cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indirect Detection Methods in Capillary Electrophoresis

An overview is given of existing indirect detection methods of inorganic and organic anions in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Kohlrausch's regulating function (KRF), used by several researchers to predict the detection sensitivity of ultraviolet (UV)-inactive analytes in CZE, is reviewed. Sensitive indirect photometric detection (IPD) of ionic compounds in CZE is largely governed by the value of the change in absorbance in a solute zone. This in turn depends on a transfer ratio (TR), ratio of the charge, and ratio of the electrophoretic mobility of the analyte and IPD reagent. The influence of other experimental parameters, such as pH, type and concentration of the absorbing electrolyte, detection wavelength, and absorption pathlength, on detection sensitivity are also critically discussed. An extensive part of this review deals with the separation of various classes ofionic analytes using capillary zone electrophoresis/indirect photometric detection (CZE/IPD). Different approaches for simultaneous separation and indirect detection of nonabsorbing anions and cations are evaluated. From this evaluation, some rules of thumb as to when these approaches will be most effective are drawn. In addition, indirect fluorescence detection (IFD) in CZE and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) are reviewed and possible application areas are highlighted. Some recent developments in other indirect detection modes, such as indirect chemiluminescence detection (ICLD) and indirect conductivity detection (ICD), are outlined.
Compressive classification and the rare eclipse problem

This paper addresses the fundamental question of when convex sets remain disjoint after random projection. We provide an analysis using ideas from high-dimensional convex geometry. For ellipsoids, we provide a bound in terms of the distance between these ellipsoids and simple functions of their polynomial coefficients. As an application, this theorem provides bounds for compressive classification of convex sets. Rather than assuming that the data to be classified is sparse, our results show that the data can be acquired via very few measurements yet will remain linearly separable. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in the context of hyperspectral imaging.
Performance and Behavior of Family Firms

This Guest Editor’s note reflects on the contributions of each article in the Special Issue on family firms’ behavior and performance. Building on this, several under-researched areas concerning family involvement in businesses are identified and the resulting impact on firm behavior and performance is explained. Finally, future research directions and insights for practitioners are outlined.
Voltage-gated ion channel Kv4.3 is associated with Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and regulates angiotensin receptor type 1 signaling to small G-protein Rap

The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv4.3 was coexpressed with its β-subunit Kv channel-interacting protein 2 and the angiotensin type 1 receptor in HEK-293 cells. Proteomic analysis of proteins coimmunoprecipitated with Kv4.3 revealed that Kv4.3 is associated with Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors MR-GEF and EPAC-1. Previously, we demonstrated that Kv4.3 interacts with the angiotensin type 1 receptor in HE293 cells and cardiac myocytes. On the basis of this, we investigated the angiotensin type 1 receptor signaling to small G-proteins Ras and Rap-1 in the presence and absence of the Kv4.3–Kv channel-interacting protein 2 macromolecular complex. Ras activation was not significantly affected by coexpression of Kv4.3 and Kv channel-interacting protein 2. Ras exhibited a rapid activation–inactivation pattern with maximum activity at 2.5 min after addition of angiotensin II. In contrast, activation of Rap-1 was affected dramatically by coexpression of Kv4.3 and Kv channel-interacting protein 2 with the angiotensin type 1 receptor. In the absence of Kv4.3 and Kv channel-interacting protein 2, stimulation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor resulted in steady activation of Rap-1 that reached a plateau 25 min after addition of angiotensin II. In the presence of Kv4.3 and Kv channel-interacting protein 2, Rap-1 reaches a maximum activity 2.5 min after addition of angiotensin II and then deactivates rapidly, demonstrating a pattern of activation similar to that of Ras. Our findings show that Kv4.3 regulates angiotensin type 1 receptor signaling to the small G-protein Rap-1.
Junk Time: Pathological Behavior as the Interaction of Evolutionary and Cultural Forces

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several points about discounting and its relationship to drug dependence. It shows that discounting appears to be an evolved psychological mechanism that appears to have been exapted in the process of drug dependence. It also shows that discounting has a developmental course that coincides with the onset of drug dependence and with the maturing-out phenomenon often observed in the drug dependent. It makes an argument that discounting may be influenced by culture and that this notion is consistent with the increases in the prevalence of certain disorders observed across the 20th century, especially drug dependence. Exaggerated discounting is directly observed in the drug dependent. In particular, drug dependent individuals discount future monetary rewards more than matched controls and drug dependents discount the drug of dependence more than money. Discounting can theoretically account for reversals in preference, often termed loss of control, which are considered indicative of drug dependence. The chapter includes the data from a recent study in which discounting appeared to be a reversible effect of drug use. Collectively, these observations support the notion that discounting is a behavioral process that may be driven by evolutionarily old brain systems selected to secure vital resources, and these processes appear to be commandeered in drug dependence. As a commandeered process, discounting could be a normal source of pathological behavior.
Implementing Intervention Research in Doctoral Education

