cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Death, Ritual and History

Magdalena Luther, beloved daughter of the Wittenberg reformer, died on 20 September 1542 at the age of thirteen.1 Her parents were devastated by her slow death from a virulent fever. As Magdalena’s last hour approached, her mother Katharina lay exhausted from weeping while Martin Luther grappled with the impending loss. ‘I love her very much,’ he prayed aloud. ‘But if it is thy will to take her, dear God, I shall be glad to know that she is with thee.’2 Luther fell to his knees beside her bed and wept bitterly, praying that Magdalena would be saved. He asked her if she was prepared to join her heavenly father; she responded that she was. She died in his arms, we are told.’ After her death the prayers of her parents for her salvation ceased. Magdalena was now beyond human intercession: ‘separation’ is the term Luther later used to describe her death.
Will Space Shuttle Launch Clouds be an Important Source of Ice Nuclei

Laboratory and field measurements demonstrate that combustion aerosol from solid rocket motor propellants contain ice nuclei. The measurements indicate an activity at -20°C of about 10^10 nuclei per gram of propellant. When this activity is applied to the 10^9 grams of propellant burned each space shuttle launch and the planned frequent launches are considered, shuttle launch clouds should be an important source of ice nuclei.
Viral Ortholog Complements Mir-155 Deficiency-Associated Abnormalities and Together with Additional Viral Mirnas Causes B Cell Hyperplasia and B Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Abstract 4866 MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is overexpressed in many types of cancers including B cell lymphomas. It has also an essential function in GC development. These functions are conserved among species and miR-155 knockout (ko) mice are deficient in GC development in Peyer’s patches (PP) and lymph nodes. The human tumor virus Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes an ortholog to miR-155, named miR-K12-11. MiR-155 and miR-K12-11 share 100% seed sequence homology (Nature. 2007 Dec 13;450(7172):1096-9, J Virol. 2007 Dec;81(23):12836-45). Another human herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, induces mir-155 upon infection and immortalization of naive B cells in culture. To test the hypothesis that miR-K12-11 can complement the normal function of miR-155 in vivo, we generated transgenic mice, which express miR-K12-11, as well as the other 21 KSHV miRNAs. Using this mouse model, we show that KSHV latency locus which contains a viral ortholog of miR-155, KSHV miR-K12-11 complements B cell abnormalities associated with the lack of miR-155. Germinal center (GC) formation is rescued in spleen and PP and lowered immunoglobulin level is also augmented to normal in KSHV latency locus transgenic mice with miR-155 ko background. Furthermore, mature B cells were chronically activated, leading to hyperglobulinemia triggered by increased plasma cell frequency. Marginal zone (MZ) B cells developed hyperplasia and the mice had an augmented response to T-dependent antigen as well as the TLR4 ligand LPS in vivo. This suggests that by mimicking miR-155 (and other functions) this human tumor virus drives the expansion of infected B cells, which if left unchecked can accumulate secondary mutations leading to post-GC lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Application of a Microstructure-Based ISV Plasticity Damage Model to Study Penetration Mechanics of Metals and Validation through Penetration Study of Aluminum

A developed microstructure-based internal state variable (ISV) plasticity damage model is for the first time used for simulating penetration mechanics of aluminum to find out its penetration properties. The ISV damage model tries to explain the interplay between physics at different length scales that governs the failure and damage mechanisms of materials by linking the macroscopic failure and damage behavior of the materials with their micromechanical performance, such as void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Within the continuum modeling framework, microstructural features of materials are represented using a set of ISVs, and rate equations are employed to depict damage history and evolution of the materials. For experimental calibration of this damage model, compression, tension, and torsion straining conditions are considered to distinguish damage evolutions under different stress states. To demonstrate the reliability of the presented ISV model, that model is applied for studying penetration mechanics of aluminum and the numerical results are validated by comparing with simulation results yielded from the Johnson-Cook model as well as analytical results calculated from an existing theoretical model.
Development of Macrophages and Granulocytes

Myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes) are derived from a common progenitor, the granulocyte—monocyte progenitor (GMP). Combinatorial interactions between hematopoietic transcription factors program the differentiation of the GMP into monocytes and the four granulocytic lineages: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. Cytokines and growth factors mainly function to promote proliferation and survival of the myeloid lineages. However, there is evidence demonstrating that cytokines can affect transcription factor expression and influence lineage commitment. Gene targeting experiments in mice have demonstrated that several transcription factors are required to specify distinct myeloid lineages. An essential role for cytokines in steady state hematopoiesis has not been observed; however, several cytokines are required to mobilize proper immune responses to infectious pathogens. A newly recognized class of small RNAs termed micro-RNAs (miRNAs) may be critical in lineage specification. These small RNA molecules regulate the translation of specific mRNAs. Recent research is beginning to support the role of miRNAs in lineage commitment by regulating the protein accumulation of specific hematopoietic transcription factors.
Bridging the gaps in animal movement: hidden behaviors and ecological relationships revealed by integrated data streams

