cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pavlovian conditioning in multiple contexts: Competition between contexts for comparator status

Water-deprived rats were used to investigate the effects of training a CS in more than one context on conditioned lick suppression. In each experiment, partial reinforcement of the CS was intermingled with unsignaled presentations of the US. In Experiment 1, subjects were either trained in one context alone, trained consecutively in two contexts (such that all training in one context occurred prior to any training in the second context), or trained alternately in two contexts. Following training, the first context, the second context, or neither context was extinguished. Testing of the CS occurred in a third (neutral) context. To the extent that either training context became established as a comparator stimulus for the CS, the comparator hypothesis (Miller & Matzel, 1988) predicts an increase in excitatory responding to the CS following extinction of that context. Subjects trained in a single context exhibited appreciable fear of the CS only when the CS’s training context had been extinguished. Additionally, subjects trained consecutively in the two contexts showed increased fear of the CS following extinction of the second, but not the first training context (i.e., a recency effect). Subjects trained alternately in the two contexts showed no increased fear of the CS as a result of either context alone being extinguished. In Experiment 2, subjects trained alternately in two contexts showed increased fear of the CS only when both training contexts were extinguished, suggesting that both training contexts had become comparator stimuli. These data indicate that multiple training contexts can either compete or act synergistic-ally in modulating responding to a Pavlovian trained CS as a function of the order of training in the different contexts.
Digital cutaneous fluorometry: Correlation between blood flow and fluorescence

Abstract Central to the use of fluorescein in vascular diagnosis is the requirement that the intensity of evoked fluorescence be proportional to blood flow. With the introduction of the digital dermofluorometer, a device that quantitates cutaneous fluorescence, establishment of this relationship has become possible. After experimentally producing measured reductions in the distal aortic flow of eight rabbits, the ratio of fluorescence in the flow-restricted and unrestricted areas was obtained by measuring hind- and forelimb fluorescence. At any time between 20 and 60 minutes following a bolus injection of sodium fluorescein (1 mg/kg body weight), there was a significant linear relationship (p 0.75) between residual aortic flow and the ratio of hind-/forelimb fluorescence. Simultaneously obtained plasma fluorescein concentrations decayed rapidly by first-order kinetics with a half-life of 12.5 minutes, regardless of the degree of distal aortic occlusion. The time course of the rise and fall of cutaneous fluorescence was slower than that of the plasma fluorescein concentration, proving that interstitial rather than intravascular fluorescein was responsible for the measured fluorescence. We conclude that the intensity of tissue fluorescence is linearly related to blood flow and that conclusions regarding perfusion may be drawn from relative fluorescence at any time between 20 and 60 minutes following a bolus injection of fluorescein. Furthermore, the passage of fluorescein into the interstitium is dependent on a time-limited diffusion process, which along with flow, establishes the time to peak and the absolute amplitude of the tissue fluorescence curve. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:635-41.)
Nanoscale heat transfer and thermal-electric energy conversion

Experimental and theoretical studies in recent years have shown that heat transfer in nanostructures differs significantly from in macrostructures. This paper summarizes some of the past experimental and modeling work and our current understanding of the heat conduction mechanisms in nanostructures. Applications of the nanoscale heat conduction phenomena in energy conversion and photothermal spectroscopy are discussed.
Histological, chemical, and morphological reexamination of the “heart” of a small Late Cretaceous Thescelosaurus

A three-dimensional, iron-cemented structure found in the anterior thoracic cavity of articulated Thescelosaurus skeletal remains was hypothesized to be the fossilized remains of the animal’s four-chambered heart. This was important because the finding could be interpreted to support a hypothesis that non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic. Mammals and birds, the only extant organisms with four-chambered hearts and single aortae, are endotherms. The hypothesis that this Thescelosaurus has a preserved heart was controversial, and therefore, we reexamined it using higher-resolution computed tomography, paleohistological examination, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. This suite of analyses allows for detailed morphological and chemical examination beyond what was provided in the original work. Neither the more detailed examination of the gross morphology and orientation of the thoracic “heart” nor the microstructural studies supported the hypothesis that the structure was a heart. The more advanced computed tomography showed the same three areas of low density as the earlier studies with no evidence of additional low-density areas as might be expected from examinations of an ex situ ostrich heart. Microstructural examination of a fragment taken from the “heart” was consistent with cemented sand grains, and no chemical signal consistent with a biological origin was detected. However, small patches of cell-like microstructures were preserved in the sandstone matrix of the thoracic structure. A possible biological origin for these microstructures is the focus of ongoing investigation.
The Trivers–Willard hypothesis of parental investment: No effect in the contemporary United States

