cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Emerging Paradigms and Clinical Implications

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating disease for which there is no known cure. Recent studies suggest that the approximate prevalence and incidence of IPF in the United States is 80,000 and 30,000 individuals per year, respectively. Emerging evidence suggests that IPF may involve multiple injuries or bhitsQ to the lung over time, which may lead to acute exacerbations resulting in periods of more rapid decline and sometimes death. Clinicians have historically taken different approaches to the diagnosis and management of IPF, often leading to misdiagnosis or diagnosis of IPF at an advanced stage. Therefore, IPF represents a significant clinical challenge—raising controversial issues that necessitate further investigation into pathogenesis, treatment options, and diagnostic approach.
MyD88-dependent signaling drives host survival and early cytokine production during Histoplasma capsulatum infection

The ability of the innate immune system to trigger an adaptive T cell response is critical to resolution of infection with the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. However, the signaling pathways and cell types involved in the recognition of and response to this respiratory pathogen remain poorly defined. Here, we show that MyD88, an adaptor protein vital to multiple innate immune pathways, is critically required for the host response to Histoplasma. MyD88-deficient (MyD88-/-) mice are unable to control the fungal burden and are more sensitive to Histoplasma infection than wild-type, Dectin-1-/-, or interleukin 1 receptor-deficient (IL-1R-/-) mice. We found that MyD88 is necessary for the production of key early inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the lung. In both our in vitro and ex vivo analyses, MyD88 was intrinsically required in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages for initial cytokine production. Additionally, MyD88-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells fail to efficiently control fungal growth when cocultured with primed splenic T cells. Surprisingly, mice that lack MyD88 only in dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages are competent for early cytokine production and normal survival, indicating the presence of compensatory and redundant MyD88 signaling in other cell types during infection. Ultimately, global MyD88 deficiency prevents proper T cell activation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, which are critical for infection resolution. Collectively, this work reveals a central role for MyD88 in coordinating the innate and adaptive immune responses to infection with this ubiquitous fungal pathogen of humans.
A JXTA-Based Communication Model for OSGi Framework with Extension to P2P Networks

More and more researchers are focused on multimedia communication problems between mobile devices and home networks. Combining resource-limited devices, such as PDAs, mobile phones, and automotive electronics systems, with home networks in a peer-to-peer manner can produce many more applications based on existing infrastructure and technologies. In this paper, a general architecture for extending OSGi based home networks to JXTA P2P networks is proposed and the authorization issues about peer joining and resource advertising are discussed. The extension of OSGi devices with JXTA abilities has been realized by "JXTA-bridging middleware" and "rendezvous proxy". OSGi devices are enabled with the ability to communicate with other networked devices through JXTA.
A Newton-Type Algorithm for the Solution of the Implicit Programming Problem

A second-order algorithm is presented for the solution of the implicit programming problem. The implicit programming problem is a mathematical programming problem that has as its solution the optimal steady-states of an optimal control problem defined on an infinite horizon. The algorithm is shown to be a variant of Newton's method for solving a fixed-point problem defined implicitly by the implicit programming problem. Local and global convergence properties of the algorithm are briefly discussed.
Gunshot injuries of the spine

Abstract Background context Spinal gunshot injuries (spinal GSIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both military and civilian populations. These injuries are likely to be encountered by spine care professionals in many treatment settings. A paucity of resources is available to summarize current knowledge of spinal GSI evaluation and management. Purpose The aim was to summarize the ballistics, epidemiology, evaluation, treatment, and outcomes of spinal GSI among civilian and military populations. Study design This was a review of the current literature reporting spinal GSI management. Methods MEDLINE (PubMed) was queried for recent studies and case reports of spinal GSI evaluation and management. Results Spinal GSI now comprise the third most common cause of spinal injury. Firearms that produce spinal GSI can be divided into categories of high- and low-energy depending on the initial velocity of the projectile. Neural and mechanical spinal damage varies with these types and results from several factors including direct impact, concussion waves, tissue cavitation, and thermal energy. Management of spinal GSI also depends on several factors including neurologic function and change over time, spinal stability, missile tract through the body, and concomitant injury. Surgical treatment is typically indicated for progressive neurologic changes, spinal instability, persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak, and infection. Surgical treatment for GSI affecting T12 and caudal often has a better outcome than for those cranial to T12. Surgical exploration and removal of missile fragments in the spinal canal are typically indicated for incomplete or worsening neurologic injury. Conclusions Treatment of spinal GSI requires a multidisciplinary approach with the goal of maintaining or restoring spinal stability and neurologic function and minimizing complications. Concomitant injuries and complications after spinal GSI can present immediate and ongoing challenges to the medical, surgical and rehabilitative care of the patient.
A tissue-mimicking ultrasound test object using droplet vaporization to create point targets

