cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating carbon accumulation in northern ecosystems

A model of the carbon balance in arctic and boreal forests has been developed to estimate the effects of higher carbon diox ide levels in the atmosphere on northern ecosystems. The model predicts that northern ecosystems should accumulate 5-10% of the carbon added to the atmosphere each year. Ac cumulation rates should increase by 2-8 times by year 2020 depending on the availability of nutrients. The rates of change in several processes are only estimates. The predictions are subject to large errors because of the complexity of ecosys tems interactions and the absence of data on the long-term ef fects of higher temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels. More differentiation of plant types, more feedback interactions, and more stochastic variations could improve the model. How ever, the results show that carbon accumulation in northern ecosystems is a significant fraction of the terrestrial carbon flux. The response of these systems is therefore important in predicting global carbon balance.
Management and outcome of perianal Paget's disease: a 6-decade institutional experience.

BACKGROUND:Perianal Paget’s disease (intraepithelial adenocarcinoma) is rare and sometimes difficult to diagnose because symptoms are nonspecific. It is often noninvasive but frequently recurs locally. Invasive disease can metastasize to distant sites.OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this work was to review
EVALUATION OF BUSINESS MEMOS: EFFECTS OF WRITER SEX AND ORGANIZATIONAL POSITION, MEMO QUALITY, AND RATER SEX

This study investigated main and interaction effects of memo quality, attributed author sex and organizational position, and rater sex on evaluation of business memos. Alternative questionnaire versions of four memos to be rated anonymously were mailed to about 500 members of a professional personnel association; 48% were returned. A 2×2×2×2 analysis of variance yielded a large main effect for memo quality; an interaction effect of attributed author sex and position and rater sex for two memos; and other interaction effects for single memos. The results are discussed.
An integrated onboard charger and accessory power converter for plug-in electric vehicles

This paper presents an integrated onboard battery charger and accessory dc-dc converter for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The integrated charger utilizes the already available traction drive inverters and motors in a PEV as the frond converter of the charger circuit and shares the high frequency transformer with the 14V accessory dc-dc converter for providing galvanic isolation. As a result, the integrated charger has lower cost, weight, and volume than a standalone charger. Experimental results on a 5 kW charger prototype are included to verify the topology.
Asymptotic Analysis of a Class of Process Capability Indices

Substantial difficulties are encountered in derivation of exact distributional and inferential properties for the estimators of process capability indices (PCI). A study of asymptotic behavior of these estimators will thus be valuable. In this article, the asymptotic distributions of the estimators of a rather wide class of PCI's are investigated in a unified approach. The results obtained include the asymptotic distributions of the estimators of the early forms of capability indices which were recently studied by some other researchers. As an application of the asymptotic results, approximations for the means, variances and mean square error of the estimated PCI's are also discussed and derived.
Value of a High Fidelity Actuator Model for Dynamic Simulation of a Pneumatic Rescue Robot

Abstract The compact rescue robot (CRR), a quadruped pneumatically-actuated walking robot, seeks to use the benefits garnered from pneumatic power: force & power density, lightweight, inexpensive actuators, and inherent compliance. A simulation has been developed that models the dynamics of the robot and its interaction with the environment. However, development of an entirely new dynamic simulation specific to the system is not practical. Instead, the simulation combines a MATLAB/Simulink actuator simulation with a readily available C++ dynamics engine. The actuator simulation places particular emphasis on accuracy near the neutral position (the region most active during closed loop control), modeling this regime with a higher level of detail than observed in past literature. Because the multi-platform approach results in additional incurred challenges due to the transfer of data between the platforms, it is valuable to analyze the necessity of detail in the actuator model. The goal of this analysis is to find a balance of realistic behavior, model integrity, and practicality.
The psychometric properties of Observer OPTION5, an observer measure of shared decision making

