cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodality Computerized Diagnosis of Breast Lesions Using Mammography and Sonography1

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of computer-extracted features of lesions imaged by means of two modalities, mammography and breast ultrasound, in the computerized classification of breast lesions. Material and Methods We performed computerized analysis on a database of 97 patients with a total of 100 lesions (40 malignant, 40 benign solid, and 20 cystic lesions). Mammograms and ultrasound images were available for these breast lesions. There was an average of three mammographic images and two ultrasound images per lesion. Based on seed points indicated by a radiologist, the computer automatically segmented lesions from the parenchymal background and automatically extracted a set of characteristic features for each lesion. For each feature, its value averaged over all images pertaining to a given lesion was input to a Bayesian neural network for classification. We also investigated different approaches to combine image-based features into this by-lesion analysis. In that analysis, mean, maximum, and minimum feature values were considered for all images representing a lesion. We considered performance by using a leave-one-lesion-out approach, based on image features from mammography alone (two to five features), ultrasound alone (three to four features), and a combination of features from both modalities (three to five features total). Results For the classification task of distinguishing cancer from other abnormalities in a lesion-based analysis by using a single modality, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (A z values) increased significantly when the computer selected the manner (mean, minimum, or maximum) in which image-based features were combined into lesion-based features. The highest performance was found for lesion-based analysis and automated feature selection from mean, maximum, and minimum values of features from both modalities (resulting in a total of four features being used). That A z value for the task of distinguishing cancer was 0.92, showing a statistically significant increase over that achieved with features from either mammography or ultrasound alone. Conclusion Computerized classification of cancer significantly improved when lesion features from both modalities were combined. Classification performance depended on specific methods for combining features from multiple images per lesion. These results are encouraging and warrant further exploration of computerized methods for multimodality imaging.
Failure to find luxotonic responses for single units in visual cortex of the rabbit

The firing frequency of a population of 213 units in striate and circumstriate cortex of the moderately restrained rabbit was studied under the influence of alternating 1-min periods of darkness versus steady, diffuse, featureless illumination. The intent was to determine whether luxotonic responses, so prominent in striate cortex of primates, are indeed absent in rabbits. Such was the case, there being only transient occurrences in three units where the continuing rate of discharge in darkness was double that in the light. There were, however, much more modest differences in rate of continuing discharge in light versus darkness, and for 46% of the units discharging > 1/s this difference exceeded 10% and/or 1/s. The rate of discharge in any case did not provide a reliable index as to the characteristics of a unit's receptive field in response to patterned visual stimuli. The nature and function of luxotonic activity in primates still not being understood, it cannot be decided whether its absence in rabbits represents a true qualitative or merely a quantitative difference between species.
The peroxisomal proliferator clofibrate enhances the hepatic cytoplasmic movement of fatty acids in rats

The role of cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in cellular fatty acid metabolism remains poorly defined. The intracellular movement of fatty acids is thought to be facilitated through codiffusion with FABP. Peroxisomal proliferators like clofibrate induce FABP and may stimulate fatty acid use by increasing cytoplasmic diffusion rates. Our aim was to determine if induction of FABP by clofibrate increases the cytoplasmic transport of a fluorescent fatty acid NBD-stearate. Male rats were fed clofibrate for 9 days to increase the hepatic concentration of FABP. Hepatocytes were isolated using collagenase perfusion. Cytosolic FABP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a specific antibody to hepatic FABP. Two-dimensional laser photobleaching (FRAP) was used to measure the cytoplasmic movement of NBD-stearate in hepatocytes. Cytoplasmic transport of NBD-stearate occurred by isotropic diffusion with no evidence for convective or directed transport. Treatment with clofibrate increased FABP levels, the fraction of NBD-stearate found in cytosol, and the observed cytoplasmic diffusion rate. The increase in cytoplasmic movement exceeded that predicted from FABP binding changes suggesting that clofibrate also enhances fatty acid diffusion within intracellular membranes. Nonspecific effects of clofibrate on cytoplasmic viscosity or pore size were not observed. These data suggest that clofibrate treatment induces cytosolic FABP and stimulates the intracellular movement of fatty acids by 2 distinct mechanisms. Soluble proteins like FABP promote the cytoplasmic transport of fatty acids by increasing diffusion. These data further support a role for intracellular binding proteins in facilitating the intracellular movements of fatty acids.
Direct-write e-beam sub-micron domain engineering in liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) LiNbO3 thin films and single crystal LiNbO3

We have demonstrated sub-micron domain (∼200 nm) structures with a period ∼750 nm and ∼1.2 μm in liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) LiNbO3 films on congruent LiNbO3 substrates by using the direct-write e-beam domain engineering method. In comparison with single crystal congruent LiNbO3 (CLN) and stoichiometric LiNbO3 (SLN), we show that LPE LiNbO3 (LPE LN) is the most promising material for producing superior domain regularities and finer domain sizes than single crystals. A physical model is presented to qualitatively explain the observed differences in structure and regularity of the induced periodic domains among the three different materials we studied. We postulate that the higher Li/Nb ratio in LPE LN than in CLN enhances domain inversion initiation. Also, we believe that the vanadium incorporation and distortion due to the lattice mismatch between films and substrates enhance electron localization, domain wall pinning and domain nucleation in LPE materials, giving rise to better structures.
Ganglioside, protein, hexose, and sialic acid changes in the trisected optic tectum of the chick embryo.

