cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finally, mice with CF lung disease

Increasing sodium absorption by overexpressing the epithelial sodium channel in mouse airways results in mucus accumulation and inflammation, changes that occur in the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. The development of lung disease in these mice should provide insights into a disease that has long been lacking an animal model ( pages 487–493 ).
The Words he Could not Comprehend : « Essay de quelques Poemes chrestiens » by Jean de Sponde

« Stances de la Cene » et « Autre poeme sur le mesme sujet » met en scene le dilemme du poete-devot, des limites de la connaissance humaine face au mystere divin
Reexamination of the relation between depth of the Antarctic Ozone Hole, and equatorial QBO and SST, 1962–1992

The relation between depth of the Antarctic ozone hole, and equatorial QBO and SST, is reexamined for the interval 1962–1992, using Dobson total-ozone data at the South Pole, Singapore 50 mb zonal wind, and average SST in the El Nino region 12S–2N, 180–90W. During this interval the correlation between October–November values of South Pole total ozone, and south polar 100 mb temperature from radiosondes, is 0.93. In 23 of 27 cases, South Pole springtime (October–November) total ozone decreased from one year to the next when the Singapore 50 mb zonal wind averaged from the east during the intervening 3 seasons and increased when this wind averaged from the west. Owing to the high serial correlation of the wind and total-ozone data, this distribution is only significant at the 5% level according to the Chi-square test, but basically supports the conclusions of Garcia and Solomon (1987) and Lait et al. (1989) regarding the relation between equatorial QBO and depth of the ozone hole. The tendency for a deeper ozone hole when equatorial SST warms (El Nino) yields a relation between depth of the Antarctic ozone hole, and equatorial QBO and SST, significant at the 1% level only by the subjective drawing of a smooth line which separates springtime total-ozone increases and decreases from one year to the next in 24 of 25 cases with 2 cases on the line of separation. The Singapore 50 mb wind has been from the west during the first half of 1993, suggesting a less deep ozone hole in 1993 than in 1992, especially if the current prolonged El Nino finally abates in mid 1993.
FEN Nucleases: Bind, Bend, Fray, Cut

In this issue, Orans et al. (2011) and Tsutakawa et al. (2011) report exciting insights into the molecular principles governing diverse endo- and exonucleolytic cleavage specificities of members of the RAD2/FEN superfamily of nucleases, which have critical roles in DNA replication and maintenance.
Dynamics of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Processing and Presentation Pathway in the Course of Malaria Parasite Development in Human Hepatocytes: Implications for Vaccine Development

Control of parasite replication exerted by MHC class I restricted CD8+ T-cells in the liver is critical for vaccination-induced protection against malaria. While many intracellular pathogens subvert the MHC class I presentation machinery, its functionality in the course of malaria replication in hepatocytes has not been characterized. Using experimental systems based on specific identification, isolation and analysis of human hepatocytes infected with P. berghei ANKA GFP or P. falciparum 3D7 GFP sporozoites we demonstrated that molecular components of the MHC class I pathway exhibit largely unaltered expression in malaria-infected hepatocytes until very late stages of parasite development. Furthermore, infected cells showed no obvious defects in their capacity to upregulate expression of different molecular components of the MHC class I machinery in response to pro-inflammatory lymphokines or trigger direct activation of allo-specific or peptide-specific human CD8+ T-cells. We further demonstrate that ectopic expression of circumsporozoite protein does not alter expression of critical genes of the MHC class I pathway and its response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we identified supra-cellular structures, which arose at late stages of parasite replication, possessed the characteristic morphology of merosomes and exhibited nearly complete loss of surface MHC class I expression. These data have multiple implications for our understanding of natural T-cell immunity against malaria and may promote development of novel, efficient anti-malaria vaccines overcoming immune escape of the parasite in the liver.
Far infrared and Raman spectra of ammonium thiocyanate and ammonium thiocyanate-d4

Abstract The far i.r spectra of thin films of NH 4 NCS and ND 4 NCS and the Raman spectra of polycrystalline samples of both compounds have been recorded at −185°C. Two librations of the tetrahedral ions have been observed in each spectra and the barriers restricting reorientation of the NH 4 + and ND 4 + ions have been calculated to be 3.6 and 3.9 kcal mole , respectively. Several additional lattice modes have also been assigned.
Synthesis of 3′–5′ dinucleotides with RNase T1

Abstract The synthetic reaction of Ribonuclease T 1 has been used in the synthesis of dinucleoside monophosphates. Under conditions of maximum yield (greater than 50%) 3′–5′ phosphodiester linkages were the exclusive product.
Health Promotion: Results of focus groups with African-American men.

