cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BLOOD AND THE HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES IN MALIGNANT PANLEUCOPENIA OF CATS

The most conspicuous clinical finding during the course of this virus disease is a fulminating panleucopenia. The earliest significant decrease noted is usually in the number of the lymphocytes. From the study of lymph nodes and bone marrow during the incubation period and throughout the illness, it appears that failure of leucopoiesis is the cause of leucopenia. Inclusion bodies in the primitive blood cells of the marrow suggest a direct action of the virus on these cells. When recovery occurs a marked myelogenous leucemoid response is noted. Available data indicate the presence of a mild anemia due to a failure in erythropoiesis, less marked than the leucopenia probably because of the longer life of the adult circulating erythrocytes. The erythrocytes appear to have an increased fragility and the serum has a slight increase in icterus, suggesting an increased mean erythrocyte age. During recovery erythropoiesis does not begin until after the myeloid marrow response has begun to subside, due possibly to previous mechanical crowding of the marrow by the more rapidly growing myeloblasts and myelocytes.
Outcomes and total costs of outpatient vs. inpatient peri-procedural anticoagulation management of mechanical prosthetic heart valve patients.

Abstract Background/objectives The most cost-effective periprocedural management of patients with mechanical heart valves (MHV) is uncertain. The objective was to compare the effectiveness, safety and costs for inpatient intravenous unfractionated heparin (IVUH) vs. outpatient low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) "bridging" as periprocedural anticoagulation management for MHV patients. Methods In a case-cohort study, Olmsted County, MN residents with MHV who received outpatient periprocedural LMWH management (cases) over the 11-year period, 1997–2007, were matched to residents with MHV who received inpatient IVUH periprocedural management on valve location and type, and on procedure type. Patients were followed for 3months following hospitalization to identify thromboembolism (TE) and major bleeding. Total costs from 30days before to 90days after the procedure were determined from the Olmsted County Healthcare Expenditure and Utilization Database. Outcomes were compared using survival analysis and costs were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum. Results 149 cases (100 aortic, 29 mitral, 20 both; 64% bileaflet) were compared to 149 cohort members (100 aortic, 29 mitral, 20 both; 75% bileaflet). While the 3-month cumulative incidence of TE did not differ significantly among cases (2.7%) and cohort members (4.7%; p=0.36), major bleeding was significantly lower in cases (5.4% vs. 15.4%; p Conclusions Outpatient bridging LMWH therapy is equally effective, but safer and less costly than inpatient IVUH as periprocedural anticoagulation management for MHV patients.
We Were all Like Migrant Workers Here: Work, Community, and Memory on California's Round Valley Reservation, 1850–1941

In the introduction to We Were All Like Migrant Workers Here, historian William J. Bauer, Jr., describes how he heard many stories of cultural and economic struggle while growing up on the Round Va...
Volumetric Filtration of Rainfall Runoff. II: Event-Based and Interevent Nutrient Fate

This study examines in situ phosphorus treatment using a combined unit operation and process, a volumetric clarifying filter (VCF). Urban rainfall-runoff transports phosphorus in dissolved and particulate phases with the latter phase distributed across the particulate matter (PM) gradation. From a clean initial condition, the VCF was monitored across 19 events without maintenance, to examine partitioning and phosphorus distribution on PM. For the monitoring period, site influent total phosphorus (TP) is 0.342 mg/L of which 0.081 mg/L is dissolved; and subsequently reduced to 0.095 and 0.031 mg/L, respectively, by the VCF. PM-bound phosphorus is categorized as suspended, settleable and sediment fractions based on PM size and separation behavior. Site influent PM-based concentrations (mg/g) are 0.22 for sediment, 0.42 for settleable and 3.27 for the suspended fraction with each fraction further enriched in the VCF, based on effluent monitoring. A categorical analysis and odds ratio testing of PM-based phosp...
IRIDIUM HYDRIDES WITH DI(TERTIARY PHOSPHINE) BRIDGES AND CHELATES

Abstract : The activation of substrate is an essential step in catalysis, and generally involves a weakening or breaking of bonds within the substrate. The effectiveness of transition metal complexes as catalysts is closely related to their ability to perform this process. Substrate activation is often accomplished by donation of electron density from filled metal d orbitals into vacant antibonding orbitals of the substrate, thus perturbing its electronic structure, and resulting in an oxidative addition reaction if a substrate bond is cleaved. Complexes of electron rich metals are particularly effective in activating substrates in this manner, and within this genre, no set of complexes has been more vigorously studied over the past two decades than those of Rh(I) and Ir(I). Complexes of these d8 ions possess a rich oxidative addition chemistry, and are active as catalysts for a variety of reactions including hydrogenations, hydroformylation, and carbonylations.
Precipitation in ternary Ni-V-Nb alloys☆

