cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of ion drag on quantized vortex ring dynamics

Abstract Differences in the motion of positively and negatively charged vorted rings have been observed at moderate temperatures. These can be explained in a simple way by incorporating the frictional drag associated with the bare ion into the equations of motion.
X-ray emission microanalysis of Cladonia cristatella from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio.

Terricolous lichens of the genus Cladonia from coal strip-mining areas in Ohio have been shown to accumulate heavy metals to many times their concentrations in the underlying substrate. This paper reports the results of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray emission microanalysis of fungal and algal cells from C. cristatella Tuck. collected from coal strip-mining areas in Perry County, Ohio, and illustrates structural localization of accumulated heavy metals.
Hyperglycemia preserves brain mitochondrial respiration during anoxia.

We examined brain mitochondrial function in normo- (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (50 mM) cats after 8 min of anoxia. In anoxic normoglycemic cats, mitochondrial state 3 respiration with NAD-Iinked substrates gluta-mate or pyruvate (both plus malate) was inhibited 30–50%. The uncoupler carbonylcyanide P-trifluoromethoxyphe-nylhydrazone (FCCP) maximally stimulated respiration, indicating that inhibition of phosphorylation, not impairment of electron transport, substrate transport, or oxidation was present. State 3 respiration with succinate (plus rote-none) was unaffected. Mitochondrial respiratory control ratios trended toward reductions whereas ADP/O ratios remained unchanged. In contrast, brain mitochondria from anoxic hyperglycemic cats showed no such inhibition of state 3 respiration and no differences in function from normo- and hyperglycemic control animals except for trends toward loose coupling. Significantly higher brain tissue glucose concentrations were present in hyperglycemic controls as the only metabolite difference compared to normoglycemic controls. At the end of anoxia, hyperglycemic cats exhibited significantly higher cortical lactate and glucose levels but similarly reduced high-energy phosphate concentrations compared to normoglycemic cats. These results demonstrate that increased availability of glucose to gray matter as a consequence of hyperglycemia maintains normal mitochondrial state 3 respiration during exposure to anoxia. Previous survival studies have shown that lower serum glucose concentrations during anoxia are relatively brain protective. This result indicates that the presently described alterations in mitochondrial respiration must be fully reversible.
Does the Bravo™ pH capsule affect esophageal motor function?

The aim of this study was to determine whether attachment of the Bravo pH monitoring capsule alters esophageal motility. Twenty normal subjects were studied with 36-channel high-resolution manometry before and after Bravo capsule placement. Subjects performed 10 5-mL water-swallows in both upright and supine positions and two 5-mL barium-swallows under fluoroscopy synchronized with manometry recordings. There was no significant change in basal esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure, EGJ relaxation pressure or peristaltic function before and after Bravo placement in either position. However, a 2-cm focus of augmented peristalsis was found corresponding to the position of the Bravo capsule. Ten subjects were aware of the capsule (7 had a mild foreign body sensation, 1 had mild discomfort, and 2 had chest pain altering daily activity or diet) while nine subjects were unaware of the capsule. Subjects who were aware of the capsule's presence exhibited a greater augmentation of peristalsis than those who were not (P < 0.05). Neither EGJ function nor peristaltic performance were significantly altered by the presence of a Bravo capsule. However, capsule presence was associated with a locus of augmented peristalsis and this phenomenon was most evident in subjects who perceived the presence of the Bravo capsule.
A Nonparametric Analogy of Analysis of Covariance

A nonparametric test of the hypothesis of no treatment effect is suggested for a situation where measures of the severity of the condition treated can be obtained and ranked both pre- and post-treatment. The test allows use to be made of the pre-treatment rank as a "concomitant variable," and is based on the nature and degree of permutation of the post-treatment ranks relative to the pre-treatment ranks. Evidence is given which shows that the distribution of the suggested test statistic rapidly approaches the F distribution as the number of subjects is increased. For small samples, a randomization test may be performed.
An Interesting Year

The Computer Society's 2007 president reflects on a year of challenges and accomplishments.
The relationship between reproductive rights and prevalence of HIV among women in developing countries

The rate of HIV infection among women in the developing world is rising. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a reproductive rights approach to reducing HIV rates among women in the developing world. Researchers proposed that reproductive rights mediated the relationship between gender equality and HIV rates. Data from 142 developing countries were used to test the proposed model. Researchers did not find that reproductive rights mediated the relationship between gender equality and HIV rates. However, researchers found a positive relationship between reproductive rights and HIV rates in women lending support for a reproductive rights approach to reducing HIV infection in women.
Dependency and suicidality in psychiatric inpatients.

