cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some elastic constant data on minerals relevant to geophysics

Measurements of the elastic constants and related pressure and temperature derivatives of ten compounds of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories are reported and analyzed. We discuss the corrections that are expected from effects of anisotropy and porosity and conclude that polycrystalline samples with porosities of 4% are not adequate for reliable acoustic measurements. We find that two anharmonic parameters, γth and δS, are independent of temperature at high temperature, and we use this result to estimate the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at high temperatures. We present a number of correlations between the elastic constants and illustrate their use by attempting to predict the unmeasured elastic properties of fayalite.
Evidence for a giant quadrupole resonance in $sup 16$O

Measurements on the polarized-proton capture reaction $^{15}\mathrm{N}(p, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})^{16}\mathrm{O}$ indicate a broad $E2$ resonance which lies above the giant $E1$ resonance of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$. The measurements show that the $E2$ radiation for the ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, {p}_{0}$) channel of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ exhausts approximately 30% of the quadrupole sum rule.
Business Litigation in the Transition: A Portrait of Debt Collection in Russia

Russian firms are drowning in debt. Managers are increasingly turning to the courts for help. Drawing on a database of 100 non-payments cases decided by three courts in 2000, the article explores the parameters of this litigation and the motivations for filing lawsuits. The analysis shows that the docket is dominated by small-scale disputes between trading partners with short shared histories, suggesting that those who have long-term, trust-based relationships avoid the courts. Along with fear of disrupting ongoing relationships, the disinclination to use the courts is also motivated by a reluctance to open up transactions to state scrutiny. By contrast, the petty disputes that are brought to court tend to be simple and, therefore, managers are willing to risk exposure to the state. Indeed, in a world in which firms manipulate their financial records to create the impression of no income in order to avoid taxes (often putting bogus debts on the books), some of these managers bring cases even when there is little chance of recovering the debt because the decision provides convincing evidence to the tax authorities that the debt is bona fide.
Void growth in power-law creeping solids: Effect of surface diffusion and surface energy

This paper addresses the growth of a void in a nonlinearly creeping material in the presence of the void-surface energy effect and void-surface diffusion driven by surface curvature gradients. Large strain finite element analysis of the coupled problem indicates that microstructural variables (porosity and void aspect ratio), as well as macroscopic deformation rates are strongly affected by the relative strength of the void-surface energy effect and the void-surface diffusion process vis-a-vis the rate of creep deformation in the bulk of the solid. The phenomenon is characterized by two-dimensionless groups, one measuring the strength of the surface diffusion process with respect to the nonlinear creep deformation in the interior of the solid, and the other the magnitude of the surface energy of the void in relation to the applied load and the size of the void. The computations reveal a rich variety of solutions that reflect a wide range of external load, material, and geometric parameters. Classical void growth studies that ignore both surface diffusion and surface energy effects are shown to recover only one case of this family of solutions. The computations also serve to quantitatively evaluate recent constitutive theories for porous nonlinear materials that account for continuously evolving microstructure, but do not include surface diffusion or surface energy effects.
Quantitation of hemoglobins A and S separated by starch gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A simple and rapid technique for the quantitative determination of hemoglobins separated by starch gel electrophoresis has been described. This method, in which the hemoglobin concentration is measured in an alkaline starch-hemoglobin solution, has been used to determine the per cent HbS in individuals with sickle cell trait.
A simple and rapid normalization method for instrumental drift during energy-dispersive x-ray analysis

Abstract Fluctuations in scanning electron microscope (SEM) beam current necessitate normalization of energy-dispersive analysis (EDA) data collected in conjunction with the SEM. A normalization method based on monitoring the total integrated count of a stainless-steel reference before and after sample counting was developed and yielded high precision (correlation coefficient = 0.996) data from a 48-sample testing set. The technique is independent of sample composition, counting time, time between sample analyses, magnification during analysis, and requires no modification to the basic SEM—EDA system.
Predicting help-seeking attitudes toward mental health services among American Indian older adults: Is Andersen's Behavioral Model a good fit?

American Indian (AI) older adults are vulnerable to mental health disparities, yet very little is known about the factors associated with help-seeking for mental health services among them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of Andersen's Behavioral Model in explaining AI older adults' help-seeking attitudes toward professional mental health services. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine predisposing, enabling, and need variables as predictors of help-seeking attitudes toward mental health services in a sample of 233 AI older adults from the Midwest. The model was found to have limited utility in the context of older AI help-seeking attitudes, as the proportion of explained variance was low. Gender, perceived stigma, social support, and physical health were significant predictors, whereas age, perceived mental health, and health insurance were not.
Aldosterone: A forgotten mediator of the relationship between psychological stress and heart disease