Ultrasound test objects containing reference point targets could be useful for evaluating ultrasound systems and phase aberration correction methods. Polyacrylamide gels containing albumin-stabilized droplets (3.6 μm mean diameter) of dodecafiuoropentane (DDFP) are being developed for this purpose. Perturbation by ultrasound causes spontaneous vaporization of the superheated droplets to form gas bubbles, a process termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). The resulting bubbles (20 to 160 μm diameter) are small compared with acoustic wavelengths in diagnostic ultrasound and are theoretically suitable for use as point targets (phase errors <;20° for typical f-numbers). Bubbles distributed throughout the material are convenient for determining the point spread function in an imaging plane or volume. Cooling the gel causes condensation of the DDFP droplets, which may be useful for storage. Studying ADV in such viscoelastic media could provide insight into potential bioeffects from rapid bubble formation.
Knocking Down Transport: Applications of RNA Interference in The Study of Drug Transport Proteins

RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing process mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The silencing process is comprised of an initiation step, in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) is introduced to the cell, and an effector step, which involves degrading mRNA molecules of the target gene. RNA interference has been observed in most organisms from plants to vertebrates. As a gene silencing approach, RNAi has proven to be extremely useful in characterizing gene function and developing new tools in cancer therapy and drug delivery. The development of RNAi-related technologies is an emerging area in biomedical research. In this review, recent progress in the application of RNAi to the study of transport proteins is summarized and evaluated; the advantages, disadvantages and future directions of RNAi technology are discussed.
Water lung and body wall contributions to respiration in an echiuran worm

The modified hindgut of the echiuran marine worm Urechis caupo functions as a water lung and has been assumed to be a much more important respiratory surface than its thick, muscular body wall. We tested this assumption by measuring whole animal O2 consumption, hindgut O2 uptake, and hindgut ventilation activity simultaneously in unrestrained worms in artificial burrows from 25 to 300 Torr O2. Under experimental conditions the contribution of the hindgut to total O2 uptake is variable and strongly correlated to hindgut ventilatory activity. Over a PO2 range simulating that encountered in the natural environment, the hindgut accounts for approximately half of total O2 uptake on average. Under progressive hypoxic exposure total O2 consumption decreased by 50%, yet O2 conductance and extraction increased. The results suggest that the water lung function of the modified hindgut supplements O2 uptake across the body wall, and may be especially important during periods of high activity such as may occur during feeding and burrowing.
Tombois in West Sumatra: Constructing Masculinity and Erotic Desire

During anthropological fieldwork on gender and agricultural development in West Sumatra, Indonesia, in 1989-90, I pursued a secondary research goal of investigating the situation of "lesbians" in the area. I met a small number of "women" who seemed butch in the way that term was used in the United States at the time.' In West Sumatra these individuals are called lesbi or tomboi (derived from the English words lesbian and tomboy). Although there are similarities, a tomboi in West Sumatra is different from a butch in the United States, not surprisingly, for social constructionists have shown that sexual practices reflect particular historical and cultural contexts (Elliston 1995; Weston 1993). The term tomboi is used for a female acting in the manner of men (gaya laki-laki). Through my relationship with a tomboi in West Sumatra, I learned some of the ways in which my concept of "lesbian" was not the same as my partner's, even though we were both, I thought, women-loving women. This article explores how tombois in West Sumatra both shape their identities from and resist local, national, and transnational narratives of gender and sexuality.2 By focusing on West Sumatra, I provide an in-depth analysis of the complexities of tomboi identity for individuals from one ethnic group in Indonesia, the Minangkabau. This piece is not a general explication of tombois across Indonesia, although there may be considerable overlap (see Wieringa 1998). Much excellent work on postcolonial states explores the interplay of national and transnational narratives in the production of genders and sexualities. This article provides a cultural location for tombois oriented to Minangkabau culture as well as national and transnational discourses.
Results and comparison of a cladding pumped fiber simulation using a decagon-shaped fiber

This paper presents a simulation technique developed to concurrently model the pump and laser power evolution in a cladding pumped rare-earth doped fiber. The simulation technique uses a series of scaling factors to dramatically decrease simulation run-times, while maintaining accuracy. This approach differs from previous methods in that it can simulate arbitrary pump cladding shapes. The results of the simulation are validated using a decagon-shaped cladding pumped, ytterbium doped fiber. Good correlation is found between the simulated and experimental pump evolution and conversion efficiency.
Methods for open-box analysis in artificial development

Even a developmental system with very simple building blocks can evolve significantly complex artifacts. Understandingsuch complexity poses a significant challenge. This paper shows how various investigative methods that are typically used in biology, can be transferred and used in an artificial development context. As an instance of evolved complexity, a self-repairing artifact is analyzed using the following methods: ablation of environmental features, chemical concentrations monitors, in silico subsystem simulations, gene knock-outs, and modeling of the gene regulatory map. A number of mechanisms governing size-regulation and self repair are uncovered, such as: subtle timing of gene activations, stable regulation based on attractor points, opportunistic use of the environment and information content replication.
Rivers In The Sea: Can We Quantify Pigments In The Amazon And The Orinoco River Plumes From Space?

Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) images of the western tropical Atlantic (1979-1982) were combined into monthly mean surface pigment fields. These suggest that Amazon River water flows along northeastern South America directly toward the Caribbean sea early in the year. After June, however, the North Brazil Current is shunted eastward, carrying a large fraction of Amazon water into the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). This eastward flow causes diminished flow through the Caribbean, which permits northwestward dispersal of Orinoco River water due to local Ekman forcing. The Orinoco plume crosses the Caribbean, leading to seasonal variation in surface salinity near Puerto Rico. At least 50 percent of the pigment concentration estimated in these plumes seems due to viable phytoplankton.
Matrix functions and applications: Part II — Functions of a matrix

In Part II of this series, differential equations with constant matrix coefficients are introduced. These equations may be solved explicitly by finding the eigenvalues and by expressing the functions of a diagonal matrix in terms of its constituent idempotents
Asymptotic efficiency of a sequential multihypothesis test

A sequential multihypothesis test known as the M-ary sequential probability ratio test (MSPRT) is generalized to account for nonuniform decision costs. Bounds on error probabilities and asymptotic expressions for the stopping time and error probabilities are given. A key result of this correspondence is a proof that the generalized MSPRT is asymptotically efficient.
Surfacing the Life Phases of a Mental Health Support Group

Support groups have increased rapidly in number and become a viable alternative to formal treatment in the United States. However, little is known regarding how mental health advocacy or support groups start and develop, or about challenges that can threaten their survival. In this 2 1/2-year ethnography, the author studied the culture of a developing family support program associated with a system of care. Several phases emerged, reflecting an organizational dynamic. The group dynamics and response to challenges have implications for organizers and parent organizations about the need for technical assistance necessary for survival of the group. Participant observation and immersion in the culture of such groups can provide a deeper understanding of the ideologies and values around which they organize and the kinds of tensions that members can experience during the group's cycle.
Sexual Function in Cystic Fibrosis: Relationship to Overall Health Status and Pulmonary Disease Severity in 30 Married Patients

An interview and questionnaire were used to investigate the sexual functioning of married patients with cystic fibrosis. Only 20 percent of patients older than 19 years were married. Nine of the 30 married patients had serious sexual problems. Although these problems were all manifested as decreased desire, they had diverse causes; five of the nine were attributed to the CF. Some patients function quite well sexually, even in the face of severe disease. Physicians can assure adult CF patients contemplating marriage that they have a reasonable chance for normal sexual functioning.
Evaluation of Glucose Oxidase-Catalase Treatment to Improve the Microbiological Quality of Poultry Meat

Abstract A dip system, consisting of the enzymes glucose oxidase and catalase in a 4% solution of dextrose, was studied to determine its effectiveness in extending the shelf-life of fresh broiler legs and retarding the growth of Salmonella. Although there was no significant inhibition of the growth of Salmonella spp., there was a slight but significant effect on the growth of microorganisms on fresh broiler legs stored at 4 C.
Payback Time: An Experimental Analysis of Teaching Evaluations and Grades

We tackle the identification problem of the causal effects of grades on teaching evaluations by implementing a quasi-experimental design on a sample of 100 students of an undergraduate economics class at NYU. A control group has to fill out the evaluations before getting the exams, and the treated group follows the reverse order. This way we can estimate average treatment effects, and in particular, estimate the causal effect that grades have on the evaluations. We find a strong negative effect, and we argue that this is indeed the lower bound of the real unobserved effect.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS VII. EFFECT OF SMALL DOSES OF X-RAYS OF LOW PENETRATION ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER.

