cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of environmental conditions on the dithiothreitol (DTT)-Based oxidative potential of size-resolved indoor particulate matter of ambient origin

Abstract Much of human exposure to particulate matter (PM) of ambient origin occurs indoors. While the oxidative potential (OP) of PM is an emerging indicator of the intrinsic toxicity of PM, little is known about the OP of indoor PM of ambient origin. Here we characterize the OP of indoor and outdoor size-resolved PM in an unoccupied apartment unit in Chicago, IL, free from indoor emission sources, to explore how the transport of ambient PM from outdoors affects OP indoors. Simultaneous measurements were conducted in both indoor and outdoor locations for at least 5 consecutive days during 11 separate sampling campaigns spanning all seasons. OP was assessed by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were consistently lower than outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, with an average (±standard deviation, SD) indoor/outdoor (I/O) PM2.5 mass concentration ratio of 0.36 ± 0.10. The volume-normalized (or extrinsic) OP of the particles was much higher for the outdoor for PM2.5 samples across all size-ranges, with an average (±SD) indoor-to-outdoor ratio (I/O) of 0.54 ± 0.57. However, the mass-normalized (or intrinsic) OP of indoor PM2.5 samples was greater than concurrent outdoor PM2.5 samples during 7 of the sampling periods and had an overall average ± SD I/O of 1.38 ± 0.97. The extent of enhancement in intrinsic OP of ambient-infiltrated indoor PM2.5 was positively correlated with differences in indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity (RH). We hypothesize that changes in the intrinsic OP of ambient PM as it infiltrates indoors may be influenced by transformation processes such as size-resolved penetration, indoor deposition, evaporation of volatile chemical components with lower OP, and/or temperature/RH-dependent partitioning of redox-active substances to indoor-infiltrated PM. However, further investigations, including chemical analyses of the size-segregated indoor and outdoor PM samples and the effect of environmental factors on this chemical composition, will be needed to confirm these hypotheses.
PROTEIN METABOLISM OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses cerebral protein metabolism, general problems of protein metabolism in other organs and organisms, and some of the recent reviews discussing the areas of importance in cerebral protein metabolism. In the brain, more than in any other organ, the functional metabolism seems to involve changes in the proteins of the organ. The controlling factors of cerebral protein metabolism are of interest, particularly because there is very little regeneration in the central nervous system. Some diseases of the nervous system are apparently caused by the lack of some enzyme proteins normally present. In other diseased states, the presence of abnormal proteins, and structural changes in normal proteins, are found. Also of interest are the reported effects of a number of drugs on cerebral protein metabolism. The control of protein metabolism in all its aspects is the most important problem. It is related to processes of growth, differentiation, degeneration, as well as maintenance of the cells and their protein complement. The growth factor discussed affects one or more of these processes. This factor is specific for a part of the nervous system, but controlling factors of decisive influence may be operative that are specific for other parts of the nervous system, or specific for a cell type in other organs. The knowledge of the mechanism of action of such factors sheds light on the control mechanisms of cellular metabolism.
Survival of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Seawater and Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay

Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum placed in artificial seawater at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 ppt at 10 degrees C and at 10 ppt at 20 degrees C were infectious after 12 weeks. Those placed in seawater at 20 ppt and 30 ppt at 20 degrees C were infectious for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. These findings suggested that oocysts could survive in estuarine waters long enough to be removed by filter feeders such as oysters. Thereafter, 30 Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were collected with a dredge or with hand tongs at each of six sites within Maryland tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay in May and June and in August and September of 1997. Hemocytes and gill washings from all oysters were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy utilizing a commercially available kit containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Giardia was not detected by this method from any of the 360 oysters examined. Presumptive identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts was made in either hemocytes or gill washings of oysters from all six sites both times that surveys were conducted. In addition, during August and September, for each of the six sites, hemocytes from the 30 oysters were pooled and gill washings from the oysters were pooled. Each pool was delivered by gastric intubation to a litter of neonatal mice to produce a bioassay for oocyst infectivity. Intestinal tissue from two of three mice that received gill washings from oysters collected at a site near a large cattle farm and shoreline homes with septic tanks was positive for developmental stages of C. parvum. These findings demonstrate for the first time that oysters in natural waters harbor infectious C. parvum oocysts and can serve as mechanical vectors of this pathogen.
Abstract 15626: Physical Activity Tracking Studies: The Effect of an Entirely Mobile (mHealth) Platform for Data Capture

