cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the rock scallop (Spondylus calcifer) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) from the Northern Gulf California, Mexico

Twelve microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library of the rock scallop (Spondylus calcifer). One locus was monomorphic. Overall polymorphic loci, the mean numbers of alleles per locus at one locality was 9.6 (range 3–16), and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.650 and 0.707, respectively. Three loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and from these, one locus had and excess of heterozygotes and the other two loci showed deficits of heterozygotes likely due to the presence of null alleles. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found among loci. These loci are the first microsatellites ever reported for the monotypic family Spondylidae, and will be useful to validate the predictions of oceanographic larval transport models and connectivity between patchy reefs within fishing areas and marine reserves in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico.
Exploring an open WiFi detection vulnerability as a malware attack vector on iOS devices

This paper presents a vulnerability on devices running Apple iOS, and can be traced back to iOS 3. First discovered in 2009 on iOS, and again in 2011 on Mac OS X, the vulnerability exists in a feature which seeks to help the device user maintain internet connectivity when attached to open WiFi networks protected by a captive portal. Since many modern applications rely on an internet connection, to alert a user when the connection requires user input to proceed, vulnerable OSs periodically check for a connection to the Apple URL http://www.apple.com/library/test/success.html.
Indentation of an osteochondral repair: sensitivity to experimental variables and boundary conditions

Abstract The sensitivity of the affects of indenter radius, defect depth, cartilage permeability and flow boundary conditions, on the indentation testing of a repairing osteochondral defect was investigated. Since the boundary condition on the flow across the cartilage repair-subchondral bone interface is not known, the effects of two different conditions were investigated: free-flow and no-flow. A poroelastic finite element model of an osteochondral defect at different stages of the repair process was developed using dimensions typical of the rabbit knee. Results showed when the radius of the indenter was much less than the thickness of the cartilage the sensitivity of the indentation displacement to flow boundary conditions decreased. Simulated indentation displacement was insensitive to bone regeneration up to 50% of the initial defect depth, which suggests that only the properties of the material in the upper-half of the defect are being evaluated. Small variations in permeability had little affect on the simulated indentation. In a fully repaired defect, the simulated indentation is independent of the boundary condition. However, while the defect is in the process of repair and the regenerated cartilage is deeper than the host, indentation is sensitive to the flow boundary condition. Based on these results, and feasible experimental conditions, we conclude that the boundary condition on the repair–subchondral bone interface must be known in all cases except when the defect approaches full repair, if accurate estimates of material properties are to be obtained from indentation.
Mediating Effect of Prestige on Occupational Stereotypes

180 undergraduates rated level of aspiration and likelihood of success for male or female targets of high, low, or unknown physical attractiveness possessing masculine, feminine, or androgynous gender characteristics for occupations varying in prestige and gender orientation. Perceived level of aspiration and likelihood of success was influenced by sex of target only for female-oriented occupations. Physical attractiveness increased the perceived likelihood of success in high prestige male-oriented and neutral occupations. Gender characteristics influenced perceived level of aspiration for all high prestige occupations but for only one low prestige occupation. Results are discussed relative to changing stereotypes in today's society.
Efforts to Fulfill the Growing Water Needs of Israelis and Palestinians

A comprehensive analysis that illuminates all of the proposals that have been advanced to address the water crisis facing the Palestinians and the Israelis
INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF METARAMINOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN RAT HEART.

Abstract Studies on the intracellular distribution of norepinephrine (NE) in heart have demonstrated that a large part of endegenous NE is associated with particulate fractions of heart homogenates and that NE taken up from the circulation shows a similar distribution (1). The proportion of total heart NE found associated with particles seems to vary according to the method used for separation of cell constituents (1, 2). While there is general agreement that NE is bound at least in part to cell particles, there remains the question as to the physiological significance of these observations, namely, whether binding to cell particles is necessary for an amine to persist in the tissue. Some indication that this is true may be found in the studies of Mussacchio, et al. (3) showing that tyramine is not particle-bound and, after injection, disappears rapidly from heart; whereas octopamine, the β oxidation product of tyramine, is in part particle-bound and persists for much longer periods. We have investigated this point further by examining the intracellular distribution of metaraminol and related compounds in rat heart after intravenous injection. As shown previously, l -metaraminol ( l -MA) lowers rat heart NE by a mole-for-mole displacement, the synthetic amine persisting in adrenergic nerves for prolonged periods where it acts as a false adrenergic transmitter (4, 5, 6). d -Metaraminol ( d -MA), dl -α-methyl- m -tyramine (MMTA) and the α-ethyl analog of metaraminol, dl -l-(3 hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminobutane (WIN 513), do not lower heart NE levels and are found in heart tissue for only a short time after intravenous injection (4, 7). If only those amines which are bound to cell particles persist in tissues, then one would expect that of the four compounds mentioned above, only l -MA should be particle-bound.
Is galacturonic acid Absorbed by the small and large intestine

