cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granulomatous Colitis: Significance of Involvement of the Terminal Ileum

Abstract Review of surgical, histological, and roentgenographic findings in this series disclosed that granulomatous colitis without involvement of the terminal ileum was relatively uncommon. All roentgen ographic findings for involvement of the terminal ileum were substantiated histologically and surgically. Several cases, however, had involvement of the terminal ileum which was not detectable on roentgenograms but which was subsequently proved histologically and surgically. Cecal involvement in the presence of disease of the terminal ileum was universal in this series. Preoperative fistulae and local postoperative complications occurred as often in those patients with as in those without disease of the terminal ileum. This study therefore would not support the concept that granulomatous colitis with ileal involvement is a more "benign" process. In this series, extensive small bowel disease was associated with a higher incidence of malabsorption, duodenal ulcer, and duodenal regional enteritis. Among the 8 patients with pathologically proved granulomatous colitis and a normal terminal ileum, 4 were elderly men who had an underlying disease which may have led to an ischemic colitis which appeared to be clinically, roentgenographically, and histologically indistinguishable from granulomatous colitis.
Evolution and use of a note classification scheme in an electronic medical record.

Titles of clinical notes within an electronic medical record (EMR) are important because they influence the speed and completeness of the review of a patient’s health record. We created a note classification scheme our EMR consisting of a 2 level hierarchy of note titles used to identify newly created and existing text and scanned notes. In a sample of 3 of the 18 months since beginning production use, an average of 2,810 notes are added each day. The number of distinct note titles rose by 32 percent between November 2003 and February 2005. Few changes were made to the upper level of the hierarchy. Thirty-three note titles accounted for 75% of the notes entered in February 2005. Note titles are one of several attributes that in conjunction with the user interface used to display them may affect the efficiency and completeness with which clinicians review their patient’s records.
Near-field broadband absorption spectroscopy of single gold nanoparticles

Summary form only given. We show topographic and nearfield images of samples prepared from gold particles with an average radius R = 25 nm. By parking the near-field tip either directly above the selected particle or the nominally transparent substrate region, we acquired pairs of spectra that were used to calculate extinction spectra of individual particles.
Interorganizational Policy Studies: Lessons Drawn From Implementation Research

Contingency approaches to organizing suggest that policy objectives are more likely to be achieved if the structures employed for implementation mesh with the policy objectives being sought. Interorganizational arrangements are used increasingly in carrying out public programs, and contingency logic can be used to assess the degree of match between policy objective and interunit structure. Such a perspective would seem to offer an approach of practical significance. Here the contingency logic as applied to interorganizational implementation is reviewed and its assumptions identified. To probe these assumptions, empirical evidence is analyzed from one policy sector which would seem especially promising. The findings suggest that even under highly favorable conditions, a contingency perspective provides only limited help. The research demonstrates the need for additional conceptual clarification and theoretical care in reaching conclusions about the impact of interorganizational structures on policy settings.
Morphological Stability Near a Grain Boundary Groove in a Solid—Liquid Interface during Solidification of a Pure Substance

The theory of morphological stability [1–3] deals with the stability of the shape of the interface that separates two phases during a phase transformation. Analysis for stability consists in carrying out the following steps: (1) solve the phase transformation problem for the smooth two-phase interface to be tested for stability; (2) allow a small arbitrary perturbation in the shape of the otherwise smooth interface; (3) solve the problem for the perturbed interface to determine if the perturbation will grow or decay. If the perturbation grows, the shape is deemed to be morphologically unstable; whereas if the perturbation decays, the shape is said to be stable. It is also possible that certain special perturbations will neither grow nor decay; in this case, the new interface shape is possibly a stable shape which, however, must itself be tested for stability.
Uptake and utilization of amino acids by the shipworm Bankia gouldi

1. 1. The bulk of a 14C-labelled l-alanine solution (20 μM) is removed by shipworms in vivo within 24 hr, primarily via the mantle and gills. 2. 2. Uptake of l-alanine and glycine by excised mantle occurs against a concentration gradient and is inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. 3. 3. Two saturable transport processes exist for glycine in mantle tissue; one sodium-dependent, which has a Kt of 8.0 μM, and a Vmax of 0.8 nmols/mg dry wt/10 min, the other sodium-independent with a Kt of 10.86 μM and Vmax of 0.32 nmols/mg dry wt/10 min. Glycine uptake is inhibited by neutral and basic amino acids, but not by the acidic amino acid l-aspartate; inhibition by l-alanine appears to be partially competitive. 4. 4. The dipeptide, l-alanyl-l-alanine is removed from seawater by sipworms in vivo.
Benzodiazepine receptors: labeling in intact animals with [3H] flunitrazepam.

