cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition from gravity- to inertia-dominated behavior computed for the turbulent stably-stratified filling of an open enclosure

This paper treats the unsteady mixed convection processes occurring during the stably-stratified bottom filling of an open enclosure with application to stratified thermal storage devices. Central to the performance of these devices is the extent of thermal mixing which occurs at the interface between the hot and cold fluid volumes as one or the other is displaced from the vessel. Useful volume fraction, a parameter reflecting the temperature limited usefulness of the stored fluid, and internal entropy generation are used to characterize the extent of thermodynamic losses in time and their variation with flow rates ranging from well-stratified to highly-mixed conditions. The transition to highly-mixed behavior is critically important since it limits the achievable energy discharge rates. Distinct trends in the variation of cumulative performance with Reynolds number indicate this transition occurs at Froude numbers of approximately one and lead to identification of a gravity-dominated and an inertia-dominated regime. In the gravity-dominated regime, the useful volume fraction increases linearly with time after an initial adjustment period and the turbulent diffusivity affects the variation of entropy generation only at the edges of the relatively distinct thermocline. Within the thermocline, the turbulent kinetic energy is completely damped by gravity. However, in the inertia-dominated or highly-mixed regime, the useful volume fraction starts to drop in the later stages of the filling process and appreciable entropy generation levels are distributed across a relatively wide thermocline with turbulent diffusivity playing a significant role throughout.
Late Ordovician—Early Silurian Conodont Biostratigraphy, Inyo Mountains, California

Conodonts from two measured sections of the slightly metamorphosed Ely Springs Dolomite in the central Inyo Mountains of California indicate that the Ordovician-Silurian systemic boundary occurs at the middle of the formation and not at the top as previously reported. The lower member of the formation contains conodonts characteristic of Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) age; the middle and upper members contain conodonts characteristic of Early Silurian (Llandoverian) age. This is one of the first indications of a diverse conodont fauna within this stratigraphic interval in the southwestern Great Basin.
Sexual concurrency among young African American women

Young African-American women are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) sexually transmitted infections (STI), and engage in greater sexual concurrency than other race/ethnicities. It is important to evaluate behaviors and characteristics associated with the risk of sexual concurrency, so that interventions can target factors most likely to affect positive change. An emphasis on correlates of concurrency beyond individual-level factors has been suggested. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to identify individual- and partner-level characteristics associated with sexual concurrency among high-risk, young African-American women. Data were collected from 570 African-American adolescent women (aged 15-21) recruited from a STI clinic, a family planning clinic, and a teen clinic located in Atlanta, GA from March 2002 through August 2004. Logistic regression analysis was conducted in 2012 to evaluate correlates of sexual concurrency. Results show that almost one-quarter of participants reported sexually concurrent partnerships and 28.4% suspected male partner concurrency. Logistic regression results indicated the number of lifetime sexual partners and relationship factors were the primary contributors to engaging in concurrency in this sample. These findings suggest relationship factors may be important contributors to the prevalence of sexual concurrency among young African-American women. Interventions targeted toward sexual health among young African-American women may need to specifically address partner/relationship factors. Through these findings, we hope to better understand sexual risk taking and develop strategies that would overcome barriers to existing interventions aimed at improving the sexual health outcomes of young African-American women.
On-line estimation of transmission line parameters, temperature and sag using PMU measurements

Abstract This paper presents a framework for estimating transmission line positive sequence parameters, temperature, and sag utilizing on-line voltage and current phasors measured by Phasor Measurement Units. Transmission line parameters, temperature, and sag are vital inputs to various power system analyses and applications, such as the power flow analysis, the protective relaying application, and the dynamic thermal rating application. In this study, different types of transmission line topology are classified and modeled to facilitate the development of corresponding algorithms. All models are based on distributed parameters, so it automatically considers the shunt capacitance effect of long lines. It is assumed that the line is transposed. The proposed least squares based algorithms harness the non-linear optimal estimation theory and are capable of detecting and identifying bad data, minimizing the impact of measurement errors and thus significantly improving the estimation accuracy. The line temperature and sag are calculated according to the obtained parameter estimates. Numerical case studies based on simulated data are presented.
Computational method for determining the no-escape envelope of a short-range missile

A is described for solving the missile-avoidance problem for a realistically modeled fire-and-forget missile. The method combines analysis and detailed simulation to derive data for missile avoidance and attack over the complete operational envelope of the missile.
High input impedance biological amplifier

Abstract A low level high input impedance general purpose biological amplifier is described.
A GIS-based evaluation of risks due to trihalomethane exposure during showering in coastal Texas

