cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gestational Diabetes and Health Behaviors Among Women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2014.

Introduction Women with gestational diabetes are at 7 times greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than are women without gestational diabetes. The objectives of this study were to examine recent changes in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women of reproductive age in the United States and assess the prevalence of factors associated with participating in healthy lifestyle behaviors. Methods Data were from 4 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2014). Gestational diabetes was identified by participants' response to whether they were ever told by a health care professional that they had diabetes during pregnancy. The health behaviors were participation in physical activity, healthy dietary patterns (intake of cholesterol, sodium, and fiber within recommended guidelines), and smoking. The analytical sample included 3,034 women aged 20 to 44 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between gestational diabetes and health behaviors. Results The overall prevalence of gestational diabetes was 8.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6%-10.4%) during 2007-2014. The prevalence increased from 8.4% in 2007-2008 to 10.4% in 2013-2014, an increase of 24%, but the change was not significant (P = .28). The proportions of women meeting recommended guidelines for the health behaviors did not change significantly. We found no significant difference in practicing healthy behaviors between women with gestational diabetes and women without gestational diabetes. Conclusion The prevalence of gestational diabetes increased slightly in recent years, and women with the condition were generally not meeting guidelines for healthy behaviors. Coordinated interventions are needed to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors among women with gestational diabetes because they are at increased risk for diabetes.
Adaptive Control of Camera Modality with Deep Neural Network-Based Feedback for Efficient Object Tracking

Round-the-clock surveillance requires robust object detection and tracking independent of lighting conditions. Fusing information from visual-infrared object detection network pair at feature level or decision level shows promising accuracy. However, such fused object detection network is not suitable for edge devices with limited processing power and memory. In this paper, we propose a technique to control spatial modality using feedback from the object detection network and create a mixed-modality image by eliminating the redundancy between visual and infrared information. Mixed-modality image enables object tracking with a single deep neural network as opposed to the decision- level fusion with two separate networks for visual image and infrared image. Proposed approach achieves at least 8% better object tracking accuracy than decision-level fusion while operating at 2X frame-rate and consuming 50% less energy.
First come, first served? Birth order effects on child height in South Africa

We examine the birth order effects on health status for a sample of children aged 1–18 years in South Africa. Using a mother fixed-effects specification, we observe children's height-for-age z-score decreases with birth order. We investigate potential mechanisms underlying the birth order effect including those related to biology, parental preferences, and resource dilution. We also look at whether these effects are due to selection into families of different sizes. We find that the magnitude of the effect is larger in poorer and rural households and in larger families – suggesting that the birth order effect is largely due to resource dilution in economically constrained households.
Almost Periodic Solutions of Differential Equations in Normed Spaces

In this chapter we will study almost periodicity of solutions of differ­ntial equations in normed spaces X (Banach and Hilbert spaces). We rewrite Definition 3.1.1 as follows:
Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on NCAA FBS Football Players: Return to Play and Performance Vary by Position

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are devastating for college football players. Although the change in functional performance of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) f...
Constraints on policymaking in high sovereign debt countries: case studies of Italy and Japan

While sovereign debt has become a major constraint in the policymaking of most developed countries, this article asks why the choices in fiscal and monetary policy were not uniform among the highes...
Diphenyl 2-pyridylphosphine and di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate:Convenient reagents for the Mitsunobu reaction

Abstract New reagents that resolve the problem of separating products from the numerous byproducts in theMitsunobu reaction have been introduced. Substitution of a basic triarylphosphine and an acid labile azodicarboxylate for triphenylphosphine and diethy azodicarboxylate provide an improved procedure allowing for facile isolation of desired products in good yields and excellent purity.
Spin-Selective Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Naphthalenediimide Diradicals.

There has been increasing interest in the excited states of stable diradicals as means of manipulating their spin states for potential applications in quantum information science (QIS). In this wor...
Abstract P139: Cytochrome B5 Reductase 3 Biases Activation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase in Resistance Arteries

Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) heme oxidation (Fe3+) leading to apo-sGC formation diminishes the ability of nitric oxide (NO) to bind sGC and generate intracellular cGMP levels needed for downstrea...
Chapter 10 – Mollusca: Gastropoda

Publisher Summary Gastropods are the most diverse class of the phylum Mollusca, comprising almost three quarters of the 110,000 or so species of molluscs known. Over 50,000 of these species belong to the mostly marine and freshwater Caenogastropoda while another 20,000 species belong to the subclass Pulmonata, of which most are terrestrial. Gastropods have a univalve shell, and possess a file-like radula used in feeding on the periphyton coverings of rocks or plants. In North America, there are 49 genera and 364 species of caenogastropod snails, and 29 genera and 162 species of pulmonate snails. Caenogastropods possess a gill (ctenidium) and a horny (flexible) or calcareous operculum, or “trap door,” which is pulled in after the foot to protect the animal. Pulmonates have secondarily reinvaded freshwaters from the terrestrial habitats used by their ancestors, use a modified portion of the mantle cavity as a lung, and lack an operculum. This chapter offers information on anatomy, phylogeny, physiology, developmental history, life history, and ecology of Gastropods, with focus on freshwater gastropods of North America.
Modulation of Major Human Liver Microsomal Cytochromes P450 by Component Alkaloids of Goldenseal: Time-Dependent Inhibition and Allosteric Effects.

