cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorophyll-Binding Proteins in Cyanobacteria

A main difference in the photosynthetic apparatus in thylakoids of cyanobacteria and plants is the light-harvesting antenna. In plants, light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) proteins are the main component of the antenna (reviewed in [1]), whereas in cyanobacteria phycobilisomes constitute the peripheral antenna system (see [2] for a review). In cyanobacteria, all chlorophyll was thought to be associated with reaction center complexes. Indeed, most of the chlorophyll in cyanobacteria is associated with the photosystem I (PS I) reaction center, as upon deletion of the PS I complex in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 the amount of chlorophyll per cell is reduced to about 15% of the amount in wild type [3]. However, the concept of all chlorophyll to be associated with reaction centers was proven to be an oversimplification as upon genetic deletion of both PS I and photosystem II (PS II) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 chlorophyll still remained in the organism in apparently protein-bound form [4]. The existence of additional chlorophyll-binding proteins was also suggested from the ratio of chlorophyll and PS II observed in PS I-less Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 strains: this ratio is 100–110 [3], which is at least twice the number of chlorophylls present in isolated oxygen-evolving PS II core complexes [5,6].
Remediable chronic pancreatitis.

In any discussion of pancreatitis the chief obstacle in communication is a lack of agreement as to what is meant by the terms acute, chronic, and recurrent pancreatitis. This is due not only to a wide range of subjective clinical manifestations, but also to incomplete histories, variable patient backgrounds, and differing types of referral practices represented in published data.
A Rhumba of "R's": Replication, Reproducibility, Rigor, Robustness: What Does a Failure to Replicate Mean?

Widespread reports of failures to replicate have undermined confidence in published scientific findings. This is especially critical for preclinical studies that were seen as steppingstones to novel therapies. Recognizing the importance of publishing replication studies and reporting negative data, eNeuro will consider such articles; failed preclinical tests are especially welcomed. Here, I consider how failures to replicate should be interpreted and suggest possible new journal practices. “Rhumba” is a collection term for a group of rattlesnakes, and there is growing concern about a rhumba of “R’s” (replication, reproducibility, rigor, robustness), AKA, the “replication/reproducibility crisis”. Widespread reports of failures to replicate key findings have undermined public confidence in scientific research. Concerns about lack of reproducibility have led to initiatives by scientific societies, journals, and funding agencies to improve scientific rigor with the assumption that this will improve reproducibility. One of the explicit editorial policies of eNeuro is to consider articles reporting negative results and failures to replicate; failed preclinical tests are especially welcomed. Given this, it’s important to consider how one should interpret failures to replicate when they are published. The first thing to emphasize is that a failure to replicate doesn’t mean that there is any suspicion of scientific misconduct. A failure to replicate a study published in a peer-reviewed journal simply means that similar results were not found. There are many reasons why this may be the case including that the initial study is correct and the replication study is flawed. Thus, a failure to replicate is simply a call to attention that there is a discrepancy. When fundamental biological findings are not replicated, science will hopefully self-correct eventually (but see, Ioannidis, 2012). In the interim, faulty conclusions impede the advancement of knowledge and may lead to further faulty conclusions. In studies involving animal models of diseases or disorders, …
Fractures in children

Fractures in children differ in many ways from fractures in adults and often require a different approach to treatment. These differences, and their impact on the management of pediatric fractures, are discussed and principles of treatment are reviewed.
Deportation and Robbery: The Roma Targets of Romanianization

Among Romania’s non-Jewish ethnic minorities, the Roma were subjected to the harshest persecutory measures during the Antonescu regime: secret administrative decisions, forced registration as “dangerous” and “undesirable” Roma, arrest, seizure of property, and deportation to Transnistria. Antonescu’s radical policies, such as Romanianization, prompted Roma and non-Roma citizens of World War II Romania, including those of Bucharest, to react. Overall, Romanianization targeted part of the Roma community, and a number of Bucharest’s Roma lost their assets, jobs, and freedom when they were deported to Transnistria.1
Remote aspiration thrombectomy in large vessel acute ischemic stroke

The use of balloon guide catheters in acute ischemic stroke intervention has been associated with improved reperfusion rates and clinical outcomes. This technique acts by promoting flow arrest and subsequent reversal to capture the thrombus debris that may be generated during the clot retrieval process. However, to the best of our knowledge, the use of BGC to remotely aspirate and remove intracranial thrombus has not been previously described. We report a three case series of patients with acute ischemic stroke from supraclinoidal internal carotid artery occlusions treated with remote aspiration thrombectomy through a BGC placed at the cervical internal carotid artery, leading to complete reperfusion without the need for intracranial catheterization. Remote thrombectomy in the setting of intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion may constitute a relatively fast and inexpensive initial thrombectomy maneuver. Further investigation is warranted.
POSTER: Security Enhanced Administrative Role Based Access Control Models

