cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable susceptibility of Hemophilus influenzae, type B strains to serum bactericidal activity.

SummarySixteen strains of Hemophilus influenzae, type B were used for bactericidal assays with sera from six healthy adults. Two strains were killed by all six human sera and by normal rabbit sera while the other 14 strains were killed only by three human sera. Absorption experiments suggested a diversity of antibodies among the human sera, since treatment with capsular material removed bactericidal activity from one, but left it unaffected in two others. These findings are important for the evaluation of surveys of the prevalence of H. influenzae, type B bactericidal antibodies.
Thermal history of mesosiderites revisited

Abstract The results of a fission track study of uranium-rich merrillite crystals in a number of mesosiderites are clearly incompatible with cooling rates as low as ~ 0.1°C/Myr which have previously been inferred for these meteorites. Classical metallographic techniques thus appear to give erroneous results when applied to this type of meteorites. There appears to be no reason to advocate exotic scenarios to explain the thermal history of mesosiderites.
Graph coloring register allocation for processors with multi-register operands

Though graph coloring algorithms have been shown to work well when applied to register allocation problems, the technique has not been generalized for processor architectures in which some instructions refer to individual operands that are comprised of multiple registers. This paper presents a suitable generalization.
Quality performance measurement using the text of electronic medical records.

BACKGROUND Annual foot examinations (FE) constitute a critical component of care for diabetes. Documented evidence of FE is central to quality-of-care reporting; however, manual abstraction of electronic medical records (EMR) is slow, expensive, and subject to error. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that text mining of the EMR results in ascertaining FE evidence with accuracy comparable to manual abstraction. METHODS The text of inpatient and outpatient clinical reports was searched with natural-language (NL) queries for evidence of neurological, vascular, and structural components of FE. A manual medical records audit was used for validation. The reference standard consisted of 3 independent sets used for development (n=200 ), validation (n=118), and reliability (n=80). RESULTS The reliability of manual auditing was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI]= 85-97) and was determined by comparing the results of an additional audit to the original audit using the records in the reliability set. The accuracy of the NL query requiring 1 of 3 FE components was 89% (95% CI=83-95). The accuracy of the query requiring any 2 of 3 components was 88% (95% CI=82-94). The accuracy of the query requiring all 3 components was 75% (95% CI= 68- 83). CONCLUSIONS The free text of the EMR is a viable source of information necessary for quality of health care reporting on the evidence of FE for patients with diabetes. The low-cost methodology is scalable to monitoring large numbers of patients and can be used to streamline quality-of-care reporting.
Biomarkers of morphine tolerance and dependence are prevented by morphine-induced endocytosis of a mutant μ-opioid receptor

Growing evidence shows that trafficking of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is a critical process in functional recovery from desensitization following activation and plays important roles in morphine tolerance and dependence largely because of the failure of morphine to promote such trafficking. However, morphine tolerance and dependence are believed to be mediated by multiple mechanisms, including well-documented biochemical changes in cAMP activity, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), and c-fos. Here, we assess the consequences of promoting morphine-induced endocytosis on these biochemical changes utilizing a knock-in mouse model, RMOR, in which MORs undergo morphine-induced endocytosis. Chronic morphine treatment of wild-type (WT) mice promoted superactivation of adenylyl cyclase, alterations in NMDARs, and up-regulation of GR and c-fos in distinct brain regions. Notably, none of these biochemical changes occurred in the RMOR-knock-in mice. Together, these data demonstrate that morphine tolerance and dependence are mediated by multiple biochemical mechanisms and that MOR endocytosis plays a critical role in each of these mechanisms.—He, L., Kim, J. A., Whistler, J. L. Biomarkers of morphine tolerance and dependence are prevented by morphine-induced endocytosis of a mutant μ-opioid receptor.
The dynamic flowgraph methodology for assessing the dependability of embedded software systems

The dynamic flowgraph methodology (DFM) is an integrated methodological approach to modeling and analyzing the behavior of software-driven embedded systems for the purpose of reliability/safety assessment and verification. The methodology has two fundamental goals: (1) to identify how certain postulated events may occur in a system; and (2) to identify an appropriate testing strategy based on an analysis of system functional behavior. To achieve these goals, the methodology employs a modeling framework in which system models are developed in terms of causal relationships between physical variables and temporal characteristics of the execution of software modules. These models are then analyzed to determine how a certain state (desirable or undesirable) can be reached. This is done by developing timed fault trees which take the form of logical combinations of static trees relating system parameters at different points in time. The prime implicants (multi-state analogue of minimal cut sets) of the fault trees can be used to identify and eliminate system faults resulting from unanticipated combinations of software logic errors, hardware failures and adverse environmental conditions, and to direct testing activity to more efficiently eliminate implementation errors by focusing on the neighborhood of potential failure modes arising from these combinations of system conditions. >
Vaccine Perceptions Among Oregon Health Care Providers

