cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competition, Corporate Responsibility, and the China Question

"Corporate responsibility" is not a peripheral matter. It is at the core of all decision-making on behalf of business corporations under American law. This paper examines the effort to add an exemption for "business" in corporate form to the exemptions from ordinary responsibility that are seen in other areas of activity - e.g., for the military, for lawyers in adversarial litigation, or for investigators in scientific research. It looks at a number of well known cases and points to the often neglected relevance of both the criminal law applicable to corporations as such, and the evolving professional responsibility of corporate lawyers to question or publicize decisions of corporate agents that exclude substantive value from concern. The paper ends with a discussion of the relation between competition and substantive value and the impact of the rise of China as a participant in the world economy.
Redesigning Medical Education in Internal Medicine: Adapting to the Changing Landscape of 21st Century Medical Practice

INTRODUCTION Practicing internal medicine in the 21st century has changed. Novel scientific discoveries, diagnostic technologies and therapeutic interventions have evolved rapidly. At the same time, external forces have altered the interactions between internists, their patients and the new healthcare delivery systems incorporating those interactions in ways unforeseen a decade ago. Although most institutions strive to keep the scientific aspects of their curricula current, teaching learners to use this new science effectively in present and future healthcare environments is addressed less commonly. Adopting new models of education can be difficult. Educational change occurs slowly within the confines of the extant system, but the shifting landscape demands rapid change, and many “traditional” medical teachers find themselves on unfamiliar terrain. In the last 10 years, the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM), the American College of Physicians (ACP), and the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine (AAIM) have all published position papers on redesigning Internal Medicine training. The medical education community is recognizing the necessity for learners to demonstrate objectively their ability to care for patients, a so-called “competencybased model” for training and education. Likewise, educational regulatory bodies have deemed that physicians should demonstrate competence for certification. Traditional clinical training, however, inserts learners into established patient care experiences in a fashion that minimally disrupts the system. This current “systemcentered” clinical structure limits the role learners can play and makes assessing their competence a struggle for educators. Thus, an endless loop is created; learners cannot fully participate until they are competent, yet they cannot easily be declared “competent” because there are limited arenas in which they can fully participate. Education is not given as top priority in this “system-centered” structure and adjustments that may be needed to satisfy any new educational requirements are also done in a way that is minimally disruptive for the system. Thus, our learners are having training in a clinical system that is not necessarily designed for education.
Efficient three-dimensional Poisson solvers in open rectangular conducting pipe

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) Poisson solver plays an important role in the study of space-charge effects on charged particle beam dynamics in particle accelerators. In this paper, we propose three new 3D Poisson solvers for a charged particle beam in an open rectangular conducting pipe. These three solvers include a spectral integrated Green function (IGF) solver, a 3D spectral solver, and a 3D integrated Green function solver. These solvers effectively handle the longitudinal open boundary condition using a finite computational domain that contains the beam itself. This saves the computational cost of using an extra larger longitudinal domain in order to set up an appropriate finite boundary condition. Using an integrated Green function also avoids the need to resolve rapid variation of the Green function inside the beam. The numerical operational cost of the spectral IGF solver and the 3D IGF solver scales as O ( N log ( N ) ) , where N is the number of grid points. The cost of the 3D spectral solver scales as O ( N n N ) , where N n is the maximum longitudinal mode number. We compare these three solvers using several numerical examples and discuss the advantageous regime of each solver in the physical application.
Locus of Control Orientations of Anglo-and Mexican-American Children

Studies of the locus of control of Anglo- and Mexican-Americans, with rare exception (3), have not controlled for socioeconomic differences between the groups. Using a sample of college students, Garza and Ames (3) found Mexican-Americans to be more internally controlled than Anglo-Americans when these groups were matched on socioeconomic status. In addition to socioeconomic factors, previous studies comparing the locus of control of these two groups have all relied on a single-method approach to measure ethnic differences on this variable. This raises the possibility that observed differences between Anglo- and Mexican-Americans may not be similar across different locus of control scales for a given group of subjects. The present study extended rhe scope of previous research by comparing Anglo- and Mexican-American children of similar socioeconomic backgrounds on two locus of control scales for children. Subjects were 99 fourth- and fifth-grade children, including 59 Anglo-Americans (30 boys, 29 girls) and 40 Mexican-Americans (22 boys, 18 girls). Children were selected from three elementary schools to provide a sample representing a wide range of socioeconomic levels. Family income data provided by subjects' parents indicated no significant difference (Mann-Whitney test) in the annual family incomes of the Anglo- and Mexican-American children taking part in the study. The median family income of both Anglo- and Mexican-Americans fell within a range of between $10,000 and $13,000 a year. The distribution by grade of the Anglo-American sample was 58% fourth-grade and 42% fifth-grade, while the corresponding distribution for Mexican Americans was 45 % and 55 %, respectively. All subjects were administered Bialer's ( 1) Children's
Shut Out of Airbnb: A Proposal for Remedying Housing Discrimination in the Modern Sharing Economy

