cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitor on HIV in Dazhou City From 1996 to 2005

Objective To analyze epidemic status and trend of HIV in Dazhou City,and to provide evidences for establishing AIDS prevention and cure strategy.Method Data based on the normal monitor,sentry monitor and subject investigation from 1996 to 2005 in Dazhou City were analyzed.Results A totall of 982 infected cases including 28 invasion cases and 5 dead cases were reported in Dazhou City until October 2005.The cases of 93.28% were transmitted through blood,6.16% through sex and 0.56% through mother-to-child.Most of them were druggers with a positive rate of 28.35%(648/2 286)and which up from 51.87% to 69.71% in part areas.Community demimondaine and pregnant woman were often checked out infected and positive rate ranged from 1.03% to 10.56%,and 0.6% to 0.90%,respectively.The rate of using acus together among druggers undulated from 29.83% to 73.03%.The rate of using condom every time and in nearest one time among demimondaines rose year by year.Conclusion AIDS in Dazhou City has been in medium prevalent estate.Most infected persons are druggers in part areas(Dazhu County).The epidemic trend spreads from bridge crowd to general crowd quickly,and the spread district extends year after year.The situation of prevention and cure is very rigorous.
Computational Study of External and Internal Convective Flows with Significant Buoyancy Effects

This paper discusses the numerical simulation of convective flow and transport in the presence of significant buoyancy effects. Natural convection flows, in which buoyancy forces constitute the underlying mechanism for flow generation, as well as mixed convection circumstances, in which the externally induced flow is comparable to that due to buoyancy, are considered. Both external flows in extensive environments and internal flows, which are bounded by surfaces are discussed. In several cases, a boundary layer treatment is satisfactory, otherwise the full equations must be solved. The finite difference approach to these problems for two-dimensional laminar flows is outlined and the major considerations in the imposition of the boundary conditions, convergence of the numerical solution and the choice of relevant numerical parameters are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION AND CORRELATES OF ELEVATED TOTAL HOMOCYST(E)INE : THE STROKE PREVENTION IN YOUNG WOMEN STUDY

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the distribution and correlates of elevated total homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) concentration in a population of premenopausal black and white women. METHODS: Data from the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study (N = 304), a population-based study of risk factors for stroke in women aged 15–44 years of age, were used to determine the distribution and correlates of elevated tHcy in black (N = 103) and white women (N = 201). RESULTS: The mean tHcy level for the population was 6.58 μmol/L (range 2.89–26.5 μmol/L). Mean tHcy levels increased with age, cholesterol level, alcohol intake, and number of cigarettes smoked (all: p p = 0.4346). Regular use of multivitamins and increasing education was associated with significant reductions in tHcy concentration. Approximately 13% of the sample had elevated tHcy levels, defined as a tHcy concentration ⩾ 10.0 μmol/L. Multivariate-adjusted correlates of elevated tHcy included education > 12 vs. ⩽ 12 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2–0.8); smoking ⩾ 20 cigarettes/day vs. nonsmokers (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1–7.3); and the regular use of multivitamins (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.9). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a substantial proportion of healthy young premenopausal women have tHcy levels that increase their risk for vascular disease. A number of potentially modifiable behavioral and environmental factors appear to be significantly related to elevated tHcy levels in young women.
Purpose and Description

The STRUCTURED CLINICAL INTERVIEW (SCI) is a psychological technique for the detection and assessment of psychopathology. Its effective application requires an examiner who can combine the experimental with the clinical attitude. It is thus a tool for the pychologist because his training uniquely qualifies him for this role. Some supervised experience with the technique is of course necessary to assure common standards of judgment.
A CMOS based Sensor Array Platform for Analysis of Exocytosis Events

The release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular space is an important drug target and crucial for molecular manipulation. Amperometric measurements provide details about the amount and kinetics of transmitter release in single quantal events. However, amperometric spikes vary from cell to cell even under the same condition; therefore, a large number of release events must be analyzed to achieve the statistical significance. We present CMOS chips with 100 or 1,024 active electrodes with surface modifications for amperometry measurements. To enable amperometry measurements, polarizable electrodes such as platinum are patterned on the original aluminum metal contact on the chip. To prevent potential current leakage, a new shifted electrode design was used to enhance the reliability of post-fabrication. Platinum electrode material is deposited on the aluminum contact extending onto the periphery area and further insulated to redefine the openings of the active electrodes by lithography and sputtering. The insulation of the surface is performed by lithography using photoresist. The 100 sensor array was validated by simultaneous recording from all electrodes at 1MS/s using dopamine injection and recordings from live chromaffin cells cultured on-chip. A new chip with 1024 working electrodes capable of bi-directional current recordings was developed for fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Positive as well as negative currents are measured in the same working manner, and a current mirror and a biased cascode transistor ensure a gain error <1%. A sign detection function is implemented to report the polarity of the current input. Simulations of the circuit revealed reliable capacitive current recording and the linearity of the gain over a wide range of input with the correct sign-bit output. We anticipate that the chip will serve as a universal platform for characterizing various physiological events.
Toward Learning and Knowledge Creation: Operationalising the Social Learning Cycle

