cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of stand-level leaf area for boreal bryophytes.

Bryophytes dominate the carbon and nitrogen cycling of many poorly drained terrestrial ecosystems and are important in the vegetation-atmosphere exchange of carbon and water, yet few studies have estimated their leaf area at the stand scale. This study quantified the bryophyte-specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area index (LAI) in a group of different-aged boreal forest stands in well and poorly drained soils. Species-specific SLA (for three feather mosses, four Sphagnum spp. and Aulacomnium palustre mixed with Tomentypnum nitens) was assessed by determining the projected area using a flatbed scanner and cross-sectional geometry using a dissecting microscope. The hemisurface leaf area was computed as the product of SLA and live biomass and was scaled by coverage data collected at all stands. Pleurozium schreberi dominated the spatial coverage, biomass and leaf area in the well-drained stands, particularly the oldest, while S. fuscum and A. palustre were important in the poorly drained stands. Live moss biomass ranged from 47 to 230 g m−2 in the well-drained stands dominated by feather mosses and from 102 to 228 g m−2 in the poorly drained stands. Bryophyte SLA varied between 135 and 473 cm2 g−1, for A. palustre and S. capillifolium, respectively. SLA was strongly and significantly affected by bryophyte species, but did not vary between stands; in general, there was no significant difference between the SLA of non-Sphagnum mosses. Bryophyte LAI increased with stand age, peaking at 3.1 and 3.7 in the well and poorly drained stands, respectively; this represented approximately 40% of the overstory LAI in the well-drained stands and 100–1,000% in the poorly drained stands, underscoring the important role bryophytes play in the water and carbon budgets of these boreal forests.
Effect of varying periods of cold exposure on the action and metabolism of hexobarbital.

Abstract This study compares the hypnotic effect of hexobarbital with its rate of metabolism in vitro in the rat exposed to cold (5°) for varying periods of time. Whereas the 25° control rats showed a decrease in sleep time that was most pronounced after 1–3 weeks of exposure and which corresponded with an increased rate of metabolism, the cold-exposed rats showed longer sleep times than their age-matched controls as early as 3 days after exposure which persisted for the 7 weeks of the experiment. The rate in vitro of hexobarbital metabolism of the cold-exposed groups did not vary significantly from the zero day control level during the entire experiment. Brain levels of hexobarbital upon awakening were the same for control rats as for rats exposed to 5° for 3 days. A seasonal effect to the hypnosis is suggested, since rats subjected to 3 days of cold exposure in April exhibited a changed dose-response curve from that of their warm controls, but this did not occur for similar groups tested in November.
Socrates and Obedience

Students of Plato have long puzzled over what seems to be a contradiction in the views expressed by Socrates in Apology and Crito. In Apology, Socrates asserts: (I) I shall not give up philosophy, even if the city commands me to doso. (Ap.29d)1 But in Crito, Socrates asserts or implies: (II) Every citizen (including myself) should obey every command of the city. (Cr. 50 a-53 a)2 From these two claims, it follows fairly straightforwardly3 that Socrates will give up philosophy and will not give up philosophy, if the city commands him to give up philosophy. This contradiction4 has called forth two responses from commentators:
Josephson-logic devices and circuits

A review of the recent advances in Josephson logic devices and circuits is presented. The Josephson junction is almost an ideal digital switch exhibiting very abrupt threshold, ultra-high switching speeds (∼10 ps), and very low power dissipation (∼1 µW). Logic devices based on the Josephson junctions combine Josephson junctions with other circuit elements to provide isolation to the input signals as well as to provide higher gain than a single junction. These devices can be classified into two groups, the first group uses magnetically coupled SQUID's (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices) to provide isolation, whereas the second group of circuits utilizes the high-resistance state of a Josephson junction in series with the signal input to provide isolation. Logic circuits based on these two isolation Schemes are compared. In both schemes, higher gains are achieved by the use of either multiple Josephson junctions in parallel or a buffer stage. The buffer stage is a Current-Injection Device (CID) which provides gain and the AND function between the two signal currents injected into it. Some of the unique features of Josephson logic circuits such as terminated superconducting transmission lines, ac power supply, Timed Inverter, and Latch circuits are also examined. The dynamic behavior of the Josephson junctions is modeled by very simple equivalent circuits. The computer simulations based on these models are compared with experiments and found to be in excellent agreement. A family of experimental logic circuits has been designed and experimentally tested using 2.5-µm minimum feature size. These circuits have fully loaded logic delays of about 40 ps/gate and power dissipation of about 4 µW/gate. The gate delays and power-delay products are compared with leading semiconductor technologies.
Conformations of Myosin Subfragment 1 ATPase Intermediates from Neutron and X-ray Scattering

