cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, digestive capability, carcass, and meat characteristics of Bison bison, Bos taurus, and Bos x Bison.

Three experiments involving 39 Bos tuurus, 14 Bison bison, and 20 Bos x Bison fed diets differing in proportions of roughage and concentrate to evaluate growth, digestive capability, carcass, and meat characteristics are reported. Bos taurus con- sumed more ( P < .05) feed per day and gained more (P < .05) rapidly than bison or Bos x Bison except during a period of extremely cold weather. Efficiency of gain was similar for all species types. There was no tendency for bison or Bos x Bison to gain more than Bos tuurus on the higher-roughage diets. Bison and Bos x Bison had higher ( P < .l0 to .O 1) digestion coefficients for all components evaluated (i.e., DM, CP, GE, NDF, hemicellulose, and cellulose). Species x diet interactions were not significant, indicating that the higher digestion coefficients of bison were not specific to high-roughage diets. Bison and their hybrids had more (P < -05) lean meat and less ( P < .O 1) fat trim in all wholesale cuts except the chuck and rib cuts. Fat thickness at the 12th rib of bison was higher (P.01) than that of Bos taurus because most of the carcass fat of bison is located over the thoracic area. Bison and Bos x Bison had higher (P < .O 1) dressing percentages and a lower ( P < .01) proportion of their carcass in the hindquarter than Bos taurus. Shear force and sensory tenderness scores indicated bison were more ( P < .05) tender and had a flavor different ( P < .01) from that of Bos taurus. Bison and Bos x Bison had more ( P < .O 1) cholesterol in the longissimus muscle and less ( P < .05) in the subcutaneous fat than Bos taurus. Bison had a lower ( P < .01) percentage of white and higher percentage of intermediate muscle fibers than Bos taurus with essentially no difference in percentage of red fibers.
Areal measurements of surface shear stress vector distributions using liquid crystal coatings

For normal white-light illumination and oblique above-plane observation, liquid crystal coating (LCC) color-change response to shear depends on both shear stress vector magnitude and the direction of the applied shear vector relative to the observer's in-plane line of sight. At any point, the maximum color change is always measured when the shear vector is aligned with, and directed away from, the observer; the magnitude of the color change at this vector/observer aligned orientation scales directly with shear stress magnitude. Based on this knowledge, a full-surface shear stress vector measurement methodology was formulated. An image-based system, incorporating a rotatable three-chip color video camera, linked to a frame grabber and computer, was devised to test the method. Full-surface color images of LCC response to a three-dimensional turbulent wall jet flowing over a planar surface were acquired and converted to surface shear stress vector fields. Comparisons of these first-ever such data sets to conventional point measurements, obtained via the oil-drop interferometry technique, yielded very good agreement, thereby validating the new method. Full-field vector resolution to ±5 percent in magnitude and ±3 degrees in orientation is achievable. Extension of the technique to curved surfaces is under investigation. a Senior Research Scientist, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Branch; Associate Fellow, AIAA. 4 Research Scientist, MCAT Inc. c NASA-Ames Graduate Student Researcher, Stanford University. d Research Scientist, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Branch. e Systems Engineer, Data Analysis Branch. •^ Computer Engineer, Data Analysis Branch. 3 Software Specialist, Sterling Software Co. Copyright 1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for government purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. Nomenclature D jet exit diameter H hue HSI hue, saturation, intensity LCC liquid crystal coating n index of refraction of oil drop PO wall jet stagnation pressure on the exit plane centerline RGB red, green, blue s fringe spacing t time oil drop exposed to flow V velocity x axial coordinate on test surface measured from jet exit plane y transverse coordinate on test surface measured from jet centerline a above-plane view angle, measured positive upward from zero in plane of test surface A angles A wavelength of light H viscosity of oil circumferential angle in plane of test surface, measured positive counterclockwise from origin at jet centerline (j>T orientation of surface shear stress vector directed away from observer with an in-plane line of sight at = T r average shear stress vector orientation
Ultrafast Dynamics of Photoexcitations in HWCVD Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Alloys

We present femtosecond studies of carrier dynamics in hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium alloys grown by the recently developed hot-wire assisted chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) technique, which is promising for prod]cing high-quality device-grade materials. We have used wavelength-resolved femtosecond pump-probe techniques, in which an intense pump pulse excites carriers in the sample and a time-delayed probe pulse measures the resulting change in optical properties as a function of time delay following the pump pulse, to study the dynamics of photoexcitations in these materials. Femtosecond dynamics measurements have been carried out on thin film samples under experimental conditions with varying sensitivity to carriers in extended states or in band tail states. The relaxation dynamics of carriers associated with extended states show a strong dependence on excitation density and follow a bimolecular recombination law, consistent with a number of earlier studies on related amorphous materials. In contrast, measurements involving carriers excited directly into band tail states reveal significantly altered dynamics, characterized by a marked deviation from simple bimolecular recombination at short times.
Timing of Insecticidal Applications to Control the Western Corn Rootworm and the European Corn Borer