This paper addresses organisational learning, knowledge creation, and dissemination through knowledge creation teams. It operationalises the Social Learning Cycle (SLC) advanced by Boisot (1995) to facilitate the construct's theoretical extensions and managerial applications. A new SLC coding system and methodology for measuring team learning are presented and a hypothesis is developed and tested through empirical investigations of thirteen university teams. Findings suggest that team learning exhibits recurring, synchronised characteristics instead of sequential stages. Team learning quality is enhanced when team members (1) raise inquiries that result from research or investigations of problems previously identified and (2) ask questions or make remarks that involve anticipation, preparation and planning for future events. Management should create an environment for teams to experience problem solving and encourage a knowledge diffusion culture that promotes organisational learning and knowledge generat...
Cutaneous TRPM8-expressing sensory afferents are a small population of neurons with unique firing properties.

It has been well documented that the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) receptor is involved in environmental cold detection. The role that this receptor plays in nociception however, has been somewhat controversial since conflicting reports have shown different neurochemical identities and responsiveness of TRPM8 neurons. In order to functionally characterize cutaneous TRMP8 fibers, we used two ex vivo somatosensory recording preparations to functionally characterize TRPM8 neurons that innervate the hairy skin in mice genetically engineered to express GFP from the TRPM8 locus. We found several types of cold‐sensitive neurons that innervate the hairy skin of the mouse but the TRPM8‐expressing neurons were found to be of two specific populations that responded with rapid firing to cool temperatures. The first group was mechanically insensitive but the other did respond to high threshold mechanical deformation of the skin. None of these fibers were found to contain calcitonin gene‐related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 or bind isolectin B4. These results taken together with other reports suggest that TRPM8 containing sensory neurons are environmental cooling detectors that may be nociceptive or non‐nociceptive depending on the sensitivity of individual fibers to different combinations of stimulus modalities.
A general method for retrieving thermal deformation properties of microencapsulated phase change materials or other particulate inclusions in cementitious composites

Abstract This study examined the effects of spherical core-shell particle inclusions, such as microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs), on the thermal deformation behavior of cement-based composites. First, simulations of volumetric thermal deformation in representative microstructures were carried out, based on the finite element method (FEM), to predict the effective thermal deformation coefficient of the composites. Excellent agreement was found between the effective thermal deformation coefficient predicted by FEM and by the effective medium approximation (EMA) developed by Schapery (1968). Furthermore, the effective thermal deformation coefficient of cementitious composites with either microencapsulated PCM or quartz particulates was measured. The measured effective thermal deformation coefficients together with Schapery's model were used to retrieve the thermal deformation coefficients of the inclusions themselves. The thermal deformation coefficient of PCM microcapsules was estimated to be similar to that of the shell component due to partial filling of the microcapsules. The results show a means for (i) retrieving the thermal deformation properties of functional core-shell inclusions and (ii) for designing cementitious composites with PCMs which find use in the built environment and high-performance composites.
Modular versus nonmodular tibial inserts in total knee arthroplasty: what are the differences?

Although both modular and nonmodular tibial components in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have shown excellent long-term survivorship (1-7), modularity in TKA has been a topic of ongoing debate over the past two decades. The authors of the article entitled “ Twenty-Five-Years and Greater, Results After Nonmodular Cemented Total Knee Arthroplasty ” should be congratulated for their contribution to the literature (1). The authors have reported the long-term results of nonmodular metal backed cemented tibial insert in 5,649 TKA procedures. The overall prosthesis survival rate was 94.2% at 25 years and 92.4% at 30 years. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the longest reported follow up for nonmodular metal backed cemented TKAs.
Pancreatic Histopathology of Human Monogenic Diabetes Due to Causal Variants in KCNJ11, HNF1A, GATA6, and LMNA.

