cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome based on abdominal pain/discomfort severity and bowel pattern.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has traditionally been classified by stooling pattern (e.g., diarrhea-predominant). However, other patterns of symptoms have long been recognized, e.g., pain severity. Our objective was to examine the utility of subtyping women with IBS based on pain/discomfort severity as well as predominant bowel pattern. Women (n = 166) with IBS completed interviews, questionnaires, and kept a diary for 28 days. Rome II questionnaire items eliciting the past year recall of hard and loose stools, and frequency and severity of abdominal pain or discomfort were used to classify participants into six subtypes—three bowel pattern categories by two pain/discomfort severity categories. Concordance of these subtypes with corresponding diary items was examined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested the relationship of bowel pattern and pain categories to measures of quality of life and symptoms. There is moderate congruence of the retrospective classification of bowel pattern and pain/discomfort severity subtypes with prospectively reported stool frequency and consistency and pain severity. Quality of life, impact of IBS on work and daily activities, and cognitive beliefs about IBS differed significantly based on abdominal pain/discomfort category but not on predominant bowel pattern. There is evidence of an interaction, with the effect of pain severity being strong in the IBS-diarrhea and IBS-mixed groups, but this was absent in the IBS-constipation group. Similar results hold for most diary symptoms, except for those directly related to bowel pattern. Overall, the distress of IBS is more strongly related to the severity of abdominal pain/discomfort than is the predominant stool pattern in patients with IBS. Categorizing IBS patients by abdominal pain/discomfort severity in conjunction with predominant bowel pattern may be useful to clinicians and researchers in developing more effective management.
Teaching Students About Collaborative Approaches to Organizational Change

This article explores the implications of teaching students about collaborative practice in organizations and how collaboration in making changes requires finding and developing alternative models to traditional approaches. It discusses the limits of models of planned change that are taught in organizational practice, identifies the underlying assumptions of collaborative approaches to change, and proposes a beginning framework for teaching students how to use collaborative change in organizations.
Resonant scattering and localization in heterogeneous Biot media

This is the second of a pair of papers considering acoustic multiple scattering and localization in fluid-saturated porous solids. Such systems are represented by the Biot effective medium, and spatially $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function correlated disorder is incorporated by replica-field methods. In the companion paper it was shown that a preferred form of the wavelength-scale scattering operator, coupling primarily to slow waves, is selected by a universal renormalization-group flow toward strong coupling. The simplification afforded by a single scattering interaction is used here to define both Ginzburg-Landau and coherent-potential descriptions of the localized density of states. It is found that, as long as the Biot medium is the appropriate background, a description of localized slow and extended fast waves is possible, but that fast waves may not localize within the weak-coupling limits of the models. Further, coupling between slow and fast waves contributes an apparent dissipation that can inhibit slow wave localization. Finally, relations are found between fast-wave coherence length and the slow noise spectrum, which make fast waves a potential probe of a slow-localized volume.
On the theory of the nematic phase and its possible relation to the mitotic spindle structure

Onsager's method of studying the nematic phase is developed for general molecular interactions. It is shown that the symmetry of the molecule helps determine the type of transition that occurs in passing from the isotropic phase to the anisotropic phase.
SPECIALTY ENGINEERING INNOVATIONS ON THE U.S. ARMY JOINT STARS GSM BLOCK I UPGRADE CONTRACT

The Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS) proved highly successful during Operation Desert Storm. Although unique circumstances in Operation Desert Storm permitted onequipment contractor support of the system, the U.S. Army is committed to operation and maintenance by the soldier. The new Joint STARS Block I Ground Station Module (GSM) is produced by Motorola Government Electronics Group, and must satisfy a formidable mix of requirements. The system must substantially exceed the complexity and performance levels of the Interim Ground Station Module (IGSM) sent to the Gulf, yet be operable and maintainable by soldiers rather than contractor engineers and technicians. This paper documents the unique interactions and degree of integration associated with the specialty engineering functions on the Joint STARS Block I GSM program, and illustrates the success that can be achieved.
Adding interferometry for CMBPol

Interferometry offers an alternative to imaging of the CMB. Some systematic errors may be easier to control than in the imaging case. Adding interferometry is capable of correlating signals from a large number of antennas, more than is currently possible with traditional multiplying interferometers. Many of the technologies required for a space-based adding interferometer for CMB studies are the same as for imaging systems. We evaluate those critical components which are different from imagers.
Residential Mobility Among Patients in the VA Health System: Associations with Psychiatric Morbidity, Geographic Accessibility, and Continuity of Care