Abstract Background: Almost half (49%) of the people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in the United States (US) are African-Americans. Although African-Americans represent only about 13% of the overall population, they continue to account for a higher proportion of cases at all stages of HIV/AIDS. Most documented interventions targeting the African-American population have focused on women, children, men who have sex with men or drug addicts. Methods: Six focus group sessions with African-American men (39) and women (15) were conducted in a heterogeneously populated American city. We used a pre-focus group questionnaire to collect data about the socio-economic background of the participants. In our focus group sessions we examined the feasibility of instituting a health promotion program for African-American men. Results: The men who participated in the sessions showed great interest in attending the health promotion program. They had no prior knowledge of positive behavioral practices that could promote their ind...
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: master regulator of O2 homeostasis

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that mediates essential homeostatic responses to reduced O2 availability in mammals. Recent studies have provided insights into the O2-dependent regulation of HIF-1 expression, target genes regulated by HIF-1, and the effects of HIF-1 deficiency on cellular physiology and embryonic development.
Computer program for computing the properties of seventeen fluids

The present study describes modifications and additions to the MIPROPS computer program for calculating the thermophysical properties of 17 fluids. These changes include adding new fluids, new properties, and a new interface to the program. The new program allows the user to select the input and output parameters and the units to be displayed for each parameter. Fluids added to the MIPROPS program are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, deuterium, helium, normal hydrogen, and xenon. The most recent modifications to the MIPROPS program are the addition of viscosity and thermal conductivity correlations for parahydrogen and the addition of the fluids normal hydrogen and xenon. The recently added interface considerably increases the program's utility.
Heart contains two substrates (Mr = 40,000 and 41,000) for pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation that co-purify with Ns

Abstract Two peptides (M r = 40,000 and 41,000) in membranes of rabbit heart are radiolabeled when the membranes are incubated in the presence of activated pertussis toxin and [ 32 P]NAD + . The 41,000-M r peptide appears to be the alpha subunit of the inhibitory regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase, N i . The 40,000-M r substrate for pertussis toxin in the heart was investigated. Purification of the stimulatory regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase, N s , results in the co-purification of the alpha subunits of both N s and N i , the putative beta- (M r = 35,000) and gamma- (M r ≅ 15,000) subunits of N s and N i , and the additional 40,000-M r peptide that is ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin. This 40,000-M r substrate for pertussis toxin action appears to be a major N-protein of mammalian heart.
Abundance analysis of the slow nova PW Vulpeculae 1984

We determine the elemental abundances for the ejecta of the slow nova PW Vul 1984. Our technique uses a minimization of the emission line fits of a photoionization model to available ultraviolet, optical and infrared spectra. We find the following abundances (by number) with respect to solar: He/H = 1.0 $\pm$ 0.4, C/H = 7.0 $^{+7}_{-4}$, N/H = 85 $^{+59}_{-41}$ and O/H = 6 $^{+7}_{-2}$. In addition, there is weak evidence for solar Ne and Mg and twice solar Fe. Previous studies (Saizar et al. 1991 and Andre\"{a} et al. 1991, 1994) of PW Vul have yielded considerable differences in their derived elemental abundances for the ejecta. Our abundances fall in between the previous studies. To explain the discrepant abundances, we analyze in detail the data and methods used to obtain the previous results. The abundances of Saizar et al. (1991) are significantly smaller then our values because of the lower electron temperature used by Saizar et al. in deriving elemental abundances from ion abundances. Andre\"{a} et al. (1991) used an ionization correction method to obtain their abundances and verified their results with a photoionization model (Andre\"{a} et al. 1994). Our analysis of their data shows that the absolute fluxes of the optical emission lines used by Andre\"{a} are underestimated by 15% leading to a factor of 2 increase in their derived abundances. We also find the photoionization model used by Andre\"{a} et al. (1994) predicts 2 times more carbon than the photoionization code we used even when fitting the same data with similar model parameters.
The impact of variations in treatment rationales on expectancies for therapeutic change

The effects of altering the treatment rationale on expectancies for therapeutic change were examined in three analogue experiments. In each experiment, undergraduate students listened to descriptions of alternative treatments as applied to a clinical case and evaluated the extent to which therapy was likely to lead to improvements in the client. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of varying the respectability and prestige value, of treatment; Experiment 2 examined the influence of examples of successfully treated cases included in the treatment description; Experiment 3 examined if treatment focusing on affect, cognition, and behavior rather than on behavior alone, and description of treatment in technical jargon rather than ordinary language generated different expectancies for therapeutic change. Treatments generated greater expectancies for therapeutic change, were evaluated more favorably, and were viewed as more potent when they were said to be based on scientific research, tested in clinical trials, and novel in relation to traditional therapies, and when case exemplars who had been successfully treated were included in the treatment description. Also, when treatment was described as having a broader focus (affect, cognition and behavior) and presented in technical jargon, it generated greater expectancies for therapeutic change and was evaluated more favorably than when the focus was on behavior alone or when treatment was described in ordinary language.
N2O emissions from activated sludge processes, 2008-2009: results of a national monitoring survey in the United States.

