cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid screening of synthetic cathinones as trace residues and in authentic seizures using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with desorption electrospray ionization

RATIONALE Recently, the surge in synthetic cathinone abuse has become a matter of public concern. With the influx of confiscated synthetic cathinones dramatically on the rise, laboratory workloads are expected to increase at a similar rate. This prompts the need for rapid analytical methods capable of detecting and identifying such compounds. METHODS A ruggedized, portable ion trap mass spectrometer capable of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used to rapidly characterize various synthetic cathinones. Target analytes were directly analyzed as trace residues on various substrates and as major components in authentic, powder-based forensic evidence. Physical transfer swabs can also be examined with this method, allowing efficient screening of large areas and geometrically complex samples. RESULTS Method validity was tested on trace residues, mock forensic samples, and authentic evidentiary seizures, yielding low- to sub-ng detection limits from several substrates of interest to crime scene investigation. Analyte confirmation was accomplished through MS2 analysis, providing characteristic fragmentation similar to that reported in literature. High-throughput analysis was demonstrated with no significant instrumental carryover, even for powdered samples. The robustness of this DESI-MS method to multi-component samples was examined, marked by high chemical specificity. CONCLUSIONS Coupling DESI-MS with portable instrumentation allowed sensitive and selective examination of synthetic cathinones from various substrates, in complex mixtures, and directly from mock and authentic forensic evidence. This instrumental method has the potential to assess the evidentiary value of forensic samples at crime scenes, reducing backlogs and expediting criminal investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Framework for Speculating about Future Urban Growth Patterns in the US

This article undertakes a formalised speculation about the ways in which patterns of urban development in the US may exacerbate or relieve the manifold problems of the declining central city and th...
Characteristics of Atheist Pre-Service Elementary Teachers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the beliefs and self-identities of 15 nonreligious pre-service elementary teachers (PSTs), as well as the role their lack of faith plays in their teaching. Semi-structured interviews and participant self-analyses served as data sources, which were used to categorize the PSTs into Silver’s (2013) typology of nonbelief. Notably different from the distribution of Silver’s national sample of nonbelievers, the nonreligious PSTs were much less engaged in their nonbelief and were more willing to comply with religious activities. The nonreligious PSTs were drawn to teaching due to their love of learning, and they intend to promote critical thinking and tolerance in their classrooms; however, 13 (87%) wof the PSTs expressed concern about the negative impact their lack of religion might have on their careers and intend to keep their lack of belief private.
California Drought — What is Different Today?

California is in the grip of the fourth year of a prolonged drought. Historically, California has experienced drought conditions. In fact in the medieval period (10th to the 14th Century (Stine 1994)), there was a California drought that lasted over a century. More recently, there was a serious multi-year drought when Governor Brown was in office in his first term. The early 20th century is now recognized as having been wetter than average. During these wet years, the Colorado River flows were estimated at 17 million acre-feet a year, well above the now recognized 12–14 million acre-feet in an average year. Similarly, the state’s water supply has also been overestimated (Grantham and Viers 2014). These inflated estimates have led to water systems designed and predicated on those unusually wet times, and have also enabled land development patterns commensurate with over estimation of available water. Not only have dams and pipes been over constructed, but water contracts have been developed, promising more water than is available and thereby creating pressure to deliver water even when there is uncertainty about rainfall from year to year. Compounding this situation is California water law, a cobbled together marriage of appropriative and riparian water rights inherited from the early-to-mid 20th century. A legacy of senior and junior water rights also exists, which enables senior water rights holders to continue to receive water, even as junior rights holders have their water access cut off. There is no principle of distribution among farmers that could enable junior rights holders or small, non-rights holders to receive water; rather water is treated as a property right. At the same time, as water becomes increasingly scarce, those who can afford to are drilling more and deeper wells that J Extreme Events, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2015) 1502002 (5 pages) © World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S2345737615020029
Intuitive Economics: The Role of Power and Knowledge in the Dismal Science I

Recent disputes over the epistemological nature of social science inquiry, often referred to as “Science Wars”, display many of the hallmarks of a much older, largely forgotten quarrel in social science: The Methodenstreit of Economics ‐ pitting the Austrian School of Economics against the German Historical School in the 1880s ‐ has largely remained unresolved to date, despite several attempts to overcome it. Yet, curiously, these e orts seem overlooked and outside of the current battlefield of the science wars, where much of the debate is shaped by contemporary political theory. While critical theory, poststructuralism and postmodernism are leaving distinct marks on the sociological research agenda, mainstream economic theory seems impervious to similar much-needed developments. Revisiting Edgar Salin’s concept of Anschauliche Theorie (intuitive theory) and putting it into context with power and knowledge presents a useful starting point for rekindling this debate in the dismal science. Indeed, a recasting of these ideas in the form of intuitive economics might constitute a central element in a broader framework aimed at overcoming the lack of vision in contemporary economic theory.
Pediatric Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure at the Millenium: A US Perspective