Administrative rights are more powerful permissions and checking accountability of execution of admin rights is an important security measure. Most of the administrative RBAC models distribute rights to multiple administrators. Though such decentralized security management has difficulties in checking admin accountability, it is more efficient compared to centralized approach, particularly in large organizations. We introduced administrative obligations in ARBAC as a way to improve the accountability of admin users in the decentralized systems. The proposed approach would reduce the potential of security risk and improve accountability of security administrators. As the cloud and mobile applications are becoming integral part of business information systems, ensuring the accountability of admins play a vital role in system security. Obligations are well studied feature in the security literature and adding them into security administration would open up many possibilities for future developments in this direction.
American Latinos and the Making of the United States: A Theme Study

The National Park System Advisory Board, its National Historic Landmarks Committee, and a panel of American Latino scholars launched “American Latinos and the Making of the United States: A Theme S...
38. Pharmacological Regulation of Vesicular Trafficking as a Strategy to Enhance Recombinant AAV Transduction

Vector dose-related toxicity has been highlighted as a potential safety concern in recent preclinical studies and clinical trials with recombinant AAV vectors. Thus, investigation of strategies to enhance AAV transduction may allow for administration of lower vector doses, thereby mitigating toxicity. Several host cell factors have been shown to restrict viral infection during post-entry trafficking steps through a variety of mechanisms. In the case of AAV, the 26S proteasome is thought to reduce transduction efficiency by restricting nuclear entry via ubiquitin-dependent capsid degradation. The AAA+ ATPase p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a segregase and unfoldase which is closely associated with the proteasomal degradation pathway and disassembles multimeric protein complexes for subsequent processing. VCP modulates numerous cellular processes ranging from endosomal sorting to autophagy and ER-associated degradation. In the current study, we sought to determine whether VCP plays a role as a restriction factor in the AAV infectious pathway. Chemical inhibition of VCP by Eeyarestatin I (EerI) increased AAV transduction by nearly an order of magnitude in a cell type and serotype independent manner. This effect was associated with increased recovery of viral genomes and capsid accumulation within the nucleus, but not cell surface binding or uptake. Interestingly, VCP appears to restrict AAV infection by regulating vesicular trafficking of viral particles. In particular, VCP inhibition redistributes AAV capsids to Rab7 and LAMP1 positive vesicles, while simultaneously disrupting capsid association with syntaxin-5 positive vesicles recently shown to be essential for Golgi transport. These results support the notion that AAV vesicular transport can be redirected to enhance transduction efficiency. In summary, our results identify VCP as a novel host restriction factor that regulates the post-entry trafficking of recombinant AAV vectors, and highlight VCP as a potential target for modulating AAV transduction in the clinic.
Prescribing Methadone Safely

Methadone is an opioid with unique pharmacokinetic characteristics that has been utilized for maintenance therapy for the past 5 decades and more recently has gained popularity for the management of chronic malignant and nonmalignant pain. Its low cost, high analgesic efficacy, and prolonged half-life, makes it a desirable analgesic. On the other hand, its unpredictable half-life, and possible dose-dependent prolongation of the QTc interval that predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias, requires a clear understanding of its unique pharmacokinetics, metabolism, possible drug–drug interactions to avoid morbidity and mortality associated to its use. In this chapter we will address some of the peculiar aspects of methadone that differentiates it from other medications that belong to the same analgesic family and provide guidance on safe-prescribing practices.
632. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Gene Therapy Prevented Bone Loss in an Ovariectomy Induced Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Osteoporosis is a major healthcare burden affecting mostly postmenopausal women characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fragility fracture. Although pathogenesis of this disease is complex, inflammation is clearly involved in bone loss at menopause. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies hold great potential for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Human alpha-1 antitrypsin (hAAT) is a multifunctional protein that has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of hAAT against bone loss. In vitro studies showed that hAAT significantly inhibited osteoclast formation and function in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of hAAT inhibited M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) induced cell surface RANK receptor expression by downregulating cFos mRNA expression. To test the protective effect of hAAT in an osteoporosis mouse model, we treated ovariectomized (OVX) mice with rAAV8-CB-hAAT, or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infected with a lentiviral vector expressing hAAT (MSC-Lenti-hAAT) or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Sham operated age-matched animals were used as controls. Eight weeks after the treatment, animals were sacrificed and subjected to µCT scanning for the evaluation of vertebral bone microarchitecture. Gene and stem cell-based hAAT therapies significantly increased bone volume density, trabecular number and decreased structure model index compared to PBS injection in OVX mice. Gene therapy also increased connectivity, density and trabecular thickness compared to PBS injection in OVX mice. We also observed that both therapies inhibited RANK gene expression in bone, which is consistent with the results of our in vitro study. These results demonstrate that hAAT gene and MSCs based therapies mitigate ovariectomy-induced bone loss in a mouse model, possibly through inhibition of osteoclast formation by reducing RANK gene expression. Considering the safety profile of the hAAT and rAAV vector in human, our results provide a new insight for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Overtightening of the syndesmosis revisited and the effect of syndesmotic malreduction on ankle dorsiflexion

