cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction time of motor responses in two-stimulus paradigms involving deception and congruity with varying levels of difficulty.

Deception research has focused on identifying peripheral nervous system markers while ignoring cognitive mechanisms underlying those markers. Cognitive theorists argue that the process of deception may involve such constructs as attentional capture, working memory load, or perceived incongruity with memory, while psychophysiologists argue for stimulus salience, arousal, and emotion. Three studies were conducted to assess reaction time (RT) in relation to deception, response congruity, and preparedness to deceive. Similar to a semantic verification task, participants evaluated sentences that were either true or false, and then made truthful or deceptive evaluations of the sentence’s base truth-value. Findings indicate that deceptive responses have a longer RT than truthful responses, and that this relationship remains constant across response type and preparedness to deceive. The authors use these findings in preliminary support of a comprehensive cognitive model of deception.
Genetic variation in bean bacterial pathogens

In this review, genetic variation has been reported in bacterial pathogens of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Xanthomonas phaseoli, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, corynebacterium flaccumfaciens, and Pseudomonas syringae based on degrees of virulence and cultural characteristics. P. phaseolicola, which was reported as consisting of 2 races, was found to comprise numerous strains. A correlation between appearance on special culture medium and virulence was reported for strains of X. phaseoli. Occurrence of the bacterial pathogens complicates control through breeding and maintaining resistant cultivars.
Dynamic buckling of an inelastic column

Abstract A quasi-bifurcation theory, for systems subject to configuration-dependent forces, is employed to analyze the dynamic buckling behavior of an inelastic column hinged at both ends. Numerical results are presented and show that only certain eigenmodes of motion predominate at a time, as well as terminally depending on the nature of the time-dependent eigenvalues which, in turn, depend on the geometry, material properties and the loading history of the column.
Electromemical Sample Contamination from Aqueous V (III) Oxygen Scrubbers

Abstract We recommend that attention be given to the possibility of sample contamination in trace level electrochemical experiments when classical aqueous oxygen scrubbers are used. Although fresh electrolyte or water pre-saturators can be used to minimize ion carryover by aerosol spray, mercury vapor is still present in the gas stream. Many electrochemists now use solid catalysts (such as BASF R3-11, Badische Anilin and Soda-Fabrik), and their use, or that of pre-purified gases, are recommended to avoid such problems with purge gases in trace electroanalyses.
Dismantling the Cryptococcus coat

Drs D'Souza and Heitman make several interesting points on capsule synthesis in Cryptococcus neoformans. In response, I would like to emphasize that, as well as ‘classical and modern molecular genetics’ being required for understanding capsule synthesis, other approaches will be important. For example, biophysical and imaging techniques could help elucidate the organization of the cryptococcal capsule or the conformation of specific capsular polysaccharides. Although the former area might be informed and advanced by studies of mutants with defects in capsule construction, it is hard to imagine how the latter might be addressed by genetic approaches. Additionally, as D'Souza and Heitman point out, genetic analysis has clearly implicated several gene products in capsule synthesis, but we remain in the dark as to their functions. So, beyond the valuable information to be gleaned from gene-array technologies and genome sequence, I stress that this must be complemented by biochemistry, cell biology and biophysics for a full understanding of the complexities of capsule synthesis and regulation.
A nomogram to evaluate time/cost, grid size, and survey interval for archaeological investigations

A simple nomogram, which facilitates rapid time/cost estimates for archaeological and archaeometry surveys, is presented and discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BRUCELLOSIS AND THE BRITISH FARMER

Abstract In one area of South West Wales, thirty cases of brucellosis presented over a 16-month period. Most of these patients were farmers or farmworkers, and two cases are described in detail. It is suggested that the risk of human infection with Brucella abortus has increased as a result of the accredited-herds scheme.
Aircraft Observations of a Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal off the California Coast

Abstract The summertime marine atmospheric boundary layer off the California coast is normally characterized by northerly winds associated with the Pacific high. This pattern is occasionally disturbed by episodes of southerly winds and a finger of fog or low stratus adjacent to the coastline extending approximately 100 km offshore. These events propagate northward along the coast with speeds between 5 and 12 m s−1 and have a life span of several days. These occurrences have been referred to as coastally trapped wind reversals (CTWRs), coastally trapped disturbances, or southerly surges. The CTWR event of 22–25 June 2006 was explored by the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft to document the physical characteristics of the wind reversal in an attempt to infer the forcing mechanisms responsible for the propagation. Two flights from 23 June are presented that are representative of the CTWR during its mature stage. Sawtooth maneuvers depict the CTWR vertical structure, and isobaric legs directly ...
On Parametric Obligation Policies: Enabling Privacy-Aware Information Lifecycle Management in Enterprises