The Trivers–Willard hypothesis (TWH) predicts that parents will bias their sex ratio toward sons when in good condition and toward daughters when in poor condition. Many human studies have tested the related hypothesis that parents’ bias allocation of resources to existing sons and daughters according to the same principle. The present study used time diary and self-report data from the parents of 3200 children in the US to test the hypothesis that as status increases, parents will allocate more resources to sons vs. daughters. It finds no evidence that higher-status parents invest more in sons or that lower status parents invest more in daughters. This finding illustrates the specificity of situations in which the TWH effects should be expected. Only certain types of parental investment — such as protection and a bias in the sex ratio — may have been selected to vary according to parental condition. Optimal allocation of resources after the child is born, however, is achieved not by the simple bias predicted by the TWH, but by allocating resources among offspring in ways that yield the largest marginal inclusive fitness gains. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Apoptosis-associated proteins in oral lymphomas from HIV-positive patients

Extranodal oral lymphomas, seen with increasing frequency in HIV infection, may have dysfunctional apoptotic mechanisms that favor tumor progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate extranodal lymphomas from HIV-positive patients for expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. Correlations were made with 10 histologically comparable extranodal lymphomas from HIV-negative patients and 6 hyperplastic lymph nodes from otherwise healthy young adults. Formalin-fixed tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, Bak, p53, MDM2, BHRF). In situ hybridization was also done on deparaffinized sections for Epstein-Barr virus EBER mRNA. Eighteen consecutive oral lymphomas were studied in HIV/AIDS-positive patients. Four of 5 intermediate-grade lymphomas expressed Bcl-2 to a greater degree than did high-grade lymphomas (4 of 13). Most lymphomas were positive for Bcl-x and Bax, and few expressed Bak. The staining patterns for these proteins were similar to those seen in HIV-negative patients. Staining patterns were relatively consistent in the hyperplastic lymph nodes, whereas such patterns were irregular in lymphomas. Positive p53 staining was seen in 11 of 18 HIV-positive cases; 9 of these were also MDM2-positive. Double stains suggested that both p53 and MDM2 proteins were expressed in the same cells in these nine cases. Epstein-Barr virus-EBER mRNA was detected in 14 of 18 cases and in 3 of 10 cases from HIV-negative patients. BHRF staining was evident in only a few cells of three HIV-positive lymphomas. The irregular expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, and Bak in oral lymphomas indicates dysfunctional apoptotic mechanisms in these tumors. Bcl-2 staining differs with tumor grade. Positive staining for p53 and MDM2 proteins is a notable feature of lymphomas in HIV-positive patients and may relate to binding of MDM2 to wild-type p53. Epstein-Barr virus is more commonly associated with oral lymphomas in HIV-positive patients, although the Epstein-Barr virus-produced protein BHRF, which has Bcl-2-like activity, is minimally expressed.
Studies of the motion and decay of axion walls bounded by strings

We discuss the appearance at the QCD phase transition, and the subsequent decay, of axion walls bounded by strings in $N=1$ axion models. We argue on intuitive grounds that the main decay mechanism is into barely relativistic axions. We present numerical simulations of the decay process. In these simulations, the decay happens immediately, in a time scale of order the light travel time, and the average energy of the radiated axions is $〈{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{a}〉\ensuremath{\simeq}{7m}_{a}$ for ${v}_{a}{/m}_{a}\ensuremath{\simeq}500.$ $〈{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{a}〉$ is found to increase approximately linearly with $\mathrm{ln}{(v}_{a}{/m}_{a}).$ Extrapolation of this behavior yields $〈{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{a}〉\ensuremath{\sim}{60m}_{a}$ in axion models of interest. We find that the contribution to the cosmological energy density of axions from wall decay is of the same order of magnitude as that from vacuum realignment, with however large uncertainties. The velocity dispersion of axions from wall decay is found to be larger, by a factor ${10}^{3}$ or so, than that of axions from vacuum realignment and string decay. We discuss the implications of this for the formation and evolution of axion miniclusters and for the direct detection of axion dark matter on Earth. Finally we discuss the cosmology of axion models with $Ng1$ in which the domain wall problem is solved by introducing a small ${U}_{\mathrm{PQ}}$(1) breaking interaction. We find that in this case the walls decay into gravitational waves.
The effect of electrolytes on the aquation rate of cis-dichlorobis (ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)chloride

Abstract The aquation rate of cis-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)chloride at 25·00±0·02°C in aqueous acidic media has been measured at varying concentrations of hydrogen ion, total ionic strength, and in the presence of electrolytes. Rate accelerations were noticed on the addition of certain electrolytes to the reaction mixture. It has been suggested that these accelerations are due to the formation of more labile ion pairs. Calculations on the results obtained in this study have yielded an ion pair rate constant and an ion pair association constant for the ion pair formed between cis-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)cation and sulphate anion.
Stabilization of the anticodon stem-loop of tRNALys,3 by an A+-C base-pair and by pseudouridine

