cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AICAR Attenuates Organ Injury and Inflammatory Response after Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion

Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) is encountered in various clinical conditions and contributes to multiorgan failure and mortality as high as 60% to 80%. Intestinal I/R not only injures the intestine, but affects remote organs such as the lung leading to acute lung injury. The development of novel and effective therapies for intestinal I/R are critical for the improvement of patient outcome. AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside) is a cell-permeable compound that has been shown to possess antiinflammatory effects. The objective is to determine that treatment with AICAR attenuates intestinal I/R injury and subsequent acute lung injury (ALI). Male Sprague Dawley rats (275 to 325 g) underwent intestinal I/R injury with blockage of the superior mesenteric artery for 90 min and subsequent reperfusion. At the initiation of reperfusion, vehicle or AICAR (30 mg/kg BW) was given intravenously (IV) for 30 min. At 4 h after reperfusion, blood and tissues were collected for further analyses. Treatment with AICAR significantly decreased the gut damage score and the water content, indicating improvement in histological integrity. The treatment also attenuated tissue injury and proinflammatory cytokines, and reduced bacterial translocation to the gut. AICAR administration after intestinal I/R maintained lung integrity, attenuated neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration to the lungs and decreased lung levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Inflammatory mediators, lung-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins, were decreased in the lungs and lung apoptosis was significantly reduced after AICAR treatment. These data indicate that AICAR could be developed as an effective and novel therapeutic for intestinal I/R and subsequent ALI.
Being Rwandan: The Use of Language, History, and Identity in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Once a conflict has ended, it is the responsibility of the conquerors to write the historical narrative. The purpose of the narrative will either be to further divide the warring parties or to bring reconciliation. At the base of these historical narratives are the social representations—the communally held beliefs—that the rulers wish to promote within society. As Jahoda states, “the purpose of social representations is to make the unfamiliar, familiar” (1988, p. 201). By modifying and promoting specific representations, the leaders are able to modify and promote the desired history. A clear example of this is Rwanda. Starting during the colonial period, the Belgians combined existing narratives with their Hamitic myth to validate their rule through the Tutsi minority. In postcolonial Rwanda, the Hutu used their version of this historical narrative, with the emphasis put on conflicting representations, to justify their dominance over the Tutsi and the resulting violence. References to these narratives were used during the 1994 genocide to promote this violence on a level never before seen in the country. It was easier to commit these acts when they were seen as extensions of what had happened in the past. The Hutu were encouraged to eliminate the “foreigners” before they took over the country, as they had done so many times before. Just as the former government used history to encourage conflict, the current Rwandan government is using its version of events to encourage reconciliation. After generations of division within the country, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has overtly modified its historical narratives to promote social representations of peace. The elites within a society have a large say in which social representations will be most prevalent, and so the RPF is able to allow only its historical narratives into the public discourse. Any mention of the narrative that Hutu and Tutsi had different origins or were naturally divided is prohibited. However, erasing the older versions from the collective memory and personal identity is a much more difficult task. So far, they have been unable to completely eliminate the conflicting narratives from Rwandans’ private discourse and as long as divided representations remain in Rwanda, the potential for future violence remains.
Correlation of aerosol lung scans and patient compliance

2411 Objectives Lung ventilation aerosol scans have long been debated, regarding the amount of room and personnel contamination that occurs during administration. Since lung ventilation requires an inhalation administration, the patient dose is highly dependent on patient cooperation. To determine the rate of contamination occurrence, research with 99mTc-DTPA aerosols for lung ventilation scans was performed and correlated to patient compliance. Methods Research was done on ten patients by performing wipe tests of four areas, before and after administration of the 99mTc-DTPA aerosol kit. These areas included: technologist coat, technologist mask, cart that holds the 99mTc-DTPA aerosol kit, and the floor area around the patient. Each patient examined was rated on a compliance scale of one to four; one being highly compliant and four being non-compliant. All data was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet and differences were determined between the pre-ventilation and post-ventilation data to determine if any or how much contamination occurred. Results When comparing the data, it was determined that contamination did occur with 99mTc-DTPA aerosols for lung ventilation scans. The amount of contamination that occurred had an apparent correlation with patient compliance. When patient compliance was rated as a one or two, minimal/negligible contamination occurred. When patient compliance was rated as a four, high contamination occurred. Conclusions Lung ventilation scans using 99mTc-DTPA aerosols were determined to have minimal contamination when patients were compliant compared to the moderate contamination found with noncompliant patients
Risk Structure of Production in Garrison's Model

