cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between somatic symptoms, peripheral inflammation, and clinical outcomes after traumatic injury

Traumatic injuries are highly prevalent and cause chronic symptoms for a substantial minority of patients. We have accumulated consistent evidence that elevated self-reported somatic symptoms confer particular risk for prolonged symptom recovery after traumatic injuries in diverse patient samples. The aim of this pilot study was to examine whether peripheral inflammation might contribute causally to this predictive relationship. Peripheral inflammation is elevated in patients with a wide array of medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and experimentally-induced inflammation produces diffuse illness-like symptoms similar to those captured by self-report somatic symptom scales. In a sample ( N = 27) of patients undergoing brief hospitalization for traumatic injuries, we hypothesized that somatic symptoms would (1) correlate with concurrently-assessed blood markers of peripheral inflammation (hsCRP, IL-6) and (2) mediate the relationship between inflammation and later clinical outcomes. Somatic symptoms were operationalized as scores on the Somatic Complaints (RC1) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Findings partially supported hypotheses: Somatic symptoms were positively associated with plasma concentration of IL-6, particularly for females (Spearman r = 0.71; r = 26 for males). Furthermore, somatic symptom burden mediated the relationship between acute IL-6 levels and 1-month depression severity for females. Future studies should further investigate the construct tapped by the MMPI-2-RF RC1 scale, consider outcome measures beyond depression, and identify the cause of sex differences in inflammation-symptom associations.
The Use of Fecal Calprotectin Levels in the Fontan population.

The Fontan procedure was first performed in the seventies as a palliation for patients with single ventricle physiology. A feared complication after a Fontan procedure is the development of protein losing enteropathy (PLE). Systemic inflammation has a negative effect on the intestinal barrier integrity, which has supported the use of steroids in this setting. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies linking intestinal inflammation in patients with PLE after Fontan. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of intestinal inflammation measured by FC in patients with PLE after a Fontan procedure. A cross-sectional analysis was performed examining 23 stool samples from 23 Fontan patients for both Fecal alpha-1-antitrypsin (FA1AT) and FC with and without PLE. The median FC was 21 mcg/gm of stool (IQR: 15.7–241 mcg/gm of stool), and the median FA1AT was 40 mg/dL (IQR: 30–220 mg/dL). The median FC and FA1AT were significantly higher in the PLE group than in the Non-PLE group (p = 0.002 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Significantly elevated levels of FC were demonstrated in Fontan patients with PLE, which correlated with the elevated levels of FA1AT. Inversely, levels of FC in Fontan patients without suspected PLE were within the normal range. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate intestinal inflammation using FC in the setting of PLE within this cohort, and may prove to be useful as a diagnostic tool in its treatment.
Atomistic models of Cu diffusion in CuInSe2 under variations in composition

We construct an analytic model for the composition dependence of the vacancy-mediated Cu diffusion coefficient in undoped CuInSe2 using parameters from density functional theory. The applicability of this model is supported numerically with kinetic lattice Monte Carlo and Onsager transport tensors. We discuss how this model relates to experimental measurements of Cu diffusion, arguing that our results can account for significant contributions to the bulk diffusion of Cu tracers in non-stoichiometric CuInSe2.
Brillouin lasers and amplifiers in silicon photonics

Using a new class of optomechanical waveguides that produce large Brillouin nonlinearities, we realize Brillouin lasers, Brillouin amplifiers, and Brillouin-based signal processing technologies in silicon photonics. Counterintuitively, the same nanophotonic silicon waveguides that greatly enhance both Kerr and Raman nonlinearities exhibit vanishingly small Brillouin nonlinearities. Only with the advent of new optomechanical waveguides—that guide both light and sound—have Brillouin interactions been transformed into the strongest and most tailorable nonlinearities in silicon. We summarize progress in the rapidly growing field of integrated Brillouin photonics, and explain how a variety of simulated lightscattering processes can be engineered to (1) create Brillouin-based optical amplifiers, (2) tailor optical susceptibility, and (3) create new signal processing technologies in silicon photonics. Finally, we harness Brillouin-based opticalamplification to create the first silicon-based Brillouin lasers and we discuss their performance characteristics.
“Delightfully Feminine, Yet Practical”: Circumlocution in Vietnam-Era Recruitment Brochures

During the Vietnam era, the military recruited women by appropriating feminist language and simultaneously employing depictions of traditionally conservative feminine ideals. Using a rhetoric of circumlocution to yoke together these two contradictory images, military recruitment rhetoric ultimately reinstated women’s subordinate status.
Automated and Clinical Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Density Measures Predict Risk for Screen-Detected and Interval Cancers: A Case-Control Study.