In order to elucidate the structural changes that occur during the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin, low-angle neutron and X-ray scattering have been used to investigate the shape of the myosin head (S1) with various bound nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. It was found that the radius of gyration (Rg) of S1.MgADP.AlF4 and of S1MgADP.Vi were similar and significantly smaller (approximately 3%) than the similar Rg values of nucleotide-free S1, S1.MgADP and S1.MgADP.BeFx. In addition, S1 in the presence of MgATP, which is predominantly in the S1.MgADP.Pi state under the experimental conditions employed, showed a change in Rg comparable with that of S1.MgADP.AlF4 and S1.MgADP.Vi. The results obtained here with BeFx and AlF4 are in close harmony with crystallographic results on truncated S1 bearing MgADP.BeFx and MgADP.AlF4. A. Fisher and co-workers have postulated that these two systems, which exhibit some structural differences, represent the pre-hydrolysis state and the transition state of ATP hydrolysis, respectively. It was postulated that this structural difference might alter the orientation of the light-chain-binding domain (tail) of intact S1 relative to the remainder of the molecule. Since this orientation is the major determinant of the Rg of S1, the current data support the hypothesis that a unitary large-scale conformational cocking of S1 for subsequent force production occurs just before or during ATP hydrolysis. Modeling changes in Rg by rigid-body rotations indicates that the longitudinal component of the force-producing throw is likely to be less than 6 nm.
THE INHIBITION OF MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE. 2. THE EFFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS AND SUGARS.

In order to determine whether the inhibition of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) by alkali metal ions is primarily an electrostatic effect, the action of sugars and amino acids on the ATPase activity of a mitochondrial membrane preparation from rat liver was studied. Sucrose, dextrose, fructose, lactose, arabinose, and raffinose had either no effect on the enzyme or else caused a small inhibition. Neutral amino acids usually caused a small amount of ATPase activation between pH 6 and pH 10. At pH 5.0 the amino acids had either no effect or caused a small amount of inhibition. Between pH 5.0 and pH 10.0, l -glutamic acid and dl -aspartic acid inhibited mitochondrial ATPase. The inhibition increased sharply above pH 8.0 with aspartic acid and above pH 8.5 with glutamic acid. At pH values where basic amino acids are predominantly in the cationic form, l -arginine, l -lysine, and l -histidine inhibited ATPase. it is concluded that certain similarities in ATPase inhibition by alkali metal ions and by amino acids suggest a common mechanism of action, possibly electrostatic, and that the inhibition by an amino acid is correlated directly with the net charge of the amino acid at a given pH.
Torque anomaly in quantum field theory

The expectation values of energy density and pressure of a quantum field inside a wedge-shaped region appear to violate the expected relationship between torque and total energy as a function of angle. In particular, this is true of the well-known Deutsch-Candelas stress tensor for the electromagnetic field, whose definition requires no regularization except possibly at the vertex. Unlike a similar anomaly in the pressure exerted by a reflecting boundary against a perpendicular wall, this problem cannot be dismissed as an artifact of an ad hoc regularization.
Measurement of Renal Function by Radionuclide Disappearance Curves

Reports based on adult patients suggest that either GFR or RPF can be measured accurately from the rate of disappearance of a radionuclide from the blood following a single intravenous injection. Although the advantage of avoiding urine collections in children is obvious, few attempts have been made to validate the method in this age group. Inulin, creatinine, and PAH clearances were performed and compared with simulataneous measurements obtained from iothalamate 125I or orthoiodohippurate 131I disappearance curves calculated as clearances by compartmental analysis (open, two compartment system). The results obtained in 31 patients ranging in age from 18 months to 16 years, with levels of renal function as estimated by CIN between 20 an d 158ml/min/1.73 m2, were: No differences attributable to age or level of function were observed. It appears, therefore, that GFR or RPF can be estimated validly in children using the disappearance of a radionuclide from the blood.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of celiac disease in Downs syndrome in a U.S. study

Celiac disease is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal atrophy of the jejunum on exposure to gluten, a protein found in grains. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of celiac disease in children with Downs syndrome in a U.S.-based Caucasian population. The 97 Downs syndrome children were screened for celiac disease using serum IgA-anti-endomysial antibody testing, which is highly specific and sensitive for the disorder. Children with titers greater than 1:5 (using the IgA endomysial antibody [EMA] test; EMA+) were considered affected. Ten children (10.3%) were EMA+. We examined their HLA DQA1 DQB1 genotype, karyotype, clinical characteristics, and the prevalence of celiac disease in their first-degree relatives. The nine available karyotypes were trisomy 21. Downs syndrome-specific mean height percentile was 64% ± 26% (range <5–99%) and weight percentile was 43% ± 28% (range 5–95%). Presence of diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, and abdominal pain was similar for children with and without celiac disease. Only bloating symptoms were significantly more frequent in those with celiac disease (EMA+). Seven of eight (88%) genotyped EMA+ children had the celiac disease-associated high-risk HLA DQA1*0501 DQB1*0201 genotype as compared with 13/80 (16%) of EMA− children. Five of 48 (10%) first-degree relatives of the celiac disease (EMA+) children were EMA+. In conclusion, celiac disease, as diagnosed by positive endomysial antibody tests, has an increased prevalence in children with Downs syndrome in the U.S. as compared with the general population (1/250). Clinical and growth characteristics do not distinguish between children with and without celiac disease. Based on these observations, it is recommended that children with Downs syndrome be screened for celiac disease. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Applications of Artificial Neural Networks on Ground Vehicle Systems - Modeling and Diagnostics: A Literature Survey

