cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A summary of research on the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme: Perspectives of students, teachers, and university admissions offices in the USA

This is the summary of a series of research studies into the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) in the USA, beginning with the investigation of how the first class of IB DP gra...
Developmental plasticity of the hypoxic ventilatory response after perinatal hyperoxia and hypoxia

Both genetic and environmental factors influence the normal development of the respiratory control system. This review examines the role perinatal O2 plays in the development of normoxic breathing and the hypoxic ventilatory response in mammals. Hyperoxia and hypoxia elicit plasticity in respiratory control that is unique to development and may persist weeks to years after return to normoxia. Specifically, both hyperoxia and hypoxia during early postnatal development attenuate the adult hypoxic ventilatory response, but the underlying mechanisms for this plasticity differ. Hyperoxia attenuates the hypoxic ventilatory response through potentially life-long changes in carotid body function. Neonatal hypoxia appears to have short-term effects on carotid body function, but persistent changes in the hypoxic ventilatory response may instead reflect changes in respiratory mechanics or related neural pathways. Overall, it appears that a relatively narrow range of environmental O2 is consistent with "normal" postnatal respiratory control development, predisposing animals to potentially maladaptive plasticity in the face of disease or atypical environmental conditions.
Serial propagation of Toxoplasma gondii in roller tube cultures of mouse and of human tissues.

SummaryThe RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii has been propagated for 15 serial passages and a second strain for 7 passages in roller tube cultures of mouse embryonic tissues. Multiplication of the RH strain was also observed in roller cultures of human foreskin, uterus and embryonic skin-muscle tissues. In each instance, the appearance of organisms in the culture was associated with extensive degenerative changes and ultimate destruction of the tissue. At the point of apparent maximum release, the culture fluid contained large numbers of the protozoa.
THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES : II. ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN RATS

The intravenous administration to rats of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in antigen excess resulted in acute glomerulonephritis. This occurred with both rabbit antiovalbumin and rabbit anti-BSA systems. The rats so treated regularly showed proteinuria and elevation of blood urea nitrogen. These findings are compared with those reported in rats injected with anti-kidney serum.
Not all leader–member exchanges are created equal: Importance of leader relational identity

Abstract Recent research by leadership scholars has emphasized the important role of follower self-identity. For example, leaders influence subordinate attitudes and behaviors by activating a collective identity level among their subordinates. We extend existing identity-based approaches by examining the relational identity level of leaders. Previous work has focused predominantly on followers (vs. leaders) and on collective (vs. relational) identity. Using data from two samples, we supported our hypothesis that leader relational identity moderates relationships of leader–member exchange (LMX) with subordinate task performance and citizenship behaviors. The nature of the interaction was such that the negative relationships of low-quality LMX with performance are mitigated when subordinates had supervisors with strong relational identities. These findings highlight the need to consider not only the identities of followers but those of leaders as well.
The essence of objects

"The Essence of Objects" is an ongoing program of research in programming languages, type systems, and distributed programming at the University of Pennsylvania, supported by the National Science Foundation under Career grant CCR-9701826, Principled Foundations for Programming with Objects. Papers on most of the topics discussed in this outline can be found via http://www.cis.upenn.edu/bcpierce/papers.
A picture of soot particle inception

We have shown in earlier work that the ultimate soot loading in a sooting premixed flame is determined largely by processes that occur before the growth region, even though 90% of the soot mass is contributed by C2H2 surface growth. In this work we make the first measurements of how early soot formation kinetics vary with equivalence ratio. We find that the particle inception rate does not by itself control the ultimate soot loading. Molecules which grow to be larger than about 15 carbon atoms early in the flame form a thermodynamically stable pool of soot precursors. The coagulation of the heaviest of these precursors, which may have molecular weights near 1000, contributes significantly to inception, and inception ceases when they are depleted. Species with somewhat lower molecular weight coagulate with the newly formed soot particles (surface growth) until they, too, are depleted. Oxidation—primarily by O2—competes with chemical growth and coagulation in determining the amount of soot exiting the particle inception zone.
Designing communication strategies for hetereogeneous parallel systems

Abstract This paper explores the suitability of the emerging passive star-coupled optical interconnection using wavelength division multiplexing as the system interconnect to provide high bandwidth (Gbits/sec) communication demanded by heterogeneous systems. Several different communication strategies (combinations of communication topologies and protocols) are investigated under a representative master-slave computational model. The interplay between system speed, network speed, task granularity, and degree of parallelism is studied using both analytical modeling and simulations. It is shown that a hierarchical ALOHA-based communication strategy between the master and the slaves, implemented on top of the passive star-coupled network, leads to a considerable reduction in channel contention and provides 50–80% reduction in task completion time for applications with medium to high degrees of coarse grain parallelism. Comparable reduction in channel contention is also shown to be achieved by using tunable acoustooptic filters at master nodes.
Structural Basis for the Actin-Binding Function of Missing-in-Metastasis

