cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OPUS: an optically parallel ultrasound sensor

Transmission ultrasound is not in widespread use, partially because of the time and expense of acquiring the data. We are addressing this problem with an optically parallel ultrasound sensor. The core of the sensor is a thin silicon nitride membrane patterned with gold to create 'acoustic pixels' over a large area. Each acoustic pixel vibrates at the frequency of the acoustic excitation. The thin membrane, supported by short walls over an optical substrate, with one side immersed in the ultrasound medium and the supported side exposed to air, flexes when an ultrasound pressure wave encounters it. This flexing causes the air gap between the optical substrate and the membrane to change. The change in the air gap modulates the reflection of an optical beam by frustrated total internal reflection. By strobing the optical beam, the deflection of the membrane can be detected and measured at any point through the acoustic period. Acquiring a sequence of images allow us to extract the relative pressure phase and amplitude. Proof of principle experiments have shown that we can build this sensor, and we are currently using a small aperture version to examine simple test objects.
Some Costs and Benefits of Markets: An Empirical Study

I. Introduction, 81.—II. Bureaucratization, 82.—III. Personnel serving the market function, 86.—IV. Expenditure of shopping time, 91.—V. Some broader issues, 98.—VI. Summary, 100.—Statistical notes, 100.
Magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic rare-earth—transition-metal films and multilayers

Abstract In this paper we present a brief report on magnetization studies of three different types of rare-earth—transition-metal ferrimagnetic thin films. The first consists of compositionally modulated Gd 0.15 Fe 0.85 /Gd 0.40 Fe 0.60 where the two compositions are on different sides of the magnetic compensation point (Gd 0.26 Fe 0.74 ) at room temperature. The compositionally modulated layers therefore form an artificial (macroscopic) superlattice antiferromagnet which exhibits both spin-flop transitions and enhanced in-plane anisotropy owing to classical dipolar effects. We also report magnetization measurements on a homogeneous film of Tb 0.23 Fe 0.77 , which exhibits large perpendicular anisotropy typical of amorphous TbFe thin films as well as a spin-flop transition near 60 kOe. Finally, we present data on a film of Gd 0.40 Fe 0.60 (300 A)/Fe(10 A)/Pd(100 A)/Fe(30 A) which demonstrates a practical method of determining the strength of ferromagnetic coupling between two magnetic layers from simple magnetization measurements.
Cerebellar blood flow and metabolism in cerebral hemisphere infarction

Positron emission tomography was used to study the effect of supratentorial infarction on cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen and cerebellar blood flow. In a control group of patients, the mean cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen was 2.97 +/- 0.11 (standard error of the mean [SEM] ) ml-1 . min-1 . hg-1 and mean cerebellar blood flow was 41.1 +/- 1.5 ml . min-1 . hg-1. No significant right-left asymmetry in either cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen or cerebellar blood flow was noted. Patients with frontal lobe infarction showed 16.8 +/- 1.8% (cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen) and 19.6 +/- 2.1% (cerebellar blood flow) differences between cerebellar hemispheres, with the hemisphere contralateral to the cerebral infarction having the lower values. These differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). In addition, cerebellar blood flow and cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere (metabolism: 2.13 +/- 0.19 ml . min-1 . hg-1; p less than 0.002; blood flow: 35.2 +/- 2.4 ml . min-1 . hg-1; p less than 0.05). Patients with parietooccipital infarction also showed a significant bilateral decrease in cerebellar metabolic rate for oxygen (2.43 +/- 0.11 ml . min-1 . hg-1) and cerebellar blood flow (34.6 +/- 2.5 ml . min-1 . hg-1) relative to control subjects, but no significant cerebellar asymmetry. Our findings demonstrate a general depression of cerebellar blood flow and metabolism from cerebral hemisphere infarction unrelated to the site of infarction as well as a specific depression occurring contralateral to infarction involving the frontal lobe. These are among the first quantitative data concerning regional cerebellar metabolic rates for oxygen and cerebellar blood flow in humans.
Radiation reaction. II

Regularized classical field theory [B. Ritchie,Found. Phys. Lett.4, 375 (1991)] is used to derive a new model for the Coulomb problem of an electron bound to an infinitely heavy nucleus. The model is solved numerically and interesting results are obtained, including the prediction of a stable ground state.
Immediate Feedback on Accuracy and Performance: The Effects of Wireless Technology on Food Safety Tracking at a Distribution Center

The effects of wireless ring scanners, which provided immediate auditory and visual feedback, were evaluated to increase the performance and accuracy of order selectors at a meat distribution center. The scanners not only increased performance and accuracy compared to paper pick sheets, but were also instrumental in immediate and accurate data capture and tracking in compliance with the Public Health Security Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (BTA) of 2002. The intervention, which required minimal training, successfully accelerated key operational processes and compliance with food safety mandates. The implications for Organizational Behavior Management practitioners are discussed.
Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp., Salmonella typhimurium DT104, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Ground Beef

