cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending graph colorings using no extra colors

Abstract Suppose the graph G can be r-colored using colors 1,2,…, r , so that no vertex is adjacent to two vertices colored r. If P ⊂ V ( G ) is such that the distance between any two vertices in P is at least 12, then any r-coloring of P extends to an r-coloring of all of G. If there exists an r-coloring of G in which the distance between vertices colored r is at least 4 (resp. 6), then any r-coloring of P extends to an r-coloring of all of G provided the distance between any two vertices in P is at least 8 (resp. 6). Similar results hold if P induces a set of cliques. This continues previous work of the authors (Albertson and Moore, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 77 (1999) 83.) on extending ( r +1)-colorings of r-chromatic graphs. Examples show that the distance constraints on P are almost sharp. We show that triangle-free outerplanar graphs instantiate our results and speculate on other families of graphs that might have r-color extension theorems.
Male genital cancers

Background. The estimated 165,000 cancers of the male genital system that will occur in the United States during 1993 represent one fourth of the expected 600,000 newly diagnosed cancers in American males for the year. Methods. Data were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. This paper examines histologic data collected by the SEER program from 1973-1987 and focuses on incidence, stage at diagnosis, and survival for the dominant histologic types of cancer that occur in the four major topographic divisions of the male genital system: prostate gland, testis, penis, and scrotum. Some less common histologic types within each organ are also discussed. Results. The incidence of male genital cancer has increased rapidly over the period of study. Cancers of the prostate, most of which are adenocarcinomas, represent more than 92% of all male genital cancers. Among adolescents and young men, germ cell cancers of the testis predominate, but decline rapidly in occurrence after 40 years of age. Blacks had higher incidence rates for prostate cancer than whites; however, the situation was reversed for testicular cancer. Survival increased dramatically for testicular cancer. Cancers of the penis and scrotum of any histologic type are uncommon in the United States. Conclusions. The increased incidence of prostate adenocarcinomas and testis germ cell tumors indicates the need for further etiologic studies as a basis for prevention efforts.
The sexual responses of the female hamster: a descriptive analysis.

Abstract While in lordosis the female hamster responds to tactile stimulation with phasic postural adjustments of the perineal region. Artificial tactile stimulation was applied to the perineal region of female hamsters maintained in the lordosis position by manual stimulation. This technique was used to describe the pelvic adjustment responses, the stimulus control of these responses and the effects of contextual stimuli on the relations between perineal tactile stimulation and pelvic adjustment responses.
Feeding patterns of rats in response to fasts and changes in environmental conditions

Abstract The feeding patterns of male albino rats were observed following either a 24 hr or 48 hr fast, during and following water restriction, during and following the addition of quinine to the food supply, and when given access to an activity wheel. Following any reduction of food intake imposed either by the experimenter or as a result of water restriction or the consumption of an unpalatable diet, food intake was adjusted almost entirely by increasing meal size. Meal frequency was not affected by the previous deprivations but was significantly reduced by the addition of the running wheel. During water restriction neither meal frequency nor the distribution of meals during the 24 hr period was affected. The addition of quinine sulfate to the food resulted in smaller but more frequent meals.
Cross-sectional TEM studies of plastic wave attenuation in shock loaded NiAl

Abstract The role of plasticity and overall shear strength of metals subjected to weak and moderate shock waves is not well understood. The plastic response of shocked metals is known to vary with applied pressure although these variations are different for each material. Weakly shocked single crystals will tend to display plastic anisotropy and anisotropic Hugoniots at least up to the overdrive pressure. In the current study, cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) has been used to elucidate these effects in single crystals of nickel aluminide (NiAl). Single crystals of NiAl (5 mm diameter) were cut and polished down to 100–300 μm along three loading directions 〈0 0 1〉, 〈1 1 0〉, 〈1 1 1〉. Each of the three samples was subjected to laser induced shocks of around 15 GPa. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) samples were extracted from shocked samples and were used to observe dislocation structures and lattice rotations with selected area diffraction patterns. Regions within 2 μm of the drive surface exhibited lattice rotation gradients up to about 1400°/mm in 〈1 1 0〉 samples. Following the first few microns, the lattice rotations were found to decay rapidly over the next 5 μm. These trends were also seen in orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) data. The lattice rotation gradients correlated well with pressure decay from 1D hydrodynamic calculations.
Retrospectives: Edgeworth's Hedonimeter and the Quest to Measure Utility

