cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low temperature magnetic and resistive behavior of the (Eu1−xSnx)yMo6S8 system

Magnetoresistance and ac susceptibility measurements have been made on sintered samples of the compounds (Eu1−xSnx)yMo6S8 for x = 0 and 0.1 at y−1.2 and x = 0 and 0.15 at y = 1.0. All samples show negative temperature coefficients of resistance in zero field in the range 4 to 0.02 K. For the pure x = 0 samples the resistance becomes constant below 0.5 K. The magnetoresistance is large and negative for all samples; at 2.4 T and below 0.5 K it is aobut 11% for y = 1.0 and 40% for y = 1.2. For the finite x samples the presence of superconducting second phases made detailed interpretation of the low field resistance data for x = 0.1, y = 1.2 and most of the data for x = 0.15, y = 1.0 somewhat ambiguous. The magnetoresistance saturates for all the samples below 1 K in fields of ∼2 T or greater. The susceptibility of all the samples has a peak near 0.3 K. The resistive behvaior of the samples is characteristic of a magnetic semiconductor. The susceptibility results point to magnetic ordering of the system near ...
New classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus.

Abstract There has been an explosive growth in knowledge about diabetes mellitus since the National Diabetes Data Group promulgated diagnostic criteria and a classification system in 1979 that was largely adopted by the World Health Organization. However, recent findings regarding the levels of glucose associated with development of retinopathy, and growing confusion caused by a system of classification of diabetes based largely on the treatment used have led to a new assessment of the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Using new data from population-based studies, and placing emphasis on a pathophysiology-based system of classification, in 1997, the Expert Committee of the American Diabetes Association released its recommendations for the classification and diagnosis of diabetes. The major changes from the 1979 report include: (a) the preferred use of the terms “type 1” and “type 2” instead of “insulin-dependent” and “non-insulin-dependent” to designate the two major types of diabetes mellitus; (b) a simplification of the diagnostic test to two fasting plasma glucose (FPG) determinations; and (c) a lower cutoff for FPG (126 mg/dL) to diagnose diabetes (this level of FPG having been found equivalent to the 200-mg/dL value in the oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis). These changes provide an easier and more reliable means of diagnosing persons at risk of complications of hyperglycemia. Even though the fasting criterion was lowered, the total number of persons who will be diagnosed with diabetes by exclusive reliance on FPG will actually be somewhat less than with the old criteria. Moreover, epidemiologic data support the recommendation that screening for diabetes should start at age 45 and be repeated every 3 years in persons without risk factors, and earlier and more often in those with risk factors.
Seismic Data Analysis With One-dimensional Seislet Frame

We introduce 1-D seislet frame – a novel domain for analyzing data that are composed primarily of sinusoidal signals (in 1-D) or plane waves (in 2-D). In the case of a single component, the 1-D seislet transform is a wavelet-like transform that breaks the input data into multiple scales. What makes the digital wavelet transform (DWT) different is that elementary prediction and update operations follow a sinusoid with a particular frequency. In these terms, the classic DWT is simply a 1-D seislet transform for a zero frequency. In the case of multiple components, the transform turns into a frame – an invertible overcomplete representation – and becomes suitable for analyzing data with multiple frequencies or multiple plane-wave slopes. Using simple synthetic and field data examples, we show that 1-D seislet frame can provide better compression quality for sinusoidal signals than either DWT or the digital Fourier transform. This superior compression property indicates the potential of the new domain for applications such as seismic data regularization or noise attenuation.
Large sample posterior normality of the population mean

For a very wide class of distributions in the multiparameter exponential family it is shown that the posterior distribution of the population mean μ is such that has asymptotically the standard normal distribution. It is suggested that this supports the validity of the usual large sample procedure for making inference about y when little is known about the form of the population. The convergence is obtained for any sequence of random samples of increasing size for which the first m sample moments are fixed at arbitrary values, for some specified m≥2.
The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee : A prospective cohort study