Background: In most prior activity tracking pedometer trials, physical activity had to be manually recorded by participating subjects. As a result, these trials have reported missing pedometer data in up to 45% of subjects. Mobile health (mHealth) real-time activity tracking interventions offer a possible solution for increasing participant engagement, streamlining study coordination, and increasing adherence. Methods: The mActive trial (NCT01917812), a 5-week blinded, randomized mHealth trial of digital activity tracking and “smart” text messaging, enrolled 48 adult cardiology patients at a single academic medical center. Eligible participants were smartphone users who reported a low amount of leisure time physical activity. Low energy Bluetooth capable pedometers were paired to participants’ smartphones, and digital activity data was continuously uploaded in real-time. Subjects received an automated weekly email reminding them to wear their pedometer, and targeted emails if data upload was incomplete fo...
TNF-α induced endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression is regulated by exogenous, not endogenous nitric oxide

MAdCAM-1 is an adhesion molecule expressed in Peyer's patches and lymphoid tissues which is mobilized by cytokines like TNF-α and is a major determinant of lymphocyte trafficking to the gut in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It has been suggested that both reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites participate in regulating adhesion molecule expression in response to TNF-α. To examine how exogenous and endogenous sources of NO modulate MAdCAM-1 induction by TNF-α, we pre-treated mouse lymphatic endothelial cells with either long or short acting NO donors prior to TNF-α-stimulation, and measured MAdCAM-1 induction at 24 h. DETA-NO, a long-acting NO donor, and SperNO, a rapid releasing NO donor both inhibited TNF-α-stimulated MAdCAM-1 expression in a concentration dependent manner. Both NO donors also reduced a4b7-dependent lymphocyte endothelial adhesion. Inhibition of endogenous NO production by either L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, or by 1400 w, a selective iNOS inhibitor failed to induce, or potentiate TNF-α regulated MAdCAM-1 expression. Exogenous NO donors may be beneficial in the treatment of IBD, while endogenous nitric oxide synthases may be less effective in controlling adhesion molecule expression in response to cytokines.
Ireland's Mining Boom: Development and Impact*

Over the past 15 years, Ireland has experienced a meteoric rise to prominence in mining. A decade ago output of metallic minerals was virtually non-existent. Today, metal concentrates from Irish mines are valued at $55 million annually, or 4 percent of total national exports. Metals have assumed fourth place among individual export categories. There is no single explanation for the mining boom. Rather, it must be attributed to several interrelated factors. Most notably, these include government tax relief incentives for economic development, recent ad- vances in mining technology, the role played by Canadian exploration companies, and the impetus created by initial ore discoveries. Mining de- velopment has impacted significantly on the country, in terms both eco- nomic and social. It has bolstered the economy, provided valuable employment, spurred regional development and helped discourage emigra- tion in rural areas. However, owing to a dramatic reversal of national mining policy in 1974, the industry's future is now in some question. IRELAND IS HARDLY KNOWN by tradition as a mining country. Quite to the contrary, it has long been notable for its apparent absence of mineral resources. In 1856, Sir Roderick Murchison, Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, asserted that Ireland possessed no minerals of any worth (1). Placid acceptance of this pronouncement led to the belief, firmly imbedded in Irish consciousness, that theirs was a land naturally improverished. For over four generations this myth was "severely and effectively schooled" into the nation's youth (2). Apart from quarrying, modest extraction of poor quality coal and the cutting of peat in bogs, there was, in fact, little evidence to contradict this notion. Against this unpromising background, Ireland's meteoric rise to prom- inence in mining seems little short of dramatic. In less than a decade and a half major discoveries of lead, zinc and copper have exploded the myth that the country is barren of mineral wealth. Ten years ago output of metallic minerals was virtually non-existent. Today, metal concentrates from Irish mines boast a value of nearly $55 million annually, or 4 per- cent of total national exports. Furthermore, the metals sector has climbed to fourth place among individual export categories, surpassed only by live * The field research for this study was conducted in the summer of 1973 and was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of the Irish Geological Survey Office and the Depart- ment of Industry and Commerce for their kind assistance in the preparation of this
Risking the Eighth Amendment: Arbitrariness, Juries and Discretion in Capital Cases

This article argues that the stalled dialogue over the Supreme Court's administration of capital punishment suffers from a fundamental misunderstanding of the first principles of the Eighth Amendment. Recognition of this misunderstanding requires reassessing blind adherence to jury secrecy in capital cases. While Furman v. Georgia articulated an Eighth Amendment substantive right against arbitrary imposition of death, the Court later recast Furman to require procedures that merely reduced a substantial risk of arbitrariness. Critics have decried the failure of the ensuing guided discretion statutes to reduce risk, but have assumed risk management as the only alternative. A look back to the true mandate of Furman provides the alternative. If the Eighth Amendment does not tolerate arbitrariness, then a capital punishment system that shields evidence of arbitrariness through jury secrecy cannot survive. The vehicle for exposing arbitrariness is a review of jurors' reasons for imposing death in an individual case. A close look at the practice of jury secrecy through evidence rules reveals inconsistent, confused and varied enforcement. Further, the policy rationales supporting jury secrecy are outweighed by the constitutional mandate in capital cases. While there are practical hurdles to mining the jurors' reasons for imposing death, they are far from insurmountable. Absent a moratorium, we should welcome change that informs and exposes the process of death.
On the detection of summertime terrestrial photosynthetic variability from its atmospheric signature

