cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Landmark Articles on Copper in the Field of Human Health

In deciding on an appropriate paper for this topic, we had to first choose between copper deficiency and copper toxicity. Copper deficiency is a common problem in some animals species, but is rare in the human. It occasionally occurs on a dietary basis, bowel surgery basis, or overtreatment with anticopper drugs. It is also a major clinical problem in the rare inherited condition, Menke’s disease. Progress has been made in the understanding of Menke’s disease, particularly with the cloning of the gene responsible, known as ATP7A [1‐3]. Thus, a landmark article could have reasonably been selected from the Menke’s disease area. Copper toxicity is also a common problem in some animals species (e.g. sheep), and is, again, rare in the human. It is a major clinical problem in the relatively rare inherited condition, Wilson’s disease. As in Menke’s disease, the gene responsible, known as ATP7B, has been cloned [4‐6], and this knowledge is leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of the disease process. In choosing between the two diseases, we took into consideration that a major difference exists between Menke’s disease and Wilson’s disease, in that the latter is so effectively treated, while the former is not. In thinking about “impact on human health,” we felt it important to not only consider intellectual understanding of the disease process, but whether understanding has led to better treatment. This is clearly the case with Wilson’s disease but not with Menke’s disease. Therefore, we decided to choose a paper from the Wilson’s disease area, and to look at the entire scope of discovery so far, in choosing the paper most deserving of this reward. In deciding which contribution in Wilson’s disease to honor, we had many choices. We will briefly go through the major historical highlights for background purposes. Wilson himself, for whom the disease is named, obviously deserves enormous credit for bringing diverse neurological and hepatic observations together into the “hepatolenticular degeneration” syndrome [7]. But he had no hint that the disease was due to copper, so in our opinion, his work doesn’t qualify for this particular landmark, which deals with the impact of copper-related discoveries on human health. Kayser [8] and Fleischer [9] early observed the corneal abnormalities that bear their names (KayserFleischer rings) which have been very useful in diagnosis. Fleischer [10] even detected an increase of copper in these rings in a patient. However, there was no suggestion at this point that the disease was caused by copper. The key etiological role of copper was missed early and often, as investigators
1α,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 Membrane-Initiated Calcium Signaling Modulates Exocytosis and Cell Survival

1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25D) is considered a bone anabolic hormone. 1,25D actions leading to bone formation involve gene transactivation, on one hand, and modulation of cytoplasmic signaling, on the other. In both cases, a functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) appears to be required. Here we study 1,25D-stimulated calcium signaling that initiates at the cell membrane and leads to exocytosis of bone materials and increased osteoblast survival. We found that rapid 1,25D-induction of exocytosis couples to cytoplasmic calcium increase in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells. In addition, we found that elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration is involved in 1,25D anti-apoptotic effects via Akt activation in ROS 17/2.8 cells and non-osteoblastic CV-1 cells. In both cases, 1,25D-stimulated elevation of intracellular calcium is due in part to activation of L-type Ca2+ channels. We conclude that 1,25D bone anabolic effects that involve increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in osteoblasts can be explained at two levels. At the single-cell level, 1,25D promotes Ca2+-dependent exocytotic activities. At the tissue level, 1,25D protects osteoblasts from apoptosis via a Ca2+-dependent Akt pathway. Our studies contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of bone diseases characterized by decreased bone formation and mineralization.
Increased prevalence of antimitochondrial antibodies in first-degree relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disorder that can progress to cirrhosis, shortening life expectancy. PBC patients are often asymptomatic, present with biochemical cholestasis, and test positive (≥90%) for antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in serum. Although AMA positivity without biochemical cholestasis may indicate increased risk of future PBC development, the contribution of these antibodies to pathogenesis remains enigmatic. Environmental risks and genetic determinants are likely implicated in PBC etiology. Given the familial aggregation of PBC, we hypothesized that AMAs also aggregate among relatives of PBC probands. We investigated the prevalence of AMAs in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of PBC probands to examine whether AMAs aggregate in such pedigrees. Using a PBC family registry, we prospectively screened for AMAs in the serum of 306 FDRs in 145 pedigrees, 350 PBC probands, and 196 controls who were age-matched, sex-matched, race-matched, and residence-matched to probands. The prevalence of AMA in FDRs and controls was 13.1% and 1%, respectively. Greater prevalence of AMA was found in female FDRs of PBC probands [sisters (20.7%), mothers (15.1%), and daughters (9.8%)] than in male FDRs [brothers (7.8%), fathers (3.7%), and sons (0%)]. Conclusions: AMAs aggregate among FDRs of PBC probands. Our data have clinical implications for FDRs of PBC probands because AMA positivity may suggest susceptibility to PBC. Thus, the identification and follow-up of these relatives may lead to earlier disease diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, if AMA development is heritable, this trait will provide a basis to dissect the genetic predisposition to PBC. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Importance of Physical Appearance in Patients With Skin Cancer

