cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remediation of problematic residents--A national survey.

Objectives/Hypothesis Despite careful selection processes, residency programs face the challenge of training residents who fall below minimal performance standards. Poor performance of a resident can endanger both patient safety and the reputation of the residency program. It is important, therefore, for a program to identify such residents and implement strategies for their successful remediation. The purpose of our study was to gather information on evaluation and remediation strategies employed by different otolaryngology programs. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods We conducted a national survey, sending a questionnaire to the program directors of 106 otolaryngology residency programs. We collected information on demographics of the program, identification of problematic residents, and remediation strategies. Results The response rate was 74.5%, with a 2% cumulative incidence of problematic residents in otolaryngology programs during the past 10 years. The most frequently reported deficiencies of problematic residents were unprofessional behavior with colleagues/staff (38%), insufficient medical knowledge (37%), and poor clinical judgment (34%). Personal or professional stress was the most frequently identified underlying problem (70.5%). Remediation efforts included general counseling (78%), frequent feedback sessions (73%), assignment of a mentor (58%), and extra didactics (47%). These remediation efforts failed to produce improvement in 23% of the identified residents, ultimately leading to their dismissal. Conclusions The apparent deficiencies, underlying causes, and remediation strategies vary among otolaryngology residency programs. Based on the results of this survey, we offer recommendations for the early identification of problematic residents and a standardized remediation plan. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2015
Elk and Cattle Grazing Can Be Complementary

On the Ground In 1990, cattle grazed private land in Utah's Book Cliff Mountains until late July. Elk in the area ate about 50% of the forage regrowth on this land from late July to mid-September. This private land mentioned was sold in 1990 and managed for elk. At the same time cattle were permanently removed from the area. By 2009, repeat photography showed that vegetation in the area had changed and was dominated by dense stands of mature vegetation and weeds. In 2009 there were no signs of elk, whereas in 1990 many elk and signs of elk were observed in the area. Based on this study and many others, carefully managed cattle grazing can be a lost-cost method to improve forage quality for elk.
ARM Instructions and Part II

The data transfer instructions are used to transfer data from memory to registers and from registers to memory and they are Load (LDR) and Store (STR) instructions.
Greenland Rumbles Louder as Glaciers Accelerate

Flow rates of many large glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica have accelerated recently. Greenland earthquakes produced from glacier motion and calving have also increased dramatically.
The Politics of Citizen Access Technology: The Development of Public Information Utilities in Four Cities

This article uses comparative case studies to examine the political shaping of public Information utilities developed by American local governments. These public access computer networks are designed lo facilitate access to community information and dialogue. We view technology design as analogous to developing public policy on citizen participation, where the “legislation” is imbedded in the technological design. Research sites included three adopter cities, Santa Monica, Pasadena, and Glendale, California, and one nonadopter city, Irvine. This comparison highlights key technology-policy choices (including the choice of not developing this application). Our analysis then examines the role of technological paradigms, local political cultures, and organizational arrangements in shaping municipal approaches to addressing these key policy choices.
Developing Social Responsibility: Biotechnology and the Case of DuPont in Brazil

The development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has caused worldwide debate and has required us to reevaluate theories of social responsibility. This article, first, briefly discusses the progressive stages of social responsibility that scholars have outlined as they examine the history of businesses. Next an overview of the development of the DuPont corporation in the United States is presented, tracing DuPont’s transformation from an explosives and chemicals company into a life-science corporation and demonstrating how outside factors influenced this change. The article then turns to the activities of the DuPont corporation in Brazil, a country with one of the world’s largest agricultural economies – and examines how the debate on GMOs is unfolding within the Brazilian context. It discusses how differing interest groups have taken part in this debate, the limits of their arguments, and the need to develop means for providing open collaborative efforts in evaluating new technologies.
Deposition of Al-Doped Zinc Oxide by Direct Pulsed Laser Recrystallization at Room Temperature on Various Substrates for Solar Cell Applications