One hundred fifty-two psychiatric inpatients (91 women and 61 men) completed widely used objective (i.e., self-report) and projective measures of interpersonal dependency; scores on these measures were compared to two indices of suicidality derived from patients' chart records (i.e., number of past suicide attempts and physician judgments of suicidality at admission). High objective dependency scores were associated with high suicidality scores in women and men, even when level of depression was controlled for statistically. Projective dependency scores were unrelated to both suicidality indices.
Time-dependent recovery of the elastic modulus in thermally shocked polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG)

Abstract Thermal shock damage is typically characterized by “single quench-fracture tests” in which a specimen is quenched a single time into a water bath, then fractured. However, technical ceramics, such as engine components, solar collectors and ceramic computer memory substrates, must tolerate repeated thermal shocks under service conditions. Therefore, the understanding of damage induced by multiple thermal shocks is very important. Thermal shock damage caused by repeated thermal fatigue in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) was monitored by nondestructive elasticity measurements for each cycle of shock. For a relatively low level of shock-induced damage, an unexpected time-dependent recovery of the elastic modulus at room temperature was observed, and successfully characterized by a non-homogeneous, linear, first-order differential equation.
Therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting sirtuins in neurodegenerative diseases

Aging is the predominant risk factor for major neurodegenerative diseases. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Members of the sirtuin family of protein deacetylases support and promote longevity in diverse organisms and can extend lifespan when upregulated. Sirtuins are involved in fundamental mechanisms in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including protein aggregation and homeostasis, survival and stress responses, and inflammatory processes. In this review, we will discuss the neurobiology of sirtuins and their multifaceted roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. We will also examine the potential and challenges of targeting sirtuin pathways to treat these devastating conditions.
A diathered k-s staticstic

The Kolmogorov-Sruimov test depends for its distribution-free property on the observation that, if F() is the CDF of continuous random variable A then random variable F(X) is uniform on the interval [0,1]. That observation is false if F() is not continuous, a restriction on the applicability of the KS test. This paper introduces a generalization of the KS statistic that works for all distributions, including discrete ones.
Chemical competition in nitrate and sulfate formations and its effect on air quality

Abstract The competition for bases in nitrate and sulfate aerosol formations significantly affects the concentration of nitrate aerosols. Sensitivity experiments with reduced sulfate precursor emissions, achieved through the use of the CAM-Chem model, show that nitrate concentration is particularly affected by sulfate precursor emissions in winter when their changes are linearly correlated. As a result, the nitrate concentration in the atmosphere is less affected by its own precursor emissions. The concentration-precursor emission relationship for sulfate is not significantly affected by the competition. The future air quality projection following the IPCC A1B emission change scenario shows that the decrease in sulfate precursor emissions and increase in ammonia emissions by 2050 will lead to adverse changes in nitrate concentrations. This will be in response to the reduction in its precursor emissions over the major industrial region of the United States. Due to the difference between nitrate and sulfate aerosols in physical properties and efficiency in cloud condensation, the visibility reduction caused by sulfate emission control occurs over industrial regions in winter. The resulting adverse changes in visibility to emission control will further increase the uncertainty in assessing air quality change. The nonlinear relationship between precursor emissions and changes in pollution levels will increase the difficulty in making effective air quality control strategies.
Cognitive control reflects context monitoring, not motoric stopping, in response inhibition.

The inhibition of unwanted behaviors is considered an effortful and controlled ability. However, inhibition also requires the detection of contexts indicating that old behaviors may be inappropriate – in other words, inhibition requires the ability to monitor context in the service of goals, which we refer to as context-monitoring. Using behavioral, neuroimaging, electrophysiological and computational approaches, we tested whether motoric stopping per se is the cognitively-controlled process supporting response inhibition, or whether context-monitoring may fill this role. Our results demonstrate that inhibition does not require control mechanisms beyond those involved in context-monitoring, and that such control mechanisms are the same regardless of stopping demands. These results challenge dominant accounts of inhibitory control, which posit that motoric stopping is the cognitively-controlled process of response inhibition, and clarify emerging debates on the frontal substrates of response inhibition by replacing the centrality of controlled mechanisms for motoric stopping with context-monitoring.
Comparison of measurements obtained with microtip and external water pressure transducers

