cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Antithrombotic Effects of Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical product of the endothelial cell that maintains blood flow. These effects of NO are the direct consequence of its ability to relax vascular smooth muscle and to inhibit platelet activation and platelet-dependent thrombus formation. In concert with prostacyclin, the other important endothelial product that regulates vessel tone and inhibits platelet function, endothelial NO serves to optimize tissue perfusion under a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.
Fluorescence assessment of skin perfusion after oral fluorescein

This study evaluated oral ingestion as the route of fluorescein administration for fluorescence assessment of skin perfusion. In 10 anesthetized rats, dorsal pedicle flaps were raised to produce graded perfusion; then fluorescein (7.5 mg/kg) was administered via an oropharyngeal tube. Quantification of skin fluorescence, performed with the fiberoptic fluorometer 45 minutes after dye ingestion, delineated a significant difference between the perfusion of flap regions that remained viable and those that subsequently became dystrophic (p less than 0.05). The precision was equivalent to that previously reported after intravenous dye. In addition, the gradual delivery of dye after oral administration permitted monitoring of slope of uptake and time to peak. Each of these pharmacokinetic parameters delineated a significant difference between viable and nonviable sections. As measures of relative change in fluorescence, they are independent of skin color and thickness. This feature suggests that the oral route actually may improve the accuracy and reliability of the fluorescein test.
Guest editorial: Deconstructing disorder: An ordered reaction to a disordered environment.

This special section of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation offers three theoretical perspectives on the important and understudied topic of psychology’s potential to pathologize reactions to trau...
Traveling for the glycosphingolipid path.

Our studies on glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were initiated through isolation and structural characterization of lacto-series type 1 and 2 GSLs, and globo-series GSLs. Lacto-series structures included histo-blood group ABH and I/i antigens. Our subsequent studies were focused on GSL changes associated with: (i) ontogenic development and differentiation; (ii) oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. Various novel types of GSLs such as extended globo-series, sialyl-Le(x) (SLe(x)), sialyl-dimeric-Le(x) (SLe(x)-Le(x)), dimeric-Le(x) (Le(x)-Le(x)), Le(y)-on-Le(x), dimeric-Le(a) (Le(a)-Le(a)), Le(b)-on-Le(a), etc. were identified as tumor-associated antigens. These studies provide an essential basis for up- or down-regulation of key glycosyltransferase genes controlling development, differentiation, and oncogenesis. GSL structures established in our laboratory are summarized in Table 1, and structural changes of GSLs associated with ontogenesis and oncogenesis are summarized in Sections 2 and 3. Based on these results, we endeavored to find out the cell biological significance of GSL changes, focused on (i) cell adhesion, e.g., the compaction process of preimplantation embryo in which Le(x)-to-Le(x), Gb4-to-GalGb4 or -nLc4 play major roles; and (ii) modulation of signal transduction through interaction of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase with ganglioside, e.g., EGF receptor tyrosine kinase with GM3. Recent trends of studies on i and ii lead to the concept that GSL clusters (microdomains) are organized with various signal transducer molecules to form 'glycosignaling domains' (GSD). GSL-dependent adhesion occurs through clustered GSLs, and is coupled with activation of signal transducers (cSrc, Src family kinase, Rho A, etc.). Clustered GSLs involved in cell adhesion are recognized by GSLs on counterpart cells (carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction), or by lectins (e.g., siglecs, selectins). Our major effort in utilization of GSLs in medical science has been for: (i) cancer diagnosis and treatment (vaccine development) based on tumor-associated GSLs and glycoepitopes; (ii) genetically defined phenotype for susceptibility to E. coli infection; (iii) clear identification of physiological E-selectin epitope (myeloglycan) expressed on neutrophils and myelocytes; (iv) characterization of sialyl poly-LacNAc epitopes recognized as male-specific antigens. Utilization of these GSLs or glycoepitopes in development of anti-adhesion approach to prevent tumor metastasis, infection, inflammation, or fertilization (i.e., contraceptive) is discussed. For each approach, development of mimetics of key GSLs or glycoepitopes is an important subject of future study.
Two-Stage Crystallization Of Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) And Its Blends With Poly (Ether Imide)

