cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Social Context of Science: The Interaction of Science and Society

This chapter focuses on how science is embedded in various economic, social and cultural contexts. The chapter emphasizes that context is important in understanding both why a given scientific question is important at a given time and place, as well as how that context affected the content of the particular theory. The chapter turns to the “social construction” of science, that is, the process by which scientists (biologists in his case) construct a view of nature using models, metaphors and analogies, along with certain philosophical perspectives derived from their cultural circumstances. This view of science is contrasted to the older “treasure hunt” view, which sees the natural world and its relationships (laws or concepts) already existing, only to be “discovered” by the scientist. The chapter then moves on to consider four case studies dealing with the question of social responsibility of scientists and the use of their work: “eugenics,” the use of genetics to try and improve the social and mental qualities of the human population in the early twentieth century; the use of herbicides, developed initially for agricultural purposes, to defoliate forests in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam war; issues revolving around the use of human embryonic stem cells for biomedical research; and the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including their impact on agriculture and farming practices. The ethical issues in the use of humans as subjects in research is illustrated by the history of the long-term Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in the United States (1930–1970). The final two sections of the chapter focus on the relationship between science and religion, including teaching some form of “creationism” or Intelligent Design in public schools alongside Darwinian evolution. Here, the chapter emphasizes the very different philosophical bases on which religious explanations of events in the natural world are built (philosophical idealism), compared to those in the sciences (philosophical materialism).
Policing Women’s Bodies: Law, Crime, Sexuality, and Reproduction

As we consider the election of Donald Trump as President Elect of the United States, there is perhaps no better time to reflect on the role of the state, and particularly the criminal system, in th...
Are we planning for sustainable disaster recovery? Evaluating recovery plans after the Wenchuan earthquake

This article examines local recovery plans that were created in response to the Wenchuan earthquake and then suggests ways that planners can better apply the concept of sustainability to the recovery process. We utilize a plan evaluation protocol to analyze 16 recovery plans in counties and towns that were severely affected by the earthquake. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with public officials and planners, with the qualitative data gleaned from these interviews being used to supplement the plan quality assessment. The results reveal that local recovery plans do not appear to have incorporated sufficiently the concepts of sustainability. We conclude the paper with the following recommendations: emphasizing sustainability as a policy priority during vision and goal development; developing solid databases and planning techniques; designing a diversified set of regulatory- and incentive-based policy tools suitable for local governments; enhancing social and institutional learning; and further ...
Surgical Considerations in the Management of Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Since Theodor Billroth and Cesar Roux perfected the methods of postgastrectomy reconstruction in as early as the late nineteenth century, surgical management of gastric cancer has made incremental progress. The longstanding and contentious debate on the optimal extent of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer seems to have settled in favor of D2 dissection. Pylorus-preserving distal (central) gastrectomy has emerged as a less invasive, function-preserving option for T1N0 middle-third gastric cancers. Frozen section analysis of margins seems partially helpful in this direction. Last, the role of palliative gastrectomy in patients with metastatic seems less important than initially thought.
The Social Construction of the African American Family on Broadcast Television: A Comparative Analysis of The Cosby Show and Blackish

ABSTRACTThis work analyzes the social construction of the African American family on primetime broadcast television. A textual analysis was conducted on two scripted television shows, The Cosby Show and Blackish. The analysis reveals similarities among both shows, which include well-rounded, educated family members that are representative of suburban, affluent minorities in America. However, differences including each broadcast shows' willingness to address racial inequality, stereotyping, racial tension in the workplace, and racial disparity in a multitude of familial situations is discussed. This analysis reveals how the African American family is constructed through primetime broadcast television and how that example has evolved over time. In addition to these comparisons, the portrayals of minorities in the current television landscape is compared to the characters of late 1980s and early 1990s and noticeably how the freedom to address race and equality (or lack thereof) honestly in situation comedies...
Discussion and Future Work

Even though Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) output driver current drive capabilities are better than its counterpart CMOS output drivers, they dissipate more power. For high level integration Multi-Chip Modules (MCMs), power-delay product is an important performance metric in system performance evaluation. With advancement in CMOS process technology in the last decade, high level of integration can be achieved by using CMOS technology compared to BJT technology. However, one of the trade-off is between speed and integration. With the advancements in scaled(Leff <0.75µm) CMOS technology, preliminary trade-off studies have shown that possible technology map for high performance computers will move from BJT to BiCMOS and eventually to CMOS technology [11.1].
Campaigns and Elections in a Web 2.0 World: Uses, Effects, and Implications for Democracy

