cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A game theoretical data replication technique for mobile ad hoc networks

Adaptive replication of data items on servers of a mobile ad hoc network can alleviate access delays. The selection of data items and servers requires solving a constrained optimization problem, that is in general NP-complete. The problem is further complicated by frequent partitions of the ad hoc network. In this paper, a mathematical model for data replication in ad hoc networks is formulated. We treat the mobile servers in the ad hoc network as self-interested entities, hence they have the capability to manipulate the outcome of a resource allocation mechanism by misrepresenting their valuations. We design a game theoretic "truthful" mechanism in which replicas are allocated to mobile servers based on reported valuations. We sketch the exact properties of the truthful mechanism and derive a payment scheme that suppresses the selfish behavior of the mobile servers. The proposed technique is extensively evaluated against three ad hoc network replica allocation methods: (a) extended static access frequency, (b) extended dynamic access frequency and neighborhood, and (c) extended dynamic connectivity grouping. The experimental results reveal that the proposed approach outperforms the three techniques in solution quality and has competitive execution times.
Dopamine or opioid stimulation of nucleus accumbens similarly amplify cue-triggered ‘wanting’ for reward: entire core and medial shell mapped as substrates for PIT enhancement

Pavlovian cues [conditioned stimulus (CS+)] often trigger intense motivation to pursue and consume related reward [unconditioned stimulus (UCS)]. But cues do not always trigger the same intensity of motivation. Encountering a reward cue can be more tempting on some occasions than on others. What makes the same cue trigger more intense motivation to pursue reward on a particular encounter? The answer may be the level of incentive salience (‘wanting’) that is dynamically generated by mesocorticolimbic brain systems, influenced especially by dopamine and opioid neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at that moment. We tested the ability of dopamine stimulation (by amphetamine microinjection) vs. mu opioid stimulation [by d-Ala, nMe-Phe, Glyol-enkephalin (DAMGO) microinjection] of either the core or shell of the NAc to amplify cue-triggered levels of motivation to pursue sucrose reward, measured with a Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) procedure, a relatively pure assay of incentive salience. Cue-triggered ‘wanting’ in PIT was enhanced by amphetamine or DAMGO microinjections equally, and also equally at nearly all sites throughout the entire core and medial shell (except for a small far-rostral strip of shell). NAc dopamine/opioid stimulations specifically enhanced CS+ ability to trigger phasic peaks of ‘wanting’ to obtain UCS, without altering baseline efforts when CS+ was absent. We conclude that dopamine/opioid stimulation throughout nearly the entire NAc can causally amplify the reactivity of mesocorticolimbic circuits, and so magnify incentive salience or phasic UCS ‘wanting’ peaks triggered by a CS+. Mesolimbic amplification of incentive salience may explain why a particular cue encounter can become irresistibly tempting, even when previous encounters were successfully resisted before.
Wet deposition of mercury at a New York state rural site: Concentrations, fluxes, and source areas

Abstract Event-based mercury (Hg) precipitation samples were collected with a modified MIC-B sampler between September 2003 and April 2005 at Potsdam, NY to investigate Hg in wet deposition and identify potential source areas using the potential source contribution function (PCSF) and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC) models. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration and wet deposition flux were 5.5 ng L - 1 and 7.6 μ g m - 2 during the study period, and 5.5 ng L - 1 and 5.9 μ g m - 2 in 2004, respectively, and show seasonal trends with larger values in the spring and summer. The PSCF model results matched known source areas based on an emission inventory better than did the RTWC results based on the spatial correlation index. Both modeling results identified large Hg source areas that contain a number of coal-fired power plants located in the Upper Ohio River Valley and in southeastern Michigan, as well as in Quebec and Ontario where there are metal production facilities, waste incinerators and paper mills. Emissions from the Atlantic Ocean were also determined to be a potential source.
Contemporary outcomes of vertebral artery injury