Health care providers exert a significant influence on parental pediatric vaccination decisions. We conducted hour-long interviews with traditional and alternative health care providers in which we explored a range of associations between vaccination perceptions and practice. A key finding was that the Health Belief Model constructs of perceived susceptibility to and severity of either an illness or an adverse vaccine event partially explained health care provider (HCP) beliefs about the risks or benefits of vaccination, especially among alternative care providers. Low or high perceived susceptibility to a vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) or of the severity of a given VPD affects whether an HCP will promote or oppose pediatric vaccination recommendations. Beyond these perceptions, health and vaccination beliefs are affected by the contextual factors of personal experience, group norms, immunology beliefs, and beliefs about industry and government. Building powerful affective heuristics might be critical ...
Measurement of Transient Dynamic Response of Circuit Boards of a Handheld Device During Drop Using 3D Digital Image Correlation

In this work, a new experimental methodology for analyzing the drop impact response is assessed using a pair of high-speed digital cameras and 3D digital image correlation software. Two different test boards are subjected to Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) standard free-fall impact conditions of half-sine pulse of 1500 G in magnitude and 0.5 ms in duration. The drop is monitored using a pair of synchronized high-speed cameras at a rate of up to 15,000 frames per second. The acquired images are subsequently analyzed to give full-field dynamic deformation, shape, and strain over the entire board during and after impact. To validate this new methodology for analyzing the impact response, the in-plane strain as well as the out-of-plane acceleration at selected locations were measured simultaneously during the drop using strain gauge and accelerometers and were compared with those obtained using high-speed cameras and 3D digital image correlation presented in this paper. Comparison reveals excellent correlation of the transient behavior of the board during impact and confirms the feasibility of using the full-field measurement technique used in this study. DOI: 10.1115/1.3000097
Accelerated isorhythmic ventricular rhythms

Abstract Thirty cases of accelerated ventricular rhythms occurring in patients with a variety of cardiac diseases and in normal individuals are presented. Acute myocardial infarction was present in only 4 cases. The attribute “isorhythmic” is suggested to underline the constant and important feature of equality or proximity of the rate of the ectopic ventricular pacemaker and that of the dominant rhythm. It is shown that an identical arrhythmia can easily be produced by electrical stimulation of the ventricle at an isorhythmic rate and that an isorhythmic ectopic atrial pacemaker is capable of producing a similar arrhythmia involving the atria only. The benign nature of the arrhythmia and the underlying reasons are pointed out. Three cases are presented of an unusual type of isorhythmic ventricular rhythm caused by propulsion of the catheter tip toward the right ventricular endocardium at the time of atrial contraction. It is concluded that the various arrhythmias having the common feature of a relatively rapid idioventricular rate are determined by a multitude of mechanisms including parasystole, atrioventricular dissociation with an idioventricular focus and also a mechanism similar to that of the demand or stand-by ventricular pacemakers.
School Violent Crime and Academic Achievement in Chicago

Educational outcomes vary dramatically across schools in the United States. Many underperforming schools, especially in Chicago, also deal with high levels of violent crime on school grounds. Exposure to this type of frequent violence may be an important factor shaping already disadvantaged students' educational experiences. However, estimating the effect of school violence on learning is difficult due to potential selection bias and the confounding of other school-level problems. Using detailed crime data from the Chicago Police Department, complete administrative records from the Chicago Public Schools, and school climate surveys conducted by the Consortium on Chicago School Research (2002-2010), this study exploits variation in violent crime rates within schools over time to estimate its effect on academic achievement. School and neighborhood fixed-effects models show that violent crime rates have a negative effect on test scores, but not on grades. This effect is more likely related to direct reductions in learning, through cognitive stress and classroom disruptions, than changes in perceived safety, general school climate, or discipline practices. Language: en
Management of external requirements for projects: how parent organizations can help

Well known to engineering project managers is that all projects, no matter what their final products are, should practice rigorous management of the project's requirements. Although external requirements have long been part of many engineering projects, the modern project environment contains more and more management and technical requirements levied by organizations external to the project. For many projects the scope of this challenge is large and growing. New requirements are constantly being flowed down to projects from political, regulatory, legal, and international entities, and from projects' parent organizations as well. One effective response to this challenge is for project parent organizations to assist in identifying, defining, and flowing down to projects the ever-growing number of external requirements. This paper will describe how the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed and deployed institutional mechanisms to identify, define, and flow down technical and programmatic requirements which are generated external to the projects
Spiral ligament fibrocytes release chemokines in response to otitis media pathogens.