Airbnb, the market leader in the housing segment of the sharing economy, boasts on its website that it seeks to facilitate a certain experience to potential guests – an experience in which each guest will be a part of “a trusted community marketplace” and will have the opportunity to “discover and book unique accommodations around the world.” This claim reflects both the promise of an enhanced experience and of the fostering of a strong sense of community and trust through direct engagement of its participants with one another. One can imagine that a person looking for a place to stay can sit down at a computer and peruse hundreds of properties that meets her needs; a person wishing to open his home to short-term renters can easily post a description of his property and manage bookings. Each party, using this new online platform can be assured that the platform administrators have verified identity and the host can be assured that payment will be collected. Both host and guest can enter this community, make new connections, have new experiences and complete their commercial exchange seamlessly. As Airbnb’s website touts, their “hosts create a sense of belonging” and their guests have the experience of “belong[ing] anywhere.” But, unfortunately, this promise of belonging and adventure is oftentimes not the reality experienced by minorities who seek to join this “trusted community marketplace.”Recent studies have concluded that both minority hosts and potential minority guests face discrimination from Airbnb users. Discrimination against minority hosts and guests is concerning for a number of reasons. Discrimination against hosts disadvantages them in their economic pursuits. For both hosts and guests, racial discrimination prevents them from being able to fully avail themselves of membership in the community of sharing participants. This paper, however, focuses solely on discrimination against guests because such discrimination runs afoul of anti-discrimination legislation, particularly Sections 1981 and 1982 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. This essay provides background information on the sharing economy, with a particular focus on Airbnb. It then examines the applicability of anti-discrimination law to sharing economy online platforms and the limitations imposed on discrimination claims by the Communications Decency Act (CDA). Finally, it argues that online lodging platforms, such as Airbnb, are “transactional intermediaries” that are similar in function to real estate brokers and agents. Airbnb, therefore, should be held to the same standards of accountability and liability as real estate brokers and agents. In so arguing, this essay urges Congress to amend the CDA and remove the protections afforded to online platforms that foster housing discrimination.
Closed aortic valvotomy in infants: late results.

This is a follow-up report on four infants who underwent closed aortic valvotomy at 2 weeks to 3 months of age. The initial hemodynamic results were excellent. An unexpected and pleasant surprise has been the continuing long-term benefits.
The pulmonary cellular and subcellular alterations of extracorporeal circulation.

Problems following cardiopulmonary bypass still exist which often go unrecognized by the surgeon because they are subtle cellular changes which may not produce a measurable or functionally visible pulmonary defect during the immediate postoperative period.
Commercial Banks and Corporate Governance in the Czech Republic and Hungary

An American authority on the development of post-communist Hungary presents a succinct comparison between the Hungarian banking sector and the banking sector of the Czech Republic. The commentary devotes particular attention to developments affecting commercial banks and corporate governance and covers issues relating to the legacy of reform communism and financial regulation through October 1996. Conclusions focus on privatization policies, contrasting Hungary's cash-based program with the approach used by the Czech regime. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P52, P21, G21.
American “Concentration” Camp Debates and Selective Remembrances of the Philippine-American War

In the aftermath of President Barack Obama’s election, countless American citizens and observers around the world hoped that the arrival of the new administration would mean the closing of Guantanamo detention facilities, the return of the troops from Afghanistan and Iraq, and the ending of CIA rendition programs. Some even dreamed of the time when those who legitimized, condoned, or practiced “waterboarding” would be held legally accountable. Others, such as Mark Danner, were not so sanguine; he noted in April 2009 that it seemed as though the texts that had been bequeathed by a prior administration “lie strewn about us still, unclaimed and unburied, like corpses freshly dead.”3 Giorgio Agamben, in his study of the relationship between old and new camps, argued that in some of these situations “biopolitics continually turns into thanatopolitics and … the camp becomes the absolute political space.”4
Knowledge practices, waves and verticality: Tracing HIV/AIDS activism from late apartheid to the present in South Africa:

As the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic enters its fourth decade, universal access to treatment has begun to extend the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. While the South Africa’s ruling party – ...
HMGB1 Activates Proinflammatory Signaling via TLR5 Leading to Allodynia.

