cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entry and spectrum sharing scheme selection in femtocell communications markets

Focusing on a femtocell communications market, we study the entrant network service provider's (NSP's) long-term decision: whether to enter the market and which spectrum sharing technology to select to maximize its profit. This long-term decision is closely related to the entrant's pricing strategy and the users' aggregate demand, which we model as medium-term and short-term decisions, respectively. We consider two markets, one with no incumbent and the other with one incumbent. For both markets, we show the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium point in the user subscription dynamics and provide a sufficient condition for the convergence of the dynamics. For the market with no incumbent, we derive upper and lower bounds on the optimal price and market share that maximize the entrant's revenue, based on which the entrant selects an available technology to maximize its long-term profit. For the market with one incumbent, we model competition between the two NSPs as a noncooperative game, in which the incumbent and the entrant choose their market shares independently, and provide a sufficient condition that guarantees the existence of at least one pure Nash equilibrium. Finally, we formalize the problem of entry and spectrum-sharing scheme selection for the entrant and provide numerical results to complement our analysis.
Investigations of the 9,10-Diphenylacridyl Radical as an Isostructural Dopant for the Molecular Semiconductor 9,10-Diphenylanthracene

The synthesis and characterization of the 9,10-diphenylacridyl radical (2), the isostructural n-dopant for 9,10-diphenylantracene (1), are described. Crystals of 1 doped with up to 10% 2 are grown from tetrahydrofuran−heptane solutions and are single phase and isomorphous with crystals of pure 1 grown from the same solvent system. The doped crystals do not have significant room-temperature electrical conductivity, and solution-phase electrochemical measurements demonstrate why this is so. Investigations of 2 reveal that it is monomeric with one unpaired electron in solution, displays unusual magnetic behavior in the solid state, and is a modest electrical conductor as a pressed pellet. The solution-phase ESR and NMR spectra of 2 are presented and interpreted.
Addiction: a chronic medical condition.

Sir—More hapless drug users have paid with their lives, figuratively and literally, as investigators demonstrate yet again that opiate addiction is a treatable but not curable medical condition [1]...
Critique of compulsory heterosexuality

The concept of compulsory heterosexuality was initially developed by lesbian feminists and gay liberationists in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Compulsory heterosexuality proved to be a major conceptual innovation because it made possible a structural sociology of sexuality. The center of analysis shifted from the individual homosexual and from individual acts of discrimination to the institutional enforcement of normative heterosexuality and its consequences for nonheterosexuals. This essay provides a critical analysis of this concept as it has been elaborated from the late 1960s to the present. The author outlines the analytical and historical limits of the critique of compulsory heterosexuality without abandoning a notion of the institutionalization of normative heterosexuality.
Ad-hoc and derived parking curves

Several S-shaped curves (two circular arcs, a cosine curve, and a fifth-orderpolynomial) are examined to determine their geometric suitability for representing thepath traced in parallel parking a car. It is shown that while all of them canaccommodate initial and final position and orientation constraints, only the fifth-orderpolynomial accommodates initial and final curvature. The simpler curves allow thepath to be traversed (assuming constant acceleration and deceleration) about as rapidlyas the fifth-order polynomial, and achieve greater penetration into the parking space,but they incur an additional time penalty in straightening out the wheels at the beginningand end of each maneuver. Representative examples of the curves are shown. Also
Interactions of preschool and kindergarten friends and acquaintances

Abstract The interactions of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old friends and acquaintances in a peer teaching and game-playing situation were examined. The sample consisted of 102 children who were divided into pairs of same-age, same-sex friends or acquaintances using sociometrics. One child in each pair was randomly chosen to be the teacher and the other the learner. The teachers taught a novel board game to the learners. The most common teaching method was a combination of explaining and demonstrating the rules before the game began; older children gave more comprehensive instructions than younger children. At all ages, teachers were more likely than learners to take the first turn, issue commands, and change the rules. Friends were rated more involved with their partners, more emotionally expressive, and more competitive than acquaintances. Teachers who taught friends were rated more domineering than teachers who taught acquaintances, and learners who were taught by friends were rated more playful and friendly tha...
Leucine metabolism in IDDM: Role of insulin and substrate availability