Abstract NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the solution structures of RNA oligonucleotides comprising the anticodon domain of tRNALys,3. The structural effects of the pseudouridine modification at position 39 were investigated and are well correlated with changes in thermodynamic parameters derived from temperature dependent UV measurements. The pseudouridine-containing hairpin is thermodynamically more stable than the unmodified hairpin by 5 °C, and this corresponds with increased base stacking on the 3′ side of the tRNA anticodon loop. An A+ 38-C32 base-pair also forms at the base of the anticodon stem with an approximate pKa of 6 for A38. Formation of the A+-C base-pair increases the Tm of both pseudouridine modified and unmodified RNA hairpins by 5–6 °C, and decreases the ΔG° for hairpin formation by 1 kcal/mol. Solution structures were determined for both ψ39 and unmodified hairpins under limiting pH conditions at pH 5 and pH 7 to assess the structural effects of both ψ modification and the additional A+-C base-pair on tRNALys,3 structure. The A+ 38-C32 base-pair strengthens the 31–39 base-pair, and induces formation of a dynamic U33-A37 base-pair that effectively reduces the normal seven nucleotide anticodon loop to a three nucleotide UUU loop. These undermodified tRNALys,3 anticodon loops are distinctly different from those seen for other tRNAs exemplified by tRNAPhe. The conformation of the tRNA loop has important implications for the role of nucleoside modification in codon-anticodon recognition and for utilization of tRNALys,3 by HIV-1 as the native reverse transcriptase primer.
Life stresses of slavery

Skeletal evidence exists for life stresses of 120 Black individuals from 25 sites in Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Periods for statistical comparison are eighteenth century, 1690-1770; Catoctin Furnace, Maryland industrial slaves, 1790-ca.1820; 1800-ca.1860, nineteenth century; and a twentieth-century Black sample compiled from forensic (accidental deaths) cases. From these archaeological sources, skeletal age at death shifts from 36 years, female, and 30 years, male in eighteenth century (N = 29) to 34.8, female, and 36.3, male in nineteenth century (N = 56). Catoctin Furnace slaves' longevity may reflect special conditions for skilled males (34.6 years, female; 41.2 years, male (N = 16). Nutritional stresses are indicated by dental lesions, hypoplasias, stature, and skull base height and pelvic brim index. Occupational stress occurs in some adolescents and in many adults as exaggerated development of lifting muscles (deltoid and pectoral crests) and early vertebral and shoulder breakdown. Lead content of bone may reflect site of occupation. The most common pathology is anemia or sicklemia; parietal depressions and ulna fractures ("parry") indicate violence-related trauma.
The genetics of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by impairing episodes of mania and depression. Twin studies have established that bipolar disorder is among the most heritable of medical disorders and efforts to identify specific susceptibility genes have intensified over the past two decades. The search for genes influencing bipolar disorder has been complicated by a paucity of animal models, limited understanding of pathogenesis, and the genetic and phenotypic complexity of the syndrome. Linkage studies have implicated several chromosomal regions as harboring relevant genes, but results have been inconsistent. It is now widely accepted that the genetic liability to bipolar disorder reflects the action of many genes of individually small effect, a scenario for which linkage studies are poorly suited. Thus, association studies, which are more powerful for the detection of modest effect loci, have become the focus of gene-finding research. A large number of candidate genes, including biological candidates derived from hypotheses about the pathogenesis of the disorder and positional candidates derived from linkage and cytogenetic studies, have been evaluated. Several of these genes have been associated with the disorder in independent studies (including BDNF, DAOA, DISC1, GRIK4, SLC6A4, and TPH2), but none has been established. The clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder and its phenotypic and genetic overlap with other disorders (especially schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and major depressive disorder) have raised questions about the optimal phenotype definition for genetic studies. Nevertheless, genomewide association analysis, which has successfully identified susceptibility genes for a variety of complex disorders, has begun to implicate specific genes for bipolar disorder (DGKH, CACNA1C, ANK3). The polygenicity of the disorder means that very large samples will be needed to detect the modest effect loci that likely contribute to bipolar disorder. Detailed genetic dissection of the disorder may provide novel targets (both pharmacologic and psychosocial) for intervention.
Local ionic and electron heating in single-molecule junctions

A basic aim in molecular electronics is to understand transport through a single molecule connected to two electrodes. Substantial progress towards this goal has been made over the past decade as a result of advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methods1,2,3. Nonetheless, a fundamental and technologically important issue, current-induced local heating of molecules4,5,6,7,8, has received much less attention. Here, we report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of local heating in single molecules (6-, 8- and 10-alkanedithiol) covalently attached to two gold electrodes as a function of applied bias and molecular length. We find that the effective local temperature of the molecular junction first increases with applied bias, and then decreases after reaching a maximum. At fixed bias, the effective temperature decreases with increasing molecular length. These experimental findings are in agreement with hydrodynamic predictions, which include both electron–phonon and electron–electron interactions7,9.
A Constructivist Look at Life Roles

