cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Performance of a Dual Coaxial-Cylinder Wave-Energy Extractor

This study evaluates two significant design modifications of a dual coaxial-cylinder system as a wave-energy extractor reported in Son and Yeung (2014, OMAE2014-#24582). First, a new and stronger power take-off (PTO) unit for a permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG) was built, along with an appropriate supporting structure, so as to match optimality conditions in terms of impedance matching and mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency. Based on a series of (dry-)bench tests, the properties of the PTO were obtained and the optimal operating conditions were determined. Second, the flat-bottom shape of the outer toroidal floater was modified according to “The Berkeley Wedge design” (Madhi et al, 2014, “The Berkeley Wedge: an asymmetrical energy-capturing floating breakwater of high performance,” Journal of Marine Systems and Ocean Technology, vol. 9(1), pp. 5–16). The new bottom shape led to reduction of the floater damping by almost 70%, which yielded a 3-fold increase in the floater motion response. Experiments in a wave-tank validated the response behavior of the dual-cylinder system with the use of the new PTO. The Berkeley-Wedge shape allowed more than 3 times more energy be extracted compared to the flat-bottom geometry, while the new generator also improved the energy conversion efficiency. As a result, the overall system efficiency of the device was enhanced remarkably five times over that of the previous design.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Preliminary Comparison of Online and Face-to-Face Process Groups

The outcomes of student-led, student-participant experiences in both Google Hangout and face-to-face groups in graduate-level counseling courses are compared using process- and experience-oriented measures. Overall, participants assessed face-to-face groups as superior on measures of presence, cohesiveness, safety, and delivery method. Implications for the counseling field are discussed.
A Review of “Effective Marriage Counseling: The His Needs, Her Needs Guide to Helping Couples”

Effective Marriage Counseling: The His Needs, Her Needs Guide to Helping Couples is a counselor's guide to using the model developed by Hardley that was laid out for couples in his original work Hi...
Pre- and postsynaptic inhibition by nociceptin in guinea pig small intestinal myenteric plexus in vitro

Actions of nociceptin on electrical and synaptic behavior of morphologically and neurochemically identified neurons in the guinea pig duodenal myenteric plexus were studied with conventional techni...
Performance of LiOH combined with activated carbon fiber

The influence of ventilation condition and the stage number of multistage absorption on absorptive capability of a new composite material for cleaning carbon dioxide was researched.The composite material was prepared lithium hydroxide coated on activated carbon fiber as absorbent.The result shows that the absorption rate has an evident increase with the rise of air temperature or the fall of air speed and no relevance with air relative humidity.There is only 1.8% maximal difference on absorption rate in the process among 3,6,10 stages absorption.The composite material has a stable performance for cleaning carbon dioxide,and can adapt well to a closed space with high humidity such as submarine or underground engineering.
Skill Progression in Scratch Revisited

This paper contributes to a growing body of work that attempts to measure informal learning online by revisiting two of the most surprising findings from a 2012 study on skill progression in Scratch by Scaffidi and Chambers: users tend to share decreasingly code-heavy projects over time; and users' projects trend toward using a less diverse range of code concepts. We revisit Scaffidi and Chambers's work in three ways: with a replication of their study using the full population of projects from which they sampled, a simulation study that replicates both their analytic and sampling methodology, and an alternative analysis that addresses several important threats. Our results suggest that the population estimates are opposite in sign to those presented in the original work.
Micropolar crystal plasticity simulation of particle strengthening

The yield and work hardening behavior of a small-scale initial-boundary value problem involving dislocation plasticity in an idealized particle strengthened system is investigated using micropolar single crystal plasticity and is compared with results for the same problem from dislocation dynamics simulations. A micropolar single crystal is a work-conjugate higher-order continuum that treats the lattice rotations as generalized displacements, and supports couple stresses that are work-conjugate to the lattice torsion-curvature, leading to a non-symmetric Cauchy stress. The resolved skew-symmetric component of the Cauchy stress tensor results in slip system level kinematic hardening during heterogeneous deformation that depends on gradients of lattice torsion-curvature. The scale-dependent mechanical response of the micropolar single crystal is dictated both by energetic (higher-order elastic constants) and dissipative (plastic torsion-curvature) intrinsic material length scales. We show that the micropolar model captures essential details of the average stress?strain behavior predicted by discrete dislocation dynamics and of the cumulative slip and dislocation density fields predicted by statistical dislocation dynamics.
Changing International Trade Linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa: BRIC versus OECD Countries

This chapter uses country-level exports and imports data for 42 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to establish a link between changing international trade linkages in SSA and growth. The comparative analysis shows that the share of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in SSA’s trade has been increasing significantly relative to that of OECD member countries. Further, the findings support the existence of a significant link between the higher growth rates recently observed in SSA and changing trade linkages.
Isoprene Peroxy Radical Dynamics

