cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and shelf stability of milk protein gels created by pressure-assisted enzymatic gelation.

ABSTRACT In this work, pressure-assisted enzymatic gelation was applied to milk proteins, with the goal of enhancing the structure and stability of pressure-created milk protein gels. High-pressure processing (HPP) at 600 MPa, 3 min, and 5°C was applied to milk protein concentrate (MPC) samples of 12.5% protein concentration, both in the absence and in the presence of calf chymosin [up to 60 IMCU (international milk-clotting units)/kg of milk] or camel chymosin (up to 45 IMCU/kg of milk). Gel hardness, water-holding capacity, and degree of proteolysis were used to assess network strength and shelf stability. The processing trials and all measurements were conducted in triplicate. Statistical analyses of the data were performed by ANOVA, at a 95% confidence level. After HPP treatment, we observed significant structural changes for all samples. Pressurization of MPC, with or without chymosin addition, led to extensive protein aggregation and network formation. The strength of HPP-created milk protein gels without chymosin addition, as measured by the elastic modulus (G′), had a value of 2,242 Pa. The value of G′ increased with increasing chymosin concentration, reaching as high as 4,800 Pa for samples with 45 IMCU/kg of camel chymosin. During 4 wk of refrigerated storage, the HPP and chymosin MPC gels maintained higher gel hardness and better structural stability compared with HPP only (no chymosin) MPC gels. The water-holding capacity of the gels without chymosin remained at 100% during 28 d of refrigerated storage. The HPP and chymosin MPC gels had a lower water-holding capacity (91–94%) than the HPP-only counterparts, but their water-holding capacity did not decrease during storage. Overall, these findings demonstrate that controlled, fast structural modification of high-concentration protein systems can be obtained by HPP-assisted enzymatic treatment, and the created gels have a strong, stable network. This study provides insights into the possibility of using HPP for the development of milk-protein-based products with novel structures and textures and long refrigerated shelf life, along with the built-in safety imparted by the HPP treatment.
You are the most valuable reagent in the lab: mental health before and during the pandemic

No one maps out their tenure as a postdoc anticipating a life-altering tragedy. But mental health crises of all kinds affect academic trainees and staff at similar or higher levels than the general public. While the mental health resources available to trainees are often set by healthcare providers, all levels of university leadership can work to remove material and immaterial obstacles that render such resources out of reach. I describe how access to care via telemedicine helped me following a loss in my family.
Physical health programs and interventions with women during incarceration: a scoping review.

PURPOSE The USA outpaces most other countries in the world in the rates at which it incarcerates its citizens. The one million women held in US jails and prisons on any day in the USA face many physical health challenges, yet interventional work to address physical health in carceral settings is rare. This study's purpose was to summarize the literature on programs and interventions implemented with women in US carceral settings (jail or prison) that primarily addressed a physical health issue or need. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A scoping review was conducted. The authors searched databases, reference lists, individual journals and websites for physical health program descriptions/evaluations and research studies, 2000-2020, that included women and were set in the USA. FINDINGS The authors identified 19 articles and a range of problem areas, designs, settings and samples, interventions/programs, outcomes and uses of theory. The authors identified two cross-cutting themes: the carceral setting as opportunity and challenges of ethics and logistics. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Much potential remains for researchers to have an impact on health disparities by addressing physical health needs of women during incarceration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Interventional and programmatic work to address physical health needs of women during incarceration is sparse and diversely focused. This review uniquely summarizes the existing work in a small and overlooked but important area of research and usefully highlights gaps in that literature.
Application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the support limb during reactive balance control in persons with stroke: a pilot study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the quadriceps muscle of the paretic limb during externally induced stance perturbations on reactive balance control and on fall outcomes in people with chronic stroke. Ten participants experienced 12 stance treadmill perturbation trails, 6 forward balance perturbation trials and 6 backward balance perturbation trials. For each perturbation condition, three perturbation trials were delivered synchronized with neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied to the quadriceps of the paretic limb and three perturbation trials were delivered without stimulation. Behavioral outcome measures, such as incidence of laboratory falls and number of compensatory steps, kinematic outcome measures, such as margin of stability and minimum hip high values after the perturbation, step initiation time, step execution time and step length of the stepping leg were analyzed. The application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the paretic quadriceps between the range of 50 and 500 ms after stance forward and backward perturbations reduced the laboratory falls incidence (p < 0.05), improved stability values (p < 0.05) and reduced the hip height descent (p < 0.05) compared to the experimental condition in which participants were exposed to stance perturbations without neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Additionally, step initiation time of the recovery step was lower in neuromuscular electrical stimulation condition during the forward balance perturbation protocol. Our results showed that the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the knee extensor muscles of the paretic limb reduces the incidence of laboratory falls, enhances reactive stability control and reduces vertical limb collapse after stance forward and backward perturbations in people with chronic stroke.
A Cognitive Prototype Model of Moral Judgment and Disagreement

