cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction, partial purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase from apple fruit

Abstract ACC oxidase (ethylene-forming enzyme — EFE) was extracted, partially purified and characterized from Golden Delicious apple fruit cortical tissue. The presence of 5% ( w v ) polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) was necessary in the extraction medium to obtain an active enzyme from apple tissue. The specific activity was 40–100 nl ethylene h−1 mg−1 protein in the crude extract; polyethylene glycol fractionation following by calcium phosphate gel adsorption resulted in ca. 10-fold purification. Enzyme activity was retained at −20°C when the enzyme was stored with 30% glycerol. Ascorbate and Fe2+ were not essential in the extraction medium for apples. Apple ACC oxidase has a Km for ACC of 6.4 μM, Km for O2 of 0.4%, and a pH optimum of 7.2 in Tris-Mes buffer and 7.6 in phosphate buffer. The enzyme was stereospecific for substrate; it converted (±)allocoronamic acid to 1-butene while (±)coronamic acid was 10-fold less effective as a substrate. The characteristics of apple ACC oxidase are consistent with those reported for the enzyme from Cucumis melo [Ververidis and John, Phytochemistry 30 (1991), p. 727] and as demonstrated in several intact tissues [Yip et al., Plant Physiol. 88 (1988), p. 553] and in isolated pea leaf vacuoles [Gyy and Kende, Planta 160 (1984) p. 281] when consideration is made of substrate availability in vivo.
Modeling Impregnated Layer Combustion Synthesis of Catalyts for Hydrogen Generation from Oxidative Reforming of Methanol

A novel method for catalyst preparation using combustion synthesis techniques has been used to prepare Cu/Zn/Zr and Pd-based catalysts for oxidative reforming of methanol. Spatially resolved infrared thermography has been used to follow the temperature−time movement of the combustion front on cellulose paper impregnated with the catalyst precursor solution along with other techniques to follow the systematic evolution of the catalyst particles from the initial reactants mixture. These particles have been characterized by their activity/selectivity for methanol oxidation/hydrogen production, BET area, and dispersion of Pd on the surface. Results obtained show that they are extremely active and selective in the low temperature range. A one-dimensional theoretical model is presented that describe the main parameters involved in the front propagation.
Gravity waves in a circular well

The natural frequencies of gravity waves in a circular well that is bounded above by a free surface and below by a semi-infinite reservoir are approximated by neglecting the off-diagonal terms of the characteristic determinant (single-mode approximation) and invoking the known results for an aperture in a half-space (well of zero depth). A parallel argument yields the corresponding results for a two-dimensional well (a slot). Comparison with Molin's (2001) numerical results for a slot suggests that the error in the single-mode approximation is [lsim ] 1%.
Preliminary validation of content-based compression of mammographic images

This paper presents some preliminary validation results from the content-based compression (CBC) of digitized mammograms for transmission, archiving, and, ultimately, telemammography. Unlike traditional compression techniques, CBC is a process by which the content of the data is analyzed before the compression takes place. In this approach the data is partitioned into two classes of regions and a different compression technique is performed on each class. The intended result achieves a balance between data compression and data fidelity. For mammographic images, the data is segmented into two non-overlapping regions: (1) background regions, and (2) focus-of-attention regions (FARs) that contain the clinically important information. Subsequently, the former regions are compressed using a lossy technique, which attains large reductions in data, while the latter regions are compressed using a lossless technique in order to maintain the fidelity of these regions. In this case, results show that compression ratios averaging 5-10 times greater than that of lossless compression alone can be achieved, while preserving the fidelity of the clinically important information.
Diffusional and compartmental models for tracer washout records of Na in dog carotid

This paper re-examines studies of Na kinetics in canine carotid arterial wall previously reported by three groups of investigators. The similarities and differences in experimental and analytical approaches for Na arterial wall washout therein are reviewed. Major conclusions are: (1) A three-compartment model in series is adequate for all short and long (after subtracting the small slow exponential) records. (2) Values for the diffusion coefficient, however, varied markedly among the different groups. (3) A continuous sampling method as opposed to an intermittent one measures better the kinetics of a rapidly exchanging ion as Na+. (4) Models based on individual washout records are better than those based on ensemble averaging. Characterization of sets of results in terms of mean values for comparing parameters provides significant potential for distinguishing quantitative features between control and treated sets despite inadequacies in data sampling or model specifications.
Modeling of Chemical Transformations of SOxand NOx in the Polluted Atmosphere — An Overview of Approaches and Current Status

Two principal approaches are identified in the modeling of chemical transformations of S0x and N0x in the polluted atmosphere. The fundamental approach involves simulation of the detailed chemical kinetics of the SOx-NOx-HC system ; in the empirical approach, relatively simple parameterizations of the bulk rates of conversion of precursors to secondary products are sought in terms of environmental factors which, based on laboratory and field measurements, appear to control these rates. In this paper, the principal features of both approaches are described in the form of an overview, with examples of the main results. An assessment is made of the current state of development of both methods, particularly within the context of their applicability in regional transport-transformation models. A brief overview is also presented of the controversial question of linearity of the transformation module with respect to the precursor emissions.
Effect of Pond Size on Striped Bass Growth and Survival in Brackish Water