Despite recognition of the possible role of biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes in nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, a measured database of N2O emissions from these processes at the national scale does not currently exist. This study focused on the quantification of N2O emissions at 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the United States using a newly developed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reviewed protocol. A high degree of variability in field-scale measurements of N2O was observed, both across the WWTPs sampled and within each WWTP. Additionally, aerobic zones, which have hitherto not been considered in the USEPA approach of estimating N2O emissions, generally contributed more to N2O fluxes than anoxic zones from BNR reactors. These results severely qualify the conventional use of a single emission factor to “estimate” N2O emissions from BNR processes, solely by virtue of denitrification. Upon subjecting the nationwide data set to multivariate regression data mining, high ni...
P3-07-26: How Generalizable Is the Patient Population Enrolled in ACOSOG Z11?

Background: The recently published Z11 trial of observation vs. axillary dissection for patients with a positive sentinel lymph node showed amazingly low axillary recurrence rates in both groups, and has the potential to dramatically alter practice. However questions remain about whether the Z11 population is representative of the larger population of breast cancer patients. Methods: An institutional database was queried to identify all patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy at our breast center from 2004 to 2010. These cases were retrospectively reviewed to determine the percentage of patients who would have met the Z11 eligibility requirements, and the demographics and outcomes for this subset were compared to those for Z11. Results: Out of 1215 patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy, 282 (23%) had at least one positive sentinel node. However when patients were eliminated who had T3 or T4 tumors, more than 2 positive sentinel nodes, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, or who underwent mastectomy, only 88 remained who would have been eligible for Z11 (31% of those with a positive sentinel node). These patients are compared to the Z11 patients in the following table. Our lumpectomy patients were generally quite similar to those of Z11 except ours had a lower percentage of micrometastases and a higher percentage of 4 or more positive nodes. As with most other published prediction models, the chance of having 4 or more positive nodes in our patients was directly proportional to tumor size and number of positive sentinel nodes, and inversely proportional to number of negative sentinel nodes. Conclusions: A relatively small percentage of node positive patients at our institution actually met the eligibility requirements for Z11, but this subset was similar in most respects to the Z11 population. We have developed an algorithm that can be prospectively tested that will allow the majority of these patients to forego axillary dissection but that will exclude patients most likely to have 4 or more positive nodes. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-26.
SFS 3 : a simulation f ramework for s elf- s tabilizing s ystems

A protocol is self-stabilizing if its actions guarantee the eventual satisfaction of a given legitimacy predicate beginning from an unknown initial state, including states which may arise after a finite number of transient faults. Such protocols are increasingly relevant in the design of large-scale networked systems, including sensor network applications and mobile computing substrates. Application of these protocols requires a precise characterization of their expected convergence time, which often varies substantially from their provable worst-case behavior. The network simulation tools currently used to support this characterization are inadequately tailored to self-stabilizing systems. In this paper, we present an object-oriented framework for simulating the behavior of self-stabilizing systems. The hook-and-template architecture provides inherent support for configurability, enabling experimentation across an extensible set of convergence models, network topologies, and daemon schedulers. We detail the design and implementation of the framework and demonstrate its utility in the context of three protocol examples. We conclude with an analysis of its performance and identify opportunities for future work.
Poster 430 Comparison of Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Veterans With and Without Spinal Cord Injury and the General Population

Disclosures: B. Weinman, none. Objective: To compare the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 in veterans who have spinal cord injury (SCI) with those who do not have SCI and the general population with regard to time, level, and severity of injury. Design: Retrospective chart review study. Setting: Spinal cord unit at Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants: 419 veterans with SCI and 424 veterans without SCI as a control group. Interventions: The electronic charts of 419 veterans with SCI were screened for diagnosis of DM type 2. SCI veterans with a diagnosis of DM type 2 were selected and the following information was obtained from their medical record: age, time of injury, level of injury, severity of injury based on ASIA classification, race and body mass index BMI. The results were compared with 429 computerized randomly selected age-matched veterans without SCI who came to the same VA hospital for outpatient visits. Main Outcome Measures: We compared the prevalence of DM in veterans with SCI and those without SCI with general population. In this comparison, we considered the veteran’s age, race, BMI, level and severity of injury. Results: From 419 veterans with SCI (mean age, 58.3 years), 77 veterans had DM (18.4%). From 424 veterans without SCI (mean age, 58.6), 114 had DM (26.9%). The prevalence of DM was significantly higher in veterans without SCI ( 2 8.71, df 1; P .003). In both SCI and non-SCI groups, the patients with DM had significantly higher BMI. Discussion: The prevalence of DM in the general population is about 7%. The number for SCI veterans was 18.4%, but, interestingly, veterans without SCI had a much higher prevalence of DM (26.9%). Based on this study, the higher rate of DM in veterans directly correlates with their BMI. Conclusions: Veterans with and without SCI are at much higher risk of developing DM type 2, which, at least partly, related to the higher BMI in veterans without SCI and the neurologic injury in veterans with SCI.
Mnemonic facilitation of artists and their paintings: Effects of familiarity and correspondence