Background: Microfracture is a frequently used technique for the repair of articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Despite the popularity of the technique, prospective information about the clinical results after microfracture is still limited. The purpose of our study was to identify the factors that affect the clinical outcome from this cartilage repair technique. Methods: Forty-eight symptomatic patients with isolated full-thickness articular cartilage defects of the femur in a stable knee were treated with the microfracture technique. Prospective evaluation of patient outcome was performed for a minimum follow-up of twenty-four months with a combination of validated outcome scores, subjective clinical rating, and cartilage-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging. Results: At the time of the latest follow-up, knee function was rated good to excellent for thirty-two patients (67%), fair for twelve patients (25%), and poor for four (8%). Significant increases in the activities of daily living scores, International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and the physical component score of the Short Form-36 were demonstrated after microfracture (p 30 kg/m2. Significant improvement in the activities of daily living score was more frequent with a preoperative duration of symptoms of less than twelve months (p < 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging in twenty-four knees demonstrated good repair-tissue fill in the defect in thirteen patients (54%), moderate fill in seven (29%), and poor fill in four patients (17%). The fill grade correlated with the knee function scores. All knees with good fill demonstrated improved knee function, whereas poor fill grade was associated with limited improvement and decreasing functional scores after twenty-four months. Conclusions: Microfracture repair of articular cartilage lesions in the knee results in significant functional improvement at a minimum follow-up of two years. The best short-term results are observed with good fill grade, low body-mass index, and a short duration of preoperative symptoms. A high body-mass index adversely affects short-term outcome, and a poor fill grade is associated with limited short-term durability. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Estimation of temperature transients for biomass pretreatment in tubular batch reactors and impact on xylan hydrolysis kinetics

A combined heat transfer/kinetic model was developed to quantify temperature variations in small tubular batch reactors and estimate the effect of deviations from isothermal operation on the kinetics of biomass pretreatment. Assuming that heat transfer was dominated by conduction in the radial direction, a classic parabolic time-dependent partial differential equation was applied to describe the temperature in the system and dedimensionalized to provide a single solution for application to all situations. A dimensionless expression for the reaction kinetics for xylan hydrolysis was then developed, and a single parameter expressed as the dimensionless ratio of the first-order rate constant times the tube radius squared divided by the thermal diffusivity was found to control the reaction rate. Three different characterizations of the deviation between the concentration profile predicted for isothermal xylan hydrolysis and that based on the transient temperature were directly related to this dimensionless rate constant parameter for both catalyzed and uncatalyzed hydrolysis kinetics. These results were then used to project the relationship between deviations in yield from isothermal results and the tube radius and reaction time.
Solar EUV induced variations in the thermosphere

The effects of solar activity on the thermosphere are reviewed. The neutral total density, temperature, and electron density increase with solar activity, and their variations are fairly well correlated with variations in solar 10.7-cm flux. The electron temperature, by contrast, has a complex behavior with solar activity, depending on altitude and season, as increased heat input is balanced by increased cooling provided by the enhanced electron density. Also, individual neutral species do not all increase in step but are influenced by dissociation and dynamical processes. The increased ion drag at higher solar activities inhibits the neutral wind from increasing in the same proportion as the neutral temperatures and densities.
Tribological aspects of wheel-rail contact: a review of recent experimental research

The topical concerns in wheel-rail tribology are highlighted from a heavy haul railroad perspective. The paper reviews experimental work carried out mainly over the last 12 years to explain current understanding. Future research needs and the most profitable approach to employ are addressed.
Cell Mechanics Using Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Single-Cell Compression

We report herein the establishment of a single-cell compression method based on force measurements in atomic force microscopy (AFM). The high-resolution bright-field or confocal laser scanning microscopy guides the location of the AFM probe and then monitors the deformation of cell shape, while microsphere-modified AFM probes compress the cell and measure the force. Force and deformation profiles of living cells reveal a cubic relationship at small deformation (<30%), multiple peaks at 30-70% compression, and a rapid increase at over 80% deformation. The initial compression may be described qualitatively and quantitatively using a simple model of a nonpermeable balloon filled with incompressible fluid. Stress peaks reflect cell membrane rupture, followed by the deformation and rupture of intracellular components, beyond which the cell responses become irreversible. The Young's modulus and bending constant of living cell membranes are extracted from the balloon models, with 10-30 MPa and 17-52 kT, respectively. The initial compression of dead and fixed cells is modeled using Hertzian contact theory, assuming that the cell is a homogeneous sphere. Dead cells exhibit a cytoskeleton elasticity of 4-7.5 kPa, while fixation treatment leads to a dramatic increase in the cytoskeletal Young's modulus (150-230 kPa) due to protein cross-linking by imine bonds. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity of the single-cell compression method to the molecular-level structural changes of cells, which suggests a new generic platform for investigating cell mechanics in tissue engineering and cancer research.
Confirmation and Chaos

Recently, Rueger and Sharp (1996) and Koperski (1998) have been concerned to show that certain procedural accounts of model confirmation are compromised by non‐linear dynamics. We suggest that the issues raised are better approached by considering whether chaotic data analysis methods allow for reliable inference from data. We provide a framework and an example of this approach.
The Effect of SPAM Administration During a Dynamic Simulation