Abstract Spatiotemporal changes in membrane constituents of cells from the optic tectum of the chick embryo were analyzed during the period of maximum differentiation and synaptogenesis. Each tectum from 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-day embryos was cut into three subregions along the topological gradient of differentiation. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins revealed an already complex population by Day 6 which remained relatively unchanged through later stages, with little if any topological variations. In contrast, chromatographic analysis of gangliosides showed an increasingly complex pattern as differentiation proceeded, with a growing preponderance of multisialogangliosides. Total membrane protein increased symmetrically with tissue mass in each subregion. However, hexose concentration and sialic acid/hexose ratios showed strikingly asymmetrical topological distributions as early as Day 8, and tended to fluctuate reversibly within brief (1 day or less) time periods. These results suggest that during the period of maximal differentiation and retino-tectal synaptogenesis in the optic tectum of the chick, the membrane protein population remains relatively stable and topologically invariant, whereas the polysaccharide chains of membrane macromolecules fluctuate according to topological position and developmental state in a complex, relatively rapid, and apparently oscillatory fashion.
The Bacteriology of Brick Cheese. IV. Control of “Early-Gas” Defect

Summary When Brick cheese was made by the mild wash method from raw milk which was inoculated with 0.0025 per cent of A. aerogenes: 1.A combination of Str. lactis and Str. thermophilus starters and a cooking temperature of 106° or 112° F. did not prevent early-gas defect. 2.When a combination of L. bulgaricus and Str. thermophilus starters and a cooking temperature of 112° or 120° F. were used, the early-gas defect was prevented and the quality of the cheese was as good as that of the control cheese when examined after five weeks. With the above combination of thermophilic starters and a cooking temperature of only 106° F., the "blowing" was not prevented.
Polyamines: an unrecognised cardiovascular risk factor in chronic dialysis?

Abstract The significance of raised polyamine (P.A.) levels in chronic-dialysis patients is unknown. Since these biologically active substances have hormone-like properties and promote cell-growth in plant and animal tissues, it is possible that they stimulate proliferation of arterial smooth-muscle cells (S.M.C.)—a central process in atherogenesis—and thereby contribute to the rapidly accelerated cardiovascular disease observed during dialysis. Such a role for P.A. is supported by tissue-culture studies, which show not only that P.A.—rich serum from dialysis patients stimulates S.M.C. growth, but also that this mitogenic effect is lost when P.A. are selectively removed from uraemic serum and restored by their addition. Although these observations provide new insights into possible mechanisms of atherogenesis, they are not surprising in view of the many known biological actions of P.A.
Synthesis and optical characterization of rare earth nanofluorides

Abstract Different pathways for facile syntheses of rare earth fluoride nanoparticles are discussed. One group deals with zeolite and sol–gel-matrix supported materials and their characteristics, the other surveys freestanding nanoparticles obtained from hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. While nanoparticles in SiO2 based matrices do not match the optical performance of bulk materials, freestanding particles can be modified by surface coordination or core-shell concepts to approach the efficiency of ‘classical’ materials, with the added value of dispersability in apolar organic solvents, to eventually allow the transparent imbedding in polymer matrices.
Investigation of factors affecting fluorometric quantitation of cytosolic [Ca2+] in perfused hearts.

The goal of these studies was to examine the effects of several factors that may artifactually influence quantitation of cytosolic [Ca2+], [Ca2+]c, while using the fluorescent calcium indicator Indo-1. The following factors were investigated: 1) a possible fluorescence contribution from unhydrolized Indo-1/AM (by Mn2+ quenching), 2) Ca2+ buffering by Indo-1 (by varying [Indo-1]), 3) endothelial and mitochondrial Indo-1 loading (by bradykinin stimulation and calculations), and 4) effects of changing tissue fluorescence (predominantly NAD(P)H) on calculated [Ca2+]c during hypoxia (by a new method which allowed simultaneous determination of [Ca2+]c and changes in [NAD(P)H]). No significant contribution of Indo-1/AM was found. With increasing [Indo-1], calculated systolic [Ca2+]c fell significantly. Indo-1 incorporation (
SOCIAL SCIENCE, HUMANITIES, NEWS AND GENERAL (ISSUE 6)