Due to the aggressive use of social media during the 2008 US presidential elections, Barack Obama’s campaign is considered one of the most successful in history. Web 2.0 tools, such as YouTube, Facebook, and MySpace, were employed extensively by the Obama campaign to raise funds as well as to target, organize, and mobilize voters. As a testament to the campaign’s success, candidates in the US and around the globe began to embrace social media. However, it is unclear how candidates, parties, and citizens are using Web 2.0 tools in campaigning and to what effect these tools have on citizens’ political attitudes and behaviors. Drawing on the recent literature, this chapter aims to examine how citizens and candidates in the US and abroad use various types of Web 2.0 applications, particularly YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, during election campaigns. The causal influence of Web 2.0 tools on citizens’ political knowledge, government cynicism, and participation is also discussed. Finally, the implications of Web 2.0 technologies for democratic discourse are summarized, such as their potential to revolutionize campaign communications and the dissemination of political information.
Humility and religion: Benefits, difficulties, and a model of religious tolerance.

In this chapter, we explore the construct of humility, specifically focusing on its connections with religion, spirituality, and well-being. First, we review how the major world religions conceptualize and teach about the role of humility in living a virtuous life. Second, we review definitions of humility in psychological literature and summarize empirical research examining the associations between humility and well-being. Third, we explore the connections between religiousness and humility. Specifically, although religiousness may be one avenue to promote humility, we examine the paradox that, although most world religions teach and advocate for humility as a virtue, maintaining humility about one’s religious convictions is often challenging. Finally, we explore the role of intellectual humility for addressing the challenges involved in remaining humble to divergent belief systems and as a mechanism for reducing between-group conflict among individuals who hold dissonant beliefs.
Oligodendrocyte Differentiation: Developmental and Functional Subpopulations

Oligodendrocytes represent one of the three major cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). Their main function has traditionally been recognized as the production of the myelin components which are added to the plasma membrane of olidogdendrocytes as they coil their processes around axons to form the elaborate multilayered myelin sheath.
The Nature and Extent of Retinal Dysfunction Associated with Diabetic Macular Edema

PURPOSE. To evaluate the nature and extent of retinal dysfunction in the macular and surrounding areas that occurs in patients with diabetes with clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Moons. Eleven patients were evaluated before focal laser treatment. Multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) and full-field ERG techniques were used to assess the effects of diabetic retinopathy and CSME on macular, paramacular, and peripheral retinal function. A modified visual field technique was used to obtain local threshold fields. The relationship between local sensitivity changes and local ERG changes was determined. RESULTS. Local ERG responses were significantly delayed and decreased in amplitude, and timing changes were observed in a larger area of the retina than amplitude changes. Visual field deficits were similarly widespread with marked sensitivity losses occurring in retinal areas with normal ERG amplitudes and in areas that appeared to be free of fundus abnormalities. Despite this similarity and the finding that retinal areas with elevated thresholds have timing delays, timing delays were not good predictors of the degree of threshold elevation. CONCLUSIONS. The results demonstrate the widespread nature of timing deficits and visual field deficits that are associated with CSME.
The Software Reliability Consultant

In this paper, we provide a concise survey of software reliability modeling procedures as an indication of the complex variety of such procedures. We then provide a preliminary design for the Software Reliability Consultant (SRC), describing the current state of its development as well as future plans. SRC provides guidance in the choice of an appropriate performance measure and an effective modeling procedure for an arbitrary software reliability dat set.
Modeling adoption timing of autonomous vehicles: innovation diffusion approach

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to act as an economically-disruptive transportation technology offering several benefits to the society and causing significant changes in travel behavior and network performance. However, one of the critical issues that policymakers are facing is the absence of a sound estimation of their market penetration. This study is an effort to quantify the effect of different drivers on the adoption timing of AVs. To this end, we develop an innovation diffusion model in which individuals’ propensities to adopt a new technology such as AVs takes influence from a desire to innovate and a need to imitate the rest of the society. It also captures various sources of inter-personal heterogeneity. We found that conditional on our assumptions regarding the changes in market price of AVs over time, their market penetration in our study region (Chicago metropolitan area) will eventually reach 71.3%. Further, model estimation results show that a wide range of socio-demographic factors, travel pattern indicators, technology awareness, and perceptions of AVs are influential in people’s AV adoption timing decision. For instance, frequent long-distance travelers are found to make the adoption decision more innovatively while those who have experienced an accident in their lifetime are found to be more influenced by word of mouth.
Social Media Activism in the Digital Age: Testing an Integrative Model of Activism on Contentious Issues:

The purpose of this study was to propose an integrative model of activism that explains why and how individuals in the networked society are engaged in contentious issues. Incorporating the situati...
Health Sciences Collection Management for the Twenty-First Century. Medical Library Association Book Series