Botanical and other natural products (NPs) are often coconsumed with prescription medications, presenting a risk for cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated NP-drug interactions. The NP goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) has exhibited antimicrobial activities in vitro attributed to isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the plant, primarily berberine, (−)-β-hydrastine, and to a lesser extent, hydrastinine. These alkaloids contain methylenedioxyphenyl rings, structural alerts with potential to inactivate P450s through formation of metabolic intermediate complexes. Time-dependent inhibition experiments were conducted to evaluate their ability to inhibit major P450 activities in human liver microsomes by using a cocktail of isozyme-specific substrate probes. Berberine inhibited CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan O-demethylation; KI = 2.7 μM, kinact = 0.065 minute−1) and CYP3A4/5 (midazolam 1′-hydroxylation; KI = 14.8 μM, kinact = 0.019 minute−1); (−)-β-hydrastine inhibited CYP2C9 (diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation; KI = 49 μM, kinact = 0.036 minute−1), CYP2D6 (KI > 250 μM, kinact > 0.06 minute−1), and CYP3A4/5 (KI = 28 μM, kinact = 0.056 minute−1); and hydrastinine inhibited CYP2D6 (KI = 37 μM, kinact = 0.049 minute−1) activity. Berberine additionally exhibited allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation, showing both positive and negative heterotropic cooperativity. Experiments with recombinant isozymes showed that berberine activated midazolam 1′-hydroxylation by CYP3A5, lowering Km(app), but showed mixed inhibition and negative cooperativity toward this reaction when catalyzed by CYP3A4. Berberine inactivated CYP3A4 at a much faster rate than CYP3A5 and was a noncompetitive inhibitor of midazolam 4-hydroxylation by CYP3A4 but a strong mixed inhibitor of the CYP3A5 catalyzed reaction. These complex kinetics should be considered when extrapolating the risk for NP-drug interactions involving goldenseal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Robust kinetic parameters were determined for the reversible and time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 activities in human liver microsomes by major component isoquinoline alkaloids contained in the botanical natural product goldenseal. The alkaloid berberine also exhibited opposing, isozyme-specific allosteric effects on midazolam hydroxylation mediated by recombinant CYP3A4 (inhibition) and CYP3A5 (activation). These data will inform the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that can be used to predict potential clinically relevant goldenseal-drug interactions.
Can Entrepreneurship be Learned by Intelligent Machines

This paper explores whether human entrepreneurs will be supplanted by intelligent machines. It starts by considering the capacity for machines to engage in entrepreneurial activity using big data and modern artificial intelligence techniques. A critique of artificial intelligence (AI) is then presented that draws a sharp distinction between narrow AI and general AI. Computers are currently incapable of general AI because they lack a theory of mind and self-awareness. Both of these attributes are critical for successful entrepreneurship making it unlikely that computers will displace human entrepreneurs any time soon.
Parenting matters: Parents can reduce or amplify children's anxiety and cortisol responses to acute stress

Parents serve important functions in regulating children's responses to stress and challenge. However, the parental characteristics that modulate the effectiveness of parents as stress buffers remain to be fully characterized. To address this gap, this study examined parental characteristics and behaviors that may explain variation in parents' ability to buffer cortisol responses to acute stress of 180 children (ages 9-11 years old, M = 9.9 years, SD = .58). Children were randomly assigned to either participate in a public speaking task, the Trier Social Stress Test - modified for children (TSST-M) or a control condition. Children in the TSST-M condition were randomly assigned to prepare for the public speaking task either with their parent (N = 59) or alone (N = 60), whereas 61 children were assigned to the control condition (no TSST-M). We found that parental education moderated the effect of condition on children's responses to acute stress. Children whose parents had lower levels of education exhibited reduced cortisol responses in the parent condition compared to the alone condition, showing a buffered pattern of reactivity. In contrast, children of parents with high levels of education displayed higher cortisol reactivity in the parent condition compared to the alone and control conditions. Parental education was also positively associated with higher levels of state anxiety within the parent condition. These results suggest that highly educated parents may emphasize performance over comfort, amplifying their children's state anxiety and cortisol responses to a public performance.
Molecular spectroscopic detectors for gas chromatography