Disinfection of water supplies with chlorine is essential to water treatment, but can lead to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in the presence of natural organic matter. Exposure to THMs via inhalation during daily activities such as showering can significantly increase cancer risks. An innovative decision support system was developed for evaluating THM exposure and risks in water supplies in the Gulf Coast region of Texas by combining a shower THM volatilization model, geospatial analysis techniques, and risk assessment methodologies. Based on THM data from fourteen locations in the region, a power-law equation was developed to predict the formation of THMs in groundwater wells. Health risks associated with THMs in the water supplies of the Gulf Coast of Texas were evaluated. Cancer risks were found to vary from 7.14 × 10−7 to 7.75 × 10−6. While two-thirds of the geographical area was below the threshold risk of 1 × 10−6, it accounted for only a tenth of the total population. Metropolitan areas such as Corpus Christi and McAllen, which currently use surface water sources, and Houston, which is seeking alternate water sources due to subsidence issues, were found to have significant cancer risks (in excess of one in a million). A third of the population of Texas is housed in the Gulf Coast region, and with more population migration toward the metropolitan areas, it is recommended that water resource management decisions be made taking into consideration both the quantity and quality of water available.
Controlled field experiments of wind effects on thermal signatures of buried and surface-laid landmines

Thermal signatures of buried land mines depend on a complex combination of environmental conditions, soil properties, and properties and burial depth of the land mine. Due to the complex nature of the problem most modeling and experimental efforts to understand thermal signatures of land mines have focused on the effects of one or a few variables. Of these variables, the effect of wind speed has received little attention in modeling and experimental studies. In this contribution we discuss the role of wind in the generation of thermal images and we present results of field experiments at the outdoor land mine detection test facility at New Mexico Tech. Here, several anti-tank and anti-personnel land mine simulants have been buried in sand, loam, and clay soils. During the measurements the environmental and soil conditions were continuously monitored using a fully equipped weather station and using probes for measurements of soil temperature and soil water content.
Mitotic activity in the lumbosacral spinal cord of Rana pipiens larvae after thyroxine or thiourea treatment.

Mitotic activity in the lumbosacral spinal cord of Rana pipiens larvae reaches an initial, minor peak during larval stage III (limb-bud) and a major peak during larval stage VI (foot paddle) after which it tapers off sharply, concomitant with the sealing together, in a dorso-ventral direction, of the majority of the spinal cord lumen. Without exception, mitotic activity is concentrated in the dorsal ependymal region, immediately surrounding the lumen. Cell division appears to occur in a diurnally rhythmic pattern with peaks of mitotic activity occurring at approximately 3:00 am and 3:00 pm . Treatment by immersion in 50 μ g/per liter of thyroxine results in a significant increase in mitotic activity in all regions of the spinal cord, with the proportionately greatest increase occurring in both dorsal and ventral extraependymal portions. Exposure to 0.02% thiourea results in diminished mitotic activity, especially in the ventral extra-ependymal portion. In addition to the stimulus provided by peripheral musculature and the seemingly intrinsic mitotic ability of ependymal cells, it is apparent that cells in the spinal cord are competent to respond by dividing to a third agent, thyroid hormone.
The Assignment of Quantum Numbers for Electrons in Molecules. III. Diatomic Hydrides

The known electronic states of diatomic hydride molecules (MH) are derivable from unexcited H plus familiar low-energy states of M atoms (Hund, Hulth\'en, Mecke, Mulliken: cf. Table I). Observed states, and \`especially observed $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ intervals in $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ or $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ states of such MH molecules (cf. Table III), indicate that the effects of the H on the M atom are confined essentially to the following: (1) the couplings, when present, between ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ vectors of M atom outer electrons to give a resultant $l$ are completely broken down by the field of the H nucleus; the M atom orbits are otherwise scarcely changed, except for slight shielding or similar effects produced by the H electron and nucleus; the usual ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ selection rules are, however, abolished; (2) the uncoupled vectors ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ are separately space-quantized with reference to the electric axis, giving component quantum numbers ${i}_{l\ensuremath{\tau}}$; (3) the electron of the H atom (${i}_{l\ensuremath{\tau}}=0$) is promoted and takes its place with the M electrons, sometimes becoming equivalent to one of them giving a new closed shell (of two electrons); the H nucleus, however, stays on the outside edge of the M electron cloud, so that the hydrides should in general be strongly polar, in agreement with Mecke's conclusions: (4) the original couplings of ${s}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ vectors are often broken down by the advent of the H electron spin; always, the latter alters the original multiplicity by one unit. In Table II and the related discussion, data are presented as evidence that molecular stability is primarily a matter of promotion energy, rather than of valence bonds in the sense of Lewis or London. In connection with Table III, a simple explanation is given of observed multiplet widths $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ in $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ and $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}$ states of MH molecules in terms of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ values of corresponding M atoms in states resulting from dissociation of MH. Usually $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{MH}}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{M}}}$ is a little under $\frac{2}{3}$; the factor $\frac{2}{3}$ is that expected, according to theory, from the space-quantization of ${l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}'\mathrm{s}$ to give ${i}_{{l}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}}'\mathrm{s}$.
Structural and electronic properties of the Al-GaAs(110) interface

