cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The accidental addict.

One of the most remarkable tales of a concealed drug addiction began more than a century ago and involves a brilliant young doctor. Dr. Howard Markel writes about William Stewart Halsted, who by the age of 33 faced both professional and literal extinction because of a relentless addiction to cocaine.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INTERACTIONS IN RHEUMATOID SYNOVIUM

There is growing evidence that distinct molecular and cellular interactions in the rheumatoid synovium result in a complex cascade of pathophysiologic events. These interactions finally lead to progressive joint destruction, in a way that is different from all other joint diseases. Keystones are inflammation, proliferation of synovial cells, and attachment and invasion of synovial fibroblasts (in)to adjacent cartilage and bone, mediated by continuous release of matrix-degrading enzymes. Advances in molecular biology have provided numerous new data on the rheumatoid arthritis interaction cascade. Major research topics involve the balance of proinflammatory and inhibitory cytokines, the role of adhesion molecules in attachment of synovial fibroblasts to cartilage, and the localization of various matrix-degrading enzymes in the synovial lining. The results of the research reviewed here also provide a basis for future therapies including gene therapy.
Serum prostate-specific antigen but not testosterone levels decrease in a randomized soy intervention among men.

Serum prostate-specific antigen but not testosterone levels decrease in a randomized soy intervention among men
Quantifying counts and costs via classification

Many business applications track changes over time, for example, measuring the monthly prevalence of influenza incidents. In situations where a classifier is needed to identify the relevant incidents, imperfect classification accuracy can cause substantial bias in estimating class prevalence. The paper defines two research challenges for machine learning. The `quantification' task is to accurately estimate the number of positive cases (or class distribution) in a test set, using a training set that may have a substantially different distribution. The `cost quantification' variant estimates the total cost associated with the positive class, where each case is tagged with a cost attribute, such as the expense to resolve the case. Quantification has a very different utility model from traditional classification research. For both forms of quantification, the paper describes a variety of methods and evaluates them with a suitable methodology, revealing which methods give reliable estimates when training data is scarce, the testing class distribution differs widely from training, and the positive class is rare, e.g., 1% positives. These strengths can make quantification practical for business use, even where classification accuracy is poor.
Iatrogenic Internal Mammary Artery-to-Irinominate Vein Fistula Percutaneous Nonsurgical Closure

An internal mammary artery-to-innominate vein fistula, a rare complication of subclavian vein central venous pressure catheter insertion, was closed without surgery by percutaneous angiographic techniques. In this case and in similar cases of arteriovenous fistulas, percutaneous angiographic therapy can be both safe and effective and can lead to significant reductions in costs, hospitalization, and patient trauma.
Anisotropic attenuation analysis of crosshole data generated during hydraulic fracturing

Attenuation of seismic waves is sensitive to the physical properties of the subsurface and has been observed in vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and reflection data. De et al. (1994) report measurements of the P- and S-wave quality factors from VSP surveys and sonic logs. Klimentos (1995) measures compressional and shear attenuation from sonic logs in sandstone formations with variable oil, water, and gas saturation and observes that QP and QS can be used for pore-fluid discrimination. Maultzsch et al. (2007) evaluate P-wave azimuthal attenuation anisotropy from 3D VSP data acquired over a fractured hydrocarbon reservoir and infer fracture directions from attenuation analysis. Attenuation anisotropy has also been observed in P-wave reflection data (Clark et al., 2009; Vasconcelos and Jenner, 2005). Seismic attenuation is most commonly measured using the spectral-ratio method. Zhu et al. (2007) extend the spectral-ratio method to anisotropic media and apply it to physical modeling data acquired for a trans...
Endoplasmic reticulum quality control in cancer: Friend or foe.

Abstract Quality control systems in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mediated by unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) ensure cellular function and organismal survival. Recent studies have suggested that ER quality-control systems in cancer cells may serve as a double-edged sword that aids progression as well as prevention of tumor growth in a context-dependent manner. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the complex relationship between ER proteostasis and cancer pathology, with a focus on the two most conserved ER quality-control mechanisms–the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway of the UPR and SEL1L–HRD1 complex of the ERAD.
Comparisons of phytosociological methods of classification on a desert grassland site

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the results from several quantitative descriptive methods of vegetation stand classification using association analyses, linear ordination, and factor/cluster analyses. The stands utilized in the study were located in a desert grassland community in southeastern Arizona. The groupings of stands derived from the application of the several methods to a common population of stands were evaluated for internal homogeneity with respect to several variables. Analysis of results indicates that the methods used were not simply different approaches to obtaining the same final stand arrangements. The group of stands produced by any method were highly dependent upon the mechanics of the grouping procedure. Furthermore, the exact type and amount of data which were used affected the final results. In general, the use of a greater variety of types of vegetative data and the inclusion of environmental variables as used in the factor/cluster analysis method resulted in groups that more nearly fulfilled the objectives of producing groups of maximum internal homogeneity for a wide variety of variables.
Letter to the Editor: Good Students Make Good Graduates