[3H]Flumitrazepam appears to label specific benzodiazepine receptors in vitro after i.v. injection in mice. Benzodiazepine potencies in reducing [3H]flunitrazepam binding in vivo correspond to pharmacological potencies and parallel relative affinities for [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites in isolated brain membranes. However, 50% occupation of [3H]-flunitrazepam sites by benzodiazzepines in vivo requires brain concentrations of the drugs about 1000 times higher than their Ki values for the binding sites in vitro. In pharmacologically active doses sodium pentobarbital, strychnine, picrotoxin and bicuculline fail to influence [3H]flunitrazepam binding in vivo.
Thermodynamics of the first and second proton dissociations from aqueous l-aspartic acid and l-glutamic acid at temperatures from (278.15 to 393.15) K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa: Apparent molar heat capacities and apparent molar volumes of zwitterionic, protonated cationic, and deprotonated anionic forms at molalities from (0.002 to 1.0) mol · kg−1

Abstract We have measured the densities of aqueous solutions of l -aspartic acid, l -glutamic acid, and equimolal solutions of these two amino acids with HCl and with NaOH at temperatures 278.15 ⩽ T/K ⩽ 368.15, at molalities 0.002 ⩽ m/mol · kg−1 ⩽ 1.0 as solubity of the solutes allowed, and at p = 0.35 MPa using a vibrating tube densimeter. We have also measured the heat capacities of these solutions at 278.15 ⩽ T/K ⩽ 393.15 and at the same m and p using a twin fixed-cell differential temperature-scanning calorimeter. We used the densities to calculate apparent molar volumes Vϕ and the heat capacities to calculate apparent molar heat capacities Cp,ϕ for these solutions. We used our results and values from the literature for Vϕ(T, m) and Cp,ϕ(T, m) for HCl(aq), NaOH(aq), and NaCl(aq) and the molar heat capacity change ΔrCp,m(T, m) for ionization of water to calculate parameters for ΔrCp,m(T, m) for the first two proton dissociations from each of the protonated aqueous cationic amino acids. We used Young’s Rule and integrated these results iteratively to account for the effects of equilibrium speciation and chemical relaxation on Vϕ(T, m) and Cp,ϕ(T, m). This procedure gave parameters for Vϕ(T, m) and Cp,ϕ(T, m) for l -aspartinium and l -glutaminium chlorides and for monosodium l -aspartate and l -glutamate which modeled our observed results within experimental uncertainties. We report values for ΔrCp,m, ΔrHm, pQa, ΔrSm, and ΔrVm for the first and second proton dissociations from protonated aqueous l -aspartic acid and l -glutamic acid as functions of T and m.
Comment on "A study on tetrahedron-based inhomogeneous Monte-Carlo optical simulation".

The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a popular approach to modeling photon propagation inside general turbid media, such as human tissue. Progress had been made in the past year with the independent proposals of two mesh-based Monte Carlo methods employing ray-tracing techniques. Both methods have shown improvements in accuracy and efficiency in modeling complex domains. A recent paper by Shen and Wang [Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 44 (2011)] reported preliminary results towards the cross-validation of the two mesh-based MC algorithms and software implementations, showing a 3–6 fold speed difference between the two software packages. In this comment, we share our views on unbiased software comparisons and discuss additional issues such as the use of pre-computed data, interpolation strategies, impact of compiler settings, use of Russian roulette, memory cost and potential pitfalls in measuring algorithm performance. Despite key differences between the two algorithms in handling of non-tetrahedral meshes, we found that they share similar structure and performance for tetrahedral meshes. A significant fraction of the observed speed differences in the mentioned article was the result of inconsistent use of compilers and libraries.
Legume Seedling Feeding Preferences of Adult Sitona hispidulus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A greenhouse experiment was designed to evaluate a series of forage legume seedlings in the cotyledon stage for susceptibility to seeding damage from adult Sitona hispidulus (F.). Seedlings of a range of cultivars of white clover, Trifolium repens; alfalfa, Medicago sativa; red clover, Trifolium pratense; Lotus spp.; and crown vetch, Coronilla varia, were transplanted in the cotyledon stage into trays in a complete randomized block design. Adult weevils were added at a rate of one weevil per seedling. Feeding preferences of the weevils were assessed by visually estimating percentage defoliation of the seedlings 3 and 6–7 d later. A further experiment using cotyledon leaf discs randomly threaded onto an entomological pin further investigated weevil feeding preferences. Two similar whole seedling experiments and the leaf disc experiment indicated that white clover ‘Ladino’ was the most preferred species of the legume seedlings offered, followed by alfalfa ‘WL 318’ and two red clover cultivars, ‘Kura’ and ‘Arlington’. Lotus spp. and crown vetch were preferred least. Defoliation levels ranged from 32 to 93% after 6 to 7 d in the whole seedling experiments and from 11 to 46% after 4h in the leaf-disc experiment. Damage assessments of the unifoliate or first true leaflets indicated an order of feeding preference similar to that found for cotyledon leaves. Defoliation levels of whole seedlings were not linearly correlated with seedling size or fresh weight, and this, supported by the results with the leaf discs, suggest that in the whole seedling experiments, plant size did not determine the levels of defoliation.
Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation and robust control for time-varying systems