Abstract Objectives Observer OPTION 5 was designed as a more efficient version of OPTION 12 , the most commonly used measure of shared decision making (SDM). The current paper assesses the psychometric properties of OPTION 5 . Methods Two raters used OPTION 5 to rate recordings of clinical encounters from two previous patient decision aid (PDA) trials ( n =201; n =110). A subsample was re-rated two weeks later. We assessed discriminative validity, inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability, and concurrent validity. Results OPTION 5 demonstrated discriminative validity, with increases in SDM between usual care and PDA arms. OPTION 5 also demonstrated concurrent validity with OPTION 12 , r =0.61 (95%CI 0.54, 0.68) and intra-rater reliability, r =0.93 (0.83, 0.97). The mean difference in rater score was 8.89 (95% Credibility Interval, 7.5, 10.3), with intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.67 (95% Credibility Interval, 0.51, 0.91) for the accuracy of rater scores and 0.70 (95% Credibility Interval, 0.56, 0.94) for the consistency of rater scores across encounters, indicating good inter-rater reliability. Raters reported lower cognitive burden when using OPTION 5 compared to OPTION 12 . Conclusions OPTION 5 is a brief, theoretically grounded observer measure of SDM with promising psychometric properties in this sample and low burden on raters. Practice implications OPTION 5 has potential to provide reliable, valid assessment of SDM in clinical encounters.
Effect of radiofrequency energy on glenohumeral fluid temperature during shoulder arthroscopy.

Background: Reports of glenohumeral chondrolysis following arthroscopy have raised concern about the deleterious effects that thermal devices may have on articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flow and duration of treatment with a thermal device on temperatures within cadaveric glenohumeral joint specimens. It was hypothesized that the use of a thermal device during surgery increases the temperature of fluid within the joint to >45°C, which has been shown to cause chondrocyte death. Methods: Temperature was measured at four locations within ten cadaver shoulder joints. Eight heating trials were performed on each cadaver shoulder to test three variables: the method of heating (continuous or intermittent), the fluid-pump flow rate (no flow, 50% flow, or 100% flow), and the location of the radiofrequency probe (the radiofrequency energy was either applied directly to anterior capsular tissue in a paintbrush pattern or held adjacent to the glenoid without tissue contact). Results: Temperatures of >45°C occurred in every trial. The average maximum temperatures in all no-flow conditions were significantly higher than those in the trials with flow. Higher temperatures were measured by the anterior probe in all trials. When the heating had been applied adjacent to the glenoid, without tissue contact, the time needed to cool to a safe temperature was significantly longer in the no-flow states (average, 140.5 seconds) than it was in the 50% flow states (average, 12.5 seconds) or the 100% flow states (average, 8.5 seconds). Conclusions: Use of a thermal probe during arthroscopy may cause joint fluid temperatures to reach levels high enough to cause chondrocyte death. Maintaining adequate fluid-pump flow rates may help to lower joint fluid temperatures and protect articular cartilage. Clinical Relevance: The use of radiofrequency devices according to the manufacturer's recommendations in situations similar to clinical scenarios can result in exposure of chondrocytes to temperatures high enough to cause their death (>45°C). While this complication is rare, this study emphasizes that care must be taken when using these devices; precautions include minimization of direct chondrocyte exposure and maintenance of adequate flow rates.
Investigation of Conjugated Soybean Oil as Drying Oils and CLA Sources

Better sources of drying oils for coatings and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for potential health benefits are of continuing interest. Iodine under photochemical conditions in hexanesB at reflux temperatures was investigated as a catalyst for conjugating soybean oil (SBO) for use as drying oils and as a potential source of CLA. Variations in catalyst loading, SBO, light source, free radical catalyst, solvent and temperature strongly affected the efficiency of the process. Changes in fatty acid isomer distributions in conjugated SBO (CSBO) influenced drying properties of CSBO. Conjugated dienes formed were predominantly trans-9,trans-11, which contrasts distributions found with catalysts such as strong base and metal compounds. Drying times of some of the CSBOs were superior to that of raw linseed oil. Iodine was partially recovered.
Performance Evaluation of Multi-Object Auctions

The paper evaluates the performance of two multi-object auction models: sequential and simultaneous, using different performance measures. The objects put up for auction have different synergies for different bidders. We define different types of bidders who can exist in these multi-object auction models. The classification of bidders is based on the bidding strategies they use. We then study the effects of different parameters in auction and bidding strategies, on the performance of these auction models by simulating them using a JAVA based framework.
Some limitations on the effectiveness of airborne adaptive radar

It is shown that internal clutter motion, aircraft crabbing, scattering from near-field obstacles, and channel mismatch can limit the effectiveness of space-time processing in eliminating airborne clutter. An analytical expression is developed to show how each of these effects produces a deterioration in the signal-to-clutter-plus-noise ratio achievable. By studying the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix, it is found that the effects of both internal clutter motion and crabbing can either be compensated by artificially adding noise or by processing more pulses. A near-field obstacle produces a spread of the clutter into all of sine azimuth-Doppler space. It is shown that the space-time processor attempts to compensate for this effect by placing a near-field null on the obstacle. Thus, adding more elements is much more effective in eliminating this effect than is processing more pulses. Channel mismatch can be alleviated by controlling the dispersive errors more tightly and by increasing the number of receive elements. >
Annual research review: Attachment disorders in early childhood--clinical presentation, causes, correlates, and treatment.