Conclusion. Spiral ligament fibrocytes (SLFs) may be involved in the innate immune response of the inner ear by producing chemoattractants for recruiting inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocytes. Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular responses of SLFs when challenged by inflammatory stimuli such as components of otitis media pathogens or proinflammatory cytokines. Materials and methods. To detect released inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cells were treated for 48 h with whole lysates of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Streptococcus pneumoniae, or with interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α). The culture medium was then collected and applied to protein arrays. To compare mRNA levels of chemokines, total RNA was extracted after 3 h of treatment with the above agents, and quantitative real-time PCR was performed. Results. Protein array analysis showed that in response to NTHi or S. pneumoniae, rat SLFs released monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflamma...
Multiple interactions of Rad23 suggest a mechanism for ubiquitylated substrate delivery important in proteolysis

The mechanism underlying the delivery of ubiquitylated substrates to the proteasome is poorly understood. Rad23 is a putative adaptor molecule for this process because it interacts with ubiquitin c...
A Struggle Within: The Case Study of Kenneth

La Musicoterapia es unica en su posibilidad de ocuparse de aspectos fisicos como el dolor, como de aspectos emocionales y espirituales que deben enfrentarse cuando se vive con una enfermedad cronica. Este caso clinico relata las sesiones de musicoterapia con Kenneth, paciente hospitalizado de 31 anos, diagnosticado con linfoma de Burkitt y portador de VIH. Durante 7 meses de sesiones regulares de musicoterapia, trabajamos desde un abordaje biopsicosocial, focalizando en el manejo del dolor, en sanar aspectos emocionales y espirituales, y en dinamicas familiares. Se describen las diferentes etapas en el proceso de tratamiento de Kenneth y su familia, asi como reflexiones personales del terapeuta. El trabajo con pacientes en el ambito medico es, por naturaleza, contenedor. Por lo tanto, los limites pueden ser permeables. El proceso paralelo inherente se convierte en una poderosa herramienta que facilita la toma de conciencia y la posibilidad de sanar, tanto para el paciente como para el terapeuta.
Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Secondary Structure in Natively Unfolded Proteins: α-Synuclein

The application of Raman spectroscopy to characterize natively unfolded proteins has been underdeveloped, even though it has significant technical advantages. We propose that a simple three-component band fitting of the amide I region can assist in the conformational characterization of the ensemble of structures present in natively unfolded proteins. The Raman spectra of α-synuclein, a prototypical natively unfolded protein, were obtained in the presence and absence of methanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). Consistent with previous CD studies, the secondary structure becomes largely α-helical in HFIP and SDS and predominantly β-sheet in 25% methanol in water. In SDS, an increase in α-helical conformation is indicated by the predominant Raman amide I marker band at 1654 cm-1 and the typical double minimum in the CD spectrum. In 25% HFIP the amide I Raman marker band appears at 1653 cm-1 with a peak width at half-height of ∼33 cm-1, and in 25% methanol the amide I Raman b...
Dependence of Silicon-On-Insulator Waveguide Loss on Lower Oxide Cladding Thickness

Silicon-on-insulator waveguide propagation and bending loss as a function of lower oxide cladding thickness is investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method. Certain non-rectangular waveguide cross-sections can reduce substrate loss.
Towards a global optimization of electromechanical energy converters via exploitation of convex characteristics

As the design requirements of electromechanical energy converters become increasingly complex, reliable and efficient optimization is seen as an important tool in the design process. However, general, comprehensive statements about the optimization of electromechanical energy converters, notably in regards to the verification of optimality and the best problem formulation are still missing at large. This concerns notably the issue of locally versus globally optimal solutions when using one of the many available codes for optimization of arbitrary nonlinear functions. The paper presents the mathematical reformulation of different problems of a magnetic circuit by exploitation of convex characteristics. This structure exploitation allows application of convex optimization that has proven to be not only a very efficient, but also a highly reliable optimization method. This step is considered as a key element for further optimization of a large variety of electromechanical energy converters
Mechanical circulatory support

Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which the heart is not able to pump enough blood and oxygen required for organ systems to function. According to recent statistics from the American Heart Association (AHA), about 5.1 million people in the nation suffer from HF; one in nine deaths in 2009 included HF as a contributing cause. About half of people who develop HF die within 5 years of diagnosis. HF costs the nation an estimated $32 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health-care services, medications to treat HF, and missed days of work [1]. Despite several recent promising developments in medical therapy for HF, many patients still progress to advanced stages of HF. The annual mortality rate for patients with advanced HF remains high [2]. Heart transplantation (HT) is the definitive therapy for advanced HF, but it is limited by the availability of donors and strict recipient criteria applied to avoid poor outcomes. Therefore, the alternate treatment of mechanically supporting the ventricles, ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy, has gained an important role in the management of advanced HF (stage D). This chapter discusses the indications, contraindications, and various classifications of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and individual features of commonly used VADs. Perioperative management of patients undergoing MCS will also be described in detail.
Resonant laser-induced desorption: classical and adiabatic quantum models

We report results of model calculations aimed at understanding the phenomenon of resonant laser-induced desorption. The calculations consider a diatomic molecule with a harmonic internal vibration adsorbed to a substrate in an end-on configuration with a van der Waals-type binding potential. Using the adiabatic (Born–Oppenheimer) approximation, we calculate quantum mechanically the change in the adsorption potential produced when the internal vibration is excited. Within this approximation, elastic tunneling transitions from bound to continuum states do not occur. The same problem is treated classically by direct numerical integration of the nonlinear classical equations of motion, both with and without damping. The exact classical results confirm the quantum adiabatic approximation. No evidence for chaotic behavior is found.
WRF model and ASAR-retrieved 10 m wind field comparison in a case study over Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Abstract. In Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, signatures of coherent atmospheric structures, due to sea surface roughness modulation by surface winds, are usually well detected. In the present study, the wind field derived from the Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) sensor has been analyzed and compared with those simulated with a regional atmospheric model in a case study over an area located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, extending southward and eastward of Crete island. This is a region subject to complex wind patterns, due to the interaction of the almost steady northerly Etesian wind with the orography of the islands in the region. The ASAR Wide Swath Mode images provide datasets at resolutions exceptionally high compared to model data, appropriate for investigating the mesoscale phenomena on the marine atmospheric boundary layer and to retrieve the surface wind field. The latter has been obtained with a methodology based on the 2-D Continuous Wavelet Transform, suitable to isolate the backscatter patterns on the base of energy and scale considerations. Numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model have been performed using three 2-way nested domains, the inner one covering the area of interest with a resolution of 1 km. Several simulations, using different diffusion and boundary layer parameterization schemes, have been performed in a case study corresponding to mountain lee waves detected in the ASAR image. The 10 m winds resulting from the numerical experiments have been compared to those retrieved from the ASAR, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in order to analyze the correspondence of observed and simulated wind structures.
Developments in high-resolution positron emission tomography at MGH

The development of high resolution PET systems is important for the wider application of this techniques. The resolution of PET is limited by a number of physical factors such as positron range, small angle deviation, and sampling frequency. The design of the detector array and its sensitivity remain critical factors; designs incorporating analog coding have proven to be useful. PCR-I, a single plane PET system, has demonstrated the concept and has produced useful images in animal studies. PCR-II will extend the concept to a two dimensional detector array resulting in a system with high resolution and high sensitivity.
Dynamics of Striate Cortical Activity in the Alert Macaque: II. Fast Time Scale Synchronization

Synchronous neuronal activity with millisecond precision has been postulated to contribute to the process of visual perceptual grouping. We have performed multineuron recordings in striate cortex of two alert macaque monkeys to determine if the occurrence and properties of this form of activity are consistent with the minimal requirements of this theory. We find that neuronal synchronization with millisecond precision is a prevalent and robust feature of stimulus-evoked activity in striate cortex. It occurs among adjacent cells recorded by the same electrode (<120 microm), among cells recorded at separate but nearby sites (300-400 microm) and between cells recorded at locations separated by 3-4 mm. The magnitude and probability of synchronous firing is inversely related to the spatial separation between the cells and it occurs within and between groups of cells that are both tuned and untuned for stimulus orientation and direction. Among those tuned for orientation, cell pairs separated by <400 microm showed no clear dependence of correlated firing on orientation preference. The occurrence of gamma-band (20-70 Hz) oscillations in the cellular firing patterns was a strong predictor of synchronous firing at each of the spatial scales. Nearly 90% of the cell pairs showing significant correlation also showed oscillatory firing in one or both cells of the pair. These results are consistent with some, but not all, of the previous reports of synchronous activity in striate cortex of both cat and primates. The similarities in the properties of synchronous oscillations in the monkey and cat suggest that this form of neuronal activity is a general property of mammalian striate cortex. The relation between correlation and oscillation suggests that neuronal rhythmicity is an important mechanism contributing to synchronization.
Fault-tolerant formations of mobile robots