A relatively increased degree of resistance in mice to a certain strain of transplantable cancer was demonstrated after treatment of animals with small doses of x-rays capable of stimulating lymphoid tissue. The refractory state induced was determinable 3 to 7 days after the dose of x-rays was given.
Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies

The editors of the Routledge Handbook of Disability Studies have compiled an impressive list of contributors, which reads like a “who's who” in the field of disability studies. The contributors are...
Setting Priorities, Building Prosperity Through Universal Health Coverage

Since 2000, a growing number of governments around the world have made the political commitment to undertake reforms toward universal health coverage (UHC). According to analysis at the World Bank,...
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Defect Motion in a-Si:H

First principles molecular dynamics methods are used to study the motion of defects including dangling bonds and H. We study motion among H passivating dangling bonds, bond centered H, and tetrahedral H. We find that relaxation effects can reduce activation energies by up to one eV. Our studies also include the actual simulation of the time evolution of an a-Si:H system for several picosec. Here we observe the motion of a dangling bond over several hops and the motion of an H atom by means dangling bond exchange.
Topological Nature of Bound States in the Continuum

We demonstrate all robust bound states in the continuum in photonic crystal slabs are vortex centers in the polarization directions of far-field radiation. They are robust because they carry quantized topological charges, which are conserved if the system is invariant under parity-time (PT) and up-down mirror flip operations.
Mixing it up

The influenza A and B virus genomes comprise eight individual segments of RNA, each encoding one or two proteins essential for virus replication. When two different influenza viruses coinfect the same cell, a mixture of eight genome segments derived from both strains can be incorporated into a single progeny virus. Segment reassortment results in a unique constellation of viral genes that may, in a given host, provide a fitness advantage over viruses encoding either parental genome separately. Reassortment among genetically compatible human and animal influenza A virus segments is believed to be a prerequisite for pandemic influenza. In the laboratory, genome reassortment is easily demonstrated, but the frequency with which reassortment occurs in nature is unknown. Numerous host, viral, and environmental variables can affect the efficiency of influenza virus transmission; thus, in nature, stochastic effects might limit the opportunities for productive host coinfection, and thus reassortment. In a new study, Tao et al . simulated the “natural” spread of influenza viruses in guinea pigs. They infected donor guinea pigs with two genetically similar viruses and then looked for evidence of genome reassortment in guinea pigs that became infected by transmission from the donors. They used optimal transmission conditions to maximize the probability of coinfection in the exposed guinea pig. Even so, they hypothesized that reassortment frequency would be limited by the inherently stochastic nature of inter-host transmission. Surprisingly, however, the authors found that the majority of exposed guinea pigs were productively coinfected by both viruses, whether they were exposed to a single donor guinea pig coinfected with both viruses or to two donors each infected with a different virus. In addition, in coinfected animals, significant segment reassortment was observed; typically, 50 to 100% of progeny viruses isolated from the exposed guinea pigs contained genome segments from both parental variants. Thus, reassortment does not seem to be particularly affected by stochastic effects associated with transmission, at least between genetically similar viruses in guinea pigs. Because pandemic influenza is thought to derive from reassortment between relatively dissimilar strains, the subsequent fitness of a reassorted genome is a critical factor in whether the reassortment spreads worldwide. These results suggest that reassortment likely occurs readily in nature and is probably less limited by coinfection opportunities than by progeny fitness. H. Tao et al ., Influenza A virus co-infection through transmission can support high levels of reassortment. J. Virol. 10.1128/JVI.01162-15 (2015). [[Full Text]][1] [[Abstract]][2] [1]: http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2015/05/29/JVI.01162-15.long [2]: http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2015/05/29/JVI.01162-15.abstract
Time-Varying Brain Connectivity in fMRI Data: Whole-brain data-driven approaches for capturing and characterizing dynamic states

The study of whole-brain functional brain connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been based largely on the assumption that a given condition (e.g., at rest or during a task) can be evaluated by averaging over the entire experiment. In actuality, the data are much more dynamic, showing evidence of time-varying connectivity patterns, even within the same experimental condition. In this article, we review a family of blind-source separation (BSS) approaches that have proven useful for studying time-varying patterns of connectivity across the whole brain. Initial work in this direction focused on time-varying coupling among data-driven nodes, but more recently, timevarying nodes have also been considered. We also discuss extensions of these approaches, including transformations into the time-frequency domain. We provide a rich set of examples of various applications that yielded new information about healthy and diseased brains. Due in large part to developments in the field of signal processing, the fMRI community has seen major growth in the development of approaches that can capture whole-brain systemic connectivity information (connectomics) while also allowing this system to evolve over time as it naturally does (i.e., chronnectomics).
On the Innovation of DENG Xiao-ping's Adult Education Concept and its Practical Significance

DENG Xiaoping's educational concept is a guideline of China's educational development in the new period of China.DENG Xiaoping's adult education concept,as one of DENG Xiaoping's most important educational concepts,has made enormous contribution to the development of adult education of China.The most vigorous part and the core part in DENG Xiaoping's adult education concept is the concept innovation.The formation and practice of this concept is of great significance for the establishment of important status of the adult education in the construction of the socialist modernization and for the indication that adult education is a basic way to the construction of a learning-based society.
Augmentation of glycolytic metabolism by meclizine is indispensable for protection of dorsal root ganglion neurons from hypoxia-induced mitochondrial compromise