This study reviews progresses on the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in ground vehicle system modeling and diagnostics since 1997. Fundamentals of ANN-based system modeling are laid out, and utilized to frame the review. Areas covered in this research include modeling of vehicle components, prediction of vehicle dynamics, modeling of safety-related driver behaviors and prediction of vehicle rollover, as well as vehicle system prognostics. As this review shows, most applications addressed powertrain system and its components (includes engine, transmission parts such as friction components etc.). Besides characterizing different ANN modeling / prognostic techniques for ground vehicle applications, this study also points out future directions in this area, and serves as the foot step for the future applications of ANNs in ground vehicles.© 2008 ASME
Bell’s theorem with no locality assumption: putting free will at work

We prove a version of Bell’s Theorem which does not assume Locality but instead only the conjunction of a Free Will Principle (so weak that one’s will needs not be free from one’s past) and what we call the Effect After Cause Principle (EACP) according to which for any Lorentz observer the value of an observable measured at (x 0 , t 0) cannot further change to another value at (x 0 , t 0) because of any cause which happens after said observable has been measured at (x 0 , t 0) for that observer, with a similar condition on variables which depend on Realism. Since the EACP, which does not forbid all forms of dependance upon future effects, is compatible both with Locality and with Non-Locality, Locality cannot be considered as the common cause of all the contradictions obtained in all versions of Bell’s Theory. By the very nature of what is a Bell’s Inequality, all versions of Bell’s Theorem assume Weak Realism according to which the value of an observable needed in the discussion of Bell’s Theorem is well defined whenever the measurement could have been made and some measurement is made. This work supports the view that it is Weak Realism, not Locality, which needs to be negated to avoid the contradictions in microscopic Physics associated to Bell’s Theory, at least if one refuses as false the de Broglie-Bohm Hidden Variable theory, e.g., because of its essential violation not only of Locality but also of Lorentz invariance.
LICENSING THE PRESS: THE CAREER OF G. R. WECKHERLIN DURING THE PERSONAL RULE OF CHARLES I

The commitment of Charles I's government to press censorship and the rigour with which that censorship was enforced is the subject of the present essay. In 1627 Georg Rudolph Weckherlin, the Latin secretary to the privy council, became political licenser for the press. Over the next fourteen years he granted eighty-two licences and probably was responsible for many more. Drawing on his two office diaries, his personal correspondence, and the books and pamphlets to which he gave his imprimatur, this essay attempts a small portrait of a ‘royal censor’ in 1630s London. Although he occasionally allowed works implicitly critical of government policy, he appears to have been conscientious in his duties. (At least twice he approached Charles for his opinion about a licence.) Weckherlin's eventual loss of his licensing job to secretary of state Sir Francis Windebank's staff signalled the crown's interest in an even closer watch on printing and publishing. The evidence of Weckherlin's career suggests that in the decade before the Long Parliament Charles increasingly sought to curtail the power of the press.
Friction at a Lubricated Line Contact Operating at Oscillating Sliding Velocities

Although many contacts operate under unsteady loading and sliding conditions, friction behavior under such conditions is still not well understood. In this paper we report on a series of experiments that were run to examine friction-velocity characteristics of line contacts operating under unsteady sliding velocities in the mixed, elastohydrodynamic and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. A periodic, time-varying velocity component was superimposed on a steady sliding speed in such a way that all three lubrication regimes could be covered in a cycle. It was found that as the frequency of oscillation was increased, a multi-valued friction coefficient appeared as a loop about the average (steady state) friction-velocity relation. It is shown that this behavior can be modeled by a characteristic time lag between a changing velocity and the corresponding steady state friction. The latter is described by a single equation that was matched to measured average friction data. In the mixed lubrication regime, which is where this lag most significantly affects friction behavior, the lag time increases with normal load and lubricant viscosity. It is shown that the time shift is not associated with a fixed characteristic distance. The observed delay arises due to entrainment and normal approach, which includes squeeze-films combined with rough surface contact deformations.
CHROMOSOME PULVERIZATION IN MICRONUCLEI INDUCED BY TRITIATED THYMIDINE

