cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Optimization of Supersonic Wing Structures Using Curvilinear Spars and Ribs (SpaRibs)

The optimization of supersonic aircraft structures needs to address different aspects of the design as the internal structural layout, the sizing of the structural components, the aerodynamic loads developed for the given flight conditions and the aeroelastic response of the structure. In particular, the study of the interaction between the structure and the aerodynamics is critical for designing large supersonic transport aircraft and must be considered in an optimization framework which aims to obtain more efficient wing structures. In this paper, the SpaRibs design concept is implemented in a multidisciplinary optimization framework including structures, static aerodynamics and flutter analysis, in an effort to reduce the weight of a baseline supersonic transport aircraft, given structural and aerodynamic/aeroelastic constraints for given flight conditions. The framework incorporates global optimization and local optimization loops which are executed following a two-step optimization process and interact in a synergetic manner for the efficient computation of the responses required by the design process. The main purpose of the global optimization loop is to optimize the internal structural layout using the SpaRibs. In other words, the topology of the wing is changed during the global optimization. However, the responses computed depend also on the size of the structural components and not only on the layout. In particular, the
Relative susceptibility of Heliothis subflexa (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other species of Heliothis to nonoccluded baculovirus heliothis

The LC50 of nonoccluded virus (NOV) of a single-embedded, nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Baculovirus heliothis , fed to Heliothis virescens was 4.5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cm2. Larvae of Heliothis subflexa , based upon equivalent mortality, were about 1,000-fold less susceptible to the NOV of B. heliothis than were larvae of H. virescens . The LC5O of intrahemocoelically injected NOV of B. heliothis to H. subflexa , H. virescens , or H. zea was 11.3, 3.4, and 2.6 PFU per larva, respectively. Gut juice from either H. subflexa or H. virescens had no antiviral effect on activity of NOV of B. heliothis . Although larvae of H. subflexa are ca. 1,000-fold less susceptible than H. virescens when fed NOV, they were only 3- to 4-fold less susceptible when injected with NOV. It is concluded that the lack of susceptibility of H. subflexa to B. heliothis is at midgut epithelial cells and may be due to differential virion absorption at the membrane, failure to penetrate, uncoat, integrate, or replicate in epithelial cells, or failure of virions to be released into the hemocoel.
SMPTE Tutorial: Designing a Mobile Audio Facility

Selection du vehicule, conception des installations pour la production de son de haute qualite pour la radiodiffusion, la television, la diffusion simultanee des programmes a la radio et la television, l'industrie du film et de l'enregistrement
A comparison of three approaches for estimating (synthesizing) an interval type-2 fuzzy set model of a linguistic term for computing with words

This article compares three methods [Interval Approach (IA), Enhanced Interval Approach (EIA) and Hao–Mendel Approach (HMA)] for estimating (synthesizing) an interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2 FS) model for a word, beginning with data that are collected from a group of subjects, or from a single subject. It summarizes the stages for each of the methods in tables so it is possible to compare the steps of each stage side-by-side. It also demonstrates, by means of an example of three words, that using more information contained in the collected data intervals is equivalent to reducing the uncertainty in the IT2 FS model. It recommends the HMA because it uses more information contained in the collected data intervals than does the IA or the EIA, and because it is the only method to-date that leads to normal IT2 FSs. Such fuzzy sets are easier to compute with than are non-normal IT2 FSs.
From bench to bedside: Clinical implications of KRAS status in patients with colorectal liver metastasis

Abstract Introduction While the role of KRAS in the molecular genetics of colorectal cancer has been studied extensively, its prognostic impact in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has only recently been examined. This review aimed to summarize currently reported findings on the clinical implications of KRAS mutant (mut- KRAS ) status for patients with CRLM. Materials and methods The Pubmed database was searched for relevant articles published from 01/01/2010 to 02/01/2016. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) as well as patterns of recurrence were the primary endpoints, but consideration was given to secondary outcomes when the respective findings were of clinical interest. Results Out of the 266 studies screened, 15 were included in our review. Fourteen studies were retrospective cohorts while one was a systematic review/meta-analysis. Among the 14 retrospective studies, 12 reported OS with 9 detecting a negative association with mut-KRAS status. Similarly, 11 out of 14 retrospective cohorts reported RFS with 6 detecting a negative association with mut-KRAS status. Five studies examined patterns of recurrence, with 4 detecting increased extrahepatic recurrence in the mut-KRAS group. One study examined the different effects of codon-specific KRAS mutations on prognosis. Conclusion mut-KRAS status predisposes to worse RFS and OS in patients with CRLM, possibly as a result of aggressive tumor biology. Early unresectable extrahepatic recurrence is more frequent in this patient group and may underlie the unfavorable prognosis. Future research should focus on characterizing the distinct effects of codon-specific KRAS mutations as well their interplay with other less common genetic mutations.
Healthy Aging from the Perspectives of 683 Older People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine what factors most greatly contributed to healthy aging with multiple sclerosis (MS) from the perspective of a large sample of older people with MS. Design and Methods. Participants ( ; >55 years of age with symptoms >20 years) provided answers to an open-ended question regarding healthy aging and were categorized into three groups, 55–64 (young), 65–74 (middle), and 75 and over (oldest old). Sociodemographic actors were compared using ANOVA. Two independent raters used the framework method of analyzing qualitative data. Results. Participants averaged 64 years of age with MS symptoms for 32.9 years . 531 participants were female (78%). The majority of participants lived in their own home ( ) with a spouse or partner ( ). Participants described seven themes: social connections, attitude and outlook on life, lifestyle choices and habits, health care system, spirituality and religion, independence, and finances. These themes had two shared characteristics, multidimensionality and interdependence. Implications. Learning from the experiences of older adults with MS can help young and middle aged people with MS plan to age in their own homes and communities. Our data suggests that older people with MS prioritize factors that are modifiable through targeted self-management strategies.
Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Brain Dysfunction