Enterprises that collect and process personal data must deal with related privacy management issues. It is not just a matter of privacy-aware access control: privacy obligation policies, dictating duties and expectations on how personal data has to be handled, must be considered too. The management of obligation policies is a promising area but it is still underestimated. Enterprises require solutions that enable automation and can leverage their current identity management solutions. HP Labs have been working on this topic in the last few years, also in the context of the EU PRIME project. In this paper we present our recent work on parametric obligation policies and a related obligation management framework to deal with a scalable management of these policies on large amounts of data, stored in distributed data repositories.
The thresholds of change model: An approach to analyzing stages of change data,,

Stage models are prominent in research describing health behavior change. Since stage models often propose that different factors have varying influences on membership in the different stage, statistical methods that can estimate the thresholds that separate the stages and the relative value of variables in influencing these thresholds are useful. This article describes use of a “thresholds of change” model for analyzing the thresholds separating stages and specifically for examining the effects of explanatory variables on these thresholds using a generalization of an ordinal logistic (or probit) regression model. Data from a skin cancer prevention study (N=3,185) in which participants were grouped into three stages for sunscreen use (precontemplation, contemplation, and action) are used to illustrate the Thresholds of Change Model. For this example, two thresholds exist: a contemplation (between precontemplation and contemplation) and an action threshold (between contemplation and action). Variables examined include gender, skin type, perceived susceptibility to sunburn, worry about skin cancer, and sun protection self-efficacy. We examine models that assume that the effects of these variables are the same across thresholds, and then allow the effects of these variables to vary across thresholds. Results indicate that perceived susceptibility has an equal effect on both thresholds, but that worry and self-efficacy have differential effects: worry exerts a greater influence on the contemplation threshold, whereas self-efficacy has a significantly stronger effect on the action threshold. Gender also has a stronger effect on the action threshold; males were less likely to be classified in the action stage than females. This analytic approach has broad applications to many types of stage data.
RASCor: An associative hardware algorithm for real time stereo

Solving the stereo correspondence problem is an important step towards extraction of three dimensional structure of a scene from two or more images taken from distinct viewpoints. This paper presents a hardware solution to real time stereo matching problem using system of associative relations (SOAR) computational model. SOAR makes use of direction of derivatives for capturing pair-wise pixel interactions and uses pair-wise interactions to determine the underlying structure of associations. Pair-wise pixel interactions are defined over structures called Tokens. The hardware stereo matching solution developed in this study utilizes direction of derivatives to encode inter-pixel associations and implements a real time stereo matching solution. RASCor is realized on an FPGA platform and offers real time stereo matching using hardware parallelism and process pipelining. Real time stereo matching is achieved through hardware unit multiplicity and frequency scaling. The cost of hardware implementation is presented along with performance improvements from frequency scaling, unit multiplicity and search depth for stereo matching.
Internet Metaphors Matter.

Computer metaphors are taken for granted and thus powerfully guide the way in which teachers work with students. Redefinition of our guiding metaphor is vital in taking the distance out of education.
Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood from patients with untreated new‐onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis reveals molecular heterogeneity that may predict macrophage activation syndrome

Objective Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is frequently associated with the development of macrophage activation syndrome. This study was undertaken to better understand the relationship between systemic JIA and macrophage activation syndrome. Methods Gene expression profiles were examined in 17 patients with untreated new-onset systemic JIA, 5 of whom showed evidence of subclinical macrophage activation syndrome (of whom 2 eventually developed overt macrophage activation syndrome). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated on Ficoll gradients, and purified RNA was analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip expression arrays. A fraction of the PBMCs were used for flow cytometry to define the cellular composition of the samples. Results Two hundred twenty-five differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05) that distinguished patients with systemic JIA from healthy controls (n = 30) were identified. Clustering analysis indicated that expression patterns correlated with serum ferritin levels. Three main clusters distinguished systemic JIA patients with highly elevated ferritin levels (including those with subclinical macrophage activation syndrome) from those with normal or only moderately elevated ferritin levels. The first cluster comprised genes involved in the synthesis of hemoglobins and structural proteins of erythrocytes. This transcriptional profile was consistent with immature nucleated red blood cells, likely reflective of high red blood cell turnover. Also included were transcripts indicating immature granulocytes. The second cluster was enriched for genes involved in cell cycle regulation. The third cluster was enriched for genes involved in innate immune responses, including those involved in the negative regulation of Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 receptor–triggered inflammatory cascades and markers of the alternative pathway of macrophage differentiation. Additional differentially expressed genes of interest were those involved in the cytolytic pathway, including SH2D1A and Rab27a. Conclusion These data indicate that gene expression profiling can be a useful tool for identifying early macrophage activation syndrome in patients with systemic JIA.
Enhanced gray and white matter contrast of phase susceptibility-weighted images in ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose To evaluate if magnetic susceptibility sensitive phase postprocessed images can be used to enhance the inherent brain/gray white matter contrast in gradient echo (GE) images at 8-Tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR). Materials and Methods Phase and magnitude images of high-resolution GE MR 8-T images were created. Comparisons were made between the magnitude, the product of the magnitude and phase, and pure phase images. Results The pure phase images significantly improved the contrast between the gray and white matter structures. In general, the higher the iron content or subvoxel field inhomogeneities, the higher was the contrast, and the greater were the resultant phase shifts. The phase images best demonstrated anatomy that was not apparent on the standard magnitude images. Conclusion Phase imaging can significantly improve the demonstration of the internal anatomical brain structures over standard magnitude GE imaging techniques at high field. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:284–290. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Stress-activated Protein Kinases p38α and JNK1 Stabilize p21Cip1 by Phosphorylation