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether administration of the situation present assessment method (SPAM) affects workload and/or task performance. BACKGROUND: SPAM probes are thought to isolate workload from the assessment of situation awareness (SA) by including a warning signal before asking an SA-related question. However, there is a good reason to think that SPAM may still have an effect on dynamic workload and task performance. Specifically, nearly all dual tasks affect workload and performance; thus, it would be surprising if SPAM did not. METHOD: Following the methods of Durso, Bleckley, and Dattel, I evaluated workload and performance on the Air Traffic Scenarios Test in SPAM, non-SPAM probe, and no-probe conditions. RESULTS: Global workload was unaffected by probe administration. However, at least with novice performers, SPAM probes affected task performance. CONCLUSION: The use of a warning signal does not eliminate performance decrements associated with secondary tasks. Moreover, there may be performance decrements unique to SPAM. APPLICATION: Cautious users of online assessment measures, such as SPAM, may want to remove performance immediately subsequent to probes from analysis, use an interprobe interval longer than 2.83 min, and construct their assessment measures to reduce display search times unrelated to primary task performance. Language: en
Immunochemical localization of NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli

The intracellular localization of isocitrate dehydrogenase was determined by immunochemical techniques with ultrathin sections of Escherichia coli. The thin sections, which were obtained by ultracryomicrotomy, were incubated first with antiserum specific for the enzyme and then with a protein A-gold complex. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the gold label was dispersed mainly in the cytoplasm.
Management research in criminal justice: Exploring ethical issues☆

While there has been a steady increase of management research in criminal justice organizations in recent years, far too little attention has been devoted to the dilemmas surrounding these research efforts. The first dilemma is associated with the treatment of information or data while the second is associated with the treatment of human subjects. The purpose of this paper is to begin the debate in this sensitive area by exploring the primary ethical issues of each dilemma which must be constructively dealt with by management researchers if they are to avoid potential harm to their subjects, while at the same time, assure the validity of their results. Finally, several strategies which appear useful in addressing these ethical issues will be considered.
Approximate entropy: Statistical properties and applications

ApEn, approximate entropy, is a recently developed family of parameters and statistics quantifying regularity (complexity) in data, providing an information-theoretic quantity for continuous-state processes. We provide the motivation for ApEn development, and indicate the superiority of ApEn to the K-S entropy for statistical application, and for discrimination of both correlated stochastic and noisy deterministic processes. We study the variation of ApEn with input parameter choices, reemphasizing that ApEn is a relative measure of regularity. We study the bias in the ApEn statistic, and present evidence for asymptotic normality in the ApEn distributions, assuming weak dependence. We provide a new test for the hypothesis that an underlying time-series is generated by i.i.d. variables, which does not require distribution specification. We introduce randomized ApEn, which derives an empirical significance probability that two processes differ, based on one data set from each process.
Vascular endothelial growth factor induces IP-10 chemokine expression.

We have previously shown that intracavernous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) improved the recovery of erectile function in an arteriogenic impotence rat mode. We wished to identify genes that are affected by VEGF treatment in the penis. Specifically we examined the induction of IP-10 chemokine. Male rats were subjected to pudendal arterial ligation or sham operation. They were then treated with intracavernous injection of 4 μg of VEGF in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone. At 6 and 24 h after treatment, the erectile tissue was then harvested for RNA isolation. The isolated RNA was used for microarray and RT-PCR analyses. Cultured rat cavernous smooth muscle cells (CSMC) were treated with VEGF and then subjected to RT-PCR analysis. Cultured human CSMC were treated with VEGF and then subjected to ELISA analysis. Microarray analysis detected IP-10 as an abundantly induced message in 6-h VEGF-treated tissues. This was further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Using cultured rat CSMC, induction of IP-10 mRNA was detectable in 1 and 2 h, but not 24 h, VEGF-treated cells. Induction of IP-10 at the protein level was observed with cultured human CSMC. Secretion of IP-10 into culture medium peaked at 4 h after treatment of human CSMC with 10 ng/ml of VEGF. Optimal VEGF dosage for IP-10 induction was 50 ng/ml when assayed with cells that were treated for 8 h.
Polyelectrolytes in shear and extensional flows: Conformation and rheology

The conformational and rheological dynamics of dilute solutions of polyelectrolyte macromolecules undergoing shear and extensional flow are modeled using Non-equilibrium Brownian Dynamics (NEBD) and Configuration-Biased Monte Carlo (CBMC) simulations. The mathematical model utilizes a bead-spring chain with charged beads that interact through a screened Debye-Huckel potential, and that also interact through stretching and bending forces. The diffusion (or Fokker-Planck) equation for the probability density of the positions of the beads of the chain is converted to a Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE), from which the simulation algorithm for the NEBD is obtained. The CBMC is used in the initial chain generation and in determining steady-state properties in elongational flows. Various conformational and rheological quantities, such as the stress and birefringence, are monitored, under both steady-state and transient conditions, with the primary independent variable being the salt concentration (parametrized through the Debye length) and the strength of interaction q, related to the degree of ionization of the chain. It is found that this model is able to describe qualitatively many of the experimentally observed features in such systems.
Distribution of Cu, Co, As, and Fe in mine waste, sediment, soil, and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt, USA

Abstract The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.
J. Michael Harrison (1915-2007): a research career well lived.