The goal of a robot formation control architecture is to get a number of robots into a specified form. To be effective and practical, the control architecture must be able to transition a group of robots from an initial swarm to a final formation. It must then be able to handle real-world events that could disrupt the formation, thus, requiring formation repair, obstacle avoidance, and changes in the formation. In previous work, we presented a distributed, reactive cellular automata-based formation control architecture capable of controlling any number of robots in formation at once. In this paper, we examine our architecture with respect to necessary characteristics to handle real-world occurrences. To address issues of formation repair and obstacle avoidance, the control architecture is extended by a distributed auctioning method that allows the robot formation to reconfigure autonomously.
GESTURAL BEHAVIOR: CAUSES AND QUESTIONS '

Summary.-Previous research has shown that nonverbal gestures can be externally cued using movies about insects as the stimulus. This study was designed to test whether 55 subjects (33 women and 22 men) reading and discussing a short passage would yield similar responses. Analysis indicated that nonverbal gestures can be externally cued by reading a passage and discussing it and that the frequency of these gestures varies with the subject matter being read/discussed. The literature on nonverbal gestures contains many differing opinions concerning the causes and reasons for exhibiting gestural behavior. This behavior includes any hand to body contact that has no clear-cut interpretation. Warrigan, Kues, and Weber (1986) refer to such behavior as selftouching. 7%; behavior in the present study will also be referred to as selftouching. There is disagreement as to what these behaviors indicate about an individual and whether these behaviors are internally or externally cued. There is evidence that self-touching behaviors may be internally cued. Studies have shown that there is an increase in self-touching behavior in situations which produce anxiety and that this contact with the body serves to relieve tension and reduce anxiety (Lecompte, 1981; Ruggieri, Celli, & Crescenzi, 1982). Ekman and Friesen (1969a, 196913) concluded that self-touching behaviors are learned through experience in childhood and help one adapt to his or her environment and satisfy internal or bodily needs. Ekman and Friesen (1974) also noted an increase in self-touching behaviors when a person experienced anxiety, discomfort, or guilt. In a later study, however, Ekman (1977) suggested that self-touching behaviors may also occur when a person is relaxed. Stokols, Smith, and Proster (1975) found that self-touching behavior aimed at reducing stress was observed when individuals felt crowded. There is also evidence that gestural behavior may be related to specific tasks an individual must perform. Barroso, Freedman, and Grand (1980) concluded that self-touching can be viewed as "external manifestations of arousal levels that lead to a narrower focus of attention," and Freedman and Bucci (1981) reported that subjects engaged in self-touching when they were trying to sheld themselves from interfering stimuli. On the other hand, it was suggested in a previous report by Wild, Johnson, and McBrayer (1983) that some self-touching behaviors have no interpretive or communicative value at all, but are merely responses (probably
The Provision of Insurance

AbstractLeading explanations of judicial independence argue political competition incentivizes those in power to create independent courts as insurance against uncertain futures. While much work addresses the role competition plays, little analyzes the fundamental assumption that courts provide political insurance. I offer an original hypothesis as to how independent courts provide insurance against post-tenure punishment and test this using data on the post-tenure fate of leaders from 1960 to 2004. Results show independence is associated with significantly higher probabilities of unpunished post-tenure fate. The article builds on and extends existing political insurance explanations and offers the first test of one of their critical assumptions.
Reframing the Presentation of Contraception Pregnancy Rates: Integrating Long-Term Planning and Dual Methods

The current presentation of contraception pregnancy rates fails to address long-term planning or dual method use. This work fills that gap by creating a presentation that deals with both important issues. Framing pregnancy rates beyond one year is important because individuals intend to use contraception beyond just that one year. Including dual methods is also important because of its low theoretical pregnancy rate, and 15% of contraception users take this approach. Further, future studies may benefit contraception users by including pregnancy rates for dual methods instead estimating them. This estimated calculation for the typical use of dual methods may violate assumptions within prediction models. Researchers should also gain accuracy by differentiating between simultaneous and alternating dual-method users because this classification yields different pregnancy rates. Finally, researchers should reconsider coding dual-method users as single method users. This practice artificially lowers the pregnancy rate for primary methods.
A method to determine the mode of binding for GCPII inhibitors using bio-layer interferometry

