cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular pH regulation in single cultured astrocytes from rat forebrain.

We used the fluorescent pH-sensitive dye 2′,7′-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) in single astrocytes cultured from the forebrain of neonatal rats. When exposed to a nominally CO2/HCO3− -free medium buffered to pH 7.40 with HEPES at 37°C, the cells had a mean pHi of 6.89. Switching to a medium buffered to pH 7.40 with 5% CO2 and 25 mM HCO3− caused the steady-state pHi to increase by an average of 0.35, suggesting the presence of a HCO3− -dependent acid-extrusion mechanism. The sustained alkalinization was sometimes preceded by a small transient acidification. In experiments in which astrocytes were exposed to nominally HCO3−-free (HEPES-buffered) solutions, the application and withdrawal of 20 mM extracellular NH4+ caused pHi to fall to a value substantially below the initial one. pHi spontaneously recovered from this acid load, stabilizing at a value ∼ 0.1 higher than the one prevailing before the application of NH4+. In other experiments conducted on cells bathed in HEPES-buffered solutions, removing extracellular Na+ caused pHi to decrease rapidly by 0.5. Returning the Na+ caused pHi to increase rapidly, indicating the presence of an Na+-dependent/HCO3−-independent acid-extrusion mechanism; the final pHi after returning Na+ was ∼ 0.08 higher than the initial value. This pHi recovery elicited by returning Na+ was not substantially affected by 50 μM ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA), but was speeded up by 50 μM 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DIDS). Increasing [K+]− from 5 to 25 mM caused pHi to increase reversibly by ∼ 0.2 in nominally CO2/HCO3−-free solutions, and by ∼ 0.1 in CO2/HCO3−-containing solutions, although the initial pHi was ∼ 0.17 higher in the presence of CO2/HCO3-. These results suggest the presence of a depolarization-induced alkalinization. Our results suggest the presence of both HCO3− dependent and -independent acid-base transport systems in cultured mammalian astrocytes, and indicate that astrocyte pHi is sensitive to changes in either membrane voltage or [K+]0 per se. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Physician's Role in Smoking Cessation: A Present and Future Agenda

Medical views in the United States on the effects of smoking have shifted dramatically since the published evidence in 1958 established the link between smoking and fatal disease. Today's physician should be a nonsmoking role model, whose workplace both directly and indirectly teaches smoking cessation skills. Publications on smoking cessation techniques from the National Institutes of Health along with intervention tools such as patient smoking history questionnaires are available free of charge to physicians. Patient histories are critical to the intervention process, for they provide essential clues and information about which stage in cessation of smoking the patient has already reached: precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance. Different approaches and techniques are required at each stage. The most important objective for the physician with a patient at the stage of contemplating quitting is to initiate a conversation leading to a directive to quit, with benefits of quitting stressed as reinforcement. Actively motivated patients committed to quit dates may need both educational and pharmacologic support; issues such as nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms must be addressed. Pharmacologic therapy at this time may consist of substitution of nicotine-containing gum (nicotine polacrilex) for cigarettes. Used in sufficient, regular dosages, the nicotine gum has been found to help diminish withdrawal symptoms following smoking cessation. Other drug therapies are currently under study. For now, nicotine replacement therapy (where indicated) is to be used for at least three months, the period of greatest chance of relapse. The physician should continue to encourage patients who have quit smoking to forestall relapses, while tacitly understanding that the incidence of relapse is high in first-time quitters. Hospital inpatients provide an opportunity to initiate bedside smoking cessation programs. The hope is that, in the future, hospitals will involve the entire health team in comprehensive smoking cessation programs.
Z-source inverter control for traction drive of fuel cell - battery hybrid vehicles

This paper presents a Z-source inverter control strategy used to control power from the fuel cell, power to the motor, and state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The Z-source inverter utilizes an exclusive Z-source (LC) network to link the main inverter circuit to the fuel cell (or any dc power source). A new concept is revealed that substitutes a high voltage battery for one (or both) of the capacitors from the Z-source network. By controlling the shoot-through duty cycle we can control the battery voltage (thus controlling SOC) therefore there is no need for a separate dc-dc converter. By controlling the shoot-through duty cycle and modulation index we can produce any desired output ac voltage, thus there is no need for a dc-dc boost converter. These facts make the Z-source inverter highly desirable for use in hybrid electric vehicles, as the cost and complexity is greatly reduced when compared to traditional inverters. These new concepts are demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.
World Estimates of Hydrate Resources, Basic Properties of Hydrates, and Azerbaijan Hydrates