To meet energy demands, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons harbor high mitochondrial content, which renders them acutely vulnerable to disruptions of energy homeostasis. While neurons typically rely on mitochondrial energy production and have not been associated with metabolic plasticity, new studies reveal that meclizine, a drug, recently linked to modulations of energy metabolism, protects neurons from insults that disrupt energy homeostasis. We show that meclizine rapidly enhances glycolysis in DRG neurons and that glycolytic metabolism is indispensable for meclizine-exerted protection of DRG neurons from hypoxic stress. We report that supplementation of meclizine during hypoxic exposure prevents ATP depletion, preserves NADPH and glutathione stores, curbs reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuates mitochondrial clustering in DRG neurites. Using extracellular flux analyzer, we show that in cultured DRG neurons meclizine mitigates hypoxia-induced loss of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Respiratory capacity is a measure of mitochondrial fitness and cell ability to meet fluctuating energy demands and therefore, a key determinant of cellular fate. While meclizine is an 'old' drug with long record of clinical use, its ability to modulate energy metabolism has been uncovered only recently. Our findings documenting neuroprotection by meclizine in a setting of hypoxic stress reveal previously unappreciated metabolic plasticity of DRG neurons as well as potential for pharmacological harnessing of the newly discovered metabolic plasticity for protection of peripheral nervous system under mitochondria compromising conditions.
Pioneering Litigation: Black Muslims as an Assertive Political Minority

In Cooper v. Pate (1964), the Supreme Court endorsed the use of federal civil rights lawsuits by prisoners in state prisons as a means to seek protection of constitutional rights. This chapter examines the litigation leading up to Cooper to illustrate the important role of Black Muslim prisoners in pursuing the initial litigation that eventually provided constitutional protections for all imprisoned offenders. The chapter devotes detailed attention to Martin Sostre. Sostre, a member of the Nation of Islam, was a prisoner in New York who endured solitary confinement and retaliation from officials as he filed important lawsuits in the 1960s and 1970s to assert that prisoners should enjoy certain protections under the US Constitution.
Cyber Risk in Industrial Control Systems

To enhance the security of any system, and to defend it effectively, one must understand the risk due to the potential for security failures in its computing and communications infrastructure. Practitioners in the cyber security field often identify three modes of failure: (1) breach of confidentiality, which is a failure to protect sensitive system information from unauthorized disclosure, (2) loss of availability, which is a failure to provide reliable access to system data for those users or machines that legitimately require it, and (3) violation of integrity, which is a failure to protect system data from unauthorized manipulation. A useful definition of cyber risk, then, is the potential for any of these failure modes and their corresponding consequences. In the case of industrial control systems (ICS), these consequences can extend into the physical domain.
Chapter 3 – Infection and Cancer in Nature

Infectious agents are accepted causes of many cancers of humans and domesticated animals, but reports of infection-induced cancers in nature are relatively rare. Human pathogens, particularly viruses, are now known to cause cancer by sophisticated mechanisms that compromise barriers to cancer. These mechanisms have evolved convergently in different viral groups apparently because interfering with these barriers allows pathogens to persist within hosts in the presence of immunological surveillance. This understanding suggests that pathogen-induced cancers should be relatively common in nature. Nonmalignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life. The historical evidence linking development of nonmalignant neoplasms to cancer together with the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis and consideration of reporting biases suggests that infectious cancers are probably common in nature but largely unrecognized.
The development and validation of a measure of character: The CIVIC

AbstractThe present research study sought to develop and validate a character scale – the Comprehensive Inventory of Virtuous Instantiations of Character using a total sample size of 3679 across five studies. In Study 1, character trait items were generated using an integrative classification system. In Study 2, character trait scales were further refined and their factor structure examined, revealing eight higher-order character dimensions or character cores: appreciation, intellectual engagement, fortitude, interpersonal consideration, sincerity, temperance, transcendence, and empathy. Study 3 established convergent validity of character traits with extant measures and discriminability from personality facets, social desirability, and moral cognitive development. Study 4 revealed that character cores were more strongly related to evaluative constructs than personality dimensions. Study 5 demonstrated that character cores predicted performance and psychological well-being outcomes above and beyond person...
Diagnosis and Management of Hepatobiliary Complications in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a congenital hepatorenal fibrocystic disease. The hepatic manifestations of ARPKD can range from asymptomatic to portal hypertension and massively dilated biliary system that results in liver transplantation. Hepatic complications of ARPKD typically present with signs of portal hypertension (splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia) or cholangitis. Liver disease in ARPKD does not always correlate with severity of renal disease. Management of ARPKD related liver disease is largely treating specific symptoms, such as antibiotics for cholangitis or endoscopic treatment for variceal bleeding. If complications cannot be managed medically, liver transplantation may be indicated. This mini-review will discuss the clinical manifestations and management of children with ARPKD liver disease.
Oral Anticoagulants in Stable Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease

Although renal dosing recommendations are available for direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), their use in atrial fibrillation patients with stable renal function bordering the recommended functional criteria for dose adjustments complicates dose selection and safe long-term use. Increased monitoring and assessment of the benefits and risks of direct oral anticoagulation therapy are required to mitigate poor outcomes resulting from clinical status changes requiring DOAC dose adjustments.
Intersections of lung progenitor cells, lung disease and lung cancer

The use of stem cell biology approaches to study adult lung progenitor cells and lung cancer has brought a variety of new techniques to the field of lung biology and has elucidated new pathways that may be therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Recent results have begun to identify the ways in which different cell populations interact to regulate progenitor activity, and this has implications for the interventions that are possible in cancer and in a variety of lung diseases. Today's better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lung progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation, including understanding how multiple epigenetic factors affect lung injury repair, holds the promise for future better treatments for lung cancer and for optimising the response to therapy in lung cancer. Working between platforms in sophisticated organoid culture techniques, genetically engineered mouse models of injury and cancer, and human cell lines and specimens, lung progenitor cell studies can begin with basic biology, progress to translational research and finally lead to the beginnings of clinical trials.
On the Concept of a Notational Variant

In the study of modal and nonclassical logics, translations have frequently been employed as a way of measuring the inferential capabilities of a logic. It is sometimes claimed that two logics are “notational variants” if they are translationally equivalent. However, we will show that this cannot be quite right, since first-order logic and propositional logic are translationally equivalent. Others have claimed that for two logics to be notational variants, they must at least be compositionally intertranslatable. The definition of compositionality these accounts use, however, is too strong, as the standard translation from modal logic to first-order logic is not compositional in this sense. In light of this, we will explore a weaker version of this notion that we will call schematicity and show that there is no schematic translation either from first-order logic to propositional logic or from intuitionistic logic to classical logic.
Integrated Framework for Improving Large-Scale Hierarchical Classification

Hierarchical classification (HC) approaches leverage the hierarchical structure during training and testing of models which helps in the improvement of classification performance and prediction efficiency. However, their performance improvement in comparison to flat approaches may be poor if the hierarchy used for training contains: (i) Inconsistent hierarchical relationships such as parent-child or siblings and (ii) Less cohesive or overlapping classes. Moreover, dynamic changes in the data characteristics over time requires new classes (orphan nodes) to be identified to improve the generalization performance of learned models. In addition, we also need to deal with imbalance data in large-scale problem where large number of classes have a few examples for training, posing statistical challenges. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework to address the aforementioned issues for improving large-scale HC. Our experimental evaluations on various image and text datasets shows improved performance with our proposed framework.
Pediatricians' perceptions and practices regarding childhood obesity.

A 42-item Likert format questionnaire examining pediatricians’ perceptions and practices concerning childhood obesity was distributed to a national random sample of 500 physicians. The overall response rate was 68%. The majority of pediatricians believed physicians are obligated to counsel parents of obese children regarding the health risks of obesity (83%), that normal weight is important to the health of children (67%), and that physicians should be role models by maintaining their normal weight (59%). However, 70% of these pediatricians believed designing programs and counseling children about weight loss was difficult, 22% felt competent in prescribing weight loss programs for children, and only 11% agreed that counseling children and parents on weight loss is professionally gratifying. At least one-half of the respondents recommended the following weight loss programs/techniques to their patients: (1) decreasing caloric consumption (84%), (2) seeing a dietition/nutritionist (78%), (3) joining Weight Watchers (66%), (4) aerobic exercise (60%), and (5) behavior modification programs (55%). These pediatricians received most of their weight control information from medical journals (70%) and past experience (68%). We also assessed beliefs and attitudes concerning the effects of childhood obesity, the role obesity plays in selected diseases, and the etiology of childhood obesity.
Remediation Program for Dentists Provides Data on Moral Development Important to All Professions

A law school professor recounts the results of Dr. Bebeau's two papers, reporting on her remedial ethics program for oral health professionals who have been referred by the State Dental Board for breaches of professional conduct.
Experience in the Verification of Energy Efficiency Design Index

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) that is part of a new Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex 6 on Energy Efficiency Regulations is mandatory for new ships effective 1 January 2013. During the period from 2011 to the end of 2012, many of the major shipyards and shipping companies have voluntarily complied with the requirements of EEDI calculation and verification for their newbuilds. This paper outlines requirements of EEDI verification procedure and aspects of the verification method that are important to the calculation of EEDI reference speed from speed trials. This paper shows the outcome of the verification process that some new ships have gone through, the degree of compliance achieved and the experience gained in EEDI verification for three types of ships: tankers, bulk carriers and containerships. Sources of uncertainties associated with lack of complete information from sea trials are identified. Comparison of the attained and required EEDI for the three vessel types demonstrating the degree of compliance in Phases 0 and 1 are included.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Injection technique in neurotoxins and fillers: Indications, products, and outcomes.

