cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of care for older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma based on comparisons to practice guidelines and smoking status

The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of respiratory diseases in older adults and compare the demographic, health and smoking characteristics of those with and without these diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the association between smoking status and patterns in health care and how concordant this care is with guidelines. Using a nationally representative sample of 29,902 older adults who participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1992–2002), we compared guideline recommendations on the treatment and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma with survey utilization data, including the use of bronchodilators, spirometry and influenza vaccine. 26% to 30% of older adults were diagnosed with or self-reported chronic respiratory diseases; however 69% received no pharmacological treatment and 30% of patients reporting use of pharmacological treatments did not receive short-acting bronchodilator inhalers. Current smokers appeared to receive significantly less care for respiratory diseases than non-smokers or former smokers. Disparities between recommended and actual care for older adults with chronic lung disease require further research. The needs of older adults with co-morbidities and nicotine addiction deserve special attention in care as well as guideline development and implementation.
Isopimpinellin Is Not Phototoxic in a Chick Skin Assay

Synthetic isopimpinellin (5,8-dimethoxypsoralen), confirmed to contain as impurities only trace quantities at most of psoralen, bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen), is not phototoxic when tested in a chick skin bioassay system. These findings are at variance with earlier studies showing isopimpinellin to be phototoxic against chick skin and support the conclusion that isopimpinellin is photobiologically inactive. As recently proposed by others, the several reports of isopimpinellin photoactivity are most likely attributable to contamination by small amounts of highly active psoralens such as bergapten or xanthotoxin.
Culture as a stressor: a revised model of biocultural interaction

Contemporary urban societies display in high relief the action of social stratification on human biology. Recent studies of biological responses to urban environments and of socioeconomically disadvantaged people indicate that culture allocates risks disproportionately to some individuals and groups within society through its constituent values and related patterns of behavior. Although risk allocation is present in all societies, it is very clear in urban environments within stratified societies where high exposure to harmful materials is many times more likely for some segments of society. In urban environments, culture may be seen as adding stressors to the environment by concentrating naturally occurring materials to levels that are toxic to humans and through the creation of new toxic materials. In stratified societies the risk of exposure to these new stressors is focused on the socioeconomically disadvantaged. This exposure has consequences that increase the likelihood of more exposure and more socioeconomic disadvantage, thereby increasing social stratification. This suggests that models of biocultural interaction include a feedback relationship in which biological factors influence the sociocultural system in addition to the usual action of the sociocultural system on biological features and responses. This model strongly reinforces the view that stressors can originate from cultural arrangements.
ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT, pH AND FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF ACIDIFIED HOME CANNED TOMATOES

Two cultivars of tomatoes were home canned in a boiling water bath with various levels of citric acid and one level of sugar. After 7 months' storage, tomatoes to which lg of citric acid had been added had the lowest ascorbic acid content. Addition of smaller quantities of citric acid, however, did not significantly affect ascorbic acid retention, compared with that of the nonacidified control. Adding 0.5g of citric acid or lg of citric acid plus 1 tsp of sugar was found to be an acceptable method of decreasing the pH of tomatoes used in this study without seriously impairing the flavor or texture.
On inverse carrying charges and spatial arbitrage

A dynamic trader problem under uncertain demand is presented and spatial and temporal arbitrage conditions derived from first-order conditions. A time-varying storage premium that explains backwardation and inverse carrying charges independent of risk-aversion, stockouts, or convenience is developed. Random-returns and cost-of-carry models are expressed as special conditions of the derived model. An applied composite-error model is estimated using data from the London Metal Exchange's copper contract. Predictions of the model are tested against well-known alternatives. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:305–336, 2007
Quantitative evaluation of image mosaicing in multiple scene categories

Image mosaicing has been practiced in several computer vision and scientific research areas. There is a clear indication of the advancement of the state of the art of mosaicing algorithms. However, the methods of quantitative evaluation of mosaicing algorithms are still inadequate. Furthermore, a majority of the previous evaluation methodologies lack a sufficient number of performance metrics, while others suffer from computational complication. Therefore, this paper proposes an evaluation method to assess the performance of mosaicing algorithms. This method involves four metrics: percentage of mismatches, difference of pixel intensities, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and mutual information to measure the quality of the mosaicing outputs. These outputs are obtained using a mosaicing algorithm based on the Scale Invariant Feature Transform, Best Bins First, and Random Sample Consensus, reprojection and stitching algorithms. In order to evaluate mosaicing performance objectively, the proposed method compares mosaicing images with the ground-truth images that depict the same scene view. Evaluation has been performed using 36 test sequences from 3 different categories: images of 2D surfaces, images of outdoor 3D scenes, and airborne images from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Exhaustive testing has shown that the proposed metrics are effective in assessing the quality of mosaicing outputs.
Ultrastructure of rat megakaryocytes after prolonged thrombocytopenia

Megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation was analyzed by electron microscopy in rats with prolonged (10 days) thrombocytopenia induced by either daily plateletphoresis or multiple injections of anti-platelet serum. Immature MK from thrombocytopenic animals were similar to those of normal rats, although the proportion of such cells was increased and they were slightly larger in average size. Maturing cells exhibited localized areas of hypertrophied and densely packed demarcation membranes and augmented rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The most striking new finding in maturing cells was the abundance of dense compartments (DC) in the demarcation membrane system (DMS). Staining with tannic acid indicated that, although deep within the cell, DC were in direct continuity with the extracellular space. A few were also identified in freeze-fractured MK. Intramembranous particle density in DC appeared to be less than that in the ordinary DMS. In stimulated animals, mature cells measured one-third larger than normal in diameter and often disclosed more nuclear lobes and persistent nucleoli. These changes were presumably mediated by the humoral agent, thrombopoietin.
The significance of concordance in mammographic interpretations

Twenty-eight women participating in a screening program had a breast cancer diagnosed subsequent to the report of a negative mammogram which was read by only one of a group of radiologists. Fourteen occurred prior to a scheduled routine screening visit (interval cancers) and 14 were detected during such an examination. The negative mammograms from the 28 cancer patients, together with those from 120 women without cancer (controls) were independently reviewed by each member of a panel of three radiologists. Forty-six percent of the cancer cases and 5.8% of the controls were interpreted as positive by two or more of the radiologists. These findings suggest that agreement among several independent reviewers enchances the value and accuracy of mamography by reducing the number of false negative interpretations.
Large-scale solution synthesis of narrow graphene nanoribbons

Theory predicts that graphene nanoribbons with width less than 2 nm exhibit bandgaps comparable to silicon, but the fabrication is challenging. Vo et al. report a bottom–up approach to synthesize bulk quantities of these materials with a bandgap of ~1.3 eV, potentially useful for electronic devices.
Theories of Motivation in Addiction Treatment: Testing the Relationship of the Transtheoretical Model of Change and Self-Determination Theory

This study explored the relationship between 2 theories of motivation: self-determination theory (SDT) and the transtheoretical model of change (TTM), and sought to determine whether the source of motivation described by SDT would predict TTM's stage of change. SDT was operationalized as the level of internal or external motivation for treatment, and TTM was operationalized as 3 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, and action. Our data came from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study published in 2004. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship between source of motivation and stage of change at intake. Controlling for severity, treatment history, legal status, and primary substance use, persons entering treatment with higher levels of internal motivation were more likely to be in the action stage than the precontemplation stage. Higher levels of internal motivation also predicted a greater likelihood of being in the contemplation rather th...
Drug Enforcement Administration Liability for False Arrest of Physician

Prescribing opioid analgesic medications brings with it a risk of regulatory oversight. A Florida Physician, Dr. Andrew Nguyen, was arrested in 2000 for allegedly violating controlled substance laws. The allegation was that Dr. Nguyen had not conducted a physical examination of a patient for whom controlled substances were prescribed. The allegation was untrue, and the charges against Dr. Nguyen were dismissed. Dr. Nguyen successfully sued the local law enforcement authorities, but a companion lawsuit against the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was dismissed. The United States Court of Appeals has now reinstated Dr. Nguyen's lawsuit against the DEA. The reinstatement of the lawsuit corrects a moral hazard that produces imbalanced regulatory perspectives on the enforcement of controlled substance laws.
Mass spectrometry of the nucleic acid base queuine

Abstract Mass spectrometry has played a major role in the structure elucidation of members of the Q family of bases and nucleosides, which are widely distributed in nature. The volatile N -(aminomethylene)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (AMT) - trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of the nucleic acid base queuine has been prepared and its electron ionization mass spectrum studied. A deuterated analog of queuine has been prepared and tested for use as an internal standard for quantitative measurements of queuine in plant and animal materials by selected ion monitoring.
Bruce Beutler: Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors

From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (D.P.S.), and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.A.S., R.A.K.). B ruce Alan Beutler was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1957 but spent most of his childhood in southern California, where his father, noted hematologist Ernest Beutler (1928-2008), became the Chairman of Medicine at the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, in 1959. Young Bruce Beutler’s first intensive exposure to biology was in his father’s laboratory on weekends and school holidays, where he learned how to purify proteins and to assay red cell enzymes such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In high school, he also worked with Susumu Ohno, an immunologist and geneticist at City of Hope who collaborated with his father. Beutler distinguished himself early academically, graduating from the University of California at San Diego at age 18 and from the University of Chicago’s medical school at age 23. (Ernest Beutler had graduated from the same medical school at age 21, and he suggested to his son that medical training would be a good skill “to fall back on” in case his planned scientific career foundered.) Bruce Beutler’s later scientific focus on innate immunity was in part a result of medical school clinical experience with patients with inflammatory diseases and serious infections. Beutler’s medical internship was at the University of Texas Southwestern (UT Southwestern) Medical Center at Dallas, followed by a year as a neurology resident at the same institution. In 1983, he moved to Rockefeller University in New York and to the laboratory of Anthony Cerami, where Beutler was the first to isolate murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). He discovered that the TNF pathwaymediated some of the potent inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial macromolecule important in the clinical signs of sepsis. In 1986, he joined the faculty of UT Southwestern and also became an assistant
Transfer of the high-GC cyclohexane carboxylate degradation pathway from Rhodopseudomonas palustris to Escherichia coli for production of biotin

This work demonstrates the transfer of the five-gene cyclohexane carboxylate (CHC) degradation pathway from the high-GC alphaproteobacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris to Escherichia coli, a gammaproteobacterium. The degradation product of this pathway is pimeloyl-CoA, a key metabolite in E. coli's biotin biosynthetic pathway. This pathway is useful for biotin overproduction in E. coli; however, the expression of GC-rich genes is troublesome in this host. When the native R. palustris CHC degradation pathway is transferred to a DeltabioH pimeloyl-CoA auxotroph of E. coli, it is unable to complement growth in the presence of CHC. To overcome this expression problem we redesigned the operon with decreased GC content and removed stretches of high-GC intergenic DNA which comprise the 5' untranslated region of each gene, replacing these features with shorter low-GC sequences. We show this synthetic construct enables growth of the DeltabioH strain in the presence of CHC. When the synthetic degradation pathway is overexpressed in conjunction with the downstream genes for biotin biosynthesis, we measured significant accumulation of biotin in the growth medium, showing that the pathway transfer is successfully integrated with the host metabolism.
A short proof of interlacing inequalities on normalized Laplacians

A short proof of interlacing inequalities on normalized Laplacians is given. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 15A42.
Recognition of oxidized DNA bases by sera of patients with inflammatory diseases

Chronic inflammatory conditions result from or contribute to many diseases. Prominent among them is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sera of SLE patients contain an array of various auto-antibodies (Ab), including antinuclear Ab of unknown etiologies. The most puzzling is formation of Ab directed against autologous DNA. Our hypothesis was that increased oxidant production causes oxidation of DNA bases, which provide antigenic determinants that elicit antioxidized DNA Ab. To test this hypothesis, we used oxidized DNA nucleoside (5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine [HMdU]) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (HMdU-BSA) as the antigen. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that these Abs are sensitively detectable in SLE sera and sera of various other inflammatory autoimmune diseases. The titers of anti-HMdU Ab were significantly higher (p < .01) than those present in the control sera. Anti-HMdU Ab were predominantly of the IgM isotype, with low levels of IgG and no IgA. Anti-HMdU Ab bound to the HMdU-BSA-coated wells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. That binding was inhibited by HMdU-BSA and to a lesser extent by thymidine-BSA, a normal nucleoside conjugate. The specific binding appears to be inversely related to the age of the patients, but no significant differences were observed between the sexes of the same age.
Fracture Orientations near Great Abaco Fault

Compass-oriented deep-sea bottom photographs taken on the Blake Escarpment near Great Abaco Canyon reveal that the outcropping Cretaceous limestone is broken by several fracture sets. Three distinguishable trends of what are assumed to be vertical fractures are found. One trending N. 55° W., which corresponds to the strike of Great Abaco fault; another trending N. 25° E., which corresponds to the strike of the prominent linear magnetic anomaly along Blake Escarpment off Great Abaco Island; and a third trend of N. 60° E., which is thought to be a second order shear fracture related to the movements along the first two trends.
Types of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in the western Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA

Abstract The western Snake River Plain graben in southwestern Idaho includes a large hydrovolcanic field which was produced in late Miocene to Pleistocene time by the interaction of rising basaltic magmas with the waters and water-saturated deposits of an enormous freshwater lake, Lake Idaho. The phreatomagmatic volcanoes in this field may be grouped into three types: emergent, subaqueous and subaerial. Emergent volcanoes, which began erupting under water and built up above the lake level, are relatively large and symmetrical, are dominated by bedded tuffs and late magmatic deposits, and are excellent indicators of water depth at the time of the eruption. Subaqueous volcanoes, which never built up above the lake level, are relatively small and asymmetrical, are dominated by basal massive deposits, and are potentially useful in discriminating between deep- and very-deep-water settings. Subaerial volcanoes, which were formed when magmas intercepted buried aquifers and interacted explosively with water, are small tuff rings and maars with variable shapes, are composed of subequal (although variable) proportions of basal massive deposits, bedded tuffs and late magmatic deposits, and are useful in determining the stratigraphic successions underlying them.
Wishes of Adolescents