In this article, I discuss some earlier debates about the foundations of utility and its measurement, focusing on the contributions of Francis Y. Edgeworth (1845-1926), a famous British economist who was a leader in the development of a more mathematically structured economics in the late 1800s, and Irving Fisher (1867-1947), one of the first quantitative U.S. economists, best-known today for his work on the quantity theory and interest rate theory. Edgeworth argued that utility was directly measurable and that new developments in "physio-psychology" would make it possible to develop a "hedonimeter" that would allow economists to develop a firm physiological underpinning of utility. Fisher, while agreeing with Edgeworth that it was important to have a workable measure of utility, disagreed with Edgeworth about the possibility of doing so with a hedonimeter and, hence, of having any physiological underpinnings of utility. He argued that instead of searching for physiological underpinnings of utility, economists should instead rely upon backward induction from observed behavior to measured utility. Neither of these views about the possibility of utility measurement carried through, and attempts to measure utility were abandoned in the 1930s, when utility measurement and happiness considerations were determined to be outside the purview of economics. Both Edgeworth and Fisher knew that their approaches to utility measurement opened up a Pandora's box of problems; they opened that box, nonetheless, because they felt that theoretical economics had to be relevant to policy, and, to be relevant, it had to face the problems.
G-protein Pathway Suppressor 2 (GPS2) Interacts with the Regulatory Factor X4 Variant 3 (RFX4_v3) and Functions as a Transcriptional Co-activator

RFX4_v3 (regulatory factor X4 variant 3) is a brain-specific isoform of the transcription factor RFX4. Insertional mutagenesis in mice demonstrates that Rfx4_v3 is crucial for normal brain development. Many genes involved in critical processes during brain morphogenesis are dysregulated in Rfx4_v3 mutant brains. For example, Cx3cl1 is a CX3C-type chemokine that is abundant in brain and is a direct transcriptional target of RFX4_v3 through a specific promoter X-box (X-box 1), the responsive element for RFX proteins. To identify potential interacting partners for RFX4_v3, we performed yeast two-hybrid analysis. Nine candidate interactors were identified, including GPS2 (G-protein pathway suppressor 2). Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that GPS2 and RFX4_v3 co-localized to the nucleus. Both GPS2 and RFX4_v3 mRNAs were also present in most portions of the adult mouse brain as well as in brains at different ages, suggesting that the two proteins could bind to each other. Co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated that physical interactions between GPS2 and RFX4_v3 did indeed occur. Furthermore, GPS2 was recruited to the Cx3cl1 promoter by RFX4_v3 and potentiated RFX4_v3 transactivation on this promoter through X-box 1, suggesting that the protein-protein interaction was functionally relevant. GPS2 bound to both the carboxyl-terminal region (amino acids 575-735) and the middle region (amino acids 250-574) of the RFX4_v3 protein. RFX4_v3 amino acids 1-574 stimulated the Cx3cl1 promoter to a similar extent as the full-length RFX4_v3 protein; however, deletion of the carboxyl-terminal region of RFX4_v3 impaired the co-activating abilities of GPS2. Based on these data, we conclude that GPS2 interacts with RFX4_v3 to modulate transactivation of genes involved in brain morphogenesis, including Cx3Cl1.
Classical and Keynesian unemployment in Austria

The labor market in a macroeconometric model of Austria is used to determine the natural unemployment rate, full-employment (F.E.) output, and the F.E. real wage for 1966–92. Gaps between actual and F.E. variables are examined analytically and historically. Observed unemployment is decomposed into natural, hidden, classical, and Keynesian components. Classical unemployment is associated with the real wage gap, while Keynesian unemployment depends on the output gap. A rise in the natural rate is found to account for almost all of the increase in unemployment between 1966–74 and 1975–81, but an increase in Keynesian unemployment is the major factor in the rise of unemployment between 1975–81 and 1982–92. A fiscal shock to the complete model is found to increase real GDP for a year or two, reducing Keynesian unemployment without an appreciable rise in classical unemployment; the wage gap is eventually increased, however, producing a modest rise in classical unemployment.
Computed Tomography of Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is a rapidly advancing technology that complements echocardiography in the imaging evaluation of congenital heart disease. CT can play an important role in diagnosis and follow-up via assessment of anatomic features and postoperative complications. An understanding of the pathophysiology and imaging characteristics of various congenital heart lesions is essential for effective implementation and accurate interpretation of the cardiac CT examination.
Correlation inequalities and a conjecture for permanents

This paper presents conditions on nonnegative real valued functionsf 1,f 2,...,f m andg 1,g 2,...g m implying an inequality of the type $$\mathop \Pi \limits_{i = 1}^m \int {f_i (x)d\mu } (x) \leqslant \mathop \Pi \limits_{i = 1}^m \int {g_i (x)d\mu } (x).$$ This “2m-function” theorem generalizes the “4-function” theorem of [2], which in turn generalizes a “2-function” theorem ([8]) and the celebrated FKG inequality. It also contains (and was partly inspired by) an “m against 2” inequality that was deduced in [5] from a general product theorem.
Postpsychotic depression in schizophrenics