Abstract This chapter discusses the coupling of molecular absorption spectroscopy detectors to gas chromatography (GC). GC–infrared (IR), GC–ultraviolet (UV), and GC–vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy systems are discussed in terms of their historical development and their analytical performance and capabilities. The applications of GC-IR and GC-UV are covered in brief. Broadband bench-top GC-VUV is a relatively new technique, but the instrumental setup is very similar to previous light pipe GC-IR interfaces, and its application has grown significantly in the past 5 years. VUV is amenable to fast GC separations and, ultimately, to GC x GC due to its fast acquisition rate; most developed GC-IR systems have been relatively slow in comparison. The advantage of broadband molecular absorption spectroscopic detection is that molecules tend to have unique spectral fingerprints in both the VUV and IR regions. This allows for the identification of compounds by class, the facile deconvolution of coeluting peaks, and the prediction of theoretical spectra. Some GC-UV systems have been demonstrated to be advantageous in certain applications but have limited detectability due to limited wavelength range acquisition.
Abstract P152: Self-reported Physical Activity And Outcomes In Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: In the general population, higher levels of physical activity are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. Although individuals with CKD are less physically a...
Successful Intratracheal Treatment of Phage and Antibiotic Combination Therapy of a Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murine Model.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is a common etiology of bacteria-mediated lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Given the paucity of novel antibiotics in our foreseeable pipeline, developing novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial therapies saliently targeting drug resistant PsA isolates remains a priority. Lytic bacteriophages (or phages) have come under scrutiny as a potential antimicrobial for refractory bacterial infections. We evaluated intratracheally and intraperitoneally (IP) administered phage therapy (with/without meropenem) in an acute immunocompromised mouse model of multi-drug resistant (MDR) PsA pulmonary infection. The MDR P. aeruginosa respiratory disease model used in these studies was developed to investigate novel therapies that might have efficacy as either monotherapies or as combination therapy with meropenem. Methods: We utilized eight-week-old, 18 g BALB/cJ female mice and an MDR strain of PsA (UNC-D). Mice were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. We employed a three-phage cocktail targeting PsA (PaAH2ΦP (103), PaBAP5Φ2 (130), and PaΦ (134)), confirmed to exhibit in vitro suppression of the infecting isolate out to 45 h. Suppression was confirmed with phages acting in isolation and in combination with meropenem. Results: IP administration of phage did not protect mice from death. A one-time delivery of phage directly to the lungs via a single intubation-mediated, intratracheal (IMIT) instillation protected mice from lethal infection. Protection was observed despite delaying therapy out to 6 h. Finally, we observed that, by slowing the progression of infection by treatment with a sub-efficacious dose of meropenem, we could protect the mice from lethal infection via IP phage administration coupled to meropenem, observing partial additive effects of phage–antibiotic combination therapy. Conclusions: A personalized phage cocktail administered via IMIT exhibits high therapeutic efficacy, despite delayed treatment of 6 h in a lethal MDR PsA pneumonia model. IP phage alone did not forestall mortality, but exhibited efficacy when combined with meropenem and IMIT-administered phage. These additive effects of combined IP phage and meropenem confirm that phage may indeed reach the lung bed via the systemic circulation and protect mice if the infection is not too acute. Therefore, adjunctive phage therapy with concerted attention to identifying optimal phage targeting of the infecting isolate in vitro may exhibit transformative potential for combating the specter of MDR bacterial infections. Phage should serve as an integral component of a four-pronged approach coupled with antibiotics, source control, and immune optimization.
Climate policy impacts on building energy use, emissions, and health: New York City local law 97

Abstract Climate policies increasingly focus on the building sector to reduce its energy and emission footprint, since building energy use is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution emissions. The most ambitious climate policy focusing on the building sector is New York City (NYC)'s local law 97 (LL97). LL97 requires all mid-size and large buildings (>25,000 ft2 (2,323 m2)) to reduce the GHG emissions associated with their energy use, 40% by 2030, and 80% by 2050. This study uses several models and regulatory datasets to build novel NYC building energy use and GHG emission profiles based on LL97 and to investigate the impacts of LL97 on energy, climate, and health. Results show that climate impacts of 2018 energy use in LL97-covered buildings is ∼$3.24 billion USD. The premature mortality due to exposure to 2017 NYC stationary fuel combustion emissions were 1.73–3.42K deaths ($19.9–39.2 billion USD). From this total premature mortality cases in stationary sectors (industry, electricity, and buildings), 0.838–1.87K deaths ($9.62–21.5 billion USD) were from buildings. To achieve emission reduction goals and enable beneficial building electrification, the grid should be decarbonized. Additionally, LL97's apparent exclusion of biomass is a key gap, with potentially adverse effects on health and broad implications for energy/climate policies. Biomass has an outsized adverse health impact; NYC biomass use alone caused 0.707–1.55K deaths ($8.12–17.8 billion USD) in 2017. Yet LL97 does not explicitly mention biomass, and may inadvertently incentivize the use of this fuel, for instance by enabling the use of renewable energy credits from biomass for compliance. This can lead to increased adverse health impacts from biomass combustion. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of including health in energy and climate policy design.
The Blind Spots of Measuring Online News Exposure: A Comparison of Self-Reported and Observational Data in Nine Countries