The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) density categories, estimated subjectively by radiologists, are the standard for reporting breast density in the United States. Variation in t...
Cognitive Approaches to Anxiety Disorders

The phenomena of anxiety are well illustrated by the following scenario presented by a patient: I am standing in front of a group and I suddenly begin to feel faint, my mind goes blank, my tongue cleaves to the roof of my mouth, I suddenly develop lockjaw, and my entire body begins to convulse gently until it becomes firmly fixed into a full body cast. My heart is beating so hard it feels as though it will burst, and the perspiration cascades out of my pores.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MEMBRANE LIPIDS AND SUBSTRATE-CYTOCHROME P-450 BINDING REACTION IN BOVINE ADRENO-CORTICAL MICROSOMES

ABSTRACT In the present study, lipid involvement in the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction is investigated by comparing thermally-induced changes in the fluidity of the membrane lipids and changes in the apparent substrate-dissociation constant (‘KS’). The ‘KS’ increases with increase in temperature. Van't Hoff's plot of the ‘KS’ shows breaks at 21°C and at 31°C. These temperatures correlate well with the lipid phase transition temperatures as determined by the technique of fluorescence polarization using 1,6 diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene as the probe. The results indicate that the affinity of the substrate to the cytochrome depends upon the temperature. In addition the results suggest that changes in the physical state of the lipids is a factor responsible for the temperature dependency of the reaction.
Stent Thrombosis: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends

Coronary stents are now implanted in more than 70% of percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures. Early enthusiasm for improved acute angiographic results and limited restenosis was dampened initially by a high rate of stent thrombosis and later by the increased bleeding complications of aggressive and complex anticoagulation protocols designed to lower the stent thrombosis risk. More recently, routine high-pressure deployment strategies and anti-platelet drug regimens have lowered the incidence of stent thrombosis to approximately 1% without an increased bleeding risk. The timing of stent thrombosis has also changed from a median of 4–5 days to a median of 1 day after the stent procedure. Risk factors in earlier studies included stenting for threatened or abrupt closure, smaller vessels, longer lesions, and possibly left anterior descending artery lesion location. Modern studies have shown a slightly increased risk for multiple stent use, residual dissection, and smaller final lumen. Optimal therapy for stent thrombosis includes emergent revascularization and anti-thrombotic treatment, although the clinical consequences remain dire despite successful reperfusion. The use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, especially in high-risk situations may further reduce the incidence of stent thrombosis.
52-OR: LIGATION OF HLA CLASS II MOLECULES ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS STIMULATES mTORC1 SIGNALING AND CELL PROLIFERATION

Aim Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a clinical problem of solid organ transplantation. Recipients producing anti-HLA antibodies (Ab) are at a higher risk for acute and chronic AMR. Anti-HLA Ab contribute to the process of AMR by binding to the HLA molecules on endothelial cells (EC) and triggering signal transduction pathways leading to cell survival and proliferation. We and others have reported that ligation of HLA-I with Ab on EC contributes to the process of transplant vasculopathy. However, the role of HLA-II Ab in this process is unknown. Methods Primary human aortic EC were infected with recombinant adenovirus pAd/PL-DEST encoding CIITA, the regulator of HLA-II expression, or treated with TNFa and IFNg. HLA-II expression was determined by FACS using Ab. CIITA infected or cytokine-treated EC were stimulated with anti-HLA-II Ab, phosphorylation was detected by Western Blot, and proliferation was measured by CSFE labeling and flow cytometry. Results Infection of EC with adenovirus-CIITA induced a 3 to 5-fold increase in HLA-II expression, including DP, DQ, and DR. Similarly, cytokine treatment of EC mediated a 2-fold increase in HLA-II expression on EC. Ligation of HLA-II antigens on CIITA infected and cytokine treated EC stimulated a marked increase in phosphorylation of Src and FAK, activation of mTORC1 pathway including S6K, S6RP, and 4E-BP1, and activation of mTORC2 signaling, Akt and ERK. The highest phosphorylation level was seen using 1.0 μg/ml of Ab. Ligation of HLA with class II mAb on EC also stimulated cell proliferation. Conclusions In this study we found that CIITA adenovirus infection and cytokine treatment can induce HLA-II expression on EC. Ligation of class II with Ab on EC triggered intracellular signal cascades promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our results provide novel methods to study the mechanisms of HLA-II Ab-mediated alterations in endothelial cells. These studies also suggest that HLA-II Ab may contribute to the process of chronic rejection.
Long term follow-up of frontline dasatinib in patients (pts) with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP).

e18542Background: Dasatinib produces higher and faster responses compared to imatinib. We report the long-term follow-up of the first phase II trial of dasatinib frontline therapy for pts with CML-...
Enhanced potency of prasugrel on protease-activated receptors following bivalirudin treatment for PCI as compared to clopidogrel.