Studies of both the structural and electronic properties of the Al-GaAs(110) interface are presented. It is found that the generally accepted relaxed GaAs(110) surface geometry is energetically unfavorable when the interface with Al is formed. The energy released from the interfacial back relaxation is more than 0.35 eV/(surface atom). Many of the salient features found here are consistent with a previous calculation of the Al-GaAs interface using a jellium model for Al. The presence of a high density of continuum states in the semiconductor energy gap is not sensitive to the interfacial structures, but the details are structure dependent. Estimates of the decay length and density at the Fermi level of the metal-induced gap states for the ideal interface are in good agreement with those from the jellium-model calculation. A new feature, absent in the jellium model, is the formation of Al---As bonds, which substantially reduces the density of states near the top of the valence band.
Quantum Thermodynamics: Excuse our ignorance

Classically, the second law of thermodynamics implies that our knowledge about a system always decreases. A more flattering interpretation connects entropy with the uncertainty inherent to quantum mechanics.
Long-term effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists NBQX and MK-801 on the developing brain.

Because of the critical role of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in epileptogenesis and seizure-induced brain damage, EAA antagonists are now being considered as a possible therapy for seizures. However, during development EAAs play a pivotal role in learning, memory, and brain plasticity. To evaluate the long-term effects of a short course of EAA antagonists on the developing brain, a non-NMDA antagonist, NBQX, or a NMDA antagonist, MK-801, were administered over 7 days by osmotic pumps stereotaxically implanted into the lateral ventricles of normal 10 day old rats. Alternatively, 10 and 20 day old rats received a 7 day course of intraperitoneal (i.p.) NBQX. One month later, the NBQX-, MK-801-treated rats, and controls underwent a series of behavioral studies: handling test, open field, and Morris water maze. Flurothyl inhalation was used to test seizure susceptibility in all groups. Although all of the rats treated with NBQX via osmotic pumps has spontaneous seizure, rats surviving infusion of EAAs had no deficits in learning, memory, or behavior and did not differ from controls in seizure susceptibility with flurothyl. In the developing animal, a short-term course of EAA antagonists leads to no long-term adverse effects on behavior or seizure susceptibility.
Wounded Healers: Graduate Students with Histories of Trauma in a Family Violence Course

Social work students are witness to a variety of challenges from course content through scenarios, videos, role-plays, and field practice. Students may be vulnerable to experiencing vicarious traumatization from this exposure. Some students, however, may have personal histories of trauma and may therefore experience posttraumatic stress reactions due to triggering of past trauma through course content. This case study examines feedback from three graduate students from a family violence class who self-identified that they had personal histories of trauma from family violence. Their feedback can be beneficial to instructors in managing students' reactions that might be triggered from course content.
Building rich, semantic descriptions of learning activities to facilitate reuse in digital libraries

This paper describes efforts to extend educational descriptions of learning objects to enable semantic search for suitable resources held within digital libraries and cyberinfrastructure, and describes some further advantages that accrue from the use of formal description languages (ontologies) to describe both pedagogy and domain content. These advantages include: semantic browsing and visualization of learning object contents, advanced search capabilities linking to several different online collections, easy extension of learning objects with external content added by learners and educators, and utilization of the many rich models of education and educational domains now available as ontologies. As well as conceptual justifications and descriptions of our work, we provide examples throughout to concretize the ideas presented, using learning objects developed for college-level education in geography and the geosciences. We conclude with some thoughts on the further possibilities that arise from the application of detailed semantics, and associated reasoning, in the pursuit of genuinely reusable educational content that integrates more closely with community research activities such as exemplified by e-science.
Feeding effects on the neuroendocrine regulated development of fat body mitochondria in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract Fat body mitochondria in male Blaberus discoidalis showed a stepwise three-fold development in succinoxidase activity during the first 10 days of adult life. Long-term corpora cardiaca deficiency or prevention of feeding by oral blockage prevented the third step in succinoxidase development. Starvation alone did not prevent the complete development. Administration of corpora cardiaca extracts to orally blocked animals stimulated the final development of succinoxidase activity. It is speculated that the mechanical acts of feeding stimulate neurosecretory activity which increases the metabolic capacity of the fat body through effects on mitochondriogenesis.
A Simple Computational Scheme for Determining the Sound Speed of an Acoustic Medium from Its Surface Impulse Response