Approximately 500 Tg of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene) is emitted by deciduous trees each year. Isoprene oxidation in the atmosphere is initiated primarily by addition of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to C4 or C1 in a ratio 0.57 ± 0.03 (1σ) to produce two sets of distinct allylic radicals. Oxygen (O2) adds to these allylic radicals either δ (Z or E depending on whether the allylic radical is cis or trans) or β to the OH group forming six distinct peroxy radical isomers. Due to the enhanced stability of the allylic radical, however, these peroxy radicals lose O2 in competition with bimolecular reactions. In addition, the Z-δ hydroxy peroxy radical isomers undergo unimolecular 1,6 H-shift isomerization. Here, we use isomer-resolved measurements of the reaction products of the peroxy radicals to diagnose this complex chemistry. We find that the ratio of δ to β hydroxy peroxy radicals depends on their bimolecular lifetime (τbimolecular). At τbimolecular ≈ 0.1 s, a transition occurs from a kinetically to a largely...
OAM antenna arrays at E-band

This paper introduces antenna arrays to generate mode 1 and mode 3 orbital angular momentum (OAM) radio beams at 73.5 GHz (E-band) using half wavelength dipoles. Design details are presented with the arrays fabricated on 0.127 mm-thick high performance FR408 substrate with relative permittivity of 3.75 and loss tangent of 0.018. ANSYS HFSS and AWR AXIEM simulations have been used to optimize the array designs and feeding networks. Measured results include |S11| (dB) across E-band and far-field radiation patterns at 73.5 GHz. The simulations and measurements are in good agreement and demonstrate how uniform circular arrays for E-band communications can be implemented in a simple manufacturing process with flexible substrates.
A network analysis of eating disorder symptoms and characteristics in an inpatient sample

Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by symptoms that reflect disturbed eating habits. Available data on EDs largely reflects a traditional latent variable model, whereby symptoms reflect an underlying entity. The network model is an alternative approach where ED symptoms do not reflect an inferred, unobservable category or dimension, but rather are themselves constitutive of the disorder. In the present study, data from ED patients (n = 5193) that completed the Eating Disorders Inventory - 2 (EDI-2; Garner, 1991) before and after inpatient treatment were used to identify symptoms (i.e., body dissatisfaction) and characteristics (i.e., perfectionism) central to EDs. Results revealed that interoceptive awareness and ineffectiveness, but not body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, were central to the ED network at admission and discharge. Although effect sizes were small, multiple regression analyses revealed that ineffectiveness at admission predicted discharge BMI (over and above interoceptive awareness and BMI at admission) and discharge depression (over and above interoceptive awareness and depression at admission), but not discharge anxiety. These findings suggest that interoceptive awareness and ineffectiveness are central symptoms of EDs that may have implications for treatment outcome. The implications of these findings for conceptualizing the nature and treatment of EDs are discussed.
Oppressive Curriculum: Sexist, Racist, Classist, and Homophobic Practice of Dress Codes in Schooling

In this paper drawing on a study about school dress code policies and related issues—such as multiculturalism, racism, sexism, and homophobia, in the professional discourse—I show how similar the two patriarchal and White supremacist structures of education (school) and law enforcement (police) work. I argue that sexism, racism, homophobia, and classism in formal and hidden curriculum could be as mortal and brutal as it happened in cases of Tamir Rice, Michael Brown, Trayvon Martin, and others. Dress codes convey sexism with a male center gaze and racism with White middle-class norms that serve as a hidden curriculum with inherent biases. That is, not acting White, not being lady-like, wearing butch-tomboy or ragged clothing, is disruptive to academic success. Discussing a dress code in a high school in a working-class Black community, I argue that like police officers, educators tend to make dangerous judgments about bodies. Finally, to stop the harmful reproduction of such judgments, I suggest what Judith Butler calls “subversive repetition” and “subversive citation” (Butler 1990, p. 147) which allows resisting the everyday experiences that produce oneself to address the question that how can we, as teachers, school administrations, and teacher educators, resist those practices that produce our bodies as vulnerable and potential victims and others’ bodies as dangerous and potential violators. To problematize, to conceptualize, and to enhance the above-mentioned argument, I will draw on several feminist frameworks such as performativity (Butler 1990), intersectionality (Crenshaw 1989), and objectification (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997).
Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in U.S. adolescents and young adults.