This is the sixth article on social science, humanities, news and general (SSH) databases in a continuing series of articles summarising and commenting on new database products. There are two companion articles, one covering science, technology and medicine (STM) which appeared in the August 1995 issue (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 4) and the other covering business and law (BSL) which will appear in the December issue of this journal (Online & CDROM Review, vol. 19 issue 6). The articles are based on the newly appearing database products in the Gale Directory of Databases. The Gale Directory of Databases (GDD) was created in January 1993 by merging Computer‐Readable Databases: A Directory and Data Sourcebook (CRD) together with the Directory of Online Databases (DOD) and the Directory of Portable Databases (DPD).
Miniature Interferometric Spectrum Analyzer

Dynamic range is a key performance parameter in spectrum analyzers. The dynamic range of a Bragg cell spectrum analyzer is generally limited by the dynamic range of the self-scanned photodetector arrays. During the past four years, advances in interferometric techniques have overcome this basic limitation demonstrating spectrum analyzers with nearly twice the dynamic range (measured in decibels) as their earlier counterparts. This paper will describe a system based on the interferometric architecture which is also small and compact in size.
Minimizing maintenance anomalies in expert systems

Abstract Expert systems are emerging as a powerful technology for solving many problems previously requiring human experts. However, maintenance has been identified as a major difficulty in expert system implementations. Surprisingly, the problem of maintenance has only recently begun to receive attention in expert systems research, though it has long been an issue in databases. Databases are in a constant state of change, and the prevention of maintenance anomalies is essential. As similar maintenance operations are performed on rule bases, this paper investigates techniques to avoid maintenance anomalies in expert system rule bases. The result is an expert system rule base structure that is appropriate for volatile production use. In addition to lower maintenance demands, this approach favorably impacts on verification, computational efficiency, and storage requirements.
Generalized McMillan equation

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature T c , energy gap Δ 0 , and tunnelling density of states N T (ω) have been calculated by the authors for several elements with results in good agreement with experiment. Combining our results with the work of McMillan and Leslie et al. , we have found a generalized form of the McMillan equation which contains only one additional parameter, 〈(ω/ω 0 ) 2 〉, and which differs significantly from the original McMillan equation for most strong coupling superconductors. The parameter 〈(ω/ω 0 ) 2 〉 is a measure of the spread in the phonon spectrum and can be determined either from N T (ω) or from a calculated α 2 (ω) F (ω) using neutron diffraction measurements of the phonon spectrum. As is shown elsewhere, this equation is valuable in calculating the effects of lattice disorder on superconductivity.
Developing novel aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors to target ovarian cancer stem cells

06, rs2050203 p-2.604e-06, rs11621975 p-3.493e-06, rs17548007 p3.564e-06, rs202280 p-4.235e-06, rs1564271 p-5.955e-06, rs10899426 p-6.183e-06, and rs4618572 p-6.310e-06. These SNPs are located on chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 20. SNP rs7693104 is located in the SDH2D4B gene and rs1564271 is located in the PDS11 gene. Ten SNPs that were identified for PFS (rs10899426 p-5.217e-08, rs6256 p2.760e-07, rs10832063 p-1.488e-06, rs10500780 p-1.524e-06, rs281358 p-4.084e-06, rs17163580 p-4.225e-06, rs17011846 p4.225e-06, rs227147 p-5.055e-06, rs11782341 p-7.790e-06, rs7011443 p-8.180e-06) are located on chromosomes 1, 8, 11, and 17. The genes involved include PTH, BTBD10, DSP1, TUSC3, and CSMD1. Conclusions: We identified 10 SNPs associated with PFS and an additional 10 SNPs associated with OS in patients with advancedstage serous EOC and PPC. The SNPs identified in this study require validation, and these preliminary findings may lead to identification of novel pathways and biomarkers.
An improved method for analog computer scaling

It is convenient to consider analog computer programs in two parts, patching and amplifier input factors. Scaling is accomplished by the specification of the input factors. In this paper a simple method is presented for imposing both magnitude and time scaling factors. Negative time scaling is also considered. Automated scaling for hybrid computers is the logical sequel to this work and is reported in a companion paper.
Skin penetration and fracture strength testing of silicon dioxide microneedles

Abstract This research aims to validate the utility of silicon dioxide microneedles as a fluid delivery medium. Circular as well as square lumen microneedles were fabricated via MEMS processing. Successful penetration into skin was verified by measuring insertion force using a load cell and also by performing histology of the skin. Axial as well as shear fracture strength analysis of the microneedles was done to quantify usage limits. Fracture limits of circular and square shaped silicon dioxide needles show reduced strength of square needles; which is pronounced in the case of shear fracture. The average axial fracture limit of circular needles was about 3.15 gf, and was 2.08 gf for square needles. The average shear fracture limit of circular needles was 2.21 gf, and 0.65 gf for square ones.
Must Elastic Materials be Hyperelastic