Thermal Mechanical analysis (TMA) has been used to study the crystallization behavior of poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and its blends with poly (ether imide) (PEI). The two crystallization stages of PEEK are clearly distinguished by measuring the variation of film thickness with time during isothermal crystallization. Upon blending with PEI, the distinction of the two PEEK crystallization stages becomes obscure. This is attributed to the depressions in both nucleation density and spherulite growth rate upon blending with PEI. An Avrami analysis, Modified by considering both primary and secondary crystallization, is used to extract the respective kinetic behavior of these two crystallization stages. The results indicate that the secondary crystallization proceeded slower than the primary crystallization in the diffusion-controlled crystallization region. On the other hand, these two crystallization stages proceeded at comparable rate in the thermodynamically-controlled crystallization region. It is also found in the diffusion-controlled crystallization that blending with PEI induced a larger depression in the secondary crystallization rate than in the primary crystallization rate. Explanations for these observations are proposed and discussed.
The Baculum in Lagurus and Related Microtines

In the present study, bacula were obtained from the three presently named species of the genus Lagurus, as well as from each of the subspecies of L. curtatus
Predictors and Impact of Self-Reported Suboptimal Effort on Estimates of Prevalence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders.

BACKGROUND Prevalence estimates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) may be inflated. Estimates are determined via cohort studies in which participants may apply suboptimal effort on neurocognitive testing, thereby inflating estimates. Additionally, fluctuating HAND severity over time may be related to inconsistent effort. To address these hypotheses, we characterized effort in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. METHODS After neurocognitive testing, 935 participants (525 HIV- and 410 HIV+) completed the visual analog effort scale (VAES), rating their effort from 0% to 100%. Those with <100% then indicated the reason(s) for suboptimal effort. K-means cluster analysis established 3 groups: high (mean = 97%), moderate (79%), and low effort (51%). Rates of HAND and other characteristics were compared between the groups. Linear regression examined the predictors of VAES score. Data from 57 participants who completed the VAES at 2 visits were analyzed to characterize the longitudinal relationship between effort and HAND severity. RESULTS Fifty-two percent of participants reported suboptimal effort (<100%), with no difference between serostatus groups. Common reasons included "tired" (43%) and "distracted" (36%). The lowest effort group had greater asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder diagnosis (25% and 33%) as compared with the moderate (23% and 15%) and the high (12% and 9%) effort groups. Predictors of suboptimal effort were self-reported memory impairment, African American race, and cocaine use. Change in effort between baseline and follow-up correlated with change in HAND severity. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal effort seems to inflate estimated HAND prevalence and explain fluctuation of severity over time. A simple modification of study protocols to optimize effort is indicated by the results.
Why we use more materials

In this paper, we review the drivers for the high levels of material use in society, investigating both historical and current trends. We present recent national and global data by different material categories and accounting schemes, showing the correlations between materials use and different measures of human well-being. We also present a development narrative to accompany these observed trends, focusing on the strong role materials have played in economic development by industrialization and in the consumer economy. Finally, we speculate on how material efficiency might alter this pattern going forward and whether it is possible to de-couple well-being from material use.This article is part of the themed issue 'Material demand reduction'.
Validation of the BASALT model for simulating off-axis hydrothermal circulation in oceanic crust†

Fluid recharge and discharge between the deep ocean and the porous upper layer of off-axis oceanic crust tends to concentrate in small volumes of rock, such as seamounts and fractures, that are unimpeded by low-permeability sediments. Basement structure, sediment burial, heat flow, and other regional characteristics of off-axis hydrothermal systems appear to produce considerable diversity of circulation behaviors. Circulation of seawater and seawater-derived fluids controls the extent of fluid-rock interaction, resulting in significant geochemical impacts. However, the primary regional characteristics that control how seawater is distributed within upper oceanic crust are still poorly understood. In this paper we present the details of the two-dimensional (2D) BASALT numerical model (Basement Activity Simulated At Low Temperatures) of heat and fluid transport in an off-axis hydrothermal system. This model is designed to simulate a wide range of conditions in order to explore the dominant controls on circulation. We validate the BASALT model's ability to reproduce observations by configuring it to represent a thoroughly-studied transect of the Juan de Fuca Ridge eastern flank. The results demonstrate that including series of narrow, ridge-parallel fractures as sub-grid features produces a realistic circulation scenario at the validation site. In future projects, a full reactive-transport version of the validated BASALT model will be used to explore geochemical fluxes in a variety of off-axis hydrothermal environments.
Unveiling the Interplay Between Global Link Arrangements and Network Management Algorithms on Dragonfly Networks

