cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol effect on Umkehr ozone profiles using Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements

This study examines 1211 cases of coincident ozone profiles derived from 1164 Umkehrs and 928 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) profiles within 1000 km and 12 hours between October 1984 and April 1989 to study the stratospheric-aerosol effect on Umkehr ozone profiles. Because of the close correspondence of stratospheric aerosol optical depth at the SAGE II-measured 0.525-micrometer wavelength and the extrapolated 0.32 Umkehr wavelength determined in this study we use the 0.525-micrometer data to determine the aerosol effect on Umkehr profiles. At the 95% confidence level, we find the following errors to the Umkehr ozone amounts: in Umkehr layer 9 (-2.9 +/- 2.1), layer 8 (-2.3 +/- 1.1), layer 7 (0.1 +/- 1.1), layer 6 (2.2 +/- 1.0), layer 5 (-1.5 +/- 0.8), and layer 4 (-2.4 +/- 1.7) in percent ozone amount per 0.01 stratospheric aerosol optical depth. These results agree with previous theoretical and empirical studies within their respective error bounds in layers 9, 8, and 7. The results in layers 6, 5, and 4 differ significantly from those in previous works. Using only those eight stations with more than 47 coincidences results in mean aerosol effects that are not significantly different from the 14-station results. Because SAGE II and Umkehr produce different ozone retrievals in layer 9 and because the intralayer correlation of SAGE II ozone and aerosol in layer 9 is nonzero, one must exercise some caution in attributing the entire SAGE II-Umkehr difference in this layer to an aerosol effect.
DYSPHAGIA CAUSED BY NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS

Normal swallowing is a complex, dynamic neuromuscular activity that depends on a set of physiologic behaviors resulting in liquid and solid material moving efficiently and safely from the mouth to the stomach. Difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, may result from oropharyngeal or esophageal dysfunction. The largest proportion of patients with dysphagia have disorders localized to the oropharynx, 29 and the most severe forms of dysphagia also tend to affect the oropharynx. Whereas esophageal dysphagia usually results from an esophageal lesion, most often oropharyngeal dysphagia is linked to neurologic or muscular diseases, with oropharyngeal dysfunction representing one of a spectrum of findings. 28 More than 75% of cases of oropharyngeal dysphagia are caused by neuromuscular disorders involving the central nervous system (CNS). 59 The aim of this article is to review the neurologic lesions and conditions that account for the majority of oropharyngeal dysphagia cases. Nearly 30 years ago Donner and coworkers studied for the first time the association between swallowing abnormalities in patients with neurologic impairments and disruption of oropharyngeal swallowing physiology. 11 This work established that damage to the CNS at multiple levels, secondary to stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, results in swallowing dysfunction. More recent studies have characterized deficits of deglutition in specific groups of patients with CNS lesions. Before examining individual central nervous system lesions and their effects on swallowing, it is pertinent to briefly review the physiology behind normal swallowing.
CD28 Costimulation Mediates Down-Regulation of p27kip1 and Cell Cycle Progression by Activation of the PI3K/PKB Signaling Pathway in Primary Human T Cells

CD28 provides a costimulatory signal that cooperates with the TCR/CD3 complex to induce T cell activation, cytokine production, and clonal expansion. We have recently shown that CD28 directly regulates progression of T lymphocytes through the cell cycle. Although a number of signaling pathways have been linked to the TCR/CD3 and to CD28, it is not known how these two receptors cooperate to induce cell cycle progression. Here, using cell-permeable pharmacologic inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxykinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2), we show that cell cycle progression of primary T lymphocytes requires simultaneous activation of PI3K- and MEK1/2-dependent pathways. Decreased abundance of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1), which requires simultaneous TCR/CD3 and CD28 ligation, was dependent upon both MEK and PI3K activity. Ligation of TCR/CD3, but not CD28 alone, resulted in activation of MEK targets extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, whereas ligation of CD28 alone was sufficient for activation of PI3K target protein kinase B (PKB; c-Akt). CD28 ligation alone was also sufficient to mediate inactivating phosphorylation of PKB target glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Moreover, direct inactivation of GSK-3 by LiCl in the presence of anti-CD3, but not in the presence of anti-CD28, resulted in down-regulation of p27(kip1), hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product, and cellular proliferation. Thus, inactivation of the PI3K-PKB target GSK-3 could substitute for CD28 but not for CD3 signals. These results show that the PI3K-PKB pathway links CD28 to cell cycle progression and suggest that p27(kip1) integrates mitogenic MEK- and PI3K-dependent signals from TCR and CD28 in primary T lymphocytes.
A Collaborative Learning Community on Service-Learning in Energy Conservation and Efficiency

