cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for globally coherent variability in solar magnetic flux emergence

We examine the large-scale spatial and temporal variations in the emergence of X-ray bright points on the sun, in order to study the global properties of magnetic flux emergence. Major variations in the rate of flux emergence are observed at all solar latitudes, on a time scale of 3-5 months. The most economical explanation of the observations is that the full sun participated in a single large eruptive event during the available 8 month observing period from Skylab in 1973. The peak of this global event corresponds in time to the eruption of a major complex of activity. Moreover, it appears that the only portion of the solar surface which deviates from the above pattern of behavior is the low latitude region in the vicinity of the AR complex; this area shows a temporary depletion immediately following the AR outburst. The high-latitude regions in both hemispheres show the same variation and appear to lead the low-latitude emergence by approximately 1 month.
Meteoric water in magmas.

Oxygen isotope analyses of sanidine phenocrysts from rhyolitic sequences in Nevada, Colorado, and the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field show that δ18O decreased in these magmas as a function of time. This decrease in δ18O may have been caused by isotopic exchange between the magma and groundwater low in 18O. For the Yellowstone Plateau rhyolites, 7000 cubic kilometers of magma could decrease in δ18O by 2 per mil in 600,000 years by reacting with water equivalent to 3 millimeters of precipitation per year, which is only 0.3 percent of the present annual precipitation in this region. The possibility of reaction between large magmatic bodies and meteoric water at liquidus temperatures has major implications in the possible differentiation history of the magma and in the generation of ore deposits.
Will the nation need more cardiologists in the future than are being trained now

This article supports the view that in the future our nation will need more general cardiologists who perform no high-tech procedures than we are currently training. It also addresses the reason graduates of American medical schools, especially women who make up 40% to 50% of the graduating class, are not choosing cardiology fellowship programs as they were previously. A remedy for this serious problem is offered.
Improving identification of Hispanic males in Medicare: use of surname matching.

Objectives:Medicare administrative and claims files maintained by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are frequently used to examine racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare use. However, identification of Hispanic ethnicity for beneficiaries in the Medicare claims files is probl
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF SERA FROM SOME MARINE ARTHROPODS: STUDIES ON THE HETEROGENEITY OF HEMOCYANIN AND ON A "CERULOPLASMIN-LIKE PROTEIN".

Abstract 1. 1. Sera of blue crab Callinectes sapidus, burrowing sand crab Emerita talpoida and fiddler crab Uca pugilator show some qualitative and considerable quantitative variation, although this is never so great as to obscure the species specific pattern. 2. 2. From five to fifteen distinct protein zones are found in various arthropod sera, including small to moderate amounts of non-hemocyanin proteins. Basically arthropod hemocyanins can be divided into electrophoretically “fast” and “slow” types. 3. 3. Limulus possesses only “fast” hemocyanin; various crustaceans—except shrimp—have both “fast” and “slow” hemocyanins. 4. 4. Parasitization of the blue crab by the rhizocephalan Loxothylacus texanus increases the amount of “fast” hemocyanin and, especially, the quantity of a protein with at least a superficial resemblance to vertebrate ceruloplasmin.
Inattentional Blindness as a Function of Proximity to the Focus of Attention

The effect of the distance between the center of the focus of attention and an unexpected stimulus on detection was examined in two experiments with the use of the inattentional-blindness paradigm [Mack and Rock, 1998 Inattentional Blindness (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)]. In experiment 1, the closer a stimulus was to the center of attention, the more likely it was to be detected. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and controlled for retinal eccentricity. These results suggest that low-level stimulus characteristics (e.g. location) may play an important role in the detection of unexpected stimuli. The data are consistent with previous research on the spatial aspects of attention demonstrating that the distance to the focus of attention is a critical variable. This study demonstrates that the effect of distance is similar under conditions of inattention. Theories put forward to explain inattentional blindness should include 'early' attentional factors, as well as factors resulting from later stages of processing.
Neutronics tests in a fusion engineering facility

Abstract Many important neutronics issues will require testing in a fusion facility such as NET, FER, TIBER, OTR, or ITER. These neutronics issues include demonstration of tritium self-sufficiency, verification of adequate radiation protection of components and personnel, and validation of calculational methods and nuclear data. This paper examines the extent to which these issues can be resolved in a fusion testing facility, and discusses the technical interrelationships between the specialized neutronics tests and other tests for the blanket (e.g., fluid flow, tritium recovery). The most difficult issue appears to be the demonstration of DT fuel self-sufficiency. Direct demonstration requires a complete fuel cycle including full blanket and integrated tritium processing systems. This appears unlikely in the next fusion facility. Therefore, indirect demonstration through synthesis of information from various tests appears to be the only option. Tests for verification of other neutronics parameters can be classified into three categories: (1) dedicated tests; (2) supplementary measurements; and (3) measurements for the basic device. Dedicated tests aim at examining the accuracy of present neutron transport codes, basic nuclear data, and geometrical modeling in predicting key neutronics parameters. These tests would be carried out in large modules specifically designed for that purpose to maintain the appropriate boundary conditions. In addition, these tests would also be performed in various breeding material/coolant test modules to estimate the uncertainties in predicting their key neutronics parameters. Most of these tests require only low fluence ( 2 ) and short plasma pulses (
Molecular-dynamics simulations of atomic ionization by strong laser fields