In this study, a method combining room temperature pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and direct pulsed laser recrystallization (DPLR) are introduced to deposit superior transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer on low melting point flexible substrates. As an indispensable component of thin film solar cell, TCO layer with a higher quality will improve the overall performance of solar cells. Alumina-doped zinc oxide (AZO), as one of the most promising TCO candidates, has now been widely used in solar cells. However, to achieve optimal electrical and optical properties of AZO on low melting point flexible substrate is challenging. Recently developed direct pulsed laser recrystallization (DPLR) technique is a scalable, economic and fast process for point defects elimination and recrystallization at room temperature. It features selective processing by only heating up the TCO thin film and preserve the underlying substrate at low temperature. In this study, 250 nm AZO thin film is pre-deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on flexible and rigid substrates. Then DPLR is introduced to achieve a uniform TCO layer on low melting point flexible substrates, i.e. commercialized Kapton polyimide film and micron-thick Al-foil. Both finite element analysis (FEA) simulation and designed experiments are carried out to demonstrate that DPLR is promising in manufacturing high quality AZO layers without any damage to the underlying flexible substrates. Under appropriate experiment conditions, such as 248 nm in laser wavelength, 25 ns in laser pulse duration, 15 laser pulses at laser fluence of 25 mJ/cm2, desired temperature would result in the AZO thin film and activate the grain growth and recrystallization. Besides laser conditions, the thermal conductivity and crystallinity of the substrate serve as additional factors in the DPLR process. It is found that the substrate’s thermal conductivity correlates positively with the AZO crystal size; the substrate’s crystallinity correlates positively with the AZO film’s crystallinity. The thermal expansion of substrate would also contribute to the film tensile stress after processed by DPLR technique. The overall results indicate that DPLR technique is useful and scalable for flexible solar cell manufacturing.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An efficient synthesis of enantiomerically pure trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol

Abstract Both enantiomers of trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol (3), Whitesell's auxiliary, have been prepared in a simple two step sequence featuring a catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation followed by stereoselective hydrogenolysis
Skewed abrogation of tolerance to a neo self-antigen in double-transgenic mice coexpressing the antigen with interleukin-1beta or interferon-gamma.

Abstract Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) under the control of the αA-crystallin promoter exhibit tolerance to HEL by both their T- and B-cell compartments. Here, we show that double-Tg mice, coexpressing HEL with either interleukin-1β or interferon (IFN)-γ, demonstrated unresponsiveness to HEL by their T-cell compartment, but most of them developed antibodies against HEL following a challenge with the antigen. The abrogation of humoral tolerance was more pronounced in the HEL/IL-1 double-Tg mice than in the HEL/IFN-γ mice. Unlike their controls, double-Tg mice exhibited remarkable levels of variability in their antibody levels. The skewed abrogation of tolerance in the double-Tg mice is proposed to be due to the cytokines' capacity to rescue from clonal deletion small numbers of T cells, which provide help to antibody producing B cells. This notion is supported by the finding that adoptive transfer of small numbers of Th1 or Th2 cells into HEL-Tg mice made possible antibody production similar to that seen in the double-Tg mice.
Health Optimizing Physical Education (HOPE): A New Curriculum for School Programs—Part 1: Establishing the Need and Describing the Model

Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAP) are designed to provide expanded opportunities for physical activity beyond regularly scheduled physical education time-including before, during, and after school, as well as at home and in the community. While CSPAPs are gaining support, currently there are no models for designing, implementing, and assessing these programs. This two-part article presents a new CSPAP curriculum model called Health Optimizing Physical Education (HOPE) that can be used to help P–12 students acquire knowledge and skills for lifelong participation in physical activity. Part 1 discusses the need for the HOPE model, presents its theoretical foundation, and describes eight strands that could be included in such a comprehensive school program. Part 2, next issue, will discuss the knowledge base needed by teachers for conducting effective HOPE programs, offer some strategies for preparing and developing HOPE teachers, and identify some of the many other professionals that HO...
Morphology of mammalian sperm membranes during differentiation, maturation, and capacitation.

The mammalian spermatozoon is a highly polarized cell whose surface membrane can be divided into five functionally, structurally, and biochemically distinct domains. These domains are formed during spermatogenesis, continue to be modified during passage through the epididymis, and are further refined in the female reproductive tract. The integrity of these domains appears to be necessary for the sperm to perform its function—fusion with the egg and subsequent fertilization. The domains can be identified morphologically by their surface contours and texture, the content, distribution, and organization of intramembranous particles after freeze-fracture, and by the density of surface and cytoplasmic electron-dense coatings in thin sections. By using a variety of labels that stain carbohydrates (lectins), lipids (filipin and polymyxin B), and monoclonal antibodies to specific membrane constituents, the biochemical composition of these contiguous membrane regions has also been partly elucidated. We review here what is known about the structure, composition, and behavior of each membrane domain in the mature sperm and include some information regarding domain formation during spermatogenesis. The sperm is an excellent model system to study the creation and maintenance of cell polarity, granule exocytosis, and fertilization. Hopefully this review will provide impetus for future studies aimed more directly at addressing the relationship of its morphology to its functions.
Nurse practitioners' behavior regarding teaching testicular self-examination.

