cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF INTERSLICE FORCE IN SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

Limit equilibrium analysis within the framework of method of slices is one of the most commonly used methods for analyzing the stability of a slope. Since the equilibrium condition, along with failure criterion, is insufficient to render the problem to be determinate, various assumptions were evoked. In the past, the problem of indeterminacy was solved either by iteration method together with the assumption of the same mobilization of shear strength along the potentially sliding surface and by making assumptions regarding the direction of interslice forces. In this paper, a direct method for determining the interslice forces is proposed via the hypothesis of least resistance. A simple equation is derived for determining the inclination angle of the interslice force. It is shown that the inclination is dependent upon the geometry and soil properties of a given slope. Use of the derived equation for calculating the factor of safety of a given slope is computationally efficient. Results obtained from this method are compared with that of the existing methods. The numerical cases studied indicated that the factor of safety as well as the interslice forces and line of thrust obtained from the proposed method is close to those obtained from the existing methods. There is no convergency problem in the proposed method. The proposed method eliminates the need to make assumptions on the interslice force direction or location.
Structural Implications of Reciprocal Exchange: A Power-Dependence Approach

This paper presents and tests a general model to predict emergent exchange patterns and power differences in reciprocal exchange networks when individual actors follow the norm of reciprocity. With an interesting qualification, the experimental results reported here support the power-dependence approach (Emerson 1972a, b): those who acquire the most resources are connected to others who are dependent on them for rewards. Although, as Molm has abundantly demonstrated (1999, 2000, 2001, 2007), the quality of the relationship in negotiated and reciprocal exchange networks is quite different, and the details of a general model of network exchange might well differ for negotiated and reciprocal exchange, experimental results presented here indicate that power in networks, no matter how complex, is linked to dependence regardless of whether actors are motivated by rational choice or a norm of reciprocity.
The role of LKB1 and AMPK in cellular responses to stress and damage

The LKB1 and AMPK proteins participate in an energy sensing cascade that responds to depletion of ATP, serving as a master regulator of metabolism that inhibits anabolic processes and stimulates catabolic processes. However in recent years, LKB1 and AMPK have been implicated in a variety of other cellular processes, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, such as control of cell polarity and regulation of gene transcription. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries regarding participation of LKB1 and AMPK in signaling pathways that respond to cellular stress and damage, and the relevance of this signaling for disease and therapy.
Outcomes of mandated and nonmandated New York city jail diversion for offenders with alcohol, drug, and mental disorders

The authors studied 175 mentally ill, substance-using adult jail detainees assessed at baseline, 3, and 12 months through a quasi-experimental comparison design. The study examines the effect of diversion, treatment, and individual characteristics on criminal justice, mental health, substance use, and life satisfaction outcomes. The intervention group included nonmandated and mandated diversion tracks. The comparison participants met diversion acceptance criteria but underwent standard criminal justice processes. Main findings included that mandated diversion clients were less likely to spend as much time in prison and more likely to spend time in the community, have been linked to residential and outpatient treatment, have received more treatment, and decrease drug use. However, those who did not perceive themselves coerced and had insight into their mental illness received more treatment regardless of diversion condition. Although mandated diversion was found effective for some outcomes, individual char...
Thermocouple Response in Fires, Part 1: Considerations in Flame Temperature Measurements by a Thermocouple

This PIRT exercise identifies a number of factors which can influence thermocouple readings made in fires. Identified factors are: (a) the fuel/oxidizer equivalence ratio and its effect on readings, (b) the influence of the state of oxidation and variation with time for the thermocouple sheath, (c) the convection coefficient models and how experimental readings are influenced by thermocouple diameter and yaw angle, (d) response time of a MIMS thermocouple, and (e) thermocouple end effects.
Diffraction management and elliptic discrete solitons in two-dimensional waveguide array lattices

We demonstrate that the discrete diffraction properties of a 2-D waveguide array can be effectively altered depending on the propagation k-vector within the Brillouin zone of the lattice. In general, this diffraction behavior is anisotropic, and therefore, allows the existence of discrete elliptic solitons.
NDI‐Based Small Molecule as Promising Nonfullerene Acceptor for Solution‐Processed Organic Photovoltaics

A novel naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based small molecule (BiNDI) is designed and synthesized by linking two NDI monomers via a vinyl donor moiety. The electronic structure of BiNDI is carefully investigated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Density functional theory (DFT) sheds further light on the molecular configuration and energy level distribution. Thin film transistors (TFT) based on BiNDI show a highest electron mobility of 0.365 cm2 V−1 s−1 in ambient atmosphere. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) by using BiNDI as the acceptor show a highest power conversion efficency (PCE) of 2.41%, which is the best result for NDI-based small molecular acceptors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction (GIXD), and X-ray photo­electron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization to understand the morphology and structure order of the bulk heterojunction film are performed. It is found that small amount of 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) (i.e., 0.5%) in the blended film facilitates the crystallization of BiNDI into fibrillar crystals, which is beneficial for the improvement of device performance.
Regulation of enzymes by ligand induced change in polymerization.

