cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of sex and recombination

The evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction, and the associated process of genetic recombination, are still controversial issues. Two recent books have provided overviews of the ideas and observations in this field. This article reviews some of the major ideas that have been proposed to account for sex and recombination, and comments on the results of attempts at empirical tests. While there is now an impressive body of well-formulated evolutionary models, it has proved hard to discriminate between them, either experimentally or by means of comparative data. It may well be that there is no unitary selective advantage to sex and recombination, but that a variety of forces are involved.
Reverse Phase Protein Arrays: Mapping the path towards personalized medicine

Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) technology evolved from the advent of miniaturized immunoassays and gene microarray technology. Reverse phase protein arrays provide either a low throughput or high throughput methodology for quantifying proteins and their post-translationally modified forms in both cellular and non-cellular samples. As the demand for patient tailored therapies increases so does the need for precise and sensitive technology to accurately profile the molecular circuitry driving an individual patient’s disease. RPPAs are currently utilized in clinical trials for profiling and comparing the functional state of protein signaling pathways, either temporally within tumors, between patients, or within the same patients before/after treatment. RPPAs are generally employed for quantifying large numbers of samples on one array, under identical experimental conditions. However, the goal of personalized cancer medicine is to design therapies based on the molecular portrait of a patient’s tumor, which in turn result in more efficacious treatments with less toxicity. Therefore, RPPAs are also being validated for low throughput assays of individual patient samples. This review explores RPPA technology in the cancer research field, concentrating on its role as a fundamental tool for deciphering protein signaling networks and its emerging role in personalized medicine.
Samoan migrant fertility: adaptation and selection.

Samoan women who migrate to traditional communities on Oahu experience less environmental change are exposed to the new environment for less of their reproductive period have relatively few of the other characteristics which would expose them to modern influences and are more severely constrained by their past reproductive history than women who settle in the less traditional communities. It is not surprising that the age-specific fertility rates of the former group are considerably closer to the nonmigrant Samoans than those of women settling in less traditional areas. Migrants to the less traditional communities are exposed to greater environmental change for a longer portion of their reproductive years have markedly lower age-specific fertility rates before migration and have education and labor force characteristics which tend to expose them to modernizing influences. It appears that migrants to the less traditional communities are selected for low age-specific fertility rates before migration. Although there is some evidence of postmigration catching up these women bear 1 less child on average during their reproductive period than women in traditional areas. The strong evidence of selection found in the data reported here highlights the importance of greater emphasis on the premigration characteristics of migrants in future research. (authors)
"I'm Here to Do Business. I'm Not Here to Play Games." Work, Consumption, and Masculinity in Storage Wars

This essay examines the first season of Storage Wars and suggests the program helps mediate the putative crisis in American masculinity by suggesting that traditional male skills are still essentia...
Analysis of the Bogoliubov Method Applied to a Simple Boson Model

A simple model of a boson system is considered for which the exact Schr\"odinger equation reduces to a difference equation which can be solved numerically. Application of the Bogoliubov method and comparison of its results with the numerical results then yield some insight into the validity of the Bogoliubov approximations. The simple model considered has, in the absence of interactions, only a zero energy state and two states of unit energy available to each boson. Initially there is assumed to be no interaction between bosons in the degenerate excited states and all existing interactions are assumed to be repulsive. The ground-state energy is calculated in the Bogoliubov approximation, with and without the depletion effect considered, and in another numerical approximation. These results and the results of the numerical solution of the exact Schr\"odinger equation converge to the Bogoliubov result with depletion ignored when the number of particles in the system approaches infinity. It is surprising to note that, for the interaction strengths considered, the Bogoliubov result is within 3% of the numerical result for as few as 32 particles in the system, and within 10% for only 4 particles. A modification of the above system is considered in which there exists an additional two-body interaction between particles in the degenerate excited states which may be attractive or repulsive. It is shown that the ground-state energy, with this additional interaction present, deviates from the Bogoliubov value linearly with the strength of the added interaction, i.e., $W={W}_{\mathrm{Bog}}+\ensuremath{\alpha}F$ (with $F$ the strength parameter of the interaction). The factor $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is found to be small and constant over a wide range of $F$ and in this range the deviation of $W$ from the Bogoliubov value is small. There is, however, a transition point ${F}_{T}$, beyond which $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is constant and large and the usual Bogoliubov approximation is invalid for interactions more attractive than that characterized by ${F}_{T}$. A Bogoliubov-like approximation is shown to be quite accurate in this region. It is then shown that $F_{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a linear function of the number of particles in the system.
In situ drawing of high molecular weight poly(ethylene terephthalate) in subcritical and supercritical CO2