Abstract Background Prescription drug misuse (PDM) rates are highest in adolescents and young adults. Little research in these high-risk groups has examined PDM differences by educational status or attainment. This investigation attempted to further our understanding of adolescent and young adult prescription drug use and misuse through examining PDM type (i.e., nonmedical misuse, medical misuse and mixed misuse) and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms from PDM by educational status/attainment. Methods Data were from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, with 13,585 adolescent and 14,553 young adult respondents. Participants were categorized by educational status separately in adolescents and young adults. Outcomes were rates of past-year prescription drug use, PDM, PDM type, and SUD symptoms, with analyses performed separately by age group and for opioids, stimulants and sedatives/tranquilizers. Analyses used logistic regression and controlled for age, race/ethnicity and sex. Results In adolescents and across medication classes, the highest rates of any use, PDM, medical misuse, nonmedical misuse and presence of two or more SUD symptoms were seen in those with poor school adjustment or not in school. In young adults, opioid-PDM and related outcomes were more prevalent in those not in school, especially high school dropouts. For stimulants, rates were highest in full-time college students and college graduates. Conclusions These results further suggest the importance of assessing educational status in adolescent and educational attainment in young adult PDM investigations. Adolescents poorly engaged in school or not in school appear especially in need of interventions to limit PDM and associated SUD symptoms.
Polypeptide Hormones and Receptors: Participants in and Products of a Two Parameter, Dissipative, Measure Preserving, Smooth Dynamical System in Hydrophobic Mass Energy

Loss of a complex Fourier spectrum and the emergence of a single periodic mode indicate loss of information transport capacity, desensitisation, in the dynamics of signal-sensitive neurobiological systems. These findings are consistent with coding theorems requiring the growth rate of orbits (topological entropy) of a channel to be equal to or exceed that of its source of information. The problem becomes that of developing a coding scheme consistent with protein motions characteristic of chaotic dynamical systems.
APPLICATIONS – STATIONARY | Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid

High-temperature fuel cells can be integrated with gas turbines (GTs) to produce integrated power plants with remarkably high fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency and low emissions while enabling carbon dioxide2 separation and sequestration. As a result, integrated hybrid fuel cell GT technology is a primary candidate for meeting future electricity demands. This article summarizes the experiments, prototype demonstrations, initial results from commercial systems, and thermodynamic and dynamic simulations that have been accomplished to prove the ultra-high efficiency and ultra-low emission characteristics of hybrid fuel cell GT technology. Fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiencies up to 56% have been demonstrated at small scale (300 kW) with simulations showing that up to 65% is possible. Analyses of larger systems have exhibited efficiencies greater than 75% at the central plant scale (∼300 MW), with the potential to operate on natural gas, and coal and biomass syngas. High-temperature fuel cell technologies are emerging with high reliability and durability, enabling them to be integrated with GT technology to produce modern hybrid power systems. Integration and control of hybrid systems are important for technology advancement. To address this need, advanced thermodynamic and dynamic simulation capabilities have been developed and demonstrated to enable future system integration and control.
Attitudes toward Nutrition and Dietary Habits and Effectiveness of Nutrition Education in Active Adolescents in a Private School Setting: A Pilot Study

This study was designed to pilot a survey to investigate nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward nutrition, exercise, and dietary habits of active adolescents. Participants included 117 middle school and 40 high school students. General and sport nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and attitudes toward nutrition education were collected via three electronic surveys. Among middle schoolers, 79.5% of students stated feeling they could benefit from advice about nutrition compared to 92.5% of high school students. The topic scoring the highest in both populations was hydration; the lowest scoring topic category was protein and exercise. Knowledge about healthy eating reportedly comes from parents and coaches most frequently for both high school and middle school students. Less than 40% of students stated their diet meets their nutritional needs. Both middle school and high school students stated a desire to learn more about nutrition, but most nutrition information currently received comes from non-nutrition-related professionals. There is a need for validation of a nutrition knowledge and behavior instrument for United States adolescents, and room for improvement in general and sport nutrition knowledge in active adolescents in all topic areas.
Latency for facultative expression of male-typical courtship behaviour by female bluehead wrasses depends on social rank: the ‘priming/gating’ hypothesis

ABSTRACT Although socially controlled sex transformation in fishes is well established, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Particularly enigmatic is behavioural transformation, in which fish can rapidly switch from exhibiting female to male-typical courtship behaviours following removal of ‘supermales’. Bluehead wrasses are a model system for investigating environmental control of sex determination, particularly the social control of sex transformation. Here, we show that the onset of this behavioural transformation was delayed in females that occupied low-ranking positions in the female dominance hierarchy. We also establish that expression of male-typical courtship behaviours in competent initial-phase (IP) females is facultative and gated by the presence of terminal-phase (TP) males. Dominant females displayed reliable TP male-typical courtship behaviours within approximately 2 days of the removal of a TP male; immediately following reintroduction of the TP male, however, females reverted back to female-typical behaviours. These results demonstrate a remarkable plasticity of sexual behaviour and support a ‘priming/gating’ hypothesis for the control of behavioural transformation in bluehead wrasses.
A memory-based explanation of antecedent-ellipsis mismatches New insights from computational modeling