Debates about moral judgments have raised questions about the roles of reasoning, culture, and conflict. In response, the cognitive prototype model explains that over time, through training, and as a result of cognitive development, people construct notions of blameworthy and praiseworthy behavior by abstracting out salient properties that lead to an ideal representation of each. These properties are the primary features of moral prototypes and include social context interpretation, intentionality, consent, and outcomes. According to this model, when the properties are uniform and coherent, they depict a promoral or immoral prototype, relative to the orientations of the properties. A promoral prototype is represented by an action that is supported by the culture, intentionally benevolent or other-regarding, consensual, and resulting in positive outcomes. An immoral prototype is an action that is condemned by the culture, intentionally malevolent or self-serving, lacking consent, and resulting in negative ...
Optimal image processing for multi-target tracking of dismounted targets in an urban environment

Dismounted targets can be tracked in urban environments with video sensors. Real-time systems are unable to process all of the imagery, demanding some method for prioritization of the processing resources. Furthermore, various segmentation algorithms exist within image processing, each algorithm possesses unique capabilities, and each algorithm has an associated computational cost. Additional complexity arises in the prioritization problem when targets become occluded (i.e., a building) and when the targets are intermixed with other dismounted entities. This added complexity leads to the question "which portions of the scene warrant both low cost and high cost processing?" The approach presented in this paper is to apply multi-target tracking techniques in conjunction with an integer programming optimization routine to determine optimal allocation of the video processing resources. This architecture results in feedback from the tracking routine to the image processing function which in turn enhances the ability of the tracker.
Time-resolved emission testing challenges for low voltage CMOS technologies

The advances of CMOS technologies have challenged the time-resolved emission testing and diagnostics of certain applications. This paper addresses these challenges from both emission tooling and chip design perspective.
The Density Theorem and the Homogeneous Approximation Property for Gabor Frames

The Density Theorem for Gabor frames is a fundamental result in time-frequency analysis. Beginning with Baggett’s proof that a rectangular lattice Gabor system {e2πiβntg(t − αk)}n,k∈Z must be incomplete in L2(R) whenever αβ > 1, the necessary conditions for a Gabor system to be complete, a frame, a Riesz basis, or a Riesz sequence have been extended to arbitrary lattices and beyond. The first partial proofs of the Density Theorem for irregular Gabor frames were given by Landau in 1993 and by Ramanathan and Steger in 1995. A key fact proved by Ramanathan and Steger is that irregular Gabor frames possess a certain Homogeneous Approximation Property (HAP), and that the Density Theorem is a consequence of this HAP. This chapter provides a brief history of the Density Theorem and a detailed account of the proofs of Ramanathan and Steger. Furthermore, we show that the techniques of Ramanathan and Steger can be used to give a full proof of a general version of Density Theorem for irregular Gabor frames in higher dimensions and with finitely many generators.
A Mechanical Switch Couples T Cell Receptor Triggering to the Cytoplasmic Juxtamembrane Regions of CD3ζζ

The eight-subunit T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex is the primary determinant for T cell fate decisions. Yet how it relays ligand-specific information across the cell membrane for conversion to chemical signals remains unresolved. We hypothesized that TCR engagement triggers a change in the spatial relationship between the associated CD3ζζ subunits at the junction where they emerge from the membrane into the cytoplasm. Using three in situ proximity assays based on ID-PRIME, FRET, and EPOR activity, we determined that the cytosolic juxtamembrane regions of the CD3ζζ subunits are spread apart upon assembly into the TCR-CD3 complex. TCR engagement then triggered their apposition. This mechanical switch resides upstream of the CD3ζζ intracellular motifs that initiate chemical signaling, as well as the polybasic stretches that regulate signal potentiation. These findings provide a framework from which to examine triggering events for activating immune receptors and other complex molecular machines.
The Return of Feminist Liberalism: When liberal meanings are not shared

Establishing group rights to enable some minority cultures to preserve themselves may not be in the best interests of the girls and women of those cultures, even if it benefits the men. (MBW: 23) Chapter 3 proposed that Okin's liberalism is best understood as a liberalism of shared meanings. Her endorsement of liberal values for women is tied to the existence of a liberal society and appeals to an existing discourse about justice. This chapter surveys some of Okin's encounters with situations where liberal meanings might not be shared, starting with her most controversial writing, “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” Because this short work received much critical attention, several of the major objections to Okin's position are canvassed and appraised. Following the discussion of MBW comes an account of Okin's worries about what I call the tacit consent approach to membership of cultural and religious minorities. In these writings, Okin continues to engage the intersectionality debate, with its emphasis on differences among women and their significance for feminist theorizing. The chapter concludes with some reflections on whether Okin's liberalism fosters or hampers her ability to incorporate insights from the intersectionality literature, with particular reference to women's self-interpretations. “IS MULTICULTURALISM BAD FOR WOMEN?” One of the things that makes Okin a feminist liberal is her conviction that liberalism should be committed to providing the opportunity for men and women to be equal participants in all areas of life. The liberal tradition has not always realized this promise, but Okin suggests that it puts resources for immanent critique at feminists’ disposal whenever a liberal society fails to deliver on this potential for gender equality.
Serum protein concentrations in pregnancy