The effects of draw conditions were studied for initially amorphous melt-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in the presence of subcritical and supercritical (SC) CO2. Both in situ and posttreatment mechanical behavior along with morphological characteristics were investigated. Fibers soaked in subcritical CO2 could be drawn to 30% higher draw ratios (DRs) compared with fibers that were cold-drawn. In situ force response measured with a custom apparatus showed that fibers in subcritical CO2 had no measurable resistance to deformation until strain hardening occurred. In contrast, fibers drawn in SC CO2 displayed a yield response, a significant decrease in ductility, and a significant difference in postyield behavior. Fibers drawn in subcritical CO2 showed slightly lower tensile properties compared with cold-drawn samples whereas fibers treated in SC CO2 had much lower tensile properties because of the limited DR achieved. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that CO2 enhances the development of the crystalline phase compared with cold-drawn samples. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1881–1891, 1999
Deficiency of nuclease activity in ribosomes of three tumor types

Polysomes isolated from 3 types of neoplasms, mouse mammary adenocarcinoma designated DBAH, morris rat hepatoma 7777, and mouse chloroleukemia, do not undergo fast degradation upon incubation at 37 degrees C, unlike polysomes isolated from corresponding isogenic, normal tissues. Further,. 1M KCl extract of ribosomes from normal cells, in contrast to their neoplastic counterparts, stimulate degradation of poly(U). The nuclease activity in ribosomal preparations from neoplastic cells is not increased in the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate, a blocking agent of RNAase inhibitor. This suggests that ribosomal preparations from tumor cells are free of nucleases rather than just being masked by an inhibitor. Ribosomes from neoplastic cells stimulate protein synthesis in vitro in the presence of endogenous or exogenous mRNA to a much higher degree than similar preparations from normal tissues. This event is in agreement with the deficiency of nuclease in polysomes from neoplastic cells.
Effect of prolonged cardiac lymphatic ligation and endogenous histamine on the cardiac mitochondrial and myosin enzymes in dogs

Abstract We have observed certain changes in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase and myosin ATPase following partial or complete cardiopulmonary bypass procedures (1, 2). It has also been noticed that the extracellular fluid volume increases after 10-hour partial heart-lung bypass, in addition to extracellular retention of sodium, potassium, and Cl (3). Water and sodium retentions occur following a lengthy perfusion of the organisms (4), and it is suggested that the edema might result from the heart-lung bypass. The myocardial enzymatic changes which we have observed may be due to the cardiac edema occuring during the extracorporeal circulation. To evaluate this possibility, we have ligated the cardiac lymphatic trunk draining the myocardium, and the myocardial enzymes have been studied, and compared with the cardiac changes induced by endogenous histamine.
Alcohol abuse: Comparison of two methods for assessing its prevalence and associated morbidity in hospitalized patients

Abstract purpose: To evaluate two methods for assessing the prevalence of alcohol abuse in hospitalized patients based upon scores on standardized alcoholism screening instruments compared with diagnostic discharge data, and to determine the risk for comorbid conditions in patients who abuse alcohol. patients and methods: Of 2,534 consecutive patients admitted to five adult inpatient services of an academic center, 1,964 were screened for alcohol abuse using the CAGE and the SMAST. Their discharge diagnoses were obtained and analyzed for the presence of alcohol-related diagnoses and other comorbid conditions. results: A total of 1.4% of patients had a principal alcohol-related diagnosis (ARD), 6% had a secondary but no principal ARD, and 15% screened positive for alcohol abuse but had no ARD. The overall prevalence of alcohol abuse was 22.4%. Patients with a principal ARD had a higher risk for dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pancreatitis, sequelae of liver disease, and illegal drug abuse. Patients with a secondary ARD were at risk for 19 comorbid conditions, including pancreatitis, injury, pneumonia, COPD, and poly-drug abuse. Patients who screened positive for alcohol abuse but had no ARD were significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of hypertension, arrhythmia, breast cancer, or pelvic inflammatory disease. conclusion: Discharge diagnoses alone markedly underestimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse in hospitalized patients. Patients from the three groups are at higher risk for comorbid conditions, and secondary prevention of alcohol abuse can be achieved by routinely screening every patient using recognized alcoholism screening instruments.
Fluorescent Polyacetylene Thin Film Sensor for Nitroaromatics

The fluorescence from thin films of poly[1-phenyl-2-(4-trimethylsilylphenyl)ethyne] (PTMSDPA) is strongly quenched by the vapors of a variety of nitroaromatic compounds present at levels ranging from parts-per-million to parts-per-billion in air. The quenching is believed to arise because of the formation of charge-transfer complexes between the electron-poor nitroaromatic quenchers and the electron-rich poly(bis-aryl acetylene). The fluorescence quenching response rate increases as the PTMSPDA film thickness decreases (80 nm → 3 nm) and as the vapor pressure of the nitroaromatic quencher increases. These observations imply that the fluorescence quenching response rate is determined by the rate by which the nitroaromatic compound permeates the PTMSDPA film. The high permeability and large free volume of PTMSDPA are believed to enhance the properties of the material in the application as a thin-film fluorescence sensor for nitroaromatic compounds.
From fisherman to fibrillation: An unbroken line of progress