Cultures of a pseudodiploid cell line (Don) of Chinese hamster origin were exposed to varying doses of tritiated thymidine (TdR-3H) for relatively long periods of time. In addition to previously observed chromosomal aberrations) such as breaks and reunions, a substantial number of interphasic cells with micronuclei and of metaphases associated with pulverized chromosomes was found; both phenomena were dependent on exposure time to and concentration of TdR-3H. The former phenomenon appeared to result from the effects of the s-emissions originating in the TdR-3H. A possible interpretation for chromosome pulverization induction is presented, emphasizing the derivation of the pulverized material from micronuclei in a common cytoplasm with a metaphase nucleus. These observations further substantiate our previously advanced hypothesis regarding the essential role played by substances present in a mitotic cell in the induction of chromosome pulverization and nuclear membrane dissolution.
Methylmercury alters glutamate transport in astrocytes

Abstract Methylmercury (MeHg) is a significant environmental contaminant that will continue to pose great risk to human health. Considerable attention in the scientific and health policy fora is focused on the question of whether MeHg intake from a diet high in fish is associated with aberrant CNS function. A number of recent studies ( Kjellstrom et al., 1986 : Kjellstrom, T., Kennedy, P., Wallis, S., Mantell, C., 1986. Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage I: preliminary tests at age 4. Solna, Sweden. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board Report 3080, 1989: Kjellstrom, T., Kennedy, P., Wallis, S., Stewart, A., Friberg, L. et al., 1989. Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage II: interviews and psychological tests at age 6. Solna, Sweden. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board Report 3642; McKeown-Eyssen et al., 1983 : McKeown-Eyssen, G., Ruedy, J., Neims, A., 1983. Methylmercury exposure in Northern Quebec II: neurologic findings in children. American Journal of Epidemiology 118, 470–479; Grandjean et al., 1997 : Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sorensen, N., Dahl, R., Jorgensen, P. J., 1997. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 19, 417–428) suggest that fetal exposure at levels attained by mothers eating fish regularly during pregnancy are associated with neurological deficits in their offspring. Astrocytes play a key role in MeHg-induced excitotoxicity. (1) MeHg preferentially accumulates in astrocytes. (2) MeHg potently and specifically inhibits glutamate uptake in astrocytes. (3) Neuronal dysfunction is secondary to disturbances in astrocytes. (4) Co-application of nontoxic concentrations of MeHg and glutamate leads to the typical appearance of neuronal lesions associated with excitotoxic stimulation. (5) MeHg induces swelling of astrocytes. These observations are fully consistent with MeHg-induced dysregulation of excitatory amino acid homeostasis, and indicate that a glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanism is involved. This manuscript details the role of astrocytes in mediating MeHg-induced excitotoxicity, and elaborates on the protective role afforded by metallothioneins (MTs) in attenuating MeHg cytotoxicity.
The Pla protease of Yersinia pestis degrades fas ligand to manipulate host cell death and inflammation.

Pneumonic plague is a deadly respiratory disease caused by Yersinia pestis. The bacterial protease Pla contributes to disease progression and manipulation of host immunity, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. Here we show that Pla degrades the apoptotic signaling molecule Fas ligand (FasL) to prevent host cell apoptosis and inflammation. Wild-type Y. pestis, but not a Pla mutant (Δpla), degrades FasL, which results in decreased downstream caspase-3/7 activation and reduced apoptosis. Similarly, lungs of mice challenged with wild-type Y. pestis show reduced levels of FasL and activated caspase-3/7 compared to Δpla infection. Consistent with a role for FasL in regulating immune responses, Δpla infection results in aberrant proinflammatory cytokine levels. The loss of FasL or inhibition of caspase activity alters host inflammatory responses and enables enhanced Y. pestis outgrowth in the lungs. Thus, by degrading FasL, Y. pestis manipulates host cell death pathways to facilitate infection.
Waste heat disposal from U. S. geothermal power plants--an update

Abstract Dissipation of the heat rejected from geothermal power plants is a major concern because the inherently low efficiencies result in heat rejection rates that are three to four times greater per kW of installed capacity than is typical of fossil- or nuclear-fueled stations. The most cost-effective methods of waste heat dissipation involve the evaporation of water, yet most of the important hydrothermal resources of the U.S. are located in areas where cooling tower makeup water for power plants is in short supply. Flashed-steam power cycles can use condensate derived from the geofluid for tower makeup unless reinjection is necessary, as is already required at some sites. Condensate is not available from binary cycles because the geofluid is reinjected. Geothermal station makeup water requirements have been estimated at 50–100 m 3 /yr per kW of electrical capacity. Some of the more interesting and significant methods that are currently being studied in the U.S. for reducing waste heat dissipation system costs and water consumption are (1) allowing plant power output to vary with ambient conditions, (2) use of ammonia to transport waste heat from the turbine condenser to air-cooled coils, (3) development of a plastic-membrane type wet/dry tower, (4) marketing of steam turbines that can tolerate a wider range of back pressures, (5) use of circulating water storage to delay heat dissipation until more favourable ambient conditions exist, (6) development of tubes with enhanced heat transfer surfaces to reduce condenser capital costs, and (7) use of evaporative condensers to reduce costs in binary cycles. Many of these projects involve large-scale tests that are now installed and producing some preliminary data. Definitive results from some of the tests may not be available until mid-1982 or later.
Azidotetrakis(diarylformamidinate)diruthenium(II,III) Compounds: Synthesis, Molecular Structures and Voltammetric Properties; Linear Free Energy Relationships in Dinuclear Compounds VII*,†