Numerous studies support the notion that cumulative exposure to chronic stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Various stress-related hormones have been proposed as potential mediators of the relationship between psychological stress and CVD, including catecholamines and more indirectly, cortisol. Somewhat surprisingly, although aldosterone is also released in response to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation, it has not been considered as relevant for this relationship. In the present review we will consider aldosterone as a potentially important mediator of the relationship between negative affective states and CVD. First, we will briefly review the known functions and roles of aldosterone, and then consider its actions in both the brain and the periphery. We will then review the available literature on the role of aldosterone in CVD, and also consider links between aldosterone and various forms of chronic psychological stress. Finally we will present an integrated model of how aldosterone may mediate effects of chronic stress on CVD, recommend new directions for research, and identify important methodological and design issues for this work.
Top‐illuminated Organic Photovoltaics on a Variety of Opaque Substrates with Vapor‐printed Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Top Electrodes and MoO3 Buffer Layer

Organic photovoltaics devices typically utilize illumination through a transparent substrate, such as glass or an optically clear plastic. Utilization of opaque substrates, including low cost foils, papers, and textiles, requires architectures that instead allow illumination through the top of the device. Here, we demonstrate top-illuminated organic photovoltaics, employing a dry vapor-printed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer anode deposited by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) on top of a small-molecule organic heterojunction based on vacuum-evaporated tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) and C60 heterojunctions. Application of a molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) buffer layer prior to oCVD deposition increases the device photocurrent nearly 10 times by preventing oxidation of the underlying photoactive DBP electron donor layer during the oCVD PEDOT deposition, and resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.8% for the top-illuminated, ITO-free devices, approximately 75% that of the conventional cell architecture with indium-tin oxide (ITO) transparent anode (3.7%). Finally, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this architecture by fabricating devices on a variety of opaque surfaces, including common paper products with over 2.0% power conversion efficiency, the highest to date on such fiber-based substrates.
A formal synthesis of the C1-C9 fragment of amphidinolide C employing the Tamaru reaction.

Homoallylation of aldehydes with isoprene and triethylborane catalyzed by Ni(acac)2 gave hydroxyalkenes in good yield with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Cross metathesis of the hydroxyalk...
CROSSOVER SCALING IN SURFACE GROWTH WITH TRUNCATED POWER-LAW NOISE

Abstract. Wedemonstrate the existenceof a simplescaling formwhichdescribes crossover fromanomalousto Gaussian exponents asa functionofcutoffin the Zhang modelsurface growth forp> 2, wherep is the exponent characterisingpower-law noisedistribution. For = 2 we find a novel scaling formwith logarithmic corrections. Our resultsfor cutoff scaling atp = 2 are supported by the scaling of saturation growth velocity.Zhang[Ii has recentlyproposed a modelof surface growth inwhichthenoise~ a power-law distributionofthe form, P(~) +~ l/~~+" It for large jFromsimulationsofthismodel as welltherelateddirected polymer [1, 2] ind = 2, heobtained anomalously large valuesforthesurface scaling exponents, which were found to depend on p.In addition, he suggested thatthe presence of power-law noise may explain resultsof recent experiments on porous media [3-6] andbacterial growth [~ ind = 2, forwhich anomalouslyhigh valuesofthe growth exponents havealsobeen reported.Recently, we carried out extensivesimulations
Effects of amino acids on the kinetic properties of three noninterconvertible rat pyruvate kinases

Abstract Three apparent isozymes of pyruvate kinase respond differentially to amino acids. The kidney cortex enzyme (K isozyme) was inhibited by the greatest number of amino acids, alanine and phenylalanine being the most effective. As the nonpolar side chain was increased in bulk relative to alanine or decreased relative to phenylalanine, the amino acids progressively became less effective inhibitors. Polarity also decreased inhibitory potential and serine (3-OH alanine) was a potent activator, able to increase substrate affinity and to reverse the inhibition induced by other amino acids. The amino acids having an effect on the muscle enzyme (M isozyme) show a similar relationship between structure and potential activity, except amino acids with less bulky side chains activate. Again hydroxylation appears to increase the potency of the amino acid as an activator. The liver enzyme (L isozyme) shows a pattern of inhibition similar to the kidney cortex enzyme except that it is much less sensitive to the amino acids with bulky side chains and serine remains an inhibitor, albeit less effective than alanine. These data, plus observed differences in the alanine and phenylalanine inhibition under varied conditions, support a hypothesis that there are two different types of amino acid binding sites with each isozyme having both. However, the response to the bound amino acid varies from isozyme to isozyme. It also was concluded that fatty acids were not modulators of pyruvate kinase activity.
Implementation of Transvaginal Ultrasound in an Emergency Department Residency Program: An Analysis of Resident Interpretation