This study examined the wishes of 71 black and 76 white adolescents. Analysis indicated that white adolescents gave fewer concrete and more abstract responses than black adolescents. In the context of studies of younger children our results suggested that abstract responses increase with age.
Quartz crystals as multipurpose oceanographic sensors—I. pressure

Abstract A quartz crystal pressure sensor is evaluated for use on the deep ocean floor. Drifts are less than 1 cm of sea water pressure per day. The instrumental noise spectrum is sufficiently low that 1mm waves of period 1h could be detected.
Self-consistent hybrid functional for condensed systems

A self-consistent scheme for determining the optimal fraction of exact exchange for full-range hybrid functionals is presented and applied to the calculation of band gaps and dielectric constants of solids. The exchange-correlation functional is defined in a similar manner to the PBE0 functional, but the mixing parameter is set equal to the inverse macroscopic dielectric function and it is determined self-consistently by computing the optimal dielectric screening. We found excellent agreement with experiments for the properties of a broad class of systems, with band gaps ranging between 0.7 and 21.7 eV and dielectric constants within 1.23 and 15.9. We propose that the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions obtained with the present self-consistent hybrid scheme may be excellent inputs for ${G}_{0}{W}_{0}$ calculations.
Infection of human B cells with Epstein-Barr virus results in the expression of somatic hypermutation-inducing molecules and in the accrual of oncogene mutations.

Abstract Infection of human B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was seen to result in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and polymerase-η (pol-η) gene expression. AID and pol-η are cellular gene products that play central roles in the DNA-modifying processes involved in immunoglobulin gene class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Errors in these processes can result in oncogene mutation/translocation, thereby contributing to lymphomagenesis. It was seen that EBV infected, AID, and pol-η expressing B cells accumulated mutations in cellular proto-oncogenes ( BCL-6 and p53 ) that are known to be involved in the genesis of B cell lymphoma. The nature of the mutations seen in these oncogenes was consistent with the known activity of AID and pol-η. These findings indicate that EBV induced AID and pol-η expression, and that this was associated with oncogene mutation, providing a novel means by which EBV infection of B cells may contribute to lymphomagenesis.
Where social and professional networking meet: The virtual association chapter

Online Capella University wanted to sponsor an International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI) chapter. Using social networking platforms, a new type of chapter was designed. The virtual chapter breaks new ground on more than the chapter's platform; it is also the first university-sponsored chapter and has a unique approach to accomplishing chapter work. Service orientation, technological innovation, and alignment to the society's strategy helped the ISPI Capella University Virtual Chapter become a Chapter of Excellence.
984-23 Efficacy of Cytochalasin B in Inhibiting Coronary Restenosis Caused by Chronic Remodeling After Balloon Trauma in Swine

The predominant role of geometric remodeling in restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has recently been described. In this study, Cytochalasin B (CB), a compound which reversibly blocks actin polymerization and thereby inhibits smooth muscle contraction and geometric remodeling, was tested for its ability to inhibit restenosis after balloon trauma in a swine coronary model. The left circumflex artery was traumatized with a torquable embolectomy catheter and treated with either saline, 0.1 μ g/ml or 1.5 μ g/ml CB applied directly to the arterial wall with a Cordis Microporous Infusion Catheter (MIC). Pigs were sacrificed 3 weeks post-surgery and the left coronary artery was processed for histopathology. Histologically, traumatized and treated coronary arteries in all groups were characterized by tears in the internal elastic lamina which occasionally extended into the tunica media, reorientation of the inner myofibers of the tunica media perpendicular to the lumen, occasional dissecting aneurysms, and intimal hyperplasia. Morphometric evaluation of vascular lumenal area demonstrated a significant difference between treatment groups and the saline control. Saline control pigs had a mean lumenal area of 55.8% (44.2% stenosis) compared to the mean of the proximal and distal vessel lumen areas. Pigs treated with 0.1 μ g/ml CB had lumenal areas of 92.1% (7.9% stenosis, p l 0.01), and pigs treated with 1.5 μ g/ml CB had lumenal areas of 112.4% (12.4% dilation, p = 0.001). Treatment with 0.1 μ g/ml CB markedly inhibited restenosis and treatment with 1.5 μ g/ml CB actually resulted in increased in lumenal area. In this model of vascular injury, treatment with CB resulted in increased lumenal patency which appears to be associated with chronic geometric remodeling despite concurrent intimal proliferation. Treatment of traumatized coronary arteries with CB may be useful in diminishing restenosis in patients undergoing PTCA.
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex Information about Reward and Action