We recently reported population data on the incidence and outcomes of pediatric sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF) in the US in abstract form at two meetings [1, 2]. The data from 1995 hospital discharge summaries was linked to 1995 US census data and severe sepsis was defined as the presence of one or more organ failures and bacterial or fungal disease. Compared to adults, there was an age-specific decreased incidence in severe sepsis (5.3/1000 <1 year, 0.2/1000 5–14 years, vs 5.3/1000 60–64 years, and 26.2/1000 ≥ 85 years). Mortality rates also decreased in an age-specific manner (13% at < 1 year, ≤ 10% at 1–14 years, vs 22% at 30–35 years, and 37% at ≥ 85 years). The 10.3% overall mortality rate in infants and children was markedly reduced compared to the 97% mortality rate reported by the University of Minnesota Hospitals in children with Gram-negative bacteremia in 1967 [3]. Despite this remarkable reduction in mortality, the data suggest that more children in the US die from severe sepsis than die from cancer.
Symptomatic Malignant Pericardial Effusion: Surgical or Percutaneous Drainage?

Up to 21% of patients dying of cancer will have a malignant pericardial effusion, and malignant disease is one of the most common causes of pericardial effusion.1,2 These data are somewhat dependent upon geographic location and institution, as institutions dealing primarily with cancer will have a skewed population and certain locations around the world will differ in their spectra of pathology.3,4
Proposals concerning the nomenclature of the gill fungi including a list of proposed lectotypes and genera conservanda.

(1946). Proposals Concerning the Nomenclature of the Gill Fungi Including a List of Proposed Lectotypes and Genera Conservanda. Mycologia: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 240-299.
Do investors see value in ethically sound CEO apologies

Since the late 1990s, the number of apologies being offered by CEOs of large companies has exploded. While communication and management scholars have analyzed what renders some apologies more ethical than others, the practical, economic consequences of CEO apologies have not been examined. Almost no rigorous or systematic empirical work exists that examines whether stakeholders reward firms whose CEOs give apologies that are more ethical, or alternatively, punish firms whose corporate apologies are not ethically sound. This lacuna is surprising given that the whole purpose of an apology is to restore trust between the apologizer and the recipients of the apology. This paper explores how one group of stakeholders in particular--the shareholders-- responds to apologies that are more ethical. In particular, we consider market reactions to CEO apologies and investigate whether cumulative abnormal returns increase or decrease when these firms’ CEOs give apologies that are more ethical.
Unilateral Ocular Suppression and Tests of Eye Dominance

Summary.--Only for the near-point controlling eye was there a significant deviation from chance of the proportion of subjects (9 to 18 yr.) for whom the dominant eye was without suppression and nondominant eye with suppression. The near-point acuity tests on the Keystone Telebinocular were employed as a test of ocular suppression for each eye (5). Ocular suppression involves the interruption of rhe neural signal from the eye to the brain and may occur unilaterally or bilaterally, occasionally or constantly, and in varying degrees of severity. The disappearance or fading in and out of target designs on a stereoscope indicates the presence of suppression (3, 4). The criterion used with the Telebinocular was the presence of flashing designs in any except the first four of 22 targets. An investigation of a possible influence on choice of dominant eye was performed by comparing unilateral suppression with findings of monocular and binocular sighting (Z), controlling eye (1) and dissociation (6) tests at near and far point
The Complexity of Integrating Speed and Safety in Drug Development

This publication proposes a comprehensive and collaborative approach to developing and approving medications to better align industry incentives and patient interests. Shorter, smaller trials could allow patients faster access to new therapies that cost less. To achieve this end, some propose that once the absence of major drug risks have been confirmed, the remaining effort to prove efficacy and safety should be moved postmarket. Limitations on the marketing and prescribing of these recently approved drugs would provide time for studies to reveal information about their effectiveness and safety. However, there are legal challenges to doing so due to the explosive growth in direct-to-consumer advertising, most recently addressed in US v. Caronia. A conditional approval system may alleviate some of the market tension between marketing restriction and commercial speech in the US, but may still fail to address the need for companies to receive a reasonable return on investment in light of intensified postmarket surveillance and approval restrictions. Thus, other types of financial incentives for industry such as grants, rewards, prizes, and tax credits could provide the necessary supplemental revenue for research and development. Ultimately, enhanced safety measures can generate the confidence needed to permit earlier drug release and economic incentives can encourage research and development despite less predictable postmarket profits.
The effect of breastfeeding on young adult wages: new evidence from the add health