Network messaging delay historically constitutes a large portion of the wall-clock time for High Performance Computing (HPC) applications, as these applications run on many nodes and involve intensive communication among their tasks. Dragonfly network topology has emerged as a promising solution for building exascale HPC systems owing to its low network diameter and large bisection bandwidth. Dragonfly includes local links that form groups and global links that connect these groups via high bandwidth optical links. Many aspects of the dragonfly network design are yet to be explored, such as the performance impact of the connectivity of the global links, i.e., global link arrangements, the bandwidth of the local and global links, or the job allocation algorithm. This paper first introduces a packet-level simulation framework to model the performance of HPC applications in detail. The proposed framework is able to simulate known MPI (message passing interface) routines as well as applications with custom-defined communication patterns for a given job placement algorithm and network topology. Using this simulation framework, we investigate the coupling between global link bandwidth and arrangements, communication pattern and intensity, job allocation and task mapping algorithms, and routing mechanisms in dragonfly topologies. We demonstrate that by choosing the right combination of system settings and workload allocation algorithms, communication overhead can be decreased by up to 44%. We also show that circulant arrangement provides up to 15% higher bisection bandwidth compared to the other arrangements, but for realistic workloads, the performance impact of link arrangements is less than 3%.
Public Engagement and Sustainable Energy Development

Public engagement is increasingly important in ensuring the success of projects related to energy development, particularly with regard to issues of environmental protection, public health, and socio-economic impacts. This is due to concurrent trends in public behavior, including a rise in public interest in these projects that is not matched by a rise in science literacy, and increasing organization and participation of the public through social media, citizen science, and grassroots initiatives. In recent years, several high-profile incidents have demonstrated that when public concern is ignored or met with a passive response from industry, it can rapidly grow into organized opposition that negatively impacts or wholly derails a project. Engaging, listening to, and educating stakeholders during early planning and development phases are therefore essential to earning credibility and trust. Moreover, maintaining two-way lines of communication throughout the lifespan of a project demonstrates social responsibility and facilitates cooperation, acceptance, and even support from communities and others. Positive experiences with specific projects at a local, community level can influence the larger public opinion of an entire industry sector. This paper presents cases studies of public engagement related to shale gas development (including hydraulic fracturing and pipeline construction), mountaintop removal mining, and management of mixed-use watersheds near surface mining operations. The experiences highlighted in these case studies are used to draw best practices of public engagement for sustainable energy development.
The validity of the parental academic support scale: associations among relational and family involvement outcomes

This study compiled validity evidence for the parental academic support scale (PASS), a multi-dimensional instrument that measures parent-teacher communication across five factors (child's academic performance, classroom behaviour, preparation, hostile peer interactions and health). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated close model fit and replicated previous CFA tests, providing further content validity evidence. Associations between parental academic support, relational closeness, relationship satisfaction and family involvement illustrate that the PASS construct is related to similar constructs, offering further evidence for construct validity. Implications and areas for future research are addressed.
Association between race and receipt of counselling or medication for smoking cessation in primary care.

Background Previous evidence of race disparities in smoking cessation treatment has been limited to mostly survey studies which increase the potential for recall bias. We examined if African American versus white patients in primary care are less likely to receive any treatment or if race disparities are specific to the type of treatment offered using data pulled from a large electronic health record system. Methods Medical record data from 3510 white and 2707 African American patients were available from primary care encounters between 2008 and 2015 and was used to define smoking status, cessation treatments (counselling and medication), and covariates. The association between race and type of smoking cessation treatment offered was measured by logistic regression models before and after adjusting for covariates. Results Smoking cessation counselling was offered to 9.3% of African American and 7.8% of white patients, and a prescription for smoking cessation medication was offered to 12.3% of African American and 16.4% of white patients. After adjusting for covariates in logistic regression models, whites were significantly less likely than African American patients to receive smoking cessation counselling [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65-0.99] and were significantly more likely to receive a prescription for a smoking cessation medication (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03-1.47). Conclusions Less than 20% of smokers received any type of therapy to assist in smoking cessation. We observed a race disparity in type of smoking cessation therapy provided to white and African American primary care patients. Further research is needed to increase treatment rates and eliminate disparities.
Quantitative Analyses of Data

Quantitative data from the main study are summarized and analyzed. Both the structure and modeling workshops generated statistically significant performance gains. Thus, after students had participated in both the workshops, their performances on both parts of the Algebra Test—that is to say, on the questions concerning structure and on the questions concerning modeling—were much improved. Cohen’s d effect sizes for each set of workshops (the structure workshops and the modeling workshops) were large. The chapter concludes by introducing two questions. First, although the performance gains were highly statistically significant, and the effect sizes large, were they educationally significant? And, second, “What was there about the interventions which generated such apparently impressive results?”
Developing High Fidelity, Data Driven, Verified Agent Based Models of Coupled Socio-Ecological Systems of Alaska Fisheries

