cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of estrogen receptor-β expression in metastatic ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ mRNA and protein in normal ovarian tissue and primary and metastatic tumors. Methods: Estrogen receptor α and ERβ expression was studied in normal ovarian biopsies (n = 9) and primary (n = 8) and metastatic ovarian epithelial cancers (n = 8). Ovarian tissue was collected from surgical samples. Estrogen receptor α and ERβ mRNA expression was compared by coamplification of the mRNA of the ERs. Expression was confirmed at the protein level by Western blot analysis using antibodies specific for each receptor. Results: Among eight primary ovarian cancer samples, three had only ERα, two had only ERβ, and three had both. All eight metastatic ovarian cancer tissues expressed only ERα mRNA and protein. Biopsies from normal ovaries had ERα and ERβ mRNA and protein. Two of the ovarian epithelial cancer samples were paired and showed the same results. Conclusion: We found varying amounts of ERα and ERβ in normal ovaries, lower levels of ERβ expression in ovarian epithelial cancer primary tumors, and only ERα in metastatic tumors. Our findings indicate that a fundamental difference might exist between primary and metastatic cells, which could be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors that regulate ER gene expression.
Continuity and change in Argentine interest group activity and lobbying practices

For much of Argentina's history, key groups representing labour, big business and agriculture went directly to the executive branch rather than working through the relatively weak national Congress or political parties. Political instability both contributed to, and resulted from, this tendency. Since the return to democracy in 1983, the process of interest articulation has manifested both continuity and change. Although the system remains distinct from the traditional models of pluralism and corporatism in the U.S. and Western Europe, the adoption of ‘neoliberal’ economic policies and the gradual institutionalization of democracy have led to an incremental but, as yet, incomplete shift from a form of corporatism to one that is more pluralistic. While neither globalization nor pluralism guarantee democratic stability, the resultant changes in these contexts are likely to be more conducive to democratic stability and government accountability in Argentina than the old system of interest articulation. However, Argentina has no general law regulating lobbying practices, despite efforts to pass one in the recent years. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the effect of cytochrome P450 inhibitors on substrate drugs: analysis of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration.

Background and Objective The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has seen a recent increase in the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling towards assessing the potential of drug–drug interactions (DDI) in clinically relevant scenarios. To continue our assessment of such approaches, we evaluated the predictive performance of PBPK modeling in predicting cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated DDI.
Excess comovement of stock returns: Evidence from cross-sectional variation in Nikkei 225 weights

Relative to their weights in a value-weighted index, a number of stocks in Japan's Nikkei 225 stock index are overweighted by a factor of 10 or more. I document a strong positive relation between overweighting and the comovement of a stock with other stocks in the Nikkei index, and a negative relationship between index overweighting and comovement with stocks outside of the index. The cross-sectional approach resolves endogeneity problems associated with event study demonstrations of excess comovement. A trading strategy that bets on the reversion of stock prices of overweighted stocks generates economic profits, confirming that the observed comovement patterns are excessive, and providing further evidence that comovement of stock returns can be a consequence of commonality in trading behavior.
Spacelab Data Analysis Using The Space Plasma Computer Analysis Network (SCAN) System

Spacelab 1 activities, using the Space-plasma Computer Analysis Network (SCAN), occurred because the network provided a solution to an immediate communication problem. For many investigators, SCAN is an ideal environment for the continued analysis of Spacelab data. SCAN currently provides access to other Spacelab investigators and co-investigators, to Spacelab and non-Spacelab correlative data bases, and to large Class VI computational facilities for modeling. SCAN accomplishes this by linking computers together at remote institutions that are used routinely by space science researchers. The networking software utilizes commercially available computer-to-computer communications. SCAN is a pilot project and a testbed for space science communication which, from the beginning, included the reseach user community in the planning, building and operation of the computer network. Expansion of the network within the next two years will include more than 12 institutions (many of whom are Spacelab investigators). This expansion includes the MSFC Mission Integration Planning System or MIPS which is responsible for generating Spacelab mission timeline and scheduling information for payload functional operations. In addition, Shuttle environment information needed for instrument development is being accumulated at GSFC and will be readily accessable over SCAN. Although the space plasma community is the prime user of SCAN, it is anticipated that along with other pilot systems (planned and operational) in the other space science fields, a unified NASA-wide communication system will ultimately develop from these pilot efforts.
Religion and Science: The Embodiment of the Conversation: A Postmodern Sociological Perspective

