cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software-based analysis of bacteriophage genomes, physical ends, and packaging strategies

Phage genome analysis is a rapidly growing field. Recurrent obstacles include software access and usability, as well as genome sequences that vary in sequence orientation and/or start position. Here we describe modifications to the phage comparative genomics software program, Phamerator, provide public access to the code, and include instructions for creating custom Phamerator databases. We further report genomic analysis techniques to determine phage packaging strategies and identification of the physical ends of phage genomes. The original Phamerator code can be successfully modified and custom databases can be generated using the instructions we provide. Results of genome map comparisons within a custom database reveal obstacles in performing the comparisons if a published genome has an incorrect complementarity or an incorrect location of the first base of the genome, which are common issues in GenBank-downloaded sequence files. To address these issues, we review phage packaging strategies and provide results that demonstrate identification of the genome start location and orientation using raw sequencing data and software programs such as PAUSE and Consed to establish the location of the physical ends of the genome. These results include determination of exact direct terminal repeats (DTRs) or cohesive ends, or whether phages may use a headful packaging strategy. Phylogenetic analysis using ClustalO and phamily circles in Phamerator demonstrate that the large terminase gene can be used to identify the phage packaging strategy and thereby aide in identifying the physical ends of the genome. Using available online code, the Phamerator program can be customized and utilized to generate databases with individually selected genomes. These databases can then provide fruitful information in the comparative analysis of phages. Researchers can identify packaging strategies and physical ends of phage genomes using raw data from high-throughput sequencing in conjunction with phylogenetic analyses of large terminase proteins and the use of custom Phamerator databases. We promote publication of phage genomes in an orientation consistent with the physical structure of the phage chromosome and provide guidance for determining this structure.
Phase I Study for Poor Prognosis Lymphoma: Modification of the “BEAM” (BCNU +Etoposide+ARA-C+Melphalan) Regimen with Escalating-Dose Melphalan (MEL) Using Amifostine (AF) Cytoprotection and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT).

Background: AHSCT is standard therapy for recurrent or progressive, yet chemosensitive lymphoma, both non-Hodgkin’s (NHL) and Hodgkin’s (HL). However, relapse is frequent, and augmentation of existing conditioning regimens (e.g. BEAM) is one approach to reducing these relapses. Since BEAM has considerable regimen related toxicity (RRT), methods to allow safe dose augmentation are needed. Prior experience (BBMT2004;10(7): 473–83) indicates that AF may be useful in protecting vs RRT produced by high-dose MEL used alone; thus, we postulated a cytoprotective effect in this situation as well. Goals: Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of escalated dose MEL in BEAM, using AF and AHSCT, in a classical Phase I trial. Methods: We utilized AF 740mg/m 2 daily before and during BEAM (i.e., −7 to −1) with MEL, starting at 140 mg/m 2 (level A) and escalating by 20 mg/m 2 per 4 - pt. cohorts. AHSCT and other supportive care measures were routine. (Thiotepa was used in patients with a history or at high risk of central nervous system (CNS) disease.) The Berman (JCO1989; 7(9): 1288–94) scale of grading RRT was used to determine the MTD in 4- pt. cohorts; those who died of non-RRT causes were deemed non-evaluable and replaced. Results: Between 07/30/2003 and 06/28/2006, we entered 18 patients (NHL13 /HL 5), med age 60 (range 23 to 72) years. All had progressed or relapsed; 12 were chemosensitive. To date, 6 patients at level A (140mg/m 2 ), 4 patients at B (160mg/m 2 ), 5 patients at C (180mg/m 2 ) and 3 patients at D (200mg/m 2 ) have been evaluated >D +30. Three patients (2 at level A and 1 at level C) were non-evaluable due to: Removal (pt’s request) during BEAM, Death due to CNS bleeding; and MI (with known pre-existing coronary artery disease), and were replaced. None of the remaining 15 had Bearman RRT >II; 2 had none and 10 had only grade I RRT. All (save one case of hepatic II RRT) were stomatitis and/or gastrointestinal. All had CD34 + > 2.0 x 10e 6 /kg and prompt hematopoietic reconstitution: ANC >0.5 and platelets >20K at median D+ 11 (range +9 to +12) and D+ 12 (range +9 to +24), respectively. No late (i.e., >D+ 30) hematologic or non-hematologic toxicities were noted. At present, 11 patients are alive, 7 in CR, one too early to evaluate at median D+ 469, range + 27 to 999. Conversely, 7 are dead, due to relapse (5), MI (one), and CNS bleeding (1). Responses occurred at all dose levels. In evaluable patients Conclusion: Although not strictly proven, we believe the use of AF allows the safe use of escalated doses of MEL in the BEAM regimen >/= 180mg/m 2 . Dose escalation will continue until a MTD is found.
Neurite extension from rod bipolar cells in retinal cell and explant cultures

