cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The horizontal and vertical cervico-ocular reflexes of the rabbit.

Abstract Horizontal and vertical cervico-ocular reflexes of the rabbit (HCOR, VCOR) were evoked by sinusoidal oscillation of the body about the vertical and longitudinal axes while the head was fixed. These reflexes were studied over a frequency range of 0.005–0.800 Hz and at stimulus amplitudes of ± 10° . When the body of the rabbit was rotated horizontally clockwise around the fixed head, clockwise conjugate eye movements were evoked. When the body was rotated about the longitudinal axis onto the right side, the right eye rotated down and the left eye rotated up. The mean gain of the HCOR (eye velocity/body velocity) rose from 0.21 and 0.005 Hz to 0.27 at 0.020 Hz and then declined to 0.06 at 0.3 Hz. The gain of the VCOR was less than the gain of the HCOR by a factor of 2–3. The HCOR was measured separately and in combination with the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR). These reflexes combine linearly. The relative movements of the first 3 cervical vertebrate during stimulation of the HCOR and VCOR were measured. For the HCOR, the largest angular displacement (74%) occurs between C 1 and C 2 . For the VCOR, the largest relative angular displacement (45%) occurs between C 2 and C 3 . Step horizontal clockwise rotation of the head and body (HVOR) evoked low velocity counterclockwise eye movements followed by fast clockwise (resetting) eye movements. Step horizontal clockwise rotation of the body about the fixed head (HCOR) evoked low velocity clockwise eye movements which were followed by fast clockwise eye movements. Step horizontal clockwise rotation of the head about the fixed body (HCOR + HVOR) evoked low velocity counterclockwise eye movements which were not interrupted by fast eye clockwise movements. These data provide further evidence for a linear combination of independent HCOR and HVOR signals.
PRIMARY SERUM TOXICITY AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE CHICKEN EMBRYO.

1. The 3 day old chicken embryo removed from its shell is a suitable test object for the demonstration of primary serum toxicity. Addition of normal rabbit type sera as well as Forssman antiserum causes the vascular network to contract and the embryo sinks in the yolk and dies. 2. Only sera of animals of the so called rabbit type produce this phenomenon. Sera of the guinea pig type are ineffective. 3. Heating to 51°C. destroys the complement content of normal human serum as also its effectiveness to produce the vascular phenomenon. 4. Up to the present it has not been possible to reactivate heat-inactivated normal serum by the addition of complement, while inactivated Forssman antiserum can be easily reactivated. 5. The vascular phenomenon of the chicken embryo is produced not only by the addition of a mixture of Forssman antiserum and complement but also by separate addition of both components. 6. Guinea pig type sera, containing dissolved Forssman antigen, are not only ineffective but actually exert an inhibitory influence on effective rabbit type sera as well as on Forssman antiserum.
High scrotal (Bianchi) single-incision orchidopexy: a "tailored" approach to the palpable undescended testis.

Our aim was to evaluate the utility of the high scrotal orchidopexy (Bianchi) approach for palpable undescended testis (UDT) and to assess long-term follow-up. We reviewed the records of orchidopexies performed between 1999 and 2002. The patients were then categorized by intraoperative exam under anesthesia as to whether their testes were palpable or nonpalpable. All palpable UDT that were initially thought to be amenable to a single high scrotal approach (Bianchi) were then reviewed. These cases were then analyzed to assess the impact of patient age, initial location of the testis, and prior inguinal/scrotal surgery with respect to the necessity to convert to a standard two-incision technique, and to analyze success and complications at 6–12-week and 1-year follow-up. Two hundred and nineteen orchidopexies were performed on 204 patients over this 4-year period. There were 178 testes palpable, and the transscrotal approach was used in 85 patients (100 orchidopexies). The preoperative positions of the testes that were thought to be amenable to Bianchi technique included the following: gliding (19), secondary trapped (25), superficial inguinal pouch (42), and location within the inguinal canal (2), while the remaining 12 testes were ectopic. Six patients required conversion to a traditional inguinal approach because of insufficient cord length via the single incision to allow the testis to lie in the scrotum. All patent processes vaginalis were ligated via the scrotal incision, regardless of their size. All patients, except for one who had a testis in the superficial inguinal pouch, had palpable testes of stable size and in a dependent position at 6–12-week follow-up. Of the 62 children who returned for 1-year follow-up, all had findings identical to those at their initial 6-week visits, with no atrophy or secondary reascent. Postoperative complications included transient postoperative scrotal hematoma in a single patient. The single failure underwent a successful two-incision orchidopexy for secondary reascent and a resultant trapped testis. Children with primary palpable undescended, gliding, or trapped testes can be managed successfully through the transscrotal route in the majority of cases. With use of a tailored approach to the palpable UDT, an additional groin incision is necessary only for a minority of appropriately selected cases.
Diel Patterns of Active Vertical Migration in Seagrass Meiofauna

Patterns of acbve vertical migration exhibited by sediment-associated meiofauna were examlned in a subtropical seagrass meadow. Total numbers, species composition and percentage of sediment meiofauna found to migrate were examined during two 24 h s tudes . Large numbers (>20 000h-' m-2) of harpacticoid copepods representing a substantial proporbon (>50 "10) of the total benthic harpacticoid community migrated from the sediment into the water column. Nineteen of 36 harpacticoid species identified migrated actively. Migration was greatest during nighttime. Results indicate the importance of vertical migration to benthic-pelagic interactions in shallow seagrass environments.
Reducing high-speed/RF test cost - guaranteed by design or guaranteed to fail?