​JohnJohn Michael Harrison (Mike Harrison) was born in London, England on February 2, 1915 and died on November 30, 2007 at his home in Brookline, MA. He received his early education at Stonyhurst College and then graduated from the Institution of Electrical Engineering, London, in 1942. He then obtained a postgraduate academic diploma in psychology from University College and Birkbeck College, University of London, in 1947. At University College Mike did some of his graduate work with Cyril Burt.
Studies on thyroid hormones and their binding in bullfrog tadpole plasma during metamorphosis.

Thyroid hormones and their binding proteins have been studied in the plasma of bullfrog tadpoles during metamorphosis using a variety of experimental approaches. Radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) showed a significant increase in plasma concentration of T3 after stage XX and undetectable levels of T4 at stages XXI to XXIV. Essentially, neither hormone could be detected prior to stage XX. However, the limit of detection of the T4 assay was only 0.25 ng, while the sensitivity of the T3 assay was 10 pg. In electrophoretic and direct binding experiments there was evidence for greater binding of T3 than T4 in the tadpole at all larval stages tested. The T3-binding capacity per milligram of plasma protein oscillated from an intermediate value at an early stage, X, to a reduced value at stage XVI, and reached a maximum at a climax stage XX. T3 binding decreased to a minimum value in the young froglet and adult. In competition studies, T3 was effective in displacing bound [125I]T3, but excessively high concentrations of T4 were required for similar displacement. Salicylate (100 mM) enhanced the displacement of bound labeled T3 by unlabeled T3 except at stage XXV. Attempts to study the incorporation of labeled iodide into the thyroid gland and the plasma of stage XVIII bullfrog tadpoles were unsuccessful. The injection of thyroid stimulating hormone increased the uptake of labeled iodide by thyroid glands by severalfold, but did not alter the appearance of label in the plasma. The data suggest: (1) a more significant binding of T3 than T4 in tadpole plasma; (2) a change in the amount of T3 and in T3-binding proteins in the plasma occurs during metamorphosis; and (3) that T3 is the significant hormone in bullfrog tadpole metamorphosis since it increases significantly and has a more specific binding protein(s) in the plasma.
Superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass grafting for cerebral revascularization.

SUPERFICIA TEMPORAL ARTERY-to-middle cerebral artery bypass procedures are an important tool in the armamentarium of cerebrovascular surgeons for the treatment of carotid occlusion and revascularization for complex aneurysms and brain tumors. This article enumerates the essential steps in performing superficial temperal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass procedures. The nuances of this technique reflect the extensive experience of the senior authors (RFS, JMZ).
Effects of VEGF on adhesion of mammary carcinoma cells to brain microvascular endothelium

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to increase the adhesion of human breast cancer cells to human brain endothelium [1]. However, how VEGF accomplishes this is not well understood. We hypothesize that VEGF compromises the integrity of brain microvascular endothelium is one mechanism to increase the tumor cell adhesion. To test our hypothesis, using a Transwell system, we measured the permeability of a cell monolayer of bEnd3 to FITC-labeled BSA, PBSA. We observed that PBSA significantly increased from 4.17±0.67×10−7 cm/s to 5.20±0.31×10−7 cm/s after 5–60 min treatment with 1 nM VEGF. Correspondingly, after 60 min treatment with 1 nM VEGF, the adherent mouse ErB2-transformed mammary carcinoma cells increased from 38±13/mm2 to 67±8/mm2 for a wild type; from 40±5/mm2 to 56±3/mm2 for the β4 mutant. Pretreatment of the cancer cells with α6, β1, α5 integrin antibodies and pretreatment of the cell monolayer with laminin-5 antibody significantly decreased the adhesion of WT and 1355T. Our results suggest that α6β4, α6β1, α5β1 and their ligand, laminin-5, play a role in breast tumor cell adhesion, and that VEGF enhances the adhesion by compromising the integrity of bEnd3 monolayer.
The internal carotid artery in the surgery of extensive oral cancer.

