cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suggested Classification for Endometriosis: Relationship to Infertility

Pregnancy rates following treatment for endometriosis have been reported from 30 to 95% depending on the extent of the disease. Over age 35 the pregnancy rate is 25% or less. Infertility for over 5 years reduces the pregnancy rate after surgery. Adhesions are a frequent cause of the infertility. Only rarely may the oviducts be blocked. Inadequate tuboovarian motility is thought to be the most important factor. A classification of the endometriosis process into 4 stages is submitted with appropriate drawings to illustrate each phase. The uterus becomes fixed in retroposition by the endometriosis and by the adherent rectosigmoid. Dissemination of endometriotic tissue via vascular or lymphatic channels is also possible but not related to infertility.
Severe and rapid population declines in exotic birds

A particularly vexing phenomenon within invasion ecology is the occurrence of spontaneous collapses within seemingly well-established exotic populations. Here, we assess the frequency of collapses among 68 exotic bird populations established in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Los Angeles and Miami. Following other published definitions, we define a ‘collapse’ as a decline in abundance of ≥90 % within ≤10 years that lasts for at least 3 years. We show that 44 of the 68 exotic bird populations have exhibited declines at some point within their time series. Sixteen of the populations declined sufficiently to be defined as collapsed. It took on average 3.8 ± 1.8 years for populations to decline into a collapsed state, and this state persisted on average for 7.1 ± 6.3 years across (collapsed) populations. We compared the severity and duration of declines across all 44 declining populations according to taxonomic Order and geographic region. Neither variable explained substantial variation in the metrics of collapse. Our results indicate that severe, rapid, and persistent population declines may be common among exotic populations. We suggest that incorporating the probability and persistence of collapses into management decisions can inform efforts to enact control or eradication measures. We also suggest that applying our approach to other taxa and locations is crucial for improving our understanding of when and where collapses are likely to occur.
High-frequency seismic observations and models of chemical explosions: Implications for the discrimination of ripple-fired mining blasts

Discrimination of large chemical explosions (e.g., mining blasts) from possible clandestine nuclear tests (e.g., decoupled explosions) is a significant issue for seismic verification. Unless discrimination is possible, the numerous mining blasts within the USSR would give ample opportunity for concealing a clandestine test. Evernden et al. (1986) advocate high frequencies as a means to detect these clandestine tests; however, mining blasts must still give a unique signature for their discrimination. Specific conditions are also necessary for high-frequency verification: low attenuation and quiet seismic stations are among the most important. In this study we address these problems under conditions representing a best case scenerio. During the summer of 1985, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) deployed a regional array and high frequency seismic station near RSON (Red Lake, Ontario, Canada) to study regional seismic signals at a low-noise site with excellent propagation characteristics, the continental shield. One objective was to evaluate the performance of regional seismic arrays and high-frequency stations in this geological environment. Using high-frequency data from mining blasts within the Mesabi Iron Range in northern Minnesota (distance of 380 km), we also observed the high-frequency Pn phase of ripple-fired blasts, modeled their source properties, and evaluated a possible discriminant for chemical explosions. This study suggests the existence of a distinctive signature for large chemical explosions: strong, high-frequency spectral peaks in the P spectra introduced by delay shooting or ripple firing. Its application depends, however, on a frequency band extending to at least 35 Hz at regional distances, reasonably uniform delay times in the blast pattern, predictably quiet seismic sites, and minimal path attenuation for high frequencies. At 380 km, we observe good propagation to 30 Hz; at 50 Hz the evidence suggests severe attenuation or scattering which is consistent with a total Q between 1500 and 2500. Attenuation estimates assuming a simple source behavior (e.g., f −2 or f −3) at high frequencies for mining explosions would give incorrect values of Q unless corrected for the blast pattern. These attenuations will limit the value of high frequencies for the detection of small decoupled explosions at regional distances.
Study of the reaction nu p ---> mu- pi+ p

We present an analysis of 153 events of the reaction $\ensuremath{\nu}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ at an average neutrino energy of 1 GeV. The results were obtained using the Argonne 12-ft hydrogen bubble chamber. The reaction is dominated by ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}(1236)$ production for which the total cross section rises from threshold to a value of (0.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}38}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1.0$ GeV. The production and decay angular distributions of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ are given. There is no evidence for hadron-lepton mass enhancements.
Schopenhauer and Pessimism in Nineteenth Century English Literature