Alaska salmon fisheries are a source of commercial revenue, renewable subsistence resource, cultural identity, and recreational destination for Alaskans, native populations, and out of state eco-tourists alike. We constructed a high fidelity, adaptable, data-driven agent based model that generalizes the socio-ecological dynamics of Kenai River, Alaska. Interactions among the model’s agents can be altered to study the impact of fishing regulation changes or salmon run-timing dynamics. Agents are driven by stochastic principles derived from 35 years of integrated data including salmon runs, municipality management reports, and Alaska Department of Fish and Game management reports. Longitudinal and seasonal correlations between the model’s simulation outputs and the reported system measurements are used to validate the model.
Analysis of Nonclassical Fracture Problems for Prestressed Bodies with Interacting Cracks

We consider two types of nonclassical fracture mechanisms, namely, the fracture of cracked bodies with initial (residual) stresses acting along the crack planes and the fracture of solids under compression along parallel cracks. To investigate nonaxisymmetric and axisymmetric problems for infinite solids containing two parallel coaxial cracks or a periodic set of coaxial parallel cracks, we use a combined analytic-numerical method within the framework of the three-dimensional linearized mechanics of solids. The analysis involves the representation of stresses and displacements in the linearized theory via harmonic potential functions. With the use of the integral Fourier–Hankel transformations, the problems are reduced to the solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. This approach allows us to investigate problems in a unified general form for compressible and noncompressible homogeneous isotropic or transversely isotropic elastic bodies with an arbitrary structure of the elastic potential, and the material specification of the model is carried out only in the stage of numerical analysis of the resolving equations obtained in the general form. The effects of initial stresses on the stress intensity factors are analyzed for highly elastic materials and layered composites (modeled as transversely isotropic elastic bodies). The “resonance-like” effects are revealed when compressive initial stresses reach the values corresponding to the local loss of stability of the material in the vicinity of cracks, which, according to the indicated combined method, allows one to determine the critical (limiting) load parameters under the conditions of compression of the body along the cracks. The conclusions concerning the dependences of the stress intensity factors and critical (limiting) parameters of compression on the geometric parameters of the problems are formulated as well as concerning the dependences on physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials.
Gender Differences in Utilization of Duty-hour Regulations, Aspects of Burnout, and Psychological Well-being Among General Surgery Residents in the United States.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to (1) assess differences in how male and female general surgery residents utilize duty-hour regulations and experience aspects of burnout and psychological well-being, and (2) to explore reasons why these differing experiences exist. BACKGROUND There may be differences in how women and men enter, experience, and leave residency programs. METHODS A total of 7395 residents completed a survey (response rate = 99%). Logistic regression models were developed to examine the association between gender and resident outcomes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 42 faculty and 56 residents. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using a constant comparative approach. RESULTS Female residents reported more frequently staying in the hospital >28 hours or working >80 hours in a week (≥3 times in a month, P < 0.001) and more frequently feeling fatigued and burned out from their work (P < 0.001), but less frequently "treating patients as impersonal objects" or "not caring what happens" to them (P < 0.001). Women reported more often having experienced many aspects of poor psychological well-being such as feeling unhappy and depressed or thinking of themselves as worthless (P < 0.01). In adjusted analyses, associations remained significant. Themes identified in the qualitative analysis as possible contributory factors to gender differences include a lack of female mentorship/leadership, dual-role responsibilities, gender blindness, and differing pressures and approaches to patient care. CONCLUSIONS Female residents report working more, experiencing certain aspects of burnout more frequently, and having poorer psychological well-being. Qualitative themes provide insights into possible cultural and programmatic shifts to address the concerns for female residents.
Reflection Electron Microscopy in TEM and STEM Instruments

The techniques of reflection electron microscopy (REM) and scanning reflection electron microscopy (SREM) have been shown, in recent years, to have considerable potential as means for studying the structures of surfaces. Their objective is to take advantage of the high resolution capabilities of modern electron microscopes to reveal detail in the surfaces of large crystals with near-atomic resolution. In parallel with the imaging techniques, it is possible to make use of the diffraction and analytical techniques in much the same way as for transmission electron microscopy. Thus the possibility has arisen of obtaining correlated information regarding surface structure, composition and energetics with much higher spatial resolution than has been considered feasible in the past. The limitations of these techniques are, in some cases, severe. Some of the limitations are fundamental in that they arise from the nature of the interactions of the high energy (20–200 keV) electron beams with the specimen materials. Other limitations arise from the characteristics of the available instrumentation and these limitations may well be overcome in the near future.
Recognizing and Interpreting Histology Artifacts in Hard-Tissue Research

