cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Skeptic's Progress

, Oxford University Press, 2000, 400 pp., (Hb) ISBN0-19-857220-4, £49.50.Seven chimpanzees in twenty-seven experiments run over the course of ﬁveyears at his University of Louisiana laboratory in New Iberia, Louisiana, areat the heart of Daniel Povinelli’s case that chimpanzee thinking about thephysical world is not at all like that of humans. Chimps, according to Povinelliand his coauthors James Reaux, Laura Theall, and Steve Giambrone, arephenomenally quick at learning to associate visible features of tools withspeciﬁc uses of those tools, but they appear to lack cognitive access to forcesand other invisible causal features of those tools. Povinelli’s chimps appar-ently rely on a trial-and-error strategy to learn whether a particular tool issuitable for a particular task, and and having mastered one task they appearunable to generalize to other tasks on the basis of tool properties that arenot directly visible. Thus, for instance, Povinelli’s research subjects did notimmediately recognize that a tool that had been demonstrated to be non-rigid would be unsuitable for dragging a piece of food towards them. Whenpresented with a choice between a rigid, T-shaped “rake” that they had usedmany times previously and a rake with non-rigid arms, Povinelli and Reauxfound, over the course of eight trials, that their chimps chose the non-rigidrake as frequently as they chose the rigid one (experiment 9, chapter 7).One animal, Jadine, provided an exception, choosing the rigid rake aperfect eight times out of eight. But the researchers recalled that Jadine wasparticularly fearful of rubber snakes, and wondered whether her success inobtaining the food was simply due to an aversion to the arms of the ﬂimsyrake. To test this idea, they constructed two hybrid rakes, rigid in one arm andnon-rigid in the other, and presented Jadine with a choice between pulling on
An Introduction to Chaos: Four Examples

In this chapter we introduce four nonlinear systems which possess fascinating properties and which are still improperly understood. We have chosen two periodically forced single degree of freedom oscillators, a three-dimensional autonomous differential equation, and a two-dimensional map. The oscillators of van der Pol [1927] and Duffing [1918] originally arose as models in electric circuit theory and solid mechanics, respectively, while the Lorenz equations (Lorenz [1963]) represent a truncation of the nonlinear partial differential equations governing convection in fluids. Finally, our map models a simple repeated impact problem (Holmes [1982]) and, in a slightly different form, resonance problems in atomic physics (Chirikov [1979], Greene [1980]). In fact the conservative, area preserving version of this map has been studied intensively as a canonical example of the transition to stochasticity and chaos in Hamiltonian systems. The range of applications for the models outlined here should suggest the pervasive importance of nonlinear systems.
Inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Surrogate Enterococcus faecium on Whole Black Peppercorns and Cumin Seeds Using Vacuum Steam Pasteurization

Spices, including black pepper and cumin seeds, have been implicated in recent outbreaks of salmonellosis and prompted recalls of ready-to-eat products containing contaminated spices. Vacuum-assisted steam pasteurization is performed to improve the safety and quality of many low water activity products, however process parameters associated with inactivation on whole spices are not well described. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a lab-scale vacuum-assisted steam process for the inactivation of Salmonella enterica and its potential surrogate Enterococcus faecium ATCC 8459 inoculated onto the surface of whole peppercorns and cumin seeds. In addition, the effect of two inoculation preparation methods (growth on tryptic soy agar (TSA) or inclusion within a native microbiota biofilm), on the reduction of S. enterica serovars or E. faecium was compared on steam pasteurized whole black peppercorns. Spices were processed using steam under a vacuum to achieve a mean product temperature of 86.7 ± 2.8 °C for different dwell times. Salmonella inoculated using the TSA-grown method, required 83 s and 70 s respectively to achieve a 5-log reduction of Salmonella on peppercorns and cumin seeds. Longer time periods were needed to achieve a 5-log reduction of Salmonella when it was present in a native biofilm on whole peppercorns. Survivor estimations were best predicted by the Weibull models. The mean log reductions of E. faecium were 0.9 log CFU/g lower than Salmonella on whole black peppercorns inoculated using the TSA-grown cells (P = 0.0021). The mean log reductions of Salmonella and E. faecium prepared using the biofilm-inclusion method were not significantly different (P = 0.76). E. faecium log CFU/g reductions were not significantly different compared to Salmonella on whole cumin seeds (P = 0.42) indicating that while reductions are comparable the surrogate may not always provide a conservative indication of complete Salmonella elimination for all spices processed using vacuum-assisted steam.
MicroRNA-30a as a candidate underlying sex-specific differences in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury: implications for BPD.