Infectious and sterile inflammatory diseases are correlated with increased levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in tissues and serum. Extracellular HMGB1 is known to activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) in inflammatory conditions. Here, we find that TLR5 is also an HMGB1 receptor that was previously overlooked due to lack of functional expression in the cell lines usually used for studying TLR signaling. HMGB1 binding to TLR5 initiates the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependent manner, resulting in proinflammatory cytokine production and pain enhancement in vivo. Biophysical and in vitro results highlight an essential role for the C-terminal tail region of HMGB1 in facilitating interactions with TLR5. These results suggest that HMGB1-modulated TLR5 signaling is responsible for pain hypersensitivity.
Maintaining Healthy Behavior: a Prospective Study of Psychological Well-Being and Physical Activity

Background Although higher psychological well-being has been linked with a range of positive biological processes and health outcomes, the prospective association between psychological well-being and physical activity among older adults has been understudied.
Sandboxes, Loose Parts, and Playground Equipment: A Descriptive Exploration of Outdoor Play Environments.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to examine outdoor environments to understand whether or not young children had access to play materials and loose parts to enhance their playful experiences. This study sought to gather the availability of SAFE and quality play opportunities in early childhood outdoor environments. The study took place in one state of the United States. The study found 75% of outdoor spaces had a playground structure that including a place for children to climb and slide down. The study found 83% of programs had appropriate surfacing materials provided in the outdoor play environment. Loose parts, such as toys, balls, and action figures were also included in the outdoor play and learning environment. The significance of play that this study shows is outdoor environments have an abundant opportunities to support the developmental characteristics of children.
An Emergency Department Validation of the SEP-3 Sepsis and Septic Shock Definitions and Comparison With 1992 Consensus Definitions.

Study objective The Third International Consensus Definitions Task Force (SEP-3) proposed revised criteria defining sepsis and septic shock. We seek to evaluate the performance of the SEP-3 definitions for prediction of inhospital mortality in an emergency department (ED) population and compare the performance of the SEP-3 definitions to that of the previous definitions. Methods This was a secondary analysis of 3 prospectively collected, observational cohorts of infected ED subjects aged 18 years or older. The primary outcome was all-cause inhospital mortality. In accordance with the SEP-3 definitions, we calculated test characteristics of sepsis (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [qSOFA] score ≥2) and septic shock (vasopressor dependence plus lactate level >2.0 mmol/L) for mortality and compared them to the original 1992 consensus definitions. Results We identified 7,754 ED patients with suspected infection overall; 117 had no documented mental status evaluation, leaving 7,637 patients included in the analysis. The mortality rate for the overall population was 4.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9% to 4.9%). The mortality rate for patients with qSOFA score greater than or equal to 2 was 14.2% (95% CI 12.2% to 16.2%), with a sensitivity of 52% (95% CI 46% to 57%) and specificity of 86% (95% CI 85% to 87%) to predict mortality. The original systemic inflammatory response syndrome–based 1992 consensus sepsis definition had a 6.8% (95% CI 6.0% to 7.7%) mortality rate, sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 79% to 87%), and specificity of 50% (95% CI 49% to 51%). The SEP-3 septic shock mortality was 23% (95% CI 16% to 30%), with a sensitivity of 12% (95% CI 11% to 13%) and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI 98.1% to 98.7%). The original 1992 septic shock definition had a 22% (95% CI 17% to 27%) mortality rate, sensitivity of 23% (95% CI 18% to 28%), and specificity of 96.6% (95% CI 96.2% to 97.0%). Conclusion Both the new SEP-3 and original sepsis definitions stratify ED patients at risk for mortality, albeit with differing performances. In terms of mortality prediction, the SEP-3 definitions had improved specificity, but at the cost of sensitivity. Use of either approach requires a clearly intended target: more sensitivity versus specificity.
Case 1: Transient quadriplegia in a teenager.

A 16-year-old female, previously in good health, awakened to marked weakness in her lower extremities, which progressed to involve her arms and neck over the course of the day, except for her ability to move her toes and fingers.
The Influence of Executive Functions on Phonemic Processing in Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter.

Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate dual-task performance in children who stutter (CWS) and those who do not to investigate if the groups differed in the ability to attend and a...
STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY (SOFIA)

The joint U.S. and German SOFIA project to develop and operate a 2.5-meter infrared airborne telescope in a Boeing 747-SP is now in its final stages of development. Flying in the stratosphere, SOFIA allows observations through the infrared and submillimeter region, with an average transmission of ≳ 80%. SOFIA is characterized by a wide instrument complement ranging from broadband imagers, through moderate resolution spectrographs capable of resolving broad features due to dust and large molecules, to high resolution spectrometers suitable for kinematic studies of molecular and atomic gas lines at km/s resolution. This broad range in instruments will enable SOFIA to make unique contributions to a broad array of science topics. First science flights will begin in 2009 and the observatory is expected to operate for over 20 years. The sensitivity, characteristics, science instrument complement, and examples of first light science are discussed.
Haemoparasites of Reptiles

