cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical pathways that converge on thalamic trigeminovascular neurons: potential substrate for modulation of migraine by sleep, food intake, stress and anxiety.

Dynamic thalamic regulation of sensory signals allows the cortex to adjust better to rapidly changing behavioral, physiological and environmental demands. To fulfill this role, thalamic neurons must themselves be subjected to constantly changing modulatory inputs that originate in multiple neurochemical pathways involved in autonomic, affective and cognitive functions. Our overall goal is to define an anatomical framework for conceptualizing how a ‘decision’ is made on whether a trigeminovascular thalamic neuron fires, for how long, and at what frequency. To begin answering this question, we determine which neuropeptides/neurotransmitters are in a position to modulate thalamic trigeminovascular neurons. Using a combination of in-vivo single-unit recording, juxtacellular labeling with tetramethylrhodamine dextran (TMR) and in-vitro immunohistochemistry, we found that thalamic trigeminovascular neurons were surrounded by high density of axons containing biomarkers of glutamate, GABA, dopamine and serotonin; moderate density of axons containing noradrenaline and histamine; low density of axons containing orexin and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH); but not axons containing CGRP, serotonin 1D receptor, oxytocin or vasopressin. In the context of migraine, the findings suggest that the transmission of headache-related nociceptive signals from the thalamus to the cortex may be modulated by opposing forces (i.e., facilitatory, inhibitory) that are governed by continuous adjustments needed to keep physiological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional homeostasis.
Changes in the Perception of the Poverty Line During the Depression in Russia, 1993-96

Economic transition in Russia was accompanied by a precipitous decline in real income for most of the population. This article analyzes how the decline affected people's perception of the minimum level of income needed to make ends meet. Individual-level data collected from repeated surveys between March 1993 and September 1996 reveal that the elasticity of subjective minimum income with respect to actual median income was 1.5 or that people's subjective estimate of the minimum income for an adult Russian fell about 1.7 percent each month. This sharp reduction in the face of a decrease in real income meant that the percentage of the population who felt that they were poor declined, even though poverty remained at a very high level (more than 60 percent of the population) throughout the period. This self-perception is in marked contrast to an 'objective' measure of poverty: the percentage of the population whose income was less than a given real poverty line rose.
Effect of Oxide on Trench Edge Defect Formation in Ion-Implanted Silicon

An investigation of the defects that form near oxide-filled trenches during solid-phase epitaxy of amorphous silicon produced by ion implantation was conducted. It was observed that defects form near the trench edge after recrystallization. Defect formation resulted from pinning of the initial amorphous/crystalline interface at the trench edge and regrowth proceeded until triangular amorphous regions bound by the surface, trench, and (111) plane were formed. Regrowth of the triangular regions then proceeded along the [111] direction and was highly defective after recrystallization. Annealing of specimens with oxide-free trenches produced smaller defective regions compared to oxide-filled trenches.
Bystander Killing of Melanoma Cells Using the Human Tyrosinase Promoter to Express the Escherichia coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Gene

We used a gene transfer-based system to generate highly toxic purine bases in tumor cells transfected with the Escherichia coli purine nucleo-side phosphorylase ( PNP ) gene. Because these toxic purines are membrane permeant, they mediate effective killing of neighboring cells that do not express E. coli PNP (“bystander” toxicity). In mixed cultures containing increasing percentages of cells with gene expression, 100% cancer cell growth arrest and total population killing was demonstrated when as few as 1–2% of cells expressed E. coli PNP . We used E. coli PNP to test bystander killing of human melanoma cells. A 529-bp region upstream of the human tyrosinase gene start site was shown to direct melanoma-specific expression in human cell lines. When this human tyrosinase regulatory region was used to control E. coli PNP expression, profound toxicity was observed in melanoma cells after treatment with the relatively nontoxic substrate 6-methylpurine-deoxyriboside, which is converted by E. coli PNP into the highly toxic purine base 6-methylpurine. Bystander toxicity was estimated as at least 100 cells killed for each cell expressing E. coli PNP , a level substantially higher than that of other tumor sensitization genes currently being used in clinical trails. These results suggest that the high bystander activity of the system could lead to significant antimelanoma responses in vivo .
Permutations avoiding certain patterns

Proving and disproving some earlier conjectures, we give a characterization of the numbers of permutations avoiding each pattern of length 4. Some implications for longer patterns are included.
Spectrum of statin hepatotoxicity: Experience of the drug-induced liver injury network

