cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Development of Bacteriophage φR II. Fractionation of Replicative Form Deoxyribonucleic Acid Associated with Rapidly Sedimenting Host Cell Components

Abstract When Escherichia coli is infected with bacteriophage R, parental deoxyribonucleic acid (the single- or double-stranded DNA containing the isotopic label of the infecting phage) becomes firmly attached to a cellular structure and can be isolated as a rapidly sedimenting component as described earlier for X174. If this component is centrifuged to equilibrium, two peaks of infective DNA are observed at densities of 1.30 and 1.15 g/ml. At low multiplicities of infection, 32P-labeled parental DNA is found associated with only the cellular components in the dense band; as the multiplicities of infection are increased, the dense band becomes saturated and parental DNA molecules are then found at the light density as well. Actively replicating host DNA is found only in the dense band, whereas progeny DNA, which does not replicate semiconservatively, can become associated with cellular components in the light band. This fractionation of cellular components on the basis of their buoyant density separates primary sites of DNA replication associated with the dense band from nonfunctional binding sites in the light band.
Penetration of Medication Safety Technology in Community Hospitals

Results of a survey of medication safety technology in community hospitals are presented. A written questionnaire was mailed to pharmacy directors at 88 hospitals located in 21 states. Items in the questionnaire addressed current and planned use of technology intended to improve medication safety. Fifty-six usable responses were received for a response rate of 63.6%. Medication safety was considered one of the most important issues facing pharmacy departments. Barriers identified by respondents to the implementation of medication safety initiatives included lack of time and personnel. Most hospitals had implemented one or more different types of medication safety technology. Computer-generated or electronic medication administration records, pharmacy computer systems interfaced with laboratory values, and unit-based medication dispensing cabinets were the most common medication safety technologies used. Pharmacy managers perceived these technologies to have resulted in a reduction in the rate of medication errors in respondent hospitals.
TRANSIENT CHASSIS CYCLES FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS AND TRACTORS.

The objective of this paper is to present a method for developing a chassis test for a specific and typical class of vehicles which will mirror the Federal Test Procedure (FT) as closely as possible for purposes of emissions measurement. Emphasis will be placed on development of a preliminary heavy duty chassis cycle for specific over–the–road class 8 trucks which will reflect the FTP currently imposed on heavy duty diesel engines.
Polypeptides of Treponema pallidum: progress toward understanding their structural, functional, and immunologic roles. Treponema Pallidum Polypeptide Research Group.

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the spirochete that causes syphilis, is unusual in a number of respects, including its small genome size, inability to grow under standard in vitro culture conditions, microaerophilism, apparent paucity of outer membrane proteins, structurally complex periplasmic flagella, and ability to evade the host immune responses and cause disease over a period of years to decades. Many of these attributes are related ultimately to its protein content. Our knowledge of the activities, structure, and immunogenicity of its proteins has been expanded by the application of recombinant DNA, hybridoma, and structural fractionation techniques. The purpose of this monograph is to summarize and correlate this new information by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, monoclonal antibody reactivity, sequence data, and other properties as the bases of polypeptide identification. The protein profiles of the T. pallidum subspecies causing syphilis, yaws, and endemic syphilis are virtually indistinguishable but differ considerably from those of other treponemal species. Among the most abundant polypeptides are a group of lipoproteins of unknown function that appear to be important in the immune response during syphilitic infection. The periplasmic flagella of T. pallidum and other spirochetes are unique with regard to their protein content and ultrastructure, as well as their periplasmic location. They are composed of three core proteins (homologous to the other members of the eubacterial flagellin family) and a single, unrelated sheath protein; the functional significance of this arrangement is not understood at present. Although the bacterium contains the chaperonins GroEL and DnaK, these proteins are not under the control of the heat shock regulon as they are in most organisms. Studies of the immunogenicity of T. pallidum proteins indicate that many may be useful for immunodiagnosis and immunoprotection. Future goals in T. pallidum polypeptide research include continued elucidation of their structural locations and functional activities, identification and characterization of the low-abundance outer membrane proteins, further study of the immunoprotective and immunodiagnostic potential of T. pallidum proteins, and clarification of the roles of treponemal proteins in pathogenesis. Images
Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers: Promises and Problems

The sections in this article are Introduction Established Paradigms: Longevity and Targetability Polymers for Longevity Long-Circulating Liposomes Nonliposomal Long-Circulating DDSs Combination of Longevity and Targeting Stimuli-Sensitivity and Intracellular Targeting pH-Sensitive Systems Temperature-Sensitive Systems Magnetically Sensitive Systems Ultrasound-Sensitive Systems Redox-Sensitive Systems Intracellular Delivery of Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers A New Challenge: Theranostics Keywords: nanomedicine; pharmaceutical carriers; liposomes; micelles; imaging; cancer; drug delivery
It's time to get to first principles in service design