The years from 1885 to 1898 have been correctly termed by Mr. G. K. Chesterton “an epoch of real pessimism.” Not that pessimists were common at this time, but the question of the value of life was on the horizon of every educated man, and developed like a storm cloud whenever the air of speculation chilled. In England the literary men in particular were given to pessimistic questionings; and a great volume of Continental literature, of a quality to reenforce the idea of the world's tedium and pain, began to appear in translation. FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat sprang into public attention in 1885 and maintained an immense popularity for the next fifteen years. Inasmuch as it has often been confidently affirmed that the cause of the pessimism of this period is to be found in the teachings of Schopenhauer, I have undertaken to examine the nature and extent of Schopenhauer's influence. No evidence appears, however, that Schopenhauer had more than a contributory influence; and the task has necessarily broadened into a study of the history of literary pessimism. Because of the extent of the subject, the present paper offers little more than a summary of methods and results. I hope later to publish the proofs in greater detail.
Viremia During Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Infection of Hamsters

SummaryParainfluenza Type 3 (Para 3) viremia has been demonstrated in hamsters by recovering virus from erythrocytes during pulmonary infection produced by the intranasal inoculation of virus. In attempts to isolate virus from blood, the plasma, erythrocytes and leukocytes were separated and cultured prior to freezing. Fetal bovine serum rather than calf serum was used in the tissue culture medium because the latter frequently contained Para 3 antibody. In addition, erythrocytes and leukocytes were allowed to remain in prolonged contact with tissue culture cells. The nonspecific CPE produced by plasma was avoided by washing tissue culture sheets 4 hr after the addition of plasma.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. C. K. Y. Fong who examined tissue culture preparations in the electron microscope and Dr. G. D. Hsiung who provided valuable criticism during the preparation of the manuscript. The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Barbara Meek and Mrs. Jeana Richo is appreciated.
History, Natality, Ecstasy: Derrida’s First Seminar on Heidegger, 1964–1965

The article, based on a course taught at the Collegium Phaenomenologicum in 2015, has three sections: 1) Derrida’s first major seminar on Heidegger (“Heidegger: The Question of Being and History”), taught in 1964–65, asks whether the language of Sein is ontological or mere “ontic metaphor”; 2) Derrida notes that the first paragraphs on historicity in Being and Time (section 72) offer an intriguing interpretation of birth as “the other end of Dasein”; 3) Derrida focuses on the theme of the past as an ekstasis , which is literally “ une sortie hors de soi .”
Effect of Different Substrates on Qualities of Rice Seedling

This research was conducted to study effect of five substrates( zeolite,rice hull ash,perlite,rotten straw and nutritive soil) on the quality of mechanical transplanting rice seedling to solve the problem of their difficulty of borrowing earth. Results showed that seedlings grown in zeolite and rice hull ash had a higher growth rate,more suitable leaf stage and height,higher cllorophyll,more and longer roots and higher dry weight of both above-ground parts and roots,which indicated that they were the optimal substrates for growing mechanical transplanting rice seedling.
Coding of Object Size and Object Category in Human Visual Cortex

A salient aspect of objects is their real-world size. Large objects tend to be fixed in the world and can act as navigational barriers and landmarks, whereas small objects tend to be moveable and manipulable. Previous work has identified regions of visual cortex that respond differentially to large versus small objects, but the role of size in organizing representations of object categories has not been fully explored. To address this issue, we scanned subjects while they viewed large and small objects drawn from 20 categories, with retinotopic extent equated across size classes. Univariate analyses replicated previous results showing a greater response to large than small objects in scene-responsive regions and the converse effect in the left occipitotemporal sulcus. Critically, multivariate analyses revealed organization-by-size both within and across functional regions, as evidenced by activation patterns that were more similar for object categories of the same size than for object categories of different size. This effect was observed in both scene- and object-responsive regions and across high-level visual cortex as a whole, but not in early visual cortex. We hypothesize that real-world size is an important dimension for object category organization because of the many ecologically significant differences between large and small objects.
Distal Impact Ejecta Layers and Earth History

As of the beginning of 2012, at least 23 probable or confirmed occurrences of distal impact ejecta or distal impact ejecta layers had been reported in the literature, including: five in the Cenozoic, three in the Mesozoic, three or possibly four in the Paleozoic, and twelve in the Precambrian.
A quasiclassical trajectory study of the N2(X1Σ) + O(3P) → NO(X2Π) + N(4S) reaction

We present quasiclassical trajectory simulations of the high-energy collision-induced O((3)P) + N2 reaction. The simulation results show that reactive scattering may proceed on both the (3)A' and (3)A″ potential energy surfaces, but the reaction on (3)A″ surface overwhelmingly dominates. At total energies of collision slightly above the threshold, the NO(X(2)Π) product is found to be scattered primarily in the forward direction, and at higher collision energies, the fraction of NO products that scatter in the backward direction increases. Two-dimensional joint distributions of the center-of-mass differential cross section and translational energy have been examined to unravel the details of the scattering as functions of collision energy.
Smoking Cessation and Electronic Cigarettes in Community Mental Health Centers: Patient and Provider Perspectives

