cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Royal Authority in the Biblical Quotations of the Old English Pastoral Care

The Old English Pastoral Care, a late-ninth-century translation of Gregory the Great’s Regula pastoralis attributed to Alfred the Great, is a text without a clear authorial voice. Gregory’s authorial presence is hinted at in the metrical preface and epilogue to the translation, but is curiously absent from the prose preface. Here, at the very beginning of the text, the authorial voice is that of King Alfred. Whether or not Alfred was actually responsible for translating the Regula pastoralis, as the prose preface claims, his voice and presence resonate throughout the translation. The king’s persona re-voices not only Gregory’s words, but the many biblical quotations that Gregory relies upon to support his argument. The royal authority natural to a king is compounded with the textual authority that comes through translating and therefore re-voicing a canonical text such as the Regula pastoralis, and this is nowhere more significant than in the translations of biblical quotations. Here, the Alfred-persona re-voices biblical figures such as King David, King Solomon, the evangelists and Christ Himself. In the translations of these quotations, Alfred’s royal authority is shored up by the echoes of these voices from Scripture. This article finds examples of where the wording of these translated quotations represents ideology, and even phraseology, found elsewhere in Alfredian documents. Through appropriation of scriptural voice, Alfredian ideals such as wisdom, moderate use of resources and a ruler’s humility are given unquestionable authoritative backing.
Dynamical modalities in Kerr frequency combs (Conference Presentation)

Recent advances in sub-wavelength nanoscale platforms have afforded the control of light from first principles, with impact to ultrafast sciences, optoelectronics and precision measurements. In this talk we will describe recent advances in chip-scale Kerr frequency comb oscillators, where we have achieved sub-100-fs mode-locking, stabilization down to a tooth-to-tooth relative frequency uncertainty of 50 mHz and 2.7×10^{−16}, and single-mode broadband frequency comb generation. Each of these are supported by linear and nonlinear numerical modeling. In this first chip-scale realization, coherent mode-locking is observed in the normal dispersion regime, verified by phase-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy at sub-100-attojoule sensitivities. The normal dispersion architecture uncovers the mode-locking mechanisms in Kerr frequency combs, matched with first-principles coupled-mode theory. In the second realization, we examine the noise limits in the full stabilization of chip-scale optical frequency combs. The microcomb’s two degrees of freedom, one of the comb lines and the native 18-GHz comb spacing, are simultaneously phase-locked to known optical and microwave references. Active comb spacing stabilization improves long-term stability by six orders of magnitude, reaching a record instrument-limited residual instability of 3.6 mHz per root tau. Comparing 46 nitride frequency comb lines with a benchmark fiber laser frequency comb, we demonstrate the unprecedented microcomb tooth-to-tooth relative frequency uncertainty down to 50 mHz and 2.7×10^{−16}. In the third realization, we report a novel design of Si3N4 microresonator in which single-mode operation, high quality factor, and anomalous dispersion are attained simultaneously. The novel microresonator consists of uniform single-mode waveguides in the semi-circle region, to eliminate bending induced mode coupling, and adiabatically tapered waveguides in the straight region, to avoid excitation of higher order modes. With this microresonator, we demonstrate broadband phase-locked frequency combs. This supports the focus towards chip-scale precision spectroscopy, timing, coherent communications, and astronomical spectrography.
Capturing Resilience in Context: Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test of Resilience

We developed a 40-item situational judgment test (R-SJT) to capture resilience in context. The scoring key was developed using a crowd-sourcing method (N = 100) and pilot-tested (N = 62). A new sam...
Vortex Accretion Funnel / Relativistic Beam Models of Double Radio Sourci

A consistent model of extra-galactic double radio sources must evidently involve all aspects of the source from the underlying power source to the production of the radio lobes. Here, we give an overview of our work on the different aspects of a self-consistent model which includes gravitational accretion of fluid with angular momentum as the power source, the production of hydrodynamic or relativistic particle-beam jets, and the formation of expanding radio components.
Measurements of Nuclear Masses Far from Stability

Measurements of properties of nuclei far from nuclear stability provides a challenge to both the experimenter and theorist. To the first, it represents a new frontier in experimentation, and to the second a fertile source of data. There has been in recent years considerable effort on the neutron rich nuclei, and a smaller yet important attack in reaching the limits of particle stability on the proton rich side. Methods for measuring masses of nuclei far from nuclear stability are reviewed with emphasis placed on reaching proton-rich nuclei using particle transfer reactions such as (p,6He), (3He,8Li) and (3He,6He).
Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism

The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
Depression in Emergency Department Patients and Association With Health Care Utilization.

