cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence and predictors of serious bacterial infections among 57- to 180-day-old infants.

BACKGROUND. Numerous researchers have investigated fever in infants METHODS. This was a prospective study of febrile infants 57–180 days old. Evaluation included blood and urine tests and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) of nasal swabs for respiratory viruses. Additional studies were performed at the discretion of managing clinicians. RESULTS. Serious bacterial illness (SBI) was diagnosed in 44 (10.3%) of 429 infants: 41 with bacteruria and 4 with bacteremia (1 infant had concurrent Escherichia coli bacteruria and bacteremia). Lumbar puncture, performed in 58 (13.5%) infants, revealed no cases of bacterial meningitis. DFAs were positive in 163 (38.0%) infants: the majority were respiratory syncytial virus or influenza A. SBI was noted in 4.9% of infants with positive DFA. Age and height of fever were not significant predictors of SBI. White blood cell count (17.1 K/mm3 vs 12.4 K/mm3) and CRP (2.6 mg/dL vs 0.9 mg/dL) were elevated in infants with SBI, as was the Yale Observation Score (9.4 vs 8.0). CONCLUSIONS. A substantial proportion (10.3%) of older febrile infants has SBI. In the postpneumococcal vaccine era, only 1 infant had pneumococcal disease; bacteremia was noted in 0.9%. Bacteruria is commonly associated with fever in this age range. Infants older than 8 weeks remain at risk for bacteremia and bacteruria, regardless of positive DFA or other apparent source of fever. CRP is a better indicator than white blood cell count, but no single ideal indicator of SBI was identified for this age group.
Transcription factor ELF4 controls the proliferation and homing of CD8 + T cells via the Krüppel-like factors KLF4 and KLF2

The transcription factor ELF4 controls hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. Lacorazza and colleagues show that ELF4 is also needed to maintain the quiescence of naive T cells during steady-state conditions and after antigen stimulation.
The shearless turbulence mixing layer

The interaction of two energy-containing turbulence scales is studied in the absence of mean shear. The flow, a turbulence mixing layer, is formed in decaying grid turbulence in which there are two distinct scales, one on either side of the stream. This is achieved using a composite grid with a larger mesh spacing on one side of the grid than the other. The solidity of the grid, and thus the mean velocity, is kept constant across the entire flow. Since there is no mean shear there is no turbulence production and thus spreading is caused solely by the fluctuating pressure and velocity fields. Two different types of grids were used: a parallel bar grid and a perforated plate. The mesh spacing ratio was varied from 3.3:1 to 8.9:1 for the bar grid, producing a turbulence lengthscale ratio of 2.4:1 and 4.3:1 for two different experiments. For the perforated plate the mesh ratio was 3:1 producing a turbulence lengthscale ratio of 2.2:1. Cross-stream profiles of the velocity variance and spectra indicate that for the large lengthscale ratio (4.3:1) experiment, a single scale dominates the flow while for the smaller lengthscale ratio experiments, the energetics are controlled by both lengthscales on either side of the flow. In all cases the mixing layer is strongly intermittent and the transverse velocity fluctuations have large skewness. The downstream data of the second, third and fourth moments for all experiments collapse well using a single composite lengthscale. The component turbulent energy budgets show the importance of the triple moment transport and pressure terms within the layer and the dominance of advection and dissipation on the outer edge. It is also shown that the bar grids tend toward self-similarity with downstream distance. The perforated plate could not be measured to the same downstream extent and did not reach self-similarity within its measurement range. In other respects the two types of grids yielded qualitatively similar results. Finally, we emphasize the distinction between intermittent turbulent penetration and turbulent diffusion and show that both play an important role in the spreading of the mixing layer.
Near-infrared reflectance measurement of moisture, protein and oil content of ground crambe seed

Crambe moisture, protein and oil percentages were predicted by fixed-filter near-infrared reflectance with standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 0.26, 0.59 and 0.86 percentage points, respectively. Crambe had a large range of protein and oil percentages, 17.4%–25.0% and 17.7%–36.4% respectively. Calibration samples were selected on the basis of relative spectral data, with no advance knowledge of protein and oil content. This procedure selected samples representing the full range of constituent values, and resulted in calibrations that had lower SEP's than standard errors of calibration.
Lead inclusion bodies in the anterior horn cells and neurons of the substantia nigra in the adult rhesus monkey

Abstract The presence of intranuclear lead inclusion bodies was demonstrated in the anterior horn cells of the cervical spinal cord, neurons of the substantia nigra, and renal proximal convoluted tubular cells, in monkeys chronically exposed to lead acetate in their drinking water. This finding in conjunction with damage to the vascular walls and glial processes and ependymal cell degeneration may indicate a possible mechanism for adult lead neuropathy.
Use of RNA-bound Tb3+ as a FRET donor