Purpose To test a model derived from the theory of reasoned action and to determine the behavior of nurse practitioners (NPs)regarding teaching testicular self-examination (TSE). Data Sources A cross-sectional, explanatory design was used to survey a random sample of 1,490 members of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Conclusions NPs had positive attitudes toward teaching TSE and were engaged in such teaching. They perceived that other NPs, physicians, and patients also value TSE teaching. The theoretical was supported. Implications for Practice The results have implications for research, practice, and education. The theory was shown to be useful as a framework for the study of NP behavior. The results highlight the importance of including strategies to promote positive values as components of nurse preparation. For practice, patient adherence to illness detection activities may be fostered by positive attitude, perception that significant others also value these activities, and belief that failure to do so may result in personal loss.
Perceptuomotor adaptation to a speech feature

Selective adaptation experiments were conducted to test for the presence of a mechanism that mediates an aspect of both speech perception and speech production. Ss were instructed to utter /i/ or /bi/ after listening to repetitions of either of these syllables or to repetitions of the vowel /i/. Analysis of the utterances showed that a timing relation which distinguishes /pi/from /bi/, namely the latency in onset of voicing relative to the release burst of the consonant, varied systematically for the /pi/ utterances but not for the /bi/ utterances as a function of the speech input. The effect for the /pi/ utterances was shown not to be attributable to factors such as compensation for distorted perception of the /pi/ adapting stimulus or voluntary mimicry of this stimulus.
Non-Abelian gauge fields and quadratic band touching in molecular graphene

Dirac fermions in graphene can be subjected to non-abelian gauge fields by implementing certain modulations of the carbon site potentials. Artificial graphene, engineered with a lattice of CO molecules on top of the surface of Cu, offers an ideal arena to study their effects. In this work, we show by symmetry arguments how the underlying CO lattice must be deformed to obtain these gauge fields, and estimate their strength. We also discuss the fundamental differences between abelian and non-abelian gauge fields from the Dirac electrons point of view, and show how a constant (non-abelian) magnetic field gives rise to either a Landau level spectrum or a quadratic band touching, depending on the gauge field that realizes it (a known feature of non-abelian gauge fields known as the Wu-Yang ambiguity). We finally present the characteristic signatures of these effects in the site-resolved density of states that can be directly measured in the current molecular graphene experiment, and discuss prospects to realize the interaction induced broken symmetry states of a quadratic touching in this system.
Abnormal cellular DNA content as a marker of neoplasia

THE PROGNOSIS of patients with cancer is quite variable and only partially accounted for by the specific tissue diagnosis and the tumor burden. Many investigators have therefore sought to invoke tumor cellular characteristics to reflect the heterogeneity in the clinical course of comparably staged patients with identical morphologic diagnosis. The tumor cellular features of potential biologic and clinical importance in this regard relate to cytogenetics, proliferation, differentiation and, in the case of metastatic tumors requiring systemic anti-tumor therapy, to cellular pharmacology. While morphologic evaluation provides some insight into tumor proliferative and differentiative characteristics, this approach is not objective and quantitative enough to aid in cancer prognosis. Recent technical advances have brought about the possibility of objective and quantitative cell analysis by flow cytometry [l-3]. One major requirement in these studies performed on single cells rather than tissue sections is the availability of an unequivocal neoplastic marker. Abnormalities in cellular DNA content have long been recognized to be associated with malignant disease [4] and have recently been noted in flow cytometric investigations to be expressed with a high frequency of 80-90% in various human solid tumors and with a lesser frequency in hematologic malignancies (Table 1)
Insulin resistance for glucose uptake and Akt2 phosphorylation in the soleus, but not epitrochlearis, muscles of old vs. adult rats.

The slow-twitch soleus, but not fast-twitch muscle, of old vs. adult rats has previously been demonstrated to become insulin resistant for in vivo glucose uptake. We probed cellular mechanisms for ...
A brief screen for panic disorder

Abstract Panic disorder is associated with excessive social morbidity and financial burden. Delay in its diagnosis is a serious problem confronting the health care system. Screening instruments can be used to alert clinicians to the presence of an illness. In the current study, 143 patients presenting to an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic completed both self-report scales and a structured clinical interview. The 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) selectively discriminates panic disorder subjects from subjects with other anxiety disorders in an anxiety clinic population. Further analyses demonstrate that a scale composed of merely four ASI items also discriminates panic disorder patients with equal sensivity and specificity to the overall instrument. This new composite scale, named Brief Panic Disorder Screen (BPDS), will allow rapid identification of those patients who may benefit from more extensive evaluation for the presence of panic disorder.
Calcitriol and calcium regulate cytokine production and adipocyte-macrophage cross-talk