The aim of this study was to compare pressure readings obtained with catheter-mounted microtip and external water pressure transducers using a mechanical model for vesical pressure during Valsalva straining and coughing. The two catheter-mounted pressure transducers were simultaneously placed in a vinyl i.v. bag designed to mimic the parameters of the human bladder to allow comparison of simultaneous readings from both transducers. Simulated cough and Valsalva maneuvers of various strengths at different volumes (100 ml, 200 ml, 300 ml) were performed and the pressure readings generated by the two systems compared. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the systems was 0.998 for coughs and 0.998 for Valsalva efforts. Data were also analyzed by volume and strength of simulated cough and Valsalva effort, and correlations were found to be high (> or = 0.940) for all subgroup analyses. Mean absolute differences between events recorded by the two systems were small, as indicated by the y-intercept of 3.76 cmH2O pressure. Neither transducer recorded consistently higher pressures than the other. We concluded that there is a high correlation between pressure measurements obtained from microtip and external water pressure transducers during simulated cough and Valsalva efforts in this model. As similar correlation should exist in vivo, urodynamic data generated by the two transducer types should be comparable.
Combination of integrin siRNA and irradiation for breast cancer therapy

Up-regulation of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) has been shown to play a key role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, we evaluated the role of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) in breast cancer cell resistance to ionizing irradiation (IR) and tested the anti-tumor efficacy of combining integrin alpha(v) siRNA and IR. Colonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis were carried out to determine the treatment effect of siRNA, IR, or combination of both on MDA-MB-435 cells (integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive). Integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-negative MCF-7 cells exert more radiosensitivity than MDA-MB-435 cells. IR up-regulates integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression in MDA-MB-435 cells and integrin alpha(v) siRNA can effectively reduce both alpha(v) and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression, leading to increased radiosensitivity. Integrin alpha(v) siRNA also promotes IR-induced apoptosis and enhances IR-induced G2/M arrest in cell cycle progression. This study, with further optimization, may provide a simple and highly efficient treatment strategy for breast cancer as well as other integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive cancer types.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and other agranular reticulum in frog retinal photoreceptors.

Frog retinal photoreceptors are favourable material for studying a number of unresolved issues concerning the interconnections, three-dimensional organization and functions of intracellular membrane systems in neurons. At least two distinct regions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) are present in these cells. One region, the subellipsoid SER, is located in rod cells at the base of the mitochondria-rich ellipsoid region, and is comprised of arrays of stacked tubules which exhibit frequent continuities with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The subellipsoid SER is also present throughout the ellipsoid region and at the apex of the inner segment. The second region of SER, the axonal SER, is comprised of agranular sacs and tubules present in the axons of rod cells, the perinuclear and Golgi regions of rod and cone cells and the synaptic terminals of rod and cone cells. These sacs and tubules exhibit continuities with cisternae of RER and with the nuclear envelope. Serial section analyses indicate that this SER can extend as a continuous network along the entire length of the rod axon and throughout synaptic terminals. The axonal SER is distinct from the subellipsoid SER not only in location and morphology but also in its ability to bind divalent lead ions, a property it shares with synaptic vesicles, with agranular sacs at one face of the Golgi apparatus and with sacs extending from the Golgi apparatus toward the axon hillock. These latter sacs may serve in transport from the Golgi region to the axon. The axonal SER in the axon, terminals, and the perinuclear and Golgi regions appears to be a source of synaptic vesicles as evidenced by this lead binding capacity and by the observation of vesicles, with the size (50–75 nm) and appearance of synaptic vesicles, budding from SER in direct continuity with RER. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in synaptic terminals of frog photoreceptors is not continuous with endocytic structures found in the same region, such as blunt-ended tubules or anastomosing networks of tubules. Nor does the ER acquire exogenous horseradish peroxidase. These observations suggest that the ER does not play a direct role in membrane recycling in photoreceptors.
Lysosomal sequestration of amine-containing drugs: Analysis and therapeutic implications

Amine-containing drugs represent a very important class of therapeutic agents, with the majority of all drugs containing at least one basic nitrogen. For many decades, it has been known that weakly basic compounds can be sequestered into acidic organelles such as lysosomes. Some amines can achieve very high concentrations and induce a dramatic expansion (vacuolization) of the compartment. In the early 70s, Nobel laureate and discoverer of lysosomes, Christian de Duve et al. wrote an elegant commentary describing the theoretical basis for lysosomal sequestration of amines, referring to the process as pH-partitioning and the substrates as lysosomotropics. Recently, a resurgence of interest in the intracellular distribution of drugs has occurred considering its therapeutic importance. Specifically, lysosomal sequestration of amines has received considerable attention for reasons including its involvement in drug resistance, inducement of phospholipidosis, and its influence on whole body distribution/pharmacokinetics. Moreover, the sequestration phenomenon has been recently exploited in the development of a novel drug targeting strategy. This review will focus on these occurrences/developments and conclude with a commentary on the expected impact that knowledge regarding the intracellular distribution of drugs will likely have on future drug development processes.
Education in the World System: The Demand for Language and International Proficiencies in Economic Development and National Security