We use molecular-dynamics simulations to study the competition between sequential and collective ionization in low-Z atoms by strong laser fields. The model shows sequential ionization at low fields, changing to collective ionization at large fields. The field strength at which this occurs is lower for higher frequencies. We also study the ionization as a function of pulse length and find that collective ionization is favored for shorter pulses.
Intraperoxisomal localization of very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase: implication in X-adrenoleukodystrophy.

X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a demyelinating disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very-long-chain (VLC) fatty acids (>C(22:0)) due to the impaired activity of VLC acyl-CoA synthetase (VLCAS). The gene responsible for X-ALD was found to code for a peroxisomal integral membrane protein (ALDP) that belongs to the ATP binding cassette superfamily of transporters. To understand the function of ALDP and how ALDP and VLCAS interrelate in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of VLC fatty acids we investigated the peroxisomal topology of VLCAS protein. Antibodies raised against a peptide toward the C-terminus of VLCAS as well as against the N-terminus were used to define the intraperoxisomal localization and orientation of VLCAS in peroxisomes. Indirect immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies show that peroxisomal VLCAS is localized on the matrix side. This finding was supported by protease protection assays and Western blot analysis of isolated peroxisomes. To further address the membrane topology of VLCAS, Western blot analysis of total membranes or integral membranes prepared from microsomes and peroxisomes indicates that VLCAS is a peripheral membrane-associated protein in peroxisomes, but an integral membrane in microsomes. Moreover, peroxisomes isolated from cultured skin fibroblasts from X-ALD patients with a mutation as well as a deletion in ALDP showed a normal amount of VLCAS. The consequence of VLCAS being localized to the luminal side of peroxisomes suggests that ALDP may be involved in stabilizing VLCAS activity, possibly through protein-protein interactions, and that loss or alterations in these interactions may account for the observed loss of peroxisomal VLCAS activity in X-ALD.
Breathing during sleep and wakefulness in the cat.

Abstract Adult cats were equipped with standard electrodes and skull-bolts for chronic sleep recordings with head-restraint. Respiration was monitored with a pneumotachograph connected to a tube which was inserted into the trachea through a chronic fistula. Episodes of breathing in wakefulness (W), nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were recorded and digitized for computer analysis. The combined means and standard errors of the mean for frequency of breathing (f), peak inspiratory airflow rate (PF), tidal volume (V t ) and minute-volume ( e ) were as follows, (1) In NREM, f was lower (25.5 ± 0.35/min) than in W (37.5 ± 1.5) and REM (41.8 ± 1.9). Changes in f across states resulted from changes in both the lengths of inspiration (T i ) and expiration (T e ). The ratio T i /T i +T k progressively increased from W to NREM and from NREM to REM. (2) PF decreased from W (4.324 liter/min) to NREM (3.03 ± 0.04) and REM (2.572 ± 0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between PF and V t . (3) V t was larger in NREM (35.1 ± 0.43 ml) than in W (33.2 ± 0.73) or REM (24.4 ± 0.63). V T and f were positively correlated on a breath-by-breath basis. (4) V e decreased in sleep (W = 1081 ± 25 ml; NREM = 883 ± 9.9: REM = 806 ± 19). Cats were also studied with dead spaces added to the pneumotachograph. Ventilation parameters increased, but the effects of state on breathing, as determined without added dead space, were confirmed.
Abstract 4905: The BH3 mimetic navitoclax (ABT-263) selectively induces apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma-associated fibroblasts thereby reducing tumor growth