Inferences about animal behavior from movement models typically rely solely on location data, but auxiliary biotelemetry and environmental data are powerful and readily available resources for incorporating much more behavioral realism. Integrating multiple data streams can not only reveal hidden behaviors and ecological relationships that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to infer from location data alone, but also facilitate more realistic path reconstruction that respects important ecological features while bridging the information gaps that commonly arise due to measurement error or missing data. Using the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), a benthic predator associated with Arctic sea ice, we demonstrate how integrating location, dive activity, land cover, bathymetry, and sea ice data in a unified modeling framework allowed us to identify novel behavior states, such as hauling out on seasonal sea ice and those associated with competing foraging strategies (i.e., benthic vs. mid-water prey). By utilizing multiple data streams, ecologists can move beyond conventional two-state models (“foraging” and “transit”) and address more interesting hypotheses about activity budgets, resource selection, and many other areas of movement and behavioral ecology. The generality of our approach provides broad applicability to marine and terrestrial species, as well as many types of biotelemetry and environmental data.
Information Systems Capabilities and Their Effects on Competitive Advantages: A Study of Chinese Companies

Over the past three decades, business managers and academic researchers have shown considerable interest in understanding how information systems IS can lead to competitive advantages for firms. Although in the United States researchers have found that IS competences lead to competitive advantages, it remains unknown whether firms working in emerging economies can capitalize on IS competence for competitive advantages. This article examines the moderating effect of the learning intensity of organizations on the relationship between IS competence and competitive advantages in 122 Chinese firms. Data were collected from a mailed survey of 122 information-technology IT managers. The results indicate that flexibility of IT infrastructure, IT business skills, and learning intensity have significant effects on competitive advantages. The learning intensity of organizations positively moderates the relationship between IS business skills and competitive advantages, but has no moderating effect on the relationship between the flexibility of IT infrastructure and competitive advantages.
Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use by College Students for Recreational and Instrumental Purposes: Assessing the Differences:

Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) is a serious issue on college campuses. We examine the factors affecting instrumental and recreational NMPDU within the same sample, and test the efficacy of learning and strain theories in predicting NMPDU for both instrumental and recreational use. This cross-sectional study utilizes survey data gathered from a convenient but representative sample (n = 2,466) of students attending a large public university in the Southwestern United States. There is support for learning theory, but not for strain theory, in predicting both recreational and instrumental use. Logistic regression analyses also show that while marijuana smokers, illicit street drug users, and those possessing less of an academic ethic are more likely to partake in NMPDU for both recreational and instrumental purposes, the predictors for recreational and instrumental NMPDU differ in interesting ways with regard to race, gender, binge drinking, living arrangement, and Greek organization membership.
Event-Based Anomalies in Big Data

The data stream generated in a social network or geophysical related or network flow is high speed, continuous, multi-dimensional, and contains massive data. Analytics require the insight behavior of the data stream. The government and business giants want to catch the exceptions to reveal the anomalies and take immediate action. To catch up the exceptions, the analysts need to identify the patterns in a single view of data stream trends, exceptions and catch up anomalies before the system collapses. In this paper, we present a system that detects the variations in the area of interest of data stream. The current research includes the classification of the data stream, detect the event type, commonly used detection methods, and interpret the detected events.
Attachment security and career adaptability as predictors of subjective well-being among career transitioners

Abstract One's career adaptability can provide valuable information regarding the quality of their life satisfaction and life meaning during important career transitions. To date, however, few studies have examined the dispositional antecedents of career adaptability and no studies have specifically explored whether these relationships operate similarly or differently across distinct groups of adult career transitioners. To address this gap, we had 298 young adults (i.e., college seniors or recent graduates poised to enter the workforce) and 169 older adults (i.e., workers who were either contemplating retirement or recently retired) complete measures of adult attachment orientations, career adaptability, life satisfaction, and life meaning. Results demonstrated that attachment security and career adaptability were associated in expected directions with, and explained unique variance in, each of our indicators of subjective well-being, and that career adaptability scores mediated observed relations between adult attachment insecurity and transitioners' well-being. Exploratory analyses further showed that, for both groups of transitioners, career concern and control strategies emerged as significant mediators of these relationships. Future research directions and practical implications of our findings for counseling interventions with career transitioners are discussed.
Abstract 20291: Preservation of Generated Cardiac Spiral Flow Structures is Valve-Type Dependent