In Young (2012a), an extension of Garrison’s (2001) graphical exposition of Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) is developed that models the risk structure (as well as the time structure) of production. However, in that extended exposition, there are problems of interpretation involving changes in the area of the “risk triangle.” Despite this, I believe that the arguments for extending ABCT to systematically consider distortions in productive structures beyond the degree of “roundaboutness” are compelling. In this paper, I develop an alternative extension of Garrison’s graphical exposition that incorporates a risk structure. This alternative improves upon Young’s original by (1) having a representation of risk structure that is straightforward and (2) explicitly introducing a risk dimension to the production possibilities. I apply the risk-extended Garrison’s model to the 2007-2009 U.S. recession.
General Music Today Music Ideas Series: Viewpoints in Secondary General Music—Article Two: Power Trio: Three Ideas for Renewed Success With Classroom Ensembles:

In this second of three in the series, we explore methods for incorporating instrumental ensembles into your music classroom. Experiences such as performing on ukulele, bucket drums, and in modern ...
Joacim Hansson. Educating Librarians in the Contemporary University: An Essay on iSchools and Emancipatory Resilience in Library and Information Science . Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2019. 208p. Paper, $22.00 (ISBN 978-1-63400-058-1). LC 2019006528.

We can cut straight to the chase at the outset. Every academic library (and most public libraries) should acquire this book. An important note is necessary; the subtitle of the book is more telling of the content than is the main title. This phenomenon actually reflects the expansive treatment that Hansson offers in his critical assessment both of librarianship and of Library and Information Science (LIS) today. Hansson begins his examination by quoting from the piece by Panos Mourdoukoutas, “Amazon Should Replace Local Libraries to Save Taxpayers Money,” which was published in 2018 in Forbes but was almost immediately removed from the magazine’s website due to the intense controversy of the remarks. Fortunately, the article is preserved at www.ala.org/yalsa/sites/ala.org.yalsa/files/content/AmazonShouldReplaceLocalLibrariestoSaveMoney.pdf . The argument was that Amazon provides something better, without tax fees. As Hansson aptly notes, the absence of taxes is replaced by product charges that a large portion of the population cannot pay.
Serotonin transporters (SERTs) within the rat nucleus of the solitary tract: Subcellular distribution and relation to 5HT2A receptors

Serotonergic transmission is terminated by serotonin transporter (SERT)-mediated uptake following activation of serotonin receptors, several subtypes of which are present in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS) at the area postrema level. In this region, serotonin (5HT) is a major modulator of the baroreceptor reflex and also affects gastric motility. This serotonin is derived from multiple sources including local neurons and inputs from raphe and visceral vagal afferents. To determine the relevant functional sites for serotonin uptake in the mNTS, we examined the electron microscopic localization of SERTs using both immunoperoxidase and immunogold labeling in rat brain. In addition, we combined these methods for dual labeling of SERTs and 5HT2A receptors to detect whether the SERT in this region was located near or at a distance from the sites of activation of these G-protein coupled receptors. Intensive SERT immunolabeling was seen on plasma membranes of axons and morphologically heterogeneous axon terminals that formed symmetric or asymmetric synapses on dendrites without detectable 5HT2A immunoreactivity (IR). 5HT2A-IR was, however, located in other nearby neuronal and glial profiles, some of which apposed intensively SERT-labeled terminals or terminals containing lower intensity of SERT immunolabeling. In somatodendritic profiles, co-expression of SERT and 5HT2A receptor immunolabeling was seen near synapses and Golgi lamellae. Our results suggest that in the mNTS 5HT activates 5HT2A receptors at a distance from SERT-mediated uptake sites in diverse cell types including some that express both 5HT2A receptors and SERTs.
The Association between Whole-Brain MR Spectroscopy and IDH Mutation Status in Gliomas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) have a direct effect on gliomagenesis. The purpose of this study is to quantify differences in brain metabolites due to IDH mutations. METHODS Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) was performed in 35 patients with gliomas of different grade and varied IDH mutation status. Volumes of interest (VOIs) for active tumor (tVOI), peritumoral area (pVOI), and contralateral normal-appearing white matter (cVOI) were created. Metabolite ratios of Choline (Cho) to both N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and Creatine (Cr) were estimated. Ratios of Glutamate/Glutamine complex (Glx) and myoinositol (mIno) to Cr were also quantified. General linear models (GLMs) were used to estimate the effects of IDH mutation on metabolite measures, with age, gender, and tumor grade used as covariates. RESULTS GLM analysis showed that maximum Cho/NAA and Cho/Cr in the tVOI were significantly (P < .05) higher in IDH mutant lesions as compared to wild-type. In the pVOI, mean Cho/Cr was found to be significantly different among IDH mutant and wild-type gliomas. Mean Cho/NAA (P = .306) and Cho/Cr (P = .292) within the tVOI were not significantly different. Ratios of Glx/Cr and mIno/Cr in any region showed no significant differences between IDH mutant and wild-type gliomas. No significant differences in metabolite ratios were seen in the cVOI between IDH mutants and wild-types. CONCLUSION IDH mutation's effect in gliomas show an increase in Cho in the tumor and perilesional regions as compared to wild-type lesions but do not show widespread changes across the brain.
Natural Heart Regeneration in a Neonatal Rat Myocardial Infarction Model