Helicobacter pylori infection was identified in 5 children with severe neurologic impairment who underwent upper gi endoscopy at the Alfred I duPont Institute, Wilmington, De, and Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.
Defining cutaneous molecular pathobiology of arsenicals using phenylarsine oxide as a prototype

Arsenicals are painful, inflammatory and blistering causing agents developed as chemical weapons in World War I/II. However, their large stockpiles still exist posing threat to public health. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a strong oxidant and a prototype arsenical is tested for its suitability to defining molecular mechanisms underlying arsenicals-mediated tissue injury. Topically applied PAO induces cutaneous erythema, edema and micro-blisters. These gross inflammatory responses were accompanied by the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling activation. To demonstrate the involvement of UPR in the pathobiology of these lesions, we employed chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) which attenuates UPR. 4-PBA significantly reduced PAO-induced inflammation and blistering. Similar to its effects in murine epidermis, a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of ROS, cytokines, UPR proteins (GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) and apoptosis were observed in PAO-treated human skin keratinocytes NHEK and HaCaT. In addition, 4-PBA significantly restored these molecular alterations in these cells. Employing RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches, CHOP was found to be a key regulator of these responses. These effects are similar to those manifested by lewisite suggesting that PAO could be used as a prototype of arsenicals to define the molecular pathogenesis of chemical injury.
A Space for Place in Business Communication Research

Many corporate leaders believe that the physical environment of the workplace can play a major role in fostering the interdisciplinary collaboration they link to organizational innovation and in creating a brand that attracts and keeps highly talented employees. Their belief aligns with a recent materialist turn in scholarship that addresses the mutual creation of objects and subjects. Taking advantage of ubiquitous communications technology, the open plan design of these new workplaces offers a variety of settings, created more through furnishings than architecture, to support the four modes of 21st-century work: collaborate, socialize, learn, and focus. In this flexible, “mobile” workplace, people and things mutually reconfigure themselves as projects and preferences change. A tension exists, however, between group-oriented communication conducted face-to-face and private, individual thinking. Exploring the fit between the rhetoric of what space can do, especially enhancing collaboration and achieving i...
Whole Genome Sequencing—Implications for Infection Prevention and Outbreak Investigations

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a laboratory method that has emerged as a promising tool for epidemiologic investigations. Genomic epidemiology approaches have been utilized in outbreak settings, community settings, within acute care hospitals, and across healthcare facilities to better understand transmission and spread of potential pathogens. These studies have highlighted how essential robust epidemiologic data is in these analyses as well as how results can be translated into clinical practice and infection control and prevention. Existing studies have highlighted both the promise and challenges of using WGS as an epidemiologic tool in a community and healthcare setting and across a region. Costs for performing and interpreting WGS analyses are decreasing, and availability of and experience with WGS analyses in healthcare epidemiology are increasing. With these favorable trends, this laboratory method soon could emerge as the gold standard for epidemiologic evaluations.
The Role of the Away Rotation in Otolaryngology Residency.