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that the mnemonic keyword method can be successfully adapted to associating artists with their paintings on matching tests—the kind of task that students may face in an art appreciation course. However, when students were asked to print the artists' names when prompted by the paintings, mnemonic recall advantages were inconsistent. Three new artwork-learning experiments with college students are reported, which validate two practical suggestions for facilitating recall of unfamiliar names. In Experiment 1, the learners' familiarity with the unfamiliar artists' names was increased via an initial writing practice stage. In Experiment 2, multiple (rather than single) keywords provided a more complete correspondence from which to reconstruct unfamiliar names. In Experiment 3, the two approaches were combined. With each of these modifications, strong mnemonic strategy effects emerged. These results should generalize well to other classroom-learning situations where recall of unfamiliar material is required, such as recalling an unfamiliar term from its definition.
The physician values in practice scale: Construction and initial validation ☆

Abstract Measures of values typically appraise the construct globally, across life domains or relative to a broad life domain such as work. We conducted two studies to construct and initially validate an occupation- and context-specific values measure. Study 1, based on a sample of 192 medical students, describes the initial construction and item analysis of the physician values in practice scale (PVIPS), which produced a 15-factor model. Study 2 reports on a further analysis and refinement of the instrument with a national sample of 644 medical students. Results supported the basic psychometric properties of the PVIPS items. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 2 extracted six factors consistent with a theoretical model of values ( Dawis, 1991 ) and accounting for 61% of the variance: Prestige, Service, Autonomy, Lifestyle, Management, and Scholarly Pursuits. The PVIPS shows promise as a values measure for medical students and physicians encountering career specialty and medical practice style decisions. Interested researchers may construct similar scales for other occupations to promote contextualized appraisals of values.
Improved detection of time windows of brain responses in fMRI using modified temporal clustering analysis

Temporal clustering analysis (TCA) has been proposed recently as a method to detect time windows of brain responses in functional MRI (fMRI) studies when the timing and location of the activation are completely unknown. Modifications to the TCA technique are introduced in this report to further improve the sensitivity in detecting brain activation. The modified TCA is based on the integrated signal intensity of a temporal cluster at each time point, while the original TCA is based only on the size of a temporal cluster at each time point. A temporal cluster at each time point is defined, in both TCA methods, as a group of pixels reaching their maximum (or minimum) values at the same time. Both computer simulation and in vivo fMRI experiments have been performed. Compared with the original TCA, the modified TCA shows a significant improvement in the sensitivity to detect activation peaks for determining time windows of brain responses.
Methodological issues in studying the anxiety-reducing effects of animals: Reflections from a pediatric dental study

AbstractThis article reports observations made during a study investigating the role of a therapy dog in reducing anxiety in urban children visiting the dentist. The design and execution of the study were affected by methodological issues such as the reaction of urban children to the dog in the clinic, the tools used to measure anxiety in the children, the age and pet-ownership status of the children, and the personality of the therapy dog. Suggestions made for researchers designing similar studies include allowing children to become comfortable with the therapy dog before beginning formal data collection, working with younger children who have made fewer visits to the dentist, and using or developing more accurate tools for measuring behavioral and physiological anxiety.
Renal inflammation and elevated blood pressure in a mouse model of reduced β-ENaC

Previous studies suggest β-epithelial Na+ channel protein (β-ENaC) may mediate myogenic constriction, a mechanism of blood flow autoregulation. A recent study demonstrated that mice with reduced le...
Common fallacies in applying hypothesis testing

Although the theory of hypothesis testing is well developed and has a long history of application, practical application of hypothesis testing is plagued with fallacies, confusions, misconceptions, misuses, and abuses. This paper addresses four of the most widespread ones, particularly in statistical processing of signals, data, and information in uncertainty. They concern the decision on a single hypothesis, the assignment of the null hypothesis in the Neyman-Pearson framework, the confusion between two classes of significance tests, and the interpretation of a hypothesis not rejected. We articulate the principle underlying the tests, explain and analyze where the fallacies and confusions arise from, and present convincing arguments, clear conclusions, and succinct guidelines for practice, along with detailed, representative examples.
A wholesome ECE education