Abstract Background Emergency physicians are increasingly performing transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) to rule out ectopic pregnancy. However, little is known about appropriate educational pathways to train emergency medicine residents in TVUS. Study Objectives To evaluate the ability of Emergency Medicine (EM) residents who underwent a training program in TVUS to detect the presence or absence of an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) in patients of Methods This was a prospective, observational study in a single residency program. Training included a lecture, competency examination, and 10 supervised TVUSs. The EM residents then performed TVUSs with the goal of determining the presence or absence of an IUP without input from an attending physician. Correlation with the ED Director of Ultrasound was assessed for the cohort, and stratified by year of training. Results: There were 22 residents who performed 75 TVUSs over 17 months. Correlation with the ED Director of Ultrasound was 93.3%. Differences in correlation with the ED Director of Ultrasound were noted when compared by year of training: post-graduate year (PGY)-3 (93.3%), PGY-2 (92.1%), and PGY-1 (100%); p Conclusion Residents were able to perform TVUSs to determine the presence or absence of an IUP in patients in whom the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was being considered with a high degree of correlation with the ED Director of Ultrasound after a brief training program. Correlation with the ED director of ultrasound was influenced by year of training.
A relationship between the detection of size, rate, orientation and direction in the human visual system.

Abstract Differential increment thresholds for stationary gratings of variable spatial frequency and for moving patterns of variable velocity following adaptation to either of two velocities (2.5 and 6.5 deg/sec) or to either of two spatial frequencies (1.5 and 4.5 c/deg), respectively, indicate that the human visual system contains units of analysis which respond selectively to stimulus size and velocity. A distinction between two types of units, speed and velocity (i.e. speed and direction) analyzers, was established. Under conditions of systematically varied background illumination levels, correspondingly systematic changes in the size velocity preference of the hypothesized analyzers occurred, suggesting that the unit impulse response i.e. the response of a unit to a pulsed stimulus presentation, determines their size-velocity preference. The preferred velocity, ν, and spatial frequency (size),f6, were shown to be relatable by the formulafsνi = 1, wherei is the interval between the onsets of the primary and secondary excitatory discharges of the unit impulse response.
Some Characteristics of a Stable Negative Resistance

By employing positive feedback in a two-stage amplifier it is possible to obtain an input impedance which is equal to the impedance in the feedback circuit multiplied by a negative constant. For a resistance-capacitance feedback circuit the input impedance becomes a negative resistance in series with a negative capacitance. With the proper choice of circuit constants, the negative impedance can be made to approximate closely a pure negative resistance over any given frequency range. In the apparatus described, high stability is secured by the use of inverse feedback in addition to the positive-feedback loop.
Zooarchaeology in Complex Societies: Political Economy, Status, and Ideology

The zooarchaeology of complex societies provides insights into the interrelated social and economic relationships that people and animals created. I present a synthesis of zooarchaeological research published since the early 1990s that addresses political economy, status distinctions, and the ideological and ritual roles of animals in complex cultures. I address current approaches and applications as well as theoretical shifts in zooarchaeological practice. Research indicates there is great variability across space and time in how past peoples used animals to generate economic surplus, to establish status differentiation within societies, and to create symbolic meaning through sacrifices, offerings, and in feasts. The study of human/animal interactions in complex societies can contribute to fundamental questions of broad relevance regarding political and social life.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity has been suggested to mediate some of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced cellular responses including cytotoxicity. We evaluated the induction of both the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA2) and non-pancreatic group II PLA 2 gene expression by TNF-α in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS 2B cell). TNF-α (20 ng/ml) induced a significantly increased release of prelabeled [ 3 H]arachidonic acid (AA) following 4–24 h incubation. Calcium ionophore A23187 (10 −5 M) further increased the [ 3 H]AA release from the TNF-α -treated cells. In vitro activity assay revealed that TNF-α increased the dithiothreitol (DTT)-resistant PLA 2 activity which was blocked by the cPLA 2 inhibitor AACOCF 3 . Treatment with TNF-a for 4–24 h increased the cPLA 2 protein and mRNA levels which were blocked by the broad inhibitor of protein kinases staurosporine, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C, and to a lesser extent the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor W-7. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the group II PLA 2 mRNA showed that it is expressed in human lung but not in the bronchial epithelial cell line. TNF-α failed to induce the expression of group II PLA 2 in the BEAS 213 cells. These results demonstrate that the cPLA 2 gene expression is up-regulated by TNF-α and this effect may contribute to the TNF-α stimulated AA release in airway epithelial cells.
Insights from human/mouse genome comparisons

Large-scale public genomic sequencing efforts have provided a wealth of vertebrate sequence data poised to provide insights into mammalian biology. These include deep genomic sequence coverage of human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, and two pufferfish (Fugu rubripes and Tetraodon nigroviridis) (Aparicio et al. 2002; Lander et al. 2001; Venter et al. 2001; Waterston et al. 2002). In addition, a high-priority has been placed on determining the genomic sequence of chimpanzee, dog, cow, frog, and chicken (Boguski 2002). While only recently available, whole genome sequence data have provided the unique opportunity to globally compare complete genome contents. Furthermore, the shared evolutionary ancestry of vertebrate species has allowed the development of comparative genomic approaches to identify ancient conserved sequences with functionality. Accordingly, this review focuses on the initial comparison of available mammalian genomes and describes various insights derived from such analysis.
Antibody to signal recognition particle in polymyositis