[i] We identify the climatic signatures of the summertime terrestrial photosynthesis variability using a long simulation of pre-industrial climate performed with the NCAR coupled global climate-carbon model. Since plant physiology controls simultaneously CO 2 uptake and surface fluxes of water, changes in photosynthesis are accompanied by changes in numerous climate variables: daily maximum temperature, diurnal temperature range, Bowen ratio, canopy temperature and tropospheric lapse rate. Results show that these climate variables may be used as powerful proxies for photosynthesis activity for subtropical vegetation and for tropical vegetation when photosynthetic variability may be limited by water availability.
Designing the mobile IPv6 security protocol

Mobile IPv6 is a network-layer mobility protocol for the IPv6 Internet. The protocol includes several security mechanisms, such as the return-routability tests for the mobile’s home address and care-of addresses. This paper explains the threat model and design principles that motivated the Mobile IPv6 security features. While many of the ideas have become parts of the standard toolkit for designing Internet mobility protocols, some details of the reasoning have not been previously documented.
Double magnetic transition in pr 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3

We report studies of polycrystalline samples of the metallic ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ through measurements of the magnetization, ac magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and specific heat. We find an unusual anomaly around ${T}_{A}=120\mathrm{K},$ much below the ferromagnetic transition ${(T}_{C}=226\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\mathrm{K}).$ The anomaly is manifested in field cooled magnetization as a downward step in low fields $(Hl~0.01\mathrm{T})$ but is transformed into an upward step for $Hg~0.05\mathrm{T}.$ The anomaly cannot be easily attributed to antiferromagnetic ordering, but may correspond to a second ferromagnetic transition or an alteration of the ferromagnetic state associated with orbital ordering.
Non-refluxing Megaureter

The primary goal in diagnosing and treating non-refluxing megaureters is to prevent ipsilateral renal function loss.
From individual to collective ordering through multidimensional attribute space

A method is proposed for producing a collective ordering of N options or candidates, given the individual orderings of each of M voters or judges. For the sake of concreteness, the work is expressed in terms of candidates and voters. The method assumes that the candidates can be located in ‘attribute space’. This aspect of the method has previously been used in voting theory and in the scaling theory developed by psychologists. The representative points of the candidates in attribute space are regarded as fixed and known to the voters; whereas for each voter there is a point in attribute space that he would regard as ideal for the location of a candidate. Although there are only a finite number of voters, we assume that the location of their ideal points has a multivariate normal distribution in the attribute space, whose mode is called O. For each voter the surface of points in attribute space of any given non-optimal utility (indifference surface) is assumed to be an ellipsoid whose centre is at his ideal point. It is shown that any assumption for the locations of all the candidates can be used to deduce a set of putative values p v ( v = 1, 2,..., N !) for the fractions of the voters that will place the candidates in each of the N ! possible orderings. The squared error associated with any such assumption for the locations of the candidates is then defined as Ʃ v ( p v – q v ) 2 where the q v are the observed fractions of the actual ballots, and this squared error is to be minimized for estimating the locations of the candidates. The collective ordering of the candidates is then taken as that of the distances of their N representative points from O. The analysis in this paper could be applied to marketing and medical research as well as to politics and sociology.
A NEW SPECIES OF RIAMA (SQUAMATA: GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE), ENDEMIC TO THE PENINSULA DE PARIA, VENEZUELA

A new species of gymnophthalmid lizard is described from the montane forests of the Peninsula de Paria in northeastern Venezuela. The new species is one of three gymnophtalmid species known to be endemic to the region, and the fourth species of Riama from Venezuela. It is likely the sister species to R. shrevei of Trinidad, but can be distinguished from the latter species by having a nasoloreal suture, fewer scale rows encircling the midbody, and by having a higher number of transverse dorsal scale rows.
Co-crystals of Isonicotinamide and p-Cyanobenzoic Acid

Isonicotinamide(INA) and p-Cyanobenzoic acid (CNBA) interact in alcohol solutions to give co-crystals INA-CNBA and INA(CNBA)2. These co-crystals have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography and were further studied by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallography provides a structural basis for thermal reactivity in INA(CNBA)2 and relevant intermolecular contacts in the co-crystals are discussed.
Goal-oriented specification of adaptation requirements engineering in adaptive systems