ConclusionsLess than 10%, if any, of galacturonic acid, introduced as an isosmotic and isotonic solution, is absorbed from the canine small and large intestine and the human small intestine. Isosmotic galacturonic acid stimulates the secretion of fluid by the small intestine of unanesthetized human and canine subjects.
Data mining for managing stock keeping units

Stock keeping units (SKUs) are compact identifiers representing billable products in the inventory for sale. Merchants often assign SKUs by transforming the text descriptions of the products following various implicit SKU encoding schemes. In the transformation process, the text description of a product is divided into character blocks, some blocks are skipped, and the remaining are abbreviated and aligned into the SKU in a new order. In this paper, we describe an instance-based data mining approach for automatically (i) extracting likely underlying SKU encoding schemes as explicit formal encoding and alignment patterns, (ii) inferring a list of likely SKUs given the text description of a new product, and (iii) inferring a list of likely text descriptions given the SKU of a product with missing text description. We have built a prototype system for testing on real-world datasets, and the empirical results confirm the effectiveness of the approach.
Congestive Cardiomyopathy in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

We present a report of cardiac dilatation and symptomatic congestive heart failure in two patients receiving treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Both patients had previous partial parathyroidectomies and persistent hypocalcemia prior to the development of a congestive cardiomyopathy. The hypocalcemia was unresponsive to treatment with activated vitamin D therapy; however, intravenous replenishment of the ionized serum calcium level was accompanied by improvement in cardiac functional parameters. In one of the two patients, chronic calcium repletion with high dialysate calcium was associated with significant improvement in cardiac symptoms and a decrease in left ventricular dilatation. These observations suggest that partial parathyroidectomy and associated hypocalcemia place patients on CAPD at increased risk of cardiac dysfunction.
Report of TOF for 900 MeV/n Au ions

Abstract We describe a measurement of the time of flight over an 18.5 m path of 900 MeV/n Au ions from the LBL Bevalac. We used two small scintillators viewed by XP2972 photomultiplier tubes without any light guides. The large light output allowed us to attain a resolution of 58 ps in the flight time and an energy resolution of 3 MeV/n. The system is being used in energy loss and machine performance studies.
The correspondence between gravitational attraction and surface displacement due to volume expansion

Summary. It is shown that the formulas for the calculation of surface displacement due to a volume source in a half-space may be derived from a potential of the same form as the gravitational potential. The similarity between these expressions allows the use of methods developed for gravity in the study of surface displacement. As an example of the applicability of the correspondence, an efficient algorithm is developed for the calculation of uplift due to volume expansion within a homogeneous half-space. The method may be generalized to three-dimensional volumes undergoing expansion in a half-space.
Dynamin and endocytosis are required for the fusion of osteoclasts and myoblasts

Cell–cell fusion is an evolutionarily conserved process that leads to the formation of multinucleated myofibers, syncytiotrophoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing their respective functions. Although cell–cell fusion requires the presence of fusogenic membrane proteins and actin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization, the precise machinery allowing cells to fuse is still poorly understood. Using an inducible knockout mouse model to generate dynamin 1– and 2–deficient primary osteoclast precursors and myoblasts, we found that fusion of both cell types requires dynamin. Osteoclast and myoblast cell–cell fusion involves the formation of actin-rich protrusions closely associated with clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the apposed cell. Furthermore, impairing endocytosis independently of dynamin also prevented cell–cell fusion. Since dynamin is involved in both the formation of actin-rich structures and in endocytosis, our results indicate that dynamin function is central to the osteoclast precursors and myoblasts fusion process, and point to an important role of endocytosis in cell–cell fusion.
Osteoporosis in men and women

Osteoporosis is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women as well as men. In both men and women, increasing age and low bone mineral density (BMD) are the 2 most important independent risk factors for an initial vertebral or nonvertebral fracture. Although the prevalence of osteoporosis is greater in women, mortality after fracture is higher among men. In both men and women, the incidence of vertebral fracture increases with age, although the increase is more marked in women than in men. The diagnostic criteria for postmenopausal osteoporosis in women are well established; however, there is ongoing debate about the appropriate T-scores and BMD thresholds to diagnose osteoporosis in men. Alendronate and risedronate are considered first-line therapy for the treatment of both postmenopausal osteoporosis and male osteoporosis. The efficacy and safety of these agents have been evaluated extensively in randomized clinical trials. Studies suggest that these agents are similarly efficacious in men and women. The anabolic agent teriparatide may also be used to treat men with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Studies suggest that treatment with an anabolic agent like teriparatide should be followed by an antiresorptive agent.
ETHICS AND TEACHING THE ART OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE

This article discusses the art of medicine as it relates to effective teaching. Valuable contributions to such teaching are made through applying ethical considerations to situations unique to emergency medicine (EM). Instruction in the less technically tangible aspects of medicine, including patient-centered ethics, communication, interpersonal skill development, and the cultivation of empathy will enhance didactic and clinical curriculums, which is vitally important in producing exemplary physician educators in emergency medicine.
The Influence of Internet-Marketing Integration on Marketing Competencies and Export Performance

Abstract Internet technology is often considered to be fundamentally changing the business paradigm and increasingly integrated into the marketing function. The authors offer a conceptual model linking market orientation, marketing competencies, and export performance and investigate the role of the Internet technology in these relationships. On the basis of an analysis of survey data from 381 manufacturing firms involved in exporting, the authors find that firms’ integration of Internet technology into marketing activities generally leverages the influence of market orientation on the firms’ marketing competencies (compared with competitors), which in turn have a positive impact on their export performance. The authors identify competitive intensity, firm size, and degree of export dependence as additional moderating variables.
Vehicle detection and classification in shadowy traffic images using wavelets and neural networks

A vision-based traffic surveillance processor is being developed at JPL. This processor uses innovative image segmentation and classification techniques for vehicles in freeway images, including those with large shadows. These results enable the computation of many useful traffic parameters. A wavelet-based algorithm has been developed for vehicle detection and segmentation. Specifically, two types of mother wavelet has been created and tested: the first for shape-size discrimination of vehicles from their background; and the second for locating where vehicles join their shadows, thus enabling segmentation of the vehicles from their shadows. Combining these two wavelets enables robust segmentation of vehicles from busy freeways. This method reduces the false-alarm rate in vehicle counts, since shadows are no longer mistaken for vehicles. We use neural networks for vehicle classification. To reduce system complexity and training time, we use, as preprocessors, several feature extraction methods, such as invariant-moment and Hermite-moment computations. This preprocessing enables orders of magnitude reductions in training time and a great increase in classification accuracy.
A TWO MICRON ALL SKY SURVEY VIEW OF THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY. III. CONSTRAINTS ON THE FLATTENING OF THE GALACTIC HALO

M giants selected from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) have been used to trace streams of tidal debris apparently associated with the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr) that entirely encircle the Galaxy. While the Sgr M giants are generally aligned with a single great circle on the sky, we measure a difference of 104 ± 26 between the mean orbital poles of the great circles that best fit debris leading and trailing Sgr, which can be attributed to the precession of Sgr's orbit over the range of phases explored by the data set. Simulations of the destruction of Sgr in potentials containing bulge, disk, and halo components best reproduce this level of precession along the same range of orbital phases if the potential contours of the halo are only slightly flattened, with the ratio of the axis length perpendicular to and in the disk in the range q = 0.90-0.95 (corresponding to isodensity contours with qρ ~ 0.83-0.92). Oblate halos are strongly preferred over prolate (qρ > 1) halos, and flattenings in the potential of q ≤ 0.85 (qρ ≤ 0.75) and q ≥ 1.05 (qρ ≥ 1.1) are ruled out at the 3 σ level. More extreme values of q ≤ 0.80 (qρ ≤ 0.6) and q ≥ 1.25 (qρ ≥ 1.6) are ruled out at the 7 and 5 σ levels, respectively. These constraints will improve as debris with larger separation in orbital phases is found.
The spectra of argon, krypton, and xenon between 1.2 and 2.2 microns.

The spectrum of argon, krypton, and xenon excited by a repetitive condenser discharge method has been studied in the near infra-red region. The use of this method of excitation and a large infra-red spectrograph using a lead sulfide detector reveals about 170 new lines in these gases. About three-fourths of the lines are classified by known terms of the normal atom.Some anomalies of spectra excited by the repetitive condenser discharge method are mentioned.
Analyzing end-to-end network reachability

Network security administrators cannot always accurately tell which end-to-end accesses are permitted within their network, and which ones are not. The problem is that every access is determined by the configurations of multiple, separately administered, components. As configurations evolve, a small change in one configuration file can have widespread impact on the end-to-end accesses. Short of exhaustive testing, which is impractical, there are no good solutions to analyze end-to-end flows from network configurations. This paper presents a general technique to analyze all the end-to-end accesses from the configuration files of network routers, switches and firewalls. We efficiently analyze certain state-dependent filter rules. Our goal is to help network security engineers and operators quickly determine configuration errors that may cause unexpected behavior such as unwanted accesses or unreachable services. Our technique can be also be used as part of the change management process, to help prevent network misconfiguration.
Microstructure evolution in dry–wet cast polysulfone membranes by cryo-SEM: A hypothesis on macrovoid formation