Background Depression is one of the most common illnesses in the United States, with increased prevalence among people with lower socioeconomic status and chronic mental illness who often seek care in the emergency department (ED). We sought to estimate the rate and severity of major depressive disorder (MDD) in a nonpsychiatric ED population and its association with subsequent ED visits and hospitalizations. Methods This prospective cohort study enrolled a convenience sample of English-speaking adults presenting to an urban academic medical center ED without psychiatric complaints between January 1, 2015, and September 21, 2015. Patients completed a computerized adaptive depression diagnostic screen (CAD-MDD) and dimensional depression severity measurement test (CAT-DI) via tablet computer. Primary outcomes included number of ED visits and hospitalizations assessed from index visit until January 1, 2016. Negative binomial regression modeling was performed to assess associations between depression, depression severity, clinical covariates, and utilization outcomes. Results Of 999 enrolled patients, 27% screened positive for MDD. The presence of MDD conveyed a 61% increase in the rate of ED visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27 to 2.03) and a 49% increase in the rate of hospitalizations (IRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.06-2.09). For each 10% increase in MDD severity, there was a 10% increase in the relative rate of subsequent ED visits (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.16) and hospitalizations (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.18). Across the range of the severity scale there was over a 2.5-fold increase in the rate of ED visits and hospitalization rates. Conclusions Rates of depression were high among a convenience sample of English-speaking adult ED patients presenting with nonpsychiatric complaints and independently associated with increased risk of subsequent ED utilization and hospitalization. Standardized assessment tools that provide rapid, accurate, and precise classification of MDD severity have the potential to play an important role in identifying ED patients in need of urgent psychiatric resource referral.
Phase I study of paclitaxel on a 3-hour schedule followed by carboplatin in untreated patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

This study sought to determine the principal toxicities and feasibility of administering paclitaxel as a 3-hour infusion followed by carboplatin without and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IV non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and to recommend doses for subsequent clinical trials. Twenty-three patients were treated with paclitaxel at doses ranging from 175 to 225 mg/m2 followed by carboplatin targeting area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) 7 or 9 mg/mL.min every 3 weeks. AUCs were targeted using the Calvert formula with estimated creatinine clearance as a surrogate for the glomerular filtration rate. A high rate of intolerable, mutually exclusive toxicities, consisting primarily of thrombocytopenia, as well as neutropenia, nausea and vomiting, and mucositis, precluded escalation of carboplatin above a targeted AUC of 7 mg/mL.min with paclitaxel 225 mg/m2, which approaches the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of paclitaxel given as a single agent on a 3-hour schedule. Moderate to severe peripheral neurotoxicity occurred in several patients after multiple courses. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the principal toxicities and the ability to administer clinically-relevant doses of both agents in combination without G-CSF, further dose escalation using G-CSF was not performed. Nine of 23 (39%) total patients and 43% of 21 assessable patients had partial responses (PR). The recommended doses for subsequent clinical trials are paclitaxel 225 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion followed by carboplatin at a targeted AUC of 7 mg/mL.min. The ability to administer clinically-relevant single agent doses of paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination, as well as the significant antitumor activity noted in this phase I trial, indicate that further evaluations of this regimen in both advanced and early stage NSCLC are warranted.
Coherent Feedforward Regulation of Gene Expression by Caulobacter σ T and GsrN during Hyperosmotic Stress.

GsrN is a conserved small RNA that is under transcriptional control of the general stress sigma factor, σT, and that functions as a posttranscriptional regulator of Caulobacter crescentus survival under multiple stress conditions. We have defined features of GsrN structure that determine survival under hyperosmotic stress, and we have applied transcriptomic and proteomic methods to identify regulatory targets of GsrN under hyperosmotic conditions. The 5' end of GsrN, which includes a conserved cytosine-rich stem-loop structure, is necessary for cell survival after osmotic upshock. GsrN both activates and represses gene expression in this stress condition. Expression of an uncharacterized open reading frame predicted to encode a glycine zipper protein, osrP, is strongly activated by GsrN. Our data support a model in which GsrN physically interacts with osrP mRNA through its 5' C-rich stem-loop to enhance OsrP protein expression. We conclude that sigT, gsrN, and osrP form a coherent feedforward loop in which σT activates gsrN and osrP transcription during stress and GsrN activates OsrP protein expression at the posttranscriptional level. This study delineates transcriptional and posttranscriptional layers of Caulobacter gene expression control during hyperosmotic stress, uncovers a new regulatory target of GsrN, and defines a coherent feedforward motif in the Caulobacter general stress response (GSR) regulatory network.IMPORTANCE Bacteria inhabit diverse niches and must adapt their physiology to constant environmental fluctuations. A major response to environmental perturbation is to change gene expression. Caulobacter and other alphaproteobacteria initiate a complex gene expression program known as the general stress response (GSR) under conditions including oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and nutrient limitation. The GSR enables cell survival in these environments. Understanding how bacteria survive stress requires that we dissect gene expression responses, such as the GSR, at the molecular level. This study is significant, as it defines transcriptional and posttranscriptional layers of gene expression regulation in response to hyperosmotic stress. We further provide evidence that a coherent feedforward motif influences the system properties of the Caulobacter GSR pathway.
Effect of molecular packing and hydrogen bonding on the properties of epoxy-amido amine systems