The article by Josipa Roksa and Richard Arum in the July/August 2012 issue of Change provides an important, but limited, analysis of American higher education. As they note, a “rigorous college edu...
Cognitive correlates of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Background Hallucinations and delusions that complicate Parkinson's disease (PD) could lead to nursing home placement and are linked to increased mortality. Cognitive impairments are typically associated with the presence of hallucinations but there are no data regarding whether such a relationship exists with delusions. Objective We hypothesized that hallucinations would be associated with executive and visuospatial disturbance. An exploratory examination of cognitive correlates of delusions was also completed to address the question of whether they differ from hallucinations. Methods 144 PD subjects completed a neuropsychological battery to assess cognition and the SAPS to examine psychosis. Correlational analyses assessed associations between hallucinations and delusions with cognitive domains. Results 48 subjects (33%) reported psychotic symptoms: 25 (17%) experienced hallucinations without delusions, 23 (16%) had symptoms dominated by delusions. Severity and/or number of hallucination subtypes were significantly correlated with lower scores in language, memory, attention, executive functioning, and visuospatial ability. Correlations with delusions were non-significant. Tests of differences in the size of the correlations between groups revealed a significant relationship between language and visuospatial performance with hallucinations. Conclusions Cognitive correlates of hallucinations and delusions appear to be different in PD, suggesting distinct pathogenic mechanisms and possibly anatomical substrates. Hence, delusions may not share the same associations with dementia as hallucinations. Since this is a new finding, further studies will be needed to confirm our results.
Stimulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion by clofibrate

Abstract Isolated hepatocytes prepared from rat and squirrel monkey livers were used to explore the mechanism of action of clofibrate, a hypolipidemic agent in current use. Addition of sodium clofibrate to cells suspended in Hanks medium stimulated the conversion of [1-14C]palmitate into esterified lipids and to 14CO2. This agent also promoted the incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol into cellular lipids when fatty acids were present in the incubation medium. Triglycerides were the major lipid class increased by the drug. Sodium clofibrate enhanced the discharge of labeled lipids into the medium from liver cells prelabeled with [2-3H]glycerol. These data suggest that clofibrate does not lower plasma triglyceride levels by interference with hepatic triglyceride production or secretion.
Phase-relations in the system tellurium—silver

The melting-point diagram of the system tellurium—silver may be regarded as composed of two adjoining systems, (1) the system Te-Ag2Te, and (2) Ag2Te-Ag. In the first part of the system the liquidus curve first drops from the melting point of Te at 451°C to a eutectic located at 351°C, 33 atomic per cent Ag. From the eutectic the curve then rises toward the melting point of Ag2Te at 959°C. This portion of the curve consists of two main branches, with Ag3Te2 as the primary phase from 351°C to 465°C, and Ag2Te as the primary phase above that. At 465°C Ag3Te2 melts incongruently with the formation of crystals of Ag2Te, and a liquid of 49 atomic per cent Ag.
Fundamentalists, Evangelicals, and Politics

This article takes issue with the assumption that the Christian right is a monolithic bloc. In a national sample of clergy, self-identified fundamentalists, evangelicals, and nonidentifiers (neither fundamentalists nor nonfundamentalists) are compared on three dimensions: religious attitudes, political attitudes (issue opinions and ideology), and political communications from the pulpit. The self-identification scheme yields groups that are very distinct on all three dimensions.
Automation of a Crawford-cell exposure system

An automated 50-Ω Crawford cell exposure system for irradiating laboratory animals in the 225-500-MHz frequency range is described. Power measurements are obtained and analyzed in this system via an HP 436A power meter under the control of an LSI-11 minicomputer. Dosimetric information, in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR), is collected with the minicomputer automatically measuring absorbed power at preset exposure time intervals for a specified duration. Instantaneous values of SAR are computed, stored on a disk file, and displayed on a video terminal. The average whole-body SAR is computed and displayed at the end of each exposure. An interactive system-operating program facilitates data acquisition and analysis, and provides maximum flexibility and ease of operation.
Phase transition in lithium garnet oxide ionic conductors Li7La3Zr2O12: The role of Ta substitution and H2O/CO2 exposure

Abstract High Li-content lithium garnet oxides are promising solid electrolyte materials for lithium batteries. Being the highest Li-content lithium garnet oxides, Li7La3Zr2O12 has been reported to crystallize in either the tetragonal or cubic phase with no consensus on the exact conditions under which these two phases are formed, which may be due to unintentional Al contamination and air exposure. In this work, the effects of Ta substitution and H2O/CO2 exposure have been studied under Al-contamination free conditions with minimal air exposure. We showed that 1) the Ta-substitution induced phase transition occurred through a two-phase mechanism and a minimum 0.6 mol of Ta substitution to Zr is needed to stabilize the cubic phase; 2) H2O and CO2 can individually induce the tetragonal-cubic phase transition in Li7La3Zr2O12 through proton exchange and Li extraction, respectively, which can have great influence on the transport properties of Li7La3Zr2O12.
Issues in the Education of Gifted and Talented Children. Part I.