Abstract Rigorous experimental research examining the effectiveness of practice interventions rarely appears in the social work literature. Among the reasons often cited are the difficulties of conducting such research, and the lack of adequate preparation in social work education. Translating the goals of outcome-oriented research into successful educational models is easier said than done. This paper describes a partial application of Rothman and Thomas' innovative work on intervention research in doctoral curriculum, emphasizing the elements of design and development. The adaptation is illustrated through a series of studies examining the effectiveness of meditation on psychosocial functioning.
Individualized Risk Estimation for Postoperative Complications After Surgery for Oral Cavity Cancer.

Importance Postoperative complications after head and neck surgery carry the potential for significant morbidity. Estimating the risk of complications in an individual patient is challenging. Objective To develop a statistical tool capable of predicting an individual patient’s risk of developing a major complication after surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective case series derived from an institutional clinical oncologic database, augmented by medical record abstraction, at an academic tertiary care cancer center. Participants were 506 previously untreated adult patients with biopsy-proven oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was a major postoperative complication requiring invasive intervention (Clavien-Dindo classification grades III-V). Patients treated between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008 (354 of 506 [70.0%]) comprised the modeling cohort and were used to develop a nomogram to predict the risk of developing the primary end point. Univariable analysis and correlation analysis were used to prescreen 36 potential predictors for incorporation in the subsequent multivariable logistic regression analysis. The variables with the highest predictive value were identified with the step-down model reduction method and included in the nomogram. Patients treated between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2008 (152 of 506 [30.0%]) were used to validate the nomogram. Results Clinical characteristics were similar between the 2 cohorts for most comparisons. Thirty-six patients in the modeling cohort (10.2%) and 16 patients in the validation cohort (10.5%) developed a major postoperative complication. The 6 preoperative variables with the highest individual predictive value were incorporated within the nomogram, including body mass index, comorbidity status, preoperative white blood cell count, preoperative hematocrit, planned neck dissection, and planned tracheotomy. The nomogram predicted a major complication with a validated concordance index of 0.79. Inclusion of surgical operative variables in the nomogram maintained predictive accuracy (concordance index, 0.77). Conclusions and Relevance A statistical tool was developed that accurately estimates an individual patient’s risk of developing a major complication after surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
Radio frequency electromagnetic wave communication in deep oil wells

Effective communication in oil wells is challenging because of partially-conductive soil and rock, and inhomogeneities in the ground. An alternative approach to communicating with the drill head, or electronics associated with it, is to use the drilled hole itself as a path for communication. The typical well hole is cased with a steel lining and surrounded by air or cement. The electrically-conductive casing, along with a second conductor consisting of the earth itself, acts like a dielectric waveguide used in fiber optics to guide light. The earth is not very conductive, but as long as it has a different dielectric constant than air, it can act to guide waves axially through the gap between the steel and the ground.
Electronic synchronous speed regulator

ASPEED REGULATOR for a d-c motor driving an a-c generator which will maintain the frequency of the alternator output voltage in synchronism with a frequency source of low power output is described in this article. This is accomplished, in general, by obtaining a voltage proportional to the phase angle between these two frequencies and using this voltage to adjust the field current of the d-c motor, and hence the speed, in such a way as to keep the phase angle constant. By controlling the phase displacement or integral of the speed rather than the speed itself, maintenance of synchronism is ensured, since any steady-state variation in the circuit parameters will be compensated for by a change in the steady-state value of the phase angle.
Hydrogen in RF Reactive Magnetron Sputtered Silicon Nitride Films

Silicon nitride films (a-SixN1-x:H) have been prepared by rf reactive magnetron sputtering from a silicon target in a mixture gas of Ar, N2, and H2. The effects of the presence of hydrogen gas have been related to the refractive index, deposition rate, etch rate, and the Si-H and N-H bonding in the films. Hydrogen contents were measured by a quadrupole secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) using deuterium implanted samples as reference standards. The deuterium implanted samples were annealed at 900°C for various periods of time to study the diffusion behavior of deuterium and hydrogen in a Si-rich and a nearly stoichiometric silicon nitride film.
Digital cities of the future: Extending @home assistive technologies for the elderly and the disabled