Adaptive software is being used increasingly frequently by various users, such as the medical community, software industry, and in response to terror attacks. Therefore, understanding the requirements of an adaptive system is crucial to developing them correctly. Developers need to be able to reason about the requirements of a system's adaptive behavior. Adaptation semantics are intended to describe how systems behave during adaptation. Previously, Zhang and Cheng formally specified three commonly occurring adaptation semantics in terms of Adapt operator-extended LTL (A-LTL). This paper presents goal-oriented specifications of these three adaptation semantics. These specifications, specified with the KAOS methodology, provide a graphical wrapper to the formal A-LTL specifications of the semantics. The combination of the goal-oriented, graphical KAOS specifications and A-LTL specifications provides the benefits of formal specifications as well as the benefits of an easier to understand, graphical, and more intuitive presentation of adaptive systems requirements. This work also provides a means to incorporate the adaptation semantics into the goal-oriented requirements specifications of an adaptive system.
Interactive Web-Based Map: Applications to Large Data Sets in the Geosciences

Current advances in computer hardware, information technology and data collection techniques have produced very large data sets in a wide variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. We must harness this opportunity to visualize and extract useful information from geophysical and geological data. We have taken the task of data mining by implementing a map-like approach over a web server for interrogating the data, using a client-server paradigm. The spatial-data is mapped onto a two-dimensional grid from which the user (client) can quiz the data with the map-interface as a user extension. The data is stored on the server, while the computational gateway separating the client and the server can be the front-end of an electronic publication, electronic classroom, a survey, or an e-business. We have used a combination of Java, Java3D, and Perl for processing the data and communicating between the client and the server. The user can interrogate the geospatial data over any particular region with arbitrary dimensions and then receive back relevant statistical analysis, such as the histogram plots and local statistics. We have applied this method for the following data sets: (1.) distribution of prime numbers (2.) two-dimensional mantle convection (3.) three-dimensional mantle convection (4.) high-resolution satellite reflectance data over multiple wavelengths (5.) molecular dynamics describing the flow of blood in narrow vessels. Using the map-interface, one can actually interrogate this data over the Internet.
The affinity-seeking function of communication

A model of the affinity‐seeking function of communication is introduced and explicated. The affinity‐seeking construct describes ways people get others to like and feel positive about them. The research is grounded in the presumption that people attempt to generate liking by using various communication strategies. Four questions were addressed in six studies: (1) How do people attempt to generate liking? (2) What is the relationship of affinity‐seeking to interpersonal attraction? (3) How do individual differences and situational contingencies constrain affinity‐seeking? and (4) What is the multivariate structure of affinity‐seeking? An inductively‐devised typology of affinity‐seeking strategies provided a reliable operationalization of the construct. Affinity‐seeking was strongly and positively related to interpersonal attraction, life satisfaction, and social effectiveness. In addition, strategy knowledge and strategy preferences were related to various personality variables and situational contingencie...
Capillary Electrophoretic Separation and Quantitation of Ractopamine Stereoisomers Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Additives

Abstract Separation of four stereoisomers of ractopamine was conducted by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using a variety of neutral and charged cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors added into the running buffer. Among the CDs used in the screening study, only two CDs, sulfated α‐CD (S‐α‐CD) and heptakis‐(2,3‐diacetyl‐6‐sulfato)‐β‐CD (HDAS‐β‐CD), gave the baseline separation of each isomer. The separation conditions such as running buffer pH, concentration of the CD, and separation voltage were further optimized using S‐α‐CD, which provided the favorable migration order for quantitative studies. The method was validated and applied to the determination of the trace amounts of the less bioactive isomers (SR‐, RS‐, and SS‐ractopamine). 0.2∼0.5% (wt.%) of the less bioactive isomers were able to be determined using this method. The method was also able to quantitate ractopamine isomers extracted from the feed premix for swine. The recovery of RR‐ractopamine from the feed premix was 92.6 ± 4.6%.
Intellectual Solidarity and Transcending Polarized Discourse

Much of the discussion over our most contested issues in politics and ethics is characterized by polarization. Rather than even, honest disagreement, our public exchange is characterized by confusion, caricature, and defining one’s self in binary opposition to one’s opponent. One solution to this problem is an emphasis on what David Hollenbach calls intellectual solidarity. It is characterized by engagement, listening, and a willingness to change one’s mind. This article shows that even the most polarizing arguments imaginable, like those over abortion, can become manageable and even productive in the context of intellectual solidarity.
F-OH exchange equilibria between mica-amphibole mineral pairs

Fluoride-hydroxyl exchange equilibria between phlogopite-pargasite and phlogopite-tremolite mineral pairs were experimentally determined at 1,173K, 500 bars and 1,073–1,173 K, 500 bars respectively. The distribution of fluorine between phlogopite and pargasite was found to favor phlogopite slightly, ΔG ex . (1,173 K)=−1.71 kJ anion−1, while in the case of phlogopite-tremolite, fluorine was preferentially incorporated in the mica, ΔG ex . (1,073)=− 5.67 kJ anion−1 and ΔG ex . (1,173K)=−5.84 kJ anion−1. These results have yielded new values of entropy and Gibbs energy of formation for fluortremolite, ΔS f ∘ =−2,293.4±16.0JK−1 mol−1 and ΔG f ∘ = −11,779.3±25.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. In addition, F-OH mineral exchange equilibria support a recent molten oxide calorimetric value for the Gibbs energy of fluorphlogopite, ΔG f ∘ =−6,014.0±7.0 kJ mol−1, which is approximately 40 kJ mol−1 more exothermic than the tabulated value.
The effects of aluminum on microtubular integrity using in vitro and in vivo models