Abstract Molecular packing and hydrogen bonding have been hypothesized to affect a number of properties of epoxy-amido amine thermosets. However, these correlations have not been verified extensively and a molecular level rationale for the hypotheses is lacking. In the present work, molecular dynamics simulation is used to explore correlations relating void fractions, volume fractions and hydrogen bonding to the properties of epoxy-amido amine thermosets of varying alkyl chain compositions. Properties considered here include density, thermal expansion coefficients, glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, solubility, diffusivity and permeability of water. Simulation results indicate that void fraction has no direct bearing on these properties. The hydrogen bonding in these thermosets has been shown to correlate with solubility, diffusivity and permeability of water but however does not affect the density, glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus or the thermal expansion coefficients. The reasoning for the correlations reported herein provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the properties and the molecular structure of the thermoset.
Intrinsically strained noble metal-free oxynitrides for solar photoreduction of CO2

Metal oxynitrides show promising activity for photocatalytic solar water splitting and CO2 reduction under solar irradiance. Precise control of cation ratios in oxynitrides is an inevitable challenge that needs to be overcome for achieving effective band gap tuning. Here we report the density functional theory-based calculations for the intricate structure-function relationships of Zn-Ga based oxynitrides and correlate the results with the experimental parameters. Crucial material property descriptors such as elemental composition, intrinsic lattice strain, and vacancy defects were exploited during the synthesis to achieve stable oxynitride photocatalysts that demonstrated CO2 conversion to CO under simulated solar light, without any noble metal impregnation. The highest CO production rate surpassed that of TiO2 under the same conditions. This work inspires future research on oxynitride materials with tailored optical properties and sustainable photocatalytic activity which enables their large scale applications.
Inferring norms from numbers: Boomerang effects of online virality metrics on normative perceptions and behavioral intention

Abstract Online virality metrics have been shown to influence information processing and behavioral outcomes. This study examined how virality metrics, in terms of the number of online shares, impacted the persuasiveness of a health campaign message in influencing viewers’ evaluation of the message, their perceived injunctive norms, descriptive norms, and preventative behavioral intentions. We conducted a 4 by 2 factorial online experiment (N = 621), featuring an HIV prevention video accompanied by a virality metric (i.e., high, medium, low, and no metric) and a video poster (i.e., demographic similarity versus dissimilarity). Results showed that virality metrics did not influence message evaluation. However, the presence of metrics decreased viewers’ perceived injunctive norms supporting condom use and HIV testing, which further decreased the corresponding behavioral intentions. The similarity between the viewer and the poster did not moderate the effects of virality metrics. These findings suggest a boomerang effect of virality metrics in reducing the persuasive impact of health messages. Theoretical explanations and practical implications are discussed.
Draft Genome Sequence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’-Related Strain MDPP: A Resource for Comparative Genomics of Gymnosperm-Infecting Phytoplasmas

'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini'-related strain MDPP, the reference strain of subgroup 16SrXXI-B, is a pathogen associated with witches' broom disease of Pinus spp. in North America. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of 'Ca. Phytoplasma pini' strain MDPP, which consists of 474,136 bases, with a G + C content of 22.22%. This information will facilitate comparative genomics of gymnosperm-infecting phytoplasmas.
Multimethod assessment of driving in older adults using a novel driving simulator

Driving simulators may be an effective means of assessing driving performance, however many are cost-prohibitive. The present pilot study examined whether a novel, cost-effective driving simulator ...
Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of telemedicine-administered cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression among African American women living with HIV in the rural South

Women living with HIV are disproportionally affected by depression and mental healthcare access. A pilot feasibility trial using videoconferencing compared cognitive behavioral therapy for antiretr...
The Impact of Lightning Channel Diameter on the Damage of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix (CFRP) Composite Laminates