A growing literature in economics has examined the effect of early childhood health investments on adult human capital formation and labor market outcomes. This study is the first to examine the effect of having been breastfed as an infant on young adult earnings. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), ordinary least squares estimates suggest that breastfeeding is associated with a 10–12 % increase in hourly earnings. However, after ensuring common support on observables via propensity score matching and controlling for unmeasured family level heterogeneity common to siblings via family fixed effects, the estimated associations become much smaller and are statistically indistinguishable from zero. We conclude that the benefits of having been breastfed do not appear to extend to the labor market.
Antibiotics in inflammatory bowel disease : new choices for an old disease

A variety of medicines have been used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Antibiotics have demonstrated promise by improving symptoms and by causing disease remission. The mechanism has never been elucidated, but may be related to elimination of a key pathogen, decreasing the number of bacterial secretory products or defective particles, a direct immune-modulating effect, or reducing secondary bacterial invasion. Treatment has focused on Gram-positive, Gram-negative anaerobes and mycobacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics has had positive results, but unfortunately their use has been limited because of side effects. Newer broad-spectrum agents such as the fluoroquinolones have achieved desired effects, including disease remission in small studies, but have never undergone large prospective trials. This paper reviews antibiotic treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and discusses the reasons why certain new agents would be ideal to study.
The Potential Use of Neuroimaging Biomarkers in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Predicting treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become an important research priority given the prevalence and disability associated with the disorder and the fact that different effective treatments exist. Here, we summarize recent studies that have used neuroimaging to predict treatment outcome across three different treatment modalities: psychological treatment (exposure and response prevention), medication, and neurosurgery. Although several neural baseline variables have been shown to predict treatment outcome in OCD, results are so far not conclusive. We highlight some limitations from the current literature and offer some conceptual and methodological suggestions for future research.
Molecular Pathogenic Basis for GABRG2 Mutations Associated With a Spectrum of Epilepsy Syndromes, From Generalized Absence Epilepsy to Dravet Syndrome.

Objective In this review article, we focus on the molecular pathogenic basis for genetic generalized epilepsies associated with mutations in the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor γ2 subunit gene,GABRG2(OMIM137164), an established epilepsy gene. Observations The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor γ2 subunit gene,GABRG2, is abundantly expressed in the mammalian brain, and its encoded γ2 subunit is assembled into αβγ2 receptors, which are the major GABAAreceptor isoforms in the brain. The γ2 subunits have a critical role in GABAAreceptor trafficking and clustering at synapses. They reside inside the endoplasmic reticulum after synthesis, where they oligomerize with other binding partners, such as α and β subunits, and further assemble into pentameric receptors. Only correctly assembled receptors can traffic beyond the endoplasmic reticulum and reach the cell surface and synapses, where they conduct chloride ion current when activated by GABA. Mutations inGABRG2have been associated with simple febrile seizures and with genetic epilepsy syndromes, including childhood absence epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, and Dravet syndrome or severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. The mutations include missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, as well as splice-site and deletion mutations. The mutations have been identified in both coding and noncoding sequences like splice sites. In the coding sequence, these mutations are found in multiple locations, including the extracellular N-terminus, transmembrane domains, and transmembrane 3–transmembrane 4 intracellular loop. All of these mutations reduced channel function but to different extents and by diverse mechanisms, including nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay, endoplasmic reticulum–associated protein degradation, dominant negative suppression of partnering subunits, mutant subunit aggregation causing cell stress and cell death, and gating defects. Conclusions and Relevance We conclude that the epilepsy phenotypic heterogeneity associated withGABRG2mutations may be related to the extent of the reduction of GABAAreceptor channel function and the differential dominant negative suppression, as well to toxicity related to the metabolism of mutant subunit proteins resulting from each mutant γ2 subunit, in addition to different genetic backgrounds.
The Mössbauer Effect of Fe57 in Rare Gas Matrices At 4.2K

Since the late nineteen fifties optical spectroscopists have developed the technique of rare gas matrix isolation [1] in order to obtain data on individually trapped atoms, molecules and radicals at temperatures of 20K or less. The technique presented several advantages over observing the same materials in the gas phase; the most important being that normally short lived molecules and molecular fragments could be frozen into a rare gas matrix for long periods of time and detailed spectra taken. Experiments on atoms in both the gaseous and trapped phases indicated that the solvent rare gas did not affect appreciably the optical properties of the atoms, thereby establishing the veracity of the method.
Development of a taxonomy of keywords for engineering education research1