The author reviews the literature related to life roles and describes a variety of techniques that can be used from a constructivist career counseling perspective. Seven counseling techniques are included: life space map, life line, life-space genogram, life roles circles, life roles assessment, life role analysis, and goal map. Framed from the storied approach (P. E. Brott, 2001), constructivist applications to co-construct, de-construct, and construct the client's life story are presented. Applications for use with diverse populations are suggested.
How neural adaptation changes chromaticity coordinates

Color-matching data obtained by Crawford and by Richards imply failures of additivity of color-matching functions. These failures raise serious doubts about the fundamental principles of trichromatic theory. If color matches are made by causing the lights on the two sides of a field to have equal quantum absorptions in the photopigments, and photopigment spectral sensitivities are invariant with adaptation, it is impossible for color-matching functions to be nonadditive. Since the data cannot be faulted, the solution of the dilemma must lie in finding how observers can make matches that violate the assumptions. Known neural interactions in the visual system suggest that the observers were not setting equal quantum absorptions on the two sides of the field. A model of the neural interaction accounts for the departures.
Landform, soil, and plant relationships to nitrate accumulation, Central Nevada

Abstract Nitrate (NO 3 − 1 ) accumulates in Haplocambids and Torrifluvents in inset fan and fan skirt positions in central Nevada. The soils store as much as 17,600 kg of NO 3 − 1 N ha − 1 within the upper 208 cm. This paper provides an explanation. These Holocene soils receive NO 3 − 1 N from mineralization of organic matter and other NO 3 − 1 N sources including snowmelt. The NO 3 − 1 is delivered to soils in the first part of snowmelt in run-off from the higher surfaces. The last part of the melt and the run-off, when sufficient, serve to move the NO 3 − 1 out of the root zone. Winter fat (Krascheninnikovia lanata) , the most valuable winter grazing plant in the Great Basin, is the common plant on NO 3 − 1 N rich soils. The soils are loamy or sandy and lack horizons restricting water penetration or biological denitrification zones. Hence, some NO 3 − 1 is free to leach deeply past plant roots. Playas, wet floodplains, deeply gullied inset fans and well-developed soils accumulate little NO 3 − 1 except where the latter soils are capped by desert pavements and rarely, if ever become saturated with water. Soils with argillic or petrocalcic horizons or duripans on summits of alluvial fan remnants loose NO 3 − 1 through denitrification, or incorporate it in plants, commonly accumulating less than 50 kg of NO 3 − 1 N ha − 1 . These soils however do accumulate salt as shown by their shadscale saltbush Atriplex confertifolia , bud sagebrush Picrothamnus desertorum , and four-wing saltbush Atriplex conescens shrub cover.
Optimization of human generated trajectories for safety controller synthesis

The aim of the optimal safety controller synthesis problem is to synthesize a feedback controller that results in closed-loop trajectories that meet certain criteria, namely, the state or output trajectories terminate in a goal set without entering an unsafe set while optimizing some function. Our previous work presented a method for using finitely many human generated trajectories to synthesize a non-optimal safety controller. We propose a formal method for optimizing the human generated trajectories used to synthesize the controller. Our method is based on the calculus of variations, but is different from other similar algorithms in that it uses a gradient descent based approach to directly solve the optimization problem without formulating the optimality conditions given by the Pontryagin Minimum Principle. This method provides a tool for improving the performance of a controller synthesized using the methods outlined in our previous work. We present an example of optimizing a human generated trajectory for a nonlinear system, specifically a quadrotor, and quantify the improvements it is able to generate.
Highly Dispersive Photonic Crystal Fibers for True-Time-Delay Modules of an X-band Phased Array Antenna

•A two-dimensional optically controlled phased array antenna (PAA) system is proposed. The system employs highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers (HDPCFs) to provide the true-time-delays (TTD). Independent azimuth and elevation control is obtained through a mid-stage optical wavelength conversion process. The dispersion of the fabricated is as high as -600 ps/nmkm around 1550 nm which is 33 times of conventional telecom SMF. By employing the PCFs to increase the dispersion, the TTD module size can be proportionally reduced. A 64-element (8x8) PCF-based PAA system is under construction. Simulation results operating at X-band are shown in this paper.
In vivo mutations of calmodulin: a mutant Paramecium with altered ion current regulation has an isoleucine-to-threonine change at residue 136 and an altered methylation state at lysine residue 115.