For the case of linear, time-invariant, finite-dimensional systems, the connection between the so-called standard problem of H(infinity ) control and classical Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation is now well known. Indeed H(infinity )-admissible closed loop transfer functions (i.e. those closed-loop transfer functions corresponding to compensators which guarantee internal stability of the closed loop system for a given open loop plant) can be characterized as all stable transfer functions which in addition satisfy a collection of interpolation conditions (explicitly computable from the original open loop plant). Not so well known is that this frequency domain-type approach, when interpreted operator theoretically in the time domain, extends mutatis mutandis to time-varying systems as well. In this short note we review the standard problem of H(infinity )-control and its connection with robust stabilization, sketch how the standard solution can be recovered as the solution of a matrix Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem, and indicate how the ideas (including a notion of point evaluation and frequency response function) generalize to the time-varying case.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system: A case of primary spinal intramedullary involvement

Primary involvement of the spinal cord in malignant lymphoma is rare. Clinical and pathologic features of a case of malignant lymphoma initially involving the spinal cord and subsequently one cerebral hemisphere are reported and the medical literature reviewed. If malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system is diagnosed by means of brain biopsy examination, radiotherapy of any coexisting intramedullary spinal cord lesion of undetermined cause should be considered.
Stability Estimates for Helical Computer Tomography

In this article we analyze an inversion formula for helical computer tomography proposed earlier by the author. Our first result is a global stability estimate. The formula is continuous of order 1 in the Sobolev norms. Then the formula is extended to distributions. Originally it was derived only for C∞0 functions. It turns out that there exist distributions, to which the formula does not apply. These exceptional distributions are characterized in terms of their wave fronts. Finally, we show that microlocally away from a critical set the continuity estimate can be mproved: The order goes down from 1 to 1/2.
Aspects of Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract Recently, more attention is being given to identifying aging-related and dementia-related pathological changes in performance and cognition among persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). This literature review examines age-related differences in specific aspects of cognitive functioning and cognitive performance of people with ID and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as what maybe be protective and risk factors. Training interventions designed to enhance cognitive performance are also reviewed. The authors note that greater efforts are urgently needed with respect to delineating the function and deficits in cognitive domains within aging adults. Methodological issues that merit further attention includes utilizing appropriate age ranges and assessment of intra-individual variability in statistical analysis of cognitive performance. While, consideration should be given to the continued development of specific cognitive tasks and tests that have been developed, validated, and normed for this population, there is still a critical need for more longitudinal data with multiple time points, to assess and track trajectories of change over time, especially as cohort effects of residential living, and educational and vocational opportunities have varied so widely over the last 30 years, and are likely to be a substantial confounding factor. Furthermore, efforts need to ensure that instruments continue to be developed with specificity and sensitivity to detect pathological deficits in AD-related performance. Lastly, greater research attention is warranted to describe and meet the needs of the burgeoning aging population of people with ID. This will ultimately guide policy makers to develop better practice protocols to maximize cognitive function in normative and pathological aging.
Excess Behavioral Loyalty for High-Share Brands: Deviations from the Dirichlet Model for Repeat Purchasing:

Small market-share brands are known to suffer from two specific disadvantages compared with high-share brands: they tend to have fewer buyers than high-share brands, and they also tend to be bought...
The construction of symmetry in children and adults.

ABSTRACTThe development of the concept of symmetry is important to an overall understanding of cognitive development in children and to spatial cognition in particular. Age differences in the construction of the 3 types of symmetry (bilateral, translational, and radial) were investigated in children and adults engaged in block construction. Children 2–4.5 years old produced bilateral symmetry in low frequencies independent of their precise vertical alignment of blocks. Children 4–12 years old and adults produced all 3 types of symmetry. The hypothesis predicting the sequence and frequency of the 3 types of symmetry based on an analysis of spatial complexity was partially supported. Bilateral symmetry was produced at significantly higher frequencies than the other 2 types across all age groups. Children 5–12 years old produced adult levels of bilateral symmetry while children 9–12 years old reached adult levels of construction of translational and radial symmetry.
Experimental validation of enhanced heat capacity of ionic liquid-based nanomaterial

Enhanced heat capacities of molten salts and oxide nanoparticle mixtures (“nanomaterials”) have been recently reported. These molten salts are used as thermal energy storage in solar thermal power, and the enhancement of their heat capacities are expected to significantly decrease the cost of electricity. However, the mechanism for the enhanced heat capacity of these nanomaterials is unknown. Different phase transition of molten salts near nanoparticles has been recently proposed to be primarily responsible for the enhanced heat capacity of this type of nanomaterials. Hence, we present an experimental validation of the proposed mechanism for the enhanced heat capacity of nanomaterials.
Rethinking teacher preparation for EBD students: towards a partnership model