This paper reports on residential mobility among patients treated in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health system. We examine mobility in relation to patients’ psychiatric disorders, and we assess the impact of mobility on health system geographic accessibility and continuity of care following inpatient discharge. Subjects included 534,002 patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or with none of these conditions, who received VA services in both FY01 and FY02. We report the frequency and predictors of residential moves; we examine distance moved and changes in the proximity of VA providers; and we evaluate associations with timely receipt of outpatient care following inpatient discharges. Approximately 25% of patients with bipolar disorder, 20% with schizophrenia, 16% with depression, and 9% of patients without these conditions completed a residential move in FY2002. When relocating, patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were more likely to move closer to providers, suggesting greater sensitivity to accessibility barriers.
Empirically Derived Parental Feeding Styles for Young Children and Their Relations to Weight, Mealtime Behaviors, and Childhood Behavior Problems

This study sought to establish empirically derived parental feeding styles based on their mealtime behaviors and strategies and determine how these styles relate to children’s weight, mealtime behaviors, and other childhood problems. Parents (N = 378) of children ages 2–6 completed questionnaires and reported children’s height and weight. Three feeding styles emerged via latent profile analyses: internal regulation (IR), external control (EC), and laissez faire regulation (LFR). BMI scores were highest in the EC profile, and LFR parents reported the most mealtime difficulties. These empirically derived feeding styles are associated with specific mealtime behaviors/characteristics and both high and low weight extremes.
Influence of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Systemic Flow and Ventricular Filling Pressure in Patients Receiving Mechanical Circulatory Assistance

Background In patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, inhaled nitric oxide (NO) decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) but causes a potentially clinically significant increase in left atrial pressure (LAP). This has led to the suggestion that inhaled NO may reach the coronary circulation and have a negative inotropic effect. This study tested an alternative hypothesis that LAP increases because of volume shifts to the pulmonary venous compartment caused by NO-induced selective pulmonary vasodilation. Methods and Results The Thermo Cardiosystems Heartmate is an LV assist device (LVAD) that can be set (by controlling pump rate) to deliver fixed or variable systemic blood flow. Eight patients (between 1 and 11 days after LVAD implantation) were administered inhaled NO (20 and 40 ppm for 10 minutes), and LAP, systemic flow, and pulmonary arterial pressure were measured in both fixed and variable pump flow modes. In both modes, inhaled NO lowered PVR (by 25±6% in the fixed mode, P<.001, and by ...
Upregulation of the phosphorylated form of CREB in spinothalamic tract cells following spinal cord injury: Relation to central neuropathic pain

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to the generation of chronic intractable neuropathic pain. The mechanisms that lead to chronic central neuropathic pain (CNP) following SCI are not well understood, resulting in ineffective treatments for pain relief. Studies have demonstrated persistent hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons which may provide a substrate for CNP. We propose a number of similarities between CNP mechanisms and mechanisms that occur in long-term potentiation, in which hippocampal neurons are hyperexcitable. One biochemical similarity may be activation of the transcription factor, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), via phosphorylation (pCREB). The current study was designed to examine whether tactile allodynia that develops in segments rostral to SCI (at-level pain) correlates with an increase in CREB phosphorylation in specific neurons known to be involved in allodynia, the spinothalamic tract (STT) cells. This study determined that, in animals experiencing at-level allodynia 35 days after SCI, pCREB was upregulated in the spinal cord segment rostral to the injury. In addition, pCREB was found to be upregulated specifically in STT cells in the rostral segment 35 days after SCI. These findings suggest one mechanism of maintained central neuropathic pain following SCI involves persistent upregulation of pCREB expression within STT cells.
Phytotoxic Effects of Cu and Zn on Soybeans Grown in Field-Aged Soils: Their Additive and Interactive Actions

A field pot experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive phytotoxicity of soil Cu and Zn on soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Two soils (Arkport sandy loam [coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lamellic Haplndalf] and Hudson silty clay loam [fine, illitic, mesic Glossaquic Hapludalf]) spiked with Cu, Zn, and combinations of both to reach the final soil metal range of 0 to 400 mg kg -1 were tested in a 2-yr bioassay after 1 yr of soil-metal equilibration in the field. The soluble and easily-extractable fraction of soil Zn (or Cu), estimated by dilute CaCl 2 , increased linearly in response to the total Zn (or Cu) added. This linearity was, however, strongly affected where soils were treated with both metals in combination, most notably for Zn, as approximately 50% more of soil Zn was extracted into solution when the Cu level was high. Consequently, added Zn is less likely to be stabilized by aging than added Cu when both metals are present in field soils. The predictive model relating soil metal extractability to plant Zn concentration also revealed a significant Cu-Zn interaction. By contrast, the interaction between the two metals contributed little to explain plant Cu uptake. The additive action of soil Cu and Zn was of considerable importance in explaining plant biomass reduction. This work clearly demonstrates the critical roles of the properties of the soil, the nature of the meral, and the level of other toxic metals present on the development of differential phytotoxicity due to soil Cu and Zn.
INTRINSIC DERIVATION OF THE ALREADY UNIFIED FIELD THEORY OF MAXWELL, EINSTEIN, AND RAINICH.