BACKGROUNDPhysical appearance influences nearly every aspect of human life—impacting how people are judged and subsequently treated by others.OBJECTIVETo summarize the literature that addresses the psychosocial impact of facial scarring, with a particular emphasis on scarring after skin cancer treat
Thermal-mechanical properties of a monomolecular film detected by a vibrating reed

Thin films of organic materials are finding many applications in modern technology. The microelectronics industry, in particular, uses very thin organic films both as photoresists and as insulating layers. The ultimate in organic thin films is represented by molecular monolayers of the order of 2.0 nm thick as deposited by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique1. By adapting a vibrating reed apparatus2 we have investigated the thermal–mechanical properties of a supported 6-nm thick monolayer film.Although a monolayer melting transition could not be found in the resultant spectra, at least two other, low-temperature peaks (at −150 and −20 °C) were detected which seem to be due to relaxation processes both within the film as well as at interfaces of the monolayer structure. Our main aim was to determine whether the mechanical properties of ultrathin films could be measured by the vibrating reed technique, and to detect any thermal–mechanical relaxations which may occur in such films, inparticular whether or not a melting transition could be detected at elevated temperatures. Such thermal–mechanical measurements have long been used in theplastics industry to characterize the mechanical properties of resin materials in bulk. The vibrating reed technique may provide an analogous service for very thin organic coatings.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF COMMERCIALLY PREPARED SALADS

Commercially prepared salads from nine different producers were examined for the number of aerobic, psychrotrophic and coliform organisms, the number of yeast and molds, and pH. Samples were examined twice: once when received and once 5 days following the designated expiration date. Colonies from both sets of plates were selected, based on visual differences, for purification and identification in an attempt to determine what bacteria were present in the salads. Organisms recovered included the genera Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and one Actinomyces. The genera found in largest numbers were Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus
Secular trends in high northern latitude temperature reconstructions based on tree rings

Boreal tree-ring records from high latitude North America, Scandinavia and Russia provide baseline data reflecting long-term trends in Arctic annual temperature. Reconstructions from 1682–1968 indicate the latter part and termination of the Little Ice Age and that the northern regions are now warmer by comparison. The resulting high-resolution, extended temperature time series allows examination of underlying causes of climatic change not possible using only the instrumental record. The recent recorded data for the Arctic show recovery from the cooling in the 1950's–1960's. The overall evaluation confirms that the high northern latitudes are now in an anomalously warm state relative to the past three centuries.
Role of the effect of inhibition of neutral endopeptidase on vascular and neural complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We have previously shown that treating streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an animal model of type 1 diabetes, with Ilepatril (an inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)) improves vascular and neural function. In this study we sought to determine the individual effect of inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and ACE on diabetes-induced vascular and neural dysfunction. After 4 weeks of untreated diabetes, rats were treated for 12 weeks with Ilepatril, Enalapril (ACE inhibitor) or Candoxatril (neutral endopeptidase inhibitor) followed by analysis of neural and vascular function. Diabetes caused slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction, thermal hypoalgesia, reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the hindpaw and impairment in vascular relaxation to acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptide in epineural arterioles of the sciatic nerve and to atrial natriuretic peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide in renal arteries. Inhibition of neutral endopeptidase or ACE improved neural function; however, dual inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and ACE with Ilepatril tended to have the greatest efficacy. Ilepatril and Candoxatril treatment of diabetic rats was more efficacious in improving vascular responsiveness in epineurial arterioles than treatment with Enalapril. Ilepatril, Enalapril or Candoxatril treatment of diabetic rats were all efficacious in renal arteries. These studies suggest that combination therapy may be the most effective approach for treatment of diabetic neural and vascular complications.
Hysteretic electro-optic response in ferroelectric thin films

A model is developed to explain the hysteretic electric field dependence of the electrooptic coefficient in ferroelectric thin films. The reversible electric polarization and the tunable dielectric susceptibility of the ferroelectric thin film are proposed to explain the hysteretic ρ-E (electrooptic coefficient- applied electric field) loop. An empirical model used in ferroelectric capacitors to predict the high frequency C-V curve is utilized here to find the field dependence of the nonlinear susceptibility. The tunable susceptibility can also explain the peaked characteristics of the ρ-E loop. We also show that the linear electrooptic effect in ferroelectric thin films could produce the pseudo-quadratic electrooptic effect on field-induced birefringence as a result of the switchable spontaneous polarization of ferroelectrics. Thus, a careful interpretation of the field-induced birefringence is required to avoid misleading conclusions. This model provides a fundamental understanding to the tunability of the electrooptic coefficient and is useful for the electrooptic characterization of the ferroelectric thin films.
Mixed beam radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy in localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma—Preliminary results

