cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of elbow motion following pediatric lateral condylar fractures of the humerus.

Background: Temporary elbow stiffness is often seen after a lateral condylar fracture of the distal end of the humerus in children. There are scant scientific data available to assess the expected time frame for return of elbow motion after these injuries. The purpose of this study is to provide a prospective, longitudinal evaluation of elbow motion in a large group of pediatric patients undergoing treatment for a lateral condylar fracture of the distal end of the humerus. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 141 patients with lateral humeral condylar fractures at a mean age of 5.2 years and with a mean follow-up of twenty-nine weeks. The patients were treated with cast immobilization, percutaneous pinning, or open reduction and internal fixation on the basis of the initial displacement. Elbow motion was followed longitudinally at clinic visits. Relative arc of motion was calculated as a percentage of the motion of the normal, contralateral elbow. Results: The mean relative arc of motion at the time of cast removal was 44%, reaching 84% by week 12. By weeks 18, 24, 36, and 48, the relative arc of motion reached 87%, 90%, 93%, and 97%, respectively. Compared with fractures treated without surgery, those treated surgically had a significantly lower absolute arc of motion from the time of cast removal (p = 0.018) and up to eighteen weeks after the injury (p < 0.001); however, no significant difference was observed at eighteen weeks or beyond. For patients treated surgically, no significant difference in relative arc of motion was observed between the patients with closed or open reductions. The age of the patient (hazard ratio = 0.87, p = 0.008), length of immobilization (hazard ratio = 0.79, p = 0.03), and severity of the fracture (hazard ratio = 0.40, p < 0.0001) were independent predictors of recovery of elbow motion after a lateral humeral condylar fracture in children. Conclusions: An initial rapid recovery in elbow motion can be expected after a lateral humeral condylar fracture in a child, with progressive improvements for up to one year after the injury. This recovery is slower if the patient is older, has a longer period of immobilization, and has a more severe injury. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Cerebellar medulloblastoma: the importance of posterior fossa dose to survival and patterns of failure

Fifty patients with biopsy-proven cerebellar medulloblastoma were retrospectively analyzed for prognostic factors, survival and patterns of failure. Five- and ten-year actuarial survivals for the entire group were 51% and 42%. Survival and local control were significantly better for the 21 patients who received doses greater than 5000 rad to the posterior fossa (85% and 80% respectively) than for the remaining patients (38% and 38%, respectively). Significant prognostic factors included achievement of local control in the posterior fossa (p = .0001) and dose to the posterior fossa (p = .0005). Sex, age, duration of symptoms, extent of surgery and initial T-stage of disease were not significant. Posterior fossa was the predominant site of failure (71% of failures), but 10% of patients failed in the cerebrum and 12% outside the CNS. This experience confirms that survival rates of 70-80% are achievable with current treatment policies but accurate and consistent dose delivery to the posterior fossa is essential.
On Grading Religions

The idea of grading religions and placing them in an order of merit is to some repugnant, as involving a pretence to a divine perspective, whilst to others it seems entirely natural and proper, at least to the extent of their confidently assessing their own religion more highly than all others. We shall have to consider precisely what it is that might be graded, and in what respects and by what criteria. But, if we think for a moment of the entire range of religious phenomena, no one is going to maintain that they are all on the same level of value or validity. Indeed the most significant religious figures, the founders and reformers of great traditions, have invariably been deeply critical of some of the religious ideas and practices around them. Thus Gautama rejected the idea of the eternal atman or soul, which was integral to the religious thought of India in his time; the great Hebrew prophets criticised mere outward observances and sacrifices, proclaiming that what the Lord requires is to let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream’ (Amos 5:24); Jesus, in the same tradition, attacked the formalism and insincerity of some of the religious leaders of his own time who ‘tithe mint and rue and every herb, and neglect justice and the love of God’ (Luke 11:42); Muhammad rejected the polytheism of his contemporary Arabian society; Guru Nanak in India and Martin Luther in Europe attacked much in the accumulated traditions into which they were born; and so on.
Understanding adopters of audio information innovations

The use of two phone‐based audio innovations—audiotext audio information services and fax—was assessed in a probability survey of urban respondents. Support was found for the notion that social indicators are less important in the prediction of innovation use than are attitudinal and communication variables. Findings are interpreted in light of diffusion of innovation theory and research on the adoption of new technologies.
One- and two-dimensionally rough-surface radar backscatter cross section based on a stationary two-scale full-wave approach