Background Though noted in the clinical literature for more than 50 years, attachment disorders have been studied systematically only recently. In part because of the ubiquity of attachments in humans, determining when aberrant behavior is best explained as an attachment disorder as opposed to insecure attachment has led to some confusion. In this selective review, we consider the literature on reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder and describe an emerging consensus about a number of issues, while also noting some areas of controversy and others where we lack clear answers. We include a brief history of the classification of the disorders, as well as measurement issues. We describe their clinical presentation, causes and vulnerability factors, and clinical correlates, including the relation of disorders to secure and insecure attachment classifications. We also review what little is known and what more we need to learn about interventions.
Learning and retention with a menu and a command line interface

Abstract Within the context of a computer-based tutoring system, 36 participants initially learned sequences of commands to satisfy common file, directory, and process manipulations with UNIX 1 . Each of three task objectives required correctly entering four lines of command sequences with one of three different interface conditions. Learning occurred with a menu interface (recognition), a command line interface (recall), and a combination menu-command line interface (recognition-plus-recall). The criterion of task mastery was three successive help-free and error-free iterations through an interface condition. After a four-week interval with no interface exposure, the task was repeated. The results showed that performance on both menu and command line interfaces, as evidenced by requests for help, error frequency, and trials to task mastery, required relearning after the period of disuse. The command line interface was generally associated with higher levels of performance than the menu interface, especially during retention testing. The components of the combined interface interacted, but transfer of learning between them was incomplete.
Whatever Has Happened to the Semilogarithmic Chart

Abstract Although the semilogarithmic chart is one of the most effective, adaptable, and dependable graphic forms, it has been subject to neglect and indifference by contemporary chart makers. At the present time, a large proportion of chart makers are simply not aware of the distinctive qualities and unusual potentials of the semilogarithmic chart. In addition to discussions of the characteristics, applications, interpretation, advantages, and disadvantages of the semilogarithmic chart, actual cases of ill-chosen graphic forms and substandard charts are analyzed and compared, which clearly demonstrates the superiority of the semilogarithmic chart for many purposes.
Benchmarks for mortality, morbidity, and length of stay for head and neck surgical procedures

Objective To determine benchmarks and factors that influence morbidity, mortality, and length of stay (LOS) for head and neck surgical procedures. Methods A specific database for head and neck surgical procedures was extracted from the National Hospital Data Survey database for 1995 through 1997. Records of inpatient admissions for patients undergoing head and neck surgery were examined to determine demographics, incidence of medical complications, mortality, and LOS. Data were statistically examined for the influence of medical complications on mortality and LOS. Results A total of 3932 patients underwent head and neck procedures. The overall medical morbidity and mortality rates were 5.65% and 2.98%, respectively. The presence of a major medical complication increased the odds of death by 5.65 (P Conclusions Medical complications in patients undergoing head and neck surgical procedures are associated with increased mortality rates and longer LOS. Mortality rates in head and neck surgery are low but may be improved by preventing medical complications.
Adequacy of oophorectomy at the time of gynecologic surgery

Abstract Objectives: To determine the incidence of incomplete ovarian removal during gynecologic surgery and correlate the risk of inadequate removal with the procedure chosen. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Ovaries received during a 4-month period in the participating institutions were independently histologically evaluated. Gross inspection of the ovarian capsule, infundibulopelvic ligament, hilum and utero-ovarian ligament was assessed. Grossly close margins were confirmed histopathologically. Any margin with histologically confirmed ovarian tissue at the margin was interpreted as incompletely removed. Details of each surgical procedure were recorded for comparison. Results: Ovaries (n=174) from 94 patients were collected and 155 were evaluable. The overall incidence of incomplete ovarian removal was 6.5%. Of the 125 ovaries removed abdominally, 23 were laparoscopically assisted and 7 were vaginal; inadequate removal was documented in 5%, 9% and 29%, respectively (P=0.04). There was no relationship of inadequate resection by underlying pathologic diagnosis (P=0.25) or by institution (4.6% university hospital vs. 8.8% community hospital; P=0.29). Conclusions: Incomplete ovarian removal occurs and is related to surgical approach. A larger study is warranted to evaluate the role of pelvic pathology or surgeon experience as a risk for incomplete oophorectomy.
Interaction between prognostic factors and treatment