One of the key requirements for the success of a subretinal prosthesis or photoreceptor transplant is the formation of an effective interface with the remaining neural retina. An optimal interface would be one where specific and highly efficient contacts were made with retinal neurons, presumably bipolar cells. Although the properties of neurite (particularly axonal) outgrowth have been extensively studied in retinal ganglion cells, comparatively little work has been done with other retinal neurons. The goal of the present research is to explore the survival and neurite outgrowth properties of a specific type of retinal cell, the rod bipolar cell (RBC), using in vitro culture preparations. RBCs are the most numerous of the several classes of bipolar cells in mammals, and would be a likely target of stimulation by any subretinal implant. We report here that RBCs in short term culture - as isolated cells or within retinal explants - extend their dendrites, and that these are often decorated with varicosities and smaller spine-like extensions. This response is similar to remodeling of RBCs observed in cat models of retinal detachment, and suggests it might be possible to manipulate RBCs with appropriate growth and guidance cues to form an optimal interface with subretinal devices or transplants.
The Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients with IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease that is triggered by food allergens and characterized by progressive esophageal dysfunction. Recently, EoE has been identified in patients who underwent oral immunotherapy (OIT) for IgE-mediated food allergy, suggesting an association. Objective We sought to ascertain whether significant associations exist between IgE-mediated food allergies and EoE. Methods Using the analysis of electronic medical record data and manual chart review, we examined our subspecialty care network of 35,528 children and adolescents to identify and characterize patients with IgE-mediated and EoE food allergy. The most common food allergens were defined, and the prevalence of EoE in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy was determined. Logistic regression was used to measure the extent to which IgE-mediated food allergy to specific foods is associated with EoE. Results The most common causes of EoE were milk, soy, egg, grains, and meats, an allergen pattern that is distinct from that of IgE-mediated food allergy. The prevalence of EoE in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy was higher than that reported in the general population (4.7% vs 0.04%). The distribution of IgE-mediated food allergens in patients with EoE was similar to that of the general population, and IgE-mediated allergy to egg (2.27; 1.91-2.64), milk (4.19; 3.52-4.97), or shellfish (1.55; 1.24-1.92) was significantly associated with an EoE diagnosis. Conclusions Our findings support a clinical association between these conditions that has implications for the management of children with food allergy, and particular relevance to patients undergoing OIT.
Accelerometry-Assessed Latent Class Patterns of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Mortality.

Introduction Latent class analysis provides a method for understanding patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior. This study explored the association of accelerometer-assessed patterns of physical activity/sedentary behavior with all-cause mortality. Methods The sample included 4,510 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants aged ≥40 years enrolled in 2003–2006 with mortality follow-up through 2011. Participants used a hip-worn accelerometer for 1 week that provided minute-by-minute information on physical activity/sedentary behavior. Accelerometry patterns were derived using latent class analysis. Cox proportional hazards models provided adjusted hazard ratios with 95% CIs. Analyses were conducted from 2014 to 2016. Results During an average of 6.6 years of follow-up, 513 deaths occurred. For average counts/minute, the more-active classes had a lower risk of mortality compared with the lowest (Class 1). Findings were generally similar for percentage of the day in minutes and bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity, defined two ways. For percentage of the day in sedentary behavior, generally no associations were identified. However, the class with the highest percentage of the day in sedentary bouts (Class 1) had a higher risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% CI=1.11, 3.97) versus the class with fewer sedentary bouts (Class 7). Conclusions In this national observational study, time spent in physical activity reduced the risk of all-cause mortality and time spent in sedentary bouts increased the risk of all-cause mortality, regardless of how both were accumulated. The latent class analysis contributed to understanding the impact of patterning of physical activity and sedentary behavior on mortality.
Bevacizumab versus bevacizumab plus vorinostat in adults with recurrent malignant glioma: Results of a phase I part of a phase I/II trial.

2029^ Background: Antiangiogenic therapy using b evacizumab (Bev) has shown promising activity against recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). However, most patients have disease progression after striking but transient responses. Salvage therapies have been uniformly ineffective, suggesting development of resistance mechanisms including upregulation of other proangiogenic factors and increased activity of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF)-1a. Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has single agent activity against recurrent GBM and downregulates HIF-1a and other proangiogenic and invasive factors. We hypothesized that HDAC inhibition combined with Bev would result in improved clinical outcome. We report the results of the Phase I portion of the study preceding the initiation of the 2-arm adaptive randomized Phase II study. Methods: Adults with recurrent malignant glioma, KPS ≥ 60, normal hepatic, renal and marrow organ function and no prior exposure to Bev or Vorinostat were enrolled to the combination t...
Disparity in Retention in Care and Viral Suppression for Black Caribbean-Born Immigrants Living with HIV in Florida