Summary form only given. Test engineers are under tremendous pressure to reduce the test cost associated with wireless communication products. Identifying the best solution that reduces test cost without compromising product quality is a major challenge in the semiconductor industry. The guaranteed-by-design concept is achievable for digital and some low-frequency analog devices. In high-frequency analog devices and high-speed digital devices, other constraints limit our ability to guarantee the device specification
Structuring III‐structured policy issues: Further explorations in a methodology for messy problems

This paper extends previous work in the development of a methodology for ill-structured policy problems. It argues that recent advances in the structure and logic of argumentation allow one to develop a new basis for treating policy issues. In brief, policies may be viewed as the outcome of a process of reasoning (argumentation) whose purpose is to establish the basis (rationale) for the policy. This paper shows how the tools of symbolic logic may be applied to handle arguments containing strong inconsistencies. The tools presented allow treatment of one of the most fundamental issues concerned with ill-structured problems, the divergence between opposing formulations or perceptions of a problem.
Competitive surface complexation reactions of sulfate and natural organic carbon on soil

The ecological implications of subsurface SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} loading on nutrient cation leaching, acidification, and the destruction of concrete containers used to store low-level radioactive waste, has been thoroughly addressed. Processes favoring SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} adsorption by the subsurface matrix tend to alleviate these adverse ecological conditions and this has been investigated to a lesser extent. In this study, the adsorption of SO{sub 4}{sup 2} onto several soil types with indigenous SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} and organic carbon removed, was measured as a function of pH in the presence and absence of added natural organic matter (NOM). Sulfate adsorption was strongly pH dependent and the presence of >2 mg L{sup -1} NOM resulted in a consistent decrease in sulfate adsorption over the pH range 4.5 to 8. The tendency of these soils to adsorb SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} was related to their large quantity of Fe-oxides and the presence of kaolinite in the <2-{mu}m clay fraction. A surface complexation model based on electrical double layer theory was used to model the adsorption of SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} was related to their large quantity of Fe-oxides and the presence of kaolinite in the <2-{mu}m clay fraction. A surface complexation model based on electrical doublemore » layer theory was used to model the adsorption behavior of sulfate. A single reaction involving the adsorption of SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} onto positive or neutral surface sites (XOH + H{sup +} + SO{sub 4}{sup 2-} = XSO{sub 4}{sup -} + H{sub 2}O) as a inner-sphere complex proved successful in describing the adsorption of sulfate under the experimental conditions. The estimated value of the intrinsic equilibrium constant (K) for the above reaction was of the order 10{sup 10} suggesting strong sulfate adsorption. Estimated K values were found to be unaffected by the presence of added NOM. 57 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.« less
A 1H magnetic resonance imaging study of porosity in polyurethane foams

1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to study the distribution of water in polyurethane foams. Flexible open-celled foams are easily distinguished from the closed-cell foams as the latter does not absorb any detectable amounts of water. Flexible foams degassed in vacuo revealed no structural detail due to the resolution limitation of approximately 100 μm. Incompletely degassed foams revealed considerable areas of trapped gas which were recorded as a function of distance beneath the water. Samples injected with water indicated that a tortuous flow pathway is taken due to the presence of cell windows. Samples with lower porosity had a higher resistance to flow.
Shown but not shared, presented but not proffered: Redefining ritual identity among Warlpiri ritual performers, 1990-2000

Little has been written on the construction and projection of indigenous social identity in public (‘non-restricted’) ritual among Aboriginal Australians. Elsewhere, I have analysed nearly half a century of such public rituals (1946–1990) among the Warlpiri of Yuendumu in Central Australia, concentrating on the shifting forces of gender and kinship. This paper focuses on the key moments motivating senior Warlpiri women, since the 1990s, to reconfigure their ritual participation and roles in inter-indigenous ceremonial events. I analyse how these women participate in inter-Aboriginal performances, exhibiting the iconic and sensory virtues of the Dreaming and weaving new forms of political identity, shaped by the pressures of neo-colonialism, with female ambassadors of other Aboriginal groups. I argue that in this performative process women are reconfiguring the meanings of Aboriginalities and rearticulating their connectedness to one another, a connectedness rooted in their beliefs and responsibilities towards the Dreaming.
Solution of Band Matrix Equations by Projection-Recurrence