Summary The adaptor protein missing-in-metastasis (MIM) contains independent F- and G-actin binding domains, consisting, respectively, of an N-terminal 250 aa IRSp53/MIM homology domain (IMD) and a C-terminal WASP-homology domain 2 (WH2). We determined the crystal structures of MIM's IMD and that of its WH2 bound to actin. The IMD forms a dimer, with each subunit folded as an antiparallel three-helix bundle. This fold is related to that of the BAR domain. Like the BAR domain, the IMD has been implicated in membrane binding. Yet, comparison of the structures reveals that the membrane binding surfaces of the two domains have opposite curvatures, which may determine the type of curvature of the interacting membrane. The WH2 of MIM is longer than the prototypical WH2, interacting with all four subdomains of actin. We characterize a similar WH2 at the C terminus of IRSp53 and propose that in these two proteins WH2 performs a scaffolding function.
Management of localized thoracic neuroblastoma.

Thirteen children with localized (Evans stage I or II) thoracic primary neuroblastoma were divided into two groups according to the type of therapy administered, in order to compare the therapeutic efficacy and morbidity of excisional surgery followed by either irradiation alone or irradiation plus chemotherapy (group A) with similar surgery alone (group B). Group A consisted of 6 children (mean age 1 year, 2 months). Complete surgical excision was accomplished in 2 patients, while 4 had microscopic residual. All 6 patients are free of disease at 23–76 months (mean 47 months), including 2 who had recurrent tumor and received additional therapy. Two have developed congestive heart failure and one severe scoliosis secondary to irradiation. Of the 7 children in group B (mean age 2 years, 2 months), 3 had microscopic residual tumor and 2 had adjacent lymph node involvement. After 12–47 months (mean 23 months), no recurrence or surgery-related morbidity has been observed. From these limited data it appears that surgery alone may provide adequate therapy for localized thoracic neuroblastoma and obviate the morbidity associated with multimodal therapy.
Correlation and spectral theory for periodically correlated random fields indexed on Z 2

We show that a field X(m, n) is strongly periodically correlated with period (M, N) if and only if there exist commuting unitary operators, U1 and U2 that shift the field unitarily by M and N along the respective coordinates. This is equivalent to a field whose shifts on a subgroup are unitary. We also define weakly PC fields in terms of other subgroups of the index set over which the field shifts unitarily. We show that every strongly PC field can be represented as X(m, n) = U˜1mU˜2nP(m, n) where U˜1 and U˜2 are unitary and P(m, n) is a doubly periodic vector-valued sequence. This leads to the Gladyshev representations of the field and to strong harmonizability. The 2- and 4-fold Wold decompositions are expressed for weakly commuting strongly PC fields. When the field is strongly commuting, a one-point innovation can be defined. For this case, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a strongly commuting field to be PC and strongly regular, although possibly of deficient rank, in terms of periodicity and summability of the southwest moving average coefficients.
The use of 3H standards in 125I autoradiography.

To avoid repeated production of 125I tissue mash standards and to decrease inter-experiment variability, a set of commercially available, high activity plastic 3H standards was calibrated for use with 125I autoradiographs. Standards with a range of 2.0–7390 μCi 3H/g plastic were used since they produced autoradiographs of suitable optical density (darkness) at exposure times of 4 to more than 72 h. Tissue mash standards at 12 concentrations of 125I were produced by homogenizing rat brains and adding 125I. These were frozen and sectioned at thicknesses ranging from 6 to 120 μm and mounted on microscope slides. Each set of tissue standards, along with slides bearing the plastic 3H standards, was apposed to film for various times. The calibration of the 3H standards was done separately for each time point and section thickness. Autoradiographs were analyzed using a computer assisted image analysis system. The standard curve generated for each set of 125I-labelled tissue standards was correlated with the 3H standards. It was found that the relationship between the 3H plastic standards and the 125I tissue mash standards was not simple and depended on exposure time, thickness of the section, as well as the concentration of radioactivity in a given standard. However, this accurate calibration of the 3H standards yields long-lived standards for 125I autoradiography useful over a wide range of radionuclide concentrations, tissue thicknesses and exposure times.
Nitrate/nitrite and physical function in peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused by atherosclerosis which leads to arterial obstruction and decreased blood flow to the lower extremities. The most frequent clinical symptomatic manifestation of PAD is intermittent claudication (IC) defined as, pain in 1 or both legs during exercise that is relieved with rest. This inability to match oxygen delivery to tissue demands during physical activity severely debilitates subjects with PAD such that approximately 1/3rd have pain ambulating in their home. These patients suffer a markedly impaired quality of life and a high perception of disability. Although measures of conduit vessel and gross limb blood flow are used to diagnose PAD, they show a poor relationship with functional capacity. It appears that the key to increasing functionality in IC patients may lie at the resistance arteries, arterioles and capillaries that serve the skeletal muscle tissue distal to the site of stenosis. These are the vessels which are responsible for much of the oxygen delivery and become hypoxic during the increased demands for perfusion accompanying physical exertion. In this talk we discuss the role of endogenous and exogenous nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide pathways and their impact to; (a) acutely improve oxygenation to areas of ischemia and; (b) chronically increase vessel growth to these ischemic areas. This promising therapy may allow for greater exercise tolerance, ease the burden of exercise compliance and facilitate greater improvements in function and quality of life in PAD patients.
Combining EGFR inhibitors with radiation or chemotherapy: will preclinical studies predict clinical results?