(1) The study aim was to assess disparities in non-retention in HIV care and non-viral suppression among non-Hispanic Black Caribbean immigrants living with HIV in Florida. (2) We analyzed cases involving individuals, aged ≥13, who met CDC HIV case definition during 2000-2014. Chi square test was used to evaluate differences in non-retention and non-viral suppression by country of origin/race/ethnicity. Multilevel logistic regressions with three referent groups [US-born Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs)] were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR). (3) Caribbean-born Blacks were less likely to be retained in care or be virally suppressed than US-born Blacks, Hispanics, and NHWs. Bahamians, Haitians, and Trinidadians and Tobagonians had increased odds of non-retention (aOR 3.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.40 -4.10; aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.40-1.66; aOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.38-3.83), and non-viral suppression (aOR 3.23, 95% CI 2.48-4.21; aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.68-1.98; aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.06-2.90) compared with NHWs. (4) Caribbean-born Blacks living with HIV infection are less likely than other racial/ethnic groups to be retained in care and/or achieve viral suppression. Further research is urgently needed to determine social, cultural, and biological factors that contribute to this disparity.
SOVIET RESEARCH ON AMERICAN R&D: A COMMENTARY

Of the little work done on the geography of research and development in the United States, three articles by Polovitskaya, a Soviet geographer, are noteworthy. These articles have presented data from a variety of official American sources, and show a considerable understanding of the actual nature of American science and research. In particular, the distinction between government-funded and industrial R&D has a significant effect on the generation of growth in economic regions. This work on the U.S., i. however n.t linked with policy trends or evolving concerns in either the USSR or in developing countries. [Although this assessment of Polovitskaya's work is based on her translated i. work should be noted that her research culminated in a full-fledged monograph titled Geografiya nauchnykh issledovaniy v SShA (Geography of Scientific Research in the U.S.) Moscow: Mysl', 1977, 223 pp.]
The Use of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory With Female and Male Pharmacy Students.

The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory profiles for female (n = 140) and male (n = 346) pharmacy students were compared. Female and male students obtained similar interest patterns when separate no...
A Practical Guide to Collaborative Qualitative Data Analysis

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of a structured, rigorous approach to collaborative qualitative analysis while attending to challenges associated with working in team environments. The method is rooted in qualitative data analysis literature related to thematic analysis, as well as the constant comparative method. It seeks to capitalize on the benefits of coordinating qualitative data analysis in groups, while controlling for some of the challenges introduced when working with multiple analysts. The method includes the following six phases: (a) preliminary organization and planning, (b) open and axial coding, (c) development of a preliminary codebook, (d) pilot testing the codebook, (e) the final coding process, and (f) reviewing the codebook and finalizing themes. These phases are supported by strategies to enhance trustworthiness, such as (a) peer debriefing, (b) researcher and data triangulation, (c) an audit trail and researcher journal, and (d) a search for negative cases.
Intercultural Connectivity: Intertwined through Islamic Design

This paper is a critical inquiry examining the works of an art exhibit, Geometric Aljamia: A Cultural Transliteration, hosted during Kennesaw State University’s Year of the Arabian Peninsula. It includes a brief interdisciplinary discussion of the importance of geometry to the development of Islamic art and design. The contemporary artists who produced these works under study integrate drawing and paper-cutting techniques that display characteristics of art found throughout the Muslim world.
Coupled Effect of Shrinkage-Mitigating Admixtures and Saturated Lightweight Sand on Shrinkage of UHPC for Overlay Applications

Abstract This paper evaluates the efficiency of various shrinkage mitigation approaches in reducing autogenous and drying shrinkage of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). This included the use of various contents of CaO-based and MgO-based expansive agents, shrinkage-reducing admixture, and pre-saturated lightweight sand. Workability, compressive strength development, autogenous and drying shrinkage were evaluated for UHPC mixtures subjected to moist curing periods of 1, 3, and 7 d. Test results indicate that the use of lightweight sand was shown to be more effective in mitigating shrinkage than enhancing compressive strength. The replacement of natural sand by 60% of lightweight sand, by volume, was found to reduce autogenous shrinkage from 530 to 35 µm/m at 91 d. The coupled effect of using 60% lightweight sand and either CaO-based expansive agent, MgO-based expansive agent, or shrinkage-reducing admixture can reduce autogenous shrinkage at 91 d by up to 600 µm/m and drying shrinkage by up to 700 µm/m. In some combination, the use of shrinkage mitigating admixtures was found to reduce the 91-d compressive strength ranging from 8 to 20 MPa, even when 60% lightweight sand was employed. The initial moist curing period had positive effect on mitigating total shrinkage. The incorporation of 10% CaO-based expansive agent in UHPC with 60% lightweight sand subjected to 7 d of moist curing exhibited the best overall performance with 91-d autogenous shrinkage of 110 µm/m in expansion and 91-d total shrinkage (autogenous shrinkage after 1 d plus drying shrinkage) of 580 µm/m (also in expansion).
Cloning Complexity: Alternate Taxes and the Federal-State Relationship