Bux® ( m- d-ethyl phenyl) methylcarbamate mixture (1-4) with m -(1-methylbutyl)phenyl methylcarbamate). Dyfonate® ( O -ethyl S-phenyl elhylphosphonodi-thioale). phorate, fensulfothion, diazinon, and carbofuran were applied as planting (May 12) and post planting treatments (June 17, 27. and July 2) to evaluate effecttiveness of the these application timings on control of western corn rootworm larvae. Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, and 1st-generation European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Equally effective corn root worm control, as measured by adjusted root-damage ratings, was achieved with either the post planting or planting time treatments. The most effective control of 1st-generation European corn borer (artificially infested June 27 and July 3) was achieved with the post planting treatments applied July 2.
Rigor in social life cycle assessment: improving the scientific grounding of SLCA

Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is developing rapidly and represents a valuable complement to other life cycle methods. As methodological development continues, a growing number of case studies have noted the need for more scientific rigor in areas like data collection, allocation methods, and incorporation of values and cultural context. This work aims to identify opportunities, especially in the social sciences, to improve rigor in SLCA. A review of existing literature and tools is based on both hand coding of the SLCA literature as represented in Web of Science’s “All Collections” database and on computer-aided review of the SLCA and other related literatures (including social impact assessment (SIA), life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), and corporate social responsibility (CSR)) using a text mining technique known as topic modeling. Rapid diagnosing of potentially valuable contributions from literatures outside of SLCA through computer-aided review led to more detailed, manual investigation of those literatures for further insight. Data collection can benefit from increased standardization and integration with social science methods, especially frameworks for surveys and interviews. Sharing examples of questionnaires and ethics committee protocols will likely improve SLCA’s accessibility. SIA and CSR also represent empirical data sources for SLCA. Impact allocation techniques can benefit from reintegration with those in ELCA, in particular by allocating (when necessary) at facility—rather than product—level. The focus on values and subjectivity in SLCA is valuable not only for SLCA but also for other methods, most notably ELCA. Further grounding in social science is likely to improve rigor in SLCA. SLCA is increasingly robust and contributing to interdisciplinary discussions of how best to consider social impacts. This work makes three major recommendations for continued growth: first, that SLCA standardize human subject research used for data gathering; second, that SLCA adopt allocation techniques from ELCA; and third, that SLCA continue to draw on social science and other literatures to rigorously include value systems.
Analysis on Nutritional Status of Residents in Rural Area Wuxi City

OBJECTIVE To understand the dietary structure and dietary intakes.Adipose,hypertension of rural people in Wuxi.93 residents were selected,dietary survey was carried out.METHOD He food consumption data were collected for three days using an inventory change combined with weighing method,Individal intakes were obtained by 3 censecutive 24-houre recalls,Individal body height,body weight,blood pressure measured.RESULT In average of energy intakes in rural resident,fat provided 42.56% of the dietary energy,that was greater than recommend suppy quantity accouted for 20%～30%.Fat and oil,poultry,meat,table salt were high,intakes of vitamin A Thiamine(B1),Riboflavin(B2),ascorbic acid and Ca were lack seriously in rural residents.Adipose and overweith were present,so was asarcia.CONCLUSION The dietary structure in rural residengs was beyong reason.Comprehensive measures must be taken,health eduction and health intervention will be strengthened.
Pathogenic characterization of Shigella isolated from Ningxia

The objective of the present study was to investigate the distribution and drug susceptibility of Shigella bacteria in Ningxia,and provide the basis for prevention and control of bacillary dysentery through homology analysis of molecular epidemiology.Biochemistry of API20E system was used to identify strains,and the bacteria categories were tested by slide agglutination with a serum.The sensitivity of strain to 10 commonly used antibiotics was detected with Kirby-Bauer assay,and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) was used for molecular typing.The results were analysed by BioNumerics V4.0 and UPGMA method.Among the 176 Shigella,there were 64 Shigella sonnet(36.36%) and 112 Shigella flexneri(63.64%) which containing 52 Shigella flexneri 2b(29.55%).Results showed that drugs with higher resistance rate were ampicillin,nalidixic acid,tetracycline and rifampin,following by amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole.The most sensitive drugs were ciprofloxacin(CIP),cefotaxime and cephalothin;the test also showed that Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnet had slight difference in resistance spectrum to 10 antibiotics.The 112 Shigella flexneri were divided into 36 banding patterns,in which JZXN11.NX06,JZXN11.NX07,JZXN11.NX021,JZXN11 and NX0025,accounting for 57.14%,were the main outbreak types in Ningxia.The 64 Shigella sonnet were divided into 21 banding patterns,in which J16X01.NX0011 and J16X01.NX0012 were the 2 epidemic banding patterns,accounting for 31.25% and 15.63% respectively.It indicates that in Ningxia,the most popular Shigella bacteria is Shigella flexneri,and F2b is the dominant serotype.The detection rate of F4c and Shigella sonnet have decreased significantly.The drug resistance rate of Shigella to ampicillin(AMP),tetracycline(Te) and amoxicillin(AML) are the highest,and the situation of multi-drug resistance is serious.The PFGE have type presented a diverse epidemic pattern.The advantaged bands are less popular than before and there is coexistence for various types.
An Energy-Efficient Directory Based Multicore Architecture with Wireless Routers to Minimize the Communication Latency