Context Monogenic diabetes is thought to account for 2% of all diabetes cases, but most patients receive misdiagnoses of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. To date, little is known about the histopathological features of pancreata from patients with monogenic diabetes. Objective Retrospective study of the JDRF Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes biorepository to identify possible cases of monogenic diabetes and to compare effects of genetic variants on pancreas histology. Methods We selected cases of diabetes for genetic testing on the basis of criteria that included young age at diagnosis, low body mass index, negative autoantibody status, and/or detectable C-peptide level. Samples underwent next-generation-targeted sequencing of 140 diabetes/diabetes-related genes. Pancreas weight and histopathology were reviewed. Results Forty-one of 140 cases of diabetes met the clinical inclusion criteria, with 38 DNA samples available. Genetic variants of probable clinical significance were found in four cases: one each in KCNJ11, HNF1A, GATA6, and LMNA. The KCNJ11 and HNF1A samples had significantly decreased pancreas weight and insulin mass similar to that of type 1 diabetes but had no insulitis. The GATA6 sample had severe pancreatic atrophy but with abundant β cells and severe amyloidosis similar to type 2 diabetes. The LMNA sample had preserved pancreas weight and insulin mass but abnormal islet architecture and exocrine fatty infiltrates. Conclusions Four cases of diabetes had putative causal variants in monogenic diabetes genes. This study provides further insight into the heterogeneous nature of monogenic diabetes cases that exhibited clinical and pathophysiological features that overlap with type 1/type 2 diabetes.
Management of cardiopulmonary assist devices in critically ill patients using point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography: a case series

Point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography is increasingly being utilized by the intensive care physicians in the management of hemodynamically unstable patients. However, its use in the management of critically ill patients requiring cardiopulmonary mechanical device support remains to be well described. In this case series, we present two case reports where point-of-care echocardiography was successfully used by the intensive care team in diagnosing and managing problems related to cardiopulmonary assist device malposition.
Auditor Independence in the United States: Cornerstone of the Profession or Thorn in Our Side?

SYNOPSIS The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic evaluation of independence as a foundational element of the auditing profession. We maintain that while independence is a theoretical...
Significant node identification in social networks

Given a social network, identifying significant nodes from the network is highly desirable in many applications. In different networks formed by diverse kinds of social connections, the definitions of what are significant nodes differ with circumstances. In the literature, most previous works generally focus on expertise finding in specific social networks. In this paper, we aim to propose a general node ranking model that can be adopted to satisfy a variety of service demands. We devise an unsupervised learning method that produces the ranking list of top-k significant nodes. The characteristic of this method is that it can generate different ranking lists when diverse sets of features are considered. To demonstrate the real application of the proposed method, we design the system DblpNET that is an author ranking system based on the co-author network of DBLP computer science bibliography. We discuss further extensions and evaluate DblpNET empirically on the public DBLP dataset. The evaluation results show that the proposed method can effectively apply to real-world applications.
“The Continuum of Harm” Taxonomy of Cyberbullying Mitigation and Prevention

In this chapter, I use the findings from a series of studies that explore cyberbullying to present cyberbullying mitigation solutions for designers of social media and other interactive platforms to consider as they address the bullying, harassment, and other negative content that plagues the Internet. The solutions presented throughout these studies are diverse and consider mitigation at various points of the “Continuum of Harm” of cyberbullying. I consider cyberbullying mitigation solutions through the “Continuum of Harm” framework, which consists of three types of prevention mechanisms: (1) Primary Prevention, in which the cyberbullying incident is prevented before it starts; (2) Secondary Prevention, where the goal is to decrease the problem after it has been identified, and (3) Tertiary Prevention, when intervention occurs after a problem has already caused harm. This chapter discusses the design of technological mechanisms to mitigate cyberbullying through Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary prevention.
FoggyCache: Cross-Device Approximate Computation Reuse

Mobile and IoT scenarios increasingly involve interactive and computation intensive contextual recognition. Existing optimizations typically resort to computation offloading or simplified on-device processing. Instead, we observe that the same application is often invoked on multiple devices in close proximity. Moreover, the application instances often processsimilar contextual data that map to thesame outcome. In this paper, we proposecross-device approximate computation reuse, which minimizes redundant computation by harnessing the "equivalence'' between different input values and reusing previously computed outputs with high confidence. We devise adaptive locality sensitive hashing (A-LSH) and homogenized k nearest neighbors (H-kNN). The former achieves scalable and constant lookup, while the latter provides high-quality reuse and tunable accuracy guarantee. We further incorporate approximate reuse as a service, called \name, in the computation offloading runtime. Extensive evaluation shows that, when given 95% accuracy target, \name\ consistently harnesses over 90% of reuse opportunities, which translates to reduced computation latency and energy consumption by a factor of 3 to 10.
Prolonged early antenatal indomethacin exposure is safe for fetus and neonate.