Objective Vertebral artery injury (VAI) associated with cervical trauma is being increasingly recognized with more aggressive screening. Disparate results from previous literature have led to uncertainty of the significance, natural history, and optimal therapy for VAI. Methods To understand the natural history and treatment outcomes from our experience, we performed a retrospective, single-center review from a level I trauma center for the previous 10 years of all VAI. Injuries were identified from search of an administrative trauma database, a resident-run working database, and all radiology dictations for the same period. All VAI were classified according to segmental involvement, Denver grading scale, and laterality. Analysis of associated injuries, demographics, neurologic outcome, mortality, length of stay, treatment plan, and follow-up imaging was also performed. Results Fifty-one patients with VAI were identified from 2001 to 2011 from a total of 36,942 trauma admissions (0.13% incidence). Associated injuries were significant with an average New Injury Severity Score of 29.6. Penetrating trauma occurred in 14%. Cervical spine fracture was present in 88% with VAI. Diagnosis was obtained with computed tomographic angiography (CTA) in 95%. Screening was prompted by injury pattern or high-risk mechanism in all cases. Injuries classified according to the Denver grading scale were grade I = 24%, grade II = 35%, grade III = 4%, grade IV = 35%, and grade V = 2%. Distribution across segments included V1 = 18%, V2 = 67%, V3 = 31%, and V4 = 6%. Only one posterior circulation stroke was attributable to VAI. Overall mortality was 8%, with each mortality being associated with significant other organ injuries. Treatment rendered for VAI was antiplatelet therapy (50%), observation (31%), warfarin (17%), and stent (2%). There were no significant differences between treatment groups on any variable with the exception of body mass index ( P = .047). Follow-up was obtained for 13% (n = 6) of survivors. The CTA demonstrated injury stability in four patients and resolution in two patients. Accuracy of the administrative trauma database was 53% compared with 96% for the resident-run working database. Conclusions Neurologic sequelae attributable to VAI were rare. Grade of VAI or vertebral artery segment did not correlate with morbidity. We did not observe any differences in short-term outcomes between systemic anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Of those patients seen at follow-up, injury resolution or stability was documented by CTA. A conservative approach with either observation or antithrombotic therapy is suggested. If the natural history of VAI includes a very low stroke rate, then therapies with a lower therapeutic index, such as systemic anticoagulation, in the severely injured trauma patient are not supported. Our search strategy urges awareness of the limitations of administrative databases for retrospective vascular study.
Axon Regeneration in Goldfish and Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells: Differential Responsiveness to Carbohydrates and cAMP

Mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) do not normally regenerate their axons through an injured optic nerve, but can be stimulated to do so by activating macrophages intraocularly. In a cell culture model of this phenomenon, we found that a small molecule that is constitutively present in the vitreous, acting in concert with macrophage-derived proteins, stimulates mature rat RGCs to regenerate their axons if intracellular cAMP is elevated. In lower vertebrates, RGCs regenerate their axons spontaneously in vivo , and in culture, the most potent axon-promoting factor for these cells is a molecule that resembles the small vitreous-derived growth factor from the rat. This molecule was isolated chromatographically and was shown by mass spectrometry to be a carbohydrate. In agreement with this finding, d-mannose proved to be a potent axon-promoting factor for rat RGCs (ED 50 ∼10 μm); this response was cAMP-dependent and was augmented further by macrophage-derived proteins. Goldfish RGCs showed far less selectivity, responding strongly to either d-mannose or d-glucose in a cAMP-independent manner. These findings accord well with the success or failure of optic nerves to regenerate in higher and lower vertebrates in vivo . The axon-promoting effects of mannose are highly specific and are unrelated to energy metabolism or glycoprotein synthesis.
Paraphrasing and prediction with self-explanation as generative strategies for learning science principles in a simulation

This study examined the incorporation of generative strategies for the guided discovery of physics principles in a simulation. Participants who either paraphrased or predicted and self-explained guided discovery assignments exhibited improved performance on an achievement test as compared to a control group. Calibration accuracy (the correspondence between judgments of performance and actual performance) was also improved for the two generative strategy groups. The thoroughness of generative content and quality of self-explanations significantly predicted test performance. In regards to cognitive load, participants who predicted and self-explained reported significantly higher levels of mental effort, decreased levels of confidence, and higher levels of frustration compared to those in other treatments. The improvement in learning by the two generative strategy groups is consistent with the generative model of learning describing the importance of knowledge construction.
Decoupling optical function and geometrical form using conformal flexible dielectric metasurfaces.

Physical geometry and optical properties of objects are correlated: cylinders focus light to a line, spheres to a point and arbitrarily shaped objects introduce optical aberrations. Multi-functional components with decoupled geometrical form and optical function are needed when specific optical functionalities must be provided while the shapes are dictated by other considerations like ergonomics, aerodynamics or aesthetics. Here we demonstrate an approach for decoupling optical properties of objects from their physical shape using thin and flexible dielectric metasurfaces which conform to objects’ surface and change their optical properties. The conformal metasurfaces are composed of silicon nano-posts embedded in a polymer substrate that locally modify near-infrared (λ=915 nm) optical wavefronts. As proof of concept, we show that cylindrical lenses covered with metasurfaces can be transformed to function as aspherical lenses focusing light to a point. The conformal metasurface concept is highly versatile for developing arbitrarily shaped multi-functional optical devices.
Future of Summary Judgment Foreword: Summary Judgment and the Influence of Federal Rulemaking

