this paper addresses the question of how women’s increased descriptive representation can shape political engagement and trust in the democratic process. The adoption of a gender quota in Uruguay allowed us to prognosticate a rise in women’s descriptive representation following the October 2014 elections. Our two-wave panel survey polled 1200 Uruguayan citizens immediately prior to the elections when the gender quota was first applied and shortly thereafter. Our results reveal that “persistent” gender gaps are not insurmountable. After the election, women are more likely to trust in political institutions than men, and previous gender gaps in political interest, understanding of the issues, and trust in elections dissipate.
Extraction of common task signals and spatial maps from group fMRI using a PARAFAC-based tensor decomposition technique

Blind source separation (BSS) using independent component based analysis (e.g., probabilistic ICA and infomax ICA) have been studied in-depth to extract common hemodynamic sources for a group of functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI). The inherent assumption here is that the sources must be non-Gaussian. For most of the real world data, the decomposition is non-unique. Furthermore, there is no quantitative way to determine the component(s) of interest common for the group. This paper shows that using a novel constrained Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC)-based tensor decomposition, one can extract the common task signals and spatial maps from a group of noisy fMRI as rank-1 tensors. The extracted hemodynamic signals have very high correlation with ideal hemodynamic response. A quantitative algorithm to extract common components for a group of subjects is also presented. The modified decomposition preserves the uniqueness under mild conditions which is the most attractive feature for any PARAFAC-based tensor decomposition approach.
Fertility-preserving surgery for advanced stage ovarian germ cell tumors

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence and safety of uterine preservation among premenopausal women diagnosed with a malignant ovarian germ-cell tumor (MOGCT) of advanced stage (stage II-IV). Materials and methods The National Cancer Database was accessed and a cohort of women aged Results A total of 526 eligible patients were identified; rate of hysterectomy was 20.2%. Women who had a hysterectomy were older (median age 30.5 vs 20years, p Conclusions Uterine preservation was not associated with decreased survival and should be considered in women with advanced stage GCTs interested in future fertility.
Judge Caverly’s Sentencing

Judge Caverly indicated that, “[T]he State was in possession not only of the essential substantiating facts, but also of voluntary confessions on the part of the defendants. The plea of guilty, therefore, does not make a special case in favor of the defendants… The testimony introduced both by the prosecution and the defense has been detailed and elaborate, as though the case had been tried before a jury. It has been given the widest publicity and the public is so fully familiar with all its phases that it would serve no useful purpose to restate or analyze the evidence.”
A novel 2.5D finite difference scheme for simulations of resistivity logging in anisotropic media

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a method to model 3D resistivity well logging problems in 2D formation with anisotropy, known as 2.5D modeling. The traditional 1D forward modeling extensively used in practice lacks the capability of modeling 2D formation. A 2.5D finite difference method (FDM) solving all the electric and magnetic field components simultaneously is proposed. Compared to other previous 2.5D FDM schemes, this method is more straightforward in modeling fully anisotropic media and easy to be implemented. Fourier transform is essential to this FDM scheme, and by employing Gauss-Legendre (GL) quadrature rule the computational time of this step can be greatly reduced. In the numerical examples, we first demonstrate the validity of the FDM scheme with GL rule by comparing with 1D forward modeling for layered anisotropic problems, and then we model a complicated 2D formation case and find that the proposed 2.5D FD scheme is much more efficient than 3D numerical methods.
Zinc Deficiency in Human Health