The effect of insulin on plasma amino acid concentrations and leucine metabolism was examined in 18 healthy nondiabetic young volunteers and in 7 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with the euglycemic insulin-clamp technique (40 mU.m-2.min-1) in combination with [1-14C]leucine. All diabetic subjects were studied while in poor metabolic control (fasting glucose 13.3 +/- 1.1 mM; HbA1c 10.8 +/- 0.2%) and again after 2 mo of intensified insulin therapy (fasting glucose 7.2 +/- 0.5 mM; HbA1c 8.0 +/- 0.2%). Insulin-mediated total-body glucose uptake in poorly controlled diabetic subjects (3.6 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) was significantly reduced compared with control subjects (7.5 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than .001) and improved slightly after insulin therapy (4.8 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than .05), although it still remained significantly lower than in control subjects (P less than .01). During the insulin-clamp study performed in subjects with poorly controlled IDDM, endogenous leucine flux (ELF), leucine oxidation (LO), and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD) all decreased (50.1 +/- 2.0 to 26.4 +/- 0.4; 9.2 +/- 0.4 to 6.0 +/- 0.3; 40.9 +/- 2.0 to 20.4 +/- 2.0 mumol.m-2.min-1, respectively) to the same extent as in control subjects. After 2 mo of intensified insulin therapy, the effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on ELF, LO, and NOLD was comparable to that of control subjects, whereas insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism was still impaired. To examine the effect of substrate availability on leucine turnover, well-regulated IDDM and control subjects underwent a repeat insulin-clamp study combined with a balanced amino acid infusion designed to increase circulating plasma amino acid levels approximately twofold. Under these conditions, NOLD was equally enhanced above baseline in both control and IDDM subjects (P less than .01), whereas ELF was inhibited to a greater extent (P less than .01) than during the insulin clamp performed without amino acid infusion (control vs. diabetic subjects, NS). In conclusion, insulin-mediated glucose metabolism is severely impaired in subjects with both poorly controlled and well-controlled IDDM, whereas the effect of acute insulin infusion on leucine turnover is normal, and combined hyperaminoacidemia/hyperinsulinemia stimulated NOLD to a similar extent in both IDDM and control subjects.
Palatability of the tissues of the holothurian Thyone briareus (Lesueur) to fish

Abstract The evolutionary adaptations of Thyone briareus (Lesueur) for predator repulsion were investigated. Killifish, Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur) were fed bite-sized pieces of the integument, gonads, stomach, intestines, longitudinal muscle bands, and retractor muscles of Thyone briareus to determine palatability. Of the tissues tested, gravid ovaries and integument were least palatable to the fish. Noxiousness of the integument and gonads of T. briareus would enhance the survival of sea cucumbers more than noxiousness of other tissues. This indicates that the mechanisms involved in the repulsion of fish predators have evolved as antipredator adaptations.
Base of skull and cervical spine chordomas in children treated by high-dose irradiation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of children with base of skull or cervical spine chordomas treated by high dose irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighteen children, 4 to 18 years of age, with base of skull or cervical spine chordomas, received fractionated high-dose postoperative radiation using mixed photon and 160 MeV proton beams. The median tumor dose was 69 Cobalt Gray-equivalent (CGE) with a 1.8 CGE daily fraction. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 72 months. The 5-year actuarial survival was 68% and the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 63%. The only significant prognostic factor was the location: patients with cervical spine chordomas had a worse survival than those with base of skull lesions (p = 0.008). The incidence of treatment-related morbidity was acceptable: two patients developed a growth hormone deficit corrected by hormone replacement, one temporal lobe necrosis, and one fibrosis of the temporalis muscle, improved by surgery. CONCLUSION: Chordomas in children behave similarly to those in adults: children can receive the same high-dose irradiation as adults with acceptable morbidity.
Prospects for trichromatic color vision in male Cebus monkeys

Polymorphic color vision is characteristic of many species of New World monkey. A fundamental feature of the polymorphism is that male monkeys are routinely dichromatic. A recent paper describes an experiment in which Cebus monkeys were required to discriminate between pairs of Munsell color chips (Pessoa VF, Tavares MCH, Aguiar L, Gomes UR, Tomaz C. Color vision discrimination in the capuchin monkey Cebus apella: evidence for trichromaticity. Behav Brain Res 1997;89:285-288). The results were interpreted as demonstrating trichromatic color vision in male Cebus monkeys. An examination of the literature on Cebus. monkey photopigments and results from a replication of the discrimination experiment conducted with dichromatic human subjects cast doubt on this claim.
H‐Y and antigens of the major histocompatibility complex.: H‐Y and H‐2D antigens are associated on unfixed lymphocytes and thymocytes but not on testicular cells

The results of an antibody blocking technique indicate that H-Y and H-2D antigens are close to one another on the surfaces of unfixed thymocytes and lymphocytes, but distant on testicular cells. The findings are the same using cells from mice of several inbred strains (C57BL/10, BALB/c, b6.H-2k). The data indicate moreover that H-2K antigens and H-Y are distant on all cell types tested. The gonad specific H-Y receptor-presumed necessary for H-Y directed testicular differentiation is associated with neither H-2D nor H-2K antigens.
Inactivation of monoamine oxidase B by cis- and trans-5-aminomethyl-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-ones.