Newborn mice and piglets exhibit natural heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (MI). Discovering other mammals with this ability would provide evidence that neonatal cardiac regeneration after MI may be a conserved phenotype, which if activated in adults could open new options for treating ischemic cardiomyopathy in humans. Here, we hypothesized that newborn rats undergo natural heart regeneration after MI. Using a neonatal rat MI model, we performed left anterior descending coronary artery ligation or sham surgery in one-day-old rats under hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 74). Operative survival was 97.3%. At 1 day post-surgery, rats in the MI group exhibited significantly reduced ejection fraction (EF) compared to shams (87.1% vs. 53.0%, p < 0.0001). At 3 weeks post-surgery, rats in the sham and MI groups demonstrated no difference in EF (71.1% vs. 69.2%, respectively, p = 0.2511), left ventricular wall thickness (p = 0.9458), or chamber diameter (p = 0.7801). Masson's trichome and picrosirius red staining revealed minimal collagen scar after MI. Increased numbers of cardiomyocytes positive for 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (p = 0.0072), Ki-67 (p = 0.0340), and aurora B kinase (p = 0.0430) were observed within the peri-infarct region after MI, indicating ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation. Overall, we present a neonatal rat MI model and demonstrate that newborn rats are capable of endogenous neocardiomyogenesis after MI.
Characteristics of scene trauma patients discharged within 24-hours of air medical transport.

Introduction: Helicopters play an important role in trauma; however, this service comes with safety risks, high transport costs, and downstream care charges. Objective: Our objective was to determine the characteristics of early discharged trauma patients ( Methodology: Data were obtained from the trauma registries at one of two Level 1 trauma centers. Eligible patients included all scene trauma patients transported by helicopter to the Level 1 trauma centers from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017, who had a length of stay of 24 h or less. Patient factors such as age, gender, scene location, loaded miles, and transportation costs were collected. Trauma type, mechanism of injury, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score, Revised Trauma Score, and prehospital vital signs were documented. Driving distances between the accident scene to local hospital, home of record to local hospital, and home of record to the Level I trauma center were also calculated for patients transported to Level 1 trauma center. Results: Two hundred and twenty-six of 1042 total patients (21.7%) were discharged within 24 h of helicopter transport from the accident scene to trauma center. Less than 2% of patients were in the age group of 70 years or older. Only 2 (0.88%) patients discharged within 24 h had a prehospital systolic blood pressure Conclusions: A significant number of patients transported from the scene are discharged within 24 h of admission to a trauma center. These patients rarely have prehospital hypotension, do not receive significant volumes of crystalloid resuscitation, and are infrequently over 70 years of age. One in five patients has no third-party coverage and assumes $27,921.19 in average transport charges.
Patient in Rehab and on Buprenorphine/Methadone/Naltrexone/Naloxone

Opioid users and abusers among chronic pain patients make perioperative and inpatient pain management challenging for health professionals. It is important as a health care provider to familiarize yourself with the pharmacological phenomena that may present in this population such as tolerance, physical dependence, hyperalgesia, addiction, and oligoanalgesia.
Correction: A randomized controlled trial of nitrate supplementation in well-trained middle and older-aged adults.

Purpose Nitrate (NO3-), through its conversion to nitrite (NO2-) and nitric oxide, has been shown to increase exercise tolerance in healthy younger adults and older diseased patients. Nitrate’s effect in well-trained middle to older-aged adults has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a NO3- rich beverage on submaximal constant work rate exercise time in well-trained middle to older-aged adults. Methods This was a randomized controlled cross-over trial with 15 well-trained middle to older-aged adults, 41–64 year-old, who received one of two treatments (NO3- rich beverage then placebo or placebo then NO3- rich beverage), after which an exercise test at 75 percent of the subject’s maximal work rate was completed. Results The NO3- rich beverage increased plasma NO3- and NO2- levels by 260 μM and 0.47 μM, respectively (p<0.001). Exercise time was not significantly different (p = 0.31) between the NO3- rich versus placebo conditions (1130±151 vs 1060±132 sec, respectively). Changes in exercise time between the two conditions ranged from a 55% improvement to a 40% decrease with the NO3- rich beverage. Oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were not significantly different between the two conditions. Conclusion In middle to older-aged well-trained adults, NO3- supplementation has non-significant, albeit highly variable, effects on exercise tolerance. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03371966
The Impact of Psychological Functioning on Cardiovascular Disease