Zinc is one of the most important functional metals in the human body with over 300 zinc-containing enzymes reported thus far. These enzymes play critical roles in structural stabilization and as cofactors in catalysis, whereas a large number of proteins involved in transcription factors contain zinc fingers and similar structural motifs. Approximately 10% of the human genome encodes for proteins that can bind zinc. Because of its importance for numerous cellular processes, the concentration of zinc ion in the human body is tightly regulated and significant disturbances of zinc homeostasis have been associated with diverse ill effects including reproductive abnormalities, growth retardation, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, skin lesions and anemia, diarrhea, anorexia, cognitive impairment, immune dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, impaired visual function, osteoporosis, cirrhosis of the liver, bowel disease, and even tumors. In addition, many more people suffer from mild to moderate zinc deficiency, which can best be detected through a positive response to zinc therapy or supplementation trials. In this regard, zinc has been used successfully in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica and Wilson disease and positive responses to zinc supplementation have been reported (not in all studies by any means) in common colds, acute diarrhea in children, chronic hepatitis C, shigellosis, leprosy, leishmaniasis, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, acute lower respiratory infections, malaria, arthritis, and acne, and has also been associated with a decrease in incidence of infection in elderly and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Zinc deficiency has now emerged as a major global public health problem that significantly impacts the developing countries. It is estimated that approximately half of the world's population has suboptimal zinc nutrition and that global zinc deficiency is the 11th highest risk factor for disease mortality and morbidity. In the developing countries, zinc deficiency ranks as the fifth highest risk factor for disease with up to 75% of the population of some countries experiencing suboptimal zinc intake. A major stumbling block in tackling this silent global epidemic is that there is currently no reliable method to quantify an individual's zinc status that can be moderated by a host of environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors. Until such a measure becomes available, it is impossible to ascertain causal relationships between zinc deficiency and concurrent diseases or to develop protocols to maximize the health benefits of zinc supplementation.
How gastric emptying of carbohydrate affects glucose tolerance and symptoms after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty.

It is commonly assumed that both abnormal glucose tolerance and postcibal symptoms after truncal va¬gotomy with pyloroplasty (VP yet such correlations have not been established. These studies measured gastric emptying in symptomatic patients with V&P and normal subjects and sought correlations between rates of emptying and the time-courses of serum glucose and insulin as well as between emptying and symptoms. Gastric emptying in the V&P varied widely with different isocaloric meals of hypertonic glucose, taken in the erect vs. supine position, or of hypotonic starch taken in the erect posture as a solution or as solid balls of paste. Glucose and starch solutions were emptied abnormally rapidly in the erect posture, while glucose taken supine, and the starch balls were emptied more slowly. By contrast, all four meals emptied at about the same rates in the normal subjects. In both the V&Ps and the normals, there were weak correlations evident between the amount of carbohydrate emptied in the first 30 postcibal minutes and the rises in serum glucose or insulin. However, the presence or absence, the timing, and the qualitative nature of postcibal symptoms observed in the V&Ps did not correlate well with either the speed of emptying or the osmolarity of the carbohydrate meals.
Serum Immunoreactive Relaxin Concentrations in Human Pregnancy, Labor and the Puerperium

Relaxin is a peptide hormone of pregnancy which plays a role in pregnancy maintenance and parturition in several mammalian species (1). Immunoassayable relaxin is present in women during pregnancy. Relaxin is produced solely by the human corpus luteum of pregnancy. The placenta does not directly contribute to its production (2). Relaxin extracted from the human corpus luteum of pregnancy is active in the guinea pig pubic symphysis palpation assay. The biological activity paralleled the immunoactivity of these extracts (3). The purpose of this study is to determine secretion patterns of relaxin at various times during normal pregnancies.
Looking Back [Microwave Surfing]

Reports on historical exhibits that were part of the International Microwave Symposium (IMS2018) that was held in Philadelphia, PA.
Long-term effectiveness of a gambling intervention program among children in central Illinois.

Youth gambling is an increasing concern. As a response, the “Don’t Gamble Away our Future (DGAOF)” program has been implemented among children in central Illinois. We aim to assess the long-term effectiveness of this school-based youth gambling prevention program in Illinois using the data from 2005 to 2009. The intervention included interactive PowerPoint presentations and prevention materials in parent packets. Students aged 8 to 18 years were eligible to participate in the intervention and the questionnaire pre-post knowledge tests (total score 0–9). Students in 5th grade and above also received a gambling behavior screen test using the Modified South Oaks Gambling Screening for Teens (MSOGST) for identifying probable gamblers. Multivariable generalized mixed models were conducted to detect the effects of a 5-year youth gambling prevention program as controlling potential confounders. A total of 16,262 and 16,421 students completed pre-post tests and MSOGST tests, respectively. Of 16,262, half were female, the majority (76.1%) were from senior high school, and 21.3% received the intervention at least twice. The median gap between interventions was 368 days. Students receiving multiple interventions had higher scores on the pre-test as compared to those receiving a single intervention (P<0.001 for all comparisons among groups), and they demonstrated an increasing trend of awareness about gambling over time (P<0.001 for multiple interventions; P = 0.538 for single intervention). The prevalence of problem gambling had decreased among students receiving the intervention twice as compared to receiving the intervention once (7.9% versus 9.4%; OR = 0.89, 95% CL: 0.82–0.97). However, this effect was not confirmed among students receiving the intervention three or more times. In conclusion, the DGAOF program has demonstrated a positive long-term impact on increasing gambling knowledge and partially reducing pathological gamblers through direct training. It suggests that multiple repeated interventions are important for youth gambling prevention.
Audience Perceptions of Politeness and Advocacy Skills in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential Debates

