cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An introduction to the lattice grid

The collocated grid and the staggered grid have been heavily implemented for calculations of Navier-Stokes equations. In this work, we present a new conservative lattice grid for solving incompressible flows with the finite-volume method. The name “lattice” is to reflect the pattern of this grid. For example, in the case of 2-D incompressible flows, every node for a velocity vector is surrounded by four pressure nodes, and every pressure node is surrounded by four nodes for a velocity vector. As in the staggered grid, local conservations can be conveniently imposed on the lattice grid. This is illustrated through a simulation of the shear-driven cavity flow with an exact factorization technique on the new grid. In the same numerical example, the compact velocity cell is introduced to simplify the application of boundary conditions. In addition, the developing channel flow, a transient flow of the modified Stokes first problem with the exact solution, and a transient pulsatile channel flow with the exact s...
Augmentation of ADCC in mice by microbial fractions

The effects of a multicomponent microbial vaccine on murine (BALB/c) splenocyte antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) to chicken red blood cells were studied. The vaccine consisted of BCG cell wall skeleton (CWS), trehalose dimycolate, and mutant S. typhimurium endotoxin attached to mineral oil microdroplets, and was administered in a single intravenous dose. ADCC began to increase as early as 2 days following injection, was significant by 5 days, persisted for as long as 20 days, and was associated with splenic hypertrophy. Administration of the vaccine over a dose range of 1.5–15–150 μg demonstrated an increasing cytotoxic response with increasing dosage. The majority of cytotoxic activity was eliminated by passage of the effector cells through Sephadex G-10. Serial addition of each of the three components to the preparation and testing of each of the components separately revealed that no one component was responsible for the augmentation of the ADCC, but that the CWS probably made the least contribution. Subtraction of the oil from the whole vaccine preparation resulted in a modest but significant loss of augmenting activity.
Diffusion in polymer‐solvent systems

Recent advances in the area of molecular diffusion in polymer-solvent systems will be reviewed. Alfrey's classification scheme for the diffusion of solvent molecules in polymers will be used as a starting point. It will be shown that the various regions on Alfrey's diagram are distinguished by the ratio of two characteristic times, a characteristic relaxation time for the polymer-solvent system and a characteristic diffusion time. Fickian diffusion is realized when this characteristic ratio is a small number, and anomalous behavior occurs when these two characteristic times are the same order of magnitude. Alfrey's “null” region corresponds to those conditions where this dimensionless ratio is much greater than one. The different manifestations of anomalous diffusion with polymer-solvent systems will be discussed, including case II transport as defined by Alfrey, Gurnee, and Lloyd. Finally, diffusion in polymer-solvent systems above the glass transition temperature where classical diffusion theory is applicable will be considered. Emphasis will be placed on the demonstration of the ability of theoretical methods based on free volume concepts to predict the concentration and temperature dependencies of diffusion coefficients. The extension of this free volume theory to describe diffusion in glassy polymers will also be demonstrated. Experimental results for several polymer-solvent systems which exhibit different types of transport behavior will be used to illustrate the correlative and predictive capabilities of these recently developed theories.
On the mechanics of a detaching retina

A mechanics-based mathematical model for retinal detachment is developed, incorporating an energy-based criterion for propagation. Retinas with and without central tears are considered and contraction of the vitreous and extension of its fibrils, along with a pressure difference across the retina, are taken as the stimuli for detachment propagation. In addition to the equations of motion, boundary and matching conditions, the variational formulation yields the self-consistent energy release rate that governs detachment, and formulae for critical stress and critical deflections that provide a rational basis for measuring critical parameters. Exact analytical solutions are established for axisymmetric detachment of retinas with and without tears, and numerical simulations are performed based on these solutions. The results yield characteristic behaviour, including threshold levels and stability of detachment, 'dimpling' of the detaching retina, the effects of changes in material and geometric parameters, and the influence of the presence and size of the retinal tear on detachment propagation. The model predicts that once detachment ensues it does so in an unstable manner and is extensive in scope. This is in agreement with clinical observation. Results also suggest that, under appropriate conditions, the presence and size of a retinal tear or hole can have a 'stabilizing' effect with regard to detachment propagation.
Influence of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fat Source on Body Fat and Apoptosis in Mice