We report on recent findings pertaining to the relationship of both negative and positive indicators of psychological functioning with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and briefly describe possible mechanistic pathways to account for these relationships. A body of observational literature suggests that (1) depression is predictive of CVD and is a consequence of CVD; (2) anxiety is related to CVD but the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear; and (3) negative affectivity and Type D personality are constructs that combine aspects of negative psychological functioning that have shown relationships with CVD and are worthy of future investigation. Positive psychological constructs of meaning/purpose and optimism predict better cardiovascular outcomes and other positive psychological constructs have received promising, but limited, attention in the literature. Key remaining questions concern the magnitude and directionality of possible causal relationships as well as the mechanisms accounting for them.
Damage monitoring of conductive glass fiber/epoxy laminated composites under dynamic mixed-mode fracture loading

Abstract Damage monitoring of conductive glass fiber/epoxy laminated composites is performed by observing the electro-fracture response under dynamic mixed-mode fracture loading. A three-dimensional conductive network is generated in these composites by embedding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the matrix and reinforcing short carbon fibers (80 µm, 150 µm, and 350 µm) between the laminates. A modified split Hopkinson pressure bar setup is used to load the mixed-mode open notch flexure (MONF) specimens. A modified four-point probe technique coupled with a high-frequency data acquisition system is employed to capture the electrical response within process zone of the fracture specimens. A high speed video camera is used to capture the dynamic crack propagation. Due to the bending effect, a decreasing trend in resistance change is observed before the damage initiation in composites with no carbon fibers. However, short carbon fiber reinforced composites show a minimal change in resistance before the crack initiation due to less amount of CNTs in them and moreover short carbon fibers did not change their position during elastic deformation. After crack initiation, the rate of increase of resistance is almost five times higher in composites containing short carbon fibers of 80 µm than to those of 150 µm.
Elizabeth McAnally, Loving Water Across Religions: Contributions to an Integral Water Ethic

Elizabeth McAnally, Loving Water Across Religions: Contributions to an Integral Water Ethic (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2019), 180 pp., $26.00 (pbk), ISBN: 978-1-62698-307-6.
Interruptions to Attending Physician Rounds and Their Effect on Resident Education.

Background Daily attending rounds (AR) are a cornerstone of teaching and patient care in academic health centers. Interruptions in health care are common and can cause increased risk of errors, incomplete work, and decreased decision-making accuracy. Interruptions to AR may diminish a trainee's capacity to learn and retain information. Objective We characterized and quantified interruptions that occur during AR. Methods We used a mixed-methods design combining a prospective observational study with a qualitative study. AR were observed January to March 2020 to characterize interruptions, followed by semi-structured interviews with the observed physicians to elucidate the effect of interruptions on workflow and the educational value of rounds. Results There were 378 observed interruptions over the course of 30 AR sessions, averaging 12.6 (range 1-22, median 13) interruptions per rounding session. Bedside nursing staff was the most common source of interruptions (25%) and consultant recommendations was the most common topic of interruption (21%). Most interruptions occurred during patient presentations (76%), and the most common method of interaction was text message (24%). Most team members described negative effects of interruptions, including loss of focus and missing critical clinical information; some also reported that certain interruptions had positive effects on education and clinical care. Interns were more likely to report negative emotional reactions to interruptions. Conclusions AR are frequently interrupted for non-urgent topics by a variety of methods and sources. Negative effects included loss of focus, missed information, and increased stress. Proactive communication, particularly between physicians and nurses, was suggested to reduce interruptions.
Third-Order Cumulants Reconstruction from Compressive Measurements

Estimation of popular third-order statistics hinges on the availability of a huge amount of data records, which brings severe challenges on the data collecting hardware in terms of considerable storage costs, overwhelming energy consumption and unaffordably high sampling rate especially when dealing with wideband signals. To overcome these challenges, we propose a systematic approach to estimate the third-order statistics of wide-sense stationary signals under the compressive sampling framework. Without any sparsity constraints on the signal or cumulants, we provide the sufficient conditions for lossless third-order statistics recovery via solving simple least-squares, and analyze the strongest achievable compression ratio in closed-form.
Simenon’s Criminals and Collaborators: Anchoring and the Task of Assigning Guilt

Rather than grant readers the catharsis of identifying culprits, Georges Simenon’s denouements frequently leave them unsure of which characters to condemn. While scholars often note this lingering ...
The Use of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Publisher Summary In addition to following Good Manufacturing Practices [“GMPs”], current hygienic and sanitary techniques in a food processing and handling facility also should include developing and implementing Standard Operating Procedures “[SOPs”]. The primary difference between SOPs and GMPs is specificity. While GMPs are general practices applied throughout the facility or system, SOPs are very specific and focus on routine or repetitive activities, tasks, or functions within the facility or system. They provide individuals with very specific and directed information and instructions to effectively perform these functions. To be effective, SOPs should be carefully written such that they are usable and are followed. Very general and poorly written SOPs are of limited use. In addition, well-written SOPs are not effective if they are not followed. As a well-implemented SOP program provides an outline of compliance with GMPs as well as other practices, careful planning is needed to design a documentation and tracking scheme into SOPs. In addition, SOPs should be clearly identified and readily accessible for reference in the specific work area to those individuals performing the tasks.
A video interface for elderly residents to review depth videos over network