Introduction: Non-invasive imaging modalities (e.g. 3D echo, 4D MRI) have demonstrated prevalence of spiral blood flow in the cardiovascular system. Fluid spirality imparts flow stability, minimize...
Catechol oxidation: considerations in the design of wet adhesive materials

Catechols are found as functional groups in Nature as the 3,4-dihydroxy isomer, generally with electron donating substituents and as the 2,3-dihydroxy isomer, with an electron withdrawing substituent. Adhesive properties of catechol materials rely on the vicinal diol configuration, yet conversely, cohesive properties of catechol materials depend on catechol oxidation that promote subsequent crosslinking reactions. While the pH-dependent oxidation of catechol by dioxygen is well recognized, a better understanding of substituent effects on catechol redox chemistry is important in the design of new catechol-containing functional materials. The pH-dependent oxidation kinetics of catechol and substituted catechols by O2 was investigated with a Clark-type oxygen electrode. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which O2 oxidizes both mono-deprotonated and fully deprotonated catechol anions. A linear Hammett correlation for the pH-independent second order rate constants for catechol oxidation by O2 establishes that catechols functionalized with electron withdrawing groups have slower rates of oxidation by O2, whereas catechols with electron donating groups have faster rates of oxidation by O2. The Hammett correlation allows for selection of functionalized catechols with redox properties ideally suited for adhesive or crosslinking applications.
Small x Asymptotics of the Quark and Gluon Helicity Distributions

We determine the small-x asymptotics of the gluon helicity distribution in a proton at leading order in perturbative QCD at large N c . To achieve this, we begin by evaluating the dipole gluon helicity TMD at small x . We then construct and solve novel small-x large-N c evolution equations for the operator related to the dipole gluon helicity TMD. Our main result is the small-x asymptotics for the quark helicity distribution
A Diurnal zooplankton migration study in Lake Mead

of zooplanktdn was first recorded in freshwater lakes by Weismann (1877) in Lake Constance (Bodensee), although Cuvier was credited with observing the migration of Daphniae in 1817 (Cushing, 1955). The migration is best observed in deep oligotrophic lakes and migrations of 50 m per day are described (Worthington, 1931). In addition, two species of chaetognaths are reported to migrate 400 m a day in marine waters off of Lisbon (Waterman and Berry, 1967) while Birge (1895) found little evidence of the phenomenon at all in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Most zooplankton that migrate rise at night and sink during the day. Welch (1952) and Pennak (1944) point out that the most important factor involved in diurnal migration is light. It appears that the extent of the diurnal movements varies from lake to lake, among the sexes and among the age of a particular plankter. Crustaceae and some rotifers are the organisms that most often exhibit this phenomenon. Rare cases in which zooplankters show reversed migrations have been recorded (Worthington and Ricardo, 1936; Maloney and Tressler, 1942). Previous studies on Lake Mead have dealt primarily with the physical limnology of Lake Mead (Smith, et al, 1948; National Research Council, 1949) Anderson, 1950; Anderson and Pritchard, 1951; Harbeck, et al, 1958; and Bureau of Reclamation, 1965). Moffett (1943) did a preliminary report on the plankton and fish of the lake from samples collected in November, 1941. A study by Everett (1972) showed that the highest primary productivitiy rates in Lake Mead occurred in the Boulder Basin. The purpose of the present investigation is to find whether nocturnal migration patterns occur in the zooplanktonic fauna of Lake Mead during times of isothermy and to determine the extent of this possible migration. Acknowledgments. The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. Lome G. Everett for his help in collecting the field samples. Special thanks are extended to Dr. W. Thomas Starmer for his statistical aid in the analysis of variance. This work was supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Region III, Boulder City, Nevada and the Office of Water Resources Research, Tucson, Arizona, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964.
OPPORTUNISTIC REPLACEMENT POLICIES

Abstract. Consider a unit in continuous operation. When this unit fails it is immediately replaced. In addition, opportunities arise according to a renewal sequence at which times we can replace this unit at a reduced cost. When the unit has increasing failure rate, the replacement policy that minimizes the expected total discounted cost and the average cost of maintenance is determined.
Dynamics of repeat-associated plasticity in the aaap gene family in Anaplasma marginale.