Abstract The effect of pond size on survival and growth of fingerling striped bass Morone saxatilis in brackish-water (5–10‰) ponds may be important in designing striped bass production facilities. Seven-day-old fry were stocked at densities of 248,000–317,000 fish/ha into 13 ponds (0.2–1.6 ha), and surviving fish were harvested about 1 month later. Pond size did not affect striped bass survival, growth, or production. Mean (±SE) survival over the rearing period was 36.4 ± 5.6%. Mean total length (TL) was 34.2 ± 0.9 mm. Mean production was 1.40 ± 0.17 kg·ha−1·d−1. Large ponds (at least 1.6 ha) are preferable over smaller ponds for producing 34-mm-TL striped bass fingerlings in brackish-water ponds because of the lower cost of construction and maintenance and the reduced land and water use.
Targeting c-kit mutations in solid tumors: Scientific rationale and novel therapeutic options

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors span a wide clinical spectrum from benign to malignant and have long been recognized for their nearly absolute resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Surgery is the primary treatment modality for GISTs, but GISTs represent an incurable malignancy for patients with metastatic or unresectable disease. Thus, novel approaches to the treatment of GISTs were desperately needed. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are characterized by expression of the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase KIT, which is defined by the CD117 antigen and is the product of the c-kit proto-oncogene. Activating or gain-of-function mutations in the c-kit gene have been identified in the majority of GIST cases. The resulting constitutive KIT tyrosine kinase activity was hypothesized to provide growth and survival signals to GIST cells and to be crucial to the pathogenesis of the disease. This hypothesis became testable with the identification of the signal transduction inhibitor imatinib mesylate (formerly STI571, [Gleevec]; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ), which blocks the tyrosine kinase activity of KIT as well as the kinase activity of the normal c-abl gene product, the oncogenic Bcr-Abl chimeric fusion protein of chronic myeloid leukemia, and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Preclinical experiments showed rapid inhibition of ligand-independent KIT phosphorylation, decreased cellular proliferation, and induction of apoptosis after exposure of GIST cells to imatinib mesylate in vitro. These results provided the rationale to move forward with clinical testing of imatinib mesylate as an anticancer therapy for GIST. In early 2000, a dramatic clinical and radiographic response to imatinib mesylate was shown in a single patient with advanced, chemotherapy-resistant GIST. The powerful scientific rationale for this proofof-concept study, together with the durable and significant response observed in this first GIST patient treated with imatinib mesylate, have provided the driving force for rapid clinical development of this targeted therapy in this solid tumor indication.
VATS: Virtualized-Aware Automated Test Service

It is anticipated that by 2015 more than 75% of Information Technology infrastructure will be purchased as a service from service providers. Services will be hosted in virtualized shared resource pools referred to as Clouds. Service providers will need to ensure that customer performance requirements are satisfied while consuming an acceptable quantity of resources. This paper describes a Virtualization-aware Automated Testing Service (VATS). VATS is a framework for automated test execution in Cloud computing environments. It executes tests, manipulates virtualized infrastructure, and collects performance information. VATS uses HP LoadRunner as a load generator and provides the foundation for an automatic performance evaluator for Cloud environments. A case study describes our use of VATS with an SAP R/3 system running in a Xen-based virtualized resource pool. The results from VATS are used to determine the impact of virtual machine configuration parameters on a SAP system.
Invasions of the Northeast Pacific by Asian and Atlantic Gammaridean Amphipod Crustaceans, Including a New Species of Corophium

ABSTRACT Northeast Pacific estuaries may be severely altered by a broad diversity of accidentally introduced exotic invertebrates (Carlton, 1979a, b, 1987), but few detailed analyses of individual species have been made. The gammaridean amphipods Ampelisca abdita, Melita nitida, Corophium alienense, new species, and Parapleustes derzhavini have previously appeared to be introduced (Carlton, 1979b). However, the specific identities of the last two species and the origins of the last three species have remained unknown. Analyses based on criteria for introduced species, that include evidence from systematics, geography, and ecology, indicate the four species are introduced in 26 of 27 possible instances. They are thus exotic as predicted, and partially corroborate Carlton's thesis that extensive and persistent faunal invasions have occurred in northeast Pacific estuaries.
Characterization of the murine H2-M3wt-restricted CD8 response against a hydrophobic, protease-resistant, phospholipid-associated antigen from Listeria monocytogenes.