Fast advancing technologies will require a drastic transformation in the teaching of electrical and computer engineering (ECE). The current practice of compressing more and more materials into the four-year ECE curriculum must end. An ECE curriculum must be designed to provide students with solid fundamental knowledge and to teach them how to learn. It is more important to have a curriculum that teaches knowledge and skills that are long lasting and can be applied in new situations than one that teaches cutting-edge technology that may become obsolete in a few years. Electronic systems will be smaller, faster, smarter, and more complex. Most of the design work must be done using high-level abstractions. Besides being competent engineers, ECE graduates must be responsible and well-rounded citizens. After establishing a set of guiding principles, a liberal and broad-based curriculum with emphasis on a systematic approach to problem solving is suggested. An unconventional instructional approach is proposed and elaborated. Some of the nontechnology-related challenges facing ECE education are discussed.
A new megophthalmine leafhopper from Oregon, with notes on its biology and behaviour (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)*

SYNOPSIS A new leafhopper species of the megophthalmine genus Tiaja Oman, found in the coastal dune community of north-western North America, is described. An account is given of the biology and behaviour of the species.
The Effects of Sample Characteristics and Experience with Infidelity on Romantic Jealousy

Past research has suggested that men are more upset by imagined sexual than emotional infidelity, and women are more upset by imagined emotional infidelity than sexual infidelity. However, experience with infidelity, methodology, and age and gender of the sample may help to explain inconsistent results. Two hundred ninety-four English-speaking undergraduate students and 325 non-college adults in a large mid-Atlantic urban area of the U.S. completed forced-choice or continuous-scale anonymous questionnaires regarding jealousy over a mate’s hypothetical infidelity. Chi-square and MANOVA analyses replicated previous findings of the expected gender difference in all hypothetical forced-choice scenarios. However, results for those participants who reported experience with actual infidelity demonstrated little support for the traditional evolutionary model, as there were no gender differences in which aspect of hypothetical infidelity was reported to be more distressing, and no gender differences at the college level in terms of which aspect of infidelity received the greatest focus. These findings, extrapolated from both undergraduates and adults and accounting for the impact of actual, primed memory of experience of infidelity on hypothetical jealousy scenarios, raise important questions about the validity of hypothetical scenarios of jealousy as proxies for real reactions to actual infidelity. The results of the present study suggest that the lack of a consistent, replicable gender difference across the lifespan may be explained by two related factors: age and actual experience with infidelity.
Academic quality, league tables, and public policy: A cross-national analysis of university ranking systems

The global expansion of access to higher education has increased demand for information on academic quality and has led to the development of university ranking systems or league tables in many countries of the world. A recent UNESCO/CEPES conference on higher education indicators concluded that cross-national research on these ranking systems could make an important contribution to improving the international market for higher education. The comparison and analysis of national university ranking systems can help address a number of important policy questions. First, is there an emerging international consensus on the measurement of academic quality as reflected in these ranking systems? Second, what impact are the different ranking systems having on university and academic behavior in their respective countries? Finally, are there important public interests that are thus far not reflected in these rankings? If so, is there a needed and appropriate role for public policy in the development and distribution of university ranking systems and what might that role be? This paper explores these questions through a comparative analysis of university rankings in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US.
The Effects of Analysts’ Access to Management’s Private Information and the Precision of Publicly Available Information on Analyst Forecast Accuracy

We posit and find that the importance of analyst and forecast characteristics for analyst forecast accuracy varies with analysts’ access to management’s private information and with the precision of publicly available information. In particular, more experienced analysts and All-Star analysts do not maintain their superior forecast accuracy and analysts employed by large brokerage houses perform even worse than other analysts following the enactment of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD). In addition, we find a decrease in the importance of effort, the number of industries and firms followed, days elapsed since the last forecast, forecast horizon, and forecast boldness post-Reg FD. The decrease in the importance of most of these characteristics is greater when the precision of publicly available information is low. Our results suggest that the positive effects of experience, effort, brokerage house size, All-Star status for forecast accuracy pre-Reg FD were due to the information advantage these analysts enjoyed, rather than their ability to generate private information. In contrast, following the enactment of Reg FD, the importance of prior forecast accuracy increases and this increase is even greater when the precision of publicly available information is low. This suggests that prior forecast accuracy is related to analysts’ ability to generate private information. Because prior evidence suggests that investors consider analyst and forecast characteristics when they evaluate the relevance of analyst forecasts, our findings can help investors to better assess and use the information in analyst forecasts.
The Accumulation of Multiple Sources of Psychosocial Disadvantage and Their Correlation to Reported Overall Health: Establishing a Threshold