The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely prescribed for patients with hyperlipidemia and are generally well tolerated. Mild elevations in serum aminotransferases arise in up to 3% of treated patients, but clinically apparent drug-induced liver injury is rare. The aim of this study is to report the presenting features and outcomes of 22 patients with clinically apparent liver injury due to statins. Among 1,188 cases of drug-induced liver injury enrolled between 2004 and 2012 in a prospective registry by the U.S. Drug Induced Liver Injury Network, 22 were attributed to a statin. All patients were evaluated in a standard fashion and followed for at least 6 months after onset. The median age was 60 years (range 41-80), and 15 (68%) were female. The latency to onset of liver injury ranged from 34 days to 10 years (median = 155 days). Median peak levels were alanine aminotransferase 892 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 358 U/L, and total bilirubin 6.1 mg/dL. Nine patients presented with cholestatic hepatitis and 12 patients presented with hepatocellular injury, of which six had an autoimmune phenotype. Nine patients were hospitalized, four developed evidence of hepatic failure, and one died. All commonly used statins were implicated. Four patients developed chronic liver injury, of which three had an autoimmune phenotype of liver injury. Conclusion: Drug-induced liver injury from statins is rare and characterized by variable patterns of injury, a range of latencies to onset, autoimmune features in some cases, and persistent or chronic injury in 18% of patients, most of whom have an autoimmune phenotype. (Hepatology 2014;60:679–686)
Real-space distributions of electrical potential in planar and porous perovskite solar cells: Carrier separation and transport

We study the carrier transport and separation in planar and porous PS devices, which is one of the most fundamental operation mechanisms of solar cells, by profiling the electrical potential across the devices. We found that the PV devices work by p-n junction at the TiO2/PS interface for the both device structures. Combining the potential profiling results with the solar cell performance parameters taken on the optimized and thickened devices, we found that mobility is the main factor limiting the device performance. Improving the mobility both within grains and across grain boundaries (or enlarging the grain size) are expected to significantly improve the device efficiency.
Corruption and the Other(s): Scope of Superordinate Identity Matters for Corruption Permissibility

The decision to engage in corruption—public and private corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement—is often attributed to rational actors maximizing benefits to themselves. However, the importance of reciprocal relationships in humans suggests that an actor may weigh the costs of harms of her corrupt behavior to individuals who may generate future benefits for her. We hypothesize that actors who have a larger circle of actual and potential social partners will have more individuals to consider when generating harms and will thus be less likely to find corrupt acts permissible than actors with smaller circles of valued others. Using data from the World Values Survey and European Values Study (WVS), we explore whether participants with a larger geographic identity or a greater number of group memberships (i.e. a larger scope of actual and potential social partners) are less likely to find accepting bribes permissible. We find mixed support for our hypotheses, but consistently find that WVS participants with local, country, continent, or world geographic identities are less likely to find accepting a bribe permissible than those with regional identities—that is, actors whose primary identities that encompass more than their region find corruption less permissible. We discuss the importance of considering an actor’s valuation of others when modeling corruption persistence, noting that establishing scopes of positive valuation is a precursor to predicting where actors will target benefits and shunt costs.
FATALITIES IN UNITED STATES TRIATHLONS: AN EXPANDED PROFILE

Triathlon, a public competition involving swimming, bicycling and running, is a popular endurance activity. However, several recent high profile deaths have raised concern regarding safety of triathlon competition. We sought to define the mortality rate and risk factors for triathlon participants.
The Etiology and Diagnosis of Anal Fissure

裂肛は食習慣・排便習慣・就学・就労・妊娠出産などのライフスタイルと,体質的要因としての肛門の解剖学的特徴・局所の血流・肛門括約機能などを背景として硬便,あるいは下痢便等の物理的化学的侵襲により生じることを概説した.そして裂肛の予防・治療において生活習慣病予防の指針が有用であることを示した.診断にあたっては指診・肛門鏡検査が有用であるが,肛門括約筋の緊張が高く疼痛が強い場合は疼痛を緩和した状態での診察を強調した.直腸肛門部癌も増加している今日,裂肛の診断で肛門部悪性腫瘍との鑑別はとりわけ重要である.さらなる裂肛の病態の解明のためには日常診療においてライフスタイルや体質的要因を可能な限り検索・記録・集積し,アンケートなどを通じて予後調査をし,これらを詳細に検討することが必要である.その中で新たな知見が得られるものと思われる.
Dependence of ice-core relative trace-element concentration on acidification

To assess the role of methodological differences on measured trace-element concentrations in ice cores, we developed an experiment to test the effects of acidification strength and time on dust dissolution using snow samples collected in West Antarctica and Alaska. We leached Antarctic samples for 3 months at room temperature using nitric acid at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0% (v/v). At selected intervals (20 min, 24 hours, 5 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days, 91 days) we analyzed 23 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of lithogenic elements scaled with acid strength and increased by 100–1380% in 3 months. Incongruent elemental dissolution caused significant variability in calculated crustal enrichment factors through time (factor of 1.3 (Pb) to 8.0 (Cs)). Using snow samples collected in Alaska and acidified at 1% (v/v) for 383 days, we found that the increase in lithogenic element concentration with time depends strongly on initial concentration, and varies by element (e.g. Fe linear regression slope = 1.66; r = 0.98). Our results demonstrate that relative trace-element concentrations measured in ice cores depend on the acidification method used.
Reported sexual pleasure among heterosexual men and women: An empirical investigation