Two studies, of the 2000 and 2004 presidential debates, were conducted to determine the extent to which audience members relied on constructs of politeness or advocacy skills to evaluate candidates...
GAIL: An interactive webserver for inference and dynamic visualization of gene-gene associations based on gene ontology guided mining of biomedical literature

In systems biology, inference of functional associations among genes is compelling because the construction of functional association networks facilitates biomarker discovery. Specifically, such gene associations in human can help identify putative biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic tools in treating patients. Although biomedical literature is considered a valuable data source for this task, currently only a limited number of webservers are available for mining gene-gene associations from the vast amount of biomedical literature using text mining techniques. Moreover, these webservers often have limited coverage of biomedical literature and also lack efficient and user-friendly tools to interpret and visualize mined relationships among genes. To address these limitations, we developed GAIL (Gene-gene Association Inference based on biomedical Literature), an interactive webserver that infers human gene-gene associations from Gene Ontology (GO) guided biomedical literature mining and provides dynamic visualization of the resulting association networks and various gene set enrichment analysis tools. We evaluate the utility and performance of GAIL with applications to gene signatures associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and breast cancer. Results show that GAIL allows effective interrogation and visualization of gene-gene networks and their subnetworks, which facilitates biological understanding of gene-gene associations. GAIL is available at http://chunglab.io/GAIL/.
CCmed: cross-condition mediation analysis for identifying robust trans-eQTLs and assessing their effects on human traits

Abstract Trans-eQTLs collectively explain a substantial proportion of expression variation, yet are challenging to detect and replicate since their effects are individually weak. Many trans-effects are mediated by cis-gene expression and some of those effects are shared across tissue types/conditions. To detect robust cis-mediated trans-associations at the gene-level and for specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we proposed two Cross-Condition Mediation methods – CCmedgene and CCmedGWAS, respectively. We analyzed data from 13 brain tissue types from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and identified trios with cis-eQTLs of a cis-gene having associations with a trans-gene, many of which show evidence of replication in other datasets. By applying CCmedGWAS, we identified trans-genes associated with known schizophrenia susceptibility loci. We further conducted validation analyses assessing the schizophrenia-risk-associations of the identified trans-genes, by harnessing GWAS summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and multitissue eQTL statistics from GTEx.
Pharmacokinetics of Patisiran, the First Approved RNA Interference Therapy in Patients With Hereditary Transthyretin‐Mediated Amyloidosis

Hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis is a rare, inherited, progressively debilitating, and often fatal disease caused by deposition of mutated transthyretin (TTR) protein. Patisiran is an RNA interference therapeutic comprising a novel small interfering ribonucleic acid (ALN-18328) formulated with 2 novel lipid excipients, DLin-MC3-DMA and PEG2000 -C-DMG, in a lipid nanoparticle targeted to inhibit hepatic TTR synthesis. Here we report the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ALN-18328, DLin-MC3-DMA, and PEG2000 -C-DMG from a phase 2 multiple-ascending-dose study and its open-label extension (OLE) in patients with hATTR amyloidosis. Twenty-nine patients received 2 intravenous infusions of patisiran of 0.01, 0.05, 0.15, or 0.3 mg/kg at 3- or 4-week intervals; of these, 27 patients received 0.3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks over 24 months in the OLE study. Plasma PK profiles of ALN-18328 and DLin-MC3-DMA exhibited 2 phases, the first characterized by a short distribution half-life and the second by a minor peak and relatively long terminal elimination half-life. PK exposures to 3 analytes increased proportionally across the dose range of 0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg. For ALN-18328, mean terminal elimination half-life was 3.2 days, mean total clearance was 3.0 mL/h/kg, and urinary excretion was negligible. All 3 analytes exhibited stable PK profiles with chronic dosing over 2 years. The 2- to 3-fold plasma accumulation (AUCτ ) of ALN-18328 at steady state is attributable to the association of ALN-18328 with the cationic lipid DLin-MC3-DMA. There was no appreciable accumulation of PEG2000 -C-DMG.
Beige FAPs Transplantation Improves Muscle Quality and Shoulder Function After Massive Rotator Cuff Tears

