cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial sutures: morphology, growth, and in vivo masticatory strains.

The growth and morphology of craniofacial sutures are thought to reflect their functional environment. However, little is known about in vivo sutural mechanics. The present study investigates the strains experienced by the internasal, nasofrontal, and anterior interfrontal sutures during masticatory activity in 4-6-month-old miniature swine (Sus scrofa). Measurements of the bony/fibrous arrangements and growth rates of these sutures were then examined in the context of their mechanical environment. Large tensile strains were measured in the interfrontal suture (1,036 microepsilon +/- 400 SD), whereas the posterior internasal suture was under moderate compression (-440 microepsilon +/- 238) and the nasofrontal suture experienced large compression (-1,583 microepsilon +/- 506). Sutural interdigitation was associated with compressive strain. The collagen fibers of the internasal and interfrontal sutures were clearly arranged to resist compression and tension, respectively, whereas those of the nasofrontal suture could not be readily characterized as either compression or tension resisting. The average linear rate of growth over a 1-week period at the nasofrontal suture (133.8 micrometer, +/- 50.9 S.D) was significantly greater than that of both the internasal and interfrontal sutures (39.2 micrometer +/- 11.4 and 65. 5 micrometer +/- 14.0, respectively). Histological observations suggest that the nasofrontal suture contains chondroid tissue, which may explain the unexpected combination of high compressive loading and rapid growth in this suture.
A role for the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in glucose- and glucagon-induced insulin secretion

Although the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release through synthesis of prostaglandins, very little attention has been given to the effects of lipoxygenase pathway products on beta cell function. We have examined the effects of two structurally-dissimilar lipoxygenase inhibitors on insulin release from monolayer-cultured rat islet cells. Both nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA, 20-50 microM) and BW755c (100-250 microM) caused a dose-responsive inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release. This inhibitory effect occurred despite concomitant inhibition of prostaglandin E synthesis. Lipoxygenase inhibitors also impeded cyclic AMP accumulation. Insulin and cyclic AMP release induced by glucagon were also blunted. These studies suggest the hypothesis that AA released in or near the beta cell is metabolized to lipoxygenase product(s) which have feed-forward properties important to glucose- and glucagon-stimulated cyclic nucleotide accumulation and insulin release.
Short range bonding arrangements in amorphous III–V compounds

Abstract RF-sputtered films of a-GaAs and a-GaP have been investigated by 69Ga and 75As nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The NMR lineshapes exhibit second-order quadrupole broadening. The experimentally determined average quadrupole coupling constants are utilized in conjunction with a point charge calculation of the electric field gradient (efg), which assumes fixed crystal-like bond lengths but variable bond angles, and are consistent with an average departure from the ideal tetrahedral angle (109.5°) of ± 9°.
Factor XIII Assay by an Isotope Method

Summary. The urea and acetic acid solubility tests to detect deficiency of factor XIII were compared. The urea test is more specific, but the acetic acid test is more sensitive, quicker, and therefore more convenient. A radioisotope assay method for factor XIII (transamidase) is described. Incorporation of 14C putrescine into casein provides a substitute for the linkage by transamidation of fibrin monomers. Fresh plasma, fresh frozen plasma and out-dated bank plasma have similar transamidase activity. Slight instability is apparent after storage for 3 days at room temperature. The normal range of plasma factor XIII is wide. Aged serum contained 12.5% of normal plasma transamidase. Platelets are a rich source of transamidase activity, particularly after disruption. Approximately half the total whole blood transamidase resides in the platelets and the remainder in the plasma. Leucocytes and red cells contain no transamidase. After lysis, however, red cells do reveal activity in this assay system. This cross reaction requires further elucidation. The venom (‘Reptilase’) of the Brazilian viper, Bothrops jararaca, can activate factor XIII in similar fashion to thrombin.
Microbial factors in inflammatory bowel disease

An unsolved puzzle in IBD research is whether germs, genes, or a combination of the two with excessive immune responses to gut-associated bacteria explains the pathogenesis of UC and CD. Whatever the answer, there is little doubt that microbial factors are involved intimately in IBD pathogenesis. Although a long search has failed to confirm a direct pathogenic role for a specific infectious agent, compelling evidence suggests that commensal enteric bacteria and their products provide a local environmental trigger that initiates and perpetuates IBD, reactivates quiescent disease, results in the frequent septic complications of CD, and contributes to the development of several extraintesinal manifestations. The most compelling evidence for involvement of the enteric flora in the pathogenesis of IBD has been generated from studies of animal models, which collectively support the view that IBD is due to genetically determined dysregulation of the mucosal immune response to luminal antigens derived from the normal bacterial flora. Although removing or dampening the dominant antigenic stimuli with antibiotics or probiotics is conceptually superior to the current array of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents that nonspecifically block the inflammatory cascade, more definitive, rigorously designed, controlled trials of treatments directed at the microflora are needed. Future research investigating mechanisms of tolerance to luminal bacteria and an understanding of how probiotics can manipulate the intestinal flora beneficially will bring clinicians closer to identifying potential therapeutic targets and unraveling the bacterial connection to IBD pathogenesis.
Generation of a continuum extending to the midinfrared by pumping ZBLAN fiber with an ultrafast 1550-nm source