Most enzymes form homopolymers, some of which are stable while others readily change their aggregation state by dissociation or association of subunits. This constitutes a mechanism for regulation if the different molecular weight species vary in their specific activity, and if the equilibrium between these species is readily perturbed by physiological effectors. Several enzymes in pyrimidine metabolism appear to be regulated by this mechanism: uridine kinase (EC 2.7.1.48); β-alanine synthase (EC 3.5.1.6), the last enzyme in the catabolism of uracil; and the multifunctional protein UMP synthase which has 2 enzyme activities, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) and OMP decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23).
The Topography of Lambda DNA: Isolation of Ordered Fragments and the Physical Mapping of Point Mutations

Abstract The members of a set of overlapping fragments of λ DNA have been isolated. The set is divided into two groups, the right and left families. All members of the right family contain the cohesive site at the right end of λ DNA; members of the left family contain the cohesive site at the left end. The members of each family differ in molecular length and this characteristic was used to order and to isolate the fragments. Each family is comparable to an ordered set of overlapping deletions and the principles of deletion mapping can therefore be applied to both chemically and genetically defined characteristics of λ DNA. Mapping of mutant loci is possible because (1) all fragments in a family are active in the Kaiser-Hogness helper phage assay for genetic activity, and (2) the distance between a given locus and that end of λ DNA denning the family is equal to the length of the shortest fragment which contains the locus. The lengths of such fragments were determined from their sedimentation coefficients to yield the following positions for six amber mutations, expressed as fR, the fraction of the length of whole λ DNA measured from the right end: N7, 0·268; O29, 0·214; P80, 0·186; Q21, 0·090; R54, 0·55; R221, 0·052. The left boundary of the imm λ imm 434 non-homology region was mapped at fR= 0·252. The advantage of the mapping methods described here is that they are applicable to point mutations and to characteristics which can be defined by direct chemical analysis of the DNA. In the following paper (Champoux & Hogness, 1972), the position and orientation of the ten specific sequences which generate poly(rG) binding sites and the topography of base composition in λ DNA were determined.
The Neumann Type of Pemphigus Vegetans Treated with Combination of Dapsone and Steroid

Pemphigus vegetans is a rare variant of pemphigus vulgaris and is characterized by vegetating lesions in the inguinal folds and mouth and by the presence of autoantibodies against desmoglein 3. Two clinical subtypes of pemphigus vegetans exist, which are initially characterized by flaccid bullae and erosions (the Neumann subtype) or pustules (the Hallopeau subtype). Both subtypes subsequently develop into hyperpigmented vegetative plaques with pustules and hypertrophic granulation tissue at the periphery of the lesions. Oral administration of corticosteroids alone does not always induce disease remission in patients with pemphigus vegetans. We report here on a 63-year-old woman with pemphigs vegetans. She had a 2-year history of vegetating, papillomatous plaques on the inguinal folds and erosions of the oral mucosa. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for anti-desmoglein 3, but it was negative for anti-desmoglein 1. She was initially treated with systemic steroid, but no improvement was observed. The patient was then successfully treated with a combination of systemic steroid and dapsone with a good clinical response.
Risk management for trading in multiple frequencies

We present fundamental concepts of risk and propose two methods for risk management of a portfolio in this paper. Moreover, we introduce their novel extensions to trading in multiple frequencies. We use stocks listed in NASDAQ 100 index as the investment universe for our back-testing to high-light the merit of the proposed portfolio risk management methods.
Influence of composite film structure on reflectance of vacuum metellized plastics

The reflectance of vacuum-metallized plastic parts prepared using corrosion resistant metals such as chromium, nickel, and stainless steel is substantially less than that of electroplated chromium. Model calculations and data indicate that the use of a clear topcoat to protect the vacuum-deposited metal layer is a major factor in reducing the observed reflectance. There does not appear to be a simple change in metal deposition process, film structure, or composition that can compensate for the loss of reflectance incurred by application of the topcoat.
Structure-activity relationships of compounds targeting mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase

We report on a target-based approach to identify possible Mycobacterium tuberculosis DXS inhibitors from the structure of a known transketolase inhibitor. A small focused library of analogs was assembled in order to begin elucidating some meaningful structure-activity relationships of 3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-benzyl-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one. Ultimately we found that 2-methyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one, although still weak, was able to inhibit M. tuberculosis DXS with an IC(50) of 10.6 microM.
Asking the Right Questions About Teacher Preparation: Contributions of Research on Teacher Thinking

