cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing Lifetimes to Suppress Random Coil Features in 2D IR Spectra of Peptides.

We report that the waiting time delay in 2D IR pulse sequences can be used to suppress signals from structurally disordered regions of amyloid fibrils. At a waiting time delay of 1.0 ps, the random...
Temperature variations across the lubricant film in hydrodynamic lubrication

Temperature variations across the lubricant film in hydrodynamic lubrication have been taken into account. The consequent variations of viscosity cannot be neglected for high Prandtl number lubricants.
High-pressure liquid chromatography of carbohydrates

Abstract A procedure is described for the separation of water-soluble wood polysaccharides on Bio-Glas (granular porous glass) and Bio-Gel P (polyacrylamide) packed columns using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). An example of HPLC employing non-aqueous solvent systems and EM Gel OR-PVA (vinyl acetate copolymer) type packing materials is also discussed.
A non-parametric test for several independent samples

We introduce a large sample non-parametric test for the hypothesis of equal distributions of three or more independent samples. The test can be considered as a generalisation of the two sample run tests of Wald and Wolfowitz in that it sorts the data and replaces the values with the ‘label’ of the sample from which they come, thus transforming the problem to a question about the randomness of the resulting pooled sample. The test statistic and its asymptotic null distribution are derived using the central limit theorem of finite Markov chains. Simulation results and comparisons with the standard k-sample Kruskal–Wallis and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests are given. One particular strength of the test is that it is capable of distinguishing between different distributions having the same mean in a few cases when the Kruskal–Wallis test is completely paralysed.
Muscle fiber type compartmentalization and expression of an immature myosin isoform in the sternocleidomastoid muscle of rabbits and primates

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is located in the neck and is both a neck rotator and flexor. Cervical dystonia, a focal dystonia disorder, is characterized by forceful involuntary contraction of a group of neck muscles, usually including the sternocleidomastoid. Little is known about the fiber type composition, fiber type compartmentalization and innervation patterns in this muscle in rabbit and primates. Sternocleidomastoid muscles from rabbit and monkey were analyzed for muscle fiber type composition and number, muscle fiber cross-sectional area and patterns of innervation. The sternocleidomastoid muscle was composed of two distinct regions, or compartments, with different fiber type compositions: an outer or superficial region composed of mostly type 2 myofibers and an inner deep region composed of both type 2 and type 1 myofibers. Neonatal myosin heavy chain isoform was detected in approximately 25% of the myofibers in both regions of the muscle. Neuromuscular junctions were located in seven endplate bands approximately 1-3 cm apart throughout the length of the muscle. There is clear evidence of anatomical subdivisions within this muscle. Not only is there variation in fiber type composition between superficial and deep regions of the muscle, but unlike most other mature skeletal muscles, it continues to express neonatal myosin heavy chain isoform in the adult. The motor program for neck movements is extremely complex, and the histological complexity plays a role in allowing for a continuum of movements of the head and neck, from maintenance of posture to rapid head movements.
The frequency domain solution of regulator problems

In the past, quadratic optimization problems have been examined from both the time and frequency-domain points of view but there has been little effort devoted to comparing these two approaches. The purpose of this paper is to spell out in detail how one can solve Kalman's regulator problem in the frequency domain and to compare the forms of the equations defining the optimal compensators obtained in this way with those obtained by Kalman. In particular, the equivalence between spectral factorization and solving for the steady-state solutions of a matrix Riccati equation is established, and the frequency-domain implications of optimality are examined.
Agonist-modulated Regulation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in Endothelial Cells EVIDENCE FOR AN AMPK → Rac1 → Akt → ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE PATHWAY

The endothelial isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), a key determinant of vascular homeostasis, is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphoprotein regulated by diverse cell surface receptors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) stimulate eNOS activity through Akt/phosphoinositide 3-kinase and calcium-dependent pathways. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also activates eNOS in endothelial cells; however, the molecular mechanisms linking agonist-mediated AMPK regulation with eNOS activation remain incompletely understood. We studied the role of AMPK in VEGF- and S1P-mediated eNOS activation and found that both agonists led to a striking increase in AMPK phosphorylation in pathways involving the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin demonstrated differential effects of VEGF versus S1P. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1or Akt1 impaired the stimulatory effects of both VEGF and S1P on eNOS activation. AMPKα1 knockdown impaired agonist-mediated Akt phosphorylation, whereas Akt1 knockdown did not affect AMPK activation, thus suggesting that AMPK lies upstream of Akt in the pathway leading from receptor activation to eNOS stimulation. Importantly, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1 abrogates agonist-mediated activation of the small GTPase Rac1. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rac1 decreased the agonist-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK substrates without affecting that of AMPK, implicating Rac1 as a molecular link between AMPK and Akt in agonist-mediated eNOS activation. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of caveolin-1 significantly enhanced AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting that AMPK is negatively regulated by caveolin-1. Taken together, these results suggest that VEGF and S1P differentially regulate AMPK and establish a central role for an agonist-modulated AMPK → Rac1 → Akt axis in the control of eNOS in endothelial cells.
Use of polyethyleneimine dendrimer as a novel graded-modulus interphase material in polymeric composites