Measures of news exposure are common in research that tries to explain political knowledge, political engagement, opinion formation and, more generally, media effects. Much of that research employs self-reported measures obtained with surveys, known to suffer from accuracy problems. Observational measures, however, also suffer from limitations – especially when mobile access is excluded from the analyses. Here we offer new insights on the nature of those problems in a comparative perspective. We show that commonly used self-report measures of digital news consumption are problematic for three reasons: these measures only pay attention to a small fraction of all available sources; they underestimate audience share; and they distort the relative position of news sites in visibility rankings. Measurement problems, however, also exist when mobile access is excluded from observational studies. Our analyses quantify the magnitude of these problems, offering unprecedented comparative evidence of online news consumption that spans nine countries and a period of five years. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research on news exposure.
Towards Faster Computations and Accurate Execution of Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

This chapter reports three recent developments aimed towards faster computations and more accurate execution of real-time hybrid simulations (RTHS). The first of these developments is a standalone RTHS system which can accommodate integration time steps as small as 1 ms. The fast execution feature eliminates the approximations that would be introduced by the application of a predictor-corrector smoothing technique and increases the applicability range of explicit integration methods. The second development is the use of an efficient equation solver in RTHS which reduces computation time. This efficient solver, which decreases the computation time by factorizing the Jacobian of the system of linear algebraic equations only once at the beginning of the simulation, is especially beneficial in RTHS which involves analytical substructures with large number of degrees of freedom (DOF). The third development is a novel use of a three-variable control (TVC) for RTHS on a shaking table configuration. Although the TVC, which employs velocity and acceleration control in addition to the typical displacement control, is commonly used in conventional shaking table tests, this development is the first application of TVC in RTHS.
The Environmental Consequences of Rural and Urban Population Change: An Exploratory Spatial Panel Study of Forest Cover in the Southern United States, 2001–2006

This exploratory study examines the effects of rural and urban population change on forest cover at the local level across the southern United States. Using county-level data from the National Land Cover Database and other U.S. government sources, we regressed the total area of forest cover on rural and urban population size in spatial panel models with two-way fixed effects. When we controlled for several other factors, including the number of forestry operations at the county level, regression results indicate that urban change had no effect, but rural population size was positively related to total forest area, and this effect was most pronounced in and around Georgia. Thus, in areas of the southern United States, rural growth was associated with afforestation, not deforestation. We speculate on how this unusual finding contributes to the debate between ecological modernization and urban political economy implicated in previous cross-national research.
A Casual Revolution: Reinventing Video Games and Their Players

The enormous popularity of the Nintendo Wii, Guitar Hero, and smaller games like Bejeweled or Zuma has turned the stereotype of the obsessed young male gamer on its head. Players of these casual games are not required to possess an intimate knowledge of video game history or to devote weeks or months to play. At the same time, many players of casual games show a dedication and skill that is anything but casual. In A Casual Revolution, Jesper Juul describes this as a reinvention of video games, and of our image of video game players, and explores what this tells us about the players, the games, and their interaction. With this reinvention of video games, the game industry reconnects with a general audience. Many of today's casual game players once enjoyed Pac-Man, Tetris, and other early games, only to drop out when video games became more time consuming and complex. For a long time, video games asked players to structure their lives to fit the demands of a game; with casual games, it is the game that is designed to fit into the lives of players. These flexible games make it possible for everyone to be a video game player. Juul shows that it is only by understanding what a game requires of players, what players bring to a game, how the game industry works, and how video games have developed historically that we can understand what makes video games fun and why we choose to play (or not to play) them.
Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children