In Part I (May, 1986), Dr. Goldberg discussed egalitarianism vs excellence from an historical perspective and provided a context for the definition and assessment of giftedness and talent. Part II explores three additional issues: (a) criteria for judging the appropriateness of special programs for the gifted and talented; (b) organizational alternatives for content development and delivery; and (c) staffing programs for the gifted and talented. Following the exposition and discussion of all of the issues, the material is summarized in the form of questions and proposed areas of research and study.
Distributed numerical modeling of dual-gate GaAs MESFETs

A one-dimensional, numerical gradual channel model is used to examine the behavior of dual-gate GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs). Distributed numerical models for dual-gate devices do not incur any significant changes over equivalent single-gate device models. Such distributed numerical models are very useful for examining the regions of operation of each channel and the internal field distributions, and they are applicable when the close proximity of the two gates couples the parameters of the individual channels and invalidates the modeling of the device as two channels in series. The author first derives simplified conditions for saturation and nonsaturation of each gated channel, using as a basis the series connection of two single-gate devices. This load-line approach has been found to be very useful for analyzing switching as well as RF bias conditions. Then the model and method used in a numerical gradual channel analysis of the dual-gate FET are described. The results of the analysis are presented and discussed. >
Advancing the Development of Systems Engineers Using Process Simulators

Abstract Simulators can serve as an efficient and effective means to educate and train systems engineering students as well as current systems engineers to understand complex aspects related to systems engineering. A systems engineering simulator can promote and accelerate experiential learning. Systems engineering simulators allow users to consider different project options and perform “what if” analyses in order to evaluate the dynamic consequences of decisions and understand the various related system dynamics without impact to the real system being simulated. Systems engineering “management flight” simulators can help individuals to develop the crucial systems thinking skills necessary for systems engineers and can reduce the time to develop an understanding of complex system dynamics. This paper discusses research related to the educational use of simulators in software engineering. These findings can be leveraged for the development of systems engineering process simulators.
Combined inhibitory effects of aspirin and ethanol on adrenaline exacerbation of acute platelet thrombus formation in stenosed canine coronary arteries.

Study objective – This study was performed to see whether ethanol could potentiate the inhibitory effect of aspirin on recurrent platelet thrombus formation and subsequent embolisation, which have been shown to cause cyclic reductions in blood flow in 70% of mechanically stenosed dog coronary arteries. Design – After mechanical stenosis of the circumflex coronary artery in open chest dogs, cyclic variations in blood flow were measured during treatment with aspirin, ethanol, or both. Subjects – 20 adult mongrel dogs were used: in group 1 (n=5) each dog was given aspirin 5 mg·kg−1; in group 2 (n=5) each was given 1.2 ml·kg−1 ethanol; in group 3 (n=10) each was given aspirin 1 mg·kg−1combined with either 0.3 or 0.6 ml·kg−1 ethanol. Measurements and main results – In group 1, aspirin 5 mg·kg−1 abolished cyclic reductions in circumflex blood flow, but an intravenous infusion of adrenaline (0.4 μg·kg−1·min−1 for 15 min) caused them to return. In group 2, ethanol 1·2 ml·kg−1 abolished cyclic flow reductions but they returned after adrenaline infusion challenge. In group 3, aspirin 1 mg·kg−1 combined with either 0.6 or 0.3 ml·kg−1 ethanol abolished cyclic flow reductions and protected against their return during adrenaline infusion challenge in 9/10 dogs. Conclusions – The results suggest that ethanol potentiates the inhibitory effects of aspirin on platelet thrombus formation in our model of simulated coronary artery disease.
In-situ monitoring of etch by-products during reactive ion beam etching of GaAs in chlorine/argon

Mass spectrometry of the plasma effluent during Reactive Ion Beam Etching (RIBE) of GaAs using an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) source and a Cl{sub 2}/Ar gas chemistry shows that AsCl{sub 3}, AsCl{sub 2} and AsCl are all detected as etch products for As, while GaCl{sub 2} is the main signal detected for the Ga products. The variation in selective ion currents for the various etch products has been examined as a function of chuck temperature (30--100 C), percentage Cl{sub 2} in the gas flow, beam current (60--180 mA) and beam voltage (200--800 V). The results are consistent with AsCl{sub 3} and GaCl{sub 3} being the main etch product species under their conditions, with fragmentation being responsible for the observed mass spectra.
To Demonstrate the Benefits of Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