Congress has a long history of creating alternatives to the regular income tax. Initially the emphasis was on capital gains, income averaging and the self employment tax. Later legislation expanded the scope to AMT, lump sum distributions, the kiddie tax, IRA distributions and other realms. Most states derive their rate base in some way from the federal model. Consequently they must decide to either incorporate these features of the law or leave them out of the design. Tower, Hinson and Hall explore how these statutes contribute to the complexity of our federal tax system and detail how the states’ responses compound the problem. Remedies exist, and the study results point the way to a workable solution.
Amifostine in reducing cisplatin toxicity

Amifostine has been demonstrated in preclinical evaluation and through the conduct of a randomized controlled clinical trial to reduce the incidence and severity of cisplatin-associated toxicity. While the role of amifostine in standard oncologic management remains to be defined, patients who require treatment with cisplatin who have preexisting renal or neurologic dysfunction may have their potential for further damage to these organs reduced if amifostine is delivered along with the cytotoxic drug.
APRIL: An Application-Aware, Predictive and Intelligent Load Balancing Solution for Data-Intensive Science

In this paper, we propose an application-aware intelligent load balancing system for high-throughput, distributed computing, and data-intensive science workflows. We leverage emerging deep learning techniques for time-series modeling to develop an application-aware predictive analytics system for accurately forecasting GridFTP connection loads. Our solution integrates with a major U.S. CMS Tier-2 site; we use a real dataset representing 670 million GridFTP transfer connections measured over 18 months to drive our predictive analytics solution. First, we perform extensive analysis on this dataset and use the connection loads as an example to study the temporal dependencies between various user-roles and workflow memberships. We use the analysis to motivate the design of a gated recurrent unit (GRU) based deep recurrent neural network (RNN) for modeling long-term temporal dependencies and predicting connection loads. We develop a novel application-aware, predictive and intelligent load balancer, APRIL, that effectively integrates application metadata and load forecast information to maximize server utilization. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of our deep RNN predictive analytics system and compare it with other approaches such as ARIMA and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) predictors. The results show that our forecasting model, depending on the user-role, performs between 5.88%–92.6% better than the alternatives. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of APRIL by comparing it with the load balancing capabilities of an existing production Linux Virtual Server (LVS) cluster. Our approach improves server utilization, on an average, between 0.5 to 11 times, when compared with its LVS counterpart.
Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Sweet's Syndrome

Sweet's syndrome, also known as Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory condition. It is considered to be the prototype disease of neutrophilic dermatoses, and presents with acute onset dermal neutrophilic lesions, leukocytosis, and pyrexia. Several variants have been described both clinically and histopathologically. Classifications include classic Sweet's syndrome, malignancy associated, and drug induced. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in Sweet's syndrome have been difficult to elucidate due to the large variety of conditions leading to a common clinical presentation. The exact pathogenesis of Sweet's syndrome is unclear; however, new discoveries have shed light on the role of inflammatory signaling, disease induction, and relationship with malignancy. These findings include an improved understanding of inflammasome activation, malignant transformation into dermal infiltrating neutrophils, and genetic contributions. Continued investigations into effective treatments and targeted therapy will benefit patients and improve our molecular understanding of inflammatory diseases, including Sweet's syndrome.
Inhibition of Trigeminal Nociception by Non-invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Investigating the Role of GABAergic and Serotonergic Pathways in a Model of Episodic Migraine

Migraine is a prevalent neurological disease that is characterized by unpredictable episodic attacks of intense head pain. The underlying pathology involves sensitization and activation of the trigeminal system. Although non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) is recommended for the treatment of migraine, the abortive mechanism of action is not well-understood. The goal of this study was to compare the ability of nVNS and sumatriptan to inhibit trigeminal activation in two animal models of episodic migraine and to investigate the receptor mechanism of action of nVNS. Nocifensive head withdrawal response was investigated in adult male Sprague Dawley rats using von Frey filaments. To induce trigeminal nociceptor sensitization, complete Freund's adjuvant was injected in the trapezius muscle and trigeminal neurons were activated by exposure to a pungent odor or injection of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. Some animals received nVNS or sumatriptan as treatment. Some animals were injected intracisternally with antagonists of GABAA, 5-HT3 or 5-HT7 receptors prior to nVNS since these receptors are implicated in descending modulation. While unsensitized animals exposed to the pungent odor or nitric oxide alone did not exhibit enhanced mechanical nociception, sensitized animals with neck muscle inflammation displayed increased trigeminal nocifensive responses. The enhanced nociceptive response to both stimuli was attenuated by nVNS and sumatriptan. Administration of antagonists of GABAA, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors in the upper spinal cord suppressed the anti-nocifensive effect of nVNS. Our findings suggest that nVNS inhibits trigeminal activation to a similar degree as sumatriptan in episodic migraine models via involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic signaling to enhance central descending pain modulation.
Indocyanine Green Angiography in Breast Reconstruction: Utility, Limitations, and Search for Standardization.

