cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan and heparin inhibit the intrinsic tenase complex by a common antithrombin-independent mechanism.

Depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG) is a fucosylated chrondroitin sulfate that possesses antithrombin-independent antithrombotic properties and inhibits factor X activation by the intrinsic tenase complex (factor IXa–factor VIIIa). The mechanism and molecular target for intrinsic tenase inhibition were determined and compared with inhibition by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). DHG inhibited factor X activation in a noncompetitive manner (reduced Vmax(app)), with 50-fold higher apparent affinity than LMWH. DHG did not affect factor VIIIa half-life or chromogenic substrate cleavage by factor IXa–phospholipid but reduced the affinity of factor IXa for factor VIIIa. DHG competed factor IXa binding to immobilized LMWH with an EC50 35-fold lower than soluble LWMH. Analysis of intrinsic tenase inhibition, employing factor IXa with mutations in the heparin-binding exosite, demonstrated that relative affinity (Ki) for DHG was as follows: wild type > K241A > H92A > R170A > > R233A, with partial rather than complete inhibition of the mutants. This rank order for DHG potency correlated with the effect of these mutations on factor IXa–LMWH affinity and the potency of LMWH for intrinsic tenase. DHG also accelerated decay of the intact intrinsic tenase complex. Thus, DHG binds to an exosite on factor IXa that overlaps with the binding sites for LMWH and factor VIIIa, disrupting critical factor IXa–factor VIIIa interactions.
The nasolacrimal apparatus in congenital facial anomalies

Summary The embryology and anatomy of the nasocrimal apparatus is reviewed. The more commonly reported anomalies are described. The available literature is reviewed and the association of the problems nasolacrimal apparatus with other regional anomalies described. Though the overall incidence of nasolacrimal apparatus problems in children with various facial anomalies is not great, it is consistent and is a significant one (12% in patients with clefts). The consistent existence of such a relationship is described and should be considered by all individuals treating clefts and other facial deformities.
The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats

Medications that target norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission alter the behavioral effects of cocaine and may be beneficial for stimulant-use disorders. We showed previously that the short-acting, α1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, blocked drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats and doxazosin (DOX), a longer-acting α1 antagonist blocked cocaine's subjective effects in cocaine-dependent volunteers. To further characterize DOX as a possible pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence, we assessed its impact on the development and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Rats (n = 6-8) were administered saline, cocaine (COC, 10 mg/kg) or DOX (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) alone or in combination for 5 consecutive days (development). Following 10-days of drug withdrawal, all rats were administered COC and locomotor activity was again assessed (expression). COC increased locomotor activity across days indicative of sensitization. The high dose (1.0 mg/kg), but not the low dose (0.3 mg/kg) of DOX significantly decreased the development and expression of COC sensitization. DOX alone did not differ from saline. These results are consistent with studies showing that α1 receptors are essential for the development and expression of cocaine's behavioral effects. Results also suggest that blockade of both the development and expression of locomotor sensitization may be important characteristics of possible pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence in humans.
Death related to propofol use in an adult patient

ObjectiveTo report an adult trauma patient fatality related to propofol administration.DesignRetrospective case review.SettingTrauma intensive care unit (ICU) in a level one trauma center.PatientAn 18-yr-old man involved in a motor vehicle crash.InterventionsTreatment for multiple trauma injuries an
Influences of organic matter and calcification rate on trace elements in aragonitic estuarine bivalve shells

Abstract A suite of elements (B, Na, Mg, S, K, Ca, V, Mn, Cr, Sr, and Ba) was measured in aragonitic shells of the estuarine bivalve Corbula amurensis, the Asian clam, using the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe with Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP RG). Our initial intent was to explore potential geochemical proxy relationships between shell chemistry and salinity (freshwater inflow) in northern San Francisco Bay (SFB). In the course of this study we observed variations in shell trace element to calcium ([M]/Ca) ratios that could only be attributed to internal biological processes. This paper discusses the nature and sources of internal trace element variability in C. amurensis shells related to the shell organic fraction and shell calcification rates. The average organic content of whole C. amurensis shells is 19%. After treating whole powdered shells with an oxidative cleaning procedure to remove organic matter, shells contained on average 33% less total Mg and 78% less total Mn. Within our analytical uncertainty, Sr and Ba contents were unchanged by the removal of organic matter. These results show that aragonitic C. amurensis shells have a large component of non-lattice-bound Mg and Mn that probably contribute to the dissimilarity of [M]/Ca profiles among five same-sized shells. Non-lattice-bound trace elements could complicate the development and application of geochemical proxy relationships in bivalve shells. Because B, Ba and Sr occur exclusively in shell aragonite, they are good candidates for external proxy relationships. [M]/Ca ratios were significantly different in prismatic and nacreous aragonite and in two valves of the same shell that had different crystal growth rates. Some part of these differences can be attributed to non-lattice-bound trace elements associated with the organic fraction. The differences in [M]/Ca ratios were also consistent with the calcification rate-dependent ion transport model developed by Carre et al. [Carre M., Bentaleb I., Bruguier O., Ordinola E., Barrett N. T. and Fontugne M. (2006) Calcification rate influence on trace element concentrations in aragonitic bivalve shells: evidences and mechanisms. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 4906–4920] which predicts that [M]/Ca ratios increase as calcification rates increase and Ca2+ channel specificity decreases. This result, in combination with the possibility that there were ontogenetic variations in growth rates among individuals younger than 2 years, underscores the need to develop an independent age model for C. amurensis shells. If growth-rate effects on lattice-bound [M]/Ca ratios can be constrained, it may yet be possible to develop high-resolution geochemical proxies for external solution chemistry in low-salinity regions of SFB.
LSA mode calculations using a simple computer model