Rotator cuff (RC) tears are a common cause of upper extremity disability. Any tear size can result in subsequent muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration (FI). Preoperative muscle degeneration can predict repair and postoperative functional outcomes. Muscle residential fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are found to be capable of differentiating into beige adipocytes that release factors to promote muscle growth. This study evaluated the regenerative potential of local cell transplantation of beige FAPs to mitigate muscle degeneration in a murine massive RC tear model. Beige FAPs were isolated from muscle in UCP-1 reporter mice by flow cytometry as UCP-1+ /Sca1+ /PDGFR+ /CD31- /CD45- /integrin α7- . C57/BL6J mice undergoing supraspinatus tendon tear with suprascapular nerve transection (TT + DN) received either no additional treatment, phosphate-buffered saline injection, or beige FAP injection 2 weeks after the initial injury. Forelimb gait analysis was used to assess shoulder function with DigiGait. Mice were sacrificed 6 weeks after cell transplantation. FI, fibrosis, fiber size, vascularity were analyzed and quantified via ImageJ. Our results showed that beige FAP transplantation significantly decreased fibrosis, FI, and atrophy, enhanced vascularization compared with saline injection and non-treatment groups. Beige FAP transplantation also significantly improved shoulder function as measured by gait analysis. This study suggests that beige-differentiated FAPs may serve as a treatment option for RC muscle atrophy and FI, thus improving shoulder function in patients with massive RC tendon tears. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1159-1166, 2020.
IS DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOCALCAEMIA A SURROGATE MARKER FOR EXPERIENCE OF OPERATING SURGEON IN THYROIDECTOMIES? A SINGLE CENTRE RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OVER 10 YEARS AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON HYPOCALCAEMIA FOLLOWING TOTAL THYROIDECTOMIES

Introduction: Incidence of post thyroidectomy Hypocalcaemia ranges from 5.4% to 83%. We propose that the rate of change in serum calcium measurements (Calcium slope) in the first few hours after surgery is a good predictor of development of subsequent hypocalcaemia. We also analysed the incidence of hypocalcaemia over the years correlating with increasing experience of the surgeon. Methods: Patients undergoing Thyroid Surgery from 2001-2012 under two thyroid surgeons were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Known Risk factors for hypocalcaemia were identified and recorded for each patient. Serum calcium was measured pre-operatively and post operatively at 6hrs, and 24hrs. Serum Calcium slope values (rate of fall of calcium levels) were calculated for time 0- 6hrs, and for time 0 -24hrs. Patients were divided into those who developed hypocalcaemia and those who did not, and risk factors compared between the two groups. Rates of hypocalcaemia were compared over 10 years as biannual cohorts and as 2 groups 2001 to 2006 Vs. 2007 to 2012 Results: From the 237 patients identified from database, 31.22% patients developed hypocalcaemia at 24hrs. There was a trend in fall in hypocalcaemia rates each year corresponding to the increased operative experience. Calcium slope levels at 6hrs are a good predictor of further hypocalcaemia. Conclusion: There is a trend towards reduced rates of hypocalcaemia with increasing surgical experience, which may be another risk factor for hypocalcaemia. The magnitude of the early serum calcium slope may be a more useful means for identification of those at risk of developing hypocalcaemia after thyroidectomy.
Simulation Study on the Optimization and Scaling Behavior of LDMOS Transistors for Low-Voltage Power Applications

We present a systematic investigation of device optimization for laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) field-effect transistors in terms of subthreshold leakage current, breakdown voltage, and ON-resistance for low-voltage ( $10\boldsymbol {^{-13}}\text{A}/\boldsymbol {\mu }\text{m}$ while maintaining a breakdown voltage exceeding 10 V for channel lengths down to 10 nm. Interestingly, we find an optimal ON-resistance for a channel length of 40 nm, while for shorter channel lengths the ON-state resistance increases with decreasing channel length. The increasing resistance for shorter channels is caused by electron mobility degradation as a result of an increasing body doping, needed to limit the leakage current. The optimal channel length presents a limit to conventional scaling of LDMOS devices, commonly used in low-voltage power applications.
Wide Gain-Bandwidth from an Ultrathin High Impedance Surface-Based Leaky Wave Antenna using Multi-Feed Excitation