Objective: To determine whether altered dietary essential fatty acid (linoleic and arachidonic acid) concentrations alter sensitivity to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced body fat loss or DNA fragmentation. Research Methods and Procedures: Mice were fed diets containing soy oil (control), coconut oil [essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD)], or fish oil (FO) for 42 days, and then diets were supplemented with a mixture of CLA isomers (0.5% of the diet) for 14 days. Body fat index, fat pad and liver weights, DNA fragmentation in adipose tissue, and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue were determined. Results: The EFAD diet decreased (p < 0.05) linoleic and arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue but did not affect body fat. Dietary CLA caused a reduction (p < 0.05) in body fat. Mice fed the EFAD diet and then supplemented with CLA exhibited a greater reduction (p < 0.001) in body fat (20.21% vs. 6.94% in EFAD and EFAD + CLA-fed mice, respectively) compared with mice fed soy oil. Dietary FO decreased linoleic acid and increased arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue. Mice fed FO or CLA were leaner (p < 0.05) than control mice. FO + CLA-fed mice did not differ in body fat compared with FO-fed mice. Adipose tissue apoptosis was increased (p < 0.001) in CLA-supplemented mice and was not affected by fat source. Discussion: Reductions in linoleic acid concentration made mice more sensitive to CLA-induced body fat loss only when arachidonic acid concentrations were also reduced. Dietary essential fatty acids did not affect CLA-induced DNA fragmentation.
Restaurant Employees' Technology Use Intention: Validating Technology Acceptance Model with External Factors

ABSTRACT The study aims to examine if the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) works for restaurant operations using computing systems. In addition, we pursued other external variables, which were not included in the original TAM, to see how they affect perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and intention to use. The external factors were user characteristics, system quality and organizational support. The survey collected data from restaurants in Kentucky, and the response rate was 25% based on the total contacts eligible. SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 were used for the data analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was the primary analysis used to examine the proposed hypotheses developed in fulfilling the study objectives. The SEM statistics supported all the proposed hypotheses but one. The SEM results were interpreted relative to industry implications.
The reaction between ferrocenyllithium and trimethylacetylchloride to form either trimethylacetylferrocene or 1,1′-bis(ferrocenyl)-2,2′-dimethylpro

Abstract The addition of ferrocenyllithium, FcLi, to trimethylacetylchloride, Me 3 CCOCl, yields trimethylacetylferrocene, FcCOCMe 3 , (I), in 77% yield, wh The single crystal structural analysis of the α-ferrocenylcarbinol (II) shows that it forms discrete cyclic dimers, with the component molecules held
Tuning the Thermal Stability of Molecular Precursors for the Nonhydrolytic Synthesis of Magnetic MnFe2O4 Spinel Nanocrystals

Variations on thermal stabilities were studied when the ligands of coordination compounds of manganese (II) acetylacetonate (Mn(acac)2) and iron (III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)3) were substituted with benzoylacetonate (bzac). By replacing the acetylacetonate ligand with the benzoylacetonate ligand, the difference of onset thermal decomposition temperatures can be brought within 15° between Fe(bzac)3 and Mn(bzac)2, which shows the feasibility of tuning thermal stability to produce more suitable molecular precursors for the materials syntheses. The closeness in the decomposition temperatures of these two compounds enables the synthesis of high-quality manganese ferrite, MnFe2O4, nanocrystals with tunable sizes from 3 to 12 nm through a combination of a non-hydrolytic reaction and a seed-mediated growth process. Studies on magnetic properties clearly indicate that superparamagnetic properties such as blocking temperature (TB) and coercivity (HC) are strongly dependent on the size of these MnFe2O4 nanocrystal...
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: from basic neuroscience to neurosurgical applications: arousal from slices to humans: implications for DBS.

One element of the reticular activating system (RAS) is the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which projects to the thalamus to trigger thalamocortical rhythms and the brainstem to modulate muscle tone and locomotion. The PPN is a posterior midbrain site known to induce locomotion in decerebrate animals when activated at 40–60 Hz, and has become a target for DBS in disorders involving gait deficits. We developed a research program using brainstem slices containing the PPN to study the cellular and molecular organization of this region. We showed that PPN neurons preferentially fire at gamma band frequency (30–60 Hz) when maximally activated, accounting for the effects of electrical stimulation. In addition, we developed the P13 midlatency auditory evoked potential, which is generated by PPN outputs, in freely moving rats. This allows the study of PPN cellular and molecular mechanisms in the whole animal. We also study the P50 midlatency auditory evoked potential, which is the human equivalent of the rodent P13 potential, allowing us to study PPN-related processes detected in vitro, confirmed in the whole animal, and tested in humans. Previous findings on the P50 potential in PD suggest that PPN output in this disorder is overactive. This translational research program led to the discovery of a novel mechanism of sleep–wake control based on electrical coupling, pointing the way to a number of new clinical applications in the development of novel stimulants (e.g., modafinil) and anesthetics. In addition, it provides methods for monitoring therapeutic efficacy of DBS in humans and animal models.
Interpolation theory and the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson-Lieb concavity

The Wigner-Yanase-Dyson-Lieb concavity is naturally captured in the frame of interpolation theory. Among other results, a certain generalization (involving operator monotone functions) of this concavity in the context of general von Neumann algebras is obtained. Also, a close relationship between the above subjects and F. Hansen's inequality is clarified. All results are proved by using simple variational expressions of involved quantities.
Finding three transmissions is hard