The full wave approach is applied to one and two dimensionally rough surfaces that are characterized by Gaussian surface height probability density functions. The full wave solutions are compared with published analytical and numerical solutions for one dimensional rough surfaces. The decomposition of the rough surface into smaller and larger rough scale surfaces is not restricted by the small perturbation limitations when the two-scale full wave approach is used. Thus the mean square height of the smaller scale surface is not restricted to small values. In the small slope limit, the total rough surface is regarded as a small scale surface and the corresponding solution is given by the single scatter original full wave solution. In the high frequency limit, the total rough surface is regarded as a large scale surface and the full wave solution reduces to the physical optics solution. For the intermediate two-scale case, the radar cross sections are obtained by regarding the rough surface as an ensemble of arbitrarily oriented patches of small scale surfaces that ride upon the large scale surface. The rough surface radar cross sections are expressed as weighted sums of two cross sections. It is shown that the full wave solutions are stationary over a wide range of patch sizes.
Correction of pincer-nail deformities with autograft or homograft dermis: Modified surgical technique

The pincer-nail deformity is characterized by an excessively curved and distorted nail across the transverse dimension. Forty-nine sides (paronychial folds) were dissected off the distal phalanx periosteum with scissors and/or a small elevator. The dermis was placed between the paronychial fold and the plalanx to flatten the germinal and sterile matrix. Direct comparison of autograft dermis to homograft dermis did not show any significant differences in postcorrection appearance of the nail or relief of symptoms. Surgical time averaged 22 minutes less in those patients having reconstruction on both sides of one nail with homograft dermis.
A randomized algorithm for multipacket routing on the mesh

Abstract In this paper we present a randomized algorithm for the multipacket routing problem on an n × n mesh. The algorithm completes with high probability in at most kn + o(kn) parallel communication steps, with a queue size of k + o(k). The previous best known algorithm (Kunde and Tensi, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 11 (1991), 146-155) takes ( 5 4 ) kn + O(kn/f(n)) steps with a queue size of O(kf(n)) (for any 1 ≤ f(n) ≤ n). The algorithm that we will present is optimal with respect to queue size. The time bound is within a factor of 2 of the known lower bound.
Optical multi-token-ring networking using smart pixels with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)

This research explores architectures and design principles for monolithic optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) through the implementation of an optical multi-token-ring network testbed system. Monolithic smart pixel CMOS OEICs are of paramount importance to high performance networks, communication switches, computer interfaces, and parallel signal processing for demanding future multimedia applications. The general testbed system is called Reconfigurable Translucent Smart Pixel Array (R-Transpar) and includes a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a transimpedance receiver array, and an optoelectronic very large-scale integrated (OE-VLSI) smart pixel array. The FPGA is an Altera FLEX10K100E chip that performs logic functions and receives inputs from the transimpedance receiver array. A monolithic (OE-VLSI) smart pixel device containing an array of 4 X 4 vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) spatially interlaced with an array of 4 X 4 metal- semiconductor-metal (MSM) detectors connects to these devices and performs optical input-output functions. These components are mounted on a printed circuit board for testing and evaluation of integrated monolithic OEIC designs and various optical interconnection techniques. The system moves information between nodes by transferring 3-D optical packets in free space or through fiber image guides. The R-Transpar system is reconfigurable to test different network protocols and signal processing functions. In its operation as a 3-D multi-token-ring network, we use a specific version of the system called Transpar-Token-Ring (Transpar-TR) that uses novel time-division multiplexed (TDM) network node addressing to enhance channel utilization and throughput. Host computers interface with the system via a high-speed digital I/O board that sends commands for networking and application algorithm operations. We describe the system operation and experimental results in detail.
An Unusual Case of an Icteric Infant with Abdominal Distention

Abstract Background Jaundiced infants are uncommon in most emergency departments (EDs). Biliary rupture remains one of the more rare and less described causes of this condition. Case Report A 5-month-old male presented to our ED with scleral icterus, increasing abdominal distention, and increased irritability. A bedside ultrasound revealed a moderate amount of ascites and further imaging suggested he had a rupture of his common bile duct. Surgical exploration confirmed this and revealed the presence of choledocholithiasis, which was the likely cause of the rupture. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Biliary rupture remains a rare but serious condition in very young patients. Emergency physicians should consider bedside ultrasound as an adjunct in undifferentiated abdominal distention or jaundice in this patient population.
Productivity and uniqueness in continued word association as a function of subject creativity and stimulus properties

Summary Ninety-six male and 44 female college students gave written continued associations for 2 minutes to each of 24 stimulus words and then completed the Remote Associates Test and the Revised Art Scale No significant relationship was found between the creativity measures for either sex Few relationships, differing for males and females, were found between the creativity measures and associative productivity or uniqueness Productivity and uniqueness were found to be substantially related, and common responses occurred earlier in time than unique responses The properties of the stimulus words (frequency, form class, and slope of associative hierarchy) had marked effects on response productivity and uniqueness The study confirms the strong impact of stimulus properties on associative productivity and demonstrates similar effects on uniqueness The creativity data, yielding weaker and less consistent relationships, are in keeping with a specificity theory but lend only limited support to Mednick's associative hypotheses.
Stages of caregiving