We describe an algorithm for recovering the sound speed of a one-dimensional half space from its impulse response at the boundary. Similar techniques for some related optimization problems are also discussed, and results of numerical experiments are given.
TU-A-201B-04: Estimating Dose to Eye Lens and Skin from Radiation Dose from CT Brain Perfusion Examinations: Comparison to CTDIvol Values

Purpose: In brain perfusion studies, the patient's head is scanned repeatedly at one location over a short period of time to monitor contrast wash in and wash out. This may result in high radiation doses to the skin and the eye lens and possibly deterministic effects. The purpose of this study is to estimate the radiation dose to skin and eye lens from brain perfusion studies under a variety of scanning conditions and to compare these to CTDIvol. Method and Materials:Skin dose and eye lens dose were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations with a detailed patient model (GSF Model Irene) and CT source models. Brain perfusion scans were simulated with axial scans using the widest available collimation at various scan locations. For each available kVp, the total mAs (mAs/rotation × number of rotations) to reach 2 Gy for eye lens and for skin was determined. Meanwhile, CTDIvol under each condition was obtained to investigate how well it predicts these doses. Results: For all kVps at four different scanners, the total number of rotations that would cause the dose to eye lens and skin reach 2Gy were calculated. For example, for a 300 mAs/rotation scan at 120kVp for scanner B, 58 rotations would result in an eye lens dose of 2Gy, and 47 rotations would result in a maximum skin dose of 2Gy. Depending on different kVp, CTscanners, and scan location, CTDIvol overestimates the eye lens dose by 46% to 18500% and it overestimates the skin dose by 25% to 82%. Conclusion: This study provides detailed information about the radiation dose to eye lens and skin from CTbrain perfusion examinations. CTDIvol reported on the scanner console generally overestimates the dose to eye lens and skin. The results could help to improve the design of CT scan protocols.
An Astronomical Theory of Tektites

It is supposed that the small, natural-glass bodies known as tektites were originally derived in major part from the glassy basalt, or tachylyte, which forms the deeper crustal layer of the earth, exposed chiefly on the floor of the Pacific basin, at the time of the fissional separation of the moon; furthermore, that the earthly tektites represent only a small section of the vast swarms of tiny satellites which remained revolving about the earth within the Roche limit, and particularly that section of the satellites having a revolutional period closely coinciding with the period of the earth's rotation. Such swarms would have remained approximately above the Pacific basin, but would have gradually fallen behind and tended to be drawn to the earth, on account of perturbations resulting from the gradual retardation of the moon. Cumulative perturbations and other related factors have caused swarms of these bodies to come down to the earth at widely separated geologic periods in the earth's history, such falls having been particularly extensive along a great-circle route crossing the western edge of the Pacific basin. This circumstance would account for the great quantity and wide distribution of the Indo-malaysian tektites ***espeoially, which are of almost identical chemical composition, while other showers of tektites came at different geologic periods and varied somewhat in composition and physical appearance.
The Texas Cytoplasm of Maize: Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Disease Susceptibility

The Texas cytoplasm of maize carries two cytoplasmically inherited traits, male sterility and disease susceptibility, which have been of great interest both for basic research and plant breeding. The two traits are inseparable and are associated with an unusual mitochondrial gene, T-urf13, which encodes a 13-kilodalton polypeptide (URF13). An interaction between fungal toxins and URF13, which results in permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, accounts for the specific susceptibility to the fungal pathogens.
Pathology of Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension: Clinicopathologic Study in Pediatric Patients

From 1995-2002, 14 patients with predominantly prehepatic, noncirrhotic portal hypertension were evaluated. At presentation, the eight females and six males had a mean age of 9 years (range 2-18). Seven were admitted with gastrointestinal, mostly esophageal bleeding, three with splenomegaly, three with hepato-pulmonary syndrome, and one with hyperammonemia. Imaging studies showed portal vein obstruction in six patients and non-obstructed but frequently anomalous vascular patterns, including hypoplasia of the portal vein, in the remaining eight patients. At the onset, liver function was marginally abnormal in all patients, but thrombocytopenia of approximately 100 x 10(9)/L was consistently observed, probably reflecting chronic mild consumption coagulopathy and hypersplenism. The most striking and frequent histopathologic finding in 25 liver samples, was the presence of hypoplastic portal triads with collapsed portal vein radicles. In contrast, other triads showed markedly distended and misshapen portal vein radicles and likely lymphatics. These two patterns of collapse and distention presumably reflect areas of impaired versus overloaded intrahepatic portal venous flow. Some of the biopsies showed variable portal/sinusoidal fibrosis. Four patients (two with intestinal bleeding, two with hepatopulmonary syndrome) required liver transplants and are doing well. Eight patients are doing well clinically after surgical or spontaneous vascular shunting. Two patients with intestinal bleeding and hepato-pulmonary syndrome, respectively) who had congenital dyskeratosis, underwent bone marrow transplantation and died of nonhepatic-related complications. It is possible to suggest prehepatic causes of portal hypertension even in needle biopsies when collapsed portal vein radicles are present in portal triads, but more than one biopsy sample with larger bore bioptomes may be required to see the changes. Conversely, identifying these changes may suggest to the clinicians the need to work-up a patient for portal hypertension.
Anti-glycolipid antibodies and their immune complexes in multiple sclerosis☆☆☆