The effectiveness of polyethyleneimine (PEi) dendrimer as a novel graded-modulus interphase material in polymeric composites is discussed in the context of core (polystyrene)–shell (PEi) nanoparticles affecting the mechanical properties of epoxy. The dendrimer is grafted onto the surface of polystyrene (PS) particles via a free radical polymerization reaction of styrene monomers in a non-aqueous polar solvent with t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as initiator and mild heating. The effects of both particle loading and core/shell composition are investigated. The mechanical test results in all cases show an increase in both stiffness and fracture toughness or the ability of the polymer to resist crack growth, as opposed to the commonly seen trade-off between these properties in previously studied soft particles. SEM micrographs suggest that the crosslinks with epoxy in the dendrimer network, leading to a dramatic interface stretching as the core-to-shell ratio decreases, and the capability of the dendrimer to '...
The Genogram in Health Education

(1995). The Genogram in Health Education. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 243-244.
A Highly Conductive Solid-State Polymer Electrolyte Based on a Double-Comb Polysiloxane Polymer with Oligo(ethylene oxide) Side Chains

A double-comb polysiloxane with ethylene oxide side chains, poly[bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)propylsiloxane] (1), has been prepared. The conductivity and thermal properties of this polymer are compared to those of a single-comb polysiloxane, −[CH3RSiO]n− (2), which contains an equal number of oxygen donor atoms. Maximum conductivities of 3.9 × 10-4 S cm-1 for 1 and 1.0 × 10-4 S cm-1 for 2 were found at room temperature with oxygen to Li+ ratios of about 40:1.
Independence of photoproduct formation on DNA conformation.

— In an ethanolic solution native T7 DNA can undergo conformational transitions from the B conformation (0% ethanol) to the C-like (60% w/w ethanol) and the A (80% w/w ethanol) conformations. We have investigated the formation of three classes of thymine-derived photoproducts in T7 DNA irradiated (280 nm) in the B, C-like, and A conformations, which were monitored by circular dichroism measurements. We find that the predominant class of thymine-derived photoproducts in any conformational state is cyclobutyl dipyrimidines. While the ‘spore product,’ 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, which belongs to another class of photoproductsf does form in native DNA in the A conformation, its yield in denatured DNA at 80% ethanol is the same as that in native DNA. The yield of pyrimidine adduct, a third photoproduct class, is a maximum at 50–60% ethanol. This effect of ethanol is probably not due to the ethanol-induced C-like conformation, however, since pyrimidine adduct formation is not enhanced when T7 DNA is irradiated in the C conformation in 6 M CsCl or in intact phage. We conclude from these and other data in the literature that the degree of hydration rather than the conformational state is the critical factor in determining which of the photoproducts will form in native DNA.
Reflections on 40 years as a sideline physician

Object In this study the author presents his personal observations concerning football injuries in a historical perspective with additional literature citations. Methods Aspects of brachial plexus and cervical spine injuries, neurapraxia, face mask infractions, concussion, acute subdural hematoma (SDH), and the so-called second-impact syndrome are addressed. Conclusions The list of conclusions presented in this paper is as follows: there is more than one kind of brachial plexus injury; wedging of cervical vertebrae may be normal; neurapraxia presents a problem for return to play; face mask injuries are rarely serious; definitions of concussion vary; acute SDH requires immediate transfer to a hospital; and the second-impact syndrome may be a myth to some.
Detection of Preformed Venous Thrombi in Dogs by Means of I 131 -Labeled Antibodies to Dog Fibrinogen

Dogs with thrombin-induced thrombi received I131 rabbit antibody to dog fibrinogen and a day later were given antiserum to the rabbit gamma globulin. Scintillation scanning techniques successfully detected the site of thrombosis. Excision of the thrombi and surrounding blood vessels demonstrated deposition of radioactivity in the lesion. The immunologic removal of the gamma globulin from the circulating blood increased the difference between the radioactivity deposited in the lesion and that present in the blood. This accentuates the lesion and offers potential diagnostic advantage.
The Peripheral Autonomic System