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix (CFRP) composite laminates are increasingly used as structural materials in the aerospace industry owing to their various advantages such as the corrosion resistant property, high specific strength and modulus, high fatigue strength and fatigue damage tolerance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and light weight. Such an increasing use of CFRP composite laminates raises significant concern over lightning strike impact and necessitates the investigation of their lightning strike damage characteristics. The diameter of an actual lightning arc channel varies from several centimeters to several meters according to reported photographs and ionizing wave analysis. A thorough understanding on the material damage characteristics caused by a lightning strike impact is essential for reducing the lightning strike damage of the composite laminates while maintaining the mechanical properties. There have been numerous studies that investigated the effect of lightning discharges on aircraft composite structures, but the impact of the lightning channel diameter has not been systematically investigated. The goal of this research is to find the correlation between the diameter of electric arcs observed in lightning discharges and the level of damage it causes on CFRP composite laminates.
Relationships between mitral annular calcification and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is prevalent in the aging population, with recent renewed interest regarding its associations with cardiovascular risk factors, outcomes, and influence on valvular heart disease and interventions. This meta-analysis aimed to report the relationships between MAC and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity events. METHODS Relevant studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases until November 30, 2019. Associations between MAC as a binary variable with death and cardiovascular events were pooled using random-effects models. The main outcomes of interest were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and procedural outcomes. RESULTS Among 799 article abstracts and 122 full-text articles screened, 26 (16 prospective and 10 retrospective) studies totaling 35 070 subjects were analyzed. MAC was associated with higher all-cause death, hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.76 (1.43-2.22), and cardiovascular mortality 1.85 (1.45-23.5). It also positively correlated with myocardial infarction 1.48 (1.22-1.79), stroke 1.51 (1.22-2.05), incidental heart failure 1.55 (1.30-1.84), atrial fibrillation 1.75 (1.43-2.15), and their composite, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Finally, conversion to mitral valve replacement at time of cardiac surgery was more in patients with MAC than without MAC, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.82 (1.28-6.18). CONCLUSION Mitral annular calcification was overall associated with higher rates of death, and both individual and composite cardiovascular events. The presence of increasingly encountered MAC has significant clinical implications for cardiovascular risk assessment and valvular interventions.
Self-separation of the adsorbent after recovery of rare-earth metals: Designing a novel non-wettable polymer

Abstract In solid phase extraction method, the adsorbent separation is very challenging and is one of the limiting factors for using batch process. As a solution to this problem, a self-floating (SF) adsorbent with simultaneous separation from water is developed in this study. The adsorbent has a very high performance for extracting and recovery of the rare-earth element (REEs), especially Yb3+, which has not been reported by other organic adsorbents, so far. The designed adsorbent is very low cost and can be easily prepared by using alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) as a commonly used sizing agent in pulp and paper industry. The designed polymer was used to remove La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Dy3+, and Yb3+ from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of the ions showed that REEs with smaller ionic radii have more tendencies towards the AKD-based vinylogous amide-diglycolamic acids self-floating (AVD-SF) polymer with the highest adsorption of 191.87 mg.g−1 for Yb3+ ions at pH = 5.5. The adsorption isotherm of Yb3+ ions fitted with Freundlich model and the kinetics isotherm fitting confirmed the pseudo-second order model. The SF adsorbent was easily separated from water within 30 min. The reusability test showed that both the performance and structure are reserved after 10 cycles.
Electron Dynamics and Electron Transfer

Materials at extreme conditions in which high temperature and pressure are fluctuating rapidly with molecule, atoms, ions and electrons (e.g., plasma) all interacting dynamically has been a no-man’s land for atomistic simulations. It is clearly foolhardy to attack this problem with our current tools and methods. Even so Su and Goddard (SG) jumped headlong into the problem, developing the eFF method to describe the non-adiabatic evolution of large-scale quantum systems.
Signals and their detection: Basic perceptual sensitivity as a foundation for emotional clarity

Abstract Perceptual achievements would seem to require multiple skills related to collecting and organizing sensory input, comparing this input to categorical templates, and making decisions in accordance with current goals. Individual differences in such processes should be especially apparent under conditions of degraded input, even in simple tasks. A three study program of research (N = 305) developed procedures to quantify such variations in perceptual sensitivity, then linked the relevant skills to variations in emotional clarity, which is an operationalization of emotional intelligence. Individuals who were better able to differentiate their perceptions related to color and line length reported greater emotional clarity (Study 1) and displayed higher levels of clarity in emotion knowledge (Study 2) and emotion rating (Study 3) tasks. The studies provide new insights into the perceptual sensitivity construct while linking the relevant skills to individual differences in the manner in which emotions are understood and experienced.
Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated With Systemic First-Line Metastatic Melanoma Therapies in the United States.

