cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) for NASA's mission directorate NASA's Nebula pioneers a new frontier for cloud computing

Scientists focusing on space research and space-based Earth-research are poised to realize the benefits of cloud computing. Features of cloud computing, such as “instant-on” IT infrastructure, automated provisioning capabilities, and quick scale-up services, are ideally suited for organizations seeking to process large datasets fast, easily share them with colleagues and ultimately store them securely at a good price. In 2009 NASA started work on developing its own cloud, Nebula, with the view to provide a cutting-edge, dynamically scalable computing platform capable of meeting Federal/Agency IT standards. This paper examines the Nebula team's process of exploring the cloud computing paradigm ultimately arriving at the decision to build NASA its own private cloud for science and mission use. Examples of current and future uses of Nebula are provided as insights into how cloud technology can be used to advance earth and science research.
Internal Magnetic Fields in Nickel-Rich Nickel-Cobalt Alloys

The nuclear magnetic resonances of both the Ni61 nuclei and the Co59 nuclei have been observed in a series of ferromagnetic nickel alloy powders containing up to 2.0 atomic percent cobalt. The room temperature value of the magnetic field at the site of the Co59 nucleus in any of these alloys is found to be about 111 koe, much smaller than the 211-koe field at a Co59 site in pure cobalt. This is also considerably smaller in magnitude than the magnetic field at the nickel site in either the alloy or in pure nickel, which, assuming a Ni61 nuclear moment of 0.30 nuclear magnetons, is about 170 koe. The linewidths of both the nickel and cobalt resonances increase with concentration with no detectable shift in frequency. The temperature dependence of the Co59 resonance frequency in a nickel alloy containing 0.59 atomic percent cobalt has been measured, and found to be different fron that of Ni61 in pure nickel and in the alloy.
Synthesis and Hydride Transfer Reactions of Cobalt and Nickel Hydride Complexes to BX3 Compounds

Hydrides of numerous transition metal complexes can be generated by the heterolytic cleavage of H2 gas such that they offer alternatives to using main group hydrides in the regeneration of ammonia borane, a compound that has been intensely studied for hydrogen storage applications. Previously, we reported that HRh(dmpe)2 (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphinoethane)) was capable of reducing a variety of BX3 compounds having a hydride affinity (HA) greater than or equal to the HA of BEt3. This study examines the reactivity of less expensive cobalt and nickel hydride complexes, HCo(dmpe)2 and [HNi(dmpe)2]+, to form B–H bonds. The hydride donor abilities (ΔGH–°) of HCo(dmpe)2 and [HNi(dmpe)2]+ were positioned on a previously established scale in acetonitrile that is cross-referenced with calculated HAs of BX3 compounds. The collective data guided our selection of BX3 compounds to investigate and aided our analysis of factors that determine favorability of hydride transfer. HCo(dmpe)2 was observed to transfer H– t...
Localization of the D5 dopamine receptor gene to human chromosome 4p15.1-p15.3, centromeric to the Huntington's disease locus.

Abstract Genes encoding G-protein-coupled receptors, including dopamine, serotonin, muscarinic cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors, play an important role in neurotransmission and may be involved in the pathophysiology of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease (HD). We mapped the gene encoding the D5 dopamine receptor (DRD5) to human chromosome 4p, an area implicated in HD and the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, using gene-specific amplification with the polymerase chain reaction on a panel of somatic cell hybrids carrying different human chromosomes. Further localization of the DRD5 gene was carried out through the isolation and analysis of yeast artificial chromosomes, fluorescence in situ suppression hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, and analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrids subdividing human chromosome 4 into nine regions. The human DRD5 gene is located at 4p15.1–p15.33, centromeric to the location of the Huntington's disease locus although not in the obligate area containing the HD gene. The localization of the DRD5 gene to 4p15.1–p15.33 suggests the possibility that cis -position effects could be responsible for the altered D1-type dopamine receptor number observed in HD tissues or that the DRD5 gene could be a candidate for some of the abnormalities associated with the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
Coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage in the neonate

Serial coagulation studies were completed on six neonates with apparent or inapparent localized hemorrhage. The sites of the hemorrhages were intracranial (2), gastrointestinal (2), subperiosteal (1), and pulmonary (1). The studies revealed an increased factor VIII level, decreased platelet count, and a short PTT. Since similar findings occur in disseminated intravascular coagulation, it is possible that coagulation abnormalities associated with localized hemorrhage result from similar mechanisms. These observations suggest that occult and clinically unrecognized hemorrhage can be suspected by serial coagulation studies of sick infants.
Fragile Genomic Sites Are Associated with Origins of Replication