Premature male neonates are at a greater risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The reasons underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes in premature neonates are not known. The role of miR...
Polydopamine-Decorated Orlistat-Loaded Hollow Capsules with an Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cell Lines

Orlistat, an FDA-approved antiobesity drug, has recently been shown to have anticancer effects. However, orlistat is extremely hydrophobic with low absorption. Therefore, new approaches are needed to effectively deliver orlistat for cancer therapy. Herein, we developed a fast and simple method to use polydopamine-coated hollow capsule (PHC) as a drug nanocarrier for enhancing the therapeutic effects of orlistat. Orlistat-loaded PHC had an average size of 200 nm, which was characterized by using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the polydopamine layer provided an excellent control of orlistat release because it was extremely sensitive to pH values. The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity experiments were performed to show that orlistat packaged in PHC could be endocytosed into cells and then significantly improved the cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines in a short time compared with free orlistat. Moreover, dynamic study of cell membrane lysis was performed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD kit to demonstrate the cancer-killing mechanism. The size of the cell surface area has also been proven to be a key parameter which affected drug efficacy. Taken all together, these results present that orlistat-loaded PHC is a very promising formula for cancer treatments.
Predictors of Motivation to Coach in High School Students and Adult Coaches

We conducted two studies to investigate predictors of coaching motivation. In Study One, we focused on variables linked to coaching motivation and burnout in adult sports coaches. We examined high school extracurricular experiences, and coaching engagement. Positive interpersonal events experienced during high school predicted coaching motivation and a motivation. Positive interpersonal and performance events in high school predicted feelings of reduced accomplishment, while negative interpersonal and performance events in high school predicted physical exhaustion. Two aspects of coaching engagement, vigor and absorption predicted coaching motivation. Thus, coaches’ motivation was predicted by both high school and current coaching events. In Study Two, we examined whether the same high school events predicted a desire to coach in recent high school graduates. Participants retrospectively reported participation in high school sports or heavy investment in alternate activities (e.g., marching band). For both groups, identification with the activity and dedication to the activity predicted a desire to coach. A desire to coach was not predicted by high school extracurricular events. Our findings indicate that high school experiences exerted differential effects on recent graduates versus adult coaches in terms of attitudes toward coaching.
VSD AND THE DOUBLE CHAMBER OF SECRETS

In the era of multimodality imaging, invasive hemodynamics are rarely used to diagnose new conditions; however, a thorough understanding of hemodynamics is important to clarify physiology and rarely diagnose complex congenital heart disease. A 57 year-old woman with an unrepaired VSD and a
Measurements and Modeling of Water Adsorption Isotherms of Zeolite Linde-Type A Crystals

A systematic study of water adsorption isotherms of zeolite 3A and 4A crystals was carried out over a pressure range of 10-5 to 10-1 bar and temperatures from 25 °C to 250 °C. This work focuses on ...
Duration of radiation therapy is associated with worse survival in head and neck cancer.

Abstract Introduction Delays in radiation are multifactorial, frequent, and associated with poor outcomes. This study investigates the effect of both primary and adjuvant radiation therapy duration and their interaction with other measures of treatment delay on survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods We built a retrospective cohort using the National Cancer Database, consisting of primary oral cavity, hypopharynx, larynx and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma without distant metastasis and with at least six weeks of radiation. The primary exposure was the duration of radiation therapy (DRT), and the primary outcome was death. We estimated the association between DRT and 5-year overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios (HRs) with Cox proportional hazard regression. Results In both primary (definitive) and adjuvant (post-surgical) radiation settings, increased DRT results in decreased survival. In the primary radiation cohort, 5-year OS was 59.7% [59.1%-60.3%] among those with 47–53 days DRT, which decreased significantly with each subsequent week to completion (81+ days: 38.4% [36.2%-40.7%]). In the surgical cohort, survival decreased 16.5% when DRT extended beyond 75 days (40–46 days: 68.2% [67.3%-69.1%] vs. 75+ days: 53.3% [50.1%-56.7%]). Multivariate analyses showed increased hazard of death with increased DRT (primary radiation: 81+ days HR: 1.69 [1.58–1.81]); surgical: 75+ days HR: 1.61 [1.37–1.88]), with effects intensifying when restricting to those receiving full-dose radiation. Conclusion A prolonged DRT was associated with worse OS in head and neck cancer. Radiation treatment delays of even a week lead to a significant survival disadvantage. DRT had a stronger association with survival than time to initiation of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy.
The structure and function of coping in emerging adults

Although coping plays an important role in human adaptation, surprisingly little is known about coping processes in emerging adults. This study examined the structure and function of coping in emerging adults. Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), this study examined whether there is support for the ‘coping families’ framework, as outlined by Skinner and colleagues (Skinner et al. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216-269 2003). A total of 425 individuals (63.5% female), aged 18–31 years (M age 25.04 years), were recruited online through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to complete questionnaires on demographic information, mental health, substance use behaviors, competence, and coping behaviors in response to an interpersonal problem. EFA results yielded partial support for the coping families approach in that support-seeking and problem-solving emerged as robust factors. Further, bivariate correlations suggested that coping behaviors previously associated with adaptive functioning were linked with well-being and competence, whereas coping behaviors previously associated with maladaptive functioning were significantly associated with negative outcomes.
Active Cell Appearance Model Induced Generative Adversarial Networks for Annotation-Efficient Cell Segmentation and Identification on Adaptive Optics Retinal Images