Abstract ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) when treated with bivalirudin and clopidogrel had increased frequency of early stent thrombosis. 24 patients referred for intervention with planned bivalirudin therapy, not previously treated with a P2Y12 inhibitor and not receiving heparins or αIIbβ3 inhibitors were randomized to treatment with either clopidogrel (600 mg) or prasugrel (60 mg). Platelet aggregation (PA) was measured by light transmission aggregometry (LTA) of platelet-rich plasma in response to ADP, PAR1/PAR4 thrombin receptor agonists and collagen at baseline and at 1, 2, 4 and 16 h following the cessation of bivalirudin infusion. Prasugrel-mediated inhibition of PA was significantly greater than that of clopidogrel at all time points for ADP as well as PAR1. There was an unanticipated, significantly greater protection of PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation only detected with prasugrel and not observed with clopidogrel. We further examined the effect of the hyperreactive PAR4 Thr120 variant in the protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs773902 on aggregation protection. The PAR4 protective effect with prasugrel was lost in individuals carrying the PAR4 Thr120 variant, and not in Ala120 homozygote. PAR1, ADP and collagen inhibition was not significantly affected in the hyperreactive PAR4 Thr120 variant. We documented that the P2Y12 ADP receptor-mediated regulation of the strength of the high-affinity conformation of αIIbβ3 as detected by PAC-1 ab, and in control of platelet adhesiveness through Rap1 GTPase protein activation. Importantly, the PAR4 Thr120 variant resulted in the increased rate and magnitude of Rap1 activation. Human platelet PAR4 mediated-activation of αIIbβ3 was phospholipase C beta (PLCβ)-dependent and unlike mouse platelet PI3K-independent. These data identify a PAR4-dependent inhibitory mechanism for the prasugrel-mediated platelet inhibition, not seen with clopidogrel that could explain the reduction in stent thrombosis documented in clinical trials with prasugrel.
The “Bait and Switch” of Sexual Assault Response: Expanded Carceral Power at a Rape Crisis Center:

Rape crisis centers (RCCs) were established during the mainstream anti-rape movement in the United States during the 1970s. In the decades that followed, RCCs began to depend on governmental grants...
Relación Dow Jones sustainability index Chile e ingresos, resultados y rentabilidad sobre patrimonio de empresas

En los paises en proceso de desarrollo las empresas estan presentando sus reportes de sustentabilidad, lo que ha llevado a interesarse en implementar un indice que pueda medir el desarrollo sustentable de las empresas como un indice adicional y complementario a los existentes en el mercado. El proposito de este estudio es relacionar el Dow Jones Sustainability Index Chile (DJSIC) con los ingresos, resultados y la ROE (rentabilidad sobre el patrimonio) generados por las empresas que lo componen, los objetivos estan asociados a describir la asociacion de las ultimas publicaciones con la relacion de las variables presentadas en esta investigacion, generar las relaciones entre cada una de las variables y explicar los posibles efectos que generan dichas correlaciones. Metodologicamente se han considerado las 26 empresas chilenas que componen el Dow Jones Sustainability Index Chile, se aplico la prueba de normalidad y de correlacion, adicionalmente se agrego el IGPA que es un indice general para comparar la relacion que existe con las empresas en funcion de las variables claves que se propusieron inicialmente (ingresos, resultados y ROE) , el estudio contempla el analisis de tres anos considerando los resutados finales de las empresas, teniendo en cuanta que el indice comenzo a operar en Chile en el ano 2015. Los resultados indican que existe una correlacion entre los ingresos y el DJSI Chile (70% de las empresas), en relacion con los resultados existe una correlacion del 62% de las empresas bajo estudio, y la correlacion con el Roe es bastante mas baja 46%, en estudios posteriores es posible realizar la correlacion con una longitud de tiempo mayor, de modo de considerar que el Indice este vinculado a los ingresos inicialmente por tener un grado de correlacion mayor en este estudio y luego a los resultados empresariales y/o Roe.
The White/Black hierarchy institutionalizes White supremacy in nursing and nursing leadership in the United States

Abstract Background Black/African American nurses (BAANs) in the United States (US) experience barriers to career advancement. Aim The specific aims of this study were to a) explore how the perception of racism or racial bias affects the motivation of Black/African American nurses (BAANs) in the United States (US) to seek and apply for nursing leadership and faculty positions, and b) to characterize the racism-related barriers that BAANs perceive that prevent them from moving forward with their careers in academia and nursing leadership. Method As part of a qualitative focused ethnographic study, 30 nurses who self-identified as BAAN, had a bachelor's degree or higher, and had at least five years of nursing experience were interviewed. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Result Although five themes were identified, four were established in the literature, and one – Nursing Leadership Dynamics (NLD) – was novel. A complex network of NLDs that served to both prevent the success of BAANs as well as threaten their job security and health was identified. Conclusion This study identified a multi-faceted, tightly-woven system of NLDs that serves to continually institutionalize and enforce a white/black hierarchy and white supremacy in nursing at all levels in the US, including education.
The cost-of-equity implications of off-balance sheet pension liabilities