Abstract The Paramecium tetraurelia mutants termed pantophobiacs have altered behavior due to perturbed calcium activation of ion channel activity. The calmodulin from pantophobiac A1 (pntA1) was shown in previous studies to have a single amino acid change at residue 101 that is selective in its effects on activity. This change has no effect on posttranslational modifications. However, the calmodulin from the phenotypically related mutant pantophobiac A2 (pntA2) has a threonine residue at position 136, in the fourth calcium-binding domain, instead of an isoleucine or valine like all other calmodulins. This region of the calmodulin structure is within 4 A of a complementary hydrophobic structure in the third calcium-binding domain, raising the possibility of a perturbation of interdomain interactions in the pntA2 mutant. This possibility is supported by the heterogenous methylation state of lysine-115 in the pntA2 calmodulin. This lysine residue, located in the peptide connecting calcium-binding domains three and four, is fully trimethylated in the wild-type and pntA1 calmodulins. The functional selectivity of these structural changes is demonstrated by the conservation of calmodulin activator activity with a calmodulin-regulated protein kinase that has been used as a standard of comparison. Overall, these results indicate the degree to which the calmodulin can be mutated in vivo without being lethal to the organism, and they provide genetic evidence suggesting that the post-translational methylation state of residue 115 requires the appropriate conformation in addition to the local amino acid sequence.
Wikipedians are born, not made: a study of power editors on Wikipedia

Open content web sites depend on users to produce information of value. Wikipedia is the largest and most well-known such site. Previous work has shown that a small fraction of editors --Wikipedians -- do most of the work and produce most of the value. Other work has offered conjectures about how Wikipedians differ from other editors and how Wikipedians change over time. We quantify and test these conjectures. Our key findings include: Wikipedians' edits last longer; Wikipedians invoke community norms more often to justify their edits; on many dimensions of activity, Wikipedians start intensely, tail off a little, then maintain a relatively high level of activity over the course of their career. Finally, we show that the amount of work done by Wikipedians and non-Wikipedians differs significantly from their very first day. Our results suggest a design opportunity: customizing the initial user experience to improve retention and channel new users' intense energy.
Energy profile of a microcontroller for neural prosthetic application

A third-generation microcontroller has been designed to operate as a control element in an embedded wireless neural interface system. This design was fabricated in the IBM 65nm CMOS process. We present an analysis of the energy profile of the fabricated microcontroller by measuring the energy to execute each family of instructions. We also investigate the efficiency of new instructions for block transfers. Finally, we discuss implications of these results for energy-efficient operation. The fabricated chip is operational at up to 150MHz. With a core power supply of 0.8V, the chip consumes 350uW at 10MHz. The new block transfer instructions are as much as 44% more efficient than traditional load-store sequences for saving registers to memory, and up to 15% more efficient when transferring 16-byte chunks of data.
Reactions of rare-gas hydride ions with ethylene

Abstract Product distributions for reaction of HeH + , NeH + , ArH + , KrH + and XeH + with ethylene are reported as a function of the average number of collisions the reactant ion undergoes in an ion source. C 2 H 4 + and C 2 H 3 + products dominate for the more energetic species and C 2 H 5 + becomes most important for the lower-energy XeH + reactant ions.
Computational Confocal Scanning Tomography

We demonstrate a technique to perform computed tomographic reconstruction of a refractive and attenuative sample using a confocal laser scanning microscope that employs a spatial heterodyne to perform coherent detection of the entire aperture signal.
Incumbent upon Recombinant Hope: EDT's Strike a Site, Strike a Pose

Sometimes hope acquires form: In September I998, the U.S. Department of Defense launched a hostile applet against Electronic Disturbance Theater's FloodNet server. While it may seem odd, even presumptuous, to present the D.O.D.'s response as hope incarnate, I want to place this singular event within a makeshift context-the rest, as they say, becoming-"history"...where the expanding circumference of rememory spells the shape of a contemporary aesthetic and political experiment in the radical rearrangement of the technologically social's deck furniture: "the inherent civility of electronic disobedience [...the] distinction [...] between trespass with political intent and trespass with criminal intent" (CAE 2001:33), the paradoxical proposition of "utopianism after the end of utopia" (Jameson I991), an individual/collective dialectic (upgraded to "the poetic"), a history of the future in a hybridized sentiment as hackneyed, but contagious, as h-o-p-e. Despite the indispensability of Carmen Karasic, Brett Stalbaum, and Stefan Wray to Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT) as a project, in public presentations, Ricardo Dominguez functions as the group's default drive. Trained as an actor, Dominguez enacts a principle from another group of which he was a member, Critical Art Ensemble (CAE). CAE maintains the philosophy that when working in a collective, "each member's set of skills (must be) unique to the cell" (65). Consequently, Dominguez performs EDT, personalizing the history of the collective. For the time being, I will bracket a discussion of the significance of Dominguez's idiosyncratic narrative to focus more abstractly upon two strands of its composition-the influences of CAE and the Zapatista uprising (1994) on
In vivo deep tissue imaging with long wavelength multiphoton excitation

As a result of the large difference between scattering mean free paths and absorption lengths in brain tissue, scattering dominates over absorption by water and intrinsic molecules in determining the attenuation factor for wavelengths between 350 nm and 1300 nm. We propose using longer wavelengths for two-photon excitation, specifically the 1300-nm region, in order to reduce the effect of scattering and thereby increase imaging depth. We present two photon fluorescence microscopy images of cortical vasculature in in vivo mouse brain beyond 1 mm. We also explore the capabilities of the 1300-nm excitation for third harmonic generation microscopy of red blood cells in in vivo mouse brain.
An in vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotent stem cells