Previously, an interface was designed and implemented for researchers and clinicians to review data from a Kinect depth camera positioned in the homes of seniors. This interface is complicated with small controls and represents data in a technical manner that elderly users find difficult to manage. Here, we describe a redesigned interface specifically for elderly users with sensory limitations. The interface includes data visualization, simple layouts, large control buttons, and bandwidth detection for adaptive image resolution.
Dark goggles and bright light improve circadian rhythm adaptation to night-shift work

We compared the contributions of bright light during the night shift and dark goggles during daylight for phase shifting the circadian rhythm of temperature to realign with a 12-hour shift of sleep. After 10 baseline days there were 8 night-work/day-sleep days. Temperature was continuously recorded from 50 subjects. There were four groups in a 2 x 2 design: light (bright, dim), goggles (yes, no). Subjects were exposed to bright light (about 5,000 lux) for 6 hours on the first 2 night shifts. Dim light was < 500 lux. Both bright light and goggles were significant factors for producing circadian rhythm phase shifts. The combination of bright light plus goggles was the most effective, whereas the combination of dim light and no goggles was the least effective. The temperature rhythm either phase advanced or phase delayed when it aligned with daytime sleep. However, when subjects did not have goggles only phase advances occurred. Goggles were necessary for producing phase delays. The most likely explanation is that daylight during the travel-home window after a night shift inhibits phase-delay shifts, and goggles can prevent this inhibition. Larger temperature-rhythm phase shifts were associated with better subjective daytime sleep, less subjective fatigue and better mood.
Deterministic finite automata in the detection of EEG spikes and seizures

This Paper presents a platform to mine epileptiform activity from Electroencephalograms (EEG) by combining the methodologies of Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and Knowledge Discovery in Data Mining (KDD) TV-Tree. Mining EEG patterns in human brain dynamics is complex yet necessary for identifying and predicting the transient events that occur before and during epileptic seizures. We believe that an intelligent data analysis of mining EEG Epileptic Spikes can be combined with statistical analysis, signal analysis or KDD to create systems that intelligently choose when to invoke one or more of the aforementioned arts and correctly predict when a person will have a seizure. Herein, we present a correlation platform for using DFA and Action Rules in predicting which interictal spikes within noise are predictors of the clinical onset of a seizure.
The fetus as patient.

Susan R. Miesnik, RNC, MSN, CRNP, is a perinatal nurse practitioner at the Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Throughout much of human history the fetus, unseen and largely imagined, has been looked upon with marvel and mysticism. The idea of the fetus as an entity, different from the pregnant woman, with conditions that are amenable to medical intervention and treatment is fairly recent. In the early 1900s the experimental observation of human and animal fetuses contributed to an understanding of embryonic and fetal development, and during the 1930s and 1940s the first successful fetal operations were performed on a guinea pig. However, the human fetus could not be thought of as a patient until its ailments could be diagnosed, a process that has evolved slowly (Harrison, 2001).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Directs Immunofocusing of CD8+ T Cell Responses Despite Vaccination

Vaccines that elicit T cell responses try to mimic protective memory T cell immunity after infection by increasing the frequency of Ag-specific T cells in the immune repertoire. However, the factors that determine immunodominance during infection and after vaccination and the relation between immunodominance and protection are incompletely understood. We previously identified TB10.4(20–28) as an immunodominant epitope recognized by H2-Kd–restricted CD8+ T cells after M. tuberculosis infection. Here we report a second epitope, EspA(150–158), that is recognized by a substantial number of pulmonary CD8+ T cells. The relative abundance of these T cells in the naive repertoire only partially predicts their relative frequency after M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, although vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing these epitopes changes their relative immunodominance in the preinfection T cell repertoire, this change is transient after challenge with M. tuberculosis. We speculate that factors intrinsic to the chronic nature of M. tuberculosis infection establishes the hierarchy of immunodominance and may explain the failure of some vaccines to provide protection.
Metabolic Abnormalities Characteristic of Dysmetabolic Syndrome Predict the Development of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease A Prospective Study

Background—This study examines the hypothesis that metabolic abnormalities of dysmetabolic syndrome are risk factors for transplant coronary artery disease (TxCAD). Methods and Results—Sixty-six patients without overt diabetes, 2 to 4 years after surgery, underwent intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS), measurement of plasma glucose and insulin after oral glucose (75 g), and fasting lipid and lipoproteins. TxCAD incidence by angiography or autopsy was prospectively determined during subsequent follow-up (8 years). Coronary artery intimal thickness (IT) and subsequent outcomes were compared in patients stratified as having “high” versus “low” plasma glucose (>8.9 mmol/L) and insulin (>760 pmol/L) 2 hours after glucose challenge; and “abnormal” versus “normal” fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Patients with high glucose or insulin concentrations had greater IT: 0.38±0.05 versus 0.22±0.02 mm, P≤0.05, and 0.39±0.05 versus 0.20±0.02 mm, P≤0.01, res...
Tables of critical values for two group interim analyses