Little is known about patients’ electronic cigarette use, interest in and use of smoking cessation treatments, and providers’ attitude towards such treatment. We assessed patients (N = 231) and providers (45 psychiatrists, 97 case workers) in four Community Mental Health Centers. Interestingly, 50% of smokers reported interest in using electronic cigarettes to quit smoking, and 22% reported current use. While 82% of smokers reported wanting to quit or reduce smoking, 91% of psychiatrists and 84% of case workers reported that patients were not interested in quitting as the lead barrier, limiting the provision of cessation interventions. Providers’ assumption of low patient interest in treatment may account for the low rate of smoking cessation treatment. In contrast, patients report interest and active use of electronic cigarettes to quit smoking. This study highlights the need for interventions targeting different phases of smoking cessation in these patients suffering disproportionately from tobacco dependence.
Clinical Significance of Loss of Chromosome Y (−Y) in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Is It Clonal Evolution?.

Clonal evolution (CE), in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), is characterized by the appearance of additional cytogenetic abnormalities in Philadelphia-positive (Ph+)-cells and is considered a criterion of accelerated phase (AP). Loss of chromosome Y (−Y) frequently occurs in male individuals with aging and has been generally not considered a clinically significant abnormality in hematologic malignancy. In CML it is most frequently not considered an abnormality representing CE assuming it lacks the prognostic implications of other abnormalities in this setting. We thus investigated the frequency and prognostic significance among 352 patients with CML in chronic phase (CP) treated with imatinib mesylate at our institution. −Y was detected along with Ph+ in 7 patients (2%): 3 at the time of diagnosis and 4 during the course of therapy, after a median of 47 months (range, 9–130 months) from diagnosis. Median age was 56 years (range, 40–75 years). Three patients had received prior interferon. Best response to imatinib was complete cytogenetic response in 2 patients (29%), partial in 1 (14%), minor in 2 and complete hematologic response in 2. All but one patient have lost their response after a median of 26 months (range, 2–55 months). In only one patient, −Y was transient and disappeared after 3 months. This patient is in ongoing molecular remission. Of the 6 patients who failed imatinib, 3 patients also failed subsequent therapies (nilotinib, dastinib, and chemotherapy, respectively) and 2 of them subsequently died of progressive disease. The other 3 patients responded to salvage therapy (combination of farnesyl transferase inhibitors and imatinib, homoharingtonine, and chemotherapy), and one of them is in molecular remission following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The median overall survival from the appearance of the −Y has not been reached. We conclude that CE involving −Y abnormality is uncommon in patients with CML treated with imatinib but it may be associated with poor outcome and should be considered as a manifestation of clonal evolution.
Persuasive Self-Efficacy: Dispositional and Situational Correlates

People vary in their self-efficacy as persuaders. After devising a brief measure of persuasive self-efficacy, we find that the construct correlates positively with a number of variables relevant to...
Exegetical Traditions and the Artes Praedicandi in the Collationes de tempore of Frater Petrus (Fourteenth Century)

Oklahoma City, Museum of the Bible Foundation, MS 465 is a fourteenth-century codex containing the Collationes de tempore of one Frater Petrus. The codex was designed and assembled for easy referen...
Predicting Success in Undergraduate Parallel Programming via Probabilistic Causality Analysis

We employ probabilistic causality analysis to study the performance data of 301 students from the upper-level undergraduate parallel programming class at the University of Central Florida. To our surprise, we discover that good performance in our lower-level undergraduate programming CS-1 and CS-II classes is not a significant causal factor that contributed to good performance in our parallel programming class. On the other hand, good performance in systems classes like Operating Systems, Information Security, Computer Architecture, Object Oriented Software and Systems Software coupled with good performance in theoretical classes like Introduction to Discrete Structures, Artificial Intelligence and Discrete Structures-II are strong indicators of good performance in our upper-level undergraduate parallel programming class. We believe that such causal analysis may be useful in identifying whether parallel and distributed computing concepts have effectively penetrated the lower-level computer science classes at an institution.
Stabilization of vinca alkaloids encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to stabilize the vinca alkaloids,vincristine sulfate (VCR) and vinblastine sulfate (VBL), inpoly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres and to release the drugs in asustained manner for more than a month.
Preneoplasia in mammary tumorigenesis.