Chris Blake and Elizabeth Monahan explore the role that partnerships play in developing effective teachers working with children and young people who present Emotional and Behavioural difficulties. A range of innovations in the United States are highlighted and the key emphasis is place upon a continuum of teacher development.
Corrosion Resistance of Several Integrated-Circuit Metallization Systems

Accelerated life data are presented on several integratedcircuit metallization systems including Al, Mo-Au, Ti-Pt-Au, and a new system Ti: W-Au where the RF sputtered Ti: W layer is a pseudo alloy of 10-20 percent Ti in W. Life tests include total water immersion, high-pressure steam and 85°C/85 percent RH/bias on bare and plastic-encapsulated devices. Heat-age and resistivity-ratio data are presented showing the metallurgical stability of the Ti: W-Au system. The corrosion resistance decreases as Ti-Pt-Au > Ti: W-Au >> Mo-Au ? Al.
Effect of thiourea on PCMBS inhibition of osmotic water transport in human red cells

Abstract The organomercurial reagent p -chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS) is an inhibitor of osmotic water permeability in the human red cell membrane. We have found that thiourea, when added along with PCMBS to a red cell suspension, interferes with this inhibition and at high enough concentrations prevents the inhibition from developing altogether. For a 2 mM PCMBS concentration K i = ; 3 ± 1 mM. When thiourea is added at a later time, the PCMBS inhibition, which normally takes about 20 min to develop fully, is halted and remains fixed at the value attained by that time. Thiourea also inhibits the reversal of PCMBS inhibition by a 10 mM concentration of cysteine, the half-time for reversal increasing by more than an order of magnitude when [thiourea] = ; 50 mM. Possible implications for the nature of the water and urea transport pathways across the red cell membrane are discussed.
Patterns of crime victimization in Latin American cities

Abstract In this paper, we draw a profile of the victims of crime in Latin America. We show that the typical victims of property crime in Latin America come from rich and middle class households and tend to live in larger and faster growing cities. On the whole, our results indicate that urban crime in Latin America is, to an important extent, a reflection of the inability of many cities in the region to keep up with the increasing demands for public safety brought about by a hasty and disorderly urbanization process.
Crystal–melt surface widths of simple liquids and an empirical law of freezing. II

We propose a relation among the crystal–melt surface tension τsl, the compressibility KT, and the thickness wsl of the crystal–melt interface for simple liquids, based on the density‐functional approach of Moore and Raveche.1 Combining this with a similar relation in note I by Mon and Stroud, we obtain a formula connecting the surface tension ratio τsl/τlv, and ratio of surface width wsl/wlv. A new empirical law of freezing is conjectured.
Phosphate oxygen isotope ratios as a tracer for sources and cycling of phosphate in North San Francisco Bay, California

[1] A seasonal analysis assesing variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was conducted in the San Francisco Bay estuarine system, California. Isotopic fractionation of oxygen in DIP (exchange of oxygen between phosphate and environmental water) at surface water temperatures occurs only as a result of enzyme-mediated, biological reactions. Accordingly, if phospate demand is low relative to input and phosphate is not heavily cycled in the ecosystem, the oxygen isotopic composition of DIP (δ18Op) will reflect the isotopic composition of the source of phosphate to the system. Such is the case for the North San Francisco Bay, an anthropogenically impacted estuary with high surface water phosphate concentrations. Variability in the δ18Op in the bay is primarily controlled by mixing of water masses with different δ18Op signatures. The δ18Op values range from 11.4‰ at the Sacramento River to 20.1‰ at the Golden Gate. Deviations from the two-component mixing model for the North Bay reflect additional, local sources of phosphate to the estuary that vary seasonally. Most notably, deviations from the mixing model occur at the confluence of a major river into the bay during periods of high river discharge and near wastewater treatment outlets. These data suggest that δ18Op can be an effective tool for identifying P point sources and understanding phosphate dynamics in estuarine systems.
Prediction of X-ray induced mitotic delay and recovery of G2 cells.

. A mathematical model is presented that predicts the delay of mitosis caused by X-irradiation of an asynchronous, exponentially growing cell culture (data of Schneiderman & Schneiderman, 1984). In the model, based on Gompertz kinetics, the driving function to generate the curves is a simple exponential decay expression. For the delayed mitotic progress curves, this function characterizes the distribution of the time required for cells to enter mitosis.
Evidence for involvement of cholinoceptive cells of the parabrachial region in environmentally induced nociceptive suppression in the cat

We have previously observed that activation of muscarinic receptors within the pontine parabrachial region (PBR) of cats produces potent analgesia. This study demonstrated that bilateral microinjections of the muscarinic antagonist atropine (each 4.0 micrograms in 1.0 microliter) into PBR attenuated nociceptive suppression elicited by exposure of cats to novel environmental changes without affecting general responsiveness to environmental stimulation. This observation suggests that muscarinic cholinoceptive cells in PBR function physiologically to modulate nociceptive responsiveness in response to certain environmental stimuli.
Crop Loss Assessment of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Potatoes in Western Massachusetts