During reconstructive breast surgery, intraoperative assessment of tissue perfusion has been solely based on subjective clinical judgment. However, in the last decade, intraoperative indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) has become an influential tool to visualize blood flow to the tissue of interest. This angiography technique produces real-time blood flow information to provide an objective assessment of tissue perfusion. Methods A comprehensive literature search of articles pertaining to ICGA in breast reconstruction surgery was performed. The overall findings of the articles are outlined here by surgical procedure: skin-sparing and nipple-sparing mastectomy, implant-based reconstruction, and autologous reconstruction. Results Overall, there were 133 articles reviewed, describing the use of ICGA in breast reconstruction surgery. We found that ICGA can provide valuable information that aids in flap design, anastomotic success, and perfusion assessment. We also included example photographs and videos of ICGA use at our institution. Conclusions ICGA can reduce postoperative tissue loss and aid in intraoperative flap design and inset. Despite the benefits of ICGA, its technical use and interpretation have yet to be standardized, limiting its widespread acceptance.
NEONATAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION WITH SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI IN RESISTANT BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA.

The laboratory BS-90 strain of the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata, progeny of snails collected from Salvador, Brazil, is resistant to infection with Schistosoma mansoni as juveniles or adults, which rapidly kill primary sporocysts with an attack by the internal defense system (IDS). However, neonatal snails are susceptible to infection. Although neonatal susceptibility of Salvador B. glabrata was reported in 1953 and confirmed subsequently, this phenomenon has been largely ignored. In this study, susceptibility was examined in discrete sizes (shell diameters) of BS-90 snails. We found that 1-mm snails are highly susceptible and develop patent infections. Unexpectedly, most infected 1-mm snails contain primary sporocysts in the digestive gland. Snails measuring 2 and 3 mm show a reduced prevalence of infection, and 4-mm and larger snails are refractory. In snails larger than 1 mm, sporocysts fail to develop normally, as shown by reduced numbers of germinal cells 48 hr post-exposure. Moreover, in larger snails an increasingly stronger response of the IDS is mounted in the form of increased numbers of sporocysts undergoing encapsulation and destruction by hemocytes, and increased layers of encapsulating hemocytes, as well as increased mitotic activity of the hematopoietic amebocyte-producing organ. These results indicate a relatively narrow size range over which resistance develops and suggest that the IDS of 1-mm snails is developmentally immature. The occurrence of infections in neonatal snails may help to explain the transmission of schistosomiasis in regions of low snail susceptibility and may complicate future efforts in biological control.
Multivariate Adaptive Splines for Analysis of Longitudinal Data

Abstract An essential feature of longitudinal data is the existence of autocorrelation among the observations from the same unit or subject. Two-stage random-effects linear models are commonly used to analyze longitudinal data. These models are not flexible enough, however, for exploring the underlying data structures and, especially, for describing time trends. Semi-parametric models have been proposed recently to accommodate general time trends. But these semi-parametric models do not provide a convenient way to explore interactions among time and other covariates although such interactions exist in many applications. Moreover, semi-parametric models require specifying the design matrix of the covariates (time excluded). We propose nonparametric models to resolve these issues. To fit nonparametric models, we use the novel technique of the multivariate adaptive regression splines for the estimation of mean curve and then apply an EM-like iterative procedure for covariance estimation. After giving a gener...
10.06 – Absorption, Enterohepatic Circulation, and Fecal Excretion of Toxicants

This chapter describes the processes of intestinal absorption, enterohepatic circulation, uptake into, and transport out of, enterocytes and hepatocytes, and fecal excretion. Specific sections discuss the mechanisms and transport proteins that are involved in the transmembrane movement of endogenous and xenobiotic substances.
Prevalence and characteristics of HPV vaccine hesitancy among parents of adolescents across the US.

Abstract Background While many clinicians encounter parents or adolescents who refuse HPV vaccine, little is known about the prevalence of hesitancy for HPV vaccine nationally or its association with vaccination. Methods In April 2019, we surveyed families with adolescents 11–17 years using a national online panel (Knowledge Panel®) as the sampling frame. We assessed the prevalence of HPV vaccine hesitancy with the validated 9-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS). We used multivariate analyses to assess demographic factors associated with HPV vaccine hesitancy. We also assessed practical barriers to receipt of HPV vaccine and the relationship between barriers and hesitancy. Finally, we evaluated the association between both HPV vaccine hesitancy and practical barriers on HPV vaccine receipt or refusal. Results 2,177 parents out of 4,185 sampled (52%) completed the survey, 2,020 qualified (lived with adolescent). Using a VHS cut-off score > 3 out of 5 points, 23% of US parents were hesitant about HPV vaccine. Hesitancy was lower among those with Hispanic ethnicity. At least one out of five parents disagreed that the HPV vaccine is beneficial for their adolescent, that the vaccine is effective, protects against HPV-related cancers, or that they followed their adolescent’s health-care provider’s recommendation about the vaccine. Many were concerned about vaccine side effects and the novelty of the vaccine. Adolescents living with vaccine-hesitant parents were less than one-third as likely to have received the vaccine (RR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.24, 0.35) or completed the vaccine series (RR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.23, 0.36), and were 6-fold more likely to have refused the vaccine because of parental vaccine-related concerns (RR = 6.09, 95% CI = 5.26, 7.04). Most practical barriers were independently associated with vaccine receipt but not with vaccine refusal. Conclusions HPV vaccine hesitancy is common nationally and strongly related to both under-vaccination and vaccine refusal.
Enhanced recovery pathways for ambulatory surgery.