In randomized trials, the better therapy may depend on values of a prognostic factor. This article presents methodology for subdividing a target population into three subsets: one region of superiority of each treatment, and one region of uncertainty. The basis of such a subdivision is treatment by prognostic factor interaction. The importance of this analysis in group trial sequences is discussed briefly.
Effect of variety and location on the glycoalkaloid content of potatoes

Significant differences in tuber glycoalkaloid (TGA) content were found among five commercial varieties and B5141-6 grown at 39 different locations in 28 states. Line B5141-6 had the highest average TGA content, 29.3 mg/100 g in 1970 and 28.1 mg/100 g in 1971. Average TGA contents in 1970 of Kennebec, Russet Burbank, Katahdin, Irish Cobbler, and Red Pontiac were 9.7, 7.9, 7.9, 6.2, and 4.3 mg/100g, respectively. There were also significant location effects. Possible causes of high TGA levels are discussed.
Structure activity relationships of presynaptic dopamine receptor agonists

Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have identified many structural entities that interact with dopamine receptors. The aminotetralin structure may be regarded as an active moiety of apomorphine. An unanswered question concerns the SAR of the 4,7-dimethoxy indane derivatives. These agents do not appear to match well with models of dopamine receptors. At least there can be little doubt that SAR research has been a powerful stimulus during the past decade for understanding the function, distribution, and spatial aspects of dopamine receptors.
How to get on the right track.

CRMP and ankyrin have been implicated individually in the regulation of neuronal polarity. A study now identifies an interaction between them that controls microtubule organization and thereby protein sorting into axons and dendrites.
Phase of the theta wave in relation to different limb movements in awake rats

A significant relationship was observed between the moment of self-initiated pressing or releasing of a lever and the phase of the hippocampal theta wave recorded concurrently in rats. In addition, the phase of the theta wave at which lever pressing was most likely to occur was opposite to that at which lever releasing was most likely to occur. These findings imply that, in rats, sensorimotor integration occurs not continuously, but intermittently and rhythmically, in phasic relation to hippocampal theta activity.
Oh How I Try to Use Evidence in my Social Work Practice: Efforts, Successes, Frustrations, and Questions

Convinced by the literature that they could do better for their clients, in this article the authors describe their efforts to transform a categorically-funded program model at one agency from relying on authority and good intentions to evidence-based practice (EBP). Using a case study approach the authors describe a six-year research effort in which they experienced a modicum of success, including completion of a few projects, followed by paralyzing frustrations that warrant sharing with other social work professionals. Reflecting on their experiences, they posit a few questions about EBP for practitioners and leaders in the profession to contemplate. The authors then offer five pathways for moving the profession closer to making EBP a reality in social work.
Cytoplasmic Dynein Travel Cut Short by a Neurodegenerative Mutation in its Tail

Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end directed microtubule motor responsible for cellular functions including fast retrograde axonal transport. The Loa mouse strain carries a mutation within the tail domain of the dynein heavy chain gene, and develops progressive motor neuron degeneration similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, associated with a decreased rate of retrograde axonal transport. To understand the molecular basis for transport impairment and its role in motor neuron degeneration, we have conducted a detailed biochemical and biophysical study of purified mutant and wild-type mouse dynein. The mutant dynein was identical in subunit composition to the wild type protein but showed mild, but reproducible dissociation during sucrose gradient centrifugation (Ori-McKenney et al., 2009, MBC abstr., in press). ATPase activity for the mutant dynein exhibited a higher Km for microtubules, and the mutant's microtubule binding was reduced in the presence of ATP. Using optical trap and quantum dot assays, we found that Loa mutation drastically reduced the single motor processivity of dynein without affecting its velocity or force production. Surprisingly, small increase in buffer ionic strength further exaggerated the difference between the mutant and wild-type travel. Our analysis of motor motion under load showed no difference in the stepping behavior between mutant and wild-type dynein. We propose that the Loa mutation introduces defects in the interhead communication leading to decreased processivity, possibly via weakened heavy chain-intermediate chain interaction. Our study provides the first indication that a tail mutation can affect dynein function. Furthermore, our results provide the first link between altered processivity and disease. Supported by RO1GM070676, AHA0825278F, GM47434, and the CUMC MNC.Authors Jing Xu and Kassandra M. Ori-McKenney contributed equally to this work. Steven P. Gross and Richard B. Vallee are co-senior authors.
Experimental and theoretical studies of anthelmintics: Oxfendazole and its imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate isomer