Classical anatomical and histochemical studies have established our general knowledge of the autonomic innervation of the various peripheral organs. The recent histofluorescent studies for catecholamine- containing structures (Falck, 1962; Norberg, 1967; Fuxe et al., 1971) and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical method for cholinergic nerves (Koelle and Friedenwald, 1949; Koelle, 1963) have opened up areas of study that were not possible with the conventional silver-staining techniques. Since 1962, a great deal of new and unusual information has accumulated in this highly specialized literature which is not yet generally appreciated. The nature of the localization of sympathetic nerves in the periphery has revealed the sites of action of the sympathetic neurotransmitter (norepinephrine).
In Vitro Antimicrobial Effects of Various Combinations of Penicillin and Clindamycin against Four Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes

Previous studies using mouse models of Streptococcus pyogenes necrotizing fasciitis demonstrated that clindamycin had greater efficacy than penicillin. Frequently both agents are used concurrently in the treatment of severe S. pyogenes infections. This study investigated interactions between penicillin and clindamycin. E-test and broth microdilution assays suggested additivity or indifference, while timed-killing assays demonstrated concentration-dependent variable effects. Timed-kill studies utilizing clinical concentrations suggest that there is no antagonism with the combination of drugs but that the combination does not have a bactericidal advantage over either penicillin or clindamycin alone.
Speech, for Instance. The Exemplar in Studies of Conversation:

This essay considers studies of speech and language that base claims in exemplars by discussing: (1) some classic exemplars used by Austin, Wittgenstein, and others; and (2) exemplars' specifications of message and scene. One exemplist school, conversation analysis, receives emphasis in this treatment, and is contrasted with experimentation in terms of sampling, design, and techniques for analysis. Recommendations for exemplist research include: (1) giving priority to naturally occurring tape-recorded exemplars; (2) employing experimental techniques to extend exemplist research; (3) maintaining openness to innovation and serendipity.
Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

This is the first of a series of articles based on presentations at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions held 6–10 June 2008 in San Francisco, California. Matthias von Herrath (La Jolla, CA) received the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2008 Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award for his research on approaches to β-cell–specific immune interventions for type 1 diabetes. He began with a discussion of the evidence of a role of viral infections in the development of type 1 diabetes. In experimental models, viral infection may either accelerate or retard the immunologic process leading to type 1 diabetes. He pointed out that although type 1 diabetes is clearly an autoimmune disease, because a pancreas transplanted from an unaffected to a type 1 diabetic identical twin is associated with an immune response and rejection, the cause of autoreactivity is uncertain. Environmental factors are likely implicated: viral and also nutritional. Furthermore, the degree of islet inflammation in type 1 diabetes is rather mild, which may shed light on how viral infections might contribute to the disease process because only 3–4% of islets in pre-diabetic patients—and not a great deal more at the time of diagnosis—are affected by insulitis. Approaches to prevention might include modification of genes that predispose to diabetes and their gene products or modification of environmental factors, but emerging evidence suggests that type 1 diabetes is polygenic, with protective as well as enhancing genes, not all of which can suitably be altered. Curing type 1 diabetes might be accomplished with an unlimited β-cell source, perhaps from stem cells, to make islet transplantation more generally feasible. β-Cell augmentation may be an intermediate goal for which islet transplant protocols not flawed by loss of islets after 3–4 years must be developed, perhaps by eliminating preexisting autoaggressive T-cells. Ongoing trials to prevent and cure recent-onset …
Hidden Markov support vector machines

This paper presents a novel discriminative learning technique for label sequences based on a combination of the two most successful learning algorithms, Support Vector Machines and Hidden Markov Models which we call Hidden Markov Support Vector Machine. The proposed architecture handles dependencies between neighboring labels using Viterbi decoding. In contrast to standard HMM training, the learning procedure is discriminative and is based on a maximum/soft margin criterion. Compared to previous methods like Conditional Random Fields, Maximum Entropy Markov Models and label sequence boosting, HM-SVMs have a number of advantages. Most notably, it is possible to learn non-linear discriminant functions via kernel functions. At the same time, HM-SVMs share the key advantages with other discriminative methods, in particular the capability to deal with overlapping features. We report experimental evaluations on two tasks, named entity recognition and part-of-speech tagging, that demonstrate the competitiveness of the proposed approach.
Measuring throughput of data center network topologies

High throughput is a fundamental goal of network design. While myriad network topologies have been proposed to meet this goal, particularly in data center and HPC networking, a consistent and accurate method of evaluating a design's throughput performance and comparing it to past proposals is conspicuously absent. In this work, we develop a framework to benchmark the throughput of network topologies and apply this methodology to reveal insights about network structure. We show that despite being commonly used, cut-based metrics such as bisection bandwidth are the wrong metrics: they yield incorrect conclusions about the throughput performance of networks. We therefore measure flow-based throughput directly and show how to evaluate topologies with nearly-worst-case traffic matrices. We use the flow-based throughput metric to compare the throughput performance of a variety of computer networks. We have made our evaluation framework freely available to facilitate future work on design and evaluation of networks.
Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men.