In 1979 and 1980, populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were regulated by several different insecticide control strategies generating different potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (cv. ‘Superior’), defoliation patterns. In 1980, populations caused no more than 10 to 15% defoliation up to 45 days postplanting (dpp), yet up to 40% defoliation occurred by dpp 55 in some treatments. The potato plant was able to partially refoliate if defoliation was terminated by dpp 55 with no reduction in total yield (31 metric tons/ha) when compared with nondefoliated treatments; however, there was a reduction in the production of no. 1 grade potatoes (16.6 vs. 20.6 tons/ha). Defoliation which occurred in the two weeks before vine kill had no effect on yield. Estimated levels of defoliation based on the number of larvae and adults multiplied by their feeding rates closely approximated observed levels of defoliation.
Worst-case and average-case analysis of n-detection test sets and test generation strategies

Test sets that detect each target fault n times (n-detection test sets) are typically generated for restricted values of n because of the increase in test set size with n. Both a worst-case analysis and an average-case analysis is performed to investigate the effects of restricting n on the unmodelled fault coverage of an (arbitrary) n-detection test set of a full-scan circuit. The analysis is independent of any particular test set or any particular test generation procedure. It is based on a specific set of target faults and a specific set of untargeted faults. It shows that, depending on the circuit, very large values of n may be needed to guarantee the detection of all the untargeted faults. The implications of these results are discussed and it is also demonstrated that the proposed analysis methods can be used to evaluate the effects of incorporating into the n-detection test generation procedure specific strategies aimed at improving the n-detection test set quality.
Emergent Radio frequency Ablation of the AV Node in a Neonate with Unstable, Refractory Supraventricular Tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia due to accessory atrioventricular connections in infants is usually well-tolerated. Rarely an infant can have supraventricular tachycardia that is incessant and refractory to medical therapy. We describe a patient with supraventricular tachycardia detected prenatally that caused severe cardiac dysfunction and hemodynamic instability after birth.
Two-photon correlations in amplified laser light

We have measured the two-photon correlation function in 632.8-nm single-mode He-Ne laser light which had been amplified by stimulated emission in a long He-Ne discharge tube. For laser light intensities which were comparable with the discharge-tube spontaneous-emission intensity into a single mode, the measured correlations agree well with those predicted for a simple mixture of laser and chaotic light. The results are consistent with the assumption that laser light linearly amplified by stimulated emission has the same statistical properties as unamplified laser light.
JACQUES LACAN: FRENCH FREUD

Psychosis in its Relation to Personality, he has "reinterpreted" Freud, and has mercilessly attacked the medicalization of American psychoanalysis, American empiricism, behaviorism, psychology, scientism, and the American domination of the International Psychoanalytic Association. His sweeping challenges have frequently been nasty, personal; they range from theory to clinical practice, from culture to politics. In the tradition of Charcot and Janet, he has reinstated hysteria as the most frequent French neurosis;his dialectics between conscious and unconscious components of language have modernized Hegel; his literary forays have explored Don Quixote and Joyce; and his politics
Phase relations in concentrated Ta-Hf and Nb-Hf alloys

The precipitation reactions occurring in concentrated Ta-Hf and Nb-Hf alloys over the temperature range 600° to 1400°C were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission microscopy. In Ta-Hf alloys containing 30 to 62 at. pct Hf and Nb-Hf alloys containing 25 to 50 at. pct Hf a stable bcc solid solution exists at elevated temperature. When quenched from the single phase region and aged at lower temperatures both alloys precipitate α phase, an hcp hafnium-rich phase. Transmission microscopy showed that in the Nb-Hf system the precipitation reaction begins with the formation of coherent zones. Further aging causes coarsening into discs, still at least partially coherent. When coherency is lost the α morphology changes to rod-type. The effect of small amounts of oxygen added to these alloys during aging is an increase in the unit cell size of theα phase. Oxygen concentrations up to ~0.5 at. pct do not cause observable changes in the phase relations. These results cannot be reconciled with the miscibility gap-monotectoid type phase diagrams reported by some earlier investigators and indicate that the proper phase diagram for both systems is theβ-isomorphous type.
A Path to Understanding Guanxi in China's Transitional Economy: Variations on Network Behavior*

Current research on guanxi (Chinese social connections) suffers from conceptual confusion. This article presents a new theoretical framework for understanding guanxi in the face of China's economic and social transformations. Guanxi is viewed as a purposive network behavior that can take different “strategic” forms, such as accessing, bridging, and embedding. Pairing this conceptualization with a social-evolutionary framework, I argue that the emergence and increasing or decreasing prevalence of each form over time result from (1) a combination of factors at three analytical levels—microagency, mesonetwork, and macroinstitutional—and (2) endogenous processes of selection. By focusing on behavioral forms and their evolution, this framework is able to bridge divides in the guanxi literature, provide a foundation for comparative studies of network behavior across societies, and connect the study of guanxi with economic sociology more broadly.
Demand and need: Problems of planning rural telecommunications services