Abstract A transition from a continuous ordering reaction to nucleation and growth has been identified by means of transmission electron microscopy in aged Ni-V-Nb alloys. The substitution of 2.5 a/o Nb for V is sufficient to suppress the continuous ordering reaction observed in binary Ni-V alloys. This effect has been attributed to the additional strain energy associated with the presence of niobium atoms in the fcc matrix. The equilibrium precipitate near the Ni 3 (V, Nb) composition is a DO 22 structure for compositions below 5 a/o Nb and an orthorhombic Ni 3 Nb type structure for alloys containing in excess of 5 a/o Nb.
Evidence for non-chemical, non-electrical intercellular signaling in intestinal epithelial cells

Abstract Synchrony between mechanically separated biological systems is well known. We posed the question: can cells induce synchronous behavior in neighboring cells which are mechanically separated and which cannot communicate via chemical or electrical mechanisms. Caco-2 cell cultures were divided into three groups. “Inducer” cells were exposed to H 2 O 2 . “Detector” cells were placed in separate containers near the inducer cells but were not exposed to H 2 O 2 . Control cells were exposed to fresh media and were kept in a distant laboratory area. Samples were measured for total protein concentration, NFκB activation and structural changes, 10, 30 and 60 min after exposure respectively. Exposing inducer cells to H 2 O 2 resulted in a significant reduction in total protein content (− 50%), an increase in nuclear NFκB activation (+ 38%), and structural damage (56%) compared to controls. There was a similar reduction in total protein content (− 48%), increase in the nuclear fraction of NFκB (+ 35%) and structural damage (25%) in detector cells. These findings provide evidence in support of a non-chemical, non-electrical communication. This signaling system possibly plays a role in synchronous, stimulus-appropriate cell responses to noxious stimuli and may explain a number of cellular behaviors that are hard to explain based only on conventional cell signaling systems.
Architecture and Evaluation of an Asynchronous Array of Simple Processors

This paper presents the architecture of an asynchronous array of simple processors (AsAP), and evaluates its key architectural features as well as its performance and energy efficiency. The AsAP processor calculates DSP applications with high energy-efficiency, is capable of high-performance, is easily scalable, and is well-suited to future fabrication technologies. It is composed of a two-dimensional array of simple single-issue programmable processors interconnected by a reconfigurable mesh network. Processors are designed to capture the kernels of many DSP algorithms with very little additional overhead. Each processor contains its own tunable and haltable clock oscillator, and processors operate completely asynchronously with respect to each other in a globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) fashion. A 6×6 AsAP array has been designed and fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Each processor occupies 0.66 mm2, is fully functional at a clock rate of 520---540 MHz at 1.8 V, and dissipates an average of 35 mW per processor at 520 MHz under typical conditions while executing applications such as a JPEG encoder core and a complete IEEE 802.11a/g wireless LAN baseband transmitter. Most processors operate at over 600 MHz at 2.0 V. Processors dissipate 2.4 mW at 116 MHz and 0.9 V. A single AsAP processor occupies 4% or less area than a single processing element in other multi-processor chips. Compared to several RISC processors (single issue MIPS and ARM), AsAP achieves performance 27---275 times greater, energy efficiency 96---215 times greater, while using far less area. Compared to the TI C62x high-end DSP processor, AsAP achieves performance 0.8---9.6 times greater, energy efficiency 10---75 times greater, with an area 7---19 times smaller. Compared to ASIC implementations, AsAP achieves performance within a factor of 2---5, energy efficiency within a factor of 3---50, with area within a factor of 2.5---3. These data are for varying numbers of AsAP processors per benchmark.
Field Gleaning as a Tool for Addressing Food Security at the Local Level: Case Study

Field gleaning, or harvesting crops after the commercial harvest, has been promoted as a way to increase food security; however, the effectiveness of gleaning programs is not well documented. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of gleaning on individual gleaners and the community by documenting total amounts gleaned, individual uses of produce, and self-reported benefits and barriers to gleaning. During the 1997 season, approximately 50 gleaners participated in the Pierce County Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Gleaning Project; 29 participated in an intensive 4-week study to track use of produce by gleaners. Onsite weighing of gleaned produce revealed that of the 110,000 pounds gleaned by these 50 gleaners from Pierce County farms and orchards during 1997, 85,000 pounds (77%) were donated to local emergency food programs; 25,000 pounds (23%) were taken home by gleaners. Of the produce taken home by the 29 study participants, an estimated 9% was used fresh, 48% was preserved for later user, and 43% was shared with others. During a combination of telephone and in-person interviews, gleaners reported using more fresh produce and sharing knowledge about gardening and food preservation. The most important benefits of gleaning were "stretching my food budget" and "helping provide food for the community." Detailed exploration of the impact of gleaned produce on dietary patterns and use of validated food security measures is warranted considering the volume of produce used fresh, preserved for later use, and given away by gleaning participants.
The synthesis of deuterium, carbon‐14, and carrier‐free tritium labeled cannabinoids