Injectable fillers and neuromodulators are used for a range of indications pertaining to the correction of facial aging and disfigurement. Fillers can correct soft tissue loss, depressed scars, and atrophy or asymmetry induced by systemic or local disease. Neuromodulators correct muscle-mediated skin creases, reshape the face, and address right–left functional asymmetry. Among the prepackaged injectable fillers approved by the US Food and Drug administration are hyaluronic acid derivatives, calcium hydroxylapatite, and poly-L-lactic acid; neuromodulators include three types of botulinum toxin type A and one type of type B. Adverse events associated with injections are typically mild, easily managed injection pain, followed by redness, swelling, and bruising. Asymmetry, nodules, ptosis, and intravascular occlusion are less common. Filler and toxin injections are part of a complete treatment plan. Reinjection is typically required to maintain the clinical effect, and combination treatment with laser and energy devices can enhance the aggregate effect.
U.S. College Student Media and Twitter: Are Student Media Following Best Practices?:

The current study examines how student media in the United States utilize Twitter and if those media outlets are following best practices. A constructed-sample content analysis of 10 Twitter feeds ...
Theorizing Intergenerational Trauma in Tazmamart Testimonial Literature and Docu-testimonies

Drawing on testimonial writings by the wives of Tazmamart prisoners and two documentary films (docu-testimonies) about this notorious disappearance camp, I argue that Tazmamart-induced traumas are intergenerational. Approached as a continuum, Tazmamart-induced traumas reveal the intergenerational transference of trauma from mothers to children in the pre-discursive period. In this article, I specifically focus my analysis on the pre-discursive period—a time when families did not articulate their traumas in spoken words in the presence of the children and during which Tazmamart was not a matter of public discourse in Morocco. This theorization of intergenerational transference of traumatic experiences will shift scholarly attention from individual experiences to the collective memory of the “Years of Lead” in its intergenerational dimensions.
An evidentialist account of hinges

Wittgenstein’s On Certainty is sometimes read as providing a response to the skeptical puzzle from closure, according to which our commitment to the trustworthiness of our evidence is not itself evidentially grounded. In this paper, I argue both that this standard reading of Wittgenstein is incorrect, and that a more accurate reading of Wittgenstein provides us with a more plausible solution to the Closure Puzzle.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: an emerging cause of insulin-dependent diabetes.

Objective Insulin-dependent diabetes can occur with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. We aimed to characterize the frequency, natural history and potential predictors of ICI-induced diabetes. Research design and methods We reviewed 1444 patients treated with ICIs over 6 years at our cancer center, and from the 1163 patients who received programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, we identified 21 such cases, 12 of which developed new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes and 9 experienced worsening of pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Results ICI-induced diabetes occurred most frequently with pembrolizumab (2.2%) compared with nivolumab (1%) and ipilimumab (0%). The median age was 61 years, and body mass index was 31 kg/m2, which are both higher than expected for spontaneous type 1 diabetes. Other immune-related adverse events occurred in 62%, the most common being immune mediated thyroid disease. New-onset insulin-dependent diabetes developed after a median of four cycles or 5 months; 67% presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and 83% with low or undetectable C-peptide. Autoantibodies were elevated in 5/7 (71%) at the time of new-onset diabetes. Diabetes did not resolve during a median follow-up of 1 year. Conclusions PD-1 inhibitors can lead to insulin deficiency presenting as new-onset diabetes or worsening of pre-existing type 2 diabetes, with a frequency of 1.8 %. The underlying mechanism appears similar to spontaneous type 1 diabetes but there is a faster progression to severe insulin deficiency. Better characterization of ICI-induced diabetes will improve patient care and enhance our understanding of immune-mediated diabetes.
Ushering in the next generation of precision trials for pediatric cancer

Cancer treatment decisions are increasingly based on the genomic profile of the patient's tumor, a strategy called "precision oncology." Over the past few years, a growing number of clinical trials and case reports have provided evidence that precision oncology is an effective approach for at least some children with cancer. Here, we review key factors influencing pediatric drug development in the era of precision oncology. We describe an emerging regulatory framework that is accelerating the pace of clinical trials in children as well as design challenges that are specific to trials that involve young cancer patients. Last, we discuss new drug development approaches for pediatric cancers whose growth relies on proteins that are difficult to target therapeutically, such as transcription factors.
Manipulating growth, color, and taste attributes of fresh cut lettuce by greenhouse supplemental lighting