Anaplasmosis, the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle, is caused by the rickettsial intracellular parasite Anaplasma marginale. The pathogen replicates within a parasitophorous vacuole formed from the invagination of the erythrocyte membrane. Several strains of A. marginale form "tails" or "appendages" which are attached to, and extend out from, the cytoplasmic side of the parasitophorous vacuole. Genomic analysis of the parasite antigen distributed along the appendage led to the discovery of the aaap (Anaplasma appendage associated protein) gene family located within a highly plastic region in the genome. The aaap gene family consists of aaap and several alps (for aaap-like proteins), depending on the strain. These genes/proteins are characterized by repeat sequences. To investigate locus plasticity, different versions of the locus were cloned from the same strain as well as from different strains, sequenced and aligned to identify changes. Our findings show that repeat sequences both within and between genes facilitated rearrangement events within the locus. Structural variation of the locus in the St. Maries strain was further investigated during infection of different cellular environments, i.e., bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, with a reduction in subpopulations of the aaap locus within the tick as compared to erythrocytes. Interestingly, subpopulations bearing alternative locus structures began to arise again when the pathogen was transferred from the tick environment into a naive calf. Additionally, the Aaap protein expression profile between blood and tick samples showed a regulatory shift, indicating a host-specific response. Alignment of the protein sequences from different species of Anaplasma reveals six similar repeating motifs that appear to be unique to a few species of Anaplasma. The role the aaap locus may play in the pathogenesis of the bovine host or in tick infection/transmission remains unknown; however, the changes in aaap locus subpopulations, locus structure, and protein expression indicate that these genes have a role in strain diversification.
Q-Rhetoric and Controlled Equivocation: Revising “The Scientific Study of Subjectivity” for Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration

This article offers a revision to an existing social science methodology, Q methodology, through “Q-Rhetoric.” After detailing Q methodology’s theoretical underpinnings and practical method, and pe...
DOPAMINE METABOLITES IN BRAIN REGIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS

In post-mortem brains of schizophrenics undergoing long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APD), the concentration of the metabolite of dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), was increased in the cingulate (area 24) and temporal (area 38) cortex, but not in putamen or nucleus accumbens. The serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was increased in cortical area 38 of untreated schizophrenics, but was within normal limits in schizophrenics treated with APD.
Paternal Preferences, Perspectives, and Involvement in Perinatal Decision Making.

Importance Despite increasing attention to the importance of father involvement during pregnancy, the literature on fathers' roles in perinatal decision making is scant. Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a narrative review of the literature exploring fathers' preferences, perspectives, and involvement in perinatal decision making. Evidence acquisition We searched PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases using the terms father, spouse(s), husband, and paternal separately with the combined terms of attitude, preference, involvement, influence, informed consent, decision making, pregnancy, labor induction, genetic testing, prenatal diagnosis, amniocentesis, fetal surgery, genetic abnormalities, congenital anomalies, birth defects, perinatal, and antenatal. The search was limited to English-language studies that were published anytime and conducted between July and September 2018. Results The initial search identified 616 articles; 13 articles met criteria for inclusion. Fathers view themselves as serving distinct roles in perinatal decision making and have specific informational needs that would support their involvement in decision making. Although fathers want to support their partners and learn about fetal health, they often feel excluded from perinatal screening decisions. Mothers and fathers also have different needs, concerns, and preferences regarding key perinatal decisions that, if unresolved, can impact the couples' relationship and perinatal outcomes. Conclusions Findings provide import insights into the distinct experiences, roles, needs, and perspectives of fathers facing perinatal decision making. Relevance Advancing research and policy on fathers' involvement in perinatal decision making could lead to a paradigm shift in how maternity care is structured, how obstetric services are delivered, and how perinatal interventions are designed and implemented.
Semi-infinite programming for global guarantees of robust fault detection and isolation in safety-critical systems

Abstract The increasing uncertainty due to advances in modern systems has negatively impacted system health and safety. System health and safety problems associated with uncertainty can be attributed to (1) inadequate system design, (2) ill-suited controller and operating envelope, and (3) lack of robustness in system diagnostics. The latter issue (3) is the main focus of this paper. This work presents an algorithm for the design of active fault detection and isolation (FDI) tests that provide rigorous guarantees of robustness in safety-critical systems. A semi-infinite program with implicit functions embedded is formulated with the objective of maximizing FDI effectiveness at the worst-case realization of uncertainty by manipulating admissible system inputs, while taking into account system safety constraints. This problem is solved locally and globally illustrating deficiencies in the performance of FDI tests designed for the mean values of anticipated uncertainty. The resulting solution is an optimally performing fault diagnostic test that guarantees system safety over the entire domain of uncertainty. This is illustrated using a benchmark three-tank system and further analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation and k-NN classification.
Mass-Based Approach to the Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant for CO2(g) Using a Diet Carbonated Beverage

In this laboratory experiment, students apply a mass-based approach to determine the Henry’s law constant for CO2 using a small bottle of a diet carbonated beverage. The calculations are challengin...
A Neural Element Method

Methods of artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been applied to solve various science and engineering problems. TrumpetNets and TubeNets were recently proposed by the author for creating two-way ...
Interleukin-1 Receptor on Hippocampal Neurons Drives Social Withdrawal and Cognitive Deficits After Chronic Social Stress