A simple computer model is used to obtain a wide range of design information on the LSA-type bulk oscillations in n-type GaAs. Variation of LSA device performance with parameters like bias field, load resistance, r.f. electric field and the peak to valley velocity ratio of the bulk material is indicated and methods of optimizing the device performance are suggested.
Anisotropic stress-strain relations and complex moduli of a viscoelastic composite with aligned spheroidal inclusions

Abstract By means of a micromechanical theory this study seeks to uncover the influence of the inclusion shape on the stress-strain behavior and complex moduli of a class of composites containing aligned spheroidal inclusions. Before we set out the analysis it is shown first that, by combining two Maxwell or two Voigt constituents, the composite as whole is generally not of the Maxwell or the Voigt type; however, under the conditions that the Poisson's ratio of both phases remains constant and the ratios of their shear modulus to shear viscosity are equal, a transversely isotropic Maxwell or Voigt composite can be constructed. The strain-rate sensitivity of the stress-strain behavior is then examined for a system containing elastic inclusions and a viscoelastic matrix, at various inclusion shapes. It is found that the stress-strain curves are strongly dependent upon the applied strain rate in most cases, and that the precise increase of flow stress with increasing strain rate is intimately related to the inclusion shape and loading mode. Except for the axial tension with continuous fibers and the transverse tension, shear, and biaxial plane-strain with aligned discs, most stress-strain curves exhibit a saturation stress under a constant strain-rate loading. The real and imaginary parts of the five complex moduli are subsequently examined for their dependence upon the inclusion shape and concentration, and loading frequency. It is observed that the real parts of the moduli tend to increase with increasing frequency, and eventually approach their corresponding elastic moduli. The imaginary parts of the moduli may actually increase with increasing amount of elastic inclusions, albeit droping to zero again as the entire composite turns into inclusions. Their dependence on the frequency starts out at zero initially and again returns to zero as the frequency approaches infinity, but in the intermediate range multiple maxima are experienced with all inclusion shapes.
Effects of artificial selection on reproductive fitness in Drosophila

A COMMON feature of many selection experiments, when polygenically determined traits are involved, is a reduction in the reproductive fitness of the selected strains. Experimental selection for differences in the numbers of abdominal bristles and sternopleural chaetae in Drosophila melanogaster produced sterility and a reduction in fertility in the selected strains1,2. Latter3 found that the “competitive index” (mating propensity, female fecundity and survival ability) had fallen sharply in strains of D. melanogaster subjected to experimental selection for differences in scutellar bristle number. Selection in Tribolium for change in developmental rates produced alterations in productivity, body size and viability of the flour beetles4. The reproductive fitness of chickens under selection for increased shank length was reduced steadily throughout the selection process5.
Solution thermodynamics of alkyl p‐aminobenzoates

Equilibrium solubilities of the first four homologous alkyl p‐aminobenzoate esters were determined in methanol, ethanol, and 1‐propanol at 25, 33, and 40° the esters and the alcohols comprise separate homologous series. The solution process of a solute may be considered to be the summation of two sequential steps, melting and mixing, and the magnitude of solubility depends upon temperature and the extent of interactions between solute and solvent molecules. Quantitative solute concentrations, obtained from spectrophotometric analysis, were converted to mole fractions. Statistical analysis of the logarithmic mole fraction solubilities of the aminobenzoates, which were linear with respect to both reciprocal absolute temperature and the logarithm of absolute temperature, generated enthalpies and entropies of solution, respectively. The heats of fusion and the melting points of these aminobenzoates were determined to calculate their ideal solubilities. Excess free energies and partial molal free energies of each solution were calculated from the activity coefficients of the solutes; the thermodynamic elements for these systems are discussed.
Lasing on the 3d-->3p neonlike x-ray laser transitions driven by a self-photo-pumping mechanism.