1′,2′-Dehydroolivetol and its monomethyl ether, 5′-bromoolivetol, and olivetol-5,-2H3, have been synthesized. Acid catalyzed condensation of the latter three compounds with p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol gave 1′,2′-dehydro-Δ8-THC methyl ether, 5′-bromo-Δ8-THC, and Δ9-THC-5′-2H3, respectively. 5′-Bromo-Δ8-THC served as a precursor of 4′,5′-dehydro-Δ8- and Δ8-THC, 4′- and 5′-hydroxy-Δ8-THC, 5′-dimethylamino-Δ8-THC and 5′-carboxy-Δ8-THC. Reduction of 4′,5′-dehydro-Δ8- and Δ9-THC in the presence of homogeneous catalysts afforded tritium labeled Δ8-THC (50 Ci/mmole) and Δ9-THC (58 Ci/mmole), respectively. Syntheses of Δ9-THC-11-2H3, Δ9-THC-11-14C cannabinol-5,-2H3′ and other labeled cannabinoids are described.
Complex N-Linked Glycans Serve as a Determinant for Exosome/Microvesicle Cargo Recruitment

Exosomes, also known as microvesicles (EMVs), are nano-sized membranous particles secreted from nearly all mammalian cell types. These nanoparticles play critical roles in many physiological processes including cell-cell signaling, immune activation, and suppression and are associated with disease states such as tumor progression. The biological functions of EMVs are highly dependent on their protein composition, which can dictate pathogenicity. Although some mechanisms have been proposed for the regulation of EMV protein trafficking, little attention has been paid to N-linked glycosylation as a potential sorting signal. Previous work from our laboratory found a conserved glycan signature for EMVs, which differed from that of the parent cell membranes, suggesting a potential role for glycosylation in EMV biogenesis. In this study, we further explore the role of glycosylation in EMV protein trafficking. We identify EMV glycoproteins and demonstrate alteration of their recruitment as a function of their glycosylation status upon pharmacological manipulation. Furthermore, we show that genetic manipulation of the glycosylation levels of a specific EMV glycoprotein, EWI-2, directly impacts its recruitment as a function of N-linked glycan sites. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that N-linked glycosylation directs glycoprotein sorting into EMVs.
The elastic field of a hemispherical inhomogeneity at the free surface of an elastic half space

Abstract This paper analyses the elastic fields around a hemispherical inhomogeneity at the free surface of a semiinfinite elastic body. The loading is either all-around tension at infinity, perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the inhomogeneity or uniform eigenstrains introduced in the inhomogeneity. The interface between the inclusion and the matrix assumes perfect bonding, shear-traction-free sliding or intermediate between them. A spring-type resistance mode) is used to investigate this intermediate stage. The method of Boussinesq's displacement potentials is used in the analysis and the solution is expressed in terms of five sets of spherical harmonics. Numerical calculations are performed to illustrate the results. It was found that the non-vanishing stress components at the free surface of the inclusion are constant for equal Poisson's ratios.
Tumors derived from antigen presenting cells

Abstract Vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing the processing of tumor antigens by activated ‘professional’ antigen presenting cells (APCs) can sometimes result in the generation of systemic T-cell mediated anti-tumor immune responses capable of eradicating a micrometastatic tumor burden. This observation raises the interesting question of why certain tumors such as B-cell lymphomas or myeloid leukemias — malignancies in lineages normally characterized by potent APC capacity — fail to be eliminated by host T-cell responses. Potentially unique aspects of the immune response to such hematopoietic cancers are discussed in the context of the current understanding of factors regulating T-cell activation and tolerance. These considerations may have relevance for the application of cancer immunotherapy to this class of diseases.
Interaction of Feeding Time and Temperature and Their Relationship to Performance of the Broiler Breeder Hen

Abstract Experiments with broiler breeder hens were undertaken to determine effect of feeding time and environmental temperature on various production variables, body weight, and feed consumption. Two temperature treatments were used: low cyclic temperature (10 to 25 C), and high cyclic temperature (21 to 39 C). The three feeding treatments were: fed one daily meal either at 0700 h (Treatment 1) or 1800 h (Treatment 2), or one-half the daily amount at 0700 h and the other half at 1800 h (Treatment 3). In another experiment, hens were assigned to feeding times of either 0700 or 1800 h. Feeding time and temperature did not markedly affect rate of egg production; however, hens at high temperature fed two meals per day produced the fewest eggs. High temperature caused significant reductions in egg weight, specific gravity, and shell thickness. Feeding time and temperature had no effect on time of oviposition, ovulation, or the transit time of the egg through the oviduct. Significant body weight loss occurred in hens at high temperature and fed at 0700 h. Both high temperature and feeding one-half of the daily feed at 0700 and the other half at 1800 h caused a reduction in feed consumption.
The Myth of Community Differences as the Cause of Variations Among IRBs

Background: Although variations among institutional review boards (IRBs) have been documented for 30 years, they continue, raising crucial questions as to why they persist as well as how IRBs view and respond to these variations. Methods: In-depth, 2-hour interviews were conducted with 46 IRB chairs, administrators, and members. The leadership of 60 U.S. IRBs were contacted (every fourth one in the list of the top 240 institutions by NIH funding). IRB leaders from 34 of these institutions were interviewed (response rate = 55%). Results: The interviewees suggest that differences often persist because IRBs think these are legitimate, and regulations permit variations due to differing “community values.” Yet, these variations frequently appear to stem more from differences in institutional and subjective personality factors, and from “more eyes” examining protocols, trying to foresee all potential future logistical problems, than from the values of the communities from which research participants are drawn. ...
Solar wind degradation of interplanetary dust

