cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stoichiometry of homopolynucleotide binding to Escherichia coli translational initiation factor 3.

Abstract The polynucleotide binding stoichiometry of initiation factor 3 was determined by nitrocellulose filter binding assays for poly ([ 3 H]A), poly ([ 3 H]C), and poly([ 3 H]U). Filter assays were done with polynucleotides greater than or equal to the size of tRNA at 0 °C, in 10 m m Na 2 HPO 4 pH 7.5, 0.1 m m EDTA, 1 m m dithiothreitol, 5% glycerol. The stoichiometry for poly([ 3 H]A), poly([ 3 H]C), poly([ 3 H]U) averaged 14 ± 1 nucleotides per initiation factor 3 for all three.
St. Augustine and the Christian College Composition Classroom: Water into Flame.

Today's Christian college students are more engaged in popular youth culture and less reflective than in the past. St. Augustine's On Christian Doctrine, Book IV, gives advice to preachers, but it can easily be adapted to apply to Christian college composition classrooms. The two main sections of the article cover how to teach and what to teach according to St. Augustine. As we teach, we should give exemplary models, show sensitivity to our audience's learning, seek wisdom, delight the audience, move the audience to action, and model what we teach in our lives. As we teach disciplinary content, Augustine also instructs us to model ethical use of rhetorical tools. We should teach our students that our goal as communicators is not to impress but to communicate, not to condemn but to inspire, and not to defeat but to collaborate. As we and our students use language well, the end product can result in praise to God, as we demonstrate faithfulness even in small tasks. Not until an audience takes action does St...
Methods for reducing duration of parabiosis in development of tolerance to skin homografts in mice.

SummaryUsing C3H and (Ax C3H)F1 mice in parabiosis, this study was undertaken to find means of reducing the duration of parabiosis necessary for development of immunologic tolerance. Parabiosis in the usual way maintained for 8–10 days did not result in development of tolerance. When talc powder was sprinkled and mechanical abrasion employed, 25% of the grafted C3H mice became tolerant to the hybrid tissue. If talc powder was applied 6–7 days prior to parabiosis and the area of contact between parabiosis increased by creation of skin flaps, 85.7% of grafted C3H mice became tolerant to (Ax C3H)F1 skin.
Multimode attitude and orbit control for the Atmosphere Explorer spacecraft

The orbit profile for the Atmosphere Explorer requires a velocity adjust capability of 2000 ft/sec/sec and individual maneuvers of up to 24 ft/sec in magnitude. This requirement is met by a monopropellant hydrazine propulsion subsystem which also provides, by virtue of the tank arrangement, a means of adjusting the spacecraft center of mass in orbit, thereby minimizing external disturbance torques. The attitude control subsystem is of the momentum bias type. A large internal flywheel furnishes gyroscopic stiffness and permits rapid changes in operating mode (despun to spinning mode) by controlled interchange of momentum between the flywheel and the spacecraft main body.
Accuracy of the Cylinder Approximation for Susceptometric Measurement of Intravascular Oxygen Saturation

Susceptometry-based MR oximetry has previously been shown suitable for quantifying hemoglobin oxygen saturation in large vessels for studying vascular reactivity and quantification of global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen utilization. A key assumption underlying this method is that large vessels can be modeled as long paramagnetic cylinders. However, bifurcations, tapering, noncircular cross-section, and curvature of these vessels produce substantial deviations from cylindrical geometry, which may lead to errors in hemoglobin oxygen saturation quantification. Here, the accuracy of the “long cylinder” approximation is evaluated via numerical computation of the induced magnetic field from 3D segmented renditions of three veins of interest (superior sagittal sinus, femoral and jugular vein). At a typical venous oxygen saturation of 65%, the absolute error in hemoglobin oxygen saturation estimated via a closed-form cylinder approximation was 2.6% hemoglobin oxygen saturation averaged over three locations in the three veins studied and did not exceed 5% for vessel tilt angles <30° at any one location. In conclusion, the simulation results provide a significant level of confidence for the validity of the cylinder approximation underlying MR susceptometry-based oximetry of large vessels.
Green's functions in evaluating fields

IN A PREVIOUS paper1 it was shown how expressions for vector potential could be derived from corresponding values of scalar potential for a point source which are given in Tables of Green's Functions previously published.2 It then was shown how these expressions for vector potential could be used to derive the electromagnetic fields due to uniformly magnetized disks, or due to coils by building them up from magnetic doublets or individual current elements by integration. The examples given in that paper1 were limited to those in which the field did not vary with time, since some additional concepts need to be introduced when the field varies with time.
The Problem of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Oxidation in Glyoxysomes