Research on teacher thinking has established a place for itself within the international educational research enterprise. What is not so clear is how studies of teacher thinking may be of use in improving the quality of teacher preparation programs. This paper promotes a consultant role for researchers on teacher thinking in relation to teacher educators. The current state of knowledge about teacher thinking is summarized under three headings: Preconceptions and Implicit Theories, Planning and Reflection, and Dilemmas and Uncertainty. After each summary, a list of questions is offered as food for thought in the pursuit of understanding and improving learning to teach. The author claims that research on teacher thinking can improve teacher preparation by encouraging thoughtful teacher educators to ask better questions of themselves and of their arts.
Resolvins RvD1 and 17(R)-RvD1 alleviate signs of inflammation in a rat model of endometriosis.

Objective To study the effects of two resolvins of D series, RvD1 and 17(R)-RvD1, on inflammatory signs associated with endometriosis (ENDO). Design In vivo research study. Setting Research laboratory. Animal(s) Female Sprague-Dawley rats. Intervention(s) Intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of RvD1 (300 ng/kg) or 17(R)-RvD1 (300 and 900 ng/kg) in rats with surgically induced ENDO. Main Outcome Measure(s) Vascular permeability of ectopic endometrial growths was assessed by Evans Blue extravasation; vaginal hyperalgesia was assessed with telemetered visceromotor response. Result(s) Both resolvins, but not vehicle, significantly decreased vascular permeability in ectopic endometrial tissue. 17(R)-RvD1 also significantly alleviated severity of vaginal hyperalgesia. Conclusion(s) Our results suggest that RvD1 and 17(R)-RvD1 can be considered for further investigation of their therapeutic potential for treating ENDO.
Effects of genotype, elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance

Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michaux is an important forest species in the Great Lakes region and displays tremendous genetic variation in foliar chemistry. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) may also influence phytochemistry and thereby alter the performance of insect herbivores such as the aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi Brown. 2 The present study aimed to relate genetic- and atmospheric-based variation in aspen phytochemistry to C. crotchi performance (larval development time, adult mass, survivorship). The experiment was conducted at the Aspen Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site in northern Wisconsin. Beetles were reared on three aspen genotypes under elevated CO2 and/or O3. Leaves were collected to determine chemical characteristics. 3 The foliage exhibited significant variation in nitrogen, condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides among genotypes. CO2 and O3, however, had little effect on phytochemistry. Nonetheless, elevated CO2 decreased beetle performance on one aspen genotype and had inconsistent effects on beetles reared on two other genotypes. Elevated O3 decreased beetle performance, especially for beetles reared on an O3-sensitive genotype. Regression analyses indicated that phenolic glycosides and nitrogen explain a substantial amount (27-45%) of the variation in herbivore performance. 4 By contrast to the negative effects that are typically observed with generalist herbivores, aspen leaf beetles appear to benefit from phenolic glycosides, chemical components that are largely genetically-determined in aspen. The results obtained in the present study indicate that host genetic variation and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will be important factors in the performance of specialist herbivores, such as C. crotchi, in future climates.
Home-Canned Tomatoes: A Comparison of the Effects of Varying Time and Temperature Combinations Durin Processing

Whole tomatoes were processed in pint and quart jars by home-canning, raw pack methods in a boiling-water bath or at pressures of 5, 10, or 15 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch as measured by gauge) to a minimum internal end-point temperature of 82°C (180°F). Thermocouples placed in the coldest point in the jars and attached to a recording potentiometer were used to establish the times for processing by the 3 pressure treatments. USDA recommended times were used for process ing in a boiling-water bath. The products from the four different treatments were analyzed and compared subjectively for color, flavor, texture, and acidity; and objectively for color, firmness, drained weight, acidity, and ascorbic acid content. Time and energy usage were also recorded and compared. No significant differences were found for any of the quality characteristics except color. However, the significant difference in color indicated by the sensory panel and an objective calcu lation from Hunterlab Color Difference Meter Measurements could not be attributed to processing treatments. There were differences in the amount of time involved and the kilowatt hours used in the canning procedures. Home-canning by any pressure method saved time and energy and yielded products comparable to those processed in a boiling-water bath.
Towards Answering How do I Questions Using Classification

Interest in developing open domain question answering systems that leverage the massive amount of knowledge available on the Web is on the rise. In this investigation, we address the problem of answering How do I questions. Our goal is to use the top results obtained from a search engine to extract and present correct answers. Identifying correct answers to such questions is a hard problem that seems to require deep natural language understanding. Fortunately, answers to How do I questions are often procedural, typically containing a successive sequence of actions. Learning to label text as procedural or non-procedural is an easier problem which we attempted to solve by extracting 12 informative features with which we trained classifiers. However, the corpus built from the top documents retrieved for a set of How do I- equivalent queries turned out to be highly imbalanced. To tackle this issue, sampling techniques were used for a variety of classification methods, yielding reasonable recall and precision for the minority class of procedural texts.
No turning, a mouse mutation causing left-right and axial patterning defects.