Assessments of the available amounts of onshore and offshore hydrates have been given over the last twenty years. The first part of this paper evaluates all that is currently known about such estimates in respect of variations and also in respect of the date the estimate was made. The general conclusion is that the estimates have not yet stabilized with increasing amounts of information with time in respect of amount of hydrate resource. The second part of the paper considers the basic physical properties of hydrates, ranging from density, speed of wave propagation, stability with respect to pressure and temperature, through to composition effects. The influence of these properties on detecting hydrates and also on their long-term stability is considered, particularly with respect to climate and sea level changes with time. The third part of the paper considers an application to the offshore hydrates in the South Caspian basin, including the explosive hazard potential such hydrates provide and their ability to release copious amounts of methane into the atmosphere with time.
The benefits of using LAN/WAN technologies for monitoring, control and diagnostics

In comparison with the traditional way of implementing control and protection functions in an industrial complex the adoption of LAN (local area network) and WAN (wide area network) technologies brings with it key benefits in robustness, access and scalability. This paper relates our experiences in replacing an existing serial communications proprietary protocol based 'n' substation control system with one designed to use industrial Ethernet and current international standard protocols.
Effects of Training and Auditory Context on Performance of a Point Estimation Sonification Task

Research on auditory graphs has investigated mappings, scalings, and polarities (Walker, 2002), as well as the addition of some contextual design features (Bonebright, Nees, Connerley, & McCain, 2001; Flowers, Buhman, & Turnage, 1997), in order to improve performance. However, little has been done to quantify the performance effects of such features, or to investigate effects of training in specific sonification tasks such as point estimation. Smith and Walker (2002) took a step towards quantifying and comparing the effects of adding several contextual design features. Presented here are selected results from a comprehensive follow-on study comparing effects of adding auditory context, either with or without training. The overall results indicate that some kinds of auditory context improved performance, while others did not. Training improved performance, and an interaction was discovered between type of auditory context and type of training (Smith, 2003). Implications are discussed.
Combining Overlapping Information

Abstract It is frequently necessary to combine the information provided by summary statistics for different observation sets, particularly in the context of group decision processes. Problems arise when there are unidentified observations that overlap, that is, belong to more than one set. This article discusses the handling of these problems in relation to a Normal example when the exact extent of overlap is known.
Serialization sets: a dynamic dependence-based parallel execution model

This paper proposes a new parallel execution model where programmers augment a sequential program with pieces of code called serializers that dynamically map computational operations into serialization sets of dependent operations. A runtime system executes operations in the same serialization set in program order, and may concurrently execute operations in different sets. Because serialization sets establish a logical ordering on all operations, the resulting parallel execution is predictable and deterministic.We describe the API and design of Prometheus, a C++ library that implements the serialization set abstraction through compile-time template instantiation and a runtime support library. We evaluate a set of parallel programs running on the x86_64 and SPARC-V9 instruction sets and study their performance on multicore, symmetric multiprocessor, and ccNUMA parallel machines. By contrast with conventional parallel execution models, we find that Prometheus programs are significantly easier to write, test, and debug, and their parallel execution achieves comparable performance.
The Impact of Pregnancy on Breast Cancer Outcomes in Women ≤35 Years

BACKGROUND: Some evidence suggests that women with pregnancy-associated breast cancers (PABC) have a worse outcome compared with historical controls. However, young age is a worse prognostic factor independently, and women with PABC tend to be young. The purpose of the current study was to compare locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastases (DM), and overall survival (OS) in young patients with PABC and non-PABC. METHODS: Data for 668 breast cancers in 652 patients aged ≤35 years were retrospectively reviewed. One hundred four breast cancers (15.6%) were pregnancy-associated; 51 cancers developed during pregnancy and 53 within 1 year after pregnancy. RESULTS: The median follow-up for all living patients was 114 months. Patients who developed PABC had more advanced T classification, N classification, and stage group (all P < .04) compared with patients with non-PABC. Patients with PABC had no statistically significant differences in 10-year rates of LRR (23.4% vs 19.2%; P = .47), DM (45.1% vs 38.9%; P = .40), or OS (64.6% vs 64.8%; P = .60) compared with patients with non-PABC. For those patients who developed breast cancer during pregnancy, any treatment intervention during pregnancy provided a trend toward improved OS compared with delaying evaluation and treatment until after delivery (78.7% vs 44.7%; P = .068). CONCLUSIONS: Young patients with PABC had no statistically significant differences in LRR, DM, or OS compared with those with non-PABC; however, pregnancy contributed to a delay in breast cancer diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Primary care and reproductive physicians should be aggressive in the workup of breast symptoms in the pregnant population to expedite diagnosis and allow multidisciplinary treatment. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
IEMOCAP: interactive emotional dyadic motion capture database