Chronic stress contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Several inflammatory-related effects of stress are associated with increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling within the central nervous system and are mediated by IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) on several distinct cell types. Neuronal IL-1R1 is prominently expressed on the neurons of the dentate gyrus, but its role in mediating behavioral responses to stress is unknown. We hypothesize that IL-1 acts on this subset of hippocampal neurons to influence cognitive and mood alterations with stress. Here, mice subjected to psychosocial stress showed reduced social interaction and impaired working memory, and these deficits were prevented by global IL-1R1 knockout. Stress-induced monocyte trafficking to the brain was also blocked by IL-1R1 knockout. Selective deletion of IL-1R1 in glutamatergic neurons (nIL-1R1-/-) abrogated the stress-induced deficits in social interaction and working memory. In addition, viral-mediated selective IL-1R1 deletion in hippocampal neurons confirmed that IL-1 receptor in the hippocampus was critical for stress-induced behavioral deficits. Furthermore, selective restoration of IL-1R1 on glutamatergic neurons was sufficient to reestablish the impairments of social interaction and working memory after stress. RNA-sequencing of the hippocampus revealed that stress increased several canonical pathways (TREM1, NF-κB, complement, IL-6 signaling) and upstream regulators (INFγ, IL-1β, NF-κB, MYD88) associated with inflammation. The inductions of TREM1 signaling, complement, and leukocyte extravasation with stress were reversed by nIL-1R1-/-. Collectively, stress-dependent IL-1R1 signaling in hippocampal neurons represents a novel mechanism by which inflammation is perpetuated and social interactivity and working memory are modulated.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product Did Not Attenuate Clinical Signs, but Psyllium Husk Has Protective Effects in a Murine Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Model.

Background Yeast products and psyllium husk may provide relief from clinical signs of colitis due to their ability to promote gut integrity, modulate gut microbiota, or positively affect immune responses, which have been demonstrated in several species. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) and psyllium husk (PH) on cecal and fecal microbiota, colonic gene expression and histopathology, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) immune cells in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 54) were assigned to a control, 5% SCFP, or 5% PH diet. After 2 wk of diet adaptation, mice were provided distilled water or 3% (wt:vol) DSS for 5 d ad libitum. Body weight, food and water intakes, and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded daily during the treatment period. Fresh fecal samples were collected before and during treatment for microbial analyses. After treatment, mice were killed, followed by tissue collection. Tissues were stored in proper solutions until further analyses. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute). Results Consumption of SCFP increased (P 0.05) by SCFP in DSS mice. DSS mice consuming PH had lower (P < 0.05) DAI compared with control or SCFP mice. Conclusions Results suggest that, despite the modest changes it had on cecal and fecal microbiota, SCFP did not attenuate clinical signs associated with DSS-induced colitis in mice, while PH showed protective effects.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Bank CEOs and the choice to opt-out of the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program

Extant finance research shows that personal and professional characteristics of CEOs influence decision-making, though banks are commonly excluded. We address this gap and investigate bank CEOs’ decisions on the Transaction Account Guarantee (TAG) Program and the Debt Guarantee Program (DGP), two government stimulus programs from the Great Recession. Adding tension to current CEO literature, bank CEOs behave differently and thus, policymakers do not have to contest with CEO characteristics concerning participation in stimulus. Additionally, the relationships between banks and bank holding companies (BHCs) is remarkably underexplored. We contribute to this area with a novel finding that individual banks held by BHCs tend to make uniform decisions across the BHC.
Emergency Action Plan for Flash Flood Due to Dambreak – Case Study: Shahrchai Dam, Urmia (Iran)

A large number of dams have been built on the upstream of residential regions. Flash flood from these dams' failure is a constant threat to the thousands of lives and million-dollar municipal facilities in downstream. Therefore, it is crucial to identify potentially flooded areas and develop an early warning system for downstream cities to mitigate the loss of life and financial damages. We prepared an emergency action plan (EAP) for flash floods in Iran for the first time in this work. Shahrchai Dam was selected as the case study since it is a large dam with a 220 million m2 capacity reservoir and is located close to a large city, Urmia, with 667,000 population and more than 197,000 households. We used HEC-RAS to model dambreak for two scenarios, piping and overtopping. ArcGIS was employed to identify flooded regions in downstream. The escape time was estimated based on the time that first waves reach residential zones. Time was 170 and 140 minutes for the piping and overtopping scenario, respectively. Water depth and water velocity were mapped for each scenario for flooded areas in downstream to identify secure shelters. EAP was developed for residential, commercial, and municipal buildings located in the flooded areas. Nine hospitals, four hotels, six mosques, more than ten municipal buildings, 54 public, and private schools, and five universities are determined within the flooded regions and considered in the EAP. We divided these regions into five categories, with three to five subcategories based on population and building types. For each subcategory, we identified an evacuation plan with detailed guidelines for residents and involved municipal organizations to avoid chaotic behaviors, which usually happens during flash floods. Results from this study are useful for educating people to be prepared for disasters like flash floods. Municipal policymakers can also use the findings to legislate required rules to protect urban areas from future floods and reduce associated fatality and financial costs.
Experimental Confirmation of Multiple Co-Existent DNA Secondary Structures using Low-Yield Bisulfite Sequencing