We investigate a fundamental wireless broadcast problem called Index coding. We focus on binary linear scalar index coding problems when it is a-priori known that the optimal solution requires three transmissions. For this case, we characterize the relation of the clique cover number of the side information graph G and the optimal index code. This allows us to show that even when there is a-priori knowledge that three transmissions can solve a given index coding problem, finding these transmissions is NP-hard. Another implication of our results is that for three solvable undirected problems, the benefit of interference alignment solutions is at most one compared to a simple clique cover.
Genome-wide annotation of genes and noncoding RNAs of foxtail millet in response to simulated drought stress by deep sequencing

Drought is a major abiotic stress that affects plant growth, production, and survival. Plants have evolved sophisticated and highly complex reactions to drought stress, including large-scale transcriptome reconfiguration. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a member of the Poaceae family. Because of its outstanding tolerance to drought stress foxtail millet has the potential to become a new model organism. To enrich our knowledge of the processes that contribute to drought resistance, we have used a deep sequencing approach to generate a genome-wide transcriptome of foxtail millet after exposure to simulated drought stress. A large number of differentially expressed genes were characterized; in particular, we examined the roles of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in response to a water-deficit condition. These RNAs have remained largely unexplored in previous studies of stress-induced transcriptomes. We found that the reduced levels of 24-nt siRNA flanking genes were associated, for the most part, with proximal up-regulated genes, indicating a potential effect of 24-nt siRNAs on drought-regulated gene expression. Several lncRNAs that responded to the simulated drought stress were also identified, and we found that one of them shared sequence conservation and colinearity with its counterpart in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Our findings provide new insights into drought-induced changes in the foxtail millet transcriptome.
Abstract 2917: Novel function of androgen receptor: Cancer suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide. Due to the male prevalence of HCC, androgen signals have been suspected to be involved in the disease process. Although it has been known for the past five decades that androgens promote HCC progression, failure of antiandrogens in HCC clinical trials puzzled the field. Increasing evidences implied that androgen/AR signals might function differently during cancer progression. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the roles of AR in late stage HCC progression. Methods: Immunohistological staining on patient HCC tissues were performed. Using conditional knockout of AR specifically in the hepatocyte (h-ARKO), we characterized the pathophysiological function of AR in HCC. Cancer survival, pathological malignancy, and cancer metastasis was measured in the late stage of cancer development (40∼60-wks). Results: To our surprise, the h-ARKO mice exhibited poorer survival, malignant histological tumor patterns, and higher lung metastasis rates. Moreover, we found less collagen deposition, and higher cellular proteolysis activity in the h-ARKO mice tumors compared to wild type mice implicating invasive characteristic in the h-ARKO tumors. We further validated the mechanism that AR could suppress cancer progression through multiple pathways. We found AR functions as p38 phosphorylation suppressor while p38 phosphorylation increasing by cancer malignancy so that to obtain cell anoikis resistance. Therefore, androgen/AR signals enhance cell anoikis. We also found AR suppressed cancer cells invasion via suppression of MMP9 transcription. We further demonstrated that MMP9 suppression was through NFκB deactivation in the HCC cells. This is the first report that AR functions as cancer suppressor in late stage of cancer development. Furthermore, we demonstrated a potential application of this finding for HCC therapy. We introduced the combination therapy concept that using low doses of Sorafenib (multiple kinase inhibitor that pass clinical trials) and expression of AR in the HCC cells or metastasis mice model. It's exciting that AR could synergistically facilitate Sorafenib effects to increase cell anoikis and suppress cell invasion. Combination therapy in the mice metastasis model pertain more metastasis-free and better cancer survival in the mice. Conclusion: This study revealed the biphasic, yet, opposite functions of AR in HCC progression. It not only explained the failure of antiandrogen in HCC therapy, but also implicated a critical timing of using anti-Androgen/AR signals. Last, our hypothetical preclinical trial shed a light on future medicine for late stage HCC therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2917.
Application of a Novel Collector DXS in Cassiterite Flotation

A comparative study on the collecting effect to cassiterite was studied using a new carboxylic acid modified collector DXS and traditional collector salicylaldehyde hydroxamic acid as collectors, respectively. In addition, the relationship between floatability of DXS and crystal structure of cassiterite was investigated. By means of infrared spectroscopy analysis of the cassiterite surface before and after adsorbing DXS molecules, the adsorption mechanisms of DXS on the surface of cassiterite were analyzed.Keywords: carboxylic acid modified collector DXS; cassiterite; flotation mechanism
Spectropolarimetry of the Hα Line in Herbig Ae/Be Stars

