cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geraniol (2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol) reactions with ozone and OH radical: Rate constants and gas-phase products

Abstract The bimolecular rate constants, kOH+geraniol, (231±58)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k O 3 + geraniol , (9.3±2.3)×10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, were measured using the relative rate technique for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O3) with 2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol (geraniol) at (297±3) K and 1 atmosphere total pressure. To more clearly define part of geraniol's indoor environment degradation mechanism, the products of the geraniol+OH and geraniol+O3 reactions were also investigated. The identified geraniol+OH and geraniol+O3 reaction products were: acetone, hydroxyacetaldehyde (glycolaldehyde, HC( O)CH2OH), ethanedial (glyoxal, HC( O)C( O)H), and 2-oxopropanal (methylglyoxal, CH3C( O)C( O)H). The use of derivatizing agents O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were used to propose 4-oxopentanal as the other major geraniol+OH and geraniol+O3 reaction product. The elucidation of this other reaction product was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible geraniol+OH and geraniol+O3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound+OH and volatile organic compound+O3 gas-phase reaction mechanisms.
Cation coordination and interstitial oxygen occupancy in co-doped zirconia from first principles

Abstract The fast oxygen-conducting cubic phase of zirconia is commonly stabilized by the substitution of group III cations such as yttrium and scandium, which creates vacancies in the oxygen sublattice. While scandia stabilized zirconia can achieve higher conductivity in freshly prepared specimens, it has previously been shown that yttria provides better stabilization characteristics than scandia, especially after extended operation at high temperatures. Density functional simulations of yttria and scandia zirconia show that oxygen ions neighboring vacancies can move into interstitial locations, effectively causing partial occupancy of neighboring anion sites, particularly in specimens containing scandia. Such partial occupancies can stabilize the substance in an ordered arrangement, causing age-related degradation over time, and can explain the diffuse scattering seen in X-ray diffraction studies of aged electrolytes. This tendency is reduced by increasing the yttria content of the mixture. Comparisons against rigid ion models show that the bonding is primarily ionic, but when cations become lower coordinated, the strength of the ionic bond increases, which can pull oxygen ions away from their ideal cubic lattice sites into interstitial locations that are shown to be stable at low temperature, a phenomenon which is more common in proximity to scandium ions than near yttrium ions.
Identifier sequences are transcribed specifically in brain

'Identifier' or ID sequences are present in 62% of the RNA polymerase II and III transcripts made in vitro from brain nuclei but in fewer than 4% of the transcripts made from the nuclei of other tissues. An homologous 160-nucleotide cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA species, BC1, and a smaller species, BC2, are located in vivo exclusively in neural tissues. Cloned ID sequences are polymerase III templates in vitro. Our data suggest a model in which brain-specific polymerase III transcription of ID sequences located in introns of brain genes activates those genes in a primary manner for polymerase III transcription.
Theory of Raman scattering with final-state interaction in high-Tc BCS superconductors: Collective modes.

A theory of Raman scattering in isotropic superconductors is presented, where the light breaks a Cooper pair. The role of the final-state interaction including the long-range Coulomb interaction is discussed in great detail. It is shown that the Raman spectrum consists of two parts: bound states with different symmetries below the threshold (\ensuremath{\omega}2\ensuremath{\Delta}) and a continuum above the threshold, where the square-root singularity is removed by the final-state interaction. The small binding energies of the bound states cannot be resolved because of the experimental broadening and the possible lifetime (recombination time) of the excited pair. The spectrum shows very weak dependence on the momentum transfer providing that the transfer q is not too large thus q\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Delta}/${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{F}}$. The spectrum is sensitive, however, on the polarizations of the incident and scattered light, because the relative weights of the excited pairs with different symmetries are also sensitive. It is also demonstrated that it is not necessary to invoke a large gap anisotropy to explain a broadening of the pair breaking edge at 2\ensuremath{\Delta}. The results previously derived by Klein and Dierker and by Abrikosov and Falkovsky are also discussed. The present results agree with the former ones in the zero momentum transfer limit, while the later ones are reproduced for small momentum transfer in certain energy regions.
Retrospective analysis of associations between water quality and toxic blooms of golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) in Texas reservoirs: Implications for understanding dispersal mechanisms and impacts of climate change