In 19.1% fat ground beef, Escherichia coli O157:H7 was less heat- resistant at ≥58 °C than the Salmonella typhimurium DT104 and Salmonella senftenberg, but at 55 °C the D value was similar to DT104 strains and higher than an eight-strain Salmonella cocktail. Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was more temperature-dependent than the cocktail and DT104 strains. E. coli and DT104 strains were more heat-resistant in beef containing 19% fat than 4,8% fat. The cocktail was more thermally stable in stationary as compared to log phase. Freezing of inoculated raw meat decreased heat resistance of the cocktail. The pathogenic strain, growth phase of the organism, state of the meat (fresh or frozen) and meat composition must be considered when designing protocols to verify thermal processes. Cette etude determine la resistance thermique de Salmonella spp., Salmonella typhimurium DT104, et Escherichia coli O157:H7 dans des viandes de boeuf hachees a differents taux de matieres grasses. Les resultats indiquent que le type de pathogene, la phase de croissance, l'etat de la viande (fraiche ou congelee) et la teneur en matieres grasses doivent etre consideres lors de l'elaboration de protocoles de verification des procedes thermiques.
Photoisomerization and photocyclization reactivity of a cinnamaldehyde oxime analog

Abstract The photochemistry of the E,E- and E,Z-isomers of benzalcyclohexanone oxime has been investigated. Direct irradiation of the E,E-isomer gives primarily isomerization about the CN bond; sensitized irradiation of the E,E-isomer gives primarily isomerization about the CC bond. The E,Z-isomer gives primarily isomerization about the CC bond under both direct and sensitized conditions. The relative energies of the twisted intermediates and steric effects are used to rationalize these results. In the presence of acid, direct irradiation of either isomer gives isomerization about both double bonds. Electrocyclization to produce tetrahydroacridine is also enhanced under acidic conditions.
Laser studies of the reactivity of SiH with the surface of a depositing film

A new method for studying the interaction of radicals with the surface of a depositing film is presented. This method combines spatially resolved laser spectroscopy with molecular beam techniques and is demonstrated by measuring the state‐resolved reactivity of SiH molecules with the surface of a depositing amorphous hydrogenated silicon film. SiH molecules from a silane glow discharge react at the surface with greater than 0.94 probability. The spatial distribution of the desorbing SiH is consistent with a cosine angular distribution. No dependence of reactivity on rotational state of the SiH was observed.
Infectivity of recombinant strawberry vein banding virus DNA.

Infectivity of the cloned DNA genome of strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) was demonstrated by particle bombardment of 4-week-old strawberry (Fragaria vesca L. var. UC-5) plants with gold particles coated with the putative full-length 7·9 kb viral DNA. Vein banding symptoms developed on 15 % of inoculated plants 6–7 weeks post-inoculation. An approximate 1·25-mer of the viral DNA was cloned into the binary vector pCGN1547. Particle bombardment of this construct into strawberry plants gave an infection rate of 75 %. The construct was used for transformation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and infiltration of these cells into healthy strawberry leaves resulted in development of vein banding symptoms in 100 % of inoculated plants. Gel electrophoresis, Southern blot hybridization with an SVBV probe and sequence analyses of PCR-amplified DNA fragments were used to confirm SVBV infection in symptomatic plants.
Prevalence of Shigella Enterotoxin 1 among Shigella Clinical Isolates of Diverse Serotypes

Shigella enterotoxin 1 (ShET1) is a novel, iron-dependent, toxin encoded by chromosomal genes (set1). To determine the prevalence of this enterotoxin, 172 Shigella clinical isolates (and 10 enteroinvasive Escherichia coli [EIEC]) from distant areas worldwide, representing all 4 groups and 45 serotypes of Shigella, were screened for set1 by DNA colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction amplification. set1 was present in all 22 Shigella flexneri 2a strains tested but was rare in isolates of other Shigella serotypes (3.3%, 5/150) and not found in EIEC (0/10). That ShET1 is found almost exclusively in S. flexneri 2a may help explain the epidemiologic predominance of this serotype in the developing world.
Uptake and release of transferrin and iron by mitogen‐stimulated human lymphocytes

Phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes resulted in the expression of transferrin receptors and the uptake of iron into the cells. As assessed from the resistance of the 125I label to pronase, transferrin was rapidly bound and internalized at 37 degrees C, while at 4 degrees C 85% of the 125I label remained on the cell surface and was degraded by the pronase. Over 94% of the 125I label associated with and subsequently released from the cells was acid precipitable, indicating that transferrin was not degraded during its uptake and release. After reincubation for 1 h in fresh medium 70% of the cell associated 125I-transferrin was released. In contrast, less than 30% of the 59Fe was released, showing that iron was removed from transferrin and retained by the cells. Concentration dependent binding of 125I-transferrin estimated at 37 degrees C occurred with an apparent Ka of 5.7 +/- 1.1 X 10(7) l mol-1 (mean +/- SD, n = 4) indicating little variation between cells from different individuals, although the number of transferrin molecules associated with the cells varied greatly from 6.2 X 10(4)/cell to 1.4 X 10(5)/cell. The rate of iron uptake from 59Fe and 125I labelled transferrin at 37 degrees C by the cells from different subjects was also very variable, with a range between 0.46 and 2.27 pg Fe/min/10(6) cells (n = 6). However, iron uptake did not correlate with the amount of transferrin bound. This suggests that transferrin uptake and the release of iron from the transferrin to the interior of the cell are controlled independently.
Relations between the governor and the legislature in the model constitution

The Legislative Council, poposed in the Model Constitution of the National Municipal League, will not work as its designers intend.
Predicting outcome with the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: The importance of implementation integrity

Abstract Correctional agencies face increasing pressure to provide more services for increasing caseloads with fewer resources. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is a risk/need assessment instrument that was designed to assist correctional agencies in classifying offenders based upon risk of re-offending, thereby allowing agencies to assign appropriate levels of risk/need and develop intervention/case-plans accordingly. Although predictive validity of the LSI-R has been demonstrated, very little attention has been paid to the effect that staff training and agency experience have on the validity of this comprehensive, dynamic risk/need assessment tool. The use of formalized training and agency experience were found to be important factors that may determine the validity of the risk/need scores that are gleaned from the LSI-R assessment process.
A LEAST-SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR DOUBLY-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION

SUMMARY A least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) has been developed to investigate the phenomenon of natural convection caused by temperature and concentration buoyancy effects in rectangular enclosures with different geometric aspect ratios. The time dependent Navier-Stokes equations, the energy and the mass balance equations for an incompressible, constant property fluid in the Boussinesq approximation are reduced into a first-order velocity-pressure-vorticity-temperature-heat flux-concentration-mass flux (u-p-ω-T-q-C-J) formulation. The coupled system is discrelized by backward differencing in time. For the case of heat and mass transfer from side walls, results for both augmenting and opposing flows are obtained with Prandtl number Pr = 0.7, Schmidt number Sc = 0.6 and 0.7 (Le = 1), Grashof number Gr up to 106, buoyancy ratio χ = − 0.2 to − 5.0 and geometric aspect ratio of 1. For the case of heating from below, we test the LSFEM with two Rayleigh-Benard convection problems. Then the LSFEM algori...
Turnover rate of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine increased by D-amphetamine.

Abstract 1. Administration of two doses of amphetamine HCl (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) 45 min apart raised body temperature of rats by an average of 3·4° C and increased the turnover rate of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by almost one-half. 2. Both effects were blocked by exposure to 4° C or by pretreatment with the β-blocker Ko 592 (1-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-isopropylamine-2-propanol), but not by the administration of the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine combined with atropine. 3. Since it has previously been shown that hyperthermia per se increases the turnover rate of brain 5-HT, and that amphetamine does not directly affect the uptake and release of 5-HT in brain slices, it is concluded that the amphetamine-induced increase in 5-HT turnover may be secondary to the rise in temperature produced by the drug.
Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Type B Aortic Dissection

Background Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has emerged as an acceptable off-label treatment modality for aortic dissection. We report our experience in endovascular treatment of this disease with an emphasis on defining the patterns of morbidity. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all ( n = 90) patients with thoracic aortic disease who received a TEVAR between February 2005 and December 2007. Aortic dissection was the indication in 23 (26%) patients (48% acute, 52% chronic; Stanford A 17%, Stanford B 83%). For the purposes of this report, we concentrated on the type B dissection (17 patients). Eighty-two percent of the patients were symptomatic on presentation, and 56% of cases were performed either urgently or emergently. Results Technical success was achieved in 100% of cases, with an average operative time of 178 ± 119 min. Forty-seven percent required a left subclavian bypass. Thirty-day mortality was 5.5% and morbidity was 12%. Postoperative complications included respiratory failure in 28% of cases, gastrointestinal symptoms in 11%, and cerebrovascular symptoms in 5.5%. No renal failure occurred. While cerebrospinal fluid drain was used in 35% of cases, transient spinal cord ischemia was observed in 5.5%. Average length of stay was 13 ± 12 days; 63% of patients were discharged home, 12% required rehabilitation, and 25% were discharged to a skilled nursing facility. There was no association between outcome and mode of presentation or anatomic extent. Conclusion Aortic dissection remains a challenging clinical entity, and the advent of TEVAR has improved outcomes but still carries considerable morbidity, with distinct patterns between mode of presentation and anatomic extent.
Distinguishing Between New and Recycled Cashmere with Fisher's Discriminant Analysis:

The mechanical actions involved in recycling cashmere fibers, notably from woven fabrics, cause fiber damage. There are three distinct forms of damage: partial cleavages, axial fractures, and short fibers. Fisher's discriminant analysis techniques are applied to two groups of cashmere fibers, new and recycled. The discriminant function is tested on additional samples from the two groups, all of which are correctly allocated. Thus, the model is apparently capable of distinguishing between new and recycled cashmere fibers.
Imaging of parotid gland primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A seven-years-old boy presented with recurrent episodes of right parotid gland swelling that was presumptively being treated as sialoadenitis. Interrogation with ultrasonography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a heterogeneous mass occupying the right parapharyngeal space, imperceptibly merging with adjoining parotid gland, scalloping the vertical ramus of the mandible and involving the base skull with widening of the foramen ovale. The findings at surgery and histopathology provided a final diagnosis of parotid gland primitive neuroectodermal tumor. This report emphasizes on the imaging findings of this rare tumor occurring in such an unusual location.
Abstract 121: Characterization of an extracellular, cell permeable pool of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) and Heat shock proteins (HSPs) provide assistance in protecting cells from the stresses of hypoxia, imbalanced pH, and altered metabolic and redox states commonly found in the microenvironmental mixture of tumor and nontumor cells. HSPs are upregulated, cell-surface displayed and released extracellularly in some types of tumors, a finding that until now was not shared by members of the IAP family. The IAP, Survivin, has been implicated in apoptosis inhibition and the regulation of mitosis in cancer cells. Survivin exists in a number of subcellular locations such as the mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus, and most recently, the extracellular space. Our previous work showing that extracellular survivin was able to enhance cellular proliferation, survival and tumor cell invasion provided evidence that survivin might be secreted via an unidentified exocytotic pathway. In the present study, we describe for the first time the exosome-release of survivin to the extracellular space both basally and after proton irradiation-induced stress. To examine whether exosomes contributed to survivin release from cancer cells, exosomes were purified from HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and exosome quantity and survivin content were determined. We demonstrate that although proton irradiation does not influence the exosomal secretory rate, the survivin content of exosomes isolated from HeLa cells treated with a sublethal dose of proton irradiation (3Gy) is significantly higher than control. These data identify a novel secretory pathway by which survivin can be actively released from cells in both the basal and stress-induced state. The quantitation of exosomal survivin from blood or sera may be used to identify the presence of cancer. It may also be feasible to positively impact cancer therapy by targeting exosome-associated protein release, and thus prohibit stress-activated, anti-apoptotic proteins like survivin from impacting the tumor microenvironment and ultimately a patient's response to therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 121.
Finite allocation mechanisms: approximate Walrasian versus approximate Direct Revelation

This paper obtains finite counterparts of previous results that showed the informational efficiency of the Walrasian mechanism among all mechanisms yielding Pareto-optimal individually rational trades in exchange economies while using a continuum of possible messages. In particular, we develop finite counterparts of the superiority, with respect to message-space dimension, of the Walrasian mechanism over Direct Revelation (DR). We measure a finite mechanism's cost by the number of its (equilibrium) messages.
Disagreement between therapists and subsequent suicide of the patient.

Two cases of suicide are reported for clients whose treating therapists disagreed about treatment. Therapists treating depressed and suicidal clients should be aware of the dangers to the client should such disagreement occur. Therapists should work together to formulate a treatment plan that is in a client's best interest. Language: en
Age and the Renal Blood Supply: Renal Vascular Responses to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Healthy Humans