Abstract Monoamine oxidase B was previously shown to be inactivated by cis - ( 3 ) and trans -5-(aminomethyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)dihydrofuran-2(3 H )-one hydrochloride ( 4 ) in a time-dependent manner (Ding, Z.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 1992 , 35 , 885) and to catalyze its oxidative decarboxylation (Silverman, R. B.; Zhou, J. J. P.; Ding, C. Z.; Lu, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995 , 117 , 12895). By [ 14 C]-labeling of the aryl methoxyl groups of these two inactivators, it is shown that this is not a mechanism-based inactivation and that multiple enzyme residues are labeled.
Another cystic mystery solved

The gene whose mutation results in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease has been identified, marking the end of a vigorous search and the beginning of a new phase of research toward understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder.
A hypothesis for I-cell disease: Defective hydrolases that do not enter lysosomes

Abstract Skin fibroblasts cultured from patients with I-cell disease (“I-cells”) are markedly deficient in several lysosomal hydrolases, though these enzymes are found in surrounding medium. This situation is not brought about by increased lysosomal leakage, since I-cells were found as retentive of ingested enzymes (β-glucuronidase and α-L-iduronidase) as cells of other genotypes. On the other hand, hydrolases from I-cell medium were found only one-fifth to one-tenth as effective as their normal counterparts in experiments that involve uptake of the enzymes from the medium: correction of Hurler cells by α-L-iduronidase, correction of β-glucuronidase deficient cells by β-glucuronidase, and direct measurement of uptake of N-acetyl β-glucosaminidase by fibroblasts deficient in that enzyme. We suggest that the packaging of lysosomal enzymes requires their secretion followed by specific recognition and uptake. The I-cell mutation would interfere with this process by altering the recognition site on the hydrolases.
Virtual reality in radiology: virtual intervention

Intracranial aneurysms are the primary cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Morbidity and mortality remain high even with current endovascular intervention techniques. It is presently impossible to identify which aneurysms will grow and rupture, however hemodynamics are thought to play an important role in aneurysm development. With this in mind, we have simulated blood flow in laboratory animals using three dimensional computational fluid dynamics software. The data output from these simulations is three dimensional, complex and transient. Visualization of 3D flow structures with standard 2D display is cumbersome, and may be better performed using a virtual reality system. We are developing a VR-based system for visualization of the computed blood flow and stress fields. This paper presents the progress to date and future plans for our clinical VR-based intervention simulator. The ultimate goal is to develop a software system that will be able to accurately model an aneurysm detected on clinical angiography, visualize this model in virtual reality, predict its future behavior, and give insight into the type of treatment necessary. An associated database will give historical and outcome information on prior aneurysms (including dynamic, structural, and categorical data) that will be matched to any current case, and assist in treatment planning (e.g., natural history vs. treatment risk, surgical vs. endovascular treatment risks, cure prediction, complication rates).
A beautiful death.

In ‘‘Spring has Gone,’’ Aram Kim, this issue’s featured artist and winner of the 2010 Biennial EcoHealth Art Competition, uses striking imagery to explore the correlated dynamics of humans and nature. In a sort of alternative still life, she grasps the beauty of magnolia flowers frozen in mid-air, before they light on the ground and begin their inexorable journey to dust. A commentary on the harsh reality of life, this image reminds us that from the moment the buds first swell, they start to die—a beautiful death, but death nonetheless. ‘‘Spring has Gone’’ lets us glimpse a private moment in nature, and also in emotion, as the central character weeps and hides her face. What saddens this mystery figure? Is it grief at the loss of a friend, a relative, a lover? Is it ennuie over the passing of the seasons? Or is it the return of sad memories from last year’s spring? The subject of Aram Kim’s etching weeps for all of the above, and more. She weeps over the loss of spring itself. In this autobiographical piece, the artist invites us into her own perception of the impact of climate change as it seems to shorten the transition between seasons. Just like the magnolia petals, as spring fades, it seems to lose its dignity. Capturing these long-term dynamic changes in a static image is hard for an artist, and likewise we have our own difficulties in seeing them. Aram Kim lives in New York where winter is long, and as the snow falls it is hard to even remember what summer is like, let alone how the seasons’ dynamics have changed during the past few decades. As a species, it is to our advantage to focus on the next few days, or this season, or next year. We seem to have evolved a poor skill set for interpreting environmental changes on intergenerational scales. Anthropogenic environmental changes, such as habitat loss and climate change, seem to be just beyond the cusp of our perception. We are always caught up in the moment, absorbed in our own immediate environment and community. We marvel at the brevity of an ant’s life or the passing of a storm, just as we sail magnificently toward our own demise. The irony is that it is only as we each approach our own demise that we start to see some of the more subtle, longer-scale changes that are happening on our planet. We revisit our childhood haunts and find that the frog pond we used to wade through is now an apartment complex, or that the willow tree we climbed is now paved over. We look around and realize that each generation is born into a smaller space, with nature squeezed between our expanding reach—a thin layer of cement between the cold bricks of our cities and farms. We think back to our youth and remember the great Appalachian storm of 1950, the big freeze of 1963 in Europe, the Midwestern U.S. snowdrifts of 1975, the 100-year floods of Queensland in 2011. We think about how much more rain falls each spring, or how we don’t get the same amount of snow that we used to. With their historical memory, it’s the older generations that can see this change, but mobilizing action needs the attention of all. EcoHealth DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0679-9
TeamSense: Energy-efficient autonomous mobile wireless sensor networks for object tracking