In the digital city of the future there is the vision of seamless virtual and physical access for every home and between each home and the workplace, as well as critical city infrastructure such as the post office, the bank, hospitals, transportation systems, and other entities. This paper provides an overview of technical and other issues in extending at home (@home) assistive technologies for the elderly and the disabled. The paper starts by giving a vision of what this city is supposed to look like and how a human is to act, navigate and function in it. A framework for extending assistive technologies is proposed that considers individuals belonging to special groups of interest and locations other than their home. Technology has already reached the state of ubiquitous and pervasive sensor devices measuring everything, from temperature to human behavior. Implanting intelligence into and connecting such devices will be of immense use in preventive healthcare, security in industrial installations, greater energy efficiency, and numerous other applications. The paper reviews enabling technologies that exist and focuses on healthcare applications that support a longer and higher quality of life at home for the elderly and the disabled. It discusses intelligent platforms involving agents, context-aware and location-based services, and classification systems that enable advanced monitoring and interpretation of patient status and optimization of the environment to improve medical assessments. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the challenges that exist in extending @home assistive technologies to @city assistive technologies.
Crossbreeding Dairy Cattle. III. First-Lactation Production

Abstract The actual first-lactation yields of milk, milk fat, FCM, and per cent milk fat of 379 cows in the Illinois crossbreeding experiment were analyzed. Holstein and Guernsey bulls were bred to foundation cows of both breeds to produce Generation 1 crossbreds and purebreds. The F 1 crossbreds were mated to sires of both pure breeds, after which a crisscrossing plan was followed. In addition, purebred groups were maintained each generation. There were significant additive genetic differences between the breeds in all generations, and the effect associated with breed of sire was larger than that for breed of dam. In Generation 1 the difference between crossbreds and purebreds was not statistically significant for any of the production traits. Orthogonal linear, quadratic, and cubic regressions were fitted to records for purebred and crossbred groups in Generations 2 and 3. Linear trends from Guernseys through the crossbreds to Holsteins were statistically significant, but neither of the other regressions approached significance. Thus, little evidence of heterosis from crossbreeding per se was found in Generations 1, 2, or 3. Interactions of sires of the same breed with the breeding of the dam were generally unimportant, except in Generation 3 where some inconclusive evidence of the specific combining ability was noted. Numerous significant differences in the general combining abilities of the various sires used were evident.
The worth of nations: Some economic implications of nationalism

Accounts that attribute nationalism to capitalism or industrialization face the problem of nationalism in late‐stage capitalist, or as some might say, post‐industrial, societies. While increasing social significance has been attributed to economic growth throughout human history, reasons for this are far from self‐evident. By looking at arguments made by Marx, List, and Smith, a new understanding of the relationship between nationalism and economics emerges—one that explains the attribution of social importance to economic development by revealing it as a function of nationalism.
Improved prediction for lossless compression of multispectral images

We study the use of spectral deltas for lossless multispectral image compression. Spectral deltas are differences between prediction errors. When bands are correlated, the prediction errors between the two bands are similar, thus the difference results in a smaller value. Building upon earlier work, we examine methods of detecting correlations and harnessing current advances in lossless still image compression. THe result is an algorithm that works well over a broad set of test images.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Progestin functions in vertebrate gametes mediated by membrane progestin receptors (mPRs): Identification of mPRα on human sperm and its association with sperm motility

Abstract Most of the studies on the putative membrane progestin receptor (mPR) α and β subtypes that have been published in the 5 years since their discovery have supported the original hypothesis that they function as specific membrane receptors through which progestins induce rapid, nongenomic responses in target cells. Recent evidence that mPRα and mPRβ have important roles in the regulation of oocyte meiotic maturation and sperm motility in both fish and mammals is reviewed. Although rapid, cell surface-initiated progestin actions on sperm to induce hyperactive motility have been demonstrated in several mammalian models, the identity of the membrane progestin receptor mediating this effect remains unclear. We demonstrate here that mPRα mRNA is expressed in human sperm by RT-PCR and that the mPRα protein is localized to the sperm membranes by Western blot analysis. Immunocytochemical staining of whole non-permeabilized human sperm confirmed the mPRα protein is expressed in the plasma membrane, and showed it is localized to the sperm midpiece, indicating a likely role of mPRα in progestin regulation of sperm motility. Moreover, the abundance of the mPRα protein on sperm plasma membranes from human donors that displayed low motility was significantly reduced compared to that on normal motile sperm. Finally, progestin treatment of sperm membranes caused activation of G-proteins. These results suggest that, similar to its proposed function in fishes, mPRα is an intermediary in progestin stimulation of sperm motility in humans by a mechanism involving G-protein activation.
Genotoxicity of Retroviral Integration In Hematopoietic Cells