This paper presents an x-ray laser mechanism that uses radiation trapping of the strongest 3{ital d}{sup 1}{ital P}{sub 1}{r_arrow}2{ital p}{sup 1}{ital S}{sub 0} neonlike resonance line in an optically thick plasma to create an intense radiation field that radiatively drives population from the neonlike ground state to the 3{ital d}{sup 1}{ital P}{sub 1} state, which then lases to the 3{ital p}{sup 1}{ital P}{sub 1} and 3{ital p}{sup 3}{ital P}{sub 1} states. Collisional mixing of the 3{ital p} states with nearby 3{ital s} and 3{ital d} states depopulates the lower laser states. Modeling is presented for this mechanism in neonlike argon. Strong gain is predicted on the two 3{ital d}{r_arrow}3{ital p} transitions at 451 and 465 A, the first of which has been observed in recent x-ray laser experiments using an argon gas puff. This pumping mechanism also enhances the population of the 3{ital p}{sup 1}{ital S}{sub 0} state and the gain of the two 3{ital p}{r_arrow}3{ital s}, {ital J}=0{r_arrow}1 transitions, which are at 431 and 469 A in argon. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Exercise Performance of Lower-Extremity Amputees

A comparison of the literature quantifying the energy expended during ambulation of healthy individuals and those with amputation of the lower extremity is difficult as study parameters and methods are inconsistent. However, the energy cost of ambulation is greater for amputees than for nonamputees. Ascending level of amputation appears to be associated with increasing metabolic demand. There appears to be a difference in energy cost of ambulation following different surgical procedures. The literature regarding energy cost of ambulating with different lower-extremity prostheses is equivocal, with the exception of the contoured adducted trochanteric-controlled alignment method (CAT-CAM) socket for above-knee amputees and the new energy-storing (Proteor) foot for traumatic below-knee amputees, which may decrease energy expenditure during ambulation. Therefore, it is reasonable to recommend that energy cost of ambulation be considered when deciding on the most efficacious surgical procedure, and metabolic efficiency of gait be considered when selecting prostheses most suitable for lower-extremity amputees. Though limited research is currently available, it appears that training or physical conditioning for the lower-extremity amputee, particularly with cardiopulmonary or vascular insufficiency, may decrease the metabolic cost of ambulation. More research is needed regarding the benefits of aerobic exercise and the safest, most effective exercise regimens for reducing metabolic costs of ambulation in lower-extremity amputees.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Myosin Light Chain Kinase from Bovine Thyroid Gland

Myosin light chain kinase has been purified approximately 1700-fold from bovine thyroid gland, using Affigel blue column chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation (0–60% saturation), Sepharose 6B gel filtration, and calmodulin-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. This partially purified kinase was Ca2+ and calmodulin dependent for its activity and specifically phosphorylated the 20,000-dalton light chain of chicken gizzard myosin. At higher CaCl2 concentration, thyroid myosin light chain kinase demonstrated a novel inhibition in the presence of calmodulin. The mechanism of this Ca2+-dependent inhibition is not clear at present. The existence of myosin light chain kinase in thyroid gland provides additional support for the role of the contractile system in the secretion of thyroid hormones.
Filter, inoculum and time effects on measurements of biodegradable water soluble organic carbon in soil

Abstract The biodegradation of organic carbon drives biogeochemical cycles. Incubations of water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) are popular tests for determining the amount of readily biodegradable organic carbon. However, tests differ in length of incubation, filtration prior to incubation, and method of incubation. We compared the fraction of biodegradable water soluble organic carbon (BWSOC) in soil by varying these factors. With all combinations, WSOC decreased to a minimum during the first 6 days then consistently increased at the later stages of the incubation. The mean BWSOC content of the soils ranged from 0.13 to 3.54, and depended on the length of the incubation and the combination of filters used before and after incubation. Similar amounts of BWSOC were measured during aerobic and anaerobic incubations.
Strategien zur Modulation von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen

Die Entwicklung niedermolekularer Modulatoren von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen gilt als wichtiges Forschungsziel mit grosem Potenzial fur die Entdeckung neuer Therapeutika. Trotz anspruchsvoller Voraussetzungen gibt es eine Reihe von Beispielen fur die Inhibierung der Wechselwirkung groser Proteinbindungspartner durch einen niedermolekularen Liganden. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir einen Uberblick uber die Strategien zur Modulierung von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen und prasentieren den aktuellen Forschungsstand beim rationalen Design von Mimetika, die die Strukturen und Funktionen ihrer naturlichen Zielstrukturen abbilden.
Comparison of side hole versus non side hole high flow hemodialysis catheters