Data annotation is a fundamental precursor for establishing large training sets to effectively apply deep learning methods to medical image analysis. For cell segmentation, obtaining high quality annotations is an expensive process that usually requires manual grading by experts. This work introduces an approach to efficiently generate annotated images, called “A-GANs”, created by combining an active cell appearance model (ACAM) with conditional generative adversarial networks (C-GANs). ACAM is a statistical model that captures a realistic range of cell characteristics and is used to ensure that the image statistics of generated cells are guided by real data. C-GANs utilize cell contours generated by ACAM to produce cells that match input contours. By pairing ACAM-generated contours with A-GANs-based generated images, high quality annotated images can be efficiently generated. Experimental results on adaptive optics (AO) retinal images showed that A-GANs robustly synthesize realistic, artificial images whose cell distributions are exquisitely specified by ACAM. The cell segmentation performance using as few as 64 manually-annotated real AO images combined with 248 artificially-generated images from A-GANs was similar to the case of using 248 manually-annotated real images alone (Dice coefficients of 88% for both). Finally, application to rare diseases in which images exhibit never-seen characteristics demonstrated improvements in cell segmentation without the need for incorporating manual annotations from these new retinal images. Overall, A-GANs introduce a methodology for generating high quality annotated data that statistically captures the characteristics of any desired dataset and can be used to more efficiently train deep-learning-based medical image analysis applications.
Late Relapses of Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Series

Abstract Background Relapse of the nephrotic syndrome is co mmon among patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN). Relapses of MN typically occur within a few years of achieving disease remission. There is limited description, to date, regarding patients with MN who have late relapse of MN, i.e., after >5 years of sustained disease remission. The objective of this case series was to report the clinical course of patients with MN who experience late relapse. Methods We analyzed the patient database of the Glomerular Kidney Disease Center at Columbia University to identify patients seen at our center who had relapse of biopsy specimen–proven MN at least 5 years after achieving sustained disease remission. Results We identified 16 patients with late relapse of MN. The median time in sustained remission before relapse was 10.2 (range, 7–29.0) years. Ten patients (63%) were diagnosed with late relapse on the basis of laboratory monitoring alone, without clinical symptoms of the nephrotic syndrome. Fourteen patients (88%) received immunosuppression during their initial presentation and late relapse. Patients had favorable long-term renal outcomes over a median 21 (range, 12–56) year follow-up period, with 14 patients (88%) in remission at study conclusion and a median decline in eGFR per year of −0.63 (range, −6.3 to 17.5) ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year. Conclusions This case series highlights a previously underappreciated, and likely rare, outcome of MN, namely, late relapse. Patients who experience late relapse, and who thus have a longer time in sustained remission, may have a more favorable long-term renal outcome.
Feasibility and promise of community providers implementing home-based parent-child interaction therapy for families investigated for child abuse: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Despite evidence supporting Parent-Child Interaction Therapy’s (PCIT) effectiveness for maltreatment prevention, its integration in child welfare services (CWS) has been challenging. Objective Using a pilot randomized controlled trial design, we evaluated the (1) feasibility of training therapists from CWS providers to implement home-based PCIT (2) feasibility of retaining parent-child dyads at-risk for child abuse in voluntary PCIT services, and (3) promise of PCIT for improving parenting skills. Participants and setting Between 2015–2017, 23 therapists from CWS providers and 55 caregiver-child dyads who were determined to be at moderate-to-high risk for physical and/or emotional abuse, remained in the same home, and were referred for voluntary parenting services following a child protective investigation participated. Methods We trained 14 therapists in home-based PCIT and randomly assigned participating dyads to receive PCIT or services as usual (SAU). Dyads completed baseline and post-treatment assessments, including self-reported and observed parenting skills. Results All therapists successfully completed the PCIT training; none completed full certification requirements. Of all randomized dyads, 51 % completed at least one treatment session, and the mean number of treatment sessions was 10.83. Caregivers assigned to PCIT used more self-reported (d = .72) and observed (d = .59) positive parenting skills post-treatment than caregivers assigned to SAU. Negative, inconsistent, and punitive parenting strategies and parenting stress did not significantly differ between caregivers assigned to PCIT and SAU. Conclusions Despite several challenges to feasibly implementing PCIT in community-based child welfare settings, even a small dose of PCIT improved positive parenting skills among at-risk parent-child dyads.
Reducing Barriers to Access in Archival and Special Collections Public Services