The rapid dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complex assay to monitor the recovery of enzyme activity is a well-established assay to determine the reversibility of inhibition. Our laboratory has previously employed this method to ascertain the reversibility of known glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII)-targeting agents. Due to the tedious and time-consuming nature of the assay, we sought to develop a facile method to determine the reversibility of well-characterized GCPII inhibitors using bio-layer interferometry (BLI). The results from the BLI assay are in agreement with the rapid dilution method. Herein, we report for the first time, a rapid, novel real-time BLI method to determine reversibility of inhibition.
Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlxGa1-xN Multi Quantum Wells

Intersubband transitions (ISTs) in GaN/AlxGa1-xN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were investigated using an optical absorption technique. Several samples were grown by either Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) or Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) and were investigated using both normal incident and waveguide configurations. The waveguides were fabricated by dicing each sample into 2 mm wide by 5 mm long pieces with two facets polished at 45 degrees with respect to the surface such that light propagates across the sample's width. Preliminary results indicate that ISTs are observable in Si-doped and undoped GaN/AlxGa1-xN MQWs. The source of these charge carriers in the undoped samples are explained as being due to the spontaneous polarization effect which exists at the GaN/AlxGa1-xN interfaces where the GaN surface has Ga-polarity. Scanning Electron Microscopy indicates that a sample containing what appeared to be a large number of cracks and or hexagonal voids lacked the presence of ISTs.
Direct Actions of Volatile Anesthetics on the Coronary Vasculature

Blood vessels determine the distribution of cardiac output to the various body organs, and successful performance of this function necessitates a high degree of regulation of the vascular system. These regulatory processes involve both neurohumoral factors under nervous system control, and local control of vascular resistance within each bed being perfused. Thus, when attempting to understand the mechanisms of vascular action of hemodynamically active drugs such as halothane, it is important to distinguish their direct vascular effects (mediated by direct interaction of the anesthetic with the blood vessel) from their indirect vascular actions.
Surplus Disposal and Supply Control

This article presents a simple model showing the relationship which exists between the surplus disposal program and a program of voluntary supply control of agricultural products. Disposal of surpluses raises problems of their valuation and costs. Production control presents other cost considerations. Values of and actions by the committees of the U.S. Congress which control the farm price and surplus export programs hold the key to the entire complex. It is doubtful that the two programs can be successfully wedded to the satisfaction of those who are interested in minimizing costs, because the existential nature of a surplus disposal program predisposes the relevant Congressional committees to rationalize an expanded production. The authors feel that food-aid-for-economic-development possibly should be pushed more than in the past; but even here the values held by Congress, and not the opinions of economists, will prevail. SOME TIME ago Willard Cochrane proposed a marriage of foreign surplus disposal and domestic supply control for agricultural commodities.' Since that time, Cochrane has had many opportunities to convince the parties involved that matrimony would be in their respective interests. Also, there has been a great amount of activity and a volume of literature on both subjects.2 This article treats the terms and prospects for a marriage between these phenomena without delving into the conditions under which the parties can "live happily ever after." First to be presented is the analytical model for the marriage conditions; then some implications for the politics of the surplus export disposal programs. The practical implications may be read without the algebra, but the confrontation between the phenomena contained in the model is necessary for sound analysis and conclusions.
Protein metabolism among lobes of the rat liver in relation to site of radioisotope injection.

SummaryProtein metabolism among rat liver lobes was studied by leucine-3H injections coupled with liquid scintillation spectrometry of TCA-tungstate soluble and insoluble fractions. All liver lobes appeared to metabolize protein in identical fashion when the label was injected in the external jugular vein. On a per milligram of wet weight basis, the lobes exhibited similar values of radioactivity at the various experimental times. When this data was converted to total radioactivity per lobe a positive correlation was revealed between total lobe radioactivity and lobe weight. However, when the radioisotope was injected directly into the spleen, it was the right side of the liver which contained most radioactivity 15 min later. Whereas leucine-3H injection into the lumen of the jejunum resulted in lobes of the left side having most radioactivity 15 min later. This was interpreted as a crossing-over of streamlined blood flow in the rat portal vein under these experimental conditions.The authors gratefully ac...
Planning for Possibility: Opening Democracy in an Ordinary City

This article discusses a participatory planning process that opened democratic possibilities in Columbia, MO and argues that similar processes can and should be utilized to encourage broader participation in the public sphere. While grassroots participation is ideal, communities can use the language of dialogue and deliberation to turn instrumental processes toward more democratic outcomes. In the concluding remarks the author discusses both implications for research and the methods of political process organization that can help to create just and equal spaces.
Blade Element Momentum Modeling of Low-Reynolds Electric Propulsion Systems