Patterning along the left/right axes helps establish the orientation of visceral organ asymmetries, a process which is of fundamental importance to the viability of an organism. A linkage between left/right and axial patterning is indicated by the finding that a number of genes involved in left/right patterning also play a role in anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning. We have recovered a spontaneous mouse mutation causing left/right patterning defects together with defects in anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning. This mutation is recessive lethal and was named no turning (nt) because the mutant embryos fail to undergo embryonic turning. nt embryos exhibit cranial neural tube closure defects and malformed somites and are caudally truncated. Development of the heart arrests at the looped heart tube stage, with cardiovascular defects indicated by ballooning of the pericardial sac and the pooling of blood in various regions of the embryo. Interestingly, in nt embryos, the direction of heart looping was randomized. Nodal and lefty, two genes that are normally expressed only in the left lateral plate mesoderm, show expression in the right and left lateral plate mesoderm. Lefty, which is normally also expressed in the floorplate, is not found in the prospective floorplate of nt embryos. This suggests the possibility of notochordal defects. This was confirmed by histological analysis and the examination of sonic hedgehog, Brachyury, and HNF-3b gene expression. These studies showed that the notochord is present in the early nt embryo, but degenerates as development progresses. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that the notochord plays an active role in left/right patterning. Our results suggest that nt may participate in this process by modulating the notochordal expression of HNF-3b. q 1998 Academic Press
Algorithms for Solving Production-Scheduling Problems

Algorithms are developed for solving problems to minimize the length of production schedules. The algorithms generate anyone, or all, schedules of a particular subset of all possible schedules, called the active schedules. This subset contains, in turn, a subset of the optimal schedules. It is further shown that every optimal schedule is equivalent to an active optimal schedule. Computational experience with the algorithms shows that it is practical, in problems of small size, to generate the complete set of all active schedules and to pick the optimal schedules directly from this set and, when this is not practical, to random sample from the bet of all active schedules and, thus, to produce schedules that are optimal with a probability as close to unity as is desired. The basic algorithm can also generate the particular schedules produced by well-known machine loading rules.
Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats

Bacterial pneumonia is a common clinical diagnosis in dogs but seems to occur less commonly in cats. Underlying causes include viral infection, aspiration injury, and foreign body inhalation. Identification of the organisms involved in disease, appropriate use of antibiotics and adjunct therapy, and control of risk factors for pneumonia improve management.
A better dynamic broadcasting protocol for video-on-demand

Dynamic broadcasting protocols for video-on-demand combine features of reactive and proactive distribution protocols to offer good performance over a wide range of request arrival rates. We present a new dynamic broadcasting protocol based upon the fast broadcasting and the new pagoda broadcasting protocols. At low to medium arrival rates, our dynamic fast-pagoda broadcasting protocol performs as well as the best reactive protocols. Its bandwidth requirements at high arrival rates are within ten percent of those of the best static broadcasting protocols.
Digital Signal Processing of the Wideband External Pulse Recorded During Cuff Deflation: a New Way to Measure Blood Pressure

A new method of measuring blood pressure (BP) is presented. This technique involves automatic analysis of the wideband external pulse (WEP) recorded by a pressure sensor positioned over the brachial artery during standard BP cuff deflation. Three distinct components of this "K" or "WEP" signal can be defined: K1, K2, and K3 [1]. Each component has a different shape and "appearance/disappearance" property. K1 is a low frequency inaudible signal present with cuff pressure above systolic. The K2 signal appears at SP and disappears at DP (K2-algorithm) and can be used to measure BP. Using this property, the "K2-algorithm" has been shown to be more accurate than the auscultatory technique [1]. To implement an automatic measurement using the K2-algorithm, signal processing techniques are applied to K signals.
Oligopsonistic Landlords, Segmented Labor Markets, and the Persistence of Tied-Labor Contracts

This article examines contractual labor arrangements in agrarian economies that persist as a consequence of market power on the part of landlords faced with output uncertainty. We show that a segmented labor market characterized by tied-labor contracts and involuntary unemployment in the lean season are optimal as compared to a labor hiring arrangement that guarantees full employment of labor in both seasons. Government intervention in the form of a specific subsidy targeted toward the hiring of permanent laborers may raise the welfare of all laborers while a specific subsidy directed toward the hiring of casual laborers or the institution of relief programs that absorb the rural unemployed in the lean season leads to the casual laborers in the economy being worse off. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Why Do People Use Social Media? Empirical Findings and a New Theoretical Framework for Social Media Goal Pursuit