Mice experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis were used to test the therapeutic effectiveness of an anthelmintic, methyl 6-(phenylsulfinyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate, against the immature and adult worms during the intestinal phase of infection. A single oral dose of 100 mg kg-1 of the drug on the third day after exposure to infection was totally ineffective against the adult worms as determined at necropsy on day 6. Neither higher unit dosages of the drug, division of the daily oral dose, nor increasing the length of the treatment period from 1 to 4 days enhanced drug activity in vivo. Furthermore the drug was inactive as a single oral dose against the immature worms at all of the dosages tested (12.5-400 mg kg-1). These results are in marked contrast to those obtained previously with oxfendazole (methyl 5[6]-(phenylsulfinyl)benzimidazole-2-carbamate) under comparable experimental conditions and clearly indicate that the two compounds are not anthelmintically equivalent in the T. spiralis-infected mouse system in spite of their similar structural features. A quantum mechanical study of these drugs was undertaken and a hypothesis for the inactivity of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbamate isomer is proposed.
EMPHASES IN JEWISH HISTORY

1The substance of this article was presented in a paper read at the annual session of the National Council for Jewish Education in Washington, D. C., on May 28, 1938, and was subsequently published in Jewish Social Studies, vol. i, No. 1 (Jan. 1939), from which it is here reprinted. The author used this occasion to explain certain fundamental views and methods which are implied rather than clearly stated in his Social and Religious History of the Jews. This paper, however, is not intended as an apologia for the author's own emphasis in Jewish history but rather as an analysis of some of the basic approaches to human history which have been applied, or should be applied, to the history of the Jewish people.
Hollow-core electromagnetic band gap (EBG) waveguide fabricated by rapid prototyping for low-loss terahertz guiding

An all-dielectric THz waveguide has been designed, fabricated and characterized. The design is based on electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, and the fabrication is implemented with polymer-jetting rapid prototyping method. Measurement results show good consistency with design simulations. As an initial example, a waveguide with low propagation loss of 0.03 dB/mm at 105 GHz is demonstrated.
Differential uptake of summer precipitation among co-occurring trees and shrubs in a pinyon-juniper woodland

Measurements of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) in stem xylem water were used to determine the relative uptake of summer precipitation by four co-occurring plant species in southern Utah. The species compared included two trees, Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus edulis, and two shrubs, Artemisia tridentata and Chrysothamnus nauseousus. There were significant differences among species in the relative use of summer precipitation. Chrysothamnus nauseosus had stem water D/H ratios in May through August 1990 that were not significantly different from that of groundwater. In contrast, the other three species had stem water D/H ratios that were intermediate between the groundwater value and summer precipitation values, indicating that a mixture of both precipitation and groundwater was being used by these species. The two tree species generally had higher D/H values than did A. tridentata indicating a higher average uptake of summer precipitation, although the roots of J. osteosperma and P. edulis may not be as responsive to small precipitation events as A. tridentata. There was a strong negative correlation between stem water D/H ratios and predawn water potential, which suggests a relationship between plant rooting pattern and water source use. In addition, water-use efficiency during photosynthetic gas exchange, calculated from leaf carbon isotope composition, differed among species and was strongly correlated with differences in the relative uptake of summer precipitation.
Kinetics of hydrogenolysis of methylamine on a rhodium catalyst

The kinetics of hydrogenolysis of methylamine to methane and ammonia were investigated over a catalyst consisting of small clusters of rhodium dispersed on silica. Data obtained in the temperature range 353–408 K exhibit a characteristic pattern in which the rate passes through a maximum as the hydrogen partial pressure is increased by two orders of magnitude from 0.01 to 1.0 atm. At a given temperature, the position of the maximum shifts slightly in the direction of higher hydrogen partial pressure when the methylamine partial pressure increases by one to two orders of magnitude. Of particular interest is the finding that the rate increases with decreasing methylamine partial pressure over a broad range of hydrogen partial pressures covered in the investigation. As the hydrogen pressure increases, the inverse dependence of the rate on methylamine pressure becomes less pronounced and eventually disappears at a sufficiently high hydrogen pressure. At hydrogen partial pressures somewhat higher than those at which the rate maxima are observed, there is some indication that the inverse dependence changes to a positive dependence, especially at the lowest temperatures investigated. It seems likely that the rate limiting step of the reaction changes when the hydrogen pressure varies over a wide range. At the highest hydrogen pressures studied, it is suggested that the limiting step is one in which the scission of the carbon-nitrogen bond occurs in a hydrogen deficient surface intermediate formed in the chemisorption of methylamine, with no direct participation of hydrogen as a reactant in the step. On the other hand, at the lowest hydrogen pressures investigated, it is proposed that the rate is limited by a step in which chemisorbed hydrogen does participate directly as a reactant.
The Role of Coflection in Equity-Centered Mathematics Professional Development Practices