A typical surveillance application involves the use of limited sensing resources to monitor highly dynamic and uncertain environments. As a result, there is increasing demand to develop self-optimizing wireless sensor networks that are capable of adapting to such conditions. In this paper, we present a modeling framework, TeamSense, for designing and evaluating the performance of autonomous mobile wireless sensor networks for object-tracking applications. We program each sensor node to allow peer communication and collaboration to track several objects concurrently while reducing the network's overall energy consumption. Operating in dynamic, decentralized teams, sensor nodes continuously fuse gathered data to enhance the estimation and prediction of the objects' trajectories and optimally reconfigure the formed teams. The optimal reconfiguration of each team is obtained through solving a mixed-integer program. We perform a set of experiments to examine the performance of the developed network. Our results show that the TeamSense algorithms are computationally efficient and achieve a high level of tracking performance while using limited sensing resources and maintaining desirable energy consumption levels.
Functional and Metabolic Consequences of Sarcopenia

The capacity of older men and women to adapt to regularly performed exercise has been demonstrated by many laboratories. Aerobic exercise results in improvements in functional capacity and reduced risk of developing type II diabetes in the elderly. High intensity resistance training (above 60% of the 1 repetition maximum) causes large increases in strength in the elderly, and resistance training significant increases muscle size. Resistance training also significantly increases energy requirements and insulin action of the elderly. We recently demonstrated that resistance training has a positive effect on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in previously sedentary post-menopausal women. Because the sedentary lifestyle of individuals in a long-term care facility may exacerbate losses of muscle function, we applied this same training program to frail, institutionalized elderly men and women. In a population of 100 nursing home residents, a randomly assigned high intensity strength training program resulted in significant gains in strength and functional status. In addition, spontaneous activity, measured by activity monitors, increased significantly in those participating in the exercise program; there was no change in the sedentary control group. Before the strength training intervention, the relationship of whole-body potassium and leg strength was relatively weak (r2 = 0.29, P < 0.001), indicating that in very old persons muscle mass is an important but not the only determiner of functional status. Thus exercise may minimize or reverse the syndrome of physical frailty prevalent among very old individuals. Because of their low functional status and high incidence of chronic disease, there is no segment of the population that can benefit more from exercise training than the elderly.
Refining a health-related quality of life assessment strategy for solid organ transplant patients.

Purpose: The psychometric properties of generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment instruments were evaluated to identify a reliable, valid, and non-redundant battery to measure longitudinal outcomes in organ transplant patients. Methods: Objective functional performance and subjective HRQOL were assessed in 371 solid organ (liver, heart, kidney, lung) transplant patients using the Karnofsky scale, the SF-36® Health Survey (SF-36®), and Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). The surveys' internal-consistency reliability, criterion-related validity, and redundancy were tested. Results: The SF-36® mental (MCS) and physical components (PCS), and PAIS summary scales were internally consistent (all α≥ 0.83). Four out of seven PAIS scales (vocational, domestic, sexual, social) were collectively associated with the PCS (R = 0.65, P < 0.001). as was functional performance (r = 0.52, P < 0.001). Three PAIS scales (family, social, psychological distress) were associated with the MCS (R = 0.72, P < 0.001). Only the PAIS healthcare orientation (satisfaction) scale was not associated with the SF-36®. The relationship between functional performance and the PCS is stronger (r = 0.52, P < 0.001) than with the MCS (r = 0.25, P < 0.001) and the PAIS global score (r = 0.37, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The SF-36® and PAIS are internally consistent and exhibit divergent criterion-related validity but, with the exception of the PAIS healthcare orientation scale, are statistically redundant. The advantages of the SF-36® include wider use, more norms, and a lesser response burden. A transplant-specific patient satisfaction inventory was indicated and was developed.
Prevention of Population Shifts in Oral Microbial Communities in vitro by Low Fluoride Concentrations