The Construction Management (CM) Program in Lyles College of Engineering (LCOE) at California State University, Fresno recently completed significant revisions in its undergraduate curriculum, which is now featuring handson sustainability education. Service-learning has become an integral component of three core courses at different levels: Freshman, sophomore, and senior. Each course mandates a minimum of 20-hour service-learning activities related to construction. In the fall of 2012, as part of the Southern California Gas Energy Efficiency and Education (EEE) Initiative, the CSU Center for Community Engagement awarded the CM Program a grant in support of the development of a collaborative learning community including CM faculty, university service-learning staff, students, and community-based organizations. The goal was to enhance the quality of servicelearning in energy conservation and efficiency. The CM faculty and community partners worked closely together throughout each semester to make continuous improvements in course contents and service-learning project activities. As a result students were provided with proper hands-on opportunities for deeper understanding of their course materials. This paper shares the learning outcomes from the community development in fall 2012 and spring 2013.
Establishment & characterization of lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with multiple primary neoplasms in the upper aero-digestive tract & healthy individuals

Background & objectives: A major drawback for genetic studies as well as long-term genotype-phenotype correlation studies in cancer is lack of representative human cell lines providing a continuous source of basic biomolecules and a system to carry out various experimental investigations. This can be overcome to some extent by establishing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) by infecting peripheral blood lymphocytes with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) which is known to immortalize human resting B cells in vitro giving rise to actively proliferating B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. The present study involves preparation and characterization of LCLs generated from patients with multiple primary neoplasms (MPN) of upper aero-digestive tract (UADT). Methods: Thirty seven LCLs were established from UADT MPN patients and healthy age, sex and habit matched controls using EBV crude stock. Characterization was done with respect to expression of CD19 (Pan B-cell marker), CD3 (T cell specific marker), CD56 (NK-cell specific marker), cell morphology, ploidy analysis, genotype and gene expression comparison with the parent lymphocytes.
Effects of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and silk clipping in field corn.

ABSTRACT Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is an emerging silk-feeding insect found in fields in the lower Corn Belt and Midsouthern United States. Studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate how silk clipping in corn affects pollination and yield parameters. Manually clipping silks once daily had modest effects on yield parameters. Sustained clipping by either manually clipping silks three times per day or by caging Japanese beetles onto ears affected total kernel weight if it occurred during early silking (R1 growth stage). Manually clipping silks three times per day for the first 5 d of silking affected the number of kernels per ear, total kernel weight, and the weight of individual kernels. Caged beetles fed on silks and, depending on the number of beetles caged per ear, reduced the number of kernels per ear. Caging eight beetles per ear significantly reduced total kernel weight compared with noninfested ears. Drought stress before anthesis appeared to magnify the impact of silk clipp...
Numerical Modeling of Reflux Solar Receivers

Using reflux solar receivers to collect solar energy for dish-Stirling electric power generation systems is presently being investigated by several organizations, including Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex. In support of this program, Sandia has developed two numerical models describing the thermal performance of pool-boiler and heat-pipe reflux receivers. Both models are applicable to axisymmetric geometries and they both consider the radiative and convective energy transfer within the receiver cavity, the conductive and convective energy transfer from the receiver housing, and the energy transfer to the receiver working fluid. The primary difference between the models is the level of detail in modeling the heat conduction through the receiver walls. The more detailed model uses a two-dimensional finite control volume method, whereas the simpler model uses a one-dimensional thermal resistance approach. The numerical modeling concepts presented are applicable to conventional tube-type solar receivers, as well as to reflux receivers. Good agreement between the two models is demonstrated by comparing the predicted and measured performance of a pool-boiler reflux receiver being tested at Sandia. For design operating conditions, the receiver thermal efficiencies agree within 1 percent and the average receiver cavity temperature within 1.3 percent. The thermal efficiency and receiver temperatures predictedmore » by the simpler thermal resistance model agree well with experimental data from on-sun tests of the Sandia reflux pool-boiler receiver. An analysis of these comparisons identifies several plausible explanations for the differences between the predicted results and the experimental data.« less
Teaching Peace: Lessons from a Peace Studies Curriculum of the Progressive Era

The historical roots of peace education as a school reform movement can be traced to the progressive era in the United States. This essay offers a content analysis of the first comprehensive peace education curriculum, published in 1914 by the American School Peace League, under the direction of Fannie Fern Andrews. Examining the curriculum raises fundamental questions about the teacher's role in social change; it also reveals ideological tensions within the peace movement of the WorldWar I period.
DNA Inversion on Conjugative Plasmid pVT745

