cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inferring the Stealthy Bridges Between Enterprise Network Islands in Cloud Using Cross-Layer Bayesian Networks

Enterprise networks are migrating to the public cloud to acquire computing resources for promising benefits in terms of efficiency, expense, and flexibility. Except for some public services, the enterprise network islands in cloud are expected to be absolutely isolated from each other. However, some “stealthy bridges” may be created to break such isolation due to two features of the public cloud: virtual machine image sharing and virtual machine co-residency. This paper proposes to use cross-layer Bayesian networks to infer the stealthy bridges existing between enterprise network islands. Prior to constructing cross-layer Bayesian networks, cloud-level attack graphs are built to capture the potential attacks enabled by stealthy bridges and reveal hidden possible attack paths. The result of the experiment justifies the cross-layer Bayesian network’s capability of inferring the existence of stealthy bridges given supporting evidence from other intrusion steps in a multi-step attack.
Na+/H+ exchange modulates acidification of early rat liver endocytic vesicles.

Endocytic vesicles are acidified by an electrogenic vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. These studies examined whether rat liver endosomes also exhibit Na+/H+ exchange and whether this transporter alters acidifi...
Differential diagnosis of hemolysis. 2.

Diagnosis of hemolysis rests on a good history and physical examination and a thorough scrutiny of the peripheral smear. The physician may then wish to proceed to a direct Coombs test, chromium 51 red blood cell survival studies, a Heinz body preparation, an autohemolysis test, osmotic fragility determinations, or a hemoglobin electrophoresis. The sequence will vary with the results.
The cervical spine in maxillofacial trauma. Assessment and airway management

Although the presence of a real or potential cervical spine injury limits the options for emergency airway management, many choices still remain. The otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon frequently is called on to treat patients with airway emergencies; therefore, familiarity with the risk of spinal cord damage and methods to avoid it when establishing a safe airway constitute important knowledge. Experience with the variety of airway techniques available increases the number of options and decreases the risks of morbidity and mortality for the patient with cervical spine injury.
Ac-Trp-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH2, a 250-Fold Selective Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) Antagonist over the Melanocortin-3 Receptor (MC3R), Affects Energy Homeostasis in Male and Female Mice Differently

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has been indicated as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders such as anorexia, cachexia, and obesity. The current study investigates the in vivo effects on energy homeostasis of a 15 nM MC4R antagonist SKY2-23-7, Ac-Trp-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH2, that is a 3700 nM melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) antagonist with minimal MC3R and MC4R agonist activity. When monitoring both male and female mice in TSE metabolic cages, sex-specific responses were observed in food intake, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and energy expenditure. A 7.5 nmol dose of SKY2-23-7 increased food intake, increased RER, and trended toward decreasing energy expenditure in male mice. However, this compound had minimal effect on female mice’s food intake and RER at the 7.5 nmol dose. A 2.5 nmol dose of SKY2-23-7 significantly increased female food intake, RER, and energy expenditure while having a minimal effect on male mice at this dose. The observed sex differences of SKY2-23-7 administration result i...
Let's Talk About Trade: The Politicization and Framing of International Trade Policy

When, why, and how will political elites politicize issues related to international trade in the domestic political sphere? We argue that the welfare effects and complexity of a state's international trade policies affect the degree to which political elites will bring issues related to international trade into domestic discussions, as well as the way those discussions of trade are framed. Political elites are more likely to discuss international trade, in general, when the welfare effects of their state's trade policies are greater. Moreover, when a state's trade policies are more complex, political elites on the left are more likely to frame their discussions by highlighting the need for protectionist measures, while political elites on the right are more likely to frame their discussions by highlighting the benefits of free trade. We test this argument by analyzing the discussions of international trade put for by political elites in their party platforms. The results show that the welfare effects and complexity of a state's trade policies affect when, why, and how elites discuss international trade in the domestic political sphere. We conclude by highlighting the implications these results have for future research focusing on the creation of trade policies.
Identification and evaluation of weak community structures in networks

Identifying intrinsic structures in large networks is a fundamental problem in many fields, such as engineering, social science and biology. In this paper, we are concerned with communities, which are densely connected sub-graphs in a network, and address two critical issues for finding community structures from large experimental data. First, most existing network clustering methods assume sparse networks and networks with strong community structures. In contrast, we consider sparse and dense networks with weak community structures. We introduce a set of simple operations that capture local neighborhood information of a node to identify weak communities. Second, we consider the issue of automatically determining the most appropriate number of communities, a crucial problem for all clustering methods. This requires to properly evaluate the quality of community structures. Built atop a function for network cluster evaluation by Newman and Girvan, we extend their work to weighted graphs. We have evaluated our methods on many networks of known structures, and applied them to analyze a collaboration network and a genetic network. The results showed that our methods can find superb community structures and correct numbers of communities. Comparing to the existing approaches, our methods performed significantly better on networks with weak community structures and equally well on networks with strong community structures.
Special Patients and Conditions: Acetabular Dysplasia