Multicore architectures suffer from high core-to-core communication latency primarily due to the cache's dynamic behavior. Studies suggest that a directory-approach can be helpful to reduce communication latency by storing the cached block information. Recent studies also indicate that a wireless router has potential to help decrease communication latency in multicore architectures. In this work, we propose a directory based multicore architecture with wireless routers to minimize communication latency. We simulate systems with mesh (used in the Standford Directory Architecture for SHared memory (DASH) architecture), wireless network-on-chip (WNoC), and the proposed directory based architecture with wireless routers. According to the experimental results, our proposed architecture outperforms the WNoC and the mesh architectures. It is observed that the proposed architecture helps decrease the communication delay by up to 15.71 percent and the total power consumption by up to 67.58 percent when compared with the mesh architecture. Similarly, the proposed architecture helps decrease the communication delay by up to 10.00 percent and the total power consumption by up to 58.10 percent when compared with the WNoC architecture. This is due to the fact that the proposed directory based mechanism helps reduce the number of core-to-core communication and the wireless routers help reduce the total number of hops.
An Empirical Examination of Formal and Informal Volunteering in Canada

Using data from the 2008 General Social Survey of Canada, this study examines the factors associated with individuals’ propensity to engage in formal and informal volunteering. The results show that social networks increase the likelihood of both formal and informal volunteering, but social trust and human capital increase only the likelihood of formal volunteering and not of informal care. The findings also reveal interesting cultural influences and regional differences in the propensity to engage in formal and informal volunteering, especially between French-speaking Canadians and English-speaking Canadians, and those living in Quebec and outside of Quebec. Native-born Canadians are more likely to volunteer than their immigrant counterparts, but they are similar to immigrants in the propensity to provide informal care. Additionally, women are found to be more likely to engage in formal volunteering and informal care than men. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Bronchoscopy in panendoscopy: review and assessment

Objective:To determine the utility of bronchoscopy to identify synchronous primaries in head and neck cancer patients.Study design:Case series with chart review.Method:The charts of all patients undergoing bronchoscopy between January 2008 and December 2013 were reviewed. Only those undergoing bronchoscopy as part of panendoscopy for head and neck cancer were included. Operative reports, pathology reports and discharge summaries were reviewed for operative findings, complications and length of hospital stay.Results:A total of 404 charts were reviewed and 168 were included in the study. No synchronous primaries were identified. Bronchoscopy changed clinical management in one patient. There were no complications from bronchoscopy.Conclusion:Bronchoscopy is a safe and well-tolerated procedure commonly performed in the investigation of head and neck cancer patients, but it adds little additional useful clinical information. Routine performance of bronchoscopy in this setting should be weighed against its added costs, and tailored to the individual patient.
Central fat accretion and insulin sensitivity: differential relationships in parous and nulliparous women

Central fat accretion and insulin sensitivity: differential relationships in parous and nulliparous women
Effects of breeder turnover and harvest on group composition and recruitment in a social carnivore.

Summary 1.Breeder turnover can influence population growth in social carnivores through changes to group size, composition, and recruitment. 2.Studies that possess detailed group composition data that can provide insights about the effects of breeder turnover on groups have generally been conducted on species that are not subject to recurrent annual human harvest. We wanted to know how breeder turnover affects group composition and how harvest, in turn, affects breeder turnover in cooperatively breeding gray wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758). 3.We used noninvasive genetic sampling at wolf rendezvous sites to construct pedigrees and estimate recruitment in groups of wolves before and after harvest in Idaho, USA. 4.Turnover of breeding females increased polygamy and potential recruits per group by providing breeding opportunities for subordinates although resultant group size was unaffected one year after the turnover. Breeder turnover had no effect on the number of nonbreeding helpers per group. After breeding male turnover, fewer female pups were recruited in the new males’ litters. Harvest had no effect on the frequency of breeder turnover. 5.We found that breeder turnover led to shifts in the reproductive hierarchies within groups and the resulting changes to group composition were quite variable and depended on the sex of the breeder lost. We hypothesize that nonbreeding females direct help away from non-kin female pups to preserve future breeding opportunities for themselves. Breeder turnover had marked effects on the breeding opportunities of subordinates and the number and sex ratios of subsequent litters of pups. Seemingly subtle changes to groups, such as the loss of 1 individual, can greatly affect group composition, genetic content, and short-term population growth when the individual lost is a breeder. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Combining forward and backward mortality estimation