Conservative site-specific recombination is an important class of genetic rearrangements distinct from general recombination, as it requires only a short region of sequence identity. Site-specific recombinases can be grouped into two families (reviewed in references 4, 19, and 25). The integrase family is characterized by its ability to catalyze inversions, deletions, and intermolecular reactions with nearly equal frequencies. The resolvase/invertase family promotes the resolution of cointegrate intermediates and inversions. The frequency of recombination between two different molecules is extremely low in the resolvase/invertase family. Members of this latter family can be divided into three subfamilies: resolvases (Tn3 family), resolvase-invertases, and invertases (Din family). Resolvases and invertases employ similar reaction mechanisms during recombination. However, whereas resolvases bind to two directly repeated sites, invertases require the presence of two inverted repeats (IR) and a host factor that binds to a cis-acting, enhancer-type DNA sequence. Resolvases and invertases have been identified on a variety of bacterial plasmids of gram-positive and gram-negative origins. They have been shown to play a role in plasmid partition (reviewed in reference 17) and plasmid replication (3, 7). In addition, phase variation in prokaryotes has been associated with DNA inversions catalyzed by site-specific recombinases encoded on phage, chromosomal, or plasmid DNA (for reviews see references 14 and 19). Complex DNA rearrangements in which multiple DNA segments can invert independently or in groups have been described for p15B (16), as well as for IncI1 and IncI2 plasmids (for review see reference 19). One of the best-characterized multiple-DNA inversion systems is the shufflon of conjugative plasmid R64, which controls mating frequencies of the plasmid to different recipients by changing a component of the pilus (19). Plasmid pVT745 is one of few plasmids isolated from the gram-negative periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (20). DNA nucleotide base sequence analysis revealed functions related to conjugation, replication, and replicon stability on the 25-kb size plasmid (12). Conjugative transfer of pVT745 from its host, VT745, to other A. actinomycetemcomitans strains or Escherichia coli was shown at a low frequency of 10−5 to 10−6 (12). Despite its conjugative properties, the plasmid has not been found in any clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans other than VT745. However, remnants of pVT745 DNA were detected on the chromosomes of various A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (22). Analysis of the DNA sequence of pVT745 identified the presence of a gene, AA01, which showed a high degree of similarity to the Din family of site-specific recombinases (12). The objective of this study was to determine the functional and biological role of the pVT745-specific recombinase.
GENETIC DRIFT AND ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE

The statistical properties of the standardized variance of gene frequency changes (a quantity equivalent to Wright's inbreeding coefficient) in a random mating population are studied, and new formulae for estimating the effective population size are developed. The accuracy of the formulae depends on the ratio of sample size to effective size, the number of generations involved (t), and the number of loci or alleles used. It is shown that the standardized variance approximately follows the chi(2) distribution unless t is very large, and the confidence interval of the estimate of effective size can be obtained by using this property. Application of the formulae to data from an isolated population of Dacus oleae has shown that the effective size of this population is about one tenth of the minimum census size, though there was a possibility that the procedure of sampling genes was improper.
Indirect measurement of Hermes III voltage

The peak voltages estimated at the HERMES III diode using the parapotential flow theory, the range of H/sup -/ ions, and the radiation output are 20.5+or-0.4 MV, 18.5+or-0.6 MV, and 18.1+or-0.6 MV, respectively. The values correspond to the mean shot-to-shot variation of about 20 shots. The absolute uncertainty is estimated to be about +or-10% for each of the measurements. Within these uncertainties, the measurements are consistent with each other. Associated measurements of peak voltage along the MITL (magnetically insulated transmission line) support the measured diode voltage and show that HERMES III operates as a balanced system, with each cavity contributing equally to the power pulse at the diode. >
Oral Rehydration Solution for Acute Diarrhea Prevents Subsequent Unscheduled Follow-up Visits

Background. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for the treatment of acute diarrhea remain an underutilized therapy in the United States, despite multiple clinical trials confirming their efficacy and safety. Economic barriers to their use have been identified. Objective. To determine whether providing ORS to patients at the time of their office visit for acute diarrhea can increase ORS utilization and reduce unscheduled follow-up visits. Design. Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting. Seven health centers of a large health maintenance organization. Participants. Children ( N = 479) 0 to 60 months of age with acute diarrhea (at least three watery or loose stools in the previous 24 hours for ≤7 days). Intervention. Prescription for 2 quarts of ORS filled for free at on-site pharmacy plus written instructions versus written instructions alone. Primary Outcome Measures. Self-reported use of ORS; unscheduled follow-up visits in office, urgent care, and/or emergency department setting. Results. Subjects in the intervention group were significantly more likely to use ORS after the initial office visit (85% vs 71%; RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08–1.32). Of the standard treatment group subjects, 40 (17.3%) sought unscheduled follow-up care for diarrhea versus 27 (10.9%) of the intervention group subjects (RR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40–0.99). Subjects seeking unscheduled follow-up care tended to younger (15.7 vs 19.4 months old), have more stools (7.1 vs 6.2 stools), and more vomiting episodes (4.1 vs 3.0) in the 24 hours before initial evaluation than those not seeking unscheduled follow-up care. Multivariate analysis showed that randomization to the intervention group was associated with a 25% reduction in unscheduled follow-up visits for acute diarrhea. Conclusions. Providing ORS to families at the time of their office visit for acute diarrhea is associated with a significant increase in ORS use and substantially reduces the need for unscheduled follow-up visits. Health maintenance organizations should consider routine provision of ORS to children presenting with acute diarrhea.
Gene Expression Profiling in Uveal Melanoma Reveals Two Molecular Classes and Predicts Metastatic Death