PURPOSE:US Food and Drug Administration approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Our aim was to assess health care resou...
Gain Induced Topological Response via Tailored Long-range Interactions

We report on the first observation of a gain-induced topological response in a photonic lattice exhibiting asymmetric long-range interactions enabled by unidirectional microrings under pumping. This new platform is used to implement the Haldane lattice.
Resilience: Reconstituting Capacity

Hamilton’s ideals of the accountable, energetic executive must be brought forward to the twenty-first century, tempered by the realpolitik of the unitary executive, and layered with the post-pandemic imperative of resilience. This chapter sums up and reflects on the dynamics of power that have coevolved with administrative capacity and what the recent executive initiatives and political developments imply for rebuilding efforts. A reconstitution of capacity in all its core dimensions is urgently needed. Beyond repairing the government’s human capital management capacity, building for resilient capacity involves revitalizing Congress, promoting administrative engagement, rethinking strategies for advocating reform, and renewing the democratic bargain that involves the public's sense of a shared fate with one another and with a capacitated government.
Functional anatomy of macaque striate cortex. III. Color

Using spatially diffuse stimuli (or sinusoidal gratings of very low spatial frequency), levels of 14C-2-deoxy-d-glucose (DG) uptake produced by color-varying stimuli are much greater than those produced by luminance-varying stimuli in macaque striate cortex. Such a difference in DG results is consistent with previous psychophysical and electrophysiological results from man and monkey. In DG experiments with color-varying gratings of low and middle spatial frequencies, or with spatially diffuse color variations, DG uptake was highest in the cytochrome oxidase blobs, as was also seen with low-spatial-frequency luminance gratings. High-spatial-frequency, color-varying uptake patterns were shifted to cover both blob and interblob regions in a manner similar to that of the patterns obtained with middle-spatial-frequency luminance stimuli. However, in no instance did chromatic gratings produce uptake restricted to the interblob regions, as with the pattern seen with the highest-spatial-frequency luminance gratings. Thus, DG uptake is relatively higher in the interblob regions when comparing luminance with color-varying gratings that are otherwise similar. It was also possible to show DG evidence for receptive-field double-opponency in the upper-layer blobs, but color sensitivity in layer 4Cb appears single-opponent. The DG results suggest that color sensitivity is also high in the lower-layer (layers 5 + 6) blobs, and that many layer 5 receptive fields are double-opponent. Striate layers 4Ca and 4B-appeared color-insensitive in a wide variety of DG tests; this supports the idea of a color-insensitive stream running from the magnocellular LGN layers through striate layers 4Ca and 4B to extrastriate areas MT and V3. There was also a major effect due to wavelength: long and short wavelengths produced much more uptake than did middle wavelengths, even when all colors were equated for luminance and saturation. No variation with eccentricity was seen in cortical color sensitivity, at least between 0 degrees and 10 degrees.
Causal Models, Value of Intervention, and Search for Opportunities

While algorithms for influence diagrams allow for computing the optimal setting for decision variables, they offer no guidance in generation of decision variables, arguably a critical stage of decision making. A decision maker confronted with a complex system may not know which variables to best manipulate to achieve a desired objective. We introduce the concept of search for opportunities which amounts to identifying the set of decision variables and computing their optimal settings, given an objective expressed by a utility function. Search for opportunities is built on value of intervention in causal models.
Kinetics of hydroquinone chemisorption at polycrystalline platinum electrodes: the effect of surface roughness

Abstract The rate of hydroquinone (HQ) chemisorption from aqueous H 2 SO 4 onto annealed (smooth) and platinized (rough) polycrystalline Pt has been studied. Previously, equilibrium adsorption measurements indicated that at smooth Pt surfaces, adsorption of HQ at c HQ ⩽ 0.1 m M yielded flat (η 6 )-oriented species while adsorption at c HQ ⩾ 1 m M resulted in edge (2,3-η 2 )-attached intermediates. Edge-attached species were not formed efficiently at roughened Pt surfaces. The present data show that the rate of η 6 -HQ chemisorption was significantly lower at roughened than at smooth surfaces. Analysis of the rate data gave the following enthalpies and entropies of activation at smooth (sm) and platinized (pt) surfaces: ΔH ≠ sm,0.1 m M = 12.5 kJ/mol; Δ H ≠ sm,2 m M = 8.3 kJ/mol; Δ S ≠ sm,0.1 m M = −83 J/mol K; Δ S ≠ sm,2 m M = −117 J/mol K; Δ H ≠ pt,0.4 m M = 12.5 kJ/mol; Δ H ≠ pt,2 m M = 12.5 kJ/mol; Δ S ≠ pt,0.4 m M = −92 J/mol K; Δ S ≠ pt,2 m M = −100 J/mol K. The similarity between Δ H ≠ pt,0.4 m M , Δ H ≠ pt,2 m M and Δ H ≠ sm,0.1 m M , and between Δ S ≠ pt,0.4 m M , Δ S ≠ pt,2 m M and Δ S ≠ sm,0.1 m M correlate with the earlier finding that adsorption of HQ onto roughened Pt surfaces occurred primarily in the flat orientation at all concentrations studied.
A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial of Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiation Therapy for Liver Metastases