Antibody titers against myelin constituents in sera and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were examined by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Anti-GM4 and anti-galactocerebroside antibody titers were significantly elevated in the CSF of MS patients, but not anti-GM1 and anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. In sera of MS patients, the titers of antibodies against these myelin constituents were not elevated. Total IgG level was also significantly elevated in the CSF, but not in the sera of MS patients. Immune complexes from the CSF of MS patients were dissociated by acid-ultrafiltration and assayed for antibodies to GM4, GM1, and galactocerebroside. Anti-GM4 and antigalactocerebroside antibody titers were significantly enhanced after acid dissociation and ultrafiltration. These data suggest that antibodies of the IgG class against GM4 and galactocerebroside are present in CSF of MS patients, and a significant number of them exist as immune complexes with their corresponding glycolipid antigens.
Optoelectronic mixer based on high power modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode

We demonstrate for the first time an optoelectronic mixer with an up-converted power > 0 dBm. A high up-converted power of 0.7 dBm has been achieved with a low conversion loss of −3.2 dB at 60 GHz.
Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from the Feces of Naturally Infected Cats

Feces of 1,000 cats from a humane shelter in Columbus, Ohio, were examined microscopically for oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii and by inoculation into mice. From the first 541 cats examined, oocysts of Toxoplasma were found in the feces of seven cats but in none of the remaining 459 cats. Results of the dye test in these seven cats showed titers of antibody of <1:2 in four cats, and of 1:8, 1:6, and 1:32 in the remaining three cats. The pathogenicity and infectivity of oocysts and cysts of all seven strains were compared in mice after oral and intraperitoneal inoculations. Oocysts and cysts were more pathogenic when administered by the oral route than by the intraperitoneal route. The cysts were less pathogenic than the oocysts. Excellent cross-immunity between six of these seven feline strains and the M-7741 strain was demonstrated in cats by the fact that oocysts were not shed in the feces of cats challenged with cysts of homologous or heterologous strains.
GATA-6 activates transcription of surfactant protein A.

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a member of the collectin family of innate host defense molecules expressed primarily in respiratory epithelial cells of the lung. SP-A concentrations are influenced by both cell-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that regulate SP-A gene transcription in a cell-selective and temporally regulated manner. In this work, a consensus GATA-binding site (GBS) was identified at positions −69 to −64 of the mouse SP-A gene. The transcriptional activity of wild-type SP-A reporter constructs in HeLa cells was increased 5–10-fold when cotransfected with a GATA-6 expression plasmid. Deletion of the GBS completely blocked transactivation by GATA-6. Transfection of a construct expressing GATA-6-engrailed fusion protein inhibited basal expression of the SP-A/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct in MLE-15 cells. Nuclear extract proteins from MLE-15 cells bound to the GBS in the mouse SP-A gene, and a supershifted band was detected with a GATA-6-specific antibody. Transactivation of the wild-type SP-A constructs by GATA-6 increased transcriptional activity 7–10-fold, whereas thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) increased the activity of these constructs 12–18-fold. The effects of cotransactivating with both GATA-6 and TTF-1 expression constructs were additive. However, mutation of the TTF-1-binding sites alone or in combination decreased GATA-6 transactivation. Likewise, mutation of the GBS blocked TTF-1 activation of the SP-A promoter. In situ hybridization demonstrated GATA-6 mRNA in the peripheral epithelial cells of fetal mouse lung, consistent with the sites of SP-A expression. GATA-6 is expressed in respiratory epithelial cells and binds to acis-acting element in the SP-A gene promoter, activating the transcriptional activity of the gene.
Site-specific control of T cell traffic in the brain: T cell entry to brainstem vs. hippocampus after local injection of IFN-γ