Melanomas are notoriously difficult to classify because of a lack of discrete clinical and pathological stages. Here, we show that primary uveal melanomas surprisingly cluster into two distinct molecular classes based on gene expression profile. Genes that discriminate class 1 (low-grade) from class 2 (high-grade) include highly significant clusters of down-regulated genes on chromosome 3 and up-regulated genes on chromosome 8q, which is consistent with previous cytogenetic studies. A three-gene signature allows biopsy-size tumor samples to be assigned accurately to tumor classes using either array or PCR platforms. Most importantly, this molecular classification strongly predicts metastatic death and outperforms other clinical and pathological prognostic indicators. These studies offer new insights into melanoma pathogenesis, and they provide a practical foundation for effective clinical predictive testing.
Use of a Resistive SQUID for Noise Thermometry

The recently-developed international temperature scale, ITS 90, does not extend below 0.65K. However, a considerable body of research, particularly that devoted to defining the physical properties of liquid 3He, has been conducted below this temperature without benefit of a common temperature scale. Accordingly, we have been developing a temperature scale in this region. The primary thermometer used in this effort is a special form of noise thermometer consisting of a resistively- shunted Josephson junction, or an R-SQUID. The R-SQUID offers advantages over conventional analogue noise thermometry in that the influence of the measuring circuits on the measured noise temperature is considerably reduced. A review is given of the decade of experience gained at NIST in the operation of this thermometer and in modelling its systematic errors. The reproducibility of the temperatures measured using the R-SQUID noise thermometer will also be presented, as well as comparisons of the noise temperature scale with scales defined by other thermometers.
Some Discrete Competition Models and the Competitive Exclusion Principle

A difference equation model, called that Leslie/Gower model, played a key historical role in laboratory experiments that helped establish the “competitive exclusion principle” in ecology. We show that this model has the same dynamic scenarios as the famous Lotka/Volterra (differential equation) competition model. It is less well known that some anomalous results from the experiments seem to contradict the exclusion principle and Lotka/Volterra dynamics. We give an example of a competition model that has non-Lotka/Volterra dynamics that are consistent with the anomalous case.
The energetics of a three-state protein folding system probed by high-pressure relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy.

The energetic and volumetric properties of a three-state protein folding system, comprising a metastable triple mutant of the Fyn SH3 domain, have been investigated using pressure-dependent 15N-relaxation dispersion NMR from 1 to 2500 bar. Changes in partial molar volumes (ΔV) and isothermal compressibilities (ΔκT) between all the states along the folding pathway have been determined to reasonable accuracy. The partial volume and isothermal compressibility of the folded state are 100 mL mol−1 and 40 μL mol−1 bar−1, respectively, higher than those of the unfolded ensemble. Of particular interest are the findings related to the energetic and volumetric properties of the on-pathway folding intermediate. While the latter is energetically close to the unfolded state, its volumetric properties are similar to those of the folded protein. The compressibility of the intermediate is larger than that of the folded state reflecting the less rigid nature of the former relative to the latter.
The method of fault diagnosis based on NMF and SVM

As a new method of multivariate statistic analysis, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been proposed for dealing with non-negative data. The results of NMF are non-negative and can be interpreted and understood easily, so they have specific physical meaning. In the production process, most data are non-negative. Due to this situation, a method of fault diagnosis based on NMF and SVM is presented in this paper. An on-line process monitoring model is built through NMF, and multi-fault classifiers are trained by SVM. The faults which are monitored by on-line monitoring model will be confirmed and identified by the fault classifiers. The simulation results of three water tank system show the effectiveness of this method.
Enzyme Function Classification Using Protein Sequence Features and Random Forest

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze bio-chemical reactions in different ways and play important roles in metabolic pathways. The exponential rise in sequences of new enzymes has necessitated developing methods that accurately predict their function. To address this problem, approaches that cluster enzymes based on their sequence and structural similarity have been applied, but are known to fail for dissimilar proteins that perform the same function. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach to accurately predict the main function class of enzymes based on a unique set of 73 sequence-derived features. Our features can be extracted using freely available online tools. We used different multi-class classifiers to categorize enzyme protein sequences into one of the NC-IUBMB defined six main function classes. Amongst the classifiers, Random Forest reported the best results with an overall accuracy of 88% and precision and recall in the range of 84% to 93% and 82% to 93% respectively. Our results compare favorably with existing methods, and in some cases report better performance. Random Forest has been proven to be a very efficient data mining algorithm. This paper is first in exploring their application to enzyme function prediction. The datasets can be accessed online at the location: http://cholera.ece.northwestern.edu/EnzyPredict.
Zero Energy Potential of High-Rise Residential Buildings