Objective: To evaluate fetal and neonatal safety of early-onset long-term antenatal indomethacin treatment (LIT) for short cervix.Methods: In this cohort study, women started LIT for short cervix (...
Introduction: History and Future of Ranaviruses

Dr. Allan Granoff (1923–2012), who isolated the first ranavirus (Granoff et al. 1966), had, scattered throughout his office at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, a variety of frog-related items including the poem cited above. Although one of Allan’s isolates, Frog virus 3 (FV3), subsequently became the best-characterized member of both the genus (Ranavirus) and the family (Iridoviridae); the impact of that discovery was not fully appreciated at the time. FV3 was neither the first iridoviridae to be recognized as a pathogen of lower vertebrates or the first isolated. Those honors belonged to lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and Invertebrate iridovirus 1 (IIV1), respectively (Wissenberg 1965; Xeros 1954). LCDV is responsible for a generally non-life threatening, but disfiguring, disease in fish characterized by the appearance of wart-like growths on the skin and (rarely) internal organs, whereas IIV1 is the causative agent of latent and patent infections in crane fly larvae. Despite its lack of primacy, FV3 was studied because, in keeping with the mission of St. Jude Hospital, it was initially thought to be linked to adenocarcinoma in frogs and thus could be a useful model of human malignancies. Furthermore, unlike LCDV and IIV1, it could be readily grown in cultured cells and was thus amenable to detailed molecular characterization. Although its role in tumor development was soon proven incorrect, FV3 served as a gateway into understanding the replication strategy of a heretofore poorly studied virus family. Moreover, over the next 20 years, its study led to important insights not only into iridoviridae replication, but also eukaryotic biology, virus evolution, and host–virus interactions.
9‐(p‐Methyl­pheny)‐9‐fluorenol

The title compound, C20H16O, has two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, of nearly identical conformations, linked via O—H⋯O—H, as well as O—H⋯π(fluorene) intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The 9-aryl and fluorene rings of both mol­ecules deviate substantially from perpendicularity. Although the crystals melt sharply without molecular decomposition, the melt fails to recrystallize when cooled, even after a long period. Similar phenomena are observed with other crystalline 9-alkyl­phenyl-9-fluorenols that exhibit intermolecular π(arene) interactions.
Preferential expression of double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tumor versus normal cells: biological and clinical implications.

In an effort to develop a new tumor marker suitable for flow cytometric analysis, we examined the value of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds- RNA) measurements using propidium iodide after DN9ase treatment. Cellular ds-RNA content was evaluated both in experimental cell lines and in clinical specimens. Higher levels of ds-RNA were present in tumor cells as compared with normal cells. In tumor cells, fluorescence was intensely localized in the nucleolus and was more diffuse in the cytoplasm. Change of less than 10% in the ds-RNA levels was observed in cell lines as a function of cytokinetic determinants such as cycle phase, culture age, and cycle traverse rate. Tumor differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide resulted in a significant decrease in cellular ds-RNA content. For quantitative comparison of clinical material, a ds-RNA excess was defined in relationship to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. ds-RNA excess greater than 30% was observed in only one of 34 normal tissues (3%) as compared with 124 of 201 neoplastic tissue samples (62%). This incidence was higher in patients with acute leukemia (76%), high-grade and intermediate-grade lymphoma (75%), and high tumor stage myeloma (83%), as compared with chronic leukemia (20%), low-grade lymphoma (25%), and intermediate or low tumor mass myeloma (43%). Prognostically, a high pretreatment ds-RNA excess in myeloma was associated with a lower remission rate. The persistence of ds-RNA excess in the bone marrow of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission predicted for a shorter remission duration (seven v 22 months; P = .05). We conclude that ds-RNA excess, as readily measured objectively and quantitatively by flow cytometry, may have important diagnostic and prognostic implications for the management of patients with malignant disease.
Patient and Physician Preferences for Reporting Research Findings.

Background and objectives Although absolute risks provide useful information on the number of excess cases attributable to a harmful exposure or the number of fewer cases attributable to an effective treatment, most research findings are reported in terms of multiplicative effects of exposure on the outcome. We aimed to examine patient and physician preferences for communicating research findings in terms of additive and multiplicative measures of effect and measures of heterogeneity of treatment effects. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 76 patients and 26 physicians at an academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. Trained study staff conducted interviews about interpretations of study findings. Results Physicians were equally likely to prefer the number needed to harm or the risk ratio as the most useful measure for making informed health decisions, and patients strongly preferred risk ratios. Participants perceived changes in risk as larger when they were presented using multiplicative measures such as risk ratios than when presented as additive measures such as the risk differences or number needed to treat or harm. Conclusions Despite the importance of considering absolute risks and benefits of treatment options, patients and physicians who rely on study findings for making informed decisions often prefer relative measures.
Wilson disease: a diagnostic challenge in a patient with alcoholic liver disease.

