cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1005-82 Myocardial and Coronary Vascular Protection After Coronary Occlusion and Reperfusion by Selective Sinoatrial Node Inhibition

Improved regional myocardial function and abnormal flow reserve resulting from myocardial ischemic injury has been observed with β-blockade. To determine if heart rate reduction alone would offer similar protection, anesthetized dogs were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) occlusion and given a selective SA node inhibitor (ZD7288 0.5 mg/kg, n = 5 or buffer, n = 7). After 1 hour of occlusion they were reperfused. ZD7288 decreased heart rate by 28 ± 2% (153 ± 14 to 120 ± 11 bpm, p l 0.05) at 1 hr after reperfusion. In buffer-treated dogs, peak reactive hyperemic (RH) response after 20 sec LAD occlusion, (index of coronary flow reserve), fell from 276 ± 22% to 135 ± 18% and LAD regional shortening fraction (SF, by ultrasonic crystals) decreased from 9.7 ± 1.5% to 0.6 ± 0.1% after reperfusion (both, p l 0.001). In ZD7288-treated dogs, peak RH and SF after reperfusion (227 ± 19% and 4.2 ± 0.8%, respectively) were preserved (p l 0.05) vs buffertreated dogs. Despite similar area of left ventricular (LV) at risk, infarct area (as % of LV). was also smaller in ZD7288-treated vs. buffer-treated dogs (14.0 ± 0.5 vs 23.0 ± 1.10%, P l 0.05). Heart rate was maintained constant with atrial pacing in five other ZD7288-treated dogs and neither peak RH or SF were preserved compared with buffer-treated dogs. Thus, selective SA node inhibition alone, induced after coronary occlusion, results in myocardial and coronary vascular protection after reperfusion. Selective SA node inhibition may have clinical utility in acute myocardial patients who are not candidates for beta blockers.
The Rockefeller University Hospital (1910–2010): Creating the Science of Medicine

The year 2010 marked the centennial of the Rockefeller University Hospital, one of the great philanthropic achievements of 20th-century science. For 100 years, the Hospital played a central role in the development and growth of medical science by enabling physician-scientists to make intensive study of human biology and disease. With ingenuity and devotion, they greatly enriched clinical medicine as well as basic biological science. This account emphasizes the founding and first half-century of the Hospital as it became a germinal center for clinical investigation. The second half of the century saw rapid change in medicine and health care with vexing problems, many yet unsolved. This history should serve as a call to arms for maintaining the linkage of science and medicine, supporting patient-oriented research as a basic discipline of medicine.
Predicting psychosis and psychiatric hospital care among adolescent psychiatric patients with the Prodromal Questionnaire.

Abstract The Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) identifies psychiatric help-seekers in need of clinical interviews to diagnose psychosis risk. However, some providers use the PQ alone to identify risk. Therefore, we tested its predictive utility among 731 adolescent psychiatric help-seekers, with a 3–9-year register-based follow-up. Nine latent factors corresponded well with postulated subscales. Depersonalization predicted later hospitalization with a psychosis diagnosis (HR 1.6 per SD increase), and Role Functioning predicted any psychiatric hospitalization (HR 1.3). Published cut-off scores were poor predictors of psychosis; endorsement rates were very high for most symptoms. Therefore, we do not recommend using the PQ without second-stage clinical interviews.
University Research Magazines and The Western Scholar

The University Research Magazine Association consists of university research publications that reflect the research and scholarly activities of a university or other non-profit center. One example of this type of publication is The Western Scholar: The Spirit of Scholarship and Research at Western Kentucky University, begun in 2000, as one of the newer university attempts to highlight and reward faculty, staff and students for research and creative activities. Such research magazines occupy a unique place within universities in content and editorial approach with an emphasis on the public good.
Formation of HC⋮ReH3 in Methane Activation by Rhenium Atoms: Observation of the Elusive Methylidyne C−H Stretching Absorption

HC⋮ReH3 is formed in the reaction of Re atoms with CH4 in excess argon. The insertion complex is generated, and two α-hydrogen migrations follow to produce the trihydrido methylidyne complex HC⋮ReH3, which has a Cs structure, a C−H stretching absorption at 3102 cm-1, a C⋮Re stretching mode at 1049 cm-1, and a very strong Re−H stretching absorption at 1804 cm-1.
How to print with style

Embedded format controls limit the reusability of programs. The problem is examined using a stream output example. It may be avoided if a map from data types to formatting options is passed to output service routines instead of a list of specific formats. Such a map is here called a "style".This concept can be used with any programming language. However, it is most natural in the context of a language which offers data abstractions and user-defined generic operators. CONCISE is an experimental programming language in use to test the effectiveness of these technologies. CONCISE programs exploiting styles show how they help make program reusability feasible. As a byproduct, output formating becomes more flexible than it is with current approaches.
Partial FFT demodulation for coherent detection of OFDM signals over underwater acoustic channels