Lanthanide ions such as Tb3+ and Eu3+ have long been used to probe RNA and protein structures due to their luminescence properties and their steric and chemical similarities to biological metal ions such as Mg2+ and Ca2+. In this article, we introduce a method that utilizes the enhanced Tb3+ luminescence upon site-binding to RNA molecules as a FRET donor. Using this method, it is possible to identify specific metal ion-binding locations within a folded RNA molecule. Applications of this method include introducing FRET donors into molecules of interest by engineering RNA loops or bulges as Tb3+-binding pockets.
Mass spectra of bile acid methyl ester acetate derivatives

Deuterium labeling in the acetate derivatives of cholic acid demonstrates that electron impact induced consecutive loss of HOAc from the molecular ion occurs in the following order of decreasing preference: 12α-OAc > 7α-OAc > 3α-OAc. Numerous examples are presented showing that consecutive loss of HOAc from a common ion generally increases progressively with relative intensity. In the acetate pregnan-20-one derivatives of cholic acid, loss of 43 mass units from the molecular ion comes from the 12α-OAc and not the 17β-acetyl sidechain. Ketene is ejected from an acetoxy group located in an α position to a carbonyl on which an ion-radical charge is localized.
Genotype-phenotype correlations in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis due to palmitoyl-protein thioesterase deficiency

The infantile form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) has been well studied in Finland, where there is a high carrier frequency (1:70) for a single mutation in the causative gene, CLN1, or PPT. We have recently studied a group of 29 NCL subjects in the United States with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) deficiency and described 19 different CLN1/PPT mutations in our population. In this report, we present a review of our previous findings, including a more detailed analysis of phenotype-genotype correlations, and present previously unpublished data concerning the clinical manifestations of the disorder in children of families with multiple affected members. Our studies indicate that about half of PPT-deficient patients in the United States are very similar to Finnish infants with INCL, but that a different mutation (R151X) accounts for 40% of U.S. alleles. The Finnish mutation (R122W) is rare in the United States. The other half of U.S. PPT-deficient patients develop symptoms after the age of 2 years, much later than Finnish patients. One common mutation (the "Scottish" allele, T75P) accounts for 13% of alleles and results in a juvenile-onset phenotype that is clinically indistinguishable from JNCL with CLN3 mutations. Other rare mutations were also associated with JNCL phenotypes, such as D79G and G250V. A preliminary expression study of two of these mutant enzymes supports the conclusion that juvenile-onset NCL (JNCL with GROD) is caused by missense mutations in the PPT gene that result in mutated enzymes with residual PPT enzyme activity.
Morphine-3-glucuronide: Silent regulator of morphine actions

Abstract To assess whether stoichiometric manipulation of morphine (M) metabolism can enhance analgesia or slow the development of M tolerance we co-administered M-3- glucuronide (M3G) during single or repeated doses of morphine in rats. Although M3G itself lacked analgesic activity, co-injection of M3G with M increased and prolonged analgesia beyond that seen with M. In addition, diminution of the acute analgesic effect of M after 3 once-daily dosesf M did not occur after daily co-injection of M3G and M. Thus the traditional view that tolerance to the effects of M is due solely to effects mediated through opioid receptors must be broadened to include the contributions of enzyme induction or stoichiometric equilibration of M3G in this process.
Effect of Hemicellulose on Viscosity of Rice Flour

Effects of water-soluble bran and endosperm hemicelluloses on Brabender viscosity curves of intact and hemicellulose-free rice flour were examined over the complete cooking and cooling curves. Amylograph curves of long- and medium-grain rice flour with added bran hemicellulose showed no difference; both had lowered viscosity. Similarly, addition of a ferulic acid-containing polysaccharide isolated from bran hemicellulose to the intact rice flour also lowered viscosity. This complex polysaccharide may, therefore, be responsible for at least part of the viscosity reduction upon addition of the bran hemicellulose. Amylograph curves of long- and medium-grain rices were different when endosperm hemicellulose was added back to the intact flour. When hemicelluloses were completely removed and increasing amounts added back, changes in viscosity correlated with the amounts of added hemicellulose.
PLASMA 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, 21-DEOXYCORTISOL AND CORTISOL IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)

PLASMA 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, 21-DEOXYCORTISOL AND CORTISOL IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)
In situ dosimetry using the sensitized 210°C TL peak of quartz

Samples of quartz taken from tiles from Hiroshima, Japan, exhibit a strong 210°C TL peak, which undergoes marked pre-dose sensitization. With a series of irradiation/thermal treatments its sensitivity can be extended to the detection of tens of μGy. The use of this peak for in situ dosimetry of intact but sensitized cores of brick and tile is discussed. Trap parameters of the 210°C peak support the dosimetry use.
Divalent Metal Succinate/4,4‘-Dipyridylamine Extended Solids: From Helical Chains to Diverse Three-Dimensional Networks Featuring Double, Quadruple, or Self-Interpenetration

