cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods of Protein Structure Comparison

Despite its apparent simplicity, the problem of quantifying the differences between two structures of the same protein or complex is nontrivial and continues evolving. In this chapter, we described several methods routinely used to compare computational models to experimental answers in several modeling assessments. The two major classes of measures, positional distance-based and contact-based, are presented, compared, and analyzed. The most popular measure of the first class, the global RMSD, is shown to be the least representative of the degree of structural similarity because it is dominated by the largest error. Several distance-dependent algorithms designed to attenuate the drawbacks of RMSD are described. Measures of the second class, contact-based, are shown to be more robust and relevant. We also illustrate the importance of using combined measures, utility-based measures, and the role of the distributions derived from the pairs of experimental structures in interpreting the results.
Health Professions and Organization

The relation between professional workers and organizations over the years has been fraught with conflict, contradiction, and change, but with some evidence of increasing accommodation. Organizations are constructed around a logic emphasizing a division of labor among workers and coordination and control by managers. Professions emphasize the construction of workers with a broader range of skills who are granted autonomy to control their own work. As professionals increasingly work within organizations, these two logics must be reconciled. During most of the second half of the twentieth century, dual control systems were created: an administrative structure for nursing and service workers and a system of collegial control for the medical staff. Today, much more varied health care organizations have appeared, and in many of these, physicians are increasingly subordinated to managerial and market controls. Keywords: health; health administration; health behavior
Delta-sigma modulation applications in neutral-point clamped inverters

Delta-sigma modulators have been successfully applied to over-sampling digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital data converters. In addition, investigations have been pursued in power electronics applications such as switch-mode power supplies and switch-mode inverters. In this paper, delta-sigma modulation is investigated and applied to three-level neutral point clamped voltage source inverters. The high switching frequency power spectra density, common mode voltage reduction and low average switching frequency are discussed. The simulation results show that delta-sigma modulation can effectively reduce the magnitude of the switching frequency power density, increase the efficiency of the inverter and lower the common mode voltage. Experimental results substantiate the simulation results.
The Power of the Judiciary to Dismiss Criminal Charges after Several Hung Juries: A Proposed Rule to Control Judicial Discretion

In 1966 approximately five percent of the cases that proceeded to trial ended in deadlocked juries. That percentage has probably increased since then. The occurrence of a small percentage of deadlocked juries, however, is not necessarily a symptom that something is wrong with the criminal justice system. Instead, it may demonstrate that the system truly works. There will always be cases in which the requisite number of jurors simply cannot agree on a verdict.This article examines a separate issue: How many times may the state retry a defendant whom it has been unable to convict? At what point should the court simply refuse to hear the case and declare that an impasse has been reached? These questions implicate several legal, political, and ethical issues. This article concludes that double jeopardy is not the source of the courts' power to dismiss a prosecution after several hung juries. Another principle that may limit the prosecutor's right to repeated attempts to obtain a conviction is the courts' inherent power, also referred to as the courts' supervisory role, in the administration of justice. Several courts have already recognized this power to bar repeated prosecutions. Others have denied it. This article turns to an analysis of the principles that underlie and the significant cases that explore the nature of the courts' inherent power. This article also reviews the factors that the court should appropriately consider in exercising its discretion in a particular case and examines whether the dismissal should be with or without prejudice.
Complexity and organization in hydrology: A personal view

The hydrologic cycle is an exquisitely coordinated and balanced interaction between the atmosphere, the ocean, and the land that controls, among other things, the planet's temperature by moving large quantities of matter and energy. The system is incredibly complex with a myriad of positive and negative feedbacks acting at a variety of scales. Much of what we experience in our natural and altered environments results from these complex interactions. Surprisingly (or maybe not) this complexity many times results in beautifully organized expressions of the hydrologic state that are commonly amenable to fairly simple explanations. This paper illustrates hydrologic complexity and organization in the context of the author's and collaborator's work during the past decades, a lot published in Water Resources Research. Topics include the impact of soil moisture on the atmosphere and vice versa, the impact of deforestation on the Amazon cloud climate and precipitation, the estimation of surface energy and mass fluxes, the self-organization of landscapes and river basins over very long time periods, and the roles of vegetation on landscape evolution.
Beta-sheet antibiotic peptides as potential dental therapeutics.