Abstract A new and simpler derivation of the equations of the “Already Unified Field Theory” of Maxwell, Einstein, and Rainich is presented. The approach is based on an extension to the manifold of general relativity of the intrinsic tensor techniques described in a previous paper.
Moesin, the major ERM protein of lymphocytes and platelets, differs from ezrin in its insensitivity to calpain

The ERM proteins, ezrin, radixin and moesin, provide regulated linkage of the cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane, particularly in cell surface projections. Ezrin and moesin were found co-expressed, and radixin was not detected, in human blood lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Moesin is the quantitatively dominant ERM protein in these cells and the only one in platelets. Because Ca signaling pathways involving calpain cleavages are important in blood cells, we examined ERM protein sensitivity to this protease. A striking difference was discovered: sensitivity of ezrin and resistance of moesin (and radixin) to calpain. In intact stimulated lymphocytes, ezrin was cleaved, while moesin was not, strongly suggesting that differential sensitivity to calpain contributes to specialized functions of these proteins.
The cognitive academic language learning approach (calla)

Abstract The ‘Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach’ (CALLA) is designed for limited English proficient (LEP) students who are being prepared to participate in mainstream content area instruction. CALLA provides transitional instruction for upper elementary and secondary students at intermediate and advanced ESL levels. This approach furthers academic language development in English through content area instruction in science, mathematics and social studies. In CALLA, students are taught to use learning strategies derived from a cognitive model of learning to assist their comprehension and retention of both language skills and concepts in the content areas. This paper first discusses the rationale for CALLA and the theoretical background on which the approach is based. This is followed by a description of the three components of CALLA: a curriculum correlated to mainstream content subjects, academic language development activities and learning strategy instruction. Suggestions for integrating thes...
Packing rub effect in rotating machinery. I. A state of the art review

Abstract The packing rub effect is the unstable vibration induced by the friction forces and generated heat on a rotor when it rubs on a clearance annulus. The packing rub effect was observed over 40 years ago and, although it has been explained physically, it has not been fully investigated analytically and experimentally. Its main controlling factors are the friction characteristics at the sliding contact and the dynamic response of the rotor, bearings, supports and foundation system. Several investigators have made tests and prepared simplified analytical discussions of the problem. To gain a better understanding of this phenomenon, a detailed analysis will be undertaken supported by an experimental program to develop a satisfactory model of the packing rub effect.
Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis Infection of the Knee and Femur in a Nonbacteremic Diabetic Patient

Osteoarticular infections caused by Salmonella are rare. The rates of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis due to Salmonella are estimated to be less than 1% and 0.1%-0.2%, respectively (Kato et al., 2012). Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis is a nontyphoidal Salmonella, highly pathogenic in humans, usually causing septicemic disease with little or no intestinal involvement. Serotype Choleraesuis accounts for a small percentage of published studies of Salmonella infections in the United States. It is not commonly reported in joint fluid and bones in contrast to serotype Enteritidis and Typhi, where a considerable number of cases have been published. Chen et al. in Taiwan found that 21% of bacteremic patients with this infection subsequently develop focal infections such as septic arthritis, pneumonia, peritonitis, and cutaneous abscess (Chen et al., 1999, Chiu et al., 2004). In contrast, our patient presented with localized osteoarticular infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Cholerasuis, but without evidence of bacteremia.
Ferrous iron uptake by Bifidobacterium breve.

Bifidobacterium breve transports ferrous iron in preference to the ferric form in a saturable, concentration-dependent manner with an optimum pH of 6. Iron transport is highly temperature sensitive. Two transport systems with apparent Km’s of 86±27 and 35±20 μM (p>0.01) were distinguished, one operating at high iron concentrations, the other at low iron concentrations. Iron uptake could not be accounted for by surface binding. Uptake of iron was inhibited by iron chelators, a proton ionophore, and ATPase inhibitors, and it was stimulated by potassium ionophores. The presence of a ferri reductase in the insoluble cell fraction ofB. breve and its “spent” growth medium was demonstrated. The hypothesis is presented that iron uptake by bifidobacteria is related to the nutritional immunity phenomenon.
The importance of building positive relationships between Hispanic audiences and Major League Soccer franchises: a case study of the public relations challenges facing Houston 1836