Demographers often form estimates by combining information from two data sources-a challenging problem when one or both data sources are incomplete. A classic example entails the construction of death probabilities, which requires death counts for the subpopulations under study and corresponding base population estimates. Approaches typically entail 'back projection', as in Wrigley and Schofield's seminal analysis of historical English data, or 'inverse' or 'forward projection' as used by Lee in his important reanalysis of that work, both published in the 1980s. Our paper shows how forward and backward approaches can be optimally combined, using a generalized method of moments (GMM) framework. We apply the method to the estimation of death probabilities for relatively small subpopulations within the United States (men born 1930-39 by state of birth by birth cohort by race), combining data from vital statistics records and census samples.
Proton Beam Therapy and Novel Radiotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Radiation treatment of malignancies with curative intent requires maximizing the chance of tumor eradication while minimizing the risk of normal tissue injury, the so-called collateral damage of radiotherapy. There has been a gradual evolution in radiotherapy approaches over time in an effort to achieve this goal. Much of this evolution has centered on advances in the technological aspects of radiotherapy treatment planning and delivery. Appropriate delineation of clinical target volumes through improvements in imaging technology (CT, MRI, PET) is one example. Another example is in the development of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning and the introduction of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), discussed in the previous chapter.
Directional atherectomy for arteriovenous access dysfunction

This case describes the use of directional atherectomy (DA) to treat in-stent restenosis at the venous anastomosis of a thrombosed polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous graft. Although it uses a DA device, this procedure is, technically, not an atherectomy. Rather than removing an atheroma, it involves sharp endoluminal dissection to remove the intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis.
The LUVOIR architecture ``A'' coronagraph instrument

In preparation for the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey NASA has commissioned the study four flagship missions spanning to a wide range of observable wavelengths: the Origins Space Telescope (OST, formerly the Far-Infrared Surveyor), Lynx (formerly the X-ray Surveyor), the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanet Imager (HabEx). One of the key scientific objectives of the latter two is the detection and characterization of the earth-like planets around nearby stars using the direct imaging technique (along with a broad range of investigations regarding the architecture of and atmospheric composition exoplanetary systems using this technique). As a consequence dedicated exoplanet instruments are being studied for these mission concepts. This paper discusses the design of the coronagraph instrument for the architecture “A” (15 meters aperture) of LUVOIR. The material presented in this paper is aimed at providing an overview of the LUVOIR coronagraph instrument. It is the result of four months of discussions with various community stakeholders (scientists and technologists) regarding the instrument’s basic parameters followed by meticulous design work by the the GSFC Instrument Design Laboratory team. In the first section we review the main science drivers, presents the overall parameters of the instrument (general architecture and backend instrument) and delve into the details of the currently envisioned coronagraph masks along with a description of the wavefront control architecture. Throughout the manuscript we describe the trades we made during the design process. Because the vocation of this study is to provide a baseline design for the most ambitious earth-like finding instrument that could be possibly launched into the 2030’s, we have designed an complex system privileged that meets the ambitious science goals out team was chartered by the LUVOIR STDT exoplanet Working Group. However in an effort to minimize technological risk we tried to maximize the number of technologies that will be matured by the WFIRST coronagraph instruments.
Evaluation of low-cost electro-chemical sensors for environmental monitoring of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide

ABSTRACTDevelopment of an air quality monitoring network with high spatio-temporal resolution requires installation of a large number of air pollutant monitors. However, state-of-the-art monitors are costly and may not be compatible with wireless data logging systems. In this study, low-cost electro-chemical sensors manufactured by Alphasense Ltd. for detection of CO and oxidative gases (predominantly O3 and NO2) were evaluated. The voltages from three oxidative gas sensors and three CO sensors were recorded every 2.5 sec when exposed to controlled gas concentrations in a 0.125-m3 acrylic glass chamber. Electro-chemical sensors for detection of oxidative gases demonstrated sensitivity to both NO2 and O3 with similar voltages recorded when exposed to equivalent environmental concentrations of NO2 or O3 gases, when evaluated separately. There was a strong linear relationship between the recorded voltages and target concentrations of oxidative gases (R2 > 0.98) over a wide range of concentrations. Although a...
An Efficient Elastic Deformation Analysis Procedure for Simulating Conformal-Contact Transient Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Systems