Using the HiVIS spectropolarimeter built for the Haleakala 3.7 m AEOS telescope, we have obtained a large number of high-precision spectropolarimetrc observations (284) of Herbig AeBe stars collected over 53 nights totaling more than 300 hr of observing. Our sample of five HAeBe stars, AB Aurigae, MWC 480, MWC 120, MWC 158, and HD 58647, all show systematic variations in the linear polarization amplitude and direction as a function of time and wavelength near the Hα line. In all our stars, the Hα line profiles show evidence of an intervening disk or outflowing wind, evidenced by strong emission with an absorptive component. The linear polarization varies by 0.2%-1.5% with the change typically centered in the absorptive part of the line profile. These observations are inconsistent with a simple disk-scattering model or a depolarization model that produce polarization changes centered on the emissive core. We speculate that polarized absorption via optical pumping of the intervening gas may be the cause.
Frontal solubilisation chromatography

Abstract The behaviour of three non-electrolytes has been studied in both frontal and elution chromatography with an ion-exchange resin as stationary phase and an aqueous solution of ethanol as the mobile phase. On the basis of the plate-equilibrium theory, an equation is derived for the breakthrough graph in frontal chromatography. This is simply the integral of the equation for the graph in elution chromatography. Good agreement is found between the experimental breakthrough results and the equation, as well as between the distribution ratios and plate numbers as evaluated by the two Chromatographie methods.
Bayesian Updating of Seismic Demand Models and Fragility Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Bridges with Two-Column Bents

Probabilistic models have been developed in a previous study by the authors to estimate the seismic deformation demands on structural components of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges with two-column bents. However, such models should be updated to reflect the latest laboratory of field data. Using a Bayesian approach, this article updates a currently available probabilistic model for the deformation demands of columns in bridges with two-column RC bents. The updated model incorporates information from newly available experimental data from shake table tests conducted based on a record of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake for a structural system with three bents with two columns per bent. The updated model is more accurate than the previous one in predicting the deformation demand of bridges with two-column RC bents and reduces the statistical uncertainty due to the addition of new data. As an application, fragility estimates for an example bridge are computed using the updated model both at the component (colu...
The equity scorecard: A collaborative approach to assess and respond to racial/ethnic disparities in student outcomes

The Equity Scorecard, a nationally recognized and widely used organizational learning process designed to foster institutional change through the identification and elimination of racial disparities among college students, is described in this chapter. The effectiveness of this process and its potential impact are also discussed.
Prereferral Intervention For Students With Emotional Or Behavioral Risks: Use Of A Behavioral Consultation Model

The use of prereferral intervention as a component of preassessment for students referred for special education services is becoming widely accepted. Prereferral intervention is defined as systematic activities designed to allow the student to remain in the general education setting while attempts are made to increase appropriate social and academic performance. Currently a need exists for standards regarding administrative structures, delineation of who should provide prereferral services, documentation of the implementation procedures, and guidelines for evaluating procedural effectiveness (see Nelson, Smith, Taylor, Dodd,&Reavis, 1991, for a review). The purpose of the present study is to provide a description of a prereferral intervention for students with behavioral disorders (BD) and risks, using a behavioral consultation model. A brief literature review describes the current state of prereferral intervention practices and a summary of program models and outcomes. A case study of the prereferral int...
Effects of Time of Collection and Sample Processing on von Willebrand Factor Concentration in Retired Racing Greyhounds

Background: Concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) are less than 30% in approximately 10% of Greyhounds. Hypothesis: That sample collection, processing, and storage can affect the concentration of vWF in plasma of Greyhounds. Animals: Nineteen healthy former racing Greyhounds. Methods: Prospective study: Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of dogs at 4 times during the day. Samples were divided and processed in each of 3 ways. The 1st tube was centrifuged immediately, the 2nd tube was kept in a household refrigerator, and the 3rd tube was kept at room temperature for 3 hours before centrifugation and processing. Results: There were no significant differences in the vWF concentration between different sample storage and processing (P=5.31). There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in vWF concentration in the samples evaluated (P=.37). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Time of sample collection and short-term storage temperature do not influence the vWF concentration in retired racing Greyhounds.
Effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on the structure of midgut epithelial cells and localization of its binding sites in western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight

Two histological techniques, bright-field microscopy and immunofluoresecent staining were used to elucidate the lethal effect, target tissues and binding sites of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L., on the western tarnished plant bug. Bright-field microscopy showed that the nuclei of the foregut epithelial cells were slightly disrupted and elongated but the lumen of the gut was open. The midgut epithelial cells also showed severe disruption. However, the cells of the first and the third ventriculus were much more sensitive to PHA than those in the second ventriculus. The epithelial cells in these two regions were severely disrupted and swollen toward the lumen, resulting in complete closure of the gut. Most of the cells in these regions contained two nuclei. Also, interestingly, the epithelial cells of the hindgut were drastically disrupted leading to complete closure of the lumen. Immunofluoresecent images from the midgut showed that strong binding occurred on brush-border microvilli of the epithelial cells only within the first and third ventriculi, and some signals within their cytoplasm. Thus, immunofluoresecent studies showed that PHA binds preferentially to the midgut region which demonstrates the most severe effects, and that these cells may endocytose the bound PHA.
A grease-free continuous dilution dilatometer; excess volumes for benzene + carbon tetrachloride