Summary: Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) generate protective CD8 cells of varying specificity. One subset, unlike conventional LM-immune CDS cells, can respond to antigen-presenting cells (APC) treated with heat-killed LM (HKLM), These cells proved to have surprisingly uniform specificity, recognizing a product we designated HKLM-associated antigen (HAA) presented by the non-classical dass Ib product H2–M3′. HAA proved to be extremely hydrophobic and the bioactive portion of the molecule was highly protease-resistant, leading us initially to speculate that it might be a non-peptide. Recent studies, however, identify HAA as a complex containing lemA, a listerial protein bearing the immunogenic amino terminal peptide sequence fMIGWII, tightly associated with bacterial cardiolipin. A variety of cell types can process and present exogenous HAA/lemA. and the phospholipid component appears essential for this processing. Endosomal acidification and proteolysis are required for processing, but the site where antigen binds to H2–M3wt within APC remains uncertain. HAA/lemA-immune effectors are unusually cross-reactive. We could readily detect H2–M3wt-restricted responses to APC incubated with unrelated N -formylated peptides, and bacteria, HAA-like products represent an intriguing new set of bacterial antigens recognizable by immune CD8 cells.
Globalization, transnational migration, and gendered care work: Introduction

This symposium broadens our understanding of one of the most fundamentally human aspects of the many dimensions of globalization1—the provision of care work transnationally. Although much care work...
Intense pulsed ion beams for fusion applications

The subject of this review is the field of intense pulsed ion beam generation and its potential application to fusion research. Considerable progress has been made in the past six years. Power levels of the order of 1000 MW/cm2 have been obtained for pulse-lengths from 10−8 to 10−6 s. Light-ion beams with currents approaching 1 MA and energies exceeding 1 MeV have been produced. The first half of the paper treats the physics and technology of beam generation. Following a unified discussion of the theory of ion injectors, experimental work since 1973 is reviewed. Diagnostic techniques appropriate to high-flux ion beams are summarized. The general problem of high-current ion beam transport in vacuum and through plasmas is also considered. The second part of the paper is devoted to applications to fusion research. Applications in both magnetic confinement and inertial confinement fusion are considered. Intense ion beams have a number of features which make them ideally suited as inertial fusion drivers. Discussions are given of the physics of inertial fusion targets, options for ion beam production, experiments on light-ion beam focusing, and high-current multi-stage accelerators.
Single crystal growth of lead-tin telluride

Single crystal growth of lead-tin telluride by the recrystallization method is described. An operating point on the temperature-composition (T-X) diagram is chosen to provide a minute fraction of liquid phase. The solid is equilibrated with the melt which serves as a vehicle for diffusion and crystal growth by recrystallization. The small surface of contact with the container and the relatively low growth temperature compared with melt techniques, minimizes the problem of leaching and facilitates extraction of crystal product.
Experimental investigation of the threshold curves of a four-junction SQUID

Abstract We have studied experimentally the variation of critical current with control current of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). We used an integrated SQUID consisting of four Josephson junctions with nominally equal critical currents. One current (the bias current) is fed directly to the four junctions in parallel, while a second current (the control current) is coupled inductively into the SQUID loops. The fabricated SQUID functions properly as designed and exhibits the threshold curves expected from calculation. By suitable design of the SQUID, we have realized for the first time threshold curves with more than two visible minor lobes. This was previously predicted but not observed.
Radiation induced damage and recovery in poly(3-hexyl thiophene) based polymer solar cells.

Polymer solar cells have been characterized during and after x-ray irradiation. The open circuit voltage, dark current and power conversion efficiency show degradation consistent with the generation of defect states in the polymer semiconductor. The polymer solar cell device remained functional with exposure to a considerable dose (500 krad (SiO2)) and showed clear signs of recovery upon removal of the irradiation source (degraded from 4.1% to 2.2% and recovered to 2.9%). Mobility–relaxation time variation, derived from J–V measurement, clearly demonstrates that radiation induced defect generation mechanisms in the organic semiconductor are active and need to be further studied. Optical transmission results ruled out the possibility of reduced light absorption and/or polymer crystallinity. The results suggest that organic solar cells are sufficiently radiation tolerant to be useful for space applications.
On the solution of creep induced buckling in general structure

This paper considers the pre and post buckling behavior of general structures exposed to high temperature fields for long durations wherein creep effects become significant. The solution to this problem is made possible through the use of closed upper bounding constraint surfaces which enable the development of a new time stepping algorithm. This permits the stable and efficient solution of structural problems which exhibit indefinite tangent properties. Due to the manner of constraining/bounding successive iterates, the algorithm developed herein is largely self adaptive, inherently stable, sufficiently flexible to handle geometric material and boundary induced nonlinearity, and can be incorporated into either finite element or difference simulations. To illustrate the capability of the procedure, as well as, the physics of creep induced pre and post buckling behavior, the results of several numerical experiments are included.
Economic Models of Industrial Pollution Control in Regional Planning