Acetabular dysplasia is a common hip condition that can cause pain, restrict function, and lead to premature osteoarthritis. Pelvic osteotomy techniques have evolved in an effort to preserve the native hip in symptomatic young patients with minimal joint degeneration. These procedures reorient the dysplastic acetabulum to correct deformity and improve the mechanical environment of the hip. This chapter outlines the physical examination and imaging parameters that confirm a diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia. In addition, it reviews the surgical techniques and results of pelvic osteotomies that are currently used to treat symptomatic dysplasia in adolescents and adults around the world.
Abstract 306: Pacemaker Implantation in Nonagenarians is Safe

Introduction : The number and proportion of nonagenarians in the US is increasing dramatically. Data are scarce on outcomes of pacemaker implantation in the very elderly, limiting the ability of physicians and patients to make informed decisions. Hypothesis : We hypothesized that increasing age is associated with worse in-hospital outcomes (mortality and complications) in the elderly. Methods : Patients ≥ 70 years with a new pacemaker implant were identified in the 2004-2008 HCUP-Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payor inpatient database in the US. Patient demographic and clinical variables, including an age-independent Charlson comorbidity index, as well as hospital characteristics were analyzed. Clinical outcomes were in-hospital mortality and complications (identified through ICD-9 codes) including pneumothorax, tamponade, device infection, hematoma, and acute renal failure/new hemodialysis. Unadjusted outcomes were compared using χ² and Mantel-Haenszel tests. Multivariate hierarchical logistic models were created to adjust for case-mix variation and clustering of cases within hospitals. Results : Among 115,683 patients (mean age 81.47 years; SEM 0.02), patients ≥ 90 years were less likely to be male, to have mild comorbidity, and to have elective procedures (Table). Unadjusted mortality and complication rates were higher with increasing age although absolute differences were small (Table). Multivariable analysis revealed severe comorbidity (OR 5.00; 95% CI 4.05-6.17) and nonelective admission (OR 3.09; CI 2.46-3.88) were greater predictors of mortality than increasing age (OR 2.81; CI 2.35-3.35), all p Conclusions : This is the largest study to date examining outcomes of pacemaker implantation among nonagenarians. Although increasing age is a predictor of worsening outcomes in the elderly, the absolute rates are modest, even in nonagenarians, and other factors are more important predictors than age.
Method to Mitigate Nystagmus and Motion Sickness with Head Worn Visual Display during Vestibular Stimulation

Motion sickness and complaints of dizziness caused by provocative vestibular stimulating environments have been a widespread problem affecting a significant portion of the world rsquo s population to varying degrees The research objective was to determine if symptoms of motion sickness and associated nystagmus could be mitigated using an eye worn device which displayed an artificial horizon with a vertex point in the center for visual fixation while experiencing vestibular stimulation Assessment methods included an eye tracker to measure velocity and duration of nystagmus while patients underwent vestibular stimulation This was followed by SSQ scoring to evaluate motion sickness symptoms Users were tested with and without a visual display of specific symbology while undergoing vestibular stimulation Results demonstrated the associated nystagmus was significantly reduced in velocity and duration With caloric stimulation testing the duration of nystagmus was greater than seconds in the group without the visual display but decreased to seconds when using the displayed symbology and instructing the user to focus on the vertex point between the artificial horizon and centered vertical line Eye speed of nystagmus was diminished from degrees second to degrees second while using the visual display Similar finding were noted with Barany Chair stimulation The duration of nystagmus which persisted for seconds without the visual display was decreased to seconds when using display and focusing on the vertex point The eye speed of nystagmus was also decreased from degrees second to degrees second when using the visual display with vertex fixation Objective SSQ scores were compared with and without visualization of the displayed symbology When symbology was visualized nausea oculomotor symptoms and disorientation were less apparent nbsp In conclusion using an eye worn device which displays specific user orientation symbology can mitigate the symptoms of motion sickness and related nystagmus when experiencing vestibular stimulation
Quantized control of stochastic stable linear systems

