cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goals and strategies for rebuilding New England groundfish stocks

Abstract Rebuilding depleted fishery resources is a worldwide problem. In the U.S., the Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (MSRA) of 2007 requires that “Conservation and management measures shall prevent overfishing while achieving, on a continuing basis, the optimum yield from each fishery…”. However, translating this legal mandate into tangible goals and actions presents several technical challenges, especially for resources that have been chronically over-exploited. For example, maximum sustainable yields and biomass reference points are poorly estimated for stocks that have been overfished for a long period of time and are poorly defined unless sufficient data are available from periods of low-fishing mortality rates and relatively high-stock sizes. The conundrum of how to set meaningful rebuilding goals given limited information on the population dynamics and trophic interactions of a rebuilt stock can generally be addressed through adaptive management procedures incorporating learning about density-dependent population dynamics. Monitoring changes in life history parameters and recruitment is critical for successful rebuilding strategies realizing the full yield potential of rebuilt stocks while periodic re-evaluation of rebuilding targets is also needed to address uncertainties due to density dependence, trophic interactions or environmental factors. This paper summarizes the development and implementation of goals and strategies to rebuild New England groundfish stocks over the past decade. Management is particularly challenging because the true yield and population size potentials of these interacting stocks is unknown due to chronic overfishing throughout the modern history of the fishery, uncertainty in compensatory/depensatory population dynamics and in the degree of stationarity in environmental control of groundfish recruitment.
LF/VLF and VHF lightning fast-stepped leader observations

[1] This paper reports multiplatform observations of leader radiation preceding initial cloud-to-ground lightning return strokes by <6 ms. Specifically, we present multistation ground-based LF/VLF recordings of events with large-amplitude leader activity (comparable in amplitude to the return stroke amplitude). The events were selected for their coincidence with VHF observations by the FORTE satellite. Some FORTE VHF leader step observations have obvious direct and ground reflection components. For these steps, which temporally correspond to specific features in the ground LF/VLF field change records, we calculate a source height based on event satellite geometry. We determine source heights between 4.0 and 5.5 km. For FORTE records with multiple reflected events we calculate vertical leader propagation velocities on the order of 106 m/s. The determined vertical leader propagation speeds are an order of magnitude greater than those reported as typical values for stepped leader velocities associated with initial return strokes.
Human TH17 cells express a functional IL-13 receptor and IL-13 attenuates IL-17A production

Background IL-13 is a central mediator of airway responsiveness and mucus expression in patients with allergic airway inflammation, and IL-13 is currently a therapeutic target for asthma. However, little is known about how IL-13 regulates human CD4 + T-cell lineages because IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) α1, a subunit of IL-13R, has not previously been reported to exist on human T cells. Objective We sought to determine whether human CD4 + T H 17 cells express IL-13Rα1 and whether IL-13 regulates T H 17 cytokine production. Methods Naive human CD4 + cells were isolated from whole blood, activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, and polarized to T H 1, T H 2, T H 17, or induced regulatory T cells in the presence of IL-13 (0-10 ng/mL). Cell supernatants, total RNA, or total protein was examined 4 days after T H 17 polarization. Results T H 17 cells, but not T H 0, T H 1, T H 2, or induced regulatory T cells, expressed IL-13Rα1. IL-13 attenuated IL-17A production, as well as expression of retinoic acid–related orphan receptor, runt-related transcription factor-1, and interferon regulatory factor 4 in T H 17-polarized cells. IL-13 neither inhibited IFN-γ production from T H 1 cells nor inhibited IL-4 production from T H 2 cells. Furthermore, attenuation of IL-17A production only occurred when IL-13 was present within 24 hours of T-cell activation or at the time of restimulation. Conclusions IL-13Rα1 is expressed on human CD4 + T H 17 cells, and IL-13 attenuates IL-17A production at polarization and restimulation. Although IL-13 is an attractive therapeutic target for decreasing symptoms associated with asthma, these results suggest that therapies inhibiting IL-13 production could have adverse side effects by increasing IL-17A production.
Carbamoylation of amino acids and proteins in uremia