A compliance operator, Eji , is often utilized to evaluate elastic deformation in the simulation of transient and steady state elastohydrodynamic lubrication of conformal-contact systems. The values of the compliance operator represent the elastic responses of all nodes when only one node is under a unit load. The accuracy of compliance operator values, computational cost, and storage size are important issues. Based on our previous study on steady-state conformal-contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication systems, an advanced method of selective-fine-mesh with selective storage is suggested, and a special technique of combined selective-fine-mesh with selective storage mapping is proposed. These two techniques enable an efficient elasticity procedure for the simulation of transient conformal-contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication systems.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Revisiting unconscionability : Reciprocity and justice

This is a working chapter for the "Christianity and the Law" series published by Cambridge University Press. Written at an introductory level, it aims to demonstrate that the contract law doctrine of unconscionability finds its warrant in the virtues of reciprocity and justice. These virtues came to be part of the Western tradition of law in the eleventh century as scholastic theologians and jurists wove together strands of biblical revelation, Roman law, and Aristotelian commutative justice. The culmination of this project — the civil law doctrine of laesio enormis (rough equality in exchange) — remained unaffected by the Protestant Reformation. Because justice in exchange was a matter of conscience as well as law, it played a role even in the common law tradition. The gradual subjectivization of conscience and the displacement of justice in contract law by notions of utility and autonomy through the course of the nineteenth century lead to the disappearance of unconscionability in the common law. Unconscionability was resuscitated in Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code but its application is has proved uncertain and unpredictable. A return to a virtue-centered understanding of unconscionably — rough equality in exchange — would make unconscionability more certain and predictable.
Arthroscopic anatomy medial to the coracoid: an anatomic study of the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves

The purpose of this study was to provide arthroscopic measurements and orientations of the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves medial to the coracoid. A retrospective chart review of 29 patients undergoing arthroscopic subscapularis repair and arthroscopic cadaveric dissection of 23 shoulders was used to analyze neuroanatomical distances to arthroscopic landmarks and to document the orientations of the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves using a clock face analogy. The clock face data was analyzed by separating the clock face into four quadrants and the frequency of any crossing nerve within each of the four quadrants was then determined. In vivo, the axillary nerve was found 1.5 ± 0.5 cm medial to the coracoid tip and the musculocutaneous nerve was found 1.6 ± 0.6 cm medial to the coracoid tip. In cadavera, the axillary nerve was found 2.0 ± 0.6 cm medial to the coracoid tip and the musculocutaneous nerve was found 1.5 ± 0.5 cm medial to the coracoid tip. The posterosuperior quadrant of the subcoracoid space contained a crossing nerve in 4 of 29 (13.8%) patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair medial to the coracoid, compared to 9 of 23 (39.1%) cadavera undergoing arthroscopic dissection medial to the coracoid. The posteroinferior quadrant contained a crossing nerve in 16 of 29 (55.2%) patients compared to 17 of 23 (73.9%) cadavera. The axillary and musculocutaneous nerves run in close proximity to the coracoid tip and coracoid arch, most consistently within 1–2 cm medial to these structures, which is closer than has been previously documented in the literature. Crossing nerves are least frequently encountered within the posterosuperior quadrant of the subcoracoid space medial to the coracoid, followed by the posteroinferior quadrant. Arthroscopic dissection of this space should begin in the posterosuperior quadrant and carefully progress to the posteroinferior quadrant to decrease the risk of intraoperative nerve injury. Given the close proximity and frequently encountered nerves in this area, extreme caution must be exercised when working arthroscopically within the subcoracoid space.
Evaluating seasonal changes of cone photoreceptor structure in the 13-lined ground squirrel.

Abstract Cone photoreceptors of the 13-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS) undergo reversible structural changes during hibernation, including cone outer segment disc degeneration and inner segment mitochondria depletion. Here, we evaluated cone structure with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) before, during, and after hibernation. Also, intra-animal comparisons of cone structure were made at distinct physiological states (pre-hibernation, torpor, interbout euthermia, and post-hibernation) with AOSLO and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the 13-LGS cone mosaic is only transiently affected by structural remodeling during hibernation. Outer segment remodeling starts during torpid states during a period of fall transition in room temperature, with more severe structural changes during bouts of torpor in cold temperature. Cones return to euthermic-like structure during brief periods of interbout euthermia and recover normal waveguiding properties as soon as 24 h post-hibernation. Cone structure is visible with split-detector AOSLO throughout hibernation, providing evidence that intact outer segments are not necessary to visualize cones with this technique. Despite the changes to cone structure during hibernation, cone density and packing remained unchanged throughout the seasonal cycle. Pairing non-invasive imaging with ultrastructural assessment may provide insight to the biological origins of cone photoreceptor signals observed with AOSLO.
An Analysis of the Strayton Engine, a Brayton and Stirling Cycle Recuperating Engine