NADH is generated in glyoxysomes both in the glyoxylate cycle and in β-oxidation. No system has yet been described which would oxidize NADH in these organelles. A series of oxidants which might function by coupling NADH oxidation to O2 through endogenous carriers in the glyoxysomes was examined. Oxidation was brought about by ferricyanide or dichlorophenol-indophenol, but it was shown that this “diaphorase” activity is probably a contaminant. Hydroxypyruvate reductase (NAD-linked) is present in the glyoxysomes, and at very high substrate concentrations (>10 mm) this enzyme can also transfer electrons from NADH to glyoxylate. However, it is most unlikely that this concentration of glyoxylate is ever approached in glyoxysomes, where the malate synthetase would compete on much superior terms. The maximum rates of NADH oxidation observed in the presence of ferricyanide or glyoxylate are only a fraction of those required to reoxidize NADH at the rate occurring in vivo.
Kinetic Studies of the Cl + HI Reaction Using Three Techniques

The reaction Cl + HI → HCl + I was investigated using the laser-photolysis/resonance fluorescence method to monitor (i) the disappearance of atomic Cl and (ii) the growth of atomic I. The results were similar, and together yield the rate constant k = (3.4 ± 1.4) x 10-11 exp (+2.8 ± 1.1 kJ mol-1/RT) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (1σ errors) over 297−390 K. The 95% confidence limits for k are ±19%. Another approach, discharge/fast-flow (iii), with monitoring of the consumption of Cl in the presence of excess HI, yields k = 1.2 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K, with 95% confidence limits of ±17%. The results are in accord with each other and with most literature data. This indicates that monitoring of the formation of the atomic halogen product in this example of a radical abstraction of H from a hydrogen halide is reliable.
Multisensory feedback in advanced teleoperations: benefits of auditory cues

This paper describes work conducted at the JPL Advanced Teleoperation Laboratory in an experiment that demonstrated the value of auditory cues in teleoperation as part of a simulated Solar Maximum Satellite Repair (SMSR). An experiment was designed to examine a specific teleoperation task of unbolting an electrical connector screw based on the apparent significance of auditory signals. Visual and kinesthetic feedback have usually been the primary modes for cueing operator manual control actions in remote manipulation tasks; however, auditory information may have further beneficial effects on operator performance. In addition to the visual cues available from a pair of stereoscopic cameras and contact force feedback cues from the operator's manual hand controller, we gave the operator an amplified microphonic task presentation. In general, sounds within the robot workspace are not heard in the operator control room. Such auditory cues had not been used in the Advanced Teleoperation Laboratory (ATOP) prior to this experiment. Six subjects participated in the experiment which examined the performance benefits of vision, force, and sound feedback. Our data infers that audio cues can make a significant difference in task completion time.
Quantum mechanics of a general driven time-dependent oscillator

In this paper we investigate the time evolution of a general driven time-dependent oscillator using the evolution operator method developed by Cheng et al. We obtain an exact form of the time evolution operator which, in turn, enables us to find the exact wave functions and coherent states at any time t. Our analyses indicate that the time-dependent coherent state is equivalent to the well-known squeezed state, while the time-dependent number state is equivalent to the displaced and squeezed number state. Besides, we also calculate the time-dependent transition probabilities among the coherent states and number states of a simple harmonic oscillator associated with the initial Hamiltonian H(0).
Role of Volume and Osmolality in the Control of Plasma Vasopressin in Dehydrated Dogs

Plasma vasopressin concentrations (pAVP) are elevated during dehydration due to alterations in extracellular fluid (ECF) volume and tonicity. The contributions of the reduction in volume and increase in plasma osmolality to the rise in pAVP were assessed in 6 dogs with bilateral carotid loops following 24 h of fluid, but not food, deprivation. Dehydration significantly (p less than 0.05) increased plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 315 +/- 2 mosm/kg), decreased body weight from 20.8 +/- 1.2 to 20.3 +/- 1.2 kg, and elevated pAVP from 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 5.3 +/- 0.6 pg/ml. The effect of extracellular fluid volume reduction was tested by reexpanding this compartment in dehydrated dogs with 0.15 M NaCl. Plasma vasopressin concentration was significantly reduced by 1.3 +/- 0.2 pg/ml (33 +/- 4%) and plasma osmolality unchanged following volume replacement. The contribution of the increase in plasma osmolality was assessed by bilateral intracarotid infusions of water at 0.6 ml/min/artery which lowered jugular venous plasma osmolality to euhydrated values (296 +/- 4 mosm/kg), but did not significantly reduce systemic plasma osmolality. Plasma vasopressin levels were significantly reduced 3.2 +/- 1.1 pg/ml (70 +/- 5%). Thus, following 24 h of fluid deprivation in dogs, the rise in pAVP is due to changes in both ECF volume and tonicity. The increase in tonicity plays a greater role in the elevation of pAVP, than the reduction in volume.
Ultrastructural evidence of GABA-ergic inhibition and glutamatergic excitation in the pacemaker nucleus of the gymnotiform electric fish, Hypopomus