A general theoretical model is presented for the determination of optimal regional growth and pollution control levels over a multiperiod time horizon. The problem is stated as the maximization of ...
Decision-making during grave illness: How to show respect for the person

Modern American biomedical ethics is centered on a standard paradigm. Well-informed patients should make autonomous choices about their own health care. The legal and ethical foundations are solidly established, and the language of “rights” dominates much of public discourse. Emphasis on rights has led to strong protections for individual decisionmaking. Patients who are unable to make good decisions reliably, however, such as those with severe cognitive impairment or psychiatric illness can be irretrievably harmed by a thoughtless insistence or self-determination. Clinicians recognize that some patients simply cannot comprehend or manipulate the information necessary to make a meaningful decision. However, clinicians also recognize that many patients, particularly those who are sick and elderly, operate in a gray area. Prevalence of chronic cognitive impairment rises with age. Acute illness could cause transient disturbance of cognition, more commonly among even the well elderly. Chronic polypharmacy, exacerbated by increased contact with prescribers during acute illness, can also produce unpredictable impairment of decision-making capacity. Clinicians who take care of sick, elderly patients face a vexing challenge. When is a patient so impaired that the decisions she makes should not be honored?
Improving Accuracy in Reporting CT Scans of Oncology Patients

Rationale and Objectives In February 2010, our radiology department adopted the use of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria for newly diagnosed oncology patients. Prior to staff used RECIST 1.1, we hypothesized that education and feedback interventions could help clarify differences between RECIST 1.0 and the newly adopted RECIST 1.1 guidelines and result in appropriate and accurate utilization of both reporting systems. This study evaluates the effect of education and feedback interventions on the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) reporting using RECIST criteria. Materials and Methods Consecutive CT scan reports and images were retrospectively reviewed during three different periods to assess for compliance and adherence to RECIST guidelines. Data collected included interpreting faculty, resident, type, and total number of errors per report. Significance testing of differences between cohorts was performed using an unequal variance t -test. Group 1 (baseline): RECIST 1.0 used; prior to adoption of RECIST 1.1 criteria. Group 2 (post distributed educational materials): Following adoption of RECIST 1.1 criteria and distribution of educational materials. Group 3 (post audit and feedback): Following the audit and feedback intervention. Results The percentage of reports with errors decreased from 30% (baseline) to 28% (group 2) to 22% (group 3). Only the difference in error rate between the baseline and group 3 was significant ( P = .03). Conclusion The combination of distributed educational materials and audit and feedback interventions improved the quality of radiology reports requiring RECIST criteria by reducing the number of studies with errors.
Carbon nanoporous layer for reaction location management and performance enhancement in all-vanadium redox flow batteries

Abstract In this study, the performance and reaction location in a VRFB was investigated with a carbon paper electrode that was modified to include a thin layer of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanotube layer was introduced into the electrode at locations on the negative and positive electrode nearest the membrane and nearest the flow field. Results with the nanotube layer on the positive electrode yielded small changes in the performance, despite the location. However, when the nanotube layer was introduced on the negative electrode, the performance was greatly improved when it was closest to the current collector. In this configuration, an 8% increase in power density and a 65 mV increase in cell voltage were observed, compared to a cell with raw carbon paper. This is attributed to the increase in active area of the nanoporous structure in a location where the reaction is favored to occur.
Coalition‐Targeted Duvergerian Voting: How Expectations Affect Voter Choice under Proportional Representation

Inspired by analyses of majoritarian systems, students of consensual polities have analyzed strategic voting due to barriers to party success, namely, district magnitude and threshold. Given the prevalence of coalition governments in proportional systems, we analyze a type of strategic voting seldom studied: how expected coalition composition affects voter choice. We identify Duvergerian behavior by voters targeted at the coalition formation stage. We contend that when voters perceive their preferred party as unlikely to participate in the coalition, they often desert it and instead support the lesser of evils among those they perceive as viable coalition partners. We demonstrate our argument using data on coalition expectations from the 2006 Israeli elections. We find an appreciable albeit differential effect of coalition expectations on voter choice. Importantly, results hold controlling for ideological and coalition preferences. Lastly, we explore a broad cross-national comparison, showing that there is less, not more, proximity voting where coalitions are prevalent.
Report Offers U.S. Energy Strategy Template

Nearly 5 years ago, in April 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey released an assessment that helped to change the energy picture in the United States from scarcity to abundance. The assessment estimated that there were between 3 billion and 4.3 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil in the area known as the Bakken Formation in North Dakota and Montana, a 25-fold increase in the amount of oil that could be recovered compared to the agency's 1995 Bakken estimate of 151 million barrels of oil.
Two-way broadband CATV-HFC networks: state-of-the-art and future trends

Cable modems allow two way digital data transmission between households and a central neighborhood server. In this overview we briefly describe some of the common characteristics of the Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) operation as presented by several standards bodies (both completed standards and works in progress). This includes a description and comparison of the media access control and physical layer operations of several competing proposals. Our desire is to give a concise but complete picture of the cable modem problem and the proposed solutions. References are provided for readers interested in further investigation.
The clergyman's role in community mental health.