Context: Impairments in the pituitary-gonadal axis with aging are associated with loss of muscle mass and function and accumulation of upper body fat. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that physiological supplementation with testosterone and GH together improves body composition and muscle performance in older men. Design, Setting, and Participants: One hundred twenty-two community-dwelling men 70.8 ± 4.2 yr of age with body mass index of 27.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2, testosterone of 550 ng/dl or less, and IGF-I in lower adult tertile (≤167 ng/dl) were randomized to receive transdermal testosterone (5 or 10 g/d) during a Leydig cell clamp plus GH (0, 3, or 5 μg/kg · d) for 16 wk. Main Outcome Measures: Body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, muscle performance, and safety tests were conducted. Results: Total lean body mass increased (1.0 ± 1.7 to 3.0 ± 2.2 kg) as did appendicular lean tissue (0.4 ± 1.4 to 1.5 ± 1.3 kg), whereas total fat mass decreased by 0.4 ± 0.9 to 2.3 ± 1.7 kg as did trunk fat (0...
End-to-End QoS for Video Delivery Over Wireless Internet

Providing end-to-end quality of service (QoS) support is essential for video delivery over the next-generation wireless Internet. We address several key elements in the end-to-end QoS support, including scalable video representation, network-aware end system, and network QoS provisioning. There are generally two approaches in QoS support: the network-centric and the end-system centric solutions. The fundamental problem in a network-centric solution is how to map QoS criterion at different layers respectively, and optimize total quality across these layers. We first present the general framework of a cross-layer network-centric solution, and then describe the recent advances in network modeling, QoS mapping, and QoS adaptation. The key targets in end-system centric approach are network adaptation and media adaptation. We present a general framework of the end-system centric solution and investigate the recent developments. Specifically, for network adaptation, we review the available bandwidth estimation and efficient video transport protocol; for media adaptation , we describe the advances in error control, power control, and corresponding bit allocation. Finally, we highlight several advanced research directions.
Splenic conservation: variation between pediatric and adult trauma centers.

Abstract Objectives Nonoperative management of hemodynamically stable children and adolescents with splenic injury regardless of grade has become standard; however, numerous studies have shown a wide variation in management. We compared the treatment and outcomes of adolescent splenic injuries in our region, which includes a pediatric level I trauma center (PTC) and an adult level I trauma center (ATC). Methods A retrospective review of the trauma registry was performed on patients 14 to 17 y old with blunt splenic injury admitted to either the local PTC or ATC from January 1999 through December 2010. Demographics, interventions, and hospital course were recorded and compared using Fisher exact, Student t -test, and multivariate analysis. Results Eighty-six adolescent patients presenting to the PTC and 65 patients presenting to the ATC met the criteria over the 12-y period. Although the ATC received more significantly injured and slightly older patients, logistic multivariate analysis demonstrated that the location of presentation was the only independent factor associated with splenectomy ( P = 0.0015). A higher injury severity score was associated with a longer length of stay (LOS), but the nonoperative approach was not associated with a longer LOS ( P = 0.96). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the location of presentation was independently associated with splenectomy while controlling for a higher injury severity score at the ATC. With the higher percentage of nonoperative management, treatment at the PTC was not associated with an increased LOS (total or intensive care unit).
Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 6: Preoperative antibiotics for shunt surgery in children with hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Object The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was twofold: to answer the question “What is the evidence for the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics for infection prevention in shunt surgery?” and to make treatment recommendations based on the available evidence. Methods The US National Library of Medicine PubMed/MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words relevant to prophylactic antibiotic use in children undergoing a shunt operation. Abstracts were reviewed to identify which studies met the inclusion criteria. An evidentiary table was assembled summarizing the studies and the quality of evidence (Classes I-III). A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate a cumulative estimate of treatment effect using risk ratio (RR). Heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square and I2 statistics. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Based on the quality of the literature and the res...
Dilemma's regarding vertebral fractures in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently occurring type of cancer in children, which currently, due to optimized stratification and treatment regimens, has been become curable in 80-90% of all cases (1). The increasing number of long term survivors has resulted in gain of knowledge and increased awareness of complications that may already occur during treatment as well as later in life.
Multiplication of influenza virus in dead chick embryos.

