cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Reliable High-Performance Storage Systems: An Empirical and Analytical Study

Due to the vast storage needs of high performance computing (HPC), the scale and complexity of storage systems in HPC data centers continue growing. Disk failures have become the norm. With the ever-increasing disk capacity, RAID recovery based on disk rebuild becomes more and more expensive, which causes significant performance degradation and even unavailability of storage systems. Declustered redundant array of independent disks shuffle data and parity blocks among all drives in a RAID group, which aims to accelerate RAID reconstruction and improve performance. With the popularity of ZFS file system and software RAID used in production systems, in this paper, we extensively evaluate and analyze declustered RAID with regard to the RAID I/O performance and recovery time on an high performance storage platform at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Our empirical study reveals that the speedup of declustered RAID over traditional RAID is sub-linear to the parallelism of recovery I/O. Furthermore, we formally model and analyze the reliability of declustered RAID using the mean-time-to-data-loss and discover that the improved recovery performance leads to a higher storage reliability compared with the traditional RAID.
Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults with hematological malignancies using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and neuropsychological testing.

Abstract Objectives The primary objective of the current study is to describe the prevalence and profile of cognitive domains affected in older adults with hematological malignancies evaluated for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and neuropsychological tests. The secondary objective is to determine if a specific MoCA cut-off score would correlate with the identification of cognitive impairment detected by neuropsychological tests. This would facilitate interpretation of cognitive screening and referral of patients who would likely need further neuropsychological testing. Materials and Methods Fifty-one patients 60 years and older who were evaluated for HCT were assessed using a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests and MoCA. We analyzed Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) comparing MoCA scores and four different neuropsychological test criteria for cognitive impairment. Results The prevalence of cognitive impairment detected by neuropsychological tests was 53 to 70.6% using the criteria for patients with cancer by the International Cancer Cognition Task Force (ICCTF). The following cognitive domains were most affected: language, learning and memory, visuospatial skills, and executive function. MoCA is an appropriate screening test for cognitive impairment. Using the ICCTF criteria, 86 to 100% of patients are correctly classified as having significant cognitive impairment on neuropsychological tests using a cut-off score of 20 or less. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of cognitive impairment identified by neuropsychological tests in older patients with hematological malignancies evaluated for HCT. Identification of an appropriate MoCA cut-off score in this population is important to identify patients who would benefit from further assessment.
Physiological responses of germinant Pinus palustris and P. taeda seedlings to water stress and the significance of the grass-stage

Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has gradually replaced longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) across much of the coastal southeastern United States. Given recent interest in the regeneration of longleaf pine ecosystems, understanding how these two species will respond to drier conditions associated with climate change will be critically important. We conducted a progressive water-stress experiment on germinants of P. palustris and P. taeda over the course of 9 weeks, measuring gas exchange, allometry, water relations, and tracheid anatomy. P. palustris developed more overall biomass, had wider tracheids, allocated more of its biomass into leaf tissue, and maintained a narrower safety margin against hydraulic failure than P. taeda. Both species reduced leaf gas exchange as water stress increased, though P. palustris experienced earlier and greater declines in photosynthetic rates than P. taeda. The greater aboveground growth and narrower hydraulic safety margin observed in P. palustris represents a trade-off between growth and hydraulic safety and is likely related to the species’ defensive strategy against fire. We suggest that this trade-off may limit P. palustris germinant regeneration on sandier, xeric sites as climate change intensifies.
ULTRAVIOLET-SELECTED FIELD AND PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS TOWARD TAURUS AND UPPER SCORPIUS

We have carried out a Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Cycle 1 guest investigator program covering 56 deg^2 near the Taurus T association and 12 deg^2 along the northern edge of the Upper Scorpius OB association. We combined photometry in the GALEX far-ultraviolet and near-ultraviolet bands with data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey to identify candidate young (≾ 100 Myr old) stars as those with an ultraviolet excess relative to older main-sequence stars. Follow-up spectroscopy of a partial sample of these candidates suggests five new members of Taurus, with 8-20 expected from additional observations, and five new members of Upper Scorpius, with three to six expected from additional observations. These candidate new members appear to represent a distributed, non-clustered population in either region, although our sample statistics are as of yet too poor to constrain the nature or extent of this population. Rather, our study demonstrates the ability of GALEX observations to identify young stellar populations distributed over a wide area of the sky. We also highlight the necessity of a better understanding of the Galactic ultraviolet source population to support similar investigations. In particular, we report a large population of stars with an ultraviolet excess but no optical indicators of stellar activity or accretion, and briefly argue against several interpretations of these sources.
Trump's Angry White Women: Motherhood, Nationalism, and Abortion