Background and Aims: Cholangiocarcinomas (CCA) are highly desmoplastic tumors containing abundant cancer associated myofibroblasts (CAF). An inverse association between the abundance of CAF and survival has been demonstrated in CCA, suggesting that CAF play a pivotal role in CCA development and progression. The CAF phenotype represents an ‘activated cell state’ and as such may be uniquely susceptible to apoptosis. BH3 mimetics induce apoptosis in cells ‘primed’ for cell death, representing a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Herein we examine whether CAF display a selective sensitivity to the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 and whether ABT-263 induced ablation of CAF reduces tumor growth and progression. Methods: We employed human and rat CAF, myofibroblastic human LX2 cells, human and rat control fibroblasts, the rat cholangiocarcinoma cell line BDEneu and human CCA cell lines for these studies. In-vivo experiments were conducted using a syngeneic, orthotopic rat CCA model. Results: We observed a significant and dose dependent induction of apoptosis by ABT-263 in human and rat primary CAF as well as activated LX2 cells as compared to rat BDEneu and human CCA cell lines. Comparison of Bcl-2 protein expression in quiescent fibroblasts versus CAF demonstrated a consistent upregulation of Bax in the CAF, likely explaining their enhanced sensitivity to pro-death stimuli. Indeed, ABT-263 treatment of CAF was associated with Bax activation as compared to human CCA cell lines. Finally, administration of ABT-263 decreased tumor size and metastasis in a human-like in-vivo rat model of CCA. Analysis of the rat tumors revealed a decrease in Tenascin C positive tumor stroma and an increase of TUNEL-positive apoptotic stromal cells. Conclusions: CCA associated CAF appear to be ‘primed’ for cell death, possibly due to overexpression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bax. Consequently CAF display increased sensitivity to the BH3 mimetic ABT-263, which selectively depletes them from a rat in-vivo model of CCA, thereby reducing tumor growth and metastasis. Thus targeting CCA tumor stroma by inducing apoptosis in CAF may represent a new therapeutic approach in human CCA. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4905. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4905
Thue-Morse quantum Ising model.

We study the one-dimensional quantum Ising model in a transverse magnetic field where the exchange couplings are ordered according to the Thue-Morse (TM) sequence. At zero temperature, this model is equivalent to a two-dimensional classical Ising model in a magnetic field with TM aperiodicity along one direction. We compute the order parameter (magnetization) of the chain and the scaling behavior of the energy spectrum when the system undergoes a phase transition. Analogous to the quasiperiodic (QP) quantum Ising chain, the onset of long-range order is signaled by a nonanaliticity in the exponent delta which describes the scaling of the total bandwidth with the size of the chain. The critical spin-coupling can be computed analytically and it is found to be lower than the QP case. Furthermore, the energy bands are found to be narrower than the corresponding QP chain. The former and latter results are consistent with the fact that the present structure has a degree of ordering intermediate between QP and random.
Life cycle and biology of Eimeria lettyae sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus (L.).

A new species of coccidium, Eimeria lettyae sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) was recovered from feces of the northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus (L.), from Pennsylvania and Florida. Oocysts measured 21.1 μm(16.4 to 25.8) by 17.2 μm (14.1 to 21.2); index (L/W ratio) = 1.22. Oocysts lacked a micropyle, residuum, and polar granules. Sporozoites penetrated the upper ½ of the villi, then moved to the lamina propria at the base of the villi. There were five asexual generations, all of which developed above the nucleus of the host cell. Meronts measured 9.4 × 7.0 μm, 18.6 × 11.2 μm, 11.8 × 10.1 μm, 7.1 × 6.2 μm, and 20.2 × 12.8 μm, respectively. These matured at 32, 40, 48, 56, and 72 hr postinoculation (PI) and contained 12, 50+, 24 to 36, 12 to 24, and 50 + merozoites, respectively. Infection was most intense in the duodenum although some gamonts were found in the ileum and ceca. The prepatent period was 88 to 91 hr PI. Sporulation time was 18 hr at 25 C. The peak of oocyst production was broad and extended fr...
How to read a patent

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how to read a patent. Patents contain information useful in zeolite synthesis. They are often the first and sometimes the only source of this information. Much of it is eventually published in the open literature with the arcane language of the patent discarded along the way. But for those on the cutting edge of discovery, the delay may be intolerable. In reading a patent, it helps to know what to look for and what to ignore. To the beginner, the “state of the art― summary may be a good source of references. Patent attorneys struggle to get the inventor to define exactly what he/she has invented. It helps to be aware of the process by which a patent case is written and prosecuted. The inventor, pushed by the attorney, rushes to assemble the data to support the case and get it filed. Bad data weakens the case so the inventor is obliged to be truthful about the data, but there is no obligation to present data damaging to the case. This data selectivity makes patents a suspect source in the opinion of many scientists.
Pure-Absorption-Mode Lineshapes and Sensitivity in Two-Dimensional Dynamic-Angle Spinning NMR

Abstract Modified versions of the dynamic-angle spinning (DAS) experiment that provide pure-absorption-mode 2D spectra with an increase in sensitivity are described. These new experiments employ time shifting of the coherence-transfer echoes in the DAS experiment, which are formed because of the inhomogeneous broadenings, to acquire both halves of the DAS echo. Optimum 2D time-domain filtering and automated 2D phase-correction techniques relevant to these DAS experiments are also presented. Experimental examples for the central transition of 87Rb in polycrystalline RbClO4 and RbNO3 are shown.
Aggregation of a Polyphilic Janus Polythiophene in Solution