It is axiomatic that cancers in epithelial organs arise via multiple intermediate stages. This concept is termed multistage carcinogenesis and is based upon both clinical and experimental observations over the past 40 years in practically all major epithelial organs [1–3]. The intermediate stages have been labeled with various terms, the most common terms being preneoplastic or premalignant. Recently it has been recognized that the stage of preneoplasia itself represents a progression of several stages [4]. The past 10 years have witnessed the application of molecular biology approaches to examine basic questions in mammary carcinogenesis. These approaches, which include the development and characterization of transgenic mouse models and transgenic gland models; the successful development of cell culture systems to establish mammary epithelial cell lines of preneoplastic and neoplastic phenotypes; the identification and elucidation of oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and growth factors; and recognition of the importance of the mammary stroma in mammary epithelial cell function, have provided new insights into the biological and molecular events that underlie the development of mammary carcinogenesis. In light of these new methodologies, the time is appropriate for a review of the preneoplastic state in mammary tumorigenesis. Although this review focuses on the mouse as a model, current results and ideas about rat and human preneoplastic or intermediate stage lesions are also discussed.
Channelopathies; Clinical Manifestations

Genetic studies have identified the molecular basis for many disorders of skeletal muscle membrane excitability, which results from mutations of specific ion channels. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of disorders of skeletal muscle membrane excitability resulting from these ion channelopathies. The phenotype and genotype of skeletal muscle channelopathies are best correlated in the nondystrophic myotonia and periodic paralyses.
MRI-Guided Therapeutic Procedures in Recurrent Prostate Cancer

The American Cancer Society estimated that 217,730 new cases of prostate cancer would be diagnosed in the USA in 2010 (Jemal et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 60(5):277−300, 2010). Many men with prostate cancer are often treated with aggressive therapy, including radiotherapy, surgery, or androgen deprivation. No matter how expertly done, these therapies have significant risk and affect the patient’s health-related quality of life, with impact on sexual, urinary, and bowel function (Potosky et al. in J Natl Cancer Inst 96(18):1358−1367, 2004). Active screening programs for prostate cancer have identified increasing numbers of low-risk prostate cancer that have encouraged regimens of active surveillance to delay treatment until cancer progression (Jemal et al. in CA Cancer J Clin 56(2):106−130, 2006). Although active debate continues on the suitability of focal or regional therapy for these low-risk prostate cancer patients, many unresolved issues remain which complicate this management approach. Among them are prostate cancer multifocality, limitations of current biopsy strategies, suboptimal staging by accepted imaging modalities, and less than robust prediction models for indolent prostate cancers. In spite of these restrictions, focal therapy continues to confront the current paradigm of therapy for low-risk disease (Onik et al. in Urology 70(6 Suppl):16−21, 2007). When accurate staging and characterization of the risk posed by a particular prostate cancer is achieved, focal therapy will become a viable option for the management of prostate cancer.
Patients' Health Information Practices and Perceptions of Provider Knowledge in the Case of the Newly Discovered Alpha-gal Food Allergy.

Background:Alpha-gal food allergy is a life-threatening, newly discovered condition with limited presence in authoritative information sources. Sufferers seeking diagnosis are likely to encounter c...
Navigating the Challenges of Multi-Site Research

Our full day-workshop focuses on challenges encountered by researchers attempting to design and conduct studies that span 2 or more social computing platforms, such as parallel sites for different language populations, different platforms, or different user experience designs. Social computing researchers are increasingly interested in these studies that examine user behavior across different sites. For example, researchers have conducted multi-sited studies to understand user behavior across culture, language, and media. In such studies, researchers are challenged to develop and execute methodologies that allow them to navigate frameworks that enable comparisons among multiple sites. Researchers face challenges adapting their methodologies to handle diverse populations, regulations, large datasets and more. The goal of this workshop is to come to a common understanding of what multi-site research is and how we can continue to expand and incentivize this form of research within the CSCW community.
Rationale, design, and methods for the Medical Optimization and Management of Pregnancies with Overt Type 2 Diabetes (MOMPOD) study.

Annually in the US, over 100,000 pregnant women with overt type 2 diabetes give birth. Strict maternal glycemic control is the key to optimizing infant outcomes. Medical treatment of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy is generally restricted to insulin, as data on the safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancy are limited. However, over one-third of infants born to women with type 2 diabetes experience an adverse outcome, such as premature delivery, large-for-gestational age, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, or birth trauma, suggesting that current treatment regimens fall short of optimizing outcomes. Metformin is the pharmacologic treatment of choice for type 2 diabetes outside of pregnancy. Metformin is favored over insulin because it results in less weight gain, fewer hypoglycemic episodes, and is administered orally rather than injected. However, metformin is not typically used for treatment of type 2 diabetes complicating pregnancy, mainly because no large clinical studies have been conducted to examine its use in this context. This is a randomized double-blind multi-center clinical trial of insulin plus metformin versus insulin plus placebo for the treatment of type 2 diabetes complicating pregnancy. A total of 1200 women with type 2 diabetes will be randomized between 10 weeks 0 days’ and 20 weeks 6 days’ gestation and followed until 30 days after delivery. Neonate outcomes will be followed until 30 days of age. The primary aim is to compare the effect of insulin and metformin versus insulin and placebo on composite adverse neonatal outcomes, comprising perinatal mortality, preterm delivery, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, large-for-gestational age small for gestational age, low birth weight, and/or birth trauma. Key secondary aims are to compare treatment groups for neonatal fat mass and rate of maternal hypoglycemia. Additional aims are to assess the side effects and safety of insulin and metformin among pregnant women with overt type 2 diabetes and to compare gestational weight gain among women treated with metformin plus insulin versus insulin alone. Successful completion of this study will result in high-quality, contemporary evidence for management of overt type 2 diabetes complicating pregnancy to improve neonatal outcomes. NCT02932475 (05/17/2016).
Measurement of Light Sensitivity of Chromium/Porous Silicon Schottky Diodes Made by Silicon Nitride Masking