A majority of white women — fifty-two percent — voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. White working-class women supported Trump in even greater numbers: sixty-one percent of white women without college degrees voted for Trump. This result seems remarkable considering Trump’s derogatory statements about women and his staunch opposition to legal access to abortion. Why did white women, especially those most likely to need access to reproductive healthcare—poor and working-class women — vote heavily against their own interests to embrace a candidate who called for punishing women who access abortion? Much recent commentary has considered this question and drawn various conclusions, including that white women lack information and live with close ties to conservative white men who they look to when casting their vote. This Article brings a new perspective to this question by examining the ways that motherhood is mobilized in movements for nationalism. Specifically, it investigates how Donald Trump’s presidential campaign drew upon a familiar narrative forged by the family-values movement of the mid-1970’s that linked opposition to abortion with protection of motherhood, family, and nation. The pro-life message that conflates opposing abortion with protecting motherhood and American culture and values continues to animate opposition to abortion: Trump’s “Make America Great Again” slogan had first been used in the Reagan-Bush campaign along with their promise to “take back our country.” Trump’s campaign effectively deployed the same message that promised to defend motherhood, traditional family, and nation to mobilize white female voters. Drawing upon social science research and the historical record, this Article seeks to uncover the origins of how opposition to abortion was transformed into a powerful expression of white women’s disaffection and nationalism.
Neurocognitive status and risk of mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus: an 18-year retrospective cohort study

HIV-related neurocognitive impairment (NCI) may increase the risk of death. However, a survival disadvantage for patients with NCI has not been well studied in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. Specifically, limited research has been conducted considering the reversible nature and variable progression of the impairment and this area demands further evaluation. We performed multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling to assess the association between baseline NCI (global T scores) and mortality. A joint modeling approach was then used to model the trajectory of global neurocognitive functioning over time and the association between neurocognitive trajectory and mortality. Among the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium’s (NNTC) HIV-infected participants, we found a strong negative association between NCI and mortality in the older age groups (e.g., at age = 55, HR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.64–0.99). Three neurocognitive sub-domains (abstraction and executive functioning, speed of information processing, and motor) had the strongest negative association with mortality. Joint modelling indicated a 33% lower hazard for every 10-unit increase in global T scores (HR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.56–0.80). The study identified older HIV-infected individuals with NCI as a group needing special attention for the longevity of life. The study has considerable prognostic utility by not only predicting mortality hazard, but also future cognitive status.
Superovulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or chorionic gonadotropin for ovulation trigger differentially affects leukocyte populations in the peri-implantation mouse uterus

Objective To investigate the effect of superovulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger on leukocyte density and expression of leukocyte-specific genes in the peri-implantation period in the mouse uterus. Design Laboratory research. Setting University laboratory facility. Interventions Female mice were mated to fertile male mice in one of three protocols: (1) natural mating or mating following injection with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin followed by trigger with (2) GnRHa or (3) hCG. Female mice were killed prior to implantation, 3 days after ovulation (E3.5), and the ovaries and uterine tissue were collected. Total RNA was isolated and assayed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the uterine tissue was stained for histologic analysis of immune cell markers. Main Outcome Measures Endometrial leukocyte (CD45) and vessel density (CD31) by immunohistochemical staining; expression of leukocyte markers CD11b, CD335, and CD22, by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the whole uterine tissue. Results Superovulation decreased (compared with controls) the endometrial leukocyte density, based on the number of cells staining for CD45, and endometrial vessel density, based on the number of cells staining for CD31. Leukocyte density was additionally decreased in the GnRHa trigger group compared with that in the hCG trigger group. Superovulation with hCG and GnRHa triggers decreased the uterine expression of the B-cell marker CD22 compared with controls. The expression of the natural killer cell marker CD11b was decreased by the hCG trigger but not by the GnRHa. Abundance of mRNA encoding the CD335 natural killer cell marker was not affected by superovulation or trigger agent. Conclusions In mice, superovulation with the GnRHa trigger compared with that with the hCG trigger differentially alters key immunologic factors in the uterine peri-implantation. These altered immunologic factors have roles in angiogenesis that may assist in elucidating the effects of assisted reproductive technologies on implantation efficiency and fetal growth and development.
Probability and Statistics

This chapter aims to provide the fundamentals of probability and statistics. This is an essential topic, and most of the advanced topics and majority of the applied examples are rooted in probabilistic-based simulations. First the differences between discrete and continuous random variables are explained. Next, the properties of several widely-used distributional models are discussed. Finally, the concept of multivariate distributions and joint probability functions is presented.
Microscale mechanisms of ultrasound velocity measurement in metal melts