Abstract We use ex ante measures of cost of equity to examine: 1) whether the market assimilates off-balance sheet pension liabilities in assessing cost of equity, 2) whether off-balance sheet pension liabilities explain cost of equity in a similar manner as those reported on the balance sheet, and 3) the incremental explanatory power of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 158 (FASB 2006) on cost of equity. We find that off-balance sheet pension liabilities are significantly positively associated with ex ante cost of equity in the pre- and post-SFAS 158 periods, suggesting that investors incorporate off-balance sheet pension liabilities in assessing cost of equity. However, recognized pension liabilities are more associated with cost of equity than off-balance sheet pension liabilities in both pre- and post-SFAS 158 periods. Furthermore, we find that the implementation of SFAS 158 significantly increases the explanatory power of previously disclosed pension liabilities (e.g., unrecognized prior service costs) on cost of equity, suggesting that SFAS 158 is effective in improving the cost-of-equity implications of pension liabilities.
If At First You Don't Succeed: Explaining the Puzzle of Unchanging Russian Counterinsurgency Doctrine

What explains the persistence of Russia’s counterinsurgency doctrine of indiscriminate violence and collective punishment over time? Perhaps more interestingly, why has Russia not changed its counterinsurgency doctrine in the face of multiple failures, especially after its failures in Afghanistan and the first Chechen war? Few scholars have taken on the persistence of Russian civilian victimization over time and despite failures as a dependent variable. This paper distills and tests hypotheses from the literature on military organizational learning to understand Russia's unchanging brute-force counterinsurgency strategy. It finds that the Russian military’s continued use of harsh tactics against the population during its counterinsurgency campaigns is not explained by theories that emphasize military organizational bias, but rather better explained by civilian leaders’ failure to pressure the military to change its strategy—although why the civilian leaders did so remains an avenue for future study.
A Comparison of Biogeochemical Argo Sensors, Remote Sensing Systems, and Shipborne Field Fluorometers to Measure Chlorophyll a Concentrations in the Pacific Ocean off the Northern Coast of New Zealand

Accurately measuring chlorophyll $a$ concentrations within the world's oceans is an important part of building our understanding of its underlying processes and the human impact on it, and developing tools to do this is an area of active study. Some methods used today to collect this data include in-situ fluorometers on board automated Biogeochemical Argo floats, flow-through fluorometers on board oceangoing vessels, and ocean color algorithms applied to remote sensing data. While shipborne field fluorometers are the most accurate of the three since they can be recalibrated before and after each expedition, they are limited in spatial and temporal coverage due to their dependence on expensive oceanographic research cruises. The Biogeochemical floats help to increase the coverage of fluorometer data by automating the data collection, but are known to suffer from sensor drift over time since their fluorometers cannot be serviced and calibrated regularly. Remote sensing data has by far the greatest spatial and temporal coverage of the three methods, but is known to be significantly less accurate in certain regions and is limited to surface measurements. This study compares these three measurement methods by analyzing data collected by a 10AU Field and Laboratory Fluorometer connected to a flow-through system, data from a Biogeochemical Argo float, and satellite data from the VIIRS-SNPP dataset in the same region. The results of comparisons between each of these collection methods are presented.
Hemodilution in High Risk Cardiac Surgery: Laboratory Values, Physiological Parameters and Outcomes

Background: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is a blood conservation strategy in cardiac surgery, predominantly used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and/or valve procedures. Although higher complexity cardiac procedures may benefit from ANH, concerns for hemodynamic instability and organ injury during hemodilution hinder its wider acceptance. Laboratory and physiological parameters during hemodilution in complex cardiac surgeries have not been described. Study Design and Methods: This observational cohort (2019-2021) study included 169 patients who underwent thoracic aortic repair, multiple valve procedure, concomitant CABG with the aforementioned procedure, and/or redo sternotomies. Patients who received allogeneic blood were excluded. Statistical comparisons were performed between ANH (N=66) and non ANH controls (N=103). ANH consisted of removal of blood at the beginning of surgery and its return after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Results: Intraoperatively, the ANH group received more albumin (p=0.04) and vasopressor medications (p=0.01); while urine output was no different between ANH and controls. Bilateral cerebral oximetry (rSO2) values were similar before and after hemodilution. During bypass rSO2 were discretely lower in the ANH vs. control group (right rSO2 p=0.03, left rSO2 (p=0.05). No differences in lactic acid values were detected across the procedural continuum. Postoperatively, no differences in extubation times, ICU length of stay, kidney injury, stroke or infection were demonstrated. Discussion: This study suggests hemodilution to be a safe and comparable blood conservation technique, even without accounting for potential benefits of reduced allogenic blood administration. The study may contribute to better understanding and wider acceptance of ANH protocols in high risk cardiac surgeries.
A compact and lightweight small animal PET with uniform high-resolution for onboard PET/CT image-guided preclinical radiation oncology research.