Abstract The solution space of the matrix equation Hx = u is decomposed by a projection which leads to a recurrence for H -1 . For tridiagonal H it is shown that the elements of H -1 can always be completely factorized. An explicit expression is obtained for H -1 when H is tridiagonal with constant interior elements and arbitrary boundary elements. This result reduces to a particularly simple form when H is Toeplitz. For general N × N tridiagonal H , the maximum number of arithmetic operations to obtain any element of H -1 is asymptotic to 6 N , and to obtain H -1 it is N 2 +14 N . To obtain the vector x the number of operations ranges from 8 N to 11 N .
Crustal and uppermost mantle shear velocity structure adjacent to the Juan de Fuca Ridge from ambient seismic noise

[1] Based on 6 months of OBS data from the Cascadia Initiative experiment near the Juan de Fuca Ridge, we obtain Rayleigh wave group and phase speed curves from 6 s to about 20 s period from ambient noise cross correlations among all station pairs. We confirm the hypothesis that the dispersion data can be fit by a simple age-dependent formula, which we invert using a Bayesian Monte Carlo formalism for an age-dependent shear wave speed model of the crust and uppermost mantle between crustal ages of 0.5 and 3.5 Ma. Igneous crustal structure is age invariant with a thickness of 7 km, water depth varies in a prescribed way, and sedimentary thickness and mantle shear wave speeds are found to increase systematically with crustal age. The mantle model possesses a shallow low shear velocity zone (LVZ) with a velocity minimum at about 20 km depth at 0.5 Ma with lithosphere thickening monotonically with age. Minimum mantle shear velocities at young ages are lower than predicted from a half-space conductively cooling model (HSCM) and the lithosphere thickens with age faster than the HSCM, providing evidence for nonconductive cooling in the young lithosphere. The shallow LVZ is consistent with expectations for a largely dehydrated depleted (harzburgite) mantle with a small, retained near-ridge partial melt fraction probably less than 1% with melt extending to a lithospheric age of approximately 1 Ma (i.e., ∼30 km from the ridge).
Effect of the Anatomic Reservoir on Low-Flow Oxygen Delivery Via Nasal Cannula: Constant Flow Versus Pulse Flow With Portable Oxygen Concentrator

BACKGROUND: The F IO2 for a nasal cannula with constant flow (CF) depends on the anatomic reservoir (AR), which is affected by changes in frequency and end-expiratory flow. Conversely, pulse flow (PF) devices do not require the AR. The purpose of this study was to compare the F IO2 delivered by a nasal cannula supplied by CF via oxygen tank with that delivered by PF delivered via portable oxygen concentrator. Hypotheses were (1) a lung model of COPD with non-zero end-expiratory flow decreases FIO2 for CF more than for PF, and (2) CF and PF perform differently in terms of F IO2 delivery, despite having equivalent settings. METHODS: Normal and COPD lung models were simulated (IngMar Medical ASL 5000) using published human data: normal: breathing frequency 15 breaths/min, R in 4c m H 2O s L –1 ,R out 4c m H 2O s L –1 ,C 60 mL cm H 2O –1 , tidal volume (VT) 685 mL, Pmax 11.95 cm H2O, increase 33%, and release 28; COPD: breathing frequency 20 breaths/min, R in 12 cm H2O s L –1 ,R out 25 cm H 2O s L –1 ,C 66 mL cm H2O –1 ,V T 685 mL, Pmax 24.52 cm H2O, increase 35%, and release 23%. CF was 1–5 L/min. Portable oxygen concentrators used were Solo 2 (Invacare), XPO2 (Invacare), FreeStyle (AirSep), Focus (AirSep), One G3 (Inogen), and LifeChoice ActivOx (Inova Labs). RESULTS: CF produced significantly higher F IO2 at all settings for normal lungs but lower for COPD lungs compared with Solo 2. COPD reduced the FIO2 for CF but had a smaller variable effect for PF. Data show there is no equivalency between PF setting and CF rates for the portable oxygen concentrators tested. CONCLUSIONS: CF oxygen delivery via a nasal cannula is significantly reduced by elimination of the AR in a model of COPD, yielding clinically important decreases in F IO2 . PF (delivered with a portable oxygen concentrator) is relatively unaffected. This study supports the recommendation that clinicians and caretakers should titrate the PF setting to each patient’s unique oxygen requirements. Key words: lung simulator; nasal cannula; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; oxygen therapy. [Respir Care 2014;59(8):1199–1209. © 2014 Daedalus Enterprises]
Ulcer associated cell lineage glands expressing trefoil peptide genes are induced by chronic ulceration in ileal pouch mucosa.