Rivlin's observation that elastic stress response that does not derive from a strain energy (Cauchy elasticity) admits negative work in closed cycles of deformations is demonstrated for specific isotropic stress responses and for a simple closed cycle of deformation. It is concluded that elastic materials must be hyperelastic.
Reversible and persistent changes in chromatin structure accompany activation of a glucocorticoid-dependent enhancer element

Abstract A derivative of mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) DNA, LTL, was constructed in vitro and introduced into the genome of mouse L cells. Transcription of LTL was stimulated by dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid hormone. Two features of LTL chromatin structure are altered upon hormone treatment. First, "moderate" DNAase I sensitivity of the entire LTL element increases following addition of dexamethasone; this alteration persists after hormone withdrawal, when LTL transcription is shut off. Second, a discrete DNAase I-hypersensitive region is induced with a time course that closely parallels the rate of increasing transcription from the MTV promoter; this structure disappears upon hormone removal. The induced hypersensitive region coincides with a segment of the MTV long terminal repeat sequence that specifically binds purified glucocorticoid receptor in vitro and functions as a hormone-dependent enhancer element in vivo. We suggest that specific glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interactions may alter the configuration of DNA or chromatin in the vicinity of the binding sites, thereby creating an active transcriptional enhancer.
Two Color Laser Pumping of Alkali-Noble Gas Atomic Lasers

Two color optical pumping of the Rb D2-laser(780nm) through the RbXe excimer has been realized. By simultaneously photoexciting the D2-blue(760nm) and the red satellite of the D1 transition, lasing efficiency is more than doubled.
Controversies in testosterone supplementation therapy

Testosterone has now become one of the most widely used medications throughout the world. The rapid growth of the testosterone market in the past 10 years is due to many factors. We currently have a worldwide aging population. In the US, the number of men 65 years old or older is increasing 2-3 times faster than the number of men younger than 65 years. In addition, poor general health and certain medical conditions such as diabetes/metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and osteoporosis have been associated with low serum testosterone levels. [1],[2],[3] There are now fewer concerns regarding the development of prostate cancer (PCa) after testosterone therapy, making it a more attractive treatment option. Finally, the introduction of different forms of testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) with increased promotion, marketing, and direct-to-consumer advertising is also driving market growth. As the demand for TST continues to grow, it is becoming more important for clinicians to understand how to diagnose and treat patients with low testosterone.
AN OFFICER AND A LADY: ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS TO WOMEN WORKING AS CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS IN MEN'S PRISONS*

This paper examines the barriers confronting women employed as correctional officers in men's prisons, using interview, questionnaire, and historical data from a state department of corrections in the western United States. The department has extended employment opportunities to women at the same time as it has initiated a variety of other reforms aimed at rationalizing the treatment of both inmates and correctional staff. However, within the present setting, several organizational problems have frustrated administrative attempts at correctional reform and actually increased perceptions of danger in prison facilities. The resulting organizational milieu has accentuated suspicions surrounding the competence of women to work as correctional officers in men's prisons. Combined with the continued presence of informal opportunity structures, these fears and suspicions have inhibited the advancement of women in the department. This analysis illustrates the interplay between organizational factors and individual attitudes in shaping the opportunities for women in one non-traditional occupational setting.
Safety and long-term efficacy of transduodenal excision for tumors of the ampulla of Vater.

Background. Ampullary tumors should be resected because of the high incidence of malignancy and the unreliability of preoperative endoscopic diagnosis. Controversy exists about whether to perform a transduodenal excision (TDE) or a pancreatoduodenectomy. This study evaluated the safety and long-term efficacy of TDE. Methods. The records of 21 patients with a pathologic diagnosis of ampullary adenoma who underwent TDE were reviewed. Demographics, symptoms, pathologic findings, and outcomes were analyzed and long-term follow-up was ascertained. Results. Twenty-one patients (mean age, 61 years) underwent TDE. Final pathology showed adenoma in all patients including 1 (5%) with invasive cancer, 2 (9%) with microinvasive cancer, 6 (28%) with high-grade dysplasia, and 1 (5%) with low-grade dysplasia. The overall survival was 85% (mean follow-up of 38 months). One of 3 late deaths was likely related to disease progression. Sixteen of the 18 remaining patients (89%) had no evidence of tumor recurrence. One benign ampullary recurrence was successfully treated endoscopically. One additional patient developed an ampullary cancer and underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. Conclusions. TDE of benign ampullary tumors, even those with varying grades of dysplasia, can be performed with acceptable morbidity and low rates of recurrence. Postoperative endoscopic surveillance is mandatory to identify recurrent tumors. (Surgery 2000;128:694-701.)
Pyruvate promotion of DNA synthesis in serum-free primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes

Pyruvate (2 to 60 mM), acting alone and in conjunction with insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF), enhances DNA synthesis in primary monolayer cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells. Lactate can replace pyruvate in stimulating DNA synthesis. Several other intermediary metabolites (oxaloacetate, α-ketoglutarate, α-ketobutyrate, succinate, fumarate, and malate), though less potent than pyruvate and lactate, also elevate DNA synthesis, whereas alanine at similar concentrations is inhibitory.
The Management of Ulnocarpal Abutment and Degenerative Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears in the Competitive Athlete

Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a frequent cause for loss of practice time and competitive play for athletes. Ulnocarpal abutment, a common source of ulnar-sided pain, typically burdens athletes who participate in gymnastics, racket sports, and baseball. Although many athletes respond to nonoperative management, surgical intervention should be considered when symptoms persist. Surgical options include arthroscopic debridement, arthroscopic wafer, open wafer, or ulnar-shortening osteotomy. Treatment should be tailored to the athletes' level of function, expectations, and goals. The timing of interventions also influences the treatment algorithm. A successful outcome can be anticipated when appropriate treatment is rendered.
Ammonium and glutamate assimilation by tryptophan-catabolic variants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 26

T. KANESHIRO. 1991. Tryptophan-catabolic variants, tan 4b and 18ac, of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 26 were isolated from enrichment cultures in nitrogen (N)-limited media containing either ammonium or glutamate. Presence of exogenous tryptophan (trp) in the medium led to sparse restricted growth and elicited selective growth of tan-coloured variants over that of parental USDA 26. A 36% increase in cellular uptake-accumulation of the ammonia analogue [ 14 C]-methylamine was found with trp-induced tan 18ac cells over that measured with either ammonium-induced tan 18ac or trp-induced tan 4b. The assimilation patterns of uniformly labelled [ 14 C]-glutamate also differed when tan 18ac was compared with tan 4b. These studies of tan variants isolated from enrichment cultures suggest that bradyrhizobial populations can be manipulated by changing the N sources that limit their growth.
Charter versus traditional public schools: a panel study of the technical efficiency in Ohio

This paper builds upon prior research attempting to answer the question ‘Does money matter?’ in public education by offering some insight into the potential advantages of charter schools over their district counterparts. In order to develop an accurate model of the true relationship between resources and performance, Adkins and Moomaw [(2003). “The Impact of Local Funding on the Technical Efficiency of Oklahoma School.” Economics Letters 81(1): 31–37] suggest the use of a technical inefficiency model. Along these lines, we employ panel data of Ohio public schools to measure the potential technical efficiency gains of charter schools over traditional public schools using a stochastic frontier production model.
Probing the genetic basis for thyrotropin receptor antibodies and hyperthyroidism in immunized CXB recombinant inbred mice.

Immunization with adenovirus encoding the TSH receptor (TSHR) or its A-subunit induces Graves’ hyperthyroidism in BALB/c and BALB/c C57BL/6 offspring but not C57BL/6 mice. High-resolution genetic maps are available for 13 recombinant inbred CXB strains generated from BALB/c C57BL/6 progeny by repeated brother sister matings to establishfullyinbredlines.CXBstrainswerestudiedbeforeand after A-subunit adenovirus immunization for TSHR antibodies (TBI, inhibition of TSH binding), serum T4, and thyroid histology. All strains developed TBI activity (at variable levels), six strains became hyperthyroid, and one was overtly thyrotoxic. No low TBI responders became hyperthyroid, but high TBI did not predict hyperthyroidism. Preimmunization T4 levels varied in different CXB strains and was unrelated to subsequent T4 elevation. Linkage analysis indicated that different chromosomes were involved in generating TSHR antibodies and serum T4 before and after immunization. TBI activity was linked in part with major histocompatibility (MHC) genes on chromosome 17 (Chr 17) but induced Graves’ disease involved non-MHC genes (Chr 19 and 10). The Chr 10 locus is close to the Trhde gene that encodes TSH-releasing hormone degrading enzyme. Expression of Trhde is controlled by thyroid hormones and linkage with a thyroid function-related gene is intriguing. Our data, the first genome scan in murine Graves’ disease, provides insight into the role of MHC and non-MHC genes in human and murine Graves’ disease. Finally, our study demonstrates the potential of recombinant inbred mice for discriminating between immune-response genes and thyroid function susceptibility genes in Graves’ disease. (Endocrinology 147: 2789–2800, 2006)
Pipeline architectures for morphologic image analysis

The concepts of mathematical morphology provide some very powerful tools with which low-level image analysis can be performed. Low-level analysis, by its very nature, involves repeated computations over large, regular data structures. Parallelism appears to be a necessary attribute of a hardware system which can efficiently perform such image-analysis tasks, and there is a variety of forms that this parallelism can take. This paper gives a tutorial description of the basic morphological transformations and demonstrates how the basic morphological transformations can be implemented in the pipeline processing form of parallelism. Correspondingly, plausible designs for pipeline architectures are developed.
RELATIVISTIC CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Abstract The general formulation in Part I is extended to include the electromagnetic interactions with materials. Constitutive equations are developed for electromagnetic solids and fluids.
Mechanism for thallium-based superconductors to form multi-CuO2 layers