Archives and special collections libraries are not intuitive spaces for users. Barriers, both real and perceived [i] , exist whenever accessing an archive or special collections library. Access to archives and rare books should be within reasonable reach of all who have an interest in historical topics. This paper examines barriers to access in archival and special collections environments, discusses the importance of recognizing barriers, and addresses steps to dismantle them at your institution. Specific examples from our experience help illustrate where barriers exist and how to increase access, inclusivity, and transparency in archival and special collections public services. [i] However, perceived barriers are very real to the individuals affected by them. At the same time, as researchers become more experienced with the procedures used to access archives and special collections, the impact of perceived barriers may be mitigated.
Disparities in Reported Testing for 1p/19q Codeletion in Oligodendroglioma and Oligoastrocytoma Patients: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database

Purpose: A chromosomal 1p/19q codeletion was included as a required diagnostic component of oligodendrogliomas in the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors. We sought to evaluate disparities in reported testing for 1p/19q codeletion among oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma patients before and after the guidelines. Methods: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients with histologically-confirmed WHO grade II/III oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma from 2011-2017. Adjusted odds of having a reported 1p/19q codeletion test for patient- and hospital-level factors were calculated before (2011-2015) and after (2017) the guidelines. The adjusted likelihood of receiving adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) based on reported testing was also evaluated. Results: Overall, 6,404 patients were identified. The reported 1p/19q codeletion testing rate increased from 45.8% in 2011 to 59.8% in 2017. From 2011-2015, lack of insurance (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62-0.97;p=0.025), lower zip code-level educational attainment (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.49-0.78;p<0.001), and Northeast (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.57-0.82;p<0.001) or Southern (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.49-0.79;p<0.001) facility geographic region were negatively associated with reported testing. In 2017, Black race (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.91;p=0.024) and Northeast (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30-0.84;p=0.009) or Southern (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.78;p=0.007) region were negatively associated with reported testing. Patients with a reported test were more likely to receive adjuvant treatment (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.46-2.04;p<0.001). Conclusion: Despite the 2016 WHO guidelines, disparities in reported 1p/19q codeletion testing by geographic region persisted while new disparities in race/ethnicity were identified, which may influence oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma patient management.
Claudin-1-Targeted Nanoparticles for Delivery to Aging-Induced Alterations in the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Aging-induced alterations to the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are increasingly being seen as a primary event in chronic progressive neurological disorders that lead to cognitive decline. With the goal...
Living and Acting in an Altered Body: A Phenomenological Description of Amputation

Adults with recent amputations are often perceived as suffering from post-operative depression and phantom limbs. These states are frequently seen as failures in "adjustment" since there are often few physiological involvements which curtail daily functioning. This perspective is seen as compatible with major American values of pragmatism, individualism, and a mechanistic medical model. We suggest here that problems in daily living and the phantom limb are not "mental" aberrations but rather reflections of a radically altered lived experience. The performance of the actor is significantly changed and can be discussed as a function of changed experience, and style. This persppctivedraws upon the work of phenomenology and dramaturgy and suggests a changed philosophical approach in physical rehabilitation. A brief application of the model is also presented. Most of the literature written on the behavior of amputees is psychological in orientation. For example, early reactions to the amputation by a group of amputees were categorized by Simon and Albronda (1967) as including disbelief, stunned feelings, fear and panic, anger, grief, relief, guilt, and revulsion. Another study, determining amputees' readiness to accept the stresses of prosthetic restoration, categorized personality types such as the undisciplined, the emotional neurotics, the blamers, the fearful, and the isolated and depressed hypochondriacs (Weiss, 1960). Levin (1961) found that denial and phantom limb are associated manifestations of amputation rather than cause and effect. This explanation of behavior occurring after an amputation supports three major American values and models for behavior: pragmatism, individualism and the medical model. These social constructions are examined here and alternate models (phenomenology and dramaturgy) for explaining the behavior of amputees are suggested. Amputation: THe Existing Literature and View Amputations occur with the severing of one or more body parts. In this study, amputations of the limbs are the focus of interest because they comprise the major part of the literature, and they exhibit patterns
Teaching, Technology, and Transformation

This chapter will use the context of one school in rural Malawi, a country known as “The Warm Heart of Africa,” as the foundation for exploration of the current challenges to and opportunities for teaching, leadership and service in a developing country based in part on the degree of availability, access and usage of technological tools. An argument will be made that, despite substantial limitations to both easy access and skillful usage of emerging technologies, creative thinking and sound leadership has the potential to advance educational outcomes and the democratization of schools and citizens worldwide, transforming the view of the future for millions of students around the globe.
Rousseau's Autobiographical Ethics: The Good and Natural Softness of Jean-Jacques