Abstract Purpose To highlight some of the preclinical data that examine the interaction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods and materials Recognition of the EGFR as an important regulator of tumor cell growth in the early 1980s stimulated the development of a series of molecules specifically designed to inhibit EGFR signaling as anticancer agents. Many of these agents have now matured and are in advanced clinical trial investigations, with tumor response rates on the order of 10–20% identified across a variety of human malignancies. Initially designed primarily as "cytostatic" agents, as opposed to "cytotoxic" agents, it is possible that the EGFR inhibitors will realize their optimal clinical impact when delivered in concert with conventional cytotoxic modalities such as radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Results Despite very strong in vitro and in vivo preclinical results, several major gaps remain in our knowledge regarding the EGFR inhibitor mechanisms of interaction with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with considerable selection bias in the publication of preclinical data available to date. Conclusion By acknowledging the limitations of the available preclinical data and by expanding our mechanistic understanding of EGFR inhibitor function in representative tumor model systems, we should enhance our capacity to predict the most rational and successful methods to combine EGFR inhibitors with cytotoxic modalities in future clinical trials.
Synthesis of 2-dimensional photonic crystals

We present a procedure for optimizing two-dimensional (2D) Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structures. The procedure discretizes the unit cell of a PBG structure into a binary cell and uses Direct Binary Search to search through a terrain of possible solutions in order to find a more optimal one. This process is designed either for improving the absolute band gap or opening a new one, for a predefined PBG structure. By applying the procedure on a honeycomb array of high dielectric objects in an air background, we increased its Maximum Absolute Gap-to-Midgap Ratio (MAGTMR) to more than twice that of the initial structure. To further prove the utility of this procedure, we also present other examples.
Raman active soft modes and phase transitions in sodium tungsten bronzes

Abstract The temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of NaxWO3 for x > 0.5 is reported. A group theoretical analysis of the data confirms the space group assignments of Clarke8 and supports the existence of several phases derived from rigid tilts of the WO6 octahedra. The phase diagram for high concentration NaxWO3 deduced from Raman measurements is in excellent agreement with that obtained from x-ray results particularly with regard to the previously undetected tetragonal to tetragonal transition.
Complementary coded apertures for 4-dimensional x-ray coherent scatter imaging

X-ray scattering has played a key role in non-destructive materials characterization due to the material-specific coherent scattering signatures. In the current energy dispersive coherent scatter imaging systems, including selected volume tomography and coherent scatter computed tomography, each object voxel is measured at a single scatter angle, which suffers from slow acquisition time. The employment of coded apertures in x-ray scatter imaging systems improves the photon collection efficiency, making it promising for real time volumetric imaging and material identification. In this paper, we propose a volumetric x-ray scatter imaging system using a pair of complementary coded apertures: a coded aperture on the detector side introduces multiplexed measurement on an energy-sensitive detector array; a complementary source-side coded aperture selectively illuminates the object to decouple the ambiguity due to the increased parallelization for 4D imaging. The system yields the 1D coherent scattering form factor at each voxel in 3D. We demonstrate tomographic imaging and material identification with the system and achieve a spatial resolution ~1 cm and a normalized momentum transfer resolution, Δq/q, of 0.2.
Interharmonic currents assessment in high-power cycloconverter-fed drives

Large drives fed by Cycloconverters (CCVs) are extensively applied in industrial and traction drives. For 12-pulse configurations, multi-winding transformers are employed. For high-power applications, three separated three-phase transformers with two secondary windings with star- and delta connection are used. In this paper, a study and evaluation of the interharmonics currents behavior injected by CCV in the transformer windings is presented. Field measurements and simulations support the analysis. Results supports further improvements concerning design, engineering and operation issues.
Student-Involved Classroom Libraries