Abstract The modern era of cardiac arrhythmia surgery was initiated by Dr Will C. Sealy in May 1968, when he performed the first successful surgical division of an accessory pathway for the treatment of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. During the subsequent 25 years, arrhythmia operations evolved through a series of innovative surgical procedures capable of curing essentially all refractory clinical arrhythmias. The lessons learned during the development of these surgical procedures ultimately led to the refinement and eventual success of less invasive catheter techniques that have now replaced most of these surgical techniques. The surgical experience gained during these years also made possible the current surgical procedure that is used to treat the most complex, and the most common, of all cardiac arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation. Few areas of any speciality are as clearly defined as the unbroken line of progress that extends from Dr Sealy's first procedure in 1968 to the successful surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in 1994.
Assessment of cell binding to hyaluronic acid in a solid-phase assay

Abstract Adhesion to hyaluronate by tumor cells has been shown to correlate with disease progression in various types of neoplasms. In order to study cell binding to hyaluronate, a novel assay was developed with hyaluronate covalently tethered to polystyrene plates in 96-well format. Hyaluronic acid is covalently linked to amine groups on the surface of these plates by 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. The amide linkage is stable to repeated washings, and cell binding to this derivatized surface is highly reproducible. Use of plates coated with hyaluronate by this new method provides an idealin vitromodel system for assaying cell binding.
Group Affect and Attribution in Social Policy Opinion

Outgroup attitudes have important effects on policy opinions, but there are conflicting ideas on how to conceptualize and measure affective and cognitive responses to outgroups, and how these different dimensions of evaluation contribute to opinion. The present study analyzes the internal structure of nonpoor whites' emotional responses toward blacks and the poor and their attributions for these groups' disadvantaged status, as well as the influence of group affect and attribution on opinion toward welfare and affirmative action. I find that the internal structure of outgroup affect and attributions varies with the target of the attitude, and that cognitive elements of outgroup attitudes dominate affect in their influence on policy opinion.
Mechanical Support of the Circulation by a Modified Pulsatile Roller Pump

Abstract A modified roller pump capable of delivering pulsatile blood flow synchronized with diastole provided satisfactory assisted circulation in 14 newborn calves. Hemodynamic studies showed a marked decrease in cardiac stroke work, while cardiac output and coronary flow were maintained at or near control levels. Postperfusion 131 Cs uptake studies showed increased circulation to ischemic myocardium in assisted calves when compared with controls.
The nucleic acid content of equine abortion virus.

Abstract Equine abortion virus was purified from the plasma of infected golden Syrian hamsters by differential centrifugation and nuclease treatment. The preparations were essentially free of nonviral elements on electron microscopic examination, and sedimentation in sucrose and potassium tartrate density gradients resulted in a single visible band. Electron microscopy of this band showed it to be composed of viral particles, and injection into hamsters resulted in infection and death of the animals. The viral particles had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 2200 S and a hydrated density of 1.18. Measurement of particle diameter from shadowed preparations in the electron microscope gave an average diameter of 167 mμ; however, calculation of the particle diameter from sedimentation and density data resulted in an average diameter of 148 mμ. On the basis of particle counts and colorimetric determinations, there was an average of 4.17 × 10 −10 μg of DNA per particle. This comprised about 9.2% of the 4.53 × 10 −9 μg estimated dry weight of the particle. Chromatograms of hydrolyzed viral preparations showed only the major constitutive bases of DNA. The bases were paired, adenine approximately equal to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The molar dissymmetry ratio (A + T/G + C) of the viral DNA was 0.78 in contrast to the ratio of 1.40 for host cell DNA.
Adolescent Mothers: What Factors Relate to Level of Preventive Health Care Sought for Their Infants?