The most sophisticated attempts to reconcile Rousseau’s autobiographical ethics with his teachings on virtue may be clustered into two groups. For the first (e.g., Leo Strauss, Arthur Melzer, and Christopher Kelly), the solitary, autonomous, and often self-indulgent persona revealed in Rousseau’s autobiographical writings should be understood as his highest and most philosophical ideal. Although he did offer praise to stern virtue, he gave clear indications that this was a merely exoteric teaching, and that his fundamental loyalties were to the sort of spontaneous natural goodness and solitude which he himself practices. (This may be dubbed the “Subversive Esotericist” interpretation.) For the second (e.g., Ernst Cassirer, Tzvetan Todorov, and Joseph Reisert), these autobiographical pronouncements should not be read as his most fundamental or lucid teaching, but rather as resulting from his personal uniqueness or misfortunes, about which he expressed clear lament. His genuine philosophical contribution is therefore the understanding of virtue, community, and freedom that he offered in his main philosophical works, written prior to the autobiographies. (This may be dubbed the “Fallen Moralist” approach.) We suggest that, in terms of his sincere and philosophical intentions, Rousseau was both a subversive defender of natural goodness and a champion of austere virtue. However, after his personal crisis intensified (ca. June 1762–December 1764), we find an “inversion of priorities.” In his earlier writings, he presents himself chiefly as a friend and representative of virtue, and secondarily as a defender of oppressed natural goodness. After the personal crisis, he presents himself chiefly as a defender and representative of oppressed goodness, and secondarily as a defender of his sincere friendship with virtue.
Evaluating PID Control for Supply Chain Management: A Freshman Design Project

Supply chain management is concerned with the efficient movement of goods through a network of suppliers and retailers. As delayed dynamical systems, supply chains represent an excellent opportunity for illustrating the benefits of engineering control principles to what may normally be perceived as a "business" process. This paper describes an Excel modeling project developed by the authors for a first-year engineering course at Arizona State University that 1) introduces students to a meaningful application of control engineering principles, and 2) enables them to develop their computer-based problem-solving skills. The project contrasts standard inventory management policies based on traditional Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) approaches with a judiciously-designed Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in the case of a single inventory in a supply chain. A well-tuned PID-based policy is able to generate effective decisions on orders that ultimately reduce the need for safety stock, eliminate backorders, and mitigate the "bullwhip effect"; such behavior in an actively managed supply chain represents desirable outcomes for the enterprise.
Sustainable Development and Air Quality: The Need to Replace Basic Technologies with Cleaner Alternatives

This book chapter reviews United States efforts to comply with Agenda 21's prescriptions germane to air quality over the last five years and to meet the goals in the Rio Declaration. It concludes that the United States has improved air quality over the last five years, but that the United States has failed to meet the ambitious goals suggested by the Rio Declaration. The paper recommends that the United States move toward a phaseout of fossil fuels, better support advanced technology, and improve monitoring and enforcement.
Reactivation of des(119–124) Ribonuclease A by Mixture with Synthetic COOH-terminal Peptides; the Role of Phenylalanine-120

Abstract Several peptides contained within the amino acid sequence -Glu-Gly-Asn-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Val-His-Phe-Asp-Ala-Ser-Val-OH at the carboxyl end of ribonuclease A were synthesized in which phenylalanine-120 was replaced by leucine, isoleucine, or tryptophan: [Leu120]-RNase 111–124, [Ile120]-RNase 111–124, [Trp120]-RNase 111–124, [Ile120]-RNase 113–124, [Leu120]-RNase 115–124, [Ile120]-RNase 115–124, [Trp120]-RNase 115–124. The peptides were examined for their ability to regenerate enzymatic activity when mixed with RNase 1–118 which had been prepared by enzymatic degradation of RNase A. A study of the dissociation constants of the peptide-protein complexes, of the Michaelis constants of the complexes with cyclic 2', 3'-cytidylic acid, and of the inhibition constants with 2'-cytidylic acid led to the conclusion that Phe120 plays an important role in binding the peptide and protein and in aligning the catalytic site of the complex, but that it does not have a specific effect on binding of substrate.
Effect of fillers on the degradation of automotive epoxy adhesives in aqueous solutions

Absorption of water in epoxy adhesives containing different types of fillers was studied after immersion in distilled water and in NaCl solutions during several periods of time. The amount of water uptake in the adhesives was found to increase with the concentration of water-soluble fillers incorporated in the adhesive matrix. The water absorption behaviour of the adhesives investigated was found to be non-Fickian. Owing to reverse osmosis, the amount of water absorbed in the adhesives decreases with the concentration of the bulk NaCl solution.
Virulence Modulation of Bordetella pertussis via Inhibition of the Nicotinate Degradation Pathway

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, which is a highly contagious respiratory illness that has recently increased in occurrence despite the widespread use of vaccines. Due...
‘My innocent diversion of gardening’: Mary Somerset's plants