An active question in psycholinguistics is whether or not the parser and grammar reflect distinct cognitive systems. Recent evidence for a distinct-systems view comes from cases of ungrammatical but acceptable antecedent-ellipsis mismatches (e.g., *Tom kicked Bill, and Matt was kicked by Tom too.). The finding that these mismatches show varying degrees of acceptability has been presented as evidence for the use of extra-grammatical parsing strategies that restructure a mismatched antecedent to satisfy the syntactic constraints on ellipsis (Arregui et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2011). In this paper, I argue that it is unnecessary to posit a special class of parser-specific rules to capture the observed profiles, and that acceptable mismatches do not reflect a parser-grammar misalignment. Rather, such effects are a natural consequence of a single structure-building system (i.e., the grammar) that relies on noisy, domain-general memory access mechanisms to retrieve an antecedent from memory. In Experiment 1, I confirm the acceptability profiles reported in previous work. Then in Experiment 2, as proof-of-concept, I show using an established computational model of memory retrieval that the observed acceptability profiles follow from independently motivated principles of working memory, without invoking multiple representational systems. These results contribute to a uniform memory-based account of acceptable ungrammaticalities for a wide range of dependencies.
Psychiatric Aspects of Obstetrics and Gynecology Patients

Psychiatric conditions are common and can affect gynecologic conditions and their treatment outcomes. Gynecologists encounter psychiatric conditions in the outpatient settings and during perioperative periods. Common gynecologic surgeries such as hysterectomy, sterilization, and dilatation and curettage have significant impact on psychological well-being of women. Delirium is common after surgeries for gynecologic conditions. Colposcopy, an outpatient procedure used for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical dysplasia, is associated with anxiety before, during, and after the procedure. Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric disorders in women; these and other psychiatric conditions will be examined in the context of uterine leiomyoma, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian disease, urinary incontinence, pelvic prolapse, and gynecologic cancers. Finally, in the last section, therapeutic approaches for psychiatric comorbidities in the gynecologic patient and psychotropics for nonpsychiatric conditions are discussed.
Tuning network dynamics from criticality to the chaotic balanced state

According to many experimental observations, neurons in cerebral cortex tend to operate in an asynchronous regime, firing independently of each other. In contrast, many other experimental observations reveal cortical population firing dynamics that are relatively coordinated and occasionally synchronous. These discrepant observations have naturally led to a lively debate surrounding discrepant hypotheses. A commonly hypothesized explanation of asynchronous firing is that excitatory and inhibitory neurons are precisely correlated, nearly canceling each other, resulting in the so-called ‘chaotic balanced state’. On the other hand, the ‘criticality’ hypothesis posits an explanation of the more coordinated state that also requires a certain balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions. Both hypotheses claim the same qualitative mechanism - properly balanced excitation and inhibition. Thus, a natural question arises: how are the chaotic balanced state and criticality related, how do they differ? Here we propose an answer to this question based on investigation of a simple, network-level computational model. We show that the strength of inhibitory synapses relative to excitatory synapses can be tuned from weak to strong to generate a family of models that spans a continuum from ‘criticality’ to the ‘chaotic balanced state’. Our results bridge two long-standing competing hypotheses and offer a possible explanation of discrepant experimental observations: neuromodulatory mechanisms that tune the strength of excitatory and inhibitory synapses may tune cortical state from criticality to the balanced state, and to intermediate states between these extremes.
Last Words in Volume 15:2

Marchand talks about the passing of a $2,000,000 state apppropriation for first unit of a modern library building.
Divisor Graphs of a Commutative Ring

If x is an element of a commutative ring R then define the x-divisor graph \(\varGamma _x(R)\) to be the graph, whose vertices are the elements of \(d(x)=\{r\in R\) | \(rs=x\) for some \(s\in R\}\) such that two distinct vertices r and s are adjacent if and only if \(rs=x\). In this chapter, the components of \(\varGamma _x(R)\) are completely characterized when R is a von Neumann regular ring. Various other types of “divisor graphs” are considered as well. For example, if x is a nonzero element of an integral domain R with group of units U(R) then the compressed divisor graph \((\varGamma _E)_x^{d^\times }(R)\) associated with x is defined to be the graph, whose vertices are the associate-equivalence classes \(\overline{r}=rU(R)\) of elements \(r\in d(x)^\times =d(x)\setminus (xU(R)\cup U(R))\) such that two distinct vertices \(\overline{r}\) and \(\overline{s}\) are adjacent if and only if \(rs\in d(x)\). Alternatively, by letting M be the positive cone of the group of divisibility of R, every \((\varGamma _E)_x^{d^\times }(R)\) is a member of the class of graphs \(\varGamma _{\le x}(M)\) defined by picking an element x of a partially ordered commutative monoid M with least element equal to its identity 1, and letting the vertices of \(\varGamma _{\le x}(M)\) be the elements of \(\{m\in M\) | \(1<m<x\}\) such that two distinct vertices m and n are adjacent if and only if \(mn\le x\). Other aspects of the chapter include the exploration of graph-theoretic criteria that reveal when two elements of an integral domain are associates, and it is proved that R is a unique factorization domain if and only if \((\varGamma _E)_x^{d^\times }(R)\) is either null or finite with a dominant clique for every \(x\in R\setminus \{0\}\). Throughout, emphasis is placed on similarities with zero-divisor graphs. For example, it is proved that if R is von Neumann regular and G is a component of \(\varGamma _x(R)\) that contains a square root of x then \(G\cong \varGamma _0(\text {ann}_R(x))\) (in particular, if \(x=0\) then we have the tautology \(G\cong \varGamma _0(R)\)), and if x is a square-free element of a unique factorization domain then \((\varGamma _E)_x^{d^\times }(R)\) is isomorphic to a zero-divisor graph of a finite Boolean ring.
New and Emerging Infections: a Select Review of Evolving Pathogens