Abstract Progress has been slow in meeting rural communications needs. This article discusses the underlying problem of using demand to indicate need in rural areas. It also suggests other criteria which could be used, and points out policy pitfalls which may undermine rural services where they now exist. It suggests strategies for reversing current trends in countries without sufficient investment in rural telecommunications infrastructure, countries which have invested in satellite technology but have been reluctant to apply it to rural needs, and countries which now have rural services which may be jeopardized by changes in regulatory policy.
Finite-Element Analysis of Network Dilatation in Ion-Exchanged Glass Rods After Slicing

Finite-element analysis performed for the sliced glass rods exchanged by larger ions for various diffusion distances showed bulging of the cylindrical surface and concaving of the flat faces. Though these deformations result in the appearance of an apparent compression maximum at around 6 μm below the surface, they do not fully explain the presence of a compression maximum at 30- to 40-μm depths observed by many workers using photoelastic techniques. Introduction of plasticity in the exchanged layers renders the computed stress profile to resemble the experimental profiles, but is followed with a decrease in the computed depth of the compression maximum. Lowering of the glass transition temperature of the exchanged layers, which results in increased stress relaxation and the superimposition of varying thermal contraction of the layers, could account for the disagreements.
Pralidoxime safety and toxicity in children.

Background. Current the safety of pralidoxime administration via adult autoinjectors for pediatric patients has not been established. Up until 2000, the published literature did not recommend its usage for children less than 12kg or under the age of 10 years old. Since 2000, limited published articles have emerged validating adult autoinjector usage for the pediatric victim, in extreme circumstances. Objective. We sought to determine whether adverse drug reactions (ADR) from pralidoxime administration to children occur. Method. Recurrent PubMed Medline literature search of all years were performed from 2001 to 2004 inclusive. The main search criteria were articles pertaining to U.S. children 16 years or younger who received pralidoxime. In addition, a review of 3 years (1999–2001) of detailed retrospective TESS exposure annual poison center data was obtained from the AAPCC. Results. Eighty-one children met inclusion criteria andreceived pralidoxime for suspected organophosphate poisoning. Two children (2....
Method for the Production of Channel Catfish Fingerlings in Kentucky

Abstract Eggs of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were transported from Alabama to Kentucky to evaluate the feasibility of producing 27–64-g fingerlings. Fry were stocked in early June at densities of 74,130 fish/hectare (treatment 1) and 123,550/hectare (treatment 2) in six 0.04-hectare ponds for production. Net fish production was greater (P < 0.01) and more target-size fish (P < 0.01) were produced in treatment 2 than treatment 1. This method eliminates brood stock and brood ponds, functionally extends the production season, provides efficient use of fingerling pond space, and produces large numbers of target-size (27–64 g) fingerlings in one growing season.
Customer perceptions of dependencies in customer–supplier relationships

This paper studies how customer and their supplier's dependency and the relative dependency of both firms correlates with customer perceptions of environmental uncertainties, relational exchange and both customer and supplier exchange benefits. The study draws on resource dependency and transaction cost economics theories and is based on a survey of 372 paper mills. The results indicate that customers perceive dependency is related to exchange benefits and not environmental uncertainties or relational exchange and the exchange benefits differ depending on which exchange partner is dependent and the relative dependence between the exchange partners.
Selective inhibition of restriction endonuclease cleavage by DNA intercalators

The preferred dye binding sites and the microenvironment of known nucleotide sequences within mitochondrial and plasmid pBR322 DNA was probed in a gross fashion with restriction endonucleases. The intercalating dyes, ethidium bromide and propidium iodide, do not inhibit a given restriction endonuclease equally at all of the restriction sites within a DNA molecule. The selective inhibition may be explained, in part, by the potential B to Z conformation transition of DNA flanking the restriction site and by preferred dye binding sites. Propidium iodide was found to be a more potent inhibitor than ethidium bromide and the inhibition is independent of the type of cut made by the enzyme.
Relationships between adult women's alcohol problems and their childhood experiences of parental violence and psychological aggression.

