cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design analysis of the thin-film CdS&#8212;Cu 2 S solar cell

A detailed model of the CdS-Cu 2 S solar cell was used to analyze design limits of cell configurations based on present laboratory technology. The parameters controlling the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor are treated. The limits for each of these factors is obtained. The results indicate that the attainable conversion efficiency of the CdS-Cu 2 S solar cell extrapolating from the present processing technology is roughly 10 percent, as compared to a theoretical efficiency of 16 percent, if no losses occurred. A similar analysis for a cell using Cd 1-x Zn x S in place of CdS yields an attainable efficiency of 15 percent and a theoretical efficiency of over 26 percent. The model identifies those processing parameters which must be improved in order to optimize cell efficiency. Once technology is improved, the processing parameters will be reassessed with an aim towards increasing the maximum attainable efficiency.
Regulation of hemoglobin synthesis by ecdysterone and juvenile hormone during development of Chironomus thummi (Diptera).

Abstract Chironomus thummi contains nine soluble hemoglobins (Hbs) in the larval hemolymph which can be resolved by 12.7% acrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 8.65). Hemoglobins 2 and 3 are stage specific for the 4th instar and are first detected by day 4 of this stage in vivo, being absent in the 3rd instar. Fat-body cultures in the presence of 3 H-δ-aminolevulinic acid and 14 C-amino acids synthesize and secrete labelled Hbs, as was assayed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation of Hbs recovered from the culture medium. During development from 3rd instar to pupa, Chironomus fat body undergoes functional changes, being actively involved in Hb synthesis in intermolt periods and inactive with respect to Hb production during molting. The repression of Hb synthesis is reversed following the molt from the 3rd instar to the 4th instar. Metamorphosis is related to a gradual and irreversible loss of Hb synthesis and secretion by the fat body. The treatment of fat body in vitro with ecdysterone inhibits Hb synthesis in tissue from intermolt animals, even in the presence of excess methoprene, a potent juvenile hormone analogue. In contrast, immunoprecipitation of the translation products from a wheat-germ cell-free system, using mRNA from cedysterone-treated 4th-instar fat body as a template, shows significant synthesis of globins, suggesting that cedysterone does not affect the amount or template activity of globin messages. Methoprene induces the precocious in vitro synthesis of Hbs 2 and 3 in day-2 4th-instar fat body and enhances all Hb synthesis in the absence of cedysterone. In vitro treatment with methoprene activates newly molted fat body to synthesize Hbs 2 and 3 in vitro. The process of Hb induction by this analogue is completely inhibited by actinomycin D or cedysterone. Fat body from animals already exposed to high endogeneous cedysterone titer are insensitive to treatment with this juvenile hormone analogue. Intermolt larvae normally possess stable Hb mRNA molecules, because actinomycin-D administration in vitro does not affect Hb synthesis for as long as 30 h, whereas it effectively inhibits all RNA synthesis in the fat body. Immunoprecipitation of globin translated in vitro from mRNA from 2-day-old 4th-instar larvae treated in vivo with methoprene shows enhanced synthesis of globins 2 and 3, as compared to controls with no treatment. It is suggested that both juvenile hormone and ecdysterone regulate Hb synthesis in Chironomus ; juvenile hormone affecting the activity of Hb genes, and ecdysterone modulating the level of Hb gene expression.
Flavonoids from ageratina calophylla

Abstract Twelve flavonoids, including one new compound, were isolated from Ageratina calophylla . The structure of the new flavonoid was determined by spectroscopic methods including an attached proton test experiment and CI mass spectrometry as 6,7-dimethoxy-3,5,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone 3- O -apioside. Another compound, 6- C -glucosylquercetin, was previously synthesized, but this is the first report of its occurrence in nature.
How Primary Care Providers Might Review Evidence on Hydration

Primary care providers (PCPs) are increasing their use of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in the care they give patients. They evaluate the available evidence to determine if it applies to their patients and seek to complement their clinical experience with EBM to improve patient outcomes. In evidence-based practices, patient oriented data are valued more highly than disease oriented evidence. More than 8 million biomedical articles are published annually, but only an estimated 2% of those are relevant to improved patient outcomes (POEMs - patient oriented evidence that matters). This paper describes some of the tools used by PCPs to search for evidence and the decision-making process used to determine if they will change their practice. Understanding how PCPs evaluate research findings and other evidence can help hydration researchers frame their research questions and study reports.
Halide systematics in interstitial waters of ocean drilling sediment cores