Schottky diodes created on a well-defined porous silicon active area are characterized to determine light sensitivity. The conventional Schottky diodes used the normal bulk n-type (or p-type) substrate to build the diode and to use a metal to form a junction called the Schottky junction. We can change the active area to porous silicon (pSi), in place of bulk silicon, we can take advantage of the shift in band. To create a well-defined device, silicon nitride is coated both on the front and back sides of the wafers, and using dry etching, the silicon nitride is selectively removed prior to pore formation. The devices are then metallized using chromium/gold, titanium/gold and tungsten/gold. Barrier heights were measured and then chromium/pSi samples were exposed to light at controlled temperatures.
Computer-Mediated Experiences of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: The Internet is an important tool for empowering patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to learn about and self-manage their condition. Purpose: The purpose of this ...
Artificially decreased dissolved oxygen increases the persistence of Trichomonas gallinae in water.

Water containing organic material has been shown to increase the persistence of the avian pathogenic protozoa, Trichomonas gallinae. We hypothesized that the decrease in dissolved oxygen due to microbes in the organic material could increase persistence of the microaerophilic trichomonads. Using simulated birdbaths, we determined 1) the levels of dissolved oxygen in distilled water with various amounts of organic material, 2) the concentration of the oxygen-scavenging enzyme Oxyrase® needed to achieve the dissolved oxygen levels obtained in organic material contaminated water, and finally, 3) the persistence of two T. gallinae isolates in Oxyrase®-supplemented water. An average of 9.6% dissolved oxygen was obtained with the addition of 15 g organic material to 500 ml of distilled water, whereas organic material-free water had 86.2% dissolved oxygen. The addition of 0.5% and 1.0% (vol/vol) Oxyrase® to organic material-free water yielded dissolved oxygen of 18.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Using 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations of Oxyrase®, we evaluated the persistence of two trichomonad isolates by inoculating ∼1 million trichomonads into 500 ml distilled water in triplicate. At various time-points, 0.5 ml aliquots of trichomonad-inoculated water were obtained and placed into Hollander Fluid media, incubated at 37 °C, and read by light microscopy every other day for 5 days. In our 1% Oxyrase® treatments, the longest recorded persistence of broad-winged hawk 1 increased from the previously reported 4hrs to 30hrs and Cooper's hawk 4 from 16hrs to 30hrs. These results indicate that the mechanism for organic material-mediated trichomonad persistence is associated with decreased dissolved oxygen, further demonstrating the importance of keeping birdbaths free of organic debris to discourage trichomonad persistence.
“The Road to Freedom”: How One Salvadoran Youth Takes an Agentive Stance to Narrate the Self Across Time and Space

In this article, we use narrative theory to analyze and discuss how one Salvadoran youth, Thomas, constructed three different yet overlapping narratives, including a digital story, on his family’s movement across borders. We describe how each telling of his narratives is situated in time and space, where Thomas reveals his understandings of current social, political and hegemonic forces. Further, we demonstrate how Thomas is taking an agentive stance countering U.S. national anti-immigrant narratives that position Latino immigrants unfavorably. We suggest that narratives and digital technology offer Latino youth a vehicle to become theorists of, and change agents of their own and of others’ worldviews.
Microfabricated Capacitive Electrodes for High Channel Count ECoG Recording

Toward understanding brain functionality, high channel count ECoG arrays enable expanding the resolution and/or physical scope of neural recordings. For fully implanted ECoG arrays, one limiting factor to scaling channel count is the size of the front-end recording electronics, which is dominated by the coupling capacitor needed at every recording channel. This paper presents an ECoG array with coupling capacitors fabricated into the electrodes that significantly reduces the area required for recording electronics and thus enables scaling to higher channel counts. Two different fabrication procedures were explored to form 4x4 arrays of 8 pF capacitor-embedded electrodes utilizing a stack of Cu, Ta2O5, and Ti/Au on a flexible substrate. Several in vivo experiments were performed on an adult rat, and physiologically evoked activity was successfully observed for shoulder and hindlimb tapping as well as for whisker deflection.
Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change.