A series of Ru2(DArF)4(N3) compounds have been prepared from the metathesis reaction between Ru2(DArF)4Cl and NaN3, where DArF is diarylformamidinate, and aryl is X–Ph with X as 4-MeO (1), 4-Me (2), H (3), 3-MeO (4), 4-Cl (5), 3-Cl (6), 3-CF3 (7), 4-CF3 (8), 3,4-Cl2 (9) and 3,5-Cl2 (10). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 3 and 10 revealed the expected paddlewheel motif for the first coordination sphere of Ru2 and axial ligation of azide. Voltammetric studies revealed a (quasi)reversible oxidation (A) and a irreversible reduction (B) for all compounds, and a second (quasi)reduction (C) for compounds 6–10. The half-wave potentials of couple A span a remarkable range of 640 mV, and they correlate linearly with the Hammett constant (σ) of the aryl substituent.
A novel solid-angle tomosynthesis (SAT) scanning scheme.

Purpose: Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) recently gained extensive research interests in both diagnostic and radiation therapy fields. Conventional DTS images are generated by scanning an x-ray source and flat-panel detector pair on opposite sides of an object, with the scanning trajectory on a one-dimensional curve. A novel tomosynthesis method named solid-angle tomosynthesis (SAT) is proposed, where the x-ray source scans on an arbitrary shaped two-dimensional surface. Methods: An iterative algorithm in the form of total variation regulated expectation maximization is developed for SAT image reconstruction. The feasibility and effectiveness of SAT is corroborated by computer simulation studies using three-dimensional (3D) numerical phantoms including a 3D Shepp–Logan phantom and a volumetric CT image set of a human breast. Results: SAT is able to cover more space in Fourier domain more uniformly than conventional DTS. Greater coverage and more isotropy in the frequency domain translate to fewer artifacts and more accurately restored features in the in-plane reconstruction. Conclusions: Comparing with conventional DTS, SAT allows cone-shaped x-ray beams to project from more solid angles, thus provides more coverage in the spatial-frequency domain, resulting in better quality of reconstructed image.
Case Method Teaching as Science and Art A Metaphoric Approach and Curricular Application

The following article takes a metaphoric approach to case method teaching to shed light on one of our most important practices. The article hinges on the dual comparison of case method as science and as art. The dominant, scientific view of cases is that they are neutral descriptions of real-life business problems, subject to rigorous analysis. The dormant literary perspective enables us to see cases as incomplete natural narratives, open to multiple and diverse interpretations. By taking a stereoscopic view of case method—as a scientific and literary enterprise—we hone our students' managerial, problem-solving skills and heighten their leadership potential by developing their abilities as critical and creative thinkers. This article describes The Language of Leadership, an upper-level elective course that illustrates the implications of treating case method as science and art.
Forging of liquid and partially solid Sn-15 Pct Pb and aluminum alloys

The possibility of producing simple shaped components from a liquid and partially solid initial charge material in a forging type operation was investigated. Ingots of Sn-15 Pct Pb alloy and aluminum alloys 6061 and A356 were heated to temperatures above the liquidus and in the liquid-solid range. The partially solidified charge materials were previously made in a continuous slurry producer. Sound flange shaped cup parts and unidirectionally solidified cylinders were produced in a 50 ton hydraulic press. Die thermal behavior was experimentally determined from thermocouples located at different distances from the metal-die interface. Measured maximum die temperatures were lower when the initial charge material was partially solid or when applied pressure was reduced. A one dimensional computer heat flow program was developed to simulate heat flow in the cylindrical parts and the steel dies. Correlation of computer predictions and measured temperatures were used to calculate values of the heat transfer coefficients at the metal-die interface prior to and after pressurization. The heat transfer coefficients increase by one order of magnitude or more upon application of 9.1 × 107 Pa pressure. Heat transfer coefficients prior to and after pressurization were 3.4 × 103 and 3.4 × 104 W.m-2.K-1, respectively, for a liquid and 8.4 × 102 and 3.1 × 104 W.m.-2.K-1 respectively, for a 0.5 volume fraction solid charge of A356 aluminum alloy.
Glucose Uptake and Lactate Production in Cells Exposed to CoCl2 and in Cells Overexpressing the Glut-1 Glucose Transporter