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a family of five divalent metal succinate (suc) coordination polymers incorporating the kinked dipodal organodiimine 4,4‘-dipyridylamine (dpa), which were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. [Co(suc)(dpa)2] (1) manifests chiral helical one-dimensional (1-D) chains formed from the linkage of neighboring Co atoms through bischelating bisbridging succinate moieties, with pendant dpa ligands. {[Ni(dpa)2(suc)0.5]Cl} (2) possesses a rare self-interpenetrated 5-connected cationic framework with a unique 610 topology, constructed from the junction of quadruply interpenetrated adamantoid [Ni(dpa)2]2n+ networks via bischelating μ2-succinate ligands. {[Cu(suc)(dpa)]·0.5H2O} (3) exhibits a doubly interpenetrated CdSO4 net (658 topology) containing both 1-D double braided cationic helical [Cu(dpa)]2+ ribbons and orthogonally situated zigzag [Cu(suc)] chains. The quadruply interpenetrated three-dimensional (3-D) network struc...
Research needs in low Reynolds number flow heat exchangers

Low Reynolds number flows prevail in some process, power, automotive, aircraft, and other industrial heat exchangers such as shell-and-tube, plate, and compact heat exchangers. Laminar or low Reynolds number turbulent flows are the results of either high viscosity fluids, compact flow passages (i.e., small hydraulic diameter), or low fluid velocities. Significant advancements have been made in the past 100 years in understanding and predicting flow and heat transfer in such internal flows. This paper summarizes the research needs to further advance the science of low Reynolds number flow heat exchangers. Emphasis is primarily given to the thermal design aspects; research needs related to mechanical design, manufacturing, material selection, and other nonthermal design aspects are not covered. Also the coverage is restricted primarily to single-phase applications. The outlined research needs are based on the input from invited lecturers and some participants, experts in the field, at the Fourth NATO Advanc...
Sowing the seeds of neo-imperialism: the Rockefeller Foundation's yellow fever campaign in Mexico

The Rockefeller Foundation's campaign against yellow fever in Mexico sought to advance the economic and political interests of U.S. capitalism. The campaign was implemented at a time of strong anti-American sentiments on the part of the Mexican people. With no diplomatic relationships between Mexico and the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation presented its campaign as an international commitment. Thus, Foundation doctors became the most salient U.S. diplomats. At the same time they made sure that the Mexican yellow fever would not spread to the United States through the southern border. The by-products of the campaign went beyond the political arena. Special techniques to combat the vectors allowed the Rockefeller Foundation's brigades to change the anti-American sentiments of the people. When the campaign ended, the Foundation had already set in place the foundation for the modern Mexican health care system. Benefits from the campaign also accrued to President Obregon, who used the campaign to strengthen his position of power. Mexican doctors adopting a pro-American attitude also allied with the Rockefeller Foundation to gain reputation and power within the emerging Mexican State.
Should liver transplantation be performed for patients with chronic hepatitis B? Yes!

The use of passive immunoprophylaxis to prevent HBV reinfection of the allograft following liver transplantation has led to a dramatic improvement in the outcome of patients who undergo transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B previously was not one of our favorite diseases for which to perform liver transplantation. However, we now regard patients with this disease as good candidates for liver transplantation. I hope I have presented a compelling argument that no patient with hepatitis B, regardless of serological status, should be a priori denied liver transplantation. Studies from both the U.S. and Europe have shown that HBV reinfection can be prevented in almost all patients at a cost not out of line with other accepted indications for liver transplantation. Thus, I once again, ask the question, "Should patients with chronic hepatitis B undergo liver transplantation?" At our institution, the answer is an emphatic Yes!
Effects of glutamic acid on operant behavior, activity, and open-field behavior in rats.

Summary.-The current study examined the effects of dietarg administration of glutamic acid and/or Vitmin Bo on operant behavior, activity, and open-field behavior in rats. Compared to controls, experimental subjects showed prolonged extinction of the lever-press task and entered more squares in the open-field. Experimental groups did not differ among themselves on these measures. No differences between experimental groups and controls were found for acquisition of the lever-press response, activity measured on an activity wheel, and number of defecations in the open-field. Results were partially supportive of previous studies showing significant effects of peripherally administered glutamic acid on measures of operant behavior. Wincze and Vogel (3) reported that peripherally administered glutamic acid facilitated the acquisition and extinction of lever-press responding in albino rats. Rats given glutamic acid were also more active than control subjects. When administered centrally, however, glutamic acid appears to have an inhibitory effect on both the acquisition and extinction of a lever-press response (2) and little or no effect on
Structure and scaling properties of the geodesic acoustic mode