We propose an algorithm for coherent detection of OFDM signals over underwater acoustic channels in the presence of Doppler distortions. The algorithm uses multiple FFT demodulators, each operating on a different (partial) segment of the incoming OFDM block. The segments corresponding to several adjacent carriers and multiple receiving elements are adaptively combined to reduce the inter-carrier interference. The combiner weights are computed recursively across carriers, using a stochastic gradient algorithm. The information contained in the combiner weights is also used to predict the Doppler shifts for the next incoming block, thus enhancing the accuracy of adaptive channel tracking. Synthetic and experimental data from a recent experiment conducted over a mobile acoustic channel in the 10 - 15 kHz band, show that partial FFT demodulation with enhanced channel tracking provides a significant gain in performance over a conventional coherent detector, and increases the bandwidth efficiency.
YAMAGUCHI'S DEUTERON WAVE FUNCTION.

Abstract Yamaguchi's separable tensor potential generates a deuteron wave function, which substituted in the Schrodinger equation gives an equivalent local potential. This potential disagrees badly with OPEP for low percentage D-state (less than 2%), but not as seriously for higher percentage.
Using Local Spectral Methods to Robustify Graph-Based Learning Algorithms

Graph-based learning methods have a variety of names including semi-supervised and transductive learning. They typically use a diffusion to propagate labels from a small set of nodes with known class labels to the remaining nodes of the graph. While popular, these algorithms, when implemented in a straightforward fashion, are extremely sensitive to the details of the graph construction. Here, we provide four procedures to help make them more robust: recognizing implicit regularization in the diffusion, using a scalable push method to evaluate the diffusion, using rank-based rounding, and densifying the graph through a matrix polynomial. We study robustness with respect to the details of graph constructions, errors in node labeling, degree variability, and a variety of other real-world heterogeneities, studying these methods through a precise relationship with mincut problems. For instance, the densification strategy explicitly adds new weighted edges to a sparse graph. We find that this simple densification creates a graph where multiple diffusion methods are robust to several types of errors. This is demonstrated by a study with predicting product categories from an Amazon co-purchasing network.
Developmental and Contextual Risks of Social Physique Anxiety Among Female Athletes

Abstract In the present study, we examined developmental and contextual factors that may increase the odds of reporting higher social physique anxiety (SPA) among 404 adolescent athletes 11 to 16 years old. Findings showed older, later maturing athletes past peak height velocity and with greater body mass index (BMI) reported higher SPA. Individual aesthetic sport athletes were older at menarche, had lower BMI, and reported higher SPA. The odds of reporting higher SPA were 4.5 times higher (odds ratio = 4.61) for individual aesthetic sport athletes than for nonaesthetic sport athletes. Team aesthetic sport contexts were not implicated in SPA risk. Results are discussed in terms of self-selection away from individual aesthetic sports and the relevance of physical size and puberty in the SPA construct.
Sublethal effects of the water-soluble fraction of Nigerian crude oil on the juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linné)

Abstract Juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne), were exposed to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Nigerian crude oil at concentrations ranging from 7 ppm to 0·06 ppm. During the six-week experimental period the feeding rates of the clams exposed to hydrocarbons were significantly lower than those of the controls. The growth rates of control clams were three times greater than the growth rates of the experimental groups. Mortalities were low during the entire experimental period; however, during a two-week depuration period all clams in the most polluted condition (7 ppm) died.
Analysis of a Bose–Einstein Markov chain

Abstract This paper gives sharp rates of convergence to stationarity for a Markov chain generating Bose–Einstein configurations of n balls in k boxes. The analysis leads to curious identities for the arc sine distribution.
Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis.

• Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis is a rare disorder that presents as reticulate pigmentation distributed widely all over the cutaneous surface. Only nine patients with this disease have been described previously. Our patient had no fingernail and toenail prints, a striking finding also noted in some, but not all, of the other nine patients. Our patient also had a history of a seizure disorder and had two cutaneous neurofibromas, unlike the other patients with this disorder. However, there were no other findings, such as Lisch nodules of the iris, to suggest a diagnosis of von Recklinghausen's disease. (Arch Dermatol.1990;126:935-939)
Utility of expressing serum sodium per unit of water in assessing hyponatremia

Abstract Total protein and total lipid are the major components of the total solids of serum and they displace the water and sodium of serum. To differentiate the spurious hyponatremias, caused by hyperproteinemia and hyperlipidemia, from the true hyponatremias, a knowledge of whether or not the percentage of water in serum is essentially normal is required. To determine serum water concentration indirectly, a simple modification of a standard formula is proposed, utilizing both total serum protein and total serum lipid measurements. This can be used to relate or correct serum sodium concentration in mEq./liter of serum to mEq./liter of serum water. Generally available chemical methods to determine total serum protein and total serum lipid concentrations can be used to estimate serum water content by a general formula. Refractive index and specific gravity methods to determine serum protein and water content may be invalid in hyperlipidemia.
A tudat varázsa