A review of the literature in the field of pastoral psychology indicates that much has been written about the emerging role of the clergy in commu nity mental health. In most of these articles and books this role is defined largely in terms of kinds of things the clergyman should or should not do. For example, it is suggested that he make an effort to understand the emo tional needs of his parishioners as well as create an atmosphere in his church where the isolated person can seek out and establish relationships of mutual trust with others. But he is cautioned against acting as an authoritarian figure when counseling an emotionally disturbed parishioner. He is also cautioned against attempting to cope with problems beyond his competence as a counselor. These kinds of prescriptions and proscriptions provide, in effect, a normative definition (i.e., a set of expectations for behavior) of the mental health role of the clergy as defined in the lit erature. The existence of a defined mental health role in the literature does not, of course, guarantee that it has been accepted as a legitimate part of the pastoral ministry. In view of this, one can ask the following questions:
Multitarget tracking in clutter: fast algorithms for data association

Three fast algorithms have been developed to solve the problem of data association in multitarget tracking in clutter. In the first algorithm, the problem of data association is identified as an exhaustive search problem in general. Subsequently, a mathematical model is proposed for the problem of data association in the joint probabilistic data association filter (JPDAF). Based on the model, a depth-first search (DFS) approach is developed for the fast generation of data association hypotheses and the computation of the conditional probabilities of the hypotheses in the JPDAF. When the density of targets is moderate, a second algorithm is developed to directly compute a posteriori probabilities in the JPDAF without generating the data association hypotheses. In the third algorithm, the effect of interference due to closely spaced targets is simplified. An approach to approximately compute the a posteriori probabilities in the JPDAF is developed. The computational complexity of the algorithms is analyzed in the worst case, as well as in the average case. >
Occurrence of specific and non-specific cholinesterases in the quahog, MercenariaMercenaria

Abstract 1. 1. Cholinesterase activity has been measured in the foot, gill and mantle tissue of the quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria. 2. 2. On the basis of substrate saturation and specificity studies, the gill enzyme has been found to be a specific cholinesterase, while the mantle activity can be ascribed to a non-specific cholinesterase.
Interaction dynamics between saprobic lignicolous fungi and Armillaria in controlled environments: Exploring the potential for competitive exclusion of Armillaria on peach

Armillaria root rot, caused by Armillaria tabescens and Armillaria mellea, is a major cause of premature tree death in peach orchards in the southeastern United States. The root systems of infected trees can become entirely colonized by Armillaria, serving as an inoculum source for adjacent trees and providing massive inoculum levels in replant situations. If dead or dying trees could be colonized by an effective competitor of Armillaria before their removal, the extent of root colonization by the pathogen could be reduced, thus decreasing the threat to adjacent trees and/or subsequent plantings. Interactions between five species of saprobic lignicolous fungi (Ganoderma lucidum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Phanerochaete velutina, Schizophyllum commune, and Xylaria hypoxylon) and the two Armillaria species were examined in controlled conditions to provide proof of concept for competitive exclusion of Armillaria from peach roots. On agar-coated glass slides, all five potential antagonists induced detrimental reactions in >58% of the Armillaria hyphae observed, with the majority resulting in hyphal swelling or granulation. On poplar wood blocks, all antagonists consistently either overgrew Armillaria colonies or—in the case of S. commune—engaged in deadlock reactions; in all cases, the viability of Armillaria colonies was reduced to <30% of that of unchallenged controls. When inoculated simultaneously onto opposite ends of peach root segments, all antagonists consistently reduced growth and viability of Armillaria on and under the bark, whereby reduction of pathogen growth underneath the bark, Armillaria’s primary ecological niche, was most pronounced for G. lucidum, S. commune, and X. hypoxylon. When root segments were allowed to be colonized entirely by Armillaria before being inoculated with the antagonists, the latter were able to overgrow the pathogen on the root surface but unable to pre-empt it from underneath the bark. In summary,G. lucidum, S. commune, and X. hypoxylon caused strong hyphal and mycelial interference reactions and the most pronounced reductions in growth of Armillaria above and below the bark, indicating that they would be the most promising candidates for field-scale evaluations to restrict colonization of dead or dying peach trees by Armillaria in the orchard.
Unique Bis-η5/η1 Bonding in a Dianionic Germole. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Dilithium Salt of the 2,3,4,5-Tetraethyl Germole Dianion

Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-TEGeCp (TEGeCp = 2,3,4,5-tetraethyl-1-germacyclopentadiene) with excess Li in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature gave [TEGeCp2-]·2[Li+] quantitatively. X-ray structure determination of this germole dianion shows three lithium cations around one germole ring in η1, η5, and η5 sites to give the composition [η5-Li·TMEDA][η5-Li]1/2[η1-Li]1/2[Et4C4Ge] (TMEDA = N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine). Nearly equal C−C bond distances in the Et4C4Ge ring indicate a delocalized π-system. Reactions of this germole dianion with trimethylchlorosilane provided 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-TEGeCp, in high yields.
Hypothalamic peptide hormone, prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide and analog, inhibit tolerance to the analgesic and locomotor depressant but not to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine in the mouse.