Small, cysteine-rich, β-sheet peptide antibiotics are found throughout the Animalia. Though broad spectrum in potential, they may exert selective antimicrobial effects under certain conditions. We have explored the antimicrobial properties of two families of β-sheet peptide antibiotics, defensins and protegrins, against periodontopathic bacteria. The rabbit defensin NP-1 was active against facultative Gram-negative bacteria associated with early onset periodontitis, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the Capnocytophaga spp. Porcine protegrins showed even greater activity against those organisms, as well as against anaerobic bacteria associated with adult periodontitis, including Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Based on these observations, we believe that protegrin-like β-sheet peptide antibiotics may be useful dental therapeutics.
Computer-Aided Control Engineering Environment for the Synthesis of Nonlinear Control Systems

We describe a second-generation toolset for computer-aided nonlinear control system analysis and design based on sinusoidal-input describing function (SIDF) methods. There are two main elements in our CAD software: a simulation-based program for generating amplitude-dependent SIDF input/output models for nonlinear plants, and a frequency-domain nonlinear compensator design package. Both of these are described in detail. This software can treat very general nonlinear systems, with no restrictions as to system order, number of nonlinearities, configuration, or nonlinearity type. An overview of the application of this software to the ATB1000 Army test facility (comprising an electromechanical pointing system with flexible modes) will be provided, to illustrate the use and efficacy of these tools.
Estrogen Receptors α and β Prevalence of Estrogen Receptor β mRNA in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle and Transcriptional Effects

Background—Estrogens have vascular effects through the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs). In addition to ERα, the first ER to be cloned, a second subtype called ERβ has recently been discovered. Methods and Results—Using a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay that employs the same primer pair to simultaneously amplify ERα and ERβ transcripts, we found that ERβ is the ER form that is predominantly expressed in human vascular smooth muscle, particularly in women. The transcriptional effects of the 2 ERs in transfected HeLa cells differed. In response to 17β-estradiol, ERα is a stronger transactivator than ERβ at low receptor concentrations. However, at higher receptor concentrations, ERα activity self-squelches, and ERβ is a stronger transactivator. Tamoxifen has partial agonist effects with ERα but not with ERβ. Conclusions—The protective effects of estrogens in the cardiovascular system of women may be due to the genomic effects of ERβ in vascular tissue.
Evaluating groundwater in arid lands using airborne magnetic/EM methods An example in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico

In the southwestern United States, where water extraction is beginning to exceed the limited groundwater recharge, assessing regional aquifers is becoming increasingly important. Ideally, one would like to assess these aquifers over time to determine anthropogenic changes. In general, potable groundwater in the southwestern United States is more conductive than in the eastern or northwestern part of the country due to greater ion content. The latest generation of powerful airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems can directly image groundwater if it contains some dissolved solids and if it is under conditions of little or no human cultural interference.
Interhemispheric amplitude symmetry in the EEGs of full-term newborns.

Abstract RMS measurements of amplitude symmetry (derived from ratios between 4 homologous pairs of EEG derivations) were calculated for 45-sec digitized samples of typical active sleep and typical quiet sleep periods in 20 selected normal newborns at 21–70 h after term birth. In 10 of the 20 subjects repeat recordings were obtained 24 h after the original recordings and another set of measurements was calculated. The frequency distribution of the measurements obtained was approximately Gaussian. There was no consistent tendency toward asymmetry in the group or within any single subject either during active sleep or during quiet sleep for any of the 4 topographical areas (frontal, central, temporal and occipital). Correlation coefficients between values for frontal and central and for central and occipital areas were statistically significant but not high. Correlations between asymmetry measurements during active and quiet sleep were significant for 3 of the 4 topographical areas; that for the occipital area just failed to reach statistical significance. Correlation coefficients between values for day 1 and day 2 for the 10 subjects on whom 2 records were obtained were 0.26 (ns) for quiet sleep, 0.38 (P The importance of careful editing of raw data was emphasized. It was concluded that the observed deviations from symmetry in the present data are attributable to chance, and that the EEGs of normal full-term newborns are on the average characterized by amplitude symmetry between homologous areas of the 2 hemispheres. It was further tentatively concluded that amplitude ratios between homologous areas exceeding 2 : 1 can be considered as beyond normal limits in newborns, and that ratios between 4 : 3 and 2 : 1 can be considered suspicious. However, such deviations must be confirmed by a second EEG. Further quantitative studies, including studies of the EEGs of infants with demonstrated cerebral lesions, are needed before any firmer conclusions concerning the pathophysiological significance of amplitude asymmetry in newborns' EEGs can be reached.
A case of fetal diagnosis of noncompaction cardiomyopathy and coarctation of the aorta.

Background Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) cardiomyopathy is a rare form of cardiomyopathy. It is difficult to diagnose prenatally and therefore not well described in the fetal population. There have been a few reports in the literature detailing isolated cases of fetal and neonatal LVNC cardiomyopathy. Case Report We present a case of LVNC cardiomyopathy and coarctation of the aorta detected prenatally at 29 + 6 weeks of gestation with survival in infancy. This is the first case report in the literature describing the fetal diagnosis of noncompaction cardiomyopathy and associated coarctation of the aorta; a rare combination. Conclusion With a high index of suspicion, the antenatal diagnosis of noncompaction cardiomyopathy may improve neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Scott L. Spear, m.d., f.a.C.s. And steven p. Davison, m.d., d.d.s., f.a.C.s.