A total of 431 patients who underwent their first cerebrospinal fluid shunt insertion at Children’s Memorial Hospital over a 10-year period were retrospectively studied with regard to the relationship between the etiology of the hydrocephalus, age at the time of shunt placement and infection rate. The follow-up period ranged from 1 week to 10 years (mean: 2.3 years; median: 1.8 years). Forty percent of the patients had constrictive hydrocephalus and meningomyelocele, 33% congenital communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus, and 18% tumors. Intraventricular hemorrhage and meningitis accounted for the remaining 8%. Eighty-three percent of the patients were less than 1 year old at the time of surgery; 18% were 1 week old or younger. A total of 1,485 procedures were performed with an average of 3 procedures per patient. Ninety-six patients had shunt infection, resulting in a 22% infection rate per patient and a 6% infection rate per procedure. No significant correlation was evident between etiology of the hydrocephalus and infection rate (P 0.01). More in depth analysis of the relationship between age and infection rate was possible in the meningomyelocele and congenital hydrocephalus group, owing to the significant number of these patients that fell into each one of the subdivisions chosen with respect to age at the time of shunt placement. Meningomyelocele patients shunted in the first week of life have a higher infection rate than those shunted at 2 weeks of age or older (P>0.01). The same is not true for the congenital hydrocephalus patients (P<0.5). It is suggested that, whenever possible, meningomyelocele patients be shunted at 2 weeks of age or later.
Structural Modeling for Optimization of Low Aspect Ratio Composite Wings

minor importance in the case of some hollow wings, its inclusion is essential in the case of solid core structures, such as canards, cruise-missile components, and aeroelastic windtunnel models, for which this formulation is intended. Moreover, fuselage rigid-body DOFs must also be included. Two compromises on generality help toward the goal of low computational effort without significantly affecting the effort to include all the relevant physical effects. Realistic amounts of airfoil camber have little effect on displacements due to unsteady pressure loading, suggesting that camber can be omitted for aeroelastic problems. Similarly, rotatory inertia terms can be ignored for wings of practical thickness, as shown in the text by Librescu.4 The interest lies in a structural model incorporating the physical characteristics essential to a flutter analysis of modern low AR composite wings. The model should be sufficiently accurate to account for all important structural parameters and yet sufficiently simple so as not to be computationally intensive. Such a structural model consists of a trapezoidal plate with root and tip chords parallel to the flow and with 2k symmetrically stacked, variable thickness, generally orthotropic laminae in the laminate (Figs. 1 and 2). Mindlin shear deformability5 is included with a shear correction factor (SCF) of 1.0. The wing is attached to a rigid fuselage capable of pitch and plunge. Note that the SCF generally appears as a proportionalit y factor in the coefficient Aah [Eq. (12)]. In the present parametric study, it was chosen arbitrarily as 1.0, but is to be replaced by an appropriate value in actual design. This is the simplest model retaining the essential physical
Turbulent Channel Flow over Model “Dynamic” Roughness

Turbulent flow over a “dynamically rough” wall is modeled by considering time-dependent velocity perturbations in the streamwise and wall-normal directions imposed at the wall, a crude linearization. Analysis of the linearized Navier-Stokes operator is performed to select roughness parameters that are predicted to lead to a large disturbance amplification in the body of the flow. Direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow at Re τ ∼ 500 with three different roughness amplitudes, a +, indicate that for \({a}^{+}\,=\,10\) the response of the flow approximates this predicted form, including the development of a significant spanwise velocity component. The turbulence characteristics, as a function of amplitude, are hypothesized to offer insight of relevance to the static roughness problem.
Research on the typical systems for active distribution network in China

In order to host a large scale of distributed energy resources (DER) connected to the distribution network, China is developing active distribution network (ADN) which is proposed by CIGRE C6.11. To enhance the development of ADN in China, the paper proposes the ADN typical systems, which focus on resolving the problems of DER integration. Establishing a common basis for testing DER integration technologies is a significant challenge because DER is too diverse and has some uncertain impacts on the distribution network. The typical systems facilitate the analysis and validation of DER integration. Firstly, the paper analyzes the construction method of the typical systems. Secondly, based on the distribution network characteristics in China, the paper proposes the ADN typical systems, and each system includes typical network structure and load information of each node. Finally, to evaluate the application of the typical systems, the paper designs a simulation model, which is a set of different voltage levels, different loads, and different DER (wind farm, photovoltaic, battery), and the simulation results prove that the typical systems could be a common basis for researching the ADN development in China.
Ferromanganese deposits in the Hawaiian Archipelago