An impressive spectrum of high-technology tools is now available to study the safety and efficacy of new materials and devices. Magnetic resonance and CT scanning along with transmission and scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy are only a few of the impressive tools now available and useful in biomedical materials research. In the face of such technological advances, it is surprising to some that the foundation upon which all other morphological studies are derived remains basic light microscopy. Tissues are sampled, fixed, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and viewed with an optical microscope using transmitted light in a manner that has changed little in more than a century.4, 7 Indeed, basic light microscopy of paraffin-embedded tissue, especially when interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings, continues to be the most cost-effective method to diagnose the entire spectrum of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, and forms a cornerstone for testing the biocompatibility of new materials.
The Social Costing Debate: Issues and Resolutions

This report is meant to provide guidance to PUCs and other parties interested in the social costing debate, although it will also yield useful information to those concerned with improving environmental policy in general.
Finite Difference Method

This chapter will introduce one of the most straightforward numerical simulation methods: the finite difference method. We will show how to approximate derivatives using finite differences and discretize the equation and computational domain based on that. The discretization will be discussed for spatial and temporal derivatives sequentially. Then the treatment of the boundary and initial conditions will be explained with an example. A brief introduction to the error analysis in the finite difference method will also be provided. Most of the above introductions will be made in 2D. Therefore, the extension from 2D to 3D will be discussed to bridge the knowledge gap. In the final, MATLAB code for implementing the example in the boundary and initial condition section will be attached.
Hamiltonian Systems on the Jacobi Varieties

New sequences of series of integrable Hamiltonian systems are obtained as the systems defined on the Jacobi varieties. Equations of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and inverse KdV type as well as sine-Gordon and nonlinear Schrodinger equations together with the corresponding Hamiltonian systems are only initial members of the found sequences. We also investigate discrete systems associated with the integrable continuous systems.
Acoustic differences between normally phonated and whispered speech

Whispered speech is different from normally phonated speech in more than just lack of vocal fold vibration. Previous research suggests that speakers also modify their speaking rate and formant frequencies. The extent of these differences may depend on speaker gender, but this has not been studied in American English. We examined differences in duration and acoustic vowel space between normally phonated and whispered speech. We recorded 17 ciswomen, 11 cismen, and 10 transwomen producing hVd words in both normally phonated and whispered speech. Formant frequencies for /ae/, /ɪ/, /ɑ/, and /u/ were bark-transformed and vowel space area was calculated. The results indicated differences in the formants across the two speaking conditions, both in the absolute shift of formant values and in the size of the vowel space. In addition, differences in speaking rate (measured as the duration of the /hV/ portion) also showed differences between the two speaking conditions across the three speaker groups.
Wettability alteration induced water uptake in shale oil reservoirs: A geochemical interpretation for oil-brine-OM interaction during hydraulic fracturing

Abstract Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing is an indispensable approach to enable shale oil available and affordable. However, a low flowback water recovery (usually Surface complexation modelling results show that the oil-brine-OM system wettability is primarily controlled by in-situ salinity and secondarily affected by pH and temperature. At a given pH, decreasing salinity triggers a greater positive surface potential for both oil and OM surfaces, implying a greater electrical double layer expansion thus hydrophilicity. Moreover, the surface potential for oil and OM decreases with increasing pH, which even would be shifted from positive to negative in the presence of low salinity water. Furthermore, the surface potential of both oil and OM decreases with increasing temperature at in-situ pH (from 3.5 to 7). The disjoining pressure results show that saturating sample from high salinity formation brine into the low salinity KCl solution will shift the disjoining pressure from negative values (attraction) to positive values (repulsion). Our results support the hypothesis that lowering salinity increases hydrophilicity of oil-brine-OM, which likely contributes to water uptake by shale. We also argue that geochemical modelling would be an effective tool to characterize the interaction of oil-brine-OM, providing insights into water uptake and enhanced oil recovery in shales.
Analytical study of the liquid phase transient behavior of a high temperature heat pipe