Mary Somerset, first Duchess of Beaufort, was respected in her day as a collector and cultivator of plants, both exotic and common, on her estate in Badminton. And yet, when she writes to Sir Robert Southwell in 1694, she is surprisingly humble about her achievements, calling hers an ‘innocent diversion of gardening’. Manuscript and published papers make it clear, however, that Somerset's work with plants was impressive and influential, hardly an ‘innocent diversion’. This essay demonstrates how Somerset's work with plants blurs the line between ‘gardening’ and the twin fields of horticulture and botany. By revaluing the kind of work Somerset did and the knowledge it embodied, we can reposition her (and potentially, other women like her) as a player in the early fields of botany and horticulture, as a woman who saw herself as contributing to bodies of knowledge in significant and lasting ways.
Validity of musculoskeletal ultrasound for identification of humeroradial joint chondral lesions: A preliminary investigation

Context: Epicondylalgia is a common condition involving pain-generating structures such as tendon, neural, and chondral tissue. The current noninvasive reference standard for identifying chondral l...
That’s not funny: Instrument validation of the concern for political correctness scale

Abstract The transformation of common language toward inclusion of all people is the mechanism by which many aim to alter attitudes and beliefs that stand in the way of more meaningful social change. The term for this motivated concern for language is “political correctness” or “PC.” The current project seeks to introduce a new tool for investigations into this phenomenon, the concern for political correctness (CPC) scale. CPC assesses individual differences in concern for politically correct speech. Exploratory and confirmatory structural equation modeling showed consistent factor structure of the two subscales; an emotion subscale measuring negative emotional response to hearing politically incorrect language, and an activism subscale measuring a willingness to correct others who use politically incorrect language. Correlational analyses suggested that concern for political correctness is associated with more liberal beliefs and ideologies and less right-wing authoritarianism. The emotion subscale was also found to be associated with lower emotional well-being and the activism subscale with more frequent arguments. Laboratory-based criterion validation studies indicated that the two subscales predicted negative reactions to politically incorrect humor.
The Limits of Land Reform in Russia

Russian land-reform efforts have failed to empower farmers because private individuals actually own very little land.
A novel approach to aluminum determination in biological tissues using a pair of pneumatic tube irradiation facilities

A novel method for the determination of trace aluminum (AI) in the presence of high levels of phosphorus (P) has been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). Using successive irradiations in HFIR's two pneumatic tube facilities (PT-1, PT-2) to measure the difference between the two apparent Al concentrations, the true Al concentration in the sample can be calculated without the need for an independent determination of P. Results are presented for brain samples from various regions, some that are strongly affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) and for NIST SRM 1577b, Bovine Liver.
Working toward meritocracy in Italy.

![Figure][1] The Italian Senate I read with anguish the “Open letter to senator Rita Levi-Montalcini” by R. Clementi et al. (21 March, p. [1615][2]), which was signed by 776 Italian researchers holding temporary contracts, lamenting the lack of stability and meritocracy. As a researcher, clinician, and academician who has worked under different systems in Italy and abroad, I share their concerns. I am fully aware of the heavy limitations of the Italian system. However, as the past Chair of the Health Committee of the Italian Senate, I must take exception to their statement that the left-wing government's intent never went beyond mere words. In my capacity as Senator, I have promoted measures that enhance transparency and meritocracy in the selection of projects and that allocate dedicated resources to young investigators. The 2007 national budget law allocated €15 million to projects submitted by biomedical researchers under 40 years of age. The projects are to be selected by an international committee composed of scientists who are also under 40, and who will judge the proposals strictly on their merits. Another measure, inserted in the 2008 national budget law, designates €81 million to projects presented, again, by researchers under 40 in all areas of intellectual endeavor. True, in spite of the above-mentioned total of €96 million, Italy is still behind in research investment. We invest only 1.1% of the GDP in research, less than the average 2% for Europe, which already compares poorly with the 2.7% for the United States and over 3% for Japan. Without minimizing the rightful complaint of the Italian researchers, I do not believe that the correct way to proceed is to hire everyone who is currently working with temporary contracts, but to start applying the rules of peer review consistently. By evaluating only on the basis of merit, we will give dignity to valuable scientists, and we will promote the intellectual, economic, and cultural growth of Italy. [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.319.5870.1615b
Nonconforming two-level discretization of stream function form of the Navier-Stokes equations

In this report, we analyze a two-level finite element method for the stream function formulation of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations. This report presents the two-level algorithm and error analysis for the case of nonconforming elements, when approximating a nonsingular solution of the stream function formulation of the Navier Stokes equation.
The first rule of Latin American cinema is you do not talk about Latin American cinema: notes on discussing a sense of place in contemporary cinema