Solutions of poly(4‘-perfluorooctyl-3-octyl-2,2‘-bithiophene) display strong thermochromism and solvatochromism that are consistent with formation of solid-state-like aggregates. The polyphilicity of the structure (having alkyl, fluoroalkyl, and arene segments) provides a Janus structure in which the two edges of a ribbonlike polymer chain have distinctly different surface energies. In addition, the placement of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents provides an alternation of charge density along the polymer backbone. The chromic effects are not observed for analogous polymers that only have one type of side chain or for an analogue with alternating alkyl and semifluoroalkyl side chains that is polyphilic but does not have the alternation of charge density along the polymer chain.
REASONING ABILITY IN OLDER ADULTS MEASURED THROUGH LETTER AND NUMBER SERIES

Letter series and number series tests, consisting of items based on identical rules, were administered in a counterbalanced design to 58 persons (46 women and 12 men) between the ages of 61 and 88 years to determine their relative efficacy (relative difficulty and acceptability) as measures of inductive/deductive reasoning ability. Results indicated that letter and number series tests, in which each item in one has a same-rule counterpart in the other, were not equivalent in regard to their relative difficulty or popularity among the elderly. The number series test was significantly (p 0001) easier and more popular than its letter series counterpart. Some of the implications of these findings for assessing reasoning ability in the elderly were specified.
A mixed-integer linear model for optimal processing and transport of secondary materials

In every area of materials recovery management, transportation is an important component of waste management systems. Affordable transportation methods to move material from seller to buyer should be carefully investigated. The current study examines the possibility of installing intermediate processing stations between sellers and buyers. Intermediate processing stations are needed to assure quality of the recycled paper and cardboard and to collect and densify these materials for economical transport by truck or rail. The approach used emphasizes the application of a mixed-integer linear programming model for transportation of recovered paper. The research was focused on expressing the transportation optimization problem as a linear programming problem. Determination of optimal locations for the processing stations is emphasized. For this study, the available modes of transportation to recycling markets included semi-trailer truck and rail. The computerized transportation model presented is a general model applicable to either mode and can be modified to evaluate relevant secondary materials. The result of this research is an optimal transportation system model for the movement of recovered paper from selected sources in the State of Iowa to anticipated markets within the state. In most cases, truck transportation is the most practical mode because of its flexibility in routing and unit hauling capacity.
KNOWLEDGE UTILISATION WITHIN ADMINISTRATOR PREPARATION PROGRAMS

The thesis of this paper is that preparation programs for educational administrators would be vastly improved if available knowledge were systematically used in the design, management and study of the instructional programs. A review of the literature revealed that (1) conceptual and empirical knowledge have been rarely and inadequately discussed as foundations for program design; (2) management systems or technologies have not been discussed with reference to preparatory programs; (3) theoretical frameworks and sound research methodologies have been disregarded in most research about preparatory programs. Recommendations are made for increased knowledge utilisation in preparing educational administrators. Specifically suggested are: (1) implementation of various management technologies in departments of educational administration; (2) application of behavioral science theories and research methodologies to the study of existing preparation programs; and (3) use of theoretical and empirical knowledge to design and evaluate innovative preparatory programs. Suggestions regarding particular technologies pertinent to program management, specific theory‐based questions to guide research, and relevant bodies of knowledge applicable to program design are included. Conceptual systems theory is recommended as a foundation for programs designed to train “perceptive generalist” practitioners.
The effect of information distribution on collaborative inhibition.

Two experiments examined collaborative memory for information that was studied by all group members (shared items) and information that was studied by only a subset of group members (unshared items). In both experiments significant collaborative inhibition (reduced output of the collaborative groups relative to the pooled output of individuals) was obtained for both shared and unshared information. In Experiment 1 the magnitude of collaborative inhibition was larger for unshared items than for shared items, possibly because unshared items were less likely to be acknowledged and thus incorporated into the groups’ recall. In Experiment 2 the magnitude of collaborative inhibition for shared and unshared information was equivalent once all participants were provided with the category name associated with the shared and unshared items. The results of the experiments are discussed in relation to the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis of collaborative inhibition and the role of social process variables, su...
A benthic front in the South Pacific