The transient operation of the liquid phase of a high temperature heat pipe is studied. The study was conducted in support of advanced heat pipe applications that require reliable transport of high temperature drops and significant distances under a broad spectrum of operating conditions. The heat pipe configuration studied consists of a sealed cylindrical enclosure containing a capillary wick structure and sodium working fluid. The wick is an annular flow channel configuration formed between the enclosure interior wall and a concentric cylindrical tube of fine pore screen. The study approach is analytical through the solution of the governing equations. The energy equation is solved over the pipe wall and liquid region using the finite difference Peaceman-Rachford alternating direction implicit numerical method. The continuity and momentum equations are solved over the liquid region by the integral method. The energy equation and liquid dynamics equation are tightly coupled due to the phase change process at the liquid-vapor interface. A kinetic theory model is used to define the phase change process in terms of the temperature jump between the liquid-vapor surface and the bulk vapor. Extensive auxiliary relations, including sodium properties as functions of temperature, are used to close the analytical system. The solution procedure is implemented in a FORTRAN algorithm with some optimization features to take advantage of the IBM System/370 Model 3090 vectorization facility. The code was intended for coupling to a vapor phase algorithm so that the entire heat pipe problem could be solved. As a test of code capabilities, the vapor phase was approximated in a simple manner.
Fluorescence-Reported Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis-Mediated Gene Deletion Indicates a Requirement for Chlamydia trachomatis Tarp during In Vivo Infectivity and Reveals a Specific Role for the C Terminus during Cellular Invasion

The translocated actin recruiting phosphoprotein (Tarp) is a multidomain type III secreted effector used by Chlamydia trachomatis In aggregate, existing data suggest a role of this effector in initiating new infections. As new genetic tools began to emerge to study chlamydial genes in vivo, we speculated as to what degree Tarp function contributes to Chlamydia's ability to parasitize mammalian host cells. To address this question, we generated a complete tarP deletion mutant using the fluorescence-reported allelic exchange mutagenesis (FRAEM) technique and complemented the mutant in trans with wild-type tarP or mutant tarP alleles engineered to harbor in-frame domain deletions. We provide evidence for the significant role of Tarp in C. trachomatis invasion of host cells. Complementation studies indicate that the C-terminal filamentous actin (F-actin)-binding domains are responsible for Tarp-mediated invasion efficiency. Wild-type C. trachomatis entry into HeLa cells resulted in host cell shape changes, whereas the tarP mutant did not. Finally, using a novel cis complementation approach, C. trachomatis lacking tarP demonstrated significant attenuation in a murine genital tract infection model. Together, these data provide definitive genetic evidence for the critical role of the Tarp F-actin-binding domains in host cell invasion and for the Tarp effector as a bona fide C. trachomatis virulence factor.
Sensor Placement Optimization Software Applied to Site-Scale Methane-Emissions Monitoring

AbstractAdvances in sensor technology have increased our ability to monitor a wide range of environments. However, even as the cost of sensors decline, only a limited number of sensors can be insta...
Improving Resident Self-Efficacy in Tracheostomy Management Using a Novel Curriculum.

Introduction Patients receiving pediatric tracheostomy have significant risk for mortality due to compromised airway. Timely management of airway emergencies in children with tracheostomies is an i...
Smart Speakers, the Next Frontier in Computational Health.

The rapid dissemination and adoption of smart speakers has enabled substantial opportunities to improve human health. Just as the introduction of the mobile phone led to considerable health innovation, smart speaker computing systems carry several unique advantages that have the potential to catalyze new fields of health research, particularly in out-of-hospital environments. The recent rise and ubiquity of these smart computing systems hold significant potential for enhancing chronic disease management, enabling passive identification of unwitnessed medical emergencies, detecting subtle changes in human behavior and cognition, limiting isolation, and potentially allowing widespread, passive, remote monitoring of respiratory diseases that impact the public health. There are 3 broad mechanisms for how a smart speaker can interact with a person to improve health. These include (i) as an intelligent conversational agent, (ii) a passive identifier of medically relevant diagnostic sounds and (iii) active sensing using the device's internal hardware to measure physiologic parameters, such as with active sonar, radar or computer vision. Each of these different modalities have specific clinical use cases, all of which need to be balanced against potential privacy concerns, equity related to system access and regulatory frameworks which have not yet been developed for this unique type of passive data collection.
Currency substitution in the shadow economy: International panel evidence using local Bitcoin trade volume

Abstract While mainstream adoption of cryptocurrency as a replacement for traditional fiat money has yet to be realized, anecdotal evidence suggests that such substitution is more pervasive in the shadow economy. I test this hypothesis by exploiting cross-country shadow market variation and exogenous shocks to darknet marketplaces used exclusively for illegal transactions in 28 emerging market economies. I find that Bitcoin trade volume generated by underground activity reacts much more strongly to inflation expectations than Bitcoin trade volume among the general population, providing direct evidence that shadow market participants substitute away from cash and towards cryptocurrency to conduct anonymous transactions. This effect is particularly strong among countries experiencing high annual inflation.
Designing a remote professional development course to support teacher customization in science