Objective To determine the availability and purpose of away rotations during otolaryngology residency. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Otolaryngology residency programs. Subjects and Methods An anonymous web-based survey was sent to 98 allopathic otolaryngology training program directors, of which 38 programs responded. Fisher exact tests and nonparametric correlations were used to determine statistically significant differences among various strata of programs. A P value of 151 miles from the home institution and typically used to address deficiencies in clinical exposure (67%) or case volume (50%). Participants of mandatory away rotations were universally provided housing, with other consideration such as stipend (33%), relocation allowance (33%), or food allowance (16%) sometimes offered. In contrast to mandatory rotations, half of elective rotations were to obtain a unique international mission trip experience. Nearly one-third of surveyed program directors (29%) would consider adding an away rotation to their curriculum in the next 3 years. Conclusions Mandatory and elective away rotations play a role in a small, but not insignificant, number of training programs. The rationale for these rotations is variable. Given that nearly one-third of program directors would consider adding an away rotation in the near future, further research into components of a meaningful away rotation and how to optimize the away rotation experience is warranted.
Further Insight into the Mechanism of Poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) Microsphere Formation

Polymeric microspheres have been utilized in a broad range of applications ranging from chromatographic separation techniques to analysis of air flow over aerodynamic surfaces. The preparation of microspheres from many different polymer families has consequently been extensively studied using a variety of synthetic approaches. Although there are a variety of methods of synthesis for polymeric microspheres, free-radical initiated emulsion polymerization is one of the most common techniques. In this work, poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microspheres were synthesized via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The effect of co-monomer composition and addition time on particle size distribution, particle formation, and particle morphology were investigated. Particles were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to gain further insight into particle size and size distributions. Reaction kinetics were analyzed alongside of characterization results. A particle formation mechanism for poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) microspheres was proposed based on characterization results and known reaction kinetics.
A fine structure of strongly-bound interlayer exciton states in twisted bilayer graphene

We uncover excitonic states in twisted bilayer graphene using two-photon emission and transient absorption microscopy at the single-grain level. The observed intraband and two-photon spectral peaks imply angle-dependent exciton binding energies ranging from 0.45 to 0.76 eV.
The Selfish Gene

Science need not be dull and bogged down by jargon, as Richard Dawkins proves in this entertaining look at evolution. The themes he takes up are the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinship theory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences. Readership: general; students of biology, zoology, animal behaviour, psychology.
Application of α,α'-dipyridyl dye for hydric soil identification

Chemical dyes, including α,α’-dipyridyl, can be used to identify ferrous iron in hydric soil studies and aid in conducting wetland delineations. Indicator test strips containing α,α’-dipyridyl have been developed; however, limited data addresses the reliability of indicator test strips and questions remain regarding potential degradation of α,α’-dipyridyl in liquid and paper formulations. Laboratory studies found ferrous iron detection limits of 0.31 mg L⁻¹ using both liquid and indicator test strips. The liquid dye and indicator test strips displayed similar reactivity in five soils under simulated field conditions. Results suggest that indicator test strips provide a useful tool for ferrous iron detection across a range of soil conditions. Degradation studies indicate that both liquid dye and indicator strips were impacted by light and heat exposure, with a loss of reactivity observed within as few as 3 d under extreme conditions. Maintaining both liquid dye and indicator strips in cool, dark conditions and testing reactivity with laboratory solutions will ensure the reliability of α,α’-dipyridyl results.
Limitations of Load Balancing Mechanisms for N-Tier Systems in the Presence of Millibottlenecks

The scalability of n-tier systems relies on effective load balancing to distribute load among the servers of the same tier. We found that load balancing mechanisms (and some policies) in servers used in typical n-tier systems (e.g., Apache and Tomcat) have issues of instability when very long response time (VLRT) requests appear due to millibottlenecks, very short bottlenecks that last only tens to hundreds of milliseconds. Experiments with standard n-tier benchmarks show that during millibottlenecks, some load balancing policy/mechanism combinations make the mistake of sending new requests to the node(s) suffering from millibottlenecks, instead of the idle nodes as load balancers are supposed to do. Several of these mistakes are due to the implicit assumptions made by load balancing policies and mechanisms on the stability of system state. Our study shows that appropriate remedies at policy and mechanism levels can avoid these mistakes during millibottlenecks and remove the VLRT requests, thus improving the average response time by a factor of 12.
OleB from Bacterial Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis Is a β-Lactone Decarboxylase That Shares Key Features with Haloalkane Dehalogenases

OleB is an α/β-hydrolase found in bacteria that biosynthesize long-chain olefinic hydrocarbons, but its function has remained obscure. We report that OleB from the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris performs an unprecedented β-lactone decarboxylation reaction, to complete cis-olefin biosynthesis. OleB reactions monitored by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a selectivity for decarboxylating cis-β-lactones and no discernible activity with trans-β-lactones, consistent with the known configuration of pathway intermediates. Protein sequence analyses showed OleB proteins were most related to haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs) and retained the canonical Asp-His-Asp catalytic triad of HLDs. Unexpectedly, it was determined that an understudied subfamily, denoted as HLD-III, is comprised mostly of OleB proteins encoded within oleABCD gene clusters, suggesting a misannotation. OleB from X. campestris showed very low dehalogenase activity only against haloalkane substrates with long alkyl ...
Goldsmiths and Chymists: The Activity of Artisans Within Alchemical Circles