Emerging infections are diseases that are either newly discovered in a population or previously known but increasing in incidence. We have chosen to review a few emerging infections that are most notable at this time with new treatment options. We separated them into three categories: viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Among emerging viral pathogens, we focused on Ebola virus where we have a monoclonal antibody that has been shown safe for treatment in adults, and promising vaccine candidates. Zika virus is also reviewed, although care focuses on symptomatic treatment, we now have several vaccines under development for prevention. Bacterial pathogens of concern are gram-negative bacteria with multidrug resistance. Current treatment options include: use of β-lactamase inhibitors, use of combination therapy, and use of novel non-antibiotic therapies. Lastly, Candida auris is a newly identified Candida species that can be highly resistant to routine antifungal therapy. A new agent, SCY-078, has shown growth inhibition and also antibiofilm activity against C. auris. In conclusion, while we have chosen to review only a few emerging infections, there are many others circulating and newer pathogens will arise. We need to develop, evaluate, and disseminate novel tools to identify and treat new and current emerging infections.
Delineating the Boundaries Between Nonmonogamy and Infidelity: Bringing Consent Back Into Definitions of Consensual Nonmonogamy With Latent Profile Analysis.

To gain insight into the mixed findings surrounding Consensual Nonmonogamy (CNM), this study developed the Triple-C model of commitment, conceptualizing relationship structures with three key dimen...
Systematic precipitation redistribution following a strong hurricane landfall

The 2017 and 2018 Atlantic hurricane seasons poignantly illustrated the dangers tropical cyclones pose to US, Central American, and Caribbean coastlines. In particular, Hurricane Maria inflicted widespread damage, including catastrophic defoliation, to Puerto Rico, altering surface heat fluxes and possibly modifying precipitation patterns. This study assesses whether defoliation-driven changes to surface energy fluxes redistribute precipitation in the months following a powerful hurricane landfall. Remote sensing analyses of Maria-related vegetation reduction and recovery from Puerto Rico were adapted to the Georgia coastline. In this novel methodology, the resulting landscape evolution, characterized by an instantaneous vegetation reduction with a gradual recovery, was assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a convection-allowing a 3-km grid spacing for the 1 June–1 August 2017 period. The experiment revealed that Maria-scale defoliation reduced precipitation by 14% during the month following landfall within a 50 × 50 km zone containing the hypothetical landfall location. A maximum deficit of 20.0% was reached 4 weeks after landfall. For June 2017, the modeled 14% deficit would have shifted the precipitation total from the 61st to the 47th percentile for years 1981–2016. Meanwhile, precipitation totals were unchanged on the domain scale. The near-landfall drying was also evident in three less-severe defoliation simulations, suggesting that systematic precipitation redistribution near the landfall location is possible following storms considerably weaker than Hurricane Maria. Analyses of the temperature and wind fields suggest that coastal kinematic flow is altered by the introduction of a thermally driven pressure gradient in the defoliated zone.
CCKergic Tufted Cells Differentially Drive Two Anatomically Segregated Inhibitory Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb.