Abstract This study reports on the design, implementation, and impact of a remote professional development (PD) course for secondary school teachers who were transitioning to remote instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic. We designed technology innovations to strengthen the previously successful in-person course. The innovations support teachers to customize an instructional unit by setting and revising goals based on evidence from their students’ prior work on the unit. A Curriculum Visualizer makes the pedagogy of the unit visible and guides planning for customization. Carefully curated small group activities using Zoom breakout rooms ensure that each teacher could share their thoughts, ideas, and impressions with other teachers. Participants were 23 science teachers from 12 different schools in a western U.S. state. We developed rubrics to code customization goals, plans, and moves using bottom-up methods and iterative refinement. Reflections on student work and use of the Curriculum Visualizer enabled teachers to set and refine customization goals and make evidence-based and pedagogy-aligned customization decisions that enhanced the interactive learning opportunities for their students. Our results reinforce the C-b model proposed by Sailer et al. (this issue) by illustrating the value of using technology to support collaborative, interactive PD activities.
The role of social work and peer support workers in addressing the opioid crisis

Peer-led interventions to address the opioid crisis are on the rise. This brief report discusses the historical and contemporary social work role and Peer Support Workers (PSWs) by exploring the li...
The influence of street trees on pedestrian perceptions of safety: Results from environmental justice areas of Massachusetts, U.S

Abstract Previous research has shown that trees and other roadside vegetation can mitigate adverse environmental conditions on urban street corridors, and, in turn, positively contribute to pedestrian perceptions of safety and walkability. In this study, pedestrian surveys (n = 181) were collected from three Massachusetts post-industrial cities to understand if street trees moderate pedestrian perceptions of safety. Three street tree conditions – sparse street tree abundance, mature street trees, and new street tree plantings – were compared as study settings. Several methods were used to correlate perceived safety with street trees and sociodemographic variables, including repeated measures and between-group ANOVA, qualitative open-coding, exploratory factor analysis, and simple moderation analysis. This study did not find empirical evidence that street trees influence people's perceived safety, nor that street trees substantively contribute to feelings of safety while walking. These findings suggest that pedestrians do not have universal experiences of safety in walking environments, and different sociocultural backgrounds may contribute to diverging experiences of safety or fear when walking. Our research supports previous findings on the ways in which pedestrians value street trees; this can be extended to municipal or regional Complete Streets guidance and technical assistance programs.
Time-traveling through land and sea: unearthing the past to cultivate seeds of present and future solidarity

In order to understand our present and future work in planting the seeds of solidarity, we excavate the past, through an exploration of transnational solidarity and the vestiges of U.S. legislative...
"Personal narrative and life course" revisited: Bert Cohler's legacy for developmental psychology.

The primary aims of this concluding chapter are to identify common themes across the preceding chapters, to provide an integrative synthesis of these themes, and to draw out the implications of Bertram Cohler's work for narrative psychology and for the field of developmental psychology more generally. As with the previous chapters, the central ideas explored in Personal Narrative and Life Course remain focal to the discussion. So too is the concept of development, in childhood, adolescence, and beyond. By drawing together the retrospective dimension frequently associated with the idea of narrative with the prospective dimension frequently associated with the idea of development, this chapter also seeks to underscore Cohler's seminal contribution to our understanding of the dynamic movement of human lives in and through time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of moisture content of forage on ruminal functional specific gravity and passage of digesta

Four crossbred beef steers (392 kg BW) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment with treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial to evaluate effects of forage species (F) and reconstitution (R) on apparent digestibility, ruminal kinetics, and digesta functional specific gravity (FSG). Dietary treatments were alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hays (90% DM) and the same hays reconstituted with water to 38% DM. Apparent DM digestibility was unaffected by R or F. Proportion of ruminal digesta with a FSG of .9 to 1.1 or 1.1 to 1.2 decreased linearly (P 1.2 increased linearly (P 1.2 compared with the hay diets. Reconstitution decreased digesta passage rate for timothy forage; no influence on passage rate for alfalfa was detected (F x R, P < .10). Ruminal DM pool was increased by reconstitution (P < .10). Inert particles of 1-mm length passed from the rumen at a faster rate (P < .05) than 3-mm particles. Inert particles with SG of 1.32 passed from the rumen at a faster rate (P < .05) in the reconstituted alfalfa than in the dry alfalfa diet but at a slower rate in the reconstituted timothy than in the dry timothy diet. These results suggest that factors other than SG of the digesta can have a profound effect on passage of forage particles from the rumen.
Network Timing and Synchronization