In this paper I present a model of analysis of religion and science as forms of social construction of knowledge from the perspective of postmodern sociology. Numerous works have been re- cently published on the possible relations between religion and sci- ence. Most authors address this relationship from the perspectives of theology, philosophy, or selected disciplines of natural sciences (Ian Barbour, John Haught, John Polkinghorne). My goal is to add to that discussion a voice from the perspective of social sciences, specifi- cally postmodern sociology. The model I propose brings the religion- science conversation down to earth, that is, to the level of people who "live" religion and science on a daily basis. The theoretical frame- work for my analysis of religion and science and of their relationship is constructed on the basis of selected works of leading postmodern sociologists Zygmunt Bauman, Anthony Giddens, and Piotr Sztompka. I begin with a brief summary of the basic ontological and method- ological presuppositions of the postmodern approach to reality. This summary is followed by a clarification of meanings of certain con- cepts that are crucial for the understanding of my model. Then, I present the model of analysis of religion and science and, finally, make some suggestions for sociology of religion and sociology of science that might open new opportunities and challenges for future research of the interface between religion and science in the postmodern culture.
Correlation of equation of state parameters for the associated perturbed anisotropic chain theory

Abstract The Associated Perturbed Anisotropic Chain Theory (APACT) has been applied to four types of pure fluids: non-polar (hydrocarbons), dipolar (chloroalkanes), quadrupolar (aromatics and substituted aromatics), and hydrogen bonding fluids (water and aliphatic alcohols). Molecular parameters for each fluid have been evaluated by fitting the theory to pure-component vapor pressures and liquid densities using a non-linear regression routine. Correlation of the paparameters with Bondi's volumes showed nearly linear behavior. Moreover, the slopes and intercepts of the correlations show expected trends. For the appphatic alcohols, the enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation was found to be independent of hydrocarbon chain length for carbon numbers higher than 2, while the entropy of hydrogen bond formation decreased asymptotically to a constant value.
Comparison of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of fire ants Solenopsis richteri from the same colony, using capillary column gas chromatography with pattern recognition

Abstract The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of workers of similar age and sub-caste of the black fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, were examined by capillary gas chromatography and computer-based pattern recognition procedures. The data show statistically significant and reproducible differences in the hydrocarbon profiles of workers of similar age and sub-caste from the same colony.
The Activity of the Contractile Vacuole of Crithidia fasciculata

SYNOPSIS. It has been shown that the output of the contractile vacuole of Crithidia fasciculata increases as the concentration of solute in the external solution decreases when NaCl is the solute. The increase in output is the result of increased rate of growth as well as increased maximum size, the latter being more important in the range 0.1M–0.01M. Solutions of penta-erythritol produce the same effects as isosmolar solutions of NaCl. Body volume is not maintained constant but increases less than two-fold between 0.1M and 0.0001M. The isotonic concentration of NaCl is estimated as 0.12M. It is not possible to demonstrate any effect of concentration of the external environment on the endogenous rate of oxygen consumption. A linear relationship between output and calculated osmotic gradient across the cell membrane has been shown in the concentration range 0.1M–0.01M. Absence of this relationship, and failure of body volume to increase as predicted, in solutions more dilute than 0.01M are interpreted as indications that other processes probably become predominant in these solutions. It is concluded that the contractile vacuole of this flagellate is incapable of maintaining absolute constancy of internal osmotic pressure and body volume but prevents much of the change expected on physical grounds.
Fracture analysis of hydrogen storage composite cylinders with liner crack accounting for autofrettage effect

Abstract An understanding of fracture behavior is crucial to the safe installation and operation of high-pressure composite cylinders for hydrogen storage. This work has developed a comprehensive finite element model to investigate axial surface flaws in cylinder liners using the fracture mechanics and a global–local finite element technique. Since the autofrettage process has a strong influence on cylinder fracture behavior, it is also considered in this analysis. The simulation process is broken down into three steps in order to precisely extract fracture parameters and incorporate the autofrettage effect. In the first step, the global model performs the autofrettage simulation to study the residual stress with consideration of both material hardening and the Bauschinger effect. In the second step, the global model uses residual stress to compute displacement for the local model. Finally, in the third step, the local model extracts the values of stress intensity factor and J -integral. Comparison is conducted on the fracture parameters with various autofrettage levels and crack shapes. The vicinity of the crack front is also studied by the size and shape of the plastic zone, and the validity of stress intensity factor and J -integral dominances is examined.
J.-M. G. Itard’s 1825 study: movement and the science of the human mind:

Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard's 1825'Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement,gripping, and voice' discusses 10 individuals with uncontrolled movements but no other significant impairments.Thus, otherwise normal people move in inappropriate ways against their better judgement. Although the study contains the first clinical description of Tourette Syndrome, it has received little attention beyond that notice. Examined in its entirety and in its cultural context, Itard's study characterizes patients' movements in terms of the will, propriety, animals and gender. Lacking control over their movements, the individuals are underdeveloped humans. Accordingly, sufferers' facial expression, bodily movements and unplanned vocalizations render them more animal than human and more deviant than normal, although they are neither insane nor evil.
Determining relationship skills of prospective salespeople