The medullary pacemaker nucleus of Hypopomus triggers each electric organ discharge (EOD) by a single command pulse. It consists of electrotonically coupled ‘pacemaker’ cells, which generate the rhythm, and ‘relay’ cells, which follow the pacemaker cells and excite the spinal motoneurons of the electric organ. The pacemaker cells receive two inputs from the complex of the diencephalic prepacemaker nucleus (PPn), a GABA-ergic inhibition and a glutamatergic excitation. Relay cells, on the other hand, receive two glutamatergic inputs, one from a subnucleus of the PPn, the PPn-C, and a second from the sublemniscal prepacemaker nucleus (SPPn).
Numerical modeling assessment of three-gate structures for capturing contaminated groundwater

This modeling study evaluated the capability of alternative funnel-and-gate structures with three gates for capturing contaminated groundwater in a hypothetical unconfined aquifer. Simulated interceptor structures were linear and 45 m wide, consisting of three gates and two funnels (walls). One gate occupied the center and two gates occupied the ends of the interceptor structures. The structures, positioned perpendicular to regional groundwater flow, traversed the entire thickness of the aquifer. A total of four structures were evaluated (numbers designate widths of end, center, and end gates, respectively, in meters): 3-3-3, 2-5-2, 1-7-1, and 4-1-4. Particle tracking and zonal water budgets identified shapes of capture zones and discharge patterns for each interceptor structure. A mass transport model, accounting for advection and hydrodynamic dispersion, tested the capability of each structure for capturing a contaminant plume. Results suggest that: time-dependent capture zones underestimate the amount of time to capture a contaminant plume, wide center gates facilitate plume capture, and wide end gates facilitate lateral containment of contaminants. Of the structures simulated, the 2-5-2 configuration was relatively efficient at processing and containing the simulated contaminant plume.
The Association between Disclosure, Distress, and Failure

The quality of corporate disclosures has drawn increasing levels of criticism from Congress and the SEC. A subject of particularly intense scrutiny and action is the Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A). This narrative, intended to provide an inside perspective on the reported results of the firm, is particularly important when attempting to evaluate the investment prospects of the marginal or poorly performing firm. However, managers may restrict the information content of the disclosure, raising potential concerns about ethical behavior. In this study, we employ a proprietary instrument to measure the quality of MD&A disclosures for a sample of firms entering financial distress. We evaluate the disclosure behavior of these firms in an effort to determine whether changes in the disclosure appear to be motivated primarily by economic or ethical concerns. We find, on average, that firms increase disclosure quality in the year of initial distress. However, sustained increases in disclosure quality are limited to firms that subsequently recover from the distress. The results suggest that observed changes in disclosure are driven primarily by economic considerations, rather than ethical ones, especially in good economic times.
Molecularly-mediated assembly of gold nanoparticles

The understanding of the interparticle interactions and reactivities is essential to the exploitation of the unique optical, electronic, and chemical or biological properties of gold nanoparticles in many areas of nanotechnology. This paper describes findings of a comparison of optical properties of molecularlymediated assemblies of gold nanoparticles where the interparticle interactions and spatial properties are defined by molecular mediators and templates. The changes of the surface plasmon resonance band of the assemblies of gold nanoparticles mediated by several different types of molecular mediators, including multidendate methylthiosilane thioether, homocysteine, 1-(4-methyl)-piperazinyl fullerene, and indolenine cyanine dye, are compared. In the assembly process, the size of individual Au nanoparticles and the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles in the solution should remain largely constant, whereas the interparticle distance changes, which leads to changes in the interparticle dielectric medium constant or refractive index. The changes in the SP band in relation to the change in effective refractive index are discussed, along with their implications to assembly sizes, interparticle interactions, and potential applications in designing electrical and optical sensors.
Slender Monumental Stair Vibration Serviceability

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study of a slender monumental stair. The objective of the study was to gain insight into slender stair vibration issues and provide guidance for the design of such stairs. A slender monumental stair was vibration tested to estimate modal properties and acceleration due to walking. A detailed unadjusted finite-element model was created of the stair using only information that would be available to a designer. The model was used to predict the modal properties and accelerance magnitude. The accelerance magnitude was then used with established harmonic footstep forces to predict the steady-state acceleration due to walking. A factor was developed to account for imperfect resonant buildup, providing reasonable predictions of acceleration due to walking. Design forces were derived based on a set of stair ascent and descent footstep force measurements. An absolute minimum natural frequency is recommended for vertical and horizontal vibrations. Practical aspects of stair vibration analysis are discussed, including the handling of group loading, likely affected occupant locations, and guardrail lateral vibration.
A qualitative developmental analysis of comprehensive guidance programmes in schools in the United States

Abstract A mixed-data inquiry and analysis of the current state-level comprehensive developmental guidance models in the United States is presented. The 24 states with current programmes are commended in their initial attempts at model development, especially in the personal/social developmental domain. The most significant gap across models is in attention to ethnic and cultural developmental issues. Current programmes are also lacking in defining how developmental components are integrated with one another. Authors of state programmes are encouraged to be more specific in the use of developmental language and constructs so that comprehensive developmental guidance programmes will address the needs of all students. A challenge is given to other nations to consider the developmental nature of their programmes.
Steady-state macromolecular transport across a multilayered arterial wall☆