Develops the concept of time as the basic unit for timing and synchronization Discusses the types of clocks commonly found in timing systems Describes pertinent clock parameters with examples Considers candidate systems for accurate network timing and synchronization Examines time and frequency dissemination systems used by communication networks Cites examples of network synchronization schemes
Thalamic Input to Representations of the Teeth, Tongue, and Face in Somatosensory Area 3b of Macaque Monkeys

Representations of the parts of the oral cavity and face in somatosensory area 3b of macaque monkeys were identified with microelectrode recordings and injected with different neuroanatomical tracers to reveal patterns of thalamic projections to tongue, teeth, and other representations in primary somatosensory cortex. The locations of injection sites and resulting labeled neurons were further determined by relating sections processed to reveal tracers to those processed for myeloarchitecture in the cortex and multiple architectural stains in the thalamus. The ventroposterior medial sub-nucleus (VPM) for touch was identified as separate from the ventroposterior medial parvicellular nucleus (VPMpc) for taste by differential expression of several types of proteins. Our results revealed somatotopically matched projections from VPM to the part of 3b representing intra-oral structures and the face. Retrogradely labeled cells resulting from injections in area 3b were also found in other thalamic nuclei including: anterior pulvinar (Pa), ventroposterior inferior (VPI), ventroposterior superior (VPS), ventroposterior lateral (VPL), ventral lateral (VL), centre median (CM), central lateral (CL), and medial dorsal (MD). None of our injections, including those into the representation of the tongue, labeled neurons in VPMpc, the thalamic taste nucleus. Thus, area 3b does not appear to be involved in processing taste information from the thalamus. This result stands in contrast to those reported for New World monkeys.
Inter-organizational knowledge transfer through corporate venture capital investment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate venture capital (CVC) investment and the level of knowledge transferred from start-ups to corporate investors. It also delineates the conditions under which CVC investment facilitates the knowledge transfer. Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal design is used to examine annual snapshots of CVC investment and patent citing activities for the period from 1995 to 2005. This paper uses a negative binomial Poisson regression model to test proposed research hypotheses. Findings – The authors found that that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the number of CVC investments and the level of knowledge transferred from the start-up. The results of this study also found that knowledge diversity of the investing firm moderates the inverted U-shaped relationship. Originality/value – This research contributes to the search literature by conceptualizing CVC investment as a distant search process for sourcing e...
PROGRESSIVE FILTRATION EXPANSIONS VIA A PROCESS, WITH APPLICATIONS TO INSIDER TRADING

The development of the theory of the expansion of filtrations took place mostly three decades ago, in the 1980s. Researchers developed two types of expansions: Initial expansions, where one adds information to the σ algebra ℱ0, and progressive expansions, where information is added dynamically to turn a positive random variable (such as a last exit time) into a stopping time. The goal was to preserve the semimartingale property in the enlarged filtration. In this paper, we propose a new type of expansion, that of expansion with a stochastic process. This has antecedents in the work of Jeulin, Kohatsu-Higa, and a few others, but the theoretical and systematic approach given here is new. We begin by showing one can enlarge a filtration with a point process rather easily, and that semimartingales remain semimartingales under the expansions, if done correctly. Since one can approximate most stochastic processes with marked point processes, we then prove convergence theorems of the sequence of point processes together with their corresponding enlarged filtrations. To do this, we rely on a theory of the convergence of filtrations. We next need to give conditions such that semimartingales remain semimartingales in the limit. This is delicate, and we obtain partial results, but they are sufficient for our needs; this involves a kind of continual initial expansion procedure. One drawback of this procedure is that we do not always obtain the semimartingale decompositions for the enlarged filtrations of the limiting case, except in a class of examples that are in a Brownian motion paradigm. Recently, there have been attempts to model mathematically insider trading via a theory of enlarged filtrations. There are many technical issues involved, and creating a model with the presence of arbitrage is a constant problem, a situation one wishes to avoid. We show how one can use this procedure to create models of insider trading that do not have arbitrage opportunities, but under which the risk neutral measure for the insider is different than is the risk neutral measure for the rest of the market.
INFRASTRUCTURE: THE BATTLEFIELD OF CORROSION

This paper was the keynote address at the conference. The author highlights the fact that American infrastructure is decaying rapidly, and that there is a need for all organisations concerned to cooperate in providing data and techniques to assess and repair and maintain the infrastructure. The paper briefly presents a review of the main causes of corrosion, with an analysis of the extent of the problem for: highways and bridges; mass transit; rail; ports; and airports. Design and training issues are highlighted. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 857776.