Why do people use social media? We examine how and why people use social media in the context of their basic needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, intrinsic and external motivations, and well-being perceptions. Results show that motivations differentially drive social media goal pursuit, and users with different primary social media goals differ in perceptions of well-being. Using these results, we develop a testable theoretical framework for social media goals defined by two higher-order dimensions that contrast the primary focus of the online interaction with the primary direction of the online interaction. The framework may be useful to further understanding of the relationship between users’ social media behaviors and subjective well-being in the context of their fundamental needs and motives.
DDT and Related Compounds and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer

Background A cohort mortality study among 5886 chemical manufacturing workers was completed in 1987 and showed increased mortality due to pancreatic cancer. Purpose We conducted a nested case-control study of pancreatic cancer among these chemical manufacturing workers to identify risk factors for this disease. Methods Twenty-eight verified cases of pancreatic cancer and 112 matched controls were studied. Next of kin of each subject were interviewed to determine lifestyle factors, including tobacco, alcohol, and coffee consumption. Written work records and interviews with co-workers were used to determine chemical exposures at the plant under study. Results DDT was associated with pancreatic cancer (risk ratio [RR] for ever exposed compared with never exposed = 4.8; 95% confidence interval = 1.3-17.6). Among subjects who had a mean exposure to DDT of 47 months, the risk was 7.4 times that among subjects with no exposure. Two DDT derivatives, Ethylan and DDD, were additionally associated with pancreatic cancer (RR = 5.0 and 4.3, respectively); exposures to these two chemicals were correlated, and it was not possible to determine whether each acted independently of the other. Smoking was identified as an independent risk factor, but controlling for smoking (and other potential confounders) in the analyses did not appreciably alter the risks seen for DDT, DDD, or Ethylan. Conclusions Exposure to DDT was associated with pancreatic cancer. The association was not explained by exposure to lifestyle factors or other chemicals, and risk increased with both duration of exposure and latency since first exposure. Implications These results may indicate that DDT can cause pancreatic cancer in humans under circumstances of heavy and prolonged exposure.
Oral Disopyramide for the Acute Treatment of Severe Outflow Obstruction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the ICU Setting

When severe COPD and obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) coexist, management is challenging and complex. Drug contraindications limit pharmacologic options. Patients may not be candidates for surgical septal myectomy due to severe pulmonary disease. We describe a case of an elderly woman with severe reactive COPD who presented with an infectious exacerbation and dyspnea that progressed to near intubation due to heart failure from coexistent obstructive HCM. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed massive asymmetric septal hypertrophy and a diffusely hyperkinetic left ventricle with a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient of 92 mm Hg. Two and a half hours after oral administration of disopyramide, LVOT gradient had decreased to 25 mm Hg with a corresponding immediate improvement in symptoms.
Mass casualty disasters: who should run the show?

Abstract Background A clear command structure ensures quality patient care despite overwhelmed resources during a mass casualty incident (MCI). The American College of Surgeons has stated that surgeons should strive to occupy these leadership roles. Objective We sought to identify whether surgeons, as compared to emergency physicians, are sufficiently prepared to assume command in the event of a mass disaster. Methods We surveyed hospital-affiliated surgeons and emergency physicians to assess their knowledge of MCI response principles and to gauge opinions regarding who should be in charge during a disaster. Results One hundred and forty-nine (58%) surveys were completed, 78 by surgeons and 71 by emergency physicians. Both groups demonstrated a critical lack of knowledge regarding fundamental principles and key logistical components of preparedness and MCI response. Surgeons as a group were even less prepared than emergency physicians. Of those surgeons who had reviewed their hospital's disaster plan, half (50%) still did not know where to report for an MCI activation. Nonetheless, both groups believed they had sufficient training and both asserted they ought to occupy command positions during a disaster scenario. Conclusions Errors in disaster triage have been known to increase mortality as well as the monetary cost of disaster response. Funding exists to improve hospital preparedness, but surgeons are lagging behind emergency physicians in taking advantage of these opportunities. Overall, it is imperative that physicians improve their understanding of the MCI response protocols they will be tasked to implement should disaster strike.
The Impacts Of The U.S. Financial Crisis On Financial Markets In Asia And Europe