Abstract East of New Zealand and the Chatham Rise a deep western boundary current separates from the eastward Circumpolar Current and swings north into the South Pacific. These two great currents form the dynamic boundaries of a 10 7 km 2 triangular discontinuity surface — the benthic front — which separates the South Pacific Deep and Bottom Water. The frontal surface begins at a depth of 2 km at the Chatham Rise, strikes NW and dips 0.023° to the NE with a mean slope of 4× 10 −4 . The NE edge is 3.5 km deep and is pinned to the northwest-trending 5 km bathymetric contour by topographic control of bottom water flow. We have made continuous STD soundings to 4500 m in several sections across the Tonga trench, in order to verify the indications from hydrographic casts that density, temperature, and salinity discontinuities occur across the front. The STD records show abrupt and irregular decreases in potential temperature and increases in salinity at the discontinuity surface, with temperature inversions and small-scale layering. Closed-spaced hydrographic casts show that the front is also marked by sharp maxima in silicate and radium profiles, and by abrupt changes in profiles of O 2 and nutrients. South of the equatorial region, Si is conservative in deep water; the Si-maximum is an “induced” extremum caused by the vertical juxtaposition of low-Si Circumpolar Water and high-Si Equatorial Water Along the frontal surface, T,S , and Si are linearly correlated with unique T-S and Si-S relationships which do not occur in vertical section above or below the front. These results indicate that conservative properties along the front are maintained by strong horizontal diffusion with a minimum “scale-length” of ∼ 10 4 km. Below the frontal surface there is a 500 m transitional layer of maximum stability; immediately below this layer the deep salinity maximum, and an “induced” Si minimum, mark the top of the Bottom Water. Isohalines in the salinity maximum run parallel to the strike of the benthic front; salinity and potential temperature in the maximum decrease uniformly from the SW origin to the NE edge, and the maximum vanishes at all points along the NE edge, from the northern apex at 6°N to the SE apex at 43°S. Along the discontinuity surface, diffusive mixing with the underlying water is greatly reduced because of the stability maximum. Above the surface, however, the profiles are consistent with vertical diffusion - vertical advection processes, with lower boundary values fixed by the horizontal mixing along the front, and upper boundaries fixed by the characteristics of the overlying Intermediate Water at each point.
Virtual Circuit Laboratory

We present the rationale, implementation and performance features of a virtual lab environment for an electronic circuits course. The primary purpose of the tool is to aid the student in learning debugging techniques by providing an environment that emulates some of the failure modes of a real lab. The tool is implemented as a Java application. Index Terms—Introductory circuits, technology-enhanced learning environments, and virtual laboratories.
One-dimensional calculations of a large impact on Uranus☆

One-dimensional, spherically symmetric hydrodynamic calculations of the effect of the impact of a 1-2 earth mass body on the gaseous envelope of Uranus, characterizing the impact as a partition of energy such that a fraction is deposited directly into the envelope, while the rest heats the core. A sharp transition is found between the cases of nearly-complete retention and dispersal, corresponding to energy-deposition values above or below a critical value. Within a realistic parameter range, the angular momentum of the Uranus system may be explained, together with the retention of a gaseous envelope of about 1 earth mass.
Ultrasonic reverberation and off-axis clutter suppression using aperture domain signal decomposition

A new scattering model for ultrasound is proposed. The new model accounts for the dominant sources of tissue scattering including reverberation. In addition to the proposed model a parameter estimation scheme for the model is presented. Using the decomposition scheme, the received ultrasound signal can be decomposed into the various scattering sources arriving concurrently. Sources that are within the expected region of the ballistic wave are kept and used to reconstruct a decluttered B-Mode image.
The Random Force Theory: Application to Meso- and Large-Scale Atmospheric Diffusion

The physical basis for the random force theory of atmospheric diffusion is briefly reviewed. The random force equation has usually been introduced as an atmospheric analogy to Brownian motion. Here it is derived by assuming a type of Rayleigh friction in the Lagrangian equations of atmospheric motion. Consequences, including the Lagrangian correlation and spectrum, the particle-particle intercorrelation, and cluster and plume dispersion and meandering, are derived and compared with atmospheric observations. The characteristic time-scale of atmospheric diffusion is shown to be governed by the Coriolis effect, a result in good agreement with meso- and large-scale observations.
Hartmann wavefront sensing of the corrective optics for the Hubble Space Telescope