SummaryChick embryos killed by prolonged storage at room temperature or 4°C are capable of supporting the multiplication of influenza virus upon prolonged incubation at 35°C.
Newcastle Disease Viruses Causing Recent Outbreaks Worldwide Show Unexpectedly High Genetic Similarity to Historical Virulent Isolates from the 1940s

ABSTRACT Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) cause Newcastle disease (ND), a devastating disease of poultry and wild birds. Phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguish historical isolates (obtained prior to 1960) from currently circulating viruses of class II genotypes V, VI, VII, and XII through XVIII. Here, partial and complete genomic sequences of recent virulent isolates of genotypes II and IX from China, Egypt, and India were found to be nearly identical to those of historical viruses isolated in the 1940s. Phylogenetic analysis, nucleotide distances, and rates of change demonstrate that these recent isolates have not evolved significantly from the most closely related ancestors from the 1940s. The low rates of change for these virulent viruses (7.05 × 10−5 and 2.05 × 10−5 per year, respectively) and the minimal genetic distances existing between these and historical viruses (0.3 to 1.2%) of the same genotypes indicate an unnatural origin. As with any other RNA virus, Newcastle disease virus is expected to evolve naturally; thus, these findings suggest that some recent field isolates should be excluded from evolutionary studies. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses show that these recent virulent isolates are more closely related to virulent strains isolated during the 1940s, which have been and continue to be used in laboratory and experimental challenge studies. Since the preservation of viable viruses in the environment for over 6 decades is highly unlikely, it is possible that the source of some of the recent virulent viruses isolated from poultry and wild birds might be laboratory viruses.
Applications of molecular epidemiology to head and neck cancer

Cancer may be viewed as a genetic disease characterized by the failure of cellular mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity. Molecular progression models defining genetic damage are being developed for a number of solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genetic alteration of certain classes of genes, the tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, seem to be common events in such models. Host modulation of environmental carcinogens, however, also may be an important disease determinant. Interindividual differences in susceptibility to the genotoxic effects of environmental carcinogens may be genetically determined. With technologic advances in molecular genetics, it is now possible to identify specific genetic alterations that occur in different stages of neoplasia. Correlation of these genetic alterations with susceptibility models for solid tumors has important implications for the field of molecular epidemiology.
Diuretics and their current role in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension

Diuretics have been most commonly used to treat hypertension in the last 25 years. Their tolerance is good, they have been effective specially in negroes, older and obese patients and they are relatively inexpensive. The emergence of new and more potent drugs: beta blockers, calcium antagonists, and ACE inhibitors, has led to a decrease in diuretic use. Hyperglycemia and lipid disorders induced by diuretics have been invoked to explain the lack of effect on coronary mortality among treated hypertensive patients. Hypokalemia induced by diuretics has been suspected as the cause for sudden deaths. However, these effects are not sufficiently proven and do not warrant, at present, the elimination of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension.
The Myth of Sustainable Development

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several reasons that make sustainable development impossible in Costa Rica. The existing public debt burden makes it extremely difficult for the government of Costa Rica to generate a viable economic plan for addressing the major resource and social problems of the nation. The Costa Rican economy is in many ways paralyzed by the need to generate foreign exchange. The topography, climate, and soils of the nation are of only moderate quality for agricultural production. Industries touted as “sustainable” and non-resource-degrading (such as tourism and ecotourism) are in fact extremely energy-and-material requiring, and often consume large quantities of scarce water and prime seashore property. They are sustainable only while world economies are strong and jet fuel is cheap. While issues of interest and capital are normally considered in terms of money, they ultimately must be based on physical resources. Costa Rica has found a way to generate an extremely high standard of human well-being on a modest resource base. Perhaps more than any country in the world Costa Rica and its leaders have generated a reasonable standard of living, still relatively equitably distributed, extraordinary levels of health and education by any nation's criteria, peace, and a high degree of environmental protection on a modest resource budget.
Predicting long-term graft survival after keratoplasty

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Significant progress has been made in the field of corneal transplantation over the last 15 years, and a progressively more targeted approach to the surgical treatment of the various corneal conditions is being adopted. These newer techniques promise less complications and improved outcomes.Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarize the various large randomized clinical trials and observational studies that have been performed to evaluate these procedures and identify the factors predicting the best outcomes.Expert commentary: Continued follow-up and reporting of long-term data from large prospective multi-center studies, as well as new studies evaluating and comparing the newer surgical techniques, will be invaluable in predicting and optimizing the long-term outcomes of these procedures.
Fluctuating temperatures alter environmental pathogen transmission in a Daphnia-pathogen system.