The study of early modern alchemical practitioners has recently expanded from the work and writings of natural philosophers to include the labors of artisans. Yet there remains relatively little clear documentation about the specifics of such artisanal chymical practices or about the degree of significant epistemic exchange that may have taken place between artisans and better-known chymists. This paper examines several gold- and silversmiths who were part of an extended alchemical network that stretched across the Netherlands, France, and England in the mid-seventeenth century. The silversmith Anthoni Grill (and to a lesser extent his brother Andries) worked on refining and transmutational processes with impressive chymical expertise and eventually achieved international notoriety and social and financial success. Grill built large laboratories, managed laborants, engaged in collaborations, mined texts for information, and shared results. Several Parisian goldsmiths were likewise tied into this chymical network where they exchanged experimental and theoretical information with such figures as Kenelm Digby, Samuel Cottereau Duclos, and Johann Rudolf Glauber. In England, George Starkey found that the expertise of gold- and silversmiths could, alternatively, be inconvenient when trying to sell alchemical metals. The documentation provided here blurs the boundary between artisans and natural philosophers, at least in chymistry.
Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870-2005.

Objective To review the intellectual history of concussion from the mid-19th century to the opening decade of the 21st century. Background Head injuries (HI) and their acute and long-term effects have been investigated for centuries, with major reviews of the topic appearing by 1870. Thus, while it has long been acknowledged that chronic traumatic encephalopathy was first described by Harrison Martland in 1928, an examination of the history of concussion research up to Martland's seminal report places his studies in a deeper historical context. This history makes clear that Martland's findings were one among many such studies showcasing the lasting dangers of blows to the head. In the years after Martland published his study, his paper was frequently cited in other papers that made clear that blows to the head, of all ranges of severity, were dangerous injuries with potentially life-changing consequences. Methods The author has engaged in an historical analysis of the development and elaboration of concussion research in clinical medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, and those scientific disciplines related to clinical medicine. The author has found numerous primary sources from the history of medicine and science that describe the acute and chronic effects of single and repeated sub-concussive and concussive blows to the head. Results This study makes clear that evidence-based methodologies inevitably short-change the knowledge of past clinicians and scientists by holding these figures to normative standards of recent invention. What criticism of this kind fails to recognize is that past investigators, many of them pioneers in their fields, published their work in ways that matched the highest normative standards of their day for the presentation of evidence. Conclusions It has been recognized for a long time that concussions are dangerous injuries with potentially life-changing consequences, ranging from permanent symptoms to degenerative neurological states. The intellectual history of medicine and science from 1870 to the recent past shows both a continuity of clinical observations about HI and a steady, incremental accumulation of knowledge refining our understanding of those observations from a remarkably wide sphere of scientific disciplines.
Robotic Symbionts: Interweaving Human and Machine Actions

This article defines a category of human-robot interaction in which human and robotic actors work as a single unified system. We survey work from various fields including human augmentation systems such as extra fingers and arms, and other robots that operate in close proximity to the user. The discussed works highlight a close interplay between human and robotic actions where control decisions are made by both actors. Such a dyadic configuration can yield a synergistic outcome but require that close attention be paid to the coordination between them. Using case studies from our own work, we discuss two main questions that must be addressed when designing such closely collaborative human-robot integrations: type of support and degree of control. The different choices that can be adopted for each of these design questions define a framework or classification that is useful for surveying existing and future research.
Inclusive Teaching in Rural Schools: Expanding on Tradition.

Rural schools and the communities they serve are experiencing significant socioeconomic and demographic changes, resulting in an increasing diversity of needs. The author of this article identifies five principles and accompanying examples of strategies educators in rural schools can implement to strengthen their capacity for effectively teaching of all students within their community. Pedagogy of place and culturally responsive teaching are examples of inclusive teaching approaches that require collaboration with students, their families, and the broader community.
The Establishment of the Commonwealth 1648–1653

The end of the first Civil War and Pride’s Purge brought the struggle to the point where the lines dividing the two forces were much more clear cut. The Presbyterian alignment with the Royalists and the Scots brought the king’s victory no closer; it merely solidified the opposition along more radical lines. Parliamentarianism became more and more republican and its advocates were Independency, the Sects, and the army. Before another year was out the king was tried, condemned, and beheaded. The institutions of monarchy and the Lords also felt the legislative ax, along with the Church of England.
Shellfish-Associated Viral Disease Outbreaks