The experience of the past 3 years, since the first case of leukemia was reported in a child cured of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) by gene therapy, indicates that the potential genotoxicity of retroviral integration in hematopoietic cells will remain a consideration in evaluating the relative risks versus benefits of gene therapy for specific blood disorders. Although many unique variables may have contributed to an increased risk in X-SCID patients, clonal dominance or frank neoplasia in animal models, clonal dominance in humans with chronic granulomatous disease, and the ability of retroviral integration to immortalize normal bone marrow cells or convert factor-dependent cells to factor independence suggest that transduction of cells with an integrating retrovirus has the potential for altering their subsequent biologic behavior. The selective pressure imposed during in vitro culture or after engraftment may uncover a growth or survival advantage for cells in which an integration event has affected gene expression. Such cells then carry the risk that subsequent mutations may lead to neoplastic evolution of individual clones. Balancing that risk is that the vast majority of integration events seem to be neutral and that optimizing vector design may diminish the probability of altering gene expression by an integrated vector genome. Several cell culture systems and animal models designed to empirically evaluate the safety of vector systems are being developed and should provide useful data for weighing the relative risks and benefits for specific diseases and patient populations. Gene therapy interventions continue to have enormous potential for the treatment of disorders of the hematopoietic system. The future of such efforts seems bright as we continue to evolve and improve various strategies to make such interventions both effective and as safe as possible.
Tax Competition with Two Types of Capital

Abstract We examine a tax competition model in which two types of mobile capital are taxed to fund local public goods when taxing land is not feasible. We derive optimal tax rules and we find it is possible for localities to subsidize one type of capital.
Robotically assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty : a transatlantic comparison of techniques and outcomes

OBJECTIVE To report a comparison of two techniques of robotically assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty (RALDP), and their associated outcomes, for treating pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), evaluating the potential differences in the initial 50 cases of two centres in North America and Europe. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between November 2001 and August 2005, 100 patients had transperitoneal RALDP for PUJO in one centre in the USA (group 1) and one in France (group 2). Group 1 consisted of 50 patients (30 males and 20 females, mean age 31 years, range 16–62) and group 2 of 50 patients (17 males and 32 females, one bilateral PUJO; mean age 39 years, range 17–81). The right side was affected in 30 (60%) patients in group 1 and 32 (64%) in group 2. Differences in preoperative evaluation, surgical technique and follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS In group 1 all procedures were completed laparoscopically. One conversion was necessary in group 2 due to technical difficulties. The mean operative duration was 122 min (group 1) and 127 min (group 2); the estimated blood loss was negligible (<100 mL) in both groups. Surgical findings included 15 patients with crossing vessels in group 1 and 28 in group 2. There were no peri-operative complications in either group. The mean hospital stay was 1.1 days in group 1 and 5.8 days in group 2, reflecting differences in practice patterns. All patients were asymptomatic at stent removal and in subsequent clinical evaluations in both groups. CONCLUSION The combination of results form both series provide information suggesting that the robotically assisted approach is a viable treatment option. The results reflect some differences in techniques, follow-up and practice patterns, but the outcomes were equally effective on both continents. Further follow-up will allow us to determine the long-term efficacy.
Role of collagen deposition in lymphatic tissues and immune reconstruction during HIV-1 and SIV infections.

The hallmark of HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus infections is the progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells that ultimately renders the host incapable of defending against AIDS-defining opportunistic infections and malignancies. Although many potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain CD4+ T-cell loss, this review focuses on the growing evidence that collagen deposition and consequent fibrotic damage to the lymphatic tissue T-cell compartment contributes to CD4+ T-cell decline and limits CD4+ T-cell repopulation, even with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Boundary conditions for the space-charge region of a P-N-junction

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that the controversy concerning the relation of the applied potential difference to the difference across the space-charge region of a P - N -junction is due to a neglect of the non-zero gradients of the electrochemical potentials. By incorporating these quantities and by a suitable modification of the Fletcher boundary conditions, the inconsistencies discovered by Van Vliet and Gummel can be removed.
Encapsulation of Cu(InGa)Se 2 solar cells with ALD Al 2 O 3 flexible thin-film moisture barrier: Stability under 1000 hour damp heat and UV exposure