Purpose of review Implementation of enhanced recovery pathways have allowed migration of complex surgical procedures from inpatient setting to the outpatient setting. These programs improve patient safety and patient-reported outcomes. The present article discusses the principles of enhanced recovery pathways in adults undergoing ambulatory surgery with an aim of improving patient safety and postoperative outcomes. Recent findings Procedure and patient selection is one of the key elements that influences perioperative outcomes after ambulatory surgery. Other elements include optimization of comorbid conditions, patient and family education, minimal preoperative fasting and adequate hydration during the fasting period, use of fast-track anesthesia technique, lung-protective mechanical ventilation, maintenance of fluid balance, and multimodal pain, nausea, and vomiting prophylaxis. Summary Implementation of enhanced recovery pathways requires a multidisciplinary approach in which the anesthesiologist should take a lead in collaborating with surgeons and perioperative nurses. Measuring compliance with enhanced recovery pathways through an audit program is essential to evaluate success and need for protocol modification. The metrics to assess the impact of enhanced recovery pathways include complication rates, patient reported outcomes, duration of postoperative stay in the surgical facility, unplanned hospital admission rate, and 7-day and 30-day readmission rates.
Work System Theory as a Platform: Response to a Research Perspective Article by Niederman and March

This article responds to “Taking the Work System Theory Forward” (Niederman and March, 2014), a JAIS research perspective article about an article on work system theory (Alter, 2013e). The research perspective article recognizes value in the work system approach, suggests that WST is not a proper theory, and suggests areas for related theory development. After summarizing the main ideas in WST, this article explains disagreements between Niederman and March (2014) and Alter (2013e), hereafter called N&M and the WST article, regarding what WST is and what WST should become. It notes that N&M interprets basic ideas in WST differently than those ideas were defined in the WST article. It notes that N&M’s critique of WST is anchored in issues about the nature of theory, especially a preference for Gregor’s Type 4 theory. It explains that WST is a special case of general system theory, and as such should not and cannot take the form of a theory that expresses relationships between independent variables, moderating variables, and dependent variables. Next it explains why the WST article called WST a theory when it might have been called something else, and also why the development of WSM was not treated as a design science research project. The concluding section responds directly to N&M’s title, “Taking the Work System Theory Forward” by explaining that WST is becoming a platform for applications and extensions in IS and within and across a number of disciplines. It illustrates that view using examples under five categories.
Applications of dynamic micro-optical coherence tomography

Living cells exhibit active intracellular molecular motion that reflect their functional states. Traditional microscopy techniques that solely capture high resolution static images of cells misses out on the opportunity to tap into the wealth of information provided by complex intracellular activity. We recently developed dynamic micro-OCT (DμOCT), an extension of μOCT that achieves near-isotropic sub-cellular resolution in all three dimensions (2 µm lateral x 1 µm axial). DμOCT substantially enhanced the contrast of cells and organelles while revealing stratified, depth-dependent dynamics in the epithelial layers. In this work, we have expanded the application DμOCT to encompass imaging of human skin in vivo, and detection of pharmacologic-induced changes in human melanoma spheroids and murine tissues.
Newlywed Couples’ Own and Partner Sexual Disgust Sensitivities Interact to Predict Their Marital Satisfaction Through Their Sexual Satisfaction

Sex is integral to maintaining a satisfying long-term romantic relationship such as marriage. It is thus important to identify the factors that promote sexual satisfaction in these relationships. To this end, we examined the extent to which a crucial evolved individual difference-sexual disgust sensitivity-impacts people's sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction. Using a two-year longitudinal study of 102 newlywed couples (204 individuals), we demonstrated that, rather than exerting main effects, the interaction of both couple members' sexual disgust sensitivities was indirectly associated with marital satisfaction through sexual satisfaction. People whose partners' sexual disgust sensitivities were relatively similar (versus dissimilar) to their own maintained higher levels of sexual satisfaction across the first two years of marriage, which was associated with similarly elevated marital satisfaction. Not only do these findings highlight the importance of integrating evolutionary perspectives and relationship science, they underscore the value of conducting dyadic research to examine the unique intersection of both couple members' characteristics for people's relationship outcomes.
Analyzing carbon fiber structures observed by helium ion microscopy and their mechanical properties