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcitriol on adipocyte and macrophage cytokine expression as well as release and on adipocyte–macrophage cross-talk in local modulation of inflammation. Research Procedures and Results We investigated calcitriol modulation of the expression of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) and macrophage surface-specific protein CD14, two key factors in regulating macrophage function and survival, in differentiated human adipocytes. Calcitriol significantly increased MIF and CD14 expression by 59% and 33%, respectively, while calcium-channel antagonism with nifedipine completely reversed these effects, indicating that calcitriol stimulates MIF and CD14 expression via a calcium-dependent mechanism. Similar results were also found in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes; in addition, calcitriol also up-regulated macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and stimulated tumor necrosis factor as well as IL-6 expression in RAW 264 macrophages. These effects were blocked by either a calcium-channel antagonist (nifedipine) or a mitochondrial uncoupler (dinitrophenol). Moreover, co-culture of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with RAW 264 macrophages significantly increased the expression and production of multiple inflammatory cytokines in response to calcitriol in both cell types. Conclusions These data demonstrate that calcitriol regulates local inflammation via modulating the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages as well as regulating inflammatory cytokine production in each cell type via calcium-dependent and mitochondrial uncoupling-dependent mechanisms. These data provide further mechanistic explanation for our recent observations that suppression of calcitriol by dietary calcium reduces inflammatory cytokine expression and oxidative stress in adipose tissue.
Current realities and future challenges

A number of issues indicative of an emerging field have become evident as the education of adults in the workplace becomes a major strategic thrust in many organizations.
Diastasis recti: clinical anatomy.

Background:Enduring diastasis repair is one of the yardsticks by which a successful abdominoplasty is measured, because the presence and size of diastasis recti are thought to be reliable indicators of abdominal wall laxity and protrusion. The author's study of the “normal” anatomy of diastasis chal
The behavior network model for conceptual information modeling

Abstract The Behavior Network Model (BNM) for conceptual information modeling is described. A BNM description specifies both the static and dynamic aspects of an application. Static aspect modeling describes the structural properties of real world objects and their structural relationships. The dynamic aspect is modeled by processes and their interfaces. BNM allows formal analysis of model descriptions and facilitates rapid prototyping. A methodology for conceptual modeling using BNM is also described.
A Directional Neutron Detector for Space Research Use

A neutron detector has been developed for space research applications which has directional properties for neutrons with energies greater than 10 Mev. The neutron detector is a proton recoil type utilizing 1000-1 mm diameter NE-103 plastic scintillator filaments embedded in a non-scintillating potting compound. The detector's axial efficiency is found to be 2% for 14 Mev neutrons and has an angular response half width of 30°. For pulse heights corresponding to En >5 Mev the contribution from gamma rays is negligible. A detailed description of an experiment utilizing this detector to search for solar neutrons is given. This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract NASr-211.
Contextualizing Data Streams for Infectious Disease Surveillance

To aid in developing a global biosurveillance program, it is critical to develop a framework to capture and understand the myriad of data streams and evaluate them in context of surveillance goals. Toward this goal, Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a new method of evaluating the effectiveness of data stream types through the use of a novel concept called the surveillance window, a technique that integrates operational systems analysis, surveillance system analysis and epidemiological analysis. This study provides a simple, yet elegant methodology for which to ground truth known and emerging data streams for utility in integrated biosurveillance efforts.
Physical modeling and analysis of P-wave attenuation anisotropy in TI media

gles (from 0 ◦ to 90 ◦ ) with the symmetry axis. Correction for the difference between the group and phase angles is used to obtain the normalized phase attenuation coef- ficient A, which is then inverted for the Thomsen-style attenuation-anisotropy parametersQ and δQ .W hereas the symmetry axes of the angle-dependent coefficient A and of the velocity function have close orientations, the magnitude of the attenuation anisotropy far exceeds that of the velocity anisotropy. The quality factor Q increases more than tenfold from the symmetry (slow) direction to the isotropy plane (fast direction). The robustness of our results depends critically on several factors, such as the availability of an accurate anisotropic velocity model and the adequacy of the "homogeneous" concept of wave propagation. The methodology discussed here can be extended to field measurements of anisotropic attenuation needed for AVO (amplitude variation with offset) analysis and seismic fracture detection.
“Promoting Risk: Constructing the Earthquake Threat” by Robert A. Stallings

I am probably typical of most seismologists in that I don't usually pay attention to social science research on earthquakes. I have been to conferences where social scientists have given presentations on earthquakes, and I have read a couple of articles about the effects of earthquakes on society. However, recently a book entitled Promoting Risk: Constructing the Earthquake Threat came across my desk, and I decided to take a look at it. After reading a few pages I became absorbed by the topic, and soon I had read through the entire book. By the time I was finished, the editor in me said that I should get someone to review this for SRL. Various discussions between my right brain and left brain followed, and in the end I convinced myself that I should write the review of this book. Promoting Risk was written by Robert A. Stallings, an associate professor...
The initial development of the WKB solutions of linear second order ordinary differential equations and their use in the connection problem