Using immunoprecipitation, we identified 13 patients with antibodies to the signal recognition particle (SRP) from a collection of sera representing 265 polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) patients. Antibody reactivity with SRP was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoprecipitation with isolated dog pancreas SRP. The antibody was present in the serum of 4% of PM/DM patients, and 18% of PM/DM patients with anticytoplasmic antibodies other than anti-Jo-1, but not in patients with other conditions who had anticytoplasmic antibodies. Anti-SRP was associated with classic adult PM, and some of these cases were unusually severe and/or of rapid onset; it was not found in patients with overlap syndromes or with DM involvement. Unlike patients with antibodies to aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases, patients with anti-SRP had a low frequency of pulmonary fibrosis, as well as of arthritis and Raynaud's phenomenon. Anti-SRP antibodies may serve as a marker for a second, distinct subgroup of adult PM.
Comment on Kramer et al. Glucagon Response to Oral Glucose Challenge in Type 1 Diabetes: Lack of Impact of Euglycemia. Diabetes Care 2014;37:1076–1082

We read with interest the article by Kramer et al. (1) investigating the effect of a short period of euglycemia or hyperglycemia on glucagon concentrations following a 50-g oral glucose tolerance test. The authors conclude that while there is a paradoxical increase in glucagon after a 50-g oral glucose challenge in subjects with type 1 diabetes, a short episode of hyperglycemia or euglycemia has no …
Increased endothelial cell loss after transplantation of corneas preserved by a modified organ-culture technique.

Abstract Forty-seven donor corneas were preserved in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4°C for 1 day, then in organ culture at 34°C for approximately 1 month, then in M-K medium at 4°C for an additional two days before transplantation. The central donor endothelium was examined by specular microscopy before and after organ culture and 2 months after keratoplasty. No significant change in central endothelial cell density occurred during organ culture. The 47 transplants were compared with 47 grafts preserved only in M-K medium at 4°C for approximately 36 hours. All transplants were performed by the same surgeon over the same period, and the two groups contained similar types of surgical procedures. The organ-cultured grafts were thicker on the first postoperative day and took longer to epithelialize. Two months after keratoplasty all of the 94 grafts were clear and thin, but the mean central endothelial cell loss was 28% in the 47 organ-cultured transplants and 10% in the 47 transplants preserved only in M-K medium ( P
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Objective We sought to review the natural history, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Methods A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE database, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The search was restricted to English-language articles published from 1966 through July 2012. Priority was given to articles reporting original research, in particular randomized controlled trials, although review articles and commentaries also were consulted. Abstracts of research presented at symposia and scientific conferences were not considered adequate for inclusion in this document. Evidence reports and guidelines published by organizations or institutions such as the National Institutes of Health, Agency for Health Research and Quality, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine were also reviewed, and additional studies were located by reviewing bibliographies of identified articles. Consistent with US Preventive Task Force guidelines, references were evaluated for quality based on the highest level of evidence, and recommendations were graded accordingly. Results and Recommendations TTTS is a serious condition that can complicate 8-10% of twin pregnancies with monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) placentation. The diagnosis of TTTS requires 2 criteria: (1) the presence of a MCDA pregnancy; and (2) the presence of oligohydramnios (defined as a maximal vertical pocket of 8 cm) in the other sac. The Quintero staging system appears to be a useful tool for describing the severity of TTTS in a standardized fashion. Serial sonographic evaluation should be considered for all twins with MCDA placentation, usually beginning at around 16 weeks and continuing about every 2 weeks until delivery. Screening for congenital heart disease is warranted in all monochorionic twins, in particular those complicated by TTTS. Extensive counseling should be provided to patients with pregnancies complicated by TTTS including natural history of the disease, as well as management options and their risks and benefits. The natural history of stage I TTTS is that more than three-fourths of cases remain stable or regress without invasive intervention, with perinatal survival of about 86%. Therefore, many patients with stage I TTTS may often be managed expectantly. The natural history of advanced (eg, stage ≥III) TTTS is bleak, with a reported perinatal loss rate of 70-100%, particularly when it presents
Factor V Leiden and Perioperative Risk

Factor V Leiden (FVL) is the most common known inherited cause of thrombophilia; it is present in approximately 5% of the Caucasian population. Although the risk of venous thrombosis associated with this polymorphism in various medical settings is well described, its effect on perioperative risk is only beginning to be explored. Specifically, there are few studies addressing the potential risks of FVL in the surgical population, in which both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications convey substantial clinical and economic significance. There are speculations and unproven hypotheses regarding FVL in this population, and these therefore highlight the need to comprehensively address this issue. This review will describe the physiology of the FVL mutation, briefly clarify its risk in the nonsurgical setting, and assess current data regarding FVL in noncardiac and cardiac surgery. Finally, a summary of current clinical evidence and a plan for more detailed investigation of this potentially significant risk factor will be proposed.
Expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) from rodent type I collagen promoters in transfected osteosarcoma cells in vivo.