Valoban van alapja annak, hogy a tudatot varazslatos, a tudomany eszkozeivel megvalaszolhatatlan jelensegnek tekintsuk? A szekfoglalo eloadas a varazslas es buveszkedes vizsgalataval megprobalja megmutatni: sokkal inkabb melyen gyokerezo, de nem megalapozott intuicionk tamogatja az ilyen ertelmezeseket. Az analogia megvilagito ereju lehet, erre jo pelda Lee Siegel beszamoloja varazslatrol szolo konyvenek fogadtatasarol: „»Konyvet irok a varazslasrol« - mondom, mire azt kerdezik: »Valodi varazslatokrol?« Valodi varazslaton az emberek csodakat, csodatetelt es termeszetfeletti eroket ertenek. »Nem« - valaszolom -, »buvesztrukkokrol, nem valodi varazslasrol.« Avalodi varazslat - mas szavakkal - arra a varazsra vonatkozik, ami nem valodi, mig az a varazs, amelyik valodi, amely kivitelezheto, az nem a valodi varazslat.” Az elmefilozofiaban David Chalmers (szandekai ellenere) ugyanezt a konceptualis trukkot alkalmazta, amikor kijelentette a vilagnak: felfedezte a tudatossag „nehez kerdeset”. Lehetseges azonban, ...
Examining communication privacy management in the middle school classroom: perceived gains and consequences

Background: From instructing students on curriculum content to helping their pupils to develop a wide range of skills, teachers in many educational settings make daily decisions about how and what to disclose to their students to build relationships and make connections with content.Purpose: The current study, applied to a North American middle school context, reveals what is known about teacher disclosure in higher education in terms of how teachers develop privacy rules and coordinate boundaries.Sample: Ten certified middle school teachers of 11–14-year-olds (i.e. six to eighth graders) from one school were invited to participate in individual semi-structured interviews. Network sampling of teachers was employed.Method: Interview data were transcribed and Petronio’s communication privacy management (CPM) was used as the theoretical framework to guide the identification of themes.Findings: Analysis provided support for the original four criteria identified in CPM and revealed an additional criterion (i.e...
Accurate analysis of arbitrarily shaped patch resonators on thin substrates

Based on a generalized edge boundary condition (GEBC), an accurate analysis method for arbitrarily shaped microstrip patch resonators is developed. The edge of the patch and its feeding line are first discretized as a series of connected segments. Next, an equivalent voltage and an equivalent current are defined on each segment. This boundary of the patch and the feeding line can be viewed as an interface between two networks. The first takes into account the coupling under the patch. The second represents the dynamical edge effects and the coupling over the top side of the patch. This general and computer-efficient approach is then successfully applied to determine the input impedance of some commonly used probe-fed and strip-fed patch resonators. >
Simulation of refrigerant phase equilibria

Vapor-liquid equilibria for refrigerant mixtures modeled by an equation of state are studied. Phase behavior calculated by the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation with a single adjustable binary interaction parameter is compared with experimental data for binary refrigerant mixtures, two with a supercritical component and one that exhibits azeotropic behavior. It is shown that the SRK equation gives an adequate description of the phase envelope for binary refrigerant systems. The complex domain trust region methods of Lucia and co-workers are applied to fixed vapor, isothermal flash model equations, with particular attention to root finding and root assignment at the equation of state (EOS) level of the calculations, and convergence in the retrograde and azeotropic regions of the phase diagram. Rules for assigning roots to the vapor and liquid phases in the case where all roots to the EOS are complex-valued are proposed and shown to yield correct results, even in retrograde regions. Convergence of the flash model equations is also studied. It is shown that the complex domain trust region algorithms outperform Newton`s method in singular regions of the phase diagram (i.e., at near azeotropic conditions and in the retrograde loop), primarily due to the eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition strategy given in Sridhar andmore » Lucia (1995). A variety of geometric figures are used to illustrate salient points.« less
Ferromagnetic resonance method for determining the magnetic surface anisotropy of amorphous films.

The theory of a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) method for determining the magnetic surface anisotropy of amorphous films is presented. This method enables one to deduce the surface anisotropy constant ${K}_{s}$ of an amorphous material from the dependence of the magnetic resonance field on the film thickness. The analysis includes spin-wave modes and surface-induced modes, perpendicular and parallel FMR configurations, and thin as well as ultrathin films. No approximations are made other than the linearization of the equation of motion and the assumption that skin-depth effects and electromagnetic propagation effects are negligible. Good agreement is found between the theory of the method and experimental FMR data on ultrathin films of amorphous Fe-B alloys. The reliability of the ${K}_{s}$ values deduced by means of the theory from experimental FMR and superconducting quantum-interference device data is briefly discussed.
Treatment of advanced renal failure: low-protein diets or timely initiation of dialysis?