Abstract Background Ankle syndesmotic injuries are a significant source of morbidity and require anatomic reduction to optimize outcomes. Although a previous study concluded that maximal dorsiflexion during syndesmotic fixation was not required, methodologic weaknesses existed and several studies have demonstrated improved ankle dorsiflexion after removal of syndesmotic screws. The purposes of the current investigation are: (1) To assess the effect of compressive syndesmotic screw fixation on ankle dorsiflexion utilizing a controlled load and instrumentation allowing for precise measurement of motion. (2) To assess the effect of anterior & posterior syndesmotic malreduction after compressive syndesmotic screw fixation on ankle dorsiflexion. Material and methods Fifteen lower limb cadaveric leg specimens were utilized for the study. Ankle dorsiflexion was measured utilizing a precise micro-sensor system after application of a consistent load in the (1) intact state, (2) after compression fixation with a syndesmotic screw and (3) after anterior & (4) posterior malreduction of the syndesmosis. Results Following screw compression of the nondisplaced syndesmosis, dorsiflexion ROM was 99.7 ± 0.87% (mean ± standard error) of baseline ankle ROM. Anterior and posterior malreduction of the syndesmosis resulted in dorsiflexion ROM that was 99.1 ± 1.75% and 98.6 ± 1.56% of baseline ankle ROM, respectively. One-way ANOVA was performed showing no statistical significance between groups (p-value = 0.88). Two-way ANOVA comparing the groups with respect to both the reduction condition (intact, anatomic reduction, anterior displacement, posterior displacement) and the displacement order (anterior first, posterior first) did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect (p-value = 0.99). Conclusion Maximal dorsiflexion of the ankle is not required prior to syndesmotic fixation as no loss of motion was seen with compressive fixation in our cadaver model. Anterior or posterior syndesmotic malreduction following syndesmotic screw fixation had no effect on ankle dorsiflexion. Poor patient outcomes after syndesmotic malreduction may be due to other factors and not loss of dorsiflexion motion. Level of Evidence: IV
Is Keratin-18 only a Marker of Cell Death in Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure?

Acute liver failure (ALF) due to a variety of causes has been well established clinically for a number of decades (1). An intense research focus has recently been generated in the realm of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), especially in light of the high number of cirrhotic patients that eventually present to the clinic (2). The pathology and clinical history of ACLF is poorly understood and due to its nebulous clinical nature, there are no current mainline treatments.
A Comparative Analysis of Spiritual Direction and Psychotherapy

The present study was a comparative analysis of spiritual direction and psychotherapy. Sixty-eight spiritual directors and fifty psychotherapists responded to questionnaires surveying their goals, ...
Skillful Climate Forecasts of the Tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean Using Model-Analogs

AbstractSeasonal forecasts made by coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (CGCMs) undergo strong climate drift and initialization shock, driving the model state away from its long-term...
Time-restricted feeding of a high-fat diet in male C57BL/6 mice reduces adiposity but does not protect against increased systemic inflammation.

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) limits the duration of food availability without altering diet composition and can combat obesity in humans and mice. For this study we evaluated the effect of timing ...
The Use of the Multiple Intelligences Inventory in the Classroom

(2006). The Use of the Multiple Intelligences Inventory in the Classroom. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 159-162.
Comparison of three radiation dosimetry models for Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolotherapy

209 Objectives Quantify differences of 3 dosimetry models for treatment of hepatic tumors with 90Y-microsphere radioembolotherapy (RE). Methods The 90Y microsphere (SIR-Spheres, Sirtex Medical, Australia) package insert recommends a cumulative liver dose Results The mean absolute liver mass difference was 0.64kg between CTB & SM and 0.42kg between CTB & WTB. Lung doses (3–12Gy) were similar between all 3 models with mean difference 0.1±1.5Gy. WTB & CTB non-tumor liver doses (4–31Gy) were similar with mean difference 0.7±5.5Gy but lower than SM by ~28Gy. WTB & CTB tumor doses (63–227Gy) were similar with mean difference 10±35Gy but higher than SM by ~65Gy. Conclusions The more realistic WTB or CTB models, that incorporate patient anatomical and functional data, yielded lower normal liver but similar lung doses than SM, and therefore should be the preferred methodology for 90Y RE treatments.
THREE AVIAN PANCREATIC HORMONES