This study aims to determine the zero energy potential of high-rise residential buildings based on the energy use of recently occupied apartments. Among the 33 newly built apartment complexes which...
1‐Bromomethoxy‐4‐chlorobutane

[53970-36-8] C5H10BrClO (MW 201.49) InChI = 1S/C5H10BrClO/c6-5-8-4-2-1-3-7/h1-5H2 InChIKey = YBPFSHFFOOIBAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (bromomethylating agent) Physical Data: bp 94 °C/5 mmHg. Preparative Method: can be prepared by treating 4-chloro-1-butanol with Paraformaldehyde and dry Hydrogen Bromide.1 Subsequent aqueous workup, separation, and distillation provides the desired product in 49% yield. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is much less volatile and therefore more convenient and safer compared to traditional halomethylating agents such as Chloromethyl Methyl Ether, but it is still a potential carcinogenic compound. Thus, caution should be exercised while handling this compound. Use in a fume hood.
Climatic and Tidal Forcing of Hydrography and Chlorophyll Concentrations in the Columbia River Estuary

Hydrographic patterns and chlorophyll concentrations in the Columbia River estuary were compared for spring and summer periods during 2004 through 2006. Riverine and oceanic sources of chlorophyll were evaluated at stations along a 27-km along-estuary transect in relation to time series of wind stress, river flow, and tidal stage. Patterns of chlorophyll concentration varied between seasons and years. In spring, the chlorophyll distribution was dominated by high concentrations from freshwater sources. Periods of increased stream flow limited riverine chlorophyll production. In summer, conversely, upwelling winds induced input of high-salinity water from the ocean to the estuary, and this water was often associated with relatively high chlorophyll concentrations. The frequency, duration, and intensity of upwelling events varied both seasonally and interannually, and this variation affected the timing and magnitude of coastally derived material imported to the estuary. The main source of chlorophyll thus varied from riverine in spring to coastal in summer. In both spring and summer seasons and among years, modulation of the spring/neap tidal cycle determined stratification, patterns of mixing, and the fate of (especially freshwater) phytoplankton. Spring tides had higher mixing and neap tides greater stratification, which affected the vertical distribution of chlorophyll. The Columbia River differs from the more tidally dominated coastal estuaries in the Pacific Northwest by its large riverine phytoplankton production and transfer of this biogenic material to the estuary and coastal ocean. However, all Pacific Northwest coastal estuaries investigated to date have exhibited advection of coastally derived chlorophyll during the upwelling season. This constitutes a fundamental difference between Pacific Northwest estuaries and systems not bounded by a coastal upwelling zone.
Phagocytosis and Related Phenomena

Phagocytosis in leukocytes has been shown to be accompanied by the stimulation of a number of metabolic functions. The process is dependent for the energy required on some of these changes, while others are simply concomitants of particle ingestion [1, 2, 3, 4]. There are reports in the literature to the effect that various substances, such as endotoxin for example, cause metabolic changes in leukocytes that are similar to those seen during phagocytosis [5, 6]. The present study has extended these observations and has attempted to utilize the agents that stimulate the cells as a possible “probe” of the cell membrane and as a means for exploring the events that occur when phagocytosis is initiated, i.e., the “trigger” events. These studies have involved several cell types (polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes from the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs and rabbits, guinea pig alveolar macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages). They have been pursued by following metabolic changes and by making observations with the electron microscope. The guinea pig neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes, on which the largest amount of metabolic data are already available for the phagocytic event, have been subjected to the closest examination with respect to the action of agents at concentrations around 25µg./ml.
Marvin Perry and Frederick M. Schweitzer. Anti-Semitism. Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present . New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002. x, 309 pp.

What seemed just barely possible when Leon Poliakov undertook to write a complete history of anti-Semitism in the mid-1970s would strike most serious historians as the height of folly today. The torrent of specialized studies of the subject in the past quarter-century, covering every period, culture, and continent, may have rendered such a project all but impossible. Even before Poliakov completed his fourth volume, Jacob Katz had wisely decided to confine his classic, From Prejudice to Destruction (1980), to Europe, 1700–1933. Yet there is a need for general treatments of the topic, if only to keep it from disappearing into the forest of ever-narrowing monographs and to help non-specialists make sense of a problem that shows no sign of going away.
The Effects of Friction and β on Finite-Amplitude Baroclinic Waves