A continuous culture system has been used to study the effects of low (sub-MIC) levels of sodium fluoride on the stability and metabolism of a defined oral microbial community. The microflora was also subjected to glucose pulses at pH 7.0, with and without subsequent pH control. At pH 7.0, a continuous supply of 1 mmol/L NaF reduced slightly the viable counts of the oral microflora, although their proportions were relatively unaffected. At pH 7.0, during glucose pulsing, 1 mmol/L NaF prevented the rise in proportions of A. viscosus and reduced the levels of B. intermedius. Glucose pulsing without pH control and in the absence of fluoride markedly inhibited the growth of many species, and L. casei, V. dispar, and S. mutans predominated in the culture. Fluoride (1 mmol/L), either pulsed with the glucose or provided continuously, reduced both the rate of change and the degree of fall in pH, and in doing so prevented the enrichment of S. mutans in the culture. Fluoride also reduced the pH-mediated inhibition of other members of the oral community, although S. sanguis was inhibited even further. Thus, even sub-MIC levels of fluoride may have a beneficial anti-bacterial effect on dental plaque by interfering with acid production. This would reduce the pH-mediated disruption to the balance of the microflora and suppress the selection of S. mutans.
Child and Adolescent Injury Research in 1998: A Summary of Abstracts Submitted to the Ambulatory Pediatrics Association and the American Public Health Association

Objective To describe current research in child and adolescent injury prevention by pediatric and public health investigators for comparison with national recommendations and agendas. Data Sources Abstracts submitted to the 1998 annual meetings of the Pediatric Academic Societies/Ambulatory Pediatrics Association and the American Public Health Association on injury or violence in children or adolescents. Study Selection All abstracts of projects that addressed primarily injury or violence prevention involving children or adolescents. Data Extraction For 123 abstracts, 2 coauthors extracted and classified age of the population, type of injury, study design, sizes of the sample and denominator, and type of outcome. Results Adolescents were the most frequent (49%) age group included. The investigations were concerned most with injuries caused by violence (33%), followed by motor vehicle trauma (14%) and burns (7%). Descriptive surveillance (38%), surveys (32%), and case series (13%) comprised the overwhelming majority of methods used. The studies primarily sought to identify risk factors for injury (32%), describe the victims (20%), or measure knowledge and/or practice (26%). Nine studies (7%) sought to measure the effect of interventions in some way, and only 2 focused primarily on methodology development. Conclusions Injury prevention research projects presented at the 1998 Pediatric Academic Societies and American Public Health Association meetings were proportionate to the frequencies of injury by age and by external cause in the United States. However, in comparison with recommendations for agendas of national injury prevention research, more research is needed to improve injury prevention methods and to evaluate interventions.
Nonlocal Continuum Mechanics and Some Applications

The recent nonlocal continuum field theories are summarized and applied to the problems of wave propagations, fracture mechanics, dislocations and the secondary flow. The power and potential of these theories are shown in their capability for predicting various physical phenomena in the atomic scale.
Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among ACE inhibitors.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a heterogeneous group of agents, and important pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among them must be understood to obtain optimal therapy. For patients with severe liver disease, lisinopril and captopril are not prodrugs (e.g., do not require hepatic activation), and lisinopril has almost solely renal elimination. Enalaprilat, the intravenous formulation of enalapril, is the only intravenously available ACE inhibitor and can be given to patients with severe liver dysfunction as it is also not a prodrug. Fosinopril is the only drug with compensatory dual routes of elimination, and it does not require dosage adjustment in patients with reduced renal function, as other ACE inhibitors do. Captopril and moexipril have potential drug-food interactions and are the only agents that should be spaced from meals. The ACE inhibitors also differ in their dialyzability, half-life, lipophilicity, trough:peak ratios, approved indications, and therapeutic information available for many indications.
Laboratories of Democracy? Brandeis, Federalism, and Scientific Management

Although Louis Brandeis is rightly regarded as a champion of federalism, this article suggests that his famous depiction of the American states as “laboratories” of democracy in fact has little to do with federalism and in fad rests on an understanding of public policy inimical to federal diversity. More specifically, it argues that Brandeis's choice of metaphor largely reflects his hope for scientifically based public policy, which in turn reflected the influence of Scientific Management upon his thought. The article concludes that abandoning Brandeis's metaphor would be useful in rethinking the relations among states in the diffusion of innovations.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in lung capillary and extra-alveolar endothelial cells. Increased extra-alveolar endothelial permeability is sufficient to decrease compliance

Background In acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary vascular permeability increases, causing intravascular fluid and protein to move into the lung’s interstitium. The classic model describing the formation of pulmonary edema suggests that fluid crossing the capillary endothelium is drawn by negative interstitial pressure into the potential space surrounding extra-alveolar vessels and, as interstitial pressure builds, is forced into the alveolar air space. However, the validity of this model is challenged by animal models of acute lung injury in which extra-alveolar vessels are more permeable than capillaries under a variety of conditions. In the current study, we sought to determine whether extravascular fluid accumulation can be produced because of increased permeability of either the capillary or extra-alveolar endothelium, and whether different pathophysiology results from such site-specific increases in permeability. Materials and methods We perfused isolated lungs with either the plant alkaloid thapsigargin, which increases extra-alveolar endothelial permeability, or with 4α-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate, which increases capillary endothelial permeability. Results Both treatments produced equal increases in whole lung vascular permeability, but caused fluid accumulations in separate anatomical compartments. Light microscopy of isolated lungs showed that thapsigargin caused fluid cuffing of large vessels, while 4α-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate caused alveolar flooding. Dynamic compliance was reduced in lungs with cuffing of large vessels, but not in lungs with alveolar flooding. Conclusions Phenotypic differences between vascular segments resulted in site-specific increases in permeability, which have different pathophysiological outcomes. Our findings suggest that insults leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome may increase permeability in extra-alveolar or capillary vascular segments, resulting in different pathophysiological sequela.
The Extraction System of the Nevis Synchrocyclotron