Pulses from a commercial erbium-doped fiber laser are coupled into a standard silica fiber and a standard fluoride fiber connected in series. By cascaded Raman soliton self-shifting, a continuum extending to a wavelength of /spl sim/3 /spl mu/m is generated. The total average power emitted in the 1.8-3.4-/spl mu/m range is 5 mW. Throughout the 1.4-2.9-/spl mu/m range, the average spectral power is /spl sim/4 /spl mu/W/nm and higher, corresponding at 2.9 /spl mu/m to a spectral radiance approximately 4600 times that of a 3000 K blackbody.
Toxic Materials, Fishing, and Environmental Variation: Simulated Effects on Striped Bass Population Trends

Abstract Decreased survival of larval striped bass Morone saxatilis resulting from toxic chemicals in the environment and decreased survival of adults caused by fishing both are suspected as agents contributing to the decline in the Chesapeake Bay stock since the mid-1970s. The relative power of each type of mortality to cause population declines was evaluated with simulation techniques. Equivalent levels of added mortality induced qualitatively identical and quantitatively similar trends in population simulations for all conditions examined except if strong density-dependent mortality preceded the contaminant toxicity. In this case the contaminant effect caused a greater reduction in yield, but the population did not tend toward extinction. The results indicate that the observed downward trend in the Chesapeake Bay population can be halted or reversed by a reduction in fishing mortality, even if contaminant toxicity is the proximate cause for the decline.
Zero-order Hankel transformation algorithms based on Filon quadrature philosophy for diffraction optics and beam propagation

Our purpose is to bring to the attention of the optical community our recent work on the numerical evaluation of zero-order Hankel transforms; such techniques have direct application in optical diffraction theory and in optical beam propagation. The two algorithms we discuss (Filon–Simpson and Filon-trapezoidal) are reasonably fast and very accurate; furthermore, the errors incurred are essentially independent of the magnitude of the independent variable. Both algorithms are then compared with the recent (fast-Fourier-transform-based Hankel transform algorithm developed by Magni, Cerullo, and Silvestri (MCS algorithm) [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A9, 2031 (1992)] and are shown to be superior. The basic assumption of these algorithms is that the term in the integrand multiplying the Bessel function is relatively smooth compared with the oscillations of the Bessel function. This condition is violated when the inverse Hankel transform has to be computed, and the Filon scheme requires a very large number of quadrature points to achieve even moderate accuracy. To overcome this deficiency, we employ the sampling expansion (Whittaker’s cardinal function) to evaluate numerically the inverse Hankel transform.
Local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir in a canine model.

Objective: The safety of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir remains a concern. Our goal was to evaluate local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir. Study Design: Animal study using a canine model. Methods: Two groups of three young beagle dogs (6 vocal folds in each group) were used. Subepithelial vocal fold injections were performed in each group biweekly for 6 months with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 37.5 mg cidofovir in a 0.5 mL volume. Direct laryngoscopy was performed at each injection interval. Complete blood cell count and renal parameters were measured at baseline and monthly thereafter. Histopathologic examination of the vocal folds was performed after the 6-month injection period in one group of animals and after an additional 6-month observation period in the second group. Results: Endomysial edema with muscle fiber separation and dose-dependent atrophy and scarring of the vocal folds was present. Onset of atrophy and scarring was observed after 3, 7, and 11 injections in the vocal folds injected with 37.5, 20, and 10 mg cidofovir, respectively. After the 6-month observation period, recovery of histologic abnormalities was complete in the low-dose (0, 2.5 mg) vocal folds, near complete in the intermediate-dose (5, 10 mg) vocal folds, and no apparent recovery was seen in the high-dose (20, 37.5 mg) vocal folds. Leukocyte count and renal parameters remained unchanged at up to 4.26 mg/kg body weight of systemic dose of cidofovir. Conclusions: Intralaryngeal cidofovir leads to dose-dependent scarification of the vocal folds that appears irreversible at higher doses. Lower concentrations of this drug should be used in intralesional intralaryngeal use.
Reminiscences, Reasons, and Recommendations: An Interview With Charles L. Brewer