With the increased emphasis on establishing long‐term customer relationships in the selling process, greater emphasis needs to be placed on hiring salespeople that possess skills in identifying communication characteristics in prospects. This identification process is an essential first step in the salesperson being able to adapt his or her behavior to permit a greater comfort level to be experienced by the prospect with subsequent trust being established over an extended period of time. Additionally, those sales situations where the activity is more transaction oriented, the identification skill of the salesperson is critical since the time duration of the dyadic relationship is limited and trust must be established quickly in order to consummate the sale. This research indicates that individuals with higher levels of responsiveness tend to exhibit greater identification skills than those with lower levels. These findings should prove useful to sales managers desiring to hire salespeople with strong “people skills”, to facilitate developing meaningful long‐term relationships with prospects.
THE VALIDITY OF THE SUBSCALES OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE DESCRIPTION QUESTIONNAIRE USING SELECTED MISSISSIPPI JUNIOR COLLEGES

The purpose was to determine the validity of the subscales of the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire. This was accomplished by comparing Halpin and Croft's covariance matrices with the covariance matrices obtained from a sample of eight randomly selected Mississippi junior colleges. The Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ) Form IV consists of 64 items assigned to one of eight subscales. The Halpin and Croft model uses the subscale scores and assigns a school to one of six organizational climates. The population consisted of 703 full‐time instructors teaching in the transfer or nontransfer programs in both main campuses and branch centers. Of 343 responses, 266 were valid for hypotheses 1 and 2. The following hypotheses were tested: 1. There is no significant difference between Halpin and Croft's covariance matrices and the covariance matrices obtained from the junior college sample for the subscales. Disengagement, Hindrance, Esprit, Intimacy, Aloofness, Production Emphasi...
Proximate and Polyphenolic Characterization of Cranberry Pomace

The proximate composition and identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in dried cranberry pomace were determined. Proximate analysis was conducted based on AOAC methods for moisture, protein, fat, dietary fiber, and ash. Other carbohydrates were determined by the difference method. Polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS. The composition of dried cranberry pomace was 4.5% moisture, 2.2% protein, 12.0% fat, 65.5% insoluble fiber, 5.7% soluble fiber, 8.4% other carbohydrates, 1.1% ash, and 0.6% total polyphenolics. It contained six anthocyanins (111.5 mg/100 g of DW) including derivatives of cyanidin and peonidin. Thirteen flavonols were identified (358.4 mg/100 g of DW), and the aglycones myricetin (55.6 mg/100 g of DW) and quercetin (146.2 mg/100 g of DW) were the most prominent. Procyanidins with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 1-6 were identified (167.3 mg/100 g of DW), the most abundant being an A-type of DP2 (82.6 mg/100 g of DW).
The clinical effectiveness of different concentrations of procaine for mandibular extractions.

Abstract 1. 1. The results of 865 inferior alveolar nerve injections with different concentrations of procaine (using epinephrine, 1:50,000, or Neosynephrine, 1:2,500, as vasoconstrictor) for mandibular extractions, were analyzed. 2. 2. Using epinephrine, 1:50,000, as vasoconstrictor, it was found that 1.5 per cent procaine was as effective as 2 per cent or 4 per cent for mandibular extractions. One per cent procaine was less effective than the higher concentrations. 3. 3. Using Neosynephrine, 1:2,500, as vasoconstrictor, it was found that 2 per cent procaine was as effective as 4 per cent procaine for mandibular extractions. One per cent and 1.5 per cent procaine were less effective than 2 per cent or 4 per cent procaine. 4. 4. One and one-half per cent procaine with epinephrine, 1:50,000, may be more effective for mandibular extractions than 1.5 per cent procaine with Neosynephrine, 1:2,500. 5. 5. The theoretical possibility of poorer technique on the part of students compared with that of instructors could not have influenced the results obtained in this study.
Aggressive Nutrition of the Preterm Infant.

Nutrition of preterm infants should result in growth similar to that of normally growing fetuses of the same gestational age. Unfortunately, most preterm infants are not fed enough to achieve this objective; as a result they are growth restricted by term gestation. Recent studies have demonstrated that early and enhanced “aggressive” nutrition of preterm infants can reduce postnatal growth failure and improve longer-term outcomes, particularly for the brain and its cognitive functions. When preterm infants are fed more aggressively (earlier onset of intravenous and enteral feeding, earlier achievement of full enteral feeding) cumulative energy and protein deficits are reduced and they consistently regain birth weight sooner, the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis is unchanged or reduced, and they achieve discharge criteria and go home sooner, with overall shorter hospital stays, and have improved anthropometrics by term gestation. More research is needed, however, to determine optimum feeding of preterm infants, particularly during periods of illness and physiological instability.
Understanding the protonation behavior of linear polyethylenimine in solutions through Monte Carlo simulations