The haemoparasites of reptiles include representatives of all taxonomic groups which parasitize the other vertebrate classes: trypanosomatid flagellates, haemogregarines, haemosporidia and filariid nematodes, as well as a heterogeneous assemblage of organisms or inclusions which possibly contains viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae, piroplasmids and probably artifacts of staining as well.
Making Rural Employment Work

This chapter sets the stage for examining the employment issues of low-income rural families. Literature reveals that rural low-income residents have a strong work ethic, contradicting the general belief that low-income individuals do not want to work. Welfare reform is discussed relative to employment and lack of rural provisions. Theoretical frameworks are used to help examine the many layered pathways to employment. The voices of the Rural Families Speak (RFS) mothers are used to illustrate how they make it work, focusing on mothers’ employment patterns, options, constraints, and challenges. Future research on employment patterns for all family members is suggested to understand rural families and work.
Moisture determination of concrete panel using SAR imaging and the K-R-I transform

Abstract Moisture content inside concrete affects the properties and behaviors of Portland cement concrete. It also indicates the likelihood of structural damages (e.g., steel corrosion) in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. While several laboratory techniques are available for moisture determination, it is a challenging task to estimate the moisture content of concrete in the field without using embedded moisture sensors. In this paper, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and the K-R-I (curvature-area-amplitude) transform were applied to a concrete panel specimen (water-to-cement ratio = 0.45) for moisture determination. A 10.5 GHz center frequency radar system was used to generate SAR images of the concrete panel at various moisture levels from 0% to 3.85% (by mass). Quantitative analysis of SAR images was carried out by the K-R-I transform to understand the simultaneous change of SAR amplitude and shape at different moisture levels. It was found that integrated SAR amplitude and average maximum SAR amplitude both increase nonlinearly with the increase of moisture content in the concrete panel. Spatial distribution of SAR amplitudes can be used to indicate subsurface moisture distribution in concrete. The area-amplitude (R-I) curve of SAR images quantifies the relationship between moisture content and its distribution.
Founding Swarms in a Tropical Social Wasp: Adult Mortality, Emigration Distance, and Swarm Size

When colonies of swarm-founding wasps lose their nests to predation or accident, the entire adult population escapes, emigrates as an absconding swarm, and renests elsewhere. Such an event causes a reduction in the adult population due to losses during the emigration itself and to adult attrition without replacement during the subsequent preemergence growth period in the new nest. We addressed the first of these sources of mortality for 27 absconding swarms of Polybia occidentalis in Costa Rica. Adult mortality over the day that included swarm emigration averaged 0.044 ± 0.039 (SD) of the original population and was a weak positive function of distance moved, but not of swarm size. A larger data set showed that emigration distance increased with swarm size. This is the first study to measure mortality rates during emigration in a swarm-founding social insect.
Evolution of Clearance Standards and Implications for Radwaste Management of Fusion Power Plants

The issue of radioactive waste management presents a top challenge for the nuclear industry. As an alternative to recycling or disposal in repositories, many countries are proceeding successfully w...
Incarceration history, social network composition, and substance use among homeless youth in Los Angeles

Background: Homeless youth in the United States have high rates of substance use. Existing research has identified social network composition and street-associated stressors as contributing factors. Incarceration is a highly prevalent stressor for homeless youth. Its effect on youth's social network composition and substance use, however, has been neglected. Aims: This study investigated the direct and indirect associations between incarceration history and substance use (through social networks) among homeless youth in Los Angeles, California. Methods: A sample of 1047 homeless youths were recruited between 2011 and 2013. Computerized self-administrated surveys and social network interviews were conducted to collect youth's sociodemographic characteristics, incarceration history, social network composition, and substance use. Bootstrapping was used to identify the direct and indirect associations between youth's incarceration history and substance use. Results: Incarceration history was positively associated with youth's cannabis, methamphetamine, and injection drug use. The percentage of cannabis-using peers partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's cannabis, cocaine, and heroin use. The percentage of methamphetamine-using peers partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's methamphetamine, cocaine, and injection drug use. The percentage of heroin-using peers partially mediated the association between incarceration history and youth's heroin use. Moreover, the percentage of peers who inject drugs partially mediated the associations between incarceration history and youth's methamphetamine, heroin, and injection drug use. Discussion: Incarceration history should be taken to a more central place in future research and practice with homeless youth in the United States.
Dynamic Network Activation of Hypothalamic MCH Neurons in REM Sleep and Exploratory Behavior.