OBJECTIVE In contrast to clinical radiation therapy (RT) that ubiquitously uses PET/CT image to accurately guide RT, all current commercial animal irradiators can only provide CT image-guided preclinical RT that severely limits their capability for preclinical and compatibility for translational radiation oncology research. To address this problem, we have developed a compact and lightweight PET with uniform, high spatial resolution that is suited to be installed inside an existing animal irradiator for potential onboard PET/CT image-guided preclinical RT research. APPROACH The design focused on the balance of achieving sufficient imaging performance for practical preclinical RT guidance with constrained size and weight. The detector head consists of a ring of 12 detector panels in a dodecagon configuration and 12 front-end electronics boards that are closely attached to the detector panels. The overall size and weight of the detector head are 33.0 cm diameter, 11.0 cm axial length and ∼6.5 kg weight that can be installed inside an existing irradiator. Each detector panel has a 30 × 30 array of 1 × 1 × 20 mm3LYSO scintillators with depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement. The front-end electronics boards process and convert detected signals to digital signals and transfer them to system electronics and data acquisition located outside the irradiator through low-voltage-differential-signaling cables. MAIN RESULTS The typical energy, DOI and coincidence timing resolutions are around 22.1%, 3.1 mm, and 1.92 ns. The imaging field-of-view (FOV) is 8.0 cm diameter and 3.5 cm axial length. The performance evaluations show a 1.8% sensitivity at the center FOV, uniform ∼1.1 mm resolution within 6 cm diameter FOV, and all rods of 1.0 mm diameter can be clearly resolved from the image of an ultra-micro hot-rods phantom. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, this compact and lightweight PET has demonstrated its designed capability and performance sufficient for providing onboard functional/biological/molecular image to guide the preclinical RT research.
Structure, function and regulation of the DNA-binding protein Dps and its role in acid and oxidative stress resistance in Escherichia coli: a review.

Dps, the DNA-binding protein from starved cells, is capable of providing protection to cells during exposure to severe environmental assaults; including oxidative stress and nutritional deprivation. The structure and function of Dps have been the subject of numerous studies and have been examined in several bacteria that possess Dps or a structural/functional homologue of the protein. Additionally, the involvement of Dps in stress resistance has been researched extensively as well. The ability of Dps to provide multifaceted protection is based on three intrinsic properties of the protein: DNA binding, iron sequestration, and its ferroxidase activity. These properties also make Dps extremely important in iron and hydrogen peroxide detoxification and acid resistance as well. Regulation of Dps expression in E. coli is complex and partially dependent on the physiological state of the cell. Furthermore, it is proposed that Dps itself plays a role in gene regulation during starvation, ultimately making the cell more resistant to cytotoxic assaults by controlling the expression of genes necessary for (or deleterious to) stress resistance. The current review focuses on the aforementioned properties of Dps in E. coli, its prototypic organism. The consequences of elucidating the protective mechanisms of this protein are far-reaching, as Dps homologues have been identified in over 1000 distantly related bacteria and Archaea. Moreover, the prevalence of Dps and Dps-like proteins in bacteria suggests that protection involving DNA and iron sequestration is crucial and widespread in prokaryotes.
Morphologically conditioned phonological alternations

Alternations that are partly phonologically, partlymorphologically conditioned are a central problem in phonologicaltheory. In Optimality Theory, two types of solutions have beenproposed: morphologically specialized phonological constraints(interface constraints) and different constraint rankings fordifferent morphological categories (cophonologies). This paperpresents empirical evidence that distinguishes between these twohypotheses. Stem-final vowel alternations in Finnish are governed by amixed set of conditions that range from purely phonological tomorphological and lexical, from iron-clad exceptionless regularitiesto quantitative tendencies. Using a standard dictionary as the database, we show that phonological conditioning plays the dominant role,but in cases where phonology underdetermines the output, morphologicalconditioning may emerge. We then show that partial ordering ofconstraints, commonly used to model variation, extends tomorphological conditioning as well. The partial ordering model is arestrictive version of the cophonology model, which is thus supported.
Formalizing a Proof that e is Transcendental

We describe a HOL Light formalization of Hermite's proof that the base of the natural logarithm e is transcendental. This is the first time a proof of this fact has been formalized in a theorem prover.
Multiple target tracking using frame triplets

This paper addresses the problem of multi-frame, multi-target video tracking. Unlike recent approaches that use only unary and pairwise costs, we propose a solution based on three-frame tracklets to leverage constant-velocity motion constraints while keeping computation time low. Tracklets are solved for within a sliding window of frame triplets, each having a two frame overlap with neighboring triplets. Any inconsistencies in these local tracklet solutions are resolved by considering a larger temporal window, and the remaining tracklets are then merged globally using a min-cost network flow formulation. The result is a set of high-quality trajectories capable of spanning gaps caused by missed detections and long-term occlusions. Our experimental results show good performance in complex scenes.
Cell–cell and cell–surface interactions mediated by cellulose and a novel exopolysaccharide contribute to Pseudomonas putida biofilm formation and fitness under water‐limiting conditions