Characteristics and scaling properties of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM), a coherent, radially-sheared high frequency (~15?kHz) zonal flow oscillation, are studied systematically using time-delay-estimation techniques applied to localized, multi-point density fluctuation measurements obtained by beam emission spectroscopy on DIII-D. The GAM amplitude is shown to increase strongly with increasing safety factor, q95, and to likewise become undetectably small for q95 < 4.2, qualitatively consistent with theoretical predictions based on collisional damping as well as simulations. The radial structure of the GAM exhibits peak amplitude in the radial range 0.88 < r/a < 0.95 with a rapid amplitude reduction inside and outside this region. The measured frequency is close to the predicted frequency, though some deviation to higher frequency is observed at lower q. The GAM amplitude is also shown to increase with plasma elongation, ?, while its frequency decreases.
ISOCHRONS IN PRESOLAR GRAPHITE GRAINS FROM ORGUEIL

Primitive meteorites contain tiny dust grains that condensed in stellar outflows and explosions. These stardust grains can be extracted from their host meteorites and studied in detail in the laboratory. We investigated depth profiles of the Al-Mg, Ca-K, and Ti-Ca isotopic systems obtained during NanoSIMS isotopic analysis of presolar graphite grains from the CI carbonaceous meteorite Orgueil. Large 26Al/27Al, 41Ca/40Ca, and 44Ti/48Ti ratios, inferred from 26Mg, 41K, and 44Ca excesses from the decay of the short-lived radioisotopes 26Al, 41Ca, and 44Ti, indicate a supernova (SN) origin. From the depth distribution of the radiogenic isotopes and the stable isotopes of their parent elements we constructed isochron-type correlation plots. The plots indicate quantitative retention of radiogenic 26Mg, 41K, and 44Ca in most grains. Deviations from straight lines in the Al-Mg and Ca-K plots can be explained by contamination with 27Al and isotopically normal Ca, respectively. For the Ti-Ca system in some grains, the lack of parent-daughter correlation indicates either redistribution of radiogenic 44Ca or heterogeneity in the initial 44Ti/48Ti ratio. We also obtained Si isotopic depth profiles in three graphite grains with large 29Si and 30Si excesses, for which a SN origin has been proposed. In two grains no Si-rich subgrains are observed; in the third grain with an apparent Si-rich subgrain the anomalous Si isotopic ratios in the subgrain are the same as in the rest of the graphite host. Our studies show that by measuring depth profiles, information on presolar grains can be obtained that cannot be obtained by whole-grain analysis.
Thermal and time dependence of radiation-induced phosphorescence in UV window materials

Radiation induced phosphorescence of uv windows has the potential for generating crippling levels of background signal in space flight sensors. VUV fluorescence spectra have been obtained for three common window materials, and the phosphorescence decay curves have been recorded for a range of temperatures for two of the samples tested. We present this data and employ models used to fit the STIS background data to analyze the observed decay curves.
Waste reduction strategies for improved management of household solid waste in Jamaica.

Three waste reduction strategies were studied by a survey in the St. Ann's Parish located in the small-island developing nation of Jamaica. Factors designated as incentives to waste reduction existed primarily at the household level, specifically waste segregation, household education, environmental concern and knowledge; whereas, the barriers existed primarily at the national or regional levels, namely government policies and finances. The greatest potential for initiating waste reduction strategies and diverting waste from a landfill in this developing world setting is thus within the household, specifically by community-based waste reduction initiatives that build upon already-existing practices and improve local solid waste management.
EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATION AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE PANCREATIC ALPHA AMYLASE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIOUS STARCHES

Corn, waxy maize, potato and tapioca starches were cooked, subjected to different dehydration (oven-, freeze- and drum drying) and storage (frozen and refrigerated) conditions, and evaluated for pancreatic alpha amylase susceptibility. Dehydration reduced the enzyme susceptibility of all the starches. Oven drying had a greater effect than freeze- or drum drying. Frozen and refrigerated storage affected the susceptibility of corn, potato and tapioca starches but not waxy maize starch. Refrigerated storage had a greater effect than frozen storage. No differences were observed between constant and variable temperature frozen storage or between quick and slow freezing. The enzyme susceptibility did not change during 6 wk of storage.
Optical trapping and alignment of single gold nanorods using plasmon resonances

We demonstrate three-dimensional optical trapping and orientation of individual Au nanorods in solution, taking advantage of the longitudinal surface-plasmon resonance to enhance optical forces. Stable trapping is achieved using laser light that is detuned slightly to the long-wavelength side of the resonance; by contrast, light detuned to the short-wavelength side repels rods from the laser focus. Under stable-trapping conditions, the trapping time depends exponentially on laser power, in agreement with a Kramers escape process. Trapped rods have their long axes aligned with the trapping-laser polarization, as evidenced by a suppression of rotational diffusion about the short axis. The ability to trap and orient individual metal nanoparticles may find important application in assembly of functional structures, sorting of nanoparticles according to their shape, and development of novel microscopy techniques.
Effect of glycogen synthase overexpression on insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake and storage

Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is inversely associated with the muscle glycogen concentration. To investigate whether this association is a cause and effect relationship, we compared insu...
Model calculations for the retrieval of aerosols from satellite and aircraft radiances

Model calculations of upwelling spectral radiances at aircraft and satellite altitudes have been made to assess the capability of different current and planned sensors to extract information on the atmospheric aerosols. The visible and near infrared channels on the AVHRR, CZCS, and SeaWiFS satellite sensors were used, as well as hypothetical multichannel instruments covering 400 - 1000 nm with bandwidths of 100, 20, or 10 nm. The sensitivity to the aerosol and environmental properties increased as the bandwidth of the channel decreased.
Enhancing computer self-efficacy and attitudes in multi-ethnic older adults: a randomised controlled study.