Health Sciences Collection Management for the Twenty-First Century explores the extensive scope in the area of collection management and does so exceedingly well. As collection management can be co...
Generalizing and Proving in an Elementary Mathematics Teacher Education Program: Moving Beyond Logic

Generalization and proof are a foundation of mathematical practice and as such should be integral to K-12 mathematics instruction. However, if generalizing and proving are to become popular within K-12 mathematics classrooms, we must consider how to effectively enlist pre-service teachers (PSTs) into supporting these activities in their prospective students. Some researchers have suggested that the major challenges to generalization and proving for students in mathematics lie in developing and explicating logical statements. These researchers indicate that children do not have access to these forms of reasoning until adolescence. Those holding such views typically do not advocate for the training of PSTs in elementary education to support mathematical generalizing and proving. This study characterizes the views of and engagement with mathematical generalizing and proving of those principally involved in elementary mathematics education: mathematics faculty, mathematics education faculty, and PSTs. These views and this engagement are analyzed from survey responses and participation in a problem-solving session. Few PSTs provided descriptions of proving as a generalized explanation and demonstrated explicit generalization and proving infrequently. The results suggest that a mathematical focus on logic may be an impediment to proving and generalizing.
Deception as competence: The effect of occupational stereotypes on the perception and proliferation of deception

Abstract Deception is common but widely condemned. The current research examines why. Integrating theories of selling, stereotypes, and negotiation—and challenging much research and rhetoric on deception—we document that perceivers do not always disapprove of deceivers. Instead, they conclude that deceivers will be competent in certain occupations: those in which a selling orientation (SO) is stereotypically seen as integral to the job. We first introduce SO as an occupational stereotype and distinguish between occupations stereotyped as high vs. low in SO (HISO vs. LISO). We then demonstrate (across six studies; two preregistered; total N = 1584) that deception is perceived to signal a person’s ability to engage in SO, and thus their competence in HISO occupations. Finally, we show that this perception may lead to the hiring of deceptive individuals. These results identify occupations as a moderator of deception-related reactions, helping to explain persistent deception and highlight possible interventions.
PRIMITIVE STRUCTURES IN GENERAL TOPOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a general approach to the definition of topological structure and the use of it to derive new structures and characterize some familiar ones. The approach is based on a technique called the method of primitive sequences. The chapter presents the primitive sequences being made a part of the definition of topological structure or topological concepts. This results in classes of spaces very broad in extent but permit a rich and harmonious theory. The chapter presents only a description of the method, a lying of the foundations as it were, and the establishment of relationships to some well-known classes of spaces. The classes of spaces obtained generalize such classes as those of p-spaces, M-spaces, wΔ-spaces, quasi-complete spaces, βc-spaces, βb-spaces, metrizable spaces, developable spaces, and spaces having bases of countable order.
Thurstone Scale for Measuring Attitudes of College Students toward Physical Fitness and Exercise

Abstract Employing modified Thurstone techniques, two equivalent forms of an equal-appearing intervals attitude scale were constructed around the topic “physical fitness and exercise.” Experimental test items were subjected to an extensive refinement process preceding the formulation of the final alternate test forms. Validity of the test was based upon authoritative opinion and expert judgment. A reliability coefficient derived from test, retest sampling was .83 ± .06. A correlation coefficient of .87 ± .03 was obtained on the parallel lest forms.
Moving Beyond the Name: Defining Corporate Entities to Support Provenance-Based Access

SUMMARY The second edition of the International Standard Archival Authority Records for Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (ISAAR(CPF)2) focuses on describing entities as they exist in reality, rather than on establishing authorized terms. This change allows authority records to include multiple authorized terms representing an entity as it changed over time. Traditionally, an authority record has been created for a corporate body each time its name changed. This practice results in an artificial, fragmented view of the entity, concentrating on heading control rather than on providing contextual information necessary to assist with the provenance-method of retrieval and the interpretation of the records. In order to describe entities as ISAAR(CPF)2 allows and better reflect records-creating environments, the author proposes that an authority record describe a definable unit that performs a distinct function without major temporal interruption.
Cell-Wall-Targeting Antibiotics Cause Lag-Phase Bacteria to Form Surface-Mediated Filaments Promoting the Formation of Biofilms and Aggregates.