: A series of national and state reports containing recommendations for improving education has prompted a reassessment of the status and goals of education in the nation and in individual states. In the context of educational reform proposals, second language and international studies gain greatest attention when discussions center on their role in economic development and national security. This paper addresses that situation from a national viewpoint and adds a state perspective with the example of developments in Illinois. Relevant statistics on international trade and the labor market are cited, and the role of language proficiencies in science, technology, and research for economic development is defined. Two converging trends are outlined: the trend toward a consensus in both the education and business communities regarding the essential role and accelerating demand for language and international proficiencies in interconnected state, national, and world economies, and the corresponding trend in higher education toward internationalized curricula, characterized by combinations of majors in professional disciplines such as business, economics, law, and agriculture with second language studies.
Learning rules of thumb or learning more rational rules

Abstract This paper reports on an experiment that distinguishes between learning rules that produce substantively rational behavior in more situations and learning simple rules that do not. The experimental task is a simplification of many naturally occurring search problems. The experiment manipulates individual choice problems such that simple rules produce substantively rational behavior in one condition but not in subsequent ones. Choice data indicate subjects may learn to use more rational rules since subjects successfully transfer what they learn in one condition to another. However, verbal protocols indicate subjects learn to selectively use simple rules in order to make more substantively rational choices.
The extracellular matrix during heart development

The embryonic extracellular matrix, which is comprised of glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, collagens, and proteoglycans, is believed to play multiple roles during heart morphogenesis. Some of these ECM components appear throughout development, however, certain molecules exhibit an interesting transient spatial and temporal distribution. Due to significant new data that have been gathered predominantly in the past 10 years, a comprehensive review of the literature is needed. The intent of this review is to highlight work that addresses mechanisms by which extracellular matrix influences vertebrate heart development.
Induction of Fatal Inflammation in LDL Receptor and ApoA-I Double-Knockout Mice Fed Dietary Fat and Cholesterol

Atherogenic response to dietary fat and cholesterol challenge was evaluated in mice lacking both the LDL receptor (LDLr−/−) and apoA-I (apoA-I−/−) gene, LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− or double-knockout mice. Gender- and age-matched LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice were fed a diet consisting of 0.1% cholesterol and 10% palm oil for 16 weeks and compared to LDLr−/− mice or single-knockout mice. The LDLr−/− mice showed a 6- to 7-fold increase in total plasma cholesterol (TPC) compared to their chow-fed mice counterparts, while LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice showed only a 2- to 3-fold increase in TPC compared to their chow-fed controls. This differential response to the atherogenic diet was unanticipated, since chow-fed LDLr−/− and LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice began the study with similar LDL levels and differed primarily in their HDL concentration. The 6-fold diet-induced increase in TPC observed in the LDLr−/− mice occurred mainly in VLDL/LDL and not in HDL. Mid-study plasma samples taken after 8 weeks of diet feeding showed that LDLr−/− mice had TPC concentrations approximately 60% of their 16-week level, while the LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice had reached 100% of their 16-week TPC concentration after only 8 weeks of diet. Male LDLr−/− mice showed similar aortic cholesterol levels to male LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice despite a 4-fold higher VLDL/LDL concentration in the LDLr−/− mice. A direct comparison of the severity of aortic atherosclerosis between female LDLr−/− and LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice was compromised due to the loss of female LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice between 10 and 14 weeks into the study. Diet-fed female and, with time, male LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice suffered from severe ulcerated cutaneous xanthomatosis. This condition, combined with a complete depletion of adrenal cholesterol, manifested in fatal wasting of the affected mice. In conclusion, LDLr−/− and LDLr−/−/apoA-I−/− mice showed dramatic TPC differences in response to dietary fat and cholesterol challenge, while despite these differences both genotypes accumulated similar levels of aortic cholesterol.
A Maximum Quantity Formulation of the Cournot Game for ISO/Pool Operation

This paper studies the economic equilibrium power pool with aggregated demand, Cournot generators and an independent system operator with no secondary market for transmission capacity. The independent system operator manages congestion by attempting to deliver maximum quantity at least cost. The paper formulates a non-cooperative game between suppliers as a maximum total quantity problem subject to network flow constraints and supplier first order profit maximizing conditions. The paper shows that unconstrainted solutions to the proposed formulation are Nash equilibriums and supplier profits are mutually maximized. Numerical examples demonstrate a supplier selection policy that is based on their contributions to network flows. This policy will drive the network to the maximum quantity solution without further intervention.
Processing poetry activities in clinical work with children and adolescents: A practice report

Therapists often use poetry activities with children and adolescents. Understanding how to process poetry activities is necessary for counselors to implement these activities in a therapeutic manner. This paper will outline the authors’ experience in using various poetry activities with children and adolescents. Guidelines for processing activities with clients will be presented. Two case studies will illustrate these guidelines.
The once and future information society