Publisher Summary The avian pancreas is a discrete lobular structure with well-defined clefts or morphological folds. This organ arises from two duodenal outpocketings in the embryo, one from the dorsal gut and the other from the ventral gut; both of which merge and develop into approximately 99% exocrine and 1% endocrine tissue. The restriction of most of the glucagon-secreting cells to the splenic lobe allows one to remove, somewhat selectively, the majority of the insulin-secreting mass by dorsal-ventral lobectomy or the glucagon-secreting area by splenic-third lobectomy. Biologically, the avian insulin molecule appears equally effective in vitro and in vivo when compared with beef, sheep, and pork insulins. The primary peripheral receptor sites for avian insulin appears to be all three types of muscle, probably the liver and, to a much lesser degree, the adipocyte. The result of avian insulin action is hypoglycemia due to the intracellular translocation of glucose, glyoogenesis, and probably a permissive synergistic effect with that of glucagon.
Exploring social media use in university crisis communication: An experiment to measure impact on perceived crisis severity and attitudes of key publics

This study seeks to investigate the impact of an exposure to a university's social media on publics’ perceptions during a crisis. Data from this study showed that participants (N = 269) expressed more favourable evaluations towards the university and their perceived severity was mitigated after viewing its official statement on university's Facebook posts. The results of this empirical research offer a meaningful suggestion to crisis communication scholars and practitioners interested in assessing the impact of universities’ statements in social media by providing ways to understand the importance of the organizational usage of social media during a crisis, why that is important, and why practitioners should make effective social media communication tactics a priority during a crisis.
Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) management in alfalfa by spring grazing with cattle.

The effect of continuous, intensive grazing by cattle on aphid populations was examined in the first growth cycle of ‘Alfagraze’ and ‘Apollo’ alfalfa which are tolerant and not tolerant to grazing, respectively. Populations were almost entirely pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). The effect of grazing on aphid populations was examined in small plot exclusion studies in 1991 and 1992, and the effects of grazing and use of an early insecticide application with ≤7 day grazing restriction were examined in large plot exclusion trials in 1993 and 1994. Grazing reduced aphid populations by 66% to 90% when numbers exceeded ~1 aphid per stem. Populations were not significantly reduced by grazing when numbers did not exceed 1 per stem. Permethrin reduced aphid numbers for up to 7 wks and was more effective than carbofuran. Effects of grazing were similar regardless of insecticide usage. Coccinellid beetle populations in 1993 and 1994 were composed of Coccinella septempunctata L., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), an...
Pathology of the Aorta: Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Conditions Predisposing to Aneurysm Formation, Dissection, and Rupture

Diseases of the aorta can affect men, women, and patients of all ages. Aortic atherosclerosis is particularly prevalent; as it progresses, patients are at risk for long-term complications such as aortic aneurysms, dissections, and rupture. A variety of inflammatory and noninflammatory aortic disease processes, however, can result in similar manifestations. While the etiology of aortic disease may vary, significant morbidity and mortality persists despite advances in medical and surgical management. Close correlation of histopathologic findings with clinical presentation and radiologic results can be critical in elucidating the disease process and improving patient care.
6th International Conference on Cucurbiturils (ICCB2019): Athens, Ohio, USA, July 21-24th

The most recent International Conference on Cucurbiturils (ICCB) was held at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. The three-day meeting included the latest advancements in the basic and applied science...
Chapter 12 – Cell Cultivation

How does a cell become a “machine” or workhorse? There are two basic methods of cell cultivation: batch and continuous. Batch cultivations are commonly applied in pharmaceutical and food productions. Strict quality control up to the detailed process flow sheet by FDA, and the commonly low production rate are the main reasons for batch operations, among others. The primary form of continuous culture is a steady state continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) or chemostat. A chemostat ensures a time-invariant chemical environment for the cell cultivation. The growth rate can be directly manipulated and substrate concentration in the reactor is low, which can promote a desired product formation. The productivity of chemostat increases with increasing dilution rate to a maximum before sharply decreasing near the washout limit, which is affected by the endogenous needs and/or death rate. The growth and/or product formation patterns can be different between batch and continuous cultivations; for example, a lag-phase in batch and metabolic overflow (or Crabtree) effect in a continuous system. The use of cell recycle with a CSTR increases volumetric productivity and has found use in large-volume, consistent production demand and low-product-value processes (eg, waste treatment and fuel-grade ethanol production), as well as increased use in high-product-value processes (eg, pharmaceutical applications using perfusion systems with mammalian cells). Both analytical and graphical methods of solutions have been demonstrated in examples. To mimic the continuous culturing for high productivity and control while maintaining the certainty of a batch, one can employ fed-batch operations. Continuous culturing and mimicked continuous culturing can avoid the overflow metabolism (formation of side metabolites, such as acetate for Escherichia coli, lactic acid in cell cultures, ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and oxygen limitation (anaerobiosis), which is often associated with batch culturing.
CARM1 inhibition reduces histone acetyltransferase activity causing synthetic lethality in CREBBP/EP300 -mutated lymphomas