The transport of large, blood-borne molecules across arterial walls probably plays an important role in the genesis of certain diseases such as atherosclerosis which affects the intimal layer of arteries. This report describes a simple mathematical model to represent the steady-state diffusive and convective transport of nonreactive macromolecules across a slab of vascular tissue consisting of multiple contiguous layers. The model is used to generate the predicted transmular chemical activity distribution [a(x)] of such molecules across examples of the two major classes of arteries (elastic and muscular) for assumed values of blood pressure (P) and selected constitutive properties (e.g., diffusivity) of each layer. The transport properties of the endothelial and internal elastica layers of an artery are shown to play particularly important interactive roles in the accumulation of large molecules in the intimal layer, the site of atherosclerosis. The computed a(x) demonstrate that the intimal a(x) of such molecules is lowest for the normal case when the endothelial gap fractional area (αm1) between endothelial cells is assumed to be zero, increases significantly when all of the endothelial cells are removed (αm1 ≡ 1), and paradoxically assumes an even greater value, which exceeds that of the blood, for an intermediate range of αm1 values. The pathophysiologic implications of these observations are discussed briefly. [The full text of this report appears in Mathematical Modelling 6(5): 353–368, 1985.]
Bending force constants for monochlorodiacetylene

Abstract A realistic modified valence force field for the bending modes of monochlorodiacetylene is presented and involves important changes to two previously published force fields.
Quaternary and tertiary aldoxime antidotes for organophosphate exposure in a zebrafish model system

The zebrafish is rapidly becoming an important model system for screening of new therapeutics. Here we evaluated the zebrafish as a potential pharmacological model for screening novel oxime antidotes to organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The ki values determined for chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) and dichlorvos (DDVP) showed that CPO was a more potent inhibitor of both human and zebrafish AChE, but overall zebrafish AChE was less sensitive to OP inhibition. In contrast, aldoxime antidotes, the quaternary ammonium 2-PAM and tertiary amine RS-194B, showed generally similar overall reactivation kinetics, kr, in both zebrafish and human AChE. However, differences between the Kox and k2 constants suggest that zebrafish AChE associates more tightly with oximes, but has a slower maximal reactivation rate than human AChE. Homology modeling suggests that these kinetic differences result from divergences in the amino acids lining the entrance to the active site gorge. Although 2-PAM had the more favorable in vitro reactivation kinetics, RS-194B was more effective antidote in vivo. In intact zebrafish embryos, antidotal treatment with RS-194B rescued embryos from OP toxicity, whereas 2-PAM had no effect. Dechorionation of the embryos prior to antidotal treatment allowed both 2-PAM and RS-194B to rescue zebrafish embryos from OP toxicity. Interestingly, RS-194B and 2-PAM alone increased cholinergic motor activity in dechorionated embryos possibly due to the reversible inhibition kinetics, Ki and αKi, of the oximes. Together these results demonstrate that the zebrafish at various developmental stages provides an excellent model for investigating membrane penetrant antidotes to OP exposure.
The influence of stress during ion beam mixing

Abstract It is well established that thermodynamic forces influence ion mixing. Systems with a negative enthalpy of formation experience enhanced ion mixing while systems with a positive enthalpy of formation experience no mixing or even “de-mixing”. Recent experimental results have suggested that intrinsic stresses should be considered when evaluating the thermodynamic driving forces that influence ion mixing. We have studied the effects of thermal annealing and Ar ion irradiation on the structure and stability of multilayered DC sputtered thin films of TiN/B–C–N. These samples are in a state of bi-axial compression in their as-deposited form. Following thermal annealing, to temperatures as high as 1000°C for 1 h, it is observed that the intrinsic stresses are rapidly relieved and no interdiffusion or break down of the layered structure takes place. However, when samples are ion irradiated, we do observe intermixing and at the highest dose (5×1016 ions cm−2) the multilayered structure partly disappears. The rate of intermixing is well correlated with the magnitude of compressive stress as a function of irradiation dose. We believe that the observed ion mixing, in this otherwise immiscible system, is being controlled by stress derived thermodynamic forces.
Making the Familiar Strange: How a Culture Audit Can Boost Your Advising Impact.