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is thought to play a critical role in forming associations between rewards and actions. Currently available physiological data, however, remain inconclusive regarding the question of whether dACC neurons carry information linking particular actions to reward or, instead, encode abstract reward information independent of specific actions. Here we show that firing rates of a majority of dACC neurons in a population studied in an eight-option variably rewarded choice task were sensitive to both saccade direction and reward value. Furthermore, the influences of reward and saccade direction on neuronal activity were approximately equal in magnitude over the range of rewards tested and were statistically independent. Our results indicate that dACC neurons multiplex information about both reward and action, endorsing the idea that this area links motivational outcomes to behavior and undermining the notion that its neurons solely contribute to reward processing in the abstract.
Ankle and foot kinematics associated with stage II PTTD during stance.

Background: Subjects with stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) exhibit abnormal foot kinematics; however, how individual segment kinematics (hindfoot (HF) or first metatarsal (first MET) segments) influence global foot kinematics is unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare foot and ankle kinematics and sagittal plane HF and first MET segment kinematics between stage II PTTD and controls. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with stage II PTTD and 15 healthy controls were evaluated. Kinematic data from the tibia, calcaneus, and first MET were collected during walking using three dimensional motion analysis techniques. A three-segment foot model (HF, calcaneus; first MET, first metatarsal, and tibia) was used to calculate relative angles (ankle, HF relative to tibia; midfoot, first MET relative to HF) and segment angles (HF and first MET relative to the global). A mixed effect ANOVA model was utilized to compare angles between groups for each variable. Results: Patients with PTTD s...
Ensuring the pathogen safety of intravenous immunoglobulin and other human plasma–derived therapeutic proteins☆☆☆

Countless patients and clinicians rely on therapeutic proteins, such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs), isolated from human blood plasma. Since plasma is predisposed to contamination by a variety of blood-borne pathogens, ascertaining and ensuring the pathogen safety of plasma-derived therapeutics is a priority among manufacturers. Even though the pathogen safety records for IVIG and other plasma proteins are excellent, the industry remains active in research programs aimed at improving the margin of safety. Industry initiatives designed to increase the safety of plasma-derived products range from donor screening and testing to implementing methods into the manufacturing processes that can inactivate or remove pathogens from product streams. In general, the industry's comprehensive strategy is designed to provide patients and caregivers with the safest plasma products possible.
Depressed prolactin cell activity in long-term blind-pinealectomized female hamsters is due to loss of estrous cyclicity.

Pinealectomy in the female golden Syrian hamster is not always completely effective in preventing the suppressive effects of long-term light deprivation due to blinding on pituitary prolactin (PRL) cell activity. We examined this curious phenomenon by measuring pituitary PRL mRNA levels, PRL synthesis, and radioimmunoassayable PRL, and correlating these changes with the status of estrous cyclicity. As expected, 12 weeks of light deprivation resulted in loss of estrous cyclicity and a greater than 90% decline in all indices of pituitary PRL cell activity, compared with intact cycling controls. Pinealectomy prevented only 40-50% of this decline. However, if noncycling light-deprived pinealectomized animals were excluded, pinealectomy was completely effective, i.e., cycling intact control animals were no different than cycling blind-pinealectomized. We conclude that the inability of pinealectomy to completely prevent the decline in prolactin cell activity seen after blinding is due to the loss of estrous cyclicity in some blind-pinealectomized females, with the attendant loss of the prolactin-stimulating hormone estrogen.
Civil Society, Differential Resources, and Organizational Development: HIV/AIDS Organizations in New York City, 1982-1992:

This article addresses two practical and theoretical issues: the role of nonprofits in the implementation of social policies and studies of organizational development. It considers two questions: (...
Customer Contributions to Quality: A Different View of the Customer-Oriented Firm

Regardless of the specific tools and methods a firm adopts or what quality experts an organization follows, managing for quality and competitive advantage means a firm must become customer oriented. Unfortunately, many quality-management programs and efforts to enhance competitiveness take a rather limited view of potential customer involvement in the process. This article first examines familiar roles that customers play in both manufacturing and service organizations. Then, insights from organization theory, services marketing. strategic management, and total quality concepts are integrated to develop both a conceptual model and 10 propositions based on a more complex view of potential customer contributions to competitive quality. Both a research agenda and ideas for improved organizational practice are discussed.
Managing fisheries is managing people: what has been learned?