This paper explores the novel Strayton engine concept. This engine combines the cycles of a Brayton engine with that of a Stirling engine to create a highly efficient recuperating gas turbine engine. In the explored case, both Brayton cycle and Stirling cycle engines are used to generate electrical power. Additionally, the Stirling engine is used to draw heat out of the Brayton turbine (acting to cool the turbine blades), while also pumping heat into Brayton cycle just before combustion occurs (acting as the mechanism for recuperation). The purpose of this paper is to detail the system level modeling techniques used to generate the simulation, perform a cycle analysis of the combined cycle engine, identify key technologies and challenges associated with the concept, and compare potential performance gains with existing gas turbine engines and internal combustion engines. Topics such as controls, blade cooling effects, engine weight, and heat transfer using heat pipe are also explored. Results from this work show potential architectures that could provide the required heat transfer rates, potential control strategies, and performance benefits, including efficiency gains between 10% and 3% on engines ranging from 200HP to 670HP with the combined cycle engine.
The Quantum Hall Nematic Phase

In addition to the quantum Hall states, the two-dimensional electron system may also host various electron liquid crystalline phases, such as the electron nematic phase, often referred to as the stripe phase. In contrast to the quantum Hall states which are topological phases, these phases are traditional Landau phases with charge order. The nematic phase breaks rotational symmetry, and is characterized by highly anisotropic longitudinal resistance. The nematic phase is the ground state at half-filling in the third and higher Landau levels, at ν = 9∕2, 11∕2, 13∕2, and so on, presenting an example of a departure from conventional physics of the half-filled Landau level.
Platelet Lactate Production during Room Temperature Storage Promotes Bacterial Growth

Abstract Introduction: Transfusion related sepsis is a serious concern for both military and civilian trauma centers. The primary source of bacterial contamination associated with such events is room temperature (RT) stored platelets. Due to high risk of bacterial contamination, RT stored platelets may only be administered up to 5 days post-collection. Although approved by the FDA, cold stored platelets may only be administered 3 days post-collection under current regulations. In this study, we utilized the opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii - a reported cause of platelet contamination and important hospital acquired infection (HAI) - as a model organism to assess bacterial growth in platelets stored either at room temperature (22oC) or refrigerated (4oC), as well as determine contributors to bacterial growth. Methods: Apheresis platelets in plasma (PLT) were obtained from healthy donors using the Terumo Trima Accel Automated Blood Collection System (Terumo BCT). Platelet poor plasma (PPP) was obtained from PLT aliquots centrifuged twice at 2,500 x g for 5 min. Other PLT aliquots were stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to generate activated platelets (aPLT). Following activation, aPLTs were pelleted through centrifugation at 2,500 x g for 5 min and the releasate (REL) was transferred to a separate container. Pelleted aPLTs were washed 3 times in sterile PBS and suspended in PPP. In some experiments aliquots of PPP were supplemented with 40 mM lactic acid. Aliquots of PLT, PPP, aPLT, and REL were transferred to pH SAFE minibags (Blood Cell Storage, Inc) and inoculated (a.k.a., contaminated) with A. baumannii clinical isolate Ci79. Minibag aliquots stored at RT were agitated using an orbital shaker set to 60 rpm while refrigerated aliquots were stored under static conditions. Bacterial growth was monitored daily through dilution plating. In some experiments, lactate levels in PLT aliquots were assessed by iSTAT (Abbott) using CG4+ test cartridges. Results: Bacterial growth progressed exponentially over the first 3 days post-collection in PLT aliquots stored at RT. However, growth was significantly (p Conclusions: Bacterial growth remained static over the 5 day post-collection observation period during cold storage. Additionally, bacterial growth at RT appeared to be related to increased production of lactate from pyruvate via NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (nLDH) following glycolysis (Fig. 1C). To that end, many bacteria, including A. baumannii,as well as various Staphylococcus spp, and Streptococcus spp, possess genes encoding for NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenases (iLDH) which enable utilization of lactate as a carbon source (Fig. 1D). These data demonstrate that not only can bacterial growth be controlled through refrigeration, but RT stored platelets potentiate bacterial growth through their accelerated metabolism relative to cold storage. Download : Download high-res image (173KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Recognizing Persistent Disease in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Association with Lymph Node Yield and Ratio.