Genome rearrangements are mediators of evolution and disease. Such rearrangements are frequently bounded by transfer RNAs (tRNAs), transposable elements, and other repeated elements, suggesting a functional role for these elements in creating or repairing breakpoints. Though not well explored, there is evidence that origins of replication also colocalize with breakpoints. To investigate a potential correlation between breakpoints and origins, we analyzed evolutionary breakpoints defined between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces waltii and S. cerevisiae and a hypothetical ancestor of both yeasts, as well as breakpoints reported in the experimental literature. We find that origins correlate strongly with both evolutionary breakpoints and those described in the literature. Specifically, we find that origins firing earlier in S phase are more strongly correlated with breakpoints than are later-firing origins. Despite origins being located in genomic regions also bearing tRNAs and Ty elements, the correlation we observe between origins and breakpoints appears to be independent of these genomic features. This study lays the groundwork for understanding the mechanisms by which origins of replication may impact genome architecture and disease.
Toughening of layered ceramic composites with residual surface compression: effects of layer thickness

Abstract Shielding of edge cracks in multilayer single-edge-notch-bend (SENB) specimens, with alternating layers designed to produce residual compression and balancing tension, was calculated by the method of weight function. Investigation of the effects of the relative thickness of the layers and of the number of layers revealed that the maximum crack shielding and the maximum apparent fracture toughness were achieved in three-layer composites with the thickness of the compression layer constituting one-half of the specimen height with an edge crack extending to the first interface. These theoretical predictions were confirmed with measurements of apparent fracture toughness in the range, 28–32 MPa√m, on three-layer SENB specimens of alumina–zirconia composites.
Transaction costs and the expansion of Third-World multinationals

Abstract The observed pattern of South-South direct investments by LDC-based firms is examined using count-data models for Argentina and India. Transactions costs are shown to induce barriers to entering high-income markets, thus explaining the stylized facts.
Future Graphics Architectures: GPUs continue to evolve rapidly, but toward what?

Graphics architectures are in the midst of a major transition. In the past, these were specialized architectures designed to support a single rendering algorithm: the standard Z buffer. Realtime 3D graphics has now advanced to the point where the Z-buffer algorithm has serious shortcomings for generating the next generation of higher-quality visual effects demanded by games and other interactive 3D applications. There is also a desire to use the high computational capability of graphics architectures to support collision detection, approximate physics simulations, scene management, and simple artificial intelligence. In response to these forces, graphics architectures are evolving toward a general-purpose parallel-programming model that will support a variety of image-synthesis algorithms, as well as nongraphics tasks.
Ras-mediated activation of the TORC2–PKB pathway is critical for chemotaxis

In chemotactic cells, G protein–coupled receptors activate Ras proteins, but it is unclear how Ras-associated pathways link extracellular signaling to cell migration. We show that, in Dictyostelium discoideum, activated forms of RasC prolong the time course of TORC2 (target of rapamycin [Tor] complex 2)-mediated activation of a myristoylated protein kinase B (PKB; PKBR1) and the phosphorylation of PKB substrates, independently of phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate. Paralleling these changes, the kinetics of chemoattractant-induced adenylyl cyclase activation and actin polymerization are extended, pseudopodial activity is increased and mislocalized, and chemotaxis is impaired. The effects of activated RasC are suppressed by deletion of the TORC2 subunit PiaA. In vitro RasCQ62L-dependent PKB phosphorylation can be rapidly initiated by the addition of a PiaA-associated immunocomplex to membranes of TORC2-deficient cells and blocked by TOR-specific inhibitor PP242. Furthermore, TORC2 binds specifically to the activated form of RasC. These results demonstrate that RasC is an upstream regulator of TORC2 and that the TORC2–PKB signaling mediates effects of activated Ras proteins on the cytoskeleton and cell migration.
Specific Downregulation of Hippocampal ATF4 Reveals a Necessary Role in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory

Prior studies suggested that the transcription factor ATF4 negatively regulates synaptic plastic and memory. By contrast, we provide evidence from direct in vitro and in vivo knockdown of ATF4 in rodent hippocampal neurons and from ATF4-null mice that implicate ATF4 as essential for normal synaptic plasticity and memory. In particular, hippocampal ATF4 downregulation produces deficits in long-term spatial memory and behavioral flexibility without affecting associative memory or anxiety-like behavior. ATF4 knockdown or loss also causes profound impairment of both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) as well as decreased glutamatergic function. We conclude that ATF4 is a key regulator of the physiological state necessary for neuronal plasticity and memory.
Multiphasic examination of the esophagogastric region for strictures, rings, and hiatal hernia: Evaluation of the individual techniques

Three hundred multiphasic examinations of the lower esophagus and esophagogastric region were assessed to determine the individual sensitivities of the full-column, mucosal relief, and double contrast techniques in the detection of common structural abnormalities, such as hiatal hernia, lower esophageal rings, and peptic strictures. In 159 patients, there were 211 structural abnormalities including 153 hiatal hernias, 35 mucosal rings, 20 peptic strictures, and 3 esophageal diverticula. The overall sensitivity of the full-column technique in detecting these abnormalities was 100% compared to 52% and 34% for the mucosal relief and double-contrast techniques, respectively. We conclude that the prone full-column technique must be incorporated into any examination of the esophagogastric region if these common abnormalities are to be demonstrated reliably.
Velocity Storage in Labyrinthine Disorders