Abstract The distribution of dissolved halides (Cl, Br, I) in interstitial waters of deep drill holes in the ocean is discussed for a number of environments: hemi-pelagic sediments; hydrate containing sediments; sediments affected by halide brines; and also in hydrothermal environments. The importance of the diagenesis of organic C in the production of I− and Br− is discussed, with reference to the observations of dissolved SO 4 2 - and NH 4 + in the pore fluids. More importantly, in the zone of methano-genesis, below the SO 4 2 - reduction zone, and usually associated with high organic C accumulation rates, increases in I− and Br− are of importance and usually are much higher than the increases observed in the SO 4 2 - reduction zone. In pore fluids affected by dissolution of evaporites the Br/Cl is often a strong indicator of the degree of evaporation of seawater demonstrated from results obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. Dissolution of halites on the other hand leads to Br/Cl much lower than those of sea water. In hydrothermal sediments, there is no doubt that I− and Br− contents of the fluids are influenced by hydrothermal alteration of the sediments and their organic C, but signals are not clear. The present study provides an overview of previous DSDP and ODP studies of halide distributions in sedimentary pore waters, in addition to other contributions on halide distributions in sedimentary pore waters in this symposium volume.
A singular integral of the composite operator

We establish the Poincare-type inequalities for the composition of the homotopy operator and the projection operator. We also obtain some estimates for the integral of the composite operator with a singular density.
Alloxan induced change from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation in rats determined by the prevalence of carbon-13 in expired carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide from untreated and alloxanized rats was collected free of atmospheric CO2 and then analyzed for its stable carbon isotope (13C12C) ratio. Alloxan induced diabetic rats expired CO2 with a 13C12C ratio less than that for CO2 collected from untreated rats. The difference in 13C12C ratios indicated that alloxanized rats oxidized more lipid than control rats since rat lipid has a 13C12C ratio less than that of glycogen.
On the oscillatory tails with arbitrary phase shift for solutions of the perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation

A singularly perturbed Korteweg--de Vries (KdV) equation $ \e^2 \eta_{xxxx} +\eta_{xx}-\eta +\eta^2=0$ for $ -\infty 0$ is a small parameter. It is known that the equation has homoclinic solutions connected to small periodic orbits at infinity. The relationship between amplitude and phase shift of the periodic orbits was established for noncritical cases. To study the critical cases, an asymptotic method is introduced here to formally derive the homoclinic solutions to periodic orbits with arbitrary phase shift. The exact asymptotic formula relating the amplitude of oscillations to the phase shift is obtained. The amplitude of oscillations is determined by the phase shift, and the range of the amplitude can be from $o(\e^n)$ with any $n\ge 1 $ up to $O(\e^{-2} \exp (-\pi /\e ))$ for different phase shift of the oscillations.
Estimation of Mechanical Parameters in Multicompartment Models Applied to Normal and Obstructed Lungs During Tidal Breathing

A technique is presented which allows quantitative assessment of the use of parallel compartment models for characterizing pulmonary mechanical function during tidal breathing. A model consisting of a conducting airway leading to two parallel parenchymal regions is used. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis indicated that a) the compliance of the conducting airway was not significant under the experimental conditions of interest and that b) estimates of the distribution of central and peripheral resistances would not be precise. The techniques were demonstrated using measurements of transpulmonary pressure, flow, and volume changes during tidal breathing obtained from a human subject with normal lungs and a human subject with obstructed lungs. Optimal estimates of the parameters were obtained by minimizing the difference between the model output and experimental data combined from two breathing frequencies. In the estimation procedure, the sum of the peripheral compliances was constrained to equal the independently measured static lung compliance. This constraint was critical for correct evaluation of nonuniform mechanical lung function. From the parameter estimates, the ratio of parenchymal time constants was about five in the subject with normal lungs and 60 in the subject with obstructed lungs. These results suggest that a full study with several normal and obstructed lung subjects is warranted.
Strategy for Complete Nitrogen Removal in Bioreactor Landfills

Waste acclimation and batch microcosm studies containing digested municipal solid waste were conducted at different temperatures (22, 35, and 45°C ) and gas-phase oxygen concentrations (0.7–100%, by volume) to provide guidance for field-scale implementation of in situ nitrogen removal processes. Results demonstrate that in situ ammonia–nitrogen is feasible in decomposed aerated solid waste environments at the gas-phase oxygen concentrations and temperatures evaluated and the potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in field-scale bioreactor landfills is significant due to the presence of both aerobic and anoxic areas. Small amounts of oxygen were found sufficient for nitrification/ammonia removal to proceed, although removal rates increase with oxygen concentration. Laboratory results suggest field-scale implementation of in situ nitrogen removal occur in small dedicated treatment zones containing previously degraded waste (later in the life of a bioreactor landfill). Model simulations...
Laboratory evaluation of avermectin as a selective acaricide for use withMetaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (acarina: Phytoseiidae)