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between age, sodium intake, renal blood flow (RBF) and the renal vascular response to an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril. DESIGN: Blood flow studies were performed before and during the acute response to an oral 25-mg dose of captopril, selected to induce a maximal response, after 5 to 7 days on a metabolic ward, sufficient time to have achieved external balance on a fixed low-salt (10 mEq/day) or high salt (200 mEq/day) diet. Blood flow was measured as radioxenon transit through the kidney. SETTING: The study was performed on a metabolic ward, the Clinical Research Center, and in the Cardiovascular Radiology Laboratories of the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. PARTICIPANTS: The participants, all community dwellers, were potential kidney donors, in a renal transplant program. They were thought to be sufficiently healthy to consider donation of a kidney. The age range was 18 to 69 years. RESULTS: Renal blood flow showed the anticipated decline with increasing age, whether the subjects were on a restricted or a liberal salt intake. Captopril induced an acute increase in RBF, averaging 88 ± 7 mL/100 g/min in subjects on a low-salt diet, and 49 ± 9 mL/100 g/min in subjects on a high-salt diet, but no influence of age was identified on the renal vasodilator response on either diet. Increasing age did not limit the renal vasodilator response, although subjects beyond the sixth decade were not studied. CONCLUSIONS: The limited renal vascular response to vasodilators we had documented in earlier studies does not extend to ACE inhibitors. Although ACE inhibitors lack the pharmacological specificity required to prove a role for angiotensin II (Ang II), the data are compatible with a contribution of Ang II to the maintenance of renal vascular tone that does not change with increasing age, at least to 70 years of age.
A longitudinal study of novice secondary teachers' planning: Year two

Abstract Case study descriptions of two novice secondary teachers' planning were compiled during the second year of teaching. These data were then compared to first-year planning data. Several new factors affected both novices' planning decisions such as the search for multiple planning sources, concern with using higher-level assessment items and more time-efficient strategies of assessment, and a greater awareness of the cognitive needs of students. In addition, the novices faced new contextual factors such as a lengthened teaching period and new preparations. In year two both novices also spent more time setting up rules and procedures in the early weeks of the school year. Each novice's perception of their role as teacher was also affected by their new marriages.
Vitamin K epoxide reductase: Evidence that Vitamin K dihydroquinone is a product of Vitamin K epoxide reduction

Abstract Vitamin K epoxide reductase is a two component enzyme activity which catalyzes the reduction of Vitamin K epoxide using dithiothreitol as either a primary or secondary source of reducing equivalents. A high performance liquid chromatographic assay system indicates that in addition to the quinone, the dihydroquinone form of Vitamin K is a reaction product. Carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography suggests that the same cytosolic protein fraction may be involved in the dithiothreitol-supported reduction of Vitamin K epoxide, the dithiothreitol-supported reduction of Vitamin K quinone and the NADH-supported reduction of dichlorophenol-indophenol.
The Ultraviolet Extinction Curve of Intraclump Dust in Taurus (TMC-1): Constraints on the 2175 Å Bump Absorber

Ultraviolet extinction curves for three early-type stars that sample dust in the Taurus dark cloud in the vicinity of TMC-1 are analyzed to examine the contribution of internal (intraclump) dust to the total line-of-sight extinction. One of our selected targets samples only dust in the ‘‘diffuse-screen’’ component of the cloud, where the dust grains lack ice mantles and have optical properties similar to average ‘‘diffuse-ISM’’ dust. Comparison with data for more heavily reddened stars that also sample dust within TMC-1 (where grains are mantled) allows us to determine the intraclump extinction. Our principal result is that the 2175 A˚ ‘‘extinction bump’’ is extremely weak or absent inside the clump. The feature present in the observed extinction curves appears to arise almost entirely in the diffuse screen. This dramatic reduction in bump amplitude in the high-density environment is consistent with the prediction of the graphite model that the feature is suppressed by hydrogenation. Amplitude reduction is accompanied by a more subtle change in the profile of the bump, specifically, an increase in width. Comparison of Taurus and other clouds strongly suggests that the increase in width results from accumulation of surface coatings on the carrier grains rather than from particle clustering. Subject headings: dust, extinction — ISM: individual (TMC-1) — ultraviolet: ISM On-line material: color figure
Impulsive degenerate nonlinear parabolic functional-differential inequalities

Abstract The aim of the paper is to give a theorem about impulsive degenerate strong nonlinear parabolic functional-differential inequalities in arbitrary parabolic domain and two corollaries about weak and strong inequalities. The paper is a direct generalization and a continuation, among other things, of the author's previous work. The results obtained in this paper can be applied for some impulsive problems in the theories of diffusion and heat conduction with better effects than analogous known classical parabolic problems.
Compositional layers in the zoned magma chamber of the Grizzly Peak Tuff

The 34 Ma Grizzly Peak Tuff in west-central Colorado preserves evidence for distinct compositional layers in a high-level magma chamber. Intracaldera tuff consists of a single cooling unit, at least 2.7 km thick, zoned from a high-silica rhyolite base to an eroded low-silica rhyolite top. Two horizons of heterogeneous tuff beneath wedges of caldera-collapse breccia contain fiamme of dacite to mafic latite along with the rhyolitic fiamme that make up the rest of the tuff. Compositional zoning defined by fiamme is a step function rather than a continuous gradient. Seven petrographic groups of fiamme each have distinct compositions separated by compositional gaps. As the same clusters and gaps are found in collections of fiamme from widely separated stratigraphic levels, step-function zoning must be intrinsic to the chamber rather than a consequence of the tapping process. We interpret the seven fiamme groups as seven separately converting layers in a density-stratified magma reservoir tapped by eruption of the Grizzly Peak Tuff. Excluding the thin heterogeneous tuff horizons, ∼3 km of caldera fill is drawn from the three most silicic layers, suggesting that the three rhyolitic layers were each at least 1 km thick in the magma chamber.
Transition probabilities and Franck-Condon factors for the second negative band system of O2(+)