Abstract Toxic blooms of golden alga (GA, Prymnesium parvum) in Texas typically occur in winter or early spring. In North America, they were first reported in Texas in the 1980s, and a marked range expansion occurred in 2001. Although there is concern about the influence of climate change on the future distribution of GA, factors responsible for past dispersals remain uncertain. To better understand the factors that influence toxic bloom dispersal in reservoirs, this study characterized reservoir water quality associated with toxic GA blooms since 2001, and examined trends in water quality during a 20-year period bracketing the 2001 expansion. Archived data were analyzed for six impacted and six nonimpacted reservoirs from two major Texas basins: Brazos River and Colorado River. Data were simplified for analysis by pooling spatially (across sampling stations) and temporally (winter, December–February) within reservoirs and generating depth-corrected (1 m) monthly values. Classification tree analysis [period of record (POR), 2001–2010] using salinity-associated variables (specific conductance, chloride, sulfate), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, total hardness, potassium, nitrate+nitrite, and total phosphorus indicated that salinity best predicts the toxic bloom occurrence. Minimum estimated salinities for toxic bloom formation were 0.59 and 1.02 psu in Brazos and Colorado River reservoirs, respectively. Principal component analysis (POR, 2001–2010) indicated that GA habitat is best defined by higher salinity relative to nonimpacted reservoirs, with winter DO and pH also being slightly higher and winter temperature slightly lower in impacted reservoirs. Trend analysis, however, did not reveal monotonic changes in winter water quality of GA-impacted reservoirs during the 20-year period (1991–2010) bracketing the 2001 dispersal. Therefore, whereas minimum levels of salinity are required for GA establishment and toxic blooms in Texas reservoirs, the lack of trends in water quality suggests that conditions favorable for toxic blooms pre-date the 2001 expansion. These observations are consistent with a climate change-independent scenario of past GA dispersals in Texas reservoirs driven by novel introductions into pre-existing favorable habitat. Reports of latent GA populations in certain nonimpacted reservoirs, however, provide a plausible scenario of future dispersals characterized by prolonged periods between colonization and toxic bloom development and driven by changes in water quality, natural, or anthropogenic.
Tapping our heritage of ethnobotanical lore

The Space Age is upon mankind. It beckons to incredibly strange and promising areas of new discovery. It is wonderful to be alive at such a time and to dream about what may be ahead in learning. Some of us hope, however, that space study will not lessen the attention given to the many fields anchored on this small globe. One of the many fields of this kind is investigation of the Plant Kingdom as it relates to the liberation of man from pain and sickness. How are we to proceed in furthering our understanding of this phase of the plant sciences? There are three main methods -which may be followed: one is basically bibliographic; two are concerned primarily with field work. Both the bibliographic and the field methods may sometimes of necessity or advantageously be interwoven. These three paths of research are: 1) a survey of the literature for reports of therapeutic uses of or beliefs about plants; 2) the chemical investi gation of definite floras or of chosen families or genera of plants in the search for new active principles; 3) the field study of ethnobotany amongst primitive peoples. Primitive man everywhere lived close to nature. An important-yes, an essential -part of his equipment was a deep and discerning acquaintance with the flora around him. This acquaintance led inevitably to experimentation. From the experimentation there gradually accrued a knowledge of properties, useful and harmful, of many plants. And this knowledge,
Neutron and gamma discrimination by compensation of long components in liquid scintillators

A technique for eliminating the long component for gamma pulse response in liquid scintillators has been developed. The analytical relationships between the values of the electrical components and the light response, approximated with two and three exponential components, have been derived. A simple reset preamplifier was built for acquiring and digitizing the charge pulse information. The neutron charge pulses have been measured at a time scale of 50 mus. The existence of a very long time-scale component (tens of microseconds) has been demonstrated for neutron pulses. An analysis of experimental data for pulse-shape discrimination is presented.
Outcome of invasive infections outside the central nervous system caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone in children treated with beta-lactam antibiotics

Objective To determine the outcome of children treated primarily with beta-lactam antibiotics for a systemic infection outside the central nervous system (CNS) caused by isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone (MIC > or = 1.0 microg/ml). Design Retrospective review of the medical records of children identified prospectively with invasive infections outside of the CNS caused by isolates of S. pneumoniae that were not susceptible to ceftriaxone between September, 1993, and August, 1999. A subset of this group treated primarily with beta-lactam antibiotics was analyzed for outcome. Patients Infants and children with pneumococcal infections cared for at eight children's hospitals. Results Among 2,100 patients with invasive infections outside the CNS caused by S. pneumoniae, 166 had isolates not susceptible to ceftriaxone. One hundred patients treated primarily with beta-lactam antibiotics were identified. From this group 71 and 14 children had bacteremia alone or with pneumonia, respectively, caused by strains with an MIC of 1.0 microg/ml. Bacteremia or pneumonia caused by isolates with a ceftriaxone MIC > or = 2.0 microg/ml occurred in 6 and 5 children, respectively. Three children with septic arthritis and 1 with cellulitis had infections caused by strains with an MIC to ceftriaxone of 1.0 microg/ml. Most were treated with parenteral ceftriaxone, cefotaxime or cefuroxime for one or more doses followed by an oral antibiotic. All but one child were successfully treated. The failure occurred in a child with severe combined immune deficiency and bacteremia (MIC = 1.0 microg/ml) who remained febrile after a single dose of ceftriaxone followed by 12 days of cefprozil. Conclusion Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime or cefuroxime are adequate to treat invasive infections outside the CNS caused by pneumococcal isolates with MICs up to 2.0 microg/ml, a concentration currently considered resistant for these antibiotics by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards breakpoints.
Particle tunneling through a polarizable insulator