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into organ-specific subtypes offers an exciting avenue for the study of embryonic development and disease processes, for pharmacologic studies and as a potential resource for therapeutic transplant. To date, limited in vivo models exist for human intestine, all of which are dependent upon primary epithelial cultures or digested tissue from surgical biopsies that include mesenchymal cells transplanted on biodegradable scaffolds. Here, we generated human intestinal organoids (HIOs) produced in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can engraft in vivo. These HIOs form mature human intestinal epithelium with intestinal stem cells contributing to the crypt-villus architecture and a laminated human mesenchyme, both supported by mouse vasculature ingrowth. In vivo transplantation resulted in marked expansion and maturation of the epithelium and mesenchyme, as demonstrated by differentiated intestinal cell lineages (enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, tuft cells and enteroendocrine cells), presence of functional brush-border enzymes (lactase, sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4) and visible subepithelial and smooth muscle layers when compared with HIOs in vitro. Transplanted intestinal tissues demonstrated digestive functions as shown by permeability and peptide uptake studies. Furthermore, transplanted HIO-derived tissue was responsive to systemic signals from the host mouse following ileocecal resection, suggesting a role for circulating factors in the intestinal adaptive response. This model of the human small intestine may pave the way for studies of intestinal physiology, disease and translational studies.
Selective cleavage of the Cα–Cβ linkage in lignin model compounds via Baeyer–Villiger oxidation

Lignin is an amorphous aromatic polymer derived from plants and is a potential source of fuels and bulk chemicals. Herein, we present a survey of reagents for selective stepwise oxidation of lignin model compounds. Specifically, we have targeted the oxidative cleavage of Cα–Cβ bonds as a means to depolymerize lignin and obtain useful aromatic compounds. In this work, we prepared several lignin model compounds that possess structures, characteristic reactivity, and linkages closely related to the parent lignin polymer. We observed that selective oxidation of benzylic hydroxyl groups, followed by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of the resulting ketones, successfully cleaves the Cα–Cβ linkage in these model compounds.
Ballistic heat transport in nanocontacts

We have determined the ballistic heat transport relation of V2 =C (Tm -T) in nanocontacts involving the bias voltage V, the ambient temperature T, and the maximum temperature Tm inside the contact by exploiting the ordering temperature of a magnetic solid as a natural thermometer. The relation has been further established using a single contact at one temperature but different magnetic fields. A simple energy-transfer model incorporating ballistic transport can qualitatively account for this relation. We also demonstrate a ballistic transport method for determining the ordering temperatures of magnets.
Color preference as a function of the object described

Noting the inconsistent research on the relationship between color and personality, the authors present data on one of the possible reasons for the problem. The problem addressed is that color/personality research almost always presents a color patch or patches and draws inferences from the subjects’ choices, ignoring the possibility that color preference is related to the object in question. College students were asked to give their favorite colors for a number of items (e.g., automobile). The results clearly show that color preference is a function of the object described. That is, color preference cannot be asked independently of an object if that color preference is to have interpretive significance.
Egg diapause and water absorption in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus

Abstract An obligate egg diapause occurs in Chorthippus brunneus just before blastokinesis. Further development after diapause has been broken is associated with a rapid absorption of water, but, contrary to the usual pattern for Acrididae, the end of diapause and the increase in water uptake are not closely connected: eggs that have not broken diapause also absorb water after chilling. Additional water absorption is not essential for post-diapause development. Water uptake appears to be a function of viable eggs, but a hindrance to absorption develops by anatrepsis, which can be reduced by chilling, regardless of whether or not diapause is broken.
A quantitative analysis of illusion magnitude predicted by several averaging theories of the Müller-Lyer illusion.

This article describes a quantitative method to evaluate several averaging:(i.e., confusion and assimilation) theories by comparing predictions of the absolute magnitude of the Muller-Lyer (ML) illusion with results of previous studies of the composite ML figure. The magnitude of illusion was best predicted by Davies and Spencer’s (1977) theory and by integrative field theory (Pressey & Pressey, 1992). Furthermore, when the ML figure was at the point of subject equality, the average of shaft and intertip distances, and the configurai dimensions proposed by Davies and Spencer, were most frequently closest to being equal in the apex-in ML and apex-out ML. Results indicate that a comparison of predicted and reported absolute magnitudes of the ML illusion can provide quantitative criteria to distinguish and evaluate averaging theories of the ML illusion.
A comparative electrochemical study of the coadsorption of bis-[10-(ferrocenylcarbonyl) decyl] disulfide and 10-ferrocenylcarbonyldecanethiol with linear alkane disulfide and alkanethiol compounds on vapor-deposited gold surfaces