The Department of Urology of the Charite Hospital, Berlin, has reported its experience in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: 1000 patients operated on by eight surgeons over a period of almost 6 yr [1]. This article illustrates the high levels of innovation, technology development, and surgical skills that, during this period, were found mainly at European academic medical centres. The article describes one institution’s experience and this analysis confirms that the efficiency of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is no longer in question; indeed, the authors report data on the short-term oncologic efficacy. These data are welcome because very few biochemical recurrence-free survival curves have been published, even though the procedure has been performed since 1998 and thousands of patients have been operated on [2–4]. In addition, the authors confirm the feasibility and the reproducibility of the technique and describe the perioperative morbidity of the procedure. Moreover, the team at Charite has demonstrated its ability to develop a renowned teaching programme, but more importantly, they have demonstrated their ability to rapidly recruit for their clinical project a large number of patients with localised prostate cancer. These strengths are impressive and should inspire all of us. But this article also leads us to raise some questions. Indeed, the urologic community is still waiting for more conclusive evidence that the
Effects of polyamines, polyamine analogs, and inhibitors of protein synthesis on spermidine-spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene expression.

The key polyamine catabolizing enzyme spermidine−spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is among the few genes known to be inducible by the natural polyamines. Certain polyamine analogs markedly exaggerate this response and thus provide useful tools for studying the underlying regulatory mechanisms. As shown here, the analog which most potently induces SSAT activity, N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM), increases SSAT mRNA in MALME-3M human melanoma cells to a maximum of >20-fold and immunodetectable SSAT protein to >300-fold. By comparison, the natural polyamine spermine is far less effective, increasing SSAT mRNA by ∼3-fold and protein by ∼7-fold. In particular, the difference in mRNA accumulation by spermine and the analog was shown to be due to differential effects on both gene transcription and mRNA stabilization. Although the analog DENSPM has been regarded as the most potent inducer of SSAT activity and mRNA, we now report that inhibitors of protein synthesis are capable of increasing SSAT mRNA to nea...
Improving the Numerical Understanding of Children From Low-Income Families

Abstract— Children from low-income backgrounds enter school with much less mathematical knowledge than their more affluent peers. These early deficits have long-term consequences; children who start behind generally stay behind. This article describes how a theoretical analysis of the development of number sense gave rise to an intervention that reduces this gap by producing large, rapid, and broad improvements in the mathematical competence of low-income preschoolers. Roughly, an hour of playing a simple, inexpensive, linear number board game produces gains in numerical magnitude comparison, number line estimation, counting, and numeral identification. Reasons for these large gains are discussed.
Coupled parallel waveguide semiconductor laser

The operation of a new type of tunable laser, where the two separately controlled individual lasers are placed vertically in parallel, has been demonstrated. One of the cavities (‘‘control’’ cavity) is operated below threshold and assists the longitudinal mode selection and tuning of the other laser. With a minor modification, the same device can operate as an independent two‐wavelength laser source.
Frequent Loss of Chromosome Arms 8p and 13q in Collecting Duct Carcinoma (CDC) of the Kidney

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a malignant renal neoplasm that is believed to arise from the epithelium of the ducts of Bellini in the distal nephron. These tumors are clinically aggressive and more often occur in a younger population than is typical of the more common clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC). Using highly informative polymorphic microsatellite markers on chromosome arms 3p, 5q, 6q, 9p, 9q, 11p, 13q, 17p, and 18q, we analyzed DNA from nonmalignant and tumor tissue in 6 cases of CDC. We found no evidence of 3p loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in these renal tumors by using multiple markers, a finding that distinguishes CDC from RCC in which 3p LOH has frequently been observed. We found LOH of 8p in 50% of the tumors examined; in addition, we observed LOH of 13q in 50% of the tumors studied. Interestingly, 8p LOH may be associated with high stage and poor clinical prognosis. These data suggest that the molecular events responsible for the development of CDC differ from those associated with the origin of RCC, and that tumor suppressor genes on 8p and 13q may be involved in the pathogenesis of CDC.
The Advanced Photon Source: a status report

Abstract The Advanced Photon Source (APS) currently under construction at Argonne National Laboratory is scheduled for completion in early 1996. Both conventional facilities construction and technical component fabrication is well under way. An update on the current state of civil construction as well as progress on storage ring and beamline technical component development will be presented. User activities have also proceeded at a rapid pace, particularly over the last year. In response to a call for proposals for sectors, the APS received proposals for over 20 sectors from prospective Collaborative Access Teams (CATs). It is anticipated that beamline construction in the experiment hall could begin in approximately 18 months.
Cellular networks with an overlaid device to device network