This exploratory study investigated the level of preventive health care services that adolescent mothers (ages 14 to 17) sought for their infants during the first 2 years of the infants' lives. Findings showed that mothers who maintained a relationship with their child's father or exhibited a high Powerful Others Locus of Control were more likely to practice better preventive health care. The role that social support and locus of control play in mediating parental stress is discussed. Implications for nurses working with adolescent mothers are presented.
The role of phosphorylation in the activity and mercury modulation of GABA-induced currents in rat neurons

Abstract The role of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in the function and modulation by mercury chloride of the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex was studied with rat dorsal root ganglion cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. When added to the internal pipette solutions, both KT 5720, a selective PKA inhibitor, and calphostin C, a selective PKC inhibitor, increased the maximal current and shifted the ec 50 for GABA in the direction of higher GABA concentrations. GABA-activated currents were decreased by the addition of 5 mM cAMP to the internal pipette solution, and by external perfusion of 100 nM phorbol 13-myristate 13-acetate. Mercury chloride potentiation of GABA-activated currents was blocked by internal application of 5 mM cAMP. PKA in the recording pipette abolished the mercury chloride potentiation of GABA-activated currents. In contrast, 0.56 μM KT 5720, but not calphostin C, in the internal pipette solution enhanced the effect of mercury chloride. In conclusion, both PKA and PKC negatively regulate the activity of the GABAA receptor-channel complex probably through phosphorylation of the receptor, and the PKA system underlies the mechanism of mercury chloride potentiation of GABA-activated currents.
Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Minor Pulmonary Embolism

The response of pulmonary arterial pressure to minor degrees of pulmonary embolism was examined in 18 patients with embolic occlusion of less than 25 percent of the pulmonary vascular bed. Patients with pulmonary embolism were compared to normal controls matched for age and sex and to patients with a variety of acute pulmonary disorders without pulmonary embolism. Patients with pulmonary embolism and patients with other acute pulmonary diseases had significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressures and significantly lower values for arterial oxygen tension (PaO 2 ) than did normal subjects. The degree of pulmonary hypertension correlated with the PaO 2 . Pulmonary hypertension occurring after minor degrees of pulmonary embolism may be a response to mild arterial hypoxemia.
Estradiol administration and the sexual activity of castrated male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

To examine whether estradiol might be effective in maintaining sexual behavior after castration or after testosterone withdrawal, we have observed male rhesus monkeys during daily 1-hr tests alternately with each of two ovariectomized, estradiol-treated females (four males, four females, eight male-female pairs, 798 tests). Estradiol (2–5 μg/kg sc/day) or vehicle was administered in counterbalanced order immediately after castration and again immediately after withdrawal of testosterone propionate treatments (800 μg and 1.6 mg sc/day). There were no significant differences in behavior during vehicle and estradiol treatments to indicate that estradiol helped to maintain male sexual activity. Instead, estradiol treatment tended to interfere with the capacity to intromit. This supported the results of other studies, namely, that the systemic administration of estradiol does not enhance the sexual behavior of castrated male macaques, and raises questions about the role of both aromatization and estrogen receptors in the male primate brain.
Free Convection Similarity and Measurements in Flows With and Without Shear

Abstract The free convection similarity theory is examined in the light of recent observations in the atmosphere, convection chambers and wind tunnels. The theory describes the fluctuations of temperature and vertical velocity fairly well, but only in flows with finite shear. The horizontal components of velocity and mean temperature may not be scaled by the same in the range of stability ordinarily encountered in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Free convection similarity scaling of the outer layer is expected to be more successful, although sufficient atmospheric data are not available to test this assertion. Preliminary results of numerical calculations by Deardorff are very encouraging, and so are our limited observations in a wind tunnel boundary layer. Because of extremely variable conditions in the atmosphere under free convection, some aspects of this flow may be better studied in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions. Both convection chamber (no shear) and wind tunnel (finite s...
Torsional Control by Intense Pulses

We generalize the concepts of alignment and 3D alignment by moderately intense laser pulses to control both the overall rotations and the torsional motions of polyatomic molecules. Torsional control is applied to manipulate charge transfer events, hence introducing a potential route to light controlled molecular switches. Potential applications in areas such as molecular assembly, molecular spectroscopies, energy transfer, and molecule-based junctions are envisioned.
Composable thermal modeling and characterization for fast temperature estimation

Efficient temperature estimation is critical for designing thermal efficient, low power and robust integrated circuits in nanometer regime. Thermal simulation starts from the detailed thermal structures by solving thermal diffusion equations no longer meets demanding tasks for efficient design space exploration. Compact and composable model-based simulation provides a viable solution to this difficult problem. However, building such thermal models from detailed thermal structures was not well addressed in the past. In this paper, we propose a new thermal compact modeling techniques for fast thermal analysis in the context of multi-core microprocessors design. The new approach builds the models from detailed structures for each core using finite difference method and reduces the model complexity by sampling-based model order reduction and circuit realization techniques. To improve the reduction efficiency, number of ports of thermal models are first reduced by port merging, which actually leads to coarse grids at the boundaries. The resulting thermal circuits can be simulated by general circuit simulator SPICE. Experimental results on a quad-core microprocessor architecture show that the new approach can easily build accurate thermal systems from the composite compact models. The new thermal systems lead to order of magnitude speedup over standard finite difference models in transient thermal simulation.
On the Unsteady Motion of a Viscous Hydromagnetic Fluid, Contained Between Rotating Coaxial Cylinders of Finite Length