Background—Chronic ulcerative conditions in the gastrointestinal tract result in the appearance of the ulcer associated cell lineage (UACL). The glands of this new cell lineage secrete epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor AE, and the trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides,which are known to participate in repair processes. Pouchitis is the most frequent complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Aim—Our aim was to determine whether the mucosal ulceration present in pouchitis can induce the development of UACL glands. Methods—Biopsies from ileal pouches with pouchitis (n=10), healthy pouches (n=5), and normal terminal ileum (n=5) were studied. Expression of TFF mRNA was assessed by in situ hybridisation. TFF1 and TFF2 proteins were localised by immunochemistry. Results—UACL glands containing TFF1 and TFF2 were observed in six patients with pouchitis. In some glands, there was TFF3 mRNA as has been reported for Crohn’s UACL. None of the biopsies from ileal reservoirs without pouchitis showed UACL glands (p<0.05). Neither TFF1 nor TFF2 expression was detected in ileal reservoirs without pouchitis. Conclusion—UACL glands arise de novo in ileal pouch mucosa of patients with pouchitis and express all three TFF peptide genes. Chronic inflammation alone, present in healthy pouches, is not enough to stimulate the growth of the UACL, and additional stimuli consequent on ulceration may be needed. (Gut 2001;48:792‐796)
Will You Ever Need an Exit Strategy

Many decision makers fail to consider an exit strategy when adopting a new solution, because few want to consider the demise of the wonderful solution being implemented with great effort and expectation. Yet it's critical to plan for unanticipated events, such as providing safe and affordable ways of retrieving and transferring your data from a cloud if the need arises.
Nanoliter multiplex PCR arrays on a SlipChip

The SlipChip platform was tested to perform high-throughput nanoliter multiplex PCR. The advantages of using the SlipChip platform for multiplex PCR include the ability to preload arrays of dry primers, instrument-free sample manipulation, small sample volume, and high-throughput capacity. The SlipChip was designed to preload one primer pair per reaction compartment and to screen up to 384 different primer pairs with less than 30 nanoliters of sample per reaction compartment. Both a 40-well and a 384-well design of the SlipChip were tested for multiplex PCR. In the geometries used here, the sample fluid was spontaneously compartmentalized into discrete volumes even before slipping of the two plates of the SlipChip, but slipping introduced additional capabilities that made devices more robust and versatile. The wells of this SlipChip were designed to overcome potential problems associated with thermal expansion. By using circular wells filled with oil and overlapping them with square wells filled with the ...
Higher Predicted Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Crohn's Disease

Background & Aims Vitamin D influences innate immunity, which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). However, data examining vitamin D status in relation to risk of CD and UC are lacking. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 72,719 women (age, 40–73 y) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. In 1986, women completed an assessment of diet and lifestyle, from which a 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] prediction score was developed and validated against directly measured levels of plasma 25(OH)D. Through 2008, we confirmed reported diagnoses of incident CD or UC through medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to examine the hazard ratio (HR) for incident CD or UC after adjusting for potential confounders. Results During 1,492,811 person-years of follow-up evaluation, we documented 122 incident cases of CD and 123 cases of UC. The median predicted 25(OH)D level was 22.3 ng/mL in the lowest and 32.2 ng/mL in the highest quartiles. Compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariate-adjusted HR associated with the highest quartile of vitamin D was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30–.99) for CD ( P trend = .02) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.34–1.25) for UC ( P trend = .17). Compared with women with a predicted 25(OH)D level less than 20 ng/mL, the multivariate-adjusted HR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.15–0.97) for CD and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.19–1.70) for UC for women with a predicted 25(OH)D level greater than 30 ng/mL. There was a significant inverse association between dietary and supplemental vitamin D and UC, and a nonsignificant reduction in CD risk. Conclusions Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D significantly reduce the risk for incident CD and nonsignificantly reduce the risk for UC in women.
Age-Related Trends in Hip Arthroscopy: A Large Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Purpose To analyze a large national private payer population in the United States for trends over time in hip arthroscopy by age groups and to determine the rate of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) after hip arthroscopy. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using the PearlDiver private insurance patient record database from 2007 through 2011. Hip arthroscopy procedures including newly introduced codes such as osteochondroplasty of cam and pincer lesions and labral repair were queried. Hip arthroscopy incidence and conversion rates to THA were stratified by age. Chi-squared analysis was used for statistical comparison. Conversion to THA was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results From 2007 through 2011, 20,484,172 orthopaedic patients were analyzed. Hip arthroscopy was performed in 8,227 cases (mean annual incidence, 2.7 cases per 10,000 orthopaedic patients). The incidence of hip arthroscopies increased over 250% from 1.6 cases per 10,000 in 2007 to 4.0 cases per 10,000 in 2011 ( P P = .046). Within 24 months of hip arthroscopy, 17% of patients older than 50 required conversion to THA, compared with P Conclusions Hip arthroscopy procedures are increasing in popularity across all age groups, with patients ages 40 to 49 having the highest incidence in this large cross-sectional population, despite a high rate of early conversion to THA within 2 years in patients over 50. Level of Evidence IV, cross-sectional study.
A supply/demand perspective of species invasions and coexistence: applications to biological control