Bryan K. Saville is a doctoral student in psychology at Auburn University. He has taught statistics for the social and behavioral sciences, social psychology, introductory psychology, individual and society, and principles of behavior. His primary research interests are in the teaching of psychology, experimental social psychology, and sport psychology. In addition to coauthoring several journal articles, he recently coauthored a book chapter on the elements of master teaching.Charles L. Brewer has taught at The College of Wooster and Elmira College and is now the Kenan Professor of Psychology at Furman University. He teaches general psychology, experimental and statistical methods, learning, and history and systems. After editing Teaching of Psychology for 12 years, he was named Editor Emeritus in 1996. He has coedited several handbooks for teachers of introductory psychology, statistics, and research methods. His numerous articles and book chapters cover a wide range of topics, including the life and wo...
Bioinformatics process management: information flow via a computational journal

This paper presents the Bioinformatics Computational Journal (BCJ), a framework for conducting and managing computational experiments in bioinformatics and computational biology. These experiments often involve series of computations, data searches, filters, and annotations which can benefit from a structured environment. Systems to manage computational experiments exist, ranging from libraries with standard data models to elaborate schemes to chain together input and output between applications. Yet, although such frameworks are available, their use is not widespread–ad hoc scripts are often required to bind applications together. The BCJ explores another solution to this problem through a computer based environment suitable for on-site use, which builds on the traditional laboratory notebook paradigm. It provides an intuitive, extensible paradigm designed for expressive composition of applications. Extensive features facilitate sharing data, computational methods, and entire experiments. By focusing on the bioinformatics and computational biology domain, the scope of the computational framework was narrowed, permitting us to implement a capable set of features for this domain. This report discusses the features determined critical by our system and other projects, along with design issues. We illustrate the use of our implementation of the BCJ on two domain-specific examples.
A Survey of Scholarly Literature Describing the Field of Bioinformatics Education and Bioinformatics Educational Research

Bioinformatics education can be broadly defined as the teaching and learning of the use of computer and information technology, along with mathematical and statistical analysis for gathering, storing, analyzing, interpreting, and integrating data to solve biological problems. The recent surge of genomics, proteomics, and structural biology in the potential advancement of research and development in complex biomedical systems has created a need for an educated workforce in bioinformatics. However, effectively integrating bioinformatics education through formal and informal educational settings has been a challenge due in part to its cross-disciplinary nature. In this article, we seek to provide an overview of the state of bioinformatics education. This article identifies: 1) current approaches of bioinformatics education at the undergraduate and graduate levels; 2) the most common concepts and skills being taught in bioinformatics education; 3) pedagogical approaches and methods of delivery for conveying bioinformatics concepts and skills; and 4) assessment results on the impact of these programs, approaches, and methods in students’ attitudes or learning. Based on these findings, it is our goal to describe the landscape of scholarly work in this area and, as a result, identify opportunities and challenges in bioinformatics education.
Simulation output analysis based on excursions

We consider the steady state output analysis problem for a process that satisfies a functional central limit theorem. We construct asymptotically valid confidence intervals for the steady-state mean using normalized excursions of the simulated process. An alternative approach splits the output at the last zero crossing of the normalized path. The methods use a bounded memory of size determined by the user.
“Tú Necesitas Preguntar en Español”: Negotiating Good Language Learner Identity in a Spanish Classroom

This article builds on Norton and Toohey's (2001) critique of good language learner (GLL) research to illustrate how college students in an advanced Spanish conversation course drew on particular ideologies of language and foreign language learning to construct and negotiate their classroom identities. I argue that these ideologies were implicated in the production of a local, metapragmatic model (Wortham, 2006) that allowed the use of certain linguistic resources to be understood as indexing GLL identity. Moreover, through a detailed account of 2 interactional encounters, I demonstrate how individuals actually used these linguistic resources to negotiate their identities as GLLs relative to one another in practice. I conclude with a brief discussion of how this approach to understanding GLLs can inform both research on language learners and additional language learning.
Cluster scheduling for explicitly-speculative tasks

Large-scale computing often consists of many speculative tasks to test hypotheses, search for insights, and review potentially finished products. E.g., speculative tasks are issued by bioinformaticists comparing DNA sequences and computer graphics artists adjusting scene properties. We promote a way of working that exploits the inherent speculation in application-level search made more common by the cost-effectiveness of grid and cluster computing. Researchers and end-users disclose sets of speculative tasks that search an application space, request specific results as needed, and cancel unfinished tasks if early results suggest no need to continue. Doing so matches natural usage patterns, making users more effective, and also enables a new class of schedulers.In simulation, we show how batchactive schedulers reduce user-observed response times relative to conventional models in which tasks are requested one at a time (interactively) or in batches without specifying which tasks are speculative. Over a range of situations, user-observed response time is about 50% better on average and at least two times better for 20% of our simulations. Moreover, we show how user costs can be reduced under an incentive cost model of charging only for tasks whose results are requested.
Admission control and routing in multi-hop wireless networks