Numerous outbreaks of shellfish-borne enteric virus illness have been reported worldwide. Most notable among the outbreaks are those involving norovirus illness and hepatitis A. Lessons learned from outbreak investigations indicate that most outbreaks are preventable. Anthropogenic sources of contamination will continue to invade shellfish growing waters, and shellfish, by their very nature, will continue to bioconcentrate these contaminants, including enteric viruses. There is no quick fix for enteric virus contamination of shellfish; however, vigilance on behalf of the industry, regulatory agencies, and the consumer could substantially reduce the incidence of illness. Enhanced monitoring in all areas of shellfish production, harvesting, distribution, and processing would help to reduce viral illnesses. Pollution abatement and improved hygienic practices on behalf of the industry and consumers are needed. New processing and analytical technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure processing and molecular biological assays, will enhance shellfish safety and continue to provide new avenues to protect the consumer and the industry. Better reporting and epidemiological follow-up of outbreaks are keys to the development of interventions against the foodborne transmission of viral infections.
Feasting and the Practice of Stately Manners

The essays in this volume on “culinary equipment” give cause to celebrate; indeed, they comprise a little feast of their own! Here is a timely venue that rescues ceramic assemblages from their century-long appointment as chronometric indicators and puts them firmly back into the hands of people, connects them to their intended contextual functions. This discussion offers us a chance to revisit the idea of the political meal as a marked event in people’s everyday lives, and (more the focus of these brief comments) to see it as a social practice and process which, in its regular reiteration, creates and renews the very context that it serves.
The Mechanism of Action of Amphotericin

Although there are now several new antifungal agents which have become available over the past few years and others under investigation which will likely be effective in the treatment of some of the systemic fungal infections, amphotericin B (AmB) remains the gold standard in terms of overall efficacy, particularly in the treatment of Aspergillus infections. We have been trying to improve the efficacy of AmB against fungi by trying to understand how it works and then exploiting this information to design better therapeutic regimens. Most of our work has been, done using Candida albicans. However, some of the work has been done with Aspergillus and supports our notion that the results with Candida can be used to justify similar experiments with Aspergillus.
Computation Offloading Strategy Optimization with Multiple Heterogeneous Servers in Mobile Edge Computing

Computation offloading from a user equipment (UE) to a mobile edge cloud (MEC) is an effective way to ease the computational burden of mobile devices, to improve the performance of mobile applications, to reduce the energy consumption and to extend the battery lifetime of mobile user equipments. In this paper, we consider computation offloading strategy optimization with multiple heterogeneous servers in mobile edge computing. Queueing models are established for a UE and multiple heterogeneous servers from different MECs, and the average task response time of the UE and each MEC server and the average response time of all offloadable and non-offloadable tasks generated on the UE are rigorously analyzed. Three multi-variable optimization problems are formulated, i.e., minimization of average response time with average power consumption constraint, minimization of average power consumption with average response time constraint, and minimization of cost-performance ratio, so that computation offloading strategy optimization, power-performance tradeoff, as well as power-time product can all be studied in the context of load balancing. An efficient numerical method (which consists of a series of fast numerical algorithms) is developed to solve the problems of minimization of average response time with average power consumption constraint, minimization of average power consumption with average response time constraint, and minimization of cost-performance ratio. Numerical examples and data are also demonstrated to show the effectiveness of our method and to show the power-performance tradeoff, the power-time product, and the impact of various parameters. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first work in the literature that analytically addresses computation offloading strategy optimization with multiple heterogeneous servers in mobile edge computing.
From the Dark Side to the Bright Side: Exploring Algorithmic Antitrust Compliance

If pricing algorithms could autonomously collude, can they be made automatic antitrust compliant as well? That is the question many have started pondering after a series of public comments by EU competition officials in recent years. In this paper, I propose a multi-faceted approach to algorithmic compliance. I draw lessons from the recent AI literature and discuss some potential technical frameworks for compliant algorithmic design. [Note: this paper is being superceeded by my chapter on algorithmic collusion and compliance for the Report on Digital Economy to be published by the Global Antitrust Institute at George Mason law.]
White Supremacy, Patriarchy, and Global Capitalism in Migration Studies:

Ten years after sociologist Mary Romero lamented the “ideological and theoretical gulf between immigration research and the sociology of race,” researchers have begun to bridge this theoretical gul...
Venous stasis-induced fibrinolysis prevents thrombosis in mice: role of α2-antiplasmin.