Glut-1-mediated glucose transport is augmented in response to a variety of conditions and stimuli. In this study we examined the metabolic fate of glucose in cells in which glucose transport is stimulated by exposure to CoCl(2), an agent that stimulates the expression of a set of hypoxia-responsive genes including several glycolytic enzymes and the Glut-1 glucose transporter. Similarly, we determined the metabolic fate of glucose in stably transfected cells overexpressing Glut-1. Exposure of Clone 9 liver cell line, 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, and C(2)C(12) myoblasts to CoCl(2) resulted in an increase glucose uptake and in the activity of glucose phosphorylation ("hexokinase") and lactate dehydrogenase. In cells treated with CoCl(2), the net increase in glucose taken up was accounted for by its near-complete conversion to lactate. Cells stably transfected to overexpress Glut-1 also exhibited enhanced net uptake of glucose with the near-complete conversion of the increased glucose taken up to lactate; however, the effect in these cells was observed in the absence of any change in the activity of two glycolytic enzymes examined. These findings suggest that in cells in which glucose transport is rate-limiting for glucose metabolism, enhancement of the glucose entry step per se results in a near-complete conversion of the extra glucose to lactate.
General Solutions for Pistonlike Displacement of Compressible Fluids in Porous Media

Exact solutions for the one-dimensional problem of a compressible fluid having a time-dependent pressure at the source (fracture face) and displacing a compressible reservoir fluid are generated. Special solutions for various cases represented by step, step with constant slope front, and sinusoidal pressure variations at the fracture face are derived. Numerical results and trends for fluid interface motion are revealed for selected cases. The applicability of the presented solutions to hydraulic fracturing is discussed. In addition, response solutions for problems in reservoir mechanics, underground coal gasification, and nuclear waste management can be similarly investigated.
Sudden Death and Myocardial Lesions after Damage to Catecholamine Neurons of the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii in Rat

Lesions that remove neurons expressing neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) without removing catecholaminergic neurons lead to loss of baroreflexes, labile arterial pressure, myocardial lesions, and sudden death. Because destruction of NTS catecholaminergic neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) may also cause lability of arterial pressure and loss of baroreflexes, we sought to test the hypothesis that cardiac lesions associated with lability are not dependent on damage to neurons with NK1 receptors but would also occur when TH neurons in NTS are targeted. To rid the NTS of TH neurons we microinjected anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase conjugated to saporin (anti-DBH-SAP, 42 ng/200 nl) into the NTS. After injection of the toxin unilaterally, immunofluorescent staining confirmed that anti-DBH-SAP decreased the number of neurons and fibers that contain TH and DBH in the injected side of the NTS while sparing neuronal elements expressing NK1 receptors. Bilateral injections in eight rats led to significant lability of arterial pressure. For example, on day 8 standard deviation of mean arterial pressure was 16.8 ± 2.5 mmHg when compared with a standard deviation of 7.83 ± 0.33 mmHg in six rats in which phosphate buffered saline (PBS) had been injected bilaterally. Two rats died suddenly at 5 and 8 days after anti-DBH-SAP injection. Seven-treated animals demonstrated microscopic myocardial necrosis as reported in animals with lesions of NTS neurons expressing NK1 receptors. Thus, cardiac and cardiovascular effects of lesions directed toward catecholamine neurons of the NTS are similar to those following damage directed toward NK1 receptor-containing neurons.
Margaret Mead as a Museum Anthropologist

Margaret Mead's museum-related activities involved establishment of a sizable ethnographic collection (particularly during her fieldwork on Manus and in New Guinea), exhibition of these artifacts in her Peoples of the Pacific Hall, and an active concern with conservation and restoration of overall ethnographic research collections. Her attitude toward museums reflected a characteristic blend of the pragmatic and the intensely personal.
No Longer Sojourners: The Complexities of Racial Ethnic Identity, Gender, and Generational Outcomes for Sub-Saharan Africans in the USA

Through individual and group testimonies from newly arrived, 1.5 and second generation sub-Saharan Africans (For this study sub-Saharan African refers to the countries located under Northern African countries, for example, Egypt and Morocco and, includes South Africa. There are over 50 countries represented by this region; however, the most populous groups from this region in Africa in the USA are Nigerian, Ethiopian, Kenyan, Liberian, Ghanaian, Cape Verdean, South African, and Somalian.), the diversity and complexity linked to their migration and integration experiences in the USA reveal that there is a gendered and generational element to their self identity. These elements are compounded by perceptions of being African American in a racialized society and deciding whether or not to stay connected to Africa, a continent that needs their financial, political, and social resources accumulated in the USA These “new” African Americans expand the definition of blackness in the USA. Many have created a transnational relationship to Africa and the USA, which provides important implications for Africa’s potential “brain gain” as well as socioeconomic, infrastructural, and political development.
The evolution of anisotropies in the elastic response of an elastic-plastic material

The problem of determining the change in a material's symmetries as it undergoes an elastic-plastic deformation is considered. This is interpreted as the problem of evaluating the anisotropies of the current elastic response. The discussion is presented in the context of a particular form of constitutive equation which relates the Cauchy stress to the current value of the deformation gradient and a second order tensor quantity which is a function of the defor- mation gradient history. A sufficient condition is established for a transformation to be a ma- terial symmetry transformation of the current elastic response. This condition relates the minimum symmetries of the current elastic response to the initial material symmetry, the given deformation history, and the structure of the constitutive equation.
Overexpression of the human β-amyloid precursor protein downregulates cortistatin mRNA in PDAPP mice