The problem of unsteady rotational motion of an electrically conducting viscous, incompressible fluid, contained within two axially concentric cylinders of finite length in the presence of an axial symmetric magnetic field of constant strength, was solved exactly using finite Hankel transforms in combination with a technique presented. A complete solution is presented for the problem under consideration. Moreover, the Pneuman-Lykoudis solution in magnetohydrodynamics and Ghildyal solution in hydrodynaraics appears as a special case of this study. The analysis shows that the disturbance in the fluid disappears quickly by increasing the magnetic field. (auth)
The α-effect in elimination reactions and competing mechanisms in the gas phase

Abstract Our recent studies of the α-effect (enhanced reactivity of nucleophiles with lone pair electrons adjacent to the attacking group) have shown increased nucleophilicity for HOO− in a series of bimolecular substitution (SN2) reactions in the gas phase supporting an intrinsic origin of the effect. Our current work continues to explore the intrinsic behavior of α-nucleophiles by examining other reaction systems and mechanisms. We evaluate intrinsic reactivity differences in the elimination (E2) reactions of a series of anions with tert-butyl chloride by a Bronsted-type correlation. Additional analysis in the E2 reaction with tert-butyl chloride and the SN2 reaction with methyl chloride is accomplished by reagent pairing of normal and α-nucleophiles of nearly identical proton affinities [FCH2CH2O−, C6H5CH2O−, (CH3)3COO−]. Finally, the relationship between product distributions and the magnitude of the α-effect in the competing reactions of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and methyl formate is assessed by reagent pairing (HOO− versus HO−, CH3O−, C2H5O−, and (CH3)2CHO−). While our results do not indicate significant differences between the α-anions and the normal anions for the E2 mechanism, enhanced nucleophilicity is observed for both (CH3)3COO− and HOO−. Unlike condensed phase studies, the magnitude of the α-effect in the methyl formate reactions at the sp3 carbon (nucleophilic substitution, SN2) and the sp2 carbon (addition-elimination at the carbonyl center, BAC2) are nearly identical. In the context of hard and soft acids and bases, the behavior of the α-nucleophiles can be rationalized by “soft” base behavior.
Association of plasma homocysteine with coronary artery calcification in different categories of coronary heart disease risk.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of plasma homocysteine with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in strata based on 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a cohort enriched in persons with hypertension. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Fasting plasma homocysteine was measured by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Coronary artery calcification was measured noninvasively by electron beam computed tomography and CAC score calculated using the method of Agatston et al. The 10-year CHD risk was calculated based on the Framingham risk score. The association of homocysteine with log-transformed CAC score was assessed in the pooled sample and within each risk stratum by linear regression after adjustment for conventional risk factors. RESULTS In the 1071 participants studied, homocysteine was associated with CAC quantity ( P =.01) after adjustment for CHD risk factors (age, male sex, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, history of smoking, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure), serum creatinine, and statin and hypertension medication use. When the association was assessed in strata based on 10-year CHD risk, homocysteine was significantly ( P =.003) associated with CAC quantity in participants at intermediate 10-year risk of CHD (6%-20%) independent of other risk factors but not in those at lower risk or higher risk. CONCLUSION Plasma homocysteine is associated with quantity of CAC independent of CHD risk factors. When studied in categories of 10-year CHD risk, the association was significant in participants at intermediate risk but not in those at low or high risk. Plasma homocysteine levels may have clinical utility as a marker of CHD risk in such individuals.
Testosterone reduces olfactory neophobia in male golden hamsters

Abstract Juvenile hamsters housed in pine shavings and castrated or sham-operated 10 days before testing, prefer familiar pine odor to an unfamiliar botanical odor, cedar. The preference persists in adult castrates, but adult sham-operates show no preference. Tolerance for cedar odor is restored by implanting adult castrates with constant-release testosterone-filled capsules measuring 16 mm but not 4 mm. Making cedar odor familiar by exposing adults to it for 3 days before testing, induces similar preference for the odor in both castrates and sham-operates. The data suggest that testosterone reduces aversion to unfamiliar nonsexual odors, but does not influence preference when such odors are familiar. In the wild, this mechanism may prevent unfamiliar odors from disrupting the search for a mate outside a male's home territory.
Effects of spectrum modification on fatigue crack growth

The purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally the effects associated with modification of a loading spectrum recorded from P-3 a maritime aircraft on fatigue crack growth behaviour. The material is 2324-T39 Al alloy widely used in the aircraft industry. Experiments were conducted using the full spectrum and modified versions of it such as only ‘positive’ (no negative loads) or with reduced (clipped) high peaks. The results show that the compressive loads decrease fatigue life of the specimen by ∼300%. Furthermore, by running tests with clipped peaks it was found that the fatigue life was shorten significantly due to reduction of crack growth retardation caused by highest tensile peaks. Multiple tests were conducted in order to establish a scatter in the experimental data under spectrum loads.
The behavior of cod (Gadus morhua) in an offshore aquaculture net pen