Abstract Ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) is a powerful, widely used technique for measuring flow in metal melts. However, UDV in metal melts suffers from substandard reliability because its operation depends on phenomena that are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the poorly characterized source of bulk echoes in metal melts and the corresponding mechanisms of ultrasound signal deterioration. We present evidence from electron microscopy and ultrasound measurements that oxide inclusions are the main source of bulk echoes in gallium. By measuring their terminal velocity, we estimate the mean size of echoing objects in gallium to be 58–64 μm, implying that Mie scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism. By comparing UDV measurements in which signals were transmitted directly into the fluid, to others in which signals were transmitted through a vessel wall, we show evidence that there are two distinct mechanisms for signal degradation: the loss of echoing objects from the bulk and the deterioration of acoustic coupling and wetting at the transducer surface. We suggest stirring vigorously and using indirect-contact UDV measurement strategy to mitigate the signal degradation in metal melts.
Smote–Lasso Model of Business Recovery over Time: Case Study of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

AbstractA methodology is presented to combine the synthetic minority oversampling technique and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator to analyze survey data and identify business char...
Racial Sentiment and Public Support for Arming Teachers with Guns in the United States

In the effort to prevent school shootings in the United States, policies that aim to arm teachers with guns have received considerable attention. Recent research on public support for these policie...
Review of Blackwood & Macalister (2020): Multilingual Memories: Monuments, Museums and the Linguistic Landscape

This article reviews Multilingual Memories: Monuments, Museums and the Linguistic Landscape 9781350071254
Mixed-mode fracture behavior of epoxy-based impact adhesives

Abstract The focus of our study was to determine the mixed-mode fracture behavior and the governing fracture (failure) criteria for different impact-resistant/toughened structural adhesives. Four of the five model adhesives used contained organic tougheners in the form of carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer, as well as polyurethane adducts. The main crystalline inorganic phases were calcite (CaCO3), wollastonite (CaSiO3) or calcium silicate (CaSiO3), talc (Mg3Si4O10 (OH)2), zeolite which is an alumina silicate based mineral and has many different elements in its composition (M2/nO.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O., M can be Mg, Na, Ca, K, Li). The total amount of inorganic fillers was different in each adhesive. Independently Loaded Mixed-Mode Specimen (ILMMS) was used for independent measurement of PI (opening) and PII (in-plane shear) loads which were necessary to determine the strain energy release rate values, GI and GII without using a finite element analysis. Two versions of the ILMMS specimen geometry (a, b) were used: monotonic in opening and static in shear loads, and monotonic in shear and static in opening loads, respectively. Elliptical energy balance failure criterion and parabolic principal stress criterion were used for curve fitting. The experimental data revealed that all but one of the adhesives were more accurately represented by the energy balance criterion except for one that was more accurately represented by the principal stress criterion indicating more brittle behavior. Results obtained from ILLM specimen a showed that ranking varied as related with the GIc and GIIc values and, also, the applied static load. For example, while Adhesive 2 was in the first rank based on GIc value, it became third in the ranking based on GIIc value. Thus, it can be suggested that ranking as well as the fracture behavior (i.e., cohesive vs. adhesive failure; interfacial separations) change with the extent of the mode mixity present in loading of toughened epoxy adhesives.
Rule-based 3D Object Recognition from Range Images

Automatic learning of 3D object descriptions for the recognition of future instances of sensed objects is an important feature of vision systems. In this paper, we describe a clustering-based method for learning object description and a scheme for subsequent classification using this description. The description derived is an evidence rulebase that discriminates between the object classes. During classification, a sensed object is either recognized as one of the objects in the database or rejected as an unknown object. The rules fired by the object are used to eliminate hypotheses for which there is no evidence in the sensed object and to arrive at its identity and pose.
Effects of sire misidentification on estimates of genetic parameters for birth and weaning weights in Hereford cattle.