Since neuronal lesions produced by aluminum (Al) are morphologically similar to lesions produced by microtubule inhibitors, the effect of aluminum on microtubule integrity was investigated. Aluminum inhibited microtubule formation at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM. This approaches the aluminum concentrations found in brains of patients with several disorders which result in progressive dementia.
Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers

Bacterial communities were detected in deep crystalline rock aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRB). CRB ground waters contained up to 60 μM dissolved H 2 and autotrophic microorganisms outnumbered heterotrophs. Stable carbon isotope measurements implied that autotrophic methanogenesis dominated this ecosystem and was coupled to the depletion of dissolved inorganic carbon. In laboratory experiments, H 2 , a potential energy source for bacteria, was produced by reactions between crushed basalt and anaerobic water. Microcosms containing only crushed basalt and ground water supported microbial growth. These results suggest that the CRB contains a lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem that is independent of photosynthetic primary production.
Academe under seige

At the risk of sounding like “Chicken Little,” I have decided to share some of my thoughts about the current state of the nursing academy (not as in American Academy of . . . but rather the place in which professors spend their careers preparing nurses for the future). I think the world of the nursing academe is at risk for losing it’s place as a dynamic, exciting, and innovative culture. This is the culture to which students should come, excited and inspired, to learn more about themselves, gain knowledge and skills to make the lives of people better, and hope to be mentored to strengthen their ability to shape the world of health care. Yet, I’m not sure many of our nursing programs are in a position to meet their expectations. Specifically, I would like to share how I think our notions of what is truly innovative and what counts for “truth” and “value” in nursing education have changed, how these changes have affected many faculty, and how they, in turn, affect students’ aspirations to follow in our footsteps. I think the traditional roles of faculty as teacher and expert in clinical phenomena have eroded significantly over the past 25 years. Faculty have become increasingly specialized and subspecialized. Some are unwilling to develop new areas of scholarship and/or practice expertise as health care systems evolve. Hence, many have experienced an erosion in the relevancy of their knowledge and skills and, most importantly, their ability to imagine what could be—not what should be based on tradition. Although it is well-known that this is hardly a phenomenon restricted to nursing academe, nevertheless it is a significant threat to our future.
Modeling the possible impact of increased CO2 and temperature on soil water balance, crop yield and soil erosion

Abstract A modeling approach was utilized to investigate the impact of increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature on water balance, crop production, plant growth, and soil erosion. For the given scenario and the site tested, the increase of temperature resulted in a significant increase of ET, reduction of soybean canopy cover and yield, a slight increase in soil loss, and a reduction in soil moisture. However, the increase of atmospheric CO2 resulted in significant increase of crop yield and canopy cover, a slight reduction of ET, and a slight reduction of daily root zone soil moisture, storm runoff, and water induced soil erosion of the corn field.
Density functional theory study of the initial oxidation of the Pt(111) surface

We used density functional theory calculations to examine the initial stages of oxidation of the Pt(111) surface. Consistent with prior studies, our calculations predict that oxygen atoms adsorb on fcc sites and form $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ and $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structures at coverages of 0.25 and 0.50 ML, respectively. In addition to various surface configurations of oxygen on fcc sites, we examined subsurface oxygen and clustering of oxygen atoms on the surface. We find that subsurface oxygen is not the precursor to the oxidation of the Pt(111) surface. Instead, we predict a strong preference for the formation and growth of one-dimensional Pt oxide chains within the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structure. In particular, at coverages above 0.50 ML, additional oxygen atoms prefer to aggregate between the close-packed oxygen rows formed by the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structure and induce large buckling $(\ensuremath{\sim}1.8\text{ }\text{\AA{}})$ and modification of the charge of the surface Pt atoms. The result is an oxide compound with threefold and fourfold Pt-O coordination that grows as a one-dimensional chain running parallel to the oxygen rows of the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ structure. Furthermore, half of the oxygen atoms in the Pt oxide chains reside near hcp sites, contrary to some reports that oxygen atoms reside only on the fcc sites on Pt(111). Our results agree well with a recent scanning tunneling microscopy study and suggest a precursor mechanism to the oxidation of metal surfaces involving Pt oxide chain formation and growth on terraces at moderate oxygen coverages. Our results should have important implications to current models of NO and CO oxidation on Pt(111) and potentially on studies of the initial oxidation of other transition-metal and bimetallic surfaces.
Physiological demand on firefighters crawling during a search exercise