The intent of new professional sport franchises is to increase public awareness, build a brand and provide opportunity for positive media reports. Houston’s new Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise the Houston Dynamo, formally known as Houston 1836, failed to do this. As such, this essay covers a number of social issues such as the attitudes of Anglo‐Americans and Hispanics to professional soccer within the United States and how the MLS promotes its product to Hispanic audiences, while utilizing the efforts of the MLS to relocate its San Jose franchise to Houston for the 2006 season as an example. Additionally, the essay further analyses the extent to which the Houston franchise successfully used crisis communications methods to deal with this public relations challenge. Finally this case study attempts to reinforce the idea that MLS franchises must develop strategies to get Hispanics excited about the league in order to succeed.
Diagnosis and therapy of fungal infection in patients with leukemia--new drugs and immunotherapy.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a common problem in immunocompromised patients. Patients with leukemia, especially those undergoing stem cell transplantation, are at increased risk for IFIs, particularly invasive aspergillosis (IA). Serial monitoring with the recently approved Aspergillus galactomannan antigen test has helped to improve the diagnosis and the monitoring of treatment of IA in cancer patients. There are several new options to treat cancer patients with fungal infections. These include new antifungal agents, such as the mould-active triazoles (itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole), the echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin), and the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Immunotherapy with hematopoietic growth factors and interferon-γ has been effective in some patients. Finally, donor-stimulated granulocyte transfusions may be useful in this patient population, but further research is required.
Dislocation density-based modeling of subsurface grain refinement with laser-induced shock compression

Abstract Laser shock peening (LSP) is an innovative surface treatment technique applied to improve the mechanical properties and surface microstructures of metallic components. This paper is concerned with prediction of the microstructural evolution of metallic components subjected to single or multiple LSP impacts. A numerical framework is developed to model the evolution of dislocation density and dislocation cell size using a dislocation density-based material model. It is shown that the developed model captures the essential features of the material mechanical behaviors and predicts that the total dislocation density reaches the order of 1014 m−2 and a minimum dislocation cell size is below 250 nm for LSP of monocrystalline coppers using the laser energy density on the order of 500 GW/cm2. It is further shown that the model is cable of predicting the material strengthening mechanism in terms of residual stress and microhardness of the LY2 aluminum alloy due to grain refinement in a LSP process with less laser energy densities on the order of several GW/cm2.
What is the inverse method

A large part of the work on automated reasoning done in the Soviet Union in the sixties and seventies was based on the inverse method proposed by Sergey Maslov. We review the basic ideas of the method in the form that stresses its connection with resolution.
The Duality of Fracture Behavior in a Ca-based Bulk-Metallic Glass

Ca65Mg15Zn20 bulk-metallic glass (BMG) exhibited a typical brittle fracture behavior during compressive loading at room temperature. Samples exploded into many small pieces after elastic deformation and no macroscopic plasticity was observed. The fracture surface demonstrated multiple fracture patterns, including typical metallic-glass vein patterns and glass mirror, mist, and hackle patterns. These observations show that Ca-based BMGs are subjected to multiple brittle fracture modes under compressive loading. Periodic nanoscale corrugations were found in the hackle region, which may indicate local plasticity for the brittle fracture.
SACROCOCCYGEAL CHORDOMA METASTATIC TO PENIS

Abstract A rare case of sacrococcygeal chordoma metastatic to the penis is presented The symptoms, diagnosis, and management of sacrococcygeal chordoma are discussed.
The effect of carbonate on the solubility of hydroxylapatite.

Abstract The solubility of hydroxylapatite increased with increasing concentrations of bicarbonate in the solution. Solution CO2 exchanged with solid P on a mole for mole basis. About one-fourth of the CO2 in the carbonate exposed hydroxylapatite was lost upon heating to 300 °C, suggesting the presence of appreciable amounts of CO2 in the form of bicarbonate. Increase of CO2 in solid did not change the solubility of hydroxylapatite. Precipitates formed from metastable solutions of calcium and phosphate contained carbonate in proportion to the concentration of carbonate in the solution. The solubility of the precipitates increased with increase in the carbonate content. Heating experiments suggested that the CO2 in the precipitate was present in the form of carbonate. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the precipitates were hydroxylapatite and that the presence of carbonate disturbed crystallization. The interrelationship between the carbonate phosphate system in saliva and tooth mineral is discussed.
Same-Sex Couples' Experiences with Homonegativity

Abstract Same-sex couples face many challenges in forming and maintaining committed relationships. Challenges unique to same-sex couples include experiences with homonegativity. Sixteen same-sex couples were asked to share their experiences with homonegativity that had an influence on their relational commitment. Data from their conversations were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research methodology (Hill, Thompson,&Williams, 1997). Analyses revealed that same-sex couples commonly experienced homonegativity from general societal sources and family of origin. Additionally, some couples experienced homonegativity from religious and legal sources. The implications of these results for relational commitment and future research on same-sex couple relationships are discussed.
Design Characteristics of Nonvented Nickel Cadmium Cells