The tunneling probability and current between two leads connected by a molecule, a chain, a film, or a bulk polarizable insulator is investigated within a model of an electron tunneling from lead A to a state higher in energy, describing the barrier, and from there to lead B. To describe the possibility of energy exchange with excitations of the molecule or insulator we couple the intermediate state to a single oscillator or to a spectrum of these, respectively. In the single-oscillator case we find for weak coupling that the tunneling is weakly suppressed by a Debye-Waller-type factor. For stronger coupling the oscillator gets stiff and we observe a suppression of tunneling since the effective barrier is increased. The differential conductance is found to increase stepwise with equal steps determined by the excitation energy of the oscillator. The probability for an electron to excite the oscillator increases with the coupling. In the case of a film or a bulk barrier the tunneling probability without exciting the barrier is qualitatively the same as in the single-oscillator case. The spectrum of the excited modes is $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{D\ensuremath{-}2}$ with the dimension D of the barrier leading to a differential conductance of $I\ensuremath{\propto}[1+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}{(\mathrm{eV})}^{D\ensuremath{-}1}].$ An insulating chain, as opposed to a film or a bulk connecting the two leads, shows an orthogonality catastrophe similar to that of an electronic transition in a Fermi gas.
Pedicled rhinotomy for clival chordomas invaginating the brainstem.

Object Clival chordomas are frequently midline lesions whose posterior growth may breach the dura and invaginate the brainstem. This precludes safe delivery of potentially curative high-dose fractionated proton radiotherapy. To avoid this problem, the authors performed pedicled rhinotomy to resect chordomas in 10 patients. Methods Pedicled rhinotomy is a midface transnasal route to the intercarotid sella and clivus from the tuberculum sellae to the mid-C-2 level. It involves a lateral rhinotomy incision, osteotomies of nasal bones and cartilage, lateral rotation of the nose, removal of the nasal septum and medial maxillary walls, opening of ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, and dissection of nasopharynx and oropharynx to expose the clivus and craniovertebral junction. Tumors involving the sella, medial cavernous sinuses, middle and lower clivus, and C-1 arch and dens can be removed even if they traverse the dura. Closure involves dural repair, grafting of fat and split-thickness skin, rotation of a vasculariz...
The Impact of Prostate Gland Weight in Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: We determined whether prostate weight has an impact on the pathological and operative outcomes of robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 1,847 consecutive patients who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at our institution. Variables were compared across quartile distributions of prostate size as defined by weight, including group 1—less than 30 gm, group 2—30 to 49.9, group 3—50 to 69.9 and group 4—70 or greater. Factors assessed in this analysis were patient age, body mass index, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, pathological stage, margin status, operative time, blood loss, transfusion rate, length of stay and rehospitalization rate.Results: Patients with a larger prostate (group 4) were older (mean age 66.2 years), had higher pretreatment prostate specific antigen (median 6.5 ng/ml), lower Gleason score (mean 6.3), longer operative time (mean 3.2 hours), higher estimated blood loss (median 250 cc) and...
Ionic Current Rectification through Silica Nanopores

Nanopores immersed in electrolytic solution and under the influence of an electric field can produce ionic current rectification, where ionic currents are higher for one voltage polarity than for the opposite polarity, resulting in an asymmetric current−voltage (I−V) curve. This behavior has been observed in polymer- and silicon-based nanopores as well as in theoretically studied continuum models. By means of atomic level molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have performed a systematic investigation of KCl conductance in silica nanopores with a total simulation time of 680 ns. We found that ion-binding spots at the silica surfaces, such as dangling atoms, have effects on the ion concentration and electrostatic potential inside the nanopore, producing asymmetric I−V curves. Conversely, silica surfaces without ion-binding spots produce symmetric I−V curves.
Root and Nodule Respiration in Relation to Acetylene Reduction in Intact Nodulated Peas

Inoculated pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) were grown with N-free nutrients in a controlled environment room and rates of respiratory CO2 evolution and C2H2 reduction by the intact nodulated roots were determined. Experiments followed changes related to diurnal cycles, light and dark treatments, partial defoliation, aging of plants and NH4NO3 addition. In all experiments, changes in C2H2 reduction were associated with parallel changes in the respiration rate, although in all but the defoliation experiment there was a basal level of respiration which was independent of the rate of C2H2 reduction. In conditions which affected growth or plant size as well as C2H2 reduction, respiration changed by an average of 0.42 mg CO2 (μmol C2H2 reduced)−1. However, some treatments decreased C2H2 reduction without greatly changing the growth and in these conditions respiration was decreased by an average of 0.27 mg CO2 (μmol C2H2 reduced)−1. While this value may also include some respiration associated with other processes, it is proposed that it more closely estimates respiration directly associated with energy utilization for acetylene reduction; whereas the higher value includes respiration related to maintenance and growth processes as well.
Can nonproliferative breast disease and proliferative breast disease without atypia be Distinguished by fine-needle aspiration cytology?