Delineation of functional synaptic connections is fundamental to understanding sensory processing. Olfactory signals are synaptically processed initially in the olfactory bulb (OB) where neural circuits are formed among inhibitory interneurons and the output neurons mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). TCs function in parallel with but differently from MCs and are further classified into multiple subpopulations based on their anatomic and functional heterogeneities. Here, we combined optogenetics with electrophysiology to characterize the synaptic transmission from a subpopulation of TCs, which exclusively express the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), to two groups of spatially segregated GABAergic interneurons, granule cells (GCs) and glomerular interneurons in mice of both sexes with four major findings. First, CCKergic TCs receive direct input from the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This monosynaptic transmission exhibits high fidelity in response to repetitive OSN input. Second, CCKergic TCs drive GCs through two functionally distinct types of monosynaptic connections: (1) dendrodendritic synapses onto GC distal dendrites via their lateral dendrites in the superficial external plexiform layer (EPL); (2) axodendritic synapses onto GC proximal dendrites via their axon collaterals or terminals in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) on both sides of each bulb. Third, CCKergic TCs monosynaptically excite two subpopulations of inhibitory glomerular interneurons via dendrodendritic synapses. Finally, sniff-like patterned activation of CCKergic TCs induces robust frequency-dependent depression of the dendrodendritic synapses but facilitation of the axodendritic synapses. These results demonstrated important roles of the CCKergic TCs in olfactory processing by orchestrating OB inhibitory activities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal morphology and organization in the olfactory bulb (OB) have been extensively studied, however, the functional operation of neuronal interactions is not fully understood. We combined optogenetic and electrophysiological approaches to investigate the functional operation of synaptic connections between a specific population of excitatory output neuron and inhibitory interneurons in the OB. We found that these output neurons formed distinct types of synapses with two populations of spatially segregated interneurons. The functional characteristics of these synapses vary significantly depending on the presynaptic compartments so that these output neurons can dynamically rebalance inhibitory feedback or feedforward to other neurons types in the OB in response to dynamic rhythmic inputs.
Efficacy of ATP Monitoring for Measuring Organic Matter on Postharvest Food Contact Surfaces

ABSTRACT The Food Safety Modernization Act, specifically the Produce Safety Rule, requires growers to clean and sanitize food contact surfaces to protect against produce contamination. An ATP monitoring device is a potential sanitation tool to monitor the efficacy of an on-farm cleaning and sanitation program that could help growers meet regulatory expectations mandated by the Produce Safety Rule. This ATP monitoring device uses bioluminescence to detect all ATP (found in bacteria and produce matter cells) from a swabbed surface. Because little work has been done to test the efficacy of these tools under postharvest conditions, the present study evaluated ATP measurement for postharvest food contact surface cleanliness evaluation. Concentrations of leafy greens (spinach, romaine, and red cabbage, with or without Listeria innocua) were used as organic matter applied to stainless steel, high-density polyethylene plastic, and bamboo wood coupons to represent postharvest food contact surfaces. The ATP levels on the coupons were then measured by using swabs and an ATP monitoring device. Results showed that the concentration of L. innocua and leafy greens on a food contact surface had a highly significant effect on the ATP monitoring device reading (P < 0.0001). The ATP monitoring device had a lower limit of detection for L. innocua at 4.5 log CFU per coupon. The type of leafy green on a food contact surface did not affect the ATP reading (P = 0.88). Leafy greens with added L. innocua had a higher ATP reading when compared with saline and L. innocua, demonstrating the presence of leafy green matter contributes to ATP reading when combined with L. innocua. The different food contact surfaces had different ATP response readings (P = 0.03), resulting in no detectable levels of bacteria and/or leafy green material from bamboo wood surfaces (P = 0.16). On the basis of our results, the ATP measurement is an appropriate tool to measure produce or bacterial contamination on stainless steel or high-density polyethylene plastic surfaces; however, it is not recommended for wood surfaces. HIGHLIGHTS
Design Rules Volume 2: Chapter 7—The Value Structure of Technologies Part 2: Strategy without Numbers

Functional analysis as set forth in the last chapter decomposes a technical system into functional components that do things to advance the system’s purpose and the goals of its designers. Functional analysis in turn can be used to construct value structure maps of technical systems. Such maps reveal targets of potential action and investment in the technical system where value may be created and captured. Value structure maps can be constructed without using numerical estimates based on prices, quanities and probabilities, thus they are an appropriate means of analyzing technical systems subject to radical uncertainty, complexity, and complementarity. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate how value structure mapping combined with narratives can be applied to problems of strategy in large technical systems. I first argue that the salient points of value creation and value capture in a large technical system are the system’s bottlenecks. I then use value-mapping methodology to trace the evoluion of bottlenecks of three large technical systems: early aircraft; high-speed machine tools; and container shipping. Finally, I distill the lessons of the case studies into four principles for creating and capturing value in large, evolving technical systems.
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in Older Persons With HIV

With increased longevity related to the advent of antiretroviral therapy, there are increasing proportions of older persons with HIV (PWH). Prior studies have demonstrated increased prevalence of geriatric syndromes in older PWH and recommended the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in this population. However, there is currently no peer-reviewed literature that outlines how to perform the CGA in PWH in the clinical setting. In this article, we offer a review on how to perform the CGA in PWH, outline domains of the CGA and their importance in PWH, and describe screening tools for each domain focusing on tools that have been validated in PWH, are easy to administer, and/or are already commonly used in the field of geriatrics.
Documenting an Untold Story: Migration and Cultural Dynamics between India and South Sudan