Abstract A new tilting version of the Stokes-Levien-Marsh continuous-dilution dilatometer eliminates systematic errors due to the extrusion of minute amounts of grease from taps. With this improvement small excess volumes can be measured to a precision of 0.00015 cm3 mol−1. Excess volumes for benzene + carbon tetrachloride have been measured at 279.15, 291.15, 295.065, and 298.150 K and (on the benzene-rich side) at 295.565 and 296.065 K. Below about 288 K VmE is negative at all compositions. Above this temperature a positive maximum develops at the carbon tetrachloride-rich end. A second maximum appears at the benzene-rich end around 295 K, and the “double maximum” effect persists to about 296 K. Above about 295.8 K VmE is positive at all compositions. In this temperature region the excess volumes are all very small; between 291 and 296 K, the magnitude of VmE is always less than 0.01 cm3 mol−1.
High-pass Resolution Perimetry in Eyes With Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

We analyzed the results of high-pass resolution perimetry on normal eyes, eyes with ocular hypertension, and eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. The subjects were matched for age and lens density. We controlled for refraction, visual acuity, pupil size, miotic medications, and learning effects. Under these conditions the glaucomatous eyes showed a significant reduction in overall resolution threshold compared to both normal (P ≤ .01) and hypertensive eyes (P
The Arc Spectrum of Nickel (Ni I)

Extension of the analysis of the spectrum of Ni I.\char22{}Almost all the known lines (1071) of Ni I have been classified. There are included in the classification 66 lines from the solar spectrum which have not been found in the laboratory. The spectrum, in spite of its apparent complexity, is admirably regular. Every observed term fits without constraint into the scheme predicted by Hund's theory. A few of the predicted terms have not been found, but in all cases their combinations should either be faint or out of range. Term values, combinations, configurations and identified lines are tabulated.
The stoning of Soraya M.

Written by Betsy Giffen Nowrasteh and Cyrus Nowrasteh, directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh, based on a book by Freidoune Sahebjam, produced by Stephen McEveety and John Shepherd, released by Roadside Attra...
Long-term effects of guar gum on blood lipids.

While guar gum has been shown to lower total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in diabetic patients over the short-term, the long-term effects are less well studied and may be unpredictable. Granola bars with and without 6.6 g guar gum were developed and fed to 16 adult volunteers with Type 11 diabetes mellitus who had been randomized in a double-blind fashion into guar and placebo groups of equal size. Four to six bars were consumed daily with an ad lib diet over a 6-month period. Total cholesterol, total high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C, LDL-C, and β-apoprotein were measured at 0 and 6 months. Although LDL-C was lower and triglycerides higher at 6 months than at baseline, these changes were of equal magnitude and direction in both guar and placebo groups. Using each subject as his own control, only the change in triglycerides was statistically significant (P < 0.025). When male subjects alone were analyzed, the guar group showed a statistically significant decrease in LDL, while the placebo group did not. Other lipid parameters were not significantly changed during the study, despite a positive effect on carbohydrate metabolism from the guar bars. The data suggest either that the hypolipemic effects of guar gum in patients with Type 11 diabetes mellitus are not sustained for 6 months, or the effects occur only in men.
Comparison of Suitability of Great Bay, New Jersey, and Parsonage Creek, New York, for Alexandrium tamarense

. Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech (=Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour) has been widely distributed and occasionally abundant in coastal waters of Long Island, New York in recent years. However, the distribution on the New Jersey coast has been sparse and this fact cannot be explained by this dinoflagellate's ability to migrate, or by its nutritional and physiological characteristics, or by the region's general suitability for phytoplankton. Therefore, the possibility that New Jersey coastal waters might be chemically exclusionary for A. tamarense seemed worth exploring. In a limited approach, we tested for water quality detrimental to the species in one New Jersey site (Great Bay) with a series of annual assays. Parsonage Creek, Long Island, New York, was assayed for comparison; this creek is assumed to have had at least marginal suitablity for A. tamarense, based on its reported long-term presence. Results provide tentative support for our working hypothesis, i.e. Great Bay chemical water quality is generally unfavorable for A. tamarense. Inhibition of A. tamarense growth, or culture decline, occurred in both assay series, but was substantially greater in Great Bay water. Inimical water quality was the most important factor distinguishing the two sites. Chelation with EDTA had greatest overall benefit in Great Bay assays, suggesting that lower availability of a natural chelator in the bay could be a secondary factor. Assay metal response is problematic, but we believe it permits speculation that essential metals could be partially limiting to A. tamarense in Great Bay, but would not be a critical regulator.
π-Complexes of Phthalocyanines and Metallophthalocyanines