Abstract We examined the osteoblastic phenotype of permanently transfected ROS 17/2.8 cells in culture and in vivo, in order to evaluate their relevance for studies of the regulation of gene expression and gene function in osteoblastic cells. Recent reports indicate that the progeny transfected cells may substantially vary and differ from the parental cell line in their phenotype, particularly in their tumorigenicity. ROS 17/2.8 cells were transfected with genetic constructs expressing the CAT gene from either the rat α1(I) or the mouse α2(I) collagen promoters. Fortyfour clonal cell lines display a range of CAT expression from the transfected collagen promoters in culture. Four of these cell lines were further characterized. Alkaline phosphatase activity in these four cell lines is higher than in fibroblastic cells. These four cell lines are tumorigenic in immunocompatible ACI rats and form calcified tumors similar to those formed by ROS 17/2.8. CAT expression could be demonstrated in tumor extracts of two of the four cell lines, which also expressed higher CAT levels in culture. We conclude that permanently transfected ROS 17/2.8 derived cell lines maintain their tumorigenicity and their osteoblastic-like phenotpye, and thus may provide a useful system for studies of gene function and regulation in osteoblast-like cells and bone-like tissue in vivo.
Habitat use of adult White-throated Robins during the breeding season in a mosaic landscape in Costa Rica

Abstract Most work on the effects of land-cover change on tropical birds has focused on forest-interior birds because these species are assumed to be the most severely affected by forest loss. However, even species that use human-altered habitat types may be severely affected by forest loss. White-throated Robins (Turdus assimilis) frequently nest in coffee and pasture in southern Costa Rica, although several lines of evidence suggest the species could not exist solely in agricultural habitat. We used radio-telemetry to examine the area and proportion of different habitat types used by adult White-throated Robins. Mean area of use for the tracking period was 0.26 km2 and varied from 0.07 to 0.58 km2. No robins had areas of use solely in either primary forest or agricultural cover, although individuals were initially captured in both primary forest and a coffee plantation. All areas of use contained some forest, pasture, and coffee or regenerating forest. The mean percentages of the habitat types used by t...
The presentation and management of juvenile-onset chronic inflammatory bowel disease in Northeastern Scotland.

Abstract Purpose: This study reviews the presentation and management of juvenile onset chronic inflammatory bowel disease and identifies changes in incidence of the disease over a 20-year period. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients aged 16 and under with chronic inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed in 1 health region between 1980 and 1999. The patients were identified from computer records and the following variables studied: age, sex, mode of presentation, medical and surgical management, and length of follow-up. Results: One hundred seven patients were identified: 77 with Crohn's disease and 30 with ulcerative colitis. The incidence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease has risen from 0.7 in 100,000 and 2.2 in 100,000, respectively, in the years 1980 through 1989 to 1.5 in 100,000 and 4.4 in 100,000 in the period 1990 through 1999. The median age at presentation was 10.1 years for ulcerative colitis and 10.8 years for Crohn's disease. The majority of disease was diagnosed within 1 year of the onset of symptoms, which were principally abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. The average length of follow-up was 6.9 years. Analysis of the surgical management of Crohn's patients has shown a low rate of surgical intervention. Conclusions: This study has shown an increasing incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in the Grampian region of Scotland coupled with a low rate of surgical intervention in Crohn's disease. These findings could be the result of early referral and diagnosis, with the disease being documented earlier in its course or more aggressive preemptive medical therapy. J Pediatr Surg 37:83-86. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Historical stem-mapped permanent plots increase precision of reconstructed reference data in ponderosa pine forests of Northern Arizona.