We studied 13 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions following removal of acoustic neurinomas. The time constant of the VOR after surgery was 6.4 +/- 2.6 seconds (normal is 18.5 +/- 7.7 seconds). The time constant of OKAN after surgery was 7.2 +/- 1.8 seconds (normal is 11.3 +/- 3.2 seconds). The mean initial velocity of OKAN after surgery was 9.7 +/- 2.4 deg/second (normal is 11.7 +/- 5.9 deg/second). These data suggest that unilateral peripheral vestibular loss is associated with a complete loss of velocity storage for canal input but only a partial loss of velocity storage for visual input. These results can be accounted for by current mathematical models of the velocity storage mechanism.
Room temperature sub-diffractional plasmon laser

We report plasmon lasers with strong cavity feedback and optical confinement to 1/20th wavelength. Strong feedback arises from total internal reflection of plasmons, while confinement enhances the spontaneous emission rate by up to 18 times.
A preliminary prospective study of the usefulness of a magnetic endoscope locating device during colonoscopy.

Although magnetic endoscope imaging of the colonoscope via the Endoscope Positioning Detecting Unit (EPDU) has been studied to some extent in Europe, its application in the United States has been limited. The purposes of this study were to determine whether the technique enabled for accurate localization of the lesion and to determine if and how the device facilitated scope insertion and completion of the colonoscopic exam. Outpatient colonoscopies using the EPDU were performed by three experienced surgical endoscopists over a 5-month period. A specialized scope with electromagnetic coils or a regular scope with a magnetic probe insert in the instrument channel was used for the duration of the examination to identify loops and localize pathology. A total of 80 colonoscopies were performed with the device. In two patients, the probe insert was removed prior to completion of the procedure; thus, the total number of examinations included in the study was 78. The EPDU was used in conjunction with transillumination to estimate the location of polyps or cancers in the 33 patients (42%) in whom such lesions were found. In the four patients who subsequently underwent operation, the lesion’s location as estimated by EPDU was verified. In regard to the usefulness of the device during insertion, the EPDU led to the discovery of loops and to the application of pressure that resulted in prompt completion of the examination in 28% of cases (deemed most useful). In 33% of cases, the device identified loops and led to the application of abdominal wall pressure and early position changes, thus facilitating the examination; however it did not lead to its immediate or rapid completion. In 39% of cases, the device was not required or used for insertion due to the simple nature of the examination. The EPDU was accurate in estimating lesion location. The device also holds promise as an aid in the completion of difficult exams (about 30% of cases in this study).
Effect of superior laryngeal nerve stimulation on phonation in an in vivo canine model

We investigated the effect of variation in superior laryngeal nerve stimulation (SLNS) on vocal fold vibration. Photoglottography (PGG), electroglottography (EGG), and subglottic pressure (Psub) were measured in seven mongrel dogs using an in vivo canine model of phonation. The PGG, EGG, and Psub signals were examined at three SLNS frequencies (100 Hz, 130 Hz, and 160 Hz) using a constant rate of air flow. Increasing SLNS, which causes a contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, produced a marked increase in Fo, little change in Psub, an increase in the open quotient, and a decrease in the closed quotient of the glottal cycle.
Toxicity of Gibberellin to Seedless and Seeded Varieties of Vitis vinifera

EXPERIMENTS in 1957 at the University of California showed that gibberellic acid (hereinafter referred to as gibberellin) affected set of fruit, berry size, elongation of cluster parts, fruit composition, and vegetative growth of grapes1,2. In the spring of 1958 delayed foliation and dead buds were noted on certain seeded varieties that had received high concentrations in 1957. Observations were therefore continued for two more seasons to determine the damage and to see whether production would return to normal.
Developing conceptions of racism among young white adults in the context of cultural diversity coursework

Despite substantial research on racial attitudes and racial identity development among young white adults, little is known about the development of their conceptions about racism. The present study assessed a five-step, empirically based contextualist model of the development of conceptions about racism in young white adults, adapted from the research of Perry (1970), Kitchener and Fischer (1990), and others. A total of 55 young white adults participating in cultural diversity coursework responded to questionnaires about the nature and causes of racism and responses were classified according to the five-step model. Results indicated that many first-year white college students think about racism in dualistic terms, comparable to those described by Perry (1970) in some first-year students' epistemological concepts. Over a semester, many students showed transitions to higher steps, conceptually integrating more dimensions of the problem. Such developmental transitions may be highly context-specific. Implications for educational interventions are discussed.
Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding, 2nd Edition (Coombs, W. T.) and Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication (Heath, R. L. and O'Hair, H. D., Eds.) [Book reviews]

Coombs's work is a solid introduction to crisis communication that will serve technical communicators learning about the topic from a public-relations perspective. Heath and O'Hair's book provides a good integration of the related disciplines, and its contributors give readers a solid background in relevant theories and issues.
Aerodynamic characteristics of the 40- by 80-/80- by 120-ft wind tunnel at NASA-Ames Research Center