Carbamoylation of amino acids and proteins in uremia. Cyanate spontaneously transformed from urea increases as renal function decreased. Acting as a potential toxin, the active form of cyanate, isocyanic acid, carbamoylates amino acids, proteins, and other molecules, changing their structure, charge, and function. The resulting in vivo carbamoylation can modify the molecular activity of enzymes, cofactors, hormones, low-density lipoproteins, antibodies, receptors, and transport proteins. Antibodies specific for e-amino-carbamoyl-lysine (homocitrulline) located carbamoylated proteins in situ in neutrophils, monocytes, and erythrocytes. Carbamoylated proteins were found in renal tissue from uremic patients but not in normal transplanted kidneys. The irreversible reaction with cyanate converts free amino acids (F-AAs) to carbamoyl-amino acids (C-AAs). The Carbamoylation Index (CI), C-AA/F-AA, quantifies the decrease of the F-AA pool for each essential amino acid. C-AAs contribute, in part, to malnutrition of uremia. C-AAs interfered with protein synthesis to lower 14 C hemoglobin synthesis in human reticulocytes and osteocalcin synthesis in rat osteosarcoma-derived tissue culture. Insulin-sensitive glucose uptake was decreased 33% in cultured rat adipocytes by α-amino-carbamoyl-asparagine. e-Amino carbamoylation occurs primarily in F-AA, while e-amino carbamoylation of lysine in protein occurs continuously during the protein life span. Protein catabolism releases e-amino-carbamoyl-lysine. Quantitation of α versus e carbamoylation may yield a more sensitive measurement of protein intake versus protein catabolism, and could be useful in decisions concerning the time to initiate dialysis or subsequent changes in dialysis prescription. Carbamoylated molecules can block, enhance, or be excluded from metabolic pathways, thereby influencing the fate of noncarbamoylated molecules. Although not an "all-or-none" phenomenon, urea-derived cyanate and its actions are contributing causes of toxicity in uremia.
JBO Is Going Monthly

A phone book in the mailbox? Recent issues of our Journal of Biomedical Optics have been as thick as an inch (2.5 cm). Having experienced continuous rapid growth, JBO has been publishing >300 papers each year since 2008 (Fig. 1 ). While celebrating the expansion, we recognize that the bimonthly printed issues are unwieldy as well as untimely. Although papers are posted online as soon as they are typeset and approved, we would like to get the printed issues into the hands of our subscribers more frequently and in a more manageable size. Believe it or not, some of us still like to read hard copies or carry them on flights. One of the ten initiatives I made earlier this year was to publish JBO monthly, and this has now been officially approved by SPIE. Starting January 2011, we will see more timely and frequent monthly issues.
Galactosylceramides with homogeneous acyl chains: the effect of acyl structure on intermolecular interactions occuring at the argon/buffered saline interface

Abstract Galactosylceramides (GalCers) containing homogeneous acyl chains with no, one or two double bonds were synthesized and characterized at the argon-buffered saline interface using a Langmuir film balance. Surface pressure was monitored as a function of molecular area at various fixed temperatures between 10 and 30†C. In this temperature range, isotherms of GalCer containing palmitoyl acyl chains show condensed behavior. Calculated compressibility values verify the liquid-condensed nature of the films. Replacement of the long saturated acyl chains with long monounsaturated residues dramatically modifies surface behavior. N-nervonoyl galactosylsphingosine (N-24:1Δ15 GalSph) and N-docosenoyl galactosylsphingosine (N-22:1Δ13 GalSph) show discontinuities in thier force-area isotherms (24°C) at 10 and 35 mN m−1 respectively. Compressibility data are consistent with the discontinuities being transitions from liquid-expanded to condensed monolayer states. As the overall chain length is decreased while keeping the cis double bond nine carbons from the terminal methyl group, progressively lower temperatures are needed to induced the surface phase transition. GalCer species with eicosenoyl and oleoyl acyl chains (e.g. N-20:1Δ11 GalSph, N-18:1Δ9 GalSph) show the tow-dimensional phase transition only if the temperature is lowered to the 10–15°C range. Changing the stereochemical configuration of the double bond without changing its position (e.g. N-18:1Δ9(t) GalSph) rigidifies the film and is energetically equivalent to lowering temperature by about 30°C. Introducing acyl chains that are short and saturated (e.g. N-10:0 GalSph) or that are long but contain two cis double bonds (e.g. N-18:2Δ9,12 GalSph) causes GalCer to display only liquid-expanded behavior over the entire temperature range (10–30°C) along with accompanying increases in compressibility, “lift-off” area and apparent collapse area. The results help to explain why changes in the acyl composition of membrane sphingolipids can be so disruptive in demyelinating diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy.
An oriented competition model on $Z_+^2$

We consider a two-type oriented competition model on the first quadrant of the two-dimensional integer lattice. Each vertex of the space may contain only one particle of either Red type or Blue type. A vertex flips to the color of a randomly chosen southwest nearest neighbor at exponential rate 2. At time zero there is one Red particle located at $(1,0)$ and one Blue particle located at $(0,1)$. The main result is a partial shape theorem: Denote by $R (t)$ and $B (t)$ the red and blue regions at time $t$. Then (i) eventually the upper half of the unit square contains no points of $B (t)/t$, and the lower half no points of $R (t)/t$; and (ii) with positive probability there are angular sectors rooted at $(1,1)$ that are eventually either red or blue. The second result is contingent on the uniform curvature of the boundary of the corresponding Richardson shape.
Side Chain Polymalonate Liquid Crystals for Nonlinear Optics

Abstract Three series of malonate side chain liquid crystalline polymers designed for use in nonlinear optics have been synthesized and their thermal behavior examined. All nine polymers are enantiotropic mesogens. Thermal annealing in the mesophase can increase the mesophase-isotropic temperature presumably by continued polymerization during annealing. The pyridine compounds, compared to the analogous benzene compounds, have greater mesomorphic thermal stability and show a greater tendency for smectic phases.
Creating a learning context: Investigations on the interaction of siblings during television viewing