Climate change threatens global biodiversity by increasing extinction risk, yet few studies have uncovered a physiological basis of climate-driven species declines. Maintaining a stable body temperature is a fundamental requirement for homeothermic animals, and water is a vital resource that facilitates thermoregulation through evaporative cooling, especially in hot environments. Here, we explore the potential for thermoregulatory costs to underlie the community collapse of birds in the Mojave Desert over the past century in response to climate change. The probability of persistence was lowest for species occupying the warmest and driest sites, which imposed the greatest cooling costs. We developed a general model of heat flux to evaluate whether water requirements for evaporative cooling contributed to species’ declines by simulating thermoregulatory costs in the Mojave Desert for 50 bird species representing the range of observed declines. Bird species’ declines were positively associated with climate-driven increases in water requirements for evaporative cooling and exacerbated by large body size, especially for species with animal-based diets. Species exhibiting reductions in body size across their range saved up to 14% in cooling costs and experienced less decline than species without size reductions, suggesting total cooling costs as a mechanism underlying Bergmann’s rule. Reductions in body size, however, are unlikely to offset the 50 to 78% increase in cooling costs threatening desert birds from future climate change. As climate change spreads warm, dry conditions across the planet, water requirements are increasingly likely to drive population declines, providing a physiological basis for climate-driven extinctions.
Pregnant and postpartum women's experiences of weight stigma in healthcare.

Weight stigma is a societal phenomenon that is very prevalent in healthcare, precipitating poor patient-provider relationships, discontinuity of care, and delayed cancer screening. Little research, though, has investigated weight stigma in prenatal and postpartum healthcare. To address this gap, this study examined the prevalence and frequency of weight-stigmatizing experiences in prenatal and postpartum healthcare. 501 pregnant and postpartum women responded to an online survey where they reported whether they had experienced weight stigma in prenatal or postpartum healthcare and, if so, how frequently. Participants also responded to questions about how providers had treated them regarding their weight and their reactions to these experiences. A subset of participants (n = 80) also provided examples of their experiences, and these were subjected to a thematic analysis and coded for overarching themes. Nearly 1 in 5 women (n = 92) reported experiencing weight stigma in healthcare settings. Percentages differed by BMI, with 28.4% of participants with pre-pregnancy obesity endorsing healthcare providers as a source of weight stigma. Experiences occurred between “less than once a month” and “a few times a month.” Obstetricians were the most commonly-reported source (33.8%), followed by nurses (11.3%). Participants reported feeling judged, shamed, and guilty because of their weight during healthcare visits. Additionally, 37 participants (7.7%) reported having changed providers because of treatment regarding their weight. Many also reported that they expected to feel or had felt uncomfortable seeking help with breastfeeding from a healthcare professional. Finally, thematic analysis of the open-ended examples identified four key themes: (1) negative attitudes and unkind or disrespectful treatment from providers; (2) evaluative comments about their weight; (3) healthcare providers focusing on their high-risk status and potential negative consequences (often when birth outcomes were ultimately healthy); and (4) inappropriate or demeaning comments. Weight stigma may be a common experience in pregnancy and postpartum healthcare. Providers need additional training to avoid stigmatizing their patients and inadvertently undermining patient-provider relationships, quality of care, and health outcomes.
Impact of Racial and Gender Variations in Patients With Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Nation-Wide Study.

The overall incidence of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) is decreasing worldwide due to emergency responses, but there are gender and racial differences in the incidence of OHCA, which remain under investigation. Our aim was to identify the incidence, gender, and racial disparities in patients admitted with OHCA. The National Inpatient Sample Database is one of the largest all-payer inpatient database. It was queried to identify patients 18 years or older who were hospitalized with the principal diagnosis of OHCA. There was a total of 85,988 patients who were discharged with a diagnosis classified as OHCA using the ICD-9 code for a period of 2 years. The mean age of the patients who had presented to the hospital with OHCA was 64.3 (±18.5 years). Overall, a greater number of males suffered from OHCA were compared with female population of (48,635 vs 37,366; P < 0.0001). The incidence of OHCA was higher among Caucasians as compared with African Americans (54,812, 63.8% vs 13,787, 16%; P < 0.0001). In-hospital deaths after OHCA were 43,024 (50%). But African Americans had higher mortality than Caucasians after hospitalization for OHCA (adjusted odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.26; P < 0.01). We observed significant differences in gender and racial factors in the patients who were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of OHCA based on an analysis of the national inpatient database.
On The Number of Students Per School Admitted to Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Compared to the Number of Players Per School Selected In Major League Baseball’s Draft

The data concerning the number of students admitted per school to Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are compared to data concerning the number of players drafted per school in Major League Baseball’s annual draft. The distribution in the cases of the two universities are shown to be “steeper” than in the case of the baseball draft, suggesting that admissions policies at the universities are more inefficient than entry to professional baseball.
Compact Set of LFSR Seeds for Diagnostic Tests