The suggestion that adding a light oil to avermectin B1 would increase the toxicity of avermectin to spider mites and reduce its effect on predaceous mites was tested in laboratory trials withTetranychus urticae Koch andMetaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) on almond and bean foliage. No differences were found in the toxicity of avermectin + oil vs. avermectin alone at the doses tested forT. urticae; all (0.025, 0.5, 1, and 5 ppm) were highly toxic. Mortality ofM. occidentalis females and larvae was not different on avermectin + oil vs. avermectin alone, but females produced more progeny on the avermectin + oil-treated foliage. At doses of 0.5 to 5 ppm, avermectin was sufficiently toxic to deplete predator populations in the field. Development of predator larvae on avermectin + oil and on avermectin alone was not different. Avermectin + oil on almond foliage aged outdoors was highly toxic after 96 h toT. urticae adults butM. occidentalis larvae survived well on residues by 96 h.M. occidentalis female survival and productivity were not different from the controls by 48 h. Hence a predator mite population might recover through larvae hatching onto residues. Avermectin + oil (3 ppm) residue on bean foliage held outdoors was still highly toxic toT. urticae after 33 days. In contrast,M. occidentalis females and larvae survived well on 48-to 96-hour-old residues. Neither predators nor spider mites placed on treated foliage (3 ppm) were able to reach untreated foliage in tests using bean plant seedlings with one leaf sprayed and one left unsprayed. Furthermore, whenM. occidentalis females were exposed to 3 ppm avermectin for 300 s or longer, mortality was significant and the fecundity of females that had been exposed for as few as 30 s was reduced significantly. Thus, while avermectin is significantly more toxic toT. urticae than toM. occidentalis, its value as a selective acaricide will depend upon learning to use it at rates that will allow the retention of sufficient prey so that surviving predators can persist. Based on these laboratory tests, such selective doses are likely to lie below 1 ppm and can best be determined in field trials.
N-γ-L-glutamyl-β-D-aminophenylpropanoic acid, a dipeptide from the aquatic fern, azolla caroliniana

Abstract A novel dipeptide, γ- L -glutamyl-β- D -phenylpropanoic acid has been isolated from extracts of the water fern, Azolla caroliniana .
Development of a flow-injection liposome immunoanalysis system for fumonisin B1

Abstract Fumonisins are a group of naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by several species of the fungus Fusarium (mainly moniliforme ) and occur worldwide on corn intended for human and animal consumption. Contamination of food and feed with fumonisins has been implicated in and associated with a number of diseases in both livestock as well as human beings. In this study, a Flow-Injection Liposome ImmunoAnalysis (FILIA) system was developed for the heterogeneous quantitative determination of fumonisin B1 (FmB1). The immunoassay is based on the competition between FmB1 and sulforhodamine B (SRB) dye-encapsulating, FmB1-tagged liposomes for a limited number of antibody binding sites. The antibodies are immobilized via protein A in a capillary immunoreactor column, and 35% MeOH is used for the regeneration of antibody binding sites after each measurement, which allows the immunoreactor to be used for up to 70 sequential sample injections without any loss of reactivity. Sample preconcentration is not needed and a single assay can be performed in less than 11 min. The calibration curve for FmB1 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) solution had a working range of 1–1000 ng/ml.
Integration of functional myotubes with a Bio-MEMS device for non-invasive interrogation

We have developed a biological micro-electromechanical system (Bio-MEMS) device consisting of surface-modified microfabricated silicon cantilevers and an AFM detection apparatus for the study of cultured myotubes. With this system we are able to selectively stimulate the myotubes as well as report on a variety of physiological properties of the myotubes in real time and in a high-throughput manner. This system will serve as the foundation for future work integrating multiple tissue types for the creation of Bio-MEMS analogues of complex tissues and biological circuits.
Takeover bids and target directors’ incentives: the impact of a bid on directors’ wealth and board seats

Abstract I investigate the nature of the incentives that lead outside directors to serve stockholders’ interests. Specifically, I document the effect of a takeover bid on target directors, both in terms of its immediate financial impact and its effect on the number of future board seats held by those target directors. Directors are rarely retained following a completed offer. All target directors hold fewer directorships in the future than a control group, suggesting that the target board seat is difficult to replace. For outside directors, the direct financial impact of a completed merger is predominately negative. This documents a cost to outside directors should they fail as monitors, forcing the external control market to act for them. Future seats are related to pre-bid performance. Among outside directors of poorly performing firms, those who rebuff an offer face partial settling-up in the directorial labor market, while those who complete the merger do not.
Structure Activity Relationships of Nuclear Receptor, GPCR and Kinase Modulators Revealed with Differential HDX

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has emerged as a powerful technology for analysis of protein conformational dynamics and ligand interactions. The regulation of transcriptional output by nuclear receptors (NRs) is driven by alterations in the conformational ensemble of the receptor upon ligand binding and previously we have shown that HDX can be used to determine a novel mechanism of ligand activation of PPARγ, detailed analysis of binding modes of ligands within the ligand binding pocket of two ER isoforms, and how ERα ligands can be classified and correlated to their pharmacology based on receptor HDX signatures. More recently, we have applied HDX to probe the conformational dynamics of intact full length nuclear receptor complexes upon interaction with DNA and coactivator proteins. These studies have demonstrated that DNA binding alters conformational dynamics of the nuclear receptor heterodimer in regions remote of the DBD. These alterations in conformational selection appear to be important for coactivator binding to the heterodimer suggesting that DNA acts as an allosteric ligand. In addition to work on NRs, the lab recently demonstrated the use of HDX for probing ligand interaction with G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) and kinases. We have extended these studies to probe differential receptor perturbation upon interacting with functionally selective ligands, and with kinases probed both ligand and co-regulatory protein interactions. Results from these studies will be presented.
Inflammation and coagulation factors in persons >65 years of age with symptoms of depression but without evidence of myocardial ischemia∗☆