Abstract In this paper we trace the early development of a method for finding the approximate solutions —called the WKB solutions—for a class of ordinary differential equations of second order. We also analyze the attempts made by the various contributors to this method to substantiate their results. These approximating solutions were subsequently shown to be asymptotic in the sense of Poincare. Also presented and examined are the several methods used to deal with the “connection problem” which arises in the use of the WKB solutions.
A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past

In this useful and informative study, Matthew Hockenos examines German Protestants' confrontations with the Nazi past in the early postwar period. Following an entire series of recent studies on postwar memory, Hockenos, too, disproves the long-held assumption that postwar Germans simply repressed the past. Instead, Hockenos unearths a comprehensive and often controversial Protestant discourse about the Nazi past. To be sure, Protestant memory, as this study makes clear, did not entail an “honest, open postwar discussion of the church's complacency and complicity in the face of Nazis' illegal, inhumane, and unchristian policies” (p. 10). Yet the significance of this book does not primarily consist of exposing rather unsurprising deficiencies of Protestant memories. More importantly, it reveals the considerable internal disagreements of a “divided Church” about the Nazi past, and it demonstrates the crucial significance of long-standing theological and doctrinal differences for shaping Protestant responses to the Nazi past.
D.C. Versus Copositive Bounds for Standard QP

The standard quadratic program (QPS) is minx??xTQx, where $$\Delta\subset\Re^n$$ is the simplex ? = {x ? 0 ? ?i=1n xi = 1}. QPS can be used to formulate combinatorial problems such as the maximum stable set problem, and also arises in global optimization algorithms for general quadratic programming when the search space is partitioned using simplices. One class of `d.c.' (for `difference between convex') bounds for QPS is based on writing Q=S?T, where S and T are both positive semidefinite, and bounding xT Sx (convex on ?) and ?xTx (concave on ?) separately. We show that the maximum possible such bound can be obtained by solving a semidefinite programming (SDP) problem. The dual of this SDP problem corresponds to adding a simple constraint to the well-known Shor relaxation of QPS. We show that the max d.c. bound is dominated by another known bound based on a copositive relaxation of QPS, also obtainable via SDP at comparable computational expense. We also discuss extensions of the d.c. bound to more general quadratic programming problems. For the application of QPS to bounding the stability number of a graph, we use a novel formulation of the Lovasz ? number to compare ?, Schrijver's ??, and the max d.c. bound.
Design in the Thermal Fluids Engineering

Design is seen as the magic word and being a design engineer is considered to be the key to success in the job market by many of the mechanical engineering students. However, it is always assumed that the mechanical systems not the thermal engineers are indeed design engineers by education and practice. This notion probably stems from the fact that most of the thermal fluid courses in mechanical engineering curriculum seem to have been defined and developed to prepare undergraduate students for going to graduate school rather than the job market. The undergraduate courses usually emphasize on the theories with less attention to the design and application aspects. Perhaps, the responsibility of thermal engineering educators is to correct this notion by emphasizing more on the application and design in the existing courses or alternatively to develop and offer new courses on more applied topics. In this paper, we will report an integrated approach in teaching topics in fins and fin assemblies, which includes class lectures, laboratory experiments, ANSYS simulations and design competition. In this manuscript, we will report on the details of this approach including the procedures, methods, our observations, and the students’ feedbacks.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Observation of p ¯ p → 2 π 0 at Rest: Evidence Concerning s-State Annihilation

We have identified the annihilation mode $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ for antiprotons stopping in liquid hydrogen at a rate which is 0.15 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20%) times that reported for $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. This indicates that about 40% of all annihilations into $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ take place from odd-orbital atomic $\overline{p}p$ states, in contrast to the usual assumption that annihilation from the $s$ state predominates.
Differences between Hispanics and Non-Hispanics in Willingness to Provide AIDS Prevention Advice.

Differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in reactions to talking to a relative at risk for HIV infection were explored. Interviews were conducted with 218 Hispanic and 201 non-Hispanic white adults in San Francisco. Hispanic respondents were more willing than non-Hispanic whites to talk to a hypothetical intravenous drugusing relative about various methods of preventing HIV transmission, more strongly believed the drug-using relative would follow the advice given, believed they would be less embarrassed to talk about these methods, and were more convinced that the methods suggested would protect the hypothetical drug user's wife from HIV-infection. Hispanics also indicated that the most appropriate person to talk to the relative at risk for AIDS would be someone older and afamily member more frequently than non-Hispanic whites. These results should be considered in the development of AIDS prevention campaigns for the Hispanic community.
The mediating effect of childhood abuse in sexual orientation disparities in tobacco and alcohol use during adolescence: results from the Nurses’ Health Study II

Objective To examine the mediating effect of childhood abuse on sexual orientation disparities in tobacco and alcohol use during adolescence.
Clonal Variation in Phenotype and Life Span of Human Embryonic Fibroblasts (MRC-5) Transduced with the Catalytic Component of Telomerase (hTERT)

Abstract Expression of telomerase (hTERT) in certain cell types has been shown to extend cellular life span without malignant transformation. We studied the phenotype of 26 telomerase-transduced fibroblast clones (TTFC) generated from a mass culture of hTERT retrovirally transduced MRC-5 cells. About two-thirds of the transduced clones senesced at the expected time or shortly thereafter, despite high levels of expression of telomerase and telomere length maintenance. The remaining one-third of the clones were “immortalized” (followed for over 200 cumulative population doublings ). All clones maintained a nontransformed phenotype: contact inhibition, anchorage dependency, lack of tumor formation in nude mice, dose dependency to serum and growth factors, low expression of a matrix metalloproteinase associated with metastatic invasion (MMP-9) and high expression of its inhibitor TIMP-1, and no cytogenetic abnormalities by G-banding. In addition, fibroblast-specific biological parameters, such as colony size, production of collagenase, and response to MMC and gamma radiation were tightly regulated at the clonal and subclonal levels.
To What Extent is Food Insecurity in US Households Frequent or Persistent

A measure of frequent or persistent food insecurity is calculated from responses to follow-up questions in the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement that asked respondents how often each indicator or food insecurity occurred. Cross-classification of households by the Frequent Food Insecurity Scale and the standard “ever-during-the-year” scale provides a richer picture of the prevalence of various temporal patterns of food insecurity than can be provided by the current standard measures. Determinants of frequent or persistent food insecurity are found to differ somewhat from the determinants of food insecurity at any time during the year.
Generic representation of 3D motion paths in dynamic animations of simulated construction processes

The presented research investigated generic and scalable techniques to accurately represent 3D motion paths in dynamic animations of operations simulated using Discrete-Event Simulation. The work designed and implemented methods that can be used to 1) define and manipulate arbitrarily-shaped trajectories to represent accurate 3D motion paths of virtual simulation objects, and 2) compute the precise three-dimensional spatial configuration of virtual simulation objects when they travel on defined paths. In order to address the problem of describing the accurate motion of simulation objects on realistic paths, the research investigated the requirements of two key technologies: 1) A mathematical representation for defining arbitrarily complex curves that can, by manipulating only high-level interaction parameters, be locally and/or globally edited to describe a realistic motion trajectory, and 2) A geometric basis to guide the computation of a simulation object's correct 3D orientation as it travels on an arbitrarily uneven virtual terrain surface. In order to achieve the first objective, the research investigated a technique of producing a general class of interpolating cubic splines whose shape can be locally or globally controlled by modifying three high-level control parameters. In addition, by implementing an innovative virtual terrain-following algorithm, a computation scheme was designed that correctly calculates and portrays the orientation of simulation objects along all three axes (yaw, pitch, and roll) as they travel inside animated 3D virtual worlds. The designed animation methods were implemented in a software tool called PathFinder that integrates as an add-on with the VITASCOPE visualization system.
Finite Element Thermo-Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Circumferentially Grooved Floating Oil Ring Seal

This paper describes a finite-element solution of the nonlinear and coupled hydrodynamic and thermal equations for pressure and temperature profiles in an oil seal including the influence of circumferential grooves. Different models of grooves, considering and neglecting the entrance loss as the fluid passes over the groove, are analyzed. Perturbation analysis is used to determine the static and dynamic characteristics. The hydrodynamic forces are calculated by integrating the pressure distribution along and around the seal. This analysis shows that the smooth and rounded edge grooves tend to increase the leakage, and the size of the grooves significantly influences the axial and circumferential pressure variation in the groove. The results of grooved and ungrooved seals are compared and discussed. Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 1–5, 1994
Potentiation of the depression by adenosine of rat cerebral cortical neurones by progestational agents