Abstract In ceramic superconductor critical temperature ( T c ) is normally seen to increase with the increasing number of CuO 2 layers. From bismuth to thallium the most notable change occurs when phases with double layers convert to the corresponding tripled ones. Using XRD and SEM/EDS we will demonstrate the multi-layer formation mechanism for (Tl, Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system, in which CuO 2 layers gradually accumulate via a transient liquid phase. Such a liquid phase is clearly observed on the sample quenched from high temperatures, and is believed to accelerate the desired phase formation
Weakly Nonlinear Systems of Integrodifferential Equations

UDC 517.929 We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the solution of a weakly nonlinear system of integrodifferential equations. We propose a convergent iterative procedure for finding solutions of the system and establish a relationship between the necessary and sufficient conditions. 1. Statement of the Problem and Auxiliary Results By using the theory of pseudoinverse Moore–Penrose matrices [1–3], we investigate the conditions of solvability and propose an iterative algorithm for the construction of solutions of weakly nonlinear systems of integrodifferential equations with small parameter "
Reaching Turning Points in Economic Transition: Adjustments to Distortions in Resource-based Consumption of Food

Food consumption changes during transition are analysed using a resource-based cereal equivalent measure to identify three defining turning points: (1) the initial drop in food consumption (experienced by all countries except Romania); (2) stabilisation of food consumption at the new, lower level (reached by CEECs and the Baltic States but not by the former USSR as a whole); (3) achievement of market consumption levels consistent with levels of real income (reached by Hungary and the former Czechoslovakia). Country agricultural self-sufficiency measures are calculated yielding policy implications as accession to the European Union is contemplated by many transitional countries.
Measurements of quiescent prominence spectra - Ca/+/ double-lambda 8542, 8498 and He lambda 4471, Ti/+/ lambda 4468

High-dispersion measurements of the line profiles of the Ca(+) lines at 8542 and 8498 A and the He 4471-A, Ti(+) 4468-A line pair in the spectra of quiescent solar prominences are presented. The measured Ca(+) and He line profiles are found to be accurately described by the two-component model of Landman et al. (1977) and Landman and Mongillo (1979) in which the prominence along the line of sight consists of a low-temperature region surrounded by high-temperature material representing contributions from the prominence/corona interface; the Ti(+) lines are too weak to distinguish among different models. The Ca(+) data allow a constant infrared line source function for the low-temperature region of 50,000 ergs/sq cm per sec per ster per A to be calculated, which is in disagreement with the previous Ca(+) excitation equilibrium calculations but is consistent with generally accepted values of the electron density and temperature. The integrated intensity ratio of 0.048 between Ti(+) and He emission indicates a low-temperature region temperature of 6620 K and microturbulence of 5.1 km/sec and high-temperature microturbulence of 11 km/sec for Ca(+) and 20 km/sec for He. The results exclude macroturbulence as a possible explanation of the generally observed wing enhancements.
Experience of laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Paraesophageal hernia patients are often elderly with complicating medical comorbidities, making surgical management complex in formulating a management strategy. METHODS: Between January 2005 and July 2009, 93 patients underwent surgical treatment of paraesophageal hernia, including 8 recurrent cases after multiple repairs. Open transabdominal surgeries were performed in 14 (15%) patients, and combined thoracotomy was performed in 1 (1%). Laparoscopic surgeries were performed in 78 (84%) patients with 4 (5%) conversions. Artificial prosthetics were used in 27 (29%) patients. Fundoplication was performed in 82 (88%) patients. Gastropexy or feeding tube gastrostomy was performed in 10 (11%) patients. RESULTS: The average length of the surgery was 125 minutes (range, 51‐304 min). The mean blood loss was 100 mL. The average length of stay was 4 days (range, 1‐14 d). There were 2 mortalities (2%) and 4 re-operations, with a recurrence rate of 2%. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair can be performed safely with acceptable results when following a standard approach.
Effect of carbon and nitrogen nutrition on pleomorphism in Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

A B S T R A C T Pleomorphism in granular strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes can be increased or decreased by modifying the nutritional environment. The presence of one of several carbohydrates is necessary and may be the controlling nutritional parameter determining whether or not mutant pleomorphic patches appear, although concentration of the nitrogen source is also important in the pleomorphic response. None of the non-carbohydrate carbon-containing compounds tested supported pleomorphism. The activity of any one compound, carbon or nitrogen, appears to be unrelated to the dry weight attainable in the presence of that compounid; although a certain level of growth is necessary, it is not a sufficient requisite for pleomorphism. Data presented here give no clue as to the specific grouping or colnfiguration of the carbohydrate which might be required for development of the pleomorphic patch. Some strains develop mutant patches readily when grown at 36 C on a medium containing a suitable source of carbohydrate and nitrogen. Other strains form patches on a more restricted range of these compounds; a few strains show no pleomorphic activity.
TU‐C‐BRD‐06: Preclinical Image Guided Microirradiators: Concepts, Design and Implementation