Birth weights (4,155) and weaning weights (3,884) of Line 1 Herefords collected at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory in Miles City, MT, between the years of 1935 to 1989 were available. To study the effect of misidentification on esti- mates of genetic parameters, the sire identification of calf was randomly replaced by the identification of an- other sire based on the fraction of progeny each sire contributed to a yearly calf crop. Misidentification rates ranged from 5 to 50% with increments of 5%. For each rate of misidentification, 100 replicates were obtained and analyzed with single-trait and two-trait analyses with a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) algo- rithm. Two different models were used. Both models contained year × sex combinations and ages of dam as fixed effects, calendar birth date as a fixed covariate, and random animal and maternal genetic effects and maternal permanent environment effects. Model 2 also included sire × year combinations as random effects. As the rate of misidentification increased, estimates of the
Construction of a non-malleable encryption scheme from any semantically secure one

There are several candidate semantically secure encryption schemes, yet in many applications non-malleability of encryptions is crucial. We show how to transform any semantically secure encryption scheme into one that is non-malleable for arbitrarily many messages.
The Political Heart of Criminal Procedure: Overcriminalization for Lack of Better Options: A Celebration of Bill Stuntz

Bill Stuntz has brilliantly highlighted the supply side of overcriminalization – how the institutional purposes of criminal justice actors will often be served by more criminal law (and perhaps more criminal enforcement) than is appropriate for a well-functioning society. One might profitably supplement his insights by exploring the demand side, and in particular how criminal law offers a unique and unnecessarily bundled set of institutional and procedural characteristics for which there are no non-criminal substitutes. While for actors within the system, the opacity of criminal law cloaks the self-dealing of agencies and agencies (that's the supply side problem), so for outsiders, the shadow of criminal law offers some alluring shade. Efforts to fill in the gaps between prosecutorial and non-criminal options would alleviate the pressure on criminal enforcement.
Structure of trihexosylceramide biosynthesized in vitro.

Abstract Trihexosylceramide biosynthesized in vitro from lactosylceramide and UDP-galactose in the presence of a galactosyltransferase from rat spleen microsomes or bone marrow was shown by methylation to have the structure galactopyranosyl-α-(1 → 3)-galactopyranosyl-β-(1 → 4)-glucopyranosyl-β-(1 → 1)-ceramide. It is thus different from trihexosylceramide isolated from several natural sources in which the two galactoses are linked 1 → 4. This emphasizes the need for establishing by unequivocal means the structure of glycolipids biosynthesized in vitro. The method described permits this to be done on the very small amounts of material usually available from biosynthetic experiments.
Subzeros of Linear Multivariable Systems

Intuitively, a subzero of a linear multivariable system is a zero of one of its subsystems. In this paper, we give a precise definition of the family of such subzeros by means of the induced exterior map P^(s) associated with a transfer function P(s) : U(s) ? Y(s) on one finite-dimensional, rational vector space into another. For such a context, we introduce an exterior model matching problem for subzero design and discuss the algebraic decomposition of the associated controllers. Two explicit decomposition algorithms are outlined; and remarks on the relevance of classical adjoints are included.
A Kramers-Kronig Analysis of Interstellar Extinction

Integrals over the observed spectrum of interstellar extinction to 9 μm−1 are related to known laboratory properties of specific compounds. Using Lα hydrogen densities and cosmic abundance ratios, many suggested grain materials can be eliminated.
FAMILY ROLES AND RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS

In the majority of married couples today, both husband and wife work outside the home (2) . A pattern of asymmetry exists regarding role responsibilities, with women having a greater proportion of family work (3) . There are indications that a more egalitarian perspective is developing among couples, however, practice does not seem to be changing as rapidly as the viewpoints (1). Young adults in this study corroborated the distance between a general inclination toward "fairness" in family work assignments and "equahty" in work assignments. A questionnaire of 60 items which focus on attitudes toward marital role assignments was completed by 655 male and female college students at a midwest university. The sample included all the students, under the age of 23 yr., enrolled in all sections o f a course on family living in the fall semester, 1987. The course is taken by approximately 80% of the students at the university so enrollment is generally representative of che smdent body by curriculum and socioeconomic status. The university has a balance of rural and urban, men and women as students. The mean scores by items (5.0 as "agree") for men and women, together with F ratio scores from analyses of variance, follow.
Effect of extrusion texture on the compressive behavior of B2 FeAl alloys

Over the past decade a wide range of intermetallic alloys have been investigated as potential high temperature materials. Many of these studies have used hot extrusion of prealloyed powder to achieve fully dense materials. It is well known that hot extrusion and subsequent recrystallization often result in significant crystallographic texture. Such textures have been reported in hot extruded intermetallics by a number of authors. Unfortunately, this extrusion texture has been ignored when evaluating the mechanical properties of these materials. Often, the relationship between the normal stress axis and extrusion axis is not specified. In other cases, because of size constraints, mechanical tests have been performed with the stress axis parallel with the extrusion axis. The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate the effect of extrusion texture on the apparent mechanical properties of intermetallic alloys. In the present study, three B2 Fe-Al alloys were studied. The first was produced by double hot extrusion of prealloyed Fe-40at%Al elementally blended with 0.05wt%B. This material is referred to as powder extruded. The other materials were produced by hot extrusion of cast billets of Fe-40at%Al Fe-40at%Al+0.1wt%B. These materials are referred to as cast-extruded materials.
Oxazolochlorins. 2. Intramolecular cannizzaro reaction of meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bisaldehyde.