Several studies have documented the health-related benefits of older adults' use of computer technology, but before they can be realised, older individuals must be positively inclined and confident in their ability to engage in computer-based environments. To facilitate the assessment of computer technology attitudes, one aim of the longitudinal study reported in this paper was to test and refine a new 22-item measure of computer technology attitudes designed specifically for older adults, as none such were available. Another aim was to replicate, on a much larger scale, the successful findings of a preliminary study that tested a computer technology training programme for older adults (Lagana 2008). Ninety-six older men and women, mainly from non-European-American backgrounds, were randomly assigned to the waitlist/control or the experimental group. The same six-week one-on-one training was administered to the control subjects at the completion of their post-test. The revised (17-item) version of the Older Adults' Computer Technology Attitudes Scale (OACTAS) showed strong reliability: the results of a factor analysis were robust, and two analyses of covariance demonstrated that the training programme induced significant changes in attitudes and self-efficacy. Such results encourage the recruitment of older persons into training programmes aimed at increasing computer technology attitudes and self-efficacy.
PASSIVITY BASED CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION OF A SILICON PROCESS

Abstract In this paper we develop a Real Time Optimization (RTO) strategy for a silicon reactor. The reactor dynamics are described using parabolic partial differential equations with countercurrent liquid, gas and solid flow with chemical reaction. The model equations are converted to a system of differential algebraic equations using the method of lines and up-winding approximation for the spatial derivatives. The model parameters are matched to industrial data by minimizing a quadratic objective function using a novel interior point SQP method. The dynamic response has been verified and we have shown that passivity based inventory control can be used to stabilize the process at its optimal operating point.
Electron correlation effects in hyperpolarizabilities of p-nitroaniline

The importance of including electron correlation effects in the determination of the equilibrium structure and hyperpolarizabilities of p-nitroaniline is investigated. Second-order perturbation theory gives static hyperpolarizabilities which are 88% to 100% larger than those obtained without electron correlation. These values are scaled by a self-consistent field frequency-dependent contribution for comparison with experimental measurements
Investigation of varicella-zoster virus neurotropism and neurovirulence using SCID mouse-human DRG xenografts.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a medically important human alphaherpesvirus. Investigating pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to VZV neurovirulence are made difficult by a marked host restriction. Our approach to investigating VZV neurotropism and neurovirulence has been to develop a mouse–human xenograft model in which human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are maintained in severe compromised immunodeficient (SCID) mice. In this review, we will describe our key findings using this model in which we have demonstrated that VZV infection of SCID DRG xenograft results in rapid and efficient spread, enabled by satellite cell infection and polykaryon formation, which facilitates robust viral replication and release of infectious virus. In neurons that persist following this acute replicative phase, VZV genomes are present at low frequency with limited gene transcription and no protein synthesis, a state that resembles VZV latency in the natural human host. VZV glycoprotein I and interaction between glycoprotein I and glycoprotein E are critical for neurovirulence. Our work demonstrates that the DRG model can reveal characteristics about VZV replication and long-term persistence of latent VZV genomes in human neuronal tissues, in vivo, in an experimental system that may contribute to our knowledge of VZV neuropathogenesis.
Lithium–manganese oxide electrodes with layered–spinel composite structures xLi2MnO3 · (1 − x)Li1 + yMn2 − yO4 (0 < x < 1, 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 0.33) for lithium batteries

Abstract Lithium–manganese oxide electrodes containing structurally integrated domains of layered and spinel phases, represented in two-component notation as xLi2MnO3 · (1 − x)Li1 + yMn2 − yO4 (0 250 mAh/g can be achieved from electrodes prepared at 400 °C during the early cycles. The discharge profiles confirm the layered–spinel character of the composite electrodes. The Li2MnO3 Mn(IV) content in the parent structure and the degree to which lithium and lithia are extracted from the electrode during the initial charge can be used to control the average manganese oxidation state at the end of discharge and electrochemical cycling stability.
The Climate Response to Stratospheric Sulfate Injections and Implications for Addressing Climate Emergencies

AbstractStratospheric sulfate aerosol injection has been proposed to counteract anthropogenic greenhouse gas warming and prevent regional climate emergencies. Global warming is projected to be largest in the polar regions, where consequences to climate change could be emergent, but where the climate response to global warming is also most uncertain. The Community Climate System Model, version 3, is used to evaluate simulations with enhanced CO2 and prescribed stratospheric sulfate to investigate the effects on regional climate. To further explore the sensitivity of these regions to ocean dynamics, a suite of simulations with and without ocean dynamics is run.The authors find that, when global average warming is roughly canceled by aerosols, temperature changes in the polar regions are still 20%–50% of the changes in a warmed world. Atmospheric circulation anomalies are also not canceled, which affects the regional climate response. It is also found that agreement between simulations with and without ocean...
Do hormones influence melanoma? Facts and controversies