Summary--The properties and operating characteristics of nonvented, rechargeable, nickel-cadmium cells are determined and illustrated. The chacacteristics shown can be used to predict the performance of available sizes for circuit applications where a permanent, rechargeable dc power source is desired.
Autoimmunity versus tolerance: analysis using HLAtransgenic mice

Abstract On the basis of our extensive studies on collagen induced arthritis in HLA class II transgenic mice, we proposed a hypothesis to explain role of shared epitope in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) association. According to our hypothesis, complementation between both DQ and DR molecules is required for susceptibility or protection from disease. While certain DQ alleles predispose individuals to RA, DRB1 molecule can modulate disease by shaping T-cell repertoire in the thymus by providing self-peptides and presented by DQ molecules. Using Aβo.DQ8 transgenic mice, we tested ability of peptides derived from HV3 of DR molecules, implicated in RA positively or negatively, to activate T cells. While the peptides derived from RA susceptible DR molecule were poor binders and poor in activating T cells, the peptides derived from RA resistant DR molecules were high affinity binders and efficient T-cell activators. Our experiments suggest that high affinity DR peptides could induce tolerance to autoimmunity while the low affinity peptides could be permissive to autoimmunity. Using peptide from DRB1∗0402 molecule, known to be associated with resistance to RA, prior to induction of collagen induced arthritis prevents the onset of disease. Thus, self-peptides derived from HLA molecules could potentially generate tolerance or autoimmunity depending on their binding affinity with HLA molecules.
Synthesis and surface modification of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Monodispersed superparamagnetic nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous iron chloride solutions and were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) self assembled monolayers to improve their dispersion, biocompatibility and intracellular uptake for biomedical applications. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed an average particle size of 10-30 nm and confirmed particle dispersion following surface modification with PEG. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of PEG on the nanoparticle surface and the particles were further characterized with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS).
Electron density modeling of large systems using the transferable atom equivalent method

Abstract The transferable atom equivalent (TAB) modeling method is a resource-efficient alternative to routine HF/SCF ab initio calculations. Electron density representations created by TAE reconstruction are designed to allow numerous molecular properties to be quickly assessed with results similar to those obtained at the HF/6-31 + G∗ level of theory. While Hartree-Fock calculations using this basis set do not provide state-of-the-art results in many areas, they do give a good representation of molecular geometries and of most ground-state electronic properties. In contrast to traditional ab initio methods, the CPU and disk resources required for TAE reconstruction are comparable to those utilized by molecular mechanics geometry optimizations. TAE modeling involves retrieval of a set of appropriate atomic electron density representations from the TAE library, followed by a self-consistent assembly process in which each atom adjusts slightly to its new environment. Atomic electronic properties are affected by this adjustment, and can be queried separately to give atom-centered results or combined to yield molecular properties. An automated version of our RECON assembly program is under development which can be used to rapidly scan large databases for specific combinations of molecular electron density properties such as the spatial distributions of electrostatic potential fields or other electron density properties. The TAE library currently contains 64 atom types which were derived by 18-dimensional cluster analysis of the electron density properties of over 6000 integrated atoms. Good agreement with ab initio results is observed when the molecules under investigation are small enough to permit direct comparison with HF/6-31 + G∗ Gaussian92 calculations. TAE reconstructions of very large molecular systems cannot be calibrated by direct comparison with ab initio results, so validation of the method is done using piece wise comparison with smaller model compounds. A brief analysis of the binding of the immunosuppressant drug FK506 with FKBP is presented as an example of large-molecule/small-molecule interaction modeling using the TAE method.
Comparative study of the phosphorescence properties of aminocarboxylic acids adsorbed on sodium acetate and deuterated sodium acetate