Somatic mutations affecting CREBBP and EP300 are a hallmark of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). These mutations are frequently monoallelic, within the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain and usually mutually exclusive, suggesting that they might affect a common pathway, and their residual WT expression is required for cell survival. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found that inhibition of CARM1 activity (CARM1i) slows DLBCL growth, and that the levels of sensitivity are positively correlated with the CREBBP/EP300 mutation load. Conversely, treatment of DLBCLs that do not have CREBBP/EP300 mutations with CARM1i and a CBP/p300 inhibitor revealed a strong synergistic effect. Our mechanistic data show that CARM1i further reduces the HAT activity of CBP genome wide and downregulates CBP-target genes in DLBCL cells, resulting in a synthetic lethality that leverages the mutational status of CREBBP/EP300 as a biomarker for the use of small-molecule inhibitors of CARM1 in DLBCL and other cancers.
Does Genetics Play a Role in Acute Liver Injury After Amoxicillin Exposure

Amoxicillin-clavulanate has long been associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and although approximately 4 times less common, amoxicillin has also been implicated. Many studies have associated possible genetic factors with susceptibility to DILI, but there is currently no literature with evidence of instances of DILI within the same family. Two sisters presented with similar symptoms and signs of liver injury including jaundice, scleral icterus, abdominal pain, and anorexia with transaminitis and abnormal coagulation studies. Both sisters were started on amoxicillin approximately 2-3 weeks before presentation. They both had progression of the liver injury, and on biopsies, they had similar findings indicative of DILI as well.
Self-reported Exercise Frequency and PTSD: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

Objective Physical exercise may serve as a protective factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but little is known about whether physical exercise is associated with PTSD in population-based samples of military veterans. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data on the relation between self-reported physical exercise frequency and the prevalence of probable PTSD in a nationally representative sample of 2832 U.S. military veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Results A "U-shaped" association best explained the relation between self-reported exercise frequency and the prevalence of probable PTSD. Compared to veterans without probable PTSD, those with probable PTSD were nearly twice as likely to report no weekly exercise (52.3% vs. 29.3%) or daily (7 days/week) exercise (15.2% vs. 8.5%) and were nearly half as likely to report exercising a median of 3.5 days/week (32.6% vs. 62.1%). No exercise was associated with greater severity of emotional numbing and lower severity of anxious arousal symptoms, while daily exercise was associated with greater severity of re-experiencing symptoms. Conclusions Results of this study suggest a "U-shaped" association between self-reported exercise frequency and the prevalence of probable PTSD among U.S. veterans. Veterans with probable PTSD were more likely than those without probable PTSD to report not exercising at all or exercising every day and were less likely to report exercising 1-6 days per week. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
How to Decouple and Cloak Interleaved Phased Arrays

In this paper, we show how metasurface cloaks can be used for decoupling and cloaking of interleaved planar phased arrays operating at neighboring frequencies. Accordingly: (a) the two arrays occupy one quarter of the area they would occupy in the case of being separated traditionally and (b) The arrays operate independently, and beam scanning can be achieved with frequency diversity. In this regard, the arrays act as if they were isolated and do not sense the presence of each other.
Cultural cringe: how caste and class affect the idea of culture in social media

TikTok is a necessary platform in cultural production. With its affordance of a quick 15 second video, automatic sound, availability of a range of sounds (including regional music/sounds) and in-bu...
Razing the Funhouse