Since emotions are expressed through a combination of verbal and non-verbal channels, a joint analysis of speech and gestures is required to understand expressive human communication. To facilitate such investigations, this paper describes a new corpus named the “interactive emotional dyadic motion capture database” (IEMOCAP), collected by the Speech Analysis and Interpretation Laboratory (SAIL) at the University of Southern California (USC). This database was recorded from ten actors in dyadic sessions with markers on the face, head, and hands, which provide detailed information about their facial expressions and hand movements during scripted and spontaneous spoken communication scenarios. The actors performed selected emotional scripts and also improvised hypothetical scenarios designed to elicit specific types of emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, frustration and neutral state). The corpus contains approximately 12 h of data. The detailed motion capture information, the interactive setting to elicit authentic emotions, and the size of the database make this corpus a valuable addition to the existing databases in the community for the study and modeling of multimodal and expressive human communication.
Graphical model based control of intelligent robot systems

Experimental investigations of the application of intelligent robot control technology to the removal of radioactive waste stored in underground tanks are described, with particular attention to the computing and software control environment. Intelligent system control is achieved through the integration of extensive geometric and kinematic world models with real-time sensor-based control. All operator interactions with the system are through fully animated graphical representations that validate all operator commands before execution to provide for safe operation. Sensing is used to add information to the robot system's world model and to allow sensor-based servo control during selected operations. The results of a first test are reported, and the potential for applying advanced intelligent control concepts to this problem is discussed. >
Periprosthetic humeral fractures in shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Periprosthetic fractures associated with shoulder arthroplasty are uncommon but can be very difficult to treat. Treatment options depend on the timing of the fracture, the type of fracture, and the stability of the implant. Understanding these characteristics of periprosthetic fractures helps the practicing surgeon to avoid them and also to determine how best to manage them when they do occur.
Characterizing cyber-resiliency

The restoration requirements for backbone network design have historically been driven by the need to address link failures due, e.g., to accidental fiber cuts. Only in the last 5–7 years the requirements of recovery from cyber attacks induced network failures have surfaced. Both deployed and greenfield networks can benefit from systematic cyber- vulnerability and resiliency characterization which can provide useful insights into the new design paradigm addressing cyber threats. In this paper a technique for characterizing networks for cyber resiliency is suggested based on the network reachability degradation due to node and link failures.
Journal review. Azeotropic distillation

Recent and ongoing research in the distillation of nonideal mixtures is reviewed focusing on advances in the methodologies for the synthesis, design, analysis and control of separation sequences involving homogeneous and heterogeneous azeotropic towers. Maps of residue curves and distillation lines are examined, as well as geometric methods for the synthesis and design of separation sequences, trends in the steady-state and dynamic analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous towers, the nonlinear behavior of these towers, and strategies for their control. Emphasis is placed on the methods of computing all of the azeotropes associated with a multicomponent mixture, on the features that distinguish azeotropic distillations from their zeotropic counterparts, on the potential for steady-state multiplicity, and on the existence of maximum and minimum reflux bounds. Important considerations in the selection of entrainers are examined. For the synthesis of separation trains, when determining the feasible product compositions, the graphical methods are clarified, especially the conditions under which distillation boundaries can be crossed and bounding strategies under finite reflux. The application of geometric theory to locate the fixed points, at minimum reflux, is reviewed in connection with homotopy-continuation algorithms for this purpose. The use of homotopy-continuation algorithms, especially for the steady-state simulation of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations, is justified. Methods for phase stability analysis are reviewed in connection with the location of real bifurcation points at phase transitions, an important feature of algorithms for the dynamic simulation of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations.
A type-II censored, log test time based, component-testing procedure for a parallel system

The authors consider the problem of acceptance testing for a parallel (1-out-of-n:G) system of different components with constant failure rates. The components are individually tested and the tests are terminated as soon as a preassigned number of each component fails. The authors provide a criterion for accepting or rejecting the system based on the sum of the logarithms of the total times on test for each component. The critical level for the test statistic is chosen so as to guarantee that the specified consumer and producer risks on the system reliability are not exceeded. The use of this statistic makes the computation of these critical values much simpler as compared with that of a previously used statistic based on the product of the total times on test for each component. Several approximate procedures are considered for deriving these critical values. The authors also formulate the optimization problem for deriving the minimum-cost component-testing plans when a type-II censored component-test procedure is used for a parallel system. >
A framework for generation and recombination in tunneling field-effect transistors

Despite nearly a decade of active research on tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs), few experimental results have shown a subthreshold swing (SS) less than the 60-mV/decade room-temperature limit. For those devices beating the thermal limit, steep SS has only been observed at current densities less than 10 nA/μm [1]-[5]. Many experimental results are in sharp contrast to idealized simulations that show steep SS, low off-current, and high on-current for devices made from a variety of material systems and geometries (see, e.g., the plots of experimental and simulated TFET transfer characteristics shown in [6]). This suggests that TFET simulations are inadequately modeling non-ideal effects present in experimental devices that degrade the measured electrical characteristics.
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol and antagonism with atipamezole in servals (Felis serval)