The effects of four progestational agents pregnenolone sulphate, cyproterone acetate, norethindrone acetate and progesterone, on adenosine-evoked depression of the firing of rat cerebral cortical neurones have been studied. When applied iontophoretically, pregnenolone sulphate, cyproterone, and norethindrone enhanced the actions of iontophoretically applied adenosine and failed to potentiate the depressant effects of adenosine 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Cyproterone acetate (50 micrograms kg-1) and progesterone (200 micrograms kg-1) administered intravenously enhanced the depressant actions of iontophoretically applied adenosine. When applied by large currents, cyproterone, and less frequently norethindrone, depressed the firing of cerebral cortical neurones. The depressant effects of cyproterone were antagonized by caffeine. Pregnenolone sulphate tended to excite cortical neurones but neither this action, nor its potentiation of adenosine were reproduced by application of sulphate ions. It is hypothesized that some of the psychotropic actions of progestational agents may involve an enhancement of 'purinergic' tone in the central nervous system.
Sports injuries in School-age Athletes

Despite the fact that a major segment of our This issue of the Orthopedic Clinics of North nation’s youth choose obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, a significant number of children and adolescents participate in a myriad of individual and team athletic endeavors, often with intense, prolonged training and competition. These athletes present a broad, changing spectrum of sizes, ages, as well as athletic interests, abilities, and potentials. School-age athlete injury rates and severity reflect the type of sport (noncontact versus collision) and the individual participant’s age. The majority of injuries these young athletes receive are minor and self-limiting, whether they are due to repetitive microtrauma or acute macrotrauma. However, some of the injuries are significant, with potential sequelae later in life if not properly diagnosed and treated. Growth must be considered orthopedic surgery’s fourth dimension, and the effects of growth and maturation should be kept in mind when managing youths’ athletic injuries. This is especially true during that physiologic ‘‘never never land’’ of adolescence. Physiologic, not chronologic, age must be reviewed because of the broad magnitude, rate, and duration of pubertal effects and their impact on strength, flexibility, coordination, and endurance.
Trans-Pacific Consultation Crisis: ABSTRACT

The discovery and technical development of hydrocarbons, minerals, geothermal energy, hydrogeology, and coal in the Pacific will be a technical challenge of great complexity. The total-systems consideration which will be faced in the development of any of these resources may match in complexity such things as the advance systems in weaponry and in space. These complexities, however, are far more manageable than the complexities of the institutions which must End_Page 1433------------------------------ be built to manage, distribute equitably, and share cooperatively in the wealth these resources will provide. The total set of monetary systems in the Pacific is perhaps more numerous and more complex than those in the western hemisphere. The mysteries of the Soviet and Chinese monetary systems must be made compatible with the intricacies of the yen and the dollar. Associated with these monetary policies are economic and political policies of the Circum-Pacific nations which themselves will have difficulties in interfacing and interacting without generating misunderstanding and conflict. Central to the solution of the dilemmas posed by such interactions is the development of truly effective consultative organizations. If the nations are unable to develop such mechanisms, we may find the development of international corporate and cartel structures as the only alternative to achieve a viable development of the resources. History has shown that such cartels are in the long run internationally unacceptable and are unable to operate for the benefit of the consuming populations. It is clear that the energy and minerals crunch is proceeding at such a pace that an international consultative mechanism must develop either among nations or among corporations. In this sense, there is an international situation that can be said to be a Trans-Pacific consultation crisis. The soluti n to this crisis requires more than a formal organization it also requires the development of consultative mechanisms which permit rapid education and reeducation of participating states, opportunities for assessment and reassessment of national policies, rapid means of communicating unofficially the trend of these policies, and the development of the rapid feedback mechanisms which are required to prevent "shokus" and other economic and political dislocations and confrontations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1434------------
Prion domain of yeast Ure2 protein adopts a completely disordered structure: a solid-support EPR study.

Amyloid fibril formation is associated with a range of neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and prion diseases. In yeast, amyloid underlies several non-Mendelian phenotypes referred to as yeast prions. Mechanism of amyloid formation is critical for a complete understanding of the yeast prion phenomenon and human amyloid-related diseases. Ure2 protein is the basis of yeast prion [URE3]. The Ure2p prion domain is largely disordered. Residual structures, if any, in the disordered region may play an important role in the aggregation process. Studies of Ure2p prion domain are complicated by its high aggregation propensity, which results in a mixture of monomer and aggregates in solution. Previously we have developed a solid-support electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) approach to address this problem and have identified a structured state for the Alzheimer’s amyloid-β monomer. Here we use solid-support EPR to study the structure of Ure2p prion domain. EPR spectra of Ure2p prion domain with spin labels at every fifth residue from position 10 to position 75 show similar residue mobility profile for denaturing and native buffers after accounting for the effect of solution viscosity. These results suggest that Ure2p prion domain adopts a completely disordered structure in the native buffer. A completely disordered Ure2p prion domain implies that the amyloid formation of Ure2p, and likely other Q/N-rich yeast prion proteins, is primarily driven by inter-molecular interactions.
Packing Characteristics and Its Effect on Heat Transfer Characteristics in Melting of Granular Packed Bed Subject to Horizonal Forced Convection