Spectrum sharing is a novel opportunistic strategy to improve spectral efficiency of wireless networks. Much of the research to quantify such a gain is done under the premise that the spectrum is being used inefficiently by the primary network. Our main result is that even in a spectrally efficient network, device to device users can exploit the network topology to render gains in additional throughput. The focus will be on providing ad-hoc multihop access to a network for device to device users, that are transparent to the primary wireless cellular network, while sharing the primary network's resources.
Stacking Resistance Alleles from Wild and Domestic Soybean Sources Improves Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most economically important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pathogen in the United States. Field SCN populations are adapting to the narrowly based SCN resistance currently deployed in soybean cultivars. The objective of our research was to measure the effects of combinations of SCN resistance genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) from the wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc.) PI 468916 and the domesticated soybean accessions PI 88788 and PI 437654. Two populations were developed to test the combinations of QTL and genes. Both populations segregated for the G. soja resistance QTL cqSCN-006 and cqSCN-007. Population 1 also segregated for resistance from PI 88788 and Population 2 seg-regated for resistance from PI 437654. The populations were tested for resistance to three SCN isolates in a greenhouse and with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In both populations, the two G. soja resistance alleles significantly increased SCN resistance compared with the alternative alleles. The SCN resistance alleles rhg1 and Rhg4 from PI 437654 and rhg1-b from PI 88788 also significantly increased resistance compared with the alternative alleles. The two G. soja QTL alleles significantly enhanced the resistance derived from PI 88788. These results show that SCN resistance can be increased through stacking genes and QTL from multiple resistance sources.
Ethylene Dibromide Toxicity To Adults, Larvae and Moulting Stages of Aphelenchus Avenae

The survival of adults, larvae and molting stages of Aphelenchus avenae was compared following exposure to EDB for various periods. In all cases larvae were more susceptible than adults. Molting nematodes were more susceptible than non-molting nematodes in a closely related stage of development. Toxicity of EDB to sensitive larval stages was greatly reduced at a lower temperature (15°C). Mortality of larvae was greater following short intermittent exposures over four days rather than a single exposure of equal duration. Anaerobic conditions lowered the toxicity of EDB to adults and fourth-stage larvae. Fecundity of adults treated during the fourth molt was drastically reduced. Egg production by those treated at the end of the molt was normal except for a two-day lag period. A connection between aerobic metabolism and toxicity of EDB is suggested.
Series Solution of a Functional Equation

In this we will study analytic solutions to the linear functional equation where f and h are given functions, x is a given complex number and the function g is to be found. This is a generalization of Schroder's functional equation. The results obtained are global in nature and the solutions holomorphic. The equation will be viewed from the standpoint of linear operator theory. When studied in this manner one arrives at a general operator inversion formula.
Antitumor response to recombinant murine interferon γ correlates with enhanced immune function of organ-associated, but not recirculating cytolytic T lymphocytes and macrophages

The mechanism of therapeutic activity for recombinant murine interferon-γ(rMu IFNγ) in the treatment of metastatic disease was investigated by comparing effector cell augmentation with therapeutic activity in mice bearing experimental lung metastases (B16-BL6 melanoma). Effector cell functions in spleen, peripheral blood, and lung (the tumor-bearing organ) were tested after 1 week and 3 weeks of rMu IFNγ administration (i.v. three times per week). Natural killer (NK), lymphokine-activated killer (LAK), cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities against specific and nonspecific targets, and macrophage tumoristatic activity were measured. rMu IFNγ demonstrated immunomodulatory activity in most assays of immune function. The optimal therapeutic protocol of rMu IFNγ (2.5×106 U/kg, three times per week) prolonged survival and decreased the number of pulmonary metastatic foci. This therapeutic activity was correlated with specific CTL activity from pulmonary parenchymal mononuclear cells (PPMC), but not from spleen or blood. Macrophage tumoristatic activity in PPMC also correlated with therapeutic activity, but activity in alveolar macrophages did not. However, therapeutic activity did not correlate with NK or LAK activity at any site. These results demonstrate that the optimal therapeutic protocol is the same as the optimal immunomodulatory dose for pulmonary CTL and macrophage activities. Furthermore, while immunological monitoring may help to optimize treatment protocols, current monitoring procedures that use readily accessible sites, particularly peripheral blood, may not accurately predict the therapeutic efficacy of biological response modifiers in clinical trials.
A single-channel model does not predict visibility of asynchronous gratings.

A single channel model is shown to lack the capability to predict the visibility of asynchronous compound gratings. A constant Beta was assumed, based on Monte-Carlo simulations, and used to show that an SE of 6.73 (Limb, 1981) lies outside of an acceptable confidence interval. Potential imbalances between two eyes cannot be as large as 1.5 dB, which can only affect one eye, or one region of a retina. An average unbalance of 0.53 dB (SE = 0.12) employed in experiments to measure thresholds was compensated for by estimated threshold reductions. Trial-to-trial variability was included in the single channel model, as were considerations of retinal inhomogeneity. Temporal sensitivity for 2 and 4 c/deg grating patches were measured, and the amplitude response of a single channel at the two spatial frequencies was obtained. Threshold reductions with a Beta of 3.1 are then determined to not be significant enough to warrant adoption of the single channel model predictions.
Evolutionary significance of an algal gene encoding an [FeFe]-hydrogenase with F-domain homology and hydrogenase activity in Chlorella variabilis NC64A.