Abstract The selective sacrifice of the carotid arteries during extensive neck operative procedures, or their compulsory ligation after an exposure or hemorrhage postoperatively, are among the most serious problems in head and neck surgery. As the highest percentage of disastrous results, following ligation of the carotid vessels, occurs in those patients to whom ligation has been performed at a time when the blood pressure was low, due to preceeding hemorrhage or shock, the selective ligation (or excision) of these vessels is not such a dangerous procedure. In 6 cases of selective ligation of carotid arteries, there was only one non-permanent, partial hemiplegia.
Abnormal Left Ventricular Longitudinal Wall Motion in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis Before and After Balloon Valvuloplasty: A Strain Rate Imaging Study

Rheumatic mitral stenosis may be associated with left ventricular dysfunction. We report improvements of abnormal longitudinal wall motion and strain rate post-balloon valvuloplasty of severe mitral stenosis in a girl with normal ejection fraction.
Current Use of Chelation in American Health Care

The National Center for Health Statistics estimates that more than 100,000 Americans receive chelation each year, although far fewer than 1 % of these cases are managed by medical toxicologists. Unfortunately, fatalities have been reported after inappropriate chelation use. There are currently 11 FDA-approved chelators available by prescription although chelation products may also be obtained through compounding pharmacies and directly over the internet. Promotion of chelation training is prominent on some alternative and complementary medicine websites.
Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy: principles and applications to lipid-protein interaction in Langmuir films.

Abstract Infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) of lipid/protein monolayer films in situ at the air/water interface provides unique molecular structure and orientation information from the film constituents. The technique is thus well suited for studies of lipid/protein interaction in a physiologically relevant environment. Initially, the nature of the IRRAS experiment is described and the molecular structure information that may be obtained is recapitulated. Subsequently, several types of applications, including the determination of lipid chain conformation and tilt as well as elucidation of protein secondary structure are reviewed. The current article attempts to provide the reader with an understanding of the current capabilities of IRRAS instrumentation and the type of results that have been achieved to date from IRRAS studies of lipids, proteins, and lipid/protein films of progressively increasing complexity. Finally, possible extensions of the technology are briefly considered.
Growth of CuInSe2 by two magnetron sputtering techniques

Abstract The results of experiments characterizing CuInSe2 deposition by reactive magnetron sputtering and by a hybrid sputtering and evaporation technique are presented. Both techniques produce films with chemical and structural properties comparable with those commonly used for polycrystalline CuInSe2-based solar cells. The reactive sputtering technique produces films with compositions ranging from copper rich to indium rich with near-stoichiometric selenium contents at low temperatures. Indium-rich films cannot be produced at temperatures above about 400°C. The hybrid process produces films over a large composition range at growth temperatures up to 450°C. Film compositions are uniform across 25 mm substrates to within ±1 at.% and non-uniformities can be directly related to the deposition geometry. For hybrid films, the selenium flux is shown to play a major role in determining both the selenium and the indium contents of the films at elevated temperatures. A coupled In-Se desorption mechanism which is inhibited by the presence of large amounts of excess selenium is proposed to explain the latter data. The substrate material is shown to affect strongly the film chemistry. Films deposited on copper show a higher copper content due to diffusion of the substrate material into the film during growth. Layers deposited by the hybrid process on molybdenum exhibit lower indium and higher selenium contents than films on glass at all temperatures examined. Finally, copper, indium and selenium diffusion into molybdenum substrates was observed at all growth temperatures.
Susceptibility to poliomyelitis virus of HeLa cells adapted to growth in horse serum medium.

Discussion and ConclusionsHuman serum is not readily obtainable in large volumes from a uniform source for use in tissue culture. Furthermore, the possible presence of specific antibodies introduces further difficulties in the use of cells grown in human serum media when working with certain human viruses. The adaptation of HeLa cells to growth in horse serum media eliminates these difficulties.It would appear from these experiments that HeLa cells adapted to growth in the presence of horse serum rather than in media containing human serum are quite susceptible to the cytopathogenic effect of all three types of poliomyelitis virus, and are as efficient in producing virus as the HeLa cells grown in the human serum. They likewise seem to be as efficient in their ability to demonstrate the presence of poliomyelitis virus in human stool suspensions. Prliminary evidence indicates that this subline of HeLa cell grown in mass suspended cultures is also capable of supporting the growth of poliomyelitis virus.
Educating for sustainability: A double-edged sword?