The prediction of DNA secondary structures from DNA sequences using thermodynamic models is imperfect for many biological sequences, both due to insufficient experimental data for training and to the kinetics of folding that lead to metastable structures. Here, we developed low-yield bisulfite sequencing (LYB-seq) to query the secondary structure states of cytosine (C) nucleotides in thousands of different DNA oligonucleotides on a single-molecule level. We observed that the reaction kinetics between bisulfite and C nucleotides is highly dependent on the secondary structure state of the C nucleotides, with the most accessible C nucleotides (those in small hairpin loops) reacting 70-fold faster than those in stable duplexes. Next, we developed a statistical model to evaluate the likelihood of an NGS read being consistent with a particular proposed secondary structure. By analyzing thousands of NGS reads for each DNA species, we can infer the distribution of secondary structures adopted by each species in solution. We find that 84% of 1,057 human genome subsequences studied here adopt 2 or more stable secondary structures in solution.
In-Plane Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Nanosheets: Structure-Property Relationships.

In-plane strains are commonly found in two-dimensional (2D) metal halide organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs). The in-plane mechanical properties of 2D HOIPs are vital for mitigating the strain-induced stability issues of 2D HOIPs, yet their structure and mechanical property relationship largely remains unknown. Here, we employed atomic force microscope indentation to systematically investigate the in-plane Young's moduli E∥ of 2D lead halide Ruddlesden-Popper HOIPs with a general formula of (R-NH3)2PbX4, where the spacer molecules R-NH3+ are linear alkylammonium cations (CmH2m+1-NH3+, m = 4, 6, 8, or 12) and X = I, Br, or Cl. Fixing the spacer molecule to butylammonium, we discovered that the E∥ of 2D HOIPs generally follows the trend of Pb-X bond strength, different from the tendency found in the out-of-plane moduli E⊥, showing more prominent effects of the metal halide inorganic framework on E∥ than E⊥. E∥ exhibits nonmonotonic dependence on the chain length of the linear alkyl spacer molecules, which would first decrease and plateau but then increase again. This is likely due to the competition of the bond strength and structural distortion in the inorganic layer, the relative fraction of the soft organic spacers, and the interfacial mechanical coupling associated with the interdigitation of the alkyl chains. The mechanical anisotropy of 2D HOIPs, marked by E∥/E⊥, shows wide tunability based on structural composition, particularly for iodide-based 2D HOIPs. Our results provide valuable insights into the structure-property relationships regarding the mechanical anisotropy and in-plane mechanical behaviors of 2D HOIPs, which can guide the materials design and device optimization to achieve required mechanical performance in 2D HOIP-based applications.
Survival analysis of factors affecting the timing of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions by U.S. universities.

Background During March of 2020 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) guidance as the primary mitigation strategy against growing COVID-19 community spread due to the absence of a vaccine or effective treatment at that time. CDC guidance states that NPIs are most effective when instituted in an early, targeted, and layered fashion. NPIs are effective in slowing spread, and measures should be custom-tailored to each population. This study examines factors associated with implementation and timing of NPI interventions across large public and private U.S. universities at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods NPI decisions of interest include when U.S. universities canceled international travel, shifted to online learning, moved faculty/staff to remote work, limited campus housing, and closed campus for all non-essential personnel. Cox proportional hazard analyses of retrospective data were conducted to assess the time to NPI events. Hazard ratios were calculated for university governance, campus setting, religious affiliation, health infrastructure, faculty diversity, and student demographics. The methods control for variance inflation factors, COVID case prevalence, and time varying covariates of spring break and states' state of emergency (SOE) orders. This study captures NPI decisions at 575 U.S. universities during spring of 2020 which affected the movement of seven million students and two million employees. Results Universities located in districts represented by Democratic party congressional members reported earlier NPI implementation than Republican (Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) range 0.61-0.80). University religious affiliation was not associated with the timing any of the NPI decisions. Universities with more diverse faculty showed an association with earlier NPI implementation (HR range 0.65-0.76). The existence of university-affiliated health infrastructure was not associated with NPI timing. Conclusion University NPI implementation was largely driven by local COVID-19 epidemiology, culture and political concerns. The timing of university NPI decisions varied by regional politics, faculty demographics, university governance, campus setting, and foreign student prevalence adjusting for COVID-19 state case prevalence and spring break timing. Religious affiliation and presence of university health infrastructure were not associated with timing.
1980–1990: Structural Heart Interventions