Stress signals activate the SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK classes of protein kinases, which mediate cellular responses, including steps in apoptosis and the maturation of some cell types. We now show that stress signals initiated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induce G1 arrest through protein stabilization of the CDK inhibitor p21Cip1. TGF-β1 was previously shown to increase p21 protein levels, which in turn mediated G1 arrest through inactivation of the CDK2-cyclin E complex in HD3 cells (Yan, Z., Kim, G.-Y., Deng, X., and Friedman, E. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9870–9879). We now demonstrate that the increase in p21 abundance is caused by a post-transcriptional, SMAD-independent mechanism. TGF-β1 activated p38α and JNK1, which initiated the phosphorylation of p21. TGF-β1 treatment increased the half-life of p21 by 3–4-fold. The increase in p21 stability was detected following activation of p38α and JNK1, and treatment of cells with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 prevented this increase in p21 stability. p38α and JNK1 phosphorylated p21 in vivo, and both p38α and JNK1 phosphorylated p21 at Ser130in vitro. Peptide mapping demonstrated that both TGF-β1 and p38α induced phosphorylation of p21 at Ser130in vivo, and mutation of Ser130 to alanine rendered p21 less stable than wild-type p21. TGF-β1 increased the stability of wild-type p21, but not the p21-S130A mutant. These findings demonstrate that SAPKs can mediate cell cycle arrest through post-translational modification of p21.
Fifteen-minute comprehensive alcohol risk survey: reliability and validity across American Indian and White adolescents

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT. OBJECTIVE: American Indians (AIs) suffer from significant alcohol-related health disparities, and increased risk begins early. This study examined the reliability and validity of measures to be used in a preventive intervention trial. Reliability and validity across racial/ethnic subgroups are crucial to evaluate intervention effectiveness and promote culturally appropriate evidence-based practice. METHOD: To assess reliability and validity, we used three baseline surveys of high school students participating in a preventive intervention trial within the jurisdictional service area of the Cherokee Nation in northeastern Oklahoma. The 15-minute alcohol risk survey included 16 multi-item scales and one composite score measuring key proximal, primary, and moderating variables. Forty-four percent of the students indicated that they were AI (of whom 82% were Cherokee), including 23% who reported being AI only (n = 435) and 18% both AI and White (n = 352). Forty-seven percent reported being White only (n = 901). RESULTS: Scales were adequately reliable for the full sample and across race/ethnicity defined by AI, AI/White, and White subgroups. Among the full sample, all scales had acceptable internal consistency, with minor variation across race/ethnicity. All scales had extensive to exemplary test-retest reliability and showed minimal variation across race/ethnicity. The eight proximal and two primary outcome scales were each significantly associated with the frequency of alcohol use during the past month in both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal models, providing support for both criterion validity and predictive validity. For most scales, interpretation of the strength of association and statistical significance did not differ between the racial/ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the reliability and validity of scales of a brief questionnaire measuring risk and protective factors for alcohol use among AI adolescents, primarily members of the Cherokee Nation. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 76, 133-142, 2015). Language: en
Changes in malignant phenotype of a human carcinoma conditioned by growth environment

The human epidermoid carcinoma HEp3 exhibits highly malignant growth in chicken embryos that disappears progressively in cell culture. When studied by clonal analysis, loss of tumorigenicity was apparent within 20 generations and essentially complete after 40 generations in culture; affected all clones; and occurred under conditions which excluded the selection of variants based on superior growth rate in culture. Once ostensibly lost, the malignant phenotype reappeared after prolonged exposure of nontumorigenic cells to in vivo conditions. This similarly affected all clones assayed over a wide range of inoculum sizes. There was no evidence that HEp3 populations were heterogeneous with respect to tumorigenicity, or that the results were due to preferential selection of genetically determined subpopulations. It is suggested that the malignant phenotype of HEp3 is expressed in response to conditions in the physiological environment.
Commemoration in America: Essays on Monuments, Memorialization, and Memory David Gobel and Daves Rossell, Editors. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.