Environmental conditions are rarely constant, but instead vary spatially and temporally. This variation influences ecological interactions and epidemiological dynamics, yet most experimental studies examine interactions under constant conditions. We examined the effects of variability in temperature on the host-pathogen relationship between an aquatic zooplankton host (Daphnia laevis) and an environmentally transmitted fungal pathogen (Metschnikowia bicuspidata). We manipulated temperature variability by exposing all populations to mean temperatures of 20°C for the length of the experiments, but introducing periods of 1, 2, and 4 hr each day where the populations were exposed to 28°C followed by periods of the same length (1, 2, and 4 hr, respectively) where the populations were exposed to 12°C. Three experiments were performed to assess the role of thermal variability on Daphnia-pathogen interactions, specifically with respect to: (1) host infection prevalence and intensity; (2) free-living pathogen survival; and (3) host foraging ecology. We found that temperature variability affected host filtering rate, which is closely related to pathogen transmission in this system. Further, infection prevalence was reduced as a function of temperature variability, while infection intensity was not influenced, suggesting that pathogen transmission was influenced by temperature variability, but the growth of pathogen within infected hosts was not. Host survival was reduced by temperature variability, but environmental pathogen survival was unaffected, suggesting that zooplankton hosts were more sensitive than the fungal pathogen to variable temperatures. Together, these experiments suggest that temperature variability may influence host demography and host-pathogen interactions, providing a link between host foraging ecology and pathogen transmission.
Bromomethylthioindole Inspired Carbazole Hybrids as Promising Class of Anti-MRSA Agents

Series of N-substituted carbazole analogues bearing an indole ring were synthesized as anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agents from a molecular hybridization approach. The representative compound 19 showed an MIC = 1 μg/mL against a panel of MRSA clinical isolates as it possessed comparable in vitro activities to that of vancomycin. Moreover, compound 19 also exhibited MIC = 1 μg/mL activities against a recent identified Z172 MRSA strain (vancomycin-intermediate and daptomycin-nonsusceptible phenotype) and the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) strain. In a mouse model with lethal infection of MRSA (4N216), a 75% survival rate was observed after a single dose of compound 19 was intravenously administered at 20 mg/kg. In light of their equipotent activities against different MRSA isolates and VRE strain, the data underscore the importance of designed hybrid series for the development of new N-substituted carbazoles as potential anti-MRSA agents.
3-D printed waveguide-fed X-Band helix antenna array

The use of 3-D printing and plating of thermoplastics can be a cost-effective technique in rapid prototyping of antennas. A waveguide-fed helix antenna array operating at X-Band was designed in support of the RF Telecommunications Subsystem of NASA's Europa Mission. The antenna is made up of three identical helices, a waveguide bottom with inductive irises, waveguide flange and a waveguide lid with cylindrical isolation cups. In order to assess relative performance of the 3-D fabrication process, three antenna prototypes were made. The first build completely 3-D printed the antenna, the second build partially 3-D printed the antenna and the third build used conventional metal machining. The principal plane cuts for all three antennas were measured in a compact range and the results are compared with each other and with simulated performance.
Associations among classroom emotional processes, student interest, and engagement: a convergent validity test

ABSTRACTThe results of this study compile convergent validity evidence for the Student Interest Scale and Student Engagement Scale through associations among emotional support, emotion work, student interest, and engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates that the factor structures of the measures are stable, reliable, and valid. The results indicate positive relationships among emotional support and students’ emotional and cognitive interest and engagement and inverse associations among students’ emotion work, interest, and engagement, providing evidence for convergent validity. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.
Mechanical Behavior of Dilute Aluminium Alloys for Low Temperature, High Conductivity Applications

ABSTRACT Cryogenic conductors may require the use of alloys that are strengthened by a precipitation treatment and have high electrical conductivity. To satisfy this dual requirement, dilute aluminum alloys containing less than one weight percent solute were prepared and examined for changes in the resistance ratio (R273K/R4.2K) and yield strength as a function of aging treatment. The solute additions that have been employed were selected on the basis that some solid solubility is exhibited at high temperature, but negligible solubility is observed at the aging temperature. With this approach, solute is removed effectively from solid solution during aging to provide a high conductivity path in the aluminum matrix and to provide a fine precipitate dispersion. The elemental solutes Au and Co and combinations of Co, Ni and Sb have been found to serve as effective strengthening agents. In order to evaluate the optimization of properties by an aging treatment, a figure of merit defined as the ratio of yield strength to resistivity at 4.2 K (σ0.2/ρ4.2K) has been developed. With this standard, dilute aluminum alloys have figures of merit of 40-60 x 1016 Pa/ωm which compare favorably with those observed typically in copper based conductor materials. Other material characteristics such as grain size and dislocation density have been considered in light of their contribution to the figure of merit. The use of dilute aluminum alloys in cryogenic conductors offers a significant weight advantage over the use of copper.
The Ways Women Age: Using and Refusing Cosmetic Intervention