AbstractThe diversity of engineering education research provides an opportunity for cross-fertilisation of ideas and creativity, but it also can result in fragmentation of the field and duplication of effort. One solution is to establish a standardised taxonomy of engineering education terms to map the field and communicate and connect research initiatives. This report describes the process for developing such a taxonomy, the EER Taxonomy. Although the taxonomy focuses on engineering education research in the United States, inclusive efforts have engaged 266 individuals from 149 cities in 30 countries during one multiday workshop, seven conference sessions, and several other virtual and in-person activities. The resulting taxonomy comprises 455 terms arranged in 14 branches and six levels. This taxonomy was found to satisfy four criteria for validity and reliability: (1) keywords assigned to a set of abstracts were reproducible by multiple researchers, (2) the taxonomy comprised terms that could be select...
Diminished force production and mitochondrial respiratory deficits are strain-dependent myopathies of subacute limb ischemia

Objective Reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial function might be a contributing mechanism to the myopathy and activity based limitations that typically plague patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction, myofiber atrophy, and muscle contractile deficits are inherently determined by the genetic background of regenerating ischemic mouse skeletal muscle, similar to how patient genetics affect the distribution of disease severity with clinical PAD. Methods Genetically ischemia protected (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mice underwent either unilateral subacute hind limb ischemia (SLI) or myotoxic injury (cardiotoxin) for 28 days. Limbs were monitored for blood flow and tissue oxygen saturation and tissue was collected for the assessment of histology, muscle contractile force, gene expression, mitochondrial content, and respiratory function. Results Despite similar tissue O 2 saturation and mitochondrial content between strains, BALB/c mice suffered persistent ischemic myofiber atrophy (55.3% of C57BL/6) and muscle contractile deficits (approximately 25% of C57BL/6 across multiple stimulation frequencies). SLI also reduced BALB/c mitochondrial respiratory capacity, assessed in either isolated mitochondria (58.3% of C57BL/6 at SLI on day (d)7, 59.1% of C57BL/6 at SLI d28 across multiple conditions) or permeabilized myofibers (38.9% of C57BL/6 at SLI d7; 76.2% of C57BL/6 at SLI d28 across multiple conditions). SLI also resulted in decreased calcium retention capacity (56.0% of C57BL/6) in BALB/c mitochondria. Nonischemic cardiotoxin injury revealed similar recovery of myofiber area, contractile force, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and calcium retention between strains. Conclusions Ischemia-susceptible BALB/c mice suffered persistent muscle atrophy, impaired muscle function, and mitochondrial respiratory deficits during SLI. Interestingly, parental strain susceptibility to myopathy appears specific to regenerative insults including an ischemic component. Our findings indicate that the functional deficits that plague PAD patients could include mitochondrial respiratory deficits genetically inherent to the regenerating muscle myofibers.
An Ownership Framework for Managers' Accelerated Seo Decisions: The Importance of Connected Institutional Investors in the Reit Industry

Executive Summary. In this paper, we present a mathematical simulation of a secondary equity offer (SEO) decision that captures the payoffs for investors with either low (e.g., actively managed funds) or high (e.g., passive index investors) monitoring costs. The calibrated solutions are consistent with overvalued SEOs being issued when institutions with high monitoring costs are present. Institutions with low monitoring costs either incentivize management to issue fairly priced SEOs or lead to greater ex post discipline of the CEO for value decreasing issuances. The existence of institutions with business relationships creates uncertainty regarding the value of SEOs. Ownership network alliances are beneficial.
The use of nitrogen mustard in the treatment of intractable pelvic pain.

The standard treatment for patients experiencing severe, unrelenting pain secondary to malignant disease in the pelvis has been oral or intramuscular administration of analgesic therapy. This results in a cyclic recurrence of pain prior to each succeeding dose of narcotic. The medication, as well as an attendant to administer it, must always be available. Addiction to the drug is common. The patient is usually very depressed, partly as a result of the pain, which provides a constant reminder of the presence of a probably fatal condition.
Transcending Aboriginality and Minority: Indigeneity in Asia as a Construct of Structural Oppression Under the Economic Globalization Regime