This essay provides an overview of symposium articles on The Future of Summary Judgment that were submitted in connection with the Section on Litigation’s program on summary judgment at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools. Contributions to the symposium by Professors Edward Brunet, Stephen Burbank, Jeffrey Cooper, Steven Gensler, and Linda Mullenix explore issues regarding (1) amendments to Federal Rule 56 that are set to take effect on December 1, 2010; (2) emerging safeguards to prevent improvident grant of summary judgment; (3) the potential of summary judgment to impact interrelated aspects of the pretrial process, including the 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss and class action litigation; and (4) the future of the federal standard for summary judgment in diversity cases. Although the articles explore a wide range of issues relating to summary judgment, a dominant subtext is the interplay between summary judgment and federal rulemaking, including the impact of federal rulemaking on summary judgment, the effect of the transsubstantive assumption of the Rules Enabling Act, and the limits of the substantive rights prohibition of the Rules Enabling Act. The essay discusses also (1) how failure to amend Rule 56, absent consensus, leads to substantial variation in summary judgment practice in the federal courts because federal rulemakers respond to lack of consensus by abandoning proposed Rule change or by providing broad discretion to trial judges regarding normative decisions; and (2) how the justices’ views on the importance of uniform application of Federal Rules in diversity cases led to the splintered decisions in the Supreme Court’s recent Erie decision, Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Insurance Co.
Index Option Expirations and Market Volatility

This study examines the implied volatility expiration week effect using intra-day bid and ask quotes on S&P 100 index options and intra-day returns on the underlying index. By using a time series model to construct a measure of unexpected variance, we show that only expiring index options exhibit an unanticipated increase in volatility during expiration weeks. We also find significant buy order imbalances for expiring options during the last week of trading that are strongly correlated with the excess volatility implied by the option prices. These findings suggest that the cash-settlement of OEX options contracts and the risk of assignment during expiration weeks may explain the observed presence of excess index option implied volatility during expiration weeks.
Influence of Filament and Substrate Temperatures on Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of Narrow Gap a-SiGe:H Alloys Deposited by Hot-Wire CVD

We have found that narrow-bandgap—1.25 < Tauc Gap < 1.50 eV—amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) alloys grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (hot-wire CVD) can be improved by lowering both substrate and filament temperatures. We systematically study films deposited using a one-tungsten filament, decreasing filament temperature (Tf) from our standard temperature of 2150° down to 1750°C, and fixing all other deposition parameters. By decreasing Tf at the fixed substrate temperature (Ts) of 180°C, the Ge-H bonding increases, whereas the Si-H2 bonding is eliminated. Films with higher Ge-H bonding and less Si-H2 have improved photoconductivity. For the series of films deposited using the same germane gas fraction at 35%, the energy where the optical absorption is 1x104 (E04) drops from 1.54 to 1.41 eV with decreasing Tf. This is mainly due to the combination of an increasing Ge solid fraction (x) in the film, and an improved homogeneity and compactness due to significant reduction of microvoids, which was confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We also studied a series of films grown by decreasing the Ts from our previous standard temperature of 350°C down to 125°C, fixing all other deposition parameters including Tf at 1800°C. By decreasing Ts, both the total hydrogen content (CH) and the Ge-H bonding increased, but the Si-H2 bonding is not measurable in the Ts range of 180°-300°C. The E04 increases from 1.40 to 1.51 eV as Ts decreased from 350° to 125°C, mainly due to the increased total hydrogen content (CH). At the same time, the photo-to-dark conductivity ratio increases almost three orders of magnitude over this range of Ts.
Residential Air Conditioners: U.S. Experience and Possible Extensions to the Global Market

Residential air conditioners consist of two general types; room and central equipment. Room air conditioners are intended to cool rooms or small spaces while central systems are designed to condition an entire building.
Sum frequency mixing of frequency modulated laser radiation

Radiation with a high frequency density has been generated by sum frequency mixing the output of two frequency modulated lasers. This radiation may be useful for efficient excitation of a Doppler broadened atomic vapor.
On the Value of Mathematics (Books)

(1982). On the Value of Mathematics (Books) Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 98-103.
The Detection and Identification of Pictorial Changes between Successive Presentations

The present research examines the abilitv to detect and identify particular changes between successive pictorial scenes. This investigation focussed on two particular types of change in complex black and white pictures: the addition of objects or patterns, or the deletion of similar objects or patterns in a successivly presented picture. In Experiment 1, additions were found to be more easilv identified than deletions but only for pattern changes and not for objects. This difference decreased in magnitude with a longer interval between pictures of a pair. A potential problem with this experiment is that subjects were required to report five changes per picture pair and systematic output competition effects may have interacted with picture memory as a function of delav. In Experiment 2 the picture pairs contained only one change. The results showed that additions were more often detected than deletions and object changes more often than pattern changes. A planned comparison revealed that the detection of p...
Analytical description of the dispersion relation for phase resonances in compound transmission gratings