ABSTRACTWithin the context of contemporary globalization, the concept of ‘Latin American cinema’ has become increasingly problematic, particularly since such geographically based terms (such as ‘national’, ‘continental’, ‘transnational’, ‘regional’, ‘local’, ‘rural’ and/or ‘metropolitan’) invoke intense cultural, ideological, political and economic references and debates that are often cloaked in nostalgic references to the period of militant film-making from 1960s and 1970s. This article therefore highlights the multiple methodological approaches that must be taken into account when narrating ‘place’ with contemporary Latin American production, whether the contexts be international (e.g. through transnational funding and exhibition opportunities in Europe, especially Spain, and the United States) or intranational (e.g. encouraging one kind of production for domestic audiences and another to negotiate the international film festival circuit).
New Structural Motifs in Metallaborane Chemistry. Synthesis, Characterization, and Solid-State Structures of (Cp*W)3(μ-H)B8H8, (Cp*W)2B7H9, and (Cp*Re)2B7H7 (Cp* = η-C5Me5)

Hydrogen loss from the 7 skeletal electron pair (sep) nido 2-Cp*H3WB4H8, 1 (Cp* = η-C5Me5), the metal analogue of pentaborane (9), has been examined as a potential source of unsaturated, reactive s...
Peripheral rim enhancement in supratentorial intracerebral hematoma.

Abstract The Computed Tomographic and clinical findings in 50 patients with peripheral ring enhancement due to intracerebral hematoma are presented.
Adrenocortical insufficiency in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot study.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Prior reports have documented that premature infants do not have normal serum levels of cortisol. In contrast, full-term infants usually have adequate cortisol levels. The stress response in critically ill infants may be vital to their recovery. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether critically ill full-term infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) show a subnormal adrenal stress response. Methods: Random serum cortisol levels in infants with CDH (n = 10) were measured using fluorescent polarization immunoassay. In addition, serum cortisol levels were measured after exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation (Cosyntropin stimulation test). Results: Six of the 10 infants studied died. Most (79%) of the cortisol levels were subnormal ( Conclusions: Infants born with CDH may have an inadequate adrenal stress response despite a life-threatening anomaly. A large-scale prospective study may be warranted to confirm this apparent association. Corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial in this population of patients. J Pediatr Surg 35:223-226. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
A multivariate time series analysis of the United States aggregate production function

This study examines the effects of hours of work per unit of private sector capital, the relative price of energy, government capital per unit of private sector capital, and inflation on private sector output per unit of capital in the U.S. over the period 1952–90. A small vector autoregressive model that comprises the variables typically employed in single-equation estimates of the aggregate production function is used. Variance decompositions and cumulative impulse response functions indicate that hours of work per unit of private sector capital, the relative price of energy, and the inflation rate have significant effects on private sector output per unit of capital over the 1952–90 period. However, there is no evidence of a significant effect for government capital per unit of private capital. An historical decomposition that begins in 1973 with the emergence of a “productivity slump” and continues through 1990 indicates that shocks to hours of work per unit of capital, the relative price of oil, and inflation appear important in explaining output per unit of capital but shocks to government capital are not important.
A Novel Four Amino Acid Determinant Defines Conformational Freedom within Chorionic Gonadotropin β-Subunits

Chorionic gonadotropin (CG), the placental member of the glycoprotein hormone family, is a non-covalently linked heterodimer consisting of an α- and a β-subunit aligned head-to-tail. The α-subunit is common to all glycoprotein hormones that function in reproduction (i.e., the gonadotropins), while each β-subunit confers biological specificity to each respective family member (1). Both human (h)- and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) (m)CG-β subunits share a similar overall topology of three beta loops stabilized by a ladder of hydrogen bonds and a cystine knot motif. The cystine knot motif is comprised of a unique arrangement of six cysteine residues; counting from the N-terminus of the protein, a disulfide consisting of Cys2 and 5 and one consisting of Cys3 and 6 form a ring structure through which a disulfide consisting of Cys1 and 4 penetrates. CG-β loops 1 and 3 form antiparallel β-strands while the remaining hairpin-like structure, loop 2, appears as an extended loop connecting β-structural loops 1 and 3 (2, 3). Our laboratory has previously defined the intracellular kinetic folding pathway of both the hCG α-subunit (4) and hCG-β subunits (5, 6) and, more recently, demonstrated that a disulfide exchange occurs as the cystine knot of the CG β-subunit folds (7). Identification of the disulfide exchange was accomplished by isolating key folding intermediates of mCG-β a naturally occurring homolog of hCG-β. mCG-β was chosen for these folding studies because both hCG-β and mCG-β are 145 amino acids in length and share 81% amino acid identity including all cysteine residues and consensus sequences for both sites of N-linked glycosylation and three of four sites of O-linked glycosylation (see Fig. 1) (8). During the course of the latter studies (7), however, we discovered that hCG-β exhibited more conformational freedom than mCG-β. Figure 1 Amino acid sequences of CG-β constructs In this study, we used a series of molecular and biochemical analyses to compare the nature of the structural elements of h- and mCG-β responsible for the variance in conformational freedom between the respective CG-β subunits. We report that two specific amino acids residues were identified in a four amino acid sub-domain that, at least in large part, accounted for these differences.
The effects of residential proximity to bars on alcohol consumption