While providing for some general indications as to who qualifies for indigenous rights protection, existing identification criteria in determining indigeneity grapple with theoretical challenges and have not surfaced a characteristic of indigenous peoples not shared by other minoritized or vulnerable groups. Approaches developed by legal and anthropological scholarship to determining indigenousness require pre-colonial territorial precedence. This harkens back to the phenomena of European colonization and invasion, restricts the recognition of indigenous rights to peoples in the Americas and Australasia, and excludes similar groups in Africa and Asia whose oppression was by natives of neighboring territories who assumed a position of political dominance in the aftermath of nation-building. It also makes everyone in Asia indigenous because all of them can claim precolonial territorial precedence. If everyone is indigenous, then no one is discriminated and vulnerable; ergo, there are no indigenous issues.Because of the lack of conceptual cleanliness, many Asian states deny the existence of indigenous peoples among them, claiming that all their peoples inhabited their territories at the same time. Such negates the protection international law mandates for indigenous peoples.This paper argues that to determine indigeneity at present, it is imperative to look at the normative undercurrents of indigenous claims and of the international recognition of indigenous rights. Groups in Asia, in which 75% of the world’s indigenous peoples are concentrated, assert indigenousness to resist development aggression into their domains which are the richest reservoirs of Earth’s vestigial biodiversity and resources. On the other hand, international legal protection for indigenous peoples is intended to shield them from the adverse consequences of economic globalization projects. Beyond aboriginality, therefore, indigeneity is a combination of distinctive characteristics of a people claiming it and the consequences of oppressive policies imposed on it by dominant forces in society.
Impact of continuous bed motion (CBM) PET/CT scanners on clinical operation

2511 Objectives CBM PET/CT imaging has been suggested as an approach to improve image uniformity, decrease patient radiation dose, and increase patient comfort. Our objective was to determine the validity of the first two of these claims using phantom and patient studies and evaluate their overall impact on clinical operation. Methods A uniform Ge-68 phantom (20 by 32 cm long) was imaged on a SIEMENS mCT TrueV scanner using traditional step and shoot (SS) with 11, 15, 23, and 43% slice overlap as well as CBM. The same acquisition time was set for both imaging modes (3 min/bed). Uniformity was determined by measuring the standard deviation (STD) in a 10cm region across 30 central slices. In addition, 32 PET/CT patient studies acquired using CBM (1 mm/s) were also simulated using SS imaging protocol (scan range - 80 to190 cm). The scan coverage of both modes was analyzed and the difference was calculated and reported in terms of CT radiation dose as well as scan time. Results Uniformity decreased with decreasing slice overlap. CBM uniformity was equal or better than 43% (default on mCT SS mode) slice overlap in SS mode. Scan coverage of CBM was on average 3.5% smaller than SS and resulted in 0.5 mSv savings in CT radiation dose. Scan time on the other hand was 0.5% (0.1 min) longer in CBM compared to SS (including bed transition times of 5 sec) owing to the need to start and end the scan at mid axial FOV. Conclusions CBM has advantages compared to SS with regards to uniformity and CT radiation dose. The extent of these advantages; however, depends on the patient imaging range. Patient comfort is expected to be the major advantage of CBM compared to SS.
Evaluation of Gastric Conduit Perfusion During Esophagectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging.

Abstract Background: Anastomotic leakage is a determining factor of morbidity and mortality after an esophagectomy. An adequate blood supply of the gastric conduit is vital to prevent this complication. We aimed to determine the feasibility and usefulness of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging to evaluate the gastric conduit perfusion during an esophagectomy. Methods: Patients with distal esophageal cancer or esophagogastric junction cancer scheduled for esophagectomy were enrolled in this study. After pulling up the gastric conduit into the chest and before performing the anastomosis, 5 mg of ICG was injected as a bolus. Visual assessment of the blood supply of the gastric conduit was compared with the ICG fluorescence imaging pattern of perfusion. Results: Five patients were included in this study. Hybrid Ivor Lewis esophagectomy (laparoscopic abdomen and right thoracotomy) was performed in all cases. In all patients, visual assessment of the perfusion of the stomach determined that the conduit...
Integrated photon sources for quantum information science applications