Current literature suggests that side holes may be detrimental to dialysis catheter performance. Today, these catheters are primarily available with side holes. The purpose of this study was to compare flow rates, infection rate, and survival of side hole vs. non side hole hemodialysis catheters. Over a 16-month period patients were arbitrarily assigned to either a 14.5 F MAHURKAR MAXID cuffed dual lumen tunneled catheter with side holes or a 14.5 F MAHURKAR MAXID cuffed dual lumen tunneled catheter without side holes ("non side hole catheters"). We performed a retrospective analysis of catheter flow rates, patency, catheter survival, and catheter-related infections. Information was gathered for the life of the catheter or up to 28 weeks. A total of 54 patients were enrolled in the study. Thirty-seven of 54 (68%) patients received a catheter with side holes for a total of 3,930 catheter days and 17/54 (32%) received a similar catheter without side holes for a total of 2,188 catheter days. Catheter infection necessitating removal of the catheter occurred in 10/37 catheters with side holes and 1/17 without side holes. Infection rates per 1,000 catheter days were 2.545 with side holes and 0.254 without side holes (p<0.001). Slightly improved catheter survival (p<0.05) was recorded with the non side hole catheters. No insertion complication (e.g., air embolization, bleeding, or kinking) occurred with either catheter. One catheter without side holes had to be repositioned 5 days after insertion because of poor flows. No significant difference was recorded in mean blood flow rates between the catheters. Results indicate reduced catheter infection rate in hemodialysis patients with the use of non side hole dual lumen tunneled cuffed catheters.
SCISOR: extracting information from on-line news

The future of natural language text processing is examined in the SCISOR prototype. Drawing on artificial intelligence techniques, and applying them to financial news items, this powerful tool illustrates some of the future benefits of natural language analysis through a combination of bottom-up and top-down processing.
Altered antroduodenal motility after cholecystectomy.

background: Persistent nonspecific symptoms such as epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, and bilious vomiting are common following cholecystectomy. The etiology of these symptoms is unknown, but abnormal antroduodenal motility associated with duodenogastric reflux (DGR) is a possible cause. patients and methods: Sixteen postcholecystectomy patients and 19 healthy volunteers ("normals") were studied. Ten of the patients were asymptomatic and 6 were symptomatic. The study consisted of a 4-hour 99m Tc-DISIDA (diisoprophyl imidodiacetic acid) infusion and gastric aspiration, 24-hour intragastric pH monitoring, and 24-hour ambulatory antroduodenal manometry. results: The postcholecystectomy patients showed increased DGR of the infused 99m Tc-DISIDA. The data are given as coulter counts × 10 6 /min. The increase was more marked in symptomatic postcholecystectomy patients (2.54 ± 0.15) compared to asymptomatic patients (1.21 ± 0.46) or normals (0.26 ± 0.15). Postcholecystectomy patients had increased percentage of time with intragastric pH >3. In the supine period in particular, the pH was >3 in symptomatic patients 25.4% ± 7.7% of the time versus 8.1% ± 4.3% for asymptomatic patients ( P P P P conclusions: Fasting antroduodenal motility is altered after cholecystectomy. The abnormality is associated with increased DGR, which is more marked in symptomatic patients.
Comparison of a current eelgrass disease to the wasting disease in the 1930s

Abstract A comparison is made of the wasting disease that struck the whole Atlantic population of Zostera marina L. in the 1930s and a current outbreak of a rather similar disease in Z. marina beds along the north-eastern coasts of the U.S.A. Although the disease phenomena on the plants appear to be very similar, disease-related declines of Z. marina are at present still very local. In Europe, diseased plants have been found, but no declines have been observed. The wasting disease in the 1930s was not investigated before the epidemic reached a devastating stage. Present observations may indicate that a new widespread die-off may be developing. In order to facilitate the study of the current epidemic, a scenario of disease and related decline, with several variants, has been elaborated, based on the existing knowledge of the epidemic of the 1930s, but also clearly showing the gaps in this knowledge.
Computational Comparison of the Reactions of Substituted Amines with CO2

Substituted amines are a popular choice as molecules to selectively react with and separate CO 2 from gas mixtures. Such separations are of particular interest, for example, for CO 2 separations for carbon capture and sequestration. It is desirable to tune amine-CO 2 reaction energies to suit a particular separation. Herein, we use DFT-B3LYP simulations to characterize the products and energetics of reactions of CO 2 with a range of substituted amines, considering both 1:1 and 2:1 amine/CO 2 reaction stoichiometries. The results show that by adjusting both the nature and the placement of functional groups, it is possible to tune reaction energies over a substantial range. Decomposition of the 2:1 reaction into separate carbamate and ammonium formation steps shows that the Bronsted basicity and Lewis basicity towards CO 2 are largely uncorrelated and provide an independent means of tuning the overall reaction energies.
The circular dichroism spectrum of microsomal membranes. Magnesium-induced aggregation.