Psychosocial disadvantage and lower socioeconomic status are associated with increased risk of poor health. The purposes of this study are to identify a threshold at which cumulative psychosocial risk factors become significantly associated with a decrease in health status and to examine whether women are at higher risk than men. Using secondary cross-sectional data, a correlation of self-reported health rating and psychosocial risk factors was conducted. Participant characteristics by number of health-related psychosocial risks were constructed. The accumulation of risk factors had a negative effect on health status at the threshold of two; health status significantly decreased with the addition of each risk factor. Gender significantly moderated the relationship between number of risks and self-reported health status, with women's health decreasing as the number of risks increased. Risk factors in this study are typically part of client assessments and can be used in assisting social workers to identify those most at risk. Those with two or more risk factors are significantly more at risk for poorer health. Moreover, women and ethnic minorities were at more risk for poor health with the addition ofjust one risk factor.
Iatrogenic stenosis of the proximal portion of the coronary arteries. Report of three cases treated with aortocoronary anastomosis.

Abstract Three patients are reported with proximal constriction of the coronary arteries after prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve. Two patients had Bjork valve, and one had a Starr-Edwards prosthesis with a metal ball. One patient had a proximal lesion of the right coronary artery with distal lesions of the left anterior descending branch (the latter could have been present before operation and hence arteroiosclerotic in nature). Two others had lesions of the left main coronary arteries. Angina was the main symptom in these patients and began approximately four months after the prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve. All the patients were relieved of angina after aortocoronary anastomosis. It is recommended that if angina appears after aortic prosthetic valve replacement, selective coronary cineangiography should be performed; if the proximal stenosis of the coronary arteries is diagnosed, aortocoronary anastomosis should be performed.
Clients’ Perceptions of Multicultural Counseling Competence Current Status and Future Directions

This article presents a reaction to Pope-Davis et al.’s major contribution concerning the importance of obtaining clients’ perceptions of counselors’ multicultural competence. Implications of their research findings for counseling psychology training, practice, and research are discussed.
A novel cone visual cycle in the cone-dominated retina

The visual processing of humans is primarily reliant upon the sensitivity of cone photoreceptors to light during daylight conditions. This underscores the importance of understanding how cone photoreceptors maintain the ability to detect light. The vertebrate retina consists of a combination of both rod and cone photoreceptors. Subsequent to light exposure, both rod and cone photoreceptors are dependent upon the recycling of vitamin A to regenerate photopigments, the proteins responsible for detecting light. Metabolic processing of vitamin A in support of rod photopigment renewal, the so-called "rod visual cycle", is well established. However, the metabolic processing of vitamin A in support of cone photopigment renewal remains a challenge for characterization in the recently discovered "cone visual cycle". In this review we summarize the research that has defined the rod visual cycle and our current concept of the novel cone visual cycle. Here, we highlight the research that supports the existence of a functional cone-specific visual cycle: the identification of novel enzymatic activities that contribute to retinoid recycling, the observation of vitamin A recycling in cone-dominated retinas, and the localization of some of these activities to the Muller cell. In the opinions of the authors, additional research on the possible interactions between these two visual cycles in the duplex retina is needed to understand visual detection in the human retina.
Refeeding-Induced Brown Adipose Tissue Glycogen Hyper-Accumulation in Mice Is Mediated by Insulin and Catecholamines

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat during adaptive thermogenesis through a combination of oxidative metabolism and uncoupling protein 1-mediated electron transport chain uncoupling, using both free-fatty acids and glucose as substrate. Previous rat-based work in 1942 showed that prolonged partial fasting followed by refeeding led to a dramatic, transient increase in glycogen stores in multiple fat depots. In the present study, the protocol was replicated in male CD1 mice, resulting in a 2000-fold increase in interscapular BAT (IBAT) glycogen levels within 4–12 hours (hr) of refeeding, with IBAT glycogen stores reaching levels comparable to fed liver glycogen. Lesser effects occurred in white adipose tissues (WAT). Over the next 36 hr, glycogen levels dissipated and histological analysis revealed an over-accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting a potential metabolic connection between glycogenolysis and lipid synthesis. 24 hr of total starvation followed by refeeding induced a robust and consistent glycogen over-accumulation similar in magnitude and time course to the prolonged partial fast. Experimentation demonstrated that hyperglycemia was not sufficient to drive glycogen accumulation in IBAT, but that elevated circulating insulin was sufficient. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of catecholamine production reduced refeeding-induced IBAT glycogen storage, providing evidence of a contribution from the central nervous system. These findings highlight IBAT as a tissue that integrates both canonically-anabolic and catabolic stimulation for the promotion of glycogen storage during recovery from caloric deficit. The preservation of this robust response through many generations of animals not subjected to food deprivation suggests that the over-accumulation phenomenon plays a critical role in IBAT physiology.
A microkernel virtual machine: building security with clear interfaces