Stasis of venous blood triggers deep vein thrombosis by activating coagulation, yet its effects on the fibrinolytic system are not fully understood. We examined the relationship between stasis, fibrinolysis, and the development of experimental venous thrombosis. Effects of stasis-induced deep vein thrombosis and fibrinolysis on thrombosis were examined by inferior vena cava ligation in congenic mice with and without α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the primary inhibitor of plasmin. Venous thrombus weights were measured and thrombus composition was determined by Martius scarlet blue and immunofluorescence staining. Venous thrombi from α2AP+/+ mice contained plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen, and α2AP, which changed with thrombus age. Normal, α2AP+/+ mice developed large, occlusive thrombi within 5 hours after ligation; thrombi were even larger in plasminogen-deficient mice (P < .001). No significant thrombus formation was seen in α2AP-/- mice (P < .0001) or in α2AP+/+ mice treated with an α2AP-inactivating antibody (P < .001). Venous stasis activated fibrinolysis, measured by D-dimer levels, in α2AP-/- mice vs α2AP+/+ mice (P < .05). Inhibition of fibrinolysis by the indirect plasmin inhibitor e-aminocaproic acid or by α2AP restored thrombosis in α2AP-/- mice. In addition to its effects on acute thrombosis, thrombus formation was also markedly suppressed in α2AP-/- mice vs α2AP+/+ mice (P < .0001) 1, 7, and 14 days after ligation. We conclude that experimental venous stasis activates the fibrinolytic system to block the development of venous thrombosis. Suppression of fibrinolysis by α2AP appears essential for stasis-induced thrombus development, which suggests that targeting α2AP may prove useful for preventing venous thrombosis.
Dynamical Mechanisms Supporting Extreme Rainfall Accumulations in the Houston "Tax Day" 2016 Flood

AbstractThis research examines the environmental and storm-scale characteristics of the extreme rainfall and flooding in the Houston, Texas, area on 18 April 2016, known as the “Tax Day” flood. Rad...
Accuracy of left ventricular ejection fraction determined by automated analysis of handheld echocardiograms: A comparison of experienced and novice examiners.

BACKGROUND Handheld ultrasound devices have been developed that facilitate imaging in new clinical settings. However, quantitative assessment has been difficult. Software algorithms have recently been developed with the aim of providing rapid measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with minimal operator input. METHODS We prospectively enrolled a cohort of 70 patients scheduled to undergo echocardiography at the University of California, San Diego. Each patient underwent a standard echocardiography examination by an experienced sonographer as well as a handheld ultrasound with automated software by both the sonographer and an inexperienced resident. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between the LVEFs obtained from the standard transthoracic echocardiogram and handheld device in the hands of a novice (r = 0.62; 95% CI 0.45-0.75) and experienced sonographer (r = 0.69; 95% CI 0.54-0.80). The sensitivity and specificity to detect a reduced LVEF (<50%) were 69% and 96% for the novice and 64% and 98% for the experienced sonographer. The sensitivity and specificity to detect a severely reduced LVEF (<35%) were 67% and 97% for the novice and 56% and 93% for the experienced sonographer, but when limited to recordings of at least adequate quality, improved to 100% and 100% for the novice and 100% and 98% for the experienced sonographer, respectively. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the handheld ultrasound device paired with novel software can provide a clinically useful estimate of LVEF when the images are of adequate quality and yield results by novice examiners that are similar to experienced sonographers.
Tropical climate responses to projected Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice loss

Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice extent are both projected to dramatically decline over the coming century. The effects of Arctic sea-ice loss are not limited to the northern high latitudes, and reach deep into the tropics. Yet little is known about the effects of future Antarctic sea-ice loss outside of the southern high latitudes. Here, using a fully coupled climate model, we investigate the tropical response to Antarctic sea-ice loss and compare it with the response to Arctic sea-ice loss. We show that Antarctic sea-ice loss, similar to Arctic sea-ice loss, causes enhanced warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific and an equatorward intensification of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. We demonstrate that Antarctic sea-ice loss causes a mini global warming signal comparable to the one caused by Arctic sea-ice loss, and reminiscent of the response to greenhouse gases. We also show that ocean dynamics are key to capturing the tropical response to sea-ice loss. In short, we find that future Antarctic sea-ice loss will exert a profound influence on the tropics. Combined Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice losses will account for 20–30% of the projected tropical warming and precipitation changes under the high-emissions scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Antarctic sea-ice loss causes enhanced warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific, and together with Arctic sea-ice loss accounts for 20–30% of projected warming and rainfall changes in the tropics, suggest climate model simulations.
Oxidative Stress and Thrombosis during Aging: The Roles of Oxidative Stress in RBCs in Venous Thrombosis