Scales delineating the stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been published by a number of authors. These scales have been found to be extremely useful in clinical practice as well as in research on Alzheimer patients. But the care of an Alzheimer patient generally involves not only the identified patient but also a primary caregiver. Based on my work with Alzheimer patients and their families, I have recognized and described the stages of caregiving as experienced by caregivers. They are as follows:Stage 1: Coping with the initial impact of being told the diagnosis.Stage 2: To be or not to be...a caregiver?Stage 3: At-home caregiving—the long journey.Stage 4: Considering institutional placement.Stage 5: Caregiving during residential or institutional placement.Stage 6: Death of the patient—grief and relief. Stage 7: Resuming life—healing and renewal.
Spatially controlled atomic layer deposition in porous materials

We describe a technique for depositing materials at controlled depths within porous substrates based upon the passivating effect produced by one precursor to prevent the adsorption of a second precursor. For example, a surface exposed to trimethyl aluminum is not reactive toward diethyl zinc. This effect, combined with Knudsen diffusion in which the precursor exposure times dictate the depth of penetration of the deposited layer, enables spatially controlled “stripe coating” within porous supports. We demonstrate ZnO stripes in anodic alumina and model the results using Monte Carlo simulations. Etching is identified as a potential problem for certain precursor combinations.
Investigation of Mechanical Differentials as Continuously Variable Transmissions

In recent years the increasing demand for fuel efficient and less pollutant vehicles has stimulated the development of hybrid and electric vehicles. These vehicle platforms often incorporate drivetrains which utilize multiple power sources for vehicle propulsion to increase fuel mileage and reduce emissions. Understanding the torque and RPM relationship within the power transmission device used to combine power sources is fundamental to overcoming the design challenges associated with hybrid/electric vehicle platforms. Results from this research include the fundamental torque and RPM relationships that exist in a multiple-input, single-output power transmission device. Results were deduced from a test incorporating two separate power inputs into a mechanical differential, which produced a single output. Testing showed that a mechanical differential has the ability to function as an infinitely variable transmission (IVT). Additionally, recommendations for overcoming some of the challenges associated with using a mechanical differential as a multiple-input, single-output device were identified.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Macro E-Nets for Representation of Parallel Systems

An extension of Petri nets called evaluation nets (E-nets) has been developed for use in representation of computer systems. These lead to interpreted graphs for use in human communication and to machine-interpretable descriptions. They may be used as aids in development of simulations and planning of measurements for examining characteristics such as throughput, turnaround time, and utilization of resources. This paper reviews the five primitives used to form nets expressing logical interactions among tokens (or tasks) flowing through the net and system resources represented by the net. Inherent in the use of the primitives is the ability to express time delays associated with the flow of tokens through the network and the modification of attributes of these tokens. This paper extends previous work on evaluation nets through the use of macro nets that represent structures made up of the primitives, allowing compression of the net for easier understanding. The macro nets are ``open-ended'' in the sense that the user can develop new macros to suit the needs of a particular study. Evaluation nets can be used informally like flow charts or block diagrams, although they provide greater power of expression than either. They can also be used more formally to develop machine aids, e.g., for on-line editing of evaluation nets or for development of simulation programs. Some examples of evaluation nets are provided that model a CDC 6400 and the cooperation of n independent sequential processes.
Genetics in rhythm.

Rhythmic phenomena are widespread in biology. Genetic analysis of 24 hour circadian rhythms has a long history, and recent studies of circadian clock genes in Drosophila and Neurospora provide insight into clock mechanisms, including rhythm generation, clock setting by external signals and temperature compensation of rhythm. Faster biological rhythms, called ultradian rhythms, vary widely in periodicity and are likely to be generated by diverse mechanisms. In animals, ultradian rhythms are important in many neuromuscular systems, such as heartbeat, peristalsis and breathing. Recent progress has been made in the genetic analysis of heartbeat in humans and an ultradian rhythm controlling defecation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Conditions for quasistatic relaxation

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for a class of systems described by kinetic equations to exhibit quasistatic relaxation. These systems are characterized by means of their spectra (assumed discrete) and the conditions obtained are restrictions on the spectra and on transition probabilities. It is also shown that a subclass of these systems undergoes a process which has some of the properties of a phase transition, the transition temperature of a given system being determined solely by its spectrum.
An AC Electrokinetic Device for the rapid separation and detection of cancer related DNA nanoparticulate biomarkers