The success of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a nonviral-based gene delivery vector has been attributed to its proton buffering capacity. Despite the great interest in PEI for its use in nonviral-based gene delivery, the protonation behavior of PEI in solution is not well understood. Earlier experimental studies have reported inconsistent values of the protonation state of PEI. In this work, we report our investigation of the protonation behavior of a realistic linear PEI (lPEI) with computational approaches. Reported experimental pKa values of several diamine compounds are first examined. A screened Coulombic interaction with a distance dependence dielectric is shown to reproduce the shifted pKa values of the model diamine compounds. Then atomistic molecular dynamic simulations of lPEI chain with 20 repeating units are performed and the results are used to provide parameters for a coarse-grained polyamine model. The screened Coulombic interaction is then incorporated in the coarse-grained lPEI chain and comp...
Plasmon resonances of strongly coupled nanodisks

Scattering from metal/SiO2/metal layered nanodisks (nanoburgers) is studied. A comprehensive characterization of the plasmon resonances are achieved by angle-and polarization-resolved measurement of scattering spectra. DDA simulations are done to understand the results.
Graphs as models of communication network vulnerability: Connectivity and persistence

It is well known that the maximum connectivity k of a graph G with p points and q lines is given by [2 q/p]. This is restated in two useful alternative forms which minimize q given p and k, and which maximize p in terms of q and k. We define the persistence of a graph as the smallest number of points whose removal increases the diameter. It is shown that the persistence of a graph of diameter d is the minimum over all pairs of nonadjacent points of the maximum number of disjoint paths of length at most d joining them. A similar result is obtained for line-persistence and it is shown that these invariants are independent of each other.
Turbidimetric Titration Study of the Interaction of Proteins with Acrylic Polyampholytes

A study of the interaction of proteins [soybean trypsin inhibitor (0.3-1 mg/mL)] with dilute solutions of synthetic polyampholytes (0.05-0.4 mg/mL) composed of acrylic (or methacrylic) acid, (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate was undertaken experimentally using turbidimetric titration. The polyampholytes had a number-average molecular weight of 4000 (block polyampholytes) or 70 000 (random polyampholytes) and a polydispersity index of only 1.3. Alone, the polyampholytes showed a tendency to self-aggregate around their isoelectric point. Therefore, polyampholyte-polyampholyte interactions (self-aggregation) and polyampholyte-protein complexation behavior were studied as a function of pH (3-9), ionic strength (0-0.75 M) and polymer dosage (50-400 mg of polymer/g of protein). Large increases in turbidity (>500%) were observed for protein-polyampholyte mixtures (compared to polyampholyte alone) in the case of both block and random copolymers. The observed turbidity increases could be due to protein-polymer interactions or to enhanced precipitation of polymer in the presence of protein. To differentiate between these alternatives, turbidimetry experiments were carried out at different dosages by (a) keeping the protein concentration constant and varying the polymer concentration and (b) keeping the polymer concentration constant and varying the protein concentration in small steps ; they demonstrated that the turbidity increases were indeed due to protein-polymer interactions. These experiments offer a general methodology to distinguish between intermolecular protein-polymer and intermolecular polymer-polymer interactions.
Coligand effects on the solution stability, biodistribution and metabolism of the 99mTc-labeled cyclic RGDfK tetramer

In this study, we present the evaluation of two new ternary ligand (99m)Tc complexes [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(L)] [L=isonicotinic acid (ISONIC) and 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDA)] as potential radiotracers for tumor imaging. Athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer xenografts were used to evaluate their biodistribution and metabolic properties. Solution stability data showed that [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(L)] (L=ISONIC and PDA) had significant decomposition (14% and 35%, respectively) at 6 h in the absence of excess ISONIC or PDA coligand. Biodistribution data clearly showed that [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(PDA)] had a much lower uptake in most organs of interest than [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(ISONIC)] during the 2-h study period. Results from metabolism studies revealed that approximately 50% of [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(ISONIC)] remained intact in fecal samples at 120 min postinjection, whereas only 10% of [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(PDA)] remained intact in fecal samples. The extent of metabolism correlated well with radiotracer solution stability. The results from this and our previous studies clearly demonstrated that coligands [trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3',3''-trisulfonate (TPPTS), ISONIC and PDA] have a significant impact on the tumor uptake, excretion kinetics and metabolism of the (99m)Tc-labeled cyclic RGDfK tetramer. Among the three radiotracers evaluated in this tumor-bearing animal model, [(99m)Tc(HYNIC tetramer)(tricine)(TPPTS)] remained the best with respect to blood clearance, tumor uptake and target/background ratios.
Does Motherhood Affect Productivity, Relative Performance, and Earnings?