Understanding the behaviour of fishermen is a key ingredient to successful fisheries management. The aggregate behaviour of fishing fleets can be predicted and managed with appropriate incentives. To determine appropriate incentives, we should look to successes to learn what works and what does not. In different fisheries incentive systems have been found to reduce the race-for-fish and make fisheries profitable, to stimulate stock rebuilding, to reduce bycatch, and to provide for reductions in illegal fishing. Yet, success can be evaluated in many dimensions, but is, in fact, rarely done ‐ per cent overfished seems to be the dominant measure of performance. I evaluate the yield lost due to overfishing in several ecosystems and contrast the situation of North Atlantic cod where considerable yield is lost, to fisheries in New Zealand and the west coast of the USA where lost yield due to overfishing is very small. Much more systematic evaluation of the other aspects of fisheries performance is greatly needed. From examples explored in this paper I conclude that prevention of overfishing can be achieved with strong central governments enforcing conservative catch regulations, but economic success appears to require an appropriate incentive structure.
L p State Estimators for Power Systems

The widely used method of least squares for state estimation is revisited. The commonly used least squares philosophy is based on the L 2 Holder norm. The L 1 and L ∞ norms are considered for applications in power engineering. The effects of outliers in measurements and multicolinearity on state estimation are studied. An application in parameter estimation for synchronous generators is given as an example.
Differences in the Demographic and Sociopsychological Profile of ROTC vs Non-ROTC Students.

Abstract The demographic and sociopsychological profile of 102 high school and 754 college Army ROTC cadets was compared and contrasted against that of their non-ROTC classmates. The ROTC students were found to differ from their classmates in military background, academic aptitude, personal values, attributes sought in a job, political position, bureaucratic tendencies, and other socio-psychological characteristics. These differences grew larger with time, as progressively older samples of cadets and noncadets were studied. Because of the cross-sectional nature of the present study, it was not possible to determine the extent to which these widening differences were due to: (a) selection differences present at the moment of entry into ROTC; (b) attrition from the ROTC group of cadets with a “deviant” profile; and/or (c) actual changes in cadets brought about by exposure to a military career. Nevertheless, these findings point to the possible existence of a “military personality” that is evident at early career development stages and even among ROTC civilians supposed to provide a “leavening” effect on the United States military.
Identification and verification by experiment and simulation for the possibility of die cracking induces by UIL test

An undamped inductive loading (UIL) or switching (UIS) test is critical for power MOSFET dice in order to evaluate the device "ruggedness". During UIL testing, die cracking may appear due to electrical overstress (EOS) induced by the power input. A method that combines both FEA and fractography analysis to identify and verify the possibility of die cracking induced by UIL test is presented in this paper.
Brain cancer incidence trends in relation to cellular telephone use in the United States

The use of cellular telephones has grown explosively during the past two decades, and there are now more than 279 million wireless subscribers in the United States. If cellular phone use causes brain cancer, as some suggest, the potential public health implications could be considerable. One might expect the effects of such a prevalent exposure to be reflected in general population incidence rates, unless the induction period is very long or confined to very long-term users. To address this issue, we examined temporal trends in brain cancer incidence rates in the United States, using data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Log-linear models were used to estimate the annual percent change in rates among whites. With the exception of the 20‐29-year age group, the trends for 1992‐2006 were downward or flat. Among those aged 20‐29 years, there was a statistically significant increasing trend between 1992 and 2006 among females but not among males. The recent trend in 20‐29-year-old women was driven by a rising incidence of frontal lobe cancers. No increases were apparent for temporal or parietal lobe cancers, or cancers of the cerebellum, which involve the parts of the brain that would be more highly exposed to radiofrequency radiation from cellular phones. Frontal lobe cancer rates also rose among 20‐29-year-old males, but the increase began earlier than among females and before cell phone use was highly prevalent. Overall, these incidence data do not provide support to the view that cellular phone use causes brain cancer.
Student Embargoes within Institutional Repositories: Faculty Early Transparency Concerns

Libraries encourage students to utilize Institutional Repositories (IRs) to house e-portfolios that demonstrate their skills and experiences. This is especially important for students when applying for jobs and admission into graduate schools. However, within the academic sphere there are legitimate reasons why some faculty-student collaboration efforts should not be documented and openly shared in institutional repositories. The need for the protection of ideas and processes prior to faculty publication can be in direct conflict with the intention for institutional repositories to promote the excellent efforts of students. This is certainly true in laboratory situations where details of experiments and research areas are guarded for the lifetime of the exploration process. Librarians must work with others to develop guidelines and educational programs that prepare all stakeholders for these new information release considerations. One outcome of such deliberations could be the development of mutually beneficial publication guidelines which protect sensitive details of research yet allow students to submit selective research documentation into an IR. The other extreme, with no agreed upon partial embargo scenarios, could result in the removal of students from sensitive collaborations. Given the need for scientific laboratories to utilize student workers, and the benefit of real research experiences for students, the academy must find a balanced solution to this inherent conflict situation.
Clinical laboratory test menu changes in the Pacific Northwest: 1994 to 1996