Antibiotics are known to promote bacterial formation of enhanced biofilms, the mechanism of which is not well understood. Here, using biolayer interferometry, we have shown that bacterial cultures containing antibiotics that target cell walls cause biomass deposition on surfaces over time with a linear profile rather than the Langmuir-like profiles exhibited by bacterial adherence in the absence of antibiotics. We observed about three times the initial rate and 12 times the final biomass deposition on surfaces for cultures containing carbenicillin than without. Unexpectedly, in the presence of antibiotics, the rate of biomass deposition inversely correlated with bacterial densities from different stages of a culture. Detailed studies revealed that carbenicillin caused faster growth of filaments that were seeded on surfaces from young bacteria (from lag phase) than those from high-density fast-growing bacteria, with rates of filament elongation of about 0.58 and 0.13 μm min-1 , respectively. With surfaces that do not support bacterial adherence, few filaments were observed even in solution. These filaments aggregated in solution and formed increased amounts of biofilms on surfaces. These results reveal the lifestyle of antibiotic-induced filamentous bacteria, as well as one way in which the antibiotics promote biofilm formation.
An enzymatic platform for the asymmetric amination of primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp 3)-H bonds

The ability to selectively functionalize ubiquitous C-H bonds streamlines the construction of complex molecular architectures from easily available precursors. Here we report enzyme catalysts derived from a cytochrome P450 that use a nitrene transfer mechanism for the enantioselective amination of primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds. These fully genetically encoded enzymes are produced and function in bacteria, where they can be optimized by directed evolution for a broad spectrum of enantioselective C(sp3)-H amination reactions. These catalysts can aminate a variety of benzylic, allylic and aliphatic C-H bonds in excellent enantioselectivity with access to either antipode of product. Enantioselective amination of primary C(sp3)-H bonds in substrates that bear geminal dimethyl substituents furnished chiral amines that feature a quaternary stereocentre. Moreover, these enzymes enabled the enantioconvergent transformation of racemic substrates that possess a tertiary C(sp3)-H bond to afford products that bear a tetrasubstituted stereocentre, a process that has eluded small-molecule catalysts. Further engineering allowed for the enantioselective construction of methyl-ethyl stereocentres, which is notoriously challenging in asymmetric catalysis.
Ambulation on Postoperative Day #0 Is Associated With Decreased Morbidity and Adverse Events After Elective Lumbar Spine Surgery: Analysis From the Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MSSIC).

BACKGROUND While consistently recommended, the significance of early ambulation after surgery has not been definitively studied. OBJECTIVE To identify the relationship between ambulation on the day of surgery (postoperative day (POD)#0) and 90-d adverse events after lumbar surgery. METHODS The Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MSSIC) is a prospective multicenter registry of spine surgery patients. As part of routine postoperative care, patients either ambulated on POD#0 or did not. The 90-d adverse events of length of stay (LOS), urinary retention (UR), urinary tract infection (UTI), ileus, readmission, surgical site infection (SSI), pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis (PE/DVT), and disposition to a rehab facility were measured. RESULTS A total of 23 295 lumbar surgery patients were analyzed. POD#0 ambulation was associated with decreased LOS (relative LOS 0.83, P < .001), rehab discharge (odds ratio [OR] 0.52, P < .001), 30-d (OR 0.85, P = .044) and 90-d (OR 0.86, P = .014) readmission, UR (OR 0.73, P = 10), UTI (OR 73, P = .001), and ileus (OR 0.52, P < .001) for all patients. Significant improvements in LOS, rehab discharge, readmission, UR, UTI, and ileus were observed in subset analysis of single-level decompressions (4698 pts), multilevel decompressions (4079 pts), single-level fusions (4846 pts), and multilevel fusions (4413 pts). No change in rate of SSI or DVT/PE was observed for patients who ambulated POD#0. CONCLUSION POD#0 ambulation is associated with a significantly decreased risk for several key adverse events after lumbar spine surgery. Decreasing the incidence of these outcomes would be associated with significant cost savings. As ambulation POD#0 is a modifiable factor in any patient's postoperative care following most spine surgery, it should be encouraged and incorporated into spine-related, enhanced-recovery-after-surgery programs.
Work-related asthma in cobalt-exposed workers

Objective: Workers exposed to cobalt may develop two lung conditions, asthma or lung fibrosis. There is a relative lack of awareness of the risk of lung disease from cobalt exposure.Methods: The st...
Cultivating cybersecurity learning: An integration of self-determination and flow

Abstract Because there is a critical shortage of cybersecurity talent, information security professionals and researchers should cultivate cybersecurity skills by encouraging individuals to pursue cybersecurity learning. However, some aspects of cybersecurity require substantial effort and perseverance for conceptual understanding to be gained. We propose motivation as the key to ensuring continuous engagement with and successful learning of such cybersecurity concepts. With a lab-based training program that taught participants about SQL injection attacks, we tested a research model that integrated flow theory and self-determination theory. Within the training program, we captured participants’ persistence in attempting and successfully completing the training exercises while also measuring their perceptions of motivation and flow. We found that flow facilitated motivation and its key antecedents. Flow and task significance had the strongest effects on motivation, while motivation fostered learning persistence and performance. We recommend training programs that maximize flow and task significance.
Burglary reduction and improved police performance through private alarm response