The Ladies Professional Golf Association provides a unique setting to examine productivity differences between women with children and women without children. In this paper, productivity is directly observed (e.g., the player’s golf score), unlike most studies that use wage as a proxy for productivity. Therefore, discrimination cannot be a source of observed differences in productivity between mothers and nonmothers, since the earnings of players are strictly determined by relative performance. Using panel data on women professional golfers, I find that motherhood lowers productivity. The productivity of women who eventually become mothers increases in the years before giving birth and then declines thereafter. The results support the human-capital explanation and Becker’s effort hypothesis of the family gap. One further finding is that marriage increases productivity.
On the Fuel Optimality of Cruise

longitudinal stability in Fig. 2 will not change; however, lateral stability will be greatly affected. Figures 4-6 show the effect that the reaction wheel has on lateral stability. From Fig. 4 it is seen that as the wheel size increases, the cable length required for stability decreases. Similar results are obtained in Figs. 5 and 6 when the wheel speed or weight is increased. These plots show that the cable length can be decreased to almost any length such that lateral stability is no longer the controlling factor, but longitudinal stability is. While not completely satisfactory, the addition of the reaction wheel is seen to have a tremondous effect on lat-
Investigation of a novel aqueous aluminum/sulfur battery

Abstract Electrolytic and electrodic effects are investigated for a novel aluminum/sulfur battery based on concentrated polysulfide catholytes and an alkaline aluminum anode. The battery is expressed by aluminum oxidation and aqueous sulfur reduction for an overall battery discharge consisting of: 2Al+S 4 2− +2OH − +4H 2 O → 2Al(OH) 3 +4HS − E cell =1.79V The theoretical specific energy of the A1/S battery (based on potassium salts) is 647 Wh kg −1 . A first generation aluminum/sulfur battery is demonstrated with an open-circuit voltage of 1.3 V, and a specific energy of 110 Wh kg −1 .
To Imagine and Pursue Racial Justice.

At the conclusion of many courses on race and racism, students, having learned, some for the first time, about the existence, origins, and complex dimensions of racial domination in America, are left pondering their next steps. ‘What is to be done?’ many ask. ‘And what, exactly, is it that we want?’ Important as they are, these questions too often are given insufficient attention, usually addressed at the end of the semester, sometimes only on the final day of class. And students inquiring about the most effective ways to strive toward racial justice are at a loss to find a single comprehensive source that provides them with basic analytical guidance about the goals one should work toward (the ends) or the strategies one should employ to achieve those goals (the means). We believe that students would benefit greatly from such a source, and we attempt to offer one here. To effectively address racial domination, we argue, one must have not only an idea of the means with which to struggle on behalf of a reco...
Self-powered nanosystem: From nanogenerators to piezotronics

Developing wireless nanodevices and nanosystems is of critical importance for sensing, medical science, environmental/infrastructure monitoring, defense technology and even personal electronics. It is highly desirable for wireless devices to be self-powered without using battery. This is a new initiative in today's energy research for mico/nano-systems in searching for sustainable self-sufficient power sources [1]. It is essential to explore innovative nanotechnologies for converting mechanical energy, vibration energy, and hydraulic energy into electric energy that will be used to power nanodevices. We have invented an innovative approach for converting nano-scale mechanical energy into electric energy by piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire arrays [2]. The operation mechanism of the nanogenerator relies on the piezoelectric potential created by an external strain; a dynamic straining of the nanowire results in a transient flow of the electrons in the external load due to the driving force of the piezopotential. We have developed the nanogenerator from fundamental science, to engineering integration and to technological scale-up [3–6]. As today, a gentle straining can output 1.2 V from an integrated nanogenerator [6], using which a self-powered nanosensor has been demonstrated [1]. This is a key step for developing a totally nanowire-based nanosystem [6]. Alternatively, by substituting the gate voltage in a field effect transistor (FET) with the piezopotential creating by an external strain, we have fabricated a series of devices that rely on a coupling between semiconductor and piezoelectric properties and are controlled/tuned by externally applied force/pressure, such as diode, strain sensor and strain-gated logic unites, which are a new field called piezotronics [7]. A three way coupling among piezoelectricity, semiconductor and photonic excitation has demonstrated the piezo-phototronic effect [8].
Metabolic Responses to the Reduction in Palmitate Caused by Disruption of the FATB Gene in Arabidopsis