Tables of critical values are given, which can be used to execute interim analyses in clinical trials involving two groups when the joint distribution of the test statistics can be approximated by a multivariate normal distribution. Critical values are given for both the one and two interim analyses cases for a variety of partitions of α and correlation structures. Results of power calculations are presented, which reflect the effects of both the correlation structure and partitions of α.Several examples are given, which illustrate how to apply the tables to a variety of experiments
Operating reserve policies with high wind power penetration

Abstract The rapid increase in installed wind generation capacity in the United States has raised concerns about electricity system reliability because of the intermittent and variable nature of the wind power. To help manage the wind power variability new ways of determining the amount of operating reserve capacity that must be kept available are necessary. A two-stage stochastic programming approach for the unit commitment problem had been introduced to mimic the short-term power operation decision process, i.e., day-ahead unit commitment and hour-ahead economic dispatch. Within this framework, a new formulation is proposed to determine the spinning and non-spinning reserve levels for large-scale systems over a 24-h optimization horizon with economic considerations. The proposed model is then applied to a large-scaled California test system. Simulation results illustrate the impact of stochastic wind power generation behavior and increased installed wind capacity on operating reserve requirements and the system cost as a whole.
Iodine-xenon, chemical, and petrographie studies of Semarkona chondrules: Evidence for the timing of aqueous alteration

The relationship of the I-Xe system of the Semarkona meteorite to other measured properties is investigated via INAA, petrographic, and noble-gas analyses on 17 chondrules from the meteorite. A range of not less than 10 Ma in apparent I-Xe ages is observed. The three latest apparent ages fall in a cluster, suggesting the possibility of a common event. It is argued that the initial I-129/I-127 ratio (R0) is related to chondrule type and/or mineralogy, with nonporphyritic and pyroxene-rich chondrules showing evidence for lower R0s than porphyritic and olivine-rich chondrules. Chondrules with sulfides on or near the surface have lower R0s than other chondrules. The He-129/Xe-132 ratio in the trapped Xe component anticorrelates with R0, consistent with the evolution of a chronometer in a closed system or in multiple systems. It is concluded that the variations in R0 represent variations in ages, and that later events, possibly aqueous alteration, preferentially affected chondrules with nonporphyritic textures and/or sulfide-rich exteriors about 10 Ma after the formation of the chondrules.
The Aggregate Demand Curve and Its Proper Interpretation

Textbook authors, in their presentations of aggregate demand–aggregate supply, are admonished to set their houses in order. The writers suggest the continued usefulness of the traditional “Keynesian cross” model as a pedagogical device and present a version that they allege to be superior to the popular AD–AS models found in many contemporary texts.
Levels of Cognitive Functioning as Related to Anxiety.

The relationships between levels of cognitive functioning as suggested by the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I and states of affective arousal as measured by Text Anxiety (the main variable of interest), General Anxiety, and Need for Achievement were investigated. Two separate samples were used: (1) 234 university students, and (2) 319 junior and senior class high school students.For the university sample significant negative correlations between Text Anxiety and Knowledge (recall of specific facts) and Test Anxiety and Comprehension were found. For the high school sample the negative correlation between Test Anxiety and Comprehension was significant. No significant relations between Test Anxiety and higher levels of cognitive performance were found. The results are discussed in terms of interfering effects to task performance that Test Anxiety may produce when the examinee is given no information to “workwith” and must rely essentially on memory.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces the Loss of Sphingosine Kinase-1 by a Cathepsin B-dependent Mechanism

Sphingosine kinase-1 (SK1) has emerged as a key component of cytokine responses, including roles in apoptosis, yet the specific mechanisms by which cytokines regulate SK1 in the apoptotic responses have not been studied. In this study, we show that prolonged treatment of MCF-7 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces a dose- and time-dependent decrease in SK1 protein. Inhibition of the upstream caspase 8 by IETD significantly rescued TNF effects on SK1, yet the caspase 7 inhibitor DEVD failed to have any effect, suggesting that the decline in SK1 occurs downstream of the initiator caspase but upstream of the effector caspase. In addition to caspase activation, TNF caused disruption of lysosomes with relocation of the cysteine protease cathepsin B into the cytosol. Down-regulation of cathepsin B using small interfering RNA significantly restored SK1 levels following exposure to TNF, suggesting that SK1 loss was dependent on cathepsin B activity. The regulation of SK1 by the lysosomal protease was further supported by the colocalization of SK1 with the lysosome and cathepsin B in cells and the loss of the colocalization following exposure to TNF. The ability of cathepsin B to regulate SK1 was further corroborated by an in vitro approach where recombinant cathepsin B cleaved SK1 at multiple sites to produce several cleavage fragments. Therefore, these studies show that SK1 down-regulation by TNF is dependent on the "lysosomal pathway" of apoptosis and specifically on cathepsin B, which functions as an SK1 protease in cells.
Support Systems: Strategies and Implications for Hospitalized Newborns and Families