Abstract This study was an investigation into the physiologic demands of crawling for firefighter trainees performing the search portion of a ‘search and rescue’ (SAR) exercise. A total of twenty-five male subjects participated in the exercise, each of whom provided demographic data, body part discomfort before and after the exercise, and air consumption data from their self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during the exercise. A subset (n = 14) of these subjects also wore heart rate monitors during the search exercise, which involved crawling in full turnout gear. Results demonstrated a dramatic increase in heart rates during crawling activities. The maximum heart rate during crawling averaged 174 beats per minute (bpm) (∼88% of their mean age-predicted maximum heart rate), about 97 bpm higher than their standing resting heart rate. The duration of the crawling search exercise ranged from 14.4 to 21.0 min. The volume of air consumed from the SCBA's averaged 52.9 L/Min (SD = 10.1). Five subjects (20%) exhausted their air before completing the exercise, and an additional sixteen subjects (64%) finished with critically low levels of reserve air. Crawling was observed to be a mode of locomotion that required extremely high cardiorespiratory demands, even in the absence of the thermal load that would be experienced in an actual fire event. The high cardiac load associated with crawling in turnout gear may increase the risks of heat-related illnesses and cardiac events during firefighter search and rescue activities. Relevance to industry The findings in this paper can help Fire Department Training Officers appreciate the magnitude of cardiac loading associated with firefighter crawling exercises in Bunker Gear. This awareness, coupled with commercially available physiological monitoring equipment and the minimization of exercise duration and intensity, has the potential to lower the risk associated with such physically demanding training exercises.
Technology migration techniques for simplified layouts with restrictive design rules

Designs using simple geometric layout objects (such as points, sticks and rectangles) with restrictive design rules (RDRs) on each layout object (i.e., it must be placed on a set of grids subject to a set of ground rules) have been introduced as an approach to better enable design for manufacturability (DFM) in ultra-deep submicron designs (Lavin et al., 2004). In this paper, we study the problem of migrating the conventional shape-based layouts to the simplified layouts with RDR constraints. We present a migration flow which consists of two process steps: (1) conversion where shapes (such as polygons) are converted to simple geometric objects (such as sticks) while the topology is maintained; and (2) grid legalization for RDRs where the simple geometric objects are placed on grid subject to the given set of ground rules by using a novel legalization algorithm, the minimum perturbation-driven graph-based grid legalization (MP-GGL) algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the flow by successfully migrating a set of library cells in the conventional shape-based technology to the simplified layouts with RDR constraints
Reversibility of isoniazid resistance developed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

SUMMARY Isoniazid resistance of the mycobacterium tuberculosis is reversible in vivo, either by addition of other chemotherapeutic agents or possibly spontaneously. There is a suggestion of existence of isonicotinic acid hydrazide dependent mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A Further Look at Equilibrium Theory: Visual Interaction As a Function of Interpersonal Distance

This paper presents a study that examined the relationship between visual interaction and interpersonal distance as it relates to an equilibrium theory of social interaction. Differential boundaries were found to exist for the effect of distance on five highly related male and female visual behaviors, exemplifying different overall equilibrium levels for the sexes. While males looked more as distance increased, females looked less after an intermediate distance of 6.5 feet. These data support a modified equilibrium model that posits that eye contact functions to regulate the comfort of an interaction and is also a response to the degree of interaction comfort; further, comfortable interaction distances promote eye contact and, more importantly, uncomfortable distances diminish it. Because women tend to be more oriented toward inclusive relationships, they are more comfortable at closer interaction distances and, hence, look more at these distances. At greater distance, however, they are more uncomfortable and, consequently, look less.
Systematics of transport critical-current-density hysteresis in polycrystalline Y-Ba-Cu-O.

We have characterized the dependence of the transport critical current density of the polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ superconductors on magnetic field and temperature history as a function of the applied field. Large hysteretic enhancements in the critical current density are observed upon changing the field direction. The enhancements are a strong function of the maximum applied field. Further, a novel field dependence of the critical current density is observed in field-cooled samples. The results indicate that currents circulating within the grains strongly influence the transport current.
Unusual mechanism of injury resulting in a thoracic chance fracture in a rodeo athlete: a case report.