Abstract Dredge sampling and bottom photography of submarine terraces in the Hawaiian Archipelago find that ferromanganese deposits encrust rock outcrops and form widespread pavements. These deposits are economically interesting because of their cobalt content and location within the 200-mile zone. Ferromanganese crusts and pavements are most prevalent on two deep terrace levels — the Laualualei (370–560 m) and Waho (900–1200 m) — recognized throughout the archipelago, although crust thickness and element content vary considerably on both regional and local scales. The characteristic variability in crust thickness and element content suggests that environmental conditions vary on small spacial and temporal scales. We find no relationship between substrate composition and crust thickness or element content, indicating that ferromanganese oxides are deposited from seawater and accumulate on any exposed, hard substrate surface. We speculate that structural and sedimentary processes regulate the exposure of resistant substrate as a prerequisite for crust layers deposited during intermittent accretion episodes. An enrichment in cobalt is correlated to Mn/Fe ratio and the relative proportions of δ-MnO2 and FeOOH which are the principal crust components. Cobalt content cannot be correlated to water depth, crust thickness, or basement age of the deep terrace localities. Since crust thickness and cobalt content generally increase along the archipelago to the northwest, deposits found on the wide terraces of the leeward archipelago have the most economic potential. This study concludes that hydrogenous deposition of ferromanganese oxides from seawater is affected considerably by local environmental conditions during the evolution of deep terraces on the submarine of slopes of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
Inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase by trans-3-phenylglycidols

The inhibition of murine cytosolic epoxide hydrolase has been studied with both racemic and enantiomerically pure trans-3-phenylglycidols. These compounds are the first enantioselective, slow binding inhibitors of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. The (2S,3S)-3-phenylglycidol enantiomer was always a better inhibitor than the (2R,3R)-enantiomer. When the I50 values of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)glycidol were compared, the (2S,3S)-enantiomer was at least a 750-fold better inhibitor (I50 = 1.6 microM) than the (2R,3R)-enantiomer (I50 = 1200 microM), and it was the most potent inhibitor tested in the 3-phenylglycidol series. If the hydroxyl group of the glycidol was masked or converted to another functionality, the potency of the inhibitor decreased and the (2S,3S)-enantiomer was not necessarily the better inhibitor. In addition, trans-3-phenylglycidols demonstrated slow binding inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. Inhibitors without a hydroxyl group, or with a blocked hydroxyl group, were not slow binding inhibitors. These results suggested that the hydroxyl group was important in both enantioselectivity and time dependence of inhibition of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase by trans-3-phenylglycidols. The hydration pattern of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-2,3-epoxy-3-(4- nitrophenyl)glycidol by cytosolic epoxide hydrolase also differed. When incorporation of [18O] from water catalyzed by cytosolic epoxide hydrolase was measured, the (2S,3S)-enantiomer gave 12% incorporation into the benzylic carbon and the (2R,3R)-enantiometer gave 40% incorporation into the benzylic carbon. Finally, trans-3-phenylglycidols were found to be poor inhibitors of microsomal epoxide hydrolase.
VSAERO analysis of structurally decoupled tip planforms for a semispan wing

A numerical analysis has been conducted with the three-dimensional panel code VSAERO for two interacting lifting surfaces that are separated in the spanwise direction by a narrow gap, with the angle of attack of the outboard section being set independently of the inboard section, as in the 'free tip' rotor blade system proposed for helicopters. Computed values of tip surface lift and pitching moment coefficients are correlated with experimental data to determine the most suitable method for modeling the gap region between the surfaces. It is shown that the induced drag of the tip surface is reduced for negative incidence angles relative to the inboard section.
Effect of Treatment with Radioactive Iodine and Iodine-Deficient Diet on Development and Maintenance of Renal Hypertension in Rats

Treatment of kidney encapsulated rats with 850 µC. of radioactive iodine effectively prevented both the characteristic rise of blood pressure to hypertensive levels and cardiac hypertrophy. Iodine-deficient diet was ineffective under these conditions. Once hypertension was established, treatment with 850 µC. radioactive iodine lowered blood pressure toward normal levels although a significant decrease in heart weight was not observed. The iodine-deficient diet was also ineffective under these conditions. It is felt that hypothyroidism produced by administration of high doses of radioactive iodine is as effective in preventing blood pressure rise as that observed with propylthiouracil treatment. The antihypertensive effect of these antithyroid treatments appears to be the direct result of inhibition of secretion of thyroid hormone.
Analysis of thin plates by the element-free Galerkin method

A meshless approach to the analysis of arbitrary Kirchhoff plates by the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method is presented. The method is based on moving least squares approximant. The method is meshless, which means that the discretization is independent of the geometric subdivision into “finite elements”. The satisfaction of the C 1 continuity requirements are easily met by EFG since it requires only C 1 weights; therefore, it is not necessary to resort to Mindlin-Reissner theory or to devices such as discrete Kirchhoff theory. The requirements of consistency are met by the use of a quadratic polynomial basis. A subdivision similar to finite elements is used to provide a background mesh for numerical integration. The essential boundary conditions are enforced by Lagrange multipliers. It is shown, that high accuracy can be achieved for arbitrary grid geometries, for clamped and simply-supported edge conditions, and for regular and irregular grids. Numerical studies are presented which show that the optimal support is about 3.9 node spacings, and that high-order quadrature is required.
Skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: influence of clinical and demographic factors on prognosis: a SEER analysis.