Depression is associated with increased cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study examines associations of depressive symptoms with inflammation and coagulation factors in persons aged > 65 years. Blood samples were obtained from 4,268 subjects free of cardiovascular disease (age 72.4 +/- 5.5 years, 2,623 women). Inflammation markers were C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, total platelet count, and albumin; coagulation factors included factors VIIc and VIIIc and fibrinogen. Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, and states of energy depletion with a validated exhaustion index. Statistical adjustments were made for risk factors (age, sex, race, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, diabetes mellitus) and physical measures of frailty (isometric handgrip, timed 15-feet walk test, activity level). Depression was associated with elevated CRP (3.31 +/- 0.10 vs 3.51 +/- 0.21 mg/L), WBC (6.14 +/- 0.03 vs 6.43 +/- 0.11 10(6)/L), fibrinogen (319 +/- 1 vs 326 +/- 3 mg/dl), and factor VIIc (124.6 +/- 0.6% vs 127.2 +/- 1.3%; all p 65 years.
Free flaps to the head and neck.

Early attempts at microvascular reconstruction in the head and neck area with free tissue flaps failed, leading some authors to feel that these techniques would have a limited role, especially when such flaps had to be used in recipient sites in which they were in contact with saliva or when the microvascular anastomoses had to be done with recipient vessels that had been irradiated. Today, however, many aspects of neck and facial reconstruction routinely use composite free tissue transfer. These methods are the first choice for reconstruction in traumatic amputations and repair of large mandibular defects, and for some facial contour and skin loss situations. Free composite tissue transfer is an excellent alternative for esophageal reconstruction (small bowel) and has great potential for facial animation (free muscle) and total nose reconstruction (dorsalis pedis).
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND CRIME CONTROL POLICY: NOT A MARRIAGE MADE IN HEAVEN

Ever since criminology became a distinct, criminologists have hoped to promote the adoption of what they have considered to be rational, effective methods for dealing with crime. To this end, they have evaluated rehabilitation programs, arrests for domestic violence, and gun-control legislation. They have also studied the effects of probation, in prison, and parole supervision on the recidivism and of legalized abortion, imprisonment, and capital punishment on crime rates.... Language: en
UBXD7 Binds Multiple Ubiquitin Ligases and Implicates p97 in HIF1α Turnover

p97 is an ATP-dependent chaperone that plays an important role in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation but whose connections to turnover of soluble proteins remain sparse. Binding of p97 to substrates is mediated by cofactors that contain ubiquitin-binding domains. We employed “network proteomics” to show that p97 assembles with all of the 13 mammalian UBX-domain proteins. The UBX proteins that bind ubiquitin conjugates also interact with dozens of E3 ubiquitin ligases, only one of which had been previously linked to p97. In particular, UBXD7 links p97 to the ubiquitin ligase CUL2/VHL and its substrate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). Depletion of p97 leads to accumulation of endogenous HIF1α and increased expression of a HIF1α target gene. The large number of ubiquitin ligases found associated with UBX proteins suggests that p97 plays a far broader role than previously anticipated in the global regulation of protein turnover.
The Mammalian Calcium-binding Protein, Nucleobindin (CALNUC), Is a Golgi Resident Protein

We have identified CALNUC, an EF-hand, Ca2+-binding protein, as a Golgi resident protein. CALNUC corresponds to a previously identified EF-hand/calcium-binding protein known as nucleobindin. CALNUC interacts with Galphai3 subunits in the yeast two-hybrid system and in GST-CALNUC pull-down assays. Analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated that the EF-hand and intervening acidic regions are the site of CALNUC's interaction with Galphai3. CALNUC is found in both cytosolic and membrane fractions. The membrane pool is tightly associated with the luminal surface of Golgi membranes. CALNUC is widely expressed, as it is detected by immunofluorescence in the Golgi region of all tissues and cell lines examined. By immunoelectron microscopy, CALNUC is localized to cis-Golgi cisternae and the cis-Golgi network (CGN). CALNUC is the major Ca2+-binding protein detected by 45Ca2+-binding assay on Golgi fractions. The properties of CALNUC and its high homology to calreticulin suggest that it may play a key role in calcium homeostasis in the CGN and cis-Golgi cisternae.
Exposures of Sus scrofa to a TASER(®) conducted electrical weapon: no effects on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of plasma proteins