Abstract Time-sectioning cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was introduced in an earlier publication as a technique to directly visualize wet microstructures. In this work, the evolution of an asymmetric membrane microstructure of dry–wet cast (phase inversion) polysulfone solution coatings is methodically captured using cryo-SEM. The images show that the as-deposited, homogeneous coating (predecessor of the membrane) partially phase separates into a dispersion of droplets during the brief initial drying step, and then, on immersion in a coagulant, skins at the free surface and undergoes complete phase separation below, first by nucleation and growth, rapidly followed by partial coalescence into bicontinuous, open-celled structures. The phase-separated region is two-tiered consisting of an intermediate fine-scaled layer lying above a thicker and coarser layer. The membranes also display disproportionately large voids called macrovoids. Cryo-micrographs suggest that macrovoids in phase-separating coatings form due to a unique network instability triggered by successive tensile ruptures of the gelled polymer-rich network. In this wet cast process, a hypothesis is developed showing how (i) build-up of compressive pressure in pores and tensile stress in the network from overall swelling and local syneresis, (ii) vertical rupture (normal to substrate), (iii) stress localization, (iv) post-rupture relaxation and (v) plausible horizontal ruptures may cause this network instability and drive convective flows from adjacent pores into the growing void. Mathematical analysis of stress development and supporting cryo-micrographs of a dry cast process are also included in appendices.
Microwave-stimulated Chemical Fixation of Whole Eyes

Background: Microwave-stimulated chemical fixation has been used successfully to rapidly prepare nonocular tissue for processing and paraffin embedding. Method: This same technique was adapted to fix whole eyes using a common domestic microwave oven. Histologic sections were compared with sections from globes that were fixed in a traditional manner. Results: Histologic sections and histochemical and immunohistochemical staining of eyes treated with microwave-stimulated chemical fixation in 10% neutral-buffered formalin were comparable in quality to eyes fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin at room temperature for 48 hours. Conclusion: Because microwave irradiation accelerates the most time-consuming part of preparing whole eyes for light microscopy, the technique enhances laboratory efficiency. The technique is particularly well suited for ensuring adequate fixation of globes when histologic diagnosis is needed in less than 48 hours.
Cesium fluoride mediated intramolecular conjugate-addition reactions of alpha sulfonyl ester to enones and alpha-chloroenones

Abstract Cesium fluoride is a useful catalyst to effect the intramolecular conjugate-addition of alpha-sulfonyl esters to enones; similar reaction with alpha-chloroenones provides fused cyclopropane adducts.
Adaptive interference mitigation techniques for femtocells

Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) comprising of Macro and Femto stations are very promising to increase indoor coverage and throughput of the future cellular networks. In this paper, we characterize the interference environment of the Femto HetNets based on the Femto dual strip deployment model. We show that the Macro Indoor subscribers or User Equipments (UEs), who are not associated with Femto stations (FSs), are the victim UEs. Motivated by this performance degradation, we propose three interference mitigation (IM) techniques. The first technique turns off the interfering FSs in some of the available time-frequency resource blocks (RBs) to free these RBs to be utilized by the Macro UEs. The second technique applies adaptive multi-user zero-forcing (A-MUZF) scheme causing zero interference to the Macro Indoor UEs. The third scheme applies power control in addition to either A-ICIC or A-MUZF. Via Extensive system level simulations (SLS), we show that the proposed schemes significantly improve the performance of the Macro Indoor UEs, while maintaining the high throughput achieved by the FSs.
Enzymic synthesis of peptide bonds. IX. Protease-catalyzed reactions of glycine-containing benzoyldipeptides with aniline and with glycinanilide

Abstract The protease-catalyzed reactions of a series of glycine-containing benzoyldipeptides with aniline and glycinanilide have been investigated. When glycine was adjacent to the benzoyl group in the carboxoid reactant, a transamidation reaction was observed. When the glycine residue was C-terminal, a direct coupling reaction occurred. The theoretical implications of these results have been discussed.
A comparison of bivalve (Calyptogena magnifica) growth at two deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific

Abstract Analyses of specimens of a common deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve, Calyptogena magnifica, from two hydrothermal vent sites in the eastern Pacific, have been utilized to develop a mathematical model of the growth of this species based on accurate measurements of: (1) in situ rates of dissolution of the aragonitic outer granular shell layer; and (2) the thickness of the outer shell layer remaining at any given point in time at various distances from the umbo. The model permits the variances of each independently measured variable to be combined into a final confidence limit on age at a given size, making possible statistical comparisons of the calculated parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation. This model, in turn, provides a powerful tool for quantifying temporal and spatial variability in rates of biological processes both within and between deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Ontogenetic growth curves for C. magnifica specimens at both hydrothermal sites suggest that growth rates of this species are several orders of magnitude greater than those reported for the one bivalve (Tindaria callistiformis) analysed to date from a deep-sea, non-vent habitat. These data provide additional evidence that biological processes at submarine hydrothermal vents along the mid-oceanic ridge system proceed at rates that are extremely rapid for a deep-sea environment and are comparable with those from some shallow water temperate environments. Rates of shell dissolution decreased markedly with increasing distance from vent fluids. In a 20 cm distance spanning 10 cm into a bivalve assemblage atop an active vent at Rose Garden (Galapagos Rift) to 10 cm outside the assemblage, dissolution rates of the outer granular layer of C. magnifica declined 100-fold (from 355.4 to 3.5 μm y−1, respectively) in in situ exposures of approximately 210 days. At distances ranging from 1 to 6 m away from active vent sites, no measurable thickness (
The Intermediate Value Theorem for Polynomials over Lattice‐ordered Rings of Functions

The classical intermediate value theorem for polynomials with real coefficients is generalized to the case of polynomials with coefficients in a lattice-ordered ring that is a subdirect product of totally ordered rings. Several candidates for a generalization are investigated, and particular attention is paid to the case when the lattice-ordered ring is the algebra C(X) of continuous real-valued functions on a completely regular topological space X. For all but one of these generalizations, the intermediate value theorem holds only if X is an F-space in the sense of Gillman and Jerison. Surprisingly, for the most interesting of these generalizations, if X is compact, the intermediate value theorem holds only if X is an F-space and each component of X is an hereditarily indecomposable continuum. It is not known if there is an infinite compact connected space in which this version of the intermediate value theorem holds.
Photopolymerization kinetics of ionic liquid monomers derived from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines and acid‐containing (meth)acrylates

Polymerizable ionic liquids were synthesized from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines (tributylamine, trihexylamine, trioctylamine, 2-(dimethyl-amino)ethyl acrylate, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and acid-containing (meth)acrylates to study the kinetics of their photopolymerization. The ionic liquids formed from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid with trialkylamines showed low or moderate increases in rate compared to their monofunctional analogues. The ionic liquids formed from (meth)acrylic acid and a tertiary amine with a pendant acrylate exhibited rates typical of traditional di(meth)acrylates, although the (meth)acrylates were not covalently attached to the same molecule. All of the phosphate-based ionic liquids exhibited very rapid polymerization rates and strong dependence on the initial viscosity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3009–3021, 2007
Equivalent Structural Equation Models: A Challenge and Responsibility

Relevant aspects of the example provided by Raykov and Marcoulides (2001) are emphasized, specifically the distinctiveness of infinitely many members of its sequence of equivalent structural equati...
Nonobservable space dimensions and the discreteness of time

Abstract We present a simple dynamical system model for the effect of nonobservable space dimensions on the observable ones. There are three premises. A: Orbits consist of flows of probabilities [Ilya P. The end of certainty. NY: The Free Press; 1996] (which is the case in the setting of quantum mechanics). B: The orbits of probabilities are induced by (continuous time) differential or partial differential equations. C: The observable orbit is a flow of marginal probabilities where the nonobservable space dimensions are averaged out. A theorem is presented which proves that under certain general conditions the transfer of marginal probabilities cannot be achieved by continuous time dynamical systems acting on the space of observable variables but can be achieved by discrete time dynamical systems.
X rays from microstructured targets heated by femtosecond lasers

We have demonstrated efficient conversion of ultrashort-pulse laser energy to x rays with energies above 1 keV, using laser-produced plasmas generated on a variety of microstructured surfaces. Lithographically produced grating targets generated 0.1 mJ of kilo-electron-volt x rays, and porous gold and aluminum targets emitted 1 mJ. This represents an improvement of a factor of 100 over flat targets. The K-shell emission spectrum of porous aluminum was composed primarily of heliumlike spectral lines.
Power spectra of solar convection