This paper presents a technique for obtaining wide gain-bandwidth from an ultrathin leaky wave-based high impedance surface (HIS) antenna. By properly selecting multiple feed locations over a linear dogbone-shaped patch array antenna, its gain bandwidth is maximized. Dogbone-shaped patches distributed along the surface of the grounded substrate are able to support a leaky wave. The HIS made of dogbone-shaped patches is directly used as radiator. Different feed locations are investigated and a wide gain-bandwidth of 5.8 GHz or 29.89% is observed with the use of multipoint excitation.
Impact of Sickle Cell Therapies on Growth Patterns

Abstract Background: Adolescent patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) may demonstrate impaired growth. To better understand the impact of transfusion, hydroxyurea, or no modifying therapy on growth, we retrospectively analyzed the growth patterns over 18 years for a large cohort of patients with HbSS or SB0 thalassemia. Methods: We identified 454 subjects with HbSS or SB0 thalassemia in our practice. We recorded growth points (height, weight, body mass index (BMI)) along with white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and SCD modifying therapy from each annual sickle cell visit. For participants that were on transfusion therapy, we recorded the blood count immediately prior to a transfusion. We recorded therapy as the therapy utilized for the majority of visits during the last 12 months. The primary outcome for this project was growth pattern during puberty years. Therefore, we excluded younger participants ( Results: Female participants on chronic transfusion therapy were significantly taller than participants on hydroxyurea or no sickle cell modifying therapy (Figure, p Conclusion: Our data suggests that participants on transfusion therapy are generally taller compared to either hydroxyurea or no SCD modifying therapy. We also suggest that higher hemoglobin is associated with increased growth during pubertal years. Download : Download high-res image (72KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Disclosures Lebensburger: ASH: Research Funding; NHLBI: Research Funding.
Axisymmetric flow of ideal fluid moving in a narrow domain: A study of the axisymmetric hydrostatic Euler equations

Abstract In this article we will introduce a new model to describe the leading order behavior of an ideal and axisymmetric fluid moving in a very narrow domain. After providing a formal derivation of the model, we will prove the well-posedness and provide a rigorous mathematical justification for the formal derivation under a new sign condition. Finally, a blowup result regarding this model will be discussed as well.
Decentralizing the State: Elections, Parties, and Local Power in the Andes

Part I. Electoral Theory and Comparative Evidence: 1. Introduction 2. A political theory of decentralization 3. Decentralization in comparative perspective Part II. In-Depth Country Studies: 4. The Colombian experience 5. The Bolivian experience 6. Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela Part III. Comparisons, Conclusions, and Extensions: 7. Comparisons, conclusions, and extensions 8. Afterword.
Pharmacological Management of Pediatric Patients with Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common developmental neurobiological condition of childhood characterized by age-inappropriate degrees of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention to tasks requiring sustained vigilance. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is an externalizing behavior disorder characterized by difficulties with emotional and behavioral regulation that frequently brings the child into conflict with authority figures. In the clinical setting, ODD is the most common ADHD comorbidity. The combination portends more severe symptom severity, daily impairment, and a more at-risk prognosis than either disorder alone. We briefly review the literature on the characteristics and treatment of the ADHD and ODD child. A clinical approach to evaluation and treatment of ADHD and ODD is then presented. This approach emphasizes the importance of child and parent psychoeducation about the two disorders alone and in combination, the importance of behavioral management therapy approaches, the possible need for school and academic supports, and the decision to use evidence-based stimulant or non-stimulant ADHD medications depending on symptom severity combined with child and parental wishes and choice.
Chapter 19 Small Molecule CCR5 and CXCR4-Based Viral Entry Inhibitors for Anti-HIV Therapy Currently in Development

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses small molecule CCR5 and CXCR4-based viral entry inhibitors for anti-HIV therapy currently in development. CCR5 and CXCR4 antagonists represent the first potential antiretrovirals that act upon a host target and not a viral enzyme. CCR5 antagonists have demonstrated proof of concept as antivirals and long-term efficacy and safety data are now becoming available. CXCR4 antagonists are at a much earlier stage and the development of these compounds will be more complex. Tropism testing and their place in therapy are additional questions which will be clarified as better assays are developed and clinicians gain experience with these drugs. The development of entry inhibitors will provide a potent option for HIV-infected individuals at all stages of disease. It has been found that the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), drug cocktails of several antiretroviral drugs, can be associated with significant side effects. Loss of efficacy of HAART due to the development of viral resistance requires close patient monitoring and continued adjustment of drug regimens in HAART. Simplified treatment regimens involving fewer pills and less-frequent administration are needed to improve patient compliance, which in turn could slow down the development of viral resistance. The chapter presents the current state of potent and highly bioavailable antiretrovirals that target cellular proteins utilized by the HIV in its replication cycle, by summarizing results of molecules currently in the clinic and by providing a snapshot of the diverse preclinical CCR5 or CXCR4 binders.
In-vivo EEG recording using a wireless implantable neural transceiver