Ring resonators are used as photon pair sources by taking advantage of the materials second or third order non- linearities through the processes of spontaneous parametric downconversion and spontaneous four wave mixing respectively. Two materials of interest for these applications are silicon for the infrared and aluminum nitride for the ultraviolet through the infrared. When fabricated into ring type sources they are capable of producing pairs of indistinguishable photons but typically suffer from an effective 50% loss. By slightly decoupling the input waveguide from the ring, the drop port coincidence ratio can be significantly increased with the trade-off being that the pump is less efficiently coupled into the ring. Ring resonators with this design have been demonstrated having coincidence ratios of 96% but requiring a factor of ~10 increase in the pump power. Through the modification of the coupling design that relies on additional spectral dependence, it is possible to achieve similar coincidence ratios without the increased pumping requirement. This can be achieved by coupling the input waveguide to the ring multiple times, thus creating a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This coupler design can be used on both sides of the ring resonator so that resonances supported by one of the couplers are suppressed by the other. This is the ideal configuration for a photon-pair source as it can only support the pump photons at the input side while only allowing the generated photons to leave through the output side. Recently, this device has been realized with preliminary results exhibiting the desired spectral dependence and with a coincidence ratio as high as ~ 97% while allowing the pump to be nearly critically coupled to the ring. The demonstrated near unity coincidence ratio infers a near maximal heralding efficiency from the fabricated device. This device has the potential to greatly improve the scalability and performance of quantum computing and communication systems.
Abstract TP175: Migraines and the Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Background and Objectives: Migraine is a common neurological disorder affecting 38 million people in the United States. Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for 13% of all stroke cases and the risk of having a hemorrhagic stroke is 94 in 100,000 or 0.94%. There are two types of hemorrhagic stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous research has investigated the association between migraine and vascular disease, with several studies demonstrating a possible link between migraines and ischemic stroke. The relationship between migraine and hemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. Methods: A retrospective review from January 2012-December 2014 of hemorrhagic stroke patients (n=3682) from 30 Michigan hospitals using a Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) database was conducted. Stroke subtypes and patient medical histories were examined. This sample set was comprised of 46.95% males and 53.05% females. Results: It was found that the risk for hemorrhagic stroke increased from 0.94% to 2.12% with a medical history of migraines. The risk of ICH with a history of migraine in this study was 1.41%, while the risk of SAH with a history of migraine was 3.11%. The median age for a hemorrhagic stroke in this sample set was 67 years. A patient with a medical history that included migraines, had a median hemorrhagic stroke age of 55 years. Of these patients with a history of migraine who developed a hemorrhagic stroke, 74.7% were female and 25.3% were male. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke is associated with a history of migraines. The median age for an individual with a hemorrhagic stroke and history of migraine was significantly lower (12 years) than the median age of the sample, which indicates that migraines as a risk factor for stroke might be more significant in middle age. Additionally, this risk seemed to impact females much more than males. A limitation of this study is that GWTG Stroke does not include whether the patient has a migraine with or without aura. Migraine with aura has been associated at a higher rate with ischemic stroke than migraine without aura. It would be beneficial for future studies regarding migraine and hemorrhagic stroke to include whether the migraine was associated with or without aura.
The Transformational Leadership of the Apostle Paul: A Contextual and Biblical Leadership for Contemporary Ministry:

With the proclivity for using business theory to describe ministry leadership in evangelicalism, this paper suggests that we must still look to Scripture for a leader's characteristics. While seemi...
Going Out: A Sociology of Public Outings:

In this article we propose a framework for description and analysis of public life by treating “outings” as a unit of sociological analysis. Studying outings requires bracketing a concern with boun...
Ferromagnetism of 3He Films in Very Low Applied Fields

3 He films on graphite provide a model system for 2D magnetism. At low temperatures, the thermodynamic properties of these films are dominated by exchange interactions. However more subtle interactions such as dipolar coupling and other anisotropies may eventually play a substantial role, especially in small magnetic fields. Our recent experiments use a SQUID system for both pulsed and continuous wave NMR at very low applied fields (B<1mT). The spin polarization can be estimated from both the amplitude and frequency shift. We find that at coverages above 20 atoms/nm 2 there is a field independent (zero field) magnetization at finite temperatures. The temperature where this magnetization develops is significantly below J/k where J is the effective exchange energy. Although the apparent ordering occurs over a broad temperature range, there is a trend towards a “narrowing” of the transition region down to the lowest applied fields. Contrary to recent estimates of exchange parameters which assume a single phase, we find that below 24 atoms/nm 2 , only a fraction of the spins contribute to the ferromagnetic behavior. This is more consistent with a mixed phase system in that coverage region.
Cytochrome c2 of Rhodospirillum rubrum II. COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

Abstract Peptides obtained by partial digestion of cytochrome c2 of Rhodospirillum rubrum with chymotrypsin and pepsin, as well as by BrCN fragmentation and dilute acid cleavage, have been purified and their sequences have been determined. This additional information, together with earlier results obtained by digestion with trypsin and thermolysin, has permitted positive assignment of all 112 amino acid residues to unique positions in the molecule. Substantial homology between the sequence proposed for cytochrome c2 and the primary structures of mammalian cytochromes c is apparent. The relationship of all of these heme-proteins to cytochrome c of Pseudomonas fluorescens is considered. Internal homology in cytochrome c2 of R. rubrum is demonstrated for about 83% of the molecule, suggesting evolution of this protein from a small, repeating peptide unit.
A New Approach for SQL-Injection Detection