Addition of [Cp*Ru(MeCN)3]PF6 to M(PcOEt) (PcOEt = octakis(ethoxy)phthalocyanine; M = H2, Ni (1), Cu, VO) in dichloromethane results in the formation of {Cp*Ru[η6-M(PcOEt)]}PF6. The molecular structure of 1 reveals η6-coordination of Cp*Ru2+ to one of the isoindole subunits of the phthalocyanine ligand. The crystal structure reveals the presence of two cofacially stacked Pc units in the asymmetric unit separated by 3.27−3.36 A. In [Cp*Ru(η6-H2PcOEt)]PF6, two distinct N−H sites are apparent in the 1H NMR and IR spectra, but only one is exchangeable. The coordinated macrocycle can be metalated. The UV and electrochemical data indicate that the π-bonded metal center functions as an electron-donating substituent. Luminescence studies indicate that the η6-coordination quenches fluorescence to a lesser degree than coordination of metals into the N4 pocket of the phthalocyanine subunit.
Chlorination reaction and laser stimulated desorption from Ag surfaces

Formation of AgCl on Ag surfaces exposed to Cl2 and laser stimulated desorption from chlorinated Ag surfaces have been studied. For Cl2 exposures less than 107 L, a logarithmic time dependence of the AgCl2 reaction is observed. Due to effective subsurface diffusion, the surface layer is Ag enriched with respect to stoichiometric AgCl. At higher exposures, a t12 time dependence indicates that the diffusion process becomes reaction rate limiting and a stoichiometric AgCl surface layer is formed. UV/visible laser stimulated desorption of neutral Cl, Ag and AgCl species is observed for laser power less than 150 MW cm−2. The desorption process is found to be non-thermal in nature. A desorption mechanism based on electronic excitations is discussed.
Postmodern Ideas and Relational Conversations in Clinical Practice

John, a very articulate 48-year-old Vietnam veteran, completes successful psychotherapy in 1 1/2 years. The hallmarks of this therapy are the use of social constructionist ideas and practices, especially the use of the reflecting team and the influence of the team's conversations on everyone who participated. John also challenges his difficult problems by continued commitment to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)practices, by journaling, and with the hope that he can assist his intern/therapist to learn how to do therapy well. Although this was a challenge as the intern'sfirst case, the developing supervision, consultation, and teamwork during the 1 1/2 years were inspirational to the client, therapist, and team.
Do trained specialists solicit familial authorization at equal frequency, regardless of deceased donor characteristics?

Context—The Organ Donor Breakthrough Collaborative recommended high-leverage changes including "master effective requesting."Objective—To measure who approaches decedent families to request organ donation and to determine whether trained specialists will solicit authorization at equal frequency regardless of donor characteristics.Methods—Retrospective analysis of data from 2006 to 2009 in an organ center's donor database. Decedents were stratified into 2 groups: those that met the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network's eligible death criteria (ED donors) and those that did not (not eligible death [NED] donors).Results—Of decedents whose families were approached for authorization, 46% were ED donors and 54% were NED donors. Trained specialists solicited authorization from 76% of the total population but were more likely to solicit authorization from ED donors than NED donors (86% vs 68%, P<.001). Trained specialists were more likely to solicit authorization from donors whose cause of death was ove...
Organ-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin in the Fischer 344 rat

We examined the intracellular biotransformation products of ormaplatin [(d,l-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV)] (formerly called tetraplatin) in liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, and plasma of the adult male Fischer 344 rat. Previous studies have established that the rank order of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats is spleen ≈ gastrointestinal tract > kidney ≫ liver. Animals were given tritium-labelled drug i.v. at 12.5 mg/kg, and tissues were harvested 30 min later. The kidney was found to concentrate total and cytosolic platinum to a greater extent than any of the other tissues. The absolute amount of cytosolic platinum, in micrograms per gram tissue, that was irreversibly bound to protein and/or other macromolecules was also greatest in the kidney. However, when the amount bound was expressed as a percentage of the total cytosolic platinum, the kidney was significantly lower than any other tissue. Of the various low molecular mass platinum biotransformation species characterized, by far the most abundant were complexes of platinum with the sulfur-containing molecules cysteine, methionine, and glutathione (GSH). There was more of the methionine complex in the blood plasma than in any of the tissues except for the spleen. No significant differences among the tissues were detected for the dichloro, cysteine, methionine, or the GSH complexes. The tritium-labelled diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand appeared to remain stably bound to the platinum while in the plasma, as there was less free DACH ligand detected in plasma ultrafiltrate than in any tissue ultrafiltrate. Among the tissues, the free DACH levels were in the range of 20% of the radioactivity recovered from the HPLC column and were not significantly different. Consequently, neither biodistribution nor tissue-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin provides a ready explantation for the tissue specificity of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats. However, in kidney there was much less of the reactive PtCl2(DACH) species than has previously been reported for the corresponding Pt(NH3)2Cl2 species in cisplatin-treated rats. Thus, these data suggest a possible explanation for differences in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin versus that by ormaplatin.
Comparison of Radiosonde and Acoustic Echo Sounder Measurements of Atmospheric Thermal Strata