Transition probabilities for the second negative band system of O2(+) are computed using the dipole transition moment presented by Wetmore et al. (1984). Vibrational levels v double prime = 0 - 54 of the X2Pi(g) ground state and v prime = - 33 of the excited A2Pi(u) state are included. Franck-Condon factors for ionization-excitation of O2 to O2(+) are also presented.
Influence of Electricity on Aircraft Instrumentation

CURRENT bibliographies on aircraft instruments list a reference to an early article dated 1904–40 years ago. This paper, describing an altimeter, has been followed by thousands more indicating the interest and technical advancements in aircraft instruments. The needs of the aircraft industry have been met by the instrument manufacturers. Developments in instruments have paralleled the rapid developments in aircraft due to the close co-operation of measurement and aeronautical engineers. A typical aircraft instrument panel is shown in Figure 1.
A Statistical Viewpoint on the Theory of Evidence

The authors provide a perspective and interpretation regarding the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence that regards the combination formulas as statistics of the opinions of experts. This is done by introducing spaces with binary operations that are simpler to interpret or simpler to implement than the standard combination formula, and showing that these spaces can be mapped homomorphically onto the Dempster-Shafer theory-of-evidence space. The experts in the space of opinions-of-experts combine information in a Bayesian fashion. Alternative spaces for the combination of evidence suggested by this viewpoint are presented. >
Discrete diffraction in two‐dimensional transmission line metamaterials

We describe the efficient and accurate numerical solution of propagation problems in composite and dual-composite right/left-handed metamaterials using a discrete diffraction formula based on lattice Green's functions. For both metamaterials and for physically realizable parameters, we find that the observed diffraction patterns depend strongly on the temporal input frequency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 721–725, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24991
Grain-Boundary Effect in Ceria Doped with Trivalent Cations: II, Microstructure and Microanalysis

Various samples studied for their electrical behavior in the previous paper are here examined in detail by microstructural and microanalytical techniques. While several microstructural features are observed, the presence of “thick boundaries” (an amorphous silica-rich phase that surrounds grain boundaries and forms a continuous network) appears to be the principal feature responsible for the grain-boundary effect. Such features are absent from samples prepared with nearly silicon-free materials, for which the grain-boundary effect is also virtually absent.
Disturbance size and severity covary in small and mid-size wind disturbances in Pennsylvania northern hardwoods forests

Do large disturbances differ from small ones in characteristics other than size? The importance of disturbances in forest dynamics is unquestioned, and the size of the disturbed area (size of gap) is the most common way of differentiating disturbances. But few studies have examined other disturbance characteristics to see if small and large disturbances are different. In northern hardwoods forests of northwestern Pennsylvania, a 2003 windstorm event created windthrow gaps ranging in size from 0.1 ha to >100 ha, allowing comparisons across a broad size spectrum, yet with similar species composition, soils, climate, and topography. We selected 17 gaps, ranging in size from 0.05 to 4.0 ha, to compare damage characteristics across a size spectrum. Disturbance severity (both proportion of trees fallen, and proportion of basal area fallen) increased significantly with gap size. Similarity in floristic composition between pre- and post-disturbance stands, decreased with increasing gap size. Larger gaps also caused greater reduction in mean size (diameter) of remaining trees. As expected, larger gaps resulted in greater canopy openness, but canopy openness was significantly influenced by both gap size and severity of canopy disturbance. These findings demonstrate that disturbance size and severity covary in northern hardwood windthrow gaps. Moreover, because of nonrandom impacts across species and size classes, immediate changes in size structure and composition of affected stands were greater in larger gaps. Managers seeking to implement disturbance-based management can use these findings to more closely mimic natural damage effects during harvest operations.
Addressing addiction across borders: an international perspective on policies, scholarship, and collaboration

The challenge of addressing illicit substance use and substance use disorders is not unique to one country. All scholars must consider the unique environments and cultural contexts of substance use...
Winners and losers in the competition for space in tropical forest canopies.