Forest structural reference conditions are widely used to understand how ecosystems have been altered and guide restoration and management objectives. We used six stem-mapped permanent plots established in the early twentieth century to provide precise structural reference conditions for ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona prior to Euro-American settlement. Reference conditions for these plots in 1873–1874 included the following historical attributes: tree densities of 45–127 trees/ha, mean tree diameter at breast height (dbh) of 43.8 cm with a corresponding quadratic mean diameter range of 41.5–51.3 cm, and a stand basal area of 9.2–18.0 m 2 /ha. The reconstructed diameter distributions (for live ponderosa pine trees with dbh ‚9.14 cm) prior to fire exclusion varied in shape but generally displayed an irregular unimodal distribution. We suggest that management objectives for the structural restoration of ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona emphasize: (1) conservation and retention of all pre-settlement (>130 years) trees; (2) reduction of tree densities with a restoration objective ranging between 50 and 150 trees/ha having a large-tree component between 25 and 50% of the total trees per hectare, respectively; (3) manipulation of the diameter distribution to achieve a unimodal or irregular, uneven-aged shape (possibly targeting a balanced, uneven-aged shape on cinder soil types) through the use of harvest and thinning practices that mimic gap disturbances (i.e., individual tree selection system); and (4) retention of 3–11 snags and logs per hectare resulting from natural mortality.
Information processing in gifted versus nongifted African American, Latino, Filipino, and White children: Speeded versus nonspeeded paradigms

Abstract One hundred and sixty children were evaluated in a battery of four information-processing tasks: inspection time (backward masking paradigm), reaction time, coincidence timing, and mental counters (working memory). Half of the children were certified as gifted in a case study analysis; half were selected from the nongifted program in the same school district. Within each group (gifted vs. nongifted), half were in second to third grade and half in fifth to sixth grade. Finally, for each of the two main factors (Giftedness and Grade), there were an equal number of children from four ethnic backgrounds: African American, Latino, Filipino, and White. There were large differences on all four information-processing tasks as a function of grade and membership in the gifted program. Correlational analyses revealed that measures of speed of processing, particularly inspection time, were the primary correlates of both IQ and membership in the gifted program. The correlation coefficient (r = .44) between a summary composite of the information-processing tasks and scores on the Standard Raven Progressive Matrices (SPM) test was significant. In addition, a significant relationship (r = .30) between coincidence timing and scores on the SPM was confirmed. Implications of these findings are discussed.
C-reactive protein and incident coronary heart disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study.

Abstract Background Recent evidence implicates inflammation in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). C-reactive protein, a plasma marker of inflammation, is a marker of CHD risk but has been studied in few prospective investigations of the general population. Methods and Results We prospectively examined the association of CRP with incident CHD among middle-aged adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. With the use of a nested case-cohort approach, we measured CRP in stored, baseline blood samples of 2 groups of subjects in whom CHD developed during follow-up (242 incident cases from 1987 to 1993 and 373 from 1990 to 1995) and, for comparison, 2 stratified random samples of noncases. In analyses adjusted for demographic variables and traditional CHD risk factors, the relative risk of CHD across quintiles of CRP was 1.0, 0.8, 1.6, 1.9, and 1.5 for events from 1987 to 1995 ( P for trend=.01). As expected, inclusion of fibrinogen, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and white blood cell count (other potential markers of the inflammatory reaction) attenuated the association of CRP with CHD incidence. In a supplemental cross-sectional analysis, CRP was not associated with carotid intima-media thickness after adjustment for major risk factors. Conclusions C-reactive protein is a moderately strong marker of risk of CHD in this cohort of middle-aged adults, consistent with the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CHD events. The association was not specific to CRP because other markers of inflammation could largely account for the finding. (Am Heart J 2002;144:233-8.)
Improved leaf sequencing reduces segments or monitor units needed to deliver IMRT using multileaf collimators

Leaf sequencing algorithms may use an unnecessary number of monitor units or segments to generate intensity maps for delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) using multiple static fields. An integer algorithm was devised to generate a sequence with the fewest possible segments when the minimum number of monitor units are used. Special hardware related restrictions on leaf motion can be incorporated. The algorithm was tested using a benchmark map from the literature and clinical examples. Results were compared to sequences given by the routine of Bortfeld that minimizes monitor units by treating each row independently, and the areal or reducing routines that use fewer segments at the price of more monitor units. The Bortfeld algorithm used on average 58% more segments than provided by the integer algorithm with bidirectional motion and 32% more segments than did an integer algorithm admitting only unidirectional sequences. The areal algorithm used 48% more monitor units and the reducing algorithm used 23% more monitor units than did the bidirectional integer algorithm, while the areal and reducing algorithms used 23% more segments than did the integer algorithm. Improved leaf sequencing algorithms can allow more efficient delivery of static field IMRT. The integer algorithm demonstrates the efficiencies possible with an improved routine and opens a new avenue for development.
Reproductive studies of the Oryx

The genus Oryx comprises one species already extinct in the wild and others that are rapidly disappearing. It is important to understand the reproductive physiology of these species in order to ensure their successful captive propagation. It was determined behaviorally and hormonally that the scimitar-horned oryx's 21–22 d estrous cycle very closely resembled that of the domestic cow. Four females of three species (Arabian, scimitar-horned, and fringe-eared oryx) were treated with prostaglandin (PG) and pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). All animals responded to prostaglandin treatment with shortened cycles and behavioral estrus. Ovulation occurred in all females but only one responded to gonadotrophin treatment with a mild superovulation. An embryo recovered from an Arabian oryx was frozen in liquid nitrogen for 6 months. Upon thawing, the normal-appearing morula was surgically transferred to a scimitar-horned oryx. The recipient failed to carry the embryo and returned to estrus within three weeks of the transfer. It was demonstrated that induction of ovulation and synchronization of estrus can be achieved in the three Oryx species with PMSG or FSH combined with prostaglandin treatment.
Phase Change During a Cyclic Quantum Evolution