Abstract The concentrations of 7 serum proteins have been measured by the technique of single radial immunodiffusion in maternal-cord serum pairs from term pregnancies. Statistical analysis of the data reveals an effect of labor and the mode of delivery on the concentration of several proteins in both maternal and cord sera, which appears different for each macromolecule concentration measured. From the data obtained, IgG, the protein known to cross the placenta, does not appear to be actively transported nor transported against a concentration gradient. The data also suggest that measurement of protein concentration in serum obtained following labor and delivery may not accurately reflect the condition of the fetus in utero.
Phenomenological description of the copper oxides as almost localized Fermi liquids

We demonstrate that a variety of normal-state properties of the cuprates are similar to what is observed in heavy-fermion metals, provided that the temperature or frequency are rescaled. This leads to a characteristic energy scale {ital T}{sub coh}{approx}150 K and suggests that the non-Fermi-liquid-like'' behavior of the cuprates is related to the high-temperature breakup of coherence of a Fermi-liquid ground state. We propose a concrete physical picture for future theories and give predictions which can be tested.
Building student community in a hybrid program.

ABSTRACTThe concept of student community has been shown to enhance learning, empower students, and increase engagement in the learning process. An occupational therapy program transformed classroom-based learning to a hybrid platform with over 70% of the course content online and expanded from one to two learning sites. Based on faculty concerns about occupational therapy students’ experience of belonging to a community, this study compared student-perceived sense of community in the first and final didactic semesters of a hybrid Master's program. Using the Classroom and School Community Inventory and a Checklist of 24 Points of Contact, faculty found over 90% of students reported a sense of community with no significant differences from start to finish of the didactic program, or between learning sites. Furthermore, students reported informal, out-of-classroom interactions with colleagues, group assignments, and face-to-face classroom sessions as the strongest points of contact contributing to a sense of...
“Distorting Overlaps”: Identity as Palimpsest in Bitter in the Mouth

Monique Truong’s novel Bitter in the Mouth (2010) palimpsestically constructs its protagonist and narrator with layered secrets. First, she has a “secret sense” (18): synesthesia, a neurological intertwining of her brain’s sensory signaling system that causes her to taste as well as hear spoken words. Second, Linda carries the secret of having been raped at age eleven. These two secrets are divulged to the reader early in the novel (though they are kept from the other characters). However, Bitter in the Mouth initially withholds Linda’s third secret from readers. Linda introduces herself at the novel’s opening as “Linda Hammerick” (4), daughter of Thomas and DeAnne Hammerick. An old aristocratic Southern family, the Hammericks “made their money in cotton, which was another way of saying that they had made their money in slaves” (55). The family history of slaveholding marks Linda not only as white but also as having racial privilege built on systematic racial inequalities. Not until over half of the novel has passed is Linda referred to as “Linh-Dao Nguyen Hammerick” (158). In the novel’s following section, titled “Revelations,” readers learn that Linh-Dao was born in Vietnam and immigrated to the United States in 1974 with her Vietnamese parents. Those parents, Khanh and Mai-Dao Nguyen, died in a house fire in North Carolina in 1975, at which point Linh-Dao was adopted and renamed by the Hammericks. Reviewers have noted the “big reveal” (Audiobibliophile) of Linda’s Vietnamese parentage but have either ignored the rape or have placed these disclosures about race, synesthesia, and rape alongside each other without exploring the connections among them. Some read the revelation of Linda’s Vietnamese birth as a novelistic flaw: they find it “contrived” (Terrazas) or “bland[ ]” (Audiobibliophile). Others value the novel’s de-emphasis on race (Pelaud; Hoffman). In contrast, I read race as central to this novel and all three secrets as necessary to the novel’s layered construction of identity and its palimpsestic practice of thinking. I begin this essay, then, with two claims: that the figure of the palimpsest offers a useful hermeneutic tool for analyzing the layers and secrets of Bitter in the Mouth and that, further, Truong’s novel offers the palimpsest itself as a framework for thinking about the complexities of identity construction. As an
Simulation of the nonlinear evolution of the sporadic-E layer instability in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere

[1] Recently, it has been shown that the configuration of a midlatitude sporadic-E (Es) layer at a zonal wind-shear node is unstable at night. The instability is the result of a wind-shear driven polarization process that occurs when a plane-wave perturbation in altitude is imposed on the Es layer. The growth rate of the instability depends on the azimuthal alignment of the plane wave distortion, a feature that is reminiscent of the Perkins instability. The plane wave nature of the growing modes, combined with the azimuthal dependance of the growth rate, suggests that the instability may provide an explanation for frontal structures observed in Es layers, which are found to consistently adopt the same azimuthal alignment preferred by the instability. In this paper the nonlinear evolution of the instability is simulated using a flux-corrected transport finite difference method for the orientation of maximum linear growth rate. It is found that the instability generates significant polarization electric fields that structure the layer; yet the structuring saturates without destroying the layer completely. Decreasing the wind shear decreases the polarization electric field and increases the evolution time scale but otherwise does not profoundly affect the structures that form in the layer. Increasing the F layer conductivity, which is assumed to map perfectly to the Es layer, damps the instability. The results suggest the instability as a possible source of the so-called quasi-periodic (QP) echoes, which are coherent radar echoes found in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere.
Online Social Networking, Sexual Risk and Protective Behaviors: Considerations for Clinicians and Researchers

Online social networking refers to the use of internet-based technologies that facilitate connection and communication between users. These platforms may be accessed via computer or mobile device (e.g., tablet, smartphone); communication between users may include linking of profiles, posting of text, photo and video content, instant messaging and email. This review provides an overview of recent research on the relationship between online social networking and sexual risk and protective behaviors with a focus on use of social networking sites (SNS) among young people and populations at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While findings are mixed, the widespread use of SNS for sexual communication and partner seeking presents opportunities for the delivery and evaluation of public health interventions. Results of SNS-based interventions to reduce sexual risk are synthesized in order to offer hands-on advice for clinicians and researchers interested in engaging patients and study participants via online social networking.
Resistivity of high-temperature superconductors: Is the vortex state a liquid?

We discuss thermally activated resistivity of strongly layered high-temperature superconductors such as Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} in the limit in which the dominant pinning mechanism is the intrinsic pinning due to the layered structure. From a comparison of our theory with the experimental data we conclude that the vortex state of such superconductors must be disordered over a substantial range of parameters---a melted liquid. The magnetic field, the temperature, and the current dependence of the calculated activation energy are consistent with experiments.
Segregation effects on intergranular fracture

The effects of segregation on the cohesive energy or ideal fracture toughness of a ∑5 [001] twist boundary in Ni-Cu alloys have been examined for a wide range of temperatures and com- positions within the solid solution region of the phase diagram. The cohesive energy 2γint is defined as the difference between the free energies of the surfaces created and the grain boundary destroyed when a crack propagates along a grain boundary. Atomistic simulations of the ∑5 [001] twist boundary and (001) surfaces were performed within the framework of the free energy simulation method that is based upon minimizing an approximate free energy functional with respect to both atom positions and solute concentration profile. Three different types of cohesive energies (2γint)μ, (2γint)r, and (2γint)c have been evaluated; (2γint)μ is the cohesive energy for slow fracture, (2γint)r is the cohesive energy for fast fracture, and (2γint)c is the cohesive energy of the unsegregated boundary. In the normal situation (where the solute segregates more strongly to the surface than the boundary), the inequality (2γint)μ ≤ (2γint)r ≤ (2γint)c is always satisfied, and for anomalous segregators (where the solute segregates more strongly to the boundary than the surface), (2γint)c ≤ (2γint)μ ≤ (2γint)r is satisfied. For all Ni-Cu alloy bulk compositions (0.05 ≤C ≤ 0.95) and temperatures (400 ≤T(K) ≤ 1000) examined, Cu segregates strongly to both the grain boundary and the free surface. Nonetheless, segregation only results in a small reduction (10 pct) in 2γint compared with the unsegregated case. The difference between the fast fracture (2γint)r and slow fracture (2γint)μ cohesive energies is very small. Therefore, at least in the Ni-Cu system, the two theoretical bounds on 2γint, are tight.
Healing of human suprabony lesions treated with guided tissue regeneration and coronally anchored flaps. Case reports.

Abstract Teflon membranes were interposed between soft tissue flaps and roots in 4 human suprabony lesions affecting the mandibular incisor teeth in 1 volunteer patient. 4 suprabony lesions affecting the mandibular incisor teeth were used as comparisons in a 2nd patient. All roots were debrided using ultrasonic and manual instruments and the most apical positioned calculus/site on the facial surface was notched. Flaps were sutured as coronally as possible using orthodontic brackets as anchors. Tissue blocks were removed 2 to 3 months after procedures and the facial aspects of all teeth were examined histologically. New attachment in the form of new “cementum with functionally oriented fibers” was seen within the calculus notch in 3 out of 4 membrane-treated sites and immediately apical to the notch at 1 site. The 4 comparison sites showed no evidence of new attachment within or adjacent to the notch. Rather, the gingival margins were located apical to the notch. Our observations suggest that guided tissue regeneration techniques improved coronal attachment responses in human suprabony lesions within the sample described.
Relationship between Zero Point of Charge and Solubility Product for Hydroxides of Polyvalent Cations