Seven (three male and four female) 4-7-yr old captive servals (Felis serval) weighing 13.7 +/- 2.3 kg were used to evaluate the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of combined intramuscular injections of medetomidine (47.4 +/- 10.3 microg/kg), ketamine (1.0 +/- 0.2 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg). Inductions were smooth and rapid (11.7 +/- 4.3 min) and resulted in good muscle relaxation. Significant decreases in heart rate (85 +/- 12 beats/min) at 10 min after injection and respiratory rate (27 +/- 10 breaths/min) at 5 min after injection continued throughout the immobilization period. Rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure did not change significantly. The PaO2 decreased significantly, and PaCO2 increased significantly during immobilization but remained within clinically acceptable limits. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) was not noted, and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was greater than 90% at all times. Relative arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) values, indicated by pulse oximetry, were lower than SaO2 values. All animals could be safely handled while sedated. Administration of atipamezole (236.8 +/- 51.2 microg/kg half i.v. and half s.c.), an alpha2 antagonist, resulted in rapid (4.1 +/- 3 min to standing) and smooth recoveries.
Learning statistical scripts with LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks

Scripts encode knowledge of prototypical sequences of events. We describe a Recurrent Neural Network model for statistical script learning using Long Short-Term Memory, an architecture which has been demonstrated to work well on a range of Artificial Intelligence tasks. We evaluate our system on two tasks, inferring held-out events from text and inferring novel events from text, substantially outperforming prior approaches on both tasks.
Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Malathion-Specific Resistance in the Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Malathion resistance in a strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) was highly specific for malathion and was suppressed by nontoxic carboxylesterase inhibitors. Fifth instars of the resistant strain had 33 times as much malathion carboxylesterase activity but only 0.30 times as much α-naphthyl acetate esterase activity as larvae of a susceptible strain. Resistance was controlled by a single autosomal gene or closely linked set of genes. Resistance and malathion carboxylesterase were inherited as dominant and codominant factors, respectively, and were genetically linked. Thus, malathion resistance in this insect is due to an altered esterase, just as is true for several dipterans. Comparison of 10 α-naphthyl acetate esterase isozymes resolved by electrophoresis revealed seven interstrain differences.
FINITE TYPE LINK HOMOTOPY INVARIANTS II: Milnor's ¯ -invariants

We define a notion of finite type invariants for links with a fixed linking matrix. We show that Milnor's link homotopy invariant ¯(ijk) is a finite type invariant, of type 1, in this sense. We also generalize this approach to Milnor's higher orderinvariants and show that they are also, in a sense, of finite type. Finally, we compare our approach to another approach for defining finite type invariants within linking classes.
Modeling of separated turbulent flows

An approach based on the exact equations governing the turbulent kinetic energy and the enstrophy is developed for studying turbulent separated flows. It is shown that the pressure gradient affects the enstrophy in such a way so as to reduce the eddy viscosity in a separated flow region. The model was applied to flow past three different airfoils: NACA 0012, NACA 4412, and the RAE 2822. In general, predictions of the theory are in good agreement with available experiment. (Author)
Subcutaneous administration of combined fat emulsion with hyaluronidase.

Summary(1) A liter of a 10% combined fat emulsion was injected subcutaneously into hyaluronidase treated areas in each of 22 patients. (2) Each of 8 of the latter received the combined fat emulsion both by the intravenous and the subcutaneous routes. (3) Six patients in this series received 3 consecutive hypodermoclyses of the emulsion. (4) The general clinical reactions and the changes in blood lipids, urinary lipids and oxygen consumption were studied. (5) The clinical effectiveness of this type of administration for parenteral fat was established.
Effect of amphotericin B on sodium and water movement across normal and cholera toxin-challenged canine jejunum.

The precise mechanism by which cholera toxin induces intestinal fluid accumulation and diarrhea remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that cholera toxin may decrease intestinal absorption of ion(s) and water by inhibiting the lumen to plasma movement of ions across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells. Since amphotericin B, a polyene antibiotic, is known to enhance the porosity of animal membranes in vitro, we have examined the effects of this agent on net sodium and water movement across normal canine jejunum and that treated with cholera toxin. In normal jejunum, application of amphotericin B to the mucosal bathing solution markedly enhanced the net absorption of sodium and water. This effect of amphotericin B remained unaltered in jejunum challenged with cholera toxin. The actions of amphotericin B and cholera toxin appeared to be independent of one another and their opposing effects were additive. Despite the ability of amphotericin B to reverse partially the net intestinal secretion of ion(s) and water of cholera, the magnitude of its effect and potential toxicity preclude its use in therapy. We suggest that other agents which enhance the ability of luminal ions to penetrate the luminal membrane of epithelial cells may prove to be efficacious in the therapy of cholera.
Training Professionals and Eroding Relationships: Donors AIDS Care and Development in Urban Zambia.