A 32-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis presented with worsening abdominal distension and jaundice. He was diagnosed with cirrhosis 2 years prior after a hospitalisation for acute liver failure, during which viral, autoimmune and metabolic workup was unrevealing. Heavy alcohol consumption was his only obvious risk factor for liver disease, so his decompensation was attributed to alcohol. At the present time, he was admitted with acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute renal failure. The severity of his presentation and the disproportionately mild elevation in alkaline phosphatase relative to his hyperbilirubinaemia prompted repeating a ceruloplasmin level, which, though previously normal, was now low, and eventually led to a diagnosis of Wilson disease (WD) with concomitant alcoholic liver disease. Clinicians must recognise limitations in ceruloplasmin and copper levels when screening for WD and maintain suspicion for WD in young patients, even if there is an already established aetiology of liver disease.
Reverse vaccinology and drug target identification through pan-genomics

Abstract The rapidly evolving sequencing techniques have made it easier for microbiologists to sequence bacterial species from various isolates, regions, and hosts. This yields a high number of genome sequences of the same pathogen. The pan-genome analysis yields accumulated gene pool of all the strains/isolates of a particular species. Getting insights into the total gene repertoire, biologists can decipher the microevolution of bacterial virulence mechanisms to combat deadly diseases caused by them. Predicted pan/core genomes can be easily exploited through reverse vaccinology techniques to identify novel and putative therapeutic targets. Reverse vaccinology is actually a knowledge-based approach following several filtration steps to generate a catalog of potential antigens with their respective epitopes for vaccine development. While, procuring a portfolio of exclusively virulent, essential core genes, genes categorization, pathway annotation; understanding the interactions of these genes with drugs, presents a novel mechanism to combat pathogens by in silico drug target identification. Predicted vaccine candidates and putative drug targets can be verified in animal models henceforth minimizing the total time and cost of the drug and vaccine development processes.
Supplementing training with data from a shifted distribution for machine learning classifiers: adding more cases may not always help.

In this study, we show that when a training data set is supplemented by drawing samples from a distribution that is different from that of the target population, the differences in the distributions of the original and supplemental training populations should be considered to maximize the performance of the classifier in the target population. Depending on these distributions, drawing a large number of cases from the supplemental distribution may result in lower performance compared to limiting the number of added cases. This is relevant for medical images when synthetic data is used for training a machine learning algorithm, which may result in a mixed distribution for the training set. We simulated a twoclass classification problem and determined the performance of a linear classifier and a neural network classifier on test cases when trained with cases from only the target distribution, and when cases from a shifted, supplemental distribution are added to a limited number of cases from the target distribution. We show that adding data from a supplemental distribution for machine learning classifier training may improve the performance on the target test distribution. However, given the same number of training cases from a mixed distribution, the performance may not reach the performance of only training on data from the target distribution. In addition, the increase in performance will peak or plateau, depending on the shift in the distribution and the number of cases from the supplemental distribution.
Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation in awake rats: Enhanced glucose uptake in deep cortical layers

Abstract Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an emerging neuromodulation tool. However, preclinical models of TMS are limited. Objective To develop a method for performing TMS in awake rats and to characterize neuronal response to TMS by mapping glucose uptake following TMS administration. Methods A headpost was implanted into rat skull serving as a refence to guide TMS target. Motor threshold measurement was used as the metric to assess the consistency in TMS delivery across animals and across sessions. Using a fluorescent glucose analogue (2-NBDG) as a marker of neuronal activity, we mapped glucose uptake in response to TMS of the rat motor cortex. Results The average motor threshold (n = 41) was 34.6 ± 6.3 % of maximum stimulator output (MSO). The variability of motor threshold across animals was similar to what has been reported in human studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in motor threshold measured across 3 separate days. Enhancement in fluorescent signals were TMS dose (power)-dependent, which centered around the motor cortex, covering an area medial-laterally 2 mm, rostral-caudally 4 mm at 55 % MSO, and 3 mm at 35 % MSO. The count of total cells with significant fluorescent signal was: 107 ± 23 (55 % MSO), 73 ± 11 (35 % MSO) and 42 ± 11 (sham, 5% MSO). Conclusions Our method allows for consistent motor threshold assessment for longitudinal studies. Notably, cells with fluorescent signal enhancement were consistently aggregated in deep cortical layers, with minimal enhancement in superficial layers Comparisons with existing method(s) To our knowledge, this is the first study of focal TMS in awake rodents.
Distinct molecular and immunological properties of circulating exosomes isolated from pediatric lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome - a retrospective study.

Long-term success following human lung transplantation is poor due to chronic rejection. We demonstrated circulating exosomes of lung origin during acute and chronic lung allograft rejection. We analyzed plasma from pediatric lung transplant recipients (LTxRs) enrolled in the CTOT-C-03 to determine whether circulating exosomes are released into circulation during bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Plasma exosomes were isolated, and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) were detected. Exosomes were analyzed for lung self-antigens (SAgs), co-stimulatory molecules transcription factors, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), adhesion molecules, and 20S proteasome. Mice were immunized with exosomes from BOS or stable to determine their immunogenicity. Circulating exosomes from BOS LTxRs contained increased levels of SAgs, donor HLA class I, MHC-II, transcription factors, co-stimulatory molecules, and 20S proteasome compared with stable. Serial analysis of exosomes containing SAgs demonstrated that exosomes are detectable in the circulation before BOS. Mice immunized with exosomes from BOS, or stable, demonstrated that exosomes from BOS are distinct in inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses to SAgs. Circulating exosomes from BOS LTxRs elicit distinct humoral and cellular response. In addition, detection of SAgs on circulatory exosomes 12 months before diagnosis of BOS suggest that exosomes could serve as biomarker.
Quantitative metaproteomics of patient fecal microbiota identifies host and microbial proteins associated with ulcerative colitis