This article is about locating equity concerns within epistemic processes in school mathematics professional development. The professional development literature indicates a focus on subject matter and pedagogical content knowledge without explicit attention to equity concerns as they arise in professional development practice. Though scholars have called attention to the professional learning needed for equity practice, the equity and professional development literatures do not directly inform each other. In professional development practice, teachers' assumptions underlying equity issues often remain unchallenged. We use the term “coflection,” (Skovsmose & Valero, 2001), an epistemic, or knowledge-generating process, to capture the socially critical nature of the interactions among teachers within professional learning experiences that we believe are necessary for generating the kinds of knowledge teachers need to facilitate students' academic success. Using examples of practice from the literature and ...
Secure software engineering teaching modules

We are designing a course in secure software engineering that will teach students how to incorporate security throughout the software development lifecycle. The class will serve as a capstone for a new graduate certificate in secure software engineering. This paper describes the class goals, the design for the class, and the materials that we will develop to teach secure software engineering. We are creating ten modules to cover the core topics in software security. Each module will cover one or more class goals and will consist of both explanatory materials and assignments to give students the opportunity to apply their learnings in a small context. The modules will be developed over the Summer and Fall of 2006, and the class will be first offered in Spring 2007. The class will also incorporate a team-based web development project that students will work on throughout the semester to gain experience applying security principles to a large-scale project.
Accessibility of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and its importance in adenovirus gene transduction efficiency.

Viruses are commonly investigated as vector systems for gene therapy. To be effective, virus-mediated gene-delivery systems require the presence of specific virus receptors to enter the target cell. One example is adenovirus and its primary receptor is the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells have become a choice model system for studying CAR and adenovirus infection due to their ability to polarize rapidly into an epithelium with high transepithelial resistance. We show here that, whilst MDCK cells are resistant to adenovirus infection and hence appear functionally CAR-deficient, polarized MDCK cells express significant levels of CAR sequestered on the basolateral surface, where it is inaccessible for virus infection. Thus, although a cell type may be resistant to adenovirus infection, it is impossible to know whether it is due to a deficiency, as both CAR absence and inaccessibility are barriers to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.
HIV Vaccine Development in the Nonhuman Primate Model of AIDS

Development of a prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine is a leading priority in biomedical research. Much of this work has been done with the nonhuman primate model of AIDS. In a historical context, vaccine studies, which use this model, are summarized and discussed.
Using the Writing and Revising of Journal Articles to Increase Science Literacy and Understanding in a Large Introductory Biology Laboratory Course

Scientific literacy is directly correlated with building a new generation of stronger scientific minds that can effectively communicate research science to the general public. Increasing communication skills in reading and writing scientific work should help improve student understanding in the areas studied. We have constructed an introductory laboratory in biology at Brandeis University that utilizes the writing and reading of scholarly articles to increase student understanding and scientific literacy. The written assignments of the course are designed to guide the students through the process of studying what is known, interpreting their own experimental data, forming unique and rational conclusions, and finally critiquing their work. We have found that students appreciate this method of learning and are better able to make the conceptual connections between real laboratory data and the concepts governing the experiments.
Protein assemblies and cell form

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Synthetic scotophobin: Analysis of behavioral effects on mice

Abstract Scotophobin is a peptide previouslu identified [14] as the behaviorally active factor in brain extract of rats trained in passive dark avoidance. Mice injected intraperitoneally with a synthetic version of scotophobin or placebo were tested without reinforcement in a box with one dark and two white chambers. Scotophobin recipients spent less time than controls in the dark chamber. When strict precautions were taken against chemical degradation, the dose-response relationship remained stable for months and resembled that found by Ungar for natural scotophobin. A content analysis of all frequent mouse behaviors in the test apparatus delineated a more detailed scotophobin behavior pattern. Scotophobin elevated emotionally as measured by defecation rate when mice were locked in the dark box, but not when they were locked in a white or transparent box. The dark box as used in the original rat training situation produced the maximal drug induced avoidance effect. Avoidance was reduced by stimulus changes involving wall color, illumination, and the grid floor. Thus scotophobin induction of avoidance behavior as well as heightened emotionality appears to show stimulus specificity.
The sublithospheric mantle as the source of continental flood basalts; the case against the continental lithosphere and plume head reservoirs