Abstract The effect of the solar wind on the disposition of uncharged interplanetary dust particles is considered. The blow-out dimension determined in this fashion is about 10−3 the dimension which exists for photon radiation pressure alone, and is therefore negligible. The solar wind also removes orbital momentum from the dust by collision, causing the dust to spiral inward. The relative orbital momentum of the wind to the dust is found using experimental data and Barker's Model. At 1 a.u. heliocentric, the outward directed plasma speed is taken to be 5·00 × 105 m/sec and the density 5 × 106 positive ions/m3. The solar-wind-induced dust particle lifetime (in years) is then 18 × 105rdρd(R2(R2 – 0·00018) where rd and ρd are dust particle radius and density respectively (MKS), and R is the dust particle's initial heliocentric distance in a.u. This compares favorably with earlier work of Whipple, provided his results are modified to account for the solar wind alpha particle component. Both Whipple's work and this paper are concerned with the extreme case of uncharged dust particles; as such, the times obtained are much greater than those resulting from Opik's work with charged dust particles. Reality should lie between the two extremes. When the Poynting-Robertson effect and the solar wind are both applied, the dust removal time is changed from T = 7 × 105rdϵd(R2, for the Poynting-Robertson effect alone, to T = 5 × 105rdρd(R2).
The systolic to diastolic duration ratio in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a novel Doppler index of right ventricular function.

Background Right ventricular (RV) function is an important determinant of clinical status in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). However, assessment of RV function remains challenging because of its complex morphology. We investigated the S/D duration ratio in children with HLHS as a novel index of global RV function. Methods We measured systolic (S) and diastolic (D) duration using tricuspid regurgitation duration from Doppler flow, to calculate the S/D ratio in 33 children with HLHS and 33 control subjects matched for age and sex. We compared the S/D ratio between patients with HLHS and control subjects, between patients with HLHS and normal and abnormal RV function, and between patients with HLHS at different stages of palliation. We further correlated the S/D ratio with catheterization data. Results Patients and control subjects were well matched for age (3.12 ± 4.5 vs 3 ± 4.5 years, not significant) sex, and heart rate (cycle length 524 ± 179 vs 575 ± 162 milliseconds, not significant). Patients with HLHS had a significantly higher S/D ratio than control subjects (1.65 ± 0.85 vs 0.85 ± 0.2, P P = .006), and significantly increased in patients with Norwood stage 1 versus patients with Norwood stages 2 and 3 HLHS (2.16 vs 1.4 and 1.32, respectively, P P Conclusions Patients with HLHS have an increased S/D ratio as a result of a shortened D and prolonged S. Measurement of the S/D duration ratio using Doppler flow is a novel method to augment assessment of global RV function in HLHS.
Development of drug targeting based on recombinant expression of the chicken avidin gene.

AbstractThe chemistry required for covalent biotinylation of drugs, radiopharmaceuticals and other ligands is highly developed, and a large number of biotinylated reagents can be readily synthesized. In order to investigate whether expression of avidin cDNA in mammalian cells might be useful as part of a drug targeting strategy, we transiently expressed the avidin gene in two human tumor cell lines (the cervical carcinoma cell line, HeLa, and the liver derived line, Hep G2). Avidin protein as detected by either immunohistochemistry or binding of streptavidin-biotin complexes was present and functional following transient expression. This result indicated that the mechanisms underlying avidin oligomerization which are necessary for proper protein folding are present within mammalian carcinoma cell lines. Next, we generated a producer cell line (derived from ψ2) capable of releasing a recombinant retrovirus encoding chicken avidin, and a tumorigenic murine breast cancer cell line (16/C) with stable avidin e...
Scale, causality, complexity and emergence: rethinking scale’s ontological significance

Scale remains a pivotal yet highly contentious concept in geography. I survey the lively discussions engaged in recently by many critical/radical geographers regarding the theoretical status of scale. While these discussions have been intellectually fruitful, I argue that much more needs to be said. Drawing from complex systems theory, I argue that scale should be understood as an ontological category essential to understanding causality. Revalorising Aristotle’s four categories of cause – formal, final, material and efficient – from two centuries of positivist thinking facilitates this endeavour. Research on the relationship between university-based poultry scientists and the poultry industry illustrates the explanatory potential of poly-scalar analysis.
Packet-voice communication on an ethernet local computer network: an experimental study

Local computer networks have been used successfully for data applications such as file transfers for several years. Recently, there have been several proposals for using these networks for voice applications also. We describe a simple voice protocol for use on a packet-switching local network. This protocol is used in an experimental study of the feasibility of using a 3 Mbps experimental Ethernet network for packet-voice communications. The effect of various parameters on performance is examined. The study shows that with appropriately chosen parameters the experimental Ethernet is capable of supporting about 40 simultaneous 64-Kbps two-way voice conversations with acceptable quality. This corresponds to a utilization of 95% of the network capacity.
Association between arsenic exposure from drinking water and proteinuria: results from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study