This article examines the historical and contemporary relationship between South Sudan and India, with a particular focus on migration and cultural dynamics. It begins with a historical context that traces the introduction of the Indian diaspora to South Sudan, then delves into the influence of neighboring East African countries as a transit point. Building on this foundational context, the article will then delve into the cultural phenomenon that have been observed in South Sudan in relation to the transmission of two aspects of Indian culture: food and clothing. The anecdotal examples presented in this article are not reflective of systematic or institutional efforts of engagement between the two countries, but rather are organic initiatives that occur at the individual or group level. By presenting an overview of where the relationship between these two countries as it stands today, this article will begin a conversation about the cultural and diasporic dynamics that is direly needed. The examples that referred to in this article are drawn primarily from my time fieldwork in South Sudan from 2014-2015. These observations are supplemented by media articles and foreign policy documents that are publicly available.
Mars 2020 Sample Caching System Contamination: How to Clean Hardware and Keep it Clean

The Mars 2020 Rover has the capability to collect and cache samples for potential Mars sample return. Specifically, the sample caching system (SCS) is designed for coring Mars samples and acquiring regolith samples as well as handling, sealing and caching on Mars. As the potential first Martian samples that could be returned to Earth, assuring low levels of terrestrial contamination is of the utmost concern. In developing the SCS, the project prioritized limiting sample contamination in organic, inorganic and biological areas. The focus of this paper is on the strategies implemented to clean and maintain cleanliness throughout the assembly of hardware as well as the challenges and lessons learned to maintain stringent contamination requirements.
Well-Being and General Anxiety Among University of Michigan Dental Students

BackgroundAnxiety is one of the most prevalent mental health conditions, affecting approximately 1 in 9 people worldwide. More specifically, dental students have been considered vulnerable to anxiety despite the fact that dental students have also reported high levels of well-being. Therefore, we hypothesize that University of Michigan School of Dentistry (UMSOD) dental students pose high levels of well-being but suffer from anxiety. Our objective is to measure anxiety and well-being levels among UMSOD dental students for 2 consecutive academic years.MethodsDental students (N = 609) were surveyed for well-being and general anxiety levels. To assess well-being and anxiety levels we used the World Health Organization–Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire and the General Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Surveys were sent through Qualtrics. For statistical analysis, chi-square and t test were used at p < 0.05.ResultsThe mean well-being score among dental students was 12.26 (SD = 1.14). In the first survey moment for anxiety, which coincided with the week before the spring break in 2017, approximately 39% of the respondents (n = 255) scored 10 or higher on the GAD-7, which means moderate anxiety. In the second survey moment, the week after the spring break week in 2017, we found a slight but not significant reduction in anxiety levels, with approximately 32% of the responses (n = 109) of the dental students scoring 10 or higher on the GAD-7. Incoming first-year dental students before starting the dental school program presented well-being mean of 18 (SD = 0.60). Only 13% of incoming first-year dental students scored 10 or higher on anxiety before starting the school program. By the fall term, the well-being mean among incoming first-year dental students dropped to 13.29 (SD = 1.32), and 22% of the incoming first-year dental students scored 10 or higher in the GAD-7.ConclusionsUniversity of Michigan School of Dentistry dental students posed poor well-being and moderate anxiety. Incoming first-year dental students posed higher well-being and lower anxiety levels before starting the dental education program. However, as the academic year developed, incoming first-year dental students suffered a decrease in well-being and an increase in anxiety levels. Our study indicates a trend of poor well-being and high anxiety among UMSOD dental students.
Políticas de promoción de exportaciones en Centroamérica

Diez anos atras, los paises miembros del Mercado Comun Centroamericano (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua) comenzaron a abandonar la politica de “desarrollo hacia adentro” que habian aplicado durante decenios. Actualmente estan estimulando las exportaciones no tradicionales mediante la reduccion de las barreras arancelarias, la unificacion del tipo de cambio y el acceso de los exportadores a los bienes intermedios y de capital a precios internacionales. Algunos gobiernos, ademas, han otorgado subsidios directos en la forma de creditos tributarios por los bienes que se exportan lucra de Centroamerica. El presente articulo pasa revista a esas politicas y analiza sus efectos en las exportaciones de cada uno de los cinco paises centroamericanos, y examina en especial la posibilidad de que los subsidios que se otorgan por los productos que se despachan lucra del moca puedan inducir a los exportadores a dar preferencia a los mercados cxtrarrcgionalc-s en vez de los regionales.
Role of alphavbeta5 integrin in regulating phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium.