Abstract Using a physiologically-based model with a supply/demand driven functional response, the dynamics of a species invading a tritrophic food chain are analyzed leading to four conclusions. First, it is shown that a trophic stack may establish via a sequence of invasions, approach a stable steady-state and collapse following a perturbation that significantly alters the ratio of biomass between adjacent trophic levels. Second, when two consumers compete for a common prey, the outcome is determined by a simple rule: the competitor with the lowest metabolic compensation point (the ratio of prey biomass to total consumer demand at which prey assimilation exactly compensates for metabolic costs) displaces the other. Third, intraguild predation can mediate coexistence only if the intraguild prey's metabolic compensation point is lower than the intraguild predator's metabolic compensation point. Fourth, when two consumers share a prey and a predator, a simple rule determines dominance: the consumer with the lowest ecological compensation point excludes the other. The ecological compensation point of a consumer is defined to be the ratio of prey biomass to consumer demand when the prey–consumer–predator food chain is at equilibrium. To illustrate the utility of the analysis, several intensively studied biological control programs are examined by parameterizing the model using life table statistics, field observations and mass scaling laws. Using our invasion criteria, we construct assembly diagrams that describe how invasions result in a transition from one persistent subsystem to another. In all cases, there exist paths within these theoretical diagrams that correspond to the observed case histories.
The 1976 August 16, Mindanao, Philippine earthquake (Ms = 7.8) ? evidence for a subduction zone south of Mindanao

Summary. The Philippine earthquake of 1976 August 16, is one of the largest to have occurred world-wide in recent years (Mw=8.8; Ms=7.8; seismic moment, Mo= 1.9 × 1028dyne-cm). It is, however, associated not with the Philippine Trench, which is the dominant tectonic feature along the eastern Philippine Islands, but with a much less prominent trench system in the Moro Gulf, North Celebes Sea, south of Mindanao. In this area most of the seismicity is at depths greater than 500 km, associated with the westward dipping Benioff zones of the Sangihe and Mindanao arc systems. This event, however, has a shallow focus and caused a locally destructive tsunami. The focal mechanism of the mainshock determined in this study from long-period surface and body waves indicates a predominantly thrust mechanism with strike N 33°W, dip 22° NE and rake + 68°. A significant amount of directivity, which can be seen in the observed surface wave seismograms, is explained very well if the source rupture propagates 160 km unilaterally in an azimuth of 300° from the mainshock hypocentre, with rupture velocity 2.5 km/s. The largest aftershock (Ms= 6.8) occurred outside the main aftershock area 12 hr following the mainshock and apparently resulted from motion on a subsidiary fault since the P-wave first motion data indicate strike-slip motion for this event. Bathymetric data indicate the presence of a trench striking north-south in the region of the Moro Gulf, and seismic reflection profiling indicates disturbed sediments east of the trench showing evidence for subduction. In addition, the geological structures mapped on the island of Mindanao are consistent with this mode of deformation. The only other known large earthquake in the region on 1918 August 15 (Ms=8.0) probably occurred along the same subduction zone, on an adjacent segment, to the south of the recent event. The 1976 August 16 Philippine earthquake thus represents the first clear seismic evidence for a north-east dipping subduction zone beneath Mindanao in the Moro Gulf, North Celebes Sea.
Projection patterns of individual X‐ and Y‐cell axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus to cortical area 17 in the cat

Horseradish peroxidase was injected intracellularly into single, physiologically-identified X- and Y-cell geniculocortical axons projecting to area 17 of the cat. This injection anterogradely labeled the axon terminal fields in cortex and retrogradely labeled the somata of these same axons in laminae A and A1 of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The laminar projections of 21 X- and 15 Y-cell axons were analyzed. For these, the laminar terminations of ten X- and seven Y-cell axons were also related to their cells' positions in the A-laminae. The terminal fields of X- and Y-cell axons overlapped substantially in layers IV and VI of area 17. Some X-cells terminated mainly in IVb, others mainly in IVa, and still others throughout IVa and IVb. The latter two groups also projected up to 100 micron into lower layer III. Y-cells terminated primarily in layer IVa and projected up to 200 microns into lower layer III. Some also arborized throughout the depth of layer IVb. Both X- and Y-cell axons terminated throughout the depth of layer VI, although more so in the upper half. We found no relationship between the diameter of the parent axon and its sublaminar projection within layer IV. Within layer IV, X-cell axons generally terminated within a single, continuous clump and had surface areas of 0.6 to 0.9 mm2. Axons of Y-cells often terminated in two to three separate clumps, separated by terminal free gaps 400 to 600 micron wide. Their total surface areas, including gaps, were 1.0 to 1.8 mm2, roughly 1.6 times the surface areas of X-cell axons. Despite considerable overlap, Y-cell arbors contained significantly more boutons than did X-cell arbors. The sublaminar projections of the X- and Y-cell axons within layer IV reflected the locations of the cells' somata within the depth of the A-laminae. X-cells located in the dorsal or ventral thirds of the depths of the laminae projected mainly to layer IVa or throughout layer IV in cortex. Those located in the central thirds projected mainly to layer IVb. Y-cells showed a similar positional relationship, but they appeared to follow different rules. Y-cells in the outer thirds of the A-laminae projected mainly to layer IVa; those in the central thirds, in addition, expanded their projections to include layer IVb. In general, larger sized somata in the LGN gave rise to more widely spreading terminal arbors and greater numbers of boutons in cortex than did smaller somata.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Determinates of Throughput Times in the Emergency Department