Mass spectrometry-based metaproteomics technologies enable the direct observation of proteins within complex multi-organism environments. A major hurdle in mapping metaproteomic fragmentation spectra to their corresponding peptides is the need for large peptide databases encompassing all anticipated species contained within a biological sample. As we cannot predict the taxonomic composition of microbiomes a priori, we developed the ComPIL database which contains a comprehensive collection of 4.8 billion unique peptides from public sequencing repositories to enable our proteomics analyses. We analyzed fecal samples from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients using a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) workflow coupled to ComPIL in search of aberrant UC-associated proteins. We found 176 host and microbial protein groups differentially enriched between the healthy (control) or UC volunteer groups. Notably, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that serine-type endopeptidases are overrepresented in UC compared to healthy volunteers. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of serine hydrolase chemical enrichment from fecal samples using a biotinylated fluorophosphate (FP) probe. Our findings illustrate that probe-susceptible hydrolases from hosts and microbes are likely active in the distal gut. Finally, we applied de novo peptide sequencing methods to our metaproteomics data to estimate the size of the dark peptidome, the complement of peptides unidentified using ComPIL. We posit that our metaproteomics methods are generally applicable to future microbiota analyses and that our list of FP probe-enriched hydrolases may represent an important functionality to understanding the etiology of UC.
Food Policy: Stability, Sustainability, and Safety

It is in the shared Other-interest to have a stable food supply. One way to ensure same is to help in paying the crop insurance payments associated with extreme weather events. It is also essential to ensure a sustainable Spaceship Earth System, historically accomplished through paying farmers to help offset the costs of sustaining soil and water resources. It became essential to ascertain what drove adoption of such practices. The research found the key was to not only offer financial incentives but to also induce Empathy conservation, a shared Other-interest. It was about nudging farmers into considering downstream effects of on-farm practices. Safe food is also an essential shared other-interest, leading to sharing in the costs of setting and ensuring food standards.
Tianeptine: a new frontier in surveillance and understanding through social media.

Interest in the abuse of tianeptine in the United States has been increasing over the past decade (1). The xenobiotic, which is known under the trade name internationally as Stablon or Coaxil, was ...
In Pursuit of Ecological Forestry: Historical Barriers and Ecosystem Implications

The global need for ecological forestry is more important today than ever. But despite a century of technical advancements from forestry leaders – especially in North America and Europe – the world’s forest ecosystem is declining at a time when carbon levels are rising, and biodiversity is at risk. Unfortunately, even the world’s innovation leaders are struggling to change industry practices in their home countries. Undeterred by the lack of progress, new efforts are being attempted with Europe taking a markedly different path than the U.S. In the U.S., the pursuit of ecological forestry has embraced natural disturbance frameworks and stresses customized goals for local environments and social demands. In Europe, a broad application of low-intensity harvest protocols and canopy protection is being promoted for many forest types. The U.S. approach shows strong ecological promise at local and regional scales, but its broad adoption within the industry as a whole is limited and inconsistent. For the European approach, the broadly elevated priority of continuous canopy draws scientific critics, but their forestry industry is adopting and applying the concept. Although lower-intensity harvests are common to both regions, evidence suggests that Europe may be using low-intensity methods too broadly, while the U.S. is using them too little. The objective of this perspective is to describe the historical development of ecological forestry in Europe and the United States, and to propose research adjustments to help America pursue broader ecological forestry application.
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Polyester Synthesis Process and Product Development

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) is a well-known aliphatic-aromatic biodegradable random co-polyester that is structurally composed of a chemical unit of butylene adipate and butylene terephthalate. It can be synthesized by a polycondensation reaction in the melt stage. However, the synthesis process is very much complicated because it requires a high esterification temperature as well as a vacuum to achieve a suitable molecular weight for different grade industrial applications. Additionally, the synthesis process gives the various side reactions that associate depolymerization with hydrolytic degradation, the color of polymer, tetrahydrofuran formation, etc. This short literature review deals with the various methods development of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) synthesis for commercial scale. Moreover, different grades of its synthesis are also investigated with chain extenders, branching agents, chemical functionalization and in-situ incorporation of nanocomposites.
Tsunami Squares: Earthquake driven inundation mapping and validation by comparison to the Regional Ocean Modeling System