Abstract Burglar alarms are the single most effective deterring and detecting measure for burglary. On net, alarms provide benefits to communities, but 94–99 percent of police responses to alarms are to false activations. Solving the false alarm problem could free up the resources equivalent to 35,000 U.S police officers. Response to false alarms is a private good while response to an actual crime is a public good. The paper analyzes a Public-Private-Partnership policy called Verified Response (VR) where the initial response is usually provided by private security under a competitive setting, and police respond only if a crime is verified. A case study of Salt Lake City, Utah is conducted using synthetic control methods to evaluate this program. The introduction of this policy is associated with an 87 percent annual reduction in police alarm response calls, a 26 percent reduction in burglaries, and faster response to all police calls. The paper relies on Public Choice theory to explain why this solution is not adopted in the majority of cities.
Safe Off-policy Reinforcement Learning Using Barrier Functions

This paper presents a safe off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) scheme to design optimal controllers for systems with uncertain dynamics. The utility function for which its optimization achieves a desired behavior is augmented with a control barrier function (CBF) candidate providing a platform for merging safety planning and optimal control design. A damping factor is included in the CBF providing a design tool to specify the relative importance of performance and safety. As one of the main contributions of this paper, it is shown that by iterative approximation of the value function, the safety properties of CBF are certified which bridges the broad capability of barrier functions into the learning-based approaches. Then, the safety of control system is proved accordingly. Stability and optimality of the control system in a safe condition are verified. Afterward, an off-policy RL algorithm is used to obtain the safe and optimal controller without requiring full knowledge about the system dynamics. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated on the lane changing as an automotive control problem.
Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage

This study examines the level of politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news in U.S. newspapers and televised network news from March to May 2020. Using multiple computer-assisted content analytic approaches, we find that newspaper coverage is highly politicized, network news coverage somewhat less so, and both newspaper and network news coverage are highly polarized. We find that politicians appear in newspaper coverage more frequently than scientists, whereas politicians and scientists are more equally featured in network news. We suggest that the high degree of politicization and polarization in initial COVID-19 coverage may have contributed to polarization in U.S. COVID-19 attitudes.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Hydrodynamic and Water-Quality Processes in a Wetland

AbstractFew studies have been published on three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and water quality modeling of a wetland with extensive data sets for model calibration and verification. Wetland plant...
Common and Country-Specific Characteristics Associated With Suicidality in the Arab Region

OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of recent (previous 2 weeks) suicide attempts and estimates of likelihood of future suicide attempts as well as demographic characteristics associated with such attempts among residents of the Arab region looking for depression information online. METHODS Google Ads were used to recruit 1,003 Arabic-speaking adults mostly from February 2014 to June 2014 to take part in a depression and suicidality screening study using a self-report questionnaire based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Of the eligible participants (N = 900), 10.6% reported a suicide attempt in the previous 2 weeks, and 16.1% indicated a likelihood of making a suicide attempt in the following month. Men, those declining to state their sexual orientation, those from lower subjective social status (SSS), and unemployed individuals had higher odds of reporting a past suicide attempt (P = .001, P = .002, P < .001, P = .023, respectively). Younger individuals, those less religious, those with past suicide attempt, and those with lower SSS had higher odds of a likelihood of a future suicide attempt (P = .03, P = .02, P < .001, P = .001, respectively). Comparing the 4 countries with highest number of participants (Algeria, n = 148, Egypt, n = 260, Morocco, n = 118, and Saudi Arabia, n = 99), lower SSS was associated with higher odds of an attempt for Algeria, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia, but not for Egypt (P = .002). Lower religiosity was related to higher odds of estimates of future suicide for Algeria, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia, but not for Morocco (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Suicidality among residents of Arab-speaking countries warrants further exploration. Common predictors of risk may be less relevant for some populations.​.
Prediction of local resonance band gaps in 2D elastic metamaterials via Bloch mode identification

Abstract This paper investigates methods of band gap formation in two-dimensional locally resonant elastic metamaterials and proposes a technique for computing such gaps as algebraic functions of integrated Bloch modes and metamaterial parameters. Mode shapes associated with the deformation of unit cells consisting of a hard matrix, soft filler, and hard resonator are investigated near the lower and upper bounds of the first local resonance band gap. Similarities reveal that Bloch modes at these bounds have the same non-dimensional geometries and locations within the irreducible Brillouin Zone irrespective of material properties, matrix and resonator thicknesses, and unit cell size. A theoretical model for the unit cell incorporating Mindlin plate theory is employed to compute the frequency of these modes in transverse vibration using conservation of energy. A least squares system identification algorithm is then described to generate surface equations for non-dimensional Bloch mode shapes computed by finite element analysis, employing a computation-saving Kronecker factorization and yielding continuous surface equations for the non-dimensional Bloch modes when rectangular cell components are utilized. Nine sample metamaterials are analyzed with this approach generating reliable predictions of the first band gap bounds. The presented framework offers insights into band gap formation, opens avenues in inverse unit cell design, and provides versatile algebraic relationships between band gap frequencies and unit cell parameters in such resonant metamaterials.
Beyond the Bounds of Decency: Why Fault Continues to Matter to (Some) Wronged Spouses