Chad Ahren, Helen-Grace Ryan, and Amanda Suniti Niskode-Dossett introduce an assessment tool to help advisors better understand their student organizations.
Prevalence and Work-Relatedness of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in the Working Population, United States, 2010 National Health Interview Survey

Background Patterns of prevalence and work-relatedness of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among workers offer clues about risk factors and targets for prevention. Methods Data from an occupational health supplement to the 2010 National Health Interview Survey were used to estimate the prevalence of self-reported clinician-diagnosed CTS overall and by demographic characteristics. The proportion of these cases self-reported to have been attributed to work by clinicians was also examined overall and by demographic characteristics. In addition, the distribution of industry and occupation (I&O) categories to which work-related cases of CTS were attributed was compared to the distribution of I&O categories of employment among current/recent workers. Results Data were available for 27,157 adults, including 17,524 current/recent workers. The overall lifetime prevalence of clinician-diagnosed CTS among current/recent workers was 6.7%. The 12-month prevalence was 3.1%, representing approximately 4.8 million workers with current CTS; 67.1% of these cases were attributed to work by clinicians, with overrepresentation of certain I&O categories. Conclusions CTS affected almost 5 million U.S. workers in 2010, with prevalence varying by demographic characteristics and I&O. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:615–624, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction to Multiple Organ Dysfunction and Failure

Multiple organ failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were first recognized as undesirable complications of advancements in emergency and critical care. MODS remains the leading cause of death and resource expenditure in human intensive care units. MODS has been documented in small animal veterinary patients raising similar concerns. The understanding of the pathogenesis of MODS has evolved from uncontrolled infection to uncontrolled inflammation. Management is primarily through supportive care, early and aggressive monitoring of organ function, and intensive care nursing. Tissue hypoxia, microvascular thrombosis, increased vascular permeability, and disrupted cell-cell communication are prominent features of MODS.
Reply to Subramaniam, van Heel, and Henderson: Validity of the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex.

Subramaniam (1), van Heel (2), and Henderson (3) express their opinions and hypotheses about our cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of the uncleaved HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein [Env(-)ΔCT] trimer (4, 5). There are no data in these communications, nor elsewhere in the published literature, that contradict our results; however, we conducted systematic additional studies that provide strong evidence disproving their hypotheses. We appreciate the potential pitfalls of analyzing low-contrast images and indeed took specific measures to avoid reference bias in our particle-picking approach (6). Importantly, we conducted validation studies on our Env(-)ΔCT structures using independent datasets and tests. We offered the primary data to the reviewers of this communication. We respond to the comments of Subramaniam, van Heel, and Henderson as follows.
A 32-Bit, 200-MHz GaAs RISC for High-Throughput Signal Processing Environments

GaAs technology has matured sufficiently to allow fabrication of an entire RISC on one chip. GaAs also supports 200-MHz clock rates and 100-MIPS instruction rates.
Sequential solid-phase fabrication of bifunctional anchors on gold nanoparticles for controllable and scalable nanoscale structure assembly.

This letter reports a serial solid-phase placement approach to synthesize anisotropically or symmetrically functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), in which the functionality and directionality (i.e., numbers, locations, and orientations) of the functional ligands are controlled. The solid-phase ligand exchange methodology using highly rigid filter papers enabled us to produce two types of bifunctionalized (bif-) AuNPs in a site-specific manner with increased yield and accuracy: (1) homobif-AuNPs with two carboxyl groups at ∼180° (para configuration) and (2) heterobif-AuNPs with one carboxyl and one amine functional groups at less than 180° but greater than 90° (meta configuration). Their chemical functionality was validated by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance as well as cyclic voltammetry after ferrocene ethylamine coupling reactions. The directional assemblies of 1D chains with homobif-AuNPs and 2D rings with heterobif-AuNPs were demonstrated through diamine and imidization coupling reactions, respective...
Plant cell culture using a novel bioreactor: the magnetically stabilized fluidized bed

A novel bioreactor using magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) technology has been developed that has certain advantages for cultivating cells continuously. In this system, the cells are protected from shear and are constrained to move through the fermenter in lock-step fashion by being immobilized in calcium alginate beads. The MSFB permits good mass transfer, minimizes particle collisions, and allows for the production of cells while maintaining a controlled cell residence time. Details of the experimental system are described. In addition, the experimental performance of an MSFB used to grow plant cells in batch mode is compared to the results obtained in shake flask culture.
Optimization of Culture Conditions for In Vitro Fertilization and Reproduction of Microphallus turgidus (Trematoda: Microphallidae)

Abstract Most attempts to culture adult digeneans in vitro are unsuccessful. Even progenetic digeneans typically fail to produce infective eggs in axenic culture. However, metacercariae of Microphallus turgidus grown in vitro mature into adults and release eggs infective to the hydrobiid snail Spurwinkia salsa. The objectives of the present study were to verify the reproducibility of the M. turgidus culture protocol, to define optimal culture conditions for M. turgidus further, and to investigate why the parasite can be grown successfully in the absence of the definitive host. In the original cultivation protocol, excysted M. turgidus metacercariae from grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were incubated overnight in a conical-bottom centrifuge tube containing Hank's balanced salt solution and then cultivated in flat-bottom culture plate wells containing RPMI-1640 plus 20% horse serum. The gas phase was air. Worms cultured under this protocol consistently deposited eggs infective to snails. Worms grown in an...
Thermal Conductivity of III-V Compounds at High Temperatures