The improved Nevis Synchrocyclotron is a sector focused machine which accelerates protons to 555 MeV and operates at a cycle rate of 300 Hz. At the end of the accelerating part of each cycle, the 555 MeV proton beam is shifted into a region of radial instability by a time-varying field distortion over a period of up to 2.2 ms, resulting in duty cycles of up to 67%. The radial instability is due to a conventional peeler-regenerator field distortion. Large radial oscillations induced in the instability result in a maximum radial gain per turn at the radius of the extraction channel of about 1.6 in. The 0.28 in. extraction channel septum intercepts about 35% of the beam; this is essentially the extraction inefficiency. The extracted beam suffers some moderate vertical expansion on the last turn prior to extraction. It is transported through the extraction channel, passes through a horizontally focusing field distortion (the iron channel) and a horizontal steering magnet (the iron current channel), and enters the primary proton beam transport system at the exit of the cyclotron vacuum system. At this point, the extracted beam has a horizontal width of about 1 in. (fwhm) and a vertical width ofmore » about 1.5 in (fwhm).« less
Quantitative assessment of the effect of uracil-DNA glycosylase on amplicon DNA degradation and RNA amplification in reverse transcription-PCR

Although PCR and RT-PCR provided a valuable approach for detection of pathogens, the high level of sensitivity of these assays also makes them prone to false positive results. In addition to cross-contamination with true positive samples, false positive results are also possible due to "carry-over" contamination of samples with amplicon DNA generated by previous reactions. To reduce this source of false positives, amplicon generated by reactions in which dUTP was substituted for dTTP can be degraded by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG). UNG does not degrade RNA but will cleave contaminating uracil-containing DNA while leaving thymine-containing DNA intact. The availability of heat-labile UNG makes use of this approach feasible for RT-PCR. In this study, real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify UNG degradation of amplicon DNA and the effect of UNG on RNA detection. Using the manufacturers' recommended conditions, complete degradation of DNA was not observed for samples containing 250 copies of amplicon DNA. Doubling the UNG concentration resulted in degradation of the two lowest concentrations of DNA tested, but also resulted in an increase of 1.94 cycles in the CT for RNA detection. To improve DNA degradation while minimizing the effect on RNA detection, a series of time, temperature and enzyme concentrations were evaluated. Optimal conditions were found to be 0.25 U UNG per 25 μl reaction with a 20 min, 30°C incubation prior to RT-PCR. Under these conditions, high concentrations of amplicon DNA could be degraded while the CT for RNA detection was increased by 1.2 cycles.
Lipid composition of plant mitochondria and of chloroplasts

The mitochondrial lipids from avocado fruit, cauliflower buds, and potato tubers, and the lipids of chloroplasts isolated from avocado fruit and from cauliflower leaves were identified and the concentrations were determined. The lipid composition was compared with that of beef heart mitochondria. Phospholipids constituted 50–56% of total lipids in plant mitochondria while this fraction made up 90% of the lipids in beef heart mitochondria. In both cases the chief phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. A characteristic feature of plant mitochondria was the presence of monogalactosyl- and digalactosyldiglyceride and of sulfolipid. Potato mitochondria differed from the particles of other species investigated by their higher content of galactolipids, sterol glycosides, and carotenoids and lower content of phospholipids and of total lipids in the lipid–protein complex. The galactolipid content was markedly higher in chloroplasts from all sources than in mitochondria. The spectrum of lipids in the phospholipid fraction differed more strikingly between chloroplasts of the leaf and the mitochondria of the bud of cauliflower than between the two organelles of the avocado mesocarp. The fatty acid distribution of individual lipids and of classes of lipids was also more similar in the two organelles of the fruit tissue than in the cauliflower material.
Meet Three of AGU's 2013 Student Travel Grant Recipients

Donations to the Annual Student Travel Grant Fund allowed more than 200 AGU student members to present their research for the first time at the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting. The Annual Student Travel Grant Fund (see https://giving.agu.org/campaign/vcc/) provides financial assistance to U.S. and international students who have little or no support from their institutions. AGU encourages female students and students from underrepresented minorities or countries to apply to this program.
Compiler-driven cached code compression schemes for embedded ILP processors