The zero point of charge (ZPC) of slightly soluble compounds is the pH at which their particles suspended in water have zero charge. The ZPC values of slightly soluble hydroxides were compared with their solubility product in the form of its negative logarithm, pKSP, and with the pH of their suspensions in pure water, pHSP, which is a function of pKSP. The ZPC-pKSP relation was nonlinear while the ZPC-pHSP relation was linear. Either equation can be used to estimate the ZPC value of a hydroxide from its solubility product. The ZPC of a given hydroxide was higher than its pHSP because polyvalent cations are more extensively adsorbed and less extensively desorbed from the particle surface than the monovalent hydroxide ion. At the pHSP, there are equivalent amounts of the cation and of the hydroxide anion in solution, but the surface layer of the hydroxide particle contains an excess cation on an equivalent basis. This imbalance confers a positive charge to the particle. The solubility product of aluminum hydroxide, redetermined at 25° by means of pH measurements, was 8 × 10− 33. Its ZPC, redetermined by microelectrophoresis, was 8.5 ± 0.1.
Leveraging your content's value

Content creators are facing the challenge of how to best leverage their content's value. Many are struggling in a world where user-generated content is king and a few niche players who do not have a content-creation background are vying to re-define how people consume content in the digital age. Looking forward, early Web 3.0 speculation is that mature internet users will be seeking premium content and the internet will become a worldwide database requiring content that can be adapted quickly in order to plug seamlessly into new digital formats. This paper introduces the concept of a Content Interpreter, a system that allows content-centric enterprises to leverage their content's value by making it easily available in comprehensible formats. A Content Interpreter is the key to empowering content, especially when working with a large digital archive.
First Principles Studies of Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Dioxygen Reduction

We performed first principles spin polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to simulate the nitrogen substitutionally doped short (10, 0) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for dioxygen adsorption and reduction. Our calculated results show that nitrogen prefers to stay at the open-edge of the short CNTs. Dioxygen O2 can adsorb and partially reduce on the carbon−nitrogen complex site (Pauling site) and on carbon−carbon long bridge sites at the open-edge of the CNTs. The results of the spin polarization calculations show that the carbon atoms on the open-edge of the CNT can possess a magnetic moment of about 0.59 μB/atom, while those carbon atoms in the inner wall of the CNT do not have a magnetic moment. The doped nitrogen in the CNT does not have a magnetic moment. The chemisorption of dioxygen O2 on the open-edge of the short CNT reduces the magnetic moments of the carbon atoms to nearly zero.
Increased specificity in measuring satisfaction

The authors report a patient satisfaction study that addressed some of the methodological limitations of previous studies and attempted to increase the variance in satisfaction assessment by increasing the scope and specificity of inquiry. Same sex patient/therapist match, duration of therapy, individual therapy and treatment with staff social workers rather than psychiatric residents all were positively correlated with increased patient satisfaction. Satisfaction appeared to be a unitary dimension that could be tapped by a global score. Nonetheless, although overall satisfaction was high, one third of patients preferred an alternative treatment.
Condensed-matter physics (communication arising): Spurious magnetism in high-T c superconductor

Condensed-matter physics (communication arising): Spurious magnetism in high- T c superconductor
Identification of Lymphatic Endothelium in Pediatric Vascular Tumors and Malformations

The distinction between lymphatic and other vascular vessels on microscopic sections is a challenging task. D2-40, a novel antibody, has been reported to be selective for lymphatic endothelium. We studied the specificity and sensitivity of D2-40 in pediatric vascular tumors and malformations. Fourteen lymphatic and 11 vascular lesions were randomly selected and stained with D2-40 and CD31 antibodies. The lymphatic lesions included 6 lymphatic malformations, 5 cystic hygromas (macrocystic lymphatic malformation), 2 lymphovenous malformations, and 1 lymphangioma, and the vascular lesions comprised 3 infantile hemangiomas, 3 Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas, 2 tufted angiomas, 1 pyogenic granuloma, 1 arteriovenous, and 1 venulocapillary malformations. The staining patterns of the vascular channels were compared. In all lesions D2-40 labeled only the endothelium of thin-walled vascular channels morphologically consistent with lymphatic vessels (25 of 25). No staining of the vascular lesions (0 of 11) or of arteries and veins (0 of 25) was observed. All lymphatic lesions had D2-40-positive vessels; however, the percentage of vessels that stained varied. Five lymphatic lesions showed more than 75% D2-40-positive channels, 5 lesions had approximately 50%, and 4 cases showed fewer than 25% D2-40-positive channels. There was a tendency of more consistent D2-40 staining of small versus large lymphatic channels. CD31 constantly labeled arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics in all lesions and all endothelial cells in the vascular lesions. D2-40 is a very specific antibody for lymphatic endothelium, with variable sensitivity. CD31 more reliably identifies lymphatic endothelium. Currently, D2-40 appears to be a good marker to identify lymphatic vessels in pediatric vascular tumors and malformations.
Cyclogenesis in a conditionally unstable moist baroclinic atmosphere