Evidence from three sections of an undergraduate Business, Government and Society (BG&S) core course suggests that heightened awareness of corporate and executive wrong-doing vis-a-vis the natural environment, and/or emphasis on the business case for greener business practices, may contribute to student cynicism regarding the normative value that business executives place on environmental quality. Since perception of authority-figure attitudes is an important driver of legitimacy, and since legitimacy influences willingness to take action, educating for sustainability may sometimes have the unintended effect of reducing student inclination to act on their personal beliefs once they join the workforce.
Aerodynamic characteristics as determinants of the drafting effect in cycling

Purpose: To determine whether cyclists' individual aerodynamic characteristics influence the magnitude of the drafting effect in cycling. Methods: Thirteen competitive male cyclists performed two field protocols (individual and drafting). Hub-based power meters were used to measure power output and velocity, from which drag area (Ad) was calculated. The three subjects obtaining maximum (MAX), intermediate (INT), and minimum (MIN) values for Ad during the individual protocol acted as leaders during the drafting protocol. Measures of Ad were then made while subjects drafted each of the three leaders. The drafting effect was specifically quantified as the decrement on measured drag coefficient (Cd) and power output. Results: The mean drafting effect increased with leader Ad (?Cd: MIN = 35.55%, INT = 41.31%, MAX = 50.47%; ? power: MIN = 111.1 W, INT = 124.05 W, MAX = 159.23 W; P < 0.0001). Regressions between leader Ad and drafting effect for individual drafters indicated substantial interdrafter variability (slope ranged from 29.4 to 190.5%·m-2) but little intradrafter variability (mean r = 0.9689), suggesting an interaction between leader and drafter. Correlating leader:drafter ratios for Ad, Ap, and body mass to the drafting effect supported this interaction (r = 0.69-0.78, P < 0.01), but only when data for all three groups were pooled. Conclusions: Alteration of leader Ad elicits a linear increase in the drafting effect. However, the Ad of the leader does not explain all of the interdrafter variability in the drafting effect, which is specific to the drafting subject but is minimally explained by their aerodynamic characteristics. This interdrafter variability may be attributable to the drafter's skill in obtaining maximum benefit from drafting.
Willingness of American industrial buyers to source internationally

Abstract Individual buyers appear to dominate buying situations involving rebuys and associated supplier selection. This article reports on factors thought to have an impact on decisions of purchasing professionals to source internationally. Results reveal country stereotyping in terms of industrialized vs. developing countries, reliance on personal experience, and compliance with top management's perceived interests among the decision rules used by buyers to reduce perceived risk. The findings also suggest the importance of foreign suppliers' establishing warehouses or sales offices in the United States. Further, the study suggests that international purchasing is not used as a competitive tool by a majority of American firms.
Prediction of Consumer Preference through Bayesian Classification and Generating Profile

Collaborative filtering system overlooks the fact that most consumers do not rate a preference; because of this oversight the consumer-product matrix shows great sparsity. A memory-based filtering system has storage problems and hence proves inefficient when applied on a large scale where tens of thousands of consumers and thousands of products are represented in the matrix. Clustering consumer into groups based on the web documents they have retrieved/fetched allows accurate recommendations of new web documents through solving the problem of sparsity. A variety of algorithms have previously been reported in the literature and their promising performance has been evaluated empirically. We identify the shortcomings of current algorithms for clustering consumer and propose the use of Naive Bayes classifier to classify consumer into group. To classify consumer into group, this paper uses the association word mining method with weighted word that reflects not only the preference rating of products but also information on them. The data expressed by the mined features are not expressed as a string of data, but as an association word vector. Then, collaborative consumer’s profile is generated based on the extracted features. Naive Bayes classifier classifies consumer into group based on association words in collaborative consumer’s profile. As a result, the dimension of the consumer-product matrix is decreased. We evaluate our method on database of consumer ratings for special computer study and show that it significantly outperforms previously proposed methods.
Terbutaline modulation of human allergic skin reactions.

Abstract Terbutaline, a preferential beta 2 -adrenergic agonist, has been shown to inhibit allergen-induced histamine release in vitro. In contrast, orally administered therapeutic doses of terbutaline do not inhibit antigen-induced wheal and flare reactions. We studied the effects of local terbutaline on antigen-induced whealing response, histamine release, cellular inflammatory response, and ultramicroscopic mast cell changes in antigen-challenged skin sites in ragweed-sensitive subjects. Results showed that ragweed challenge significantly induced increased histamine release in all subjects. In contrast, no such histamine release was observed at sites challenged with antigen in the presence of terbutaline. Thus locally applied terbutaline in nontoxic doses modulates mediator release in certain allergic reactions.
Gestational diabetes screening in a private, midwestern American population.