Single or double layers of Al 2 O 3 deposited by atomic layer deposition are shown to be excellent transparent front moisture barriers for CuInGaSe 2 devices. We studied two configurations; one where the Al 2 O 3 was deposited directly on the substrate, and the other where it was deposited onto a flexible UV-PET and laminated on to the substrate. We have exposed samples with ALD barrier, and other barriers for comparison, to accelerated degradation including 1000 hr damp-heat, 1200 hour UV, and 10 freeze-thaw cycles. The V OC and FF are essentially unaffected for cells with the ALD barrier, indicating it is highly effective in preventing moisture from reaching the junction of the CuInGaSe 2 cells. The JSC decreases due to yellowing of an epoxy which was used to bond the encapsulant to the substrate for these experimental devices. This is unrelated to the ALD barrier. The excellent stability in D-H exposure indicates the 55 nm ALD layers, directly applied to the device with 3 µm high grids, has very good conformal coverage.
Monodromy- and spectrum-preserving deformations. I

A method for solving certain nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations is developed. The central idea is to study monodromy preserving deformations of linear ordinary differential equations with regular and irregular singular points. The connections with isospectral deformations and with classical and recent work on monodromy preserving deformations are discussed. Specific new results include the reduction of the general initial value problem for the Painleve equations of the second type and a special case of the third type to a system of linear singular integral equations. Several classes of solutions are discussed, and in particular the general expression for rational solutions for the second Painleve equation family is shown to be −d/dx ln(Δ+/Δ−), where Δ+ and Δ− are determinants. We also demonstrate that each of these equations is an exactly integrable Hamiltonian system. The basic ideas presented here are applicable to a broad class of ordinary and partial differential equations; additional results will be presented in a sequence of future papers.
Mapping the structural requirements for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation by using tethered alkyltrimethylammonium agonists and antagonists.

A molecule as simple in structure as tetramethylammonium gates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) with high efficacy. To compare the structure of the nAChR transmitter binding site in the...
Complementary pictures of the N-boson problem.

We consider a system of N identical bosons which interact in one dimension via attractive pair potentials and obey nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. This system is studied from two complementary viewpoints. The equivalent two-body method approximates the system as a collection of (N-1) independent two-particle systems with coupling constants enhanced by the factor N/2, and this yields energy lower bounds. The collective-field method approaches the problem from the standpoint of the limit as N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} and leads to energy upper bounds. We find that Gaussian trial functions for the N-particle Hamiltonian and Gaussian trial densities in the collective-field theory lead to precisely the same energy upper bounds. The upper bounds provided by field theory allow for systematic improvement via a variational principle. Details are worked out for two exactly soluble problems, namely, the harmonic oscillator and the attractive \ensuremath{\delta} potential.
Neuroprotective-neurotrophic effect of endogenous dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate during intense stress exposure

Abstract Recent reports demonstrate neurotrophic properties of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in men at rest, as well as profound neurotrophic responses to stress in both men and women. Little is known of neuroprotective–neurotrophic effects of DHEAS during stress exposure, either in men or women. This translational study was designed to examine neuroprotective–neurotrophic effects of DHEAS throughout intense stress exposure in healthy men and women. The study took place within a stressful 12-day military survival course. Utilizing a longitudinal cross-sectional repeated measures design, One hundred sixteen healthy active-duty military personnel (80% male) were studied before, during, and 24 h after the course. The dependent variable was the neurotrophin salivary nerve growth factor (sNGF). In terms of total hormone output, the effect of DHEAS on sNGF was mediated by testosterone. Unlike testosterone or cortisol, DHEAS reliably predicted sNGF at each time point, and change in DHEAS predicted change in sNGF across time points. Baseline DHEAS predicted total sNGF output across the stress trajectory. Consistent with preclinical as well as cross-sectional human research, this study demonstrates neuroprotective–neurotrophic effects of DHEAS in healthy men and women exposed to intense stress. Results are evaluated in relation to established criteria for causation.
Energy-Level Structure of Zinc in Magnetic Fields Using a Single-Band Effective Hamiltonian

The zero-magnetic-field energy-band structure of the midplane of the second band of zinc is Fourier analyzed and the coefficients $\mathcal{E}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{R}})$ are used to construct the magnetic effective Hamiltonian $H(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}})=\ensuremath{\Sigma}{R}^{}\mathcal{E}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{R}})\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{R}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\frac{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}})(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}+\frac{e\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}}{c})$. This effective Hamiltonian is cast into the form of a matrix operator, and the eigenvalues are computed by numerical means for a range of magnetic fields. These exact solutions of the effective Hamiltonian display characteristics which can be compared with semiclassical results. The energy levels of the effective Hamiltonian form bands in a "magnetic zone" which is a zone in reciprocal space much smaller than the Brillouin zone. Within a magnetic zone the wave function and energy are functions of a vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ which is in many respects similar to the zero-field wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$. These magnetic bands can be associated with Landau levels corresponding to circular, lens, or triangle shaped contours, and as the magnetic field is varied the energies of the magnetic bands evolve in the manner that Landau levels are predicted to evolve from semiclassical arguments. The spacing of lens and triangle bands confirms the Onsager rule of equal areas between Landau contours; however, a systematic deviation is noted, the maximum deviation being about 5%. The Roth correction to the Onsager rule roughly predicts this deviation. The bands associated with lens and triangle contours display considerable broadening indicating strong coupling between these orbits.
Substrate reduction therapy: miglustat as a remedy for symptomatic patients with Gaucher disease type 1.