An analytical approach is used to describe the dispersion of phase resonances occurring between waveguide cavity modes in compound transmission gratings. The strongly enhanced evanescent fields associated with the phase resonances are used to derive an approximate closed-form equation for the dispersion of phase resonances. The equation that is derived predicts the dependence of the frequencies and dispersion of the phase resonances on structural feature sizes, material parameters, and the momentum of the phase resonance. This analytical description is compared to results obtained by using a rigorous coupled wave algorithm. This equation allows one to design a compound transmission grating that supports phase resonances with particular properties, such as resonant frequencies and momenta. Applications of the phase resonances to high-finesse electromagnetic filters and corrugated surface antennas are discussed.
Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroids to Laboratory and Field Populations of the Tobacco Budworm in Central Texas

Populations of Heliothis virescens (F.) collected in cotton fields in Central Texas in 1978 and 1979 showed ca. 6-fold tolerance to permethrin and 2-fold tolerance to fenvalerate in comparison with a previously tested laboratory strain of this species. Similar levels of tolerance occurred to pyrethroid:chlordimeform combinations. The tolerance present in the 1978 field-collected insects disappeared within 10 generations in the laboratory. Thus, the apparent “tolerance” of the field collected insects to pyrethroids may only reflect differences associated with laboratory rearing of the budworm and not acquired resistance.
Nearly 200 X-Ray Crystal Structures of Transthyretin: What Do They Tell Us About This Protein and the Design of Drugs for TTR Amyloidoses?

Transthyretin (TTR), a β-strand rich tetrameric protein present in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid is involved in the transport of thyroxine and retinol binding protein:retinol complex (holo-RBP). TTR forms two T4 binding sites at the center of the dimer-dimer interface and contains holo-RBP binding sites on both faces of the tetramer. Dissociation of TTR tetramers followed by misfolding and misassembly results in amyloid fibril formation, the causative agent of four neurodegenerative diseases. Misfolding of wild type TTR in humans over 60 years of age is linked to a sporadic amyloid disease called senile systemic amyloidosis. Single point mutations enhance the amyloidogenicity of TTR, causing familial amyloid cardiomyopathy, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and central nervous system selective amyloidosis. To date, nearly 200 X-ray crystal structures of TTR and their complexes have been solved. They have provided potential insights into its structure-function relationships with molecular partners, and its interactions with small molecule ligands that inhibit tetramer destabilization and amyloid formation. This review will focus on the key findings of the structural studies of TTR that provided atomic level description of its architecture, the mechanistic role of structural components involved in its function and misfolding, and the progress and limitations towards the design of selective inhibitors for TTR amyloidoses.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for open-heart surgery

A randomized, prospective study of the relative effectiveness of broad-spectrum versus specific antistaphylococal antibiotic prophylaxis in patients having open-heart surgery was performed between May, 1972, and June, 1973. All patients undergoing open-heart surgery was assigned randomly (by hospital number) to receive either methicillin or cephalothin beginning the night before operation. There were 132 patients in the cephalothin group and 129 in the methicillin group. There was no statistically significant differences in age or duration of hospitalization, cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary tract drainage, or postoperative fever. There was a significant difference in the ratio of male to total patients (cephalothin group, 0.67; methicillin group, 0.52; p less than 0.02) and duration of operation (cephalothin group, 4.27 hours; methicillin group, 3.87 hours; p less than 0.05). The methicillin group had a statistically significant higher rate of urinary tract infection (cephalothin group, 3 cases; emthicillin group, 22 cases, p less than 0.05), pneumonia (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 9 cases; p less than 0.01), and episodes of sepsis and prosthetic valve endocarditis (cephalothin group, no cases; methicillin group, 11 cases, p less than 0.001). The incidence of wound infections and positive blood cultures from blood obtained immediately after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass was not significantly different between the two groups. Cephalothin has replaced methicillin as the routine prophylaxis for open-heart surgery at our institution.
Components of Catastrophe: Social and Environmental Consequences of Omo River Basin Development

The Gibe III dam and its associated agricultural development would cause radical reduction of Omo River flow and inflow to Lake Turkana, as well as elimination of the Omo River annual flood—all essential to the survival of a half million residents of the lower Omo basin and the Lake Turkana region. These major changes would destroy the Omo riverine natural resource systems—eliminating ‘last resort’ grazing lands for livestock, flood recession agriculture and fishing habitats throughout the lowermost Omo basin. The impending destruction of indigenous survival systems is heightened by the Ethiopian government’s expropriation of tens of thousands of villagers for large-scale, irrigated commercial agricultural enterprises, accompanied by political repression of communities through-out the region. Pastoralists and fishers residing near the western shoreline of Kenya’s Lake Turkana also face economic collapse—primarily due to radical lake level drop causing destruction of fish habitat, lakeside grazing for livestock and potable water. As in the lower Omo basin, these conditions would produce massive scale hunger along with widespread disease. Rapid escalation of armed conflict in the cross-border region would ensue as ethnic groups battle over vanishing food sources.
Enantioselective photochemistry through Lewis acid–catalyzed triplet energy transfer