Commemoration in America: Essays on Monuments, Memorialization, and Memory David Gobel and Daves Rossell, Editors. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.The United States exists as a monumental culture, treading the boundary between memory and forgetting in contested commemorations of losses, victories, civic religions, civil wars, and lost causes. The nation's most famous discursive memorial-Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address"-admonishes the listener that no gesture can consecrate the blood-soaked battlefield. And yet, the drive to memorialize is born before the last corpse grows cold; prescriptive protocols about the means of memory begin soon after. In this context, David Gobel and Daves Rossell's edited collection, Commemoration in America: Essays on Monuments, Memorialization, and Memory, offers resistance to the primary illusion of monumentality: the notion that memorials produce "fixity" of meaning (2).Each of the twelve essays it curates provides powerful case studies and compelling arenas of inquiry, but this review focuses on only a few in the interest of brevity. Dell Upton's "Why Do Contemporary Monuments Talk so Much?" diagnoses the central problematic of contemporary monuments: the logorrhea, or excessive language, that expresses a supreme "lack of confidence in the ability of visual images to convey their messages" (12). Offering three axioms on the nature of memorials-that they order audiences to "remember in a certain light" (12), exist as an artifact of the moment of production rather than the event they commemorate, and reflect the agendas of "interested parties" who promote their values as those of a neutral, national public-Upton demonstrates that logorrhea seeks to foreclose meaning and consolidate the monument into a monolith.Mark A. Peterson's "Stone Witnesses, Dumb Pictures, and Voices from the Grave: Objects, Images, and Collective Memory in Early Boston" illuminates the tension between memory and materiality among Puritans, one of the most linguistically fixated of the nation's cultures. Reading the anagrams that Puritans made from the names of the dead, as well as the changing conventions of gravestones and portraiture, Peterson interprets New England's complex relationship to death in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Ultimately, he concludesby locating the resolution to Puritan ambivalence in the poetry of two sons of Massachusetts: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Surely one of Peterson's finest accomplishments is a fresh reading of the "shot heard round the world" and the "midnight ride of Paul Revere" that have long since passed into American mythology. …
Anode heat transfer for a flowing argon plasma at elevated electron temperature

Theoretical investigation of heat transfer from a preionized gaseous plasma flowing over an anode surface at an elevated electron temperature in the presence of an electric field normal to the surface. A laminar boundary layer is considered in which only the velocity profile is locally similar and fluid properties are assumed to change uniformly in the gas flow direction. Results obtained by an approximation method show that for moderate current densities, the velocity and temperature distributions are insensitive to current. In addition, the effect of elevated electron temperature is negligible on convective heat transfer, but is significant for the overall heat transfer due to the enthalpy transport by current. Total heat flux to the anode is obtained by evaluating the Nusselt number and adding terms due to the potential drop in the sheath and the surface work function.
Longevity validation of the LOLA laser design by extended vacuum testing of the LOLA engineering model laser

The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) is one of seven instruments aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft with the objectives to determine the global topography of the lunar surface at high resolution, measure landing site slopes and search for polar ices in shadowed regions. The LOLA laser transmitter is a passively Q-switched crossed-Porro resonator. All components used in the laser have space flight heritage. The flight laser bench houses two oscillators (a primary and a cold spare) that are designed to operate sequentially during the mission. If the primary laser can no longer provide adequate scientific data products, the secondary laser will be turned on. The baseline mission calls for LOLA (and LRO) to spend about one year studying the Moon. Since LOLA operates at 28 Hz, the laser system needs to produce approximately one billion pulses during the primary one year mission. To validate that the LOLA laser design is capable of meeting this requirement, the LOLA Engineering Model (EM) laser has been subjected to extended operation testing in vacuum. In this paper we will summarize the longevity validation test effort of the LOLA EM laser.
A 2-O-methylfucose moiety is present in the lipo-oligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Abstract Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a soil bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the agronomically important legume soybean. Microscopic observation of plant roots showed that butanol extract of B. japonicum strain USDA110 cultures induced for nod gene expression elicited root hair deformation, an early event in the nodulation process. The metabolite produced by B. japonicum responsible for root hair deformation activity was purified. Chemical analysis of the compound revealed it to be a pentasaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine modified by a C18:1 fatty acyl chain at the nonreducing end. In these respects, the B. japonicum metabolite is similar to the lipo-oligosaccharide signals described from Rhizobium species. However, the B. japonicum compound is unique in that an additional sugar, 2-O-methylfucose, is linked to the reducing end. Comparative analysis of the B. japonicum Nod metabolite and those characterized from Rhizobium species suggests that the presence of the fucosyl residue plays an important role in the specificity of the B. japonicum-soybean symbiosis. The availability of the purified B. japonicum nodulation signal should greatly facilitate further studies of soybean nodulation.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of certain quadratic invariants under a phylogenetic tree