By exploring the nature of siblings' verbal interaction in the television‐viewing situation, this research examines a learning context that is created during coviewing. Data were obtained from a case study of a single sibling pair and a participant observation study of 51 children from 24 families. Examination of the form and content of siblings' interaction corroborates the basic assumption that children play an active role in interpreting the television world for each other. Detailed analysis of siblings' talk during viewing reveals that interaction patterns and interpretation are key to describing the learning contexts created by young viewers.
Multiphase structure and properties of crystalline polymers

Although lamella-like crystallites are a well-established characteristic of polymer systems crystallized either in bulk or from dilute solution, major misconceptions have been engendered with respect to interfacial structures and other morphological features. A detailed analysis of a wide range of properties has allowed for a molecular description of some salient features of the structure of semi-crystalline polymers. Solution formed crystals possess a disordered amorphous overlayer. Associated with the crystalline regions of bulk systems is a diffuse interfacial layer as well as an interzonal region, wherein the chain units which connect crystallites are in nonordered conformations. These conclusions are in complete accord with electron microscope observations.
A reduced-space basis function neural network method for diffuse optical tomography

We propose here a reduced space image reconstruction method that makes use of basis function neural network (BFNN) within a framework of PDE-constrained algorithm. This method reduces the solution space using the basis function approach, and finds the optimal solution through the learning process of neural network. The basis function approach improves the ill-posed nature of an original inverse problem, reducing the number of unknowns as well as regularizing the solution automatically. The proposed method was applied to breast cancer imaging, and the reconstruction performance was evaluated on how well the method can identify the tumor location in breast tissue. The results show that the BFNN method gives better results in the identification of tumor location than the traditional element-based reconstruction method.
Syntheses of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Fe(III) and Cr(III) Complexes of Ortho-Substituted Benzenes: Model Complexes of Natural Organic Matter

Abstract This paper describes the syntheses of several model complexes for the metal complexes formed between aquatic or soil organic matter and metal ions. Based on functional group analyses of the natural organic matter, we chose ortho-substituted benzenes as chelating agents. They are salicylaldehyde, 2′-hydroxyaceto-phenone, methylsalicylate, and 2-methoxyphenol. A variety of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), iron(III), and chromium(III) complexes were prepared.
Tempus ex Machina: A composer's reflections on musical time

This article is divided into three sections (the skeleton of time, the flesh of time, and the skin of time) and clearly distinguishes conceptual (or Chronometric) time from perceptual (or psychological) time. The author firstly liquidates a few theoretical avatars such as rhythmic symmetry and then proposes a scale of complexity for duration that goes from order to disorder. The most important point is then addressed, namely, the absolute relativity of temporal perception which has become a function of the quality of the sound objects and the difference between successive objects. The degree of pre‐audibility becomes the true musical substance of the composer. In the last section the author sketches out some problems of memorization as well as the complex relations that exist between the several times of the listener, the performer and the composer.
Relation of the Testis to Adrenal Enzyme Activity and Adrenal Corticosterone Production in the Rat

Castration of male rats after puberty results in decreased production of corticosterone by adrenal slices. Replacement with small doses of a depot preparation of testosterone phenylacetate increases adrenal corticosterone production. Large daily doses of testosterone propionate do not change corticosterone production by adrenal glands from castrated rats and decrease production in intact rats. Castration increases adi-enal cholesterol but lowers adrenal glycogen and phosphorylase, phosphodiesterase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. Testosterone replacement restores the activities of these enzymes. Adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase activities are increased by castration. No changes are obtained in glucose-6- phosphatase, hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, ATP-ase, isocitric dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase. Corticosterone production in vitro by adrenal homogenates from castrated rats is decreased compared to that by homogenates from intact or testosterone-treated castrat...
The near infrared nightglow continuum

Abstract New measurements of the nightglow continuum near 8500 A show the brightness to be comparable with that in the visible and to be below 1 R/A; there does not appear to be the marked increase of intensity with wavelength assumed in some recent theoretical treatments.
Progressive systematic underestimation of reaction energies by the B3LYP model as the number of C-C bonds increases: why organic chemists should use multiple DFT models for calculations involving polycarbon hydrocarbons.