Abstract A pilot study of mxied beam radiotherapy (fast neutrons alternating with photons) followed by combination chemotherapy with SMF (streptozotocin, 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C) in localized pancreatic cancer was performed. Thirteen patients were treated and a median survival of 10.0 months was noted (range 5–30+). Toxicity was mild to moderate. Further studies of sequential radiation and chemotherapy are indicated.
A higher-order strategy for eliminating common subexpressions

Optimizing compilers often perform an operation known as common subexpression elimination to improve code efficiency. Typically this is accomplished either by pruning a directed acyclic graph to replace eliminated subexpressions by memory fetches of stored values or by using partial-redundancy elimination, a data-flow analysis method. In this paper a higher-order strategic method is presented that rewrites expression trees to eliminate common subexpressions using equivalences in the lambda calculus. This approach offers several advantages-it is intuitive, transformations can be defined and applied within a high-level rewrite system, and it uses transformations for which correctness preservation can be proven.
Application of a macrocycle immobilized silica gel sorbent to flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration and separation coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for interference-free determination of trace lead in biological and environmental samples.

A simple and highly selective flow injection on-line preconcentration and separation−flame atomic absorption spectrometric method was developed for routine analysis of trace amounts of lead in biological and environmental samples. The selective preconcentration of lead was achieved in a wide range of sample acidity (0.075 to ≥3 mol L-1 HNO3) on a microcolumn (145 μL) packed with a macrocycle immobilized on silica gel. The lead retained on the column was effectively eluted with an EDTA solution (0.03 mol L-1, pH 10.5). Three kinds of potential interferences, i.e., preconcentration interferences from metal ions with an ionic radius similar to that of Pb(II) due to their competition for the cavity of the macrocycle, elution kinetic interferences from ions which form stable complexes with EDTA due to their competition for EDTA, and interferences in the atomizer from residual matrix, were evaluated and compared in view of the read-out mode of the analyte response (peak area vs peak height), column wash step (w...
Cloth disruption in the Starr-Edwards composite mitral valve prosthesis.

Abstract Two cases of seat cloth wear in the Model 6310 composite cloth-covered Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis are reported. In both patients a hemodynamically significant paravalvular leak was present directly opposite the area of cloth wear. It is postulated that the poppet is deflected so as to seat abnormally under these circumstances, striking the struts and cloth directly opposite the leak. An aggressive attitude toward replacement of the 6310 Starr-Edwards mitral prosthesis in the presence of a paravalvular leak is suggested.
Anticipatory modulation of digit placement for grasp control is affected by Parkinson's disease

Background Successful object manipulation relies on the ability to form and retrieve sensorimotor memories of digit forces and positions used in previous object lifts. Past studies of patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) have revealed that the basal ganglia play a crucial role in the acquisition and/or retrieval of sensorimotor memories for grasp control. Whereas it is known that PD impairs anticipatory control of digit forces during grasp, learning deficits associated with the planning of digit placement have yet to be explored. This question is motivated by recent work in healthy subjects revealing that anticipatory control of digit placement plays a crucial role for successful manipulation. Methodology/Principal Findings We asked ten PD patients off medication and ten age-matched controls to reach, grasp and lift an object whose center of mass (CM) was on the left, right or center. The only task requirement was to minimize object roll during lift. The CM remained the same across consecutive trials (blocked condition) or was altered from trial to trial (random condition). We hypothesized that impairment of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits in PD patients would reduce their ability to anticipate digit placement appropriate to the CM location. Consequently, we predicted that PD patients would exhibit similar digit placement in the blocked vs. random conditions and produce larger peak object rolls than that of control subjects. In the blocked condition, PD patients exhibited significantly weaker modulation of fingertip contact points to CM location and larger object roll than controls (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Nevertheless, both controls and PD patients minimized object roll more in the blocked than in the random condition (p<0.01). Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that, even though PD patients may have a residual ability of anticipatory control of digit contact points and forces, they fail to implement a motor plan with the same degree of effectiveness as controls. We conclude that intact basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits are necessary for successful sensorimotor learning of both grasp kinematics and kinetics required for dexterous hand-object interactions.
Bone Mineral Density and Turnover Following Forelimb Immobilization and Recovery in Young Adult Dogs