The design and testing of vane sets and air-exchange inlet for the 40 x 80/80 x 120-ft wind tunnel at NASA Ames are reported. Boundary-layer analysis and 2D and 3D inviscid panel codes are employed in computer models of the system, and a 1/10-scale 2D facility and a 1/50-scale 3D model of the entire wind tunnel are used in experimental testing of the vane sets. The results are presented in graphs, photographs, drawings, and diagrams are discussed. Generally good agreement is found between the predicted and measured performance.
Antibacterial activity of fresh and processed red muscadine juice and the role of their polar compounds on Escherichia coli O157:H7

Aims: The objectives of this research were to show the anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 effect of fresh (FRMJ) and processed red muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) juice (PRMJ) and to discern the active compounds responsible for anti-E. coli O157:H7. Methods and Results: Polar and phenolic compounds of FRMJ and PRMJ were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antibacterial activity of FRMJ, PRMJ, their polar and polyphenol fractions, individual synthetic acids and their mixture with or without sugars were investigated on E. coli O157:H7. FRMJ and PRMJ inactivated (P £ 0AE05) 5-log cocktail cells of E. coli O157:H7 within 4 h at 37� C. Polar fractions that contained malic, tartaric and tannic acids showed strong antimicrobial activity (P £ 0AE05) against E. coli O157:H7. Tannic acid among the synthetic acids showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7. Conclusions: FRMJ, PRMJ and their polar compounds showed strong antiE. coli O157:H7 activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: Earlier findings have failed to show any anti-E. coli O157:H7 effect of grape juice without adding preservatives. Our findings show that red muscadine juice has natural antibacterial substances and suggest that these can be used as active antimicrobial ingredients against E. coli O157:H7 in nonalcoholic beverages.
Multiscale material modeling and its application to a dynamic crack propagation problem

Here we present a multiscale field theory for modeling and simulation of multi-grain material system which consists of several different kinds of single crystals and a large number of different kinds of discrete atoms. The theoretical construction of the multiscale field theory is briefly introduced. The interatomic forces are used to formulate the governing equations for the system. A compact tension specimen made of magnesium oxide is modeled by discrete atoms in front of the crack tip and finite elements in the far field. Results showing crack propagation through the atomic region are presented.
Judith Jarvis Thomson, Goodness and Advice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), xvi + 188 pp.

This is an interesting, uneven book. Its core consists of the 1999-2000 Tanner Lectures on Human Values that Thomson delivered at Princeton University and subsequently revised. Part I of these lectures is entitled "Goodness" (39 pages long), Part II "Advice" (40 pages). These lectures are preceded by an introduction by Amy Gutmann (10 pages) and succeeded by comments by Philip Fisher (12 pages), Martha Nussbaum (29 pages), Jerome Schneewind (6 pages), and Barbara Herrnstein Smith (13 pages). The book ends with Thomson's reply to these comments (33 pages). The interest is due entirely to Thomson, the unevenness to the other contributors. In her lectures, Thomson proves herself still to be at the top of her game: as insightful, incisive, and pithy as ever. Neither the introduction nor the comments do her justice, but an unabashed fan of Thomson such as myself can gain a perverse pleasure (on which Thomson might herself frown) from the decisive manner in which she dispatches her critics.
Mathematical Verification of a Certain Monte Carlo Sampling Technique and Applications of the Technique to Radiation Transport Problems

The first section of this paper is a mathematical construction of a certain Monte Carlo procedure for sampling from the distributionThe construction begins by defining a particular random variable ...
An ethogram of post-anesthetic recovery behaviors in horses: comparison of pre- and post-anesthetic behaviors.

Pain management is an important post-operative concern. Pain scales may rely on the observer's subjective assessment of the level of discomfort and may not correlate with physiologic or pharmacologic measures of pain. The purpose of this study was to develop an objective measure of behavior in healthy pain-free horses recovering from anesthesia that could be used for comparison with the behavior of horses recovering from a surgical procedure. Focal sampling with videotape and observation was done on five healthy horses before anesthesia to establish baselines. Behavioral measures included head turns, tail swishes, eyelid aperture/size, ear position, angle of neck, weight shifts, and ambulation. Physiologic measures included heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The horses were anesthetized for 2 hours with isoflurane, and in the recovery stall, data were collected continuously on videotape from the time of extubation to standing. Focal sampling of 15 minutes was repeated at 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours after the horses returned to their stalls. Video data were analyzed using the Noldus Observer Video Analysis System. A wide variation in behavior was observed between horses in the recovery stall. Observations at 1, 2, and 4 hours revealed change from the up/forward ear position to the down ear position, and a decrease in weight bearing of the hind limb from a baseline of 11–12 minutes out of 15 minutes to 7–9 minutes with an increase in toe pointing. Time spent standing was similar to baseline of 93.8%, and the neck angle was not changed from baseline of 173.5°. Values had returned to baseline at 24 hours. Changes in behavior were induced by anesthesia alone and must be taken into consideration when evaluating analgesic treatments.
Properties of a tyrosine protein kinase from calf thymus: response to ionic strength and divalent cations