Invariants are functions of the probabilities of state configurations among lineages, with expected values equal to zero under certain phylogenies. For two-state sequences, the existence of certain quadratic invariants requires a symmetric substitution model. For sequences with more than two states, the necessary condition for the existence of certain quadratic invariants in terms of independent events is much stronger than symmetry. For DNA sequences, only three parameters are allowed in the substitution model, which includes Kimura's two-parameter model as a special case.
Differences between Puerto Rican and Anglo-American secondary school students in their perception of relational modalities

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of a study which compared Puerto Rican and Anglo-American perceptual relational modalities. More specifically, the study explored comparatively the relational perceptions towards authority, peers and the supernatural. The latter is included since it may have an impact in their perceptions of human relations. Significant differences were found in their perceptions of authority and the supernatural. No differences were found in the competition dimension. No differences were found between Puerto Ricans born on the mainland and Puerto Ricans who recently arrived. One of the main goals of cross-cultural research, as it applies to the field of education and training, is to facilitate the elicitation and identification of conflicting factors which may impede effective communication, learning, and a positive adaptation to the new cultural environment. Consequently, cross-cultural research results can allow for the development and implementation of curricula designed to promote positive change. In light of this, the purpose of the present paper is to report on the findings of a study which examined Puerto Rican and Anglo-American perceptions of relational modalities. More specifically, the paper examines the perception of Puerto Rican and “Anglo” students' relationship towards authority, peers, and the supernatural. The latter is included since it may have an impact in their perception of human relations. Unlike linguistic or behavioral aspects of culture, these relational perceptions are abstract systems of preferences which are rather difficult to identify. While linguistic conflict may be easier to define and observe within the realm of the school, the potential conflict originating from the clash between perception differences is hidden from obvious description. Consequently, they need to be identified as potential sources of cultural conflict and as potential variables affecting behavior and learning.
Inhibition of Human Cytochrome P450 1A1-, 1A2-, and 1B1-Mediated Activation of Procarcinogens to Genotoxic Metabolites by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Many chemicals in the environment can cause cancer, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most ubiquitous. Cancer risk assessments require consideration of these in complex mixtures. PAHs require metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, primarily 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1. We determined if individual PAHs and other procarcinogens affect the activities of human P450s 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 by measuring 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activity and metabolic activation of PAH dihydrodiols and 2-amino-3,5-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) to genotoxic metabolites in a Salmonella typhimurium NM2009 system. Of 23 PAHs examined, benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene, and 5-methylchrysene were the most potent inhibitors of P450 1A2- and 1B1-catalyzed EROD activity, with IC50 values <10 nM. Other PAHs, e.g., dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,j]acridine, and 3-methylcholanthrene, rather selectively inhibited P450 1B1, with IC50 values <15 nM. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and nine other PAHs also inhibited P450 1A2 as well as 1B1 with IC50 values <150 nM. Parent PAH compounds were generally more potent than 10 dihydrodiol metabolites of PAHs and 3- and 9-hydroxy B[a]P in inhibiting EROD activity. In addition, we found that three selected PAHs (5-methylchrysene, B[a]P, and B[a]A) inhibited metabolic activation of 5-methylchrysene-1,2-diol, (+/-)-B[a]P-7,8-diol, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-11,12-diol, and MeIQ to genotoxic metabolites catalyzed by P450s 1A1, 1B1, and 1A2, respectively, in S. typhimurium NM2009. Thus, individual PAHs may affect their own and metabolism of other carcinogens catalyzed by P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1, and these phenomena cause alteration in their ability to transform cells when single or complex PAH mixtures are ingested by mammals, influencing risk assessment.
Length of adjuvant imatinib therapy in GIST: Weighing benefits, side effects and costs

A recent large randomized clinical trial showed a survival advantage with 36 vs 12 months of adjuvant imatinib in patients with resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, there was a higher therapy discontinuation rate with the longer duration of treatment. Preferences of individual GIST patients and the imatinib risk/benefit ratio should always be sought before employing this agent in adjuvant setting for longer than 12 months. A shorter duration of therapy may be preferred in patients with a limited life expectancy, serious cardiovascular co-morbidities, diminished compliance or poor adherence to oral therapy. Further study of underlying economic, psychosocial, and physical barriers of longer vs shorter duration of adjuvant therapy in this patient population is probably warranted.
Current‐driven switching of a small‐polaron semiconductor to a meta‐stable conductor