Objective : To introduce the characteristics of a Chance fracture and increase awareness of the mechanism of injury that may occur during athletic activity. Background : A T12 Chance fracture was diagnosed in an 18-year-old male rodeo athlete. The rider was forced into extreme lumbothoracic hyperflexion when the horse bucked within the chute, pinning the rider's legs to his chest. Differential Diagnosis : Burst fracture, abdominal organ rupture, spinal dislocation, spinal cord injury, disk herniation, pars interarticularis fracture, spinal nerve injury, paralysis. Treatment : The patient underwent an open reduction and fixation of the thoracic fracture. Posterior stabilization was obtained with nonsegemental instrumentation. Allograft and autografts were used for posterolateral arthrodesis at T11-T12 and T12-L1. Uniqueness : Motor vehicle crashes with occupants wearing lap-type-only restraints account for nearly all previously reported Chance fractures. When only lap seatbelts are worn, the pelvis is stabilized, and the torso continues moving forward with impact. The stabilized body segment for this individual was reversed. Nearly 3 years after the initial surgery, fixation, and infection, the bareback rider has returned to full participation in rodeo. Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first reported diagnosis of a T12 Chance fracture in a rodeo athlete. When animals buck, athletes can be forced into hyperflexion, exposing them to Chance fractures. Therefore, anyone treating rodeo athletes must suspect possible spinal fracture when this mechanism is present and must treat all athletes with early conservative management and hospital referral. Language: en
Systemic Correction of Storage Disease in MPS I NOD/SCID Mice Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is a nonviral vector that directs transgene integration into vertebrate genomes. We hydrodynamically delivered SB transposon plasmids encoding human α-L-iduronidase (hIDUA) at two DNA doses, with and without an SB transposase gene, to NOD.129(B6)-Prkdcscid IDUAtm1Clk/J mice. In transposon-treated, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), plasma IDUA persisted for 18 weeks at levels up to several hundred–fold wild-type (WT) activity, depending on DNA dose and gender. IDUA activity was present in all examined somatic organs, as well as in the brain, and correlated with both glycosaminoglycan (GAG) reduction in these organs and level of expression in the liver, the target of transposon delivery. IDUA activity was higher in the treated males than in females. In females, omission of transposase source resulted in significantly lower IDUA levels and incomplete GAG reduction in some organs, confirming the positive effect of transposition on long-term IDUA expression and correction of the disease. The SB transposon system proved efficacious in correcting several clinical manifestations of MPS I in mice, including thickening of the zygomatic arch, hepatomegaly, and accumulation of foamy macrophages in bone marrow and synovium, implying potential effectiveness of this approach in treatment of human MPS I.
Regulation of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Production in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells: A Comparative Study of Gene Copy Number, mRNA Level, and Protein Expression

We performed a comparative analysis on CHO cells with varying recombinant monoclonal antibody production rates (qAb) and investigated the regulation of MAb production. Two families of CHO cells each composed of one parental and two progeny cell lines, generated by stepwise increases in methotrexate (MTX) concentration, were studied. The MAb heavy chain (HC) and light (LC) gene copy numbers and mRNA levels were quantitated by Southern and northern blotting in midexponential growth phase. We observed 2- to 3-fold amplification in gene copy numbers in high producing cell lines when compared with parental cell lines. However, the mRNA levels in the high producers were 5- to 7-fold higher, correlating well with the 5- to 7-fold increase in qAb. These results were confirmed by real-time qPCR analysis. Our study reveals that the MTX-mediated MAb overexpression results from both an increase in the gene copy number and more efficient transcription of each gene copy. We also observed that the HC to LC gene copy ratio may affect the protein yield in MAb expression systems.
Fifth interaction and weak interaction

The effect of the fifth interaction, which is supposed to explain the mass of the muon, has been examined through weak interaction. It has been found that the value of the universal weak coupling is modified by 15%. Taking into account other shortcomings, it may be concluded that the muon does not share this new interaction.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of large leiomyomas: laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus abdominal hysterectomy

Objective The purpose of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the treatment of large leiomyomas by laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) versus abdominal hysterectomy (AH). Study Design Twenty consecutive LAVH were compared to 20 consecutive AH for leiomyoma ≥ 250 g. Hospital costs were obtained through Healthcare cost accounting system. The 6 principles of cost-effectiveness analysis were used. Results The groups were similar in respect to age, weight, race, medical comorbidities, blood loss, and operative time. Median uterine weight (513 g) was ≈ 20% > for LAVH. Length of stay and pain was significantly less for LAVH. Total hospital cost for AH was ≈ 12% less expensive ($4394 vs $5023, P = .18). Conclusion Because of multiple benefits of LAVH versus AH and no significant difference in cost, we believe LAVH is an acceptable treatment for large leiomyoma.
Expression of a human T-cell protein-tyrosine-phosphatase in baby hamster kidney cells.