With the deepening of information construction, Web architecture is widely used in various business systems. While presenting convenience, these new technologies also introduce great security risks. Web security has been a serious issue of information security, and SQL-injection is one of the most common means of attack against Web services. SQL Injection often changes the structure of SQL statements. This paper proposed a self-learning approach to counter SQL Injection which can learn automatically the structure feature of all legal SQL statements to construct knowledge library based on SQL syntax tree in safe environments, and then match every SQL statement with knowledge library to find whether the structural feature has been changed in real environments. If successful, this SQL statement is legal. SQL statements which fail pattern marching are not determined as illegal immediately. Then, we take depth-feature check based on Value-at-Risk, and identity the true illegal SQL statements. This method which combines mode-matching and characterfiltering can reach good results. Experimental results prove that this proposed approach holds good performance and perfect protection for SQL Injection.
The thermal conductivity of Rb2ZnCl4

The thermal conductivity of single crystal Rb2ZnCl4 has been measured over the temperature range 0.03–300 K. Below 2 K, the thermal conductivity is that expected of a crystal. Above 20 K, the thermal conductivity increases slowly with temperature and has a magnitude close to that of amorphous solids. The results are compared with the thermal conductivities of other disordered crystals.
An innovative patient interview activity in a women's health elective.

Abstract Background and purpose To develop, integrate, and evaluate an innovative women's health and sexual health history interview activity in an elective course for pharmacy students. Educational activity and setting Students reflected on personal experiences where a healthcare provider addressed sensitive health-related topics. Students used this reflection and other resources to prepare for and conduct an interview with an adult woman. Students wrote a reflection paper describing their interview experience. Female participants provided feedback on student performance via an anonymous, electronic survey. Analysis of student reflection papers explored the impact of students’ personal health care experiences on their approach with the participant and achievement of activity learning objectives. Findings In 2015 and 2016, 38 of 51 (74.5%) participants interviewed completed the survey. In response to open-ended questions about student performance, 47% of participants stated the student helped them feel comfortable, 44% said the student was professional, and 13% stated the student seemed nervous or uncomfortable. All participants agreed or strongly agreed students used appropriate communication to obtain health information and asked sensitive questions professionally. Among 51 student reflections, all students were able to describe how their experience influenced them, and most described its application to future practice. Further reflection paper analysis revealed students tried to emulate behaviors, attitudes, and skills seen in personal encounters with clinicians. Examples of behaviors included empathy and patient-centered communication. Discussion and summary Students achieved the activity learning objectives. Authors felt this unique activity may help students prepare for challenging patient interviews encountered in future practice.
New Starts, Growing Inequities: Federal and Local Public Transit Funding:

Equity concerns regarding local revenue sources are increasingly important in the United States, as local sales taxes for transportation increase amid perceived federal funding shortfalls. This stu...
Reflecting on Inaccessible J\'onsson Cardinals

Given an inaccessible Jonsson cardinal $\lambda$, a sequence of results due to Shelah from Cardinal Arithmetic and Sh413 tell us that $\lambda$ must be at least $\lambda\times\omega$-Mahlo. We may then ask ourselves whether we can improve this bound, and unfortunately not much progress has been made on this question since Sh413. Part of the problem may be that the proofs involved are rather complicated and make use of somewhat ad hoc machinery. In order to remedy this, we present a survey and new proofs of these results regarding the Mahlo degree of an inaccessible Jonsson cardinal with the hope of making this material accessible.
Disappearing nodules: spontaneously regressing pulmonary amyloidosis

A case report of spontaneous regression of pulmonary amyloidosis, diffuse interstitial pattern, in an elderly patient.
Predictors of Better Functioning among Institutionalized Youth: A Systematic Review

The majority of research on youth in institutional care has focused on negative developmental outcomes. However, experiencing institutional care does not guarantee detrimental results. A growing body of literature has examined outcomes among youth who have spent a period of time in institutional care with the goal of identifying positive functioning, or development in line with children reared in more traditional family homes. The goal of this paper was to review and critique the literature examining predictors of better-than-expected adjustment of children who have experienced institutional care. A literature search was conducted across PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies conducted with youth residing in full-time institutional care at the time of the study, and which examined at least one positive outcome were included. A rating system was used to evaluate and compare study quality across manuscripts. A systematic search of the literature returned 38 unique studies for review. Findings support the possibility of typical adjustment for youth who experience institutional care, the presence of protective factors, and the success of interventions in improving outcomes within this setting. The reviewed studies suggest that better-than-expected outcomes are possible amongst youth residing in institutional care when certain factors are present. However, many limitations exist within the current research. Future directions for advancing the study of youth adjustment within institutional care are discussed.
Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Safety by Early Internal Detection, Prediction and Prevention