Relatively few catalytic systems are able to control the stereochemistry of electronically excited organic intermediates. Here we report the discovery that a chiral Lewis acid complex can catalyze triplet energy transfer from an electronically excited photosensitizer. We applied this strategy to asymmetric [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of 2′-hydroxychalcones, using tris(bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) as a sensitizer. A variety of electrochemical, computational, and spectroscopic data rule out substrate activation by means of photoinduced electron transfer and instead support a mechanism in which Lewis acid coordination dramatically lowers the triplet energy of the chalcone substrate. We expect that this approach will enable chemists to more broadly apply their detailed understanding of chiral Lewis acid catalysis to stereocontrol in reactions involving electronically excited states.
External facelist calculation with data-parallel primitives

External facelist calculation on three-dimensional unstructured meshes is used in scientific visualization libraries to efficiently render the results of operations such as clipping, interval volumes, and material boundaries. With this study, we consider the external facelist algorithm on many-core architectures. We design and introduce two novel approaches, one based on sorting and one based on hashing. Both of these algorithms consist entirely of data-parallel primitive operations, in an effort to achieve portable performance across different architectures. We study the performance of the algorithms via experiments varying over data set, hardware, and other factors. Overall, we observe that the hashing-based implementation achieves better runtime performance for the majority of configurations, while also achieving the most-stable performance on highly unstructured data sets.
Development of Ovarian Responsiveness: Follicle Maturation and Luteinization

ABSTRACT Although granulosa cells may be isolated by simple expression from Graafian follicles, the viability and functional activities of the resulting cells have been markedly enhanced by incubating ovaries sequentially in EGTA and hypertonic sucrose prior to expression. It is believed that this treatment gently dissociates interconnecting gap junctions and thereby reduces the extent of cellular disruption that usually results from expression. By incubating the cells with [35S]-methionine at various times after injecting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and then subjecting cellular homogenates to two dimensional electrophoresis, it was found that hCG-induced luteinization is accompanied by changes in synthesis of specific proteins, and that these changes occur prior to the onset of morphologic signs of luteinization. To obtain information on the fate of hCG bound to the granulosa cells, we labeled the non-identical subunits with different radioisotopes of iodine, and demonstrated that the dual labeled hormone was biologically active. The particulate fraction of granulosa cells showed a preferential retention of the beta subunit-associated radioactivity that was not seen in any other target or non-target control tissues. We conclude that a portion of the beta subunit of hCG is selectively retained by luteinizing granulosa cells. Whether or not this retention is causally related to the onset of luteinization remains to be determined.
Increasing Perioperative Communication with Automated Mobile Phone Messaging in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Automated mobile phone messaging has not been reported in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Our purpose was to compare Press Ganey (PG) and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) scores between TJA patients who did and did not receive perioperative automated mobile phone messages. Methods Patients were prospectively enrolled and received messages for 1 week prior until 2 weeks after TJA. Message content included reminders, activity, and pain control. Patients answered select PG/HCAHPS and questions regarding their experience with the automated communication platform. Average PG/HCAHPS scores were compared to historical TJA patients in the 3-year window prior (control group) with significance P Results Thirty-seven consecutive patients were approached and 92% (n = 34) were enrolled. The experimental group was 47% male, with 80% patients between 51 and 75 years. The experimental (n = 30) and control groups (n = 26) were similar. Patients receiving messages were more likely to have a good understanding of health responsibilities (P = .024) and feel that the care team demonstrated shared decision-making (P = .024). Of patients enrolled, 87% felt messages helped them be more prepared for surgery, 100% felt messages kept them better informed, and 97% would participate again. Conclusion TJA patients who received perioperative communication via automated mobile phone messaging had improved patient satisfaction scores postoperatively. Patients perceived this form of communication was useful and kept them better informed. Automated mobile phone messaging can be an easily integrated, helpful adjunct to surgeons, healthcare systems, and case managers to more effectively communicate with patients undergoing TJA in this era of value-based care.
Does Diplomacy Foster MNE Transparency? The Moderating Role of Geopolitical Capital

This paper investigates the extent to which multinational enterprises (MNEs) use transparency as a non-market strategy to manage political hazards abroad. I propose the degree to which MNEs sacrifi...
Metabolism and disposition of 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate following oral gavage and dermal exposure in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice and in hepatocytes in vitro.