Using mildly basic reaction conditions, the periodate-induced diol cleavage of meso-tetraphenyl-2,3-diolchlorin allows for the generation and isolation of the corresponding hitherto elusive free ba...
Environmental implications of jatropha biofuel from a silvi-pastoral production system in Central-West Brazil.

We present a life cycle assessment of synthetic paraffinic kerosene produced from Jatropha curcas. The feedstock is grown in an intercropping arrangement with pasture grasses so that Jatropha is coproduced with cattle. Additional innovations are introduced including hybrid seeds, detoxification of jatropha seedcake, and cogeneration. Two fuel pathways are examined including a newly developed catalytic decarboxylation process. Sensitivities are examined including higher planting density at the expense of cattle production as well as 50% lower yields. Intercropping with pasture and detoxifying seedcake yield coproducts that are expected to relieve pressure on Brazil’s forests and indirectly reduce environmental impacts of biofuel production. Other innovations also reduce impacts. Results of the baseline assessment indicate that innovations would reduce impacts relative to the fossil fuel reference scenario in most categories including 62–75% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 64–82% reduction in release...
Proatherogenic Conditions Promote Autoimmune T Helper 17 Cell Responses In Vivo

Summary Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases show increased incidence of atherosclerosis. However, the contribution of proatherogenic factors to autoimmunity remains unclear. We found that atherogenic mice (herein referred to as LDb mice) exhibited increased serum interleukin-17, which was associated with increased numbers of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in secondary lymphoid organs. The environment within LDb mice was substantially favorable for Th17 cell polarization of autoreactive T cells during homeostatic proliferation, which was considerably inhibited by antibodies directed against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Moreover, the uptake of oxLDL induced dendritic-cell-mediated Th17 cell polarization by triggering IL-6 production in a process dependent on TLR4, CD36, and MyD88. Furthermore, self-reactive CD4 + T cells that expanded in the presence of oxLDL induced more profound experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These findings demonstrate that proatherogenic factors promote the polarization and inflammatory function of autoimmune Th17 cells, which could be critical for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other related autoimmune diseases.
A parametric analysis of the relationship between food quantity and rumination

Rumination is the chronic regurgitation, chewing, and reswallowing of previously ingested food. The study reported here, using a parametric design, examined the control of rumination by the quantity of food eaten at meals. The subjects were three profoundly retarded individuals who chronically emitted this behavior. The quantity of food by weight ingested daily was varied in 10-oz steps in both ascending and descending series (data were collected only after breakfasts and lunches). Ruminating decreased when food quantity increased and increased when food quantity decreased. In addition, there was a similar inverse interaction between breakfast food quantity and post-lunch ruminating. The data showed relatively rapid transitions in both frequency and duration at each meal size for all subjects. The data establish a clear functional relation between the quantity of food ingested and ruminating.
An Alaskan Jurassic Palaeomagnetic Pole and the Alaskan Orocline

AS part of an effort to determine whether or not the curvature of the Alaskan orocline, as outlined by the Alaska Range and certain other geological features such as the Denali fault system, is of primary or secondary origin, oriented samples of Jurassic age were collected from sixteen sites in four areas along the arcuate trend of the oroclinal bending1,2 (Fig. 1). The geographic spread of the sites is about 1,100 km. The rock types sampled include fine-grained sandstones and silt-stones and granitic intrusives which have variable magnetic intensities and stabilities. Age control for each of the sedimentary sites was derived from fossil evidence3–5 and the ages of the batholiths were determined radiometrically6. All the samples were measured using a slow spinner magnetometer and were demagnetized in a two-axis tumbler7 in a 60 Hz alternating field. The demagnetization level used was selected on the basis of visual inspection of the demagnetization curves and the apparent stability of the data against further demagnetization.
The 30 MHz imaging radar observations of auroral irregularities during the JOULE campaign

[1] Coherent backscatter from the auroral electrojet was observed by a 30 MHz imaging radar in Anchorage during the Joint Observations of Upper Latitude Electrodynamics (JOULE) campaign conducted from the Poker Flat Research Range in the spring of 2003. The observations were made at the same time that ionospheric electric fields and plasma number densities were measured in situ by instruments on sounding rockets. Neutral wind profiles were also measured during the campaign from triangulation of chemiluminescent trails from rocket releases. Aperture synthesis radar imaging techniques permit the sorting of the coherent backscatter into small azimuth and range bins and the determination of the scattering altitude. Individual Doppler spectra could thereby be unambiguously associated with in situ electric field measurements in the same small volume. We find that the Doppler shifts of the auroral echoes correspond to the ion acoustic speed times the cosine of the flow angle, where the former is predicted according to an empirical wave heating law. Type I echoes are only observed for very small flow angles regardless of the convection speed.
Far-lateral disk herniation: case report, review of the literature, and a description of nonsurgical management.