This study is to examine the impacts of the U.S. financial crisis (2008) on a few financial markets in Asia and Europe in the framework of vector auto-regressive model. This study uses daily returns of the stock market indexes during January 2005-February 2010. Some important findings are: 1) the U.S. market became more integrated with Asian markets during the crisis but less integrated with European markets; 2) the U.S. influence remained strong in both Asia and Europe during the U.S. crisis; 3) the speed of adjustments increased in some markets but decreased in other markets; and 4) there were observed strong spillover effects from the U.S. to other markets during the crisis. The overall results suggest that there still exist much diversification benefits to be exploited in European markets but not much in Asian market.
An iterative approach to synthesize data transformation programs

Programming-by-Example approaches allow users to transform data by simply entering the target data. However, current methods do not scale well to complicated examples, where there are many examples or the examples are long. In this paper, we present an approach that exploits the fact that users iteratively provide examples. It reuses the previous subprograms to improve the efficiency in generating new programs. We evaluated the approach with a variety of transformation scenarios. The results show that the approach significantly reduces the time used to generate the transformation programs, especially in complicated scenarios.
DESIGN OF THIN-WALLED LAMINATED COMPOSITE BEAMS TO RESIST BUCKLING

column design curves are presented for composite beams with channel cross sections. The results show buckling by pure bending and by bendingtorsion coupled modes can occur and that transitions among modes are governed by structural parameters.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF ROLE CONFLICT, ROLE AMBIGUITY, AND WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT WITH DIFFERENT FACETS OF JOB SATISFACTION AND THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF GENDER

The effects of role conflict, role ambiguity, and work–family conflict on overall salesperson job satisfaction have been examined in previous studies across work settings. Less attention has been given to the interrelationships between role conflict, role ambiguity, and work–family conflict with various facets of job satisfaction. The moderating role of gender has also received relatively little attention in the sales force management literature than it may warrant. In a study of 129 business-to-business salespeople, it was found that the relationships of work-related role stress and work–family conflict were different for the various facets of job satisfaction. Further, there were significant differences among these relationships between male and female salespeople. Sales management implications of these findings are presented and topics for future research are identified
Recent Study of Greek Religion in the Archaic through Hellenistic Periods

This article reviews recent literature in the field of Greek religion from approximately 800 to 150 bce. It notes the long-standing connections between the study of Greek religion and the religions...
THE ROLE OF VENOM DELIVERY STRATEGIES IN SNAKE EVOLUTION

The recent proposal that front-fanged venom delivery systems have been derived independently from the rear-fanged condition at least five times in the history of snakes (Savitsky, 1978) suggests the need for a reassessment of the role of venom delivery in ophidian history. Despite the fact that serous oral glands have long been known in aglyphous (fangless) and opisthoglyphous (rear-fanged) members of the family Colubridae (see Taub, 1967, p. 1618 for a historical resume), venom delivery has been ascribed a major role only in the evolution of front-fanged snakes. The latter group embraces two polyphyletic assemblages, the solenoglyphs (such as vipers, pit vipers, and mole vipers) with relatively kinetic fang-bearing maxillae, and the proteroglyphs (such as cobras, coral snakes, and seasnakes), which generally possess less mobile maxillae. Both groups possess specialized glands for the secretion and storage of venom and gland-deforming musculature to aid in delivering the venom. My premise is that envenomation has been a key adaptation in determining the success of all of the higher snakes. Furthermore, although envenomation is not the first innovative feeding strategy in ophidian history, its special role in the adaptive radiation of advanced snakes derives from a complex morphological response to changing environmental conditions that embraced both the locomotor and feeding systems of snakes. The current fluid nature of ophidian
Timing of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma Patients: A Single-Institution Experience With More Than 400 Patients.

Abstract The standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) is maximal safe resection followed by adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). To investigate whether the timing of adjuvant RT after surgery affected outcome in patients with GBM. We retrospectively reviewed all patients with a diagnosis of GBM at our institution. A total of 447 patients were included in our analysis. Patients were divided into 3 equal groups based on the interval between surgery and RT. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Patients who began RT less than 21 days after surgery tended to be older, have a lower a Karnofsky Performance Status score, and higher recursive partitioning analysis class. These patients were more likely to have undergone biopsy only and received 3-dimensional conformal RT or 2-dimensional RT. The median OS for patients who started RT less than 21 days after surgery, between 21 and 32 days after surgery, and more than 32 days after surgery was 374, 465, and 478 days, respectively (P = .004). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, Karnofsky Performance Status score lower than 70, undergoing biopsy only, recursive partitioning analysis classes IV and V/VI, use of less than 36 Gy RT, and lack of TMZ chemotherapy were predictors of worse OS. The interval between surgery and RT was not significantly associated with OS on multivariate analysis. Patients who begin RT less than 21 days after surgery tend to have worse prognostic factors than those who begin RT later. When accounting for significant covariates, the effect of timing between surgery and RT is not significant. GBM, glioblastomaGTR, gross total resectionIDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1MGMT, O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferaseOS, overall survivalRPA, recursive partitioning analysisRT, radiation therapySTR, subtotal resectionTMZ, temozolomide.
Capillary Electrophoresis of DNA from Cannabis sativa for Correlation of Samples to Geographic Origin