Abstract Although numerous studies have explored factors related to overall sexual enjoyment among heterosexuals, few studies have investigated the pleasure associated with specific sexual activities. This cross-sectional study explored ratings of sexual pleasure among inexperienced and experienced men and women with regard to 15 specific sexual activities. Results indicated that inexperienced individuals consistently attributed less pleasure to sexual behavior in general than experienced individuals. Despite significant gender differences found in this study, when looking at individuals who had engaged in specific sexual activities previously, differences in ratings of sexual pleasure among men and women were not as apparent. Sexual pleasure (overall) was significantly related to age, ethnicity, and relationship status; however, no significant association was found between overall sexual pleasure and relationship satisfaction, or relationship length.
Identifying cardiac magnetic resonance signatures of obesity phenotypes in metabolic syndrome using multi-echo DIXON imaging

The tissue properties of epicardial and myocardial fat in obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate cardiac function and quantify fat deposition in MetS using functional and multi-echo Dixon (mDixon) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eight subjects were imaged in this prospective study. The subjects with MetS had larger epicardial fat volume, higher epicardial percent (%) fat, lower epicardial water to fat ratio (WFR), and higher ratio between epicardial and subcutaneous %fat than the healthy subjects. The obese subjects without MetS and subjects with MetS had similar epicardial %fat in the epicardial and subcutaneous fat depots. Unlike the MetS subjects, the healthy subjects had different %fat in the subcutaneous and epicardial fat depots. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring clinically diagnostic mDixon images for generating MR-based imaging signatures of obesity phenotypes in MetS.
Critical access hospital ED to quaternary medical center: successful implementation of an integrated Picture Archiving and Communications System for patient transfers by air and sea.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of imaging in transfers between an island Critical Access Hospital (CAH) emergency department (ED) and a quaternary care hospital. Methods Electronic medical records were reviewed to identify all patients who were transferred from an island CAH to our quaternary care hospital in 2012 and 2013. Medical history, transfer diagnosis, and the type of imaging performed at the CAH prior to transfer were reviewed. Results During the study period, a total of 22075 ED visits were made to the CAH and 696 (3.2%) of these patients were transferred for higher level of care, with 424 (60.9%) of the patients transferred to our quaternary care hospital. The most common reasons for transfer were cardiac (121; 28.5%), trauma (82; 19.3%), gastrointestinal (63; 14.9%), and neurologic conditions (54; 12.7%). 349 patients (82.3%) had imaging prior to transfer (56.4% radiograph, 33.5% computed tomography, 4.7% magnetic resonance imaging, 8.0% ultrasound). Of patients that had imaging, 53.6% had positive imaging findings related to the transfer diagnosis, and patients transferred for noncardiac etiologies were significantly more likely to have imaging findings related to their transfer diagnosis compared with patients transferred for cardiac etiologies (72.9% vs 6.9%, respectively; P Conclusion Approximately 3 of every 100 ED visits to the rural CAH required transfer for higher level of care, with nearly three-quarters of noncardiac transferred patients having a positive imaging finding related to the reason for transfer.
Modeling the Impact of Near-Threshold 7 Li(p,n) 7 Be Generated, Fast Neutron Beams on Boron Drug Distribution Requirements for BNCT

One approach to developing a neutron source for BNCT is to use a monoenergetic proton beam operating near the threshold (1.881 MeV) for the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. The appeal of this approach lies in the assumption that the forward directed, compact, neutron-energy spectrum would be directly useful for BNCT, without moderation and the resulting beam degradation. Our study assumes that the “near threshold” accelerator concept can produce a neutron flux of E+9 n/cm2 s and evaluates the clinical merit of the achievable spectra. Our study also provides guidance to both boron-drug and neutron source developers by identifying the interactive performance of boron and neutron distributions believed to be necessary for clinical success.
Validation of conducting wall models using magnetic measurements

The impact of conducting wall eddy currents on perturbed magnetic field measurements is a key issue for understanding the measurement and control of long-wavelength MHD stability in tokamak devices. As plasma response models have growth in sophistication, the need to understand and resolve small changes in these measurements has become more important, motivating increased fidelity in simulations of externally applied fields and the wall eddy current response. In this manuscript, we describe thorough validation studies of the wall models in the mars-f and valen stability codes, using coil–sensor vacuum coupling measurements from the DIII-D tokamak (Luxon et al 2005 Fusion Sci. Technol. 48 807). The valen formulation treats conducting structures with arbitrary three-dimensional geometries, while mars-f uses an axisymmetric wall model and a spectral decomposition of the problem geometry with a fixed toroidal harmonic n. The vacuum coupling measurements have a strong sensitivity to wall eddy currents induced by time-changing coil currents, owing to the close proximities of both the sensors and coils to the wall. Measurements from individual coil and sensor channels are directly compared with valen predictions. It is found that straightforward improvements to the valen model, such as refining the wall mesh and simulating the vertical extent of the DIII-D poloidal field sensors, lead to good agreement with the experimental measurements. In addition, couplings to multi-coil, n = 1 toroidal mode perturbations are calculated from the measurements and compared with predictions from both codes. The toroidal mode comparisons favor the fully three-dimensional simulation approach, likely because this approach naturally treats n > 1 sidebands generated by the coils and wall eddy currents, as well as the n = 1 fundamental.
Consensus Modeling for Prediction of Estrogenic Activity of Ingredients Commonly Used in Sunscreen Products