Abstract A promising tsunami warning system outlined here links Total Electron Content (TEC) disturbances in the ionosphere detected by GNSS satellites to maps of inundated areas along the affected coastlines. This will be accomplished through a pipeline of earthquake, ionosphere, and tsunami simulations. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of our tsunami simulator for use in this simulation pipeline. The simulator we have developed is called Tsunami Squares, a computationally inexpensive program that employs a unique method of propagating water according to shallow water theory. Unlike other wave simulators, Tsunami Squares can easily propagate waves from sea to land, allowing flooded areas along the coast to be mapped. To validate its accuracy, a comparison is made to the Regional Ocean Modeling System tsunami simulator, which solves the Navier Stokes equations directly using a finite-difference method. The two simulation techniques show good agreement when compared over the 2011 Japan event and the 2010 Chile event. In addition, examples of inundation plots are displayed here to demonstrate its capability for such a warning system.
Assessing SNP Heterozygosity in Potato (Solanum) Species— Bias Due to Missing and Non-allelic Genotypes

Potato has about 100 related wild Solanum species growing naturally in the Americas. The US Potato Genebank aims to keep samples useful for research and breeding to improve the crop, often in the form of botanical seed families. A key component of genebank efficiency is assessing diversity within and among populations, and DNA marker sequence diversity is a powerful proxy for trait diversity. We previously reported on three factors which can cause under-estimation of heterozygosity: ascertainment, allele frequency, and ploidy bias. We here report, using GBS data for four diploid potato species, that average percent of apparent heterozygosity increases as data is more complete—the maximum difference was 2% heterozygotes when only a few individuals are called, to 36% when nearly all individuals were called. However, there was evidence that estimates of average heterozygosity based only on loci for which every individual has data can also be biased upward. Implausibly high levels of heterozygosity suggest non-segregating non-homologous SNPs, which occurred as 5–9% of all loci with complete data. We propose that best estimates of average heterozygosity in unselected seedlings should be based on loci with data for all samples after eliminating those loci that appear to be artificially fixed as heterozygous, which reduces observed heterozygote frequency by 16–26%. On that basis, the wild species examined have similar heterozygosity to the cultivated phureja.
On (p^a, p^b, p^a, p^a-b) -Relative DifferenceSets

This paper provides new exponent and rank conditions for the existence of abelian relative (p^a,p^b,p^a,p^a-b) -difference sets. It is also shown that no splitting relative (2^2c,2^d,2^2c,2^2c-d)-difference set exists if d > c and the forbidden subgroup is abelian. Furthermore, abelian relative (16, 4, 16, 4)-difference sets are studied in detail; in particular, it is shown that a relative (16, 4, 16, 4)-difference set in an abelian group G\not\cong Z_8\times Z_4\times Z_2 exists if and only if \exp(G)\le 4 or G= Z_8\times ( Z_2)^3 with N\cong Z_2\times Z_2.
Loss of Critical Airway

This case highlights the importance of the multidisciplinary approach to a morbidly obese patient. An airway plan should be developed between the anesthesiologist, surgeon, and intensive care unit team. A strong understanding of tracheostomy tubes and their function is critical for the anesthesiologist. Continuous delivery of oxygen is pivotal when attempting to secure the airway by any means. Finally, we show a technique to continually supply oxygen while attempting to intubate via the LMA.
A Histomorphometric Analysis of Radiation Damage in an Isogenic Murine Model of Distraction Osteogenesis.

Purpose The devastation radiation therapy (XRT) causes to endogenous tissue in patients with head and neck cancer can be a prohibitive obstacle in reconstruction of the mandible, demanding a better understanding of XRT-induced damage and options for reconstruction. This study investigated the cellular damage caused by radiation in an isogenic murine model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO). The authors posited that radiation would result in fewer osteocytes, with increased empty lacunae and immature osteoid. Materials and Methods Twenty Lewis rats were randomly assigned to a DO group (n = 10) or a XRT/DO group (n = 10). These groups underwent an osteotomy and mandibular DO across a 5.1-mm gap. XRT was administered to the XRT/DO group at a fractionated human equivalent dose of 35 Gy before surgery. Animals were sacrificed on postoperative day 40 and mandibles were harvested and sectioned for histologic analysis. Results Bone that underwent radiation showed a significantly decreased osteocyte count and complementary increase in empty lacunae compared with non-XRT bone ( P = .019 and P = .000). In addition, XRT bone exhibited increased immature osteoid and decreased mature woven bone compared with nonradiated bone ( P = .001 and P = .003, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the ratio of immature osteoid to woven bone volume exhibited a significant increase in the XRT bone, further showing the devastating damage from XRT ( P = .001). Conclusion These results clearly show the cellular diminution that occurs as a result of radiation. This foundational study provides the groundwork on which to investigate cellular therapies in an immuno-privileged model of mandibular DO.
No independent association between insufficient sleep and childhood obesity in the National Survey of Children's Health.