Abstract This paper considers a feedback control system where a plant is actuated by a quantized control. The measurements are assumed to be disturbed by an additive wideband Gaussian noise in the feedback loop. The nonlinear control in the presence of the noise may cause the system to be variable structure. Variable structure systems disturbed by noise exhibit sliding modes on the switching manifold. The performance and behavior of the system in the steady state are examined and compared via a quadratic performance index. In order to improve the performance and reduce the noise effect, three types of quantizers are employed to represent different level of optimality.
Neuronal Loss and Neurotransmitter Receptor Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by degeneration of neurons in several neurotransmitter-specific systems (Price et al., in press; Whitehouse et al., in press b). Alterations in telencephalic presynaptic cholinergic markers, such as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), have been most closely linked to the severity of clinically apparent dementia and to the density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Blessed et al., 1968; Wilcock et al., 1982). The anatomical basis for the presynaptic cholinergic dysfunction in amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex appears to be loss of neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (Chl-4 system) (Whitehouse et al., 1981; Whitehouse et al., 1982; Arendt et al., 1983; Candy et al., 1983; Tagliavini and Pilleri, 1983). This system is composed of neurons in the medial septum (Chi), diagonal band of Broca (Ch2), and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) (Ch4) (Hedreen et al., 1983; Mesulam et al., 1983). A role for acetylcholine in dementia is supported by animal experiments in which anticholinergic drugs and anatomical lesions of the Chl-4 system have been shown to produce memory dysfunction (Deutsch, 1971; Aigner et al-, 1984; Olton et al., 1984), In this paper, I will review: our recent clinical studies of neuronal loss in this system in AD and related disorders; evidence for neuronal loss in other neural systems; studies of neurotransmitter receptor alterations in AD; and recent characterizations of cholinergic receptor alterations.
Expanding access to buprenorphine treatment in rural areas with the use of telemedicine.

Background and objectives The opioid epidemic in the United States has resulted in a public health emergency. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with methadone and buprenorphine are evidence-based treatments for opioid use disorder. However, numerous barriers hinder access to treatment in rural areas. The use of telemedicine to deliver psychiatric services is demonstrated to be safe and effective; however, limited data exist on the novel application of telemedicine in the delivery of MAT. This report describes the results of a retrospective chart review of 177 patients in a rural drug treatment center that were treated with buprenorphine through telemedicine. Methods This study evaluated a program that began providing buprenorphine treatment to patients at a drug treatment center in rural Maryland via telemedicine in August 2015. A chart review was performed of the first 177 patients who were enrolled in the program. Data were extracted to examine retention in treatment and rates of continued opioid use. Results Retention in treatment was 98% at 1 week, 91% at 1 month, 73% at 2 months, and 57% at 3 months. Of patients still engaged in treatment at 3 months, 86% had opioid-negative urine toxicology. Discussion and conclusions Our findings suggest that treatment with buprenorphine can be effectively delivered by telemedicine to patients with opioid use disorders in a rural drug treatment program. Scientific significance This use of telemedicine is a potential tool to expand medication-assisted treatment to underserved rural populations. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-6).
Wednesday, September 26, 2018 2:00 PM – 3:00 PM Improving Quality of Life for Patients with Tumors: 79. The impact of chemotherapy on primary bone tumors of the vertebral column: a national cancer database review

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Chemotherapy has dramatically improved survival in many primary bone tumors. Bone tumors of the vertebral column (BTVCs) are rarer and the impact of chemotherapy on these tumors is not well established. We investigated the largest registry of primary bone tumors, the National Cancer Database (NCDB). PURPOSE Our goal was to determine the impact of chemotherapy on outcomes in patients with primary BTVCs. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective National Cancer Database review. PATIENT SAMPLE All patients identified in the National Cancer Database with primary bone tumors of the vertebral column. These were further stratified based on the use or nonuse of chemotherapy. OUTCOME MEASURES Patient survival was the primary outcome measure. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patients in the NCDB from 2004 through 2015. Patients were stratified based on chemotherapy use for primary BTVCs; these were further stratified by histologic subtype. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were used to correlate specific outcome measures with these factors. Then, long-term survival between groups was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method with statistical comparisons based on the log-rank test. Multiple variables were analyzed between the two groups. RESULTS We identified 941 patients presenting with primary BTVCs. Thirty-seven patients were treated with chemotherapy alone, 293 were treated with surgery alone, and 72 were treated with both surgery and chemotherapy; 78/127 patients with osteosarcoma (61.4%) and 146/164 patients with Ewing's Sarcoma (89%) underwent chemotherapy as compared to 16/243 patients with chondrosarcoma (6.6%) and 14/407 patients with chordoma (3.4%). Across the entire cohort of patients, patients who received chemotherapy were on average, younger (38 vs. 56 years, p CONCLUSIONS This is the largest patient cohort to date examining the impact of chemotherapy on primary BTVCs. Chemotherapy use was far more likely for Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma than chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Patients with either osteosarcoma or Ewing's sarcoma receiving surgery in addition to chemo had improved overall survival than those undergoing surgery alone. Further investigation is necessary to help improve the appropriate delivery of adjuvant therapies to patients with primary BVTCs. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
The Life Course Health Development Model: A theoretical research framework for paediatric delirium.