In the late twentieth century, many social scientists and other social commentators came to characterize the world as evolving into an “information society.” Central to these claims was the notion that new social uses of information, and particularly application of scientific knowledge, are transforming social life in fundamental ways. Among the supposed transformations are the rise of intellectuals in social importance, growing productivity and prosperity stemming from increasingly knowledge-based economic activity, and replacement of political conflict by authoritative, knowledge-based decision-making. We trace these ideas to their origins in the Enlightenment doctrines of Saint Simon and Comte, show that empirical support for them has never been strong, and consider the durability of their social appeal.
An Investigation Into the Dynamic Response of Seat-Occupant Models Incorporating Foam Properties Identified Through Quasi-Static Compression Tests

Vehicle occupants are sensitive to low frequency vibrations, and these can affect ride-quality and dynamic comfort. Static comfort, a function of the support provided by the seat, is also important. The transmission of vibration to seated occupants and the support provided by the seat can be controlled by appropriately designing the seats. Optimization of seat design requires accurate models of seat-occupant systems can be used to predict both static settling points and the low frequency dynamic behavior of the occupant around those points. A key element in the seat, which is a challenge to model, is the flexible polyurethane foam in the seat cushion. It is a nonlinear, viscoelastic material exhibiting multiple time-scale behavior. In this work, the static and the low-frequency dynamic response of the occupant is examined through a planar multi-body seat-occupant model, which also incorporates a model of flexible polyurethane foam developed from relatively slow cyclic compression tests. This model also incorporates profiles of the seat and the occupant, and includes relatively simple friction models at the various occupant-seat interfaces. The settling point, the natural frequencies, the deflection shapes of the occupant at particular frequencies, and the dynamic force distribution between the seat and the occupant are examined. The effects of seat foam properties on the responses as well as those of including a flexible seat-back frame are also investigated.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Radiation characteristics of a tapered cylindrical optical fiber

Output coupling of light from a conically tapered optical fiber is investigated. Such a technique may be used to provide “wide-angle” illumination from a single fiber of low numerical aperture. Experimental results for a series of fibers of varying taper angles are presented. It is found experimentally that light which is coupled out of a taper is widely dispersed when the taper angle is large. Based upon modified geometrical optics we present a theory which qualitatively predicts the experimentally measured radiation intensity patterns.
Enhancing GridFTP performance using intelligent gateways

To improve throughput of grid data servers under heavy loads or under denial of service attacks, it is important to service requests differentially, giving preference to ongoing or imminent client requests. We show how such features can be efficiently implemented on a gateway that controls access to a pool of servers. We present performance results for a prototype system based on a dual-ported active NIC, and demonstrate that an efficient differentiated service policy can be implemented on such a gateway to minimise the grid service response time and to improve server throughputs under heavy loads and denial of service attacks.
Polymer and solution ion shielding in polyampholytic hydrogels

Abstract This study has examined balanced and unbalanced polyampholyte hydrogel swelling transitions as a function of total polymer ion and bath salt concentration. The total polymer ion concentration ranged from 0 to 1.4 M and the bath salt concentration from 1 μM to 1 M. Polyampholyte swelling transitions were studied experimentally using hydrogels with varying proportions of acryl-amido methyl propylsulfonic acid (AMPS-H), methacryl-amido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTA-Cl), and dimethyl acrylamide (DMAAm). The equilibrium swelling has been treated analytically using a modified Flory–Huggins model with ionic corrections which incorporate ion excluded volume effects. We have obtained qualitative agreement between our theory and experimental results and have discussed the limitations of our model.
Panoptes: scalable low-power video sensor networking technologies

Video-based sensor networks can provide important visual information in a number of applications including: environmental monitoring, health care, emergency response, and video security. This article describes the Panoptes video-based sensor networking architecture, including its design, implementation, and performance. We describe two video sensor platforms that can deliver high-quality video over 802.11 networks with a power requirement less than 5 watts. In addition, we describe the streaming and prioritization mechanisms that we have designed to allow it to survive long-periods of disconnected operation. Finally, we describe a sample application and bitmapping algorithm that we have implemented to show the usefulness of our platform. Our experiments include an in-depth analysis of the bottlenecks within the system as well as power measurements for the various components of the system.
Role of the Conserved Sir3-BAH Domain in Nucleosome Binding and Silent Chromatin Assembly