In an earlier study, we found significant changes in red-blood-cell, leukocyte, and platelet counts, and in red-blood-cell membrane proteins, following exposures of anesthetized pigs to a conducted electrical weapon. In the current study, we examined potential changes in plasma proteins [analyzed via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE)] following two 30 s exposures of anesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa) to a TASER® C2 conducted electrical weapon. Patterns of proteins, separated by 2-DGE, were consistent and reproducible between animals and between times of sampling. We determined that the blood plasma collection, handling, storage, and processing techniques we used are suitable for swine blood. There were no statistically significant changes in plasma proteins following the conducted-electrical-weapon exposures. Overall gel patterns of fibrinogen were similar to results of other studies of both pigs and humans (in control settings, not exposed to conducted electrical weapons). The lack of significant changes in plasma proteins may be added to the body of evidence regarding relative safety of TASER C2 device exposures.
Identification of Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases Catalyzing Hepatic 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Conjugation

Abstract The biological effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) are terminated primarily by P450-dependent hydroxylation reactions. However, the hormone is also conjugated in the liver and a metabolite, presumably a glucuronide, undergoes enterohepatic cycling. In this study, the identity of human enzymes capable of catalyzing the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 glucuronidation reaction was investigated in order to better understand environmental and endogenous factors affecting the disposition and biological effects of vitamin D 3 . Among 12 different UGT isozymes tested, only UGT1A4 ≫ 2B4 and 2B7 supported the reaction. Two different 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 monoglucuronide metabolites were generated by recombinant UGT1A4 and human liver microsomes. The most abundant product was identified by mass spectral and NMR analyses as the 25- O -glucuronide isomer. The formation of 25- O -glucuronide by UGT1A4 Supersomes and human liver microsomes followed simple hyperbolic kinetics, yielding respective K m and V max values of 7.3 and 11.2 μM and 33.7 ± 1.4 and 32.9 ± 1.9 pmol/min/mg protein. The calculated intrinsic 25- O -glucuronide M1 formation clearance for UGT1A4 was 14-fold higher than the next best isozyme, UGT2B7. There was only limited (four-fold) inter-liver variability in the 25- O -glucuronidation rate, but it was highly correlated with the relative rate of formation of the second, minor metabolite. In addition, formation of both metabolites was inhibited >80% by the selective UGT1A4 inhibitor, hecogenin. If enterohepatic recycling of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 represents a significant component of intestinal and systemic 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 disposition, formation of monoglucuronides by hepatic UGT1A4 constitutes an important initial step.
Inferring document relevance from incomplete information

Recent work has shown that average precision can be accurately estimated from a small random sample of judged documents. Unfortunately, such "random pools" cannot be used to evaluate retrieval measures in any standard way. In this work, we show that given such estimates of average precision, one can accurately infer the relevances of the remaining unjudged documents, thus obtaining a fully judged pool that can be used in standard ways for system evaluation of all kinds. Using TREC data, we demonstrate that our inferred judged pools are well correlated with assessor judgments, and we further demonstrate that our inferred pools can be used to accurately infer precision recall curves and all commonly used measures of retrieval performance.
Blood vessels of the skin in chronic venous insufficiency.

This study concerns an evaluation of the anatomicopathologic changes found in blood vessels of the skin in areas of venous insufficiency in the lower legs. These changes have been compared with the vascular structure in comparable areas of skin in normal persons. Apparently evidence of arteriolar damage is more a concomitant finding in the clinical picture of chronic venous insufficiency than are venular changes. This is demonstrated in a study of 30 patients. The vascular changes show no correlation with the condition of the skin at the site from which the biopsy material was taken.
Maternal age, alcohol abuse history, and quality of parenting as moderators of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on 7.5-year intellectual function.

Background: In contrast to the extensive literature documenting IQ deficits in patients with fetal alcohol syndrome, effects on IQ have not generally been reported for children with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). This study examined the role of maternal age, MAST, and quality of parenting in moderating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the WISC-III IQ test in moderate-to-heavily exposed children. Methods: A total of 337 inner-city African American children whose mothers were recruited prenatally were administered the WISC-III at 7.5 years. Alcohol exposure was assesed with a timeline follow-back interview administered at every prenatal clinic visit. Moderating effects of the three risk factors were examined by adding interaction terms to regression analyses and dichotomizing the moderators and performing separate regressions on the two groups. Results: Prenatal alcohol exposure was related to WISC-III Freedom from Distractibility but not to Full Scale IQ for the sample as a whole. However, among children born to older mothers, an alcohol effect emerged on Full Scale IQ and five of seven composite IQ scores. Similarly, adverse effects were seen among children of MAST-positive mothers and children whose parents provided less optimal cognitive stimulation. Each additional ounce of absolute alcohol consumed per day during pregnancy was associated with a 2.9-point decrease in Full Scale IQ and a 5.6-point decrement on Freedom from Distractibility. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate IQ effects among children with ARND born to older and MAST-positive mothers, particularly in relation to first-trimester drinking. These findings suggest that there are subgroups of more vulnerable and severely affected children whose intellectual performance is compromised. A moderate- to heavy-drinking mother who has given birth to an unaffected child when she was younger needs to be warned that her risk of having an adversely affected child increases as she grows older.
Implementation of maintenance rule for structures