In this paper we propose a novel microkernel-based virtual machine (µKVM), a new code-based security framework with a simple and declarative security architecture. The main design goals of the µKVM are to put a clear, inviolable programming interface between different codebases or security components, and to limit the size of the trusted codebase in the spirit of a microkernel. Security policies are enforced solely on the interface because all data must explicitly pass through the inviolable interface. The architecture of the µKVM effectively removes the need for expensive runtime stack inspection, and applies the principle of least privilege to both library and application code elegantly and efficiently. We have implemented a prototype of the proposed µKVM. A series of benchmarks show that the prototype preserves the original functionality of Java and compares favorably with the J2SDK performance-wise.
Not proper ROC curves as new tool for the analysis of differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments.

Background: Most microarray experiments are carried out with the purpose of identifying genes whose expression varies in relation with specific conditions or in response to environmental stimuli. In such studies, genes showing similar mean expression values between two or more groups are considered as not differentially expressed, even if hidden subclasses with different expression values may exist. In this paper we propose a new method for identifying differentially expressed genes, based on the area between the ROC curve and the rising diagonal (ABCR). ABCR represents a more general approach than the standard area under the ROC curve (AUC), because it can identify both proper (i.e., concave) and not proper ROC curves (NPRC). In particular, NPRC may correspond to those genes that tend to escape standard selection methods. Results: We assessed the performance of our method using data from a publicly available database of 4026 genes, including 14 normal B cell samples (NBC) and 20 heterogeneous lymphomas (namely: 9 follicular lymphomas and 11 chronic lymphocytic leukemias). Moreover, NBC also included two sub-classes, i.e., 6 heavily stimulated and 8 slightly or not stimulated samples. We identified 1607 differentially expressed genes with an estimated False Discovery Rate of 15%. Among them, 16 corresponded to NPRC and all escaped standard selection procedures based on AUC and t statistics. Moreover, a simple inspection to the shape of such plots allowed to identify the two subclasses in either one class in 13 cases (81%). Conclusion: NPRC represent a new useful tool for the analysis of microarray data.
Television and the Developing Imagination of the Child

The paper examines whether television enriches a child's imagination, leads to distortions of reality, and whether adult mediation while a child views a program or immediately after can evoke constructive changes or stimulate make‐believe play.
A tribute to the women: Rewriting history, retelling herstory in civil rights

Much of the scholarship on the modern Civil Rights Movement (CRM) has recaptured dramatic and poignant events through eyewitness accounts and oral narratives—from letters, speeches, newspaper editorials, press releases, photographs, and documentary films that summon vivid images of fire hoses and police dogs, peaceful protestors, and violent rioters (McAdam 1982; Morris 1984; Payne 1994; Robnett 1997; Williams 1988). The conventional approach to (or master narrative of) civil rights history has focused almost exclusively on extraordinary, elite men from W.E.B. DuBois to Martin Luther King Jr. and Thurgood Marshall to such notable civil rights organizations as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)—that led the fight for equal protection under the law, desegregated lunch counters, and the right to vote in local and national elections (Branch 1988, 1998, 2006; Carson 1981; Fairclough 1987; Garrow 1986; Lewis 1993; Reed 1997; Sullivan 2009). Rather than broaden and deepen our understanding of individual and collective forms of resistance, however, such an approach simplifies and distorts a more nuanced and complicated version of civil rights history in the United States. All too often people come to associate the modern CRM with celebrated heroes and a static, fixed understanding of discrimination that is less than critical of hierarchal relationships determined solely (or primarily) by a racial caste system—specifically, an era of Jim Crow when “separate but equal” accommodations were legally sanctioned by the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision. Far less common is an association of the modern CRM with a richer, more nuanced understanding of discrimination that is critical of hierarchal relationships determined by interlocking systems of oppression—namely, racism and sexism—experienced by forgotten heroines who similarly risked their lives and reputations for equality and justice before the law (notable exceptions being Collier-Thomas and Franklin 2001; Giddings 1984; Gilmore 1996; Ling and Monteith 2004; Olson 2001; Robnett 1997).
What technical barriers exist for real-time fluoroscopic and video image overlay in robotic surgery?