A new geometric phase factor is defined for any cyclic evolution of a quantum system. This is independent of the phase factor relating the initial and final state vectors and the Hamiltonian, for a given projection of the evolution on the projective space of rays of the Hilbert space. Some applications, including the Aharonov-Bohm effect, are considered. For the special case of adiabatic evolution, this phase factor is a gauge-invariant generalization of the one found by Berry.
Substituent effects on complexation and extraction of alkali metals with chromogenic crown ethers

Abstract The placing of chromogenic tags on crown ethers makes it possible to incorporate the natural selectivities of crown ethers into extractions with detection by visible spectrophotometry. The structures of these reagents include a monobasic amine linkage which, upon dissociation and complexation, gives a color change. The parent compound, 2″,4″,6″-trinitrophenyl-4'-aminobenzo-15-crown-5, provides a linear range for 10–800 ppm potassium ion in the presence of > 2000 ppm sodium ion. Changes in substituents on the chromophore (e.g., nitrile or trifluoromethyl for nitro) and the effects of these substituents on the visible spectra, extraction constants, equilibrium constants, the wavelength of maximum absorption, and the molar absorptivity are presented. Application of a compound to the determination of potassium ion in blood serum is reported.
Nonadiabatic variational calculations for the ground state of the positronium molecule

For a four-particle system consisting of two electrons and two positrons, the nonadiabatic wave function is constructed with the use of an expansion in terms of explicitly correlated Gaussian-type basis functions and a Cartesian-coordinate laboratory frame. Motions of all particles are correlated at the same time in the wave function. The energy of the center-of-mass motion is effectively eliminated from the total nonrelativistic energy of the system by defining the variational principle based on the internal Hamiltonian. The ground-state energy is computed for different lengths of Gaussian expansions and values are compared with previous literature results. Our best estimation of the binding energy of the positronium molecule is 0.435 eV.
Stability and natural vibration analysis of laminated plates by using a mixed element based on a refined plate theory

A mixed shear flexible finite element, with relaxed continuity, is developed for the geometrically linear and nonlinear analysis of layered anisotropic plates. The element formulation is based on a refined higher order theory which satisfies the zero transverse shear stress boundary conditions on the top and bottom faces of the plate and requires no shear correction coefficients. The mixed finite element developed herein consists of eleven degrees of freedom per node which include three displacements, two rotations and six moment resultants. The element is evaluated for its accuracy in the analysis of the stability and vibration of anisotropic rectangular plates with different lamination schemes and boundary conditions. The mixed finite element described here for the higher order theory gives very accurate results for buckling loads and natural frequencies.
Expertiza: students helping to write an OOD text

Students in a masters-level object-oriented design class participated in several exercises related to improving a not-yet-published textbook in object-oriented design. Each student was asked, sometime during the semester, to improve an explanation from the book, to make up an example of a concept described in the book, and to create an exercise for a chapter in the book. Their contributions were peer-reviewed by other members of the class. A strong majority of the students (29 of 49) indicated that they learned a lot from doing the assignments, and 27 of 49 of them agreed or strongly agreed that the assignments were enjoyable-a good measure of their engagement. The textbook author found the feedback very helpful in revising the textbook.
Digital zero-phase-shift filtering of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials.

Abstract Short-latency somatosensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation were averaged after analogue bandpass of 30–3000 Hz and then filtered by a zero-phase-shift digital filter with bandpass of 200–1500 Hz. Both near- and far-field potentials recorded by scalp to scalp, ear and extracephalic references were enhanced, without temporal distortion or the introduction of spurious peaks. Components were identified at the same or similar peak latencies as reported by other investigators. Zero-phase-shift digital filtering may increase the usefulness of recording short-latency somatosensory potentials.
Cerebellar corticonuclear and corticovestibular fibers of the flocculonodular lobe in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis).