Abstract This prospective investigation was undertaken to compare the value of routine versus selective diabetes screening in a group of predominantly middle-class, healthy, Caucasian pregnant women. Two thousand consecutively chosen persons were divided into two groups: those to undergo routine screening between 24 and 24 weeks' gestation and those to be tested selectively in the presence of standard risk factors. The two groups of patients were otherwise similar. The method of screening involved a 50 gm oral glucose challenge, followed by a 3-hour glucose test if necessary. The incidence of gestational onset diabetes in the selectively screened group (19/453, 4.2%) was twice that in the routinely screened group (21/1000, 2.1%). Evidence of glucose intolerance without a risk factor was found in only one case (1 /1000, 0.1%) in the routinely screened group. This assessment of our clinical practice has allowed us to safely eliminate the need for diabetes screening in more than half of our private patients, which will reduce office time, patient inconvenience, and expense.
Factors influencing transmission, onset and severity of outbreaks due to white sturgeon iridovirus in a commercial hatchery

Abstract Progeny from six different spawns of white sturgeon broodstock were monitored for 20 months in a commercial white sturgeon hatchery for occurrence of outbreaks of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2). Five WSIV but no WSHV-2 outbreaks occurred during the study period. Signs of WSIV were restricted to tanks from a single spawn each time (except for one tank during the first outbreak). Temporal–spatial statistical analysis of outbreaks did not indicate that WSIV case tanks were clustered in time and space. Furthermore, WSIV was isolated from progeny of all six spawns participating in the study, even though occurrence of outbreaks and clinical presentation varied greatly among fish from different spawns. Despite failure to identify virus in samples from broodstock, these observations support a hypothesis of vertical transmission of WSIV, with tank-to-tank transmission having a lesser or no role in the spread of the virus. Differences in the onset and severity of WSIV outbreaks in fish from the six participating spawns indicate a possible genetic resistance to the virus and/or a role of stressors. All outbreaks, followed at least one major stressful event that occurred 9–32 days before the appearance of the first disease signs, and simulation modeling showed that the probability of this occurrence being a chance event was 0.14%. We conclude that minimization of stressors (avoidance of pump failures, handling and transportation) of the fish, should be a priority for the hatchery managers. Furthermore, since differences in resistance to WSIV probably exist among spawns, exclusion from reproduction of parents that yielded progeny susceptible to WSIV could improve survival of the young white sturgeon in hatcheries.
Growth factor binding and bioactivity in human kidney epithelial cell cultures.

Insulinlike growth factors (IGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are produced in renal tissue, as are specific receptors for these hormones. To evaluate the significance of these observations to regulation of renal tubular cell proliferation, we have examined the interaction of IGF and EGF with cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HPT). HPT cells showed specific binding of IGF-1, insulin, and EGF. IGF-1 binding was inhibited by antibody to the type 1 IGF receptor (α-IR3). Insulin receptors and type 1 IGF receptors were identified by bifunctional cross-linking. IGF-1, insulin, and EGF stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation by 77, 73, and 87%, respectively. Haft maximal stimulation by IGF-1, insulin, and EGF was produced with 4×10−9 M, 2.5×10−8 M, and 8×10−10 M concentrations of these hormones. α-IR3 inhibited stimulation of thymidine incorporation by IGF-1 and insulin but had no effect in EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation. EGF and high concentrations of insulin both stimulated cell proliferation by 83 and 79%, respectively. These data are consistent with regulation of tubular epithelial proliferation by IGF-1, insulin, and EGF and suggest that the mitogenic activity of both insulin and IGF-1 is mediated by the type 1 IGF receptor.
Elastic properties and thermal expansion of niobium mono-carbide to high temperatures

Abstract The temperature dependence of Young's modulus of polycrystalline NbC0.969, with a density of 95.8% of theoretical, follows Wachtman's equation and may be expressed as E = 4.6039 × 1012 −5.7289 × 108Texp(−200.5/T) dynes/cm2 from 285 ° to 2173 °K. The temperature dependence of the shear modulus is linear and may be expressed as G = 1.9286 × 1012 −2.4848 × 108T dynes/cm2 from 284 ° to 2173 °K. Above 2173 °K the moduli decrease rapidly, possibly due to viscous grain boundary slip. This temperature corresponds to 0.56 of the absolute melting point maximum for niobium monocarbide. The dilatometric linear thermal expansion was found to be 2.04% from 17 ° to 2447 °C.
Open Reduction Internal Fixation for Midline Mandibulotomy: Lag Screws vs Plates