Gaucher disease (GD) is an inborn error of glycosphingolipid metabolism, associated with multisystemic manifestations resulting from the lysosomal accumulation of an incompletely degraded material (glucosylceramide) within cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In the majority of GD patients with non-neurological involvement (type 1), the clinical features are dominated by haematological, visceral (hepatic and splenic) and skeletal complications. Infrequently, cardiopulmonary involvement may develop and lead to major morbidity. Investigations of substrate turnover within cellular compartments, such as the lysosome, indicate that progressive tissue storage occurs when the activity of the responsible hydrolytic enzyme declines. Thus, the provision of functional enzyme to deficient cells is a straightforward means of achieving metabolic correction. Conversely, the concentration of stored substrate within cells bearing particular affected enzymes (i.e., expressing residual activity) may be controlled by a reduction of the 'load'. This means that metabolic homeostasis can also be restored by restricting the amount of substrate presented to disease cells to a level that can be hydrolysed by the existing enzyme activity. Proof-of-concept for both approaches has been demonstrated through enzyme replacement therapy using alglucerase/imiglucerase and more recently, substrate reduction therapy by miglustat. Enzyme replacement therapy is proven to be safe and effective in the treatment of GD type 1, establishing imiglucerase as the current standard of care. The experience with substrate reduction therapy, specifically miglustat, is limited but encouraging. This review is an attempt to examine the potential role of this latter approach in light of current patient management. The consideration of miglustat as a therapeutic option requires the appropriate selection of patients (amongst those unwilling or unsuitable to receive enzyme replacement therapy), a definition of the therapeutic objectives and monitoring not only for response but potential adverse effects.
Conclusion: Getting It All Together

As the aticles of the symposium present a wide variety of conclusions on whether public administration has “grown up,” this overview article does not attempt a unified synthesis of the authors’ vie...
Use of the Abbreviated WAIS with Homeless Men

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Doppelt's ( 1 ) abbreviated WAIS consisting of Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Block Design, and Picture Arrangement is applicable to white native born homeless men. The full scale WAIS ( 3 ) was administered to 50 native born white homeless men as a part of diagnostic battery. The mean age of these men was 48.49 with a SD of 8.30. The mean full scale IQ of these men was 96.79, SD 11.33. The range in full scale IQs was 71-124 ( 2 ) . The mean estimated IQ obtained in accordance with Doppelt's formula was 98.47, SD 11.95, range 70-128. The correlation between full scale IQs and abbreviated IQs was .873. The average difference between full scale IQs and estimated IQs was 4.2. In 7 ( 14% ) cases there was no difference. In 17 ( 34% ) cases the full scale IQ was larger than the abbreviated scale IQ, the mean difference being 3.64. In 26 ( 5 2 % ) of cases the abbreviated scale IQ was higher than the full scale IQ, the mean difference being 5.7 points. However, while these results appear to augur well for individual prediction, this is not borne out by a further analysis of data. In 11 (22% ) of the cases, there was a difference of 8 or more points between the full WAIS IQs and abbreviated WAIS IQs. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the direction of the error.
Dendritic reorganization in the denervated dentate gyrus of the rat following entorhinal cortical lesions: A Golgi and electron microscopic analysis