Most brain neurons are active in waking, but hypothalamic neurons that synthesize the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are claimed to be active only during sleep, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here we use deep-brain imaging to identify changes in fluorescence of the genetically encoded calcium (Ca2+) indicator GCaMP6 in individual hypothalamic neurons that contain MCH. An in vitro electrophysiology study determined a strong relationship between depolarization and Ca2+ fluorescence in MCH neurons. In 10 freely behaving MCH-cre mice (male and female), the highest fluorescence occurred in all recorded neurons (n = 106) in REM sleep relative to quiet waking or non-REM sleep. Unexpectedly, 70% of the MCH neurons had strong fluorescence activity when the mice explored novel objects. Spatial and temporal mapping of the change in fluorescence between pairs of MCH neurons revealed dynamic activation of MCH neurons during REM sleep and activation of a subset of the same neurons during exploratory behavior. Functional network activity maps will facilitate comparisons of not only single-neuron activity, but also network responses in different conditions and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Functional activity maps identify brain circuits responding to specific behaviors, including rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), a sleep phase when the brain is as active as in waking. To provide the first activity map of individual neurons during REM sleep, we use deep-brain calcium imaging in unrestrained mice to map the activity of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. MCH neurons were found to be synchronously active during REM sleep, and also during the exploration of novel objects. Spatial mapping revealed dynamic network activation during REM sleep and activation of a subset of the neurons during exploratory behavior. Functional activity maps at the cellular level in specific behaviors, including sleep, are needed to establish a brain connectome.
Annotated Catalog of the Order Strepsiptera of the World

An annotated taxonomic and nomenclatural catalogue of the insect order Strepsiptera is presented. Known distributions and host associations are given as they are currently known. As of this publication, there are 627 valid species, 28 of which are known only from fossils. The misspelling of Viridipromontorius as Viridopromontoriusn. syn. (Roy and Niladri, 2016) is corrected to include Viridipromontorius aequus n. comb.Caenocholax pierci is moved to the genus Myrmecolax and becomes Myrmecolax pierci (Chattopadhyay and Chaudhuri, 1980) n. comb. Stichotrema trinadadensisGuenther, 1949) n. comb. is moved from Stichotrema to Myrmecolax. Halictophagus bohartiAbdulla, 1974 n. stat. was previously a junior synonym of Halictophagus variatus due to its being an invalid renaming of a homonym. The following species are reinstated as valid: Pseudoxenos andradeiLuna de Carvalho, 1953; Pseudoxenos atlanticusLuna de Carvalho, 1969 n. stat.; Pseudoxenos corcyricusSaunders, 1872; Pseudoxenos klugii (Saunders, 1852); Pseudoxenos lusitanicusLuna de Carvalho, 1960; Pseudoxenos schaumiiSaunders, 1872; Pseudoxenos seyrigi Monod, 1926; Stylops aburanaeKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops ainoKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops alfkeniHofeneder, 1939 n. stat; Stylops bimaculatae Perkins, 1918 n. stat.; Stylops bisalicidis Pierce, 1918 n. stat.; Stylops championi Pierce, 1918 n. stat.; Stylops collinusKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops dentataeKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops dominiqueiPierce, 1909 n. stat.; Stylops duboisi Bohart, 1937 n. stat.; Stylops duriensisLuna de Carvalho, 1974 n. stat.; Stylops esteponensisLuna de Carvalho, 1974 n. stat.; Stylops flavipedisHofeneder, 1923 n. stat.; Stylops fukuiensis Kifune, 1991 n. stat.; Stylops giganteusLuna de Carvalho, 1974 n. stat.; Stylops hirashimaiKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops izumoensisKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops krygeri Pierce, 1918 n. stat.; Stylops mandibularisPierce, 1911 n. stat.; Stylops medionitansPierce, 1919 n. stat.; Stylops moestae Pierce, 1918 n. stat.; Stylops muelleri Borchert, 1971 n. stat.; Stylops neonanae Pierce 1918 n. stat.; Stylops nipponicusKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops nitidaePasteels 1954 n. stat.; Stylops nitidiusculaePoluszynski 1927 n. stat.; Stylops oblongulusKifune and Hirashima, 1985 n. stat.; Stylops oklahomaePierce, 1909 n. stat.; Stylops orientisKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops pacificusBohart, 1936 n. stat.; Stylops perkinsiPasteels 1949 n. stat.; Stylops saliciflorisPierce, 1909 n. stat.; Stylops subcircularisKifune and Maeta, 1990 n. stat.; Stylops swenkiPierce 1909 n. stat.; Stylops truncatoidesKifune and Hirashima, 1985 n. stat. Stylops truncatusKifune and Hirashima, 1985 n. stat.; Xenos myrapetrus (Trois, 1988).
FreeHi-C simulates high-fidelity Hi-C data for benchmarking and data augmentation.