Abstract In this work we present images of carbon fiber fractured surfaces observed for the first time by Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM) at high magnifications, aiming to capture defects ranging in size between 10 nm and 100 nm. Nominal critical defect sizes of various commercial carbon fibers were calculated from the Griffith Equation and their critical defect size distributions were calculated from their Weibull strength distributions. HIM images of the carbon fibers with the standard modulus (~230 GPa), intermediate modulus (~280 GPa), high modulus (>350 GPa) and ultra-high strength (>6.8 GPa) are shown to have contrasting microstructures. Some of the three dimensional (3D) structural features, like crystalline sheets, flakes, and sets of amorphous material, have not been previously captured by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a representative intermediate modulus carbon fiber was mechanically tested by the single filament test method and its strength characteristics were corelated to structural features observed by HIM. HIM imaging offers a new, reproducible, and feasible technique to analyze the original 3D nanostructures of carbon fibers.
Risk of Fracture Among Older Adults With Primary Hyperparathyroidism Receiving Parathyroidectomy vs Nonoperative Management.

Importance Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) contributes to the development and progression of osteoporosis in older adults. The effectiveness of parathyroidectomy for reducing fracture risk in older adults is unknown. Objective To compare the incidence of clinical fracture among older adults with PHPT treated with parathyroidectomy vs nonoperative management. Design, setting, and participants This was a population-based, longitudinal cohort study of all Medicare beneficiaries with PHPT from 2006 to 2017. Multivariable, inverse probability weighted Cox proportional hazards and Fine-Gray competing risk regression models were constructed to determine the association of parathyroidectomy vs nonoperative management with incident fracture. Data analysis was conducted from February 17, 2021, to September 14, 2021. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was clinical fracture at any anatomic site not associated with major trauma during the follow-up period. Results Among the 210 206 Medicare beneficiaries with PHPT (mean [SD] age, 75 [6.8] years; 165 637 [78.8%] women; 183 433 [87.3%] White individuals), 63 136 (30.0%) underwent parathyroidectomy within 1 year of diagnosis, and 147 070 (70.0%) were managed nonoperatively. During a mean (SD) follow-up period of 58.5 (35.5) months, the unadjusted incidence of fracture was 10.2% in patients treated with parathyroidectomy. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 52.5 (33.8) months, the unadjusted incidence of fracture was 13.7% in patients observed nonoperatively. On multivariable analysis, parathyroidectomy was associated with lower adjusted rates of any fracture (hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80]) and hip fracture (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.79). At 2, 5, and 10 years, parathyroidectomy was associated with adjusted absolute fracture risk reduction of 1.2% (95% CI, 1.0-1.4), 2.8% (95% CI, 2.5-3.1), and 5.1% (95% CI, 4.6-5.5), respectively, compared with nonoperative management. On subgroup analysis, there were no significant differences in the association of parathyroidectomy with fracture risk by age group, sex, frailty, history of osteoporosis, or meeting operative guidelines. Fine-Gray competing risk regression confirmed parathyroidectomy was associated with a lower probability of any fracture and hip fracture when accounting for the competing risk of death (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82-0.85; and HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80-0.85, respectively). Conclusions and relevance This longitudinal cohort study found that parathyroidectomy was associated with a lower risk of any fracture and hip fracture among older adults with PHPT, suggesting a clinically meaningful benefit of operative management in this population.
Treating the Abusive Partner: An Individualized Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Introduction. The Forms and Patterns of Abusive Behavior. The Clinically Relevant Characteristics of Partner Abuse Perpetrators. Intervention Models and Research. Clinical Assessment of the Abusive Client. Case Formulation. Enhancing Motivation to Change and Engagement into Treatment. Relationship Skills Training. Cognitive Intervention Strategies. Trauma Recovery. Relapse Prevention.
Upending the uncanny valley

Although robotics researchers commonly contend that robots should not look too humanlike, many artforms have successfully depicted people and have come to be accepted as great and important works, with examples such as Rodin's Thinker, Mary Cassat's infants, and Disney's Abe Lincoln simulacrum. Extending this tradition to intelligent robotics, the authors have depicted late sci-fi writer Philip K Dick with an autonomous, intelligent android. In doing so, the authors aspire to bring robotic systems up to the level of great art, while using the technology as a mirror for examining human nature in social AI development and cognitive science experiments.
Spatial and temporal analysis of sex crimes in Charlottesville, Virginia

Sexual assault and interpersonal violence affects university communities in disproportionate numbers to those of the general population. It is estimated that one in five women will be the victims of a sexual assault during their college years. In this study, we use kernel density estimation, logistic regression and random forest modeling to conduct spatial and temporal analysis of sexual assault at the University of Virginia and wider Charlottesville community between 1990 and 2015. This paper takes into account the cultural characteristics of the community to explore the underlying reasons for concentrations of criminal sexual assault behavior. Our results show that proximity to registered sex offenders and Greek life residences are the two most important predictors of sexual assault crime among all the variables studied. These spatial and temporal models provide insights to better understand crime patterns and improve policing and response.
Using combined experiments and analysis to generate dynamic critical stress intensity data