This Comment adds three observations to Michelle Evan’s astute analysis of the problems with trying to account for wrongs in a marriage outside of the divorce proceeding: first, that the transaction costs of showing fault may be worth it financially or emotionally to the party who has been wronged; second, that deeply unfair results can arise in the absence of an inquiry into fault in the divorce; and third, if we trust judges and juries to determine what is and is not acceptable behavior in the criminal and civil contexts, then why not trust them to make similar determinations about fault in the context of family law?
Global composition of the bacteriophage community in honeybees

The microbial communities in animal digestive systems are critical to host development and health. These assemblages of primarily viruses, bacteria, and fungi stimulate the immune system during development, synthesize important chemical compounds like hormones, aid in digestion, competitively exclude pathogens, etc. The bacteriophages in animal microbiomes are harder to characterize than the bacterial or fungal components of the microbiome and thus we know comparatively little about the temporal and spatial dynamics of bacteriophage communities in animal digestive systems. Recently, the bacteriophages of the honeybee gut were characterized in two European bee populations. Most of the bacteriophages described in these two reports were novel, encoded many metabolic genes in their genomes, and had a community structure that suggests coevolution with their bacterial hosts. To describe the conservation of bacteriophages in bees and begin to understand their role in the bee microbiome, we sequenced the virome of Apis mellifera from Austin, Texas and compared bacteriophage composition between three locations around the world. We found that the majority of bacteriophages from Austin are novel, sharing no sequence similarity to anything in public repositories. However, many bacteriophages are shared among the three bee viromes, indicating specialization of bacteriophages in the bee gut. Our study along with the two previous bee virome studies shows that the bee gut bacteriophage community is simple compared to that of many animals, consisting of several hundred types of bacteriophages that primarily infect four of the dominant bacterial phylotypes in the bee gut.
Vorticity (Molecular Spin)

The curl of the fluid velocity vector 7is known as the vorticity or, physically, the angular velocity at a point in space (see [1, p. 68]). It has also been called Rotationgeschwindigkeit by Helmholtz, rotation by Kelvin, molecular rotation by Kelvin, and spin by Clifford.
Anticipatory evolution and DNA shuffling

DNA shuffling has proven to be a powerful technique for the directed evolution of proteins. A mix of theoretical and applied research has now provided insights into how recombination can be guided to more efficiently generate proteins and even organisms with altered functions.
Pulse width constraints on RAMs for realizing fault-tolerant ASCs

A simple and efficient method to realize ASCs (asynchronous sequential circuits) with the help of RAMs is developed. This method involves measurements on a particular class of ICs as a whole, and no measurements are required on individual RAMs before they are used to implement ASCs. In addition, arbitrary state assignments can be used, and no external delay elements are required. This reduces the design cost, and hence the cost of implementation, of the ASC. >
Direct analysis of aminoacylation levels of tRNAs in vivo. Application to studying recognition of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA mutants by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase

We describe the use of a gel electrophoretic method for measuring the levels of aminoacylation in vivo of mutant Escherichia coli initiator tRNAs, which are substrates for E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) due to an anticodon sequence change. Using this method, we have compared the effects of introducing further mutations in the acceptor stem, at base pairs 1:72, 2:71, and 3:70 and discriminator base 73, on the recognition of these tRNAs by E. coli GlnRS in vitro and in vivo. The effects of the acceptor stem mutations on the kinetic parameters for aminoacylation of the mutant tRNAs in vitro are consistent with interactions seen between this region of tRNA and GlnRS in the crystal structure of tRNA(Gln). GlnRS complex. Except for one mutant, the observed levels of aminoacylation of the mutant tRNAs in vivo agree with those expected on the basis of the kinetic parameters obtained in vitro. We have also measured the relative amounts of aminoacyl-tRNAs for the various mutants and their activities in suppression of an amber codon in vivo. We find that there is, in general, a good correlation between the relative amounts of aminoacyl-tRNAs and their activities in suppression.
Ictal spitting: clinical and electroencephalographic features.