1. 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is commonly used as an ingredient in sunscreens, resulting in potential oral and dermal exposure in humans. 2. Clearance and metabolism of EHMC in hepatocytes and disposition and metabolism of EHMC in rodents following oral (8-800 mg/kg) intravenous (IV) (8 mg/kg) or dermal (0.8-80 mg/kg representing 0.1-10% formulation concentration) exposure to [14C]EHMC were investigated in rats and mice. 3. EHMC was rapidly cleared from rat and mouse hepatocytes (half-life ≤3.16 min) and less rapidly (half-life ≤48 min) from human hepatocytes. 4. [14C]EHMC was extensively absorbed and excreted primarily in urine by 72 h after oral administration to rats (65-80%) and mice (63-72%). Oral doses to rats were excreted to a lesser extent (3-8%) in feces and as CO2 (1-4%). Radioactive residues in tissues were <1% of the dose. There were no sex or species differences in disposition in rats. 5. Following dermal application, 34-42% of an 8-mg/kg dose was absorbed in rats, and 54-62% in mice in 72-h. 6. Among numerous urinary metabolites associated with hydrolysis of the ester, two potential reproductive and developmental toxicants, 2-ethylhexanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were produced by metabolism of EHMC.
The Recording and Reuse of Psychosocial Information in Care

Abstract We conducted a field-based, ethnographic study at a large teaching hospital to examine doctors' use and documentation of patient care information, with a special focus on a patient's psychosocial information. We were particularly interested in the gaps between the medical work and representations of the patient. This chapter describes how doctors record this information for immediate and long-term use. We found that doctors documented a considerable amount of psychosocial information in their electronic health record systems; however, we also observed that such information was often recorded too selectively to be effectively reused later. Our study shows how missing or problematic representations of a patient's motivations or social setting affect clinical work activities and patient care. We accordingly suggest that medical systems can be made more useful in the long run by supporting representations of both medical processes and patients.
Only the HLA class I gene minimal promoter elements are required for transactivation by human cytomegalovirus immediate early genes

The immediate early (IE) genes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are expressed in lymphocytes and are known to transactivate both viral and cellular promoters. The mechanism by which IE gene products of HCMV transactivate expression of the HLA A2 gene promoter in Jurkat cells, a T-lymphocyte cell line, was investigated. Transient expression assays were performed using plasmids containing the HLA A2 promoter-regulatory region linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and a plasmid expressing the CMV IE genes. The upregulation of the HLA A2 promoter by HCVM IE gene products was shown not to be secondary to either interferon-gamma or -alpha. Previously described MHC class I regulatory or enhancer elements such as the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), NF-kappa B and H2TF1 binding sequences, and the interferon consensus sequence (ICS) were not required for transactivation of the A2 promoter. Rather, the only known regulatory elements in the HLA A2 promoter necessary for both basal expression and transactivation by HCVM IE gene products are the CCAAT box and TATA box motifs. These results support a model in which HCVM IE gene products act through the minimal HLA A2 promoter elements to increase gene expression.
Perturbative Expansions and Critical Phenomena in Random Structured Media

We present constructive solutions for the effective properties for three problems in the field of random structured media. They are all based on truncated series and on a constructive investigation of their behavior near divergence points where the physical percolation or phase transitions occur. (1) Effective conductivity of 2D conductors with arbitrary contrast parameters is reconstructed from the expansion at small concentrations and of the critical behavior at high concentrations. (2) Effective shear modulus of perfectly rigid spherical inclusions randomly embedded into an incompressible matrix is reconstructed given its expansion at small concentrations and critical behavior. In addition, the critical index S of super-elasticity is estimated. (3) We also employ a truncated Fourier expansion to study spontaneous directional ordering in models of planar fully-connected suspensions of active polar particles. The main result is the discovery of a discontinuous, abrupt transition from an ordered to a disordered state. It is a macroscopic effect caused by a mesoscopic self-quenching noise. The relaxation time remains finite at the critical point, therefore the effect of self-quenching is to strongly suppress the critical slowing down and improve the reaction time to external stimuli.
Abstract 9976: Human Atrial Fibrillation Initiates by Formation of a Dominant Spiral Wave at the Site Where Triggers Cause Dynamic Conduction Slowing

Introduction Triggers may initiate human atrial fibrillation (AF), but by unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that triggers would dynamically slow atrial conduction velocity, to enable the formatio...
Reproductive Outcomes Among Women with Eating Disorders or Disordered Eating Behavior: Does Methodological Approach Shape Research Findings?

Abstract Background: There is a well-documented link between eating disorders (EDs) and adverse health outcomes, including fertility difficulties. These findings stem largely from clinical data or ...
Evaluation of a new T2 Magnetic Resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples.

Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast whose recent emergence is of increasing public-health concern. C. auris can colonise multiple body sites, including patients' skin, and survive for weeks in the health care environment, facilitating patient-to-patient transmission and fueling health care-associated outbreaks. Rapid and accurate detection of C. auris colonisation is essential for timely implementation of infection control measures and to prevent transmission. Currently, axilla/groin composite swabs, used to assess colonisation status, are processed using a culture-based method that is sensitive and specific but requires 14 days. This delay limits the opportunity to respond and highlights the need for a faster alternative. The culture-independent T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR) system is a rapid diagnostic platform shown to detect target pathogens of interest from unprocessed blood samples in <5 hours. In this study, a new C. auris-specific T2 assay was evaluated for screening of the skin surveillance samples. Inclusivity and limit of detection of the T2 C. auris assay were assessed with spiked samples in a representative skin flora background. The T2 C. auris assay recognised isolates from each of the 4 known clades of C. auris and consistently detected cells at 5 CFU/mL. Finally, 89 clinical axilla/groin swab samples were processed with the T2 C. auris assay. The culture-based diagnostic assay was used as a gold standard to determine performance statistics including sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.98). Overall, the T2 C. auris assay performed well as a rapid diagnostic and could help expedite the detection of C. auris in patient skin swabs.
p53: Guardian of the Metabolome

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is critically important for the maintenance of genetic integrity and is thought to accomplish this, following cellular perturbation, by the regulation of transcription of genes whose protein products execute cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptotic programs. However, new evidence links p53 to homeostatic and stress-induced regulation of metabolic processes, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, nucleotide biosynthesis, and maintenance of the levels of reactive oxygen species. These functions suggest a role for p53 in the control of cellular proliferation and protection against DNA damage of normally growing cells reacting to the changes in nutrient availability and intracellular redox status. Better understanding of the connection between p53 and metabolic pathways could lead to a fuller picture of the metabolic control of normal cellular growth and further elucidate the mechanism of oncogenic transformation.
Psychotic and Affective Disorders

Approximately 64–68 % of EEGs in psychiatric patients can provide evidence of abnormal electrical activity (Hughes and John 1999). The issue is finding out what such deviations mean diagnostically and therapeutically. Other than an abnormality pointing to a medical condition like epilepsy or encephalopathy, most of the EEG changes described in both schizophrenia and affective spectrum disorders do not carry specific diagnostic value by today’s classification systems. Hence, the elucidation and characterization of sEEG abnormalities in both psychotic and affective disorders remain rudimentary and in need of much more systematized effort. As has now been mentioned few times, much work exploring EEG deviations in these disorders utilizing the power of computer analytic technology has been published and continues to expand. The focus of the current chapter is on sEEG deviations and possible significance as well as work that remains to be performed.
Intracellular Hemoglobin S Polymerization and the Clinical Severity of Sickle Cell Anemia

Recent work has enabled us to quantitate the four variables (2,3-DPG concentration, pHi, non-S hemoglobin composition, and O2 saturation) that modulate the equilibrium solubility (csat) of Hb S inside sickle erythrocytes (SS RBCs). Using measured values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), 2,3-DPG concentration, and %Hb (F+A2), along with estimates of pHiand the Δcsat due to partial oxygenation of SS RBCs in the microcirculation, we calculated the mean polymer fraction (fp) in erythrocytes from 46 SS homozygotes. Values of fp derived from the conservation of mass equation ranged from 0.30 to 0.59. MCHC and %Hb F were major determinants of the magnitude of fp; 2,3-DPG concentration and pHialso contributed, but to a lesser extent. A clinical severity score (CSS) was assigned to each patient based on mean hospitalization rate. There was a weak, but statistically significant, negative correlation between fp and steady state hematocrit ( P = .017), but none between fp and whole blood hemoglobin concentration ( P = .218). Although there was no correlation between fp and mean number of hospitalization days per year, patients with the greatest number of admissions and hospitalization days were found only among those who had an fp > 0.45. All five patients who died during the follow-up period (median, 7 years; range, 3 to 10 years) had fp values ≥0.48. However, patients with few admissions, low hospitalization days, and long survivals occurred at all fp levels. These results suggest that the clinical course of homozygous SS disease cannot be predicted by mean fpcalculations, which assume a homogeneous distribution of the five variables that modulate intraerythrocytic polymerization. A heterogeneous distribution is more likely; so the amount of polymerized Hb S could vary considerably among cell populations. Factors such as membrane abnormalities and endothelial cell interactions may also contribute to clinical severity.
The Book Structure: An Overview of the Conversations

This chapter outlines the book’s organization into three sections focusing on institutional structures, individual roles and identities within the academy, and specific pedagogies and practices. The sections include thirteen provocative narratives of educational experimentation, change, and reform that document diverse ways to create the space necessary for making teaching and learning matter. Each chapter demonstrates how change can be generated in any number of ways: by individual effort; small groups of faculty; committed and supported students; networks of administrators; and—most importantly—collaborative endeavors that cut across institutional roles and boundaries. Some chapters narrate an evolution in a long-standing program; others look at brand new ventures. Some look at local initiatives dedicated to one campus, department, or course; others look at larger-scale, cross-campus undertakings. In exploring successful programs alongside struggling endeavors, the book studies the missteps as carefully as the triumphs and enters into the national conversations about the evolving purposes and effects of higher education in the 21st century.
Discovery and Creation within the Counseling Process: Reflections on the Timeless Nature of the Helping Encounter