We will introduce small animalimage guided microirradiators by reviewing the concepts and requirements for high resolution and high conformality irradiation of tumors implanted in small animal limbs (xenograft tumor models), animalorgans and spontaneous tumor models. We will present two preclinical microirradiators developed by our group, a brachytherapy based microirradiator and an orthovoltage x‐ray source based microirradiator. The brachytherapy irradiator has been constructed around a commercial 192 Ir high‐dose rate (HDR) remote afterloader source in a teletherapy geometry. The system consists of a set of exchangeable tungstencollimators (from 2.5 to 5.5 mm diameter) mounted on an aluminum cylindrical support. An HDR catheter is then used to transport the source to the pre‐determined dwell position that centers the source at the collimator hole. With this microirradiator, the anatomical image is obtained using an external clinical CT operated at maximum resolution and coregistration is achieved using fiducial markers. The x‐ray orthovoltage microirradiator has an onboard cone beam microCT subsystem for submillimeter low dose anatomical imaging. The microCT and the ontrovoltage x‐ray source are aligned using a common rotation axis in a tandem configuration. An axial motorized animal bed transfers the animal from the microCT subsystem to the microirradiation subsystem. The microCT subsystem was constructed using an 80 kVp micro‐focus x‐ray source with a 75 × 75 um2 focal spot and a flat panel amorphous silicon detector with 1024 × 1024 pixels. The orthovoltage irradiator subsystem was constructed using a 320 kVp x‐ray source with dual focus spots (0.4 × 0.4 mm2 at 800W and 1 × 1 mm2 at 1800 W). The orthovoltage beam is collimated using orthogonal jaws and exchangeable apertures. The treatment beam can be aimed at different latitudinal and longitudinal angles in steps of 2 arcmin. and translated at 100 μm steps (x, y and z). The beam cross sections can be modulated with submillimeter precision using steps of 50 μm. The system is designed to deliver a maximum dose rate of 40 Gy/ min. These irradiators are operated under a common small animal irradiation facility that accepts campus wide preclinical projects. We will conclude our presentation by presenting examples of ongoing radiobiological projects that will allow us to illustrate the performance and operation of both irradiators.
MIS Project Risk and Applications Development Approach

Inherent in MIS applications undergoing development are elements of risk and a potential for failure. A strategy for choosing a development approach based on project risk is presented. Project risk is examined in the light of project size, a development group's experience with a technology and project structure. Three development approaches are considered: SDLC, prototyping and end‐user development. The simple and joint outcomes of project risk vis‐a‐vis development approach are described along with the proposed strategy.
What really happens in the neutrophil phagosome

Current viewpoints concerning the bactericidal mechanisms of neutrophils are reviewed from a perspective that emphasizes challenges presented by the inability to duplicate ex vivo the intracellular milieu. Among the challenges considered are the influences of confinement upon substrate availability and reaction dynamics, direct and indirect synergistic interactions between individual toxins, and bacterial responses to stressors. Approaches to gauging relative contributions of various oxidative and nonoxidative toxins within neutrophils using bacteria and bacterial mimics as intrinsic probes are also discussed.
Online fatigue damage monitoring by ultrasonic measurements : A symbolic dynamics approach

The paper presents an analytical tool for early detection and online monitoring of fatigue damage in polycrystalline alloys that are commonly used in mechanical structures of human-engineered complex systems. Real-time fatigue damage monitoring algorithms rely on time series analysis of ultrasonic signals that are sensitive to micro-structural changes occurring inside the material during the early stages of fatigue damage; the core concept of signal analysis is built upon the principles of Symbolic Dynamics, Statistical Pattern Recognition and Information Theory. The analytical tool of statistical pattern analysis has been experimentally validated on a special-purpose test apparatus that is equipped with ultrasonic flaw detection sensors and a travelling optical microscope. The paper reports fatigue damage monitoring of 7075-T6 alloy specimens, where the experiments have been conducted under load-controlled constant amplitude sinusoidal loadings for low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue.
Eye-tracking equipment development for helmet-mounted displays on tactical aircraft

The use of Helmet-Mounted Trackers and Displays (HMT/Ds) is becoming widespread for air-to-air, within visual range target acquisition; however these systems have physiological limitations. The Air Force Research Laboratory Helmet- Mounted Sensory Technologies (HMST) program is currently studying the use of eye trackers to cue High Off Boresight Angle missiles. The development and implementation of an eye tracker can eliminate the problems of limited head motion under high gravitational forces. This paper will discuss some of the HMST requirements needed to perform eye tracking for air-to-air targeting to complement HMT/Ds performance. This paper will also include a review of the different approaches being studied to meet those requirements.
Cultural Evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Southeast Asia1