Background There is significant interest in the use of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) as a treatment modality for liver metastases. A variety of SABR fractionation schemes are in clinical use. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study to determine the maximum tolerated dose of single-fraction liver SABR.
Deforestation and cattle ranching drive rapid range expansion of capybara in the Gran Chaco ecosystem

Anthropogenic habitat alteration has the capacity to alter the distribution of species. Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are a widely distributed rodent throughout most of South America, but are restricted to areas of standing water. As the Gran Chaco ecosystem of Paraguay is converted from dry tropical forest to pastureland, we hypothesize that this alteration creates potential for invasion by capybara into newly fragmented areas. We surveyed throughout the Chaco to estimate the distribution of capybara, and we collected noninvasive genetic samples. We used ecological niche modeling based on six environmental or climatic variables, and we modeled both the current distribution of capybara and the distribution of capybara 80 years ago. We then verified the hypothesized demographic signal generated with our model using phylogeographic analyses of 386 bp of the mtDNA control region. Comparison of present and past models suggested that populations expanded into the Gran Chaco after forest was converted to pastureland. Analyses of the mitochondrial D-loop supported the rapid range expansion scenario. We also found evidence of secondary contact of two distinct phylogroups which had previously been disjunct. Anthropogenic land transformation appeared to be a major factor influencing the distribution, as predicted by the niche model and confirmed by genetic data. Habitat modification altered connectivity of populations across the landscape. In addition, long separated clades of capybara are now admixed throughout the Paraguayan Chaco. The invasion of a large bodied herbivore into the High Chaco region may exacerbate the degradation of forest and prevent forest regeneration. As the reservoir host of several zoonotic diseases, the expansion and contact of two previously disjunct capybara populations has implications for disease emergence.
Reversible formation of DNA G-quadruplex hairpin dimers from stilbenediether conjugates

Rapid and reversible G-quadruplex hairpin dimer formation is observed for bis(oligonucleotide) conjugates possessing stilbenediether (Sd) linkers connecting two short poly(G) sequences.
THE SELECTION OF A NON‐DIAPAUSE STRAIN OF DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

A non-diapause strain of Diabrotica virgifera LeConte was selected after nine generations by the technique of mass selection. The passive consequence of chilling the eggs of this species is a synchronization of hatch; the chilling does not break diapause. A hypothetical model (and its mathematical expression) explaining diapause in this species was derived from the data. Initial hatch in the non-diapause strain occurred in 24 days at 20°. In an unchilled-unselected population, the mean minimum period of development to initial hatch (both pre-diapause and post-diapause development) was ca. 24 days, and the duration of the mean dormant period was ca. 78 days. The duration of the dormant period is probably quantitatively inherited since this character appears to have enormous genetic plasticity. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIE SELEKTION EINES NICHT-DIAPAUSE-STAMMS VON DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Ein Nicht-Diapause-Stamm von Diabrotica virgifera wurde durch Massenselektion nach neun Generationen selektiert. Die passive Folge des Kuhlens der Eier dieser Art (was bei normaler Zucht des normalen Stamms geubt wird) ist eine Synchronisation des Schlupfens; das Kuhlen bricht nicht die Diapause. Ein hypothetisches Modell (und sein mathematischer Ausdruck), das die Diapause dieser Art erklart, wurde von den gewonnenen Daten abgeleitet. Erstes Schlupfen im Nicht-Diapause-Stamm fand nach 24 d bei 20° statt. In einer nicht gekuhlten, nicht selektierten Population war die mittlere Minimalperiode der Entwicklung bis zum ersten Schlupfen (Pra- und Postdiapause-Entwicklung) ca 24 d, die Dauer der mittleren Dormanzperiode ca 78 d (nach der Formel berechnet). Die Dauer der Dormanzperiode wird wahrscheinlich quantitativ vererbt; denn diese Eigenschaft scheint eine sehr grosse genetische Plastizitat zu haben.
Causal models of measurement: some problems for theory construction

The use of causal diagrams and interpretations to elaborate the interplay between theory and research has stimulated much interest in the application of theory construction procedures to research practice. However, when applied to efforts to combine structural models and measurement models within a single framework, the application of causal theoretical interpretations can be shown to be flawed in a way that undermines rather than enhances our understanding of the interplay between theory and empirical research. At the heart of the problem is the practice of equating the relationships in the structural model with those in the measurement model through the invocation of “causality” relationships. Abandoning this allows us to avoid the reification of theoretical concepts and provides a basis for understanding multivariate research as a process of theoretical model-building.
Hand-held lead analyzer