A well-organized, thoughtfully prepared library is an important part of the classroom. But teachers often spend untold hours organizing and reorganizing classroom libraries, and become discouraged when students do not use the available books. This article describes how to involve students in the organizational process and in book choice. The author describes how to facilitate conversations about the books, the categorization system, and daily maintenance issues. The emphasis on student involvement and the explicit teaching of how to choose a just-right book provide a natural springboard to the world of literacy. Teachers who have used this procedure have discovered that children become acutely aware of available books and of the book-choice process, begin analyzing literature by leading and engaging in book discussions, gain confidence about book choice and the library organizational system, gain respect for books, and read more and try new genres.
Muscle selection and walking performance of multichannel FES systems for ambulation in paraplegia

A minimal set of muscles (8 to 16) were identified as candidates for implantation in a clinical system to provide walking function to individuals with complete paraplegia using functional electrical stimulation (FES). Three subjects with complete motor and sensory paraplegia had percutaneous intramuscular electrodes implanted in all major muscles controlling the trunk, hips, knees, and ankles. Stimulation patterns for walking with FES were generated for different sets of 8 and 16 muscles. The quality and repeatability of the resulting gait produced by walking patterns consisting of various combinations of muscles were determined. Most 8-channel stimulation patterns resulted in scissoring or insufficient hip flexion, preventing forward progression. One 8-channel system allowed a maximum speed of 0.1 m/s with a cadence of 22 steps/min and a stride length less than 0.3 m. Improved walking performance was observed with 16 channels of stimulation. This ranged from slow step to gait at 0.1 m/s to smooth reciprocal gait at 0.5 m/s. In all 3 subjects, the favored combination of 16 channels included erector spinae for trunk extension; gluteus maximus, posterior portion of adductor magnus and hamstrings for hip extension; tensor fasciae latae and either sartorius or iliopsoas for hip flexion; vastus lateralis/intermedius for knee extension; and tibialis anterior/peroneous longus for ankle dorsiflexion. In 1 subject the 16-channel FES system provided repeatable day-to-day gait averaging 0.4 m/s, 58 steps/min and a stride length at 0.8 m. A maximum repeatable walking distance with 16 channels was 34 m. Multiple 34-m trials were possible with minimal rests between walks. Fatigue of both the hip extensors and upper body was a limiting factor. The selection of target muscles for implantation is critical to the performance of FES systems. This study provides guidelines to muscle selection for walking with FES based on objective measures of gait performance. The findings indicate that a 16-channel FES system for total implantation is feasible for repeatable short distance, independent, walker-support walking in paraplegia.
Effect of surfactants on pyrene degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens 29L

The effect of surfactants on pyrene degradation in Pseudomonas fluorescens 29L was investigated. This strain produced 30.1 μM of rhamnolipid equivalents (RE) of biosurfactants on 50 mg of pyrene per liter of medium. The production of biosurfactants was significantly correlated with the water solubility (S w) of the substrate and the growth rate on it. When chrysene, with a S w of 2.8 × 10−3 mg per liter of water, was the carbon source, 13.1 μM of RE of biosurfactants were produced compared to 10.3 μM of RE of biosurfactants on acenaphthene with a S w of 1.9 mg per liter of water. No biosurfactants were produced on salicylic acid, catechol, and citrate. All of the strain 29L mutants which grew on pyrene produced biosurfactants while among the mutants which grew on naphthalene, only 88.4% produced biosurfactants. The rhamnolipid mixture, JBR425, inhibited the growth of Strain 29L wild type (WT) and all of its mutants on pyrene. However, these mutants were able to grow in the presence of pyrene when the growth medium was supplemented with 10−6 mg of emulsan per milliliter of medium. This study implies biosurfactants are produced by Strain 29L as a physiological response to the hydrophobicity of pyrene. The combined use of indigenous biosurfactants and the added biosurfactant, emulsan, is a biotechnology to enhance pyrene degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens 29L.
Ein Heldenleben: A Life in Neurosurgery

New Haven is a smallish Connecticut town rooted deep in American colonialism and uniquely blessed by the presence of Yale University within its limits. It is a physically beautiful setting on Long Island sound, multicultural but predominantly Italian in its inhabitants’ cultural origins. I was born just before the Second World War. My father, Dominic, a machinist and fine craftsman, was a devoted husband and exemplary father. Intelligent and diligent, he at times worked as many as three jobs to maintain the upward mobility of the family. Our paternal ancestors were from Amalfi, Italy. Sailors for generations, with the advent of steam, they left Italy for Argentina in the early twentieth century, but an Atlantic storm and damaged ship brought them to Ellis Island in New York. My mother, Ann Lawrence, was a nurse. Multifaceted in talents, she was a mother who challenged her children to excel and left no stone unturned to provide an intellectually fertile environment directed to music, art painting, and sports. The Lorenz family, Austrian in origin, had originally migrated to Mahoney City, Pennsylvania, where my grandfather worked in coal mines; later, with my grandmother, they migrated to New Haven.
Racial and socioeconomic variations in preadolescent area-specific and general self-esteem.