Computational studies of three different reaction types involving hydrocarbons (homolytic C−C bond breaking of alkanes, progressive insertions of triplet methylene into C−H bonds of ethane, and [2+2] cyclizations of methyl-substituted alkenes to form polymethylcyclobutanes) show that the B3LYP model consistently underestimates the reaction energy, even when extremely large basis sets are employed. The error is systematic and cumulative, such that the reaction energies of reactions involving hydrocarbons with more than 4−6 C−C bonds are predicted quite poorly. Energies are underestimated for slightly and highly methyl-substituted cyclic and acyclic hydrocarbons, so the errors do not arise from structural issues such as steric repulsion or ring strain energy. We trace the error associated with the B3LYP approach to its consistent underestimation of the C−C bond energy. Other DFT models show this problem to lesser extents, while the MP2 method avoids it. As a consequence, we discourage the use of the B3LYP m...
WHERE DO STRONG TIES COME FROM? A DYAD ANALYSIS OF THE STRENGTH OF INTERFIRM EXCHANGE RELATIONS DURING CHINA'S ECONOMIC TRANSITION

The emergence of dyadic resource exchange relations in transition economies provides a unique opportunity to study the process by which interfirm exchange relations develop. I use data on China's 40 largest business groups and their 535 member firms in the first five years of business group formation to investigate the effects of environmental uncertainty, interfirm familiarity, and organizational flexibility on the strength of repeated interfirm resource exchange ties. I model 16,306 ordered pairs of dyadic relations as a function of organization, dyad, and regional covariates to evaluate ideas derived from resource dependence theory and research on social dilemmas. I find that even when less expensive alternatives are available, exchange ties are stronger when the sending firm has secure access to the resource and when the receiving firm is located in an uncertain environment. In addition, exchange ties are stronger between firms that had prior social connections, particularly when environmental uncertainty is high. Finally, the strength of ties decreases where the receiving firm is able to modify its basic priorities so as to do without the resource, particularly when the receiver is exposed to relatively high levels of environmental uncertainty. These results simultaneously lend support for some of the basic propositions of resource dependence theory, provide insight into the process by which interfirm relations develop, and identify relationships of interest to strategists and policy makers.
Hydrogen Sulfide Fatality in a Poultry Feather Fertilizer Plant

Abstract A workman attempting to repair a ruptured outfall line from a poultry feather cooker was found dead. A subsequent autopsy and investigation indicated that death was caused by the inhalation of hydrogen sulfide produced in the cooking cycle and discharged through the outfall pipe during the pre-drying cycle.
Critical Incidents in the Development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching the Nature of Science: A Prospective Elementary Teacher’s Journey

While teacher educators have had some success in helping prospective teachers understand the nature of science (NOS), they have been less effective in helping prospective teachers teach NOS. Though several studies have alluded to impacts of various interventions on developing pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for NOS, the nature, source, and development of PCK for NOS has not yet been investigated in any systematic way. This study addresses that gap by identifying critical incidents in the development of PCK for NOS of a prospective elementary teacher as she transitions from her methods course to student teaching. Analysis of data collected over a 2-year period illuminates pedagogical dilemmas faced by the prospective teacher in enacting NOS instruction within a school culture of primarily “traditional” science teaching. Through construction of critical incident vignettes, narrative inquiry is employed to illustrate the changes in her PCK for NOS over time, and the experiences that facilitated these changes. Implications for supporting the development of PCK for NOS within teacher education are discussed.
Confinement and processing effects on glass transition temperature and physical aging in ultrathin polymer films: novel fluorescence measurements.

Fluorescence intensity measurements of chromophore-doped or -labeled polymers have been used for the first time to determine the effects of decreasing film thickness on glass transition temperature, Tg, the relative strength of the glass transition, and the relative rate of physical aging below Tg in supported, ultrathin polymer films. The temperature dependence of fluorescence intensity measured in the glassy state of thin and ultrathin films of pyrene-doped polystyrene (PS), poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA), and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) differs from that in the rubbery state with a transition at Tg. Positive deviations from bulk Tg are observed in ultrathin PiBMA and P2VP films on silica substrates while substantial negative deviations from bulk Tg are observed in ultrathin PS films on silica substrates. The relative difference in the temperature dependences of fluorescence intensity in the rubbery and glassy states is usually reduced with decreasing film thickness, indicating that the strength of the glass transition is reduced in thinner films. The temperature dependence of fluorescence intensity also provides useful information on effects of processing history as well as on the degree of polymer-substrate interaction. In addition, when used as a polymer label, a mobility-sensitive rotor chromophore is demonstrated to be useful in measuring relative rates of physical aging in films as thin as 10 nm.
Importance of antioxidant vitamins in immunity and health in animals

Natural antioxidants, including the carotenoids and vitamins A, E and C, are important to animal health. They function as natural antioxidants to remove harmful free radicals produced through normal cellular activity and from environmental stressors, thereby maintaining the structural integrity of immune cells. In addition, they may regulate cellular events. Therefore, carotenoids and vitamins A, E and C are important to animal health by enhancing immunity. A compromised immune system will result in increased morbidity and mortality rates and thereby decrease animal production efficiency.
Characterization of Mg2+ binding to the DNA repair protein apurinic/apyrimidic endonuclease 1 via solid-state 25Mg NMR spectroscopy.