[FeFe]-hydrogenases (HYDA) link the production of molecular H2 to anaerobic metabolism in many green algae. Similar to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) exhibits [FeFe]-hydrogenase (HYDA) activity during anoxia. In contrast to C. reinhardtii and other chlorophycean algae, which contain hydrogenases with only the HYDA active site (H-cluster), C. variabilis NC64A is the only known green alga containing HYDA genes encoding accessory FeS cluster-binding domains (F-cluster). cDNA sequencing confirmed the presence of F-cluster HYDA1 mRNA transcripts, and identified deviations from the in silico splicing models. We show that HYDA activity in C. variabilis NC64A is coupled to anoxic photosynthetic electron transport (PSII linked, as well as PSII-independent) and dark fermentation. We also show that the in vivo H2-photoproduction activity observed is as O2 sensitive as in C. reinhardtii. The two C. variabilis NC64A HYDA sequences are similar to homologs found in more deeply branching bacteria (Thermotogales), diatoms, and heterotrophic flagellates, suggesting that an F-cluster HYDA is the ancestral enzyme in algae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the algal HYDA H-cluster domains are monophyletic, suggesting that they share a common origin, and evolved from a single ancestral F-cluster HYDA. Furthermore, phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the multiple algal HYDA paralogs are the result of gene duplication events that occurred independently within each algal lineage. Collectively, comparative genomic, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses of the C. variabilis NC64A hydrogenase has provided new insights into the molecular evolution and diversity of algal [FeFe]-hydrogenases.
Introduction to Paper by Sridhar B. Seshadri, MSEE, MBA, et al, “Prototype Medical Image Management System (MIMS) at the University of Pennsylvania: Software Design Considerations”

IT IS ILLUMINATING and perhaps a little humbling to review a paper written over 15 years ago and compare it to the state-of-the-art in PACS today. Clearly, there have been astounding improvements in the core technology: increased processing power, higher communications bandwidth, cost-effective storage capacity, and superb display technologies. However, the authors’ view (in 1987) that the industry (vendors and customers) needs to focus more on software and systems issues still rings true. Standardization of hardware and software components has come a long way with the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) standards; without these yeoman efforts, PACS would still be in the dark ages. Also, PACS appears to have “graduated” from being a departmental solution to becoming more and more integrated into the mainstream clinical information systems from information technology providers. Despite these great achievements, I think the industry needs to invest more thought and effort into unleashing the power of PACS with revolutionary workflow and process-change around the technology that will help users realize greater benefits. Interestingly, Louis Gerstner Jr., in an interview about his new book, Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance? says (about the computer industry) “. . . the process of integrating this technology and achieving the benefit is unbelievably painful for companies. The industry has been all about faster, faster, more function, more function. . . .” It appears, at least in this regard, that PACS shares the challenges of the rest of the computer industry!
A variant form of angina pectoris with recurrent transient complete heart block.

Abstract A patient with a variant form of angina pectoris occurring after an acute nontransmural inferior myocardial infarction is described. A rare simultaneous manifestation of the myocardial ischemic episodes was the recurrence of transient complete A-V block, which on one occasion resulted in an Adams-Stokes attack. Concomitant with the administration of a longacting, oral, coronary vasodilator drug, isosorbide dinitrate, the episodes of chest pain, S-T segment elevation and heart block ceased.
Rapid conceptual design evaluation using a virtual product model

Abstract This paper presents an architecture and test results for a computer-based system for assisting the conceptual phase of building design. The system uses 3D CAD to represent a graphic model of the design, and it uses AI symbolic models of the geometric forms, intended functions and computed and assigned behaviors of the design. The system uses A1 symbolic reasoning methods to analyze design behavior and compare predicted behavior with intended function. The Semantic Modeling Extension (SME) system incorporates a virtual product model: a small but extendible set of classes that define generic forms, functions and behaviors of facilities. After drawing a design using 3D CAD, a designer interactively creates interpretation objects as instances of the virtual product model. The interpretation objects express the meaning of the graphic representation with respect to a particular engineering issue, such as energy use or cost. The interpretation represents geometric and topological attributes of the features for use by automated design analysis tools. Interpretation objects unite support for graphically-oriented design thinking with support for automated symbolic reasoning. The paper includes an example building design scenario using the software prototype, illustrating how interpretation of the geometric model produces a symbolic model and supports multiple and changing analyses and evaluations during design. Students and practising engineers have tested the system in classes and workshops.
μ- and τ-Pair Production from Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

In these lectures we shall attempt to address the question ofμ- and τ-pair production from the motional Coulomb fields available at the new relativistic heavy-ion accelerators. It is well known that electrons and positrons are produced from such collisions in sizeable multiplicities,1and Gould2has suggested that heavy lepton pair creation may be possible at RHIC.
The Use of Superplastic Alloy of the Eutectic of Lead–Tin for the Analysis of Hot Extrusion Process