Aims and objectives To create a framework for future research through application and critique of the Life Course Health Development Model to the phenomenon of paediatric delirium. Background Delirium in the paediatric intensive care unit is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and mortality. Nurses are uniquely positioned at the bedside to identify, prevent and treat delirium. An understanding of the potential long-term consequences of paediatric delirium is necessary to provide impetus for nursing research and practice change. The Life Course Health Development Model is a valuable tool when considering the multiple mechanisms and processes through which the experience of delirium could affect a child's life trajectory. Design Critical review of the literature through application and critique of the Life Course Health Development Model in the context of paediatric delirium. Gaps in the current understanding of paediatric delirium, as well as future directions for research and practice, are discussed. Methods The seven core principles of the model are considered in the context of paediatric delirium. Each of the principles has the potential to further understanding of paediatric delirium and identify areas for future inquiry. This discussion leads to a critique of the ability of the model to lead future research and practice change. Conclusions The Life Course Health Development Model depicts a process in which the acute and severe stress of critical illness leads to maladaptive neurologic changes that contribute to the development of delirium and impair a child's life trajectory. Relevance to clinical practice By emphasising the potential lifelong consequences for critically ill children who experience delirium, this application of the Life Course Health Development Model will stimulate discussion, research and practice change among paediatric clinicians and researchers.
Ruptured Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy at Fifteen Weeks Gestational Age

Tubal ectopic pregnancies are commonly diagnosed during the first trimester. Here we present a second-trimester tubal ectopic pregnancy that was previously misdiagnosed as an intrauterine pregnancy on a first-trimester ultrasound. A 39-year-old gravida 1 para 0 woman at 15 weeks gestation presented with 10 days of progressive, severe abdominal pain, along with vaginal bleeding and intermittent vomiting for two months. She was ultimately found to have a ruptured left tubal ectopic pregnancy. Second-trimester ectopic pregnancies carry a significant maternal mortality risk. Even with the use of ultrasound, they are difficult to diagnose and present unique diagnostic challenges.
Usefulness of venous-to-arterial partial pressure of CO 2 difference to assess oxygen supply to demand adequacy: effects of dobutamine

The central venous O2 saturation value and lactic acid levels are part of the diagnostic and therapeutic work up of patients in shock. These usual indicators of tissue hypoxia don't fully describe the adequacy of tissue perfusion. There is ample evidence that supplementing this data with the venous-to-arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) difference (ΔPCO2) complements the clinician's tools when treating patients with shock. Based on a modified Fick equation as it applies to CO2, in patients in a steady state, the ΔPCO2 reflects the cardiac output (CO). This observation has been shown to be of clinical value in resuscitating patients in shock. Moreover, the ΔPCO2 can be used to titrate inotropes, and differentiate the hemodynamic from the metabolic effect of dobutamine.
Longitudinal association between callous-unemotional traits and friendship quality among adjudicated adolescents.

Abstract Introduction Youth with callous-unemotional (CU) traits show severe and chronic forms of antisocial behavior, as well as deficits in socioaffiliative processes, such as empathy, guilt, and prosocial behavior. Adolescence represents a critical developmental window when these socioaffiliative processes can help to deepen the strength of supportive peer friendships. However, few studies have explored the relationship between CU traits and friendship quality during adolescence. In the current study, we used data from the Pathways to Desistance dataset to examine reciprocal and longitudinal associations between CU traits and friendship quality at three assessment points separated by 6 months each during adolescence. Methods The sample included adolescents who had interacted with the justice system (age at baseline, M = 16.04, SD = 1.14; N = 1354; 13.6% female). CU traits were assessed using the callousness scale of the self-reported Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and friendship quality using a scale adapted from the Quality of Relationships Inventory. Models accounted for co-occurring aggression, impulsive-irresponsible traits, grandiose-manipulative traits, age, gender, location, and race. Results At every assessment point, CU traits were uniquely related to lower friendship quality. Moreover, we found evidence for reciprocal effects between the first two assessment points, such that CU traits were related to decreases in friendship quality over time, while lower friendship quality simultaneously predicted increases in CU traits across the same period. Conclusions Interventions for CU traits could benefit from including specific modules that target the social processes associated with adaptive and successful friendships, including empathic listening and other-orientated thinking.
Chromospheric and Coronal Structure of Polar Plumes

The Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA), a rocket-borne solar observatory, was successfully launched from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, on May 13, 1991 at 19:05 UT. The telescope systems onboard the MSSTA obtained several full disk solar images in narrow bandpasses centered around strong soft X-ray, EUV, and FUV emission lines. Each telescope was designed to be sensitive to the coronal plasmas at a particular temperature, for seven temperatures ranging from 20,000 K to 4,000,000 K. We report here on the images obtained during the initial flight of the MSSTA, and on the chromospheric and coronal structure of polar plumes observed over both poles of the Sun. We have also co-aligned the MSSTA images with Kitt Peak magnetograms taken on the same day. We are able to positively identify the magnetic structures underlying the polar plumes we analyze as unipolar. We discuss the plume observations and present a radiative energy balance model derived from them.
Residential Segregation by Race and Ethnicity and the Changing Geography of Neighborhood Poverty

Racial and ethnic segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas contributes to the existence of neighborhood poverty, with segregation typically conceptualized as occurring between central city and suburban neighborhoods due to the racially exclusive nature of suburbanization through much of the twentieth century. However, increasing suburbanization across race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status since around 1970 has complicated the spatial structure of residential inequalities among metropolitan areas. In this study, I assess how patterns of racial and ethnic inequality in exposure to neighborhood poverty changed across urban and suburban locations since 1980, and I investigate how different dimensions of segregation by race and ethnicity correspond to worsened racial and ethnic inequality in exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods in urban as well as suburban areas. To study differences between suburbs, I contribute a novel approach for measuring suburban neighborhoods based on their density, housing stock age and overall degree of development. Results demonstrate how the conventional city-suburb dichotomy masks substantial differences between suburbs in (a) Black, Latino and White exposure to neighborhood disadvantage and (b) the degree to which patterns of segregation by race and ethnicity exacerbate Black–White and Latino–White inequalities in exposure to suburban neighborhood disadvantage. Black–White segregation exacerbates Black exposure to neighborhood poverty across space, especially in cities and older suburbs, while Latino–White segregation worsens Latino exposure to poor neighborhoods in cities as well as farther-flung rural and exurban areas.
Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies across Different Situations.

People vary widely in their acceptance of the use of pharmacological cognitive enhancement (CE). We tested the hypothesis that the acceptability of CE is malleable, by varying the context in which ...
Real-Time Powerline Detection System for an Unmanned Aircraft System

This paper will explore the development of a powerline detection system using Deep Learning to autonomously recognize powerlines in real-time using an Unmanned Aerial System. Additionally, the detection system can identify the individual components of the powerline and electric utility pole such as the cross-arms, insulators, transformers, and primary wires. This proposed model has fast recognition speed and high accuracy, which allows the Unmanned Aerial System to inspect quickly; decreasing both time and cost and increasing safety. To achieve this the Real-Time Powerline Detection System leverages the capability of the YOLACT algorithm, a recently proposed real-time instance segmentation model that achieves 29.8 minimum average precision on the MSCOCO Dataset at 33.5 fps. The results using this approach is promising and perform much better when compared to the Mask R-CNN algorithm. This paper demonstrates the application and results of the Real-Time Powerline Detection System in combination with the YOLACT algorithm for detecting individual components of the powerline using instance segmentation.
Spinal Injuries in the Multiply Injured Patient

Summary 1. The presence of multiple injuries does not change the basic management of each injury but does impose the need for careful planning of treatment priorities. 2. Emergency care must be directed toward preservation of life without aggravation of neurological injury posed by spinal trauma. 3. Care of the associated injuries must be planned so as not to jeopardize rehabilitation of the paralyzed patient.
Intrastate Crowdfunding for the Future: A Legislative Recommendation for Idaho

This article recommends intrastate crowdfunding legislation tailored to the state of Idaho. There is a federal crowdfunding exemption from registration, and many states have enacted intrastate crowdfunding exemptions. The state of Idaho has taken a different approach—utilizing an exemptive order process whereby intrastate crowdfunding exemptions are granted on a case-by-case basis. Idaho is a rapidly growing state both in terms of population and business expansion, and this article argues that the state should accommodate this increase in potential players with legislation of its own. Drawing from the policy considerations underlying securities offering regulation as implicated in the state of Idaho and the approaches taken by Idaho’s neighboring states of Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Utah, this article recommends new legislation for Idaho’s future.
High productivity fluence based control of Directed Energy Deposition (DED) part geometry