The organization of the dendritic tree and the morphology of individual dendrites of the dentate granule cell were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of the rapid Golgi technique 2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 30, 60, and 250 days after unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (EC). Three dendritic field parameters were analyzed from camera lucida drawings of de-nervated granule cells at each survival time: (1) dendritic field spread, (2) dendritic length, and (3) dendritic branching. Cells in the contralateral dentate gyrus served as controls. Spines were counted at each postlesion interval from material stained with a modification of the Golgi-Kopsch method. The amount of tissue occupied by dendritic shafts at different postlesion intervals was also evaluated in samples of the ventral leaf of the dentate gyrus prepared for electron microscopy. After unilateral lesions of the EC, dendrites of the granule cells undergo modifications which appear to represent deterioration and recovery. When the dendrites reach the denervated zone, they abruptly change their orientation and tend to follow a course parallel to the granule cell layer. In contrast to normal dendrites, those in the denervated neuropil only occasionally reach the outer boundaries of the molecular layer. At the time of maximal denervation there is often a sudden reduction in dendritic diameter as the dendrite enters the denervated zone. Varicosities are also prominent. The alterations in individual dendrites are not evident 2 days after the lesion, are fully developed 10 days after deafferentation; and disappear for the most part by 30 days postlesion. The quantitative analysis of Golgi-stained granule cells reveals that there is a 40% reduction in the total length of the granule cell dendritic tree. Electron microscopic analysis confirms the Golgi observations, indicating that the amount of neuropil occupied by dendritic shafts in the denervated zone is initially reduced and later recovers to values close to those observed in control animals. While the apparent dendritic loss is mainly restricted to the denervated zone, significant modifications occur in the inner npnde-nervated molecular layer; there is an increase in the length of primary dendrites as evidenced by an increase in the distance to the first branch point. There is also a polarized redistribution of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th branch points toward the middle and outer molecular layer that persists even 30 days after the lesion. The results are discussed in terms of the capabilities of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus to reorganize and remodel their dendritic surface after partial deafferentation.
Neutron capture between 5 keV and 3 MeV

Abstract Neutron capture cross sections have been measured as a function of neutron energy between about 5 keV and 3 MeV for 41K, 55Mn, 85Rb, 89Y, 98Mo, 139La, 141Pr, 158Gd, 170Er, 175Lu and 176Yb, using the activation method. The data have been compared with calculations based upon the statistical compound model of nuclear reactions. For nuclei which are not deformed, one can predict the correct shapes of the cross-section curves from a few keV up to the energy at which the target levels are known. Predicting the absolute values depends sensitively upon the choice of Λγ/Dobs, for which parameter accurate values are not always available. For the deformed nuclei, statistical theory in combination with the spherical optical model does not correctly predict the shapes.
The sacsin repeating region (SRR): a novel Hsp90-related supra-domain associated with neurodegeneration.

Abstract Protein supra-domains are defined as recurring arrangements of two or three domains present adjacent to each other along a polypeptide chain. Such combinations have novel functions beyond those of the individual partner domains that compose them, which can exist in isolation. Here, we describe a new type of large supra-domain (∼ 360 residues) in which one of the component partners (∼ 200 residues) appears to be incapable of existing in a context other than immediately adjacent to the C-terminus of the well-characterized Hsp90-like ATPase domain. We found that this supra-domain has a broad phylogenetic distribution, with examples in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. There is strong selective pressure for this arrangement to occur as part of repeated regions of unprecedented length. We identified multiple strategies of convergent evolution to attain such configurations. In humans, this supra-domain is present in triplicate at the N-terminus of the protein sacsin (4579 residues), mutated in the neurodegenerative disorder known as spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay, and thus, we termed it “sacsin repeating region” (SRR). Biochemical characterization demonstrated that SRRs possess ATPase activity, which appears to be a requirement for sacsin function, as a disease-causing mutation leads to an alternate conformation completely incapable of hydrolyzing ATP. We also found evidence of a convergent evolutionary strategy to place SRRs in proteins containing C-terminal J domains, which we demonstrated here to be capable of stimulating the intrinsic ATPase activity of Hsp70. Our sequence and biochemical analyses indicate that SRRs necessitate nucleotide hydrolysis for their function, provided by the common Hsp90 ATPase domain, which, when coupled to the unique adjacent sequence, may give rise to a novel activity related to protein quality control.
Social Ecology of the Workplace: Employers' Perceptions versus Direct Observation.

In this study, the social interactions of nonhandicapped employees in seven different competitive employment sites were observed directly using narrative recording procedures. The data were analyzed to determine if there was a correspondence between employers' expectations for social behaviors and those social behaviors directly observed. The results are discussed in relationship to the curriculum implications they have for transitioning youths and adults with handicaps into similar employment settings.
Epidemiology of coronary heart disease among young army males of World War II

Abstract An epidemiologic study was carried out on 1,393 cases of CHD in World War II Army men, median age 39.6 years, by comparing these cases with representative age-matched Army controls using data from military records of both groups, particularly records of induction into service. Factors showing significant (P Other characteristics more prevalent among the coronary cases than among the matched controls and therefore associated with a higher risk of CHD were: geographical residence in the Middle Atlantic States, a higher socioeconomic score, some graduate education, being an officer, being of Jewish religion, and having a blood Group A. A significantly lower risk of CHD was found for rural birthplace and previous outdoor occupation requiring high physical activity. Men whose previous occupation was that of a farmer or farm laborer had a relative risk of 0.54 (P
Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes).