This article describes both ideological and theoretical studies of support systems available to handicapped, low-birth weight, and high-risk newborns and their families within the hospital setting. Attention is focused on the time-frame immediately following the birth of the infant. Medical, social service, and educational/ developmental factors influencing the family-unit are addressed. The article discusses extant strengths and weaknesses in each system from a parent's as well as a professional's perspective, along with models of "best practice" and an overview of implications for viable support.
The ã←X˜1A1 and A˜1B1 ←X˜1A1 electronic transitions of pyridazine-d0, -d2, and -d4 vapors

Abstract High resolution absorption spectra of 1,2-diazine and two deuterated modifications have been measured between 3000Aand 5000A, and analyzed. Two excited electronic states, a singlet and a triplet, have been identified. Rotational analyses of the 0-0 bands of the two systems have shown the systems to be 1 B 1 - 1 A 1 (3700A) and 3 A 2 - 1 A 1 or 3 B 1 - 1 A 1 (4450A). It has been found that the sharp rotational structure of the 1 B 1 - 1 A 1 0-0 band of pyridazine- d 0 indicates a condition on the change of inertial constants not identified before for planar asymmetric rotors, namely, C′ - C″ =B¯′ -B¯″ (where B¯=( A + B )2). Changes in A , B , and C found by contour analysis prove that the molecule is elongated by an (atomic) average of about 10% along a direction perpendicular to the symmetry axis. This considerable change of geometry is reflected in the Franck-Condon contour of vibrational structure of the singlet system. Isotope effects are used to demonstrate that the extreme complexity of vibrational structure on the high-frequency side of the origin arises from large and extensive Fermi (anharmonic) resonances, linking ν′ 6a and the overtone of an antisymmetric mode thought to be ν 16b . It has followed that identification of the active vibrations has had to be based mainly on observations of their less perturbed lower-state counterparts at frequencies as far as 2400 cm −1 below that of the origin. A unique feature is the large reduction of ν 6a from 636 to 374 cm −1 (pyridazine- d 4 ) on electronic excitation. That reduction, in addition to the large anharmonic term in the potential energy of the 1 B 1 state and intensity stealing by the totally-symmetric mode, ν 1 , implies the presence of a second 1 B 1 state, nearby, but not recognized directly.
The Origins of Lying and Deception in Everyday Life

Michael Lewis Those of us living in the United States seem particularly concerned about lying and deception. Consider our myth about our founding father and general of our Continental Army, George Washington. What most of us know best about Washington as a child—in fact, the only thing we know—is that when asked by his father, “Did you chop down the cherry tree?” he is reported to have told the truth. Whether the story is accurate or not (it was likely made up by biographer Parson Weems), the fact that children are taught the first president of our nation never lied speaks to the importance of the issue for American parents. Given the diversity of the studies on this topic, it may be helpful to consider what we mean by lying and deception, both in children and in adults, and to use these definitions to create a taxonomy that can inform our ideas about the origins of lying and deception. While the topic of lying and deception in emotional life has received some attention (see, for example, the works of Paul Ekman), there has been relatively little investigation of this behavior in children. Apart from Charles Darwin’s description of his child at two years old and a single study published by philosopher Charles Hartshorne in 1928, it was not until the 1980s that research into lying and deception began in earnest, with the publication of studies by Carolyn Saarni and Pamela Cole as well as my own. Given the perennial interest in emotional development, it is somewhat surprising that this line of inquiry emerged so late. As we will see, the research demonstrates that facial expression can mask an individual’s inner emotional experience, even in children; moreover, it suggests that lying and deception, as measured by both verbal and facial expression, may have been subjected to evolutionary pressure and are positively related to other cognitive capacities associated with psychological fitness.
Isolobal analogies in intermetallics: the reversed approximation MO approach and applications to CrGa4- and Ir3Ge7-type phases.

Intermetallic phases offer a wealth of unique and unexplained structural features, which pose exciting challenges for the development of new bonding concepts. In this article, we present a straightforward approach to rapidly building bonding descriptions of such compounds: the reversed approximation Molecular Orbital (raMO) method. In this approach, we reverse the usual technique of using linear combinations of simple functions to approximate true wave functions and employ the fully occupied crystal orbitals of a compound as a basis set for the determination of the eigenfunctions of a simple, chemically transparent model Hamiltonian. The solutions fall into two sets: (1) a series of functions representing the best-possible approximations to the model system’s eigenstates constructible from the occupied crystal orbitals and (2) a second series of functions that are orthogonal to the bonding picture represented by the model Hamiltonian. The electronic structure of a compound is thus quickly resolved into a ...
Now what?: action items from social science research to bridge the gender gap in computing research