Efferent projections from the flocculonodular lobe and the ventral part of the uvula were studied in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis) utilizing the Fink and Heimer (1967) method. Corticonuclear and corticovestibular fibers of the flocculonodular lobe and ventral uvula are ipsilateral. Fibers from both the flocculus and nodulus appear to terminate in cell group y (of Brodal and Pompeiano, 1957) although there is little evidence of other projections beyond the vestibular complex. The cortex of the flocculus sends numerous fibers into ventral portions of the NL, central areas of the SVN, and rostral and ventral regions of the MVN and fewer fibers into dorsal and medial SpVN. Many fibers from the nodulus terminate in ventrocaudal NM, peripheral areas of the SVN, and dorsal and caudal MVN. Fewer fibers course into ventral areas of the ipsilateral NL and in approximately the dorsal half of the SpVN and in its ventrolateral area at caudal levels. The LVN receives few, if any, fibers from the flocculonodular lobe. When present they appear to end almost exclusively in those areas of the LVN which border the SVN, MVN, or SpVN. The ventral uvula sends fibers mainly to the dorsomedial SVN, throughout the dorsal SpVN and in its ventrocaudal area, and to a limited region of the ventrolateral MVN at caudal levels. A few fibers from the ventral uvula distribute to dorsolateral SVN, to central areas of the caudal SpVN, and to the ventral MVN at caudal levels. Corticonuclear and corticovestibular fibers of the flocculus, nodulus and ventral uvula are (1) topographically organized with respect to their specific nuclei of termination and (2) have terminal fields in the cerebellar nuclei and vestibular complex which are partially coextensive (with the terminal field of one or both of the other lobules) and partially exclusive (to that particular lobule). Projections are seen into ventral portions of the ipsilateral NL from both floccular (hemisphere) and nodular (vermis) cortices. It is postulated that this may represent a direct route through which the flocculonodular cortex may assist in the regulation of eye movement since the primate NL, expecially its ventral part, sends fibers to certain of the contralateral oculomotor nuclei via the crossed ascending limb of the brachium conjunctivum (Carpenter and Strominger, 1964; Martin et al., 1974; Chan-Palay et al.,1976).
A rapid method for estimating weight and resuscitation drug dosages from length in the pediatric age group

Drug dosages used during pediatric emergencies and resuscitation are often based on estimated body weight. The Broselow Tape, a tape measure that estimates weight and drug dosages for pediatric patients from their length, has been developed to facilitate proper dosing during emergencies. In our study, 937 children of known weight were measured with this tape. Weight estimates generated by the tape were found to be within 15% error for 79% of the children. The tape was found to be extremely accurate for children from 3.5 to 10 kg, and from 10 to 25 kg. Regression lines of estimated compared with actual weight for these children have slopes of 0.98 and 0.96, respectively, not significantly different from the ideal slope of 1.00 ( P = 28 and .13). Accuracy was significantly decreased for measured children who weighed more than 25 kg. In a separate group of children (n = 53), the tape was shown to be more accurate than weight estimates made by residents and pediatric nurses ( P
Thermodynamics and vaporization chemistry in the PbS-Ga2S3 system

Abstract Vaporization chemistry in the PbS-Ga2S3 system was studied by the simultaneous torsion- and Knudsen-effusion methods. Vapor pressures and compositions were measured in the temperature range 898–1267 K. On a log(K) vs. 1/T plot the data fell into five regions of univariant vapor pressure and one region of solid solution. The vaporization reactions and their average third-law ΔH0(298 K) were: t001 . 1 Reaction ΔH0(298K)(kJmol−1) 3 2 Pb2Ga2S5(s) = PbS(g)+ l 2 Pb4Ga6S13(s) 233.6 ± 0.4 Pb4Ga6S13(s) = PbS(g)+3 PbGa2S4(s) 237.9 ± 1.0 3 PbGa2(s) = PbS(g)+Pb2Ga6S11(s) 256.6 ± 0.7 1 2 Pb2Ga6S11(s) = PbS(g)+ 3 2 Ga2S3(ss) 270.0 ± 0.7 PbS(ss, in Ga2S3) = PbS(g) 269.6 ± 1.5 Ga2S3(s) = Ga2S(g)+S2(g) 654.8 ±1.5 High temperature mass spectrometry confirmed the vapor species within each region. Two new ternary compounds, Pb4Ga6S13 and Pb2Ga6S11, both high-temperature compounds, were detected. Enthalpies of ternary compounds with respect to those of the binary constituents PbS(s) and Ga2S3(s) were, per mol of PbS: t002 . 2 Compound ΔH0(298K)(kJmol−11) Pb2Ga2S5(s) −20.18 ± 2.0 Pb4Ga6S13(s) −28.52 ± 3.0 PbGa2S4(s) −35.43 ± 3.0 Pb2Ga6S11(s) −39.90 ± 4.0 A previously reported anomalous increase in vapor pressure with decreasing temperature in Ga2S3(s) was not observed in this work.
Solution of a single stage machine load planning problem

Abstract A subgradient algorithm and a binary integer assignment algorithm are used in tandem to determine economic run quantities for an injection molding facility. The model considers machine regular time and overtime capability, machine-tool compatibility, storage area capacity, and the economics of lot size decisions. Use of the model in scheduling and alternative facility evaluation are discussed.