Abstract Despite the rapid growth in cod ( Gadus morhua) aquaculture, relatively little is known about the fundamental aspects of cod behavior within net pens. To investigate some aspects of their behavior, we used a high resolution ultrasonic telemetry system that makes it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the position of multiple fish, in 3D, for days at a time. The data presented in this manuscript were obtained from a total of 32 cod (29.3 ± 4.9 cm, range: 22.5–43.0 cm), tracked under a variety of conditions, inside a net pen located 13 km off the coast of New Hampshire, USA. Typically, cod exhibited clear diurnal rhythms, with the highest swimming activity during daytime hours (mean swimming speed = 17.8 ± 5.5 cm/s; 0.6 ± 0.2 body lengths per sec (BL/s)) compared with nighttime hours (6.6 ± 0.5 cm/s; 0.2 ± 0.03 BL/s). Analysis of net pen utilization revealed that: a) the entire volume of the net pen was not utilized (volumes used by individuals overlapped); and b) there was a spatial preference for the lower half of the net pen. Adding lights and increasing stocking densities elicited dramatic changes in behavior. When lights were turned on at dawn and dusk, to extend the day photoperiod, cod increased their swimming activity by 66.4% and 202.6%, compared to day and night levels, respectively. When the density of cod reached high levels (~ 48.5 kg/m 3 ) as they grew, their typical diurnal pattern of independent swimming changed to schooling behavior, with no significant difference in day and night activity. The results of this study could be used to optimize various aspects of cod aquaculture including: net pen geometry, feeding schedules, stocking densities, and the use of artificial lights. Implementation of these modifications could increase production efficiency and animal welfare.
Heterologous Expression and Characterization of Soybean Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase

Ascorbate peroxidase is a widespread plant enzyme that catalyzes the removal of potentially harmful H2O2. This enzyme is particularly important in legume root nodules due to their high potential for generating activated forms of oxygen. A cDNA clone of soybean nodule ascorbate peroxidase was used to construct an expression system in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein had an N-terminal tag of six consecutive histidine residues to allow for purification by Ni(2+)-agarose affinity chromatography. Large amounts of recombinant peroxidase (about 27% of total soluble protein) were produced but most of the peroxidase was present in the apo-form (without heme). Addition of delta-aminolevulinic acid to the growth media resulted in an increase in production of holoprotein. Apoprotein was easily converted to the holo-form by in vitro reconstitution with hemin. The reconstituted protein was catalytically, spectrally, and immunologically indistinguishable from native ascorbate peroxidase.
An Introduction to Business Ethics

Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Where to Begin. 2. Doing Right. 3. Doing Well. 4. Motives, Moral Reasons and Compliance. 5. Virtues for Life. 6. Reconciling Business Life with Moral Virtues. 7. Role Duties. 8. Good Practice in Business. 9. Good Practice in the Firm. 10. Good Practice outside the Firm. 11. Virtues, the key to Good Practice. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Incidents Investigation and Dynamic Analysis of Large Alarm Databases in Chemical Plants: A Fluidized-Catalytic-Cracking Unit Case Study†

A novel framework to model the chronology of incidents is presented—depicting the relationship of initiating events with the various regulating and protection systems of the process—eventually lead...
The effects of alternative smoking policies on indoor air quality in 27 office buildings.

The effect of alternative smoking policies, which prohibited or restricted smoking, on indoor air quality was studied in 27 air-conditioned office buildings. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, respirable particulates, formaldehyde, ultraviolet particulate matter (u.v.PM), nicotine, air temperature, relative humidity and illumination were measured at eight sample sites in each building. Smoking policy had no effect on carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, relative humidity, formaldehyde, air temperature or illumination for open office areas. It did have an effect on levels of respirable suspended particulates, ultraviolet particulate matter and nicotine.
The communication complexity of atomic commitment and of gossiping

The problem of atomic commitment of a transaction in a distributed database is considered. This is a variant of the famous gossiping problem. Given a set of communication costs between pairs of participant sites, it is established that the necessary communication cost for any atomic commitment algorithm is twice the cost of a certain minimum spanning tree. This paper establishes the necessary communication time for any atomic commitment algorithm, given a set of communication delays between pairs of participant sites, and the time at which each participant completes its subtransaction. Then, it is determined that both lower bounds are also upper bounds in the following sense. There is an efficient (i.e., polynomial-time) algorithm that, in the absence of failures, has a minimum communication cost. There is another efficient algorithm that, in the absence of failures, has a minimum communication time. However, unless P = NP, there is no efficient algorithm which has a minimum communication complexity, name...
Bridging physical and electronic media for distributed design collaboration