Abstract Seventeen patients suffering acute schizophrenic decompensations were followed longitudinally for up to six months in order to study the incidence and quality of postpsychotic depression. Only two of these patients developed a moderately severe and prolonged depression following a relatively symptom free period. Six other patients evidenced mild to moderate depression for short periods of time either during or immediately following their acute psychoses. Higher social class and motivation for achievement appeared to distinguish between the two patients with postpsychotic depression and the remaining 15. Hypotheses are provided to amplify this correlation as well as to explain the lower than expected incidence of postpsychotic depression in this population.
Characterization of ultrafine and fine particles at a site near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract Continuous measurements were taken during a 22-day campaign held in the summer of 2000 at a site close to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee. The campaign was conducted to investigate the relationships between ultrafine/fine particles and gaseous species observed. A varimax-rotation factor analysis was performed to explore the relationship of the fine and ultrafine particle number concentrations, the gaseous species concentration, the mean wind speed, and the solar radiation. A 6-factor model was found to best resolve 79.7% of the variability embedded in the data. The model suggests that 31.4% of the data variability could be explained by ultrafine particles (the diameters smaller than or equal to 100 nm). It was difficult to label this factor without chemistry information of the ultrafine particles. However, no gas species were loaded on Factor 1 indicating the ultrafine particles observed in this study were not associated with primary source emissions. The decoupling of the ultrafine particles from the fine particles also implies that the former ones might have been produced and transported to the site by separated mechanisms from those of fine particles. The second factor included the PM2.5 mass concentration and the number concentrations of particles in the diameter range of 101–400 nm. The loading pattern on Factor 2 led to the conclusion that this factor was contributed by regional transport. The third factor includes CO, NO2, reactive odd nitrogen (NOy), and SO2 that were contributed by primary source emissions. The mean wind speed and ozone were loaded in Factor 4 that was labeled as ozone transport. Identification of this factor led to an observation that ozone transport to the site was essentially decoupled from the regional transport factor of fine particles (i.e., Factor 2). Solar radiation was singly included in the fifth factor indicating this is a unique factor. The quality of NO data was marginal and the variable was distilled by the model into Factor 6. A multiple regression analysis further indicated that PM2.5 mass concentration was best explained by CO, O3, and number concentrations of particles in the diameter range between 0.1 and 0.4 μm. We also identified two unique events during the campaign in which the number concentrations of 31–51 nm particles dramatically increased by a factor of 10 in 30 min, reaching 40,000 cm−3 and lasting for a couple of hours. Particles in the size range just below and above those in the 31–51 nm diameter range also exhibited increases during these events, but the changes were much less dramatic.
Circulating Lipids and Lipoproteins in Women with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma

ABSTRACT Pretreatment values of circulating lipids and lipoproteins and their fatty acid composition were characterized in post-menopausal women with progressive metastatic breast cancer. Circulating free fatty acids averaged 1½ times the mean value in healthy post-menopausal women. Levels of plasma total cholesterol and beta- +pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol were 14% less in women with breast cancer. Levels of triglycerides and phospholipids were similar in both groups. There was a relative increase in alpha-lipoprotein in cancer patients. Fatty acid compositions of free fatty acids and alpha- and beta- +pre-beta-lipoprotein triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters were similar to those of healthy women in women with breast cancer. Lipid alterations could not be correlated significantly with menopausal age, dominant metastatic lesion or outcome of treatment. Chronic adipokinesis may be attributable to abnormal metabolic regulation by a variety of hormones, related in some way to the activity ...
Fragrance material review on 12-oxahexadecanolide

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 12-oxahexadecanolide when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 12-Oxahexadecanolide is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives. The fragrance ingredient described herein is one of 12 structurally diverse C14, C15, and C16 compounds that include (7) saturated mono-and (2) saturated di-ester lactones and (3) unsaturated lactones. For the latter, the double bond is not adjacent to (in conjugation with) the ester group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to 12-oxahexadecanolide and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data were evaluated, then summarized, and includes: physical properties; acute toxicity; skin irritation; mucous membrane (eye) irritation; skin sensitization; and phototoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of macrocylic lactones and lactide derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients.
Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Exhibit a Bimodal Correlated Random Walk Pattern

Background Organisms, at scales ranging from unicellular to mammals, have been known to exhibit foraging behavior described by random walks whose segments confirm to Levy or exponential distributions. For the first time, we present evidence that single cells (mammary epithelial cells) that exist in multi-cellular organisms (humans) follow a bimodal correlated random walk (BCRW). Methodology/Principal Findings Cellular tracks of MCF-10A pBabe, neuN and neuT random migration on 2-D plastic substrates, analyzed using bimodal analysis, were found to reveal the BCRW pattern. We find two types of exponentially distributed correlated flights (corresponding to what we refer to as the directional and re-orientation phases) each having its own correlation between move step-lengths within flights. The exponential distribution of flight lengths was confirmed using different analysis methods (logarithmic binning with normalization, survival frequency plots and maximum likelihood estimation). Conclusions/Significance Because of the presence of non-uniform turn angle distribution of move step-lengths within a flight and two different types of flights, we propose that the epithelial random walk is a BCRW comprising of two alternating modes with varying degree of correlations, rather than a simple persistent random walk. A BCRW model rather than a simple persistent random walk correctly matches the super-diffusivity in the cell migration paths as indicated by simulations based on the BCRW model.
Repeated measurement of spontaneous and clastogen-induced sister-chromatid exchange.