Abstract This study of 210 fifth-grade students attempted to assess whether children of varying backgrounds differ in their levels of general and area-specific (school, peer. and home) self-esteem. It additionally investigated whether children are capable of maintaining differing levels of self-esteem across the different areas of experience, and whether the capacity to do so varies with their racial, SES, and/or sex characteristics. The findings indicate that there are variations in general and area-specific self-esteem across both racial and socioeconomic lines, although there were no significant differences by sex. There were significant differences in general , school , and peer self-esteem by SES with the upper SES group scoring higher. There was a significant difference in school self-esteem by race with the Whites scoring higher. There were no significant differences in home self-esteem by race and SES. There were variations in the degree to which and order in which the area-specific esteems predicted general self-esteem both by race or SES. The study suggests that low SES exercises a greater “negative” influence on self-esteem than race, that the relationship of general selfesteem to the area-specific esteems, and the relationship of the areaspecific esteems to each other varies across race and SES lines. Finally, the absence of significant differences in general self-esteem by race, or significant differences in home self-esteem by race or SES, suggests that both the black caste-like group and the family exercise considerable positive influence in protecting the child's sense of self-worth, despite the negative messages from outside others.
The Starkweather Syndrome: exploring criminal history antecedents of homicidal crime sprees 1

Little is known about the criminal backgrounds of offenders who commit homicidal crime sprees. Based on data from a purposive sample of 654 convicted murderers selected from eight states, this study compared the offense and criminal history of offenders who committed homicides during crime sprees and those who did not. Offenders who murdered during a crime spree were significantly more violent and criminally versatile than other homicide offenders during their instant homicide event. Offenders with prior convictions for robbery, child molestation, and multiple probation sentences were significantly at risk for homicidal spree offending. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are offered.
Distributed Eiffel: a language for programming multi-granular distributed objects on the Clouds operating system

The design and implementation of Distributed Eiffel, a language designed and implemented for distributed programming, on top of the Clouds operating system by extending the object-oriented language Eiffel are discussed. The language presents a programming paradigm based on objects of multiple granularity. While large-grained persistent objects serve as units of distribution, fine-grained objects are used to describe and manipulate entities within these units. The language design makes it possible to implement both shared-memory and message-passing models of parallel programming within a single programming paradigm. The language provides features with which the programmer can declaratively fine-tune synchronization at any desired object granularity and maximize concurrency. With the primitives provided, it is possible to combine and control both data migration and computation migration effectively, at the language level. The design addresses such issues as parameter passing, asynchronous invocations and result claiming, and concurrency control. >
Multicasting of 40 Gb/s NRZ-OOK data into 24 RZ copies using a single pump and supercontinuum generation

We demonstrate multicasting of 40 Gb/s NRZ-OOK data into 24 RZ copies using a single pump and supercontinuum generation. The NRZ signal is optically sampled and a supercontinuum is generated using the sampled signal. An average ∼1.6 dB power penalty is achieved for 24 channels at a BER of 10−9.
Racial disparities in access to mortgage credit: Does governance matter?

Objectives. This article examines the effect of community organizing on the likelihood that minority borrowers pursue home mortgage credit from regulated lenders. Methods. Governance perspectives suggest that community organizations exert significant influence on policy outcomes. We use logistic regression with interaction terms to test the effect of community organizing on the lending outcomes of minority borrowers. We use a matched control sample of cities, drawing on 2004 loan data from two midwestern cities similar in racial and economic composition but with different histories of organizing around the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Results. We find differential effects based on an applicant's race or ethnicity. Overall, African-American applicants are less likely to pursue mortgage credit for home ownership from regulated lenders than their white, non-Hispanic counterparts. However, African Americans seeking mortgage credit in a city with a history of CRA organizing are more likely to apply to regulated lenders than their racial counterparts in a city without CRA organizing. However, while organizing reduces the disparities between white and African-American applicants, a gap still remains. Conclusion. African-American borrowers living in cities with a history of community organizing around CRA appear more likely to pursue mortgage credit from traditional, regulated lenders, suggesting that governance matters.
An optical analog-to-digital converter - Design and analysis

A design for an optical analog-to-digital converter using channel waveguide modulators is described. Optical and electrical power requirements and factors which limit the speed of operation are analyzed, and the implications of signal sampling with a repetitively pulsed light source are discussed.
Use of physics based models in hyperspectral image exploitation