The purpose of this experiment was to study changes in bone mass, structure, and turnover in the canine forelimb after unilateral immobilization and recovery. The right forelimbs of 14 adult mongrel dogs were immobilized for 16 weeks. Six dogs served as controls. Seven immobilized and three control dogs were euthanized at the end of the immobilization period. Recovery consisted of 16 weeks of kennel confinement followed by 16 weeks of treadmill exercise. Seven once-immobilized and three control dogs were euthanized at the end of the recovery period. Bone mineral density of both the proximal (PBMD) and central (CBMD) radius was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Standard histomorphometric endpoints for bone mass and turnover were determined in the cancellous bone of the proximal radius. After immobilization, PBMD, CBMD, and trabecular thickness were lower in the immobilized limb than in either the contralateral or control limbs (P < 0.05). Only CBMD remained significantly lower (P < 0.05) after recovery. At the end of immobilization, bone formation endpoints were significantly higher in the immobilized limb than both the contralateral and control limbs. Bone turnover was also significantly lower in the contralateral limb than in the immobilized and control limbs. After recovery, all differences in bone turnover had resolved. Immobilization of 16 weeks duration caused an elevation in cancellous bone formation rate and reduced bone density in both cortical and cancellous bone. After 32 weeks of recovery, turnover abnormalities disappeared, cancellous bone normalized, but cortical bone mass remained low. Recovery of cortical bone from immobilization takes longer than recovery of cancellous bone.
Usage possibilities of laser stimulation in ophthalmology

The laser stimulation is used in ophthalmology as a supplement toother way of therapy. Nowadays, the following types of procedures are being performed: eyeball anterior segment stimulation, lacrimal gland stimulation, eyeball posterior pole stimulation, trigeminal nerve opening stimulation. Laser stimulation can be used as an independent procedure or together with pharmacological treatment.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An overview of factors maximizing successful split-thickness skin grafting in diabetic wounds

Open wounds, from ulcerations or slow healing, are one of the comorbidities in diabetic patients that can lead to amputation. Therefore, an optimal way to close and heal wounds quickly in diabetic patients is required. Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) offer a quick method of wound closure for diabetic patients. This article review will look at causes of failure in STSG, and ways to optimize success. Keywords: biofilm; chronic; bioengineered alternative tissue; debridement; closure (Published: 24 October 2014) Citation: Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2014, 5 : 24769 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v5.24769
A short-term microcosm evaluation of CO2 evolution from litter and soil as influenced by SO2 AND SO4 additions

Segments of the forest floor (litter and top 5 cm of the mineral soil) collected from two forest soils (one impacted by 25 yr of elevated S input, the other representing background conditions) were placed in 16 × 27 cm plastic boxes, and maintained in a controlled environment while being subjected to various S additions over a 12-wk period to simulate a growing season response time. CO2 evolution, as measured by the soda-lime technique, was used as an index of decomposer organism response to S additions. High-S (0.45 ppm SO2,0.4 g SO4 m−2 wk−1) inputs reduced respiration rates. This rate is equivalent to an annual S input in excess of ∼ 66 kg ha−1 yr−1 Initial S additions at all levels produced a slight stimulation of respiration, but low to moderate inputs produced no lasting effects. However, there does appear to be a threshold level below which the addition of S has a neutral to positive impact on decomposition but beyond which negative impacts on respiration rates will begin to occur. Microcosms taken from the two study sites showed no differences in physical characteristics, respiration rates, or response to simulated growing season S treatments even though one site had been subjected to approximately 25 yr of elevated S input.
Shock Tube Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Atomic Oxygen by Chemiluminescent Radiation

A method is developed for the shock tube measurement of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen from the Chemiluminescent radiation which is proportional to the product of their concentrations. The method is dependent on the assumptions that the nitric oxide formation is governed by the Zeldovich mechanism, and is not close to chemical equilibrium, and offers the advantage of determining both [NO] and [O] from a single measurement. Time-resolved profiles of these species in mixtures with hydrogen or methane as fuel show good agreement with chemical kinetics calculations, although some difficulty was experienced with background radiation. The background radiation, which could not be eliminated, limits the minimum measurable mole fraction product to X^OXO= 6.391 exp (-82037//?^D for mixtures diluted with argon. Determination of [CO], which required an additional measurement, was also made in the methane mixtures. However, the measured trends do not agree with those calculated, although correct levels are obtained.
A holistic approach to movement education in sport and fitness: A systems based model