A tyrosine protein kinase activity has been partially purified from calf thymus using the phosphorylation of the tyrosine-containing peptide angiotensin I as an assay. Detergent extracts of calf thymus possessed only low levels of specific peptide phosphorylating activity when assayed at low ionic strength. The inclusion of NaCl at a concentration of 2 M stimulated endogenous tyrosine protein kinase activity, while the activity of other endogenous kinases was inhibited. This sensitivity to NaCl was retained following partial purification of the enzyme. The phosphorylation of other substrates such as casein or the R-R-SRC peptide (Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Arg-Gly) by the tyrosine protein kinase was less sensitive to NaCl. Phosphorylation of the PK-1 peptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) by the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was inhibited by NaCl. The effect of NaCl on angiotensin I phosphorylation could be mimicked by KCl or sodium acetate. The principal effect of NaCl was to increase the Vmax of the enzyme for the phosphorylation of angiotensin I. At low ionic strength, Mn2+ and Co2+ were the preferred required divalent cations. At elevated NaCl concentrations Mg2+ was preferred, with half-maximal activation occurring at 35 mM Mg2+. By conducting peptide phosphorylation assays in the presence of elevated levels of Mg2+ and NaCl, tyrosine protein kinase activity can readily be detected in extracts from cell lines that express low levels of the enzyme.
Complete Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot in the Neonate: Results in the Modern Era

Objective To review more than a decade of experience with complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in neonates at the University of Michigan; to assess early and late survival, perioperative complications, and the incidence of reoperation; and to analyze patient, procedural, and morphologic risk factors to determine their effects on outcome. Background Data Palliation of TOF with systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts has been the accepted standard for symptomatic neonates and infants. Complete repair has traditionally been reserved for infants older than 6 months of age because of the perception that younger and smaller infants face an unacceptably high surgical risk. Results A retrospective review from August 1988 to November 1999 consisted of 61 consecutive symptomatic neonates with TOF who underwent complete repair. Thirty-one patients had TOF with pulmonary stenosis, 24 had TOF with pulmonary atresia, and 6 had TOF with nonconfluent pulmonary arteries. The mean age at repair was 16 ± 13 days, and the mean weight was 3.2 ± 0.7 kg. Before surgery, 36 patients were receiving an infusion of prostaglandin, 26 were mechanically ventilated, and 11 required inotropic support. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was managed with a transannular patch in 49 patients and a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit in 12. Cardiopulmonary bypass time averaged 71 ± 26 minutes. Hypothermic circulatory arrest was used in 52 patients (mean 38 ± 12 minutes). After cardiopulmonary bypass, the average intraoperative right/left ventricular pressure ratio was 55% ± 13%. There were no new clinically apparent neurologic sequelae after repair. The postoperative intensive care unit stay was 9.1 ± 8 days, with 6.8 ± 7 days of mechanical ventilation. There was one hospital death from postoperative necrotizing enterocolitis on postoperative day 71 and four late deaths, only one of which was cardiac-related. Actuarial survival was 93% at 5 years. Follow-up was available for all 60 hospital survivors and averaged 62 months (range 1-141 months). Twenty-two patients required a total of 24 reoperations at an average interval of 26 months after repair. Indications for reoperation included right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (19), branch pulmonary artery stenosis (11), severe pulmonary insufficiency (4), and residual ventricular septal defect (1). The 1-month, 1-year, and 5-year freedom from reoperation rates were 100%, 89%, and 58%, respectively. Conclusions Complete repair of TOF in the neonate is associated with excellent intermediate-term survival. Although the reoperation rate is significant, this is to be expected with the complex right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery anatomy seen in symptomatic neonates and the need for conduit replacement in patients with TOF with pulmonary atresia.
Interventions in Small Food Stores to Change the Food Environment, Improve Diet, and Reduce Risk of Chronic Disease

Introduction Many small-store intervention trials have been conducted in the United States and other countries to improve the food environment and dietary behaviors associated with chronic disease risk. However, no systematic reviews of the methods and outcomes of these trials have been published. The objective of this study was to identify small-store interventions and to determine their impact on food availability, dietary behaviors, and psychosocial factors that influence chronic disease risk. Methods From May 2009 through September 2010, we used PubMed, web-based searches, and listservs to identify small-store interventions that met the following criteria: 1) a focus on small food stores, 2) a completed impact evaluation, and 3) English-written documentation (peer-reviewed articles or other trial documents). We initially identified 28 trials; 16 met inclusion criteria and were used for analysis. We conducted interviews with project staff to obtain additional information. Reviewers extracted and reported data in a table format to ensure comparability between data. Results Reviewed trials were implemented in rural and urban settings in 6 countries and primarily targeted low-income racial/ethnic minority populations. Common intervention strategies included increasing the availability of healthier foods (particularly produce), point-of-purchase promotions (shelf labels, posters), and community engagement. Less common strategies included business training and nutrition education. We found significant effects for increased availability of healthy foods, improved sales of healthy foods, and improved consumer knowledge and dietary behaviors. Conclusion Trial impact appeared to be linked to the increased provision of both healthy foods (supply) and health communications designed to increase consumption (demand).
Sagittal crystal focusing of undulator radiation with high-heat-load inclined crystals