Driven by the goal of sustaining programmes, donors that seek to combat AIDS have promoted trainings and income-generating projects for volunteers who care for people living with HIV. This article uses focus group discussions, interviews and participant observation conducted in 2011 among urban Zambian churches to question the effects of these projects for ‘good care’ or relationships rooted in reciprocity, empathy and trust, values that scholars claim foster development capabilities. It compares two church AIDS care programmes with linkages to donors with two without such ties. It finds that all caregivers were motivated by perceived benefits from the ‘AIDS industry’ or the thousands of AIDS projects in Zambia. Groups with donor linkages were more professional, although their caregivers faced more time constraints and patronage expectations, factors that eroded empathy and trust and problematised building development capabilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS-related Behaviors and HIV Infection Status Among Construction Workers

Objective To explore AIDS-related behaviors and HIV infection status among construction workers in Pingxiang city for effective interventions on high risk behavior.Methods A cluster sampling method was adopted and 405 workers from 9 construction sites in Pingxiang city were selected from January to March 2011.Sexual behaviors including marriage sex,commercial sex and non-marriage/commercial casually sex were analyzed as well as HIV/AIDS related knowledge awareness,drug using and HIV,Syphilis and HCV test results in laboratory.Result A total of 405 construction workers were selected and investigated,with the HIV infection rate of 0.49%,syphilis infection rate of 3.95%,and HCV infection rate of 0.99%.The awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge(who could answer more than 6 items) was 72.28% among the workers.The percentage of having sex with regular partners within the past year was 93.24%,and the rate of using condom each time was only 8.69%.The rate of having non-marriage/commercial casual sex was 5.68% in the past year.And 13.39% of investiged male construction workers had had commercial sex in the past year with the rate of 62.22% using condom each time.Also the rate was 0.74% of drug using.Single factor analysis shows that the rate of commercial sex behavior is related to both education level and the AIDS-related knowledge awareness among the male construction workers(P0.05).Conclusion There was synergistic effect of multiple high risks related to HIV among construction workers in Pingxiang.Those construction workers were becoming the high risk and bridge group of AIDS infection and transmission.Effective interventions on high risk behavior should be carried out for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.
Ultraviolet radiation exposures in a mycobacteriology laboratory.

A health hazard evaluation request was received from a state health department asking NIOSH investigators to evaluate the hazard to workers in a mycobacteriology laboratory from an ultraviolet (UV) radiation disinfection system. Although the employees did not report any medical complaints or symptoms related to overexposure, they were concerned about their exposure to UV radiation
Conservative management of testicular endodermal sinus tumor in childhood.

AbstractEndodermal sinus tumor is the most common testicular neoplasm in childhood. The management of children with this neoplasm remains controversial. We have treated prospectively 5 children with stage I endodermal sinus tumor with limited surgery and no adjuvant therapy. The median patient age at diagnosis was 21 months (range 5 to 24 months). All children underwent an inguinal orchiectomy with high ligation of the spermatic cord. Retroperitoneal node dissection was not performed in any case and no child received adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. All patients were well without evidence of recurrent disease at a median followup of 46 months (range 19 to 72 months). Because these tumors usually are localized at the time of diagnosis, rarely spread to the retroperitoneal nodes and have a biological marker in most cases, and because good salvage chemotherapy is available for patients with relapse, we believe that nonmetastatic testicular endodermal sinus tumors in children can be managed with ra...
Delay of castration induced regression in rat prostate by pituitary homografts