Importance Midline mandibulotomy is a common approach for resection of head and neck oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors; however, there are limited data available on the outcomes of lag screw vs plate fixation. Objective To compare outcomes for midline mandibulotomy open reduction and internal fixation using plates vs lag screw technique. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care academic medical center of patients undergoing midline mandibulotomy for head and neck tumor resection over a 6-year period. Interventions Mandibular fixation using lag screws or plates. Main Outcomes and Measures The medical records and computed tomographic (CT) scans of patients undergoing midline mandibulotomy for head and neck tumor resection over a 6-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The postoperative CT scans were reviewed by a neuroradiologist who graded the fusion site on a scale of 0 to 2 using a 2-pass method. The rates and grades of union were compared, as well as several factors that affect healing, for fixations performed with plates vs lag screws. Results Thirty-seven patients were included. The overall rate of radiologic union was 90% (9 out of 10) for lag screw technique and 41% (11 out of 27) for plates ( P = .01). The average grade of radiologic union was 1.3 for lag screws and 0.67 for plates ( P = .04). Hardware exposure occurred in 4 (15%) of the plate group and fistulae formed in 3 (11%); neither complication occurred in the lag screw group. In univariate analysis, both presence of dentition (odds ratio [OR], 5.50 [95% CI, 1.33-22.73]; P = .02) and plate technique (OR, 13.09 [95% CI, 1.45-11.62]; P = .02) were significantly associated with nonunion. In multivariate analysis, plate technique had an OR of 8.32 (95% CI, 0.85-81.75) for nonunion ( P = .07). Conclusions and Relevance Fixation of midline mandibulotomy with lag screws results in a significantly increased rate of radiologic union compared with plates. Lag screws were also significantly better at achieving radiologic union in patients who underwent postoperative radiation, and the rates of fistula formation and hardware exposure were lower. Thus, lag screw fixation of midline mandibulotomy should be considered an excellent option, especially when patients will undergo postoperative adjuvant therapy and in patients at high risk for wound complications.
PREFER study: A randomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management — rationale, design and baseline characteristics

Abstract Background Obesity, a disorder associated with a myriad of comorbidities, is increasing at an alarming rate around the world. Given that pharmacotherapy has limited available options and that bariatric surgery is reserved for those who are morbidly obese or who have significant comorbidities, the most common approach to the treatment of obesity is standard behavioral treatment. This approach includes behavior modification related to eating and activity habits. The purpose of this paper is to describe the rationale, design, methods and baseline sample characteristics of a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention in weight loss management, referred to as the PREFER study. Methods The PREFER study, using a four-group design, includes: (1) a randomization scheme that permits participants to indicate a preferred dietary treatment approach, and (2) two dietary options, one of which is a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet that has demonstrated potential for long-term adherence. The intervention (32 treatment sessions) is delivered over 12 months and is followed by a 6-month maintenance phase; final assessment occurs at 18 months. Results We screened 932 individuals and randomized 197 to the study: Treatment Preference-Yes ( n = 84) and Treatment Preference-No ( n = 98). To maintain a balance across the four treatment groups, 15 subjects who preferred the standard diet had to be discarded from the Treatment Preference-Yes group. Retention at 18 months for the first of three cohorts was 82%. Conclusions The PREFER study is a single center study and is the first randomized controlled trial examining a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet as part of weight loss treatment. The ethnically diverse sample includes males and females with a body mass index of 27 to 43. The study has the potential to make a contribution to understanding the role of treatment preference and the potential of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for long-term weight loss.
LOOKING AT A JOB'S SOCIAL IMPACT THROUGH PSM‐TINTED LENSES: PROBING THE MOTIVATION–PERCEPTION RELATIONSHIP

We explore here the relationship between employees' public service motives and the way they perceive the social impact of their work. Our purpose is twofold. First, while past researchers have examined part of this relationship, largely from the opposite causal direction, we seek to supplement the field's current understanding of the organizational consequences of public service motivation (PSM), especially its potential impact on an employee's perceived social impact. Together with a cross-sectional study, we assess several theoretical frameworks that support the possibility of an additional causal link between PSM and perceived social impact. Second, we seek to begin identifying moderators that potentially condition PSM's relationship with employee perceptions of social impact. Using a sample of municipal employees from a large city in the United States, we focus on organization identity. We find that PSM strongly predicts employees' perceptions of the social impact of their jobs, and that PSM's influence is conditioned by an employee's organization identity.
Bronchobiliary fistula complicating oriental cholangiohepatitis

Bronchio biliary fistula in adults is a rare event defined by the passage of bile into the bronchus and the sputum (biloptysis).Typically these lesions occur in the congenital form, as a result of thoracoabdominal trauma, or in rare instances as a result of iatrogenic injury or long-standing biliary tract disease and obstruction. In this paper, we report a novel case of a fatal bronchobiliary fistula that developed in a 67-year-old Chinese male with Oriental cholangiohepatitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a bronchobiliary fistula complicating the clinical management of a patient with this disease.