Abstract A linear and finite-amplitude analysis of the baroclinic instability of a zonal current is presented. Both the β effect and viscosity are included. A small but finite amount of dissipation destabilizes the system, lowering the curve of marginal stability by an O(1) amount. In the limit of vanishing viscosity, steady unstable waves of finite amplitude are discovered for shears which are subcritical with respect to the inviscid criterion.
A genetic screen for modifiers of Drosophila decapentaplegic signaling identifies mutations in punt, Mothers against dpp and the BMP-7 homologue, 60A

decapentaplegic (dpp) is a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta)-related growth factor that controls multiple developmental processes in Drosophila. To identify components involved in dpp signaling, we carried out a genetic screen for dominant enhancer mutations of a hypomorphic allele of thick veins (tkv), a type I receptor for dpp. We recovered new alleles of tkv, punt, Mothers against dpp (Mad) and Medea (Med), all of which are known to mediate dpp signaling. We also recovered mutations in the 60A gene which encodes another TGF-beta-related factor in Drosophila. DNA sequence analysis established that all three 60A alleles were nonsense mutations in the prodomain of the 60A polypeptide. These mutations in 60A caused defects in midgut morphogenesis and fat body differentiation. We present evidence that when dpp signaling is compromised, lowering the level of 60A impairs several dpp-dependent developmental processes examined, including the patterning of the visceral mesoderm, the embryonic ectoderm and the imaginal discs. These results provide the first in vivo evidence for the involvement of 60A in the dpp pathway. We propose that 60A activity is required to maintain optimal signaling capacity of the dpp pathway, possibly by forming biologically active heterodimers with Dpp proteins.
Analyses of Coronavirus Assembly Interactions with Interspecies Membrane and Nucleocapsid Protein Chimeras

UNLABELLED The coronavirus membrane (M) protein is the central actor in virion morphogenesis. M organizes the components of the viral membrane, and interactions of M with itself and with the nucleocapsid (N) protein drive virus assembly and budding. In order to further define M-M and M-N interactions, we constructed mutants of the model coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in which all or part of the M protein was replaced by its phylogenetically divergent counterpart from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We were able to obtain viable chimeras containing the entire SARS-CoV M protein as well as mutants with intramolecular substitutions that partitioned M protein at the boundaries between the ectodomain, transmembrane domains, or endodomain. Our results show that the carboxy-terminal domain of N protein, N3, is necessary and sufficient for interaction with M protein. However, despite some previous genetic and biochemical evidence that mapped interactions with N to the carboxy terminus of M, it was not possible to define a short linear region of M protein sufficient for assembly with N. Thus, interactions with N protein likely involve multiple linearly discontiguous regions of the M endodomain. The SARS-CoV M chimera exhibited a conditional growth defect that was partially suppressed by mutations in the envelope (E) protein. Moreover, virions of the M chimera were markedly deficient in spike (S) protein incorporation. These findings suggest that the interactions of M protein with both E and S protein are more complex than previously thought. IMPORTANCE The assembly of coronavirus virions entails concerted interactions among the viral structural proteins and the RNA genome. One strategy to study this process is through construction of interspecies chimeras that preserve or disrupt particular inter- or intramolecular associations. In this work, we replaced the membrane (M) protein of the model coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus with its counterpart from a heterologous coronavirus. The results clarify our understanding of the interaction between the coronavirus M protein and the nucleocapsid protein. At the same time, they reveal unanticipated complexities in the interactions of M with the viral spike and envelope proteins.
Economic region net migration patterns in the USSR: 1979-89.

This article investigates economic region net migration patterns in the USSR during the 1979-89 intercensal period. Net in-migration and net migration rate increases (compared to 1970-79) occurred in both the western and eastern portions of the Northern USSR region, while net out-migration and rate declines occurred throughout the Southern USSR. Net in-migration again occurred to Siberia, especially Tyumen' Oblast, and there was a reduced rate of net out-migration from the Nonchernozem Zone and Central Chernozem Region of European RSFSR.
From Meta to Micro Examining the Effectiveness of Educational TV

There are numerous media offerings targeted to young audiences that claim to have educational benefits. It is hard to overemphasize the need for evidence about which of these offerings are effective, for which populations, and for which outcomes. The current article begins by discussing the value and limitations of meta-analysis (as opposed to narrative literature reviews) as a tool for marshaling such evidence. We illustrate these points with a recent meta-analysis of the educational impact of Sesame Street international coproductions. We then present two further studies that emerged from one aspect of the findings, examining effects of educational TV narratives on children’s racial/ethnic attitudes.
Microstructure of Polycrystalline Sic Containing Excess Si after Neutron Irradiation