Abstract The competitive adsorption of bis-[10-(ferrocenylcarbonyl)decyl] disulfide (I) with n-octanethiol, n-dodecanethiol and n-hexadecanethiol, and with di-n-dodecyl disulfide and 10-ferrocenylcarbonyldecanethiol (II) with n-dodecanethiol was investigated on vapor-deposited gold films in acetonitrile solutions. The resulting self-assembled monolayers were probed in aqueous HClO 4 using cyclic voltammetry. Adsorption isotherm data for all the compounds examined in this study were in good agreement with the coupled Langmuir isotherm model recently proposed by Rowe and Creager. Electrochemically identical mixed monolayers with the same (within experimental error) equilibrium surface coverage Γ Fc of ferrocenyl thiolate were obtained from solutions of I + n-dodecanethiol, I + di-n-dodecyl disulfide and II + n-dodecanethiol, provided that the mole fraction of ferrocene moieties X Fc was the same in each coating solution. In addition, there was no discernible difference in the global adsorption Gibbs energy term of the Langmuir isotherm model for the three mixtures described above.
Thermal fluctuations in interfaces: From fluid-fluid interfaces to small-angle grain boundaries

Abstract In this tutorial overview, thermal fluctuations in several interfaces, especially small-angle grain boundaries, are considered. The emphasis is placed on large-distance fluctuations, which are important in characterizing equilibrium interfacial phases. Capillary wave fluctuations prove to eb crucial in fluid-fluid interfaces and in the high temperature solid-fluid interfacial phase. In small-angle grain boundaries the energy cost of simply allowing waves in the dislocation configurations which make up the boundary is much more than that of the corresponding capillary waves in fluid-fluid or solid-fluid interfaces. The introduction of dislocation loops with a different Burgers vector may be an important fluctuation in high temperature small-angle grain boundaries. Possible experimental consequences are presented.
Delayed failure of ceramic matrix composites in tension at elevated temperatures

Abstract Ultimate tensile strength of five different continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including SiCf/BSAS (two dimensional (2D), 2 types), SiCf/MAS (2D), SiCf/SiC (2D), and Cf/SiC (2D, 2 types), was determined as a function of test rate at 1100–1200 °C in air. All five CMCs exhibited a significant dependency of ultimate tensile strength on test rate such that the ultimate tensile strength decreased with decreasing test rate. The dependency of ultimate tensile strength on test rate, the applicability of preload technique, and the predictability of life from one loading configuration (constant stress-rate loading) to another (constant stress loading) all suggested that the overall, phenomenological delayed failure of the CMCs would be governed by a power-law type of slow crack growth.
Transmittance from visible to mid infra-red in AZO films grown by atomic layer deposition system

We report transmittance and conductivity measurements of aluminum-doped zinc oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition. The results show that the films have 80–90% transmittance in the visible region and good transmittance in the infrared. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the transmittance of aluminum-doped zinc oxide is reported to extend beyond 2500–5000 nm. Following annealing, an optimal sheet resistance of 25 X/h was obtained for a 575 nm thick film with a carrier density of 2.4 10 20 cm 3 without com
Thermomechanical Contact Between Magnetic Recording Head and Disk Defect Accounting for Heat Partition Factor

The formation of defects on a magnetic recording disk is one of the critical issues in the reliability of a hard disk drive. When a magnetic recording head comes into contact with a disk defect, the resulting surface damage can cause significant degradation on read/write performance. Considering the carbon atoms in diamond like carbon (DLC) coating can experience phase change and oxidation under high temperature (i.e., mechanical softening process due to the thermal stability), the frictional heat generated by the sliding contact between a head slider and a disk defect can lead to severe damage on the head DLC film. In addition to the mechanical degradation of the head DLC film, the magnetic properties of underlying read/write elements and shield materials can also be deteriorated due to the mechanical stress and high temperature rise. In this paper, the thermomechanical contact between a head slider and a disk defect was systematically examined through analytical modeling and simulations. For the three different disk defects (i.e., Al2O3, SiO2, and AlTiC), the temperature rise and distribution on the contact area were determined from a theory of contact mechanics and heat transfer with the modified Francis heat partition factor. To obtain more physical insight into the thermomechanical head disk contact, parametric study was performed using a modified control parameter (ψ*), which was made of material properties of a disk defect and system operating conditions. According to the simulation results, it was observed that Al2O3 showed the worst thermomechanical contact performance among the three defects as it generated the highest flash temperature of 439.0°C on the head DLC film. The increased surface temperature was high enough to degrade the head DLC film as well as the underlying magnetic materials. Moreover, it was found that the surface temperature rise on a head slider was proportional to the values of ψ*.
Mediation of Prisoners' Dilemma Conflicts and the Importance of the Cooperation Threshold The Case of Namibia