Current approaches to service design and service quality have provided second order principles that fail to account for underlying cognitive processes of customers in service encounters. It is proposed that behavioral science research should be used to address this shortcoming, and five “first order” principles are presented based upon a review of the behavioral science literature.
Surface electronic structure of corundum transition-metal oxides: Ti 2 O 3

The surface electronic structure of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been studied on single-crystal samples cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, etc., have been used to study nearly perfect surfaces, surfaces containing defects, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ chemisorption on both types of surfaces. Cleavage surfaces have a band structure essentially the same as the bulk, with a (1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)-eV-wide Ti $3d$ ${a}_{1g}$ band separated from the (5.5---6)-eV-wide O $2p$ valence band by a (2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)-eV band gap. No measurable band bending was seen on nearly perfect surfaces. Surface defects are associated with surface O vacancies and an accompanying transfer of charge to surface Ti $3d$ levels. The chemisorption of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ on nearly perfect ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ surfaces removes charge from the surface Ti ions, creating a negative adsorbed species (probably ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$). The resulting surface dipole layer causes the surface O bands to shift in energy much more than either the filled or empty Ti $3d$ bands. Similar effects are seen for ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ chemisorption on defect surfaces.
van Eijck and Roth’s utilitarian science education: why the recalibration of science and traditional ecological knowledge invokes multiple perspectives to protect science education from being exclusive

This article is a philosophical analysis of van Eijck and Roth’s (2007) claim that science and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) should be recalibrated because they are incommensurate, particular to the local contexts in which they are practical. In this view, science maintains an incommensurate status as if it is a “fundamental” basis for the relative comparison of other cultural knowledges, which reduces traditional knowledge to a status of in relation to the prioritized (higher)-status of natural sciences. van Eijck and Roth reject epistemological Truth as a way of thinking about sciences in science education. Rather they adopt a utilitarian perspective of cultural-historical activity theory to demonstrate when traditional knowledge is considered science and when it is not considered science, for the purposes of evaluating what should be included in U.S. science education curricula. There are several challenges for evaluating what should be included in science education when traditional knowledges and sciences are considered in light of a utilitarian analysis. Science as diverse, either practically local or theoretically abstract, is highly uncertain, which provides opportunities for multiple perspectives to enlarge and protect the natural sciences from exclusivity. In this response to van Eijck and Roth, we make the case for considering dialectical relationships between science and TEK in order to ensure cultural diversity in science education, as a paradigm. We also emphasize the need to (re)dissolve the hierarchies and dualisms that may emerge when science is elevated in status in comparison with other knowledges. We conclude with a modification to van Eijck and Roth’s perspective by recommending a guiding principle of cultural diversity in science education as a way to make curriculum choices. We envision this principle can be applied when evaluating science curricula worldwide.
Design, manufacturing and assembly automation trends and strategies in China

Owing to the currently deepening economic crisis of the entire region, in the area of automation and industrial development, China is focusing on several strategic areas. These include developing its infrastructure, improving and repairing existing machinery and plants, focusing on research, development and education, to prepare itself for the challenges of the twenty‐first century. This article provides a strategic overview of recent and current development trends, as well as pointing out some of the major differences between the Chinese and the Western approaches to design, manufacturing, assembly, automation and related support systems.
Studies of the Mechanism of AMPA Receptor Activation using Disulfide Trapping

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are the major mediators of excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate CNS. Many questions regarding the mechanism of channel activation remain unanswered. In particular, the specific structural trigger within the ligand-binding domain (LBD) that activates the channel portion of the protein is not clear. The bilobed LBD must close to activate the channel, but crystal structures of partial agonists, such as kainate, show only partial lobe closure. The question is whether all compounds that activate the channel can fully close the lobes, and if this fully closed conformation is necessary for channel activation. To begin to address this, dual cysteine point mutations were designed with the potential to lock the lobes in a fully closed conformation when oxidized to form a disulfide bond. Crystal structures and NMR spectroscopy showed that, when bound to glutamate, the disulfide bond can be formed and the lobes locked in a closed state. In addition to glutamate, crystal structures have demonstrated that the disulfide bond can be formed when the partial agonists, kainate and iodowillardiine, are bound to the LBD. These results are supported by chemical shift changes in NMR experiments in oxidizing vs. reducing conditions. Furthermore, with NMR, we have shown that the lobes can be locked closed in the presence of CNQX but not DNQX and UBP282. DNQX and UBP282 are antagonists that are sufficiently large to prevent the lobes from closing and the disulfide bond from forming. CNQX is classically considered an antagonist, but can act, in some cases, as a partial agonist. Taken together the findings suggest that even very weak partial agonists can assume a fully closed state in solution, and support the hypothesis that a fully closed conformation is required to activate the channel.
Thermal probes alone or with epinephrine for the endoscopic haemostasis of ulcer haemorrhage