Summary The typical model used by movement professionals to enhance performance relies on the notion that a linear increase in load results in steady and progressive gains, whereby, the greater the effort, the greater the gains in performance. Introduction Traditional approaches to movement progression typically rely on the proper sequencing of extrinsically based activities to facilitate the individual in reaching performance objectives. However, physical rehabilitation or physical performance rarely progresses in such a linear fashion; instead they tend to evolve non-linearly and rather unpredictably. A dynamic system can be described as an entity that self-organizes into increasingly complex forms. Applying this view to the human body, practitioners could facilitate non-linear performance gains through a systems based programming approach. Systemic Model Utilizing a dynamic systems view, the Holistic Approach to Movement Education (HADME) is a model designed to optimize performance by accounting for non-linear and self-organizing traits associated with human movement. In this model, gains in performance occur through advancing individual perspectives and through optimizing sub-system performance. This inward shift of the focus of performance creates a sharper self-awareness and may lead to more optimal movements.
Double-precision square root for the CDC-3600

In January of 1960, the late Hans J. Maehly completed a summary of approximations to the elementary functions for the CDC-1604 computer. The approximations and techniques suggested by Maehly are equally applicable to the second large computer in the CDC line, the 3600. Unlike the 1604, however, the 3600 has built-in double-precision floating-point arithmetic. The present work, largely inspired by the successes of Maehly and his associates, concerns the extension of one of Maehly's ideas to a double-precision subroutine for the 3600.
From POPL to the classroom and back

This invited talk presents an overview of the TeachScheme! and DrScheme projects. The former aims at bringing the principles of programming and programming languages into the introductory programming curriculum. The latter is a program development environment that supports the pedagogy and design principles of the TeachScheme! project. Carrying out these projects enriched our research life with many interesting programming language and system design problems.
A Formula for Disaster: The Department of Homeland Security's Virtual Ontology

This paper focuses on the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in order to theorise the spatialities of post-9/11 security knowledge and practice in the US. It analyses the organisational discourses that animate homeland security work, such as preparedness, vulnerability, the new threat environment, risk analysis and capabilities-based planning, and considers the implications of these practices for contemporary geographies of security. It is argued that DHS operates through a virtual ontology of threat, whereby potential, future threats are addressed as present possibilities that emerge in the spaces of everyday life. The sources of American freedoms and insecurities, the everyday, emerging circulations of goods and people, present DHS with a terrain of shifting threats from which both emergencies and preparedness may materialise. Disaster looming, the potential suspension of everyday life forms the basis for security practice as the emergency becomes a fact of life itself. The spatialities of this envir...
Collision-broadened linewidths of tetrahedral molecules—II. Computations for CH4 lines broadened by N2, O2, He, Ne and Ar

Pressure-broadened widths of CH4 lines have been calculated, using the recent formulation for tetrahedral molecules by Varanasi in the framework of the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory. The present work deals mainly with lines of the R-branch of the ν3-fundamental at 300°K, for the range 1≤J≤30 and 0≤K≤18, and for the F species. In the case of CH4-N2 and CH4-O2 collisions, octopole-quadrupole, octopole-hexadecapole, hexadecapole-quadrupole, hexadecapole-hexadecapole, dispersion and overlap interactions have been included. Broadening by noble gases was treated in terms of dispersion and overlap interactions. The value |ΩCH4|=2·25×10−34 esu cm3 obtained in the present work by comparing theoretical and experimental results for γ0CH4−N2 is not far from the magnitude deduced in studies of the far-i.r. collision-induced absorption spectra of methane. A magnitude for the hexadecapole moment of |ΦCH4|=3·0×10−42 esu cm4 was also determined. The calculated and measured linewidths are in good agreement, except in CH4-Ar collisions. In the latter case, the theoretical values are appreciably lower than the experimental ones, which suggests that induced interactions may have to be included.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics. II. Application to inhomogeneous systems.