The properties of convective motions on the sun are studied using Kitt Peak Doppler images and power spectra of convection. The power peaks at a scale of about 29,000 km and drops off smoothly with wavenumber. There is no evidence of apparent energy excess at the scale of the mesogranulation proposed by other authors. The vertical and horizontal power for each wavenumber are obtained and used to calculate the vertical and horizontal velocities of the supergranulation. The amplitude of vertical and horizontal velocities of the supergranulation are 0.034 (+ or - 0.002) km/s and 0.38 (+ or - 0.01) km/s, respectively. The corresponding rms values are 0.024 (+ or - 0.002) km/s and 0.27 (+ or - 0.01) km/s.
A method for counting mitochondria in tissue homogenates

Abstract A method has been developed for counting unfixed, unstained mitochondria directly in mouse liver homogenates by using a Petroff-Hausser bacteria counting chamber and the phase microscope. Aliquots of whole homogenate were suitably diluted in 0.125 M sucrose solution before counting. An average of 8.7 × 1010 mitochondria was found to be present in each gram of fresh C3H mouse liver. Statistical evaluation of mitochondrial counts from homogenates of 10 C3H mouse livers showed that the mitochondria in the counting chamber followed Poisson distribution and that there was negligible variation in the counts between chambers. Some error was introduced when successive dilutions were made and counted from the same homogenate, but the greatest variance was found to occur between different homogenates. A formula is presented by means of which the error in mitochondria counts can be calculated when comparisons are to be made either within a single homogenate or between two or more homogenates. Further experiments, in which homogenates of different concentration and of the same concentration were prepared from the same batches of tissue, showed that the difference between homogenates was due largely to animal variation and not to an inability to homogenize tissues reproducibly. These experiments also showed that it was possible to obtain the same degree of cell rupture in homogenates of tissue concentration varying from 5 to 20 per cent. Some possible applications of the method are discussed.
Space Station Power System Autonomy Demonstration

The Systems Autonomy Demonstration Program (SADP) represents NASA's major effort to demonstrate, through a series of complex ground experiments, the application and benefits of applying advanced automation technologies to the Space Station project. Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) will first jointly develop an autonomous power system using existing Space Station testbed facilities at each center. The subsequent 1990 power-thermal demonstration will then involve the cooperative operation of the LeRC/MSFC power system with the Johnson Space Center (JSC's) thermal control and DMS/OMS testbed facilities. The testbeds and expert systems at each of the NASA centers will be interconnected via communication links. The appropriate knowledge-based technology will be developed for each testbed and applied to problems requiring intersystem cooperation. Primary emphasis will be focused on failure detection and classification, system reconfiguration, planning and scheduling of electrical power resources, and integration of knowledge-based and conventional control system software into the design and operation of Space Station testbeds.
Is Noninvasive Testing for Coronary Artery Disease Accurate

Since the measuring device has been constructed by the observer . . . we have to remember that what we observe is not nature in itself but nature exposed to our method of questioning. Werner Karl Heisenberg Physics and Philosophy, 1958 Diagnostic testing forms an important component of cardiovascular medicine, such that optimal practice requires detailed knowledge of how to use and interpret tests. Methods of describing test performance, such as sensitivity and specificity, are widely used with the assumption that they are fairly constant descriptors of the ability of a given test result to detect the presence or absence of disease. Unfortunately, while such concepts are fundamental, accurate assessment of test performance is far more complex, and many factors significantly affect test performance. In the initial evaluation of a test, investigators often assess its performance by comparing results in populations with very low and very high likelihoods of disease—such as healthy volunteers and afflicted patients. The test in question appears to be an excellent discriminator, although the clinically relevant question of correctly classifying a patient with an intermediate probability of disease has not been addressed. Nevertheless, the published results will indicate very high sensitivity and specificity of the test. However, in subsequent test assessments based on wider use of the test in less clearly segregated populations, they appear to plummet.1 The accuracy of the test has not changed; rather, the population referred for testing has. Thus, apparent test performance can be altered by referral patterns or pretest selection bias. Related to this is the influence of disease prevalence in the population examined. This traditional bayesian consideration is well recognized and can dramatically affect the accuracy of a given test result so that the positive predictive value of a test declines as the disease prevalence decreases in the population under study …
Information networking as an instrument of sustainable development

This report reviews novel initiatives for improving the content of information on sustainable development and novel initiatives for increasing access to this information with an emphasis on outreach to rural areas. Improving information content and improving the outreach of the network are the two key elements of any successful communications project. The combination of communications services and other development activities create an opportunity for co-capacity building in that the implementation of one builds capacity for more successful implementation of the other. The co-capacity building of energy and communications services is considered. Integrating connectivity, content, and capacity-building initiatives in a decentralized network for exchange of information on sustainable development can result in greater progress than can improvement of each of the parts.
Benign familial neonatal convulsions; psychosocial adjustment to the threat of recurrent seizures