It is our good fortune to have Dr. Scott Spear and Dr. Steven Davison as guest editors for this edition of Seminars in Plastic Surgery on the topic of “New Trends in Reduction and Mastopexy.” I want to thank Drs. Spear and Davison personally for this outstanding edition and express my sincere thanks to all authors for their contributions. Dr. Spear is well known for his contributions in the field of breast reconstruction using implants as well as flaps. Dr. Spear received his medical degree from the University of Chicago and completed his general surgery residency at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston under Harvard Medical School in 1978 and completed his plastic surgery residency at the University of Miami in 1980. In addition Dr. Spear completed a Craniofacial Fellowship at L’Hospital Enfants Malades in Paris, France in 1980. Since 1992, Dr. Spear has been Chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Georgetown University School of Medicine in Washington, D.C., and is Director of The Georgetown University Hospital Training Program in Plastic Surgery. He is an active member of many medical societies and has been engaged in scholarly writing from the beginning of his career, authoring over 85 articles in peer-reviewed journals and authoring numerous chapters on breast reconstruction. We are proud to say that he serves on the editorial board of Seminars in Plastic Surgery. Dr. Spear’s devotion to his profession as an educator and clinician are well known in the plastic surgery community. Prior to going into plastic surgery, Dr. Davison completed dental school and obtained a residency in prosthodontics in 1987; he went on to complete a fellowship in maxillofacial prosthodontics and dental oncology at M.D. Anderson Hospital in 1988. Dr. Davison obtained his medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1992. He completed a residency in otolaryngology at Mayo Graduate School of Medicine in 1997 and a plastic surgery residency at the University of Pittsburgh in 1999. He is board certified in otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and facial plastic surgery. Dr. Davison began his affiliation with the Georgetown University Medical Center in 1999 and currently holds the post of Assistant Professor in the Division of Plastic Surgery at Georgetown. His interests in breast surgery are breast reduction and microsurgical breast reconstruction. At this early stage in his career he has authored numerous publications and is an active member of several plastic surgery societies.
Characteristic Structural Parameters for the γ‐Peptide 14‐Helix: Importance of Subunit Preorganization

We report crystallographic data for a set of homologous γ-peptides that contain a Boc-protected residue derived from the flexible gabapentin monomer at the N-terminus and cyclically constrained γ-residues at all other positions. The crystallized γ-peptides range in length from 3 to 7 residues. Previously only one atomic-resolution structure had been available for a short γ-peptide 14-helix. The new data provided here allow derivation of characteristic parameters for the γ-peptide 14-helix, and establish guidelines for characterizing 14-helical folding in solution via 2D NMR. In addition, the results suggest that the substitution pattern of a γ-residue has a profound effect on the propensity for 14-helical folding.
An inductive reasoning approach for building system safety risk models of aviation accidents

An inductive reasoning approach is employed to develop a prototype hybrid decision support tool whose main objective is to build probabilistic causal models representing the safety risk involved in aviation accidents. In this context, 15 aircraft accidents representative of five major accident types are selected to build an initial seed for the case‐base of the prototype tool. Consequently, within each individual accident model, main clusters of causal factors are identified for inclusion in the initial seed, thereby improving, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the case‐base of the prototype tool. A new methodology developed specifically for indexing aviation accidents into databases is used for indexing the initial seed into the case‐base of the tool. The resulting product is a highly customized conversational decision support tool that provides solution possibilities in the form of probabilistic causal models of accident scenarios retrieved and ranked according to their similarity to the current ac...
Biological Control in Theory and Practice

The conventional wisdom of biological control of insect pests, and its related ecological theory, is that successful natural enemies in long-lived ecosystems (1) impose a low, stable pest equilibrium, and (2) share the following properties: (a) host-specific; (b) synchronous with the pest; (c) can increase in density rapidly when the pest does; (d) need only one pest individual to complete their life cycle; (e) have a high search rate for the pest; (f) aggregate at areas of high pest density, which is thought to stabilize the interaction. These features are more characteristic of parasitoids than predators. We suggest that a stable pest equilibrium is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for control. We show that satisfactory control in model systems is compatible with both local extinction of the pest and polyphagy in the natural enemy. Only one of nine real examples of successful control is convincingly a stable interaction; the remainder show either strong evidence for instability and local e...
The effects of laurylamine on respiration and related reactions of liver mitochondria in vitro.