The issue of whether hormones influence malignant melanoma (MM) has been controversial for many years. Although early case reports demonstrated a negative effect of hormones, recent evidence has not supported a potential role for hormones in MM. We address whether exogenous and endogenous hormones influence a woman's risk for MM or affect her prognosis if diagnosed with MM. Multiple epidemiologic studies show the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy does not appear to increase a woman's risk for MM. Pregnancy does not appear to influence a woman's risk of MM, nor does pregnancy appear to affect prognosis in the woman diagnosed with MM. When counseling the woman who is diagnosed with MM during pregnancy or during the childbearing years, future use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy is not contraindicated; counseling concerning future pregnancies should be done on a case-by-case basis, with emphasis placed on established prognostic factors for MM.
Effects of Differential Experience on the Brain and Behavior

This review of plasticity of brain and behavior ranges from examples of plasticity restricted to an early critical period to other examples that show lifelong plasticity, but these two polar opposites are far from covering the field. Rather, it appears that there are a number of patterns by which different measures of plasticity vary as a function of age. Even in cases that indicate the existence of a critical period for development of neural circuits and of behavior, it is not yet possible to define the period exactly, because different methods yield different results, and much parametric work remains to be done. Nevertheless, the variety of findings of plasticity are encouraging for education and for recovery of function.
The “UTDrive” in-vehicle voice activity detection system

In this study, we specifically address the problem of in-vehicle voice activity detection (VAD), which has a significant importance for the speech controlled intelligent vehicle. A novel VAD system is proposed based on microphone array beam- forming and discriminative Gaussian mixture model. As a binary classification problem, the features and classifiers are explored under the in-vehicle acoustic environment. Using microphone array, we show that the spatial power ratio can serve as an effective feature for speech activity detection. Further, a discriminative training based Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier is employed to enhance the VAD performance in terms of receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Compared to the conventional VAD systems, the proposed VAD system presents a novel and robust performance against various in-vehicle noisy scenarios from the UTDrive project.
Free streamline model for a rising bubble

The motion of a two‐dimensional bubble rising at a constant velocity in an unbounded fluid is solved by series truncation. It is assumed that there is a wake of stagnant liquid extending to infinity below the bubble. Both the effects of gravity g and surface tension T are taken into account. It is shown that the problem is characterized by a continuum of solutions for T=0 and by a discrete set of solutions when T>0. In addition a unique solution is obtained in the limit as the surface tension approaches zero. The corresponding profile of the bubble is found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Immediate X-ray-inducible responses from mammalian cells

It has been nearly 6 years since we reported the induction of new proteins in human normal and tumor cells after ionizing radiation. Since that time there has been an explosion of new data and ideas from a number of laboratories regarding the immediate responses of human cells to ionizing radiation. The data are, however, extremely difficult to interpret since researchers are using confluence-arrested, log-phase, normal or tumor cells, and are exposing these to a variety of doses of ionizing radiation. It is especially difficult to interpret data from cells that are exposed to supralethal doses of ionizing radiation. Thus this session of the workshop entitled "Molecular, Genetic, and Cellular Basis of Radioresistance at Low Doses: A Case Of Inducible Repair?" concentrated on inducible responses (both late and immediate) of human cells exposed to physiological doses of ionizing radiation. A major focus of future research in this field must be directed toward the function(s) of these inducible proteins and the expression of genes in DNA repair, cell cycle progression (especially radiation-induced cell progression delays) and/or cell death, including apoptosis.
Near-normalization of glucose and microvascular diabetes complications: data from ACCORD and ADVANCE

Objective: To compare results of clinical trials that assessed the impact of near-normalization of glucose on microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.Methods: ACCORD (N = 10,234) and ADVANCE (N = 11,140) tested the hypothesis that near-normalization of glucose reduces microvascular complications in adults with established type 2 diabetes. Differences in incidence rates (intensive versus standard glucose control) for specific microvascular complications are expressed as ‘number needed to treat’ (NNT) to prevent one microvascular complication. The impact of blood pressure (BP) control and fenofibrate use on microvascular complications was also assessed.Results: In ADVANCE, near-normalization of glucose reduced new or worsening nephropathy (NNT = 77 for 5 years to prevent one occurrence), but not eye or foot complications. In ACCORD, near-normalization of glucose did not reduce prespecified composite measures of advanced microvascular complications, and impact on secondary microvascular outcomes was m...
Return specification inference and result clustering for keyword search on XML