The thermal conductivity of intrinsic and heavily doped InAs crystals was determined between 300 and 900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using the diffusivity technique. The electronic contribution was computed using the measured electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. Adding 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ donors and acceptors ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to the intrinsic InAs increases the lattice thermal resistivity appreciably. Thermal conductivity data are given also for GaAs and InP. The anharmonicity parameters $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of the III-V compounds, obtained by comparing the experimental thermal conductivities with the theoretical values of Leibfried and Schl\"omann for 3-phonon processes, are found to be temperature- and mass-ratio-dependent. The temperature dependence is believed to be caused by higher order processes. The correlation between the anharmonicity parameters and the mass ratios of the constituent elements of the compounds is ascribed to an effect of optical-mode scattering on the lattice thermal resistivity.
Growth behavior and properties of atomic layer deposited tin oxide on silicon from novel tin(II)acetylacetonate precursor and ozone

In this work, a novel liquid tin(II) precursor, tin(II)acetylacetonate [Sn(acac)2], was used to deposit tin oxide films on Si(100) substrate, using a custom-built hot wall atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor. Three different oxidizers, water, oxygen, and ozone, were tried. Resulting growth rates were studied as a function of precursor dosage, oxidizer dosage, reactor temperature, and number of ALD cycles. The film growth rate was found to be 0.1 ± 0.01 nm/cycle within the wide ALD temperature window of 175–300 °C using ozone; no film growth was observed with water or oxygen. Characterization methods were used to study the composition, interface quality, crystallinity, microstructure, refractive index, surface morphology, and resistivity of the resulting films. X-ray photoelectron spectra showed the formation of a clean SnOx–Si interface. The resistivity of the SnOx films was calculated to be 0.3 Ω cm. Results of this work demonstrate the possibility of introducing Sn(acac)2 as tin precursor to deposit conducting ALD SnOx thin films on a silicon surface, with clean interface and no formation of undesired SiO2 or other interfacial reaction products, for transparent conducting oxide applications.
Strategic planning models for prototyping and product development centres

This paper presents models for developing prototyping and product development centres across the USA. Types of centres, their business drivers and a possible framework for a successful centre within an academic engineering environment are described. Sample case studies are detailed. Further, the academic rationale for developing and establishing "new product development" based centres, and "product realisation" as a core area of competence within the engineering body of knowledge is presented.
Lethal β-thalassaemia in mice lacking the erythroid CACCC-transcription factor EKLF

GLOBIN genes are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner, with the β-globin gene being the last to be activated in the β-gene cluster1. CACCC-nucleotide sequences, which bind multiple nuclear proteins, including ubiquitously expressed Spl and erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF), are among the cis-regulatory sequences critical for transcription of globin and non-globin erythroid-expressed genes2-5. To determine the function of EKLF in vivo, we created mice deficient in EKLF by gene targeting6. These embryos die of anaemia during fetal liver erythropoiesis and show the molecular and haematological features of β-globin deficiency, found in β-thalassaemia. Although it is expressed at all stages, EKLF is not required for yolk sac erythropoiesis, erythroid commitment or expression of other potential target genes. Its stage-specific and β-globin-gene-specific requirement suggests that EKLF may facilitate completion of the fetal-to-adult (haemoglobin α to β) switch in humans.
Multiphoton imaging of ultrasound/Optison mediated cerebrovascular effects in vivo.

Ultrasound (US) enhanced with microbubble contrast agents may transiently disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB) with minimal damage, providing a technique for noninvasive, localized drug-delivery deep within the brain. The mechanism and temporal profile of disruption are not understood, owing to the limitations of imaging modalities used previously. In this study, we monitored US-induced BBB disruption with multiphoton microscopy, providing high-resolution temporal and spatial information about the permeabilization mechanism and immediate effects of US exposure. Anesthetized C57 mice were prepared with a craniotomy and injected intravenously with fluorescent dyes to permit visualization of the vasculature and BBB integrity. The animals were imaged through a cranial window while exposed to low-intensity US (f = 1.029 MHz, power = 0.2 W) with a coincident intravenous injection of Optison (a microbubble contrast agent). We observed arteriolar vasoconstriction on US exposure that disrupted blood flow and lasted up to 5 mins; BBB disruption occurred via two characteristically distinct processes—perivascular fluorescence gradually increased (over minutes) along the length of the affected vessel without apparent rupture of the vessel wall or rapidly (seconds) increased in select, focal regions. These data corroborated previous studies suggesting increased endothelial transcytosis and breached tight junctions and demonstrated vasoconstriction, which might alter BBB permeability by
Leaps and circles : Kierkegaard and newman on faith and reason