Research on distributed collaboration has predominantly focused on shared electronic media. We have found, as other researchers have, that users often have good reason to want to work with physical media. Yet they would still like to collaborate with each other. A fundamental tension exists in the design of systems to support remote collaboration when the interaction primitives are physical: physical objects live in one place. We have designed and implemented a remote collaboration system where users can still use physical objects. We introduce an interaction paradigm where objects that are physical in one space are electronic in the other space, and vice versa. Our distributed system is designed for two groups, with multiple users at each end. Our tangible approach is the first system to enable simultaneous, multi-input across locations. We have implemented this system as an extension to the Designers' Outpost[5].
Discovery of first-in-class therapeutics – venlafaxine (Effexor®), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq®), temsirolimus (Toresil®), ILS-920 and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®)

The pharmaceutical industry today is experiencing unprecedented difficulty and faces enormous challenges, which include the industry ’ s declining efficiencies, patent expirations for key drugs, fierce price competition from generic drugs, mergers and acquisitions, high regulatory hurdles, declining innovation and the industry ’ s perceived tarnished image. Pharma has embarked on a range of initiatives to address these challenges, maintain its commitment to innovation and continue its mission to alleviate human suffering through the discovery of new medicines. This review covers the following themes: (1) drug discovery – highlighting process, targets, approach and current pharmaceutical platforms (small molecules, biologics and vaccines); (2) today ’ s realities – highlighting current challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry, especially the innovation gap, and Pharma ’ s commitment to innovation; (3) commitment to innovation and success stories focusing on selected examples of first-in-class therapeutics, such as the serotonin – noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor antidepressants venlafaxine (Effexor®, Pfizer, Surrey, UK) and desvenlafaxine (Pristiq®, Pfizer, Surrey, UK), immunophilin mammalian target of rapamycin modulator temsirolimus (Toresil®, Pfizer, Surrey, UK), the neuroprotectant ILS-920 for stroke therapy and the first conjugate anticancer drug gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®, Pfizer, Surrey, UK). Although many high drug discovery hurdles remain, the future holds great promise. The search continues for major breakthrough therapies that address unmet medical needs, such as disease-halting drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer ’ s disease, drugs to eradicate hepatitis C and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and drugs to attack resistant cancers, treat strokes and alleviate cardiovascular disease.
A time-frequency inspired robust image watermarking

With the development of the Internet and the multimedia tools, reproduction and redistribution of digital data, such as images, audio and video have become easier than ever. This ease of access to digital data brings with itself the problem of copyright protection. Watermarking has been proposed as a solution to this problem. Two major methods have been used for watermarking; spatial and spectral domain methods. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for watermarking digital images that is inspired by the joint spatial-spectral transforms such as the Wigner distribution. The embedding and the detection algorithms in this joint domain are defined. The robustness of the proposed algorithm under attacks is illustrated.
Kinking the double helix by bending deformation

DNA bending and torsional deformations that often occur during its functioning inside the cell can cause local disruptions of the regular helical structure. The disruptions created by negative torsional stress have been studied in detail, but those caused by bending stress have only been analyzed theoretically. By probing the structure of very small DNA circles, we determined that bending stress disrupts the regular helical structure when the radius of DNA curvature is smaller than 3.5 nm. First, we developed an efficient method to obtain covalently closed DNA minicircles. To detect structural disruptions in the minicircles we treated them by single-strand-specific endonucleases. The data showed that the regular DNA structure is disrupted by bending deformation in the 64-65-bp minicircles, but not in the 85-86-bp minicircles. Our results suggest that strong DNA bending initiates kink formation while preserving base pairing.
The gonads of chick embryos subjected to multiple doses of thyroxine.

Abstract Eggs of White Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn breeds were injected four times with doses of thyroxine totalling 17.75 and 25.0 μg and embryos killed on the 18th day of incubation. The injections were made on the following days of incubation: 0, 7, 10, 14; 4, 7, 10, 14; 10, 12, 14, 16. Males exposed to thyroxine numbered 6 with 9 controls; females 9, with 5 controls. At autopsy, embryos were weighed, gonads removed, weighed and prepared for histological study. In the testes, diameters of seminiferous cords and of nuclei of spermatogonia and number of spermatogonia per millimeter of cord were determined. In the ovaries, widths of cortex and of germinal epithelium were measured. In addition, sections of both testes and ovaries were examined for details of structure. At autopsy on the 18th day of incubation, there appeared to be no significant differences between the gonads of the thyroxine-exposed embryos and those of their controls. Thus, within the limits of this experiment the data offer no evidence of a thyroid-gonad interdependence during the development of the chick embryo.
A Parallel Algorithm for Linear Programs with an Additional Reverse Convex Constraint