Sunscreen products are predominantly regulated as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by the US FDA. The “active” ingredients function as ultraviolet filters. Once a sunscreen product is generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) via an OTC drug review process, new formulations using these ingredients do not require FDA review and approval, however, the majority of ingredients have never been tested to uncover any potential endocrine activity and their ability to interact with the estrogen receptor (ER) is unknown, despite the fact that this is a very extensively studied target related to endocrine activity. Consequently, we have developed an in silico model to prioritize single ingredient estrogen receptor activity for use when actual animal data are inadequate, equivocal, or absent. It relies on consensus modeling to qualitatively and quantitatively predict ER binding activity. As proof of concept, the model was applied to ingredients commonly used in sunscreen products worldwide and a few reference chemicals. Of the 32 chemicals with unknown ER binding activity that were evaluated, seven were predicted to be active estrogenic compounds. Five of the seven were confirmed by the published data. Further experimental data is needed to confirm the other two predictions.
European defence policy between dependence and autonomy: A challenge of Sisyphean dimensions:

There have been two critical moments in Europe’s tortuous attempts to generate a viable, collective, relatively autonomous, trans-national defence project: the first decade after World War II, and ...
Hemodynamic Assessment of Dyspnea in Post-Left Atrial Radiofrequency Ablation and Maze Procedure

The surgical Maze procedure and radiofrequency ablation to treat atrial fibrillation are associated with complications that may subsequently lead to dyspnea including left atrial noncompliance, interatrial conduction delays, and pulmonary vein stenosis [(1,2)][1]. A 73-year-old woman presented with
A Plastic–Crystal Electrolyte Interphase for All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries

The development of all-solid-state rechargeable batteries is plagued by a large interfacial resistance between a solid cathode and a solid electrolyte that increases with each charge–discharge cycle. The introduction of a plastic–crystal electrolyte interphase between a solid electrolyte and solid cathode particles reduces the interfacial resistance, increases the cycle life, and allows a high rate performance. Comparison of solid-state sodium cells with 1) solid electrolyte Na3Zr2(Si2PO4) particles versus 2) plastic–crystal electrolyte in the cathode composites shows that the former suffers from a huge irreversible capacity loss on cycling whereas the latter exhibits a dramatically improved electrochemical performance with retention of capacity for over 100 cycles and cycling at 5 C rate. The application of a plastic–crystal electrolyte interphase between a solid electrolyte and a solid cathode may be extended to other all-solid-state battery cells.
A New Understanding on the Regulation of Oocyte Meiotic Prophase Arrest and Resumption

In mammals, oocyte maturation must be remained precisely in synchrony with ovulation for normal female fertility. Signals from ovarian somatic cells prevent precocious resumption of meiosis until a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary stimulates oocyte maturation and ovulation. Natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC) produced by mural granulosa cells stimulates the generation of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) by natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) of cumulus cells. The cGMP then diffuses into oocytes and arrests meiotic progression by inhibiting oocyte-specific phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) activity and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) hydrolysis. Intraoocyte cAMP is produced by G-protein-coupled receptor GPR3/12 activation of adenylyl cyclase endogenous to the oocyte. Oocyte itself also promotes cumulus cell expression of NPR2 and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) to elevate cGMP levels for meiotic arrest. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), through estradiol (E2), enhances NPPC/NPR2 expression to ensure meiotic arrest during antral follicular development. LH-induced epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors decrease NPPC content and NPR2 activity, resulting in cGMP decrease and meiotic resumption. A better understanding of these signaling networks on the regulation of oocyte meiotic progress will provide new opportunities for the manipulation of follicular functions for contraception or the treatment of infertility.
Bone marrow fibrosis in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is associated with increased megakaryopoiesis, splenomegaly and with a shorter median time to disease progression.