BACKGROUND Cytologic criteria reported to be helpful in the distinction of proliferative breast disease without atypia (PBD) from nonproliferative breast disease (NPBD) have not been rigorously tested. METHODS Fifty-one air-dried, Diff-Quik®-stained fine-needle aspirates (FNA) of palpable breast lesions with biopsy-proven diagnoses of NPBD (34 cases) or PBD (17 cases) were reviewed. The smears were evaluated for the cellularity, size, and architectural arrangement of the epithelial groups; the presence of single epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells; and nuclear characteristics. RESULTS The only cytologic feature found to be significantly different between PBD and NPBD was a swirling pattern of epithelial cells. A swirling pattern was noted in 13 of 17 PBD cases (76%) and 12 of 34 NPBD cases (35%) (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Because there is significant overlap in cytologic features between NPBD and PBD, the distinction between the two entities is difficult in cytologic sampling. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:22-8. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Communal Nesting among Genetically Similar House Mice

From March to October 1986, 35 house mice, Mus domesticus, were fitted with radio-transmitters and tracked in and around a Colorado feed shed for an average of 5 (range 2 to 17) days. 5 of 36 simultaneously tracked pairs of lactating females used identical nesting sites. Genotypic similarity at 5 enzyme loci, assayed from biopsies of blood and toes, indicated that these females were more genetically alike than would be expected if pairing occurred randomly among females. We posit that female house mice recognize and preferentially form communal nests with close relatives. Aside from the communally nesting females, minimal overlap occurred among home ranges of lactating females. Only 4 of 10 adult male home ranges appreciably overlapped female home ranges. The home ranges of these 4 males overlapped less than the other adult male home ranges suggesting that males defend one or more females for access to mating. The possibility that communally nesting females are nursing each other's pups is discussed.
POLYMERIZATION IN WATER IN OIL MICROEMULSION SYSTEMS CONTAINING METHYL METHACRYLATE

ABSTRACT Phase diagrams developed for methyl methacrylate containing microemulsions show that the effect of 0.01 M persulfate on the size of the phase stability region is negligible. At higher concentrations ( 0.1 M) the persulfate showed an influence to be expected from an electrolyte; reduced water solubilization at low surfactant/ alcohol ratios and increased solubilization at the highest ratios Molecular weight dependencies on initiator concentration for both water and organic soluble initiators are shown to follow solution behavior. Added chain transfer agents follow the Mayo equation, however the chain transfer constant for n-C10 SH is about 10 times lower than expected, possibly due to incorporation of the thiol group within the micellar interior. Solvent chain transfer alone, being 10 times lower for MMA than for MA, does not give sufficient lowering of molecular weight to give useful comparisons by GPC technique. Comparisons of structure based kinetic differences between emulsions and microemulsi...
Saturation spectroscopy of ultraviolet transitions in mercury with a frequency-doubled cw ring dye laser

Abstract Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the ultraviolet HgI transitions 6 3 P 0 -6 3 D 1 at 296.73 nm and 6 3 P 0 -6 1 D 2 at 296.76 nm. The required tunable ultraviolet radiation was produced by a ring cavity cw dye laser with intracavity ADA frequency doubler. The isotope shifts of the 6 3 P 0 -6 3 D 1 line for naturally abundant mercury have been measured to within a few MHz.
Game theoretic equilibria and the evolution of learning

Equilibrium concepts in game theory can be justified as the outcomes of some plausible learning rules. Some scholars have sought a deeper kind of justification arguing that learning rules which do not find equilibria of a game will not be evolutionarily successful. This article presents and examines a model of evolving learning rules. The results are mixed for learning rules that lead to equilibria, showing that they are often successful, but not strongly stable. It is also shown that evolved learning rules, when taken in isolation, may not lead to equilibria. This is a case of reflexive modelling; where game theoretic models are used to assess other features of game theory. I argue that it is possible for reflexive modelling to provide a weak form of justification, but that it falls short in this case.
Disturbances in the murine hepatic circadian clock in alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis

To investigate the role of the circadian clock in the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver disease we examined livers of mice chronically alcohol-fed over 4-weeks that resulted in steatosis. Here we show time-of-day specific changes in expression of clock genes and clock-controlled genes, including those associated with lipid and bile acid regulation. Such changes were not observed following a 1-week alcohol treatment with no hepatic lipid accumulation. Real-time bioluminescence reporting of PERIOD2 protein expression suggests that these changes occur independently of the suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker. Further, we find profound time-of-day specific changes to the rhythmic synthesis/accumulation of triglycerides, cholesterol and bile acid, and the NAD/NADH ratio, processes that are under clock control. These results highlight not only that the circadian timekeeping system is disturbed in the alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis state, but also that the effects of alcohol upon the clock itself may actually contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis.
Determining the applicability of the barotropic approximation to the mean seasonal flow through the Tsushima/Korean Strait using variational assimilation