Many materials with low-mobility charge carriers manifest current-driven electronic switching between low-conductivity and high-conductivity transport. Available measurements suggest that the low-conductivity carriers of these switches form small polarons. Here a mechanism is described via which driving a sufficiently high current through a material whose carriers form small polarons destabilizes them with respect to forming free carriers. The electrical conductivity then rises sharply since a free-carrier's mobility is many orders of magnitude higher than that of a small polaron. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Applications of the POCS inversion method to interpolating topography and other geophysical fields

The author applies the method of Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS) to the problem of solving geophysical inverse problems. The advantage of this iterative method is its flexibility in handling non-linear equality and inequality constraints, including constraints on the spectrum of unknown functions. He gives examples of using POCS to interpolate topographic profiles, topographic maps, and the physical properties of the earth between well logs.
Fatty acid composition ofChoanephora curubitarum

Crude lipid extracts were prepared fromChoanephora cucurbitarum which had been grown on a glucose-glutamie acid medium for periods up to 12 days. Methanolysis of the extracts and gas chromatography of the esters revealed that palmitate accumulated continuously at a rate 7-fold that of palmitoleate. Oleate accumulation followed a different pattern at a rate nearly 6-fold that of stearate. The esters included linoleate and four others which were not identified.
Magnetic-Field Penetration and Breakdown of Surface Superconductivity I

Low-frequency low-field ac susceptibility measurements on type II and certain type I superconductors have shown complete diamagnetism, until the transition at some surface upper critical field ${\mathrm{H}}_{c3}$. In this paper we describe measurements in a swept dc field which show that at sufficiently large sweep rates the ac field can be made to penetrate the superconductor, and the real part of the ac susceptibility will be $\frac{\mathrm{dM}}{\mathrm{dH}}$ along the magnetization curve, with no observable transition at ${\mathrm{H}}_{c3}$. At intermediate sweep rates, the value of the susceptibility becomes more diamagnetic and a partial transition is observed at ${\mathrm{H}}_{c3}$. For the slowest sweeps and highest frequencies, essentially the full diamagnetic-susceptibility characteristic of the point-by-point measurements is obtained, along with a transition at ${\mathrm{H}}_{c3}$. These results are of particular significance since they indicate that an ac field of small amplitude can be made to penetrate a type II superconductor in the mixed state, and can therefore be used to investigate the bulk properties. Two models which we have considered to explain our results are briefly discussed.
A Multigrid Block Krylov Subspace Spectral Method for Variable‐Coefficient Elliptic PDE

Krylov subspace spectral (KSS) methods have been demonstrated to be effective tools for solving time‐dependent variable‐coefficient PDE. They employ techniques developed by Golub and Meurant for computing elements of functions of matrices to approximate each Fourier coefficient of the solution using a Gaussian quadrature rule that is tailored to that coefficient. In this paper, we apply this same approach to time‐independent PDE of the form Lu = g, where L is an elliptic differential operator. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, in conjunction with residual correction applied on progressively finer grids, for Poisson’s equation and the Helmholtz equation.
Is advanced age a contraindication for emergent repair of acute type A aortic dissection

With the general increase in human lifespan, cardiac surgeons are faced with treating an increasing number of elderly patients. The aim of our study was to investigate whether advanced age poses an increased risk for major morbidity and mortality with repair of acute type A aortic dissection. Between 2000 and 2008, 119 patients underwent emergency operation for acute type A aortic dissection at two institutions; 90 were younger than 70 years of age and 29 patients were 70 years or older. Major morbidity, operative and 5-year actuarial survival were compared between groups. The operative mortality rates were comparable between the two groups (18.9% in patients or=70 years, P=0.6). There was no difference in the rates of reoperation for bleeding ( or=70 years, P=0.09), stroke (18.9% for those or=70 years, P=0.79), acute renal failure (22.2% for those or=70 years, P=0.79) or prolonged ventilation (34.4% for those or=70 years, P=0.36) between the two groups. Actuarial 5-year survival rates were 77% for patients or=70 years (P=0.07). The mortality for patients who presented with hemodynamic instability was markedly higher (10 out of 14 patients, 71.4%) compared with the mortality of those who presented with stable hemodynamics (21 out of 88 patients, 23.9%, P or=70 years and younger patients although there was a trend toward a lower actuarial 5-year survival in older patients. Surgery for type A acute aortic dissection in patients 70 years or older can be performed with acceptable outcomes. Hemodynamic instability portends a poor prognosis, regardless of age.
Atmospheric chemistry of CF3O radicals: reaction with O3