Abstract Objective To review the history and examination of a far-lateral lumbar intervertebral disk herniation (FLLIDH), as well as the treatment and outcomes of a nonsurgical approach. Clinical features A 60-year-old healthy male subject had a 3-week history of right buttock and calf pain. He initially had a left lateral list and asymmetrical pelvic landmarks. Range of motion (ROM) of the lumbar spine revealed full and pain-free lumbar flexion, right-sided pain with lumbar extension and left side bending, and painful and restricted left side bending. Neurologic examination was unremarkable. Intervention and outcome The patient was treated with a lumbar epidural and nerve root injection, as well as manipulation. Physical therapy consisted of deweighting treadmill, autotraction, and strengthening exercises. Outcomes were measured by using the Modified Oswestry Questionnaire, as well as a numerical pain rating scale. His initial Oswestry was 73%, pain 9/10 at presentation. Upon discharge, the Oswestry was 0% and pain was rated as 0/10. Conclusion A significant decrease was noted in both the Oswestry Questionnaire, as well as the pain rate. The patient returned to running on alternate days for a minimum of 30 minutes, which was his primary goal. This case demonstrated a positive outcome using a multidisciplinary approach in a patient diagnosed with a FLLIDH. He obtained his goals and his function was fully restored.
A comparison of three approaches to semantic memory: Network, feature comparison, and schema theory

During any interaction, interactants continually draw upon semantic memory. Semantic memory is the matrix of concepts to which incoming language production is compared for meaning, and it contains the rules for language use. This study compared the adequacy of the network, feature comparison, and schema theory approaches to semantic memory in predicting recall reaction times for new semantic concepts. This study's methods controlled for subjects' associative history with stimulus concepts, so that all subjects had essentially the same exposure to stimulus concepts. Past semantic memory research failed to achieve this degree of control (McCloskey, 1980). A unique world of creatures was created so that experimenters could control the relationships between the creatures and their defining and characteristic features. Subjects learned the stimulus concepts and responded to recall test sentences from which their recall reaction times were generated. Results supported schema theory predictions. Recommendations ...
The effects of bubble translation on vapor bubble growth in a superheated liquid

Abstract A theoretical analysis of vapor bubble growth in a uniformly superheated liquid has been carried out to determine the effects of translational motion of the bubble on the bubble growth rate. Assuming potential flow in the region surrounding the bubble the appropriate convective diffusion equation is solved by means of a new similarity transformation. The results of the theoretical analysis are compared with available experimental data and with analyses of the limiting cases of no bubble translation and quasi steady state bubble growth. The analysis is shown to reduce to the Plesset and Zwick or Scriven analysis for stationary growing bubbles. The effects of translation are found to be significant when the translational velocity is sufficiently high at moderate Jakob numbers, but for high Jakob numbers radial convection predominates and translation has little effect on the growth rates. The analysis predicts results in good agreement with experimental data available in the literature.
Self-Assembly of Alkanethiol Molecules onto Platinum and Platinum Oxide Surfaces

We studied the self-assembly of n-alkanethiols CH3(CH2)mSH (m = 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21) onto platinum thin films with two different surface properties: metallic and oxide. Water contact angle, ellipsometry, and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) measurements suggested that well-organized, methyl-terminated monolayer films formed on the metallic platinum surface. On the other hand, the molecular films formed with the alkanethiol molecules on platinum oxide surfaces were loosely packed and poorly ordered. For the monolayer films formed with alkanethiols of different chain lengths on metallic Pt surfaces, a transition from slightly disordered to crystalline-like structure was observed with increasing chain length. Based on the intensities of the methylene and methyl C−H vibration modes in the RAIRS, the tilt angle of the alkyl chain in the monolayers on Pt surfaces was estimated to be less than 15° with respect to the surface normal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the fo...
The threshold hypothesis: solving the equation of nurture vs nature in type 1 diabetes