Abstract The maintenance rule, 10 CFR 50.65, ‘Requirements for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants’, was published by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in the Federal Register (56 FR 31324) on July 10, 1991. The rule became effective on July 10, 1996, giving nuclear power plant licensees 5 years to implement it. During 1994–1995, NRC staff visited nine nuclear power plant sites to observe licensees’ preparations for implementation of the rule. The teams found that most of the licensees had not established goals, or performance criteria for monitoring structures at their sites. The licensees contended that the structures were inherently reliable and required no monitoring under the maintenance rule. On the basis of earlier site visits performed by NRC staff to assess the condition of structures, the NRC staff could not accept this contention, and clarified its position in Revision 1 of Regulatory Guide 1.160, ‘Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants’. This paper discusses the applicability of the maintenance rule criteria for structures and its usefulness in ensuring that the structures, systems, and components within the scope of the maintenance rule are capable of fulfilling their intended functions. Also discussed are the aspects of maintenance rule efforts that could be useful for license renewal applications.
Equivalence principle and bound kinetic energy.

We consider the role of the internal kinetic energy of bound systems of matter in tests of the Einstein equivalence principle. Using the gravitational sector of the standard model extension, we show that stringent limits on equivalence principle violations in antimatter can be indirectly obtained from tests using bound systems of normal matter. We estimate the bound kinetic energy of nucleons in a range of light atomic species using Green's function Monte Carlo calculations, and for heavier species using a Woods-Saxon model. We survey the sensitivities of existing and planned experimental tests of the equivalence principle, and report new constraints at the level of between a few parts in ${10}^{6}$ and parts in ${10}^{8}$ on violations of the equivalence principle for matter and antimatter.
Manufacturability of 248-nm phase-shift lithography for 100-nm transistors

Keywords: 193nm lithography, 248nm lithography, alternating phase-shift, cost of ownership, process latitudeABSTRACTThe timing of 193nm tools and the resists to support them is driving semiconductor manufacturers to plan for productionof sub-half lambda features on 248nm exposure tools. Lithographers are turning to reticle enhancements to close thecapability gap, finding (as expected) that there are a myriad of issues that must be addressed to achieve production-worthiness.The current work describes efforts at Texas Instruments to extend 248nm lithography to 1 3Onm and lOOnm patternedfeatures using strong phase-shift techniques. Focusing on the processes required for gate patterning, we show datademonstrating excellent process margin for devices with sub-100 nm gate lengths. Process capability tradeoffs such asdense-iso bias, depth of focus, exposure latitude, ultimate resolution, across chip linewidth variation and mask errorfactor (MEF) are discussed in detail with supporting data. Consistent with the findings of previous researchers, thecharacterization data to be presented show the process margin that can be achieved with these phase shifting techniquesand their suitability for manufacturing.
Decoupling Diameter and Pitch in Silicon Nanowire Arrays Made by Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching

The fabrication of well-separated, narrow, and relatively smooth silicon nanowires with good periodicity is demonstrated, using non-close-packed arrays of nanospheres with precisely controlled diameters, pitch, and roughness. Controlled reactive ion etching in an inductively coupled plasma reduces the self-assembled nanospheres to approximately a tenth of their original diameter, while retaining their surface smoothness and periodic placement. A titanium adhesion layer between the silicon substrate and gold film allows much thinner catalyst layers to be continuous, facilitating the film liftoff and formation of the perforated pattern without influencing catalyzed etching of silicon. Using these methods, a periodic array of silicon nanowires with a large pitch and small diameter (e.g., a 490 nm pitch and 55 nm diameter) is created, a combination not typically found in the open literature. This approach extends the types and quality of silicon nanostructures that can be fabricated using the combined nanosphere lithography and metal-assisted chemical etching techniques.
Influence of sequential thiolate oxidation on a nitrile hydratase mimic probed by multiedge X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Nitrile hydratases (NHases) are Fe(III)- and Co(III)-containing hydrolytic enzymes that convert nitriles into amides. The metal-center is contained within an N2S3 coordination motif with two post-translationally modified cysteinates contained in a cis arrangement, which have been converted into a sulfinate (R-SO2–) and a sulfenate (R-SO–) group. Herein, we utilize Ru L-edge and ligand (N-, S-, and P-) K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopies to probe the influence that these modifications have on the electronic structure of a series of sequentially oxidized thiolate-coordinated Ru(II) complexes ((bmmp-TASN)RuPPh3, (bmmp-O2-TASN)RuPPh3, and (bmmp-O3-TASN)RuPPh3). Included is the use of N K-edge spectroscopy, which was used for the first time to extract N-metal covalency parameters. We find that upon oxygenation of the bis-thiolate compound (bmmp-TASN)RuPPh3 to the sulfenato species (bmmp-O2-TASN)RuPPh3 and then to the mixed sulfenato/sulfinato speices (bmmp-O3-TASN)RuPPh3 the complexes become progressively m...
Understanding Heme Transport

A newly identified protein — heme carrier protein 1 — apparently mediates the uptake of cellular heme. Mutations impairing the activity of this protein might account, in part, for the broad spectru...
Catastrophic globe disruption as a result of a TASER injury.