Discovery and creation are significant elements of experience within the counseling process. These terms can also serve as metaphors for modern and postmodern epistemologies. These dual meanings for discovery and creation are exploited to examine the intersection of counseling and philosophy, particularly in terms of the timeless nature of the helping encounter.
When Trust is Betrayed: Religious Institutions and White Collar Crime

In 1990, the comptroller of the Catholic Diocese of Buffalo was charged with the embezzlement of eight million dollars of money belonging to the Diocese, He was subsequently convicted and served several years in state prison. Using this case as a starting point, this paper looks at several examples of white-collar crime and religious institutions. Should justice or mercy be the operative virtue in dealing with such criminals?
Assessing Communicative Environments of Children with Severe Language Delays: A Qualitative Analysis of Topic Control

The purpose of this paper is to propose a method of supplementing the more traditional measures of linguistic form and fluency with a structured qualitative analysis of the communicative environment of a preschool child with severe language delays. The analytic methods presented were adapted from two main sources: a conceptualization of the factors contributing to the quality of communicative environments developed by Peck and a sociolinguistic approach to analyzing classroom interactions referred to as “mapping.” A detailed description of the method and several suggestions for application in special education research are included.
American Government: Constitutional Democracy Under Pressure

American Government: Constitutional Democracy Under Pressure highlights the necessary tension between our constitutional principles and institutions and the populist heat that sometimes roils our national politics, especially at the current political moment. Our constitutional democracy has been under pressure for some time, but few would deny that fears for its fate have deepened in just the past few years. We assume that our political institutions will limit and contain contemporary populism, just as the Founders intended and as they have in the past, but will they? An increasingly polarized electorate, urging their representatives to fight and never to compromise, may be stressing Constitutional limits. This new edition offers to help American government teachers lead their students to a nuanced theoretical and practical understanding of what is happening in the politics of their Constitutional democracy today. New to the Second Edition Further develops and highlights the distinguishing theme of the book, "Constitutional Democracy Under Pressure," in light of Trump Administration events over the last two years. Expands coverage of all media aspects including fake news, social media, responsible journalism, and related topics including foreign manipulation of the news. Includes the most recent election results. Addresses issues specific to the Trump Administration including unique coverage of the 25th Amendment, cabinet instability, election interferences, executive power and unitary action, and impact on the courts. Updates in all tables, figures, suggested readings plus photo updates throughout.
Applying ambiguous loss theory to children of parents with an opioid use disorder

Problem Opioid use disorder (OUD) has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Children of parents with OUD are an unrepresented population, who often suffer consequences from their parent's substance abuse disorder. Such children may incur numerous psychosocial and physical losses. Without intervention, they are more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness and/or substance use disorder (SUD). Methods This paper examines the experiences of children of parents with OUD using Boss's theory of ambiguous loss (AL) as a lens. Findings Children growing up with a parent who has an OUD experience AL through that parent's physical absence and psychological presence (e.g., the parent is out opioid-seeking or in rehab or jail) and psychological absence but physical presence (e.g., the parent is high or in withdrawal, or is preoccupied with obtaining opioids). Evidence supports the fact that OUDs affect parenting, produce changes in the parent-child relationship, and often impact child development. Interventions that are child-focused are lacking. Conclusions The application of AL theory to this problem can enhance health professionals' understanding and need for developmentally specific interventions to care for this population. Interventions should focus on diminishing stigma and promoting psychosocial wellness and resiliency for children of parents with an OUD.
Sampling-Based Optimal Control Synthesis for Multirobot Systems Under Global Temporal Tasks

This paper proposes a new optimal control synthesis algorithm for multirobot systems under global temporal logic tasks. Existing planning approaches under global temporal goals rely on graph search techniques applied to a product automaton constructed among the robots. In this paper, we propose a new sampling-based algorithm that builds incrementally trees that approximate the state space and transitions of the synchronous product automaton. By approximating the product automaton by a tree rather than representing it explicitly, we require much fewer memory resources to store it and motion plans can be found by tracing sequences of parent nodes without the need for sophisticated graph search methods. This significantly increases the scalability of our algorithm compared to existing optimal control synthesis methods. We also show that the proposed algorithm is probabilistically complete and asymptotically optimal. Finally, we present numerical experiments showing that our approach can synthesize optimal plans from product automata with billions of states, which is not possible using standard optimal control synthesis algorithms or model checkers.