// Kseniya Petrova-Drus 1 , April Chiu 2 , Elizabeth Margolskee 3 , Sharon Barouk-Fox 3 , Julia Geyer 3 , Ahmet Dogan 1 and Attilio Orazi 3 1 Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA Correspondence to: Kseniya Petrova-Drus, email: petrovak@mskcc.org Keywords: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, bone marrow fibrosis, myeloid neoplasms Received: August 24, 2017 Accepted: September 29, 2017 Published: October 17, 2017 ABSTRACT Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis is an adverse prognostic marker in several myeloid neoplasms, particularly in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with fibrosis; however, its significance in chronic myelomonoctyic leukemia (CMML) has not been evaluated. We performed a retrospective analysis to investigate the prognostic and clinicopathological features of CMML with and without BM fibrosis. The study included specimens from a total of 83 untreated CMML patients from 2 large institutions. Patients with any amount of BM fibrosis (MF-1 or higher; MF1+) had significantly shorter progression-free survival (MF1+, 28.3 months vs MF0, not reached; p = 0.001, log rank test), splenomegaly ( p = 0.016), and increased BM megakaryocytes ( p = 0.04) compared to patients without BM fibrosis (MF-0). No association was observed between fibrosis and peripheral blood parameters, presence of JAK2 V617F mutation, BM blasts, or overall survival. Our study demonstrates the importance of assessing BM fibrosis in CMML. Similar to MDS, the presence of BM fibrosis may identify a distinct subgroup of CMML patients (CMML-F) with a more aggressive clinical course.
Anterior Rhinoscopy and Nasal Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Sinonasal Disease

Nasal exam techniques allow for the proper diagnosis of rhinosinusitis and other nasal diseases in conjunction with proper historical details. This chapter details the necessary examination components for a proper nasal and sinus examination in the setting of a comprehensive head and neck examination. Anterior rhinoscopy with an otoscope can be adequate, but a nasal speculum with an external light source provides superior visualization for anterior rhinoscopy. Specially trained subspecialists often employ flexible and rigid endoscopy, which permits a complete examination of the nasal cavities and beyond. We describe in this chapter the relevant anatomic landmarks visualized during each type of nasal examination. Common pathologies of the nasal mucosa, nasal septum, turbinates, nasopharynx, and sinonasal cavities are reviewed. Additionally, tips on examination techniques and positioning, including pediatric-specific advice, provide the practitioner with enhanced diagnostic capabilities.
Coexistent Ipsilateral Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Hepatitis C.

A 58-year-old male, known to have hepatitis C virus (HCV), presented with intermittent headaches and left-sided sensorimotor symptoms. There were no focal neurological deficits on examination. Elec...
Imatinib mesylate suppresses T-cell activation through inhibition of Lck/Zap-70 signaling: Evidence for a role in herpes zoster reactivation in CML patients

1241 Imatinib mesylate (IM) inhibits the BCR-ABL oncogene and effectively controls BCR-ABL (+) leukemias. This drug is one of the first and most successful applications of targeted therapy where minimal interference with unintended targets reduces drug toxicity. However, tyrosine kinases other than BCR-ABL are inhibited by IM; some exploited for therapeutic purposes in other disease. In CML patients receiving IM herpes zoster episodes were noted in a percentage of patients that had not been seen with other forms of CML therapy. The risk of herpes zoster reactivation in CML patient receiving IM was much higher than the general age-matched population, suggesting a link between IM therapy and herpes zoster episodes. In IM treated CML patients T-cell cytokine levels (IFN-gamma, IL-2) were significantly reduced, suggesting an impairment in T-cell function. Treatment of Jurkat T-cells with IM reduced tyrosine phosphorylation and cytokine expression without inducing apoptosis. In vitro studies with purified Lck and Zap-70 kinases demonstrated that Lck was inhibited at IM concentrations that are clinically achievable. Only Lck and Lyn kinase in the src family demonstrated sensitivity to IM-mediated kinase inhibition with IC50 values of 5.1 and 3.8 microM, respectively. In CML patients we detected suppression of Lck/Zap-70 signaling (p-LAT) following IM therapy. Signaling and cytokine expression were also inhibited by IM in T-cells derived from normal donors. These results suggest that IM suppresses T-cell activation through inhibition of Lck/Zap-70 signaling and may play a role in the inability of CML patients receiving IM to prevent the reactivation of varicella zoster virus infection
Monitoring vs. Man-in-the-Loop Detection of Aircraft Control Failures

The rapid technological advancements of the past decade, and the availability of higher levels of automation which resulted, have aroused interest in the role of man in complex systems. Should the human be an active element in the control loop, operating manual manipulators in response to signals presented by various instruments and displays? Or should the signals be coupled directly into an automatic controller, delegating the human to the monitoring role of a supervisor of the system’s operation?
Crack-healing in ceramics

Abstract In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the crack-healing behavior of ceramic materials. Design of ceramic structures with the ability of crack-healing in service is one of the most important objectives of many scientists. Development of such structures in fuel cells, aerospace, automotive and military industries can save a lot of money from a maintenance cost viewpoint. This paper addresses the most recent findings from researchers in the field of crack-healing in ceramics and discusses future perspectives in this research area.
Police Abuse and the Racialized Boundaries of Citizenship in France