Abstract The design and operation of a hand-held electrochemical analyzer for field screening of trace lead are described. The stripping-based instrument meets the size, weight and power-consumption requirements of many decentralized lead testings, while maintaining the high sensitivity and reliability of centralized stripping operations. When coupled to screen-printed disposable sensors, the unit’s response varies linearly with the lead level between 20 and 300 μg/l (50-s deposition). Comparison with lead results obtained with the small and established instruments yielded an excellent correlation (r=0.999). Convenient quantification of lead in drinking water is accomplished with quiescent, nondeaerated small samples. Such performance and portability hold great promise to a host of environmental, clinical, or industrial applications.
History of Bolivian Archaeology: Geraldine Byrne de Caballero

Today the principal archaeological museum of Cochabamba, Bolivia is called the Museo Geraldine Byrne de Caballero. Yet there is surprisingly little information on Byrne de Caballero at the museum, or elsewhere in Bolivian sources. Fortunately, Walter Sanchez Canedo (2006) has written a brief article, providing some more information about her career. Byrne de Caballero investigated and wrote articles on Cochabamba sites, from the formative period up through historical periods. I knew most of the eight journal articles cited for her, but she wrote another five dozen articles for local newspapers. All of these publications, however, were written when she was director of the museum in Cochabamba, from 1972 to 1986, so we lack information on her earlier archaeological contributions. Although publishing in special supplemental newspaper sections has been a well-accepted practice or tradition for informing the public and specialists about Bolivian archaeology, it obviously makes it difficult for the non-Cochabambinos to track down her publications. But at least now with title, newspaper, and date, it may be possible to go back into old local archives and retrieve some of these articles.
Thyroid hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease

The relationship between thyroid disease states and cardiovascular hemodynamics is well recognized. Although the long-term effects of thyroid hormone are thought to result from changes in myocardial gene expression, attention has recently focused on acute, non-nuclear-mediated actions of L-triidothyronine (T 3 ), the biologically active form of the hormone. Various lines of evidence have documented that T 3 can act as a vasodilator and inotrope. With this recognition have come novel treatment strategies targeted at specific clinical conditions including heart failure and cardiac surgery that are associated with impaired cardiovascular performance and low serum T 3 levels. An understanding of the mechanisms of action of thyroid hormone on the heart and peripheral vasculature is essential for the rational implementation of thyroid hormone as a therapeutic agent. As outlined in this review, initial clinical experience suggests that the ability of thyroid hormone to increase cardiac output and to lower systemic vascular resistance may provide a novel treatment option for physicians caring for patients with cardiovascular illness.
Smokeless tobacco extract decreases IL-12 production from LPS-stimulated but increases IL-12 from IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages

Abstract Modulation of IFN-γ production from T cells by smokeless tobacco extract (STE) could be a factor in periodontal disease. The major inducer of IFN-γ from T cells is bioactive IL-12 (p70), a heterodimeric protein composed of p35 and p40 subunits, while homodimeric IL-12 p40 antagonizes bioactive IL-12. Both p70 and p40 are produced by macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IFN-γ and/or CD40 ligation. To determine the impact of STE on IL-12 p40, p70 and IFN-γ, splenic T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 while splenic macrophages were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of STE. Production of IL-12 p40 and p70 from LPS-stimulated splenic macrophages and IL-12 p40, p70 and IFN-γ from LPS/anti-CD3-stimulated T cells and macrophages was decreased by STE. To determine the impact of STE on macrophage IL-12 production alone, splenic or peritoneal macrophages were enriched and then stimulated. STE significantly diminished production of IL-12 p40 and p70 from LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages, LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated peritoneal and splenic macrophages, but increased production of IL-12 p40 and p70 from IFN-γ/CD40-stimulated splenic macrophages or IFN-γ-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. None of the effects of STE on IL-12 was due to nicotine, rutin or chlorogenic acid. In contrast to STE, nicotine at 100 μg/ml significantly elevated production of IL-12 p40 and p70 from splenic macrophages stimulate by IFN-γ/LPS. The results indicate that STE has a significant overall effect upon IL-12 production. It suppresses p40 and p70 production during responses to LPS or LPS/IFN-γ but augments p40 and p70 production during responses to IFN-γ without LPS. This affect could have a major impact on diseases associated with excessive production of IL-12.
Women's personality traits, interpersonal competence and affection for dating partners: A test of the contextual model