In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in the diagnosis, prognostication and treatment of patients with severe peptic ulcer haemorrhage. Patients can now be risk stratified by clinical presentation and endoscopic stigmata of ulcer haemorrhage. The purposes of this chapter are to discuss: (1) the techniques of thermal probe with or without epinephrine for haemostasis of ulcers with major stigmata of haemorrhage and (2) the outcomes of treatment of patients with ulcer haemorrhage treated with endoscopic thermal probes or other therapies, medical therapy and/or surgery. Compared to medical therapy alone, patients with major stigmata actively bleeding ulcers, non-bleeding visible vessels and non-bleeding adherent clots have been shown to benefit from endoscopic haemostasis with bipolar probe, heater probe, lasers or epinephrine injection. Outcomes showing significant improvement include blood transfusions, emergency surgery rates and length of hospital stay. Meta-analyses have also reported improvements in mortality for endoscopic compared with medical therapy of patients with severe ulcer haemorrhage and major stigmata. Patients with minor stigmata of ulcer haemorrhage (such as flat spots) or no stigmata (clean-based ulcers) do not benefit from endoscopic haemostasis. Thermal probes have the advantages of good coaptive coagulation, target irrigation, portability and relative inexpense. Recently, patients with active arterial bleeding, non-bleeding adherent clots or non-bleeding visible vessels have been reported to have better results with combination epinephrine injection and thermal probe compared to monotherapy alone (such as injection, bipolar or heater probe). In addition, repeat endoscopic combination therapy has been reported to be as effective but safer than emergency surgery for management of recurrent ulcer haemorrhage.
HIV Infection and Immunization against Other Agents

The pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has raised many questions about medical and social practices. Specific issues regarding appropriate policies for immunization of indivi...
COMPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS AND ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF SEED PROTEINS FROM CULTIVATED RACES OF SORGHUM

A B S T R A C T Comparative disc electrophoresis of acidic proteins, basic proteins, and isozymes of esterase, MDH, and peroxidase were performed with aqueous extracts of seeds from seven cultivars belonging to five races of Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor: bicolor, caudatum, durra, guinea, and kafir. Two disc electrophoretic systems were employed. Acidic proteins were electrophoresed in an anionic system (tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3). Basic proteins were electrophoresed in a cationic system (p-alanin-acetate buffer, pH 4.5). Soluble proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Isozyme activity was detected by using specific enzyme stains and substrates. Each cultivar yielded reproducible, characteristic patterns of distinct acidic and basic proteins. Cultivars belonging to the same race produced identical protein and isozyme patterns. The degree of electrophoretic similarity among races was estimated by calculating similarity index values for each of the 10 possible pairs of races. Bicolor, caudatum, durra, and guinea produced very similar acidic and basic protein patterns and esterase, MDH, and peroxidase isozyme patterns. Differences, however, were observed among all races. All of kafir patterns were significantly different from the patterns of other races. Comparative electrophoresis may provide a new source of taxonomic characters for investigating phenetic
Ultrastructural changes of the parietal cell in the ferret gastric mucosa induced by pylorus ligation and glucocorticoid administration.

A study of the gastric mucosa of the ferret subjected to pylorus ligation and glucocorticoid administration has been made. It was found that pylorus ligation for 48 hours causes the formation of numerous concentrically arranged smooth membranes within cytoplasm of the parietal cell. These inclusions are comprised of one to five or more membranes which contain a small amount of cytoplasm and free ribosomes. Mitochondria are widely separated in comparison to the normal parietal cell, and the secretory canals are less extensive and “collapsed.” Glucocorticoid administration brings about an additional alteration in the dense bodies of the parietal cell. An electron lucid area develops within the dense body and increases in size until it fills much of the volume of the organelle. The diameter of the dense bodies increases two- to threefold, and their number is also increased. Chief cells are apparently unaffected by these treatments.
Application of the Levenshtein Distance Metric for the Construction of Longitudinal Data Files

The analysis of longitudinal data in education is becoming more prevalent given the nature of testing systems constructed for No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). However, constructing the longitudinal data files remains a significant challenge. Students move into new schools, but in many cases the unique identifiers (ID) that should remain constant for each student change. As a result, different students frequently share the same ID, and merging records for an ID that is erroneously assigned to different students clearly becomes problematic. In small data sets, quality assurance of the merge can proceed through human reviews of the data to ensure all merged records are properly joined. However, in data sets with hundreds of thousands of cases, quality assurance via human review is impossible. While the record linkage literature has many applications in other disciplines, the educational measurement literature lacks details of formal protocols that can be used for quality assurance procedures for longitudinal data files. This article presents an empirical quality assurance procedure that may be used to verify the integrity of the merges performed for longitudinal analysis. We also discuss possible extensions that would permit merges to occur even when unique identifiers are not available.
Intraoral occlusal telemetry part I. A multifrequency transmitter for registering tooth contacts in occlusion