The ability to rapidly detect cell free circulating (cfc) DNA and other nanoparticulate disease biomarkers directly in blood is a major challenge for nanomedicine. We now show that AC Electrokinetic (ACE) microelectrode array devices can be used to rapidly isolate and detect cfc-DNA nanoparticulates directly from whole blood and other high conductance samples (plasma, serum etc.). The device shows isolation of naked DNA in water and plasma at >;500bp size and can isolate DNA down to 50 picograms in 50uL of fluid. Disease specific cfc-DNA materials could also be detected directly in blood from patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
Understanding the low-frequency variability in hydroclimatic attributes over the southeastern US

Summary Most studies on evaluating the potential in developing seasonal to interannual hydroclimatic forecasts have focused on associating low-frequency climatic conditions with basin-level precipitation/streamflow. The motivation of this study is to provide an understanding on how land surface characteristics modulate the low-frequency (interannual to decadal) variability in precipitation to develop low-frequency signal in streamflow. For this purpose, we consider basins with minimum anthropogenic impacts over southeastern United States and apply Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), a data-driven spectrum analysis tool, on annual precipitation and streamflow time series for detecting the dominant frequencies and for estimating the associated variability with them. Hypothesis test against an AR(1) process is carried out via Monte Carlo SSA for detecting significant (at 90% confidence level) low-frequency oscillations. Thus, the study investigates how the observed low-frequency oscillations in precipitation/streamflow vary over the southeastern United States and also their associations with climatic conditions. For most study basins, precipitation exhibits higher low-frequency oscillations than that of streamflow primarily due to reduction in variability by basin storage. Investigating this further, we found that the percentage variance accounted by low-frequency oscillations in streamflow being higher for larger basins which primarily indicates the increased role of climate and basin storage. To develop a fundamental understanding on how basin storage controls the low-frequency oscillations in streamflow, a simple annual hydrological model is employed to explore how the given low-frequency signal in precipitation being modified under different baseflow index conditions and groundwater residence time. Implications of these analyses relating to streamflow predictions and model calibration are also discussed.
Structural flowsheet optimization with complex investment cost functions

The optimization of process systems with complex investment cost functions, defined over several intervals of equipment sizes, operating pressures and temperatures, is addressed in this paper. The discontinuities with respect to these variables are modeled with disjunctions that are converted into tight mixed-integer constraints with the convex hull formulation for each disjunction. The efficiency of the resulting MINLP model for fixed structures is shown on a flowsheet optimization problem and compared with the big-M formulation. To address the structural optimization of process flowsheets, we propose a generalized disjunctive programming algorithm (GDP) in which the complex investment cost functions are formulated as embedded disjunctions. The GDP algorithm consists of MINLP subproblems for the optimization of fixed flowsheet structures and MILP master problems to predict new flowsheets to be optimized. The proposed algorithm is tested on the synthesis of a process network with nine units, and the synthesis of a vinyl chloride monomer production process consisting of 32 process units. It is shown that the proposed GDP algorithm is rigorous for handling discontinuities in complex cost functions, and is robust and efficient for structural flowsheet optimization problems.
Interoperability in the service of coordination: expanding practical choices for supply chain integration

Information and inventory are alternate approaches to managing uncertainty and coordination among trading partners. Application of these approaches is carried out through business processes that mediate customer/supplier relationships. These business processes vary on a continuum from tight coordination, e.g. vendor managed inventory, to loose coordination, spot-buy auctions. The value of electronic business is that it lowers the cost of implementing these business processes, and thereby expands the range of choices available to trading partners. Ideally, dyadic trading partner relationship management should be extended to whole-system supply chain coordination. Given business realities, however, supply chain change will be limited to better multiple, one-to-one relationships. A powerful mechanism for improving these relationships is the ability to inform local choice with knowledge about system-wide behaviour. To achieve this improvement, collective action is needed to develop standards in support of data interoperability. This work was done under Contract #50SBN7C1249, awarded to the Research Triangle Institute by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Breaking Containment--The Power of Narrative Knowing: Countering Silences within Traditional Special Education Research.

Special education has been critiqued for not adequately acknowledging and therefore addressing the overrepresentation of students of colour assigned disability labels. To counter the paucity of inf...
The efficacy of group therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract Twenty patients with irritable bowel syndrome underwent six weeks of group therapy incorporating behavioral and didactic techniques. Psychometric follow-up study revealed a significant reduction in dysphoric emotions despite the persistence of somatic complaints. These findings are evaluated in the context of the subjects’ cognitive styles of locus of control and field-dependence.
Preparation of macroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels by enhanced phase separation.