The dynamic similarity of two geometrically similar extrusion processes was examined. The flow lines, values of the flow function ψ, and velocity components were compared for the hot extrusion of SAE 1018 steel at 1800 deg F and 10 ips, and the superplastic eutectic alloy of lead–tin at room temperature and 0.088 ipm. The comparison showed a good agreement between the two cases and that dynamic similarity of the flow fields was achieved under the previous conditions. Material properties were examined and results indicated that similarity of the mechanical properties is necessary for the dynamic similarity of the flow fields.
The uptake of tritiated thymidine by the dorsal epidermis of the fetal and newborn rat

The dorsal epidermis of fetal and newborn rats was examined to determine the difference in ability of the basal cells to bind tritiated thymidine during different stages of epidermal morphogenesis. Five rats were examined for each time period from the eleventh day of gestation to the fifth day after birth. The number of labeled cells in 5000 basal cells was counted and expressed as a percentage. The labeling index is ∼ 10% from the eleventh to the fifteenth fetal day. It increases to ∼ 30% by the eighteenth day, decreases to ∼ 10% from the twenty-first day until the first postpartum day and drops to 5% or less from the second to fifth day. These changes in labeling index are accompanied by and apparently correlated with the normal differentiation of rat epidermis. The growth of the epidermis is continuous during the course of the study. Keratohyalin granules begin to form on the eighteenth day and by the twentieth day the first cornified cells appear. The s. corneum becomes progressively thicker each day thereafter. The s. Malpighii, on the other hand, decreases somewhat in thickness after birth. The labeling index curve represents a relationship between basal cell activity and control or influencing mechanisms inherent in the maturational system of skin. The increase and decrease are not related to growth alone, but appear to be related to differentiation.
Designing microprocessors with robust functionality and performance

The topic of reliability-aware microarchitectures is an emerging area of interest to the microarchitecture R&D community. This issue of IEEE Micro focuses in on that important topic.
Biochemical Characterization of a Palmitoyl Acyltransferase Activity That Palmitoylates Myristoylated Proteins

Abstract Dynamic regulation of signal transduction by reversible palmitoylation-depalmitoylation cycles has been recently described. However, further understanding of fatty acylation reactions has been hampered by our lack of knowledge about the specific transferases and thioesterases involved. Here, we describe an assay for the palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) that palmitoylates “myrGlyCys” containing members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Since N-myristoylation of Fyn PTK, a member of the Src family, has been shown to be a prerequisite for palmitoylation, a new single plasmid vector that allows overexpression of myristoylated Fyn substrate in Escherichia coli was developed. Purified myristoylated protein substrates were incubated with iodopalmitoyl CoA, a palmitoyl CoA analog, in the presence of bovine brain lysates. Transfer of radiolabel to the Fyn substrate was detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. This assay was used to partially purify and characterize PAT activity from bovine brain. Here, we demonstrate that PAT is a membrane-bound enzyme, which palmitoylates myristoylated Fyn substrates containing a cysteine residue in position three. The PAT activity attached palmitate to Fyn proteins via a thio-ester linkage and exhibited a fatty acyl CoA preference for long chain fatty acids. It is likely that palmitoylation of Fyn and other Src family members by PAT regulates PTK localization and signaling functions.
Comparison of the heating of ceramic cylinders by 2.45 GHz and 83 GHz beams

Summary form only given. Techniques for processing ceramic materials using microwave or millimeter-wave radiation are being developed as an alternative to the use of conventional furnaces because of several advantages, including more rapid processing, improved material properties, and higher overall efficiency. Although microwave processing has been successfully industrialized, there is a need for better modeling of the heating process. The internal temperature profile of the workpiece during processing can greatly impact its quality, but is more difficult to determine in the case of microwave heating than for conventional furnaces. This is because microwave power deposition depends on wave effects and the workpiece dielectric properties as well as its size, shape, and temperature. In this paper we analyze the heating of ceramic cylinders and tubes by a plane-wave RF beam for frequencies of 2.45 and 83 GHz. In the analysis the workpiece is subdivided into thin concentric tubes in which the temperature, complex dielectric constant, and other material properties are held constant; and the workpiece is assumed to be rotating to provide azimuthal averaging of the power deposition. Maxwell's equations are solved by expanding the RF fields in cylindrical waves. Matching the boundary conditions at the tube interfaces leads to a set of equations for the expansion coefficients. The radial heat-conduction equation is nonlinear and is solved numerically. Both transient and steady-state solutions have been investigated. When solving the heat conduction equation, the tube dielectric and thermal parameters, and the RF field expansion coefficients are recalculated after each time step or iteration. This leads to a self-consistent RF-thermal solution. The frequencies correspond to wavelengths that are large and small, respectively, compared to the workpiece diameter and generally produce different temperature profiles. The power deposition is non-uniform in both cases. The non-uniformity varies with temperature and is caused by wave interference effects, strong beam absorption, internal temperature gradients, and, particularly at 83 GHz, geometrical focusing effects. The results show the importance of averaging the irradiation with respect to workpiece orientation to obtain more uniform heating. In the case of millimeter-wave beam heating this can be achieved by rotating the cylinder, while in a 2.45 GHz furnace it could be approximated by mode stirring. The results demonstrate the utility of hybrid heating especially at 2.45 GHz for materials such as alumina that have a low loss tangent at moderate temperatures
Tidal volume affects the response to inactivation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