The ability to simulate high-throughput chromatin conformation (Hi-C) data is foundational for benchmarking Hi-C data analysis methods. Here we present a nonparametric strategy named FreeHi-C to simulate Hi-C data from the interacting genome fragments. Data from FreeHi-C exhibit high fidelity to biological Hi-C data. FreeHi-C boosts the precision and power of differential chromatin interaction detection through data augmentation under preserved false discovery rate control. FreeHi-C takes Hi-C sequencing data as input and simulates reads with random mutations and indels from the interacting fragment pairs. FreeHi-C-simulated replicates are used for benchmarking Hi-C analysis methods and enable data augmentation for differential chromatin interaction analysis.
Density-based outlier scoring on Kepler data

In the present era of large scale surveys, big data presents new challenges to the discovery process for anomalous data. Such data can be indicative of systematic errors, extreme (or rare) forms of known phenomena, or most interestingly, truly novel phenomena which exhibit as-of-yet unobserved behaviors. In this work we present an outlier scoring methodology to identify and characterize the most promising unusual sources to facilitate discoveries of such anomalous data. We have developed a data mining method based on k-Nearest Neighbor distance in feature space to efficiently identify the most anomalous lightcurves. We test variations of this method including using principal components of the feature space, removing select features, the effect of the choice of k, and scoring to subset samples. We evaluate the peformance of our scoring on known object classes and find that our scoring consistently scores rare (<1000) object classes higher than common classes. We have applied scoring to all long cadence lightcurves of quarters 1 to 17 of Kepler's prime mission and present outlier scores for all 2.8 million lightcurves for the roughly 200k objects.
Influence of low-phosphorus compost and vegetation in bioretention for nutrient and sediment control in runoff from a dairy farm production area

Abstract We evaluated the effects of a low-phosphorus compost and vegetation (Panicum virgatum) on the ability of three bioretention cells to remove nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) from storm runoff originating in a dairy farm production area. The three experimental treatments included a bioretention cell without compost or vegetation (C V ), a cell with no compost but vegetation (C-V+), and a cell with vegetation and compost (C + V+); the experimental design allowed for isolation of the variables' (i.e., compost and vegetation) effects on pollutant concentration and mass removal. Influent and effluent were monitored for dissolved and total phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), and TSS throughout the first growing season post installation. All bioretention cells significantly reduced pollutant concentrations and loads of TSS, total and dissolved P, and NH4+ in the effluent, but significantly exported NOx− to the effluent. All cells reduced total N (TN) concentrations, with significant reduction observed only in the C-V+ cell, which was the only treatment that retained TN load. Compost treatment significantly increased P. virgatum biomass, but not survival during the first year. P. virgatum coverage in compost and no-compost treatments were similar the second year. While low-P compost is still preferable to other composts higher in P content, we cannot conclude that any compost is necessary in the soil media for plant establishment. Due to anticipated nutrients inputs in a setting like this dairy operation site, omitting compost and avoiding nutrient leaching while waiting for plants to grow should be considered for better nutrient removal performance, even if plants may take more time to establish.
'Second Nature': Realism's Transatlantic Origins, 1880-1910

Beginning in the 1890s as US political elites began to think of the US as a “world power” or “great power” — a status that was considered distinct from a merely continental or hemispheric one. There is evidence for this in the writings of academic intellectuals such as the political scientist Paul Reinsch, the geographer Ellen Churchill Semple, and the historian and publicist Alfred Mahan, as well in the political rhetoric employed by politicians such as Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt. This semantic and ideological shift in the self-image of the United States has its parallel in similar processes at work in Germany in the 1890s. At that time, German imperialism, long focused on the continent, began to develop a navally-oriented Weltpolitik around which intellectuals elaborated a discourse on the requirements of national greatness and “world empire.” This essay argues that the roots of the American foreign policy realism of the 1930s and 40s can be traced to this transatlantic moment.
Chapter 2 – EVANESCENT WAVE FIBER OPTIC BIOSENSORS

Publisher Summary Fiber optic biosensors utilize the concept of total internal reflection (TIR), wherein the light, whether it is source or signal, transits the optical fiber by repeatedly reflecting off the cladding-core interface in a lossless fashion. For light reflecting at angles near the critical angle, a significant portion of the power extends into the cladding or medium which surrounds the core. This phenomenon, known as the evanescent wave, extends only to a short distance from the interface, with power dropping exponentially with distance. The evanescent wave has been exploited to allow for real-time interrogation of surface-specific recognition events. The majority of the evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors described to date are essentially fluorimeters that monitor fluorescent signals generated at the surface of an optical fiber probe coated with a biological recognition molecule. The majority of recent work in evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors has been in immunoassay development and analyte detection in real-world samples, alternative recognition schemes, detection of nucleic acid sequences, ‘reagentless’ sensing, and extending the capabilities of the instrumentation (miniaturization, automation, multianalyte detection, and continuous monitoring). The advantages of fiber optic sensors are that they are immune to many interfering electrochemical and electromagnetic effects that plague sensors based on electrochemical transduction, the capability of performing multiple assays in parallel, and the surface-selective nature of the evanescent wave, which allows the capability of real time measurements. A key disadvantage of evanescent wave systems is the poor coupling efficiency of the generated fluorescence back into guided modes.
Chapter 4 – Ionic Bonding, Crystals, and Intermolecular Forces