Abstract Macroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p(HEMA)) hydrogels were prepared in the presence of a 0.3–0.7 m NaCl solution. The pore morphology of the p(HEMA) hydrogels was dependent on the concentration of NaCl for a constant monomer solution to aqueous solution ratio. Swelling studies showed an increase in equilibrium water content and hydrogel porosity as the NaCl concentration in the polymerization medium increased from 0 to 0.7 m . The equilibrium water content, however, decreased as the NaCl concentration in the swelling medium increased. The frozen water content increased and non-frozen water decreased with an increase in the NaCl concentration in the polymerization medium. Mechanical testing indicated that the elastic modulus of the hydrogels was not affected by the increased porosity until the pores became interconnected. These data suggest that the addition of NaCl to the polymerization medium results in a multi-phase separation during fabrication that produces macroporous hydrogels of controlled morphology.
Measurements of the kapitza boundary resistance between copper and helium above the lambda transition

Abstract Kapitza boundary resistance between copper and helium was measured above TX and found to be an order of magnitude smaller than the value previously proposed. Hence it is too small to explain the disagreement between thermal conductivity theory and some previous results.
The impact of warm ischaemia on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

Authors from Cleveland assessed the impact of warm ischaemia on renal function, using their large database of laparoscopic partial nephrectomies for tumour. While agreeing that renal hilar clamping is essential for precise excision of the tumour, and other elements of the operation, the authors indicate that warm ischaemia may potentially damage the kidney. However, they found that there were virtually no clinical sequelae from warm ischaemic of up to 30 min. They also found that advancing age and pre-existing renal damage increased the risk of postoperative renal damage. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of warm ischaemia on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) for tumour, and to evaluate the influence of various risk factors on renal function. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were analysed from 179 patients undergoing LPN for renal tumour under warm ischaemic conditions, with clamping of the renal artery and vein. Renal function was primarily evaluated in two groups of patients: 15 with tumour in a solitary kidney, who were evaluated by serial serum creatinine measurements; and 12 with two functioning kidneys undergoing unilateral LPN, and evaluated by renal scintigraphy before and 1 month after LPN to quantify differential renal function. Also, in all 179 patients, mean serum creatinine data at baseline, 1 day after LPN, at hospital discharge, and at the last follow-up were provided as supportive evidence. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the effect of various risk factors on renal function after LPN, i.e. patient age, baseline serum creatinine, tumour size, solitary kidney status, duration of warm ischaemia, pelvicalyceal suture repair, urine output and intravenous fluids during LPN. RESULTS In the group of patients with a solitary kidney the mean warm ischaemia time was 29 min, kidney parenchyma excised 29%, and serum creatinine at baseline, discharge, the peak after LPN and at the last follow-up (mean 4.8 months) 1.3, 2.3, 2.8, and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively. One patient (6.6%) required temporary dialysis. In the second group, assessed by renal scintigraphy, the function of the operated kidney was reduced by a mean of 29%, commensurate with the amount of parenchyma excised. For all 179 patients, a combination of age ≥70 years and a serum creatinine level after LPN of ≥1.5 mg/dL correlated with a higher serum creatinine after LPN. On logistic regression, baseline serum creatinine and solitary kidney status were the only variables significant for serum creatinine status after LPN. CONCLUSIONS The bloodless field provided by renal hilar clamping is important for precise tumour excision, pelvicalyceal suture repair and securing parenchymal haemostasis during LPN. However, renal hilar clamping causes warm ischaemia. These data indicate that the clinical sequelae of warm ischaemic renal injury of ≈ 30 min are minimal. Advancing age and pre-existing azotaemia increase the risk of renal dysfunction after LPN, especially when the warm ischaemia exceeds 30 min.
High-strain dislocation patterning, texture formation and shear banding of wavy glide materials in the LEDS theory