For more than 40 years, the contributions of nurture (i.e. the environment) and nature (i.e. genetics) have been touted for their aetiological importance in type 1 diabetes. Disappointingly, knowledge gains in these areas, while individually successful, have to a large extent occurred in isolation from each other. One reason underlying this divide is the lack of a testable model that simultaneously considers the contributions of genetic and environmental determinants in the formation of this and potentially other disorders that are subject to these variables. To address this void, we have designed a model based on the hypothesis that the aetiological influences of genetics and environment, when evaluated as intersecting and reciprocal trend lines based on odds ratios, result in a method of concurrently evaluating both facets and defining the attributable risk of clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. The model, which we have elected to term the ‘threshold hypothesis’, also provides a novel means of conceptualising the complex interactions of nurture with nature in type 1 diabetes across various geographical populations.
Aspects of Larva/Host Relations of the Soybean Nodule Fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Diptera: Platystomatidae)

Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart), the soybean nodule fly (SNF), was reared in the laboratory on detached soybean nodules and in the greenhouse on intact, nodulated root systems of hydroponically grown soybean plants. In greenhouse experiments, significantly more SNF individuals were reared from egg to adult on potted plants of a nodulating soybean near isoline than on its nonnodulating counterpart. Southern pea ( Vigna unguiculata ) was identified as a new host for larvae by using adult emergence cages. In naturally infested field plots, significantly more adults emerged from southern peas than from soybeans, and none emerged from peanuts or snap beans. Well nodulated soybeans were superior hosts, as compared to poorly nodulated soybeans.
In vitro culture of the seagrass Halophila decipiens

The seagrass Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld was grown axenically in a culture medium consisting of 20% artificial seawater, f/4 nutrients (except that glutamic acid was the nitrogen source), and 1% sucrose (w:v). The culture medium was adjusted to pH 5.0. A root–rhizome layer was created by solidifying a portion of the medium with 0.9% agar (w:v) and 1% activated charcoal (w:v). The rhizome layer also contained the following vitamins: 0.5 mg l−1 nicotinic acid, 0.5 mg l−1 pyridoxine, 0.5 mg l−1 biotin, 0.5 mg l−1 cyanocobalamin and 0.1 mg l−1 of thiamine HCl. The liquid overlay (without vitamins or charcoal) was poured onto the agar-solidified root–rhizome layer. Growth of H. decipiens was not improved by the addition of the auxins indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at either of the tested concentrations (10 and 50 μM). At a concentration of 10 μM, the cytokinins 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP) and benzylaminopurine (BA) stimulated shoot and branch production compared to controls with no cytokinins. Among the tested nitrogen sources, growth was best on 1.7 mM glutamic acid. Cultures grown on 1.7 mM NH4Cl showed the same growth rates as those grown on glutamic acid, but the leaves were smaller and curled, suggesting incipient ammonium toxicity. Use of nitrate or urea led to mortality of the cultures. Long term axenic culture of H. decipiens appears to require the added vitamins. Hence, H. decipiens is the first seagrass known to need exogenous vitamins. Cultures of H. decipiens died when grown suspended in liquid cultures or in a biphasic medium system without activated charcoal in the root–rhizome layer. The use of more highly charged κ-carrageenan could not replace the use of activated charcoal and agar in the root–rhizome layer.
Establishment of a ventral cell fate in the spinal cord

The neural plate is induced during gastrulation when the organizer affects the ectoderm around it. Recent experiments show that axial mesoderm can stimulate formation of specific ventral cell types in the spinal cord, including floor plate, motor neurons, and several types of interneurons. We have eliminated or disrupted axial mesoderm by using a variety of methods to show that ventral columns of intermittent dopaminergic neurons in the frog Xenopus also appear to be induced by axial mesoderm. Inversion of the dorsal-ventral neural axis by splitting the presumptive neural plate in vivo, produced two spinal cords with ectopic dopaminergic neurons. The location and number of neurons suggest that even a brief association with axial mesoderm can specify the identity of the first or primary dopaminergic neurons and that notochord retains the ability to induce cells to become secondary dopaminergic neurons.
Continuum radiation from nonisothermal hydrogen plasmas

Abstract In this account of an investigation of the continuum radiative flux from nonisothermal stagnation shock layers composed of a hydrogen plasma, the general equations for the composition are derived and the Rankine-Hugoniot equations are simplified and solved to give the thermodynamic conditions in the shock layers. The radiative flux is calculated by considering ground to free state radiative transitions in atomic hydrogen for conditions roughly representing those of a space probe entering Jupiter's atmosphere. The influence of Mach number, ambient density (altitude), spectral variation of the radiation absorption coefficient, shock layer thickness, excited state radiation, and temperature profiles are examined. The results show that not only the composition but also the equilibrium temperature behind the shock wave is essentially determined by considering only the ground state of atomic hydrogen. The excited state is largely responsible for the emitted radiation near the shock where the temperature is high, while the ground state produces the radiation in the cooler region of the shock layer near the body. In addition it is shown that the temperature profile is very important in determining the radiative flux reaching the body. The isothermal approximation not only overestimates the radiative flux but also influences the spectral distribution of the radiation reaching the body.
The Data Structure Accelerator Architecture