Objective Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are rare skull base tumors, with similar radiographic and clinical presentations. We investigated factors influencing long-term survival in these 2 tumors using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Methods Patients with chordoma (n = 416) and chondrosarcoma (n = 269) within the skull base from 1983 to 2009 were identified within the SEER database. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to test associations with survival. t tests and χ2 tests were used to compare groups. Results Chordoma and chondrosarcoma patients were similar demographically. Survival at 5 years was 65% for chordomas and 81.8% (P Conclusion Consistent with previous case series, skull base chordomas have significantly worse prognosis than chondrosarcomas. Patients in the SEER database had worse survival overall compared with existing case series for both chordomas and chondrosarcomas, suggesting selection bias in the existing literature.
Bore Hole Cameras

Descriptions of bore-hole cameras with several applications are presented. Their main feature is to inspect, by photographic recording, the walls of confined places, such as drillings in foundation and geological engineering, and inspection through small holes of restricted areas -as in medicine and industry. Development of a compact holographic system was achieved, which enables recording the three dimensions with high resolution and good contrast. It is believed that in the future, integrated optics will be applied, and micro-miniature photographic cameras will be developed for the mentioned and many other applications.
Deep-sea ahermatypic scleractinian corals: isotopic composition of the skeleton

Abstract 13 C/ 12 C and 18 O/ 16 O ratios of the skeletal aragonite deposited by ahermatypic scleractinian corals were measured for 220 separate specimens taken from marine environments ranging from deep-sea and/or cold water habitats to the warm waters of tropical coral reefs. Each sample is depleted in 13 C and 18 O relative to calcium carbonate in isotopic equilibrium with the ambient sea water system. Despite apparent isotopic disequilibrium, systematic relationships between isotopic composition and environmental parameters are clearly apparent, permitting the use of stable isotope ratio data for non-reef-building corals in paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations if certain precautions are taken. Skeletal δ 18 O and water temperature are closely related for the ahermatypes over the entire temperature range of present-day oceans (∼ 0–30°C). The temperature versus δ 18 O curve is parallel to that for CaCO 3 in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with sea water, but it is displaced 2·4 per mil towards lower δ 18 O. These findings have implications concerning the mechanism of calcification in the scleractinian corals. Oxygen isotope ratios recorded in the skeletons of deep-sea ahermatypes may be utilized as geochemical indicators of temperature and/or depth.
Pediatric partial cricotracheal resection: a new technique for the posterior cricoid anastomosis.

ObjectivePartial cricotracheal resection has become a more popular procedure in the pediatric population as a treatment for severe subglottic stenosis. We describe a new technique for the posterior cricoid anastomosis.Study Design and SettingThis is a case series of 4 pediatric patients with a Myer-Cotton grade III or IV subglottic stensosis.SettingTertiary care hospital with a pediatric intensive care unit.ResultsAll 4 patients were decannulated and there were no observed complications to include posterior mucosal dehiscence and/or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.ConclusionsPlacing sutures through the cricoid cartilage is technically less difficult than previously described techniques for treating subglottic stenosis near the undersurface of the true vocal folds and affords a more stable posterior mucosal suture line.SignificanceThis technique provides a surgical means to treat high subglottic stenosis that closely approximates the true vocal folds by enabling a stable posterior mucosa to mucosa apposit...
Cleanup of Netlibrary Cataloging Records: A Methodical Front-End Process

ABSTRACT Electronic resources and ebooks in particular, have become a very important source of information for library patrons. When our library was given access to more than 20,000 ebooks, we were faced with bibliographic records of unknown quality. To provide high-quality records in a timely manner, we identified as many potential problems as we could, worked with reference staff to create the best PAC displays, and created efficient record-editing methods to address these issues prior to loading the records in our database. This article documents that process and describes the MarcEdit, Word, and Excel strategies used to methodically correct and improve these records. It also offers practical solutions and procedures for database maintenance and quality control for NetLibrary or any outsourced cataloging records. The future of ebooks and other related cataloging issues, including authority control, are also discussed as points that remain to be addressed.
Effects of interleukin-1 on calcium signaling and the increase of filamentous actin in isolated and in situ articular chondrocytes.