Storing compressed tests reduces the storage requirements of a test set. For additional reductions in the input storage requirements, earlier works use every stored test to apply several different tests. This allows the number of stored tests to be reduced without reducing the number of applied tests, achieving the same fault coverage with lower input storage requirements. This paper studies such an approach for a diagnostic test set, which is important for yield learning. The set of compressed tests is partitioned into ones that are important for fault detection, and ones that are added for defect diagnosis. The compressed fault detection tests are first used to produce additional diagnostic tests, thus reducing the need to store compressed diagnostic tests directly. If necessary, compressed diagnostic tests are added to the set of stored tests, and used for applying additional diagnostic tests. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in reducing the input storage requirements of a diagnostic test set.
From protectiveness to fear of retaliation: social work educators’ experiences with gatekeeping in social work

Gatekeeping in the social work profession is a difficult task. Social work educators experience a range of emotions as they exercise their gatekeeping functions. This qualitative study examined the...
Centripetal Acceleration and the Gradient Wind

When the pressure gradient force and Coriolis effect are imbalanced, the flow does not remain straight but instead curves. The centripetal acceleration influences winds in such situations and accounts for this curvature. Centripetal acceleration is related to the gradient wind, which works with the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis effect to keep wind moving around a closed cyclone or anticyclone, rather than flying out on a tangent, out of the circulation cell. A derivation is presented that shows that since air moves clockwise (negative r) around an anticyclone and also a ridge (elongated area of high pressure) in the Northern Hemisphere, flow associated with anticyclones and ridges is supergeostrophic in the Northern Hemisphere, if the pressure gradient would be equal to that in the geostrophic case. Likewise, flow is subgeostrophic around a cyclone and also a trough (elongated zone of low pressure), since air moves counterclockwise (positive r) in the Northern Hemisphere around cyclones and troughs if the pressure gradient would be equal to that in the geostrophic case. In reality, flow in the upper-troposphere of the mid-latitudes seldom takes the form of an enclosed and isolated circulation—anticyclones and cyclones. Instead, the flow moves along in a series of Rossby waves that undulate from north-to-south and south-to-north, amid general west-to-east propagation. Convergence, divergence, and vorticity associated with the Rossby waves have a great role in modulating broad-scale flow and local weather conditions.
Telemedicine Visits During COVID-19 Improved Clinic Show Rates.

Objective We aimed to explore the impact of telehealth in the setting of COVID-19 on patient access to ambulatory rheumatologic care at our academic public health system and to determine whether telemedicine visits had a beneficial impact on access to our rheumatology ambulatory clinics. Methods We compared completed, no-show, and cancellation rates between in-person clinic visits and telemedicine appointments over a 10-week time period before Ohio's initial executive order responding to COVID-19 (premandate period) and a 10-week time period afterward (postmandate period). Scheduling and appointment data were retrospectively extracted from the medical center's electronic health record. Results During the premandate period, when all visits were in-person, the total number of completed visits was 930. The percentages of cancellations, no-shows, and completed appointments of all appointment activities were 31.43%, 13.12%, and 55.46%, respectively. During the postmandate period, when telemedicine visits were added, the overall total number of completed visits was 1038. The percentages of cancellations, no-shows, and completed appointments of all appointment activities were 53.45%, 13.91%, and 32.64%, respectively, for in-person appointments and 0.12%, 8.48%, and 91.39%, respectively, for telemedicine appointments. Conclusion Telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in higher rates of completed appointments and lower rates of missed appointments in the rheumatology outpatient clinic compared with in-person visits during and prior to the pandemic.
Control of brain metastases from radioresistant tumors treated by stereotactic radiosurgery.

Renal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma are considered to be “radioresistant” tumor histologies. Brain metastases (BM) from these tumors are considered unlikely to be controlled using the relatively low doses used in whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Our objective was to analyze the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) on local control and overall survival of BM from radioresistant primary tumors. We reviewed all patients who received Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) for BM at Columbia University Medical Center between January 2009 and April 2014. All patients were treated using the Gamma Knife Perfexion System. Dosimetric data was collected from treatment plans and metastases were categorized as radioresistant or not. Response was assessed by reviewing follow-up brain imaging studies and classified according to RECIST. Local control and median overall survival were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. In total, 373 tumors were analyzed from 126 patients. Of these tumors, 49 (13.1 %) originated from radioresistant cancers. The overall local control rate in the radioresistant cohort was 89.8 and 90.1 % in the non-radioresistant cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that radioresistance status of the primary tumor had no statistically significant effect on local control with hazard ratios of 1.0 (p = 1.0, 95 % CI 0.388–2.576) and 0.954 (p = 0.926, 95 % CI 0.349–2.603) respectively. Median overall survival for both radioresistant and non-radioresistant cohorts was 20.0 months, with a p value of 0.926. There was no significant difference in local control of BM from radioresistant and non-radioresistant primary tumors treated with GKRS. Both cohorts showed excellent response and local control, suggesting that SRS upfront or in addition to WBRT may be an appropriate strategy in the treatment of BM from radioresistant cancers. Median overall survival for both cohorts was equal, suggesting that improved local control may be associated with an improvement in long-term survival.
Why do social network site users share information on Facebook and Twitter