This article studies factors that affect throughput times in a level 1 inner city emergency department (ED) in Chicago, USA. Previous research has shown increased throughput times are related to no...
Coherent structures and associated subgrid-scale energy transfer in a rough-wall turbulent channel flow

This paper focuses on turbulence structure in a fully developed rough-wall channel flow and its role in subgrid-scale (SGS) energy transfer. Our previous work has shown that eddies of scale comparable to the roughness elements are generated near the wall, and are lifted up rapidly by large-scale coherent structures to flood the flow field well above the roughness sublayer. Utilizing high-resolution and time-resolved particle-image-velocimetry datasets obtained in an optically index-matched facility, we decompose the turbulence into large ( ), intermediate ( ), roughness ( ) and small ( ) scales, where and are roughness height and wavelength, respectively. With decreasing distance from the wall, there is a marked increase in the ‘non-local’ SGS energy flux directly from large to small scales and in the fraction of turbulence dissipated by roughness-scale eddies. Conditional averaging is used to show that a small fraction of the flow volume (e.g. 5 %), which contains the most intense SGS energy transfer events, is responsible for a substantial fraction (50 %) of the energy flux from resolved to subgrid scales. In streamwise wall-normal ( ) planes, the averaged flow structure conditioned on high SGS energy flux exhibits a large inclined shear layer containing negative vorticity, bounded by an ejection below and a sweep above. Near the wall the sweep is dominant, while in the outer layer the ejection is stronger. The peaks of SGS flux and kinetic energy within the inclined layer are spatially displaced from the region of high resolved turbulent kinetic energy. Accordingly, some of the highest correlations occur between spatially displaced resolved velocity gradients and SGS stresses. In wall-parallel planes, the conditional flow field exhibits two pairs of counter-rotating vortices that induce a contracting flow at the peak of SGS flux. Instantaneous realizations in the roughness sublayer show the presence of the counter-rotating vortex pairs at the intersection of two vortex trains, each containing multiple -spaced vortices of the same sign. In the outer layer, the SGS flux peaks within isolated vortex trains that retain the roughness signature, and the distinct pattern of two counter-rotating vortex pairs disappears. To explain the planar signatures, we propose a flow consisting of U-shaped quasi-streamwise vortices that develop as spanwise vorticity is stretched in regions of high streamwise velocity between roughness elements. Flow induced by adjacent legs of the U-shaped structures causes powerful ejections, which lift these vortices away from the wall. As a sweep is transported downstream, its interaction with the roughness generates a series of such events, leading to the formation of inclined vortex trains.
The Preparation of Labeled Albumin for Turnover Studies

The preparation of labeled-serum albumin for turnover studies has assumed increasing importance in recent years. Whereas originally the study of turnover with albumin appeared to be primarily of basic and theoretical interest, more recently it has assumed practical and clinical importance. This latter fact has come about because certain syndromes associated with low serum albumin and excessive loss of albumin into the gastrointestinal tract can only be diagnosed by the use of labeled albumin, and calculation of turnover rates. Since the inception of turnover studies various techniques of labeling have been developed. Considerable controversy has existed and still exists as to their relative merits.
The Law of Nature in Philo and Cicero

“Christian Natural Law is the acceptance and reinterpretation according to Christian and ecclesiastical principles of Stoic Natural Law. …” Thus runs Troeltsch's classic and influential formulation of the view that Stoicism forms the “preparation of the gospel” with regard to the law of nature in Christian theology and ethics. Historians of political theory similarly assume that it was the Stoic doctrine of natural law that decisively influenced both the rationalization and universalization of Roman law and medieval political theory.
ClimBS: searching the bias space

The literature on systems that address the selection of inductive bias explicitly is reviewed and a model of inductive bias selection as state space search, which is instantiated in a testbed system with biases as states and bias transformation operators used to move from state to state, is introduced. The testbed allows a system developer to address different dimensions in the bias space and different policies for bias selection by adding the appropriate operators. The ClimBS system has been developed in this testbed as one policy for bias selection modeled after manual bias selection strategies; the system's performance is measured on several domains from the UCI repository and on a synthetic domain. A summary of experiments designed to analyze empirically the system's performance is provided. >
Changes in marital conflict and youths' responses across childhood and adolescence: A test of sensitization

Although the sensitization hypothesis is fundamental to process-oriented explanations of the effects of marital conflict on children, few longitudinal tests of the theory's propositions have been conducted. Hierarchical linear modeling was used in this prospective, longitudinal study (n = 297 families) to assess changes in the dimensions of responding to conflict (i.e., emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) for 3 consecutive years in youths between the ages of 8 and 19 years. Moreover, to test the notion of sensitization, analyses were conducted to examine whether change in marital conflict predicted change in children's responding across middle childhood and adolescence. Supporting the sensitization hypothesis, increases in exposure to hostile marital conflict were associated with increases in children's negative emotionality, threat, self-blame, and skepticism about resolution. With a few exceptions, the effects were largely consistent for boys and girls and for younger and older children.
Public Attitudes Toward Juveniles Who Commit Crimes The Relationship Between Assessments of Adolescent Development and Attitudes Toward Severity of Punishment