Mid-life stage adults are at higher risk of developing venous thrombosis (VT)/thromboembolism (VT/E). Aging is characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could evoke a series of physiological changes involved in thrombosis. Here, we focus on the critical role of ROS within the red blood cell (RBC) in initiating venous thrombosis during aging. Growing evidence has shifted our interest in the role of unjustifiably unvalued RBCs in blood coagulation. RBCs can be a major source of oxidative stress during aging, since RBC redox homeostasis is generally compromised due to the discrepancy between prooxidants and antioxidants. As a result, ROS accumulate within the RBC due to the constant endogenous hemoglobin (Hb) autoxidation and NADPH oxidase activation, and the uptake of extracellular ROS released by other cells in the circulation. The elevated RBC ROS level affects the RBC membrane structure and function, causing loss of membrane integrity, and decreased deformability. These changes impair RBC function in hemostasis and thrombosis, favoring a hypercoagulable state through enhanced RBC aggregation, RBC binding to endothelial cells affecting nitric oxide availability, RBC-induced platelet activation consequently modulating their activity, RBC interaction with and activation of coagulation factors, increased RBC phosphatidylserine exposure and release of microvesicles, accelerated aging and hemolysis. Thus, RBC oxidative stress during aging typifies an ultimate mechanism in system failure, which can affect major processes involved in the development of venous thrombosis in a variety of ways. The reevaluated concept of the critical role of RBC ROS in the activation of thrombotic events during aging will help identify potential targets for novel strategies to prevent/reduce the risk for VT/E or VT/E recurrences in mid-life stage adults.
Temperature estimation for MR-guided microwave hyperthermia using block-based compressed sensing *

Mild hyperthermia has been clinically employed as an adjuvant for radiation/chemotherapy and is under investigation for precise thermally-mediated delivery of cancer therapeutic agents. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) facilitates non-invasive, real-time spatial thermometry for monitoring and guiding hyperthermia procedures. Long image acquisition time during MR-guided hyperthermia may fail to capture rapid changes in temperature. This may lead to unwanted heating of healthy tissue and/or temperature rise above hyperthermic range. We have developed a block-based compressed sensing approach to reconstruct volumetric MR-derived microwave hyperthermia temperature profiles using a subset of measured data. This algorithm exploits the sparsity of MR images due to the presence of inter- and intra-slice correlation of hyperthermic MR-derived temperature profiles. We have evaluated the performance of our developed algorithm on a phantom and in vivo in mice using previously implemented microwave applicators. This algorithm reconstructs 3D temperature profiles with PSNR of 33 dB – 49 dB in comparison to the original profiles. In summary, this study suggests that microwave hyperthermia induced temperature profiles can be reconstructed using subsamples to reduce MR image acquisition time.
Properties of the ferroelectric visible light absorbing semiconductors: Sn 2 P 2 S 6 and Sn 2 P 2 Se 6

Ferroelectrics with suitable band gaps have recently attracted attention as candidate solar absorbing materials for photovoltaics. The inversion symmetry breaking may promote the separation of photoexcited carriers and allow voltages higher than the band gap. However, these effects are not fully understood, in part because of a lack of suitable model systems for studying these effects in detail. Here, we report properties of ferroelectric ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{P}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{P}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{6}$ using first principles calculations. Results are given for the electronic structure, carrier pocket shapes, optical absorption, and transport. We find indirect band gaps of 2.20 eV and 1.55 eV, respectively, and favorable band structures for carrier transport, including both holes and electrons. Strong absorption is found above the direct gaps of 2.43 eV and 1.76 eV. Thus these compounds may serve as useful model systems for understanding photovoltaic effects in ferroelectric semiconductors.
Well-Being and Economic Freedom: Evidence from the States.

Abstract There is ample evidence that well-being, measured in various ways for a large number of countries, is positively related to the level of general intelligence. Pesta at al. (2010a) verify this close relationship between well-being and IQ across states. There also is evidence that well-being is positively related to economic freedom across countries. The purpose of this study is to determine whether economic freedom and well-being are related at the state level. Our regression analysis indicates that, across the 50 states, improvements in economic freedom lead to higher levels of well-being after controlling for other economic factors. We also find that the relationship between well-being and economic freedom differs significantly across regions in the United States.
Immigrant and Citizen Reincarceration in Pennsylvania

Despite numerous studies debunking the association between immigrants and crime, many residents in Pennsylvania continue to associate immigration with criminal offending, and some communities have enacted (or attempted to enact) more restrictive policies towards immigrants. These policies, and the anti-immigrant rhetoric that has become commonplace at the national level, have created a caste system in which immigrants are seen as criminals and more likely to offend than native-born citizens of the United States. This study examines reincarceration of immigrants and citizens who were released from Pennsylvania’s state correctional institutions (SCI) in 2010. An analysis of reincarceration using logistic regression -- and including, in addition to country of birth, variables such as race, age, and type of crime committed--was conducted. The results indicate that immigrants are significantly less likely to be reincarcerated for a new criminal offense than citizens. Further, relative to their numbers in the Commonwealth’s population, immigrants are underrepresented in the overall correctional population for the time period covered by the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections’ (PDOC) data, and an even smaller proportion of the offending population that is reincarcerated. These findings counter the politicallycharged rhetoric that new immigration to communities brings along with it dangerous and/or violent offenders and increased crime rates.
Parental Psychosocial Distress in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease and Chronic Pain.