Forty families have experienced benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) since it was first described by Rett and Teubel in 1964. [Rett, A. and Teubel, R. Neugeborenen Krampfe im Rahmen einer epileptisch belasten Familie. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1964; 76: 609-613.] Diagnosis is based on a benign neonatal course, family history, and seizures which usually end spontaneously by six months of age. The absence of subsequent epilepsy makes BFNC a retrospective diagnosis. Consequently there is a considerable length of time during which parents may anxiously follow their child's development. We describe a child with BFNC whose family has experienced five generations of BFNC yet chose to react to the myths and misconceptions of epilepsy and circumvent updated experience supported by the recent medical literature. We have identified three areas in which appropriate physician intervention and patient education may reduce the magnitude of psychosocial disruptions: at the initial seizure, during childrearing and parenting, and in preparation of the patient for future independent decision making. By recognizing the magnitude of social, psychological, and economic disruptions affecting the child and family and by addressing communication issues during the initial diagnosis and follow-up period, we maximize our opportunity to break the cycle of mis-information and anxiety surrounding "benign' seizures.
Thermal effects in HBT emitter resistance extraction

It is shown that device self-heating effects introduce a significant error in the determination of emitter resistance in AlGaAs-GaAs HBTs by the common technique of extrapolating 1/g/sub m/ against 1/l/sub c/ (where g/sub m/ is the observed device transconductance). An approximate expression for the error is given, and an improved technique for R/sub e/ extraction is presented.
Determination of the D2 parameter for (d, 3He) reactions

Abstract Angular distributions of the cross section and analyzing powers have been measured for the 63 Cu ( d , 3 He ) 62 Ni ground-state transition at deuteron energies of 9 and 12MeV. The tensor analyzing power measurements allow one to determine the value of a parameter, D 2 , which is sensitive to the D-state components of the 3 He wave function. The deduced D 2 value is approximately 20% larger than the best available values for the (d, t) reaction.
Role of Glycine on the Depressed Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Hypothermic Newborn Piglets ♦ 1781

Role of Glycine on the Depressed Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Hypothermic Newborn Piglets ♦ 1781
PEQI-based environmental predictors of the residential satisfaction of older women

The residential environment occupies a special place in the lives of older adults, and satisfaction with the residential environment has been linked with general psychological well-being among the elderly. While older residents may be especially sensitive to environmental conditions, few studies have established strong empirical linkages between objective residential variables and subjective satisfaction with living units (LUs) and local areas (LAs). The purpose of this study is to explore critical issues in environmental assessment using a case study sample of 88 elderly female residents. Alternative techniques for defining multi-item variables are discussed, including a multiple regression process employing Perceived Environmental Quality Indices (PEQIs) as initial criteria. In the case study, the PEQI-based scaling technique was used to develop 26 environmental variables representing objective resource attributes of LUs and LAs. Twelve of the fifteen environmental scales at the LU level were significantly correlated with general living unit satisfaction, and seven of the eleven environmental scales at the LA level were significantly correlated with general satisfaction with the local area. Multiple regression analyses using the PEQI-based variables explained 31% of the variance in LU satisfaction and 20% of the variance in LA satisfaction after controlling for personal characteristics of residents. Interpretation and application of the environmental scales for assessing residential settings are discussed. Although qualified in their generalizability, positive results of the case study support further development and validation of the PEQIbased scaling technique.
Electric-quadrupole lines of Mo XVI.

Spectra of moderately ionized molybdenum atoms were excited in the TEXT tokamak at Austin, Texas. Photographic observations were made with a 2.2-m grazing-incidence spectrograph in the range 40\char21{}300 \AA{}. Improved wavelengths were obtained for five electric-quadrupole (E2) lines of Mo xvi of the type 3${\mathit{d}}^{9}$-3${\mathit{d}}^{8}$4s lying in the region 51\char21{}55 \AA{}. Semiempirical calculations of the wavelengths and transition probabilities confirm the existing identifications of these lines. The transition from the lowest level of 3${\mathit{d}}^{8}$4s, ${(}^{3}$${\mathit{F}}_{4}$,1/2${)}_{9/2}$, to the 3${\mathit{d}}^{9}$ $^{2}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$ ground state was found to be anomalously strong. This is thought to be a consequence of the very low density and low electron energy of our plasma and suggests the possibility of using this line as a plasma diagnostic device.
Multilayer coating design achieving a broadband 90° phase shift