Abstract Although it is known that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides can affect immune function in vitro, less is understood about how the neural environment affects immune function in the brain. Previously, we showed that regulation of parenchymal class II MHC after local injection of IFN-γ is site-specific. In this companion study, we defined the effect of local IFN-γ on the entry of class II-restricted T cells to the brain parenchyma. To activate endogenous T cells, adult CDF rats were immunized with a normal neural antigen (MBP). Two weeks later, the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ (100 to 10,000 U/site) was injected stereotaxically into two neurochemically and anatomically distinct sites, the hippocampus (area CA1) and brainstem (nucleus of the solitary tract). Monoclonal R73 was used to detect T cells on cryostat sections. The greatest difference was seen 48 h after 300 U IFN-γ was injected at each site, when there were several-fold more parenchymal T cells in the brainstem than in the hippocampus. Most parenchymal T cells were CD4 + /class II-restricted. Thus, parenchymal T cell entry and parenchymal class II up-regulation show the same hierarchy (brainstem≫hippocampus) after local IFN-γ injection, although T cell entry was more sensitive to the IFN-γ dose. We suggest that the local regulatory environment contributes to site-specific immune regulation, and discuss implications for the distribution of MS plaques and other aspects of local immune control. Further, in interpreting the many previous studies of cytokine-mediated immune changes in the CNS, the possibility of site-specific differences should be considered.
Role of imposed cyclic straining on the stress relaxation behavior of eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder joints

Solder joints experience repeated reverse straining during thermal excursions encountered in service, as a consequence of stresses that arise due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between entities present in the joint. They also undergo stress relaxation under fixed strain during dwell times at temperature extremes encountered during service. In order to understand the fundamental processes involved under such conditions, cyclic shear straining with associated stress relaxation at the shear strain extremes were imposed during stress relaxation of pre-strained solder joints at various temperatures. Results of such studies were compared with previously reported findings from monotonic shear stressing and stress relaxation tests. Residual stress during stress relaxation under repeated reverse straining exhibited significant decrease for specimens deformed to a higher pre-strain at a higher pre-strain rate, at lower temperature. Stress relaxation during subsequent cycles of straining was found to be strongly dependant on the test temperature and the imposed pre-strain amplitude and pre-strain rate.
Early Experiences With Big Data At An Academic Medical Center

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), an academic health care institution affiliated with Harvard University, has been an early adopter of electronic applications since the 1970s. Various departments of the medical center and the physician practice groups affiliated with it have implemented electronic health records, filmless imaging, and networked medical devices to such an extent that data storage at BIDMC now amounts to three petabytes and continues to grow at a rate of 25 percent a year. Initially, the greatest technical challenge was the cost and complexity of data storage. However, today the major focus is on transforming raw data into information, knowledge, and wisdom. This article discusses the data growth, increasing importance of analytics, and changing user requirements that have shaped the management of big data at BIDMC.
Incentives to lead, follow, or compete: comparative national choices of international copyright

I study the desirability and incentives for countries to lead or follow in international copyright policy making by analyzing a lead-follow model of international copyright and comparing it with a competitive model. The analyses suggest that the lead-follow model is globally preferable except when the information products have short economic life in the leading country. In this exceptional case, the incentives of individual countries are compatible with global welfare as they also prefer the globally preferable competitive model. However, in the cases where the lead-follow model is globally preferable, individual countries do not always have the incentive to lead or follow. For example, a small country may prefer competition over leading or following, as competition may allow it to free-ride on the copyright protection provided by the larger country. This suggests that ‘extraordinary’ incentive is sometimes needed to induce individual countries to adopt the lead-follow model of international copyright whe...
The lateral pedunculo-nigral area and visual discrimination performance in the white rat

Discrete bilateral electrolytic lesions destroying the lateral half of the cerebral peduncle and overlying substantia nigra at prerubral levels (which disjoin a pathway from the occipital cortex to the brainstem reticular formation) in the rat produced profound losses in retention of a brightness and a pattern discrimination habit. Lesions damaging the substantia nigra alone had significantly smaller effects on retention. These results, in conjunction with others, support the notion that a direct occipitoreticular pathway may be involved in the performance of visual discrimination habits, possibly serving in attention to visual cues, visuomotor integration, and/or formation of visual engrams.
Robust paramagnetism in Bi2-xMxRu2O7 (M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu) pyrochlore

We report magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and Seebeck coefficients for Bi{sub 2-x}M{sub x}Ru{sub 2}O{sub 7} pyrochlore. The solid solution exists up to x=0.5 for M=Cu,Ni,Co and up to x=0.1 for M=Fe,Mn. The doped materials do not exhibit ferromagnetism or any localized ruthenium moment behavior. Instead we find the Ru-O and Bi-O sublattices to be essentially independent, with any magnetism resulting from the unpaired first-row transition metal dopant spins. Cobalt substitution for bismuth results in localized Co{sup 2+} and low-temperature spin-glass transitions in several cases. Nickel moments on the pyrochlore lattice display properties intermediate to localized and itinerant. Finally, copper doping results in an enhancement of the Pauli metallic density of states.
Effects of multiple O3 exposures on carbohydrate and mineral contents of ladino clover