Formation of a crystal lattice consisting of ions involves the loss of electrons by the metal, acceptance of electrons by the nonmetal, and the interaction of the ions produced. The ionization potential of the metal and the electron affinity of the nonmetal are important properties. The lattice energy is the energy necessary to separate a mole of crystal into the gaseous ions. Arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice depends on the relative sizes of the ions, which controls the number of nearest neighbors (coordination number). Common crystal types are sodium chloride, zinc blende and wurtzite (forms of ZnS), cesium chloride, and calcium fluoride. Molecules that have charge separation are polar, and polar molecules are attracted to each other, and physical properties of the compounds depend on the polarity of the molecules. The cohesion energy of a liquid is reflected by a property known as the solubility parameter, which is useful in interpreting intermolecular forces.
Hybrid Inorganic-Biological Systems: Faradaic and Quantum Efficiency, Necessary but Not Sufficient

Adam J. Rieth is a postdoctoral scholar in the Nocera group at Harvard University. He completed his undergraduate studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in his hometown. He then earned his Ph.D. in the laboratory of Prof. Mircea Dinca at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he designed metal-organic frameworks for water harvesting. For the past year in the Nocera group, he has investigated the mechanisms and kinetics of photochemical processes that activate strong bonds. Daniel G. Nocera is the Patterson Rockwood Professor of Energy at Harvard University. He created the field of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) at a mechanistic level with the first kinetics measurements and theory of PCET. From this platform, he invented the Artificial Leaf and Bionic Leaf for the solar-driven fixation of carbon dioxide from air in the form of biomass and liquid fuels at energy efficiencies that are 10× greater than natural photosynthesis. He has since elaborated the Bionic Leaf for the solar-driven fixation of nitrogen from air for distributed and carbon-negative ammonia (and fertilizer) synthesis.
COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity

Abstract Background It is not known whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from mother to infant during breastfeeding, and if so whether the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh this risk. This study was designed to evaluate 1) if SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in milk and on the breast of infected women, 2) concentrations of milk-borne anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and 3) the capacity of milk to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Methods We collected 37 milk samples and 70 breast swabs (before and after breast washing) from 18 women recently diagnosed with COVID-19. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-qPCR. Milk was also analyzed for IgA and IgG specific for the nucleocapsid protein, receptor binding domain (RBD), S2 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as 2 seasonal coronaviruses using ELISA; and for its ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Results We did not detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in any milk sample. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on several breast swabs, although only one was considered conclusive. All milk contained SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG, and levels of anti-RBD IgA correlated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Strong correlations between levels of IgA and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses were noted. Conclusions Our data do not support maternal-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via milk; however, risk of transmission via breast skin should be further evaluated. Importantly, milk produced by infected mothers is a source of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 activity. These results support recommendations to continue breastfeeding during mild-to-moderate maternal COVID-19 illness.
A 6-year-old Refugee Girl with Profound Developmental Disability and Seizures.

1. Julia M. Rosenberg, MD*,† 2. Camille Brown, MD* 3. Michele J. Spencer-Manzon, MD*,‡ 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Yale New Haven Children’s Hospital, New Haven, CT 2. †National Clinician Scholars Program, 3. ‡Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 1. Address correspondence to Julia M. Rosenberg, MD, National Clinician Scholars Program, PO Box 208088, New Haven, CT 06510. E-mail: julia.rosenberg{at}yale.edu A 6-year-old girl presents to the pediatric refugee clinic for her initial refugee health assessment shortly after arrival from Syria. Her past history is notable for a seizure disorder of unknown etiology and global developmental disability. After an uncomplicated prenatal and postnatal course, the patient’s seizures and developmental delays reportedly first manifested at 7 months of age. At that time, the family attributed the seizure to a fall from a stroller. After this event, she had a total of 4 more lifetime seizures, which were characterized by eye rolling, clonic posturing, and left arm jerking. Her only medications are clobazam and valproic acid. Her family history is negative for known seizures or genetic disorders, although her parents are consanguineous (first cousins). Her review of systems is otherwise negative, and her family denies previous infectious diseases nor exposure to individuals with tuberculosis. At presentation to our clinic, her estimated developmental age is ∼9 months; her global developmental deficiencies include speech, fine motor, and gross motor delays. She is nonverbal, has poor receptive language skills, and is unable to follow commands. She can scoot but is nonambulatory. She cannot feed herself and is not toilet-trained. On examination, the patient has no dysmorphic features. She demonstrates intermittent posturing and rocking movements and has generalized hypotonia and motor weakness; she can maintain sitting and standing positions only with support. She was found on ophthalmologic examination to have myopia. Cranial nerves II-XII are intact. Strength is III/V in both upper and lower extremities. She does not have neurocutaneous markings nor abnormal odors. Initial refugee screening laboratory results, which are expanded to include a complete metabolic …
Comment: Inference after covariate-adaptive randomisation: aspects of methodology and theory