Abstract An intraoral occlusal telemetry system has been developed utilizing a miniature multifrequency transmitter which broadcasts at three different frequencies, registers tooth contacts on three different surfaces of the same tooth, and coordinates tooth contacts with swallowing. The transmitter is small enough to fit into a pontic replacing a single mandibular molar.
Field Technique for Identifying Causes of Pinhead Square Shed in Cotton

A technique was developed for field identification of three important causes of pinhead square shed in cotton. The procedure consisted of placement of freshly shed pinhead squares in a Plexiglas holder. median longitudinal dissection with a clean razor blade, and observation of internal features with a 30× light-assisted pocket scope. In greenhouse studies, squares physiologically induced to shed were uniformly desiccated, with no evidence of localized necrosis. Squares shed because of feeding by tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), exhibited varying degrees of localized necrosis and irregular desiccation. Squares shed because of Heliothis spp. feeding were characterized usually by a hole through the calyx and absence of internal structures; occasionally no hole was visible and internal structures were only partially damaged. All symptoms were easily distinguishable. When this technique was used in the field, it enabled detection of a significant correlation between TPB numbers and squares shed because of TPB feeding in the same week.
Treatment of Influenza Infection of Mice by Using Rimantadine Hydrochlorides by the Aerosol and Intraperitoneal Routes

Abstract Rimantadine hydrochloride was administered for 4 days in a small-particle (95% < 6.5 μm) aerosol (8.8 mg/kg per day) or intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg per day) to mice previously infected with influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), mouse adapted. Mean time to death and incidence of survival were significantly increased in all treated groups of mice. The rate of eventual disappearance of virus from lung tissue was also accelerated by therapy. However, maximal mean virus titer per lung, and lung histopathology, did not reveal any difference between control and either group of treated mice. Aerosol therapy initiated at 72 h postinfection was as effective as that initiated at 6 h, even though lung virus titers of these mice had already peaked by 72 h. In contrast, intraperitoneal therapy initiated at 72 h was not effective in all studies.
The Suppression of Negative Self-Referent Thoughts

Suppressed thoughts tend to return to mind with renewed vigor. Two studies investigated the correlates and consequences of suppressing negative intrusive thoughts about one's own personal characteristics. In Study 1, 91 college students reported on the techniques they use to cope with negative self-referent intrusive thoughts. Suppression of negative self-referent thoughts was associated with low self-esteem in women, but not in men. In Study 2, 104 college students were randomly assigned to use one of four coping techniques (suppression, focusing, replacement, control) while speaking into a tape recorder about their lives. Use of suppression resulted in somewhat less positive mood and lower self-evaluations for men, but not for women. Explanations for these conflicting findings focus on differences in long- vs . short-term use of suppression.
Two Protein 4.1 Domains Essential for Mitotic Spindle and Aster Microtubule Dynamics and Organization in Vitro

Multifunctional structural proteins belonging to the 4.1 family are components of nuclei, spindles, and centrosomes in vertebrate cells. Here we report that 4.1 is critical for spindle assembly and the formation of centrosome-nucleated and motor-dependent self-organized microtubule asters in metaphase-arrested Xenopus egg extracts. Immunodepletion of 4.1 disrupted microtubule arrays and mislocalized the spindle pole protein NuMA. Remarkably, assembly was completely rescued by supplementation with a recombinant 4.1R isoform. We identified two 4.1 domains critical for its function in microtubule polymerization and organization utilizing dominant negative peptides. The 4.1 spectrin-actin binding domain or NuMA binding C-terminal domain peptides caused morphologically disorganized structures. Control peptides with low homology or variant spectrin-actin binding domain peptides that were incapable of binding actin had no deleterious effects. Unexpectedly, the addition of C-terminal domain peptides with reduced NuMA binding caused severe microtubule destabilization in extracts, dramatically inhibiting aster and spindle assembly and also depolymerizing preformed structures. However, the mutant C-terminal peptides did not directly inhibit or destabilize microtubule polymerization from pure tubulin in a microtubule pelleting assay. Our data showing that 4.1 is a crucial factor for assembly and maintenance of mitotic spindles and self-organized and centrosome-nucleated microtubule asters indicates that 4.1 is involved in regulating both microtubule dynamics and organization. These investigations underscore an important functional context for protein 4.1 in microtubule morphogenesis and highlight a previously unappreciated role for 4.1 in cell division.
Coaster Brook Trout Rehabilitation in Lake Superior: A Human Dimensions Perspective