Abstract Background Injuries caused by the TASER ® (TASER International, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ) have been well documented, and both direct and indirect ocular injuries have been reported. We present a case of severe perforating injury to the globe from a TASER dart with central cornea penetration. Objectives To describe the presentation and management of a penetrating ocular injury from a TASER dart. Case Report A 47-year-old woman presented with a TASER dart injury penetrating through the central cornea. The injury resulted in a stellate corneal laceration, which was repaired with a final visual acuity of light perception without projection. Conclusion This is a case of a severe TASER-related ocular injury resulting in significant vision loss. Although mechanical trauma seemed to be the main etiology for vision loss, electrical shock injury may also be contributory. Direct injury to the eye from a TASER dart is similar to other perforating projectile injuries and can have a devastating visual outcome.
Computation of exact and approximate probability values for a matched pairs permutation test

An algorithm is presented for computing the probability value associated with a recently-developed test of statistical inference for matched pairs. The exact probability value is provided for small samples; otherwise, an approximate probability value is computed.
NRASIM: A Design Toolbox for Multi-Spacecraft Interferometric Telescopes

In this paper we describe the NRASIM toolbox for computer-aided conceptual design of long-baseline interferometric space observatories. The novel features of the design approach implemented by NRASIM are that it permits efficient handling of coupling between structure and behavior in multiagent systems, and permits the use of control-theoretic approaches to mission control design, which speeds up the design process by relieving constraints on constellation architecture.
The somatizing disorders.

Abstract Management of the patient with somatizing behavior frequently is a frustrating endeavor for the physician who has been trained in a bioscientific model. However, rather than merely looking at these patients as “functional,” “crocks,” or “turkeys,” if we recognize that somatization is not randomly determined and that there are specific therapeutic interventions that can be employed to reduce the intensity of the somatizing behavior, then treatment of these patients can become more satisfactory to the physician.
Female dominance rank and behavior during artificial menstrual cycles in social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

We recently reported (Michael & Zumpe: American Journal of Primatology 15:157-170, 1988) evidence for the hypothesis that copulations by pairs of rhesus monkeys are linked more closely to the ovulatory phase of the female's menstrual cycle when a male has access to several females in different cycle phases rather than access to females in the same cycle phase. We have now used data from this earlier study to assess the role of female dominance. Artificial menstrual cycles were induced with hormone injections in two of four ovariectomized females in eight social groups (each consisting of one male and four females). The artificial cycles were either synchronized or offset by 7-day increments. There were differences in the behavioral interactions of the higher-ranking (dominant) and lower-ranking (subordinate) hormone-treated females in each group. The amount of male sexual activity received by dominant and subordinate females differed little, but dominant females initiated significantly more sexual activity (P<.0001) than did subordinate females. Dominant females were significantly more aggressive (P<.0001) toward other females and received more direct and redirected aggression from males. Males generally initiated and maintained more social contacts with dominant than with subordinate females, and dominant females were less active than subordinates in initiating and maintaining social interactions with males. The findings provide new evidence for both female mate competition and mate choice by males for higher-ranking females.
Intubation risk factors for temporomandibular joint/facial pain.

Abstract Endotracheal intubation has been proposed as a risk factor for temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) in a limited number of published case reports and systematic studies. Symptoms may result from forces applied with the laryngoscope, or manually in an attempt to complete the intubation, and may be related to the duration in which temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures are stressed. The objective of this study was to examine risk factors for TMD complaints associated with endotracheal intubation. One hundred twenty-two patients who underwent endotracheal intubation for surgery at the University of Washington Medical Center participated. Exclusions included surgery of the head or neck, cognitive deficit, or emergency surgery. Subjects were assessed presurgically, and at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. Gender, interincisal distance, and age were found to be significantly associated with TMD symptoms lasting as long as 14 days following intubation. For both TMD pain and TMD nonpain symptoms, the...
Numerical modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames subjected to seismic loads