Abstract A relative rate technique has been used to study the title reaction over the pressure range 100–700 Torr of air at 296 ± 2 K. Four different reference compounds (13CO, CH4, CH2FCl, and CD4) were used. Using k(CF3O + CH4) = (2.2 ± 0.2) × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 a rate constant of k(CF3O + O3) = (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was derived, quoted errors reflect statistical and potential systematic errors. There was no observable effect of diluent pressure over the range 100–700 Torr. As part of the present work the rate constant for reaction of CF3O radicals with CH2FCl was determined to be (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Implications for the atmospheric chemistry of CF3O radicals are discussed.
The Effects of Print Format in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertisements on Risk Knowledge and Preference*

This research examined the effects of format in print direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertisements in communicating benefit and risks. Print advertisements for sixfictitious drugs were created. Each drug was manipulated on the basis of six conditions, differing on the basis of color and the integration or separation of the benefit and risk information. A sixth condition (control) lacked risk information. Participants were presented with the DTC advertisements. Performance on a subsequent knowledge test of benefit and risk information was measured. Later participants were shown six advertisements of a single drug advertisement each representing the manipulations and were asked to rank them on perceived effectiveness of communicating drug benefits and risks. Results showed that the presence of physical features (eg, color) that distinguish the risk information from other text facilitated knowledge acquisition and increased perceived effectiveness ranks. Implications for the presentation of print risk information in advertisements are discussed.
Evaluation of alternative groundwater flow models for simulating hyporheic exchange in a small mountain stream

summary Groundwater flow models have been used to estimate the amount of exchange flow and the residence time distribution of stream water in the hyporheic zone. However, reliability of these predictions have not been tested. We ask the questions: (1) how reliable are hyporheic groundwater models in typical applications examining hyporheic exchange flows? and (2) how does the reliability change with increased data availability and model sophistication? We developed groundwater flow models of the hyporheic zone for a mountain stream in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. The models are based on surveyed topography and hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements from both slug tests and a well-to-well tracer test. We developed several models using different methods to estimate two of the most uncertain parameters – K and the depth and shape of the bedrock boundary. We first tested the goodness of fit of each model to the water levels observed in a network of wells and piezometers. Results showed that differences among models in predicted heads were quite small, whereas differences among estimated hyporheic fluxes varied by a factor of two. We then tested the model predictions of tracer arrival times to each well in the network during a stream-tracer injection. Comparison of simulated and observed travel times showed that increased model sophistication did not lead to improved model reliability, because travel time predictions from the homogeneous model were equal to, or better than, the predictions from the heterogeneous models. While general trends in solute breakthrough were correct in the models, K data from even 37 wells in a 15 m by 50 m model domain were insufficient to characterize detailed arrival times accurately. This suggests that geomorphic data may be sufficient to predict water fluxes through the subsurface and approximate travel times. However, for detailed analysis of solute transport pathways and breakthroughs, intensive sampling of the subsurface may be necessary. Published by Elsevier B.V.
An incidental paracaval mass

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: (Dr. D. Joiner) A 34-yearold Caucasian man presented with a 24-hour history of acute, left upper quadrant abdominal pain associated with chills, a subjective fever, and myalgias. The patient denied any medical illnesses or previous surgery. His social history was significant for tobacco and alcohol abuse and intravenous drug use 5 years earlier. The family history was unremarkable. On physical examination, the patient was in no apparent distress. He was afebrile with a blood pressure of 108/52 and a regular heart rate of 96. The cardiac evaluation was significant for a grade II/VI systolic ejection murmur along the sternal border, and the chest was clear to auscultation. The abdomen was soft, nontender on palpation, and without organomegaly. Laboratory results included a white blood cell count of 18,100 and a hematocrit of 46. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen demonstrated a splenic infarct and an incidental paracaval mass located at the level of the renal hilum and measuring 3.5 3 3.0 cm. It appeared to be intimately associated with the renal artery and vein (Fig. 1). The patient was admitted with a presumptive diagnosis of infectious endocarditis, splenic infarction, and a paracaval mass. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed moderate-to-severe aortic regurgitation and confirmed the presence of a 10-mm aortic vegetation. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus viridans, and treatment was initiated with ampicillin and gentamycin. Because the paracaval mass was suspicious for a paraganglioma, a 24-hour urine sample was measured for catecholamines, metanephrines, and vanillylmandelic acid; all values returned within the normal range. A CT-guided biopsy of the retroperitoneal mass was performed, and immunohistochemistry analysis was completed; the findings were consistent with a diagnosis of paraganglioma (ie, staining was positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, and vimentin).
Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and image discrimination