ObjectiveTo establish the association between lymph node yield and ratio in neck dissection for well-differentiated thyroid cancer and risk for persistent postoperative disease.Study DesignRetrospe...
The importance of demographic analyses in state- and local-level policy evaluations: A case study analysis of property taxes in Texas, USA

The reluctance of policy-makers to incorporate detailed demographic analyses in policy analyses often means that population composition is ignored in state and local policy evaluations. This article uses standard demographic projection, standardization and rate decomposition techniques to examine the implications of changing population composition for the property tax revenue base of Texas. The authors find that if current socioeconomic differentials persist into the future, projected compositional changes in the household population of Texas will significantly impact property tax revenues. Thus revenue projections based on aggregate growth and current average property value would seriously overestimate future property tax revenues in Texas because changes in the composition of the population lead to disproportionate growth in households likely to live in lower valued housing unite. The results indicate that the continuing focus of state and local policy-makers on changes in population size alone may be ill-advised and demonstrate the increasing importance of local- and state-level demographic analysis in a period of increasing Federal devolution of service provision.
System-Wide Case Study Assessment of Transformer Heating Due to Geomagnetic Disturbances

The geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are a potentially catastrophic threat to large-scale power system operations especially the bulk transformers, possibly leading to severe outages. This paper provides a system-wide transformer temperature analysis due to GIC-induced half-cycle saturation. The derived thermal assessment model identifies the potential overheated transformers in a geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) event and characterizes the relationship between the GIC and the transformer's temperature response. The suggested approach is applied to the 20-bus GIC benchmark test case facing a GMD event, where the time-varying temperature responses are evaluated and numerically analyzed in both normal and hotspot contingency scenarios.
Imagining Development: The Chilean Dictatorship and the Case for Political Freedom as a Factor in the Human Development Index

Should political liberties be included in the Human Development Report? Their brief and controversial debut on the report between 1991 and 1993 seemed to close the door for political liberty measur...
Increasing Collisional Activation of Protein Complexes Using Smaller Aperture Source Sampling Cones on a Synapt Q-IM-TOF Instrument with a Stepwave Source.

Quadrupole ion mobility time-of-flight (Q-IM-TOF) mass spectrometers have revolutionized investigation of native biomolecular complexes. High pressures in the sources of these instruments aid trans...
An economic study of the impact of losses on potato production and consumption in Egypt

This Study aimed to measure the impact of the loss on the food security of Potatoes in Egypt during the period 1995-2018, using food security indicators and economic equations used to estimate loss of agricultural resources, in addition to the standard economic analysis of the partial adjustment model. In achieving its objectives, the study relied on secondary data issued by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This study concluded in a set of results, the most important are: (1) potatoes are considered self-sufficient crops as well as export crops, where the state resorts to export surplus instead of storing it for domestic consumption, and helps to adopt this policy to ensure the flow of potatoes to the markets, due to the cultivation of potatoes within three lugs per year, (2) The production adequacy period for domestic potato consumption decreased from 425 days in 1995 to 406.6 days in 2018, while the period of import coverage for domestic potato consumption increased from 9.6 days in 1995 to 17.9 days in 2018, (3) The volume of potato lost increased from 224,000 tons in 1995 to 1,091,000 tons in 2018, i.e. the volume of potato lost potatoes increased at an annual growth rate of 7.3%, (4) Total loss of land and water resources amounted to 953.87 thousand acres, 2,226.32 million m3 each, respectively, during the period 1995-2018, (5) The missing is considered one of the most important determinants of the food security of the potatoes, as it has been shown that a 10% increase in the nutritional security of the potatoes by 2.41%, (6) To reduce the cost and its negative effects on agricultural economic resources and food security, the researcher recommends: (1) Expansion of the use of post-harvest technology for potato transport and storage, (2) conversion of food lost to livestock in case it is not suitable for human consumption.
Improved Swarm Engineering: Aligning Intuition and Analysis.

When designing swarm-robotic systems, systematic comparison of swarm control algorithms is necessary to determine which can scale up to handle the target problem size and operating conditions. Qualitative predictions of performance based on algorithm descriptions are often incorrect, and can lead to costly design processes for swarm-robotic systems. We propose a set of quantitative measures for swarm scalability, emergence, flexibility, and robustness which enable swarm control algorithms analysis and comparison, swarm performance of a given control algorithm, collectively enabling quicker and more confident design decisions. We demonstrate the utility of our proposed measurements as modeling and design tools for real-world scenarios by analyzing two common problems, indoor warehouse object transport and search and rescue, and present experimental results obtained in simulation.
The Self and the Management of the Moral Life

If an intelligent Martian, naturally unable to grasp the tacit assumptions that underlie everyday language among humans, tried to understand what it is that we call morality by reading extensively the literature of scientific psychology, he or she or it would conclude that moral behaviour is something that just happens to people, brought about by factors that are either internal in the individual or from his or her environment.
Paleolithic Finger Flutings and the Question of Writing