1. The effects of laurylamine on respiration and related reactions of mitochondria from rat liver were studied. At low concentrations (0.1 mM) the amine increased initial, State-3, and State-4 respiration and decreased the acceptor control and ADP:O ratios (succinate or α-ketoglutarate). ADP:O ratios with ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine were also decreased. 2. Laurylamine caused a small stimulation of ATPase activity. ATPase induced by 0.03 mM dinitrophenol was further increased by low and inhibited by higher amine concentrations; the amine similarly influenced respiration stimulated by 0.03 mM dinitrophenol. ATPase activity with 0.15 mM dinitrophenol was only inhibited by the amine. 3. Laurylamine inhibited the Pi-ATP exchange reaction. 4. Chlorpromazine similarly affected respiration and both compounds stimulated oxygen uptake without Pi added or in the presence of oligomycin. It is suggested that the two amines may affect oxidative phosphorylation in the same way. 5. Of the C9 to C15 aliphatic amines, the optimal concentration for a stimulation of respiration was least for the C13 and C14 compounds. Binding of decylamine compared with laurylamine was sufficiently less to account for the greater concentration required for maximal stimulation.
Sulphydryl groups and the quinone receptor in insect olfaction and gustation.

UNDERSTANDING of energy-transduction aspects of olfactory messenger–receptor interactions has been lacking1, until the recent advances2–6 made using the chemoreceptor protein for quinone messengers, isolated from sensory nerve membranes in the antennae of Periplaneta americana7,8. Availability of this protein for in vitro experiment has filled a void that existed, for several decades, between the behavioural and electrophysiological experimental capabilities in this field. With purified receptor protein available, physicochemical aspects of olfaction and gustation have become amenable to direct experiment. Here we present evidence that messenger naphthoquinones showed marked selectivity for the receptor protein when it was exposed in vitro to a saturating 10−4 M concentration of each messenger in the presence of the other Triton-solubilised proteins from the insect's antennae. The electrophoretically resolved4,7,8 receptor-containing band only constituted approximately 13.7% of the protein in the Triton-soluble fraction, but it bound more than 75% of radiolabelled messengers. The other messenger-associated radioactivity was retained at the origin of the gels or was scattered as low level DPMs among the several other resolved bands. These findings also confirm earlier experimental results8 on the selective binding of messenger to the receptor band as resolved in 3.5% acrylamide gels.
Response of shortgrass plains vegetation to gamma radiation—i. Chronic irradiation

Native shortgrass plains vegetation was exposed to chronic gamma radiation with exposure rates varying from 0·01 to 650 R/hr starting in April 1969. The dominant species in the plant community was Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama). Density and frequency were recorded and these data were converted into community indices of coefficient of community ( CC ) and diversity ( D ). The results indicated that the shortgrass vegetation was very resistant to ionizing radiation. Fifty per cent effects of CC and D resulted from exposures of 15 and 12 R/hr, respectively and had not significantly decreased further by June 1972. Community changes took place within constant CC and D values which resulted in the development of new communities and indicated a lack of sensitivity of these parameters for measuring community change and stability. One of the most resistant species was Lepidium densiflorum which became dominant at exposure rates of 12–28 R/hr. L. densiflorum was able to germinate, develop and complete seed set at exposure rates greater than 28 R/hr.
A hybrid finite-element/particle-simulation method for the analysis of semiconductor transients and bipolar transport

Abstract A new method is introduced for the self-consistent transient solution of semiconductor device equations for both majority and minority carrier transport. An axisymmetric quadratic finite-element formulation is employed for the solution of the potential. The traditional conservation equations for the majority and minority carriers are replaced by equivalent equations for the drift motion and subsequent interactions of individual charged particles. Transport, recombination, and thermal generation processes are included. Drift forces on electrons and holes are computed from potential gradients. One-dimensional steady-state solutions obtained from transient evolution are compared to a fully iterative finite-element method for silicon diodes. Applications to axisymmetric device geometries are presented.
Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor genomic DNA sequence variation.

Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is an unique disorder of respiratory control, occurring in association with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), tumors of neural crest origin, and symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (ANSD). CCHS is thought to be genetic in origin based upon 1) affected sib pairs, 2) genetic analysis, and 3) identification of genetic mutations in both HSCR and CCHS patients. Because these mutations have been found in but a few cases of CCHS, exploration of other candidate genes has continued. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) represents a potential candidate gene to consider because of altered respiratory control in the BDNF knock-out mouse model and localization to the enteric nervous system in human tissue. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of BDNF mutations among 19 children with CCHS (five with HSCR) compared to 40 unaffected unrelated controls. Using the known genomic DNA sequence for BDNF, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA was analyzed by standard sequencing methods. A discrete mutation was identified in one of 19 children with isolated CCHS and the unaffected father. Specifically, an isoleucine was substituted for a threonine or serine in the amino acid sequence. Absence of this mutation in 40 controls confirmed that this mutation was likely not a common polymorphism. These data further support a genetic basis for CCHS, though mutations of BDNF are not consistent in this disorder.
Biochar projects for mitigating climate change: an investigation of critical methodology issues for carbon accounting

Biochar is a potential tool in our fight against climate change, driven by its high carbon stability and supported by its roles in bioenergy and soil fertility. We consider methodology aspects of biochar systems used for carbon management and investigate the criteria for establishing additionality, baselines, permanence, leakage, system drivers, measurement, verification, economics and development for successful stand-alone projects and carbon offsets. We find that explicitly designing a biochar system around ‘true wastes’ as feedstocks combined with safe system drivers could minimize unwanted land-use impacts and leakage. Applying baselines of biomass decomposition rather than total soil carbon is effective and supports a longer crediting period than is currently standard. With biochar production introduced into bioenergy systems, under a renewable biomass scenario, the change in emissions increases with higher fuel use, instead of decreasing. Biochars may have mean residence times of over 1000 years, bu...
The effect of water structure and surface charge correlations on the hydration force acting between model hydrophilic surfaces

We performed molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between model hydrophilic plates. Our plates were made of a layer of carbon atoms distributed on a hexagonal lattice. Although neutral, the plates carry an equal amount of positive and negative charges to represent physical dipoles. Using thermodynamic perturbation theory we calculated the potential of mean force (PMF) acting between the plates as a function of the distance between these plates. We also studied the effect of charge correlation on the PMF. We calculated the contribution of the solvent water into the PMF and compared this contribution with the predictions of continuum theory. The orientational structure of water between the plates was investigated to understand the effect of molecular structure of water on the properties of the PMF.
Profitability of Cellulosic Biomass Production in the Northern Great Lakes Region

Published in Agron. J. 106:397–406 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0397 Available freely online through the author-supported open access option. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT
Thermal problems of the pulsed injection laser

Heat is produced in short periods of time during pulsed operation of an injection laser. The temperature of the laser at the beginning of any pulse due to the heating caused by preceding pulses is calculated for several simple model cases. The results are applied in the description of performance deterioration caused by heating.
Use of a photoresist sacrificial layer with SU-8 electroplating mould in MEMS fabrication

In this paper, new processes have been developed to fabricate micromechanical components and systems that utilize two different photoresists (Shipley S1813 and Hoechst AZ P4620) as sacrificial layers in conjunction with SU-8 photoresist used as an electroplating mould. The use of photoresists as sacrificial layers offers several advantages including reduction in processing steps and hence processing cost. However, the normal sacrificial layer photoresist processing cycle fails when used in conjunction with SU-8 photoresist. The latter is often used as an electroplating mould, especially for high-aspect ratio or tall microstructures in MEMS fabrication. In this paper, problems arising in the use of a photoresist sacrificial layer are discussed and new sacrificial layer processes are developed. New curing temperatures for photoresist sacrificial layers are determined, which prevent damage that otherwise occurs from the use of SU-8 as an electroplating mould. New hard baking temperatures determined are 175 °C and 200 °C for S1813 and AZ P4620 photoresist processes, respectively. A comb drive structure is utilized to demonstrate these new fabrication processes.
Accelerating piston action and plasma heating in high-energy density laser plasma interactions

Abstract In the field of high-energy density physics (HEDP), lasers in both the nanosecond and picosecond regimes can drive conditions in the laboratory relevant to a broad range of astrophysical phenomena, including gamma-ray burst afterglows and supernova remnants. In the short-pulse regime, the strong light pressure (>Gbar) associated ultraintense lasers of intensity I > 10 18 W/cm 2 plays a central role in many HEDP applications. Yet, the behavior of this nonlinear pressure mechanism is not well-understood at late time in the laser–plasma interaction. In this paper, a more realistic treatment of the laser pressure ‘hole boring’ process is developed through analytical modeling and particle-in-cell simulations. A simple Liouville code capturing the phase space evolution of ponderomotively-driven ions is employed to distill effects related to plasma heating and ion bulk acceleration. Taking into account these effects, our results show that the evolution of the laser-target system encompasses ponderomotive expansion, equipartition, and quasi-isothermal expansion epochs. These results have implications for light piston-driven ion acceleration scenarios, and astrophysical applications where the efficiencies of converting incident Poynting flux into bulk plasma flow and plasma heat are key unknown parameters.
Historical observations on herpetic keratitis.