We have recorded continuous in-vivo EEG and single-unit electrical activity from un-tethered rodents using an inductively powered and implantable wireless neural recording device. The device uses an integrated circuit to amplify modulate and transmit neural signals. The IC transmits neural signals (15 /spl mu/V to 15 mV) at 3.2 GHz to a receiver located outside the environment of a behaving test animal with an input output correlation better than 90%. The design of the IC and the inductive powering are described.
Health, Men's

The growing literature discussing men's health identifies ways that biology and social factors influence men's health outcomes. Social constructions of masculinities, combined with other social factors such as age, race, marital status, and socioeconomic status all influence men's health behaviors and likelihood of illness. Additionally, cultural considerations also affect men's health outcomes, particularly on a global scale. Keywords: gender; health; masculinities
Using compound codes for automatic classification of clinical diagnoses.

Classification of diagnoses (a.k.a. coding) is the central part of current concept based medical IR systems. Some classification systems contain over 30,000 distinct codes which makes classifying clinical documents a time consuming labor intensive and error prone process. This paper presents a simple methodology for cleaning up and reusing existing manually coded diagnostic statements mainly extracted from clinical notes to build predictive models using a sparse-feature implementation of a Naive Bayes classifier. One of the problems addressed is that diagnostic statements often contain several diagnoses and are assigned several codes resulting in a multi-class classification problem. We investigate one possible way of addressing this problem by introducing compound (multiple code) categories. We present experimental results of classifying >16,000 randomly selected diagnostic strings into 19 top level categories. A small improvement (3%) with using compound categories over simple categories indicates that using multiple code categories is a promising solution, although clearly in need of further research and refinement.
Effect of Relative Humidity on the Inactivation of Airborne Serratia marcescens by Ultraviolet Radiation

Apparatus was designed and constructed in which a bacterial aerosol of known age, particle size, and relative humidity (RH) could be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of measured intensity for a given period of time and then be sampled quantitatively. Aerosols of Serratia marcescens were exposed to UV dosages between 96.0 and 0.75 (muw-sec)/cm(2) at humidities ranging from 25 to 90%. A sharp decline in the fraction of organisms killed was found at RH values above 60 to 70%. Above 80% RH, there was evidence for reactivation induced by UV. The plot of "log fraction organisms remaining" versus UV dose was curvilinear, suggesting noncompliance with the monomolecular law of reaction velocity, but the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity between time and intensity of UV exposure was demonstrated to hold. These results could be accounted for by postulating the presence in the aerosol of two populations of organisms with different sensitivities to UV, each individually obeying the monomolecular law of reaction velocity. The data amplify existing information on the relationship between UV disinfection of airborne organisms and RH. In the middle range of humidities, the sensitivity of the organisms to UV was greater than would be expected from published reports.
Environmetrics, The Journal of the International Environmetric Society

Environmetrics is the official journal of The International Environmetrics Society (TIES). It is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes papers on the development and application of quantitative methods in environmental sciences.
Paper-Based Electrochemical Cell Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

On-line coupling of electrochemistry (EC) to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful approach for identifying intermediates and products of EC reactions in situ. In addition, EC transformations have been used to increase ionization efficiency and derivatize analytes prior to MS, improving sensitivity and chemical specificity. Recently, there has been significant interest in developing paper-based electroanalytical devices as they offer convenience, low cost, versatility, and simplicity. This report describes the development of tubular and planar paper-based electrochemical cells (P-EC) coupled to sonic spray ionization (SSI) mass spectrometry (P-EC/SSI-MS). The EC cells are composed of paper sandwiched between two mesh stainless steel electrodes. Analytes and reagents can be added directly to the paper substrate along with electrolyte, or delivered via the SSI microdroplet spray. The EC cells are decoupled from the SSI source, allowing independent control of electrical and chemical parameters. We utilized P-EC/SSI-MS to characterize various EC reactions such as oxidations of cysteine, dopamine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diphenyl sulfide. Our results show that P-EC/SSI-MS has the ability to increase ionization efficiency, to perform online EC transformations, and to capture intermediates of EC reactions with a response time on the order of hundreds of milliseconds. The short response time allowed detection of a deprotonated diphenyl sulfide intermediate, which experimentally confirms a previously proposed mechanism for EC oxidation of diphenyl sulfide to pseudodimer sulfonium ion. This report introduces paper-based EC/MS via development of two device configurations (tubular and planar electrodes), as well as discusses the capabilities, performance, and limitations of the technique.
Experiments on Large Cosmic-Ray Bursts under Thick Absorbers at 11,500-Feet Elevation