In this study we utilized the contextual model to examine the relationship between distal (Five-Factor Model of Personality), proximal (interpersonal competence), and affective outcome (love, liking) factors in women’s perception of their dating relationships. N = 123 females completed a questionnaire packet to assess each of the factors. Results indicated that women’s personality traits made direct and indirect contributions to liking and love for dating partners. Overall, the findings indicated that both distal and proximal factors contributed to relationship quality, and provided support for the contextual model.
Melon Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Sexual Maturation Rates and Mating Responses of Laboratory-reared and Wild Flies

Nearly all females of a 32-year-old laboratory strain of Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett had mature eggs by 10 days of age. Most females of a wild strain had mature eggs by 20 days. Mating ability was reached at about the same adult age as ovarian maturity. Frequencies of wild male × laboratory female, the reciprocal, and wild male × wild female were all the same. Thus, no evidence for sexual isolation between the two strains was obtained in the laboratory. In outdoor cages, laboratory-reared flies tended to mate faster than wild flies, but differences in mating speed were not significant. In tests combining all types of flies, wild and laboratory males mated equally well with both kinds of females.
GH response to intravenous clonidine challenge: Absence of relationship with behavioral irritability, aggression, or impulsivity in human subjects

Previous study suggests a role for post-synaptic alpha(2)-noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in irritability and/or aggression and impulsivity. In this study, we conducted intravenous challenges with the alpha(2)-noradrenergic agonist, clonidine, to assess the relationship between measures of impulsive aggression and post-synaptic alpha(2)-noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in human subjects. Subjects included 38 individuals with personality disorder and 28 healthy volunteer controls. Measures included the Irritability score and the Total Assault score from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), Aggression score from Life History of Aggression (LHA) assessment, and Impulsivity scores from the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-II (EPQ-II). The Log of Peak DeltaGH[CLON] response was used as the index of post-synaptic alpha(2)-noradrenergic receptor sensitivity. No significant correlations were found between the Log of Peak DeltaGH[CLON] response and any measure used in this study. Unlike a previous investigation, this study provides little support for a role of post-synaptic alpha(2)-noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in aggression in healthy or personality disordered subjects.
Hierarchical structure of the Madden-Julian oscillation in infrared brightness temperature revealed through nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis

The convection-coupled tropical atmospheric motions are highly nonlinear and multiscaled, and play a major role in weather and climate predictability in both the tropics and mid-latitudes. In this work, nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis (NLSA) is applied to extract spatiotemporal modes of variability in tropical dynamics from satellite observations. Blending qualitative analysis of dynamical systems, singular spectrum analysis (SSA), and spectral graph theory, NLSA has been shown to capture intermittency, rare events, and other nonlinear dynamical features not accessible through classical SSA. Applied to 1983–2006 satellite infrared brightness temperature data averaged over the global tropical belt, the method reveals a wealth of spatiotemporal patterns, most notably the 30–90-day Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). Using the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment period as an example, representative modes associated with the MJO are reconstructed. The recovered modes augment Nakazawa's classical hierarchical structure of intraseasonal variability with intermediate modes between the fundamental MJO envelope and super cloud clusters.
Experiment timing and preferences for fairness

Classroom experiments examining fairness preferences [Andreoni, J., Miller, J., 2002. Giving according to GARP: an experimental test of the consistency of preferences for Altruism. Econometrica 70 (2), 737–753] were conducted to examine two issues: first, are classroom points a salient reward medium (comparable to cash in research experiments)? Secondly, does experiment timing during the semester influence results. Subject choices are consistent with the existence of well-behaved utility functions, indicating that points experiments can be valid. Secondly, subjects are more likely to be “selfish” when the experiment is conducted early rather than late in the academic semester. This result has behavioral implications for environments where nonmonetary incentives prevail, as well as implications for the growing number of instructors using experiments and follow-up discussion in the classroom.
Context excitation and modulation of conditioned sexual behavior

Three experiments were conducted to investigate direct and modulatory influences of context in the conditioned sexual behavior of male Japanese quail. A preference test procedure was used to assess the acquisition of contextual excitation. In Experiment 1, following direct context-unconditioned stimulus (US) pairings, male quail shifted their contextual preference from an initially preferred context to one in which they received copulatory opportunity with a female quail (US). Unpaired control group subjects did not demonstrate this shift in preference. This place preference procedure was used in Experiments 2 and 3 to assess contextual excitation when context was trained in the presence of a discrete conditioned stimulus (CS). Experiment 2 provided evidence that context can modulate responding to a discrete CS. In Experiment 3, we varied the spatial contiguity between the context and the US. Some subjects received the US directly in the training context, whereas other subjects received the US in an alternate context. Contextual excitation was evident only in subjects that received the former. Thus, there is a dissociation between the modulatory and excitatory properties of context in sexual conditioning that may depend on the context-US spatial contiguity.