Keyword search enables Web users to easily access XML data without the need to learn a structured query language and to study possibly complex data schemas. Existing work has addressed the problem of selecting qualified data nodes that match keywords and connecting them in a meaningful way, in the spirit of inferring the where clause in XQuery. However, how to infer the return clause for keyword searches is an open problem.To address this challenge, we present a keyword search engine for data-centric XML, XSeek, to infer the semantics of the search and identify return nodes effectively. XSeek recognizes possible entities and attributes inherently represented in the data. It also distinguishes between predicates and return specifications in query keywords. Then based on the analysis of both XML data structures and keyword patterns, XSeek generates return nodes. Furthermore, when the query is ambiguous and it is hard or impossible to determine the desirable return information, XSeek clusters the query results according to their semantics based on the user-specified granularity, and enables the user to easily browse and select the desired ones. Extensive experimental studies show the effectiveness and efficiency of XSeek.
Cardiac catheterization and angiographic analysis computer applications.

S IGNIFICANT EFFORT has been invested to use digital computers as a tool for data processing in several areas of clinical cardiology. From the mid 1960s efforts have been made to utilize computer systems for the analysis of data from cardiac catheterization. These efforts have led to the development of several commercial systems. More recently similar efforts have been made at automating the patient monitoring process in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU). This article presents several computer applications for the analysis of cardiac catheterization data. While some effort is made to present an overview of work done in this area by other investigators, the approach taken in this article is to present in some detail the features of cardiac catheterization systems developed at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center over the past decade. The intent was to focus on the computer processing techniques typical of catheterization laboratory applications.
Puccinia xanthii forma specialis ambrosia-trifidae: A microcyclic rust for the biological control of giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida (Compositae)

The rustPuccinia xanthii forma specialisambrosia-trifidae attacks leaves of giant ragweed,Ambrosia trifida L., significantly reducing seed and pollen production, seed weight and seedling vigor. In tests, teliospores did not infectA. artemisiifolia L.,Xanthium strumarium L., and cultivated varieties of chrysanthemum, safflower, sunflower, cosmos, marigold, lettuce, endive, dahlia, zinnia, gloriosa daisy, aster, scabiosa, and gallardia. This fungus commonly attacksA. trifida in eastern and central North America, and it should be of value for the biological control ofA. trifida where introduced in Eurasia.
Identification of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin as an endocytic receptor for seminal vesicle secretory protein II.

Abstract The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin (LRP-2) is an endocytic receptor that is expressed on the apical surfaces of epithelial cells lining specific regions of the male and female reproductive tracts. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining revealed that LRP-2 is also expressed by epithelial cells lining the ductal region and the ampulla of the rat seminal vesicle. To identify LRP-2 ligands in the seminal vesicle, we probed seminal vesicle fluid with 125I-labeled LRP-2 in a gel-blot overlay assay. A 100-kDa protein (under non-reducing conditions) was found to bind the radiolabeled receptor. The protein was isolated and subjected to protease digestion, and the proteolytic fragments were subjected to mass spectroscopic sequence analysis. As a result, the 100-kDa protein was identified as the seminal vesicle secretory protein II (SVS-II), a major constituent of the seminal coagulum. Using purified preparations of SVS-II and LRP-2, solid-phase binding assays were used to show that the SVS-II bound to the receptor with high affinity (K d = 5.6 nm). The binding of SVS-II to LRP-2 was inhibited using a known antagonist of LRP-2 function, the 39-kDa receptor-associated protein RAP. Using a series of recombinant subfragments of SVS-II, the LRP-2 binding site was mapped to a stretch of repeated 13-residue modules located in the central portion of the SVS-II polypeptide. To evaluate the ability of LRP-2 to mediate 125I-SVS-II endocytosis and lysosomal degradation, ligand clearance assays were performed using differentiated mouse F9 cells, which express high levels of LRP-2. Radiolabeled SVS-II was internalized and degraded by the cells, and both processes were inhibited by antibodies to LRP-2 or by RAP. The results indicate that LRP-2 binds SVS-II and can mediate its endocytosis leading to lysosomal degradation.
Laser-focused atomic deposition – nanofabrication via atom optics

Abstract In conventional molecular-beam epitaxy, atoms from a diffuse source randomly impinge upon a surface, accumulating in atomic layers or islands. We have recently demonstrated an enhancement of this process, in which the trajectories of the atoms are controlled with nanometer-scale resolution during deposition. Using the forces exerted by laser light tuned near an atomic transition, an array of ‘atom lenses’ is formed, which focus, or concentrate the atoms into an array of lines or dots with size as small as 30 nm. This new technique represents a novel form of nanofabrication that can create nanometer-scale structures in parallel over a large (millimeter-size) area without the use of any resist or pattern-transfer techniques.
Conformal deformations of uniform Loewner spaces

We study conformal deformations of uniform Loewner spaces, verify the Gehring-Hayman Inequality, demonstrate uniform continuity of the identity mapping, and provide results which describe the boundary of the deformed space. In addition, we establish two connections between Hausdorff content and modulus.
Complementarity-based hypercompetition in the software industry: Theory and empirical test, 1990–2002