Abstract The history of herpetic keratitis is presented. The similarities and differences between dendritic keratitis and herpes labialis are enumerated, with the suggestion that the similarities (in onset, pathology, and clinical course) far outweigh the differences. The principal difference seems to be that the avascularity of the cornea retards the immunologic responses. Important points in the history of herpetic keratitis include (1) the close association of herpetic disease with malaria around the turn of the century; (2) the relatively benign nature of the disease, in contrast to herpes zoster keratitis; (3) the unfavorable response of the disease to immunosuppressive measures and diseases; (4) the failure of chemotherapy to influence favorably the natural history of the disease; and (5) the increasing visual damage caused by the disease since 1952 when corticosteroids were introduced into ocular therapy. Mention is made of the increasing problem of venereal herpes, with the resultant neonatal herpetic keratitis, retinitis, and encephalitis.
Intelligent lessons learned systems

Lessons learned processes have been deployed in commercial, government, and military organizations since the late 1980s to capture, store, disseminate, and share experiential working knowledge. However, recent studies have shown that software systems for supporting lesson dissemination do not effectively promote knowledge sharing. We found that the problems with these systems are related to their textual representation for lessons and that they are not incorporated into the processes they are intended to support. In this article, we survey lessons learned processes and systems, detail their capabilities and limitations, examine lessons learned system design issues, and identify how artificial intelligence technologies can contribute to knowledge management solutions for these systems.
Injection of the protein kinase inhibitor H7 into the A10 dopamine region blocks the acute responses to cocaine: behavioral and in vivo microdialysis studies.

Abstract Cocaine produces a motor-stimulant response in part by its actions within the mesolimbic dopamine system. Repeated exposure to cocaine induces an augmented motor activity response which is termed behavioral sensitization, or reverse tolerance. Previous studies have suggested that sensitization may result from increased dopamine neuronal activity in the A10 region; the origin of the mesolimbic dopamine system. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the development of behavioral sensitization remain to be elucidated. Studies on other forms of sensitization in the nervous system suggest a critical role for increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the development of the sensitized response. As a first step in examining the role of PKC in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, the effect of intra-A10 administration of a PKC inhibitor, H7, on the acute motor-stimulant response to cocaine was studied. Intra-A10 injections of H7 dose-dependently (1.0–30.0 nmol/side) inhibited cocaine (15.0 mg/kg)-induced motor activity. Pretreatment with H7 (30.0 nmol/side) also blocked the cocaine-induced rise of extracellular dopamine in a terminal region of the mesolimbic dopamine system, the nucleus accumbens, as measured by in vivo microdialysis. These data suggest that activation of protein kinases may be important in cocaine-induced motor activity.
Freedom of Privacy: Anonymous Data Collection with Respondent-Defined Privacy Protection

The massive amount of sensitive survey data about individuals that agencies collect and share through the Internet is causing a great deal of privacy concerns. These concerns may discourage individuals from revealing their sensitive information. Existing data collection techniques have serious downsides in terms of both efficiency and the levels of protection they offer against various realizations of threats. Moreover, they do not provide any flexibility to the users to be able to specify acceptable levels of privacy protection before deciding whether to participate in the surveys. In this paper, we propose a two-pronged privacy protection model corresponding to these two privacy concerns: these are a new efficient anonymity preserving data collection technique and a method to incorporate heterogeneous privacy constraints. Together, they help preserve the privacy of respondents both during and after data collection.
Studies on the nucleic acids of human lymphocytic cells: Acetylation of histones

Abstract Histones have been isolated from human lymphocytic cells in culture and purified through column chromatography. These human lymphocytic cells deriving from various lymphoproliferative diseases incorporate 3 H-acetate to differing degrees. Distribution of 3 H-acetate label indicated that lysine-rich histones were the least, while arginine-rich histones were the most, extensively acetylated.
Crushing Characteristics of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Tubes

Composite tubes can be reinforced with continuous fibers. When such tubes are subjected to crushing loads, the response is complex and depends on interaction between the different mechanisms that control the crushing process. The modes of crushing and their controlling mechanisms are described. Also, the resulting crushing process and its efficiency are addressed.
Sulfonates: A novel class of organic sulfur compounds in marine sediments

Abstract X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) used to measure sulfur speciation in a variety of organic-rich marine sediments has established sulfonates as a novel and major component of sedimentary organic sulfur. The origins of sulfonates in sediments are not clear, although both biological and geochemical mechanisms are possible. The accumulation of oxidized sulfonate sulfur in reducing marine sediments was not known previously; hence, a new perspective in sulfur geochemistry is established. The biogeochemical implications of the presence of sulfonates in marine sediments are discussed.
Clean rings of continuous functions