Abstract The phosphorescence properties of anions of p-aminobenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-aminohippuric acid adsorbed on sodium acetate and deuterated sodium acetate were compared. However, emphasis was placed on the phosphorescence properties of p-aminobenzoic acid adsorbed on the two different salts. Experiments were performed that showed no hydrogen deuterium exchange reactions occurred between the samples investigated and deuterated sodium acetate. The phosphorescence intensities and phosphorescence lifetimes as a function of temperature changed in a different fashion for a given model compound adsorbed on sodium acetate compared to deuterated sodium acetate. The phosphorescence results showed that a small structural change in the solid matrix resulted in major changes in the phosphorescence properties. Comparison of the activation energy in terms of cm -1 , calculated from phosphorescence lifetime data as a function of temperature, with infrared data showed that the CO 2 rocking motion in NaOAc was partly responsible for the nonradiative deactivation of the triplet state of the anion of p-aminobenzoic acid.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following transplantation.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) recurs in 30% of renal allograft transplants with graft loss in half of the cases. A humoral factor may be implicated. We report on the use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in 11 patients with recurrent FSGS post transplantation. Medical records from 1989-2000 were reviewed for 11 adults transplanted for biopsy proven FSGS. Ten patients developed proteinuria (x: 6.1 g; range: 3-40 g/24 h) within 2 months of transplantation. In 1 patient, proteinuria (4 g) occurred 2 years post transplantation. Biopsy in six patients revealed early recurrent FSGS, while in five, suspected recurrence was based on clinical findings. Each patient received 5-11 TPEs (x: 6) with the COBE Spectra, daily or on alternate days with 2.5-3.5 L 5% albumin as the replacement fluid. In four, FFP was included because of coagulopathy. All received immunosuppression (IS) during and after TPE. A persistent drop in 24 h urine protein (U.P.) was observed in 10/11 patients. Seven had >70% drop in 24 h U.P. following the course of TPE, while three had a reduction of 45-50%. No change occurred in 1 patient. Follow-up (9 months-5 years) of seven patients has shown a persistent U.P. of <1 g with successful allograft survival. In these patients, TPE appeared effective in early recurrent FSGS. The decrease in U.P. may result from combined TPE and IS. Although the disease is designated in category III by the ASFA, TPE should be considered early when FSGS recurrence is established.
Information content and reward processing in the human striatum during performance of a declarative memory task.

Negative feedback can signal poor performance, but it also provides information that can help learners reach the goal of task mastery. The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the amount of information provided by negative feedback during a paired-associate learning task influences feedback-related processing in the caudate nucleus. To do this, we manipulated the number of response options: With two options, positive and negative feedback provide equal amounts of information, whereas with four options, positive feedback provides more information than does negative feedback. We found that positive and negative feedback activated the caudate similarly when there were two response options. With four options, the caudate’s response to negative feedback was reduced. A secondary goal was to investigate the link between brain-based measures of feedback-related processing and behavioral indices of learning. Analysis of the posttest measures showed that trials with positive feedback were associated with higher posttest confidence ratings. Additionally, when positive feedback was delivered, caudate activity was greater for trials with high than with low posttest confidence. This experiment demonstrated the context sensitivity of feedback processing and provided evidence that feedback processing in the striatum can contribute to the strengthening of the representations available within declarative memory.
Comparative study of theoretical Kerr electro-optic fringe patterns in 2-D and axisymmetric electrode geometries

Kerr electro-optic fringe patterns have long been used to study space charge injection and transport phenomena in highly birefringent materials such as nitrobenzene, Most past experimental work has been limited to 1 or 2-dimensional geometries where the electric field magnitude and direction have been constant along the light path such as two concentric or parallel cylinders or parallel plate electrodes. For these geometries the extrema in the fringe patterns can be used directly to find the electric field magnitude and direction. In this work we extend the fringe based Kerr electro-optic measurement technique to a point/plane electrode geometry which often is used in HV research to create large electric fields for charge injection at known location and at reasonable voltages. We calculate theoretical Kerr electro-optic fringe patterns for this point/plane electrode geometry with and without space charge distributions, for which the electric field magnitude and direction vary along the light path. We particularly compare the calculated space charge free optical patterns for the point/plane electrodes to the optical patterns of the 2-dimensional analog blade/plane geometry. We underline the differences and study how these fringe patterns can be used to reconstruct the axisymmetric electric field components in practice.
Canopy radiation transmission for an energy balance snowmelt model

[1] To better estimate the radiation energy within and beneath the forest canopy for energy balance snowmelt models, a two stream radiation transfer model that explicitly accounts for canopy scattering, absorption and reflection was developed. Upward and downward radiation streams represented by two differential equations using a single path assumption were solved analytically to approximate the radiation transmitted through or reflected by the canopy with multiple scattering. This approximation results in an exponential decrease of radiation intensity with canopy depth, similar to Beer's law for a deep canopy. The solution for a finite canopy is obtained by applying recursive superposition of this two stream single path deep canopy solution. This solution enhances capability for modeling energy balance processes of the snowpack in forested environments, which is important when quantifying the sensitivity of hydrologic response to input changes using physically based modeling. The radiation model was included in a distributed energy balance snowmelt model and results compared with observations made in three different vegetation classes (open, coniferous forest, deciduous forest) at a forest study area in the Rocky Mountains in Utah, USA. The model was able to capture the sensitivity of beneath canopy net radiation and snowmelt to vegetation class consistent with observations and achieve satisfactory predictions of snowmelt from forested areas from parsimonious practically available information. The model is simple enough to be applied in a spatially distributed way, but still relatively rigorously and explicitly represent variability in canopy properties in the simulation of snowmelt over a watershed.
Family Boundary Ambiguity, Marital Status, and Child Adjustment:

The association between children’s perceptions of boundary ambiguity and their personal adjustment was examined in a sample of 262 children who lived with their biological parents and 87 children who lived with their single, divorced mothers or their divorced mothers and stepfathers. Adjustment was assessed by measuring mother and teacher reports of child problem behaviors and academic performance. The specific component of boundaries examined was fathers’ psychological and physical presence in the family. The results did not support the hypothesis that an incongruence between children’s perceptions of fathers’ psychological and physical presence would be associated with greater adjustment problems in preadolescents and early adolescents. In addition to testing hypotheses deduced from the boundary ambiguity literature, the independent roles of children’s perceptions of fathers’ psychological presence and family composition were examined to test competing hypotheses. The family structure perspective receiv...
Characterizing the Relationship Between HIV‐1 Genotype and Phenotype: Prediction‐Based Classification

This paper establishes a framework for understanding the complex relationships between HIV-1 genotypic markers of resistance to antiretroviral drugs and clinical measures of disease progression. A new classification scheme based on the probabilities of how new patients will respond to antiretroviral therapy given the available data is proposed as a method for distinguishing among groups of viral sequences. This approach draws from existing cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and recursive partitioning techniques and requires a model relating genotypic characteristics to phenotypic response. A data set of 2,746 sequences and the corresponding Indinavir 50% inhibitory concentrations are described and used for illustrative purposes.
The Contingency Model: Criticism and Suggestions

The authors present a critical analysis of Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. These criticisms are discussed and various solutions are suggested.
Hallucinations, dreaming, and frequent dozing in Parkinson disease: impact of right-hemisphere neural networks.

Objective: To relate sleep disturbances in Parkinson disease (PD) to hemispheric asymmetry of initial presentation. Background: Sleep disturbances are common in PD arising from the neurodegenerative process underlying the disease, which is usually lateralized at onset. Patients with left-side Parkinson disease onset (LPD: right hemisphere dysfunction) exhibit reduced vigilance relative to those with right-side Parkinson disease onset (RPD: left hemisphere dysfunction), leading us to hypothesize that sleep-related disturbances, particularly excessive daytime sleepiness, would be more severe for LPD than for RPD. Methods: Thirty-one nondemented participants with PD (17 RPD and 14 LPD) and 17 age-matched control (CO) participants with chronic health conditions were administered the Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale and polysomnography was performed on a subset of the PD participants. Results: Both PD subgroups exhibited more nighttime motor symptoms than the CO group, but only LPD endorsed more nocturnal hallucinations and daytime dozing. Controlling for mood additionally revealed more vivid dreaming in LPD than RPD. There were no significant di!erences between LPD and RPD on measures of sleep architecture. Conclusions: Increased dreaming, hallucinations, and daytime somnolescence in LPD may be related to changes in righthemisphere neural networks implicated in the generation and control of visual images, arousal, and vigilance. Our results underscore the need to consider side of onset in regard to sleep disturbances in PD.
Airborne multispectral detection of regrowth cotton fields

Effective methods are needed for timely areawide detection of regrowth cotton plants because boll weevils (a quarantine pest) can feed and reproduce on these plants beyond the cotton production season. Airborne multispectral images of regrowth cotton plots were acquired on several dates after three shredding (i.e., stalk destruction) dates. Linear spectral unmixing (LSU) classification was applied to high-resolution airborne multispectral images of regrowth cotton plots to estimate the minimum detectable size and subsequent growth of plants. We found that regrowth cotton fields can be identified when the mean plant width is ∼0.2 m for an image resolution of 0.1 m. LSU estimates of canopy cover of regrowth cotton plots correlated well (r 2 ¼ 0.81) with the ratio of mean plant width to row spacing, a surrogate measure of plant canopy cover. The height and width of regrowth plants were both well correlated (r 2 ¼ 0.94) with accumulated degree-days after shredding. The results will help boll weevil eradication pro- gram managers use airborne multispectral images to detect and monitor the regrowth of cotton plants after stalk destruction, and identify fields that may require further inspection and miti- gation of boll weevil infestations. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.9.096081)
Secondary Teachers' Views on Social Competence Skills Essential for Success

The purpose of this study was to examine secondary teachers' expectations of student behavior, to identify differences and similarities between middle and high school teachers, as well as between general and special education teachers. Teachers (N = 240) identified which of 30 social skills were essential for classroom success. Results indicated that while middle and high school teachers are relatively similar in their expectations regarding cooperation and self-control skills, they have different opinions about the importance of assertion skills. However, none of the assertion items was rated by the majority of respondents as critical for success by any of the subgroups (program type, secondary level). Findings also indicated that secondary level and program type were associated with the importance placed on assertion skills. These variables, as well as credential status, were also associated with teachers' ratings about cooperation skills. Implications for prereferral interventions, inclusive programmin...
Surface‐Mediated Synthesis of Dimeric Rhodium Catalysts on MgO: Tracking Changes in the Nuclearity and Ligand Environment of the Catalytically Active Sites by X‐ray Absorption and Infrared Spectroscopies