Abstract Variational assimilation is used to combine velocity and sea-surface height anomaly (SSHA) measurements with a system of dynamics to estimate the seasonal flow through the Tsushima/Korean Strait for the summer, autumn, and winter seasons of 1999–2000. The velocity measurements are from two lines of moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) spanning the Tsushima/Korean Strait just north and south of Tsushima Island and the SSHA measurements are from the TOPEX altimeter. The dynamics are the linear, time-independent, shallow-water equations and are forced by winds from the Navy Global Ocean and Atmospheric Prediction System. A weighted least-squares technique is used to determine the seasonal flow fields that simultaneously minimize the weighted residuals of the two data sets and the system of dynamics. The weights are based on expected errors, allowing the assimilation system to put more emphasis on the components of data and dynamics that are known more accurately. Earlier studies show that the flow through the Tsushima Strait is barotropic throughout most of the year. The region just offshore of the southeast coast of South Korea, however, has been identified as being subject to strong baroclinic processes during autumn. In an attempt to verify this observation, best estimates of the seasonal flow fields are computed by assimilating the two data sets with both a single-layered barotropic system of equations and a 2.5-layered baroclinic system of equations. The minimized residuals of the barotropic system of equations reveal that the solutions satisfy these equations within expected errors throughout most of the domain. Just offshore of the southeast coast of South Korea, however, the barotropic momentum equation residuals exceed 3 times the expected error during autumn, therefore implying that the barotropic approximation is not valid at this location. The 2.5-layered baroclinic momentum equation residuals within this region are smaller than the barotropic residuals, suggesting the existence of baroclinic processes.
Variation of DNA Levels in Euglena Related to pH of Culture Medium1

Variations in DNA levels for log-phase Euglena have been shown to be directly related to the pH of the culture medium. Data are presented here for cultures grown in Cramer and Myer's medium at pH 3.0 and 6.8. DNA levels are ∼50% greater for Euglena at the higher pH value, confirming earlier reports.
Control of dental anxiety with mephenesin.

A double blind study was made of the ability of mephenesin, in doses of 0.50 Gm., to obtain relaxation in dental patients who exhibited obvious apprehension. Half of the 102 patients received mephenesin and half a placebo. No significant difference in the degree of relaxation obtained with mephenesin and a placebo was observed.
Control of Machine Functions or Transport Systems

A computer code, COMFORT, has been developed at SLAC for on-line calculation of the strengths of magnetic elements in an electron storage ring or transport beam line, subject to first order fitting constraints on the ring or beam line parameters. This code can also be used off-line as an interactive lattice or beam line design tool.
ON THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOINDUCTION OF CAROTENOID SYNTHESIS.

Abstract 1. The photoinduced carotenogenesis of a species of mycobacteria consists of a photoinductive reaction followed by certain metabolic reactions that result in greatly enhanced carotenoid synthesis. 2. The action spectrum of photoinduction was found to have maxima at 365 mμ and 460 mμ, separated by a minimum region at 395 mμ. 3. Evidence presented indicates the photoinductive reaction is a photooxidation. More than one quantum of light is required to induce each bacterium. 4. It is postulated that a compound capable of inducing a carotenogenic enzyme is formed in the bacteria as a result of exposure to light and oxygen. 5. During incubation following photoinduction there is a sequential appearance of the newly synthesized carotenoids. Phytoene and phytofluene are synthesized first, followed by the more highly unsaturated carotenoids. The oxygenated carotenoids are the last pigments to be synthesized. 6. Chloramphenicol is an effective inhibitor of this photoinduced carotenoid synthesis. Addition of chloramphenicol at various intervals of incubation after photo-induction results in a differential inhibition of the synthesis of the various carotenoids. This pattern of inhibition closely resembles the time sequence of appearance of these carotenoids.
Ground water drought management by a feedforward control method

: Management of a regional ground water system to mitigate drought problems at the multi-layered aquifer system in Collier County, Florida, is the main topic. This paper developed a feedforward control system that consists of system and control equations. The system equation, which forecasts ground water levels using the current measurements, was built based on the Kalman filter algorithm associated with a stochastic time series model. The role of the control equation is to estimate the pumping reduction rate during an anticipated drought. The control equation was built based on the empirical relationship between the change in ground water levels and the corresponding pumping requirement. The control system starts with forecasting one-month-ahead ground water head at each control point. The forecasted head is in turn used to calculate the deviation of ground water heads from the monthly target specified by a 2-in-10-year frequency. When the forecasted water level is lower than the target, the control system computes spatially-varied pumping reduction rates as a recommendation for ground water users. The proposed control system was tested using hypothetical droughts. The simulation result revealed that the estimated pumping reduction rates are highly variable in space, strongly supporting the idea of spatial forecasting and controlling of ground water levels as opposed to a lumped water use restriction method used previously in the model area.
Droplet combustion in a reactive environment