During the last 15 years, embedded systems have grown in complexity and performance to rival desktop systems. The architectures of these systems present unique challenges to processor microarchitecture, including instruction encoding and instruction fetch processes. This paper presents new techniques for reducing embedded system code size without reducing functionality. This approach is to extract the pipeline decoder logic for an embedded VLIW processor in software at system development time. The code size reduction is achieved by Huffman compressing or tailor encoding the ISA of the original program. Some interesting results were found. In particular, the degree of compression for the ROM doesn't translate into an improvement in instructions delivered per cycle. Experiments found that when the missprediction penalty of the added Huffman decoder stage was taken into account, a Tailored ISA approach produced higher performance. Methods that compress the entire operation using Huffman encodings, and decompress at ICache hit time still achieved a median performance advantage, while providing higher ROM size savings. All results were generated by an optimizing compiler and tool suite, and presented for an encoding similar to the Intel/HP IA-64 architecture.
Is choice a reliable predictor of choice? A comment on Sagarin and Skowronski

In a recent working paper, Chen (2008) argues that a methodology central to the cognitive dissonance literature (the free-choice paradigm) has suffered from an inability to separately measure how much choices affect people’s preferences, and how much they simply reflect those preferences, by failing to fully control for the fact that subjects tend to choose goods they prefer. Although Sagarin and Skowronski concede this, they discount Chen’s argument, claiming that for revealed preferences to completely account for observed choice-effects the relationship between choice and preference would have to be unrealistically high. In this comment, we argue that their critique both misses the crux of Chen’s analysis, and is incorrect. Specifically, to properly test whether choices affect preferences, it is essential that researchers experimentally control for revealed preferences rather than speculate how much of a role they may play. Moreover, Sagarin and Skowronski’s critique rests on two fundamental errors—a misunderstanding of the function of the null-hypothesis and a misunderstanding of preference-measurement psychometrics. These errors leads Sagarin and Skowronski to suggest alternative experimental designs which while a good first step, do not address the problems identified in Chen (2008).
Purine Metabolism and Abnormal Behavior in Children

The study of the interrelationships of purine metabolism and behavior is, to some extent, in its infancy. It seems to us, however, that the study of human patients with heritable disorders of metabolism might, in fact, begin to give us some clues to a more molecular understanding of at least some forms of behavior. All forms of behavior are probably open ultimately for understanding on a molecular basis, but this is a more complicated problem for investigation.
Development of a smokeless powder reference material for propellant and explosives analysis

Abstract The accurate analysis of the additives in smokeless powder is often an integral part of investigations of improvised explosives devices (IEDs) and in the evaluation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR). To help assure the quality of smokeless powder measurements, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a Reference Material, RM 8107 Additives in Smokeless Powder. The RM, a smokeless rifle powder, was chosen after evaluation of three candidate powders. The additives were determined using solvent extraction with ultrasonic agitation followed by micellar capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC). RM 8107 provides reference values obtained by LC analysis for the key additives nitroglycerin, diphenylamine (and its nitration product, N -nitrosodiphenylamine), and ethylcentralite.
Treatment of Plastic Bronchitis in a Fontan Patient With Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Plastic bronchitis is a condition in which large, bronchial casts with rubber-like consistency develop in the tracheobronchial tree and cause airway obstruction. We describe a 4-year-old girl who had Fontan physiology and who developed plastic bronchitis and report for the first time the use of aerosolized tissue plasminogen activator for treatment of this condition. The literature is reviewed with emphasis placed on the occurrence of this disorder in patients with single ventricle physiology.
A New Look at the Super Outbreak of Tornadoes on 3–4 April 1974

Abstract The outbreak of tornadoes from the Mississippi River to just east of the Appalachian Mountains on 2–5 April 1974 is analyzed using conventional techniques and the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). The MM5 was run for 48 h using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset for initial conditions. It is suggested that the first damaging squall line within the storm of 2–5 April 1974 (herein referred to as the Super Outbreak storm) was initiated by updrafts associated with an undular bore. The bore resulted from the forward advance of a Pacific cold front into a stable air mass. The second major squall line within the Super Outbreak storm, which produced the strongest and most numerous tornadoes, was directly connected with the lifting associated with a cold front aloft. This second squall line was located along the farthest forward protrusion of a Pacific cold front as it occluded with a lee trough/dryline. An important factor in the ...
The Retinoblastoma Gene: Its Role in Retinal Tumors and Non-Ocular Tumors