Background:Prior studies have supported an association between insufficient sleep and childhood obesity, but most have not examined nationally representative samples or considered potential sociode...
4. Unnaturally Cruel: Rolston on Animals, Ethics, and the Factory Farm

In 2010, over nine billion animals were killed in the United States for human consumption. This included nearly 1 million calves, 2.5 million sheep and lambs, 34 million cattle, 110 million hogs, 242 million turkeys, and well over 8.7 billion chickens (USDA 2011a; 2011b). Though hundreds of slaughterhouses actively contributed to these totals, more than half of the cattle just mentioned were killed at just fourteen plants. A slightly greater percentage of hogs was killed at only twelve (USDA 2011a). Chickens were processed in a total of three hundred and ten federally inspected facilities (USDA 2011b), which means that if every facility operated at the same capacity, each would have slaughtered over fifty-three birds per minute (nearly one per second) in every minute of every day, adding up to more than twenty-eight million apiece over the course of twelve months. 1 Incredible as these figures may seem, 2010 was an average year for agricultural animals. Indeed, for nearly a decade now the total number of birds and mammals killed annually in the US has come in at or above the nine billion mark, and such enormous totals are possible only by virtue of the existence of an equally enormous network of industrialized agricultural suppliers. These high-volume farming operations – dubbed “factory farms” by the general public, or “Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)” by state and federal agencies – are defined by the ways in which they restrict animals’ movements and behaviors, locate more and more bodies in less and less space, and increasingly mechanize many aspects of traditional husbandry. As a recent report of the United States Department of Agriculture put it, this form of animal agriculture “concentrates large numbers of animals in relatively small and confined spaces, and […] substitutes structures and equipment (for feeding, temperature controls, and manure
A Semantic Constraint on Tenseless Clausal Complementation

. This paper identifies a substantial class of verbs that disallow simple Control, ECM, and small clause complementation, perhaps universally. It argues, on the basis of cancellability and an application of tests developed in Vendler (1967) and Asher (1993, 2000), among others that what distinguishes these verbs is s-selection for Possible Fact-denoting clausal complements. Truth indeterminacy – a semantic feature unique to Possible Facts – is then hypothesized to explain why these verbs disallow these types of clausal complements. Specifically, the meaning of Possible Fact-selecting verbs like announce is such that they fail to lexically specify a temporal index for the evaluation of the truth of the complement clause. Given this, a temporal index must be independently established either by partial inflection of the embedded I/T for semantic tense, as is argued to be the case e.g., in English inflected infinitivals, or by full inflection of I/T for that feature, as in, e.g., indicatives. The latter context is, of course, well known to preclude Control, ECM, and small clause complementation, given the Nominative Case properties associated with fully inflected I/T. These proposals hold important implications for current null Case approaches to Control since the empirical base indicates that a simple [+/−tense] semantic feature fails to decisively limit the distribution of PRO. Specifically, the data point instead to licensing of PRO by I/Ts that lack tense and/or phi-features.
Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury symptoms and enhances colour development of ‘Kent’ mangoes

Treatment of mango (Mangifera indica cv 'Kent') fruits with methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapour for 20 h at 20°C reduced chilling injury (CI) symptoms and enhanced skin colour development. MJ at 10 -4 M was the most effective concentration for reducing CI and decay in fruits stored at 5 °C followed by 7 days at 20 °C (shelf-life period). The use of 10 -5 M MJ enhanced yellow and red colour development of mangoes stored at 20°C. These fruits possessed higher L * , a * and b * values than untreated fruits and those treated with 10 -4 M MJ. Ripening processes were inhibited by cold storage (5 °C) in control fruits. After cold storage and shelf-life period, fruits treated with 10 -5 M MJ ripened normally and contained the highest total soluble solids (TSS). These fruits also maintained higher sugar and organic acid levels than fruits subjected to other treatments. We concluded that MJ treatment could be used to reduce decay and CI symptoms and also to improve colour development of mango fruits without adversely affecting quality. Le traitement des mangue (Mangifera indica cv Kent) aux vapeurs de jasmonate de methyle a 20° pendant 20h permet de reduire les lesions dues au stockage au froid et ameliore la couleur de la peau. A 10 -4 M la qualite des fruits maintenus a 5° puis a 20° pendant 7 jours est optimale. A 10 -5 M, les colorations rouge et jaune sont developpees lors d'un entreposage a 20°.
Manin problems for Shimura varieties of Hodge type

Let k be a perfect field of characteristic p>0. We prove the existence of ascending and descending slope filtrations for Shimura p-divisible objects over k. We use them to classify rationally these objects over \bar k. Among geometric applications, we mention two. First we formulate Manin problems for Shimura varieties of Hodge type. We solve them if either p\Ge 3 or p=2 and two mild conditions hold. Second we formulate integral Manin problems. We solve them for certain Shimura varieties of PEL type.