Trees compete for space in the canopy, but where and how individuals or their component parts win or lose is poorly understood. We developed a stochastic model of three-dimensional dynamics in canopies using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, and analysed 267 533 positive height changes from 1.25 m pixels using data from airborne LiDAR within 43 ha on the windward flank of Mauna Kea. Model selection indicates a strong resident’s advantage, with 97.9% of positions in the canopy retained by their occupants over 2 years. The remaining 2.1% were lost to a neighbouring contender. Absolute height was a poor predictor of success, but short stature greatly raised the risk of being overtopped. Growth in the canopy was exponentially distributed with a scaling parameter of 0.518. These findings show how size and spatial proximity influence the outcome of competition for space, and provide a general framework for the analysis of canopy dynamics.
National differences in intrinsic and extrinsic work values: The effects of post-industrialization

In this article, we develop a new approach to further understand cross-national differences in work values by examining the effects of post-industrialization, an important social institution, on wo...
Image-guided modeling of virus growth and spread.

Although many tools of cellular and molecular biology have been used to characterize single intracellular cycles of virus growth, few culture methods exist to study the dynamics of spatially spreading viruses over multiple generations. We have previously developed a method that addresses this need by tracking the spread of focal infections using immunocytochemical labeling and digital imaging. Here, we build reaction–diffusion models to account for spatio-temporal patterns formed by the spreading viral infection front as well as data from a single cycle of virus growth (one-step growth). Systems with and without the interferon-mediated antiviral response of the host cells are considered. Dynamic images of the spreading infections guide iterative model refinement steps that lead to reproduction of all of the salient features contained in the images, not just the velocity of the infection front. The optimal fits provide estimates for key parameters such as virus-host binding and the production rate of interferon. For the examined data, highly-lumped infection models that ignore the one-step growth dynamics provide a comparable fit to models that more accurately account for these dynamics, highlighting the fact that increased model complexity does not necessarily translate to improved fit. This work demonstrates how model building can facilitate the interpretation of experiments by highlighting contributions from both biological and methodological factors.
A Key to the Literature of Total Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition is a relatively young science; texts dealing with the subject are few in number and become outdated shortly after publication. This comprehensive bibliography is intended to enhance the education of the practitioner and student in the area of parenteral nutrition and, as such, function as a key to the literature. Pertinent review articles may provide a mechanism for the practitioner to develop a baseline knowledge of nutritional support or specific patient problems.
Isolation and Characterization of an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Encoded by the aldB Gene of Escherichia coli

An aldehyde dehydrogenase was detected in crude cell extracts of Escherichia coli DH5α. Growth studies indicated that the aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was growth phase dependent and increased in cells grown with ethanol. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme identified the latter as an aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by aldB, which was thought to play a role in the removal of aldehydes and alcohols in cells that were under stress. The purified enzyme showed an estimated molecular mass of 220 ± 8 kDa, consisting of four identical subunits, and preferred to use NADP and acetaldehyde. MgCl2 increased the activity of the NADP-dependent enzyme with various substrates. A comparison of the effect of Mg2+ ions on the bacterial enzyme with the effect of Mg2+ ions on human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase revealed that the bacterial enzyme shared kinetic properties with the mammalian enzyme. An R197E mutant of the bacterial enzyme appeared to retain very little NADP-dependent activity on acetaldehyde.
The socialization of union loyalty

ment training program were surveyed. Using linear structural relations modelling, the research found that union attitudes and training satisfaction were the most important predictors of loyalty to the union. Furthermore, attitudes to unions were related to the union socialization process and the transformational leadership characteristics of the socializing agents.
Toward the future of stakeholder approaches in evaluation

Analysis of the assumptions that underlie the stakeholder approach suggest that some claims are cogent and others are problematical.
A practical tool to reduce medication errors during patient transfer from an intensive care unit

• Objective: To decrease medication errors that occur during the transfer of patients from a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) by institution of a computerized medication reconciliation tool. • Design: Prospective cohort study. • Setting and participants: Patients admitted to a 16-bed surgical ICU in an academic medical center. • Measurement: Proportion of medical records with at least 1 error identified. Secondary outcomes included compliance with the tool and number of medication orders changed. • Results: Over the 1-year study period, 1455 medication reconciliation forms were completed. 636 medication orders were changed as a result of the medication form, and 299 (21%) individual patients required at least 1 change. An average of 12.2 orders were changed per week, affecting an average of 6 patients per week. There was a high rate of compliance with the form. • Conclusion: The implementation of a simple, inexpensive tool is associated with a decrease in medication errors that reach patients during transfer from a surgical ICU.
Collateral damage: Military sexual trauma and help-seeking barriers.