Laboratory testing services are presently undergoing dynamic changes in response to a wide range of external factors. Government regulations, reimbursement, and managed care are only a few of the influences affecting the availability of testing services and on-site testing capabilities in hospital, independent, and physician office laboratories. Medical practice changes, marketplace influences, test technologies, and costs also play a role in determining where testing is being performed. To better understand the factors influencing clinical laboratory test volumes and menus and to identify on-site testing deemed essential in physician office laboratories, we gathered information from a network of clinical laboratories in the Pacific Northwest. Questionnaires were sent to 257 Laboratory Medicine Sentinel Monitoring Network participants in March 1996. In the past 2 years, changes in on-site test volumes and test menus have been primarily due to medical practice changes and marketplace influences. When laboratories had a decrease in test volumes or test menu choices, the size of the patient workload and the volumes of test orders have had the greatest impact. Laboratory regulations and managed care contracts have played a role in shifting on-site testing to outside sources; however, these factors did not appear to be primary influences. Only 5% of physician office laboratories identified tests that they believed were essential for optimal patient care but did not perform on-site.
AMPA/Kainate Receptor Activation Mediates Hypoxic Oligodendrocyte Death and Axonal Injury in Cerebral White Matter

We developed an in situ model to investigate the hypothesis that AMPA/kainate (AMPA/KA) receptor activation contributes to hypoxic‐ischemic white matter injury in the adult brain. Acute coronal brain slices, including corpus callosum, were prepared from adult mice. After exposure to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), white matter injury was assessed by electrophysiology and immunofluorescence for oligodendrocytes and axonal neurofilaments. White matter cellular components and the stimulus-evoked compound action potential (CAP) remained stable for 12 hr after preparation. OGD for 30 min resulted in an irreversible loss of the CAP as well as structural disruption of axons and subsequent loss of neurofilament immunofluorescence. OGD also caused widespread oligodendrocyte death, demonstrated by the loss of APC labeling and the gain of pyknotic nuclear morphology and propidium iodide labeling. Blockade of AMPA/KA receptors with 30 mM NBQX or the AMPA-selective antagonist 30 mM GYKI 52466 prevented OGD-induced oligodendrocyte death. Oligodendrocytes also were preserved by the removal of Ca 21 , but not by a blockade of voltage-gated Na 1 channels. The protective action of NBQX was still present in isolated corpus callosum slices. CAP areas and axonal structure were preserved by Ca 21 removal and partially protected by a blockade of voltage-gated Na 1 channels. NBQX prevented OGDinduced CAP loss and preserved axonal structure. These observations highlight convergent pathways leading to hypoxic‐ ischemic damage of cerebral white matter. In accordance with previous suggestions, the activation of voltage-gated Na 1 channels contributes to axonal damage. Overactivation of glial AMPA/KA receptors leads to oligodendrocyte death and also plays an important role in structural and functional disruption of axons.
Acute effects of varying intensities of treadmill walking exercise on inhibitory control in persons with multiple sclerosis: A pilot investigation.

Abstract Introduction Exercise training represents a promising approach for managing cognitive impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). There is preliminary evidence that treadmill walking might be the modality of exercise that exerts the greatest beneficial effects on inhibitory control in fully-ambulatory persons with MS. However, the dose-dependent effects of varying intensities of treadmill walking exercise on this cognitive function are unknown. Such an investigation is critical for better delineating the optimal exercise stimulus (or stimuli) for improving inhibitory control in MS. Methods The present study compared the acute effects of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking exercise on inhibitory control (i.e., interference control) relative to quiet rest in 24 fully-ambulatory persons with MS, using a within-subjects, repeated-measures experimental design. Participants completed four experimental conditions that consisted of 20 min of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking exercise, and quiet rest in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Participants underwent a modified flanker task as a measure of inhibitory control immediately prior to and following each condition. Results Repeated-measures ANOVAs indicated large, statistically significant reductions in the cost of interfering stimuli on reaction time, but not accuracy, on the modified flanker task for light, moderate, and vigorous intensity exercise compared with quiet rest ( F (3,69) = 4.27, p = .01, η p 2 = .16). There were no differences in magnitude of reduction across the three exercise intensities. Conclusions The present results support light, moderate, and vigorous intensity treadmill walking as exercise stimuli that might particularly benefit interference control of reaction time. This represents the next step in delineating the optimal exercise stimuli for improving this cognitive function in fully-ambulatory persons with MS, and perhaps is important for informing a subsequent longitudinal exercise training intervention.
The associations between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, potential confounders, and cognitive decline: a longitudinal study.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in the maintenance and function of neurons. Although persons with Alzheimer’s disease have lower cortical levels of BDNF, evidence regarding the association between circulating BDNF and cognitive function is conflicting. We sought to determine the correlates of BDNF level and whether BDNF level was prospectively associated with cognitive decline in healthy older adults. We measured serum BDNF near baseline in 912 individuals. Cognitive status was assessed repeatedly with the modified Mini-Mental Status Examination and the Digit Symbol Substitution test over the next 10 years. We evaluated the association between BDNF and cognitive decline with longitudinal models. We also assessed the association between BDNF level and demographics, comorbidities and health behaviors. We found an association between serum BDNF and several characteristics that are also associated with dementia (race and depression), suggesting that future studies should control for these potential confounders. We did not find evidence of a longitudinal association between serum BDNF and subsequent cognitive test trajectories in older adults, although we did identify a potential trend toward a cross-sectional association. Our results suggest that serum BDNF may have limited utility as a biomarker of prospective cognitive decline.
Air trenches for sharp silica waveguide bends