Continental flood basalt (CFB) provinces have been attributed to a variety of sources. Among these are: (1) ancient continental lithosphere (CL); (2) newly arrived plume heads from the core-mantle boundary; (3) steady-state plumes coincident with CL rifts; (4) fossil plume heads; and (5) contamination of deep upwellings (passive or active) by enriched sublithospheric shallow mantle. The criticism that CL is too cold to provide extensive magmatism has been countered by the proposal that the CL is wet, thereby lowering the melting point. This also lowers the viscosity and increases the local Rayleigh number. The calculated seismic velocities and viscosities in this proposed CL source show that it has a low velocity and is weak and has asthenosphere-like physical properties. It is apparent that what has been called ‘continental lithosphere’ is actually asthenosphere or the lower part of the thermal boundary layer (TBL) and is unlikely to be a long-lived part of the plate. However, a low density and low viscosity region of the sublithospheric mantle (the perisphere) is a suitable reservoir for the enriched component of CFB. It helps to isolate the deeper depleted reservoir from contamination due to recycling at subduction zones. Lithospheric pull-apart at cratonic boundaries, rather than stretching of uniform lithosphere, is suggested as the trigger for extensive continental magmatism.
Endothelial Dysfunction: Implications for Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases

OBJECTIVE:To review current literature regarding endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases and examine implications of these findings for the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders.DATA SOURCE:A MEDLINE search of basic science articles pertinent to understanding the role of the endothelium in the atherosclerotic process and of clinical trials examining the presence and treatment of impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation was conducted.STUDY SELECTION:Selected basic science articles and reviews were included to explain the foundation for subsequent clinical trials. All clinical trials examining the treatment of impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Endothelial dysfunction characterized by impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation is an early physiologic event in atherogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction in peripheral vasculature serves as a marker for impairment in coronary arteries. Techniques for measuring endothelium-dependent va...
Improving FAIMS sensitivity using a planar geometry with slit interfaces.

Differential mobility spectrometry or field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is gaining broad acceptance for analyses of gas-phase ions, especially in conjunction with largely orthogonal separation methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and/or conventional (drift tube) ion mobility spectrometry. In FAIMS, ions are filtered while passing through a gap between two electrodes that may have planar or curved (in particular, cylindrical) geometry. Despite substantial inherent advantages of the planar configuration and its near-universal adoption in current stand-alone FAIMS devices, commercial FAIMS/MS systems have employed curved FAIMS geometries that can be more effectively interfaced to MS. Here we report a new planar (p-) FAIMS design with slit-shaped entrance and exit apertures that substantially increase ion transmission in and out of the analyzer. The entrance slit interface effectively couples p-FAIMS to multi-emitter electrospray ionization (ESI) sources, improving greatly the ion current introduced to the device and allowing liquid flow rates up to ∼50 µL/min. The exit slit interface increases the transmission of ribbon-shaped ion beams output by the p-FAIMS to downstream stages such as a MS. Overall, the ion signal in ESI/FAIMS/MS analyses increases by over an order of magnitude without affecting FAIMS resolution.
Construction of a female urethra using the vaginal wall and a buttock flap: Experience with 40 cases

Abstract Methods: From 1975 to 1996 a urethra was constructed using tubularized anterior vaginal wall covered with a buttock flap in 40 female patients in whom urinary incontinence was associated with a short or absent urethra. The underlying pathology included bilateral single ectopic ureters, cloacal malformation, urogenital sinus malformation, previous failed surgery of the urethra, severe trauma, myelodysplasia, female hypospadias, ectopic ureterocele with destruction of the urethra, congenital epispadias, bladder exstropny, and previous hysterectomy and vaginectomy for clear cell carcinoma caused by intrauterine exposure to diethylstillbestrol. Other reconstructive procedures in these patients included bladder neck narrowing from above in 33 patients, ureteral reimplantation in 35, and bladder augmentation in 21. In the prone position, a tube of vaginal wall was used to create a urethra when it was absent or lengthen the urethra if it was too short. The neourethra was extended up to the base of the clitoris, using a multilayered closure of soft tissue over it distally with introital muscle and adjacent mucosa. The proximal neourethra was covered with a buttock flap. Results: All patients were originally wet. Thirty-four are now dry. Four patients have minimal stress incontinence. Two patients have urinary diversions. The majority (n=25) void normally. Fourteen patients self-catheterize to empty their bladders. One patient wears an external appliance on the abdominal wall for collection of urine. Complications included: creating stress incontinence in one patient who had been previously dry by extracting a stone from the bladder, necrosis of a buttock flap from applying a tight perineal dressing, fistula requiring surgical closure in three patients, and slippage of the buttock flap in one patient. Conclusion: This operation is a useful method to correct diverse congenital and acquired pathology that causes incontinence in girls.
Reply to comment on “Identification of SAGBO-induced damage zone ahead of crack tip to characterize sustained loading crack growth in alloy 783”