We used the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (M. A. Straus, S. L. Hamby, D. Finkelhor, D. W. Moore, & D. Runyan, 1998) to assess retrospectively women’s childhood experiences of both mother and father physical abuse and psychological aggression, and assessed mother and father alcohol problems based on criteria derived from the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria (N. C. Andreasen, J. Endicott, R. L. Spitzer, & G. Winokur, 1977). Data were collected from 447 women (age 18 or higher) from seven domestic violence programs and five substance use disorder treatment programs in a midwestern state. Using OLS regression with backward elimination (p < .10 as criterion for removal from the equation) we found that higher levels of mother physical abuse, father psychological aggression, and presence of mother alcohol problems predicted higher scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Trauma Symptom Checklist. Higher levels of mother physical abuse and father psychological aggression predicted higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Strong similarities in the local hydration environments of the bromide ion and the Cl-.CCl3. ion-radical complex: Factors contributing to intramolecular distortions in the primary hydration shell

We report the infrared photofragmentation spectra of the Cl-·CCl3·nH2O, n = 1−3 complexes and compare the observed pattern of OH stretching vibrations with those displayed by the X-·nH2O, [X = Cl, Br] clusters. The predissociation spectra reveal hydrogen bonded networks in the di- and trihydrate clusters. Addition of the CCl3• radical to the Cl-·nH2O complexes causes a significant blue shift in the OH stretching vibrations involving the hydrogen atoms bound to the ion. As a result, the Cl-·CCl3·nH2O spectra appear remarkably similar to those observed previously for the bromide hydrates. We trace this effect to partial charge delocalization onto the CCl3• radical through an analysis of the electronic structure carried out with density functional calculations. Two important factors contributing to the ion-bound OH stretch frequencies are the radius, (ri), and excess charge, (qi), associated with the halide. The red shifts displayed by the water molecule in a number of halide−water complexes are found to be ...
Effect of strain rate on stress corrosion cracking in duplex type 304 stainless steel weld metal

The influence of strain-rate on the stress-corrosion cracking properties of wholly austenitic Type 304 base metal and duplex austeno-ferritic Type 304 weld metal in boiling MgCl2 was investigated using constant extension rate tensile testing techniques. Transgranular SCC in both base and weld metals is preferred at low strain-rates, while intergranular cracking in the base metal and interphase cracking along the austenite-ferrite interface in the weld metal are preferred at higher strain-rates. Promotion of the intergranular stress-corrosion cracking in the base metal and “interphase-interface” stresscorrosion cracking in the weld metal with increases in strain-rate may be mechanistically analogous. Stress-induced alterations in the grain or interphase boundary defect structure may make these regions preferentially susceptible to dissolution.
The temperature and ionic strength dependence of the solubility product constant of ferrous phosphonate

A new compound with implications in scale and corrosion control has been isolated and its solubility measured under varying conditions of temperature and ionic strength from 25 to 75 °C and from 1 to 3 M ionic strength. Ferrous phosphonate was formed using the phosphonate nitrilotris(methylene phosphonic acid) (NTMP) and was found to have the stoichiometry Fe2.5HNTMP. Using a complexation and speciation model, the stability constants for the complexation of iron(II) with phosphonate were calculated, and the solubility product constant was derived for each temperature and ionic strength; at 25 °C and 1 M ionic strength, Ksp = 10-31.2. The temperature (T, K) and ionic strength (I, M) dependence of the negative logarithm of the ferrous phosphonate solubility product constant (pKsp) was determined to be: pKsp = 39.54 − 6.14I1/2 + 2.18I − 1315/T. In simulated calculations using actual field data to compare iron and calcium phosphonates independently, ferrous salts were predicted to form in all instances and m...
High-speed scanning ablation of dental hard tissues with a λ=9.3-μm CO 2 laser: heat accumulation and peripheral thermal damage

A mechanically scanned CO 2 laser operated at high laser pulse repetition rates can be used to rapidly and precisely remove dental decay. This study aims to determine whether these laser systems can safely ablate enamel and dentin without excessive heat accumulation and peripheral thermal damage. Peripheral thermal damage can adversely impact the mechanical strength of the irradiated tissue, particularly for dentin, and reduce the adhesion characteristics of the modified surfaces. Samples were derived from noncarious extracted molars. Pulpal temperatures were recorded using microthermocouples situated at the pulp chamber roof of samples (n=12), which were occlusally ablated using a rapid-scanning, water-cooled 300 Hz CO 2 laser over a two minute time course. The mechanical strength of facially ablated dentin (n=10) was determined via four-point bend test and compared to control samples (n=10) prepared with 320 grit wet sand paper to simulate conventional preparations. Composite-to-enamel bond strength was measured via single-plane shear test for ablated/non-etched (n=10) and ablated/acid-etched (n=8) samples and compared to control samples (n=9) prepared by 320 grit wet sanding. Thermocouple measurements indicated that the temperature remained below ambient temperature at 19.0°C (s.d.=0.9) if water-cooling was used. There was no discoloration of either dentin and enamel, the treated surfaces were uniformly ablated and there were no cracks observable on the laser treated surfaces. Fourpoint bend tests yielded mean mechanical strengths of 18.2 N (s.d.=4.6) for ablated dentin and 18.1 N (s.d.=2.7) for control (p>0.05). Shear tests yielded mean bond strengths of 31.2 MPa (s.d.=2.5, p<0.01) for ablated/acid-etched samples, 5.2 MPa (s.d.=2.4, p<0.001) for ablated/non-etched samples, and 37.0 MPa (s.d.=3.6) for control. The results indicate that a rapid-scanning 300 Hz CO 2 laser can effectively ablate dentin and enamel without excessive heat accumulation and with minimal thermal damage. It is not clear whether the small (16%) but statistically significant reduction in the shear bond strength to enamel is clinically significant since the mean shear bond strength exceeded 30 MPa.
Unstable angina with episodic ST segment elevation and minimal creatine kinase release culminating in extensive, recurrent infarction.