Sagittal focusing of undulator radiation is shown to be compatible with the proposed inclined double-crystal monochromator geometry for heat load reduction. The focusing aberrations are found to be negligible for typical undulator-beam divergences over a range of magnifications from 1:2 to 6:1 and energies from 3 to 40 keV. The inclined geometry reduces the required signal sagittal curvature of the focusing crystal compared to focusing with conventional symmetric crystals; hence, focusing is possible at higher X-ray energies and with less anticlastic bending. In addition, anticlastic stiffening ribs project a smaller footprint to the beam so that the achievable focal spot size is potentially better than with conventional symmetrically cut crystals. 16 refs.
Identification of varying time scales in sediment transport using the Hilbert–Huang Transform method

Summary Sediment transport processes vary at a variety of time scales – from seconds, hours, days to months and years. Multiple time scales exist in the system of flow, sediment transport and bed elevation change processes. As such, identification and selection of appropriate time scales for flow and sediment processes can assist in formulating a system of flow and sediment governing equations representative of the dynamic interaction of flow and particles at the desired details. Recognizing the importance of different varying time scales in the fluvial processes of sediment transport, we introduce the Hilbert–Huang Transform method (HHT) to the field of sediment transport for the time scale analysis. The HHT uses the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method to decompose a time series into a collection of the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), and uses the Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HSA) to obtain instantaneous frequency data. The EMD extracts the variability of data with different time scales, and improves the analysis of data series. The HSA can display the succession of time varying time scales, which cannot be captured by the often-used Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. This study is one of the earlier attempts to introduce the state-of-the-art technique for the multiple time sales analysis of sediment transport processes. Three practical applications of the HHT method for data analysis of both suspended sediment and bedload transport time series are presented. The analysis results show the strong impact of flood waves on the variations of flow and sediment time scales at a large sampling time scale, as well as the impact of flow turbulence on those time scales at a smaller sampling time scale. Our analysis reveals that the existence of multiple time scales in sediment transport processes may be attributed to the fractal nature in sediment transport. It can be demonstrated by the HHT analysis that the bedload motion time scale is better represented by the ratio of the water depth to the settling velocity, h/w. In the final part, HHT results are compared with an available time scale formula in literature.
Cell cultures from zebrafish embryos and adult tissues

The zebrafish is increasingly popular as a nonmammalian model for studies of vertebrate developmental biology, genetics, and toxicology. The availability of cell culture systems makes it possible to address many basic questions using in vitro approaches. Here we describe materials and procedures for initiating cell cultures from zebrafish early (blastula- and gastrula-stage) diploid and haploid embryos and adult tissues (gills, fins, liver, viscera). Zebrafish cells are grown in a complex basal nutrient medium supplemented with insulin, selenite, fetal bovine serum, trout serum, and an extract prepared from rainbow trout embryos. The procedure for preparing trout embryo extract (demonstrated to be mitogenic for a variety of piscine cell lines), is also described.
Hepatic hyperplasia and cancer in rats: metabolic alterations associated with cell growth.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: We showed previously that the peroxisome proliferators di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), clofibrate, and 4- chloro-6-(2,3 xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio (N-beta-hydroxyl)acetamide (BR931) alter hepatic sex steroid metabolism and receptor expression during induction of hepatic hyperplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. The aim of this study was to identify metabolic changes associated with cell growth during hyperplasia and HCC. METHODS: Hepatic hyperplasia was induced in male rats by a diet containing DEHP and clofibrate for 3-60 days. HCC was induced by feeding a diet containing BR931, a more potent hepatocarcinogen, for 10 months. RESULTS: Cholesterol biosynthesis was depressed in hyperplastic livers but increased in HCC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was inhibited in hyperplastic liver as well as in HCC, whereas malic enzyme activity increased severalfold. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for both G6PD and malic enzyme increased in hyperplastic livers and HCC. mRNA levels for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase decreased in hyperplasia and increased in HCC, whereas low- density lipoprotein receptor mRNA increased in hyperplasia and decreased in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Neoplastic cells acquire a growth advantage by their capacity to synthesize cholesterol and obtain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate by the malic enzyme pathway when G6PD activity is inhibited by peroxisome proliferators. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jul;113(1):238-48)
Using a Multilevel Assessment Scheme in Reforming Science Methods Courses

The development of new courses is strengthened by assessment and a response to the assessment. Two new science methods courses for elementary and secondary preservice teachers were developed, fostered by the Great Salt Lake Project. The preservice teachers designed and performed research projects that they then converted into inquiry-based teaching units. The professors applied a 3-layer assessment scheme to evaluate the courses and the preservice teachers based on changes in student attitudes, student-generated curricula, and internal course evaluations. Each type of assessment effectively informed the reform process, and strengths and weaknesses of the courses were revealed. Strengths of the courses included students learning to see science as a process and comprehending inquiry as a pedagogical approach. Weaknesses observed included a lack of understanding in three areas: the role of assessment, the need to address cultural issues, and the significance of scientific literacy.
Short communication: Growth hormone receptor expression in two dairy breeds during the periparturient period.