Treatment of advanced renal failure: Low-protein diets or timely initiation of dialysis? Until 1996, no guidelines existed for the initiation of dialysis in patients with progressive renal failure. The publication of the National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative guidelines has generated a debate on the management of advanced renal failure and the role of low-protein diets (LPDs). We performed a review of the literature to identify articles on the initiation of dialysis and LPDs, particularly those since 1996. Delayed referral of patients is widespread in both the United States and Europe, and almost 25% of patients are started on dialysis at a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 40% of incident U.S. ESRD). In nondiabetics who are younger than 70 years old, adherence to LPD for four to five years can be estimated to result in a delay in dialysis by 6 to 11 months. However, suboptimal energy intake is widespread in advanced renal failure, which declines further upon institution of LPD. Even nutritionally sound patients develop subclinical nutritional decline despite intense counseling. There are no data on the efficacy or safety of LPD in subgroups that constitute approximately 80% of incident ESRD patients. Concerns still exist regarding their nutritional safety in the remainder. Initiation of dialysis results in improved nutritional status and should be considered in a timely fashion.
Impact of service network topology on air transportation efficiency

Each stakeholder in the air transportation system has a different perspective on the performance efficiency metrics, making analysis of system-wide design options very difficult. This paper uses topological structures of service networks to examine trade-offs between efficiency metrics established around the passenger, airline, and air navigation service provider perspectives. The findings indicate that the scale-free type topologies are preferred under most of the metrics. However, with enough density, random topologies become more appealing with its high robustness feature and performance comparable to scale-free.
Pregnancy outcomes from the pregnancy registry of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine

OBJECTIVE:To better describe the safety profile of pregnancy exposures to the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6/11/16/18 vaccine by acquiring and analyzing postmarketing data on pregnancy outcomes (ie, live births, abortions, fetal deaths, and congenital anomalies).METHODS:Enrollment criteria includ
Maintenance of a constitutive heterochromatin domain in vertebrates by a Dicer-dependent mechanism.

Small RNAs are known to induce heterochromatin formation in various organisms. RNA-dependent mechanisms are shown to be required for the formation of a constitutive heterochromatin structure in the chick. The 16 kilobase (kb) heterochromatin domain between the chicken β-globin locus and the folate receptor gene is used here to study the roles of RNA-dependent mechanisms and histone modifications in the maintenance of a constitutive heterochromatic structure. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is shown to both increase intergenic transcription and render the heterochromatin more accessible to MspI digestion. We show that short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of the enzyme Dicer has similar effects: histone acetylation is increased, transcript levels rise and the compact chromatin structure becomes more accessible to restriction endonucleases. We also show that the chicken Argonaute 2 homologue binds the 16 kb region in a Dicer-dependent manner and is necessary for a condensed chromatin structure. Heterochromatic domains of this kind, which are widely distributed in vertebrate genomes, thus seem to be maintained in their condensed form by highly conserved mechanisms.
The Effects of Ants on the Entomophagous Butterfly Caterpillar Feniseca tarquinius , and the Putative Role of Chemical Camouflage in the Feniseca –Ant Interaction

Butterfly caterpillars in the lycaenid subfamily Miletinae are predators of ant-tended Homoptera, yet they lack specialized secretory and call-production organs crucial to ant association in other lycaenids. Here, we address the question of how miletine caterpillars have invaded the ant-Homoptera symbiosis through a study of the only New World miletine, Feniseca tarquinius, a predator of the wooly aphid Prociphilus tesselatus. Previous interpretations have suggested that F. tarquinius and other miletine caterpillars avoid ant aggression by concealing themselves under silken webs. In contrast, our field data indicate that F. tarquinius caterpillars are less likely to be concealed in the presence of the ants Camponotus pennsylvanicus and Formica obscuriventris than in the absence of ants, although caterpillar and ant behaviors vary between years. Chemical analysis and behavioral assays suggest that chemical camouflage, not physical concealment, is responsible for the ants' failure to detect and remove F. tarquinius caterpillars from aphid colonies. Analyses by gas chromatography indicate that the cuticular lipid composition of caterpillars are similar to that of their aphid prey, although it varies with prey species. Behavioral assays confirm that solvent extracts of F. tarquinius caterpillars and P. tesselatus aphids evoke similar behavioral responses in C. pennsylvanicus ants. Chemical camouflage is well known in social parasites of ants, but the present study represents one of a few documented cases where chemical deceit is important to interactions with ants outside the nest.
Mechanotransduction in Rat Myometrium: Coordination of Contractions of Electrically and Chemically Isolated Tissues