Discussions of Paleolithic Cave Art rarely, if ever, explore the possibilities of evidence of writing and yet finger flutings (lines made by fingers in soft moonmilch or clay on cave walls and ceilings) raise significant questions as to what is writing and what internal structures would need to be evident within fluted panels to constitute writing. In this paper, the author shares findings from the French caves of Rouffignac and Gargas, and nine caves in Cantabrian, Spain. This paper does not pose to claim that finger flutings are necessarily writing, but instead raises the question of what elements would need to be present for them to be considered writing, and asks what would be the implications if they did.
Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane (Eds.)

One of the defining—but I would say also puzzling and frustrating—characteristics of contemporary education policy debates is the development of a sharp divide on the issue of school versus nonscho...
Switching between transient and sustained signalling at the rod bipolar-AII amacrine cell synapse of the mouse retina.

At conventional synapses, invasion of an action potential into the presynaptic terminal produces a rapid Ca2+ influx and ultimately the release of synaptic vesicles. However, retinal rod bipolar cells (RBCs) generally do not produce action potentials, and the rate of depolarization of the axon terminal is instead governed by the rate of rise of the light response, which can be quite slow. Using paired whole-cell recordings, we measured the behaviour of the RBC-AII amacrine cell synapse while simulating light-induced depolarizations either by slowly ramping the RBC voltage or by depolarizing the RBC with the mGluR6 receptor antagonist (R,S)-α-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG). Both voltage ramps and CPPG evoked slow activation of presynaptic Ca2+ currents and severely attenuated the early, transient component of the AII EPSC compared with voltage steps. We also found that the duration of the transient component was limited in time, and this limitation could not be explained by vesicle depletion, inhibitory feedback, or proton inhibition. Limiting the duration of the fast transient insures the availability of readily releasable vesicles to support a second, sustained component of release. The mGluR6 pathway modulator cGMP sped the rate of RBC depolarization in response to puffs of CPPG and consequently potentiated the transient component of the EPSC at the expense of the sustained component. We conclude that the rod bipolar cell is capable of both transient and sustained signalling, and modulation of the mGluR6 pathway by cGMP allows the RBC to switch between these two time courses of transmitter release.
Cytoplasmic overexpression of CD95L in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells overcomes resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis.

Introduction: The CD95/CD95L pathway plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis and immune system regulation; however, the function of this pathway in malignancy remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that CD95L expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma confers advantages to the neoplasm other than immune privilege. Methods: CD95L expression was characterized in immortalized squamous esophagus (HET-1A) and Barrett esophagus (BAR-T) cells; adenocarcinoma cell lines FLO-1, SEG-1, and BIC-1, and MDA468 (- control); and KFL cells (+ control). Analyses included reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots of whole cell and secretory vesicle lysates, FACScan analysis, laser scanning confocal microscopy of native proteins and fluorescent constructs, and assessment of apoptosis and ERK1/2 pathways. Results: Cleaved, soluble CD95L is expressed at both the RNA and protein levels in these cell lines derived from esophageal adenocarcinoma and other human tissues. CD95L was neither trafficked to the cell membrane nor secreted into the media or within vesicles, rather the protein seems to be sequestered in the cytoplasm. CD95 and CD95L colocalize by immunofluorescence, but an interaction was not proven by immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of CD95L in the adenocarcinoma cell lines induced robust apoptosis and, under conditions of pan-caspase inhibition, resulted in activation of ERK signaling. Conclusions: CD95L localization in EA cells is inconsistent with the conference of immune privilege and is more consistent with a function that promotes tumor growth through alternative CD95 signaling. Reduced cell surface expression of CD95 affects cell sensitivity to extracellular apoptotic signals more significantly than alterations in downstream modulators of apoptosis.
The Time Invariance Principle, Ecological (Non)Chaos, and A Fundamental Pitfall of Discrete Modeling

Abstract: This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics inecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently veriﬁedby experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is usedto tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of theresult is that all continuous dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations.As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinizedand the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students ofbiology.1. Introduction. No models in ecology are better known than the Logistic Map, or have playeda greater role in the development of the chaos theory ([29, 19, 20, 3, 27]). Surprisingly, however,there is not a greater controversy than what was generated by the model’s prediction that one-species populations are inherently chaotic.The key prediction of the Logistic Map, x
The Itô Integral

Let {w(•), ℱ(•)} be a Brownian motion in ℝ, defined on some probability space (Ω, ℱ, P). It is supposed that ℱ(•) is right continuous and that ℱ(0) contains the null sets.