Abstract Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), both spontaneous and chemically-induced [blomycin (BLM), mitomycin-C (MMC), streptonigrin (SN), and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO)], were studied in the lymphocytes of 24 normal individuals on 2 or 3 different occasions, separated by periods of up to 2 years. For all BLM-induced SCEs, the variation in SCE frequency among the samples from a single individual was significantly greater than the variation between replicate cultures on a given day. These results raise questions concerning the validity of conclusions based on a single observation of chemically-induced SCEs.
Determination of global structure from distance and orientation constraints in biological solids using solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

We report the results from a new solid-state NMR experiment, DANTE−REDOR, which can determine global secondary structure in uniformly (13C,15N)-enriched systems by simultaneously measuring distance and orientation constraints. Following a heteronuclear spin-pair selection using a DANTE pulse train, the magnitude and orientation of the internuclear dipole vector, within the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) frame of the observed nucleus, are determined by tracking the dephasing of individual spinning sidebands under magic angle spinning. The efficacy of the experiment is demonstrated by measuring the imidazole side-chain orientation in U-[13C6,15N3]-l-histidine·HCl·H2O.
Corrupt organizations: modeling educators' misconduct with cellular automata

Misconduct in education is a serious problem internationally. Corruption and other forms of misconduct may be modeled in large educational organizations with strong vertical and horizontal ties with the help of cellular automata. This paper offers a theoretical framework and a methodology based on cellular automata to study corruption in large educational organizations, including school districts and state and private university and college systems. Cellular automaton allows making forecasts, assessments, and predictions about the scope and scale of corruption within organizations. Starting with different cases or combinations of behavior on the workplace and working environment as initial conditions, the process of cellular automation simulates behavior of educators and results in images that depict likely future developments in educators' misconduct within educational organizations. The results of simulations reflect patterns of academic, financial, and administrative misconduct that may be found in academia.
Mason: morphological simplification

The traditional rounding and filleting morphological filters are biased. Hence, as r grows, the rounding Rr(S) of S shrinks and the filleting Fr(S) grows. A shape S is r-regular when Rr(S) = Fr(S) = S. The combinations Fr(Rr(S)) and Rr(Fr(S)) produce nearly r-regular shapes, but retain a bias: Fr(Rr(S)) is usually smaller than S and Rr(Fr(S)) is larger. To overcome this bias, we propose a new filter, called Mason. The r-mortar Mr(S) of S is Fr(S)-Rr(S), and the stability of a point P with respect to S is the smallest value of r for which P belongs to Mr(S). Stability provides important information about the shape's imbedding that cannot be obtained through traditional topological or differential analysis tools. Fr(Rr(S)) and Rr(Fr(S)) only affect space in Mr(S). For each maximally connected component of Mr(S), Mason performs either Fr(Rr(S)) or Rr(Fr(S)), choosing the combination that alters the smallest portion of that component. Hence, Mason acts symmetrically on the shape and on its complement. Its output is guaranteed to have a smaller symmetric difference with the original shape than that of either combination Fr(Rr(S)) or Rr(Fr(S)). Many previously proposed shape simplification algorithms were focused on reducing the combinatorial storage or processing costs of a shape at the expense of the smoothness and regularity or altered the shape in regular portions that did not exhibit any high frequency complexity. Mason is the first shape simplification operator that is independent of the particular representation and offers the advantage of preserving portions of the boundary of S that are regular at the desired scale.
Cerebral photoreceptors in Aplysia

Abstract 1. 1. A response to the offset of light has been detected in most posterior pedal nerves and the pleuro-abdominal connectives in an isolated ganglia preparation of Aplysia . 2. 2. Photoreceptors located in the cerebral ganglion are predominantly responsible for changes in pedal nerve activity following light offset. 3. 3. The cerebro-pleural and pleuro-pedal connectives are essential pathways from cerebral photoreceptors to pedal nerves. 4. 4. These results indicate that cerebral photoreceptors could underlie entrainment of the circadian rhythms of locomotion and nervous activity which have been reported in Aplysia .
Assessment of vapor pressure data of solid metal carbonyls