Cultural adaptation and change in mainland and insular southeast Asia in the late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene are examined in this paper with the aid of several concepts borrowed from population genetics. The concepts of cultural flow, cultural homeostasis, the cultural pool, and the cultural isolate prove particularly useful in interpreting the prehistoric record in the area in the broadest possible terms. Two areal traditions, the “conservative” and the “innovative,” emerge from the analysis and are formally defined.
Global Proteome Quantification for Discovering Imatinib-Induced Perturbation of Multiple Biological Pathways in K562 Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Imatinib mesylate, currently marketed by Novartis as Gleevec in the US, has emerged as the leading compound to treat chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), through its inhibition of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, and other cancers. However, resistance to imatinib develops frequently, particularly in late-stage disease. To identify new cellular pathways affected by imatinib treatment, we applied mass spectrometry together with SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) for the comparative study of protein expression in K562 cells that were untreated or treated with a clinically relevant concentration of imatinib. Our results revealed that, among the 1344 quantified proteins, 73 had significantly altered levels of expression induced by imatinib and could be quantified in both forward and reverse SILAC labeling experiments. These included the down-regulation of thymidylate synthase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as well as the up-regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, hemoglobins, and enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis. We also found, by assessing alteration in acetylation level in histone H4 upon imatinib treatment, that the imatinib-induced hemoglobinization and erythroid differentiation in K562 cells are associated with global histone H4 hyperacetylation. Overall, these results provided potential biomarkers for monitoring the therapeutic intervention of CML using imatinib and offered important new knowledge for gaining insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of imatinib.
The influence of segment endpoint kinematics on segmental power calculations.

Abstract Segment power can be estimated from the rate of change of segment energy or from segment endpoint dynamics. The inequality between these two calculations is termed the segment power imbalance (ΔP). Explanations for this imbalance have been largely anecdotal. We used 3D gait data for 20 young, healthy adults to show experimentally that ΔP is always zero when rigid body assumptions are strictly adhered to. We show mathematically and experimentally that ΔP is non-zero (range:
Numerical analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding

The present article describes a numerical procedure to simulate metal transfer and the model will be used to analyze the transport processes involved in gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Advanced Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques used in this model include a two-step projection method for solving the incompressible fluid flow; a volume of fluid (VOF) method for capturing free surface; and a continuum surface force (CSF) model for calculating surface tension. The electromagnetic force due to the welding current is estimated by assuming several different types of current density distribution on the free surface of the drop. The simulations based on the assumption of Gaussian current density distribution show that the transition from globular to spray transfer mode occurs over a narrow current range and the size of detached drops is nonuniform in this transition zone. The analysis of the calculation results gives a better understanding of this physical procedure. Comparisons between calculated results and experimental results are presented. It is found that the results computed from the Gaussian assumption agree well with those observed in experiments.
Inhibitory mechanisms in the rabbit olfactory bulb: dendrodendritic mechanisms

The unitary responses of mitral and granular layer cells and olfactory bulb field potentials following stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), olfactory nerves and anterior limb of the anterior commissure (AAC) were analyzed. The hyperpolarization that followed antidromic invasion of mitral cells was shown to result from a synaptically evoked inhibitory potential. The analysis of the LOT evoked field potential indicated that the initial negative deflection represented antidromic invasion of mitral cell somata and dendrites. The results suggest that the second negative deflection fo the field potential represented a synaptically evoked depolarization of granule cell dendrites, while the succeeding positive deflection represented the synaptically evoked inhibition of mitral cell dendrites and somata. A conditioning LOT stimulus inhibited the intracellularly recorded hyperpolarization of mitral cells and abolished the field potential evoked by a test LOT stimulus. In addition, cells in the granular layer that responded to LOT stimulation were inhibited by conditioning stimuli supplied to the LOT, AAC or olfactory nerves. The results are consistent with and lend support to the dendrodendritic hypothesis advanced by Rallet al. and suggest that the cells in the granular layer which are activated by the dendrites of mitral cells aregranule cells.
Mutational analysis of CDKN1B, a candidate tumor-suppressor gene, in refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Most patients with refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism have monoclonal parathyroid tumors. Inactivating mutations of CDKN1B, encoding the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, were reported to cause hyperparathyroidism in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-like syndrome. Further, there was decreased expression of CDKN1B in parathyroid tumors of patients with chronic kidney disease. We sequenced the entire coding region and splice sites of CDKN1B in 50 parathyroid tumors from 35 patients to see if inactivating mutations could cause monoclonal tumorigenesis in refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism. No frameshift, nonsense, or other clearly inactivating mutations were found, nor was there evidence of homozygous deletion or loss of heterozygosity. The absence of clonal inactivating mutations suggests that CDKN1B is not a classical tumor-suppressor gene in secondary/tertiary parathyroid tumors.