OBJECTIVE: Military Sexual Trauma (MST) can be a harmful aspect of military life. Despite the availability of resources, Service members may encounter barriers that impede help-seeking for sexual assault (i.e., encountering logistical constraints, anticipating stigma). We examined how such barriers undermine wellbeing (i.e., exacerbate symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) among MST survivors, both women and men. Additionally, we investigated how these barriers aggravate depression among Service members who feel unsafe from sexual assault. METHOD: The current study was a secondary analysis of the 2010 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Active Duty Members (WGRA; N = 26,505). Personnel who had experienced MST (n = 542) and those who felt unsafe from sexual assault (n = 1,016) were included in the analyses. RESULTS: The most commonly endorsed barriers were fears that they would be seen as weak, their leaders may treat them differently, and their coworkers might have less confidence in them. As expected, both MST survivors and those feeling unsafe reported more negative psychological symptoms as a function of help-seeking barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that removal of these barriers may be helpful for the protection of mental health--among assault victims and nonvictims alike. For instance, efforts could be taken to reduce logistical barriers (e.g., allowing time for health care visits) and stigma (e.g., enhancing training for all personnel who work with MST survivors). ©2016 American Psychological Association Language: en
Spatial estimates of snow water equivalent from reconstruction

Operational ground-based measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) do not adequately explain spatial variability in mountainous terrain. To address this problem, we combine satellite-based retrievals of fractional snow cover for the period 2000 to 2011 with spatially distributed energy balance calculations to reconstruct SWE values throughout each melt season in the Sierra Nevada of California. Modeled solar radiation, longwave radiation, and air temperature from NLDAS drive the snowmelt model. The modeled solar radiation compares well to ground observations, but modeled longwave radiation is slightly lower than observations. Validation of reconstructed SWE with snow courses and our own snow surveys shows that the model can accurately estimate SWE at the sampled locations in a variety of topographic settings for a range of wet to dry years. The relationships of SWE with elevation and latitude are significantly different for wet, mean and dry years as well as between drainages. In all the basins studied, the relationship between remaining SWE and snow-covered area (SCA) becomes increasingly correlated from March to July as expected because SCA is an important model input. Though the SWE is calculated retrospectively SCA observations are available in near-real time and combined with historical reconstructions may be sufficient for estimating SWE with more confidence as the melt season progresses.
Gene conversion of immunoglobulin variable regions in mutagenesis cassettes by replacement PCR mutagenesis

A technique, Replacement PCR Mutagenesis, was developed to replace one immunoglobulin variable region (V) in a M13 phage cassette with a different, homologous V. This allows the use of the same mutagenesis and subsequent expression vectors for many V regions or V segments. The method combines PCR of V fragments and in vitro mutagenesis. Primers homologous to 3' and 5' ends of both V regions initiate PCR synthesis of the V DNA fragment (donor) that will replace the V region (recipient) in M13. Donor V PCR DNA may originate from mRNA, cloned V genes or genomic templates. The donor V PCR DNA is denatured and annealed to the M13 cassette containing the recipient V to be supplanted. The second strand is synthesized, transfected into bacteria and mutant plaques selected by hybridization. Since restriction sites in primers are not required, altered primer-encoded amino acids are avoided. Further, the PCR donor piece can be of any length if it shares homology with the recipient gene. This allows construction and expression of complete gene replacements and chimeras. This method is also applicable to V "humanization" and studying sets of homologous genes containing polymorphic or evolutionary disparities. The potential uses of the technique are discussed.
Cultural Relativism at Home and Abroad

Cultural relativism acknowledges the meaningfulness of cultural behaviors for those who practice them, and is a central tenet of anthropology. In cases of apparent conflict between culture practices and universal human rights, anthropologists articulate sophisticated positions that move beyond the simple dualisms inherent in absolutist condemnations or defenses of controversial behaviors. Approaching cultural practices that are contrary to the researcher's own values does not require the suspension of the researcher's moral or ethical sensibilities; however, it does require the researcher to remain sensitive to the values of the people with whom they work, especially when dealing with contested practices like circumcision. Anthropologists who encountered female genital modification have written extensively on their application of cultural relativism, In my work on American neonatal circumcision, I consciously apply the principles of cultural relativism, despite my personal opposition to the practice. This paper describes the importance of a relativist and considers its implications for intactivism in an American context.
Can the Media Help Women Be Better at Math? Stereotype Threat, Selective Exposure, Media Effects, and Women's Math Performance

This study examines women's media selections when under the gender–math stereotype threat and the subsequent media effects on their math performance through the lens of the Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management (SESAM) model, mood management theory, and social comparison theory. Female college students were randomly assigned to the stereotype threat condition or the control condition; then, they selectively browsed magazine pages showing female role models in stereotypical domains (beauty or family) and counterstereotypical domains (career or science) before taking the math test. The results show that women spent more time on career magazines when under threat, and this selective exposure's effect on their math performance was moderated by their assimilation to the role models.