Methods We evaluated the association between As exposure from drinking water and proteinuria in 11 122 participants in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS). Proteinuria was detected by urinary dipstick tests at baseline and at 2-year intervals. As exposure variables included baseline well As and changes in urinary As during follow-up modelled as time-dependent variables in the analyses. Results At baseline, well As was positively related to prevalence of proteinuria; prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for proteinuria in increasing quintiles of well As (47, 8–39, 40–91, 92–179 and 180–864mg/l) were 1.00 (ref), POR 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–1.27], POR 1.23 (95% CI 0.97–1.57), POR 1.50 (95% CI 1.18–1.89) and POR 1.59 (95% CI 1.26–2.00) (P for trend <0.01). Hazard ratios for incidence of proteinuria were POR 0.83 (95% CI 0.67–1.03) and POR 0.91 (95% CI 0.74–1.12) for participants with a decreasing level of 470 and 17–70mg/l in urinary As over time, respectively, and were POR 1.17 (95% CI 0.97–1.42) and POR 1.42 (95% CI 1.16–1.73) for participants with an increasing level of 16–68 and 468mg/l in urinary As over time, respectively, compared with the group with relatively little changes in urinary As as the reference group (urinary As � 16 to 15 mg/l). Conclusion The findings suggest that there are adverse effects of As exposure on the risk of proteinuria and the effects are modifiable by recent changes in As exposure.
Ascendant Eloquence: Language and Sanctity in the Works of Gonzalo de Berceo

During the European Middle Ages, a fundamental principle of Christian episte mology regarded as verbal both knowledge of God and the process by which human beings arrive at that knowledge. The concept of God as logos, implying reason, wisdom, and Word, identifies God with language and understanding: to know God is to understand or to decipher the message that is God's creation. In order to achieve that goal, human beings have at their disposal the natural world, which God created in his image and which therefore represents a system of signs pointing back to him. Christians can read these signs to advance their cognizance of the divine. In order to facilitate human understanding of the divine, God sent Jesus Christ to earth as Word and linguistic mediator. Christ communicated God's will through his actions and his words, and after Christ, the apostles, martyrs, and saints continued to fulfill that function. Yet the linguistic process that leads humans to understanding is fundamentally flawed. According to St. Augustine, whose extensive writings on the subject es sentially defined medieval sign theory, human language is capable of reflecting reality yet is limited severely by the inherent corporeal nature of words and their dependence on the human senses. In contrast, God as Word implies that in the domain of the divine, words can express perfect understanding and truth through an eternal, incorruptible correspondence between sign and signified. In order to explain and illustrate the difference between human and divine language, medieval sign theory found a perfect symbol in the Garden of Eden, where Adam and Eve transgressed God's verbal command and fell from grace. The resultant physical and spiritual distance between God and humankind reflects linguistic estrange ment as well since Adam and Eve lost their direct communicative connection to the divine.1 In addition to defining the nature of human language and its function in the quest for knowledge, the Fall also determined the moral spectrum of potential uses of words and other signs. If patristic authors recognized language's capacity for drawing the faithful closer to God, they also acknowledged its insidious ability to deceive. In his 1993 book exploring the legacy of the original misuse of language by the serpent in the Garden of Eden, Eric Jager traces the biblical origins and
T-cell cytokines affect mucosal immunoglobulin A transport.

Abstract Background Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the principle immune defense against bacteria and other pathogens in the gut and other mucosal surfaces. sIgA is produced locally by plasma cells and transported (transcytosis) across epithelial cells into luminal secretions. sIgA production and transcytosis are governed by multiple signals, which may be affected by T cells. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of the Th1-type cytokine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and the Th2-type cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) on IgA transcytosis across intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Methods HT-29 cell monolayers were established in a 2-chamber cell culture system. Cell monolayers were exposed to either IFN-γ, IL-4, or both on the apical or basal side of the culture system systems for 48 hours. Dimeric IgA then was added to the basolateral chamber and transcytosis into the apical chamber was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at timed intervals. IgA transcytosis across HT-29 cells without prior addition of either cytokine served as a control. Results Poly Ig–receptor up-regulation was shown by both IFN and IL-4. A combination of these 2 cytokines caused the greatest increase in receptor expression. A total of 3.7% of HT-29 cells expressed the polymeric Ig receptor in the control group. This increased to 23.7% in IL-4–treated cells, 66.3% in IFN-γ–treated cells, and 71.5% of cells treated with both cytokines. These findings re-show previously published findings. The effects of IFN-γ added to the basal chamber of HT-29 cell cultures shows a 7- to 10-fold increase in sIgA transcytosis at the 1-, 3-, and 12-hour time intervals. The effect of the addition of IL-4 to the basal chamber was similar to the results noted with IFN-γ alone. The greatest IgA transcytosis was noted when IFN-γ and IL-4 both were added to the basal chamber. However, these same results did not occur with cytokine exposure to the apical side of cell monolayers. Conclusions IFN-γ and IL-4 increased IgA transport across HT-29 cells in a polar fashion. An increased effect on IgA transport was noted with the combination of IFN-γ and IL-4. Delivery of T-cell cytokines to mucosal surfaces may support local antibody defense of mucosal surfaces and prevent infection.
The Potential of Agent-Based Modelling for Performing Economic Analysis of Adaptive Natural Resource Management