This paper reports the analytic solution of the instability problem of a conditionally unstable moist baroclinic basic flow for a general heating profile and the quantitative results for the special case of a uniform heating profile. There are 4 discrete eigenmodes arising from the existence of potential vorticity (PV) anomalies at only 4 discrete vertical levels in this generic model setting. There is one unstable mode for a weak to moderate heating. The growth rate and wavelength of the most unstable moist Eady mode have a strongly nonlinear dependence on the heating intensity in this range. Significant enhancement in the growth rate and reduction in the wavelength of this mode are found when the heating intensity is increased to a moderate value. The trends of variation of these instability properties with the heating intensity are reversed for stronger heating due to a strong interference of the interactions among the PV anomalies at the four levels. The phase velocity of this mode is affected relatively little by the condensational heating. For a moderate to strong heating, there are two new branches of shorter unstable modes. The modes of one branch have a large phase velocity and are largely confined between the model tropopause and the top of the heating layer. They primarily arise from the interaction of the PV anomalies at those 2 levels. The modes of the other branch are largely confined between the model surface and the bottom of the heating layer with a small phase velocity arising from a similar dynamical origin. The self-induced heating and the basic baroclinic shear are jointly responsible for the existence of these modes. These 2 branches of mode may coexist. The energetic of the unstable modes is consistent with such a dynamical interpretation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.00003.x
A United States Perspective on the European REDCo Project

This article reflects upon the European REDCo project with an eye toward elucidating both the lessons and the limits of that study for the American context. The author argues that the project holds great theoretical and practical value, and that similar efforts ought to be pursued in the United States despite (and perhaps because of) this country's generally hostile stance toward discussion about religion in public schools.
Using a model and empirical data to analyze manufactured home conservation retrofits

Abstract Approximately 600 of the 3200 homes participating in the Hood River Conservation Project (HRCP) were manufactured (mobile) homes. The variation in their thermal characteristics before and after retrofit allowed us to estimate the energy savings associated with specific energy conservation measures (ECMs). We used the PRISM model and an adjustment procedure to provide estimates of heating energy consumption. The estimated relationship between the heating consumption and the estimated design load coefficient (UA) was used to determine the space-heating energy savings associated with individual ECMs. We then developed cost-estimating relationships for each component based on HRCP data and used the estimated costs with the energy savings estimates to determine the levelized costs of retrofit measures. Levelized costs less than 4 ¢/kWh were considered to be cost-effective. The results indicated that ceiling retrofits were the most cost-effective way to save energy. On an incremental basis and assuming 30-year remaining lifetimes, ceiling insulation up to R-5.4 (m2 °C)/W was cost-effective. On an average basis, levels up to R-6.8 (where physically possible) were cost-effective. Floor insulation retrofits to R-2.5 were nearly cost-effective. The levelized costs of window retrofits, however, were substantially beyond cost-effective levels. The assumed lifetime of the home critically affected the cost-effectiveness of the retrofits: a 10-year lifetime increased levelized costs by a factor of about 2.5 over costs for a 30-year lifetime.
ATP8B1 deficiency disrupts the bile canalicular membrane bilayer structure in hepatocytes, but FXR expression and activity are maintained

Background & Aims Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (PFIC1) results from mutations in ATP8B1, a putative aminophospholipid flippase. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed for the pathogenesis of PFIC1. The aim of this study was to determine whether ATP8B1 deficiency produces cholestasis by altering the activity of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or by impairing the structure of the canalicular membrane. Methods ATP8B1/Atp8b1 was knocked down in human and rat hepatocytes and Caco2 cells using adenoviral and oligonucleotide small interfering RNAs. Results ATP8B1 messenger RNA and protein expression was greatly reduced in human and rat cells. In contrast, FXR expression and several FXR-dependent membrane transporters (bile salt export pump [BSEP], multidrug resistance-associated protein [MRP] 2) were unchanged at messenger RNA or protein levels in ATP8B1-deficient cells, whereas Mrp3 and Mrp4 were up-regulated in rat hepatocytes. FXR activity remained intact in these cells, as evidenced by 6α-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid–mediated induction of small heterodimer partner, BSEP, and multidrug-resistant protein (MDR) 3/Mdr2. Fluorescent substrate excretion assays indicate that Bsep function was significantly reduced in Atp8b1-deficient rat hepatocytes, although Bsep remained localized to the canalicular membrane. Exposure to the hydrophobic bile acid CDCA resulted in focal areas of canalicular membrane disruption by electron microscopy and luminal accumulation of NBD-phosphatidylserine, consistent with the function of Atp8b1 as an aminophospholipid flippase. Conclusions ATP8B1 deficiency predisposes to cholestasis by favoring bile acid–induced injury in the canalicular membrane but does not directly affect FXR expression, which may occur in PFIC1 as a secondary phenomenon associated with cholestasis.
Multi-volume visualization for interactive therapy planning