The composition of the exopolysaccharide matrix of Pseudomonas putida mt2 biofilms is relatively undefined as well as the contributions of each polymer to ecological fitness. Here, we describe the role of two putative exopolysaccharide gene clusters, putida exopolysaccharide A (pea) and bacterial cellulose (bcs) in biofilm formation and stability, rhizosphere colonization and matrix hydration under water-limiting conditions. Our findings suggest that pea is involved in the production of a novel glucose, galactose, and mannose-rich polymer that contributes to cell-cell interactions necessary for pellicle and biofilm formation and stability. In contrast, Bcs plays a minor role in biofilm formation and stability, although it does contribute to rhizosphere colonization based on a competition assay. We show that pea expression is highly induced transiently under water-limiting conditions but only slightly by high osmolarity, as determined by qRT-PCR. In contrast, both forms of water stress highly induced bcs expression. Cells deficient in making one or more exopolysaccharide experienced greater dehydration-mediated cell-envelope stress, leading to increased alginate promoter activity. However, this did not lead to increased exopolysaccharide production, except in bcs or pea mutants unable to produce alginate, indicating that P. putida compensates by producing, presumably more Pea or Bcs exopolysaccharides, to facilitate biofilm hydration. Collectively, the data suggest that Pea and Bcs contribute to biofilm formation and in turn their presence contributes to fitness under water-limiting conditions, but not to the extent of alginate.
Depression: Causes and Treatment by Aaron T. Beck and Brad A. Alford

The second edition of Beck and Alford's Depression: Causes and Treatment provides a comprehensive and scholarly overview of depression. Research studies and information from the American Psychiatri...
A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Afghan Surge

This paper critically examines the Obama Administration’s decision to increase the level of US forces in Afghanistan to combat the Taliban insurgency. Given the complexities of the Afghan situation, and the numerous tradeoffs associated with any US response, I turn to the a game theoretic model to capture the essence of the Administration’s decision. Using the model, I argue that while the “Afghan surge” temporarily increases the probability that the Taliban will accede to Hamid Karzai’s government, the surge produces a problem of moral hazard. Specifically, because Karzai recognizes that negotiation will allow the Obama Administration to exit the conflict, he has no incentive to make peace with the Taliban. Despite this, the model demonstrates that the political price Obama will pay for disengagement may deter the Administration from exiting Afghanistan, thereby giving Karzai to continue fighting the war at the expense of the United States. I conclude by using these insights to draw several policy implications for the US operation in Afghanistan.
Immediate visual recall in poor and normal readers as a function of orthographic-linguistic familiarity.

Summary The current investigation directly assessed the hypothesis that the visualperceptual skills of poor readers are comparable to those of normal readers. Previous research suggested that spatial and other perceptual difficulties, as observed in poor readers, occur as a function of more basic problems in acquiring visual-verbal equivalents. The prediction was made that both poor and normal readers would encounter similar difficulties if these groups were presented with an unfamiliar orthography, as compared with normal readers who were becoming acquainted with the graphic and linguistic components of that orthography. Employing a visual recall task, the performance of non-Hebrew poor and normal readers were compared with one another as well as with those of normal readers learning Hebrew. Response variables consisted of total number correct, as well as omission, orientation, sequencing and substitution errors for different length Hebrew words. It was expected that the performance of the non-Hebrew groups would be comparable on all measures but that both groups would be inferior to the Hebrew group. The prediction was supported for total number correct, as well as for omission and orientation errors, but there were no reliable differences among the groups on the sequencing and substitution measures. Of additional interest was the finding that the non-Hebrew groups had particular difficulty in correctly orienting Hebrew letters that could be construed as disoriented Roman letters as well as the observation that the directional scanning tendencies of the non-Hebrew groups were identical. The results provide additional evidence for the suggestion that visual-spatial deficit is an unlikely cause of reading disability and indirectly support the notion that the disorder is attributable to dysfunction in visual-verbal integration.
Pyrolysis of benzene behind reflected shock waves

Abstract The pyrolysis of benzene was studied in the temperature and pressure range of 1400–2200K and 0.25-0.81 atm using a shock tube coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mixtures employed were 2.1 and 5% benzene diluted with neon, which yielded a carbon atom density range of (1.6–7.9) × 10 17 atom cm −3 in the reflected shock zone. Products were analyzed by recording the mass spectra at 30 μs intervals during a total observation time of 700–1200 μs. C 2 H 2 , C 4 H 2 , and C 6 H 2 were the major products produced during the decomposition. The only species having m e > 78 were C 8 H 2 and C 8 H 6 (phenylacetylene), which were formed in relatively low concentrations and only at the high temperature end of the study. The product analysis was further substantiated by performing experiments with benzene-d6 mixtures under similar conditions. One important finding of this study was the observation that the phenyl radical was not detected above the threshold level of 10 −10 –10 −11 mol cm −3 under the reaction conditions investigated. From the initial rates of benzene decomposition, a second-order rate constant was best described by the equation k =10 14.81 exp (-34.33 kcal / RT ) cm 3 mol —1 s —1 After numerous calibration experiments, concentration profiles were constructed which accounted for 75–93% of the total carbon atom input and thereby established an upper limit of soot yield to be not more than 30% of the initial carbon atom concentration.
The potential balm of religion and spirituality for recovering from ostracism