Summary: Purpose: To identify clinical and EEG correlates of ictal spitting automatisms and to assess their reliability in indicating the hemisphere of seizure onset. Methods: The epilepsy-monitoring database (1994‐2002) of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) was searched for patients with a definite history of ictal spitting. All available documents of the patients, particularly their original video and EEG data, were reviewed. Results: Twelve (0.3%) of the ∼4,000 patients had a documented history of ictal spitting. In seven of them, 15 seizures with spitting automatisms were recorded. All of them started with an aura or arousal out of sleep. In six of the seven patients (12 of 15 seizures), EEG onset was clearly lateralized to the right, nondominant hemisphere. Spitting occurred at a median time of 21 s after EEG seizure onset. At that time, predominantly fast, high-amplitude theta (5‐7 Hz) was seen in the hemisphere of seizure onset, maximum temporal. In all but one of the total 12 patients, the epileptogenic zone was in the temporal lobe. In nine of the 12 patients, seizure onset was in the non‐languagedominant hemisphere. Two patients had seizures arising from the language-dominant hemisphere; in another patient, the side of the seizure onset could not be determined. Conclusions: Ictal spitting is an uncommon feature of epileptic seizures. Although the symptomatogenic area is probably outside the temporal lobe, it is most frequently seen in temporal lobe epilepsy of the right, nondominant hemisphere. Key Words: Ictal spitting—Semiology—Automatism—Temporal lobe epilepsy—Lateralizing sign.
State-dependent Inhibition of the Mitochondrial KATP Channel by Glyburide and 5-Hydroxydecanoate

Abstract The mitochondrial KATP channel (mitoKATP) is hypothesized to be the receptor for the cardioprotective effects of K+ channel openers (KCO) and for the blocking of cardioprotection by glyburide and 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). Studies on glyburide have indicated that this drug is inactive in isolated mitochondria. No studies of the effects of 5-HD on isolated mitochondria have been reported. This paper examines the effects of glyburide and 5-HD on K+ flux in isolated, respiring mitochondria. We show that mitoKATP is completely insensitive to glyburide and 5-HD under the experimental conditions in which the open state of the channel is induced by the absence of ATP and Mg2+. On the other hand, mitoKATP became highly sensitive to glyburide and 5-HD when the open state was induced by Mg2+, ATP, and a physiological opener, such as GTP, or a pharmacological opener, such as diazoxide. In these open states, glyburide (K½ values 1–6 μm) and 5-HD (K½ values 45–75 μm) inhibited specific, mitoKATP-mediated K+ flux in both heart and liver mitochondria from rat. These results are consistent with a role for mitoKATP in cardioprotection and show that different open states of mitoKATP, although catalyzing identical K+ fluxes, exhibit very different susceptibilities to channel inhibitors.
Metacomputing with the Harness and IceT Systems

Metacomputing, or network-based concurrent processing, has evolved over the past decade from an experimental methodology to a mainstream technology. We use the term metacomputing in a broad sense to include clusters of workstations with high-speed interconnects, loosely coupled local network clusters, and wide area configurations spanning multiple architectures, machine ranges, and administrative domains. These modes of distributed computing are proving to be highly viable platforms for a wide range of applications, primarily in the high-performance scientific computing domain, but also in other areas, notably web search engines and large databases. From the systems point of view, metacomputing technologies are being driven primarily by new network and switch technologies in closely coupled systems, and by software advances in protocols, tools, and novel runtime paradigms. This short course will discuss two alternative approaches to metacomputing that the Harness and IceTpro jects are investigating.Harness is a metacomputing framework based on dynamic reconfigurability and extensible distributed virtual machines. The Harness system seeks to achieve two important goals. First, by enabling reconfiguration of the facilities provided by the virtual machine, Harness is able to provide specialized services appropriate to the platform and adapt to new technological developments. Second, Harness is able to adapt to application needs by configuring the required support services and programming environments on demand. In this talk, we describe the architecture and key features of Harness, and discuss preliminary experiences with its use. IceTis a system being developed to support collaborative meta-computing. While the focus of Harness is on reconfigurability, IceT is aimed at sharing of resources by merging and splitting virtual machines. Multiple users owning different sets of resources may occasionally pool them as problem situations dictate; IceTpro vides a structured framework and context for this type of sharing, and addresses security and resource management issues. An overview of the IceT system, and a discussion of its salient features will be presented in this talk.
Steady-state distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the in vivo cornea. II. The open eye in nitrogen and the covered eye.