There is no doubt that astronomy with the `new, improved' Hubble Space Telescope will significantly advance our knowledge and understanding of the universe for years to come. The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) was designed to restore the image quality to nearly diffraction limited performance for three of the first generation instruments; the faint object camera, the faint object spectrograph, and the Goddard high resolution spectrograph. Spectacular images have been obtained from the faint object camera after the installation of the corrective optics during the first servicing mission in December of 1993. About 85% of the light in the central core of the corrected image is contained within a circle with a diameter of 0.2 arcsec. This is a vast improvement over the previous 15 to 17% encircled energies obtained before COSTAR. Clearly COSTAR is a success. One reason for the overwhelming success of COSTAR was the ambitious and comprehensive test program conducted by various groups throughout the program. For optical testing of COSTAR on the ground, engineers at Ball Aerospace designed and built the refractive Hubble simulator to produce known amounts of spherical aberration and astigmatism at specific points in the field of view. The design goal for this refractive aberrated simulator (RAS) was to match the aberrations of the Hubble Space Telescope to within (lambda) /20 rms over the field at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. When the COSTAR optics were combined with the RAS optics, the corrected COSTAR output images were produced. These COSTAR images were recorded with a high resolution 1024 by 1024 array CCD camera, the Ball image analyzer (BIA). The image quality criteria used for assessment of COSTAR performance was encircled energy in the COSTAR focal plane. This test with the BIA was very important because it was a direct measurement of the point spread function. But it was difficult with this test to say anything quantitative about the aberration content of the corrected images. Also, from only this test it was difficult to measure important pupil parameters, such as pupil intensity profiles and pupil sizes and location. To measure the COSTAR wavefront accurately and to determine pupil parameters, another very important test was performed on the COSTAR optics. A Hartmann test of the optical system consisting of the RAS and COSTAR was conducted by the Goddard Independent Verification Team (IVT). In this paper, we first describe the unique Hartmann sensor that was developed by the IVT. Then we briefly describe the RAS and COSTAR optical systems and the test setup. Finally, we present the results of the test and compare our results with results obtained from optical analysis and from image tests with the BIA.
Cross-validation of modal responses on the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study.

This study examined whether the modal responses used to determine the Group Conformity Rating on the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration Study were valid for another sample of comparable size to the standardization sample. Subjects were 245 children in Grades 1 through 6. The modal responses were cross-validated for 19 of the 24 items. Further examinations of the validity of the Group Conformity Rating may be improved if only those items which were cross-validated are used.
Behavioural addictions in bipolar disorder patients: Role of impulsivity and personality dimensions

Abstract Background Behavioural addictions (BAs) can be understood as disorders characterized by repetitive occurrence of impulsive and uncontrolled behaviours. Very few studies have investigated their association with mood disorders. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of the main behavioural addictions in a sample of bipolar outpatients in euthymic phase or stabilised by medications and to investigate the role of impulsivity and temperamental and character dimensions. Methods One-hundred-fifty-eight Bipolar Disorder (BD) (DSM-IV) outpatients were assessed with tests designed to screen the main behavioural addictions: pathological gambling (SOGS), compulsive shopping (CBS), sexual (SAST), Internet (IAD), work (WART) and physical exercise (EAI) addictions. TCI-R and BIS-11 were administered to investigate impulsivity and personality dimensions mainly associated with BAs. The clinical sample has been compared with 200 matched healthy control subjects. Results In bipolar patients, 33% presented at least one BA respect to the 13% of controls. Significantly higher scores at the scales for pathological gambling (p Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the prevalence of behavioural addictions in BD showing a significant association of these disorders. BAs are more frequent in bipolar patients than in healthy controls and are related to higher impulsivity levels and character immaturity.
The Role of Law in Models of Ethical Behavior

In attempting to improve ethical decision-making in business organizations, researchers have developed models of ethical decision-making processes. Most of these models do not include a role for law in ethical decision-making, or if law is mentioned, it is set as a boundary constraint, exogenous to the decision process. However, many decision models in business ethics are based on cognitive moral development theory, in which the law is thought to be the external referent of individuals at the level of cognitive development that most people have achieved. Other theoretical bases of ethical decision models, social learning, and experientialism, also imply a role for law that is rarely made explicit. Law is a more important aspect of ethical decision-process models than it appears to be in the models. This paper will derive explicit roles for the law from the cognition, experientialism, and social learning theories that are used to build ethical decision-making models for business behavior.
On Communication and Computation

Comparing technical notions of communication and computation leads to a surprising result, these notions are often not conceptually distinguishable. This paper will show how the two notions may fail to be clearly distinguished from each other. The most famous models of computation and communication, Turing Machines and (Shannon-style) information sources, are considered. The most significant difference lies in the types of state-transitions allowed in each sort of model. This difference does not correspond to the difference that would be expected after considering the ordinary usage of these terms. However, the natural usage of these terms are surprisingly difficult to distinguish from each other. The two notions may be kept distinct if computation is limited to actions within a system and communications is an interaction between a system and its environment. Unfortunately, this decision requires giving up much of the nuance associated with natural language versions of these important terms.
The isolation of an antigen binding factor from cultured murine T-lymphocytes.

BALB/c mice were immunized with the random sequence polypeptide [Glu60 Ala40] (GA). T-lymphocyte suspensions were prepared from lymph nodes, radiolabelled with 125I and cultured for 18 hours. Supernatant, fluids were collected and passed over an immunoadsorbant composed of [D-Glu60 D-Ala40] (D-GA) bound to Sepharose. The non-adherent fraction was then applied to GA Sepharose and the adherent material eluted with 2 M NaSCN. The eluate was relabelled with 125I, readsorbed to GA Sepharose and oluted. This fraction bound well to GA-Sepharose (50-80%) but not to the enantiamorphic D-GA Sepharose (5-10%). This material did not react with goat antisera directed against murine IgG, IgM or IgA. It was capable of binding to rabbit antiidiotypc sera raised against BALB/c anti-GA, but not to those antibodies raised against BALB/c anti-GAT. It also showed some reaction with rabbit antiserum to a rat T cell factor (TCF). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major component with an approximate molecular weight ...
Introduction: moving youth participation forward.