For routine genetic analysis of Cannabis sativa, two methods are currently in use, (a) AFLP; amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and (b) STR; short tandem repeat analysis. The AFLP method used on capillary electrophoresis instrumentation is fully described in this chapter. AFLP analysis generates numerous nonspecific marker fragments for a complex DNA pattern and is available in kit format for quality assurance of reagents. This method is particularly useful when discerning the genetics of highly inbred plant species that may share much of the same DNA with only slight differences due to their common genetic background. AFLP analysis, however, is most effective on fresh or well-preserved plant specimens where the integrity of the DNA is high and the sample is a single source specimen (i.e., not a mixture of plants or different species).
Point Source Super-resolution Via Non-convex $$L_1$$L1 Based Methods

We study the super-resolution (SR) problem of recovering point sources consisting of a collection of isolated and suitably separated spikes from only the low frequency measurements. If the peak separation is above a factor in (1, 2) of the Rayleigh length (physical resolution limit), $$L_1$$L1 minimization is guaranteed to recover such sparse signals. However, below such critical length scale, especially the Rayleigh length, the $$L_1$$L1 certificate no longer exists. We show several local properties (local minimum, directional stationarity, and sparsity) of the limit points of minimizing two $$L_1$$L1 based nonconvex penalties, the difference of $$L_1$$L1 and $$L_2$$L2 norms ($$L_{1-2}$$L1-2) and capped $$L_1$$L1 (C$$L_1$$L1), subject to the measurement constraints. In one and two dimensional numerical SR examples, the local optimal solutions from difference of convex function algorithms outperform the global $$L_1$$L1 solutions near or below Rayleigh length scales either in the accuracy of ground truth recovery or in finding a sparse solution satisfying the constraints more accurately.
A picture is worth a thousand words: needs assessment for multimedia radiology reports in a large tertiary care medical center.

Rationale and Objectives Radiology reports are the major, and often only, means of communication between radiologists and their referring clinicians. The purposes of this study are to identify referring physicians' preferences about radiology reports and to quantify their perceived value of multimedia reports (with embedded images) compared with narrative text reports. Materials and Methods We contacted 1800 attending physicians from a range of specialties at large tertiary care medical center via e-mail and a hospital newsletter linking to a 24-question electronic survey between July and November 2012. One hundred sixty physicians responded, yielding a response rate of 8.9%. Survey results were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). Results Of the 160 referring physicians respondents, 142 (89%) indicated a general interest in reports with embedded images and completed the remainder of the survey questions. Of 142 respondents, 103 (73%) agreed or strongly agreed that reports with embedded images could improve the quality of interactions with radiologists; 129 respondents (91%) agreed or strongly agreed that having access to significant images enhances understanding of a text-based report; 110 respondents (77%) agreed or strongly agreed that multimedia reports would significantly improve referring physician satisfaction; and 85 respondents (60%) felt strongly or very strongly that multimedia reports would significantly improve patient care and outcomes. Conclusions Creating accessible, readable, and automatic multimedia reports should be a high priority to enhance the practice and satisfaction of referring physicians, improve patient care, and emphasize the critical role radiology plays in current medical care.
Twists and turns in gating ion channels with voltage

The discovery of mutations that make flies shake or dance was a major breakthrough in neuroscience ( 1 ) because it led to the identification of genes for an array of ion channels that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. The gene mutated in the dancing flies, christened “Ether-a-go-go” (EAG) because the flies move like go-go dancers in response to ether ( 2 ), encodes the founding member of the KCNH family of voltage-activated potassium (Kv) channels, which play critical roles in regulating excitability, irregular heartbeat (cardiac long QT syndrome), epilepsy, and cancer ( 3 ). On page 664 of this issue, Whicher and MacKinnon ( 4 ) solve the structure of the EAG (KCNH1) Kv channel bound to calmodulin (CaM) and discover an unanticipated mechanism by which voltage controls the process of channel opening and closing.
Immunomodulation of C3H/HeJ cells by endotoxin associated protein and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin.