We thank the editor for the opportunity to write this commentary on the paper by Jun Shao. The author's paper gives an excellent review of methods developed for statistical inference when consideri...
Tying Small Changes to Large Outcomes: The Cautious Promise in Incorporating the Microbiome into Immunotherapy

The role of the microbiome in immunology is a rapidly burgeoning topic of study. Given the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in cancers, along with the recognition that carcinogenesis has been linked to dysregulations of the immune system, much attention is now directed at potentiation of ICI efficacy, as well as minimizing the incidence of treatment-associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs). We provide an overview of the major research establishing links between the microbiome to tumorigenesis, chemotherapy and radiation potentiation, and ICI efficacy and irAE development.
Ruby, Wanda and Me, Late at Night, in the County Jail

I loved him more than I loved yellow seahorses and red anemones and glass-hearted frogs put together, and when I was with him, I thought of myself as Psyche with a bosom full of fish or as Daphne, her hair in wild disarray. I don't know if you could say we were ever happy together. It seemed like happiness, but it was more like the excitement of infatuation combined with insecurity, jealousy, and the tantalizing prospect of reforming him. I never imagined I'd turn on him, but Psyche's wings got burnt and Eros somehow got immo lated by his own principle, fire. Eventually he joined the Air Force and was shipped off to Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota; I got pregnant and had his baby. Then I was arrested and convicted and sent to the Federal Correctional Facility in Alderson, West Virginia. His name was Theodore St. Clair, but I called him T-Bone. We met at the Mount Abrams Military Academy at the corner of Riverside Drive and noth Street, where, every Thursday after school, I creat ed quite a sensation by lying across the doorway in my skeleton cos tume so that every young warrior coming out of school had to step over me. One day, Theodore stopped, took my hand, yanked me to my feet, told me the police were on the way and suggested I do something legal with my passions. "Dioxin is legal," I said. "Nuclear bombs are legal. War is legal." I could see that he was a leader and probably a nonconformist because he was the only one in the school who had managed to hang onto his hair. He walked me to the end of the path and offered me a ride on his motorcycle, and from then on, every afternoon, I found myself wandering out of school in my grey and blue St. Ursula's uniform with a scapular of the Blessed Virgin around my neck, jumping onto Theodore's motorcycle, and disappearing into a trail of smoking sin. "Pet your dog, not your date," my father said, and the billboard up on Broadway advised, A tisket, a tasket, a condom or a casket. But I felt myself looking underneath Theodore's military husk and seeing a
A d /2 approximation for maximum weight independent set in d -claw free graphs

A graph is d-claw free if no node has d distinct independent neighbors. In the most usual applications, the nodes of this graph form a family of sets with fewer than d elements, and the edges indicate overlapping pairs of sets. Consequently, an independent set in the graph is a packing in our family of sets. In this paper we consider the following problem. Given is a d-claw free graph G = (V, E, w) where w : V → IR+. We describe an algorithm with running time polynomial in |V|d that finds an independent set A such that w(A*)/w(A) ≤ d/2, where A* is an independent that maximizes w(A*). The previous best polynomial time approximation algorithm obtained w(A*)/w(A) ≤ 2d/3.
Presidents and the Rhetoric of Recessions

Are presidents reticent during recessions? Some research indicates that presidents make fewer major and minor speeches when economic conditions worsen (Ragsdale 1984; Eshbaugh-Soha 2010). We examine whether this holds true with major discretionary speeches utilizing recessions as the indicator of poor economic conditions. In addition, we also investigate the subject matter of major discretionary speeches given during both economic expansions and contractions. Presidents potentially have an incentive during a recession to focus the attention of the public away from economic concerns, where they have little command and control ability, to foreign policy, where they do have more power to act unilaterally. We find that presidents are not reticent during recessions. During recessions, fewer average months elapse between major discretionary speeches than we find elapse during economic expansions. Furthermore, while presidents never talk about the economy at high rates overall, they do focus more than twice as many major discretionary speeches on economic topics during recessions than they do during expansions. We also find no evidence that presidents attempt to ratchet up the rate at which they discuss foreign policy during recessions in an attempt to divert attention from economic matters.