The generally accepted mechanism for global uterine coordination is propagation of electrical activity. Mechanotransduction mechanisms were briefly considered as a secondary mechanism 40 years ago, but scant data have appeared. Here, we provide evidence that tissue strips are capable of functionally interacting solely by mechanical mechanisms. We mechanically linked, in series, 2 rat myometrial strips of similar size. Strips were placed in separate baths to ensure they were electrically and chemically isolated. A force transducer was used to measure force production. We precisely determined when each tissue contracted by simultaneously measuring each strip's electrical activity using contact electrodes. We observed both in-phase and out-of-phase contraction patterns from the tissues. To determine whether modulation of the electrical properties of the tissue is involved in the mechanotransduction mechanism, we briefly stretched single tissue strips during alternate contractions. This technique provided a control contraction for each test contraction. The duration of the contraction that was stretched measured longer than the control in 33 of 35 pairs (P = .0001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data). Interestingly, briefly slackening the tissue also prolonged the force-producing phase of that contraction (39 of 42 pairs; P = .0006). Because our data show that mechanotransduction mechanisms coordinate tissue-level contractions, we speculate that mechanotransduction mechanisms may contribute to organ-level coordination of contractions.
Long term potentiation is accompanied by a reduction in dendritic responsiveness to glutamic acid.

HIPPOCAMPAL synapses show an unusual degree of physiological plasticity. Relatively modest levels of repetitive stimulation cause considerable enhancement in subsequent responses to single pulse stimulation, and this potentiation lasts for hours and even days1–6. These findings, which have now been replicated in several laboratories, have aroused much interest, first because they seem to represent an excellent starting point for the analysis of synaptic plasticity in mammalian brain, and second, because their rapid development and persistence suggest that they may be related to processes involved in behavioural plasticity. The studies reported here represent an attempt to analyse the mechanisms underlying physiological plasticity in the hippocampus, in particular the locus and anatomical specificity of the effect. The change in magnitude of response which occurs after repetitive stimulation could reflect either presynaptic or postsynaptic adjustment. If the latter were the case, the change might involve a particular dendritic region innervated by the stimulated input, or alteration in the status of the entire postsynaptic neurone. Seeking data relevant to these questions, we have measured the effects of glutamic acid applied iontophoretically to different levels of the dendritic trees of the pyramidal cells before and after potentiation of the extracellular postsynaptic response.
Benefits of Exercise Training on Coronary Blood Flow in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Every 34 seconds an American experiences a myocardial infarction or cardiac death. Approximately 80% of these coronary artery disease (CAD)-related deaths are attributable to modifiable behaviors, such as a lack of physical exercise training (ET). Regular ET decreases CAD morbidity and mortality through systemic and cardiac-specific adaptations. ET increases myocardial oxygen demand acting as a stimulus to increase coronary blood flow and thus myocardial oxygen supply, which reduces myocardial infarction and angina. ET augments coronary blood flow through direct actions on the vasculature that improve endothelial and coronary smooth muscle function, enhancing coronary vasodilation. Additionally, ET promotes collateralization, thereby, increasing blood flow to ischemic myocardium and also treats macrovascular CAD by attenuating the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and restenosis, potentially through stabilization of atherosclerotic lesions. In summary, ET can be used as a relatively safe and inexpensive way to prevent and treat CAD.
Hourly variations in serum cholesterol.

Summary Hourly serum cholesterol levels varied from 2.0 to 8.6 % from the mean for the day when expressed as coefficient of variation. The technical analytical error was ± 3.9 mg/100 ml. The hourly variations in serum cholesterol were much greater than could be attributed to the technical analytical error. The fluctuations were not related to meals, normal activity or the time of day. There was no relationship between the hourly temperature and the cholesterol concentration. The mean cholesterol levels in the fasting samples that were drawn on several different days were lower than the hourly mean cholesterol levels but had larger standard deviations and coefficients of variation. Where significance is to be given to a single cholesterol measurement, the individual's inherent variability must be considered. The largest hourly variation amongst our subjects was 8.6 %; day-to-day variation of fasting samples was as much as 14.5 (coefficient of variation in both cases).
Sepsis, Pneumonia, and Meningitis: What Is the Difference?

Sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis are types of infections seen frequently in the neonate. The signs of sepsis can be an overwhelming, systematic response, or the signs can be localized to the place of infection, whether lungs, spinal fluid, or bones. It is important for nurses to understand how the source of infection and progression of the disease can cause changes in the signs of infection. Infection can invade the bloodstream, produce an inflammatory reaction, and cause shock with resulting multiple-organ dysfunction. A conceptual model of the progression of sepsis in the neonate will be presented. The importance of understanding the progression in the disease process will assist the nurse to facilitate prompt and effective treatment for the infant with sepsis.
On the force bias Monte Carlo simulation of water: methodology, optimization and comparison with molecular dynamics

An optimized version of the force bias scheme is presented for the Monte Carlo simulation of water in which the random walk of the individual molecule is biased in the direction of the force and torque acting on the molecule. A new criterion is developed to judge the efficiency of sampling the configuration space by studying the translational and rotational diffusion of individual molecules during the random walk. The force bias method is compared with the uniform sampling method using ST2 water as an example, and with molecular dynamics. Similarities and differences between molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo are discussed with respect to pair correlations and energy distributions.
Method of moments with interpolative closure