Silent chromatin domains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae represent examples of epigenetically heritable chromatin. The formation of these domains involves the recruitment of the SIR complex, composed of Sir2, Sir3, and Sir4, followed by iterative cycles of NAD-dependent histone deacetylation and spreading of SIR complexes over adjacent chromatin domains. We show here that the conserved bromo-adjacent homology (BAH) domain of Sir3 is a nucleosome- and histone-tail-binding domain and that its binding to nucleosomes is regulated by residues in the N terminus of histone H4 and the globular domain of histone H3 on the exposed surface of the nucleosome. Furthermore, using a partially purified system containing nucleosomes, the three Sir proteins, and NAD, we observe the formation of SIR-nucleosome filaments with a diameter of less than 20 nm. Together, these observations suggest that the SIR complex associates with an extended chromatin fiber through interactions with two different regions in the nucleosome.
An Overview of War-Related Thermal Injuries

Thermal injuries have always been a source of morbidity and mortality in times of war. Historically, they constitute 5% to 20% of all injuries and approximately 4% mortality. Although burn patients constitute a small number of casualties, they consume a disproportionate amount of resources and require specialized care. The current conflicts in the Middle East report similar numbers for thermal injuries despite improvement in predeployment education to reduce noncombat-related burns, flame retardant military clothing, and decline of war patterns usually associated with increased thermal injuries. However, the increased use of improvised explosive devices and vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices presents a new source of potential thermal injury. Indeed, the burden of explosion-related burns has increased as has its associated Injury Severity Score. As has been the case in previous conflicts, most burns are hand and head burns. Although usually not life threatening, burns to hands and face lead to significant physical and psychologic morbidities. In this paper, we will review the currently available literature on war-related thermal injuries in Operation Iraqi and Operation Enduring Freedom. We will describe the epidemiology of burn injuries, prewar preparation to prevent and treat thermal injuries, and the assessment, triage, and final treatment of burn patients. In addition, we will discuss the associated physical and psychologic morbidities and, finally, the role of plastic surgeon in burn rehabilitation and reconstruction.
LinkProbe: Probabilistic inference on large-scale social networks

As one of the most important Semantic Web applications, social network analysis has attracted more and more interest from researchers due to the rapidly increasing availability of massive social network data. A desired solution for social network analysis should address the following issues. First, in many real world applications, inference rules are partially correct. An ideal solution should be able to handle partially correct rules. Second, applications in practice often involve large amounts of data. The inference mechanism should scale up towards large-scale data. Third, inference methods should take into account probabilistic evidence data because these are domains abounding with uncertainty. Various solutions for social network analysis have existed for quite a few years; however, none of them support all the aforementioned features. In this paper, we design and implement LinkProbe, a prototype to quantitatively predict the existence of links among nodes in large-scale social networks, which are empowered by Markov Logic Networks (MLNs). MLN has been proved to be an effective inference model which can handle complex dependencies and partially correct rules. More importantly, although MLN has shown acceptable performance in prior works, it is also reported as impractical in handling large-scale data due to its highly demanding nature in terms of inference time and memory consumption. In order to overcome these limitations, LinkProbe retrieves the k-backbone graphs and conducts the MLN inference on both the most globally influencing nodes and most locally related nodes. Our extensive experiments show that LinkProbe manages to provide a tunable balance between MLN inference accuracy and inference efficiency.
Gravity modeling of a volcanically active site on the East Pacific Rise axis

Abstract Seafloor and shipboard gravity observations are used to study the East Pacific Rise (EPR) axis at 9°48′N, a site of recent volcanic activity. A constant crustal density model fits the seafloor and shipboard gravity data within expected errors. A layered density model, consistent with rise axis seismic constraints, also fits the gravity data. These constant and layered density models show no evidence for a volumetrically large magma chamber and indicate the importance of the shallow crustal density structure to the marine gravity field. Density variations in the shallow crust may be explained by porosity and thermal variations. The average shallow (0–450 m) EPR 9°48′N crust has a density of 2420 ± 80 kg m −3 , significantly lower than other rise axis sites. This density is less than molten basalt, suggesting that magma buoyancy will not contribute to ascent through the uppermost crust, enhancing the formation of volcanic dikes and sills below the layer 2 A 2 B boundary.
Determining Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in high prevalence groups: a comparative study among Nigerian adults.

Abstract In populations where both tuberculosis and strong sensitization to nontuberculous mycobacteria are common, determining the proportion infected with M. tuberculosis is difficult. We skin tested 488 unvaccinated young Nigerian workers, typical of tropical populations having high prevalences of tuberculosis, with 4 low-dose Mantoux tests (PPD-RT-23, PPD-Tuberculin, PPD-Battey, and PPD-Gause) and with concentrated (2 mg/ml) PPD by the Heaf multiple-puncture method. Reactions (≥2 mm) to all 4 Mantoux sensitins (elicitins) unexpectedly were normal in distribution; however, the midpoint values (13 mm) of the RT-23 and PPD-T distributions were lower than the midpoints typically seen in groups of tuberculosis patients. Established methods for estimating the proportion tuberculous-infected (cutting point, dual-test, and curve-reconstruction) yielded a wide range, 32 %–62 %. Combining the 3 methods provided consistent estimates near 50 %, despite interference due to strong sensitivity to PPD-B and especially to PPD-G in 80 %–90 %. PPD-T correlated well with RT-23 (r=.84), yet more closely resembled published PPD-S reaction distributions than did RT-23. All diagnostic-accuracy measures for the Heaf test, considering only grades 3 and 4 positive, exceeded 80%.
The effects of benzodiazepines on aggression: reduced or increased?