We measured preprocortistatin mRNA expression in young and aged transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing the human β-amyloid precursor protein (hβAPP) under the platelet-derived growth factor-β promoter. Our findings suggest that the significant increase in hippocampal cortistatin mRNA expression during normal aging is significantly attenuated in Tg mice at an age known to exhibit β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition. These deficits in cortistatin expression may play a role in the deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and sleep/wake states previously demonstrated in aged Tg mice.
Getting Older, Getting Wiser? The Impact of Aging on Candidate Evaluation

Domain-specific measures, such as political ideology and sophistication, have been used in models of how citizens evaluate candidates for political office. Non-domain-specific factors, such as age, may have additional explanatory power in models of evaluations and affect the type of information processing strategies employed by citizens. Specifically, the use of person- and issue-based information in evaluation strategies may be affected by the cognitive structure of aging, including the acquisition of person impression skills and resources. We test this hypothesis using the Pooled Senate Election Study (1988–92) and the 1974 American National Election Study. The analysis reveals that younger citizens base their evaluations mostly on issue-based criteria, but as citizens age they add person-based criteria to their evaluations. Implications for decision-making models are discussed.
A FRET-based approach to ratiometric fluorescence detection of hydrogen peroxide.

We report the synthesis, properties, and biological applications of Ratio-Peroxyfluor-1 (RPF1), a new ratiometric fluorescent reporter for hydrogen peroxide. RPF1 is comprised of a two-fluorophore cassette, where the spectral overlap between coumarin donor and fluoran/fluorescein acceptor partners can be controlled by the chemoselective peroxide-mediated deprotection of boronic ester pendants on the acceptor dye. RPF1 features good selectivity for hydrogen peroxide over a variety of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide and nitric oxide, a ca. 8-fold increase in fluorescence intensity ratio (λ517/λ464) upon H2O2 reaction, and excitation and emission profiles in the visible region. Experiments with viable yeast mitochondria show that RPF1 can monitor and quantify endogenous production of H2O2, establishing the potential utility of this approach for probing peroxide biology in living systems.
Sizzled-Tolloid Interactions Maintain Foregut Progenitors by Regulating Fibronectin-Dependent BMP Signaling

The liver, pancreas, and lungs are induced from endoderm progenitors by a series of dynamic growth factor signals from the mesoderm, but how the temporal-spatial activity of these signals is controlled is poorly understood. We have identified an extracellular regulatory loop required for robust bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the Xenopus foregut. We show that BMP signaling is required to maintain foregut progenitors and induce expression of the secreted frizzled related protein Sizzled (Szl) and the extracellular metalloprotease Tolloid-like 1 (Tll1). Szl negatively regulates Tll activity to control deposition of a fibronectin (FN) matrix between the mesoderm and endoderm, which is required to maintain BMP signaling. Foregut-specific Szl depletion results in a loss of the FN matrix and failure to maintain robust pSmad1 levels, causing a loss of foregut gene expression and organ agenesis. These results have implications for BMP signaling in diverse contexts and the differentiation of foregut tissue from stem cells.
Pseudopolyps in ulcerative colitis

The variable appearance of pseudopolyps of the colon in chronic ulcerative colitis has been outlined. A change from one form to another in the life of pseudopolyps is likely to occur.
Nondimensional parameter for conformal grinding: combining machine and process parameters

Conformal grinding of optical materials with CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining equipment can be used to achieve precise control over complex part configurations. However complications can arise due to the need to fabricate complex geometrical shapes at reasonable production rates. For example high machine stiffness is essential, but the need to grind 'inside' small or highly concave surfaces may require use of tooling with less than ideal stiffness characteristics. If grinding generates loads sufficient for significant tool deflection, the programmed removal depth will not be achieved. Moreover since grinding load is a function of the volumetric removal rate the amount of load deflection can vary with location on the part, potentially producing complex figure errors. In addition to machine/tool stiffness and removal rate, load generation is a function of the process parameters. For example by reducing the feed rate of the tool into the part, both the load and resultant deflection/removal error can be decreased. However this must be balanced against the need for part through put. In this paper a simple model which permits combination of machine stiffness and process parameters into a single non-dimensional parameter is adapted for a conformal grinding geometry. Errors in removal can be minimized by maintaining this parameter above a critical value. Moreover, since the value of this parameter depends on the local part geometry, it can be used to optimize process settings during grinding. For example it may be used to guide adjustment of the feed rate as a function of location on the part to eliminate figure errors while minimizing the total grinding time required.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of oral contraceptive agents in the pathogenesis of liver tumors.