Abstract The growth hormone receptor (GHR) 1A mRNA decreases after calving in the liver of Holstein dairy cows and may coordinate nutrient partitioning. The hypothesis that the decrease in GHR1A mRNA around the time of calving was characteristic of a second dairy breed was tested by examining Guernsey cows in addition to Holstein cows. Holstein and Guernsey cows were housed together and paired by parity and expected calving date. Liver biopsies and blood samples were collected prepartum (d −20±1) and postpartum on d 3, and d 14±1. The amounts of GHR1A, GHR1B, GHR1C, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 mRNA were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Blood concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and IGF1 were measured by RIA. Both breeds underwent a decrease in GHR1A mRNA, a decrease in liver IGF1 mRNA, a decrease in blood IGF1, and an increase in blood GH after calving. The decrease in liver GHR1A and IGF1 mRNA after calving may be an inherent characteristic of dairy breeds that enables nutrient partitioning for greater milk production. Independent genetic selection in 2 dairy breeds seemingly exploited a similar mechanism, reduced GHR1A expression, to decrease blood IGF1 and increase blood GH, a key hormone involved in nutrient partitioning.
Invited comment on Selvaggi et al.: Is omitting pouchography before ileostomy takedown safe after negative clinical examination in asymptomatic patients with pelvic ileal pouch? An observational study.

Springer-Verlag 2012 In the manuscript ‘‘Is omitting pouchography before ileostomy takedown safe after negative clinical examination in asymptomatic patients with pelvic ileal pouch? An observational study,’’ Selvaggi et al. [1] have questioned the utility of routine pouchography prior to the restoration of intestinal continuity following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). In their study, they identified 186 patients over a 23-year period who had undergone an IPAA with diverting ileostomy performed by a single surgeon. All patients underwent regular clinical examinations and endoscopic evaluation prior to takedown of their ileostomy and were found to have normal endoscopic examinations. Fifty-four of these patients underwent pouchography before takedown of their ileostomy, while 132 patients did not. In the pouchography group, 5 patients had abnormal findings (anastomotic sinuses) and underwent ileostomy closure without delay. In the follow-up period (12 months minimum), 2 patients presented with pouch-related fistulas: one from the pouchography group (who had a normal preoperative pouchography) and one from the clinical examination group (who had a normal preoperative clinical and endoscopic examination). Because the pouchographies performed on asymptomatic patients did not change management, the authors conclude that pouchography may be safely omitted before ileostomy takedown if there is no clinical and endoscopic evidence of pelvic sepsis or ileo– anal anastomotic complications. Selvaggi et al. have provided us with some valuable perspectives to take into consideration when evaluating patients preoperatively prior to takedown of a diverting ileostomy after IPAA. It is clear from a majority of the literature that most surgeons use a protecting stoma when performing IPAA. The rationale for this is that multiple suture lines, tension at the anastomosis, and sometimes the immunosuppressed state of the patient, increases the risk of anastomotic and peri-pouch complications. Diversion may, in fact, not prevent complications such as an anastomotic leak, but likely decreases the severity of sepsis secondary to the leak if it occurs. Given that the stoma is placed for the potential risk of anastomotic leak, and the fact that the diversion may significantly decrease clinical manifestations of occult, an evaluation of the pouch, before resto
Greer Country: Texas Irredenta?

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled against Texas and decided the ownership of Greer County, now located in southwestern Oklahoma. Prior to the ruling, Texas claimed and administered this region, treating it as an integral part of the state. Texas companies ran cattle in Greer County, and, more importantly, settlers from Texas comprised the bulk of early residents, establishing the county in the minds of many as a part of Texas' extended culture region. In the decades after the Court's ruling, Texans have revisited the issue informally, lamenting the injustice done and the severance of a Texas culture area from the homeland. One prominent historian even referred to Greer County as Texas irredenta. This study considers the Greer County case in the context of irredentism— the political claim of a state to a severed cultural territory. Based on evidence from government reports, court documents, and migration patterns, it seems clear that Greer County represented a peripheral area of mild cultural influence, not...
The Chemical Composition of Halo Stars on Extreme Orbits