The damage zone, formed during sustained loading by stress accelerated grain boundary oxygen embrittlement, is a localized region ahead of the crack tip. Before the crack growth reaches a steady rate, the existence of the crack growth transient period shows that cracking is likely to occur within the damage zone. This is indeed compatible with the dynamic embrittlement model. 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Playing with Residuals

Summary A simple way is given to create residual plots that are words or pictures. Three illustrative examples are presented.
Pathway databases: a case study in computational symbolic theories.

A pathway database (DB) is a DB that describes biochemical pathways, reactions, and enzymes. The EcoCyc pathway DB (see http://ecocyc.org) describes the metabolic, transport, and genetic-regulatory networks of Escherichia coli. EcoCyc is an example of a computational symbolic theory, which is a DB that structures a scientific theory within a formal ontology so that it is available for computational analysis. It is argued that by encoding scientific theories in symbolic form, we open new realms of analysis and understanding for theories that would otherwise be too large and complex for scientists to reason with effectively.
Robustly testable static CMOS parity trees derived from binary decision diagrams

A robustly testable design of static CMOS parity trees is presented. A test set for such a tree that cannot be invalidated in the presence of arbitrary input timing skews and/or circuit delays can be derived. The constituents of the parity tree are static CMOS XOR gates, which are constructed from their corresponding binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The XOR gates in the tree can have any number of inputs. The robust test set detects all the single stuck-open, stuck-on, and stuck-at faults when both logic and current monitoring are done. It is shown that such implementations of parity trees are logarithmically testable, i.e., the size of the test set is proportional to the logarithm of the number of primary inputs. >
A search for nucleon decay with multiple muon decays

Abstract A search was made for nucleon decays which result in multiple delayed muon decays using the HPW water Cerenkov detector. No contained events were found, which is consistent with the expected neutrino background of 0.7±0.2 events. Lower lifetime limits are calculated for eleven proton decay modes and five bound neutron decay modes, ranging from 2×10 30 yr to 1×10 31 yr.
A comb transducer for mode control in guided wave NDE

Investigations of the characteristics of an ultrasonic comb transducer have been performed for a range of transducer parameters. A numerical model, providing a time domain wave propagation solution for the field generated by a transducer on an elastic plate, is presented. The ability of mode selection and isolation is demonstrated, which is of practical significance in NDE.
Navy Demonstration Project

The Navy Demonstration Project is a multi-layered collaborative research project between architects, material, and structural engineers the end product of which is a 5,400 square foot demonstration building for the U.S. Navy designed and built by architecture students at the Wood Materials Engineering Laboratory on the campus of Washington State University (Figures 1, 2). The project is a unique combination of design and science; it engages a series of experiments with new material development in the field of plastic wood composites, building envelope design and structural engineering. On the one hand, the project was an exploration into design possibilities inherent in engineered products such as wood-plastic composites, Oriented Strand Board (OSB), Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and I-joists; on the other hand, the project was an exploration of the engineering potentials in these same materials. The building is possibly the first in the world to use wood-plastic composites so extensively and for such a wide variety of applications.
Deamination of Amines. 2‐Phenylethyl Benzoate via the Nitrosoamide Decomposition

Deamination of Amines. 2-Phenylethyl Benzoate via the Nitrosoamide Decomposition intermediate: N-(2-Phenylethyl)benzamide intermediate: N-Nitroso-N-(2-phenylethyl)benzamide product: 2-phenylethyl benzoate Keywords: acylation; nitrosation; rearrangements; replacement reactions, amino by oxygen; dinitrogen tetroxide; dinitrogen tetroxide, toxicity