In a previous study the simulation of image appearance from different distances was shown to be effective1 . The simulated observation distance accurately predicted the distance at which the simulated image could be discriminated from the original image. Due to the 1/f nature of natural images spatial spectra, the individual CSF used was actually tested only at one retinal spatial frequency. To test the CSF relevant for the discrimination task over a wide range of frequencies, the same simulations and testing procedure were applied to 5 contrast versions of the images. The lower contrast images probe the CSF at lower spatial frequencies, while higher contrast images test the CSF value at higher spatial frequencies. Images where individually processed for each of 4 observers using their individual CSF to represent the appearance of the images from 3 distances where they span 1, 2, and 4 deg of visual angle, respectively. Each of the 4 pictures at the 5 contrast levels and the 3 simulated distances was presented 10 times side-by-side with the corresponding original image. Images were observed from 9 different observation distances. Subject task was to determine which of the two was the original, unprocessed image. For each simulated distance the data was use to determine the discrimination distance threshold. Results of testing using simulations calculated with CSFs measured from a 2 m where veridical for the images in the 30 - 100% contrast range. The 10% image was discriminated at distances larger than the simulated distances. The 300% image was discriminated at a shorter distance. A second set CSFs were obtained from a range of observation distances (0.5 m to 8 m), to overcome limitations of the display. These data showed higher sensitivity for low frequencies and lower sensitivity at the higher frequencies as predicted by the simulation testing results. Replication of the simulation experiments with the combined CSFs resulted in a much better prediction of the discrimination distances. Thus, the CSF relevant for the image discrimination task was verified over a wide range of spatial frequencies while further validating the visual model and its use for simulations.
Differential binding and biological activities of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α in a human pancreatic cancer cell line

Abstract The binding characteristics and biological activities of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) were studied in T 3 M 4 human pancreatic cancer cells. Scatchard analysis of 125 I-EGF binding data at pH 7.4 indicated the presence of two orders of binding sites: a high-affinity site ( K d = 0.58 nm; 25,300 sites/cell) and a low-affinity site ( K d = 7.0 nm; 484,000 sites/cell). At pH 8.5, there was a decrease in the number of high-affinity sites. In contrast, only a single order of high-affinity sites was detected with 125 I-TGF-α at either pH 7.4 ( K d = 0.57 nm; 100,200 sites/cell) or pH 8.5 ( K d = 0.70 nm; 230,400 sites/cell). The two ligands bound to the same receptor, as determined in cross-linking experiments and in competitive binding assays performed in the presence of an anti-EGF receptor antibody that allows for EGF binding. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the immunoprecipitated EGF receptor indicated that EGF exerted a greater effect than TGF-α on tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. EGF and TGF-α also exhibited different potencies with respect to their effects on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation and exerted divergent effects on the kinetics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation. These findings point to dissimilar interactions of EGF and TGF-α with the EGF receptor in T 3 M 4 cells, which may lead to differential activation of signal transduction pathways by these ligands.
THE TRADE OF INDO-PACIFIC SHELLS INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND EUROPE

Summary. This paper is on shells which originate in the Indo-Pacific marine province (Red Sea or other waters to the south and east) and are found at sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Europe over 250 km. from their source. The catalogue of over 160 sites yielding these shells ranges in date from the Upper Paleolithic to recent times. Sixteen sites which supposedly produced Indo-Pacific shells are shown to be incorrect identifications. Many of these exotic shells are seen to come from graves and sanctuary sites. Some shells are unmodified, others made into simple beads, and some finely worked by engraving and incising.
Floor response spectra for base‐isolated multi‐storey structures

A study of floor response spectra for a base-isolated multi-storey structure under sinusoidal and seismic ground excitations is carried out. Several base isolation systems including the laminated rubber bearing, the pure-friction, the resilient-friction, the Electricite de France and the sliding resilient-friction systems are considered. A sinusoidal ground acceleration and several earthquake accelerograms (including those of El Centro 1940, Pacoima Dam 1971 and Mexico City 1985) are used to evaluate the floor response spectra. The characteristics of the spectra generated by different base isolation systems are studied, and the results are compared with those for the fixed-base structure. It is shown that the structural contents can be protected against earthquakes by the use of properly designed base isolation systems. In particular, the laminated rubber bearing system appears to be remarkably effective in protecting the secondary systems under a variety of conditions.
Women's Postrape Sexual Functioning: Review and Implications for Counseling

The authors present a literature review concerning the effects of rape on sexual functioning and suggestions for facilitating sexual recovery of rape survivors in counseling.