Abstract The thermal structure of the atmosphere is observed through simultaneous use of the acoustic echo sounder and standard radiosonde. Radiosonde temperature data and graphic recordings from the acoustic sounder are compared mostly above the 80 m level since below this height radiosonde data are not sufficiently reliable. The acoustic sounder and radiosonde instruments show good agreement in defining the structure of early morning temperature inversions. The discrepancies between these two methods of observing thermal layers become evident as the vertical temperature structure undergoes rapid change.
Membrane skeleton: How to build a molecular shock absorber

Newly determined structures of the alpha-helical repeats that make up the key 'rod' domains of spectrin and alpha-actinin - which serve as spacers between their actin-binding domains - have provided important insights into how these proteins function as molecular shock absorbers in cells.
The learning skills of great apes

Abstract Through use of a refined measurement of learning-set capacity, a comparative study of 45 great apes, six gibbons, and representative monkey groups was conducted to determine the relationship between cortical evolution and cognitive skills. The measurement employed. termed the Transfer Index, entailed criterional achievement on each of a series of two-choice visual discrimination problems, then test trials in which the initial cue values were reversed. The pre-reversal criterional mastery served as an empirical basis for matching subjects of the diverse primate groups on a performance criterion prior to the procurement of the critical measures taken on the reversal trials to assess learning and transfer-to-training capabilities. The results reveal the following: (1) general superiority of the great apes over all other primate groups tested; (2) interactions between species, pre-reversal criterional level employed, and reversal performance; and (3) support for the conclusion that learning and transfer-of-training skills are positive correlates of cortical evolution.
The ground state of CoAr

Abstract Rotationally resolved photodissociation spectra of CoAr + have been observed for three different electronic transitions of the isolated ion. Analysis yields rotational constants and the angular momentum (spin plus orbit) for both states in the transition. The bond length of the vibrationless ground state of this ion is determined to be r 0 =2.385 ±0.005 A consistent with a 3 Δ 3 electronic state. Three assigned excited-state diabatic dissociation limits enable the accurate determination of the adiabatic binding energy of ground state of CoAr + as D 0 =4111±5 cm −1 . These values are discussed in comparison with recent ab initio theory.
Plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study.

Objective. This study examines the sex-specific associations of plasma concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc with cognitive function in older community-dwelling adults.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: 1988–92 follow-up clinic visit.Participants: 602 men and 849 women (average age=75 ±8 years) who were community-dwelling and not clinically demented.Measurements: Blood samples were assayed for trace elements and 12 cognitive function tests were administered. Sex-specific analyses were adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, and estrogen use in women.Results. Men and women differed significantly in education and alcohol intake (p’s<0.001), concentrations of plasma iron, copper and zinc (p’s<0.001) and scores on 11 of 12 cognitive function tests (p=0.04 to <0.001). Regression analyses showed significant inverted U-shaped associations in men;both low and high iron levels were associated with poor performance on total and long-term recall and Serial 7’s (p’s=0.018, 0.042 and 0.004, respectively) compared to intermediate concentrations. In women, iron and copper concentrations had inverse linear associations with Buschke total, long and short-term recall and Blessed scores (p’s<0.05). Zinc was positively associated with performance on Blessed Items (p=0.008). Analyses comparing cognitive function using categorically defined mineral concentrations yielded similar sex specific results.Conclusion. Optimal trace element concentrations may exist for optimal cognitive function in older adults, and these levels may differ by sex and cognitive function domain.
Anthropology and the brand

The one unmoving, irrefutable fact in this ever-changing world is that people are people first. This paper is an abstract from a book entitled ‘Beyond Branding’. The chapter that this paper focuses on suggests in its thesis that successful brand management has always struck at the many often-subconscious drivers of Homo sapiens. It further suggests that there is huge gain for those companies that really begin to understand and use this in their business and marketing strategies. As the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of humans, anthropology is the source from which the next great companies will be drawing their inspiration.
Kinetics of light limited growth and biological hydrogen production from carbon monoxide and water by Rhodospirillum rubrum

The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum was studied for its capability of converting CO and water to CO2 and H2 by the water gas shift reaction in batch culture. The specific CO uptake rates were determined and the effects of elevated CO pressures modeled. The results indicate that the specific uptake rate may be related to dissolved CO tension, with substrate inhibition occurring according to Andrews modification of the Monod equation. The yield of H2 from CO and H2O by R. rubrum was 0.87 mol mol−1, or 87% of theoretical. In addition, growth on acetate was studied at light intensities ranging from 100–800 lux in batch culture. Modeling results indicate that growth is dependent upon light intensity according to a Monod-type relationship. The cell yields on acetate and ammonia were 0.42 g g−1 and 13 g g−1, respectively.
Generating quadtrees of cross sections from octrees