Cathy Lisa Schneider argues that police abuse defines the racial boundaries of democratic citizenship. Using ethnographic methods, she reveals how French police treat black and Arab youth, including those born in France, as if they were a foreign enemy. This practice is a legacy of France’s colonial empire, particularly, colonial rule in Algeria. Despite efforts to reform the police in the 1990s, most black and Arab youth continue to live in segregated neighborhoods virtually occupied by police. Because police are not held accountable when they abuse minority youth, minority youth feel that their lives do not matter in France. It is this that explains the periodic eruption of riots, as well as more deadly incidents of violence in black and Arab neighborhoods in France.
Erfahrungswissen — Erfahren durch objektivierendes und subjektivierendes Handeln

Obwohl in der beruflichen Bildimg die Verbindung von Wissen und praktischem Handeln ein grundlegendes Prinzip ist, wurde das Erfahrungswissen zunehmend durch ein wissenschaftlich begrundetes Fachwissen ersetzt (Bauer u.a. 2006; Fischer 2000; Siebeck 1999; Adolph 1984; Blankertz 1969). So waren zum Beispiel bei den Reformen beruflicher Bildung in den siebziger Jahren sowohl die theoretische Fundierung als auch die Ersetzung der Anlernung in der Praxis durch eine systematische Ausbildung zentrale Forderungen und Ziele (Schmidt 2000; Binkelmann 1975; Bohle/Schneller 1976; Drexel u.a. 1976; Drexel/Nuber 1979). Erfahrungswissen wurde hierbei als ein unzulangliches Wissen angesehen, das es infolge der fortschreitenden Technisierung durch ein wissenschaftlich begrundetes Wissen zu ersetzen galt und dessen Ersetzbarkeit — wenn uberhaupt — bestenfalls als ein Problem geeigneter padagogisch-didaktischer Methoden und deren sozialer Akzeptanz betrachtet wurde. Seinen Niederschlag fand dies in der Einfuhrung neuer Berufsbilder wie zum Beispiel des Chemikanten in der chemischen Industrie sowie der Systematisierung von Ausbildungsinhalten und dem Ausbau betrieblicher und uberbetrieblicher Lehrwerkstatten. Vor diesem Hintergrund beginnt Mitte der achtziger Jahre weithin unerwartet und uberraschend eine neue Auseinandersetzung mit praktischer Erfahrung und Erfahrungswissen. Dabei handelt es sich jedoch nicht — auch wenn dies auf den ersten Blick so erscheinen mag — um eine Gegenreform und eine Ruckwendung in das vorindustrielle und vorwissenschaftliche Zeitalter handwerklicher Berufsausbildung.
From Apple to Werewolf: A content analysis of marketing for e-liquids on Instagram

Abstract Introduction With the growing popularity of refillable e-cigarettes and recent FDA regulatory action on e-liquid warning labels, e-liquids are an increasingly important area of study. At present, however, little is known about how e-liquids are marketed. This study examined e-liquid marketing on the visual social media platform Instagram, on which users have created significant amounts of e-cigarette related content. Methods A systematic, random sample of Instagram posts with either #eliquid or #ejuice was collected from the Instagram API during one week in May 2017 and in October 2017 using the Netlytic application. A final sample of 1000 posts was analyzed using qualitative content analysis to discern e-liquid themes, claims, promotions, and products promoted. Results Of the 1000 posts, 61.1% promoted e-liquid. These posts were most frequently made by vape shops and ambassadors/representatives. Almost 80% of promotional posts featured a flavored e-liquid. Posts focused largely on e-liquids tasting good (35.4%) or being cool/edgy (19.0%). Many posts made use of Instagram's visual nature to share creative label designs. Just over a third of posts made some claim about e-liquid benefits or quality, with smokeless tobacco claims being most common. Although posts most commonly originated from the United States, posts made from Indonesia and the United Kingdom were also common. Conclusions E-liquid marketing on Instagram emphasizes positive experiences, personalization, and aspirational identities rather than explicit health and cessation claims. Appeal to youth is a significant concern based both on marketing strategies and the demographics of Instagram users.
Analyzing Variable Entanglement for Parallel Simulation of SystemC TLM-2.0 Models

The SystemC TLM-2.0 standard is widely used in modern electronic system level design for better interoperability and higher simulation speed. However, TLM-2.0 has been identified as an obstacle for parallel SystemC simulation due to the disappearance of channels. Without a containment construct, simulation threads are permitted to directly access data of other modules and that makes it difficult to synchronize such accesses as required by the SystemC execution semantics. In this paper, we propose a compile time approach to statically analyze potential conflicts among threads in SystemC TLM-2.0 loosely- and approximately-timed models. We introduce a new Socket Call Path technique which provides the compiler with socket binding information for precise static analysis. We also propose an algorithm to analyze entangled variable pairs. Experimental results show that our approach is able to support automatically safe parallel simulation of SystemC models with TLM-2.0 Blocking Transport Interface, Direct Memory Interface and Non-blocking Transport Interface, resulting in impressive simulation speeds.
Continued westward expansion of woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) in Nebraska