We provide an extension of a recent approach to study nonequilibrium thermodynamics [Gujrati, Phys. Rev. E 81, 051130 (2010), to be denoted by I in this work] to inhomogeneous systems by considering the latter to be composed of quasi-independent subsystems. The system $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ along with the (macroscopically extremely large) medium $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ form an isolated system ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{0}$. The fields (temperature, pressure, etc.) of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ differ unless at equilibrium. We show that the additivity of entropy requires quasi-independence of the subsystems, which results from the interaction energies between different subsystems being negligible so the energy also becomes additive. The thermodynamic potentials such as the Gibbs free energy that continuously decrease during approach to equilibrium are determined by the fields of the medium and exist no matter how far the subsystems are out of equilibrium, so their fields may not even exist. This and the requirement of quasi-independence make our approach differ from the conventional approach used by de Groot and others, as discussed in the text. We find it useful to introduce the time-dependent Gibbs statistical entropy for ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{0}$, from which we derive the Gibbs entropy of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$; in equilibrium this entropy reduces to the equilibrium thermodynamic entropy. As the energy depends on the frame of reference, the thermodynamic potentials and the Gibbs fundamental relation, but not the entropy, depend on the frame of reference. The possibility of relative motion between subsystems described by their net linear and angular momenta gives rise to viscous dissipation. The concept of internal equilibrium introduced in I is developed further here and its important consequences are discussed for inhomogeneous systems. The concept of internal variables (various examples are given in the text) as variables that cannot be controlled by the observer for nonequilibrium evolution is also discussed. They are important because the concept of internal equilibrium in the presence of internal variables no longer holds if internal variables are not used. The Gibbs fundamental relation, thermodynamic potentials, and irreversible entropy generation are expressed in terms of observables and internal variables. We use these relations to eventually formulate the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of inhomogeneous systems. We also briefly discuss the case when bodies form an isolated system without any medium to obtain their irreversible contributions and show that this case does not differ from when bodies are in an extremely large medium.
REPRESENTATION AND ITS (DIS)CONTENTS

Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art by Griselda Pollock, London: Routledge, 1988, 199 pp., 53 b. and w. illus., hardback £30, paperback £10.95
Polynomial transformation of strips versus linear transformation of models: A theory and experiments

Abstract This paper compares the accuracy obtainable with different procedures for the adjustment of strips and blocks in topographic mapping, where the number of ground-control points is rather limited. The polynomial adjustment used at N.R.C. is shortly described. Formulas are given for a conventional procedure of strip adjustment of models, and a variant of this procedure is developed which can correct properly for systematic errors. The three procedures are used for the adjustment of strips of two blocks. The obtained results are shown and conclusions are drawn.
Population problems and family planning in Africa.

Focus is on the population problems in Africa and what the African peoples and governments are doing about these problems. The position of this writer is that there is definitely a population problem in Africa. Those who take the opposing view support their arguments by looking at the following indicators: population density and pressure undeveloped resources the availability of empty lands and alleged intrigue by external forces. Few governments have population control policies and/or national family planning programs. These countries include Ghana Kenya Mauritius Morocco Tunisia and the United Arab Republic. Currently governments of black African countries for the greater part either support family planning programs or allow such efforts to exist under private auspices. Of the 35 African countries and territories covered by the United States Agency for International Development report only the governments of Cameroon Malagasy and Malawi have stated explicitly that they want to encourage population growth. In all surveys in East Africa the ideal family size was more than 5 and generally 6 children. In Ghana and Nigeria the ideal size was 7 or more. Generally the ideal family size in Black Africa ranges from 6-8 children but the influences of urbanization and education in West Africa reduced the ideal family size to between 4 and 6. Abstinence herbs and withdrawal are widely known in traditional African society though withdrawal was little used as a contraceptive method. Regarding modern contraceptive methods the most knowledgeable group is the urban elites. Below the elite the knowledge level is very low. There is little contraceptive practice in Africa.
Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale guided by intracardiac echocardiography and performed through the transfemoral approach in the presence of previously placed inferior vena cava filters: A case series

We present three patients with cryptogenic stroke who underwent transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale. All patients have had history of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with placement of inferior vena caval filters. The patients were not initially considered suitable candidates for the procedure because of risk of dislodgment of previously implanted inferior vena cava filter.
Age-Related Differences in Visual Search Task Performance: Relative Stability of Parallel but not Serial Search

The hypothesis that visual search tasks requiring effortful, serial processing are more sensitive to aging than those requiring relatively automatic, parallel processing was tested in 96 healthy adults who performed parallel and serial visual search tasks with fixed presentation times. Reaction times and error rates increased with age in both tasks, but there was no difference between young and old in the effect of increasing numbers of distractors on reaction times. However, the older subjects made significantly more errors with increasing numbers of distractors in the serial search task. Older subjects have disproportionately more difficulty performing serial compared to parallel visual search tasks than do younger subjects. Additionally, this difference is not caused solely by cautious response strategies in the elders.
The Surgical Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, is strongly associated with prematurity and typically occurs following initiation of enteral feeds. Mild NEC is adequately treated by cessation of enteral feeding, empiric antibiotics, and supportive care. Approximately 50% of affected infants will develop progressive intestinal necrosis requiring urgent operation. Several surgical techniques have been described, but there is no clear survival benefit for any single operative approach. While debate continues regarding the optimal surgical management for infants with severe NEC, future progress will likely depend on the development of improved diagnostic tools and preventive therapies.
Application of the thermal line scanner to quantify material loss due to corrosion