Abstract The vapor pressure data of solid metal carbonyls have been assessed and compiled using the “Oonk arc representation” (OAR), also called the “ln f representation”. A simple modification is proposed to the existing OAR called the “modified Oonk arc representation” (MOAR), which aids in the visual representation of the vapor pressure data. The solid metal carbonyls chosen for these data assessment do not exhibit any disproportionation: chromium carbonyl (Cr(CO)6), tungsten carbonyl (W(CO)6), osmium carbonyl (Os3(CO)12), molybdenum carbonyl (Mo(CO)6), rhenium carbonyl (Re2(CO)10), and manganese carbonyl (Mn(CO)5) have been evaluated. The sublimation properties using the assessed data (ΔsubG∘, ΔsubH∘ and Δ sub C p , m ∘ ) of these compounds have been evaluated and a discussion on the mutual consistency of various data sets for each compound over a wide range of temperature is presented.
OPCOL: An Optimal Text Collation Algorithm

fifteen years ago (Froger, 1970). The primary method seen in the literature for comparison of the performance of such algorithms has been to code each algorithm in a common language and compare time and space required to execute each of the algorithms on the same machine. Such an approach neglects a more basic method of analysis: determine the dominant factor affecting the performance of virtually all text collation algorithms and then analyze the efficiency of each algorithm with respect to that factor. It is proposed by the author that the number of comparisons between the words of one text and the words of a second text is the dominant factor affecting the efficiency of a collation algorithm. Using the number of word-comparisons as a criterion of efficiency, the algorithms of Gilbert (1973), Cabaniss (1970), and Petty and Gibson (1970) are analyzed. An algorithm, OPCOL, which optimizes efficiency with respect to the number of wordcomparisons, is then described.
The Neuroprotective Effect of Prostaglandin E2 EP1 Receptor Inhibition has a Wide Therapeutic Window, is Sustained in Time and is not Sexually Dimorphic:

We investigated the preclinical characteristics of the neuroprotective effect of the prostaglandin E2 type 1 receptor (EP1) antagonist SC51089 in models of focal cerebral ischemia produced by occlusion of the mouse middle cerebral artery (MCA). We found that systemic administration of SC51089 (5 to 20 μg/kg; i.p.) reduces the brain injury produced by transient (−50% ± 8%; n = 12; P < 0.05) or permanent (−39% ± 7%; n = 12; P < 0.05) MCA occlusion. SC51089 was effective even when administered up to 12 h after ischemia. The protective effect was observed both in male and female mice and was sustained for at least 2 weeks after induction of ischemia. The reduction in injury volume was associated with an improvement in neurological function assessed by the Bederson deficit score, the hanging wire test and the corner test. The data provide proof of principle that EP1 receptor inhibition is a potentially valuable strategy for neuroprotection that deserves further preclinical investigation for therapeutic application in human stroke.
Conjugate addition-dipolar cycloaddition cascade for the synthesis of benzo[a]quinolizine and indolo[a]quinolizine scaffolds: application to the total synthesis of (+/-)-yohimbenone.

A highly efficient total synthesis of (±)-yohimbenone and a formal synthesis of (±)-emetine is described. The key element of the synthesis consists of a conjugate addition−dipolar cycloaddition of 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene with an appropriate oxime. The resulting cycloadducts are cleaved reductively to provide azapolycyclic scaffolds with strategically placed functionality for further manipulation to the target compounds.
REAL-TIME TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR INTRAOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA AND VENA CAVAL EXTENSION UNDERGOING RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY

AbstractPurpose: Vena caval tumor thrombus associated with renal cell carcinoma occurs in 4 to 10% of all renal tumors. There is significant operative morbidity and mortality in removing these tumors. We investigate the use of real-time transesophageal echocardiography intraoperatively and to identify tumor thrombus migration and air embolus, which are 2 potentially fatal complications of this procedure.Materials and Methods: A total of 13 consecutive patients with renal masses and vena caval extension underwent extirpative surgery monitored with real-time transesophageal echocardiography.Results: In 11 cases the involved kidney and tumor thrombus were removed without morbidity and no evidence of tumor migration or air embolus. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a 5 cm. tumor thrombus in the right atrium which was removed by immediate atriotomy in 1 of the remaining 2 cases, and a large volume of air in the right atrium that was percutaneously evacuated in the other. These intraoperative complicati...
Theory of the Motion of an Artificial Earth Satellite

An improved analytical solution is obtained for the motion of an artificial Earth satellite under the combined influences of gravity and atmospheric drag. The gravitational model includes zonal harmonics throughJ 4, and the atmospheric model assumes a nonrotating spherical power density function. The differential equations are developed through second order under the assumption that the second zonal harmonic and the drag coefficient are both first-order terms, while the remaining zonal harmonics are of second order. Canonical transformations and the method of averaging are used to obtain transformations of variables which significantly simplify the transformed differential equations. A solution for these transformed equations is found; and this solution, in conjunction with the transformations cited above, gives equations for computing the six osculating orbital elements which describe the orbital motion of the satellite. The solution is valid for all eccentricities greater than 0 and less than 0.1 and all inclinations not near 0o or the critical inclination. Approximately ninety percent of the satellites currently in orbit satisfy all these restrictions.
Ultrafast magnetophotoconductivity of semi-insulating gallium arsenide

The speed of opto‐electronic switches is increased or decreased by the application of a magnetic field. This is achieved by inducing a carrier drift toward or away from the semiconductor surface, resulting in the enhancement or suppression of surface recombination. We establish that surface recombination plays a major role in determining the speed of the opto‐electronic switch.
The roles of sleep-wake states and brain rhythms in epileptic seizure onset.