Selected outer membrane polypeptides from Gram-negative bacteria are associated with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) upon extraction of the organism by the trichloracetic acid method (1). This endotoxin associated protein (EP) when purified is known to be a potent polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes from mice and humans and can act as a potent adjuvant as well (2–4). However, the mechanism by which EP acts as an immunomodulator has not been elucidated. On the other hand, some of the early events initiated by the cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin on B cells have been described which are believed to be important for inducing DNA synthesis. Anti-sIg antibodies stimulate the turnover of phosphatidyl inositol (PI) leading to an increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) which, in turn, induce the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the release of intracellular Ca++, respectively (5). In contrast, LPS acts like a DAG analogue directly causing the translocation and activation of PKC without changes in PI or Ca++ ions (5).
High Altitude Cosmic Ray Detection

Cosmic rays are high energy atomic nuclei travelling near the speed of light that collide with atoms and molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere (primarily with nitrogen and oxygen), breaking down into a shower of particles of various energies in the stratosphere. As they travel earthward, these particles continue to break down and lose energy which results in relatively little ionizing radiation reaching the surface. Due to the scattering of cosmic rays, the angle at which the rays enter the atmosphere can affect the number and energies of ionizing particles detected at various altitudes. When using a standard Geiger counter on a high altitude balloon flight, cosmic rays of all energies and orientations are counted in the same manner making it impossible to determine the origin and history of a particular detection. To improve cosmic ray measurements at Trevecca Nazarene University’s Near Space Research Program, an “off the shelf” Geiger-Muller tube (ranged from .5 to 50 mR/hour and referenced to Cs-137) was modified to restrict peripheral ionizing radiation detection. The tube, which was 1.5 inches long and .5 inches in diameter, was fitted with a lead casing measuring 3 inches in length. This would ideally restrict the detection field for lower energy particles to a range of 0o to 18.5o along the tube axis. Due to the instability of the Geiger counter’s position during high altitude flights, the data from the restricted detection field required a method of determining which direction the Geiger counter was pointing relative to the zenith. During the flights, the Geiger counter was logging its data on a micro-SD card through a “Pic Pod” circuit board created at Trevecca. This board was also fitted with a 3-axis gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer. By housing the circuit board and Geiger counter in fixed positions relative to each other during the flights, it was possible to use the data from the circuit board to determine the orientation of the Geiger counter. A LabVIEW program was created to translate the gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer data into a three dimensional orientation. It is expected that rays coming in from a small zenith angle would contain a higher level of energy since they would have travelled through less atmosphere. Early results showed that when data from the modified counter was compared against the data from a flight with an unaltered Geiger counter, the total counts were considerably less than with the standard Geiger tube. This suggests that the lead column was successful in blocking some, if not all, of the peripheral radiation. Unfortunately, due to a launch failure in the spring, we have limited data so far with the modified Geiger counter. We will present the current results from our collimated and uncollimated data and explain the direction of future research.
Differentiation of normal and pathological cells by pyrolysis-GLC

Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC) studies were carried out on a variety of mammalian primary cells and cultured cells. Pyrochromatograms of normal and pathological cells showed substantial differences.
Dynorphin-A alters the excitability of pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus in vitro.

The effects of dynorphin-A (Dyn) and [Leu5]-enkephalin (Enk) were compared in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation, using extracellular field potential and intracellular voltage recordings. In the CAl region, Dyn, like Enk, consistently increased the size of the extracellularly recorded population spike (PS) evoked by stratum radiatum (StR) stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals. These responses were naloxone reversible. In contrast, in the CA3 region, Dyn both increased and decreased the PSs evoked by mossy fiber stimulation, whereas Enk slightly enhanced the PS. Intracellular rrecordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons (HPNs) revealed both excitatory and inhibitory actions of Dyn of spontaneous activity. Associated membrane potential changes were variable. In contrast, Enk had only weak effects on spontaneous activity and no effect on membrane potential. These data suggest regional differences in the effect of Dyn and Enk on hippocampal activity.
A practical evaluation of free-text keystroke dynamics

Free text keystroke dynamics is a behavioral biometric that has the strong potential to offer unobtrusive and continuous user authentication. Unfortunately, due to the limited data availability, free text keystroke dynamics have not been tested adequately. Based on a novel large dataset of free text keystrokes from our ongoing data collection using behavior in natural settings, we present the first study to evaluate keystroke dynamics while respecting the temporal order of the data. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of different ways of forming a test sample using sessions, as well as a form of continuous authentication that is based on a sliding window on the keystroke time series. Instead of accumulating a new test sample of keystrokes, we update the previous sample with keystrokes that occur in the immediate past sliding window of n minutes. We evaluate sliding windows of 1 to 5, 10, and 30 minutes. Our best performer using a sliding window of 1 minute, achieves an FAR of 1% and an FRR of 11.5%. Lastly, we evaluate the sensitivity of the keystroke dynamics algorithm to short quick insider attacks that last only several minutes, by artificially injecting different portions of impostor keystrokes into the genuine test samples. For example, the evaluated algorithm is found to be able to detect insider attacks that last 2.5 minutes or longer, with a probability of 98.4%.