Abstract The transient processes of evaporation, ignition, and combustion of a fuel droplet in a hot, reactive fuel-oxidizer environment simulating the spray interior are studied numerically, with emphasis on the relative importance of diffusional burning in the droplet vicinity and premixed burning in the ambience. It is shown that for a fuel-lean environment diffusional burning is generally possible and is initiated rapidly, whereas for a fuel-rich environment only premixed burning is possible. For a sufficiently reactive environment one of the reactants is rapidly depleted such that during most of the droplet lifetime the environment is really non-reactive. The present numerical study yields much physical insight useful for further analytical modeling efforts. A new transient process, involving the need to build up the fuel vapor concentration in the droplet vicinity from an initial state of low concentration, has also been identified to be important during droplet combustion and warrants further study.
Prime region subsite specificity characterization of human cathepsin D: The dominant role of position 128

In order to contribute to our understanding of cathepsin D (CatD) active site specificity, two series of chromogenic octapeptides with systematic substitutions in positions P2' and P3' were synthesized. This panel was characterized with native human liver cathepsin D (nHuCatD) and yielded information concerning specificity trends within the S2' and S3' subsites. The pepstatin inhibited crystal structure of nHuCatD (Baldwin et al., 1993) was then utilized in conjunction with these subsite preference data to identify residues suspected of contributing to "prime" side subsite specificity. These residues were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis using the re-engineered recombinant model, "short" pseudocathepsin D (Beyer & Dunn, 1996). As a result of these analyses it was determined that prime region subsites do contribute to the unique specificity of human CatD. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the poly-proline loop does not have an active role in S3' subsite specificity. Lastly, it appears that Ile128 has a dominant role on S2' subsite specificity whereas Val130 does not.
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF LEVERAGE

DESPITE-PERHAPS ON ACCOUNT OF-the widespread use of the concept of gearing or leverage, there appears to be little agreement regarding its specific content. Thus some define leverage as the ratio of the value of "senior capital" (= debentures + preferred shares) to the value of the equity;' others use the structure of the income statement;2 and yet others advise the comparison of rates of return on different types of structured capitalizations.' To these basic measures further diversity has been introduced by using balance sheet or market valuations, and by calculating the income components gross or net of tax, gross or net of distributions. In this paper we will not propose yet another measure for consideration, nor do we intend to adjudicate amongst those already suggested. Our aim is more modest: to present the major formulations that have been used or recommended and to examine the extent to which they are internally consistent. We will show that a number of these measures can be translated unambiguously into one or more of the others; and we will examine empirically the remaining measures 'which may yield inconsistencies to see how, in fact, they have behaved.
New concepts in the pathophysiology of oxygen metabolism during sepsis

Sepsis is an intriguing pathological condition associated with many complex metabolic and physiological alterations. In this review a novel hypothesis in the pathophysiology of oxygen metabolism during sepsis is explored. It is proposed that the hypermetabolic response to sepsis results from enhanced reactive oxygen generation by phagocytes. Reactive oxygen detoxification by host enzyme systems subsequently leads to alterations in oxidative metabolism. The similarities between the metabolic consequences of reactive oxygen metabolism and the metabolic changes observed during sepsis are outlined. A unified concept is presented to help explain the pathophysiological changes in oxygen metabolism during sepsis.
Genomic Replacement in Escherichia Coli K-12 Using Covalently Closed Circular Plasmid DNA

A number of gene replacements at different loci were constructed using covalently closed circular (ccc) plasmid DNA in the recB21 recC22 sbcB15 sbcC201 mutant of Escherichia coli (JC7623). Selected constructs representing deletions and insertion mutations formed from double-crossover events involving the ccc plasmid molecules and the genome were confirmed by Southern blots, and the frequency of double-crossover events was evaluated. It is reported that such mutants may be constructed without linearizing plasmid DNA, as described previously.
The assumption of equilibrium in models of migration.