Temperature rise in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to solid electrolyte interfaces breakdown, uncontrollable exothermic reactions in electrodes and Joule heating can result in the catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway, which is calling for reliable real-time electrode temperature monitoring. Here, we present a customized LIB setup developed for early detection of electrode temperature rise during simulated thermal runaway tests incorporating a modern additive manufacturing-supported resistance temperature detector (RTD). An advanced RTD is embedded in a 3D printed polymeric substrate and placed behind the electrode current collector of CR2032 coin cells that can sustain harsh electrochemical operational environments (acidic electrolyte without Redox, short-circuiting, leakage etc.) without participating in electrochemical reactions. The internal RTD measured an average 5.8 °C higher temperature inside the cells than the external RTD with almost 10 times faster detection ability, prohibiting thermal runaway events without interfering in the LIBs’ operation. A temperature prediction model is developed to forecast battery surface temperature rise stemming from measured internal and external RTD temperature signatures.
Design Flow of Wearable Internet of Things (IoT) Smart Workout Tracking System

In this paper, we present a wearable Internet of Things (IoT) based system that assists users’ training sessions with precise workout records through real-time multiple sensor data analysis. By pairing an accelerometer and an ultrasonic sensor, our system can accurately detect user’s workout sessions, while a central coordinator, Personal Communication Node (PCN), is used to analyze workout session recognitions and transmitting user movement detection data to the central server or the cloud. By utilizing customized web and Android software applications, users can keep track of their workout sessions remotely, along with viewing all collected sensor data. The system has been designed to be modular in order to allow new functionality to be added or replaced based on the needs of the user. For example, this system can be extended to detect complex workout movements and combine other vital sign sensor data for analyzing any sport activities. Also, this system has the potential to be reconfigured to different purposes such as a statistics and surveillance system for round-the-clock care of patients, people with disabilities and working in hazardous environment.
Using Virtual Machines to Enhance the Educational Experience in an Introductory Computing Course

This paper describes and evaluates the use of virtual machines (VMs) in an introductory computing course to simplify the installation of required software and reinforce student understanding of client-server networks and applications. The impact of VMs was assessed by tracking the change in software installation and troubleshooting time and student performance across two academic years and ten classrooms. The results indicate that the use of VMs improved classroom efficiency, increased instruction time previously lost to software installation, and sustained or improved student performance on critical events. Additionally, the students had greater success building web applications on the VMs that both they and their instructors could view both source code and the running application.
Low-Energy Physics Reach of Xenon Detectors for Nuclear-Recoil-Based Dark Matter and Neutrino Experiments

Dual-phase xenon detectors lead the search for keV-scale nuclear recoil signals expected from the scattering of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter, and can potentially be used to study the coherent nuclear scattering of MeV-scale neutrinos. New capabilities of such experiments can be enabled by extending their nuclear recoil searches down to the lowest measurable energy. The response of the liquid xenon target medium to nuclear recoils, however, is not well characterized below a few keV, leading to large uncertainties in projected sensitivities. In this work, we report a new measurement of ionization signals from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon down to the lowest energy reported to date. At 0.3 keV, we find that the average recoil produces approximately one ionization electron; this is the first measurement of nuclear recoil signals at the single-ionization-electron level, approaching the physical limit of liquid xenon ionization detectors. We discuss the implications of these measurements on the physics reach of xenon detectors for nuclear-recoil-based WIMP dark matter searches and the detection of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering.
The research on promoting characteristic agricultural industry competitiveness based on GEM model - making JinJiang carrot industry as an example

Enhancing the competitiveness of characteristic industries plays an important role in promoting the development of regional economy. Taking the carrot industry in Jinjiang City as an example, this paper analyses the market competitiveness status of county industries and products from the three factors of 'base-enterprise-market', and realises the potential of agricultural industry transformation and upgrading by applying GEM competitiveness model and the related theories. The analysis results show that the development of the six factors of the competitiveness of carrot characteristic industries in Jinjiang City is uneven, and it has advantages in resources, facilities, and external markets, but it is relatively insufficient in three aspects: manufacturer structure/strategy, suppliers/related enterprises, and local market. The overall level of competitiveness is normal. From the analysis of industrial development potential, due to the improvement of the diet structure will promote the expansion of the industrial market, the carrot industry in Jinjiang City has a large space for development, especially the demand for carrot processing products.