Abstract Supplemental lighting (SL) is often used in greenhouse lettuce production to increase yield when the solar daily light integral is low. High-pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures are traditionally used to deliver SL, but light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become a feasible, more energy-efficient replacement. Red light (R; 600–700 nm) and blue light (B; 400–500 nm) are especially effective in promoting photosynthesis and increasing crop growth, whereas far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) radiation has the potential to increase yield by promoting leaf expansion. We performed three greenhouse experiments with HPS or LED fixtures to determine the effects of SL on lettuce growth, coloration, and sensory attributes. We grew lettuce at 20 °C without or with SL from HPS or R + B LEDs with a 16-h photoperiod (Expts. 1 and 2). In Expt. 3, we grew plants without or with HPS SL without or with R + FR photoperiodic lighting at the end of the day during the growing (first) stage, SL from R + B or B LEDs during the finishing (second) stage, or both. SL enhanced lettuce growth and yield by 32%–104% regardless of light quality. Four hours of end-of-day R + FR lighting at 2 to 5 μmol m−2·s−1 had few effects on lettuce growth or quality attributes. Compared with lettuce with no SL, lettuce provided with R + B LED SL for 7 d before harvest was 27% darker, 76%–82% redder, and 39%–55% less yellowish. Consumers tended to prefer lettuce grown under natural daylight more than plants grown with SL, and judged it to be less bitter, to be sweeter, and to have a more likable aftertaste. We conclude that providing different types of greenhouse SL at different growing stages can improve lettuce growth and coloration but that consumers could prefer taste attributes less.
Application of unmanned aerial system for management of tomato cropping system

Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) is becoming a popular choice when acquiring fine spatial resolution images for precision agriculture applications. Compared to other remote sensing data collection platforms, UAS can acquire image data at relatively lower cost with finer spatial resolution with more flexible schedule. In recent years, multispectral sensors that can capture near infrared (NIR) and red edge spectral reflectance have been successfully integrated with UAS, and it is offering more versatility in soil and field analysis, crop monitoring, and plant health assessment. In this study, we aim to investigate the capability of UAS-based crop monitoring system to determine the best management practices for 3 different tomato varieties comparing different planting dates, plant density, use of plastic mulch and fertilization rate. The field and UAS data were acquired during Spring 2016, 2017, and 2018 located in Weslaco, TX. To compare the effect of various treatments in cropping systems, physiological parameters and vegetation indexes (Canopy Cover, Canopy Height, Canopy Volume and Excess Greenness) were extracted from red, green, blue (RGB) data and correlated with final yield data to evaluate practice/treatment to maximize tomato yield. During Spring 2016, we observed highest yield from the early March planting date using white plastic mulch. The results also indicated that the variety yielded higher presented a slow canopy decay towards the end of the season. In Spring 2017, there were differences in yield among the three tomato varieties depending on the fertilization rate, DRP-8551 performed better at low nitrogen level, Mykonos performed better on the two higher nitrogen rates and TAM-Hot-Ty had no significant difference among treatments. Finally, during Spring 2018, it was observed that early March produced the best yields and varieties that were able to slow canopy decay towards the end of season performed better. No significant difference was observed between plant density. It is expected that proposed system can be used to collect reliable data and develop variety and environment specific management practices to increase marketable yield and reduce production cost.
Comparing personalities of self-identified cat colony caretakers and bird conservation professionals

Feral cats have caused wildlife extinctions, particularly on islands, and kill billions of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals annually (Loss, Will, & Marra, 2013; Nogales et al., 2004)....
Methods for multi-category cancer diagnosis from gene expression data: a comprehensive evaluation to inform decision support system development.

Cancer diagnosis is a major clinical applications area of gene expression microarray technology. We are seeking to develop a system for cancer diagnostic model creation based on microarray data. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of several major classification algorithms, gene selection methods, and cross-validation designs using 11 datasets spanning 74 diagnostic categories (41 cancer types and 12 normal tissue types). The Multi-Category Support Vector Machine techniques by Crammer and Singer, Weston and Watkins, and one-versus-rest were found to be the best methods and they outperform other learning algorithms such as K-Nearest Neighbors and Neural Networks often to a remarkable degree. Gene selection techniques are shown to significantly improve classification performance. These results guided the development of a software system that fully automates cancer diagnostic model construction with quality on par with or better than previously published results derived by expert human analysts.