A series of experiments are conducted to investigate the characteristics and its effect on the melting and heat of a packed bed consisting of melting ice particles to horizontal forced convection. The volumes and situations of the melting ganular packed beds are by the visualization observations and measurements digital camcorders within the range of Re = 71 ~ 2291, Gr/Re2 = 1.48×10−5 ~ 17.32, and Ste = 0.0444 ~ 0.385, respectively. The mass of ice particles is measured at the time interval during the melting process. Two types of pattern can be found under the different conditions. The different types of heat transfer characteristics emerge in type of packing pattern. The correlations for each type of pattern are obtained based on the experimental results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Tumors growing in irradiated tissue: Oxygenation, metabolic state, and pH☆

Abstract Experimental tumors growing in irradiated tissue have been used to study the biological differences characteristic of locally recurrent tumors. Animal tumors were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a C3Hf/Sed mouse, designated FSa-II. Since the hypoxic cell fraction of tumors growing in irradiated tissue is increased, these tumors are assumed to be metabolically deprived with hypoperfusion and acidosis. In this study we directly measured the oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ) distribution, metabolic state, and pH of tumors growing in an irradiated tumor bed using oxygen sensitive electrodes and 31 P-NMR. The results confirmed a three-fold increase in the number of pO 2 readings ≤ 2.5 mmHg and also showed increased acidosis with a 0.17 unit decrease in pH NMR . When tumors growing in pre-irradiated tissue reached ≈100 mm 3 in volume, a high frequency of gross and microscopic necrosis and hemorrhage was already observed. Consistent with these observations, the phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate (PCr/P i ) and nucleoside triphosphate/inorganic phosphate (NTP/P i ) ratios were significantly lower in the tumors in a pre-irradiated bed compared to tumors in a non-irradiated bed (PCr/P i : 0.51 vs 0.79, p i ,: 0.64 vs 0.93, p 1 ) of P i was numerically shorter in control tumors (consistent with the better tissue oxygenation), but this did not reach statistical significance (2.09 ± .11 sec vs 2.25 ± .16 sec).
Manpower modeling in cost effectiveness studies of usaf program to reduce the incidence of heart disease

Planning for a cardiovascular disease reduction program, soon to be initiated by the United States Air Force, has required an evaluation of its expected cost effectiveness. During the course of this evaluation, it was necessary to consider manpower flows and their expected changes in response to the disease reduction program. This paper describes several manpower models that were applied: a simple expected value equilibrium model; a cross-sectional model that considered the length of service of personnel; and a staffing model used to optimize the allocation of paramedics to the many Air Force bases of various sizes. The relevance of these models to the cost effectiveness evaluation is shown but the detailed cost effectiveness results are not presented.
Development of subscales from the symptoms/problems and effects of kidney disease scales of the kidney disease quality of life instrument

Abstract Background The Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument (KDQOL ™ ) was developed to provide clinicians with a comprehensive assessment of the important domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing hemodialysis. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop subscales from the 55 items comprising the Symptoms/Problems and Effects of Kidney Disease scales of the KDQOL and to measure the internal consistency reliability of these subscales. Methods The 55 items from the Symptoms/Problems and Effects of Kidney Disease scales were arranged into substantively meaningful clusters using an affinity mapping procedure. The resulting subscales were assessed for internal consistency reliability using data from a sample of 165 individuals with kidney disease who had completed the KDQOL. Results Eleven multi-item subscales were identified: pain, psychological dependency, cognitive functioning, social functioning, dialysis-related symptoms, cardiopulmonary symptoms, sleep, energy, cramps, diet, and appetite. Four items (clotting or other problems with access site, high blood pressure, numbness in hands or feet, and blurred vision) were not included in any of these subscales. Internal consistency reliability estimates for the 11 subscales ranged from 0.66 to 0.92. These subscales correlated with the scales from the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey as hypothesized (ie, corresponding pain, energy, and social functioning scales had the highest correlations). In addition, several subscales were significantly associated, as hypothesized, with other variables such as the number of disability days. Conclusions The results of this study further support the reliability and validity of the KDQOL. The 11 subscales identified yield more detailed information on the HRQOL of patients with kidney disease and provide a basis for specific improvements in the quality of care delivered to these patients.
Group Counseling for Aged Women

Because of the benefits of group-counseling experiences, the lack of psychological services for older adults, and the unique concerns of aged women, a group-counseling program for aged women was conducted. The results of these efforts are presented for the purposes of sharing the proposed program sequence, describing what actually took place during the group sessions, conveying the comments and reactions offered by the group participants, and summarizing what we learned about facilitating groups for aged women.