Abstract Successful and efficient hybrid manufacturing consisting of Directed Energy Deposition (DED) followed by milling as a postprocess requires that material deposited during the DED step be geometrically consistent and slightly larger than the desired final, machined dimensions. DED clad width is directly correlated to meltpool energy, while powder fluence directly correlated to DED clad cross-sectional area. Due to heat accumulation into the DED part during deposition, meltpool energy does not remain constant without modification of DED process parameters over the deposition cycle. Meltpool energy is typically managed by decreasing the laser power to reduce the energy fluence into the meltpool – though this technique limits DED productivity. If the working distance and laser optics within the deposition head are static, energy fluence reduction can also be achieved by increasing deposition head feedrate. Modifying powder mass flowrate through the deposition nozzle to maintain powder fluence into the meltpool allows for both the clad geometry to be maintained while also increasing the productivity of the DED process. Numerical simulation of the heat flow in a DED thin wall part was used to derive laser energy fluence values to maintain a constant meltpool energy. Derived values were tested using both the laser power and feedrate to moderate energy fluence into the meltpool. Results are compared to a thin wall deposited without meltpool energy control. Clad geometry variation and cycle time are both shown to reduce when using a feedrate-based meltpool energy control method as compared to laser power-based meltpool energy control or no meltpool energy control, increasing the geometric accuracy for postprocess machining and productivity.
Useful Untruths: A Plea for the Necessity of Pluralism in Child Analysis

The late nineteenth century philosopher Hans Vaihinger and the preeminent contemporary philosopher, Kwame Anthony Appiah contend that in order to see a more complete picture of the world, we need a...
Watching Guzikowski and Villeneuve’s Prisoners through the Lens of Patristic Teachings on Evil

The 2013 film Prisoners, written by Aaron Guzikowski and directed by Denis Villeneuve, was the most profoundly Christian film produced by Hollywood that year. Yet its many spiritual themes have gon...
A Gradient Reversed Phase HPLC Procedure for Smokeless Powder Comparison

Smokeless powder comparisons are commonly carried out by extracting additives and stabilizer degradation products from the powder using methylene chloride, and analyzing the results by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Some of these components are thermally unstable, making comparison of similar powders or of powders originating from different manufacturing lots difficult when GC is used. Isocratic HPLC analysis using C-18 stationary columns can be unsatisfactory due to a wide range of polarities of the additives and stabilizer degradation products and the presence of geometrical isomers. In this paper, a gradient procedure using a C-8 column is described for the analysis of smokeless powders. The procedure provides separation of a wide range of components present in smokeless powders. In this work, analytical figures of merit are provided, UV spectra of each of the components are presented, and the procedure is evaluated by comparing four different lots of smokeless powder from the same manufacturer.
A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the land application of biosolids.

Since the development of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 503 biosolids Rule, which includes treatment requirements to reduce the threat of pathogen transmission, many new pathogens have been recognized which could be transmitted by biosolids. A risk analysis was performed to assess which emerging pathogens would be most likely to survive treatments required for Class B biosolids before land application. The literature was reviewed on the resistance of emerging pathogens to temperature and other environmental factors to assess their probability of surviving various biosolids treatment processes. In addition existing information on occurrence in biosolids and dose response models for each pathogen was reviewed. It was concluded that adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most thermally resistant viruses and can survive for prolonged periods in the environment. The protozoan parasites microsporidia and Cyclospora were unlikely to survive the temperatures achieved in anaerobic digestion and do not survive well under low moisture conditions. A risk model was used to assess the risk of infection and illness from enteric viruses after application of class B biosolids.
Telefunctioning: An Approach to Telerobotic Manipulations

This article introduces three concepts: 1) "telefunctioning", 2) a control method for achieving telefunctioning, and 3) an approach to the analysis of human-robot interaction when telefunctioning governs the system behavior. Telefunctioning facilitates maneuvering of loads by creating a perpetual sense of the load dynamics for the operator. We define telefunctioning as a robotic manipulation method in which the dynamic behaviors of the slave robot and the master robot are functions of each other; these functions are the designer's choice and depend on the application. In a subclass of telefunctioning called telepresence, all of the relationships between the master and the slave are specified as "unity" so that all of the master and slave variables (e.g., position, velocity) are dynamically equal. To create telefunctioning, we arrive at a minimum number of functions relating the robots' variables. We then develop a control architecture which guarantees that the defined functions govern the dynamic behavior of the system. The stability of the closed-loop system (master robot, slave robot, human, and the load being manipulated) is analyzed and sufficient conditions for stability are derived.
Psychotherapeutic, licit, and illicit use of drugs among adolescents: An epidemiological perspective