Abstract This paper explores how individual agent-based modelling can be used by economists and others to evaluate the economic aspects of adaptive management of natural resources. To date, economists have had few tools to perform economic analysis on adaptive natural resource management strategies and there has been limited economic analysis of adaptive management. Part of the reason for this situation may be the inherent nature of adaptive management which involves a series of ‘if-then’ in situ experiments in which expected outputs are not known with certainty, and future management actions depend on the outcome of the experiments. Individual agent-based modelling allows simulation of system wide emergent ecosystem properties that can reflect adaptation of individual agents with bounded rationality to their environment and to the interaction with other agents. These simulations can be used to mimic adaptive management experiments when insufficient information is available for more structured equation-ba...
Automatic step size adjustment of the two-dimensional LMS algorithm

This paper gives a method for distinguishing the states of the two dimensional LMS algorithm as it enhances an image in an area having high contrast variations or in an area having low contrast variations. This capability is used to automatically adjust the algorithm step size to improve image enhancement as the degree of contrast variation changes over an entire image.
Statistical Analyses of Single-Case Designs The Shape of Things to Come

Single-case-design researchers rarely used statistics in the past, but that is changing. In this article, I review the rapidly developing state of statistical analyses for single-case designs, including effect sizes, multilevel models, and Bayesian analyses. No analysis meets all the desiderata for an optimal single-case-design analysis, but this may be remedied in the near future. Single-case-design researchers will have incentives to use these analyses as they become more user-friendly and beneficial.
Increased peptide deformylase activity for N-formylmethionine processing of proteins overexpressed in Escherichia coli: application to homogeneous rubredoxin production.

Deformylation of the initiator N-formylmethionine does not always proceed to completion for proteins overexpressed in Escherichia coli. To overcome this limitation, the def gene encoding the Escherichia coli peptide deformylase was cloned into the plysS plasmid under the tetracycline (Tc) promoter control. The efficiency of this constitutive level of peptide deformylase expression was demonstrated for the case of the rubredoxins from both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms which normally retain a majority of their N-formyl terminal form. Indicating the potential structural/functional significance of residual formylation, the presence of a highly solvent exposed N-formyl group in rubredoxin is discernable in the amide NMR chemical shifts for the active site metal-coordinating cysteines more than 21 A away.
Could We Huddle on This Project? Participant Learning in Newsroom Conversations:

Huddles—informal gatherings of two or more individuals, convened to discuss substantive issues regarding the work of one or more of the participants—are a form of social interaction that can play a critical role in the learning of organizational actors. We identify their defining properties and propose a multi-level framework for understanding the participant- and huddle-level factors that promote individual learning that is important to the work of the organization. We test our hypotheses using data obtained from huddles conducted in newspaper newsrooms using an experience sampling approach. Results confirm the importance of occupational tenure heterogeneity, perceived job relevance, attention to others’ emotions, and conversational reflexivity for participant learning in huddles. These results set the stage for understanding how the informal structure of an organization can be developed in ways that promote learning and adaptation.
A GMI-based open architecture for building a geographical information search engine over the Internet

This paper proposes an open architecture for building a geographical information search engine over the Internet based on the Geographical Markup Language (GML). It recognizes the autonomous and heterogeneous nature of the current practice of the Internet by adding GML-enabled wrappers for distributed servers and a mediator tier. The paper then presents a prototype based on the proposed open architecture using the University of Oklahoma's students' addresses.
The influence of reefs on the rise of Mesozoic marine crustaceans

Ecosystems changed dramatically during the Mesozoic marine revolution, including the rise of decapod crustaceans such as lobsters, shrimp, true crabs, and squat lobsters. However, quantitative patterns of decapod biodiversity through geological time are virtually unknown. This hampers our understanding of their importance in past ecosystems and timing and causes of their radiations and extinctions. Based on our compilation of ~1300 Mesozoic decapod species, we document a long-term shift in diversity of dominant groups, marked by the fi rst appearance and increasing presence of true crabs and, to a lesser extent, squat lobsters. By the end of the Mesozoic, true crabs became the primary contributor to decapod diversity, a pattern that has persisted until the present time. This “Mesozoic decapod revolution” was advanced by a major radiation of reef-dwelling crabs, which coincided with a dramatic expansion of reefs in the Late Jurassic. The subsequent collapse of reefs near the end of the Jurassic was mirrored by a sharp (albeit temporary) drop in decapod diversity driven primarily by extinctions of numerous species of crabs. This concurrent decline also suggests that decapods inhabiting reefs, especially obligatory reef dwellers, may face elevated extinction risks today as reef ecosystems continue to deteriorate. The reef-related diversifi cation of Late Jurassic decapods and the signifi cant correlation between decapod diversity and reef abundance throughout the Mesozoic underscore the macroevolutionary importance of biotic interactions and ecosystem engineering.
Effect of pelleting on the recalcitrance and bioconversion of dilute-acid pretreated corn stover under low- and high-solids conditions