Abstract Rehabilitation of Lake Superior's coaster brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis hinges not only on resolving critical ecological challenges but also on addressing key human dimensions challenges. This article addresses the key issues of values, agency coordination, stakeholder engagement, and public awareness and outreach and makes relevant recommendations. First, agencies should continue to improve coordination by expanding the scope and membership of the Lake Superior Brook Trout Committee and other forums. The size of the basin and the large number of partners involved requires consistent communication and transparent coordination mechanisms. Second, the range of values currently associated with brook trout and their rehabilitation must be expanded beyond the current focus on fishery interests by incorporating a more diverse array of groups and interests. Third, the number of groups engaged in native brook trout restoration efforts should be enlarged by reaching out to new groups, particularly wat...
Transanal mucosectomy: A modification of the Soave procedure for Hirschsprung's disease

In the Soave procedure for Hirschsprung's disease, the mucosectomy of the aganglionic segment of colon is performed transabdominally. The authors describe an innovative modification of the standard Soave procedure, in which a transanal mucosectomy is performed as the abdominal incision is made. The transanal mucosectomy technique was compared with the conventional approach. From 1974 to 1993, 51 patients underwent a Soave procedure for Hirschsprung's disease. Twenty-six (51%) had the standard Soave procedure (STD) (1974-1984), and 25 (49%) had the modified procedure (MOD) (1984-1994). In the latter, the entire mucosal dissection was performed through a transanal approach. Surgical data were accumulated by database analysis. Each case was entered into a database at the time of operation, and follow-up data were obtained through mail-in questionnaires or personal communication. The two groups were comparable with respect to number, gender distribution, and average age at the time of operation. There were two superficial wound infections in the STD group and two superficial wound infections and one death (secondary to cardiac arrest in a patient with trisomy 21 and a severe congenital cardiac anomaly) in the MOD group. The average postoperative stay for the STD group was 10.8 days; that for the MOD group was 6.8 days (t test: P < .0001). The operating time was shorter for the MOD procedure. Follow-up data were available for 25 (96.2%) patients in the STD group and 25 (100%) in the MOD group. The two groups were comparable in all respects except for the average length of follow-up, which was longer for the STD group. No patients had, urinary incontinence or sexual dysfunction (when applicable). Overall, patients/parents in both groups rated the outcome as "good." This modification of the Soave technique for Hirschsprung's disease is both safe and effective. Compared with the standard procedure, it is associated with shorter operating time (because the transanal mucosectomy is performed as the abdomen is opened) and a shorter stay postoperatively. The results have been excellent.
Buried-channel MOS transistor with punch-through

Abstract The punch-through phenomenon is normally considered as a parasitic mechanism in MOS devices, which is critical for short channel MOS transistors. An MOS transistor operation in the presence of punch-through is studied in this paper. A proper device geometry and additional substrate biasing enable useful voltage gain of the transistor, even if the punch-through is the dominant mechanism. Principle of operation and experimental data of the MOS controlled punch-through transistor is presented.
Selenization pathways to 2SSS CIGS manufacturing

In spite of the highly successful development of CIGS at the laboratory level, successful commercialization of the technology has not yet been demonstrated. This is largely due to limited understanding and control of the growth mechanisms. We have developed extensive understanding of these mechanisms for all solid state processing of CIGS(This is a 2-step process which we designate as 2SSS) and are currently using this understanding to guide the development of a CIGS pilot line with square foot area capability. In this paper we focus on the selenization mechanisms which are critical to overall performance and manufacturability. While for manufacturing purposes we employ the 2SSS process, we also use co-deposition to assist understanding. For all processes we find an interrelationship between Se and Ga incorporation. This impacts both materials utilization and film performance. With our novel 2SSS process we can exercise better control over the underlying mechanisms and better optimize the materials utilization/performance tradeoff. This also enables the use of deposition pathways that result in better performance and yield at the manufacturing level that might not be utilized because of excessive Se and/or Ga waste.
Transatlantic Air Transport with Particular Reference to Flying Boats

Until within the last few years the efficiency of the aeroplane was such that Atlantic crossings were made under hazardous conditions with very much overloaded machines carrying no pay load. In 1937 and 1938 a number of survey flights were carried out with considerable success, and there is no doubt that the performance of the modern aeroplane makes the direct route practicable.The author outlines several designs for aeroplanes and seaplanes for a transatlantic service, and is of opinion that, largely on account of take-off and landing problems, flying boats will be used. Consideration is given to the influence of improvements in materials, high-altitude research, and the compression-ignition engine on the future development of large transatlantic flying boats.
Influences on acceptance of bitter foods and beverages