Users join social network sites SNSs for social network building and information sharing, however, little has been ascertained as to why users share information on SNSs. This study examined why SNS users share information, knowledge, and personal experiences with others on SNSs. Through an online survey, 10 motivation factors were tested with Facebook and Twitter users. The findings indicate that the motivations of SNS users in sharing information could be attributed to various aspects such as demographic characteristics, experiences of SNSs and Internet usage, as well as the characteristics and features of SNSs. SNS users could be highly motivated by the learning and social engagement aspects of SNS services. It is also found that the motivations could vary depending on the characteristics of services. The results of this study could be helpful for researchers in understanding the underlying reasons for social activities as well as for SNS developers in improving SNS services.
The Non-unique Case

The last few chapters have been devoted to finding out when the martingale problem is well-posed and what can be said when it is. In this chapter, we are going to examine whether anything useful can still be proved when we drop the assumption of uniqueness. In particular, we want to show that even in this case it may be possible to “select” a family of solutions in such a way that the strong Markov property prevails. We also want to describe the structure of the set of solutions associated with given coefficients and a given initial condition.
Storyboarding with PowerPoint to bring cases, case problems, and course content to life

Framework The case method is widely used in business, law and other disciplines as a way of contextualizing course content. Most commonly, cases are delivered as paper descriptions of problems that arise in the field being studied. The case method leads to student engagement as students use course content to understand and to propose solutions to real world problems. Technological developments, however, empower teachers to easily move away from paper presentation of cases and to bring cases to life with multi-media elements.
Taking industry structuring seriously: A strategic perspective on product differentiation†

Given legal impediments to consolidation and collusion, firms often resort to product differentiation to attain market power. This paper provides a formal analysis of product differentiation as a tool for such industry structuring at both the firm and industry level. We examine: how industry structure differs when firms collaborate on their differentiation decisions, and when the profitability of such collaboration is greatest; how an individual firm's differentiation decisions affect subsequent market outcomes under price competition, such as margin, market share, and profit; how mere differentiation differs from a ‘differentiation advantage’; and how changing a firm's differentiation affects its rivals through both positive externalities (by restraining rivalry) and negative externalities (by shifting competitive advantage). Our results have implications for empirical research, strategy theory, and pedagogy.
Characterization of thermoanaerobacter glucose isomerase in relation to saccharidase synthesis and development of single-step processes for sweetener production.

Regulation of glucose isomerase synthesis was studied in Thermoanaerobacter strain B6A, which fermented a wide variety of carbohydrates including glucose, xylose, lactose, starch, and xylan. Glucogenic amylase activities and β-galactosidase were produced constitutively, whereas the synthesis of glucose isomerase was induced by either xylose or xylan. Production of these saccharidase activities was not significantly repressed by the presence of glucose or 2-deoxyglucose in the growth media. Glucose isomerase production was optimized by controlling the culture pH at 5.5 during xylose fermentation. The apparent temperature and pH optima for these cell-bound saccharidase activities were as follows: glucose isomerase, 80°C, pH 7.0 to 7.5; glucogenic amylase, 70°C, pH 5.0 to 5.5; and β-galactosidase, 60°C, pH 6.0 to 6.5 Glucose isomerase, glucogenic amylase, and β-galactosidase were produced in xylose-grown cells that were active and stable at 60 to 70°C and pH 6.0 to 6.5. Under single-step process conditions, these saccharidase activities in whole cells or cell extracts converted starch or lactose directly into fructose mixtures. A total of 96% of initial liquefied starch was converted into a 49:51 mixture of glucose and fructose, whereas 85% of initial lactose was converted into a 40:31:29 mixture of galactose, glucose, and fructose.
The elliptic whistler jet

Elliptic jets have decided advantages for technological applications over circular jets; this paper explores further advantages achieved by jet forcing due to self-excitation. Using hot-wire measurements and flow visualization, we have studied an elliptic whistler (i.e. self-excited) air jet of 2 :1 aspect ratio which, in contrast to an elliptic jet issuing from a contoured nozzle, displays no axis switching, but significantly increased spread in the major-axis plane. Its near-field mass entrainment is considerably higher (by as much as 70%) than that of a non-whistling jet. Flow visualization reveals unexpected dynamics of the elliptic vortical structures in the whistler jet compared to that in the non-whistling jet. Vortices rolled up from the lip of the elliptic pipe impinge onto the collar, producing secondary vortices; interaction of these two opposite-signed vortices is shown to cause the different behaviour of the whistler jet