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), a member of the divalent cation-dependent phosphoesterase superfamily of proteins that retain the conserved four-layered α/β-sandwich structural core, is an essential protein that functions as part of base excision repair to remove mutagenic and cytotoxic abasic sites from DNA. Using low-temperature solid-state 25Mg NMR spectroscopy and various mutants of APE1, we demonstrate that Mg2+ binds to APE1 and a functional APE1−substrate DNA complex with an overall stoichiometry of one Mg2+ per mole of APE1 as predicted by the X-ray work of Tainer and co-workers (Mol, C. D.; Kuo, C. F.; Thayer, M. M.; Cunningham, R. P.; Tainer, J. A. Nature 1995, 374, 381−386). However, the NMR spectra show that the single Mg2+ site is disordered. We discuss the probable reasons for the disorder at the Mg2+ binding site. The most likely source of this disorder is arrangement of the protein−ligands about the Mg2+ (cis and trans isomers). The existence of these isomers reinforces the no...
Derivation of a low-temperature expansion for the general-spin Ising model

The low-temperature finite-field free-energy expansion for the general-spin nearest-neighbor Ising model is derived. A method is presented which calculates the arbitrary spin polynomials directly from the spin-\textonehalf{} embeddings. These polynomials are tabulated for all of the common two- and three-dimensional lattices.
Esthetics without prosthetics

Frequently, the need for placement of restorations in chipped or malformed teeth can be eliminated by cosmetic contouring. As prevention rises in importance, as costs increase, and as the psychological aspects of dentistry become more recognized, it is important to eliminate the placement of restorations whenever possible. A method to enhance the patient’s appearance with the use of cosmetic contouring, rather than with restorations, is presented.
The Sausage Rebellion: Public Health, Private Enterprise, and Meat in Mexico City, 1890–1917 – By Jeffrey M. Pilcher

This author is arguably the most prominent historian of Mexican food and an accomplished scholar of Mexico's popular culture. In a previous award‐winning book, Jeffrey M. Pilcher traced the five‐hu...
Effects of Surface Asymmetry on Femtosecond Second-Harmonic Generation from Metal Nanoparticle Arrays

We describe experiments aimed at distinguishing possible mechanisms of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in lithographically prepared arrays of metal nanoparticles. It is well-known that even-order harmonics cannot be generated by electric dipole-dipole interactions in centrosymmetric systems. The experiment employs two basic sample geometries. In our first geometry, as in our previous work, the NPs are left exposed to air, producing an asymmetric local dielectric environment with ITO on one side and air on the other. In the second geometry, we propose coating the arrays with the same material as they are created on, thus producing a centrosymmetric environment in which any SHG observed can not be due to asymmetry in the medium, but to nonlocal or retardation mechanisms in the particles. The arrays are fabricated using focused ion-beam lithography and vapor deposition of the metal, followed by standard lift-off protocols. This procedure yields typical NP dimensions between 60 nm and 200 nm in diameter, and between 15 nm and 30 nm in height, as characterized by scanning electron and atomic-force microscopy. By tuning the NP resonances to the excitation wavelength the SHG signal can be substantially enhanced. Surface melting effects are minimized by the use of ultra-short (50-fs) pulses which give high intensity while allowing us to work at relatively low fluence.
Synthesis of a limonoid, azadiradione

Abstract Azadiradione 1 has been synthesized stereoselectively from trans, trans-farnesol.
Human and Viral microRNA Expression in Sjögren Syndrome

Sjogren syndrome (SS) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, and mainly affects women. It is characterized by features of systemic autoimmunity and dysfunction and inflammation in the exocrine glands. The dysfunction of the salivary glands often causes significant morbidity and has social implications. In a significant percentage of affected patients, extraglandular manifestations lead to systemic diseases with serious medical implications as more major organs are affected. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is another major complication of SS, occurring in 5% of patients. The pathogenesis of SS has not been delineated, but it is believed that both immunologic and non-immune mechanisms are involved. In this issue of The Journal , Peng, et al , report their findings of microRNA profiling of peripheral mononuclear cells of primary SS (pSS) in a Chinese patient cohort1. Four patients with pSS and 3 healthy controls were profiled with microarrays and some of the most differentially expressed microRNA were validated with quantitative real-time PCR in a total of 33 pSS patient and 10 healthy control samples, including the samples used for … Address correspondence to Dr. Alevizos, SS and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm 1N110, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Abstract 4998: Genome-wide methylation profiling in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and frequently presents with an advanced disease. Although it has been shown that a variety of epigenetic alterations can cause molecular heterogeneity of liver tumors, these studies have focused on specific genes, especially oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. There is limited knowledge of the genome-wide methylation status in liver tumors and how this may potentially contribute to carcinogenesis and prognosis. We conducted genome-wide methylation profiling in a set of liver tumors. A pilot study was first performed on DNA from paired fresh frozen tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 5 patients. Genome-wide methylation profiles were created using Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChips. GenomeStudio was used to normalize data and to identify differentially methylated (DM) genes in tumor vs. normal tissue with False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment. Biological functions of the DM genes were assigned using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Of the 485,577 CpG loci studied, significant DM loci were observed between normal and tumor tissues at 4% (17,612 CpGs) with an adjusted p-value Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4998. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4998
Advances in titanium metal injection molding

The approaches to production of titanium powder injection molded parts are reviewed. Historically, oxygen levels have been too high for structural use (particularly with the Ti-6Al-4V alloy). However, recent advances in starting powders, binders and sintering facilities now allow oxygen levels in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy to be controlled to about 0.2 wt.% oxygen. This should result in significant expansion of the titanium PIM market place into aerospace, automobiles, surgical instruments, dentistry, communication devices (such as computers and cell phones), knives and guns.
Veratridine-activated release of adenosine-5'-triphosphate from synaptosomes: evidence for calcium dependence and blockade by tetrodotoxin.