Presented within is a fine spectroscopic analysis of 11 metal-poor (-2.15 < [Fe/H] < -1.00) dwarf stars on orbits that penetrate the outermost regions of the Galactic halo. Abundances for a select group of light metals (Na, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti), Fe-peak nuclides (Cr, Fe, and Ni), and neutron-capture elements (Y and Ba) were calculated using line strengths measured from high-resolution (R ? 48,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ? 110 pixel-1) echelle spectra acquired with the Keck I 10 m telescope and HIRES spectrograph. Ten of the stars have apogalactica, a proxy for stellar birthplace, which stretch between 25 and 90 kpc; however, these outer halo stars exhibit strikingly uniform abundances. The average, Fe-normalized abundances?[Mg/Fe] = +0.23 ? 0.09, [Si/Fe] = +0.24 ? 0.10, [Ca/Fe] = +0.22 ? 0.07, [Ti/Fe] = +0.20 ? 0.08, [Cr/Fe] = 0.02 ? 0.07, [Ni/Fe] = -0.09 ? 0.07, and [Ba/Fe] = +0.01 ? 0.12?exhibit little intrinsic scatter; moreover, the evolution of individual ratios (as a function of [Fe/H]) is generally consistent with the predictions of galactic chemical evolution models dominated by the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae. Only [Y/Fe] = -0.13 ? 0.21 exhibits a dispersion larger than observational uncertainties, which suggests a different nucleosynthesis site for this element. It has been conjectured that stars on high-energy orbits?either those that penetrate the remote halo or ones with extreme retrograde velocities?were once associated with a cannibalized satellite galaxy. Such stars, as shown here, are indistinguishable from metal-poor dwarfs of the inner Galactic halo. The uniformity of the abundances, regardless of kinematic properties, suggests that physically, spatially, and temporally distinct star-forming regions within (or near) the growing Milky Way experienced grossly similar chemical evolution histories. Implications for galaxy formation scenarios are discussed.
Hormones and the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure: vasopressin, aldosterone, and angiotensin II. Further evidence for renal-adrenal interaction from studies in hypertension and in cirrhosis.

The role of hormones that can influence renal tubular reabsorption of salt and water in congestive heart failure and other states of abnormal fluid retention has been discussed. Available evidence indicates that the antidiuretic hormone of the neurohypophysis plays a nonessential role in the pathogenesis of edema. Oversecretion of aldosterone can be an important, or even an essential, mechanism in the pathogenesis of certain states of edema, such as those of nephrosis and cirrhosis. Advanced congestive heart failure, however, can occur with a normal or only a moderately elevated rate of aldosterone secretion. The observations perhaps suggest that more immediate hemodynamic consequences of heart failure, such as a reduced glomerular filtration rate, also play an important role in causing renal retention of sodium. Increased aldosterone secretion is provoked by an unidentified hemodynamic consequence of cardiac decompensation. When oversecretion occurs, it undoubtedly adds to circulatory embarrassment by pr...
1 N expansion in the random anisotropy model: A solution with replica-symmetry breaking

Calculating the $\frac{1}{N}$ corrections to the random axis model's free energy we derive a non-replicasymmetric solution to the Edwards-Anderson order parameter parametrized following Parisi. Since the method incorporates fluctuations, it has the potential for a systematic investigation of the spin-glass phase and its stability.
Effects of umbrella palms and wastewater depth on wastewater treatment in a subsurface flow constructed wetland

Abstract On‐site subsurface flow constructed wetlands are designed to provide secondary quality effluent. Plants and wetland volume are considered in their design. There have been no studies, however, comparing wastewater treatment at different wastewater depths, and plant effects in wetlands are not completely understood. Investigations were conducted on these variables using four wetland cells 2.28 m wide by 4.75 m long containing I to 5 cm diameter river rock. Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella palms) were planted in one cell, and side‐by‐side comparisons were made between the planted and a control cell. Side‐by‐side comparisons were also made between cells with equal surface areas and different depths. At best, umbrella palms improved effluent 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) by 8%, suspended solids by 6 %, and did not improve fecal coliform or P wastewater quality in July. When ambient air temperatures were ≤12°C during December, plants did not improve most treatment parameters. They did, however,...
Substorm‐associated reconfiguration of the dusk side equatorial magnetosphere: A possible source mechanism for isolated plasma regions

A rapid reconfiguration of the dusk side magnetosphere was observed near the magnetic equator by particle and field experiments aboard Explorer 45 at 1715 UT on June 17, 1972. Following the onset of an 800-gamma negative bay in the auroral zone, Explorer 45, inbound at 1700 MLT and L about 5, observed a sharp dropout of outer zone electrons. Simultaneously, the plasma density dropped from a level typical of the plasmasphere to one typical of the ion trough, and plasma sheet proton fluxes increased, producing a 100-gamma depression in B, in a shift to a taillike configuration. Outer zone electrons with pitch angles near 45 deg returned with delay times consistent with injection near midnight at the time of dropout and eastward drift to the dusk meridian. Approximately 45 min after the reconfiguration, the satellite reentered the plasmasphere, and the electron fluxes returned to previous levels. In the next orbit, approximately 6 hours later, a region of isolated plasma was detected near apogee at 1400 MLT. There is therefore circumstantial evidence that the type of magnetospheric reconfiguration observed here is responsible for the detachment of regions of cold plasma from the plasmasphere.