Abstract The article summarizes the principal details of a method of moments with interpolative closure. This is a mathematically rigorous yet numerically economical approach to particle dynamics, describing time evolution of a particle ensemble undergoing simultaneous nucleation, coagulation, and surface growth. The method was introduced some time ago and since then has undergone further development as well as extensive testing in reactive flow simulations of practical systems. These results, scattered over quite diverse literature, are presented here in a unified form, focussing on logical development rather than on chronological order. In addition, the validity of the numerical approach is addressed on rigorous mathematical grounds. Also discussed are method shortcomings along with possible directions to their resolution.
(Carboxyalkyl)benzyl propargyl ethers as selective inhibitors of leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenases

A series of (carboxyalkyl)benzyl propargyl ethers was synthesized and tested as inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) from porcine leukocyte cytosol. Optimum activity was displayed by 3-[4-[(2-tridecynyloxy)methyl]phenyl]propanoic acid. Altering the length of the alkyl side chain attached to the acetylenic group reduced activity. Changing the substitution pattern in the (carboxyalkyl)benzyl group from para to meta or ortho also reduced activity. Analogs in which the triple bond was replaced by a double bond or an allene displayed reduced activity, whereas fully saturated analogs were inactive. High concentrations (10 μM) of the most potent acetylenic (carboxylalkyl)benzyl ethers did not inhibit human platelet 12-LO, human neutrophil 5-LO, rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO, or soybean 15-LO. Thus, this class of compounds represents the first example of isoform specific LO inhibitors.
Evaluation of projection pixel-dependent and pixel-independent scatter correction in SPECT

Dual energy window scatter subtraction methods in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to compensate for the detection of Compton-scattered photons are based on the assumption that the number of scattered photons detected by each projection pixel in the primary (photopeak) energy window is proportional to the number of photons detected in a secondary (scatter) energy window. The reliability of this assumption is tested using Monte Carlo modeling of photon detection kernels for photon emission by Tc-99 m within a water-filled cylinder. The primary window scatter kernels and the secondary window kernels are correlated highly, and projection pixel-dependent and pixel-independent scatter correction factors are obtained from least squares fits of these kernels to each other. In a numerical experiment with noise-free projection data, average reconstructed intensities in regions of interest are nearly as well-estimated for both pixel-independent and pixel-dependent scatter-corrected projection data reconstructed using the approximate generalized matrix inverse (GMI) of the nonscatter photon detection matrix as for primary window projection data reconstructed with the approximate GMI of the photon matrix which includes scatter. >
Kinetic parameters estimation for heterogeneous tumor model

We investigate a heterogeneous kinetic model of tracer uptake in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for the purposes of improved characterization of small tumors or metastases. Using a mixture model we allow each voxel to contain a mixture of kinetic processes representing different tumor and normal tissue time activity curves and the plasma concentration. We then use a novel nonlinear least squares procedure to estimate the kinetic parameters of these processes from a region of interest consisting of multiple mixture voxels with unknown fractions of these processes. By investigating the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) we determine conditions under which kinetic parameters and mixture fractions can be accurately identified. We also perform Monte Carlo simulations to show that the variance of the rate parameters estimated using nonlinear least squares is close to the bound predicted by our CRLB analysis.
Deuterium process of CMOS devices: new phenomena and dramatic improvement

When CMOS devices were annealed in D/sub 2/ in instead of H/sub 2/, the slope, n, of the degradation power law is smaller than that for the H/sub 2/ processed devices. At higher process temperature (480/spl deg/C), the power index, n, becomes voltage dependent. This results in dramatic enhancement of life time (over 10/sup 6/ times). 10-30% higher channel electrical field can be applied to the D/sub 2/ annealed devices.
Observation of radiation-specific damage in cells exposed to depleted uranium: hprt gene mutation frequency