Data from the Registry for Liver Tumors Associated with Oral Contraceptives (OCs) involving over 90 patients positively exposed to OCs were collated. Over 75% of patients were less than 35 years old when liver tumors were detected. Exposure to mestranol (ME) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) was disparate. 80% were exposed to ME whereas 17% were exposed to EE. Of 8 progestogens used insOCs 2 predominated; 55% of patients were exposed to norethindrone and 23% to norethynodrel. More than 1/2 of the patients used the pill for over 5 continuous years. Apparently inability to demethylate ME in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes may allow massive accumulation of oncogenic metabolites therefore making this the pharmacogenetic variable in a small number of women. The following effects of synethetic estrogens on liver tumor pathogenesis have been noted: 1) increase of blood factors VII VIII IX and X; 2) decrease in antithrombin III; 3) inhibition of conversion of plasminogen to plasmin;l 4) hypertrophy of arterial walls; 5) thickening of venous walls; 6) neovascular proliferation; 7) loss of vascular elasticity; 8) decreased blood flow; 9) cholestasis; and 10) inducation of liver tumors in rats. The following effects of progestogens on liver have been observed: 1) induction of intracellular enzyme system; 2) cholestasis; 3) induction of liver tumors in male rodents; 4) increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial changes; 5) induction of liver cancer in C-17 alkylated C19 steroids and methyl-testosterone; 6) edema of hepatocytes dilated sinusoids variations of liver cell size in female rats; and 7) peliosis hepatis after exposure to androgenic anabolic steroids. Clinically many tumors areasymptomatic. Pain and palpation of a mass appear late. Pain is usually symptomatic of intralesional hemorrhage rapid expansion of Glissons capsule or liver rupture. Ultrasound and CAT scan are valuable diagnostic measures.
Thermal conductance of epitaxial interfaces

The thermal conductance of interfaces between epitaxial TiN and single crystal oxides is measured at temperatures between 79.4 and 294 K using time-domain thermoreflectance. The analysis method relies on the ratio of the in-phase and out-of-phase signals of the lock-in amplifier for more accurate data analysis. The validity of this approach is tested by measurements on 6.5, 11.8, and 25 nm thick thermally oxidized ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ on Si. The thermal conductances G of TiN/MgO(001), TiN/MgO(111), and ${\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ interfaces are essentially identical and in good agreement with the predictions of lattice dynamics models and the diffuse mismatch model with a four-atom fcc unit cell. Near room temperature, $G\ensuremath{\approx}700{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ $\ensuremath{\approx}5$ times larger than the highest values reported previously for any individual interface.
MR angiography by selective inversion recovery.

A modified inversion-recovery sequence is introduced which performs subtraction angiography by varying time-of-flight effects of blood flowing into an imaged slab. The selective 180° excitation inverts different regions between measurements to isolate arterial and/or venous blood. On normal human subjects, high-resolution carotid artery angiograms have been obtained. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Inclusive and semi-inclusive ϱ0 production in π−p interactions at 15 GeV/c

Abstract We have done an inclusive study of ϱ0 production in π−p interactions at 15 GeV/c. Evidence for two different production mechanisms, in addition to the known quasi two-body processes, is presented: production of ϱ0's in the central region of rapidity similar to the “pionization” region seen in the inclusive studies of pions; and forward production in the beam dissociation region of rapidity. Cross sections and rapidity distributions for the ϱ0 are given inclusively and by topology, and the results are compared with similar studies at other energies and with other incident particles. Results are also presented for the semi-inclusive reaction π−p → pϱ0 + X− and the exclusive final state pπ−ϱ0.
Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Expression of a Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase/Bovine Growth Hormone Gene in Transgenic Mice

Abstract Thyroid hormone (T3) responsiveness of the PEPCK promoterin vivowas examined in both PEPCK/bGH(460) and PEPCK/bGH(335) mouse lines. Transgenic and non-transgenic littermates were treated with methimazole or PTU for 6 or 4 weeks, respectively, then treated ± T3for 10 days. In PEPCK/bGH(460) and PEPCK/bGH(355) transgenic mice, the bGH mRNA was decreased by 65% and 46%, respectively, in hyperthyroid mice when compared to euthyroid controls. Endogenous PEPCK mRNA was decreased by 33% in hyperthyroid non-transgenic mice. The conclusion of this study is that chronic hyperthyroidism in mice inhibits PEPCK-directed expression of the transgene when either the −460/+73 or the −355/+73 promoter/regulatory elements are used.
Advanced practice nurse-directed telephone management of acute pain following pediatric spinal fusion surgery.

PURPOSE. Children undergoing spinal fusion surgery require sophisticated pain management. This study describes an integrated system of pain management primarily directed by an advanced practice nurse (APN), encompassing both the inpatient and outpatient settings. DESIGN AND METHODS. A retrospective chart review was conducted. Pain management and patient education began in the hospital. The APN provided telephone-based follow-up and management after discharge. RESULTS. An average of four phone calls over 9 days was required per patient. No complications were reported. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Results of this study support the APN telephone management of postoperative pain once children are discharged following extensive surgery.