For nonnormal incidence angles, it has been shown that the polarization state may be controlled through the use of specially designed multilayer coatings. An optimization technique has been used to determine layer thicknesses for a coating design that produces a 90 degrees phase shift between the p- and s-polarization components over a wavelength range of Deltalambda/lambda(0) = +/-5% while maintaining high reflectivities for both components. A tolerance analysis indicates that the coating layers must be deposited within +/-1% to achieve a +/-3 degrees phase shift error over the spectral range of the design.
Workers' central life interests and personality characteristics☆

Abstract Industrial workers who perceive work as their central life interest (CLI) also describe themselves as having a higher level of decisiveness, initiative, and supervisory ability than workers with other CLI orientations. Workers with CLI orientations in nonwork institutions have the lowest scores on decisiveness, need for occupational achievement, and initiative, and the highest need for job security, of the groups studied. Workers with no anchored CLI had the highest need for self-actualization and need for occupational achievement, of all groups. These personality characteristics are seen as consistent with the CLI orientations of individual workers, suggesting that the personality does “fit” some institutional setting, but not necessarily all those in which the individual functions.
Adoption of Information Technology Under Network Effects

Because information technologies are often characterized by network effects, compatibility is an important issue. Although total network value is maximized when everyone operates in one compatible network, we find that the technology benefits for the users depend on vendor incentives, which are driven by the existence of “de facto” or “de jure” standards. In head-to-head competition, customers are better off “letting a thousand flowers bloom,” fostering fierce competition that results in a de facto standard if users prefer compatibility over individual fit, or a split market if fit is more important. In contrast, firms that sponsor these products are better off establishing an up-front, de jure standard to lessen the competitive effects of a network market. However, if a firm is able to enter the market first by choosing a proprietary/incompatible technology, it can use a “divide-and-conquer” strategy to increase its profit compared with head-to-head competition, even when there are no switching costs. When there is a first mover, the early adopters, who are “locked in” because of switching costs, never regret their decision to adopt, whereas the late adopters, who are not subject to switching costs, are exploited by the incumbent firm. In head-to-head competition, customers are unified in their preference for incompatibility when there is a first mover; late adopters prefer de jure compatibility because they bear the brunt of the first-mover advantage. This again underscores the interdependence of user net benefits and vendor strategies.
Synthetic organohalides in the sea.

The environmental behaviours of the heavier halogenated hydrocarbons such as DDT and its residues and the polychlorinated biphenyls are known in general form. One unexpected aspect involved their atmospheric transport in the vapour phase about the Earth. Although the production and use of these compounds has been restricted in some northern hemispheric nations, there appears to be a continuing steady use of DDT in the world as a whole, but with a decided shift southwards. As a consequence of their alleged impacts upon living systems, of their continued movements about the surface of the Earth, of their persistance in the environment and of their high rates of production, there is still a continuing need to study these compounds and other synthetic organic halogenated hydrocarbons in our surroundings and their involvements with life processes.
Estimating the Relation between Health and Education: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?.

Abstract The empirical link between education and health is firmly established. Numerous studies document that higher levels of education are positively associated with longer life and better health throughout the lifespan. But measuring the causal links between education and health is a more challenging task. Aside from the typical econometric concerns about measurement error, functional form, and sampling properties, measuring the causal impact of education on health is confounded by the likely causal effect of health on education, and vice versa. Concerns about ‘missing’ variables that affect both the accumulation of human capital and the health capital – such as measures of individual discount rates – also make causality difficult to measure. Despite the difficulties, there has been a marked surge over the last decade in the number of empirical studies attempting to estimate the causal links between education and health. This survey reviews recent empirical evidence on the topic. Following the bifurcation in the literature, we split the survey into two pieces. First, we review the evidence of the effect of education on health. The vast majority of work in this area focuses on schooling up through college and its effect on adult health, including longevity. Second, we review the evidence of the effect of health on education, including health shocks in the womb and their effects on educational attainment. Rather than attempting a comprehensive review, our focus is to highlight relatively recent research.
Pyromancy: Reading Stories in the Flames

A consensus history of fire in the United States has emerged over the past decade. It correctly identifies fire suppression's liabilities, while probably over-enthusing about fire-science capabilities. What it lacks, however, is a context of the subject's larger, braided narratives. There is, first, the grand story of fire on Earth. Quite apart from active suppression, open fire is disappearing in competition with industrial combustion. Second, there is the peculiar narrative of the public lands, the prime domain for wildland fires. These lands, and the institutions for their management, are rapidly changing. They began as "imperial" institutions, but now are devolving, privatizing, and otherwise decolonizing. Fire will change with those reforms. Third, there is a national narrative, currently obsessed with the collision of the wild and the exurban. This will probably pass within 520136 years. Finally, there is the evolving narrative of how we imagine fire. We need a truly biological theory of fire, one in which we can flourish as unique fire creatures.