A person’s decision to drink alcohol is potentially influenced by both price and availability of alcohol in the local area. This study uses longitudinal data from 1985 to 2001 to empirically assess the impact of distance from place of residence to bars on alcohol consumption in four large U.S. cities from 1985 to 2001. Density of bars within 0.5 km of a person’s residence is associated with small increases in alcohol consumption as measured by: daily alcohol consumption (ml) drinks per week, and weekly consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. When person-specific fixed effects are included, the relationship between alcohol consumption and the number of bars within a 0.5 km radius of the person’s place of residence disappears. Tests for endogeneity of the number of bars within the immediate vicinity of respondents’ homes fail to reject the null hypothesis that the number of bars is exogenous. We conclude that bar density in the area surrounding the individuals’ homes has at most a very small positive effect on alcohol consumption.
Index to the Free Speech Yearbook, Volumes 1 (1962) to 40 (2003)

(2012). Index to the Free Speech Yearbook Volumes 1 (1962) to 45 (2011) Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 131-160.
Studying cancer in minorities: a look at the numbers.

BACKGROUND: Inclusion of minorities is an important but challenging aspect of epidemiologic studies in the United States. One aspect of this challenge that has received little attention is the actual number of minorities with specific cancers. The authors aimed to understand how population characteristics affect the numbers of minority cancer cases in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) regions. METHODS: By using SEER data, the authors identified 6 cancers with higher incidence rates in racial and ethnic minorities and reviewed the annual number of cases of those cancers in SEER areas where there are large numbers of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. The authors examined the age characteristics of the populations in SEER areas using data from the US Census. RESULTS: Although there are substantial numbers of cases for the most common cancers with higher incidence in blacks, their numbers are quite small for other cancers, <150 cases, and in many areas, <100 per year. Few registries have substantial numbers of Hispanics or Asians. As expected, the proportion of minority populations is lower in older age groups, whereas the proportion of non-Hispanic whites is larger. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the sharp decline in minority populations associated with age and the high age-specific incidence rates of most cancers, the actual number of minority cases is quite small for several cancers. Thus, the inclusion of minority groups in studies of any but the most common cancers presents a challenge. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Effect of Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal, Dried Brewers Yeast, Condensed Fish Solubles and Fermentation Residue on the Reproductive Performance of Turkeys

Abstract SOON after the importance of vitamin B12 was established (Lillie et al., 1949), evidence was presented which indicated that breeding hens required an unidentified factor for normal reproduction (Olcese et al, 1950). Some of the supplements which have been reported to contain the unidentified factor(s) required for normal hatchability are pork liver meal, meat meal, fish meal, dried buttermilk, dried skim milk, meat scraps, dehydrated alfalfa meal, distillers dried solubles, dried whey, condensed fish solubles, and liver “L” (Nestler et al, 1936; Dickens et al, 1941; Atkinson et al, 1951, 1953, 1955b; Couch et al, 1954; Ferguson et al., 1956; and Feldman et al., 1957). Dehydrated alfalfa meal and condensed fish solubles were reported by Atkinson et al (1955a, b) to be required for the maintenance of high fertility in turkeys. The hatchability of turkey eggs from hens fed a diet deficient in vitamin E and unidentified factor sources has…
The curvature of rectifiable curves and an inequality of Chakerian-Fáry

Definition et estimation de la courbure des courbes rectifiables. Amelioration de l'inegalite de Chakerian-Fary
High frequency of antigenic variants among naturally occurring human Coxsackie B4 virus isolates identified by monoclonal antibodies

The Coxsackie B virus group consists of six serotypes (B1–B6) that are antigenically distinct. In patients, the Coxsackie B4 serotype can produce a variety of clinical diseases (for example, pleurodynia, respiratory illness, meningitis, myocarditis, orchitis and diabetes)1,2. It is not known, however, whether the different clinical diseases are due to chance infection of particular organs by Coxsackie B4 or due to antigenic variants of Coxsackie B4 that are inherently different in their tissue tropism. The long-standing reference hyperimmune sera do not identify variants that may exist within each of the serotypes3. In an attempt to identify variants of the Coxsackie B4 serotype, we prepared a panel of 18 monoclonal antibodies that neutralized the prototype Coxsackie B4 strain. These monoclonal antibodies have been characterized as to their subclass, neutralization titres and reactivity patterns with recent clinical isolates. Here we have identified over 13 variants of CoxsacKie B4 virus and have shown that there are major antigenic differences among naturally occurring isolates. Using monoclonal antibodies as a selecting agent, we find that the frequency of antigenic mutation may be as high as 10−4.