Daily phagocytosis of shed outer segment fragments (OS) by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important element of the continuous photoreceptor rod and cone outer segment renewal in the retina. Shedding of outer segment distal tips every morning, synchronized by light and circadian rhythms, precedes a burst of phagocytic activity by the RPE that efficiently removes shed OS from the retina (Young and Bok, 1969; LaVail, 1976). This recurrent clearance of spent OS by the RPE is one of the highest capacity phagocytic systems known in nature.
Topics in dynamic bifurcation theory

On the definition of bifurcation Structural stability and generic properties in $\mathbf R^n$ Stability and bifurcation at a zero eigenvalue Stability and bifurcation from a focus First order bifurcation in the plane Two dimensional periodic systems Higher order bifurcation near equilibrium A framework for infinite dimensions Bifurcation in infinite dimensions References.
Optimal fusion rules for label fusion of dependent classification systems

A classification system with M possible output labels (or decisions) will have M(M-1) possible errors. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) manifold was created to quantify all of these errors. When multiple classification systems are fused, the assumption of independence is usually made in order to mathematically combine the individual ROC manifolds for each system into one ROC manifold. In this paper we will start with the independence assumption and then investigate fused statistically-dependent classification systems. Specifically, we will use label fusion (also called decision fusion) of multiple classification systems to combine these dependent systems and demonstrate the benefit in performance of incorporating the dependence effects into the fused classification system. We will derive the formula for the generalized AND rule for the resultant ROC manifold of the fused classification system which incorporates the individual dependent classification systems. We will also develop a method utilizing permutation matrices to generate formulas for other label-fusion rules. Examples will be given that demonstrate how the formulas are used.
Quantitative cytochemical studies on Paramecium. V. Autoradiographic studies of nucleic acid syntheses.

Abstract 1. 1. Tritiated thymidine is incorporated into the macronuclear DNA of Paramecium aurelia throughout the second part of the interdivision interval but there is little if any incorporation during the first part. These observations are in good agreement with the previous studies with Feulgen microspectrophotometry. 2. 2. Tritiated cytidine and uridine are incorporated most rapidly into macronuclear RNA and only later appear in cytoplasmic RNA. On incubation in culture medium, macronuclear label decreases while cytoplasmic label increases. 3. 3. Both cytidine and uridine are incorporated into macronuclear RNA at nearly the same rate per unit volume throughout the interdivision interval. This contrasts with the earlier microspectrophotometric studies that showed no net increase in macronuclear RNA during the first part of the interval. 4. 4. These findings suggest that RNA is formed in the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm as rapidly as it is formed. 5. 5. The relations suggest that the rate of synthesis of RNA may be proportional to the amount of DNA. The possible relations between the rates of synthesis of the nucleic acids and the rate of over-all growth of the cell are considered.
The entropy rounding method in approximation algorithms

Let A be a matrix, c be any linear objective function and x be a fractional vector, say an LP solution to some discrete optimization problem. Then a recurring task in theoretical computer science (and in approximation algorithms in particular) is to obtain an integral vector y such that Ax a Ay and cTy exceeds cTx by only a moderate factor.We give a new randomized rounding procedure for this task, provided that A has bounded Δ-approximate entropy. This property means that for uniformly chosen random signs χ(j) e {±1} on any subset of the columns, the outcome Aχ can be approximately described using at most m/5 bits in expectation (with m being the number of selected columns).To achieve this result, we modify well-known techniques from the field of discrepancy theory, especially we rely on Beck's entropy method, which to the best of our knowledge has never been used before in the context of approximation algorithms. Our result can be made constructive using the Bansal framework based on semidefinite programming.We demonstrate the versatility of our procedure by rounding fractional solutions to column-based linear programs for some generalizations of Bin Packing. For example we obtain a polynomial time OPT + O(log2OPT) approximation for Bin Packing With Rejection and the first AFPTAS for the Train Delivery problem.
Design of a simple recursive filter for processing ESPI fringe patterns

This paper presents a simple method to design a recursive filter for processing ESPI fringe pattern to obtain a quality results according to the frequency of the fringe. This method of speckle noise reduction has the advantages of both less computation time and improved results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pressure Effects on Enzyme Activity and Stability at High Temperatures

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a promising strategy for obtaining new stable enzymes— that is, to isolate them from micro-organisms that grow under extreme conditions, the so-called extremophiles. The application of enzymes in industrial processes are limited by the inability of the enzymes to withstand harsh operating conditions, for example, high temperatures, pH extremes, high detergent concentrations, and high organic solvent concentrations. A long-standing goal of biotechnology has therefore been to expand the operating range of the enzymes beyond typical intracellular conditions. A general framework for analyzing pressure effects on enzyme stability are developed by first considering one of the simplest, yet most widely applicable, two-step models for enzyme inactivation. This model involves an initial equilibrium step, where the enzyme undergoes cooperative unfolding to give a reversibly denatured state. The reversibly denatured state is then subject to an irreversible inactivation step(s) yielding inactive enzyme. This model is summarized in the chapter. Case studies on pressure effects and protein stability are also given.