The dynamics of moving a deadlocked prisoners' dilemma conflict toward a cooperative resolution are examined. The effects of recalcitrant parties are elaborated by developing the concepts of the imposed deadlock game and the cooperation threshold. The threshold is the degree of certainty of achieving a cooperative solution (the R payoff) necessary to induce cooperation. It is lowered (making cooperation more likely) when either the benefits from cooperating or the costs of holding out increase. This concept is used to explain how agreement can be reached on seemingly nonnegotiable issues. In U.S. efforts to mediate the Numibia conflict, both Carter and Reagan failed to deal effectively with South Africa's high cooperation threshold. The Reagan administration also added elements of simultaneous play by introducing linkage, further lessening cooperative prospects. Cooperation may nevertheless have become more likely when South Africa began pursuing a different, more certain, cooperative goal. However, inapp...
Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: A randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury

Objective:To assess single-session effects of three different types of stimuli known to increase cortical excitability when combined with functional task practice.Design:Randomized cross-over trial.Participants:A total of 24 participants with chronic cervical spinal cord injury.Interventions:One 30-minute session of each, applied concurrently with functional task practice: transcranial direct current stimulation, vibration, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Measurements:Nine-hole Peg Test, pinch force, visuomotor tracking, and cortical excitability were collected at pretest, posttest and late posttest (30 minutes after). Early effects (posttest minus pretest) and short-term persistence (late posttest minus pretest) were assessed using a general linear mixed model. Magnitude of effect size was assessed using the Cohen’s d.Results:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was associated with moderate, significant early effects and short-term persistence on Nine-hole Peg Test performance (1.8...
Electrophoretic evidence for a new type of counterion condensation

A systematic capillary electrophoresis study uncovered how polyelectrolyte effective charge density varies with backbone charge spacing and solvent dielectric constant. The study primarily focused on aliphatic ionenes, a special class of polyelectrolytes, which possess regularly spaced quaternary ammonium groups in the backbone. Complete ionization of functional units and good solvency in water or mixtures of water with lower dielectric constant solvents (methanol, acetonitrile) enabled continuous measurements of ionene effective charge density through the onset of counterion condensation. Ionenes with both uniform and alternating charge spacing were examined. As expected, effective charge density rose linearly with fixed charge density to a critical value, above which effective charge density remained constant. Deviating from expectation, the onset of condensation did not occur at a critical fixed charge density. Instead, condensation initiated at a constant critical Bjerrum length. The same onset condition was found for quaternized poly(vinyl pyridine)s. These experimental results suggest a new form of condensation, one driven by ion-pairing of polyelectrolyte with counterions. In support of this hypothesis, the onset of condensation appeared to correlate with counterion size. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3616–3627, 2004
Human leptomeningeal-derived cells express GFAP and HLADR when grafted into rat spinal cord

The following series of experiments explores the post-xenografting differentiation of a naturally occurring, non-neuronal cell cultured from the leptomeninges of an 84-year-old woman. In culture, flat process-bearing human cells from the leptomeninges were positive for GFAP and 200 kDa neurofilament protein (negative for 68, 160 kDa neurofilament protein). The C3 spinal cord was exposed in 30 adult athymic rats. The hindlimb dorsal columns were transected at C3 and the nerve fibers aspirated to form a pocket, into which 10(6) fast blue-labeled, human leptomeningeal-derived cells were placed. The C3 spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically over 60 days. Three days later the dorsal horn contained fast blue-GFAP-positive astrocyte-like cells that were negative for neurofilament protein. By 7 days, large, process-bearing, fast blue-GFAP-positive (neurofilament protein-negative), astrocyte-like cells joined the native astrocytes of the pia-glia membrane and were in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Some of these astrocyte-like cells were also positive for the human specific histocompatibility complex, HLADR. These data extend the age, species and tissue of origin for pluripotential cells for CNS transplantation.
Extending Operability in Lung Cancer Involving the Heart and Great Vessels

Abstract Despite new developments in radiotherapy technique and the increasing effectiveness of various cancericidal drugs, up to the present time these modalities have remained essentially palliative. Only by resection can the potential for cure of bronchogenic carcinoma be realized. We submit that extracorporeal bypass, in the hands of those experienced in its use, may be applied for excision of certain pulmonary lesions hitherto considered inoperable. Trained bypass teams currently are available at many hospitals, as is extracorporeal apparatus that can be prepared quickly and primed without large quantities of compatible blood, suggesting that this equipment might be kept sterile and available to be brought into the operating room whenever a pulmonary resection for malignancy is scheduled. Available on a standby basis to be used only for patients who are considered fit to withstand an extended operation for lung disease, cardiopulmonary bypass furnishes a valuable means for accomplishing difficult surgical maneuvers in an unhurried and technically enhanced setting. Two cases are documented in which extracorporeal bypass was used to facilitate excision of bronchogenic carcinoma extending into the heart and great vessels. The chief difficulty encountered was an increase in problems of hemostasis. Since one ordinarily is able to handle these hemostatic problems effectively during the performance of various types of open-heart procedures, it is thought that they can similarly be overcome when they occur in conjunction with pulmonary resection.