Abstract Using data from an ongoing series of large national surveys of American high school seniors, levels and trends in the use of a number of classes of drugs are reported for the decade 1975–1985. Among the classes included are the medically supervised and the illicit use of the major psychotherapeutic drugs; the use of illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and heroin; and the use of cigarettes and alcohol. Physicians' prescriptions to adolescents for minor tranquilizers, barbiturates, and amphetamines are found to have changed over the decade, with considerably fewer seniors reporting such prescriptions today. The prevalence of prescribed opiate-type drugs remains unchanged. The illicit use of these psychotherapeutics has changed in similar ways, and the hypothesis that there is some causal connection between medically supervised use and non-medically supervised use is explored and given some substantiation. Nearly all of the illicitly used drugs have shown some decline in popularity during the past five years, with cocaine use being the notable exception. Alcohol use remained stable at high levels until very recently. Cigarette smoking showed some important declines in the middle of the decade but has since leveled out.
Catalytic formation of carbon-carbon bonds in ultrahigh vacuum: Cyclotrimerization of alkynes on reduced TiO2 surfaces

Abstract The steady-state reaction of a molecular beam of methylacetylene impinging on a reduced TiO2(001) crystal was examined under UHV (10−9 to 10−8 mbar) conditions. Cyclotrimerization to form trimethylbenzene took place at steady-state. The reaction is truly catalytic; more than 20 turnovers could be obtained without deactivation of the single crystal catalyst. Experiments examining the cyclotrimerization rate as a function of pressure showed that, in the region from 3.0×10−9 to 2.4×10−8 mbar, the reaction was approximately first order in alkyne partial pressure. Temperature variation experiments showed a small decrease in rate as temperature was increased, indicating a slightly negative overall activation energy between 400 K and 535 K. A four-step kinetic model of the cyclotrimerization reaction was constructed using information derived from TPD experiments. These results demonstrate that steady-state catalytic studies of carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, characterized by an overall decrease in number of moles, can be performed on single crystal metal oxides under UHV conditions.
Learning repetitive text-editing procedures with SMARTedit

Publisher Summary Programming by demonstration (PBD) has the potential to allow users to customize their applications. Rather than writing a program in an abstract programming language to automate a task, users demonstrate how to perform the task in the existing interface, and the system learns a generalized program that can perform it in new contexts. The SMARTedit system automates repetitive text-editing tasks by learning programs to perform them using techniques drawn from machine learning. SMARTedit represents a text-editing program as a series of functions that alter the state of the text editor (that is, the contents of the file or the cursor position). Like macro recording systems, SMARTedit learns the program by observing a user performing her or his task. However, unlike macro recorders, SMARTedit examines the context in which the user's actions are performed and learns programs that work correctly in new contexts. Using a machine-learning concept called version space algebra SMARTedit is able to learn useful text-editing procedures after only a small number of demonstrations.
Physical channel model for holographic data storage systems

In this paper we present a channel model for a holographic data storage (HDS) system based on the physical impairments of the system. Histogram and pixel-wise comparisons between the real output pages and simulated pages show that the physical channel model yields about 30% normalized root mean square error (NRMSE).
New Venture: A New Model for Clean Energy Innovation

The clean energy sector has been plagued by challenges and setbacks. Yet, some success stories are just beginning to emerge. Using two case studies and a number of other examples, the author identifies four core elements that have underpinned many of the most successful emerging clean energy enterprises: (1) close partnerships with large industrial companies; (2) the ability to integrate (actually or synthetically) across the value chain; (3) global focus; and (4) a drive toward cost-competitive economics without subsidies. The fact that most of these elements were also critical to the success of the wave of innovation spurred by the biotechnology revolution during the past three decades is cause for optimism about the potential for clean energy to develop similarly successful innovation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Constructing high dimensional feature space for time series classification

The paper investigates a generic method of time series classification that is invariant to transformations of time axis. The state-of-art methods widely use Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) with One-Nearest-Neighbor (1NN). We use DTW to transform time axis of each signal in order to decrease the Euclidean distance between signals from the same class. The predictive accuracy of an algorithm that learns from a heterogeneous set of features extracted from signals is analyzed. Feature selection is used to filter out irrelevant predictors and a serial ensemble of decision trees is used for classification. We simulate a dataset for providing a better insight into the algorithm. We also compare our method to DTW+1NN on several publicly available datasets.
Self-Calibration of Inertial and Omnidirectional Visual Sensors for Navigation and Mapping

Omnidirectional cameras are versatile sensors that are able to provide a full 360-degree view of the environment. When combined with inertial sensing, omnidirectional vision offers a potentially robust navigation solution. However, to correctly fuse the data from an omnidirectional camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) into a single navigation frame, the 6-DOF transform between the sensors must be accurately known. In this paper we describe an algorithm, based on the unscented Kalman filter, for self-calibration of the transform between an omnidirectional camera and an IMU. We show that the IMU biases, the local gravity vector, and the metric scene structure can also be recovered from camera and IMU measurements. Further, our approach does not require any additional hardware or prior knowledge about the environment in which a robot is operating. We present results from calibration experiments with an omnidirectional camera and a low-cost IMU, which demonstrate accurate self- calibration of the 6-DOF sensor-to-sensor transform. I. INTRODUCTION
Effects of graded levels of potato by-products in barley- and corn-based beef feedlot diets: I. Feedlot performance, carcass traits, meat composition, and appearance.