Two algorithms for constructing the quadtrees of cross sections from the octree representation of a three-dimensional digital object are presented. The first algorithm constructs quadtrees of sections orthogonal to a coordinate axis. The quadtrees, which are subtrees embedded in the octree, are created by a partial traversal of the octree. The second algorithm uses the divide-and-conquer approach to construct quadtrees of arbitrary sections. It subdivides the area of a cross section into quadrants until each quadrant lies either completely inside or outside the cubic volume in which the object is defined. For every quadrant whose value cannot be trivially determined, the enclosing volume is subdivided into octants, and the problem becomes that of determining the quadtree of the cross section within this quadrant of the object in each of the eight octants. Computational complexities of the algorithms and experimental results of applying them to a three-dimensional reconstruction of a human brain are discussed.
A Computational Method for Finding All the Roots of a Vector Function

Based on dynamical systems theory, a computational method is proposed to locate all the roots of a nonlinear vector function. The computational approach utilizes the cell-mapping method. This method relies on discretization of the state space and is a convenient and powerful numerical tool for analyzing the global behavior of nonlinear systems. Our study shows that it is efficient and effective for determining roots because it minimizes and simplifies computations of system trajectories. Since the roots are asymptotically stable equilibrium points of the autonomous dynamical system, it also provides the domains of attraction associated with each root. Other numerical techniques based on iterative and homotopic methods can make use of these domains to choose appropriate initial guesses. Singular manifolds play an important role in limiting the extent of these domains of attraction. Both a theoretical basis and a computational algorithm for locating the singular manifolds are also provided. They make use of similar state-space discretization frameworks. Examples are given to illustrate the computational approaches. It is demonstrated that for one of the examples (a mechanical system), the method yields many more solutions than those previously reported.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum revealed by computerized tomography.

SUMMARY Computerized tomography is a new, safe, non-invasive method of diagnosing intracranial disorders. It has been used in the detection of intracranial tumors, hydrocephalus, hemorrhages, atrophy, abscesses and subdural hematomata. Two cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum are presented, in which the diagnosis was made or confirmed by computerized tomography. The embryology, clinical course and radiological aspects of the disorder are reviewed. RESUME Agenesie du corps calleux diagnostique par tomographic programmee La tomographic programmee est une methode nouvelle, sure, anodine, de diagnostic des troubles intra-crâniens. Elle a ete utilisee dans la detection des tumeurs intra-crâniennes, de l'hydrocephalie, des hemorragies, de l'atrophie, des abces et des hematomes sous-duraux. Deux cas d'agenesie du corps calleux diagnostiques par tomographic programmee sont presentes. L'embryologie, l'evolution clinique et les aspects radiologiques du trouble sont etudies. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Agenesie des Corpus callosum, diagnostiziert mit komputerisierter Tomographic Die komputerisierte Tomographic ist eine neue, sichere und nicht invasive Methode zur Diagnostik intrakranieller Storungen. Sie wurde angewandt zur Feststellung intrakranieller Tumoren, des Hydrozephalus, von Hamorrhagien, Atrophie, Abszessen und subduralen Hamatomen. Es werden zwei Falle von Agenesie des Corpus callosum, diagnostiziert mit komputerisierter Tomographic, vorgestellt. Die Embryologie, der klinische Verlauf und die radiologischen Aspekte dieser Storung werden ausfuhrlich behandelt. RESUMEN Agenesia del cuerpo calloso diagnosticado por medio de la tomografia cotnputadorizada La tomografia computadorizada es un metodo nuevo, inocuo y no invasivo para el diagnostico de alteraciones endocraneanas. Se ha usado en la deteccion de tumores intracraneales, hidrocefalia, hemorragias, atrofia, abcesos y hematomas subdurales. Se presentan dos casos de agenesia del cuerpo calloso diagnosticados por medio de la tomografia computadorizada. Se revisan la embriologia, el curso clinico y los aspectos radiologicos de la enfermedad.
An Apparatus of Answers? Ecologism as Ideology in the 21st Century

This article examines how far we are, individually and collectively, from “the end of ideology” by mapping how “green living,” after the time when ideology allegedly “ended,” now becomes that political point where ecology can morph into “the ideology of ends.” As popular enthusiasm for realizing green moral and political ends builds, many are turning “ecological” values, thoughts, and practices into an apparatus of answers for the conduct of their everyday life. By transforming such Earth-centered programs for valorizing, thinking, and doing various human activities, proponents of “ecologism” become advocates of representing the Earth as an apparatus of answers on how to live in “the present.” Such seemingly significant markers for ethical guidance in ecologism are then adopted as cohesive clusters of political responses to pressing contemporary social necessities. Once endorsed as such, one supposedly can discover paths to a “sustainable society.” Sustainability's questionable existence or ultimate attai...