Background: Knowledge regarding the performance of densified biomass in biochemical processes is limited. The effects of densification on biochemical conversion are explored here. Results: Pelleted corn stover samples were generated from bales that were milled to 6.35 mm. Low-solids acid pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were performed for pelleted and ground stover (6.35 and 2 mm) formats. Monomeric xylose yields were significantly higher for pellets (∼60%) than for ground formats (∼38%). Pellets achieved approximately 84% of theoretical ethanol yield; ground stover formats had similar profiles, reaching approximately 68% theoretical ethanol yield. Pelleted and 6.35-mm ground stover were evaluated using a ZipperClave® reactor under high-solids, process-relevant conditions for multiple pretreatment severities (Ro); feedstock reactivity increased slightly following combined pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for three of five severities tested. Conclusion: Pelleting did not...
LvsA, a protein related to the mouse beige protein, is required for cytokinesis in Dictyostelium.

We isolated a Dictyostelium cytokinesis mutant with a defect in a novel locus called large volume sphere A (lvsA). lvsA mutants exhibit an unusual phenotype when attempting to undergo cytokinesis in suspension culture. Early in cytokinesis, they initiate furrow formation with concomitant myosin II localization at the cleavage furrow. However, the furrow is later disrupted by a bulge that forms in the middle of the cell. This bulge is bounded by furrows on both sides, which are often enriched in myosin II. The bulge can increase and decrease in size multiple times as the cell attempts to divide. Interestingly, this phenotype is similar to the cytokinesis failure of Dictyostelium clathrin heavy-chain mutants. Furthermore, both cell lines cap ConA receptors but form only a C-shaped loose cap. Unlike clathrin mutants, lvsA mutants are not defective in endocytosis or development. The LvsA protein shares several domains in common with the molecules beige and Chediak–Higashi syndrome proteins that are important for lysosomal membrane traffic. Thus, on the basis of the sequence analysis of the LvsA protein and the phenotype of the lvsA mutants, we postulate that LvsA plays an important role in a membrane-processing pathway that is essential for cytokinesis.
POPULATION GENETICS OF SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN NARRAGANSETT BAY1

During a two year period 457 clones of the diatom Skeletonema costatum were isolated prior to and during the summer-fall and winter-spring blooms of this species in Narragansett Bay, R.I. Their allozyme banding patterns were examined for 5 enzyme loci. Genotypic frequencies indicated that the winter bloom populations were genetically different from the prevalent summer bloom populations of the same species. Genetic differences between seasonal blooms are as great as those found between species of terrestrial organisms, but are not accompanied by morphological variation. Although blooms have distinct prevalent forms, they are not genetically homogeneous. No single clone is ever representative of all populations of S. costatum. The dynamics of these allochronic populations appear to be governed by a form of cyclic natural selection, and are probably a regular feature of the cycles of abundance of this species in this area. These results cast doubt on some of the assumptions often made in the “autecological approach” to phytoplankton ecology. This study comprises the first quantitative examination of the population genetics of a microalga.
Linking microbial activity and soil organic matter transformations in forest soils under elevated CO2

Soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics ultimately govern the ability of soil to provide long-term C sequestration and the nutrients required for ecosystem productivity. Predicting belowground responses to elevated CO2 requires an integrated understanding of SOM transformations and the microbial activity that governs them. It remains unclear how the microorganisms upon which these transformations depend will function in an elevated CO2 world. This study examines SOM transformations and microbial metabolism in soils from the Duke Free Air Carbon Enrichment site in North Carolina, USA. We assessed microbial respiration and net nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils with and without elevated CO2 exposure during a 100-day incubation. We also traced the depleted C isotopic signature of the supplemental CO2 into SOM and the soils' phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), which serve as biomarkers for living cells. Cumulative net N mineralization in elevated CO2 soils was 50% that in control soils after a 100-day incubation. Respiration was not altered with elevated CO2. C : N ratios of bulk SOM did not change with elevated CO2, but incubation data suggest that the C : N ratios of mineralized organic matter increased with elevated CO2. Values of SOM δ13C were depleted with elevated CO2 (−26.7±0.2 vs. −30.2±0.3‰), reflecting the depleted signature of the supplemental CO2. We compared δ13C of individual PLFA with the δ13C of SOM to discern incorporation of the depleted C isotopic signature into soil microbial groups in elevated CO2 plots. PLFA i15:0, a15:0, and 10Met18:0 reflected significant incorporation of recently produced photosynthate, suggesting that the bacterial groups defined by these biomarkers are active metabolizers in elevated CO2 soils. At least one of these groups (actinomycetes, 10Met18:0) specializes in metabolizing less labile substrates. Because control plots did not receive an equivalent 13C tracer, we cannot determine from these data whether this group of organisms was stimulated by elevated CO2 compared with these organisms in control soils. Stimulation of this group, if it occurred in the elevated CO2 plot, would be consistent with a decline in the availability of mineralizable organic matter with elevated CO2, which incubation data suggest may be the case in these soils.
Characterization of soot aggregates based on polarization modulated scattering