During preliminary studies of the rostral ventrolateral medulla as a relay site for responses activated from forebrain, loss of the marked depressor effect of lidocaine, microinjected into lateral rostral ventrolateral medulla, was observed when rats were ventilated spontaneously rather than by artificial ventilation. The mechanism of this effect was studied in rats ventilated at a tidal volume of 2.5 ml. Bilateral injection of 4% lidocaine into lateral rostral ventrolateral medulla decreased mean arterial pressure by -47 +/- 8 mm Hg and heart rate by -68 +/- 21 beats/min. Reduction of tidal volume to 1.5 ml significantly attenuated the fall in mean arterial pressure and heart rate produced by lidocaine to -17 +/- 11 mm Hg and -12 +/- 8 beats/min. The decrease in tidal volume resulted in decreased arterial PO2 and pH, and increased PCO2. However, the depressor effect of lidocaine was not significantly affected by independently changing PO2 and PCO2. The physical stimuli associated with reduction of tidal volume (i.e., changes in lung inflation and chest wall movement) appeared to mediate the attenuated depressor response to the injection of lidocaine into the lateral rostral ventrolateral medulla. These data suggest that 1) tonic vasomotor activity derived from lateral rostral ventrolateral medulla is strongly influenced by altered mechanics of respiration, and 2) the anatomical location of the putative vasomotor center may not be defined by the lateral rostral ventrolateral medulla under all conditions.
On the large-N phase transition in the heat kernel lattice gauge theory

The heat kernel lattice gauge theory, which avoids an N=∞ phase transition in d=2, is examined in higher dimensions to see whether this property persists. To the contrary, in d=4 there is a phase transition. The critical inverse coupling, βc=1/gg2N, is computed and found to be approximately 0.3. In d=3 naive arguments also suggest the existence of a large-N phase transition.
Sensory ecology: see me, hear me.

Summary The animal world is replete with vibrant colours: these are often used as display signals and selection has solved a fundamental problem in information transfer by enhancing the detectability of these signals against the backgrounds on which they are perceived by the particular sensory systems of their receivers.
Bimakalim, an ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener, Mimics the Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning to Reduce Infarct Size, Adenosine Release, and Neutrophil Function in Dogs

Background The primary goal of the present study was to determine whether the infarct size–reducing effect of preconditioning is associated with an increase in adenosine release from the ischemic myocardium during a prolonged occlusion period or the subsequent reperfusion period and by a decrease in neutrophil infiltration. A second objective was to determine whether bimakalim, a Katp channel opener, mimics the effects of ischemic preconditioning. Methods and Results Barbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs were subjected to 60 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. In the preconditioning group, 5 minutes of LAD occlusion followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion was elicited before the 60-minute occlusion period. In two other groups, bimakalim 1 μg/kg bolus followed by a 0.05 μg · kg−1 · min−1 infusion or an equivalent volume of saline was administered intravenously 15 minutes before occlusion and continued until the time of reperfusion. In a fina...
Genetics and management of physiologic systems of sorghum for biomass production

Abstract Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the five most important cereal crops in the world. A wide range of types has been developed in studying grain, sweet, high energy, and biomass. The purpose of this paper was to describe the variability of traits and systems affecting biomass quantity and quality. Different maturities and heights between cultivars existed among test materials. Maximum dry biomass yield was to 35.1 Mg ha−1. Two harvest sequences of 120-60 or 90-90 days per season (original seeded crop plus a ratoon) were superior to other sequences. Total carbohydrate content of the biomass (less the panicle) ranged from 73 to 84%. Cultivars produced a range of 22.2 to 46.9% non-structural carbohydrates and 38.1 to 64.6% structural carbohydrates. Structural components varied for cellulose (35.0 to 19.8%), hemicellulose (28.9 to 19.9%), and lignin (6.9 to 3.3%). Two types of hemicellulose were identified in the cultivars tested. Results showed the highest percent of structural carbohydrates was localized in the culm rind. Stems and leaf blades were similar in levels of structural carbohydrates but stems were significantly higher in non-structural carbohydrates. An inverse relationship between non-structural carbohydrates and total structural components is present in biomass. Total volatile solid content of all types exceeded 92%, but genetic differences exist among cultivars. Percentage reduction of the volatile solids appeared different between cultivars. Amount of methane produced and biomass yield (quantity and quality) can be increased/decreased by management practices and genotypic selection.