This paper describes a concept for using physics based models to support exploitation of remotely sensed image spectrometer data. It then reviews several methods from the literature illustrating more specifically how physics based models have been used as part of atmospheric correction, water quality assessment and temperature measurement algorithms. Finally a new approach for using model based techniques for subpixel target detection is presented This technique builds on a previously introduced invariant method that uses physics based models to support target detection of fully resolved targets without requiring in scene training or atmospheric correction. An example using the new subpixel invariant method applied to an AVIRIS image is presented.
Numerical integration of lattice rotation in polycrystal plasticity

A numerical algorithm to calculate the lattice rotation in polycrystal plasticity models, that is based on the analytical integration of the lattice rotation update equation, is presented. Implicit and explicit implementations perform equally well and are superior to the currently used numerical integration schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary Research On 1 (& 2) Thessalonians

Study of Paul's Thessalonian correspondence, once a relatively neglected area of research, has, along with other Pauline subjects, begun increasingly to attract the attention of scholars worldwide. This article surveys the more prominent commentaries and extended studies of the Thessalonian correspondence and reviews some of the principal concerns of current Thessalonian research: persecution or alienation, Pauline missionary work and community formation, Acts 17 and the Thessalonian correspondence, the community and its eschatological interests, Paul's early concerns, and, finally, the composite character of 1 Thessalonians and the pseudonymity of 2 Thessalonians. An extended bibliography concludes the survey.
B Cell-Mediated Antigen Presentation Is Required for the Pathogenesis of Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Acute allograft rejection requires the activation of alloreactive CD4 T cells. Despite the capacity of B cells to act as potent APCs capable of activating CD4 T cells in vivo, their role in the progression of acute allograft rejection was unclear. To determine the contribution of B cell APC function in alloimmunity, we engineered mice with a targeted deficiency of MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation confined to the B cell compartment. Cardiac allograft survival was markedly prolonged in these mice as compared to control counterparts (median survival time, >70 vs 9.5 days). Mechanistically, deficient B cell-mediated Ag presentation disrupted both alloantibody production and the progression of CD4 T cell activation following heart transplantation. These findings demonstrate that indirect alloantigen presentation by recipients' B cells plays an important role in the efficient progression of acute vascularized allograft rejection.
Ergonomic Redesign of a Laparoscopic Grasper

Laparoscopic surgery requires surgeons to perform complex procedures using a standardized set of tools. Most tools, including the common laparoscopic grasper, do not currently provide surgeons with comfortable, intuitive control. A new laparoscopic grasper has been designed which follows ergonomic principles for the handle and actuation of an articulated tip. This tool has been prototyped and will be tested by surgeons. This tool will benefit both the surgeon with reduced discomfort and the patient with a safer procedure.
TELERADIOLOGY IN UROLOGY: COMPARISON OF DIGITAL IMAGE QUALITY WITH ORIGINAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS TO DETECT URINARY CALCULI

AbstractPurpose: Teleradiology systems are now being evaluated as a mechanism to provide rapid, accurate and cost-effective diagnostic radiographs to off-site physicians. Little data are available on the role and safety of teleradiology in urology. To address these issues a personal computer based system was developed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and ease of use of transmitted digital images when evaluating for urinary calculi.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 plain abdominal scout films from excretory urograms performed during acute urological referrals was digitized on a laser scanner. The 10 megabyte files were transferred over public telephone lines and written to compact disks. The images were viewed on a 1280 × 1640 resolution monitor using "Imager-3D" software run on a 133 MHz. pentium personal computer with 32 megabytes of random access memory. Two faculty urologists and 2 urology fellows each looked at 50 original radiographs and 50 digital images. Diagnostic interpretations of the prese...
The design of a real-time system for simulators and trainers

The author describes the design of a host/target multiprocessor system with distributed memory, which addresses a class of real-time problems that operate in a synchronized environment with rapid response to external events, such as real-time simulators and trainers. The unique needs of trainers and simulators are addressed through the implementation of a mirror memory and a distributed database supported by broadcasting writes and interrupts in a tightly-coupled host/target architecture. A special software development tool has been developed, referred to as the Application Worksheet, which provides real-time deadline scheduling and inter-processor triggering required in most simulator and trainer applications. >
Architecture-compatible code boosting for performance enhancement of the IBM RS/6000

Boosting, first introduced by M.D. Smith et al. (1990), is an instruction scheduling technique that increases the instruction-level parallelism by allowing the compiler to move instructions speculatively up past conditional branches and providing hardware support to delay committing the side effects of the boosted instructions until the conditional branches have been resolved. The paper proposes an enhanced compilation technique similar to boosting that provides performance improvements while maintaining instruction set architecture compatibility and eliminating the need for complex hardware support. The technique, called architecture-compatible (AC) boosting, has been implemented for the IBM RS/6000 architecture. Code scheduling and machine simulation tools have been implemented, and experiments have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of AC boosting on the current as well as future implementations of the IBM RS/6000 architecture. >
Mechanism of selective area growth of GaN nanorods by pulsed mode metalorganic chemical vapor deposition.