> Epilepsy is an illness of various shapes—and horrible. > > —Aretaeus of Cappadocia, ancient Greek physician ([Temkin, 1994][1]) Epilepsy is a collection of syndromes affecting more than 50 million people worldwide ([Annegers, 2001][2]). Seizures are classified as either generalized or focal
A serial minded FFT

An FFT algorithm is presented that can be implemented with serial-access memory. For clarity and insight the emphasis is upon conciseness and illustration rather than shorthand mathematical notation. The algorithm's potential for high-speed implementation is demonstrated by studying variations on the basic algorithm that include both higher radix algorithms and parallel arithmetic unit algorithms. The fact that these sophisticated variations can be seen and understood by inspection of the basic algorithm emphasizes its simplicity. The algorithm is shown very suitable for efficient special-purpose implementation by the functional independence of the transform node from the particular node in the transform or the number of nodes in the transform, i.e., one node in canonical form (for a given radix) represents the entire FFT algorithm. The algorithm is shown to perform variable length transforms at full operational efficiency with minor modification, thus emphasizing its relative versatility. The possibly unexpected conclusion is made that the FFT implementation using parallel arithmetic units is more efficient in terms of speed and probably design effort and hardware, than one using high radix algorithms.
INTERSTITIAL IMMUNE COMPLEX THYROIDITIS IN MICE The Role of Autoantibody to Thyroglobulin

Mice immunized with soluble heterologous thyroglobulins developed autoantibody that cross-reacted with autologous thyroglobulin. There was a direct correlation between the temporal appearance and quantity of serum autoantibody and the presumed in situ formation of immune complexes in the interstitium of the thyroid glands. Immediately after the formation of interstitial immune complexes containing antibody of the IgG complement-fixing type, the thyroids were invaded by a transient but intense neutrophil infiltrate which within 1 wk was replaced by chronic mononuclear elements. By the combination of fluorescence microscopy and autoradiography, thyroglobulin was demonstrated to be one, if not the sole, antigen in the interstitial immune complexes. The interstitial immune complexes were granular to lumpy in appearance and formed at the basal area of the follicular cells in intimate association with the follicular basement membrane. Electron microscopy revealed electron dense deposits, presumably immune complexes, between the follicular basement membrane and the plasma membrane. The presumed in situ formation of immune complexes in this model is similar to that which occurs in the Arthus reaction and is a different mechanism of immune complex injury than that caused by tissue deposition of circulating immune complexes as occurs in serum sickness.
Tunable Visible and Near-IR Emission from Sub-10 nm Etched Single-Crystal Si Nanopillars

Visible and near-IR photoluminescence (PL) is reported from sub-10 nm silicon nanopillars. Pillars were plasma etched from single crystal Si wafers and thinned by utilizing strain-induced, self-terminating oxidation of cylindrical structures. PL, lifetime, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to measure the dimensions and emission characteristics of the pillars. The peak PL energy was found to blue shift with narrowing pillar diameter in accordance with a quantum confinement effect. The blue shift was quantified using a tight binding method simulation that incorporated the strain induced by the thermal oxidation process. These pillars show promise as possible complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible silicon devices in the form of light-emitting diode or laser structures.
Improving robustness of tuned vibration absorbers using shape memory alloys

A conventional passive tuned vibration absorber (TVA) is effective when it is precisely tuned to the frequency of a vibration mode; otherwise, it may amplify the vibrations of the primary system. In many applications, the frequency often changes over time. For example, adding or subtracting external mass on the existing primary system results in changes in the system’s natural frequency. The frequency changes of the primary system can significantly degrade the performance of TVA. To cope with this problem, many alternative TVAs (such as semiactive, adaptive, and active TVAs) have been studied. As another alternative, this paper investigates the use of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) in passive TVAs in order to improve the robustness of the TVAs subject to mass change in the primary system. The proposed SMA-TVA employs SMA wires, which exhibit variable stiffness, as the spring element of the TVA. This allows us to tune effective stiffness of the TVA to adapt to the changes in the primary system's natural frequency. The simulation model, presented in this paper, contains the dynamics of the TVA along with the SMA wire model that includes phase transformation, heat transfer, and the constitutive relations. Additionally, a PID controller is included for regulating the applied voltage to the SMA wires in order to maintain the desired stiffness. The robustness analysis is then performed on both the SMA-TVA and the equivalent passive TVA. For our robustness analysis, the mass of the primary system is varied by ± 30% of its nominal mass. The simulation results show that the SMA-TVA is more robust than the equivalent passive TVA in reducing peak vibrations in the primary system subject to change of its mass.
Ultralow loss fiber advances