To enable services such as streaming multimedia and voice in multi-hop wireless networks it is necessary to develop algorithms that guarantee Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we consider the problem of optimal routing and admission control for flows which require a pre-specified bandwidth from the network. We develop an admission control and routing algorithm whose performance is close to that of an omniscient off-line algorithm that has complete a priori knowledge of the entire sequence (including the future) of flow arrivals and their bandwidth requests. Our algorithm makes no statistical assumptions on the flow arrival pattern or other parameters of the arriving requests, and can be implemented in a distributed manner.
Impact of Socioeconomic Changes on Retailing

India is a country in which tradition plays an important role in regulating social and economic life. Caste system played an important role in selecting occupations including retailing. Following the independence in 1947 and the subsequent inception of five-year plans several social and economic changes have taken place. The major objective of the study was, therefore, to determine the impact of socio-economic changes in retailing. Analysis of data collected from 513 randomly selected retailers in Bangalore city revealed that socioeconomic changes did have and continue to have impact on retailing.
Why are Dutch farmers going multifunctional

Abstract Given that current European Union policy is to stimulate and facilitate multifunctional agriculture (European farm model), it would be useful to know why farmers decide to go multifunctional. This paper presents the results of research into the factors determining the adoption of multifunctional activities. It is based on a survey of 495 farms throughout the Netherlands. Binomial logit models were estimated for multifunctional activities in general and for four specific activities. It was found that trust in the government is an important explanatory factor for participation in nature conservation and tourism, but is less important for services and on-farm sales. Farm location is important for nature conservation, services, and tourism. But farmers see tourism as an invasion of ‘farmership’. Farmers who value land ownership highly are less likely to have nature conservation contracts, as then they lose property rights over their own land.
Proposed Changes to Social Security: An Analysis

Some 48 million Americans are expected to collect around $518 billion in Social Security benefits during 2005. Of these, about 70 percent are retired workers. The ratio of workers covered by Social Security to retirees is approximately three to one but will decrease to about two to one in the next generation. Furthermore, at present, there are significantly more Social Security taxes collected than benefits paid; the excess is spent to help fund other government programs. With the Baby Boomers starting to collect benefits in 2008 and large federal deficits already threatening to push interest rates higher, providing for future Social Security funding is being addressed. This paper explores existing and future demands expected to be placed on Social Security and possible changes that may be implemented to ensure its long-term viability.
Quantifying and Mapping the Supply of and Demand for Carbon Storage and Sequestration Service from Urban Trees

Studies that assess the distribution of benefits provided by ecosystem services across urban areas are increasingly common. Nevertheless, current knowledge of both the supply and demand sides of ecosystem services remains limited, leaving a gap in our understanding of balance between ecosystem service supply and demand that restricts our ability to assess and manage these services. The present study seeks to fill this gap by developing and applying an integrated approach to quantifying the supply and demand of a key ecosystem service, carbon storage and sequestration, at the local level. This approach follows three basic steps: (1) quantifying and mapping service supply based upon Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) processing and allometric models, (2) quantifying and mapping demand for carbon sequestration using an indicator based on local anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and (3) mapping a supply-to-demand ratio. We illustrate this approach using a portion of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota, USA. Our results indicate that 1735.69 million kg carbon are stored by urban trees in our study area. Annually, 33.43 million kg carbon are sequestered by trees, whereas 3087.60 million kg carbon are emitted by human sources. Thus, carbon sequestration service provided by urban trees in the study location play a minor role in combating climate change, offsetting approximately 1% of local anthropogenic carbon emissions per year, although avoided emissions via storage in trees are substantial. Our supply-to-demand ratio map provides insight into the balance between carbon sequestration supply in urban trees and demand for such sequestration at the local level, pinpointing critical locations where higher levels of supply and demand exist. Such a ratio map could help planners and policy makers to assess and manage the supply of and demand for carbon sequestration.
Overturned internal capillary–gravity waves