This study examines the hypercompetition phenomenon within the prepackaged software industry. It theoretically develops and empirically validates the idea that dynamically changing complementarity relationships among software product markets increase industry hypercompetition. The study also explains how dynamic capabilities for the management of complementary product markets can enable an independent software vendor (ISV) to create and renew temporary advantages. Specifically, an ISV can maintain or increase its performance rank in its product markets in three ways: (1) by competing with a portfolio of strongly complementary products; (2) by forming a product market portfolio that has strong complementarity relationships with other product markets in the industry; and (3) by dynamically and purposefully responding to the changing product market complementarities: (a) reconfiguring resource allocations of its products to strengthen the complementarities of its product portfolio and (b) undertaking entry and exit moves that reposition the portfolio in a stronger complementarity position. These dynamic capabilities enable the ISV to coevolve with the changing complementarities, change and improve its performance rank, and trigger new competitive moves by rivals; and accordingly, contribute to the escalation of rivalry in the industry. The study finds support for these ideas in a study of 1,200 ISVs from 1990 to 2002. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recoverin in Cultured Human Retinoblastoma Cells: Enhanced Expression During Morphological Differentiation

Recoverin is a calcium-binding protein expressed in retinal photoreceptors. It appears to delay the termination of the phototransduction cascade by blocking the phosphorylation of photoexcited rhodopsin. The goal of this study was to determine if recoverin mRNA and protein are expressed in cultured human Y79 retinoblastoma cells, so that this cell line could be used as a model to study the mechanism of recoverin gene expression in the retina. A cDNA encoding human recoverin was PCR cloned and used for prokaryotic expression of recoverin protein. Polyclonal antibodies raised against pure recombinant recoverin were used for western blotting and immunocytochemistry of Y79 cells grown as attachment cultures in the presence of the differentiating agents dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) or butyrate. Northern blot analysis was performed on mRNA extracted from Y79 cells that were also treated with the differentiating agents. In Y79 cell monolayer cultures, recoverin was immunolocalized to the cell cytoplasm, and immunoreactivity was increased dramatically by the addition of 2 mM butyrate to the culture medium. Butyrate treatment also caused an increase in the development of neurite-like cellular processes. Addition of 4 mM dbcAMP resulted in a moderate increase in both recoverin immunoreactivity and number of cellular processes. Western and northern blots of butyrate and dbcAMP-treated Y79 cell cultures demonstrated an increase in recoverin protein and RNA expression, respectively, comparable with that observed with immunocytochemistry. These data suggest that, under the influence of the differentiating agent butyrate, Y79 cells exhibit an increase in expression of the photoreceptor protein recoverin and a concomitant morphological differentiation toward a neuronal phenotype.
Explicit cross-property correlations for anisotropic two-phase composite materials

Abstract Explicit correlations between two groups of anisotropic effective properties—conductivity and elasticity—are established for two-phase composite materials with anisotropic microstructures (non-randomly oriented inclusions of non-spherical shapes). The correlations are derived in the framework of the non-interaction approximation. The elasticity tensor is expressed in terms of the conductivity tensor in closed form. Applications to realistic microstructures, containing mixtures of diverse inclusion shapes are given. Compliance/stiffness contribution tensors of an inclusion, that characterize the inclusion's contribution to the overall elastic response, are derived in the course of analysis; these results are of interest on their own.
The influence of prior industrial experience and multidisciplinary teamwork on student design learning in a capstone design course

In a recent study, the design process knowledge of students entering their senior year without any industrial experience was shown to be no different than that of first-year students at the end of an introduction to engineering course. Seniors with industrial experience, however, showed some differences compared to the first- year students: they were more aware of documentation's role throughout design, less aware that idea generation is an important part of design, and less able to allot time to different design activities. The focus of this current study is to follow the seniors to the end of their capstone design course and reassess their design process knowledge. By doing so, the impact of the capstone course and the effects of having prior industrial experience and of being on a multidisciplinary capstone project are investigated. Results indicate that a capstone experience increases students' understanding of needs identification, the overall layout of design including iteration, and relative time allotments of different design activities. A capstone course also reduced the differences seen before this study between students with and without prior industrial experience. Students in multidisciplinary and single disciplinary capstone courses scored similarly, although data suggests multidisciplinary students understood the role of needs identification slightly better.
Conceptualizing Therapeutic Components of Group Counseling

Abstract SUMMARY The foregoing is a brief description of the therapeutic factors (Yalom, 1985) that highlights their interrelationships with one another, their correspondence with the stages of group development, and interventions by which group leaders and counselors referring their clients to groups may increase the power of these therapeutic factors. I have relied heavily on Yalom's (1985) work, MacKenzie and Livesley's (1983) description of group stages, and my own clinical experience. I hope this approach will make the therapeutic factors construct a more usable guide to the group counseling process for counselors and counselor educators.