Bitterness is generally viewed as an undesirable attribute of foods and beverages, yet segments of the population regularly ingest items with a prominent bitter taste. The influence of taste sensitivity, exposure, selected personality traits (i.e., neophobia, variety seeking, sensation seeking) and pharmacological reactivity on alcohol and caffeine consumption, two widely consumed bitter substances, was assessed in 20 healthy adults (10 male, 10 female). Self-reported alcohol use was positively correlated with measured ethanol taste detection threshold and pharmacological reactivity (self-reported behavioral effects). The latter accounted for 23% of the variance in alcohol intake. Caffeine intake was significantly associated with personality traits. Sensation seeking status and self-reported reactivity to caffeine accounted for 46% of the variance in caffeine intake. Pleasantness ratings for novel bitter and sour foods were unaffected by 10 exposures whereas increased ratings were given to sweet and salty items. Variation in the influence of these factors between individuals and across products may explain individual differences in the acceptability and use of foods and beverages containing alcohol, caffeine and other bitter compounds.
Improved Resolution of Tertiary Structure Elasticity in Muscle Protein

Rearrangement of tertiary structure in response to mechanical force (termed tertiary structure elasticity) in the tandem Ig chain is the first mode of elastic response for muscle protein titin. Tertiary structure elasticity occurs at low stretching forces (few tens of pN), and was described at atomic resolution in a recent molecular dynamics study, in which an originally crescent-shaped six-Ig chain was stretched into a linear chain. However, the force-extension profile that resulted from this explicit solvent simulation was dominated by the hydrodynamic drag force, and effects of tertiary structure elasticity only manifested for stretching forces above 20 pN. Here we report a slow pulling 100-ns simulation (along with other auxiliary simulations), in which hydrodynamic drag force is seen to reduce to near 0 pN, such that tertiary structure elasticity could be characterized over a 0–200 pN range. Statistical mechanical analysis showed that the stretching velocity was sufficiently low such that the protein remained significantly relaxed during the major part of its extension.
Glycine concentration as a biochemical indicator of sex and maturation in the sea anemone Bunodosoma cavernata

Abstract 1. 1. The free amino acid pool of reproductively ripe Bunodosoma cavernata showed distinct sexual differences. 2. 2. Ripe males had a very large pool of free glycine. 3. 3. Ripe females and anemones which were not ripe did not have large amounts of free glycine. 4. 4. Most of the glycine in the ripe males was found in the gonadal tissue.
Microstress evolution during in situ loading of a superalloy containing high volume fraction of γ' phase

Pulsed neutron diffraction under in situ mechanical loading was used to monitor microstrain evolution in individual phases of a polycrystalline γ/γ′ superalloy, CM 247 LC. The load partitioning and yielding of differently oriented grains and phases were evaluated. The critical resolved shear stresses of individual phases were obtained and are compared with dislocation models.
A preliminary report on the 22-inch spiral ridge cyclotron at the University of California, Davis

General features of the University of California, Davis 22-inch spiral ridge cyclotron are discussed. The accelerator has a C-magnet with a vertical gap. It is designed for service with continuous variation in particle energy using a maximum average magnetic field of 20 kilogauss. Protons can be accelerated to 12 MeV by means of a two dee radiofrequency system. In phase mode operation is planned for acceleration of deuterons and alpha-particles.
Whole blood aggregation, coagulation, and markers of platelet activation in diet-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Aims Type 2 diabetes in humans is associated with hypercoaguability; however, little is known about platelet function in mouse models of type 2 diabetes used to study this disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine platelet aggregation, coagulation, and markers of platelet activation in a diet-induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Methods Four week old, male, C57BL/6J mice were randomized to a standard chow or high fat (60% beef lard) diet for 4 months. To examine platelet function we measured ADP-induced whole blood aggregometry, whole blood coagulation by thromboelastography, tail bleeding times, platelet microparticle and platelet expression of p-selectin and platelet expression of CD61 by flow cytometry. Results Diabetic mice exhibited less aggregation (p Conclusions Diet-induced type 2 diabetic mouse do not demonstrate the hypercoagulability and platelet activation typically observed in humans with this disorder. More studies are warranted to further explore platelet function in this mouse model; to determine their applicability for studying these alterations in type 2 diabetes.
Endometrial cancer in morbidly obese women: do racial disparities affect surgical or survival outcomes?