Soren Kierkegaard (in the Climacus writings) and John Henry Newman have starkly opposed formulations of the relation between faith and reason. In this essay I focus on a possible convergence in their respective understandings of the transition to religious belief or faith, as embodied in metaphors they use for a qualitative transition. I explore the ways in which attention to the legitimate dimension of discontinuity highlighted by the Climacan metaphor of the ‘leap’ can illuminate Newman's use of the metaphor of a ‘polygon inscribed in a circle’, as well as the ways in which Newman's metaphor can illuminate the dimension of continuity operative in the Climacan appreciation of qualitative transition.
Use of the Intradermal Fluorescein Test to Measure Intensity of Reaction to a Skin Graft in Chickens

ABSTRACT EGDAHL and Varco (1956) suggested that the failure of a skin homograft to remove fluorescein injected intradermally signifies the end of the homograft “rejection period.” From their results with rabbits these workers further suggested that this technique would provide a method of distinguishing between primary and secondary homografts since the secondary homografts were found to survive for shorter periods as indicated by failure to remove fluorescein within a specified period of time. The fluorescein method was tested in chickens in the present study to evaluate its ability to distinguish between primary and secondary homografts. It was also used to test its effectiveness in establishing the degree of genetic diversity as indicated by differences in the duration of skin grafts made within as compared to between breeds. For these purposes, 10 male birds, from each of three breeds, were selected. Four birds within each of the three breeds had skin exchanged . . .
Visuoconstructive disability in patients with cerebral disease: its relationship to side of lesion and aphasic disorder.

The influence of aphasic disorder on the association between visuoconstructive disability and side of lesion in patients with unilateral cerebral disease was assessed in an effort to clarify certain persisting problems in this area. The performances of different groups of patients (defined in terms of side of lesion and presence or absence of expressive and receptive aphasic disorder) on a visuoconstructive task were compared. The major findings were that the patients with disease of the right hemisphere (all of whom were non-aphasic) showed a high frequency of constructional disability while, among the patients with disease of the left hemisphere, only those with receptive language disability showed a high frequency of disability. The results support the concept that there are two discrete types of visuoconstructive disability which are related to side of lesion, one being language-dependent and the other not. The neural mechanisms underlying these two types of disability still need to be identified.
Estimation of time delay between EEG signals for epileptic focus localization: statistical error considerations

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the variance for the time delay estimate between two EEG signals, obtained via the phase spectrum method, is presented. Explicit theoretical formulae for the variance are obtained and compared via simulations to experimentally derived results for estimate variability. The variance of the time delay estimate is inversely proportional to the frequency range of interest, to the number of data segments utilized for spectral estimation, and to the coherence between the two EEG signals. The stimulations indicate that the formulae can be used even with non-gaussian and relatively narrow-band EEG-like data. A minimum-variance estimate for the time delay is also presented.
Prey-stage preferences and functional and numerical responses of Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is a phytophagous mite that recently invaded the Western Hemisphere. This mite is a multivoltine and gregarious species that can reach very high population densities and cause significant damage to various palm species (Arecaceae). The predatory mite Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been found associated with R. indica in Florida. This study evaluated A. largoensis for potential to control R. indica by (1) determining predator preferences among developmental stages of R. indica, and (2) estimating predator functional and numerical responses to varying densities of its most preferred prey-stage. Under no-choice conditions A. largoensis consumed significantly more eggs than other stages of R. indica. In choice tests A. largoensis showed a significant preference for R. indica eggs over all other prey stages. Amblyseius largoensis displayed a type II functional response showing an increase in number of prey killed with an increase in prey population density. Consumption of prey stabilized at approximately 45 eggs/day, the level at which oviposition by the predator was maximized (2.36 ± 0.11 eggs/day; mean ± SEM). Results of this study suggest that A. largoensis can play a role in controlling R. indica populations, particularly when prey densities are low.
Continuous peripheral nerve blockade for inpatient and outpatient postoperative analgesia in children.

BACKGROUND:This is an audit of the continuous peripheral nerve blockade (CPNB) program that was implemented at our institution to provide postoperative analgesia after orthopedic procedures in children.METHODS:We reviewed the departmental regional anesthesia registry and the medical records of conse
Individually rational pure strategies in large games

Abstract In “randomly selected” large finite normal form games, pure strategy “strongly individually rational” outcomes (all payoffs exceeding pure strategy minimax payoffs) exist with high probability. As a corollary, pure strategy Nash equilibria also exist with high probability in certain infinitely repeated games. Specifically, the pure strategy Folk Theorem, which can be true in a vacuous sense, has nontrivial substance with probability approaching one as pure strategy sets increase in cardinality, provided strategy set growth rates are not too different. To prove this, and noting a possible “bounded rationality” interpretation, we begin with a study of “approximate equilibria” in finite normal form games. Given a positive integer l , these are pure strategy outcomes where each player's payoff is among the l largest available given strategy choices of opponents. When pure strategy sets are large, such outcomes are highly probable and usually have payoffs dominating pure minimax payoffs.
Black box multigrid for periodic and singular problems