To measure effects of diet on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef appearance, 144 crossbred beef steers (333+/-.44 kg) were allotted within weight block (3) to a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Main effects were grain (barley or corn) and level of potato by-product (PB) (0, 10, or 20% of diet DM). Steers were fed diets containing 83% concentrate (grain plus PB), 10% supplement, and 7% alfalfa on a DM basis for an average of 130 d. Level of PB quadratically affected (P < .10) DM intake and gain such that steers fed 10% PB ate more and gained faster. Corn-fed steers were more (P < .05) efficient (5.8 vs 6.3 kg DM/kg gain) and had more (P < .05) kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (2.2 vs 2.0%) than barley-fed steers. A grain x PB interaction was detected (P < .10) for marbling score, which was minimized in steers fed barley diets (small 0) but maximized in those fed corn diets (small 30) at 10% PB. Diet did not affect beef firmness or beef color score. Barley-fed beef had whiter fat (P < .05) than corn-fed beef (2.6 vs 2.9 on a 1 to 7 scale); however, fat luster score was not affected by diet. Small differences were noted in fatty acid profile, purge, drip loss, and muscle pH. No differences were noted in color measurements due to dietary treatment over 7 d of retail shelf life. Overall, differences were small and probably not biologically important. These results indicate that these diets had minimal effects on beef appearance and carcass characteristics, meat composition, and water retention properties.
Price response can make the grid robust: an agent-based discussion

There is considerable agreement that a more price responsive system would make for a more robust grid. This raises the issue of how the end-user can be induced to accept a system that relies more heavily on price signals than the current system. From a modeling perspective, how should the software 'agent' representing the consumer of electricity be modeled so that this agent exhibits some price responsiveness in a realistic manner? To address these issues, we construct an agent-based approach that is realistic in the sense that it can transition from the current system behavior to one that is more price responsive. Evidence from programs around the country suggests that there are ways to implement such a program that could add robustness to the grid.
Bi-directional electrical pulmonary vein isolation as an endpoint for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Objective Various approaches to pulmonary vein (PV) isolation have shown variable efficacy in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study is to report the efficacy and safety of routine isolation of all PVs using an endpoint of bi-directional electrical block.
U.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY – THE URBAN‐RURAL DIMENSION

Economic development in the U.S. context from the federal level is reviewed with emphasis on the urban-rural dimension. “Economic development” is theoretically discussed and defined. Appropriate intervention into free market processes is examined as to justifications and unit of analysis. U.S. economic development policy history is reviewed in its broader form of subsidy and risk reallocation under several conceptual schemes to show constituencies, complexity, urban-rural emphasis, and biases toward industrialization. A series of sociopolitical scenarios are introduced to explain these patterns. The relationship between economic policy and federalism is explored. A conception of “rural development” is developed and reconceptualization of development along a systemic perspective is urged.
Observations of an active limb prominence in the Hβ line

Measurements of the Hβ line intensity in a large active prominence indicate that α, the fraction of length in the line of sight which contains emitting material, is less or equal to 0.1.
Assessing Conversational Cognition Levels of Cognitive Theory and Associated Methodological Requirements

Despite the prominence of cognitively oriented research in interpersonal communication, relatively little is known about the interplay of cognitive and communicative processes during conversation. For interpersonal communication scholars or at least those interested in interaction, the study of cognition is most useful if it reveals how interactants produce, monitor, modify, and process messages while engaged in conversation. The failure to collect data about in-process conversational cognition is partially due to excessive reliance on what have been identified as “implementation level” cognitive theories and models. Such theories are primarily concerned with specifying cognitive “architectures” and provide little guidance about how cognition is adapted to conversational tasks. However, a dearth of methodological creativity is also partially to blame for the lack of data about in-process conversational cognition. On encountering the admittedly formidable methodological difficulties of collecting data about conversational cognition, researchers have tended to rely on traditional but inadequate methods, or worse, have simply ignored theoretical questions pertinent to cognition in-process. This article suggests that claims about cognition can be made at four levels—biological, implementation, algorithmic, and rational—but that theoretical claims about conversational cognition can most usefully be pursued at the rational and algorithmic levels. In an effort to promote more research at these levels, criteria for studying conversational cognition are proposed, and promising methods are reviewed.