Background Pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) management can result in considerable caregiver distress. Parents of youth with chronic SCD pain may face the additional challenge of managing children's chronic pain and chronic illness. This study examined associations between parent psychological distress and child functioning and the moderating role of chronic pain among youth with SCD. Methods Youth presenting to pediatric outpatient comprehensive SCD clinics and their primary caregivers completed a battery of questionnaires. Parents reported on parenting stress, parent mental and physical health, and family functioning. Children completed measures of pain characteristics, depressive symptoms, catastrophic thinking, functional disability, and quality of life. Results Patients (N = 73, Mage = 14.2 years, 57% female) and their caregivers (Mage = 41.1 years, 88% mothers, 88% Black) participated. Worse parent functioning was associated with worse child pain, functioning, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Beyond the effects of SCD, chronic SCD pain magnified the negative associations between parenting stress frequency and child quality of life, parent physical health and child quality of life, and parent depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms. Conclusions Chronic pain may exacerbate the relations between parent and child functioning beyond the effects of SCD alone. The management of both SCD and chronic pain may present additional challenges for parents that limit their psychosocial functioning. Family-focused interventions to support parents and youth with chronic SCD pain are warranted to optimize health outcomes.
Optic nerve activity promotes the growth of optic pathway gliomas: Shedding light on the glioma microenvironment

In a recent issue of Nature, Pan and colleagues explore whether light-induced stimulation of the optic nerve could influence the biology of optic gliomas. This study highlights the importance of neuronal-glioma interactions.
One Floor at a Time: Cross-Laminating a Sustainable Future for Mass Timber in North America

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) started in Germany and Austria in the early 1990s. As old-growth timber became difficult to find, glue-laminated timber (Glulam) and other engineered products became popular.
Acute Inhalation Lung Disease

A vast number of chemicals may cause acute injury and disease when inhaled. This may be the result of direct injury to the respiratory tract or secondary to the accumulation of toxic levels in the blood after absorption through the respiratory portal of entry. Such chemicals are encountered in a wide variety of occupational, avocational, and accidental settings (Table 1). Any acute injury or disease produced will be determined by the specific chemical properties of the gas or combination of gases inhaled, the presence or absence of particulate materials, the concentration of the toxic substances(s), the conditions of exposure, and the presence of underlying conditions in the exposed individual.
Persistence of high elevation fens in the Southern Rocky Mountains, on Grand Mesa, Colorado, U.S.A.

Small headwater fens at high elevations exist in the dry climatic regime of western Colorado, despite increasing demands for water development since the 1800’s. Fens on Grand Mesa have accumulated plant material as peat for thousands of years due to cold temperatures and consistently saturated soils. The peatlands maintain unique plant communities, wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and carbon storage. We located and differentiated 88 fens from 15 wet meadows and 2 marshes on Grand Mesa. Field work included determining vegetation, soils, moisture regimes, and impacts from human activities. All fens were groundwater-supported systems that occurred in depressions and slopes within sedimentary landslide and volcanic glacial till landscapes. Fens occupied 400 ha or less than 1 % of the 46,845 ha research area and ranged in size from 1 to 46 ha. Peat water pH in undisturbed sites ranged from 4.3 to 7.1. Most fens had plant communities dominated by sedges (Carex) with an understory of brown mosses. Variation in vegetation was controlled by stand wetness, water table level, organic C, conductivity (EC), and temperature °C. Fen soils ranged from 13.6 to 44.1 % organic C with a mean of 30.3 %. Species diversity in fens was restricted by cold short growing seasons, stressful anaerobic conditions, and disturbance. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze relationships between vegetation, environmental, and impact variables. Stand wetness, water table level, OC, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature were used to analyze vegetation variance in undisturbed fens, wet meadows, and marshes. Vegetation composition in impacted fens was influenced by flooding, sedimentation, stand wetness, water table level, OC, EC, and temperature. Hydrologically modified fens supported 58 plant species compared to 101 species in undisturbed fens. Analysis of historical 1936–2007 aerial photographs and condition scalars helped quantify impacts of human activities in fens as well as vegetation changes. Fourteen fens had evidence of peat subsidence, from organic soil collapse, blocks of peat in the margins, soil instability, and differences in surface peat height between the fen soil surface and the annually flooded soil surface. Of 374 ha of fens in the Grand Mesa study area, 294 ha (79 %) have been impacted by human activities such as ditching, drainage, flooding, or vehicular rutting. Many fens had little restoration potential due to severe hydrological and peat mass impacts, water rights, or the cost of restoration.