Air trench structures for reduced-size bends in low-index contrast waveguides are proposed. To minimize junction loss, the structures are designed to provide adiabatic mode shaping between low- and high-index contrast regions, which is achieved by the introduction of "cladding tapers." Drastic reduction in effective bend radius is predicted. We present two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain/effective index method simulations of bends in representative silica index contrasts. We also argue that substrate loss, while present, can be controlled with such air trenches and reduced to arbitrarily low levels limited only by fabrication capabilities. The required trench depth, given an acceptable substrate loss, is calculated in three dimensions using an approximate equivalent current sheet method and also by a numerical solver for full-vector leaky modes. A simple, compact waveguide T-splitter using air trench bends is presented.
A Correspondence Principle for Free Vibrations of a Viscoelastic Solid

Abstract : A correspondence principle was established for free vibrations in the classical linearized theory of viscoelasticity. It was shown that for motions which are either irrotational or solenoidal there is always an associated elastic problem with the following properties: (1) every mode shape for the viscoelastic problem is also a mode shape for the elastic problem; and (2) the viscoelastic frequencies can, in principle, be calculated from a knowledge of the elastic spectrum and the relevant relaxation function. It was also shown that, in general, for motions which are neither irrotational nor solenoidal, this correspondence exists only for a restricted class of viscoelastic materials. (Author)
Distribution and Conservation Standing of West Virginia Crayfishes

Abstract The diversity of crayfishes in West Virginia represents a transition between the species-rich southern Appalachian faunas and the depauperate crayfish diversity in the northeastern United States. Currently, 22 described species occur in the state, of which 6 are given S1 status, and 3 are introduced species. One species, Orconectes limosus (Spinycheek Crayfish) is considered extirpated within the past decade. Imperiled species include Cambarus veteranus (Big Sandy Crayfish), Cambarus elkensis (Elk River Crayfish), Cambarus longulus (Atlantic Slope Crayfish), and Cambarus nerterius (Greenbrier Cave Crayfish). Three species—O. virilis (Virile Crayfish), Orconectes rusticus (Rusty Crayfish), and Procambarus zonangulus (Southern White River Crawfish)—have introduced populations within the state. Procambarus acutus (White River Crawfish) occurs in bottomland forest along the Ohio River floodplain, and is considered native. Several undescribed taxa have been identified and currently are being described...
Comorbid cardiovascular disease and major depression among ethnic and racial groups in the United States.

Background: To describe and examine the distribution, disability, and treatment associated with comorbid cardiovascular disease and major depressive disorder (CVD/MDD) among middle-aged and older ethnic/racial groups in the United States.Methods: Cross-sectional data from a national probability sample of household resident adults (18 years and older; N = 16,423) living in the 48 coterminous United States were analyzed. We defined comorbid CVD/MDD as the presence of CVD (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke) among adults who met MDD criteria at or after age 50 years.Results: Two-thirds of middle-aged and older American adults meeting criteria major depression at or after age 50 years also reported a diagnosis of comorbid CVD. Blacks were most likely to meet our comorbid CVD/MDD (74.4%) criteria. The disease burden of depression was also highest among Black respondents. Differences in treatment due to race/ethnicity and comorbidity were not statistically significant.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that among middle-aged and older US adults meeting MDD criteria more than half would also report a comorbid CVD. Comorbid CVD/MDD rates varied between the considered ethnic/race groups. Functional impairment associated with comorbid CVD/MDD was higher than MDD alone; however, depression care rates did not differ remarkably. Among middle-aged and older adults meeting MDD criteria, comorbid CVD may be the rule rather than the exception.