Given the emerging interest among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in youth participation, it is important to examine and assess carefully the promise and challenges of youth engagement.
The role of p38 MAPK in neutrophil functions: single cell chemotaxis and surface marker expression

Neutrophils act as the first line of defence in the human immune system by migrating to the site of abnormal events and performing their designated roles. One major signalling pathway that drives neutrophil action in vivo is the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway. Herein, a microfluidic platform is employed to explore the mechanistic role of p38 MAPK in neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophils, with and without p38 MAPK inhibition, were exposed to pairwise competing gradients of chemotaxis-inducing molecules. Overall, p38 MAPK inhibitor-treated neutrophils were still capable of moving toward a chemoattractant signal; however, the hierarchy of neutrophil response to various chemoattractants changed and there was more deviation from direct movement toward a chemoattractant signal in p38 MAPK-blocked cells. In a parallel fluorescence imaging study, neutrophil expression of surface receptors (CXCR1, FPR2, BLTR, CD11b and CD66b) changed when comparing untreated and p38 MAPK-blocked cells. All results demonstrate that the p38 MAPK-dependent pathway plays a critical role in neutrophil chemotaxis and this role is, in part, through the regulation of surface receptor expression. These data regarding how receptor expression and chemotaxis are influenced by the p38 MAPK pathways lend insight into neutrophil behaviour in physiological environments and the potential manipulation of p38 MAPK for therapeutic purposes.
The Prolactin Response to Flutroline Hydrochloride in Schizophrenic Patients

Flutroline hydrochloride, a gamma carboline manifesting neuroleptic activity, was administered in a double-blind fashion in single daily dosages of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 mg to 48 hospitalized schizophrenic patients over a period of four weeks. During this period, weekly evaluations were made of response employing standardized psychiatric ratings. Plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were obtained at the termination of previous neuroleptic medication and at two-week intervals during treatment with the investigational compound. Examination of the initial PRL levels indicated that they could be grouped into those above, within, and below the normal range. Comparisons of these initial levels with those following the administration of flutroline suggested an improved methodology for determining optimal neuroleptic dosage.
Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Engelmann's disease).

Summary A case of progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Engelmann's disease) is reported and the eight cases reported previously have been briefly reviewed. This syndrome is characterized by progressive symmetrical enlargement and cortical thickening in the diaphyses of long bones. The clinical findings include muscular weakness with a waddling gait, failure to gain weight properly, and, occasionally, neurologic variations. As judged by reports in the literature, the syndrome is of rare occurrence though it is possible similar cases have been undiagnosed or unrecorded.
BAY61-3606 affects the viability of colon cancer cells in a genotype-directed manner.

Background: K-RAS mutation poses a particularly difficult problem for cancer therapy. Activating mutations in K-RAS are common in cancers of the lung, pancreas, and colon and are associated with poor response to therapy. As such, targeted therapies that abrogate K-RAS-induced oncogenicity would be of tremendous value. Methods: We searched for small molecule kinase inhibitors that preferentially affect the growth of colorectal cancer cells expressing mutant K-RAS. The mechanism of action of one inhibitor was explored using chemical and genetic approaches. Results: We identified BAY61-3606 as an inhibitor of proliferation in colorectal cancer cells expressing mutant forms of KRAS, but not in isogenic cells expressing wild-type K-RAS. In addition to its anti-proliferative effects in mutant cells, BAY613606 exhibited a distinct biological property in wild-type cells in that it conferred sensitivity to inhibition of RAF. In this context, BAY61-3606 acted by inhibiting MAP4K2 (GCK), which normally activates NFkb signaling in wild-type cells in response to inhibition of RAF. As a result of MAP4K2 inhibition, wild-type cells became sensitive to AZ-628, a RAF inhibitor, when also treated with BAY61-3606. Conclusions: These studies indicate that BAY61-3606 exerts distinct biological activities in different genetic contexts.
Towards a Viable and Just Global Nursing Ethics