In recent articles Evans (1990) and Harrigan and McGregor (1993) (hereafter HM) scrutinized the equilibrium model of migration presented in a 1989 paper by Schachter and Althaus. This model used standard microeconomics to analyze gross interregional migration flows based on the assumption that gross flows are in approximate equilibrium. HM criticized the model as theoretically untenable while Evans summoned empirical as well as theoretical objections. HM claimed that equilibrium of gross migration flows could be ruled out on theoretical grounds. They argued that the absence of net migration requires that either all regions have equal populations or that unsustainable regional migration propensities must obtain. In fact some moves are inter- and other are intraregional. It does not follow however that the number of interregional migrants will be larger for the more populous region. Alternatively a country could be divided into a large number of small regions that have equal populations. With uniform propensities to move each of these analytical regions would experience in equilibrium zero net migration. Hence the condition that net migration equal zero is entirely consistent with unequal distributions of population across regions. The criticisms of Evans were based both on flawed reasoning and on misinterpretation of the results of a number of econometric studies. His reasoning assumed that the existence of demand shifts as found by Goldfarb and Yezer (1987) and Topel (1986) invalidated the equilibrium model. The equilibrium never really obtains exactly but economic modeling of migration properly begins with a simple equilibrium model of the system. A careful reading of the papers Evans cited in support of his position showed that in fact they affirmed rather than denied the appropriateness of equilibrium modeling. Zero net migration together with nonzero gross migration are not theoretically incompatible with regional heterogeneity of population wages or amenities.
Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes

This study examined relationships among race, organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes for black and white managers from three work organizations. Compared to wh...
Energy management of power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on simulated annealing and Pontryagin's minimum principle

Abstract In this paper, an energy management method is proposed for a power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Through analyzing the PHEV powertrain, a series of quadratic equations are employed to approximate the vehicle's fuel-rate, using battery current as the input. Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (PMP) is introduced to find the battery current commands by solving the Hamiltonian function. Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm is applied to calculate the engine-on power and the maximum current coefficient. Moreover, the battery state of health (SOH) is introduced to extend the application of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results verified that the proposed algorithm can reduce fuel-consumption compared to charge-depleting (CD) and charge-sustaining (CS) mode.
Nucleation-droplet growth interactions and microphysical property development in convective clouds

In the microphysics-dynamics interaction above the convective cloud base, the analytic solutions with the Maxwellian droplet growth system obtained by Squires (1958) and Fukuta (1993), without including the relationship of the cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity spectrum, are shown to be partial or diagnostic solutions and that of Twomey (1959) as a complete or prognostic solution within its approximation. The diagnostic solutions of the diffusion-kinetic (DK) droplet growth system are numerically evaluated, and significant effects of accommodation coefficients to raise the supersaturation and droplet number concentration maxima are found. The relationship among the diagnostic solution, the prognostic solution, and the CCN activity spectrum is graphically explained, and a graphical method to obtain the DK prognostic solution is described. The prognostic solution with the Maxwellian system has been derived in a back-tracking manner and the solution is found to agree with that of Twomey in the functional relationship. The effect of parameters in the CCN activity spectrum on the maximum droplet number concentration has been assessed for the Maxwellian system. The prognostic solution of the DK system graphically obtained shows the droplet concentration increase from that of the Maxwellian typically by a factor between 1.5 and 2 with condensation coefficient of 0.03 and thermal accommodation coefficient of 1.0.
Splachnum ampullaceum Hedw. (Dung Moss): Second Report from the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia

Abstract The dung moss Splachnum ampullaceum is reported from a high elevation pitch pine — spruce—sphagnum wetland in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia. The only previous collection was made in 1968. This collection is the first to be included in state herbaria. The two collections (made in 1968 and 2005) were found growing on soil (presumably humified dung) in the Allegheny Front region (Spruce Knob and Red Creek Plains, respectively) in the Monongahela National Forest. The distance between the two sites was only 35 km (and 37 years). The abundantly fruiting plants, with conspicuous red setae (6–7 cm long) and two-tone capsules (yellow above, purple and swollen below), were overgrown by Sphagnum, as is typical for this ephemeral moss. Spores from two capsules were introduced onto peat pellets sprinkled with composted cow manure. Protonemata covered the pellets in three weeks and developed into a dense tuft (1.2 cm high after six months in culture) of bright green shoots that showed primarily vert...
Educational Change in Post-war Kosovo: Perceptions of Kosovo Educators as Presented in Shkëndija

After the Kosovo conflict ended in June 1999, Kosovo educational authorities, backed extensively by international technical assistance, introduced educational changes for the first time after a decade of isolation. Educational policy documents started to shift rhetoric of teaching and learning practices from traditional, largely content-based, into more democratic contemporary, and learner-centred, ones. The introduced changes required Kosovo educators to implement new curriculum, new teaching methodologies, and new assessment techniques. Further, they had to go through professional development programmes to get ready to live up to newly laid out expectations. This paper discusses perceptions of a limited number of Kosovo educators about post-war educational change as presented in Shkendija, the only local monthly educational magazine published in Prishtina, Kosovo’s capital, between 2002 and 2007. The findings suggest that while educators adopted most of the policy talk advocated by the reform agenda, they lacked ownership over the process and faced a myriad of challenges during the implementation phase. A few areas for further research are identified.
Mapping single-crystal dendritic microstructure and defects in nickel-base superalloys with synchrotron radiation