Although prolactin has a synergistic effect with testosterone in stimulating growth of the lateral lobe of the rat prostate, the role of prolactin in the absence of testosterone has not been well established. We studied the effect of prolactin on the rate of prostatic regression induced by castration in mature Sprague-Dawley rats. Anterior pituitaries from female rats were transplanted under the renal capsule in all rats. Castration and unilateral nephrectomy were carried out 1 week later. Half of the animals had the normal, non-grafted kidney removed and another half had the kidney bearing the pituitary grafts excised. Rats were sacrificed on days 0, 7, 10 and 14 and 3 lobes of the prostate were dissected separately. The lateral lobe showed a marked decrease in the rate of regression in the pituitary graft-bearing rats. In control animals, the relative weight of the lateral lobe on days 7, 10 and 14 was 38 +/- 2 per cent (mean +/- SE), 33 +/- 2 per cent and 26 +/- 2 per cent of the day 0 value, respectively; the respective relative weight in animals carrying pituitary grafts was 67 +/- 4 per cent, 51 +/- 5 per cent, and 38 +/- 3 per cent of the day 0 value. The difference in the weight of the lateral lobe between the 2 groups was significant on days 7 (p less than 0.001) and 10 (p less than 0.05) and was not significant on day 14. There was no difference in the mean body weight in graft bearing and non-graft bearing animals. Bilateral adrenalectomy at the time of castration did not influence the rate of prostatic regression in either group. Furthermore, pituitaries implanted in rats castrated for 3 weeks had no stimulatory effect of the prostates. These results indicate that increased endogenous prolactin, in the absence of testicular and adrenal secretion, delays the castration-induced regression of the lateral lobe of the prostate of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Treatment of craniofacial microsomia.

The treatment of craniofacial microsomia depends upon understanding the three-dimensional skeletal deformity. A surgical anatomic classification delineates this and describes the various technical possibilities. Current modifications include the use of split cranial bone, screws, and miniplates. Recent research suggests advantages from early surgery.
The impact of the 2015–2016 presidential election campaign on American Asian policy debates:

The 2015–2016 presidential election campaign had major effects on American debates regarding US policy toward Asia. Going into the campaign, the debates focused heavily on perceived US weaknesses i...
TEM in situ micropillar compression tests of ion irradiated oxide dispersion strengthened alloy

Abstract The growing role of charged particle irradiation in the evaluation of nuclear reactor candidate materials requires the development of novel methods to assess mechanical properties in near-surface irradiation damage layers just a few micrometers thick. In situ transmission electron microscopic (TEM) mechanical testing is one such promising method. In this work, microcompression pillars are fabricated from a Fe2+ ion irradiated bulk specimen of a model Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy. Yield strengths measured directly from TEM in situ compression tests are within expected values, and are consistent with predictions based on the irradiated microstructure. Measured elastic modulus values, once adjusted for the amount of deformation and deflection in the base material, are also within the expected range. A pillar size effect is only observed in samples with minimum dimension ≤100 nm due to the low inter-obstacle spacing in the as received and irradiated material. TEM in situ micropillar compression tests hold great promise for quantitatively determining mechanical properties of shallow ion-irradiated layers.
Simulating the Impact of Policy on Entrepreneurship

The resurgence of interest in role of the entrepreneur in economic change has led to a reexamination of the role of public policy strategies that seek to facilitate and promote entrepreneurship. However, the impacts of many proposed public policies on entrepreneurial outcomes are difficult, at best, to quantify. As a result, little public policy analysis regarding the potential for the success of the proposed sets of policies exists. This research at-tempts to, in part, fill in this gap by first generalizing a sample policy proposal to its most basic dimensions of effect and then analyze the impacts of these generalized dimensions on entrepreneurial outcomes using simulation modeling. The results of the analysis suggest that public policies directed at: 1) increasing the aggregate level of human capital and 2) increasing the aggregate stock of new knowledge; have the most influential impact on entrepreneurial outcomes.
117 IS AKAP-4 A NOVEL CANCER TESTIS ANTIGEN FOR MULTIPLE MYELOMA?

Purpose Immunotherapy promises to be a more gentle and successful cancer treatment when compared with current standard treatments. Multiple myeloma (MM) is still a fatal hematologic malignancy that represents approximately 1% of all cancers and 2% of all cancer deaths. Approximately 50,000 Americans currently have MM. The research to discover new suitable cancer targets is needed to improve the effects of immunotherapy. The AKAP family9s protein provides an organizing center about which various protein kinases and phosphatases can be assembled to create solid-state signaling devices that can signal, be modulated, and be trafficked within the cell. A member of this family, AKAP-4, is the focus of our study. Human AKAP-4 is a structural protein of the sperm fibrous sheath that also functions to anchor protein kinase A to this structure via the regulatory subunit of the kinase, and seems to be involved in sperm motility. Our aim was to investigate the presence of AKAP-4 as a novel cancer testis antigen target in MM patients. Methods We evaluated the expression of AKAP-4 mRNA in a normal panel of tissues and in 15 MM patients either by PCR and immunocytochemistry. The normal control investigated tissues were kidney, ovary, skeletal muscle, mammary, brain, heart, colon, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, spleen, trachea, and bone marrow. Summary The analysis of the mRNA expression of AKAP-4 showed that none of the normal tissues produced any positive band signals, whereas 6 of the 15 investigated patients (40%) showed a positive band signal. The immunohistochemical approach to the normal tissue panel showed no staining in any of the evaluated organs, except for the control, the testis. Five of the 15 MM investigated cases (33.3%) showed positive cytoplasmic staining. Conclusion To our knowledge, we established for the first time that AKAP-4 is expressed at the transcriptional level in MM cases, with a rate of 40%, whereas it is not expressed in normal tissues. Immunocytochemical data confirmed the PCR observations even if with a slightly lower percentage rate (33.3%). Since AKAP-4 has yet not been studied in MM, this is the first study that gives evidence of its aberrant expression in MM and suggests its use as possible novel cancer testis antigen target in MM.
An Economic Impact Report of Shale Gas Extraction in Pennsylvania with Stricter Assumptions