The growth mechanism for the formation of GaN nanorods using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) selective area growth by pulsed source injection is proposed. The pulsed mode procedure and the kinetic model are discussed and experiments performed to support the model are described. The achievement of rod shape nanostructures grown by the pulsed mode can be attributed to two mechanisms: (1)?the differences in the adsorption/desorption behavior of Ga adatoms on the c-plane (0001) and the boundary m-planes , and (2)?the growth behavior of the semi-polar planes (especially the semi-polar plane).
Producing Poverty: Local Government and Economic Development in a New South County, 1874–1884

In 1852 Union County, North Carolina, cotton planters and merchants sought to develop their local economy by imposing through the county government a special tax that would finance roads, common schools, and cotton-weighing stations. The tax would fall on "common vehicles not worth more [than] 100 or 120 dollars [and] watches not worth more than 10 or 20 dollars." The county's subsistence farmers, however, viewed the new levy, not as the means to a new prosperity, but as evidence of a "sect of bissy boddys . . . taking the peoples Libertyes away by law power." In a petition to the General Assembly of North Carolina, they argued that "as there is no tax laid on waggons [and] clocks we think it rong to tax [less expensive] vehicles and watches." This conflict marked the beginning of an enduring struggle over the shape of capitalist development in the county. After the Civil War local developers would launch a second campaign no less inequitable than the first to transform Union County's economy. ' Throughout the postwar South, planters and merchants actively sought to develop the region's economy, substituting capitalist agriculture for the trade in surplus goods that had been produced earlier by slaves and subsistence farmers. To facilitate that change they built railroads, organized new networks of credit and exchange, and promoted scientific farming methods. Those constructive efforts were heralded by promoters at the time and have been chronicled by historians since. Recently, however, scholars of the New South have focused on a less attractive side of postwar economic development. The Conservatives' accession to power after 1870 ensured passage and enforcement of lien, mortgage, and vagrancy laws that channeled control of land and labor into landlords' and employers' hands. In addition, fence and game laws closed off many persons' access to natural resources that sustained life apart from ties
Wavelength-Selective One- and Two-Photon Uncaging of GABA

We have synthesized photolabile 7-diethylamino coumarin (DEAC) derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These caged neurotransmitters efficiently release GABA using linear or nonlinear excitation. We used a new DEAC-based caging chromophore that has a vinyl acrylate substituent at the 3-position that shifts the absorption maximum of DEAC to about 450 nm and thus is named “DEAC450”. DEAC450-caged GABA is photolyzed with a quantum yield of 0.39 and is highly soluble and stable in physiological buffer. We found that DEAC450-caged GABA is relatively inactive toward two-photon excitation at 720 nm, so when paired with a nitroaromatic caged glutamate that is efficiently excited at such wavelengths, we could photorelease glutamate and GABA around single spine heads on neurons in brain slices with excellent wavelength selectivity using two- and one-photon photolysis, respectively. Furthermore, we found that DEAC450-caged GABA could be effectively released using two-photon excitation at 900 nm with spatial resol...
Osteotome single-stage dental implant placement with and without sinus elevation: a clinical report.

Forty-three sites in 16 patients were selected for placement of implants using osteotomes in a single-stage surgical technique. Most sites were treated to enhance bone quality. Sixteen sites in the posterior maxilla had sinus elevation performed in conjunction with implant placement. No soft tissue coverage of the implant cover screw was attempted in either the sinus-elevated or the nonelevated sites. Sinus elevation was significant relative to baseline (mean gain 3.25 mm, P < .01). The implant survival rate was 95.3%.
The E-Discovery Dance for Patent Litigation: The Federal Circuit Tries to Change the Tune

This Article analyzes the Federal Circuit’s Model Order Regarding E-Discovery in Patent Cases (the “Model Order”). The Article briefly describes the purpose behind the Model Order, describes its key provisions, analyzes the Model Order to identify some areas of continuing concern, and defines predictive coding to examine the impact, or lack thereof, on the Model Order. The author concludes that, while it is beyond refute that the Model Order is an appropriate step toward controlling and managing e-discovery, the Model Order is only the first step. In this regard, several problems, as set forth below, can potentially arise when counsel or the courts use the Model Order. It is hoped that this Article will encourage judges, litigants, and other interested parties to continue trying to solve the continuously troubling aspects of e-discovery and e-discovery abuse.
Paying for Value: You Know it When You See it, or Do You?

![Figure][1] The passage of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, also known as MACRA [(1)][2], mandates a dramatic change in compensation for American health care. Although this is a change for health care in particular, it is widely known that government agencies
Quantitative polarized light microscopy using spectral multiplexing interferometry.