A model for the propulsion system of a small-scale electric unmanned aerial system is presented. This model is based on a blade element momentum (BEM) model of the propeller, with corrections for tip losses, Mach effects, three-dimensional flow components, and Reynolds scaling. Particular focus is placed on the estimation of scale effects not commonly encountered in the full-scale application of the BEM modeling method. Performance predictions are presented for geometries representative of several commercially available propellers. These predictions are then compared with experimental wind tunnel measurements of the propellers’ performance. The experimental data support the predictions of the proposed BEM model and point to the importance of scale effects on prediction of the overall system performance.
Endocrine evaluation of testicular function

This article reviews currently available endocrine tests that are used to evaluate adult testicular function. In many patients, all that is needed is a thorough medical history and physical examination with measurement of total testosterone, FSH, and LH levels. For others, various secondary tests are appropriate. The usefulness and pitfalls of these endocrine tests are discussed.
Efficient quantum circuit simulation

Quantum-mechanical phenomena are playing an increasing role in information processing as transistor sizes approach the nanometer level, while the securest forms of communication rely on quantum data encoding. When they involve a finite number of basis states, these phenomena can be modeled as quantum circuits, the quantum analogue of conventional or "classical" logic circuits. Simulation of quantum circuits can therefore be used as a tool to evaluate issues in the design of quantum information processors. Unfortunately, simulating such phenomena efficiently is exceedingly difficult. The matrices representing quantum operators (gates) and vectors modeling quantum states grow exponentially with the number of quantum bits. The information represented by quantum states and operators often exhibits structure that can be exploited when simulating certain classes of quantum circuits. We study the development of simulation methods that run on classical computers and take advantage of such repetitions and redundancies. In particular, we define a new data structure for simulating quantum circuits called the quantum information decision diagram (QuIDD). A QuIDD is a compressed graph representation of a vector or matrix and permits computations to be performed directly on the compressed data. We develop a comprehensive set of algorithms for operating on QuIDDs in both the state-vector and density-matrix formats, and evaluate their complexity. These algorithms have been implemented in a general-purpose simulator program for quantum-mechanical applications called QuIDDPro. Through extensive experiments conducted on representative quantum simulation applications, including Grover's search algorithm, error characterization, and reversible circuits, we demonstrate that QuIDDPro is faster than other existing quantum-mechanical simulators such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology's QCSim program, and is far more memory-efficient. Using QuIDDPro, we explore the advantages of quantum computation over classical computation, simulate quantum errors and error correction, and study the impact of numerical precision on the fidelity of simulations. We also develop several novel algorithms for testing quantum circuit equivalence and compare them empirically. The QuIDDPro software is equipped with a user-friendly interface and is distributed with numerous example scripts. It has been used as a laboratory supplement for quantum computing courses at several universities.
The DC conductivity of polyimide film

Recently, fast transient dc conditions were used1 to study charge transport in polyimide film. Although originally interpreted in terms of thermally-assisted electron tunneling, these data were later shown to be consistent with dipolar orientation.2 Thus, information about the nature of charge transport in polyimide film must come from data on steady-state, rather than transient, currents.
Ethics and high-value care

High-value care (HVC) is en vogue, but the ethics of physicians' roles in the growing number of HVC recommendations demands further attention. In this brief report, we argue that, from the standpoint of individual physicians' primary commitments and duties to individual patients, not all HVC is ethically equal. Our analysis suggests that the ethical case for HVC may be both stronger and weaker than is ordinarily supposed. In some cases, HVC is not merely a 'good thing to do' but is actually ethically obligatory. In others, it is merely permissible-or even ethically suspect. More importantly, we suggest further that understanding HVC as ethically 'obligatory, permissible, or suspect' has implications for the design and implementation of strategies that promote HVC. For example, it questions the use of adherence to certain HVC recommendations as a physician performance metric, which may already be occurring in some contexts. Properly construed, ethics does not threaten HVC but can instead help shape HVC in ways that preserve the fundamental values of the medical profession.
The Outlook for Rural Sociology