Abstract The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the microsomal membranes from rat liver in the 250-200-nm range is reported. Spectra of both the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough membranes stripped of ribosomes are similar to those of other biological membranes: The spectrum is characteristic of an α-helical protein, but is shifted 1–2 nm to higher wavelengths. The presence of small amounts of Mg2+ causes an aggregation of the membranes as evidenced by a sharp increase in turbidity. The spectral changes accompanying this aggregation are a further bathochromic shift of the ellipticity trough and crossover and a decreased intensity of ellipticity.
Evaluation of Si/carbon composite nanofiber-based insertion anodes for new-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

A convenient and low cost approach has been developed for the fabrication of advanced anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries by loading Si nanoparticles as an alloying media into carbon nanofibers. The resultant composite nanofiber anodes have special fibrous textures that can absorb the huge volume change of Si during Li insertion and extraction reactions and hinder the cracking or crumbling of the electrode, and hence they have good electrochemical behaviors including large reversible capacity, relatively high capacity retention and good rate capability.
SOPRANO: an efficient automatic test pattern generator for stuck-open faults in CMOS combinational circuits

In this paper, we describe a highly efficient automatic test pattern generator for stuck-open (SOP) faults, called SOPRANO, in CMOS combinational circuits. The key idea of SOPRANO is to convert a CMOS circuit into an equivalent gate level circuit and SOP faults into the equivalent stuck-at faults. Then SOPRANO derives test patterns for SOP faults using a gate level test pattern generator. Several techniques to reduce the test set size are introduced in SOPRANO. Experimental results performed on eight benchmark circuits show that SOPRANO achieves high SOP fault coverage and short processing time.
Human Genetics and Coronary Heart Disease: A Public Health Perspective

FAMILY HISTORY AS AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR PREMATURE CHD 308 Prospective Studies 309 THE SEARCH FOR FAMILIAL RISK FACTORS 313 Inherited Susceptibility 313
Design and performance of configurable endsystem scheduling mechanisms

This paper describes a scheduling abstraction, called group scheduling, that emphasizes fine grain configurability of system scheduling semantics. The group scheduling approach described and evaluated in this paper provides an extremely flexible framework within which a wide range of scheduling semantics can be expressed, including familiar priority and deadline based algorithms. The paper describes both OS and middleware based implementations of the framework, and shows through evaluation that they can produce the same behavior for a nontrivial set of application computations. We also show that the framework can support application-specific scheduling constraints such as progress, to improve performance of applications whose scheduling semantics do not match those of traditional scheduling algorithms.
Locating patient expertise in everyday life

Coping with a new health issue often requires individuals to acquire knowledge and skills to manage personal health. Many patients turn to one another for experiential expertise outside the formal bounds of the health-care system. Internet-based social software can facilitate expertise sharing among patients, but provides only limited ways for users to locate sources of patient expertise. Although much prior research has investigated expertise location and systems to augment expertise sharing in workplace organizations, the transferability of this knowledge to other contexts, such as personal health, is unclear. Guided by expertise locating frameworks drawn from prior work, we conducted a field study to investigate expertise locating in the informal and everyday context of women diagnosed with breast cancer. Similarities between patients' expertise locating practices and practices of professionals in workplace organizations suggest similar support strategies could apply in both contexts. However, unlike professionals, unsolicited advice often triggered patients to locate expertise. They identified expertise through various forms of gatekeeping. The high-stakes nature of problems patients faced also led them to use triangulation strategies in anticipation of breakdowns in expertise location. Based on these key differences, we explored five design additions to social software that could support patients in their critical need to locate patient expertise.
Granular cell tumor of the parotid

A case of granular cell tumor of the major salivary glands is presented. This tumor appeared as an expansive multinodular mass that arose from facial nerve trunks. The presenting symptoms of facial pain and paresis and the intraoperative findings of tumor adhesion to nerves led to the clinical impression of malignancy. At intraoperative consultation, the tumor resembled an acinic cell carcinoma. Pathologists should be aware that granular cell tumors may involve the major salivary glands and that it should be considered in the diagnostic differential diagnosis.
Deafferentation-induced expansion of saphenous terminal field labelling in the adult rat dorsal horn following pronase injection of the sciatic nerve.

We have examined the effect of the degeneration of sciatic nerve afferents on the distribution of saphenous terminals in the adult rat dorsal horn. Deafferentation was produced by injection into the sciatic nerve of pronase, a combination of proteolytic enzymes, which causes death of ganglion cells and degeneration of their terminal fields. The saphenous terminal fields were labelled by exposing the cut nerve to a combination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Terminals were mainly found in the superficial dorsal horn, indicating that small-diameter afferents were heavily labelled. In one group of control animals, the normal sciatic and normal saphenous terminal fields were shown to be bilaterally symmetrical. In the experimental group, the initial injection of one sciatic nerve with pronase was followed 4 months later by bilateral HRP/WGA-HRP labelling of both saphenous nerves. In each animals, the terminal field of the saphenous nerve on the lesioned side was expanded in the medial, lateral, and caudal directions. Medially and laterally, the expanded terminal field overlapped more of the sciatic territory than normal; caudally, saphenous terminals were found in the rostral portion of the L5 segment, in an area normally filled by sciatic terminals and devoid of saphenous terminals. The expansion resulted in a total saphenous area 26% larger than the control side. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the label in both the normal and expanded territories was primarily contained in axons and terminals, with minor transneuronal labelling. Labelled terminals in the expanded areas were both simple terminals with round, clear vesicles, and glomerular terminals with multiple synaptic contacts; these terminal types resemble those previously described for primary afferents in the superficial dorsal horn. Although the preexistence of “silent” synaptic terminals in the expanded areas cannot be disproven, the data support the hypothesis that primary afferents in the adult have the potential to sprout and establish synapses when the conditions of the deafferentation are favorable.
Elastohydrodynamics and failure prediction