Background A hypothetical advantage of the da Vinci® console is its ability to integrate multiple visual data sources. Current platforms for augmented reality surgery fuse pre-operative radiographic studies but are limited with their ability to update with intra-operative imaging. The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of real-time radiographic image overlay with current technology. Methods S-video composite output from a fluoroscopic C-arm was superimposed onto the video output of the da Vinci device. Image superimposition disparity measurements were evaluated in a bench model. The feasibility of robotic dissection assisted by real-time cholangiogram and intravenous pyelogram was evaluated. Results Image alignment resulted in a radiographic blind spot and image disparity with severely limited application in an in vivo model. Conclusions External collisions of the robotic device and visual disparity in multiple planes negate the current implementation of fluoroscopic overlay and will require more elegant methods of computer-assisted registration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crawling scallop: friction-based locomotion with one degree of freedom.

Fluid-based locomotion at low Reynolds number is subject to the constraints of the scallop theorem, which dictate that body kinematics identical under a time-reversal symmetry (in particular, those with a single degree of freedom) cannot display locomotion on average. The implications of the theorem naturally compel one to ask whether similar symmetry constraints exist for locomotion in different environments. In this work we consider locomotion along a surface where forces are described by isotropic Coulomb friction. To address whether motions with a single degree of freedom can lead to transport, we analyze a model system consisting of two bodies whose separation distance undergoes periodic time variations. The behavior of the two-body system is entirely determined by the kinematic specification of their separation, the friction forces, and the mass of each body. We show that the constraints of the scallop theorem can be escaped in frictional media if two asymmetry conditions are met at the same time: the frictional forces of each body against the surface must be distinct and the time-variation of the body–body separation must vary asymmetrically in time (so quick-slow or slowquick in the extension–contraction phases). Our results are demonstrated numerically and interpreted using asymptotic expansions.
Dynamic analysis of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

Electrostatic transducers are usually operated under a DC bias below their collapse voltage. The same scheme has been adopted for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs). DC bias deflects the cMUT membranes toward the substrate, so that their centers are free to move during both receive and transmit operations. In this paper, we present time-domain, finite element calculations for cMUTs using LS-DYNA, a commercially available finite element package. In addition to this DC bias mode, other new cMUT operations (collapse and collapse-snapback) have recently been demonstrated. Because cMUT membranes make contact with the substrate in these new operations, modeling of these cMUTs should include contact analysis. Our model was a cMUT transducer consisting of many hexagonal membranes; because it was symmetrical, we modeled only one-sixth of a hexagonal cell loaded with a fluid medium. The finite element results for both conventional and collapse modes were compared to measurements made by an optical interferometer; a good match was observed. Thus, the model is useful for designing cMUTs that operate in regimes where membranes make contact with the substrate.
Reply to MF McCarty

Dear Sir: Although we agree with McCarty on many points, phosphorus bioavailability is a nuanced issue that requires further study before any “correction factor” for food source can be used with confidence. Bioavailability refers to the fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed and can be measured in a variety of ways, the gold standard of which is the balance method [net absorption % = (intake − fecal excretion)/intake × 100] (1). Whereas studies comparing animal- and vegetable-based sources of phosphorus on mineral metabolism in humans suggest lower bioavailability of phosphorus derived from plant-based proteins (2, 3), they have been of relatively short duration (1–7 d) and have lacked stool measurements. As mentioned by McCarty, the majority of phosphorus found in grains and legumes is in the form of phytate, which requires degradation by phytase, an enzyme not present in the small intestine of humans (4). Also important to mention is that food processing and household preparation can affect the bioavailability and amount of phosphorus content. For example, leavening of bread with phytase-producing yeasts (5) increases bioavailable phosphorus, whereas boiling foods reduces dietary phosphorus content (6). The other important issue when considering bioavailability is the contribution of food additives that contain highly bioavailable inorganic salts of phosphorus (7). One study found that 44% of top grocery items contained phosphorus-based additives in food products such as baked goods, packaged meats, soup, frozen vegetables, ready-to-eat meals, cheese, carbonated beverages, and shelf-stable juice drinks (8). Although a randomized controlled trial showed that education on the avoidance of phosphorus-based additives can result in lower serum phosphorus concentrations in hemodialysis patients (9), observational studies have not shown any relation between processed meats, soda, and fast-food consumption with serum phosphorus (10). A possible explanation for this null relation is that these categories only represent a small fraction of an individual's exposure to phosphorus-based additives. Until reliable methods that account for factors such as the use of phosphorus-based additives and food preparation are developed to estimate bioavailability of phosphorus, using a correction factor to estimate bioavailable phosphorus would likely introduce error into analyses. Measurements of 24-h urine phosphorus excretion would give a better approximation of bioavailable phosphorus intake, but these measurements were unavailable in the present study. Future research is needed to improve our understanding of the determinants of phosphorus bioavailability and the consequences of high phosphorus intake.