The oxygen and carbon dioxide tension profiles in the in vivo cornea were calculated for the open eye in nitrogen and for the eye covered by a tight-fitting, oxygen-impermeable contact lens. The calculated profiles are somewhat dependent upon the relation of oxygen consumption rate to oxygen tension. A reasonable assumption for the oxygen consumption rate-oxygen tension relationship leads to the conclusion that for both the eye in nitrogen and the covered eye the endothelium has normal oxygen tension, the stroma has severely reduced oxygen tension, and the epithelium is almost anoxic.
Dpool: a distributed data structure for factored operating systems

Future computer architectures will likely exhibit increased parallelism through the addition of more processor cores. Architectural trends such as exponentially increasing parallelism and the possible lack of scalable shared memory motivate the reevaluation of operating system design. This thesis work takes place in the context of Factored Operating Systems which leverage distributed system ideas to increase the scalability of multicore processor operating systems. fos, a Factored Operating System, explores a new design point for operating systems where traditional low-level operating system services are fine-grain parallelized while internally only using explicit message passing for communication. fos factors an operating system first by system service and then further parallelizes inside of the system service by splitting the service into a fleet of server processes which communicate via messaging. Constructing parallel low-level operating system services which only internally use messaging is challenging because shared resources must be partitioned across servers and the services must provide scalable performance when met with uneven demand. To ease the construction of parallel fos system services, this thesis develops the dPool distributed data structure. The dPool data structure provides concurrent access to an unordered collection of elements by server processes within a fos fleet. Internal to a single dPool instance, all communication between different portions of a dPool is done via messaging. This thesis uses the dPool data structure within the parallel fos Physical Memory Allocation fleet and demonstrates that it is possible to use a dPool to manage shared state in a factored operating system's physical page allocator. This thesis begins by presenting the design of the prototype fos operating system. In the context of fos system service fleets, this thesis describes the dPool data structure, its design, different implementations, and interfaces. The dPool data structure is shown to achieve scalability across even and uneven micro-benchmark workloads. This thesis shows that common parallel and distributed programming techniques apply to the creation of dPool and that background threads within a dPool can increase performance. Finally, this thesis evaluates different dPool implementations and demonstrates that intelligently pushing elements between dPool parts can increase scalability. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Sickle Cell Disease

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) require special attention in the perioperative period. This is due, in part, to the physical properties of their abnormal hemoglobin(s) but also to comorbidities associated with SCD (e.g., anemia, functional asplenia, end-organ damage). The risk is higher for certain forms of SCD/thalassemia.
High power Raman pumps based on ridge waveguide InGaAsP/InP diode lasers

This paper presents data on 14xx nm ridge waveguide InGaAsP/InP pump lasers with record powers and efficiency as well as results obtained using these lasers in both fiber-optic modules and Raman pump blocks.
The Oberholzer-Gee/Strumpf File-Sharing Instrument Fails the Laugh Test

I examine the key instrument (German kids on vacation) used by Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf in their analysis of the impact of file-sharing on record sales, published as the lead article in the Feb 2007 JPE. Their measured relationship between the instrument (German students on vacation) and the variable that it is instrumenting for, American downloading, is seen to have outlandish implications in the often overlooked first stage regressions. The coefficient implies that if German secondary students all go to school, American file-sharing would drop to zero. A nonsensical result of this sort indicates an important error somewhere in their data or analysis. The instrument is also shown to be related to American record sales, contrary to the claims of Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf, and contrary to the requirements of their analysis. Further, their measurement of downloading varies wildly from week to week and is inconsistent with downloading data from Big Champagne. In addition, their data on file-sharing, which Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf state is representative of worldwide file-sharing, is actually biased according to some of their own statistics which they failed to examine, considerably overstating the share of German files. Finally, I demonstrate that German students on vacation cannot have a measurable impact on American downloading (and thus American record sales) negating its potential usefulness and implying that the approach taken by Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf could never have provided useful information about the impact of file-sharing on record sales.
Synthesis and structures of Cs3TaSe4 and Cs3NbSe4

A study of the alkali metal tetraselenometalate system has afforded two new isostructural phases, Cs/sub 3/TaSe/sub 4/ and Cs/sub 3/NbSe/sub 4/. The structures of these phases have been determined by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction techniques. Cs/sub 3/TaSe/sub 4/ crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (D/sub 2h//sup 16/-Pnma, a = 10.277(1), b = 11.918(1), c = 10.238(1) A) with four formula unites in the cell. The structure contains discrete TaSe/sub 4//sup 3 -/ ions (Ta-Se, 2.369(4), 2.374(7), 2.397(6) A) and Cs/sup +/ cations. Out to 4 A the Cs cations are surrounded by five or seven Se atoms.
PASIM: a spreadsheet-based decision support system for performance analysis of production workers

Abstract Electronic spreadsheets offer low cost approach to information management and implementation of decision models for online decision support systems. In this paper, we have combined quantitative models, database management, and simulation to develop a decision support system for real-time performance monitoring of production workers.
The Retention Dilemma: Effectively Reaching the First-Year University Student.

Student success results from positive learning environments which strive to meet the basic psychological needs of students, foster self-determined forms of motivation, and cultivate learning outcom...