Abstract In the course of plastic deformation, dislocations are trapped into positions of mutual stress-screening, i.e. L ow- E nergy D islocation S tructures (LEDS's), in which their energy per unit line length is U d ≅ [Gb2(1−(1 − v)]In(RLEDS/b) with RLEDS the near-neighbor dislocation distance. As a class, the most common LEDS's are dislocation rotation boundaries separating misoriented volume elements. They form the so widely observed mosaic block alias dislocation cell structures of “wavy glide” materials. However, because the glide paths of dislocations terminate where they are trapped, dislocation rotation walls are the locations of abrupt strain gradients whose associated stresses increase with their misorientation angle as well as angle of inclination against the averaged shearing direction, i.e. the slip lines in the sense of continuum plasticity theory. With increasing misorientation angle, therefore, the dislocation boundaries rotate towards the macroscopic slip planes, e.g. in sheet rolling initially to be inclined about ± 40 ° to the rolling plane (10). They delineate irregular slabs which eventually may become homologous with the macroscopically imposed strain (5), i.e. in rolling nearly parallel to the rolling plane, in torsion normal to the torsion axis. As the 2nd law of thermodynamics favors the lowest possible U d , and thus the lowest possible RLEDS and largest rotation angle, there is no limit to the dislocation density in the walls, but new low-angle walls, seen as cell walls roughly normal to the high angle walls, are continuously formed through bending strains in the slabs (8). On account of their relatively long link lengths, the fresh cell walls constantly provide an unlimited supply of glide dislocations at a relatively small flow stress, assuring a low workhardening rate. However, as soon as they are formed, also the new cell walls trap dislocations, thereby increasing their rotation angle, and begin to rotate towards parallellity with the slip lines. In the process the average thickness, D, of the slabs progressively diminishes in line with the empirical formula D = KGb/(τ-τ0). Meanwhile the higher-angle walls channel the glide in the slabs between them which is the cause of metallographic slip bands and can lead to shear-banding. Thus latently shear-banding is always present without any mechanical instability. The mutually misoriented lattice orientations in the slabs comprise the texture components. Since the rotation boundaries are overwhelmingly composed of trapped glide dislocations their morphology, and thus the resulting textures, depend on availability of slip systems, three-dimensional dislocation mobility and initial crystal orientation. It is presumed, but still requires proof, that on account of the 2nd law the actually realized textures embody the largest possible misorientation angles compatible with the boundary conditions.
Hospital use by adolescents and young adults.

Abstract This article provides a descriptive profile of hospital use by adolescents (10–14 and 15–18 years of age) and young adults (19–24 years) based on the 1987 National Hospital Discharge Survey. During 1987, nearly 5 million adolescents and young adult patients were discharged from short-stay hospitals. The discharge rate for adolescents was 56.5 per 1000 compared to 127.0 per 1000 for young adults. Two diagnostic categories—complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium; and injury and poisoning—together accounted for 24% of discharges for patients aged 10–14 years, 51% for patients aged 15–18 years, and 65% for patients aged 19–24 years. Average length of stay varied substantially by age and diagnosis; that for adolescents averaged 1.1 days longer than that for young adults and for other age groups and was longest for mental disorders. Between 1980–1981 and 1986–1987, the rates of hospitalization for mental disorders increased markedly, particularly among adolescents aged 15–18 years with the diagnoses of adjustment reaction and disturbance of conduct, and psychosis, neurosis, and personality disorders. Hospitalizations for substance abuse increased most among young adults during this time period. Must adolescents and young adults relied on private health insurance as their primary payment source, followed by Medicaid. Still, there was no insurance coverage to pay for hospital bills for 729,000 discharges in 1987. Implications of these findings are discussed. Briefly, examining hospitalization patterns by narrower age intervals elucidates important differences by age, sex, diagnostic category, and expected source of payment. Prevention efforts to reduce injury and unintended pregnancies among adolescents and young adults could have a substantial impact on reducing hospitalizations among this age group. Finally, further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of short-term inpatient stays versus alternative therapeutic approaches for the growing number of adolescents and young adults with mental health disorders, including alcohol and drug abuse.
From small fluctuations to large-scale phase separation: Lateral organization in model membranes containing cholesterol

Macroscopic coexisting liquid phases are readily observed in certain model membranes containing cholesterol and at least two other lipid components. Recent fluorescence microscopy and deuterium NMR work indicates that submicron fluctuations are also found, in vesicles with near-critical lipid compositions. In principle, the magnitude of critical fluctuations can be controlled by changing temperature, or through other means of shifting the phase boundary such as including impurities or cross-linking components. Critical fluctuations are dynamic submicron domains in model membranes, and provide a plausible physical mechanism to produce putative 'raft' domains in cholesterol-rich biomembranes.
A study on tone statistics in Chinese names

This paper describes a study on tone statistics of peoples' names in Mandarin Chinese. The problem was brought out when we tried to apply an English version of a speech recognizer to a Chinese voice tag dialing task. The questions were: (1) How serious is the tone-confusable problem in a Chinese voice tag dialing system? (2) Do we need to enhance the recognizer to properly recognize tonal languages? To gain more information, we studied a Chinese name database consisting of 1.6 million names. The statistical analysis shows the potential for a problem with tone-confusable names in a Mandarin voice tag dialing system. We developed a tone enhancement approach to turn an English speech recognizer to a tonal language speech recognizer. We performed benchmark testing to compare recognition performance of an English version speech recognizer and a tone-enhanced version, both working on a small database of Chinese names. Then we did a pseudo-recognition analysis for the large Chinese voice tag database. From this analysis we conclude that enhancing an English version speech recognizer to add tonal recognition capabilities would improve recognition of Chinese names, reducing the recognition error rate by 10-20%.
Highly aligned ribbon-shaped Pd nanoparticle assemblies by spontaneous organization

We report a simple solution-phase method to fabricate one-dimensional ribbon-shaped Pd nanoparticle assemblies. A remarkable feature of this approach is that no templates are required to produce the long uniform Pd nanoribbons. More importantly, the produced Pd nanoribbons can be easily aligned and immobilized on Si surfaces or other insulating substrates for future nanodevice fabrication.
Recent developments in microvascular angina.