Whether as a scholar or just an ordinary thoughtful person, one cannot completely ignore history. At the same time, the past is annoying, used to promote a whole host of agendas in the guise of tradition, legitimacy, respect. Michael Risch’s engaging and just plain fun article looks at America’s First Patents and asks about the relevance of history to law. The engagement with history might seem particularly irrelevant for the field of intellectual property with its concern for the new, new thing and for progress. Why should the past matter? As Professor Risch shows, while intellectual property policy is concerned with the future, understanding its moorings in the past provides perspective on how to shape intellectual property law. Progress is as much about cumulative creation as it is about erasure. Of course, as with much legal argumentation, one needs to sift and winnow through the record and separate rhetoric from insight. I think that is Professor Risch’s primary goal in his examination of the first patents. Judges appeal to history in deciding contemporary patent cases, but it seems that they use the purported historical record in a purely instrumental way. Like any good scholar, Professor Risch shows us that the reality is more complicated than what we take to be historical fact. Although he may have overstated the claim, George Santayana struck a kernel of truth in observing that forgetting history results in reliving it over and over. Avoiding that eternal recurrence is to recognize the study of history as a sort of travel, an engagement in comparative thinking. To study history is to travel to a different mindset and understand the local customs and ways of living. Those experiences, if sufficiently deep and genuine, can be beneficial. History is a series of experiments, some successful, most failed. The problem is that history by itself does not give us a metric to gauge what is success and what is failure. That’s why originalism as a mode of interpretation and as a basis for legal policy cannot really take us anywhere. It is not much of a trip if your roadmap and compass are centuries old. The mismatch between historical method and normative signposts is ultimately what I found unsatisfying about Professor Risch’s article. By analyzing America’s first patents, the article engages in originalism of sorts. But the point is to show how complex the historical record is.
Impact of the Benguela coastal low-level jet on the southeast tropical Atlantic SST bias in a regional ocean model

The current generation of coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models, which are widely used for studying the dynamics of the climate system and to make projections of future climate, suffers from erroneously warm (exceeding 5 °C) sea surface temperature (SST) simulation in the eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. While recent improvements in the horizontal resolution of coupled model components helped to alleviate this issue in the North and South Pacific and North Atlantic oceans, the warm bias in the Southeast Tropical Atlantic (SETA) region still remains above 5 °C. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inaccuracies in the near-coastal winds, especially in the Benguela low-level coastal jet (BLLCJ), in the formation of this warm SST bias. In addition, unique ocean circulation features like the poleward flowing coastal current and the presence of a strong coastal SST front were argued to contribute to the complexity in simulating realistic SST in the SETA region. In this study, we investigate how ocean model resolution and the spatial structure and strength of the BLLCJ affect the SST warm bias in the SETA. We conducted a suite of ocean model experiments with varying horizontal resolutions (81–3 km) and different atmospheric forcing products. We found that the accuracy in the magnitude of BLLCJ’s alongshore component and in the spatial structure of BLLCJ are the primary factors in reducing the warm SST bias in SETA and the ocean model horizontal resolution is of only secondary importance. A weaker alongshore component of the BLLCJ leads to a weaker upwelling through Ekman transport and fails to generate a downwind equatorward surface jet in the ocean. When the core of the BLLCJ is too far offshore, the broad wind stress curl zone gives rise to anomalous poleward depth integrated flow through Sverdrup balance and weakens the wind stress curl induced Ekman pumping near the coast. Both the presence of a poleward current, which can transport warm equatorial waters farther south, and the absence of the equatorward surface jet contributes to the warm SST bias. Heat budget analysis shows that the contribution from the anomalous poleward flow is a bigger contributor to the warm bias than the weak upwelling. With more realistic, high-resolution winds, an ocean model resolution increase from 27 to 9 km slightly reduces the extent and magnitude of SST bias. However, no such improvement occurs with coarse resolution less realistic winds. Sensitivity experiments using atmospheric forcing fields from different sources confirm that the major contribution to the warm SST bias is in fact from the erroneous winds rather than other atmospheric forcing fields like net shortwave and downward longwave radiation. Further studies are needed to understand whether eddy heat advection or mean flow heat advection primarily cause the warm SST bias.
A Survey to describe beef producer opinions on antibiotic use and consumer perceptions of antibiotics in the beef industry

Beef producers and veterinarians work together to improve cattle health and well-being. Antibiotic use and resistance is of interest to all involved in the beef industry, including beef consumers. A 26-question survey was developed by veterinarians at Kansas State University to explore antibiotic use and opinions on contemporary issues at the beef producer level. The survey was advertised throughout the United States and Canada via popular industry outlets. A total of 260 surveys were completed by beef producers from 43 states and 1 province in Canada. Beef producers operating cow-calf operations represented 88% of the respondents. Producers managing stocker, backgrounder, and feeder operations were represented in equal proportions in the remaining survey responses. Eighty-five percent (85%) of beef producers indicated they use the services of a veterinarian regularly, while only 23% reported that they have a written, documented, and signed veterinary-client-patient relationship. Participants indicated that they rarely use oral and injectable antibiotics. The most common indication for antibiotic use in cattle managed by respondents was for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease, foot rot, and pinkeye. Seventy-two percent (72%) of producers indicated that Beef Quality Assurance is an important industry program for addressing antibiotic use and prevention of antibiotic residues. When asked if familiar with the Veterinary Feed Directive rule, 81% of respondents indicated they had knowledge of the law. These data illustrate that beef producers are willing to share information about their production systems and management strategies, including information on antibiotic use in cattle.
Aporia of the Gift: Precision Medicine’s Obligations Without Expectations