Adult cardiac structural heart interventions performed in the 1980s included aortic and mitral balloon valvuloplasty, atrial septostomy, and early attempts at atrial septal defect closure. The first aortic balloon valvuloplasty with performed in 1986 by Cribier. Later that year this procedure was performed at Mayo Clinic. Mayo’s contribution to the knowledge base included delineation of the mechanism of gradient reduction by demonstrating fracture of calcific deposits in a detailed pathology-based study. Additionally, there were developments in Doppler methodology used to determine aortic stenosis severity, and these methods were refined in studies involving a close collaboration between the echocardiographic laboratory and the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Follow-up echo Doppler studies demonstrated the transient nature of the benefit of aortic balloon valvuloplasty, with occurrence of restenosis within 3–6 months. The first mitral balloon valvuloplasty at Mayo Clinic was performed in 1987. Unlike aortic balloon valvuloplasty, the mitral dilation procedure was shown to give more lasting results in most patients. The role of commissural calcification as a negative factor for valvuloplasty success was well defined in a Mayo study. Echocardiographic monitoring during the procedure became an important and well-established method of assessing both successful results and avoidance of complications. Balloon atrial septostomy had been performed in pediatric patients for several years, but rarely in adult patients. The observation that patients with primary pulmonary hypertension survived longer if there was an atrial septal communication gave rise to the concept of therapeutic atrial septostomy in this patient population. There was initial enthusiasm and utilization of this procedure, but it gradually became less important with the advent of more powerful pulmonary vasodilator drugs. Early devices for atrial septal defect closure were available in the late 1980s, and cases were performed at Mayo Clinic under the guidance of the pediatric cardiologists. Better devices were available in the next decade and became more widely utilized.
Cultural ingredients in Arabic lexical pairs (Binomials)

Abstract“Irreversible binomials” or “lexical pairs” are word pairs that occur always or almost always in a specific order: bread and butter, to and fro. Such pairs exist in Arabic, and a typological characteristic can be identified: positive before negative. The article largely provides a contrastive analysis with English practice.
Chemical and Physical Principles

This article provides a brief discussion of the fundamental chemical and physical principles that govern cellular reactions in living organisms. The principles of thermodynamics provide information on the changes in reaction enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, whose magnitude determines whether reactions can occur spontaneously. However, it is worth mentioning that the concentration of most molecules in living cells is determined by a dynamic steady-state, instead of equilibrium constants. The collective effects of noncovalent interactions in mediating the structures and functions of biomacromolecules, as well as the potential effects of molecular crowding inside a cell are also discussed.
MÁS ALLÁ DEL TERCER MUNDO: GLOBALIDAD IMPERIAL, COLONIALIDAD GLOBAL Y MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES ANTI-GLOBALIZACIÓN

Resumen es: La creciente comprension de que existen problemas modernos para los cuales no hay soluciones modernas apunta ha- cia la necesidad de moverse mas alla del...
De-embedding effects on HBT device performance

This paper presents a de-embedding approach for modeling of high frequency devices on finite thickness substrates with no via holes. Mounting of finite thickness wafers on high-performance substrates eliminated the problem of resonance observed during TRL calibration. This calibration approach de-embeds the pad launcher parasitics for devices on finite thickness wafers without vias correctly up to hundreds of GHz. Experiments demonstrate that, accurate high-frequency de-embedding helps to improve the f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ values of HBT devices.
The Bishops’ Ban of 1599 and the Ideology of English Satire

On June 1, 1599, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London banned the further printing of satires, epigrams, and unlicensed histories and plays. Furthermore, the order demanded the immediate recall and burning of specific works, many of which were verse imitations of the Roman satirist Juvenal. Although the order itself lacks specific motivational language, current explanations tend to foreground the potentially obscene and/or libelous nature of the recalled works. Comparatively little attention has been paid, however, to the internal ideologies of the banned satires themselves and to the dialogue between the satires and the cultural and political conditions that inspired them. Instead of an ad hoc response to any one particular transgression, this essay argues for the Ban as an attempt to stem the growing cultural influence of a particularly unorthodox mode of Juvenalian imitative satire expressed most forcefully in John Marston’s banned work, The Scourge of Villanie. Marston’s rejection of all established belief systems, especially the conservative literary traditions of native English and Horatian imitative satire, in favor of a highly individualistic and indecorous mode of social representation, was simply too ideologically destabilizing for the bishops to tolerate. In support of this reading, two relatively underexplored pieces of evidence are examined: first, the reprieve granted to Joseph Hall’s imitative satire entitled Virgidemiarum, which attempts to negotiate an ideologically safe middle-ground between the radical Juvenalian mode and the conservative Horatian tradition; and second, the contemporary reflections on the bishops’ prohibition within John Weever’s 1599 Epigrams, his 1600 pastoral Faunus and Melliflora, and his 1601 direct attack on Marston in The Whipping of the Satyre. Weever’s support of the bishops’ actions derives from his identification of the banned Juvenalian mode as not merely morally offensive or personally defamatory, but as a tangible threat to the ideological stability of the English nation.
Variable-Complexity Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Using Parallel Computers