Using a Carnegie Model "C" ionization chamber together with Geiger-Mueller tube coincidence circuits, the nature of the radiation which produces large bursts (greater than 200 particles) of cosmic rays under thick absorbers at 11,500-feet elevation has been investigated at Climax, Colorado. The percentage of this radiation which was accompanied by air showers was determined and found to be dependent upon the burst size. The absorption mean free paths for the burst-producing radiation (excluding bursts produced by $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons and by air showers) were measured in lead and iron and found to be 350\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in lead and 240\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in iron. The barometric effect on this radiation yielded an absorption mean free path of 65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in the atmosphere, and the zenith angle distribution was found to be that due to an absorption mean free path of 75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These results are shown to indicate that the radiation responsible for these large bursts consists largely of protons and $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons of energy greater than 60 Bev.
Magnetic relaxation in coaxial helicity injection

The Helicity Injected Torus (HIT-II) (Jarboe T R 1998 Phys.?Plasmas 5 1807) is operated with either cathode or anode central column (CC) during coaxial helicity injection (CHI). The CC polarity has a strong effect on tokamak behaviour. For cathode CC operation, the magnetic profile is inferred from surface data to be more relaxed, and the n = 1 mode is stronger and more slowly rotating than for anode CC operation. Mode toroidal rotation follows the applied E?B direction. Ion toroidal spin-up in the core is consistent with electromotive action. Apparently, some type of mode asymmetry, effected by the plasma flow and mode rotation, is integral to the current drive observed. This is discussed in terms of electromotive effects, and the picture is shown to be consistent with observations. Some possible implications are outlined, including those concerning parallel fluid velocity shear and other magnetic confinement configurations.
A unified approach to finite deformation elastoplastic analysis based on the use of hyperelastic constitutive equations

By assuming from the outset hyperelastic constitutive behavior, an alternative approach to finite deformation plasticity and viscoplasticity is proposed whereby the need for integration of spatial rate constitutive equations is entirely bypassed. To enhance the applicability of the method, reference is made to a general formulation of plasticity and viscoplasticity which embodies both the multiplicative and additive theories. A new return mapping algorithm capable of accommodating general yield conditions, arbitrary flow and hardening rules and non-constant tangent elasticities is proposed. Finally, a numerical example is presented which illustrates the excellent performance of the method for very large time steps.
Instabilities in reacting flows

Abstract This paper reviews nonsteady phenomena in reacting flows, arising through coupling between chemical kinetics and gas dynamics. Problems examined include piston-supported detonations, exothermic hypersonic flows about blunt and conical projectiles, transient development of instabilities in blunt-body flows and in propagating detonations, acoustic-kinetic interactions and vorticity generation. The interrelationships among the various problems are examined in terms of the governing instability mechanism. Unsolved but critical problem areas are also identified. In the theoretical studies of piston-supported shock waves in an exothermally reacting mixture, periodic instabilities have been found to develop to well-defined amplitudes and periods. These results agree well with those predicted on the basis of a wave-interaction model, which clearly demonstrates the physics involved in the coupling between gas dynamics and chemical kinetics. They also agree well with the experimental results observed in exothermic hypersonic flows about blunt projectiles in a ballistic range. Recent experiments on exothermic hypersonic flows about conical projectiles show the existence of two instability regimes in addition to steady overdriven and Chapman-Jouguet detonations. One of the two instability regimes shows flow features that resemble remarkably well with those observed around blunt projectiles, while the other regime clearly shows features peculiar to conical flows. In order to understand the coupling mechanisms in greater detail, experiments have been conducted in a ballistic range to study the initiation and the decay of the two instability regimes around blunt projectiles across compositional interface. Similar transient studies have been performed with propagating detonation waves that encounter either compositional or tube-area changes. Much deeper understanding has been achieved. Unlike sound propagation in gaseous media at chemical equilibrium, when only attenuation is observed, traveling acoustic waves can be amplified under some conditions through coupling between nonequilibrium chemical kinetics and acoustic fluctuations. In another theoretical study, generation of vorticity fluctuations has been predicted, as the consequence of sound-entropy interactions in the presence of chemical reactions. These studies have led to a better understanding of the role of chemical reactions in basic instability mechanisms.
Erotetic Contextualism, Data-Generating Procedures, and Sociological Explanations of Social Mobility