Microvascular angina (Syndrome X) is an extremely heterogeneous clinical entity that is the product of genetic, coronary microvascular, metabolic, and clinical factors, which combine together to produce distinct cardiac manifestations and complications. The interactions of these abnormalities remain poorly understood. The diagnosis is considered in patients with anginal symptoms and no epicardial coronary narrowing. Therapy is also problematic, with β-blockers as first-line pharmacotherapy followed by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers.
Steroid-induced osteoporosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by a reduction in bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, enhanced bone fragility, and a consequent increase in fracture risk. 21 In the United States, OP affects approximately 20 to 25 million people, and there are an estimated 1.5 million OP-related fractures every year. 78 OP is thus a common clinical problem and often complicates inflammatory disease. The true incidence of OP in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unknown, however. Because of their extensive use, glucocorticoids (GCs) are thought to be the most frequent cause of drug-related OP 65 and may be responsible for much of the bone loss in lupus. This article focuses on the mechanisms of GC-induced OP in SLE and outlines strategies for prevention and treatment.
Chromatic Transients in the Photosynthesis of a Green Alga.

Characteristic variations of 02 production have been observed on changing the illumination of photosynthetic tissue from one wave length to another, even though the steady state of photosynthesis became the same in each case. These were designated "chromatic transients" (1). They were first found in red algae (e.g., Porphyra) where they amounted to some 10 to 15 % of the steady rate, on alternating the illumination from 675 mnu (chlorophyll a absorption peak in the living tissue) to 540 or 560 mA (phyco-erythrin maxima). These transients were at first thought to be absent in green or brown algae, but have now been found in comparable magnitude in the marine green alga, Ulva. These will be described in the present paper, which is dedicated to the memory of Robert Emerson, and his brilliant work on the role of various pigments in photosynthesis.
Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP) in the rat ovary and testis.

A steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP) has previously been identified in the rat adrenal cortex (Pedersen and Brownie, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (1983) 1882-1886). This factor apparently facilitates the association of mitochondrial cholesterol with the cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450, a reaction which is generally regarded as rate-controlling in the steroid biosynthetic pathway. The same preparative techniques have now been applied in a search for this material in other rat tissues. Among those investigated, the ovary and testis demonstrate significant concentrations of a factor which is biologically and chromatographically similar to adrenal SAP. In the immature ovary the activator becomes manifest after priming with PMSG and rises dramatically during hCG-stimulated luteinization, an increase which can be blunted with cycloheximide. In the adult rat testis it is increased acutely by treatment with hCG or dibutyryl cAMP and is diminished in response to hypophysectomy or cycloheximide. At approximately equivalent concentrations (10(-7) M), preparations of the activator from the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the superovulated ovary each enhance the activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage in adrenocortical mitochondria by 5- to 6-fold over basal controls. We conclude that steroidogenic organs share a similar or identical intracellular modulator of cholesterol----pregnenolone conversion which is under pituitary control.
Facilitative glucose transporters

Facilitative glucose transport is mediated by members of the Glut protein family that belong to a much larger superfamily of 12 transmembrane segment transporters. Six members of the Glut family have been described thus far. These proteins are expressed in a tissue- and cell-specific manner and exhibit distinct kinetic and regulatory properties that reflect their specific functional roles. Glut1 is a widely expressed isoform that provides many cells with their basal glucose requirement. It also plays a special role in transporting glucose across epithelial and endothelial barrier tissues. Glut2 is a high-K m isoform expressed in hepatocytes, pancreatic β cells, and the basolateral membranes of intestinal and renal epithelial cells. It acts as a high-capacity transport system to allow the uninhibited (non-rate-limiting) flux of glucose into or out of these cell types. Glut3 is a low-K m isoform responsible for glucose uptake into neurons. Glut4 is expressed exclusively in the insulin-sensitive tissues, fat and muscle. It is responsible for increased glucose disposal in these tissues in the postprandial state and is important in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Glut5 is a fructose transporter that is abundant in spermatozoa and the apical membrane of intestinal cells. Glut7 is the transporter present in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that allows the flux of free glucose out of the lumen of this organelle after the action of glucose-6-phosphatase on glucose 6-phosphate. This review summarizes recent advances concerning the structure, function, and regulation of the Glut proteins.
Transient responses of m-derived filters