The microstructure of commercially available reactionbonded polycrystalline SiC containing 8–10 wt% excess silicon was studied after irradiation by reactor neutrons uitlizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For TEM studies on samples irradiated below 473°K we observe dislocation tangles near grain boundaries or impurities plus isolated dislocations throughout the remainder of the grain, whereas for irradiation temperatures of ≈3730°K the material exhibits copious quantities of “black spot” defects (2–5nm size) and a lower concentration of tangles than 473°K irradiation. The SEM studies of surfaces of samples fractured at 1473°K indicate that the mode of fracture is predominantly transgranular.
Single Crystal Epitaxial Ge Based Contacts to Gaas, and InGap

Nonalloyed, single crystal, oxide free Ge based ohmic contacts are almost atomically abrupt, have a smooth interface, and have the potential to be better understood. Ultra high vacuum electron beam evaporation is used to deposit a single crystal Ge film on GaAs and InGaP substrates. A large grain, highly oriented Au film or a poly crystalline Pd film with more randomly oriented grains was then deposited on the Ge. These films were characterized in the as grown condition by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), double crystal x-ray diffraction (DXRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as deposited Ge film grown at 400°C on GaAs and at 350°C on InGaP are epitaxial with a smooth abrupt, oxide free interface. The highly oriented Au film deposited at 100°C had a smooth interface with the Ge with the orientation relationship (100)Au II (100)Ge and [001]Au II [011 ]Ge or [0-1 1 ]Ge.
ALDEHYDE OXIDASE DISTRIBUTION IN PICTURE-WINGED HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA: EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS.

Dipteran imaginal discs, especially those of Drosophila, are a unique system for the study of genetic control in determination and differentiation (Gehring, 1978). Although differentiation of adult structure is limited to metamorphosis, experiments utilizing clonal analysis have shown that groups of cells within imaginal discs become more and more restricted in their determination through the larval period. Morphologically, cells of the discs appear to be similar but Crick and Lawrence (1975) have hypothesized that they may differ from one another by enzyme profile which could be visualized histochemically. Major steps toward this visualization have been taken for the enzyme aldehyde oxidase (AO). A great deal is known of the biochemistry and genetic control of this enzyme in Drosophila. Much of this work is reviewed by Dickinson and Sullivan (1975). Dickinson (1971) was the first to histochemically localize AO in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and adults and find tissue-specific patterns of expression. Patterns of AO acitivity in Drosophila imaginal discs were first observed by Janning (1972, 1973) who also showed, using cell markers in gynandromorphs, that aldehyde oxidase is cell autonomous. Distribution of aldehyde oxidase in larval tissues and imaginal discs was surveyed by Kuhn and Cunningham (1978). These investigators were also able to show that in homoeotic mutants disc specific staining patterns are altered reflecting the change in determination (Kuhn and Cunningham, 1977a, 1977b). It is quite clear from these and other studies that tissue specificity of enzyme activity is a result of genetic regulation. The importance of considering regulatory as well as structural gene changes in evolution was emphasized by King and Wilson (1975). Sprey (1977) surveyed aldehyde oxidase distribution in imaginal discs of several dipterans including D. melanogaster, its sibling, D. simulans, and D. hydei. There is probably no better group of Drosophila in which to examine evolutionary trends in developmental regulation than the Hawaiian species. Precise relationships for 101 species of the picturewinged group have been determined based on banding sequences in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes (Carson et al., 1970; Carson and Kaneshiro, 1976). For these species a great deal is also known about their ecology, behavior, morphology and genetic variability. Dickinson (1979, 1980) has begun to examine these species for tissue-specific gene expression and has demonstrated cis-acting regulatory elements controlling expression of ADH and AO. We have chosen to survey ten species of picture-winged Hawaiian Drosophila, representing several branches of the phylogeny, examining them for larval tissuespecific expression of aldehyde oxidase and patterns of expression within the imaginal discs. This paper describes the AO activity patterns observed in relation to the questions: are patterns of expression species specific and do closely related species manifest similar distribution patterns?
The Development of Blepharipa pratensis and Its Histopathological Effects on the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar

The growth and development of Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen) and its histopathological effects on its host, the gypsy moth, were studied. B. pratensis eggs, consumed by gypsy moth larvae, hatched by the time they entered the midgut. Maggots penetrated the gut into the hemocoel and 20 h after ingestion were established within an intersegmental muscle of the gypsy moth larva. Histological sections made at various stages of infection showed a gradual transition in the muscle, characterized by cell proliferation and nuclear and cellular hypertrophy. Maggots spent their 1st stage in the muscle, growing very slowly until the host neared pupation. They then rapidly completed their development. There were no significant differences between mean weights of maggots in ♂ and ♀ hosts of the same developmental age.
Abstract A182: Zbtb7b is involved in the association of EBF1 enhancer to the nuclear lamina during early B cell commitment