In “Obligations of the Gift” Sandra Lee (2021) suggests that social norms of reciprocity and the expectations and obligations associated with gift-giving afford a framework for addressing social ju...
Digital Sampling Techniques for AC Josephson Standards at NRC-Canada

The paper describes research and development (R&D) work being conducted at the NRC in the field of ac Metrology to establish a Josephson based system to provide traceability to the SI to measurements of low frequency ac quantities via digital sampling techniques. Latest achievements suggest that measurement uncertainties bearing parts in 107 or much less for frequencies up to 1 kHz are attainable. The ongoing R&D efforts also tackle challenges related to extending the application of NRC Josephson systems to frequencies towards the MHz range using special digital sampling techniques aided by custom designed instrumentation.
Missed Opportunities for HIV Prevention in Perinatal Care Settings in the United States

Universal opt-out HIV screening in pregnancy is an essential intervention toward eliminating perinatal HIV transmission in the US. However, it fails to identify pregnant people who are HIV negative at the time of testing but are at ongoing risk for HIV acquisition. Those of us involved in caring for women living with HIV are acutely aware of the many diagnoses of HIV that might have been prevented if only a partner had been tested for HIV or preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) had been offered to a patient. This perspective article will review current recommendations, evidence-based interventions, and expert opinion to evaluate missed opportunities for HIV prevention in US perinatal care settings. We identified three barriers to implementation of HIV prevention strategies during pregnancy and breastfeeding: 1) HIV risk for women is underestimated and poorly defined in clinical practice; 2) Partner testing is challenging and implementation studies in the US are lacking; and 3) PrEP remains underutilized. In March 2020, the National Perinatal HIV Hotline convened a group of clinicians and researchers specializing in perinatal HIV care to a case-based discussion of missed opportunities in perinatal HIV prevention. From our review of the literature as well as expert opinions gathered in this discussion, we make recommendations for addressing these barriers.
Spontaneous Hip Dislocation Complicating the Management of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Arising Within a Plexiform Neurofibroma.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders. It can cause plexiform neurofibromas, leading to diffuse enlargement of a nerve or nerves within the body. There are benign in general, however, can cause significant symptoms due to their size, including bony erosion, pain, and joint instability. Unfortunately, they also have the capacity to become malignant by internal transformation into a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). The case presented here is a 27-year-old male with NF1 that was followed for years with a pelvic girdle plexiform neurofibroma whose course was complicated by transformation to MPNST and a spontaneous hip dislocation. He underwent excision, Girdlestone procedure, chemotherapy, and radiation. Unfortunately, he subsequently developed lung metastases and is part of a clinical trial with an MDM2 inhibitor and pembrolizumab.
Evolution of Learning in Technology Adoption: The case of the U.S. Soybean Seed Industry.

This paper examines how the evolution of learning affects technology adoption. We use a sequential adoption model that accounts for differences between forward-looking adopters, who consider future impacts of their learning, and myopic adopters, who only consider past learning. We apply the analysis to three panels of U.S. soybean farmers representing different stages of the genetically modified (GM) seed technology diffusion path. We show that uncertainty is considerably reduced over time due to increased learning efficiency. Our results indicate that a forward-looking model fits the early adopters and early majority stages better, while both models perform equally well in the laggard stage.
Organic management of apple flea weevil, a reemergent pest of commercial apples

Rhynchaenus pallicornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an economically significant pest of organically produced apples in Michigan. Although R. pallicornis has not been considered a pest of domesticated apples for over 50 years, it has recently reemerged with some organic producers experiencing >90 % yield loss as a result. We evaluated the effect of conventional and US Department of Agriculture: National Organic Program (NOP)-approved insecticides on adult R. pallicornis in the lab. Spinosad was the most effective organic compound tested (95.8 % mortality after 48 h). We then evaluated various application timings and rates of spinosad at commercial orchards. Applications of spinosad timed with the tight cluster stage of apple bud phenology caused the highest mortality of caged adults and significantly reduced the proportion of leaves with larval mines compared to an untreated control. Spinosad application significantly decreased the rate of parasitoid emergence from R. pallicornis larval leaf mines at one research site. The recommended application rate for spinosad in pome fruits is 219 ml/ha. We tested the efficacy of spinosad applied at 219 and 110 ml/ha for control of the summer generation of R. pallicornis. Half-rate applications (110 ml/ha) caused mortality similar to that of full-rate applications (219 ml/ha). Reduced application rates and informed application timings of spinosad may provide effective control of R. pallicornis while mitigating negative impacts on natural enemies.
THE ENDS OF AN ERA