Globalization, an outgrowth of technology, while informing us about people throughout the world, also raises our awareness of the extreme economic and social disparities that exist among nations. As part of a global discipline, nurses are vitally interested in reducing and eliminating disparities so that better health is achieved for all people. Recent literature in nursing encourages our discipline to engage more actively with social justice issues. Justice in health care is a major commitment of nursing; thus questions in the larger sphere of globalization, justice and ethics, are our discipline's questions also. Global justice, or fairness, is not an issue for some groups or institutions, but a deeper human rights issue that is a responsibility for everyone. What can we do to help reduce or eliminate the social and economic disparities that are so evident? What kind of ethical milieu is needed to address the threat that globalization imposes on justice and fairness? This article enriches the conceptualization of globalization by investigating recent work by Schweiker and Twiss. In addition, I discuss five qualities or characteristics that will facilitate the development of a viable and just global ethic. A global ethic guides all people in their response to human rights and poverty. Technology and business, two major forces in globalization that are generally considered beneficial, are critiqued as barriers to social justice and the common good.
Reduced surface roughness of solid thin films prepared by alternating-bias, radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

Surface roughness that is associated with thin-film deposition has a direct effect on the optical, electrical, and mechanical quality of solid-thin-film devices. The effect of using alternating bias during rf-magnetron sputtering of SiO2 on Si substrate was investigated, and it was proven experimentally that modulating the plasma flow by means of alternating bias produces more even deposition of the sputtered material. This effect was verified by analyzing the envelope of the reflection fringes that were recorded during the thin-film deposition process, and by observing the power reduction in the arc-shaped scattering that is associated with mode excitation of a rough-surface waveguide.
Sexual Assault History and Its Association With the Use of Drinking Protective Behavioral Strategies Among College Women

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the relationship between sexual assault history and drinking protective behavioral strategies (PBS). Given the relationship between sexual assault history and alcohol use, we hypothesized that after we controlled for drinking behavior, women with a childhood sexual abuse (CSA) history would use fewer drinking PBS than those without a CSA history. We also hypothesized that a history of adolescent/adult sexual assault (ASA) involving incapacitation and force would be associated with lower use of drinking PBS after controlling for CSA history and drinking behavior. METHOD: A total of 800 undergraduate college women completed a survey online. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that the only sexual assault history type that was consistently related to all three types of drinking PBS was ASA involving incapacitation. Women with a history of incapacitated ASA were less likely to use any type of drinking PBS than women without such history. A history of other types of sexual assault (CSA, physically forced ASA, and verbally coerced ASA) was associated only with lower use of serious harm-reduction drinking PBS, such as going home with a friend or knowing the location of your drink. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to examine the relationship between different sexual assault histories and drinking PBS, and it furthers our understanding of the relationship between alcohol and sexual assault. Possible reasons for this relationship between ASA and PBS use are discussed. Language: en
Packet error probability of DS/SSMA communications with convolutional codes

The authors consider a direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple access (DS/SSMA) communication system with convolutional coding and hard decision decoding. They calculate the packet error probability and throughput of this system. Previous bounds on packet error probability have relied on the worst-case assumption of phase and clip synchronous interference. New bounds on packet error probability and throughput are presented for the case of both slotted and unslotted systems. Numerical systems indicate that these bounds improve on previously reported bounds by more than an order of magnitude. >
Gifted students and behavior modification.

Research in the use of behavior modification with gifted students was conducted through computer searches and a review of the literature. The small number of studies using behavior modification with gifted students was noted. Among the various recommendations and conclusions made by the reviewer were that behavior modifications be used with gifted underachievers, the disadvantaged gifted, the culturally different gifted students, the maladjusted gifted students, and other academically gifted students in order to eliminate their maladaptive behaviors and to develop and strengthen their adaptive behaviors. Further recommendations were that behavior modification be used with greater frequency and at an earlier age with the academically gifted, that it be used to enhance the unique attributes of all the gifted, that it be used to teach research techniques to the gifted to make them more independent of low capability teachers, and that it be used with the culturally different to motivate them intellectually ou...
Differentiation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat regulatory elements active in human teratocarcinoma cells.

Abstract We have examined the transcriptional utilization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) under differentiating conditions by using the embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA-2. NTERA-2 cells undergo two distinct pathways of terminal differentiation, to a neuronal phenotype in response to retinoic acid and to a nonneuronal phenotype in response to hexamethylene bisacetamide. To identify LTR regulatory elements active in each cell type we used a set of HIV LTR linker substitution mutants, which contain mutations that progressively replace adjacent 18-bp segments across the U3 region and into the R region (between nucleotides -453 and +15 relative to the transcription start site). Although each differentiating cell type showed utilization of expected key elements (e.g., NF-kappa B, SP1, TATA) in the 3' portion of the LTR (+1 to -112), the data indicated differentiation-dependent differences in the utilization of these elements. In addition, regions showing dramatic differentiation-dependent effects were detected in the 5' portion of the LTR (-112 to -453), in positions where transcription control elements have not been described previously. The marked differences in the sets of LTR regulatory elements required by each cell type indicate that the LTR can function under a variety of differentiation conditions. Together with previous findings, the data suggest that the complexity of the HIV LTR for transcriptional control is much greater than was previously thought and that the LTR maintains elements which facilitate transcription in many cell types.