Recent realization of ultralow loss pure-silica-core fibers having 0.15dB/km and their manufacturability will be discussed. The fibers have appropriately enlarged Aeff decided from viewpoint of analytically developed fiber figure-of-merit depending on transmission distances.
An integrated design flow for a via-configurable gate array

In This work we present a complete physical design flow for a via-configurable gate array (VCGA). The VCGA is an array of prefabricated logic blocks and fixed metal masks. The block consists of via-configurable functional cells and a via-decomposable flip-flop. An M1-M2 via mask is used to define the block's functionality. Interconnects are customized using via masks. We developed a physical design flow for VCGA, which integrates a set of effective techniques. Here, we highlight the packing, cell-binding, and detailed-routing problems. We use our design flow to compare the VCGA-based and standard-cell/FPGA-based designs. Experimental results show the efficiency of our flow.
Patterns of Recurrence Analysis in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme After Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy With Respect to Pre–Radiation Therapy Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Findings

Purpose: To determine whether the combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) before radiation therapy (RT) is valuable for RT target definition, and to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the current definition of uniform margins by custom-shaped margins based on the information from MRI and MRSI. Methods and Materials: A total of 23 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients underwent MRI and MRSI within 4 weeks after surgery but before the initiation of RT and at 2-month follow-up intervals thereafter. The MRSI data were quantified on the basis of a Choline-to-NAA Index (CNI) as a measure of spectroscopic abnormality. A combined anatomic and metabolic region of interest (MRI/S) consisting of T2-weighted hyperintensity, contrast enhancement (CE), resection cavity, and CNI2 (CNI ≥ 2) based on the pre-RT imaging was compared to the extent of CNI2 and the RT dose distribution. The spatial relationship of the pre-RT MRI/S and the RT dose volume was compared with the extent of CE at each follow-up. Results: Nine patients showed new or increased CE during follow-up, and 14 patients were either stable or had decreased CE. New or increased areas of CE occurred within CNI2 that was covered by 60 Gy in 6 patients and within the CNI2 that was not entirely covered by 60 Gy in 3 patients. New or increased CE resided within the pre-RT MRI/S lesion in 89% (8/9) of the patients with new or increased CE. Conclusion: These data indicate that the definition of RT target volumes according to the combined morphologic and metabolic abnormality may be sufficient for RT targeting.
Effects of triclosan on seed germination and seedling development of three wetland plants: Sesbania herbacea, Eclipta prostrata, and Bidens frondosa.

Three wetland macrophytes, Sesbania herbacea, Bidens frondosa, and Eclipta prostrata, were exposed (0.4–1,000-ppb nominal concentrations) to the antimicrobial triclosan for 28 d in a flow-through system. Sesbania herbacea had decreased seed germination at the 100-ppb exposure level at days 7, 14, and 21, and B. frondosa germination was reduced at the 1,000-ppb exposure level at day 7. Eclipta prostrata germination was unaffected. Seedling effects monitored were total fresh weight, shoot and root fresh weights, root length, and root surface area. Root metrics were most affected by exposure. Total root length was diminished at all exposure levels in S. herbacea and B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb and higher concentrations for E. prostrata. Root surface area decreased at all exposure levels in B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb level and above in S. herbacea and E. prostrata. Root and shoot bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated for S. herbacea and B. frondosa. While BCFs were low in shoots of both species and roots of S. herbacea (<10), they were elevated in B. frondosa roots (53–101). Methyl-triclosan was formed in the system and accumulated in shoot and root tissues of S. herbacea to concentrations that exceeded those of the parent compound. However, methyl-triclosan was nontoxic in an Arabidopsis thaliana enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (the putative enzymatic target of triclosan) assay and did not appear to contribute to the effects of exposure. Two of the three plant species assessed exhibited reduced root systems at environmentally relevant concentrations, raising the concern that wetland plant performance could be compromised in constructed wetlands receiving wastewater treatment plant discharges.
A note on the calculation of some transformation coefficients

This article gives an improved derivation for U(n1 + n2) ⊃ U(n1) × U(n2), SN1+N2 ⊃ SN1 × SN2, and other transformation coefficients by using a series of elementary Racah transformations. These transformation coefficients can be expressed generally in terms of a product of segments containing 6j symbols and easily calculated. Possible segment factors are given in Table I. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An essential role for non-bone marrow-derived cells in control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