Abstract During the onset of shale gas development, a variety of economic impact studies were released through the ‘gray literature’ without formal peer review. In a review of six such impact reports, Kinnaman (2011) speculates about several major issues worth scrutiny arising with analysis using input-output models. His central critique focuses on the assumptions of how industry spending is represented and how leasing and royalty dollars are spent. In this study, we use detailed county records and results from a survey to directly address these assumptions, and compare our results to the findings in an economic impact study of Marcellus Shale development in Pennsylvania which Kinnaman critiqued. Our results, which are only about 52% of the prior study, confirm his supposition that some ex ante studies use unrealistic assumptions which lead to gross overestimates of the impacts.
The Role of Proximal Maternal Supervision in Children's Risk for Injury in a Low-Income Sample.

Objective This study examined the role of proximal maternal supervision in children's injury occurrence and severity among low-income families. Methods We used a case crossover design and collected data about injury and control conditions for children aged 1-5 in 50 low-income families. Results Higher levels of mothers' proximity to children predicted lower likelihood of injury occurrence. When controlling for child activity level, there was a trend for visual supervision to predict injury occurrence. The number of children in the home was also associated with lower supervision and higher prior injury frequency. Discussion These findings provide evidence for the important role of maternal supervision in preventing unintentional injuries among low-income, at-risk children. Interventions that help at-risk caregivers provide closer supervision for their children are needed.
Design, fabrication, and testing of stellar coronagraphs for exoplanet imaging

Complex-mask coronagraphs destructively interfere unwanted starlight with itself to enable direct imaging of exoplanets. This is accomplished using a focal plane mask (FPM); a FPM can be a simple occulter mask, or in the case of a complex-mask, is a multi-zoned device designed to phase-shift starlight over multiple wavelengths to create a deep achromatic null in the stellar point spread function. Creating these masks requires microfabrication techniques, yet many such methods remain largely unexplored in this context. We explore methods of fabrication of complex FPMs for a Phased-Induced Amplitude Apodization Complex-Mask Coronagraph (PIAACMC). Previous FPM fabrication efforts for PIAACMC have concentrated on mask manufacturability while modeling science yield, as well as assessing broadband wavelength operation. Moreover current fabrication efforts are concentrated on assessing coronagraph performance given a single approach. We present FPMs fabricated using several process paths, including deep reactive ion etching and focused ion beam etching using a silicon substrate. The characteristic size of the mask features is 5μm with depths ranging over 1μm. The masks are characterized for manufacturing quality using an optical interferometer and a scanning electron microscope. Initial testing is performed at the Subaru Extreme Adaptive Optics testbed, providing a baseline for future experiments to determine and improve coronagraph performance within fabrication tolerances.
Cell-Surface Events during Myogenesis: Immunofluorescence Analysis using Monoclonal Antibodies

We have raised monoclonal antibodies (MAb’s) reactive with L8E63 myoblasts to study the events on the cell surface that accompany skeletal myogenesis. The dynamic state of the myoblast membrane has been described using indirect immunofluorescence with microphotometry, and developmentally defective mutants examined for antigenic expression relative to L8 E63 myoblasts. One antibody (Ab), H36, is highly selective for skeletal muscle and is not bound by nonfusing mutant myoblasts. Modulation of differentiation alters expression of H36 antigen.
Teaching Rachel Carson

This section will look at a range of courses where Carson’s work might be relevant; it will consider some projects and topics for relating Carson’s work to a larger context of environmental and social issues; and it will ask a question: what are the controversies, and how should we teach them? I will offer an explanation of one teaching strategy, Problembased Learning, and suggest some appropriate problems.
Support and Teaching in the Vulnerable Moments: Preparing Special Educators for Diversity

In this paper we argue that special educators have a critical role to play in supporting children from diverse communities at times of vulnerability, which are created by the distance between the demands of the school context and the child’s cultural context, and that increase the likelihood for school failure and for referral for or placement in special education. We identify four aspects of teacher education for special education that have the potential to strengthen the education of children who traditionally have been marginalized: (a) a much stronger understanding of the sociocultural context of children’s learning and development; (b) preparation as members of intercultural mediation teams to support students at such vulnerable moments; (c) opportunities for mediated experiences in diverse sociocultural contexts; and (d) preparation of special educators to work in culturally and linguistically responsive ways with children who are eventually placed in special education and, for the most part, with the aim of moving them towards access to and full participation within the general education curriculum as soon as possible.
Quantum Hardware II: cQED and cirQED