The subfamily Crotalinae (pitvipers) contains over 190 species of venomous snakes distributed in both the Old and New World. We incorporated an extensive sampling of taxa (including 28 of 29 genera), and sequences of four mitochondrial gene fragments (2.3 kb) per individual, to estimate the phylogeny of pitvipers based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Our Bayesian analyses incorporated complex mixed models of nucleotide evolution that allocated independent models to various partitions of the dataset within combined analyses. We compared results of unpartitioned versus partitioned Bayesian analyses to investigate how much unpartitioned (versus partitioned) models were forced to compromise estimates of model parameters, and whether complex models substantially alter phylogenetic conclusions to the extent that they appear to extract more phylogenetic signal than simple models. Our results indicate that complex models do extract more phylogenetic signal from the data. We also address how diVerences in phylogenetic results (e.g., bipartition posterior probabilities) obtained from simple versus complex models may be interpreted in terms of relative credibility. Our estimates of pitviper phylogeny suggest that nearly all recently proposed generic reallocations appear valid, although certain Old and New World genera (Ovophis, Trimeresurus, and Bothrops) remain poly- or paraphyletic and require further taxonomic revision. While a majority of nodes were resolved, we could not conWdently estimate the basal relationships among New World genera and which lineage of Old World species is most closely related to this New World group.
Altered expression of novel genes in the cerebral cortex following experimental brain injury

Damage to the cerebral cortex results in neurological impairments such as motor, attention, memory and executive dysfunctions. To examine the molecular mechanisms contributing to these deficits, mRNA expression was profiled using high-density cDNA microarray hybridization after experimental cortical impact injury in mice. The mRNA levels at 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 3 days and 14 days after injury were compared with those of control animals. This revealed 86 annotated genes and 24 expression sequence tags (ESTs) as being differentially expressed with a 1.5-fold or greater change. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to independently verify these results for selected genes. Seven functional classes of genes were found to be altered following injury, including transcription factors, signal transduction genes and inflammatory proteins. While a few of these genes have been previously reported to be differentially regulated following injury, the most of the genes have not been previously implicated in traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology. For example, consistent with previous reports, the transcription factor c-jun and the neurotrophic factor bdnf mRNA levels were altered as a result of TBI. Among the novel genes, the mRNA levels for the high mobility group protein 1 (hmg-1), the regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (rgs-2), the transforming growth factor beta inducible early growth response (tieg), the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (id3), and the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (hnrnp h) were changed following injury. The functional significance of these genes in neurite outgrowth, neuronal regeneration, and plasticity following injury are discussed.
Method Comparison and Evaluation for the Analysis of Weak Acid-Dissociable Cyanide

This study compared and evaluated three methods to determine weak acid-dissociable cyanide. An emphasis was placed on data quality using a performance-based ap proach to overcome the problems associated with cyanide analyses. The three methods compared were Standard Methods, 18th ed., Method 4500 CN- I (macro distillation, colorimetric finish); Bayer Method SA-61A (steam distil lation at pH 4.5, ion selective electrode finish); and Bayer Method SA-100 (FIA or flow injection analysis, gas diffusion separation, and amperometric detection). The study demonstrated method detection limits, recoveries of cyanide species, and use of ligand exchange reagents to improve selected cyanide species recoveries. Potential interfer ences were examined with the FIA procedure to demonstrate that the method would be applicable to industrial wastewater samples subject to NPDES regulations. This performance-based approach led to a successful means to measure weak acid-dissociable cyanide in an industrial effluent where other ...
Measuring Athletic Goodness: Formal Axiology Applied to Football

(1990). Measuring Athletic Goodness: Formal Axiology Applied to Football. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Microsoft Windows XP and the diffusion of domestic home networks

The internet has changed household as well as workplace expectations dramatically, with the Web-enabled generation expecting answers and results almost instantaneously and with 24/7 availability. However, as of late September 2001, only 6% US households had home networks installed and of those remaining, a mere 13% expressed an interest in installing one. Based on these developments and the dynamics of modern communications, namely the internet, Microsoft can be positively viewed as a serious change agent that wants its clients to purchase Windows XP to install as an important component of home networks. Microsoft is functioning as a change agent with regard to Diffusion of Innovations Theory and will accelerate the rate of diffusion of home networks in US households with the Windows XP release. They are also acting as a change agent by working through communications channels such as the internet, advertisements, product demonstrations and salespeople and trying to get the public to adopt Microsoft XP and home networks.