Abstract A vortex sheet formulation of irrotational, incompressible Euler flow is used to compute periodic traveling waves at the interface between two constant-density, two-dimensional fluids, including waves with overturned crests. Branches of traveling waves are computed via numerical continuation, which are jointly continuous in the physical parameters: Bond number, Atwood number and mean shear. Global branches are computed, for various choices of parameters, illustrating the termination criteria of the global bifurcation theorem of Ambrose et al. (2015). The dependence of the branches, and their termini, on the physical parameters are probed via a boundary continuation method. Bifurcation surfaces are computed; these surfaces are both overturned and self-intersecting. The connection between the second harmonic of a Stokes’ wave expansion and the shape of these surfaces is discussed.
The Compatible Existence of Non-target Species to Pesticides

The concept of target and non-target species, though useful, is a rather misleading distinction. These terms accurately reflect human attitudes toward animals but obscure important biological truths and ignore the nonselectivity of most pesticides. There is no profound biological difference between target and non-target species – generally they are blessed with the same advantages and damned by the same disadvantages. Thus, while animals may differ in their ability to cope with pesticides, factors other than target priority account for whatever success they enjoy.
A complete logic forn-permutable congruence lattices

A family of logical systems, which may be regarded as extending equational logic, is studied. The equationsf=g of equational logic are generalized to congruence equivalence formulasf≡g (modx), wheref andg are terms interpreted as elements of an algebraV of some specified type. and termx is interpreted as a member of ann-permutable lattice of congruences forV. Formal concepts of proof and derivability from systems of hypotheses are developed. These proofs, like those of equational logic. require only finite algebraic processes, without manipulation of logical quantifiers or connectives. The logical systems are shown to be correct and complete: a well-formed statement is derivable from a system of hypotheses if and only if it is valid in all models of these hypotheses.
Recurrent Photodistributed Skin Eruptions in a Teenage Girl.

Ateenagegirlpresented to theemergencydepartmentwithhandand foot swelling and pain in areas of sun exposure after playing golf outside. She had a history of similar yetmilder skin eruptionswith sun exposure over the prior 2 years. No other familymemberswere similarly affected. The physical examination findings were notable for acral edema and well-demarcated, tender petechial patches on the dorsal surfaceof thehandsand feet (Figure, AandB).Novesicleswerenoted. A punch biopsy specimen from the affected area of her hand was obtained (Figure, C and D). Petechial patches on the hands A
Cytogenetic analysis of chimerism and leukemia relapse in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients after T cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation

Serial cytogenetic studies were performed on 64 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Forty patients with CML in chronic phase (CP) received cytoreduction followed by BMT with HLA-matched T cell-depleted allogeneic marrow. The remaining 24 patients were transplanted in second chronic, accelerated, or blastic phase, or received T cell-depleted grafts with a dose of T cells added back. The Y chromosome and autosomal heteromorphisms were used to distinguish between donor and host cells. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism (presence of donor and host cells) was identified in 90% of patients in first CP. The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome reappeared in 16 of the 40 first CP CML patients. As expected, patients who had detectable Ph chromosome positive cells at any time during the posttransplant period had a high likelihood of subsequent clinical relapse. Transient disappearance of the Ph positive clone was rarely observed, and was followed by reappearance of the Ph chromosome or clinical relapse. A subset of engrafted patients with greater than 25% host cells within 3 months post-BMT had a significantly shorter survival time free of cytogenetic or clinical relapse compared with other patients. In patients who had received donor T cells added to the T cell-depleted graft, there was a higher proportion of complete chimerism. Clonal progression of Ph positive as well as negative cells was observed and may be the result of radiation induced breakage. Serial cytogenetic studies of patients post-BMT can provide useful information regarding the biologic and clinical behavior of CML.
Signaling through Craftmanship: Managerial and Strategic Implications

Signaling theory is a unique communication model engaged by market participants, who stand to benefit from its use, when information in the market is asymmetric. The theory has been extensively used in information economics and finance and is currently receiving attention in marketing. However, signaling studies in marketing focused primarily on use of the 4 Ps at the exclusion of other viable signaling variables such as craftsmanship. This paper examines craftsmanship as a possible signaling variable in marketing and develops a number of propositions on its use.
Self-doctoring: A qualitative study of physicians with cancer