So-called ‘millennial-scale’ climate variability refers to abrupt flips between a cold and a warm global climate at intervals of a few thousand years. The cause has generally been held to lie in oscillations of water flow in the North Atlantic. At a conference devoted to the topic, however, the Pacific entered the picture as the possible driving force behind these climate changes, raising the intriguing prospect that there might be a millennial-scale El Nino.
An optimum random forest model for prediction of genetic susceptibility to complex diseases

High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technologies make massive genotype data, with a large number of individuals, publicly available. Accessibility of genetic data makes genome-wide association studies for complex diseases possible. One of the most challenging issues in genome-wide association studies is to search and analyze genetic risk factors resulting from interactions of multiple genes. The integrated risk factor usually have a higher risk rate than single SNPs. This paper explores the possibility of applying random forest to search disease-associated factors for given case/control samples. An optimum random forest based algorithm is proposed for the disease susceptibility prediction problem. The proposed method has been applied to publicly available genotype data on Crohn's disease and autoimmune disorders for predicting susceptibility to these diseases. The achieved accuracy of prediction is higher than those achieved by universal prediction methods such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and previous known methods.
Rationing as a Proper Wartime Governmental Function

THE magnitude of the present global conflict has already outstripped the scope of all past wars. As a result of this, the public is being inconvenienced in various and sundry ways and is likely to be more than merely inconvenienced before the existing war is terminated. Against this somber backdrop of a rather foreboding future, the trials and tribulations of the last World War seem insignificant by comparison. Two things seem to have contributed to insuring that the inconveniences of the present war will develop into hardships of major importance, involving every segment of our civilian population. First, our enemies have acquired territories which contain substantial sources of supply of some of our basic raw materials. Second, the scope of unrestricted submarine warfare by our enemies has imposed severe shipping limitations upon certain imported consumer commodities. It has therefore been necessary for our Government to impose controls to prevent the reduction of existing stocks of materials below a point which might endanger this country's ability to successfully prosecute the present war. Certainly it has been necessary to husband drastically this country's basic critical materials so that its war production can be properly geared to full and complete utilization. War production control has thus been essentially a problem of cooirdination of the element of time so that the more important war plants can get first call on the most critical materials. On the other hand, so far as consumer's necessary goods are concerned, the problem is one primarily of an equitable distribution of the available stockpile. The priorities system is therefore used to effect war production control while an equitable apportionment of consumer's goods is obtained through the medium of rationing.'
A New Manufacturing Technology for Induction Machine Copper Rotors

The benefits of energy and operational cost savings from using copper rotors are well recognized. The main barrier to die casting copper rotors is short mold life. This paper introduces a new approach for manufacturing copper-bar rotors. Either copper, aluminum, or their alloys can be used for the end rings. Both solid-core and laminated-core rotors were built. High quality joints of aluminum to copper were produced and evaluated. This technology can also be used for manufacturing aluminum bar rotors with aluminum end rings. Further development is needed to study the life time reliability of the joint, to optimize manufacturing fixtures, and to conduct large-rotor tests.
Identity and Behavior of Xylem-Residing Bacteria in Rough Lemon Roots of Florida Citrus Trees

An aseptic vacuum extraction technique was used to obtain xylem fluid from the roots of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) rootstock of Florida citrus trees. Bacteria were consistently isolated from vascular fluid of both healthy and young tree decline-affected trees. Thirteen genera of bacteria were found, the most frequently occurring genera being Pseudomonas (40%), Enterobacter (18%), Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and other gram-positive bacteria (16%), and Serratia (6%). Xylem bacterial counts fluctuated seasonally. Bacterial populations ranged from 0.1 to 22 per mm3 of root tissue (about 102 to 2 × 104 bacteria per g of xylem) when bacterial counts were made on vascular fluid, but these numbers were 10- to 1,000-fold greater when aseptically homogenized xylem tissue was examined similarly. Some of the resident bacteria (4%) are potentially phytopathogenic. It is proposed that xylem bacteria have an important role in the physiology of citrus.
Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and protein, and physical-activity level are related to radial bone mass in young adult women

A cross-sectional study of 38 24-28-y-old Caucasian women was undertaken to identify associations between dietary factors, physical activity (PA), and radial bone measurements during the third decade. Measurements included radial bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density (BD), nutrient intakes, and PA patterns. PA and calcium intake were positively associated by multiple linear-regression analysis whereas protein and phosphorus were negatively associated with radial bone measurements (P < 0.05). Lean body mass was positively associated with mid BMC only (P = 0.0203). No significant effect of age on BD or BMC was observed. We conclude that in this sample of 24-28-y-old women BD and BMC did not differ by age, and behaviors that had a positive impact on radial bone measurements included at least moderate PA and adequate dietary calcium intake, whereas adverse dietary practices for BD included intakes of protein and phosphorus greater than recommended amounts.