The preparation of dinuclear rhodium clusters and their use as catalysts is challenging because these clusters are unstable, evolving readily into species with higher nuclearities. We now present a novel synthetic route to generate rhodium dimers on the surface of MgO by a stoichiometrically simple surface-mediated reaction involving [Rh(C(2)H(4))(2)] species and H(2). X-ray absorption and IR spectra were used to characterize the changes in the nuclearity of the essentially molecular surface species as they formed, including the ligands on the rhodium and the metal-support interactions. The support plays a key role in stabilizing the dinuclear rhodium species, allowing the incorporation of small ligands (ethyl, hydride, and/or CO) and enabling a characterization of the catalytic performance of the supported species for the hydrogenation of ethylene as a function of the metal nuclearity and ligand environment. A change in the nuclearity from one to two Rh atoms leads to a 58-fold increase in the catalytic activity for ethylene hydrogenation, a reaction involving unsaturated, but stable, dimeric rhodium species.
β-Peptide coatings by surface-initiated polymerization

Homopolymers of β-lactams can be grown by surface-initiated polymerization. These surface-linked β-peptides are living polymers with the potential to be utilized as tunable, protease-resistant interfaces in multiphase structural composites where the characteristics of the interface influence bulk properties.
PLATELET GPIIb/IIIa RECEPTOR OCCUPANCY STUDIES USING A NOVEL FLUORESCEINATED CYCLIC ARG-GLY-ASP PEPTIDE

Abstract DMP 728 is a potent and specific platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist. Like all GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, DMP 728 has a steep dose-response relationship in inhibiting platelet aggregation. In this study the relationships between receptor occupancy, platelet aggregation and bleeding time was determined in anesthetized dogs after intravenous infusion of DMP 728 (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg/2h). Receptor occupancy was determined by flow cytometry using XL086, a novel fluorescent cyclic RGD peptide that binds to GPIIb/IIIa with high specificity and affinity (k d ~55 nM). Mean number of GPIIb/IIIa as determined by flow cytometric assay was ~53,800 and 79,000 on unactivated and ADP-activated platelets respectively. After DMP 728 intravenous infusion, there was a dose and time-dependent increase in receptor occupancy, inhibition of platelet aggregation and bleeding time. The two methods of receptor occupancy determination correlate with each other with an r 2 = 0.78. The present data suggest that blockade of only 40–60% (~40,000 receptors) of the total platelet GPIIb/IIIa was required to achieve >90% inhibition of platelet aggregation and >15 min bleeding time. Our results showed the potential clinical utility of this approach in the study of GPIIb/IIIa dose-response relationship.
Periventricular hyperintensity in children with hydrocephalus

Background Magnetic resonance images of children with hydrocephalus often include a rim of hyperintensity in the periventricular white matter (halo).
Thermal analysis of buried land mines over a diurnal cycle

The passive infrared (IR) imaging signature of buried mines under three different soil surface conditions is investigated in this work. The three-dimensional (3-D) nature of the mine, the site, and the temporal attributes of surrounding climate and exposed radiation are accounted for with large and moderate-scale clutter surfaces as well as a smooth surface. The effect of the short- and long-wavelength radiation as well as the convective heat transfer is incorporated in this analysis and the temporal development of the temperature distribution over a diurnal cycle is presented for different surface conditions. The occurrence of false alarm mine spots is demonstrated using the moderate scale clutter surface and a critical period of time for the landmine signature is established for different soil surface conditions. The present results show that mines buried at moderate depths in the soil would not produce a direct signature.
Impact of metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy on assessing response of high-risk neuroblastoma to dose-intensive induction chemotherapy.

Purpose: The International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria (INRC) recommend, but do not make mandatory, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scans. We present the first report on the effect of MIBG scans on the classification of response to dose-intensive induction therapy. Patients and Methods: After dose-intensive induction and before consolidative therapy, 162 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) had MIBG scans (99 with 131I, 63 with 123I), computed tomography, 99mTc-bone scan, bone marrow (BM) tests, and urine catecholamine measurements. Induction included high-dose cyclophosphamide (140 mg/kg) plus other agents and high-dose cisplatin (200 mg/m2)/etoposide (600 mg/m2). Results: In 90 patients treated with dose-intensive therapy from diagnosis at MSKCC, the use of MIBG scintigraphy increased the incomplete response numbers from 14 (15.5%) to 20 (22%), giving a complete remission/very good partial remission (CR/VGPR) rate of 78%. In 72 patients treated bef...