ABSTRACT During the past decade, various volume visualization techniques have been developed for different purposes, and many of them, such as direct volume rendering, maximum intensity projection and non-photorealistic rendering, have been implemented on consumer graphics hardware for real time visualization. However, effective multi-volume visualization, a way to establish the visual connections between two or more types of data, has not been adequately addressed even though it has wide applications in medical imaging and numerical simulation based on 3D physical model. In this paper, we aim to develop an effective GPU-based system for multi-volume visualization which is able to reveal both the connections and distinctions among multiple volume data. To address the main challenge for multi-volume visualization on how to establish the visual correspondences while maintaining the distinctive information among multiple volumes, a multi-level distinction mechanism is developed including 2D transfer function, mixed rendering modes, and volume clipping. Taking advantage of the fast hardware-supported processing capabilities, the system is implemented based on the GPU programming. Several advanced volume rendering techniques based on segmented volume are also implemented. The resulting visualization is a highly interactive image fusion system with high quality image and three-level volume distinction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system with a case study in which the heat effect on brain tumor, represented as a temperature volume resulting from high intensity focused ultrasound beam exposure over time, is visualized in the context of a MRI head volume. Keywords: Multi-volume visualization, Therapy planning, HIFU, Volume rendering, Non-photorealistic
Metabolism of certain commonly used barbiturates.

(1974). Metabolism of Certain Commonly Used Barbiturates. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 265-278.
To Drive Is Human

We perform an enormous number of functions while driving, and a computer trying to match a human driver must face all of them. Cornell University researchers offer an insider's perspective on the issues the DARPA Grand Challenge competitors faced in creating a humanlike driver - without the human. In preparing for the Grand Challenge, Cornell University's team divided the driving problem into three basic tasks: (i) localization - knowing where you are, (ii) sensing - seeing what's around you, and (iii) path planning etermining how to get to a destination. Creating a vehicle capable of driving itself therefore required finding computational solutions to each of these three tasks
EFFECTS OF ETHNICITY AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON MATERNAL PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES. 1587

In order to better understand the role cultural differences play in regards to maternal attitudes towards their newborns, one hundred women who had delivered normal healthy newborns with birth weights over 2.2 kg were interviewed. Mothers were classified into three groups dependent upon place of birth; U.S. (60%), Puerto Rico (12%), and other locations outside the U.S. and P.R.(28%). Mothers born outside the U.S. and P.R. were predominantly from the Caribbean (54%), Africa (21%) or South America (14%). Mothers born outside the U.S. and P.R. were more likely to be married (50% v. 25%, p=.02), and to have completed high school (75% v. 20%, p=.038) than those born in the U.S. A similar relationship held for paternal education; of the non U.S./P.R. born cohort, 89% completed high school vs. 55% of the U.S. born cohort (p=.0002). There was no significant difference for maternal (MA) or paternal age (PA) although those born outside the U.S./P.R. tended to be older: MA 28.1±6.2 vs. 25.8±6.4 and PA 31.3±6.8 vs. 27.8±8.5, than U.S. born. Mothers born in P.R. lived in larger households than those born in the U.S. with an average of 4.42 additional family members v. 2.65 of U.S. born (p=.014). There were no significant differences between groups for income, insurance, employment, smoking, alcohol use, drug use, HIV status, prenatal care, maternal infection, attendance of child birth classes, and mode of delivery. There was a significant difference in feeding methods with 75% of those mothers born outside the U.S. and P.R. preferring to breast feed over formula feed whereas only 41% of U.S. born and 33% of P.R. born had decided to breast feed (p=.0035). Mothers born outside the U.S./P.R. were also significantly more likely to have been breast fed by their mothers (92%) than those born in the U.S.(28%) or P.R.(33%), (p=.0000). In our inner city population, the only distinguishing characteristics between cultural groups are marital status, educational levels and willingness to breast feed. We speculate that these differences may play a significant role in the eventual outcome of these newborns and their families.
Effects of interaction range and compressibility on the microphase separation of diblock copolymers: Mean-field analysis.

Using the random-phase approximation and self-consistent field calculations, we have investigated the effects of finite interaction range and compressibility on the order-disorder transition (ODT) and the lamellar structure of symmetric diblock copolymers. While the compressibility does not affect the ODT, both the values of χN and bulk lamellar period at the ODT increase with increasing interaction range. On the other hand, both the free-energy density and bulk period of the lamellae increase with either increasing interaction range or decreasing compressibility. Even with a finite compressibility, the mean-field ODT is still a second-order phase transition. The scaling exponent of bulk lamellar period with χN, however, decreases with increasing compressibility. Our mean-field analysis provides a well understood reference for the study of fluctuation effects in diblock copolymers with finite interaction range and compressibility.
Guarded burr for deepening of the nasofrontal junction.