Disruption of the FATB gene in Arabidopsis results in a two-thirds reduction in saturated fatty acids, largely palmitate, in the leaf extra-plastidic phospholipids and a reduction in the growth rate of the mutant compared to wild type (Bonaventure G, Salas JJ, Pollard MR, Ohlrogge JB [2003] Plant Cell 15: 1020–1033). In this study, we report that although fatb-ko seedlings grow more slowly than wild type, the rate of fatty acid synthesis in leaves of the mutant increases by 40%. This results in approximately the same amount of palmitate exported from the plastid as in wild type but an increase in oleate export of about 55%. To maintain constant amounts of fatty acids in leaves, thereby counterbalancing their higher rate of production, the mutant also increases its rate of fatty acid degradation. Although fatb-ko leaves have higher rates of fatty acid synthesis and turnover, the relative proportions of membrane lipids are similar to wild type. Thus, homeostatic mechanisms to preserve membrane compositions compensate for substantial changes in rates of fatty acid and glycerolipid metabolism in the mutant. Pulse-chase labeling studies show that in fatb-ko leaves there is a net increase in the synthesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic lipids and consequently of their turnover. The net loss of palmitate from phosphatidylcholine plus phosphatidylethanolamine is similar for wild type and mutant, suggesting that mechanisms are not present that can preferentially preserve the saturated fatty acids. In summary, the leaf cell responds to the loss of saturated fatty acid production in the fatb-ko mutant by increasing both fatty acid synthesis and degradation, but in doing so the mechanisms for increased fatty acid turnover contribute to the lowering of the percentage of saturated fatty acids found in eukaryotic lipids.
The development of fatigue design load ranges for cantilevered sign and signal support structures

Abstract This paper documents and presents the procedure and findings that were employed in the development of fatigue design load ranges for sign and signal support structures. Wind-tunnel tests and field observations, interpreted with dynamic finite element analysis, were used to develop the equivalent static fatigue limit-state load ranges, which are induced by three wind-loading phenomena: galloping, natural wind gusts, and truck-induced wind gusts.
Dysregulated Striatal Neuronal Processing and Impaired Motor Behavior in Mice Lacking Huntingtin Interacting Protein 14 (HIP14)

Palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs) play a critical role in protein trafficking and function. Huntingtin interacting protein 14 (HIP14) is a PAT that acts on proteins associated with neuronal transmission, suggesting that deficient protein palmitoylation by HIP14, which occurs in the YAC128 model of Huntington’s disease (HD), might have deleterious effects on neurobehavioral processing. HIP14 knockout mice show biochemical and neuropathological changes in the striatum, a forebrain region affected by HD that guides behavioral choice and motor flexibility. Thus, we evaluated the performance of these mice in two tests of motor ability: nest-building and plus maze turning behavior. Relative to wild-type controls, HIP14 knockout mice show impaired nest building and decreased turning in the plus maze. When we recorded the activity of striatal neurons during plus-maze performance, we found faster firing rates and dysregulated spike bursting in HIP14 knockouts compared to wild-type. There was also less correlated firing between simultaneously recorded neuronal pairs in the HIP14 knockouts. Overall, our results indicate that HIP14 is critically involved in behavioral modulation of striatal processing. In the absence of HIP14, striatal neurons become dysfunctional, leading to impaired motor behavior.
An Eye-Widening Experience

Open Your Eyes (OYE) is amazingly cohesive in the ways the essays foreshadow and postilluminate (to coin a phrase) issues raised by the others despite the diverse nature of the authors and their essays. Throughout, several primary themes emerge such as the need for Deaf studies as a field to expand and develop a uniquely Deaf ‘‘theory’’, Deafhood and Deaf identity, Deaf spaces, and the issues of Deaf as disability and audism. Humphries opens with an outline of the origins and history of the Deaf studies field, pointing out some issues that were unable to be addressed then but which still resonate today. This historical discussion yields valuable insights to those of us who were not yet born, too young, or had not yet been enculturated into Deaf culture at the time. This brings us to Bechter, who reframes Deaf culture as a ‘‘convert’’ culture that utilizes certain rhetorical and narrative genres to foster a ‘‘conversion’’ process. Bechter’s suggestion that Deaf studies itself needs to expand as a discipline is echoed by Kelly (on Deaf women’s history), Bienvenu (Deaf and gay identities), and Dunn (addressing audism and Deaf education through the lenses of racism and ethnocentrism). Hoffmeister adds another dimension in his powerful description of CODA identity as a Deaf identity, potentially leading to a reconceptualization of Deafhood and the Deaf community. Ladd recapitulates his concept of Deafhood and
Costs of interstitial cystitis in a managed care population

OBJECTIVES To assess the direct medical costs, medication, and procedure use associated with interstitial cystitis (IC) in women in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) managed care population. METHODS The KPNW electronic medical record was used to identify women diagnosed with IC (n = 239). Each of these patients was matched with three controls according to age and duration in the health plan. Health plan cost accounting data were used to determine the inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy costs for 1998 to 2003. An analysis of the prescription medication use and cystoscopic and urodynamic procedures commonly associated with IC was also performed. To evaluate for co-morbidities, an automated risk-adjustment model linked to 28 chronic medical conditions was applied to the administrative data sets from both groups. RESULTS The mean duration from the date of IC diagnosis to the end of the study period was 36.6 months (range 1.4 to 60). The mean yearly costs were 2.4-fold greater for the patients than for the controls ($7100 versus $2994), and the median yearly costs were 3.8-fold greater ($5000 versus $1304). These cost differences were predominantly due to outpatient and pharmacy expenses. Medication and procedure use were significantly greater for the patients than for the controls. These findings were consistent across risk-adjustment model categories, which suggest that the observed cost differences are IC specific. CONCLUSIONS The direct per-person costs of IC are high, with average yearly costs approximately $4000 greater than for the age-matched controls. This cost differential is an underestimate, because the costs preceding the diagnosis, the use of alternative therapies, indirect costs, and the costs of those with IC that is not diagnosed were not included.
Combined Image Deconvolution and Attenuation Correction for Intravascular Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