A recent report from the Rural Life Section of the United States Department of Agriculture indicates that there are approximately five hundred colleges and universities in this country offering one or more courses in rural sociology. Many Agricultural Experiment Stations also are now planning to carry on research investigations in this subject, and extension work in rural sociology is beginning to develop. Such summary statements indicate that rural sociology has made commendable progress since the Country Life Commission made its report in 1909. There are, however, some matters of importance which rural sociologists and other persons interested in rural welfare will need to think about if the subject is to continue its development and make the contribution to human knowledge which may logically be expected of it. There is still a rather widespread though unfounded belief among college students and teachers that rural sociology has special relationship to the farm and that it is intended primarily for those who plan to live in the country. This impression is unjustified today, however, because, first and foremost, rural sociology is a study of rural life in its theoretical as well as its practical aspects. A knowledge and synthesis of facts and theories relating to rural life is essential to a wellbalanced education, no matter where the student expects to live. According to the United States census for 1920, approximately fortyeight per cent of our total population is still classed as rural. Surely such a large part of the population warrants careful thought and study. It is difficult to imagine how there can be intelligent cooperation between the farm population and other groups in society if a large percentage of any group is unfamiliar with social conditions in rural communities, or is unable to interpret the conditions which are observed, in the light of sound economic and social theory. Instruction in rural sociology needs to be presented in such a way that it orientates students in the subject and trains them to think accurately and constructively about the problems relating to rural life. Careful teaching, which will emphasize these objectives, will do much to clarify the ideas that are now extant about the purpose and scope of this subject. At the present time research work in rural sociology is in a rather peculiar position. The time is at hand when persons interested in rural life realize, as never before, the need of sociological facts to help them in formulating constructive programs for rural development. Quite naturally leaders are turning to rural sociologists and to agricul-
Income Inequality and Depression Prevalence Across the United States: An Ecological Study

710 Research has shown a relationship between income inequality and poor health. This column reports findings from a state-level study of the relationship between income inequality and the prevalence of depression. Estimates of depression prevalence by state, obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, were linked with Gini coefficients for U.S. household income, obtained from the Census Bureau. The current prevalence of depression was significantly associated with income inequality—the more unequal, the higher the depression prevalence. The association persisted after adjustment for income per capita, percentage of the population with a college degree, and percentage over age 65 years. (Psychiatric Services 62:710–712, 2011)
Case 33: At Times You Need to Be a MacGyver

You find yourself in a foreign land on a medical mission with plastic surgeons repairing facial deformities. As the only anesthesiologist, you are in charge of the anesthesia equipment. You are requested to anesthetize a large man (180 kg) for removal of scars from his face. His neck is over 40 cm in diameter. Unfortunately, your box with airway equipment like a fiber-optic scope, gum elastic bougies, etc. has not yet arrived. Through a translator (you don’t speak his language) you tell him them you would like to attempt an awake intubation under local anesthesia. The patient is terrified and wants to be asleep. You realize that you may need to have a gum elastic bougie as a backup. You start looking for possible ways of making a bougie from what you have available. The 18 Fr nasogastric tube would be too soft and the suction catheters you have are too short.
Manner-of-speaking that-complements as close apposition structures

An elusive property of that -clauses following manner-of-speaking verbs is that they do not behave like that -clauses following other non-factive verbs when it comes to the availability of wh -extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Non-factive that -clauses allow wh -extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop, but manner-of-speaking that -clauses resist them. In addition, the behavior of manner-of-speaking that -clauses patterns with noun complement clauses and that -clauses following the pronoun it . In this paper, I argue that the referential and adjunct status of manner-of-speaking that -clauses, noun complement clauses and that -clauses following the pronoun it is responsible for their shared restrictions on wh -extraction, main clause phenomena and complementizer drop. Specifically, I argue all three of these that -clauses are referential adjuncts in a close apposition relationship with a nominal object.
Weak Inequalities for Exit Times and Analytic Functions

We give a method for obtaining inequalities of the form $$ \mathop {\sup}\limits_{\lambda >0} \Phi \left( \lambda \right)P\left( {f >\lambda } \right) \leq \,c \mathop {\sup}\limits_{\lambda >0} \Phi \,(\lambda)P\left( {g >\lambda } \right)$$ (1) and then use it to obtain some results about exit times of Brownian motion and analytic functions supplementing those of [3].
A Protocol for Deriving Values for Δ fus H m (298.15 K) and Δ vap H m (298,15 K). Applications in Obtaining Δ sub H m (298.15 K)

An indirect method for obtaining sublimation enthalpies is described. The method consists of combining experimental or estimated fusion enthalpies adjusted to 298.15 K with either vaporization enthalpies measured at elevated temperatures and adjusted for temperature or obtained directly at 298.15 K by correlation gas chromatography. Some relationships used to adjust phase change enthalpies with temperature are discussed and their use is demonstrated on a series of compounds. These equations are used to adjust the fusion enthalpies of hydrocarbons to 298.15 K. The corresponding fusion entropies at 298.15 K are parameterized using group additivity relationships and the resulting group values are used to estimate fusion entropies and enthalpies at 298.15 K. The techniques discussed are applied to the evaluation of the sublimation enthalpies of perylene and coronene.