In this paper, we give a short description of a finite element model of mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation. We then discuss the use of combined experiment/analysis procedures to generate critical stress intensity data as a function of crack velocity. Because of the sensitivity of the analysis to boundary conditions and specified crack velocity, it is difficult to generate reliable K/sub ID/(v) data using this approach. This is due to uncertainties in both the analysis and measured crack position. Suggestions are made for alternate test methods to reduce some of these uncertainties.
The Creative Mind

This article relates recent findings in neuropsychology to the practice of art therapy. Based on published literature and the author's experiences as a therapist, it illustrates how knowledge of neurological functioning can be used to therapeutic advantage with art therapy clients. Case examples reveal that providing clients with a basic understanding of how theirbrains work and helping them translate this into the language of art can break through stalemates and advance treatment.
Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 521 to 1500 nm) of rhenium and iridium at their melting points by a pulse-heating technique

The melting-point radiance temperatures (at seven wavelengths in the range 521 to 1500 nm) of rhenium and iridium were measured by a pulse-heating technique. The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the specimen from room temperature to its melting point in less than 1 s and on simultaneously measuring the specimen radiance temperature every 0.5 ms with two high-speed pyrometers. Melting was manifested by a plateau in the radiance temperature-versus-time function for each wavelength. The melting-point radiance temperatures for a given specimen were determined by averaging the measured temperatures along the plateau at each wavelength. The melting-point radiance temperatures for each metal were determined by averaging results for several specimens at each wavelength. The results are as follows. $$\begin{gathered} Rhenium Iridium \hfill \\ \overline {2989 K at 521nm} \overline {2458 K at 523 nm} \hfill \\ 2916 K at 614 nm 2402 K at 617 nm \hfill \\ 2891 K at 656 nm 2380 K at 656 nm \hfill \\ 2853 K at 707 nm 2349 K at 711 nm \hfill \\ 2789 K at 807 nm 2297 K at 808 nm \hfill \\ 2719 K at 905 nm 2243 K at 906 nm \hfill \\ 2324 K at 1500 nm 1944 K at 1500 nm \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Based on estimates of the random and systematic errors arising from pyrometry and specimen conditions, the expanded uncertainty (two standard-deviation level) in the reported values is ±8K.
A Phosphoenzyme Intermediary in Acetate Kinase Action

Abstract Acetate kinase (ATP:acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) has been phosphorylated with 32P, 14C-acetyl phosphate. Only phosphorus was transferred to the enzyme. Phosphoenzyme, prepared with acetyl phosphate, can synthesize ATP from ADP and acetyl phosphate from acetate.
The Influence of Age on Male Mate‐Searching Behaviour in Thornbug Treehoppers

One prediction from life-history theory is that males should increase investment in reproductive effort as they age because the opportunity for future reproductive events declines. However, older males may not be able to increase their reproductive effort if condition declines with age. The effect of age-related changes in condition may be especially important for energetically costly activities such as moving within and between habitat patches while searching for mates. Although such searching is a component of many mating systems, the relationship between age and active mate searching has not been investigated. We investigated whether mate-searching effort increased with age in the thornbug treehopper, Umbonia crassicornis (Hemiptera: Membracidae). In this species, males search for females using a ‘fly-call-walk’ strategy consisting of three phases: (1) flying from one plant to another; (2) walking and signalling while on a plant; and (3) close-range courtship of encountered females. We measured several aspects of mate-searching behaviour over the month-long period of a male’s reproductive lifetime. Over the relevant period of male sexual activity (19–33 d), male condition remained stable. However, older males (25–33 d) did not search more actively than younger males as predicted; instead, younger males (19 d) had greater plant-to-plant flight activity and found females faster. Within-plant walking rates and courtship duration did not differ among age classes. These results suggest that thornbug males may be investing so heavily in mate searching at younger ages that they are unable to increase investment in searching effort when they get older. As a result, older males are likely to be at a competitive disadvantage when active searching is required to locate sparsely distributed females.
A Method for Mathematically Documenting Bitemarks

A method for describing and documenting bitemarks is presented in which the patterned injury from each arch is broken down into its constituent marks. The centroid of each mark is determined and used as a point to define the mark. Lines are used to connect each point around the arch. The length of each line is recorded and the angle formed between each pair of adjacent lines is also recorded. The ordered set of line lengths and angles is used to describe the bitemark. This format lends itself to computer storage, manipulation, and comparison.
The pharmacologic management of status asthmaticus in children.

This treatment protocol has been employed effectively as a specific guide. It also can be adapted to changing or unique clinical situations and aids in bringing optimum treatment to the child or adolescent with status asthmaticus.