The effects of various benzodiazepines on animal models of aggression are presented. The differences in response noted after single dose or after chronic drug administrations are stressed. The implications for predicting responses to these drugs in humans are discussed.
Disaggregating parental depression and family stress in assessing families of children with developmental disabilities: a multisample analysis.

Abstract The psychometric properties of a 5-item subcomponent (DEP5) of Factor 1, Parent and Family Problems, of the Friedrich Questionnaire on Resources and Stress were examined to determine whether these items formed a depression subcomponent of the larger family stress factor. Data were pooled from two samples numbering more than 450 respondents. Internal analyses established that the DEP5 had adequate internal reliability and stability over 2 years. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the DEP5 measured depressive reactions as distinct from other parent and family problems. These results should be useful to researchers who want to reanalyze the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress data specifically for depressive reactions. Also, the technique for disaggregating global instruments can be applied to other variables.
What I tell medical house staff about old hearts.

House officers tend to view elderly patients with heart disease in the same way they view middle-aged patients. This essay discusses the difference between old hearts and middle-aged hearts. The teaching setting, as well as the common cardiovascular problems seen in the elderly, are described in this essay. In addition, an explanation is given as to why the clinical picture of the same disease is different in elderly patients than in middle-aged patients.
Role of Ca2+-Dependent K+ Channels in Cerebral Vasodilatation Induced by Increases in Cyclic GMP and Cyclic AMP in the Rat

Background and Purpose The mechanisms by which cAMP and cGMP produce vasorelaxation are not entirely clear. In this study we examined the hypothesis that relaxation of cerebral arterioles in response to receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase (increase in cAMP) is mediated through Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Methods We measured the diameter of cerebral arterioles (basal diameter, 47±1 μm) using an open cranial window in anesthetized rats. Agonists and antagonists were applied locally in the cranial window. Results Topical application of adenosine (0.1 and 1 mmol/L), a receptor-mediated activator of adenylate cyclase, and dibutyryl cAMP (60 and 200 μmol/L), a cell-permeable analogue of cAMP, dilated cerebral arterioles. Iberiotoxin (50 nmol/L), a selective inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, reduced vasodilatation in response to 0.1 and 1 mmol/L adenosine by 66% and 28%, respectively. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) (1 mmol/L), another inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, reduced vasodilatation to 0.1 and 1 mmol/L adenosine by 58% and 42%, respectively, and reduced vasodilatation in response to 60 and 200 μmol/L dibutyryl cAMP by 75% and 66%, respectively. Topical application of sodium nitroprusside (0.1 and 1 μmol/L), a direct activator of guanylate cyclase, and 8-bromo cGMP (200 and 600 μmol/L), a cell-permeable analogue, produced dilatation of cerebral arterioles that was inhibited by iberiotoxin (50 nmol/L) and TEA (1 and 3 mmol/L). In contrast, dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to papaverine (which produces vasodilatation in large part by inhibition of Ca2+ channels) and aprikalim (which produces vasodilatation by activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels) was not inhibited by iberiotoxin or TEA. Conclusions These findings suggest that dilatation of cerebral arterioles by receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase and by direct activation of guanylate cyclase in the rat is mediated in large part by activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels.
Attitudes Toward Anger Management Scale: Development and Initial Validation

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of the Attitudes Toward Anger Management Scale (ATAMS), a self-report measure of attitudes toward anger management services. Underg...
Historical perspectives on population genetics and conservation of three marine turtle species

Considerable phylogeographic and population genetic research has been conducted on marine turtles. Less attention, however, has been paid to the historical patterns and processes that have led to present patterns of genetic structure, and particularly, how these populations have responded to major climatic changes in the past. To address these questions, we analyzed previously published mitochondrial haplotype data independently for three marine turtle species, the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), and green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Considering all three species, we conducted analyses on a total of 657 individuals from 36 nesting beaches in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Our results suggest that much of the contemporary genetic structure has been significantly affected by complex patterns of historical population subdivision, long-distance dispersal, and restricted geneflow. These inferences also imply that the climatic and sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene may have had contrasting effects on genetic structure (e.g., fragmenting versus homogenizing) and on population sizes. Estimates of historical and current effective population sizes further highlight differential demographic responses across species to historical climatic cycles. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the occurrence of historical refugia through climatic cycles and complex historical metapopulation dynamics, and identify common and unique patterns of metapopulation structure across species. These historical patterns provide a basis for predictive estimates of metapopulation responses to habitat loss, population extirpation, and global climatic change.
The Globalization Protest Movement in Comparative Perspective