Abstract Ladino clover plants of various ages were exposed for 5 consecutive days for 6 hr/day to either carbon-filtered air or 0.1 ppm O 3 during one of two growth periods (August or April). The plants were grown during June–August and during January–April. Plants were harvested 1 week after receiving the final O 3 exposure. Ozone reduced root, shoot and plant dry weights and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC, mg/g). Root TNC was not modified by O 3 . When O 3 induced reductions were expressed on a per cent basis, the reductions were identical for the two experimental growth periods. Plant size and TNC content were greater for plants grown during the January–April growth period whereas mineral content (% or ppm) was greater plants from June to August. When mineral content was altered by O 3 (and this varied with growth period), O 3 increased mineral content except for reductions in plant Na (during June–August growth period) and shoot S (determined only for January–April growth period). The potential effects of multiple O 3 exposures on forage quality and quantity are discussed.
Land Disposal of Centrate from Biosolids Production

Arid land and riparian plants were irrigated with a liquid wastewater stream (centrate) from biosolids production at a municipal sewage treatment facility. Centrate containing approximately 1000 mg/l ammonia nitrogen was diluted with Tucson city tap water to provide treatments of 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100% centrate, along with a dilution water control. Plants grown in 19-l containers in a greenhouse were irrigated daily with 6.7 l of solution over a 7-week period. All species exhibited a fertilizing effect at concentrations up to 5 and 10% centrate, equivalent to approximately 50 and 100 mg/l NH3–N, but then inhibitory above 100 mg/l. No plants survived on the 50 or 100% treatments. If centrate were to be diverted from the wastewater facility to be disposed of on the land, it was estimated that the total nitrogen content of the biosolids produced by the plant would be reduced by 11%. This reduction would have only a small impact on the value of the biosolids for soil amendment applications.
No-Choice Study of Plant-Insect Interactions for Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Selected Cottons

Cotton plant-insect interactions were studied on selected upland cotton phenotypes in 1981 and 1982. Neonatal bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), larvae were confined for 7 days in the field, using whole-plant cages. Results indicated that certain cultivars and breeding stocks were significantly more resistant than others, as shown by less bollworm damage to plant parts, and by reduced bollworm growth and survival due to antibiosis or feeding nonpreference. The glanded cultivars ‘CAMDE’ and ‘SP-21S’ and the breeding stocks ORSC, ORSBO, and HG-1 tended to be more resistant than the glanded ‘SP-37’ and the glandless stocks RDC-102 and STV-213 (gl). ‘Stoneville 213’ tended to be intermediate in resistance. Correlations of tannin quantity, relative astringency, and terpenoid content with bollworm growth, survival, and plant damage, showed that the highest correlations occurred between relative tannin astringency and all insect and plant damage parameters. Tannin relative astringency appears to be a useful method of screening cotton for bollworm resistance.
Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(s) (MIF) by virus-transformed cells☆

Abstract Rodent cell lines transformed by SV40, polyoma virus and Rous sarcoma virus cultured in vitro release material into the culture medium which inhibits the migration of guinea pig macrophages. Similar macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF) were not detected in cell-free supernatants harvested from untransformed cell cultures. Comparison of the MIF produced by virus-transformed cells with MIF derived from peripheral lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) revealed that they had similar molecular weights (25 000), heat stability and were both inhibited by α-fucose and lotus agglutinin. Incubation of MIF-containing cell-free supernatants from transformed cells with pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropylfluorophosphate eliminated the MIF activity. The possible identity of the MIF released by transformed cells as a protease is discussed with reference to a potential role in modifying the surface properties of transformed cells.
Learnability and the Lexicon: Theories and second language acquisition research

This book provides a critical review of recent theories of semantics-syntax correspondences and makes new proposals for constraints on semantic structure relevant to syntax. Data from several languages are presented which suggest that semantic structure in root morphemes is subject to parametric variation which has effect across a variety of verb classes, including locatives, unaccusatives, and psych verbs.The implications for first and second language acquisition are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that different parametric settings may lead to a learnability problem if adult learners do not retain access to sensitivity to underlying semantic organization and morphological differences between languages provided by Universal Grammar. An experiment with Chinese-speaking learners of English is presented which shows that learners initially transfer L1 semantic organization to the L2, but are able to retreat from overgeneralisations and achieve native-like grammars in this area. Suggestions for further research in this rapidly developing area of theory and acquisition research are also made.
Thermal Stability of Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites Subjected to Laser Pulse Heating

Abstract Polypropylene based nanocomposites filled with montmorillonite nanoclay prepared by twin screw extrusion have been studied for thermal stability at high heating rates. In contrast to traditional thermal stability and flammability studies of polymer nanocomposites using heating rates on the order of tens of degrees per minute, this study achieves heating rates that are six orders of magnitude higher. This was accomplished using laser pulse heating. The results show that the nanoclay increases thermal stability of the polymer, as measured by a decrease in the mass loss for a laser pulse at a given energy and intensity. Electron microscopy and various spectroscopic techniques show that a silicate-rich char layer may provide the mechanism for protection of the polymer and decreased degradation rates. The results of the study are compared to the typical results found in traditional thermal stability testing.
Senior Loan Funds as a Money Market Alternative