We present a heterogeneous architecture that contains a fine grained, massively parallel SIMD component called the data structure accelerator and demonstrate its use in a number of problems in computational geometry including polygon filling and convex hull. The data structure accelerator is extremely dense and highly scalable. Systems of 106 processing elements can be embedded in workstations and personal computers, without dramatically changing their cost. These components are intended for use in tandem with conventional single sequence machines and with small scale, shared memory multiprocessors. A language for programming these heterogeneous systems is presented that smoothly incorporates the SIMD instructions of the data structure accelerator with conventional single sequence code. We then demonstrate how to construct a number of higher level primitives such as maximum and minimum, and apply these tools to problems in logic and computational geometry. For computational geometry problems, we demonstrate that simple algorithms that take advantage of the parallelism available on a data structure accelerator perform as well or better than the far more complex algorithms which are needed for comparable efficiency on single sequence computers.
BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS PIMCOLA AND CHAMAEMYIA POLYSTIGMA (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)

The life cycles and larval feeding habits of Leucopis (Neoleucopis) pinicola Malloch and Chamaemyia polystigma Meigen were studied in northeastern Ohio. The larval stages of L. pinicola are predators of the pine bark aphid, Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Probably there are only two generations a year, and overwintering occurs as mature larvae or pupae that are in diapause. Larvae of C. polystigma prey on the blue grass mealybug, Heterococcus nudus Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), that infests perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne L. This species has three generations a year and overwinters as diapausing mature larvae and pupae.The eggs, three larval instars, and puparia of both species are described and illustrated.
Non-Reactive and Co-Reactive Additives in Cotton Cross-Linking

Various modifications of the double-cure process for producing durable-press cotton are described. These include the use of moderately volatile additives for the simpli fication of the process and the use of co-reactive additives for the improvement of strength retention of the finished fabric. Several different compounds containing reactive hydro gen were investigated as co-reactants and it was found that high dry and wet wrinkle recovery can be obtained in their presence by increasing the concentration of the cross linking agent. With certain polyethylene glycols and ethoxylated higher alkyl diamines, high dry and wet wrinkle recoveries were obtained and substantial improvement of the flex abrasion resistance was achieved, in many cases surpassing that of the untreated fabric. It was found that the co-reactants can be used for the double-cure process with or without non-reactive additives.
Tracking the metabolic pulse of plant lipid production with isotopic labeling and flux analyses: Past, present and future

Metabolism is comprised of networks of chemical transformations, organized into integrated biochemical pathways that are the basis of cellular operation, and function to sustain life. Metabolism, and thus life, is not static. The rate of metabolites transitioning through biochemical pathways (i.e., flux) determines cellular phenotypes, and is constantly changing in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Each change evokes a response in metabolic pathway flow, and the quantification of fluxes under varied conditions helps to elucidate major and minor routes, and regulatory aspects of metabolism. To measure fluxes requires experimental methods that assess the movements and transformations of metabolites without creating artifacts. Isotopic labeling fills this role and is a long-standing experimental approach to identify pathways and quantify their metabolic relevance in different tissues or under different conditions. The application of labeling techniques to plant science is however far from reaching it potential. In light of advances in genetics and molecular biology that provide a means to alter metabolism, and given recent improvements in instrumentation, computational tools and available isotopes, the use of isotopic labeling to probe metabolism is becoming more and more powerful. We review the principal analytical methods for isotopic labeling with a focus on seminal studies of pathways and fluxes in lipid metabolism and carbon partitioning through central metabolism. Central carbon metabolic steps are directly linked to lipid production by serving to generate the precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid assembly. Additionally some of the ideas for labeling techniques that may be most applicable for lipid metabolism in the future were originally developed to investigate other aspects of central metabolism. We conclude by describing recent advances that will play an important future role in quantifying flux and metabolic operation in plant tissues.
Lymphangiography and ultrasound in management of lymphoceles

Recent reports describe the efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of lymphoceles. To assess the appropriate role of ultrasound and lymphangiography in the management of this entity, we reviewed our experience with 14 cases diagnosed as lymphoceles. Three patients had lymphangiography alone, 5 had lymphangiography and ultrasound, and 6 had ultrasound alone. Our analysis concludes that both diagnostic modalities have a role in management depending on the size of the lymphocele and the associated clinical setting.