Objective To determine whether interleukin-1 (IL-1) initiates transient changes in the intracellular concentration of [Ca2+]i and the organization of filamentous actin (F-actin) in articular chondrocytes. Methods Articular chondrocytes within cartilage explants and enzymatically isolated chondrocytes were loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence indicators, and [Ca2+]i was measured using confocal fluorescence ratio imaging during exposure to 10 ng/ml IL-1α. Inhibitors of Ca2+ mobilization (Ca2+-free medium, thapsigargin [inhibitor of Ca-ATPases], U73122 [inhibitor of phospholipase C], and pertussis toxin [inhibitor of G proteins]) were used to determine the mechanisms of increased [Ca2+]i. Cellular F-actin was quantified using fluorescently labeled phalloidin. Toxin B was used to determine the role of the Rho family of small GTPases in F-actin reorganization. Results In isolated cells on glass and in in situ chondrocytes within explants, exposure to IL-1 induced a transient peak in [Ca2+]i that was generally followed by a series of decaying oscillations. Thapsigargin, U73122, and pertussis toxin inhibited the percentage of cells responding to IL-1. IL-1 increased F-actin content in chondrocytes in a manner that was inhibited by toxin B. Conclusion Both isolated and in situ chondrocytes respond to IL-1 with transient increases in [Ca2+]i via intracellular Ca2+ release mediated by the phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate pathways. The influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space and the activation of G protein–coupled receptors also appear to contribute to these mechanisms. These findings suggest that Ca2+ mobilization may be one of the first signaling events in the response of chondrocytes to IL-1.
Complex variable boundary element method for external potential flows

We describe a simple,efficient complex variable boundary element method algorithm for calculating potential flow past single and multicomponent airfoils in free air, in ground effect, in an infinite cascade, and in solid, open, and perforated wall wind tunnels. The theoretical development is based on the representation of the complex disturbance velocity by the Cauchy-type integral, formulating the airfoil problem as an exterior (Riemann-)Hilbert problem and accounting for the outer constraints using the concept of Green's function in the complex plane
The undecidability of self-embedding for term rewriting systems

Abstract The self-embedding property of term rewriting systems is closely related to the uniform termination property, since a nonself-embedding term rewriting system is uniform terminating. The self-embedding property is shown to be undecidable and partially decidable. It follows that the nonself-embedding property is not partially decidable. This is true even for globally finite term rewriting systems. The same construction gives an easy alternate proof that uniform termination is undecidable in general and also for globally finite term rewriting systems. Also, the looping property is shown to be undecidable in the same way.
Differences in tibia morphology between the sound and affected sides in ankle-foot orthosis-using survivors of stroke

Abstract Objective To examine differences in tibia and proximal femur morphology between the affected and sound limbs in ankle-foot orthosis (AFO)-using survivors of stroke. Design Observational study. Setting A university bone density laboratory. Participants Ambulatory, AFO-using survivors of stroke (N=9; age range, 55–74y; poststroke duration, 13.5±4.4y; AFO use, 6.5±1.4y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Total body and hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The 4%, 38%, and 66% sites of both tibias were measured with peripheral quantitative computed tomography for total, cortical, and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) and BMC. Bone geometry, bone strength index (BSI), strength strain index (SSI), and minimum and maximum rotated moments of inertia (I min , I max ) were determined. Results Total hip and trochanter BMC and aBMD were 7% to 19% greater on the sound side ( P P P P P min ) were greater ( P P Conclusions Interlimb differences in bone characteristics after a stroke persist despite returning to ambulatory status with AFO use.
Determination of confidence intervals for the economic tool life

Abstract In this paper the problem of determining confidence intervals for the economic tool life is discussed. An example has been solved to illustrate the method.
Maximum Acceptable Load for Lifting and Carrying in Two-Person Teams

The purpose of this study was to determine and verify the maximum acceptable load for lifting and carrying (MALL&C) in single- and mixed-gender two-person teams. Participants lifted and carried a box 7.2 meters and placed it on a 132 cm high shelf, at rates of 1 x/min and 4 x/min. All male teams lifted and carried significantly (p .05). Our findings demonstrate that 1) individuals working alone or in teams can accurately estimate their ability to lift and carry loads for an hour, and that 2) when working in pairs, team MAL-L&C are approximately equal to the sum of their individual MAL-L&C. Percentile norms for MAL-L&Cs are provided for male, female, and mixed gender teams.
An external mentor program: Stimulus for faculty research development

Abstract This article describes a faculty development model to stimulate rapid growth in research and scholarship in a school of nursing during an institution-wide initiative to strengthen the research stature of the university. The program was designed to establish targeted mentoring relationships with productive researchers from institutions outside the home institution to assist faculty with research program development. The external mentor program is described along with the methods of implementation and outcomes after 2.5 years. The success of this program has led to adoption of the model by other schools in the university. J Prof Nurs 17:40-45, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company