Abstract The effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (melanotropin release inhibiting factor, MIF) and cyclo(Leu-Gly) on development of tolerance to the analgesic, locomotor stimulant and depressant effects of morphine were investigated in the mouse. Mice were made tolerant to morphine by subcutaneous implantation of a pellet (each pellet contained 75 mg of morphine free base) for three days. Both MIF and cyclo(Leu-Gly) inhibited the development of tolerance to the analgesic response to a challenge dose of morphine in peptide-treated as compared to vehicle-treated morphine-tolerant mice. Morphine in a small dose (10 mg/kg) depressed spontaneous motor activity, while, in a larger dose (80 mg/kg), increased the motor activity. Implantation of a morphine pellet resulted in the development of tolerance to both the locomotor depressant and stimulant effects of morphine. Administration of MIF or cyclo(Leu-Gly) during induction of tolerance in doses (2 mg/kg/day for 3 days) that inhibited the development of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia and locomotor depressant activity, did not alter the development of tolerance to the locomotor stimulant effect. These studies indicate that the development of tolerance to the analgesic and locomotor depreressant effect of morphine may involve similar mechanisms, whereas, tolerance to the locomotor stimulant effect of morphine may be mediated via a different mechanism.
Computer simulation of the structure and elasticity of polyurethane networks: 2. Polyoxypropylene triols and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate

Abstract Polyoxypropylene triol-based urethane networks have been simulated with a computer. Simulations show that cyclic molecules are present in substantial amounts in the sol fraction when the stoichiometric ratio rs ∼ 1.0. Simulations also show that the fractions of loops are much higher than those obtained from modified cascade theory. The population of loops is dependent on molecular weight, dilution and stoichiometric ratio. The proportion of dangling ends is independent of molecular weight and dilution, but depends upon rs. It is found that, for rs ∼ 0.8–1.0, the simulations underestimate moduli, but they give very good agreement either for the affine model or for the phantom model when rs is below 0.8. Reasons for the discrepancy are given in terms of segmentation effects known to occur with the 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate used in the experimental work.
CPR and hospice: Incompatible goals, irreconcilable differences

The purpose of our paper is to challenge the current acceptance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in hospice care. We contend CPR should not be part of the hospice experience because it is contrary to the goals and mission of hospice. While understanding the Medicare conditions of participation do not allow refusal of hospice enrollment based on the presence (or absence) of advance directives, we propose a transparent, common sense approach for hospices to consider when faced with a hospice eligible patient who desires CPR despite medical advice to the contrary.
The empirical base of Trope's position on achievement-task choice: A critique

The empirical base of Trope's position on achievement-task choice is critiqued here. Attention is focused on Trope's earliest studies (Trope, 1975; Trope & Brickman, 1975) because they provide this position's most critical tests. Support for the following three propositions of the position is assessed: (1) diagnosticity information, rather than task difficulty information, is the basis of task selection; (2) desire for information about one's ability, not the wish for certain affective consequences, is what motivates achievement-task choice; and (3) the success of the Atkinson model is owed to the adventitious confounding existing between task diagnosticity and task difficulty, and the resulting confounding between ability-informational and affective consequences. The major findings are that (1) the tests of all propositions have such serious logical flaws that they cannot answer the questions they seek to answer, (2) the task choice situation containing the diagnosticity manipulation employed by Trope is so different from real-life task choice situations as to call into question the relevance of Trope's findings for the latter situations, (3) Trope's diagnosticity manipulation is a meaningless one as it gives rise to situations that are logical impossibilities (e.g., skill tasks that are performed equally well by high- and low-skilled people), and (4) the tests of Atkinson's position are invalidated by a serious misinterpretation of that position by Trope.
EFFECTS OF ISOTHERMAL 2.45 GHZ MICROWAVE RADIATION ON THE MAMMALIAN CELL CYCLE : COMPARISON WITH EFFECTS OF ISOTHERMAL 27 MHZ RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EXPOSURE