In the black box multigrid method, one provides a (logically rectangular) matrix problem, and the coarser problems necessary to achieve a multigrid solution are automatically derived. Previously, however, the code implementing the method could not solve problems with periodic boundary conditions or singular problems, such as pure Neumenn problems. This paper discusses these two extensions for positive semidefinite problems.
Escherichia coli DnaA protein--phospholipid interactions: in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract DNA replication in Escherichia coli is controlled at the initiation stage, possibly by regulation of the essential activity of DnaA protein. The cellular membrane has long been hypothesized to be involved in chromosomal replication. Accumulating evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, that supports the importance of membrane phospholipids influencing the initation activity of DnaA is reviewed.
Physical synthesis of energy-efficient networks-on-chip through topology exploration and wire style optimization

Power consumption has become one of the first order design considerations of the nano-scale VLSI designs. In this paper, we propose a methodology to synthesize energy-efficient networks-on-chip (NoCs). Our methodology features three key characters. First, we adopt a multi-commodity flow formulation to unify network topologies, physical embedding, and wire style optimizations. Second, we utilize a variety of interconnect wire styles to achieve high performance low power on-chip communication. Third, we heuristically explore a large design space of network topologies. Experiments on a homogeneous communication demand model demonstrate that for a 4 /spl times/ 4 NoC with torus topology, our methodology can achieve a power saving up to 35%.
Correlations between the tropical atlantic trade winds and precipitation in northeastern Brazil

Surface wind and sea surface temperature data for the tropical Atlantic Ocean for the period 1911-1972 are analysed in relation to the precipitation at Quixeramobim, Ceara in northeastern (NE) Brazil. Stratified correlations between the March-April-May Quixeramobim rainfall and the December, January, February, and March values of SST, and u- and v-components of surface wind are presented for the tropical Atlantic. The implications of the correlations are that the months preceding an abnormally dry rainy season in NE Brazil are characterized by a strengthened South Atlantic trade flow and a North Atlantic circulation slightly weaker than normal. Cold SST anomalies are found in the South Atlantic and warm anomalies in the North Atlantic, suggesting a wind-induced change in surface mixing or in evaporation from the surface. The divergence over the South Atlantic is seen to be stronger and more extensive preceding a dry season, and the equatorial convergence appears to be compressed northward and also strengthened. This northward compression is concluded to be responsible for the lack of rainfall in Ceara.
Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin

SUMMARY Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of crops. It is important because it produces aflatoxin as a secondary metabolite in the seeds of a number of crops both before and after harvest. Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen that is highly regulated in most countries. In the field, aflatoxin is associated with drought-stressed oilseed crops including maize, peanut, cottonseed and tree nuts. Under the right conditions, the fungus will grow and produce aflatoxin in almost any stored crop seed. In storage, aflatoxin can be controlled by maintaining available moisture at levels below that which will support growth of A. flavus. A number of field control measures are being utilized or explored, including: modification of cultural practices; development of resistant crops through molecular and proteomic techniques; competitive exclusion using strains that do not produce aflatoxin; and development of field treatments that would block aflatoxin production. Taxonomy: Aspergillus flavus Link (teleomorph unknown) kingdom Fungi, phyllum Ascomycota, order Eurotiales, class Eurotiomycetes, family Trichocomaceae, genus Aspergillus, species flavus. Host range: Aspergillus flavus has a broad host range as an opportunistic pathogen/saprobe. It is an extremely common soil fungus. The major concern with this fungus in agriculture is that it produces highly carcinogenic toxins called aflatoxins which are a health hazard to animals. In the field, A. flavus is predominantly a problem in the oilseed crops maize, peanuts, cottonseed and tree nuts. Under improper storage conditions, A. flavus is capable of growing and forming aflatoxin in almost any crop seed. It also is a pathogen of animals and insects. In humans it is predominantly an opportunistic pathogen of immunosuppressed patients. Useful websites: http://www.aspergillusflavus.org, http://www.aflatoxin.info/health.asp, plantpathology.tamu.edu/aflatoxin, http://www.aspergillus.org.uk
Reliability model of a system of k nodes with simultaneous failures for high-performance computing applications

A high-performance computing (HPC) system, which is composed of a large number of components, is prone to failure. To maximize HPC system utilization, one should understand the failure behavior and the reliability of the system. Studies in the literature show that the time to failure of a node is best described by a Weibull distribution. In this study, we consider, without loss of generality, the Weibull as the distribution of time to failure and develop a reliability model for a system of k nodes where nodes can fail simultaneously. From this model, we develop expressions for the probability of failure of the system at any time t, for the failure rate, and for the mean time to failure. Also, we validate the model by using failure data from the Blue Gene/L logs obtained from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Results show that if failures of the components (nodes) in the system possess a degree of dependency, the system becomes less reliable, which means that the failure rate increases and the mean time to failure decreases. Also, an increase in the number of nodes decreases the reliability of the system.