Tumors form through loss of adequate growth control. This growth control can be achieved in two ways. Inappropriate activation of growth stimulatory pathways define the nature of dominant oncogenes. These pathways have been preliminarily defined by two dozen or so dominant oncogenes. There is an alternative pathway that is also able to bring about deregulated growth. It is also possible to form tumors by inactivating growth limiting genes. Our work has focused on the isolation and characterization of these growth limiting genes that are termed recessive oncogenes. This term refers to the fact that both copies of these genes must be inactivated for tumor formation. We isolated the first of the recessive oncogenes. It is termed the retinoblastoma gene, “Rb gene”, because it was first noted to be inactivated in retinoblastomas. Since then we have found that it is a vital step in the function of several other tumors. It is virtually always inactivated also in osteosarcomas, soft tissue sarcomas and small cell lung cancer. The second recessive oncogene to be identified is the p53 gene. Both p53 and the Rb gene encoded nuclear phosphoproteins that regulate the cells progression through the cell cycle. We have found that reintroduction of both of these genes on expression constricts can severely limit cell growth. The current working model is that there are several dozen recessive oncogenes that are important for controlling the growth of separate organs. Combinations of these genes make tissue specific requirements for growth. Our goal is to better understand how these recessive oncogenes and dominant oncogenes cooperate functionally to bring about cancer.
Using Regression Discontinuity to Uncover the Personal Incumbency Advantage

We study the conditions under which a regression discontinuity (RD) design can be used to recover the personal incumbency advantage, a quantity that has long been of interest to political scientists. We offer an expanded interpretation of the RD design that allows us to back out unbiased estimates of this quantity by focusing on open seats — elections with no incumbent running. Our focus on open seats avoids including in the personal incumbency advantage estimate the spurious advantage that stems from incumbents' higher than average quality — a result of electoral selection. A central result of our model is that the RD design double-counts the personal incumbency advantage because each of the two groups of districts compared in the RD estimand has an incumbent running for reelection at the time the outcome is measured. We provide a brief empirical illustration of our model that analyzes northern open-seat U.S. House elections between 1968 and 2008, and we also discuss how this setup can be used to study incumbent races, where the required assumptions are more complex. A version of our model in its full generality - and a discussion of the assumptions it requires — is presented in the Supplemental Appendix.
Situation and correlated behavior of HIV infection among currently married MSM in Gansu province

OBJECTIVE: To explore the situation of HIV infection among currently married MSM and the features of related sexual behavior on both males and females in Gansu province. METHODS: By "Place the recruitment" methodology 297 currently married MSM were recruited in Lanzhou and Tianshui cities of Gansu province. Participants filled in a questionnaire and underwent HIV antibody testing. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the result and differences between positive HIV MSM and negative HIV MSM. Possible factors that influencing the HIV infection among currently married MSM were analyzed. RESULTS: Among those currently married MSM the HIV positive rate was 4.7%. 94.6% participants admitted having had anal sex with male partners in the past 6 months while 30.9% participants had more than 2 male sex partners in the past week with the rate of condoms use as 45.9%. 69.0% of the participants had sex with females in the past 6 months with the rate of condoms use as 24.9%. 59.0% of the participants did not use condoms when having sexual relations with partners. Among HIV positive married MSM the rate of AIDS awareness was 64.3% and 7.1% of them ever having had HIV testing last year and 92.9% of them had anal sex with males. In the recent 6 months 14.3% had ever used condom each time when having anal sex with males. 35.7% of the cases ever having had sex with females with the rate of condom use as 60.0%. CONCLUSION: HIV prevalence low AIDS awareness low HIV rate of testing and high rate of unprotected sex behavior with either sex partners were found among currently married MSM in Gansu province. RESULTS: of this study called for behavioral intervention and HIV testing measures should be taken immediately.
What, if anything, is a social niche?

The term “social niche” is rapidly increasing in usage, particularly in the context of “social niche construction.” But what (if anything) is a social niche? Here, we survey papers that have used the term to uncover commonalities and discrepancies in its definition. We aim to alert researchers to the need for more consistency in how the term is used in the literature, and we provide a working definition of “social niche:” the set of social environments in which the focal individual has non-zero inclusive fitness. We consider the extent to which a social niche is analogous to an ecological niche, discuss whether a population-level social niche can be meaningfully identified, and describe conceptual insights about the properties of social niches, focusing on social niche construction. We highlight questions about social niches that demand more theoretical and empirical attention.
A Further Assessment of Measurement Influences on the Intention-Behavior Relationship

Warshaw has stated that low intention-behavior relationships are partially due to the lack of contextually specific intention measures and that conditional measures are more predictive than direct ...
Dispersion Indices and Sequential Sampling Plans for the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Dispersion indices and constant-precision sampling plans (both inter- and intra-tree) generated by Iwao’s patchiness regression and Taylor’s power law for Panonychus citri are compared. In the intra-tree study, Taylor’s power law provided a consistently good fit to the data, whereas the fit of Iwao’s patchiness regression was erratic. For the inter-tree study, both sampling plans adequately fit the data and could be used as a basis for sequential sampling. However, when the motile population was sampled without regard to stage, Taylor’s power law gave the desired level of precision with fewer samples than required by Iwao’s patchiness regression.
Sleep as a conditioned response

A sleep response was conditioned in dogs using morphine or pentobarbital as the UCS. The effect of morphine on rat EEG and behavior was also studied. Data indicated that in dogs morphine was the more powerful UCS and that in rats morphine produced catatonia rather than sleep.