Background Self-doctoring is providing oneself care normally delivered by a professional caregiver. Expert authors warn physicians not to self-doctor, yet cross-sectional studies document that physicians frequently do. Explanations for this disparity remain speculative. Objective To better understand the circumstances when physicians did and did not doctor themselves and the reasoning behind their actions. Design Qualitative semistructured interview study of 23 physician-patients currently or previously treated for cancer. Results Participants had multiple opportunities to doctor themselves (or not) at each stage of illness. Only 1 physician recommended self-doctoring, although most reported having done so, sometimes without realizing it. Participants' approaches to their own health care created a continuum ranging between typical physician and patient roles. Participants emphasizing their physician role approached their health care as they would approach the care of their own patients, preferring convenience and control of their care to support from professional caregivers. Participants emphasizing their role as patient approached their health care as they thought a patient should, preferring to rely less on their own abilities and more on their providers, whose support they valued. Most participants balanced both roles depending on their experiences and basic issues of trust and control. Importantly, subjects at both ends of the continuum reported unanticipated pitfalls of their approach. Conclusion Our findings showed that participants' health care-seeking strategies fell on a continuum that ranged from a purely patient role to one that centered on physician activities. Participants identified problems associated with overdependence on either role, suggesting that a balanced approach, one that uses the advantages of both physician and patient roles, has merit.
Phase II trial of the phosphatidyinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor buparlisib (BKM120) in recurrent glioblastoma.

2019 Background: The PI3K pathway is activated in most GBMs and represents a potential therapeutic target. Buparlisib is an oral, pan-Class I PI3K inhibitor that enters the brain at therapeutic con...
Peripheral blood lymphocyte HIV DNA levels correlate with HIV associated neurocognitive disorders in Nigeria

Mononuclear cells play key roles in the pathogenic mechanisms leading to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). We examined the association between HIV DNA within peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets and HAND in Nigeria. PBMCs were collected at baseline from 36 antiretroviral naive participants. CD14+ cells and T&B lymphocyte fractions were isolated by, respectively, positive and negative magnetic bead separation. Total HIV DNA within CD14+ and T&B cells were separately quantified using real-time PCR assay targeting HIV LTR-gag and cell input numbers determined by CCR5 copies/sample. Utilizing demographically adjusted T scores obtained from a 7-domain neuropsychological test battery, cognitive status was determined by the global deficit score (GDS) approach, with a GDS of ≥0.5 indicating cognitive impairment. In a linear regression adjusting for plasma HIV RNA, CD4 and lymphocyte count, Beck’s depression score, and years of education, there was 0.04 lower log10 HIV DNA copies within T&B lymphocytes per unit increase in global T score (p = 0.02). Adjusting for the same variables in a logistic regression, the odds of cognitive impairment were 6.2 times greater per log10 increase in HIV DNA within T&B lymphocytes (p = 0.048). The association between cognitive impairment and HIV DNA within CD14+ monocytes did not reach statistical significance. In this pretreatment cohort with mild cognitive dysfunction, we found a strong association between levels of HIV DNA within the lymphocyte subset and HAND independent of plasma HIV RNA. These findings likely reflect the neurologic impact of a larger HIV reservoir and active viral replication.
The impact of Big Brothers Big Sisters programs on youth development: An application of the model of homogeneity/diversity relationships

Abstract Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBSA) is a non-profit agency that provides mentoring for at-risk, economically disadvantaged youth. Its three objectives include helping youth to improve self-competence, offering encouragement to improve school performance, and fostering youth relationships with family members, peers, and other adults through one-to-one mentoring relationships. In this study, we examined these mentoring relationships, assessing whether gender match types and program types are associated with the developmental areas of school-aged children in the BBBSA program. To measure protege confidence, competence, and caring, we employed Ragins' model of homogeneity/diversity and utilized multivariate ordinary least square regression with 267 matched pairs from the BBBSA program-based outcome evaluation, Our findings illustrated that same-gender matches were negatively associated with competence, second, that cross-gender matches of female mentors/male proteges showed better competence and caring outcome than a same-gender of female mentors/female proteges, third, that same-gender matches of male mentors/male proteges showed better improvement on caring score than a same match of female mentors/female proteges, and fourth, that community-based programs had significantly higher confidence and caring scores than school-based programs. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are also discussed.
Effects of ensemble and summary displays on interpretations of geospatial uncertainty data

Ensemble and summary displays are two widely used methods to represent visual-spatial uncertainty; however, there is disagreement about which is the most effective technique to communicate uncertainty to the general public. Visualization scientists create ensemble displays by plotting multiple data points on the same Cartesian coordinate plane. Despite their use in scientific practice, it is more common in public presentations to use visualizations of summary displays, which scientists create by plotting statistical parameters of the ensemble members. While prior work has demonstrated that viewers make different decisions when viewing summary and ensemble displays, it is unclear what components of the displays lead to diverging judgments. This study aims to compare the salience of visual features – or visual elements that attract bottom-up attention – as one possible source of diverging judgments made with ensemble and summary displays in the context of hurricane track forecasts. We report that salient visual features of both ensemble and summary displays influence participant judgment. Specifically, we find that salient features of summary displays of geospatial uncertainty can be misunderstood as displaying size information. Further, salient features of ensemble displays evoke judgments that are indicative of accurate interpretations of the underlying probability distribution of the ensemble data. However, when participants use ensemble displays to make point-based judgments, they may overweight individual ensemble members in their decision-making process. We propose that ensemble displays are a promising alternative to summary displays in a geospatial context but that decisions about visualization methods should be informed by the viewer’s task.
Determining the revenue-maximization tax rate for states with legalized corporate casino gambling