Abstract Cholinergic synaptosomes from squid brain were found to release almost 50% of their total endogenous ATP when exposed to veratridine, an alkaloid which activates action potential sodium channels in nervous tissue. Veratridine also depolarizes synaptosomes and induces transmitter release by a mechanism which is dependent upon free Ca++ in the medium and is inhibited by tetrodotoxin, a specific veratridine inhibitor. ATP release activated by veratridine was also found to be calcium dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive. A new filter assay was developed to measure the kinetics of ATP release quantitatively, and veratridine-activated ATP release from synaptosomes was found to be complete in less than 30 seconds. Since ATP is a major component of cholinergic vesicles, this finding supports the concept that transmitter release from synaptosomes may occur from a vesicular rather than from a cytoplasmic pool.
The activities of eukaryotic replication origins in chromatin

DNA replication initiates at chromosomal positions called replication origins. This review will focus on the activity, regulation and roles of replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All eukaryotic cells, including S. cerevisiae, depend on the initiation (activity) of hundreds of replication origins during a single cell cycle for the duplication of their genomes. However, not all origins are identical. For example, there is a temporal order to origin activation with some origins firing early during the S-phase and some origins firing later. Recent studies provide evidence that posttranslational chromatin modifications, heterochromatin-binding proteins and nucleosome positioning can control the efficiency and/or timing of chromosomal origin activity in yeast. Many more origins exist than are necessary for efficient replication. The availability of excess replication origins leaves individual origins free to evolve distinct forms of regulation and/or roles in chromosomes beyond their fundamental role in DNA synthesis. We propose that some origins have acquired roles in controlling chromatin structure and/or gene expression. These roles are not linked obligatorily to replication origin activity per se, but instead exploit multi-subunit replication proteins with the potential to form context-dependent protein–protein interactions.
Denitrification in a Laurentian Great Lakes coastal wetland invaded by hybrid cattail (Typha × glauca)

Wetland ecosystems maintain and improve water quality through the process of denitrification, an increasingly important ecosystem service due to global N pollution. Invasive plants have the potential to disrupt denitrification by altering the environmental conditions that facilitate this process. Great Lakes coastal wetlands are experiencing widespread invasion by highly productive hybrid cattail with largely uncertain biogeochemical effects. Through field and controlled mesocosm studies, we sought to determine the effects of cattail invasion through time on denitrification rates and associated environmental factors in a Great Lakes coastal wetland. In the field, we found that cattail density correlated with increased denitrification and a suite of environmental and plant community characteristics and denitrification rates were positively correlated with NH4 +, sediment organic matter, reduced water levels, and cattail stand age. Through our controlled mesocosm study, we documented conditions 1- and 5-year following invasion and found that denitrification rates and soil organic matter increased in year 5, and cattail and year-since-invasion altered plant communities and soil NH4 +. Only a weak correlation between denitrification rates and cattail treatments was noted, however, owing to high replicate variability. Our results indicate that with increasing cattail residence time, one ecosystem service, biodiversity, was negatively impacted, while two other services, denitrification and sediment carbon accumulation, were enhanced. Thus, this highly invaded wetland still provides valuable services to aquatic ecosystems and to society. A holistic perspective is therefore critical when evaluating invasive species impacts in which negative impacts are weighed against other ecosystem services, which may be stimulated.
Image based rendering with stable frame rates

Presents an efficient keyframeless image-based rendering technique. An intermediate image is used to exploit the coherences among neighboring frames. The pixels in the intermediate image are first rendered by a ray-casting method and then warped to the intermediate image at the current viewpoint and view direction. We use an offset buffer to record the precise positions of these pixels in the intermediate image. Every frame is generated in three steps: warping the intermediate image onto the frame, filling in holes, and selectively rendering a group of "old" pixels. By dynamically adjusting the number of those "old" pixels in the last step, the workload at every frame can be balanced. The pixels generated by the last two steps make contributions to the new intermediate image. Unlike occasional keyframes in conventional image-based rendering, which need to be totally re-rendered, intermediate images only need to be partially updated at every frame. In this way, we guarantee more stable frame rates and more uniform image qualities. The intermediate image can be warped efficiently by a modified incremental 3D warp algorithm. As a specific application, we demonstrate our technique with a voxel-based terrain rendering system.
Calorimetric and x-ray diffraction studies of rye glucocerebroside mesomorphism.