Ostracism – being ignored and excluded – is a common and painful experience with negative psychological consequences. We present a social psychological conceptualization of ostracism, and review the extensive research conducted on this phenomenon during the past fifteen years. We discuss this research within a stage model that examines the effects of ostracism over time. This model argues that immediate reactions to ostracism are ubiquitous and largely uniform, but various coping procedures become more important after individuals have had time to reflect upon their experiences. We suggest that individuals who are coping with ostracism may find their spiritual beliefs useful in their recovery. However, spiritual coping may be exploited by opportunistic proselytizers for cults or other dubious groups. We suggest that workplace spirituality may be another method of recovery that can be encouraged by organizations that wish to remain secular and respect those employees who do not have spiritual affiliations.
Investigating Adherence Promoters in Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions with Children and Adolescents

The effectiveness of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) interventions in child and adolescent mental health is undermined by poor client adherence to treatment protocols. To counter this trend, adherence promoters, supplemental interventions to facilitate client adherence to treatment protocols, have evolved to increase adherence. This study investigates patterns of adherence promoting interventions employed in conjunction with RCT of interventions for child and adolescent mental health problems. An 85 question survey on adherence promoters was sent to 85 researchers who published randomized controlled trials on three psychosocial interventions (Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), and Psychoeducational (PE)) in the area of child and adolescent mental health, between January 2000 and March 31, 2008. Forty-six (54%) researchers completed the survey. Most researchers reported using multiple adherence promoting interventions throughout the duration of their studies. The intensity of adherence promoting efforts was increased for interventions targeting disruptive behavior disorders and for family based interventions. On average, respondents reported using little more than one promoter per session and devoting approximately 12 min per session on all adherence promoters. Clinical researchers expend considerable resources in active efforts to promote adherence to treatment among research participants. Findings of this study support best practice literature on adherence promotion and open new avenues for research into the adherence to evidence-based interventions for child and adolescent mental health problems.
Media and Cultural Influences in African-American Girls’ Eating Disorder Risk

Objective. To investigate media and cultural influences in eating disorder development in African-American adolescent females. Method. Fifty-seven participants were recruited through churches and community organizations to complete a questionnaire. Results. Mainstream sociocultural identification was associated with more eating disorder behavior in African-American females; cultural ethnic identification was not significantly associated with eating disorder behavior in African-American females, mainstream sociocultural identification, cultural ethnic identification, and body dissatisfaction significantly predicted eating disorder behavior; and cultural ethnic identification was positively correlated with mainstream sociocultural identification. This study provides support for the importance of eating disorder prevention interventions that focus specifically on African-American girls.
Localization of cloned mouse chromosome 7-specific DNA to lethal albino deletions.

Mouse chromosome X- and 7-specific DNA fragments have been isolated from a recombinant DNA library enriched for X(7) chromosome sequences. The library was enriched by flow sorting the X(7) chromosome, a derivation of the Cattanach translocation, prior to library construction. A DNA fragment was found to be located in a region deleted in newborn mice doubly heterozygous for the two albino deletions c3H and c6H in chromosome 7. These chromosome-specific DNA fragments will be useful for studying X inactivation spreading in the X-autosome translocation (T(X;7)1Ct) and for investigating the developmental effects of the lethal albino deletions.
Cell dynamics in the olfactory mucosa.

Abstract By means of ultrastructural and autoradiographic observations from the olfactory mucosa of frog, it has been shown that olfactory receptor neurons as well as supporting cells are continuously replaced during the adult life of the animal. The severing of the olfactory nerve in adult frogs results in rapid degeneration of all mature olfactory neurons. An increased mitotic activity of the basal cells accompanies the degeneration of the mature neurons and precedes the regeneration of new neurons. The capability of these newly formed neurons to re-establish their connections in the olfactory bulb has been ascertained and the modalities of the process will be dealt with in a further report.
Computer literacy by computer

The basic concepts of computer literacy can be taught by the use of computer management and interactive instruction. The approach described here emphasizes measuring student achievement, and informing students of their progress. This approach also incorporates a system for the evaluation of alternative instructional experiences.
Indications for image-guidance in pediatric sinonasal surgery.