In the past two decades, corporate casino gambling has expanded from being legal in only two U.S. states (Nevada and New Jersey) in the late 1980s to 12 states in 2007. As a result, the annual gambling revenue realized by the casino industry has grown from $9 billion in 1991 to more than $34 billion in 2007. The growth of gambling revenue as a source of additional state tax revenue, however, has not been matched by a corresponding increase of academic research on casino gambling. The research addresses the question of whether states are maximizing collected corporate casino tax revenue and finds that states fall into one of four clusters: undertaxing; overtaxing; undertaxing but close to the revenuemaximization tax level; and overtaxing but close to the revenue-maximization tax level.
Electronic Structure and Rydberg-Core Interactions in Hydroxycarbene and Methylhydroxycarbene.

Vertical and adiabatic excitation energies and oscillator strengths for valence and Rydberg states of hydroxycarbene (HCOH) and methylhydroxycarbene (CH3COH) are reported. The electronic properties were computed with equation-of-motion coupled-cluster methods with single and double substitution methods (EOM-CCSD) and the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. The states’ characters were analyzed by plotting natural transition orbitals (NTOs). The calculations demonstrate that the shape, size, and energy of each Rydberg orbital are affected to varying degrees by their interaction with the ion core. Likewise, the corresponding quantum defects reflect the Rydberg electron–ion core interactions. The results reported herein, combined with previously reported calculations of the photoelectron spectrum of HCOH, should help in designing strategies for state-selective detection of hydroxycarbenes via ionization.
IPTG-inducible episomal expression system for exogenous genes in primate cells.

An isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible episomal expression system has been established for the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF7. This two-component system includes: (i) a prim...
A one pot synthesis of mono- and di-lactosyl sphingosines.

The importance of analogues of lactosyl ceramides as basic structures of many natural glycosphingolipids provided a rationale for developing an efficient synthetic route to these compounds. We report herein a novel approach to synthesize several members of this family. Glycosylation of N-diphenylmethylene-spingosine, which exists in an imine–oxazolidine tautomeric mixture, with acetobromolactose under a modified Koenigs-Knorr condition yielded lactosyl β-(1 → 1) sphingosine, lactosyl β-(1 → 3) sphingosine and dilactosyl sphingosine in good yields. A similar glycosylation could be applicable to the synthesis of other glycosphingolipids.
Preexisting vascular pathology in donor and recipient vessels during penile microvascular arterial bypass surgery.

AbstractThe quality of the anastomosed vessels berore vascular grafting has been shown to influence long-term patency rates in arterial reconstructive procedures. A study was designed to assess vascular graft quality during microvascular artery bypass procedures for impotence, correlate identified vasculopathy with the clinical history and gain insight into vascular pathophysiological mechanisms. A total of 194 donor or recipient vessel segments was biopsied m 111 patients with impotence who underwent microvascular artery bypass surgery during a 10-year period. A prospective histological grading system was used m a blinded randomized fashion. A preexisting vascular pathological condition was identified m 48% of the patients. Proliferative lesions above the internal elastic lamina with luminal stenosis were identified in 38 of 69 dorsal penile artery segments (55%) and 8 of 69 inferior epigastric artery segments (12%). Venous hypertrophy or sclerosis was observed in 13 of 56 deep dorsal vein segments (23%)...
Audiology: A Survey of the Literature

This chapter describes audiology as a field based primarily on diagnostic procedures. As the diagnostic procedures are established and quantifiable protocols, it would seem that audiology is a field that would naturally embrace computer technology. It discusses that audiologists have been slow to incorporate the computer into the routine testing regimen. Interest in computer utilization was great enough by the early 1980s to motivate audiological equipment suppliers to begin including computer interfaces in their equipment. By 1985, some agencies began specifying that all audiological equipment purchases had to have the capability of being interfaced with computers. The beginnings of clinical applications of the computer in audiology were different from early computer applications in speech–language pathology. The variety of applications was not as great and the number of individuals developing clinical protocols was more limited. However, those who completed the early studies in audiological applications tended to be more active in implementing follow-up studies, resulting in multiple publications by the small groups of developers.
The survival time of canine erythrocytes modified by influenza virus.