Glucocerebrosides (GlcCer) isolated from the leaves of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Puma) differ from the more commonly investigated natural and synthetic cerebrosides, in that greater than 95% of the fatty acids are saturated and monounsaturated hydroxy fatty acids. Isomers of the trihydroxy long chain base hydroxysphingenine (t1(8:18 cis or trans)) and isomers of sphingadienine (d18:2(4trans, 8 cis or trans)) comprise 77% and 17%, respectively, of the total long chain bases. The phase behavior of fully hydrated and dry rye leaf GlcCer was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction. On initial heating, aqueous dispersions of GlcCer exhibit a single endothermic transition at 56 degrees C and have an enthalpy (delta H) of 46 J/g. Cooling to 0 degrees C is accompanied by a small exothermic transition (delta H = -8 J/g) at 8 degrees C. On immediate reheating, a broad exothermic transition (delta H = -39 J/g) is observed between 10 and 20 degrees C in addition to a transition at 56 degrees C. These transitions are not reversible, and the exothermic transition rapidly diminishes when the sample is held at low temperature. Using x-ray diffraction, it was determined that the endotherm at 56 degrees C represents a transition from a highly ordered lamellar crystalline phase (Lc) with a d-spacing of 57 A and a series of wide-angle reflections in the 3–10 A range, to a lamellar liquid crystalline (L alpha) phase having a d-spacing of 55 A and a diffuse wide-angle scattering peak centered at 4.7 A. Cooling leads to the formation of a metastable gel phase (L beta) with a d-spacing of 64.0 A and a single broad reflection at 4.28 A. Subsequent warming to above 15 degrees C restores the original Lc phase. Thus, rye GlcCer in excess water exhibit a series of irreversible transitions and gel phase metastability. Dry GlcCer undergo an initial heating endothermic transition at 130 degrees C, which is ascribed to a transformation into the HII phase from a two phase state characterized by the coexistence of phases with disordered (alpha) and helical (delta) type chain conformations but of unknown lattice identity: An exotherm at 67.5 degrees C observed upon subsequent cooling is of unknown origin. Since an undercooled HII phase persists down to 19 degrees C, the exotherm may derive in part from an alpha-to-delta type chain packing conformational change especially under slow cooling conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Stark effect on donor transitions in high-purity GaAs

Abstract A quantitative study of line narrowing of the 1 s −2 p - transitions in hydrogenic GaAs donors with increasing magnetic field shows that the observed widths are due to Stark-effect inhomogeneous broadening. From the parameters involved we conclude that internal electric fields should very often play a dominant role in determining lineshapes of shallow impurity optical transitions in high purity partly compensated semiconductors at low temperatures.
Dermatological Disorders Sourcebook, ed 2

Sutton AL, ed. Detroit, MI 48226, Omnigraphics, 2005, hardcover, 645 pp, ISBN: 0-78080795-2, $78. Dermatological Disorders Sourcebook is a compilation of consumer education articles gathered from credible Web sites and pamphlets of various governmental agencies and professional and voluntary health organizations. The purpose of this book is to provide basic medical information to patients, caregivers, and the general public. The intended audience is anyone who seeks information on prevalence, prevention, risk factors, and warning signs of various skin conditions. It does not claim to be a guide for diagnosis or treatment prescription for health care professionals; however, it does serve its intended purpose well, which is to present a variety of resources on skin disorders at an …
Early Adoption and Disturbing Disparities in Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

Axillary lymph node surgery remains an integral component of breast cancer treatment. Node status provides key prognostic information that is used to direct adjuvant systemic therapy ( 1 ). Removal of the nodes may also improve local control, although the preponderance of data shows no survival advantage with node dissection itself ( 2 ). Until recently, surgery required full axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). However, recovery from ALND is painful, and the procedure carries the risk of permanent lymphedema. In the early 1990s, it was hypothesized that colloidal material injected into the breast would drain to the same fi rst node(s) as the cancer ( 3 , 4 ). The commonly used agents are radiolabeled sulfur colloid alone or in combination with a blue dye (isosulfan blue or methylene blue), which are detected by a hand-held gamma probe or by visual identifi cation of blue-stained nodes. Early confi rmatory studies proved that this procedure, termed “sentinel lymph node biopsy” (SLNB) for those fi rst nodes “standing guard” in the axilla, was accurate in
PRIMO/PRIMONA: A coarse‐grained model for proteins and nucleic acids that preserves near‐atomistic accuracy

The new coarse graining model PRIMO/PRIMONA for proteins and nucleic acids is proposed. This model combines one to several heavy atoms into coarse-grained sites that are chosen to allow an analytical, high-resolution reconstruction of all-atom models based on molecular bonding geometry constraints. The accuracy of proposed reconstruction method in terms of structure and energetics is tested and compared with other popular reconstruction methods for a variety of protein and nucleic acid test sets.
What Drives Juvenile Probation Officers? Relating Organizational Contexts, Status Characteristics, and Personal Convictions to Treatment and Punishment Orientations