Abstract Synchronized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to continuous wave (CH) 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (MWR) or CW 27 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) under isothermal conditions (37±0.2°) to test the following hypotheses: (1) high frequency electromagnetic radiation exposure directly affects the mammalian cell cycle in the absence of radiation-induced heating; and (2) the magnitude of the cell cycle alteration is frequency dependent. CHO cells in either G0/G1-, S−, or G2/M-phase of the cell cycle were simultaneously exposed to CW 27 MHz RFR or CW 2.45 GHz MWR at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 5 or 25 W kg−1, or sham exposed, at 37±0.2°C. Cell cycle alterations were determined by flow cytofluorometry over a 4 d period after exposure. The DNA distributions of RFR, MWR, and sham exposed cells were compared to detect qualitative effects on the cell cycle. Quantitative measures of the effects of isothermal radiation exposure were determined from differences in the number of exposed and sham exposed cells in various cell cycle phases as well as comparison of the mean DNA content of exposed and sham exposed cell samples. Flow cytofluorometric assay precision and accuracy were determined by comparison of DNA distributions of replicate CHO control cell samples and by the use of internal DNA standards. Exposure to 27 MHz RFR or 2.45 GHz MWR altered the CHO cell cycle for periods of up to 4 d following exposure at SARs of 5 or 25 W kg−1. There were significant differences in temporal responses, cell cycle phase sensitivity, and overall degree of cell cycle alteration for 27 MHz compared with 2.45 GHz radiation exposure. In contrast to the effect of 27 MHz RFR, which did not affect G2/M-phase CHO cells, 2.45 GHz MWR altered all cell cycle phases to varying degrees. Exposure to 2.45 GHz MWR at 5 or 25 W kg−1 was twice as effective as 27 MHz RFR in inducing cell cycle alterations as determined by differences in the number of exposed versus sham-exposed cells in various cell cycle phases.
flat manifolds and Riemannian submersions

In this paper, we show that a certain rigidity condition (∑-flatness) for open nonnegatively curved manifoldsM is preserved by Riemannian submersions. The result can be applied to quotients ofM by groups of isometries. ∑-flat metrics are also used to derive a splitting theorem for distance tubes of maximal volume growth.
Magnetic Nanoparticles with High Specific Absorption Rate at Low Alternating Magnetic Field

This paper describes the synthesis and properties of a new type of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) for use in the hyperthermia treatment of tumors. These particles consist of 2–4 nm crystals of gamma-Fe2O3 gathered in 20–40 nm aggregates with a coating of carboxymethyl-dextran, producing a zetasize of 110–120 nm. Despite their very low saturation magnetization (1.5–6.5 emu/g), the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the nanoparticles is 22–200 W/g at applied alternating magnetic field (AMF) with strengths of 100–500 Oe at a frequency of 160 kHz.
PBAN regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in female tobacco hornworm moths,Manduca sexta (L.)

Manduca sexta females that were decapitated produced no pheromone during the scotophase following decapitation, indicating that they were free of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). When deuterated hexadecanoic or (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid was applied to the sex pheromone glands of decapitated or intact females of the same age, and allowed to incubate in vivo for 24 h, deuterium labeled Δ-11- and Δ-10, 12-unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acids were produced in both types of females. Injection of PBAN into intact or decapitated females 23 h after application of labeled acids had no effect on the production of unsaturated labeled fatty acids. However, deuterium labeled aldehydes were produced only in females that were injected with PBAN. Therefore, in this species, PBAN activates the process by which fatty acyl precursors in the pheromone gland are converted into the pheromonal aldehydes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Digital camera assessment for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in rural El Salvador

Objective: To explore the feasibility of digital photography for primary cervical cancer screening in a low-resource setting in El Salvador. Methods: Three independent examiners performed Pap test, visual inspection, digital camera assessment and colposcopy on each subject. Results: Lesions were detected in 99 of 504 patients (20%) by visual inspection, 72/504 (14%) by DART and 90/504 (18%) by colposcopic impression. Seven of 504 patients (1.3%) had CIN on histology. Pap detected 2 of 7 subjects (29% sensitivity) (C.I. 4%, 56%), visual inspection detected 5 of 7 (71% sensitivity, C.I. 34%, 95%), digital assessment detected 6 of 7 (86% sensitivity C. I. 45%, 99%), and colposcopic impression detected 5 of 7 (71% sensitivity, C.I. 34%, 95%). Conclusion: This small pilot trial demonstrates the potential value and feasibility of performing digital camera assessment of the reproductive tract on women in a developing country setting.
Is Piaget's epistemic subject dead?