Summary Objectives To determine the indications and safety of image-guidance for pediatric sinonasal surgery. Methods A retrospective review was carried out of all patients undergoing image-guided sinus surgery using a single electromagnetic navigation system. All patients less than 18 years who underwent image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery over a 5-year period at a tertiary children's hospital were included. The means and ranges of age, preoperative setup time, gender distribution, and indications for surgery were determined. Operative time, anatomic regions explored, and intraoperative complications were also analyzed. Results Thirty-three patients underwent image-guided surgery over a 5-year period. The mean age was 12 years, with 23 males and 10 females. Mean operative time and preoperative setup time was 128 and 43 min, respectively. Indications for surgery included chronic (30.3%) and acute (12.1%) rhinosinusitis, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (9.1%), allergic rhinosinusitis (9.1%) and allergic fungal sinusitis (9.1%). Conclusions This series represents the largest collection of pediatric image-guided sinus surgery. In our population, image-guidance was only used for advanced sinonasal procedures where there was an anatomic abnormality or disease that extended to the sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, orbit, or skull base. No complications were noted.
RENAL FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES AND INCIDENT CATARACT AFTER A FIVE-YEAR INTERVAL : THE BEAVER DAM EYE STUDY

Purpose. To evaluate the relationship between renal function abnormalities and incidence of age-related cataract.Methods. In a population-based epidemiologic study of age-related eye disease, cataract was classified based on lens photographs. Standard methods of grading were used. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and gross proteinuria were measured using standard protocols.Results. Cortical cataract was associated with increased BUN, but after controlling for age, this relationship was no longer significant. In those with diabetes, elevated BUN or elevated creatinine was associated with increased odds of posterior sub-capsular cataract, but these relationships were not significant.Conclusion. Renal function abnormalities were not significantly associated with incidence of cataract after controlling for age and gender. However, the power to test these associations was limited. Further longitudinal follow-up of this cohort as well as other studies designed to evaluate these associations are needed. Cu...
Histone hydrolase activity of rat liver lysosomal cathepsin B2

Abstract 1. 1. Histone hydrolase activity of rat liver is mainly localized in the light mitochondrial—lysosomal fraction and is due mainly to cathepsin B2. 2. 2. The rate and extent of histone hydrolysis by cathepsin B2 were higher than those by cathepsin A, C (EC 3.4.4.9) and D (EC 3.4.4.23) and trypsin. 3. 3. The specific activity of cathepsin B2 was much higher on histones than on the basic proteins lysozyme, cytochrome c and protamine sulfate. 4. 4. The DEAE-cellulose column chromatography elution profile, pH-profile, stability properties and the effect of halide ions, sulfhydryl reagents and inhibitors were similar for histone and benzoylarginine amide hydrolase activities, indicating that the activities are due to the same enzyme. 5. 5. The products of cathepsin B2 hydrolysis of arginine-rich histones were separated by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. Some evidence of endopeptidase activity was shown by the presence of products with molecular weights approximating those of amino acids through hexapeptides.
Quantum quench spectroscopy of a Luttinger liquid: Ultrarelativistic density wave dynamics due to fractionalization in anXXZchain

We compute the dynamics of localized excitations produced by a quantum quench in the spin-1/2 XXZ chain. Using numerics combining the density-matrix renormalization group and exact time evolution, as well as analytical arguments, we show that fractionalization due to interactions in the prequench state gives rise to ``ultrarelativistic'' density waves that travel at the maximum band velocity. The system is initially prepared in the ground state of the chain within the gapless $XY$ phase, which admits a Luttinger liquid (LL) description at low energies and long wavelengths. The Hamiltonian is then suddenly quenched to a band insulator, after which the chain evolves unitarily. Through the gapped dispersion of the insulator spectrum, the postquench dynamics serve as a ``velocity microscope,'' revealing initial-state particle correlations via space-time density propagation. We show that the ultrarelativistic wave production is tied to the particular way in which fractionalization evades Pauli blocking in the zero-temperature initial LL state.
Science, Globalization, and Educational Governance: The Political Rationalities of the New Managerialism

The modern school has been a critical site for imagining possible publics and publicly-defining national purposes. Public education is presumed to provide a collective good to “a public”—“a public” of which the discourse about educational purposes conjures and addresses. Yet the imagined publics and purposes of education have varied considerably at different historic junctures. These variations have been shaped in part by the rise and fall in prominence of two contrasting political horizons and the quite distinctive roles they have envisioned for the state and the market. The first, articulated in classic form by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations, privileges the role of the free market, arguing that state efforts to promote the social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces. The second stresses the state’s central role in protecting its citizens from the vicissitudes of the market by insuring social security and increased well-being. Over the past century, assumptions about the state’s responsibility for the social good have been intrinsic to various forms of governance across the globe. Political systems from socialism to social democracy to social liberalism—while differing in ideology and approach—have been founded upon the fundamental principle that issues of governance should be decided on the basis of benefits to “the social.” As Nikolas Rose has argued, “Whatever their differences, in each case the term ‘social’ implied a kind of anti-individualism: the need to conceive of human beings as citizens of a wider collectivity who did not merely confront one another as buyers and sellers on a competitive market.” The social state, to a greater or lesser extent, has been envisioned as a force for social progress, con-