A ring is clean if every element is the sum of a unit and an idempotent. Let $$ 1 \in A $$ be a dense local subring of the reals which is not a field. We show that the ring of A-valued continuous functions on a zero-dimensional space X is clean if and only if X is a P-space, and examine some properties of the prime ideal spectrum of this ring.
Electromagnetic simulations of metallic materials using the mapped fourier PSTD algorithm

Previously, the regular Fourier pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm was recognized as mainly applicable to simulations of low-contrast dielectric materials. In this paper, we discuss the difficulties in simulating high-contrast and particularly metallic materials using the Fourier PSTD method. To overcome these difficulties, we use a nonuniform grid obtained from a specially designed mapping curve that can reduce the Gibbs phenomenon in the mapped space. The convergence property of this technique is then examined. We show dramatic improvements compared with regular Fourier PSTD and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods on a uniform grid. As an example application, we apply our method to the modeling of the 2D scattering of a chrome-projection lithography mask. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 569–575, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20699
Survey research in higher education

Although textbooks on educational research give only scant attention to survey research methodology, its extensive use in education provides a strong rationale for improving the preparation of educational researchers in effectively applying survey methods. This study reviews methods for dealing with nonresponse bias, the primary problem presented by survey methods. It also provides an updated review of the literature of studies investigating the effectiveness of incentives to increase survey response rates. We hypothesized that a reanalysis of reviewed studies, using a linear trend test, would resolve the inconsistencies found regarding the effectiveness of incentives to increase response rates. The results of the reanalysis and guidelines for educational researchers in systematically selecting and applying incentives to increase response rates are discussed.
Calcium accelerates cholesterol phase transitions in analog bile.

Analog bile supersaturated with cholesterol was constituted, filtered and divided into equal portions containing no calcium or calcium, 2.5–15 mM. Aliquots were removed over the next 48 h and filtrates analyzed for cholesterol, bile acid and lecithin. Calcium accelerated cholesterol loss from solution in a dose-related fashion.
Breaking the WAVE complex: the point of Arabidopsis trichomes

Actin filaments comprise an essential cytoskeletal array that organizes the cytoplasm during growth and cell division. In growing cells, actin filaments carry out many functions. Actin filaments position the endomembrane system and act as a substrate on which organelle motility occurs. Other actin-filament arrays appear to be more dynamic and to reorganize in response to growth signals and external cues. The diverse cellular functions of the actin cytoskeleton are mediated by actin-binding proteins that nucleate, destabilize, and bundle actin filaments. The distorted trichome morphology mutants provide a simple genetic system in which to study mechanisms of actin-dependent morphogenesis. Recent results from several groups indicate that 'distorted group' genes encode subunits of the actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 and WAVE complexes, and function in a cell morphogenesis pathway.
Clinical Mental Health Training Within a Multidisciplinary School-Based Health Clinic

Abstract A model is presented to illustrate a clinical mental health training program within a multidisciplinary School-Based Health Clinic (SBHC). In collaboration with schools of education, medicine, nursing, and social work, a multidisciplinary training and treatment program was established that provided unique opportunities for clinical training. An ecological/public health model was utilized as the conceptual framework for clinical mental health training, treatment, and research. Preliminary clinical outcome data suggest that out of a sample of 381 patients, 15% of those utilizing the SBHC's mental health services were being treated for substance abuse disorders. This finding supports current research that has demonstrated that the SBHCs are providing access to students who are in the most serious need of mental health services. Process data suggest that the SBHC is an effective site for multidisciplinary clinical mental health training.
A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and medication in unipolar depression and dysthymia.

Abstract Background There remains considerable disagreement regarding the relative efficacy of psychotherapy and medication across types of depression. Method We used random effects meta-analysis to examine the relative efficacy of psychotherapy vis-a-vis medication at post-treatment and follow-up. We also estimated the relative efficacy of continued medication versus discontinued psychotherapy. As twenty-eight studies (39 effects, n = 3381) met inclusion criteria, we were able to conduct an adequately powered test of between-study heterogeneity and examine if the type of depression influenced relative efficacy. Results Psychotherapy and medication were not significantly different at post-treatment, however effect sizes were not consistent. Although there was no association between severity and relative efficacy, a small but significant advantage for medications in the treatment of dysthymia did emerge. However, psychotherapy showed a significant advantage over medication at follow-up and this advantage was positively associated with length of follow-up. Moreover, discontinued acute phase psychotherapy did not differ from continued medication at follow-up. Limitations Limitations included relatively fewer studies of severe and chronic depression, as well as dysthymia. In addition, only a minority of studies reported follow-up data. Conclusions Our results indicated that both psychotherapy and medication are viable treatments for unipolar depression and that psychotherapy may offer a prophylactic effect not provided by medication. However, our analyses diverged from previous findings in that effects were not consistent and medication was significantly more efficacious than psychotherapy in the treatment of dysthymia.
Increased Sensitivity to Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Patients With Heart Failure Potentiation of β-Adrenergic Inotropic Responsiveness