Abstract Depleted uranium (DU) is a dense heavy metal used primarily in military applications. Published data from our laboratory have demonstrated that DU exposure in vitro to immortalized human osteoblast cells (HOS) is both neoplastically transforming and genotoxic. Recent animal studies have also shown that DU is leukemogenic and genotoxic. DU possesses both a radiological (alpha particle) and chemical (metal) component. Since DU has a low specific activity in comparison to natural uranium, it is not considered to be a significant radiological hazard. The potential contribution of radiation to DU-induced biological effects is unknown, and the involvement of radiation in DU-induced biological effects could have significant implications for current risk estimates for internalized DU exposure. The purpose of the current study was to measure the induction of mutagenic damage in V79 cells and to determine if radiation plays a role in the induction of that damage. Mutagenicity at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus was measured by selection with 6-thioguanine. There was a dose-dependent increase in mutagenic response following DU exposure ( 10 – 50 μ m ) ; the average increase in mutagenicity above background ranged from 2.54 ± 1.19 to 8.75 ± 1.8 ( P 0.05 ) . Using the same concentration ( 25 μ M ) of two uranyl nitrate compounds that have different uranium isotopic concentrations and, therefore, different specific activities, we examined the effect on hprt mutant frequency in vitro. V79 cells were exposed to either U 238 -uranyl nitrate, specific activity 0.33 μ Ci / g , or DU-uranyl nitrate, specific activity 0.44 μ Ci / g , delivered at a concentration of 25 μ M for 24 h. Results showed, that at equal uranium concentration, a 1.33-fold increase in specific activity resulted in a 1.27 ± 0.11 -fold ( P 0.05 ) increase in hprt mutant frequency. Taken together these data support earlier results showing that radiation can play a role in DU-induced biological effects in vitro.
A pilot-aid for ROV based tracking of gelatinous animals in the midwater

A visual tracking system installed on MBARI ROV Ventana has demonstrated fully autonomous tracking of a gelatinous animal in the waters of Monterey Bay, California. The device, intended as an aid for human ROV pilots, will increase the feasible duration of observational experiments in the field of marine biology. This work describes the automation system and the challenges encountered during its development. These challenges have been addressed during ocean dives, throughout which the system has demonstrated robustness to the ROV operational environment and to the difficulties of imaging in the deep ocean.
Fostering Asynchronous Collaborative Visualization

A novel asynchronous collaborative visualization system for the chemical sciences has been created as a mash-up between an interactive visualization program and a wiki. The system supports features such as annotation, information foraging, and visualization session playback. Building the system from predefined disparate components was a simple process. Yet, as an integrated whole, the system displays an unexpected synergy beyond the sum of its parts.
Active gateway: a facility for video conferencing traffic control

The paper describes the authors' work of applying active network technology to videoconferencing (VC) research. They present the architecture and features of an application-level facility, called active gateway, for videoconferencing traffic and quality of service (QoS) control. It is shown through experiments that this facility enables more control functions that are not seen in conventional videoconferencing tools.
Overview of the ONR Supercavitating High -Speed Bodies Program

[Abstract] Supercavitating weapons, including torpedoes and gun -launched projectiles, are expected to offer the Navy great advanta ge for Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) close encounter scenarios. The new operational paradigm will require rapid weapons systems response at ranges close to the platform. In recent years, understanding of supercavitating high -speed bodies, i.e., torpedoes and projectiles, has increased dramatically. Science and Technology (S&T) activities in support of undersea weapons development have address theoretical and experimental hydrodynamics, guidance and control, and propulsion. This paper provides an overview of the progress made by a US team, which consists of the Naval
Plastic reconstructive surgery after total loss of the penis.

Summary Plastic reconstructioe surgery after total loss of the penis not only affords the patient the opportunity of continued sex life but also corrects the psychologic, social and esthetic sequelae of such deficiency. The new penis can be constructed by raising a tubed pedicle graft from the thigh and attaching it to the pubic region in staged operations. A simpler method is to elevate the tube from the scrotum. Creation of a new urethral channel is not necessary and only complicates the procedure. Experiences with surgical reconstruction of the penis and its end results. as observed in five patients are presented. Sexual function was restored in four patients and a fifth patient is still in the hospital. The use of splints is not necessary because a pseudoerectile state, sufficient to permit intromission, is present whenever the penis is allowed to remain in a dependent position.
Alpha-, boron-, silicon- and iron-ion-induced current transients in low-capacitance silicon and GaAs diodes

High-speed current transient measurements were made over a large range of linear energy transfer (LET), using a wideband 70-GHz (6-ps-risetime) sampling oscilloscope on high resistivity GaAs diodes and 1-, 3-, and 10- Omega -cm silicon diodes. For 3- and 5-MeV alpha particles, 12-MeV boron, 18-MeV silicon, and 12- and 100-MeV iron ions incident on these devices, risetimes in the range from about 38 ps to 100 ps were produced depending on LET and device resistivity. Results are compared to the productions of various models. >
Application of QFT to the problem of failed in-flight controllers during approach and landing of a B-720 aircraft

Previous studies by NASA Dryden have shown the use of throttles for emergency flight control to be extremely difficult, especially for landing. Flight control using only the throttles to achieve safe landing for a large jet transport airplane, the Boeing 720, is investigated using quantitative feedback theory. Results are compared to an augmented control developed in a previous study. The controller corrects unsatisfactory open-loop characteristics by increasing the system bandwidth and damping, but improvement of the control bandwidth remains very difficult. The pitch controller is robust when turbulence is absent or moderate. The roll controller performs well in the absence of turbulence, but is sensitive to moderate turbulence. Handling qualities of the augmented control for approach and landing were evaluated by piloted simulation flights. >
Intraocular pressure and steep trendelenburg during minimally invasive gynecologic surgery: Is there a risk?