The use of multidisciplinary optimization techniques in aerospace vehicle design often is limited because of the significant computational expense incurred in the analysis of the vehicle and its many systems. In response to this difficulty, a variable-complexity modeling approach, involving the use of refined and computationally expensive models together with simple and computationally inexpensive models has been developed [1]. This variable-complexity technique has been previously applied to the combined aerodynamic-structural optimization of subsonic transport aircraft wings and the aerodynamic-structural optimization of the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) [2]–[4].
SP-100 position multiplexer and analog input processor

This paper discusses the design, implementation, and performance of a working model of the Position Multiplexer‐Analog Input Processor (AIP) System for the SP‐100 Spacecraft. The goal of this study is to determine the practical circuit limitations, investigate the circuit/component degradations of the multiplexer due to radiation, develop an interference cancellation technique, and evaluate the measurement accuracy as a function of resolver angle, temperature, radiation, and interference. The system includes corrections for resolver angular nonlinearities and automatically corrects for system gain and phase changes.
The Relationship Between Psychological Distress, Negative Cognitions, and Expectancies on Problem Drinking Exploring a Growing Problem Among University Students

Few studies have sought to understand the concurrent relationship between cognitive and affective processes on alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences, despite both being identified as predictive risk factors in the college population. More research is needed to understand the relationships between identified factors of problem drinking among this at-risk population. The purpose of this study was to test if the relationship between psychological distress and problem drinking among university students (N = 284; M-age = 19.77) was mediated by negative affect regulation strategies and positive alcohol-related expectancies. Two latent mediation models of problem drinking were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The parsimonious three-path mediated latent model was supported by the data, as evidenced by several model fit indices. Furthermore, the alternate saturated model provided similar fit to the data, but contained several direct relationships that were not statistically significant. The relationship between psychological distress and problem drinking was mediated by an extended contributory chain, including negative affect regulation and positive alcohol-related expectancies. Implications for prevention and treatment, as well as future directions, are discussed.
Genetic Instability Induced by Hypoxic Stress

Lack of sufficient oxygen, known as hypoxia, constitutes a significant physiological stress, particularly relevant to cancer biology. In similarity to many other stresses, hypoxia induces an integrated response that both adapts cellular machinery to the stress and generates genomic instability, which can promote accelerated genetic evolution. The cellular response to hypoxia, mediated by hypoxia-­inducible factor (HIF) signaling and HIF-independent signaling pathways, drives changes in metabolism, oxygen supply, and cell growth. In concert with these adaptations, genetic instability occurs through the down-regulation of DNA repair pathways—particularly nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and homologous recombination repair—and increased DNA damage rates, especially during reoxygenation. To prevent mutagenesis, cells respond to DNA damage with the activation of cell cycle checkpoints and apoptotic pathways, which thus interconnect closely with the hypoxic stress response. As a pervasive feature of solid tumors, hypoxia may promote cancer progression through its impact on genomic integrity.
Prevalence of comorbid conditions, surgeries, and medication use in a physical therapy outpatient population: a multicentered study.

Study Design Prospective, multicenter, observational research study. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of comorbidities and medical interventions in physical therapy outpatients and to establish a medical history profile of this population. Background Little research exists that describes the medical history of individuals seeking physical therapy services. The presence of certain comorbid conditions could influence the therapist's examination, evaluation, choice of interventions, treatment outcomes, and choice of outcome measures. Methods and Measures Data were obtained from 2433 adults seeking care in 65 rehabilitation clinics located in 20 states. The clinics were located in major US geographic regions, and data were collected during each of the 4 seasons. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The χ2 test of independence was used for analysis of the association between the presence of disease and sex and geographic region. Results Forty-two percent of the potential subjects...
Spin-labeled hapten studies of structure heterogeneity and cross-reactivity of the antibody active site.

Abstract ESR spin-labeling is used to probe the structural heterogeneity of rabbit anti-DNP antibodies. Antibodies isolated with homologous and cross reacting antigens yield different degrees of immobilization when bound with a homologous spin-labeled hapten. Different degrees of immobilization are observed between cross reacting haptens and homologous haptens. These differences in spin-label immobilization are discussed in terms of structural heterogeneity of the combining site.