We introduce the vacuum Maxwell equations and use them to describe electromagnetic fields trapped in a cavity. Boundary conditions for the cavity are shown to lead to standing wave solutions which we quantize to construct cavity QED, a quantum theory for those fields. We insert a rotor into the cavity and are led to a quantum description of a rotor(atom) qubit coupled to a quantized electromagnetic field. We derive the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian and find its approximate eigenvalues and eigenvectors in the strong atom-radiation coupling regime. We show how artificial atoms, composed of superconducting Josephson junctions, interact with microwave line-resonator photons, thus allowing a circuit analog of cavity QED. We discuss how the latter is described with electrical circuit terminology.
Policy Brief—Regulating Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration: Insights from the Deepwater Horizon Experience in the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractOn April 20, 2010, the Macondo well suffered a blowout, causing the mobile offshore drilling unit Deepwater Horizon to explode and eventually sink. Oil flowed from the well into the Gulf of...
A Novel Risk Assessment Model to Predict Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Cancer Inpatients: The Canclot Score

Background Current guidelines recommend all cancer inpatients receive pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis in the absence of contraindications. This is extrapolated from trials showing the benefit of VTE prophylaxis in general medical inpatients and the known increased risk of VTE in cancer patients. However, given the increased risk of bleeding in cancer patients on anticoagulation (AC), it is vital to better define a subpopulation of cancer inpatients who most benefit from VTE prophylaxis. Current inpatient VTE risk models, including Padua, Caprini and IMPROVE, contain cancer as a variable and thus are not discriminative among cancer patients. Although the Khorana score (KS) stratifies VTE risk by cancer type, it was originally derived for cancer outpatients, and has yet to be validated for inpatients. Using a large multi-center cohort, we developed a novel VTE risk assessment model (RAM) specific to cancer inpatients, the CANclot score. Methods The Michigan Hospital Medicine Safety Consortium, a 49 hospital collaborative, established a multicenter retrospective cohort of medical inpatients > 18 years of age. Exclusion criteria include surgical patients, pregnancy, admission to the ICU or for palliative care, therapeutic AC, diagnosis of acute VTE, history of VTE within 6 months, and length of stay Results Between 7/2012-7/2015, 18,956 cancer admissions were included. 2,464 (13%) had a pre-defined contraindication to prophylaxis (active bleed within 3 months, coagulopathy, or high risk brain metastasis). Of all admissions, 52.8% received VTE prophylaxis. A total of 327 (1.7%) VTE events were observed; 51/327 (15.6%) VTE events occurred during admission and 276/327 (84.4%) within 90 day f/u. When comparing AUC9s of different risk models, CANclot ≥ 3 was superior to Padua ≥ 4 (p=0.01), Caprini ≥ 5 (p=0.01) and IMPROVE ≥ 2 (p=0.02). In our dataset 4,695 (25%) of patients had a CANclot score ≥ 3. Conclusion: The CANclot score is a novel VTE risk assessment tool derived specifically for cancer inpatients. Compared to other published risk prediction tools used in the general population, CANclot ≥ 3 shows an improved predictive ability for VTE and good yield, applying to 25% of the population. Improving VTE prediction in hospitalized cancer patients is crucial because targeting only those at highest risk may spare low risk patients from untoward bleeding complications from AC. Additionally, we found the majority of VTE events occurred during the 90 day followup period which calls for further attention to the possible need for extended prophylaxis in this population. Limitations to our study include a low overall rate of VTE, lack of some cancer specific variables, and that risk score values have not yet been corrected for optimism. The CANclot VTE risk score is a promising new tool for cancer inpatients that warrants further validation. 1 Patell R et al. JCO 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr 6598) Disclosures Flanders:Blue Cross Blue Shield: Research Funding; Wiley Publishing: Patents & Royalties. Sood:Bayer: Research Funding.
Dealing with the Challenge: Responses to Foreign Fighters and Foreign Fighter Returnees

Many Western governments have grappled with the issue of foreign fighters. Some countries have introduced measures to tackle the outflow of volunteers. Others have devised additional interventions to deal with returning foreign fighters. The chapter examines the different approaches prevailing in the West. It analyzes such measures against foreign fighters as prevention of travel, criminalization of foreign fighting, and soft preventive measures. The chapter discusses elimination of foreign fighters, citizenship revocation, and rehabilitation programs as some of the measures dealing with foreign fighter returnees.