Abstract Study Objective Steep Trendelenburg position is frequently used during gynecologic minimally invasive surgery (MIS). However, little attention has been given to the potential impact of this nonphysiologic positioning on patients, specifically intraocular pressure (IOP). The purpose of our study was to evaluate IOP changes during laparoscopic or robotic hysterectomy conducted in the steep Trendelenburg position. Design Prospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting John Sealy Hospital at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX. Patients Female patients with no history of ocular pathology who underwent elective robotic or laparoscopic hysterectomy. Interventions The anesthesia protocol was standardized for all study patients. IOP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained before anesthesia, after general anesthesia and intubation were achieved, after 1 hour of steep Trendelenburg positioning, after 2 hours of steep Trendelenburg positioning, and after the patient was returned to the supine position. Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) was calculated using the following equation: OPP = MAP − IOP. Main Results A total of 10 patients were included in this prospective study. A significant increase in IOP from baseline was observed after 1 hour and 2 hours of steep Trendelenburg positioning (p = .005 and .002, respectively). There was a statistically significant trend of increasing the IOP from baseline to the second hour of steep Trendelenburg positioning (p Conclusions IOP increases significantly when patients are placed in the steep Trendelenburg position. Although further studies are needed to better characterize this process, given the aging population of our MIS patients in whom risk for glaucoma is significant, preoperative ocular health assessment should be considered in certain cases.
Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement: A Case Study of a New Terrorist Organization in China

The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) was designated a terrorist organization by Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, the United States, and the United Nations in 2002. However, no systematic studies have been published on the new terrorist organization in Xinjiang, China. Using a case-study approach and interviews, this article attempts to provide information in terms of its historical evaluation, related religious and ethnic issues, organizational agenda, activities, and role in the current international terrorist network. This article argues that better international cooperation and the improvement of social and religious policies will help curtail activities of the ETIM.
Element-specific soft x-ray magneto-optic rotation studies of magnetic films and multilayers

Tunable multilayer linear polarizers extend magneto-optic rotation techniques that directly sense polarization changes into the 50--1,000 eV range. The resonant response at atomic core levels yields element-specific magnetic signals that can be much larger than the analogous signal in the visible. A tunable multilayer polarimeter is described, and examples of its use in early Kerr rotation hysteresis studies of Fe films and Fe/Cr multilayers are given.
Role of Retail Trade in the Economy Of Carbon & Northampton Counties

The retail trade industry is an important part of the history and economy of Carbon and Northampton counties in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers throughout these counties and influences tax revenues in the counties.
Popular Control of Public Policy: A Quantitative Approach

The quality of government is often measured by the degree of congruence between policy choices and public opinion, but there is not an accepted method for calculating congruence. This paper offers a new approach to measuring policy-opinion congruence, and uses it to study 10 high-profile issues across the 50 states. For the issues examined, states chose the policy preferred by a majority of citizens (equivalent to the median voter outcome) 59 percent of the time — only 9 percent more than would have happened with random policymaking. Majoritarian/median outcomes were 18–19 percent more likely when direct democracy was available, and 11–13 percent more likely when judges were required to stand for reelection. The likelihood of a majoritarian/median outcome was not correlated with a variety of election laws, including campaign contribution limits, public funding of campaigns, and commission-based redistricting.
The use of low-level light for hair growth: part I.

Background and objective: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a new therapy for the treatment of hair loss. It has received enormous media attention and tremendous marketing budgets from companies that sell the devices, but no independent, peer-reviewed studies have demonstrated its effi cacy in this application. Here we investigate the effi cacy of LLLT in enhancing hair growth. Methods: A total of seven patients were exposed to LLLT twice weekly for 20 minutes each time over a period of 3–6 months. Five patients were treated for a total of 3 months and two were treated for 6 months. Videomicroscopic images were taken at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and analyzed for changes in vellus hair counts, terminal hair counts, and shaft diameter. Both videomicroscopic and global images underwent blinded review for evidence of subjective improvement. Patients also answered questionnaires assessing hair growth throughout the study. Neither patients nor physicians conducting the study received any fi nancial compensation. Results: The results indicate that on average patients had a decrease in the number of vellus hairs, an increase in the number of terminal hairs, and an increase in shaft diameter. However, paired t-testing indicated that none of these changes was statistically signifi cant. Also, blinded evaluation of global images did not support an improvement in hair density or caliber. Conclusions: LLLT may be a promising treatment option for patients who do not respond to either fi nasteride or minoxidil, and who do not want to undergo hair transplantation. This technology appears to work better for some people than for others. Factors predicting who will most benefi t are yet to be determined. Larger, longer-term placebo-controlled studies are needed to confi rm these fi ndings, and demonstrate statistical signifi cance, or refute them altogether.