A sensor is demonstrated to characterize soot aggregates based on polarization modulated scattering. Comparison with other techniques shows promising agreement, and extension of the sensor to 1- or 2-dimensional soot imaging is discussed.
Mammalian telomeres resemble fragile sites and require TRF1 for efficient replication

Telomeres protect chromosome ends through the interaction of telomeric repeats with shelterin, a protein complex that represses DNA damage signaling and DNA repair reactions. The telomeric repeats are maintained by telomerase, which solves the end replication problem. We report that the TTAGGG repeat arrays of mammalian telomeres pose a challenge to the DNA replication machinery, giving rise to replication-dependent defects that resemble those of aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites. Gene deletion experiments showed that efficient duplication of telomeres requires the shelterin component TRF1. Without TRF1, telomeres activate the ATR kinase in S phase and show a fragile-site phenotype in metaphase. Single-molecule analysis of replicating telomeres showed that TRF1 promotes efficient replication of TTAGGG repeats and prevents fork stalling. Two helicases implicated in the removal of G4 DNA structures, BLM and RTEL1, were required to repress the fragile-telomere phenotype. These results identify a second telomere replication problem that is solved by the shelterin component TRF1.
Inhibition of the purified 20S proteasome by non-heme iron complexes

Polypyridyl pentadentate ligands N4Py (1) and Bn-TPEN (2), along with their respective iron complexes, have been investigated for their ability to inhibit the purified 20S proteasome. Results demonstrated that the iron complexes of both ligands are potent inhibitors of the 20S proteasome (IC50 = 9.2 μM for [FeII(OH2)(N4Py)]2+ (3) and 4.0 μM for [FeII(OH2)(Bn-TPEN)]2+ (4)). Control experiments showed that ligand 1 or FeII alone showed no inhibition, whereas 2 was moderately active (IC50 = 96 μM), suggesting that iron, when bound to these ligands, plays a key role in proteasome inhibition. Results from time-dependent inactivation studies suggest different modes of action for the iron complexes. Time-dependent decay of proteasome activity was observed upon incubation in the presence of 4, which accelerated in the presence of DTT, suggesting reductive activation of O2 and oxidation of the 20S proteasome as a mode of action. In contrast, loss of 20S proteasome activity was not observed with 3 over time, suggesting inhibition through direct binding of the iron complex to the enzyme. Inhibition of the 20S proteasome by 4 was not blocked by reactive oxygen species scavengers, consistent with a unique oxidant being responsible for the time-dependent inhibition observed.
Common Brain Mechanisms of Chronic Pain and Addiction

While chronic pain is considered by some to be a CNS disease, little is understood about underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Addiction models have heuristic value in this regard, because both pain and addictive disorders are characterized by impaired hedonic capacity, compulsive drug seeking, and high stress. In drug addiction such symptomatology has been attributed to reward deficiency, impaired inhibitory control, incentive sensitization, aberrant learning, and anti-reward allostatic neuroadaptations. Here we propose that similar neuroadaptations exist in chronic pain patients.
Gissendanner's Dilemma

The investment officer of a university endowment is considering the endowments first investment in hedge funds. He has a range of choices but as he examines the objectives and performance of several funds, he finds striking differences among them. The issue of what a hedge fund is becomes less clear as well as the criteria that the university should use in making its decision. Gissendanner must make a recommendation to his board including the reasons for his choice.
Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in fodder yield and related traits in pearl millet {Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.}

An evaluation of 84 accessions of pearl millet {Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.} germplasm for green fodder yield over one season revealed highly significant differences among accessions for days to heading, plant height, tillers per plant, leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf to stem ratio, stem diameter, green fodder yield per plant, dry fodder yield per plant and green fodder yield per plot. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were more or less similar for all the characters. Broad sense heritability was moderate 54.89% for tillers per plant to high {69.89% for green fodder yield per plot (kg)} confirming that genotypic variance has contributed substantially to the total variance. Based upon character association and path analysis, it may be concluded that tillers per plant was the major yield component, because it has high positive significant association and positive direct effect on green fodder yield. Based on mean performance of the accession IP-3613, IP-17423, IP-14450, IP-3585 and IP-17394 were observed superior due to high mean value of tillers per plant, leaves per plant and earliness in flowering. Therefore, these accession should be utilized in further breeding programme for developing superior varieties.
Community Health Information Networks and Intranets: Emerging Health Care Communication Models

Community health information networks (CHINs) are a hot topic in health care computing. With the goal of enabling efficient and improved patient care, a CHIN is created by the electronic integration of geographically dispersed health care-related information resources and repositories. Although few fully implemented CHINs are currently in place, the CHIN phenomenon promises to impact profoundly the health care industry. This article provides an overview of CHINs, focusing on technical and organizational aspects, the emerging use of "intranets" as a means of achieving many of the goals of a CHIN, and the relevance of CHINs and intranets to to laboratorians.