In this article, the authors used a statewide survey to investigate the extent to which beliefs regarding the age at which youth reach maturity, the role of peer influences, and other factors, such as abuse during childhood, are associated with measures of how harshly juveniles should be treated by the justice system. The results of this study provide strong support for the hypothesis that assessments of adolescent development are important predictors of attitudes about how juveniles should be treated in the justice system. In all cases, variables measuring attitudes surrounding adolescent development explained substantially more of the variance in attitudes toward punishment than did demographic and socioeconomic variables.
Influences on the bridge employment decision among older USA workers

In this study the authors examined the four organizational and personal variables of voluntariness of retirement, flexibility, pre-retirement planning and anticipated financial reward to determine their influence on the decision of older workers to consider early retirement, continue work, obtain bridge employment in the same job or obtain bridge employment in a different job. Participants were 2771 US workers from the Health and Retirement Study who were currently working and aged 50 years old and older. Results of a direct discriminant function analysis showed that three of the four variables-voluntariness of retirement, anticipated financial reward and flexibility-significantly distinguished older workers in the four retirement/employment decision categories. The implications of the results for both individuals and organizations are discussed.
GENDER, STREETLIFE AND CRIMINAL RETALIATION*

Recent work in criminology has highlighted the central role of retaliation in shaping criminal violence in America's inner cities. Most of this work, however, has been based on male offenders. It has also failed to consider whether and how gender structures payback in real-life settings and circumstances. In this paper, we analyze in-depth, semi-structured interviews with forty men and twelve women who recently engaged in one or more episodes of retaliatory violence to examine the ways in which gender shapes vengeance. We hope to provide an insider's view of how gender frames the context and dynamics of retaliatory events for both men and women.
Growth and Electronic Properties of Nanocrystalline Si

Nanocrystalline Silicon is an important electronic materials for solar cells, for display devices and for sensors. In this paper, we discuss the influence of ions on the growth and properties of thenanocrystalline Si:H material. Using a unique growth geometry, combination of hot wire and ECR plasma growth, we show that low energy ion bombrdment is beneficial for growing high quality materials. Ion bombardment by H is shown to etch the films during growth and also promote crystallinity. The results on film growth are compared with simulations of growth using the SRIM program. The electronic properties measured include mobilities of both electrons and holes in device-type structures, carrier lifetimes, diffusion lengths, defect densities and capture cross-sections for holes. Electron mobility is found to increase with grain size, with a minimum mobility being in the range of 1 cm2/V-s. The hole mobility is also in this range, and three different methods of measuring it give approximately the same value. The capture cross-section for holes is of the order of 1-2 × 10 -16 cm 2 . The lifetime of carriers is found to depend inversely on the defect density, implying that the recombination is trap controlled.
Application of Conjoint Measurement to Workload Scale Development

Practical considerations make subjective opinion one of the most widely used methods to assess mental workload. However, the value of the data obtained by subjective methods is often limited becaus...
MODELLING FOR WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS PLANNING

Publisher Summary This chapter describes modeling for water resource systems planning. A wide variety of disciplines have had a major impact in the development of water resources systems methodology. The developments in multipurpose, multiobjective river basin planning models at Cornell were applied to two river basins each approximately 18,000 km2 or 7000 miles2 in area that need increased flood protection and additional water supplies for irrigation and recreation. Modification of the river basin planning models are being used at Cornell by students in the professional master's degree program to predict the reliabilities of various allocation of water from numerous proposed reservoir-canal systems to irrigation sites in Northern Africa. The challenge of water resource systems planning is to determine how to best train water resource systems planners. Needed skills include sound working knowledge of hydraulics, hydrology, and environmental quality engineering.
The projack: a resampling approach to correct for ranking bias in high-throughput studies

The problem of ranked inference arises in a number of settings, for which the investigator wishes to perform parameter inference after ordering a set of statistics. In contrast to inference for a single hypothesis, the ranking procedure introduces considerable bias, a problem known as the “winner's curse” in genetic association. We introduce the projack (for Prediction by Re- Ordered Jackknife and Cross-Validation, -fold). The projack is a resampling-based procedure that provides low-bias estimates of the expected ranked effect size parameter for a set of possibly correlated statistics. The approach is flexible, and has wide applicability to high-dimensional datasets, including those arising from genomics platforms. Initially, motivated for the setting where original data are available for resampling, the projack can be extended to the situation where only the vector of values is available. We illustrate the projack for correction of the winner's curse in genetic association, although it can be used much more generally.
Commentary and update: chemical pneumonia in workers extracting beryllium oxide.