Critics of the erotetic model of explanation question its ability to discriminate significant from spurious explanations. One response to these criticisms has been to impose contextual restrictions on a case-by-case basis. In this article, the author argues that these approaches have overestimated the role of interests at the expense of other contextual aspects characteristic of social-scientific explanation. For this reason, he shows how procedures of measuring occupational status and social mobility affected different aspects of one explanation that Peter Blau and Otis Dudley Duncan offered in their sociological classic, The American Occupational Structure. He uses the findings from this case study to meet objections to the erotetic model.
Educating, training, and mentoring minority faculty and other trainees in mental health services research.

Objective The authors describe the evolution of a novel national training program to develop minority faculty for mental health services research careers. Recruiting, training, and sustaining minority health professionals for academic research careers in mental health services research have proven challenging.
Moving particle finite element method with superconvergence: Nodal integration formulation and applications

Abstract A new approach of moving particle finite element method has been developed which is capable to gain a global superconvergence through solving particle kernel function to satisfy high order consistencies. The nodal-based moving particle finite element method, inconjunction with the proposed superconvergence approach, provides an optimized combination in numerical accuracy and computation efficiency. The three-dimensional engineering scale simulations demonstrate that this scheme is robust and capable to handle high-speed penetration and dynamic crack propagation with intersonic and supersonic speeds.
Double-blind, double-dummy comparison of azithromycin and cephalexin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections.

In this double-blind, randomised trial conducted in 22 centres in the USA, azithromycin given over five days, as a once-a-day regimen, (500 mg on day 1, 250 mg on days 2–5) was compared with cephalexin (500 mg b.i.d.) given for ten days in the treatment of patients with skin and skin structure infections. A total of 366 patients entered the study and 179 of these were eligible for the efficacy analysis. The overall clinical response to azithromycin was 94.0 %, compared with 95.8 % for cephalexin. The clinical cure rates were 53.0 % for azithromycin and 59.4 % for cephalexin; the respective improvement rates were 41.0 % and 36.5 %. Distribution of response (cured, improved, failed) was similar in each group (p=0.37). The bacteriological eradication rate for azithromycin-treated patients was 94.2 % and for cephalexin-treated patients was 90.3 % (p=0.34). Clinical and bacteriological response was similar in each group for all primary diagnoses. The two antibiotics were well tolerated, the overall incidence of side effects being 13.7 % with approximately 60 % due to gastrointestinal disturbances. In all but one case (cephalexin) the severity of the reported side effects was mild or moderate. Six patients withdrew from the study due to treatment-related events; five had been treated with azithromycin and one with cephalexin. In summary, a five-day, once-daily regimen of azithromycin was as effective as a ten-day, twice-daily regimen of cephalexin in the treatment of patients with skin and skin structure infections.
Impact of a Laparoscopic Renal Surgery Mini-Fellowship Program on Postgraduate Urologist Practice Patterns at 3-Year Followup

Purpose: To assist practicing urologists incorporate laparoscopic renal surgery into their practice we established a 5-day mini-fellowship program with a mentor, preceptor and a potential proctor at our institution. We report the impact of our mini-fellowship program at 3-year followup.Materials and Methods: A total of 106 urologists underwent laparoscopic ablative (44) or laparoscopic reconstructive (62) renal surgery training. The 1:2 teacher-to-attendee experience included tutorial sessions, hands-on inanimate and animate skills training, and clinical case observations. Participants were asked to complete a detailed questionnaire on laparoscopic practice patterns 1, 2 and 3 years after the mini-fellowship.Results: The questionnaire response rate at 1 to 3 years was 77%, 65% and 68%, respectively. Of responders 72%, 71% and 71% performed laparoscopic renal surgery at 1 to 3 years, respectively. Of the 106 participants 32 (39%) had previous laparoscopic experience, including 78% who responded to the ques...