MyD88 is an adapter protein required for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by most Toll-like receptors (TLR), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses ligands for multiple TLRs. MyD88−/− (KO) mice are highly susceptible to aerosolized P. aeruginosa, failing to elicit an early inflammatory response and permitting a 3-log increase in bacterial CFU in the lungs by 24 h after infection. We hypothesized that alveolar macrophages are the first cells to recognize and kill aerosolized P. aeruginosa in an MyD88-dependent fashion due to their location within the airways. To determine which cells in the lungs mediate MyD88-dependent defenses against P. aeruginosa, we generated radiation bone marrow (BM) chimeras between MyD88KO and wild-type (WT) mice. MyD88KO mice transplanted with MyD88KO BM (MyD88KO→MyD88KO mice) displayed uncontrolled bacterial replication, whereas all other chimeras controlled the infection by 24 h. However, at 4 h, both MyD88KO→MyD88KO and WT→MyD88KO mice permitted intrapulmonary bacterial replication, whereas MyD88KO→WT and WT→WT mice did not, indicating that the source of BM had little impact on the early control of infection. Similarly, the genotype of the recipient rather than that of the BM donor determined early neutrophil recruitment to the lungs. Whereas intrapulmonary TNF-α and IL-1β production were associated with WT BM, levels of the CXC chemokines MIP-2 and KC as well as GM-CSF were associated with recipient genotype. We conclude that lung parenchymal and BM-derived cells collaborate in the MyD88-dependent response to P. aeruginosa infection in the lungs in mice.
A new thermal measurement technique using nematic liquid crystals with IR laser illumination for visible light emitting devices

We report a new configuration of nematic liquid crystal thermography (NLCT) that uses laser illumination to improve the contrast of thermal images on light emitting devices (LEDs). The wavelength is selected so that the laser light is not absorbed by the device under measurement. The most important application of this new configuration is to measure the junction temperature of light emitting devices. Traditional NLCT cannot be used on light emitting devices because the light emitted by the device overwhelms the light reflected from the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) layer coated on the device surface. Thus, the temperature information carried by the reflected light is lost. Using laser illumination and a color filter, we have made this difficult measurement a reality. This technique is nondestructive and can be performed in real-time during device operation. It has sub-micron spatial resolution and /spl plusmn/1/spl deg/C temperature accuracy. The thermal resistance of LEDs has been measured with this method. The new measurement configuration is a valuable tool for studying the thermal performance of LEDs. It provides the device engineers and physicists additional information to improve device structures and performance.
Improving learning performance through rational resource allocation

This article shows how rational analysis can be used to minimize learning cost for a general class of statistical learning problems. We discuss the factors that influence learning cost and show that the problem of efficient learning can be cast as a resource optimization problem. Solutions found in this way can be significantly more efficient than the best solutions that do not account for these factors. We introduce a heuristic learning algorithm that approximately solves this optimization problem and document its performance improvements on synthetic and real-world problems.
Magnetoencephalographic signals predict movement trajectory in space

Brain-machine interface (BMI) efforts have been focused on using either invasive implanted electrodes or training-extensive conscious manipulation of brain rhythms to control prosthetic devices. Here we demonstrate an excellent prediction of movement trajectory by real-time magnetoencephalography (MEG). Ten human subjects copied a pentagon for 45 s using an X-Y joystick while MEG signals were being recorded from 248 sensors. A linear summation of weighted contributions of the MEG signals yielded a predicted movement trajectory of high congruence to the actual trajectory (median correlation coefficient: r = 0.91 and 0.97 for unsmoothed and smoothed predictions, respectively). This congruence was robust since it remained high in cross-validation analyses (based on the first half of data to predict the second half; median correlation coefficient: r = 0.76 and 0.85 for unsmoothed and smoothed predictions, respectively).
The Transforming Growth Factor-β Type III Receptor Mediates Distinct Subcellular Trafficking and Downstream Signaling of Activin-like Kinase (ALK)3 and ALK6 Receptors

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) signal through the BMP type I and type II receptors to regulate cellular processes, including embryonic development. The type I BMP receptors activin-like kinase (ALK)3 and ALK6 share a high degree of homology, yet possess distinct signaling roles. Here, we report that although the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type III receptor (TbetaRIII) enhanced both ALK3 and ALK6 signaling, TbetaRIII more potently enhanced ALK6-mediated stimulation of the BMP-responsive promoters XVent2 and 3GC2, and up-regulation of the early response gene Smad6. In contrast, TbetaRIII specifically enhanced ALK3-mediated up-regulation of the early response gene ID-1. TbetaRIII associated with ALK3 primarily through their extracellular domains, whereas its interaction with ALK6 required both the extracellular and cytoplasmic domains. TbetaRIII, along with its interacting scaffolding protein beta-arrestin2, induced the internalization of ALK6. In contrast, TbetaRIII colocalized with and resulted in the cell surface retention of ALK3, independently of beta-arrestin2. Although complex formation between TbetaRIII, ALK6, and beta-arrestin2 and TbetaRIII/ALK6 internalization resulted in maximal BMP signaling, the TbetaRIII mutant unable to interact with beta-arrestin2, TbetaRIII-T841A, was unable to do so. These studies support a novel role for TbetaRIII in mediating differential ALK3 and ALK6 subcellular trafficking resulting in distinct signaling downstream of ALK3 and ALK6.