During the last century, the distribution of the woodchuck (Marmota monax) has expanded westward in parts of the Great Plains. Expansive grasslands of the Great Plains were formerly a barrier to forest-dwelling species, but changes since European settlement have enabled some woodland species to colonize the region. By 2000, woodchucks generally reached across the central portion of Nebraska. We compiled new county records and estimated the continued westward expansion rate of this large, diurnal squirrel in Nebraska. We documented new records of M. monax along much of the former western distributional limits in central and southern parts of the state, including a large westward movement along the Platte River into central Keith County. Westward movements appear to follow wooded rivers and their tributaries throughout the state. We estimated that in the last 18 years, M. monax expanded westward along the Platte River from central to western Nebraska at a rate of 9–13 km/year. If not already present in northeastern Colorado, M. monax could reach the Colorado border in <5 years. We acquired many records of M. monax reported as nuisance/damage control to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. We suspect that as this species continues to advance westward in the state and other areas of the Great Plains, more residents will report this species as a nuisance. Although a novel species in much of this grassland region, M. monax will provide habitat for a number of other species with its elaborately constructed burrows.
Impact of Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Chemotherapy on the Extent of Axillary Surgery for Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancers of Triple-Negative and HER2-Overexpressing Phenotypes.

Abstract Background Breast cancer patients with triple-negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing phenotypes are recommended to receive chemotherapy for primary tumors greater than 1 cm regardless of nodal status. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may eradicate subclinical nodal metastases and reduce the extent of axillary surgery performed. Patients and Methods A query of the National Cancer Database Participant User File was performed for new cases of female breast cancer from 2012 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were clinical N0 status, receipt of chemotherapy, and receipt of axillary surgery. Exclusions included hormone-positive/HER2-negative tumors and/or distant metastatic disease. Subjects were divided into groups by receipt of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. The primary end point was the extent of axillary surgery, defined as sentinel lymph node biopsy alone or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Subgroup analyses were performed on the basis of tumor phenotype and surgery of the primary site. Results A total of 66,771 female patients were included, 15,967 of whom underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ALND rates were higher in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (30.6% vs. 28.8%, P Conclusion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces the extent of axillary surgery in clinically node-negative, nonluminal breast cancers.
A delayed modified Ricker map and its cicada-type oscillations

Abstract Without trying to develop a model for a biological system, we introduce a delay map that shows a large spike followed by 16 iterations of much smaller values. Upon variation of one of the parameters, we can get a 13 cycles stable oscillation. The analyses of the bifurcation diagrams for the delayed extended Ricker's map yield a straightforward approach to find parameter values for any periodicity. In particular, we determine the values for the 13 and 17 periodic oscillations. We also notice that the bifurcation diagrams show no chaotic regions, and their structures show self-similarity properties. In general, the bifurcation diagrams have self-similarity structures, where n-periodic oscillations change into (n-1)-periodic oscillations.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Drinking Alter Basolateral Amygdala Endocannabinoids in Female Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects approximately 3 million Americans yearly and increases vulnerability to developing psychiatric comorbidities. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most prevalent p...
Fast, Safe, Propellant-Efficient Spacecraft Motion Planning Under Clohessy–Wiltshire–Hill Dynamics

This paper presents a sampling-based motion planning algorithm for real-time and propellant-optimized autonomous spacecraft trajectory generation in near-circular orbits. Specifically, this paper leverages recent algorithmic advances in the field of robot motion planning to the problem of impulsively actuated, propellant-optimized rendezvous and proximity operations under the Clohessy–Wiltshire–Hill dynamics model. The approach calls upon a modified version of the FMT* algorithm to grow a set of feasible trajectories over a deterministic, low-dispersion set of sample points covering the free state space. To enforce safety, the tree is only grown over the subset of actively safe samples, from which there exists a feasible one-burn collision-avoidance maneuver that can safely circularize the spacecraft orbit along its coasting arc under a given set of potential thruster failures. Key features of the proposed algorithm include 1) theoretical guarantees in terms of trajectory safety and performance, 2) amenab...
Electronic Cigarette Product Placement and Imagery in Popular Music Videos.