Many rolling and sliding contacts in industrial machineries are lubricated elastohydrodynamically to mitigate friction and wear. Predictions of tribological failures and performance have been greatly enhanced in the past two decades due to advancements in elastohydrodynamics. In this paper, the major physical features and principles of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) along with the major modes of tribological failures are summarized, first, for these contacts. Brief discussions are given to current predictability of lubricant film thickness, contact pressure, temperature, and friction in elastohydrodynamic contacts, and how these variables are used in predicting contact fatigue life and the threshold conditions for sliding failure.
Coherent synchrotron radiation and space charge for a 1-D source on an arbitrary planar orbit

Realistic modeling of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and the space charge force in single-pass systems and rings usually requires at least a two-dimensional (2-D) description of the charge/current density of the bunch. Since that leads to costly computations, one often resorts to a 1-D model of the bunch for first explorations. This paper provides several improvements to previous 1-D theories, eliminating unnecessary approximations and physical restrictions.
Neuro-controllers for adaptive helicopter hover training

This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks in adaptive helicopter hover training of novice student pilots. The design of the adaptive trainer utilizes the hypothesis that novices can be trained to fly a helicopter system automatically (with no human interaction) if the helicopter system adapts to the learning curve of the student. Two different techniques based on the above approach are presented. In the first technique, the helicopter system actively enforces optimality by augmenting the novice's control inputs by amounts necessary to satisfy desired performance criteria. The second technique uses relaxed performance criteria that are not initially optimal, but approach optimality in a graded fashion, based on the learning curve of the student. Adaptive neuro-controllers, together with a critic model, are used to implement the adaptive helicopter system. The results using simulated student models verify the approach adopted, and show that the adaptive neuro-controllers allow the helicopter system to adapt to the novice's learning curve. >
Dissecting the substrate for sudden cardiac death in the absence of ischemic heart disease

d v v Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains an enormous clinical problem, accounting for approximately 400,000 cases annually in the United States alone. Current strategies for redicting and preventing SCD focus on the primary preention of cardiovascular diseases and their associated seuelae and the identification of high-risk individuals with schemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. When high-risk atients are identified, appropriate medical therapy and rophylactic placement of an implantable cardioverter-debrillator (ICD) have been proven to reduce SCD and total ortality. The majority of sudden deaths occur in low-risk ndividuals with relatively preserved left ventricular funcion that do not meet criteria for ICD placement. Although he event rate of such patients is relatively low, they account or the greatest absolute number of SCD cases because the umber of patients at risk is much larger. In addition, many CD cases represent the first manifestation of cardiac disase, which greatly complicates any preventive strategy. Careful studies of the clinical characteristics and cardiac athology of SCD victims are a critical prerequisite for aining a better understanding of the potential mechanisms f SCD and formulating new preventive strategies. The ajority of SCD cases are due to coronary artery disease, ither in the form of acute coronary syndromes or chronic schemic heart disease with prior myocardial infarction. Much less is known about the substrate for SCD in the absence of ischemic heart disease. One of the major difficulties with studies of SCD victims is that autopsies are not routinely obtained in most countries, which limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the prevalence of various forms of cardiac pathology. In the present issue of HeartRhythm, Hookana et al report a study of 2,661 consecutive victims of SCD in the province of Oulu in northern Finland. A major strength of this study is that autopsies are mandatory in Finland whenever SCD is not due to a known disease, the deceased has not been treated by a physician during the patient’s last illness, or death is otherwise unex-
Template-driven parasitic-aware optimization of analog integrated circuit layouts

Layout parasitics have great impact on analog circuit performance. This paper presents an algorithm for explicit parasitic control during layout retargeting of analog integrated circuits. In order to ensure desired circuit performance, bounds on layout parasitics' magnitudes are determined first. Then, graph techniques are coupled with mathematical programming to constrain layout geometry based on these parasitic bounds. The algorithm has been demonstrated to ensure desired circuit performance during technology migration and performance specification changes.
Post-interventional three-dimensional dark blood MRI in the adult with congenital heart disease