Intravascular near-infrared fluorescence imaging detects fluorescent biomarkers through blood but the imaging resolution and imaged intensity degrades with target distance. We present a distance-dependent deconvolution/correction scheme.
A study of the excitation and radiative decay of the 3s′ 3D0 and 3d 3D0 levels of atomic oxygen

The absolute cross-sections for the excitation of the 989 A, 1027 A, 7990 A, 8446 A, 1.1287 micron and 1.3164 micron multiplets of atomic oxygen by electron impact dissociation of O2 are reported. The radiative branching ratios for these transitions are calculated from these results and compared with the NBS compilation of Wiese et al. (1966) and the recent theoretical calculations of Pradhan and Saraph (1977). The cascade models of O(+) radiative recombination and of electron-impact excitation of the O I(3S) state in the terrestrial airglow are discussed in the light of the laboratory measurements, and the effects of the resonant absorption of components of the lambda 989 A and lambda 1027 A multiplets by the Birge-Hopfield band system of N2 are investigated. This process is shown to depend sensitively on the N2 vibrational temperature and to cause characteristic changes in the OI EUV emission spectrum in auroras and in the sunlit F-region at high exospheric temperatures.
Biodiversity of Actinomycetes Associated with Caribbean Sponges and Their Potential for Natural Product Discovery

Marine actinomycetes provide a rich source of structurally unique and bioactive secondary metabolites. Numerous genera of marine actinomycetes have been isolated from marine sediments as well as several sponge species. In this study, 16 different species of Caribbean sponges were collected from four different locations in the coastal waters off Puerto Rico in order to examine diversity and bioactive metabolite production of marine actinomycetes in Caribbean sponges. Sediments were also collected from each location, in order to compare actinomycete communities between these two types of samples. A total of 180 actinomycetes were isolated and identified based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of at least 14 new phylotypes belonging to the genera Micromonospora, Verruscosispora, Streptomyces, Salinospora, Solwaraspora, Microbacterium and Cellulosimicrobium. Seventy-eight of the isolates (19 from sediments and 59 from sponges) shared 100 % sequence identity with Micromonospora sp. R1. Despite having identical 16S rRNA sequences, the bioactivity of extracts and subsequent fractions generated from the fermentation of both sponge- and sediment-derived isolates identical to Micromonospora sp. R1 varied greatly, with a marked increase in antibiotic metabolite production in those isolates derived from sponges. These results indicate that the chemical profiles of isolates with high 16S rRNA sequence homology to known strains can be diverse and dependent on the source of isolation. In addition, seven previously reported dihydroquinones produced by five different Streptomyces strains have been purified and characterized from one Streptomyces sp. strain isolated in this study from the Caribbean sponge Agelas sceptrum.
Titania gel spheres by a new sol-gel process

Abstract A new technique is devised for the preparation of solution-derived titania gel spheres. The gel sphere preparation process involves the dispersal of the polymerized titanium ethoxide solution into a two-phase liquid suspension in kerosene followed by heating in a microwave oven. This is a simple and fast method for the preparation of xerogel spheres with diameter in the range of tens of micrometers which may be useful in coating technology by plasma-spraying.
THERMAL DECAY OF THE BATHOPRODUCT OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN

— The photoproduct of bacteriorhodopsin at 77 K is a stable, bathochromically shifted species, K. K begins decaying exclusively to the next bacteriorhodopsin photocycle intermediate, L, near 90 K. The thermal transformation from K to L is estimated to have a low barrier height with an upper limit of 3.8 kcal/mol.
Electron Coupled Interactions between Nuclear Spins in Molecules