Abigail Brooks’s book The Ways Women Age: Using and Refusing Cosmetic Intervention explores the growth of cosmetic interventions and the “antiaging craze” in modern society. The book presents 44 in...
Numerical investigation of vorticity and bubble clustering in an air entraining hydraulic jump

Abstract A high resolution computational fluid dynamics model is used to simulate a steady air entraining laboratory scale hydraulic jump. A detailed examination of shear layer instabilities reveals the dynamic relationship between spanwise vortices, free surface fluctuations, and air–water spatial patterns. Spanwise vortices generated at the toe roll-up under a variable depth roller, creating large free surface fluctuations through high velocity water ejections in the roller. The mean shear layer elevation and free surface elevations periodically alternate between positive and negative correlation throughout the roller, driven by dynamic vortex transport. Vortices descending towards the lower wall create an upwelling of non-bubbly fluid into the shear layer that contributes to regions of decreased bubble concentration between vortices. The position of a strong shear layer at the location of maximum air entrainment, directly above the jump toe, leads to highly aerated vortices that influence bubble behavior. Bubbles breakup quickly after entrainment at the toe and bubble clusters are observed most frequently below and at the end of the roller where bubble breakup and energy dissipation are diminished. The dominant separation angle of clustered bubbles is independent of downstream distance and aligns closely with the direction of initial shear, suggesting bubble clustering is a remnant of bubble breakup.
New Color Features for Pattern Recognition

This chapter presents a pattern recognition framework that applies new color features, which are derived from both the primary color (the red component) and the subtraction of the primary colors (the red minus green component, the blue minus green component). In particular, feature extraction from the three color components consists of the following processes: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for dimensionality reduction for each of the three color components, concatenation of the DCT features to form an augmented feature vector, and discriminant analysis of the augmented feature vector with enhanced generalization performance. A new similarity measure is presented to further improve pattern recognition performance of the pattern recognition framework. Experiments using a large scale, grand challenge pattern recognition problem, the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC), show the feasibility of the proposed framework. Specifically, the experimental results on the most challenging FRGC version 2 Experiment 4 with 36,818 color images reveal that the proposed framework helps improve face recognition performance, and the proposed new similarity measure consistently performs better than other popular similarity measures.
Probing the Influence of Thermally Induced Structural Changes on the Microstructural Evolution in Shale using Multiscale X-ray Scattering Measurements

Various pathways to accelerate the recovery of hydrocarbons from unconventional subsurface environments have been proposed, including the use of high-temperature fluids. However, the influence of temperature on the structural and microstructural changes in complex subsurface materials characterized by compositional and morphological heterogeneity are not very well understood. In this study, in operando ultrasmall angle, small angle, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS/SAXS/WAXS) measurements were performed to link the structural and morphological changes in shale when heated from 30 to 1150 °C. The structural changes observed from the wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements were complemented by the changes in the porosity, particle size, and surface morphology. Overall, the combined USAXS/SAXS measurements showed enhanced smoothness in the pore–solid interface on heating. The dehydroxylation of illite and calcination of calcium carbonate were noted prior to the formation of denser and sintered silicat...
A Deep Learning-based Approach for Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings

Condition monitoring and fault detection of roller element bearings is of vital importance to ensuring safe and reliable operation of rotating machinery systems. Over the past few years, convolutional neural network (CNN) has been recognized as a useful tool for fault detection of roller element bearings. Unlike the traditional fault diagnosis approaches, CNN does not require manually extracting the fault-related features from the raw sensor data and most CNN-based fault diagnosis approaches feed the raw or shallowly pre-processed data as the training/testing inputs to a CNN model, thereby avoiding the need for manual feature extraction. As such, these approaches can be considered as purely data-driven. However, it has been proven that some well-established signal pre-processing techniques such as spectral kurtosis and envelope analysis can effectively clean and pre-process a raw signal to be a better representative of the health condition of a bearing without losing critical diagnostic information. This study proposes a new approach to bearing fault diagnosis, termed the SK-based multi-channel CNN (SCNN), that combines signal pre-processing techniques with a modified 1D CNN. The proposed SCNN approach involves two main steps: in the first step, each raw sensor signal acquired from a bearing is pre-processed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio without losing critical diagnostic information carried by the signal; and in the second step, all pre-processed signals are fed into a 1D multi-channel CNN that classifies the health condition of the bearing. An experimental case study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. In this case study, a machinery fault simulator was used to validate the performance of SCNN in the presence of faults unrelated to bearings such as shaft misalignment and rotor unbalance.
Recent Advances and Perspectives in Small-molecule TLR Ligands and Their Modulators

Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located on immune cells leads to induction of immune responses that can be useful in vaccines for infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Novel TLR signaling pathway modulators can further enhance the efficacy of TLR ligands.
Managing Non-Hepatic Metastatic Sites: Lung and CNS

This chapter presents data pertaining specifically to pulmonary and CNS-related metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Most studies on these unusual sites of metastatic disease do not differentiate between rectal and colonic cancers. The data would suggest in small series that selected surgical resection in combination with adjuvant chemoradiation may lead to improved survival in these settings. There are prognostic factors which are associated with a better outcome based upon the locale of the tumor, the performance status, a longer disease-free interval and control of the primary without extrametastatic disease.
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Hyperthyroidism after I-131 Radioiodine Therapy

669 Objectives Approximately 10-30% of patients require more than one treatment with I-131 due to recurrence of hyperthyroidism. Objectives of this study are to identify potential prognosticating factors for initial treatment failure and to propose approaches for reducing retreatment rates. Methods Retrospective review was performed of patients receiving radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism from 2009 to 2014 at a large tertiary hospital. Patient demographics and clinical findings collected include: age, gender, BMI, gland size, antithyroid medication use, serum TSH, I-123 radioiodine uptake measurements, I-131 treatment dose and I-131 retreatment dose. Overall retreatment rate was calculated. Separate logistic regression models were used to test the associations between the odds of recurrence, and demographic and clinical findings, respectively. Results 310 patients (age 6-86y) were included in the analysis. Average age was 37.6 ± 18.1 years, 24% (n=73) of patients were male and 22% (n=69) of patients were children and adolescents ( Conclusions Patients with history of antithyroid medication use and individuals with increased 6-hour I-123 uptake have greater odds of recurrence of hyperthyroidism after I-131 treatment.
Dynamics of two freely rotating dipoles

The equations of motion for two spherical dipoles moving freely in a plane are obtained. Special consideration is given to when the two spheres are in contact. Investigations of equilibria, small-amplitude motion, and large-amplitude motion reveal that possible motions are exclusively quasi-periodic. Two distinct modes are identified, one of which is isomorphic with the simple pendulum, complete with a regime where it ceases to be periodic, and the angular displacement grows continuously at high energy.
Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: a Review

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and accounts for about 10% of all new cancer cases in the USA. Despite significant improvements in survival, it is estimated that deaths from prostate cancer in 2019 will exceed 30,000 individuals. Here, we review plant-derived bioactive compounds with the ability to modulate the growth of prostate cancer cells. These compounds represent potential therapeutic alternatives for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Numerous plants produce phytochemicals that are important for their development and protection. Many of these compounds have inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells. Cancers are a leading cause of death worldwide and treatments tend to be costly with many negative side effects. Identification of new potential chemo-therapeutic and chemo-protective compounds that have little or no negative effects on normal cells is therefore of great importance.
Females have a Higher Post-Concussion Subsequent Injury Rate than Male Collegiate Athletes

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare post-concussion lower extremity musculoskeletal (MSK) injury between sexes. Background Emerging evidence suggests that there is an elevated risk of lower extremity MSK injury in the year following concussion. Indeed, we have previously reported a 1.6 –2.9 times elevated risk of lower extremity injury across a diverse population of collegiate student athletes at the conclusion of their athletic careers. However, there are recent and important calls to investigate the role of gender in concussion research and collegiate female student-athletes have elevated risks of specific injuries. Design/Methods We recruited 335 student-athletes (62.1% female, mean age, 21.2 ± 1.4 years old) across 13 sports from 17 NCAA member institutions. Participants self-reported concussions under three categories: 1) selfreported concussions, 2) acknowledged unreported concussions (e.g., “hidden”), 3) unrecognized concussions (e.g., memory loss following a head impact). The lower extremity MSK injuries were self-reported 1) lateral ankle sprains, 2) knee sprains, or 3) lower extremity muscle strain. Chi-square analyses identified the association between each of the concussion variables and lower extremity MSK between self-reported sexes. Results For females, there was a significant association between 1) reported concussions and knee injuries (p = 0.018, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.18 – 4.21), 2) unreported concussions and knee injuries (p = 0.005, OR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.51 – 9.22), 3) unrecognized concussions and lateral ankle sprains (p = 0.007, OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.32 – 5.15). For males, there was only a significant association between unrecognized concussions and muscle strains (p = 0.020, odds ratio = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.16 – 4.92). Conclusions The results of this study suggest females are at higher risk of post-concussion subsequent MSK injury over the course of their collegiate athletic career. Consistent with recent concussion related findings, these results may highlight a gender difference in concussion response and suggests future studies continue to differentiate gender during analysis.