Senior or bank-loan funds are becoming an increasingly popular alternative to money-market funds despite their increased risk. Senior loans are generally variable interest rate loans made to corporations with average to poor credit ratings. The attraction for investors is that senior loans should not lose their value as interest rates rise and, in fact, should generate higher yields as rates increase. In addition, senior loans usually hold collateral against the borrower9s assets, and thus the cost of default is lower than with typical high-yield bonds. We explore the characteristics of these funds to determine: 1) whether they do in fact move in tandem with interest rates, and 2) what role they should play as a money-market alternative.
Wing-Body Interference Lift for Supersonic Missiles with Elliptical Cross-Section Fuselages

The effect of elliptical fuselage cross sections on wing lift is calculated for supersonic, delta-wing missiles at Mach 3 and 4. Aspect ratios of 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 are considered. Wing lift in the presence of an elliptical fuselage is computed by solving the Euler equations using a finite-difference method, and it is presented in terms of the wing-body interference parameter KH(Br The fuselage cross sections are defined in terms of the ratio of their vertical-to-horizontal semiaxes B/R. KW(B) values are presented for B/R =0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.4 for planar and cruciform fin configurations. Numerical results at constant Mach number and fin size show that Kvy(R} decreases as B/R increases. For small fins, typical of missiles, wing lift is quite sensitive to fuselage shape; whereas for large wings, typical of airplanes, wing lift is not very sensitive to fuselage shape. As Mach number increases for a specific fin size, KW(B) increases slightly for B/R 1; however, for preliminary design purposes the change in KmB) with Mach number is negligible. Evaluation of KmB} is necessary for missile preliminary design component build-up methods. Simple equations are presented for KmB} as a function of wing span to body radius ratio and B/R, which are suitable for preliminary design. KW(B) values from this research are the only ones available for elliptical cross section fuselages.
Information and Energy Flows in Graphical Networks with Energy Transfer and Reuse

The conventional analysis of communication over graphical networks assumes that the energy received by a node on its incoming links cannot be reused by the latter for transmission on its outgoing links. Motivated by the emerging applications of wireless energy transfer to communication networks, a framework is studied in which the received energy can be (partially) reused. The framework leads to optimization problems over both standard information flow variables and energy flow variables that generalize the conventional formulation in terms of information flow variables only. Both unicast and multicast models are studied, and numerical results are presented that bring insight into the roles of the energy flow variables and of network coding in the presence of energy reuse.
Role of CysE in Production of an Extracellular Signaling Molecule in Providencia stuartii and Escherichia coli: Loss of cysE Enhances Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli

A mini-Tn5Cm insertion has been identified that significantly reduced the amount of an extracellular activating signal for a lacZ fusion (cma37::lacZ) in Providencia stuartii. The transposon insertion was located immediately upstream of an open reading frame encoding a putative CysE ortholog. The CysE enzyme, serine acetyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of serine to O-acetyl-l-serine (OAS). This activating signal was also produced by Escherichia coli, and production was abolished in a strain containing a null allele of cysE. Products of the CysE enzyme (OAS, N-acetyl-l-serine [NAS], O-acetyl-l-threonine, and N-acetyl-l-threonine) were individually tested for the ability to activate cma37::lacZ. Only OAS was capable of activating the cma37::lacZ fusion. The ability of OAS to activate the cma37::lacZ fusion was abolished by pretreatment at pH 8.5, which converts OAS to NAS. However, the activity of the native signal in conditioned medium was not decreased by treatment at pH 8.5. In contrast, conditioned medium prepared from cells grown at pH 8.5 exhibited a 4- to 10-fold-higher activity, relative to pH 6.0. Additional genes regulated by the CysE-dependent signal and OAS were identified in P. stuartii and E. coli. The response to the extracellular signal in E. coli was dependent on CysB, a positive activator that requires NAS as a coactivator. In E. coli, a cysE mutant formed biofilms at an accelerated rate compared to the wild type, suggesting a physiological role for this extracellular signal.
Assessment of the cognitive effect of a prototype health education unit on sixth grade students.

The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive effects of a prototype health education teaching model on the cardiovascular health knowledge of selected sixth grade students. The level of significance for the study was set at .05. No significant differences between pre-test mean scores, experimental to control group were found. Significant differences between post-test mean scores, experimental to control group were noted. No significant differences between control group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found. Although significant experimental group pre-test to post-test mean scores were found in all four locations, no significant differences were found between the experimental post-test mean scores by geographic location.