In addition to the direct magnetic interaction between two nuclear spins in a molecule, the nuclei can have an effective mutual interaction as a result of the magnetic interactions between each of the nuclei and the electrons of the molecule. Although these indirect interactions are in general small, they are important in many cases, particularly as a result of the fact that the frequent collisions which characterize most nuclear paramagnetic resonance experiments cause the direct interaction to average to zero while this is not so for the indirect. In the present paper, the indirect interactions are evaluated. Contributions arise from a simple diamagnetic term, a closely related second-order orbital paramagnetism term, and terms due to the magnetic interaction of the nuclei with the electron spins. Expressions for each of these terms are given both for the general case and for the spherically symmetric case which arises when there are many collisions. Specific numerical calculations of the various effects are given for hydrogen deuteride. It is shown for HD that the diamagnetic terms are of the order of a few tenths of a cycle per second. On the other hand, if the suitable mean energy of the molecular excited states is given the reasonable value of 1.4 Rydbergs, the electron spin terms are 43 cps in agreement with experiment.
Branch and Bound Algorithm for the p-Median Transportation Problem

The p-median transportation problem is to determine an optimal solution to a transportation problem having an additional constraint restricting the number of active supply points. The model is discussed as an example of a public sector location/allocation problem. A branch and bound procedure is proposed to solve the problem. Lagrangian relaxation is used to provide lower bounds. Computational results are given.
Choice set generation within the generalized extreme value family of discrete choice models

This paper introduces a new member of the generalized extreme value (GEV) family of discrete choice models that directly incorporates choice set generation modeling into the specification via the GEV generating function. Though still a two-stage model of choice set generation and choice, the proposed model specifies choice set generation endogenously and directly reflective of preferences, which further differentiates it from extant models of choice set formation. The properties of the model, denominated GenL (choice set Generation Logit), are examined in detail. A case study involving intercity mode choice by non-business travelers is presented to illustrate model estimation and interpretation, as well as to obtain insights into possible data generation process characteristics that lead to violation of GEV conditions for the model.
Differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass: improved algorithms and novel biomarkers

More than 200,000 women undergo exploratory surgery for a pelvic mass in the United States each year and 13%-21% of pelvic lesions are found to be malignant. Individual reports and meta-analysis indicate better outcomes when cancer surgery is performed by gynecologic oncologists. Despite the advantages provided by more thorough staging and cytoreductive surgery, only 30%-50% of women with ovarian cancer are referred to surgeons with specialized training in the United States. Imaging, menopausal status and biomarkers can aid in distinguishing malignant from benign pelvic masses to inform decisions regarding appropriate referral. The risk of malignancy index (RMI) uses ultrasound, menopausal status and CA125 and has been utilized in the United Kingdom for two decades, providing sensitivity that has ranged from 71%-88% and specificity it from 97%-74% for identifying patients with malignant disease. Criteria have been established by the Society of Gynecology Oncology and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology for referral to a gynecologic oncologist, but these have lower sensitivity and specificity than the RMI. Recently, two new algorithms have been developed to identify women at sufficiently high risk to prompt referral to a specialized surgeon. The OVA1 multivariate index incorporates imaging, menopausal status, CA125 and four other proteomic biomarkers. Use of OVA1 provides 85%-96% sensitivity at 28%-40% specificity depending upon menopausal status. The negative predictive value for women judged to be at low risk is 94%-96%. The risk of malignancy algorithm (ROMA) includes CA125, human epididymal protein 4 and menopausal status, but not imaging results. The ROMA has yielded 93%-94% sensitivity at 75% specificity with a negative predictive value of 93%-98%. In a direct comparison, ROMA has achieved greater sensitivity (94%) than the RMI (75%) at 75% specificity. OVA1 has not been compared directly to ROMA, but is likely to be as sensitive, but substantially less specific. Both algorithms have high negative predictive values 94%-98%. Although a difference in specificity should not affect patient outcomes, it could affect distribution of medical resources.
A visual photometer for measuring the brightness of the night sky

The instrument described is suitable for night operation in high latitudes. It has no electrical circuits or lamps, and has a lower brightness limit of about .010 μL. A phosphor button serves as the comparison source.
Gap junction and hemichannel-independent actions of connexins on cell and tissue functions – An update

Connexins, a family of transmembrane proteins, are components of both gap junction channels and hemichannels, which mediate the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells, and between the inside and outside of the cell, respectively. Substantial advancements have been made in the comprehension of the role of gap junctions and hemichannels in coordinating cellular events. In recent years, a plethora of studies demonstrate a role of connexin proteins in the regulation of tissue homeostasis that occurs independently of their channel activities. This is shown in the context of cell growth, adhesion, migration, apoptosis, and signaling. The major mechanisms of these channel-independent activities still remain to be discovered. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the current knowledge of gap junction- and hemichannel-independent functions of connexins, in particular, their effects on tumorigenesis, neurogenesis and disease development.
Wage aggregation in labor market models

Abstract When labor market search models are used for explaining aggregate wage behavior, their wage measure is typically the average of firms' wage offers. This note discusses an alternative measure, one that reflects the average wage actually paid, and shows that it depends on both the average wage offer and the average asking wage, regardless of whether one assumes that wage offers are paid or asking wages are paid. Theoretical models using this alternative measure would yield an improved foundation for empirical aggregate wage studies.