Background—We previously showed that cardiac nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation in humans with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Whether this effect is specific to heart failure per se or is a generalized feature of normal human myocardium is unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that inhibition of cardiac NO potentiates the positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation in patients with symptomatic LV failure but not in subjects with normal LV function. Methods and Results—We studied 11 patients with LV failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 7 control subjects with normal LV function. The β-adrenergic agonist dobutamine was infused via a peripheral vein before and during concurrent intracoronary artery infusion of acetylcholine, which activates the agonist-coupled isoforms of NO synthase, and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, which inhibits all isoforms of NO synthase. Changes in contractility were assessed by measuring the peak ra...
Morphology, nutrition and physiology of Sphaerotilus discophorus

By means of hay infusion-Fe(OH)3−MnCO3 enrichment cultures, 11 pure strains of the filamentous, sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus discophorus were isolated from streams, rivers and lakes. The morphology of the colonies, filaments and cells are shown in a series of photographs. The strains grew well in dilute organic media but not in many of the common bacteriological media. All strains required thiamin and biotin for growth. Glucose, mannitol, salicin, raffinose, glycerol and other compounds were suitable energy sources and peptone and casein hydrolysate were satisfactory nitrogen sources for growth. The temperature range for growth was 5–35°C and the pH range 6.0–8.6.
Youth sport administrators' perceptions and knowledge of organizational policies on child maltreatment

Abstract As one of the largest segments of the sport industry, youth sport provides programs for tens of millions of children throughout the United States. With the growth of youth sports programs, issues concerning the safety of participants have increased. One issue that has garnered considerable attention involves the society-wide problem of maltreatment and abuse of children, and how administrators of youth sport programs address potential incidents of maltreatment within their programs. The purpose of this research is to examine youth sport administrators' perceptions of their organizational policies regarding child maltreatment. Results from an online survey administered throughout a central region of the United States indicated that youth sport programmers view child abuse as a problem in society, but it is not a significant issue within their own organizations. They agree that youth sport administrators have an obligation to report suspicions of child abuse. There were mixed results regarding how sport organizations train their employees to deal with child abuse, though many respondents agreed their organizations have policies toward child abuse. Limitations and recommendations for further research are also discussed.
The ketenylidene route to mixed-metal carbide clusters: [MnRu3C(CO)13]−, [MnOs3C(CO)13]−, [Cr2Ru3C(CO)16]2−, [Mo2Ru3C(CO)16]2−, [Rh3Ru3C(CO)15]−, [Ni3Ru3C(CO)13]2− and [Co3Ru3C(CO)15]−

Abstract Redox-condensation reactions between the ketenylidene clusters [M 3 (CO) 9 CCO] 2− (M = Ru, Os) and electrophilic transition-metal reagents provide a convenient route to the new carbido clusters [PPN][MnRu 3 C(CO) 13 ], [PPN][MnOs 3 C(CO) 13 ], [PPN] 2 [Cr 2 Ru 3 C(CO) 16 ], [PPN] 2 [Mo 2 Ru 3 C(CO) 16 ], [PPN][Rh 3 Ru 3 C(CO) 15 ], [PPN] 2 [Ni 3 Ru 3 C(CO) 13 ], and [PPN][Co 3 Ru 3 C(CO) 15 ]. These clusters have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and variable-temperature 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and, in the case of [PPN][MnOs 3 C(CO) 13 ] and [PPN] 2 [Ni 3 Ru 3 C(CO) 13 ] by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The [MnOs 3 C(CO) 13 ] − cluster consists of a butterfly array of metal atoms with the manganese occupying a hinge position. The structure of the [Ni 3 Ru 3 C(CO) 13 ] 2− is a distorted (opened) octahedron of metal atoms, with the three ruthenium atoms forming one closed face of the octahedron, and the carbide ligand occupying an interstitial site. 13 C NMR data indicate the octahedron closes in solution. For [PPN][MnRu 3 C(CO) 13 ] and [PPN][MnOs 3 C(CO) 13 ], the carbide ligands show variable temperature NMR behavior, which is best interpreted in terms of a two-bond spin-spin coupling of the carbide to the two endo carbonyls on the wingtip Ru or Os atoms. A similar two-bond coupling process may possibly also be operating in the [Cr 2 Ru 3 C(CO) 16 ] 2− cluster.