We propose an interferometric spectral multiplexing method for measuring birefringent specimens with simple configuration and high sensitivity. The retardation and orientation of sample birefringence are simultaneously encoded onto two spectral carrier waves, generated interferometrically by a birefringent crystal through polarization mixing. A single interference spectrum hence contains sufficient information for birefringence determination, eliminating the need for mechanical rotation or electrical modulation. The technique is analyzed theoretically and validated experimentally on cellulose film. System simplicity permits the possibility of mitigating system birefringence background. Further analysis demonstrates the technique’s exquisite sensitivity as high as ∼20 pm for retardation measurement.
Intraseasonal oscillations in East Asian and South Asian monsoons

This study has investigated the relation between the East Asian monsoon and the South Asian monsoon at intraseasonal time scale during the boreal summer. Applying a data adaptive method on daily anomalies of precipitation, two leading intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) were extracted separately in the regions of South Asia, tropical East Asia and subtropical East Asia. The first ISO has a period of about 45 days and propagates northward and eastward over the South Asian and tropical East Asian regions. The second ISO, with a period of about 26 days, propagates northeastward over South Asia and northwestward over tropical East Asia. Although both the ISOs are also present over the subtropical East Asia, the variance is low while no propagation is evident. The circulation patterns associated with the ISOs were found to be consistent with the corresponding precipitation patterns of the ISOs. The two ISOs also reveal consistency with the space–time evolution of diabatic heating, convection, vertical motion, upper-level divergence and moisture transport. The zonal and meridional propagation of the ISOs provide a strong link between the South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon regions. The subtropical East Asian region seems to have a weaker link with the other monsoon regions.
Dysregulation of intestinal IL17 signaling & the microbiome exacerbate autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, strongly indicate that both Th17 cells and the commensal microbiome modulate disease pathogenesis. The commensal, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), regulates Th17 responses. Given the relationship between commensals and Th17 cells and the role of each of these factors in EAE, we investigated the significance of enteric IL-17R signaling in EAE using intestinal specific IL-17 receptor knockouts ( Il17ra/rc fl/fl x villin cre + mice). We hypothesized that disruption of the reciprocal regulatory relationship between enteric IL-17 signaling and the gut microbiota leads to dysbiosis, expansion of Th17 cells, and increased predisposition to autoimmune neuroinflammation. Our data suggested that Il17ra/rc fl/fl x villin cre + mice, which have higher SFB levels, exhibit earlier EAE onset and increased EAE severity and incidence as compared to littermate cre − controls. Treatment with vancomycin ameliorated disease, further supporting our hypothesis. In addition, preliminary data indicated that cre + mice have increased CCR2 and CCR6 gut expression at baseline. At day 9-post immunization in the same mice, there was increased expression of CCR2 and Nox2 in the spinal cord and Csf2 in the gut. Together, this suggested that there could be increased migration into the CNS of cre + mice, contributing to exacerbated disease. These studies will make a significant conceptual advance by elucidating how dysregulation of enteric IL-17R signaling and the commensal microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis.
The Expendables: A Qualitative Study of Police Officers’ Responses to Organizational Injustice:

The purpose of this study was to identify events linked to police officers’ assessments of fairness within their departments, identify how officers’ felt about events they perceived as unfair, and ...
Γ-Z-source DC circuit breaker operation with variable coupling coefficient k

Coupled inductors Γ-Z-source DC circuit breakers are designed to be an automatic, fast, and reliable breaker for many medium DC voltage power systems operating with renewable energy sources. The aim of this work is to analyze and evaluate the performance of the Γ-Z-source DC breaker under different conditions of coupling. In that aspect, the voltage, current and impedance transfer functions are derived in terms of the coupling coefficient between the two inductances in the circuit. The frequency response is also analyzed under different values of coupling coefficient. Results verify that coupling coefficient need to be higher than a void value for the circuit breaker to interrupt current due to a faulty situation but need not be a perfect unity. Also, the void value of coupling coefficient can be changed by varying the turn ratio of the coupled coils in the circuit breaker. Simulation results confirm that as the turn ratio increases the required coupling coefficient drops allowing designers more flexibility in selecting the coupling degree.
How is R cited in research outputs? Structure, impacts, and citation standard

Abstract This paper addresses software citation by analyzing how R and its packages are cited in a sample of PLoS papers. A codebook is developed to support a content analysis of the full-text papers. Our results indicate that the software R and its packages are inconsistently cited, as is the case with other scientific software. The inconsistency derives partly from the variety of citation standards currently used for software, and partly from fact that these standards are not well followed by authors on multiple levels. This work sheds light on the future development of software citation standards, especially given the present landscape of conflicting citation practices. Moreover, our approach furnishes a possible blueprint for dealing with the granularity of software entities in scientific citation: we consider citations of the core R software environment, of specific R packages, and of individual functions.