Appropriate deepening of the nasofrontal junction remains one of the most difficult parts of rhinoplasty. A guarded burr is introduced that provides a safe and effective means of deepening or creating a shallow nasofrontal groove. The burr has a special guard that prevents the cutting of soft tissue. The guarded burr is introduced in position through the routine elevation of the bridge soft tissue subperiosteally. The safety latch is used for orientation. With gentle movement along the line connecting the canthi, the desired amount of bone can be removed from the nasofrontal junction with little time consumed. It is important to avoid continuous friction, since this might result in significant heat production and thereby thermal injury to the soft tissue and fluid collection.
Subdominant contributions to the long-range quarkonium potential

The phenomenological implications for the $c\overline{c}$ and $b\overline{b}$ systems of subdominant contributions to the long-range quarkonium potential are investigated.
Masculinity as Prison in Samuel Selvon's a Brighter Sun: Journeying from Boy to Man

Samuel Selvon’s A Brighter Sun has been largely approached in terms of Selvon’s use of language and his social themes. In this paper, I start from the premise that approaching Selvon’s text from a gendered, masculinity studies perspective produces alternative insights into this text. I focus on protagonist Tiger’s journey from boyhood to manhood and argue that, through his depiction of Tiger’s engagement with his culture, Selvon constructs a central metaphor where the tenor is masculinity and the vehicle is prison. To examine Selvon’s representation of Tiger’s journey, I utilize Michel Foucault’s idea of the panoptic and Judith Butler’s notion of gender as performance, suggesting that Selvon develops a carceral conception of normative Indo masculinity, supervising and restricting Tiger.
Evidence that binding of Indo-1 to cardiac myocyte protein does not markedly change Kd for Ca2+.

Abstract Quantitative measurement of [Ca2+]i with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicators Indo-1 and Fura-2 is complicated by the possibility that the value of the dissociation constant (Kd) may be influenced by binding to intracellular proteins. We investigated this question in cultured chick ventricular myocytes by use of two different Indo-1 calibration methods. First, the Indo-1 fluorescence ratio (R) ( 400 500 nm ) was measured in beating myocytes loaded by exposure to Indo-1/AM. Then, cells were exposed to the Ca2+ ionophore Br A-23187 and fluorescence ratio was measured in the presence of 500 nM Ca2+ (EGTA-Ca2+ buffer). Subsequently cells were permeabilized to Ca2+ by a 1 min exposure to 25 μM digitonin in the presence of ‘zero’ Ca2+ (10 mM EGTA) and saturating 1 mM Ca2+ to obtain Rmin, Rmax and β. We then calculated [Ca2+]i from the formula ( [Ca 2+ ] i = K d [(R − R min ) (R max − R)]β ). With Kd = 250 nM, calculated systolic [Ca2+]i was 750 ± 44 nM and diastolic 269 ± 19 nM (means ± SEM, n = 16). The R value calculated for an assumed [Ca2+]i = 500 nM using the above formula and digitonin derived constants was very similar to the value measured using Br A-23187 (digitonin, 0.67 ± 0.03: Br A-23187, 0.66 ± 0.03, ns). As the Br A-23187 method is independent of the value chosen for Kd, we conclude that the Kd of 250 nM for Indo-1 measured in free solutions closely approximates the Kd for intracellular Indo-1 in these cells, and that therefore the Kd of Indo-1 for Ca2+ does not appear to be markedly affected by binding to proteins or other intracellular molecules.
Omega-three fatty acids in purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Tissues

Total lipids and omega-3 fatty acids in purslane(Portulaca oleracea) were determined in leaves, stems and whole plants at three ages. Significant differences (P O5) was found. Contents of 18:3ω3,20:5ω3, 22:5ω3,22:6ω3,18:2ω6 and 18:loω9 showed that leaves were the richer source of omega-3 acids at each age.
Re-examination of a hair cell organelle in the cuticular late region and its possible relation to active processes in he cochlea

Abstract A striated body (Friedmann body) has been consistenly observed in the infracuticular plate region inner hair cells of normal chinchillas. The dark and light banded bodies are fibrillar and may be imposed of membranous lamellae surrounded by electron dense material. The dark membranous bands appear continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the electron dense material lining the junctional complex at the periphery of the cell. The light bands of fibrillar material appear continuous with the substance of the cuticular plate. The striated bodies line the cuticle free region in the area of the basal body and follow the contours of the cuticular plate. They are associated with the plasma membrane, mitochondria and microtubules. A similar organelle has not been identified in outer hair cells. The structure found in the inner hair cells is compared with similar striated structures reported in vestibular and cochlear hair cells of other animals as well as with striated structures observed in various other systems. The function of the striated body in the inner hair cell of chinchilla unknown, but possibilities include structural support and active participation in inner hair cell function.
Phonons in high-Tc CaBi2Sr2Cu2O8

Abstract The phonons have been investigated in CaBi 2 Sr 2 Cu 2 O 8 using radial and tangential force constants. From the point of view of superconductivity, it is found that the phonons associated with the Bi-O layers will play an analogous role to the phonons due to Cu-O perovskite-like layers.