A parallel method for globally minimizing a linear program with an additional reverse convex constraint is proposed which combines the outer approximation technique and the cutting plane method. Basicallyp(Â?n) processors are used for a problem withnvariables and a globally optimal solution is found effectively in a finite number of steps. Computational results are presented for test problems with a number of variables up to 80 and 63 linear constraints (plus nonnegativity constraints). These results were obtained on a distributed-memory MIMD parallel computer, DELTA, by running both serial and parallel algorithms with double precision. Also, based on 40 randomly generated problems of the same size, with 16 variables and 32 linear constraints (plusxÂ? 0), the numerical results from different number processors are reported, including the serial algorithm's.
Portable parallel programming languages

In this workshop session, three speakers present their viewpoints and contributions to the topic of portable parallel programming languages. They are Dennis Gannon from Indiana University, David Loveman from Digital Equipment Corporation, and David Padua from the University of Illinois. Their presentations discuss extensions to C/sup ++/, Fortran, and compiler support for standard languages on parallel architectures, respectively. This paper introduces the topic performance portability on parallel machines. We will then try to draw a picture of where we are today in providing portable parallel languages to a growing user community, given that the three contributions represent major milestones along this path.
Relationship of frequent postinfarction premature ventricular complexes to the reentry circuit of scar-related ventricular tachycardia.

Background Postinfarction reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) is usually scar-related. However, the sites of origin of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in the setting of healed myocardial infarction have not been well characterized. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the site of origin of frequent PVCs in postinfarction patients with VT and to determine the relationship to VT exit sites. Methods Mapping and catheter ablation were performed in 13 consecutive patients (12 men, mean age 62 ± 8 years, mean ejection fraction 0.32 ± 0.12) with prior myocardial infarction, sustained monomorphic VT, and >10 PVCs/h. The mean PVC burden was 12% ± 11% on a 24-hour Holter monitor. Electroanatomical left ventricular voltage maps were constructed during sinus rhythm to identify scars. Endocardial activation maps of the PVCs were correlated with the voltage maps, and the most prevalent PVCs were ablated. The effect of PVC ablation on the inducibility of VT was determined. Results Seventeen sustained monomorphic VTs were reproducibly inducible. There were a total of 34 different PVC morphologies. The site of origin was identified for 18 of the 34 PVC morphologies in 12 of 13 patients. The 18 PVCs for which the site of origin could be identified accounted for 89% of the PVC burden in these patients. The site of PVC origin was in the infarct scar in 11 patients, the border zone in 1 patient, and unidentifiable in 1 patient. The site of PVC origin corresponded to the VT exit site for 14 of 17 reproducibly inducible VTs. The PVCs that were successfully mapped were ablated, and this rendered VT no longer inducible. Conclusion Postinfarction PVCs usually arise from the infarct scar, and their site of origin often corresponds to the exit site of a reentrant VT. Therefore, catheter ablation of the PVCs often is associated with the loss of inducible VT.
End-of-Life Co-residence of Older Parents and Their Sons in Rural China

This study examined how intergenerational exchanges with sons and daughters predicted older parents' likelihood of co-residing with a son prior to death in a rural area of China's Anhui Province. Our investigation drew on theories of contingent co-residence, modernization, and social exchange, conceptualizing co-residence as having practical and symbolic importance in rural Chinese culture. The sample included 470 older parents, reported as deceased during 2001-2009, and their posthumous informants. We used logistic regression to assess intergenerational support and cohesion as predictors of co-residence with a son just prior to death. Older parents who provided instrumental support to, and received instrumental support from, sons and had better emotional relationships with sons were more likely than their counterparts to co-reside with a son at the end of life. Living with sons demonstrates filial piety for older parents at the end of life, but its realization is sensitive to intergenerational transactions.
Finite-difference time-domain simulation of scattering from objects in continuous random media

A three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme is introduced to model the scattering from objects in continuous random media. FDTD techniques have been previously applied to scattering from random rough surfaces and randomly placed objects in a homogeneous background, but little has been done to simulate continuous random media with embedded objects where volumetric scattering effects are important. In this work, Monte Carlo analysis is used in conjunction with FDTD to study the scattering from perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) objects embedded in continuous random media. The random medium models under consideration are chosen to be inhomogeneous soils with a spatially fluctuating random permittivities and prescribed correlation functions. The ability of frequency averaging techniques to discriminate objects in this scenarion is also briefly investigated. The simulation scheme described in this work can be adapted and used to help in interpreting the scattered field data from targets in random environments such as geophysical media, biological media, or atmospheric turbulence.