Recent advances in thermal imaging technology have spawned a number of new thermal NDE techniques that provide quantitative information about flaws in aircraft structures. Thermography has a number of advantages as an inspection technique for aircraft. It is a totally noncontacting, nondestructive, imaging technology capable of inspecting a large area in a matter of a few seconds. The development of fast, inexpensive image processors has aided in the attractiveness of thermography as an NDE technique. These image processors have increased the signal to noise ratio of thermography and facilitated significant advances in post-processing. The resulting digital images enable archival records for comparison with later inspections, thus providing a means of monitoring the evolution of damage in a particular structure. NASA Langley Research Center has developed a thermal NDE technique designed to image and quantitatively characterize the amount of thinning present in metallic materials. The technique involves the movement of a thermal line source across the outer surface of a sample followed by an infrared imager at a fixed distance behind the line source. Images of the material loss due to corrosion are reconstructed from measurements of the induced surface temperature variations. This paper presents a discussion of the development of the thermal imaging system as well as the techniques used to reconstruct images of flaws and to make quantitative thickness measurements. The application of the thermal line source coupled with the analysis technique represents a significant improvement over conventional thermal imaging in the quantification of flaws. Results of laboratory experiments on specimens with fabricated material loss regions are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the technique. Additionally, field applications of the technique for both aluminum aircraft structures and steel power plant structures are presented.
Representations of groups containing the Poincaré group. I

It is proved that in certain representations of the Poincare group the mass operator must be identically zero.
Comprehensive miRNA profiling of surgically staged endometrial cancer

Objective We sought to determine a microRNA (miRNA) profile of surgically staged endometrial cancers. Study Design RNA was extracted from archival primary endometrial cancers, and an miRNA profile was established using a microarray and confirmed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were explored using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in endometrial cell lines. Results Endometrial cancer has an miRNA profile distinct from normal endometrium, even in patients with stage IA grade 1 tumors. This miRNA cancer profile was able to correctly assign a specimen as a malignancy with a sensitivity of 92%. Overexpressed miRNAs were predicted to target PTEN, and transfection of cell lines with these miRNAs led to down-regulation of PTEN expression. In advanced disease, an miRNA pattern distinct from early-stage disease was seen, and overexpression of mir-199c predicted improved cancer survival in this population. Conclusion Endometrial cancer has a distinct miRNA profile, and miRNAs can be used as a predictive biomarker.
A law of the iterated logarithm for general lacunary series

This was first proved for Bernoulli random variables by Khintchine. Salem and Zygmund [SZ2] considered the case when the Xk are replaced by functions ak cosnkx on [−π, π] and gave an upper bound ( ≤ 1) result; this was extended to the full upper and lower bound by Erdos and Gal [EG]. Takahashi [T1] extends the result of Salem and Zygmund: Consider a real measurable function f satisfying f(x + 1) = f(x), ∫ 1 0 f(x)dx = 0, and suppose nk is a lacunary sequence of integers, that is, there is a number q so that
Co‐occupation: Extending the dialogue

Co‐occupation is a concept not thoroughly studied or understood. A new definition of co‐occupation is proposed which postulates that the nature of engagement in co‐occupation involves aspects of shared physicality, shared emotionality, and shared intentionality, embedded in shared meaning. Each of the aspects is explored through vignettes and reflections on previous literature. Three propositions are presented to advance the understanding of co‐occupation: 1) a spectrum of co‐occupations exists and each type of co‐occupation is characterized by unique aspects; 2) the nature of co‐occupation may be understood through quantitative and/or qualitative means and; 3) impairment or disability across the lifespan may influence how the co‐occupation is manifested and this has implications for research and practice. As the title suggests we put forth these ideas to open a dialogue to enhance knowledge and understanding about co‐occupation.
New insights into ATP synthesis

The enormous progress in the area of ATP synthesis during the 1990s has not yet been communicated to students through biochemistry textbooks. In this article, we summarize the breakthroughs in the elucidation of the structure of F0F1-ATPase/synthase, and relate this information to previous and new kinetic mechanisms and bioenergetic considerations. The emerging picture of ATP synthase is nothing less than fantastic: a rotary engine of high efficiency. During synthesis, the rotor is driven by the electrochemical protonmotive force; the energy of the rotation is converted to elastic-strain energy within the stator subunits, followed by conformational changes affecting the release of ATP. Rotational catalysis was predicted by kinetic models, and the rotation itself was subsequently demonstrated by video kinematography. The structures of F1-ATPases of mitochondria from beef heart and rat liver and of bacteria were obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis, while the structure of the F0 subunit was deduced from NMR and other physical-chemical methods. The complexity and perfection of this molecular machine will generate fascination and appreciation among students of both science and engineering.
Rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) does not metabolize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 to calcitroic acid.