Throughout the history of the modern world-system, projects of globalization promoted by world elites have been met with resistance from people on the ground whose livelihoods have often been threatened. As the geographic scale of global capitalism has expanded, and its penetration into daily life has deepened, the scale and intensity of resistance to this system has grown as well. Local e?orts to protect traditional ways of life, for instance, have evolved into national campaigns for union protections and then into international movements for stronger labor, human rights, and environmental protections. Today, as global elites push for the ?nal incorporation of all regions into a single capitalist system based on neoliberal principles, they are being met by an unexpectedly resilient, far-reaching, and multi-faceted coalition of resistance. Whatever it may be calledthe anti-globalization movement, the global solidarity movement, or the globalization protest movementit is clear that this anti-systemic movement has emerged as an important challenger to the dominance of global capital over the contemporary world.
Observation of an anomalous minority carrier trap in n-type InGaAs

Temperature-dependent transient capacitance spectroscopy has revealed a deep hole trap in n-type In0.53Ga0.47As. Thermal activation and tunneling across the p+n junction are used to explain the unusual capture and escape mechanisms of this trap
Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English

This article integrates aspects of synchronic and diachronic phonological theory with points relevant to the study of a nonreference accent in order to investigate the patterns of consonantal lenition found in the variety of English spoken in Liverpool, England. Points of contact with variationist approaches are addressed, partly because the lenitions are variable processes. An implicational understanding of lenition is developed, thanks to which it is possible to describe the prosodic and melodic environments which inhibit the lenitions. New data from a small corpus investigation into Liverpool English are presented and a theoretical and practical methodology is proposed, which enables the data to be investigated. The descriptive focus is on the segments /t/ and /k/, which are typically realized as affricates or fricatives unless the lenition is inhibited. A notion of ‘melodic lenition inhibition’ is developed to account for some of the inhibitory patterns, whereby the sharing of autosegmental phonological elements gives a segment ‘strength’ in certain environments.
Investigation on the Effects of Environmental and Operational Conditions (EOC) on Diffuse-Field Ultrasonic Guided-Waves in Pipes

In spite of many favorable characteristics of guided-waves for Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of pipes, real-world application of these systems is still quite limited. Beside the complexities derived from multi-modal, dispersive and multi-path characteristics of guided-waves, one of the main challenges in guided-wave based NDE of pipelines is sensitivity of these systems to variations of environmental and operational conditions (EOC). This paper investigates the effects of varying EOCs on guilded-wave based NDE of pipelines. We first provide a review of the studies to date in the field of guided-wave based testing to identify research gaps for enhancing the application of these systems in pipeline NDE. To study the identified gaps, guided-wave data from a fully operational piping system, with continuously varying flow rate and temperature, is used. Time-shift and amplitude drift effects due to flow rate variations are evaluated along with those of temperature. It is observed that masking effects of flow rate for damage detection can be at least as significant as temperature effects, and that such effects become more dominant when flow rate and temperature variations co-occur.
Randomized evaluation of octreotide vs prochlorperazine for ED treatment of migraine headache.

Abstract Patients with headaches account for approximately 2% of all ED visits, with migraines being the most common defined primary headache syndrome. Our goals were to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous octreotide (OC) for the treatment of migraines, when compared to standard therapy with prochlorperazine. Methods The study was conducted as a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Each subject received either 100 μ g of octreotide or 10 mg of prochlorperazine intravenously for a 2-minute period. Results Comparison of the change in median visual analog scale scores for 60 minutes demonstrated that octreotide was less effective at reducing pain ( P = .03) and producing clinical success ( P P P P = .1). Conclusion Prochlorperazine was statistically superior to octreotide in clinical success rate and decrease in pain in migraine patients but caused more restlessness and sedation.
Postcolonial computing: a lens on design and development

As our technologies travel to new cultural contexts and our designs and methods engage new constituencies, both our design and analytical practices face significant challenges. We offer postcolonial computing as an analytical orientation to better understand these challenges. This analytic orientation inspires four key shifts in our approach to HCI4D efforts: generative models of culture, development as a historical program, uneven economic relations, and cultural epistemologies. Then, through reconsideration of the practices of engagement, articulation and translation in other contexts, we offer designers and researchers ways of understanding use and design practice to respond to global connectivity and movement.