Our culture is currently paying a great deal of attention to issues of diversity in computing and technology. More specifically, society wonders why there are not more women involved in computing. Statistics on women's representation in all levels of the postsecondary academic pipeline, and in professions outside of the academy, have been bleak for decades. In response to this, social scientists have taken great interest in understanding why this cultural phenomenon exists. Although women's underrepresentation may seem intractable due to many years of stagnancy, we urge readers to take heart, and capitalize on the cultural climate, which places great emphasis on promoting gender equity and diversity in computing.In this article, we review a number of factors that explain women's low participation in and attrition from computing, which have been developed through empirical research. We then articulate actionable items that can be implemented "on the ground" in classrooms and professional settings, as well as "on the books" at the administrative and public policy level. We conclude by urging readers to consider this a "people's issue" rather than a "women's issue", because all people can benefit from environments, cultural beliefs and policies that espouse inclusivity and equity.
Multidocument summarization via information extraction

We present and evaluate the initial version of RIPTIDES, a system that combines information extraction, extraction-based summarization, and natural language generation to support user-directed multidocument summarization.
Morphology and vertical distribution of protosalvinia (Foerstia) from the new Albany shale (Upper Devonian)

Abstract Data are given on the vertical distribution of Protosalvinia arnoldii, P. ravenna and P. furcata from vertical samples of the New Albany Shale of Kentucky. Thalli of each of the three species are described and interpreted ontogenetically with P. arnoldii, P. ravenna and P. furcata forming an ontogenetic series in that order. Thalli of the three species occur largely in three successive zones and each constitutes more than 90% of the specimens of a zone. The inverted depositional order of the ontogenetic sequence is interpreted as a successively juvenile series resulting, in part, from the repeated modification of their littoral habitat, such as drowning by a transgressing sea, which has permitted survival of successively earlier but not later stages. Branched forms of P. arnoldii from Kentucky and of P. ravenna from Tennessee are reported for the first time. The distinctions between Protosalvinia and Foerstia are discussed. The affinities of Protosalvinia with the Phaeophyta, particularly with the Fucales, are considered.
TRAINING FACTORS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS AMONG AEROBIC DANCE INSTRUCTORS

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among selected training factors for 35 aerobic dance instructors who had taught for at least one year. Descriptive data were collected via questionnaire and laboratory testing. Maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) was determined from a treadmill test. The instructors taught an average of 5.6 classes per week, 4.2 days per week, for 3.9 yr. Mean total class duration was about 1 hr. with an average of 24.3 min. of actual aerobic activity. Mean level of intensity during the training phase of the workouts was 76% of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Among the aerobic dance instructors, there were significant linear associations between intensity of training and Max VO2 [ml/(kg·min.)], accounting for 27.7% shared variance. Duration of the aerobic phase of workouts showed a significant quadratic relationship with Max VO2 accounting for 20.2% shared variance. Frequency of training was linearly related to Max VO2, accounting for 21.7% shared variance. Results...
Modification of a simple method for determination of gamma-2 phase of dental amalgam

Evidence is presented for the formation of a tin-citrate ligand complex that severely limits the shelf life of the SnCl2-citric acid solutions used to standardize the reaction of the gamma 2 phase of dental amalgam with PMA. Early ligand complex formation probably accounts for the lack of linearity in the SN+2-PMA reaction seen at low SN+2 concentrations and is a potential source of error in the original, analytical method outlined by Kropp. Substitution of 1% HCl (0.27N) for 5% citric acid throughout the procedure is proposed. It was noted, however, that Sn+2in 1% HCl undergoes oxidation to Sn++ and thus limits shelf life of these solutions.
The Interaction of Herpes Simplex Type 1 Virus Origin-binding Protein (UL9 Protein) with Box I, the High Affinity Element of the Viral Origin of DNA Replication

The herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) origin binding protein, the UL9 protein, exists in solution as a homodimer of 94-kDa monomers. It binds to Box I, the high affinity element of the HSV-1 origin, Oris, as a dimer. The UL9 protein also binds the HSV-1 single strand DNA-binding protein, ICP8. Photocross-linking studies have shown that although the UL9 protein binds Box I as a dimer, only one of the two monomers contacts Box I. It is this form of the UL9 homodimer that upon interaction with ICP8, promotes the unwinding of Box I coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi. Photocross-linking studies have also shown that the amount of UL9 protein that interacts with Box I is reduced by its interaction with ICP8. Antibody directed against the C-terminal ten amino acids of the UL9 protein inhibits its Box I unwinding activity, consistent with the requirement for interaction of the C terminus of the UL9 protein with ICP8. Inhibition by the antibody is enhanced when the UL9 protein is first bound to Box I, suggesting that the C terminus of the UL9 protein undergoes a conformational change upon binding Box I.