1α-Hydroxy-23 carboxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D3 (calcitroic acid) is known to be the major water-soluble metabolite produced during the deactivation of 1,25-(OH)2D3. This deactivation process is carried out exclusively by the multicatalytic enzyme CYP24 and involves a series of oxidation reactions at C24 and C23 leading to side-chain cleavage and, ultimately, formation of the calcitroic acid. Like 1,25-(OH)2D3, 1α,25-1,25-(OH)2D2 is also known to undergo side-chain oxidation and side-chain cleavage to form calcitroic acid (Zimmerman et al. [2001]. 1,25-(OH)2D2 differs from 1,25-(OH)2D3 by the presence of a double bond at C22 and a methyl group at C24. To date, there have been no studies detailing the participation of CYP24 in the production of calcitroic acid from 1,25-(OH)2D2. We, therefore, studied the metabolism of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D2 using a purified rat CYP24 system. Lipid and aqueous-soluble metabolites were prepared for characterization. Aqueous-soluble metabolites were subjected to reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. As expected, 1,23(OH)2-24,25,26,27-tetranor D and calcitroic acid were the major lipid and aqueous-soluble metabolites, respectively, when 1,25-(OH)2D3 was used as substrate. However, when 1,25-(OH)2D2 was used as substrate, 1,24(R),25-(OH)3D2 was the major lipid-soluble metabolite with no evidence for the production of either 1,23(OH)2-24,25,26,27-tetranor D or calcitroic acid. Apparently, the CYP24 was able to 24-hydroxylate 1,25-(OH)2D2, but was unable to effect further changes, which would result in side-chain cleavage. These data suggest that the presence of either the double bond at C22 or the C24 methyl group impedes the metabolism of 1,25-(OH)2D2 to calcitroic acid by CYP24 and that enzymes other than CYP24 are required to effect this process. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 282–285, 2003. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic factors of human gamma globulin detected by rabbit antisera.

Antisera of rabbits immunized with isolated human myeloma proteins, urinary proteins, papain treated myeloma proteins and FII γ-globulin were studied. It was established that such antisera after absorption were able to serve as typing reagents for the detection of human genetic factors on gamma globulin. Specific antibodies were found against Gm(a), (b) and (f) and Inv(l) determinants. It was possible to differentiate the Gm specific antibodies from those defining the heavy chain subgroups although they usually occurred together in the rabbit antisera.
Multiplicities and minuets at Tevatron collider energies

Abstract We show that in the parton branching model, the probability distribution does not obey KNO scaling. As energy increases, gluon contribution to multiplicities increases, resulting in the widening of the probability distribution, in agreement with experimental data. We predict that the widening of the distribution will stop at Tevatron Collider energies due to the dominant role of gluons at these energies. We also find that the gluon contribution to the “minijet” cross section increases with energy and becomes dominant at the Tevatron Collider. We calculate QCD minijet cross sections for a variety of structure functions, QCD scales and pTmin. We compare our theoretical results with the experimental data and find that some of the structure functions and choices of scale are preferred by the experimental data. We give theoretical predictions for the minijet cross section at the Tevatron Collider, indicating the possibility of distinguishing between different sets of structure functions and choices of scale.
Comprehensive versus matched psychosocial treatment in the MTA study: conceptual and empirical issues.

Addressed some factual inaccuracies and presented alternative positions on key issues raised in the article by Greene and Ablon (this issue) on the question, "What does the Multimodal Treatment Study (MTA) tell us about effective psychosocial treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?" The Greene and Ablon critique does not present for the reader's consideration the full range of findings from the MTA study, notably those most relevant to psychosocial treatment, and articulates a theoretical position that effective treatment requires matching treatment to children's assessed needs, an approach not taken in the MTA study. In this article, I present the full range of findings from the MTA study related to psychosocial treatment effects, correct the misperceptions that exist about the study based on limited reviews such as Greene and Ablon's, and review the empirical and experimental design issues that produced the decision by the MTA investigative team to study the effects of intensive, ...
Expression and coupling of neurokinin receptor subtypes to inositol phosphate and calcium signaling pathways in human airway smooth muscle cells

Neuropeptide tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B) are present in peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers within the respiratory tract and cause airway contractile response...