Niaz (1990) presents arguments in favor of the retention of Piaget's epistemic subject as a theoretical construct to guide research and practice in science education and psychology. The intent of this article is to point out the weaknesses of those arguments and to suggest that the weight of evidence argues against the existence of the logical thinker postulated by Piaget. Therefore, contrary to Niaz's conclusion that the acceptance of Piaget's epistemic subject will facilitate the development of cognitive theories with greater explanatory power, the conclusion is reached that Piaget's epistemic subject is dead and that continued acceptance of this aspect of Piagetian theory would be counterproductive.
Flexural Response of Concrete Beams Prestressed with AFRP Tendons: Numerical Investigation

This paper presents the flexure of concrete beams prestressed with aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) tendons. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element analysis and iterative sectional analysis are conducted to predict the behavior of AFRP-prestressed members, including experimental validation. The beams are simply supported and monotonically loaded until failure occurs. The sectional properties of the beams include a reinforcement ratio of 0.15% to 0.36% and an Ig / Icr ratio of 25 to 77, where Ig and Icr are the gross and cracked moment of inertia, respectively. Various prestressing levels are applied to the beams to evaluate the load versus displacement response, variation of neutral axis depth, effective moment of inertia, and deformability of the beams. The applicability of code provisions and existing predictive equations are examined. The prestress level in the AFRP tendons significantly influences the flexural behavior of the beams, namely, cracking load, strain development of AFRP, and neut...
Fabrication of a custom abutment for a wide-diameter implant in a situation with limited interocclusal space

This article illustrates a technique to solve the esthetic and functional challenges of restoring implants in situations with limited interocclusal clearance. As manufactured, some wide implants lack a gold cylinder abutment that attaches directly to the implant. Instead, an intermediate abutment is provided with the system. However, with limited interocclusal space, it is not feasible to restore an intermediate abutment due to the increased restorative space required. This article describes a technique to fabricate a customized abutment that directly connects to a wide-diameter implant, resulting in a functional and esthetic restoration. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:474-477)
Closely related mammals have distinct asialoglycoprotein receptor carbohydrate specificities.

We recently reported that the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor binds oligosaccharides terminating with sialic acid (Sia) α2,6GalNAc. Despite a high percentage of identical amino acids in their sequences, orthologues of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) in different mammals differ in their specificity for terminal Siaα2,6GalNAc. The recombinant subunit 1 of the ASGP-R from the rat (RHL-1 or rat hepatic lectin) and the mouse (MHL-1 or mouse hepatic lectin), which differ at only 12 positions in the amino acid sequence of their carbohydrate recognition domains, binds Siaα2,6GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Man-bovine serum albumin and GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,2Man-bovine serum albumin in ratios of 16:1.0 and 1.0:1.0, respectively. Mutagenesis was used to show that amino acids both in the immediate vicinity of the proposed binding site for terminal GalNAc and on the α2 helix that is distant from the binding site contribute to the specificity for terminal Siaα2,6GalNAc. Thus, multiple amino acid sequence alterations in two key locations contribute to the difference in specificity observed for the rat and mouse ASGP-Rs. We hypothesize that the altered specificity of ASPG-R orthologues in such evolutionarily closely related species reflects rapidly changing requirements for recognition of endogenous or exogenous oligosaccharides in vivo.
Enhanced Cenozoic chemical weathering and the subduction of pelagic carbonate

THE observed trend of increasing oceanic 87Sr/86Sr ratios during the late Cenozoic led Raymo et al.1 to propose that chemical weathering rates increased at this time as a result of enhanced weatherability of silicate rocks. They suggested that this was due in turn to continential uplift, primarily in the Himalayas and the Andes. Because weathering involves the reaction of silicates with atmospheric carbon dioxide, considerations of changes in weathering rates must take into account the need to balance the global carbon cycle. To maintain this balance on timescales greater than 106yr, enhanced weathering requires an increased flux of CO2, into the atmosphere2. Without such an increased flux, weathering rates could not increase, and one is then forced to search for other explanations for the observed 87Sr/86Sr trend, such as a changing riverine strontium isotope composition3–6. Here I assume that the strontium isotope record does indeed reflect enhanced weathering in the late Cenozoic, but propose that its cause may have been an increased CO2 flux arising from the recycling of pelagic sedimentary carbon at subduction zones. Since the Jurassic, sedimentary carbonate accumulation has shifted from primarily cratonic to primarily pelagic environments7–11; because sea-floor spreading transports pelagic carbonate to, and recycles it through, metamorphic environments in subduction zones, this shift to pelagic carbonate accumulation would provide the increased CO2 flux needed to increase weathering rates12,13
Economic determinants of Soviet foreign trade with Eastern Europe

Abstract Using a cross-sectionally correlated and time-wise autoregressive pooling procedure, we have obtained long-run estimates of export and import elasticities of Soviet-East European bilateral trade with respect to supply, demand and trade resistance factors. Our results indicate that Soviet exports to East Europe during 1963–1973 was, for most product groups, determined by demand conditions found in the East European partner countries while Soviet imports from Eastern Europe, for the same period, was for most product groups determined by East European supplies.
Characterization of trisubstituted double bonds using 3J(CH)-modulated spectra on simple NMR spectrometers

A simple sequence in which 13C precessions are allowed to develop with proton coupling for a period of 1/2 3J(CH) s before initiating decoupling and acquisition allows the determination of vicinal carbon–hydrogen coupling constants to facilitate the characterization of trisubstituted double bonds. The experiment is illustrated by studies of citraconic anhydride and limonene.