INTRODUCTION Given the increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among young adults, it is crucial to identify possible sources of e-cigarette marketing exposure in media popular among young adults. However few studies document e-cigarette product placement (eg, visible logo, branded merchandise or gear such as a branded hat or shirt) in music videos. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of e-cigarette product placement and imagery in popular music videos. METHODS Songs on the Billboard Hot 100 list during the weeks of June 16 through September 22, 2018 with official music videos were identified (n = 180) and coded for e-cigarette product placement and imagery (including aerosol clouds), visible brand names, number of views (as of October 25, 2018), music genre, video themes, and combustible tobacco content. RESULTS E-cigarette product placement and imagery appeared in 7 (3.8%) music videos which were viewed over a billion times, providing billions of e-cigarette impressions. Among music videos with e-cigarette product placement and imagery, the most prevalent theme was Image/Lifestyle/Sociability (eg, ostentatious lifestyle, partying) and the most prevalent genre was Hip Hop. The e-cigarette companies KandyPens and Mig Vapor were identified. CONCLUSION While e-cigarette product placement or imagery appeared in a relatively low number of music videos in this study, these videos received views in the billions. Music videos should be considered when assessing e-cigarette marketing exposure among priority populations. Future research should examine how viewing e-cigarette product placement and imagery in music videos influences susceptibility to use such products among young adults. IMPLICATIONS While e-cigarette product placement (eg, scenes with visible branding, a visible logo, branded merchandise or gear such as a branded hat or shirt) or imagery appeared in a relatively low number of popular music videos in this study, these videos received views in the billions on YouTube. KandyPens and Mig Vapor were the companies responsible for the majority of the product placement identified in this study. The predominant music genre of videos featuring any e-cigarette product placement or imagery was Hip Hop, while the predominant theme of videos was Image/Lifestyle/Sociability. Music videos appear to be a potential source of exposure to e-cigarette products. Future research should examine how viewing e-cigarette product placement and imagery in music videos influences susceptibility to use such products among priority populations.
Molecular detection, not extended culture incubation, contributes to diagnosis of fungal infection.

Background Despite its low sensitivity, fungal culture remains one of the key methods for diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections, as it identifies the etiology at the genus and species level and affords the opportunity for susceptibility testing. The Manual of Clinical Microbiology recommends that fungal culture screening for all pathogens should routinely be held for 4 weeks to maximize the recovery of slow-growing species. Information on the optimal fungal culture time in this era of expansion of immunocompromised populations and availability of molecular diagnostics is lacking. We reviewed our experience with fungal culture to determine the optimal culture incubation time. In addition, our experience of broad-range ITS PCR for diagnosis of culture-negative fungal infections was also reviewed. Methods Fungal culture and ITS PCR results from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017, were reviewed. Results This study included 4234 non-duplicated positive cultures. Ninety-six percent (4058) of the positive cultures were detected in the first 7 days of incubation. During the second week of incubation, 111 (2.8%) positives were detected from day 8 to day 10, and 71 (1.7%) were detected from day 11 to day 14. Only 6 (0.1%) positive cultures were detected in the third week of incubation, and no positive culture was detected in the fourth week of incubation. No clinically significant fungal isolates were recovered after 14 days. Clinically significant pathogens were detected in 16 (0.2%) culture-negative samples by ITS PCR. Conclusion Extending culture incubation beyond 2 weeks did not generate clinically relevant results. When culture failed to make a laboratory diagnosis, broad-range internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene PCR followed by sequencing produced clinically significant results.
Material Characterization of 3D Printed Components with Different Layup Orientation

3D Printing has become a popular additive manufacturing method for fabricating various components, both in industry as well as at the hobbyist level. While it is often used for prototypes or decorative trinkets, it is increasingly being used to create structural components. Inherent to 3D printing, parts are built in discrete layers and this results in a certain amount of structural uncertainty in the form of discontinuities, voids, and poor inter-layer bonding. This research explores the differences in the ultimate strength and fatigue life for 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components built by various build/layer orientations and construction parameters using tensile and rotating bending tests. SN fatigue curves and material strengths are reported.
Comparing Patient-Reported Outcome Measurements for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

Background:There is much debate in the current literature with regard to the most appropriate hip-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) measurement for assessment of femoroacetabular impingement ...
Mapping Potential Antigenic Drift Sites (PADS) on SARS-CoV-2 Spike in Continuous Epitope-Paratope Space

SARS-CoV-2 mutations with antigenic effects pose a risk to immunity developed through vaccination and natural infection. While vaccine updates for current variants of concern (VOCs) are underway, it is likewise important to prepare for further antigenic mutations as the virus navigates the heterogeneous global landscape of host immunity. Toward this end, a wealth of data and tools exist that can augment existing genetic surveillance of VOC evolution. In this study, we integrate published datasets describing genetic, structural, and functional constraints on mutation along with computational analyses of antibody-spike co-crystal structures to identify a set of potential antigenic drift sites (PADS) within the receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Further, we project the PADS set into a continuous epitope-paratope space to facilitate interpretation of the degree to which newly observed mutations might be antigenically synergistic with existing VOC mutations, and this representation suggests that functionally convergent and synergistic antigenic mutations are accruing across VOC NTDs. The PADS set and synergy visualization serve as a reference as new mutations are detected on VOCs, enable proactive investigation of potentially synergistic mutations, and offer guidance to antibody and vaccine design efforts.
Avoiding the Familiarity Trap: How entrepreneurs reach beyond their network to attract co-founders

Entrepreneurs assemble teams almost exclusively composed of people they already know, even though there are potential benefits of adding someone from beyond their personal network. Despite the prol...