Canine erythrocytes labeled with radioactive iron were modified by the action of influenza virus. Modified cells were transfused to compatible recipients and the survival of the donated cells was followed by means of their radioactivity. A rapid fall of radioactivity occurred in the first half hour, followed by a rise which reached a maximum in 2 to 3 hours. The donated cells were then destroyed and had all disappeared by 3-4 days. During the time modified erythrocytes were in the circulation, panagglutinins to them were undetectable. However, if the initial concentration of panagglutinin was unusually high, the virus-treated red cells were permanently removed from the circulation within one-half hour after transfusion. Hence, it is concluded that virus-modified canine erythrocytes have a greatly shortened survival-time. In addition, it is suggested that the panagglutinins to virus-modified erythrocytes may be responsible for the rapid destruction of the modified cells.
Reply to ”Comments on Image Compression and Kriging”, by P. Delfiner

A computer image is digital with resolution the resolution imposed by the hardware. Computer images are generated either by scanning an analog image, or by using a camera as input device, or by drawing an image to a pad, or several other means. Appropriate hardware firmware and software is available today by manufactures for converting an analog image to digital. It is well recognized that such a conversion could create aliasing, a phenomenon whereby lines have a staircase syndrome (here by lines we mean straight lines and other lines), and pixels representing small areas of the original analog picture, have undesirable discontinuities. In order for these undesirable discontinuities which are referred to as aliasing, or the phenomenon of aliasing, to be corrected special mathematical filters are applied. These filters take into consideration the fact that pixels are autocorrelated. The filters replace the intensity, or color and intensity, of the pixel with a new color and intensity. The phenomenon of aliasing is common not only when one converts images from analog to digital by inputing them in the computer by some method, but also by using mathematical methods to draw lines or surfaces in the computer, since our mathematical methods usually have as a domain and range a continuous space, but we use the computer screen, which is limited by the number of pixels available and therefore is very discrete, to represent these continuous phenomena. So aliasing is the staircase phenomenon or the undesirable discontinuities created by mapping continuous images into a discrete space. Antialiasing is a mathematical method used to correct for aliasing. Antialiasing methods usually use the values of neighboring pixels to calculate a new value for a pixel. In the space domain the process of antialiasing results in a convolution which if transformed by a Z-transform, or a Fourier transform it becomes a product. Thus it is easier from both the algebraic and computational point of view to deal with antialiasing in the frequency domain, rather than the space domain. The interesting reader could find this information in any signal processing or computer graphics book published after the mid-eighties. What we like to impress upon our readers here is that the antialiasing is a process of improving a digital image and this process has nothing to do with compression, at least as far as we are concerned and the way we use compression in our lab. We hope that our reader agrees that if we continue to use antialiasing in the already antialiased image after a few repetitions all the pixels will converge to the same value.
Adsorption mechanisms of cesium at calcium-silicate-hydrate surfaces using molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of interactions and immobilization of radionuclides in cement systems at the molecular level is key to developing safe and novel solutions for the long-term storage of nuclear wastes. The molecular level adsorption mechanisms of cesium (Cs+) ions onto tobermorite 9 A, tobermorite 14 A, and jennite – three crystalline structural analogues for calcium-silicate-hydrates, the main components in cement-based materials, were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Convergence monitoring of the simulations, using the root mean square displacement with average correlation analysis, indicated that MD trajectories of 10–15 ns were needed given the size of the selected computational cell to properly capture the dynamic process of adsorption. Cs+ ions adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes at the tobermorite surfaces, while they showed lower affinity for jennite. The charge and structure of the surface layer strongly influenced the adsorption mechanisms of Cs+ ions. Strong association with the hexagonal cavities of the silica sites were seen at the tetrahedral SiO4 surface of the tobermorite structures. Cs+ ion adsorption was attributed to co-ion adsorption at the octahedral CaO6 surface of tobermorite 9 A, cation exchange at that of tobermorite 14 A, and electrostatic interaction with the surface hydroxyl groups for jennite. Distribution coefficients of Cs+ ions onto cement pastes derived from molecular dynamics by taking the surface structure and dynamics of Cs+ ions directly into account showed a range of overlap with experimental results.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Using Application-Based Science Education Videos in a General Chemistry Lecture Course

Numerous online resources provide a variety of content for a wide range of STEM topics; however, they tend to function as isolated tidbits that provide content-specific knowledge. Application-based...
Claudin-19 mediates the effects of NO on the paracellular pathway in thick ascending limbs.

Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that provide size and charge selectivity to solutes traversing the paracellular space. Thick ascending limbs (TALs) express numerous claudins, inclu...