Abstract The analytic expressions of the unit-impulse and the unit-step responses ofthe classical m-derived and the composite filters are derived. The equations have been computed by means of an IBM 360 Model 44 digital computer. Normalized curves of the unit-step response are presented. They are completely universal and can be applied to specific situations by rescaling the axes.
No Harm, No Foul?: An Argument for theAllowance of Punitive Damages WithoutCompensatory Damages Under42 U.S.C. § 1981a

I. Introduction The 1991 Civil Rights Act dramatically changed the recovery system for victims of sex discrimination in the workplace.1 Specifically, sec 1981a2 of the amendments granted a statutory right of compensatory and punitive damages to employees who are victims of intentional sex discrimination.3 This right to compensatory and punitive damages represents a significant departure from the remedies previously available under Title VII, which limited recovery to remedies such as back-pay and an injunction for reinstatement.4 Although sec 1981a incorporates legal remedies into intentional sex discrimination suits, Congress imposed caps on the amount of damages available in these suits.5 These caps have created a federal remedy for intentional sex discrimination that lies between a fully compensatory remedy under tort law and the limited remedies that existed under Title VII prior to sec 1981a's enactment.6 Partly for this reason, courts are divided over whether a plaintiff can recover punitive damages without proving compensatory damages under sec 1981a.7 Traditionally, common law has dictated that a plaintiff cannot recover punitive damages without compensatory damages.8 Moreover, in light of due process concerns, punitive damages are becoming more controversial.9 However, as a statutory remedy, the damages provision under 1981 a contains certain restrictions that may eliminate the need to apply these common law and due process limitations to punitive damages under sec 1981a.10 Furthermore, the Supreme Court has articulated a standard for awarding punitive damages under sec 1981a that must enter into this mix.11 These facts, along with the high number of employment discrimination cases facing courts today, indicate a likelihood of further division among the circuit courts over whether punitive damages may stand without compensatory damages under sec 1981a.12 It has been argued that a plaintiff should be entitled to recover punitive damages without compensatory damages under the analogy that a plaintiff suing under sec 1983 13 for a civil rights deprivation normally may recover punitive damages without compensatory damages.14 Both statutes address civil rights violations; however, significant differences between sec 1981a and sec 1983 make the analogy inapplicable.15 As such, the argument for punitive damages without compensatory damages under sec 1981a16 stands independent of a 1983 analysis.17 This argument can be made through an examination of common restrictions on punitive damages and their application to sec 1981 a as well as through an analysis of Kolstad v. American Dental Ass'n,18 in which the Supreme Court outlined the standard for awarding punitive damages under sec 1981a.19 This Note argues that a plaintiff may recover punitive damages without compensatory damages under sec 1981a. First, this Note briefly examines federal remedies historically available for employment discrimination. …
The Control of the Reptilian Gonad

In reptiles, there is adequate evidence to indicate environmental control of the ovarian cycle through hvpothalamic pathways and the subsequent release of tropic hormone (s) from the anterior pituitary. The role of the pineal-parietal complex still remains to be elucidated. In the hypothalamus there appear to be steroid sensitive areas and both progesterone and estrogen appear to have important feedback influences upon gonadal growth ovulation, and ovarian steroid production. Cytological studies of the reptilian pituitary indicate similar cell types to those observed in mammalian pituitaries, but thus far, two gonadotrophs cannot be identified with any certainty. Chemical and biological studies of the action of mammalian gonadotropuis suggest that in reptiles hormones which are FSH-like in mammals are able to stimulate gonadal development, ovulation, and steroid biosynthesis under certain conditions. Preliminary studies of the chemistry of turtle gonadotropuis have so far demonstrated only one active principle, which is chemically similar to mammalian LH, but is far more active than the latter hormone in reptilian systems. Further, the hormone also has FSH-like activity in the reptile. Thus reptilian gonadal development can be stimulated by treatment with a variety of mammalian gonadotropins. Recent studies have indicited an important role for growth hormone, acting in concert with gonadotropin and estrogen in the regulation of vitellogenesis and ovarian growth. Piolactin appears to be an antigonadal agent in reptiles, as does progesterone. The exact manner in which these hormones exert their antigonadal action remains to be clarified, but at least one site of action is the central nervous system; other sites maybe the liver and the fat depot. Ovarian tissue from reptiles is able to synthesize and secrete steioid hormones by pathways similar to those present in mammalian ovaries. Circulating levels of estrogen have not been measured, but progesterone levels in the blood show distinct changes assocnted with pregnancy and the presence of corpora lutea in the ovary.