Abstract Objective Endometrial cancer mortality disproportionately affects black women and whether greater prevalence of obesity plays a role in this disparity is unknown. We examine the effect of race on post-surgical complications, length of stay, and mortality specifically in a morbidly obese population. Methods Black and white women with endometrial cancer diagnosed from 1996 to 2012 were identified from the University Pathology Group database in Detroit, Michigan, and records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain clinicopathological, demographic, and surgical information. Analysis was limited to those with a body mass index of 40kg/m 2 or greater. Differences in the distribution of variables by race were assessed by chi-squared tests and t -tests. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with mortality. Results 97 white and 89 black morbidly obese women were included in this analysis. Black women were more likely to have type II tumors (33.7% versus 15.5% of white women, p -value=0.003). Hypertension was more prevalent in black women (76.4% versus 58.8%, p -value=0.009), and they had longer hospital stays after surgery despite similar rates of open vs minimally invasive procedures and lymph node dissection (mean days=5.4) compared to whites (mean days=3.5, p -value=0.036). Wound infection was the most common complication (16.5% in whites and 14.4% in blacks, p -value=0.888). Blacks were more likely to suffer other complications, but overall the proportions did not differ by race. In univariate analyses, black women had higher risk of endometrial cancer-related death ( p -value=0.090). No racial differences were noted in adjusted survival analyses. Conclusion A more complete investigation, incorporating socio-demographic factors, is warranted to understand the effects of morbid obesity and race on endometrial cancer.
The Medium is the Messenger: Using Podcasting to Deliver Consumer Health Information

Podcasting is a method of distributing audio content over the Internet that can then be downloaded to mobile players. Podcasts have the potential to change the way consumer health information is delivered to the end user. The fact is that podcast use is growing; more and more people are using podcasts to obtain information. Podcast topics are incredibly diverse, from pure entertainment to academic and professional contexts. This article analyzes the current landscape of consumer health podcasting.
Plant pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Inactivation and reactivation by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation☆

Abstract Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity from spinach leaf mitochondria was inhibited up to 90% within 2 min of incubation with 1 m m ATP at 27 °C. The inhibition was time, temperature and ATP concentration dependent. The inhibition was partially prevented with 3.0 m m dichloroacetate, a known inhibitor of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases. Optimum pH for ATP-dependent inactivation was between 8.0 and 9.0 The inactivated complex was reactivated with 10 to 20 m m MgCl 2 . Complete reactivation occurs within 10 min after MgCl 2 addition. Reactivation was inhibited by fluoride, a known inhibitor of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. Optimum pH for Mg 2+ -dependent reactivation was 8.0. It is concluded that the inactivation and reactivation process of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from spinach leaf mitochondria is due to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
Evaluation of Road Surface Profiler and Transverse Profilograph for Determination of Rut Depths

In recent years, the road surface profiler (RSP), also known as the high-speed profiler, has been used as the standard equipment for measurement of rut depths. Typically, for highway pavements an RSP with a three-sensor configuration is used to measure rut depth. Rut-depth measurements were taken with an RSP with three sensors at a spacing of 0.87 m and with a transverse profilograph (TP) on six projects, each of which was approximately 8 km (5 mi) long. At any given location the rut depth taken with the RSP was, on average, three times less than that taken with the TP. Different values of rut depth were determined by simulating the lateral movement of the vehicle, effectively, vehicle wander. Comparison of the rut-depth measurements obtained with the actual RSP and those obtained with the simulated RSP showed that the RSP vehicle had wandered from the center in almost all cases and that the wander in some cases was up to 0.57 m. The distance between the maximum rut depths within each wheel-path varied fr...
Shakedown and Ratcheting Directives of ASME B&PV Code and Their Execution

ASME B&PV Code directives for shakedown and ratcheting evaluation are reviewed. The objective is to assess their effectiveness when executed with plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and to propose procedures when they are inadequate. At first, they are applied to cases involving cyclic primary loading only, for which shakedown is evaluated. It is found that FEA is not suitable to determine whether plastic shakedown is achieved for a given loading. An alternate approach based on physical grounds leads to the conclusion that if only primary loading is cycled, and if the loading does not exceed the design limit load, plastic shakedown is always achieved. Then the directives are applied to cases in which cyclic thermal or other displacement-controlled loading is superimposed on primary loading with a mean, which may lead to ratcheting. Three ratcheting measures are applied to a thermal transient example. It is found that FEA is not suitable for establishing the absence of ratcheting of a vessel for a given loading by requiring zero growth of its dimensions. The ratcheting check is modified by specifying an acceptable limit on the increments of the ratcheting measure that are predicted by plastic FEA within a specified number of cycles, which makes it practical for design purposes. A decision is required on an acceptable growth of the diameter of a vessel that would not endanger the serviceability of the vessel during its life.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The subjective response to linear fluorescent direct/indirect lighting systems:

This paper characterizes human subjective response to spatial distributions of light resulting from different uplight/downlight photometric distributions. An array of pendant-mounted linear fluores...
Translational Repressor Activity Is Equivalent and Is Quantitatively Predicted by in Vitro RNA Binding for Two Iron-responsive Element-binding Proteins, IRP1 and IRP2

Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) bind to specific RNA stem-loop structures known as iron-responsive elements (IREs) which mediate the post-transcriptional regulation of many genes of iron metabolism. Most studies have focused on the role of IRP1, which has previously been shown to bind with high affinity to IREs and mediate repression of in vitro translation of ferritin mRNAs. More recently, a second IRP has been identified that is expressed in all tissues and that binds IREs (Rouault, T. A., Haile, D. H., Downey, W. E., Philpott, C. C., Tang, C., Samaniego, F., Chin, J., Paul, I., Orloff, D., Harford, J. B., and Klausner, R. D. (1992) BioMetals 5, 131-140; Henderson, B. R., Seiser, C., and Kuhn, L. C. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 27327-27334; Guo, B., Yu, Y., and Leibold, E. A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24252-24260; Samaniego, F., Chin, J., Iwai, K., Rouault, T. A., and Klausner, R. D. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30904-30910). Here we report that purified recombinant IRP2 inhibits translation of ferritin mRNAs with a molar efficacy equal to that of recombinant IRP1. There is a quantitative correlation between binding to isolated RNA target motifs, as judged by gel retardation assays, and translational repressor function as assayed in an in vitro translation system. In contrast to IRP1, IRP2 is not inactivated for RNA binding by alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide or phenylmaleimide, and as we would therefore predict, IRP2 treated with N-ethylmaleimide remains an effective repressor of ferritin translation. As IRP1 and IRP2 clearly have equal capability of mediating translational repression in vitro, the contributions of both IRPs to overall regulation must be considered in describing the pathways of iron regulated gene expression in individual cells.
Global heating distributions for January 1979 calculated from GLA assimilated and simulated model-based datasets

This study surveys the large-scale distribution of heating for January 1979 obtained from five sources of information. Through intercomparison of these distributions, with emphasis on satellite-derived information, an investigation is conducted into the global distribution of atmospheric heating and the impact of observations on the diagnostic estimates of heating derived from assimilated datasets. The results indicate a substantial impact of satellite information on diagnostic estimates of heating in regions where there is a scarcity of conventional observations. The addition of satellite data provides information on the atmosphere's temperature and wind structure that is important for estimation of the global distribution of heating and energy exchange.
Strike While the Iron is Hot: Seizing on Recent Advancements to Propel Forward the Study of Political Entertainment Media

The call for papers that served as a foundation for this Mass Communication and Society special issue details four hurdles the study of political entertainment media needs to overcome to further so...
Inflammasomes: Molecular Regulation and Implications for Metabolic and Cognitive Diseases

Inflammasomes are specialized signaling platforms critical for the regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses. Various NLR family members (i.e., NLRP1, NLRP3, and IPAF) as well as the PYHIN family member AIM2 can form inflammasome complexes. These multiprotein complexes activate inflammatory caspases (i.e., caspase-1) which in turn catalyze the maturation of select pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome typically requires two initiating signals. Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) agonists activate the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes through an NF-Bdependent priming signal. Following exposure to extracellular ATP, stimulation of the P2X purinoreceptor-7 (P2X7R), which results in K + efflux, is required as a second signal for NLRP3 inflammasome formation. Alternative models for NLRP3 activation involve lysosomal destabilization and phagocytic NADPH oxidase and /or mitochondria-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this review we examine regulatory mechanisms that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Furthermore, we discuss the potential roles of NLRP3 in metabolic and cognitive diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, and major depressive disorder. Novel therapeutics involving inflammasome activation may result in possible clinical applications in the near future. 1
A Social Contract Approach to the Formation of National Borders

This paper explores an economic model that elucidates theformation of national borders and explains the cross-sectionalvariance in the size of nations around the world. According tothe present social contract approach, risk averse agents tryto get out of the ``state of nature'' and get together to formsocieties to reduce consumption uncertainty, but heterogeneityaverse agents will not allow nations to become too large. Themodel relates the geometry of a nation with the geography ofits border and predicts the empirical observation thatcountries with ``coastline'' borders are larger than``landlocked'' countries.
Bandwidth enhancement of passive filters at mm-wave frequencies using effective negative group index (NGI) structures

We introduce a novel technique of phase matching and phase compensation in resonator-based millimeter wave passive filters to broaden the bandwidth and increase the center frequency. Phase matching and compensation is implemented using effective negative group index (NGI) structures. All the important parameters of NGI structure are found using proposed analysis. The insertion loss of filter without any effective NGI effect is less than ldB and return loss is around 25dB with center frequency of 38GHz and bandwidth of 40GHz. The insertion loss of NGI enhanced filter is around 2dB and return loss is around 18dB with center frequency of 60GHz and bandwidth of 60GHz. To the best of our knowledge, the insertion loss performance is the best reported results for broadband mm-wave passive filters implemented on CMOS process using lumped circuit elements. All the simulation are performed on a 0.13/im CMOS process and we found a good agreement between analysis and simulation results.