Abstract Solidification of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys introduces large-scale segregation of constituent elements and defects such as dislocations and mosaicity. By exploiting the energy tunability and interference capabilities of high-brilliance X-ray radiation, key structural features of the dendritic single crystals were mapped over large areas. Interference and diffraction of synchrotron X-rays revealed significant misorientations between individual dendrites in the as-solidified state. For the first time this mosaic structure was quantified for an array of dendrites and correlated with the density of “grown-in” dislocations whose density ranged from 107 to 108 cm−2. Absorption contrast permitted simultaneous mapping of the distribution of refractory metal additives (e.g. rhenium and tungsten), which segregated preferentially to the dendrite cores with a linear composition gradient toward the interdendritic regions. The results demonstrate that synchrotron X-ray imaging is promising for in situ studies of single-crystal structure and defects in nickel-base superalloys.
Anti DNA antibody production by lymphoid cells of NZB-W mice and human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Single-stranded DNA (S-DNA) coupled to sheep erythrocytes by the chromic chloride method was used to detect antibody-producing cells by a standard hemolytic plaque assay (PFC), and antigen sensitive rosette-forming cells (RFC) by the technique of immunocytoadherence. The spleens and other lymphoid tissue of 6–10-month-old NZBW F1 female mice were studied. The spleens of these mice showed anti-S-DNA antibody-producing cells, which reached a peak in the 7–9-month-old mice, and correlated directly with the magnitude of the serum antiS-DNA antibody detected by the Farr assay. Studies of human lymphoid cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) also revealed significant numbers of anti-S-DNA PFC's.
Practice guidelines: A primer

Abstract One challenge of the evolving United States health care system is to achieve the proper balance between the competing priorities of optimal patient care and efficient cost control. Practice guidelines are one of the tools designed to achieve this balance. Primary care obstetrician/gynecologists are essential participants in the writing of practice guidelines for their local or regional community. In this article, we describe the what, why, and how of practice guidelines.
Relative affinities of dopaminergic drugs at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors

Quantitative autoradiography was used to evaluate the pharmacological profile of dopamine D2-like receptors labeled by [125I]iodosulpiride. Caudate/putamen, a brain region associated primarily with dopamine D2 receptor mRNA, was used as a prototypical D2 tissue; cerebellar lobule X (D3 mRNA associated), as a D3 tissue. 7-OH-DPAT ((+/-)-2-dipropylamino-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene) exhibited selectively for cerebellar receptors (24-fold), followed by quinpirole (6-fold). Haloperidol and domperidone were 4- and 18-fold more potent at striatal receptors, respectively. These data are in close agreement with that derived from dopamine D2 and D3 receptor-expressing cell lines.
Compensation for Managers with Career Concerns: The Role of Stock Option in Optimal Contracts

We study the problem of compensating a manager whose career concerns affect his investment strategy. We consider contracts that include cash, shares, and call options, focusing on the role of options in aligning incentives. We find that managers are optimally paid in cash, supplemented by a small amount of call options; shares are excluded. The options are struck at-the-money, consistent with the near uniform practice of compensation committees. The convexity of option payoffs helps to overcome managerial conservatism, though a non-trivial under-investment problem persists. Our model yields several testable implications regarding cross-sectional variation in the size of option grants and pay-for-performance sensitivity.
Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Levels of the Bcl-2 Antisense G3139 in Cultured Cells and Treated Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Purpose: Down-regulation of Bcl-2 by the antisense G3139, currently under clinical evaluations, could restore chemosensitivity in otherwise resistant malignant cells. To date, the mechanism of intracellular accumulation of G3139 following in vivo administration remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess whether detectable intracellular concentrations of G3139 are achievable in vivo and how these relate to Bcl-2 down-regulation. Experimental Design: Cellular uptake of G3139 was studied in leukemia myeloid cell lines and blasts collected from treated patients using a newly developed, novel, and highly sensitive ELISA-based assay. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to quantify Bcl-2 mRNA changes in treated cells. Results: The assay was fully validated and showed a limit of quantification of 50 pmol/L. When exposed to 0.33 to 10 μmol/L G3139, K562 cells exhibited intracellular concentrations in the range of 2.1 to 11.4 pmol/mg protein. When G3139 was delivered with cationic lipids, a 10- to 25-fold increase of the intracellular concentrations was observed. There was an accumulation of G3139 in the nuclei, and the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm was increased 7-fold by cationic lipids. Intracellular concentrations of G3139 were correlated with Bcl-2 mRNA down-regulation. Robust intracellular concentrations of G3139 were achieved in vivo in bone marrow (range, 3.4-40.6 pmol/mg protein) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (range, 0.47-19.4 pmol/mg protein) from acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with G3139. Conclusions: This is the first evidence that measurable intracellular levels of G3139 are achievable in vivo in acute myeloid leukemia patients and that Bcl-2 down-regulation is likely to depend on the achievable intracellular concentrations rather than on plasma concentrations.