Data from surveys of juvenile court probation officers in four states are analyzed to understand professional orientations toward two seemingly contrasting goals of contemporary juvenile justice systems: punishment and treatment. These self-reported juvenile probation officer orientations are considered in relation to three clusters of variables representing somewhat distinct hypothetical bases of professional orientation: court context, decision-maker status characteristics, and resonance with legal, victim’s rights, and character issues. Although court context and status characteristics distinguish attitudes toward treatment and punishment, attitudinal resonance is an especially strong predictor of these orientations. Rather than mutually exclusive or static ideologies, treatment and punishment appear to be flexible, overlapping goals that appeal to officers according to their congruence with other personal convictions. Younger probation officers are also found to be more punitive, net of other influenc...
A high speed 2-D DCT/IDCT processor

Recently, a novel algorithm to compute the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and its inverse (IDCT) was derived by W. Li (1991). Based on this algorithm, a high-speed 8*8 2-D DCT/IDCT processor chip was designed. In the present work, the algorithm is briefly outlined; the chip architecture is presented; and some circuit design issues are discussed. The chip measures 7.9*9.2 mm/sup 2/. It is designed using the MOSIS 2- mu m SCMOS technology. It takes 16-b inputs, uses 16-b internal memory for coefficients and data, and generates 16-b outputs. A single input line determines if the chip computes the DCT or the IDCT. The chip is highly pipelined with a latency of 135 cycles and a throughput of 55 MHz, which is equivalent to computing 880 million multiplies and 770 million adds per second. >
Etiology of sustained hypertension in children in the Southwestern United States

We reviewed the records of 132 children with persistent hypertension who were evaluated by our pediatric nephrology services between 1987 and 1991. Eightynine (67%) of these children were found to have renal or renovascular disease, 30 (23%) had primary hypertension and 13 (10%) had a non-renal cause for their hypertension. Glomerulonephritis (n=37) and reflux nephropathy (n=26) were the most frequent renal disorders identified. Renal artery thrombosis was the most common cause of hypertension in the neonatal period (in 6 of 12 neonates, 50%) whereas cystic kidney disease was the most common cause of hypertension in the 1st year of life (in 9 of 30 infants, 30%). The prevalence of primary hypertension increased with age; this diagnosis was made in 16 of 46 (35%) hypertensive patients between 12 and 18 years of age and, more surprisingly, in 8 of 27 (30%) children between 7 and 11 years of age. These data confirm that secondary hypertension is the most common cause of hypertension in children but suggest that primary hypertension is more prevalent than previously recognized in patients between 7 and 18 years of age.
CCSTG: an efficient test pattern generator for sequential circuits

A simple method which combines the efficiencies of an event driven implication method and speed of a compiled code implication is proposed for use in a sequential test pattern generator. This method, in conjunction with several other concepts and heuristics, is used to implement a sequential test pattern generator CCSTG based on the sequential test generation algorithm used in FASTEST. It is shown that the performance of a sequential test pattern generator improves substantially when methods proposed in this paper are incorporated in a test pattern generator. The authors verified this assertion by comparing the performances of test pattern generators, with and without these features, for ISCAS-89 benchmark sequential circuits. >
Hygromycin B Inhibition of Protein Synthesis and Ribosome Biogenesis in Escherichia coli

The aminoglycoside antibiotic hygromycin B was examined in Escherichia coli cells for inhibitory effects on translation and ribosomal-subunit formation. Pulse-chase labeling experiments were performed, which verified lower rates of ribosomal-subunit synthesis in drug-treated cells. Hygromycin B exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on viable-cell numbers, growth rate, protein synthesis, and 30S and 50S subunit formation. Unlike other aminoglycosides, hygromycin B was a more effective inhibitor of translation than of ribosomal-subunit formation in E. coli. Examination of total RNA from treated cells showed an increase in RNA corresponding to a precursor to the 16S rRNA, while mature 16S rRNA decreased. Northern hybridization to rRNA in cells treated with hygromycin B showed that RNase II- and RNase III-deficient strains of E. coli accumulated 16S rRNA fragments upon treatment with the drug. The results indicate that hygromycin B targets protein synthesis and 30S ribosomal-subunit assembly.
Recovery of Plutonium and Americium from Chloride Salt Wastes by Solvent Extraction

Abstract Plutonium and americium can be recovered from aqueous waste solutions containing a mixture of HCl and chloride salt wastes by the coupling of two solvent extraction systems: tributyl phosphate (TBP) in tetra-chloroethylene (TCE) and octyl(phenyl)-N, N-diisobutyl carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) in TCE. In the flowsheet developed, the salt wastes are dissolved in HC1, the Pu(III) is oxidized to the IV state with NaC102 and recovered in the TBP-TCE cycle, and the Am is then removed from the resultant raffinate by the CMPO-TCE cycle. The consequences of the feed solution composition and extraction behavior of these species on the process flowsheet design, the Pu-product purity, and the decontamination of the aqueous raffinate from transuranic elements are discussed.