The syndrome of episodic angina at rest, recurrent ST segment elevation (mean = 9 mV) and nontransmural infarction characterized by minimal serum creatine kinase (CK) (mean 243 ID; upper normal limit 132 IU) was studied in 15 patients who presented with these findings. All were initially managed with intensive nitrate and beta-receptor blocker therapy. Eleven patients underwent intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for refractory angina and 13 underwent cardiac catheterization. High grade (≥ 90%) stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was demonstrated in 11 patients, and coronary spasm without significant, fixed occlusive disease was noted in 2 patients. Urgent aortocoronary bypass surgery was performed in seven patients with recurrent pain or electrocardiographic injury, or both, unresponsive to maximal medical therapy. The initial mean ST segment elevation and CK elevation for this group was 10 mV and 232 IU, respectively. No surgical patient developed recurrent infarction; there was one late death after reoperation. Eight patients whose condition stabilized initially on medical therapy did not undergo urgent surgery. However, five subsequently developed large transmural anterior reinfarction despite intensive medical therapy, and three died from pump failure. These patients on medical therapy did not differ from the surgical group in magnitude of ST segment elevation or increase in serum CK. Their initial mean ST segment elevation and CK elevation were 8 mV and 254 IU, respectively (difference not significant). Thus, repetitive episodes of rest angina with marked anterior wall ST segment elevation and mild CK elevations may define a subset of patients who appear to progress rapidly from minimal nontransmural necrosis to massive transmural infarction. Prompt recognition of this syndrome, followed by cardiac catheterization and urgent aortocoronary bypass surgery, may prevent extensive cardiac muscle loss.
Why dogs have puppies and cats have kittens: the role of birth in young children's understanding of biological origins.

Three studies examined young children's understanding of the biologically causal role of birth in determining animal properties and species kind identity. In Studies 1 and 2, 4- to 7-year-olds and adults were told stories in which a baby was born to an animal of one species (e.g., a horse) but was adopted and raised by an animal of another species (e.g., a cow). In Study 1, children were asked to judge which parent the baby would resemble on a set of physical properties and beliefs. The majority of children were unable to say that the baby would resemble the birth parent on physical properties but share the beliefs of the adoptive parent. These results indicate that children were not using domain-specific causal understandings to reason about the origins of these properties. In Study 2, however, when asked to explicitly predict the kind of the baby, even 5-year-olds were able to reliably judge that the baby would be of the same species kind as the birth parent rather than the adoptive parent. This result suggests that children do understand at some level that birth determines species kind. Study 3 examined further the extent to which knowledge about birth influenced children's inferences about properties. Five-year-olds were asked to judge whether a baby would share a set of physical and nonphysical properties with its mother or its father. The results showed that children who knew the factual information about where babies come from (i.e., inside mommies' tummies) were more likely to attribute the mother's properties to the baby than the father's, regardless of whether the properties were physical or nonphysical. But this finding was true only if the property of one of the parents was not inherently more desirable or true than that of the other parent. In sum, the results of these 3 studies indicate that knowledge of birth does play a role in children's inferential reasoning, even for 5-year-olds, but that that role is not domain-specific. The implications for children's understanding of biological inheritance are discussed.
A Suitable Abode for Christ': The Church Building as Symbol of Ascetic Renunciation in Early Monasticism

In reading many early Christian texts from and about Egypt, one is struck by the importance of space for the ascetic lifestyle. Whether it be Antony locked in his desert fortress, the tightly arranged cells of Kellia in the Apopthegmata Patrum, or the landscape of the desert in so much hagiographical literature, the space in which the early Christians practiced ascetic renunciation was as infused with as much meaning as the ascetic practices themselves. Since few texts with descriptions of early ascetic space survive, studies have been left largely to archaeologists and art historians, not historians of Christianity. Only a handful of ascetic authors from the fourth through sixth centuries wrote about the theological significance they found in the building of churches. These include the wealthy Latin patron Paulinus of Nola (Italy), two anonymous members of the Pachomian monasteries in Egypt, and the Egyptian archimandrite Shenoute. The churches built for each of these late antique communities held deep theological significance. They symbolized the ascetic endeavors undertaken at those communities. Since for each writer, the ascetic struggle was constituted in slightly different terms, with different goals, practices, and interpretations of those practices, so were the church buildings imbued with different meanings. Yet, in each case, the church held meaning beyond its mere walls. Each was constructed as much by a theology and a discourse of ascetic discipline as it was by wood, brick, and stone.