Nearly 1,000 cases of beryllium-related disease have been reported in the United States since the first three cases were reported by VanOrdstrand and his associates in 1943. In addition to acute chemical pneumonitis, beryllium exposure has also resulted in berylliosis, a chronic granulomatous disease. The largest number of berylliosis cases was reported in the fluorescent lamp industry where beryllium was used in phosphors until 1949. Other cases occurred due to air pollution in the vicinity of beryllium-producing factories and exposure of family members to beryllium dust brought home on contaminated work clothes. Many of the peculiar epidemiologic features of both the acute and chronic forms of beryllium disease can be explained by its sensitizing characteristics. The standards that were established for the control of beryllium disease in the later 1940s have been remarkably effective and have now been adopted worldwide.
Renewable Energy and Policy Mechanisms: A Case Study of Renewable Energy Certificates in India

Renewable energy and environmental sustainability has emerged as a policy objective in the developing world with varying degrees of action, policy effectiveness and efficiency, and sustainable growth in the infant renewable energy industry. The policy mechanisms discussed include renewable energy certificates (REC) and price limitations in the form of a price ceiling and floor, respectively. Renewable energy certificates are contractual agreements on behalf of solar energy generators and participants in the Indian Energy Exchange. In 2008, India’s National Action Policy on Climate Change set a target of Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO’s) to produce 15% of the country’s electricity with renewable energy sources by 2020. RPO’s are obligations put forth by the national government that state that electricity generators must contract a percentage of their electricity volume from renewable energy sources rather than conventional sources such as hydropower or nuclear facilities. For example, a electricity generator or distributor may have an RPO of 5%; thus, they need to enter the Indian Energy Exchange to purchase on a given day 5% of their estimated retail load responsibility (volume) in REC’s as to contractually bind the agreement between electricity generators and distributors and renewable energy generators to guarantee production and meet the RPO. For the purposes of this paper, REC’s for solar energy will only be considered for analysis as non-solar REC’s are aggregated regardless of type into a non-solar REC category.
Transitional Explant Reduction Assay—A New in Vitro Testing System for Intravesical Chemotherapy

Eighty-five tumors from 49 patients with transitional cell carcinoma were examined in a model for in vitro sensitivity using tumor explant reduction assay. Individual sensitivity patterns were obtained for each tumor tested. Explants were most frequently found to be sensitive to cis-platinum (49 per cent) and least frequently sensitive to thiotepa (20 per cent). Thirteen patients were studied on multiple sequential intervals, with resistance to specific agents noted to develop in 53 per cent of the patients. To date, a prospective cross-over study has been conducted on seven patients with 15 correlates. Overall, clinical correlation of this assay for both resistance and sensitivity is 93 per cent. We report a new assay for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that is adaptable to small specimen samples and provides adequate material for testing 73 per cent of the time.
“Small Wins”: Establishing Dependable and Flexible Institutional Structures

“Small wins” is the subject of this chapter, which makes recommendations for dependable but flexible institutional structures. Mayock deconstructs Jim Collins’s Good to Great to suggest that a new manager’s bible is needed in the workplace and that institutions need to include more women in managerial strategizing. The author encourages a “small wins” approach in the workplace to make small-scale changes that transform the workplace in increments. At the same time, she warns of institutional stagnation in the absence of a grander and more radical vision in the workplace.
Impact Mode Superpositions and Parameter Variations

In this work, combinatorial impact modes are introduced as periodic motions of discrete linearly elastic systems with synchronous impacts of different particles with stiff constraints. Similarly to the idea of linear normal modes, these are still one-frequency vibrations admitting however multiple spatial shapes of the same temporal frequency. The number of such shapes depends on possible combinations of particles subjected to constraints and therefore can be much greater than the number of degrees of freedom. As the mode principal frequency moves above the upper boundary of the corresponding linear spectrum, the system energy is localizing on the particles interacting with constraints by absorbing the energy from the rest of the system. Using the triangular sine wave, as a new temporal variable, gives the corresponding exact closed form solutions. Based on such solutions, a parameter variation approach is suggested in order to describe non-periodic impact motions, for instance, - the evolution of local impact modes under damping conditions. The dynamic interaction of a dissipating impact and conservative linear oscillators is considered for illustration.
Stimulated Imbalance and the Enhancement of Eddy Kinetic Energy Dissipation by Internal Waves

AbstractThe effects of internal waves (IWs), externally forced by high-frequency wind, on energy pathways are studied in submesoscale-resolving numerical simulations of an idealized wind-driven channel flow. Two processes are examined: the direct extraction of mesoscale energy by externally forced IWs followed by an IW forward energy cascade to dissipation and stimulated imbalance, a mechanism through which externally forced IWs trigger a forward mesoscale to submesoscale energy cascade to dissipation. This study finds that the frequency and wavenumber spectral slopes are shallower in solutions with high-frequency forcing compared to solutions without and that the volume-averaged interior kinetic energy dissipation rate increases tenfold. The ratio between the enhanced dissipation rate and the added high-frequency wind work is 1.3, demonstrating the significance of the IW-mediated forward cascades. Temporal-scale analysis of energy exchanges among low- (mesoscale), intermediate- (submesoscale), and high-f...