It is well established that E2A proteins activate the expression of tumor suppressors, EBF1, PAX5 and FOXO1, to promote the B cell fate. E2A and EBF1 are frequently mutated either by chromosomal translocations, point mutations or gene deletions in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, it remains an enigma why EBF1 is not transcribed in multipotent progenitors, in which E2A is expressed at high levels. It has been shown that, by HiC and 3D-fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH), in multipotent progenitors the EBF1 locus was located at the nuclear lamina, in pro-B cells the EBF1 locus was located away from the lamina. In this study, using gain-of-function approaches, we show that enforced Zbtb7b expression inhibited B cell differentiation and caused rapid loss of EBF1 and Pax5 mRNA. Notably, Using 3D-FISH, we found enforced expression of Zbtb7b sequestered EBF1 locus to the nuclear lamina, and using live cell imaging, we show that, Zbtb7b primarily localized at nuclear lamina. We are now investigating whether and how the nuclear envelope and its interaction with the genome change during early B cell commitment using Damseq; and anti-Zbtb7b ChIP-seq provide fine mapping of potential interaction regions with nuclear lamina. These data indicate a novel role of Zbtb7b in B cell lineage commitment and potentially link EBF1 and Zbtb7b into a common pathway. Experiments are ongoing to further examine how sequestration of genes to the nuclear lamina relates to the development of lymphoid cells. Citation Format: Yina Zhu, Cornelis Murre. Zbtb7b is involved in the association of EBF1 enhancer to the nuclear lamina during early B cell commitment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A182.
A study of the effectiveness of machine learning methods for classification of clinical interview fragments into a large number of categories

Display Omitted Feasibility assessment of automatic annotation of clinical text with large codebooks.Experiments with state-of-the-art classifiers and deep learning methods.Novel contextual and semantic features for annotation of clinical text.SVM with contextual and semantic features outperformed all other classifiers.Deep learning is not effective when the number of classes is large. This study examines the effectiveness of state-of-the-art supervised machine learning methods in conjunction with different feature types for the task of automatic annotation of fragments of clinical text based on codebooks with a large number of categories. We used a collection of motivational interview transcripts consisting of 11,353 utterances, which were manually annotated by two human coders as the gold standard, and experimented with state-of-art classifiers, including Naive Bayes, J48 Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost, DiscLDA, Conditional Random Fields (CRF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in conjunction with lexical, contextual (label of the previous utterance) and semantic (distribution of words in the utterance across the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count dictionaries) features. We found out that, when the number of classes is large, the performance of CNN and CRF is inferior to SVM. When only lexical features were used, interview transcripts were automatically annotated by SVM with the highest classification accuracy among all classifiers of 70.8%, 61% and 53.7% based on the codebooks consisting of 17, 20 and 41 codes, respectively. Using contextual and semantic features, as well as their combination, in addition to lexical ones, improved the accuracy of SVM for annotation of utterances in motivational interview transcripts with a codebook consisting of 17 classes to 71.5%, 74.2%, and 75.1%, respectively. Our results demonstrate the potential of using machine learning methods in conjunction with lexical, semantic and contextual features for automatic annotation of clinical interview transcripts with near-human accuracy.
Text und Textilien: Ornament und Mode in Hermann Brochs Die Schlafwandler

In Brochs literarischem Werk zeigen sich Reminiszenzen eines textilwirtschaftlichen und -technischen Denkens am Motiv der Kleidung und dessen bewusst eingesetzten Variationen. Am Kleidungsverhalten der Gesellschaft demonstriert Broch in seiner Romantrilogie nicht nur historische Etappen eines epochalen Zerfallsprozesses, sondern auch den Unterschied zwischen Dekoration und Ornament. Kunst kann ohne Ornamentik nicht bestehen, da das Ornament als Synopsis fur das Denken einer ganzen Epoche steht. Diese Disposition zum Ornament zeigt sich nicht nur in der Architektur, im Tanz und in der Musik, sondern auch in der Mode.
Microbial Production of Bioplastics from Renewable Resources

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of biopolyesters from renewable resources as a potential alternative to petrochemical plastics. PHAs have attracted academic and industrial attention because of their potential use as biodegradable thermoplastics. The amount of PHA produced per volume per time is a technical and economical indicator of microbial fermentation and can be improved by increasing the amount of cell mass per volume per time (cell productivity) and the amount of PHA per cell (specific productivity). The latter new discoveries and progress in the biotechnology and material science of PHAs have created new thermoplastic biopolymers that exhibit similar thermal and mechanical properties to those of petrochemical thermoplastics but are truly biodegradable and biocompatible. Microbial fermentation is a feasible technology for the commercial production of bioplastics. Its great impact on many aspects of life is seen when biodegradable thermoplastics are produced in a cost-effective way from abundant renewable resources, in particular lignocellulosic biomass. Compared to bioethanol, which is increasingly important in replacing petroleum-based fuels, PHA has a higher market price and thus is also competitive with their petrochemical counterparts.