Abstract Background Investigate a novel three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence to assess stented segments in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) after transcatheter intervention. Methods Adults with CHD referred for computed tomography (CT) after transcatheter intervention underwent MR exam with a 3D respiratory gated TSE sequence. Data obtained at the time of the study included type of CHD, radiation dose, length of time between exams, and luminal diameters of stented segments from each exam. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student'st and Bland–Altman plots performed to analyze measurements obtained from both examinations. Results Eleven patients underwent both examinations. Type of defects included coarctation of the aorta (n=6) and tetralogy of Fallot. Average radiation dose was 19.6mSv and average time between CT and MRI was 99±160days. Luminal diameters of stented vessels correlated closely between TSE MRI and CT (r 2 =.85) with a bias toward overestimation with MRI (mean 22.4±4.3mm and 20.9±3.7mm, p Conclusion This novel 3D respiratory gated TSE MR technique provides a feasible method to reduce metallic artifact and improve visualization of stented segments and surrounding anatomic structures without exposure to radiation.
Secure verification of location claims

With the growing prevalence of sensor and wireless networks comes a new demand for location-based access control mechanisms. We introduce the concept of secure location verification, and we show how it can be used for location-based access control. Then, we present the Echo protocol, a simple method for secure location verification. The Echo protocol is extremely lightweight: it does not require time synchronization, cryptography, or very precise clocks. Hence, we believe that it is well suited for use in small, cheap, mobile devices.
Diverse phenotypes of outward currents in cells that have survived in the 5-day-infarcted heart

We have shown reduced density and altered kinetics in slowly activating K+ currents (IKs) in epicardial border zone (EBZ) cells (IZs) of the 5-day-infarcted canine heart (Jiang M, Cabo, C, Yao J-A,...
Assessing population increase as a possible outcome to management of invasive species

Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when reduced intraspecific pressures increase juvenile survival or maturation rates, leading to increased population size. Overcompensation in response to eradication efforts could derail management efforts, so it would be beneficial to evaluate the likelihood of overcompensation prior to removal. We conducted a series of experiments to examine the potential for overcompensation of a non-native population of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, which was being removed in Bodega Harbor, California. First, we examined the impact of adults on juvenile survival by measuring adult cannibalism on juveniles in the presence and absence of alternative prey, and the survival of tethered juveniles at varying adult densities. Second, we examined how adult presence affected juvenile short-term foraging and growth rates. Although adult presence reduced juvenile short-term foraging, we detected only minimal cannibalism and found no evidence that adults greatly reduce juvenile growth or survivorship. These results suggest that overcompensation is not likely to occur in this population in response to removal. We assessed this prediction using pre- and post-removal surveys of juvenile recruitment in Bodega Harbor compared to nearby populations, testing for evidence of overcompensation. Relative juvenile abundance did not statistically increase in removal compared to reference populations, consistent with our conclusion from the experiments. This experimental approach which focuses on an organism’s population biology provides a tool to assess capacity for assessing the capacity for overcompensation in management strategies for invasive species.
Clinical Trial Overview and Enrollment

Most of the advances in treatment and prevention of breast cancer have come from information gained through clinical trials. Fundamental concepts that are now taken for granted, for example, the equivalence of lumpectomy and mastectomy in early-stage breast cancer and the efficacy of endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, were not accepted until verified by clinical trials. Clinical trials can take various forms, whether the primary endpoint is assessing safety of a new drug, feasibility of a new technique, or head-to-head comparison of a promising treatment to a previously established standard with improvement in survival as the primary endpoint. An overview of the origins, development, and current embodiment of the major clinical trial groups which focus on breast cancer is provided.
High pressure microwave plasma assisted CVD synthesis of diamond

Summary form only given. Microwave plasma assisted CVD (MPACVD) of diamond has received renewed attention during the past several years. The recent experiments by Yan et al. (2002) have demonstrated the synthesis of high quality single crystal diamond with growth rates from 10 to over 100 mum/hr with operating pressures of 110-180 torr. High pressure operation allows higher reaction species concentrations and increase deposition rates. Currently, most commercial microwave plasma deposition reactors are designed for operation up to 120 torr and thus this reactor technology is not optimally designed for operation in the 120-300 torr pressure regime. High pressure operation allows higher reaction species concentrations and increase deposition rates. Hence, the objective of this research is to explore the behavior of microwave discharges between 180-300 torr and to learn how to control and efficiently couple to them to enable high pressure MPACVD diamond synthesis. This investigation explores the performance of a microwave cavity reactor (K. P. Kuo and Jes Asmussen, 1997) that has been modified to operate in the higher pressure regime. Major modification of the reactor include the redesign of the substrate holder, cooling stage and gas flow patterns to enhance the plasma power density, stability and also to enable operation from 180-300 torr. The polycrystalline and single crystal diamond films are synthesized using methane/hydrogen gas mixtures. The microwave input power ranges from 1.5-3 kW, gas chemistry 2-10% CH4/H2, and operating pressure from 180 to 300 torr. The substrate holder is water cooled to maintain the deposition temperature of 950-1250degC. The substrate materials are either a one inch silicon wafer or HPHT single crystal diamond seeds. Experimentally measured deposition rates, plasma power densities, optical emission spectroscopy measurements of the discharge temperature and radical species densities versus operating pressure, input power, and gas chemistry are presented. Measured discharge absorbed power densities range from 160-500 W/cm3 as the operating pressure increases and the diamond growth rate increases with increasing power density, operating pressure and higher methane concentration. Depending on the input experimental conditions, the diamond growth rate ranges from 3-50 mum/hr. Methods of achieving deposition uniformity, plasma stability, and long term operation of the reactor will be presented.
BAT ACTIVITY ALONG INTERMITTENT STREAMS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA

Bats are known to use areas above perennial streams and rivers for foraging and traveling; however, little is known about bat use of smaller streams that flow intermittently. We compared bat activity among 3 size classes of streams and upland sites in a northwestern California watershed during summers 1996 and 1997. Stream size was classified based on channel width. Ultrasonic Anabat II® bat detectors were placed in stream channels and at upland sites, and bat activity was recorded remotely at night. Analysis of bat detector data revealed a significant difference in activity among the 4 habitat types in both years. In 1996, bat activity was greatest along medium and large intermittent streams, was intermediate at small intermittent streams, and was least at upland sites. In 1997, a similar pattern was found, but no significant difference was found in bat activity between small stream and upland sites. To determine species presence, bats were captured in mist nets at stream sites with the highest bat activity. Results are presented indicating differences in number of captures by species between medium and large streams.
A Fluorinated Ligand Enables Room-Temperature and Regioselective Pd-Catalyzed Fluorination of Aryl Triflates and Bromides

A new biaryl monophosphine ligand (AlPhos, L1) allows for the room-temperature Pd-catalyzed fluorination of a variety of activated (hetero)aryl triflates. Furthermore, aryl triflates and bromides that are prone to give mixtures of regioisomeric aryl fluorides with Pd-catalysis can now be converted to the desired aryl fluorides with high regioselectivity. Analysis of the solid-state structures of several Pd(II) complexes, as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations, shed light on the origin of the enhanced reactivity observed with L1.
Assessment in Action: The Evolution of an Undergraduate Qualitative Research Methods Course

Over the past twenty years, formal assessment has been institutionalized at many colleges and universities. We review, evaluate and file annual reports, but to what end? How do we use assessment results to change our curriculum? This research explores this question through a case study of an undergraduate qualitative research methods course requirement at a Midwestern regional comprehensive university, Eastern Illinois University. We focus on the relationship between departmental assessment and curricular development. Two decades ago, the department began requiring a two credit hour Library Research Methods course, which developed into a three credit hour Introduction to Political Science Research course, with a strong qualitative focus. In the late 1990s, this course was removed from the curriculum, and subsumed into the required quantitative research methods course, as an effort to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods into one course. However, two years ago, the department added a one credit course requirement back to the curriculum, focusing on the use of sources, scholarly literature reviews, qualitative research methods, and professional development for Political Science majors. In this case study, we explore the formal and informal assessment measures which served as catalysts for these course changes, and we elaborate on lessons learned as we continue to assess this course requirement.
Getting Started With Demand-Driven Acquisitions for E-Books: A LITA Guide, by Theresa S. Arndt

With the proliferation of e-book packages came the opportunity for libraries to initiate a new service, electronic patron, or demand-driven acquisition. Libraries could now load thousands of record...
“The Land is Always Stalking Us”: Pentecostalism, Race and Native Understandings of Sacred Land

This article is a response to Willie Jennings’s book The Christian Imagination and takes a brief look, using the case study of the Western Apache, at how Native Americans conceptualize the idea of sacred land and memory. It makes the argument that Pentecostalism has to accept Native understandings of land in order to create a truly indigenous form of Christianity and to move beyond ethnocentric formations of race.
Improving the Store Environment: Do Olfactory Cues Affect Evaluations and Behaviors?:

The popular press has recently reported that managers of retail and service outlets are diffusing scents into their stores to create more positive environments and develop a competitive advantage. ...
Sub-diffusive scatter imaging using high frequency structured light(Conference Presentation)

The abstract is not available © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alternatives to Federal regulatory realignment of health care.

In this article, author Christopher J. Kalkhof puts forth the view that the U.S. healthcare system could be made more cost effective and cost efficient without the implementation of government-directed managed competition strategies. Noting that current private sector initiatives already are forming more cost-sensitive integrated delivery and financing mechanisms, Kalkhof asserts that corresponding realignment initiatives for publicly financed healthcare benefit programs would provide additional incentive and momentum for these private sector efforts without requiring reconfiguration of the healthcare system by the government.