The behavior of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames under cyclic lateral loading is complicated because a number of different failure mechanisms can be induced by the frame-infill interaction, including brittle shear failures of the concrete columns and damage of the infill walls. In this study, nonlinear finite element models have been used to simulate the behavior of these structures. Diffused cracking and crushing in concrete and masonry are described by a smeared-crack continuum model, while dominant cracks as well as masonry mortar joints are modeled with a cohesive crack interface model. The interface model adopts an elasto-plastic formulation to describe the mixed-mode fracture of concrete and masonry. The model accounts for cyclic crack opening and closing, reversible shear dilatation, and joint compaction due to damage. The constitutive models have been validated with experimental data and successfully applied to the dynamic analysis of a three-story, two-bay, masonry-infilled, non-ductile, reinforced concrete frame tested on a shake table. The results have demonstrated the capabilities of the finite element method in capturing the nonlinear cyclic load-displacement response and failure mechanisms of the structure, and indicated the important contribution of infill walls to the seismic resistance of a non-ductile reinforced concrete frame.
Thermoelastic analysis of composite CVD SiC fibers

Abstract A thermoelastic model has been developed for the prediction of the state of stress of composite fibers when subjected to thermomechanical loads. The model is based on a system of four infinitely long and perfectly bonded concentric cylinders. Predictions are presented for composite fibers produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and in particular for the SCS-6 fiber, for which it is found that neglecting the strains that the substrate experiences during CVD in the calculations, can lead to severe underestimates of the magnitude of the predicted residual stresses. Relationships are established between the predicted state of stress and experimentally observed changes of strength with temperature, stress thresholds in creep and structural defects such as debonding at the interfaces for the SCS-6 filter.
The Assessment of a Multinational Using the Employee Work Passion Model

The Problem.The current state of employee engagement literature highlights the need for theoretical models and comprehensive constructs that can be practically applied. Without such models and cons...
Novel training methods for robotic surgery

Objectives: The objectives of this review are to summarize the current training modalities and assessment tools used in urological robotic surgery and to propose principles to guide the formation of a comprehensive robotics curriculum. Materials and Methods: The PUBMED database was systematically searched for relevant articles and their citations utilized to broaden our search. These articles were reviewed and summarized with a focus on novel developments. Results: A multitude of training modalities including didactic, dry lab, wet lab, and virtual reality have been developed. The use of these modalities can be divided into basic skills-based exercises and more advanced procedure-based exercises. Clinical training has largely followed traditional methods of surgical teaching with the exception of the unique development of tele-mentoring for the da Vinci interface. Tools to assess both real-life and simulator performance have been developed, including adaptions from Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery and Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill, and novel tools such as Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills. Conclusions: The use of these different entities to create a standardized curriculum for robotic surgery remains elusive. Selection of training modalities and assessment tools should be based upon performance data-based validity and practical feasibility. Comparative assessment of different modalities (cross-modality validity) can help strengthen the development of common skill sets. Constant data collection must occur to guide continuing curriculum improvement.
Requirement for maturation of Escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda

Abstract During infection a λ phage that is incapable of DNA replication requires recombination for maturation. If two prophages are situated in tandem, this requirement for DNA replication and recombination is bypassed. In physical experiments using the DNA cutting assay of Freifelder et al . (1973), the DNA of a sex factor containing one or two prophages defective in both excision and DNA replication is cut efficiently only when two prophages are in tandem. We interpret this to mean that λ can only be matured from a structure of greater than unit length, and hypothesize that the structure must contain two joined ends (AR-joints).
Enthalpies of dilution and relative apparent molar enthalpies of aqueous ammonium nitrate. The case of a weakly hydrolysed (dissociated) salt

Abstract The conventional relative apparent molar enthalpies L φ for NH 4 NO 3 solutions at 298.15 K were evaluated from calorimetric enthalpies of dilution for the molality range 0 to 25 mol kg −1 by procedures which suppress the dissociation of the NH 4 + ion and thereby eliminate that influence on the enthalpies of dilution. Values of the correction term ( L φ e − L φ ) are evaluated and presented separately, to enable evaluation of L φ e , the apparent molar enthalpy of the equilibrium state relative to the conventional reference state, for use in calculations for dilution and dissolution processes for which dissociation of NH 4 + was not suppressed.
Well-Being in A Globalized World: Does Social Work Know How to Make It Happen?

This article explores the ubiquitous uses of the term well-being in social work codes, values, and literature. It reviews international concepts of well-being as well as those within social work to consider a deeper exploration of the meanings of well-being. Dimensions of well-being that resonate with social work values include eliminating poverty; promoting social inclusion and eliminating oppression; eliminating all forms of violence in society; increasing investments in health, education, and social supports; and the protection and restoration of environmental resources and the biosphere. Frameworks for incorporating concepts of well-being in social work practice, research, and teaching are proposed.
Transport proteins of the plant plasma membrane

Recently developed molecular and genetic approaches have enabled the identification and functional characterization of novel genes encoding ion channels, ion carriers, and water channels of the plant plasma membrane.
Correlation Study of Incisive Biting Forces with Age, Sex, and Anterior Occlusion

Age, sex, overbite, overjet, and anterior linear contact are compared as indicators of biting force. F scores and correlation coefficients indicate a correlation of age, sex, overbite, and anterior linear contact with biting force.