Abstract A human T-cell cDNA encoding a 48-kDa protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (PTPase; protein-tyrosine-phosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.48) was cloned into a mammalian expression vector and introduced into baby hamster kidney cells, and stable colonies were isolated. The expressed PTPase was found to be associated with the particulate fraction of the cells, where it was essentially inactive in an in vitro assay unless first subjected to limited trypsinization; trypsin treatment generated an active fragment of 33 kDa by the removal of a carboxyl-terminal segment of the full-length enzyme. Gel filtration indicated that the expressed enzyme was associated with a complex of greater than 600 kDa. Introduction of a premature stop codon into the T-cell cDNA at position 1012 resulted in the production of a fully active 37-kDa species that distributed between both the particulate and soluble fractions. The truncated form of the enzyme was readily solubilized by detergents and was eluted within its predicted molecular mass range. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal segment is important in determining the localization and regulation of the PTPase. The level of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation observed after 5 min of platelet-derived growth factor stimulation was reduced in cells overexpressing either form of the phosphatase, indicating that both are active in vivo. Overexpressing the truncated enzyme resulted in a growth rate that was approximately 50% of that observed in cells transfected with either the full-length PTPase cDNA or the vector alone.
Plagioclase Fractionation in Troctolitic Magma

Troctolitic intrusive rocks poor in augite are common in certain Proterozoic anorthosite complexes and related rocks.The Lower Zone of the Kiglapait intrusion, Labrador, consists of 1570 km troctolite today and possibly 2900 km before erosion. In this augite-free Lower Zone, plagioclase fractionation is as low as 1 6%An km of cumulate thickness and averages 3%An km.When augite crystallizes after 84% of the magma has crystallized, the fractionation becomes as much as 17%An km of cumulate.Why such a difference? It is clear from first principles of phase equilibria that fractionation accelerates with saturation in augite, but not so clear that the difference should be so great.The answer is to be found in the silica-poor nature of troctolitic magma that is critically undersaturated in silica. This low-silica effect reduces the activity of the NaSi albite component relative to the CaAl anorthite component in the plagioclase, thereby favoring the An component of the liquid and crystals and weakening the fractionation process. As the normative augite component in the magma rises from the base of the Lower Zone to the base of the Upper Zone, the activity of silica also rises slightly and its consequent effect on plagioclase composition tends to diminish. Liquid fractionation paths derived from observed crystal paths, when plotted in the system Diopside^Anorthite^Albite, rise across the liquidus fractionation lines toward diopside and reach augite saturation near the 1atm cotectic. They produce plagioclase compositions 10 mol % higher in An than pure liquidus fractionation lines predict. The key criterion for the troctolitic fractionation of plagioclase composition is the absence of Ca-poor pyroxene from the rocks. Noritic magmas, by contrast, have higher activities of silica and more effective fractionation of plagioclase. A parallel fractionation of olivine is also retarded in the Lower Zone by the accumulation of ferric iron in the liquid until augite and titanomagnetite crystallize in the Upper Zone. KEY WORD: plagioclase fractionation; troctolite melts; silica activity; layered intrusions; Kiglapait intrusion
A study of acidic titania/silica mixed oxides and their use as supports for nickel catalysts

Abstract A series of titania/silica ( TiO 2 SiO 2 ) mixed oxides, containing between 25 and 75 wt% TiO 2 , was prepared by the coprecipitation method. After a calcination temperature of 773 K, these mixed oxides were found to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction and to be acidic by Hammett indicators, n -butylamine titration, and 1-butene isomerization. Both the acid amounts and isomerization activity were higher than those of either of the pure components. When Ni catalysts were prepared onto these acidic oxides, support effects were observed after a reduction at 773 K in the form of suppressions in hydrogen chemisorption and ethane hydrogenolysis. Furthermore, CO hydrogenation showed a catalytic behavior different from what is normally expected from strong metalsupport interactions. These results demonstrated that the environment of TiO 2 could affect its role as an interacting oxide.
Anatomic relationships of psoas muscle: Clinical applications to psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation

Objective The objective of the study was to examine the anatomic relationship of the genitofemoral and femoral nerves to the psoas major muscle. Study Design Dissections were performed in 17 unembalmed female cadavers. Point A was used as the approximate location for placement of psoas hitch sutures and as the reference point from which all measurements were taken. Measurements included the width of the psoas major muscle, psoas minor tendon, genitofemoral nerve branches, and femoral nerve. The relative location of the genitofemoral and femoral nerves to point A and the presence or absence of a psoas minor tendon were documented. Results The psoas minor tendon was absent on at least 1 side in 11 specimens (64.7%). The median width of the psoas minor tendon was 7 mm (range, 3–11.5 mm). The median width and depth of the psoas major muscle was 21.5 mm (range, 10–35 mm) and 20.0 mm (range, 11.5–32 mm), respectively. The median width of the genitofemoral nerve was 2 mm (range, 1–4.5 mm) and that of the femoral nerve was 6.3 mm (range, 5–10.5 mm). Overall, 54 genitofemoral nerve branches were identified in 17 cadavers, 30 medial (55.5%), 22 lateral (40.7%), and 2 directly overlying point A (3.7%). Conclusion The exact location for the placement of the psoas hitch sutures will vary, depending on the location of the ureteral injury and the anatomy of the psoas muscle and surrounding structures. A thorough understanding of this regional anatomy should optimize the placement of psoas hitch sutures during ureteral reimplantation procedures and help avoid nerve and vessel injury.